,manual ( ,milit>y ,tra9+ 7,,second1 ,,revis$ ,,edition7 ,,by ,,colonel ,,james ,a4 ,,moss ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,army 7,(ficially adopt$ by ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,five #aje ( our milit>y s*ools & colleges47 ,int5d$1 prim>ily1 = use 9 connection ) ! in/ruction & tra9+ ( ,cadets 9 our milit>y s*ools & colleges & ( ,,company (fic]s ( ! ,national ,army1 ,national ,gu>d1 & ,(fic]s' ,res]ve ,corps2 & second>ily1 z a guide = ,,company (fic]s ( ! ,regul> ,army1 ! aim be+ to make effici5t fight+ ,,companies & to qualify our ,cadets & our ,national ,army1 ,national ,gu>d & ,res]ve ,corps (fic]s = ! duties & responsibilities ( ,,company (fic]s 9 "t ( w>4 ,illu/ration ,price #b4be ,,g5]al ,,ag5ts ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,company ,army & ,college ,pr9t]s ,,m5a%a--,,wiscons9 ,copyright #aiag ,by ,,jas4 ,a4 ,,moss ,,fir/ ,,edition ,fir/ impression 7,octob]1 #aiad7 #aj1jjj ,second impression 7,septemb]1 #aiae7 #aj1jjj ,?ird impression 7,m>*1 #aiaf7 #aj1jjj ,f\r? impression 7,july1 #aiaf7 #aj1jjj ,fif? impression 7,febru>y1 #aiag7 #c1jjj ,six? impression 7,april1 #aiag7 #d1jjj ,,second ,,edition ,fir/ impression 7,may1 #aiag7 #dj1jjj ,second impression 7,augu/1 #aiag7 #cj1jjj ,?ird impression 7,novemb]1 #aiag7 #ej1jjj ------- ,total #afg1jjj ,publi%]s & ,g5]al ,di/ribut]s ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,m5a%a1 ,,wis4 ,,o!r ,,di/ribut]s 7,ord] f ne>e/ "o7 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,! ,h>d+ ,uni=m & ,regalia ,co41 #bb ,s*ool ,/4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,! ,m4 ,c4 ,lilley ,co4 ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kan4 ,u4 ,s4 ,cavalry ,association4 ,book ,dept41 ,army ,s]vice ,s*ools4 ,=t ,monroe1 ,va4 ,j\rnal ,u4 ,s4 ,artill]y4 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*4 ,h5d]son-,ames ,co4 ,new ,york4 ,bak] ,taylor ,co41 #d? ,ave4 ,army & ,navy ,cooep]ative ,co41 #af ,ea/ #dbnd ,/4 ,ridabock ,co41 #adj ,we/ #cf? ,/4 ,w>nock ,uni=m ,co41 #af ,we/ #df? ,/4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,jacob ,re$'s ,sons1 #adbd ,*e/nut4 ,portl&1 ,ore4 ,j4 ,k4 ,gill ,co4 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 ,frank ,bro!rs ,alamo ,plaza4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,b4 ,pasquale ,co41 #aae-aag ,po/ ,/4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,army & ,navy ,regi/]1 #eaa ,elev5? ,/4 ,n4 ,w4 ,mey]'s ,milit>y ,%ops1 #acca ,f4 ,/4 ,n4 ,w4 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry ,association1 ,union ,tru/ ,bldg4 ,,philipp9e ,,isl&s3 ,philipp9e ,education ,co41 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i4 ,,hawaiian ,,isl&s3 ,hawaiian ,news ,co41 ,honolulu1 ,h4 ,t4 ,,canal ,,zone3 ,po/ ,ex*ange1 ,empire1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,note ,9 ord] to le>n ?or\ghly ! cont5ts ( ?is manual x is sugge/$ t y use 9 connection ) y\r /udy ( ! book ! pamphlet1 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+1 :i*1 by means ( que/ions1 br+s out & emphasizes e po9t m5tion$ 9 ! manual4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ is especially useful to /ud5ts ( s*ools & colleges us+ ! manual1 z x enables !m1 z no?+ else w1 to prep>e = recitations & exam9ations4 ,! pamphlet c be gott5 f ! publi%]s1 ,geo4 ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis41 or f any ( ! di/ribut]s ( ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+4 ,price #ej cts41 po/paid4 ,,prefatory ,n only does ?is manual cov] all ! subjects prescrib$ by ,w> ,dep>tm5t ord]s = ! ,junior ,division1 & ! ,basic ,c\rse1 ,s5ior ,division1 ( ! ,res]ve ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,corps1 b x also conta9s consid]able additional mat]ial :i* broad5s its scope1 r\nd+ x out & mak+ x answ] ! purpose ( a g5]al1 all-ar\nd book1 complete 9 itself1 = tra9+ & in/ruction 9 ! fundam5tals ( ! art ( w>4 ,! ,company is ! basic fight+ tactical unit--x is ! f\ndation rock ^u :i* an army is built--& ! fight+ effici5cy ( a ,,company is bas$ on sy/ematic & ?or\gh tra9+4 ,?is manual is a pres5tation ( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ z manife/$ 9 ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( a ,,company4 ,! book conta9s all ! ess5tials p]ta9+ to ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( ,,company (fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s & privates1 & ! (fic] :o ma/]s its cont5ts & :o makes 8 ,,company pr(ici5t 9 ! subjects embodi$ h]e91 w be 9 e way qualifi$1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a s+le o!r book1 to comm& ) cr$it & satisfaction1 9 peace & 9 w>1 a ,,company t w be an effici5t fight+ weapon4 ,?is manual1 z indicat$ bel[1 is divid$ into a ,prelude & n9e ,p>ts1 subjects ( a simil> or correlative nature be+ ?us gr\p$ toge!r4 ,,prelude4 ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,drills1 ,,ex]cises1 ,,c]emonies1 ,,& ,,inspections4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,company ,,comm&4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,subjects ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,company ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,rifle ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,heal? ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,gu>d ,,duty4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,milit>y ,,organization4 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,map ,,read+ ,,& ,,sket*+4 ,a s*$ule ( tra9+ & in/ruction cov]+ a giv5 p]iod & suitable to ! local conditions t obta9 9 any giv5 s*ool or comm&1 c be readily arrang$ by look+ ov] ! ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts1 & select+ !refrom su* subjects z x is desir$ to use1 ! numb] & k9d1 & ! "t to be devot$ to ea*1 dep5d+ ^u ! "t available1 & climatic & o!r conditions4 ,x is sugge/$ t1 = ! sake ( v>iety1 9 draw+ up a program ( in/ruction & tra9+1 :5 practicable a "p ( ea* day or a "p ( ea* drill "t1 be devot$ to !oretical "w & a "p to practical "w1 !oretical "w1 :5 possible1 be+ foll[$ by correspond+ practical "w1 ! practice 7! do+ ( a ?+7 ?us putt+ a cl9*]1 z x 71 on ! !ory 7! expla9+ ( a ?+74 ,! !oretical "w1 = example1 c\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! =5oon & ! practical "w 9 ! aft]noon1 or ! !oretical "w c\ld be c>ri$ on f1 say1 #h to #i3cj a4 m41 & ! practical "w f #i3cj to #aj3cj or #aa a4 m4 ,att5tion is invit$ to ! complet5ess ( ! ,index1 :]eby "o is enabl$ to locate at once any po9t cov]$ 9 ! book4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,! au?or wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance receiv$ 9 ! revision ( ?is ,manual 9 ! =m ( sugge/ions f a l>ge numb] ( (fic]s on duty at our milit>y s*ools & colleges1 sugge/ions t enabl$ him n only to improve ! ,manual 9 subject-matt] z well z 9 arrangem5t1 b t h also enabl$ him to give our milit>y s*ools & colleges a textbook :i*1 9 a way1 may be said to repres5t ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( our ,pr(essors ( ,milit>y ,sci5ce & ,tactics z to :at su* a book %\ld embody 9 bo? subject-matt] & arrangem5t4 ,sugge/ions receiv$ f a numb] ( ,pr(essors ( ,milit>y ,sci5ce & ,tactics %[ conclusively t local conditions z to av]age age & aptitude ( /ud5ts1 int]e/ tak5 9 milit>y tra9+ by ! /ud5t body1 support giv5 by ! s*ool au?orities1 etc41 are s diff]5t 9 diff]5t s*ools t x w\ld be impossible to write a book = g5]al use t w\ld1 9 am\nt ( mat]ial1 arrangem5t & o!rwise1 j exactly fit1 9 toto1 ! conditions1 & meet ! requirem5ts ( ea* p>ticul> s*ool4 ,!re=e1 ! only practical1 satisfactory solution ( ! problem is to produce a book t meets all ! requirem5ts ( ! /rictly milit>y s*ools1 :]e ! conditions = milit>y tra9+ & in/ruction are ! mo/ favorable1 & ! requirem5ts ! greate/1 & !n let o!r s*ools take only su* p>ts ( ! book z are necess>y to meet _! own p>ticul> local ne$s & requirem5ts4 ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ is su* a book4 ,illu/ration3 7,signature7 ,jas4 ,a4 ,moss ,camp ,gaill>d1 ,c4 ,z41 ,m>* #d1 #aiag4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,prelude ,,object ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ ,p>4 ,no4 ,object (3 ,sett+-,up ,ex]cises1 ,cali/h5ics1 ,fac+s #a-bc & ,m>*+s1 ,salut+1 ,manual ( ,arms1 ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 ,company ,drill1 ,close ,ord]1 ,ext5d$ ,ord]1 ,c]emonies1 ,discipl9e--,advantages3 ,h&9ess1 ,self-,control1 ,loyalty1 ,ord]l9ess1 ,self-,confid5ce1 ,self-,respect1 ,tra9+ ,eyes1 ,teamwork1 ,he$+ ,law & ,ord]1 ,s\nd ,body4 ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations--,def9itions-- #bd-gaj ,g5]al ,rem>ks--,g5]al ,rules = ,drills & ,=mations-- ,ord]s1 ,comm&s1 & ,signals--,s*ool ( ! ,soldi]-- ,s*ool ( ! ,squad--,s*ool ( ! ,company--,s*ool ( ! ,battalion--,combat--,lead]%ip--,combat ,reconnaissance--,fire ,sup]iority--,fire ,direction & ,control--,deploym5t-- ,attack--,def5se--,meet+ ,engagem5ts--,ma*9e ,guns-- ,ammunition ,supply--,m\nt$ ,sc\ts--,night ,op]ations-- ,infantry ,aga9/ ,cavalry--,infantry ,aga9/ ,artill]y-- ,artill]y ,supports--,m9or ,w>f>e--,c]emonies--,inspections-- ,mu/]--,! ,color--,manual ( ! ,sab]--,manual ( ,t5t ,pit*+--,app5dices ,a & ,b4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,bayonet--,nom5clature & #gaa-hbd ,description ( ! ,bayonet--,in/ruction )\t ! ,rifle--,in/ruction ) ! ,rifle--,in/ruction )\t ! ,bayonet--,comb9$ ,movem5ts--,f5c+ ,ex]cises--,f5c+ at ,w--,lessons ( ! ,european ,w>--,! ,%ort po9t-- ,! ,jab4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,manual ,,( ,,physical ,,tra9+--,me?ods-- #hbe-hfj ,comm&s--,sett+-,up ,ex]cises--,rifle ,ex]cises4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,signal+--,g5]al ,s]vice ,code--,wigwag-- #hfa-hff ,! ,two-,arm ,semaphore ,code--,signal+ ) ,heliograph1 ,fla% ,lant]ns1 & ,se>*light--,s\nd ,signals--,morse ,code4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,company ,,comm& ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,a #hfg-iji ,,company--,duties & ,responsibilities ( ! ,capta9 & ! ,lieut5ants--,devolution ( ,"w & ,responsibility--,duties & ,responsibilities ( ! ,fir/ ,s]geant & o!r ,noncommission$ ,(fic]s--,cont5tm5t & ,h>mony--,efficaci\s ,=ms ( ,company ,puni%m5t--,prop]ty ,responsibility--,books & ,records4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,discipl9e--,def9ition--,me?ods ( #iaj-iaf ,atta9+ ,good ,discipl9e--,importance--,s\nd ,discipl9e-- ,puni%m5t--,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,miscellane\s ,,subjects ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,company ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,company ,,tra9+ ,,& #iag-ida ,,in/ruction--,object ( ,tra9+ & ,in/ruction--,me?od & ,progression--,individual ,initiative--,! ,human ,elem5t-- ,art ( ,in/ruction on ! ,gr\nd--,ocul> ,demon/ration4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,common ,,s5se ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,appli$ #idb-iec ,,m9or ,,tactics--,art ( ,w> ,def9$--,responsibilities ( ,(fic]s & ,noncommission$ ,(fic]s 9 ,w>--,g5]al ,rules & ,pr9ciples ( ,map ,problems1 ,t]ra9 ,ex]cises1 ! ,w> ,game1 & ,maneuv]s--,e/imat+ ! ,situation-- ,mission4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,map ,,problems #ied-ieh ,,= ,,noncommission$ ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,privates--,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,deliv]+ ,,messages4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,in=mation--,g5]al #iei-ajai ,pr9ciples ( ,patroll+--,sizes ( ,patrols--,patrol ,lead]s--,patrol ,=mations--,messages & ,reports-- ,sugge/ions = ,ga9+ ,in=mation ab\t ! ,enemy-- ,sugge/ions = ! ,reconnaissance ( ,v>i\s ,positions & ,localities--,demolitions--,problems 9 ,patroll+4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,security--,g5]al #ajbj-ajgi pr9ciples--,advance ,gu>d--,advance ,gu>d ,problems-- ,flank ,gu>ds--,re> ,gu>d--,outpo/s--,=mation ( ,outpo/s--,outgu>ds--,flags ( ,truce--,deta*$ ,po/s-- ,exam9+ ,po/s--,e/abli%+ ! ,outpo/--,outpo/ ,ord]--,int]communication--,outpo/ ,problems4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,company ,,on ,,outpo/--,e/abli%+ #ajhj ! ,outpo/4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,company ,,9 ,,sc\t+ ,,& ,,patroll+ #ajha-ajij --,requisites ( a ,good ,sc\t--,eyesight & he>+-- ,f9d+ ,way 9 ,/range ,c\ntry--,:at to d :5 ,lo/-- ,l&m>ks--,concealm5t & ,dodg+--,track+--,! ,m\se & ,cat ,conte/--,flag ,/eal+ ,conte/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,night ,,op]ations--,importance--,tra9+ #ajia-aajh ( ! ,company--,individual ,tra9+--,collective ,tra9+--,outpo/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,field ,,eng9e]+--,bridges--,corduroy+-- #aaji-aaci ,tasc9es--,hurdles--,bru% ,revetm5t--,gabions--,o!r ,revetm5ts--,knots--,la%+s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,field ,,=tifications--,object-- #aadj-aagb ,classification--,ha/y ,intr5*m5ts--,ly+ ,tr5*-- ,kneel+ ,tr5*--,/&+ ,tr5*--,delib]ate ,intr5*m5ts--,fire ,tr5*es--,trav]ses--,tr5* recesses2 sortie /eps--,p>ados--,head ,cov]--,not*es & ,loopholes--,cov] ,tr5*es--,dug\ts--,communicat+ ,tr5*es--,look\ts--,support+ ,po9ts--,example ( ,tr5* ,sy/em--,location ( ,tr5*es--,concealm5t ( ,tr5*es-- ,dummy ,tr5*es--,l5g? ( ,tr5*--,prep>ation ( ,=egr\nd--,revetm5ts--,dra9age--,wat] ,supply-- ,latr9es--,illum9ation ( ! =egr\nd--,telephones-- ,siege ,works4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,ob/acles--,object--,necessity = #aagc-aaic ,ob/acles--,location--,abatis--,palisade s--,fraises-- ,*eveaux de ,frise--,ob/acles aga9/ ,cavalry--,wire ,entanglem5ts--,"t & ,mat]ials--,wire ,f5ce--,milit>y ,pits or ,tr\s de ,l\p--,miscellane\s ,b>ricades-- ,inundations--,ob/acles 9 ,front ( ,outgu>ds--,lessons f ! ,european ,w>--,wire ,*eveaux de ,frise--,gu>d+ ,ob/acles--,li/5+ ,po/s--,automatic ,al>ms--,se>* ,lights4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,tr5* ,,& ,,m9e ,,w>f>e--,asphyxiat+ #aaid-abaa ,gases--,protection aga9/ ,gases--,liquid ,fire-- ,gr5ades--,bombs--,a]ial ,m9es--,w+$ ,torp$oes--,bombs f ,air-,craft--,protection aga9/ ,h& ,gr5ades-- ,tanks--,helmets--,masks--,p]iscopes--,s nip]scopes--,aids to ,fir+--,m9+--,c\nt]m9+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,m>*es--,m>*+ ,pr9cipal ,occupation #abab-abbi ( ,troops 9 ,campaign-,physical ,tra9+ ,h>d5+ ,new ,troops--,long ,m>*es ,n to ,be ,made ) ,untra9$ ,troops--,a ,successful ,m>*--,prep>ation--,/>t+-- ,conduct ( ,m>*--,rate--,m>*+ ,capacity--,halts-- ,cross+ ,bridges & ,=ds--,/raggl+ & ,elongation ( ,column--,=c$ ,m>*es--,night ,m>*es--,no ,complim5ts ,paid on ,m>*--,protection on ,m>*--,fitt+ ( ,%oes & ,c>e ( ,feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,camps--,selection ( ,camp ,sites-- #abcj-abdj ,desirable ,camp ,sites--,undesirable ,camp ,sites--,=m & ,dim5sions ( ,camps--,mak+ ,camp--,retreat 9 ,camp-- ,p>ade ,gr\nd--,w9d/orms--,mak+ ,t5t ,poles & ,pegs ,fa/ 9 ,loose ,soil--,trees4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,camp ,,sanitation--,def9ition--,camp #abda-abee ,exp$i5ts--,latr9es--,ur9al ,tubs--,kit*5s--,kit*5 ,pits--,inc9]ators--,dra9age--,avoid+ ,old ,camp ,sites-- ,*ang+ ,camp ,sites--,bunks--,wood--,wat]--,rules ( ,sanitation--,y\r ,camp1 ,y\r ,home4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,individual ,,cook+--,mak+ ,fire-- #abef-abge ,recipes--,meats--,vegetables--,dr9ks--, hot ,breads-- ,em]g5cy ,ration4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,clo?+ ,,& #abgf-acbj ,,equipm5t--,clo?+--,press+--,remov+ ,/a9s-- ,%oes--,clo? ,equipm5t--,wa%+--,%elt] ,t5t--,mess ,outfit--,lea!r ,equipm5t--,po9ts to ,be ,rememb]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,rifle #acba-acdc --,importance--,c>e ( ,bore--,h[ to ,remove ,f\l+--,c>e ( ,me*anism & ,v>i\s ,p>ts--,h[ to ,apply ,oil--,army ,regulation ,p>agraphs ,ab\t ,rifle--,nom5clature ( ,rifle4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,rifle ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction ,object & ,explanation ( ,our ,sy/em ( ,in/ruction-- #acdd-adej ,individual ,in/ruction--,!ory ( ,sight+--,k9ds ( ,sights--,prelim9>y ,drills--,position & ,aim+ ,drills-- ,deflection & ,elevation ,correction ,drills--,gall]y ,practice--,range ,practice--,use ( ,sl+--,designation ( ,w9ds--,z]o ( ,rifle--,e/imat+ ,di/ances--,w9d-- ,temp]ature--,light--,mirage--,combat ,practice--,fire ,discipl9e--,te*nical ,pr9ciples ( ,fir+--,balli/ic ,qualities ( ! ,rifle--,cone ( ,fire--,%ot ,gr\p--,c5t] ( ,impact--,beat5 ,zone--,zone ( ,effective ,fire-- ,effectiv5ess ( ,fire--,influ5ce ( ,gr\nd--,graz+ ,fire--,rico*et ,%ots--,occupation ( ,gr\nd--,adju/m5t ( ,fire--,det]m9ation ( ,range--,comb9$ ,sights-- ,auxili>y ,aim+ ,po9ts--,fir+ at ,mov+ ,t>gets-- ,night ,fir+--,fire ,direction & ,control--,di/ribution ( ,fire--,individual ,in/ruction 9 ,fire ,di/ribution-- ,designation ( ,t>gets--,ex]cises 9 ,rang+1 ,t>get ,designation ,communication1 etc4 ,,"p ,v ,,c>e ,,( ,,heal? ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,heal?--,importance ( ,good #adea-adfi ,heal?--,g]ms--,! ,five ,ways ( ,cat*+ ,disease-- ,diseases ,caught by ,brea?+ 9 ,g]ms--,diseases ,caught by ,swall[+ ,g]ms--,disease ,caught by ,t\*+ ,g]ms-- ,diseases ,caught f ,bit+ ,insects4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e--,keep ! ,sk9 ,clean-- #adgj-adgg ,keep ! ,body ,prop]ly ,protect$ aga9/ ! ,wea!r-- ,keep ! ,body ,prop]ly ,f$--,keep ! ,body ,suppli$ ) ,fre% ,air--,keep ! ,body well ,ex]cis$--,keep ! ,body ,re/$ by ,suffici5t ,sleep--,keep ! ,body ,free ( ,wa/es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,to ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,injur$ #adgh-aebb --,object( ,tea*+ ,fir/ ,aid--,asphyxiation by ,gas-- ,bite ( ,dog--,bite ( ,snake--,ble$+--,brok5 ,bones 7,fractures7--,burns--,bruises--,cuts--, dislocations-- ,dr[n+--,electric ,%ock--,fa9t+--,=eign ,body 9 ,eye1 9 ,e>--,freez+--,fro/ ,bite--,heada*e--,heat ,exhau/ion-- ,poison--,spra9s--,sunburn--,sun/roke--, w\nds--,improvis$ ,litt]s4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,milit>y ,,deportm5t ,,& ,,appe>ance-- #aebc-aeca ,,p]sonal ,,cleanl9ess--,,=ms ,,( ,,spee*--,,deliv]y ,,( ,,messages4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy--,its ,importance--,nature #aecb-aege ( ,salutes & ,_! ,orig9--,:om to ,salute--,:5 & ,h[ to ,salute--,usual ,mi/akes 9 ,salut+--,respect to ,be ,paid ! ,national ,an!m1 ! ,colors & ,/&>ds4 ,,"p ,,vii ,,gu>d ,,duty ,importance--,respect = ,s5t9els--,classification ( #aegf-aheg ,gu>ds--,g5]al ,rules--,! ,comm&+ ,(fic]--,! ,(fic] ( ! ,day--,! ,comm&] ( ! ,gu>d--,s]geant ( ! ,gu>d--,corporal ( ! ,gu>d--,musicians ( ! ,gu>d--,ord]lies & ,color ,s5t9els--,privates ( ! ,gu>d--,c\nt]signs & ,p>oles--,gu>d ,patrols-- ,complim5ts f ,gu>ds--,g5]al ,rules ,conc]n+ ,gu>d ,duty--,/able ,gu>ds--,troop ,/able ,gu>ds--,reveille & ,retreat ,gun--,=mal ,gu>d ,m\nt+--,in=mal ,gu>d ,m\nt+4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,milit>y ,,organization ,composition ( ,infantry1 ,cavalry & ,field ,artill]y #aheh ,units up to & ,includ+ ! ,regim5t4 ,,"p ,,ix ,,map ,,read+ ,,& ,,sket*+ ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,map ,,read+--,def9ition ( ,map--,ability to #ahei-ahgg ,read a ,map--,scales--,me?ods ( ,repres5t+ ,scales-- ,con/ruction ( ,scales--,scale ,problems--,scal+ ,di/ances f a ,map--,cont\rs--,map ,di/ances--,slopes-- ,m]idians--,det]m9ation ( ,positions ( ,po9ts on ,map-- ,ori5tation--,conv5tional ,signs--,visibility4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,sket*+--,! ,diff]5t ,me?ods #ahgh-ahic ( ,sket*+--,location ( ,po9ts by ,int]section-- ,location ( po9ts by ,resection--,location ( ,po9ts by ,trav]s+--,cont\rs--,=m ,l9es--,scales--,position ,sket*+--,outpo/ ,sket*+--,road ,sket*+--,comb9$ ,sket*+--,po9ts = ,beg9n]s to ,rememb]4 ,,prelude ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ #a4 ,prelude4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! object & advantages ( milit>y tra9+1 z !y are ! natural & logical prelude to ! subject ( milit>y tra9+ & in/ruction4 ,object #b4 ,! object ( all milit>y tra9+ is to w9 battles4 ,ev]y?+ t y d 9 milit>y tra9+ is done ) "s imm$iate object 9 view1 :i*1 9 turn1 has 9 view ! f9al object ( w9n+ battles4 ,= example3 #c4 ,sett+-up ex]cises4 ,! object ( ! sett+-up ex]cises1 z ! "n indicates1 is to give ! new m5 ! set-up1--! be>+ & c>riage1--( ! milit>y man4 ,9 addition ^! ex]cises s]ve to loos5 up 8 muscles & prep>e !m = 8 lat] exp]i5ces & developm5t4 #d4 ,cali/h5ics4 ,cali/h5ics may be call$ ! big bro!r1 ! gr[n-up =m1 ( ! sett+-up ex]cise4 ,! object ( cali/h5ics is to develop & /r5g!n all p>ts & muscles ( ! human body1--! back1 ! legs1 ! arms1 ! lungs1 ! he>t & all o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,fir/ & =emo/ a fight+ man's "w dep5ds ^u 8 physical fitness4 ,to beg9 )1 a soldi]'s m9d mu/ always be on ! al]t & equal to any /ra91 & no man's m9d c be at its be/ :5 he is h&icapp$ by a weak or ail+ body4 ,! "w ( ! fight+ man makes h>% dem&s on 8 body4 ,x mu/ be /rong en\gh to und]go ! /ra9 ( m>*+ :5 e muscle cries out = re/2 /rong en\gh to hold a rifle /eady "u fatigue & excitem5t2 /rong en\gh to )/& all sorts ( wea!r1 & ! t]rible n]v\s & physical /ra9 ( mod]n battle2 & m1 x mu/ be /rong en\gh to resi/ ^? diseases ( campaign :i* kill m m5 ?an d ! bullets ( ! enemy4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( develop+ & /r5g!n+ e "p & muscle ( ! body4 #e4 ,fac+s & ,m>*+s4 ,! object ( ! fac+s & m>*+s is to give ! soldi] complete control ( 8 body 9 drills1 s t he c get ar\nd ) ease & promptness at e comm&4 ,! m>*+s1--! milit>y walk & run1--also tea* ! soldi] h[ to get f "o place to ano!r 9 campaign ) ! lea/ am\nt ( physical ex]tion4 ,e man kn[s h[ to walk & run1 b few ( !m h[ to d s )\t mak+ extra "w ( x4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples 9 tra9+ ! body ( ! soldi] is to make ea* set ( muscles d its own "w & save ! /r5g? ( ! o!r muscles = _! "w4 ,?us ! soldi] m>*es 9 quick "t1--walks1--) 8 legs1 keep+ ! re/ ( 8 body z free f motion z possible4 ,he m>*es 9 d\ble "t1--runs1--) an easy sw++ /ride :i* requires no ef=t on ! "p ( ! muscles ( ! body4 ,! m>*+s also tea* ! soldi] to walk & run at a /eady gait4 ,= example1 9 m>*+ 9 quick "t1 he takes #abj /eps ea* m9ute2 9 d\ble "t1 he takes #ahj p] m9ute4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m>*+s tea* ! soldi] to walk & run ) o!rs1--t is1 9 a body4 #f4 ,salut+4 ,! =m ( salutation & greet+ = ! civilian consi/s 9 rais+ ! hat4 ,! =m ( salutation & greet+ = ! milit>y man consi/s 9 r5d]+ ! milit>y salute1--a =m ( salutation :i* m>ks y z a memb] ( ! ,frat]nity ( ,m5-at-arms1 m5 b&$ toge!r = national def5se1 b\nd to ea* o!r by love ( c\ntry & pl$g$ to ! loyal support ( its symbol1 ! ,flag4 ,= ! full significance ( ! milit>y salute see p>agraph #aecd4 #g4 ,manual ( ,arms4 ,! rifle is ! soldi]'s fight+ weapon & he mu/ become s accu/om$ to ! feel ( x t he h&les x )\t a ?\ght1--j z he h&les 8 arms or legs )\t a ?\ght1--& ?is is :at ! manual ( arms accompli%es4 ,! diff]5t movem5ts & positions ( ! rifle are ! ones t exp]i5ce has taught are ! be/ & ! easie/ to accompli% ! object 9 view4 #h4 ,s*ool ( ! ,squad4 ,! object ( squad drill is to tea* ! soldi] 8 fir/ lesson 9 team-"w1--& team-"w is ! ?+ t w9s battles4 ,9 ! squad ! soldi] is associat$ ) sev5 o!r m5 ) :om he drills1 eats1 sleeps1 m>*es1 & fights4 ,! squad is ! unit ^u :i* all ( ! "w ( ! company dep5ds4 ,unless ! m5 ( ea* squad "w toge!r z a s+le man1--unless !re is team-"w1--! "w ( ! company is almo/ impossible4 #i4 ,company ,drill4 ,sev]al squads are b&$ toge!r into a company1--! basic fight+ unit4 ,9 ord] = a company to be able to comply promptly ) ! w ( its comm&]1 x mu/ be l a pliable1 easily manag$ in/rum5t4 ,& 9 ord] to w9 battles a company on ! fir+ l9e mu/ be able to comply promptly ) ! w ( its comm&]4 ,! object ( company drill is to get su* team-"w among/ ! squads t ! company w at all times move & act l a pliable1 easily manag$ :ole4 #aj4 ,close ,ord]4 ,9 close ord] drill ! /ricte/ att5tion is paid to all ! little details1 all movem5ts be+ execut$ ) ! greate/ precision4 ,! soldi]s be+ close toge!r1--9 close ord]1--!y =m a compact body t is easily manag$1 & consequ5tly t l5ds itself well to tea*+ ! soldi] habits ( att5tion1 precision1 team-"w & in/ant ob$i5ce to ! voice ( 8 comm&]4 ,9 ord] to control & h&le bodies ( m5 quickly & )\t confusion1 !y mu/ be taught to gr\p !mselves 9 an ord]ly arrangem5t & to move 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,= example1 soldi]s are gr\p$ or =m$ 9 l9e1 9 column ( squads1 column ( files1 etc4 ,9 close ord] drill soldi]s are taught to move 9 an ord]ly mann] f "o gr\p or =mation to ano!r2 h[ to /&1 /ep (f1 m>*1 halt & h&le _! rifles all toge!r4 ,?is practice makes ! soldi] feel p]fectly at home & at ease 9 ! squad & company4 ,he becomes accu/om$ to work+ side by side ) ! man next to him1 &1 unconsci\sly1 bo? get into ! habit ( work+ toge!r1 ?us le>n+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( team-"w4 #aa4 ,ext5d$ ,ord]4 ,?is is ! fight+ drill4 ,mod]n fire arms h su* great p5etration t if ! soldi]s 7 all bun*$ toge!r a s+le bullet might kill or disable sev]al m5 & ! explosion ( a s+le %ell might kill or disable a :ole company4 ,consequ5tly1 soldi]s mu/ be scatt]$1--ext5d$ out1--to fight4 ,9 ext5d$ ord] n only d ! soldi]s furni% a small] t>get = ! enemy to %oot at1 b !y also get room 9 :i* to fight ) great] ease & fre$om4 ,! object ( ext5d$ ord] drill is to practice ! squads 9 team-"w by :i* !y are weld$ into a s+le fight+ ma*9e t c be readily controll$ by its comm&]4 #ab4 ,p>ades1 reviews1 & o!r c]emonies4 ,p>ades1 reviews & o!r c]emonies1 ) _! m>tial music1 ! pres5ce ( spectators1 etc41 are int5d$ to /imulate ! int]e/ & excite ! milit>y _s ( ! comm&4 ,also1 be+ occasions = :i* ! soldi]s dress up & appe> spruce & trim1 !y inculcate habits ( tid9ess1--!y tea* a lesson 9 cleanl9ess ( body & clo!s4 ,:ile x is true x may be said t p>ades1 reviews & o!r c]emonies =m no practical "p ( ! fight+ man's tra9+ = battle1 !y nev]!less s]ve a v useful purpose 9 8 g5]al tra9+4 ,9 ^! c]emonies 9 :i* soldi]s m>* to m>tial music ) flags fly+1 mov+ & go+ ?r\gh ! manual ( arms ) p]fect precision & unison1 !re results a conc]t$ movem5t t produces a feel+ su* z we h :5 we dance or :5 we s+ 9 *orus4 ,9 o!r words1 c]emonies are a sort ( get-toge!r ex]cise :i* pulls m5 toge!r 9 spite ( !mselves1 giv+ !m a %\ld]-to-%\ld] feel+ ( solidity & p[] t helps to build up t confid5ce & _s :i* w9s battles4 #ac4 ,discipl9e4 ,by discipl9e we mean ! habit ( obs]v+ all rules & regulations & ( obey+ promptly all ord]s4 ,by obs]v+ day aft] day all rules & regulations & obey+ promptly all ord]s1 x becomes second nature1--a fix$ habit1--to d ^! ?+s4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! ,army1 l 9 any o!r walk ( life1 !re mu/ be law & ord]1 :i* is impossible unless ev]yone obeys ! rules & regulations gott5 up by ^? 9 au?ority4 ,:5 a man has cultivat$ ! habit ( obey+1--:5 ob$i5ce has become second nature ) him1--he obeys ! ord]s ( 8 lead]s in/9ctively1 ev5 :5 "u ! /ress ( great excitem5t1 su* z :5 9 battle1 8 own reason+ is confus$ & 8 m9d is n work+4 ,9 ord] to w9 a battle ! w ( ! comm&] z express$ ?r\gh 8 subord9ates d[n ! l9e f ! second 9 comm& to ! squad lead]s1 mu/ be c>ri$ out by ev]yone4 ,h5ce ! vital importance ( prompt1 in/9ctive ob$i5ce on ! "p ( ev]ybody1 & ( discipl9e1 :i* is ! ma9spr+ ( ob$i5ce & also ! f\ndation rock ( law & ord]4 ,& s c\ld we g on indef9itely po9t+ out ! object ( ea* & e requirem5t ( milit>y tra9+1 = !re is none t has no object & t answ]s no useful purpose1 al?\gh ! object & purpose may n always be app>5t to ! "y soldi]4 ,& rememb] t ! f9al object ( all milit>y tra9+ is to w9 battles4 ,advantages ( ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal advantages ( milit>y tra9+3 #ad4 ,h&9ess4 ,! av]age man does "o ?+ well4 ,he is m or less apt to be clumsy ab\t do+ o!r ?+s4 ,! soldi] is con/antly call$ ^u to d all sorts ( ?+s1 & he has to d all ( !m well4 ,8 h&s ?us become tra9$ & useful to him1 & 8 m9d gets into ! habit ( mak+ 8 h&s d :at is requir$ ( !m1--t is to say1 ! soldi] becomes h&y4 ,h&y arms are a valuable asset4 #ae4 ,self-control4 ,9 ! "w ( ! soldi]1 control does n /op ) ! h&s4 ,! m9d rea*es out1--control ( ! body becomes a habit4 ,! feet1 legs1 arms & body gradually come "u ! sway ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! position ( ! soldi]1 = in/ance1 ! m9d holds ! body motionless4 ,9 m>*+1 ! m9d drives ! legs to ma*9e-l regul>ity4 ,9 %oot+1 ! m9d assumes comm& ( ! arms1 h&s1 f+]s & eye1 l9k+ !m up & mak+ !m "w 9 h>mony4 ,control ( ! body1 toge!r ) ! habit ( discipl9e t ! soldi] acquires1 leads to control ( ! m9d1--t is1 to self-control4 ,self-control is an important factor 9 success 9 any walk ( life4 #af4 ,loyalty4 ,loyalty to 8 comrades1 to 8 company1 to 8 battalion1 to 8 regim5t becomes a religion ) ! soldi]4 ,!y are a "p ( 8 life4 ,_! reputation is 82 _! good "n1 8 good "n2 _! int]e/s1 8 int]e/s1--s1 loyalty to !m is b natural1 & ?is loyalty soon ext5ds to loyalty 9 g5]al4 ,:5 y say a man is loyal ! _w consid]s t y h paid him a high tribute4 #ag4 ,ord]l9ess4 ,9 ! milit>y s]vice ord] & sy/em are wat*words4 ,! smoo? runn+ ( ! milit>y ma*9e dep5ds on !m4 ,! c>e & att5tion t ! soldi] is requir$ to give at all times to 8 clo!s1 acc\t]m5ts1 equipm5t & o!r belong+s1 in/ill 9 him habits ( ord]l9ess4 ,ord]l9ess increases ! value ( a man4 #ah4 ,self-confid5ce & self-respect4 ,self-confid5ce is f\nd$ on "o's ability to d ?+s4 ,! soldi] is taught to def5d himself ) 8 rifle1 & to take c>e ( himself & to d ?+s 9 almo/ any sort ( a situation1 all ( :i* gives him confid5ce 9 himself1--self-confid5ce4 ,respect = con/itut$ au?ority1 :i* is a "p ( ! soldi]'s cre$1 tea*es him respect = himself1--self-respect4 ,self-confid5ce & self-respect are a cr$it to any man4 #ai4 ,eyes tra9$ to obs]ve4 ,gu>d duty1 outpo/ duty1 patroll+1 sc\t+ & t>get practice1 tra9 bo? ! eye & ! m9d to obs]ve4 ,p[] ( obs]vation is a valuable faculty = a man to possess4 #bj4 ,teamwork4 ,9 drill+1 patroll+1 m>*+1 maneuv]s & 9 o!r phases ( 8 tra9+ & in/ruction1 ! soldi] is taught ! pr9ciples ( team-"w1--cooep]ation1--^: s\l is loyalty1 a trait ( e good soldi]4 ,teamwork1--cooep]ation1--leads to success 9 life4 #ba4 ,he$+ law & ord]4 ,! c>d9al habit ( ! soldi] is ob$i5ce4 ,to obey ord]s & regulations is a habit ) ! soldi]4 ,& ?is habit ( obey+ ord]s & regulations tea*es him to he$ law & ord]4 ,! man :o he$s law & ord] is a welcome memb] ( any community4 #bb4 ,s\nd body4 ,milit>y tra9+1 ) its drills1 m>*es1 & o!r =ms ( physical ex]cise1 toge!r ) its regul> habits & outdoor "w1 keeps a man physically fit1 giv+ him a s\nd body4 ,a s\nd body1 ) ! physical ex]cise & outdoor life ( ! soldi]1 means good dige/ion1 /r5g?1 h>d9ess & endurance4 ,a s\nd body is1 inde$1 "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ( life4 ,! ,tra9$ ,soldi] #bc4 ,look at ! tra9$ soldi] on ! foll[+ page2 /udy him c>efully f top to bottom1 & see :at milit>y tra9+ does = a man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tra9$ ,,soldi] ,,:at ,,d ,,y ,,?9k ,,( ,,him1 ,,eh8 ,,"p ,i ,,drills1 ,,ex]cises1 ,,c]emonies ,,& ,,inspections ,,*apt] ,i ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations 7,to include ,*anges ,no4 #bj1 ,aug4 #ah1 #aiag47 ,,def9itions 7,! numb]s foll[+ ! p>agraphs are ^? ( ! ,drill ,regulations1 & ref]5ces 9 ! text to c]ta9 p>agraph numb]s ref] to ^! numb]s & n to ! numb]s prec$+ ! p>agraphs47 7,,note4--,company drills naturally become monoton\s4 ,! monotony1 h[ev]1 c be greatly r$uc$ by repeat+ ! drills "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,9 ! manual ( arms1 = in/ance1 ! company may be br\ght to op5 ranks & ! (fic]s & s]geants direct$ to sup]9t5d ! drill 9 ! front & re> ranks4 ,z ! m5 make mi/akes !y are fall5 out & drill$ ne>by by an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic]4 ,or1 ! company may be divid$ into squads1 ea* squad lead] drill+ 8 squad1 fall+ out ! m5 z !y make mi/akes1 ! m5 ?us fall5 out report+ to a designat$ (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] = drill4 ,! m5 :o h drill$ ! longe/ 9 ! diff]5t squads are !n =m$ into "o squad & drill$ & fall5 out 9 l mann]4 ,! v>iety ?us introduc$ /imulates a _s ( int]e/ & rivalry t robs ! drill ( mu* ( its monotony4 ,x is ?\ght ! in/ruction ( a company 9 drill is be/ atta9$ by plac+ special /ress on squad drill4 ,! noncommission$ (fic]s %\ld be ?or\ghly in/ruct$1 practically & !oretically1 by "o ( ! company (fic]s & !n be requir$ to in/ruct _! squads4 ,! squads are !n unit$ & drill$ 9 ! s*ool ( ! company4--,au?or47 ,,def9itions #bd4 ,alignm5t3 ,a /raight l9e ^u :i* sev]al elem5ts are =m$1 or are to be =m$2 or ! dress+ ( sev]al elem5ts ^u a /raight l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,,note4--,! l9e ,a-,b1 on :i* a body ( troops is =m$ or is to be =m$1 or ! act ( dress+ a body ( troops on ! l9e1 is call$ an alignm5t4--,au?or4 #be4 ,base3 ,! elem5t on :i* a movem5t is regulat$4 #bf4 ,battle sight3 ,! position ( ! re> sight :5 ! leaf is laid d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #bg4 ,c5t]3 ,! middle po9t or elem5t ( a comm&4 7,see ,figs4 #b1 #c & #e47 7,! designation c5t] company1 indicates ! "r c5t] or ! actual c5t] company1 accord+ z ! numb] ( companies is ev5 or odd4--,p>4 #bih47 #bh4 ,column3 ,a =mation 9 :i* ! elem5ts are plac$ "o beh9d ano!r4 7,see ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f47 #bi4 ,deploy3 ,to ext5d ! front4 ,9 g5]al to *ange f column to l9e1 or f close ord] to ext5d$ ord]4 #cj4 ,dep?3 ,! space f head to re> ( any =mation1 includ+ ! lead+ & re> elem5ts4 ,! dep? ( a man is assum$ to be #ab in*es4 7,see ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f47 #ca4 ,di/ance3 ,space betwe5 elem5ts 9 ! direction ( dep?4 ,di/ance is measur$ f ! back ( ! man 9 front to ! brea/ ( ! man 9 re>4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ranks is #dj in*es 9 bo? l9e & column4 7,see ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #cb4 ,elem5t3 ,a file1 squad1 platoon1 company1 or l>g] body1 =m+ "p ( a /ill l>g] body4 #cc4 ,file3 ,two m51 ! front-rank man & ! correspond+ man ( ! re> rank4 ,! front-rank man is ! file lead]4 ,a file :i* has no re>-rank man is a blank file4 ,! t]m file applies also to a s+le man 9 a s+le-rank =mation4 #cd4 ,file clos]s3 ,su* (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s ( a company z are po/$ 9 re> ( ! l9e4 ,= conv5i5ce1 all m5 po/$ 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s4 #ce4 ,flank3 ,! "r or left ( a comm& 9 l9e or 9 column2 also ! elem5t on ! "r or left ( ! l9e4 7,see ,figs4 #b1 #c & #d47 #cf4 ,=mation3 ,arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts ( a comm&4 ,! plac+ ( all fractions 9 _! ord] 9 l9e1 9 column1 or = battle4 #cg4 ,front3 ,! space1 9 wid?1 occupi$ by an elem5t1 ei!r 9 l9e or 9 column4 ,! front ( a man is assum$ to be #bb in*es4 ,front also d5otes ! direction ( ! enemy4 7,see ,figs4 #b1 #c & #e74 #ch4 ,guide3 ,an (fic]1 noncommission$ (fic]1 or private ^u :om ! comm& or elem5ts !re( regulates its m>*4 #ci4 ,head3 ,! lead+ elem5t ( a column4 7,see ,figs4 #d1 #e & #f47 #dj4 ,int]val3 ,space betwe5 elem5ts ( ! same l9e4 ,! int]val betwe5 m5 9 ranks is #d in*es & is measur$ f elb[ to elb[4 ,betwe5 companies1 squads1 etc41 x is measur$ f ! left elb[ ( ! left man or guide ( ! gr\p on ! "r1 to ! "r elb[ ( ! "r man or guide ( ! gr\p on ! left4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 #da4 ,left3 ,! left extremity or elem5t ( a body ( troops4 #db4 ,l9e3 ,a =mation 9 :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts are abrea/ ( ea* o!r4 7,see ,figs4 #b & #c47 #dc4 ,ord]1 close3 ,! =mation 9 :i* ! units1 9 d\ble rank1 are arrang$ 9 l9e or 9 column ) normal int]vals & di/ances4 #dd4 ,ord]1 ext5d$3 ,! =mation 9 :i* ! units are sep>at$ by int]vals great] ?an 9 close ord]4 #de4 ,pace3 ,?irty in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! full /ep 9 quick "t4 #df4 ,po9t ( re/3 ,! po9t at :i* a =mation beg9s4 ,specifically1 ! po9t t[>d :i* units are align$ 9 successive movem5ts4 #dg4 ,rank3 ,a l9e ( m5 plac$ side by side4 #dh4 ,"r3 ,! "r extremity or elem5t ( a body ( troops4 #di4 ,,note4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! ^w ,e*elon is a t]m ( su* common usage1 ! foll[+ def9ition is giv53 ,by e*elon we mean a =mation 9 :i* ! subdivisions are plac$ "o beh9d ano!r1 ext5d+ beyond & unmask+ "o ano!r ei!r :olly or 9 "p4--,au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battalion ,,9 ,,e*elon3 ,,companies ,,unmask+ ,,:olly ,illu/ration3 ,,battalion ,,9 ,,e*elon3 ,,companies ,,unmask+ ,,9 ,,"p ,,introduction #ej4 ,object ( milit>y tra9+4 ,success 9 battle is ! ultimate object ( all milit>y tra9+2 success may be look$ = only :5 ! tra9+ is intellig5t & ?or\gh4 7#a7 #ea4 ,comm&+ (fic]s acc\ntable = prop] tra9+ ( organizations2 field effici5cy2 team-"w4 ,comm&+ (fic]s are acc\ntable = ! prop] tra9+ ( _! respective organizations )9 ! limits prescrib$ by regulations & ord]s4 7#b7 ,! excell5ce ( an organization is judg$ by its field effici5cy4 ,! field effici5cy ( an organization dep5ds prim>ily ^u its effectiv5ess z a :ole4 ,?or\ghness & uni=mity 9 ! tra9+ ( ! units ( an organization are indisp5sable to ! effici5cy ( ! :ole2 x is by su* means alone t ! requisite team-"w may be develop$4 #eb4 ,simple movem5ts & ela/ic =mations4 ,simple movem5ts & ela/ic =mations are ess5tial to correct tra9+ = battle4 7#c7 #ec4 ,drill ,regulations a ,guide2 _! int]pretation4 ,! ,drill ,regulations are furni%$ z a guide4 ,!y provide ! pr9ciples = tra9+ & = increas+ ! probability ( success 9 battle4 7#d7 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ! regulations1 ! _s mu/ be s\ght4 ,quibbl+ ov] ! m9utiae ( =m is indicative ( failure to grasp ! _s4 #ed4 ,combat pr9ciples4 ,! pr9ciples ( combat are consid]$ 9 ,p>s4 #ej-cfc4 ,!y are treat$ 9 ! v>i\s s*ools includ$ 9 ,"p ,i ( ! ,drill ,regulations only to ! ext5t necess>y to indicate ! functions ( ! v>i\s comm&]s & ! division ( responsibility betwe5 !m4 ,! amplification necess>y to a prop] und]/&+ ( _! application is to be s\ght 9 ,p>s4 #cfd-fac4 7#e7 #ee4 ,drills at att5tion1 c]emonies1 