99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible2 please see detail$ li/ ( pr9t+ issues at ! end ( ! text1 aft] ! ,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,education ,a ,,review ,,( ,,progressive ,,educational ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,day ,,by ,,scott ,,ne>+1 ,ph4,d4 ,:>ton ,s*ool1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,,au?or ,,( ,,social ,,adju/m5t1 ,,! ,,sup] ,,race1 ,,wages ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,social ,,sanity1 ,,r$uc+ ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,liv+1 etc4 ,,*icago ,,new ,,york ,,r[1 ,,pet]son ,,company ,copyright1 #aiae ,,r[1 ,,pet]son ,,company 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,dur+ #aiaj1 #aiaa1 & #aiab1 z a "p ( a g5]al plan to write a book on education1 ,i r]ead a great deal ( ! classical educational lit]ature1 & c>efully p]us$ mo/ ( ! curr5t mat]ial 9 magaz9e & book =m4 ,an int]e/ ar\s$ by und]graduate & graduate "w 9 ! dep>tm5t ( p$agogy _h be5 :ett$ by ! revolution>y activity 9 e field ( educational endeavor4 ,! "t seem$ ripe = an effective piece ( con/ructive educational writ+1 yet ,i c\ld n see my way cle> to beg9 x4 ,gl>+ faults !re 72 rem$ies appe>$ ready at h& & easy ( application2 ! w ( an ar\s$ public op9ion alone seem$ to be lack+4 ,by :at me?od c\ld ?is :eel horse ( re=m be/ be h>ness$ to ! c> ( educational progress8 ,i 0 /ill seek+ = an answ] to ?is riddle :5 ! editors ( ,! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal ask$ me to consid] ! prep>ation ( a s]ies ( articles4 ,we h done "s %>p de/ructive "w 9 our criticisms ( ! s*ools1 !y said4 ,n[ we are go+ to d "s con/ructive writ+4 ,we are 9 se>* ( two ?+s3--fir/1 a con/ructive article outl9+ 9 g5]al a possible s*eme = reorganiz+ ! c\rse ( /udy2 second1 a s]ies ( articles describ+ 9 a readable way ! mo/ successful public s*ool "w n[ be+ done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we want y to visit ! s*ools1 /udy !m at fir/-h&1 & br+ back a report ( ! be/ t !y h to (f]4 ,:5 y\r inve/igation is complet$1 we %all expect y to write ! mat]ial up 9 su* a =m t ea* read]1 aft] f9i%+ an article1 w exclaim1--',!re is some?+ t we mu/ introduce into our s*ools4' ,t 0 my opportunity4 ,in/ead ( writ+ a book to be read by a ?\s& p]sons1 ,i c\ld place a numb] ( con/ructive articles be=e two million read]s4 ,! invitation 0 a gods5d4 ,! articles1 :5 complet$1 =m$ a natural sequ5ce4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! g5]al article 7,*apt] #c7 sugge/+ ! reorganization4 ,!n foll[$ descriptions ( ! s*ools 9 :i* "s su* reorganizations _h be5 effect$4 ,prep>$ ) ! same po9t ( view1 ! articles con/itut$ an acceptable s]ies1 hav+ a g5]al object & a connect+ idea runn+ ?r\gh\t4 ,:at m natural ?an to write a few words ( introduction & conclusion1 & put ! :ole 9 book =m8 ,! /yle ( ! articles has be5 *ang$ some:at1 & consid]able mat]ial has be5 add$ to !m2 b1 9 ! ma91 !y /& z !y 7 writt5--simple descriptions ( "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ s*ool "w n[ be+ done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,look$ at f any /&po9t1 ?is /udy is a collection ( articles r ?an a book1 yet !re is suffici5t relation betwe5 ! articles to give a measure ( cont9uity to ! ?\ght :i* !y convey4 ,9 no s5se is ! "w p$agogical or !oretical4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a record ( ! impressions made on a travel] by a numb] ( s*ool sy/ems & s*ools4 ,! articles purport$ to cov] ! mo/ progressive "w :i* is be+ done 9 ! mo/ progressive s*ools4 ,al?\gh ! selection ( successful s*ools 0 made only aft] a c>eful canvass among ! lead+ educators ( ! c\ntry1 !re are und\bt$ly _m in/ances1 /ill at l>ge1 :i* are 9 e s5se z wor?y ( comm5dation z any "h record$4 ,?is fact does n 9 any way vitiate ! purpose ( ! orig9al articles1 :i* 0 to set d[n a /atem5t ( "s educational successes 9 su* a way t ! lay read]1 grasp+ ! significance ( ^! v5tures1 might see 9 !m imm$iate possibilities = ! s*ools 9 8 locality4 ,beh9d all ( ! *apt]s is ! same idea--! idea ( educat+ *ildr5--an idea :i* has tak5 firm hold ( ! progressive educators 9 e section ( ! community4 ,! s*oolma/] is break+ away f ! traditions ( 8 craft4 ,he has laid aside ! bir*1 ! ?ree ,r's1 ! categorical imp]ative1 & a ho/ ( o!r in/rum5ts inv5t$ by anci5t p$agogical inquisitors1 & ) an op5 m9d is go+ up & d[n ! _w seek+ to re%ape ! s*ools 9 ! int]e/s ( *ildhood4 ,! task is ,h]culean1 b ! en?usiasm & en]gy :i* inspire 8 labors are suffici5t to ov]come ev5 ^? ob/acles :i* are app>5tly insurm\ntable4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,old ,,education #aa ,i4 ,! ,critical ,_s & ! ,s*ools #aa ,,ii4 ,"s ,h>% ,words f ! ,inside #ab ,,iii4 ,a ,^w f ,huxley & ,sp5c] #ae ,,iv4 ,"s ,hone/ ,facts #ag ,v4 ,h ,we ,fulfill$ ! ,object ( ,education8 #bb ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,basis ,,= ,,education #bd ,i4 ,c ,!re ,be a ,new ,basis8 #bd ,,ii4 ,social ,*ange #be ,,iii4 ,keep+ ,up ,) ! ,times #bf ,,iv4 ,education 9 ! ,e>ly ,home #bg ,v4 ,city ,life & ! ,new ,basis = ,education #bh ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tea*+ ,,boys ,,& ,,girls #cb ,i4 ,! ,new ,s*ool ,ma*9]y #cb ,,ii4 ,r\sseau ,v]sus a ,class ( ,=ty #cc ,,iii4 ,! ,fallaci\s ,av]age #cd ,,iv4 ,! ,five ,ages ( ,*ildhood #ce ,v4 ,age ,di/ribution 9 ,"o ,grade #cf ,,vi4 ,%all ,*ild or ,subject ,matt] ,come ,fir/8 #ci ,,vii4 ,! ,vici\s ,practices ( ,"o ,good ,s*ool #dj ,,viii4 ,boys & ,girls--,! ,"o ,object ( ,educational ,activity #db ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fitt+ ,,s*ools ,,to ,,*ildr5 #dd ,i4 ,*ild ,gr[?--,a ,prim>y ,factor 9 ,*ild ,life #dd ,,ii4 ,*ildr5 ,ne$ ,heal? ,fir/ #de ,,iii4 ,play z a ,means to ,gr[? #df ,,iv4 ,"s ,?+s ,:i* a ,*ild ,mu/ ,le>n #dh ,v4 ,:at ,s*ools ,mu/ ,provide to ,meet ,*ild ,ne$s #ea ,,vi4 ,! ,educational ,"w ( ! ,small ,t[n #eb ,,vii4 ,! ,educational ,problems ( an ,indu/rial ,community #ee ,,viii4 ,beg9n+ ,) ,*ild ,ne$s #ef ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,progressive ,,notes ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,education #eh ,i4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 #eh ,,ii4 ,translat+ ! ,?ree ,r's #ei ,,iii4 ,play+ at ,ma!matics #fj ,,iv4 ,a ,model ,engli% ,lesson #fa ,v4 ,an ,orig9al ,fairy ,/ory #fe ,,vi4 ,! ,cr[ & ! ,sc>ecr[ #fg ,,vii4 ,s*ool & ,home #fh ,,viii4 ,break+ ,new ,gr\nd #ga ,,ix4 ,! ,s*ool & ! ,community #gb ,x4 ,new ,keys = ,old ,locks #gd ,,xi4 ,s*ool & ,%op #gf ,,xii4 ,half a ,*ance to ,/udy #gi ,,xiii4 ,?w>t+ ,satan 9 ! ,summ] ,"t #hj ,,xiv4 ,s5d+ ! ,:ole ,*ild to ,s*ool #ha ,,xv4 ,sma%+ ! ,s*ool ,ma*9e #hd ,,xvi4 ,all ,h&s ,ar\nd = an ,elem5t>y ,s*ool #hf ,,xvii4 ,f a ,blaz$ ,trail to a ,pav$ ,highway #ij ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,keep+ ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,/ep ,,) ,,life #ib ,i4 ,! ,responsibility ( ! ,high ,s*ool #ib ,,ii4 ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,futures #ib ,,iii4 ,! ,success ,habit #ie ,,iv4 ,! ,help-out ,_s #ig ,v4 ,jo9+ ,h&s ,) ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools #ih ,,vi4 ,! ,abolition ( ,mass ,play #aja ,,vii4 ,exp]im5tal ,democracy #ajc ,,viii4 ,brea*+ ! ,*9ese ,wall ( ,high ,s*ool ,classicism #aje ,,ix4 ,an ,up-to-,date ,high ,s*ool #ajg ,x4 ,f ,s*ool to ,%op & ,back ,aga9 #aji ,,xi4 ,fitt+ ! ,high ,s*ool ,graduate ,into ,life #aaj ,,xii4 ,! ,high ,s*ool z a ,public ,s]vant #aad ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,high] ,,education ,,at ,,l[ville #aaf ,i4 ,l[ville & ! ,neighborhood #aaf ,,ii4 ,l[ville ,academy #aag ,,iii4 ,! ,s*ool's ,opportunity #aai ,,iv4 ,field ,"w z ,education #abj ,v4 ,real ,dome/ic ,sci5ce #abb ,,vi4 ,"o ,in/ance ( ,success #abc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,a ,,great ,,city ,,s*ool ,,sy/em #abe ,i4 ,co-op]ation & ,progressivism #abe ,,ii4 ,an ,educational ,cre$ #abg ,,iii4 ,vitaliz+ ! ,k9d]g>t5 #abi ,,iv4 ,reg5]at+ ! ,grades #acb ,v4 ,popul>iz+ ,high ,s*ool ,education #acg ,,vi4 ,a ,city ,univ]sity #adj ,,vii4 ,special ,s*ools = ,special ,classes #ada ,,viii4 ,special ,s*ools = ,special ,*ildr5 #add ,,ix4 ,playgr\nd & ,summ] ,s*ools #ade ,x4 ,mr4 ,dy] & ! ,m5 ,:o ,/ood ,) ,him #adg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,oyl] ,,s*ool ,,( ,,c9c9nati #aec ,i4 ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,social ,education #aec ,,ii4 ,an ,appeal = ,appli$ ,education #aef ,,iii4 ,solv+ a ,local ,problem #aeg ,,iv4 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,:i* ,dome/icates #aei ,v4 ,mak+ ,comm]cial ,products 9 ! ,grades #afa ,,vi4 ,a ,real ,int]e/ 9 ,s*ool #afb ,,vii4 ,! ,mo!rs' ,club #afc ,,viii4 ,! ,disappe>ance ( ,discipl9e #afe ,,ix4 ,! ,_s ( ,oyl] #afg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,vitaliz+ ,,rural ,,education #agj ,i4 ,! ,call ( ! ,c\ntry #agj ,,ii4 ,mak+ ,bricks ,) ,/raw #aga ,,iii4 ,mak+ ! ,"o-,room ,c\ntry ,s*ool ,wor? ,:ile #ahb ,,iv4 ,repa9t+ ! ,little ,r$ ,s*oolh\se #ahg ,v4 ,a ,fairyl& ( ,rural ,education #ahh ,,vi4 ,! ,task ( ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool #aic ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,babes ,,& ,,suckl+s #aie ,i4 ,miss ,belle #aie ,,ii4 ,go+ to ,"w ,?r\gh ! ,*ildr5 #aif ,,iii4 ,beg9n+ on ,muff9s #aig ,,iv4 ,tak+ ! ,boys 9 ,h& #bjj ,v4 ,busy ,"w z an ,asset #bja ,,vi4 ,m>gu]ite #bjc ,,vii4 ,w9n+ ,ov] ! ,families #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,wide-,,awake ,,sleepy ,,eye #bjg ,i4 ,fitt+ ,s*ools to ,ne$s #bjg ,,ii4 ,gett+ ! ,janitor 9 ,l9e #bjh ,,iii4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture #bji ,,iv4 ,a ,%ort ,c\rse = ,busy ,p #bab ,v4 ,lett+ ! ,boys ,d ,x #bad ,,vi4 ,a ,look at ! ,dome/ic ,sci5ce #bad ,,vii4 ,h[ ,x ,works ,out #baf ,,viii4 ,!oretical & ,practical #bag ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,education #bbj ,i4 ,a ,dream ( ,empire #bbj ,,ii4 ,f9d+ ! ,way #bbb ,,iii4 ,jem's ,fa!r #bbd ,,iv4 ,club ,life ,militant #bbh ,v4 ,cann+ ,clubs #bcd ,,vi4 ,recognition ,day = ,boys & ,girls #bce ,,vii4 ,tea*+ ,gr[n-,ups to ,read #bcf ,,viii4 ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,junior #bcg ,,ix4 ,a ,/ep ,t[>d ,good ,heal? #bci ,x4 ,!ory & ,practice #bdb ,,xi4 ,a ,p ,com+ to ,its ,own #bdi ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,education #bea ,i4 ,! ,/&>d ( ,education #bea ,,ii4 ,/&>dization ,0 a ,failure #beb ,,iii4 ,education z ,gr[? #bed ,,iv4 ,*ild ,ne$s & ,community ,ne$s #bee ,v4 ,! ,f9al ,te/ ( ,education #beg ,,! ,,new ,,education ,,introduction ,,! ,,old ,,education ,i ,! ,critical ,_s & ! ,s*ools ,ev]ybody is do+ x1 said a high s*ool pr9cipal ! o!r day4 ,i look ?r\gh ! new books & ,i f9d x2 x /&s out prom95tly 9 te*nical z well z 9 popul> magaz9es2 ev5 ! educational pap]s are tak+ x up1--ev]ybody seems to be :ack+ ! s*ools4 ,ye/]day ,i pick$ up a funny %eet on :i* !re 7 f\r raps at ! s*ools4 ,"o 9 p>ticul> t ,i rememb] ran some?+ l ?is1-- ',james1' said ! tea*]1 'if ,?omas has ?ree r$ apples & ,william has five yell[ apples1 h[ _m apples h ,?omas & ,william8' ,james look$ despond5t4 ',don't y "k8' qu]i$ ! tea*]1 'h[ mu* ?ree plus five is8' ',oh1 yes1 ma'am1 ,i "k ! answ]1 b ! =mula1 ma'am1--x's ! =mula t appals me4' ,probably n9e-t5?s ( ! p :o read t /ory enjoy$ x hugely1 cont9u$ ! s*oolman1 & !y enjoy$ x because x /ruck a responsive *ord 9 _! memories4 ,at "o "t or ano!r 9 _! s*ool lives1 !y1 too1 b[$ 9 dejection be=e ! tyranny ( =mulas4 ,?is criticism ( s*ool =mulas is n conf9$ to popul> s\rces4 ,prom95t au?orities 9 e field :i* comes 9 contact ) ! s*ool are b>b>\s 9 _! onslaughts4 ,/ate & city sup]9t5d5ts1 pr9cipals1 tea*]s1 p>5ts1 employ]s1--all h made contribution to ! popul> clamor4 ,on e h& may be glean$ evid5ces ( an unsatisfi$ critical _s4 ,,ii ,"s ,h>% ,words f ! ,inside ,! ,commission] ( ,education ( ,new ,york ,/ate writes ( ! s*ools1--#a ,a *ild is worse (f 9 a grad$ s*ool ?an 9 an ungrad$ "o1 if ! "w ( a grade is n capable ( "s specific valuation1 & if ea* add$ grade does n provide "s add$ p[]4 ,! fir/ two grades run mu* to ent]ta9m5t & amusem5t4 ,! ?ird & f\r? grades repeat ! "w suppos$ to h be5 done 9 ! fir/ two4 ,too _m unimportant & unrelat$ facts are taught4 ,x is l ! we>y+ orator :o reels (f /ories only to amuse1 seems incapable ( *oos+ an incid5t to en=ce a po9t1 & makes no progress t[>d a logical conclusion4 ,:5 b "o-?ird ( ! *ildr5 rema9 to ! end ( ! elem5t>y c\rse1 !re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! s*ools4 ,:5 half ( ! m5 :o are responsible = ! bus9ess activities & :o are guid+ ! political life ( ! c\ntry tell u t *ildr5 f ! elem5t>y s*ools are n able to d def9ite ?+s requir$ 9 ! _w's real affairs1 !re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! s*ools4 ,:5 "w seeks work]s1 & "y m5 & wom5 are indiff]5t to x or d n "k h[ to d x1 !re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! s*ools4#b ,!re is a wa/e ( "t & productivity 9 all ( ! grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4#c ,! ?+s t are weigh+ d[n ! s*ools are ! multiplicity ( /udies :i* are only in=matory1 ! prolongation ( bran*es s z to require _m text-books1 & ! prolixity ( treatm5t & illu/ration t w accommodate psy*ological !ory & su/a9 p$agogical me?ods :i* h "s basis ( reason1 b :i* h be5 mo/ +5i\sly ov]done4#d ,=m] ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 ,e4 ,e4 ,br[n1 is responsible = ! /atem5t t1--,) all t we h done to secure regul> & cont9u\s att5dance at s*ool1 x is /ill a m>k ( di/9ction :5 any city is able to keep ev5 "o-half ( ! pupils :o are enroll$ 9 its s*ools until !y h pass$ ev5 ! sev5? grade4#e ,"h is an illu/ration1 f ! p5 ( a widely kn[n educational exp]t1 ( ! "* ( educational facilities 9 ! well-to-d suburb ( an ,ea/]n city4 ,aft] describ+ two ( ! new] s*ools 7#aiaa7 ,pr(4 ,hanus cont9ues1--,! ,maple ,av5ue ,s*ool is too small = its s*ool population1 )\t a suitable (fice = ! pr9cipal or a common room = ! tea*]s1 &1 ( c\rse1 v inadequately equipp$ = ! "w x ought to d2 x ought1 !re=e1 to be remodel$ & add$ to )\t delay4 ,! ,*e/nut ,/reet ,s*ool is old1 gloomy1 cr[d$1 badly v5tilat$1 & badly heat$1 has /eep & n>r[ /airways1 & x w\ld be dang]\s 9 case ( fire4 ,!re are fire escapes1 to be sure1 b ! access to "s ( ^!1 ?\gh app>5tly easy 9 a fire drill1 might be s]i\sly inadequate & dang]\s 9 case ( ha/e or panic due to a real fire4 ,9 su* a build+ su/a9$ good "w by tea*]s & pupils is v difficult4444 ,! ,high ,s*ool is mis]ably h\s$4 ,x is d+y1 badly light$ & badly v5tilat$4 ,^! defects con/itute a s]i\s m5ace to ! physical welf>e ( pupils & tea*]s &1 ( c\rse1 s]i\sly int]f]e ) good "w4 ,x is cr[d$4 ,int]communication is devi\s & inconv5i5t4 ,! build+ is q unfit = high s*ool uses4 ,"s ( ! s*ool furniture is v poor2 ! physical & *emical classrooms & laboratories are v unsatisfactory1 & its biological laboratory & equipm5t sc>cely less s4 ,! assembly room is too small1 badly arrang$1 & badly furni%$4 ,!re are no toilet-rooms = ! tea*]s1 & !re is no common room4 ,!re is no satisfactory or adequate lun*-room4 ,! libr>y is 9 cr[d$ qu>t]s2 ! pr9cipal's (fice space is altoge!r too small1 & 8 private (fice almo/ d]isively s4#f ,ov]work 9 ! s*ool is said to be al>m+ly preval5t4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ by physicians & educators to-day t _m *ildr5 9 ! s*ools are be+ s]i\sly injur$ ?r\gh n]v\s ov]/ra94 ,?r\gh\t ! _w !re is a develop+ conviction t "o ( ! mo/ important duties ( society is to det]m9e h[ education may be c>ri$ on )\t depriv+ *ildr5 ( _! heal?4 ,x is probable t we are n requir+ too mu* "w ( our pupils1 b !y are n accompli%+ _! tasks economically 9 respect to ! exp5diture ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,"s exp]im5ts made at home & abroad seem to indicate t *ildr5 c\ld accompli% z mu* intellectually1 ) f> less dissipation ( n]v\s en]gy1 if !y 7 9 ! s*oolroom ab\t "o-half ! "t :i* !y n[ sp5d !re4 ,g]man educators & physicians are conv9c$ t a fundam5tal re=m 9 ?is respect is ne$$4 ,9 fact1 among s*ool *ildr5 we are le>n+ ! same lesson z among factory employees1 viz41 t high pressure & long h\rs are n economy b wa/e ( "t4#g ,! s*ool has be5 r5d]$ monoton\s4 ,we h work$ = sy/em till ! public s*ools h become ma*9es4 ,x has be5 insi/5tly proclaim$ t all *ildr5 mu/ d ?+s ! same way = s long a "t1 t _m ( u h actually come to believe x4 ,*ildr5 unborn are pr$e/9$ to "w aft] ! same fa%ion t _! gr&p>5ts did4#h ,,iii ,a ,^w f ,huxley & ,sp5c] ,^! are typical ( a ho/ ( simil> criticisms ( ! s*ools :i* lead+ educators1 m5 work+ )9 ! s*ool sy/em1 are direct+ aga9/ x4 ,out ( ! fullness ( _! exp]i5ce !y spread ! conviction t ! s*ool (t5 fails to prep>e = life1 t x frequ5tly di/orts m effectively ?an x builds4 ,! ?\ght is n new4 ,?omas ,huxley ask$1 ye>s ago1 :e!r education %\ld n be def9itely relat$ to life4 ,he wrote1--,if !re 7 no su* ?+s z indu/rial pursuits1 a sy/em ( education :i* does no?+ = ! faculties ( obs]vation1 :i* tra9s nei!r ! eye nor ! h&1 & is compatible ) utt] ignorance ( ! commone/ natural tru?s1 might /ill be reasonably reg>d$ z /rangely imp]fect4 ,& :5 we consid] t ! in/ruction & tra9+ :i* are lack+ are exactly ^? :i* are ( mo/ importance = ! great mass ( our population1 ! fault becomes almo/ a crime1 ! m s 9 t !re is no practical difficulty 9 mak+ good ^! defects4#i ,approa*+ ! matt] f ano!r side1 ,tyl] puts a p]t95t "q 9 8 ,gr[? & ,education1-- ,9 ! gramm> grade is le>n+ & m5tal discipl9e ( *ief importance to ! girl1 or is c>e ( ! body & physical ex]cise absolutely ess5tial at ?is p]iod8 ,no "o seems to "k1 & v few c>e4 ,:at w\ld nature say8#aj ,h]b]t ,sp5c] answ]s ,tyl]'s "q 9 spirit$ fa%ion4 ,:ile _m ye>s are sp5t by a boy 9 ga9+ k1 ( :i* ! *ief value is t x con/itutes '! education ( a g5tleman2' & :ile _m ye>s are sp5t by a girl 9 ^? decorative acquirem5ts :i* fit h] = ev5+ p>ties2 n an h\r is sp5t by ei!r ( !m 9 prep>ation = t grave/ ( all responsibilities--! managem5t ( a family4#aa ,= %oe-mak+ or h\se-build+1 = ! managem5t ( a %ip or a locomotive-eng9e1 a long appr5tice%ip is ne$ful4 ,x is1 !n1 t ! unfold+ ( a human be+ 9 body & m9d1 may we sup]9t5d & regulate x ) no prep>ation :atev]8#ab ,"o fact is self-evid5t1--! exi/5ce ( a body ( criticism & ho/ility is prima facia evid5ce ( weakness on ! "p ( ! in/itution criticis$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! criticism comes /rong & %>p f s*ool-m5 !mselves4 ,! ext5t & sev]ity ( s*ool criticism c]ta9ly bespeaks ! c>eful consid]ation ( ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! effici5cy ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,,iv ,"s ,hone/ ,facts ,let u face ! facts hone/ly4 ,if y include c\ntry s*ools1 & !y mu/ be includ$ 9 any discussion ( ,am]ican ,education1 ! s*ool mortality1--i4 e41 ! *ildr5 :o drop out ( s*ool betwe5 ! fir/ & eigh? ye>s--is appall+4 ,we may qu>rel ov] p]c5tages1 b ! dropp+ out is !re4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education writes1--#ac ,( tw5ty-five million *ildr5 ( s*ool age 7#e to #ah71 less ?an tw5ty million are enroll$ 9 s*ools ( all k9ds & grades1 public & private2 & ! av]age daily att5dance does n exce$ f\rte5 million1 = an av]age s*ool t]m ( less ?an #h mon?s ( #bj days ea*4 ,! av]age daily att5dance ( ^? enroll$ 9 ! public s*ools is only #aac days 9 ! ye>1 less ?an #e-c_/d mon?s4 ,! av]age att5dance ( ! entire s*ool population is only #hj-a_/b days1 or #d mon?s ( #bj days ea*4 ,assum+ t ?is rate ( att5dance %all cont9ue ?r\gh ! #ac s*ool ye>s 7#e to #ah71 ! av]age am\nt ( s*ool+ receiv$ by ea* *ild ( ! s*ool population w be #a1jdf days1 or a little m ?an #e ye>s ( #aj s*ool mon?s4 ,?is bureau has no reliable /ati/ics on ! subject1 b x is q probable t less ?an half ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry f9i% successfully m ?an ! fir/ #f grades2 only ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! *ildr5 ev] ent] high s*ool2 & less ?an #h 9 e #ajj d ! full #d ye>s ( high s*ool "w4 ,few] ?an #e 9 #ajj receive any education above ! high s*ool4 ,tak+ ?is dropp+ out into consid]ation1 x is probable t ! majority ( *ildr5 :o ent] ,am]ican s*ools receive no m education ?an w enable !m to read clumsily1 to write badly1 to spell wret*$ly1 & to d ! simple/ ma!matical problems 7addition1 subtraction1 etc47 ) difficulty4 ,9 any real s5se ( ! ^w1 !y are nei!r educat$ nor cultur$4 ,judge ,drap]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 writes1--#ad ,we _c exculpate ! s*ools4 ,!y are z wa/eful ( *ild life z are ! homes4 ,f ! bottom to ! top ( ! ,am]ican educational sy/em we take little acc\nt ( ! "t ( ! *ild4444 ,we h eight or n9e elem5t>y grades = "w :i* w\ld be done 9 six if we 7 work+ ma9ly = productivity & p[]4 ,we h %ap$ our second>y s*ools s t !y confuse ! ?9k+ ( y\? & break ! equilibrium betwe5 education & vocations1 & p & indu/ries4444 ,9 ! grad$ elem5t>y s*ools ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 less ?an half ( ! *ildr5 rema9 to ! end ( ! c\rse4 ,!y d n />t e>ly en\gh4 ,!y d n att5d regul>ly en\gh4 ,! c\rse is too full ( m]e p$agogical me?od1 exploitation & illu/ration1 if n ( k9ds & classes ( "w4 ,! t]ms are too %ort & ! vacations too long4444 ,m ?an half ( ! *ildr5 drop out by ! "t !y are f\rte5 or fifte51 ! limits ( ! compulsory att5dance age1 because ! "w ( ! s*ools is beh9d ! age ( ! pupils1 & we d n tea* !m ! ?+s :i* lead !m & _! p>5ts to ?9k x w be wor? _! :ile to rema94 ,obs]ve t ,judge ,drap] writes ( ! grad$ s*ools only4 ,c\ld y conceive ( a m /++ rebuke to an in/itution f a man :o is mak+ x 8 bus9ess to "k its inn]mo/ work+s8 ,^! /atem5ts ref]1 n to ! small p]c5tage ( *ildr5 :o g to high s*ool1 b to t great mass ( *ildr5 :o leave ! s*ool at1 or be=e1 f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,if y d n believe !m1 g among work+ *ildr5 & f9d out :at _! intellectual qualifications really are4 ,"o fact mu/ be cle>ly borne 9 m9d1--! s*ool sy/em is a social in/itution4 ,9 ! s*ools are ! p's *ildr54 ,public taxes provide ! funds = public education4 ,p]haps no great in/itution is m g5]ally a "p ( community int]e/ & exp]i5ce ?an ! public s*ool sy/em4 ,! mo/ surpris+ ?+ ab\t ! s*ool figures is ! ov]:elm+ proportion ( /ud5ts 9 ! elem5t>y grades--#ag1jej1dda ( ! #ah1bjg1hjc4 ,if y draw ?ree l9es1 ! fir/ repres5t+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ! second %[+ ! numb] 9 ! high s*ool1 & ! ?ird ! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 colleges1 pr(essional & normal s*ools1 ! contra/ is a/oni%+4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! real "w ( education mu/ be done 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,! high s*ools ) a million /ud5ts1 & ! univ]sities1 colleges1 pr(essional & normal s*ools ) ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m1 con/itute an increas+ly important factor 9 education2 at ! same "t1 = e sev5 /ud5ts 9 ^! high] s*ools1 !re are n9ety-?ree *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,! proportion is s unexpect$ t x /agg]s u--m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! *ildr5 :o att5d s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 ! elem5t>y grades6 ,c ?is be ! s*ool sy/em ( :i* our =efa!rs dream$ :5 !y e/abli%$ a univ]sal1 free education ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,did !y =esee t su* an ov]:elm+ proportion ( ,am]ican *ildr5 w\ld nev] h an opportunity to secure m ?an ! rudim5ts ( an education8 ,be t z x may1 ! facts gl[] m5ac+ly at u f city1 t[n & c\ntryside1--! ov]cr[d$ elem5t>y grades & ! high] s*ools ) b a scant proportion ( ! /ud5ts4 ,s1 if we wi% to educate ! great mass ( ,am]ican *ildr51 we mu/ g to ! prim>y grades to d x4 ,!re are1 9 ! public s*ools1 #ecc1fjf tea*]s1 f\r-fif?s ( :om are wom54 ,^! tea*]s are at "w 9 #bfg1aec s*ool build+s hav+ a total value ( #a1bba1fie1gcj4 ,ea* ye> "s f\r hundr$ & fifty million doll>s are devot$ to ma9ta9+ & add+ to ?is educational ma*9e4 ,! s*ool sy/em is ! greate/ sav+ fund :i* ! ,am]ican p possess4 ,! total value ( s*ool prop]ty is great] ?an ! entire =tune ( ! ri*e/ ,am]ican4 ,ea* ye> ! p sp5d ^u _! s*ools a sum suffici5t to con/ruct a ,panama ,canal or a transcont95tal railway sy/em4 ,?us ! public s*ool is ! greate/ public inve/m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is "o ?+ to inve/1 & q a diff]5t matt] to be assur$ a fair return on ! inve/m5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! individual inve/or believes 9 8 "r to a fair return4 ,f _! public inve/m5ts1 ! p1 9 fairness1 c dem& no m2 9 ju/ice to !mselves1 !y may accept no less4 ,are !y receiv+ a fair return8 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h inve/$ ne>ly a billion doll>s 9 ! public s*ool sy/em2 ea* ye> !y contribute ne>ly half a billion doll>s m t[>d ! same end4 ,are !y gett+ :at !y pay =8 ,turn to ano!r section ( ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education1 & note h[1 9 mild al>m1 he prote/s aga9/ tea*]s' sal>ies s l[ t x is cle>ly impossible to hire ! s]vices ( m5 & wom5 ( good native ability & suffici5t s*ol>%ip1 tra9+ & exp]i5ce to enable !m to d satisfactory "w2 aga9/ ! s*oolh\ses1 :i* are *eap1 insanit>y1 uncom=table & unattractive2 aga9/ ?\s&s ( s*ools 9 :i* "o tea*] tea*es f tw5ty to ?irty classes a day2 aga9/ c\rses ( /udy ill-adapt$ to ! int]e/ ( c\ntry *ildr5 or ! ne$s ( c\ntry life2 aga9/ a small enrollm5t ( ! total *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 & a s*ool att5dance s l[ t ! av]age ( ! entire s*ool population is only #hj-a_/b days p] ye>4#ae ,! tone ( ^! /atem5ts is c]ta9ly n reassur+4 ,p]haps x is high "t t ! citiz5s inquir$ into ! /atus ( _! educational securities--_! public s*ool sy/em4 ,v ,h ,we ,fulfill$ ! ,object ( ,education8 ,! object ( education is complete liv+4 ,a p]fect educational sy/em w\ld prep>e ^? p>ticipat+ 9 x to live e phase ( _! lives1 & to d]ive f life all possible b5efit4 ,any educational sy/em :i* enables m5 to live completely is !re=e fulfill+ its function4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an educational sy/em :i* does n prep>e = life is n meet+ ! necess>y requirem5ts4 ,*>les ,dick5s1 9 8 *>act]i/ic way1 ?us describes 9 ,h>d ,times a public s*ool class "u ! title ,murd]+ ! ,innoc5ts3 ',9 ?is life1 we want no?+ b ,facts1 sir2 no?+ b ,facts4' ,! speak] & ! s*ool ma/] swept ) _! eyes ! incl9$ plane ( little vessels !n & !re arrang$ 9 ord]1 ready to h imp]ial gallons ( facts p\r$ into !m until !y 7 full to ! brim4 ,s ,mr4 ,m',*oakum*ild 7! s*ool ma/]7 began 9 8 be/ mann]4 ,he w5t to "w on ?is prep>atory lesson1 n unlike ,morgiana 9 ! ,=ty ,?ieves--look+ into all ! vessels rang$ be=e him1 "o aft] ano!r1 to see :at !y conta9$4 ,say1 good ,mr4 ,m',*oakum*ild3 :5 f ?y /ore ?\ %alt fill ea* j> brim full by & by1 do/ ?\ ?9k ?\ wilt always kill outright ! robb] ,fancy lurk+ )91 or sometimes only maim him & di/ort him6 ,is ! picture ov]drawn8 ,are !re grades 9 our l>ge ,am]ican cities :]e conditions simil> to ^? j portray$ may be f\nd8 ,e p>5t :o has a *ild 9 ! public s*ools1 e taxpay] :o contributes to s*ool support1 has a "r to a direct1 imp>tial & hone/ answ] to t "q4 ,among educators z well z among memb]s ( ! g5]al public a _s ( educational unre/ has develop$4 ,ev]y:]e !re is an ill-def9$ feel+ ( dissatisfaction ) ! "w ( ! s*ools2 ev]y:]e an e>ne/ desire to see ! s*ools d m effectively ! s*ool "w :i* is reg>d$1 on e h&1 z imp]ative4 ,! facts ( s*ool failure are m g5]ally kn[n ?an ! facts ( s*ool success2 yet !re are successful s*ools4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are do+ rem>kably effective "w4 ,emphasis has be5 lavi%$ on ! failure side ( ! educational problem1 until public op9ion is fairly alive to ! necessity ( "s action4 ,! "t is1 !re=e1 ripe = a positive /atem5t ( educational policy4 ,_m s*ools h succe$$4 ,let u read ! /ory ( ! good "w4 ,effici5t educational sy/ems are 9 op]ation4 ,let u model ! less successful exp]im5ts on ^? m successful ones4 ,circum/ances =ce p to live 9 "o place1 to see "o set ( surr\nd+s & meet "o k9d ( folks1 until !y are l$ to believe1 almo/ inevitably1 t _! k9d is ! k9d4 ,s*ools are ! victims ( j su* prov9cialism4 ,al?\gh ! s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & pr9cipals1 & "s ( ! s*ool tea*]s meet _! co-work]s f o!r cities1 ! p ^: *ildr5 att5d ! s*ools almo/ nev] h an opportunity to le>n intellig5tly :at o!r s*ools are do+4 ,?is city develops "o educational idea1 & t city develops ano!r idea4 ,al?\gh bo? ideas may des]ve widespread consid]ation1 & p]haps univ]sal adoption1 !y w fail to measure up to ! full /ature ( _! value unless ! p 9 all communities le>n ab\t !m intellig5tly4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,am]ican ,education1 ,&rew ,s4 ,drap]1 ,bo/on2 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiji1 pp4 #bha-hc4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid41 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #d3 ,idem4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,responsibility ( ! ,s*ool1 ,e4 ,e4 ,br[n1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,education4 ,a pamphlet privately pr9t$ 9 ,philadelphia1 #aijh1 conta9+ a s]ies ( addresses4 ,footnote #f3 ,report on ! ,programme ( ,/udies 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j41 ,paul ,h4 ,hanus1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 pp4 #g & #h4 ,footnote #g3 ,report on ,national ,vitality1 ,irv+ ,fi%]1 ,wa%+ton ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t41 #aiji1 pp4 #gf-gg4 ,footnote #h3 ,! ,problem ( ,individualiz+ ,in/ruction1 ,w4 ,f4 ,&rew1 ,education1 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #ace 7#aije74 ,footnote #i3 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #aijb1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,gr[? & ,education1 ,j4 ,m4 ,tyl]1 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijg1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #aa3 ,education1 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfa1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,supra1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,annual ,report1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 #aiaa2 ,wa%+ton ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t41 #aiab1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ab-ac4 ,footnote #ad3 ,cons]v+ ,*ildhood1 ,&rew ,s4 ,drap]2 ,! ,*ild ,work]s ( ! ,nation1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,fif? ,annual ,conf]5ce on ,*ild ,labor1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,jan4 #ba-bc1 #aiji2 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 pp4 #i-aj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,new ,,basis ,,= ,,education#af ,i ,c ,!re ,be a ,new ,basis8 ,c !re be a new basis = education8 ,does ! f\ndation ^u :i* education re/s really *ange8 ,is ! educational sy/em ( "o age necess>ily unfitt$ to provide = ! educational ne$s ( ! next8 ,^!1 & a multitude ( ! simil> que/ions :i* p int]e/$ 9 educational progress are ask+ !mselves1 arise out ( ! process ( transition t is seem+ly "o ( ! fundam5tal propositions ( ! univ]se4 ,all ?+s *ange1 & are *ang+1 f ! smalle/ cell to ! mo/ highly organiz$ creature1 ! noble/ m\nta9 range1 & ! va/e/ sun 9 ! heav5s4 ,to-day diff]s f ye/]day z to-morr[ mu/ diff] f to-day4 ,all ?+s are becom+4 ,te/ ?is /atem5t ) ! obs]v$ facts ( life4 ,"h is a g>d51 well-plant$ & wat]$4 ,! soil is loamy & black4 ,on all its surface !re is no?+1 save a clod "h & !re1 to relieve ! w>m1 moi/ regul>ity4 ,come to-morr[ & ! level surface is brok5 by t9y gre5 %oots :i* h appe>$ at int]vals1 ?ru/+ ?r\gh ! top cru/4 ,next week ! black e>? is /rip$ ) r[s ( gre54 ,onions1 beets1 lettuce1 & peas are com+ up4 ,g back to ! hills :i* y climb$ 9 boyhood1 asc5d _! *asm$ sides & note h[ ev5 !y h *ang$4 ,ea* ye> "s "p ( !m has disappe>$ into ! rapid torr5t4 ,_h y be5 !re 9 ,april1 y might h se5 p>ticles ( y\r belov$ hills 9 e wat]-c\rse1 hurry+ t[>d ! l[l&s & ! sea4 ,:ile y wat* !m1 ! cl\ds *ange 9 ! sky1 ! sunset wanes1 & ! =e/ cov]s ! b>$ hills4 ,nature1 fickle mi/ress ( our de/9ies1 spreads a nev]-end+ panorama be=e our eyes t we may recognize ! "o great law ( h] be+1--! law ( progression4 ,,ii ,social ,*ange ,h[ well does ?is pr9ciple ( *ange apply to ! organization ( society6 ,! absolute mon>*y ( "o age yields to ! semi-democracy ( ! next4 ,ye/]day ! *ur* itself trad$ 9 m5's bodies1--hold+ slaves1 & accept+1 )\t "q1 ! proce$s ( slav]y4 ,to-day ma*9es replace m5 9 a ?\s& indu/ries4 ,to-morr[ slav]y is call$ into "q1 until 9 ! dim-gl[]+ n9ete5? c5tury1 m5 w /ruggle & die by t5s ( ?\s&s2--on ! "o side1 ^? :o believe t ! man %\ld be ! slave2 on ! o!r1 ^? :o hold t ! slav]y ( ! ma*9e is alone necess>y & j4 ,?us is e social in/itution alt]$ f age to age4 ,?us is effect$ t trans=mation :i* m5 h *os5 to call progress4 ,h[ pr(\ndly does ?is tru? apply to ! raw mat]ial ( education1--! *ildr5 :o enroll 9 ! s*ools6 ,"u y\r v eyes !y lose _! *ildi% ways1 feel _! /eps along ! precipice ( adolesc5ce1 ent] ! wond]l& ( imag]y & idealism1 & pass on into ! maturity ( life4 ,h[ va9 is our hope t ! *ild may rema9 a *ild2 h[ wor?less our pray] t adult life %all nev] lay h] heavy burd5 ( c>es & responsibilities ^u 8 belov$ %\ld]s4 ,ev5 :ile y raise y\r h&s 9 supplication1 ! *ild has pass$ f y\r life =ev]1 leav+ naught save a man to confront y4 ,f ^! mighty scy! /rokes :i* *ange sweeps across ! mead[s ( "t1 naught is exempt4 ,! petals fall f ! faire/ fl[]2 ! blue/ sky becomes ov]ca/2 ! greate/ feats ( hi/ory are surpass$2 & ! social ma*9]y1 adequate = ! ne$s ( "o age1 s9ks into ! insignificance ( desuetude 9 ! age :i* foll[s4 ,?us does ! inevitable come to pass4 ,?us does ! social in/itution1 wr\ght ?r\gh c5turies ( turmoil & angui%1 become useless 9 ! new] civilization :i* is aris+ on e h&4 ,! educational sy/em 9 its inception 0 well f\nd$1 b ! *anges ( "t invalidate ! orig9al idea4 ,ye/]day ! s*ool fulfill$ ! ne$s ( m54 ,to-day x fails to meet a situation :i* re%apes itself ) ea* ris+ & ea* sett+ ( ! sun4 ,ea* epo* mu/ h its in/itutions4 ,) ! "w ( ! pa/ z a backgr\nd1 ! pres5t mu/ con/antly re%ape ! in/itutions :i* ! pa/ has bequea!d to x4 ,^! modifi$ in/itutions1 h&$ on 9 turn by ! pres5t1 mu/ aga9 be rebuilt to meet ! ne$s ( ! future2 & s on ?r\gh ea* succe$+ age4 ,,iii ,keep+ ,up ) ! ,times ,at times ! m>* ( progress is s rapid t ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ gr[ brea?less ) attempts to keep abrea/ ( ! vangu>d4 ,aga91 m>k+ "t = ages1 progressive movem5ts seem :olly dead1 & ! pa? to ! future is ov]gr[n ) tradition1 & block$ by oblivion & decay4 ,! rapid advances ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 *all5g+ ! quicke/ to keep pace1 =c$ ^u _m in/itutions surr\nd+s :olly =eign to _! b5t & scope4 ,n[h]e is ?is m true ?an 9 ! case ( ! educational sy/em1 :i* _h its rise 9 an age ( individualiz$ indu/ry & gov]nm5tal non-int]f]5ce1 & n[ faces a newly inaugurat$ socialization ( indu/ry & an impromptu sy/em ( gov]nm5t control4 ,! new basis ( education lies 9 ! *anges :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury wr\ght 9 indu/ry1 trans=m+ village life into city dwell+1 & sub/itut+ = ! skill$ me*anic1 us+ a tool1 ! ma*9e1 employ+ ! unskill$ work]4 ,! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury made political in/itutions1 & 7 cont5t ) democracy2 ! m5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 accept+ gov]nm5t z x /ood1 built up a new indu/ry4 ,! society :i* we 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury mu/ erect ^u ! political & indu/rial triumphs ( our =efa!rs1 c nev] be successful unless x recognizes ! fundam5tal "* ( ! issues :i* n9ete5? c5tury indu/ry & eighte5? c5tury politics h br\ght into tw5tie? c5tury life4 ,is x too mu* to ask t ! s*ool /& =emo/ 9 ?is recognition ( *ange1 :5 x is 9 ! s*ool t ! ideas ( ! new g5]ation are m\ld$1 temp]$1 & burni%$8 ,may we n expect t 9 its lessons to ! "y our educational sy/em %all speak ! language ( ! tw5tie? c5tury r ?an t ( ! eighte5?8 ,,iv ,education 9 ! ,e>ly ,home ,be=e ! mod]n sy/em ( indu/ry _h its inception1 :ile ! old h& trades /ill held sway1 at a "t :5 ! h\sehold 0 ! c5t] ( "w & pleasure1 :5 ! family made its butt]1 *eese1 oatmeal1 ale1 clo?+1 tools1 & ut5sils1--9 su* an atmosph]e ( dome/ic indu/ry1 ,froebel wrote 8 fam\s ,education ( ,man4 ,note ?is description ( ! way 9 :i* a fa!r may educate 8 son4 ,! son accompanies 8 fa!r ev]y:]e1 to ! field & to ! g>d51 to ! %op & to ! c\nt+ h\se1 to ! =e/ & to ! mead[2 9 ! c>e ( dome/ic animals & 9 ! mak+ ( small articles ( h\sehold furniture2 9 ! splitt+1 saw+1 & pil+ up ( wood2 9 all ! "w 8 fa!r's trade or call+ involves4#ag ,9 ano!r passage he calls ^u p>5ts1 m p>ticul>ly fa!rs 7= to _! special c>e & guidance ! *ild rip5+ into boyhood is confid$71 to contemplate _! p>5tal duties 9 *ild guidance2#ah & he prefaces ?is exhortation ) a long li/ ( illu/rations1 sugge/+ ! me?ods :i* may be pursu$ by ! f>m labor]1 ! goose-h]d1 ! g>d5]1 ! =e/]1 ! blacksmi?1 & o!r tradesm5 & craftsm51 9 ! education ( _! sons4 ,any su* man1 ,froebel po9ts out1 may take 8 *ild at ! age ( two or ?ree & tea* him "s ( ! simple rules ( 8 trade4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! position ( ! son ( a workman 9 a mod]n ,am]ican city6 ,an ,am]ican city dwell] read+ ,froebel's discussion w\ld n conceive ( x z apply+ 9 any s5se to him1 or to 8 life4 ,v ,city ,life & ! ,new ,basis = ,education ,! v ?\ght ( city life precludes ! possibility ( home "w4 ,! n>r[ h\se1 ! t5em5t1 ! great %op or factory1 on ! "o h&1 prev5t ! me*anic f c>ry+ on 8 trade ne> 8 family2 & on ! o!r h&1 make x impossible = ! fa!r ^: "w lies f> f 8 home to give 8 boys ! special c>e & guidance ab\t :i* ,froebel writes4 ,! sy/em ( indu/ry :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! clos+ decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & :i* secur$ a foo?old 9 bo? ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has revolutioniz$ ! basis ( our lives4 ,! work%op has be5 transplant$ f ! home to ! factory2 bo? m5 & wom5 leave _! homes = t51 elev51 or ev5 twelve h\rs a day to c>ry on _! indu/rial activities2 great c5t]s ( population collect ab\t ! c5t]s ( indu/ry2 ! f>m1 ! flock ( geese1 ! g>d51 ! =e/1 & ! blacksmi? %op disappe>2 food1 clo?+1 & o!r necess>ies ( life--=m]ly ! product ( home indu/ry--are produc$ 9 great factories2 & ! city home1 /ripp$ ( its indu/rial functions1 re/rict$ 9 scope1 robb$ ( its adults1 pres5ts little opportunity = ! education ( ! city *ild4 ,/&+ on ! ?re%old ( 8 meag] dwell+1 ?is *ild ( six looks =w>d to a life :i* mu/ be bas$ on ! in/ruction provid$ 9 a public s*ool sy/em4 ,! c\ntry boy /ill has 8 t5-acre lot1 :]e he may run & play4 ,!re are fl[]s & freckles 9 ! spr+2 kite-fly+1 fi%+1 hunt+1 & trapp+ 9 summ] & autumn4 ,! g5]al f>m is a /oreh\se ( useful in=mation 9 rudim5t>y =m4 ,f day to day & f ye> to ye> ! c\ntry boy may le>n & enjoy4 ,! city boy is diff]5tly situat$4 ,8 playgr\nd is ! /reet1 :]e he plays "u ! :eels ( wagons1 automobiles1 & trolley c>s2 or else he plays 9 a public playgr\nd 9 company ) hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 ( o!r *ildr54 ,ev5 !n 8 activities are re/rict$ by city ord9ances1 monitors1 policem51 & o!r expon5ts ( law & ord]4 ,! city home1 :e!r t5em5t or s+le h\se1 _c beg9 to supply ! opportunities = gr[? & developm5t :i* 7 furni%$ by life 9 ! op54 ,:]e else1 !n1 does ! responsibility = su* gr[? & developm5t re/ ?an ^u ! s*ool8 ,on ! f>m ! boy le>n$ 8 trade1 z ,froebel sugge/s1 at ! h&s ( 8 fa!r4 ,! fa!r ( ! city boy sp5ds 8 work+ h\rs 9 a mill1 or 9 an (fice1 :]e boys "u f\rte5 or sixte5 are =bidd5 by law to g4 ,! city home is unavoidably depriv$ ( ! *ance to provide adequate recreation or adequate vocational tra9+ = its *ildr54 ,! burd5 9 bo? cases %ifts to ! s*ool4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago practically all indu/ries 7 c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ! home4 ,! weav]1 ! c>p5t]1 ! hatt]1 ! cobbl]1 ! mill]1 liv$ & work$ on ! same premises4 ,!n /eam 0 appli$ to indu/ry2 ! ma*9e replac$ ! man2 semi-skill$ & unskill$ labor replac$ skill$ labor2 great numb]s ( m5 & wom51 & ev5 ( *ildr51 cr[d$ toge!r 9 factories to sp9 ?read1 make bolts & wa%]s1 weave ribbon1 bake bread1 manufacture ma*9]y1 or d "s "o ( ! _m hundr$s ( ?+s n[ done 9 factories4 ,! *ange f home indu/ry to factory indu/ry is well nam$ ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,x completely ov]turn$ ! e/abli%$ & accept$ means ( mak+ a liv+4 ,! indu/rial upheaval has *ang$ e phase ( mod]n life4 ,indu/ry itself has replac$ appr5tice%ip by a degree ( specialization undream$ ( 9 primitive life4 ,f ! sup]9t5d5t to ! (fice boy1 f ! boss roll] to ! y>d labor]1 f ! *ief cl]k to ! /5ograph]1 ! "w ( m5 & wom5 is monoton\s & specializ$4 ,! city has gr[n up z a logical product ( an indu/rial sy/em :i* c5t]s ?\s&s1 or ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( workm5 9 "o place ( employm5t4 ,! city home diff]s fundam5tally f ! c\ntry home z ! city diff]s f ! c\ntry4 ,! *anges n[ go+ on 9 f>m+ are no less significant ?an ^? :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ 9 manufactur+4 ,sci5ce has be5 appli$ to agriculture4 ,old me?ods are br\ght into "q4 ,int5sive /udy & specialization are widespread4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 a f>m] c af=d to neglect ! agricultural bullet9s or pap]s4 ,to be successful1 he mu/ be a tra9$ speciali/ 9 8 l9e1 & ! s*ool & college are call$ ^u to provide ! tra9+4 ,no individual is responsible = ^! *anges4 ,!y h come z ! logical product ( a long s]ies ( discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,new me?ods1 built ^u ! ideas & me?ods ( ! pa/1 h creat$ a new civilization4 ,! civiliz$ _w1 reorganiz$ & recon/itut$1 rebuilt 9 all ( its economic phases1 dem&s a new tea*+ :i* %all relate m5 & wom5 to ! *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,?is is ! new basis = education1--?is ! new f\ndation ^u :i* mu/ be erect$ a sup]/ructure ( educational opportunity = succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x rema9s = education to recognize ! *ange & to remodel ! in/itutions ( education 9 su* a way t !y %all meet ! new ne$s ( ! new life4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #af3 ,portions ( ?is *apt] orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,education ( ,man1 ,f4 ,froebel4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,n4 ,halliman1 ,new ,york2 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #aiji1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid41 p4 #ahg4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tea*+ ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,i ,! ,new ,s*ool ,ma*9]y ,! influ5ce :i* ! indu/rial *anges ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s has _h on education is consid]able4 ,) ! trans=mation ( ! home work%op into ! factory has come ! transition f rural & village life to life 9 great indu/rial cities & t[ns4 ,! introduction ( specializ$ ma*9]y has plac$ ^u education ! burd5 ( vocational tra9+4 ,m important /ill1 x has s augm5t$ ! size ( ! educational problem t an intricate sy/em ( s*ool ma*9]y has be5 devis$ to keep ! :ole 9 ord]4 ,! rural1 or village1 s*ool 0 a "o or two-room affair1 h\s+ a h&ful ( pupils4 ,aside f matt]s ( discipl9e1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool 0 sc>cely a problem4 ,g5]al sup]9t5d5ts1 associate sup]9t5d5ts1 compulsory att5dance laws1 c>d index sy/ems1 & pur*as+ dep>tm5ts 7 unkn[n4 ,! s*ool 0 a simple1 p]sonal bus9ess conduct$ by ! tea*] 9 v mu* ! same way t ! corn] groc] conduct$ 8 /ore--on fai? & memory4 ,! gr[? ( cities & t[ns necessitat$ ! introduction ( elaborate s*ool ma*9]y4 ,9 place ( a score ( pupils1 ?\s&s1 t5s1 & ev5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s 7 plac$ "u ! same g5]al au?ority4 ,city life made "s =m ( adm9i/rative ma*9]y inevitable4 ,! increas+ size ( ! s*ool sy/em1--& 9 new1 gr[+ cities ! s*ool sy/em increases ) a rapidity equal to ! rate ( gr[? ( ! population1--leads to increase 9 class size4 ,a s*ool ( tw5ty pupils is /ill common 9 rural di/ricts4 ,9 ! elem5t>y grades ( ,am]ican city s*ools1 inve/igators f9d fifty1 sixty1 & 9 "s extreme cases1 sev5ty pupils "u ! *>ge ( "o tea*]1 :ile ! av]age numb]1 p] tea*]1 is ab\t =ty4 ,recrim9ation is idle4 ,! obvi\s fact rema9s t ! rate ( gr[? 9 s*ool population is great] ?an ! rate ( gr[? 9 ! s*ool plant4 ,! s*ools 9 _m cities h n caught up ) _! educational problem4 ,! result is a multiplication ( adm9i/rative problems1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is ! "q ( class size4 ,,ii ,r\sseau ,v]sus a ,class ( ,=ty ,a toilsome j\rney x is f ! education ( an individual *ild by an individual tea*] 7,r\sseau's ,emile7 to ! education ( =ty *ildr5 by "o tea*] 7! normal class 9 ,am]ican elem5t>y city s*ools74 ,r\sseau pictur$ an ideal2 we face a reality--complex1 exp&+1 at times almo/ m5ac+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,r\sseau's ideal & ! mod]n actuality is m s]i\s ?an x appe>s sup]ficially4 ,r\sseau's idea p]mitt$ ! tea*] to treat ! *ild z an individuality1 /udy+ ! traits & peculi>ities ( ! pupil1 build+ up :]e weakness appe>$1 & direct+ freaki% notions & ideas into conv5tional *annels4 ,! mod]n city s*ool ) "o tea*] & =ty pupils places be=e ! tea*] a con/ant temptation1 :i* at times rea*es ! proportions ( an ov]ma/]+ necessity1 to treat ! gr\p ( *ildr5 z if ea* *ild 7 l all ! re/4 ,a tea*] :o c individualize =ty *ildr51 und]/& ! peculi>ities ( ea* *ild1 & tea* 9 a way t w enable ea* ( ! *ildr5 to b5efit fully by h] in/ruction1 is inde$ a ma/]1 p]haps x w\ld be fair] to say a sup]-ma/] 9 p$agogy4 ,a class ( =ty is almo/ inevitably taught z a gr\p4 ,!re is ano!r feature ab\t ! l>ge s*ool sy/em :i* is ev5 m disa/r\s to ! welf>e ( ! individual *ild4 ,r\sseau /udi$ ! individual to be educat$1 & !n prescrib$ ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! city tea*]1 no matt] h[ intimately %e may be acqua9t$ ) ! ne$s ( h] *ildr51 has little or no say 9 decid+ ^u ! subjects :i* %e is to tea* h] class4 ,su* matt]s are = ! mo/ "p det]m9$ by a gr\p ( (ficials--pr9cipals1 sup]9t5d5ts1 & bo>ds ( education1--all ( :om are engag$ prim>ily 9 adm9i/rative "w1 & "s ( :om h nev] taught at all1 nor ent]$ a psy*ological laboratory1 nor engag$ 9 any o!r occupation t w\ld give fir/-h&1 practical1 or !oretical k ( ! problems enc\nt]$ 9 det]m9+ a c\rse ( /udy4 ,a c\rse ( /udy mu/ be devis$1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! responsible p>ties h no fir/-h& k ( ! po9ts at issue4 ,! me?od by :i* x is devis$ is ( peculi> importance to ?is discussion4 ,! adm9i/rative (ficials1 hav+ 9 m9d an av]age *ild1 prep>e a c\rse ( /udy :i* w meet t av]age *ild's ne$s4 ,!oretically1 ! plan is admirable4 ,x suff]s f "o practical defect1--!re is no su* ?+ z an av]age *ild4 ,,iii ,! ,fallaci\s ,av]age ,av]ages are peculi>ly tempt+ to ,am]icans4 ,!y supply ! same deeply-felt want 9 /ati/ics t headl9es d 9 newspap]s4 ,!y tell ! /ory at a glance4 ,9 ?is peculi> case ! /ory is necess>ily false4 ,an av]age may be tak5 only ( l ?