images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,village ,,improvem5ts ,,& ,,f>m ,,villages4 ,by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr4 ,,consult+ ,,eng9e] ,,= ,,sanit>y ,,& ,,agricultural ,,works4 ,,bo/on3 ,,james ,r4 ,,osgood ,,& ,,company1 7,late ,ticknor ,fields1 & ,fields1 ,osgood1 ,co47 #ahgg4 ,,copyright1 #ahgg1 ,,by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr4 ,,frankl9 ,,press3 ,,r&1 ,,av]y1 ,,co41 ,,bo/on4 ,! foll[+ pap]s on ,village ,improvem5ts & ,f>m ,villages are repr9t$1 ) "s am5dm5ts1 f ,scribn]s ,mon?ly4 ,^! con/itute ! m practical "p ( ! book1 s f> z villages are conc]n$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 judg$ appropriate to add to !m a pap] on ,ea/]n ,f>m+1 :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 & :i* cont9ues ! discussion ( ! "q ( village resid5ce z a means = mitigat+ "s ( ! h>d%ips :i* beset ! lives ( isolat$ c\ntry families4 ,! wide-spread & gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! topics consid]$ makes x seem wor? :ile to give ^! %ort essays a m p]man5t =m4 ,g4 ,e4 ,w41 ,,jr4 ,,newport1 ,r4,i41 ,june1 #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,village ,,improvem5ts #aa ,,village ,,sanit>y ,,"w #fi ,,f>m ,,villages #aad ,,life ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,f>m] #aei ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,fig4 #a4--;,,dra9age ,,( ,,hill-,,side ,,foot-,,pa? #ca ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,( ,,road ,,) ,,dra9s #dd ,,fig4 #c4--,,pipes ,,re/+ ,,on ,,_! ,,%\ld]s #gc ,,fig4 #d4--,,pipes ,,re/+ ,,on ,,_! ,,full ,,l5g? #gc ,,fig4 #e4--;,,grease-,,trap #gi ,,fig4 #f4--;,,field',s ,,flu%-,,tank #hj ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,em]son ,,v5tilator #hf ,,fig4 #h4--;,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,mann] ,,( ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,at ,,l5ox1 ,,mass4 #ig ,,fig4 #i4--,,settl+ ,,bas9 #ajb ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,absorption ,,dra9s1 #aje ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,division ,,( ,,f\r ,,squ>e ,,miles ,,) ,,c5tral ,,village #abd ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,division ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,village #abf ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,division ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,op5 ,,space ,,( ,,! ,,village #aca ,,fig4 #ad4--,,pres5t ,,division ,,& ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,tract ,,9 ,,rhode ,,isl& #acc ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,tract ,,) ,,its ,,build+s ,,ga!r$ ,,toge!r ,,into ,a ,,compact ,,village #ace ,,fig4 #af4--,,propos$ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,f>m ,,village #aci ,,village ,,improvem5ts4 ,x may be because ! newness ( our c\ntry & ! fragile "* ( our e>ly /ructures h prev5t$ ! accumulation ( inf]ior1 ugly1 & uncom=table h\ses1 z ! nucleus ar\nd :i* lat] build+ has cry/alliz$2 x may be f circum/ances :i* h prev5t$ ! isolat$ resid5ce ( ! bett] classes ( our p2 or x may be ! result ( accid5t4 ,:atev] ! reason1 x is beyond dispute t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is p> excell5ce a l& ( beautiful villages4 ,nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 !re are pl5ty ( hide\s conglom]ations ( poor-look+ h\ses1 ) an abs5ce ( e elem5t ( beauty2 b !re are ?\s&s ( o!r villages scatt]$ all ov] ! l&1 :i* are full ( ! evid5ces ( good ta/e 9 _! regulation & 9 _! managem5t4 ,z a rule1 ^! m attractive features are v mu* modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( badly-kept private places or neglect$ public build+s1 & by a g5]al air ( untid9ess4 ,/ill1 ! f\ndation ( attractiv5ess is !re2 & no?+ is ne$$ beyond a well-organiz$ & well-guid$ control ( public s5tim5t1 to remove or to hide ! m objectionable features1 & to p]mit su* beauty z ! village may possess to manife/ itself4 ,! real elem5ts ( beauty 9 a village are n f9e h\ses1 co/ly f5ces1 pav$ roadways1 geometrical l9es1 ma!matical grad+1 nor any obvi\sly co/ly improvem5ts4 ,!y are1 r1 cos9ess1 neatness1 simplicity1 & t homely air t gr[s f ^! & f ! pres5ce ( a home-lov+ p4 ,to /ate ! case t]sely1 ! %iftless village is a hide\s village1 :ile ! *>m :i* we (t5 realize )\t analyz+ x comes ( affectionate c>e & att5tion4 ,!re are villages 9 ,new ,engl&1 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 & all ov] ! ,we/1 ev5 to ! f> side ( ,arkansas1 :i* impress ! visitor at once z be+ homelike & full ( sociability & k9dl9ess2 :i* delight him1 & lead him almo/ to wi% t 8 own lot _h be5 ca/ )9 _! %ades4 ,^! are *iefly villages :]e ! evid5ces ( public & private c>e pr$om9ate1 or are at lea/ conspicu\s4 ,a critical exam9ation w\ld1 9 almo/ e case1 develop v s]i\s evid5ce ( neglect1 un:olesom5ess1 & bad neighborhood4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 beg9n+1 ,i believe1 9 ,massa*usetts1 ! m ?\ghtful ( ^? ^: affections are c5tr$ 9 _! village homes h unit$ 9 organiz$ ef=ts to make _! villages m tidy1 to int]e/ all classes ( society 9 att5tion to ^? little details ! neglect ( :i* is fatal1 & to make ! village1 :at x c]ta9ly %\ld be1 an expression ( ! int]e/ ( its p 9 _! homes & 9 ! surr\nd+s ( _! daily life4 ,! fir/ ( ^! associations ( :i* ,i h any k 7?\gh1 z su* "w is unobtrusive1 !re may h be5 _m be=e x7 0 ! ,laurel ,hill ,association ( ,/ockbridge1 ,mass4 ,x takes its "n f a wood$ knoll 9 ! c5tre ( ! village1 :i* _h be5 d$icat$ to public use4 ,! fir/ object ( ! association 0 to conv]t ?is knoll into a village p>k4 ,!n !y took 9 h& ! village burial-gr\nd1 :i* 0 put 9 prop] condition & suitably surr\nd$ ) h$ge & rail+4 ,!n ! broad village /reet 0 prop]ly grad$ & dra9$1 & agreeable walks 7 made at its sides4 ,incid5tally to ?is1 ! p liv+ along bo? sides ( ! /reets 7 enc\rag$ to d :at !y c\ld to give x an appropriate sett+ by putt+ _! own premises into ta/eful condition & ma9ta9+ !m s4 ,! organization work$ well1 & accompli%$ good results4 ,! ,rev4 ,n4 ,p4 ,eggle/on1 =m]ly ( ,/ockbridge1 9 a pap] on village improvem5ts writt5 = ! ,new ,york ,tribune1 ?us describes ! collat]al "w & influ5ces ( ! ,laurel ,hill ,association3-- ,next foll[$ ! plant+ ( trees by ! roadside :]ev] trees 7 lack+4 ,! *ildr51 sometimes dispos$ 9 _! ?\ghtlessness to treat "y trees too rudely1 7 br\ght 9 z help]s ( ! association1 :ile at ! same "t put "u a b5eficial culture = !mselves4 ,any boy :o w\ld und]take to wat* & c>e = a p>ticul> tree = two ye>s 0 rew>d$ by hav+ ! tree call$ by 8 "n4 ,o!r *ildr5 7 paid = all ! loose pap]s & o!r unsightly ?+s :i* !y w\ld pick up & remove f ! /reet4 ,gradually ! "w ( ! association ext5d$4 ,x soon took 9 h& ! /reets connect$ ) ! ma9 /reet4 ,ye> by ye> x pu%$ out walks f ! c5tre ( ! village t[>d its out] bord]s2 ye> by ye> x ext5d$ its l9e ( trees 9 ! same mann]2 & ye> by ye> !re has be5 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! aspect ( ! village4 ,little by little1 & 9 _m nameless ways1 ! h\ses & b>ns1 ! doory>ds & f>ms1 h come to we> a look ( neatness & intellig5t1 ta/eful c>e1 t makes ! ,/ockbridge ( to-day q a diff]5t place f ! ,/ockbridge ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,travell]s pass+ ?r\gh x are apt to speak ( x ) admiration z a f9i%$ place1 &1 comp>$ ) mo/ ev5 ( our ,new ,engl& villages1 x has su* a look2 b ! ,laurel ,hill ,association does n consid] its home f9i%$1 nor its own "w complet$4 ,/ill ! "w goes on4 ,committees are ev5 n[ conn+ plans = fur!r improvem5ts4 ,by itself1 or by sugge/ions & /imulations (f]$ to o!rs1 ! association is aim+ at ! culture ( ! village p ?r\gh o!r ag5cies ?an ^? ( outw>d & physical adornm5t4 ,x fo/]s libr>ies1 read+-rooms1 & o!r places ( resort :]e innoc5t & heal?ful games1 music & conv]sation w t5d to promote ! social feel+1 & less5 vice by remov+ "s ( its causes4 ,no "o c drive ?r\gh ?is beautiful old place )\t realiz+ ! effect ( "s influ5ce diff]5t f t :i* has usually be5 at "w 9 c\ntry t[ns4 ,"o feels t x is a village ( homes2 t ! p :o live 9 x love x1 & t x has no public or private int]e/ s insignificant z to be neglect$4 ,i h cit$ ?is in/ance some:at at l5g?1 because x 0 ! fir/1 z x is ! mo/ complete1 t has come to my notice4 ,9 o!r places1 m s]i\s "w ( improvem5t has be5 und]tak5 9 ! direction ( sew]age1 gas-light+1 c4 ,9 fact1 ! pres5t writ+ 0 sugge/$ by frequ5t reque/s = in=mation & advice on ! m practical p>ts ( ! subject4 ,at ! outset x is to be said t ! organization & control ( ! village society is especially woman's "w4 ,x requires ! sort ( sy/ematiz$ att5tion to detail1 especially 9 ! con/antly-recurr+ duty ( clean+ up1 t gr[s m naturally out ( ! habit ( good h\sekeep+ ?an out ( any occupation to :i* m5 are accu/om$4 ,!n1 too1 x calls = a degree ( leisure :i* wom5 are ! mo/ apt to h1 & x w especially engage _! int]e/ z be+ a real addition to ! field ( _! ord9>y r\t9e ( life4 ,! sort ( en?usiasm :i* has l$ to m>k$ success 9 ! ,dorcas ,society & o!r organiz$ action outside ( ! h\sehold1 = :i* ,am]ican c\ntry wom5 are not$1 w f9d "h a new & engag+ object4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a sugge/ion by ! way1 & "o :i* may or may n be appropriate "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,if we assume1 :i* is n altoge!r true1 t ! ma9 purpose ( village improvem5t is to improve ! appe>ance ( ! village1 we mu/ /ill und]/& t ! direct object ( ! society %\ld n be alone nor *iefly 9 ! direction ( appe>ance4 ,:at x is especially desirable t a village %\ld appe> to be is3 a :olesome1 cleanly1 tidy1 simple1 mode/ collection ( c\ntry homes1 ) all ( its p>ts & appliances adapt$ to ! pleasante/ & mo/ satisfactory liv+ ( its p4 ,all improvem5ts %\ld !re=e h ?is fundam5tal t5d5cy1 & e elem5t ( adornm5t1 & e evid5ce ( c>eful att5tion1 %\ld be only an outgr[? ( ! ef=t to obta9 ! be/ practical results4 ,co/ly p>k rail+ :]e no rail+ is ne$$1 wid? ( roadway great] ?an ! ne$s ( ! community require1 =mal geometric l9es & surfaces :]e m natural slopes & curves w\ld be practically bett]1 elaborate f\nta9s or /atu>y out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! village1 7! gift ( a public-spirit$1 ambiti\s1 & pret5ti\s fell[-t[nsman17 & isolat$ examples1 z 9 a *ur* or s*oolh\se1 ( a /yle ( ar*itecture :i* w\ld be m appropriate = a city1--all ^! are obtrusive & objectionable1 & are consequ5tly 9 bad ta/e4 ,9 s f> z ^! or any o!r elem5ts ( improvem5t are unsuit$ to ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$1 !y are undesirable2 & x w\ld be well = ^? hav+ ! int]e/ ( ! village 9 *>ge1 to adopt an e>ly resolution to accept no gifts1 & to all[ no "w ( con/ruction or embelli%m5t1 :i* is n1 fir/ ( all1 appropriate to ! mode/ "* ( a well-regulat$ c\ntry village4 ,if e public build+ is suffici5t = its uses & sugge/s no undue outlay = %[ alone2 if ! roads & walks are su* z ! uses ( ! p require2 if ! f\nta9 sugge/s a ta/eful ornam5t & c5tre ( fre%ness & coolness1 r ?an a monum5t ( "s citiz5s lib]ality & ambition2 if ! village gre5 or p>k is a prop] pleasure-gr\nd = old & "y2 &1 9 %ort1 if e ?+ t is done & e doll> t is exp5d$ has = its object only ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( liv+1--!n !re w be ne$$ only ! elem5t ( c>eful keep+ to ma9ta9 always ! be/ sort ( beauty t is possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,no satisfactory result c be atta9$ )\t organization4 ,! "w w necess>ily require mu* money & m "t 9 ord] to avoid an undue tax ^u individuals4 ,x is desirable1 too1 t1 s f> z possible1 e memb] ( ! community %\ld be int]e/$ 9 ! "w1 & %\ld contribute 9 labor or 9 money accord+ to 8 means4 ,?is g5]al int]e/ c be secur$ mu* bett] ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( an organization 9 :i* all are int]e/$1 ?an by any individual ef=t4 ,! association %\ld become ! di/ributor1 n only ( ! moneys accru+ f memb]%ip fees1 c41 b ( contributions made by citiz5s1 or subscriptions rais$ by comb9$ ef=t = g5]al or specific works ( improvem5t4 ,x %\ld be1 9 fact1 n only ! incit] ( public _s1 b ! director ( public ef=t4 ,! precise =m ( con/itution = su* an association mu/ necess>ily dep5d m or less on circum/ances2 & ,i sket* only z a basis = discussion1 ! foll[+ =m sugge/$ by ! regulations gov]n+ ! ,laurel ,hill ,association ( ,/ockbridge3-- ,,article ,i4 ,?is ,association %all be call$ ,! ,village ,improvem5t ,association ( ----4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! object ( ?is ,association %all be to improve & ornam5t ! /reets & public gr\nds ( ! village by plant+ & cultivat+ trees1 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ walks1 grad+ & dra9+ roadways1 e/abli%+ & protect+ good grass plats & bord]s 9 ! /reets & public squ>es1 secur+ a prop] public supply ( wat]1 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ su* sew]age z %all be ne$$ = ! be/ sanit>y condition ( ! village1 provid+ public f\nta9s & dr9k+-tr\ghs1 break+ out pa?s ?r\gh ! sn[1 light+ ! /reets1 enc\rag+ ! =mation ( a libr>y & read+-room1 & g5]ally do+ :atev] may t5d to ! improvem5t ( ! village z a place ( resid5ce4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,! (fic]s ( ?is ,association %all be a ,presid5t1 two ,vice-,presid5ts1 a ,secret>y1 & a ,treasur]1 :o %all con/itute ! ,executive ,committee4 ,^! (fic]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+1 & %all hold _! (fices until _! successors %all h be5 elect$4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,presid5t1 & 9 8 abs5ce ( ! s5ior ,vice-,presid5t1 to preside at all meet+s ( ! ,association1 & to c>ry out all ord]s ( ! ,executive ,committee4 ,,article ,v4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,secret>y to keep a correct & c>eful record ( all proce$+s ( ! ,association1 & ( ! ,executive ,committee1 9 a book suitable = _! pres]vation2 to give notice ( all meet+s ( ! ,association & ( ! ,executive ,committee2 to make all publications1 & to give all public & private notices ord]$ by ! ,executive ,committee1 & to att5d to all ! correspond5ce ( ! ,association4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,treasur] to keep ! funds ( ! ,association1 & to make su* disbursem5ts z may be ord]$ by ! ,executive ,committee4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,executive ,committee to manage all ! affairs ( ! ,association1 to employ all labor]s1 to make all contracts1 to exp5d all moneys1 & g5]ally to direct & sup]9t5d all improvem5ts :i* 9 _! discretion1 & ) ! means at _! comm&1 w be/ s]ve ! public int]e/4 ,! ,executive ,committee %all hold a meet+ at lea/ once 9 ea* mon?1 & z mu* (t5] z !y may deem exp$i5t4 ,! ,executive ,committee %all h p[] to in/itute premiums to be aw>d$ = plant+ & protect+ ornam5tal trees1 & = do+ su* o!r acts z may seem to !m wor?y ( su* enc\ragem5t4 ,!y %all also enc\rage frequ5t public meet+s ( ! ,association & ( citiz5s g5]ally1 bo? ) a view to ma9ta9 an int]e/ 9 _! "w1 & = ! g5]al enc\ragem5t ( ! habit ( meet+ = discussion & amusem5t4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,?ree memb]s ( ! ,executive ,committee pres5t at any meet+ %all con/itute a quorum = transact+ bus9ess2 & ! vote ( a majority ( ^? pres5t %all be b9d+ on ! ,association4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,no debt %all be contract$ by ! ,executive ,committee beyond ! am\nt ( available funds )9 _! control to pay x2 & no memb] ( ?is ,association %all be liable = any debt ( ! ,association beyond ! am\nt ( 8 or h] subscription4 ,,article ,x4 ,e p]son ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age :o %all plant & protect a tree "u ! direction ( ! ,executive ,committee1 or :o %all pay ! sum ( "o doll> annually1 & %all obligate him or h]self to pay ! same = ?ree ye>s1 %all be a memb] ( ?is ,association2 & e *ild "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 :o %all pay or %all become obligat$ to pay z be=e ! sum ( tw5ty-five c5ts annually = ?ree ye>s1 %all be a memb] ( ?is ,association4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,! paym5t ( t5 doll>s annually = ?ree ye>s1 or ( tw5ty-five doll>s 9 "o sum1 %all con/itute a p]son a memb] ( ?is ,association = life4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,! autograph signatures ( all memb]s ( ! ,association %all be pres]v$ 9 a book suitable = t purpose4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,an annual meet+ ( ! ,association %all be held at su* place z ! ,executive ,committee may direct1 on ! f\r? ,w$nesday ( ,augu/1 at two o'clock1 ,p4,m4 ,notice ( su* meet+ %all be po/$ on ea* ( ! *ur*es & at ! po/-(fice at lea/ sev5 days prior to ! "t ( hold+ said meet+s1 & a writt5 notice %all be s5t to all non-resid5t memb]s4 ,o!r meet+s ( ! ,association may be call$ by ! ,executive ,committee on sev5 days' notice z above prescrib$4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,at ! annual meet+1 ! ,executive ,committee %all report ! am\nt ( money receiv$ dur+ ! ye>1 & ! s\rce f :i* x has be5 receiv$2 ! am\nt ( money exp5d$ dur+ ! ye>1 & ! objects = :i* x has be5 exp5d$2 ! numb] ( trees plant$ at ! co/ ( ! ,association2 ! numb] plant$ by individuals1 ) ! location1 ! k9d ( tree1 & ! "n ( ! plant]2 & g5]ally all ( ! acts ( ! ,committee4 ,?is report %all be ent]$ on ! record ( ! ,association4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,any p]son :o %all plant a tree "u ! direction ( ! ,executive ,committee1 & %all protect x = five ye>s1 %all be entitl$ to h su* tree kn[n =ev] by 8 or h] "n4 ,,article ,,xvi4 ,?is ,con/itution may be am5d$ by ! ,executive ,committee ) ! approval ( ! majority ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+ ( ! ,association1 or at any special meet+1 ! notice ( :i* %all h be5 accompani$ by a copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t1 ) ! /atem5t t ! am5dm5t is to be vot$ on at su* meet+4 ,i h provid$1 9 ! above draft ( a con/itution1 = an executive committee ( only five memb]s2 = ! reason t1 :ile x w be comp>atively easy to secure ! s]vices ( ?is numb]1 ! duties & responsibilities ( a l>g] committee w\ld be s di/ribut$ t !re w\ld be too (t5 occasion = ! application ( ! old adage3 ,:at is ev]ybody's bus9ess is nobody's bus9ess4 ,! ,laurel ,hill ,association has an executive committee ( fifte51 9 addition to sev5 (fic]s4 ,?is l>ge committee 7tw5ty-two7 s]ves to secure ! int]e/ ( a l>g] numb] ( citiz5s2 b ! same ?+ may be z well accompli%$ by invit+ ! co-op]ation ( citiz5s 9 ! "w ( sub-committees1 ! *airman ( ea* ( :i* w\ld be a memb] ( ! regul> executive committee4 ,9 ,ea/hampton1 ,mass41 !re is a bo>d ( f\rte5 directors1 & !re are committees on sanit>y matt]s1 on sett+ out trees1 on sidewalks & hit*+-po/s1 c4 ,x w\ld be prud5t to re/rict ! numb] ( memb]s ( ^! sub-committees to ?ree2 "o f ! executive committee & two f outside4 ,besides special executive "w1 a va/ deal has be5 done :]ev] improvem5t societies h be5 organiz$1 9 ! way ( /imulat+ citiz5s to adorn _! private gr\nds1 or at lea/ to keep _! gr\nds & f5ces 9 good ord]1 remov+ we$s & rubbi% f ! sidewalk1 keep+ ! grass well trimm$ & free f litt] & leaves4 ,:at mo/ detracts f ! good appe>ance ( any village is ! slov5ly look :i* comes f badly hung gates1 crook$ f5ces1 abs5t pickets1 & g5]al %iftlessness ab\t private places2 & x is by enc\rag+ citiz5s to take a pride 9 att5tion to ^! m9or details1 t ! association w d its be/ "w4 ,?is result may be accompli%$ almo/ entirely )\t ! exp5diture ( money4 ,x is 9 att5tion to little ?+s & 9 secur+ ! co-op]ation ( private own]s1--a co-op]ation :i* w call = an inappreciable am\nt ( labor1--t ! mo/ tell+ "w ( ! (fic]s ( ! society is to be done4 ,s f> z ^! details are conc]n$1 x is h>dly necess>y 9 a pap] ( ?is sort to d m ?an to call att5tion to !m4 ,!y are )9 ! capacity ( e citiz51 & !y w naturally sugge/ !mselves to any p]son :o w\ld be likely to und]take ! direction ( an improvem5t association4 ,!re are o!r & really m important objects look+ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( l&scape g>d5+ & eng9e]+1 on :i* specific in/ruction may be desir$1 & (t5 9 cases :]e x w be impracticable to employ pr(essional assi/ance4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! con/ruction ( sidewalks4 #b4 ,! con/ruction & c>e ( roadways4 #c4 ,! supply ( wat]1 & ! con/ruction ( dr9k+-tr\ghs4 #d4 ,! lay+-out & adornm5t ( public squ>es & o!r op5 spaces4 #e4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( sew]age or sanit>y dra9age1 includ+ ! removal ( excessive soil moi/ure4 ,,sidewalks4 ,no "o ?+ has m to d ) ! com=t ( ^? liv+ 9 c\ntry villages ?an sidewalks :i* are good at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,^? =tunate villages :i* are built on a gravelly soil1 ) a p]fect natural dra9age1 ne$ little m 9 ?is direction ?an su* a con=mation ( ! surface z w prev5t wat] f /&+ on ! footway :5 ! gr\nd is froz54 ,at all o!r times x s9ks naturally away into ! e>?4 ,x is mu* m (t5 ! case t ! "* ( ! soil or subsoil prev5ts a settl+ away ( wat]1 or t subt]ranean ooz+ f high] gr\nd keeps ! e>? ?r\gh\t ! spr+ & autumn1 & aft] heavy ra9s 9 summ]1 damp1 & (t5 sloppy4 ,:]ev] ! gr\nd is ( su* a "* z to prev5t ! rapid s9k+ to a consid]able dep? ( all excessive moi/ure1 !re is sure to be a disagreeable condition ( ! footway :5ev] ! l[] soil is lock$ ) fro/1 & ! surface is ?aw$4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ dra9age1 natural or artificial1 ?is condition w exi/ = a %ort "t :ile fro/ is com+ out ( ! gr\nd2 b ) good dra9age x is ( s tempor>y a "* z h>dly to ju/ify any exp5sive f9i%+ ( ! surface1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ walks4 ,to ov]come occasional slopp9ess :]e ! difficulty is n deep-seat$1 !re is no *eap] nor bett] device ?an to dress ! surface ) coal-a%es4 ,inde$1 if ^! are us$ to a suffici5t ?ickness1 !y are practically z good z concrete or ! be/ gravel4 ,:5 fir/ appli$1 !y are du/y & unpleasant2 b ! fir/ wett+ lays ! du/1 & !y soon settle to a firm consi/5cy1 & make a v pleasant walk1 ) ! great advantage ( be+ entirely b>r51 & prev5t+ ! gr[? ( we$s & grass4 ,if ! a%es ( a village are collect$ & scre5$1 ! c9d]s be+ us$ at ! bottom1 & ! surface be+ smoo?ly dress$ ) ! f9] mat]ial1 !y w make z satisfactory walks1 ev5 :]e ! use is consid]able1 z any o!r mat]ial4 ,! color is unobtrusive1 & ! surface soon becomes h>d en\gh to be> sweep+4 ,^? :o are m ambiti\s = effect may pref] a walk made ( t>-&-gravel concrete2 & ?is1 if well made1 is good1 durable1 & satisfactory4 ,s f> z ! improvem5t association is conc]n$1 x c f9d _m ways = exp5d+ ! diff]5ce ( co/ betwe5 a%es & concrete1 :i* w accompli% a mu* m tell+ result4 ,if gravel c be obta9$ )\t too mu* exp5se1 x may be us$ ) excell5t results to a dep? ( f "o to ?ree in*es1 accord+ to ! porosity ( ! subsoil1--m be+ ne$$ :]e ! gr\nd is incl9$ to become s(t4 ,9 us+ gravel x is be/ ei!r to scre5 x1 us+ ! co>s] p>ts bel[ & ! f9] p>ts at ! surface1 or1 aft] apply+ x1 to add a ?9 lay] ( e>?1 b>ely suffici5t to fill its spaces1--to b9d x s z to give x a firm & solid consi/5cy4 ,loose & rattl+ gravel makes a h&some walk to look at1 b an unpleasant "o to walk ^u4 ,no?