ext5d$ ord]1 field ex]cises & combat ex]cises4 ,! foll[+ important di/9ctions mu/ be obs]v$3 7a7 ,drills execut$ at att5tion & ! c]emonies are discipl9>y ex]cises design$ to tea* precise & soldi]ly movem5t1 & to inculcate t prompt & subconsci\s ob$i5ce :i* is ess5tial to prop] milit>y control4 ,to ?is end1 sm>tness & precision %\ld be exact$ 9 ! execution ( e detail4 ,su* drills %\ld be frequ5t1 b %ort4 7b7 ,! purpose ( ext5d$ ord] drill is to tea* ! me*anism ( deploym5t ( ! fir+1 &1 9 g5]al1 ( ! employm5t ( troops 9 combat4 ,su* drills are 9 ! nature ( discipl9>y ex]cises & %\ld be frequ5t1 ?or\gh1 & exact1 9 ord] to habituate m5 to ! firm control ( _! lead]s4 ,ext5d$ ord] drill is execut$ at ease4 ,! company is ! l>ge/ unit :i* executes ext5d$ ord] drill4 7c7 ,field ex]cises are = in/ruction 9 ! duties incid5t to campaign4 ,assum$ situations are employ$4 ,ea* ex]cise %\ld conclude ) a discussion1 on ! gr\nd1 ( ! ex]cise & pr9ciples involv$4 7d7 ,! combat ex]cise1 a =m ( field ex]cise ( ! company1 battalion1 & l>g] units1 consi/s ( ! application ( tactical pr9ciples to assum$ situations1 employ+ 9 ! execution ! appropriate =mations & movem5ts ( close & ext5d$ ord]4 ,combat ex]cises mu/ simulate1 z f> z possible1 ! battle conditions assum$4 ,9 ord] to famili>ize bo? (fic]s & m5 ) su* conditions1 companies & battalions w frequ5tly be consolidat$ to provide w>-/r5g? organizations4 ,(fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s n requir$ to complete ! full quota ( ! units p>ticipat+ are assign$ z obs]v]s or umpires4 ,! fir+ l9e c r>ely be controll$ by ! voice alone2 ?or\gh tra9+ to insure ! prop] use ( prescrib$ signals is necess>y4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be foll[$ by a brief drill at att5tion 9 ord] to re/ore sm>tness & control4 7#f7 #ef4 ,imag9>y1 outl9$ & repres5t$ enemy4 ,9 field ex]cises ! enemy is said to be imag9>y :5 8 position & =ce are m]ely assum$2 outl9$ :5 8 position & =ce are indicat$ by a few m52 repres5t$ :5 a body ( troops acts z su*4 7#g7 ,g5]al ,rules = ,drills & ,=mations #eg4 ,arrangem5t ( elem5ts ( prep>atory comm&4 ,:5 ! prep>atory comm& consi/s ( m ?an "o "p1 its elem5ts are arrang$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,= movem5ts to be execut$ successively by ! subdivisions or elem5ts ( an organization3 7a7 ,description ( ! movem5t2 7b7 h[ execut$1 or on :at elem5t execut$4 7,= example3 #a4 ,column ( ,companies1 fir/ company1 squads "r4 #b4 ,m>*4--,au?or47 7#b7 ,= movem5ts to be execut$ simultane\sly by ! subdivisions ( an organization3 7a7 ,! designation ( ! subdivisions2 7b7 ,! movem5t to be execut$4 7,= example3 #a4 ,squads "r4 #b4 ,m>*4--,au?or47 7#h7 #eh4 ,movem5ts execut$ t[>d ei!r flank expla9$ t[>d b "o flank4 ,movem5ts t may be execut$ t[>d ei!r flank are expla9$ z t[>d b "o flank1 x be+ necess>y to sub/itute ! ^w left = "r1 & ! rev]se1 to h ! explanation ( ! correspond+ movem5t t[>d ! o!r flank4 ,! comm&s are giv5 = ! execution ( ! movem5ts t[>d ei!r flank4 ,! sub/itute ^w ( ! comm& is plac$ )9 p>5!ses4 7#i7 #ei4 ,any movem5t may be execut$ f halt or :5 m>*+ unless o!rwise prescrib$4 ,any movem5t may be execut$ ei!r f ! halt or :5 m>*+1 unless o!rwise prescrib$4 ,if at a halt1 ! comm& = movem5ts involv+ m>*+ ne$ n be prefac$ by =w>d1 z #a4 ,column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 7#aj7 #fj4 ,any movem5t may be execut$ 9 d\ble "t unless specially except$4 ,any movem5t n specially except$ may be execut$ 9 d\ble "t4 ,if at a halt1 or if m>*+ 9 quick "t1 ! comm& d\ble "t prec$es ! comm& ( execution4 7#aa7 #fa4 ,successive movem5ts execut$ 9 d\ble "t4 ,9 successive movem5ts execut$ 9 d\ble "t ! lead+ or base unit m>*es 9 quick "t :5 n o!rwise prescrib$2 ! o!r units m>* 9 d\ble "t to _! places 9 ! =mation ord]$ & !n con=m to ! gait ( ! lead+ or base unit4 ,if m>*+ 9 d\ble "t1 ! comm& d\ble "t is omitt$4 ,! lead+ or base unit m>*es 9 quick "t2 ! o!r units cont9ue at d\ble "t to _! places 9 ! =mation ord]$ & !n con=m to ! gait ( ! lead+ or base unit4 7#ab7 #fb4 ,to ha/5 execution ( movem5t begun 9 quick "t4 ,to ha/5 ! execution ( a movem5t begun 9 quick "t1 ! comm&3 #a4 ,d\ble "t1 #b4 ,,m>*1 is giv54 ,! lead+ or base unit cont9ues to m>* 9 quick "t1 or rema9s at halt1 if already halt$2 ! o!r units complete ! execution ( ! movem5t 9 d\ble "t & !n con=m to ! gait ( ! lead+ or base unit4 7#ac7 #fc4 ,to /ay execution ( movem5t :5 m>*+1 = correction ( errors4 ,to /ay ! execution ( a movem5t :5 m>*+1 = ! correction ( errors1 ! comm&3 #a4 ,9 place1 #b4 ,,halt1 is giv54 ,all halt & /& fa/ )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! pieces4 ,to resume ! movem5t ! comm&3 #a4 ,resume1 #b4 ,,m>*1 is giv54 7#ad7 #fd4 ,to revoke prep>atory comm& or beg9 anew movem5t improp]ly begun4 ,to revoke a prep>atory comm&1 or1 be+ at a halt1 to beg9 anew a movem5t improp]ly begun1 ! comm&1 ,,z ,,y ,,71 is giv51 at :i* ! movem5t ceases & ! =m] position is resum$4 7#ae7 #fe4 ,guide4 ,unless o!rwise ann\nc$1 ! guide ( a company or subdivision ( a company 9 l9e is "r2 ( a battalion 9 l9e or l9e ( subdivisions or ( a deploy$ l9e1 c5t]2 ( a rank 9 column ( squads1 t[>d ! side ( ! guide ( ! company4 ,to m>* ) guide o!r ?an z prescrib$ above1 or to *ange ! guide3 ,guide 7"r1 left1 or c5t]74 ,9 successive =mations into l9e1 ! guide is t[>d ! po9t ( re/2 9 platoons or l>g] subdivisions x is s ann\nc$4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! guide1 :5 giv5 9 connection ) a movem5t foll[s ! comm& ( execution = t4 ,exception3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 guide "r 7left or c5t]71 #b4 ,,m>*4 7#af7 #ff4 ,turn on fix$ & mov+ pivots4 ,! turn on ! fix$ pivot by subdivisions is us$ 9 all =mations f l9e into column & ! rev]se4 ,! turn on ! mov+ pivot is us$ by subdivisions ( a column 9 execut+ *anges ( direction4 7#ag7 #fg4 ,p>tial *anges ( direction4 ,p>tial *anges ( direction may be execut$3 ,by int]polat+ 9 ! prep>atory comm& ! ^w half1 z ,column half "r 7left71 or ,"r 7left7 half turn4 ,a *ange ( direction ( #de deg4 is execut$4 ,by ! comm&3 ,,incl9e ,,to ,,! ,,"r 7,,left74 ,! guide1 or guid+ elem5t1 moves 9 ! indicat$ direction & ! rema9d] ( ! comm& con=ms4 ,?is movem5t effects slight *anges ( direction4 7#ah7 #fh4 ,l9e ( platoons1 companies1 etc4 ,! designations l9e ( platoons1 l9e ( companies1 l9e ( battalions1 etc41 ref] to ! =mations 9 :i* ! platoons1 companies1 battalions1 etc41 ea* 9 column ( squads1 are 9 l9e4 7#ai7 #fi4 ,full di/ance 9 column ( subdivisions2 guide ( lead+ subdivision *>g$ ) /ep & direction4 ,full di/ance 9 column ( subdivisions is su* t 9 =m+ l9e to ! "r or left ! subdivisions w h _! prop] int]vals4 ,9 column ( subdivisions ! guide ( ! lead+ subdivision is *>g$ ) ! /ep & direction2 ! guides 9 re> pres]ve ! trace1 /ep1 & di/ance4 7#bj7 #gj4 ,d\ble rank1 habitual close ord] =mation2 uni=mity ( int]val betwe5 files obta9$ by plac+ h& on hip4 ,9 close ord]1 all details1 deta*m5ts1 & o!r bodies ( troops are habitually =m$ 9 d\ble rank4 ,to insure uni=mity ( int]val betwe5 files :5 fall+ 91 & 9 alignm5ts1 ea* man places ! palm ( ! left h& ^u ! hip1 f+]s po9t+ d[nw>d4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! h& is dropp$ by ! side :5 ! next man on ! left has 8 int]val2 9 ! second case1 at ! comm& front4 7#ba7 #ga4 ,po/s ( (fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s1 & special units2 duties ( file clos]s4 ,! po/s ( (fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s1 special units 7su* z b& or ma*9e-gun company71 etc41 9 ! v>i\s =mations ( ! company1 battalion1 or regim5t1 are %[n 9 plates4 ,9 all *anges f "o =mation to ano!r involv+ a *ange ( po/ on ! "p ( any ( ^!1 po/s are promptly tak5 by ! mo/ conv5i5t r\te z soon z practicable aft] ! comm& ( execution = ! movem5t2 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s :o h prescrib$ duties 9 connection ) ! movem5t ord]$1 take _! new po/s :5 su* duties are complet$4 ,z in/ructors1 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s g :]ev] _! pres5ce is necess>y4 ,z file clos]s x is _! duty to rectify mi/akes & insure /ead9ess & promptness 9 ! ranks4 7#bb7 #gb4 ,special units h no fix$ po/s except at c]emonies4 ,except at c]emonies1 ! special units h no fix$ places4 ,!y take places z direct$2 9 ! abs5ce ( directions1 !y con=m z ne>ly z practicable to ! plates1 & 9 subsequ5t movem5ts ma9ta9 _! relative positions ) respect to ! flank or end ( ! comm& on :i* !y 7 orig9ally po/$4 7#bc7 ,illu/ration #gc4 ,g5]al1 field & /aff (fic]s habitually m\nt$2 =mation ( /aff2 draw+ & return+ sab]4 ,g5]al1 field1 & /aff (fic]s are habitually m\nt$4 ,! /aff ( any (fic] =ms 9 s+le rank1 #c paces 9 re> ( him1 ! "r ( ! rank ext5d+ #a pace to ! "r ( a po9t directly 9 re> ( him4 ,memb]s ( ! /aff are arrang$ 9 ord] f "r to left z foll[s3 ,g5]al /aff (fic]s1 adjutant1 aids1 o!r /aff (fic]s1 arrang$ 9 ea* classification 9 ord] ( rank1 ! s5ior on ! "r4 ,! flag ( ! g5]al (fic] & ! ord]lies are #c paces 9 re> ( ! /aff1 ! flag on ! "r4 ,:5 necess>y to r$uce ! front ( ! /aff & ord]lies1 ea* l9e executes twos "r or f\rs "r1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,cavalry ,drill ,regulations1 & foll[s ! comm&]4 ,:5 n o!rwise prescrib$1 /aff (fic]s draw & return sab] ) _! *ief4 7#bd7 #gd4 ,m\nt$ (fic] turns to left 9 execut+ ab\t2 :5 comm&] faces ab\t to give comm&s1 /aff & o!rs /& fa/4 ,9 mak+ ! ab\t1 an (fic]1 m\nt$1 habitually turns to ! left4 ,:5 ! comm&] faces to give comm&s1 ! /aff1 flag1 & ord]lies d n *ange position4 7#be7 #ge4 ,salut+ :5 mak+ & receiv+ reports2 salut+ on meet+4 ,:5 mak+ or receiv+ (ficial reports1 or on meet+ out ( doors1 all (fic]s w salute4 ,milit>y c\rtesy requires ! junior to salute fir/1 b :5 ! salute is introductory to a report made at a milit>y c]emony or =mation1 to ! repres5tative ( a common sup]ior 7z1 = example1 to ! adjutant1 (fic] ( ! day1 etc471 ! (fic] mak+ ! report1 :atev] 8 rank1 w salute fir/2 ! (fic] to :om ! report is made w ackn[l$ge by salut+ t he has receiv$ & und]/ood ! report4 7#bf7 #gf4 ,=mation ( m\nt$ enli/$ m5 = c]emonies4 ,= c]emonies1 all m\nt$ enli/$ m5 ( a regim5t or small] unit1 except ^? belong+ to ! ma*9e-gun organizations1 are consolidat$ into a deta*m5t2 ! s5ior pres5t comm&s if no (fic] is 9 *>ge4 ,! deta*m5t is =m$ z a platoon or squad ( cavalry 9 l9e or column ( f\rs2 noncommission$ /aff (fic]s are on ! "r or 9 ! lead+ ranks4 7#bg7 #gg4 ,po/ ( dism\nt$ noncommission$ /aff (fic]s = c]emonies4 ,= c]emonies1 su* ( ! noncommission$ /aff (fic]s z are dism\nt$ are =m$ #e paces 9 re> ( ! color1 9 ord] ( rank f "r to left4 ,9 column ( squads !y m>* z file clos]s4 7#bh7 #gh4 ,po/ ( noncommission$ /aff (fic]s & ord]lies o!r ?an = c]emonies4 ,o!r ?an = c]emonies1 noncommission$ /aff (fic]s & ord]lies accompany _! imm$iate *iefs unless o!rwise direct$4 ,if m\nt$1 ! noncommission$ /aff (fic]s are ord9>ily po/$ on ! "r or at ! head ( ! ord]lies4 7#bi7 #gi4 ,noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ platoon or company1 c>ry+ ( piece & tak+ ( po/4 ,9 all =mations & movem5ts a noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ a platoon or company c>ries 8 piece z ! m5 d1 if he is s arm$1 & takes ! same po/ z an (fic] 9 l situation4 ,:5 ! comm& is =m$ 9 l9e = c]emonies1 a noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ a company takes po/ on ! "r ( ! "r guide aft] ! company has be5 align$4 7#cj7 ,,ord]s1 ,,comm&s1 ,,& ,,signals #hj4 ,:5 comm&s1 signals1 & ord]s are us$4 ,comm&s only are employ$ 9 drill at att5tion4 ,o!rwise ei!r a comm&1 signal1 or ord] is employ$1 z be/ suits ! occasion1 or "o may be us$ 9 conjunction ) ano!r4 7#ca7 #ha4 ,in/ruction 9 use ( signals2 use ( headdress1 etc41 9 mak+ signals4 ,signals %\ld be freely us$ 9 in/ruction1 9 ord] t (fic]s & m5 may readily "k !m4 ,9 mak+ arm signals1 ! sab]1 rifle1 or headdress may be held 9 ! h&4 7#cb7 #hb4 ,fix+ ( att5tion2 a signal includes comm& ( prep>ation & ( execution4 ,(fic]s & m5 fix _! att5tion at ! fir/ ^w ( comm&1 ! fir/ note ( ! bugle or :i/le1 or ! fir/ motion ( ! signal4 ,a signal includes bo? ! prep>atory comm& & ! comm& ( execution2 ! movem5t comm5ces z soon z ! signal is und]/ood1 unless o!rwise prescrib$4 7#cc7 #hc4 ,repeat+ ord]s1 comm&s & signals2 (fic]s1 platoon lead]s1 guides & musicians equipp$ ) :i/les2 :i/les ) diff]5t tones4 ,except 9 movem5ts execut$ at att5tion1 comm&]s or lead]s ( subdivisions repeat ord]s1 comm&s1 or signals :5ev] su* repetition is deem$ necess>y to insure prompt & correct execution4 ,(fic]s1 battalion noncommission$ /aff (fic]s1 platoon lead]s1 guides1 & musicians are equipp$ ) :i/les4 ,! ,major & 8 /aff w use a :i/le ( di/9ctive tone2 ! capta9 & company musicians a second & di/9ctive :i/le2 ! platoon lead]s & guides a ?ird di/9ctive :i/le4 7#cd7 #hd4 ,limitation ( prescrib$ signals2 special pre>rang$ signals4 ,prescrib$ signals are limit$ to su* z are ess5tial z a sub/itute = ! voice "u conditions :i* r5d] ! voice inadequate4 ,be=e or dur+ an engagem5t special signals may be agre$ ^u to facilitate ! solution ( su* special difficulties z ! p>ticul> situation is likely to develop1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t simplicity & c]ta9ty are indisp5sable qualities ( a signal4 7#ce7 ,ord]s #he4 ,ord]s def9$2 :5 employ$4 ,9 ^! regulations an ord] embraces in/ructions or directions giv5 orally or 9 writ+ 9 t]ms suit$ to ! p>ticul> occasion & n prescrib$ h]e94 ,ord]s are employ$ only :5 ! comm&s prescrib$ h]e9 d n suffici5tly indicate ! w ( ! comm&]4 ,ord]s are m fully describ$ 9 p>agraphs #cgh to #chc1 inclusive4 7#cf7 ,comm&s #hf4 ,comm& def9$4 ,9 ^! regulations a comm& is ! w ( ! comm&] express$ 9 ! phraseology prescrib$ h]e94 7#cg7 #hg4 ,k9ds ( comm&s2 h[ giv54 ,!re are two k9ds ( comm&s3 ,! prep>atory comm&1 su* z =w>d1 indicates ! movem5t t is to be execut$4 ,! comm& ( execution1 su* z ,,m>*1 ,,halt1 or ,,arms1 causes ! execution4 ,prep>atory comm&s are di/+ui%$ by italics2 ^? ( execution by ,,capitals4 ,:]e x is n m5tion$ 9 ! text :o gives ! comm&s prescrib$1 !y are to be giv5 by ! comm&] ( ! unit conc]n$4 ,! prep>atory comm& %\ld be giv5 at su* an int]val ( "t be=e ! comm& ( execution z to admit ( be+ prop]ly und]/ood2 ! comm& ( execution %\ld be giv5 at ! in/ant ! movem5t is to comm5ce4 ,! tone ( comm& is animat$1 di/9ct1 & ( a l\dness proportion$ to ! numb] ( m5 = :om x is int5d$4 ,ea* prep>atory comm& is enunciat$ di/9ctly1 ) a ris+ inflection at ! end1 & 9 su* mann] t ! comm& ( execution may be m en]getic4 ,! comm& ( execution is firm 9 tone & brief4 7#ch7 #hh4 ,battalion & high] comm&]s repeat comm&s ( sup]iors2 battalion l>ge/ unit execut+ movem5t at comm& ( its comm&]4 ,majors & comm&]s ( units l>g] ?an a battalion repeat su* comm&s ( _! sup]iors z are to be execut$ by _! units1 fac+ _! units = t purpose4 ,! battalion is ! l>ge/ unit t executes a movem5t at ! comm& ( execution ( its comm&]4 7#ci7 #hi4 ,fac+ troops & avoid+ indiff]5ce :5 giv+ comm&s4 ,:5 giv+ comm&s to troops x is usually be/ to face t[>d !m4 ,indiff]5ce 9 giv+ comm&s mu/ be avoid$ z x leads to laxity 9 execution4 ,comm&s %\ld be giv5 ) _s at all times4 7#dj7 ,bugle ,signals #ij4 ,bugle signals t may be us$ on & (f ! field ( battle4 ,! au?oriz$ bugle signals are publi%$ 9 ,"p ,v ( ^! regulations4 ,! foll[+ bugle signals may be us$ (f ! battlefield1 :5 n likely to convey in=mation to ! enemy3 ,att5tion3 ,troops are br\ght to att5tion4 ,att5tion to ord]s3 ,troops to fix _! att5tion4 ,=w>d1 m>*3 ,us$ also to execute quick "t f d\ble "t4 ,d\ble "t1 m>*4 ,to ! re>1 m>*3 ,9 close ord]1 execute squads "r ab\t4 ,halt4 ,assemble1 m>*4 ,! foll[+ bugle signals may be us$ on ! battlefield3 ,fix bayonets4 ,*>ge4 ,assemble1 m>*4 ,^! signals are us$ only :5 int5d$ = ! entire fir+ l9e2 h5ce !y c be au?oriz$ only by ! comm&] ( a unit 7= example1 a regim5t or brigade7 :i* occupies a di/9ct section ( ! battlefield4 ,exception3 ,fix bayonet4 7,see p>4 #cee47 ,! foll[+ bugle signals are us$ 9 exceptional cases on ! battlefield4 ,_! pr9cipal uses are 9 field ex]cises & practice fir+4 ,comm5ce fir+3 ,(fic]s *>g$ ) fire direction & control op5 fire z soon z practicable4 ,:5 giv5 to a fir+ l9e1 ! signal is equival5t to fire at w4 ,cease fir+3 ,all p>ts ( ! l9e execute cease fir+ at once4 ,^! signals are n us$ by units small] ?an a regim5t1 except :5 su* unit is indep5d5t or deta*$ f its regim5t4 7#da7 ,:i/le ,signals #ia4 ,att5tion to ord]s4 ,a %ort bla/ ( ! :i/le4 ,?is signal is us$ on ! m>* or 9 combat :5 necess>y to fix ! att5tion ( troops1 or ( _! comm&]s or lead]s1 prep>atory to giv+ comm&s1 ord]s1 or signals4 ,:5 ! fir+ l9e is fir+1 ea* squad lead] susp5ds fir+ & fixes 8 att5tion at a %ort bla/ ( 8 platoon lead]'s :i/le4 ,! platoon lead]'s subsequ5t comm&s or signals are repeat$ & en=c$ by ! squad lead]4 ,if a squad lead]'s att5tion is attract$ by a :i/le o!r ?an t ( 8 platoon lead]1 or if !re are no ord]s or comm&s to convey to 8 squad1 he resumes fir+ at once4 ,susp5d fir+4 ,a long bla/ ( ! :i/le4 ,all o!r :i/le signals are prohibit$4 7#db7 ,arm ,signals #ib4 ,! foll[+ arm signals are prescrib$4 ,9 mak+ signals ei!r arm may be us$4 ,(fic]s :o receive signals on ! fir+ l9e repeat back at once to prev5t misund]/&+4 ,illu/ration ,=w>d1 ,,m>*4 ,c>ry ! h& to ! %\ld]2 /raight5 & hold ! arm horizontally1 ?ru/+ x 9 ! direction ( m>*4 ,?is signal is also us$ to execute quick "t f d\ble "t4 ,illu/ration ,halt4 ,c>ry ! h& to ! %\ld]2 ?ru/ ! h& upw>d & hold ! arm v]tically4 ,d\ble "t1 ,,m>*4 ,c>ry ! h& to ! %\ld]2 rapidly ?ru/ ! h& upw>d ! full ext5t ( ! arm sev]al times4 ,illu/ration ,squads "r1 ,,m>*4 ,raise ! arm lat]ally until horizontal2 c>ry x to a v]tical position above ! head & sw+ x sev]al times betwe5 ! v]tical & horizontal positions4 ,illu/ration ,squads left1 ,,m>*4 ,raise ! arm lat]ally until horizontal2 c>ry x d[nw>d to ! side & sw+ x sev]al times betwe5 ! d[nw>d & horizontal positions4 ,illu/ration ,squads "r ab\t1 ,,m>* 7if 9 close ord]7 or1 ,to ! re>1 ,,m>* 7if 9 skirmi% l9e74 ,ext5d ! arm v]tically above ! head2 c>ry x lat]ally d[nw>d to ! side & sw+ x sev]al times betwe5 ! v]tical & d[nw>d positions4 ,illu/ration ,*ange direction or ,column "r 7left71 ,,m>*4 ,! h& on ! side t[>d :i* ! *ange ( direction is to be made is c>ri$ across ! body to ! opposite %\ld]1 =e>m horizontal2 !n sw+ 9 a horizontal plane1 arm ext5d$1 po9t+ 9 ! new direction4 ,illu/ration ,z skirmi%]s1 ,,m>*4 ,raise bo? arms lat]ally until horizontal4 ,illu/ration ,z skirmi%]s1 guide c5t]1 ,,m>*4 ,raise bo? arms lat]ally until horizontal2 sw+ bo? simultane\sly upw>d until v]tical & return to ! horizontal2 repeat sev]al times4 ,illu/ration ,z skirmi%]s1 guide "r 7left71 ,,m>*4 ,raise bo? arms lat]ally until horizontal2 hold ! arm on ! side ( ! guide /eadily 9 ! horizontal position3 sw+ ! o!r upw>d until v]tical & return x to ! horizontal2 repeat sev]al times4 ,illu/ration ,assemble1 ,m>*4 ,raise ! arm v]tically to full ext5t & describe horizontal circles4 ,illu/ration ,range or ,*ange elevation4 ,to ann\nce range1 ext5d ! arm t[>d ! lead]s or m5 = :om ! signal is int5d$1 fi/ clos$2 by keep+ ! fi/ clos$ battle sight is indicat$2 ,illu/ration by op5+ & clos+ ! fi/1 expose ?umb & f+]s to a numb] equal to ! hundr$s ( y>ds2 ,illu/ration to add y>ds describe a %ort horizontal l9e ) =ef+]4 ,illu/ration ,to *ange elevation1 indicate ! am\nt ( increase or decrease by f+]s z above2 po9t upw>d to indicate increase & d[nw>d to indicate decrease4 ,illu/ration ,:at range are y us+8 or ,:at is ! range8 ,ext5d ! arms t[>d ! p]son address$1 "o h& op51 palm to ! front1 re/+ on ! o!r h&1 fi/ clos$4 ,illu/ration ,are y ready8 or ,i am ready4 ,raise ! h&1 f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 palm t[>d ! p]son address$4 ,illu/ration ,comm5ce fir+4 ,move ! arm ext5d$ 9 full l5g?1 h& palm d[n1 sev]al times ?r\gh a horizontal arc 9 front ( ! body4 ,fire fa/]4 ,execute rapidly ! signal1 ,comm5ce ,fir+4 ,fire sl[]4 ,execute sl[ly ! signal1 ,comm5ce ,fir+4 ,illu/ration ,sw+ ! cone ( fire to ! "r1 or left4 ,ext5d ! arm 9 full l5g? to ! front1 palm to ! "r 7left72 sw+ ! arm to "r 7left71 & po9t 9 ! direction ( ! new t>get4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,fix ,bayonet4 ,simulate ! movem5t ( ! "r h& 9 ,fix bayonet4 7,see p>4 #adb47 ,illu/ration ,susp5d fir+4 ,raise & hold ! =e>m /eadily 9 a horizontal position 9 front ( ! =ehead1 palm ( ! h& to ! front4 ,cease fir+4 ,raise ! =e>m z 9 susp5d fir+ & sw+ x up & d[n sev]al times 9 front ( ! face4 ,illu/ration ,platoon4 ,ext5d ! arm horizontally t[>d ! platoon lead]2 describe small circles ) ! h&4 7,see p>4 #ic47 ,illu/ration ,squad4 ,ext5d ! arm horizontally t[>d ! platoon lead]2 sw+ ! h& up & d[n f ! wri/4 7,see p>4 #ic47 ,ru%4 ,same z d\ble "t4 7#dc7 #ic4 ,use ( signals platoon & squad4 ,! signals platoon & squad are int5d$ prim>ily = communication betwe5 ! capta9 & 8 platoon lead]s4 ,! signal platoon or squad indicates t ! platoon comm&] is to cause ! signal :i* foll[s to be execut$ by platoon or squad4 ,note4--,! foll[+ signals1 :ile n prescrib$1 are v conv5i5t3 ,comb9$ ,sights4 ,ext5d ! arm t[>d ! lead]s = :om ! signal is int5d$1 h& op5 & turn h& rapidly f "r to left a numb] ( times4 ,!n indicate ranges 9 ! mann] prescrib$1 giv+ ! mean ( ! two ranges4 7,= example3 ,if ! comb9$ sights are #ajej & #aaej1 indicate a range ( #aajj y>ds4 ,! lead]s :o give ! oral comm&s1 give ! comm&1 ,range #ajej & #aaej1 :]eupon e man 9 ! front rank1 be=e deploym5t1 fixes 8 sight at #aaej1 & e man 9 ! re> rank1 be=e deploym5t1 fixes 8 sight at #ajej47 ,company4 ,br+ ! h& up ne> ! %\ld] & !n ?ru/ to ! front1 snapp+ f+]s 9 usual way2 repeat sev]al times4 ,contract fire4 ,ext5d bo? arms horizontally1 f+]s ext5d$1 arms p>allel1 palms fac+ ea* o!r2 br+ h&s toge!r once1 & hold !m s & look at ! lead] conc]n$4 ,disp]se fire4 ,br+ h&s toge!r1 f+]s ext5d$1 po9t+ 9 direction ( lead] conc]n$1 arms ext5d$ horizontally2 sw+ arms outw>d once1 & hold !m s & look at ! lead] conc]n$4 ,platoon column4 ,raise bo? arms v]tically1 full l5g?1 arms p>allel1 f+]s jo9$ & ext5d$1 palms to ! front4 ,prep>e to ru%4 ,cross ! arms horizontally sev]al times4 ,squad ,column4 ,raise bo? arms v]tically f elb[s1 elb[s at side ( body1 f+]s jo9$ & ext5d$1 palms to ! front4--,au?or4 7#dd7 ,flag ,signals #id4 ,signal flags c>ri$ by company musicians2 description ( flags4 ,! signal ,hags describ$ bel[ are c>ri$ by ! company musicians 9 ! field4 ,9 a regim5t 9 :i* x is impracticable to make ! p]man5t battalion division alphabetically1 ! flags ( a battalion are z %[n2 flags are assign$ to ! companies alphabetically1 )9 _! respective battalions1 9 ! ord] giv5 bel[4 ,fir/ battalion3 ,company ,a4 ,r$ field1 :ite squ>e4 ,company ,b4 ,r$ field1 blue squ>e4 ,company ,c4 ,r$ field1 :ite diagonals4 ,company ,d4 ,r$ field1 blue diagonals4 ,second battalion3 ,company ,e4 ,:ite field1 r$ squ>e4 ,company ,f4 ,:ite field1 blue squ>e4 ,company ,g4 ,:ite field1 r$ diagonals4 ,company ,h4 ,:ite field1 blue diagonals4 ,?ird battalion3 ,company ,i4 ,blue field1 r$ squ>e4 ,company ,k4 ,blue field1 :ite squ>e4 ,company ,l4 ,blue field1 r$ diagonals4 ,company ,m4 ,blue field1 :ite diagonals4 ,note4--,an analysis ( ! above sy/em ( signal flags w %[3 #a4 ,! color ( ! field indicates ! battalion & ! colors run 9 ! ord] t is s natural to u all1 viz3 ,r$1 ,:ite & ,blue4 ,h5ce r$ field indicates ! fir/ battalion2 :ite field1 ! second2 blue field1 ! ?ird4 #b4 ,! squ>es indicate ! fir/ two companies ( ea* battalion1 & ! diagonals1 ! second two4 ,h5ce1 --------------------------- ,companies ,indicat$ by --------------------------- ,a ,e ,i ,squ>es ,b ,f ,k --------------------------- ,c ,g ,l ,diagonals ,d ,h ,m --------------------------- #c4 ,! colors ( ! squ>es & diagonals 9 comb9ation ) ^? ( ! fields1 run 9 ! ord] t is s natural to u all1 viz43 ,r$1 ,:ite & ,blue1 ! color ( any giv5 field be+1 ( c\rse1 omitt$ f ! squ>es & diagonals1 z a :ite squ>e = in/ance1 w\ld n %[ on a :ite field1 nor w\ld a blue diagonal %[ on a blue field4 ,= example1 ) a r$ field we w\ld h :ite & blue = ! squ>e & diagonal colors2 ) a :ite field1 r$ & blue = ! squ>e & diagonal colors2 ) a blue field1 r$ & :ite = ! squ>e & diagonal colors4 #d4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ! foll[+ table expla9s itself3 ---------------------------------------- --- ,battalion ,field ,co4 ,squ>es ,diagonals ---------------------------------------- --- ,fir/ ,r$ ,a ,:ite ,b ,blue ,c ,:ite ,d ,blue ---------------------------------------- --- ,second ,:ite ,e ,r$ ,f ,blue ,g ,r$ ,h ,blue ---------------------------------------- --- ,?ird ,blue ,i ,r$ ,k ,:ite ,l ,r$ ,m ,:ite ---------------------------------------- --- ,note h[ ! squ>e & diagonal colors always foll[ 9 ! natural ord] ( r$1 :ite1 & blue1 ) ! color ( ! field omitt$4--,au?or4 7#de7 #ie4 ,signal flags us$ to m>k assembly po9t ( company1 etc4 ,9 addition to _! use 9 visual signal+1 ^! flags s]ve to m>k ! assembly po9t ( ! company :5 disorganiz$ by combat1 & to m>k ! location ( ! company 9 biv\ac & else:]e1 :5 su* use is desirable4 7#df7 #if4 ,signals us$ betwe5 fir+ l9e & res]ve or comm&] 9 re>4 7#a7 ,= communication betwe5 ! fir+ l9e & ! res]ve or comm&] 9 ! re>1 ! subjo9$ signals 7,signal ,corps codes7 are prescrib$ & %\ld be memoriz$4 ,9 transmission1 _! concealm5t f ! enemy's view %\ld be insur$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( signal flags1 ! headdress or o!r sub/itute may be us$4 7,see p>4 #hfc = ! semaphore code & p>4 #hfa = ! ,g5]al ,s]vice1 or ,int]national ,morse ,code47 7#dg7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,lett] ( ,if signal$ f ! re> ,if signal$ f ! fir+ alphabet to ! fir+ l9e l9e to ! re> ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a ,m ,ammunition go+ =w>d4 ,ammunition requir$4 ,c ,c ,c ,*>ge 7m&atory at all ,am ab\t to *>ge if no times74 in/ructions to ! contr>y4 ,c ,f ,cease fir+4 ,cease fir+4 ,d ,t ,d\ble "t or ru%4 ,d\ble "t or ru%4 ,f ,comm5ce fir+4 ,comm5ce fir+4 ,f ,b ,fix bayonets4 ,fix bayonets4 ,f ,l ,artill]y fire is caus+ ,artill]y fire is caus+ u losses4 u losses4 ,g ,move =w>d4 ,prep>+ to move =w>d4 ,h ,h ,h ,halt4 ,halt4 ,k ,negative4 ,negative4 ,l ,t ,left4 ,left4 ,o ,:at is ! 7,r4 ,n4 etc478 ,:at is ! 7,r4 ,n4 etc478 7,ardois & ,int]rogatory4 ,int]rogatory4 semaphore only47 --------------- 7,all me?ods ,:at is ! 7,r4 ,n4 etc478 ,:at is ! 7,r4 ,n4 etc478 b ardois ,int]rogatory4 ,int]rogatory4 & semaphore47 ,p ,affirmative4 ,affirmative4 ,r ,ackn[l$gm5t4 ,ackn[l$gm5t4 ,r ,n ,range4 ,range4 ,r ,t ,"r4 ,"r4 ,s ,s ,s ,support go+ =w>d4 ,support ne$$4 ,s ,u ,f ,susp5d fir+4 ,susp5d fir+4 ,t ,t>get4 ,t>get4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,= ! semaphore signals1 see p>4 #hfc4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,soldi] #ig4 ,duties ( in/ructor4 ,! in/ructor expla9s briefly ea* movem5t1 fir/ execut+ x himself if practicable4 ,he requires ! recruits to take ! prop] positions unassi/$ & does n t\* !m = ! purpose ( correct+ !m1 except :5 !y are unable to correct !mselves4 ,he avoids keep+ !m too long at ! same movem5t1 al?\gh ea* %\ld be und]/ood be=e pass+ to ano!r4 ,he exacts by degrees ! desir$ precision & uni=mity4 7#dh7 #ih4 ,gr\p+ ( recruits accord+ to pr(ici5cy4 ,9 ord] t all may advance z rapidly z _! abilities p]mit1 ! recruits are gr\p$ accord+ to pr(ici5cy z in/ruction progresses4 ,^? :o lack aptitude & quickness are sep>at$ f ! o!rs & plac$ "u exp]i5c$ drill ma/]s4 7#di7 ,in/ruction ,)\t ,arms #ih;a4 ,=mation ( squad = prelim9>y in/ruction4 ,= prelim9>y in/ruction a numb] ( recruits1 usually n exce$+ ?ree or f\r1 are =m$ z a squad 9 s+le rank4 7#ej7 ,position ( ! ,soldi]1 or ,att5tion #ii4 ,heels on ! same l9e & z ne> ea* o!r z ! con=mation ( ! man p]mits4 ,feet turn$ out equally & =m+ an angle ( ab\t #de deg44 ,knees /raight )\t /iffness4 ,hips level & drawn back slightly2 body erect & re/+ equally on hips2 *e/ lift$ & ar*$2 %\ld]s squ>e & fall+ equally4 ,arms & h&s hang+ naturally1 ?umb along ! seam ( ! tr\s]s4 ,head erect & squ>ely to ! front1 *9 drawn 9 s t ! axis ( ! head & neck is v]tical2 eyes /raight to ! front4 ,weight ( ! body re/+ equally ^u ! heels & balls ( ! feet4 7#ea7 ,! ,re/s #ajj4 ,be+ at a halt1 ! comm&s are3 ,,fall ,,out2 ,,re/2 ,,at ,,ease2 &1 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/4 ,at ! comm& fall out1 ! m5 may leave ! ranks1 b are requir$ to rema9 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,!y resume _! =m] places1 at att5tion1 at ! comm& fall 94 ,at ! comm& re/ ea* man keeps "o foot 9 place1 b is n requir$ to pres]ve sil5ce or immobility4 ,at ! comm& at ease ea* man keeps "o foot 9 place & is requir$ to pres]ve sil5ce b n immobility4 7#eb7 ,illu/ration #aja4 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/4 ,c>ry ! "r foot #f in*es /raight to ! re>1 left knee slightly b5t2 clasp ! h&s1 )\t con/ra9t1 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body1 f+]s jo9$1 left h& upp]mo/1 left ?umb clasp$ by ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&2 pres]ve sil5ce & /ead9ess ( position4 7#ec7 #ajb4 ,to resume ! att5tion3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,! m5 take ! position ( ! soldi]4 7#ed7 ,eyes ,"r or ,left #ajc4 #a4 ,eyes1 #b4 ,,"r 7,,left71 #c4 ,,front4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& "r1 turn ! head to ! "r oblique1 eyes fix$ on ! l9e ( eyes ( ! m5 91 or suppos$ to be 91 ! same rank4 ,at ! comm& front1 turn ! head & eyes to ! front4 7#ee7 ,fac+s #ajd4 ,to ! flank3 #a4 ,"r 7left71 #b4 ,,face4 ,raise slightly ! left heel & "r toe2 face to ! "r1 turn+ on ! "r heel1 assi/$ by a slight pressure on ! ball ( ! left foot2 place ! left foot by ! side ( ! "r4 ,left face is execut$ on ! left heel 9 ! correspond+ mann]4 ,"r 7left7 half face is execut$ simil>ly1 fac+ #de deg44 ,to face 9 m>*+ & advance1 turn on ! ball ( ei!r foot & /ep (f ) ! o!r foot 9 ! new l9e ( direction2 to face 9 m>*+ )\t ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! new direction1 turn on ! ball ( ei!r foot & m>k "t4 7#ef7 #aje4 ,to ! re>3 #a4 ,ab\t1 #b4 ,,face4 ,c>ry ! toe ( ! "r foot ab\t a half foot-l5g? to ! re> & slightly to ! left ( ! left heel )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! left foot2 face to ! re>1 turn+ to ! "r on ! left heel & "r toe2 place ! "r heel by ! side ( ! left4 7#eg7 ,salute ) ! ,h& #ajf4 #a4 ,h&1 #b4 ,,salute4 ,illu/ration ,raise ! "r h& sm>tly till ! tip ( ! =ef+] t\*es ! l[] "p ( ! headdress or =ehead above ! "r eye1 ?umb & f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$ palm to ! left1 =e>m incl9$ at ab\t #de deg41 h& & wri/ /raight2 at ! same "t look t[>d ! p]son salut$4 7,,two7 ,drop ! arm sm>tly by ! side4 7#eh7 7,= rules gov]n+ salutes1 see ,milit>y ,c\rtesy1 ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,"p ,,ii47 ,/eps & ,m>*+s #ajg4 ,/eps & m>*+s beg9 ) left foot4 ,all /eps & m>*+s execut$ f a halt1 except "r /ep1 beg9 ) ! left foot4 7#ei7 #ajh4 ,l5g? & cad5ce ( full /ep2 indicat+ cad5ce4 ,! l5g? ( ! full /ep 9 quick "t is #cj in*es1 measur$ f heel to heel1 & ! cad5ce is at ! rate ( #abj /eps p] m9ute4 ,! l5g? ( ! full /ep 9 d\ble "t is #cf in*es2 ! cad5ce is at ! rate ( #ahj /eps p] m9ute4 ,! in/ructor1 :5 necess>y1 indicates ! cad5ce ( ! /ep by call+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or left1 "r1 ! in/ant ! left & "r foot1 respectively1 %\ld be plant$4 7#fj7 #aji4 ,/eps & m>*+s & movem5ts involv+ m>*+s habitually execut$ 9 quick "t4 ,all /eps & m>*+s & movem5ts involv+ m>* are execut$ 9 quick "t unless ! squad be m>*+ 9 d\ble "t1 or d\ble "t be add$ to ! comm&2 9 ! latt] case d\ble "t is add$ to ! prep>atory comm&4 ,example3 #a4 ,squad "r1 d\ble "t1 #b4 ,,m>* 7,s*ool ( ! ,squad74 7#fa7 ,quick ,"t #aaj4 ,be+ at a halt1 to m>* =w>d 9 quick "t3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& =w>d1 %ift ! weight ( ! body to ! "r leg1 left knee /raight4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 move ! left foot sm>tly /raight =w>d #cj in*es f ! "r1 sole ne> ! gr\nd1 & plant x )\t %ock2 next 9 l mann]1 advance ! "r foot & plant x z above2 cont9ue ! m>*4 ,! arms sw+ naturally4 7#fb7 #aaa4 ,be+ at a halt1 or 9 m>* 9 quick "t1 to m>* 9 d\ble "t3 #a4 ,d\ble "t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,if at a halt1 at ! fir/ comm& %ift ! weight ( ! body to ! "r leg4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 raise ! =e>ms1 f+]s clos$1 to a horizontal position along ! wai/ l9e2 take up an easy run ) ! /ep & cad5ce ( d\ble "t1 all[+ a natural sw++ motion to ! arms4 ,if m>*+ 9 quick "t1 at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ei!r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 take "o /ep 9 quick "t1 & !n /ep (f 9 d\ble "t4 7#fc7 ,to resume ! quick "t3 #a4 ,quick "t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ei!r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 advance & plant ! o!r foot 9 d\ble "t2 resume ! quick "t1 dropp+ ! h&s by ! sides4 7#fd7 ,to ,m>k ,"t #aab4 ,be+ 9 m>*3 #a4 ,m>k "t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ei!r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 advance & plant ! o!r foot2 br+ up ! foot 9 re> & cont9ue ! cad5ce by alt]nately rais+ ea* foot ab\t #b in*es & plant+ x on l9e ) ! o!r4 ,be+ at a halt1 at ! comm& m>*1 raise & plant ! feet z describ$ above4 7#fe7 ,! ,half ,/ep #aac4 #a4 ,half /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,take /eps ( #ae in*es 9 quick "t1 #ah in*es 9 d\ble "t4 7#ff7 ,=w>d1 half /ep1 halt1 & m>k "t may be execut$ "o f ! o!r 9 quick or d\ble "t4 ,to resume ! full /ep f half /ep or m>k "t3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 7#fg7 ,side ,/ep #aad4 ,be+ at a halt or m>k "t3 #a4 ,"r 7left7 /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,c>ry & plant ! "r foot #ae in*es to ! "r2 br+ ! left foot beside x & cont9ue ! movem5t 9 ! cad5ce ( quick "t4 ,! side /ep is us$ = %ort di/ances only & is n execut$ 9 d\ble "t4 ,if at ord] arms1 ! side /ep is execut$ at trail )\t comm&4 7#fh7 ,back ,/ep #aae4 ,be+ at a halt or m>k "t3 #a4 ,backw>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,take /eps ( #ae in*es /raight to ! re>4 ,! back /ep is us$ = %ort di/ances only & is n execut$ 9 d\ble "t4 ,if at ord] arms1 ! back /ep is execut$ at trail )\t comm&4 7#fi7 ,to ,halt #aaf4 ,to arre/ ! m>* 9 quick or d\ble "t3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,halt4 ,at ! comm& halt1 giv5 z ei!r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 plant ! o!r foot z 9 m>*+2 raise & place ! fir/ foot by ! side ( ! o!r4 ,if 9 d\ble "t1 drop ! h&s by ! sides4 7#gj7 ,to ,m>* by ! ,flank #aag4 ,be+ 9 m>*3 #a4 ,by ! "r 7left7 flank1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ! "r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 advance & plant ! left foot2 !n face to ! "r 9 m>*+ & /ep (f 9 ! new direction ) ! "r foot4 7#ga7 ,to ,m>* to ! ,re> #aah4 ,be+ 9 m>*3 #a4 ,to ! re>1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>* giv5 z ! "r foot /rikes ! gr\nd advance & plant ! left foot2 turn to ! "r ab\t on ! balls ( bo? feet & imm$iately /ep (f ) ! left foot4 ,if m>*+ 9 d\ble "t1 turn to ! "r ab\t1 tak+ f\r /eps 9 place1 keep+ ! cad5ce1 & !n /ep (f ) ! left foot4 7#gb7 ,*ange ,/ep #aai4 ,be+ 9 m>*3 #a4 ,*ange /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ! "r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 advance & plant ! left foot2 plant ! toe ( ! "r foot ne> ! heel ( ! left & /ep (f ) ! left foot4 ,! *ange on ! "r foot is simil>ly execut$1 ! comm& m>* be+ giv5 z ! left foot /rikes ! gr\nd4 7#gc7 ,,manual ,,( ,,arms #abj4 ,in/ruction ( recruit 9 use ( rifle1 manual ( arms1 etc4 ,z soon z practicable ! recruit is taught ! use1 nom5clature1 & c>e ( 8 rifle4 7,see ,! ,c>e1 ,description1 & ,managem5t ( ! ,rifle1 ,*apt] ,,xiv1 ,"p ,,ii472 :5 fair progress has be5 made 9 ! in/ruction )\t arms1 he is taught ! manual ( arms2 in/ruction )\t arms & t ) arms alt]nate4 7#gd7 #aba4 ,rules gov]n+ c>ry+ ( piece4 ,! foll[+ rules gov]n+ ! c>ry+ ( ! piece3 ,fir/4 ,piece habitually c>ri$ )\t c>tridges 9 *amb] or magaz9e4 ,! piece is n c>ri$ ) c>tridges 9 ei!r ! *amb] or ! magaz9e except :5 specifically ord]$4 ,:5 s load$1 or suppos$ to be load$1 x is habitually c>ri$ lock$2 t is1 ) ! safety lock turn$ to ! safe4 ,at all o!r times x is c>ri$ unlock$1 ) ! trigg] pull$4 ,second4 ,inspection ( pieces :5 troops are =m$ & :5 dismiss$4 ,:5ev] troops are =m$ "u arms1 pieces are imm$iately inspect$ at ! comm&s3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,ord] 7,"r %\ld] port71 #d4 ,,arms1 :i* are execut$ z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #ade-adf4 ,a simil> inspection is made imm$iately be=e dismissal4 ,if c>tridges are f\nd 9 ! *amb] or magaz9e !y are remov$ & plac$ 9 ! belt4 ,?ird4 ,cut-(f habitually turn$ (f4 ,! cut-(f is kept turn$ (f except :5 c>tridges are actually us$4 ,f\r?4 ,bayonet habitually n c>ri$ fix$4 ,! bayonet is n fix$ 7,see p>4 #adb71 except 9 bayonet ex]cise1 on gu>d1 or = combat4 ,fif?4 ,fall 9 execut$ at ord]2 att5tion resum$ at ord]4 ,fall 9 is execut$ ) ! piece at ! ord] arms4 ,fall out1 re/1 & at ease are execut$ z )\t arms1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #ajj4 ,on resum+ att5tion ! position ( ord] arms is tak54 ,six?4 ,if at ord]1 pieces br\ght to "r %\ld] at comm& m>*2 execution ( movem5ts at trail2 piece br\ght to trail 9 c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ f ord]4 ,if at ! ord]1 unless o!rwise prescrib$1 ! piece is br\ght to ! "r %\ld] at ! comm& m>*1 ! ?ree motions correspond+ ) ! fir/ ?ree /eps4 ,movem5ts may be execut$ at ! trail by prefac+ ! prep>atory comm& ) ! words at trail2 z1 #a4 ,at trail1 =w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*2 ! trail is tak5 at ! comm& m>*4 ,:5 ! fac+s1 alignm5ts1 op5 & close ranks1 tak+ int]val or di/ance1 & assembl+s are execut$ f ! ord]1 raise ! piece to ! trail :ile 9 motion & resume ! ord] on halt+4 ,sev5?4 ,piece br\ght to ord] on halt+4 ,! piece is br\ght to ! ord] on halt+4 ,! execution ( ! ord] beg9s :5 ! halt is complet$4 ,eigh?4 ,hold+ dis5gag$ h& 9 d\ble "t4 ,a dis5gag$ h& 9 d\ble "t is held z :5 )\t arms4 7#ge7 #abb4 ,rules gov]n+ manual ( arms4 ,! foll[+ rules gov]n ! execution ( ! manual ( arms3 ,fir/4 ,position ( left h& at balance4 ,9 all positions ( ! left h& at ! balance 7c5t] ( gravity1 bayonet unfix$7 ! ?umb clasps ! piece2 ! sl+ is includ$ 9 ! grasp ( ! h&4 ,second4 ,positions ( piece diagonally across ! body4 ,9 all positions ( ! piece diagonally across ! body ! position ( ! piece1 left arm & h& are ! same z 9 port arms4 7,see p>4 #abe47 ,illu/ration ,?ird4 ,next to la/ motion 9 resum+ ord] f any position2 piece to /rike gr\nd g5tly4 ,9 resum+ ! ord] f any position 9 ! manual1 ! motion next to ! la/ concludes ) ! butt ( ! piece ab\t #c in*es f ! gr\nd1 b>rel to ! re>1 ! left h& above & ne> ! "r1 /eady+ ! piece1 f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 =e>m & wri/ /raight & incl9+ d[nw>d1 all f+]s ( ! "r h& grasp+ ! piece4 ,to complete ! ord]1 l[] ! piece g5tly to ! gr\nd ) ! "r h&1 drop ! left quickly by ! side1 & take ! position ( ord] arms4 ,all[+ ! piece to drop ?r\gh ! "r h& to ! gr\nd1 or o!r simil> abuse ( ! rifle to produce effect 9 execut+ ! manual is prohibit$4 ,f\r?4 ,cad5ce ( motions2 at fir/ att5tion to be paid to details ( motion4 ,! cad5ce ( ! motions is t ( quick "t2 ! recruits are fir/ requir$ to give _! :ole att5tion to ! details ( ! motions1 ! cad5ce be+ gradually acquir$ z !y become accu/om$ to h&l+ _! pieces4 ,! in/ructor may require !m to c\nt al\d 9 cad5ce ) ! motions4 ,fif?4 ,execution ( manual by ! numb]s4 ,! manual is taught at a halt & ! movem5ts are = ! purpose ( in/ruction1 divid$ into motions & execut$ 9 detail2 9 ?is case ! comm& ( execution det]m9es ! prompt execution ( ! fir/ motion1 & ! comm&s1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 t ( ! o!r motions4 ,to execute ! movem5ts 9 detail1 ! in/ructor fir/ cautions3 ,by ! numb]s2 all movem5ts divid$ into motions are !n execut$ z above expla9$ until he cautions3 ,)\t ! numb]s2 or comm&s movem5ts o!r ?an ^? 