+s4 ,x is possible to av]age ! figures #c1 #d1 & #h by add+ !m toge!r & divid+ by #c4 ,! av]age is #e4 ,su* a process is ma!matically correct1 because all ( ! units compris+ ! #c1 #d1 & #h are exactly alike4 ,"o ( ! premises ( ma!matics is t all units are alike1 h5ce !y may be av]ag$4 ,unlike ma!matical units1 all *ildr5 are diff]5t4 ,!y diff] 9 physical1 9 m5tal1 & 9 spiritual qualities4 ,_! hair is diff]5t 9 color & 9 texture4 ,_! feet & h&s v>y 9 size4 ,"s *ildr5 are apt at ma!matics1 o!rs at draw+1 & /ill o!rs at bo? subjects4 ,"s *ildr5 h a /rong s5se ( moral obligation1--an active consci5ce1--o!rs h little or no moral /am9a4 ,no two *ildr5 9 a family are alike1 & no two *ildr5 9 a s*ool-room are alike4 ,aft] an elaborate computation ( h]$it>y possibilities1 biologi/s ann\nce t ! *ance ( any two human creatures be+ exactly alike is "o 9 five septillions4 ,9 simple ,engli%1 x is q remote4 ,,iv ,! ,five ,ages ( ,*ildhood ,a v +5i\s /atem5t ( ! case is made by ,dr4 ,bird ,t4 ,baldw94 ,*ildr51 says ,dr4 ,baldw91 h five ages1-- #a4 ,a *ronological age1 #b4 ,a physical age1 #c4 ,a m5tal age1 #d4 ,a moral age1 #e4 ,a s*ool age4 ,two *ildr51 born on ! same day1 h ! same age 9 ye>s4 ,"o is b\nd to gr[ fa/] ?an ! o!r 9 "s physical respect4 ,!re=e ! two *ildr5 h diff]5t physical ages1 or rates ( developm5t4 ,9 ! same way !y h diff]+ m5tal & moral ages4 ,! s*ool age1 a resultant ( ! fir/ ?ree1 is a record ( progress 9 s*ool4 ,ev5 :5 *ildr5 are born on ! same day1 ! *ances t !y w gr[ physically1 m5tally1 & morally at exactly ! same rate1 & w make exactly ! same progress 9 s*ool1 are remote inde$4 ,s*ool *ildr5 are1 !re=e1 inevitably diff]5t4 ,v ,age ,di/ribution 9 ,"o ,grade ,a v effective illu/ration ( ! diff]5ces 9 *ronological age1 9 s*ool age1 & 9 ! rate ( progress 9 s*ool is furni%$ 9 ! #aiaa report ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools = ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,!re are 9 ?is report a s]ies ( figures deal+ ) ! ages1 & "t 9 s*ool1 ( fif?-grade pupils 9 ,spr+field4 ,! fir/ table %[s ! numb] ( ye>s 9 s*ool & ! age ( all ! fif?-grade pupils4 ,,table #a ,age & ,"t 9 ,s*ool1 ,fif? ,grade1 ,spr+field1 ,decemb]1 #aiaa ,ye>s 9 ,ages ,s*ool #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ,total ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #b 44 44 44 #b #a #a #a #b #b 44 44 44 44 44 #i #c 44 44 44 #f #ch #be #i 44 #a #a 44 44 44 44 #hj #d 44 44 44 44 #afb #bjj #fc #ab #aj #c 44 44 44 44 #dej ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #e 44 44 44 44 #ag #aghaca #dg #ad #b 44 44 44 44 #chi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #f 44 44 44 44 #a #aaabj #fj #bi #c 44 44 44 44 #bbd #g 44 44 44 44 44 #a #c #df #bi #h #a 44 #a 44 #hh #h 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #d #ag #d #a 44 44 44 #bh #i 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d #a 44 44 44 #e #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 #a #aa 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ab 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ac 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,total 44 44 44 #h #bai #dafcbi #aga #ajb #bf #c 44 #a 44 #a1bge ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,!oretically1 *ildr5 9 ,spr+field ent] ! s*ool at six1 & sp5d "o ye> 9 ea* grade4 ,if all ( ! *ildr5 9 ! ,spr+field s*ools _h liv$ up to ?is !ory1 !re w\ld be #a1bge elev5 ye>s ( age1 & #a1bge 9 ! fif? grade4 ,a glance at ! table %[s t only #aca1 or ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ! *ildr51 are bo? elev5 ye>s ( age & five ye>s 9 ! s*ool4 ,among ! #a1bge fif?-grade *ildr51 #chi1 or #ca p] c5t1 h be5 9 s*ool five ye>s1 & #cbi1 or #bf p] c5t1 are elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,! sup]9t5d5t foll[s ?is g5]al table ) o!r tables giv+ a m detail$ analysis ( ov] & "u age pupils1 & ( rate ( progress 9 s*ool4 ,,table #b ,age & ,progress ,gr\ps ( ,fif?-,grade ,pupils 9 ,spr+field1 ,decemb]1 #aiaa ,"y ,normal ,ov]-age ,total ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,no4 ,c5t ,no4 ,c5t ,no4 ,c5t ,no4 ,c5t ,rapid #dce #cd #gd #f #ca #b #edj #db ,normal #aie #af #aca #aj #fc #e #chi #ca ,sl[ #ac #a #abd #aj #bji #af #cdf #bg --- -- --- -- --- -- ----- --- ,total #fdc #ea #cbi #bf #cjc #bc #a1bge #ajj ,! inf]5ces f ,table #b are v cle>4 ,( ! #a1bge fif?-grade pupils1 #dce1 or #cd p] c5t1 are n only "u-age = ! grade1 b !y h progress$ at m ?an normal spe$4 ,!y are ! exceptionally capable pupils ( ! grade4 ,at ! o!r extreme we f9d #bji *ildr51 or #af p] c5t ( all 9 ! grade1 :o ne$ special att5tion because !y are bo? ov]-age & sl[4 ,feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 r>ely advance beyond ! second grade2 h5ce we "k t none ( ^! are feeble-m9d$1 b among _! numb] w be f\nd _m :o w be little pr(it$ by ! ord9>y curriculum2 #aaj ( !m are already #ab ye>s old1 & #ge are #ac ye>s old4 ,a majority ( !m w1 9 all probability1 drop out ( s*ool z soon z !y rea* ! age ( #ad1 unless prior to t "t "s new elem5t ( int]e/ is introduc$ t w make a /rong appeal2 = example1 "s activity t[>d a vocation4 ,a fur!r /udy ( ! ov]-age column %[s t #ca pupils1 #b p] c5t1 are ov]-age1 b !y h rea*$ _! pres5t position 9 less ?an usual "t2 :ile #fc ( !m1 also ov]-age1 h requir$ ! full five ye>s to rea* _! pres5t grade position4 ,unless by limit+ ! requir$ "w ( ^! ov]-age pupils to ! ess5tials1 or by "s adm9i/rative arrangem5t involv+ special gr\p+ ) relatively small numb]s 9 a class1 s t we c 9 ! "o case ma9ta91 & 9 ! o!r case br+ ab\t1 accel]at$ progress1 !re is little likelihood t any l>ge numb] w rema9 9 s*ool to complete ! n9? grade1 mu* less take a high s*ool c\rse2 = f\r ye>s h5ce _! ages w range f #af to #ah ye>s4 ,! #abd pupils :o are ( normal age1 b sl[1 are also subjects = special att5tion1 = !y h repeat$ f "o to ?ree grades1 or h fail$ to secure f two to six half-ye>ly promotions1 & are 9 dang] ( acquir+ ! fatal habit ( failure1 if !y h n already acquir$ x4 ,! sup]9t5d5t !n goes on to emphasize ! imp]ative duty re/+ on ea* pr9cipal1 to exam9e & to und]/& ! v>y+ capacities ( individual *ildr5 9 8 s*ool4 ,)\t su* an und]/&+ real educational progress _c be made4 ,?is /udy is mo/ illum9at+4 ,no?+ c\ld m effectually %[ v>iation 9 individual *ildr5 ?an ! diff]5ce 9 "o city grade ( ! mo/ obvi\s ( *>act]i/ics--age & progress 9 s*ool4 ,! inf9itely great] v>iations 9 ! subtle *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% *ildr5 c be m readily guess$ at ?an measur$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! attempt to prep>e /udies = an av]age *ild is manife/ly futile4 ,! c\rse may be organiz$1 b x w h>dly meet ! ne$s ( l>ge numb]s ( ! individual *ildr5 :o take x4 ,,vi ,%all ,*ild or ,subject ,matt] ,come ,fir/8 ,! old education presuppos$ an av]age *ild1 & !n prep>$ a c\rse ( /udy :i* w\ld fit 8 ne$s4 ,! new education recognizes ! absurdity ( av]ag+ unlike quantities1 & accepts ! ultimate tru? t ea* *ild is an individual1 diff]+ 9 ne$s1 capacity1 outlook1 en]gy1 & en?usiasm f e o!r *ild4 ,an ari?metic av]age c be /ruck1 b :5 x is appli$ to *ildr5 x is a hypo!tical & n a real quantity4 ,!re is n1 & nev] w be1 an av]age *ild2 h5ce1 a s*ool sy/em plann$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! av]age *ild fits ! ne$s ( no *ild at all4 ,ma!matics may be taught to ! av]age *ild4 ,s may hi/ory & geography4 ,:ile subject matt] comes fir/ 9 ! m9ds ( educators1 a c\rse ( /udy design$ to meet av]age conditions is a possibility4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t ! s*ools cease to tea* subjects & beg9 to tea* boys & girls1 su* a proce$+ is out ( ! "q4 ,! temptation 9 a complex s*ool sy/em1 :]e *ildr5 are gr\p$ by hundr$s & ?\s&s1 to all[ ! detail ( adm9i/ration to ov]top ! functions ( education is (t5 irresi/ible4 ,! tea*] ) =ty pupils le>ns to look ^u h] pupils z units4 ,! sup]9t5d5t & pr9cipals1 seek+ ard5tly = an ov]burd5$ comm]cial ideal nam$ effici5cy1 sacrifice ev]y?+ else to ! p]fection ( ! me*anism4 ,among ! smoo? click+ cogs1 *ild individuality has only ! b>e/ *ance = survival4 ,,vii ,! ,vici\s ,practices ( ,"o ,good ,s*ool ,!re are s*ool sy/ems 9 :i* organization has ov]gr[n *ild welf>e1 9 :i* p$agogy has usurp$ ! place ( tea*+4 ,9 su* sy/ems ! tea*] tea*es ! prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 :e!r or no4 ,! (fic]s ( adm9i/ration1 aim+ at "s me*anical ideal1 %ape ! s*ools to meet ! requirem5ts ( sy/em4 ,! pron5ess ( "s tea*]s & s*ool adm9i/rators alike to ov]emphasize me*anics1 & to und]emphasize ! welf>e ( individual *ildr5 is well illu/rat$ 9 a rec5t /atem5t by ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,*ancellor1 :o1 9 writ+ ( a fir/-h& inve/igation made 9 a city 9 ! ,nor!a/1 describes a condition :i* he says ,i "k by fairly au?oritative reports does exi/ 9 a consid]able numb] ( cities & t[ns--n m]ely 9 a s*ool "h & !re1 b g5]ally & *>act]i/ically4 ,9 ! city to :i* ,i def9itely ref]1 ,dr4 ,*ancellor cont9ues1 ,i f\nd t ! int]m$iate & gramm> grade tea*]s _h sy/ematically1 delib]ately1 & successfully sacrific$ hundr$s ( boys & girls ^u ! alt> ( exam9ations to ! feti% ( good s*ools4 ,!y h be5 s anxi\s to h good s*ools t !y h kept an av]age ( #bj p] c5t ( _! pupils "o grade l[] ?an !y belong4 ,9 "s s*ools ! av]age runs to above #ce p] c5t4 ,"s tea*]s & "s s*ool sup]9t5d5ts _c see t ! s*ool is simply a ma*9e = develop+ boys & girls2 _c see t ! ma*9e 9 itself is wor?less save z x contributes to human welf>e4 ,a s*ool may be s good z actually to damage ! s\ls & bodies ( human be+s4 ,x damages _! s\ls :5 ! ma*9e op]ators1 seek+ #ge p] c5t 9 e subject1 keep boys & girls 9 gramm> s*ools until !y av]age sixte5 ye>s ( age4#ai ,dr4 ,*ancellor cont9ues ) a /++ arraignm5t ( s*ool (ficials :o sacrifice *ildr5 to sy/ems4 ,! article /rikes an answ]+ *ord 9 ! exp]i5ces ( _m m5 & wom54 ,a fri5d came rec5tly to our bungal[1 &1 ) a tr\bl$ face1 spoke ( 8 daught]'s ill-heal?4 ,%e is n sick1 he said1 b j ail+4 ,^! fir/ ,may days h tak5 h] appetite4 ,%e ne$s ! c\ntry air4 ,! daught] 0 a de> little girl ( twelve--any "o might h envi$ ! fa!r ( 8 treasure--& we (f]$ to keep h] ) u = a mon? 9 ! c\ntry1 & to g ov] h] s*ool "w ) h] e day4 ,! fa!r accept$ our proposal on ! spot1 b two days lat] he came back to say t he c\ld n make ! arrangem5ts4 ,x _c be done1 he expla9$1 because ! s*ool w n let h] (f4 ,i told ! pr9cipal ab\t my daught]'s heal? & %[$ him ! advantage ( a mon? 9 ! c\ntry ) h] s*ool "w c>efully sup]vis$4 ,h] s*ool is r cr[d$1 & z ,i want h] to g on ) h] class 9 ! autumn1 ,i ask$ him if he c\ld arrange to keep h] place = h]4 ,9 reply he said1-- ',i _c d z y wi%4 ,su* cases z y\rs int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! work+ ( ! s*ool4' ,,viii ,boys & ,girls--,! ,"o ,object ( ,educational ,activity ,p]haps our language 0 n z temp]ate z x %\ld h be51 b we told t fa!r some?+ :i* we w\ld fa9 repeat until e educator & e p>5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has he>d x & writt5 x on ! tables ( 8 he>t1-- ,,! ,,"o ,,object ,,( ,,education ,,is ,,to ,,assi/ ,,& ,,prep>e ,,*ildr5 ,,to ,,live4 ,:y h we e/abli%$ a billion-doll> s*ool sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,is x to pay tea*]s' sal>ies1 to build new s*ool h\ses1 & to pr9t text-books by ! million8 ,h>dly4 ,^! ?+s are incid5ts ( s*ool bus9ess1 b !y are no m reason = ! s*ool's exi/5ce ?an f]tiliz] & se$ are reasons = mak+ a g>d54 ,g>d5s are cultivat$ 9 ord] to secure plants & fl[]s2 ! s*ool organization ( :i* ,am]icans s (t5 boa/ exi/s to educate *ildr54 ,( c\rse1 y exclaim1 we knew t be=e4 ,did y8 ,!n :y 0 my fri5d =c$ to *oose betwe5 ! wreck ( 8 daught]'s heal? & ! dis>rangem5t ( a bit ( s*ool ma*9]y8 ,:y is ,dr4 ,*ancellor able to describe a situation exi/+ g5]ally & *>act]i/ically1 9 :i* ! welf>e ( *ildr5 is b>t]$ away = high promotion av]ages8 ,! tru? is t society /ill tol]ates1 & (t5 accepts1 ! belief t ! purpose ( education is ! =mation ( a s*ool sy/em4 ,we h yet to le>n t1 to use ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s phrase1 ! object ( education is ! prep>ation ( *ildr5 = complete liv+4 ,education exi/s = ! purpose ( prep>+ & assi/+ *ildr5 to live4 ,to d t "w effectively1 x mu/ devote only s mu* ef=t to s*ool adm9i/ration & to s*ool ma*9]y z w p]=m = boys & girls t v effective s]vice4 ,no two *ildr5 are alike1 & no two *ildr5 h exactly simil> ne$s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 k9ds ( ne$s :i* all *ildr5 h 9 common4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to discuss 9 ! ab/ract ! ne$s ( any individual *ild4 ,x is j z obvi\sly possible to analyze *ild ne$s1 & to classify !m 9 workable gr\ps4 ,x is true t all *ildr5 are diff]5t2 s are all roses diff]5t1 yet all h petals & ?orns 9 common4 ,simil>ly1 !re are c]ta9 ne$s :i* are common to all *ildr5 :o play1 :o gr[1 :o live among _! fell[s1 & :o expect to d some?+ 9 life4 ,! matt] may be /at$ m concretely ?us1-- ,i4 ,! s*ool exi/s to assi/ & prep>e *ildr5 to live4 ,,ii4 ,liv+ involves ?ree k9ds ( ne$s1 :i* x is ! duty ( ! s*ool to und]/& & int]pret4 #a4 ,ne$s :i* ! *ild has because he is a physical be+4 #b4 ,ne$s :i* result f ! *ild's surr\nd+s4 #c4 ,ne$s :i* arise 9 connection ) ! ?+s :i* ! *ild hopes to d 9 life4 ,a fur!r analysis ( ^! gr\ps ( ne$s con/itutes ! subject matt] ( ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,sacrific+ ,*ildr51 ,w4 ,e4 ,*ancellor1 ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,vol4 #gg1 pp4 #efd-efe 7,may #bb1 #aiac74 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fitt+ ,,s*ools ,,to ,,*ildr5 ,i ,*ild ,gr[?--,a ,prim>y ,factor 9 ,*ild ,life ,9 ! fir/ place *ildr5 h c]ta9 ne$s because 9 common ) _m o!r liv+ creatures !y develop ?r\gh spontane\s1 self-expressive activity4 ,! gr[? ( *ildr5 is a gr[? 9 body1 9 m9d & 9 s\l4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six ye>s ( life ! bodies ( *ildr5 gr[ rapidly1 & dur+ ^! ye>s we wisely make no attempt to tra9 _! m9ds4 ,f six to twelve or ?irte5 body gr[? is sl[]1 ! m9d is hav+ its turn at developm5t1 & dur+ ^! ye>s ! *ildr5 />t to s*ool4 ,!n1 at twelve or ?irte5 or f\rte51 diff]+ ) diff]5t races & diff]5t individuals1 all normal *ildr5 ent] ! fairyl& ( adolesc5ce4 ,life takes on new mean+s1 human relation%ips are clos]1 great curr5ts ( feel+ run deep & /rong ?r\gh ! *ild's be+1 because !re is com+ into 8 life "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( human exp]i5ces--! dawn+ ( sex consci\sness4 ,?is p]iod ( sex awak5+ produces a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! lives ( boys1 b x works an ev5 great] trans=mation 9 ! lives ( girls4 ,= bo? sexes x is a "t ( rapid physical gr[? & ( sev]e m5tal & spiritual /ra94 ,x is a "t :5 ! en]gies ( ! body are s entirely devot$ to ! developm5t ( sex functions t great m5tal /ress %\ld above all ?+s be avoid$1 yet x is at ?is v "t--?9k ( x6--:5 we s5d our boys & girls to high s*ool1 & =ce !m to sp5d a great "p ( _! wak+ h\rs 9 sev]e intellectual ef=ts4 ,,ii ,*ildr5 ,ne$ ,heal? ,fir/ ,_h we set out ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( tortur+ our *ildr5 we c\ld h devis$ no bett] me?od4 ,if we _h appli$ ourselves to physiology1 f\nd out ! "t :5 ! *ild ne$$ ! mo/ en]gy = physical gr[? & ! mo/ relief f m5tal /ra91 & _h !n set out to plan a c\rse ( /udy :i* w\ld wreck 8 heal?1 we %\ld h built a s*ool sy/em :i* gave him ! comp>atively easy "w ( ! elem5t>y grades until he 0 f\rte51 & !n1 at ! mo/ critical p]iod ( 8 life1 s5t him into a new sy/em ( s*ools to /udy new1 ab/ract subjects4 ,:at is x t our *ildr5 mu/ h be=e !y c acquire any?+ else8 ,heal?6 ,we cry ! ^w al\d1 emphasiz+ & exhort+--no?+ )\t heal?6 ,yet1 despite our prote/1 at a p]iod ( rapid physical gr[?1 at ! "t ( sev]e spiritual trial1 !re yawns ! high s*ool--grim = boys1 gha/ly = girls--) its ev]-recurr+ dem&3 ,"w1 /udy2 /udy1 "w4 ,consid]+ ! *ild's physical welf>e1 ! high s*ool is plac$ at exactly ! po9t 7f\rte5 to eighte5 ye>s7 :]e x is be/ calculat$ to de/roy ! delicate balance ( sanity1 r5d]+ its victims unable to /& ! burd5 & heat ( life's lat] day4 ,we _c escape ! fact t *ildr5 h bodies4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! s*ools1 !re=e1 is to recognize ! exi/5ce ( ^! bodies by giv+ !m due att5tion1 p>ticul>ly at ! crucial p]iods ( physical gr[?4 ,!re=e e s*ool mu/ provide z mu* physical tra9+ z is necess>y to insure normal body gr[? at ea* p>ticul> age4 ,!n !re are c]ta9 rules ( heal?--hygi5e1 !y are call$--:i* %\ld be taught to e *ild4 ,s9ce bodies d n /ay normal if !y are abus$ e *ild %\ld h "r ideas ( body c>e4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! s*ools mu/ in/ruct *ildr5 9 sex hygi5e because ! gr[? ( sex consci\sness is "o ( ! mo/ significant ( ! *anges :i* occur 9 ! life ( a *ild4 ,b mu/ sex hygi5e be taught 9 ! s*ool8 y w ask4 ,und\bt$ly x mu/4 ,if x 7 a *oice betwe5 sex in/ruction 9 ! home or 9 ! s*ool1 !re w\ld be no hesitation ab\t delegat+ x to ! home2 b s9ce mo/ homes neglect ! discussion ( sex matt]s1 leav+ ! *ildr5 to ga9 _! k ( sex f unreliable s\rces on ! /reets1 ! *oice lies betwe5 ! p]v]sion ( sex z x is taught on ! /reets1 & ! sci5ce ( sex z x %\ld be taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,,iii ,play z a ,means to ,gr[? ,*ildr5's m9ds gr[ z well z _! bodies--gr[ 9 ret5tion1 9 grasp1 & 9 p[]4 ,memory "w 7! le>n+ ( poems1 songs1 & =mulas7 helps to make m9ds m ret5tive1 :ile all /udies1 b p>ticul>ly numb] "w1 increase m5tal grasp & p[]4 ,besides body gr[? & m9d gr[? all *ildr5 h s\l gr[?4 ,!y develop human sympa?y1 & !y are int]e/$ 9 e/hetic ?+s4 ,to supply ^! ne$s ! s*ool mu/ give ! *ild lit]ature & art4 ,simple ^! lessons mu/ be1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! elem5t>y grades2 b !re is sc>cely a *ild :o w n respond to ! noble 9 lit]ature or ! beautiful 9 art if ^! ?+s are pres5t$ to him 9 an und]/&able way4 ,! bodies1 m9ds1 & s\ls ( *ildr5 gr[4 ,!y are all sacr$4 ,ea* *ild ne$s a normal body1 an active m9d1 a heal?y & a beautiful s\l4 ,we d>e n develop bodies at ! exp5se ( m9ds & s\ls1 b nei!r may we educate m9ds at ! exp5se ( s\ls & bodies--a t5d5cy :i* has be5 fe>fully preval5t 9 ,am]ican education4 ,! mo/ valuable means ( secur+ ?is all-important gr[? is play1 :i* ,froebel said conta9$ ! g]m9al leaves ( all lat] life4 ,gr[? comes only ?r\gh expression4 ,"o does n develop muscle by wat*+ ! /rong man 9 ! circus1 b by ex]cis+4 ,! *ild's *ief means ( expression is ?r\gh play1 h5ce play is ! *ild's me?od ( secur+ gr[?4 ,9 _! e>lie/ infancy *ildr5 play4 ,_! frolics & antics are really puppy play1 ! product ( ov]fl[+ life & animal spirits4 ,at ?is puppy play /age1 :5 ! *ild plays m]ely to "w (f surplus en]gy1 ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ is a place to play1 & ! s*ool mu/ meet ?is ne$ by provid+ playgr\nds4 ,z *ildr5 gr[ old] !y turn to a m advanc$ type ( play4 ,in/ead ( romp+ & frolick+ individually !y play 9 gr\ps4 ,x is 9 ^! gr\p plays t ! *ild gets 8 fir/ idea ( ! duty :i* he owes to 8 fell[s1 8 fir/ glimm]+ ( a social s5se4 ,9 ! home & 9 ! s*ool he is 9 a subord9ate position1 b 9 ! gang1 or set1 he is z good z ! next4 ,gr\p play tea*es democracy4 ,m ?an t1 gr\p play has a moral value4 ,ea* "o mu/ play fair4 ,^? :o d n are ru?lessly o/raciz$1 s *ildr5 le>n to abide by ! decision ( ! cr[d4 ,:ile *ildr5's plays %\ld be z untrammel$ z possible1 x is ! duty ( ! s*ool to /imulate gr\p play by sugge/+ new games1 organiz+ a?letic meets1 gett+ up int]class sports1 & 9 o!r ways sup]vis+ & direct+ games & sports4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! *ild's life play takes ano!r =m1 ! =m ( creative "w4 ,boys build wagons & h\ses2 girls cook1 & make dolls4 ,! puppy play ( _! e>ly *ildhood has evolv$ into a =m ( creative activity t soon] or lat] grips e human creature4 ,we want to plant1 to build1 to plan1 to make4 ,x is ! creative p[] )9 u ye>n+ = expression1 h5ce ! well-plann$ s*ool w provide simple =ms ( manual tra9+ by means ( :i* bo? boys & girls w be taught to use _! h&s s skillfully t !y may translate an idea into a concrete product4 ,civilization has be5 describ$ z ! art ( play+4 ,big folks are apt to look d[n on play because mo/ ( x is done by *ildr54 ,b li/51 big folks3 ,:5 ,anna plays dolls %e does x 9 a frank1 s]i\s1 :ole-s\l$ way t y seldom imitate4 ,!re is no activity s vital to ! *ild z play1 nor does any man succe$ at 8 "w unless he c play at x ) ! f]vor & ab&on ( a *ild4 ,,iv ,"s ,?+s ,:i* a ,*ild ,mu/ ,le>n ,s mu* = ! ne$s :i* a *ild has because he is a liv+ creature4 ,suppose we turn n[ to "s o!r ne$s--! ne$s :i* arise because ! *ild is 9 a great univ]se & surr\nd$ by 8 fell[m54 ,:]ev] a *ild lives & :atev] he does he mu/ always face c]ta9 surr\nd+ conditions4 ,fir/ among 8 surr\nd+s are p4 ,no "o except ,rob9son ,crusoe c get away f p1 & ev5 ,crusoe _h 8 man ,friday4 ,s9ce we are compell$1 :e!r we l x or n1 to live ) p1 ! s*ool mu/ tea* language 7oral & writt571 9 ord] t ! *ildr5 may le>n to tell o!rs :at !y ?9k1 & may likewise und]/& ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,! bett] ! language ! m cle>ly c !y und]/& ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] t *ildr5 may h a prop] respect = ! rights ( o!rs ! s*ool %\ld tea* e?ics by means ( simple /ories ab\t p4 ,tea*]s %\ld expla9 h[ m5 live 9 gr\ps1 & h[1 if gr\p life is to be tol]able1 m5 mu/ respect ea* o!r's rights4 ,p]haps 9 ! upp] elem5t>y grades1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! high s*ool1 !re %\ld be "s simple "w 9 psy*ology 9 ord] t *ildr5 may "k h[ p's m9ds "w4 ,!n besides ! p ( ! pres5t !re are ! p ( ! pa/1 &1 because ! ?+s :i* !y did enable u to live z we d1 *ildr5 %\ld be taught hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly ! hi/ory ( _! own c\ntry1 /ate1 & t[n4 ,! *ild comes into contact1 9 addition to p1 ) ! in/itutions :i* p h con/ruct$--! home1 ! s*ool1 ! /ate1 ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,e *ild :o gr[s to maturity w p>ticipate 9 ! activity ( ^! in/itutions1 h5ce e *ild %\ld be taught ab\t !m4 ,9 ! la/ two ye>s ( ! elem5t>y grades civics c be successfully taught1 s9ce ev5 at twelve ye>s *ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s :i* are happ5+ ar\nd !m4 ,9 ! high s*ools ?is "w c be c>ri$ mu* fur!r 9 ! =m ( social & indu/rial problem c\rses4 ,! mo/ univ]sal & by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! *ild's surr\nd+s consi/ ( ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,he lives 9 a _w1 a v little _w to be sure1 b to him x is great2 & a k ( ! _w comes ?r\gh a /udy ( geography4 ,beg9n+ ) ! geography ( 8 native t[n 7n ) ! bas9 ( ! ,ganges7 he c le>n successively ab\t ! geography ( ! c\nty1 ! /ate1 ! c\ntry1 & !n ( ! _w4 ,surr\nd+ ! *ild on e h& are plants & animals4 ,nature /udy gives him an intellig5t int]e/ 9 !m4 ,z he gr[s old] g5]al nature /udy may be subdivid$ into geology1 botany1 zoology2 & ! =ces ( nature may be exam9$ 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 & physics3 b mo/ ( ^! subjects are too specializ$ = ! elem5t>y grades1 & %\ld appe>1 if at all1 9 ! high s*ools4 ,!re is a gr\p ( c\rses :i* belongs 9 e s*ool--elem5t>y s*ool z well z high s*ool--namely1 ! c\rses :i* prep>e *ildr5 = life activity4 ,gr[? & tra9+ 9 ! art ( liv+ enable *ildr5 to fulfill ! ?ird function ( _! be+--t ( do+4 ,e man & e woman ne$s "w 9 ord] to live1 & x is a "p ( ! duty ( education to prep>e !m = t "w4 ,fir/ ( all1 z mod]n society has develop$1 e man & _m wom5 ne$ an income-produc+ trade or occupation2 h5ce x is ! duty ( ! s*ools to provide trade & pr(essional educations 7really ! same ?+ "u diff]5t names74 ,no *ild %\ld be p]mitt$ to leave ! s*ools until he is pr(ici5t 9 "s income-giv+ "w4 ,! "* ( ! tea*+ mu/ be alt]$ to suit ! locality1 b ! pr9ciple is absolute4 ,fur!r1 s9ce m5 %\ld n devote _! entire lives to ! same task1 because !y require a *ange ( occupation1 ! s*ool %\ld aim to provide an avocation1 or second>y occupation1 :i* may occupy leisure h\rs4 ,manual tra9+1 agriculture1 art "w1 & civics w supply diff]5t p ) occupations = sp>e "t4 ,f9ally1 s9ce "o ( ! *ief duties ( society is to insure a heal?y & increas+ly valuable supply ( human be+s1 no "o %\ld leave ! s*ools )\t a ?or\gh dome/ic tra9+1 includ+ tra9+ = p>5?ood4 ,:ile ?is tra9+ %\ld be giv5 9 a measure to boys1 x %\ld be int5d$ prim>ily = girls1 & %\ld include biology1 hygi5e1 *emi/ry1 dietetics1 psy*ology1 & nurs+4 ,al?\gh ! elem5t>y grades c provide only ! simple/ tra9+ along ^! l9es t tra9+ %\ld be giv5 to e future h\sekeep] & "m4 ,v ,:at ,s*ools ,mu/ ,provide to ,meet ,*ild ,ne$s ,if1 up to ?is po9t1 we h rightly describ$ *ild ne$s1 ! s*ool mu/ be s organiz$ z to provide = gr[? & play1 = in/ruct+ ! *ild 9 a k ( p1 in/itutions1 ?+s & ideas1 & = prep>+ e *ild to d 8 "w 9 life4 ,^! subjects mu/ be s apportion$ ov] ! grades t ea* *ild has ! b5efit ( !m4 ,! high s*ool is a cont9uation ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,x is 9 ! high s*ool t *ildr5 %\ld beg9 to specialize1 because specialization be=e ! beg9n+ ( adolesc5ce is undesirable2 b s9ce1 9 _m localities1 almo/ all ( ! *ildr5 leave be=e rea*+ ! high s*ool1 ^! subjects mu/ be taught 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,c]ta9 ?+s e *ild mu/ "k4 ,if he is go+ to drop s*ool at f\rte51 z ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,am]ican s*ool *ildr5 d1 he mu/ be rea*$ 9 ! fir/ eight s*ool grades4 ,if he goes to high s*ool he may !re be giv5 an opportunity to complete & int5sify ! education :i* ! elem5t>y s*ool has />t$4 ,we believe t ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( education are suffici5tly flexible to fit any community 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 !y w apply to places ( ! mo/ div]g5t s*ool ne$s4 ,,vi ,! ,educational ,"w ( ! ,small ,t[n ,let u beg9 by apply+ ! s*eme to a m9+ village ( ?ree ?\s& inhabitants1 a typical indu/rial community4 ,9 ?is village m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! *ildr5 leave s*ool at or be=e f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 s t :atev] s*ool tra9+ !y get mu/ be secur$ betwe5 ! ages ( six & f\rte54 ,! k9d ( activities t ! *ildr5 w take up 9 life is fix$ by ! cu/om ( ! t[n4 ,! great majority ( ! boys g into ! m9es or %ops1 :ile practically all ( ! girls help ar\nd ! home until !y m>ry4 ,a small numb] "w 9 /ores & factories4 ,! life is r primitive2 ! h\ses are set f> ap>t2 ! *ildr5 h an abundance ( play space2 !y are requir$ to d *ores 9 homes :]e !y receive little home tra9+4 ,! t[n af=ds an unp>allel$ opportunity to le>n na/y ?+s 9 a na/y way4 ,almo/ all ( ! educational "w 9 su* a t[n mu/ be done 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,:ile high s*ool facilities may be af=d$ !y w appeal to a vani%+ly small p]c5tage ( ! *ildr54 ,! elem5t>y s*ools 9 su* a village mu/ provide organiz$ games = ! y\ng] *ildr5 & organiz$ sports = ! old] ones2 a suffici5t am\nt ( physical tra9+ to insure robu/ bodies2 c>eful in/ruction 9 physiology1 body hygi5e1 & sex hygi5e2 simple manual tra9+ = ! y\ng] *ildr52 ?or\gh prep>ation 9 ! read+ & writ+ ( ,engli%2 ! fundam5tals ( numb]s2 geography ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! geographic conditions 9 ! imm$iate locality2 civics & hi/ory--p>ticul>ly ,am]ican hi/ory2 a ?or\gh drill 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican lit]ature2 a m9imum am\nt ( in/ruction 9 f9e art--draw+1 pa9t+1 model+2 an ext5sive sy/em ( nature /udy1 supplem5t$ by field trips4 ,?is c\rse %\ld be requir$ ( boys & girls alike4 ,9 addition to ^! /udies ! boys 9 a coal-m9+ village %\ld receive c>eful in/ruction 9 geology1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m9]alogy ( ! region 9 :i* ! m9e is locat$2 te*nical tra9+ 9 m9+1 draft+1 & %op "w2 & a suffici5t tra9+ 9 agriculture to enable !m to make good kit*5 g>d5s1 s9ce g>d5+ is "o ( ! *ief avocations ( m5 9 su* a community4 ,p>allel to ?is special tra9+ = boys ! s*ools %\ld provide = girls a ?or\gh c\rse 9 dome/ic sci5ce1 ) p>ticul> emphasis on economical pur*as+1 & an education = p>5?ood1 includ+ hygi5e1 dietetics1 psy*ology1 & nurs+4 ,su* a c\rse ( /udy giv5 9 a typical m9+ village w\ld t5d to make ( ! boys educat$1 tra9$ workm51 & ( ! girls educat$1 tra9$ mo!rs4 ,to be sure ?is c\rse w\ld n make ( ! boys railroad presid5ts or ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators2 b ev5 t is n a drawback because1 incr$ible z x may s\nd to _m old-fa%ion$ e>s1 ! va/ majority ( ^! boys w be m9]s & me*anics4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 ,%all !y be good m9]s or bad ones8 ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator%ips bo!r !m n a :it4 ,if !re are1 z !re always w be 9 su* a village1 a few exceptional *ildr5 :o desire m advanc$ "w1 ! tea*] c d exactly :at he does n[--namely1 give !m special in/ruction4 ,su* an educational sy/em z t outl9$ w\ld require m tra9+ 9 ! tea*]s1 & an additional outlay = tools & s*ool-rooms1 b x w\ld tra9 ! boys & girls ( ! village to live _! lives effectively4 ,! m9e-village educational problem is r5d]$ especially easy ( solution because ! community is small 9 size1 & because !re are only two occupations1 m9+ & homekeep+1 into :i* ! *ildr5 g4 ,a simil> situation may be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! agricultural di/ricts1 except t ! boys take up f>m+ in/ead ( m9+1 :ile ! girls are call$ ^u to p>ticipate 9 f>m "w to ! ext5t ( c>+ = *ick5s & pigs1 & sometimes = milk4 ,9 su* an agricultural community ! same outl9e = /udy might apply1 except t 9 tra9+ = occupations boys %\ld be taught ! facts reg>d+ soil f]tility1 fruit culture1 dairy+1 m>ket g>d5+1 & o!r agricultural problems1 :ile girls ne$ in/ruction :i* w fit !m = dome/ic life & = p>5?ood4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate a numb] ( agricultural high s*ools giv+ a c\rse su* z ! "o j h9t$ at1 h met ) m>k$ success4 ,mo/ c\ntry *ildr5 d n g to high s*ool1 h[ev]--al?\gh !y are do+ s 9 increas+ numb]s--& h5ce ! necessity = %ap+ ! elem5t>y c\rse along simil> l9es4 ,,vii ,! ,educational ,problems ( an ,indu/rial ,community ,:5 ! m9+ village & ! f>m+ di/rict are replac$ by ! indu/rial t[n & ! city1 ! s*ool problem is greatly complicat$ by ! cr[d+ ( _m p into a small space & by ! great div]sity ( occupations :i* ! p pursue4 ,! l>g] ! t[n ! worse ! cr[d+ & ! great] ! v>iety ( jobs4 ,o!rwise ! problem ( education rema9s l>gely ! same4 ,! mo/ app>5t ne$ ( ! t[n *ild is a place to play1 & ! pla9e/ duty ( ! t[n elem5t>y s*ool is to provide play space4 ,9 ?9ly settl$ places !re is no su* ne$4 ,9 t[ns & cities !re is no m imp]ative duty re/+ on ! s*ool ?an ! furni%+ ( playgr\nds & gymnasiums = *ildr54 ,! practice ( build+ s*ool h\ses )\t gymnasiums & )\t play spaces _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,x is robb+ *ildr5 ( ! *ance to gr[ into normal human be+s4 ,! o!r side ( ! t[n problem--! "q ( occupations--has be5 settl$ 9 ,g]many1 & m rec5tly 9 c]ta9 ,am]ican cities1 by ! cont9uation s*ool1 :i* unties ! ,gordian knot by cutt+ x4 ,in/ead ( all[+ *ildr5 to /op s*ool at f\rte5 ! cont9uation sy/em requires p>tial s*ool att5dance until !y are eighte54 ,"u ?is sy/em1 :5 *ildr5 rea* ! end ( ! elem5t>y s*ools !y may ei!r g on ) a high s*ool c\rse = f\r ye>s1 or else !y may take a cont9uation c\rse = f\r ye>s4 ,= example1 if a boy elects to be a c>p5t] he sp5ds =ty h\rs a week z a c>p5t]'s appr5tice4 ,!n = f\rte5 h\rs a week he goes to a s*ool :]e he is taught me*anical draw+1 design+1 ! te/+ ( mat]ials1 & any o!r subjects :i* be> on c>p5t]+4 ,! "t he sp5ds 9 s*ool is cr$it$ on ! "t %eets ( 8 employ]4 ,s at ! end ( f\r ye>s ! boy1 at eighte51 has be5 well tra9$ 9 ! practice ( c>p5t]+ by work+ at 8 job1 & well s*ool$ 9 its !ory by tak+ a cont9uation c\rse :i* bore directly on 8 "w4 ,?us wage-e>n+ & education are unit$ to produce a well-tra9$ man4 ,! s*ool problem ( ! city suburb is v diff]5t f t ( ! m9+ village1 ! rural community1 ! indu/rial t[n1 or ! city4 ,! *ildr5 h space1 good homes1 & abundant opportunity to g ?r\gh high s*ool & ev5 ?r\gh college4 ,"u ^! conditions ! elem5t>y grades c be directly prep>atory = high s*ool "w1 s9ce six or ev5 sev5 out ( t5 *ildr5 w g to high s*ool4 ,9 ! city suburb !re ne$ be little specialization 9 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,! high s*ool1 ) a g5]al c\rse & two or ?ree special c\rses1 c be reli$ ^u = all necess>y specific tra9+4 ,,viii ,beg9n+ ) ,*ild ,ne$s ,9 ! indu/rial t[n1 9 ! city1 & 9 ! city suburb ! high s*ool is be+ look$ to z ! place :]e specializ$ tra9+ mu/ be giv54 ,! trade s*ool c succe$ a little1 b its effectiv5ess w always be limit$ by ! n>r[ te*nical "* ( its in/ruction1 :i* makes ! cont9uation s*ool g5]ally pref]able4 ,! high s*ool is n a sep>ate in/itution1 b an integral "p ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,9 a high s*ool1 !re=e1 ! *ildr5 %\ld move naturally f ! /udies ( ! elem5t>y grades to m advanc$ /udies1 b ! purpose ( bo? elem5t>y & high s*ools is ! same--! prep>ation ( *ildr5 = liv+4 ,*ildr5 h ne$s :i* ! s*ools are "h to supply4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! ne$s are common to all *ildr51 & to t ext5t all s*ools mu/ provide simil> tra9+4 ,o!r ne$s1 v>y+ ) ! size & "* ( ! community1 call = a l v>iation 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,progressive ,,notes ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,i ,! ,k9d]g>t5 ,no s+le *apt] c conta9 all ( ! progressive notes t are be+ s\nd$ 9 ,am]ican ,elem5t>y ,education2 yet x is possible1 aft] "s arbitr>y pick+ & *oos+1 to describe a numb] ( ! mo/ typical & mo/ successful educational innovations4 ,at ! bottom ( mo/ up-to-date elem5t>y s*ool sy/ems is ! k9d]g>t54 ,n s (t5 z x might be1 b /ill frequ5tly1 ! *ild beg9s s*ool "w !re4 ,! games1 ! songs1 ! *ildr5's sports ( ^! k9d]g>t5 ye>s1 make a joy\s entry-way into ! grades4 ,9 ,g>y ! k9d]g>t5 *ild sees life4 ,! fl[]s1 leaves1 grasses1 li*5s1 fruits1 butt]flies1 mo?s1 & birds are usually br\ght to ! classroom4 ,! ,g>y *ildr5 g on exp$itions to explore nature's wond]l&1 besides mak+ excursions to squ>es1 p>ks1 & to ! op5 c\ntry4 ,! k9d]g>tn]s ( ,c9c9nati plant tulip bulbs 9 ! city p>ks1 & visit f>ms 9 ord] to h a *ance to meet ! f>m animals4 ,s++1 visit+1 play+1 %ap+1 build+1 ! k9d]g>t5 *ild sees life on _m sides4 ,p]haps1 f9ally1 o!r cities foll[+ ! lead ( ,c9c9nati w introduce ! k9d]g>t5 _s & k9d]g>t5 activities into ! l[] grades :]e !y w cl>ify an atmosph]e1 fetid & dank ) concepts :i* to ! six-ye>-old are mean+less ab/ractions4 ,,ii ,translat+ ! ,?ree ,r's ,at be/ ! k9d]g>t5 rea*es b a few4 ,ev5 9 cities :i* boa/ ( a sy/em ( organiz$ k9d]g>t5s1 only a small portion ( ! *ildr5 att5d !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce practically all s*ool *ildr5 ent] ! grades1 x is on !m t an inquiry into elem5t>y education mu/ be focus$4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic made up ! entirety ( a satisfactory elem5t>y education4 ,l ! k9d]g>t51 ! elem5t>y s*ool mu/ t\* life2 l ! k9d]g>t51 x mu/ provide = *ild ne$s4 ,ev]y:]e s*ools are turn+ f ! old me?ods ( tea*+ spell+1 multiplication1 & syntax to ! new me?ods ( tea*+ *ildr51--yes1 & tea*+ !m ^? ?+s :i* !y ne$1 irrespective ( "n4 ,?ree ,r's no long] suffice4 ,! *ild requires tra9+ f ! ,alpha to ! ,omega ( life4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! old me?od ( tea*+ geography ) ! new4 ,"u ! ab&on$ sy/em1 ! *ild began ) capes1 p59sulas1 cont95ts1 m]idians1 trade r\tes1 riv]s1 b\nd>ies & products4 ,"u ! new sy/em1 he beg9s ) ! t[n 9 :i* he lives4 ,ea* s*oolroom 9 ,new>k1 = example1 is provid$ ) a l>ge map ( ! city4 ,9 addition to ^! complete maps1 ea* *ild is giv5 a s]ies ( small maps1 ea* ( :i* c5t]s ab\t a famili> squ>e1 /ore1 or public build+4 ,!n1 f ?is simple beg9n+1 ! *ild fills 9 ! surr\nd+ /reets & build+s4 ,new>k geography beg9s 9 ! ?ird grade ) a description ( ! s*ool y>d & ! surr\nd+s ( ! s*ool lot4 ,aft] all1 :at m simple geography c\ld be conceiv$ ?an ! geography t y already "k4 ,borneo & ,beloo*i/an are ab/ractions except to ! mo/ travel$1 b :at *ild has n not$ ! r$ bricks & ugly iron f5ces surr\nd+ 8 own s*ool y>d8 ,*>ity & geography bo? beg9 logically at home4 ,:5 9 ! lat] ,new>k grades ! *ildr5 are taught ab\t ,europe & ,au/ralasia1 !y are taught on a backgr\nd ( ! geography ( y>ds1 alleys1 squ>es1 /reets & playgr\nds ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,geography ?us concretely pres5t$1 becomes compreh5sible to ev5 ! dulle/ m9d4 ,,iii ,play+ at ,ma!matics ,! pass+ sy/em ( elem5t>y ma!matics took ! innoc5ts ?r\gh addition1 subtraction & ! abatis ( multiplication tables1 until e *ild 0 fully conv9c$ t ,multiplication is vexation1 ,division's twice z bad1 ,! rule ( ?ree p]plexes me1 ,& practice drives "o mad4 ,to-day ari?metic beg9s ) life4 ,! tea*]s at ,g>y organize games 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are divid$ into two sides4 ,"s ( ! *ildr5 play ! game1 :ile o!rs keep score4 ,unconsci\sly1 "u ! /ress ( ! mo/ gripp+ ( impulses--! desire to w9--^! little scorekeep]s le>n addition4 ,z !y advance 9 ! "w1 !y take up practical problems--measure ! room = floor+ & measure ! s*ool pavem5t = cem5t+4 ,at s*ool ,no4 #d1 9 ,indianapolis1 "o ( ! tea*]s want$ a cold-frame & a hot-b$ = use 9 connection ) h] nature "w4 ,! class 9 ma!matics made ! measurem5ts2 ! draw+ class provid$ ! plans2 ! boys 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades dug ! pit & con/ruct$ ! b$s4 ,! high] grade ma!matics "w 9 ,indianapolis is extremely concrete4 ,prices & descriptions ( mat]ials are suppli$1 & ! *ildr5 are ask$ to compute giv5 problems involv+ ! buy+ ( meats1 groc]ies1 & o!r h\sehold articles2 ! co/ ( heat+ & light+ ! home2 ! co/ ( home furni%+2 ! con/ruction ( build+s2 co/-keep+ 9 v>i\s factories2 ! managem5t ( ! city hospital2 ! taxation ( ,indianapolis2 ! e/imation & con/ruction ( pavem5t2 &1 g5]ally1 ! ma!matical problems involv$ 9 ! conduct ( public & private bus9ess4 ,ma!matics is alive :5 x is jo9$ to ! problem ( life4 ,well taught1 x becomes a "p ( ! real exp]i5ces ( *ildhood & furni%es a f\ndation = ! k ( lat] life4 ,,iv ,a ,model ,engli% ,lesson ,( all subjects taught 9 ! s*ools1 ,engli% is ! mo/ practical1 because x is mo/ us$ 9 life4 ,we buy ) x1 sell ) x1 conv]se ) x1 write ) x1 adore ) x1 & prote/ ) x4 ,engli% is ! op5 sesame ( life 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,9 "s classes ! ,engli% p]iod w\ld be fasc9at+ ev5 = adults4 ,:at exp]i5ce c\ld be m delightful ?an a visit to a ?ird or f\r? grade room 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 writ+ orig9al poems1 fables & /ories6 ,! monotony ( r\t9e ,engli% "w 0 completely brok5 d[n2 ! *ildr5 7 en?usia/ic1--en?usia/ic to su* a degree t !y _h all writt5 poetry4 ,j be=e ,hall[e5 ! tea*] _h di/ribut$ pictures ( a wit* on a broom/ick1 ) a cat at h] side1 rid+ t[>d ! moon4 ,ea* *ild 0 call$ ^u = an orig9al poem on ?is picture4 ,"o boy ( eight wrote3-- ,!re 0 an old wit* ,:o flew up 9 ! sky1 ,to visit ! moon ,t 0 %9+ s high4 ,ano!r *ild improv$ some:at ^u ! v]sification-- ,! wit*'s cat 0 z black z h] hat1 ,z black z h] hat 0 he4 ,he _h yell[ eyes :i* look$ v wise ,z he sail$ high ov] ! trees4 ,h[ _m ( y mature m5 & wom5 c\ld h done a bett] piece ( "w ?an ,doro?y ,hall1 n9e & a half ye>s old8 ,,! ,,moonlight ,,p ,:5 ! />s are tw9kl+1 ,& ! gr\nd ) sn[ is :ite1 ,& we are j awak+ ,= to see ! morn+ light2 ,little moonlight p ,are danc+ "h & !re ,o'er a sn[ :ite c>pet1 ,danc+ ev]y:]e4 ,?is same class ( little p1 aft] le>n+ ,riley's ,pixie ,p1 7 ask$ to write d[n :at !y believ$ 7 ! circum/ances "u :i* ,riley compos$ ! poem4 ,_! reasons v>i$ all ! way f a dream ( butt]flies1 to cornfields4 ,sev5? & eigh? grade *ildr5 9 ?is same city 7,newton1 ,mass47 write books1 ! titles ( :i* are select$ by ! *ildr5 ) ! approval ( ! tea*]4 ,a ,boy's ,life 9 ,new ,york1 ,fairy ,/ories1 ,a ,book ,ab\t ,air%ips1 ,a ,/ory ( ,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,life1 are a few ( ! titles4 ,hav+ *os5 8 title1 ! *ild outl9es ! "w & !n beg9s on x1 writ+ x week by week1 illu/rat+ ! text ) draw+s1 illum9at+ & decorat+ ! m>g9s ) wat] colors1 pa9t+ a ta/y cov]1 & at la/1 z ! product ( a ye>'s "w 9 ,engli%1 tak+ home a book writt51 h& pr9t$1 h& illum9$1 cov]$ & b\nd by ! au?or4 ,c\ld y recognize 9 ?is fasc9at+ task ! dread$ ,engli% composition & spell+ ( y\r *ildhood days8 ,"o eigh? grade lad1 :o _h always made a r poor %[+ 9 s*ool1 decid$ to write 8 book on birds4 ,z he work$ into ! subject x gradually got hold ( him4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ he f\nd himself1 at half pa/ f\r1 morn+ aft] morn+1 out 9 ! squ>es1 ! p>ks & ! fields1 wat*+ = ! birds4 ,he became absorb$ 9 writ+ 8 book1 b at ! same "t ! tea*]s ( o!r subjects f\nd him tak+ additional int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! :ole tone ( 8 s*ool "w improv$2 & :51 9 ,may1 he deliv]$ an illu/rat$ lecture1 be=e "o ( ! tea*]s' meet+s1 on ! birds ( ,newton1 he 0 triumphant4 ,9 less ?an a ye> he _h vitaliz$ 8 :ole be+ ) an int]e/ 9 "o /udy4 ,9 8 talk to ! tea*]s1 said ,sup]9t5d5t ,spald+1 he %[$ a deep] k ( ! subject ?an mo/ ( ! tea*]s pres5t possess$4 ,^? :o rememb] ) a %iv] ( dread ! syntax1 p>s+1 s5t5ce diagramm+1 p>agraph dissect+1 ma*9e composition con/ruction ( ! gramm> grades1 %\ld h /epp$ ) me into ! class ( an ,indianapolis tea*] ( sev5? grade ,engli%4 ,! tea*] sat 9 ! back ( ! room4 ,! class b5t =w>d1 att5tively li/5+ :ile a r\ghly clad1 unc\? boy1 slip%od 9 attitude1 /umbl$ ?r\gh ! brok5 p]iods ( 8 ungrammatical s5t5ces4 ,& ,esau w5t out aft] a v5ison1 he 0 say+1 & ,jacob's "m cook$ up "s goat's meat till x smell$ l a v5ison4 ,& !n ,jacob1 he took ! v5ison--,i mean ! goat's meat to ,isaac1 & ,isaac c\ldn't tell x wasn't ,esau because--s ! /ory cont9u$ = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,:5 x 0 end$1 ! boy /ood look+ gloomily at ! class4 ,well1 class8 qu]i$ ,miss ,h[es1 has any "o any criticism to make8 ,in/antly1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! class 0 on its feet4 ,well1 ,edw>d4 ,edw>d1 a manly fell[1 spoke quietly to ! boy :o _h told ! /ory4 ,paul1 y don't talk q l\d en\gh4 ,!n y %\ld raise & l[] y\r voice m4 ,sev]al ( ! class 7hav+ int5d$ to make ! same criticism7 sat d[n ) ,edw>d4 ,! tea*] turn$4 ,yes1 ,m>y4 ,paul1 y\r gramm> wasn't v good4 ,y didn't make p]iods4 ,"o by "o1 9 a _s ( k9dly helpfulness1 criticisms 7 made4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 _h f9i%$1 ,miss ,h[es said3 ,paul1 y did v well4 ,?is is y\r fir/ "t 9 ?is class1 isn't x8 ,yes'm4 ,yes1 ,paul1 y did v well2 b1 ,paul--& ) c>e & precision %e outl9$ 8 mi/akes1 sugge/+ 9 ea* case ways ( avoid+ !m 9 ! future4 ,?r\gh\t ! grades 9 ,indianapolis ! *ildr5 h "s oral ,engli% "w e day4 ,:5 !y rea* ! sev5? & eigh? ye>s ?is oral "w takes on q pret5ti\s =ms4 ,beg9n+ ) ,aesop's ,fables1 ! *ildr5 tell fairy tales1 ,bible /ories1 ,greek leg5ds1 ,norse leg5ds1 animal /ories1 & any o!r /ories t ! tea*] ?9ks appropriate4 ,ea* *ild may select 9 ! p>ticul> gr\p ( /ories :atev] topic seems mo/ int]e/+4 ,ea* day has its writt5 ,engli% "w1 too4 ,on ,monday1 lett]s are writt5 & criticiz$2 ,tuesday is composition day2 on ,w$nesday ea* s*ol> writes a description ( ! day 9 a ,season ,j\rnal2 ,?ursday is set aside = ! revision & correction ( compositions2 & on ,friday1 ! lett]s = ! foll[+ ,monday are writt54 ,:]ev] possible1 ! subjects = writt5 "w are select$ ) ref]5ce to ! o!r /udies :i* ! *ild is tak+4 ,v ,an ,orig9al ,fairy ,/ory ,! "w is arrang$ prim>ily to ar\se int]e/4 ,at ,hall[e51 ! !me is timely1 & "o girl1 ,doro?y ,morrison1 selects z h] title1 ,h[ ! ,wit* got ! ,black ,cat = h] ,prison]4 ,read ?is *>m+ fairy tale--an orig9al piece ( "w by a girl ( twelve3 ,ye>s ago1 :5 ! wit* rode h] broom/ick1 no sn>l+ black cat accompani$ h] on h] midnight rides4 ,t wick$ p]son 0 always plann+ & plott+ h[ to get "s nice "y girl to g ) h]4 ,at ?is "t !re liv$ a beautiful fairy1 :o 0 condemn$ to dea? by a cruel magician1 :o _h no reason to d s4 ,?is good fairy1 ,eil5e1 f9ally decid$ to take ! %ape ( a bird & to fly ?r\gh ! t9y w9d[ ( h] prison to h] old fri5d1 ,mr4 ,moon4 ,%e did s1 & :5 %e arriv$ at h] fri5d's home %e assum$ ! =m ( a fairy & entreat$ him to keep h] safe f ! cruel clut*es ( ! magician4 ,he promis$ to d 8 be/4 ,! next ,hall[e51 ! wit*1 ,crono1 rode up to ! moon & on spy+ ,eil5e %e exclaim$1 ',aha1 j :at ,i h be5 look+ =--a nice "y maid54' ,eil5e became fright5$ at fir/ & clut*$ ! moon's h&4 ,j !n ,crono grabb$ at h]1 b %e 0 too quick = h]1 = %e *ang$ h]self into a bird & flew out ( ! rea*es ( ! wit*4 ,%ak+ h] fi/ at ! girl %e mutt]$1 ',i w get y yet4' ,!n ! wit* return$ to h] caldron & ,eil5e return$ to ! moon4 ,mr4 ,moon !n advis$ h] to be c>eful = ,crono want$ h] = h] prison]4 ,%e did n he$ ?is because %e ?\ght t %e c\ld outwit ,crono ) all h] fairy p[]1 b %e 0 mi/ak51 = ,crono _h m p[] ?an %e4 ,"o day1 :ile sitt+ at ! moon's knee1 li/5+ to ! /ory ( h[ he got up 9 ! sky1 ,eil5e's h&s & feet 7 ti$1 & be=e ,mr4 ,moon c\ld help h]1 :at little p[] t fat p]sonage possess$ 0 tak5 f him4 ,crono trans=m$ ,eil5e into a sn>l+ black cat :i* n[ always accompanies h] on h] ,hall[e5 rides :5 %e tells ! gr9n+ ,jack-o'-,lant]ns ( h[ %e captur$ ,eil5e4 ,because ,mr4 ,moon lov$ ,eil5e s well1 ,crono gave him a picture ( ! fairy1 :i* he always keeps ne> him1 & ev5 to ?is day1 if we look up at ! moon1 we c see ! picture ( ,eil5e4 ,s let u rememb] t1 al?\gh ! black cat does appe> fi]ce1 %e is really good at he>t4 ,,vi ,! ,cr[ & ! ,sc>ecr[ ,:5 corn 0 spr\t+1 ,cr[s & ,sc>ecr[s 0 ann\nc$ z a topic1 & "o ,iri% lad1 giv+ re9 to 8 imag9ation1 wrote3-- ,,! ,,cr[ ,,& ,,! ,,sc>ecr[ ,hav+ a /ory to write conc]n+ a cr[1 ,i decid$ to g to ! zoological g>d5s & seek an int]view ) "o ( ! species4 ,accord+ly ,i w5t1 & aft] pass+ num]\s cages conta9+ all k9ds ( animals1 ,i arriv$ at ! bird cages4 ,"h 9 "o cage all by himself ,i met ,mr4 ,cr[4 ,he 0 a big bird ) coal-black fea!rs t gli/5$ 9 ! sunlight4 ,i made a b[1 expla9$ my err& & ask$ = a /ory4 ,he cock$ 8 head to "o side1 look$ /eadily = a few seconds & !n actually w9k$ at me4 ',well1 "y man1' he said 9 a ?roaty voice1 'y h c]ta9ly come to ! "r place4 ,b z x is ne> my lun* "t ,i mu/ be brief4 ',9 ! fir/ place1 ,i 0 ! lead] ( z wild & mis*iev\s a b& ( cr[s z y ev] he>d tell (4 ,!re 0 "o p>ticul> f>m 9 our t]ritory we lov$ to visit4 ,! own]'s "n 0 ,silas ,:imple & he 0 ! gr\*ie/1 mo/ mis]ly man 9 ! c\nty4 ,he liv$ alone & :at "p ( ! gr\nd t 0 till$1 he did x himself4 ,z mu* to tease z to eat1 we w\ld pay him an occasional fly+ visit1 digg+ up 8 newly plant$ se$s1 nibbl+ at ! "y gre5 %oots1 or1 lat] on1 scrat*+ up 8 potatoes4 ,all 8 %\t+ & scream+ did n sc>e u a bit4 ,"o day "o ( my companions came w++ ) ! news t ,silas _h a f>m h&4 ,i laugh$ & said1 ,if !re is ano!r man on ! f>m !n ,silas ,:imple mu/ be dead4 ,(f we flew to inve/igate4 ,sure en\gh1 out 9 a pat* ( potatoes 0 a man4 ,wat*+ him q a :ile1 ,i saw he did n move or make a noise z ,silas w\ld4 ,he j /ood /ill4 ,i came d[n to take a clos] look1 :5 :o %\ld come to ! doorway b ,silas himself4 ,he 0 laugh+ & %\t+1 ,n[ ,i h some?+ to keep y away4 ,! sc>ecr[ %all keep y f bo!r+ me any m4 ,he laugh$ & laugh$1 b ,i wat*$ my *ance & flew beh9d ?is be+ & scrat*$ (f 8 cap4 ,!n ! /ory 0 out4 ,x 0 only a /raw man4 ,i w5t back to my companions & expla9$1 & be=e ev5+ we _h pick$ ! sc>ecr[ to pieces4 ,next day ,i 0 un=tunate en\gh to put my foot 9 a wire trap & !n !y s5t me up "h = life4' ,at ?is mom5t 8 keep] came up ) some?+ to eat1 s ,i bade him good-bye & left4 ,engli%1 9 ^! classes1 is s alive ) int]e/ t ! *ildr5 write ) ardor & read eag]ly ! lit]ature :i*1 improp]ly h&l$1 !y le>n s soon to despise4 ,! "t-honor$ /udies ( ! old curriculum may be *>g$ ) int]e/ if !y are l9k$ to life4 ,! mo/ irksome task has its pleasant aspects4 ,ev5 ! ?ree ,r's may be translat$ into curr5t ?