+ is m agreeable ?an well-trodd51 dry1 root-b\nd e>?1 z :]e grass has be5 worn away by frequ5t use2 b ?is becomes at once objectionable on be+ saturat$ ) ra9 or moi/5$ by melt+ fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,x is a common impression1 t all ?or\ghly good foot-pa?s mu/ be dug out to a consid]able dep?1 fill$ ) loose /ones1 & dress$ at ! top ) "s good f9i%+ mat]ial2 b ?is is n necess>y ev5 = ! be/ "w4 ,! great po9t is to secure a ?or\gh dra9+ ( ! sub-/ratum1 s t !re %all be no ris+ ( ooze-wat] f bel[1 & s t ! gr\nd %all be free f su* saturation z to cause heav+ dur+ fro/4 ,?is condition may be secur$ by a suitable dra9+ ( ! gr\nd imm$iately "u ! walk1 & by ! use ( a well-compact$ & tightly-b\nd surface cov]+ ( su* =m z to %$ or turn away ra9-wat]4 ,figure #a 7p4 #ca7 %[s ! cross section ( a foot-pa? six feet wide on slightly slop+ gr\nd1 :]e we h to appreh5d an ooz+ ( subsoil wat] f ! l& at ! highe/ side4 ,! c5tre ( ! walk is slightly cr[n+1--say "o in* high] ?an ! sides1--s t ra9 fall+ ^u x w fl[ readily t[>d ! grass-bord] at ei!r side4 ,to prev5t ! pond+ ( wat] at ! sides :5 ! gr\nd is froz51 ! surface ( ! walk at its edges %\ld be well above ! level ( ! adjo9+ gr\nd2 b x may be necess>y "u "s circum/ances to furni%1 "h & !re1 a *annel or surface-gutt] across ! walk1 to all[ ! accumulation at ! high] side to escape4 ,r>ely w deep gutt]s at ! sides be necess>y or desirable4 ,if ! walk is laid at a suffici5t height to turn wat] on to ! adjo9+ gr\nd in/ead ( receiv+ wat] f ?is1 x w be easy to keep x dry4 ,we w assume t ! pa? 9 "q is to be made ov] a t5aci\s clay soil1 ) a consid]able ooz+ f ! hillside1--! mo/ unfavorable condition t c be f\nd1 especially 9 cold climates4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be secur$ is ! cutt+-(f ( ! subsoil wat] f ! hill4 ,?is may be done by digg+ a tr5* z n>r[ z possible1--six in*es w be bett] ?an m1 z requir+ less fill+ mat]ial1--to a dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is dra9 lay a common l&-tile dra91 ) coll>s at ! jo9ts if ^! c be procur$1 &1 if n1 ) a bit ( pap] laid ov] ! jo9ts to prev5t ! entrance ( loose mat]ial1 & to hold ! pipes 9 place dur+ con/ruction4 ,! dit* %\ld !n be fill$ ) c9d]s1 gravel1 or co>se s&4 ,if /ones are to be us$1 !y %\ld be brok5 to a small size1--n m ?an "o in* 9 diamet]1--& ! loose bits %\ld be mix$ ) !m 9 ! fill+4 ,v small int]/ices w be suffici5t to all[ wat] to pass freely ?r\gh1 :ile if l>ge /ones are us$1 ) l>ge int]/ices1 !re w be dang] ( a wa%+-9 ( e>? suffici5t 9 "t to ob/ruct bo? ! /onework & ! tile4 ,! small] ! tile1 s long z x is suffici5t = its purpose1 ! bett]2 = l5g?s ( five hundr$ feet or less1 an int]ior diamet] ( an in* & a qu>t] w be suffici5t2 f ?is to "o ?\s& feet1 use an in* & a half bore4 ,if possible1 be=e exce$+ ?is l5g?1 secure an outlet = ! wat] 9 ! roadside gutt] or "s o!r *annel ( exit4 ,! tile-dra91 at a dep? ( ?ree feet1 w remove all subsoil wat] f "u ! walk1 & all t may be deliv]$ into ! loosely fill$ tr5* at its side4 ,! loose fill+ ( ! tr5* %\ld n be c>ri$ ne>] ?an )9 six in*es ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & %\ld be cov]$ ) f9e & well-pack$ e>? to prev5t ! entrance ( surface-wat] :i* w\ld soon c>ry 9 silt en\gh to /op its action4 ,:atev] cov]+ is adopt$ = ! walk itself1 x mu/ be ( su* a "* z to prev5t any ?+ l a free admission ( surface-wat]4 ,concrete w d ?is p]fectly2 & ei!r a%es1 or gravel dress$ at ! top ) a%es1 if well rak$ & roll$ at ! outset to a smoo? surface1 w soon become s b\nd toge!r z to %$ pretty ne>ly all ra9 fall+ ^u x4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 a walk made 9 ?is way1 & "o dug out = its :ole wid? to a dep? ( two feet1 & fill$ fir/ ) /one & !n ) gravel & a suitable surface dress+1 w be v important2 & x is safe to say t ! *eap] w be at lea/ z good & durable z ! m exp5sive me?od4 ,9 all con/ruction ( sidewalks1 :e!r public or private1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! surface con=mation1 & "s device mu/ be adopt$ = prev5t+ ! fl[ ( wat] ^u ! walk f ! adjo9+ gr\nd1 & = ! easy deliv]y ( /orm-wat] fall+ ^u ! walk itself4 ,,roadways4 ,! great exp5se ( ,macadamiz+ or ,tel=diz+ puts ^! sy/ems almo/ out ( ! rea* ( small communities4 ,:]ev] ! orig9al exp5se c be borne1 ! subsequ5t co/ ( ma9t5ance w be s slight1 & ! result g5]ally w be s satisfactory1 z to make x always a good inve/m5t4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ^! co/ly =ms ( con/ruction may be adopt$ w be greatly ext5d$ if we c ov]come ! preval5t ,am]ican prejudice 9 favor ( wide roadways4 ,aga9/ wide /reets !re is1 z a rule1 no objection1 ?\gh exceptional n>r[ & well-%ad$ lanes h a rural *>m t w always comm5d !m to p]sons ( ta/e4 ,a wide /reet1 t is1 broad spaces betwe5 f5ces1 by no means implies a broad roadway4 ,all we ne$ 9 ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>e ( a busy village is su* a wid? z w all[ ( ! easy pass+ ( vehicles 9 ! middle ( ! road1 & ! /&+ ( "o vehicle at re/ at ea* side4 ,?is w be accompli%$1 ev5 9 ! bus9ess /reet ( a village1 by a wid? ( roadway ( ?irty feet4 ,"u mo/ o!r circum/ances tw5ty feet ( roadway w be ample4 ,?is w all[ ( ! mov+ ( ?ree vehicles side by side1 & w give a leeway ( six feet betwe5 two vehicles pass+ ea* o!r4 ,on bo? sides ( ?is roadway1 except = ! necess>y sidewalks1 ! :ole space to ! f5ces %\ld be 9 well-kept grass1 :i* is ! *eape/ to secure1 ! mo/ economical to ma9ta91 & ! mo/ agreeable to see1 ( all gr\nd cov]+4 ,x is n unusual 9 c\ntry t[ns to f9d a wid? ( f sixty to eighty feet devot$ to a muddy1 du/y1 & ill-kept roadway4 ,f "o-half to two-?irds ( ?is wid? is wa/e space1 :i* mu/ ei!r rema9 an eyesore1 or entail an undue co/ = ma9t5ance4 ,:5 bo? sides ( ! /reet are occupi$ by places ( bus9ess1 x may be necess>y to provide = "s occasional driv+ close to ! build+s = ! deliv]y ( m]*&ise2 b ?is occasion w r>ely be s regul> z to cause any s]i\s damage to grass4 ,if ! l9e ( hit*+-po/s is plac$ )9 fifte5 feet ( ! c5tre ( ! roadway on ea* side1 x w be seldom t any "o w drive ov] ! bord]+ grass1 especially if !re is1 z !re g5]ally %\ld be1 a well-def9$ gutt] or well-kept grass ) a curb/one bord] at ea* side4 ,9 consid]+ ! wid? to be giv5 to roadways1 x %\ld be und]/ood t e =m ( road is m or less co/ly to make & to keep 9 ord]1 & t ! co/ ( bo? items is 9 direct proportion to ! wid?4 ,if to ! co/ ( mak+ & grad+ an ord9>y roadway sixty feet wide1 we add ! capital sum ^: int]e/ w\ld be necess>y to keep ?is wid? 9 good repair1 we %all h an am\nt t w\ld g f> t[>d ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( a road ( ! v be/ quality only ?irty feet wide4 ,fur!rmore1 :ile x is impossible to e/imate su* items exactly1 & :ile ! am\nt ?us sav$ _c be controll$ = ! road-mak+ acc\nt1 ! sav+ 9 ! we> & te> ( vehicles1 & 9 ! team =ce ne$$ to move heavy loads1 con/itutes an important argum5t 9 favor ( ! be/ con/ruction4 ,! am\nt ?us sav$ 9 ! %ort /reets ( ! village1 :]e ! pr9cipal traffic is ov] r\gh c\ntry roads1 w\ld n be v great1 b x w\ld enable ! road au?orities ( ! t[n%ip to realize ! advantage ( fir/-rate roads & ! degree to :i* ! n>r[+ ( ! roadway *eap5s con/ruction4 ,z a result1 !re w\ld soon be an ext5sion ( ! improvem5t ov] ! m important highways into ! c\ntry2 :]e a well-metall$ wid? ( twelve feet w\ld accommodate ne>ly ! :ole traffic1 & :]e ! prop] application ( a *eap sy/em ( "u-dra9age w\ld make well-metall$ roads extremely *eap to ma9ta94 ,9 ! isl& ( ,j]sey1 !re are _m excell5t roads only six feet wide4 ,^! are provid$ ) frequ5t little bays or turn-outs to all[ teams to pass ea* o!r4 ,al?\gh su* extremely n>r[ roads are n to be recomm5d$1 ! diff]5ce 9 com=t & economy ( teamp[] betwe5 ^! & ! av]age ,am]ican dirt road is enorm\sly 9 _! favor4 ,! wide/ roads 9 ,j]sey1 lead+ f a busy t[n ( ?irty ?\s& inhabitants into a ?ickly settl$ f>m+ region :]e bus9ess & pleasure travel is v active1 & :]e excursion c>s c>ry+ ?irty or =ty p]sons are con/antly pass+1 are only tw5ty-f\r feet wide2 (t5 only ( ?is wid? betwe5 ! h$ge-r[s1 ! road itself be+ an excell5t footpa? = its :ole wid?4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! _w is ! rural *>m m p]fectly develop$ ?an 9 ,j]sey1 & no elem5t ( its great beauty is s conspicu\s & s con/antly satisfactory z its n>r[ & emb[]$ lanes & roadways4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by ! way1 & only z a sugge/ion1 = ! sake ( v>iety4 ,z a rule1 we may at lea/ accept mu* less wid? ?an is n[ usual = our c\ntry & village roads4 ,:]ev] x is int5d$ to build exp5sive /one roads1 ^? hav+ ! "w 9 *>ge w naturally employ a compet5t eng9e]1 or w at lea/ appeal to ,pr(4 ,gillespie's "w on road-mak+1 or to "s o!r au?ority4 ,space ne$ n be giv5 "h to eng9e]+ details1 :i* w\ld require a l5g?y elucidation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a sort ( road-mak+ mat]ially m co/ly at ! outset ?an t n[ 9 vogue1 b mu* less co/ly 9 ! long-run1 if we consid] ! elem5t ( practical value & ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,x dep5ds m on fundam5tal pr9ciples ( con/ruction ?an on special processes ( f9i%+1 & w be m or less satisfactory accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil & ( ! cov]+ mat]ial available4 ,! great enemy ( all roads is excessive moi/ure2 & ! *ief purpose ( all me?ods ( improvem5t is to get rid ( ?is1 or to c\nt]act its effect4 ,z 9 ! case ( foot-pa?s1 :]ev] ! por\s "* ( ! subsoil1 & ! abs5ce ( high]-ly+ wet l&s1 is su* t no accumulation ( wat] ^u or "u ! roadway ne$ be fe>$1 ! greate/ difficulty is at once set aside4 ,roads ly+ on su* a soil may be ov]-du/y 9 dry wea!r4 ,:5 ! subsoil is tempor>ily imp]vi\s because ( its froz5 condition1 !y may become unduly muddy1 or1 :5 ! situation is su* z to lead hill-wat] ^u !m1 !y may be badly wa%$2 b !y are free f ! great difficulties t beset all roads :i* = a l>ge "p ( ! ye> are und]laid by an ov]-saturat$1 compact subsoil4 ,:]e su* natural dra9age is secur$1 no artificial "u-dra9age w be ne$$4 ,9 _m m in/ances1 all t w be requir$ 9 ! way ( dra9+ w be to lead away ! s\rces ( wet-wea!r spr+s1 :i* break ?r\gh ! road-b$ & cause deep sl\ghs4 ,:]e incomplete or p>tial artificial "u-dra9+ is ne$$1 ! ne$ is absolute2 & :e!r we consid] ! durability ( ! road1 or ! degree to :i* its traffic is int]f]$ ) by its wet condition1 we may be confid5t t e doll> sp5t 9 well-direct$ "u-dra9+ w be inve/$ to ! v be/ advantage4 ,! v>y+ conditions ( wetness1 & ! diff]5t s\rces ( surplus wat]1 mu/ be reg>d$ 9 decid+ precisely h[ mu* ( ?is "w is ne$$1 & h[ x %\ld be done4 ,details _c be fully consid]$ "h2 b z a g5]al rule x may be said1 t :]e ! subsoil g5]ally is ( an imp]vi\s "*1 & :]e ! road is m or less wet & weep+ aft] long ra9s1 a cont9u\s sy/em ( "u-dra9s is requir$4 ,if ! tr\ble is local1 "h & !re 9 spots1 & is obvi\sly caus$ by ! break+ up ( spr+s f ! road-b$1 su* p>tial "w may be adopt$ z w tap ! s\rces ( ^! spr+s1 & lead _! wat] h>mlessly away4 ,gisborne1 "o ( ! be/ agricultural writ]s ( ,engl&1 put ! case t]sely & well :5--object+ to ! sy/em ( circumv5t+ spr+s--he said1 ,hit him /raight 9 ! eye1 is z good a maxim 9 dra9+ z 9 pugilism4 ,x is be/ n to pass up at ! side ( a spr+1 & s creep ar\nd beh9d x to head (f its wat]2 b to drive ! dra9 /raight ?r\gh x1 & f> en\gh beyond x to tap & lead away at a l[] level ! wat] :i* causes x4 ,^! dra9s1 z well z all o!rs int5d$ simply to remove subsoil wat]1 & n to cut (f a weep+ /ream1 are be/ made ) common dra9-tiles laid z be=e direct$1 & cov]$ imm$iately ) well-pack$ e>?4 ,wat] ent]s an "u-dra91 n f above1 b f bel[2 t is to say1 z wat]1 f :atev] s\rce1 fills ! subsoil1 x rises !re9 until x rea*es ! floor ( ! dra91 :5 x ent]s & is l$ away1 j z wat] fall+ into a cask :i* /&s on end fl[s (f at ! "u side ( ! bung-hole :5 x rea*es its level4 ,ev5 if ! cask be fill$ to ! top ) e>?1 ! ra9 fall+ ^u x w desc5d p]p5dicul>ly to ! bottom1 & w fl[ (f at ! bung only :5 ! soil to t level has become saturat$4 ,x w desc5d ?r\gh ! soil by ! /raighte/ c\rse1 & w raise ! g5]al level4 ,x w n violate ! laws ( gravitation1 & run diagonally t[>d ! po9t ( outlet1 z seems to be ! g5]al supposition :5 ! p]plex+ "q1 ,h[ does wat] get into ! dra98 is fir/ consid]$4 ,:5 we drive a dra9 ?r\gh a spr+ & into ! wat]-be>+ /ratum :i* fe$s x1 we simply make x easi] = ! wat] to escape by ! dra9 ?an to keep on at ! high] level1 & break out at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! sidewalk illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #a1 9 cutt+ (f a cont9u\s weep+ or ooze f high] l&1 x is be/ to introduce a v]tical fill+ ( por\s mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! wat] w desc5d & ent] ! dra92 b1 except+ ?is s+le in/ance1 all t we ne$ to d1 s f> z subt]ranean "w is conc]n$1 is to furni% an easy & suffici5t *annel = ! removal ( subsoil wat]4 ,:at con/itutes a suffici5t dra9 is some?+ v mu* less ?an :at is g5]ally suppos$4 ,9 ord9>y agricultural dra9age1 :]e ! l9es ( tiles are =ty feet ap>t1 a well-laid tile an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet] is suffici5t = a l5g? ( "o ?\s& feet--t is1 x is suffici5t to remove ! wat] ( filtration f an acre ( l&4 ,if laid ) only an incl9ation ( six in*es 9 "o hundr$ feet1 its deliv]y w be s rapid z to am\nt to m ?an a heavy cont9u\s ra9-fall ^u ?is area4 ,9 road dra9age1 ! same rule w\ld hold true2 b1 z ! soil (f]s a c]ta9 resi/ance to ! rapid desc5t ( wat]1 x is be/ to give a means ( outlet at small] int]vals2 & = ! be/ "w 9 roads ?irty feet wide or m1 ?ree dra9s c\ld be us$ ) advantage4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 ne$ ! size ( pipes be l>g] ?an above indicat$1 if ! =m ( ! tiles is true1 & if !y are well jo9$ toge!r at _! ends4 ,tiles ( less p]fect =m _h bett] be an in* & a half or ev5 two in*es 9 diamet]2 b1 z a rule1 !y %\ld n be ( a l>g] size1 = ! reason t ! am\nt ( wat] t !y may be expect$ to c>ry w n be suffici5t to keep !m prop erly fre$ f silt unless ! fl[ is conc5trat$ )9 a n>r[ *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,figure #b %[s ! cross section ( a c\ntry road ?irty feet wide1 ) ?ree l9es ( tile-dra9 laid at a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet bel[ x4 ,except 9 case ( necessity1 ^! dra9s %\ld h an incl9ation ( n less ?an six in*es 9 "o hundr$ feet4 ,!re is no objection to _! hav+ m ?an ?is :]ev] ! lay ( ! l& p]mits or requires x4 ,!y may (t5 h consid]ably less 9 case ( ne$2 b1 ! small] ! rate ( incl9ation1 ! great] ! c>e ne$$ 9 secur+ a true grade4 ,! wat] ( ^! dra9s %\ld be collect$ into a s+le dra91 & l$ away at int]vals ( f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet4 ,x may be deliv]$ into a roadside gutt]1 or into a collect+ "u-dra91 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,x is n[ possible to procure dra9-tiles at reasonable co/ 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & ^! are n only v mu* bett] ?an any =m ( /one dra91 b !y are also mu* *eap] 9 con/ruction1--! labor ( prep>+ & h&l+ ! /one1 & ( excavat+ ! wid] tr5* t /one requires1 am\nt+ to m ?an ! co/ ( ! tile1 ev5 ) a high *>ge ( transportation add$4 ,incid5tally x is prop] to say t :]e tiles _c be _h1 a mass ( gravel or f9e c9d]s1 six in*es wide & six in*es deep1 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! dra91 & cov]$ ) well-pack$ soil1 is pref]able ev5 to brok5 /one or any o!r =m ( *annel t w\ld p]mit ( ! rapid runn+ ( wat] & ! wa%+ into ! dra9s ( ev5 a slight am\nt ( silt4 ,! removal ( excessive subsoil moi/ure be+ secur$1 att5tion %\ld next be giv5 to ! surface ( ! road1 :i* %\ld be f9i%$ ) ! firme/ mat]ial at h&1--) ! common e>? ( ! subsoil :]e no?+ bett] c be af=d$1--& :i* %\ld be br\ght to a true grade1 ) a v slight slope f ! c5tre to ! edge4 ,= a road ?irty feet wide1 ! elevation ( ! c5tre above ! level ( ! edges %\ld n be m ?an f\r to six in*es1 & ! grade %\ld be made on a /raight l9e r ?an on a curve4 ,if ! road is made z flat z ! turn+-(f ( surface-wat] w p]mit1 x w be travell$ ^u 9 all its p>ts2 :ile if x is cr[n$ to a high ar*1 z is (t5 ! case1 x w soon be f\nd t ! be/ place to drive is 9 ! middle ( ! road1 & foot-tracks & :eel-tracks w soon =m slight *annels or ruts :i* w lead wat] l5g?wise along ! road1 & :i* w cause an undue am\nt ( we> & wa%+4 ,a road may be actually flat to ! eye1 & equally conv5i5t = travel at e "p ( its wid?1 & /ill h en\gh lat]al slope to cause wat] to run (f f x4 ,x is especially desirable t no surface-wat] fl[+ f ! roadside 7above all1 :5 fro/ is com+ out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+7 be p]mitt$ to run on to ! road4 ,?is %\ld be effectively prev5t$ by ! =mation ( suffici5t gutt]s1 ) su* outlets z w prev5t pond+ at ! sides ( ! road4 ,:5 x is necess>y to c>ry ! wat] ( ! gutt]s f "o side ( ! road to ! o!r1 culv]ts %\ld be provid$2 & :]ev] ! slope ( ! road is suffici5t to cause wat] to fl[ along x l5g?wise1--t is1 :]ev] ! incl9ation is m ?an ab\t "o 9 fifty1--!re %\ld be frequ5t slight depressions f ! c5tre diagonally t[>d ! gutt]s to c>ry ! fl[ away be=e x c accumulate suffici5tly to =m a wa%+ curr5t4 ,if x c be done )\t haul+ additional mat]ial1 x is always well to raise ! road-b$ some:at above ! level ( ! adjo9+ l&1 & ?is may usually be accompli%$ by ?r[+ ^u x ! subsoil ( ! gutt]s4 ,9 no case %\ld surface-soil sods or f9e road-mud be us$ = repairs4 ,! mo/ s]i\s objection to ! absurd sy/em ( road-m5d+ s common 9 ?is c\ntry lies 9 ! fact t ! annual repair+ is little m ?an ! pl\gh+ up & ?r[+ back ^u ! roadway ( ! s(t & unsuitable mat]ial :i* has be5 wa%$ into ! gutt]s4 ,:at is said above applies especially to c\ntry roads2 b x is appropriate1 s f> z x goes1 to ! bett]-made & bett]-kept roads ( a village4 ,9 ! case ( ^! latt]1 except :]e ! soil is naturally dry & firm1 "s att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! improvem5t ( ! surface2 & x is to be consid]$ :e!r to adopt ! exp5sive process ( cov]+ ) brok5 /one road-metal1 or to use gravel4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ^! is desirable 9 all cases :]e !re is mu* t5d5cy to slopp9ess 9 wet wea!r2 b any =m ( artificial cov]+ is s co/ly t ! e>ly ef=ts ( ! improvem5t association w produce a m tell+ result if appli$ 9 o!r directions4 ,! necess>y cross-walks may be satisfactorily made ) coal-a%es4 ,x is ev5 m easy 9 a village ?an 9 ! c\ntry1 to h ! grades ( all roadways s regulat$ z to %$ ra9-wat] fall+ ^u !m1 & to h !m s furni%$ ) side gutt]s s z to prev5t wat] f ! roadside f runn+ on to !m4 ,! simple/ way to effect ?is1 & ! neate/ way too1 is to make gutt]s outside ( ! l9e ( ! road1 say six in*es deep & eight feet wide1 ^! be+ at once sodd$ or s[n ) grass & gra9 to give an e>ly protection aga9/ wa%+2 made on su* a %all[ curve1 !y w af=d no ob/ruction to any sy/em ( m[+ t may be adopt$1 :ile _! great wid? w give !m suffici5t capacity to c>ry away ! wat] ( consid]able /orms4 ,! "w ( con/ruction hav+ be5 duly att5d$ to1 x is no less important to provide = regul> & con/ant c>e4 ,any rutt+ t comes ( heavy traffic 9 bad wea!r %\ld be oblit]at$ ei!r by rak+1 or1 bett] /ill1 by fill+ ! ruts ) gravel or a%es4 ,if su* "w is att5d$ to imm$iately on ! occasion = x aris+1 ! am\nt ( labor requir$ w be v slight2 = x is especially true ) ref]5ce to roads1 t a /it* 9 "t saves n9e4 ,if ! fill+ ( ruts & :eel-tracks be done 9 "t1 ! s]i\s damage t comes f gutt]+ fl[s ( wat] l5g?wise along ! road may be almo/ entirely avoid$4 ,! m]e clean+ "w ( bo? ! roadway & roadside grass spaces1 x w be easy to induce *ildr5 to p]=m = slight rew>ds & enc\ragem5t4 ,! daily removal ( bits ( pap] & o!r rubbi% w h an excell5t effect on ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! village4 ,9 ! autumn ! removal ( ! fall5 leaves w call = some?+ m ?an *ildr5's "w2 b ord9>ily ?is s\rce ( *eap labor w be f\nd suffici5t if prop]ly direct$4 ,,public ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,z a field = enc\ragem5t1 r ?an z an object = ! exp5diture ( ! association's funds1 ! furni%+ ( an ample supply ( wat] is entitl$ to v e>ly consid]ation4 ,n only is ! "q ( public heal? v s]i\sly involv$ 9 ! wat] problem2 b z a m]e beautify+ elem5t an abundance ( wat]1 to be obta9$ )\t labor1 w h a v tell+ effect by ! facility x gives = pres]v+ ! fre% appe>ance ( lawns & %rubb]y1 & = ! cultivation ( fl[]s & v9es4 ,reg>d$ f ! horticulturi/'s po9t ( view1 ! climate ( pretty ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is c\ntry is simply dete/able4 ,we may arrange to )/& v well ! sev]ity ( our nor!rn w9t]s2 we expect an entire %utt+-up ( all g>d5 indu/ries1 & long cold seasons are an accu/om$ matt] ( necessity3 b we h nev] yet le>n$ to accept ) pati5ce ! almo/ annual de/ruction ( our lawns & g>d5s & fl[]-b$s by sca?+ dr\ght4 ,no public wat] supply available = an ord9>y village w\ld suffice to ov]come ! effects ( a dry season ov] ! :ole ( ev5 a small home/ead2 b we may hope to secure en\gh to keep "o or two small spr9kl]s fl[+ /eadily ?r\gh ! hot mon?s1 & s keep a little grass measurably gre51 & pres]ve a semblance ( life & beauty 9 fl[]-b$s & delicate %rubb]y4 ,x is v r>ely t x w be possible to supply wat] en\gh 9 a :ole week to equal 9 its effect a half-h\r's ra92 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 t[ns :]e ev5 ! small am\nt ( wat] is available = ! g>d5 & ^? :i* are hopelessly giv5 ov] to dr\ght %[s h[ mu* may be accompli%$ 9 ?is direction ev5 ) limit$ means4 ,z 9 ! case ( road-mak+ 9 any ?+ l a complete & ?or\gh mann]1 ! provid+ ( a wat] supply mu/ necess>ily be direct$ by pr(essional advice4 ,al?\gh ! simpl] pr9ciples ( hydraulics are suffici5tly und]/ood1 & al?