9 ! manual ( arms4 ,six?4 ,regul> positions assum$ )\t reg>d to previ\s positions2 c>ry+ rifle 9 any position4 ,:5ev] circum/ances require1 ! regul> positions ( ! manual ( arms & ! fir+s may be ord]$ )\t reg>d to ! previ\s position ( ! piece4 ,"u ! exceptional conditions ( wea!r or fatigue ! rifle may be c>ri$ 9 any mann] direct$4 7#gf7 ,illu/ration #abc4 ,position ( ord] arms /&+3 ,! butt re/s ev5ly on ! gr\nd1 b>rel to ! re>1 toe ( ! butt on a l9e ) toe (1 & t\*+1 ! "r %oe1 arms & h&s hang+ naturally1 "r h& hold+ ! piece betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s4 7#gg7 #abd4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,illu/ration ,) ! "r h& c>ry ! piece 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body1 b>rel to ! re> & v]tical1 grasp x ) ! left h& at ! balance1 =e>m horizontal & re/+ aga9/ ! body4 7,,two7 ,grasp ! small ( ! /ock ) ! "r h&4 7#gh7 #abe4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,port1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,illu/ration ,) ! "r h& raise & ?r[ ! piece diagonally across ! body1 grasp x sm>tly ) bo? h&s2 ! "r1 palm d[n1 at ! small ( ! /ock3 ! left1 palm up1 at ! balance2 b>rel up1 slop+ to ! left & cross+ opposite ! junction ( ! neck ) ! left %\ld]2 "r =e>m horizontal2 left =e>m re/+ aga9/ ! body2 ! piece 9 a v]tical plane p>allel to ! front4 7#gi7 #abf4 ,be+ at pres5t arms3 #a4 ,port1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,c>ry ! piece diagonally across ! body & take ! position ( port arms4 7#hj7 #abg4 ,be+ at port arms3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,c>ry ! piece to a v]tical position 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body & take ! position ( pres5t arms4 7#ha7 #abh4 ,be+ at pres5t or port arms3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,let g ) ! "r h&2 l[] & c>ry ! piece to ! "r ) ! left h&3 regrasp x ) ! "r h& j above ! l[] b&2 let g ) ! left h&1 & take ! next to ! la/ position 9 com+ to ! ord]4 7,,two7 ,complete ! ord]4 7#hb7 #abi4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,"r %\ld]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,illu/ration ,) ! "r h& raise & ?r[ ! piece diagonally across ! body2 c>ry ! "r h& quickly to ! butt1 embrac+ x1 ! heel betwe5 ! fir/ two f+]s4 7,,two7 ,)\t *ang+ ! grasp ( ! "r h&1 place ! piece on ! "r %\ld]1 b>rel up & incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #de deg4 f ! horizontal1 trigg] gu>d 9 ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 "r elb[ ne> ! side1 ! piece 9 a v]tical plane p]p5dicul> to ! front2 c>ry ! left h&1 ?umb & f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 to ! small ( ! /ock1 tip ( ! =ef+] t\*+ ! cock+ piece1 wri/ /raight & elb[ d[n4 7,,?ree7 ,drop ! left h& by ! side4 7#hc7 #acj4 ,be+ at "r %\ld] arms3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,press ! butt d[n quickly & ?r[ ! piece diagonally across ! body1 ! "r h& reta9+ ! grasp ( ! butt4 7,,two71 7,,?ree7 ,execute ord] arms z describ$ f port arms4 7#hd7 #aca4 ,be+ at port arms3 #a4 ,"r %\ld]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,*ange ! "r h& to ! butt4 7,,two71 7,,?ree7 ,z 9 "r %\ld] arms f ord] arms4 7#he7 #acb4 ,be+ at "r %\ld] arms3 #a4 ,port1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,press ! butt d[n quickly & ?r[ ! piece diagonally across ! body1 ! "r h& reta9+ its grasp ( ! butt4 7,,two7 ,*ange ! "r h& to ! small ( ! /ock4 7#hf7 #acc4 ,be+ at "r %\ld] arms3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,execute port arms4 7,,?ree7 execute pres5t arms4 7#hg7 #acd4 ,be+ at pres5t arms3 #a4 ,"r %\ld]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,execute port arms4 7,,two71 7,,?ree71 7,,f\r7 ,execute "r %\ld] arms z f port arms4 7#hh7 #ace4 ,be+ at port arms3 #a4 ,left %\ld]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,illu/ration ,c>ry ! piece ) ! "r h& & place x on ! left %\ld]1 b>rel up1 trigg] gu>d 9 ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]2 at ! same "t grasp ! butt ) ! left h&1 heel betwe5 fir/ & second f+]s1 ?umb & f+]s clos$ on ! /ock4 7,,two7 ,drop ! "r h& by ! side4 #acf4 ,be+ at left %\ld] arms3 #a4 ,port1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,grasp ! piece ) ! "r h& at ! small ( ! /ock4 7,,two7 ,c>ry ! piece to ! "r ) ! "r h&1 regrasp x ) ! left1 & take ! position ( port arms4 ,left %\ld] arms may be ord]$ directly f ! ord]1 "r %\ld] or pres5t1 or ! rev]se4 ,at ! comm& arms execute port arms & cont9ue 9 cad5ce to ! position ord]$4 7#hi7 #acg4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/4 ,illu/ration ,c>ry ! "r foot #f in*es /raight to ! re>1 left knee slightly b5t2 c>ry ! muzzle 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body1 b>rel to ! left2 grasp ! piece ) ! left h& j bel[ ! /ack+ swivel1 & ) ! "r h& bel[ & aga9/ ! left4 #ach4 ,be+ at p>ade re/3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,resume ! ord]1 ! left h& quitt+ ! piece opposite ! "r hip4 7#ij7 #aci4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,trail1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,illu/ration ,raise ! piece1 "r arm slightly b5t1 & incl9e ! muzzle =w>d s t ! b>rel makes an angle ( ab\t #cj deg4 ) ! v]tical4 ,:5 x c be done )\t dang] or inconv5i5ce to o!rs1 ! piece may be grasp$ at ! balance & ! muzzle l[]$ until ! piece is horizontal2 a simil> position 9 ! left h& may be us$4 7#ia7 #adj4 ,be+ at trail arms3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,l[] ! piece ) ! "r h& & resume ! ord]4 7#ib7 ,rifle ,salute #ada4 ,be+ at "r %\ld] arms3 #a4 ,rifle1 #b4 ,,salute4 ,illu/ration ,c>ry ! left h& sm>tly to ! small ( ! /ock1 =e>m horizontal1 palm ( h& d[n1 ?umb & f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 =ef+] t\*+ end ( cock+ piece2 look t[>d ! p]son salut$4 7,,two7 ,drop left h& by ! side2 turn head & eyes to ! front4 7#ic7 ,be+ at ord] or trail arms3 #a4 ,rifle1 #b4 ,,salute4 ,illu/ration ,c>ry ! left h& sm>tly to ! "r side1 palm ( ! h& d[n1 ?umb & f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 =ef+] aga9/ piece ne> ! muzzle2 look t[>d ! p]son salut$4 7,,two7 ,drop ! left h& by ! side2 turn ! head & eyes to ! front4 ,= rules gov]n+ salutes1 see ,milit>y ,c\rtesy1 ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,bayonet #adb4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,fix1 #b4 ,,bayonet4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! belt3 ,execute p>ade re/2 grasp ! bayonet ) ! "r h&1 back ( h& t[>d ! body2 draw ! bayonet f ! scabb>d & fix x on ! b>rel1 glanc+ at ! muzzle2 resume ! ord]4 ,if ! bayonet is c>ri$ on ! hav]sack3 ,draw ! bayonet ) ! left h& & fix x 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 7#ie7 #adc4 ,be+ at our arms3 #a4 ,unfix1 #b4 ,,bayonet4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! belt3 ,execute p>ade re/2 grasp ! h&le ( ! bayonet firmly ) ! "r h&1 press+ ! spr+ ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r h&2 raise ! bayonet until ! h&le is ab\t #ab in*es above ! muzzle ( ! piece2 drop ! po9t to ! left1 back ( ! h& t[>d ! body1 &1 glanc+ at ! scabb>d1 return ! bayonet1 ! blade pass+ betwe5 ! left arm & ! body2 regrasp ! piece ) ! "r h& & resume ! ord]4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! hav]sack3 ,take ! bayonet f ! rifle ) ! left h& & return x to ! scabb>d 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 ,if m>*+ or ly+ d[n1 ! bayonet is fix$ & unfix$ 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s & conv5i5t mann] & ! piece return$ to ! orig9al position4 ,fix & unfix bayonet are execut$ ) promptness & regul>ity b n 9 cad5ce4 7,= unfix+ bayonet ) ,krag rifle1 see ,p>4 #fig47 7#if7 #add4 ,,*>ge ,,bayonet4 ,:e!r execut$ at halt or 9 motion1 ! bayonet is held t[>d ! oppon5t z 9 ! position ( gu>d 9 ! ,manual = ,bayonet ,ex]cise4 ,ex]cises = in/ruction 9 bayonet combat are prescrib$ 9 ! ,manual = ,bayonet ,ex]cise4 7#ig7 ,! ,inspection ,illu/ration #ade4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,at ! second comm& take ! position ( port arms4 7,,two7 ,seize ! bolt h&le ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 turn ! h&le up1 draw ! bolt back1 & glance at ! *amb]4 ,hav+ f\nd ! *amb] empty1 or hav+ empti$ x1 raise ! head & eyes to ! front4 7,= inspection ( arms ) ,krag rifle see p>4 #fih47 7#ih7 #adf4 ,be+ at inspection arms3 #a4 ,ord] 7,"r %\ld]1 port71 #b4 ,,arms4 ,at ! prep>atory comm& pu% ! bolt =w>d1 turn ! h&le d[n1 pull ! trigg]1 & resume port arms4 ,at ! comm& arms1 complete ! movem5t ord]$4 7,to execute ) ,krag rifle see p>4 #fii47 7#ii7 ,to ,dismiss ! ,squad #adg4 ,be+ at halt3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,port1 #d4 ,,arms1 #e4 ,,dismiss$4 7#ajj7 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,squad #adh4 ,gr\p+ into ,squads4 ,soldi]s are gr\p$ into squads = purposes ( in/ruction1 discipl9e1 control1 & ord]4 7#aja7 #adi4 ,composition ( squad2 object ( squad movem5ts4 ,! squad prop] consi/s ( a corporal & sev5 privates4 ,! movem5ts 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad are design$ to make ! squad a fix$ unit & to facilitate ! control & movem5t ( ! company4 ,if ! numb] ( m5 gr\p$ is m ?an #c & less ?an #ab1 !y are =m$ z a squad ( #d files1 ! excess above #h be+ po/$ z file clos]s4 ,if ! numb] gr\p$ is great] ?an #aa1 #b or m squads are =m$ & ! gr\p is t]m$ a platoon4 ,= ! in/ruction ( recruits1 ^! rules may be modifi$4 7#ajb7 #aej4 ,squad lead]2 8 po/4 ,! corporal is ! squad lead]1 & :5 abs5t is replac$ by a designat$ private4 ,if no private is designat$1 ! s5ior 9 l5g? ( s]vice acts z lead]4 ,! corporal1 :5 9 ranks1 is po/$ z ! left man 9 ! front rank ( ! squad4 ,:5 ! corporal leaves ! ranks to lead 8 squad1 8 re> rank man /eps into ! front rank1 & ! file rema9s blank until ! corporal returns to 8 place 9 ranks1 :5 8 re> rank man /eps back into ! re> rank4 7#ajc7 #aea4 ,pres]vation ( integrity ( squads 9 battle4 ,9 battle (fic]s & s]geants endeavor to pres]ve ! integrity ( squads2 !y designate new lead]s to replace ^? disabl$1 organize new squads :5 necess>y1 & see t e man is plac$ 9 a squad4 ,m5 are taught ! necessity ( rema9+ ) ! squad to :i* !y belong &1 9 case x be brok5 up or !y become sep>at$ !refrom1 to atta* !mselves to ! ne>e/ squad & platoon lead]s1 :e!r ^! be ( _! own or ( ano!r organization4 7#ajd7 #aeb4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ by squad z 9 ,s*ool ( ! ,soldi]4 ,! squad executes ! halt 7,see p>4 #aaf71 re/s 7,see p>4 #ajj-aja71 fac+s 7,see p>s4 #ajd-aje71 /eps & m>*+s 7,see p>s4 #ajg-aai71 & ! manual ( arms 7,see p>s4 #abj-adg71 z expla9$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,soldi]4 7#aje7 ,to ,=m ! ,squad #aec4 ,to =m ! squad ! in/ructor places himself #c paces 9 front ( :]e ! c5t] is to be & comm&s3 ,,fall ,,94 ,! m5 assemble at att5tion1 pieces at ! ord]1 & are arrang$ by ! corporal 9 d\ble rank1 z ne>ly z practicable 9 ord] ( height f "r to left1 ea* man dropp+ 8 left h& z soon z ! man 9 8 left has 8 int]val4 ,! re> rank =ms ) di/ance ( #dj in*es4 ,! in/ructor !n comm&s3 ,,c\nt ,,(f4 ,at ?is comm& all except ! "r file execute eyes "r1 & beg9n+ on ! "r1 ! m5 9 ea* rank c\nt "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r2 ea* man turns 8 head & eyes to ! front z he c\nts4 ,pieces are !n inspect$4 7#ajf7 ,alignm5ts #aed4 ,to align ! squad1 ! base file or files hav+ be5 e/abli%$3 #a4 ,"r 7,left71 #b4 ,,dress1 #c4 ,,front4 ,at ! comm& front1 giv5 :5 ! ranks are align$1 ea* hip 7:e!r dress+ to ! "r or left72 ea* man1 except ! base file1 :5 on or ne> ! new l9e executes eyes "r1 & tak+ /eps ( #b or #c in*es1 places himself s t 8 "r arm re/s lightly aga9/ ! arm ( ! man on 8 "r1 & s t 8 eyes & %\ld]s are 9 l9e ) ^? ( ! m5 on 8 "r2 ! re> rank m5 cov] 9 file4 ,! in/ructor v]ifies ! alignm5t ( bo? ranks f ! "r flank & ord]s up or back su* m5 z may be 9 re>1 or 9 advance1 ( ! l9e2 only ! m5 designat$ move4 ,at ! comm& dress all m5 place ! left h& ^u ! man turns 8 head & eyes to ! front & drops 8 left h& by 8 side4 ,9 ! fir/ drills ! basis ( ! alignm5t is e/abli%$ on1 or p>allel to1 ! front ( ! squad2 aft]w>ds1 9 oblique directions4 ,:5ev] ! position ( ! base file or files necessitates a consid]able movem5t by ! squad1 su* movem5t w be execut$ by m>*+ to ! front or oblique1 to ! flank or backw>d1 z ! case may be1 )\t o!r comm&1 & at ! trail4 7#ajg7 #aee4 ,to pres]ve ! alignm5t :5 m>*+3 ,,guide ,,"r 7,,left74 ,! m5 pres]ve _! int]vals f ! side ( ! guide1 yield+ to pressure f t side & resi/+ pressure f ! opposite direction2 !y recov] int]vals1 if lo/1 by gradually op5+ out or clos+ 92 !y recov] alignm5t by slightly l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! /ep2 ! re>-rank m5 cov] _! file lead]s at #dj in*es4 ,9 d\ble rank1 ! front-rank man on ! "r1 or designat$ flank1 conducts ! m>*2 :5 m>*+ fac$ to ! flank1 ! lead+ man ( ! front rank is ! guide4 7#ajh7 ,to ,take ,int]vals & ,di/ances #aef4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt3 #a4 ,take int]val1 #b4 ,to ! "r 7left71 #c4 ,,m>*1 #d4 ,squad1 #e4 ,,halt4 ,illu/ration ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt4 #a4 ,take int]val1 #b4 ,to ! "r 7left7 ,illu/ration ,at ! second comm& ! re>-rank m5 m>* backw>d #d /eps & halt2 #c4 ,,m>* ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& m>* all face to ! "r & ! lead+ man ( ea* rank /eps (f2 ! o!r m5 /ep (f 9 succession1 ea* foll[+ ! prec$+ man at #d paces1 re>-rank m5 m>*+ abrea/ ( _! file lead]s4 #d4 ,squad1 #e4 ,,halt ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& halt1 giv5 :5 all h _! int]vals1 all halt & face to ! front4 7#aji7 ,illu/ration3 7,,at ,,int]vals7 #aeg4 ,be+ at int]vals1 to assemble ! squad3 #a4 ,assemble1 to ! "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 7,,assemble7 ,! front-rank man on ! "r /&s fa/1 ! re> rank man on ! "r closes to #dj in*es4 ,! o!r m5 face to ! "r1 close by ! %orte/ l9e1 & face to ! front4 7#aaj7 ,illu/ration3 7,,assembl$7 #aeh4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt & hav+ c\nt$ (f3 #a4 ,take di/ance1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,squad1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& ,m>* ,no4 #a ( ! front rank moves /raight to ! front2 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! front rank & ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! re> rank1 9 ! ord] nam$1 move /raight to ! front1 ea* /epp+ (f s z to foll[ ! prec$+ man at #d paces4 ,! comm& halt is giv5 :5 all h _! di/ances4 ,9 case m ?an "o squad is 9 l9e1 ea* squad executes ! movem5t z above4 ,! guide ( ea* rank ( numb]s is "r4 7#aaa7 #aei4 ,be+ at di/ances1 to assemble ! squad3 #a4 ,assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,no4 #a ( ! front rank /&s fa/2 ! o!r numb]s move =w>d to _! prop] places 9 l9e4 7#aab7 ,to ,/ack & ,take ,arms ,illu/ration #afj4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt3 ,,/ack ,,arms4 ,ea* ev5 numb] ( ! front rank grasps 8 piece ) ! left h& at ! upp] b& ,illu/ration & re/s ! butt betwe5 8 feet1 b>rel to ! front1 muzzle incl9$ slightly to ! front & opposite ! c5t] ( ! int]val on 8 "r1 ! ?umb & =ef+] rais+ ! /ack+ swivel2 ea* ev5 numb] ( ! re> rank !n passes 8 piece1 b>rel to ! re>1 to 8 file lead]1 :o grasps x betwe5 ! b&s ) 8 "r h& ,illu/ration & ?r[s ! butt ab\t #b feet 9 advance ( t ( 8 own piece & opposite ! "r ( ! int]val1 ! "r h& slipp+ to ! upp] b&1 ! ?umb & =ef+] rais+ ! /ack+ swivel1 :i* he engages ) t ( 8 own piece2 ,illu/ration ea* odd numb] ( ! front rank raises 8 piece ) ! "r h&1 c>ries x well =w>d1 b>rel to ! front2 ! left h&1 guid+ ! /ack+ swivel1 ,illu/ration engages ! l[] hook ( ! swivel ( 8 own piece ) ! free hook ( t ( ! ev5 numb] ( ! re> rank2 he !n turns ! b>rel outw>d into ! angle =m$ by ! o!r two pieces & l[]s ! butt to ! gr\nd1 to ! "r & aga9/ ! toe ( 8 "r %oe4 ,! /acks made1 ! loose pieces are laid on !m by ! ev5 numb]s ( ! front rank4 ,:5 ea* man has f9i%$ h&l+ pieces1 he takes ! position ( ! soldi]4 7#aac7 #afa4 ,be+ 9 l9e beh9d ! /acks3 ,,take ,,arms4 7,see prec$+ illu/ration47 ,! loose pieces are return$ by ! ev5 numb]s ( ! front rank2 ea* ev5 numb] ( ! front rank grasps 8 own piece ) ! left h&1 ! piece ( 8 re> rank man ) 8 "r h&1 grasp+ bo? betwe5 ! b&s2 ea* odd numb] ( ! front rank grasps 8 piece 9 ! same way ) ! "r h&2 dis5gages x by rais+ ! butt f ! gr\nd & !n turn+ ! piece to ! "r1 deta*es x f ! /ack2 ea* ev5 numb] ( ! front rank dis5gages & deta*es 8 piece by turn+ x to ! left1 ,illu/ration &1 !n passes ! piece ( 8 re>-rank man to him1 & all resume ! ord]4 7#aad7 ,%\ld any squad h ,nos4 #b & #c blank files1 ,no4 #a re> rank takes ! place ( ,no4 #b re> rank 9 mak+ & break+ ! /ack2 ! /acks made or brok51 he resumes 8 po/4 ,pieces n us$ 9 mak+ ! /acks are t]m$ loose pieces4 ,pieces are nev] /ack$ ) ! bayonet fix$4 7#aae7 ,! ,oblique ,m>* #afb4 ,= ! in/ruction ( recruits1 ! squad be+ 9 column or correctly align$1 ! in/ructor causes ! squad to face half "r or half left1 po9ts out to ! m5 _! relative positions1 & expla9s t ^! are to be ma9ta9$ 9 ! oblique m>*4 7#aaf7 #afc4 ,"r 7,left7 oblique1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,ea* man /eps (f 9 a direction #de deg4 to ! "r ( 8 orig9al front4 ,he pres]ves 8 relative position1 keep+ 8 %\ld]s p>allel to ^? ( ! guide 7! man on ! "r front ( ! l9e or column71 & s regulates 8 /eps t ! ranks rema9 p>allel to _! orig9al front4 ,at ! comm& halt ! m5 halt fac$ to front4 ,to resume ! orig9al direction3 #a4 ,=w>d #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! m5 half face to ! left 9 m>*+ & !n move /raight to ! front4 ,if at half/ep or m>k "t :ile obliqu+1 ! oblique m>* is resum$ by ! comm&s3 #a4 ,oblique1 #b4 ,,m>*4 7#aag7 ,to ,turn on ,mov+ ,pivot #afd4 ,be+ 9 l9e3 #a4 ,"r 7,left7 turn1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,! movem5t is execut$ by ea* rank successively & on ! same gr\nd4 ,at ! second comm&1 ! pivot man ( ! front rank faces to ! "r 9 m>*+ & takes ! half /ep2 ! o!r m5 ( ! rank oblique to ! "r until opposite _! places 9 l9e1 !n execute a second "r oblique & take ! half /ep on arriv+ abrea/ ( ! pivot man4 ,all glance t[>d ! m>*+ flank :ile at half /ep & take ! full /ep )\t comm& z ! la/ man arrives on ! l9e4 ,"r 7,left7 half turn is execut$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! pivot man makes a half *ange ( direction to ! "r & ! o!r m5 make qu>t] *anges 9 obliqu+4 7#aah7 ,to ,turn on ,fix$ ,pivot #afe4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to turn & m>*3 #a4 ,squad "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,at ! second comm&1 ! "r flank man 9 ! front rank faces to ! "r 9 m>*+ & m>ks "t2 ! o!r front rank m5 oblique to ! "r1 place !mselves abrea/ ( ! pivot1 & m>k "t4 ,9 ! re> rank ! ?ird man f ! "r1 foll[$ 9 column by ! second & fir/1 move /raight to ! front ,illu/ration until 9 re> ( 8 front-rank man1 ,illu/ration :5 all face to ! "r 9 m>*+ & m>k "t2 ! o!r numb] ( ! re> rank moves /raight to ! front f\r paces & places himself abrea/ ( ! man on 8 "r4 ,m5 on ! new l9e glance t[>d ! m>*+ flank :ile m>k+ "t &1 z ! la/ man arrives on ! l9e1 bo? ranks execute =w>d1 ,,m>*1 )\t comm&4 7#aai7 #aff4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to turn & halt3 #a4 ,squad "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,squad1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,! ?ird comm& is giv5 imm$iately aft] ! second4 ,! turn is execut$ z prescrib$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph except t all m51 on arriv+ on ! new l9e1 m>k "t until ! f\r? comm& is giv51 :5 all halt4 ,! f\r? comm& %\ld be giv5 z ! la/ man arrives on ! l9e4 7#abj7 #afg4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to turn ab\t & m>*3 #a4 ,squad "r 7left7 ab\t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! second comm&1 ! front rank twice executes squad "r initiat+ ! second squad "r :5 ! man on ! m>*+ flank has arriv$ abrea/ ( ! rank4 ,9 ! re> rank ! ?ird man f ! "r1 foll[$ by ! second & fir/ 9 column1 moves /raight to ! front until on ! prolongation ( ! l9e to be occupi$ by ! re> rank2 *anges direction to ! "r2 moves 9 ! new direction until 9 re> ( 8 front-rank man1 :5 all face to ! "r 9 m>*+1 m>k "t1 & glance t[>d ! m>*+ flank4 ,! f\r? man m>*es on ! left ( ! ?ird to 8 new position2 z he arrives on ! l9e1 bo? ranks execute =w>d1 ,,m>*1 )\t comm&4 7#aba7 #afh4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to turn ab\t & halt3 #a4 ,squad "r 7left7 ab\t1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,squad1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,! ?ird comm& is giv5 imm$iately aft] ! second4 ,! turn is execut$ z prescrib$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph except t all m51 on arriv+ on ! new l9e1 m>k "t until ! f\r? comm& is giv51 :5 all halt4 ,! f\r? comm& %\ld be giv5 z ! la/ man arrives on ! l9e4 7#abb7 ,to ,foll[ ! ,corporal ,illu/ration3 7,,9 ,,l9e7 #afi4 ,be+ assembl$ or deploy$1 to m>* ! squad )\t unnecess>y comm&s1 ! corporal places himself 9 front ( x & comm&s3 ,,foll[ ,,me4 ,illu/ration3 7,,z ,,skirmi%]s7 ,if 9 l9e or skirmi% l9e1 ,no4 #b ( ! front rank foll[s 9 ! trace ( ! corporal at ab\t #c paces2 ! o!r m5 con=m to ! movem5ts ( ,no4 #b1 guid+ on him & ma9ta9+ _! relative positions4 ,illu/ration3 7,,9 ,,column7 ,if 9 column1 ! head ( ! column foll[s ! corporal4 7#abc7 ,to ,deploy z ,skirmi%]s ,illu/ration #agj4 ,be+ 9 any =mation1 assembl$3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! corporal places himself 9 front ( ! squad1 if n already !re4 ,mov+ at a run1 ! m5 place !mselves abrea/ ( ! corporal at half-pace int]vals1 ,nos4 #a & #b on 8 "r1 ,nos4 #c & #d on 8 left1 re> rank m5 on ! "r ( _! file lead]s1 extra m5 on ! left ( ,no4 #d2 all !n con=m to ! corporal's gait4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! squad is act+ alone1 skirmi% l9e is simil>ly =m$ on ,no4 #b ( ! front rank1 :o /&s fa/ or cont9ues ! m>*1 z ! case may be2 ! corporal places himself 9 front ( ! squad :5 advanc+ & 9 re> :5 halt$4 ,illu/ration ,:5 deploy$ z skirmi%]s1 ! m5 m>* at ease1 pieces at ! trail unless o!rwise ord]$4 ,! corporal is ! guide :5 9 ! l9e2 o!rwise ,no4 #b front rank is ! guide4 7#abd7 #aga4 ,! normal int]val betwe5 skirmi%]s is "o-half pace1 result+ practically 9 "o man p] y>d ( front4 ,! front ( a squad ?us deploy$ z skirmi%]s is ab\t #aj paces4 7#abe7 ,to ,increase or ,dim9i% ,int]vals #agb4 ,if assembl$1 & x is desir$ to deploy at great] ?an ! normal int]val2 or if deploy$1 & x is desir$ to increase or decrease ! int]nal3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 7s _m7 paces1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,int]vals are tak5 at ! indicat$ numb] ( paces4 ,if already deploy$1 ! m5 move by ! flank t[>d or away f ! guide4 7#abf7 ,! ,assembly #agc4 ,be+ deploy$3 #a4 ,assemble4 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! m5 move t[>d ! corporal & =m 9 _! prop] places4 ,if ! corporal cont9ues to advance1 ! m5 move 9 d\ble "t1 =m1 & foll[ him4 ,! assembly :ile m>*+ to ! re> is n execut$4 7#abg7 ,kneel+ & ,ly+ ,d[n #agd4 ,if /&+3 ,,kneel4 ,half face to ! "r2 c>ry ! "r toe ab\t #a foot to ! left re> ( ! left heel2 kneel on "r knee1 sitt+ z ne>ly z possible on ! "r heel2 left =e>m across left ?igh2 piece rema9s 9 position ( ord] arms1 "r h& grasp+ x above l[] b&4 7#abh7 ,illu/ration #age4 ,if /&+ or kneel+3 ,,lie ,,d[n4 ,illu/ration ,kneel1 b ) "r knee aga9/ left heel3 ,illu/ration c>ry back ! left foot & lie flat on ! belly1 incl9+ body ab\t #ce deg4 to ! "r ,illu/ration piece horizontal1 b>rel up1 muzzle (f ! gr\nd & po9t$ to ! front2 elb[s on ! gr\nd2 left h& at ! balance1 "r h& grasp+ ! small ( ! /ock opposite ! neck4 ,?is is ! position ( ord] arms1 ly+ d[n4 7#abi7 #agf4 ,if kneel+ or ly+ d[n3 ,,rise4 ,if kneel+1 /& up1 fac$ to ! front1 on ! gr\nd m>k$ by ! left heel4 ,if ly+ d[n1 raise body on bo? knees2 /& up1 fac$ to ! front1 on ! gr\nd m>k$ by ! knees4 7#acj7 #agg4 ,if ly+ d[n3 ,,kneel4 ,raise ! body on bo? knees2 take ! position ( kneel4 7#aca7 #agh4 ,9 d\ble rank1 ! positions ( kneel+ & ly+ d[n are ord9>ily us$ only = ! bett] utilization ( cov]4 ,:5 deploy$ z skirmi%]s1 a sitt+ position may be tak5 9 lieu ( ! position kneel+4 7#acb7 ,load+s & ,fir+s #agi4 ,! comm&s = load+ & fir+ are ! same :e!r /&+1 kneel+1 or ly+ d[n4 ,! fir+s are always execut$ at a halt4 ,:5 kneel+ or ly+ d[n 9 d\ble rank1 ! re> rank does n load1 aim1 or fire4 ,! in/ruction 9 fir+ w be prec$$ by a comm& = load+4 ,load+s are execut$ 9 l9e & skirmi% l9e only4 7#acc7 #ahj4 ,pieces hav+ be5 ord]$ load$ are kept load$ )\t comm& until ! comm& unload1 or inspection arms1 fre% clips be+ ins]t$ :5 ! magaz9e is exhau/$4 7,to execute ) ,krag rifle see p>4 #gjj47 7#acd7 #aha4 ,! aim+ po9t or t>get is c>efully po9t$ out4 ,?is may be done be=e or aft] ann\nc+ ! sight sett+4 ,bo? are indicat$ be=e giv+ ! comm& = fir+1 b may be omitt$ :5 ! t>get appe>s sudd5ly & is unmi/akable2 9 su* case battle sight is us$ if no sight sett+ is ann\nc$4 7#ace7 #ahb4 ,! t>get or aim+ po9t hav+ be5 designat$ & ! sight sett+ ann\nc$1 su* designation or ann\ncem5t ne$ n be repeat$ until a *ange ( ei!r or bo? is necess>y4 ,troops are tra9$ to cont9ue _! fire ^u ! aim+ po9t or t>get designat$1 & at ! sight sett+ ann\nc$1 until a *ange is ord]$4 7#acf7 #ahc4 ,if ! m5 are n already 9 ! position ( load1 t position is tak5 at ! ann\ncem5t ( ! sight sett+2 if ! ann\ncem5t is omitt$1 ! position is tak5 at ! fir/ comm& = fir+4 7#acg7 #ahd4 ,:5 deploy$1 ! use ( ! sl+ z an aid to accurate fir+ is discretion>y ) ea* man4 7#ach7 ,to ,load #ahe4 ,be+ 9 l9e or skirmi% l9e at halt3 #a4 ,) dummy 7blank or ball7 c>tridges1 #b4 ,,load4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& load ea* front-rank man or skirmi%] faces half "r & c>ries ! "r foot to ! "r1 ab\t #a foot1 to su* position z w insure ! greate/ firmness & /ead9ess ( ! body2 raises1 or l[]s1 ! piece & drops x into ! left h& at ! balance1 ! left ?umb ext5d$ along ! /ock1 muzzle at ! height ( ! brea/1 & turns ! cut-(f up4 ,illu/ration ,) ! "r h& he turns & draws ! bolt back1 ,illu/ration takes a load$ clip & ins]ts ! end 9 ! clip slots1 places ! ?umb on ! p[d] space ( ! top c>tridge1 ! f+]s ext5d+ ar\nd ! piece & tips re/+ on ! magaz9e floor plate2 =ces ! c>tridges into ! magaz9e by press+ d[n ) ! ?umb2 )\t remov+ ! clip1 ?ru/s ! bolt home1 turn+ d[n ! h&le2 turns ! safety lock to ! safe1 ,illu/ration & c>ries ! h& to ! small ( ! /ock4 ,illu/ration ,ea* re> rank man moves to ! "r front1 takes a simil> position opposite ! int]val to ! "r ( 8 front rank man1 muzzle ( ! piece ext5d+ beyond ! front rank & loads4 ,a skirmi% l9e may load :ile mov+1 ! pieces be+ held z ne>ly z practicable 9 ! position ( load4 ,illu/ration ,if kneel+ or sitt+1 ! position ( ! piece is simil>2 if kneel+1 ! left =e>m re/s on ! left ?igh2 ,illu/ration if sitt+ ! elb[s are support$ by ! knees4 ,illu/ration ,if ly+ d[n1 ! left h& /eadies & supports ! piece at ! balance1 ! toe ( ! butt re/+ on ! gr\nd1 ! muzzle (f ! gr\nd4 ,= ref]5ce1 ^! positions 7/&+1 kneel+1 & ly+ d[n7 are designat$ z t ( load4 7,= ,krag rifle z prescrib$ 9 #gja47 7#aci7 #ahf4 ,= in/ruction 9 load+3 #a4 ,simulate1 #b4 ,,load4 ,execut$ z above describ$ except t ! cut-(f rema9s (f & ! h&l+ ( c>tridges is simulat$4 ,! recruits are fir/ taught to simulate load+ & fir+2 aft] a few lessons dummy c>tridges may be us$4 ,lat]1 blank c>tridges may be us$4 7#adj7 ,! rifle may be us$ z a s+le load] by turn+ ! magaz9e (f4 ,! magaz9e may be fill$ 9 :ole or 9 "p :ile (f or on by press+ c>tridges s+ly d[n & back until !y are 9 ! prop] place4 ,! use ( ! rifle z a s+le load] is1 h[ev]1 to be reg>d$ z exceptional4 7,expla9$ = ,krag rifle 9 p>4 #gjb47 7#ada7 ,to ,unload #ahg4 ,,unload4 ,take ! position ( load1 turn ! safety lock up & move bolt alt]nately back & =w>d until all ! c>tridges are eject$4 ,aft] ! la/ c>tridge is eject$ ! *amb] is clos$ by fir/ ?ru/+ ! bolt slightly =w>d to free x f ! /ud hold+ x 9 place :5 ! *amb] is op51 press+ ! foll[] d[n & back to engage x "u ! bolt & !n ?ru/+ ! bolt home2 ! trigg] is pull$4 ,! c>tridges are !n pick$ up1 clean$1 & return$ to ! belt & ! piece is br\ght to ! ord]4 7,expla9$ 9 p>4 #gjc = ,krag rifle47 7#adb7 ,to ,set ! ,sight #ahh4 ,,range1 ,,elev5 ,,hundr$ 7,,eight-,,fifty1 etc471 or ,,battle ,,sight4 ,! sight is set at ! elevation indicat$4 ,! in/ructor expla9s & v]ifies sight sett+s4 7#adc7 ,to ,fire by ,volley #ahi4 #a4 ,ready1 #b4 ,,aim1 #c4 ,squad1 #d4 ,,fire4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& ready turn ! safety lock to ! ready2 ,illu/ration at ! comm& aim raise ! piece ) bo? h&s & support ! butt firmly aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! "r %\ld]1 "r ?umb clasp+ ! /ock1 b>rel horizontal1 left elb[ well "u ! piece1 "r elb[ z high z ! %\ld]2 incl9e ! head slightly =w>d & a little to ! "r1 *eek aga9/ ! /ock1 ,illu/ration left eye clos$1 "r eye look+ ?r\gh ! not* ( ! re> sight s z to p]ceive ! object aim$ at1 second jo9t ( ! =ef+] re/+ lightly aga9/ ! front ( ! trigg] & tak+ up ! slack2 top ( front sight is c>efully rais$ into1 & held 91 ! l9e ( sight4 ,illu/ration ,ea* re>-rank man aims ?r\gh ! int]val to ! "r ( 8 file lead] & leans slightly =w>d to advance ! muzzle ( 8 piece beyond ! front rank4 ,illu/ration ,9 aim+ kneel+1 ! left elb[ re/s on ! left knee1 po9t ( elb[ 9 front ( kneecap4 ,illu/ration ,9 aim+ sitt+1 ! elb[s are support$ by ! knees4 ,illu/ration ,9 aim+1 ly+ d[n1 raise ! piece ) bo? h&s2 re/ on bo? elb[s & press ! butt firmly aga9/ ! "r %\ld]4 ,at ! comm& fire press ! f+] aga9/ ! trigg]2 fire )\t d]ang+ ! aim & )\t l[]+ or turn+ ! piece2 l[] ! piece 9 ! position ( load & load4 7#add7 ,to cont9ue ! fir+3 #a4 ,,aim1 #b4 ,squad1 #c4 ,,fire4 ,ea* comm& is execut$ z previ\sly expla9$4 ,load 7f magaz9e7 is execut$ by draw+ back & ?ru/+ home ! bolt ) ! "r h&1 leav+ ! safety lock at ! ready4 7#ade7 ,to ,fire at ,w #aij4 ,,fire ,,at ,,w4 ,ea* man1 indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 comes to ! ready1 aims c>efully & delib]ately at ! aim+ po9t or t>get1 fires1 loads1 & cont9ues ! fir+ until ord]$ to susp5d or cease fir+4 7#adf7 #aia4 ,to increase 7decrease7 ! rate ( fire 9 progress ! in/ructor %\ts3 ,,fa/] 7,,sl[]74 ,m5 are tra9$ to fire at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree %ots p] m9ute at effective ranges & five or six at close ranges1 devot+ ! m9imum ( "t to load+ & ! maximum to delib]ate aim+4 ,to illu/rate ! necessity = delib]ation1 & to habituate m5 to combat conditions1 small & comp>atively indi/9ct t>gets are designat$4 7#adg7 ,to ,fire by ,clip #aib4 ,,clip ,,fire4 ,execut$ 9 ! same mann] z fire at w1 except t ea* man1 aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! c>tridges !n 9 ! piece1 susp5ds fir+4 7,= ,krag rifle see p>4 #gjd47 7#adh7 ,to ,susp5d ,fir+ #aic4 ,! in/ructor bl[s a long bla/ ( ! :i/le & repeats same1 if necess>y1 or comm&s3 ,,susp5d ,,fir+4 ,fir+ /ops2 pieces are held1 load$ & lock$1 9 a position ( read9ess = in/ant resumption ( fir+1 re> sights un*ang$4 ,! m5 cont9ue to obs]ve ! t>get or aim+ po9t1 or ! place at :i* ! t>get disappe>$1 or at :i* x is expect$ to reappe>4 ,?is :i/le signal may be us$ z a prelim9>y to cease fir+4 7#adi7 ,to ,cease ,fir+ #aid4 ,,cease ,,fir+4 ,fir+ /ops2 pieces n already !re are br\ght to ! position ( load2 ^? n load$1 are load$2 sights are laid1 pieces are lock$ & br\ght to ! ord]4 ,cease fir+ is us$ = long pauses1 to prep>e = *anges ( position1 or to /eady ! m54 7,= ,krag rifle see p>4 #gje47 7#aej7 ,comm&s = susp5d+ or ceas+ fire may be giv5 at any "t aft] ! prep>atory comm& = fir+ :e!r ! fir+ has actually comm5c$ or n4 7#aea7 ,! ,use ( ,cov] #aie4 ,individual in/ruction2 ?