\ght4 ,,vii ,s*ool & ,home ,ev5 m significant = ! future is ! "w :i* is be+ done 9 a few cities to tra9 girls = _! *ief "w 9 life--homemak+4 ,! home s*ools at ,indianapolis & ,provid5ce are1 p]haps1 typical4 ,! ,indianapolis ,s*ool ,bo>d b\ght a numb] ( wret*$ homes ne> "o s*ool 9 a cr[d$ di/rict4 ,! boys 9 ! s*ool r5ovat$ ! homes1 conv]t+ "o into a rug %op1 ano!r into a mop factory1 & /ill a ?ird into a %oe-%op4 ,9 ^! %ops ! *ildr5 ( ! s*ool did _! trade "w4 ,ano!r h\se 0 made into a model home--7model = t qu>t]7--9 :i* ! dome/ic sci5ce dep>tm5t 0 locat$4 ,( ?is home ! girls took entire *>ge1 liv+ 9 x by ! day4 ,!re !y 7 taught1 by practical exp]i5ce1 ! art ( homemak+4 ,! home s*ool ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 "u ! direction ( ,mrs4 ,ada ,wilson ,tr[bridge1 has receiv$ nation-wide recognition4 ,six hundr$ doll>s1 appropriat$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 r5ovat$ & furni%$ ! flat on ,will>d ,av5ue 9 :i* ! s*ool is held4 ,! girls :o elect to take "w 9 ! home s*ool--! "w is :olly elective--may come on ,monday & ,tuesday1 or on ,w$nesday & ,?ursday4 ,! h\rs are #d to #f1 or #g3cj to #i3cj4 ,on ,friday1 anyone comes :o c>es to4 ,! day pupils are f ! gramm> s*ools & ! ev5+ pupils come f ! factories & %ops4 ,sev5ty-five names on ! wait+ li/ ( day classes indicate ! popul>ity ( ! s*ool4 ,we try to keep ! s*ool l ! homes f :i* ^! girls come1 expla9$ ,mrs4 ,tr[bridge1 z %e %[$ h] ta/efully arrang$ ap>tm5t4 ,! girls 9 ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool work$ out ! color s*emes1 select$ ! patt]ns & b\ght ! mat]ials4 ,we tri$ to get ?+s :i* 7 good look+ & durable4 ,! ?ree k9ds ( "w1 7#a7 ,cook+1 7#b7 ,h\sekeep+1 & 7#c7 ,sew+1 are c>ri$ on 9 rotation1 a girl sp5d+ "o entire aft]noon at cook+1 ! next at sew+ & a ?ird at h\sework4 ,?us ea* girl does an aft]noon's job 9 ea* subject4 ,! cook+ class /udies successively breakfa/1 lun* & d9n]1 9 ea* case prep>+ m5us & cook+ ! food4 ,a meal is s]v$ ne>ly e day4 ,! s]vice falls to ! h\sekeep+ class1 :i* is also responsible = clean+ up1 t5d+ ! furnace1 wa%+1 iron+ & ! l4 ,includ$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w are a numb] ( ?or\gh discussions ( p]sonal hygi5e & home sanitation4 ,to ! sew+ class1 ! girls br+ _! home sew+ problems4 ,c]ta9 classes d>n /ock+s :ile a tea*] reads to !m4 ,"s girls make und]clo?+ & dresses4 ,! beg9n]s hem table clo?s1 napk9s1 t[els1 du/clo?s1 etc41 = ! s*ool4 ,! classes are small 7t5 to fifte57 mak+ individual "w possible4 ,no1 no1 prote/$ ,mrs4 ,tr[bridge1 we h no c\rse ( /udy1 or else1 if y please1 !re are z _m c\rses z !re are girls4 ,ea* girl has h] problems & we aim to meet !m4 ,! backy>d1 utiliz$ z a g>d51 furni%es vegetables :i* ! girls cook & c4 ,^! vegetables1 toge!r ) cann$ fruits1 jellies1 jams & pickles1 :i* ! girls put up1 give ! s*ool su* an excell5t s\rce ( rev5ue t la/ ye> x turn$ ov] #ae to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,! cr[n+ "w ( ! s*ool 0 done 9 a b>e up/airs room :i* ! girls pap]$ & pa9t$ !mselves4 ,two ( !m h s9ce done ! same ?+ ) rooms at home1 decl>$ ,mrs4 ,tr[bridge1 happily4 ,isn't t good = a />t8 ,! home s*ool /ays close to home problems1 deal+ ) ! facts ( life z ! girls :o come to s*ool see !m4 ,x w\ld h>dly be fair to expect m ( any s*ool4 ,,viii ,break+ ,new ,gr\nd ,! regul> "w ( ! public s*ool has be5 supplem5t$1 ( late ye>s1 by a numb] ( significant innovations1 ( :i* ! mo/ f>-rea*+ is1 p]haps1 a m$ical inspection ( s*ools :i* involves a ?or\gh physical exam9ation ( all s*ool *ildr5 by exp]ts4 ,by ?is s*eme1 ! defect ( ! individual *ild is correct$1 & ! dang] ( widespread contagion or infection 9 ! s*oolroom is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,foll[+ ^! physical exam9ations1 ! *ildr5 :o are cle>ly sub-normal are plac$ 9 special classes or special s*ools1 :]e1 "u ! direction ( specially fitt$ tea*]s1 !y d any m5tal "w = :i* !y are fitt$1 9 ! int]ims ( "t betwe5 manual activities4 ,weav+1 woodwork+1 fold+ & simil> employm5ts hold ! att5tion ( sub-normal *ildr5 :]e intellectual "w w n4 ,! special s*ool1 fre$ f ! ?rottl+ grip ( an iron-clad c\rse ( /udy1 /udies ! ne$ ( ea* *ild1 & makes a c\rse ( /udy to fit ! ne$4 ,al?\gh ! special s*ool has be5 us$ = incorrigibles1 its real value re/s 9 its c>e ( ! defective *ild4 ,anaemic *ildr5 & ^? :o %[ a tub]cul> t5d5cy are treat$ 9 op5 air s*ools4 ,9 ,spr+field a special s*ool 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 ,provid5ce an old build+ 0 employ$4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! w9d[s are notable by _! abs5ce4 ,! s*ool supplies caps & army blankets1 a milk lun* 9 ! middle ( ! =5oon & ! aft]noon1 & a pla91 :olesome d9n] at noon4 ,a few mon?s ( su* treatm5t works wond]s ) mo/ ( ! *ildr54 ,x seems only fair t ! sick s*ool *ild %\ld be treat$ to fre% air & full nutrition1 ev5 ?\gh ! well *ild is n s favor$4 ,! op5 air s*ool has borne fruit1 h[ev]1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s op5-w9d[ classes4 ,aga9/ ^! classes1 !re seems to be only "o compla9t4 ,! *ildr5 are too lively4 ,fancy6 ,!y get a supply ( oxyg5 suffici5t to /imulate !m into life dur+ s*ool h\rs4 ,h[ tragic ?is mu/ seem to ! tea*] :o is 9 ! habit ( calm+ ! tr\bl$ spirits ( h] class by a g5]\s adm9i/ration ( clos$ w9d[s & c>bon dioxide4 ,a few cities are attempt+ to relieve und]fe$+ by ! provision ( :olesome s*ool lun*es at co/4 ,buffalo leads 9 ! "w1 ) ,*icago1 ,philadelphia & a numb] ( o!r cities trail+ beh9d4 ,:5 y rememb] t ! ,*icago ,s*ool ,bo>d report$ t 9 ! ,*icago s*ools !re 7 five ?\s& *ildr5 :o 7 habitually hungry1 :ile t5 ?\s& o!rs d n h suffici5t n\ri%+ food1 y w p]haps agree t ! "t has come = "s action4 ,among ! livelie/ educational movem5ts ( ! day is t ( provid+ s*ool *ildr5 ) a legitimate occupation & a conv5i5t place to be occupi$ outside ( s*ool h\rs4 ,*icago1 ) an unequal$ sy/em ( playgr\nds1 & ,philadelphia1 ) a dep>tm5t devot$ to s*ool g>d5s1 are lead]s 9 two fields :i* promise great ?+s = ! future welf>e ( ,am]ican city s*ool *ildr54 ,,ix ,! ,s*ool & ! ,community ,n cont5t ) do+ ^? ne$ful ?+s involv$ 9 ! education ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 ! s*ool is rea*+ f> out into ! community4 ,night s*ools came fir/1 z a means ( education = ^? :o c\ld n att5d s*ool dur+ ! daytime4 ,e progressive city & t[n has a night s*ool n[1 & ! s*ol>s :o come aft] work+ h\rs use ! same exp5sive equipm5t t is furni%$ to ! regul> classes4 ,ma*9es1 cook+ app>atus1 maps & blackbo>d all d d\ble duty4 ,9 ! =eign qu>t]s1 p>ticul>ly1 ! night s*ools attract a l>ge foll[+ ( adults1 eag] to le>n ! language & ways ( ! new l&4 ,?\gh _m a "o falls asleep ov] ! tasks1 :o %all say t ! _s is n will+8 ,public lectures are be+ us$ m & m z a means ( public education4 ,!re is sc>cely an up-to-date city t has n "s public lectures connect$ ) its s*ool or libr>y sy/em1 :ile 9 a c5t] l ,new ,york1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education has e/abli%$ an elaborate organization = ! deliv]y ( lectures 9 public s*ool build+s ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,! lecture topics--widely adv]tis$ ?r\gh ! s*ools & else:]e--cov] e field ( ?\ght4 ,p]haps ! :ole movem5t ( ! s*ools to influ5ce ! community may be summ$ up 9 ! phrase1 ,a wid] use ( ! s*ool plant4 ,:y %\ld n ! s*ools be op51 z !y are 9 ,g>y1 day & ev5+1 too8 ,:y %\ld ! mo!rs & fa!rs n be organiz$ into ,home & ,s*ool ,leagues1 meet+ 9 ! s*ools z !y d on a l>ge scale 9 ,philadelphia8 ,:y %\ld n ! social s5tim5t ( a community be cry/alliz$ ar\nd its s*oolh\se1 z x has be5 9 ,ro*e/]8 ,is x bett] to h ! *ildr5 play+ 9 ! /reet 9 ! summ] "t1 or 9 ! s*ool y>ds & playgr\nds1 z !y d 9 ,m9neapolis & ,/4 ,paul8 ,! billion doll>s inve/$ 9 ! s*ool plant mu/ be made to yield a return 9 broad] social s]vice ) ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,x ,new ,keys = ,old ,locks ,nor h progressive educators be5 satisfi$ to *ange ! me?ods ( tea*+ old subjects4 ,m important /ill1 !y h introduc$ new c\rses :i* aim to op5 l>g] fields = *ild exp]i5ce4 ,hygi5e1 nature /udy1 civics1 manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce h all be5 call$ ^u to enri* ! elem5t>y s*ool curriculum4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury physiology--names ( muscles & bones1 symptoms ( diseases & ! l--has be5 replac$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury s*ools by a physiology :i* aims to tea* t ! body is wor? c>+ = & develop+ into some?+ ( :i* e boy & girl may be pr\d4 ,beg9n+ ) nature /udy & elem5t>y sci5ce1 ! hygi5e c\rse 9 ,indianapolis emphasizes1 fir/1 ! c>e ( ! body & !n1 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades1 public heal?1 private & public sanitation1 etc4 ,f nature & h] do+s1 ! *ild is l$ to see ! application ( ! laws ( physiology & hygi5e to ! life ( ! individual & ( ! community4 ,nature /udy1 elem5t>y sci5ce1 horticulture & s*ool g>d5s h tak5 _! place1 on a small scale1 9 all progressive educational sy/ems4 ,!re is an education 9 wat*+ ?+s gr[2 an education 9 ! sequ5ce & significance ( ! seasons1 :i* brick & cem5t pavem5ts c nev] af=d4 ,scatt]$ attempts are be+ made to tea* *ildr5 ! relation betwe5 individual & community life4 ,all ( ! sev5? & eigh? grade *ildr5 9 ,indianapolis visit ! city bureaus--wat]1 light1 heal?1 fire & police4 ,trips to factories tea* !m ! relation betwe5 indu/ry & ! individual life1 :ile social concepts are develop$ by newspap] & magaz9e read+1 book read+ & class discussions ( ! articles & books :i* are read4 ,at election "t !y discuss politics2 !y take up /rikes & labor tr\bles2 woman suffrage is occasionally t\*$ ^u2 & !y are ev5 ask$ to sugge/ me?ods ( mak+ a giv5 wage cov] family ne$s4 ,! widespread introduction ( dome/ic sci5ce & elem5t>y manual tra9+ r5d]s any special discussion ( !m unnecess>y4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 !y are develop$ to a high degree4 ,9 ,g>y1 ,indianapolis & ,c9c9nati1 sev5? & eigh? grade girls make _! own g>m5ts1 cook & s]ve meals to tea*]s or to o!r classes2 :ile 9 ! advanc$ grades ! boys make furniture1 sl$s1 d]ricks1 bridges & telegraph in/rum5ts4 ,*air can+1 weav+ & clay model+ are also widely us$ 9 ! h& "w ( bo? boys & girls4 ,fit*burg1 ,mass41 has develop$ a ,practical ,arts ,s*ool1 p>allel+ ! sev5? & eigh? grades 9 ! gramm> s*ool4 ,! s*ool includes a ,comm]cial ,c\rse1 a ,practical ,arts ,c\rse1 a ,h\sehold ,arts ,c\rse & a ,lit]>y ,c\rse4 ,! regul> lit]ature1 composition1 spell+1 ma!matics1 geography1 hi/ory & sci5ce ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades is supplem5t$ by social danc+1 physical tra9+ & music 9 all ( ^! c\rses2 & 9 addition = ! ,comm]cial ,c\rse by typewrit+1 %or?&1 bookkeep+1 bus9ess ari?metic & design+2 = ! ,practical ,arts ,c\rse1 by draw+1 design+1 pr9t+1 mak+ & repair+2 = ! ,h\sehold ,arts ,c\rse1 by cook+1 sew+1 homekeep+ & h\sehold arts2 & = ! ,lit]>y ,c\rse1 by half-"t 9 mod]n language & ! o!r half 9 manual tra9+ & h\sehold arts4 ,at ! end ( ! six? ye> 7at ab\t twelve ye>s ( age7 *ildr5 9 ,fit*burg may elect to take ?is s*ool ( ,practical ,arts in/ead ( ! regul> gramm> s*ool c\rse4 ,! results ( ?is election are extraord9>y4 ,! practical c\rse 0 plann$ = ! *ildr5 :o expect$ to leave s*ool at f\rte51 or at ! end ( ! eigh? grade4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 all types ( *ildr5 h flock$ into x4 ,sons ( doctors1 lawy]s & well-to-d bus9ess m52 boys & girls prep>+ = college1 & *ildr5 :o mu/ /op s*ool 9 a ye> or two are all clamor+ = admission4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t pupils are kept 9 ^! s*ools six h\rs a day in/ead ( five1 z 9 ! o!r s*ools1 ! att5dance at ! end ( two ye>s has outrun ! accommodations4 ,! *ildr5 :o leave ?is appli$ "w & ent] ! high s*ool are app>5tly n a :it less able to d ! high s*ool "w ?an ^? *ildr5 :o h come up ?r\gh ! regul> grades4 ,! new education is broad] ?an ! old1 because x accepts & adopts any /udy :i* seems likely to meet ! ne$s or wants ( any class ( *ildr5 or ( any individual *ild4 ,! /oreh\se ( ! m9d is to-day unlock$ ) educational keys ( :i* educators 9 pa/ g5]ations sc>cely dream$4 ,,xi ,s*ool & ,%op ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 !re are a great numb] ( *ildr5 :o mu/ leave s*ool at f\rte51 :e!r !y h complet$ ! gramm> grades or n4 ,) !m1 ! problem ( education %apes itself into ?is "q3 ,%all !y be well or badly prep>$ = _! "w8 ,! boys ent] ! %ops & mills2 ! girls m>ry & make homes4 ,are !y to be effici5t work]s & h\sekeep]s8 ,! answ] re/s l>gely ) ! s*ools4 ,ohio has provid$1 = ! solution ( ! problem1 a cont9uation s*ool law1 model$ on ! m ext5sive plans ( ! ,g]man ,cont9uation ,s*ool sy/em4 ,! law reads3 ,9 case ! bo>d ( education ( any s*ool di/rict e/abli%es "p-"t day s*ools = ! in/ruction ( y\?s ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age :o are engag$ 9 regul> employm5t1 su* bo>d ( education is au?oriz$ to require all y\?s :o h n satisfactorily complet$ ! eigh? grade ( ! elem5t>y s*ools to cont9ue _! s*ool+ until !y are sixte5 ye>s ( age2 provid$1 h[ev]1 t su* y\?s1 if !y h be5 grant$ ,age & ,s*ool+ ,c]tificates & are regul>ly employ$1 %all be requir$ to att5d s*ool n to exce$ eight h\rs a week betwe5 ! h\rs ( #h3jj ,a4 ,m4 to #e3jj ,p4 ,m4 dur+ ! s*ool t]m4 ,clevel& & ,c9c9nati1 act+ "u ?is au?ority1 h e/abli%$ cont9uation s*ools4 ,9 ,clevel& !y are volunt>y2 9 ,c9c9nati !y are compulsory4 ,9 bo? cities1 *ildr5 betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 may att5d s*ool1 dur+ factory "t1 = f\r h\rs ea* week4 ,little en\gh1 y prote/4 ,yes1 b x is a beg9n+4 ,! *ild 9 su* a cont9uation s*ool may *oose betwe5 academic "w1 art1 draw+ & design+1 %op-"w1 mill9]y1 dressmak+ & dome/ic sci5ce4 ,9 "s cases a cont9uation c\rse is possible4 ,?us f> ! sy/em has work$ admirably4 ,equally significant are ! ,massa*usetts ,vocational ,s*ools1 :i* are int5d$ to provide a te*nical tra9+ = ! boys :o wi% to pass directly f ! gramm> s*ool into indu/ry4 ,"u ! ,massa*usetts law1 ! /ate pays half ( ! runn+ exp5ses ( any vocational s*ool :i* is organiz$ ) ! approval ( ! ,/ate ,director ( ,vocational ,tra9+4 ,! ,spr+field s*ool1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,e4 ,e4 ,mac,nary1 is h\s$ on "o floor ( a factory build+4 ,! boys may n come at an e>li] age ?an f\rte5 & ,mr4 ,mac,nary insi/s1 :]e possible1 t !y complete ! regul> sev5? grade "w be=e com+ to him4 ,8 s*ool1 :i* includes patt]n mak+1 cab9et "w1 c>p5try & ma*9e %op "w1 is run on ! job plan4 ,t is1 a boy is assign$ to a job su* z mak+ a head-/ock = a la!4 ,! boy makes 8 draw+s1 writes 8 specifications1 ord]s 8 mat]ial & tools1 e/imates ! co/ ( ! job1 makes ! head-/ock & !n figures up 8 actual co/s & comp>es !m ) ! e/imat$ co/4 ,n until he has gone ?r\gh all ( ! op]ations1 may he turn to a new piece ( "w4 ,we tri$ ! half-day & half-day 9 %op plan1 ,mr4 ,mac,nary expla9s1 b x 0 n a success4 ,x di/urb$ ! boys too mu*4 ,s we hit on ! plan ( lett+ ea* boy divide 8 "t z he ne$$ to4 ,:5 he has draw+ & e/imat+ to d1 he does t & :5 ! "t = la! "w comes1 he turns to t4 ,x breaks up any sy/em 9 y\r s*ool1 b x gives ! be/ *ance to ! individual boy4 ,"o day a week all ( ! boys meet ! tea*]s 9 conf]5ce to discuss _! "w & to make & receive g5]al sugge/ions4 ,! boys :o come to ,mr4 ,mac,nary's s*ool are boys :o w\ld probably leave ! regul> s*ool at f\rte54 ,_m boys come because !y are disc\rag$ ) ! grade "w1 & ( ^! grade failures1 _m succe$ admirably 9 ! new s*ool4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s ( ?is %op-"w1 ! boys get a tra9+ :i* enables !m to take & hold good positions 9 ! trades4 ,z "o =eman said1 ,a boy gets m tra9+ 9 ! two ye>s ( t s*ool ?an he gets 9 ?ree ye>s ( any %op4 ,^! are b an index ( ! myriad ( attempts :i* cities are mak+ to br+ s*ool & %op toge!r1 to tra9 = usefulness1 to />t boys 9 life4 ,,xii ,half a ,*ance to ,/udy ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* ! s*ool may help4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( homework4 ,on ! "o h&1 homework = ! sake ( homework may be elim9at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ildr5 may be giv5 half a *ance to read & /udy4 ,"o day 9 a squalid back /reet ,i glanc$ ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( a corn] h\se4 ,! front ( ! h\se 0 a groc]y /ore4 ,! room into :i* ,i happ5$ to look 0 a g5]al dwell+ room4 ,on "o side /ood ! kit*5 /ove2 ! floor 0 litt]$ ) *ildr5 & rubbi%1 & j "u ! w9d[ a *ild sat1 h] book be=e h] on ! supp]-cov]$ d9+ table1 do+ multiplication examples--h] homework4 ,! well-to-d *ild1 less ?an t5 squ>es away1 :o b5t ov] h] problems 9 a quiet room1 c\ld sc>cely appreciate ! difficulties atta*$ to homework1 :5 ! family lives 9 ?ree rooms & does ev]y?+ possible to r$uce ! bill = k]os5e4 ,!re is j "o place 9 e neighborhood :]e ! *ild c f9d light1 air & quiet--t place is ! s*ool4 ,:y !n %\ld ! s*ool n be op5 = ! *ild8 ,:y1 inde$1 ask$ ! s*oolm5 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pass+ f ?\ght to de$1 !y op5$ s*ools 9 ! cr[d$ neighborhoods f\r nights a week f #g to #i4 ,into ^! ev5+ /udy classes1 9 *>ge ( advisory tea*]s1 any *ild might come at all4 ,! city libr>ian1 g5]\s 9 co-op]ation1 l5t libr>y books 9 bat*es ( =ty1 = two mon?s at a "t4 ,ev5+ aft] ev5+1 ! boys & girls assemble & ) text-books or libr>y books1 d ^? ?+s 9 ! s*ool :i* are impossible 9 ! home4 ,= :at o!r purpose %\ld ! s*ool exi/8 ,,xiii ,?w>t+ ,satan 9 ! ,summ] ,"t ,ano!r project1 equally effective1 involves ! op5+ ( s*ools dur+ ! summ] "t4 ,! f>m] ne$$ 8 boy = ! h>ve/1 s summ] vacations became ! e/abli%$ rule1 b ! city /reet ne$s nei!r ! boy nor ! girl at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,idl5ess & mis*ief l9k h&s ) /reet *ildr5 & dance away t[>d del9qu5cy4 ,!n :y n h s*ool 9 ! summ] "t8 ,:y n8 ,! answ] takes ! =m ( vacation s*ools4 ,9 mo/ cases ! "w ( ! vacation s*ool is design$ prim>ily to int]e/ ! *ild4 ,games1 /ories1 g>d5+1 manual "w ( v>i\s sorts1 excursions & simil> devices are reli$ ^u to ma9ta9 int]e/4 ,a few cities1 l ,indianapolis1 ,worce/] & ,g>y1 on ! o!r h&1 h e/abli%$ vacation s*ools 9 :i* *ildr5 may make up back "w1 or pursue /udies 9 :i* !y are especially int]e/$4 ,z a means ( br++ bel[-grade *ildr5 up to ! /&>d ( af=d+ an opportunity = ! able *ildr5 to advance m rapidly 9 s*ool1 &1 9 g5]al1 z a means ( keep+ city *ildr5 usefully occupi$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 ! vacation s*ool has won its place4 ,new>k1 mak+ an ev5 m radical dep>ture f tradition1 runs "s s*ools twelve mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,edg> ,g4 ,pitk91 pr9cipal ( a s*ool 9 an immigrant di/rict1 fir/ put ! idea into practice4 ,at ! end ( ! regul> session 9 ,june1 he ann\nc$ to 8 *ildr5 t s*ool w\ld />t aga9 on ! foll[+ ,monday4 ,fe>fully he approa*$ ! build+4 ,! /reets ab\t ! s*ool seem$ unusually des]t$ t ,monday morn+4 ,suppose no "o %\ld be !re6 ,:5 ! gong s\nd$1 h[ev]1 m ?an sev5-t5?s ( ! two ?\s& *ildr5 belong+ 9 ! s*ool 7 9 _! places4 ,! att5dance t summ] 0 n9ety-two p] c5t1 & ! promotion n9ety-five p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! ?ree summ] mon?s !re 7 exactly two cases ( discipl9e4 ,y see :at happ5$1 ,mr4 ,pitk9 expla9$4 ,all ( ! bright ambiti\s *ildr5 came back & ! loaf]s /ay$ away4 ,f t pick$ cr[d no?+ b good "w c\ld be expect$4 ,!re 0 no att5dance (fic] on duty1 b ! *ildr5 7 regul>4 ,ord] 0 s good t on hot days we put up ! sa%es betwe5 rooms1 & on ! second floor1 :]e f\r class-rooms 7 ?r[n into "o1 f\r classes work$ indu/ri\sly "u f\r tea*]s )\t ! lea/ friction4 ,?is s*ool has be5 organiz$ on a ye> s*$ule4 ,if ! *ildr5 come f\r t]ms ea* ye> in/ead ( ?ree1 !y w r$uce ! "t betwe5 ! fir/ & eigh? grades by "o-?ird1 :i* means a sav+ to !m & to ! s*ool4 ,s9ce x is ! able *ildr5 :o come1 ! twelve mon?s' s*ool af=ds !m an opportunity to g quickly ?r\gh "w on :i* ! sl[] classmates mu/ hold a m mod]ate pace4 ,,xiv ,s5d+ ! ,:ole ,*ild to ,s*ool ,x is a long /ep f ! s*ool (-- ,read+1 & writ+ & 'ri?metic1 ,taught to ! tune ( ! hickory /ick1 to ! s*ool :i* aims at ! education ( ! :ole *ild2 yet t /ep has be5 attempt$ 9 ,g>y1 ,indiana4 ,!re1 p]haps m consi/5tly ?an any:]e else 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! s*ool au?orities are provid+ = ! :ole *ild 9 _! s*ools4 ,_m s*ools h manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce2 _m s*ools h s*ool g>d5s & playgr\nds2 _m s*ools h nature "w 9 ! p>ks & squ>es2 b 9 no s*ool t ,i h visit$ did ,i f9d a m consci\s ef=t to unite m5tal & physical1 h& & head1 & vocation & recreation1 9 "o complete sy/em4 ,?is result1 :i* to "s may s\nd unbelievably l ! impossible1 is accompli%$ fir/1 by engag+ exp]ts to tea* su* special subjects z botany & physical tra9+2 second1 by aboli%+ grade promotions & p]mitt+ ea* *ild to advance 9 8 subject :5 he is ready to d s2 ?ird1 by keep+ ! s*ool op5 morn+1 aft]noon & ev5+ dur+ practically ! entire ye>2 f\r?1 by mak+ ! "w ( int]e/ to ea* individual *ild4 ,p]haps ?is matt] ( int]e/ sums up bett] ?an any o!r ! _s ( ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,! sy/em aims to make ! s*ool s attractive t *ildr5 w pref] to be !re r ?an to be any:]e else4 ,h[ is ?is done8 ,take ! case ( ,john ,fr5a1 :o occupies a place ( no p>ticul> di/9ction 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,john's s*ool day 7f #h3cj ,a4 ,m4 to #d3jj ,p4 ,m47 is divid$ equally betwe5 regul> "w 7read+1 writ+1 geography1 etc47 & special "w 7play1 nature /udy1 manual tra9+ & ! l74 ,a day ( ,john's s*ool life reads l ?is3 ,fir/ p]iod--,playgr\nd1 games1 sports & gymna/ics1 "u ! direction ( an exp]t4 ,second p]iod--,nature /udy1 elem5t>y sci5ce & physical geography4 ,?ird & f\r? p]iods--,read+1 writ+1 spell+ & language4 ,lun* h\r4 ,fif? p]iod--,playgr\nd 7z be=e74 ,six? p]iod--,draw+ & manual tra9+4 ,sev5? & eigh? p]iods--,hi/ory1 political geography & ari?metic4 ,dur+ 8 s*ool day1 ,john has play$1 us$ 8 head & 8 h&s1 & alt]nat$ ! "w 9 su* a way t no "o "p ( x ev] became irksome4 ,next week1 music & lit]ature w be sub/itut$ on ,john's program = draw+2 ! foll[+ week manual tra9+ w replace "o p]iod ( play4 ,! f\r special subjects 7draw+ & manual tra9+1 music & lit]ature1 nature /udy & sci5ce1 & plays & games7 rotate regul>ly4 ,ea* day1 h[ev]1 includes f\r p]iods ( ?is special "w & f\r p]iods ( regul> "w4 ,su* a plan s\nds complicat$4 ,9 reality1 x is v easy4 ,! gymnasium tea*] /ays 9 ! gymnasium1 ! draw+ tea*] 9 ! draw+ room4 ,9 ! regul> "w1 !re are =ty *ildr5 9 ea* class4 ,= sci5ce & manual tra9+ ^! classes split 9 two4 ,at ! end ( ea* p]iod1 or ( ea* two p]iods1 dep5d+ on ! subject1 ! *ildr5 pass f "o room to ano!r4 ,:ile ?is sy/em br+s !m "u sev]al tea*]s ea* day1 x enables !m to take a subject l art ) "o tea*] = twelve ye>s4 ,mean:ile our little fri5d ,john has %[n himself bright 9 language1 b sl[ 9 ari?metic4 ,imm$iately he is advanc$ 9 language1 & p]haps plac$ 9 a l[] ari?metic class4 ,he may ev5 be transf]r$ to ano!r tea*] = special ari?metic "w4 ,! sy/em p]mits ?is flexibility because x all[s ea* tea*]1 an exp]t 9 h] own field1 to %ape h] "w to suit h] pupils4 ,bett] /ill1 if ,john _c ma/] 8 ari?metic 9 ! regul> classes1 he may att5d volunt>y classes on ,saturday1 at night1 or dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,! s*ools af=d him e *ance to keep up 9 e subject1 & if he _c make 8 way 9 ?is subject or 9 t1 he works 9 ! fields :i* are op5 to him1 do+ :at he c to make 8 c\rse a success4 ,john1 9 ! s*ools ( ,g>y1 is ,john ,fr5a1 ) all ( ,john ,fr5a's limitations & possibilities4 ,! ,g>y s*ool seeks to bridge ! limitations1 exp& ! possibilities1 & give ,john ,fr5a a ?\s& & "o reasons = believ+ t if !re is any place 9 ! _w :]e he c gr[ into a complete man1 t place is ! ,g>y s*ool4 ,,xv ,sma%+ ! ,s*ool ,ma*9e ,"o ( ! (t-repeat$ compla9ts aga9/ ! old education arose f ! iron-clad sy/em ( promotion :i* once 9 ea* ye>1 ) automatic precision1 sep>at$ ! %eep f ! goats1 say+ to ! %eep1 g high]1 & to ! goats1 repeat ! grade4 ,= ! %eep1 ! sy/em work$ fairly well1 at lea/ t once2 b = ! goats1 x 0 a trag$y4 ,! *ild :o _h fail$ 9 "o out ( six bran*es1 side by side ) ! *ild fail+ 9 six out ( six1 repeat$ ! ye>4 ,! new education af=ds sev]al rem$ies = ?is situation4 ,( ^! ! mo/ g5]ally kn[n is promotion twice ye>ly4 ,:ile ?is af=ds consid]able relief1 x is greatly improv$ ^u 9 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 by ! division ( ea* grade into ?ree divisions--advanc$1 normal & backw>d4 ,^! divisions ! tea*] h&les sep>ately s t :5 promotion "t comes ! *ildr5 :o h %[n special aptitude are prep>$ to g into ! next grade4 ,meantime ! *ildr5 h be5 con/antly *ang+ f "o division 9 ! class to ano!r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally practicable plan = reliev+ ! me*anical features ( promotion is f\nd 9 ,indianapolis1 & ev5 m int5sely 9 ,g>y1 :]e *ildr5 are promot$ by subjects r ?an by grades4 ,9 ,indianapolis1 ! *ild ent]+ ! six? grade1 takes all ,engli% ) "o tea*] f t "t until ! end ( ! eigh? grade4 ,if ! *ild is /rong 9 ,engli%1 he advances rapidly4 ,if he is weak 9 ,engli%1 ! tea*] gives him special att5tion4 ,le>n+ ea* pupil's capabilities 9 h] p>ticul> bran*1 ! tea*] is able to give ! individual *ild1 ov] a s]ies ( ye>s1 ! help :i* 8 special case requires4 ,9 ,g>y ! dep>tm5tal idea is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! entire s*ool sy/em4 ,9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool1 = in/ance1 *ildr5 may take eigh? grade "w 9 ,engli% & high s*ool "w 9 nature /udy or hi/ory4 ,! dep>tm5tal "w is /r5g!n$ 9 ,g>y1 9 ,indianapolis1 & 9 a numb] ( o!r cities1 by aft]noon "w1 ,saturday classes & vacation s*ools4 ,"h1 a *ild int]e/$ 9 any phase ( ! s*ool "w or desir+ to make up "w 9 :i* he is defici5t1 may sp5d 8 sp>e "t to 8 he>t's cont5t4 ,an ev5 great] individuation ( *ildr5 exi/s 9 ,fit*burg & ,newton1 ,mass41 & 9 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,*ildr5 f ! c\ntry & =eign *ildr5 :o h difficulty ) _! ,engli%1 toge!r ) any o!r *ildr5 :o d n fit into any grade1 are plac$ 9 an ungrad$ class4 ,a typical ungrad$ class ( fifty pupils conta9$ ,g]mans1 ,russians1 ,greeks1 ,fr5*1 ,italians & ,poli% *ildr51 :o 7 unable to speak ,engli% on ent]+ ! s*ool4 ,! ages ( ^! *ildr5 v>i$ f eight to fifte54 ,z soon z ! ungrad$ *ildr5 appe> to be fitt$ = any special grade1 !y are transf]r$4 ,?is ungrad$ "w is supplem5t$ by float+ tea*]s1 :o are locat$ 9 ea* s*ool = ! purpose ( deal+ ) special cases4 ,! case ( any *ild :o1 = ?is reason or t1 _c keep up ) ! "w 9 a p>ticul> subject1 is h&$ ov] to ^! tea*]s4 ,?us individual att5tion is secur$ 9 individual cases4 ,,xvi ,all ,h&s ,ar\nd = ,an ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,^! progressive educational /eps are n isolat$ in/ances ( success 9 new l9es1 nor are !y incompatible ) good "w4 ,!y may be weld$ into a unifi$ sy/em1 agl[ ) ! real int]e/s ( real life4 ,x is possible to correlate ! old /&>d c\rses & ! new fields 9 su* a way t ! *ild w ga9 9 int]e/ & 9 life exp]i5ce4 ,n[h]e is ?is possibility bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,indianapolis4 ,take z an example ,s*ool ,no4 #eb1 :i* is locat$ 9 an av]age di/rict4 ,! *ildr51 nei!r v ri* nor v poor1 possess ! advantages & disadvantages ( t great mass kn[n z common p4 ,! *ildr5 9 grades "o to ?ree1 inclusive1 9 addition to /udy+ ! ?ree ,r's1 sp5d ?irty m9utes ea* day le>n+ to measure1 fold1 cut & weave pap]4 ,9 grades f\r & five1 an h\r & a half p] week is devot$ to simple weav+1 knife-"w1 raffia "w1 sew+ & basketry4 ,grade six has f\r & a half h\rs ( simil> "w ea* week1 :ile 9 grades sev5 & eight1 ! pupils are occupi$ = "o-?ird ( _! entire s*ool "t 9 art "w1 book-b9d+1 pott]y "w1 weav+ 7blankets & rugs71 *air can+1 cook+1 sew+ & pr9t+4 ,b h[ is x possible8 qu]ies ! def5d] ( ! old sy/em4 ,h[ c ! necess>y subjects be taught 9 two-?irds ( ! "t n[ devot$ to !m8 ,are we n already cr[d$ to dea?8 ,yes1 cr[d$ ) dead "w1 ! pro( ( :i* lies 9 ! fact t ! *ildr5 :o devote a ?ird ( ! "t to apply _! k get z good or bett] m>ks 9 ! academic "w ?an ! ?ree-?irds *ildr54 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! really important po9t4 ,?is c\rse ( /udy is valuable because x gives a r\nd$1 unifi$ tra9+4 ,?is is h[ ! c\rse is organiz$4 ,! s*ool life is a unit1 into :i* ea* dep>tm5t fits & 9 :i* x works4 ,! spell+ lesson is cov]$ 9 ! classroom & set 9 type 9 ! pr9t %op4 ,! gramm> lesson consi/s 9 revis+ compositions ) regulation pro(read]s' corrections4 ,! art dep>tm5t designs clo!s :i* are made 9 ! sew+ classes4 ,! draw+ room furni%es plans = ! wood & iron "w & designs = basketry & pott]y4 ,9 ! ,engli% classes1 ! problems ( can+ & weav+ are writt5 & discuss$4 ,! ma!matical problems are problems ( ! s*ool4 ,*ildr5 9 ! six? ye> keep c>eful acc\nts ( p]sonal receipts & exp5ditures--acc\nts :i* are balanc$ semi-weekly4 ,! boy 9 "o woodwork+ class makes out an ord] = mat]ials4 ,a boy 9 ano!r class makes ! necess>y computations & fills ! ord]4 ,all co/s ( dressmak+ & cook+ mat]ials are c>efully kept & dealt ) z ari?metic problems4 ,= ! old] boys1 %op-c>ds are kept1 %[+ ! am\nt & price ( mat]ials us$ & ! "t devot$ to a giv5 op]ation4 ,^! aga9 =m a basis = ma!matical "w4 ,! :ole is knit toge!r 9 a civics class1 :i* deals ) ! indu/rial1 political & social que/ions1 9 _! relations to ! *ild & to ! community4 ,be/ ( all1 ! ?+s :i* ! *ildr5 talk & figure ab\t1 plan & make1 h value4 ,! sev5? & eigh? ye> girls make clo!s :i* !y are pr\d to %[ & we>2 !y cook lun* = :i* "s ( ! tea*]s pay a co/ price4 ,! baskets are tak5 home4 ,eighty *airs are can$ by ! *ildr5 ea* ye>4 ,! b9d]y b9ds magaz9es1 songs & special lit]ature4 ,! boys make sl$s & c>ts1 hall /&s1 umbrella racks1 c5t] tables & /ools4 ,!y make cupbo>ds & %elves = ! s*ool1 quilt+-frames on :i* ! girls d pat*work4 ,rags are wov5 into rag c>pets & sold4 ,! pr9t %op pr9ts all ( ! /ation]y = ! s*ool4 ,ea* c ( pres]ves1 9 ! ample /ock put up by ! girls1 is label$ ?us3 ,,pres]v$ ,,pea*es ) labels pr9t$ by ! boys4 ,june1 #aiab1 witness$ a triumph = ! entire s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 9 ! upp] class _h tak5 up ! /udy ( book-mak+4 ,!y ev5 w5t to a b9d]y & saw a book b\nd & lett]$4 ,!n1 to %[ :at !y _h le>n$1 !y compos$1 set up & pr9t$-- ,a ,,book ,,ab\t ,,books by ,june #h ,a ,class4 ,?is book ( tw5ty-eight pages1 ta/efully cov]$ & decorat$1 conta9$ ?ree half-tone cuts :i* ! *ildr5 paid = by means ( ent]ta9m5ts2 an essay by ,hazel ,almas on ,! ,hi/ory ( ,books1 "o by ,adele ,wise on ,! ,pr9t+ ( a ,book1 & "o by ,ru? ,k+elman on ,! ,art ( ,bookb9d+2 ! program ( ! comm5cem5t ex]cises1 & a collection ( poems & wise say+s4 ,! *ildr5 w5t fur!r & invit$ ,mr4 ,*>les ,bookwalt]1 ! own] ( ! bookb9d]y :]e !y _h le>n$ _! lesson1 to come & talk to !m on ,comm5cem5t ,day4 ,he came1 made a spl5did address & w5t away fill$ ) wond] be=e ^! a*ievem5ts ( f\rte5-ye>-old gramm> s*ool *ildr54 ,ea* grade has a special subject ( /udy4 ,?is ye> ! boys 9 ! ,eigh? ,a are /udy+ saws2 ! boys 9 ,eigh? ,b1 lumb]+2 ! girls 9 ,eigh? ,a are inve/igat+ wool & silk2 :ile 9 ,eigh? ,b ! girls are /udy+ cotton & flax4 ,?is /udy means mu*4 ,n only d ! *ildr5 discuss ! topics1 write ab\t !m1 read books on !m1 & d problems conc]n+ !m1 b !y visit ! factories & /udy ! processes f beg9n+ to end4 ,:5 ! problem ( p9s came up1 ! tea*] desir$ sev]al copies ( a description ( p9-mak+1 s %e ask$ ! class to write out a lett] to ! manufactur]s4 ,! class1 left to select1 decid$ to s5d ?is lett]3 ,,s*ool ,,no4 #eb1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 ,oct4 #aa1 #aiab4 ,,am]ican ,,p9 ,,company1 ,wat]bury1 ,conn4 ,de> ,sirs3 ,on see+ ! pamphlet on p9s y h be5 k9d en\gh to s5d u1 ,i h decid$ to write & ask y if y w\ld k9dly s5d u ab\t tw5ty ( y\r pamphlets on ! mak+ ( p9s4 ,we are 9 ! eigh? grade1 & expect to g out into ! _w 9 ,janu>y1 & y\r process ( mak+ p9s w be spread abroad to ! :ole _w4 ,we are v anxi\s to "k m ab\t ! mak+ ( p9s1 & we are v mu* int]e/$ 9 y\r process4 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,,ru? ,,h>rison4 ,ne$ ,i say t ! ,am]ican ,p9 ,company s5t imm$iately tw5ty duplicates ( ! desir$ pamphlet8 ,! "w 9 ?is s*ool :]e ?\ght & activity g h& 9 h&1 is done by ! regul> grade tea*]s--done1 & done well4 ,!y are z en?usia/ic z ! pupils4 ,f\r ye>s' trial has conv9c$ !m4 ,on ! day t ,i visit$ ! s*ool1 ,i walk$ into a classroom :]e tw5ty girls 7 busy sew+4 ,! ord] 0 p]fect4 ,e "o 0 busy4 ,! tea*] 0 n[h]e 9 evid5ce4 ,t tea*]1 expla9$ ! pr9cipal to me lat]1 is (f at a tea*]s' meet+4 ,%e left ^! girls on _! honor to "w4 ,y see ! result4 ,i saw & m>vel$4 ,yet :y m>vel8 ,0 n ?is a typical product ( ! sy/em :i* knits ?\ght & activity into su* a h>moni\s1 fasc9at+ :ole z ! mo/ =tunate adults f9d 9 lat] life8 ,out ( su* a s*ool may we n well develop h>mony & ke5 life8 ,nev] yet h m5 ga!r$ grapes f ?i/les1 b (t5 & (t5 h !y pluck$ f fig trees ! figs :i* !y crav$ & s\ght4 ,,xvii ,f a ,blaz$ ,trail to a ,pav$ ,highway ,pages might be fill$ ) descriptions ( simil> successes1 yet ,i ?9k t my po9t is already suffici5tly e/abli%$4 ,h[ c we disagree reg>d+ s pla9 a matt]8 ,! pa? ( educational progress has l$ away f ! ?ree ,r's along a trail1 blaz$ at fir/ by a few m5 & wom5 :o dream$ & /epp$ =w>d hesitat+ly4 ,(t5 !y retrac$ _! /eps1 disc\rag$1 & gave ov] ! little !y _h ga9$4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 ! trail 0 blaz$4 ,! way became cle>]4 ,aft] all x 0 possible to connect education ) life4 ,sl[ly ! light ( ?is tru? dawn$ ^u m5's m9ds4 ,gradually ! way op5$ be=e !m4 ,"o by "o !y trod ! pa?1 bridg+ ! wor/ defiles1 /raight5+ ! road1 cutt+ out ! ?ickets & fill+ 9 ! morasses1 until at la/1 behold ! way1 explor$ by hesitat+1 d]id$ pione]s1 no long] a trail1 b a broad highway4 ,o!rs h gone--_! "n is legion--& h succe$$4 ,! ?ree ,r's are b ! beg9n+ ( an adequate elem5t>y curriculum4 ,y1 9 y\r own city1 ) y\r own tea*]s1 c vitalize y\r elem5t>y s*ools4 ,y c tea* ! *ildr5 to use _! heads & h&s toge!r1 & ?us %[ !m ! way to a deep] int]e/ 9 y\r s*ools1 & a l>g] outlook on _! "w 9 life4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,keep+ ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,/ep ,,) ,,life ,i ,! ,responsibility ( ! ,high ,s*ool ,e pupil ( high s*ool maturity %\ld be 9 high s*ool atmosph]e :e!r he has complet$ ! "w ( ! gramm> grades or n1 insi/s ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,spauld+4 ,p]haps ! high s*ool c\rse ( /udy is n adapt$ to ! ne$s ( su* *ildr54 ,well1 s mu* ! worse = ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! soon] ! high s*ool suits its "w to ! ne$s ( f\rte5 & fifte5-ye>-old boys & girls1 ! soon] x w be fill+ its true place 9 ! community4 ,su* op9ions1 voic$ 9 ?is case by a man ^: national reputation is f\nd$ on 8 spl5did "w z sup]9t5d5t ( ! s*ool sy/em ( ,newton ,mass41 bespeak ! attitude ( ! mo/ progressive ,am]ican high s*ools4 ,! high s*ool is n a tra9+ gr\nd = colleges1 nor is x a repository ( classical lore4 ,z an advanc$ s*ool x diff]s no m f ! elem5t>y s*ool ?an ! six cyl9d] automobile diff]s f ! f\r cyl9d] c>4 ,?\gh its "w is m complex1 l ! elem5t>y s*ool x exi/s = ! sole purpose ( help+ *ildr5 to live :olesome1 effici5t lives4 ,,ii ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,futures ,*ildr5 :o get /r&$ 9 ! sev5? or eigh? grades may h fail$ 9 "o subject or 9 sev]al4 ,ov] age & out ( place1 !y lose int]e/1 become disc\rag$ & at f\rte5 drop out ( s*ool to "w or to idle4 ,9 ,newton1 z 9 e o!r t[n1 !re 7 a numb] ( j su* *ildr5 :om ,mr4 ,spauld+ decid$ to get into ! high s*ool4 ,!re !y w be among *ildr5 ( _! own age1 he expla9$4 ,!y may take a new l9e ( "w & acquire a real int]e/4 ,b !y w fail 9 _! high s*ool "w z !y h fail$ 9 _! grade "w1 prote/$ ! d\bt]s4 ,mr4 ,spauld+1 smil+ 8 quiet1 g5ial smile1 tri$ 8 exp]im5t all ! same4 ,f ! sev5? & eigh? grades ( ! ,newton s*ools he pick$ ! boys & girls :o 7 fifte5 or m at _! next bir?days4 ,^! pupils1 sev5ty 9 all--=ty girls & ?irty boys--7 transf]r$1 )\t exam9ation1 into ! high s*ool4 ,^! y\ng/]s 7 go+ to drop out ( s*ool = good 9 "o ye>1 or two at ! outside1 expla9$ ,mr4 ,spauld+1 s ,i made up my m9d t dur+ t ye> at lea/ !y %\ld h "s high s*ool tra9+4 ,!y w5t to ! regul> high s*ool tea*]s = _! h&-"w2 b = _! /udies1 ,i put !m 9 *>ge ( ?ree capable grade tea*]s1 :o 7 responsible = see+ t ea* *ild 0 mak+ good4 ,i put x to ! grade tea*]s ?is way3 ',"h are a lot ( *ildr5 :o h got ! failure habit by fail+ all ?r\gh _! s*ool c\rse4 ,unless we want to s5d !m out ( our s*ool to make simil> failures 9 life1 we mu/ tea* !m to succe$4 ,take ea* *ild on 8 own m]its1 give him "w t he c d & let him le>n success4' ,we gave ^! boys & girls tw5ty h\rs a week ( te*nical "w 7draw+1 design+1 %op-"w1 cook+ & sew+7 & t5 h\rs a week ( academic "w 7,engli%1 ma!matics1 civics & hygi5e74 ,%op co/s1 buy+ ( mat]ials & simple acc\nt+ cov]$ _! ma!matics4 ,^? 7 ! ?+s :i* w\ld probably be mo/ ne$ful 9 life4 ,! boys got deeply int]e/$ 9 civics1 & we let !m g z f> & z fa/ z !y pleas$4 ,) ! girls we discuss$ hygi5e1 dress+ & a lot ( o!r ?+s 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$4 ,:5 ^? *ildr5 ent]$ ! s*ool !y 7 boi/]\s & r\gh4 ,! girls dress$ gaudily1 revel+ 9 *eap f9]y4 ,by ,*ri/mas1 to all appe>ances1 _! classes diff]$ 9 no way f ! o!r high s*ool classes4 ,!y all bru%$ _! hair4 ,! boys 7 neat] & ! girls 7 becom+ly dress$4 ,mo/ ( ! sev5ty *ildr5 /ay$ ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ( ! =ty girls & sev5te5 ( ! ?irty boys ent]$ ! regul> high s*ool c\rse ! next fall4 ,!y 7 ?us put into competition ) _! =m] sev5? & eigh? grade comrades1 al?\gh !y _h _h only two-fif?s z mu* academic "w z ! regul> eigh? grade pupils4 ,!re 0 ! te/4 ,c\ld ^! d]elicts1 aft] "o ye> ( special c>e1 take _! places 9 ! regul> fre%man high s*ool "w8 ,aft] ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t]1 a /udy made ( ! #hjj *ildr5 9 ! high s*ool %[$ t on ! av]age !re 7 fifty-f\r hundr$?s ( "o failure = ea* s*ol>4 ,among ! tw5ty-sev5 girls f ! special classes1 h[ev]1 !re 0 b sev5te5-hundr$?s ( a failure = ea* girl1 or "o-?ird z _m failures z 9 ! :ole s*ool4 ,! boys made an ev5 bett] %[+4 ,( ! entire sev5te51 only "o boy fail$1 & 9 only "o subject4 ,,iii ,! ,success ,habit ,we _h giv5 !m some?+ !y lik$ & c\ld d1 ,mr4 ,spauld+ conclud$4 ,!y succe$$ a few times1 got ! success habit1 le>n$ to l s*ool1 w5t into ! regul> high s*ool c\rse & succe$$ !re4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! new plan works1 take ! case ( ,james ,rawley4 ,james 0 9 a s]i\s pr$icam5t4 ,"t aft] "t ! c\rt _h ov]look$ 8 truancy & misdo+s1 b ,james _h tak5 ! pit*] once too (t5 to ! well1 & ! op5 doors ( ! ,/ate ,re=m ,s*ool />$ him grimly 9 ! face4 ,x w be be/ = him 9 ! long run1 comm5t$ ! judge4 ,ea* mon? ( ?is wild life makes him a little less fit to keep 8 place 9 ! community4 ,he has _h 8 la/ *ance4 ,yet !re 0 "o ray ( hope1 = ,james liv$ 9 & out ( ,bo/on1 a city locat$ ne> ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4 ,?is fact l$ ,james's cu/odians to propose to ! judge t he give ,james "o m trial1 ?is "t 9 ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4 ,! judge1 also ( ! initiat$1 agre$ to ! sugge/ion1 & ,james1 a dismal eigh? grade failure1 ent]$ ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool 9 "o ( ! special transf] classes4 ,j a ^w ab\t ,james4 ,he began life badly4 ,8 "m di$ :5 he 0 "y2 & 8 fa!r1 a r indiff]5t man1 bo>d$ ! boy out dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s ) an aunt1 :o fir/ spoil$ him ?r\gh indulg5ce1 & !n1 inconsi/5tly en\gh1 hat$ him because he 0 spoil$4 ,gr[+ up 9 ?is uncong5ial atmosph]e1 ,james became entirely uncontrollable4 ,he 0 disagreeable 9 ! extreme1 wild & unmanageable4 ,! p ) :om ,james 0 bo>d+ grew tir$ ( 8 cont9u$ truancy & he 0 plac$ on a f>m ne> ,bo/on4 ,!re1 too1 he 0 discont5t$1 dissatisfi$ & disob$i5t4 ,"t aft] "t he ran away to ,bo/on4 ,he w5t on f bad to worse1 fall+ 9 ) vagrants1 le>n+ _! talk & _! ways1 acquir+ a love = w&]+ & a di/a/e = regul>ity & direction4 ,tak5 into cu/ody by ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt1 & plac$ on probation ) a family outside ( ,bo/on1 ,james aga9 ran away to m+le ) a cr[d ( 8 old associates 9 ,bo/on4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t ! c\rt decid$ to s5d him to ! ,re=m ,s*ool4 ,x 0 likewise at ?is "t t "s fri5dly p took him 9 *>ge1 f\nd him a home 9 ,newton1 & />t$ 8 life anew 9 ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 :i* ,james ent]$ ) a special transf] class4 ,promot$ to ! regul> fre%man class on trial1 ,james has r5ew$ 8 int]e/ 9 education & bids fair to make 8 way ?r\gh ! high s*ool4 ,james is do+ well 9 ! ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4 ,?\gh he does n l all ( ! regul> high s*ool "w1 he has a full c\rse1 & is work+ at x p]si/5tly4 ,h]et(ore s*ool has nev] appeal$ to him--9 fact1 he hat$ x cordially--b ! s*ool at ,newton (f]$ him su* a v>iety ( subjects t he 0 able to f9d "s :i* 7 attractive4 ,s9ce !n he has be5 work+ on ^? subjects4 ,!re are _m cities 9 :i* e s*ool door w\ld h be5 clos$ to ,james1 because he did n fit into ! s*ool sy/em1 b ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,newton s*ools believes 9 mak+ ! s*ool fit ! ne$s ( ! boy4 ,a fanta/ic !ory8 ,well1 p]haps a trifle1 f "o viewpo9t2 nev]!less1 x is ! s\l ( education4 ,,iv ,! ,help-,out ,_s ,z a result ( ?is special promotion policy1 !re are practically no ov]-age pupils 9 ! gramm> s*ools ( ,newton4 ,in/ead ( squ>e pegs 9 r\nd holes1 ! ,newton ,high ,s*ool c boa/ ( sixty or sev5ty *ildr5 :o come1 ea* ye>1 9 se>* ( a new op5+ = :i* !y are te*nically n ready1 b into :i* !y may gr[4 ,aft] com+ to ! high s*ool1 two-?irds ( !m f9d an inc5tive suffici5t to lead !m to cont9ue ) an education ( :i* !y _h already we>i$4 ,! ,newton ,high ,s*ool1 recogniz+ its obligation to s]ve ! p1 /ra9s e n]ve to enable boys & girls to take high s*ool "w4 ,! pr9t+ tea*] po9t$ to 8 class ( tw5ty4 ,only ?ree ( !m d n "w on ,saturdays & aft] s*ool4 ,!y c\ldn't come "h if !y didn't "w4 ,h9ey1 !re1 0 9 a bake%op all day at ?ree & a half a week4 ,we got him a job aft]noons & ,saturdays t pays him ?ree doll>s4 ,t tall fell[ w s5d himself ?r\gh high s*ool on ! six doll>s a week t he gets f a drug /ore :]e he works outside ( s*ool h\rs4 ,we aim1 add$ ,mr4 ,spauld+1 to d ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to make x possible = ! boys to come "h4 ,if _! p>5ts _c af=d to s5d !m1 we f9d "w = !m to d outside ( s*ool h\rs4 ,t is virile "w1 is x n8 ,& ! result8 ,dur+ ! pa/ eight ye>s ! numb] ( pupils 9 ! ,newton s*ools :o are ov] f\rte5 has increas$ ?ree times z fa/ z ! numb] ( pupils :o are "u f\rte54 ,! s*ool au?orities h se>*$ ! highways & byways ( ! educational _w until "o-qu>t] ( ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,newton are 9 ! high s*ools4 ,v ,jo9+ ,h&s ) ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ,! same result :i* is atta9$ in=mally at ,newton is accompli%$ m =mally by ! organization ( ! junior high s*ools :i* h sprung up 9 ,b]keley & ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia2 ,evansville1 ,indiana2 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 & a numb] ( o!r progressive educational c5t]s4 ,! *ild's s*ool life "u ?is plan is divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! elem5t>y grades 7ye>s "o to six71 ! junior high s*ool 7ye>s sev5 to n9e7 & ! high s*ool prop] 7ye>s t5 to twelve74 ,! break1 if break !re mu/ be1 betwe5 ! elem5t>y & ! high s*ool1 ?us comes at age twelve & at age fifte51 in/ead (1 z =m]ly1 com+ at age f\rte51 :5 ! temptation to leave s*ool is s /rong4 ,!n1 too1 ! %>p transition f "w by grades to "w by dep>tm5ts is made easi] because ! junior high s*ool comb9es ! two1 lead+ ! pupil gradually ov] f ! grade me?od to ! dep>tm5t me?od4 ,?\gh ! junior high s*ool has s great a popul>ity1 its "w is eclips$ by ! /ill m revolution>y program ( ^? educators :o advocate ! complete abolition ( any l9e betwe5 ! elem5t>y & ! high s*ool1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a public s*ool ( twelve s*ool ye>s4 ,?is plan1 c\pl$ ) promotion by subjects r ?an by grades1 replaces ! ma*9e me?od ( promotion & ! gap betwe5 elem5t>y & high s*ools by an easy1 natural progression adaptable to ! ne$s ( any /ud5t1 f ! end ( ! k9d]g>t5 to ! beg9n+ ( ! univ]sity4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt ( ,g>y1 ,indiana1 has e/abli%$ su* a twelve-ye> c\rse 9 ! ,em]son ,s*ool4 ,! grades1 numb]$ f "o to twelve1 are s arrang$ t a girl may take half ( h] subjects 9 s*ool ye> eight 7la/ gramm> grade7 & ! o!r half 9 s*ool ye> n9e 7fir/ high s*ool grade74 ,9 ord] to make ! h>mony m complete1 ,mr4 ,wirt places ! elem5t>y rooms1 conta9+ ! second grade pupils1 next door to ! rooms :i* %elt] high s*ool s5iors4 ,on ?is side ( ! hall is a k9d]g>t52 directly across f x is a class 9 high s*ool geometry4 ,! same plan1 on a l>g] scale1 has be5 adopt$ by ,i4 ,b4 ,gilb]t1 pr9cipal ( ! ,union ,high ,s*ool1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 :i* h\ses twelve hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,we h oblit]at$ ! %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! grades1 decl>$ ,mr4 ,gilb]t4 ,! s*ool1 :i* is a new "o1 has a v complete equipm5t--physical1 *emical1 & biological laboratories1 two cook+ rooms1 dressmak+ & mill9]y rooms1 an art dep>tm5t1 a woodwork+ %op1 a =ge room & a ma*9e %op2 ! pr9t %op1 ?\gh n yet in/all$1 is to be put 9 ?is ye>4 ,by br++ *ildr5 ( all grades to ! s*ool1 we place at ! disposal ( grade pupils app>atus ord9>ily res]v$ = high s*ool pupils only4 ,at ! same "t1 our equipm5t is 9 con/ant use & ! co/ ( e/abli%+ a sep>ate indu/rial dep>tm5t or s*ool = ! grades is elim9at$4 ,^! are m]ely ! surface advantages1 h[ev]4 ,! real ga9 to ! /ud5ts is 9 o!r & mo/ significant directions4 ,fir/1 ! aboli%+ ( rigid grad+ all[s ea* *ild to foll[ 8 own b5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! adolesc5t p]iod1 :5 ! old int]e/s beg9 to lag1 "s new ideas mu/ be furni%$ if ! *ild is to be kept 9 s*ool4 ,we provide t new /imulus by beg9n+ dep>tm5tal "w ) ! sev5? ye> 7at twelve or ?irte574 ,!n1 if ! *ild %[s any p>ticul> pref]5ce = any l9e ( "w1 he may pursue x4 ,f ! sev5? grade up1 promotion is by subjects entirely1 & n by grades4 ,if a /ud5t elects art1 %e may foll[ up h] art "w = ! next six ye>s2 simil>ly1 a boy may foll[ %op-"w1 or a girl dome/ic sci5ce or mill9]y4 ,9 ord] to fit ! s*ool m quickly to ! pupils' ne$1 we make a division at ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? grade ( ^? pupils desir+ to take academic "w & ^? desir+ to take indu/rial "w 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! latt] gr\p does extra sew+ or %op-"w twice ea* week4 ,aga91 we take all ov]-age & ov]-size pupils f ! s*ools 9 ?is section ( ! city1 & by plac+ !m 9 ungrad$ classes1 p]mit !m to take ! "w :i* !y c d4 ,"h is a boy :o _c ma/] gramm>4 ,t is no reason :y he %\ld n design jewelry1 s we give him f\r? ye> language1 & take him into ! t5? ye> class 9 jewelry design4 ,yes1 & he makes good1 do+ excell5t craft "w & gradually pull+ up 9 8 language4 ,by ?is means we make our twelve grade s*ool fit ! ne$s ( any & e pupil :o may come to x4 ,we h a natural educational progress = twelve ye>s1 conclud$ ,mr4 ,gilb]t4 ,!re is no break any:]e4 ,in/ead ( mak+ x h>d to /ep f grade eight to grade n9e1 we int]relate !m s intimately t ! /ud5t sc>cely feels ! *ange f "o to ! o!r4 ,! result8 ,la/ ,june !re 7 #aeb pupils 9 our eigh? grade4 ,( t numb] #aah1 or m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( !m report$ 9 ! n9? grade ?is fall4 ,we h cancell$ ! invitation to quit s*ool at ! end ( ! eigh? grade & our *ildr5 /ay ) u4 ,,vi ,! ,abolition ( ,mass ,play ,?us ! d>k n>r[ passage-way f ! elem5t>y to ! high] s*ools is be+ wid5$1 light$1 pav$ & sign-po/$4 ,9 "s s*ool sy/ems x has disappe>$ altoge!r1 leav+ ! promotion f ! eigh? ye> to ! fir/ ye> high s*ool z easy z ! /ep f ! sev5? to ! eigh? grade4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 h rea*$ ! high s*ool1 h[ev]1 ! task is only begun4 ,fir/ !y mu/ be individualiz$1 second socializ$1 & ?ird taught4 ,! tr\ble ) ! girls1 compla9$ ,wm4 ,mc,andrew1 9 discuss+ 8 f\r ?