\gh x w\ld be q )9 ! ability ( a numb] ( ! m intellig5t m5 ( any village to secure & di/ribute a satisfactory am\nt ( wat]1 ! co/ ( do+ su* "w 9 an exp]im5tal way by p]sons unaccu/om$ to its details1 z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( do+ x "u ! direction ( an eng9e] ^: natural judgm5t & capacity are supplem5t$ by exp]i5ce & skill1 w\ld be )\t d\bt f> beyond ! fee dem&$ = 8 s]vices4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!rs connect$ ) public & private works1 x is always bad economy to save ! co/ ( prop] k4 ,v likely--p]haps inde$ v g5]ally--! actual p]=mance ( ! "w1 ! buy+ & lay+ ( ! pipe1 & all t1 c be z *eaply done "u home direction z "u t ( a public contractor2 b ! mak+ ( ! plans--! decid+ ^u ! s\rce ( ! supply1 ^u ! means = secur+ a suffici5t head1 ! sizes ( ! pipes1 ! location & con/ruction ( fire-plugs1 & all ! m9or details ( ! "w--w be m or less economical1 accord+ to ! skill1 exp]i5ce1 & capacity ( ! p]son :o directs x4 ,! s\rces f :i* wat] may be obta9$ are v>i\s4 ,(t5 en\gh wat] ( ! be/ quality may be procur$ by driv51 dug1 or artesian wells2 b1 :5ev] ?is c\rse is adopt$1 ! wells %\ld be locat$ f> en\gh away f ! village1 or on l& suffici5tly high1 to make x impossible t !re %all be any f\l+ ( ! wat]-be>+ /rata by ! filtration f b>n-y>ds1 privy-vaults1 or cesspools4 ,g5]ally1 wat] s secur$ w h to be rais$ to an elevat$ res]voir by "s me*anical =ce4 ,if ! dem& is to be a l>ge "o1 & if ! community c af=d ! co/1 ! mo/ reliable plan w be to use /eam-p[] = pump+2 b 9 small] places1 & :]e economy is a great object1 w9d-p[] may s]ve an excell5t purpose4 ,if a /ream ( pure wat] is available at a suffici5t height1 x may be l$ directly to ! res]voir1 or its curr5t may be us$ to drive a wat]-:eel suffici5t to d ! pump+4 ,9 a majority ( cases !re w be f\nd at no great di/ance a /ream capable ( supply+ ! wat] ne$$ ?r\gh\t ! drye/ season ( ! ye>1 b n entirely free f organic impurities4 ,9 su* cases x is (t5 feasible1 by excavat+ a filt]+ sump or pump-well at a little di/ance f ! side ( ! /ream1 & at a suffici5t dep? bel[ ! level ( its b$ to secure a supply tol]ably purifi$ by filtration ?r\gh ! int]v5+ e>?4 ,! di/ance at :i* ?is sump %\ld be plac$ f ! b$ ( ! /ream w dep5d on ! "* ( ! soil4 ,! m por\s ?is is1 ! great] %\ld ! di/ance be4 ,?is "q z to ! s\rce f :i* ! wat] is to be tak5 is "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 calls = exp]i5c$ judgm5t4 ,frequ5tly ! con=mation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry is su* t1 ev5 :]e !re is no con/ant /ream1 x is possible by ! con/ruction ( dams to pond an am\nt ( wat]1 to be furni%$ by surface wa%+1 suffici5t to supply ! dem&s ( ! longe/ dr\ght4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs :]e res]voirs are us$1 x is important to h a good dep? ( wat]1 & n to all[1 ev5 t[>d ! edges1 any consid]able %all[ area4 ,s f> z possible1 ! dep? %\ld be ev]y:]e great en\gh to prev5t vegetation1 & 9 all ! %all[] p>ts ! surface soil %\ld be entirely remov$4 ,z a rule1 !re %\ld be a dep? ( at lea/ fifte5 feet ( wat]1 except ne> ! v edges ( ! pond1 & z mu* m ?an ?is z circum/ances w all[4 ,! di/ribution ( wat] = private use is a simple "q ( con/ruction2 b1 z a matt] ( ta/e1 too vehem5t a prote/ _c be ent]$ aga9/ ! common misconception z to :at is desirable 9 ! way ( public f\nta9s4 ,an in/ance 9 po9t is furni%$ by ! public dr9k+-f\nta9 9 ,newport4 ,"s ye>s ago !re /ood at ! foot ( ! ,p>ade a gr& old /one b[l1 hewn out ( a solid block ( granite1 & fill$ by a pipe lead+ f a copi\s spr+4 ,?is 0 a good1 s5sible1 sub/antial dr9k+-tr\gh1 p]fectly adapt$ to its use1 unpret5d+ & h&some4 ,lat]1 a public-spirit$ g5tleman1 desir+ to leave a monum5t ( 8 reg>d = ! city1 gave a consid]able sum to be us$ 9 provid+ a suitable dr9k+-f\nta9 at ?is po9t4 ,^? :o _h ! control ( ! fund lack$ ei!r ! good ta/e or ! c\rage to refuse to exp5d x4 ,! result is t ?is granite horse-bas9--"o ( ! be/ ( its sort--has be5 remov$ to an obscure position2 & !re has be5 erect$ 9 its place a wret*$ ca/-iron comb9ation ( bad ar*itecture & bad /atu>y1 su* z =m a conspicu\s defacem5t ( ! public squ>es 9 ,philadelphia1 :]e !y s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( furni%+ wat] to ! p1 & adv]tis+ a *eap clo?+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! "o comp5sation = ! violation ( good ta/e insep>able f ^! con/ructions is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y mu/1 soon] or lat]1 lead ! public to realize ! absolute unfitness ( ca/ iron = monum5tal & decorative uses4 ,) ! arti/ic influ5ces :i* are n[ s active 9 ! in/ruction ( ! ,am]ican p1 x is n p]haps unreasonable to look =w>d to ! day :5 all ( ^! piles ( pot-metal %all be relegat$ to ! scrap-heap1 & :5 less (f5sive f\nta9s %all take _! place4 ,we may ev5 hope to see ! iron /atue & its /ove-l support :i* supplies wat] to ! horses ( ,newport condemn$ to ! f\ndry1 & its solid old pr$ecessor re/or$ to ! position :i* x ornam5t$ = s _m ye>s4 ,a wide m>g9 may be all[$ = ! ex]cise ( ta/e 9 ! arrangem5t ( village f\nta9s2 & :]e private munific5ce enables ! exp5diture ( a consid]able sum1 a good am\nt ( ext]ior decoration may be admissible3 b x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t s mu* ( ! outlay z is ne$$ = ! purpose %\ld g to secure a good arti/ic design4 ,especially %\ld ! use ( ca/ iron be avoid$1 z be+ f e po9t ( view1 & "u all circum/ances1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( ca/-iron dogs or de]1 or attempts at ! div9e human =m1 absolutely & entirely inadmissible = arti/ic uses4 ,bett] a dug-out log horse-tr\gh1 ov]fl[+ ?r\gh a not* 9 its side1 z an ornam5t to ! be/-kept village gre51 ?an ! mo/ elaborate pit*]-spill+ nymph t 0 ev] ca/ 9 an iron-f\ndry4 ,s f> z ! m]e con/ruction "w ( public dr9k+-f\nta9s & horse-tr\ghs is conc]n$1 n mu* ne$ be said except 9 connection ) ! ov]fl[4 ,9 cold climates1 !re is apt to be f all su* /ructures a spill+ ( wat] :i* cov]s ! gr\nd = "s di/ance ) ice4 ,?is may be avoid$ by c>ry+ ! ov]fl[ by a v]tical pipe desc5d+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! wat] by "s well-protect$ *annel directly into a dra9 9 ! gr\nd1 at a dep? beyond ! direct action ( fro/s4 ,if ! /ream is con/ant1 ?is dep? ne$ be no?+ l t to :i* fro/ p5etrates into ! soil1--= ! con/ant movem5t ( ! wat] w prev5t its freez+1 ev5 if cov]$ only a foot deep1 ?\gh to some?+ m ?an ?is dep? x w be desirable to h ! metal pipe enclos$ 9 a l>g] pipe ( e>!nw>e1 giv+ a space ( enclos$ air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:]e !re is no public supply ( wat]1 x is bett] 9 mo/ cases 7consid]+ ! ne>ness ( wells 9 villages to cesspools & privy-vaults71 to dep5d entirely ^u ci/]ns4 ,9 our climate1 :]e ra9 is abundant dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ye>1 ! wat] fall+ ^u ! ro( ( any h\se1 if prop]ly collect$ & /or$1 is ample = ! :ole supply ( ! family :i* t ro( %elt]s4 ,?is wat] z x falls is ord9>ily free f any impurity t c affect its ta/e1 & f e s\rce ( s]i\s f\l+2 ?\gh1 aft] a long-cont9u$ dr\ght1 x is well to div]t & dis*>ge ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd ! fir/ t5 m9utes' fl[ ( a %[]1 s t ! impurities ( ! air & ! du/ ( ! ro( may fir/ be remov$4 ,aft] ?is fir/ da%1 lead to ! ci/]n all t foll[s4 ,ev5 ) ?is precaution1 ! wat] w be m agreeable = use if filt]$4 ,!re are num]\s sy/ems = mak+ filt]s 9 ci/]ns1 b no o!r is s simple nor s durable & satisfactory z ! sep>ation ( t "p ( ! ci/]n f :i* ! suction-pipe leads by a wall ( brick & cem5t4 ,x is simply necess>y to build a wall ( brick set on edge 7two & a half in*es ?ick71 s z to include ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! area ( ! bottom1 slop+ x back s z to t]m9ate aga9/ ! side ( ! ci/]n at a height ( f f\r to six feet4 ,?is wall %\ld be s well cem5t$ at its jo9ts t wat] c only pass ?r\gh ! mat]ial ( brick1 & = /r5g? its =m %\ld be slightly bulg+4 ,a wall ( ?is sort1 measur+ say six feet at its base1 & ris+ to a height ( six feet at its highe/ po9t1 w transmit an am\nt ( wat] suffici5t to supply ! dem& ( ! mo/ con/ant pump+ t any dome/ic use c require4 ,,squ>es ,,& ,,public ,,spaces4 ,z a rule1 ! op5 spaces 9 a c\ntry village are subject to no o!r criticism ?an t ( neglect2 b ! exceptions are n r>e :]e an attempt at improvem5t has result$ 9 a sort ( cemet]y look t gives any ?+ b a *e]ful1 pleasure-gr\nd aspect4 ,!re is n mu* dang] t p]sons :o are en?usia/ic = ! improvem5t ( ! t[n 9 :i* !y live w err on ! side ( too great simplicity4 ,! public squ>es & p>ks ( l>ge & weal?y cities are regulat$ & ma9ta9$ at great co/ & "u skilful & arti/ic managem5t2 & !y _c fail to /rike c\ntry visitors z be+ 9 all ways desirable4 ,s inde$ !y are4 ,!y are a *ief elem5t ( ! city's beauty1 &1 f an ae/hetic po9t ( view1 _! influ5ce is ! be/ to :i* its p are subject$4 ,b _! beauty & _! ae/hetic influ5ce are bo? ! result ( a well-direct$ exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money4 ,x is q natural t an enri*$ manufactur] or m]*ant1 pr\d ( 8 native village1 %\ld be ambiti\s to p]petuate ! memory ( 8 b5efaction by provid+ = "s correspond+ decoration ( its public gre51 & t he %\ld attempt to reproduce !re1 on ! small] scale proportionate to ! circum/ances1 ! sort ( magnific5ce t he has se5 9 ! city p>k4 ,if left to 8 own sweet w1--z he (t5 is if he is will+ to sp5d money = ! public b5efit1--he w1 unless a ri* man ( ! r>] sort1 succe$ only 9 produc+ a conspicu\s imitation4 ,a p>k-rail+ ( arti/ically-work$ wr\ght-iron w be repres5t$ by a ca/-iron sub/itute ( mu* m elaborate device2 & !re w probably be pil$ on1 "h & !re1 an am\nt ( *eap ornam5tation :i* at ! fir/ glance w h a c]ta9 impos+ effect4 ,9 ! matt] ( plant+ !re may be an am\nt & v>iety ( =eign %rubb]y & sub-tropical plants1 :i*1 "u prop] c>e1 w\ld be ( great value & beauty1 b :i*1 ) ! neglect to :i* !y are doom$ 9 _! village home1 are q c]ta9 to abort4 ,9 fact1 we may expect to see1 :at inde$ we may n[ see1 9 pa9ful degree1 9 _m ( our small] t[ns1 a halt+ attempt at ! outside %[ ( ! city p>k1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? elem5ts ( arti/ic selection & appropriat5ess to ! conditions :i* are to prevail1 develop1 z "t goes on1 into an ignom9i\s failure4 ,! tr\ble is1 t1 9 all exp5ditures ( ?is sort1 we are apt to beg9 at ! wrong end4 ,9 ! mak+ ( a p>k1 e /ep t is tak51 :e!r ! p>k be l>ge or small1 is a co/ly "o2 &1 if tak5 9 _! rev]se ord]1 e /ep is a wa/$ "o4 ,! *ief reason :y ! f9al decoration ( a city p>k is s satisfactory is t x is only ! cr[n+ "w ( _m processes :i* h _h ! be/ & mo/ c>eful att5tion f ! outset4 ,! wr\ght-iron grille1 ! ar*itectural f\nta91 ! bronze /atue1 ! delicate trees & %rubb]y1 & ! smoo?ly-f9i%$ walks & drives1 dep5d = _! success ^u a va/ am\nt ( co/ly fundam5tal "w1 & a provision = con/ant skilful c>e1 :i* h co/ a deal ( money1 & :i* look to a l>ge p]man5t outlay4 ,! elaborate f5ce mu/ /& on no un/able f\ndation2 ! f\nta9 mu/ be only ! ornam5tal c5tral po9t ( arti/ic & well-kept lawns & approa*es2 ! /atue mu/ /& amid appropriate surr\nd+s2 & all b ! simpl] native vegetation mu/ h its suitable soil1 & be insur$ its ne$$ protection & c>e at all seasons4 ,! degree to :i* ^! m ornam5tal features may be giv5 to ! village gre5 ) any hope ( satisfaction w dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! ?or\ghness ) :i* x has be5 prep>$ to receive !m4 ,c\ld ! en?usia/ic memb]s ( ! improvem5t association be br\ght face to face ) ! co/ t is ne$$ = q hidd5 fundam5tal "w 9 ord] to prep>e _! gre5 = ! m elaborate arti/ic decoration1 !y w\ld be det]r$ at ! outset f attempt+ any ?+ s ambiti\s4 ,c\ld !y "k ! co/ ( ! m]e "w ( grad+ & subsoil cultivation1 "u-dra9+1 manur+1 lay+ ! deep f\ndation = foot-pa?s1 & secur+ t p]fect gr[? ( grass )\t :i* all p>k-l ornam5t is robb$ ( half its value1 !y w\ld set _! faces resolutely aga9/ all propositions on ! "p ( public-spirit$ citiz5s to v5e] _! unprep>$ gr\nds ) misplac$ ext]ior adornm5t4 ,if money en\gh c be provid$ to d ! "w ?or\ghly well f its v f\ndation1 !n ( c\rse no?+ m is ne$$ ?an t its direction be plac$ 9 accompli%$ h&s2 b unless ?is is fully assur$1 if--z is ne>ly always ! case1--economy is ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$1 !n ! rule ( action is fully /at$ 9 two words1 simplicity & ?or\ghness4 ,avoid all fanta/ic ornam5t1 & all decoration ( e sort1 t w\ld be appropriate only to "w ( a m complete & sub/antial "*4 ,let :atev] is done be done 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh way4 ,if ! ability is only en\gh to secure good grass1 !n d e ?+ t is necess>y to furni% ! be/ conditions = ! gr[? ( grass1 make suitable provision = its c>e1 & attempt no?+ fur!r4 ,good lawn-l grass surfaces1 cross$ only by foot-worn pa?ways ov] ! turf1 w be m beautiful & m satisfactory ?an w poor grass & *eaply made & ill-kept walks4 ,if some?+ m ?an secur+ ! be/ grass is possible1 !n let ! next exp5diture be 9 ! direction ( pa?s1 apply+ to ! con/ruction ( ^! ! pr9ciples set =? 9 :at has hi!rto be5 said ab\t sidewalks4 ,9 ! case ( level walks1 ) imp]fect means ( dra9age1 x is (t5 desirable to secure ! bett] f\ndation t is giv5 by fill+ 9 to ! dep? ( a foot or m ) small /one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:atev] may be ! natural "* ( ! soil1 unless always well dra9$ by a por\s subsoil1 ! fir/ /ep t[>d e/abli%+ a good lawn is to secure p]fect und]dra9age4 ,e/abli% a good outlet at ! dep? ( ?ree & a half or f\r feet bel[ ! surface at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! area to be dra9$1 & !n1 select+ ! necess>y l9es = ma9 dra9s1 lay out p>allel l9es 7?irty feet ap>t at a dep? ( ?ree & a half feet1 or =ty feet ap>t at a dep? ( f\r feet7 to include ! :ole area1 & on ^! l9es lay well-con/ruct$ dra9s ( small op5-jo9t$ tiles4 ,cov] ^! tiles ) ! mo/ compact e>? t has be5 excavat$1 &1 aft] fill+ to a dep? ( "o foot1 tramp or ram ?is e>? tightly4 ,!n fill ! re/ ( ! tr5*1 heap+ ov] ! l9es any excess ( mat]ial t may ne$ ! settl+ effect ( heavy ra9s to "w x into place4 ,! next /ep is to rev]se or ?or\ghly mix ! :ole soil to a dep? ( at lea/ fifte5 in*es4 ,?is "w c be completely done only ) ! aid ( h&-%ovell+1 b ! aid ( ! pl\gh w greatly facilitate x4 ,its purpose is to secure su* an admixture ( ! organic matt] ( ! surface soil ) ! m compact mat]ial ( ! subsoil z w make x suffici5tly por\s & f]tile = ! easy p5etration ( roots4 ,x is be/ t ?is "w %\ld be done 9 autumn2 &1 if ! l& is level1 t ! fre%ly rais$ subsoil %\ld be left expos$ 9 its r\gh & lumpy condition--)\t h>r[+--to ! fro/s ( w9t]4 ,if wa%+ is to be appreh5d$1 !n s[ ! gr\nd ?ickly ) rye1 h>r[+ 9 ! se$ only r\ghly4 ,if ! se$ is s[n e>ly en\gh1 ! gr[? w be suffici5t to protect ! surface f wa%+4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 let ! :ole surface be heavily cov]$ ) /able-manure1--! m heavily ! bett]1 z !re is no limit to ! am\nt ( co>se manure t may ) advantage be us$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t grass4 ,9 ! spr+1 z soon z ! gr\nd is dry en\gh to "w easily1 pl\gh 9 ! manure ) z %all[ furr[s z w suffice to cov] ! mo/ ( x2 !n h>r[ repeat$ly1 br++ ! surface to z true a grade z possible1 & s[ x heavily ) a mixture ( ,rhode ,isl& b5t grass1 ,k5tucky blue grass1 & :ite clov]4 ,z soon z ! se$ is well spr\t$1 %[+ gre5 ov] ! :ole gr\nd1 roll ! area repeat$ly & ?or\ghly until x is z smoo? & h>d z x is possible to make x4 ,z soon z ! grass has atta9$ ! height ( ?ree in*es1 let x be cut ) a lawn-m[]1 & let ! cutt+ be repeat$ at lea/ weekly ?r\gh\t ! season ( rapid gr[?1 & z (t5 z necess>y until ! end ( autumn4 ,if pa?s are to be made1 x w simplify matt]s to make !m aft] ! grass has become well e/abli%$1 suppos+ only a good surface footway ( a%es or concrete to be ne$$2 = ! small am\nt ( excavation necess>y "u ei!r ( ^! sy/ems may be scatt]$ ov] ! grass spaces )\t injury4 ,b if ! m ?or\gh sy/em is adopt$ ( und]lay+ ! walk ) a foot or m ( /ones1 !n ! "w1 except ! f9al dress+ ( gravel or a%es1 %\ld be done 9 ! autumn1 or1 9 any case1 be=e ! f9al prep>ation ( ! soil = se$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conc]n+ trees & ornam5tal %rubb]y = p>ks & op5 spaces1 x is n possible to give detail$ directions "h1 beyond recomm5d+1 z 9 ! case ( roadside plantations1 t1 unless ! "w is to rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! *>ge ( an exp]i5c$ g>d5]1 ) ! necess>y appliances = ! c>e & protection ( ! m delicate specim5s1 ! arrangem5t & ! selection %\ld be conf9$ to ! m h>dy & vigor\s trees & %rubs :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be adapt$ to ! climate & soil ( ! locality4 ,= roadsides1 & l>gely 9 p>ks & village gre5s1 ! _w (f]s no tree t c comp>e 9 dignity & grace ) ! broad-spread+ ,am]ican elm2 ?\gh1 = ! sake ( v>iety1 & = ! sake ( an e>li] effect1 _m o!r trees may be add$4 ,,village ,,sanit>y ,,"w4 ,x is a rec5tly recogniz$ b an old & univ]sal tru?1 t human life involves ! production ( refuse matt]s1 :i*1 unless prop] safegu>ds are tak51 are sure to become a s\rce ( disease & dea?4 ,! dang] is n conf9$ alone nor *iefly to t elem5t ( h\sehold wa/e :i* is mo/ manife/ly (f5sive1 b 9 almo/ equal degree to all mann] ( organic refuse4 ,x is true t faecal matt]s are (t5 accompani$ by ! incit+ ag5t ( ! propagation ( infecti\s diseases4 ,= conv5i5ce1 & z indicat+ ! m probable means = dissem9at+ infection1 we may call ?is ag5t g]ms4 ,x has n yet be5 demon/rat$ ) sci5tific complet5ess t a disease is spread by liv+ g]ms ^: gr[? 9 a new body produces a correspond+ disord]2 b all t is kn[n ( ! circum/ances ( infection1 & ( ! means = prev5t+ x1 may be fully expla9$ by ?is !ory4 ,typhoid fev]1 *ol]a1 epidemic di>rhoea1 & "s o!r preval5t diseases1 are presum$ by ! g]m !ory to be *iefly1 if n entirely1 propagat$ by g]ms ?r[n (f by a diseas$ body4 ,s f> z ^! ailm5ts are conc]n$1 !re is !re=e a v s]i\s elem5t ( dang] add$ 9 ! case ( faeces to ! o!r evil effects :i* are produc$ by an improp] disposal ( any refuse organic matt]4 ,t any "o or all ( ^! diseases c orig9ate f ! decomposition1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( faecal matt]s1 is n cle>ly det]m9$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 good reason = believ+ t "o common effect ( ! gases aris+ f improp]ly treat$ matt]s ( ?is k9d is to debilitate ! human sy/em1 & s to create a disposition to receive contagion1 or to succumb to m9or diseases :i* are n contagi\s4 ,! same debilitat+ effect & ! same injuri\s influ5ces (t5 result f ! neglect ( o!r organic wa/es4 ,! refuse ( ! kit*5 s9k is free f faecal matt]2 b x conta9s1 9 a great] or less degree1 precisely ! k9d ( organic mat]ial :i* has gone to make up ! m (f5sive sub/ance4 ,if its f9al disposition is su* z to contam9ate ! wat] t we dr9k or ! air t we brea! ) ! products ( _! decay1 ! dang] to life is h>dly less ?an t f ! decomposition ( faecal accumulations4 ,x is propos$ n[ to set =?1 9 ! simple/ way & )\t mu* discussion ( pr9ciples 7:i* may be /udi$ else:]e71 ! me?ods & processes by :i* village h\seholds & communities may be protect$ aga9/ ! influ5ces t come f an excess ( soil-moi/ure1 f damp walls1 & f imp]fect removal or improp] disposal ( organic fil?4 ,we w assume t a village has a wat] supply suffici5t to admit ( ! use ( wat]-closets 9 all h\ses1 & to furni% a good flu%+ = kit*5 s9ks1 c4 ,a necess>y complem5t ( ?is "w--inde$1 x %\ld prop]ly prec$e x--is ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( sew]s by :i* all ( ?is liquid outfl[ may be c>ri$ safely away4 ,x w\ld be out ( ! "q 9 a small or scatt]$ community1 especially :]e roadways are unpav$1 to e/abli% any sy/em :i* %\ld include 9 its work+ ! removal ( surface wat]4 ,! mom5t we und]take to make sew]s ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry away ! /orm wat] ( l>ge di/ricts1 !n we enorm\sly increase ! scale & co/ ( ! "w4 ,s f> z ! removal ( h\se sewage alone is conc]n$1 ! "w ne$ by no means be v co/ly4 ,if a tol]able incl9ation c be giv5 to ! l9e ( sew]s1--say a fall ( "o 9 two hundr$1--a six-in* pipe w h a capacity q up to ! requirem5ts ( a village ( two ?\s& inhabitants us+ "o hundr$ gallons ( wat] p] day p] head4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be safe to use a pipe ( ?is size only :5 x is true 9 =m & c>efully laid1 s t !re %all be no ret>d+ ( ! fl[ at ! jo9ts f ! intrusion ( mort>1 or any o!r =m ( irregul>ity4 ,unless ! jo9ts are wip$ q smoo?1 ! r\ghness rema9+ w s]ve z a nucleus = ! accumulation ( hair1 %r$s ( clo?1 & o!r matt]s :i* w hold silt & grease1 & =m 9 "t a s]i\s ob/ruction4 ,no?+ small] ?an six-in* pipe %\ld be adopt$ = a /reet sew]4 ,unless ! "w is to be mo/ c>efully done1 = all b ! bran* l9es1 = a population ( five ?\s&1 or less accord+ to ! fall ( ! sew]1 x w be saf] to use eight-in* pipes4 ,^! pipes mu/ be laid ) great accuracy z to grade & direction4 ,all corn]s %\ld be turn$ ) curves ( l>ge radius & regul> sweep1 & ) an additional fall to comp5sate = ! increas$ resi/ance ( curves4 ,! weight ( ! pipe %\ld n be support$ ^u ! sockets 7see ,figure #c71 p>tly z a "q ( /r5g?1 & p>tly because any irregul>ity ( =m or ?ickness ( ! socket w\ld *ange ! incl9ation ( ! sew]4 ,! bottom ( ! tr5* be+ br\ght exactly to ! requir$ grade1 let !re be dug out a depression great] ?an ! projection ( ! socket1 ! pipe re/+ ^u its f9i%$ bottom = its :ole l5g?4 7,see ,figure #d47 ,too mu* c>e _c be giv5 to ! ?or\gh fill+ ) cem5t ( ! space betwe5 ! socket & ! pipe ins]t$ into x2 ! :ole circle be+ well flu%$ & wip$1 s t !re may be no possibility ( leakage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,pipes ,,re/+ ,,on ,,_! ,,%\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,pipes ,,re/+ ,,on ,,_! ,,full ,,l5g?4 ,! objection to leakage is tw(old3 sewage matt]s escap+ into ! soil might contam9ate wells & spr+s2 & x w\ld also rob ! fl[ ?r\gh ! pipes ( wat] ne$$ to c>ry =w>d ! m solid cont5ts4 ,! cont9u$ effici5cy ( ^! small dra9s = c>ry+ away ! solid or semi-solid outfl[ ( ! h\se is dep5d5t v l>gely ^u ! pres5ce ( suffici5t wat] to create a sc\r+ curr5t4 ,:ile eight-in* pipes are admissible z a safegu>d aga9/ imp]fect lay+1 !y are liable to ! grave objection1 t1 :]e ! s]vice to be p]=m$ is greatly less ?an _! capacity1 ! /ream fl[+ ?r\gh !m w n be suffici5tly conc5trat$ to c>ry =w>d ! m solid p>ts ( ! sewage4 ,up to ! limit ( _! capacity1 six-in* pipes prop]ly laid are greatly to be pref]r$1 z insur+ a deep] /ream :i* w m g5]ally atta9 ! velocity ( ?ree feet p] second1 ne$$ to move ! heavi] con/itu5ts ( ! sewage4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 six-in* & eight-in* pipes w be suffici5t to cov] any extra co/ ( ! mo/ c>eful workman%ip4 ,h[ev] mu* att5tion may be giv5 to ! cem5t+ ( ! jo9ts1 x w be impossible to prev5t ! runn+ into ! pipes ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( mort>2 & ! workman %\ld h a swab or a disk ( ,india rubb] ( ! exact size ( ! bore ( ! pipe1 ) a %ort h&le atta*$ to its middle1 to draw =w>d z ea* jo9t is f9i%$1 & s scrape away any excess ( mort> be=e x h>d5s4 ,:]ev] x is1 or may probably become1 necess>y to atta* a h\se-dra9 or l&-dra91 !re %\ld be us$ a l5g? ( pipe hav+ a side bran*1 oblique to ! direction ( ! fl[1 to receive su* connection4 ,! location ( ^! bran*es %\ld be accurately indicat$ on ! plan2 & !y %\ld be clos$ ) a flat /one or a bit ( slate1 well cem5t$ 9 place4 ,x w at times be necess>y to use l>g] conduits ?an ev5 an eight-in* pipe4 ,up to a diamet] ( fifte5 in*es1 x is *eape/ to use pipes1 b = eighte5 in*es or m1 brick-"w is *eap]2 & at t size--a consid]able regul> fl[ ( wat] be+ insur$--! slight r\ghness ( brick-"w (f]s no s]i\s objection4 ,! use ( oval or egg-%ap$ sew]s w r>ely be necess>y "u ! circum/ances t we are consid]+2 b !re may be exceptional conditions :]e ! cov]+-9 ( a brook1 or /orm-wat] c\rse1 _c be avoid$2 & 9 su* cases ! volume ( wat] may v>y s greatly t !re w at times be a m]e ?read ( a /ream1 & at times a torr5t4 ,"h ! oval =m is ! be/1 z conc5trat+ a small fl[ )9 a n>r[ & deep *annel1 & /ill giv+ ! capacity ne$$ = exceptionally l>ge volumes4 ,all bricks us$ = sew]s1 man-holes1 c41 %\ld be ( ! v h>de/ quality1 & true 9 =m4 ,! g5]al rule is to be kept 9 m9d1 t ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( a brick sew] %\ld n be less ?an "o-n9? ( ! inn] diamet]2 t is to say1 t up to a diamet] ( ?ree feet ! ?ickness ( ! wall %\ld equal ! wid? ( a brick1--f\r in*es4 ,?is applies to circul> sew]s only3 ! oval =m1 be+ less /rong1 calls = a wall ( a ?ickness equal to "o-eigh? ( ! l>ge/ diamet]4 ,connect+ dra9s lead+ f h\ses to ! sew] are to be made at private co/2 b !y %\ld be made 9 accordance ) plans furni%$ by ! public au?ority1 & by a workman acceptable to t au?ority4 ,! h\sehold] might be p]mitt$ to take ! responsibility ( ! f9i%+ ( 8 dra91 b = ! fact t ! work+ ( ! public sew] calls = ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat] 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( solid matt]s t x is possible to secure1 & ?us makes x imp]ative t ?is dra9 %\ld be absolutely tight1 s t ! liquid p>ts ( ! h\se outfl[ %all n trickle away ?r\gh its jo9ts1 leav+ only ! m solid p>ts to fl[ into ! public sew]4 ,prop]ly grad$ & smoo?ly jo9t$1 a f\r-in* pipe w c>ry m wat] ?an ev5 ! l>ge/ bo>d+-h\se or c\ntry hotel is likely to dis*>ge4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy 9 all h\se-dra9s to become fill$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( _! c\rse by ! accumulation ( grease & solid matt]s caught 9 ! grease4 ,:]e no =m ( grease-trap is us$1 !re is a c]ta9 argum5t 9 favor ( ! use ( six-in* pipes = ! upp] "p ( h\se-dra9s4 ,! use ( a grease-trap1 h[ev]1 %\ld always be insi/$ ^u2 & ) its aid ^! ob/ruct+ matt]s w be reta9$1 & ! outfl[ may be p]fectly c>ri$ by a f\r-in* pipe4 ,s f> z ! public sew] is conc]n$1 x makes little diff]5ce :at is ! size ( ! h\se connection dra9 ?r\gh ! great] "p ( its c\rse2 b ! junction ) ! sew] %\ld1 "u no circum/ances1 :]e six-in* sew]-pipes are adopt$1 be m ?an f\r in*es4 ,i %\ld ev5 insi/ on f\r-in* connections ) an eight-in* sew]4 ,?r\gh neglect1 or by reason ( improp] managem5t1 _m k9ds ( rubbi% f9d _! way into h\se-dra9s2 & a f\r-in* op5+ w admit z _m ( ^! into ! sew] z x w be able to c>ry away4 ,if1 by reason ( bad con/ruction or neglect1 an ob/ruction is to be caus$ at any po9t1 x %\ld be 9 ! dra91 :i* ! p]son responsible = x mu/ cleanse or repair4 ,! grease-trap ref]r$ to above may be any =m ( res]voir :i* w reta9 ! fl[ f ! kit*5 s9k until x has "t to cool1 :5 its grease w be solidifi$1 & w float at ! surface4 ,! outlet f ?is trap %\ld be at su* a di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 t !re w be no dang] ( its float+ matt] pass+ 9 ) ! dis*>ge4 ,a v simple device = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,figure #e4 ,f a trap ( ?is sort ! fl[ is con/ant :5ev] additions are made to its cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,grease-,,trap4 ,i1 ,inlet2 ,v1 v5tilator2 ,o1 outlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,field',s ,,flu%-,,tank4 ,a1 ,receiv]2 ,b1 grat+2 ,c1 v5tilator2 ,d1 siphon2 ,f1 entrance to dra92 ,i1 deliv]y f s9k4 ,figure #f %[s ! inv5tion ( an ,engli% eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,rog]s ,field1 :i* has ! effect ( reta9+ all ( ! outfl[ f ! kit*5 s9k until x is entirely fill$1--say ?irty gallons4 ,:5 fill$1 any sudd5 addition ( a few qu>ts ( wat]1 z f ! empty+ ( a di%-pan1 br+s into action a siphon ^: entrance is ne> ! bottom ( ! tank2 & ?is siphon rapidly dis*>ges all ( ! cont5ts above its m\? 