+s to be impress$ ^u ! recruit4 ,! recruit %\ld be giv5 c>eful in/ruction 9 ! individual use ( cov]4 7#aeb7 ,x %\ld be impress$ ^u him t1 9 tak+ advantage ( natural cov]1 he mu/ be able to fire easily & effectively ^u ! enemy2 if advanc+ on an enemy1 he mu/ d s /eadily & z rapidly z possible2 he mu/ conceal himself z mu* z possible :ile fir+ & :ile advanc+4 ,:ile sett+ 8 sight he %\ld be "u cov] or ly+ prone4 #aif4 ,practice 9 simulat$ fir+ f beh9d hillocks1 trees1 etc42 fir+ ar\nd "r side ( concealm5t4 ,to tea* him to fire easily & effectively1 at ! same "t conceal+ himself f ! view ( ! enemy1 he is practic$ 9 simulat$ fir+ 9 ! prone1 sitt+1 kneel+1 & cr\*+ positions1 f beh9d hillocks1 trees1 heaps ( e>? or rocks1 f depressions1 gullies1 dit*es1 doorways1 or w9d[s4 ,he is taught to fire ar\nd ! "r side ( 8 concealm5t :5ev] possible1 or1 :5 ?is is n possible1 to rise en\gh to fire ov] ! top ( 8 concealm5t4 ,:5 ^! details are und]/ood1 he is requir$ to select cov] ) ref]5ce to an assum$ enemy & to place himself beh9d x 9 prop] position = fir+4 7#aec7 #aig4 ,evil ( rema9+ too long 9 "o place2 advanc+ f cov] to cov] by runn+1 crawl+1 etc4 ,! evil ( rema9+ too long 9 "o place1 h[ev] good ! concealm5t1 %\ld be expla9$4 ,he %\ld be taught to advance f cov] to cov]1 select+ cov] 9 advance be=e leav+ 8 concealm5t4 ,x %\ld be impress$ ^u him t a man runn+ rapidly t[>d an enemy furni%es a poor t>get4 ,he %\ld be tra9$ 9 spr++ f a prone position beh9d concealm5t1 runn+ at top spe$ to cov] & ?r[+ himself beh9d x4 ,he %\ld also be practic$ 9 advanc+ f cov] to cov] by crawl+1 or by ly+ on ! left side1 rifle grasp$ 9 ! "r h&1 & pu%+ himself =w>d ) ! "r leg4 7#aed7 #aih4 ,action :5 fir$ on :ile act+ indep5d5tly4 ,he %\ld be taught t1 :5 fir$ on :ile act+ indep5d5tly1 he %\ld drop to ! gr\nd1 seek cov]1 & !n endeavor to locate 8 enemy4 7#aee7 #aii4 ,prop] advance & effectiv5ess ( fire ( great] importance ?an cov]4 ,! in/ruction ( ! recruit 9 ! use ( cov] is cont9u$ 9 ! combat ex]cises ( ! company1 b he mu/ !n be taught t ! prop] advance ( ! platoon or company & ! effectiv5ess ( its fire is ( great] importance ?an ! "q ( cov] = individuals4 ,he %\ld also be taught t he may n move ab\t or %ift 8 position 9 ! fir+ l9e except ! bett] to see ! t>get4 7#aef7 ,obs]vation #bjj4 ,importance ( obs]vation2 tra9+ ( recruit4 ,! ability to use 8 eyes accurately is ( great importance to ! soldi]4 ,! recruit %\ld be tra9$ 9 obs]v+ 8 surr\nd+s f positions & :5 on ! m>*4 ,he %\ld be practic$ 9 po9t+ out & nam+ milit>y features ( ! gr\nd2 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 liv+ be+s2 9 c\nt+ di/ant gr\ps ( objects or be+s2 9 recogniz+ colors & =ms4 7#aeg7 #bja4 ,tra9+ 9 me*anism ( fir+ l9e & e/imat+ di/ance4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( m5 9 ! me*anism ( ! fir+ l9e1 !y %\ld be practic$ 9 repeat+ to "o ano!r t>get & aim+ po9t designations & 9 quickly locat+ & po9t+ out a designat$ t>get4 ,!y %\ld be taught to di/+ui%1 f a prone position1 di/ant objects1 p>ticul>ly troops1 bo? ) ! nak$ eye & ) field glasses4 ,simil>ly1 !y %\ld be tra9$ 9 e/imat+ di/ances4 7#aeh7 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,company #bjb4 ,capta9 responsible = in/ruction ( (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,! capta9 is responsible = ! !oretical & practical in/ruction ( 8 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s1 n only 9 ! duties ( _! respective grades1 b 9 ^? ( ! next high] grades4 7#aei7 #bjc4 ,=mation ( company 9 d\ble rank1 accord+ to height2 division into squads4 ,! company 9 l9e is =m$ 9 d\ble rank ) ! m5 arrang$1 z f> z practicable1 accord+ to height f "r to left1 ! talle/ on ! "r4 ,! orig9al division into squads is effect$ by ! comm&3 ,,c\nt ,,(f4 ,! squads1 successively1 f ! "r1 c\nt (f z 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #aec1 corporals plac+ !mselves z ,nos4 #d ( ! front rank4 ,if ! left squad conta9s less ?an six m51 x is ei!r increas$ to t numb] by transf]s f o!r squads or is brok5 up & its memb]s assign$ to o!r squads & po/$ 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,^! squad organizations are ma9ta9$1 by transf]s if necess>y1 until ! company becomes s r$uc$ 9 numb]s z to necessitate a new division into squads4 ,no squad w conta9 less ?an six m54 7#afj7 #bjd4 ,division ( company into platoons4 ,! company is fur!r divid$ into two1 ?ree or f\r platoons1 ea* consi/+ ( n less ?an two1 nor m ?an f\r squads4 ,9 g>rison or c]emonies ! /r5g? ( platoons may exce$ f\r squads4 7#afa7 #bje4 ,designation ( squads & platoons4 ,at ! =mation ( ! company ! platoons or squads are numb]$ consecutively f "r to left & ^! designations d n *ange4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 giv+ comm&s & = ref]5ce1 ! designations1 "r1 c5t]1 left1 :5 9 l9e1 & lead+1 c5t]1 re>1 :5 9 column1 are appli$ to platoons or squads4 ,^! designations apply to ! actual "r1 left1 c5t]1 head1 or re>1 9 :atev] direction ! company may be fac+4 ,! c5t] squad is ! middle or "r middle squad ( ! company4 ,! designation ,s-&-s's squad or platoon may also be us$4 7#afb7 #bjf4 ,assignm5t ( platoons2 assignm5t ( guides4 ,platoons are assign$ to ! lieut5ants & noncommission$ (fic]s1 9 ord] ( rank1 z foll[s3 #a1 "r2 #b1 left2 #c1 c5t] 7"r c5t]72 #d1 left c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,! noncommission$ (fic]s next 9 rank are assign$ z guides1 "o to ea* platoon4 ,if s]geants /ill rema91 !y are assign$ to platoons z additional guides4 ,:5 ! platoon is deploy$1 its guide1 or guides1 accompany ! platoon lead]4 ,dur+ battle1 ^! assignm5ts are n *ang$2 vacancies are fill$ by noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! platoon1 or by ! ne>e/ available (fic]s or noncommission$ (fic]s arriv+ ) re5=c+ troops4 7#afc7 #bjg4 ,po/ ( fir/ s]geant1 qu>t]ma/] s]geant & musicians4 ,! fir/ s]geant is nev] assign$ z a guide4 ,:5 n comm&+ a platoon1 he is po/$ z a file clos] opposite ! ?ird file f ! out] flank ( ! fir/ platoon2 & :5 ! company is deploy$ he accompanies ! capta94 ,! qu>t]ma/] s]geant1 :5 pres5t1 is assign$ accord+ to 8 rank z a s]geant4 ,enli/$ m5 bel[ ! grade ( s]geant1 arm$ ) ! rifle are 9 ranks unless s]v+ z guides2 :5 n s arm$ !y are po/$ 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,musicians1 :5 requir$ to play1 are at ! head ( ! column4 ,:5 ! company is deploy$1 !y accompany ! capta91 & p]=m ! duties laid d[n 9 p>4 #bgb4 7#afd7 #bjh4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ by company & by platoon z prescrib$ 9 ,s*ools ( ! ,soldi] & ! ,squad4 ,! company executes ! halt1 re/s1 fac+s1 /eps1 & m>*+s1 manual ( arms1 load+s1 & fir+s1 takes int]vals & di/ances & assembles1 increases & dim9i%es int]vals1 resumes att5tion1 obliques1 resumes ! direct m>*1 pres]ves alignm5ts1 kneels1 lies d[n1 rises1 /acks1 & takes arms1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,soldi] & ! ,squad1 sub/itut+ 9 ! comm&s company = squad4 ,! same rule applies to platoons1 deta*m5ts1 details1 etc41 sub/itut+ _! designation = squad 9 ! comm&s4 ,9 ! same mann] ^! execute ! movem5ts prescrib$ = ! company1 :5ev] possible1 sub/itut+ _! designation = company 9 ! comm&s4 7#afe7 #bji4 ,deplet$ company l$ z platoon4 ,a company s deplet$ z to make division into platoons impracticable is l$ by ! capta9 z a s+le platoon1 b reta9s ! designation ( company4 ,! lieut5ants & fir/ s]geant assi/ 9 fire control2 ! o!r s]geants place !mselves 9 ! fir+ l9e z skirmi%]s4 7#aff7 ,,close ,,ord] ,rules #baj4 ,platoon guides4 ,! guides ( ! "r & left1 or lead+ & re>1 platoons1 are ! "r & left1 or lead+ & re>1 guides1 respectively1 ( ! company :5 x is 9 l9e or 9 column ( squads4 ,o!r guides are 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,9 platoon movem5ts ! po/ ( ! platoon guide is at ! head ( ! platoon1 if ! platoon is 9 column1 & on ! guid+ flank if 9 l9e4 ,:5 a platoon has two guides _! orig9al assignm5t to flanks ( ! platoon does n *ange4 7#afg7 #baa4 ,guides ( a column ( squads2 *ang+ guides & file clos]s to opposite flank4 ,! guides ( a column ( squads place !mselves on ! flank opposite ! file clos]s4 ,to *ange ! guides & file clos]s to ! o!r flank1 ! capta9 comm&s3 #a4 ,file clos]s on left 7"r7 flank2 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! file clos]s d>t ?r\gh ! column2 ! capta9 & guides *ange4 ,9 ! column ( squads1 ea* rank pres]ves ! alignm5t t[>d ! side ( ! guide4 7#afh7 #bab4 ,file clos]s d n execute load+s or fir+s2 execution ( manual ( arms & o!r movem5ts4 ,m5 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s d n execute ! load+s or fir+s4 ,guides & enli/$ m5 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s execute ! manual ( arms dur+ ! drill unless specially excus$1 :5 !y rema9 at ! ord]4 ,dur+ c]emonies !y execute all movem5ts4 7#afi7 #bac4 ,action ( guides 9 tak+ int]vals & di/ances4 ,9 tak+ int]vals & di/ances1 unless o!rwise direct$1 ! "r & left guides1 at ! fir/ comm&1 place !mselves 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s1 &1 ) !m1 take a di/ance ( #d paces f ! re> rank4 ,9 tak+ int]vals1 at ! comm& m>*1 ! file clos]s face to ! flank & ea* /eps (f ) ! file ne>e/ him4 ,9 assembl+ ! guides & file clos]s resume _! position 9 l9e4 7#agj7 #bad4 ,repetition ( comm&s by platoon lead]s 9 platoon drill4 ,9 movem5ts execut$ simultane\sly by platoons 7z platoons "r or platoons1 column "r71 platoon lead]s repeat ! prep>atory comm& 7platoon "r1 etc471 applicable to _! respective platoons4 ,! comm& ( execution is giv5 by ! capta9 only4 7#aga7 ,to ,=m ! ,company #bae4 ,at ! s\nd+ ( ! assembly ! fir/ s]geant takes position #f paces 9 front ( :]e ! c5t] ( ! company is to be1 faces x1 draws sab]1 & comm&s3 ,,fall ,,94 ,! "r guide ( ! company places himself1 fac+ to ! front1 :]e ! "r ( ! company is to re/1 & at su* po9t t ! c5t] ( ! company w be #f paces f & opposite ! fir/ s]geant2 ! squads =m 9 _! prop] places on ! left ( ! "r guide1 sup]9t5d$ by ! o!r s]geants1 :o !n take _! po/s4 ,! fir/ s]geant comm&s3 ,,report4 ,rema9+ 9 position at ! ord]1 ! squad lead]s1 9 succession f "r1 salute & report3 ,all pres5t2 or1 ,private7s7 ---- abs5t4 ,! fir/ s]geant does n return ! salutes ( ! squad lead]s2 he !n comm&s3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,ord]1 #d4 ,,arms1 faces ab\t1 salutes ! capta91 reports3 ,sir1 all pres5t or acc\nt$ =1 or ! names ( ! unau?oriz$ abs5tees1 &1 )\t comm&1 takes 8 po/4 ,if ! company c n be =m$ by squads1 ! fir/ s]geant comm&s3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,"r %\ld]1 #d4 ,,arms1 & calls ! roll4 ,ea* man1 z 8 "n is call$1 answ]s "h & executes ord] arms4 ,! s]geant !n effects ! division into squads & reports ! company z prescrib$ above4 ,! capta9 places himself #ab paces 9 front ( ! c5t] (1 & fac+1 ! company 9 "t to receive ! report ( ! fir/ s]geant1 ^: salute he returns1 & !n draws sab]4 ,! lieut5ants take _! po/s :5 ! fir/ s]geant has report$ & draw sab] ) ! capta94 ,! company1 if n "u arms1 is =m$ 9 l mann] omitt+ ref]5ce to arms4 7#agb7 #baf4 ,= ! in/ruction ( platoon lead]s & guides1 ! company1 :5 small1 may be =m$ 9 s+le rank4 ,9 ?is =mation close ord] movem5ts only are execut$4 ,! s+le rank executes all movem5ts z expla9$ = ! front rank ( a company4 7#agc7 ,to ,dismiss ! ,company #bag4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt1 ! capta9 directs ! fir/ s]geant3 ,dismiss ! company4 ,! (fic]s fall out2 ! fir/ s]geant places himself fac$ to ! front1 #c paces to ! front & #b paces f ! ne>e/ flank ( ! company1 salutes1 faces t[>d opposite flank ( ! company & comm&s3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,port1 #d4 ,,arms1 #e4 ,,dismiss$4 7#agd7 ,alignm5ts #bah4 ,! alignm5ts are execut$ z prescrib$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 ! guide be+ e/abli%$ in/ead ( ! flank file4 ,! re>-rank man ( ! flank file keeps 8 head & eyes to ! front & cov]s 8 file lead]4 ,at ea* alignm5t ! capta9 places himself 9 prolongation ( ! l9e1 #b paces f & fac+ ! flank t[>d :i* ! dress is made1 v]ifies ! alignm5t1 & comm&s3 ,,front4 ,platoon lead]s take a l position :5 requir$ to v]ify alignm5ts4 7#age7 ,movem5ts on ! ,fix$ ,pivot #bai4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to turn ! company3 #a4 ,company "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt2 or1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! second comm& ! "r-flank man#a 9 ! front rank faces to ! "r 9 m>*+ & m>ks "t2 ! o!r front-rank m5 oblique to ! "r1 place !mselves abrea/ ( ! pivot1 & m>k "t2 9 ! re> rank ! ?ird man f ! "r1 foll[$ 9 column by ! second & fir/1 moves /raight to ! front until 9 re> ( 8 front-rank man1 :5 all face to ! "r 9 m>*+ & m>k "t2 ! rema9+ m5 ( ! re> rank move /raight to ! front #d paces1 oblique to ! "r1 place !mselves abrea/ ( ! ?ird man1 cov] _! file lead]s1 & m>k "t1 ! "r guide /eps back1 takes po/ on ! flank1 & m>ks "t4 ,illu/ration ,! f\r? comm& is giv5 :5 ! la/ man is #a pace 9 re> ( ! new l9e4 ,! comm& halt may be giv5 at any "t aft] ! movem5t beg9s2 only ^? halt :o are 9 ! new position4 ,ea* ( ! o!rs halts ^u arriv+ on ! l9e1 aligns himself to ! "r1 & executes front )\t comm&4 7#agf7 #bbj4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to =m column ( platoons1 or ! rev]se3 #a4 ,platoons "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt2 or1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e ,,to ,,column ,,( ,,platoons4 ,execut$ by ea* platoon z describ$ = ! company4 ,be=e =m+ l9e ! capta9 sees t ! guides on ! flank t[>d :i* ! movem5t is to be execut$ are cov]+4 ,?is is effect$ by previ\sly ann\nc+ ! guide to t flank4 7#agg7 #bba4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to =m column ( squads1 or ! rev]se2 or1 be+ 9 l9e ( platoons1 to =m column ( platoons1 or ! rev]se3 #a4 ,squads "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*2 or1 #a4 ,squads "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e ,,to ,,column ,,( ,,squads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e ,,( ,,platoons ,,to ,,column ,,( ,,platoons4 ,execut$ by ea* squad z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad4 ,if ! company or platoons be =m$ 9 l9e t[>d ! side ( ! file clos]s1 !y d>t ?r\gh ! column & take po/s 9 re> ( ! company at ! second comm&4 ,if ! column ( squads be =m$ f l9e1 ! file clos]s take po/s on ! pivot flank1 abrea/ ( & #d in*es f ! ne>e/ rank4 7#agh7 ,movem5ts on ! ,mov+ ,pivot #bbb4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to *ange direction3 #a4 ,"r 7,left7 turn1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,execut$ z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 except t ! m5 d n glance t[>d ! m>*+ flank & t all take ! full /ep at ! f\r? comm&4 ,! "r guide is ! pivot ( ! front rank4 ,ea* re>-rank man obliques on ! same gr\nd z 8 file lead]4 7#agi7 #bbc4 ,be+ 9 column ( platoons1 to *ange direction3 #a4 ,column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,at ! fir/ comm& ! lead] ( ! lead+ platoon comm&s3 ,"r turn4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! lead+ platoon turns to ! "r on mov+ pivot2 its lead] comm&s3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*1 on completion ( ! turn4 ,re> platoons m>* squ>ely up to ! turn+ po9t ( ! lead+ platoons & turn at comm& ( _! lead]s4 7#ahj7 #bbd4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads1 to *ange direction3 #a4 ,column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,at ! second comm& ! front rank ( ! lead+ squad turns to ! "r on mov+ pivot z 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad2 ! o!r ranks1 )\t comm& turn successively on ! same gr\nd & 9 a simil> mann]4 7#aha7 #bbe4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads1 to =m l9e ( platoons or ! rev]se3 #a4 ,platoons1 column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads ,,to ,,l9e ,,( ,,platoons4 ,execut$ by ea* platoon z describ$ = ! company4 7#ahb7 #bbf4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to =m column ( squads & *ange direction3 #a4 ,squads "r 7left71 column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*2 or1 #a4 ,"r 7,left7 by squads1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! "r squad initiates ! column "r z soon z x has complet$ ! squad "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squads ,,"r ,,column ,,"r4 ,9 ! second case1 at ! comm& m>*1 ! "r squad m>*es =w>d2 ! rema9d] ( ! company executes squads "r1 column left1 & foll[s ! "r squad4 ,! "r guide1 :5 he has po/$ himself 9 front ( ! squad1 takes f\r %ort /eps1 !n resumes ! full /ep2 ! "r quad con=ms4 7#ahc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,"r ,,by ,,squads4 #bbg4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to =m l9e ( platoons3 #a4 ,squads "r 7left71 platoons1 column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*2 or1 #a4 ,platoons1 "r 7left7 by squads1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e ,,to ,,l9e ,,( ,,platoons4 ,execut$ by ea* platoon z describ$ = ! company 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 7#ahd7 ,fac+ or ,m>*+ to ! ,re> #bbh4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 l9e ( platoons1 or 9 column ( platoons or squads1 to face or m>* to ! re>3 #a4 ,squads "r 7left7 ab\t1 #b4 ,,m>*2 or1 #a4 ,squad "r 7left7 ab\t1 #b4 ,,m>*2 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,execut$ by ea* squad z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad4 ,if ! company or platoons be 9 column ( squads1 ! file clos]s turn ab\t t[>d ! column1 & take _! po/s2 if 9 l9e1 ea* d>ts ?r\gh ! ne>e/ int]val betwe5 squads4 7#ahe74 #bbi4 ,to m>* to ! re> = a few paces3 #a4 ,ab\t1 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,if 9 l9e1 ! guides place !mselves 9 ! re> rank1 n[ ! front rank2 ! file clos]s1 on fac+ ab\t1 ma9ta9 _! relative positions4 ,no o!r movem5t is execut$ until ! l9e is fac$ to ! orig9al front4 7#ahf7 ,on ,"r 7,left7 ,into ,l9e #bcj4 ,be+ 9 column ( platoons or squads1 to =m l9e on "r or left3 #a4 ,on "r 7left7 into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt1 #e4 ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,platoons ,,to ,,l9e ,,on ,,"r4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ! lead] ( ! lead+ unit comm&s3 ,"r turn4 ,! lead]s ( ! o!r units comm&3 ,=w>d1 if at a halt4 ,at ! second comm& ! lead+ unit turns to ! "r on mov+ pivot4 ,! comm& halt is giv5 :5 ! lead+ unit has advanc$ ! desir$ di/ance 9 ! new direction2 x halts2 its lead] !n comm&s3 ,"r dress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads ,,to ,,l9e ,,on ,,"r4 ,! units 9 re> cont9ue to m>* /raight to ! front2 ea*1 :5 opposite ! "r ( its place 9 l9e1 executes "r turn at ! comm& ( its lead]2 ea* is halt$ on ! l9e at ! comm& ( its lead]1 :o !n comm&s3 ,"r dress4 ,all dress on ! fir/ unit 9 l9e4 ,if execut$ 9 d\ble "t1 ! lead+ squad m>*es 9 d\ble "t until halt$4 7#ahg7 ,front ,into ,l9e #bca4 ,be+ 9 column ( platoons or squads1 to =m l9e to ! front3 #a4 ,"r 7,left7 front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt1 #e4 ,,front4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ! lead]s ( ! units 9 re> ( ! lead+ "o comm&3 ,"r oblique4 ,if at a halt1 ! lead] ( ! lead+ unit comm&s3 ,=w>d4 ,at ! second comm& ! lead+ unit moves /raight =w>d2 ! re> units oblique z indicat$4 ,! comm& halt is giv5 :5 ! lead+ unit has advanc$ ! desir$ di/ance2 x halts2 its lead] !n comm&s3 ,left dress4 ,ea* ( ! re> units1 :5 opposite its place 9 l9e1 resumes ! orig9al direction at ! comm& ( its lead]2 ea* is halt$ on ! l9e at ! comm& ( its lead]1 :o !n comm&s3 ,left dress4 ,all dress on ! fir/ unit 9 l9e4 7#ahh7 #bcb4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads to =m column ( platoons1 or be+ l9e ( platoons1 to =m ! company 9 l9e3 #a4 ,platoons1 "r 7left7 front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,company1 #d4 ,,halt1 #e4 ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads ,,to ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,platoons ,,to ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,execut$ by ea* platoon z describ$ = ! company4 ,9 =m+ ! company 9 l9e1 ! dress is on ! left squad ( ! left platoon4 ,if =m+ column ( platoons1 platoon lead]s v]ify ! alignm5t be=e tak+ _! po/s2 ! capta9 comm&s front :5 ! alignm5ts h be5 v]ifi$4 ,:5 front into l9e is execut$ 9 d\ble "t ! comm&s = halt+ & align+ are omitt$ & ! guide is t[>d ! side ( ! fir/ unit 9 l9e4 7#ahi7 ,at ,ease & ,r\te ,/ep #bcc4 ,! column ( squads is ! habitual column ( r\te1 b r\te /ep & at ease are applicable to any m>*+ =mation4 7#aij7 ,to m>* at r\te /ep3 #a4 ,r\te /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,sab]s are c>ri$ at w or 9 ! scabb>d2 ! m5 c>ry _! pieces at w1 keep+ ! muzzles elevat$2 !y are n requir$ to pres]ve sil5ce1 nor to keep ! /ep4 ,! ranks cov] & pres]ve _! di/ance4 ,if halt$ f r\te /ep1 ! m5 /& at re/4 7#aia7 ,to m>* at ease3 #a4 ,at ease1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! company m>*es z 9 r\te /ep1 except t sil5ce is pres]v$2 :5 halt$1 ! m5 rema9 at ease4 7#aib7 ,m>*+ at r\te /ep or at ease3 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,at ! comm& att5tion ! pieces are br\ght to ! "r %\ld] & ! cad5c$ /ep 9 quick "t is resum$4 7#aic7 ,to ,dim9i% ,! ,front ( ,a ,column ( ,squads #bcd4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads3 #a4 ,"r 7left7 by twos1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& m>* all files except ! two "r files ( ! lead+ squad execute 9 place halt2 ! two left files ( ! lead+ squad oblique to ! "r :5 dis5gag$ & foll[ ! "r files at ! %orte/ practicable di/ance4 ,! rema9+ squads foll[ successively 9 l mann]4 7#aid7 #bce4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads or twos3 #a4 ,"r 7,left7 by file1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,at ! comm& m>*1 all files execute 9 place halt except ! "r file ( ! lead+ two or squad4 ,! left file or files ( ! lead+ two or squad oblique successively to ! "r :5 dis5gag$ & ea* foll[s ! file on its "r at ! %orte/ practicable di/ance4 ,! rema9+ twos or squads foll[ successively 9 l mann]4 7#aie7 ,be+ 9 column ( files or twos1 to =m column ( squads2 or1 be+ 9 column ( files1 to =m column ( twos3 #a4 ,squads 7,twos71 "r 7left7 front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 ! lead+ file or files halt4 ,! rema9d] ( ! squad1 or two1 obliques to ! "r & halts on l9e ) ! lead+ file or files4 ,! rema9+ squads or twos close up & successively =m 9 re> ( ! fir/ 9 l mann]4 ,illu/ration ,?is diagram illu/rates a squad execut+ ,,left front into l9e4 ,! movem5t describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph w be ord]$ "r or left1 s z to re/ore ! files to _! normal relative positions 9 ! two or squad4 7#aif7 ,! movem5ts prescrib$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ p>agraphs are difficult ( execution at att5tion & h no value z discipl9>y ex]cises4 7#aig7 ,,ext5d$ ,,ord] ,rules = ,deploym5t #bcf4 ,designation ( base squads4 ,! comm& guide "r 7left or c5t]7 indicates ! base squad = ! deploym5t2 if 9 l9e x designates ! actual "r 7left or c5t]7 squad2 if 9 column ! comm& guide "r 7left7 designates ! lead+ squad1 & ! comm& guide c5t] designates ! c5t] squad1 z laid d[n 9 p>4 #bje4 ,aft] ! deploym5t is complet$1 ! guide is c5t] )\t comm&1 unless o!rwise ord]$4 7#aii7 #bcg4 ,action ( squad lead]s at prep>atory comm& = =m+ skirmi% l9e4 ,at ! prep>atory comm& = =m+ skirmi% l9e1 f ei!r column ( squads or l9e1 ea* squad lead] 7except ! lead] ( ! base squad1 :5 8 squad does n advance7 cautions 8 squad1 foll[ me or by ! "r 7left7 flank1 z ! case may be2 at ! comm& m>*1 he /eps 9 front ( 8 squad & leads x to its place 9 l9e1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #afi4 7#bjj7 #bch4 ,po9t on :i* base squad m>*es4 ,hav+ giv5 ! comm& = =m+ skirmi% l9e1 ! capta91 if necess>y1 indicates to ! corporal ( ! base squad ! po9t on :i* ! squad is to m>*2 ! corporal habitually looks to ! capta9 = su* directions4 7#bja7 #bci4 ,deploym5t ( ! squads4 ,! base squad 7p>4 #aii7 is deploy$ z soon z x has suffici5t int]val4 ,! o!r squads are deploy$ z !y arrive on ! g5]al l9e2 ea* corporal halts 9 8 place 9 l9e & comm&s or signals1 z skirmi%]s 7execut$ z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #agj72 ! squad deploys & halts abrea/ ( him4 ,if tactical consid]ations dem& x1 ! squad is deploy$ be=e arriv+ on ! l9e4 7#bjb7 #bdj4 ,alignm5t ( deploy$ l9es2 deploy$ l9e faces to front on halt+4 ,deploy$ l9es pres]ve a g5]al alignm5t t[>d ! guide1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #fe4 ,)9 _! respective fronts1 individuals or units m>* s z be/ to secure cov] or to facilitate ! advance1 b ! g5]al & ord]ly progress ( ! :ole is p>am\nt4 ,on halt+1 a deploy$ l9e faces to ! front 7direction ( ! enemy7 9 all cases & takes advantage ( cov]1 ! m5 ly+ d[n if necess>y4 7#bjc7 #bda4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts 9 ext5d$ ord] execut$ by same comm&s z 9 close ord]4 ,! company 9 skirmi% l9e advances1 halts1 moves by ! flank1 or to ! re>1 obliques1 resumes ! direct m>*1 passes f quick to d\ble "t & ! rev]se by ! same comm&s & 9 a simil> mann] z 9 close ord]2 if at a halt1 ! movem5t by ! flank or to ! re> is execut$ by ! same comm&s z :5 m>*+4 ,company "r 7left1 half "r1 half left7 is execut$ z expla9$ = ! front rank 79 p>4 #afe7 skirmi% int]vals be+ ma9ta9$4 7,see p>4 #aga47 7#bjd7 #bdb4 ,deploym5t ( platoons & deta*m5ts4 ,a platoon or o!r "p ( ! company is deploy$ & m>*$ 9 ! same mann] z ! company1 sub/itut+ 9 ! comm&s1 platoon 7deta*m5ts1 etc471 = company4 7#bje7 ,deploym5ts 7,see p>s4 #agj-agb47 #bdc4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 to =m skirmi% l9e to ! front3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 guide "r 7left or c5t]71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,if m>*+1 ! corporal ( ! base squad moves /raight to ! front2 :5 t squad has advanc$ ! desir$ di/ance1 ! capta9 comm&s3 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,halt4 ,if ! guide be "r 7left71 ! o!r corporals move to ! left 7"r7 front1 &1 9 succession f ! base1 place _! squads on ! l9e2 if ! guide be c5t]1 ! o!r corporals move to ! "r or left front1 accord+ z !y are on ! "r or left ( ! c5t] squad1 & 9 succession f ! c5t] squad place _! squads on ! l9e4 ,if at a halt1 ! base squad is deploy$ )\t advanc+2 ! o!r squads may be conduct$ to _! prop] places by ! flank2 int]ior squads may be mov$ :5 squads m di/ant f ! base h ga9$ com=table m>*+ di/ance4 7#bjf7 #bdd4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads1 to =m skirmi% l9e to ! front3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 guide "r 7left or c5t]71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guide ,,"r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guide ,,c5t] 7,,m>*+74 ,illu/ration3 ,,guide ,,c5t] 7,,at ,a ,,halt74 ,if m>*+1 ! corporal ( ! base squad deploys x & moves /raight to ! front2 if at a halt1 he deploys 8 squad )\t advanc+4 ,if ! guide be "r 7left71 ! o!r corporals move to ! left 7"r7 front1 &1 9 succession f ! base1 place _! squads on ! l9e2 if ! guide be c5t]1 ! corporals 9 front ( ! c5t] squad move to ! "r 7if at a halt1 to ! "r re>71 ! corporals 9 re> ( ! c5t] squad move to ! left front1 & ea*1 9 succession f ! base1 places 8 squad on ! l9e4 ,! column ( twos or files is deploy$ by ! same comm&s & 9 l mann]4 7#bjg7 #bde4 ,deploym5t 9 an oblique direction4 ,! company 9 l9e or 9 column ( squads may be deploy$ 9 an oblique direction by ! same comm&s4 ,! capta9 po9ts out ! desire direction2 ! corporal ( ! base squad moves 9 ! direction indicat$2 ! o!r corporals con=m4 7#bjh7 #bdf4 ,deploym5t to flank or re>4 ,to =m skirmi% l9e to ! flank or re> ! l9e or ! column ( squads is turn$ by squads to ! flank or re> & !n deploy$ z describ$4 7#bji7 #bdg4 ,increas+ or decreas+ int]vals4 ,! int]vals betwe5 m5 are increas$ or decreas$ z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #agb1 add+ to ! prep>atory comm&1 guide "r 7left or c5t]7 if necess>y1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bcf4 7#baj7 ,! ,assembly #bdh4 ,! capta9 takes 8 po/ 9 front (1 or designates1 ! elem5t on :i* ! company is to assemble & comm&s3 #a4 ,assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,if 9 skirmi% l9e ! m5 move promptly t[>d ! designat$ po9t & ! company is re=m$ 9 l9e4 ,if assembl$ by platoons1 ^! are conduct$ to ! designat$ po9t by platoon lead]s1 & ! company is re=m$ 9 l9e4 ,platoons may be assembl$ by ! comm&3 #a4 ,platoons1 assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,execut$ by ea* platoon z describ$ = ! company4 ,"o or m platoons may be assembl$ by ! comm&3 #a4 ,su* platoon 7s71 assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,execut$ by ! designat$ platoon or platoons z describ$ = ! company4 7#baa7 ,! ,advance #bdi4 ,me?ods ( advanc+4 ,! advance ( a company into an engagem5t 7:e!r = attack or def5se7 is conduct$ 9 close ord]1 pref]ably column ( squads1 until ! probability ( enc\nt]+ ho/ile fire makes x advisable to deploy4 ,aft] deploym5t1 & be=e op5+ fire1 ! advance ( ! company may be cont9u$ 9 skirmi% l9e or o!r suitable =mation1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4 ,! advance may (t5 be facilitat$1 or bett] advantage tak5 ( cov]1 or losses r$uc$ by ! employm5t ( ! platoon or squad columns1 z laid d[n 9 p>s4 #bej-bea1 or by ! use ( a succession ( ?9 l9es1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bee4 ,! selection ( ! me?od to be us$ is made by ! capta9 or major1 ! *oice dep5d+ ^u conditions aris+ dur+ ! progress ( ! advance4 ,if ! deploym5t is f\nd to be premature1 x w g5]ally be be/ to assemble ! company & proce$ 9 close ord]4 ,patrols are us$ to provide ! necess>y security aga9/ surprise4 7#bab7 #bej4 ,be+ 9 skirmi% l9e3 #a4 ,platoon columns1 #b ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,! platoon lead]s move =w>d ?r\gh ! c5t] ( _! respective platoons2 m5 to ! "r ( ! platoon lead] m>* to ! left & foll[ him 9 file2 ^? to ! left m>* 9 l mann] to ! "r2 ea* platoon lead] ?us conducts ! m>* ( 8 platoon 9 d\ble column ( files2 platoon guides foll[ 9 re> ( _! respective platoons to insure prompt & ord]ly execution ( ! advance4 7#bac7 #bea4 ,be+ 9 skirmi% l9e3 #a4 ,squad columns1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,ea* squad lead] moves to ! front2 ! memb]s ( ea* squad oblique t[>d & foll[ _! squad lead] 9 s+le file at easy m>*+ di/ances4 7#bad7 #beb4 ,platoon columns are pr(itably us$ :]e ! gr\nd is s difficult or cov] s limit$ z to make x desirable to take advantage ( ! few favorable r\tes2 no two platoons %\ld m>* )9 ! area ( bur/ ( a s+le %rapnel#b4 ,squad columns are ( value pr9cipally 9 facilitat+ ! advance ov] r\gh or bru%-gr[n gr\nd2 !y af=d no mat]ial advantage 9 secur+ cov]4 7#bae7 #bec4 ,to deploy platoon or squad columns3 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,skirmi%]s move to ! "r or left front & successively place !mselves 9 _! orig9al positions on ! l9e4 7#baf7 ,illu/ration #bed4 ,be+ 9 platoon or squad columns3 #a4 ,assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembly ,,made ,,on ,,"r ,,platoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembly ,,made ,,on ,,"r ,,squad4 ,! platoon or squad lead]s signal assemble4 ,! m5 ( ea* platoon or squad1 z ! case may be1 advance &1 mov+ to ! "r & left1 take _! prop] places 9 l9e1 ea* unit assembl+ on ! lead+ elem5t ( ! column & re-=m+ 9 l9e4 ,! platoon or squad lead]s conduct _! units t[>d ! elem5t or po9t indicat$ by ! capta91 & to _! places 9 l9e2 ! company is re=m$ 9 l9e4 7#bag7 #bee4 ,be+ 9 skirmi% l9e1 to advance by a succession ( ?9 l9es3 #a4 7,su* numb]s71 =w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! capta9 po9ts out 9 advance ! select$ position 9 front ( ! l9e occupi$4 ,! designat$ numb] ( ea* squad moves to ! front2 ! l9e ?us =m$ pres]ves ! orig9al int]vals z ne>ly z practicable2 :5 ?is l9e has advanc$ a suitable di/ance 7g5]ally f #ajj to #bej y>ds1 dep5d+ ^u ! t]ra9 & ! "* ( ! ho/ile fire71 a second is s5t =w>d by simil> comm&s1 & s on at irregul> di/ances until ! :ole l9e has advanc$4 ,^u arriv+ at ! indicat$ position1 ! fir/ l9e is halt$4 ,successive l9es1 ^u arriv+1 halt on l9e ) ! fir/ & ! m5 take _! prop] places 9 ! skirmi% l9e4 ,ord9>ily ea* l9e is made up ( "o man p] squad & ! m5 ( a squad are s5t =w>d 9 ord] f "r to left z deploy$4 ,! fir/ l9e is l$ by ! platoon lead] ( ! "r platoon1 ! second by ! guide ( ! "r platoon1 & s on 9 ord] f "r to left4 ,! advance is conduct$ 9 quick "t unless conditions dem& a fa/] gait4 ,! company hav+ arriv$ at ! indicat$ position1 a fur!r advance by ! same means may be advisable4 7#bah7 #bef4 ,use & purpose ( advance 9 succession ( ?9 l9es4 ,! advance 9 a succession ( ?9 l9es is us$ to cross a wide /ret* swept1 or likely to be swept1 by artill]y fire or heavy1 long-range rifle fire :i* _c pr(itably be return$4 ,its purpose is ! build+ up ( a /rong skirmi% l9e prep>atory to engag+ 9 a fire fight4 ,?is me?od ( advanc+ results 9 s]i\s 7?\gh tempor>y7 loss ( control ov] ! company4 ,its advantage lies 9 ! fact t x (f]s a less def9ite t>get1 h5ce is less likely to draw fire4 7#bai7 #beg4 ,improvis$ =mations4 ,! above are sugge/ions4 ,o!r & bett] =mations may be devis$ to fit p>ticul> cases4 ,! be/ =mation is ! "o :i* advances ! l9e f>!/ ) ! lea/ loss ( m51 "t1 & control4 7#bbj7 ,! ,fire ,attack #beh4 ,advance ( fir+ l9e2 advance by ru%es4 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! advance ( ! fir+ l9e 9 attack are consid]$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,battalion4 7,see p>4 #cdb-cef47 ,:5 x becomes impracticable = ! company to advance z :ole by ord9>y means1 x advances by ru%es4 7#bba7 #bei4 ,advanc+ by ru%es4 ,be+ 9 skirmi% l9e3 #a4 ,by platoon 7two platoons1 squad1 f\r m51 etc471 f ! "r 7left71 #b4 ,,ru%4 ,! platoon lead] on ! indicat$ flank c>efully arranges ! details = a prompt & vigor\s execution ( ! ru% & puts x into effect z soon z practicable4 ,if necess>y1 he designates ! lead] = ! indicat$ fraction4 ,:5 ab\t to ru%1 he causes ! m5 ( ! fraction to cease fir+ & to hold !mselves flat1 b 9 read9ess to spr+ =w>d in/antly4 ,! lead] ( ! ru% 7at ! signal ( ! platoon lead]1 if ! latt] be n ! lead] ( ! ru%7 comm&s3 ,foll[ me1 & runn+ at top spe$1 leads ! fraction to ! new l9e1 :]e he halts x & causes x to op5 fire4 ,! lead] ( ! ru% selects ! new l9e if x has n be5 previ\sly designat$4 ,! fir/ fraction hav+ e/abli%$ itself on ! new l9e1 ! next l fraction is s5t =w>d by its platoon lead]1 )\t fur!r comm& ( ! capta91 & s on successively1 until ! entire company is on ! l9e e/abli%$ by ! fir/ ru%4 ,if m ?an "o platoon is to jo9 9 "o ru%1 ! junior platoon lead] con=ms to ! action ( ! s5ior4 ,a "p ( ! l9e hav+ advanc$1 ! capta9 may increase or decrease ! size ( ! fractions to complete ! movem5t4 7#bbb7 #bfj4 ,ru% ( company z :ole l$ by capta94 ,:5 ! company =ms a "p ( ! fir+ l9e1 ! ru% ( ! company z a :ole is conduct$ by ! capta91 z describ$ = a platoon 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! capta9 leads ! ru%2 platoon lead]s lead _! respective platoons2 platoon guides foll[ ! l9e to insure prompt & ord]ly execution ( ! advance4 7#bbc7 #bfa4 ,advance by crawl+ or o!rwise4 ,:5 ! =ego+ me?od ( ru%+1 by runn+1 becomes impracticable1 any me?od ( advance t br+s ! attack clos] to ! enemy1 su* z crawl+1 %\ld be employ$4 ,= regulations gov]n+ ! *>ge1 see p>agraphs #cee & #cef4 7#bbd7 7,all ru%es %\ld be made ) life & g+]1 & all ! m5 %\ld />t toge!r4 ,all ru%es %\ld be made "u cov]+ fire1 & :5 a unit ru%es =w>d ! adjo9+ unit or units make up = ! loss ( fire ?us caus$ by increas+ ! rate ( _! fire4 ,a unit comm&] ab\t to ru% =w>d1 w n d s until he sees t ! adjo9+ unit or units h />t$ to give him ! protection ( _! cov]+ fire &1 if necess>y1 he w call to !m to d s4 ,ea* unit mu/ be c>eful n to advance until ! la/ unit t ru%$ =w>d has _h "t to take up an effective fire4 ,:5 sights h to be adju/$ at ! conclusion ( a ru%1 ! m5 %\ld d s 9 ! prone position ev5 ?\gh x be necess>y = ! m5 to kneel = fir+4 ,! same z ! m5 :o ru% %\ld />t simultane\sly f ! prone position1 s %\ld !y /op simultane\sly1 all m5 dropp+ d[n to ! gr\nd toge!r1 :]ev] !y may be1 at ! comm& ,d[n1 giv5 by ! unit comm&] :5 ! lead+ m5 h rea*$ ! new position4 ,! sl[] memb]s :o drop d[n 9 re> w crawl up to ! l9e aft] ! halt4 ,s t ! sl[] memb]s may n be cr[d$ out ( ! l9e1 & also to prev5t bun*+1 ! fa/] m5 %\ld leave room = !m on ! l9e4--,au?or47 ,! ,company 9 ,support 7,be+ "p ( a battalion7 #bfb4 ,=mations adopt$ by support4 ,to enable x to foll[ or rea* ! fir+ l9e1 ! support adopts suitable =mations1 foll[+ ! pr9ciples expla9$ 9 p>agraphs #bdi-bee4 ,! support %\ld be kept assembl$ z long z practicable4 ,if aft] deploy+ a favorable opportunity arises to hold x = "s "t 9 close =mation1 x %\ld be reassembl$4 ,x is r$eploy$ :5 necess>y4 7#bbe7 #bfc4 ,support controll$ by major3 size ( re5=cem5t2 capta9 on look out = major's signals4 ,! movem5ts ( ! support z a :ole & ! dispat* ( re5=cem5ts f x to ! fir+ l9e are controll$ by ! major4 ,a re5=cem5t ( less ?an "o platoon has little influ5ce & w be avoid$ :5ev] practicable4 7,see p>4 #cec47 ,! capta9 ( a company 9 support is con/antly on ! al]t = ! major's signals or comm&s4 7#bbf7 #bfd4 ,re5=cem5t to jo9 fir+ l9e deploy$ z skirmi%]s & occupy exi/+ int]vals4 ,a re5=cem5t s5t to ! fir+ l9e jo9s x deploy$ z skirmi%]s4 ,! lead] ( ! re5=cem5t places x 9 an int]val 9 ! l9e1 if "o exi/s1 & comm&s x !reaft] z a unit4 ,if no su* suitable int]val exi/s1 ! re5=cem5t is advanc$ ) increas$ int]vals betwe5 skirmi%]s2 ea* man occupies ! ne>e/ int]val 9 ! fir+ l9e1 & ea* !n obeys ! ord]s ( ! ne>e/ squad lead] & platoon lead]4 7#bbg7 #bfe4 ,promptness 9 re5=c+ fir+ l9e4 ,a re5=cem5t jo9s ! fir+ l9e z quickly z possible )\t exhau/+ ! m54 7#bbh7 #bff4 ,orig9al platoon divisions to be ma9ta9$2 duties ( (fic]s & s]geants ^u jo9+ fir+ l9e4 ,! orig9al platoon division ( ! companies 9 ! fir+ l9e %\ld be ma9ta9$ & %\ld n be brok5 up by ! m+l+ ( re5=cem5ts4 ,^u jo9+ ! fir+ l9e1 (fic]s & s]geants accompany+ a re5=cem5t take ov] ! duties ( o!rs ( l grade :o h be5 disabl$1 or di/ribute !mselves s z be/ to ex]cise _! normal functions4 ,conditions w v>y & no rules c be prescrib$4 ,x is ess5tial t all assi/ 9 ma/]+ ! increas+ difficulties ( control4 7#bbi7 ,! ,company ,act+ ,alone #bfg4 ,employ$ accord+ to pr9ciples ( battalion act+ alone4 ,9 g5]al1 ! company1 :5 act+ alone1 is employ$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples applicable to ! battalion act+ alone z laid d[n 9 p>s4 #cbg-cfc2 ! capta9 employs platoons z ! major employs companies1 mak+ due all[ance = ! diff]5ce 9 /r5g?4 ,! support may be small] 9 proportion or may be disp5s$ )4 7#bcj7 #bfh4 ,protection aga9/ surprise4 ,! company mu/ be well protect$ aga9/ surprise4 ,combat patrols on ! flanks are especially important z expla9$ 9 p>4 #daj4 ,ea* lead] ( a flank platoon details a man to wat* = ! signals ( ! patrol or patrols on 8 flank4 7#bca7 ,,fire #bfi4 ,issu+ ( ammunition & load+ ( pieces be=e deploym5t2 fir+s 9 close ord]4 ,ord9>ily pieces are load$ & extra ammunition is issu$ be=e ! company deploys = combat4 ,9 close ord] ! company executes ! fir+s1 z prescrib$ 9 p>s4 #agi-aid1 at ! comm& ( ! capta91 :o po/s himself 9 re> ( ! c5t] ( ! company4 ,usually ! fir+s 9 close ord] consi/ ( salut+ volleys only4 7,see p>4 #ahi = volley fir+47 7#bcb7 #bgj4 ,fir+ controll$ by platoon lead]s4 ,:5 ! company is deploy$1 ! m5 execute ! fir+s at ! comm& ( _! platoon lead]s2 ! latt] give su* comm&s z are necess>y to c>ry out ! capta9's directions1 &1 f "t to "t1 add su* fur!r comm&s z are necess>y to cont9ue1 correct1 & control1 ! fire ord]$4 7#bcc7 #bga4 ,use ( signals dur+ fir+4 ,! voice is g5]ally inadequate = giv+ comm&s dur+ fire & mu/ be replac$ by signals ( su* "* t prop] fire direction & control is assur$4 7,see p>4 #ib = signals2 p>s4 #bhe-bhf = fire direction & p>s4 #bhg-bij = fire control47 ,to attract att5tion1 signals mu/ usually be prec$$ by ! :i/le signal 7%ort bla/74 ,a fraction ( ! fir+ l9e ab\t to ru% %\ld1 if practicable1 avoid us+ ! long bla/ signal z an aid to cease fir+4 7,see p>4 #ia47 ,(fic]s & m5 beh9d ! fir+ l9e c n ord9>ily move freely along ! l9e1 b mu/ dep5d on mutual wat*fulness & ! prop] use ( ! prescrib$ signals4 ,all %\ld po/ !mselves s z to see _! imm$iate sup]iors & subord9ates4 7#bcd7 #bgb4 ,duties ( musicians4 ,! musicians assi/ ! capta9 by obs]v+ ! enemy1 ! t>get1 & ! fire-effect1 by transmitt+ comm&s or signals1 & by wat*+ = signals4 7,= po/s ( musicians see p>4 #bjg47 7#bce7 #bgc4 ,blank ,c>tridges4 ,fir+ ) blank c>tridges at an outl9$ or repres5t$ enemy 7p>4 #g7 at di/ances less ?an #ajj y>ds is prohibit$4 7#bcf7 #bgd4 ,effect ( fire & influ5ce ( gr\nd4 ,! effect ( fire & ! influ5ce ( ! gr\nd 9 relation !reto1 & ! individual & collective in/ruction 9 m>ksman%ip1 are treat$ 9 ! ,small-,arms ,fir+ ,manual4 7#bcg7 ,ranges #bge4 ,classification4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ranges are classifi$ z foll[s3 #j to #fjj y>ds1 close range4 #fjj to #a1bjj y>ds1 effective range4 #a1bjj to #b1jjj y>ds1 long range4 #b1jjj y>ds & ov]1 di/ant range4 7#bch7 #bgf4 ,det]m9ation ( di/ance to t>get4 ,! di/ance to ! t>get mu/ be det]m9$ z accurately z possible & ! sights set accord+ly4 ,aside f tra9+ & morale1 ?is is ! mo/ important s+le factor 9 secur+ effective fire at ! long] ranges4 7#bci7 #bgg4 ,me?od ( det]m9+ ! range2 e/imators4 ,except 9 a delib]ately prep>$ def5sive position1 ! mo/ accurate & only practicable me?od ( det]m9+ ! range w g5]ally be to take ! mean ( sev]al e/imates4 ,five or six (fic]s or m51 select$ f ! mo/ accurate e/imators 9 ! company1 are designat$ z range e/imators & are specially tra9$ 9 e/imat+ di/ances4 ,:5ev] necess>y & practicable1 ! capta9 assembles ! range e/imators1 po9ts out ! t>get to !m1 & adopts ! mean ( _! e/imates4 ,! range e/imators !n take _! cu/om>y po/s4 7#bdj7 ,classes ( ,fir+ #bgh4 ,volley fir+1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #ahi1 has limit$ application4 ,9 def5se x may be us$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! action if ! enemy pres5ts a l>ge compact t>get4 ,x may be us$ by troops execut+ fire ( position1 z set =? 9 p>4 #dch4 ,:5 ! gr\nd ne> ! t>get is su* t ! /rike ( bullets c be se5 f ! fir+ l9e1 rang+ volleys may be us$ to correct ! sight sett+4 ,9 combat1 volley fir+ is execut$ habitually by platoon4 7#bda7 #bgi4 ,fire at w1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #aij1 is ! class ( fire normally employ$ 9 attack or def5se4 7#bdb7 #bhj4 ,clip fire 7see p>4 #aib47 has limit$ application4 ,x is pr9cipally us$3 #a4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( combat1 to /eady ! m5 by habituat+ !m to brief pauses 9 fir+4 #b4 ,to produce a %ort bur/ ( fire4 7#bdc7 ,! ,t>get #bha4 ,assignm5t ( t>get by major2 *ange ( t>get to be avoid$2 ho/ile fir+ l9e usual t>get4 ,ord9>ily ! major w assign to ! company an objective 9 attack or sector 9 def5se2 ! company's t>get w lie )9 ! limits s assign$4 ,9 ! *oice ( t>get1 tactical consid]ations are p>am\nt2 ! ne>e/ ho/ile troops )9 ! objective or sector w ?us be ! usual t>get4 ,?is w ord9>ily be ! ho/ile fir+ l9e2 troops 9 re> are ord9>ily prop] t>gets = artill]y1 ma*9e guns1 or1 at times1 infantry employ+ fire ( position1 z set =? 