\s& ,wa%+ton ,irv+ites1 is t !y h always be5 taught mass play4 ,take s++1 = in/ance4 ,a class />t$ (f w s+ beautifully all toge!r1 b get "o girl on h] feet & %e is afraid to utt] a note4 ,! grade in/ruction has taught !m gr\p act+ & gr\p ?9k+4 ,i /ep into a class ( ,fre%m5 ) a ',good morn+1 girls'4 ',good morn+1' !y *orus4 ',are y glad to see me1 girls8' ',yes sir1' aga9 9 *orus4 ',d y wi%$ ,i 0 hang$8' ',yes sir1' g5]ally1-- ',oh1 no sir1' cries "o girl :o has begun to c]ebrate4 ,! idea cat*es all ov] ! class1 & aga9 ! *orus comes1-- ',oh1 no sir1 no sir4' ,s x goes4 ,! bright girl takes h] cue f ! tea*] & ! class takes ! cue f ! bright girl4 ,!y mu/ be taught to ?9k & d = !mselves4 ,ev]yone int]e/$ 9 s*ool *ildr5 %\ld visit ! ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ,s*ool 7,new ,york7 & wat* ! truly wond]ful ,mc,andrew sy/em ( individualization4 ,9 ! (fice1 y are cordially greet$4 ,y wi% to see ! s*ool8 ,by all means6 ,b no tea*] is detail$ to s]ve y4 ,in/ead1 a mess5g] goes 9 se>* ( ! ,reception ,committee4 ,two ( ! s*ool girls1 aft] a =mal introduction1 />t y\r t\r ( inspection1 if y are =tunate en\gh to be !re at n9e1 ) a visit to "o ( ! assembly rooms1 :]e1 9 gr\ps ( ?ree or f\r hundr$1 ! girls enjoy ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ea* morn+4 ,! ^w enjoy is us$ advis$ly1 =1 unlike ! ord9>y assembly1 ?is "o is conduct$ entirely by ! girls4 ,ea* morn+ a diff]5t *airman & secret>y is select$1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> e girl has _h h] turn4 ,! *airman1 aft] call+ ! meet+ to ord] & appo9t+ two critics = ! day1 reads h] own scripture selection1 & !n calls ^u "s girl to lead ! salute to ! flag4 ,! m9utes ( ! previ\s day's meet+ are !n read1 discuss$ & accept$4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes ( s++--s++ ( ev]y?+ f ,fau/ to ,rags--! *airman calls on ! two critics = _! criticism ( ! conduct ( t day's meet+4 ,"s special ev5t is !n 9 ord]4 ,on "o ,monday 9 ,decemb] ,miss ,sage1 head ( ! ,biology ,dep>tm5t1 describ$ ! ,biological ,laboratory 9 ! new s*ool build+4 ,aft] %e _h f9i%$1 ! *airman rose4 ,w anyone volunte] to tell 9 a few words ! pr9cipal po9ts :i* ,miss ,sage made8 ,?ree girls 7 promptly on _! feet1 giv+1 9 cle>1 collect$ language1 an analysis ( ! talk4 ,aft] y1 z a gue/1 h be5 conduct$ to ! plat=m1 introduc$ to ! *airman1 & giv5 a seat ( honor1 ! *airman turns to ! assembly1 ) ! ann\ncem5t1-- ,girls1 ,i wi% to introduce to y our gue/ ( ?is morn+4 ,in/antly ! :ole assembly rises1 s++ bli!ly1 ,good morn+1 honor$ gue/1 we ! girls ( ! ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ,high ,s*ool are glad to welcome y4 ,! proce$+s hav+ come to an end1 ! *airman decl>es ! meet+ adj\rn$ & y look ab\t1 realiz+ ) a />t t ! girls--fre%m51 sophomores1 juniors1 & s5iors--h sp5t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r 9 *>ge ( !mselves1 & h done x ) int]e/1 & ) /rik+ effici5cy4 ,cont9u+ y\r j\rney1 y f9d ! process ( individualization ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,"h a girl is 9 front ( a class1 direct+ ! cali/h5ics :i* prec$e ea* class h\r4 ,!re a girl is /&+ at ! front ( ! room1 lead+ s++ or quizz+ 9 geometry4 ,yes1 x 0 a wr5*1 ,mr4 ,mc,andrew admits4 ,y see1 ! tea*]s hat$ to give up4 ,!y _h be5 despots dur+ all ( _! tea*+ lives1 & ! idea ( h&+ ! discipl9e & a lot ( ! responsibility ( ! s*ool ov] to ! girls hurt !m dreadfully1 b !y h tri$ x & f\nd t x works4 ,,vii ,exp]im5tal ,democracy ,! high s*ool pupil1 aft] discov]+ himself1 mu/ next det]m9e 8 relation to ! community4 ,x is "o ?+ to break d[n :at ,mr4 ,mc,andrew calls ! ,w4 ,i4 7,wood5 ,indian7 attitude4 ,x is q ano!r to relate pupils to ! community 9 :i* !y live4 ,yet ?is1 too1 c be done4 ,! s*ool is a society--incomplete 9 c]ta9 respects1 yet 9 its broad outl9e simil> to ! city & ! /ate4 ,! social "w ( ! s*ool consi/s 9 %[+ ! citiz5s ( ! s*ool-community h[ to enjoy ! privileges & act up to ! responsibilities ( citiz5%ip4 ,! ,em]son ,s*ool at ,g>y & ! ,union ,high ,s*ool at ,gr& ,rapids1 organiz$ into complete s*ools f ! fir/ grade to ! end ( ! high s*ool1 are m9iature work+ models ( ! composite _w 9 :i* all ( ! *ildr5 w live4 ,p>ticul>ly effective "w has be5 done on ! social side ( high s*ool organization at ! ,william ,p5n ,high ,s*ool 7,philadelphia71 :]e ,mr4 ,lewis has turn$ ! conduct ( /ud5t affairs ov] to a ,/ud5t ,gov]nm5t ,association1 direct$ by a ,bo>d ( ,gov]nors ( eighte51 on :i* ! faculty1 repres5t$ by five memb]s1 holds an advisory position only4 ,! ,association gives "s annual ev5t1 l a ,may day fete1 9 :i* all ( ! girls take "p4 ,x assumes *>ge ( ! corridors1 elevators1 & lun* rooms2 grants *>t]s to clubs & /ud5t societies1 & assumes a g5]al direction ( /ud5t affairs4 ,x really doesn't take mu* "t1 ,ir5e ,lit*man1 ! fir/ t]m 7#aiab-ac7 ,presid5t1 expla9$4 ,we l x & we're pr\d to d x4 ,we us$ to h tea*]s ev]y:]e tak+ *>ge ( ?+s4 ,n[ we d x all ourselves4 ,true en\gh1 ,madame ,presid5t1 & x is well done1 z any casual obs]v] may see4 ,simil> te/imony is to be _h f ! sick girls :o h receiv$ lett]s & fl[]s1 f ! *ildr5 ^: ,*ri/mas has be5 bright5$ by ,association-dress$ dolls1 & f ! girls ^: misund]/&+s ) memb]s ( ! faculty h be5 settl$ by ! ,/ud5t ,association4 ,ea* class 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ,high ,s*ool 7,new ,york7 gives "o reception a t]m to "o ( ! o!r classes4 ,9 addition1 an annual reception & play are giv5 by ! entire s*ool4 ,! plays = ^! occasions are writt51 co/um$ & /ag$ by ! /ud5ts4 ,la/ ye> ! reception 0 giv5 to ,mrs4 ,dix1 wife ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 & ! play ,rip ,van ,w9kle 0 act$ by eighte5 hundr$ girls4 ,su* organizations & activities lead high s*ool /ud5ts to feel social relation%ips1 & to assume responsibilities z memb]s ( ! social gr\p4 ,,viii ,brea*+ ! ,*9ese ,wall ( ,high ,s*ool ,classicism ,a high s*ool education is includ$1 by progressive communities1 9 ! bir?right ( e *ild4 ,s9ce only a small "p ( ^! *ildr5 are prep>+ = college1 ! s*ool mu/ (f] m ?an ! traditional high s*ool c\rse4 ,! pr9cipal ( a great ,we/]n high s*ool :i* h\s$ ne>ly two ?\s& *ildr51 po9t$ to "o room 9 :i* a t9y class b5t ov] _! books4 ,t is probably ! la/ class 9 ,greek t we %all ev] h 9 ! s*ool1 he said4 ,!y are sophomores4 ,only two fre%m5 elect$ ,greek ?is fall1 & we decid$ n to =m ! class4 ,"t 0 :5 ,greek 0 "o ( ! pill>s ( ! high s*ool c\rse ( /udy4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> s*ool1 spl5didly equipp$ laboratories1 sew+ rooms1 & %ops h claim$ ! *ildr54 ,! classics are /ill popul> ) a small m9ority1 b ! va/ majority come to le>n "s lesson :i* w direct _! /eps along ! pa?way ( life4 ,ev]y:]e ! te*nical high s*ool c\rses are ga9+ by leaps & b\nds4 ,! ,william ,p5n ,high ,s*ool 7,philadelphia71 e/abli%$ 9 #aiji1 is to-day enroll+ f\r-fif?s ( ! girls :o ent] ,philadelphia high s*ools4 ,9 "s cities1 te*nical "w & classical "w are done 9 ! same build+2 9 o!r cities1 !y are %elt]$ sep>ately1 b ev]y:]e ! high s*ool is op5+ its doors to t great gr\p ( s*ool *ildr5 :o1 at sev5te5 or eighte51 mu/ & w ent] ! ar5a ( life4 ,! te*nical high s*ool has n ga9$ its pre/ige easily1 h[ev]4 ,! bitt] conte/s betwe5 ! old & ! new are well portray$ by "o dramatic episode f ! hi/ory ( ! ,los ,angeles ,high ,s*ool4 ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,francis1 n[ sup]9t5d5t ( ! s*ools ( ,los ,angeles1 0 head ( ! ,comm]cial ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,los ,angeles ,high ,s*ool4 ,despite opposition & ridicule ! dep>tm5t grew until x f9ally em]g$ z a full-fl$g$ te*nical high s*ool1 claim+ a build+ ( its own1--a build+ :i* ,mr4 ,francis insi/$ %\ld conta9 accommodations = two ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,! au?orities prote/$1--,two ?\s& te*nical /ud5ts8 ,:y1 ,los ,angeles is n a metropolis4 ,mr4 ,francis ga9$ 8 po9t1 h[ev]1 & ! build+ 0 erect$ to accommodate two ?\s& *ildr54 ,:5 ! "t = op5+ arriv$ x 0 discov]$1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! d\bt]s1 t m /ud5ts want$ to come into ! s*ool ?an ! s*ool w\ld hold4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,francis ann\nc$ t /ud5ts up to two ?\s& w\ld be admitt$ 9 ord] ( application1 excitem5t 9 s*ool circles ran high1 & on ! day be=e ,regi/ration ,day a l9e began to =m :i* grew 9 l5g? z ! day wore on1 until by nightfall x ext5d$ = squ>es f ! s*ool4 ,all t night ! boys & girls camp$ 9 _! places1 wait+ = ! morn+ :i* w\ld br+ an opportunity to att5d ! te*nical high s*ool4 ,?\gh less dramatic 9 =m1 ! ru% t[>d te*nical high s*ool c\rses is equally significant4 ,x is n t ! old high s*ool has lo/1 b t ! new high s*ool is draw+ 9 ?\s&s ( boys & girls :o1 f lack ( int]e/ 9 classical education1 w\ld h gone directly f ! gramm> s*ool into ! mill or ! (fice4 ,,ix ,an ,up-to-,date ,high ,s*ool ,! mod]n high s*ool is h\s$ 9 a build+ :i* conta9s1 9 addition to ! regul> class rooms1 gymnasiums1 a swimm+ tank1 physics1 & *emical laboratories2 cook+1 sew+1 & mill9]y rooms2 wood-work+1 =ge1 & ma*9e %ops2 draw+ rooms2 a music room2 a room devot$ to arts & crafts2 & an assembly room4 ,?is arrangem5t ( rooms presupposes ,mr4 ,gilb]t's plan ( mak+ ! high s*ool1 l ! community1 an aggregation ( e sort ( p1 do+ e sort ( "w4 ,physical tra9+ 9 ! high s*ool has n yet come into its own1 ?\gh x is on ! road to recognition4 ,all ( ! new] high s*ools h gymnasiums1 b ! *ildr5 d n use !m = m ?an ?irty1 =ty1 or fifty m9utes a week4 ,sometimes ! "w is optional4 ,! ,we/ ,te*nical ( ,clevel&1 ) its outdoor basket ball c\rt1 its a?letic gr\nds & gr&/&1 9 addition to ! indoor gymnasium1 (f]s a good example ( effective prep>ation = physical tra9+4 ,william ,d4 ,lewis ( ! ,william ,p5n ,high ,s*ool s5ds all /ud5ts :o h physical defects to ! gymnasium ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five times a week1 until ! defects are correct$4 ,^! exceptions m]ely s]ve to emphasize ! fact t we h n yet le>n$ t high s*ool *ildr5 h bodies :i* are z mu* 9 ne$ ( developm5t & tra9+ z ! m9ds :i* ! bodies support4 ,sev]al real attempts are be+ made to tea* high s*ool boys & girls to c>e = _! bodies1 z !y w\ld = any o!r preci\s ?+4 ,hygi5e is taught1 positively1--! old "t don'ts be+ replac$ by a s]ies ( d's4 ,9 _m s*ools1 c>eful ef=ts are be+ made to give a s\nd sex education4 ,! program at ,william ,p5n1 9 addition to ! e>li] "w 9 biology & 9 p]sonal & community hygi5e1 includes a s5ior c\rse1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ye>1 9 ,dome/ic ,sanitation & ,eug5ics4 ,! c\rse1 giv5 by ! wom5 9 *>ge ( ,physical ,tra9+1 deals frankly ) ! dome/ic & p]sonal problems :i* ! girls mu/ face4 ,! "t is ripe = o!r s*ools to fall 9 l9e beh9d ^! mu*-ne$$ pione]s4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! mod]n high s*ool is a broad "o4 ,lat9 may always be tak51 & sometimes !re is ,greek4 ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,spani%1 ,ma!matics1 ,hi/ory1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,biology1 & ,civics are almo/ univ]sally (f]$ on ! cultural side ( ! curriculum4 ,9 addition1 girls may take dress design+1 sew+1 mill9]y & home economics2 boys may take wood-work+1 =ge "w1 ma*9e-tool "w1 electricity1 pr9t+1 & h\se design+2 & bo? boys & girls h an opportunity to elect art1 arts & crafts "w & music4 ,9 "s s*ools ! comb9ation ( subjects gr\p !mselves into def9ite c\rses1 z 9 ! ,newton ,high ,s*ool1 :i* (f]s1-- ,! ,classical ,c\rse4 ,! ,sci5tific ,c\rse4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rse4 ,! ,te*nical ,c\rse4 ,! ,te*nology-,college ,c\rse4 ,! ,extra ,te*nical ,c\rse4 ,! ,f9e ,arts ,c\rse4 ,! ,bus9ess ,c\rse4 ,o!r s*ools1 l ! ,indianapolis ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 p]mit ! pupil1 ) ! advice ( ! pr9cipal1 to make 8 own comb9ation ( subjects4 ,:e!r prep>$ by ! s*ool or by ! pupil1 h[ev]1 ! c\rses lead to college1 to normal s*ools1 to advanc$ te*nical s*ools1 or to "s def9ite vocation4 ,on "o subject1 progressive high s*ools are 9 absolute agreem5t1--! c\rse ( /udy mu/ furni% bo? culture & te*nical tra9+ 9 a =m :i* meets ! ne$s ( high s*ool *ildr54 ,x ,f ,s*ool to ,%op & ,back ,aga9 ,! t5d5cy t[>d vocational tra9+ f9ds its extreme expression 9 ! s-call$ ,indu/rial ,co-op]ative ,c\rse 9 :i* boys & girls sp5d "p ( _! "t 9 s*ool & "p 9 ! factory4 ,note ?is legal docum5t4 ,! p>ty ( ! second "p agrees to place1 z f> z possible1 ! facilities ( 8 e/abli%m5t at ! disposal ( ! ,s*ool ,committee = g5]al educational purposes along indu/rial l9es4 ,9 ^! words1 ! individual manufactur]s ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 :o are co-op]at+ ) ! s*ool bo>d = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! indu/rial co-op]ative c\rse 9 ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 place _! mills & factories at ! disposal ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,! plan in/itut$ at ! sugge/ion ( ! manufactur]s !mselves has won ! approval ( all p>ties dur+ ! two ye>s ( its op]ation4 ,! ,provid5ce exp]im5t diff]s f ^? ( ,c9c9nati & ,fit*burg1 ,mass41 9 two respects1--9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool au?orities h a writt5 contract ) ! manufactur]s4 ,9 ! second place1 !y may decide :at ! "* ( ! %op-"w %all be4 ,! boy :o elects to take ! indu/rial co-op]ative c\rse 9 ,provid5ce sp5ds t5 weeks 9 a %op at ! end ( 8 fre%man ye>4 ,appr5tice%ip pap]s are sign$1 ! boy gives a bond1 :i* is =feit$ if he drops ! c\rse )\t a satisfactory reason1 & = ?ree ye>s he sp5ds #bi weeks 9 ! %op & #bj weeks 9 s*ool1 alt]nat+1 "o week 9 ! %op1 ! next 9 ! s*ool4 ,= _! %op-"w ! boys receive t5 c5ts1 twelve c5ts1 & f\rte5 c5ts an h\r dur+ ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ye>s1 respectively4 ,?\gh ?is wage is n high1 x is suffici5t to enable ! boys to e>n en\gh dur+ ! ye> 7#age to #bej7 to pay = _! keep at home dur+ _! high s*ool c\rse4 ,at ! pres5t "t sixty-two ,provid5ce boys are work+ "p "t 9 ma*9e %ops1 9 draft+ rooms1 9 ma*9e tool con/ruction1 9 patt]n mak+ & 9 jewelry mak+4 ,9 ord] to keep ! s*eme ela/ic1 ! s*ool (f]s to =m a class 9 any trade = :i* sixte5 or m boys w apply4 ,! "p-"t c\rse is prim>ily educational & second>ily vocational4 ,s9ce x may det]m9e ! "* ( ! %op-"w1 ! s*ool is 9 a position to insure its educational value4 ,aga91 ! academic tra9+ is /ill receiv$ 9 ! s*ool1 :ile ! te*nical "w1 h]et(ore done 9 s*ool rooms1 is c>ri$ on 9 ! fields ( real indu/ry4 ,z a supplem5t ( ! old "t sy/em ( appr5tice%ip1 ! "p-"t s*ool is an und\bt$ success1 because x adds to %op appr5tice "w all ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a high s*ool education4 ,,xi ,fitt+ ! ,high ,s*ool ,graduate ,into ,life ,! high s*ool has n done its full duty :5 x has educat$ ! *ild1--x mu/ g a /ep f>!r & educate him = some?+2 !n x mu/ g a /ep beyond t & help him to f9d himself 9 8 *os5 pr(ession4 ,?is vocational guidance :i* is fill+ s l>ge a place 9 public discussions1 may mean guidance to a job or x may include guidance 9 ! job4 ,9 ei!r case *ildr5 mu/ be l$ to decide ^u ! k9d ( "w = :i* !y are fitt$ be=e !y leave ! s*ool4 ,jesse ,b4 ,davis1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool at ,gr& ,rapids1 furni%es a brilliant example ( ?is vocational direct+4 ,mr4 ,davis beg9s 8 "w ?r\gh ! !me writ+ & oral composition ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,! purpose ( ! pupils' read+ & discussion is to ar\se _! vocational ambition & to lead !m to appreciate ! value ( fur!r education & tra9+ = life4 ,?is /udy ^u ! "p ( ! pupil is supplem5t$ by talks giv5 by ,mr4 ,davis1 prom95t bus9ess & pr(essional m5 & high s*ool boys :o h come back to f9i% _! education aft] a few ye>s ( battle ) ! _w4 ,! high s*ool classes 9 ,engli% are small--nev] m ?an tw5ty-five1 & ! "w is s arrang$ t ! tea*] may get a good idea ( ! capability ( ea* /ud5t4 ,to facilitate ?is1 ! ,engli% ,dep>tm5t has prep>$ a s]ies ( essay subjects 9 ! writ+ ( :i* ! pupil gives ! tea*] a v def9ite idea ( himself4 ,beg9n+ ) ,my ,?ree ,wi%es2 ! pupil next writes a /ory ab\t 8 ance/ry2 an essay on ,my ,*ur*1 :i* expla9s 8 belief2 an essay on ,! ,"p ,i'd ,l to ,play 9 ,high ,s*ool2 a /udy ( ,my ,be/ ,fri5d1 & f9ally an essay on ,! ,"w ( ,my ,e>ly ,s*ool ,days1 :i* %[s ! pupil's likes & dislikes4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! tea*] notes any physical defects--eyesight1 he>+1 & ! l--:i* might incapacitate ! pupil = p>ticul> vocations4 ,?is data1 toge!r ) reports f all dep>tm5ts on neatness1 s9c]ity1 ambition & o!r qualities is fil$ 9 ! (fice4 ,dur+ ! second t]m ( ! fre%man ye> pap]s are writt5 on approv$ biographies1 deal+ 9 ea* case ) ! qualities1 opportunities & education ( ! great "o4 ,^! essays1 read 9 class1 =m ! basis = a compilation ( ! elem5ts necess>y = success 9 life4 ,! "w ( ! sophomore ye> beg9s ) ! prep>ation ( a class li/ ( pr(essions1 semi-pr(essions & trades1--a li/ :i* is *eck$ ) ! p]man5t li/ kept by ! dep>tm5t4 ,succe$+ classes ?us discov] ! bread? ( ! vocational field1 besides add+ to ! k accumulat$ by _! pr$ecessors4 ,aft] complet+ ?is li/1 ! pupils write a lett] to ! tea*]1 *oos+ a vocation & assign+ reasons = ! *oice4 ,:5 ! pupil _c decide1 ! tea*] assigns ! vocation app>5tly be/ suit$ to ! pupil's capacity4 ,an essay on 8 vocation is !n prep>$ by ea* pupil1 %[+ fir/1 :at k9d ( activity & :at responsibilities ! vocation involves2 second1 its social1 intellectual & f9ancial advantages2 ?ird1 ! correspond+ disadvantages2 f\r?1 ! qualifications & traits necess>y to success 9 ! vocation2 & fif?1 ! reasons = *oos+ ! vocation4 ,!n1 "u ! advice ( ! tea*]1 ! pupil writes to "s man well kn[n 9 ! pr(ession ( 8 *oice--"s lawy]1 m9+ eng9e]1 doctor or contractor--expla9+ :at he is do+1 & ask+ = advice4 ,! g5]\s responses giv5 by m5 9 all walks ( life d mu* to confirm ! pupil 9 8 fai?1 or to make him see t 8 *oice is an unwise "o4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! junior ye> ^? pupils prep>+ = college s5d = ! catalogues ( ! colleges :i* /& highe/ 9 ! l9e ( "w 9 :i* !y are int]e/$1 & write an essay1 giv+ ! comp>ative value ( ! c\rses (f]$ by ! v>i\s in/itutions4 ,by ?is means judgm5t takes ! place ( s5tim5t 9 ! selection ( a college4 ,:ile ! college prep>atory pupils are engag$ 9 writ+ on _! college c\rses1 pupils :o are go+ directly f ! high s*ool into bus9ess write an elaborate essay on ! k9d ( prep>ation necess>y = _! vocation1 ! qualities requisite = success 9 x1 & ! be/ place & means ( ent]+ x4 ,/udies ( ! prop] relations betwe5 employ] & employ$ occupy ! second half ( ! junior ye>4 ,! "w ( ! s5ior ye> deals1 9 ! fir/ half1 ) ! relation betwe5 a citiz5 & 8 city2 ! second half1 ) ! relation betwe5 a citiz5 & ! /ate4 ,! pupil has ?us pass$ f ! n>r[] to ! broad] aspects ( 8 "w 9 life4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! "w is enhanc$ by ! organization ( ! high s*ool boys into a ,junior ,association ( ,comm]ce 79 an exact imitation ( ! ,gr& ,rapids ,association ( ,comm]ce71 :i* meets 9 ! rooms ( ! latt] on ,saturday morn+2 transacts bus9ess2 li/5s to an address by a speciali/1 & !n visits 8 works1 if he is engag$ 9 a local indu/ry4 ,on ! ,saturday be=e ,?anksgiv+ 7#aiab71 = example1 ,mr4 ,van,wallen1 ( ! ,van,wallen ,tann]y ,co41 gave ! boys a talk on ! tann+ indu/ry1 !n took !m ?r\gh 8 tann]y1 :]e !y saw ! processes ( manufacture4 ,! bus9ess m5 ( ,gr& ,rapids1 :o are highly pleas$ ) ?is practical turn 9 education1 co-op]ate he>tily 9 e way4 ,! boys are urg$1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 to take a position 9 ! "w :i* !y h *os51 />t at ! bottom & f9d out :e!r _! beliefs reg>d+ ! indu/ry are true4 ,!n1 too1 ! ,free ,libr>y makes a po9t ( collect+ books & articles on v>i\s pr(essions & vocations1 & plac+ !m prom95tly be=e ! /ud5ts4 ,! ,engli% ,dep>tm5t 7) five p]iods a week7 does o!r "w1 b none s vital to ! pupils' lives z ?is ( direct+ !m 9 ! ?+ :i* !y hope to d :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,! s*ool may d m ?an direct ! pupils 9 ! *oice ( _! occupations1 by actually secur+ positions = !m4 ,! head ( ! ,comm]cial ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,newton 7,massa*usetts7 ,high ,s*ool has a c>d = e /ud5t1 giv+ on "o side a record ( class "w = f\r ye>s1 & on ! o!r side a /atem5t ( positions & pay ( ! graduate4 ,new pupils are plac$2 old pupils are (f]$ bett] opportunities4 ,employ]s are int]view$ 9 attempts to h !m promote graduates4 ,?r\gh ?is sy/em1 ,mr4 ,maxim keeps 9 con/ant t\* ) ! labor m>ket & ) graduates ( 8 s*ool4 ,c]ta9ly ! high s*ool mu/ prep>e /ud5ts = life4 ,:e!r1 9 addition1 x %all con/itute itself a ,public ,employm5t ,bureau1 f9d+ positions = /ud5ts1 keep+ 9 t\* ) _! c>e]s1 & assi/+ 9 _! advancem5t1 is a matt] yet to be det]m9$4 ,,xii ,! ,high ,s*ool z a ,public ,s]vant ,w ! high s*ool reta9 its pres5t =m8 ,probably n4 ,if ! ,b]keley-,los ,angeles plan prevails1 !re w be ?ree /eps 9 ! public s*ools1--f elem5t>y to junior high1 to high s*ool4 ,if ! ,g>y plan w9s1 !re w be twelve ye>s ( s*ool+1 foll[+ "o ano!r z consecutively z day foll[s night4 ,:e!r ! ,los ,angeles or ! ,g>y plan is adopt$1 "o ?+ seems reasonably c]ta91--! high s*ool w keep 9 close t\* ) life4 ,! high s*ool is secur+ a sur] grip on ! _w ) ea* pass+ day4 ,x is rea*+ out t[>d ! grades1 call+ ! pupils to come2 x is rea*+ out into ! _w1 mak+ places !re = !m to occupy4 ,! mod]n high s*ool has ceas$ to be an adjunct to ! college4 ,in/ead1 x is a di/9ctive unit 9 educational life1 tak+ boys & girls betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & n9ete5 & relat+ !m to ! _w 9 :i* !y mu/ live4 ,! era ( ! high s*ool c\rse is be+ succe$$ by ! era ( ! high s*ool boy & ! high s*ool girl4 ,fir/1 la/1 n[ & always1 ! boys & girls1 n ! c\rse1 des]ve prim>y consid]ation4 ,:atev] _! ne$s1 ! high s*ool mu/ supply !m if x is to become a public s]vant1 responsible = tra9+ *ildr5 ( high s*ool age 9 ! noble art ( liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,high] ,,education ,,at ,,l[ville#bj ,i ,l[ville & ! ,neighborhood ,away (f 9 nor?we/]n ,new ,york ,/ate1 :]e ! sun %9es fi]cely 9 ! summ] mid-day1 :]e ! ice =ms ?ick on ! lakes1 & ! sn[ lies on ! nor? side ( ! hills f ,?anksgiv+ well on to ,ea/]1 !re is a t[n ( "s ?ree ?\s& inhabitants1 call$ ,l[ville4 ,! com=table homes1 brick /ores1 wide tree-bord]$ /reets1 smil+ hills & giddy *ildr5 look v mu* ! same at ,l[ville z !y d 9 any "o ( a ?\s& simil> t[ns ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,situat$ f> back f ! l9e ( ord9>y travel1 ! t[n is typical ( a great class4 ,/ret*+ 9 all directions ab\t ,l[ville is a f]tile1 prosp]\s1 agricultural region1 f>m$ by good f>m]s1 :o are intellig5tly awake to ! problem ( sci5tific agriculture 9 its multiple phases4 ,^! f>m]s gr[ fruits1 raise g5]al f>m produce1 bre$ a little /ock1 cut "s timb]1 besides all ( ! "t-honor$ occupations ( ! pr(essional f>m]4 ,! boys & girls gr[+ up 9 ! t[n or ! neighbor+ c\ntryside1 bless$ ) good air1 & a *eap supply ( :olesome food1 look pleasantly =w>d t[>d life z some?+ wor? liv+4 ,s mu* = ! good side ( ,l[ville4 ,sad inde$ is x to recall t !re is ano!r side4 ,anyone :o has be5 9 close contact ) c\ntry life c readily imag9e ! ignorance1 bigotry1 prejudice1 unfairness & unsociabl5ess ( ! population2 ! t5d5cy to cl+ to ! pa/ no matt] :at its %ortcom+s2 ! unwill+ness to v5ture into ev5 ! rosie/ future :i* involves *ange4 ,l[ville is bless$ a great deal & curs$ a v little4 ,! bless+s are be+ augm5t$ & ! curses m9imiz$ by means ( ! local high s*ool4 ,,ii ,l[ville ,academy ,l[ville ,academy is an anci5t private s*ool ^: usefulness 0 imm5sely enhanc$ :5 x 0 conv]t$ into a public high s*ool4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h4 ,breeze took ov] ! pr9cipal%ip he made no p>ticul> objection to ! old class rooms & wood5 /airs1 b he 0 v insi/5t ^u discov]+1 fir/1 :at ! community ne$$1 & second1 :e!r or n ! s*ool 0 meet+ ! ne$4 ,m ?an half 7at ! pres5t "t sixty-five p] c5t47 ( ! pupils at ! s*ool came f outside ( ! village4 ,t is1 !y come f ! f>ms4 ,z f>m]s' boys1 _m ( !m h be5 br\ght up to all ( ! unsci5tific crudities :i* h be5 h&$ d[n 9 ,am]ican agriculture s9ce ! e>ly settl]s took ! l& f ! ,indians 9 grateful recognition ( _! in/ructions 9 f]tilization4 ,:ile _m agricultural ana*ronisms may be laid to ! door ( ! r$sk9s1 plant+ by ! moon & sev]al equally absurd cu/oms are traceable to ! high] civilization ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,saturat$ ) traditional agricultural lore--"s bett] & "s worse--! boys & girls f outside ( ,l[ville1 sixty-five 9 ea* hundr$ high s*ool /ud5ts1 7 gr[+ up to become ! own]s ( promis+ ,new ,york f>ms4 ,!y ne$$1 fir/ ( all1 an education :i* %\ld equip !m ) all ( ! culture ( our s*ools1 beside giv+ !m a k ( ! sci5ces ( agriculture & ( me*anics4 ,^? boys & girls :o 7 plann+ to g to college requir$ an advance c\rse 9 ^? purgatorial topics :i*1 = "s inexplicable reason1 are /ill reg>d$ z necess>y prelim9>ies to a college education4 ,mo/ ( ! girls 9 ,l[ville & ! imm$iate vic9ity hope to m>ry soon] or lat]1 & to preside ov] :olesome1 clean homes4 ,= home-mak+1 also1 !re 7 c]ta9 possible educational provisions4 ,z prospective f>m]s1 me*anics1 college /ud5ts1 bus9ess m5 & wom51 z prospective fa!rs & mo!rs1 ! boys & girls ( ,l[ville 7 look+ to ! s*ools--high z well z elem5t>y--= an education :i* %\ld enable !m to d successfully & effici5tly ^? ?+s :i* life 0 hold+ be=e !m4 ,fur!rmore1 ,l[ville _h no spot ar\nd :i* community int]e/s & civic ideas c\ld c5t]4 ,!re 0 intellig5t int]e/ 9 ,l[ville1 its /reets1 s*ools1 trees1 h\ses1 & bus9ess int]e/s2 !re 01 too1 an int]e/1 express$ among ! neighbor+ f>m]s1 9 ! wond]ful /rides ( agriculture2 fur!rmore1 m5 & wom5 7 anxi\s to discuss political & social happ5+s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:at m natural ?an t ! s*ool be conv]t$ into a c5t] ( int]e/ & education = ,l[ville & ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,adults1 z well z "y folks1 ne$$ s*ool help4 ,adults z well z "y folks %\ld !n be accommodat$ 9 ! ,l[ville s*ools4 ,,iii ,! ,s*ool's ,opportunity ,!re 0 a peculi> opportunity1 said ,mr4 ,breeze1 9 8 crisp direct way4 ,! place ne$$ organiz+ 9 educational l9es4 ,p 7 anxi\s to h x done4 ,!y want$ ! advantage ( a mod]n educational in/itution1 b no "o _h provid$ x1 s ,i made up my m9d t my bus9ess 0 to d x4 ,mr4 ,breeze made 8 fir/ innovation 9 ! c\rse ( /udy1 supplem5t+ ! old c\rse by dome/ic sci5ce1 sev]al phases ( agriculture & me*anics4 ,!n he correlat$ ! v>i\s bran*es 9 su* a way t ! subjects all h>moniz$ ) ! "w :i* any p>ticul> /ud5t 0 do+4 ,we made up our m9ds1 ,mr4 ,breeze expla9$1 t if we 7 to hold ! *ildr5 & to educate !m usefully1 we mu/ make our c\rse fit ! ?+s :i* !y _h to d 9 life4 ,! "w mu/ come d[n to e>?4 ,x _h to be practical--t is1 applicable to ev]yday affairs4 ,"s p confuse practical ) pecuni>y4 ,!re is no relation betwe5 ! two words4 ,practical means usable4 ,we set out to make a usable education4 ,no education is usable :i* has frills1 ,mr4 ,breeze insi/s4 ,frills are nice = looks1 b y c't put on frills until y h a g>m5t to :i* !y may be atta*$4 ,our s*ool is provid+ ! g>m5t--we w leave ! frills to "s "o else4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d1 ! appli$ c\rses 9 ! s*ool 7 organiz$4 ,wood-alcohol cook /oves1 su* z ^? us$ 9 ! village1 ord9>y sew+ ma*9es1 typewrit]s = ! comm]cial c\rse1 & ! simple/ tools = ! ma*9e %op1 made up ! equipm5t4 ,^! boys h b a few tools at home1 ,mr4 ,breeze says4 ,:5 !y g on ! f>m !y w be compell$ to use ^! tools4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y be taught me*anics ) tools :i* !y _c duplicate on _! f>ms )\t an unju/ifiable extravagance8 ,,iv ,field ,"w z ,education ,pursuant to su* philosophy1 ! boys began _! %op-"w by equipp+ ! %op1 build+ b5*es1 tool-*e/s1 cab9ets1 & saw horses2 putt+ la? & pla/] on ! ceil+2 sett+ up ! simple tools & putt+ ! %op 9 runn+ ord]4 ,mean:ile1 ! agricultural /ud5ts set up two cream sep>ators & a milk-te/]1 & arrang$ _! laboratory4 ,!n ! s*ool 0 ready = appli$ "w1 or r1 ! /ud5ts hav+ graduat$ f a c\rse 9 %op equipm5t1 7 ready = %op practice4 ,! entire class 9 agriculture makes inspection ( ne>by f>ms--"h to see a well-manag$ or*>d1 !re a new type ( c[-b>n or silo4 ,aga9 !y inspect ! soil ( a di/rict1 go+ c>efully ov] x1 pick+ samples & te/+ !m on return to ! s*ool4 ,9 fruit-pack+ season1 ! /ud5ts visit ! pack+ h\ses1 or else1 9 ! case ( "s ( ! boys1 !y take a week ( employm5t ) a good fruit pack]4 ,9 season !y practice tree prun+1 graft+1 budd+1 transplant+ & spray+4 ,:5ev] possible1 ! appli$ "w ( ! s*ool is done 9 connection ) ! real appli$ "w ( life4 ,! physics & *emi/ry are bo? relat$ to ! agriculture & ! me*anics c\rses 9 ! mo/ intimate mann]4 ,f ! e>lie/ lessons 9 physics ?r\gh analyses ( heat1 light & ! pr9ciples ( me*anics1 ! !ories are con/antly int]pret$ 9 practical problems :i* arise 9 ! daily "w ( ! ,l[ville f>m]4 ,! physics tea*]1 en?usia/ic ov] 8 /ud5ts & 8 "w1 builds ma*9es & te/+ devices1 :i* ! boys & girls use 9 solv+ ! problems :i* !y br+ f _! homes4 ,no less close to ! life ( ! place is ! *emical laboratory1 :i* (f]s opportunity = ! analysis ( soil1 ! *emi/ry ( f]tiliz]s1 exp]im5ts 9 te/+ food & milk1 & a numb] ( o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to agriculture & dome/ic life4 ,! me*anical c\rses are closely relat$ to ! "w 9 agriculture1 s9ce mo/ ( ! boys :o take up ! me*anical "w are to g on ! f>ms4 ,! c\rse 9 me*anics passes quickly ov] ! elem5ts ( ! "w--mo/ boys h le>n$ to use saw1 plane1 *isel1 aug]1 & hamm] ye>s be=e4 ,! smi?+ "w ( temp]+1 anneal+1 weld+1 sold]+ & remov+ ru/1 all leads up to ! real "w ( ! %ops1--! mak+ ( products4 ,! boys make prun+ knives1 squ>es & draw+ bo>ds1 graft+ hooks1 nail boxes1 apple-box+ devices 7= ?is is an apple c\ntry71 cem5t roll]s1 mallets1 :iffle-trees1 bob-sl$s1 hold]s = saw fil+1 bag-hold]s1 *ick5-coops1 p\ltry exhibit boxes1 hamm] h&les1 gre5h\se flats4 ,besides1 !y h ex]cises 9 belt-lac+1 9 cem5t "w1 & re9=c$ concrete4 ,!n1 too1 !y make models ( b>ns & bridges1 comput+ /ra9s1 lumb]-co/s1 labor-co/s1 floor spac+ & arrangem5t4 ,! agricultural c\rse deals1 9 "s detail1 ) fruit-gr[+1 animal husb&ry1 gra9-gr[+1 & relat$ topics4 ,?\gh ! scope ( su* a c\rse is necess>ily limit$ 9 a high s*ool1 x =ms an invaluable addition to ! k ( ! boy :o _c g to an agricultural college be=e he beg9s 8 life on ! f>m4 ,taught by an agricultural exp]t1 ! "w assumes real importance to ! prospective f>m]4 ,nor are ! girls ( ,l[ville neglect$4 ,v ,real ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,! dome/ic sci5ce dep>tm5t1 9 *>ge ( an exp]t1 takes up h\sehold economics1 sew+1 dietetics & cook+4 ,! "w ?r\gh\t is practical1 ! girls le>n+ ! pr9ciples ( sanitation1 & _! application to ! h\sehold2 dome/ic art & home decoration2 light+1 heat+ & v5tilation4 ,! sew+ classes cov] ! usual ex]cises 9 simple hemm+ & d>n+1 mak+ t[els1 hemm+ napk9s1 & ! l2 !n und]clo!s1 & lat] dresses are made4 ,9 ! cook+ laboratory ! girls le>n food values & food comb9ations1 ! cook+ ( simple di%es1 ! prep>ation ( entire meals4 ,! girl :o f9i%es ! dome/ic sci5ce c\rse 9 ! ,l[ville ,academy is compet5t to organize a home1 cook1 sew1 keep h\se & make z effici5t use ( h] opportunities z does h] bro!r :o has be5 tra9$ 9 me*anics or agriculture4 ,x is n 9 ! appli$ c\rses alone t an extraord9>y am\nt ( co-op]ation has be5 atta9$4 ,! academic bran*es1 likewise1 are s adju/$ z to be> directly ^u ! "w ( ! rema9+ c\rses4 ,! ,academic co-ord9ation is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! ,engli% "w1 :i* is requir$ ( ev]yone dur+ ! entire high s*ool c\rse4 ,engli% composition is made to s]ve z a connect+1 co-ord9at+ /udy--relat$ to all ( ! o!r c\rses 9 ! s*ool4 ,! /ud5t 9 agriculture writes reports on v>i\s phases ( agricultural "w1 collect+ !m 9 a fold] & arrang+ !m 9 ord]1 accord+ to subject4 ,*emi/ry reports1 hi/ory reports1 all are made a legitimate "p ( ! "w 9 ,engli%4 ,! results ( ?is sy/em h be5 m ?an satisfactory to ,mr4 ,breeze & 8 /aff ( co-work]s4 ,/ud5ts :o w\ld h left at ! end ( ! gramm> s*ool1 are attract$ by ! high s*ool program1 & sav$ by a high s*ool c\rse4 ,! appeal ( ! s*ool is a wide "o4 ,!re are no class ( boys & girls 9 ,l[ville :o _c f9d some?+ wor? :ile 9 ! high s*ool4 ,(t5 a /ud5t o!rwise n brilliant w succe$ rem>kably 9 a p>ticul> l9e4 ,( "o su* boy 9 p>ticul> ,mr4 ,breeze spoke4 ,,vi ,"o ,in/ance ( ,success ,he _h no ta/e = ,greek1 b 8 reports & analysis 9 agriculture & me*anics 7 brilliant4 ,! excell5t draw+ & sket*+ & ! c>eful "w %[$ h[ mu* appeal ! appli$ c\rse _h made to 8 m9d2 yet b = ! agricultural c\rse he w\ld nev] h come to high s*ool4 ,a f>m]'s son ) little ta/e = ! ord9>y academic /udies 0 inspir$ by ! idea ( improv$1 sci5tific f>m+ & 0 gett+ a ?or\gh insight into ! pr9ciples ( agriculture1 *emi/ry1 physics1 & me*anics1 :i* w be ( ! greate/ s]vice to him :5 he takes up f>m+4 ,su* topics z judg+ ! age ( c[s1 bre$ ( cattle1 co/ ( milk production1 ! co/ ( c[-b>n con/ruction1 gra91 hay1 cattle rations1 silage1 & nutrition w all be> directly on ! "w ( ! f>m 9 :i* he is s deeply int]e/$4 ,s mu* = ! contribution ( ! ,l[ville ,high ,s*ool to ! /ud5ts :o h gone out ( its class-rooms & class excursions1 /rong] 9 body & m al]t ( m9d4 ,no less rem>kable has be5 its s]vice to ! community4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! s*ool au?orities act+ 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,grange1 ! ,/ate1 & sev]al o!r ag5cies1 ,l[ville has secur$ an agricultural speciali/1 ^: bus9ess x is to travel ?r\gh ! c\ntryside1 advis+ f>m]s1 discuss+ _! problems & sugge/+ bett] me?ods ( op]at+ ! f>ms1 or ( exp]im5t+ 9 new directions4 ,ea* w9t] = "o week1 a s*ool = adults is held1 ) c\rses 9 agriculture = ! m5 & c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce = ! wom54 ,! tea*]s1--exp]ts f ! ,cornell ,s*ool ( ,agriculture1--are exceptionally well prep>$ to deal ) ! problems ( ,new ,york ,/ate f>m]s4 ,high] education at ,l[ville is education = ev]yone 9 ,l[ville & vic9ity :o wants x4 ,) "o eye on community ne$s & ! o!r on ! be/ means ( supply+ !m1 ! ,l[ville ,academy is giv+ to ! citiz5s ( ,l[ville a tw5tie? c5tury high] education4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bj3 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 ?is *apt] appe>$ orig9ally 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,great ,,city ,,s*ool ,,sy/em#ba ,i ,co-op]ation & ,progressivism ,if any two words 9 ! ,engli% language c express ! _s ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools1 !y are co-op]ation & progressivism4 ,! p ( ,c9c9nati1 high & l[1 h b&$ !mselves toge!r 9 an endeavor to make good s*ools4 ,c9c9nati s*ools are n a monum5t to any individual or gr\p ( individuals1 r !y are ! h&iwork ( ! citiz5%ip4 ,9 _! eag]ness = educational progress1 ! p are n hypnotiz$ by e cry ( lo "h6 lo !re6 nor d !y live 9 t]ror ( new educational ideas4 ,_! "o aim1 ! education ( ,c9c9nati's *ildr51 takes prec$5ce ov] e o!r consid]ation4 ,p]haps t fact expla9s bo? ! co-op]ation & ! progressivism4 ,co-op]ation 9 ! educational "w ( ,c9c9nati has be5 develop$ to a rem>kable degree4 ,!re is n a civic society 9 ! :ole t[n :i* is n work+ ) ! s*ools1 says =m] ,sup]9t5d5t ,dy]4 ,mr4 ,dy] might h left out ! ^w civic & /ill h be5 v close to ! tru?4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,gei]1 a lead] among ! manufactur]s :o h made possible ! half "t 9 %op1 half "t 9 s*ool sy/em1 says ( 8 activity 9 co-op]at+ ) ! s*ool au?orities3 ,z a citiz5 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,i am int]e/$ 9 ! s*ools = two reasons3 fir/1 because good s*ools w br+ "u _! influ5ce ! maximum numb] ( pupils & p>5ts1 & x is ! be/ ag5cy ,i c conceive ( = produc+ a high quality ( citiz5%ip2 second1 z a manufactur] ,i feel t ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( a community is directly relat$ to ! m5tal & manual equipm5t ( its p4 ,%[+ 8 fai? by 8 works1 ,mr4 ,gei] has labor$ 9 season & out ( season to make ! s*ools ( ,c9c9nati ! mo/ progressive 9 ! c\ntry4 ,speak+ z a woman & "m1 ,mrs4 ,isabella ,c4 ,p5dleton1 ( ! ,civic ,league1 :i* has play$ an active "p 9 build+ up s*ool s5tim5t1 says3 ,i consid] t ! mo/ important features ( our s*ool sy/em are ! manual tra9+ = boys & ! dome/ic sci5ce = girls4 ,i am happy to say t to-day a girl on graduat+ f our s*ools is capable ( tak+ c>e ( a home4 ,z public s*ools g1 t is n an insignificant a*ievem5t4 ,no wond] ,mrs4 ,p5dleton1 a woman & "m1 is int]e/$ 9 s*ools :i* accompli% su* vital results4 ,f :at extraord9>y s\rces d ! s*ools 9 ,c9c9nati secure _! support6 ,all ( ! local d5ti/s h be5 br\ght into close contact ) ! s*ool sy/em by ! ef=ts ( ! ,d5tal ,society to introduce m\? hygi5e into ! s*ools1 says ,dr4 ,sidney ,g4 ,rauh4 ,we d5ti/s1 adds ,dr4 ,rauh1 are firm believ]s 9 g5]al co-op]ation4 ,no less cordial is ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 its endorsem5t ( ! s*ools1 & 9 its ef=ts to raise ! heal? /&>d ( s*ool *ildr54 ,i d n believe !re is any city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* (f]s z good an example ( ! _s ( co-op]ation z ,c9c9nati does1 affirms ,c>l ,dehoney1 ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,:y are we s active 9 co-op]at+ ) ! s*ools8 ,simply because we realize t good s*ools1 & especially practical s*ools1 :i* w fit "y m5 & wom5 = _! real life "w1 h a trem5d\s be>+ ^u ! effici5cy ( ! p ( ! city4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,cauldius1 also ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 says3 ,our s*ool developm5t is ! result ( a few ye>s ( public support & sympa?y4 ,9 simil> en?usia/ic words ! lead]s ( e phase ( ,c9c9nati life express _! int]e/ 9 educational progress4 ,,ii ,an ,educational ,cre$ ,let no "o inf] f :at has be5 said t ! p ( ,c9c9nati are agre$ ^u all ( ! details ( educational policy1 nor ^u ! fundam5tals ei!r1 = t matt]1 b !y h adopt$ an educational cre$ :i* runs ab\t z foll[s3 #a4 ,i believe 9 mak+ ! s*ools provide = ! educational necessities ( e *ild4 #b4 ,i believe t ?is c be done :5 all "w toge!r4 #c4 ,i believe t new ideas are ! life-blood ( educational advance4 ,t simple cre$ adopt$ by tea*]s1 pr9cipals1 mo!rs1 manufactur]s1 d5ti/s & trade unioni/s has become a great motive =ce 9 ! upbuild+ ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools4 ,! mo/ evid5t ?+ ab\t ! ,c9c9nati s*ool organization is its democracy4 ,! feudal _s ( lord%ip & s]fdom exi/+ 9 _m s*ools betwe5 sup]9t5d5ts & pr9cipals on ! "o h&1 & tea*]s on ! o!r1 is n[h]e evid5t 9 ! ,c9c9nati s*ools2 in/ead1 ea* tea*]1 ?r[n ^u h] own initiative1 is a creative arti/1 solv+ h] p>ticul> problem z %e believes t x %\ld be solv$1 & abid+ by ! consequ5ce ( h] failure or success4 ,e>ly 9 8 "w ,mr4 ,dy] made x cle> t he w\ld n tol]ate a me*anical sy/em ( education4 ,up "h on ! hill1 9 a weal?y suburban di/rict1 is a gramm> s*ool4 ,its organization1 adm9i/ration & c\rse ( /udy mu/ necess>ily diff] f t o!r s*ool1 locat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! factory di/rict4 ,! pr9cipal ( ea* ( ^! s*ools has a problem to face--ea* w succe$ 9 proportion z he grasps ! significance ( 8 own problem & ! readie/ means = its solution4 ,is n t a refre%+ s5tim5t f a sup]9t5d5t ( city s*ools8 ,note ?is o!r delightful t\*3 ,my tea*]s soon le>n$ t ,i reg>d ! tea*] :o works exactly l ano!r tea*] z pretty poor /uff4 ,be=e ! axe ( su* incisive radicalism1 h[ ! antiquat$ /ructure ( ! old s*ool ma*9]y came cra%+ to ! gr\nd1 to be replac$ by a sy/em :i* recogniz$ ea* tea*] z an individual build] ( manhood & womanhood1 work+ to meet ! ne$s ( individual *ildr54 ,x is n an idle boa/ :i* ! ,engli% make :5 !y glory 9 ! abs5ce ( a curriculum2 = ev5 ! be/ curriculum1 if mismanag$1 is spe$ily conv]t$ into a noose1 ! knot ( :i* adju/s itself me*anically "u ! left e> ( tea*] & *ild alike4 ,! s*ool au?orities ( ,c9c9nati de/roy$ bo? knot & rope by giv+ to _! tea*]s & pr9cipals ?is injunction3 ,make y\r s*ool fit ! ne$s ( y\r *ildr5 & y\r community4 ,! old-"t1 ma*9e-m9d$ s*ool sup]9t5d5t1 fill$ ) ! _s ( co-op]ative co]cion1 assembles 8 tea*]s4 ,n[ let's all "w toge!r1 he exclaims1 ,"h1 ,susie ,smi?1 ?is is :at y are to tea* y\r pupils1 & ?is is ! way 9 :i* y are to d x4 ,x 0 9 q a diff]5t _s t ,mr4 ,dy] said to ea* "o ( 8 tea*]s3 ,y d y\r "w1 ,i'll d m9e1 & toge!r we w make ! s*ools g4 ,x 0 9 ?is _s t ! tea*]s 7 call$ toge!r to conf] on ! reorganization ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,ea* tea*] 9 ea* grade _h h] say 9 ! matt]4 ,if ! mo/ insignificant tea*] 9 ,c9c9nati said to ,mr4 ,dy]3 ,i h an idea t ,i ?9k w\ld improve ! "w 9 my grade1 8 inv>iable reply 03 ,!n try x4 ,!re is no way to det]m9e ! value ( ideas except to try !m4 ,by t policy ,mr4 ,dy] surr\nd$ himself ) a gr\p ( vitally int]e/$ p1 ea* "o suit$ to ! task 9 :i* he believ$ implicitly1 & ea* "o fully conv9c$ t ! success or failure ( t "p ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ool sy/em ) :i* he 0 imm$iately conc]n$1 dep5d$ directly ^u 8 ef=ts4 ,no wond] ! s*ools succe$$6 ,,iii ,vitaliz+ ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,! k9d]g>t5s are at ! basis ( ! educational sy/em ( ,c9c9nati1 & !y are 9 *>ge ( a woman :o believes 9 h]self & 9 h] "w4 ,p]haps ! p ( ,c9c9nati are n ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t _! k9d]g>t5s are ! v be/ 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ,miss ,julia ,bo?well1 :o directs !m1 says1 mode/ly en\gh1 t %e has visit$ k9d]g>t5s 9 _m cities1 adopt+ _! s*emes & improv+ 9 response to _! sugge/ions1 until %e is conv9c$ t no o!r city 9 ! l& c %[ a bett] k9d]g>t5 sy/em ?an t ( ,c9c9nati4 ,9 tru?1 h] plan is ord9>ily ref]r$ to z ! ,c9c9nati idea4 ,c9c9nati *ildr5 beg9 _! k9d]g>t5 "w at f\r & a half or five1 ent]+ ! fir/ grade at six4 ,:ile 9 ! k9d]g>t5 !y play ! games & s+ ! songs t all k9d]g>t5s play & s+1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 _! plays & songs are built ar\nd ! ?+s t !y d4 ,! yell[ ,octob] leaves ( ,c9c9nati's p>ks half %ad[ ! activity ( ! busy classes ( little k9d]g>t5 folks :o g !re to "w & to le>n4 ,! ,p>k ,commission]s1 l e "o else 9 ,c9c9nati1 are 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! "w ( ! s*ools1 s !y allot to ea* k9d]g>t5 class a plot 9 ! p>k1 9 :i* ! *ildr5--us+ all ( ! tools !mselves--plant tulip bulbs "u ! direction ( ! p>k g>d5]s4 ,tulips are ! fir/ ?+ up 9 ! spr+1 ,miss ,bo? well expla9$1 s we h decid$ to use !m4 ,= ye>s we tri$ g>d5s1 b *ildr5 ( k9d]g>t5 age are n will+ to give g>d5s z mu* att5tion z !y require2 !n1 too1 ! g>d5s ran wild dur+ ! summ]1 s we h settl$ on ! tulip4 ,aft] ! *ildr5 h plant$ ! bulbs !y s+ & talk ab\t _! "w4 ,!n1 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 !y beg9 to visit _! plots1 wat*+ ! fir/ %oots ( gre5 z !y appe>1 look+ eag]ly = ! buds1 & !n1 at la/1 z ! rew>d ( _! int]e/1 pick+ ! fl[]s & tak+ !m home4 ,?us1 ea* *ild1 dur+ 8 k9d]g>t5 c\rse1 sees ! complete cycle f bulb to fl[]4 ,besides ?is fl[]-culture 9 ! p>k1 ! *ildr5 gr[ hyac9?s 9 ! s*ool rooms1 visit ! woods to collect autumn leaves & spr+ fl[]s1 make excursions to ! c\ntry1 :]e !y may see animals & crops1 & always1 = a few days aft] an excursion1 talk ab\t ! ?+s :i* !y saw1 draw !m1 s+ ab\t !m & play games ab\t !m4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! "w ! ,bo>d ( ,education leases a f>m1 to :i* ! k9d]g>t5s g 9 succession4 ,by ^! means ! life ( ! city k9d]g>t5 *ild is ?or\ghly l9k$ ) nature4 ,^! ?+s are n new 9 k9d]g>t5+1 h[ev]4 ,!y h m]ely tak5 firm root 9 ! f]tile soil ( ,c9c9nati's educational en?usiasm4 ,! real excell5ce ( ,miss ,bo?well's exp]im5t consi/s 9 connect+ ! k9d]g>t5 ) ! e>ly elem5t>y grades on ! "o h& & ) ! community on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ grade *ildr5 ( ,c9c9nati come back to ! k9d]g>t5 tea*]s = an h\r's k9d]g>t5+ once ea* week1 9 ord] to cl9* ! k9d]g>t5 influ5ce on ! lives ( ! fir/ grad]s4 ,! fir/ grade tea*]s meet ! director ( k9d]g>t5+ once ea* week1 = a discussion ( k9d]g>t5 me?ods1 & an initiation into ! k9d]g>t5 _s4 ,?us ! lump ( fir/ grade ab/raction is leav5$ ) ! leav5 ( k9d]g>t5 concretes1 & ! grade tea*]s get ! _s ( k9d]g>t5 "w4 ,9 ! ne> future ,miss ,bo?well hopes to h ! k9d]g>t5 "w ext5d to ! second grade1 9 ord] t ! _s1 rhy?m1 h>mony & joy ( ! k9d]g>t5 may ?or\ghly p]meate ! roots ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ool sy/em4 ,ev5 m significant--if any?+ c\ld be m significant ?an ! breakd[n ( ! ironclad1 fir/ grade traditions--is ! grip :i* ! k9d]g>t5s ( ,c9c9nati h secur$ on ! p4 ,! ,c9c9nati k9d]g>t5] is m ?an a tea*]--%e s]ves _m ma/]s4 ,9 ! morn+ %e holds k9d]g>t5 classes4 ,on two aft]noons a week %e does k9d]g>t5 "w ) fir/ grade *ildr52 on "o aft]noon %e holds a conf]5ce ) ! sup]visor2 on a f\r? aft]noon %e visits ! classes ( fir/ grade tea*]s or conf]s ) mo!rs' clubs1 & on h] rema9+ aft]noon %e visits h] *ildr5 9 _! homes4 ,out ( ^! v>i$ duties has come3 fir/1 a gr\p _s among ! k9d]g>t5]s1 built ^u frequ5t int]*ange ( plans & ideas2 second1 an und]/&+ ( ! relation betwe5 ! problems ( ! k9d]g>t5 & ! problems ( ! grades2 ?ird1 a sympa!tic grasp ( ! home conditions surr\nd+ ! life ( _m a difficult *ild2 & f\r?1 sixty-"o mo!rs' clubs1 "o organiz$ 9 connection ) ea* k9d]g>t51 :i* furni% a social ga!r+-place = mo!rs1 an opportunity to influ5ce p>5tal ideas1 & a body ( invaluable public s5tim5t4 ,! idea ( a k9d]g>t51 usually reg>d$ z a small "p ( ! s*ool program1 has be5 evolv$ until1 9 ?is "o city1 x is a pot5t influ5ce1 work+ on *ildr51 tea*]s1 p>5ts & public op9ion4 ,,iv ,reg5]at+ ! ,grades ,! k9d]g>t5 is n alone 9 its appeal to ! *ild & 9 its affiliation ) ! community4 ,traditional grade education has likewise be5 modifi$ & rehabilitat$ until x makes an appeal to p>5t & *ild alike4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a consi/5t ef=t has be5 made to provide accommodations = ! physical education 9 ! grades ( ! fifty-sev5 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,tw5ty-five n[ h fully equipp$ gymnasiums 9 :i* *ildr5 h two or ?ree p]iods ( ex]cise ea* week4 ,9 ! s*ools n s equipp$ ! physical "w is conf9$ to cali/h5ics4 ,ea* ye> ! ,bo>d ( ,education appropriates five hundr$ doll>s = ! ,public ,s*ool ,a?letic ,league1 :i* organizes meets & games1 op5 to all public s*ool pupils free ( *>ge4 ,besides field days1 baseball1 socc] & football !re is an a?letic badge aw>d$ to all pupils :o pass an effici5cy te/ 9 a?letic activities4 ,! academic "w ( ! grades is alive ) en?usiasm4 ,hi/ory1 s (t5 made a mass ( dead names & dates1 is taught 9 t]ms ( life4 ,! *ildr5 le>n t hi/ory is 9 reality a record ( ! ?+s :i* p did1 & ( ! =ces :i* 7 at "w 9 _! lives2 fur!rmore1 t ! commonplace acts ( to-day w be ! hi/ory ( to-morr[4 ,translat$ into ideas & social *anges1 hi/ory /imulates ?\ght1 turn+ ! *ild's m9d f ! purely p]sonal side ( life to ! social activities ( :i* hi/ory is made4 ,ari?metic & geography beg9 at home1 9 ! ?+s :i* ! *ildr5 "k & d4 ,bo? are taught 9 t]ms ( *ild exp]i5ce4 ,bo? call to ! *ild m9d ! ?