9 a fl[ hav+ suffici5t =ce to c>ry =w>d n only any solid matt]s :i* x may conta91 b also any ord9>y ob/ruct+ accumulations 9 ! dra9 bel[4 ,! soil-pipe1 c>ry+ ! dis*>ge ( wat]-closets1 %\ld n be deliv]$ into ! flu%-tank1 b at a po9t f>!r d[n ! dra91 s t any solid matt] x may deposit %all be swept =w>d by ! next action ( ! flu%-tank4 ,! m (t5 ! flu%-tank is fill$1 & ! great] ! proportion ( its wat] to its impurities1 ! m effici5t w be its action4 ,!re=e ! slop closet wa/e lead+ f ! upp] /ory1 & ev5 ! outlet pipes ( ba?+-tubs1 may ) advantage be deliv]$ into x4 ,al?\gh ! flu%-tank may receive no faecal matt]1 & ev5 ?\gh ! h\semaid's s9k may n deliv] into x1 x w conta9 9 ! dis*>ge f ! kit*5 alone an am\nt ( organic matt] :i* w produce (f5sive & dang]\s gases by its decomposition4 ,to provide = ! safe removal ( ^! gases1 a v5tilat+ pipe %\ld be c>ri$ up to "s po9t n ne> to any w9d[ or *imney-top4 ,f ! "t ! sew]s are ready = s]vice no accumulation ( faecal matt] or o!r organic h\sehold wa/e %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! village4 ,all old vaults & cesspools %\ld be fill$ ) e>?1 & dis9fect$ by ! admixture ( lime ) ! upp] lay]s ( ! fill+4 ,! use ( wat]-closets 9 all h\ses %\ld be made imp]ative2 & ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( soil-pipes & ( all outlets %\ld be regulat$ by ! heal? au?orities4 ,x is n wor? :ile "h to discuss ! details ( ! con/ruction ( wat]-closets & o!r int]ior plumb+ "w1 except ) ref]5ce to soil-pipes & su* dra9s z may deliv] ! outfl[ ( soil-pipes to ! public sew]4 ,! soil-pipe %\ld be ( ca/ iron1 c>efully jo9t$ ) lead1 n less ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & c>ri$ by ! /raighte/ c\rse possible up ?r\gh ! ro( & g5]ally high] ?an ! ridge-pole4 ,its op5 top mu/ n be ne> any w9d[1 & if )9 t5 feet ( a *imney x %\ld be at lea/ "o foot bel[ ! level ( ! top ( t *imney4 ,!re %\ld be no trap 9 ! soil-pipe1 & no trap 9 a private dra9 betwe5 ! outlet ( ! soil-pipe & ! sew]4 ,! reasons = ?is rule are tw(old3-- #a4 ,no matt] :at am\nt ( wat] may be us$ = flu%+ out ! soil-pipe1 its sides w always be m or less coat$ ) organic fil?2 &1 h[ev] slight ?is coat+1 !re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( decomposition4 ,! decomposition ( all su* matt]s mu/ be rapid & complete1 n sl[ & p>tial4 ,a necess>y condition ( complete de/ructive decomposition is an abundance ( atmosph]ic air to supply ! oxyg5 :i* complete decomposition dem&s4 ,if ! soil-pipe is clos$ at its top1 or if x is ob/ruct$ by a trap 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse1 !re c be no su* circulation ( air z safety requires4 ,if !re is an opportunity = ! free admission ( air f ! well-v5tilat$ sew] to fe$ ! upw>d curr5t almo/ con/antly prevail+ 9 a soil-pipe op5 at bo? ends1 ! gases result+ f ! decomposition w be ( a diff]5t & less injuri\s "* ?an :]e ! air is conf9$1--& by ! m]e volume ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! pipe !y w be s dilut$ t ev5 7 !y orig9ally poison\s _! p[] = h>m w be less5$4 ,! gases =m$ by ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! sew] itself1 or 9 ! soil-pipe1 h a c]ta9 expansive =ce :i* is greatly increas$ by ! elevation ( temp]ature1 caus$1 = example1 by ! dis*>ge ( hot wat] into ! pipe or sew]4 ,if ! soil-pipe is op5 at its upp] end ?is expansion w be at once reliev$2 b if ! top ( ! pipe be clos$ !re w always be dang] ( ! =c+ ( ! feeble b>ri] (f]$ by ! ord9>y wat]-seal trap ( a bran* pipe lead+ f a wa%-bas9 or s9k4 ,!n1 too1 ! seal+-wat] ( ! trap readily absorbs any f\l gases pres5t$ at its out] end1 t[>d ! soil-pipe1 & gives x (f 9 an un*ang$ condition at ! inn] or h\se end4 ,su* traps ret>d1 b d n prev5t1 ! entrance ( sew] gases into ! h\se4 ,wat]-seal traps :i* are unus$ = any consid]able "t are empti$ by evaporation1 & ?us op5 a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! air ( ! soil-pipe may f9d its way into ! h\se4 ,x is usual 9 mod]n plumb+ to relieve ! pressure ( gas 9 ! soil-pipe by :at is call$ a /5*-pipe4 ,?is is a pipe f "o to two in*es 9 diamet]1 lead+ f ! highe/ po9t ( ! soil-pipe to ! outside ( ! ro(1 :]e x is b5t ov] to prev5t ! entrance ( =eign matt]1 or is clos$ at ! top & p]=at$ ) holes to all[ ! gas to escape4 ,?is small /5*-pipe is inadequate = ! necess>y "w4 ,x is v important t !re be ! free/ possible *annel = ! movem5t ( air2 & no?+ w suffice = ?is save ! cont9u+ ( ! pipe1 at its full size1 to its v outlet4 ,inde$1 angles & b5ds 9 a pipe by increas+ friction =m a s]i\s ob/ruction4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! soil-pipe "h indicat$1 al?\gh excell5t & effici5t1 is susceptible ( fur!r improvem5t by ! use ( a v5tilat+ c[l or hood at its top4 ,!re are _m =ms ( su* c[ls 9 use :i* are effective :5ev] !re is a suffici5t curr5t ( w9d2 b mo/ ( !m require a c]ta9 =ce to br+ !m into action1 & :5 ?is =ce is abs5t !y usually ret>d ! fl[ !y are int5d$ to increase4 ,?is is true ( a rec5t inv5tion kn[n z ,bann]'s v5tilat+ c[l1 :i* s long z ! w9d bl[s is a mo/ effective device4 ,:5 ! air is p]fectly /ill1 h[ev]1 x (f]s by its curv$ air-way a c]ta9 resi/ance to ! curr5t1 & 9 ! case ( baffl+ w9ds & flaws ! air may bl[ directly into its op5+4 ,among ! v>i\s inv5tions ( ?is sort no?+ seems s free f objection z ! old arrangem5t kn[n z ! ,em]son v5tilator1 %[n 9 ,figure #g4 ,?is gives a /raight outlet1 protect$ by a disk f> en\gh above x n to prev5t its deliv]y ( air2 & x becomes an effective suction c[l1 ) ! lea/ movem5t ( ! w9d f any side or f above or bel[4 ,no eddy caus$ by ! angles ( gable ro(s c give x a backw>d draught2 & if a pipe arm$ ) x be held t[>d ! /ronge/ gale a puff ( smoke bl[n into its o!r end w be in/antly drawn ?r\gh4 ,z ! pat5t = ?is inv5tion has run out1 x is compet5t = any t9smi? to make x1 & x is a common article ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,em]son ,,v5tilator4 #b4 ,:at is said above conc]n+ ! v5tilation ( ! soil-pipe f end to end relates to ! int]e/ ( ! private own]4 ,! int]e/ ( ! public gives an equally /rong argum5t 9 its favor4 ,! sew] %\ld be z f> z possible remov$ f ! condition ( an elongat$ cesspool4 ,!re mu/ be no halt+ ( its cont5ts1 & no deposit ( fil? or silt at any po9t4 ,)9 ! %orte/ "t possible1 e ?+ receiv$ into ! sew] mu/ be pass$ on & deliv]$ at its outlet4 ,/ill1 h[ev] p]fectly ?is may be accompli%$1 !re w always be a c]ta9 adhesion ( slime to ! walls ( ! sew]2 & ?is slime mu/ always be 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 a con/ant s\rce ( (f5ce & possible dang]4 ,! only way to av]t ?is dang] is to give ! sew] su* a ?or\gh v5tilation t ! decomposition %all be rapid & safe1 & t ! resultant gases %all be at once dilut$ ) fre% air4 ,?is may be measurably accompli%$ by ! simple v5tilation ( ! sew] itself1 ?r\gh op5-topp$ man-holes2 b su* v5tilation is less effective 9 ! case ( small sew]s ?an ( l>ge ones4 ,9 ! case ( ei!r l>ge or small sew]s1 x w be va/ly increas$ if we compel e h\sehold] :o makes a connection ) ! sew]1 to c>ry a dra9 & soil pipe1 n[h]e less ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 f ! po9t ( junction ) ! ma9 l9e to ! op5 air above ! ro(4 ,:]e h\ses are ne> en\gh to make ! use ( a public sew] advisable1 ! aggregate ( ^! soil-pipes1 hav+ almo/ con/antly an upw>d curr5t1 w make su* a draught ^u ! sew]1 to be suppli$ by a d[nw>d curr5t ?r\gh ! man-hole cov]s1 z w ma9ta9 a p]fect & cont9u\s v5tilation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,important z x is to secure ! prop] arrangem5t & con/ruction ( sew]s & h\se-dra9s1 x is /ill m important to provide = ! safe disposition ( ! sewage4 ,we mu/ beg9 at ! outset ) ! und]/&+ t all sewage matt]s n only are ( no value to ! community1 b t x w co/ money to get rid ( !m4 ,!re is h>dly an in/ance1 aft] all ! ef=ts t h be5 made1 ( ! pr(itable disposal ( ! outfl[ ( public sew]s4 ,! !oretical value ( ! wa/es ( human life is v great1 b ! co/ ( any me?od = utiliz+ !m seems at lea/ equally great4 ,! "q ( co/ is s mu* m important 7to ! community7 ?an ! "q ( agricultural value1 t ! practical ?+ to d is to make su* disposition z w co/ ! lea/1 :ile fully meet+ ! be/ sanit>y requirem5ts4 ,s f> z village sewage is conc]n$1 !re are ?ree means op5 = its disposal3 to dis*>ge x into runn+ wat] or into deep tide-wat]1 to use x = ! surface irrigation ( l&1 or to di/ribute x ?r\gh sub-irrigation pipes plac$ at little di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,exp]im5ts are be+ made ) m or less promise ( success 9 ! direction ( ! *emical treatm5t ( ?is liquid s z to purify its efflu5t wat]1 & reta9 9 a solid =m1 & 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 valuable add$ +r$i5ts1 all ( its undissolv$ impurities4 ,none ( ^! processes c z yet claim consid]ation 9 regulat+ public works4 ,! *eape/ way to get rid ( sewage is to dis*>ge x into a runn+ /ream or into tide-wat]4 ,s f> z ! community itself is conc]n$1 ?is is (t5 ! be/ way2 b !re w v (t5 arise ! objection t ! community has no moral or legal "r to f\l a /ream ( :i* o!rs make use 9 its fur!r c\rse4 ,:]e ! am\nt ( wat] con/antly fl[+ is v l>ge1 & :]e ! dis*>ge is rapid1--any giv5 "p ( ! sewage rea*+ ! op5 air )9 a few h\rs f ! "t ( its ent]+ ! pipes1--& :]e x fl[s 9 mov+ wat] = a consid]able di/ance be=e rea*+ o!rs :o may h occasion to use ! /ream1 no practical dang] is to be appreh5d$4 ,b :]e ! sewage is m f\l1 m sluggi%1 or expos$ 9 ! op5 curr5t = a %ort] "t1 ! dang] may be s]i\s4 ,! p\r+ ( sewage into tide-wat] is always admissible :]e floats %[ t !re is no dang] ( a return & deposit ( solid fil?2 b ! deliv]y at all /ages ( ! tide1 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( salt m>%es & mud flats1 & 9 l&-lock$ h>bors1 is to be avoid$4 ,:]e an unobjectionable natural outfl[ _c be provid$1 ! irrigation ( agricultural l&s af=ds ! be/ relief4 ,! action ( vegetation1 ! oxidation :i* takes 9 ! upp] & well-a]at$ lay]s ( soil1 & ! well-kn[n b n yet fully expla9$ dis9fect+ qualities ( common e>?1 are effective 9 remov+ ! dang]\s & (f5sive impurities1 & 9 conv]t+ !m into a m or less important s\rce ( f]tility4 ,precisely h[ f> ?is sy/em may be available dur+ w9t]1 x is n easy to say4 ,:ile ! e>? is lock$ ) fro/1 !re mu/ be v little1 if any1 infiltration2 b1 z an (fset1 ! action ( a l[ temp]ature ^u ! sewage matt]s w cle>ly be antiseptic2 & x is only necess>y to provide aga9/ an undue wa%+ away ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd dur+ ?aws1 & aga9/ ! fl[+ ( ! sewage beyond ! prop] limits4 ,g5]ally 9 ! neighborhood ( villages x w be easy to f9d l&s ov] :i* ! deliv]y may be c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! ye> )\t objection4 ,! sew]1 or "s =m ( cov]$ *annel1 %\ld lead f> en\gh f any public road to avoid (f5ce4 ,f ?is po9t x may be l$ by op5 gutt]s to ! l& ov] :i* x is to be spread1--or r ?r\gh su* a sy/em ( surface gutt]s z w enable u to deliv] x at diff]5t p>ts ( ! field1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! crops1 & s z to use fre% l& at frequ5t int]vals1 leav+ t :i* has be5 saturat$ to ! purify+ processes ( vegetation & atmosph]ic action4 ,! gutt]s hav+ be5 made1 x is easy1 by ! use ( portable dams1--( ?9 boil]-iron1 l broad %ovels1--:i* may be set 9 ! c\rse ( ! fl[1 to div]t ! curr5t into any bran* *annel1 or to /op x at any desir$ "p ( ?is *annel4 ,all ! gutt]s hav+ suffici5t desc5t to lead ! sewage rapidly =w>d1 x is usual to set a dam ne> ! f> end ( ! gutt]1 & all[ ! sewage to ov]fl[ & run d[n ov] ! surface until x has rea*$ z f> z ! =mation ( ! gr\nd & ! quantity ( ! liquid w all[ x to spread4 ,?is portion hav+ receiv$ its due am\nt ( ! liquid1 ! dam is mov$ to a high] po9t1 & ! ov]fl[ is all[$ to spread ov] a second area4 ,9 ?is way1 /ep by /ep1 we irrigate all t may be rea*$ by a s+le gutt]4 ,!n ! mov+ ( ! dam 9 ! ma9 l9e turns ! wat] into ano!r gutt]1 & ?is is proce$$ ) 9 l mann]4 ,9 practice x is f\nd be/ to beg9 ! ov]fl[ at ! f>!/ end ( ! l[e/-ly+ gutt]1 work+ back /ep by /ep until ! high] p>ts ( ! field are rea*$4 ,x w\ld be bett] t !re %\ld be l& en\gh to require ! irrigation ( any giv5 area n (t5] ?an once 9 "o or two weeks4 ,! am\nt requir$ = a giv5 population _c be det]m9$ by any fix$ rule1--s mu* dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( wat] us$ p] capita1 & on ! absorptive "* ( ! irrigat$ soil4 ,9 ! case ( villages1 "o acre to ea* five hundr$ ( ! population w\ld g5]ally be f\nd ample4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances ( ! successful use ( a mu* small] area ?an is "h indicat$1 by ! use ( int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration4 ,! mo/ not$ success 9 ?is direction is t at ,m]?yr-,tydvil 9 ,wales1 a l>ge m9+ t[n1 :]e ! all[ance is only "o acre to ea* two ?\s& ( ! population4 ,!re are two filt]-b$s ( light loam ov] a gravelly subsoil ?or\ghly und]dra9$ ) tiles at a dep? ( six feet4 ,"o ( ^! b$s is cultivat$ ) "s crop l ,italian rye-grass1 :i* be>s copi\s irrigation2 & ! o!r by "s crop l :eat1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation1 w ?rive on ! f]tility left ov] f ! previ\s season4 ,! volume ( sewage is v great1 b ! action ( ! six feet ( e>? 9 remov+ its impurities seems to be complete2 ! wat] fl[+ out f ! dra9s hav+ be5 prov$ by analysis to be really f> pur] ?an ! /&>d fix$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission4 ,x is an important condition ( ?is sy/em t ! sewage1 :]e its quantity is small1 %all be /or$ 9 tanks until a l>ge volume has accumulat$1 & t x !n be rapidly dis*>g$ ov] ! soil4 ,!re is no objection to an actual saturation ( ! gr\nd1 provid$ ! soil is n ( su* a ret5tive "* z to be liable to become puddl$1 & s made imp]vi\s4 ,! tanks be+ empti$1 ! fl[ ceases until !y are aga9 fill$4 ,dur+ ! int]val1 ! liquid settles away 9 ! soil1 by :i* its impurities are remov$4 ,its desc5t is foll[$ by ! entrance ( fre% air1 & ! oxidiz+ action ( ?is1 accompani$ dur+ ! gr[+ season by ! purify+ effect ( ! gr[+ crop1 leads to an entire decomposition or de/ruction ( all organic matt]s4 ,! ?ird sy/em--! di/ribution ( sewage ?r\gh irrigation-pipes laid at a dep? ( t5 or twelve in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd--has its effici5cy atte/$ by num]\s in/ances 9 private gr\nds4 ,i h adopt$ ?is sy/em = dispos+ ( ! sewage ( ! village ( ,l5ox1 ,mass41 :]e !re 0 no o!r means available %ort ( cutt+ an outlet1 at great exp5se1 ?r\gh a consid]able elevation4 ,?is me?od is an extremely simple "o1 & is available 9 e in/ance :]e ev5 a small area ( l& ly+ slightly bel[ ! level ( ! outlet is to be comm&$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! sub-irrigation pipes is easily made3 ,suppose t 9 l& hav+ an incl9ation ( ab\t "o 9 two hundr$1 occupi$ by grass or o!r gr[?1 a tr5* be dug twelve in*es deep1 t !re be laid ^u ! bottom ( ?is tr5* a n>r[ /rip ( plank to insure a uni=m grade1 & t ^u ?is plank is laid a l9e ( common agricultural l&-dra9 tiles1 say two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,h[ev] c>efully ^! tiles may be plac$1 !re w be at _! jo9ts a suffici5t space = ! leak+ out ( any liquid !y may conta92 ! tiles be+ laid ei!r ) coll>s ar\nd ! jo9ts1 or ) bits ( pap] laid ov] !m1 to prev5t ! rattl+ 9 ( loose e>? dur+ ! fill+4 ,! excavat$ e>? is to be return$ to its place1 well compact$1 & cov]$ ) its sod4 ,suppose ?is dra9 to h a cross-section equal to ?ree squ>e in*es1 & a l5g? ( "o hundr$ feet1 its capacity w equal ab\t sixte5 gallons1 or a half-b>rel4 ,if ?is am\nt ( liquid be rapidly dis*>g$ into ! dra91 ! incl9ation be+ slight1 x w at once be fill$ or ne>ly fill$ = its :ole l5g?1 & ! liquid w leak away 9 tol]ably uni=m proportion at e jo9t along ! l9e1 & w saturate ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,! plan adopt$ at ,l5ox1 & recomm5d$ = all small villages :i* _c secure a bett] outlet1 is simply a multiplication ( ^! dra9s to a suffici5t ext5t4 ,a description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,l5ox "w is arrang$ w illu/rate ! adaptation ( ! sy/em to its circum/ances4 ,z circum/ances v>y1 ! adaptation mu/ be modifi$4 7,see ,figure #h47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,mann] ,,( ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,at ,,l5ox1 ,,mass4 ,! ma9 outlet sew] deliv]s at a di/ance ( ab\t "o-half mile f ! la/ junction ) a bran* sew]4 ,x is a six-in* pipe five feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & x deliv]s into a flu%-tank l t %[n 9 ,figure #f1 b hav+ a capacity ( ab\t five hundr$ cubic feet4 ,?is tank /&s at ! upp] side ( a field hav+ an incl9ation ( sev5 9 "o hundr$4 ,!re is a bran* f ! ma9 sew]1 above ! tank1 suppli$ ) a /op-cock1 by :i*1 9 case ( ne$1 ! sewage may be c>ri$ on d[n ! hill )\t go+ into ! tank4 ,! outlet f ! *amb] bel[ ! siphon leads (f 9 ano!r direction d[n ! hill1 & has a /op-cock & a bran* :i* w all[ its fl[ to be div]t$4 ,! dis*>ge ( ?is div]t$ /ream & ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! bran* ( ! ma9 above ! tank1 bo? deliv] into a horizontal surface gutt] to be well grass$1 & ly+ at ! top ( ! l& to be irrigat$4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 %\ld repairs become necess>y 9 ! tank1 ! fl[ may be turn$ into ! gutt]2 or1 %\ld x be desir$ = any reason to use ! outfl[ ( ! tank = surface irrigation1 ! second bran* outlet w deliv] x into ! same gutt]1 :]e1 ! outfl[ be+ uni=m along ! :ole l5g? ( five hundr$ feet1 ! /ream w pass 9 a ?9 %eet (f on to ! desc5d+ gr\nd4 ,! hill-side1 imm$iately bel[ ! gutt]1 is br\ght to a true grade & cov]$ ) grass4 ,z its incl9ation is mu* great] ?an w\ld be admissible = sub-irrigation dra9s1 ^! are laid obliquely 9 p>allel l9es at int]vals ( six feet f "o end to ! o!r ov] ! :ole grad$ slope4 ,^! dra9s are connect$ at _! upp] ends ) ! direct outlet-pipe lead+ f ! siphon *amb]4 ,!y h an aggregate l5g? ( ab\t t5 ?\s& feet4 ,! me?od ( op]ation is z foll[s3-- ,! capacity ( ! tank is suppos$ to equal ab\t two days' dis*>ge1 or ab\t ?irty-five hundr$ gallons2 & ! :ole capacity ( ! dra9s is ab\t half t ( ! tank1 s t ! rapid empty+ ( ! :ole volume into !m w insure _! be+ pretty ?or\ghly fill$ f end to end4 ,?is arrangem5t w provide = ! saturation ( ! soil ab\t once 9 two days1 & w leave a suffici5t int]val betwe5 ! p]iods ( saturation = ! ?or\gh disp]sal & a]ation ( ! fil?4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is sy/em w be int]f]$ ) by fro/1 x is impossible to say4 ,?is w probably be less ?an w\ld be suppos$1 = ! reason t ! gr\nd w\ld (t5 be cov]$ ) sn[1 & t ! sewage w h suffici5t w>m? to ex]t consid]able ?aw+ influ5ce4 ,:5ev] ! dis*>ge ( ! liquid ?r\gh irrigation pipes is %[n to h become ob/ruct$ by freez+1 x w only be necess>y to div]t ! fl[1 & turn x into ! surface gutt] to be di/ribut$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,x is possible t 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! "o :i* has be5 "u my obs]vation = six ye>s pa/1 !re w be no int]ruption ( ! work+ because ( cold2 b1 %\ld ! int]ruption become s]i\s1 ,i %all propose ! plant+ ( ev]gre5 trees 9 p>allel r[s midway betwe5 ! dra9s4 ,! protection t w\ld ?us be af=d$1 bo? by ! trees & by ! drift+ sn[ :i* !y w\ld ga!r1 w\ld probably keep ! gr\nd free ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,incid5tally to ! *ief advantage ( ?is sy/em1 !re w be1 s long z ! l& is 9 grass1 q an addition to its product4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are hundr$s ( villages1 ) & )\t a wat] supply1 :]e ! h\ses are too scatt]+ & ! /reet l5g?s too great to make x advisable t ! co/ ( any =m ( public sew]age %\ld be assum$4 ,9 all su* villages1 ! public au?ority or ! active influ5ce ( ! village improvem5t association %\ld be ex]t$ to secure a regul> & sy/ematic adoption ( "s m p]fect sy/em = ! private disposal ( h\sehold dra9age ?an is usual4 ,=tunately1 ! be/ sy/em is ! *eape/4 ,no =m ( cesspool1 no lea*+ vault1 & no cem5t$ tank1 %\ld be all[$ "u any circum/ances4 ,nei!r %\ld !re be p]mitt$ any =m ( ! old-fa%ion$ out-(-door privy ) a vault4 ,e h\sehold %\ld be suppli$ ) wat]-closets or well-arrang$ e>?