9 p>4 #dch4 ,*ange ( t>get %\ld n be made )\t excell5t reasons !re=1 su* z ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ho/ile troops "u conditions :i* make !m m to be fe>$ ?an ! troops compris+ ! =m] t>get4 7#bdd7 #bhb4 ,di/ribution ( fire2 allotm5t ( t>get to platoon lead]s4 ,! di/ribution ( fire ov] ! entire t>get is ( special importance4 ,! capta9 allots a "p ( ! t>get to ea* platoon1 or ea* platoon lead] takes z 8 t>get t "p :i* corresponds to 8 position 9 ! company4 ,m5 are s in/ruct$ t ea* fires on t "p ( ! t>get :i* is directly opposite him4 7#bde7 #bhc4 ,all ,p>ts ( t>get equally important4 ,all p>ts ( ! t>get are equally important4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! m5 d n slight its less visible p>ts4 ,a section ( ! t>get n cov]$ by fire repres5ts a numb] ( ! enemy p]mitt$ to fire coolly & effectively4 7#bdf7 #bhd4 ,use ( aim+ po9ts 9 case ( invisible t>gets4 ,if ! t>get c n be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 platoon lead]s select an object 9 front ( or beh9d x1 designate ?is z ! aim+ t>get1 & direct a sight sett+ :i* w c>ry ! cone ( fire into ! t>get4 7#bdg7 ,fire ,direction#c #bhe4 ,impracticability 9 combat ( comm&+ company directly4 ,:5 ! company is l>ge en\gh to be divid$ into platoons1 x is impracticable = ! capta9 to comm& x directly 9 combat4 ,8 effici5cy 9 manag+ ! fir+ l9e is measur$ by 8 ability to en=ce 8 w ?r\gh ! platoon lead]s4 ,hav+ indicat$ cle>ly :at he desires !m to d1 he avoids int]f]+ except to correct s]i\s errors or omissions4 7#bdh7 #bhf4 ,capta9 directs ! fire4 ,! capta9 directs ! fire ( ! company or ( designat$ platoons4 ,he designates ! t>get1 &1 :5 practicable1 allots a "p ( ! t>get to ea* platoon1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #cdj4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! fire action he det]m9es ! range1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bgg1 ann\nces ! sight sett+1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #ahh1 & indicates ! class ( fire to be employ$ 7,see p>4 #bgh7 & ! "t to op5 fire4 ,!reaft]1 he obs]ves ! fire effect 7,see p>s4 #dbh-dbi71 corrects mat]ial errors 9 sight sett+1 prev5ts exhau/ion ( ! ammunition supply1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #dcb-dcc1 & causes ! di/ribution ( su* extra ammunition z may be receiv$ f ! re>4 7#bdi7 ,fire ,control #bhg4 ,platoon ! fire unit4 ,9 combat1 ! platoon is ! fire unit4 ,f #bj to #ce rifles are z _m z "o lead] c control effectively4 7#bej7 #bhh4 ,special duties ( platoon lead]s4 ,ea* platoon lead] puts into execution ! comm&s or directions ( ! capta91 hav+ fir/ tak5 su* precautions to insure correct sight sett+ & cle> description ( ! t>get or aim+ t>get z ! situation p]mits or requires2 !reaft]1 he gives su* additional comm&s or directions z are necess>y to exact compliance ) ! capta9's w4 ,he corrects ! sight sett+ :5 necess>y4 ,he designates an aim+ t>get :5 ! t>get c n be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 7#bea7 #bhi4 ,g5]al duties ( platoon lead]s2 duties ( platoon guides & squad lead]s4 ,9 g5]al1 platoon lead]s obs]ve ! t>get & ! effect ( _! fire & are on ! al]t = ! capta9's comm&s or signals2 !y obs]ve & regulate ! rate ( fire1 z laid d[n 9 p>4 #aia4 ,! platoon guides wat* ! fir+ l9e & *eck e brea* ( fire discipl9e4 7,see p>s4 #bia-bid47 ,squad lead]s transmit comm&s & signals :5 necess>y1 obs]ve ! conduct ( _! squads & abate excitem5t1 assi/ 9 en=c+ fire discipl9e & p>ticipate 9 ! fir+4 7#beb7 #bij4 ,importance ( fire control4 ,! be/ troops are ^? t submit longe/ to fire control4 ,loss ( control is an evil :i* robs success ( its greate/ results4 ,to avoid or delay su* loss %\ld be ! con/ant aim ( all4 ,fire control implies ! ability to /op fir+1 *ange ! sight sett+ & t>get1 & resume a well direct$ fire4 7#bec7 ,fire ,discipl9e #bia4 ,:at fire discipl9e implies4 ,fire discipl9e implies1 besides a habit ( ob$i5ce1 a control ( ! rifle by ! soldi]1 ! result ( tra9+1 :i* w enable him 9 action to make hits in/ead ( misses4 ,x embraces tak+ advantage ( ! gr\nd2 c>e 9 sett+ ! sight & deliv]y ( fire2 con/ant att5tion to ! ord]s ( ! lead]s1 & c>eful obs]vation ( ! enemy2 an increase ( fire :5 ! t>get is favorable1 & a cessation ( fire :5 ! enemy disappe>s2 economy ( ammunition4 7,see p>s4 #dcb-dcc47 7,small-,arms ,fir+ ,manual47 ,9 combat1 %ots :i* graze ! enemy's tr5* or position & ?us r$uce ! effectiv5ess ( 8 fire h ! approximate value ( hits2 su* %ots only1 or actual hits1 contribute t[>d fire sup]iority4 ,fire discipl9e implies t1 9 a fir+ l9e )\t lead]s1 ea* man reta9s 8 pres5ce ( m9d & directs effective fire ^u ! prop] t>get4 7#bed7 #bib4 ,rate ( fire4 ,to create a correct appreciation ( ! requirem5ts ( fire discipl9e1 m5 are taught t ! rate ( fire1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #aia1 %\ld be z rapid z is consi/5t ) accurate aim+2 t ! rate w dep5d ^u ! visibility1 proximity1 & size ( ! t>get2 & t ! prop] rate w ord9>ily sugge/ itself to ea* tra9$ man1 usually r5d]+ cautions or comm&s unnecess>y4 ,9 attack ! highe/ rate ( fire is employ$ at ! halt prec$+ ! assault1 & 9 pursu+ fire4 7,see p>s4 #dij-did47 7#bee7 #bic4 ,position fire 9 advance by ru%es4 ,9 an advance by ru%es1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bei1 lead]s ( troops 9 fir+ positions are responsible = ! deliv]y ( heavy fire to cov] ! advance ( ea* ru%+ fraction4 ,troops are tra9$ to *ange slightly ! direction ( fire s z n to endang] ! flanks ( advanc$ portions ( ! fir+ l9e4 7#bef7 #bid4 ,action 9 def5se1 :5 t>get disappe>s4 ,9 def5se1 :5 ! t>get disappe>s beh9d cov]1 platoon lead]s susp5d fire1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #aic1 prep>e _! platoons to fire ^u ! po9t :]e x is expect$ to reappe>1 & greet its reappe>ance in/antly ) vigor\s fire4 7#beg7 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,battalion #bie4 ,battalion a tactical unit2 duties & responsibilities ( major4 ,! battalion be+ purely a tactical unit1 ! major's duties are prim>ily ^? ( an in/ructor 9 drill & tactics & ( a tactical comm&]4 ,he is responsible = ! !oretical & practical tra9+ ( ! battalion4 ,he sup]vises ! tra9+ ( ! companies ( ! battalion ) a view to insur+ ! ?or\ghness & uni=mity ( _! in/ruction4 ,9 ! in/ruction ( ! battalion z a :ole1 8 ef=ts w be direct$ *iefly to ! developm5t ( tactical effici5cy1 devot+ only su* "t to ! me*anism ( drill & to ! c]emonies z may be necess>y 9 ord] to insure precision1 sm>tness1 & prop] control4 7#beh7 #bif4 ,movem5ts expla9$ = battalion ( f\r companies4 ,! movem5ts expla9$ h]e9 are on ! basis ( a battalion ( f\r companies2 !y may be execut$ by a battalion ( two or m companies1 n exce$+ six4 7#bei7 #big4 ,arrangem5t ( companies 9 =mations4 ,! companies are g5]ally arrang$ f "r to left accord+ to ! rank ( ! capta9s pres5t at ! =mation4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! companies may be v>i$ by ! major or high] comm&]4 ,aft] ! battalion is =m$1 no cognizance is tak5 ( ! relative ord] ( ! companies4 7#bfj7 #bih4 ,designation ( companies4 ,9 :atev] direction ! battalion faces1 ! companies are designat$ num]ically f "r to left 9 l9e1 & f head to re> 9 column1 fir/ company1 second company1 etc4 ,! t]ms "r & left apply to actual "r & left z ! l9e faces2 if ! ab\t by squads be execut$ :5 9 l9e1 ! "r company becomes ! left company & ! "r c5t] becomes ! left c5t] company4 ,! designation c5t] company indicates ! "r c5t] or ! actual c5t] company accord+ z ! numb] ( companies is ev5 or odd4 7#bfa7 #bii4 ,po/ ( special units4 ,! b& & o!r special units1 :5 atta*$ to ! battalion1 take ! same po/ ) respect to x z if x 7 ! ne>e/ battalion4 7#bfb7 ,,close ,,ord] ,rules #cjj4 ,repetition ( comm&s by capta9s4 ,capta9s repeat su* prep>atory comm&s z are to be imm$iately execut$ by _! companies1 z =w>d1 squads "r1 etc42 ! m5 execute ! comm&s m>*1 halt1 etc41 if apply+ to _! companies1 :5 giv5 by ! major4 ,9 movem5ts execut$ 9 r\te /ep or at ease ! capta9s repeat ! comm& ( execution1 if necess>y4 ,capta9s d n repeat ! major's comm&s 9 execut+ ! manual ( arms1 nor ^? comm&s :i* are n ess5tial to ! execution ( a movem5t by _! companies1 z column ( squads1 fir/ company1 squads "r1 etc4 ,9 giv+ comm&s or cautions capta9s may prefix ! prop] lett] designations ( _! companies1 z ,a ,company1 ,,halt2 ,b ,company1 squads "r1 etc4 7#bfc7 #cja4 ,capta9s repeat+ comm& = guide4 ,at ! comm& guide c5t] 7"r or left71 capta9s comm&3 ,guide "r or left1 accord+ to ! positions ( _! companies4 ,guide c5t] designates ! left guide ( ! c5t] company1 z expla9$ 9 #c;d ,sec4 p>4 #bih4 7#bfd7 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii #cjb4 ,position ( capta9s 9 dress+ companies2 action ( guides 9 dress+4 ,:5 ! companies are to be dress$1 capta9s place !mselves on t flank t[>d :i* ! dress is to be made1 z foll[s3 ,! battalion 9 l9e3 ,besides ! guide 7or ! flank file ( ! front rank1 if ! guide is n 9 l9e7 & fac+ to ! front4 ,! battalion 9 column ( companies3 ,two paces f ! guide1 9 prolongation ( & fac+ d[n ! l9e4 ,ea* capta91 aft] dress+ 8 company1 comm&s3 ,,front1 & takes 8 po/4 ,! battalion be+ 9 l9e & unless o!rwise prescrib$1 at ! capta9's comm& dress or at ! comm& halt1 :5 x is prescrib$ t ! company %all dress1 ! guide on ! flank away f ! po9t ( re/ ) 8 piece at "r %\ld]1 dresses promptly on ! capta9 & ! companies beyond4 ,dur+ ! dress he moves1 if necess>y1 to ! "r & left only2 ! capta9 dresses ! company on ! l9e ?us e/abli%$4 ,! guide takes ! position ( ord] arms at ! comm& front4 7#bfe7 #cjc4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ z 9 ,s*ools ( ! ,soldi]1 ,squad & ,company4 ,! battalion executes ! halt 7,see p>4 #aaf71 re/s 7,see p>s4 #ajj-aja71 fac+s 7,see p>4 #ajd71 /eps & m>*+s 7,see p>s4 #ajg-aji71 manual ( arms 7,see p>s4 #abj-adg71 resumes att5tion 7,see p>4 #ajb71 kneels 7,see p>s4 #agd-agg71 lies d[n 7,see p>4 #age71 rises 7,see p>4 #agf71 /acks & takes arms 7,see p>s4 #afj-afa71 z expla9$ 9 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,soldi] & ,squad1 sub/itut+ 9 ! comm&s battalion = squad4 ,! battalion executes squads "r 7left7 7,see p>4 #bba71 squads "r 7left7 ab\t 7,see p>4 #bbh71 r\te /ep & at ease 7,see p>4 #bcc71 & obliques & resumes ! direct m>* 7,see p>s4 #afb-afc71 z expla9$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,company4 7#bff7 #cjd4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ z 9 ,s*ool ( ! ,company4 ,! battalion 9 column ( platoons1 squads1 twos1 or files *anges direction4 7,see p>s4 #bbc-bbd72 9 column ( squads1 =ms column ( twos or files & re-=ms columns ( twos or squads1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,company4 7,see p>s4 #bcd-bce47 7#bfg7 #cje4 ,simultane\s execution by companies or platoons ( movem5ts 9 ,s*ool ( ! ,company4 ,:5 ! =mation admits ( ! simultane\s execution by companies or platoons ( movem5ts 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,company ! major may cause su* movem5t to be execut$ by prefix+1 :5 necess>y1 companies 7platoons7 to ! comm&s prescrib$ !re93 ,z #a4 ,companies1 "r front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,to complete su* simultane\s movem5ts1 ! comm&s halt or m>*1 if prescrib$1 are giv5 by ! major4 ,! comm& front1 :5 prescrib$1 is giv5 by ! capta9s4 7,see p>4 #cjb47 7#bfh7 #cjf4 ,execution ( load+s & fir+s by battalion4 ,! battalion z a unit executes ! load+s & fir+s only 9 fir+ salut+ volleys4 ,! comm&s are z = ! company1 sub/itut+ battalion = company4 ,at ! fir/ comm& = load+1 capta9s take po/ 9 re> ( ! c5t] ( _! respective companies4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fir+1 ! capta9s resume _! po/s 9 l9e4 ,on o!r occasions1 :5 fir+ 9 close ord] is necess>y1 x is execut$ by company or o!r subdivision1 "u in/ructions f ! major1 z prescrib$ 9 p>s4 #agi-aid4 7#bfi7 ,to ,=m ! ,battalion #cjg4 ,= purposes o!r ?an c]emonies3 ,! battalion is =m$ 9 column ( squads4 ,! companies hav+ be5 =m$1 ! adjutant po/s himself s z to be fac+ ! column1 :5 =m$1 & #f paces 9 front ( ! place to be occupi$ by ! lead+ guide ( ! battalion2 he draws sab]2 adjutant's call is s\nd$ or ! adjutant signals assemble4 ,! companies are =m$1 at att5tion1 9 column ( squads 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,ea* capta91 aft] halt+ 8 company1 salutes ! adjutant2 ! adjutant returns ! salute &1 :5 ! la/ capta9 has salut$1 faces ! major & reports3 ,sir1 ! battalion is =m$4 ,he !n jo9s ! major4 7#bgj7 #cjh4 ,= c]emonies or :5 direct$3 ,! battalion is =m$ 9 l9e4 ,! companies hav+ be5 =m$1 ! adjutant po/s himself s z to be #f paces to ! "r ( ! "r company :5 l9e is =m$1 & faces 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! l9e is to ext5d4 ,he draws sab]2 adjutant's call is s\nd$2 ! b& plays if pres5t4 ,! "r company is conduct$ by its capta9 s z to arrive f ! re>1 p>allel to ! l9e2 its "r & left guides prec$e x on ! l9e by ab\t #bj paces1 tak+ po/ fac+ to ! "r at ord] arms1 s t _! elb[s w be aga9/ ! brea/s ( ! "r & left files ( _! company :5 x is dress$4 ,! guides ( ! o!r companies successively prolong ! l9e to ! left 9 l mann] & ! companies approa* _! respective places 9 l9e z expla9$ = ! "r company4 ,! adjutant1 f 8 po/1 causes ! guides to cov]4 ,:5 ab\t #a pace 9 re> ( ! l9e1 ea* company is halt$ & dress$ to ! "r aga9/ ! arms ( ! guides4 7,see p>4 #cjb47 ,! b&1 arriv+ f ! re>1 takes its place 9 l9e :5 ! "r company is halt$2 x ceases play+ :5 ! left company has halt$4 ,:5 ! guides ( ! left company h be5 po/$1 ! adjutant1 mov+ by ! %orte/ r\te1 takes po/ fac+ ! battalion midway betwe5 ! po/ ( ! major & ! c5t] ( ! battalion4 ,! major1 /aff1 noncommission$ /aff1 & ord]lies take _! po/s1 z prescrib$ 9 p>s4 #gc2 #gf-gh4 ,:5 all p>ts ( ! l9e h be5 dress$1 & (fic]s & o!rs h rea*$ _! po/s1 ! adjutant comm&s3 #a4 ,guides1 #b4 ,,po/s1 #c4 ,pres5t1 #d4 ,,arms4 ,at ! second comm& guides take _! places 9 ! l9e4 7,plate ,,ii1 page #fi47 ,! adjutant !n turns ab\t z expla9$ 9 p>4 #gd1 & reports to ! major3 ,sir1 ! battalion is =m$1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #ge2 ! major directs ! adjutant3 ,take y\r po/1 ,sir2 draws sab] & br+s ! battalion to ! ord]4 ,! adjutant takes 8 po/1 pass+ to ! "r ( ! major4 7#bga7 ,to ,dismiss ! ,battalion #cji4 ,dismiss y\r companies4 ,/aff & noncommission$ /aff (fic]s fall out2 ea* capta9 m>*es 8 company (f & dismisses x1 z laid d[n 9 p>4 #bag4 7#bgb7 ,to ,rectify ! ,alignm5t #caj4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt1 to align ! battalion3 #a4 ,c5t] 7"r or left71 #b4 ,,dress4 ,! capta9s dress _! companies successively t[>d ! c5t] 7"r or left7 guide ( ! battalion1 ea* z soon z ! capta9 next t[>d ! indicat$ guide comm&s3 ,,front4 ,! capta9s ( ! c5t] companies 7if ! dress is c5t]7 dress !m )\t wait+ = ea* o!r4 7#bgc7 #caa4 ,to give ! battalion a new alignm5t3 #a4 ,guides c5t] 7"r or left7 company on ! l9e1 #b4 ,guides on ! l9e1 #c4 ,c5t] 7"r or left71 #d4 ,,dress1 #e4 ,guides1 #f4 ,,po/s4 ,at ! fir/ comm&1 ! designat$ guides place !mselves on ! l9e1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #cjh1 fac+ ! c5t] 7"r or left74 ,! major e/abli%es !m 9 ! direction he wi%es to give ! battalion4 ,at ! second comm&1 ! guides ( ! o!r companies take po/s1 fac+ ! c5t] 7"r or left71 s z to prolong ! l9e4 ,at ! comm& dress1 ea* capta9 dresses 8 company to ! flank t[>d :i* ! guides ( 8 company face1 tak+ ! positions prescrib$ 9 p>4 #cjb4 ,at ! comm& po/s1 giv5 :5 all companies h complet$ ! dress1 ! guides return to _! po/s4 7,plate ,,ii1 page #fi47 7#bgd7 ,to ,rectify ! ,column #cab4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies1 or 9 close column1 at a halt1 if ! guides d n cov] or h n _! prop] di/ances1 & x is desir$ to correct !m1 ! major comm&s3 #a4 ,"r 7left71 #b4 ,,dress4 ,capta9s ( companies 9 re> ( ! fir/ place _! "r guides s z to cov] at ! prop] di/ance2 ea* capta9 aligns 8 company to ! "r & comm&s3 ,,front4 7,see p>4 #cjb47 7#bge7 ,on ,"r 7,left7 ,into ,l9e #cac4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads or companies3 #a4 ,on "r 7left7 into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,battalion1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads3 ,at ! fir/ comm&1 ! capta9 ( ! lead+ company comm&s2 ,squads "r4 ,if at a halt ea* capta9 9 re> comm&s3 ,=w>d4 ,at ! second comm&1 ! lead+ company m>*es 9 l9e to ! "r2 ! companies 9 re> cont9ue to m>* to ! front & =m successively on ! left1 ea*1 :5 opposite its place1 be+ m>*$ 9 l9e to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads ,,to ,,l9e ,,on ,,"r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,companies ,,to ,,l9e ,,on ,,"r4 ,! f\r? comm& is giv5 :5 ! fir/ company has advanc$ ! desir$ di/ance 9 ! new direction2 x halts & is dress$ to ! "r by its capta9 7p>4 #bfe72 ! o!rs complete ! movem5t1 ea* be+ halt$ #a pace 9 re> ( ! l9e e/abli%$ by ! fir/ company1 & !n dress$ to ! "r4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies3 ,at ! fir/ comm&1 ! capta9 ( ! fir/ company comm&s3 ,"r turn4 ,if at a halt1 ea* capta9 9 re> comm&s3 ,=w>d4 ,ea* ( ! capta9s 9 re> ( ! lead+ company gives ! comm&3 #a4 ,"r turn1 9 "t to add1 #b4 ,,m>*1 :5 8 company arrives opposite ! "r ( its place 9 l9e4 ,! f\r? comm& is giv5 & ! movem5t complet$ z expla9$ above4 ,:e!r execut$ f column ( squads or column ( companies1 ea* capta9 places himself s z to m>* beside ! "r guide aft] 8 company =ms l9e or *anges direction to ! "r4 ,if execut$ 9 d\ble "t1 ! lead+ company m>*es 9 d\ble "t until halt$4 7#bgf7 ,front into ,l9e #cad4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads or companies3 #a4 ,"r 7left7 front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads3 ,at ! fir/ comm&1 ! capta9 ( ! lead+ company comm&s3 ,column "r2 ! capta9 ( ! companies 9 re>3 column half "r4 ,at ! second comm& ! lead+ company executes column "r1 &1 z ! la/ squad completes ! *ange ( direction1 is =m$ 9 l9e to ! left1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #bba1 halt$ & dress$ to ! left4 7,see p>4 #cjb47 ,ea* ( ! companies 9 re> is conduct$ by ! mo/ conv5i5t r\te to ! re> ( ! "r ( ! prec$+ company1 !nce to ! "r1 p>allel to & #a pace 9 re> ( ! new l9e2 :5 opposite its place1 x is =m$ 9 l9e to ! left1 halt$1 & dress$ to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads ,,to ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,companies ,,to ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,front4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies3 ,if m>*+1 ! capta9 ( ! lead+ company gives ! necess>y comm&s to halt 8 company at ! second comm&2 if at a halt ! lead+ company /&s fa/4 ,at ! fir/ comm&1 ! capta9 ( ea* company 9 re> comm&s3 ,squads "r1 or ,"r by squads1 & aft] ! second comm& conducts 8 company by ! mo/ conv5i5t r\te to its place 9 l9e1 z describ$ above4 ,:e!r execut$ f column ( squads or column ( companies1 ea* capta9 halts :5 opposite1 or at ! po9t1 :]e ! left ( 8 company is to re/4 7#bgg7 ,to ,=m ,column ( ,companies ,successively to ! ,"r or ,left #cae4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads3 #a4 ,column ( companies1 fir/ company1 squads "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,! lead+ company executes squads "r & moves =w>d4 ,! o!r companies move =w>d 9 column ( squads & successively m>* 9 l9e ! "r on ! same gr\nd z ! lead+ company & 9 su* mann] t ! guide cov]s ! guide ( ! prec$+ company4 7#bgh7 ,to ,=m ,column ( ,squads ,successively to ! ,"r or ,left #caf4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies 7,plate ,,iii1 page #ij73 #a4 ,column ( squads1 fir/ company1 squads "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,! lead+ company executes squads "r & moves =w>d4 ,! o!r companies move =w>d 9 column ( companies & successively m>* 9 column ( squads to ! "r on ! same gr\nd z ! lead+ company4 7#bgi7 ,to ,*ange ,direction #cag4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies or close column4 7,plate ,,iii1 page #ij72 #a4 ,column "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration ,! capta9 ( ! fir/ company comm&s3 ,"r turn4 ,! lead+ company turns to ! "r on mov+ pivot1 ! capta9 add+3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*1 ^u its completion4 ,! o!r companies m>* squ>ely up to ! turn+ po9t2 ea* *anges direction by ! same comm&s & means z ! fir/ & 9 su* mann] t ! guide cov]s ! guide ( ! prec$+ company4 7#bhj7 #cah4 ,be+ 9 l9e ( companies or close l9e4 7,plate ,,iii1 page #ij73 #a4 ,battalion "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,battalion1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,illu/ration ,! "r company *anges direction to ! "r1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #bbd2 ! o!r companies are conduct$ by ! %orte/ l9e to _! places abrea/ ( ! fir/4 ,! f\r? comm& is giv5 :5 ! "r company has advanc$ ! desir$ di/ance 9 ! new direction2 t company halts2 ! o!rs halt successively ^u arriv+ on ! l9e4 7#bha7 #cai4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads1 ! battalion *anges direction by ! same comm&s & 9 ! mann] prescrib$ = ! company1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bbd4 7#bhb7 ,mass ,=mations ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e4 #cai;a4 ,be+ 9 column ( squads1 to =m a l9e ( columns ( companies or company subdivisions1 fac+ 9 any desir$ direction1 at any desir$ int]val1 on ! "r or left ( ! lead+ elem5t ( ! battalion3 #a4 ,l9e ( companies 7half companies1 platoons71 at 7s _m7 paces1 guide "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,battalion1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,l9e ,,( ,,companies4 ,! lead+ company 7or subdivision7 m>*es 9 ! direction previ\sly indicat$ by ! major until ! comm& halt is giv5 & !n halts4 ,ea* succe$+ company 7or subdivision7 m>*es by ! mo/ direct r\te to its place at ! prescrib$ int]vals on ! left 7"r7 ( ! next prec$+ company 7or subdivision71 halt+ :5 x is abrea/ ( ! lead+ elem5t ( ! battalion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,squads4 ,if ! battalion be 9 any =mation o!r ?an column ( squads1 ! major indicates ! desir$ direction to ! lead+ elem5t4 ,! entire comm& =ms column ( squads & executes a movem5t 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples indicat$ above4 7#bhb-a_/b7 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,column ,,( ,,companies4 #cbj4 ,be+ 9 l9e1 l9e ( companies1 or column ( companies4 7,plate ,,iii1 page #ij73 #a4 ,close on fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,if at a halt1 ! indicat$ company /&s fa/2 if m>*+1 x is halt$2 ea* ( ! o!r companies is conduct$ t[>d x & is halt$ 9 prop] ord] 9 close column4 ,if ! battalion is 9 l9e1 companies =m successively 9 re> ( ! indicat$ company2 if 9 column ( squads1 companies 9 re> ( ! lead+ company =m on ! left ( x4 ,9 close column =m$ l9e on ! fir/ company1 ! left guides cov]2 =m$ on ! f\r? company1 "r guides cov]4 ,if =m$ on ! lead+ company1 ! guide rema9s z be=e ! =mation4 ,9 close l9e1 ! guides are halt$ abrea/ ( ! guide ( ! lead+ company4 ,! battalion 9 column closes on ! lead+ company only4 7#bhc7 7,9 clos+ f l9e ( companies & 9 ext5d+ f close l9e1 ! companies o!r ?an ! base "o1 may be mov$ ei!r by ! comm&s1 7a7 #a4 ,squads1 "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*2 7b7 #a4 ,"r 7left7 oblique1 #b4 ,,m>*2 7c7 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*2 7d7 #a4 ,squads left 7"r7 #b4 ,,m>*2 7e7 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,halt2 or1 7a7 #a4 ,by ! "r 7left7 flank1 #b4 ,,m>*2 7b7 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,halt2 7c7 #a4 ,left 7"r71 #b4 ,,face2 or if at a halt by ! comm&s1 7a7 #a4 ,"r 7left71 #b4 ,,face2 7b7 #a4 ,at ,trail1 #b4 ,=w>d1 #c4 ,,m>*2 7c7 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,halt2 7d7 #a4 ,left 7"r71 #b4 ,,face4 ,9 "s comm&s x is cu/om>y to use "o me?od :ile 9 o!r comm&s ano!r is us$4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity all companies ( a giv5 comm& %\ld use ! same me?od4--,au?or47 ,to ,ext5d ! ,mass #cba4 ,be+ 9 close column or 9 close l9e2 #a4 ,ext5d on fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,close ,,column4 ,be+ 9 close l9e3 if at a halt1 ! indicat$ company /&s fa/2 if m>*+1 x halts2 ea* ( ! o!r companies is conduct$ away f ! indicat$ company & is halt$ 9 its prop] ord] 9 l9e ( companies4 ,be+ 9 close column1 ! ext5sion is made on ! f\r? company only4 ,if m>*+1 ! lead+ company cont9ues to m>*2 companies 9 re> are halt$ & successively resume ! m>* 9 "t to foll[ at full di/ance4 ,if at halt1 ! lead+ company m>*es2 companies 9 re> successively m>* 9 "t to foll[ at full di/ance4 ,close column is n ext5d$ 9 d\ble "t4 7,see au?or's note1 p>4 #cbj47 7#bhd7 #cbb4 ,be+ 9 close column3 #a4 ,"r 7left7 front into l9e1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,execut$ z f column ( companies1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #cad4 7#bhe7 #cbc4 ,be+ 9 close column3 #a4 ,column ( squads1 fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 squads "r 7left71 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! designat$ company m>*es 9 column ( squads to ! "r4 ,ea* ( ! o!r companies executes ! same movem5t 9 "t to foll[ ! prec$+ company 9 column4 7#bhf7 #cbd4 ,be+ 9 close l9e3 #a4 ,column ( squads1 fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 =w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,close ,,l9e4 ,! designat$ company moves =w>d4 ,! o!r companies 7halt+ if 9 m>*7 successively take up ! m>* & foll[ 9 column4 7#bhg7 ,r\te ,/ep & at ,ease #cbe4 ,! battalion m>*es 9 r\te /ep & at ease z prescrib$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,company4 7,see p>4 #bcc47 ,:5 m>*+ 9 column ( companies or platoons1 ! guides ma9ta9 ! trace & di/ance4 ,9 r\te m>*es ! major m>*es at ! head ( ! column2 :5 necess>y1 ! file clos]s may be direct$ to m>* at ! head & re> ( _! companies4 7#bhh7 ,assembly #cbf4 ,! battalion be+ :olly or p>tially deploy$1 or ! companies be+ sep>at$3 #a4 ,assemble1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! major places himself opposite to or designates ! elem5t or po9t on :i* ! battalion is to assemble4 ,companies are assembl$1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #bdh1 & m>*$ to ! indicat$ po9t4 ,z ! companies arrive ! major or adjutant indicates ! =mation to be tak54 7#bhi7 ,,combat ,,pr9ciples ,ord]s #cbg4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ces to ord]s are applicable to attack or def5se3 7#bij7 #cbh4 ,use ( prescrib$ comm&s2 tactical ord]s1 ord]s & comm&s4 ,9 ext5d$ ord]1 ! company is ! l>ge/ unit to execute movem5ts by prescrib$ comm&s or means4 ,! major1 assembl+ 8 capta9s if practicable1 directs ! disposition ( ! battalion by means ( tactical ord]s4 ,he controls its subsequ5t movem5ts by su* ord]s or comm&s z are suitable to ! occasion4 7#bia7 #cbi4 ,major's ord] mak+ disposition ( battalion = combat2 base company 9 attack4 ,9 e disposition ( ! battalion = combat ! major's ord] %\ld give subord9ates suffici5t in=mation ( ! enemy1 ( ! position ( support+ & neighbor+ troops1 & ( ! object s\ght to enable !m to con=m intellig5tly to ! g5]al plan4 ,! ord] %\ld !n designate ! companies :i* are to con/itute ! fir+ l9e & ^? :i* are to con/itute ! support4 ,9 attack1 x %\ld designate ! direction or ! objective1 ! ord] & front ( ! companies on ! fir+ l9e1 & %\ld designate ! "r or left company z base company4 ,9 def5se1 x %\ld describe ! front ( ea* company &1 if necess>y1 ! sector to be obs]v$ by ea*1 z prescrib$ 9 #bha-bhd4 7#bib7 #ccj4 ,reconnaissance & protection ( flanks4 ,:5 ! battalion is op]at+ alone1 ! major provides = ! reconnaissance & protection ( 8 flanks2 if "p ( a l>g] =ce1 ! major makes simil> provisions1 :5 necess>y1 )\t ord]s f high] au?ority1 unless su* au?ority has specifically direct$ o!r suitable reconnaissance & protection4 7#bic7 #cca4 ,issue ( extra ammunition :5 battalion is deploy$4 ,:5 ! battalion is deploy$ ^u ! initiative ( ! major1 he w indicate :e!r extra ammunition %all be issu$2 if deploy$ 9 pursuance ( ord]s ( high] au?ority1 ! major w cause ! issue ( extra ammunition1 unless su* au?ority has giv5 directions to ! contr>y4 7,= ammunition supply see p>s4 #efi-ege47 7#bid7 ,deploym5t 7,see p>s4 #def-dfb2 #dfc-dff47 #ccb4 ,! foll[+ pr9ciples ( deploym5t are applicable to attack or def5se4 7#bie7 #ccc4 ,avoid+ premature deploym5t4 ,a premature deploym5t involves a long1 disorganiz+ & fatigu+ advance ( ! skirmi% l9e1 & %\ld be avoid$4 ,a great] evil is to be caught by heavy fire :5 9 d5se column or o!r close ord] =mation2 h5ce advantage %\ld be tak5 ( cov] 9 ord] to reta9 ! battalion 9 close ord] =mation until exposure to heavy ho/ile fire may reasonably be anticipat$4 7#bif7 #ccd4 ,dep? ( deploym5t & d5sity ( fir+ l9e2 companies & deta*m5ts conduct$ to _! places by _! comm&]s4 ,! major regulates ! dep? ( ! deploym5t & ! ext5t & d5sity ( ! fir+ l9e1 subject to su* re/rictions z a s5ior may h impos$4 ,companies or designat$ subdivisions & deta*m5ts are conduct$ by _! comm&]s 9 su* mann] z be/ to accompli% ! mission assign$ to !m "u ! major's ord]s4 ,companies designat$ = ! fir+ l9e m>* indep5d5tly to ! place ( deploym5t1 =m skirmi% l9e1 & take up ! advance4 ,!y con=m1 9 g5]al1 to ! base company1 z prescrib$ 9 ,p>4 #cbi4 7#big7 #cce4 ,division ( battalion into fir+ l9e & support4 ,! comm&] ( a battalion1 :e!r x is op]at+ alone or z "p ( a l>g] =ce1 %\ld hold a "p ( 8 comm& out ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,by ! judici\s use ( ?is =ce1 ! major c ex]t an influ5ce n o!rwise possible ov] 8 fir+ l9e & c control1 )9 reasonable limits1 an action once begun4 ,s1 if 8 battalion be assign$ to ! fir+ l9e1 ! major w cause "o1 two1 or ?ree companies to be deploy$ on ! fir+ l9e1 reta9+ ! rema9+ companies or company z a support = t fir+ l9e4 ,! division ( ! battalion into fir+ l9e & support w dep5d ^u ! front to be cov]$ & ! nature & anticipat$ sev]ity ( ! action4 7#bih7 #ccf4 ,size ( support4 ,if ! battalion be "p ( a l>g] comm&1 ! numb] ( companies 9 ! fir+ l9e w g5]ally be det]m9able f ! regim5tal comm&]'s ord]2 ! rema9d] con/itutes ! support1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #cce4 ,if ! battalion is act+ alone1 ! support mu/ be /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 ! orig9al fire p[] ( ! fir+ l9e1 to protect ! flanks1 & to p]=m ! functions ( a res]ve1 :atev] be ! issue ( ! action1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #dde4 7#bii7 #ccg4 ,position ( support4 ,if ! battalion is op]at+ alone1 ! support may1 accord+ to circum/ances1 be held 9 "o or two bodies & plac$ beh9d ! c5t]1 or "o or bo? flanks ( ! fir+ l9e1 or e*elon$ beyond a flank4 ,if ! battalion is "p ( a l>g] =ce1 ! support is g5]ally held 9 "o body4 7#cjj7 #cch4 ,di/ance betwe5 fir+ l9e & support4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! fir+ l9e & ! support+ gr\p or gr\ps w v>y betwe5 wide limits2 x %\ld be z %ort z ! necessity = protection f heavy losses w p]mit4 ,:5 cov] is available1 ! support %\ld be z close z #ej to #ajj y>ds2 :5 su* cov] is n available1 x %\ld n be clos] ?an #cjj y>ds4 ,x may be z f> z #ejj y>ds 9 re> if good cov] is !re obta9able & is n obta9able at a less] di/ance4 7#cja7 #cci4 ,plac+ entire battalion or regim5t 9 fir+ l9e at beg9n+4 ,9 exceptional cases1 z 9 a meet+ engagem5t1 x may be necess>y to place an entire battalion or regim5t 9 ! fir+ l9e at ! initial deploym5t1 ! support be+ furni%$ by o!r troops4 ,su* deploym5t causes ! e>ly m+l+ ( ! l>g] units1 ?us r5d]+ lead]%ip & control extremely difficult4 ,! necessity = su* deploym5t w increase ) ! ineffici5cy ( ! comm&] & ( ! s]vice ( in=mation4 7#cjb7 ,fire #cdj4 ,major apportions t>get4 ,fire direction & fire control are functions ( company & platoon comm&]s1 z laid d[n 9 p>s4 #bhe-bij4 ,! major makes ! prim>y apportionm5t ( ! t>get--9 def5se1 by assign+ sectors ( fire1 9 attack1 by assign+ ! objective4 ,9 ! latt] case ea* company 9 ! fir+ l9e takes z its t>get t "p ( ! g5]al objective :i* lies 9 its front4 7#cjc7 #cda4 ,major indicates :]e or :5 fire fight beg9s4 ,! major %\ld indicate ! po9t or "t at :i* ! fire fight is to op54 ,he may d ?is 9 8 ord] = deploym5t or he may foll[ ! fir+ l9e close en\gh to d s at ! prop] "t4 ,if x be impracticable = him to d ei!r1 ! s5ior (fic] ) ! fir+ l9e1 9 ea* battalion1 selects ! "t = op5+ fire4 7#cjd7 ,attack 7,see p>s4 #def-ejb47 #cdb4 ,battalion ! attack unit4 ,! battalion is ! attack unit1 :e!r op]at+ alone or z "p ( a l>g] unit4 7#cje7 #cdc4 ,advance ( battalion act+ z "o ( sev]al 9 fir+ l9e4 ,if 8 battalion be "o ( sev]al 9 ! fir+ l9e1 ! major1 9 execut+ 8 "p ( ! attack1 pu%es 8 battalion =w>d z vigor\sly z possible )9 ! front1 or section1 assign$ to x4 ,! great degree ( indep5d5ce all[$ to him z to details dem&s1 9 turn1 ! ex]cise ( good judgm5t on 8 "p4 ,bett] lead]%ip1 bett] troops1 & m favorable t]ra9 enable "o battalion to advance m rapidly 9 attack ?an ano!r less =tunate1 & su* a battalion w insure ! fur!r advance ( ! o!rs4 ,! lead+ battalion %\ld n1 h[ev]1 become isolat$2 isolation may lead to its de/ruction4 7#cjf7 #cdd4 ,close 9 on enemy z mu* z possible be=e op5+ fire4 ,! deploym5t hav+ be5 made1 ! fir+ l9e advances )\t fir+4 ,! pr$om9ant idea mu/ be to close ) ! enemy z soon z possible )\t ru9\s losses4 ,! limit$ supply ( ammunition & ! unc]ta9ty ( resupply1 ! necessity = secur+ fire sup]iority 9 ord] to advance )9 ! %ort] ranges1 & ! impossibility ( accompli%+ ?is at ineffective ranges1 make x imp]ative t fire be n op5$ z long z ! advance c be cont9u$ )\t demoraliz+ losses4 ,! attack :i* halts to op5 fire at extreme range 7ov] #a1bjj y>ds7 is n likely ev] to rea* its de/9ation4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made1 by us+ cov] or inconspicu\s =mations1 or by advanc+ ! fir+ l9e z a :ole1 to arrive )9 #hjj y>ds ( ! enemy be=e op5+ fire4 7,= exp5diture ( ammunition see p>s4 #dcb-dcc2 = advanc+ ! attack see p>4 #dfg47 7#cjg7 #cde4 ,fire to be direct$ aga9/ ! ho/ile infantry4 ,except :5 ! enemy's artill]y is able to effect an unusual conc5tration ( fire1 its fire ^u deploy$ infantry causes losses :i* are unimportant :5 comp>$ ) ^? inflict$ by 8 infantry2 h5ce ! attack+ infantry %\ld proce$ to a position z describ$ above1 & f :i* an effective fire c be direct$ aga9/ ! ho/ile infantry ) a view to obta9+ fire sup]iority4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! enemy's fire mu/ be r$uc$ s z to p]mit fur!r advance4 ,! m effective ! fire to :i* ! enemy is subject$ ! less effective w be 8 fire4 7#cjh7 #cdf4 ,! fur!r advance ( ! fir+ l9e2 size ( ru%+ units4 ,occasionally ! fire ( adjac5t battalions1 or ( infantry employ+ fire ( position1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #dch1 or ( support+ artill]y1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #dcd-dch1 w p]mit ! fur!r advance ( ! entire fir+ l9e f ?is po9t1 b x w g5]ally be necess>y to advance by ru%es1 z laid d[n 9 p>4 #bei1 ( fractions ( ! l9e4 ,! fraction mak+ ! ru% %\ld be z l>ge z ! ho/ile fire & ! necessity = ma9ta9+ fire sup]iority w p]mit4 ,dep5d+ ^u circum/ances1 ! /r5g? ( ! fraction may v>y f a company to a few m54 ,! advance is made z rapidly z possible )\t los+ fire sup]iority4 ,! small] ! fraction :i* ru%es1 ! great] ! numb] ( rifles :i* cont9ue to fire ^u ! enemy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! small] ! fraction :i* ru%es ! sl[] w be ! progress ( ! attack4 7#cji7 #cdg4 ,size ( ru%+ units4 ,en\gh rifles mu/ cont9ue 9 action to insure ! success ( ea* ru%4 ,frequ5tly ! successive advances ( ! fir+ l9e mu/ be effect$ by ru%es ( fractions ( decreas$ size2 t is1 advances by ru%es may fir/ be made by company1 lat] by half company or platoon1 & f9ally by squads or files2 b no subsequ5t opportunity to increase ! rate ( advance1 su* z bett] cov] or a decrease ( ! ho/ile fire1 %\ld be ov]look$4 7#caj7 #cdh4 ,! ru% begun by a flank unit4 ,:5ev] possible1 ! ru% is begun by a flank fraction ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( express directions f ! major1 ea* capta9 ( a flank company det]m9es :5 an advance by ru%es 7p>4 #bbb7 %all be attempt$4 ,a flank company :i* inaugurates an advance by ru%es becomes ! base company1 if n already ! base4 ,an advance by ru%es hav+ be5 inaugurat$ on "o flank1 ! rema9d] ( ! fir+ l9e con=ms2 fractions ru% successively f t flank & halt on ! l9e e/abli%$ by ! initial ru%4 ,! fractions ne$ n be uni=m 9 size2 ea* capta9 indicates h[ 8 company %all ru%1 hav+ due reg>d to ! gr\nd & ! /ate ( ! fire fight4 7#caa7 #cdi4 ,fractions to advance "u cov]+ fire4 ,a fraction ab\t to ru% is s5t =w>d :5 ! rema9d] ( ! l9e is fir+ vigor\sly2 o!rwise ! *ief advantage ( ?is me?od ( advanc+ is lo/4 ,! l5g? ( ! ru% w v>y f #cj to #hj y>ds1 dep5d+ ^u ! exi/5ce ( cov]1 positions = fir+1 & ! ho/ile fire4 7#cab7 #cej4 ,subsequ5t advances4 ,:5 ! entire fir+ l9e ( ! battalion has advanc$ to ! new l9e1 fre% opportunities to advance are s\ght z be=e4 7#cac7 #cea4 ,pre>rang$ me?ods ( advanc+ by ru%es prohibit$4 ,two id5tical situations w nev] confront ! battalion2 h5ce at drill x is prohibit$ to arrange ! details ( an advance be=e ! prec$+ "o has be5 conclud$1 or to employ a fix$ or pre>rang$ me?od ( advanc+ by ru%es4 7#cad7 #ceb4 ,po/ ( ! major4 ,! major po/s himself s z be/ to direct ! re5=c+ ( ! fir+ l9e f ! support4 ,:5 all or ne>ly all ( ! support has be5 absorb$ by ! fir+ l9e1 he jo9s1 & takes full *>ge (1 ! latt]4 7#cae7 #cec4 ,size ( re5=cem5ts4 ,! re5=c+ ( ! fir+ l9e by driblets ( a squad or a few m5 has no appreciable effect4 ,! fir+ l9e requires ei!r re5=cem5t or a /rong "o4 ,g5]ally "o or two platoons w be s5t =w>d "u cov] ( a heavy fire ( ! fir+ l9e4 7#caf7 #ced4 ,two me?ods ( re5=c+ ! fir+ l9e4 ,to facilitate control & to provide int]vals 9 :i* re5=cem5ts may be plac$1 ! companies 9 ! fir+ l9e %\ld be kept clos$ 9 on _! c5t]s z !y become deplet$ by casualties dur+ ! advance4 ,:5 ?is is impracticable re5=cem5ts mu/ m+le ) & ?ick5 ! fir+ l9e4 ,9 battle ! latt] me?od w be ! rule r ?an ! exception1 & to famili>ize ! m5 ) su* conditions ! combat ex]cises ( ! battalion %\ld include bo? me?ods ( re5=c+4 ,occasionally1 to provide ! necess>y int]vals = re5=c+ by ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 ! fir+ l9e %\ld be ?9n$ by caus+ m5 to drop out & simulate losses dur+ ! v>i\s advances4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! depletion ( ! fir+ l9e = ?is purpose w be f "o-fif? to "o-half ( its /r5g?4 7#cag7 #cee4 ,fix+ bayonets4 ,! major or s5ior (fic] 9 ! fir+ l9e det]m9es :5 bayonets %all be fix$ & gives ! prop] comm& or signal4 ,x is repeat$ by all p>ts ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,ea* man :o 0 9 ! front rank prior to deploym5t1 z soon z he recognizes ! comm& or signal1 susp5ds fir+1 quickly fixes 8 bayonet1 & imm$iately resumes fir+2 aft] :i* ! o!r m5 susp5d fir+1 fix bayonets1 & imm$iately resume fir+4 ,! support also fixes bayonets4 ,! conc]t$ fix+ ( ! bayonet by ! fir+ l9e at drill does n simulate battle conditions & %\ld n be requir$4 ,x is ess5tial t !re be no m>k$ pause 9 ! fir+4 ,bayonets w be fix$ g5]ally be=e or dur+ ! la/1 or second la/1 advance prec$+ ! *>ge4 7#cah7 #cef4 ,! *>ge4 ,subject to ord]s f high] au?ority1 ! major det]m9es ! po9t f :i* ! *>ge is to be made4 7,see ,p>s4 #dgh-dhi reg>d+ ! *>ge47 ,! fir+ l9e hav+ arriv$ at t po9t & be+ 9 read9ess1 ! major causes ! *>ge to be s\nd$4 ,! signal is repeat$ by ! musicians ( all p>ts ( ! l9e4 ,! company (fic]s lead ! *>ge4 ,! skirmi%]s spr+ =w>d %\t+1 run ) bayonets at *>ge1 & close ) ! enemy4 ,! fur!r conduct ( ! *>g+ troops w dep5d ^u circum/ances2 !y may halt & engage 9 bayonet combat or 9 pursu+ fire1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #dhf2 !y may advance a %ort di/ance to obta9 a field ( fire or to drive ! enemy f ! vic9ity2 !y may assemble or reorganize1 etc4 ,if ! enemy vacates 8 position e ef=t %\ld be made to op5 fire at once on ! retreat+ mass1 reorganization ( ! attack+ troops be+ ( second>y importance to ! infliction ( fur!r losses ^u ! enemy & to ! increase ( 8 confusion1 z set =? 