+s ( daily life4 ,engli%1 too1 :i* is s important an elem5t 9 education1 is made to reflect *ild exp]i5ces4 ,tea*+ ! read+ lesson ( ,eyes & ,no ,eyes "o tea*] ask$ h] class3 ,well1 *ildr51 :at did y see on y\r way to s*ool ?is morn+8 ,:at did y see1 ,elm]8 ,well1 ,i saw--,i saw-- & ,elm] sat d[n4 ,i saw t x _h be5 ra9+ 9 ! night by ! mud 9 ! /reets1 said ,alice2 :ile ,john _h se5 trolley c>s1 & rememb]$ t ! numb] on "o ( !m 0 #fdg4 ,a sev5? grade girl _h read ! ,psalm beg9n+1 ,:o %all asc5d unto ! hill ( ! ,"l1 or :o %all /& 9 ,8 holy place8 ,aft] ask+ :at a psalm 01 & :o wrote ! ,psalms1 ! tea*] ask$3 ,:o 0 ,david8 ,he 0 ! k+ ( ,pale/9e1 repli$ "o boy promptly4 ,aft] /raight5+ out ! hi/ory ! tea*] next ask$3 ,= :at 0 ,david not$8 ,= be+ ,solomon's fa!r1 v5tur$ "o little girl4 ,oh1 no1 prote/$ a boy1 ,he 0 ! fight]4 ,sure en\gh1 said ! tea*]1 w\ld ! fact t he 0 a w>rior naturally influ5ce 8 ?\ghts8 ,aft] an affirmative answ] f ! class3 ,:]e d we f9d any evid5ce ( t 9 ?is ,psalm1 ,george8 ask$ ! tea*]4 ,george consid]$ ! read+ a mom5t4 ,oh1 ,i see1 x's :]e he says1 ',! ,"l mighty 9 battle4' ,aft] an elaboration ( ?is idea ! tea*] w5t on to ask :y ,david wrote1 ,lift up y\r heads1 oh ye gates1 & ! ,k+ ( ,glory %all come 94 ,by c>eful que/ion+ ! class 0 l$ to see t cities _h walls & gates2 t ,david1 :o _h won _m victories1 0 accu/om$ to h ! gates ?r[n wide to receive him1 & t 8 triumphal entries _h made a deep impression on 8 ?\ghts4 ,aft] "s m discussion ! ,psalm 0 read aga91 ?is "t ) surpris+ intellig5ce & feel+4 ,"o eigh? grade class 9 ,engli% 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ a catalog ( all ( ! pictures 9 ! s*ool1 look+ up ! pa9t]s1 _! lives1 _! pr9cipal works1 & ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! pa9t+ ( ! pictures :i* hung on ! s*ool wall4 ,9 ! same room a girl _h writt5 a description ( a sunset1 9 :i* %e _h said3 ,! we/]n sky is illum9at$ ) a fi]y r$1 & ! edges ( ! cl\ds are also t9t$ ) a silv]y hue4 ,:at w\ld ,corot say ab\t t8 ask$ ! tea*]4 ,! girl ?\ght a mom5t4 ,i guess he w\ld say t !re 0 too mu* color4 ,yes1 smil$ ! tea*]1 he w\ld say1 ',let's g home & wait = a few mom5ts4' ,! essay "w 9 ! upp] grades is l9k$ ) all ( ! o!r s*ool "w4 ,! *ildr5 write ab\t civics1 ar*itecture1 localities1 books & pictures4 ,"o girl ( ?irte5 wrote on ,! ,reap]--,z ,i ent] my b$room "o picture especially cat*es my gaze4 ,x hangs on ! ea/]n wall4 ,x is ! picture ( a l>ge city by moonlight4 ,! moon is bright & ! />s are out4 ,a beautiful lake bord]s ! f> end ( ! city1 & ! moon makes ! lake look l a mirror4 ,! *ur* /eeple /&s out cle> aga9/ ! sky4 ,x is a beautiful summ] night1 & :ile ! city sleeps an angel desc5ds & be>s a little *ild to ! heav5s above4 ,"s "m mu/ h giv5 up "o ( h] belov$ fl[]s4 ,no less valuable are ! essays describ+ an ideal kit*51 a location = a h\se1 a home1 s*ool life1 & ! v>i\s o!r ?+s ) :i* ! *ild comes 9 contact4 ,la/ among ! academic bran*es1 !re is a c>efully organiz$ eigh? grade c\rse 9 civics1 :i*1 beg9n+ ) ! geography & e>ly hi/ory ( ,c9c9nati1 cov]s family relations & ! t5em5t problem2 ! protection ( public heal?--/reet clean+1 sewage1 wat]1 smoke abatem5t1 & ! activities ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 provid+ = sanitation & ! suppression ( disease2 ! protection ( life & prop]ty2 ! bus9ess life ( ! community--relation ( ! citiz5 to bus9ess life1 ! gr[? ( comm]ce & indu/ry 9 ,c9c9nati2 ,c9c9nati z a manufactur+ c5t]1 ! labor problem1 & ! regulation ( bus9ess by ! gov]nm5t2 ! necessity = civic beauty2 ! educational =ces ( ! community2 ! c>e ( dep5d5ts & del9qu5ts2 ! functions ( gov]nm5t2 & ! collection & exp5diture ( city funds4 ,9 ?is way ! *ild1 be=e he leaves ! elem5t>y s*ool1 is giv5 an idea ( ! real mean+ ( citiz5%ip4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 ! art "w ext5ds ?r\gh ! high s*ool1 includ+ 9 ! l[] elem5t>y grades1 pap]-cutt+ & pa/+ relat$ to s*ool "w1 ! seasons & ! holidays4 ,f ! ?ird grade on1 ! *ildr5 make real products--trays1 boxes1 blott] pads1 cal5d>s1 booklets & folios--"w :i* is supplem5t$ by object & con/ructive draw+ & design+4 ,%op-"w is giv5 to boys1 & dome/ic sci5ce to girls1 9 all ( ! s*ools4 ,! po9t at :i* ^! subjects are introduc$ & ! am\nt ( "t devot$ to !m dep5ds ^u--:at d y ?9k8 ,! regulations prescrib$ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy8 ,n a bit ( x6 ,x dep5ds ^u ! ne$s ( ! community & ( ! *ild4 ,s*ools :i* are locat$ 9 ! poor] di/ricts beg9 manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce ) ! second grade1 ?\gh ord9>ily !y are n introduc$ until ! six?4 ,normally ! *ildr5 are giv5 "o & "o-half or two h\rs a week ( su* "w1 b ov]-age1 backw>d & defective *ildr5 may sp5d z mu* z half ( _! "t ^u x4 ,= "s ( ! girls a five-room flat has be5 r5t$1 9 :i* !y are taught h\sekeep+ 9 all ( its phases4 ,o!rwise ! dome/ic sci5ce consi/s ( h& & ma*9e sew+1 ! design+ & mak+ ( simple g>m5ts1 ! plann+ & prep>ation ( food1 & ! organization & c>e ( a h\sehold4 ,:]ev] possible1 ! boys make useful products 9 _! %op-"w1 in/ead ( con/ruct+ %[ pieces :i* h no value4 ,f top to bottom ! grades are %ap$ to meet ! ne$s ( *ildr54 ,ea* class & ea* s*ool is built ar\nd ?is c5tral idea4 ,! s*ool sy/em1 in/ead ( tak+ ! usual =m ( a cumbr\s ma*9e1 is a delicate me*anism adju/$ to ! wants ( ,c9c9nati *ildr54 ,v ,popul>iz+ ,high ,s*ool ,education ,n cont5t ) mak+ ! grades int]e/+1 ! s*ool au?orities ( ,c9c9nati h made ! high s*ools s pr(itable & popul> t n9ety-five out ( ea* "o hundr$ *ildr5 :o complete ! eigh? grade g to ! ,c9c9nati high s*ools4 ,fur!rmore1 dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s ! high s*ool att5dance 9 ,c9c9nati has d\bl$4 ,^! two notewor?y conditions are ! product ( c>efully matur$ & effici5tly execut$ plans1 & ( inf9ite labor4 ,yet ! results h m ?an repaid ! labor :i* !y co/4 ,our fir/ task1 expla9$ ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,lyon1 pr9cipal ( ! ,hughes ,high ,s*ool1 0 to p]suade ! community t x ne$$ high s*ool tra9+4 ,next we secur$ two f9e new high s*ool build+s4 ,!n ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 high s*ool "w fac$ ! supreme task4 ,we _h to prove to ! p t _! exp5ditures on high s*ools 7 wor? :ile1 by provid+ a high s*ool education t w\ld mean some?+ to ! pupils & to ! community4 ,note ! _s ( social obligation--a feel+ preval5t ?r\gh\t ! ,c9c9nati s*ools4 ,mo/ p>5ts fail to see ! importance ( ! high s*ool problem1 said ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ,rob]ts1 because !y nev] make consi/5t ef=ts to h _! *ildr5 *oose _! vocations intellig5tly4 ,we began our "w "r !re1 at ! bottom1 by tell+ ! p>5ts ( grade *ildr5 ab\t ! high s*ool c\rses1 & :at !y meant4 ,eigh? grade tea*]s1 "u ! guidance ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,goodw91 are expect$ to talk to _! classes regul>ly on ! vocational opportunities 9 ,c9c9nati & else:]e1 & to help ! *ildr5 get />t$ "r 9 high s*ool c>e]s4 ,besides t1 we take ! grade *ildr5 on trips to ! high s*ools1 %[+ !m on ea* trip "s /rik+ feature ( high s*ool "w4 ,p>5ts' meet+s are held1 9 :i* ! high s*ools are expla9$ & discuss$1 & we s5d circul>s to ! p>5ts ( six?1 sev5? & eigh? grade pupils1 expla9+ ! high s*ool "w z simply z may be4 ,aft] ar\s+ su* expectations1 ! high s*ool _c fulfill its obligations 9 any way o!r ?an by ! provision ( a ?or\gh c\rse ( /udy adapt$ to ! ne$s ( all types ( pupils4 ,! prep>ation = ?is 9 ,c9c9nati has be5 made ) consummate skill4 ,! pupil1 on ent]+ ! high s*ool1 may select any "o ( ! n9e g5]al c\rses1 9 :i* !re are tw5ty-?ree possible comb9ations ( subjects4 ,f\r ( ! c\rses--,g5]al1 ,classical1 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce & ,manual ,tra9+--prep>e = v>i\s colleges & te*nical s*ools4 ,! o!r five c\rses--,comm]cial1 ,te*nical ,co-op]ative ,c\rse = ,boys2 ,te*nical ,co-op]ative ,c\rse = ,girls2 ,art & ,music1 lead to vocations4 ,h\s$ 9 ! same high s*ool build+ is ?is range ( "w1 :i* p]mits boys & girls to select a c\rse :i* w be> directly on almo/ any l9e ( "w t !y may c>e to foll[ 9 lat] life4 ,ea* c\rse is %ap$ to give ! *ildr5 :o select x a def9ite tra9+ 9 ! l9e ( _! int]e/4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rse prep>es pupils = college2 ! ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,c\rse %[s girls h[ to make & keep a home2 ! ,comm]cial ,c\rse turns out bookkeep]s2 ! ,te*nical ,co-op]ative ,c\rses1 enabl+ boys & girls to sp5d "p ( _! "t 9 ! s*ool & "p 9 ! factory1 are arrang$ 9 co-op]ation ) ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ,c9c9nati4 ,! ,art & ,music ,c\rses1 l ! o!r special "w1 are 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts :o are compet5t to give a practical direction to ! activity ( _! pupils4 ,9 pass+1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! p ( ,c9c9nati are gett+ ! be/ possible use out ( _! spl5did high s*ool equipm5t4 ,9 addition to ! regul> classes :i* fill ! ,woodw>d ,high ,s*ool f #h3cj to #c3jj1 ! pupils 9 ! cont9uation c\rses occupy ! build+ e aft]noon & all day ,saturday4 ,five nights a week x is fill$ by an en?usia/ic night s*ool1 ?ree ?\s& /rong1 & dur+ six weeks ( ! summ] vacation a summ] s*ool holds its sessions !re4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a s*ool plant :i* comes ne>] to be+ us$ "o hundr$ p] c5t ( its "t4 ,to be sure1 su* ?+s 7 n done 9 fa!r's "t1 b !n ! p ( ,c9c9nati h a !ory t :ile a good ?+ is wor? all x co/s1 x does n pay to let ev5 ! be/ ( ?+s decay = lack ( use4 ,t is :y ! s*ool sy/em t+les f end to end ) vigor & en?usiasm4 ,,vi ,a ,city ,univ]sity ,besides ! k9d]g>t51 elem5t>y s*ools1 & high s*ools1 ! city ( ,c9c9nati has a univ]sity1 :i*1 l all ( ! o!r educational =ces ( ! city1 is ti$ up ) ! g5]al educational program4 ,^? graduates ( ! ,c9c9nati high s*ools :o desire to g to college1 may pass f ! high s*ool ( ,c9c9nati into ! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati )\t a break 9 ! cont9uity ( _! education4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati is a municipal univ]sity4 ,! city appropriates "o-half ( "o mill on ! g5]al assessm5t1 = univ]sity purposes4 ,! bo>d ( education appropriates t5 ?\s& doll>s a ye> t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 ! s*ool 9 :i* ! city tea*]s are tra9$4 ,! tra9+ s*ool = k9d]g>t5]s is affiliat$ ) ! univ]sity1 hav+ ! same entrance requirem5ts z ! o!r univ]sity c\rses4 ,9 explanation ( ?is close connection betwe5 ! city & ! univ]sity1 ,presid5t ,dabney beg9s 8 #aiaa report to ! bo>d ( directors by say+3 ,an ef=t has be5 made 9 ?is report to expla9 ! s]vice ( ! univ]sity to ! city & p ( ,c9c9nati4 ,x is !re=e n only an (ficial report to ! directors1 b is also a /atem5t = ! in=mation ( all citiz5s4 ,begun 9 ?is _s ( public obligation1 ! report details ! s]vices ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college 9 supply+ tea*]s2 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,economics & ,political ,sci5ce 9 supply+ municipal exp]ts2 & ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,s*ool = its inauguration ( ! widely-kn[n indu/rial co-op]ative c\rses--= be x kn[n to ! un9itiat$ t ! five hundr$ /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ,eng9e]+ ,s*ool sp5d alt]nately two weeks 9 ! s*ool & two weeks 9 a %op4 ,m ?an t1 ! ,eng9e]+ ,s*ool furni%es exp]ts = municipal eng9e]+ "w4 ,t ! /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity may feel ! int]e/ ( ! city 9 _! "w1 pref]5ce is giv5 to ! ,univ]sity graduates 9 appo9tm5ts ( tea*]s1 ( municipal eng9e]s1 & ( employees on su* municipal "w z te/+ food1 inspect+ con/ruction1 & ! l4 ,univ]sity /ud5ts may ?us occupy _! sp>e "t 9 practical municipal "w4 ,! ,univ]sity %\ld lead ! progressive ?\ght ( ! community1 says ,presid5t ,dabney1 & by way ( mak+ good 8 proposition he avails himself ( e opportunity to turn 8 /ud5ts into municipal activities1 or to co-op]ate 9 any way ) ! =ces t are mak+ = a great] ,c9c9nati4 ,,vii ,special ,s*ools = ,special ,classes ,!re are *ildr5 9 ,c9c9nati1 z 9 e o!r city1 :o _c af=d to g to ! high s*ool4 ,! easie/ answ] to su* *ildr5 is1 ,well1 !n1 don't4 ,! faire/ answ] is a sy/em ( s*ools :i* w enable !m to secure an education ev5 ?\gh !y are at "w4 ,c9c9nati 9 select+ ! latt] c\rse has op5$ a s*ool = ! education ( e important gr\p unable to att5d ! high s*ools :o wi% to avail !mselves ( advanc$ educational opportunities4 ,fir/ !re is ! night s*ool "w1 :i*1 9 addition to ! ord9>y academic c\rses1 (f]s special opportunities 9 ma*9e %op practice1 blacksmi?+1 me*anical & ar*itectural draw+1 & dome/ic sci5ce4 ,z ^! c\rses are c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! ,woodw>d ,high ,s*ool build+ ! /ud5ts h all ( ! advantages ( high s*ool equipm5t4 ,night s*ool1 com+ aft] a day's ex]tion1 is s try+ t only ! mo/ robu/ c pr(it by x4 ,no small importance !re=e atta*es to ! op]ation ( ! compulsory cont9uation s*ools "u ! ,ohio law1 :i* emp[]s cities to compel work+ *ildr5 betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 ye>s ( age to att5d s*ool = n m ?an eight h\rs a week betwe5 ! h\rs ( #h3jj ,a4 ,m4 & #e3jj ,p4 ,m4--h\rs :i* w presumably be subtract$ f %op "t4 ,by means ( ?is adaptation ( ! ,g]man sy/em ev5 ^? *ildr5 :o mu/ leave s*ool at f\rte5 are gu>ante$ s*ool "w = ! next two ye>s at lea/4 ,al?\gh ?is is b a m9imum requirem5t1 x repres5ts a beg9n+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,no less significant ?an ?is compulsory sy/em are ! volunt>y cont9uation s*ools = ^? ov] sixte5 ye>s ( age1 :i* h be5 e/abli%$ = ma*9i/s' appr5tices1 = pr9t]s' appr5tices1 = saleswom51 & = h\sewives4 ,! fir/ two c\rses are conduct$ "u ! direction ( a g5ius nam$ ,r5%aw1 :o takes f ! ma*9e %op boys ( e age1 nationality & exp]i5ce1 fits !m some:]e into 8 f\r-ye> c\rse2 gives !m a numb]$ "t *eck f 8 "t bo>d2 tea*es !m read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 me*anical draw+1 geometry1 algebra & trigonometry by means ( an +5i\s s]ies ( bluepr9ts1 :i* con/itute _! sole text-book2 visits !m 9 _! %ops1 giv+ sugge/ions & advice ab\t ! %op "w1 & f9ally s5ds !m out f9i%$ craftsm51 ) an excell5t f\ndation 9 ! !oretical side ( ! trades4 ,! "w is entirely volunt>y1 yet s excell5t is x t a numb] ( ,c9c9nati manufactur]s s5d _! appr5tices to ,mr4 ,r5%aw1 pay+ !m regul> wages = ! f\r h\rs ( cr$it :i* ! said ,r5%aw regi/]s weekly on ! boys' "t-c>ds4 ,"o firm s5ds sixty boys "h ea* week1 comm5t$ ,mr4 ,r5%aw's assi/ant4 ,t makes two hundr$ & =ty h\rs ( s*ool "w ea* week = :i* !y pay regul> wages4 ,well1 sir1 ! sup]9t5d5t !re told me t !y didn't s mu* z notice ! loss4 ,i tri$ to expla9 my sy/em to "o sup]9t5d5t1 said ,mr4 ,r5%aw1 b he w\ldn't ev5 li/54 ',x makes no diff]5ce h[ y d x1' he grumbl$1 ',i don't c>e ab\t t4 ,i "k t ! boys are neat]1 m c>eful1 m accurate1 & bett] all-ar\nd workm5 aft] !y h be5 ) y = a :ile4 ,t's en\gh explanation = me4' ,act+ on su* s5tim5ts ! manufactur] p]emptorily dismisses ! boy :o does n d 8 s*ool tasks satisfactorily4 ,! responsibility is 9 ! s*ool1 ^: gr[+ enrollm5t & influ5ce tell _! own /ory4 ,firms s5d _! boys to ! s*ool ) ! comm5t t ! h\rs ( s*ool "t1 = :i* !y are paid1 d n add to ! co/ ( %op managem5t1 b d add to ! value ( ! boys to ! %op4 ,increas$ effici5cy pays4 ,a s*ool ( salesman%ip = wom5 has met ) a l success4 ,! lead+ /ores1 glad ( an opportunity to raise ! /&>d ( _! employees1 grant ! saleswom5 a half day ea* week1 )\t loss ( pay1 dur+ :i* !y take ! salesman%ip c\rse4 ,! c\rse has ! he>ty back+ ( ! be/ ,c9c9nati m]*ants1 :o see 9 x an opportunity1 z ,mr4 ,dy] put x1 to make _! employees ! mo/ skill$ & intellig5t1 ! mo/ oblig+ & tru/wor?y1 ! be/ treat$ & be/ paid--9 %ort1 ! v be/ type ( saleswom5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t ?is "w may keep pace ) ! dem& = x ! s*ool au?orities (f] indu/rial in/ruction 9 any pursuit = :i* a class ( tw5ty-five c be organiz$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( wom5 7 born too soon to get ! advantage ( ! c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce n[ be+ (f]$ 9 our high s*ools1 comm5ts ,mr4 ,dy] 9 8 dry way4 ,scores ( su* wom5 anxi\s to le>n all t 0 kn[n ab\t dome/ic arts con/itut$ a class = :i* ! s*ool 0 well equipp$ to provide4 ,!n suppose we give !m :at !y ne$1 said ,mr4 ,dy]4 ,j fancy--a cont9u\s c\rse 9 dome/ic sci5ce6 ,yet !re x is1 9 ,c9c9nati1 ) an enrollm5t ( m ?an elev5 hundr$ wom51 att5d+ ! public s*ools to le>n dome/ic arts4 ,:at c\ld be m rational ?an ?is ,c9c9nati sy/em ( mak+ a s*ool--ev5 ?\gh x be a cont9uation s*ool--to fit ! educational ne$s ( ,c9c9nati p--gr[n-ups & *ildr5 alike8 ,,viii ,special ,s*ools = ,special ,*ildr5 ,! ,c9c9nati s*ools provide = special *ildr5 z well z = special classes ( p4 ,fir/ !re are ! unusually bright *ildr51 :o m>k-"t 9 ! ord9>y classes4 ,^! *ildr5 7 plac$ 9 rapidly mov+ classes4 ,:ile omitt+ none ( ! "w1 !y 7 all[$ to g z fa/ z _! m5tal developm5t w\ld all[ !m1 in/ead ( z sl[ly z ! o!r memb]s ( ! class made x necess>y to move4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! tea*] f\nd ^! exceptionally able *ildr5 lack+ 9 ef=t & att5tion1 qualities :i* !y _h n ne$$ to keep _! place 9 ! grades4 ,! extra "w & responsibility /imulat$ _! m5tal activity1 increas$ _! p[] ( att5tion1 fo/]$ ?or\ghness & accuracy1 develop$ res\rcefulness & initiative1 & ^? o!r qualities necess>y = lead]%ip4 ,:y %\ld x n be s8 ,:y %\ld n ! specially able *ild be taught z ?or\ghly z ! defective "o8 ,yet ,mr4 ,dy]1 speak+ f exp]i5ce1 rem>ks3 ,/range to say1 x is h>d] to e/abli% su* classes ?an defective & ret>d$ ones4 ,/range inde$6 ,= ! sub-normal or ret>d$ *ildr5 ,c9c9nati has made ample provision4 ,sp5d+ f a qu>t] to a half ( _! "t 9 manual "w1 ! *ildr5 are no long] tortur$ ) ! do+ ( ?+s beyond _! p[]s4 ,! ov]gr[n boys h in/ruction 9 %op "w4 ,! ov]gr[n girls h a furni%$ flat 9 :i* !y le>n ! arts ( home-mak+ at fir/ h&4 ,!re are 9 all ov] f\r hundr$ *ildr5 9 ^! s*ools4 ,simil> accommodations are provid$ = o!r special gr\ps4 ,! anaemic & tub]cul> *ildr5 are taught 9 two op5-air s*ools2 six tea*]s are detail$ to in/ruct ! deaf *ildr52 "o tea*] devotes h] "t to ! bl9d *ildr51 & t5 tea*]s are employ$ to take *>ge ( ^? *ildr5 :o are m5tally defective4 ,?us1 by adju/+ ! s*ools to ! ne$s ( special gr\ps ( p1 & ( special individuals1 ,c9c9nati is provid+ an education :i* rea*es ! individual memb]s ( ! community4 ,,ix ,playgr\nd & ,summ] ,s*ools ,! vacation s*ool is plann$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 9 ! cr[d$ di/ricts dur+ ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,= t reason1 says ,mr4 ,dy]1 x provides indu/rial "w ( all k9ds unassociat$ ) book in/ruction1 b m+l$ ) a great am\nt ( recreational activity--excursions1 /ories1 folk-danc+1 & a wide v>iety ( games4 ,! field ( indu/rial activity is a broad "o1 includ+ cook+1 nurs+1 h\sekeep+1 sew+1 knitt+1 cro*et+1 weav+ & basketry2 draw+ & color "w1 bru% & pla/ic "w2 b5* "w ) tools1 mak+ useful articles2 sports & games1 includ+ folk-danc+ = girls & ball = boys4 ,! prim>y & k9d]g>t5 classes (f] a delightful r\nd ( song1 /ory1 games1 excursions1 pap] "w & o!r =ms ( con/ruction4 ,= ! girls :o h to take c>e ( babies !re are special classes4 ,! boys make useful articles 9 ! %ops1 & ! girls1 9 sew+-room & cook+ laboratory1 le>n to d ! ?+s ar\nd :i* ! int]e/s ( ! home always c5t]4 ,by co-op]ation ) ! p>k commission]s1 ! playgr\nds 7 made an integral "p ( ! summ] s*ool "w4 ,besides ! recreational summ] s*ool ,c9c9nati has ma9ta9$ = ! pa/ five ye>s an academic summ] s*ool1 9 :i* *ildr5 might make up back "w 9 s*ool1 or d special "w 9 any l9e :i* 0 ( p>ticul> int]e/ to !m4 ,9 ^! s*ools ! v be/ in/ructors t c be secur$ are employ$1 & _! recomm5dations are accept$ by ! s*ool pr9cipals :5 ! fall t]m op5s4 ,?is s*ool is "o ( ! means tak5 to deal ) ! problem ( repeat]s 9 our s*ools1 says ,mr4 ,dy]4 ,in/ead ( requir+ *ildr5 :o are beh9d to fall back a ye>1 !y may1 if !y are n hopeless failures1 b only defici5t 9 a few /udies1 remove _! defici5cies 9 ! summ] s*ool & g on ) _! class4 ,we h foll[$ up ^! pupils1 ,mr4 ,dy] adds1 & f\nd t a normal p]c5tage keep up ) ! class 9 succe$+ ye>s4 ,x ,mr4 ,dy] & ! ,m5 ,:o ,/ood ,) ,him ,a _s ( comrade%ip & he>ty co-op]ation brea!s f e nook & cranny ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools4 ,pr9cipals & tea*]s alike s5se ! fact4 ,alike !y aim t[>d ! upbuild+ ( ! s*ools4 ,nev] 9 my life h ,i f\nd su* a _s ( mutual helpfulness1 says ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ,rob]ts4 ,e tea*] has felt t %e _h a "p to play1 t %e c\nt$1 t h] sugge/ions 7 wor? :ile1 & %e has work$ e>ne/ly t[>d ?is end4 ,ev]y:]e ,i enc\nt] ! same will+ness to co-op]ate ) ! s*ools1 said ,sup]9t5d5t ,condon1 aft] sp5d+ ?ree mon?s 9 ! place t ,mr4 ,dy] vacat$ :5 he became sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bo/on s*ools4 ,!re is a he>t9ess 9 x1 too1 t grips a man4 ,!re is always ! jollie/ good-fell[%ip 9 ! ,s*oolman's ,club1 exclaim$ a gramm> s*ool pr9cipal4 ,x's always ',rob]ts' & ',lyon' & ',dy]' !re4 ,!y're z good z ! re/1 no bett]4 ,we all g !re to "w1 & to "w h>d = ! s*ools4 ,on su* a _s is ! s*ool sy/em ( ,c9c9nati f\nd$4 ,f its po9t ( vantage1 set ^u its high hill ( m9i/ry to *ild ne$s1 x fla%es l a se>*light ?r\gh ! /orm ( n9ete5? c5tury p$agogical obscurity4 ,! optimi/ s+s a new1 glad song2 ! pessimi/ is conf\nd$2 ! se>*] aft] educational tru? uncov]s rev]5tly be=e ?is ma/]piece ( educational organization1 ?is practical demon/ration ( ! wond]s t may be accompli%$ :]e head & he>t "w toge!r ?r\gh ! s*ools1 = ! *ildr54 ,su* is ! triumph1 b ^: ! glory8 ,x is n m9e1 prote/s ,mr4 ,dy]1 ,i did only my "p4 ,nor m9e1 ,nor m9e1 e*o 8 assi/ants4 ,truly1 wisely1 bravely spok54 ,! glory is n to ,mr4 ,dy]1 nor to any o!r "o man or woman--! glory is to ,mr4 ,dy] & ! m5 & wom5 :o work$ ) him = ! ,c9c9nati s*ools4 ,my pr$ecessor 0 an able organiz]1 expla9$ ,mr4 ,dy]4 ,he left ?+s 9 spl5did condition1 & we took up 8 "w4 ,!re 7 five ?+s :i* m>k$ great epo*s 9 ! upbuild+ ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools3 ,fir/1 we e/abli%$ ! m]it sy/em = ! appo9tm5t ( tea*]s4 ,second1 we improv$ ! s*ool build+s & equipm5t4 ,?ird1 we organiz$ special c\rses = *ildr5 :o 7 n able to pr(it by ! regul> "w4 ,f\r?1 by putt+ appli$ "w 9 ! grades we gave ! *ildr5 a *ance to use _! h&s z well z _! heads4 ,fif?1 we enl>g$ ! s*ool sy/em by add+ build+s & c\rses until !re 0 a place 9 ! s*ools = e boy & girl1 man & woman 9 ,c9c9nati :o want$ an education4 ,t 0 ! sum total ( our "w4 ,x 0 a long & difficult task4 ,mr4 ,dy]'s tall =m /raight5$ a trifle4 ,8 e>ne/1 det]m9$ face relax$4 ,f "u 8 bu%y eyebr[s fla%$ a gleam ( triumph--! triumph ( a /rong1 purposeful1 successful man4 ,b :5 x 0 all ov]1 he conclud$1 & :5 ! ?+s = :i* we _h /riv5 7 accompli%$ we knew t !y 7 wor? :ile4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,dy] left 8 position 9 ,c9c9nati to become ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,bo/on s*ools1 !re 01 on e h&1 a feel+ ( loss & ( unc]ta9ty among ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! city's educational problems4 ,dur+ ^? mon?s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,dy]'s dep>ture = ,bo/on & ! election ( 8 successor !re 0 a feel+ t1 aft] all1 p]haps he 0 n replaceable4 ,!n ! successor came1--a quiet man1 ) a con/ructive imag9ation t enabl$ him to grasp1 readily & completely1 ,c9c9nati's educational ne$4 ,!re _h be5 an era ( radical educational adju/m5t 9 ! city4 ,! s*ool sy/em _h be5 *ang$1--artfully *ang$1 x is true--b *ang$1 nev]!less1 9 all ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( its be+4 ,"s ( ! *anges _h be5 made ) su* rapidity t _! f\ndations _h n be5 fully complet$4 ,! brilliant s*ool policy :i* ,mr4 ,dy] _h inaugurat$ ne$$ r\nd+ out = fulfilm5t & completion4 ,r&all ,j4 ,condon saw ^! ?+s2 & he saw1 fur!rmore1 t 9 a community s awak5$ z ,c9c9nati1 almo/ any educational program 0 feasible1 s long z x rema9$ reasonable4 ,! ,c9c9nati s*ool p :o w5t to ,provid5ce = ! purpose ( invit+ ,mr4 ,condon to take *>ge ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools1 felt ! con/ructive p[] ( 8 lead]%ip4 ,provid5ce _h be5 educationally trans=m$1 & ,mr4 ,condon 0 ! man responsible = ! trans=mation4 ,! p ( ,c9c9nati h e cause to congratulate !mselves ^u ! new s*ool head4 ,at ! outset ,mr4 ,condon said1--,i purpose1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 to live up to & foll[ out ! policies inaugurat$ by ,mr4 ,dy]4 ,) ! utmo/ fidelity he has kept 8 ^w4 ,!re is f> m 9 ,mr4 ,condon's adm9i/ration ?an a m]e foll[-up policy4 ,ev]y:]e he is build+4 ,9 ! face ( a difficult f9ancial situation :i* compels a s]i\s curtailm5t ( exp5ses = ! "t be+1 he is insi/+ ^u additional k9d]g>t5s1 ext5d$ high s*ool accommodations1 a m intimate correlation ( ! elem5t>y & high s*ool sy/em1 & an ext5sive sy/em ( recreation & social c5t]s4 ,x is ^u ! latt] po9t t ,mr4 ,condon is lay+ ! greate/ emphasis at ! outset ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,! ,c9c9nati policy :i* ,mr4 ,condon has inaugurat$ ) reg>d to civic c5t]s is admirably summ$ up 9 8 /atem5t ( ! case4 ,a l>g] use ( ! s*ool h\se = social1 recreational & civic purposes %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,! s*ool h\se belongs to all ( ! p1 & %\ld be op5 to all ! p ^u equal t]ms1--z civic c5t]s = ! free discussion ( all matt]s relat+ to local & city gov]nm5t1 & = ! non-p>tisan consid]ation ( all civic que/ions2 z recreational c5t]s1 especially = ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! community1 to include ! use ( ! ba?s & gymnasiums = games & sports1 & o!r physical recreations1 ! use ( class-rooms & halls = music1 dramatics1 & o!r recreational activities1 & = m di/9ct social purposes2 z educational c5t]s 9 :i* ! m specific educational facilities & equipm5t may be us$ by classes or gr\ps ( y\ng] or old] p1 9 any direction :i* makes = increas$ intellig5ce1 & = great] economic & educational effici5cy2 z social c5t]s 9 :i* ! community may und]take a l>g] social s]vice 9 behalf ( its memb]s1--/ations f :i* gr\ps & organizations ( social work]s may prosecute any non-p>tisan & non-sect>ian "w = ! improvem5t ( ! social & economic conditions ( ! neighborhood1 r5d]+ any s]vice :i* may help to improve ! condition ( ! homes1 giv+ assi/ance to ! ne$y1 dissem9at+ in=mation1 help+ to employm5t1 & 9 g5]al af=d+ ! community 9 its organiz$ capacity an opportunity to s]ve 9 a l>g] measure ! ne$s ( ! individual memb]s4 ,"h is1 inde$1 a broad-gauge social s*ool policy1 to :i* ! adm9i/rative au?orities ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools are fully committ$4 ,! movem5t = social c5t]s 9 ! s*ools is to be "u ! direction ( a social secret>y appo9t$ by ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,until ! organization is m highly p]fect$1 pr9cipals are free1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 to op5 _! s*ools = classes1 gr\ps1 & all o!r legitimate community activities4 ,mr4 ,condon's activities 9 ! direction ( socializ$ s*ool build+s f9ds a ready response4 ,!re 0 already a l>ge use ( a numb] ( ! s*ools = community meet+s--= welf>e associations1 = boys' & girls' /udy clubs1 & = musical & social ga!r+s4 ,! program is a program ( ext5sion1 r ?an ( innovation4 ,x has already won ! approval ( ! citiz5%ip4 ,spontaneity mu/ be ! s\l ( su* a movem5t4 ,x 0 my /rong conviction t ! developm5t ( su* a social movem5t %\ld come f ! p !mselves1 n t a ready-made program or plan %\ld be giv5 !m1 b t !y %\ld develop _! own4 ,"o by "o c5t]s are be+ =m$4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education furni%es ! build+1 ! local social c5t] organization pays ! imm$iate exp5ses :i* its activities incur4 ,! movem5t has be5 />t$ "r4 ,i am a great believ] 9 democracy1 ,mr4 ,condon says4 ,! p c be tru/$ to settle social que/ions z !y %\ld be settl$1 provid$ all sides c be fully pres5t$ & "t tak5 = delib]ation4 ,! s*ool h\se af=ds ! "o opportunity :]e all c meet on common gr\nd z ,am]ican citiz5s & z good neighbors1 :]e ! "q ( weal? & position may be =gott51 & :]e :at a man is 9 himself1 & :at he is will+ to d = ! common good1 c\nts mo/4 ,su* is ! _s 9 :i* ,mr4 ,dy]1 ! m5 & wom5 :o work$ ) him1 & ! m5 & wom5 :o succe$$ him1 h /riv5 = ! advancem5t ( education2 su* ! _s ( co-op]ation & progressiveism :i* dom9ates ?is great city s*ool sy/em4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ba3 ,mu* ( ?is mat]ial appe>$ orig9ally 9 ,educational ,f\ndations4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,oyl] ,,s*ool ,,( ,,c9c9nati ,i ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,social ,education ,on ! we/ side ( ,c9c9nati1 sep>at$ f ! ma9 "p ( ! t[n by railroad y>ds1 wa/e l& & /agnant wat]1 surr\nd$ by factories & a myriad ( little homes1 /&s ! ,oyl] ,s*ool4 ,c any good ?+ come out ( ,naz>e?8 qu]i$ a d\bt]4 ,answ]s1 9 bell tones1 ! philosoph]1 ,if a man c build a bett] h\se or make a bett] m\setrap ?an 8 neighbor1 ?\gh he fix 8 home 9 ! woods1 ! _w w f9d a pa? to 8 door4 ,because ,oyl] has built a bett] s*ool 9 a bett] community ! _w sits at ,oyl]'s feet to le>n ( its exp]im5t 9 social education4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i w5t to ! ,oyl] ,s*ool ,i enc\nt]$ a ,committee ( ,manufactur]s4 ,a ,committee ( ,manufactur]s 9 a public s*ool dur+ bus9ess h\rs6 ,^! m5 _h met to talk ) ! s*ool pr9cipal ov] ! location ( a libr>y1 :i* ! entire community _h work$ to secure4 ,:5 ! "t came to g be=e ! ,p>k ,bo>d ov] 9 ! c5t] ( ! city1 to secure a playgr\nd ne> ! ,oyl] ,s*ool1 ! local bank furni%$ automobiles1 & doz5s ( bus9ess m51 leav+ _! (fices1 took ! opportunity to endorse ! "w ( ! s*ool1 & to second its dem&s t play space be giv5 to ,we/ ,end *ildr54 ,! manufactur]s h become int]e/$ because 9 less ?an a decade ! ,oyl] ,s*ool has *ang$ ! face ( ! community1 creat+ h>mony out ( discord1 & ord] out ( *aos4 ,! /ruggle ( ,oyl] is ! /ory ( a man1 a deliv]$ message1 a ?riv+1 en?usia/ic s*ool & a reborn neighborhood4 ,_m ye>s ago--ab\t tw5ty to be exact--a "y man nam$ ,voorhes 0 made fir/ assi/ant 9 a ,we/ ,end s*ool4 ,l o!r "y m5 :o g into s*ool "w he appli$ himself e>ne/ly to 8 tasks1 b unlike mo/ ( !m he did "s h>d ?9k+ at ! same "t4 ,among o!r ?+s he ?\ght ab\t ! relation betwe5 ! s*ool & ! community1 wond]+ :y ! two 7 s completely divorc$ f "o ano!r4 ,!n ! problem 0 focus$ on "o concrete example--a boy nam$ ,john1 ne>ly sixte5 ye>s old1 :o _h succe$$ 9 gett+ only z f> z ! eigh? grade4 ,john1 :o _h nev] tak5 k9dly to language or gramm>1 began ?9k+ pretty s]i\sly t[>d ! end ( 8 la/ ye> 9 ! gramm> s*ool4 ,he tri$1 he /ruggl$1 b ! syntax 0 too mu* = him4 ,aft] all1 x 0 n 8 fault1 & he compla9$ bitt]ly aga9/ a puni%m5t 9 ! =m ( leav+ d[n = some?+ :i* he c\ld n help4 ,8 tra9+ 0 s inadequate t he 0 entirely unable to pass ! high s*ool exam9ations :i*1 9 ^? days1 7 l ! laws ( ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians4 ,i am safe 9 say+ t he did n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 a v]b & a preposition1 said ,mr4 ,voorhes1 b dur+ ! gramm> lesson he c\ld make a draw+ ( ! face ( ! tea*] t 0 9 no s5se a c>icature4 ,?is phase ( 8 ability gave me a cue to :at might be done = him4 ,kn[+ bo? ! sup]9t5d5t & ! pr9cipal ( ! ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,i talk$ ! situation ov] ) !m1 begg+ !m1 ) all ! p]suasive p[] at my comm&1 to take ! boy1 =gett+ 8 %ortcom+s1 & magnify+ 8 peculi> tal5ts1 :i* ,i felt sure 7 consid]able along me*anical l9es4 ,!y acc$$ to my reque/1 giv+ ,john a place 9 ! s*ool1 to :i* he walk$ ?ree miles back & =? daily = ?ree ye>s4 ,= _m ye>s ,john has be5 sup]9t5d5t ( ! light+ plant ( a l>ge city1 & 8 exp]i5ce has always /ood out be=e me z a t]rible rebuke to ! !n dom9ant educational regime1 :i* c\ld (f] ,john no?+ b a sne]4 ,^! facts took su* a vital hold on me1 seem+ to re9=ce s fully ! ?\ght t ! indu/rial abilities :i* ,i _h acquir$ back on ! f>m prov$ ( incalculable value to me1 t ! resolution to promote indu/rial education became a fix$ "p ( my educational cre$4 ,! memory ( t lesson 9 educational equity kept ! ne$ = indu/rial tra9+ con/antly 9 my m9d1 till ,i _h opportunity to give x expression 9 ! ,oyl] ,s*ool4 ,john bespoke ! ne$s ( ! community by :i* ,oyl] 0 surr\nd$4 ,x 0 s diff]5t f o!r communities4 ,!re 7 ! ugly /raggl+ factory build+s1 ! mis]able homes1 _! squalid t5ants1 & wor/ ( all !re 7 ! r\gh1 boi/]\s1 ov]-age1 un9t]e/$1 incorrigible boys & girls1 :o flitt$ f s*ool to home1 to /reet1 to jail1 & !n1 gripp$ by ! infirm h& ( ! law1 9 ! =m ( a ,juv5ile ,c\rt probation (fic]1 or a truant (fic]1 !y came back to s*ool unwill+ly en\gh to beg9 ! cycle all ov] aga94 ,z = discipl9e1 rem>k$ "o ( ! city s*ool (ficials1 ! s*ool hadn't kn[n x = ye>s1 ! probation (fic] c\ldn't keep ! *ildr5 9 s*ool & ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt c\ldn't keep !m out ( jail4 ,ev5 ! maje/y ( ! law is lo/ on *ildr51 y "k4 ,! *ildr5 taunt$ ! police2 ! police hat$ ! *ildr52 ! home repell$2 ! factory call$1 grimly2 *ild labor fl\ri%$1 & ! s*ool despair$4 ,,ii ,an ,appeal = ,appli$ ,education ,su* 7 ! conditions :5 ,mr4 ,voorhes became s*ool pr9cipal4 ,gr9d+ factories1 wret*$ homes1 p>5tal ignorance1 social neglect1 educational impot5ce--few m5 c\ld ent] su* a field ( battle ) a light he>t1 b ,mr4 ,voorhes did4 ,:at1 ?9k y1 0 8 fir/ move8 ,he address$ to ! heads ( all ( ! factories 9 ! neighborhood a lett]1 sugge/+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a manual tra9+ dep>tm5t 9 connection ) ! grade "w ( ! ,oyl] ,s*ool4 ,z ,i become m & m famili> ) exi/+ conditions 9 our s*ool di/rict1 he wrote1 ,i am conv9c$ t a ,manual ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5t w\ld be ( vital importance to ! s*ool & to ! g5]al welf>e ( ! community4 ,su* dep>tm5ts are be+ look$ ^u to-day z necess>y adjuncts to mod]n s*ool equipm5t4 ,our s*ool is be+ dra9$ con/antly ( its life =ce by ! adjac5t factory dem&s1 & if we c\ld s5d pupils =? ) tra9$ h&s z well z tra9$ m9ds !y c\ld r5d] a mu* m useful s]vice1 :i*1 9 "t1 w\ld n only %[ itself 9 m pr(itable returns to employ]s1 b mu/ also t5d t[>d a high] /&>d ( culture 9 ! neighborhood1 & a long] cont9uance 9 s*ool by our pupils4 ,i "k ( no o!r section ( ! city :]e ! actual ne$ %\ld make a /rong] appeal = support ?an "h4 ,any?+ y may d w be greatly appreciat$4 ,y c imag9e my surprise1 says ,mr4 ,voorhes1 :5 dur+ ! next few days my mail br\ght me a he>ty response ( *ecks & pl$ges am\nt+ to ne>ly a ?\s& doll>s4 ,manual tra9+ 0 assur$6 ,no6 ,n yet4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education rea*$ ! conclusion t manual tra9+ 9 ! grades 0 undesirable4 ,) ! exception ( #he :i* ,i 0 told to use z ,i saw fit ! *ecks & pl$ges 7 alike return$ to ! donors4 ,t #he gave a piano to our k9d]g>t54 ,t failure back 9 #aijc 0 ! se$-gr\nd ( lat] success4 ,! community 0 int]e/$ to ! ext5t ( a ?\s& doll>s at lea/4 ,! manufactur]s 7 n only int]e/$ 9 education1 b 7 will+ to support x f9ancially4 ,!re 0 a *ange ( adm9i/ration4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,dy] became ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools & at once met ! situation by e/abli%+ a manual tra9+ c5t] 9 ! ,oyl] ,s*ool4 ,,iii ,solv+ a ,local ,problem ,! end 0 n yet1 h[ev]4 ,! truant (fic]s & ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt 7 /ill busy keep+ ,oyl] *ildr5 out ( mis*ief & 9 s*ool4 ,! conv5tional type ( manual tra9+--"o p]iod p] week 9 ! six?1 sev5? & eigh? grades--0 n hold+ ! pupils4 ,! *ildr5 7 n gett+ en\gh manual "w to e/abli% ei!r habit or effici5cy1 ,mr4 ,voorhes comm5ts1 besides1 ?is "w rea*$ only to ! six? grade4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 9 ! s*ool fifty boys & girls bel[ ! fif? grade :o 7 f two to five ye>s beh9d _! normal classes4 ,t is to say1 !y 7--mo/ ( !m--( t un=tunate class t has se5 m tr\ble 9 a few ye>s ?an mo/ ( u see 9 a lifetime4 ,i 0 con/antly ask+ myself3 ',:]e d ^! folks come 98' ',:at is our s*ool do+ to help _! function 9 life8' ',are we really ( any assi/ance to !m aft] all8' ',is x wor? _! :ile to come to our s*ool8' ,my sympa?y = ! pupils 0 con/antly gr[+1 & ,i w5t at la/ 9 desp]ation to ! sup]9t5d5t ) a plan = a revolution 9 ! organization ( my s*ool1 a revolution t ,i 0 sure w\ld meet ! ne$s ( ! community & "o ^u :i* ,i 0 will+ to /ake my reputation if ,i _h any4 ,at ?is po9t x is wor? rememb]+1 p>5!tically1 t ,c9c9nati s*ool m5 h a habit ( go+ ab\t _! s*ool problems 9 v mu* t _s1 beg9n+ by siz+ up ! ne$s ( ! community1 cont9u+ by becom+ imbu$ ) an idea ( ! community ne$s & end+ by pres5t+ ?is idea to ! s*ool au?orities & gett+--)9 b\nds--c>te blan*e to make _! s*ools s]ve ! locality 9 :i* !y are situat$4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,voorhes's exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 told to g ahead & make good--a p]mission ( :i* he avail$ himself 9 an a/\nd+ly %ort space ( "t by introduc+ a sy/em ( appli$ education1 aim$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 :o att5d$ ! ,oyl] ,s*ool4 ,!re is a peculi> situation1 said ,mr4 ,dy]1 & x ne$s peculi> h&l+4 ,y h only "o problem to solve--t ( ! we/ end4 ,g ahead6 ,mr4 ,voorhes did g ahead ) a plan "u :i* all *ildr5 9 ! six? & sev5? grades 7 giv5 ?ree p]iods a week 9 laboratories & %ops4 ,subnormal pupils 9 ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? grades 7 to h f\r & "o-half h\rs 7"o s*ool day7 = appli$ "w ea* week4 ,9 ord] to give special help to backw>d pupils !y 7 s5t 9 small gr\ps to ! sev5? & eigh? grade tea*]s :ile _! classes 7 do+ appli$ "w4 ,bel[-grade *ildr5 g to ! eigh? grade tea*] = special "w 9 ari?metic & geography1 & ! sev5? grade tea*] = ,engli% & hi/ory4 ,9 ?is way ! backw>d *ildr5 f ! l[] grades h special tra9+ by ! be/ equipp$ tea*]s 9 ! s*ool4 ,! eigh? grade pupils give "o-fif? ( _! "t to appli$ "w4 ,dur+ ! ye> ! boys h1 9 addition to ! %op-"w1 tw5ty lessons 9 prep>+ & cook+ pla91 sub/antial meals4 ,to make ?is siss "w palatable to ! /]n] sex mu* ( x takes ! =m ( in/ruction 9 camp life--cook+ 9 t9 cans & o!r h&y home-made devices4 ,9 a community :]e boys h always be5 tra9$ to reg>d home "w z m5ial1 b :]e ! abs5ce ( s]vants makes a lift f ! husb& or bro!r su* a ,gods5d to ! wife at odd times1 ! value ( giv+ grade boys a ta/e = cook+ c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! boys also receive tw5ty lessons 9 ! simpl] =ms ( sew+--d>n+1 hemm+1 sew+ on buttons4 ,at ! same "t ! girls are taught ! use ( simple tools4 ,,iv ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,:i* ,dome/icates ,beg9n+ ) ! second grade ! girls h dome/ic sci5ce :ile ! boys are at manual tra9+4 ,?is dome/ic sci5ce has a tru] r+ to x ?an mo/ ( ! tea*+ :i* passes "u t "n4 ,! *ildr5 at ,oyl] h a peculi> ne$ = dome/ic sci5ce1 because 9 _m ( ! homes "m works out1 & ev5 :5 %e is n away h] k ( dome/ic arts is s rudim5t>y t %e c imp>t little to h] daught]s4 ,s x comes ab\t t ! ,oyl] ,s*ool seeks to tea* ! girls all t !y w\ld h "u intellig5t direction 9 a normal home4 ,once ea* week !y cook & once !y sew1 devot+ f "o-eigh? to "o-fif? ( _! entire "t to ^! activities4 ,by way ( prep>ation = bo? cook+ & sew+ !y are c>efully tra9$ 9 buy+4 ,!y mu/ make ! doll> g a long way--buy+ 9 season ! ?+s *eape/ at t "t & prep>+ !m 9 a way to yield ! maximum ( return4 ,= example1 !y are call$ ^u 9 ,janu>y to buy a #ej c5t d9n] = six p]sons4 ,laura ,wick]%am's co/ li/ is3 ,s\p meat #j4bj ,c ( tomatoes 4#aj ,spaghetti 4#je ,*eese 4#je ,bread 4#je ,butt]1 etc4 4#jh ---- #j4ec ,gus ,potts1 a m]e boy1 makes ?is sugge/ion3 ,meat #j4bj ,potatoes 4#je ,cabbage 4#je ,bread 4#je ,milk 4#jd ,butt] 4#je ,c(fee 4#je ---- #j4di ,9 _! cook+ laboratory !y le>n to cook simple foods1 "o ?+ at a "t1 until !y rea* ! upp] grades1 :]e !y mu/ prep>e entire meals on limit$ all[ances4 ,! sew+ is equally practical4 ,! girls le>n to pat*1 d>n1 hem & make und]clo?+ & dresses4 ,!n1 go+ into homes :]e no intellig5t ne$lework has ev] be5 done--:]e frequ5tly a d>n+ ne$le is unkn[n--!y tea* ! "m & old] si/]s h[ to sew1 until :ole families1 "u ! influ5ce ( "o s*ool *ild1 improve _! w>drobe & r$uce _! co/ = clo?+4 ,c]ta9 sew+ days 9 s*ool1 call$ d>n+ days1 are sacr$ to ! r5ovation ( worn-out g>m5ts :i* ! girls br+ f home4 ,! ,oyl] sy/em may n turn out arti/s 9 dress design--x has no su* aim4 ,! *ildr5 :o come to its class-rooms are ignorant ( ! simple/ devices kn[n to civilization = ! mak+ ( com=table homes4 ,! dome/ic sci5ce c\rses are organiz$ to take c>e ( _! *ildr5 by tea*+ !m to be intellig5t home-mak]s4 ,v ,mak+ ,comm]cial ,products 9 ! ,grades ,no less practical is ! "w ( ! boys 9 ! %ops1 s9ce ! great majority ( !m w ent] factories4 ,! %op-"w is design$ to famili>ize !m ) ! ideas und]ly+ %op practice4 ,in/ead ( mak+ useless jo9ts & surfaces ! boys turn out f9i%$1 m>ketable products4 ,! eigh? grade boys1 ) ! aid ( ! in/ructor1 h built a drill-press f ! scraps ( ma*9]y :i* 7 f\nd ly+ ab\t4 ,n[ !y are at "w on an eng9e4 ,elaborate products y w say1 = eigh? grade boys1 yet ^! boys are likely int]e/$1 !y d _! task ) ze/1 & l+] ab\t ! %op aft] s*ool h\rs are ov]--anxi\s to complete ! jobs :i* ! day's "w has begun4 ,boys 9 grades two to six made ?ree doz5 hamm] h&les = use 9 ! high s*ool ma*9e %ops4 ,( =ty-two pieces ( r\gh /ock !re 7 produc$ ?irty-six h&les1 a record :i* "s comm]cial %ops might envy4 ,^! same boys made a book & magaz9e rack1 ( r elaborate design1 & an umbrella rack = ea* ( ! s*ools 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,^! racks1 display$ 9 ! (fices ( ! v>i\s pr9cipals1 w\ld /& comp>ison ) a high grade factory product4 ,! boys are n[ engag$ 9 mak+ a desk book-rack 7a scroll saw ex]cise7 = e s*ool tea*] 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,:5 !y h f9i%$ !re w be m ?an a ?\s&4 ,besides ^! r\t9e class ex]cises ! ,oyl] boys are privileg$ to make any?+ :i* appeals to !m & = :i* !y c supply ! mat]ial4 ,! s*ool ma*9es are !irs1 subject to _! use at any "t4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is1 ! boys %>p5 ! home knives & hat*ets1 make axe h&les1 umbrella racks1 hall /&s1 /ools1 sl$s1 cane *airs1 & repair or make any product :i* fancy or home necessity may dictate4 ,,vi ,a ,real ,int]e/ 9 ,s*ool ,let no "o inf] t ! academic bran*es are neglect$ at ,oyl]4 ,f> f x1 !y are taught ) consummate skill by a corps ( tea*]s :o enjoy ! "w because !y f9d ! *ildr5 int]e/$4 ,/range to relate1 an int]e/ 9 s*ool came 9 at ! front door ) ,mr4 ,voorhes' new plan = appli$ education4 ,! wild boys & di%evell$ girls ( ! ,we/ ,end1 :o _h er/:ile hat$ s*ool1 came n[ to p>ticipate 9 s*ool activities ) an int]e/ seldom surpass$ 9 public or private s*ools4 ,y see1 ,mr4 ,voorhes rem>k$1 a day a week 9 ! %op or laboratories is j ab\t en\gh to keep d[n ! high spirits ( ! old] ones1 & at ! same "t give !m an appli$ education ( :i* !y feel ! value4 ,t "o day ( practical "w did ! trick4 ,x made ! o!r f\r days ( academic "w ta/e j z good z pie4 ,mr4 ,voorhes' plan arriv$4 ,x won ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 & lat] ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,mo!rs' ,club & ! k9d]g>t5 x won ! sympa?y ( ! community4 ,,vii ,! ,mo!rs' ,club ,l all ( ! o!r s*ool c5t]s 9 ,c9c9nati1 ,oyl] has a k9d]g>t5 & a ,mo!rs' ,club1 ar\nd :i* ! *ange 9 community feel+ has c5t]$1 until ,mr4 ,voorhes describes !m z ! mo/ important influ5ce t ev] came into our s*ool4 ,yet ! k9d]g>t5 "h1 z else:]e1 has _h a life & dea? grapple = exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,end1 dom9at$ by its cons]vative1 ,g]man atmosph]e1 ! pleas = k9d]g>t5s fell on deaf e>s4 ,at la/1 aft] mu* prep>ation1 a meet+ ( mo!rs & *ildr5 0 held = ! purpose ( =m+ an organization2 at ! meet+ !re 7 ?irte5 *ildr5 & five mo!rs1 & all antagoni/ic1 or at be/ suspici\s4 ,i w5t ar\nd & play$ ) e "o ( ^? *ildr51 said ,mr4 ,voorhes1 talk+ to ! mo!rs1 & try+ to p]suade !m t ?is 0 n failure1 b m]ely ! =]unn] ( success4 ,! next day ,i w5t into e grade1 say+ to ! *ildr53 ',:at 0 ! matt]8 ,"m did n come to ! ,mo!rs' ,meet+ ye/]day4' ',oh1 %e c\ldn't leave ! baby4' ',leave ! baby6 ,:y1 ( c\rse n4 ,no "o expect$ h] to leave ! baby4 ,tell h] to come & br+ ! baby along4' ,s ano!r meet+ 0 held1 & ano!r to :i* ! babies 7 br\ght--"s wom5 br++ z _m z ?ree1 :o 7 too "y to g to s*ool4 ,at "o ,mo!rs' ,meet+1 aft] ! club _h be5 well organiz$1 !re 7 tw5ty wom51 li/5+1 discuss+ & nurs+ babies1 all at once4 ,if ! beg9n+s ( ! exp]im5t 7 disc\rag+ ! results h m ?an (fset ! orig9al disappo9tm5t4 ,at ! la/ meet+ 79 ,janu>y7 sev5ty ( ! eighty-five paid up memb]s 7 pres5t1 intellig5t1 eag]1 int]e/$1 p>ticipat+ he>tily 9 ! discussions4 ,x has co/ ye>s ( labor1 b ^! mo!rs h rea*$ ! po9t :]e !y c talk intellig5tly ab\t ! *ildr5 & _! ne$s4 ,only ye/]day1 said ,miss ,phelps1 ,k9d]g>t5 ,director1 "o "m said to me3 ',i us$ to be ! mo/ impati5t woman ) my *ildr5--,i simply c\ldn't /& x :5 !y refus$ to d :at ,i told !m4 ,! o!r day my "m said to me1 ,y're ab\t ! mo/ pati5t woman ,i ev] saw4 ,:at's done x8 ,& ,i said to h]3 ,well1 "m1 ,i d n "k ( any?+ except ^? folks at ! k9d]g>t51 :i* all help$ me to look at *ildr5 9 a v diff]5t way4' ,?r\gh ! ,mo!rs' ,meet+s ! mo!rs h come to feel t !y are co-op]at+ ) ! tea*] & ! s*ool4 ,^? mo!rs :o h *ildr5 9 ! upp] grades z well z 9 ! k9d]g>t5 g to ! grade tea*]s too1 seek+ advice1 or mak+ sugge/ions4 ,!y h le>n$ to feel t !y are an ess5tial "p ( ! educational plan1 & _! en?usia/ic int]e/ tells ( ! advantages ga9$ by ?is co-op]ation4 ,! ,oyl] ,mo!rs' ,club has be5 ! c5t] ( ! movem5t to cle> up ! community4 ,?r\gh !m & ?r\gh ! grades refuse has be5 clean$ & kept f ! /reets4 ,! club ma9ta9s1 out ( its fund1 a m$ic9e *e/ at ! s*ool1 :i* is us$ by ! visit+ nurse4 ,x has clean$ up ! *ildr51 & t is no small item4 ,back 9 #aijd1 says ,mr4 ,voorhes1 ,i _h five hundr$ ( ! *ildr5 vacc9at$ 9 my (fice1 & su* dirt & v]m9 ,i nev] saw6 ,ne>ly e *ild _h ! high wat] m>k on 8 wri/1 & _! clo!s & bodies 7 fil?y4 ,!y didn't "k a ba?tub f a horse tr\gh2 !y don't n[ = ! matt] ( t1 because !re are sc>cely a doz5 h\ses 9 ?is section t h ba?tubs1 b ! *ildr5 are clean4 ,ea* ye> ! old memb]s ( ! ,mo!rs' ,club br+ 9 ! new mo!rs1 say+ to ,miss ,phelps3 ,?is is my "m1 ,i br\ght h]1 ,?is is m9e6 ) a delight$ satisfaction 9 hav+ add$ some?+ to ! club4 ,! k9d]g>t51 fill+ two rooms1 is ?riv+1 & ! k9d]g>t5 tea*]s1 visit+ & advis+ 9 ! home1 are cordially welcom$ ev]y:]e4 ,,viii ,! ,disappe>ance ( ,discipl9e ,discipl9e1 smil$ ,mr4 ,voorhes1 no1 we don't m5tion ! ^w any m4 ,five ye>s ago ! discipl9e problem 9 ?is s*ool 0 m s]i\s ?an 9 any s*ool 9 t[n4 ,we c\ldn't h&le x1 n ev5 ) a club4 ,to-day ! discipl9e looks aft] itself4 ,! discipl9+ ( an undiscipl9$ s*ool may s\nd l an imm5sely difficult task4 ,wrongly essay$ x w\ld be4 ,rightly direct$ x becomes ! m]e/ *ild's play4 ,! tea*]s h discipl9$ ! s*ool--discipl9$ x ?r\gh k9dness--& "h1 aga91 ! inspiration may be trac$ to ! ,mo!rs' ,club & ! k9d]g>t51 = x 0 9 ! k9d]g>t5 t ! fir/ real attempt 0 made to br+ ?is s*ool into clos] relations ) ! home by home visit+4 ,little by little ! example told on ! grade tea*]s1 :o w5t to see ! *ildr5 :5 !y 7 abs5t2 nor 0 x long be=e a cu/om grew up 9 ! s*ool1 by virtue ( :i* a tea*] :o wi%$ to visit "o abs5t *ild1 might pick h] own "t to make h] visit4 ,if p]*ance ! psy*ological mom5t 0 dur+ s*ool h\rs1 %e w5t !n1 :ile ano!r tea*] or ! pr9cipal took h] place4 ,among ! _m illu/rations ( ! effici5cy ( ?is sy/em "o /&s out /rongly4 ,a boy _h be5 away = a week1 sick ) rheumatism1 :5 8 tea*] decid$ to call & see him4 ,%e w5t hesitat+ly1 h[ev]1 = ?is boy _h be5 r\gh & tr\blesome all ?r\gh s*ool1 b p>ticul>ly to h]4 ,at la/ h] m9d 0 made up4 ,%e visit$ ! boy & came away radiant1 ov]joy$ at ! cordial reception he _h giv5 h]4 ,aga9 %e w5t1 & ! "m1 op5+ ! door ) a glad face1 said3 ,come "r 91 ,tom's be5 look+ = y4 ,is he bett]8 ! tea*] ask$4 ,yes1 pretty mu*1 b he said t he w\ld get well "r quick :5 y came to see him aga94 ,does anyone wond] t ! boy %\ld feel s k9dly ov] att5tions to :i* he 0 n accu/om$8 ,is x /range t he %\ld h come back to s*ool ) a firm resolve to be dec5t to 8 tea*]8 ,discipl9e8 ,!re is no long] a problem ( discipl9e4 ,! tea*]s are en?usia/ic ov] ! "w1 because !y c see its results 9 ! *ang$ homes & lives ab\t !m4 ,! *ildr5 engag$ 9 occupations :i* !y enjoy & s5s+ ! ef=ts ( ! s*ool 9 _! behalf1 discipl9e !mselves by be+ frank & he>ty 9 "w or 9 play4 ,mr4 ,voorhes is n surpris$ at ?is trans=mation4 ,! plan on :i* he /ak$ 8 reputation 0 a simple "o1 bas$ on ! idea ( s]v+ a community :i* he _h /udi$ c>efully1 by provid+ = x an education t met its ne$s4 ,?