-closets1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,settl+ ,,bas94 ,! f\l wat] dis*>ge ( kit*5 s9ks1 or ( :atev] =m ( slop-s9k is us$ = ! wat] ( b$rooms1 %\ld dis*>ge into a flu%-tank1 & %\ld be l$ f ?is by a tightly cem5t$ f\r-in* dra9 to a tight settl+ bas9 9 ! gr\nd beyond4 ,if wat]-closets are us$1 ! soil-pipe %\ld deliv] into ! dra9 betwe5 ! flu%-tank & ! settl+ bas94 ,! settl+ bas9 %\ld be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,figure #i2 & ?is1 z well z ! flu%-tank1 ! soil-pipe1 & ! connect+ dra9s1 %\ld be amply v5tilat$4 ,! outlet f ! settl+ bas9 %\ld be c>ri$ by well-cem5t$ vitrifi$ pipes 7f\r-in*7 to ! connection ) ! subsoil irrigation pipes4 ,! flu%-tank dis*>g+ at ea* op]ation ( its siphon ab\t ?irty gallons ( liquid1 two hundr$ feet ( dra91 unless ! soil is v compact1 w dispose ( ! :ole dis*>ge ) suffici5t rapidity4 ,! tank be+ empti$1 ! fl[ ceases2 & )9 a v %ort "t ! dra9 becomes empty ( its cont5ts1 :i* are absorb$ by ! sponge-l action ( ! e>?1 & are subject$ to ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! roots ( plants1 & ( ! conc5trat$ oxyg5 conta9$ among ! p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,!y w soon h _! "* entirely *ang$1 s t ! e>? w become purifi$1 & w be ready to receive ! next dis*>ge f ! tank4 ,9 ! case ( my own dra9s1 aft] five ye>s ( unremitt$ use1 ! gradual accumulation ( bits ( grease & m solid matt]s ob/ruct$ ! dra9s1 & !re appe>$ undue moi/ure ab\t _! upp] ends4 ,all t 0 !n necess>y 0 to re-op5 ! tr5*es1 & remove1 wa%1 & replace ! tiles4 ,?is op]ation co/1 = a l5g? ( two hundr$ feet1 less ?an ?ree doll>s4 ,= any ord9>y h\sehold ( six or eight p]sons1 :]e ! wat]-closet is n us$1 two hundr$ feet ( dra9 ( ?is sort w be suffici5t4 ,if !re are wat]-closets1 x may be well to duplicate ! l5g?2 &1 to provide = ! necess>y connections to lead ! liquid to ! dra9s1 we may assume t 9 all five hundr$ feet ( l5g? w be requir$4 ,! co/ ( two-in* tiles at ! works1 9 small lots1 & :]e coll>s are furni%$1 is ab\t ?ree c5ts p] foot2 & we w suppose t transportation w increase ! co/ to five c5ts p] foot1 mak+ ! co/ ( ?is item tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,! /rips ( bo>d 7?ree in*es wide7 w co/1 at a v lib]al e/imate1 five doll>s m1 & ! co/ ( digg+ & lay+ n m ?an ano!r five doll>s2 s t ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is means ( disposal1 "u ! mo/ lib]al all[ance ( prices1 w n exce$ ?irty-five doll>s4 ,ord9>ily1 especially :]e neighbors comb9e to buy _! mat]ial 9 l>g] quantities1 x w h>dly exce$ "o-half ( ?is am\nt4 ,?is1 be x und]/ood1 is = a complete & p]man5t sub/itute = ! exp5sive & na/y cesspool n[ s g5]ally dep5d$ ^u 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a piece ( gr\nd fifty feet squ>e1 hav+ t5 r[s ( tile five feet ap>t & fifty feet long1 w suffice = ev5 a l>ge h\sehold ) an abundant wat] supply4 ,= ! bett] illu/ration ( ! arrangem5t ( ?is sy/em1 ,i give 9 ,figure #aj a plan = ! "w 9 ! case ( a lot fifty feet wide1 ) a dep? ( op5 gr\nd beh9d ! h\se ( some:at m ?an fifty feet4 ,! lea*+ dra9s may safely beg9 at a di/ance ( ev5 t5 feet f ! back ( ! h\se1 requir+ = ! :ole a cle> area ( only fifty feet by sixty feet4 ,) small h\seholds1 ! l5g? ( dra9 may be v mu* %ort5$4 ,9 my own case1 :]e wat]-closets are n us$1 ! total l5g? ( irrigation dra9 is1 z be=e /at$1 only two hundr$ feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! e>?-closet 0 inv5t$ by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,m\le1 vic> ( ,=d+ton1 9 ,engl&1 m ?an t5 ye>s ago4 ,its progress 9 ,engl& has be5 consid]able1 & its introduction !re has result$ 9 a pr(it to ! company und]tak+ x4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x has met ) less g5]al favor4 ,two companies ) l>ge capital1 aft] exp5d+ all _! res\rces1 h be5 oblig$ to ab&on _! attempts to build up a pr(itable bus9ess4 ,hav+ be5 actively int]e/$ 9 ! ent]prise f its inception1 & hav+ giv5 con/ant att5tion to ! m]its ( ! sy/em1 ,i am to-day m ?an ev] conv9c$ t ! solution ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems connect$ ) c\ntry & village life is to be s\ght 9 its g5]al adoption4 ,! public reports ( sanit>y (fic]s 9 ,engl&1 :o h inve/igat$ ! subject to its f\ndation1 fully confirm e ?+ t has be5 claim$ by ! advocates ( ! e>?-closet1 unless p]haps 9 connection ) ! incid5tal "q ( ! value ( ! product z a manure4 ,! only ?+ :i* n[ det]s ! au?orities ( "s ( ! l>g] manufactur+ t[ns ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& f adopt+ ! dry-e>?-sy/em z a means ( relief1 "u ! %>p exaction ( ! law t prohibits _! fur!r f\l+ ( wat]-c\rses1 is ! belief t ! labor ( br++ into ! t[n ! enorm\s am\nt ( e>? requir$ to supply su* an imm5se numb] ( closets1 & ! labor ( remov+ ! product at frequ5t int]vals1 w\ld be s great z to con/itute an insurm\ntable ob/ruction4 ,pr(4 ,voelck]1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 %[s pretty conclusively t ev5 ! use ( ! same e>? f\r or five times ov]1 al?\gh p]fectly successful 9 accompli%+ ! *ief purpose ( deodorization1 fails to add to x a suffici5t am\nt ( f]tiliz+ matt] to make x an available comm]cial manure4 ,ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 small villages & public in/itutions seems to confirm 8 view1 t1 if ! e>?-closet is to be adopt$ by t[ns1 !y _c dep5d ei!r on f>m]s buy+ ! manure1 or und]tak+ ! labor ( supply+ & remov+ x4 ,x is e/imat$1 t1 = a population ( "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 !re w\ld be requir$ sev5ty-five tons ( e>? p] day1 to say no?+ ( heavy refuse matt]s :i* w\ld be ?r[n into ! closets1 & w\ld increase ! am\nt to be remov$4 ,ev5 ! quantity requir$ = a village ( a few hundr$ inhabitants1 if x 7 to be br\ght 9 & c>ri$ out1 w\ld entail a consid]able co/ = h&l+4 ,i h rec5tly conclud$ an exp]im5t ( six ye>s' duration1 ! result ( :i* seems to %[ t ?is objection to ! adoption ( ! e>?-closet sy/em may be set aside1 or at lea/ r$uc$ to su* proportions z to make x unimportant4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahgj ,i _h br\ght to my h\se1 :]e only e>?-closets are us$1 two small c>t-loads ( g>d5 e>?1 dri$ & sift$4 ,?is 0 us$ repeat$ly 9 ! closets2 &1 :5 an increas$ quantity 0 requir$1 additions 7 made ( sift$ an?racite a%es4 ,i e/imate t ! am\nt ( mat]ial n[ on h& is ab\t two tons4 ,we long s9ce /opp$ add+ to ! quantity1 f9d+ t ! am\nt 0 ample to furni% a supply ( dry & decompos$ mat]ial :5ev] x becomes necess>y to refill ! res]voirs ( ! closets4 ,! accumulation "u ! seats is dis*>g$ ?r\gh simply arrang$ valves into brick$ vaults 9 ! cell>4 ,:5 ^! vaults become fill$1--ab\t ?ree times 9 a ye>1--_! cont5ts1 :i* are all ?or\ghly decompos$1 are pil$ up 9 a dry & v5tilat$ place ) a slight cov]+ ( fre% e>? to keep d[n any odor t might arise4 ,aft] a suffici5t int]val ^! heaps are ready = fur!r use1 !re be+ no trace1 9 any portion1 ( =eign matt] nor any appe>ance or odor diff]+ f t ( an unus$ fre% mixture ( e>? & a%es4 ,9 ?is way ! mat]ial has be5 us$ ov] & ov] aga91 at lea/ t5 times2 & !re is no indication to ! s5ses ( any *ange 9 its condition4 ,a sample ( ?is mat]ial has rec5tly be5 analyz$ by ,pr(4 ,atwat]1 at ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,/ation at ,middlet[n4 ,! analysis %[s t x conta9s no m organic matt] ?an ,pr(4 ,voelck] f\nd 9 fre% e>? prep>$ = use 9 ! closet1--say ab\t two hundr$ p\nds1--ne>ly all ( :i* organic matt] x und\bt$ly conta9$ :5 fir/ made ready = use4 ,9 my case1 !re 0 an addition1 at a mod]ate calculation ( at lea/1 #hjj p\nds ( solid dry matt] dur+ ! six ye>s' use by an av]age ( f\r adult p]sons4 ,pr(4 ,voelck]'s analysis %[$ t ! unus$ e>? conta9$ ab\t twelve p\nds ( nitrog54 ,pr(4 ,atwat]'s analysis %[s t my two tons conta9$ only ab\t elev5 p\nds ( nitrog54 ,by calculation1 ! #hjj p\nds ( solid dry matt]s add$ 9 ! use ( my mat]ial conta9$ #bcj p\nds ( nitrog54 ,d\btless ! con/itution ( ,pr(4 ,voelck]'s sample 0 some:at diff]5t f ! orig9al con/itution ( my own2 b practically1 except p]haps = ! addition ( a trifl+ am\nt ( residual c>bon rema9+ aft] ! decomposition1 !y 7 ab\t ! same2 &1 aft] be+ us$ t5 times ov]1 ! :ole ( ! #hjj p\nds ( organic matt] add$1 includ+ #bcj p\nds ( nitrog51 seem to h entirely disappe>$4 ,x becomes int]e/+ & important to "k :at has become ( ?is add$ matt]4 ,t x 0 absorb$ into ! p>ticles ( ! e>?1 is a matt] ( c\rse2 & ! result proves t aft] su* absorption x 0 subject$ to su* a *emical action ( ! conc5trat$ oxyg5 always exi/+ 9 por\s dry mat]ial z l$ to its entire de/ruction4 ,por\s sub/ances cond5se gases--air1 oxyg51 etc4--9 proportion to ! ext5t ( _! int]ior surface4 ,! well-kn[n dis9fect+ action ( *>coal--! surface ( ! int]ior p>ticles ( :i* equal f fifty to "o hundr$ squ>e feet to ea* cubic in* ( mat]ial1 & all ( :i* surface is active 9 cond5s+ oxyg5--is due n simply to an absorption ( f\l-smell+ odors1 b to an actual de/ruction ( !m by sl[ combu/ion1 s t ! same mass ( *>coal1 if kept dry & por\s1 w cont9ue almo/ indef9itely its undim9i%$ dis9fect+ action4 ,! e>? us$ 9 ! closet is a por\s mat]ial1 suffici5tly dry = ! free admission ( air or ( oxyg54 ,! f\le/ mat]ials :5 cov]$ ) dry e>? at once lose _! odor1 & are 9 "t z effectively de/roy$ by combu/ion 7oxidiz$7 z ?\gh !y _h be5 burn$ 9 a furnace4 ,! process is m sl[1 b none ! less sure2 & x is cle> t 9 ! case ( my dirt-heap ! f\l matt]s add$ h ?us be5 de/roy$4 ,! practical be>+s ( ?is fact are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,e>? is n to be reg>d$ z a vehicle = ! in(f5sive removal beyond ! limits ( ! t[n ( :at has hi!rto be5 its mo/ tr\blesome product1 b z a m$ium = br++ toge!r ! (f5sive +r$i5ts ( ?is product1 & ! _w's great scav5g]1 oxyg54 ,my exp]im5t seems to demon/rate ! fact t !re is no occasion to c>ry away ! product f ! place :]e x has be5 produc$1 z aft] a reasonable "t x has ceas$ to exi/1 & !re rema9s only a mass ( e>? :i* is 9 all respects z effective z any fre% supply t c\ld be sub/itut$4 ,! quantity necess>y to be provid$ c be det]m9$ only by ext5d$ trial4 ,my exp]im5t proves t ! am\nt ne$$ does n exce$ "o ?\s& p\nds = ea* memb] ( ! h\sehold1 & t ?is am\nt once provid$ w rema9 p]man5tly effective to accompli% its purpose4 ,) a suitable public supply ( wat] = ! purpose1 & ) a suitable means ( disposal1 no?+ c be bett] & no?+ is m easily kept 9 good condition ?an well-regulat$ & prop]ly v5tilat$ wat]-closets4 ,:]e ^! are available1 ) en\gh wat] = _! flu%+1 _! use is to be recomm5d$4 ,:]e !re is n suffici5t wat]1 !re a well-regulat$ sy/em ( e>?-closets seems to be imp]atively dem&$4 ,by "o process or ! o!r we mu/ prev5t ! f\l+ ( ! l[] soil1 & ! consequ5t ta9t+ ( wells & spr+s1 & ! gr\nd "u h\ses & adjo9+ _! cell>s4 ,) a sy/em ( sub-irrigation pipes :i* deliv] f\l matt]s into e>? t is subject to ! active op]ation ( oxidiz+ influ5ces1 we ne$ fe> no contam9ation ( ! deep & una]at$ soil4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 h[ev]1 :]e ?is sy/em is us$ = ! disposal ( ! outfl[ ( soil-pipes1 to avoid ! use ( wells4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is saf] n to use = dr9k+ purposes ! wat] ( any well ne> a h\se or a /able3 practically1 x is bett] n to use wells at all z a s\rce ( wat] = dome/ic supply4 ,filt]$ ci/]n-wat] is greatly to be pref]r$4 ,,f>m ,,villages4 ,god made ! c\ntry1 & man made ! t[n4 ,c[p]'s view ( ! *>m ( c\ntry life z comp>$ ) life 9 ! t[n is a v natural "o4 ,! same view sugge/s itself to e cultivat$ d5iz5 ( ! city :o f9ds himself 9 ! c\ntry on a beautiful ,june morn+1 or "u a w>m ,septemb] sun1 or dur+ ! "t ( brilliant autumn foliage1 or :5 ! sun sets ) a w>m gl[1 gild+ ! clean1 b>e b\ghs ( ,novemb] trees1 or :5 ! :ole c\ntryside is cov]$ ) spotless sn[1 or :5 grass & leaves & buds & birds fir/ feel ! awak5+ w>m? ( spr+4 ,! sc5e is full ( a *>m & a novelty :i* appeal to him mo/ /rongly2 & he believes1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 t no?+ c\ld make him s entirely happy z to sp5d 8 life away f ! noise & confusion ( ! t[n1 & amid su* sc5es ( rural peace & beauty4 ,fill$ ) ?is en?usiasm1 "o builds ) ref]5ce to a magnific5t view1 & )\t reg>d to ! practical inconv5i5ces ( ! site1 fancy+ t true happ9ess requires only a cont9uance ( ! novel *>ms :i* h enraptur$ him4 ,! cultivat$ c\ntryman1 too1--"o :o has le>n$ to use 8 eyes1 & to see :at nature has to (f] him1--appreciates ev5 m ?or\ghly1 if n s ke5ly1 ! nev]-end+ & ev]-*ang+ int]e/ by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,8 admiration & en?usiasm1 h[ev]1 are temp]$ by famili>ity ) "s disadvantages ( c\ntry life1--j z ! romantic h\se-build] f9ds on clos] acqua9tance t1 magnific5t ?\gh a hill-top view may be1 a hill-top resid5ce is n )\t its grave drawbacks1 nor free f annoyances & practical objections :i* too (t5 ?r[ a veil ov] ! mo/ maje/ic outlook4 ,a blue-sid$1 :ite-capp$ m\nta91 reflect$ 9 a broad1 placid1 %imm]+ lake1 & fram$ betwe5 fleet+ cl\ds1 graceful trees1 & v]dant lawn1 is beyond comp>e ! /ronge/ inducem5t & ! be/ rew>d "o c (f] to a visit+ fri5d2 b vile roads1 di/ant neighbors1 discont5t$ & transitory s]vants1 & all ! ?\s& & "o ob/ructions to ! ma*9]y ( dome/ic life1 soon bl9d ! eye ( ! unhappy h\sehold] to ! beauty :i* lies ev] be=e him1 until at la/ ! "o great good ?+ :i* comm&s 8 con/ant ?\ght is t romantic & pecuni\s fri5d :o %all come "s happy day to pur*ase 8 e/ate4 ,!re is ano!r class1 & a v l>ge "o1 ^: op9ion conc]n+ ! godlike "* ( ! c\ntry x is our especial purpose to consid] "h4 ,! f>m] & ! f>m]'s family may or may n be cultivat$ p]sons4 ,cultivation does n come by nature2 & ! incessant & increas+ duties ( f>m life leave "o1 h[ev] well dispos$1 b little "t & b scant /r5g? = ae/hetic /udy4 ,! f>mh\se is ! c5tre ( ! home life & ( ! homely ?\ght & feel+ ( its inmates4 ,! f>m on :i* "o has be5 born & br$ is ! c5tre & /&po9t f :i* he reg>ds ! _w )\t4 ,all ^? m t5d] emotions :i* are common to our nature1 & :i* atta* !mselves to ! home1 f9d _! developm5t on ! f>m z well z 9 ! t[n4 ,s5tim5tally consid]$1 x matt]s little :e!r ! object ( ^! emotions be on ! f>m1 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! village1 or 9 ! city4 ,=tunately1 man is by no means a creature ( emotion alone2 & ! satisfaction & good ( liv+ are less a matt] ( feel+ ?an ( activity1 indu/ry1 & intellig5ce4 ,! place 9 :i* "o lives is m or less satisfactory 9 proportion z x facilitates & enc\rages ! bett] & m useful liv+4 ,j z ! citiz5 feels ! attractions ( ! c\ntry1 :i* are s novel to 8 t[n-br$ ta/e1 s ! c\ntryman f9ds a *>m 9 ! novelty ( ! t[n4 ,z "o is l$ t[>d ! quiet & solitude ( ! fields & woods1 s ! o!r is drawn by ! life & int]e/ ( ! community4 ,z a rule1 at lea/ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! facilities = pleasant c\ntry liv+ are f> less ?an 9 ,engl&1 ! c\ntryman :o goes to t[n is less likely to wi% himself back on ! f>m ?an is ! t[n-br$ f>m] to long = ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( 8 =m] condition4 ,man is a social animal1 & ! aphorism is especially true ( 8 wife & daught]4 ,z ! lives ( ! wife & daught] are mu* m conf9$ to ! imm$iate surr\nd+s ( ! domicile ?an is t ( ! man himself1 s ! "q z betwe5 t[n & c\ntry %\ld be consid]$ m especially ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? on bo? sides ( e "q2 & ! "o :i* we are n[ consid]+ is n to be answ]$ by a decision 9 favor ( ! he>t ( a great city1 or ( ! entire solitude ( an outly+ f>m4 ,z is s (t5 ! case1 its solution lies betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,if "o may be p]mitt$ to imag9e ! conditions be/ suit$ to ! p]fect physical1 intellectual1 & social developm5t ( ! human be+1 "o w\ld naturally ?9k ( a small t[n or a l>ge village :]e society is suffici5t1 :]e ! facilities = in/ruction are good1 :]e communication ) ! l>ge c5tres is easy1 :]e ! conv5i5ces & facilities = h\sehold economy are complete1 & :]e ! c\ntry ) its beauty & quiet & fre%ness is close at h&1--:]e "o feels on ?is side ! influ5ce ( a complete social organization1 & on t ! sweet brea? ( "m e>?4 ,un=tunately1 ^! imag9+s c nev] be fre$ f ! practical be>+ ( ! bread-w9n+ & money-mak+ int]e/s4 ,m5 mu/ live1 n :]e !y pref] to live1 b :]e _! int]e/s compel !m to live4 ,! t[n & ! c\ntry h _! mutual economic duties by :i* _! life mu/ be controll$4 ,all t we c hope to d is1 on "o h&1 to ameliorate ! h>dness & solitude ( c\ntry liv+1 &1 on ! o!r1 to br+ ! citiz5 into ne>] relation ) ! invigorat+ fields & woods & b\ndless air ( ! c\ntry4 ,devis+ no mod]n ,syb>is1 :]e all possible good ( life may foll[ f ! unaid$ op]ation ( a p]fect social & indu/rial organization1 ,i propose to conf9e myself to ! simple "q ( ! be/ practical developm5t ( village life = f>m]s4 ,! village or its imm$iate vic9ity seems to me to (f] ! urbani/ ! ne>e/ approa* to ! c\ntry t is available = 8 purposes2 & 9 l mann] village life1 s f> z x c be made to fit 8 conditions1 (f]s to ! f>m] z mu* ( ! b5efit ( t[n life z ! ne$s ( 8 "w w all[ him to obta94 ,if ^? :o n[ seek ! pleasures ( retirem5t 9 co/ly & s\l-we>y+ c\ntry-seats w\ld congregate into spaci\s & well-kept villages1 & if ^? :o n[ live 9 ! solit>y retirem5t ( ! mud-b\nd f>mh\se w\ld congregate into villages1 we %\ld secure f> m relief f ! conf9em5t ( ! t[n & a wid]-rea*+ attractiv5ess 9 agricultural life2 ?is latt] lead+ to ! improvem5t ( our f>m+ by a solution ( t long-moot$ problem1 ,h[ to keep ! boys on ! f>m4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! l& live 9 villages4 ,an obs]vation ( ! modes ( life & indu/ry ( ^! villages has l$ me to consid] :e!r "s simil> sy/em might n t5d to ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( our own f>m]s1 & to ! amelioration ( "s h>d%ips to :i* _! families are subject$4 ,9 ,europe1 z "h1 ! me?ods ( liv+ h gr[n f natural causes4 ,!re x 0 a necess>y condition ( agricultural indu/ry1 t ^? :o till$ ! soil %\ld be protect$ by ! milit>y p[] ( _! "l or *ief2 & _! h\ses 7 clu/]$ "u ! %ad[ ( 8 ca/le wall4 ,! ca/les h crumbl$ away1 & ! protect+ arm ( ! old b>on has be5 replac$ by ! protect+ arm ( ! nation4 ,! community ( liv+1 :i* grew f necessity1 hav+ prov$ its fitness by long trial1 is /ill ma9ta9$2 b !re seems to h be5 no g5]al t5d5cy t[>d ! =mation ( su* little communities "h4 ,save 9 a few exceptional cases1--z 9 ! old villages ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 :]e protection aga9/ ,indians or safety f inundation compell$ ! orig9al settl]s to ga!r into communities1--! pione] built 8 cab9 9 8 new cle>+1 &1 z 8 circum/ances improv$1 *ang$ 8 cab9 = a h\se1 & 8 small h\se = a l>g] "o1 & f9ally e/abli%$ 8 com=table home 9 connection ) 8 f]tile fields4 ,?is me?od has be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry2 & ! peculi>ly ,am]ican sy/em ( isolat$ f>m-life has become almo/ univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4 ,i am n s en?usia/ic z to believe t a radical *ange f ?is univ]sal sy/em is to be hop$ = at any e>ly day2 b ,i believe t x is wor? :ile = f>m]s to consid] h[ f> !y may1 )\t p]man5t h>m to ! int]e/s = :i* !y are work+1 secure = !mselves1 & especially = _! families1 ! b5efits ( village life4 ,to ?is end are adduc$ ! foll[+ examples1 bo? ( :i* are ( c\rse purely imag9>y4 ,! fir/ has ref]5ce to a new settlem5t ( wild l&1 :]e1 by ! ,gov]nm5t's sy/em ( division1 ! b\nd>ies are rectangul>1 & :]e ! political subdivisions are ( uni=m measurem5t4 ,! second relates to ! necess>y *ange ( conditions n[ exi/+ 9 ! long]-settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,= ?is latt]1 ! illu/ration is tak5 f an actual accurate survey#a ( a purely agricultural di/rict 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 %[+ ! roads1 h\ses1 & field b\nd>ies z !y n[ exi/1 foll[$ by a sugge/ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! same division ( e/ates might be made to con=m to ! assembl+ ( _! own]s into a village4 ,footnote #a3 ,a map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! ,gov]nm5t division is into t[n%ips six miles squ>e4 ,x is propos$ to divide ea* t[n%ip into n9e settlem5ts1 giv+ to ea* a squ>e ( two miles1 or #b1efj acres4 ,ea* ( ^! settlem5ts %\ld h its :ole population conc5trat$ 9 a village at its c5tre4 ,a suitable me?od ( division w\ld be t indicat$ 9 ,figure #aa1 :]e a public road crosses ! middle ( ! tract nor? & s\?1 & ea/ & we/4 ,! outside ( ! tract1 = ! wid? ( half a mile all ar\nd1 is laid (f 9 f>ms ( #hj acres & #afj acres4 ,^! are b\nd$ on ! inn] sides by a road4 ,inside ( ?is road aga9 is a s]ies ( small] f>ms 7#dj acres71 & inside ( ^! a ti] ( /ill small] places 7#aj acres71 sep>at$ f ! c5tral village by a n>r[ road4 ,! village itself occupies #dj acres4 ,! division ( ! agricultural l& is z foll[s3-- #d f>ms ( #afj acres #fdj #af #hj #a1bhj #ab #dj #dhj #ab #aj #abj 9 all1 #dd tracts1 aggregat+ #b1ebj acres1 & av]ag+ ne>ly #fj acres ea*1 ! mo/ di/ant be+ less ?an a mile f ! village gre54 ,?is division is arbitr>y2 9 practice1 ! m indu/ri\s memb]s ( ! community w\ld buy l& f _! less indu/ri\s neighbors1 & ! size & arrangem5t ( ! f>ms w\ld v>y4 ,(t51 too1 ! division w\ld be into f>ms av]ag+ m ?an sixty acres4 ,9 su* cases !re w\ld usually be ab\t ! same population1 z ! l>g] hold]s w\ld employ m workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,division ,,( ,,f\r ,,squ>e ,,miles ,,) ,,c5tral ,,village4 ,:at is attempt$ is *iefly to %[ h[ f\r squ>e miles ( l& may be s divid$ t its occupi]s may be conv5i5tly ga!r$ into a village2 & x may fairly be assum$1 t1 except 9 ! m remote graz+ & gra9-gr[+ regions1 ! population 7includ+ labor]s7 w\ld g5]ally be ab\t "o h\sehold = ea* sixty acres4 ,9 ! m ?ickly settl$ regions1 ?is limit is exce$$ n[2 &1 z population increases1 ?is condition w ext5d4 ,9 any case1 ! pr9ciple advanc$ rema9s ! same1 :e!r !re be ?irty h\seholds or sixty4 ,a suitable division ( ! village is %[n 9 ,figure #ab4 ,its c5tre is occupi$ by a public squ>e at ! int]section ( ! ma9 roads4 ,! road surr\nds a piece ( ornam5tal gr\nd1 conta9+ ab\t "o acre4 ,nor? & s\? ( ! squ>e are ! sites ( two *ur*es1 a s*oolh\se1 & a /ore & public h\se4 ,?is is aga9 arbitr>y2 ! purpose is to h ^! spaces occupi$ by some:at important build+s1 :i* x w n be necess>y to enclose by f5ces1 s t an appe>ance ( m size may be giv5 to ! c5tral feature ( ! village4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,division ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,village4 ,! spaces set ap>t = ^! build+s1 z well z ! village gre51 %\ld be surr\nd$ by regul>ly plant$ trees1 su* z w gr[ to a l>ge size1 l ! ,am]ican elm4 ,b ! :ole op5 space %\ld rema9 o!rwise free f plant+4 ,smoo?1 well-kept grass1 & l>ge trees plant$ 9 =mal l9es1 ) an entire abs5ce ( f5ces1 po/s1 *a9s1 bu%es1 & all decorations1 w give a dignity & "* :i* an excess ( ornam5tation w\ld spoil4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( judici\s b$d+ w\ld be p]missible1 b x w\ld be be/ t ev5 ?is %\ld be conf9$ to private places4 ,any fund available = embelli%+ ! village gre5 w be be/ us$ 9 keep+ its grass cut & its walks clean1--entire neatness & simplicity be+ its mo/ effective *>act]i/ics4 ,on ! /reets lead+ ea/ & we/ f ! gre5 !re are %[n sixte5 lots #ajj ,x #bej 7"o-half acre71 eight #ej ,x #bej 7"o-qu>t] acre74 ,^! lots all op5 on n>r[ lanes at ! re>4 ,on ! /reets lead+ nor? & s\? !re are twelve lots #ej ,x #fej 7?ree-qu>t]s acre71 & eight lots #ajj ,x #fej 7"o & "o-half acres74 ,^! are ! village lots prop]1 b ! twelve t5-acre tracts :i* front on its surr\nd+ /reet w\ld be ! resid5ces ( _! own]s2 & ^! semi-deta*$ h\ses--! mo/ di/ant n a qu>t] ( a mile f ! gre5--w\ld =m a "p ( ! village1 & come )9 ! op]ation ( its rules ( association4 ,probably ! blacksmi?1 ! :eelwright1 & ! build] w\ld occupy ^! outly+ places1 ) an annex ( f>m+ to supplem5t _! trades4 ,! village lots prop] are all l>ge en\gh = a kit*5-g>d51 b>n1 b>n-y>d1 c42 & all h means ( access f ! re>1 s t _! /reet fronts may be kept = ornam5tal purposes4 ,x w\ld be a good rule t no h\se %\ld /& ne>] to ! /reet l9e ?an ?irty feet1 & t no f5ce %\ld be made ne>] to ! /reet ?an sixty feet4 ,?is w\ld add v mu* to ! l>g5ess ( appe>ance ( ! :ole village2 w\ld decorate e /reet ) ! ornam5tal fronts ( ! h\ses & ) _! plants & %rubb]y1 & w\ld1 at ! same "t1 %ut (f f ! ornam5tal p>ts e ?