9 p>s4 #dij-did4 ,9 combat ex]cises ! major w assume a situation & t]m9ate ! assault accord+ly4 7#cai7 ,def5se #ceg4 ,tactical unit be/ suit$ to def5sive action4 ,9 def5se1 z 9 attack1 ! battalion is ! tactical unit be/ suit$ to indep5d5t assignm5t4 ,def5sive positions are usually divid$ into sections & a battalion assign$ to ea*4 7#cbj7 #ceh4 ,tr5*es4 ,! major locates su* fire1 communicat+1 & cov] tr5*es & ob/acles z are to be con/ruct$4 ,he assigns companies to con/ruct !m & details ! troops to occupy !m4 7,see ,field ,=tifications1 ,*apt] ,,xvi1 ,"p ,,iii47 7#cba7 #cei4 ,re5=cem5t ( fir+ l9e4 ,! major re5=ces ! fir+ l9e 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples applicable to & expla9$ 9 connection )1 ! attack1 9 p>s4 #ceb-ced1 ma9ta9+ no m rifles 9 ! fir+ l9e ?an are necess>y to prev5t ! enemy's advance4 7#cbb7 #cfj4 ,op5+ fire4 ,! supply ( ammunition be+ usually ample1 fire is op5$ z soon z x is possible to break up ! enemy's =mation1 /op 8 advance or inflict mat]ial loss1 b ?is rule mu/ be modifi$ to suit ! ammunition supply4 7#cbc7 #cfa4 ,fix+ bayonets4 ,! major causes ! fir+ l9e & support to fix bayonets :5 an assault by ! enemy is imm95t4 ,capta9s direct ?is to be done if !y are n 9 communication ) ! major & ! measure is deem$ advisable4 ,fire alone w n /op a det]m9$1 skillfully conduct$ attack4 ,! def5d] mu/ h equal t5acity2 if he c /ay 9 8 tr5* or position & cross bayonets1 he w at lea/ h neutraliz$ ! ho/ile fir/ l9e1 & ! combat w be decid$ by res]ves4 7#cbd7 #cfb4 ,support to cov] )drawal4 ,if ord]$ or compell$ to )draw "u ho/ile infantry fire or 9 ! pres5ce ( ho/ile infantry1 ! support w be po/$ s z to cov] ! retirem5t ( ! fir+ l9e 7#cbe7 #cfc4 ,support 9 case ( battalion act+ alone4 ,:5 ! battalion is op]at+ alone1 ! support mu/ be /rong & mu/ be f$ sp>+ly into ! fir+ l9e1 especially if a c\nt]-attack is plann$4 ,opportunities = c\nt]-attack %\ld be s\ght at all times1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #ebe-ecj4 7#cbf7 ,,combat ,,introduction #cfd4 ,scope ( subject ( combat tactics 9 ?is book4 ,"p ,,ii ( ^! regulations treats only ( ! basic pr9ciples ( combat tactics z appli$ to infantry & to ! special units1 su* z ma*9e guns & m\nt$ sc\ts1 :i* =m a "p ( infantry regim5ts & battalions4 ,! combat tactics ( ! arms comb9$ are consid]$ 9 ,field ,s]vice ,regulations4 7#cej7 #cfe4 ,dem&s ( mod]n combat ^u infantry2 complicat$ maneuv]s impracticable2 success dep5d5t ^u lead]%ip1 etc4 ,mod]n combat dem&s ! highe/ ord] ( tra9+1 discipl9e1 lead]%ip1 & morale on ! "p ( ! infantry4 ,complicat$ maneuv]s are impracticable2 effici5t lead]%ip & a det]m9ation to w9 by simple & direct me?ods mu/ be dep5d$ ^u = success4 7#cea7 #cff4 ,duties & quality ( infantry4 ,! duties ( infantry are _m & difficult4 ,all infantry mu/ be fit to cope ) all conditions t may arise4 ,mod]n w> requires b "o k9d ( infantry--good infantry4 7#ceb7 #cfg4 ,(f5sive necess>y = decisive results2 use ( gr\nd1 fire effici5cy1 etc42 local success4 ,! infantry mu/ take ! (f5sive to ga9 decisive results4 ,bo? sides are !re=e likely to attempt x1 ?\gh n necess>y at ! same "t or 9 ! same "p ( a long battle l9e4 ,9 ! local combats :i* make up ! g5]al battle ! bett] endurance1 use ( gr\nd1 fire effici5cy1 discipl9e1 & tra9+ w w94 ,x is ! duty ( ! infantry to w9 ! local successes :i* enable ! comm&+ g5]al to w9 ! battle4 7#cef7 #cfh4 ,requisites ( infantry2 tra9$ to be> heavie/ burd5s2 good infantry c defeat va/ly sup]ior infantry ( poor quality4 ,! infantry mu/ h ! t5acity to hold e advantage ga9$1 ! individual & collective discipl9e & skill ne$$ to ma/] ! enemy's fire1 ! det]m9ation to close ) ! enemy 9 attack1 & to meet him ) ! bayonet 9 def5se4 ,infantry mu/ be tra9$ to be> ! heavie/ burd5s & losses1 bo? ( combat & m>*4 ,good infantry c defeat an enemy greatly sup]ior 9 numb]s1 b lack+ 9 tra9+1 discipl9e1 lead]%ip1 & morale4 7#ced7 #cfi4 ,fix$ =ms & in/ructions cov]+ all cases impossible2 /udy & practice necess>y2 purposes ( practical & !oretical in/ruction4 ,x is impossible to e/abli% fix$ =ms or to give g5]al in/ructions t w cov] all cases4 ,(fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s mu/ be s tra9$ t !y c apply suitable means & me?ods to ea* case z x arises4 ,/udy & practice are necess>y to acquire prop] facility 9 ?is respect4 ,!oretical in/ruction c n replace practical in/ruction2 ! =m] supplies correct ideas & gives to practical "w an int]e/1 purpose1 & def9it5ess n o!rwise obta9able4 7#cee7 #cgj4 ,ex]cises 9 ext5d$ ord] to be 9 nature ( combat ex]cises2 all combat ex]cises to be conduct$ "u assum$ tactical situations4 ,aft] ! me*anism ( ext5d$ ord] drill has be5 le>n$ ) precision 9 ! company1 e ex]cise %\ld be1 z f> z practicable1 9 ! nature ( a maneuv] 7combat ex]cise7 aga9/ an imag9>y1 outl9$1 or repres5t$ enemy4 ,company ext5d$ ord] drill may be conduct$ )\t ref]5ce to a tactical situation1 b a combat ex]cise1 :atev] may be ! size ( ! unit employ$1 %\ld be conduct$ "u an assum$ tactical situation4 7#cef7 #cga4 ,effective me?od ( conduct+ combat ex]cises4 ,an effective me?od ( conduct+ a combat ex]cise is to outl9e ! enemy ) a few m5 equipp$ ) flags4 ,! umpire or inspector /ates ! situation1 & ! comm&] leads 8 troops ) due reg>d to ! assumptions made4 ,*anges 9 situation1 ! results ( reconnaissance1 ! "* ( artill]y fire1 etc41 are made kn[n to ! comm&] :5 necess>y by ! umpire or inspector1 :o1 9 ord] to obs]ve & influ5ce ! conduct ( ! ex]cise1 rema9s 9 re> ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,f ?is position he indicates1 ) ! aid ( pre>rang$ signals1 ! "* ( ! fire & movem5ts ( ! ho/ile infantry4 ,^! signals are int5d$ = ! m5 outl9+ ! enemy4 ,^! m5 repeat ! signals2 all (fic]s & m5 engag$ 9 ! ex]cise & 9 sight ( ! outl9$ enemy are ?us in=m$ ( ! enemy's action1 & ! ex]cise is conduct$ accord+ly4 ,assi/ant umpires1 ab\t "o = ea* company 9 ! fir+ l9e1 may assi/ 9 indicat+ ho/ile fire & movem5ts & 9 obs]v+ ! conduct ( ! ex]cise4 ,an outl9$ enemy may be made to attack or def5d4 ,situations %\ld be simple & natural4 ,dur+ or aft] ! ex]cise ! umpire or inspector %\ld call att5tion to any improp] movem5ts or incorrect me?ods ( execution4 ,he w prohibit all movem5ts ( troops or individuals t w\ld be impossible if ! enemy 7 real4 ,! sl[ progress ( ev5ts to be expect$ on ! battlefield c h>dly be simulat$1 b ! umpire or inspector w prev5t undue ha/e & w attempt to en=ce a reasonably sl[ rate ( progress4 ,! same ex]cise %\ld n be repeat$ ov] ! same gr\nd & "u ! same situation4 ,su* repetitions lead to ! adoption ( a fix$ mode ( attack or def5se & develop m]e drill ma/]s4 ,fix$ or pre>rang$ sy/ems are prohibit$4 7#ceg7 ,,lead]%ip ,g5]al ,consid]ations #cgb4 ,:at con/itutes art ( lead]%ip4 ,! art ( lead]%ip consi/s ( apply+ s\nd tactical pr9ciples to concrete cases on ! battlefield4 ,self-reliance1 initiative1 aggressiv5ess1 & a conception ( team-"w are ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( successful lead]%ip4 7#ceh7 #cgc4 ,basis ( success2 adh]5ce to orig9al plan4 ,a correct grasp ( ! situation & a def9ite plan ( action =m ! s\nde/ basis = a successful combat4 ,a good plan once adopt$ & put into execution %\ld n be ab&on$ unless x becomes cle> t x c n succe$4 ,aft]?\ghts are dang]\s1 except z !y aid 9 ! execution ( details 9 ! orig9al plans4 7#cei7 #cgd4 ,avoid combats (f]+ no *ance ( valuable results4 ,combats t d n promise success or "s real advantage to ! g5]al issue %\ld be avoid$2 !y cause unnecess>y losses1 impair ! morale ( "o's own troops1 & raise t ( ! enemy4 7#cfj7 #cge4 ,avoid complicat$ maneuv]s4 ,complicat$ maneuv]s are n likely to succe$ 9 w>4 ,all plans & ! me?ods adopt$ = c>ry+ !m into effect mu/ be simple & direct4 7#cfa7 #cgf4 ,ord] & cohesion necess>y4 ,ord] & cohesion mu/ be ma9ta9$ )9 ! units if success is to be expect$4 7#cfb7 #cgg4 ,(fic]s to be true lead]s4 ,(fic]s mu/ %[ !mselves to be true lead]s4 ,!y mu/ act 9 accordance ) ! _s ( _! ord]s & mu/ require ( _! troops ! /ricte/ discipl9e on ! field ( battle4 7#cfc7 #cgh4 ,units n to be brok5 up4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 lead]s "k ! capacity & traits ( ^? :om !y comm&2 h5ce 9 mak+ deta*m5ts units %\ld n be brok5 up1 & a deploym5t t w\ld cause an int]m+l+ ( ! l>g] units 9 ! fir+ l9e %\ld be avoid$4 7#cfd7 #cgi4 ,lead+ deploy$ troops difficult2 necessity = tra9+1 discipl9e & close ord]4 ,lead+ is difficult :5 troops are deploy$4 ,a high degree ( tra9+ & discipl9e & ! use ( close ord] =mations to ! fulle/ ext5t possible are !re=e requir$4 7#cfe7 #chj4 ,avoidance ( unnecess>y h>d%ip2 limit ( endurance exact$ :5 necess>y4 ,9 ord] to light5 ! sev]e physical /ra9 insep>able f infantry s]vice 9 campaign1 con/ant ef=ts mu/ be made to sp>e ! troops unnecess>y h>d%ip & fatigue2 b :5 necessity arises1 ! limit ( endurance mu/ be exact$4 7#cff7 #cha4 ,fight+ troops n to c>ry back w\nd$4 ,:5 (fic]s or m5 belong+ to fight+ troops leave _! prop] places to c>ry back1 or to c>e =1 w\nd$ dur+ ! progress ( ! action1 !y are guilty ( skulk+4 ,?is (f5se mu/ be repress$ ) ! utmo/ vigor4 7#cfg7 #chb4 ,complete equipm5t usually c>ri$ into action4 ,! complete equipm5t ( ! soldi] is c>ri$ into action unless ! wea!r or ! physical condition ( ! m5 r5d]s su* measure a sev]e h>d%ip4 ,9 any ev5t1 only ! pack#d w be laid aside4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?is "q re/s ) ! regim5tal comm&]4 ,! complete equipm5t af=ds to m5 ly+ prone consid]able protection aga9/ %rapnel4 7#cfh7 #chc4 ,po/ ( comm&]2 use ( res]ve 9 case ( victory2 :5 fir+ l9e is controll$ by comm&]4 ,! po/ ( ! comm&] mu/ be su* z w enable him to obs]ve ! progress ( ev5ts & to communicate 8 ord]s4 ,subord9ate comm&]s1 9 addition1 mu/ be 9 position to transmit ! ord]s ( sup]iors4 ,be=e ent]+ an action1 ! comm&] %\ld be z f> to ! front z possible 9 ord] t he p]sonally may see ! situation1 ord] ! deploym5t1 & beg9 ! action /rictly 9 accordance ) 8 own wi%es4 ,dur+ ! action1 he mu/1 z a rule1 leave to ! local lead]s ! detail$ conduct ( ! fir+ l9e1 po/+ himself ei!r ) 8 own res]ve or 9 su* a position t he is 9 con/ant1 direct1 & easy communication ) x4 ,a comm&] takes full & direct *>ge ( 8 fir+ l9e only :5 ! l9e has absorb$ 8 :ole comm&4 ,:5 _! troops are victori\s1 all comm&]s %\ld press =w>d 9 ord] to cl9* ! advantage ga9$ & to use _! res]ves to ! be/ advantage4 7#cfi7 #chd4 ,latitude all[$ subord9ates4 ,! latitude all[$ to (fic]s is 9 direct proportion to ! size ( _! comm&s4 ,ea* %\ld see to ! g5]al execution ( 8 task1 leav+ to ! prop] subord9ates ! sup]vision ( details1 & int]f]+ only :5 mi/akes are made t ?reat5 to s]i\sly prejudice ! g5]al plan4 7#cgj7 ,teamwork #che4 ,latitude all[$ subord9ates2 success dep5ds on coo]d9ation ( subord9ates4 ,! comp>atively wide fronts ( deploy$ units increase ! difficulties ( control4 ,subord9ates mu/ !re=e be giv5 great latitude 9 ! execution ( _! tasks4 ,! success ( ! :ole dep5ds l>gely ^u h[ well ea* subord9ate coo]d9ates 8 "w ) ! g5]al plan4 ,a great responsibility is necess>ily ?r[n ^u subord9ates1 b responsibility /imulates ! "r k9d ( an (fic]4 7#cga7 #chf4 ,initiative ( subord9ates2 g5]al plan to be fur!r$4 ,9 a giv5 situation x is f> bett] to d any intellig5t ?+ consi/5t ) ! aggressive execution ( ! g5]al plan1 ?an to se>* hesitat+ly = ! ideal4 ,?is is ! true rule ( conduct = subord9ates :o are requir$ to act ^u _! own initiative4 ,a subord9ate :o is reasonably sure t 8 int5d$ action is su* z w\ld be ord]$ by ! comm&]1 7 ! latt] pres5t & 9 possession ( ! facts1 has en\gh enc\ragem5t to g ahead confid5tly4 ,he mu/ possess ! loyalty to c>ry out ! plans ( 8 sup]ior & ! ke5ness to recognize & to seize opportunities to fur!r ! g5]al plan4 7#cgb7 #chg4 ,b "o supreme w 9 a battle2 subord9ates to cooep]ate4 ,indep5d5ce mu/ n become lic5se4 ,reg>dless ( ! numb] ( subord9ates :o are app>5tly supreme 9 _! own re/rict$ sph]es1 !re is b "o battle & b "o supreme w to :i* all mu/ con=m4 ,e subord9ate mu/ !re=e "w = ! g5]al result4 ,he does all 9 8 p[] to insure cooep]ation betwe5 ! subdivisions "u 8 comm&4 ,he transmits important in=mation to adjo9+ units or to sup]iors 9 re> &1 ) ! assi/ance ( in=mation receiv$1 keeps himself & 8 subord9ates duly po/$ z to ! situation4 7#cgc7 #chh4 ,deviation f ord]s4 ,:5 circum/ances r5d] x impracticable to consult ! au?ority issu+ an ord]1 (fic]s %\ld n hesitate to v>y f su* ord] :5 x is cle>ly bas$ ^u an incorrect view ( ! situation1 is impossible ( execution1 or has be5 r5d]$ impracticable on acc\nt ( *anges :i* h occurr$ s9ce its promulgation4 ,9 ! application ( ?is rule ! responsibility = mi/akes re/s ^u ! subord9ate1 b unwill+ness to assume responsibility on prop] occasions is indicative ( weakness4 ,sup]iors %\ld be c>eful n to c5sure an app>5t disob$i5ce :]e ! act 0 done 9 ! prop] _s & to advance ! g5]al plan4 7#cgd7 #chi4 ,int]m+l+ ( units2 duties ( (fic]s & guides4 ,:5 ! m5 ( two or m units int]m+le 9 ! fir+ l9e1 all (fic]s & m5 submit at once to ! s5ior4 ,(fic]s & platoon guides seek to fill vacancies caus$ by casualties4 ,ea* seizes any opportunity to ex]cise ! functions consi/5t ) 8 grade1 & all assi/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & control4 ,e lull 9 ! action %\ld be utiliz$ = z complete re/oration ( ord] 9 ! fir+ l9e z ! gr\nd or o!r conditions p]mit4 7#cge7 #cij4 ,sep>at$ (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s plac+ !mselves "u ne>e/ high] comm&]4 ,any (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] :o becomes sep>at$ f 8 prop] unit & c n rejo9 mu/ at once place himself & 8 comm& at ! disposal ( ! ne>e/ high] comm&]4 7#cgf7 ,anyone hav+ complet$ an assign$ task mu/ seek to rejo9 8 prop] comm&4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 he %\ld jo9 ! ne>e/ troops engag$ ) ! enemy4 #cia4 ,duty ( sep>at$ soldi]s4 ,soldi]s are taught ! necessity ( rema9+ ) _! companies1 b ^? :o become deta*$ mu/ jo9 ! ne>e/ company & s]ve ) x until ! battle is ov] or reorganization is ord]$4 7#cgg7 ,ord]s #cib4 ,ord]s = deploym5t2 combat ord]s ( divisions & brigades usually writt54 ,comm&s are deploy$ & ent] ! combat by ! ord]s ( ! comm&] to ! subord9ate comm&]s4 ,! initial combat ord]s ( ! division are almo/ inv>iably writt52 ^? ( ! brigade are g5]ally s4 ,! writt5 ord] is pref]able & is us$ :5ev] "t p]mits4 ,if "t p]mits1 subsequ5t ord]s are likewise writt51 ei!r z field ord]s or messages4 7#cgh7 #cic4 ,combat ord]s ( regim5ts & small] units2 v]bal messages4 ,! initial combat ord]s ( regim5ts & small] units are giv5 v]bally4 ,= ?is purpose ! subord9ates = :om ! ord]s are int5d$ are assembl$1 if practicable1 at a place f :i* ! situation & plan c be expla9$4 ,subsequ5t ord]s are v]bal or 9 ! =m ( v]bal or writt5 messages4 ,v]bal messages %\ld n be us$ unless !y are %ort & unmi/akable4 7#cgi7 #cid4 ,initial combat ord]s2 p]sonal reconnaissance4 ,! initial combat ord] ( any comm&] or subord9ate is bas$ ^u 8 def9ite plan = execut+ ! task confront+ him4 ,:5ev] possible ! =mation ( ! plan is prec$$ by a p]sonal reconnaissance ( ! t]ra9 & a c>eful consid]ation ( all in=mation ( ! enemy4 7#chj7 #cie4 ,composition ( combat ord]s4 ,! combat ord] gives su* in=mation ( ! enemy & ( neighbor+ or support+ fri5dly troops z w enable subord9ates to und]/& ! situation4 ,! g5]al plan ( action is /at$ 9 brief t]ms1 b en\gh ( ! comm&]'s int5tions is divulg$ to guide ! subsequ5t actions ( ! subord9ates4 ,cle> & concise in/ructions are giv5 z to ! action to be tak5 9 ! combat by ea* "p ( ! comm&4 ,9 ?is way ! comm&] assigns tasks1 fronts1 objectives1 sectors or areas1 etc41 9 accordance ) 8 plan4 ,if ! t]ms employ$ convey def9ite ideas & leave no loopholes1 ! conduct ( subord9ates w g5]ally be correspond+ly satisfactory4 ,su* miscellane\s matt] relat+ to special troops1 tra9s1 ammunition1 & future movem5ts ( ! comm&] is add$ z conc]ns ! combat itself4 ,combat ord]s %\ld prescribe communication1 reconnaissance1 flank protection1 etc41 :5 "s special disposition is desir$ or :5 an omission on ! "p ( a subord9ate may reasonably be fe>$4 7#cha7 #cif4 ,encroa*+ ^u functions ( subord9ates prohibit$2 ord]s to be def9ite4 ,:5 issu+ ord]s1 a comm&] %\ld indicate cle>ly :at is to be done by ea* subord9ate1 b n h[ x is to be done4 ,he %\ld n encroa* ^u ! functions ( a subord9ate by prescrib+ details ( execution unless he has good reason to d\bt ! ability or judgm5t ( ! subord9ate1 & _c sub/itute ano!r4 ,al?\gh g5]al 9 its t]ms1 an ord] mu/ be def9ite & mu/ be ! expression ( a fix$ decision4 ,ambiguity or vagu5ess indicates ei!r a vacillation or ! inability to =mulate ord]s4 7#chb7 #cig4 ,ord]s g5]ally giv5 subord9ates ?r\gh _! imm$iate sup]iors4 ,usually ! ord]s ( a comm&] are int5d$ =1 & are giv5 to1 ! comm&]s ( ! next l[] units1 b 9 an em]g5cy comm&] %\ld n hesitate to give ord]s directly to any subord9ate4 ,9 su* case he %\ld promptly in=m ! int]m$iate comm&] conc]n$4 7#chc7 ,communication #cih4 ,communication1 h[ ma9ta9$4 ,communication is ma9ta9$ by means ( /aff (fic]s1 mess5g]s1 relay sy/ems1 connect+ files1 visual signals1 telegraph1 or telephone4 7#chd7 #cii4 ,l9es ( communication e/abli%$ by signal corps4 ,! signal corps troops ( ! division e/abli% l9es ( in=mation f division to brigade headqu>t]s4 ,! fur!r ext5sion ( l9es ( in=mation 9 combat by signal troops is exceptional4 7#che7 #djj4 ,l9es ( communication e/abli%$ by regim5t2 ord]lies c>ry signal flags4 ,ea* regim5t1 employ+ its own p]sonnel1 is responsible = ! ma9t5ance ( communication f ! colonel back to ! brigade & =w>d to ! battalions4 ,= ?is purpose ! regim5t uses ! v>i\s means :i* may be furni%$ x4 ,! /aff & ord]lies1 regim5tal & battalion1 are practic$ 9 ! use ( ^! means & 9 mess5g] s]vice4 ,ord]lies c>ry signal flags4 7#chf7 #dja4 ,communication betwe5 fir+ l9e & major or colonel2 company musicians c>ry signal flags4 ,connection betwe5 ! fir+ l9e & ! major or colonel is practically limit$ to ! prescrib$ flag1 arm1 & bugle signals4 ,o!r means c only be supplem5tal4 ,company musicians c>ry company flags & are practic$ 9 signal+4 7#chg7 #djb4 ,communication by artill]y ) fir+ l9e by means ( /aff (fic]s or ?r\gh ag5ts4 ,! artill]y g5]ally communicates ) ! fir+ l9e by means ( its own /aff (fic]s or ?r\gh an ag5t :o accompanies "s unit 9 or ne> ! front4 ,! infantry keeps him in=m$ z to ! situation & af=ds any reasonable assi/ance4 ,:5 ! infantry is dep5d5t ^u ! artill]y = fire support1 p]fect coo]d9ation ?r\gh ?is repres5tative is ( great importance4 7#chh7 ,,combat ,,reconnaissance #djc4 ,importance ( combat reconnaissance2 avoidance ( deploym5t on wrong l9es4 ,combat reconnaissance is ( vital importance & mu/ n be neglect$4 ,by prop] prelim9>y reconnaissance1 deploym5ts on wrong l9es1 or 9 a wrong direction1 & surprises may g5]ally be prev5t$4 7#chi7 #djd4 ,protection ( troops by prop] reconnaissance4 ,troops deploy$ & "u fire c n *ange front1 & ?us !y suff] greatly :5 enfilad$4 ,troops 9 close ord] =mation may suff] heavy losses 9 a %ort "t if subject$ to ho/ile fire4 ,9 bo? =mations troops mu/ be protect$ by prop] reconnaissance & w>n+4 7#cij7 #dje4 ,difficulty ( reconnaissance dep5ds on ext5t ( enemy's scre52 /r5g? ( reconnoit]+ p>ties4 ,! difficulty ( reconnaissance increases 9 proportion to ! measures adopt$ by ! enemy to scre5 himself4 ,! /r5g? ( ! reconnoit]+ p>ty is det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! in=mation desir$ & ! nature ( ! ho/ile scre54 ,9 exceptional cases z mu* z a battalion may be necess>y 9 ord] to break ?r\gh ! ho/ile scre5 & enable ! comm&] or (fic] 9 *>ge to reconnoit] 9 p]son4 ,a l>ge reconnoit]+ p>ty is conduct$ s z to op5 ! way = small patrols1 to s]ve z a support+ =ce or rally+ po9t = !m1 & to receive & transmit in=mation4 ,su* p>ties ma9ta9 signal communication ) ! ma9 body if practicable4 7#cia7 #djf4 ,ea* sep>ate column to protect itself by reconnaissance4 ,ea* sep>ate column mov+ =w>d to deploy mu/ reconnoit] to its front & flank & keep 9 t\* ) adjo9+ columns4 ,! ext5t ( ! reconnaissance to ! flank dep5ds ^u ! isolation ( ! columns4 7#cib7 #djg4 ,reconnaissance be=e attack+4 ,be=e an attack a reconnaissance mu/ be made to det]m9e ! enemy's position1 ! location ( 8 flanks1 ! "* ( ! t]ra91 ! nature ( ! ho/ile field works1 etc41 9 ord] to prev5t premature deploym5t & ! result+ fatigue & loss ( "t4 ,x w frequ5tly be necess>y to s5d =w>d a ?9 skirmi% l9e 9 ord] to induce ! enemy to op5 fire & reveal 8 position4 7#cic7 #djh4 ,ext5t ( reconnaissance4 ,x w frequ5tly be impossible to obta9 satisfactory in=mation until aft] ! action has begun4 ,! delay t may be w>rant$ = ! purpose ( reconnaissance dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! attack & ! necessity = promptness4 ,= example1 9 a meet+ engagem5t1 & sometimes 9 a hold+ attack1 ! reconnaissance may h to be ha/y & sup]ficial1 :]eas 9 an attack aga9/ an enemy c>efully prep>$ = def5se !re w g5]ally be bo? "t & necessity = ?or\gh reconnaissance4 7#cid7 #dji4 ,reconnaissance 9 def5se4 ,9 def5se1 reconnaissance mu/ be kept up to det]m9e ! enemy's l9e ( advance1 to asc]ta9 8 dispositions1 to prev5t 8 reconnaissance1 etc4 ,patrols or p>ties po/$ to prev5t ho/ile reconnaissance %\ld relieve ! ma9 body ( ! necessity ( betray+ its position by fir+ on small bodies ( ! enemy4 7#cie7 #daj4 ,duration ( reconnaissance2 protection ( flanks4 ,reconnaissance cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! action4 ,a fir+ or skirmi% l9e c take c>e ( its front1 b its flanks are especially vuln]able to mod]n fire>ms4 ,! moral effect ( flank+ fire is z great z ! physical effect4 ,h5ce1 combat patrols to give w>n+ or cov]+ deta*m5ts to give security are indisp5sable on expos$ flanks4 ,?is is equally true 9 attack or def5se4 7#cif7 #daa4 ,responsibility ( infantry comm&]s = reconnaissance2 surprise unp>donable4 ,! fact t cavalry patrols are kn[n to be po/$ 9 a c]ta9 direction does n relieve infantry comm&]s ( ! responsibility = reconnaissance & security4 ,to be surpris$ by an enemy at %ort range is an unp>donable (f5se4 7#cig7 #dab4 ,comm&] ( flank battalion responsible = security ( 8 flank4 ,! comm&] ( a battalion on a flank ( a g5]al l9e inv>iably provides = ! necess>y reconnaissance & security on t flank unless high] au?ority has specifically ord]$ x4 ,9 any ev5t1 he s5ds out combat patrols z ne$$4 ,:]e 8 battalion is on a flank ( "o section ( ! l9e & a consid]able int]val lies betwe5 8 battalion & ! next section1 he makes simil> provision4 7#cih7 #dac4 ,patrols e/abli%$ by battalion comm&]s4 ,battalion comm&]s 9 ! fir/ l9e e/abli% patrols to obs]ve & report ! progress or conduct ( adjo9+ troops :5 ^! c n be se54 7#cii7 ,,fire ,,sup]iority ,,purpose ,,& ,,nature 7,see p>4 #dbg7 #dad4 ,success 9 battle dep5d5t ^u fire sup]iority4 ,9 a decisive battle success dep5ds on ga9+ & ma9ta9+ fire sup]iority4 ,e ef=t mu/ be made to ga9 x e>ly & !n to keep x4 ,attack+ troops mu/ fir/ ga9 fire sup]iority 9 ord] to rea* ! ho/ile position4 ,ov] op5 gr\nd attack is possible only :5 ! attack+ =ce has a decid$ fire sup]iority4 ,) su* sup]iority ! attack is n only possible1 b success is probable & )\t ru9\s losses4 ,def5d+ troops c prev5t a *>ge only :5 !y c ma/] ! enemy's fire & inflict heavy losses ^u him4 7#djj7 #dae4 ,volume & accuracy necess>y to obta9 fire sup]iority4 ,to obta9 fire sup]iority x is necess>y to produce a heavy volume ( accurate fire4 ,e increase 9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! fire means a correspond+ decrease 9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! enemy's fire4 ,! volume & accuracy ( fire w dep5d ^u sev]al consid]ations3 7a7 ,! numb] ( rifles employ$4 ,on a giv5 front ! greate/ volume ( fire is produc$ by a fir+ l9e hav+ only suffici5t int]vals betwe5 m5 to p]mit ! free use ( _! rifles4 ,! maximum d5sity ( a fir+ l9e is !re=e ab\t "o man p] y>d ( front4 7b7 ,! rate ( fire affects its volume2 an excessive rate r$uces its accuracy4 7c7 ,! "* ( ! t>get influ5ces bo? volume & accuracy4 ,l>g] dim5sions1 great] visibility1 & %ort] range increase ! rate ( fire2 great] d5sity increases ! effect4 7d7 ,tra9+ & discipl9e h an important be>+ on ! rate or volume ( fire1 b _! greate/ influ5ce is ^u accuracy4 ,! fir+ effici5cy ( troops is r$uc$ by fatigue & adv]se psy*ological influ5ces4 7e7 ,fire direction & control improve collective accuracy4 ,! importance ( fire direction increases rapidly ) ! range4 ,control ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce at all ranges4 7#dja7 ,,fire ,,direction ,,& ,,control ,op5+ ,fire #daf4 ,long range fire1 :5 effective4 ,beyond effective ranges important results c be expect$ only :5 ! t>get is l>ge & di/9ct & mu* ammunition is us$4 ,long range fire is p]missible 9 pursuit on acc\nt ( ! moral effect ( any fire "u ! circum/ances4 ,at o!r times su* fire is ( d\btful value4 7#djb7 #dag4 ,op5+ fire 9 attack4 ,9 attack1 ! desire to op5 fire :5 losses are fir/ felt mu/ be repress$4 ,consid]ations ( "t1 t>get1 ammunition1 & morale make x imp]ative t ! attack )hold its fire & press =w>d to a fir/ fir+ position close to ! enemy4 ,! attack]'s t>get w be small] & fa9t] ?an ! "o he pres5ts to ! enemy4 7#djc7 #dah4 ,op5+ fire 9 def5se4 ,9 def5se1 m ammunition is available1 ranges are m easily det]m9$1 & ! enemy usually pres5ts a l>g] t>get4 ,! def5d] may !re=e op5 fire & expect results at long] ranges ?an ! attack]1 & p>ticul>ly if ! def5d]s int5d a delay+ action only4 ,if ! enemy has a p[]ful artill]y1 x w (t5 be be/ = ! def5d+ infantry to )hold its fire until ! enemy (f]s a specially favorable t>get4 ,vigor\s & well-direct$ bur/s ( fire are !n employ$4 ,! troops %\ld !re=e be giv5 z mu* artificial protection z "t & means p]mit1 & at an agre$ signal expose !mselves z mu* z necess>y & op5 fire4 7#djd7 #dai4 ,op5+ fire 9 unexpect$1 close enc\nt]s4 ,9 unexpect$1 close enc\nt]s a great advantage accrues to ! side :i* fir/ op5s rapid & accurate fire ) battle sight4 7#dje7 ,use ( ,gr\nd #dbj4 ,requisites ( gr\nd = cov]4 ,! position ( ! fir]s mu/ af=d a suitable field ( fire4 ,! gr\nd %\ld p]mit con/ant obs]vation ( ! enemy1 & yet enable ! m5 to secure "s cov] :5 n actually fir+4 ,troops ^: t>get is = ! mom5t hidd5 by unfavorable gr\nd1 ei!r move =w>d to bett] gr\nd or seek to execute cross fire on ano!r t>get4 7#djf7 #dba4 ,skillful use ( gr\nd r$uces visibility4 ,! likelihood ( a t>get be+ hit dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u its visibility4 ,by skillful use ( gr\nd1 a fir+ l9e may r$uce its visibility )\t loss ( fire p[]4 ,sky l9es are p>ticul>ly to be avoid$4 7#djg7 ,*oice ( ,t>get #dbb4 ,t>get to be *os54 ,! t>get *os5 %\ld be ! ho/ile troops mo/ dang]\s to ! fir]s4 ,^! w usually be ! ne>e/ ho/ile infantry4 ,:5 no t>get is specially dang]\s1 t "o %\ld be *os5 :i* promises ! mo/ hits4 7#djh7 #dbc4 ,t>get n to be *ang$ except = good reason4 ,frequ5t *anges ( t>get impair ! fire effect4 ,r&om *anges to small1 unimportant t>gets impair fire discipl9e & accompli% no?+4 ,att5tion %\ld be conf9$ to ! ma9 t>get until sub/antial reason = *ange is app>5t4 7#dji7 #dbd4 ,flank+ fire to be deliv]$ :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,an opportunity to deliv] flank+ fire1 especially aga9/ artill]y protect$ 9 front by %ields1 is an example w>rant+ *ange ( t>get & %\ld nev] be ov]look$4 ,su* fire demoralizes ! troops subject$ to x1 ev5 if ! losses inflict$ are small4 ,9 ?is mann] a relatively small numb] ( rifles c produce important results4 7#daj7 ,! ,range #dbe4 ,importance ( correct sight sett+4 ,beyond close range1 ! correct sett+ ( ! re> sight is ( prim>y importance1 provid$ ! troops are tra9$ & well 9 h&4 ,! necessity = correct sight sett+ increases rapidly ) ! range4 ,its importance decreases z ! quality ( ! troops decrease1 = ! error 9 sight sett+1 except possibly at v long ranges1 becomes unimportant :5 comp>$ ) ! error 9 hold+ & aim+4 7#daa7 #dbf4 ,det]m9ation ( ranges4 ,9 attack1 di/ances mu/ usually be e/imat$ & corrections made z errors are obs]v$4 ,me*anical range f9d]s & rang+ volleys are practicable at times4 ,9 def5se1 x is g5]ally practicable to measure m accurately ! di/ances to visible objects & to keep a record ( !m = future use4 7#dab7 ,di/ribution ( ,fire & ,t>get #dbg4 ,purpose ( fire sup]iority2 di/ribution ( fire & t>get4 ,! purpose ( fire sup]iority is to get hits :5ev] possible1 b at all ev5ts to keep d[n ! enemy's fire & r5d] x h>mless4 ,to accompli% ?is ! t>get mu/ be cov]$ ) fire ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,troops :o are n fir$ ^u w fire ) ne>ly peacetime accuracy4 ,! t>get is r\ghly divid$ & a "p is assign$ to ea* unit4 ,no "p ( ! t>get is neglect$4 ,9 attack1 by a sy/em ( ov]lapp+ 9 assign+ t>gets to platoons1 ! entire ho/ile l9e c be kept "u fire ev5 dur+ a ru%4 7,p>s4 #djj-dja47 7#dac7 ,obs]vation #dbh4 ,obs]vation ( t>get4 ,! correctness ( ! sight sett+ & ! di/ribution ( fire ov] ! t>get c be v]ifi$ only by c>eful obs]vation ( ! t>get1 ! adjac5t gr\nd1 & ! effect ^u ! enemy4 7#dad7 #dbi4 ,obs]vation det]m9es :e!r fire fight is be+ prop]ly conduct$4 ,obs]vation only c det]m9e :e!r ! fire fight is be+ prop]ly conduct$4 ,if ! enemy's fire is los+ 9 accuracy & effect1 ! obs]v] realizes t 8 side is ga9+ sup]iority4 ,if ! enemy's fire rema9s or becomes effective & p]si/5t1 he realizes t corrective measures are necess>y to increase ei!r volume or accuracy1 or bo?4 7#dae7 ,discipl9e #dcj4 ,:at discipl9e accompli%es4 ,discipl9e makes good direction & control possible & is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( tra9$ troops4 7#daf7 #dca4 ,communication on fir+ l9e by means ( signals4 ,! discipl9e necess>y 9 ! fir+ l9e w be abs5t unless (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s c make _! w kn[n to ! m54 ,9 ! company1 !re=e1 communication mu/ be by simple signals :i*1 9 ! ro> ( musketry1 w attract ! att5tion & convey ! correct mean+4 7#dag7 ,exp5diture ( ,ammunition #dcb4 ,use ( ammunition 9 attack4 ,9 attack ! supply is m limit$ ?an 9 def5se4 ,bett] judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 exp5diture4 ,ord9>ily1 troops 9 ! fir+ l9e ( an attack c n expect to h t day m ammunition ?an !y c>ry into ! combat1 except su* additions z come f ! di/ribution ( ammunition ( dead & w\nd$ & ! surplus br\ght by re5=cem5ts4 7#dah7 #dcc4 ,true economy 9 exp5diture ( ammunition4 ,:5 a c]ta9 fire effect is requir$1 ! necess>y ammunition mu/ be exp5d$ )\t hesitation4 ,sev]al h\rs ( fir+ may be necess>y to ga9 fire sup]iority4 ,true economy c be practic$ only by clos+ on ! enemy1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #cdd1 be=e fir/ op5+ fire1 & !reaft] susp5d+ fire :5 !re is no?+ to %oot at4 7#dai7 ,support+ ,artill]y #dcd4 ,artill]y fire pr9cipal aid ( infantry4 ,artill]y fire is ! pr9cipal aid to ! infantry 9 ga9+ & keep+ fire sup]iority1 n only by its hits1 b by ! moral effect x produces on ! enemy4 7#dbj7 #dce4 ,functions ( artill]y fire 9 attack & def5se4 ,9 attack1 artill]y assi/s ! =w>d movem5t ( ! infantry4 ,x keeps d[n ! fire ( ! ho/ile artill]y & seeks to neutralize ! ho/ile infantry by inflict+ losses ^u x1 de/roy+ its morale1 driv+ x to cov]1 & prev5t+ x f us+ its weapons effectively4 ,9 def5se1 x ignores ! ho/ile artill]y :5 ! enemy's attack rea*es a decisive /age & assi/s 9 *eck+ ! attack1 jo9+ its fire p[] to t ( ! def5d+ infantry4 7#dba7 #dcf4 ,fire ( artill]y ov] fri5dly troops4 ,troops %\ld be accu/om$ to be+ fir$ ov] by fri5dly artill]y & impress$ ) ! fact t ! artill]y %\ld cont9ue fir+ ^u ! enemy until ! la/ possible mom5t4 ,! few casualties result+ f %rapnel bur/+ %ort are trifl+ comp>$ ) ^? t w\ld result f ! increas$ effectiv5ess ( ! enemy's infantry fire 7 ! fri5dly artill]y to cease fir+4 ,casualties inflict$ by support+ artill]y are n probable until ! oppos+ infantry l9es are less ?an #bjj y>ds ap>t4 7#dbb7 #dcg4 ,:5 no long] safe = artill]y to fire ov] fri5dly troops4 ,:5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ho/ile infantry l9es becomes s %ort z to r5d] fur!r use ( fri5dly artill]y inadvisable1 ! comm&] ( ! infantry fir+ l9e1 us+ a preconc]t$ signal1#e in=ms ! artill]y comm&]4 ,! latt] usually increases ! range 9 ord] to imp$e ! /r5g!n+ ( ! enemy's =emo/ l9e1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #cde-cdf4 7#dbc7 ,fire ( ,position #dch4 ,fire ( position1 :5 us$4 ,infantry is said to execute fire ( position :5 x is po/$ s z to assi/ an attack by fir+ ov] ! heads1 or (f ! flank1 ( ! attack+ troops & is n itself to engage 9 ! advance2 or :51 9 def5se1 x is simil>ly po/$ to augm5t ! fire ( ! ma9 fir+ l9e4 ,ma*9e guns s]ve a l purpose1 z set =? 9 p>4 #eee4 ,9 a decisive action1 fire ( position %\ld be employ$ :5ev] ! t]ra9 p]mits & res]ve infantry is available4 7#dbd7 ,,deploym5t #dci4 ,=mation ( troops be=e & dur+ deploym5t4 ,troops are mass$ prep>atory to deploym5t :5 ! nature ( _! deploym5t c n be =ese5 or x is desirable to %ort5 ! column or to cle> ! road4 ,o!rwise1 9 ! deploym5t ( l>ge comm&s1 :e!r 9 m>* column1 9 biv\ac1 or mass$1 & :e!r =m+1 = attack or = def5se1 !y are ord9>ily fir/ =m$ into a l9e ( columns to facilitate ! ext5sion ( ! front prior to deploy+4 ,! r\gh l9e or l9es ( columns ?us =m$ enable troops to take advantage ( ! t]ra9 9 advanc+ & %ort5 ! "t occupi$ 9 =m+ ! fir+ l9e4 7#dbe7 #ddj4 ,action ( brigade & regim5tal comm&]s 9 deploym5t ( division4 ,9 deploy+ ! division1 ea* brigade is assign$ a def9ite task or objective4 ,on receipt ( 8 ord]s1 ! brigade comm&] conducts 8 brigade 9 column or 9 l9e ( regim5ts1 until x is advisable t x be brok5 into small] columns4 ,he !n issues 8 ord]1 assign+ to ea* regim5t its task1 if practicable4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! regim5tal comm&]s lead _! regim5ts =w>d 9 column1 or 9 l9e ( columns1 until ! "t arrives = issu+ ! regim5tal ord]4 ,x is seldom advisable to break up ! battalion be=e issu+ ord]s = its deploym5t4 7#dbf7 #dda4 ,p]sonal reconnaissance be=e deploym5t4 ,ea* subord9ate comm&]1 aft] receiv+ 8 ord] = ! action1 %\ld prec$e 8 comm& z f> z possible1 9 ord] to reconnoit] ! gr\nd p]sonally1 & %\ld prep>e to issue 8 ord]s promptly4 7#dbg7 #ddb4 ,ea* comm&] to gu>d 8 comm& aga9/ surprise4 ,ea* comm&] ( a column directs ! necess>y reconnaissance to front & flanks2 by ?is means & by a judici\s *oice ( gr\nd he gu>ds aga9/ surprise4 7#dbh7 #ddc4 ,premature =mation ( fir+ l9e to be avoid$4 ,! premature =mation ( ! fir+ l9e causes unnecess>y fatigue & loss ( "t1 & may result 9 a faulty direction be+ tak54 ,troops once deploy$ make ev5 m9or *anges ( direction ) difficulty1 & ?is difficulty increases ) ! l5g? ( ! fir+ l9e4 7#dbi7 #ddd4 ,rectification ( deploym5t 9 wrong direction4 ,9 ! l>g] units1 :5 ! orig9al deploym5t is f\nd to be 9 ! wrong direction1 x w usually be necess>y to deploy ! res]ve on ! correct front & )draw & assemble ! fir/ l9e4 7#dcj7 #dde4 ,numb] ( troops to be deploy$ 9 beg9n+4 ,to ga9 decisive results1 x w g5]ally be necess>y to use all ! troops at "s /age ( ! combat4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+1 :ile ! situation is unc]ta91 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to engage too l>ge a proportion ( ! comm&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no great] error ?an to employ too few & to sacrifice !m by driblets4 7,= division ( ! battalion 9 attack see #cce-cci47 7#dca7 #ddf4 ,d5se1 well-direct$1 & controll$ l9e ( heavy fire gives fire sup]iority4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to fight to a decision1 fire sup]iority is ess5tial4 ,to ga9 ?is1 two ?