\gh revolution>y f an educational viewpo9t1 ! plan succe$$ because x 0 socially s\nd--because x l9k$ toge!r ! s*ool & ! community1 ( :i* ! s*ool is a logical "p4 ,,ix ,! ,_s ( ,oyl] ,oyl] has a motto1 a v %ibbole?1 ,! s*ool = ! community & ! community = ! s*ool4 ,n only d its pr9cipal & tea*]s believe t ! s*ool mu/ c5t] its activities ab\t ! ne$s ( ! community 9 :i* x is locat$1 b !y put _! belief into practice1 /udy+ ! community dilig5tly & seek+ to f9d an answ] = e ne$ :i* x manife/s4 ,out ( ?is _s ( s]vice has gr[n up a w>m? ( feel+ & int]e/ among ! tea*]s seldom surpass$ any:]e4 ,:5 ,i came to ,oyl] ,i felt ab\t x z ,%]man felt ab\t w>1 says ,mr4 ,voorhes4 ,n[ ,i w\ld n trade places ) any s*ool man 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,! tea*]s feel ! same way4 ,nev] yet h we _h a tea*] :o want$ to leave4 ,ea* "o has h] class1 t is en\gh4 ,we h no problem ( discipl9e n[4 ,! *ildr5 & _! p>5ts are work+ = ! s*ool4 ,sometimes p get ! idea t ,mr4 ,voorhes does n d v mu*4 ,"o visitor sp5t half a day obs]v+1 & !n sitt+ d[n 9 8 (fice %e said3 ,mr4 ,voorhes1 ,i h be5 "h half a day & ,i hav5't se5 y ar\nd at all4 ,:at d y d8 ,madam1 answ]$ ,mr4 ,voorhes1 ,i am a man ( leisure4 ,all ,i d is to sit "h at ?is desk1 ready to get beh9d any "o ( my tea*]s1 ) two hundr$ & fifty p\nds f ! %\ld]1 9 ord] to prev5t anybody or any?+ f gett+ 9 ! way ( h] "w4 ,small wond] t ! tea*]s l to /ay4 ,small wond] t ! "w :i* ! s*ool does comm&s ! respect ( ! p ( ,c9c9nati4 ,9 ! s*ool1 z well z 9 ! neighborhood1 ea* p]son has a task & a fair *ance to d x well4 ,f its position z ! wor/ s*ool 9 ,c9c9nati ,oyl] has ris51 fir/ 9 its own e/eem1 & !n 9 ! e/eem ( ! city1 until x is look$ ^u ev]y:]e z a factor 9 ! life ( ! we/ end1 & an invaluable cog 9 ! educational ma*9]y ( ! city4 ,its tone has *ang$1 too4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 :o came1 a total /rang]1 to assi/ 9 ! "w :ile ,mr4 ,voorhes 0 sick1 says1 ,i h nev] he>d a ^w ( disc\rtesy or a bit ( rud5ess s9ce ,i came to ?is s*ool4 ,t is /rong te/imony = a new man 9 a new place4 ,spl5didly done1 ,oyl]6 ,mr4 ,voorhes has n /opp$ work+4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is at x h>d] ?an ev]1 %ap+ 8 s*ool to ! ev]-*ang+ community ne$s4 ,he has /opp$ discipl9+1 ?\gh1 & he has /opp$ wond]+ ab\t ! success ( 8 exp]im5t4 ,"t 0 :5 ,oyl] look$ ^u high s*ool att5dance mu* z a ,new ,york gunman looks at ,sunday ,s*ool4 ,la/ ye> ( ! ?irty-?ree *ildr5 9 ! eigh? grade1 eighte5--m ?an half--w5t to high s*ool4 ,! tradition aga9/ high s*ool has be5 replac$ by a heal?y desire = m education4 ,"o day a week 9 ! %ops1 ,mr4 ,voorhes says1 means int]e/ & en?usiasm4 ,our *ildr5 compete 9 high s*ool ) ! *ildr5 ( gramm> s*ools f ! well-to-d sections1 & ) ! be/ our boys & girls hold _! own4 ,! community is int]e/$4 ,p>5ts & manufactur]s alike come to ! s*ool1 consult1 advise1 sugge/1 co-op]ate4 ,! s*ool boy is no long] sne]$ at by ! gang4 ,! s*ool has made its place 9 ! community1 & ! gang is en?usia/ically engag$ 9 s*ool "w4 ,! complexion ( ! neighborhood has *ang$1 too4 ,x is less r\gh1 ! police h less to d4 ,h\ses are neat]1 *ildr5 bett] clo!d & c>$ =4 ,oyl] has won ! he>ts ( its p1 improv$ ! food on _! tables & ! clo!s on _! backs1 s5t ! *ildr5 to high s*ool1 & _! mo!rs to ,mo!rs' ,clubs2 & ! p :o once utt]$ _! pr(anity indiscrim9ately 9 e direction n[ swe> by ,oyl]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,vitaliz+ ,,rural ,,education ,i ,! ,call ( ! ,c\ntry ,!re is a call ( ! l& j z !re is a call ( ! city1 ?\gh ! call ( ! city has s\nd$ s insi/5tly dur+ ! pa/ c5tury t m5 innum]able1 he$+ x1 h ca/ 9 _! lot ) ! ?rongs ( city dwell]s4 ,yet ! city proves s unsatisfy+ t ?\s&s are turn+ f its r[s ( brick h\ses & l9es ( pav$ /reets to ! fruit trees1 dairy h]ds1 m>ket g>d5s & broad acres ( ! c\ntryside4 ,! call ( ! city is answ]$ by a call :i* is becom+ equally di/9ct--! call ,back to ! ,l&4 ,! t5-acre lot may n be any ne>] p>adise ?an ! ,great ,:ite ,way1 b !re is ab\t x a bread? ( quiet :olesom5ess :i* _c make its pres5ce felt 9 ! bu/le ( ! clang+ c>s & ! ru%+ :irl ( cr[d$ /reets4 ,! unsmok$ blue ( ! sky is ov] ! c\ntry1 z are ! fragrance ( fl[]s1 woods & m[n grass2 ! />s are brilliant by night1 & by day ! birds s+1 & ! c[s & b>ny>d f[ls talk philosophically toge!r4 ,! *ildr5 h room to run & play betwe5 _! p]iods ( "w1 :i* is v ne> ( k9 to bless$ness1 because1 aside f be+ in/ructive1 x b9ds ! *ild into ! family gr\p 9 a way t factory "w c nev] d4 ,! c\ntry cries heal? & en?usiasm to ! _w-we>y s\l z x does to ! b>efoot boy4 ,:itti] 0 v ne> ! he>t ( ?+s :5 he wrote3 ,bless+s on !e1 little man1 ,b>efoot boy1 ) *eek ( tan6 ,) ?y turn$-up pantaloons1 ,& ?y m]ry :i/l$ tunes2 ,) ?y r$ lips1 r$d] /ill ,kiss$ by /rawb]ries on ! hill4 ,despite ! lonel9ess1 isolation & ov]work 9 "s c\ntry places1 ! rural life is1 on ! :ole1 v ri* 9-- ,sleep t wakes 9 laugh+ day1 ,heal? t mocks ! doctor's rules1 ,k nev] le>n$ ( s*ools4 ,c\ntry life holds a great promise = ! future--a promise ( vigor\s manhood & womanhood1 & ( e>ne/1 sane liv+4 ,?r\gh ! rapidly progress+ c\ntry s*ool1 m p]haps ?an ?r\gh any o!r ag5cy1 ?is promise may be fulfill$4 ,!re are two possibilities 9 ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry s*ool4 ,on ! "o h&1 sev]al "o-room s*ools may be consolidat$ into "o c5tral grad$ s*ool1 to :i* ! *ildr5 are transport$ at public exp5se2 on ! o!r h&1 ! old-"t1 "o-room s*ool may be reorganiz$ & vitaliz$4 ,,ii ,mak+ ,bricks ) ,/raw ,ev5 ! d\ghtie/ son ( ! soil mu/ ne$s admit t ! f>m] ( ! pa/1 liv+ seclud$ 9 8 h\se or village1 0 prov9cial1 n>r[1 bigot$ & individuali/ic4 ,times are rapidly *ang+1 h[ev]1 & out ( ! old desolation ( rural individualism !re is aris+ ! _s ( :olesome1 virile co-op]ation1 :i* has trans=m$ ! face ( _m a c\ntry di/rict almo/ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,n[h]e is ?is co-op]ative _s bett] express$ ?an 9 ! consolidat$ c\ntry s*ools1 :i* are organiz$1 l ! city s*ool1 by subjects & grades4 ,consid]$ f any viewpo9t1 ! consolidat$ s*ool is sup]ior1 z a =m ( organization1 to ! di/rict s*ool4 ,r1 ! consolidat$ s*ool p]mits organization1 & ! di/rict s*ool does n4 ,:]ev] x has be5 tri$ ! te/imony 9 favor ( consolidation is ov]:elm+4 ,comp>ison1 cri$ "o c\nty sup]9t5d5t 9 con/]nation4 ,comp>ison6 ,!re is no comp>ison4 ,! old "o-room s*ool1 l ! "o-horse pl\gh1 has se5 its day4 ,! f>m]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 aft] figur+ x out1 h rea*$ ! conclusion t ! "o-room s*ool is 9 ! same class ) a lot ( o!r old-fa%ion$ ma*9]y--good 9 its day1 b n good en\gh = !m4 ,t is :y ov] eighty p] c5t ( our s*ools h be5 consolidat$4 ,y see x's ?is way3 ,! f>m]s ne$ labor badly1 & r ?an see _! sons g to a s*ool :]e !y are call$ on once or twice a day by a sadly ov]work$ tea*] !y w\ld put !m to "w on ! f>m4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool w9s !m ) its good c\rse ( /udy & ! boys /ay 9 s*ool4 ,t is ! fir/1 & p]haps ! mo/ vital1 advantage ( ! consolidat$ s*ool--x p]mits ! enl>gem5t ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,sew+1 cook+1 agriculture1 manual tra9+1 draw+ & music1 h all be5 introduc$1 because ! tea*]s h "t = !m4 ,high s*ool "w has be5 add$1 too4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool1 9 s f> z ! c\rse ( /udy is conc]n$1 is v ne>ly on a p> ) ! grad$ s*ool ( ! city4 ,h y ev] att5d$ a "o-room c\ntry s*ool8 ,if y h n y c =m b ! fa9te/ idea ( :at x means to ! tea*]4 ,h] day is s split up ) little p]iods ( class "w t %e c nev] d any?+ ?or\ghly4 ,"h1 = example1 is an av]age s*$ule ( "w = a "o-room class 9 ,indiana3 ,,daily ,,program ,,=5oon ,"t ,class ,grade #h3cj ,op5+ ,ex]cises ,all #h3dj ,read+ ,prim>y #h3de ,read+ ,fir/ #h3ej ,read+ ,second #h3ee ,read+ ,?ird #i3jj ,read+ ,six? #i3aj ,gramm> ,f\r? #i3bj ,gramm> ,fif? #i3cj ,gramm> ,six? #i3dj ,gramm> ,sev5? #i3ej ,gramm> ,eigh? #aj3jj ,read+ ,f\r? #aj3aj ,read+ ,sev5? #aj3bj ,recess ,all #aj3cj ,read+ ,prim>y #aj3dj ,read+ ,fir/ #aj3ej ,numb]s ,second #aa3jj ,numb]s ,?ird #aa3je ,ari?metic ,f\r? #aa3ae ,ari?metic ,fif? #aa3be ,ari?metic ,sev5? #aa3ce ,ari?metic ,eigh? #aa3ej ,read+ ,fif? ,noon ,noon ,all ,appall+1 d y say8 ,:at o!r ^w describes x adequately8 ,!re are tw5ty-"o tea*+ p]iods 9 ! morn+2 tw5ty-f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,=ty-five times ea* day t tea*] mu/ call up & tea* a new class4 ,! college pr(essor is ov]load$ ) f\rte5 classes a week4 ,?is woman _h two hundr$ & tw5ty-five4 ,w any "o be s absurd z to suppose t %e c d !m or h]self ju/ice8 ,consolidation1 among its _m advantages1 r$uces ! numb] ( classes p] day1 & increases ! "t :i* ! tea*] may devote to ea* class4 ,note ! contra/ betwe5 t s*$ule ( a "o-room tea*] & ! tea*+ s*$ule ( a consolidat$ s*ool tea*] 9 ! same c\nty3 ,,tea*]',s ,,daily ,,program ,,=5oon ,"t ,class ,grade #h3cj ,op5+ ,ex]cises ,all #h3de ,desk #a-;,b #h3ej ,phonetics #a-;,a #i3jj ,phonetics #a-;,b #i3ae ,read+ #a-;,a #i3cj ,read+ ,second #i3de ,re/ ,ex]cise ,all #aj3jj ,nature ,all #aj3ae ,re/ ,all #aj3cj ,words #a-;,b #aj3ej ,words #a-;,a #aa3aj ,numb]s ,second #aa3cj ,hi/ory #a-;,a ,! di/rict1 or "o-room1 s*ools 9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 h tw5ty-?ree pupils p] tea*]1 scatt]$ ov] six grades4 ,! consolidat$ s*ools 9 ! same c\nty %[ sixte5 pupils p] tea*]1 9 ?ree grades4 ,:ile ! tea*] 9 ! di/rict s*ool av]ages tw5ty-sev5 recitations a day1 ! tea*] 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool has elev52 b ! "t p] recitation is3 di/rict1 ?irte5 m9utes2 consolidat$1 tw5ty-n9e m9utes4 ,! numb] ( m9utes :i* ! di/rict tea*] may give to ea* grade is fifty m9utes2 ! consolidat$ tea*] has "o hundr$ & sev5te5 m9utes p] grade4 ,badly spr9kl$ ) figures z t /atem5t is1 x gives "s idea ( ! increas$ opportunities = effective tea*+ 9 ! consolidat$ s*ool4 ,no tea*] c d ju/ice to tw5ty-sev5 classes p] day1 & an av]age recitation p]iod ( ?irte5 m9utes is s %ort z to be almo/ unwor?y ( m5tion4 ,mo/ consolidat$ s*ools1 9 addition to ! ord9>y rooms1 h an assembly room 9 :i* lectures1 fe/ivals1 socials1 public meet+s1 & f>m]s' in/itutes are held4 ,act+ z a c5t] = community life1 ! consolidat$ s*ool takes a real place 9 ! in/ruction ( ! community4 ,! big brick or /one build+1 well con/ruct$ & surr\nd$1 z x usually is1 by well-kept gr\nds1 furni%es ! same k9d ( local monum5t t ! c\rt h\se supplies 9 ! c\nty seat4 ,p po9t pr\dly to x z _! public build+4 ,x is an exp]i5ce ( note 9 travel+ across an op5 f>m+ c\ntry to come sudd5ly ^u a spl5didly-equipp$1 two-/ory s*ool1 set d[n1 at a po9t ( vantage1 sev]al miles away f ! ne>e/ railroad4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool at ,l9d51 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 = example1 situat$ 9 a t[n ( sc>cely ?ree hundr$ inhabitants1 is equipp$ ) gas f its own gas-plant2 ) /eam heat2 ample toilet accommodations2 an assembly room2 & halls s broad t ! prim>y *ildr5 may play "s ( _! games !re 9 bad wea!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely discuss$ among consolidat$ s*ools is ! ,john ,swaney ,consolidat$ ,s*ool1 ( ,putnam ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois4#bb ,! ,john ,swaney ,s*ool occupies a tw5ty-f\r acre campus1 ly+ a mile & a half f ! ne>e/ village1 & t5 miles f ! ne>e/ t[n4 ,! agitation = consolidation 9 ,putnam ,c\nty l$ ,john ,swaney & 8 wife to give tw5ty-f\r acres z a campus = a local consolidat$ s*ool4 ,h5ce ! "n & mu* ( ! success :i* has att5d$ ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! s*ool co/ #ae1jjj1 equipp$4 ,x is ( brick ) f\r class-rooms1 two laboratories1 a libr>y1 (fices1 a manual tra9+ %op1 a dome/ic sci5ce kit*51 & a basem5t play-room4 ,! build+ is light$1 heat$1 & v5tilat$ 9 ! mo/ mod]n fa%ion4 ,! ,john ,swaney ,s*ool ?us came into exi/5ce ) an equipm5t adequate = any s*ool & elaborate = a s*ool situat$ f> f ! *annels ( trade & indu/ry4 ,! c\rse ( /udy organiz$ includes all ( ! mod]n specializ$ "w :i* ! effective city s*ool is able to d4 ,secur+ good tea*]s & possess+ unique facilities1 ! s*ool c>ries boys & girls ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 9 :i* intellectual1 exp]im5tal1 manual1 recreational1 & social activities comb9e to make ! s*ool ! c5t] ( community life & community influ5ce4 ,! s*ool campus is us$ z a laboratory & a play gr\nd4 ,! trees provide subject matt] = a c\rse 9 horticulture4 ,! f]tile l& is turn$ to agricultural use1 & ! broad expanse ( tw5ty-f\r acres furni%es additional space = games & sports4 ,! social life ( ?is s*ool is no less effective ?an is its location & equipm5t4 ,! tea*]s' cottage1 an old s*ool build+ conv]t$ = ?is purpose1 furni%es a c5t] = ! life ( ! tea*+ /aff1 & makes a backgr\nd = ! social life ( ! entire s*ool4 ,!re are two /rong lit]>y societies1 includ+ all ( ! pupils 9 ! s*ool4 ,ea* ye> plays are pres5t$ on ! s*ool /age4 ,!re are musical organizations1 p>5ts' conf]5ces1 ent]ta9m5ts1 & community ga!r+s ( all descriptions4 ,9 e s5se1 ! ,john ,swaney ,s*ool is a community c5t]4 ,prosp]ity has foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ?is educational developm5t4 ,! ,john ,swaney ,s*ool is kn[n f> & wide1 & consequ5tly f>m r5t]s & f>m buy]s alike seek ! locality because ( ! educational opportunities :i* ! s*ool af=ds = _! *ildr51 & because ( ! social opportunities :i* ! community ar\nd ! s*ool af=ds = !m4 ,! movem5t = s*ool consolidation1 l _m ano!r good movem5t1 orig9at$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,f t /ate x has spread ext5sively to ,indiana1 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 & a numb] ( o!r /ates1--,ea/1 ,we/1 & ,s\?4 ,9 e progressive rural community1 :]ev] prosp]\s f>m]s & com=table f>m homes are f\nd1 !re ! consolidation movem5t is be+ discuss$1 agitat$1 or op]at$4 ,! movem5t t[>d consolidation has be5 p>ticul>ly active dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates are1 = ! mo/ "p1 l>gely agricultural communities4 ,! rural population f> outnumb]s ! urban population1 & x is 9 ^! di/ricts1 !re=e1 t ! consolidat$ s*ool c h its greate/ influ5ce4 ,by #aiab1 ! /ate ( ,l\isiana alone 0 able to report ov] #bej consolidat$ c\nty s*ools4 ,georgia1 ,florida1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a %[ !mselves almo/ equally active 9 =w>d+ ?is g5]ally accept$ progressive educational movem5t4 ,! difficulties involv$ 9 consolidation may be summ$ up "u two heads4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! cons]vatism & prejudice ( ^? p :o believe t ! ?+s :i* 7 good en\gh = _! fa!rs1 are /ill good en\gh = !m4 ,secondly1 !re are ! te*nical difficulties involv$ 9 transport+ pupils f di/ant localities to ! s*ool c5t]4 ,roads are bad at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>4 ,wagons are co/ly4 ,desirable driv]s are difficult to secure4 ,^! factors1 tak5 toge!r1 make ! adm9i/rative difficulties ( ! consolidat$ s*ool f> great] ?an ^? ( ! old-"t "o-room c\ntry s*ool4 ,! =ces op]at+ to ov]come ^! difficulties are de/9$ ultimately to triumph4 ,! widespread acceptance ( an agricultural education t foll[$ ^u ! "w ( exp]im5t /ations1 univ]sities & high s*ools1 has conv9c$ ev5 ! mo/ reaction>y ( ! old-"t gr\p t !re are1 at lea/1 c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! new g5]ation :i* surpass1 9 _! economic & social value1 ! l ?+s ( ! old4 ,! inroads ( sci5tific agriculture h play$ havoc ) agricultural tradition & cons]vatism4 ,! obvi\s m]its ( ! new s*eme are de/9$ to ov]come ! prejudices :i* ! long cont9uance ( ! old s*eme creat$4 ,! te*nical difficulties ( transportation are be+ met 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,wagon build]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry are devot+ !mselves to ! design+ & build+ ( wagons :i* w be *eap & effective4 ,/ate & local au?orities are actively engag$ 9 ! improvem5t ( roads4 ,! ne> future promises a /&>d ( transportation facilities t w f> surpass any t ! consolidation movem5t has ?us f> enjoy$4 ,! details ( transportation adm9i/ration are be+ work$ out v>i\sly 9 diff]5t communities1 & always ) a view to ! p>ticul> ne$s ( ! community involv$4 ,:ile ! disadvantages ( consolidation lie ma9ly 9 ! ov]com+ ( prejudice & ! solution ( adm9i/rative problems1 ! advantages ( consolidation seem to be prim>ily educational & social4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool is ! only me?od ?us f> devis$ = giv+ grad$ s*ool & high s*ool privileges "u adequately paid tea*]s to ! inhabitants ( rural communities4 ,aga9 ! consolidat$ s*ool is ! only me?od ( secur+ a s*ool att5dance suffici5tly l>ge to provide ! inc5tive aris+ f competition & emulation = pupils ( ea* grade or age4 ,fur!rmore1 ! consolidat$ s*ool1 /&+ out z ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( a rural l&scape1 is readily conv]t$ into a c5t] ( rural life & activity :]e "y folks & old folks alike f9d a common gr\nd = social int]e/s4 ,! advantages ( ! rural s*ool are ?us summ$ up by ,mabel ,c>ney1#bc--;,= ! complete & satisfy+ solution ( ! problem ( rural education & = ! g5]al recon/ruction & r$irection ( c\ntry life1 ! consolidat$ c\ntry s*ool is ! be/ ag5cy ?us f> devis$4 ,! reasons = ?is /atem5t are summ$ up "u sev5 heads4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! consolidat$ s*ool is a democratic1 public s*ool1 directly 9 ! h&s ( ! p :o support x4 ,secondly1 x is at ! door ( f>m h\ses & is :olly available1 ev5 m available1 :5 public transportation is provid$1 ?an ! pres5t "o-tea*] s*ool4 ,?ird1 e *ild 9 ! f>m community is rea*$ by x4 ,all *ildr5 may att5d because ( ! transportation facilities af=d$4 ,f\r?1 ! co/ ( ! s*ool is reasonable4 ,fif?1 x accommodates all grades1 includ+ ! high s*ool4 ,! c\ntry high s*ool1 by exclud+ ! y\ng] *ildr51 d5ies mod]n educational facilities to any except pupils ( high s*ool grade4 ,six?1 x pres]ves a balanc$ c\rse ( /udy4 ,:ile educat+ 9 t]ms ( f>m-life exp]i5ce1 x does n =ce *ildr5 prematurely into any vocation1 al?\gh x prep>es !m g5]ally = all vocations4 ,la/ly1 ! consolidat$ s*ool is ! be/ social & educational c5t] = ! rural community t has be5 ?us f> organiz$4 ,h[ev] j may be ! judg+ ( a tree by its fruit1 ! fruit ( ! consolidation movem5t seems uni=mly good4 ,fir/1 because ! *ildr5 get to s*ool2 & second1 because aft] !y get !re !y are taught some?+ wor? :ile4 ,:5 ! s*ools ( a di/rict are consolidat$1 transportation mu/ be furni%$ = ! /ud5ts4 ,union ,t[n%ip1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 cov]+ "o hundr$ & six squ>e miles1 has replac$ ?irty-sev5 di/rict s*ools ) six consolidat$ s*ools4 ,"s ( ! *ildr5 are br\ght z f> z five miles 9 wagons1 or on ! int]urban electric c>s4 ,! wagon calls at /at$ h\rs1 & ! *ildr5 mu/ be ready4 ,t>d9ess is !re=e r$uc$1 until "o c\nty reports t5 hundr$ & n9ety-"o cases ( t>d9ess 9 its di/rict s*ools 7= #aiaj-aa7 & n9ety-two cases 9 consolidat$ s*ools1 al?\gh 9 ?is c\nty !re are m *ildr5 9 ! consolidat$ ?an 9 ! di/rict s*ools4 ,!n1 too1 ! *ildr5 /ay lat] 9 ! consolidat$ s*ools4 ,9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 ! *ildr5 :o h n f9i%$ ! eigh? grade & :o are /ay+ away f s*ool con/itute tw5ty-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! population 9 ! consolidat$ s*ools1 z aga9/ sixty-?ree p] c5t4 9 ! di/rict s*ools4 ,! ,v]non consolidat$ s*ool 9 ,trumbull ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 has enroll$ ne>ly n9e-t5?s ( ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,be=e ! consolidation only ?ree-fif?s 7 9 s*ool4 ,!oretically1 ! introduction ( agriculture1 manual tra9+1 & o!r appli$ c\rses :i* are f\nd 9 mo/ consolidat$ s*ools1 %\ld h "s effect on ! lives ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ord] to %[ its ext5t ,sup]9t5d5t ,hall1 ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 ask$ "o ?\s& *ildr5 7five hundr$ 9 di/rict s*ools & five hundr$ 9 consolidat$ s*ools7 :at !y propos$ to d aft] !y left s*ool4 ,arrang$ accord+ to ! k9d ( s*ool 9 :i* ! *ildr5 71 ! answ]s %[$ z foll[s3 ,di/rict ,consolidat$ ,*os5 ,pr(ession ,s*ools ,s*ools ,tea*+ #aea #abb ,bus9ess #abc #gc ,f>m+ #ib #abi ,law #ee #ba ,me*anics #dh #hf ,m$ic9e #ac #i ,m9i/ry #ab #d ,/ock-bre$+ #c #da ,miscellane\s #c #ae --- --- ,total #ejj #ejj ,agricultural /udies--/ock-bre$+ & f>m+--& me*anics %[ up /rongly 9 ! consolidat$ s*ools1 at ! exp5se ( tea*+1 bus9ess & law 9 ! di/rict s*ools4 ,:ile su* figures d n prove any?+1 !y indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! m9ds ( consolidat$ s*ool *ildr5 are mov+4 ,eli ,m4 ,rapp1 ( ,b]ks ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 voices ! _s ( ! consolidation movem5t :5 he says3 ,! consolidat$ s*ool furni%es ! framework = a well-organiz$1 rural education4 ,its c\rse ( /udy is broad]1 its appeal is /rong]1 its s]vice to ! community m pron\nc$1 &1 be/ ( all1 x holds ! *ildr54 ,progressive rural communities h wak5$ up to ! fact t unless _! *ildr5 are educat$ toge!r !re is a /rong probability t !y w be ignorant sep>ately4 ,,iii ,mak+ ! ,"o-,room ,c\ntry ,s*ool ,wor? ,:ile ,! brilliant success ( ! consolidat$ s*ools reveals ! possibilities ( team-"w 9 rural education1 b x _c detract f ! wond]ful "w :i* has be5 done1 & is /ill be+ done1 by ! "o-room rural s*ool4 ,always !re w be di/ricts s sp>sely settl$ t ! consolidat$ s*ool is n feasible4 ,9 su* localities ! "o-room s*ool1 trans=m$ z x may be by enlight5$ ef=t1 mu/ /ill be reli$ ^u to provide education4 ,nor is ?is outcome undesirable4 ,! "o-room c\ntry s*ool bri/les ) educational possibilities4 ,"u intellig5t direction1 ev5 its cumb]some organization may yield a pl5te\s h>ve/ ( useful k & awak5$ int]e/4 ,! dron+ read+ lesson & ! s+-song multiplication table are he>d no m 9 ! progressive c\ntry s*ool4 ,9 _! place are ,engli% "w1 :i* reflects ! _s ( rural ?+s1 & ! ari?metic ( ! f>m4 ,"h is a boy ( ?irte51 9 a "o-room c\ntry s*ool1 writ+ an essay on ,select+1 ,s[+ & ,te/+ ,se$ ,corn1 an essay amply illu/rat$ by p5 & ink draw+s ( gr[+ corn1 corn 9 ! e> & individual corn k]nels4 ,mabel ,gorman asks1 ,does x pay ! f>m] to protect ! birds8 ,aft] describ+ ! s]vices ( birds 9 de/roy+ we$ se$s & dang]\s insects & emphasiz+ _! beauty & *e]fulness1 %e concludes3 ,! "q is1 does x pay ! f>m] to protect ! birds8 ,! only answ] is t any?+ t adds to ! attractiv5ess ( ! f>m is wor?y ( cultivation4 ,happily a f>m] :o protects ! birds secures a d\ble return--increas$ pr(it f 8 crop & increas$ pleasure ( liv+4 ,viola ,lawson1 writ+ on ! subject1 ,h[ to ,du/ & ,sweep1 makes "s p]t95t comm5ts4 ,i ?9k if a h\se is v dirty1 a c>pet sweep] is n a v good ?+4 ,a broom is be/1 because y c't get ar\nd ! corn]s ) a sweep]4 ,note ?is h9t to ! s*ool bo>d3 ,we sp5d ab\t "o-?ird ( our "t 9 ! s*ool h\se1 s x is v important to keep ! du/ d[n4 ,! directors ought to let ! s*ool h du/less *alk4 ,if !y did !re w\ldn't be s mu* ?roat tr\ble among tea*]s & *ildr54 ,!n s _m *ildr5 are s c>eless ab\t clean+ _! feet1 boys especially4 ,!y g out & curry ! horses1 & clean out ! /ables1 & get _! feet all na/y4 ,!n !y come to s*ool & br+ t du/ into ! s*oolroom4 ,isn't t awful8 ,viola is ?irte54 ,ov] 9 ea/]n ,wiscons9 ,miss ,ell5 ,b4 ,mc,donald1 ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,oconto ,c\nty1 has h] *ildr5 engag$ 9 conte/s all ! ye> r\nd--gr[+ corn1 sug> beets1 ,alaska peas & potatoes2 ! boys mak+ axe h&les & ! girls weav+ rag c>pet4 ,dur+ ! summ] ,miss ,mc,donald writes to ! *ildr5 :o are tak+ "p 9 ! conte/s sugge/+ me?ods & urg+ good "w4 ,"o ( ! lett]s began ) ! well-kn[n l9es3 ,say1 h[ d y hoe y\r r[1 "y man1 ,say1 h[ d y hoe y\r r[1 ,d y hoe x fair1 d y hoe x squ>e1 ,d y hoe x ! be/ y "k8 ,h[ are y gett+ along ) ! conte/s8 cont9ues ! lett]4 ,are y tak+ good c>e ( y\r beets1 peas1 corn or g>d58 ,rememb] t x w pay y well = all ! "w y d ^u x4 ,9 reply "o girl writes3 ,my corn is a little ov] five feet high4 ,my tomatoes h little tomatoes on1 b mamma's are j beg9n+ to blossom4 ,my beets are gr[+ f9e4 ,i plant$ !m v late4 ,my lettuce is mu* bett] ?an mamma's4 ,we h be5 eat+ x "r along4 ,m>k ! note ( exultation ov] ! fact t h] crop is ahead ( h] "m's4 ,sometimes ! s*ool *ild br+s f s*ool k :i* mat]ially helps 8 fa!r4 ,"h is a ,wiscons9 ,engli% lesson1 & a pro( ( ! say+1 ,out ( ! m\?s ( babes & suckl+s1 all 9 "o4 ,^! c\ntry boys & girls take an int]e/ 9 ,engli% "w1 because x deals ) ! ?+s !y "k4 ,miss ,ell5 ,b4 ,mc,donald1 ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools 9 ,oconto ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 publi%es a column ( s*ool news 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c\nty newspap]s4 ,"h is "o ( h] contributions1 9 ! =m ( an ,engli% lesson & a c\nt+ lesson comb9$3 7,a rag-baby te/] is a device = det]m9+ ! f]tility ( se$ corn be=e x is plant$47 ,my de> ,miss ,mc,donald3 ,! rag-baby te/] is caus+ a :ole lot ( excitem5t4 ,we h te/$ "o lot & ?is morn+ />t$ ano!r4 ,we notice "o ?+ 9 p>ticul>1 ! corn :i* 0 dri$ by /ove heat spr\ts p]fectly1 :ile t dri$ 9 gran>ies1 etc41 is n spr\t+ at all4 ,la/ fall papa sav$ 8 se$ corn1 select+ x v c>efully1 & hung x up 9 ! gran>y to dry4 ,i select$ sev]al e>s f ! same field & at ! same "t1 & dri$ !m on ! corn tree at s*ool4 ,^u te/+ !m ?is spr+ papa's corn does n spr\t at all1 :ile m9e is spr\t+ j exactly z good z ! ,gold5 ,gl[ s5t out to ! s*ool *ildr54 ,?is morn+ ,i am te/+ "s m ( papa's1 & if t fails he w h to buy 8 se$1 a ?+ he has nev] _h to d be=e4 ,we te/$ ! corn secur$ f f\r ( our int]e/$ f>m]s la/ week & "o lot g]m9at$2 ! o!r ?ree did n4 ,?is morn+ pupils f sev5 diff]5t homes br\ght se$ to be te/$4 ,we _h a package ( la/ ye>'s se$ left & te/$ sev]al k]nels ( t1 z well z "s s5t out ?is ye>1 & we ?9k la/ ye>'s se$ is te/+ a little ! bett]4 ,! new ari?metic1 l ! new ,engli%1 deals ) ! c\ntry4 ,x seems a little odd1 j at fir/1 to see boys & girls /&+ at ! bo>d comput+ potato yields1 milk yields1 ! cont5ts ( gran>ies1 ! price ( bags & ! co/ ( b>ns & *ick5 h\ses2 yet :at m natural ?an t ! c\ntry *ild %\ld figure out 8 & p]haps 8 fa!r's problems 9 ! ari?metic class at s*ool8 ,! geography is no less p]t95t4 ,soil =mation1 dra9age1 ! location & gr\p+ ( f>m build+s1 ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! t[n%ip & ( ! c\nty are matt]s ( univ]sal int]e/ & conc]n4 ,e s*ool 9 ,b]ks ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 is provid$ ) a f9e soil survey map ( ! c\nty1 made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,:at m ideal basis = rural geography8 ,"h & !re a c\ntry s*ool is wak+ up to ! physical ne$s ( c\ntry *ildr54 ,c\ntry boys are n symmetrically develop$1 ass]ts ,sup]9t5d5t ,rapp1 ( ,b]ks ,c\nty4 ,!y are flat-*e/$ & r\nd-%\ld]$4 ,t is int]e/+1 inde$4 ,mr4 ,rapp expla9s3 ,x is because ( ! "* ( _! "w1 ne>ly all ( :i* t5ds to flatt5 ! *e/4 ,:e!r or n t is ! explanation1 ! fact rema9s1 & ) x ! no less evid5t fact t x is ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to correct ! defects4 ,9 an ef=t to d ?is we h work$ out a s]ies ( fifty games :i* ! *ildr5 are taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 ,may a great ,field ,day & ,play ,fe/ival is held1 to :i* ! entire c\nty is invit$4 ,ea* s*ool tra9s & s5ds 9 its teams4 ,trolleys1 buggies1 autos & hay wagons contribute _! quota1 until five ?\s& p h ga!r$ 9 an out-(-!-way spot to help ! *ildr5 enjoy !mselves4 ,mr4 ,rapp is a great believ] 9 activity4 ,tireless himself1 he has fifty tea*]-f>m]s--m5 :o tea* 9 ! w9t] & f>m 9 ! summ]--an excell5t sett+ = c\ntry boys & girls4 ,he believes 9 activity = *ildr51 too4 ,if ! s*ool appeal$ z x ought to ! motor en]gies ( *ildr51 in/ead ( hav+ to drive !m 91 y w\ld h to drive !m out4 ,to prove 8 po9t ,mr4 ,rapp cites ! in/ance ( "o man tea*]1 :o1 be=e ! days ( manual tra9+ 9 ! s*ools1 decid$ to h manual tra9+ 9 8 "o-room ,b]ks ,c\nty s*ool4 ,he did ! "w himself1 ,mr4 ,rapp says1 dug out ! cell> & set up a %op 9 x4 ,! only help he _h 0 ! help ( ! pupils1 & ! "w 0 done 9 recess "t & aft] s*ool4 ,!y made _! own tools1 cab9ets1 book-cases1 picture-frames1 clock-frames1 & any?+ else !y want$4 ,& d y "k1 :5 x got d>k1 t man w\ld s5d ! *ildr5 home f ! s*ool 9 ord] to be rid ( !m4 ,consolidat$ s*ools help4 ,!y make rural education broad] & easi]1 b ! "o-room c\ntry s*ool1 presid$ ov] by a live tea*]1 may be made wor? :ile4 ,social ev5ts1 sports1 conte/s 9 f>m "w & dome/ic "w1 /udies c\*$ 9 t]ms ( ! c\ntry1 may all prove pot5t factors 9 %ap+ ! *ild & ! community4 ,,iv ,repa9t+ ! ,little ,r$ ,s*oolh\se ,)\t1 z well z )91 ! little r$ s*ool-h\se may be trans=m$4 ,! c\rse ( /udy may e/abli% a /&>d 9 rural ?\ght4 ,! rural s*ool-h\se may set a /&>d ( rural ar*itecture & l&scape g>d5+4 ,h[ typical ( old-"t c\ntry s*ools are ! l9es3 ,/ill sits ! s*ool-h\se by ! road1 ,a ragg$ begg> sunn+4 ,ar\nd x /ill ! sumacs gr[1 ,& blackb]ry v9es are runn+4 ,! unpa9t$1 r\gh ext]ior ( ! little s*ool vi$ ) ! unkempt s*ool gr\nds4 ,bo? suppli$ subjects = arti/ic treatm5t4 ,to ! con/]nation ( ! poet & ! romanc]1 ! mod]n "o-room s*ool is pa9t$1 & ! s*ool y>d1 in/ead ( be+ fill$ ) a ?icket ( blackb]ry & sumac1 is laid out = playgr\nd1 fl[]-b$s & g>d5s4 ,! up-to-date c\ntry s*ool1 :ile f> less picturesque1 is mu* m ar*itectural & m useful4 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education 9 ,wiscons9 furni%es free to local s*ool bo>ds plans ( mod]n "o-room s*ools4 ,) a hall at ea* end = wraps1 an improv$ heat+ & v5tilat+ device1 & all ( ! light com+ f ! nor? side1 :]e !re is "o big w9d[ f ne> ! floor to ! ceil+1 ^! build+s1 co/+ f two ?\s& doll>s up1 provide 9 e way = ! heal? & com=t ( ! *ildr54 ,! sup]9t5d5t may g f>!r ?an to sugge/ 9 ,wiscons91 h[ev]1 = if a s*ool build+ becomes dilapidat$ he may condemn x1 & !n /ate aid to local education is refus$ until suitable build+s are provid$4 ,! law has prov$ an excell5t det]r5t to educational p>simony4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,k]n1 ( ,rock=d1 ,ill9ois1 has done p>ticul>ly effective "w 9 beautify+ 8 s*ools4 ,)9 ! s*ools are ta/efully pa9t$ & decorat$4 ,outside !re are fl[]-b$s1 h$ges1 individual g>d5 plots1 neatly-cut grass1 & all ( ! o!r necess>ies = a well-kept y>d4 ,no long] crude & unsightly1 ! ,rock=d s*ool y>ds are models :i* any "o 9 ! neighborhood may copy ) inf9ite advantage4 ,z ! s*ool becomes ! c5t] ( community life local pride makes m & m dem&s4 ,c\ld y visit "s ( ! f9] s*ool build+s 9 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,wiscons9 & ,ill9ois y w\ld be bett] able to und]/& :y m5 boa/ ( ,our ,s*ool 9 ! same tone t !y use :5 boa/+ ( _! corn yields4 ,v ,a ,fairyl& ( ,rural ,education ,y w p]haps be some:at skeptical--y big folks :o h ceas$ to believe 9 little p--:5 y he> t out 9 we/]n ,i[a !re is a c\nty :i* is an educational fairyl&4 ,yet if y _h travel$ up & d[n ! c\ntry1 gone into ! wret*$ c\ntry s*ool build+s1 se5 ! lack-lu/] tea*+ & ! indiff]5t s*ol>s1 :i* are s appall+ly num]\s2 if y _h read 9 ! report ( ! inve/igat+ committee :i* has j complet$ its survey ( ,wiscons9 rural s*ools ! /atem5t t 9 _m di/ricts ! hog p5s 7 on a bett] plane ( effici5cy ?an ! s*ool h\ses2 if y _h se5 ! mis]able inadequacy ( c\ntry s*ools ,nor?1 ,ea/1 ,s\? & ,we/1 & _h !n be5 transport$ into ! mid/ ( ! s*ool sy/em ( ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 y w\ld h be5 sure t y _h pass$ ?r\gh ! look+-glass into ! que] _w beyond4 ,yet ,page ,c\nty is !re--a fairyl& presid$ ov] by a really1 truly fairy4 ,! s*ools 9 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 :i*1 by ! way1 is "o ( ! be/ corn c\nties 9 ,i[a1 are little republics 9 :i* ! *ildr5 h ! fun1 d ! "w & gr[ up /rong & k9d4 ,ea* s*ool has its song1 its social ga!r+s1 its clubs1 & its teams4 ,h[ y w\ld h prick$ up y\r e>s if y _h driv5 pa/ ! ,hawley ,s*ool & he>d a score ( lu/y voices %\t+ ! s*ool song to ! tune ( ,ev]ybody's ,do+ ,x6 ,decemb] 0 ! "t ( ! ,page ,c\nty conte/s1 :5 ea* s*ool s5t its exhibits ( dressmak+1 cook+1 rope-splic+1 b>n-plann+1 essay-writ+ & its corn-judg+ teams to ! c\nty seat1 :]e !y 7 display$ & judg$ v mu* z !y w\ld be at a c\nty fair4 ,fur!r1 x 0 ! "t :5 ! prizes 7 to be aw>d$ to ! boy hav+ ! be/ acre ( alfalfa1 ( corn & ( potatoes4 7,que]1 isn't x1 b la/ ye> a girl got ! fir/ prize = ! be/ crop ( potatoes47 ,decemb] is a great mon? 9 ,page ,c\nty4 ,?is ye> m ?an ?ree ?\s& exhibits 7 s5t into ,cl>9da1 ! c\nty seat4 ,e boy & girl is on tip-toe ) expectancy1 & aft] ! aw>ds ! successful s*ools are z pr\d z turkey cocks4 ,we h nev] tak5 ! ?+ s]i\sly "h be=e1 expla9$ a f>m] :o _h left 8 "w 9 mid-aft]noon & come 9 to tea* ! boys ( a s*ool h[ to judge se$ corn4 ,?is ye> we're go+ d[n !re to ,cl>9da = all t's 9 x4 ,if he hadn't meant :at he said he w\ld sc>cely h be5 sp5d+ 8 h\rs 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,if ! ,hawleyville boys _h n be5 ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/ !y w\ld n h be5 !re1 aft] s*ool1 le>n+ h[ to judge corn4 ,! community ar\nd ea* s*ool is agog ) excitem5t :ile prep>ations are be+ made = ! c\nty conte/4 ,! m5 folk advise ! boys reg>d+ _! corn-judg+ & _! models ( f>m implem5ts & f>m build+s1 :ile ! wom5 give lessons galore 9 ! my/]ies ( c\ntry cook+1 = x is no small matt] to be hail$ & cr[n$ z ! be/ f\rte5-ye>-old cook 9 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a4 ,"o ,page ,c\nty tea*] conducts h] dome/ic sci5ce "w 9 ! ev5+ at ! homes ( ! girls4 ,on a giv5 day ( ea* week ! entire class visits ! home ( "o ( ! girls1 prep>es1 cooks & eats a meal4 ,:at an opportunity to inculcate lessons 9 dome/ic economy at fir/ h&6 ,:at a *ance to %[ ! beh9d-!-"t h\sekeep] 7= !re are su* ev5 9 ,page ,c\nty7 h[ ?+s are be+ done6 ,because ,page ,c\nty is a great corn c\nty mu* s*ool "t is devot$ to corn4 ,9 e s*ool hangs a /r+ ( se$ corn :i* is br\ght 9 by ! boys 9 ! fall1 dri$ dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 ! spr+ te/$ = f]tility4 ,a ,babcock milk-te/]1 own$ by ! c\nty1 circulates f s*ool to s*ool1 enabl+ ! *ildr5 to te/ ! productivity ( _! c[s4 ,teams ( boys1 "u ! direction ( ! s*ool1 make _! own road drags1 & c>e = /ret*es ( road--f "o to five miles4 ,! boys do+ ! be/ "w are rew>d$ ) sub/antial prizes4 ,d y beg9 to suspect ! reason = ! int]e/ :i* ! big folks take 9 ! do+s ( ,page ,c\nty's little folks8 ,x is because ! little folks g to s*ools :i* are a vital "p ( ! community4 ,?ree times a ye> !re is1 9 ea* s*ool1 a ga!r+ ( ! fri5ds & p>5ts ( ! *ildr54 ,sometimes !y celebrate ,?anksgiv+1 sometimes !y h a ,p>5ts' ,day4 ,anyway1 ! boys decorate ! s*ool1 ! girls cook cake & c&y1 & ! p>5ts come & h a good ev5+4 ,! *ildr5 beg9 ) _! s*ool song1 sung1 p]haps1 l ?is ,kile ,s*ool song1 to ! tune ( ,home1 ,sweet ,home3 #a4 ,:at s*ool is ! de>e/1 ,! neate/ & be/1 ,:at s*ool is m pleasant1 ,m de> ?an ! re/1 ,^: highways & byways ,h *>ms f ea* day1 ,^: roads & alfalfa1 ,!y h come to /ay4 ,*orus4 ,kile1 ,kile1 our own ,kile1 ,we love h]1 we'll praise h]1 ,we'll all "w = ,kile4 #b4 ,^: corn is s mell[1 ,^: cane is s sweet1 ,^: tat]s are s mell[1 ,^: coal's h>d to beat1 ,^: ,ma's & ^: ,gr&pa's ,are brave1 gr& & true1 ,_! love = _! *ildr5 ,!y nev] d rue4 ,!re foll[s a program l ! program ( any o!r social ev5+1 except t v (t5 ! p>5ts take "p z well z ! *ildr54 ,! ?+s are int]e/+1 too1 l ?is little duet1 sung at ! ,?anksgiv+ ent]ta9m5t by two ( ! ,kile girls3 #a4 ,if a body pays ! taxes1 ,surely y'll agree1 ,t a body e>ns a fran*ise1 ,:e!r he or %e4 ,*orus4 ,e man n[ has ! ballot1 ,none1 y "k1 h we1 ,b we h bra9s & we c use !m1 ,j z well z he4 #b4 ,if a city's j a h\sehold1 ,z x is1 !y say1 ,!n e city ne$s h\seclean+1 ,ne$s x "r away4 #c4 ,e city has its fa!rs1 ,honors !m1 ,i we'en1 ,b e city mu/ h mo!rs1 ,t ! h\se be clean4 #d4 ,man n[ makes ! laws = wom51 ,k9dly1 too1 at t1 ,b !y (t5 seem z funny ,z a man-made hat4 ,! gr& ev5t ( ?is fairyl& comes 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! boys & girls f all ( ! s*ools g to ! c\nty seat = a summ] camp1 :]e1 betwe5 att5d+ classes & lectures1 play+ games & revel+ 9 ! joys ( camp life1 !y come to h a v mu* broad] view ( ! _w & a m int5se int]e/ 9 "o ano!r4 ,!y are only "o-room s*ools out !re 9 ,page ,c\nty1 b !y h adapt$ !mselves to ! ne$s ( ! community1 focus+ ! att5tion ( p>5ts & *ildr5 alike on ! bigg] ?+s 9 rural life1 & ! ways 9 :i* a s*ool may help a c\ntryside to appreciate & enjoy !m4 ,s ! boys & girls ( ,page ,c\nty h _! fairyl&1 & are devot$ to ! good fairy1 :o1 9 ! %ape ( a g5]\s1 k9dly c\nty sup]9t5d5t1 helps !m to enjoy x4 ,,vi ,! ,task ( ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool ,! tea*] ( a "o-room s*ool 9 ,b]ks ,c\nty 0 quizz+ a class ab\t ,columbus4 ,:]e 0 he born8 %e qu]i$4 ,9 ,g5oa4 ,& :]e is ,g5oa1 ,ella8 ,on ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 repli$ ,ella promptly4 ,:at 0 8 bus9ess8 0 h] next "q4 ,he 0 a sailor1 v5tur$ a bright boy4 ,a sailor1 *orus$ ! class4 ,:y 0 he a sailor1 ,edi?8 ,edi? %ook h] head4 ,yes1 ,george4 ,:y1 because he liv$ on ! sea4 ,( c\rse4 ,n[ ?9k a m9ute4 ,d _m ( ! boys f ?is c\ntry become sailors8 ,no'm1 f ! class4 ,:at d !y become8 ,f>m]s1 cri$ ! class1 hiss+ ! f & flatt5+ ! a4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! boys 9 a f>m+ community1 br\ght up on ! f>m1 naturally become f>m]s1 yet 9 ! int]im1 betwe5 babyhood & f>m] life1 !y g to s*ool4 ,h[ absurdly easy ! task ( ! s*ool--to det]m9e t !y %all be intellig5t1 progressive1 en?usia/ic1 up-to-date f>m]s4 ,! girls1 too1 m>ry f>m]s1 keep f>m]s' homes & raise f>m]s' sons4 ,h[ simple is ! duty ( see+ t !y are prep>$ to d ^! ?+s well6 ,! task ( ! city s*ool is complex because ( ! va/ numb] ( bus9esses1 pr(essions1 indu/rial occupations & trades :i* *ildr5 ent]4 ,9 comp>ison ! c\ntry s*ool has ! pla9e/ ( pla9 sail+4 ,:at are ! +r$i5ts ( successful f>m]s & f>m]s' wives8 ,:at proportion ( physical education1 ( m5tal tra9+1 ( te*nical in/ruction 9 agriculture1 ( sugge/ions = practical f>m "w1 ( dressmak+1 sew+ & cook+1 ent] into ! mak+ ( f>m]s' boys & f>m]s' girls :o w live up to ! traditions ( ! ,am]ican f>m8 ,to :at ext5t mu/ ! s*ool be a c5t] = social activity & social en?usiasm8 ,h[ %all ! s*ool make ! f>m & ! small c\ntry t[n bett] liv+ places = ! m5 & wom5 ( to-morr[8 ,! duty ( ! c\ntry s*ool is simple & cle>4 ,x mu/ fit c\ntry *ildr5 = c\ntry life4 ,fir/ x mu/ "k :at are ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry2 !n1 mann$ by tea*]s ^: tra9+ has prep>$ !m to appreciate c\ntry problems1 x w become ! p[] t a c\ntry s*ool ought to be 9 direct+ ! ?\ghts & lives ( ! community4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bb3 ,an ext5sive ref]5ce to ?is s*ool w be f\nd 9 ,c\ntry ,life & ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool1 ,mabel ,c>ney1 ,r[1 ,pet]son ,company1 ,*icago1 #aiab4 ,footnote #bc3 ,supra1 pp4 #ahj-aha4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,babes ,,& ,,suckl+s ,i ,miss ,belle ,! sun %one mildly1 ?\gh x 0 /ill late ,janu>y1 :ile ! w9d1 :i* occasionally ru/l$ ! dry leaves ab\t ! f5ce corn]s1 _h sc>cely a sugge/ion ( w9t] 9 its s(t t\*4 ,across ! :ite pike1 & away on ei!r side ov] ! roll+ blue grass mead[s1 ! ,k5tucky l&scape unfold$ itself1 l9$ ) br[n & :ite f5ces1 & dott$ ) v5]able trees4 ,a buggy1 drawn by a c>efully-/epp+ bay horse1 came ov] ! knoll ahead1 fram+ itself naturally into ! beautiful l&scape4 ,surely1 t mu/ be ,joe & ,miss ,belle2 x 0 s l h]1 s9ce %e always seem$ at home ev]y:]e1 mak+ h]self a natural "p ( h] surr\nd+s4 ,ano!r mom5t & !re 0 no long] any d\bt4 ,x 0 ,miss ,belle ) ?ree y\ng/]s cr[d$ into h] lap & beside h] 9 ! n>r[ buggy seat1 :ile a dangl+ leg 9 ! re> sugge/$ an occupant ( ! axle4 ,well1 well1 cri$ ,miss ,belle1 cordially1 z ,joe /opp$1 glad ( any excuse n to g1 :]e are y b\nd =8 ,y didn't come all ! way ov] to ride back ) me8 ,no1 inde$1 ,miss ,belle1 ,i laugh$ back1 no "o ev] expects to ride ) y s ne> ! s*ool-h\se4 ,i'll walk along ahead until y beg9 to unload4 ,g along1 n[ y're ca/+ reflections on ,joe's spe$4 ,come1 ,joe1 we'll %[ him4 ,joe1 :o did n leave 8 accu/om$ walk at once1 f9ally yield$ to ! sugge/ion ( a g5tle bl[ f ! :ip & broke into a trot4 ,lem'me walk ) y1 cri$ ! rid] on ! spr+s1 slipp+ f h] p]* & /epp+ out beside ! buggy4 ,s we j\rney$ = half a mile4 ,! horse1 "u con/ant urg+1 jogg$ along1 :ile ! spr+ rid] & ,i trott$ side by side ov] ! well-made pike4 ,!n ,miss ,belle drew re9 9 front ( a small1 yell[ h\se4 ,n[1 out y g1 %e exclaim$ to h] "y companions4 ,all out "h b "o4 ,goodbye1 de>ies4 ,all "r1 up y get1 & 9 a mom5t we 7 snugly fix$ 9 ! buggy = a half h\r's ride beh9d ,joe4 ,y see ^? two little girls :o got (f !re1 said ,miss ,belle1 po9t+ to ! h\se we _h j left1 well1 !y are two ( a family ( six--two y\ng] ?an ^?4 ,_! "m di$ la/ w9t]1 s naturally ,i take an int]e/ 9 !m4 ,_! fa!r does 8 be/ ) !m1 b x is a big task = a man to h&le alone4 ,! la/ *ild 0 unload$ by ?is "t1 & ,miss ,belle1 settl+ h]self back com=tably1 *att$ ab\t h] "w 9 a "o-room c\ntry s*ool 9 ! ,blue ,grass belt ( ,k5tucky4 ,,ii ,go+ to ,"w ,?r\gh ! ,*ildr5 ,maybe !re are ?irty-five families t my s*ool ought to draw f1 %e began4 ,six ye>s ago :5 ,i took ?is s*ool "s ( !m surely did ne$ help4 ,de>ie me6 ,! ?+s !y didn't "k ab\t com=t & dec5cy w\ld fix up a :ole neighborhood = life4 ,!y wore /ock+s till !y dropp$ (f4 ,"s ( ! girls put on sweat]s 9 ,octob]1 wore !m till ,*ri/mas1 wa%$ !m1 & !n wore !m till spr+4 ,y nev] saw su* utt]ly wret*$ homes4 ,!re 0 h>dly a w9d[ %ade 9 ! neighborhood1 nor a curta9 ei!r4 ,x wasn't t ! wom5 didn't c>e--!y simply didn't "k4 ,i saw x all1 said ,miss ,belle1 nodd+ h] head ?\ghtfully1 & x worri$ me a great deal at fir/4 ,i j _h to get hold ( ^? p & help !m--,i _h made up my m9d to t4 ,impati5ce w\ldn't d1 ?\gh1 s ,i said to myself1 ',n[1 my de>1 don't y be 9 any hurry4 ,y c't d any?+ ) ! old folks1 !y're too pr\d4 ,if y succe$ at all x's got to be ?r\gh ! *ildr54' ,s ,i j wait$1 keep+ my eyes op51 & tea*+ s*ool all ( ! :ile1 until1 ! fir/ ?+ ,i knew1 ! way op5$ up--y nev] w\ld guess h[--x 0 ?r\gh biscuits4 ,,iii ,beg9n+ on ,muff9s ,! folks ar\nd "h nev] _h se5 any?+ except :ite bread4 ,!re wasn't a piece ( cornbread or ( graham any:]e4 ,y "k :at _! :ite bread is1 too--heavy1 s\r1 badly made & only half cook$4 ,! old folks 7 satisfi$1 ?\gh1 & !re didn't seem to be any way to g at x except ?r\gh ! y\ng/]s4 ,day aft] day ,i saw !m take raw :ite biscuits & s&wi*es made ( salt-ris+ :ite bread out ( _! baskets1 wond]+ h[ !y c\ld eat !m4 ,/ill ,i didn't say any?+1 b e lun* "t ,i ate corn muff9s or graham waf]s1 ) all ( ! gu/o ,i c\ld ma/]4 ,"o day a little girl up & ask$ me3 ',say1 ,miss ,belle1 :at may y all be eat9'8' ',corn muff9s1' said ,i4 ',ev] ta/e !m8' ',nope4' ',well1 w\ldn't y l a ta/e8' ',sure ,i w\ld4' ,%e took x1 & a great big "o1 too4 ',um1' says %e1 smack+ h] lips1 ',um4' ',l x8' ,i ask$4 ',um1' says %e aga91 l a baby ) a full /oma*4 ',oh1 ,miss ,belle1' pip$ up ,annie1 'h[ d y make 'em8' ,t 0 ! *ance ,i _h be5 wait+ =4 ',w\ld y l to "k8' ,i ask$1 & to a *orus ( ',sure1' '',de$ we w\ld1' ',oh1 yes1' ,i put ! recipe on ! bo>d1 & x wasn't two days be=e ^? girls br\ght 9 z good corn muff9s z ,i ev] ta/$4 ,little ,annie is a good cook--nev] saw a bett]--& be=e ! week 0 out %e says to me3 ',miss ,belle1 ma's mad ) y4' ',:at all's ! matt]8' ,i ask$4 ',%e says s9ce y taught u to make ^? corn muff9s %e'll be eat5 out ( h\se & home4 ,! fir/ night ,i made 'em pa ate elev54 ,he hasn't slack5$ (f a bit s9ce4 ,he mu/ h 'em e day4' ,t made ! go+ pretty easy1 ,miss ,belle w5t on4 ,! muff9s 7 mighty good1 !y 7 new1 &1 by comp>ison1 ! :ite biscuits didn't h a %[4 ,x wasn't long be=e ,i _h ! :ole neighborhood mak+ corn muff9s1 graham waf]s1 black bread1 graham bread & :ole-:eat bread4 ,!y sure did cat* on to ! idea quickly4 ,e ,monday ,i put a recipe on ! bo>d4 ,^! wom5 knew h[ to cook ! fancy ?+s4 ,x 0 ! pla91 simple1 :olesome ?+s t !y ne$$ to "k ab\t1 s my recipes 7 always = !m4 ,dur+ ! week ea* ( ! *ildr5 cooks ! ?+ & br+s x to me1 & ! "o :o gets ! be/ result puts a recipe on ! bo>d ,friday4 ,y see1 aft] ,i once got />t$ x wasn't h>d to foll[ up any l9e ,i lik$4 ,by ! "t ,i 0 putt+ a recipe a week on ! bo>d ! mo!rs got naturally int]e/$ & w\ld come to s*ool to ask ab\t ?is recipe & t4 ,!y w\ldn't take any advice1 y und]/&1 n !y6 ,!y knew all ab\t cook+1 s !y ?\ght1 b !y 7 mighty pr\d ( ! ?+s _! daught]s did1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y took ! prizes at ! c\nty fair4 ,besides t1 x made a :ole lot ( diff]5ce at home1 because ! ?+s !y made help$ out a lot & ta/$ mighty good on ! table4 ,miss ,belle's next move 0 aga9/ ! cake--soggy1 /icky /uff1 full ( butt]1 t 0 v g5]ally eat5 by all ( ! families t c\ld af=d x4 ,exp5sive & fe>fully indige/ible x made up1 toge!r ) bread1 almo/ ! entire cont5ts ( mo/ lun* baskets4 ,i c\ldn't see q h[ to g ab\t ! cake bus9ess1 ,miss ,belle comm5t$1 because !y 7 p>ticul>ly pr\d ( x4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh1 ,i hit on an idea4 ,"o ( ! wom5 9 ! neighborhood 0 sick4 ,%e 0 a good cook & knew good cook+ :5 %e saw x1 s ,i got my si/] to make an angel cake1 :i* ,i took ar\nd to h]4 ,i d believe x 0 ! fir/ light cake %e _h ev] ta/$--anyway1 %e 0 tickl$ to dea?4 ,x wasn't long aft] t be=e e "o :o c\ld af=d to d x 0 mak+ angel food4 ,( c\rse x's exp5sive1 b s9ce !y 7 b\nd to make cake1 t 0 a lot bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,simil> tactics gradually replac$ ! fri$ meats by roa/s & /ews4 ,:5 ,miss ,belle came1 meat swam 9 fat :ile x cook$ & came f ! /ove load$ ) grease4 ,ev]ybody fri$ meat1 & :5 by *ance !y b\ght a roa/ !y began by boil+ all ( ! juice out ( x be=e !y put x 9 ! ov54 ,miss ,belle's /ews & roa/s made bett] eat+1 ?\gh4 ,! m5-folks lik$ !m hugely & ! old fry+ process 0 doom$4 ,no1 conclud$ ,miss ,belle1 laugh+ly1 y c't d a ?+ ) ! old folks4 ,:y if ,i 0 to g into a kit*5 belong+ to "o ( ^? wom5 & tell h] h[ to sift fl\r %e w\ld run me out quick1 b :5 ,annie comes home & makes su* muff9s t ! man ( ! family eats elev5 ! fir/ "t1 !re is no way to answ] back4 ,! muff9s speak = !mselves4 ,,iv ,tak+ ! ,boys 9 ,h& ,:ile ! girls 7 mak+ ov] ! diet ( ! neighborhood ,miss ,belle 0 work+ ?r\gh ! boys to improve ! /ra9s ( corn us$ by ! f>m]s1 ! me?ods ( f]tiliz+ & ! quality ( ! truck pat*es4 ,a few ye>s ago :5 ! f>m] scorn$ newfangl$ ideas x 0 ! boys t took home me?ods = numb]+ & te/+ ea* e> ( corn to det]m9e :e!r or n ! k]nels on x w\ld spr\t :5 !y 7 plant$4 ,! f>m] :o turns a deaf e> to argum5t c (f] no effective reply to a corn-te/] 9 :i* only "o k]nel 9 ?ree has spr\t$4 ,! e>s are inf]tile1 f "o cause or ano!r1 & ! soon] he replaces !m by f]tile se$ ! bett] = 8 corn crop4 ,out beside a :ite lime/one pike /&s ! s*ool 9 :i* ,miss ,belle has done h] "w4 ,"o w\ld h>dly /op to look at x1 because x diff]s 9 no way f ?\s&s ( simil> c\ntry s*ool-h\ses4 ,mode/ & unassum+1 l ,miss ,belle1 x holds only "o feature ( real int]e/--! faces ( ! *ildr54 ,bright1 eag]1 en?usia/ic1 !y labor e>ne/ly ov] _! lessons 9 ord] t !y may get at _! busy "w1 & l+] ov] _! busy "w dur+ recess & aft] s*ool1 because x glides s swiftly f _! deft f+]s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ev]y?