+ belong+ to ! work+ dep>tm5t ( ! village life4 ,ev5 ! bak] & ! %oemak] %\ld con=m to ?is rule1 & _! %ops %\ld be made to help ! neatness ( appe>ance ( ! village4 ,! l>g] f>m]s1 hav+ ! mo/ cattle1 w\ld occupy ! l>ge/ lots1 :i* w\ld readily accommodate _! l>g] ne$s4 ,! m ambiti\s ( !m w\ld probably buy l&1 = night pa/ure or = cultivation1 f a t5-acre neighbor opposite _! re> l9e4 ,! village population w\ld be some:at z foll[s3 two cl]gym51 "o doctor1 "o tea*]1 "o bak]1 "o %oemak]1 "o tailor1 two /ore-keep]s1 "o c>p5t]1 "o :eelwright1 "o blacksmi?1 "o dressmak]1 "o innkeep]1 =ty-f\r f>m]s3 total1 fifty-eight heads ( families4 ,probably1 includ+ hir$ labor]s & s]vants1 ! av]age w\ld be six p]sons to ea* h\sehold4 ,?is w\ld make ! population ( ! village ab\t #cej4 ,no "p ( ! :ole s*eme is m arbitr>y ?an ?is arrangem5t ( its human elem5t2 & no "p ( x w\ld be m modifi$ 9 diff]5t cases by ! elem5t ( human nature4 ,/ill1 ?is sket* ( ! indu/rial division ( ! community w\ld probably be approximat$ 9 any purely agricultural village ( ?is size1--) su* *anges 9 ! detail z w\ld come f individual ent]prise or indol5ce4 ,tak+ ! :ole area at #b1efj acres1 & ! population at #cej p]sons1 we h an area ( ab\t #g-a_/c acres to furni% ! support & home ( ea* memb] ( ! community1--an am\nt ample = ! purpose4 ,figure #ac sugge/s ! arrangem5t ( ! c5tral op5 space ( ! village1--all ( :i* %\ld be 9 well-kept grass1 except :]e roads & pa?s are ne$$4 ,pa?s %\ld be r$uc$ to ! lea/ am\nt t w furni% ! necess>y accommodation1 & !y %\ld be kept 9 neat condition4 ,if no provision c be made = ?is1 x w be bett] to leave ! p to beat _! own tracks across ! grass z _! ne$s direct4 ,^! beat5 foot-pa?s are nev] unsightly 79 small villages71 = ! reason t !y are nev] l>ge1 & t !y are only ( su* wid? z _! regul> use w keep clean3 ! grass ma9ta9s its ef=t to spread1 & gr[s always close up to ! necess>y foot-way4 ,ev5 9 ,hyde ,p>k 7,london71 :]e ! p h made %ort cuts across ! broad lawns1 ! pa?s ?us m>k$ out1 & receiv+ no att5tion1 are n only unobjectionable1 b are a *>m+ feature ( t beautiful pleasure-gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,division ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,op5 ,,space ,,( ,,! ,,village4 ,! foot-pa? indicat$ = ! village gre5 w be dem&$ by ! m ambiti\s village improv]s2 b 7 ,i mak+ an ideal village = mod]ate & ta/eful p1 ! road surr\nd+ ! gre5 %\ld enclose only a level1 close-cropp$ lawn1 neatly trimm$ at its edges1 surr\nd$ by f9e & simple trees1 & trac$ "h & !re ) ! foot-pa?s t hone/ use _h m>k$ out & made1 & by ! sugge/ive diamond-%ap$ track & bases ( ! village base-ball club4 ,x %\ld be p]fect 9 grade1 9 outl9e1 9 regul>ity ( plant+1 & 9 m[+2 b x %\ld be a p]fect lawn plus ! we> ( con/ant use & frequ5t pleasure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second example is tak5 f exi/+ conditions 9 my own neighborhood4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey has furni%$ all ! necess>y details save ! f>m b\nd>ies4 ,! field b\nd>ies & roads are exact4 ,! tract is ( ! same size ) ! "o j consid]$1--two miles squ>e4 ,its c5tre is 9 "o direction ab\t two miles f a small village1 & 9 ! o!r ab\t sev5 miles f a l>ge t[n :i* furni%es ! *ief m>ket = its agricultural products1 & is ! s\rce ( all 7or ne>ly all7 ( its supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,pres5t ,,division ,,& ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,tract ,,9 ,,rhode ,,isl&1 ,,two ,,miles ,,squ>e4 ,figure #ad %[s ! pres5t settlem5t ( ?is area1 ! h\ses1 ab\t sixty 9 numb]1 be+ scatt]$ ov] ! :ole tract1 ) no ne> approa* to a neighborhood at any po9t4 ,^! are practically all f>m]s' h\ses1 "s trade be+ c>ri$ on "h & !re 9 connection ) ! f>m-"w4 ,a few ( ! h\ses belong to f>ms :i* lie ma9ly outside ( my l9es4 ,d$uct+ a fair proportion = ?is1 & o!rs = ! :eelwright1 blacksmi?1 c41 we %all h ab\t ! same numb] ( f>m]s z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 say =ty-f\r2 &1 tak+ ! same area = ! village1 we %all h ! same am\nt ( f>m & village prop]ty = _! support4 ,figure #ae %[s a suitable division ( prop]ty & ! location ( ! village1 on a %ort cross /reet runn+ f "o to ! o!r ( ! ma9 public roads1 & ext5d+ a %ort di/ance up & d[n ^! roads4 ,x w\ld be a necess>y condition prec$5t1 t ! :ole prop]ty tak5 = ! village %\ld be set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,?is requirem5t & ! co/ ( mov+ build+s f ! f>ms to ! village w\ld d\btless be an s]i\s ob/acle to ! imm$iate c>ry+ out ( ! plan4 ,& ?us ! !ory mu/ long rema9 a !ory only4 ,no sudd5 *ange ( ! sort c\ld be made 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,tract1 ,,) ,,its ,,build+s ,,ga!r$ ,,into ,a ,,compact ,,village4 ,x w\ld n be impossible1 h[ev]1 to br+ ab\t ! end 9 "t1 if a few ( ! l>g] proprietors c\ld secure possession ( ! village tract by ex*ange1 & w\ld d$icate x to ! purpose1 agree+ at any future "t to sell small lots = build+ at a fix$ l[ rate4 ,9 ! in/ance "u consid]ation1 ! village tract is ?9ly settl$1 & s situat$ z to be available at mod]ate co/4 ,if a *ur*1 a s*oolh\se1 & a /ore c\ld be e/abli%$ z a nucleus ( ! village1 ! "y c\ples ( ! neighborhood might incl9e to settle !re2 & 9 "t ! settlem5t c\ld be made s attractive--z comp>$ ) ! outly+ f>mh\ses--z to lead to ! conc5tration ( ! :ole population4 ,?is "p ( ! subject is1 h[ev]1 =eign to ! pres5t purpose4 ,if ! desirability ( village life = f>m]s c be e/abli%$1 ! ways & means may safely be left to ^? int]e/$ 9 secur+ x4 ,! influ5ces n[ at "w to make ! f>m]s' *ildr5 seek a bett] social condition1 toge!r ) ! necessity :i* conf9es !m to "s =m ( agricultural "w1 mu/ be dep5d$ on to secure ! relief sugge/$1 unless "s bett] relief c be f\nd4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 e o!r ( village con/ruction1 ! orig9al plan %\ld include "s quality or feature1 :i*1 :ile appropriate to ! mode/ end 9 view1 w give "* to ! place4 ,e village has 9 its situation1 its uses1 or its orig91 "s *>act]i/ic :i* may be develop$ into a lead+ & an attractive feature4 ,especially :5 ! "w is to be begun f ! f\ndation1 & :5 !re are no build+s to be torn d[n or remov$1 a consi/5t & dignifi$ result may be plann$ = at ! outset4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! village we are n[ consid]+ is t x is to consi/ ( a s+le long1 /raight /reet cut (f at ea* end by o!r roads4 ,aft] remov+ "o unimportant h\se1 !re rema9s no ob/acle to ! lay+-out ( "o /raight /reet two hundr$ feet wide1 ) ei!r two or f\r r[s ( spread+ elms4 ,?is /reet1 two ?\s& feet long1 ma9ly 9 well-kept grass1 ) only ! necess>y wid? ( road & ! requisite pa?s1--hav+ p]haps a well-kept & home-l private place opposite ea* ( its ends1--w\ld /amp ! village at once ) an attraction :i* w\ld h a con/ant civiliz+ effect on ^? liv+ "u its influ5ce4 ,su* a village /reet1 entirely )\t co/ly ornam5tation1 & requir+ only ! simple/ c>e1 w\ld soon take on a look ( appropriate neatness & fre%ness2 &1 z ! trees grew1 x w\ld acquire a dignity & beauty :i* c\ld 9 no o!r way be s well secur$4 ,! *ur* & ! s*oolh\se1 be+ plac$ 9 broad recesses opposite ! c5tral po9t ( ! /reet1 w\ld ga9 importance f _! position2 &1 ^! ma9 features be+ att5d$ to1 ! "* ( ! village w\ld be fix$1 & x w\ld be difficult to make any arrangem5t ( its private places :i* w\ld spoil its beauty4 ,neatness & a reasonable c>e 9 ! matt] ( h\se-g>d5+1 ! plant+ ( fl[]-b$s1 v9es1 etc41 are all t w\ld be ne$$4 ,) s wide a /reet1 x w\ld be z well to br+ all h\se-fronts to ! /reet l9e1 complet+ ?is l9e ) simple f5ces1 & pay+ "s att5tion to ! ornam5tation ( ! enclos$ y>ds4 ,9 ?is village1 z 9 ! o!r1 all m]etrici\s ornam5tation %\ld be avoid$1 :e!r public or private4 ,all money available = su* improvem5t %\ld be sp5t 9 secur+ p]fect neatness4 ,9 fact1 ! two radical requirem5ts ( good ta/e 9 all su* cases are an abs5ce ( obvi\s money-sp5d+1 & ! evid5ce ( con/ant c>e & att5tion4 ,%[9ess is common 9 e trump]y village 9 ! l&4 ,:at we %\ld seek 9 our f>m-villages is ! mo/ mode/ simplicity1 %9+ ) ! poli% ( an affectionate c>e4 ,e spot %\ld brea! ( homely influ5ces & moral peacefulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,propos$ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,f>m ,,village4 ,figure #af %[s ! g5]al plan ( ! village4 ,if o!r public build+s are ne$$1 !y might v well be plac$ opposite ! ends ( ! ma9 /reet4 ,x is n possible1 9 remodell+ an old f>m+ di/rict1 :]e b\nd>ies & roads are irregul>1 to apportion ! division ( l& among ! population ) especial ref]5ce to its di/ance f ! village2 s1 = example1 t ! small f>m]s1 :o h little team-=ce1 %all n h s f> to g z ! l>g] ones :o are bett] equipp$2 b1 ev5 9 ?is case1 ! mo/ di/ant f>m w be r>ely a mile f ! village1 :]e all ! f>m]s1 _! families1 & _! "w-p1 & _! flocks & h]ds1 w\ld be ga!r$ toge!r1 "u ! be/ circum/ances = gett+ out ( _! lives z mu* good z ! ne$ = e>n+ a liv+ by ardu\s "w w all[ !m to get any:]e1--m ?an !y c\ld hope to get 9 ! isolation ( ! di/ant f>mh\se4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! me?ods by :i* f>m]s may congregate _! homes & _! f>m-build+s1 & live 9 villages1 let u take up ! m important "q ( policy4 ,:i* w\ld be bett] = a "y man1 j />t+ 9 life ) a "y wife1--to g to a di/ant f>mh\se to f\nd 8 home1 or to settle 9 a well-ord]$ f>m-village "u sub/antially ! conditions describ$ above8 ,!re is mu* m to be said1 on bo? sides ( ?is "q1 ?an !re is room to say "h2 b c]ta9 po9ts are wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 a /rictly money-mak+ aspect !re is an advantage 9 hav+ ! animals on ! l& f :i* !y are f$1 & ! m5 on ! f>m :i* !y are to "w4 ,x is c]ta91 also1 t ! m5 & ! wom5 mu/ be ne> ! /ables1 t ! e>ly & late "w ( fe$+ & milk+ may be promptly & regul>ly p]=m$4 ,if ! family is to live 9 ! village1 ! cattle mu/ live 9 ! village too4 ,?is involves ! haul+ home ( all ! hay & gra91 & ! haul+ out aga9 ( all manure1--no slight task4 ,if ! "w is all conc5trat$ on ! f>m1 "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! f>m]1 !re w be a c]ta9 conv5i5ce & economy ( "t4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 all o!r relations4 ,! m]*ant w\ld f9d a c]ta9 advantage 9 liv+ at 8 w>eh\se1 ! eng9e-build] at 8 factory1 ! cotton-sp9n] at 8 mill1 ! c>p5t] at 8 %op1 & ! groc] at 8 /ore4 ,all ( ^! h f\nd t1 s f> z may be1 !y get c]ta9 o!r & great] advantages 9 liv+ away f _! bus9ess4 ,"o & all c>ry to _! homes1 at lea/ occasionally1 books1 pap]s1 & plans = "w t ne$s att5tion out ( ! regul> bus9ess h\rs4 ,! f>m] alone--& 9 ?is c\ntry especially--disreg>ds ! b5efits ( liv+ away f 8 %op1 & passes 8 :ole life--day & night--9 close contact ) 8 field ( op]ations4 ,he might1 if he *ose1 make 8 home ne>] to o!r homes1 tak+ ) him s mu* ( 8 "w z is n necess>ily conf9$ to ! f>m4 ,= 8 own sake1 x does n make s mu* diff]5ce2 b = ! sake ( 8 wife & *ildr5 x makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & /agnation4 ,! bus9ess ne$s :i* call him to t[n1 & ! habit he has ( pass+ 8 ev5+s at ! /ore1 give him a c]ta9 am\nt--& a c]ta9 k9d--( social int]c\rse :i* keeps him f absolute ru/4 ,! am\nt ( society available = 8 family is n usually great1 & ! dulness & conf9em5t ( f>mh\se life ne$ no description4 ,! ma9 reason = pref]r+ village life is pr9cipally because x is bett] = ! wom5 & *ildr52 b !re are reasons1 9 ! same direction1 :y bett] social conditions w\ld give ! f>m] himself decid$ b5efits4 ,! life1 too1 w\ld be m attractive = bo? boys & girls1 & w\ld be dive/$ ( t nak$ & dismal gloom & dryness :i* n[ drive s mu* ( ! be/ f>m] blood ( ! :ole c\ntry to "w-b5*es & c\nt]s1--to any position1 9 fact1 :i* promises relief f ! /ifl+ isolation ( ! c\ntry4 ,:ile conc$+ t1 j z a cab9et-mak] w\ld make m money if he liv$ 9 8 back %op1 & _h little ?\ght f e>ly dawn until late ev5+ except = 8 "w1 s ! f>m] may make m money if he lives on 8 f>m ?an if he lives at a di/ance1 /ill x mu/ be said t ! diff]5ce 9 pr(it is by no means s great z w\ld be suppos$4 ,x may be fairly assum$1 t1 at lea/ 9 ! m ?ickly settl$ f>m+ regions at ! ,ea/1 ! av]age di/ance at :i* f>m]s live f ! ne>e/ c5tre ( population t supplies _! %opp+1 & f *ur*1 is n less ?an ?ree miles4 ,! visit+ acqua9tance ( ! family is ne>ly or q z remote2 & !re is1 altoge!r1 s mu* driv+ to be done1 z to make x necess>y to keep a dec5t c>riage & horses1 & to supply a c]ta9 am\nt ( extra horse s]vice4 ,inde$1 among ^? :o are tol]ably well (f x w\ld be mod]ate to set d[n ! total s]vices ( "o good horse z ne$$ to supply ! family's dem& = transportation4 ,!n1 too1 ! ne$ ( ! f>m] himself to g to t[n to sell & to buy1 to get repairs & in=mation1 & 7a mu* m g5]ally gratifi$ ta/e ?an he w\ld always c>e to confess to 8 wife7 to satisfy 8 crav+ aft] int]c\rse ) 8 k9d1--:o %all e/imate ! aggregate ( all ?is travel1 or ev5 ( t "p ( x :i*1 "u ! pretext ( bus9ess1 is really only an habitual go+ = gossip8 ,all ( ?is driv+ is conf9$ to no season2 x is p]5nial1--9 good wea!r & 9 bad1--& x co/s an am\nt ( "t & money t few f>m]s w\ld l to put d[n 9 black & :ite1 & *>ge to _! exp5se acc\nts4 ,x w\ld =m "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s items ( _! budget4 ,did ! f>m] live 9 a pleasant & attractive village1 among neighbors & fri5ds1 ne>ly all ( ?is driv+ w\ld be sav$4 ,! appliances = ! family's pleasure-driv+ might be entirely done away )1 = ! wife & daught]s w\ld gladly ex*ange ! means = occasional visit+ & = di/ant %opp+1 = an agreeable circle ( fri5ds ne> at h& & a good village /ore & po/-(fice )9 five m9utes' walk4 ,9 su* a settlem5t z is contemplat$1 mo/ ( ! bus9ess ne$s ( ! f>m] w\ld be amply suppli$1 & he w\ld f9d ! companion%ip at h& ev5 m satisfactory1 because m famili>1 ?an t :i* he n[ f9ds 9 ! t[n4 ,x is n wor? :ile to calculate ! ca% sav+ t w\ld come ( ?is r$uction ( road-99"w4 ,x is en\gh to consid] x z an important (fset to ! co/ ( c>ry+ m5 & manure to ! field & ( br++ crops to ! village4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ! wom5 h ! wor/ ( x4 ,!y h ! conf9em5t & seclusion & dulness4 ,"u ! village sy/em ! m5 w\ld h ! discom=t1 & ?is is :y x w be less easy to secure its adoption2 = ! m5 control1 & pref] n to h ! heavy end ( life's log to c>ry4 ,"u ei!r ( ! plans giv5 h]e)1 ! greate/--n ! av]age--di/ance f ! h\se to ! f>m w\ld be ab\t "o mile1 & x w\ld h to be travell$ only dur+ ! work+ wea!r ( ! w>m] mon?s1 & dur+ ! good :eel+ ( w9t]4 ,9 summ]1 all h&s w\ld h to set (f e>ly1 & come home late1 (t5 c>ry+ _! d9n] ) !m z me*anics d2 b :5 field-"w did n call !m out1 z dur+ ra9s1 or :5 ! gr\nd is too wet to be di/urb$1 _! b>n-"w & %op-"w w\ld be at home2 &1 all ! w9t] ?r\gh1 ! only road-"w to be done w\ld be to s5d ! teams to haul out ! manure1 & to br+ home ! hay1 :i* w\ld be be/ /or$ "u ,dut* hay-b>racks 9 ! fields :5 x 0 made4 ,?is "w w\ld be sy/ematic & simple2 & x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r x w\ld n1 9 _m cases1 am\nt to less ?an ! co/ ( ! driv+ t is n[ done1 & :i* 9 ! village might be =egone4 ,especially w\ld ?is be ! case :5 all ! heavy f>m-"w is done by ox51 :i* :5 idle1 in/ead ( eat+ _! heads (f l horses1 are accumulat+ valuable fle%4 ,) suffici5t ox-p[] to d ! "w easily1 ! :ole transportation ( tools & m51 & all ! hay-t$d+ & hay-rak+1 w\ld be easily done by "o horse1 ) leeway en\gh to all[ = a fair am\nt ( bus9ess or pleasure travel4 ,s f> z ! pres5ce ( ! f>m] himself is conc]n$1 x is to be consid]$ t if 8 f>m & cattle are ne> 8 h\se 9 ! village1 he w be )9 easy rea* ( !m v (t5 at times :5 8 visits to ! di/ant t[n w\ld take him away f !m if !y 7 on ! f>m4 ,9 ! village1 dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 & 9 bad wea!r at o!r seasons1 he w\ld h little necessity or temptation to abs5t himself f home4 ,inde$1 ^? :o h _h an opportunity to wat* ! life ( ! exceptional f>m]s ^: h\ses & b>ns & /ables are 9 a village _c h fail$ to notice h[ mu* m home-l & engag+ is ! :ole f>m e/abli%m5t ?an x usually is 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! few in/ances t we h1 z 9 ! f>m-villages ( ,new ,engl&1 %[ t ^! village-liv+ f>m]s are app>5tly m att5tive to _! home duties ?an are _! isolat$ bre?r51 at lea/ 9 ! matt] ( tid9ess4 ,to complete ! comp>ison ) ! m]*ant or manufactur]1 :o takes 8 pap]s or plans home ) him = "w out ( regul> h\rs1 "o might say t ! f>m] :o lives at a di/ance f 8 l&1 ) 8 flocks & h]ds ga!r$ ab\t 8 home/ead1 has su* ( 8 "w z ne$s e>ly & late att5tion close at h&1 :ile 8 regul> work%op1 ! f>m1 calls him away = c]ta9 regul> h\rs & regul> duties4 ,x is n wor? :ile "h to ent] into ! details ( ! "q4 ,!y are ( s]i\s mom5t1 & involve among o!r ?+s ! driv+ ( animals to & f pa/ure1 v]sus ! rais+ ( soil+ crops to be f$ 9 ! /all or y>d4 ,all ( ^! que/ions h be5 satisfactorily solv$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( _m exceptional cases 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ( ! almo/ univ]sal conditions obta9+ 9 ,europe4 ,!y pres5t no practical difficulty1 & ne$ con/itute no s]i\s objection to ! g5]al plan4 ,! items ( economical work+ & money-mak+ be+ fully weigh$1 ! m s]i\s consid]ations ( ! mode ( life1 & ! good to be got f x1 dem& ev5 great] att5tion4 ,x may seem a /range doctr9e to be advanc$ by a some:at en?usia/ic f>m]1 b x is a doctr9e t has be5 sl[ly accept$ aft] _m ye>s' obs]vation1 a conviction t has tak5 possession ( an unwill+ m9d1 t ! "y man :o takes 8 "y wife to an isolat$ f>mh\se dooms h] & himself & _! *ildr5 to an un:olesome1 unsatisfactory1 & vacant exi/5ce1--an exi/5ce m>k$ by ! abs5ce ( ^? m satisfy+ & m cultivat+ influ5ces :i* ! be/ developm5t ( "* & intellig5ce dem&4 ,x is a common exp]i5ce ( f>m]s' wives to pass week aft] week )\t ex*ang+ a ^w or a look ) a s+le p]son outside ( _! own family circles4 ,! "y c\ple />t bravely1 & ) a det]m9ation to /ruggle aga9/ ! habit ( isolation :i* m>ks _! class4 ,b ?is habit has gr[n f ! necessity ( ! situation2 & ! necessities ( _! own situation br+ !m soon] or lat] )9 its bonds4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s !y adh]e to _! resolution1 & g regul>ly to *ur*1 to ! lecture1 & to ! social ga!r+s ( _! fri5ds2 b home duties increase ) "t1 & ! eag]ness = society gr[s dull ) neglect4 ,^? :o h />t$ out ) ! firme/ det]m9ation to avoid ! rock on :i* _! fa!rs h split1 give up ! /ruggle at la/1 & settle d[n to a humdrum1 un9t]e/+1 & un9t]e/$ p]=mance ( daily tasks4 ,9 say+ all ?is1--& ,i speak f exp]i5ce1 = ,i h l$ ! dismal life myself1--x is h>dly necess>y to disclaim ! lea/ want ( appreciation ( ! /]l+ qualities :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ! ,am]ican f>m h\sehold4 ,b x may be safely insi/$ t ^! qualities h be5 develop$1 n because ( ! ,am]ican mode ( f>m life1 b 9 spite ( x2 &1 z ,i ?9k ov] ! long li/ ( admirable m5 & wom5 ^: acqua9tance ,i h =m$ on di/ant & solit>y f>ms1 ,i am m & m impress$ ) c]ta9 %ortcom+s :i* w\ld h be5 avoid$ "u bett] social conditions4 ,if any ( ^! is dispos$ to "q ! ju/ice ( ?is conclusion1 ,i am satisfi$ to leave ! f9al decision ) 8 own judgm5t1 =m$ aft] a fair consid]ation ( :at is h]e9 sugge/$4 ,if ,am]ican agriculture has an unsatisfi$ ne$1 x is surely ! ne$ = m intellig5ce & m ent]pris+ int]e/ on ! "p ( its work+ m5 & wom54 ,f "o end ( ! l& to ! o!r1 its cry+ defect--recogniz$ by all--is1 t its be/ blood1 or1 9 o!r words1 its be/ bra9s & its be/ en]gy1 is leav+ x to seek o!r fields ( labor4 ,! influ5ce :i* leads ^! be/ ( ! f>m]s' sons to o!r occupations is n s mu* ! desire to make m money1 or to f9d a less labori\s occupation1 z x is ! desire to lead a m satisfactory life1--a life :]e t "p ( u :i* has be5 develop$ by ! bett] education & bett] civilization = :i* 9 ?is c5tury we h work$ s h>d & s well1 may f9d responsive companion%ip & enc\rag+ int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,x s happ5s t ! few f>m villages to :i* we c ref]--su* z ,f>m+ton1 ,hadley1 & ,de]field--h become s attractive by means ( _! full-gr[n beauty1 or h be5 s encroa*$ ^u by ! weal? t has come ov] ! di/rict to :i* !y belong1 t !y are no long] to be tak5 z types ( pure c\ntry villages2 nor d ,i recall a s+le village 9 ! l& :i* is precisely :at ,i h n[ 9 m9d4 ,assum+ t a f>m+ neighborhood--two miles1 or at ! utmo/ ?ree miles1 squ>e--_h be5 s arrang$ z to h all ( its build+s 7) ! exception ( hay-b>racks 9 ! fields1 & cattle-%elt]s 9 ! pa/ures7 9 a village1 let u consid] :at w\ld be ! advantages 9 ! mann] ( liv+ :i* x w\ld h to (f]4 ,! social b5efits1 & ! facilities = frequ5t neighborly & in=mal int]c\rse1 are obvi\s4 ,to say no?+ ( ! companion%ips & intimacies among ! "y p1 _! fa!rs & mo!rs w\ld be kept f gr[+ old & glum by con/ant friction ) _! k9d2 &1 9 s f> z a m satisfactory social relation ) "o's fell[-m5 gives *e]fulness & ! ri*ness ( a wid] human int]e/1 9 t proportion w\ld ! village life h a :olesome1 mell[+ effect t is n to be f\nd 9 ! remote f>mh\se1 nor ev5 9 ! sort ( neighborhood we sometimes f9d 9 ! c\ntry :]e sev]al f>mh\ses are )9 a qu>t] ( a mile ( ea* o!r4 ,! habit ( runn+ 9 = a mom5t's *at ) a neighbor is a good "o1 & x gets b scant developm5t among ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,?is view ( ! case w sugge/ itself q naturally on ! fir/ consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,if ! fir/ ne$ ( ! ris+ g5]ation--! m5 & wom5 ( ! future--is education1 !n ! village beats ! f>m by long odds4 ,! c\ntry s*ool-di/rict1 sp>sely settl$ & *>y ( its taxes1 is apt to obey ! law 9 ! scantie/ way possible4 ,?ree mon?s s*ool 9 w9t] & ?ree mon?s m 9 summ]1 "u ! sup]vision--x c h>dly be call$ ! in/ruction--( a "y miss :o is by no means well educat$ h]self1 & :o is entirely (t5 )\t tra9+ z a tea*]1 ga!rs toge!r all ( ! s*ool-go+ *ildr5 ( a wide neighborhood4 ,big & little1 boys & girls1 are huddl$ toge!r 9 a sort ( m5tal jumble1 :]e ! be/ t ! mo/ skilful manag] c hope = is to regulate ! in/ruction & ! discipl9e to suit ! av]age ( ! s*ol>s4 ,! be/ result atta9able is to secure a good am\nt ( s*ool+3 ! ^w education w\ld be q misappli$ "h4 ,9 ! village1 ! numb] ( s*ol>s w\ld be suffici5tly l>ge to w>rant ! e/abli%m5t & to be> ! ma9t5ance ( "o good s*ool1 ) "o1 if n m1 tea*]s1 regul>ly employ$1 & wor?y to be call$ tea*]s r ?an s*ool-m>ms4 ,pupils w\ld be grad$ accord+ to _! ages & acquirem5ts1 & a due use c\ld be made ( ! /imulus ( competition4 ,a real s*ool1 a real in/rum5t ( education1 w\ld take ! place ( ! noisy congregation ( uncontroll$ boys & girls1 :o1 9 ! c\ntry di/rict-s*ool1 are apt to acquire less ( valuable le>n+ ?an ( ! m9or vici\sness t prevails among c\ntry *ildr54 ,9 ?is connection1 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck ) ! ann\ncem5t ( a ,g]man f>m] once 9 my employ1 ^: reason = leav+ me1 aft] 8 *ildr5 _h rea*$ ! ages ( sev5 & elev51 to return to 8 little village 9 ,g]many1 0 t x 0 impossible 9 ?is c\ntry--& ?is1 be x rememb]$1 0 9 ,new ,engl&--to secure satisfactory in/ruction = !m4 ,he ?