+s are necess>y3 ,a heavy fire & a fire well-direct$ & controll$4 ,bo? ( ^! are be/ obta9$ :5 ! fir+ l9e is z d5se z practicable1 :ile leav+ ! m5 room = ! free use ( _! rifles4 ,if ! m5 are too widely sep>at$1 direction & control are v difficult1 (t5 impossible1 & ! int5sity ( fire is slight 9 proportion to ! front occupi$4 7#dcb7 #ddg4 ,d5sity ( #a man p] y>d2 occupation ( only sections ( long l9es4 ,9 an attack or /ubborn def5se ! fir+ l9e %\ld h a d5sity ( "o man p] y>d ( front occupi$4 ,:]e ! tactical situation dem&s ! hold+ ( a l9e too long to be occupi$ ?r\gh\t at ?is d5sity1 x is g5]ally bett] to deploy companies or platoons at "o man p] y>d1 leav+ gaps 9 ! l9e betwe5 !m1 ?an to di/ribute ! m5 uni=mly at increas$ int]vals4 7#dcc7 #ddh4 ,use ( ?9 fir+ l9e4 ,a relatively ?9 fir+ l9e may be employ$ :5 m]ely cov]+ ! movem5ts ( o!r =ces2 :5 on ! def5sive aga9/ poor troops2 :5 ! f9al action to be tak5 has n yet be5 det]m9$2 &1 9 g5]al1 :5 fire sup]iority is n necess>y4 7#dcd7 #ddi4 ,l5g? ( fir+ l9e employ$ by :ole =ce2 /r5g? ( supports & res]ves2 d5sity ( *>g+ l9e4 ,! l5g? ( ! fir+ l9e t ! :ole =ce may employ dep5ds ^u ! d5sity ( ! l9e & ! /r5g? 9 re> requir$ by ! situation4 ,supports & res]ves con/itute ! /r5g? 9 re>4 ,9 a decisive attack !y %\ld be at lea/ /rong en\gh to replace a heavy loss 9 ! orig9al fir+ l9e & to increase ! *>g+ l9e to a d5sity ( at lea/ "o & "o-half m5 p] y>d & /ill h troops 9 re> = protection & = ! o!r purposes m5tion$ above4 7#dce7 #dej4 ,/r5g? ( res]ve2 troops deploy$ v>y+ f #a to #aj m5 p] y>d4 ,9 ! orig9al deploym5t ! /r5g? ( ! res]ve held out by ea* comm&] comprises f "o-six? to two-?irds ( 8 unit1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! s]vice expect$ ( ! res]ve4 ,a small =ce 9 a cov]+ or delay+ action requires v little /r5g? 9 re>1 :ile a l>ge =ce fight+ a decisive battle requires mu*4 ,!re=e1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances1 ! orig9al deploym5t1 includ+ ! /r5g? 9 re>1 may v>y f #a to #aj m5 p] y>d4 ,aga9/ an enemy poorly discipl9$ & tra9$1 or lack+ 9 morale1 a ?9n] deploym5t is p]missible4 7#dcf7 #dea4 ,d5sity ( :ole deploym5t v>ies ) size ( comm&4 ,! d5sity ( ! :ole deploym5t increases ) ! size ( ! comm&1 because ! l>g] ! comm& ! great] ! necessity = res]ves4 ,?us1 battalion act+ alone may attack two m5 p] y>d ( front1 b a regim5t1 ) ?ree battalions1 may only d\ble ! front ( ! "o battalion4 7#dcg7 #deb4 ,division ( battle l9e into battle di/ricts & d5sity ( deploym5t !re94 ,by ! assignm5t ( divisions or l>g] units to p>ts ( a l9e ( battle sev]al miles long1 a s]ies ( semi-indep5d5t battle1 or local combat1 di/ricts are creat$4 ,! g5]al deploym5t = a long l9e ( battle compris+ sev]al battle di/ricts is n directly consid]$ 9 ^! regulations4 ,! deploym5ts treat$ ( h]e9 are ^? ( ! infantry )9 su* di/ricts4 ,! d5sity ( deploym5t 9 ^! di/ricts may v>y greatly1 dep5d+ ^u ! activity expect$ 9 ea*4 ,)9 ^! battle di/ricts1 z well z 9 small] =ces act+ alone1 p>ts ( ! l9e tempor>ily ( less importance may be held weakly1 9 ord] to economize troops & to h m at ! decisive po9t4 7#dch7 #dec4 ,ext5t ( front occupi$ by a unit dep5ds ^u security ( flanks4 ,! front t a unit may occupy :5 deploy$ dep5ds also ^u :e!r its flanks are secur$4 ,if bo? flanks are secur$ by o!r troops1 ! unit may increase its front mat]ially by r$uc+ its res]ve or supports4 ,if only "o flank is s secur$1 ! front may /ill be some:at increas$1 b ! expos$ flank mu/ be gu>d$ by po/+ ! supports or res]ve t[>d t flank4 ,natural ob/acles t secure ! flanks h practically ! same effect ^u deploym5t4 7#dci7 #ded4 ,regim5ts1 battalions1 & companies deploy$ side by side4 ,except :5 assign$ z supports or res]ve1 regim5ts 9 ! brigade1 battalions 9 ! regim5t1 & companies 9 ! battalion are1 :5 practicable1 deploy$ side by side4 7#ddj7 #dee4 ,battalions furni% fir+ l9e & supports2 l>g] units furni% res]ves2 employm5t ( res]ve4 ,9 ! deploym5t1 battalions e/abli% ! fir+ l9e1 ea* furni%+ its own support4 ,9 ea* unit l>g] ?an ! battalion a res]ve is held out1 its /r5g? dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4 ,9 g5]al1 ! res]ve is employ$ by ! comm&] to meet or improve conditions br\ght ab\t by ! action ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,x mu/ n be too weak or too split up4 ,x mu/ be po/$ :]e ! comm&] believes x w be ne$$ = decisive action1 or :]e he desires to br+ ab\t su* action4 ,:5 necess>y1 p>ts ( x re5=ce or prolong ! fir+ l9e4 7#dda7 ,,attack 7,= ! battalion 9 ,attack1 see p>s4 #cdb-cdf7 #def4 ,fire sup]iority means success2 h[ to obta9 fire sup]iority4 ,an attack is b\nd to succe$ if fire sup]iority is ga9$ & prop]ly us$4 ,to ga9 ?is sup]iority g5]ally requires t ! attack employ m rifles ?an ! def5se2 ?is 9 turn means a long] l9e1 z bo? sides w probably hold a /rong fir+ l9e4 7#ddb7 #deg4 ,:5 frontal attack may be successful4 ,) l>ge =ces1 a direct frontal attack gives ! attack] little opportunity to br+ m rifles to be>4 ,h[ev]1 if ! enemy is unduly ext5d$1 a frontal attack may give v decisive results4 7#ddc7 #deh4 ,:5 turn+ movem5ts are all[able4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( control & ! dang] ( ! p>ts be+ defeat$ 9 detail1 wide turn+ movem5ts are seldom all[able except 9 l>ge =ces4 7#ddd7 #dei4 ,advantages ( envelop+ attack4 ,if ! attack c be s direct$ t1 :ile ! front is cov]$1 ano!r fraction ( ! comm& /rikes a flank m or less obliquely 7an envelop+ attack71 ! advantages ga9$ are a long] l9e & m rifles 9 action2 also a conv]g+ fire oppos$ to ! enemy's div]g+ fire4 7#dde7 #dfj4 ,envelopm5t ( bo? flanks4 ,an envelopm5t ( bo? flanks %\ld nev] be attempt$ )\t a v decid$ sup]iority 9 numb]s4 7#ddf7 #dfa4 ,envelop+ attacks result 9 local frontal attacks2 advantage ( envelopm5t4 ,! envelop+ attack w ne>ly always result locally 9 a frontal attack1 = x w be met by ! enemy's res]ve4 ,! advantage ( envelopm5t lies 9 ! long] conc5tric l9e1 ) its prepond]ance ( rifles & its conv]g+ fire4 7#ddg7 #dfb4 ,cooep]ation betwe5 frontal & envelop+ attacks2 ! two attacks to be deploy$ consid]able di/ance f ho/ile positions4 ,cooep]ation betwe5 ! frontal & envelop+ attacks is ess5tial to success4 ,bo? %\ld be pu%$ vigor\sly & simultane\sly1 & ord9>ily bo? %\ld move simultane\sly to ! *>ge2 b at ! f9al /age ( ! attack conditions may sometimes w>rant "o 9 *>g+ :ile ! o!r supports x ) fire4 ,! envelopm5t ( a flank is br\ght ab\t ) difficulty :5 made by troops already deploy$ 9 ano!r direction or by _! res]ves4 ,! two attacks %\ld be deploy$ at a suitable di/ance ap>t1 ) ! l9es ( attack conv]g+ 9 re> ( ! ho/ile position4 ,! troops t are to make ! envelop+ attack %\ld deploy 9 ! prop] direction at ! />t & %\ld be giv5 ord]s :i* enable !m to ga9 _! po9t ( deploym5t 9 ! mo/ direct & practical mann]4 ,! envelop+ attack is g5]ally made ! /rong]1 especially 9 small =ces4 7#ddh7 ,,deploym5t ,,= ,,attack #dfc4 ,di/ance f ho/ile position at :i* deploym5t is made2 =egr\nd to be cle>$ ( ho/ile deta*m5ts be=e deploym5t4 ,:]e op5 t]ra9 exposes troops to ho/ile artill]y fire x may be necess>y to make ! deploym5t #b miles or m f ! ho/ile position4 ,! =egr\nd %\ld be tempor>ily occupi$ by cov]+ troops4 ,if ! enemy occupies ! =egr\nd ) deta*m5ts1 ! cov]+ troops mu/ drive !m back4 7#ddi7 #dfd4 ,mov+ well =w>d & deploy+ at night4 ,to enable l>ge =ces to ga9 gr\nd t[>d ! enemy1 x may sometimes be *eap] & quick] 9 ! end to move well =w>d & to deploy at night4 ,9 su* case ! area 9 :i* ! deploym5t is to be made %\ld1 if practicable1 be occupi$ by cov]+ troops be=e d>k4 ,! deploym5t w be made ) great difficulty unless ! gr\nd has be5 /udi$ by daylight4 ,! deploym5t ga9s little unless x e/abli%es ! fir+ l9e well )9 effective range ( ! enemy's ma9 position4 7,see ,night ,op]ations1 p>4 #ehj-eij47 7#dej7 #dfe4 ,ea* unit deploys on its direction l9e2 int]vals betwe5 battalions on fir+ l9e4 ,ea* unit assign$ a task deploys :5 on its direction l9e1 or opposite its objective1 & :5 x has no long] suffici5t cov] = advanc+ 9 close ord]4 ,9 ! fir+ l9e1 int]vals ( #be to #ej y>ds %\ld be ma9ta9$ z long z possible betwe5 battalions4 ,9 ! l>g] units x may be necess>y to indicate on ! map ! direction or objective1 b to battalion comm&]s x %\ld be po9t$ out on ! gr\nd4 7#dea7 #dff4 ,po/ ( res]ve2 res]ve *>g$ ) flank protection4 ,! res]ve is kept ne> en\gh to ! fir+ l9e to be on h& at ! decisive /age4 ,x is po/$ ) ref]5ce to ! attack1 or to t "p ( ! attack+ l9e1 f :i* ! great] results are expect$2 x is also *>g$ ) flank protection1 b %\ld be kept intact4 ,supports are consid]$ 9 p>agraphs #bfb to #bfe1 inclusive1 & #cce to #cci1 inclusive4 7#deb7 ,,advanc+ ,,! ,,attack #dfg4 ,fir+ l9e to advance z f> z possible be=e op5+ fire4 ,! fir+ l9e mu/ ord9>ily advance a long di/ance be=e x is ju/ifi$ 9 op5+ fire4 ,x c n combat ! enemy's artill]y1 & x is at a disadvantage if x combats ! def5d]'s long-range rifle fire4 ,h5ce x ignores bo? &1 by tak+ full advantage ( cov] & ( ! discipl9e ( ! troops1 advances to a fir/ fir+ position at ! %orte/ range possible1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #cdd4 ,=mations = cross+ ?is zone ) ! m9imum loss are consid]$ 9 p>agraphs #bdi to #beg1 inclusive4 ,^! & o!r me?ods ( cross+ su* zones %\ld be /udi$ & practic$4 7#dec7 #dfh4 ,invisibility be/ protection :ile advanc+4 ,! be/ protection aga9/ loss :ile advanc+ is to escape ! enemy's view4 7#ded7 #dfi4 ,advance ( battalions4 ,ea* battalion f9ds its own fir+ position1 con=m+ to ! g5]al advance z long z practicable & tak+ advantage ( ! m advanc$ position ( an adjac5t battalion 9 ord] to ga9 gr\nd4 ,! position f :i* ! attack op5s fire is fur!r consid]$ 9 p>agraphs #cdc-cde1 inclusive4 7#dee7 #dgj4 ,infantry mov+ to ! attack pass+ ?r\gh deploy$ artill]y4 ,x w frequ5tly become necess>y = infantry mov+ to ! attack to pass ?r\gh deploy$ artill]y4 ,?is %\ld be done s z to int]f]e z little z possible ) ! latt]'s fire1 & nev] s z to cause t fire to cease entirely4 ,z f> z practicable1 advantage %\ld be tak5 ( int]vals 9 ! l9e1 if any4 ,an und]/&+ betwe5 artill]y & infantry comm&]s %\ld be _h1 s z to effect ! movem5t to ! be/ advantage4 7#def7 #dga4 ,advanc$ elem5ts ( fir+ l9e n to op5 fire on ma9 ho/ile position4 ,9 advanc+ ! attack1 advanc$ elem5ts ( ! fir+ l9e or deta*m5ts 9 front ( x %\ld n op5 fire except 9 def5se or to cle> ! =egr\nd ( ! enemy4 ,fire on ! ho/ile ma9 position %\ld n be op5$ until all or ne>ly all ( ! fir+ l9e c jo9 9 ! fire4 7#deg7 ,,! ,,fire ,,attack 7,see p>s4 #dad-dch47 #dgb4 ,fire sup]iority s\ght at fir/ fir+ position1 & to be ma9ta9$ until *>g+ po9t is rea*$2 size ( ru%+ units4 ,at ! fir/ fir+ position ! attack seeks to ga9 fire sup]iority4 ,?is may necessitate a /eady1 accurate fire a long "t4 ,! object is to subdue ! enemy's fire & keep x subdu$ s t ! attack+ troops may advance f ?is po9t to a favorable place ne> ! enemy f :i* ! *>ge may be made4 ,h5ce1 9 ! advance by ru%es1 suffici5t rifles mu/ be kept con/antly 9 action to keep d[n ! enemy's fire2 ?is det]m9es ! size ( ! fraction ru%+4 7#deh7 #dgc4 ,futility ( advanc+ )\t fire sup]iority4 ,to advance )\t fire sup]iority aga9/ a det]m9$ def5se w\ld result 9 su* losses z to br+ ! attack to a /&/ill or to make ! app>5t success b>r5 ( results4 7#dei7 #dgd4 ,signs t fire sup]iority has be5 ga9$4 ,dim9ution ( ! enemy's fire & a pron\nc$ loss 9 effectiv5ess are ! sure/ signs t fire sup]iority has be5 ga9$ & t a "p ( ! fir+ l9e c advance4 7#dfj7 #dge4 ,retir+ "u fire 9 daylight suicidal2 intr5*+4 ,! m5 mu/ be impress$ ) ! fact t1 hav+ made a consid]able advance "u fire & hav+ be5 *eck$1 x is suicidal to turn back 9 daylight4 ,if !y c advance no f>!r1 !y mu/ intr5* & hold on until ! fall ( d>kness or a favorable turn 9 ! situation develops4 ,intr5*+ is resort$ to only :5 necess>y4 ,troops :o h intr5*$ !mselves "u fire are mov$ =w>d aga9 ) difficulty4 7#dfa7 #dgf4 ,supports & res]ves occupy+ tr5*es vacat$ by fir+ l9e1 to improve same4 ,supports & res]ves occupy+ intr5*m5ts vacat$ by ! fir+ l9e %\ld improve !m1 b !y mu/ n be held back or div]t$ f _! true missions on ?is acc\nt4 7#dfb7 #dgg4 ,great] detail ( conduct ( fire attack4 ,p>agraphs #cdf to #ced1 inclusive1 deal m 9 detail ) ! conduct ( ! fire attack4 7#dfc7 ,,! ,,*>ge 7,see p>s4 #cee-cef7 #dgh4 ,:at fire sup]iority accompli%es2 psy*ological mom5t = *>ge det]m9$ by tactical in/9ct4 ,fire sup]iority beats d[n ! enemy's fire1 de/roys 8 resi/ance & morale1 & enables ! attack+ troops to close on him1 b an actual or ?reat5$ occupation ( 8 position is ne$$ to drive him out & defeat him4 ,! psy*ological mom5t = ! *>ge c n be det]m9$ f> 9 advance4 ,! tactical in/9ct ( ! responsible (fic] mu/ decide4 7#dfd7 #dgi4 ,:51 & di/ance ov] :i* *>ge %\ld be made4 ,! def5d]s1 if subjugat$ by ! fire attack1 w frequ5tly leave be=e ! *>ge beg9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be necess>y to c>ry ! fire attack close to ! position & foll[ x up ) a %ort da% & a bayonet combat4 ,h5ce ! di/ance ov] :i* ! *>ge may be made w v>y betwe5 wide limits4 ,x may be f #be to #djj y>ds4 ,! *>ge %\ld be made at ! e>lie/ mom5t t promises success2 o!rwise ! full advance ( victory w be lo/4 7#dfe7 #dhj4 ,*>ge to be made ) approval ( comm&] ( attack+ l9e2 battalion comm&]s signal comm&] ( l9e :5 ready to *>ge2 *>ge to be made simultane\sly4 ,! comm&] ( ! attack+ l9e %\ld indicate 8 approval1 or give ! ord]1 be=e ! *>ge is made4 ,subord9ate comm&]s1 usually battalion comm&]s1 ^: troops are ready to *>ge1 signal t fact to ! comm&]4 ,x may be necess>y = !m to wait until o!r battalions or o!r p>ts ( ! l9e are ready or until ! necess>y res]ves arrive4 ,at ! signal = ! *>ge ! fir+ l9e & ne>by supports & res]ves ru% =w>d4 7,see p>s4 #cee & #cef47 ,! *>ge is made simultane\sly1 if possible1 by all ! units p>ticipat+ !re91 b once committ$ to ! assault1 battalions %\ld be pu%$ ) ! utmo/ vigor & no re/ra9t plac$ on ! ardor ( *>g+ troops by an attempt to ma9ta9 alignm5t4 7#dff7 #dha4 ,*>ge n to be made )\t suffici5t troops2 res]ves give impetus2 avoid+ too d5se a mass4 ,be=e ord]+ ! *>ge ! comm&] %\ld see t en\gh troops are on h& to make x a success4 ,local res]ves jo9+ ! fir+ l9e 9 "t to p>ticipate 9 ! *>ge give x a /rong impetus4 ,too d5se a mass %\ld be avoid$4 7#dfg7 #dhb4 ,l9e to be /r5g!n$ by prolongation4 ,! l9e %\ld be /r5g!n$ by prolongation1 if practicable1 & rema9+ troops kept 9 =mation = future use2 b r ?an t ! attack %\ld fail1 ! la/ =m$ body w be s5t 91 unless x is v app>5t t x c d no good4 7#dfh7 #dhc4 ,additional =ce = pursuit4 ,to arrive 9 ! ho/ile position ) a v compact fir+ l9e & a few =m$ supports is suffici5t = a victory1 b an additional =ce kept well 9 h& = pursuit is ( ine/imable value4 7#dfi7 #dhd4 ,premature *>ge to be avoid$2 *>g+ )\t au?ority f ! re>4 ,a premature *>ge by a "p ( ! l9e %\ld be avoid$1 b if begun1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! l9e %\ld jo9 at once if !re is any prospect ( success4 ,"u exceptional conditions a "p ( ! l9e may be compell$ to *>ge )\t au?ority f ! re>4 ,! int5tion to d s %\ld be signal$ to ! re>4 7#dgj7 #dhe4 ,confid5ce 9 ability to use bayonet4 ,confid5ce 9 _! ability to use ! bayonet gives ! assault+ troops ! promise ( success4 7#dga7 #dhf4 ,pursu+ fire2 disord]$ units n to pursue4 ,if ! enemy has left ! position :5 ! *>g+ troops rea* x1 ! latt] %\ld op5 a rapid fire ^u ! retreat+ enemy1 if he is 9 sight4 ,x is n advisable = ! mix$ & disord]$ units to foll[ him1 except to advance to a favorable fir+ position or to cov] ! reorganization ( o!rs4 7#dgb7 #dhg4 ,pursu+ troops2 reorganization ( *>g+ l9e2 prep>ations to meet c\nt]-attack4 ,! ne>e/ =m$ bodies accompany+ or foll[+ ! *>ge are s5t in/antly 9 pursuit4 ,"u cov] ( ^! troops ord] is re/or$ 9 ! *>g+ l9e4 ,if ! captur$ position is a "p ( a g5]al l9e or is an advanc$ po/1 x %\ld be intr5*$ & occupi$ at once4 ,! exhau/ion ( (fic]s & m5 mu/ n cause ! neglect ( measures to meet a c\nt]-attack4 7#dgc7 #dhh4 ,/eps to be tak5 :5 attack receives tempor>y setback4 ,if ! attack receives a tempor>y setback & x is int5d$ to /r5g!n & cont9ue x1 (fic]s w make e ef=t to /op ! re>w>d movem5t & w ree/abli% ! fir+ l9e 9 a cov]$ position z close z possible to ! enemy4 7#dgd7 #dhi4 ,/eps to be tak5 if attack is ab&on$4 ,if ! attack mu/ be ab&on$1 ! re>w>d movem5t %\ld cont9ue ) promptness until ! troops rea* a feature ( ! t]ra9 t facilitates ! task ( *eck+ & reorganiz+ !m4 ,! po9t select$ %\ld be s f> to ! re> z to prev5t int]f]5ce by ! enemy be=e ! troops are ready to resi/4 ,! )drawal ( ! attack+ troops %\ld be cov]$ by ! artill]y & by res]ves1 if any are available4 7,see ,night ,op]ations1 p>s4 #ehj-eij47 7#dge7 ,,pursuit #dij4 ,full fruits ( victory reap$ by pursuit4 ,to reap ! full fruits ( victory a vigor\s pursuit mu/ be made4 ,! natural incl9ation to be satisfi$ ) a successful *>ge mu/ be ov]come4 ,! enemy mu/ be all[$ no m "t to reorganize ?an is positively unavoidable4 7#dgf7 #dia4 ,p>ts play$ 9 pursuit by res]ve1 artill]y1 & *>g+ troops4 ,! "p ( ! res]ve t is /ill =m$ or is be/ "u control is s5t =w>d 9 pursuit & vigor\sly attacks ! enemy's ma9 body or cov]+ deta*m5ts :]ev] f\nd4 ,! artill]y deliv]s a heavy fire ^u ! retreat+ enemy2 ! disord]$ attack+ troops secure ! position1 promptly re=m & become a new res]ve4 7#dgg7 #dib4 ,/r5g!n+ ( position captur$1 if section ( g5]al l9e4 ,if ! captur$ position is a section ( ! g5]al l9e1 ! brea* %\ld be heavily occupi$1 made wid]1 & /rongly secur$ by draw+ on all res]ves 9 ! vic9ity4 7#dgh7 #dic4 ,pursuit by p>allel roads4 ,aft] ! pursuit f ! imm$iate battlefield1 pursuit by p>allel roads is especially effective :]e l>ge comm&s are conc]n$4 7#dgi7 #did4 ,artill]y & cavalry 9 pursuit4 ,artill]y & cavalry are v effective 9 pursuit4 7#dhj7 ,,attack ,,( ,,=tifications #die4 ,modifications ( attack 9 case ( =tifications4 ,few modifications ent] into ! problem ( attack+ =tifications4 ,su* z are to be consid]$ relate *iefly to ! great] "t & labor ( advanc+1 ! m frequ5t use ( d>kness & ! use ( h& gr5ades to augm5t ! fire4 7#dha7 #dif4 ,approa*+ *>g+ po9t "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,if ! enemy is /rongly =tifi$ & "t p]mits1 x may be advisable to wait & approa* ! *>g+ po9t "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,! necess>y reconnaissance & arrangem5ts %\ld be made be=e d>k4 ,if ! *>ge is n to be made at once1 ! troops intr5* ! advanc$ position1 us+ s& bags if necess>y4 ,be=e daylight ! =egr\nd %\ld be cle>$ ( ob/acles4 7#dhb7 #dig4 ,*>g+ )\t fire prep>ation4 ,if ! di/ance is %ort & o!r conditions are favorable1 ! *>ge may be made )\t fire prep>ation4 ,if made1 x %\ld be laun*$ ) _s & sudd5ness at ! break ( day4 7,see ,night ,op]ations p>s4 #ehj-eij47 7#dhc7 #dih4 ,advanc+ to *>g+ po9t by sapp+4 ,9 siege op]ations troops are usually advanc$ to ! *>g+ po9t by sapp+4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 presupposes t an e>ly victory is n necess>y1 or t x is cle>ly inadvisable to attempt m direct me?ods4 7#dhd7 ,,hold+ ,,attack #dii4 ,requisites ( ! hold+ attack4 ,! hold+ attack mu/ be vigor\s en\gh to hold ! enemy 9 position & mu/ pres5t a front /rong en\gh to conceal ! second>y nature ( ! attack4 ,! hold+ attack ne$ h comp>atively little /r5g? 9 re>1 b conceals ! fact by a fir+ l9e n di/+ui%able f t ( a decisive attack4 7#dhe7 #ejj4 ,po/ & /r5g? ( supports & res]ves4 ,supports & res]ves are kept at %ort di/ances4 ,_! /r5g? is less if ! object is m]ely to hold ! enemy fa/ ?an if ! object is1 9 addition1 to compel him to use up res]ves4 7#dhf7 #eja4 ,hold+ attacks develop+ into decisive attacks4 ,hold+ attacks :i* may lat] develop into decisive attacks %\ld be correspond+ly /rong 9 re>4 7#dhg7 #ejb4 ,fe9t attacks4 ,all fe9t attacks %\ld employ d5se fir+ l9es4 ,_! weakness is 9 re> & is conceal$4 7#dhh7 ,,def5se ,,positions ,,& ,,intr5*m5ts #ejc4 ,requirem5ts ( a good def5sive position4 ,! fir/ requirem5t ( a good position is a cle> field ( fire & view to ! front & expos$ flanks to a di/ance ( #fjj to #hjj y>ds or m4 ,! l5g? ( front %\ld be suitable to ! size ( ! comm& & ! flanks %\ld be secure4 ,! position %\ld h lat]al communication & cov] = supports & res]ves4 ,x %\ld be "o :i* ! enemy c n avoid1 b mu/ attack or give up 8 mission4 ,a position hav+ all ^! advantages w r>ely1 if ev]1 be f\nd4 ,! "o %\ld be tak5 :i* con=ms close/ to ! description4 7#dhi7 #ejd4 ,utilization ( natural cov]2 con/ruction ( fieldworks & ob/acles4 ,! natural cov] ( ! position %\ld be fully utiliz$4 ,9 addition1 x %\ld be /r5g!n$ by fieldworks & ob/acles4 ,! be/ protection is af=d$ by deep1 n>r[1 inconspicu\s tr5*es4 ,if little "t is available1 z mu* z practicable mu/ be done4 ,t ! fieldworks may n be ne$$ %\ld n cause _! con/ruction to be omitt$1 & ! fact t !y h be5 con/ruct$ %\ld n influ5ce ! action ( a comm&]1 if conditions are f\nd to be o!r ?an expect$4 7#dij7 #eje4 ,con/ruction ( communicat+ & cov] tr5*es1 head cov]1 etc4 ,:5 "t & troops are available ! prep>ations include ! necess>y communicat+ & cov] tr5*es1 head cov]1 bombpro(s1 etc4 ,! fire tr5*es %\ld be well suppli$ ) ammunition4 ,! supports are plac$ close at h& 9 cov] tr5*es :5 natural cov] is n available4 7#dia7 #ejf4 ,dummy tr5*es4 ,dummy tr5*es frequ5tly cause ! ho/ile artill]y to wa/e "t & ammunition & to div]t its fire4 7#dib7 #ejg4 ,location1 ext5t1 g>rison1 etc41 ( fieldworks4 ,! location1 ext5t1 pr(ile1 g>rison1 etc41 ( fieldworks are matt]s to be decid$ by ! infantry comm&]s4 ,(fic]s mu/ be able to *oose gr\nd & prop]ly intr5* x4 7,see ,field ,=tifications1 ,*apt] ,,xvi1 ,"p ,,iii47 7#dic7 #ejh4 ,outl9+ trace ( tr5*es 9 combat ex]cises4 ,9 combat ex]cises1 :5 x is impracticable to con/ruct ! tr5*es appropriate to ! ex]cise1 _! trace may be outl9$ by bayonets1 /icks1 or o!r m>k]s1 & ! responsible (fic]s requir$ to indicate ! pr(ile select$1 me?od & "t ( con/ruction1 g>risons1 etc4 7#did7 ,,deploym5t ,,= ,,def5se #eji4 ,d5sity ( :ole deploym5t4 ,! d5sity ( ! :ole deploym5t dep5ds ^u ! expect$ sev]ity ( ! action1 ! "* ( ! enemy1 ! condition ( ! flanks1 ! field ( fire1 ! t]ra91 & ! available artificial or natural protection = ! troops4 7#die7 #eaj4 ,d5sity ( fir+ l9e4 ,if expos$1 ! fir+ l9e %\ld be z d5se 9 def5se z 9 attack4 ,if ! fir+ l9e is well intr5*$ & has a good field ( fire1 x may be made ?9n]4 ,weak] supports are p]missible4 ,= ! same numb] ( troops ! front occupi$ on ! def5sive may !re=e be long] ?an on ! (f5sive1 ! battalions plac+ m companies 9 ! fir+ l9e4 7#dif7 #eaa4 ,/r5g? 9 re> to be increas$ :5 *ange f def5sive to (f5sive is contemplat$4 ,if x is int5d$ only to delay ! enemy1 a fairly /rong deploym5t is suffici5t1 b if decisive results are desir$1 a *ange to ! (f5sive mu/ be contemplat$ & ! correspond+ /r5g? 9 re> provid$4 ,?is /r5g? is 9 ! res]ve1 :i* %\ld be z l>ge z ! dem&s ( ! fir+ l9e & supports p]mit4 ,ev5 9 a passive def5se ! res]ve %\ld be z /rong z 9 ! attack2 unless ! flanks are protect$ by o!r means4 7#dig7 #eab4 ,po/ ( supports2 cov] = supports4 ,supports are po/$ z close to ! fir+ l9e z practicable & re9=ce ! latt] accord+ to ! pr9ciples expla9$ 9 ! attack4 ,:5 natural cov] is n suffici5t = ! purpose1 communicat+ & cov] tr5*es are con/ruct$4 ,if "t does n p]mit _! con/ruction1 x is bett] to beg9 ! action ) a v d5se fir+ l9e & no imm$iate supports ?an to h supports greatly expos$ 9 re>4 7#dih7 #eac4 ,po/ ( res]ve4 ,! res]ve %\ld be po/$ s z to be entirely free to act z a :ole1 accord+ to ! developm5ts4 ,! di/ance f fir+ l9e to res]ve is g5]ally great] ?an 9 ! attack4 ,by reason ( su* a location ! res]ve is be/ able to meet a ho/ile envelop+ attack2 x has a bett] position f :i* to make a c\nt] attack2 x is 9 a bett] position to cov] a )drawal & p]mit an ord]ly retreat4 ,! di/ance f fir+ l9e to res]ve increases ) ! size ( ! res]ve4 7#dii7 #ead4 ,po/ ( res]ve :5 situation is no long] 9 d\bt4 ,:5 ! situation is no long] 9 d\bt1 ! res]ve %\ld be held 9 re> ( ! flank :i* is mo/ 9 dang] or (f]s ! be/ opportunity = c\nt] attack4 ,usually ! same flank be/ suits bo? purposes4 7#ejj7 #eae4 ,deta*+ "p ( res]ve to protect opposite flank4 ,9 exceptional cases1 on broad fronts1 x may be necess>y to deta* a "p ( ! res]ve to protect ! opposite flank4 ,?is deta*m5t %\ld be ! smalle/ consi/5t ) its purely protective mission4 7#eja7 #eaf4 ,assignm5t ( front to units4 ,! comm&] assigns to subord9ates ! front to be occupi$ by !m4 ,^!1 9 turn1 subdivide ! front among _! next l[] units 9 ! fir+ l9e4 7#ejb7 #eag4 ,division ( ext5d$ position into sections4 ,an ext5d$ position is s divid$ into sections t ea* has1 if practicable1 a field ( fire naturally made di/9ct by ! t]ra94 ,unfavorable & unimportant gr\nd w ord9>ily cause gaps to exi/ 9 ! l9e4 7#ejc7 #eah4 ,size ( units occupy+ sections2 battalions to be kept intact4 ,! size ( ! unit occupy+ ea* section dep5ds ^u ! latt]'s natural /r5g?1 front1 & importance4 ,if practicable1 battalions %\ld be kept intact & assign$ z units to sections or p>ts ( sections4 7#ejd7 #eai4 ,adjo9+ sections or ma*9e guns to cov] dead space4 ,:]e important dead space lies 9 front ( "o section1 an adjo9+ section %\ld be in/ruct$ to cov] x ) fire :5 necess>y1 or ma*9e guns %\ld be conceal$ = ! l purpose4 7#eje7 #ebj4 ,advanc$ po/s & o!r disp]sion to be avoid$4 ,advanc$ po/s1 or any o!r =m ( unnecess>y disp]sion1 %\ld be avoid$4 7#ejf7 #eba4 ,position itself n fully occupi$ until infantry attack beg9s4 ,unless ! difficulty ( mov+ ! troops into ! position be great1 mo/ ( ! troops ( ! fir+ l9e are held 9 re> ( x until ! infantry attack beg9s4 ,! position itself is occupi$ by a small g>rison only1 ) ! necess>y outgu>ds or patrols 9 front4 7#ejg7 #ebb4 ,fire alone unable to /op attack4 ,fire alone c n be dep5d$ ^u to /op ! attack4 ,! troops mu/ be det]m9$ to resort to ! bayonet1 if necess>y4 7#ejh7 #ebc4 ,/eps to be tak5 if night attack is expect$4 ,if a night attack or close approa* by ! enemy is expect$1 troops 9 a prep>$ position %\ld /r5g!n ! outgu>ds & fir+ l9e & con/ruct z num]\s & effective ob/acles z possible4 ,supports & local res]ves %\ld move close to ! fir+ l9e & %\ld1 ) ! fir+ l9e1 keep bayonets fix$4 ,if practicable1 ! front %\ld be illum9at$1 pref]ably f ! flanks ( ! section4 7#eji7 #ebd4 ,%ort range fire & bayonet 9 night attack4 ,only %ort range fire is ( any value 9 resi/+ night attacks4 ,! bayonet is ! *ief reliance4 7,see ,night ,op]ations p>s4 #ehj-eij47 7#eaj7 ,,c\nt] ,,attack #ebe4 ,passive def5se2 only (f5sive w9s4 ,! passive def5se %\ld be assum$ only :5 circum/ances =ce x4 ,only ! (f5sive w9s4 7#eaa7 #ebf4 ,active def5se seeks favorable decision2 c\nt] attack necess>y4 ,an active def5se seeks a favorable decision4 ,a favorable decision c n be expect$ )\t c\nt] attack4 7#eab7 #ebg4 ,protection ( flanks by natural ob/acles necess>y 9 passive def5se position4 ,a passive def5se 9 a position ^: flanks are n protect$ by natural ob/acles is g5]ally out ( ! "q4 7#eac7 #ebh4 ,po/ ( troops = c\nt] attack4 ,:]e ! def5se is assum$ ) a view to mak+ a c\nt] attack1 ! troops = ! c\nt] attack %\ld be held 9 res]ve until ! "t arrives = su* attack4 ,! def5sive l9e %\ld be held by z few troops z possible 9 ord] t ! =ce = ! (f5sive may be z l>ge z possible4 ,! =ce = ! c\nt] attack %\ld be held e*elon$ 9 re> ( ! flank :i* (f]s x ! greate/ advantage = ! propos$ attack4 7#ead7 #ebi4 ,mann] ( mak+ c\nt] attack4 ,! c\nt] attack %\ld be made vigor\sly & at ! prop] "t4 ,x w usually be made3 ,by laun*+ ! res]ve aga9/ ! enemy's flank :5 8 attack is 9 full progress4 ,?is is ! mo/ effective =m ( c\nt] attack4 ,/raight to ! front by ! fir+ l9e & supports aft] repuls+ ! enemy's attack & demoraliz+ him ) pursu+ fire4 ,or1 by ! troops 9 re> ( ! fir+ l9e :5 ! enemy has rea*$ ! def5sive position & is 9 disord]4 7#eae7 #ecj4 ,m9or c\nt] attacks4 ,m9or c\nt] attacks are sometimes necess>y 9 ord] to drive ! enemy f important positions ga9$ by him4 7#eaf7 ,,delay+ ,,action #eca4 ,! important consid]ations 9 a delay+ action4 ,:5 a position is tak5 m]ely to delay ! enemy & to )draw be=e becom+ closely engag$1 ! important consid]ations are3 ,! enemy %\ld be =c$ to deploy e>ly4 ,! field ( fire %\ld !re=e be good at di/ances f #ejj to #a1bjj y>ds or m2 a good field ( fire at close range is n necess>y4 ,! gr\nd 9 re> ( ! position %\ld favor ! )drawal ( ! fir+ l9e by scre5+ ! troops f ! enemy's view & fire z soon z ! position is vacat$4 7#eag7 #ecb4 ,?9 fir+ l9e answ]s purpose2 purposes ( supports & res]ve4 ,a ?9 fir+ l9e us+ mu* ammunition w g5]ally answ] ! purpose4 ,supports are ne$$ *iefly to protect ! flanks4 ,! res]ve %\ld be po/$ well 9 re> to assi/ 9 ! )drawal ( ! fir+ l9e4 7#eah7 #ecc4 ,value ( artill]y4 ,artill]y is especially valuable to a delay+ =ce4 7#eai7 ,,meet+ ,,engagem5ts #ecd4 ,*>act]i/ics ( meet+ engagem5ts4 ,meet+ engagem5ts are *>act]iz$ by ! necessity = ha/y reconnaissance1 or ! almo/ total abs5ce ( reconnaissance2 by ! necessity = rapid deploym5t1 frequ5tly "u fire2 & usually by ! abs5ce ( tr5*es or o!r artificial cov]4 ,^! conditions give fur!r advantages to ! (f5sive4 7#ebj7 #ece4 ,g5]al action on meet+ enemy4 ,! :ole situation w usually indicate be=eh& ! prop] g5]al action to be tak5 on meet+ ! enemy4 7#eba7 #ecf4 ,meag]ness ( in=mation2 qualities ( comm&] to be reli$ ^u4 ,little fre% in=mation c be expect$4 ,! boldness1 initiative1 & det]m9ation ( ! comm&] mu/ be reli$ ^u4 7#ebb7 #ecg4 ,meet+ engagem5t af=ds ideal opportunity to c]ta9 comm&]s4 ,a meet+ engagem5t af=ds an ideal opportunity to ! comm&] :o has intuition & quick decision & :o is will+ to take long *ances4 ,8 oppon5t is likely to be ov]cauti\s4 7#ebc7 #ech4 ,! mission det]m9es me?od ( attack4 ,! am\nt ( in=mation t ! comm&] is w>rant$ 9 await+ be=e tak+ f9al action dep5ds entirely ^u 8 mission4 ,"o situation may dem& a bl9d attack2 ano!r may dem& rapid1 p>tial deploym5t = attack1 b c>eful & "t-consum+ reconnaissance be=e ! attack is laun*$4 7#ebd7 #eci4 ,advantage accrues to side deploy+ ! fa/]4 ,a great advantage accrues to ! side :i* c deploy ! fa/]4 ,! advantage ( a close-ord] =mation1 favor+ rapid deploym5t1 becomes m pron\nc$ ) ! size ( ! =ce4 7#ebe7 #edj4 ,advantages ( fir/ troops to deploy4 ,! fir/ troops to deploy w be able to attack ) long] fir+ l9es & weak] supports ?an are requir$ 9 ! ord9>y case4 ,b if ! enemy succe$s 9 deploy+ a /rong def5sive l9e1 ! attack mu/ be /r5g!n$ accord+ly be=e x is wa/$4 7#ebf7 #eda4 ,?+s to be done by ! lead+ troops4 ,if ! situation w>rants ! advance1 ! lead+ troops seek to deploy fa/] ?an ! enemy1 to rea* 8 flanks1 *eck 8 deploym5t1 & get in=mation4 ,9 any ev5t1 !y seek to cov] ! deploym5t ( _! own troops 9 re>--especially ! artill]y--& to seize important gr\nd4 7#ebg7 #edb4 ,po/ ( comm&] ( long column meet+ enemy2 function ( advance gu>d2 action ( column4 ,! comm&] ( a long column :i* meets ! enemy %\ld be ) ! advance gu>d to receive in=mation promptly & to reconnoit]4 ,if he decides to fight1 ! advance gu>d mu/ hold ! enemy :ile ! comm&] =mulates a plan ( action1 issues ! necess>y ord]s1 & deploys ! ma9 body4 ,meantime1 ! column %\ld be clos+ up1 ei!r 9 mass or to =m l9e ( columns1 s t ! deploym5t1 :5 det]m9$ ^u1 may be made m promptly4 7#ebh7 #edc4 ,action ( advance gu>d prior to receipt ( ord]s4 ,! action ( ! advance gu>d1 prior to ! receipt ( ord]s1 dep5ds ^u ! situation4 ,:e!r to attack det]m9$ly or only z a fe9t1 or to assume ! def5sive1 dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! advance gu>d1 ! t]ra91 ! "* ( ! ho/ile =ce enc\nt]$1 & ! mission & int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! :ole4 7#ebi7 #edd4 ,ma9 body %\ld be us$ z a :ole & n put into action piecemeal4 ,if ! enemy is be=eh& or m aggressive1 or if ! advance gu>d is too weak1 x may be necess>y to put elem5ts ( ! ma9 body into action z fa/ z !y arrive1 9 ord] to *eck him4 ,?is me?od %\ld be avoid$2 x prev5ts ! =mation & execution ( a def9ite plan & compels piecemeal action4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ! ma9 body is us$ z a :ole4 7#ecj7 ,,)drawal ,,f ,,action #ede4 ,)drawal g5]ally effect$ at heavy co/2 re> gu>d & di/ance to be plac$ betwe5 enemy & defeat$ troops4 ,! )drawal ( a defeat$ =ce c g5]ally be effect$ only at a heavy co/4 ,:5 x is no long] possible to give ! action a favorable turn & ! necessity = )drawal arises1 e ef=t mu/ be made to place di/ance & a re> gu>d betwe5 ! enemy & ! defeat$ troops4 7#eca7 #edf4 ,use ( artill]y1 ma*9e guns1 & cavalry4 ,artill]y gives especially valuable assi/ance 9 ! )drawal4 ,! long-range fire ( ma*9e guns %\ld also be employ$4 ,cavalry assi/s ! )drawal by *>g+ ! pursu+ troops or by tak+ flank positions & us+ fire action4 7#ecb7 #edg4 ,use ( res]ve to *eck ! pursuit4 ,if an intact res]ve rema9s1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a cov]+ position1 pref]ably on a flank1 to *eck ! pursuit & ?us enable ! defeat$ troops to )draw beyond rea* ( ho/ile fire4 ,! cov]+ position ( ! res]ve %\ld be at "s di/ance f ! ma9 action1 b close en\gh to br+ ! )draw+ troops quickly "u ! protection ( its fire4 ,x %\ld h a good field ( fire at effective & long ranges & %\ld facilitate its own safe & timely )drawal4 7#ecc7 #edh4 ,"p ( l9e to be )drawn fir/2 retreat+ troops to be gott5 "u control z soon z possible4 ,if ! g5]al l9e is divid$1 by t]ra9 or by organization1 into two or m p>ts1 ! fir+ l9e ( ! "p 9 ! lea/ dang] f pursuit %\ld be )drawn fir/4 ,a cont9u\s fir+ l9e1 ^: p>ts are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r = fire support1 %\ld be )drawn z a :ole1 retir+ by e*elon at ! beg9n+ ( ! )drawal4 ,e ef=t mu/ be made to re/ore ! organizations1 rega9 control1 & =m column ( m>* z soon z ! troops are beyond ! rea* ( ho/ile fire4 ,z fa/ z possible )\t delay+ ! m>*1 companies1 & ! l>g] units %\ld be re=m$1 s t ! comm& w aga9 be well 9 h&4 7#ecd7 #edi4 ,action tak5 by comm&]2 selection ( r5dezv\s po9t4 ,! comm&] ( ! :ole1 hav+ giv5 ord]s = )drawal1 %\ld g to ! re>1 select a r5dezv\s po9t1 & devote himself to ! reorganization ( 8 comm&4 ,! r5dezv\s po9t is select$ ) reg>d to ! natural *annels ( movem5t approximately /raight to ! re>4 ,x %\ld be di/ant f ! battlefield & %\ld facilitate ! ga!r+ & protection ( ! comm&4 7#ece7 ,,summ>y #eej4 #a4 ,avoid combats t (f] no *ance ( victory or o!r valuable results4 #b4 ,make e ef=t = ! success ( ! g5]al plan & avoid spectacul> plays t h no be>+ on ! g5]al result4 #c4 ,h a def9ite plan & c>ry x out vigor\sly4 ,d n vacillate4 #d4 ,d n attempt complicat$ maneuv]s4 #e4 ,keep ! comm& 9 h&2 avoid undue ext5sion & disp]sion4 #f4 ,/udy ! gr\nd & direct ! advance 9 su* a way z to take advantage ( all available cov] & !reby dim9i% losses4 #g4 ,nev] deploy until ! purpose & ! prop] direction are kn[n4 #h4 ,deploy en\gh m5 = ! imm$iate task 9 h&2 hold out ! re/ & avoid undue ha/e 9 committ+ !m to ! action4 #i4 ,flanks mu/ be protect$ ei!r by res]ves1 =tifications1 or ! t]ra94 #aj4 ,9 a decisive action1 ga9 & keep fire sup]iority4 #aa4 ,keep up reconnaissance4 #ab4 ,use ! res]ve1 b n until ne$$ or a v favorable opportunity = its use pres5ts itself4 ,keep "s res]ve z long z practicable4 #ac4 ,d n hesitate to sacrifice ! comm& if ! result is wor? ! co/4 #ad4 ,sp>e ! comm& all unnecess>y h>d%ip & ex]tion4 7#ecf7 ,,ma*9e ,,guns #eea4 ,ma*9e guns are weapons ( em]g5cy4 ,ma*9e guns mu/ be consid]$ z weapons ( em]g5cy4 ,_! effectiv5ess comb9$ ) _! mobility r5d]s !m ( great value at critical1 ?