+ else :i* %e does1 ,miss ,belle has a sy/em4 ,! *ild ^: lessons are n done1 & done up to a c]ta9 grade1 is n taught new /it*es or new designs4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ responds to ! /imulus1 & ! little girl 9 a p9k frock1 ) p9k ribbons on h] br[n pig-tails1 lays aside ! mat %e is mak+ to write ,annie ,belle ,lewis on ! bo>d1 & to tell y t %e is sev52 :ile ,john ,murphy1 ( ! mature age ( elev51 /ops cro*et+ e>-muffl]s = a mom5t to tell y :at he is do+ & :y he does x4 ,v ,busy ,"w z an ,asset ,y nev] w\ld guess :at a help ! 'busy "w' is1 smil$ ,miss ,belle4 ,y see1 !y nev] c d x until _! lessons are f9i%$1 s !y are z good at ari?metic z !y are at pat*+4 ,!n ,i always tea* ! little ones patt]ns & /it*es :]e !y h to c\nt1 ',"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & drop "o1' y "k1 & 9 ! %orte/ "t !y le>n _! numb] "w4 ,x seems to g s mu* m quickly :5 !y d x 9 connection ) "s pieces t !y c see4 ,b y nev] w\ld guess ! be/ ?+ ! sew+ has done--x has /opp$ gossip+4 ,x's h>d to believe1 ,i "k1 b x's true4 ,!re us$ to be a lot ( tr\ble 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,p told tales1 !re 0 ill feel+1 & folks qu>rel$ a great deal ( ! "t4 ,x wasn't long be=e ,i f\nd out t x 0 ! girls :o did mo/ ( ! tale-be>+4 ,no wond]1 ei!r6 ,!y w]5't v busy 9 s*ool1 & !y _h no?+ mu* to d at home except to li/5 & talk4 ,really1 !y hadn't any dec5t int]e/ 9 life4 ,( c\rse !re 0 no use 9 say+ any?+1 b ,i felt t if ,i c\ld get !m busy at some?+ !y lik$ !y w\ld /op talk+4 ,x wasn't en\gh to />t !m at dressmak+1 ei!r1 b :5 ,i />t$ 9 on h>d1 fancy "w designs ,i _h !m4 ,!y made pretty clo!s1 embroid]$ !m2 made lace & doilies4 ,mo/ ( ! girls c pick up a new ,iri%-lace patt]n f a fa%ion-book z easily z ,i c1 & !y are rabid = new patt]ns4 ,! same girls :o did mo/ ( ! tale-be>+ are busy at "w1 & ,i f9d !m swapp+ patt]ns & recipes in/ead ( /ories4 ,:ile ! girls pat*1 d>n1 cro*et1 hem1 knit1 weave baskets1 make g>m5ts & d ! v>i\s k9ds ( busy "w1 ! boys clean ! s*ool y>d1 plant walnut trees--,mrs4 ,faulcon]1 ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t1 is hav+ ! s*ool *ildr5 plant nut trees along all ! pikes--& d any?+ else :i* is n b5ea? _! dignity4 ,!y h no "w b5*es1 lam5t$ ,miss ,belle1 ,i hope !y w get !m soon1 al?\gh !re is really no place to put !m4 ,inde$1 9 a little build+ pack$ ) fifty *ildr5 & ! s*ool-room furniture ! space is n>r[4 ,yet ?is little "o-room build+ at ,locu/ ,grove has left su* a m>k on ! community t :5 ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d rec5tly decid$ to transf] ,miss ,belle to a l>g] s*ool ! memb] f h] di/rict promptly resign$1 & refus$ to be placat$ until e o!r memb] ( ! bo>d _h apologiz$ to him & promis$ to leave ,miss ,belle 9 8 s*ool4 ,we nev] saw ! old g5tleman mad be=e1 said a neighbor4 ,b he c]ta9ly 0 mad !n4 ,he _h wat*$ ,miss ,belle's "w gr[1 & knew :at x _h meant to ! *ildr52 s :5 !y propos$ to take h] away he w5t "r up 9 ! air4 ,,vi ,m>gu]ite ,:at wond]8 ,he _h se5 ! magic work+s ( a h& t felt ! pulse1 judg$ ! symptoms1 & prescrib$ a sure-to-cure rem$y = a c\ntryside full ( ignorance1 drunk5ness1 bitt] hatr$s & nev]-end+ qu>rels4 ,)9 a /one's ?r[ ( 8 h\se he _h se5 ! trans=mation 9 ! life ( a little girl nam$ ,m>gu]ite4 ,s9ce h] bir? %e _h liv$ 9 d>kness1 b into h] desolate home ,miss ,belle _h s5t light4 ,y nev] saw a worse home1 says ,miss ,belle4 ,h] "m 0 woefully ignorant ( ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( home-mak+4 ,! *ildr5 7 wret*$ly dress$4 ,! h\se 0 b>r5ness itself--no %ades1 no curta9s1 no decorations ( any k9d4 ,x 0 pa!tic4 ,:5 %e came to s*ool nei!r %e nor h] "m c\ld sew a /it*4 ,m>gu]ite1 an apt girl ) h] f+]s1 eag]ly le>n$ ! ne$lework lessons ( ! s*ool4 ,%e taught h] "m to sew1 :ile %e h]self made porti]es & curta9s1 light5+ up ! old home ) a r>e new beauty4 ,"h aga9 is ,lillie1 :o is v sl[ at ne$lework & ari?metic1 b :o has put ! family diet on a :olesome basis by le>n+ to cook "s ( ! mo/ delici\s1 n\ri%+ di%es4 ,h] bread--! be/ 9 ,fayette ,c\nty--is light z a fea!r4 ,hannah comes back aft] leav+ s*ool to le>n h[ to ply h] ne$le4 ,until a ye> ago ,*ri/mas %e c\ld n sew a /it*2 n[ h] /it*es are s neat z to be almo/ invisible4 ,mrs4 ,hawly1 ar\s$ to en?usiasm by h] ?irte5-ye>-old daught]1 has come to s*ool1 le>n$ pla9 & fancy sew+1 & />t$ to make h] own & h] daught]'s clo!s4 ,ev]y:]e are ! m>ks ( a tea*]'s h&iwork /amp$ indelibly on ! lives ( h] s*ol>s & _! families4 ,small wond] t ! old g5tleman on ! bo>d 0 loa? to "p ) ,miss ,belle6 ,,vii ,w9n+ ,ov] ! ,families ,) supreme joy ,miss ,belle tells ( h] conque/ ( ! fa!rs ( h] boys & girls--h] family1 z %e calls x4 ,! *ildr5 7 v poorly c>$ =1 %e says4 ,! fa!rs sp5t ! money = :iskey1 & ! mo!rs lack$ ! means & ! k to clo! ! *ildr5 bett]4 ,sometimes !y 7 pitiful 9 _! poor %oes & ?9 clo!s4 ,well1 sir1 we got up a ,*ri/mas ent]ta9m5t1 &1 except = "o or two1 ! *ildr5 wore ! same clo!s !y _h be5 com+ to s*ool 9 all w9t]--%abby1 pat*$ & dirty z "s ( !m 74 ,!y /ood up !re1 ?\gh1 "o & all1 to d _! turns & speak _! pieces1 & _! fa!rs 7 a%am$4 ,!y saw _! *ildr5 9 old clo!s1 & ! *ildr5 ( "s ( ! neighbors all fix$ up1 & !y j c\ldn't /& x4 ,x surely did make a diff]5ce ! next ye>4 ,miss ,belle's *e]y face broad5$ ) a satisfi$ smile4 ,! m5 didn't say a ^w--y "k our m5 ar5't 9 ! habit ( say+ v mu*--b !y w5t to t[n !mselves ! day be=e ! ent]ta9m5t & came back ) new dresses = ! girls & new clo!s = ! boys4 ,( c\rse "s ( !m 7 s small !y w\ld sc>cely g on1 :ile o!rs 7 miles big2 b e "o _h some?+ new & no "o felt badly4 ,?is ,*ri/mas1 conclud$ ,miss ,belle1 our ent]ta9m5t pack$ ! s*ool-h\se1 & "s 7 turn$ away4 ,j to %[ y h[ cr[d$ x 0--!re 7 tw5ty-f\r babies !re4 ,i 0 ready = !m1 ?\gh1 ) two p\nds ( /ick c&y2 s :5ev] a baby squall$ he got a /ick ( c&y quick4 ,/range1 good ?+s h foll[$ ! visits ( ! mo!rs to ! s*ools4 ,!y w\ld nev] h come _h x n be5 = ! wond]ful ?+s :i* _! *ildr5 7 le>n+ ) su* unt[>d en?usiasm4 ,"o girl1 :o _h be5 p>ticul>ly successful ) h] ne$lework1 br\ght h] "m to s*ool--a h>d woman :o _h a /&+ qu>rel ) sev5 ( h] neighbors at t p>ticul> "t4 ,x took a little tact1 b :5 ! "r mom5t arriv$ ,miss ,belle sugge/$ t %e pay a visit to a sick neighbor & (f] to help4 ,! woman w5t at la/1 f\nd t x 0 a v pleasant ?+ on ! :ole to be fri5dly1 & c>ri$ ! glad tid+s into h] life1 sub/itut+ k9dness = h] previ\s rule ( incivility4 ,to h] surprise h] enemies h all disappe>$4 ,! mo!rs1 com+ to s*ool to talk ov] ! "w ( _! *ildr51 h = ! fir/ "t se5 "o ano!r at _! be/4 ,sitt+ ov] a fri5dly cup ( tea1 *att+ ab\t ,jane's dress or ,willie's lessons1 !y h le>n$ ! art ( social int]c\rse4 ,sl[ly ! lesson has come to !m1 until to-day !re is n a woman 9 ! neighborhood :o is n on speak+ t]ms ) e "o else1 a situation undream$ ( five ye>s ago4 ,n9e mon?s 9 ea* ye> ,miss ,belle ,mc,cubbing holds h] classes 9 ! ,locu/ ,grove ,s*ool1 :i* /&s on ! ,milit>y ,pike1 sev5 miles outside ( ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky4 ,angels wat* ov] t s*ool1 says ,mrs4 ,faulcon]4 ,d\btless ^! angels are ! good angels ( ! community1 = 9 six ye>s ! bitt]ness ( neighborhood gossip & controv]sy has be5 replac$ by a _s ( neighborly helpfulness4 ,boys & girls1 do+ ,miss ,belle's busy "w1 fa!rs & mo!rs le>n+ f _! *ildr51 h heap$ ^u ,miss ,belle's des]v+ head ! pe]less praise ( a community come to itself--reg5]at$ 9 ?\ght & act1 turn$ f ! wret*$ness & desolation ( ! pa/ to ! light & civilization ( ! future1 sav$ & bless$ by ! lives ( a tea*] & h] *ildr54 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,wide-,,awake ,,sleepy ,,eye ,i ,fitt+ ,s*ools to ,ne$s ,?is is ! /ory ( a s*ool t 0 built to fit a t[n1 & x beg9s ) a hypo!tical case4 ,suppose t !re 0 a t[n--a prosp]\s t[n ( "s #b1bdg s\ls1 set d[n 9 ! middle ( a well-to-d f>m+ di/rict4 ,z = bus9ess1 ! t[n has a few indu/ries & "s /ores2 ! c\ntryside is engag$ 9 g5]al f>m+4 ,suppose t ! s*ool bo>d ( su* a t[n %\ld come to y & say3 ,we are look+ = a s*ool sup]9t5d5t4 ,are y ! "o8 ,suppose y said1 ,yes4 ,h[ w\ld y prove y\r po9t8 ,out 9 ,m9nesota !re is a t[n nam$ ,sleepy ,eye1 set d[n 9 a well-to-d f>m+ di/rict4 ,at ! head ( ! ,sleepy ,eye s*ools !re is ,j4 ,a4 ,c$]/rom4 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom has prov$ by a v practical demon/ration t he is ! "o4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom took *>ge ( ! ,sleepy ,eye s*ools he f\nd an excell5t s*ool plant1 an intellig5t community & a s*ool sy/em t 0 l ! s*ool sy/em ( e o!r up-to-date two-?\s&-inhabitant t[n 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,c$]/rom !re lay a *oice4 ,he c\ld cont9ue ! "w exactly z x _h always be5 c>ri$ on1 improve ! s*ool ma*9]y1 & make a cr$itable %[+ at exam9ation "t4 ,t pa? look$ l ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom did n take x1 h[ev]4 ,in/ead he made up 8 m9d t aft] measur+ ! community & ! *ildr5 he w\ld1 to use 8 own words1 fit ! "w to _! respective ne$s4 ,! "w (f]$ has be5 some:at v>i$1 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom expla9s4 ,i h n attempt$ to foll[ any set c\rse or outl9e ( "w made out by "s "o else :o is n famili> ) our conditions & ne$s4 ,:]e does !re exi/ a m admirable /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! new education8 ,?is man1 :5 giv5 *>ge ( a s*ool plant1 delib]ately *ose to make ! s*ool fit ! ne$s ( ! community ^u :i* ! s*ool 0 dep5d5t = support4 ,oblivi\s ( tradition he set ab\t remodel+ ! s*ool 9 ! int]e/ ( its con/itu5cy4 ,sleepy ,eye is locat$ 9 a f>m+ di/rict4 ,_m ( ! boys :o come to ! ,sleepy ,eye ,s*ool w manage f>ms :5 !y are gr[n m51 & _m ( ! ,sleepy ,eye girls w m>ry f>m]s & manage !m4 ,"h 7 f>m] m5 & f>m] wom5 9 ! mak+4 ,:at m natural ?an to organize a ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture8 ,a ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 a s*ool8 ,yes1 truly2 & a %ort w9t] c\rse = f>m boys & girls :o c\ld n come ! ye> r\nd1 & a s*ool exp]im5t /ation ) s*ool f>ms = ! *ildr51 & a live f>m]s' in/itute t met 9 ! s*ool & 0 f$ & c>$ = by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,dome/ic ,sci5ce1 & all sorts ( c\rses built up ar\nd ! ne$s ( ! *ildr5 & ( ! community4 ,,ii ,gett+ ! ,janitor 9 ,l9e ,z a result ( ?is me?od ( c\rse-mak+ ! s*ool janitor f\nd himself on ! in/ruction /aff ( ! s*ool4 ,"o day a c\ple ( ! %ort c\rse boys 7 9 ! eng9e-room :ile ! janitor 0 repair+ a defective pipe 9 ! heat+ plant4 ,! boys l5t a h& 9 ! "w2 & "o ( !m1 hav+ a practical turn ( m9d1 sugge/$ t he w\ld l to le>n m ab\t pipe-fitt+ 9 ord] to in/all a wat] sy/em on ! f>m at home4 ,! janitor repeat$ ! rem>k to ,mr4 ,c$]/rom1 :o call$ ! boys out & _h a talk ) !m reg>d+ ! possibilities ( ! plan4 ,! outlook = ! c\rse 0 n bright4 ,e in/ructor 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t 0 work+ on full "t4 ,only "o way out rema9$ & t way l$ to ! janitor4 ,! janitor 0 a busy man dur+ ! day1 b 8 ev5+s 7 comp>atively free4 ,aft] "s p>ley+ he agre$ to give a c\rse 9 elem5t>y plumb+ & /eam-fitt+ on ,tuesday & ,?ursday ev5+s at sev5-?irty4 ,s ! boys came to s*ool 9 ! ev5+1 & "u ! direction ( ! s*ool janitor le>n$ h[ to in/all a wat] sy/em 9 _! homes4 ,_! "w = ! ye> consi/$ 9 mak+ a model wat] sy/em = a h\se1 a b>n & ! o!r f>m build+s4 ,! mat]ials = ?is c\rse 7 pick$ up f ! s*ool's scrap-heap4 ,p]haps "s p w n und]/& ! _s ( x--gett+ ! janitor 9 l9e to give a c\rse 9 /eam-fitt+ f ! odds & ends t are f\nd on ! scrap-heap4 ,su* a proce$+ is unconv5tional 9 ! extreme4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 "h 7 boys :o wi%$ to "k h[ !y might g back & improve _! homes4 ,:o %all say t ! imp>t+ ( su* k is n ! bus9ess ( a real s*ool8 ,,iii ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,let u g back = a mom5t to ! organization ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye h available :at e o!r s*ool %\ld h--five acres ( tillable gr\nd4 ,?is tract at ,sleepy ,eye is devot$ to te/s & exp]im5tal "w1 to fl[] g>d5s & to individual s*ool g>d5s--"o = ea* *ild :o applies4 ,! exp]im5tal "w & te/s are c>ri$ on exactly z !y w\ld be at a /ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,9 ! section ( ,m9nesota surr\nd+ ,sleepy ,eye1 corn is ! great /aple crop4 ,!re=e on ! demon/ration gr\nds ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,indep5d5t ,s*ool ,di/rict ,no4 #bd1 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9nesota1 !y are gr[+ a numb] ( plots ( corn1 ea* plot v>i\sly plant$1 f]tiliz$1 cultivat$1 & c>$ =1 s t ! *ildr5 may le>n at fir/-h& sci5tific me?ods ( discov]+ ! be/ k9ds ( crop1 & ! be/ ways ( h&l+ a crop 9 _! own locality4 ,! allotm5t ( ! s*ool g>d5s c>ri$ ) x in/ruction 9 eng9e]+ & 9 civics at ! same "t t ! bonds betwe5 home & s*ool 7 cem5t$4 ,! "p ( ! s*ool l& t 0 to be devot$ to s*ool g>d5s 0 turn$ ov] to ! old] boys1 :o survey$ x 9 exactly ! same way t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t survey$ ! home/ead tracts4 ,! plot 0 laid out 9 t[ns & ranges4 ,! sections 7 /ak$ & numb]$4 ,!n ! *ildr5 :o wi%$ to take up plots w5t into ! newly survey$ t]ritory1 pick$ _! plots1 & fil$ an application ) ! l& commission] = a plot1 /at+ ! section1 t[n & range4 ,aft] t a l9e =m$ & ! plots 7#bjx#bj feet7 7 allott$4 ,no *ild 0 p]mitt$ to take up an allotm5t unless he _h ! endorsem5t ( a p>5t or gu>dian4 ,! =m on :i* ?is endorsem5t 0 secur$ 0 z foll[s3 ,"n ,grade ,sec ,t[n ,range ,,application ,,= ,,l& ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ool ,,g>d51 ,,dept4 ,,( ,,agr41 ,,sleepy ,,eye ,,high ,,s*ool ,x is assum$ t ! p>5t or gu>dian :o endorses ?is application w co-op]ate ) ! s*ool au?orities & h ! applicant c>e = & we$ said l& dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & devote at lea/ two & a half h\rs ea* week ?is summ] to ! agricultural "w z may be direct$ or requir$ by ! ,director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,mr4 ,haw4 ,i h]eby apply =444444 ,sec444444 ,t[n4444444 ,range444444 9 ! ,public ,s*ool ,g>d5 ( ,sleepy ,eye ,high ,s*ool1 & w cultivate & c>e = same z may be direct$ by ! prop] au?orities1 & w keep a c>eful record ( ! returns !refrom & report same on or be=e ,oct4 #bj1 #aiaa4 ,i w d ! additional agricultural "w t may be direct$ z indicat$ above4 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,applicant4 ,endors$ by 444444444444444444444444 ,p>5t or ,gu>dian4 ,! =m c>ri$ on its opposite side /atem5ts %[+ ! "* ( crop & its value1 ! am\nt paid = se$s & an itemiz$ /atem5t ( ! returns4 ,! s*ool g>d5s prov$ an admirable success4 ,! *ildr5 _h le>n$ ! details ( a great hi/orical ev5t 9 _! own /ate--! giv+ out ( free l&2 ! boys _h conduct$ a m9iature survey2 rivalry _h be5 develop$ 9 ! competition ov] plots2 ! g>d5s1 laid out side by side1 s]v$ z a spl5did object lesson 9 quality ( "w2 no boy or girl c\ld allege a tea*]'s unfairness f an untill$1 we$y plot2 ! p>5ts 7 made to feel t ! s*ool 0 do+ some?+ practical = _! *ildr52 ! *ildr5 7 taught a simple =m ( acc\nt+ & co/-keep+2 &1 be/ ( all1 !y 7 made to feel _! citiz5%ip 9 ! s*ool4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has1 9 addition to its exp]im5tal f>m1 a well-equipp$ laboratory1 9 :i* te/s & exp]im5ts are c>ri$ on4 ,sleepy ,eye is locat$ 9 a dairy section2 !re=e "o ( ! *ief functions ( ?is laboratory has be5 ! te/+ ( milk4 ,any f>m] may br+ milk samples & h ! ,babcock te/ appli$ to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( butt] fat :i* an individual c[ is yield+4 ,,iv ,a ,%ort ,c\rse = ,busy ,p ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,sleepy ,eye1 z 9 _m o!r places1 !re are _m boys & girls :o _c att5d s*ool ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b :o w\ld welcome a *ance to g to s*ool 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,agricultural colleges h recogniz$ ?is ne$ by ! organization ( %ort c\rses dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,only a few *ildr5 c g to college1 h[ev]4 ,lack ( prep>ation & lack ( funds compel !m to rema9 at home4 ,x 0 = !m t ! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye organiz$ a %ort c\rse l t giv5 9 ! agricultural colleges1 ext5d+ f ! end ( ,novemb] to ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,( ! pupils att5d+ ?is c\rse1 "s ( ! boys are z old z ?irty-sev51 & "s ( ! girls z "y z fifte52 yet all come1 eag] to f9d out "s ( ! ?+s :i* ! s*ool has to tea* !m4 ,! agricultural "w ( ! %ort c\rse c5t]$ ar\nd ! agricultural problems ( ! ,br[n ,c\nty ,f>m4 ,plant+1 milk & cream te/+1 "w 9 se$ te/+ & g]m9ation1 & treatm5t ( se$s = fungus gr[?s1 corn judg+1 & simil> topics cov]$ ! "w ( ! t]m4 ,! %ort c\rse boys _h already le>n$ _m lessons 9 ! practical s*ool ( f>m "w4 ,! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye (f]$ !m 9 addition ! k :i* sci5ce has rec5tly accumulat$ reg>d+ ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,z ! successful f>m] mu/ be a tra9$ me*anic1 ! %ort c\rse laid great /ress on manual tra9+4 ,! boys 7 taught h[ to h&le & c>e = tools1 h[ to frame a build+1 h[ to make ev5]s1 hayracks1 wat]+ tr\ghs1 wagon boxes1 & simil> useful f>m articles4 ,9 ! blacksmi? %op ! simpl] problems 9 =g+ 7 cov]$1 includ+ ! mak+ ( hooks1 clevises1 cold *isels & o!r small tools4 ,:ile ! boys 7 engag$ 9 agricultural & me*anical "w ! girls took dome/ic sci5ce4 ,9 addition to ! elem5t>y "w 9 cook+ & sew+ !re 7 advanc$ c\rses 9 dress design+1 s plann$ z to prep>e a girl to "w out h] own patt]ns & make up h] own mat]ials4 ,let no "o suppose t ! %ort c\rse neglect$ academic "w4 ,inde$1 x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to enable boys & girls :o felt too big = ! local s*ool1 or :o _h no "t to take ! entire t]m !re1 to review common s*ool subjects4 ,! c\rses 9 indu/rial "w1 9 agriculture & 9 dome/ic sci5ce 7 (f]$ 9 addition to ^! regul> s*ool /udies4 ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+4 ,! boys & girls :o take ! %ort c\rse = ! fir/ ye> come back 9 consid]able numb]s to take a second & a ?ird ye> ( "w dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! %ort c\rse is a success1 because x gives ! boys & girls :o take x tra9+ & k :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise acquire4 ,v ,lett+ ! ,boys ,d ,x ,! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye ne$$ a f>m build+ on ! s*ool f>m4 ,! %ort c\rse boys & "s ( ! old] boys 9 ! s*ool 7 anxi\s to le>n4 ,:at m natural proc$ure ?an = ! s*ool to buy ! lumb] & h ! boys d ! "w8 ,exactly ?is proce$+ 0 foll[$1 & ! pupils erect$ ! build+ :i* !y ne$$ to c>ry on ! appli$ "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! me*anical "w ( ! s*ool is spl5didly organiz$4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! pupils built a l>ge "p ( ! equipm5t !mselves4 ,five simple =ges1 made by ! /ud5ts ( p9ebo>ds & concrete1 =m an excell5t %op equipm5t1 besides giv+ ! boys :o did ! "w an inkl+ ( ! ease ) :i* a =ge c be erect$ 9 connection ) ! tool-h\se on ! f>m4 ,! boys built a turn+ la!1 on :i* ! wood turn+ ( ! s*ool is done4 ,besides ! %op-"w !re is a well-organiz$ c\rse 9 me*anical draw+4 ,! :ole dep>tm5t is prep>$ to tea* boys1 p>ticul>ly f>m boys1 "s ( ! ?+s :i* !y w mo/ ne$ 9 ! me*anical "w on ! f>ms4 ,! me*anical c\rses are op5 to ! boys 9 ! grades1 z well z to ! high s*ool & ! %ort c\rse pupils4 ,! "w is grad$1 & may be foll[$ ?r\gh ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,,vi ,a ,look at ! ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,:ile ! boys are 9 ! %ops ! girls are occupi$ ) dome/ic sci5ce4 ,a well-equipp$ laboratory & sew+-room furni% ! basis = "s ?or\gh "w4 ,! ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t is "o to :i* ,mr4 ,c$]/rom po9ts ) ju/ifiable pride4 ,( all my con/ructive "w s9ce com+ "h1 he says1 ,i probably take my greate/ pride 9 our ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t1 :]e elem5t>y & advanc$ "w is (f]$ 9 cook+ & 9 h\sehold economy4 ,because ! space 9 ! s*ool 0 small1 & ! dem& = in/ruction l>ge1 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom plann$ ! dome/ic sci5ce tables himself1 & sup]9t5d$ _! build+4 ,aga9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! s*ool's "w is %[n by its results4 ,) ! mode/ equipm5t :i* ! funds & space available provid$1 ! girls 9 ! ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t ea* ye> s]ve a d9n] to ! f>m]s & f>m]s' wives att5d+ ! annual f>m]s' in/itute held 9 ! s*ool 9 ,febru>y4 ,on "o occasion ! dep>tm5t bak$ almo/ half a cord ( bread1 roa/$ "o hundr$ & =ty p\nds ( beef1 & f$ five hundr$ & sev5te5 p]sons at "o d9n]4 ,! sew+ "w includes a complete c\rse 9 dressmak+4 ,/ud5ts are requir$ to make patt]ns f pictures select$ 9 fa%ion magaz9es4 ,^! patt]ns are !n us$ 9 cutt+ out ! g>m5ts1 :i* ! girls !mselves make up4 ,ea* girl 9 ! ,high ,s*ool is requir$ to take at lea/ "o ye> ea* ( cook+ & ( sew+4 ,^! c\rses occupy five p]iods a week4 ,an additional ye> 9 ea* c\rse is optional4 ,mo/ ( ! girls eag]ly elect x4 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom takes a v practical view ( su* educational matt]s4 ,our girls l ! dome/ic sci5ce "w1 he says4 ,!y take z mu* pride 9 br++ to my (fice a good loaf ( bread1 or a well-prep>$ di% ( vegetables or meat z !y d 9 be+ able to give a p]fect demon/ration ( a !orem 9 geometry1 or a p]fect conjugation or decl5sion ( a ,lat9 ^w4 ,possibly t5 ye>s f n[ !y may h m dem& ^u _! ability to prep>e a squ>e meal = a hungry life companion1 or to cut out a dress or apron = a y\ng] memb] ( ! family ?an !y w h ne$ ( do+ "s ( ! o!r ?+s :i* ,i h j m5tion$4 ,!y d n tea* dome/ic sci5ce = its own sake out 9 ,sleepy ,eye2 !y see f>!r ahead ?an t4 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom is mak+ 8 "w practical1 because1 z he says1 ,we are anxi\s to d :at little we c t[>d mak+ our girls m effici5t & capable z h\sekeep]s1 wives1 & possibly z mo!rs4 ,,vii ,h[ ,x ,works ,out ,!re are two que/ions t naturally arise3 ,fir/1 :at is ! effect ( ?is "w on ! *ildr58 ,second1 :at is its effect on ! f>m]s8 ,bo? que/ions mu/ be answ]$ briefly1 ?\gh ! answ]s to bo? might be foll[$ out ?r\gh pages ( illu/rative detail4 ,! *ildr5 l ! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye4 ,! boys & girls come e>ly & /ay late4 ,! s*ool doors op5 at eight o'clock & are n clos$ until d>k4 ,!re are always pupils !re f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( t p]iod4 ,! *ildr5 are n int]e/$ 9 ! appli$ "w alone4 ,_! int]e/ 9 t has l$ !m v (t5 to an int]e/ 9 "s ( ! academic /udies t[>d :i* !y _h no p>ticul> incl9ation4 ,! homes 9 ,sleepy ,eye are also int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,z "o woman rem>k$3 ,my girls l to d "w ab\t ! h\se n[2 !y nev] did be=e4 ,s*ool "w :i* gives girls a new desire & a new viewpo9t on ! "w 9 ! home is a /ep1 & a long "o1 t[>d build+ s\nd] homes & /rong] family ties4 ,!re are "s ,sleepy ,eye homes 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( ! boys 9 ! s*ool %ops has l$ _! p>5ts to buy b5*es & tools :i* ! *ildr5 may use at home4 ,! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye has int]e/$ ! f>m]s4 ,x has p]suad$ !m t high grade se$ is bett] ?an mongrel se$4 ,consequ5tly ! f>m]s are %ell+ m bu%els ( corn to ! acre plant$4 ,! s*ool has p]suad$ ! f>m]s t well-br$ cattle are m pr(itable ?an mongrel cattle4 ,consequ5tly ! f>m]s are rais+ ! /&>d ( _! h]ds4 ,:5 ! f>m]s come into ,sleepy ,eye !y g to ! s*ool4 ,p]haps !y h milk to be te/$2 p]haps !y are look+ = sugge/ions reg>d+ soil or blight2 p]haps !y want to "k ! late/ facts ab\t ! scale or ru/2 p]haps !y want "s advice ab\t f>m implem5ts4 ,9 any case !y g to ! s*ool4 ,! f>m]s h be5 l$ to ! s*ool ?r\gh ! *ildr54 ,! boys h gone home to _! fa!rs ) sugge/ions & improvem5ts ( ine/imable value 9 ! managem5t ( ! f>m4 ,! girls h gone home to _! mo!rs ) practical ideas on ! runn+ ( ! h\sehold4 ,^! demon/rations ( s*ool effici5cy h done m ?an argum5t or p]suasion ev] c\ld hope to d 9 conv9c+ ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ! usefulness ( ! s*ool4 ,,viii ,!oretical & ,practical ,! "w 9 me*anics seems to int]f]e 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> ) ! regul> academic "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! boys & girls are int]e/$ & en?usia/ic4 ,t c\nts = a great deal4 ,!n1 too1 boys & girls come to s*ool = ! me*anical "w :o w\ld n come at all if ! me*anical "w 7 n !re4 ,! academic "w :i* su* boys take is cle> ga94 ,?r\gh ! me*anical "w _m pupils become int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool1 & ! s*ool means1 = all pupils1 academic z well z appli$ "w4 ,we d n disc\nt ^? p>ts ( an education t 7 once ! sum total ( ! "w 9 e high s*ool1 ,mr4 ,c$]/rom says4 ,!y are all (f]$ & tak5 by ! /ud5ts4 ,we are try+ to give 9 addition to ^! academic bran*es ! k9d ( education :i* w appeal to ! *ildr5 z be+ ( a common-s5se ord]4 ,!re is 9 ! high s*ool a ,lat9 ,c\rse1 a ,sci5tific ,c\rse1 beside ! ,agricultural ,c\rse & ! ,indu/rial ,c\rse4 ,all ( ! /ud5ts are requir$ to take ?is academic "w4 ,_m1 9 addition1 take ! indu/rial & agricultural "w1 ev5 :5 !y d n receive cr$it 9 _! academic c\rse4 ,ea* high s*ool /ud5t is all[$ two p]iods a day 9 laboratory "w1 %op-"w1 or "s o!r =m ( appli$ education4 ,9 addition to ^? p]iods1 ! /ud5ts may "w 9 ! %ops or laboratory aft] s*ool1 if !y please4 ,_m ( !m get _! appli$ education 9 t way4 ,h[ great is ! fire t a little sp>k k9dles6 ,x 0 m ?an a ?\s& miles away t ,i fir/ he>d ( ! s*ool at ,sleepy ,eye4 ,x happ5$ 9 ?is way4 ,! clock _h sc>cely ann\nc$ t x 0 high noon :5 a gr\p ( m5 drew _! *airs up to a d9n] table g5]\sly load$ ) c\ntry hotel f>e4 ,!re 7 two s*ool directors 9 ?is happ5-s p>ty1 a c>t]1 a salesman1 a lawy]1 a f>m] & two tea*]s1 :o talk$ ) a pr(essional twang4 ,! salesman li/5$ impati5tly to ! educational clap-trap1 wat*+ = an op5+ betwe5 phrases4 ,:5 at la/ ! loophole appe>$3 ,g5tlem51 said he1 y're int]e/$ 9 s*ools8 ,!n y ought to see "s real s*ools4 ,did y ev] g to a s*ool to li/5 to a phonograph8 ,!n1 turn+ to ! f>m]s3 ,did y ev] g to s*ool to get y\r horses %od8 ,y g to s*ool = bo? 9 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9nesota4 ,!y're ! greate/ s*ools ,i h ev] se54 ,!y run f sev5 9 ! morn+ till eight at night1 & accommodate e kid t wants an education4 ,g5tlem51 if y want to see real s*ools g to ,sleepy ,eye4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,s\? ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,education ,i ,a ,dream ( ,empire ,a ke5 ,atlanta bus9ess man lean$ =w>d on 8 *air & spoke eag]ly4 ,yes1 sir1 he exclaim$1 ! _w is ours4 ,we h ! bigge/1 f9e/ bat* ( undevelop$ res\rces 9 ! c\ntry--p]haps on ! planet4 ,iron1 coal1 /one1 timb]1 p[]--our hills are full ( !m1 s full t we h nev] ev5 inv5tori$ our treasure-h\se4 ,our possibilities are beyond ! p[] ( words1 & we've got to live up to !m4 ,?is man knew ,georgia & ! ,s\?4 ,he _h help$1 & /ill is help+ to conv]t ! iron1 coal1 timb]1 & wat]-p[] into ,s\!rn prosp]ity4 ,he 0 /ill unsatisfi$4 ,! tr\ble ) u is1 we c't g fa/ en\gh1 he admitt$4 ,d y "k :y8 ,d y "k ! bigge/ burd5 we h to c>ry--! mo/ det]m9$ enemy we h to fight8 ,well1 sir1 x's ignorance--! ignorance ( ! common man ab\t 8 f>m or 8 trade2 ! ignorance ( ! bus9ess man ab\t outside ?+s2 ! ignorance ( ! tea*]s :o are suppos$ to enlight5 u4 ,he lean$ =w>d aga94 ,t s\nds /rong1 doesn't x8 ,b x's gospel4 ,i rem9d$ him ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,s\? 0 =g+ ahead 9 its educational activities4 ,he ?rew 8 head back pr\dly4 ,( c\rse1 he cri$1 ! exp]im5t /ations1 ! colleges1 ! high s*ools1 ! club movem5t1 & all t--( c\rse we're go+ ahead4 ,i'm n speak+ ( t4 ,my po9t is t we mu/ wake up to two ?+s4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ nev] make ! mi/akes t y did 9 ! ,nor? :5 y built up y\r educational sy/em4 ,t means no p$antry1 or classical snobb]y4 ,we mu/n't g t way4 ,our way is pla9 ?\gh4 ,i see x m cle>ly e "t ,i ?9k ! matt] ov]--we mu/ tra9 ! intellig5ce ( ! ,s\!rn p4 ,he cont9u$1 9 8 en?usia/ic mood4 ,yes1 !re is a great future = ! ,s\?4 ,its res\rces make a future possible2 b unless ^? res\rces are intellig5tly us$1 our prosp]ity w n g v deep1 or rea* v f>4 ,we mu/ take ! p ) u4 ,?is man's view typifies ! educational vision t is sweep+ ov] ! ,s\?4 ,we mu/ take ! p ) u1 he said4 ,!re is no?+ novel 9 ! idea2 b com+ z x did f a repres5tative bus9ess man1 x c>ri$ weight & conviction4 ,ano!r ?+ he said 9 ! same connection en=c$ 8 argum5t4 ,!y talk ab\t ! race problem 9 ! ,s\?1 he said4 ,t is1 ! old g5]ation does4 ,we y\ng] m5 are n s mu* conc]n$ ab\t ! race problem z we are conc]n$ ab\t effici5cy 9 indu/ry & 9 agriculture4 ,! races are "h to /ay2 we _c *ange t if we w\ld4 ,mean:ile1 all ( u1 :ites z well z blacks1 are slov5ly 9 our f>m+1 indiff]5t 9 our bus9ess transactions1 & hopelessly beh9d 9 our me?ods ( conduct+ affairs4 ,f top to bottom we ne$ tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,t1 m ?an any?+ else1 w solve ! ,s\?'s problems4 ,,ii ,f9d+ ! ,way ,! /ep is a %ort "o f a vision ( tra9$ intellig5ce to a dem& = effective education4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 ! w to progress is ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce1 & ) un]r+ accuracy1 "o community aft] ano!r is turn+ to ?is z ! way4 ,!re is no ,s\!rn city 9 :i* ! agitation = increas$ educational activity is n be+ pu%$ ) vigor & int5sity4 ,on all h&s !re appe>s ! result ( a conviction t ! only means by :i* ! effectiv5ess ( ! ,s\? c be ma9ta9$ & increas$1 lie along ! pa? ( increas$ educational opportunities4 ,! ,s\?1 if x is to fulfill ! greatness ( its promise1 mu/ remodel its educational sy/em 9 ! int]e/s ( a l>g] ,s\?1 z ! ,we/ has remodel$ its educational sy/em 9 ! int]e/ ( a l>g] ,we/4 ,! notable ,/ate univ]sities ( ! ,middle & ,f> ,we/1 ! ,normal ,s*ools1 ! preval5t sy/em ( education1 h be5 felt1 & are n[ be+ felt1 9 ! progressive1 effici5t1 ,we/]n population4 ,no?+ less ?an a g5]ally educat$ public c\ld h made ! ,we/ 9 ! brief ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce x 0 a wild]ness4 ,no?+ save g5]al education c make ! res\rces ( ! ,s\? yield up _! greate/ advantage to ! ,s\!rn p4 ,! "t = traditional =malism has pass$ 9 ! ,s\?1 z x has pass$ 9 e o!r progressive community4 ,:atev] ! ne$s ( ! community may be1 ^? ne$s mu/ be met ?r\gh "s =m ( public education4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! mo/ press+ ne$ appe>s 9 ! dem& = intellig5t f>m+4 ,= decades ! t5ant f>m]s1 l>gely negroes1 cultivat$ _! f>ms z _! fa!rs _h cultivat$4 ,!y rais$ cotton because ! rais+ ( cotton (f]$ ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,f>m animals 7 sc>ce1 because ! f>m animals only came ) surplus ca%1 & surplus ca% 0 sc>ce inde$ 9 di/ricts :]e ! t5ant f>m]s liv$ ?r\gh ! ye> on ! cr$it obta9$ f ! prospective cotton crops4 ,!re 0 little corn rais$1 because ! p did n und]/& ! ne$ = rais+ corn1 nor did !y realize ! f9ancial possibilities ( ! ,s\!rn corn crop4 ,9 a ^w1 ! agricultural ,s\? lack$ ! k :i* mod]n sci5tific agriculture has br\ght4 ,! pa/ g5]ation has se5 a revolution 9 ,s\!rn agriculture1 because ( ! revolution :i* has occurr$ 9 ,s\!rn agricultural education4 ,l$ by ! exp]im5t /ations & univ]sities1 ! ,s\? has und]tak5 to reorganize its sy/em ( liv+ f ! l&4 ,! ,atlanta bank] fully realiz$ ! ne$ = culture4 ,he 0 himself a cultur$ g5tleman2 b he also saw t be=e ! p ( ! ,s\? c\ld h culture1 !y mu/ h an economic sy/em direct$ ) suffici5t intellig5ce to supply ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* mu/ always be tak5 = grant$ be=e ! possibilities ( culture are realiz$4 ,cultural education comes aft]1 & n be=e1 education = intellig5t & direct vocational activity4 ,dur+ ! educational revolution ( ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 no section ( ! c\ntry has ?r[n itself into ! =egr\nd ( educational progress ) m vigor & ) great] e>ne/ness & zeal ?an t display$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 c]ta9 directions ! ,s\? has prov$ a lead] 9 ! inauguration & adm9i/ration ( new activities4 ,9 o!r directions ! ,s\!rn ,/ates h foll[$ actively & en]getically4 ,a travel] ?r\gh ! ,new ,s\? /umbles unavoidably ^u c\ntless illu/rations ( ! "p :i* mod]n education is play+ 9 ,s\!rn life4 ,individuals1 families1 communities1 are be+ re-made by ! new education4 ,,iii ,jem's ,fa!r ,jem wasn't a good boy1 b he 0 int]e/$ 9 8 s*ool4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? =tunate boys :o liv$ 9 a c\nty t _h be5 possess$ by ! corn club idea1 & ! corn club 0 ! ?+ :i* _h giv5 ,jem 8 s*ool int]e/4 ,jem nev] took to /udies4 ,ea* ye> he _h told 8 "m t !re w]5't no use 9 go9' back to t !re s*ool aga94 ,p]si/5tly %e _h s5t him back1 until "o ye> :5 ,jem f\nd a reason = go+4 ,a new tea*] came to ,jem's s*ool--a "y man fre% f normal s*ool1 full ( en?usiasm1 en]gy1 & new ideas4 ,! boys felt f ! />t t he 0 _! fri5d1 & be=e _m weeks _h elaps$1 ! community began to feel 8 pres5ce4 ,?is new tea*] 0 p>ticul>ly en?usia/ic ov] ! club idea4 ,we mu/ get ! boys & girls do+ some?+ toge!r he kept say+ to 8 classes4 ,! ye> wore on1 b int]e/ 9 ! s*ool did n flag1 because all ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s !re 7 ent]ta9m5ts1 p>5ts' meet+s1 lit]>y meet+s1 spell+ bees1 read+ h\rs1 & o!r ev5+ activities4 ,9 fact1 ! "t came :5 !re 0 a light 9 ! s*ool-h\se ?ree or f\r nights 9 ea* week4 ,t[>d spr+ ! new tea*] began to pu% ! club idea4 ,he />t$ ) ! boys1 &1 z luck w\ld h x1 pick$ out ,jem4 ,jem1 he said "o day1 ,i want y to /ay aft] s*ool1 ,i want to speak to y a m9ute4 ,jem /ay$1 n kn[+ exactly :at 0 com+4 ,:5 ! re/ ( ! pupils _h tumbl$ out ( ! s*ool door1 & disappe>$ along ! muddy road1 ! tea*] & ,jem sat d[n toge!r4 ,jem1 said ! tea*]1 we ought to h a corn club 9 ?is s*ool4 ,jem look$ up dogg$ly1 b gave no sign ( int]e/ or en?usiasm4 ,y see1 ! tea*] said1 x's ?is way4 ,f>m+ isn't all t x might be ar\nd "h4 ,p raise ?+s ! way !y h always be5 rais$4 ,our c\nty sup]9t5d5t has an idea4 ,he proposes to tea* ! f>m]s 9 ?is c\nty h[ to raise corn4 ,jem look$ skeptical4 ,are y to d ! tea*+8 he ask$4 ,no1 0 ! answ]1 y are4 ,i8 said ,jem4 ,yes1 said ! tea*]1 y & ! o!r boys 9 ! s*ool4 ,jem scrat*$ 8 head4 ,i a9't nev] taught no "o no?+ 9 my life1 he comm5t$4 ,x's ?is way1 ! tea*] w5t on4 ,up at ,wa%+ton & out at ! ,/ate ,college !y h be5 do+ a lot ( ?9k+ & work+ ) corn4 ,!y f\nd1 = in/ance1 t if y pick se$ corn c>efully1 y get a bett] crop ?an if y are c>eless 9 se$ selection4 ,!y h also f\nd t if y foll[ c]ta9 rules ab\t plant+ & cultivation y get a bett] crop4 ,= ye>s ! m5 at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation & at ,wa%+ton talk$ ab\t ^! ?+s 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s4 ,!y e/abli%$ exp]im5t f>ms1 & demon/ration f>ms1 too4 ,lately !y h be5 do+ some?+ m1 & some?+ :i* ,i ?9k is bett] ?an any?+ s f>--!y h decid$ to h ! boys tea* _! fa!rs h[ to raise corn4 ,d y mean to say1 ask$ ,jem1 t ,i c\ld tea* ,dad any?+ ab\t corn-rais9'8 ,yes1 said ! tea*]1 y c1 &1 :at is m1 y w1 won't y8 ,well1 said ,jem1 ,i dunno4 ,"h is :at we h to d1 said ! tea*]4 ,?is ye> ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t is go+ to (f] prizes = ! boy ) ! be/ acre ( corn4 ,he s5ds out rules4 ,y h to pl\gh a c]ta9 way1 plant a c]ta9 way1 & cultivate a c]ta9 way4 ,if y d n foll[ ! rules y are n all[$ to /ay 9 ! conte/4 ,n[ ,i'll tell y :at ,i want to d4 ,! boys 9 ?is s*ool are z sm>t1 if n sm>t]1 ?an ! boys 9 any o!r s*ool 9 ! c\ntry2 s ,i guess x is up to u to get "s ( ^? prizes "r "h at home4 ,jem 0 visibly int]e/$4 ,money prizes8 he ask$4 ,yes1 money prizes1 said ! tea*]4 ,! fir/ prize w be fifty doll>s4 ,jem's eyes op5$ wide4 ,i'm 9 = t1 he said ) conviction4 ,t night1 :5 ,jem sat d[n to supp]1 he broa*$ ! corn proposition to 8 fa!r4 ,%ucks1 8 fa!r exclaim$4 ,y raise an acre ( corn8 ,:y y w\ldn't get tw5ty-five bu%els6 ,tw5ty-five1 said ,jem1 contemptu\sly4 ,i'd get a hundr$4 ,a hundr$1 said 8 fa!r4 ,"h1 look "h1 boy1 ,i h be5 f>m+ ?is l& = ?irty odd ye>s1 & ! be/ ,i ev] done on an acre ( corn 0 sev5ty bu%els4 ,i'll tell y :at1 ?\gh1 he add$ conclusively1 ?is "h talk ab\t corn clubs makes me tir$4 ,y & y\r hundr$ bu%els6 ,i 0 look+ ov] ! pap] :5 x came 9 ?is noon1 & ,i saw a piece ab\t a *ap ov] by ,s\?port ) ov] a hundr$ bu%els to ! acre4 ,d y "k :at ,i'm go9' to d tonight8 ,i'm go9' to write t editor a lett]1 & tell him t any pap] t publi%es lies l t a9't fit = my family to see4 ,?is ye>'s subscription a9't run out1 b !y don't ne$ to s5d me ! re/4 ,i'll get a pap] some:]e else4 ,despite home opposition1 ,jem p]si/$ & prevail$4 ,8 fa!r gave him an acre grudg+ly1 b x 0 a good acre4 ,& :51 foll[+ ! rules :i* he & ! o!r boys :o _h agre$ to ent] ! conte/ read ov] ) ! tea*]1 he disk$ 8 l& & pl\gh$ 8 n>r[1 deep furr[s1 he li/5$1 n )\t misgiv+s1 to ! rem>ks :i* 8 eld] bro!r pass$ at 8 exp5se4 ,say1 ,jem1 ?is bro!r rem>k$1 y h sp5t ?ree times z mu* "t on t acre z any acre ( corn rais$ 9 ?is c\nty 0 ev] wor?4 ,are y digg9' graves = 'possums8 ,:51 lat] 9 ! season1 ,jem cultivat$ ) p]si/5t regul>ity1 he 0 =c$ to li/5 to simil> comm5ts4 ,jem wasn't good at rep>tee2 s he said no?+2 b1 su/a9$ by ! enc\ragem5t ( ! new tea*]1 :o came to see 8 acre e week1 ,jem foll[$ ! rules to ! lett]4 ,he _h 8 rew>d at h>ve/ "t4 ,:5 ! e>s fir/ set x became app>5t t ,jem _h a good crop4 ,z !y develop$1 ! goodness ( ! crop became m manife/2 b :5 ! acre _h be5 h>ve/$1 put ?r\gh ! %ell] & bagg$1 & ,jem _h /[$ 9 8 pocket a c]tificate ( n9ety-six bu%els on "o acre1 x 0 "t = "s explanations4 ,jem1 said 8 fa!r at ! supp] table on ! ev5+ ( t memorable day :5 ,jem's corn w5t ?r\gh ! %ell]1 & 8 c]tificate %[$ n9ety-six bu%els1 ,i wrote a lett] to t editor1 & s5t him next ye>'s subscription 9 advance4 ,,iv ,club ,life ,militant ,! exp]i5ce ( ,jem's fa!r has be5 duplicat$ _m times by p>5ts & communities dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ( club gr[? 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! s*ool1 work+ ?r\gh ! *ildr51 has educat$ fa!rs1 mo!rs1 villages1 & :ole c\nties4 ,all ( ! ag5cies ( gov]nm5t1--local1 ,/ate1 & national1--h coop]at$ to make ! *ildr5's clubs "o ( ! lead+ ag5cies 9 develop+ t tra9$ intellig5ce :i* is s great an asset 9 ! prosp]ity ( any community4 ,?anks to ! tireless ef=ts ( m5 l ,william ,h4 ,smi?1 ! *ildr5's clubs h become "o ( ! mo/ aggressive factors 9 educat+ rural communities to high] /&>ds ( effici5cy4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( clubs--corn clubs1 potato clubs1 tomato clubs1 pig clubs4 ,any?+ :i* ! *ildr5 c raise is a legitimate object ( club activity4 ,! "w 9 ! ,s\? />t$ ) corn clubs4 ,! corn-club idea 9 ,mississippi grew out ( an educational exp]i5ce ( ,pr(essor ,william ,h4 ,smi?4#bd ,= ye>s ,pr(essor ,smi? _h taught1 9 a mildly progressive way1 ! "t-honor$ subjects :i* 7 includ$ 9 ! /udy-c\rse ( ! rural s*ool4 ,two ( ,pr(essor ,smi?'s /ud5ts1 a boy ( tw5ty & a girl ( sev5te51 left s*ool2 & !y left1 z ! boy told ,pr(essor ,smi? v frankly1 because ! s*ool taught !m v little t w\ld be ( use lat] on 9 ! "w :i* !y w\ld be call$ ^u to d4 ,?is boy expect$ to gr[ cotton2 ! girl expect$ to m>ry ! boy1 manage 8 dome/ic affairs & att5d to ! _m duties :i* fall to ! lot ( wom5 on a f>m4 ,:5 he left s*ool1 ! boy put x to ,pr(essor ,smi? 9 ?is way3 ,i am go9' to be a f>m]4 ,i a9't fitt$ to be no?+ else1 & book le>n9' a9't help9' me none4 ,x's j a wa/e ( "t4 ,i've got to cle> l& & "w x into a f>m4 ,if ,i 0 go9' to be a bookkeep] or an eng9e]1 or some?9'1 :at y are tea*9' me "h might help2 b ,i c't rememb] t ,i h ev] le>n$ a ?+ s9ce ,i got ! hang h[ to figure ! int]e/ on a mortgage1 t w be ( any acc\nt to me on a f>m4 ,almo/ all ! boys has got to be a f>m] l me4 ,y "k1 pr(essor1 x appe>s to me l ^! s*ools = ! p ought to be tea*9' ! *ildr5 ( ! p h[ to make a liv9' on ! f>m--h[ to make life bett] & easi]1 in/ead ( j mak9' u plum disgu/$ ) ourselves4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 /&+ out among a multitude ( simil> exp]i5ces1 l$ ,pr(essor ,smi? to an int]e/ 9 "s =m ( educational "w t w\ld help boys & girls 9 _! lives on ! f>m4 ,! outcome ( 8 ?9k+ & exp]im5t+1 comb9$ ) ! ?9k+ & exp]im5t+ ( _m ano!r capable educational lead]1 is ! club idea = boys & girls alike4 ,!re 0 a real ne$ = ! corn club4 ,= ! ye> #ahii ! total corn area 9 ,alabama 0 #b1gdc1jfj acres4 ,on ^! acres ! f>m]s secur$ an av]age ( #ab4g bu%els p] acre4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 #aiji1 ! total acreage _h decreas$ to #b1egb1jib1 & ! p] acre yield _h decreas$ to #aa4i bu%els p] acre4 ,"h 0 a decrease ( #agj1ifh acres 9 corn2 ( #d1cfg1caj bu%els 9 ! corn crop2 & ( 4#h ( a bu%el 9 ! av]age yield p] acre4 ,! boys' corn club movem5t 0 />t$ 9 ,alabama 9 #aiji4 ,t ye> two hundr$ & sixty-five boys 7 enroll$4 ,! av]age p] acre yield ( corn 9 ! ,/ate 0 #aa4i bu%els4 ,! next ye> ! enrollm5t ( boys rea*$ tw5ty-"o hundr$2 ! total yield increas$ m ?an sixty p] c5t42 & ! av]age numb] ( bu%els p] acre rose to eighte54 ,! figures = #aiaa & #aiab %[ an increase1 ?\gh less ext5sive1 9 ! total acreage & ! total yield ( corn = ea* ye>4 ,s\!rn l& w gr[ corn4 ,prop]ly treat$1 x w bett] a yield ( twelve bu%els p] acre1 five1 t51 & ev5 fifte5-fold4 ,! lead]s ( ,s\!rn agricultural education knew ?is4 ,!y knew1 fur!rmore1 t ! bett]m5t c\ld nev] be br\ght ab\t until ! f>m]s 7 conv9c$ t x 0 possible4 ,h[ c\ld !y be %[n8 ,! ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 _h a place2 ! exp]im5t f>m _h a place2 b if x 7 only possible to make e f>m an exp]im5t f>m6 ,! way lay ?r\gh ! boys4 ,!y c\ld be induc$ to organize m9iature exp]im5ts 9 scores ( f>ms 9 e c\nty1 & !n ! f>m]s w\ld see6 ,back$ by a c>efully work$ out organization1 ! au?orities set out ) ! delib]ate purpose ( educat+ ! f>m] ?r\gh 8 son4 ,if 8 corn yield 0 l[1 he w\ld le>n h[ to get a l>g] yield4 ,if he rais$ no corn1 he w\ld le>n ( ! spot-ca% value ( corn4 ,boys 7 organiz$ into clubs2 directions 7 giv52 prizes 7 (f]$1 & ! boys w5t to "w ) a w4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y took "o acre4 ,:5 comp>$ to ! yield on surr\nd+ acres1 ! corn crops secur$ by ! boys are little %ort ( ph5om5al4 ,9 ,pike ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 :]e ! numb] ( boys engag+ 9 corn club conte/s increas$ f "o 9 #aiaj to two hundr$ & sev5ty 9 #aiab1 ! av]age numb] ( bu%els p] acre gr[n by ! boys rose f #ej4e to #he4c4 ,9 ! entire ,/ate !re 7 "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 boys :o made ov] a hundr$ bu%els p] acre ea* 9 #aiaa4 ,! av]age p] acre = ea* ( ^! boys 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 bu%els1 & ! total pr(it on _! corn crop 0 #ab1ejj4 ,records made by individual boys ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates run v high4 ,claude ,mc,donald1 ( ,ham]1 ,s4 ,c41 rais$ #baj-d_/g bu%els at a co/ ( #cc4c;c a bu%el4 ,junius ,hill1 ( ,attalla1 ,ala41 rais$ #bab-a_/b bu%els4 ,b5 ,lea?1 ( ,k5s+ton1 ,ga41 rais$ #bad-e_/g bu%els4 ,john ,b[51 ( ,gr5ada1 ,miss41 rais$ #bba-a_/e bu%els4 ,eb] ,a4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,alex&] ,city1 ,ala41 rais$ #bbd-c_/d bu%els2 & ,bebbie ,beeson1 ,monticello1 ,miss41 rais$ #bbg-a_/af bu%els4#be ,^! boys 7 all ,/ate prize w9n]s4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s wor?y ( note ab\t ^! record yields4 ,practically all ( ! high yields 7 made on deeply pl\gh$1 widely sep>at$ r[s4 ,! record made by ,b5nie ,beeson 7#bbg-a_/af bu%els1 at a co/ ( f\rte5 c5ts p] bu%el7 0 secur$ on d>k1 upl& soil1 ) a clay sub-soil1 pl\gh+ to a dep? ( t5 in*es1 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 hills six in*es ap>t1 ) t5 cultivations4 ,beeson us$ #e-a_/b tons ( manure & eight doll>s' wor? ( o!r f]tiliz] on 8 acre4 ,! se$ corn 0 ,new ,era4 ,b>nie ,?omas1 :o grew #bbe bu%els on ri*1 s&y loam1 pl\gh$ n9e in*es1 plant$ 8 r[s ?ree & "o-half feet ap>t1 & kept ! hills t5 in*es ap>t4 ,he cultivat$ six times1 & select$ 8 own se$ f ! field4 ,_m ( ! boys mak+ ! f9e records develop$ & select$ _! own se$4 ,"o boy1 ) an acre yield ( #abd4i bu%els1 cle>$ six hundr$ & n9ety-five doll>s1 c\nt+ prizes4 ,ano!r boy1 ) a yield ( #ig-d_/e bu%els1 reports t 8 fa!r's yield 0 ?irty bu%els4 ,john ,b[51 ) a yield ( #bba-a_/e bu%els1 reports ! yield on ne>by acres z =ty bu%els4 ,ar?ur ,hill1 ) #ahj-c_/e bu%els1 reports ! ne>by yields z tw5ty bu%els4 ,su* figures1 unc]tifi$1 w\ld *all5ge ! cr$ulity ( ! un9itiat$4 ,! l& on :i* ^! record yields 7 secur$ _h be5 rais+ tw5ty1 =ty1 & fifty bu%els ( corn to ! acre4 ,ov] great sections1 ! p] acre av]age 0 well "u tw5ty4 ,into ?is desolation ( agricultural ineffici5cy1 a few ?\s& s*ool boys ent]$4 ,"u c>eful sup]vision & prop] guidance1 ) little additional exp5diture ( money or ( "t1 !y produc$ results :olly unbelievable to ! old-"t f>m]4 ,yet he saw ! crop1 husk$1 & wat*$ x ?r\gh ! %ell]4 ,!re 0 no magic & no *ican]y4 ,he _h le>n$ a lesson4 ,! records cit$ above are exceptionally high4 ,!re 7 hundr$s ( o!rs almo/ equally good4 ,tw5ty-"o ,georgia club memb]s f ! sev5? congressional di/rict alone grew #b1fda bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #bc c5ts p] bu%el2 #ai boys 9 ,gordon ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 av]age #ij bu%els1 #aj ( !m mak+ #a1jeh bu%els4 ,! #aj boys :o /ood highe/ 9 ,georgia av]ag$ #afi4i bu%els & made a net pr(it ( m ?an #ajj ea*1 besides prizes won4 ,9 ,alabama #ajj boys av]age #ig bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #bg c5ts4 ,9 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 #be boys av]ag$ #gh bu%els4 ,9 ,yazoo ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 #ba boys av]ag$ #aaa4f bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #ai4g c5ts4 ,9 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 #ag boys av]ag$ #hb bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #ba c5ts4 ,sixty-five boys 9 ,mississippi av]ag$ #aji4i bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #be c5ts4 ,tw5ty ,mississippi boys av]ag$ #adj4f bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #bc c5ts4 ,n9ety-two boys 9 ,l\isiana grew #e1gia bu%els on #ib acres2 #aj ( ^! boys _h above #ajj bu%els ea*1 al?\gh ! wea!r conditions 7 v unfavorable 9 t ,/ate4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ajj boys av]ag$ #ii bu%els4 ,9 ! same ,/ate #dcb boys av]ag$ #fc bu%els4 ,9 ,buncombe ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aj boys av]ag$ #hh bu%els4 ,9 ,sussex ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 #af boys av]ag$ #hb bu%els4 ,fifte5 boys 9 ! vic9ity ( ,memphis1 ,t5n41 :]e ! bus9ess m5 contribut$ ab\t #c1jjj to aid ! "w1 av]ag$ #abg4d bu%els at an av]age co/ ( #bh c5ts p] bu%el4 ,_m o!r records 9 o!r ,/ates 7 equally good 9 view ( ! fact t a dr\ght prevail$ v g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? 9 #aiaa4bf ,su* returns *all5ge ! att5tion ( ! mo/ hideb\nd4 ,^! boys got results t exce$$ any?+ t _h ev] be5 he>d ( 9 _! communities4 ,! old folks :o _h sc(f$2 ! wise-acres ^: advice 0 n tak52 & ! ,i told y s f>m]s :o _h utt]$ _! pr$ictions1 all /ood aside1 :ile ! boys1 po9t] 9 h&1 taught _! respective communities "o ( ! be/ lessons !y _h ev] le>n$4 ,v ,cann+ ,clubs ,p>allel ) ! boys' corn clubs are ! girls' cann+ clubs4 ,if ! boys c\ld gr[ corn 79 a numb] ( cases ! corn conte/s 7 won by girls71 :y might x n be possible to h ! girls d some?+ along p>allel l9es8 ,! idea f\nd expression 9 ! girls' tomato clubs & simil> organizations4 ,dur+ #aiaj1 ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five girls 7 enroll$ 9 su* clubs 9 ,virg9ia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,dr4 ,knapp & 8 fell[ work]s decid$ t "o-t5? ( an acre w\ld be en\gh = a good g>d54 ,ea* girl 0 urg$ to plant "s o!r k9d ( vegetable 9 addition to h] tomatoes1 & to c surplus fruit4 ,9 #aiaa1 m ?an ?ree ?