\ght t 9 _! exp]i5ce at s*ool "h !y _h ga9$ little beyond a famili>ity ) ,engli%1 & ) a l>ge admixture ( bad words at t4 ,at home !y w\ld h1 )9 ! elem5t>y range ( a prim>y-s*ool education1 a ?or\gh tra9+ & a sev]e drill+ :i* he c\ld n hope = "h1 & )\t :i* he 0 unwill+ t !y %\ld gr[ up4 ,i h se5 8 village s*ool 9 ,g]many1 & ! cl\d ( t[-head$ *ildr5 :o fill x2 & ,i am prep>$ to believe t 8 pref]5ce 0 n )\t f\ndation4 ,( c\rse we h all ! mat]ial = z good or bett] s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:at we ne$ is long] t]ms1 bett] tra9$ & educat$ tea*]s1 grad$ classes1 & bett] books & appliances4 ,^! _c be af=d$ 9 ! small c\ntry s*ool-di/rict4 ,!y c be _h 9 _! p]fection 9 ev5 a small village2 & ?is consid]ation alone1 ev5 if ?is 7 all1 %\ld be a controll+ argum5t 9 favor ( village life4 ,b ?is is by no means all4 ,ano!r great b5efit is to be f\nd 9 ! po/-(fice ne> at h&1 ) its daily mail z an enc\ragem5t to correspond5ce & to int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ! outside _w4 ,a village1 su* z is "h pictur$1 c\ld af=d its weekly or semi-mon?ly public lecture1 furni%+ a means = in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t1 & = frequ5t ga!r+s4 ,! *ur*1 too1 w\ld probably be conduct$ 9 a m satisfactory way ?an is usual 9 ! c\ntry2 & ! conditions w\ld be ! be/ suit$ = fo/]+ t int]e/ 9 ! collat]al bran*es ( ! *ur*1 ! ,bible-class1 ! ,sunday s*ool1 & ! ,dorcas society1 by :i* ! wom5 ( ! community get1 aside f ! o!r good t !y receive & d1 advantages ( a "* some:at correspond+ to ^? :i* m5 get f _! clubs4 ,i %\ld hope fur!r1 z an outgr[? f ! community ( liv+1 = a mode/ village libr>y & read+-room4 ,inde$1 if ,i c\ld h my own way1 ,i %\ld n conf9e ! attraction & ent]ta9m5t ( ! village to /rictly moral appliances4 ,x w\ld probably be wis] to recognize ! fact t "y m5 f9d an attraction 9 amusem5ts :i* our /]n] ance/ors reg>d$ z dang]\s2 & ,i w\ld n es*ew billi>ds1 nor ev51 by rigor\s enactm5t1 ! mild] vice ( social tobacco4 ,bett] h a little h>mless wick$ness ne> home & "u ! eye ( p>5ts ?an to enc\nt] ! risk t boys1 aft] a c]ta9 age1 w\ld seek a pretext = m uncontroll$ indulg5ces 9 ! neighbor+ t[n4 ,"o might g on ?r\gh ! long range ( incid5tal argum5ts--su* z light$ /reets1 well-kept sidewalks1 w9t] sn[-pl\ghs1 & good dra9age1 & a :olesome pride 9 a tidy1 cosey village1 until ev5 ! mo/ close-fi/$ ( all our class w\ld confess t ! extra co/ w\ld br+ full value 9 return1 & until he w\ld recognize ! fact t ! attractions ( su* a home z ! village w\ld make possible w\ld be likely to insure 8 be+ succe$$ 9 8 :olesome trade by ! brighte/ & be/ ( 8 sons1--a result t w\ld surely be wor? m ?an all x w\ld co/4 ,b my purpose has be5 only to sugge/ a s*eme :i* seems to me entirely1 ev5 ?\gh remotely1 practicable1 & 9 :i* ,i hope = ! sympa?y & help ( ! c\ntry-b\nd f>m]s' wives & daught]s1--a s*eme :i* promises :at seems ! easie/1 if n ! only1 relief = ! dulness & desolation ( liv+ :i* make ,am]ican f>m+ loa?some to s _m :o ought to glory 9 its pursuit1 b :o n[ are only b\nd to x by comm&+ necessity4 ,,life ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,f>m]4 ,we are all famili> ) ! lavi% praise be/[$--especially :5 votes are to be secur$--^u ! bone & s9ew ( ! c\ntry2 b ! f>m]s !mselves are v f> f accept+ z true1 ev5 if s9c]e1 ! e/imate ( _! qualities :i* ! editor & ! public speak] s l\dly pr(ess4 ,! av]age f>m] is precisely :at any o!r av]age man w\ld be :o _h gr[n up "u ! same conditions4 ,!re is no my/]i\s *>m belong+ to 8 occupation :i* removes him beyond ! rea* ( ! influ5ces by :i* all mank9d are controll$4 ,com+ f ! same orig9al /ock & inh]it+ ! same peculi>ities ( race1 he is ess5tially ! same z m5 9 o!r vocations4 ,! "* ( 8 "w1 ! necessities ( 8 f9ancial condition1 & ! social surr\nd+s amid :i* he has be5 re>$1 h _h ! same influ5ce 9 m\ld+ 8 "* t simil> conditions h _h 9 m\ld+ ! *>act]s ( o!rs4 ,f>m+ is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! basis ( all individual & national prosp]ity2 b ! case w\ld be m fairly /at$ 7 we to say t f>m+ happ5s to be ! fir/ /ep 9 an indu/rial process1 _m /eps ( :i* are alike ess5tial to civilization4 ,! f>m] produces raw mat]ial1 & )\t raw mat]ial ! _w mu/ come to a /op2 b ! but*]1 ! bak]1 ! sp9n]1 ! weav]1 & e artisan1 r5d] z ess5tial s]vice 9 ! developm5t ( ?is raw mat]ial into ! =ms dem&$ by mod]n life1 z does ! f>m] 9 gr[+ x4 ,z a memb] ( ! f>m] class1 ,i ha/5 to disclaim = x any especial consid]ation giv5 x because ( its contribution to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,we are z useful z any o!r h>d-work+ p1 no m & no less4 ,we claim no high] appreciation = muscul> ef=t ex]t$ 9 sw++ ! flail ?an = t appli$ to ! wield+ ( ! hamm]4 ,! controll+ motive ( a f>m] 9 p]=m+ 8 "w & c>ry+ on 8 bus9ess is ! hope ( mat]ial ga94 ,he works = ! money t he expects to e>n1 & n ) any consci\s ref]5ce to ! s]vice he is r5d]+ to ! _w4 ,9 ?is capacity z a f>m] he is nei!r a philan?ropi/ nor a patriot1 only a man ( bus9ess4 ,if we wi% prop]ly to e/imate 8 "* & 8 value z a factor ( mod]n civilization1 we mu/ n be misl$ by s5tim5tal consid]ations z to 8 relation ) nature & 8 noble occupation4 ,! conditions ( ,ea/]n f>m+ & ( ,ea/]n f>m life are ! true index1 z !y are ! true cause1 ( ! "* ( ! ,ea/]n f>m]4 ,^! conditions are con/antly v>y+1 & _! effect is always modifi$ by individual qualities4 ,x may be possible to /rike su* an av]age z %all af=d a tol]ably good sugge/ion ( ! real "* & condition ( ! f>m]1 & a h9t z to 8 future2 t is to say1 c]ta9 preval5t influ5ces t5d to m>k ! type1 & c]ta9 modifications ( ^! influ5ces may lead to its improvem5t4 ,any attempt to portray ! class z a :ole w\ld be met by su* a li/ ( exceptions z w\ld s]i\sly affect ! result2 b ! foll[+ may be consid]$ true 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 & applicable1 ) m9or *anges1 to _m m4 ,let u take ! case ( an outly+ f>m 9 ,new ,engl&1 ( "o hundr$ acres1--a f>m t has be5 9 cultivation f ! e>li] settlem5t ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* is ( ! av]age degree ( improvem5t1 ) ! usual division into arable1 m[+1 pa/ure1 & wood l&4 ,x lies two or ?ree miles away f a consid]able t[n or village1 & its *ief indu/ry is ! sell+ ( milk 9 ! t[n4 ,) an all[ance ( two acres p] c[ = summ] pa/ure1 & ( "o & a half acres ( m[+-l& = w9t] fe$+1 ! c[s x keeps numb] ab\t a doz54 ,= team-"w on ! f>m & = road-"w & pleasure-driv+1 !re are kept two horses & two ox54 ,9 addition to ^! !re w be a great] or less am\nt ( "y /ock & ! usual sw9e & p\ltry1 & p]haps a few %eep4 ,! f>m] himself is ! *ief workman on ! place1 & he has ! regul> help ( a hir$ man or a gr[n son4 ,an extra h& dur+ ! work+ season is usual2 b 9 w9t] ! f>m] & 8 "o assi/ant w d all ( ! "w ( fe$+1 milk+1 deliv]+ ! milk1 haul+ out manure1 etc4 ,a few ye>s ago ! h\sework 0 done almo/ entirely by ! "m ( ! family & h] daught]s1 or by a girl tak5 to br+ up2 b latt]ly ! m tr\blesome elem5t ( an ,iri% girl 9 ! kit*5 has become g5]al1 = ! daught] ( ! f>m] has aspirations & ta/es :i* disqualify h] = effici5t h\sehold drudg]y4 ,9 spite ( all mod]n appliances1 mu* ( ! "w ( ! f>m]'s h\sehold mu/ be s *>act]iz$4 ,! life ( ,am]ican f>m wom5 is1 h[ev]1 n n[ "u discussion3 ! subject is a fruitful "o1 & has important be>+s ^u ! developm5t ( ! race2 b :at we are to consid] "h is simply ! "w & condition ( ! f>m] himself4 ,! milk-sell+ f>m]--& ?is indu/ry is "o ( ! mo/ wide-spread 9 ,ea/]n f>m+--is m regul>ly employ$ ?an any o!r4 ,w9t] & summ] 8 c[s mu/ be milk$ twice a day4 ,ev5+'s milk mu/ be cool$ & safely kept until morn+2 & morn+'s milk mu/ be ready = e>ly deliv]y4 ,x is usual = ! f>m] to rise at ?ree e morn+1 w9t] & summ]1 to milk 8 c[s1--) "o assi/ant1--& to />t z e>ly z five o'clock to deliv] 8 milk4 ,return+ ab\t ! middle ( ! =5oon1 he is able to att5d to ! details ( b>n-"w 9 w9t] & field-"w 9 summ]1 until half-pa/ two or ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 less ! brief int]val ne$$ = ! consumption ( food4 ,e>ly 9 ! aft]noon ! c[s mu/ be aga9 milk$1 & ! cans ( milk mu/ 9 summ]time be set 9 spr+ wat] = cool+4 ,!n comes ! fe$+ ( ! /ock & ! greas+ ( axles1 ! m5d+ ( h>ness1 ! repair+ ( tools1 & ! ?\s& & "o odds & ends ( ! f>m]'s irregul> "w4 ,9 ! w9t]1 save = ! e>ly ris+ & ! "w ( cold morn+s1 life is by no means hurri$2 & aft] a v e>ly supp] !re is (t5 a /roll to ! corn] /ore or to a neighbor's h\se1 = a little :olesome idl5ess & gossip1--! latt] n inv>iably :olesome4 ,at ab\t ! h\r :5 ! av]age read] ( ,! ,atlantic has f9i%$ 8 aft]-d9n] cig>1 all lights are ext+ui%$1 & ! f>m h\sehold is wrapp$ 9 heavy slumb]2 = su* e>ly ris+ z ! milk-f>m] is condemn$ to mu/ ne$s tr5* ^u ! valuable ev5+ h\rs = requisite re/ & sleep4 ,9 summ] ! conditions ( life are immeasurably h>d5$4 ,! f>m] himself is necess>ily abs5t sev]al h\rs e morn+ ) 8 milk-wagon2 b1 al?\gh he _c l5d a h& at ! e>ly field "w1 ?is "w mu/ g on ) promptness1 & he mu/ arrange 9 advance = its prop] p]=mance4 ,f ! mom5t :5 he has f9i%$ 8 late breakfa/ until ! la/ glimm] ( twilight1 he is doom$ to h>r[+ & (t5 anxi\s toil4 ,!re is no wide m>g9 ( pr(it t w admit ( a slack5+ ( ! pace4 ,l& mu/ be prep>$ = plant+2 plant+ mu/ be done :5 ! condition ( ! gr\nd & ! /ate ( ! wea!r p]mit4 ,we$s gr[ )\t reg>d to our conv5i5ce1 & !y mu/ be kept d[n f ! fir/2 & well on into ! int]vals ( ! hay-h>ve/ ! corn-field ne$s all ( ! cultivation t !re is "t =4 ,regul>ly z clock-"w1 9 ! late h\rs ( ! night & ! e>ly h\rs ( ! aft]noon1 ! milk+ mu/ be att5d$ to2 & ! daily trip to t[n kn[s no exception because ( heat1 ra91 or sn[4 ,at rigidly fix$ h\rs ?is "p ( ! "w mu/ be done2 & all o!r h\rs ( ! gr[+ & ( ! h>ve/ seasons are almo/ m ?an fill$ ) "w ( imp]ative ne$4 ,^! alone seem to make a suffici5t dem& on ! pati5ce & endurance ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s f>m]2 b1 aside f ^!1 he is load$ ) ! endless details ( an intricate bus9ess1 & ) ! responsibility ( ! successful managem5t ( a capital ( f fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& doll>s1 ^u ! safety & ! economical managem5t ( :i* 8 success entirely dep5ds2 he mu/ avoid leakage & wa/e1 & make e doll> paid = labor1 or se$1 or manure1 or live /ock1 br+ its adequate return4 ,probably no occupation 9 ! _w c comp>e ) f>m+ 9 ! opportunity t x (f]s = ! los+ ( money4 ,no?+ is s entic+ z slate-&-p5cil f>m+4 ,t5 acres ( l& c be pl\gh$1 manur$1 & plant$ ) corn1 & ! crop c be well cultivat$ & h>ve/$ = s _m doll>s4 ,su* l& ) su* manur+ & cultivation may be tru/$ to yield s _m bu%els ( corn to ! acre2 &1 aft] mak+ due all[ance = *ance1 ! balance ( ! calculation %[s a snug pr(it4 ,9 l mann] we may figure out a correspond+ return f ! hay-fields1 f ! root-crops1 f two or ?ree acres ( potatoes1 & f a pat* ( g>d5-truck = :i* ! neighbor+ village w furni% a good m>ket4 ,!n ! p\ltry w return a pr(itable income 9 eggs & 9 broil]s2 & altoge!r x is easy = an en?usia/ic p]son to %[ h[ int]e/ on inve/$ capital & good comp5sation = labor are to be secur$ 9 agriculture4 ,b :5 ! te/ ( practice is appli$ to our well-/udi$ & prov5 s*eme2 :5 we see h[ f> our all[ance = *ances has fall5 bel[ :at is ne$$ to cov] ! cont+5cies ( late spr+s1 dry summ]s1 e>ly fro/s1 gras%opp]s1 wire-worms1 ,colorado beetles1 midge1 weevil1 pip1 murra91 g>get1 milk-fev]1 potato-rot1 oats-ru/1 w9t]-kill+1 & all ! re/2 :5 we le>n ! degree ( vigilance ne$$ to keep e m9ute ( hir$ labor & team-"w effectively employ$2 & :5 we come f9ally to ! items ( l[ m>kets & bad debts1--we %all see h[ f> ^! & simil> drawbacks h undone our ari?metic1 & h[ (t5 our well-contriv$ balance mu/ be tak5 into ! foot+s ( ! o!r column ( figures4 ,! regul> "w ( ! f>m]1 z indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ sket* ( 8 occupations1 & z p]ceptible to ! summ] bo>d] :o wat*es 8 "w f ! piazza1 al?\gh ardu\s & exact+1 may be q compatible ) a happy life2 &1 :5 we e/imate ! promise ( ! occupation z (f]+ a pleasant livelihood1 no able-bodi$ man ne$ be det]r$ by x4 ,b :5 we add ?is long li/ ( cont+5cies1 & consid] ! ceaseless anxiety t !y br+1 we may well hesitate be=e adopt+ su* a life = ourselves or desir+ x = our *ildr54 ,no true e/imate ( ! develop$ "* ( ! f>m] c be =m$ )\t giv+ due value to ?is unc]ta9 factor 9 ! calculation4 ,in/ances are h>dly exceptional :]e a cle> natural intellig5ce1 an indomitable c\rage1 & great indu/ry1 h turn$ !mselves into a real s\rce ( m5tal & moral /r5g?4 ,success a*iev$ 9 spite ( su* drawbacks is all ! sweet] & all ! m inspirit+ because ( !m4 ,b if we take ! case ( ! av]age f>m] ) av]age human weaknesses1 we _c fail to see1 t1 h[ev] well he may h borne up aga9/ ! m obvi\s requirem5ts ( 8 "w1 he has be5 w>p$ & cramp$1 & (t5 made 9 _m ways unlovely1 by ! h>d & anxi\s toil ?r\gh :i* 8 halt+ success has be5 atta9$4 ,9 ne>ly e o!r occupation ?an f>m+1 ! h>de/ work] f9ds a daily relief f 8 toil1 & f ! sugge/ion ( toil1 9 a home t is entirely ap>t f 8 indu/ry4 ,h[ev] ardu\s & anxi\s & long-cont9u$ ! "w1 !re comes a "t :5 x is laid aside1 & :5 ! workman goes into a new sph]e1 :]e ! atmosph]e is entirely *ang$4 ,8 home is a place ( re/ & pleasure1 or at lea/ a place ( *ange4 ,! p5 & ! hamm] are left 9 ! c\nt+-room & 9 ! %op2 &1 h[ev] f> ! home may fall bel[ 8 desires & ambition1 x is at lea/ free f ! c>es ( ! day's occupation4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] has no su* relief4 ,8 h\se is a "p ( 8 f>m2 8 fireside is %>$ by an uncong5ial hir$ man1 8 family circle includes too (t5 a vulg> & un9t]e/+ s]vant2 & f "o ye> to ano!r1 8 liv+-room be+ ! kit*5 & "w-room ( ! busy f>mh\se1 he r>ely kn[s :at x is to dive/ himself ( ! surr\nd+s ( 8 labor & bus9ess1 & to give himself ov] to ! ne$$ dome/ic enjoym5t & recreation4 ,x is ?is feature ( 8 life1 m ?an any o!r1 :i* seems objectionable4 ,if x is objectionable = him1 x is inf9itely m s = 8 wife & daught]s1 :o1 lack+ ! frequ5t visit to ! t[n or occasional *at ) /rang]s1 & ! invigorat+ effect ( op5-air "w1 yield all ! m completely to depress+ c>es4 ,!y become m & m defici5t 9 ! lightness & *e]fulness & m5tal gayety to :i* 9 any o!r occupation ! *ief toil] ( ! family w\ld look = recreation at 8 own fireside4 ,s f> z int]e/ 9 8 bus9ess is conc]n$1 ! f>m]'s condition is 9 e way elevat$ :5 he devotes himself to "s improv$ =m ( agriculture1 or to "s special indu/ry :i* gives him bett] comp5sation = 8 "w4 ,?is b5efit by no means g5]ally results f an attempt at sci5tific agriculture1 nor is ! adoption ( a special indu/ry by any means g5]ally successful4 ,failure 9 ei!r ( ^! directions is di%e>t5+ & disc\rag+ to ^? :o are wat*+ 8 example4 ,!re are _m well-tri$ improvem5ts ^u ! old me?ods ( our fa!rs :i* are univ]sally adopt$1 especially 9 ! direction ( ! use ( bett] implem5ts & m judici\s c>e 9 ! application ( manure4 ,b ! av]age agricultural newspap]1 :ile do+ great good1 has naturally l$ en?usia/ic m5 to see a *ance = ameliorat+ _! condition by ! adoption ( processes :i* are n suit$ to _! circum/ances1 or :i* !y !mselves are n qualifi$ to c>ry out4 ,x is ?is t has l$ to ! outcry--mu* m preval5t a g5]ation ago ?an n[--aga9/ book-f>m+4 ,on ! :ole1 :atev] may h be5 ! influ5ces ( agricultural writ]s ^u ! =tunes ( _! e>ly conv]ts1 !y h va/ly modifi$ & improv$ all mod]n f>m-"w1 & h greatly b5efit$ ! m rec5t f>m]4 ,! conditions ( ! indu/ry are h>d1 *iefly because ! bus9ess ( f>m+ is a labori\s "o1 & "o 9 :i* an enorm\s population is work+1 ) dogg$ indu/ry1 = a mod]ate rew>d4 ,h[ev] ent]pris+ & intellig5t a f>m] may be1 :5 he goes to m>ket to sell 8 crops he f9ds himself 9 active competition ) m5 :o are work+ = _! b>e subsi/5ce4 ,mu* is said ab\t ! competition ( ! f>m]s ( ! ri* ,we/ z a s]i\s ob/acle to success at ! ,ea/4 ,?is is ! case only 9 s f> z ! ,ea/]n f>m] attempts to compete ) ! ,we/]n 9 ! production ( crops :i* w be> /orage & long transportation4 ,z a bus9ess proposition1 x seems cle> t ?is drawback is to be ov]come only by ! cultivation at ! ,ea/ ( su* products z x is n )9 ! p[] ( ,we/]n competition to supply1 or only su* z our situation & ! good quality ( our l& w enable u to produce at l[ co/4 ,milk1 fre% butt]1 & hay are ! ?ree mo/ promis+ /aples1 = :i* s l>ge a dem& exi/s z to furni% employm5t = ! :ole f>m+ population4 ,hay f its bulk does n be> a v long transportation4 ,milk w always br+ a high] price :5 produc$ ne> to ! po9t :]e x is to be consum$4 ,butt]-mak+ is n an especially pr(itable indu/ry if we dep5d ^u ! av]age groc]y-/ore dem&2 b x is possible = any f>m] at ! ,ea/1 :o w take ! tr\ble to make & to reta9 a good reputation = 8 dairy1 to secure a price en\gh high] ?an t ( ! regul> m>ket to con/itute a good m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,s f> z relief 9 ,ea/]n f>m+ is to be a*iev$ ) no mat]ial *ange 9 ! "* ( life & "w1 x mu/ app>5tly be s\ght 9 ^! directions4 ,9 8 relation to ,ea/]n civilization1 pa/1 pres5t1 & prospective1 x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r ! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/]n f>m] is increas$ s9ce ! g5]al introduction ( railroads2 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 look+ ) "s anxiety to ! relative position :i* he is to hold h]eaft]4 ,!re are well-kn[n influ5ces at "w :i* are n promis+4 ,! desire ( ! sons & daught]s ( ! f>m] to obta9 "s o!r means ( livelihood1 & ! too frequ5t yield+ to ?is temptation on ! "p ( ! m intellig5t ( ^! "y p]sons1 is ! mo/ obvi\s dang] to ! future ( ! indu/ry4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! dignity & indep5d5ce :i* come ( ! own]%ip ( l&2 b x is possible t ?is influ5ce has be5 ov]-e/imat$1 & t our ideas ( x h be5 d]iv$ m or less f our ,european traditions4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 we ought to & d atta* ! mo/ importance to t :i* is ! mo/ r>e4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! own]%ip ( l& c>ries ) x a c]ta9 social dignity1 & :]e ! m]e possession ( money has a less m>k$ influ5ce 9 ?is direction1 !re is no d\bt t ! title-de$s to broad acres con/itute a c]ta9 sort ( pat5t ( nobility4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e l& is pl5ty & *eap & :]e l>ge =tunes are r>e1 a f>m] gets consid]ation less = ! am\nt ( l& t he himself owns1 ?an = ! sum-total ( ! mortgages :i* he holds ^u 8 neighbors' l&4 ,t is to say1 x is bett] to be ri* 9 money ?an 9 l&2 & in/ances are comp>atively r>e1 ev5 among ^? :o are cultivat+ _! ance/ral acres1 :]e ! f>m w\ld n be gladly sold = a sum ( :i* ! income w\ld secure a bett] & easi] mode ( life4 ,! f>m is n reg>d$ ) especial affection3 x is ma9ly reg>d$--along ) its /ock & tools--z an in/rum5t = mak+ money4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] is di/+ui%$ f ! ,engli% f>m] *iefly by hav+ 8 capital inve/$ 9 ! l& :i* he cultivates1 r ?an 9 ! tools & live /ock & work+ capital ne$$ to c>ry on 8 bus9ess4 ,z a g5]al rule ! f>m]'s :ole =tune is inve/$ 9 8 l&4 ,(t5 8 f>m is mortgag$1 & he has little loose money ) :i* to improve 8 sy/em ( "w4 ,! necessity = mak+ a liv+ & pay+ int]e/1 )\t suffici5t capital = ! be/ managem5t1 makes ! life ( ! f>m] too (t5 a gr9d+ "o4 ,if he is skilful & indu/ri\s & prud5t1 he may hope ) c]ta9ty to free himself f debt1 & to accumulate a respectable support = 8 old age4 ,:5 we consid] any class ( work+ p1 z a class1 ?is is p]haps all t we c hope = "u any circum/ances4 ,! unhopeful ?+ ab\t x all is t :ile f>m]s "w less h>d ?an _! fa!rs did1 & :ile !y get a bett] return = _! "w1 ! surr\nd+s ( _! life h n improv$ z h ^? ( m5 engag$ 9 o!r indu/ries1 s t al?\gh actually mu* bett] (f ?an _! ance/ors 71 !y are relatively less well (f 9 ! m attractive conditions ( o!r classes ( workm52 & ?is defici5cy is driv+ away ! *ildr5 on :om !y ought to dep5d = assi/ance & = succession4 ,9 ! ab/ract1 f>m+ is a dignifi$ occupation1 & 9 proportion z x borr[s aid f sci5ce x becomes m dignifi$4 ,s f> z ! casual obs]v] c see1 x comb9es m ( :at is desirable ?an does any o!r pursuit4 ,:ile x promises no brilliant rew>d1 x insures a /eady1 reliable1 & suffici5t return = ! capital & labor inve/$ 9 x4 ,x promises a sure provision = old age1 & x secures ! :olesome pride t comes ( ! own]%ip ( visible prop]ty4 ,inde$1 look at x & argue ab\t x z we may1 x is n easy to see :y x is n ! be/ occupation = a :olesome & intellig5t man4 ,^? :o "k ! condition ( ! art intimately1 & :o h /udi$ ! influ5ces ( its "w & its life ^u ^? :o are engag$ 9 x1 recognize s]i\s drawbacks :i* mu/ 9 "s way be remov$ unless x is to fall away /ill m f its orig9al "*1 & is to be giv5 ov] to ,g]man & ,iri% immigrants1 :o1 dur+ "o or two g5]ations1 w be cont5t$ ) :at x has to (f]4 ,x is difficult ev5 to !orize z to ! means ( relief1 if f>m+ mu/ be consid]$1 fir/ ( all1 z a means = obta9+ a livelihood & = mak+ money2 & no ef=t to improve ! situation ( ! f>m] w be successful :i* does n keep ?is prime necessity always 9 view4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! condition ( any f>m]'s family might be improv$ by a l>ge additional income2 b !re is no obvi\s s\rce f :i* ?is increase is to be drawn1 nor w he adopt any s*eme t w endang] ! income t he n[ receives4 ,if we c\ld conv]t ! f>m] into a *emi/ & physiologi/1 & give him ! satisfaction t comes ( controll+ ! comb9ations ( physical & *emical mat]ials accord+ to laws :i* he und]/&s1 & ( secur+ 8 results ) sci5tific accuracy1 we %\ld accompli% our purpose2 = no man ) su* sci5tific k1 realiz+ its relation to 8 daily "w1 c\ld fail ( an en?usia/ic fondness = 8 pr(ession4 ,b ! wor/ ( x is t all ef=ts 9 ?is direction h g5]ally end$ 9 produc+ a smatt]]1 ^: !ories are baffl$ by con/ant disappo9tm5t1 & ^: worldly prosp]ity is less5$ by 8 mi/ak5 exp]im5ts4 ,successful f>m+ implies1 fir/ ( all1 /eady & dogg$ h>d "w1 c\pl$ ) prud5t & wat*ful skill4 ,:5 ! hopes ( en?usia/ic agricultural re=m]s are consid]$ ) ! practical eye ( cold common s5se1 !y mu/ inevitably be condemn$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,9 s f> z !y con/itute an inc5tive t[>ds improvem5t1 !y "w great good2 b ! success ( ! future is to be atta9$ too (t5 ?r\gh ! di/ress+ failure ( ! pres5t4 ,! art is an exp]im5tal "o1 & ! temptations to ext5d exp]im5ts are entic+4 ,un=tunately1 novel processes dep5d = _! success ^u cont+5cies :i* are likely to be disreg>d$ at ! outset2 &1 h[ev] mu* any improvem5t may be de/9$ to prosp] aft] its application %all h be5 practically te/$ & modifi$1 x is altoge!r likely t its fir/ introduction w result 9 failure4 ,! m]e money losses com+ ( ^! failures are n s s]i\s2 b ! disc\ragem5t & disappo9tm5t t !y entail ex]t ! grave/ influ5ce :]e :at is *iefly ne$$ is ! enc\ragem5t ( success4 ,x is some?