\s& girls1 9 eight diff]5t ,/ates1 _h jo9$ clubs & plant$ _! g>d5s4 ,by #aiab ! numb] _h gr[n to tw5ty-?ree ?\s& girls 9 twelve ,/ates4 ,_m ( ! girls put up m ?an five hundr$ qu>t cans ( tomatoes f _! plots1 besides ket*up1 pickles1 *[-*[1 pres]ves1 & o!r products4 ,q a numb] ( girls put up m ?an a ?\s& qu>t cans1 & "o girl put up fifte5 hundr$ qu>t cans4 ,"s ( ! girls1 9 addition to ! prizes1 _h a net pr(it ( z mu* z a hundr$ doll>s on _! g>d5s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry sets =? ! object ( ! girls' demon/ration "w z foll[s3 7#a7 ,to enc\rage rural families to provide pur] & bett] food at a l[] co/1 & utilize ! surplus & o!rwise wa/e products ( ! or*>d & g>d51 & make ! p\ltry y>d an effective "p ( ! f>m economy4 7#b7 ,to /imulate int]e/ & :olesome coop]ation among memb]s ( ! family 9 ! home4 7#c7 ,to provide "s means by :i* girls may e>n money at home1 &1 at ! same "t1 get ! education & viewpo9t necess>y = ! ideal f>m life4 7#d7 ,to op5 ! way = practical demon/rations 9 home economics4 7#e7 ,to furni% e>ne/ tea*]s a plan = aid+ _! pupils & help+ _! communities4#bg ,,vi ,recognition ,day = ,boys & ,girls ,! mo/ a/oni%+ ?+ ab\t ! club activity is ! recognition :i* x has won :]ev] x has be5 work$ out on an ext5sive basis4 ,! reason = ?is g5]al recognition is q obvi\s1 & its effect is no less /imulat+4 ,public (ficials & bus9ess m5 h vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! ef=ts to rew>d ! w9n]s ( c\nty & ,/ate club conte/s4 ,! same bullet9 :i* records ! a/oni%+ figures on corn yields1 tells ab\t ! ?+s t 7 done = ! #ef1hdj boys :o 7 memb]s ( corn clubs4 ,fifty-two ,georgia boys receiv$ diplomas sign$ by ! gov]nor ( ! ,/ate & o!r (ficials1 = produc+ m ?an a hundr$ bu%els p] acre ea*1 at an av]age co/ ( less ?an ?irty c5ts p] bu%el4 ,bus9ess m5 & citiz5s g5]ally subscrib$ lib]ally money1 free railroad transportation1 & trips to ,/ate capitals4 ,9 #aiaa ! total value ( ! prizes (f]$ 9 ! ,s\? to ! boys' corn clubs approximat$ fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,9 ,oklahoma1 "o ?\s& doll>s 9 gold 0 (f]$ to ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty boys mak+ ! be/ record 9 t ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate prize w9n]s 7 s5t to ,wa%+ton = a week1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ at ! ,:ite ,h\se by ! ,presid5t1 & at ! ,capitol by ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!y 7 pres5t$ ) special c>ds ( admission to ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 &1 :5 visit+ ,congress1 !y 7 pres5t$ to _! ,s5ators & ,congressm54 ,by special invitation ^! di/+ui%$ visitors appe>$ be=e ! ,committee on ,agriculture at ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!y also visit$ ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,!y 7 photograph$1 & l>ge diplomas be>+ ! seal ( ! ,dep>tm5t & ! signature ( ! ,secret>y 7 aw>d$ to !m4 ,"o does n wond] at ! widespread recognition accord$ ^! boys1 9 view ( ! fact t _! ef=ts h be5 responsible = an imm5se increase 9 ! bus9ess prosp]ity ( _! respective ,/ates4 ,once m h educators demon/rat$ ! possibilities ( tea*+ p>5ts ?r\gh ! education ( *ildr54 ,,vii ,tea*+ ,gr[n-,ups to ,read ,! educational "w :i* is be+ done 9 ! upl&s ( ! ,s\? has already receiv$ widespread recognition4 ,! slogan1 ,d[n ) ! moon%9e /ill & up ) ! moonlight s*ool1 typifies ! _s ( ! upl& community4 ,"o might j\rney f> be=e discov]+ a m en?usia/ic p ?an ! tea*]s & ! s*ol>s ( ! ,s\!rn upl&s4 ,! appall+ ext5t ( illit]acy among ! desc5dants ( ,m>ion's m5 f9ds a p>allel 9 _! pa!tic desire = "s =m ( education4 ,! ,s\!rn hill :ites love ! old & fe> ! new4 ,traditionally1 !y belong to a pa/ g5]ation2 actually1 !y are rea*+ out = ! bett] ?+s :i* ! new g5]ation c (f]4 ,! moonlight s*ools are att5d$ by old p & "y alike4 ,! /ruggl+ colleges1 ! indu/rial & te*nical s*ools1 ) _! record ( privation & h>d%ip1 be> eloqu5t te/imony to ! g5u9e ef=ts :i* ! upl& population is mak+ 9 ^! e>ly ye>s ( its educational awak5+4 ,e s9c]e ef=t among ! hill :ites meets ) in/ant response4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 !y deprive !mselves ( ! necess>ies ( life 9 ord] t !y may s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,boys skimp & save2 girls walk = miles along m\nta9 trails & pa?s2 communities give ( ! scanty means ( _! ef=t = ! build+ & ma9t5ance ( s*ools4 ,ev]y:]e ! _s ( ! new education is p]meat+ ! ,s\!rn upl& communities4 ,,viii ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,junior ,"o tea*]1 ^: ye>s ( ef=t 9 ! ,pi$mont h br\ght h] ! confid5ce & co-op]ation ( ! community1 tells ( ! success ( "o ( h] e>lie/ v5tures ) a boy ( ?irte54 ,! boy's fa!r 0 bad2 8 "m slov5ly & indiff]5t4 ,! boy himself 0 bright & active4 ,:5 ! "t came = him to ent] ! cotton mill1 ! tea*] prote/$ to 8 family1 b )\t success4 ,/ill !re 0 some?+ t %e c\ld d = him1 /ill %e saw an opportunity ( s]v+ him1 & %e ask$ him to come to h] home ) a numb] ( o!r boys1 = a c\ple ( nights a week1 :5 !y sat toge!r1 read+1 or play+ games4 ,! boy _h appe>$ sull5 at fir/1 b t[>d ! end ( 8 s*ool t]m he %[$ an active int]e/4 ,x became app>5t t he 0 p>ticul>ly clev] at languages4 ,none ( 8 lessons tr\bl$ him1 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! tea*]1 he le>n$ ,italian readily1 & dur+ ! ev5+s1 :5 ! o!r boys play$ games or talk$1 he work$ ov] 8 ,italian s5t5ces ) vital int]e/4 ,j be=e ,*ri/mas1 dur+ ! fir/ ye> t ?is boy _h sp5t 9 ! mill1 a fri5d visit$ 8 tea*]1 became int]e/$ 9 h] "w1 & ask$ if !re 0 any way 9 :i* %e c\ld help4 ,y may1 said ! tea*]4 ,y may buy ,&y an outfit4 ,! fri5d w5t to ! city ) ! ord] 9 h] pocket1--a hat1 a suit1 & a complete outfit1 new1 z a ,*ri/mas pres5t = ,&y4 ,on ,*ri/mas eve1 ,&y alone came to ! tea*]'s h\se4 ,%e _h n ask$ ! o!r boys1--p>tly because mo/ ( !m pref]r$ to /ay at home1 p>tly because %e _h no su* f9e pres5t = !m z %e _h = ,&y4 ,nev] 9 my life1 ! tea*] said1 _h ,i se5 ,&y clean4 ,i made up my m9d t = once he %\ld h a clean body z well z clean clo!s4 ,:5 ,&y came t ,*ri/mas eve1 ! tea*] took him into a room :]e !re 7 t[els1 soap1 a bas91 & a new outfit ( clo!s4 ,&y1 %e said1 ?is is y\r ,*ri/mas pres5t f my fri5d1 & n[ y are go+ to give me a ,*ri/mas pres5t1 too4 ,y are go+ to wa% up & dress up4 ,&y foll[$ directions1 & :5 he em]g$ f ! room 9 8 spick & span outfit1 8 hat set side-wise on 8 wet1 newly comb$ hair1 he /ood up v /raight1 survey+ himself z be/ he c\ld f head to foot1 & exclaim$1--,gee6 ,i feel j l ,george ,wa%+ton4 ,! ba? & ! new suit 7 a realization ( 8 highe/ ideal4 ,&y & ,i 7 always fri5ds aft] t1 said ! tea*]1 & s9ce ,&y 0 ! mov+ _s among ! boys 9 ! village1 ! boys & ,i got along well toge!r4 ,x 0 my introduction to ! he>t ( ! community1 & x came ) ,&y's realization ( an ideal :i* he _h long *]i%$4 ,,ix ,a ,/ep ,t[>d ,good ,heal? ,hav+ won ,&y ov]1 ! tea*] prep>$ to "w h] way pa/ "s ( ! b>ri]s ( prejudice :i* ! community _h plac$ betwe5 itself & civilization4 ,! girls (f]$ ! readie/ op5+4 ,! homes 7 wret*$1 ! tea*] said4 ,! p did n "k ! simple/ heal? rules4 ,!y 7 /rang]s to sanitation or cleanl9ess4 ,_! h\sekeep+ 0 primitive & _! cook+ mis]able4 ,i _h won ! boys by gett+ !m toge!r 9 some?+ t resembl$ a club4 ,i decid$ t my be/ pa? to ! girls1 & f !m to ! community1 lay ?r\gh h\sekeep+4 ,! hypo!sis 01 at lea/1 wor?y ( a try-out4 ,! tea*] began by keep+ h] own h\se 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]1 & ask+ ! girls to come 9 & help h] d x4 ,y'll l to take supp] ) me ?is ev5+1 %e w\ld say to a gr\p ( girls at recess "t4 ,speak to y\r mo!rs :5 y g home1 & y1 ,sadie & ,annie1 w /ay ov] night & sleep 9 ! sp>e b$4 ,!y 7 sl[ to respond at fir/4 ,long habit made !m suspici\s1 b :5 ! fir/ few girls _h sp5t _! night ) ! tea*] & _h come home ) ! tales ( h] wond]ful h\sehold arrangem5ts1 ! o!rs 7 look+ eag]ly = a *ance to duplicate _! exp]i5ces4 ,am ,i next8 a little girl ask$ anxi\sly "o day1 aft] ! invitations to a p>ty _h be5 giv5 out4 ,! assurance t %e 01 made h] face %9e = ! rema9d] ( ! aft]noon4 ,! s*ool girls all came will+ly1 ! tea*] said4 ,x 0 aft] ,i _h !m s int]e/$ t "o ( ! factory h&s came 94 ,x 0 ,saturday night1 & %e rapp$ on ! door be=e com+ 9 ) a hesitat+ t\*1 z if %e 0 afraid4 ,%e sat d[n across f me1 smoo?+ h] dress & look+ unhappy4 ,y'll n und]/&1 said ! factory girl1 apologetically4 ,b ,mame is 9 y\r s*ool--%e's my si/]4 ,y _h h] up la/ week to sp5d ! night4 ,y'll rememb]8 ,! tea*] nodd$4 ,%e came home1 & ev] s9ce %e's be5 tell+ u ab\t ! way y did ?+s4 ,& ,i've be5 ?9k+1---- ,%e /opp$ & look$ at ! tea*]1 half suspici\sly1 half appeal+ly4 ,i've be5 ?9k+ h[ nice x w\ld be = me1 if ,i c\ld d !m ?+s ! same z y4 ,y see1 %e spoke rapidly1 ,i'm gett9' m>ri$ soon n[1 & :5 ,mame came a-tell+ t way1 & our h\se l x always is1 & ! baby cry+1 & no?+ done except9' ma a-scold9'1 & ,i says to myself1 ,i says1 if ,i c\ld d ?+s l t tea*] c d 'em mebbe ,i w\ldn't make mi/akes l ma makes 'em4 ,%e paus$ = brea?1 look+ expectant4 ,y w\ld l to come "h to see h[ ,i d ?+s8 ! tea*] ask$4 ,! girl nodd$ eag]ly4 ,come ,monday aft] h\rs1 & sp5d ! night ) me4 ,aft] t1 ! tea*] said1 x 0 a great deal easi]4 ,! next ?+ ,i want$ to d 0 to get ! *ildr5 exam9$ = glasses & ?roat tr\ble4 ,!re 7 two second-rate c\ntry doctors !re :o knew little or no?+ ab\t mod]n m$ic9e4 ,! ne>e/ man t ,i c\ld tru/ 0 =ty miles away4 ,he 0 a speciali/1 too1 & high pric$4 ,/ill1 ,i sat d[n & wrote him a lett]1 tell+ him h[ we 7 fix$4 ,he answ]$ by return mail1 mak+ a special rate & sett+ a day4 ,i hop$ to take twelve ( ! *ildr51 b ,i _h c> f>e = only sev54 ,!n came our w9dfall4 ,i told ! railroad :at ,i 0 try+ to d1 & !y made a special excursion rate & took ! *ildr5 at less ?an half f>e4 ,we 7 all able to g1 & ! extra money w5t = a treat to soda & ! movies4 ,! *ildr5 w5t back home1 s++ ! praises ( ! trip1 ! tea*]1 & ! doctor4 ,!y w5t back1 too1 ) exp]t advice & assi/ance1 & ) ! good news t o!rs w\ld soon h a turn4 ,gr\p by gr\p1 ! ne$y *ildr5 7 br\ght d[n to ! speciali/ 9 ! city4 ,"s 7 ev5 op]at$ on1 al?\gh at ! outset ! p>5ts w\ld n he> ( op]ations4 ,9 ! end ! *ildr5 won1 h[ev]4 ,_! en?usiasm = ! tea*] & _! doctor c>ri$ ! day4 ,x has be5 sl[1 ! tea*] said1 b at ! end ( x all1 !y see bett]1 he> bett]1 eat m :olesome1 n\ri%+ food1 live bett]1 & und]/& !mselves bett]4 ,on ! :ole x has paid4 ,x ,!ory & ,practice#bh ,! rural s*ools ( ! ,s\? h no monopoly on progressive educational views4 ,a numb] ( ,s\!rn cities h tak5 up _! position 9 ! vangu>d ( educational progress4 ,notable among ^! cities is ,columbus1 ,georgia1--a city ( #bj1eed p1 9 :i* ,sup]9t5d5t ,rol& ,b4 ,daniel has und]tak5 a vigor\s policy ( %ap+ ! s*ools 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,!re 7 9 #aiac1 #e1cef *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 ,columbus4 ,( ?is numb]1 #d1jhi 7 9 ! s*ools4 ,! s*ool population is r unev5ly divid$1 racially1--#c1cdh ( ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age are :ite1 & #a1aih are color$4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! :ite population dep5ds = its livelihood ^u ! mills4 ,columbus is surr\nd$ by an agricultural di/rict f :i* come _m *ildr5 9 se>* ( high s*ool tra9+4 ,! city ( ,columbus pres5ts an indu/rial problem ( an unusually complex "*1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is problem has be5 h&l$ by ! s*ools is wor?y ( ! highe/ comm5dation4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel has laid d[n ?ree def9ite planks 9 8 educational plat=m = ! city ( ,columbus4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he aims to provide s*ool accommodations :i* are fitt$ to ! peculi> ne$s ( ea* "p ( ! community4 ,9 ! second place1 he aims to %ape ! s*ool sy/em ( ,columbus 9 t]ms ( ! local environm5t ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ! ?ird place1 he has inaugurat$ a high s*ool policy1 :i* makes high s*ool tra9+ practical z well z !oretical4 ,among ! mill op]atives ( ,columbus1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel e/imates t !re are approximately #hjj *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,! situation pres5t$ by ^! *ildr5 0 critical 9 ! extreme4 ,!re 0 an abs5ce ( compulsory education laws2 few ( ! *ildr5 att5d$ any s*ool1 & :5 !y did ent] a s*ool !y seldom rema9$ long en\gh to secure any m>k$ educational advantage4 ,less ?an #e p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 cont9u$ 9 s*ool aft] !y 7 old en\gh to "w 9 ! cotton mills4 ,pursuant ( 8 int5tion to make ! s*ools supply ! ne$s ( all ( ! *ildr5 ( ,columbus1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel organiz$ ! ,nor? ,highl&s ,s*ool 9 ! factory di/rict4 ,( ?is s*ool he says3 ,x is n made to con=m1 ei!r 9 c\rse ( /udy or h\rs1 to ! o!r s*ools ( simil> rank 9 ! sy/em1 = ! bo>d desires to meet ! conditions & conv5i5ce ( ! p = :om ! s*ool 0 e/abli%$4 ,classroom "w beg9s 9 ! morn+ at #h o'clock & cont9ues until #aa o'clock1 ) a recess ( #aj m9utes at #i3cj4 ,! aft]noon session beg9s at #a o'clock1 & ! s*ool closes = ! day at #c3cj o'clock4 ,! long int]mission 9 ! middle ( ! day is giv5 9 ord] to all[ ! *ildr5 to take hot lun*es to p>5ts1 bro!rs1 & si/]s :o are work+ 9 ! mill4 ,_m ( ! mills are locat$ at "s di/ance f ! s*ool4 ,"s ( ! *ildr5 are call$ ^u to walk z mu* z two miles dur+ ! noon h\r1 9 ord] to c>ry ! lun*es4 ,^! d9n] tot]s1 :5 c>ry+ lun* baskets = p]sons outside ( ! family1 receive #be c5ts p] week p] basket4 ,9 case sev]al baskets are c>ri$1 ! income ?us e>n$ is consid]able4 ,! s*ool ?us organiz$ on ! basis ( local ne$s is fur!r specializ$ 9 a way t w appeal to ! ne$s ( ! mill op]ative gr\p4 ,! academic c\rses are simil> to ! c\rses (f]$ 9 ! o!r s*ools1 except t m emphasis is laid ^u ! ?ree ,r's4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel says t ! "t is v limit$ 9 :i* ^! *ildr5 w att5d s*ool1 & m att5tion is giv5 z to :at may be reg>d$ z fundam5tal4 ,:ile ! prescrib$ c\rse contemplates sev5 ye>s1 few cont9ue aft] ! fif? or six? ye>1 s /rong is ! call ( ! mills4 ,n m ?an #a p] c5t f9i% ?is s*ool & pursue _! /udies fur!r4 ,! ?ree morn+ h\rs & ! fir/ h\r 9 ! aft]noon are devot$ to academic /udies1 :ile ! la/ h\r & a half ( ! day is giv5 to practical "w4 ,! boys are requir$ to take elem5t>y c\rses 9 woodwork & g>d5+1 alt]nat+ ^! two bran*es on alt]nate days4 ,! girls are giv5 "w 9 basketry1 sew+1 cook+1 p\ltry rais+1 & g>d5+4 ,! results ( ! introduction ( ?is appli$ "w are summ$ up by ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel 9 ?is way1--,9 all ( ^! l9es ( "w x is n[ ! hope ( ! s*ool only to bett] liv+ conditions a little among ! p = :om x 0 especially organiz$4 ,! trans=mation is necess>ily sl[4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 no d\bt1 ! advocates ( ?is type ( s*ool ?\ght t _m might be induc$ to cont9ue 9 s*ool & d m advanc$ "w1 especially along vocational l9es4 ,9 ?is respect ! s*ool has be5 a disappo9tm5t to "s4 ,we are seldom able to induce pupils to f9i% ev5 ! limit$ c\rse (f]$ 9 ?is s*ool4 ,! ,nor? ,highl& ,s*ool1 9 addition to its "w = ! *ildr51 has begun an organiz$ ef=t to raise ! /&>ds ( ! local community4 ,e day ! pr9cipal & tea*]s ( ! s*ool visit "s ( ! homes1 giv+ helpful sugge/ions1 c>+ = ! sick1 & 9 any o!r possible way contribut+ to home life4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel reports ! progress 9 ?is respect by say+1--,confid5ce is n[ s /rong t "o ( ! tea*]s e ,saturday morn+ collects ! physically defective ones 9 ! community & takes !m to ! free cl9ic = op]ations or treatm5t4 ,at fir/ p>5ts w\ld see _! *ildr5 die r ?an p]mit !m to be op]at$ ^u1 b n[ !y seldom decl9e to p]mit !m to be tak5 by a tea*] to ! free cl9ic1 :5 9 ! judgm5t ( ! tea*] x is necess>y4 ,! s*ool has made an ef=t to organize ! old] p ( ! community4 ,!re are ent]ta9m5ts & s*ool ga!r+s 9 :i* p>5ts & *ildr5 alike p>ticipate4 ,z a fur!r help to ^? p>5ts :o are compell$ to "w 9 ! mills1 ! s*ool gr\nds1 :i* are amply provid$ ) a full play equipm5t1 are op5 to all ( ! *ildr5 at all h\rs ( ! day & all days ( ! week4 ,x is n infrequ5t1 says ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel1 t1 :5 ! "m goes to "w at #f 9 ! morn+1 %e s5ds h] *ildr5 to ! s*ool to enjoy ! privileges ( ! gr\nds until ! op5+ ( ! s*ool at #h o'clock4 ,! "w ( ! negro s*ools is simil>ly fitt$ to ! indu/rial ne$s ( ! negro *ildr54 ,boys & girls alike devote a consid]able portion ( _! "t to indu/rial "w4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ?is "w = negroes is to prep>e !m = ! l9e ( indu/rial opportunity op5 to !m4 ,! s*ool reports t x has develop$ a numb] ( good blacksmi?s1 c>p5t]s1 cooks1 seam/resses1 & laundresses4 ,pupils :o rema9 9 ! s*ools long en\gh to complete ! c\rse are able to e>n1 ^u leav+ s*ool1 ab\t twice :at !y w\ld be able to e>n _h no su* tra9+ be5 provid$4 ,a vigor\s attempt has be5 made to reorganize grade "w 9 ! int]e/s ( cle>ness & effectiv5ess4 ,z ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel puts ! matt]1--,we und]took to place be=e ! tea*]s a def9ite problem1 & to put sugge/ions into tangible =m4 ,we /at$ t all subjects c\ld be taught ) ! books m]ely z helps & means to an end1 & cont5d fur!r = ! doctr9e t a work+ k ( books & subjects is f> m desirable ?an accompli%+ ! feat ( memoriz+ ! pr9t$ page4 ,_m tea*]s w be a/oni%$ by ! doctr9e :i* ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel evolves f ?is /atem5t ( educational !ory4 ,! tea*]s 7 ask$ to conduct ! "w 9 su* a mann] t x w\ld n be necess>y to recite or take writt5 te/s ) clos$ books1 b t s*ool books be us$ z tools ) :i* to "w1 & t ! *ild %\ld use text-books z adults d books ( ref]5ce1 :ile ! tea*] guides & directs 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,?is attempt ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel to proce$ ) ! gramm> s*ool "w 9 a m natural way1 & to relate all ( x m closely to life1 met ) "s int]e/+ results1 z may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ te/ que/ions :i* 7 work$ out by tea*]s 9 pursuance ( ! in/ructions to make text-books incid5tal & ?\ght prim>y 9 ! s*ool "w4 ,,ari?metic1 ,,?ird ,b ,roy %ops = 8 "m at ,kirv5's4 ,he buys #b boxes ( hair p9s at 4#je ea*1 #f t[els at 4#aj ea*1 & #e h&k]*iefs = 4#be4 ,:at 0 8 bill8 ,if he h&s ! cl]k #a4jj1 h[ mu* *ange w he receive8 ,,?ird ,a ,if ,isabel's #b pair ( %oes co/ #d1 h[ mu* w %oes = all ! girls 9 ! class co/8 ,,geography ,,?ird ,b ,turn to ! map on page #fe & f9d & write ! names ( sev5 diff]5t %ore =ms4 ,,ari?metic1 ,,f\r? ,b ,9 our room are #df pupils4 ,! class receives #bcj tablets & #ach p5cils = ! t]m4 ,h[ _m ( ea* does ea* *ild receive8 ,,geography1 ,,f\r? ,b ,:at products may be s5t to u f ,new ,engl&8 ,if !y 7 %ipp$ f ,portsm\?1 ,n4 ,h41 on :at bodies ( wat] w\ld !y travel8 ,,geography1 ,,f\r? ,a ,:y does ! ,unit$ ,/ates c>ry on m trade ) ! ,briti% ,isles ?an ) ,g]many8 ,at :at seaport w\ld our vessels l& 9 ! ,briti% ,isles8 ,:at w\ld !y c>ry & :at w\ld !y br+ back8 ,,geography1 ,,fif? ,a ,:at highways ( trade w be us$ = %ipp+ oranges f ,san ,francisco to ,columbus1 ,ga41 by way ( ! ,panama ,canal8 ,h[ _m miles is ?is1 approximately8 7,use rule & map on page #fe47 ,,geography1 ,,fif? ,b ,:at is ! *ief indu/ry ( ! p ( ,columbus1 & :y8 ,describe ! climate ( our city1 tell :at fruits1 vegetables & f>m products f9d a m>ket "h4 ,:at w\ld a boat com+ up ! riv] br+ to ,columbus8 ,:at w\ld x c>ry back8 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel's viewpo9t is cle> & sane4 ,x is n suffici5t1 he says1 to ma9ta9 c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce & manual tra9+ = ! grades1 & to tea* o!r subjects z if !y belong$ to ano!r realm4 ,consequ5tly he has made e endeavor to br+ toge!r ! =ces ( ! community & ( ! s*ool 9 a sympa!tic :ole1 ar\nd :i* ! educational life ( ! t[n mu/ c5t]4 ,! indu/rial high s*ool is an integral & highly important "p ( ! "w 9 ! ,columbus s*ools4 ,side by side ) ! academic high s*ool1 x af=ds an opportunity = ! *ildr5 :o d n int5d to cont9ue _! educational "w beyond high s*ool grade to get "s assi/ance 9 ! direction ( a tra9+ = life activity4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to duplicate1 9 a measure1 ! conditions & h\rs ma9ta9$ 9 ! indu/rial plants ( ! city4 ,=m]ly ! s*ool 0 op5 = elev5 cal5d> mon?s2 at ! pres5t "t a vacation ( six weeks is all[$4 ,! s*ool h\rs are f #h o'clock 9 ! morn+ until #d o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 = five days ea* week4 ,pupils :o h n ma9ta9$ ! requir$ /&>d dur+ ! week are compell$ to att5d s*ool on ,saturday4 ,all pupils ( ! ,indu/rial ,high ,s*ool are requir$ to take academic "w ( high s*ool grade 9 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 ,engli%1 & sci5ce4 ,! introduction ( manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce into ! grades ( all ,columbus s*ools has po9t$ _m *ildr5 9 ! direction ( ! ,indu/rial ,high ,s*ool4 ,:ile x is n ! int5tion ( ! s*ool au?orities to make ! "w ( ! ,indu/rial ,high ,s*ool f9al1 x is hop$ t ^? *ildr5 :o are enabl$ to cont9ue ) educational "w are b5efit$ m>k$ly by ?is specializ$ c\rse4 ,?r\gh\t ?is delib]ate attempt ( ! ,columbus s*ool adm9i/ration to make ! s*ools fit ! ne$s ( ! community !re is evid5ce ( a sci5tific _s :i* is 9 ! la/ degree comm5dable4 ,! community ne$ is fir/ asc]ta9$4 ,! s*ool "w is !n organiz$ 9 response to ?is community ne$4 ,if1 p]*ance1 ! fir/ ef=t meets ) little success1 additional ef=t is cont9u$ until "s measure ( success is assur$4 ,! s*ool au?orities are n afraid to *ange _! op9ions or _! sy/em4 ,!y are n ev5 afraid to fail on a giv5 exp]im5t4 ,! "o ?+ ( :i* !y are afraid is failure to provide = ! educational ne$s ( ! community4 ,,xi ,a ,p ,com+ to ,its ,own ,! fir/ great battle 9 ! educational awak5+ ( ! ,s\? has be5 won4 ,! p realize ! necessity = an intellig5tly active population4 ,! second battle is well "u way4 ,! p ( ! ,s\? are %ap+ ! s*ools to meet ! peculi> educational ne$s :i* ! economic & social problems ( ! ,s\? pres5t4 ,a rally+-cry is r++ ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1--,! s*ools = ! p2 ! p = ! s*ools2 & a high] /&>d ( education & ( life = ! community4 ,! ,s\? is 9 l9e = ! ,new ,education4 ,s*ool (ficials are work+4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,daniel writes1--,ev]yone connect$ ) ! sy/em has be5 too int5t on do+ 8 "w well & 9 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ ! ideals ( ! sy/em to be di/urb$ by petty difficulties4 ,! tea*]s1 he adds1 h appe>$ to feel t x 0 r a privilege ?an a burd5 to p>ticipate 9 mak+ ! ,columbus sy/em effici5t ?r\gh ! prep>ation ( h] *ildr5 = life4#bi ,! public is ask+ = a correlation ( s*ool ) life1 & ! s*ools are educat+ ! ,s\? ?r\gh ! *ildr54 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,n[ ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,see an article ',corn-,club' ,smi?1 ,p4 ,c4 ,macf>lane1 ,colli]'s ,weekly1 ,may #ag1 #aiac1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #be3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,results ( ,boys' ,demon/ration ,"w 9 ,corn ,clubs 9 #aiaa1 ,wa%+ton1 ,may1 #aiab1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bf3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #e-f4 ,footnote #bg3 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,girls' ,demon/ration ,"w1 ,wa%+ton1 ,janu>y1 #aiac1 pp4 #a-b4 ,footnote #bh3 ,= a full /atem5t ( ! "w ( ! ,columbus ,s*ools see ,indu/rial ,education 9 ,columbus1 ,ga41 ,r4 ,b4 ,daniel1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education1 ,bullet9 #ece1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aiac4 ,also1 ,! ,annual ,report ( ! ,columbus ,public ,s*ools = ! ,ye> ,end+ ,augu/ #a1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bi3 ,annual report ( ! ,columbus ,public ,s*ools1 #aiac1 p4 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,education ,i ,! ,/&>d ( ,education ,! educational exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s are replete ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,education4 ,f ! virile educational sy/ems ( ! c\ntry a prote/ is be+ s\nd$ aga9/ traditional =malism4 ,s*ool m5 h le>n$ t t :i* is is n necess>ily "r4 ,ea* concept1 ea* me?od1 mu/ run ! gauntlet ( critical analysis4 ,x is n suffici5t to allege 9 support ( an educational pr9ciple t ! results d]iv$ f its application h be5 satisfactory 9 ! pa/4 ,insi/5tly ! "q is repeat$1 ,:at are its effects ^u ! problems ( to-day8 ,educational ance/or wor%ip is no m acceptable to ! progressive _s ( ! ,we/]n ,_w ?an is ance/or wor%ip 9 any o!r =m4 ,! pa/ has made its contribution1 & has di$ 9 mak+ x4 ,= ! contribution ! pres5t is grateful1 b x mu/ /eadfa/ly refuse 9 its own "n1 & 9 ! "n ( ! future1 to be b\nd by any decree ( ! pa/ :i* w n /& ! acid te/ ( pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,! old education 0 beset by traditionalism4 ,"u its dom9ance1 education1 def9$ once & = all1 0 e/abli%$ z a /&>d to :i* m5 mu/ atta92 h5ce a preceptor1 guid+ 8 "y *>ges along ! /raight pa? to k1 might1 ) p]fect confid5ce1 admoni% !m1 ,lo "h1 ! ?ree ,r's is education1 or ,lo !re1 ,greek & high] ma!matics is education1 accord+ z 8 tra9+ _h be5 9 ! ?ree ,r's or 9 ,greek4 ,9 ei!r case he felt c]ta9 ( 8 g5]al gr\nd4 ,once & = all ! educational /&>d _h be5 set4 ,by t /&>d new ideas 7 judg$1 & ei!r ju/ifi$ or condemn$4 ,"u ?is pr$et]m9$ s*eme !re 0 a =mula = education--a =mula z def9ite z t = mak+ bread or pickl+ pork4 ,! =mula 0 appli$ to ea* *ild :o pres5t$ himself to ! adm9i/ration4 ,if ! =mula work$ successfully ! *ild 0 decl>$ educat$ 9 ! same way t pork :i* has be5 successfully treat$ by ! prop] processes is decl>$ to be pickl$4 ,if ! =mula did n "w ! *ild 0 n educat$4 ,he sat 9 s*ool ) a dunce-cap ^u 8 head1 or else play$ hookey & sp5t 8 h\rs 9 fi%+1 swimm+ or idl+4 ,p]haps1 9 view ( ! rec5t contributions ( sci5ce1 x w\ld be m illum9at+ to say t ! old education inoculat$ ! *ild ) a pr$et]m9$ educational virus4 ,if ! virus took ! *ild 0 decl>$ immune to ! bact]ia ( ignorance1 illit]acy1 /upidity & o!r preval5t social compla9ts4 ,if ! virus did n take ! s*oolma/] o/5tati\sly wa%$ 8 h&s ( ! recreant4 ,,ii ,/&>dization ,0 a ,failure ,only "o argum5t ne$ be urg$ aga9/ ?is me?od ( attack+ ! educational problem--x did n "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mo/ brilliant s*ool successes (t5 turn$ out to be ! mo/ arrant life failures1 :ile ! s*ool d]elicts frequ5tly became life successes ( /ell> magnitude4 ,to ! ?9k+ man ! inf]5ce 0 pla92 ! =mula 0 n an unqualifi$ success4 ,n only 0 ?is true ( ! *ildr5 :o w5t ?r\gh s*ool1 b !re 7 cr[ds ( *ildr5 = :om ! s*ool held no attraction :atev]4 ,!y att5d$ a few sessions1 wa/$ a scant bit ( en]gy 9 educational ef=t1 & !n dropp$ out1 hopeless ( obta9+ results by fur!r /udy4 ,! old education read out ( ! s*ool ^? *ildr5 :o c\ld n b5efit by its tea*+s4 ,h[ utt]ly diff]5t ! concept :i* has gripp$ ! m9ds ( progressive1 mod]n educators6 ,"u _! guidance education has become :at ,h]b]t ,sp5c] call$ x--a prep>ation = complete liv+4 ,no long] a fix$1 objective /&>d1 education has be5 recogniz$ z an enl>gem5t ( ! life horizon ( ea* individual boy or girl 9 ! community4 ,tea* u individual ne$s1 proclaim ! educational progressives1 & we w tell y :at ! "* ( education mu/ be4 ,?us has education ceas$ to be an objective /&>d1 creat$ by "o age & h&$ d[n rigidly immobile to ! ages succe$+4 ,in/ead x is accept$ z a fulfilm5t--a complem5t--to *ild ne$s4 ,always education has be5 reg>d$ z a process ( mold+ life & "*4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! new education is t ! old education made a mold1 & !n =c$ ! *ild to fit ! mold1 :ile ! new education beg9s by det]m9+ ! "* ( *ild ne$s1 & !n fits ! mold to ! ne$s4 ,! old education 0 l ! f>m] :o built a corn-%ell]1 & !n attempt$ to f9d e>s ( corn :i* w\ld fit into ! %ell]2 ! new education is l ! f>m] :o fir/ measur$ ! corn & !n built 8 %ell] to fit ! corn4 ,! old education select$ ! class :i* 0 able to con=m to its requirem5ts2 ! new education s]ves all classes4 ,,iii ,education z ,gr[? ,"u ! impetus giv5 to x by mod]n ?9k]s1 education has become ! direction ( gr[?1 r ?an ! application ( a =mula4 ,! *ild is a develop+ creature4 ,x has become ! function ( education to wat* ov] & guide ! developm5t4 ,nor d ! mod]n s*ools consid] m5tal developm5t z ! sole object ( educational endeavor4 ,physical gr[? is an equally ess5tial "p ( *ild life4 ,!re=e ! direction ( physical gr[? becomes j z vital a "p ( ! educational ma*9]y4 ,ae/hetic & spiritual gr[? require l emphasis4 ,ea* phase ( *ild life receives indep5d5t consid]ation4 ,! old education ?r\gh m5tal impression is giv+ way be=e ! new education ?r\gh physical1 m5tal & spiritual expression4 ,expression is ! ess5ce ( gr[?2 & s9ce ! s*ool is to fo/] *ild gr[? x mu/ place *ild expression 9 a place ( p>am\nt importance4 ,*ild ne$s1 r ?an ab/ract /&>ds1 h ?us become ! basis ( s*ool activity4 ,! old education develop$ its c\rse ( /udy by survey+ ! int]e/s ( adults1 & pick+ f among !m ^?1 app>5tly ! mo/ simple1 :i* 7 fit = *ildr54 ,! new education applies ! laboratory me?od--/udy+ *ildr5 & _! int]e/s--reports1 among its o!r f9d+s1 ! q evid5t fact t *ildr5 ent] into life z :ole-he>t$ly z adults2 t ! field ( _! int]e/ lies1 n 9 ! left-ov] problems ( old] p1 b 9 _! own problems & processes2 & t !re=e ! educator mu/ f\nd 8 philosophy & 8 practice on an und]/&+ ( ! *ild & *ild ne$s4 ,!re is 9 ! _w a ph5om5on call$ adult life1 ) its phases1 problems & ideals4 ,!re is likewise 9 ! _w a ph5om5on call$ *ild life1 ) its phases1 problems & ideals4 ,a complete und]/&+ ( ei!r may n be d]iv$ ?r\gh a /udy ( ! o!r4 ,*ild ne$s exi/ sep>ate f & diff]5t f adult ne$s4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! new education to und]/& !m & meet !m4 ,two appeals are rea*+ ! e>s ( ! mod]n educator3 ! fir/1 ! appeal ( ! *ild2 ! second1 ! appeal ( ! community4 ,! appeal ( ! *ild is an appeal = ! opportunity ( develop+ all ( its faculties4 ,physically1 *ildr5 gr[4 ,! s*ool1 recogniz+ ?is fact1 is mak+ a vigor\s ef=t to break ! %ell ( cu/om1 :i* has conf9$ its activities to purely intellectual pursuits1 & provide a physical tra9+ :i* w lead ! s*ool *ild to p]fect normal body gr[?1 z well z normal gr[? ( m9d4 ,ev5 9 its intellectual activity ! s*ool is recogniz+ ! importance ( mak+ ! *ild m9d an active ma*9e = ?\ght1 r ?an a passive /oreh\se = in=mation4 ,?\gh less emphasiz$1 ! tra9+ = s5sual gr[? is becom+ ( ev] increas+ importance 9 ! new education4 ,above all1 ! ae/hetic side ( *ild life is be+ exp&$ 9 an ef=t to r\nd out a complet$ adul?ood4 ,,iv ,*ild ,ne$s & ,community ,ne$s ,! recognition ( *ild ne$s1 :i* =ms s integral a "p ( ! new education1 is p>allel$ by a simil> recognition ( ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,! progressive educator is lay+ aside = a mom5t ! details ( 8 task1 & ask+ himself ! p]t95t "q3 ,:at %\ld ! community expect 9 return = ! annual exp5diture ( a billion doll>s on public education8 ,:at are community ne$s if n ! ne$s = manhood & womanhood8 ,!y are well summ$ up 9 ?ree words--virility1 effici5cy1 citiz5%ip4 ,possess$ ( ^? attributes a gr\p ( individuals r\nds itself inevitably into a vigor\s1 progressive community4 ,!y are normal qualities :i* a p mu/ dem& if _! social /&>ds are to be ma9ta9$4 ,s9ce !y con/itute s vital an elem5t 9 social life1 a community lavi% 9 its exp5ditures = s*ools may surely expect ! s*ool product to be virile1 effici5t1 wor?y citiz5s4 ,! new education1 recogniz+ ! ju/ice ( ?is dem&1 is cry+ out insi/5tly = social1 z well z individual1 tra9+ 9 ! s*ool4 ,! new educational in/itutions h set !mselves to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ild & ( ! community4 ,_! success dep5ds ^u _! ability to und]/& ^! ne$s & to supply !m4 ,! old-fa%ion$ s*oolma/] ask$3 ,h[ c ,i compel8 ,8 answ] 0 ! rod4 ,! mod]n s*oolma/] asks3 ,h[ c ,i direct8 ,8 answ] is a laboratory1 op5-m9d$1 sci5tific me?od1 & a ho/ ( v>i$ c\rses design$ to meet ! ne$s ( individual *ildr5 & ( individual communities4 ,communities v>y z greatly 9 _! *>act]i/ics z d *ildr54 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t no =mula w provide education = all *ildr54 ,ea* new /udy ( community ne$s makes x m evid5t t no sy/em w supply education = all communities4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! educator to /udy ! individual *ild & ! individual community1 & !n to provide an education t w assi/ bo? to gr[ normally & s\ndly 9 all ( _! p>ts4 ,v ,! ,f9al ,te/ ( ,education ,! s*ool is a s]vant1 n a ma/]4 ,9 t fact lies its greatness--! greatness ( its opportunity & ( its responsibility4 ,z an in/itution its object is s]vice--assi/ance 9 gr[?4 ,developm5t is ! goal ( education4 ,virility1 effici5cy1 citiz5%ip1 manhood1 womanhood--^! are its legitimate products4 ,its tools & =mulas are su* z w mo/ effectively s]ve ^! ends4 ,:5 ! increase ( k leads to new me?ods & =mulas :i* w prove m effective ?an ! old ones1 !n ! old ones mu/ be laid aside1 rev]5tly1 p]haps1 b none ! less firmly1 & ! new ones adopt$4 ,*anges may n be made ha/ily & )\t due consid]ation2 b :5 exp]im5t has %[n t ! new device is m advantage\s 9 fur!r+ ! objects ( education ?an ! old & tri$ =mulas1 a *ange is inevitable4 ,! fir/ & la/ ^w on ! subject is spok5 :5 ?is "q is ask$ & answ]$3 ,does education exi/ = *ildr51 or d *ildr5 exi/ = education8 ,if *ildr5 exi/ = education1 !n x is j t an objective educational /&>d %\ld be creat$2 x is fair t a h>d & fa/ c\rse ( /udy be mapp$ out 9 con=mity ) t /&>d2 x is "r t educational ma*9]y be con/ruct$ :i* automatically turns away f ! s*ools any *ild :o does n con=m to ! s*ool sy/em z x is4 ,if *ildr5 exi/ = education1 !y %\ld ei!r con=m to its requirem5ts1 or else1 if !y w n or _c con=m1 !y %\ld be m]cilessly ?ru/ aside4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 education exi/s = *ildr51 !n ! primal consid]ation mu/ be *ild ne$s4 ,if any "o *ild1 or any gr\p ( *ildr51 has ne$s :i* are n met by exi/+ educational in/itutions1 !n ^! in/itutions mu/ be remodel$4 ,if an adequate cong5ial education is a "p ( ! bir?right ( e ,am]ican *ild1 !n educational in/itutions mu/ be reorganiz$ & re%ap$ until !y provide t bir?right 9 ! fulle/ possible measure4 ,already ! answ] has be5 =mulat$4 ,already educators h recogniz$ ! pot5cy ( ! say+3 ,! s*ools 7 made = ! *ildr51 n ! *ildr5 = ! s*ools4 ,h5ce x foll[s t no s*ool sy/em is s sacr$1 no me?od ( tea*+ s v5]able1 no textbook s infallible1 no ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration s p]man5t1 t x mu/ n give way be=e ! educational ne$s ( *ildhood4 ,conc]n+ ! educational problem ( to-day1 ye/]day _c speak ) au?ority4 ,ea* age has its problems--problems :i* may be solv$ by t age1 or h&$ on unsolv$ to ! future4 ,! pa/ is dead4 ,only its voice--its advice & sugge/ion--s]ves z a guide or z a w>n+4 ,( au?ority x %\ld h n an atom4 ,! educational opportunities ( to-day are )\t pe]4 ,! educational ma*9]y1 ready at h&1 is be+ trans=m$ to meet ! newly und]/ood ne$s ( ! *ild & ( ! community4 ,! _s ( ! new education is ! _s ( s]vice1 ! _s ( fair deal+1 ! _s ( gr[? = ! individual & ( advancem5t = society4 ,"h are individual ne$s4 ,!re are align$ ! social obligations & requirem5ts ( ! age4 ,9 s f> z x lies )9 ! p[] ( ! s*ool1 ! *ildr5 :o leave its doors %all h _! ne$s suppli$1 & %all be equipp$ to play _! "p z virile1 effici5t citiz5s 9 a great] community4 ,su* is ! _s ( ! new education4 ,,index ,age di/ribution1 #cf4 & s*ool progress1 #cg4 ,ages ( *ildhood1 #ce4 ,am]ican s*ool sy/em1 ,/ati/ics (1 #ai1 #bj4 ,appli$ education1 ne$ =1 #aef4 ,appli$ "w1 ,c9c9nati1 #acf4 9 ! grades1 #afa4 ,av]age *ildr5 & ! old education1 #ci4 fallacy (1 #cd4 ,b]ks ,c\nty s*ools1 manual tra9+ 91 #ahf4 physical tra9+ 91 #ahf4 ,boys & girls1 object ( educat+1 #db4 ,br[n1 ,e4 ,e41 quot$1 #ac4 ,c>ney1 ,mabel1 quot$1 #agi4 ,*ancellor1 ,w4 ,r41 quot$1 #dj1 #da4 ,*ange1 preval5ce (1 #bd4 9 social /ructure1 #be4 ,*ild gr[?1 /ages (1 #dd4 ,*ild ne$s1 recognition (1 #ef4 & community ne$s1 #bee4 ,*ildhood1 ages (1 #ce4 ,*ildr51 ne$s ( analyz$1 #de4 social ne$s (1 #dh4 v>y+ capacity (1 #cg1 #ch4 vs4 subject matt]1 #ci4 ,c9c9nati1 educational advantages (1 #adh4 k9d]g>t5 "w 91 #abi4 s*ool sy/em (1 #abe4 s*ool policy cont9u$1 #aej4 special s*ool "w 91 #ada4 s*ools1 co-op]ation 91 #abf4 cre$ (1 #abg4 g5]al support (1 #abf4 new plans =1 #adi4 social c5t]s 91 #aea4 social "w (1 #aej4 ,city & c\ntry1 educational value (1 #bi4 ,city home1 effect ( indu/rial *anges on1 #cj1 #ca4 ,city life & ! new basis = education1 #bh1 #bi4 ,civic education1 necessity =1 #di4 ,civics tea*+ 9 ! grades1 ,c9c9nati1 #ace4 ,club activity 9 s*ools1 recognition (1 #bce4 ,columbus1 ,ga41 curriculum ( s*ools1 #bdd4 local ne$s basis (1 #bdb1 #bdc4 s*ool policy (1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,community & ! s*ool1 #gb4 education appli$ to a small t[n1 #eb4 life1 contribution ( s*ools to1 #afg4 ne$s & *ild life1 #bef4 ,consolidat$ s*ool1 advantages (1 #agi1 #ahj4 c\rse ( /udy 91 #agb4 daily program 91 #agd4 disadvantages (1 #agi4 gr[? ( 9 ,s\?1 #agg1 #agh4 ,cont9uation ,high ,s*ool "w1 #aji4 s*ools 9 ,ohio1 #gf4 ,co-op]ation1 _s ( 9 consolidat$ s*ools1 #agb4 ,c\ntry1 ! call ( !1 #agj1 #aga4 ,c\ntry life1 trans=mation 91 #aga1 #agb4 ,c\ntry s*ool1 daily program 9 a di/rict1 #agc4 daily program 9 a consolidat$1 #agd4 two possibilities (1 #aga4 ! duty (1 #aid4 new geography1 #ahe4 task (1 #aic1 #aid4 trans=mation 91 #aga1 #agb4 s*ools & physical tra9+1 #ahf4 ,c\rses ( /udy1 correlation 91 #ace4 home s*ool1 #fi4 ,criticism ( s*ools1 g5]al1 #aa4 significance1 #ag4 ,curriculum1 cont5t (1 #dd4 requirem5ts (1 #ea4 ,defectives1 treatm5t (1 ,c9c9nati1 #add4 ,discipl9e1 disappe>ance (1 ,oyl] ,s*ool1 #afe4 ,di/ribution ( age1 #cf4 ,di/rict s*ool1 daily program 91 #agc4 ,dome/ic sci5ce1 c\rse 9 ,l[ville ,high ,s*ool1 #abb4 c\rse 9 ,page ,c\nty1 #aij4 home s*ool movem5t1 #fh4 importance (1 #ea4 9 ! grades1 #aei4 9 a ,k5tucky s*ool1 #aie-bjj4 9 ,sleepy ,eye s*ools1 #bac-baf4 problems 91 #afj4 ,drap]1 ,a4 ,s41 quot$1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah4 ,education & ! indu/rial revolution1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj4 & ! success habit1 #ie4 z gr[?1 #bed4 city1 effect ( indu/rial *anges on1 #cj1 #ca4 cre$ (1 ,c9c9nati s*ools1 #abg4 ela/ic sy/em (1 #abg4 ess5tials (1 #ae1 #af4 = home-mak+1 #fh4 = life1 #dc4 = ! :ole *ild1 #ha4 9 ! e>ly home1 #bg1 #bh4 place ( physical tra9+ 91 #ga4 public lectures &1 #gc4 purpose (1 #ae1 #af4 new basis =1 #bd4 new /udies1 #gd4 object (1 #bb1 #bc1 #db4 social importance (1 #ai1 #bj4 specialization 91 #ge4 /&>d (1 #bea4 !ory & practice1 #bdb-bdi4 9 ,k5tucky1 rea*+ p>5ts ?r\gh *ildr51 #aie-bjf4 9 ! ,s\?1 cann+ clubs1 #bcd1 #bce4 corn clubs1 #bbe-bbh1 #bbi-bcc4 effect ( on corn yield1 #bcj-bcc4 improv+ heal?1 #bda4 improv+ home life1 #bci1 #bda4 tea*+ p>5ts ?r\gh *ildr51 #bbe-bbh1 #bbi-bcc4 ,educational advance 9 ,c9c9nati1 #adh4 ,educational =mulas1 dang] (1 #beb4 ,educational ne$s & ! small t[n1 #eb4 ,educational problems ( an indu/rial community1 #ee4 ,educational "w & ! small t[n1 #eb4 ,elem5t>y grades1 activities (1 #hg4 co-op]ation 91 #hf4 special /udies =1 #hi4 _s ( s]vice 91 #ij4 ,engli%1 z a /imulus = o!r /udies1 #fc4 con/ructive "w 91 #fa1 #fb4 new me?ods =1 #fa4 organization (1 ,gr& ,rapids ,high ,s*ool1 #aaa4 orig9al "w1 #fe4 /ory "w &1 #fd4 use ( 9 o!r /udies1 #aaa4 ,enrollm5t & att5dance1 /ati/ics (1 #ag1 #ah4 ,facts1 place ( 9 education1 #bb4 ,fallacy ( av]age *ildr51 #cd1 #ce4 ,fi%]1 ,irv+1 quot$1 #ae4 ,=malism 9 education1 dang] (1 #beb4 ,froebel1 ,f41 quot$1 #bh4 ,g>y1 plan ( ! s*ools 91 #ha4 ,geography1 new me?od ( tea*+1 #ei4 ,geography & ari?metic1 me?od ( tea*+ 9 a s\!rn s*ool1 #bdf-bdh4 ,geography 9 ,new>k1 #ei4 ,grade "w1 reg5]ation (1 ,c9c9nati1 #acb4 ,grades1 amalgamation ( ) high s*ool1 #ii4 appli$ "w 91 #afa4 ,gr& ,rapids ,high ,s*ool1 vocational guidance 91 #aaj4 ,gr[?1 & *ild activity1 #dg4 & education1 #bed4 ?r\gh play1 #df4 ( *ildr51 /ages 91 #dd4 ,hanus1 ,p4 ,h41 quot$1 #ac1 #ad4 ,heal?1 importance (1 #de4 ,high ,s*ool1 amalgamation ( ) grades1 #ii4 at ,l[ville1 #aaf4 c\rse ( /udy 9 ,c9c9nati1 #ach4 future (1 #aad4 gr[+ importance (1 #ed-ef4 popul>ization ( ,c9c9nati1 #acg4 promotion to1 )\t exam9ations1 #id4 responsibility (1 #ib4 social /atus (1 #ib4 ,high s*ool *ildr51 exp]im5ts )1 #ib4 ,high s*ool c\rses1 arrangem5t (1 #ajh4 ,high s*ool /atus1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,spauld+ on1 #ib4 ,high s*ool tra9+1 "r ( *ildr5 to1 #aje4 ,high s*ools1 co-op]ation ) elem5t>y grades1 #ih4 te*nical developm5t (1 #ajf4 ,home1 education 91 #bg1 #bh4 ,home mak+1 education =1 #fh4 ,home s*ool1 activities (1 #gj4 c\rse ( "w 91 #fi4 9 ,indianapolis1 #fh4 9 ,provid5ce1 #fi4 ,home visit+ 9 ! grades1 #aff4 ,home "w1 disadvantages (1 #gi4 opportunities = 9 s*ool1 #gi4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41 quot$1 #af4 ,indu/rial communities1 educational problems1 #ee4 ,indu/rial ,high ,s*ool1 place ( 9 ! s*ool sy/em1 #bdh4 ,indu/rial sy/em1 effect ( on education1 #bg4 ,in/itutions1 effects ( *ange ^u1 #bf4 ,john ,swaney ,s*ool1 c\rse ( /udy1 #agf4 equipm5t (1 #agf4 social life 91 #agf1 #agg4 ,junior ,high ,s*ools1 outlook =1 #ih4 ,k5tucky education1 tea*+ a community to cook1 #aie-bjj4 ,k9d]g>t5s1 at ,g>y1 ,ind41 #eh4 progressive "w 91 #eh4 9 relation to grade "w1 #aca4 vitaliz$ "w 91 #abi4 ,l9d51 ,ind41 equipm5t ( consolidat$ s*ools1 #age4 ,locu/ ,grove ,s*ool1 me?od ( tea*+ a community1 #aie-bjf4 ,l[ville ,high ,s*ool1 c\rses 91 #aba4 dome/ic sci5ce 91 #abb4 social s]vice (1 #abc4 "w 91 #aaf4 ,mass tra9+1 defects (1 #aja4 ,ma!matics1 & life problems1 #fj4 9 ,g>y s*ools1 #fj4 9 ,indianapolis s*ools1 #fj4 ,mo!rs' clubs1 organization (1 #afc4 "w (1 ,c9c9nati1 #acb1 #afc4 ,ne$s ( s*ool *ildr51 #dc4 ,new basis = education1 #bd4 & city life1 #bh1 #bi4 ,new education 9 ! ,s\?1 #bbj-bej4 ,new>k vacation s*ool1 #hj4 ,newton ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 success (1 #if4 ,nor? ,highl& ,s*ool1 indu/rial tra9+ 91 #bde1 #bdf4 rais+ community /&>ds1 #bde4 ,oconto ,c\nty1 ,wis41 s*ools1 agricultural "w 91 #ahc-ahe4 ! new ari?metic1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ! new ,engli%1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,ohio1 cont9uation s*ools1 #gf4 ,old education1 _s (1 #bec4 ,"o-room s*ool1 mak+ x wor? :ile1 #ahb-ahg4 possibilities (1 #ahb-ahg4 ,op5 air s*ools1 #ga4 results (1 #gb4 ,orig9al "w 9 ,engli%1 #fe4 ,ov]work1 ext5t 9 s*ools1 #ad1 #ae4 ,oyl] ,s*ool1 social education 91 #aec4 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 conte/s 9 s*ools1 #ahi4 dome/ic sci5ce1 #aij4 ideal s*ools 91 #ahh-aic4 social life 91 #aia1 #aib4 tra9+ = c\ntry life1 #ahi-aij4 ,physical tra9+ & education1 #ga4 a "p ( s*ool "w1 #hb4 ,play1 & gr[?1 #df4 creative =ms (1 #dh4 /ages (1 #dg4 ,playgr\nds1 ,c9c9nati1 #ade4 ,popul>iz$ ,high ,s*ools1 ,c9c9nati1 #acg4 ,promotion = special /ud5ts1 #ib4 ,promotion1 improvem5ts 91 #he4 new me?ods (1 #he4 ,promotion av]age1 feti% (1 #dj1 #da4 ,public lectures1 & education1 #gc4 ,rapp1 ,eli1 quot$1 #ahb1 #ahf4 ,reg5]ation ( grade "w1 ,c9c9nati1 #acb4 ,rural di/ricts1 ne$s (1 #ed4 ,s*ool & community1 #afg4 ,s*ool & %op "w 9 high s*ool1 #aji4 ,s*ool fe$+1 #gb4 ,s*ool *ildr51 ne$s (1 #dc4 ,s*ool equipm5t1 educational nature (1 #abj4 ,s*ool h\ses1 social uses =1 #aag4 ,s*ool ma*9]y1 abolition (1 #hd4 necessity =1 #cb4 new /&>ds (1 #cb4 ,s*ool mortality1 /ati/ics (1 #ah4 ,s*ool plant1 wid] use (1 #gc4 ,s*ool progress & age di/ribution1 #cg4 ,s*ool "w relat$ to %op "w1 #gf4 ,s*ools1 agricultural tra9+ at ,sleepy ,eye1 #bjh-baa4 agricultural tra9+ 9 ,oconto ,c\nty1 ,wis41 #ahc-ahe4 agricultural tra9+ 9 ,page ,c\nty1 #ahi1 #aij4 & ! community1 #gb4 z public s]vants1 #beg4 city1 effect on *ildr51 #cc1 #cd4 condition (1 ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j41 #ac1 #ad4 consolidat$ vs4 di/rict1 #aga1 #agb4 c\rses at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bah4 c\rses fitt$ to community ne$s at ,sleepy ,eye1 #bjg1 #bjh4 dome/ic sci5ce at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bac-baf4 elem5t>y plumb+ at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bji4 equipm5t at ,sleepy ,eye1 #bad4 equipm5t ( ,l9d51 ,ind41 #age4 g5]al criticism (1 #aa4 influ5ce on community at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bag4 local s]vice (1 #aeg4 me*anical c\rse at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bad4 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,ind41 #ahj1 #aha4 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 #ahi-aic4 purpose (1 #db1 #dc4 %ort agricultural c\rse at ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 #bab1 #bac4 size (1 #cc4 social uses (1 ,c9c9nati1 #aeh4 ,self-gov]nm5t 9 high s*ools1 #ajb1 #ajd4 ,sex hygi5e1 importance (1 #df4 ,%op "w & s*ool "w1 #gf4 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 c\rse 9 dome/ic sci5ce1 #bac-baf4 c\rse 9 elem5t>y plumb+ & /eam-fitt+1 #bji4 c\rses giv5 9 s*ools1 #bah4 dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 #bjh-baa4 equipm5t = me*anical "w1 #bad4 fitt+ s*ools to community ne$s1 #bjg1 #bjh4 influ5ce on community at l>ge1 #bag4 me*anical c\rse1 #bad4 ,sleepy ,eye1 ,m9n41 %ort c\rse 9 agriculture1 #bab1 #bac4 ,small t[n1 educational "w (1 #eb4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,h41 ,corn ,club1 #bbh4 ,social c5t]s 9 ,c9c9nati s*ools1 #aea4 ,social *ange1 #be4 ,social education1 ,c9c9nati1 #aec4 cont5t (1 #di4 ,social importance ( education1 #ai1 #bj4 ,social ne$s ( *ildr51 #dh4 ,s\!rn s*ools1 corn clubs 91 #bbe-bbh1 #bbi-bcc4 ,special s*ool = defectives1 ,c9c9nati1 #add4 ,special s*ools1 ,c9c9nati1 #ada4 ,specialization 9 education1 #ge4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 quot$1 #af4 ,/&>d ( education1 #bea4 ,/ory "w & ,engli%1 #fd4 ,/ud5t organization 9 high s*ool1 #ajb4 ,subjects ( /udy1 summ>y (1 #ea4 ,success habits 9 education1 #ie4 ,summ] s*ools1 ,c9c9nati1 #ade4 ,te*nical ,high ,s*ools1 developm5t (1 #ajf4 ,?ree ,r's1 ,progressive "w 91 #ei4 ,twelve-ye> s*ools1 possibilities (1 #ii4 ,tyl]1 ,j4 ,m41 quot$1 #af4 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati1 social relations (1 #adj4 ,vacation s*ools 9 ,new>k1 #hj4 ,v]non s*ool1 be=e & aft] consolidation1 #aha4 ,vocational guidance 9 high s*ools1 #aaj4 ,vocational tra9+1 appeal (1 #gh4 ,c9c9nati1 #adb4 9 elem5t>y grades1 #gg4 ,l[ville1 #aag4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ,high ,s*ool1 proc$ure 91 #ajb4 ,wa/e 9 education1 #ab1 #ac4 ext5t (1 #ah1 #ai4 ,wid] use ( ! s*ools1 ,l[ville1 #aag4 ,william ,p5n ,high ,s*ool1 /ud5t organization 91 #ajd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant spell+s4 ,obvi\s typographical errors 9 punctuation 7misplac$ quotes & ! l7 h be5 fix$4 ,corrections 9 brackets 9 ! text are not$ bel[3 page #d3 miss+ quote add$ article1 w exclaim1--',!re is some?+ t we mu/ introduce into our s*ools4' page #h3 add$ miss+ ^w ,,viii4 ,brea*+ ! ,*9ese ,wall ( ,high ,s*ool ,classicism page #i3 typo correct$ ,i4 ,coop]ation,co-op]ation & ,progressivism page #bi3 typo correct$ ,/&+ on ! ?re%hold?re%old ( 8 meag] dwell+1 ?is *ild ( six looks =w>d page #gg3 typo correct$ s*ool di/rict e/abli%es "p-"t day s*ools = ! in/ruction ( y\?s ov] f\rte5 ye>s af( age :o are engag$ 9 regul> employm5t1 su* bo>d ( education page #id3 typo correct$ buy+ ( mat]ials & simple ac\nt+acc\nt+ cov]$ _! ma!matics4 ,^? 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