+ to "k ! direction t improv+ ef=t %\ld take2 & x seems to be g5]ally conc$$ t :at ,am]ican agriculture ne$s1 at ! ,ea/ & at ! ,we/1 b especially at ! ,ea/1 is an improvem5t 9 ! "* ( its p]sonnel4 ,!re is ev]y:]e ample opportunity = ! pr(itable & successful introduction ( modifi$ processes & ( new indu/ries4 ,!re is1 too1 h>dly an in/ance :]e ! processes & indu/ries n[ pursu$ are n susceptible ( great improvem5t ( detail4 ,!re are few f>ms s well manag$ & s successful1 t if giv5 into ! h&s ( bett]1 m intellig5t1 & m ent]pris+ f>m]s1 !y w\ld n produce bett] results4 ,! fa!r is work+ accord+ to 8 light1 & is direct+ 8 "w by su* intellig5ce z 8 natural capacity & 8 tra9+ h giv5 him4 ,8 bright] son1 ) m natural intellig5ce1 ) a bett] education1 & less trammell$ by traditions & prejudices1 might s modify ! same indu/ry z to make x m c]ta91 m pr(itable1 & 9 e way m satisfactory4 ,! *ange t is n[ tak+ place1 especially 9 ,new ,engl&1 is t[>d ! great] economy ( liv+1 & ! h>d] "w & clos] managem5t ( bus9ess1 t comes ) immigrant proprietor%ip2 & ?is elem5t is by no means to be dep5d$ ^u = ! improvem5t ( our f>m+4 ,x may result 9 a m money-mak+ agriculture1 b x w supplant our be/ political elem5t by ! introduction ( :at has ?us f> seem$ to be "o ( ! wor/4 ,look at ?is "q z we w1 x is difficult to see h[ else ?an by improv+ ! race ( ,am]ican f>m]s we are to accompli% any result ^: good effect w be radical & la/+4 ,?is br+s u ar\nd to t ?readb>e subject ( ! vague discussion ( agricultural writ]s3 ,h[ to keep ! boys on ! f>m4 ,! devices recomm5d$ = accompli%+ ?is result h ?us f> fail$ ( _! object4 ,! av]age f>m] boy is n a s5tim5tali/1 & he is n likely to be mov$ by ! sort ( talk s (t5 lavi%$ ^u him4 ,to use a vulg>ism1 he has an extremely level head4 ,he fails to realize ! attraction & ! dignity :i* are impli$ by :at he is told ( ! nobl5ess ( 8 fa!r's call+1 ( ! purify+ & elevat+ influ5ces ( a daily int]c\rse ) nature4 ,he is n to be caught ) ?is sort ( *aff4 ,8 cultivation has n be5 ( t ae/hetic "* t he has an especial draw+ t[>d nobl5ess1 or purity1 or elevation4 ,nature1 z he kn[s x1 %[s at times an unattractive side2 & he fails to recognize precisely :at is meant by ,"m ,e>? z a s\rce ( dignity4 ,to him ,"m ,e>? is an exact+ p>5t1 call+ = con/ant & regul> toil1 & :ipp+ him on day by day ) we$s to be ho$1 dry g>d5s to be wat]$1 sn[drifts to be %ovell$1 & an almo/ endless r\nd ( emb>rassm5ts to be ov]come4 ,z = ! purity & simplicity ( ! f>m]'s life1 he kn[s v mu* bett] ?an to p9 8 fai? to x4 ,to him ! f>m]'s h\se is too (t5 a place :]e ! "m is ov]work$1 tir$1 we>i$ ) con/ant annoyance1 & made peevi% & fretful4 ,! conv]sation ( hir$ m5 & "y neighbors & bro!rs is n m>k$ by ref9$ delicacy & simplicity1 z he und]/&s ^! t]ms4 ,at ! end ( all our prea*+ he w say1 at lea/ to himself1 t ?is is probably ! sort ( talk t we consid] appropriate to ! occasion1 b t1 if we knew :at he kn[s ab\t f>m+1 we %\ld see h[ little effect x is likely to h4 ,if he s\ght our motive 9 say+ x1 he w\ld conclude t we 7 int]e/$ 9 keep+ up ! supply ( f>m labor2 & t s f> z he 0 conc]n$1 s9ce he mu/ "w = a liv+1 he w\ld "w at "s o!r indu/ry if he c\ld get a *ance1 & leave ^? :o 7 less =tunate to "w on ! f>m4 ,! m s5tim5tal & m influ5tial consid]ations gov]n+ 9 ?is matt] 7 v well set =? by ,dr4 ,holl& 9 a pap] on ,f>m ,life 9 ,new ,engl&1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ! frequ5cy ( bright exceptions to ! rule1 he does n hesitate to set x d[n z a rule t ! life describ$ is 9 e way a hateful "o2 :]e e memb] ( ! family1 f fa!r to *ild1 is driv5 by ! la% ( /]n necessity1 & :]e _m conditions :i* are deem$ requisite 9 ! life ( all o!r classes ( ! same weal? are comp>atively r>e2 :]e ! expectant "m ( ! *ild is work$ )\t /9t to h] la/ day1 :ile ! "m ( ! colt is reliev$ f all h>d toil & treat$ ) consid]ation ?r\gh\t ! la/ mon?s ( h] "t2 :]e1 9 %ort1 :e!r f int]e/ or f a mi/ak5 idea ( necessity1 h>d "w long h\rs1 poor food1 & dismal surr\nd+s are ! rule ( ! f>m]'s h\sehold4 ,s9ce t "t !re h be5 noticeable modifications1 involv+ ! introduction ( m or less ta/efulness1 because ( ! *eap lit]ature & *eap music ( ^! lat] days4 ,b1 mu* z ^! h done to affect ! individual *>act]s ( ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! family1 !y h only aggravat$ ! evil1 s f> z f>m-"w is conc]n$1 by creat+ a desire1 born ( k1 = ! pleasant] mann] ( life :i* ! t[n has to (f]4 ,! "y girls :om "o n[ sees ab\t railway /ations 9 ! mo/ di/ant "p ( ! c\ntry are dress$ aft] ! in/ructions ( ,h>p]'s ,baz> & ,pet]son's ,magaz9e2 & !y "k m ?an _! old] si/]s did ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! own life & t ( _! city c\s9s4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n to be blam$ if !y long = "s vocation 9 :i* !y c m freely indulge _! gr[+ ideas ( luxury1 & gratify _! gr[+ desire = bett] dress & m int]e/+ companion%ip4 ,all t has "h be5 said is s]i\sly true & important4 ,! circum/ances describ$ are s g5]ally preval5t z to con/itute1 ) con/ant m9or v>iations1 an almo/ univ]sal rule4 ,:]e we are to look = relief1 is ! mo/ s]i\s problem4 ,relief mu/ be f\nd1 or ! "* ( our f>m+ class mu/ assur$ly deg5]ate4 ,9 "o way or ano!r we mu/ *ange1 9 a radical degree1 ! conditions ( ! f>m]'s life4 ,we c p]fectly und]/& :y x %\ld be di/a/eful to any "y p]son ( ord9>y ambition or intellig5ce2 & we "k1 f ! con/ant flock+ ( f>m]s' sons & daught]s to ev5 ! lea/ attractive employm5ts ( ! t[n or village1 t ?is di/a/e is ev]y:]e a controll+ "o4 ,x is easy to say t ! f>m]'s life mu/ be made m *e]ful1 attractive1 & ref9$1 & less ardu\s2 b x is by no means easy to see h[ ! improvem5t is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,! c>d9al defect is ! lonel9ess & dulness ( ! isolat$ f>mh\se4 ,intellig5t & educat$ "y wom51 br\ght up among ! pleasante/ surr\nd+s1 m>ry "y f>m]s1 & und]take _! new life ) ! det]m9ation t1 9 _! case at lea/1 ! m obvi\s social requirem5ts %all be met4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ye>s aft] m>riage !y adh]e to _! resolution1 & are regul> 9 att5dance at ! *ur* & public lecture2 & !y keep up1 s f> z possible1 social int]c\rse ) _! neighbors4 ,b z "t goes on1 z ! family increases1 z toil beg9s to tell on heal? & /r5g? & en]gy1 !y drop out1 little by little1 f ! habit ( go+ abroad1 until (t5 = weeks toge!r !y nev] ex*ange a look or ?\ght ) any human be+ outside ( _! own h\seholds4 ,aside f ! ov]work$ memb]s ( _! own families1 _! companion%ip is conf9$ to hir$ m5 :o smell ( ! /able1 & to hir$ girls ) :om !y are yok$ 9 ! daily r\nd ( h\sehold duties4 ,hav+ giv5 mu* consid]ation to ! subject1 ,i h come to believe t ! agriculture ( ,cont95tal ,europe is f> m wisely arrang$ ?an ours2 = !re1 almo/ z a univ]sal rule1 isolat$ f>m-life is unkn[n4 ,! rew>d ( ! cultivator is less1 & 8 labor is at lea/ z great4 ,! p are ( a v mu* l[] ord]1 & are lack+ 9 ! cultivat$ intellig5ce :i* di/+ui%es s _m ( our own f>m+ class4 ,wom5 & ev5 "y girls p]=m rude labor 9 ! field & 9 ! /able2 & ^? aspirations :i* are born ( a univ]sal diffusion ( p]iodical lit]ature are almo/ unkn[n4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 ! h>d & long day's "w is ov]1 !re comes to all ! inexpressible relief & delight ( ! active social int]c\rse ( ! village1 :]e ! till]s ( ! c\ntry = a mile ar\nd h ga!r$ toge!r _! homes & _! h]ds1 & :]e ! mo/ intimate social life prevails4 ,obs]vation ev5 indicates t ! habit ( out-(-door labor has _h no injuri\s effect ^u ! wom5 ( ^! villages4 ,! nut-br[n maid gr[s too fa/ into ! wr9kl$-br[n woman2 b bett] a sunburnt & wea!r-beat5 *eek ?an t pallor t comes ( an?racite & 9-door toil4 ,bett] ! broad back & /\t limb ( ! peasant "m ?an ! holl[ *e/ & wa/$ en]gy ( ! ,am]ican f>m]'s wife4 ,i by no means int5d to say t our own f>m+ class is n f> sup]ior to ! peasantry ( ,europe2 b ,i d believe t if a good sy/em ( village life = f>m]s c\ld be adopt$ "h "u ! modify+ influ5ces ( ! m ref9$ & intellig5t ,am]ican "*1 we %\ld h ga9$ a mo/ important /ep 9 advance4 ,we h 9 ,new ,engl& _m villages almo/ exclusively ( f>m]s1--villages :]e ! old-"t settl]s ga!r$ toge!r = def5ce aga9/ ! ,indians1 & = ! protection ( h\ses & /ock & /ore f riv] floods4 ,^! villages are z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive f ! ord9>y ,european clu/] ( unattractive cottages1 l9+ bo? sides ( a /reet :i* is fill$ = "o-half ( its wid? ) manure-heaps4 ,x may be naturally assum$ t any adaptation ( ! village sy/em among u w\ld be gov]n$ by ! same ref9+ influ5ces :i* h made our few exi/+ agricultural villages s beautiful & attractive4 ,t :i* mo/ di/+ui%es ,am]ican p is ! g5]al spread ( education among !m2 b x is1 aft] all1 an education :i* soon rea*es its limit1 &1 s f> z ! di/rict-s*ool ( a sp>sely-settl$ c\ntry neighborhood is conc]n$1 x goes little beyond ! simple/ rudim5ts4 ,an inexp]i5c$ "y miss holds s*ool = n m ?an "o-half ! ye> 9 an unattractive & inconv5i5t room1 9 :i* are ga!r$ toge!r mo/ ( ! boys & girls ( ! s*ool-go+ age f all ! f>ms ab\t4 ,! books & o!r appliances ( in/ruction are inadequate4 ,!re is no grad+ ( ! pupils1 & ! frequ5t *ange ( tea*]s prev5ts ! possibility ( exp]i5c$ in/ructions4 ,ev5 9 ! meane/ peasant village ( ,g]many1 a village always prolific 9 *ildr51 an inexorable law compels all betwe5 ! ages ( five & f\rte5 to att5d regul>ly ! tea*+ ( a ma/]1 an (fic] ( ! /ate1 :o has g5]ally adopt$ 8 pr(ession = life1 & :o adds to a c]ta9 specifi$ degree ( capability ! advantages ( long exp]i5ce4 ,no ?\ghtful p]son c fail to be conv9c$1 aft] a due consid]ation ( ! argum5t 9 its favor1 t1 if ! social influ5ces insep>able f village-life c\ld be secur$ to ! ,am]ican f>m]1 ! greate/ drawback ( 8 life w\ld be done away )4 ,x rema9s1 un=tunately1 a s]i\s "q1 h[ f> su* a radical *ange is practicable4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! family w\ld naturally drift into "s m co/ly /yle ( liv+2 & ! necessity = haul+ to a di/ant home all ! crops ( ! fields1 & ( haul+ out ! manure made at ! home/ead1 w\ld add some:at to ! exp5ses ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 ! case ( ! individual f>m] n[ cultivat+ l& ^u :i* he lives1 x is n unlikely t he w\ld f9d a c]ta9 pecuni>y disadvantage 9 ! *ange4 ,b1 z a broad "q ( ! future b5efit ( our agriculture1 x mu/ be conc$$ t :atev] w t5d to make ! occupation m attractive _c fail1 by enli/+ ! s]vices ( m intellig5t m9ds1 to insure its v decid$ improvem5t4 ,z ! case n[ /&s1 ! f>m]'s son w become a cl]k or a me*anic r ?an rema9 a f>m]1 because cl]ks & me*anics live 9 communities :]e !re is m to int]e/ ! m9d1 & :]e1 too1 ! opportunities = enjoym5t & amusem5t are great]4 ,! f>m]'s daught] w m>ry ! cl]k or ! me*anic r ?an a f>m]1 because %e kn[s ! life ( a f>m]'s wife to be a life ( dulness & de>?1 :ile %e believes t ! wife ( ! cl]k or me*anic w be condemn$ to less ardu\s labor1 & w h mu* m agreeable surr\nd+s4 ,i h no means ( judg+ :at may h be5 ! exp]i5ce 9 ,de]field1 ,mass41 = in/ance2 b ,i am confid5t t _m a me*anic's daught]1 & inde$ _m "y wom5 ( mu* high] position 9 life1 w\ld consid] h] lot a =tunate "o 9 becom+ ! wife ( a f>m] ^: home/ead lay on ! beautiful /reet ( ?is old village4 ,all t is "h said is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 m]e !ory2 b ! subject is "o t has n ?us f> met any practical solution1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 no?+ except !oriz+ is possible4 ,! broad fact is t ! f>m+ class 9 ?is c\ntry is deg5]at+ by ! )drawal ( its be/ blood2 & /ill m s]i\s injury is be+ done to x by ! introduction ( ! l[] class ( =eign]s4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r x is possible s to modify ! mann] ( life ( ! isolat$ f>mh\se z to make x mat]ially m attractive to ,am]ican boys & girls4 ,all t c be done is to rob x ( its isolation by )draw+ its p1 & plac+ !m "u bett] conditions ( life4 ,9 a ^w1 ! only way t seems to (f] to keep ! boys on ! f>m is to move ev]ybody (f ( ! f>m1 br++ !m toge!r into snug little communities1 :]e !y may secure1 )\t ab&on+ ! manife/ advantages ( _! occupation1 ! great] social int]e/ & /imulus :i* !y n[ hope to enjoy by go+ into o!r call+s ^: natural advantages are less4 ,t su* a c\rse z ?is w\ld re/ore ! f>m] to 8 =m] position z a lead+ elem5t 9 ,ea/]n civilization1 _c be que/ion$4 ,t he w reta9 ev5 ! relative influ5ce t he ex]cises to-day1 unless "s radical *ange is made1 is at lea/ v d\btful4 ,9 consid]+ ! que/ions "h sugge/$1 we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t ! controll+ elem5t is economy4 ,! f>m] exi/s because he is ne$$4 ,! _w dem&s ! products t he produces1 & ! _w mu/ ne$s pay him a liv+ comp5sation = !m4 ,no *ange w be possible :i* disreg>ds ?is2 & all :o "k ! pres5t circum/ances :i* control ! rew>d ( ! f>m+ class "k t ^! circum/ances w\ld be inadequate to ma9ta9 him 9 a life ( great] ease1 :ile call+ = great] exp5se4 ,?is gives ! add$ emb>rassm5t t we mu/ n only *ange ! mode ( life1 b mu/ also increase ! ratio ( pr(it1 if ?is is possible4 ,?is is possible only ?r\gh a r$uction ( ! area cultivat$1 ! cultivation ( ?is r$uc$ area 9 a m ?or\gh & pr(itable way1 & ! turn+ ( f>m+ indu/ry into *annels bett] adapt$ to secur+ a pr(itable return4 ,to discuss a modification ( ! :ole sy/em ( f>m+ w\ld involve f> m detail ?an is possible 9 ?is pap]1 s9ce su* a discussion mu/ include ! consid]ation ( features :i* w\ld *ange ) *ang+ locality2 b1 by way ( illu/ration1 we may take ! previ\sly suppos$ case ( a f>m] own+ "o hundr$ acres ( l&1 & milk+ a doz5 c[s1 sell+ ! milk z be=e 9 ! di/ant t[n4 ,assume t he & 8 neighbors )9 a radius ( ab\t a mile are liv+ 9 a c5tral village1 f :i* 8 l& is "o mile di/ant4 ,dur+ ! work+ season1 say f ! middle ( ,april until late 9 ,octob]1 he mu/1 ) 8 teams & assi/ants1 sp5d ! :ole day on ! l&4 ,! c[s are milk$ & all /able "w done be=e breakfa/1 & "s "o drives !m out to pa/ure4 ,! m5 rema9 a-field until an h\r be=e sunset4 ,!y mu/ be cont5t ) a cold d9n]1 z is ! usual cu/om ) me*anics & labor]s4 ,! c[s are driv5 home 9 "t = ! ev5+ milk+1 & are put into ! b>ny>d at night ) gre5 fodd] br\ght home by ! return+ teams4 ,aft] ! *ores are done1 & a he>ty & sub/antial supp] is eat51--! pr9cipal meal ( ! day1--all h&s w be too we>y = mu* enjoym5t ( ! ev5+1 b n s we>y t !y w n appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l\ng+ places ( a village & ! =m] dulness at ! f>m4 ,o!r f>m]s 9 ! neighborhood w1 _m ( !m1 also be milk produc]s2 &1 z ! /ables are ne> toge!r1 !y w naturally co-op]ate1 s5d+ _! milk to m>ket ) a s+le team1 employ+ ! s]vices ( a s+le man 9 ! place ( five or six m5 & teams h]et(ore ne$$ to m>ket ! same milk4 ,i h rec5tly receiv$ an acc\nt ( ?is sort ( co-op]ation1 :]e ! co/ ( sell+ 0 r$uc$ to a fraction ov] eight c5ts = ea* hundr$ qu>ts4 ,?is arrangem5t w h ! /ill fur!r b5efit ( all[+ ! f>m] to rema9 at home & att5d to 8 m important "w1 leav+ ! detail ( m>ket+ to be done by a p]son especially qualifi$ = x & !re=e able to d x m *eaply ?an he c\ld d x 9 p]son4 ,dur+ ! work+ season !re w be en\gh ra9y wea!r to all[ ! "w ( ! /able1 ! b>ny>d1 & ! wood%$ to be prop]ly att5d$ to4 ,!re w ( c\rse be sudd5 %[]s & occasional /orms1 & o!r inconv5i5ces1 :i* w make ! f>m] regret at times t he lives at su* a di/ance f 8 field "w2 b he w f9d m ?an comp5sation 9 ! advantages t come naturally f liv+ 9 a village4 ,= 8 wife & *ildr5 ! improvem5t w be absolute2 & x w be no slight argum5t 9 favor ( ! *ange1 t bo? 9 doors & out ( doors a bett] class ( s]vants w be available1 because ( ! bett] life t c be (f]$4 ,x w be easi] to secure ! s]vices ( labor]s :o are m>ri$ & :o live 9 _! own h\ses1 & s avoid ! s]i\s annoyance to ! h\sehold t att5ds ! bo>d+ ( hir$ m54 ,to make ?is radical *ange 9 any f>m+ neighborhood z at pres5t con/itut$1 w\ld be impracticable4 ,x w\ld probably take a g5]ation to conv9ce ! f>m]s ( a community ( its advantages2 x w\ld co/ too mu*1 ev5 if n entirely impracticable1 to move ! h\se & /ables to ! c5tral po9t2 & x w\ld involve su* a *ange ( habits ( labor & ( liv+ z mu/ necess>ily be ! "w ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 if ! pr9ciple comm5ds itself to ! lead+ m5 ( ! neighborhood1 & especially to "y m5 ab\t to m>ry1 ! nucleus ( a village may be e/abli%$1 & soon] or lat] ! pres5t or ! com+ g5]ation w f9d a way to come into ! fold4 ,if we assume t by ?is or "s o!r means ! m intellig5t ( ! "y m5 are induc$ to rema9 f>m]s1 x is int]e/+ to consid] 9 :at way _! great] intellig5ce is to be made to tell on _! "w s z to secure ! necess>y improvem5t4 ,x w\ld n be unreasonable to suppose t "y m5 ( ! class we h 9 m9d1 ^? :o n[ seek occupations :i* af=d a bett] field = _! intellig5ce1 & :o seek !m because ( _! intellig5ce1 w\ld e/abli% su* c5tres ( discussion & int]e/ 9 improv$ f>m+ z w\ld n only mitigate ! wor?less gossip n[ s common at ! c\ntry /ore1 b w\ld awak5 a real en?usiasm 9 bett] processes & sy/ems4 ,n only w\ld !re be ?is t5d5cy t[>d improvem5t2 b :]e f>m]s are close neighbors1 & are able to conduct _! int]e/s 9 su* a way z to help ea* o!r1 !re w\ld naturally gr[ up "s sort ( co-op]ative bus9ess4 ,by ! e/abli%m5t ( a butt]-factory or *eese-factory1 or by ! common own]%ip ( a milk-r\te1 or :]e tobacco is gr[n by ! und]tak+ ( its manufacture z an employm5t = w9t]1 or by ! rais+ ( honey or ( p\ltry1 or by ! e/abli%m5t ( "s valuable bre$ ( live /ock ) a reputation = excell5ce t w cause x to be s\ght = f abroad1 or by "s o!r comb9ation1 !y w\ld secure pr(itable bus9ess4 ,( c\rse all ! f>m]s 9 ,new ,engl& _c )9 ! next t5 ye>s move into villages2 b :at is sugge/$ is t ! f>m]s ( "s "o community %\ld try ! exp]im5t4 ,_! success might induce o!rs to foll[ ! example2 & little by little1 9 proportion to ! promise ( a good result1 m & m w\ld seek ! advantages :i* ! sy/em w\ld (f]1 s t soon] or lat] ! b5efits :i* are n[ exp]i5c$ 9 village life 9 ,europe might be felt "h 9 ! high] degree :i* great] intellig5ce & great] fre$om w\ld be sure to produce4 ,:ile advanc+ ^! sugge/ions1 ) mu* confid5ce 9 _! practical value1 ,i w\ld by no means conf9e ! outlook = ,ea/]n f>m+ to ?is s+le road to success4 ,co-op]ative indu/ry may be l>gely adopt$ among f>m]s liv+ at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! *eese-factory has become an in/itution4 ,! bett] quality ( ! product :5 made 9 l>ge quantities1 & ! bett] price t its quality & ! improv$ sy/em = m>ket+ h secur$1 con/itute a v decid$ success 9 our agriculture4 ,butt]-factories are com+ into vogue ) a promise ( equally good results4 ,a v good sub/itute = ! co-op]ative managem5t ( a milk r\te is 9 v g5]al adoption ?r\gh\t ,new ,engl&1 :]e "s s+le f>m] :o devotes himself to sell+ milk buys ! product ( 8 neighbor's dairies = a c]ta9 fix$ price1 tak+ ^u himself ! labor1 ! risk1 & ! pr(it ( m>ket+4 ,! co-op]ative bre$+ ( live /ock _c z yet be said to h become well e/abli%$1 b its possibilities ( success are consid]able4 ,a community c af=d to buy & keep a ?or\gh-br$ horse1 or bull1 or bo>1 or buck1 :i* w\ld co/ f> too mu* = ! means ( a s+le own]1 & ?us gradually give to ! /ock ( ! :ole neighborhood a sup]iority t w secure x a wide-spread reputation & insure good prices4 ,let u keep always 9 view ! important pr9ciple ( mak+ two blades ( grass gr[ :]e b "o grew be=e2 b let u remit no ef=t :i* may t5d to make "o blade wor? :at two 7 wor? be=e4 ,incid5tally1 !re may be comb9ations to secure good outlet dra9age = tracts ( l& belong+ to diff]5t own]s1 & lat] a provision = ! g5]al irrigation ( ^! l&s4 ,x is n to be hop$1 t1 ei!r z a :ole or 9 its details1 agricultural improvem5t is to be advanc$ ) any ?+ l a ru%4 ,f>m]s are g5]ally cons]vative 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,!y h dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation adopt$ _m improvem5ts & modifications 9 ! me?ods ( _! "w1 ! m]e sugge/ion ( :i* w\ld h be5 sc\t$ by _! fa!rs2 b !y are !mselves z ready z _! fa!rs 7 to sc\t any fur!r new sugge/ion1 & x is only by it]ation & reit]ation t ! %ort] /eps ( t5tative exp]im5t c be urg$ ^u _! acceptance4 ,9 review+ :at is writt5 above1 ! ?\ght arises t ! "o impression t x w surely produce w be t its writ] fails to appreciate ! bett] influ5ces t clu/] ar\nd ! bett] class ( f>m]s' homes4 ,su* an inf]5ce w\ld be q unju/4 ,kn[+ z ,i d ! intr9sic wor? & ! *>m+ qualities ( v _m ( ^! h\seholds1 ,i appeal to ! be/ ( ! ?\ghtful m5 & wom5 :om !y include1 to confirm my /atem5t t !y f9d _m elem5ts ( _! life to be p9*+ & h>d1 & t h[ev] admirable !y may n[ be1 !y w\ld be 9 no way injur$1 b 9 _m ways improv$1 by m frequ5t int]c\rse ) _! equals1 & especially ) _! bett]s4 ,t ! picture ,i h sket*$ ( ! av]age f>m]'s family is n ov]drawn1 ,i appeal to e c\ntry cl]gyman & physician to be> witness4 ,! tru?s sugge/$ are pat5t to all4 ,!y are set =? 9 no _s ( hyp]criticism1 & ) no o!r view ?an to help to ameliorate ! condition ( ^? to :om !y ref]4 ,kn[+ ! f>m] m intimately ?an does ! av]age editor or orator1 ,i am confid5t t my e/imate ( 8 "* & ( 8 life w /rike him z be+ m j1 if n m hone/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,a ,,f>m]',s ,,vacation4 ,sket*es ( ,travel 9 ,europe2 ) a v complete ,acc\nt ( ! ,dra9age ( ! ,great ,ha>lem ,lake 9 ,holl&2 ,notes on ,dut* ,f>m+2 a ,j\rney 9 ,norm&y & ,brittany2 & an ,elaborate ,description ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s1--_! ,agriculture1 ,social ,cu/oms1 ,sc5]y1 c4 ,beautifully illu/rat$4 ,price #c4jj4 ,,:ip ,,& ,,spur4 ,pap]s repr9t$ f ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1--l>gely ab\t ,army ,exp]i5ces2 & c]ta9 ,horses1 at ,home & 9 ! ,field4 ,price #a4be4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,a "w ( ,practical ,sci5ce = ,f>m]s4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,dra9age ,,( ,,h\ses ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #b4jj4 ,,dra9+ ,,= ,,pr(it1 & ,,dra9+ ,,= ,,heal?4 ,complete ,directions = ! ,dra9age ( ,agricultural ,l&s1 ,swamps1 ,mal>i\s ,di/ricts1 c4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price #a4ej4 ,,! ,,h&y ,,book ,,( ,,husb&ry4 ,a ,manual = ,am]ican ,f>m]s4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price #b4ej4 ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,condition ,,( ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\ntry ,,h\ses4 ,price #ej c5ts4 ,,9 ,,press4 ,,! ,,bride ,,( ,,! ,,rh9e2 ,two ,hundr$ ,miles 9 a ,mosel ,r[-boat4