\gh infrequ5t1 p]iods ( an engagem5t4 7#ecg7 #eeb4 ,ma*9e guns to be us$ = %ort p]iods1 :5 opportunities pres5t !mselves4 ,:5 op]at+ aga9/ infantry only1 !y c be us$ to a great ext5t ?r\gh\t ! combat z circum/ances may indicate1 b !y are quickly r5d]$ p[]less by effici5t field artill]y & w promptly draw artill]y fire :5ev] !y op54 ,h5ce _! use 9 engagem5ts betwe5 l>ge comm&s mu/ be = %ort p]iods & at times :5 _! great effectiv5ess w be mo/ valuable4 7#ech7 #eec4 ,ma*9e guns atta*$ to advance gu>d2 use 9 meet+ engagem5ts4 ,ma*9e guns %\ld be atta*$ to ! advance gu>d4 ,9 meet+ engagem5ts !y w be ( great value 9 assi/+ _! own advance1 or 9 *eck+ ! advance ( ! enemy1 & w h consid]able "t to op]ate be=e ho/ile artill]y fire c sil5ce !m4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to leave !m too long 9 action4 7#eci7 #eed4 ,use ( ma*9e guns ) re> gu>d4 ,!y are valuable to a re> gu>d :i* seeks to *eck a vigor\s pursuit or to ga9 "t4 7#edj7 #eee4 ,ma*9e guns 9 attack2 fire ( position4 ,9 attack1 if fire ( position is practicable1 !y are ( great value4 ,9 ?is case fire %\ld n be op5$ by ! ma*9e guns until ! attack is well advanc$4 ,at a critical p]iod 9 ! attack1 su* fire1 if sudd5ly & unexpect$ly op5$1 w greatly assi/ ! advanc+ l9e4 ,! fire mu/ be z heavy z possible & mu/ be cont9u$ until mask$ by fri5dly troops or until ! ho/ile artill]y f9ds ! ma*9e guns4 7#eda7 #eef4 ,ma*9e guns 9 def5se4 ,9 ! def5se1 ma*9e guns %\ld be us$ 9 ! same g5]al mann] z describ$ above = ! attack4 ,concealm5t & pati5t wait+ = critical mom5ts & exceptional opportunities are ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! ma*9e-gun s]vice 9 decisive actions4 7#edb7 #eeg4 ,ma*9e guns z "p ( res]ve2 use 9 cov]+ )drawal4 ,z "p ( ! res]ve1 ma*9e guns h special importance4 ,if !y are ) ! troops told (f to protect ! flanks1 & if !y are well plac$1 !y w (t5 produce decisive results aga9/ a ho/ile turn+ movem5t4 ,!y are especially qualifi$ to cov] a )drawal or make a captur$ position secure4 7#edc7 #eeh4 ,ma*9e guns n to =m "p ( fir+ l9e ( attack4 ,ma*9e guns %\ld n be assign$ to ! fir+ l9e ( an attack4 ,!y %\ld be s plac$ t fire direct$ ^u !m is n likely to fall ^u ! fir+ l9e4 7#edd7 #eei4 ,effectiv5ess ( ma*9e guns aga9/ skirmi% l9e1 except :5 ly+ d[n or crawl+4 ,a skirmi% l9e c n advance by walk+ or runn+ :5 ho/ile ma*9e guns h ! correct range & are ready to fire4 ,ma*9e-gun fire is n specially effective aga9/ troops ly+ on ! gr\nd or crawl+4 7#ede7 #efj4 ,sil5c+ ( ma*9e guns by infantry4 ,:5 oppos$ by ma*9e guns )\t artill]y to de/roy !m1 infantry itself mu/ sil5ce !m be=e x c advance4 ,an infantry comm& t mu/ dep5d ^u itself = protection aga9/ ma*9e guns %\ld conc5trate a l>ge numb] ( rifles on ea* gun 9 turn & until x has sil5c$ x4 7#edf7 ,9 addition to ! above1 :i* ! ,infantry ,drill ,regulations gives on ! subject ( ma*9e guns1 ! foll[+1 bas$ on ! use ( ma*9e guns 9 ! ,european ,w>1 is giv53 #efa4 ,ma*9e guns ess5tially automatic rifles4 ,!y are ess5tially automatic rifles1 design$ to fire ! ord9>y rifle c>tridge & capable ( deliv]+ a /ream ( small bullets at a rate ( z high z #fjj p] m9ute4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! ,european w> has det]m9$ t ! rate ( #djj %ots p] m9ute is ! desirable maximum4 ,_! ranges are ! same z = ! rifle4 ,! fire ( a ma*9e gun has be5 e/imat$ z equal to t ( #cj m54 #efb4 ,m\nts4 ,ma*9e guns are usually m\nt$ on tripods or :eels4 ,! weight ( c]ta9 types is su* t !y c readily be c>ri$ by ! soldi] f "o po9t to ano!r4 #efc4 ,me?ods ( transportation4 ,:ile ma*9e guns are usually design$ to be c>ri$ or pack$1 !y are easily adapt$ to v>i\s me?ods ( transportation4 ,9 ! ,european w> we f9d !m m\nt$ on sl$s dur+ ! w9t] campaign2 on specially design$ motor cycles ) side c>s & accompani$ by o!r motor cycles c>ry+ ammunition2 on :eels2 on wagons2 on armor$ automobiles2 a]oplanes2 & f9ally 9 ! p[]ful tanks ( ! ,engli%4 #efd4 ,concealm5t4 ,ma*9e guns :ile usually consid]$ z weapons ( em]g5cy h be5 us$ 9 attack & def5se 9 ! ,european w> 9 all /ages4 ,_! mobility & deadly effect h made !m ( great value4 ,once _! position is discov]$ !y are quickly put out ( action by artill]y4 ,ow+ to ?is fact ! armies 9 ,europe h us$ alt]native positions & h us$ e means to conceal ! guns4 ,h$ges1 walls1 & pits are us$ & e ef=t is us$ to conceal ! flame ( dis*>ge4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by keep+ ! muzzle well 9 re> ( its cov] or loop hole4 ,ma*9e guns almo/ inv>iably betray _! positions z soon z !y ent] into action4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy seems to be to hold !m conceal$ & place !m into position 9 ! tr5*es or emplacem5ts at ! mom5t ( combat4 ,extraord9>y means h be5 resort$ to 9 hid+ ! guns until !y are ne$$4 ,9 ! ,g]man l9e1 dug\ts und]gr\nd 7 con/ruct$ to conceal ! ma*9e guns & crews4 ,(t5 !y p]mitt$ ! fir/ l9e ( ! attack to pass ov] !m & !n appe>$ 9 re> & op5$ a deadly fire on ! backs ( ! troops4 #efe4 ,use 9 villages4 ,9 villages1 ma*9e guns 7 us$ ) t]rible effect1 fir+ f cell>s or w9d[s4 ,! only successful me?od ( de/roy+ !m 0 ) h& gr5ades & ev5 ?is 0 co/ly4 #eff4 ,location on ! def5se4 ,on ! def5se ma*9e guns %\ld be m\nt$ 9 sali5ts & at po9ts :]e cross fire c be obta9$4 ,?is makes x m difficult = ! enemy to locate ! guns4 ,frontal fire is n s (t5 successful4 #efg4 ,location 9 attack4 ,9 ! attack x is accept$ t ma*9e guns mu/ cov] ! ,infantry at %ort & long ranges :ile o!r ma*9e guns mu/ accompany ! attack+ troops to hold ! positions or tr5*es ga9$4 ,! second or ?ird l9e w\ld seem to be ! be/ position = ma*9e guns :5 accompany+ troops4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e ,gun ,emplacem5t3 ,section aa ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e ,gun ,emplacem5t3 ,plan ) ,cov] ,remov$ #efh4 ,economy ( m54 ,ow+ to its rapid & effective fire1 & ! comp>ative ease ) :i* x c be conceal$1 ! ma*9e gun p]mits a great economy ( m5 on a front & ! conc5trat+ ( ! =ces ?us fre$ = use 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field4 ,?is 0 done on a l>ge scale on ! ,russian front by ! ,g]mans 9 #aiae4 ,!y con/ruct$ miles ( wire entanglem5ts 9 front ( positions occupi$ ) an enorm\s numb] ( ma*9e guns & comp>atively few m54 ,! ma9 =ces 7 ?us free to be transport$ :]ev] dang] ?reat5$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,g]mans replac$ m5 by ma*9e guns & wire & 7 able to cope successfully ) ! imm5se ,russian ,armies4 ,! above plate %[s a typical ma*9e gun emplacem5t1 con/ruct$ 9 ! field4 ,_m elaborate emplacem5ts h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,european w>1 us+ /eel & concrete1 b = a ha/y cov] 9 ! field ! simple emplacem5t %[n 9 ! figure is recomm5d$4 7,,note4--,= a m detail$ /udy ( ma*9e guns1 see ,subject ,,xi1 ,ma*9e ,guns 9 ,action1 ,s*ool ( ,musketry1 ,=t ,sill1 ,oklahoma1 & ,comb9$ ,cavalry & ,infantry ,drill ,regulations = ,automatic ,ma*9e ,rifle1 cal4 #cj1 #aiji1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 #aiae47 ,,ammunition ,,supply #efi4 ,me?od ( supply+ ammunition to combat tra94 ,! me?od ( supply ( ammunition to ! combat tra9s is expla9$ 9 ,field ,s]vice ,regulations4 7#edg7 #egj4 ,combat tra9 & ! major's responsibility = its prop] use2 a r5dezv\s = ea* brigade4 ,! combat tra9 is ! imm$iate res]ve supply ( ! battalion1 & ! major is responsible = its prop] use4 ,he w take measures to insure ! ma9t5ance ( ! prescrib$ all[ance at all times4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( in/ructions1 he w cause ! tra9 to m>* imm$iately 9 re> ( 8 battalion1 &1 ^u sep>at+ f x to ent] an engagem5t1 w cause ! ammunition !re9 to be issu$4 ,:5 empti$1 he w direct t ! wagons proce$ to ! prop] r5dezv\s to be refill$4 ,ord9>ily a r5dezv\s is appo9t$ = ea* brigade & ! necess>y numb] ( wagons s5t =w>d to x f ! ammunition column4 7#edh7 #ega4 ,de/9ation ( combat wagons :5 refill$4 ,:5 refill$1 ! combat wagons w rejo9 _! battalions1 or1 if ! latt] be engag$1 w jo9 or e/abli% communication ) ! regim5tal res]ve4 7#edi7 #egb4 ,company comm&]s' responsibility = ammunition 9 belts2 ammunition ( dead & w\nd$4 ,company comm&]s are responsible t ! belts ( ! m5 9 _! companies are kept fill$ at all times1 except :5 ! ammunition is be+ exp5d$ 9 action4 ,9 ! fir+ l9e ! ammunition ( ! dead & w\nd$ %\ld be secur$ :5ev] practicable4 7#eej7 #egc4 ,ammunition 9 b&ole]s & #cj r\nds 9 "r pocket section4 ,ammunition 9 ! b&ole]s w ord9>ily be exp5d$ fir/4 ,?irty r\nds 9 ! "r pocket section ( ! belt w be held z a res]ve1 to be exp5d$ only :5 ord]$ by an (fic]4 7#eea7 #egd4 ,ammunition s5t =w>d ) re5=cem5ts2 m5 n to be s5t back f fir+ l9e = ammunition4 ,:5 necess>y to resupply ! fir+ l9e1 ammunition w be s5t =w>d ) re5=cem5ts1 g5]ally f ! regim5tal res]ve4 7#eeb7 ,m5 w nev] be s5t back f ! fir+ l9e = ammunition4 ,m5 s5t =w>d ) ammunition rema9 ) ! fir+ l9e4 #ege4 ,repl5i%m5t ( ammunition aft] engagem5t4 ,z soon z possible aft] an engagem5t ! belts ( ! m5 & ! combat wagons are resuppli$ to _! normal capacities4 ,ammunition :i* c n be reload$ on combat wagons w be pil$ up 9 a conv5i5t place & left "u gu>d4 7#eec7 ,,m\nt$ ,,sc\ts #egf4 ,sc\ts to be tra9$ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance2 _! use4 ,! m\nt$ sc\ts %\ld be ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance4 ,!y are us$ = communication ) neighbor+ troops1 = patroll+ (f ! r\te ( m>*1 = m>* outpo/s1 outpo/ patrols1 combat patrols1 reconnaissance ahead ( columns1 etc4 ,_! fur!r use is1 9 g5]al1 conf9$ to escort & mess5g] duty4 ,!y %\ld be freely us$ = all ^! purposes1 b = ^! purposes only4 7#eed7 #egg4 ,use ( m\nt$ sc\ts = reconnoit]+4 ,:5 infantry is act+ alone1 or :5 ! cavalry ( a mix$ comm& has be5 s5t to a di/ance1 ! m\nt$ sc\ts are ( special importance to cov]+ deta*m5ts & %\ld be us$ to make ! reconnaissance :i* w\ld o!rwise fall to cavalry4 7#eee7 #egh4 ,sc\ts to be us$ 9 reconnaissance 9 pref]5ce to o!r troops2 use = dism\nt$ patroll+4 ,9 reconnaissance1 sc\ts %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to o!r troops z mu* z possible4 ,:5 n ne$$ = m\nt$ duty1 !y %\ld be employ$ = necess>y dism\nt$ patroll+4 7#eef7 #egi4 ,tra9+ ( battalion /aff (fic]s 9 patroll+4 ,battalion /aff (fic]s %\ld be specially tra9$ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance "w 9 ord] t !y may be available :5 a m\nt$ (fic]'s patrol is requir$4 7#eeg7 ,,night ,,op]ations #ehj4 ,purposes ( night op]ations4 ,by employ+ night op]ations troops make use ( ! cov] ( d>kness to m9imize losses f ho/ile fire or to escape obs]vation4 ,night op]ations may also be necess>y = ! purpose ( ga9+ "t4 ,control is difficult & confusion is frequ5tly unavoidable4 ,x may be necess>y to take advantage ( d>kness 9 ord] to assault f a po9t ga9$ dur+ ! day1 or to approa* a po9t f :i* a daylight assault is to be made1 or to effect bo? ! approa* & ! assault4 7#eeh7 #eha4 ,practice 9 (f5sive & def5sive op]ations2 simple =mations4 ,(f5sive & def5sive night op]ations %\ld be practic$ frequ5tly 9 ord] t troops may le>n to cov] gr\nd 9 ! d>k & arrive at a de/9ation quietly & 9 good ord]1 & 9 ord] to tra9 (fic]s 9 ! necess>y prep>ation & reconnaissance4 ,only simple & well-appo9t$ =mations %\ld be employ$4 ,troops %\ld be ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! necess>y details--e4 g41 night patroll+1 night m>*+1 & communication at night4 7#eei7 #ehb4 ,gr\nd to be /udi$ by day & night1 cle>$ ( ho/ile deta*m5ts1 etc42 prep>ation ( ord]s2 di/9ctive badges4 ,! gr\nd to be trav]s$ %\ld be /udi$ by daylight &1 if practicable1 at night4 ,x %\ld be cle>$ ( ho/ile deta*m5ts be=e d>k1 &1 if practicable1 %\ld be occupi$ by cov]+ troops4 ,ord]s mu/ be =mulat$ ) great c>e & cle>ness4 ,ea* unit mu/ be giv5 a def9ite objective & direction1 & c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to avoid collision betwe5 units4 ,:5ev] contact ) ! enemy is anticipat$1 a di/9ctive badge %\ld be worn by all4 7#efj7 #ehc4 ,secrecy ( prep>ations2 unfri5dly guides2 fire action to be avoid$1 rely+ ^u bayonet4 ,prep>ations mu/ be made ) secrecy4 ,:5 ! movem5t is />t$1 & n until !n1 ! (fic]s & m5 %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al design1 ! composition ( ! :ole =ce1 & %\ld be giv5 su* additional in=mation z w insure cooep]ation & elim9ate mi/akes4 ,dur+ ! movem5t e precaution mu/ be tak5 to keep secret ! fact t troops are abroad4 ,unfri5dly guides mu/ frequ5tly be impress$4 ,^! %\ld be secur$ aga9/ escape1 outcry1 or deception4 ,fire action %\ld be avoid$ 9 (f5sive op]ations4 ,9 g5]al1 pieces %\ld n be load$4 ,m5 mu/ be tra9$ to rely ^u ! bayonet & to use x aggressively4 7#efa7 #ehd4 ,night m>*es2 advance & re> gu>ds4 ,long night m>*es %\ld be made only ov] well-def9$ r\tes4 ,m>* discipl9e mu/ be rigidly en=c$4 ,! troops %\ld be m>*$ 9 z compact a =mation z practicable1 ) ! usual cov]+ deta*m5ts4 ,advance & re> gu>d di/ances %\ld be greatly r$uc$4 ,!y are %orte/ :5 ! mission is an (f5sive "o4 ,! connect+ files are num]\s4 7#efb7 #ehe4 ,night advance foll[$ by attack by day4 ,a night advance made ) a view to mak+ an attack by day usually t]m9ates ) ! ha/y con/ruction ( intr5*m5ts 9 ! d>k4 ,su* an advance %\ld be tim$ s z to all[ an h\r or m ( d>kness = intr5*+4 ,an advance t is to t]m9ate 9 an assault at ! break ( day %\ld be tim$ s t ! troops w n arrive long be=e ! assault is to be made2 o!rwise1 ! advantage ( p>tial surprise w be lo/1 & ! enemy w be all[$ to re5=ce ! ?reat5$ po9t4 7#efc7 #ehf4 ,night attacks1 :5 employ$2 !y require tra9$ troops2 compact =mations2 value ( bayonet4 ,! night attack is ord9>ily conf9$ to small =ces1 or to m9or engagem5ts 9 a g5]al battle1 or to seizure ( positions occupi$ by cov]+ or advanc$ deta*m5ts4 ,decisive results are n (t5 obta9$4 ,poorly discipl9$ & untra9$ troops are unfit = night attacks or = night op]ations dem&+ ! ex]cise ( skill & c>e4 ,troops attack+ at night c advance close to ! enemy 9 compact =mations & )\t suff]+ loss f ho/ile artill]y or infantry fire4 ,! def5d] is ignorant ( ! /r5g? or direction ( ! attack4 ,a =ce :i* makes a vigor\s bayonet *>ge 9 ! d>k w (t5 ?r[ a mu* l>g] =ce into disord]4 7#efd7 #ehg4 ,reconnaissance2 attack to be a surprise4 ,reconnaissance %\ld be made to asc]ta9 ! position & /r5g? ( ! enemy & to /udy ! t]ra9 to be trav]s$4 ,(fic]s :o are to p>ticipate 9 ! attack %\ld conduct ?is reconnaissance4 ,reconnaissance at night is especially valuable4 ,features t are di/+ui%able at night %\ld be c>efully not$1 & _! di/ances f ! enemy1 f ! />t+ po9t ( ! troops1 & f o!r important po9ts %\ld be made kn[n4 ,prep>ations %\ld h 9 view z complete a surprise z possible4 ,an attack once begun mu/ be c>ri$ to its conclusion1 ev5 if ! surprise is n z complete z 0 plann$ or anticipat$4 7#efe7 #ehh4 ,"t ( mak+ attack dep5ds ^u object s\ght4 ,! "t ( night at :i* ! attack %\ld be made dep5ds ^u ! object s\ght4 ,if a decisive attack is int5d$1 x w g5]ally yield ! be/ results if made j be=e daylight4 ,if ! object is m]ely to ga9 an intr5*$ position = fur!r op]ations1 an e>li] h\r is necess>y 9 ord] t ! position ga9$ may be intr5*$ "u cov] ( d>kness4 7#eff7 #ehi4 ,=mation2 use ( bayonet2 prep>ations to repel c\nt] attack4 ,! =mation = attack mu/ be simple4 ,x %\ld be c>efully effect$ & ! troops v]ifi$ at a safe di/ance f ! enemy4 ,! attack+ troops %\ld be =m$ 9 compact l9es & ) /rong supports at %ort di/ances4 ,! res]ve %\ld be f> en\gh 9 re> to avoid be+ drawn into ! action until ! comm&] s desires4 ,bayonets are fix$1 pieces are n load$4 ,d>kness causes fire to be wild & ineffective4 ,! attack+ troops %\ld m>* /eadily on ! enemy )\t fir+1 b %\ld be prep>$ & det]m9$ to fight vigor\sly ) ! bayonet4 ,9 advanc+ to ! attack ! aim %\ld be to get z close z possible to ! enemy be=e be+ discov]$1 !n tru/ to ! bayonet4 ,if ! assault is successful1 prep>ations mu/ be made at once to repel a c\nt] attack4 7#efg7 #eij4 ,measures tak5 by def5se to resi/ night attacks4 ,on ! def5se1 prep>ations to resi/ night attacks %\ld be made by daylight :5ev] su* attacks are to be fe>$4 ,ob/acles plac$ 9 front ( a def5sive position are especially valuable to ! def5se at night4 ,_m =ms ( ob/acles :i* w\ld give an attack] little conc]n 9 ! daytime become s]i\s h9drances at night4 ,aft] d>k ! =egr\nd %\ld be illum9at$ :5ev] practicable & /rong patrols %\ld be pu%$ to ! front4 ,:5 x is le>n$ t ! enemy is approa*+1 ! tr5*es are fill$ & ! supports mov$ close to ! fir+ l9e4 ,supports fix bayonets1 b d n load4 ,:5ev] practicable & necess>y1 !y %\ld be us$ = c\nt] attacks1 pref]ably aga9/ a ho/ile flank4 ,! def5d] %\ld op5 fire z soon z results may be expect$4 ,?is fire may av]t or po/pone ! bayonet combat1 & x w>ns all support+ troops4 ,x is n likely t fire alone c /op ! attack4 ,! def5d] mu/ be resolv$ to fight ) ! bayonet4 ,ord9>ily fire w n be effective at ranges exce$+ #ej y>ds4 ,a :ite rag ar\nd ! muzzle ( ! rifle w assi/ 9 sight+ ! piece :5 ! front sight is n visible4 ,see p>s4 #dfd1 #dif1 #dig1 #ebc1 #ebd4 7#efh7 ,,infantry ,,aga9/ ,,cavalry #eia4 ,cavalry *>ge aga9/ infantry usually futile4 ,a cavalry *>ge c accompli% little aga9/ infantry1 ev5 9 inf]ior numb]s1 unless ! latt] are surpris$1 become panic-/rick51 run away1 or c n use _! rifles4 7#efi7 #eib4 ,measures to *eck *>ges f front & flank4 ,a *>ge f ! front is easily *eck$ by a well direct$ & su/a9$ fire4 ,if ! *>ge is direct$ aga9/ ! flank ( ! fir+ l9e1 ! supports1 res]ves1 or ma*9e guns %\ld /op x4 ,if ?is disposition is impracticable1 "p ( ! l9e mu/ meet ! *>ge by a timely *ange ( front4 ,if ! flank company1 or companies1 9 ! fir+ l9e execute platoons "r1 ! successive fir+ l9es c ord9>ily break a *>ge aga9/ ! flank4 ,if ! cavalry l9e passes ?r\gh ! fir+ l9e1 ! latt] w be little damag$ if ! m5 reta9 _! pres5ce ( m9d4 ,!y %\ld be on ! wat* = succe$+ cavalry l9es & leave ^? t h pass$ ?r\gh to fri5dly troops 9 re>4 7#egj7 #eic4 ,/&+ position be/ to meet *>ge4 ,m5 /&+ are 9 ! be/ position to meet a *>ge1 b o!r consid]ations may compel !m to meet x ly+ prone4 7#ega7 #eid4 ,rifle fire ma9 dep5d5ce ( infantry4 ,9 a melee1 ! infantryman ) 8 bayonet has at lea/ an ev5 *ance ) ! cavalryman1 b ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( infantry is rifle fire4 ,any =mation is suitable t p]mits ! free use ( ! necess>y numb] ( rifles4 ,ord9>ily !re w be no "t to *ange or set sights4 ,fire at w at battle sight %\ld be us$1 :atev] ! range may be4 ,x w usually be unwise to op5 fire at long ranges4 7#egb7 #eie4 ,meet+ ( cavalry *>ge by infantry 9 column4 ,an infantry column t enc\nt]s cavalry %\ld deploy at once4 ,if attack$ f ! head or re> ( ! column1 & if "t is press+1 x may =m a succession ( skirmi% l9es4 ,infantry1 by deploy+ #ej or #ajj y>ds 9 re> ( an ob/acle1 may *eck cavalry & hold x "u fire beyond effective pi/ol range4 ,9 any situation1 to try to escape ! issue by runn+ is ! wor/ & mo/ dang]\s c\rse ! infantry c adopt4 7#egc7 #eif4 ,infantry attack+ dism\nt$ cavalry4 ,9 attack+ dism\nt$ cavalry1 infantry %\ld close rapidly & endeavor to prev5t rem\nt+4 ,infantry :i* adopts ?is c\rse w n be s]i\sly *eck$ by delay+ cavalry4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to locate & op5 fire on ! l$ horses4 7#egd7 ,,infantry ,,aga9/ ,,artill]y #eig4 ,frontal attack aga9/ artill]y usually futile2 use ( ma*9e guns4 ,a frontal attack aga9/ artill]y has little *ance ( succe$+ unless x c be />t$ f cov] at comp>atively %ort range4 ,beyond %ort range1 ! frontal fire ( infantry has little effect aga9/ ! artill]y p]sonnel because ( _! protective %ields4 ,ma*9e guns1 because _! cone ( fire is m compact1 w h great] effect1 b on ! o!r h& !y w h few] opportunities1 & !y are limit$ to fire attack only4 ,z a rule1 "o's own artill]y is ! be/ weapon aga9/ ho/ile artill]y4 7#ege7 #eih4 ,flank attack aga9/ artill]y effective4 ,artill]y attack$ 9 flank by infantry c be sev]ely damag$4 ,oblique or flank fire w beg9 to h decisive effect :5 deliv]$ at effective range f a po9t to "o side ( ! artill]y's l9e ( fire & di/ant f x by ab\t half ! range4 ,artill]y is bett] protect$ on ! side ( ! caisson4 7#egf7 #eii4 ,action aga9/ guns out ( ammunition4 ,guns out ( ammunition1 b o!rwise secure aga9/ infantry attack1 may be immobiliz$ by fire :i* w prev5t _! )drawal1 or by locat+ & driv+ (f _! limb]s4 ,or !y may be kept out ( action by fire :i* w prev5t ! receipt ( ammunition4 7#egg7 #fjj4 ,action aga9/ artill]y limb]+ or com+ into action2 :eel horses be/ t>gets4 ,artill]y :5 limb]$ is helpless aga9/ infantry fire4 ,if caught at effective range :ile com+ into action or :ile limb]+1 artill]y c be sev]ely puni%$ by infantry fire4 ,9 attack+ artill]y t is try+ to escape1 ! :eel horses are ! be/ t>gets4 7#egh7 ,,artill]y ,,supports #fja4 ,purpose ( artill]y support1 usually consi/+ ( infantry4 ,! purpose ( ! artill]y support is to gu>d ! artill]y aga9/ surprise or attack4 ,artill]y on ! m>* or 9 action is ord9>ily s plac$ z to be amply protect$ by ! infantry4 ,infantry always protects artill]y 9 its neighborhood4 7#egi7 #fjb4 ,detail+ ( supports4 ,! detail ( a support is n necess>y except :5 ! artill]y is sep>at$ f ! ma9 body or occupies a position 9 :i* its flanks are n protect$4 ,! detail ( a special support w be avoid$ :5ev] possible4 7#ehj47 #fjc4 ,=mation ( support on m>*4 ,! =mation ( an artill]y support dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,on ! m>* x may (t5 be necess>y to provide advance1 flank1 & re> protection4 ,! c\ntry mu/ be ?or\ghly reconnoit]$ by patrols )9 long rifle range4 7#eha7 #fjd4 ,=mation & location ( support 9 action4 ,9 action1 ! =mation & location ( ! support mu/ be su* z to ga9 & give timely in=mation ( ! enemy's approa* & to (f] actual resi/ance to ! enemy beyond effective rifle range ( ! artill]y's flanks4 ,x %\ld n be close en\gh to ! artill]y to suff] f fire direct$ at ! artill]y4 ,9 mo/ cases a position some:at to ! flank & re> be/ fulfills ^! conditions4 7#ehb7 #fje4 ,support *>g$ only ) protection ( artill]y4 ,! support comm&] is *>g$ only ) ! protection ( ! artill]y4 ,! tactical employm5t ( ea* arm re/s ) its comm&]4 ,! two %\ld cooep]ate4 7#ehc7 ,,m9or ,,w>f>e #fjf4 ,:at m9or w>f>e embraces2 regul> op]ations4 ,m9or w>f>e embraces bo? regul> & irregul> op]ations4 ,regul> op]ations consi/ ( m9or actions involv+ small bodies ( tra9$ & organiz$ troops on bo? sides4 ,! tactics employ$ are 9 g5]al ^? prescrib$ = ! small] units4 7#eif7 #fjg4 ,irregul> op]ations4 ,irregul> op]ations consi/ ( actions aga9/ unorganiz$ or p>tially organiz$ =ces1 act+ indep5d5t or semi indep5d5t bodies4 ,su* bodies h little or only crude tra9+ & are "u nom9al & loose lead]%ip & control4 ,!y assemble1 roam ab\t1 & disp]se at w4 ,!y endeavor to w9 by /eal? or by =ce ( sup]ior numb]s1 employ+ ambuscades1 sudd5 da%es or ru%es1 & h&-to-h& fight+4 7#eig7 ,troops op]at+ aga9/ su* an enemy usually d s 9 small units1 su* z platoons1 deta*m5ts1 or companies1 & ! tactics employ$ mu/ be adapt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,frequ5tly ! enemy's own me?ods may be employ$ to advantage4 ,9 g5]al1 su* op]ations %\ld n be und]tak5 ha/ily2 e prep>ation %\ld be made to /rike sudd5ly & to inflict ! maximum puni%m5t4 #fjh4 ,m>* & biv\ac =mations to admit ( rapid action 9 any direction4 ,9 g5]al1 ! s]vice ( in=mation w be insuffici5t2 adequate reconnaissance w r>ely be practicable4 ,m>* & biv\ac =mations mu/ be su* z to admit ( rapid deploym5t & fire action 9 any direction4 7#eih7 #fji4 ,=mation 9 op5 c\ntry4 ,9 ! op5 c\ntry1 :]e surprise is n probable1 troops may be m>*$ 9 column ( squads prec$$1 )9 sight1 by a squad z an advance p>ty4 7#eii7 #faj4 ,=mation 9 close c\ntry4 ,9 close c\ntry1 :]e surprise is possible1 ! troops mu/ be held 9 a close =mation4 ,! use ( flank patrols becomes difficult4 ,occasionally1 an advance p>ty--nev] less ?an a squad--may be s5t out4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 su* a p>ty accompli%es little1 s9ce an enemy int5t on surprise w p]mit x to pass unmole/$ & w fall ^u ! ma9 body4 ,"u su* conditions1 especially :5 ! road or trail is n>r[1 ! column ( twos or files is a conv5i5t =mation1 ! (fic]s plac+ !mselves 9 ! column s z to divide x into ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,if ru%$ f a flank1 su* a column w be 9 read9ess to face & fire t[>d ei!r or bo? flanks1 ! ranks be+ back to back2 if ru%$ f ! front1 ! head ( ! column may be deploy$1 ! re/ ( ! column clos+ up to support x & to protect its flanks & re>4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! m5 %\ld be taught to take "s =m ( a clos$ back to back =mation4 7#fjj7 #faa4 ,divid+ column on m>* into two or m sep>ate deta*m5ts4 ,! column may (t5 be brok5 into two or m approximately equal deta*m5ts sep>at$ on ! m>* by di/ances ( #ej to #ajj y>ds4 ,z a rule ! deta*m5ts %\ld n consi/ ( less ?an #be m5 ea*4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( ! column1 x w r>ely be possible = an enemy to close simultane\sly ) all ( ! deta*m5ts1 "o or m be+ left un5gag$ & "u control to support ^? engag$ or to inflict sev]e puni%m5t ^u ! enemy :5 he is repuls$4 7#fja7 #fab4 ,selection ( site = camp or biv\ac2 protection4 ,! site = camp or biv\ac %\ld be select$ ) special ref]5ce to economical & effective protection aga9/ surprise4 ,d\ble s5t9els are po/$ on ! av5ues ( approa*1 & ! troops sleep 9 read9ess = in/ant action4 ,:5 practicable1 troops %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 advance z to :at !y are to d 9 case ( attack at night4 7#fjb7 #fac4 ,night op]ations frequ5tly advisable4 ,night op]ations are frequ5tly advisable4 ,) ! small =ces employ$1 control is n difficult4 ,irregul> troops r>ely provide prop] camp protection1 & !y may frequ5tly be surpris$ & sev]ely puni%$ by a prop]ly conduct$ night m>* & attack4 7#fjc7 ,,c]emonies ,g5]al ,rules = ,c]emonies #fad4 ,ord] 9 :i* troops are arrang$ = c]emonies2 comm&] faces comm&2 subord9ates face to front4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! troops ( ! v>i\s arms are arrang$ = c]emonies is prescrib$ by ,army ,regulations4 ,:5 =m+ = c]emonies ! companies ( ! battalion & ! battalions ( ! regim5t are po/$ f "r to left 9 l9e & f head to re> 9 column1 9 ! ord] ( rank ( _! respective comm&]s pres5t 9 ! =mation1 ! s5ior on ! "r or at ! head4 ,! comm&] faces ! comm&2 subord9ate comm&]s face to ! front4 7#gjh7 #fae4 ,salut+ by lieut5ant colonel & /affs4 ,at ! comm& pres5t arms1 giv5 by ! colonel1 ! lieut5ant colonel1 & ! colonel's /aff salute2 ! major's /aff salute at ! major's comm&4 ,ea* /aff returns to ! c>ry or ord] :5 ! comm& ord] arms is giv5 by its *ief4 7#gji7 #faf4 ,=mation ( companies1 battalion & regim5t4 ,at ! assembly = a c]emony companies are =m$ on _! own p>ades & in=mally inspect$1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #fdf4 ,at adjutant's call1 except = c]emonies involv+ a s+le battalion1 ea* battalion is =m$ on its own p>ade1 reports are receiv$1 & ! battalion pres5t$ to ! major1 z laid d[n 9 p>4 #cjh4 ,at ! second s\nd+ ( adjutant's call ! regim5t is =m$4 7#gaj7 ,,reviews ,g5]al ,rules #fag4 ,indication ( po9ts :]e column *anges direction2 flank to pass #ab paces f review+ (fic]2 po/ ( review+ (fic] & o!rs4 ,! adjutant po/s m5 or o!rwise m>ks ! po9ts :]e ! column *anges direction 9 su* mann] t its flank 9 pass+ w be ab\t #ab paces f ! review+ (fic]4 ,! po/ ( ! review+ (fic]1 usually opposite ! c5t] ( ! l9e1 is indicat$ by a m>k]4 ,(fic]s ( ! same or high] grade1 & di/+ui%$ p]sonages invit$ to accompany ! review+ (fic]1 place !mselves on 8 left2 _! /affs & ord]lies place !mselves respectively on ! left ( ! /aff & ord]lies ( ! review+ (fic]2 all o!rs :o accompany ! review+ (fic] place !mselves on ! left ( 8 /aff1 _! ord]lies 9 re>4 ,a /aff (fic] is designat$ to escort di/+ui%$ p]sonages & to indicate to !m _! prop] positions1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #gc4 7#gaa7 #fah4 ,rid+ ar\nd ! troops2 salut+ ! color2 review+ (fic] returns only salute ( comm&+ (fic] ( troops4 ,:ile rid+ ar\nd ! troops1 ! review+ (fic] may direct 8 /aff1 flag & ord]lies to rema9 at ! po/ ( ! review+ (fic]1 or t only 8 p]sonal /aff & flag %all accompany him2 9 ei!r case ! comm&+ (fic] alone accompanies ! review+ (fic]4 ,if ! review+ (fic] is accompani$ by 8 entire /aff1 ! /aff (fic]s ( ! comm&] place !mselves on ! "r ( ! /aff ( ! review+ (fic]4 ,! review+ (fic] & o!rs at ! review+ /& salute ! color z x passes2 :5 pass+ ar\nd ! troops1 ! review+ (fic] & ^? accompany+ him salute ! color :5 pass+ 9 front ( x4 ,! review+ (fic] returns ! salute ( ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! troops only4 ,^? :o accompany ! review+ (fic] d n salute4 7#gab7 #fai4 ,salut+ by /affs4 ,9 pass+ 9 review1 ea* /aff salutes ) its comm&]4 7#gac7 #fbj4 ,turn+ out ( column by comm&+ (fic] ( troops & /aff4 ,aft] salut+ ! review+ (fic]1 ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! troops turns out ( ! column1 takes po/ on ! "r ( ! review+ (fic]1 & returns sab]2 ! memb]s ( 8 /aff accompany+ him take po/ on ! "r ( ! review+ (fic]'s /aff & return sab]4 ,:5 ! re> elem5t ( 8 comm& has pass$1 )\t *ang+ 8 position1 ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! troops salutes ! review+ (fic]2 he & ! memb]s ( 8 /aff accompany+ him !n draw sab] & rejo9 8 comm&4 ,! comm&+ (fic] ( ! troops & ! memb]s ( 8 /aff are ! only ones :o turn out ( ! column4 7#gad7 #fba4 ,turn+ out ( column by comm&+ (fic] ( troops & /aff4 ,if ! p]son review+ ! comm& is n m\nt$1 ! comm&+ (fic] & 8 /aff on turn+ out ( ! column aft] pass+ ! review+ (fic] dism\nt prep>atory to tak+ po/4 ,9 su* case1 ! salute ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 prior to rejo9+ 8 comm&1 is made ) ! h& be=e rem\nt+4 7#gae7 #fbb4 ,salute by regim5tal color4 ,:5 ! rank ( ! review+ (fic] entitles him to ! honor1 ea* regim5tal color salutes at ! comm& pres5t arms1 giv5 or repeat$ by ! major ( ! battalion ) :i* x is po/$2 & aga9 9 pass+ 9 review4 7#gaf7 #fbc4 ,! b&4 ,! b& ( an organization plays :ile ! review+ (fic] is pass+ 9 front ( & 9 re> ( ! organization4 ,ea* b&1 imm$iately aft] pass+ ! review+ (fic]1 turns out ( ! column1 takes po/ 9 front ( & fac+ him1 cont9ues to play until its regim5t has pass$1 !n ceases play+ & foll[s 9 re> ( its regim5t2 ! b& ( ! foll[+ regim5t comm5ces to play z soon z ! prec$+ b& has ceas$4 ,:ile m>*+ 9 review b "o b& 9 ea* brigade plays at a "t1 & b "o b& at a "t :5 )9 #ajj paces ( ! review+ (fic]4 7#gag7 #fbd4 ,! national air1 to ! color1 m>*1 fl\ri%es or ruffles1--:5 play$4 ,if ! rank ( ! review+ (fic] entitles him to ! honor1 ! b& plays ! prescrib$ national air1 or ! field music s\nds to ! color1 m>*1 fl\ri%es or ruffles :5 arms are pres5t$4 ,:5 pass+ 9 review at ! mom5t ! regim5tal color salutes1 ! musicians halt$ 9 front ( ! review+ (fic]1 s\nd to ! color1 m>*1 fl\ri%es or ruffles4 7#gah7 #fbe4 ,modifications ( ! review4 ,! =mation = review may be modifi$ to suit ! gr\nd1 & ! pres5t arms & ! ride ar\nd ! l9e by ! review+ (fic] may be disp5s$ )4 7#gai7 #fbf4 ,:5 po/ ( review+ (fic] is on left ( column4 ,if ! po/ ( ! review+ (fic] is on ! left ( ! column1 ! troops m>* 9 review ) ! guide left2 ! comm&+ (fic] & 8 /aff turn out ( ! column to ! left1 tak+ po/ z prescrib$ above1 b to ! left ( ! review+ (fic]2 9 salut+1 ! capta9s give ! comm&3 #a4 ,eyes1 #b4 ,,left4 7#gbj7 #fbg4 ,cad5ce at :i* troops pass 9 review4 ,except 9 ! review ( a s+le battalion1 ! troops pass 9 review 9 quick "t only4 7#gba7 #fbh4 ,reviews ( brigades or l>g] comm&s2 action ( battalions aft] pass+ review+ (fic]4 ,9 reviews ( brigades or l>g] comm&s1 ea* battalion1 aft] ! re> has pass$ ! review+ (fic] #ej paces1 takes ! d\ble "t = #ajj y>ds 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! m>* ( ! column 9 re>2 if necess>y1 x !n turns out ( ! column & returns to camp by ! mo/ practicable r\te2 ! lead+ battalion ( ea* regim5t is foll[$ by ! o!r units ( ! regim5t4 7#gbb7 #fbi4 ,/&+ at ease1 re/1 etc41 9 review ( brigade or l>g] comm&4 ,9 a brigade or l>g] review a regim5tal comm&] may cause 8 regim5t to /& at ease1 re/1 or /ack arms & fall out & resume att5tion1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! c]emony4 7#gbc7 #fcj4 ,review by inspector junior to comm&+ (fic]4 ,:5 an organization is to be review$ be=e an inspector junior 9 rank to ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! comm&+ (fic] receives ! review & is accompani$ by ! inspector1 :o takes po/ on 8 left4 7#gbd7 ,battalion ,review #fca4 ,pres5t+ battalion to review+ (fic]2 pass+ ar\nd battalion2 battalion pass+ 9 review at quick "t4 ,! battalion hav+ be5 =m$ 9 l9e1 ! major faces to ! front2 ! review+ (fic] moves a few paces t[>d ! major & halts2 ! major turns ab\t & comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms1 & aga9 turns ab\t & salutes4 ,! review+ (fic] returns ! salute2 ! major turns ab\t1 br+s ! battalion to ord] arms1 & aga9 turns to ! front4 ,! review+ (fic] approa*es to ab\t #f paces f ! major1 ! latt] salutes1 takes po/ on 8 "r1 & accompanies him ar\nd1 ! battalion4 ,! b& plays4 ,! review+ (fic] proce$s to ! "r ( ! b&1 passes 9 front ( ! capta9 to ! left ( ! l9e & returns to ! "r1 pass+ 9 re> ( ! file clos]s & ! b&4 7,see p>4 #fbe47 ,on arriv+ aga9 at ! "r ( ! l9e1 ! major salutes1 halts1 & :5 ! review+ (fic] & /aff h pass$1 moves directly to 8 po/ 9 front ( ! battalion1 faces x1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,pass 9 review1 #b4 ,squads "r1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ! b& *anges direction if necess>y1 & halts4 ,at ! ?ird comm&1 giv5 :5 ! b& has *ang$ direction1 ! battalion moves (f1 ! b& play+2 )\t comm& f ! major ! column *anges direction at ! po9ts indicat$1 & column ( companies at full di/ance is =m$ successively to ! left at ! second *ange ( direction2 ! major takes 8 po/ #bj paces 9 front ( ! b& imm$iately aft] ! second *ange2 ! b& hav+ pass$ ! review+ (fic]1 turns to ! left ( ! column1 takes po/ 9 front ( & fac+ ! review+ (fic]1 & rema9s !re until ! review t]m9ates4 ,! major & /aff salute1 turn ! head z 9 eyes "r1 & look t[>d ! review+ (fic] :5 ! major is #f paces f him2 !y return to ! c>ry & turn ! head & eyes to ! front :5 ! major has pass$ #f paces beyond him4 ,)\t fac+ ab\t1 ea* capta9 or special unit comm&]1 except ! drum major1 comm&s3 #a4 ,eyes1 9 "t to add1 #b4 ,,"r1 :5 at #f paces f ! review+ (fic]1 & comm&s front :5 at #f paces beyond him4 ,at ! comm& eyes ! company (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab] execute ! fir/ motion ( pres5t sab]2 at ! comm& "r all turn head & eyes to ! "r1 ! company (fic]s complete pres5t sab]1 & ! noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab] execute ! fir/ motion ( pres5t sab]2 at ! comm& front all turn head & eyes to ! front1 & (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab] resume ! c>ry sab]2 )\t arms 9 h&1 ! fir/ motion ( ! h& salute is made at ! comm& "r1 & ! second motion n made until ! comm& front4 ,noncommission$ /aff (fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s 9 comm& ( subdivisions1 & ! drum major salute1 turn ! head & eyes1 return to ! front1 resume ! c>ry or drop ! h&1 at ! po9ts prescrib$ = ! major4 ,(fic]s & dism\nt$ noncommission$ (fic]s 9 comm& ( subdivisions1 ) arms 9 h&1 r5d] ! rifle or sab] salute4 ,guides *>g$ ) ! /ep1 trace1 & direction d n execute eyes "r4 ,if ! review+ (fic] is entitl$ to a salute f ! color ! regim5tal color salutes :5 at #f paces f him1 & is rais$ :5 at #f paces beyond him4 ,! major1 hav+ salut$1 takes po/ on ! "r ( ! review+ (fic]1 returns sab] & rema9s !re until ! re> ( ! battalion has pass$1 !n salutes & rejo9s 8 battalion4 ,! b& ceases to play :5 ! column has complet$ its second *ange ( direction aft] pass+ ! review+ (fic]4 7#gbe7 #fcb4 ,pass+ 9 review at d\ble "t4 ,:5 ! battalion arrives at its orig9al position 9 column1 ! major comm&s3 #a4 ,d\ble "t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! b& plays 9 d\ble "t4 ,! battalion passes 9 review z be=e1 except t 9 d\ble "t ! comm& eyes "r is omitt$ & !re is no salut+ except by ! major :5 he leaves ! review+ (fic]4 ,! review t]m9ates :5 ! re> company has pass$ ! review+ (fic]3 ! b& !n ceases to play1 &1 unless o!rwise direct$ by ! major1 returns to ! position x occupi$ be=e m>*+ 9 review1 or is dismiss$2 ! major rejo9s ! battalion & br+s x to quick "t4 ,! battalion !n executes su* movem5ts z ! review+ (fic] may h direct$1 or is m>*$ to its p>ade gr\nd & dismiss$4 ,m>*+ pa/ 9 d\ble "t may1 9 ! discretion ( ! review+ (fic]1 be omitt$2 ! review t]m9ates :5 ! major rejo9s 8 battalion4 7#gbf7 #fcc4 ,major & /aff may be dism\nt$4 ,at battalion review ! major & 8 /aff may be dism\nt$ 9 ! discretion ( ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#gbg7 ,,p>ades ,g5]al ,rules #fcd4 ,position assum$ by review+ (fic] & /aff :ile b& is s\nd+ (f4 ,if dism\nt$1 ! (fic] review+ ! p>ade1 & 8 /aff1 /& at p>ade re/1 ) arms fold$1 :ile ! b& is s\nd+ (f2 !y resume att5tion ) ! adjutant4 ,if m\nt$1 !y rema9 at att5tion4 7#gcb7 #fce4 ,reports by capta9s & majors4 ,at ! comm& report1 giv5 by a battalion adjutant1 ! capta9s 9 succession f ! "r salute & report3 ,a 7or o!r7 company1 pres5t or acc\nt$ =2 or ,a 7or o!r7 company1 7s _m7 (fic]s or enli/$ m5 abs5t1 & resume ! ord] sab]2 at ! same comm& giv5 by ! regim5tal adjutant1 ! majors simil>ly report _! battalions4 7#gcc7 ,battalion ,p>ade #fcf4 ,at adjutant's call ! battalion is =m$ 9 l9e1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #cjh1 b n pres5t$4 ,lieut5ants take _! po/s 9 front ( ! c5t] ( _! respective platoons at ! capta9's comm& = dress+ 8 company on ! l9e1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #cjb4 ,! major takes po/ at a conv5i5t di/ance 9 front ( ! c5t] & fac+ ! battalion4 ,! adjutant f 8 po/ 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! battalion1 aft] comm&+3 #a4 ,guides1 #b4 ,,po/s1 adds3 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/2 ! battalion executes p>ade re/4 ,! adjutant directs ! b&3 ,,s\nd ,,(f4 ,! b&1 play+ 9 quick "t1 passes 9 front ( ! l9e ( (fic]s to ! left ( ! l9e & back to its po/ on ! "r1 :5 x ceases play+4 ,at ev5+ p>ade1 :5 ! b& ceases play+1 retreat is s\nd$ by ! field music &1 foll[+ ! la/ note & :ile ! flag is be+ l[]$1 ! b& plays ! ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann]4 ,j be=e ! la/ note ( retreat1 ! adjutant comes to att5tion &1 z ! la/ note ends comm&s3 #a4 ,battalion1 #b4 ,att5tion1 #c4 ,pres5t1 #d4 ,arms1 & salutes reta9+ t position until ! la/ note ( ! ,national ,an!m4 ,he !n turns ab\t & reports3 ,sir1 ! p>ade is =m$4 ,! major directs ! adjutant3 ,take y\r po/1 ,sir4 ,! adjutant moves at a trot 7if dism\nt$1 9 quick "t71 passes by ! major's "r1 & takes 8 po/4 ,! major draws sab] & comm&s3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms1 & adds su* ex]cises 9 ! manual ( arms z he may desire4 ,(fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s comm&+ companies or arm$ ) ! sab]1 & ! color gu>d1 hav+ once execut$ ord] arms1 rema9 9 t position dur+ ! ex]cises 9 ! manual4 ,! major !n directs ! adjutant3 ,receive ! reports1 ,sir4 ,! adjutant1 pass+ by ! major's "r1 advances at a trot 7if dism\nt$1 9 quick "t7 t[>d ! c5t] ( ! l9e1 halts midway betwe5 x & ! major1 & comm&s3 ,,report4 7,see p>4 #fce47 ,! reports receiv$1 ! adjutant turns ab\t1 & reports3 ,sir1 all are pres5t or acc\nt$ =2 or ,sir1 7s _m7 (fic]s or enli/$ m5 are abs5t1 includ+ 9 ! li/ ( abs5tees ^? f ! b& & field music report$ to him by ! drum major prior to ! p>ade4 ,! major directs3 ,publi% ! ord]s1 ,sir4 ,! adjutant turns ab\t & comm&s3 ,att5tion to ord]s2 he !n reads ! ord]s1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic]s1 #b4 ,,c5t]1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& c5t]1 ! company (fic]s c>ry sab] & face to ! c5t]4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 !y close to ! c5t] & face to ! front2 ! adjutant turns ab\t & takes 8 po/4 ,! (fic]s hav+ clos$ & fac$ to ! front1 ! s5ior comm&s3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! (fic]s advance1 ! b& play+2 ! left (fic] ( ! c5t] or "r c5t] company is ! guide1 & m>*es on ! major2 ! (fic]s are halt$ at #f paces f ! major by ! s5ior1 :o comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic]s1 #b4 ,,halt4 ,!y halt & salute1 return+ to ! c>ry sab] ) ! major4 ,! major !n gives su* in/ructions z he deems necess>y1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic]s1 #b4 ,,po/s1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& po/s1 company (fic]s face ab\t4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 !y /ep (f ) guide z be=e1 & ! s5ior comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic]s1 #b4 ,,halt1 s z to halt #c paces f ! l9e2 he !n adds3 #a4 ,,po/s1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& po/s1 (fic]s face outw>d &1 at ! comm& m>*1 /ep (f 9 succession at #d paces di/ance1 resume _! po/s & ord] sab]2 ! lieut5ants m>* directly to _! po/s 9 re> ( _! companies4 ,! music ceases :5 all (fic]s h resum$ _! po/s4 ,! major !n comm&s3 #a4 ,pass 9 review1 #b4 ,squads "r1 #c4 ,,m>*1 & returns sab]4 ,! battalion m>*es accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( review2 :5 ! la/ company has pass$1 ! c]emony is conclud$1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #fag2 #fca4 ,! b& cont9ues to play :ile ! companies are 9 m>* ^u ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,companies are =m$ 9 column ( squads1 )\t halt+1 & are m>*$ to _! respective p>ades by _! capta9s4 ,:5 ! company (fic]s h salut$ ! major1 he may direct !m to =m l9e ) ! /aff1 9 :i* case !y individually move to ! front1 pass+ to ! "r & left ( ! major & /aff1 halt on ! l9e e/abli%$ by ! /aff1 face ab\t1 & /& at att5tion4 ,! music ceases :5 ! (fic]s jo9 ! /aff4 ,! major causes ! companies to pass 9 review "u ! comm& ( _! fir/ s]geants by ! same comm&s z be=e4 ,! company (fic]s return sab] ) ! major & rema9 at att5tion4 7#gcd7 ,,escorts ,escort ( ! ,color #fcg4 ,by a company4 ,! regim5t be+ 9 l9e or l9e ( masses1 ! colonel details a company1 o!r ?an ! color company1 to receive & escort ! national color to its place4 ,dur+ ! c]emony ! regim5tal color rema9s ) ! color gu>d at its po/ ) ! regim5t4 ,! b& moves /raight to its front until cle> ( ! l9e ( field (fic]s1 *anges direction to ! "r1 & is halt$2 ! designat$ company =ms column ( platoons 9 re> ( ! b&1 ! color be>] or be>]s betwe5 ! platoons4 ,! escort !n m>*es )\t music to ! colonel's (fice or qu>t]s & is =m$ 9 l9e fac+ ! entrance1 ! b& on ! "r1 ! color be>] 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,! color be>]1 prec$$ by ! fir/ lieut5ant & foll[$ by a s]geant ( ! escort1 !n goes to obta9 ! color4 ,:5 ! color be>] comes out1 foll[$ by ! lieut5ant & s]geant1 he halts be=e ! entrance1 fac+ ! escort2 ! lieut5ant places himself on ! "r1 ! s]geant on ! left ( ! color be>]2 ! escort pres5ts arms1 & ! field music s\nds to ! color2 ! fir/ lieut5ant & s]geant salute4 ,arms are br\ght to ! ord]2 ! lieut5ant & s]geant return to _! po/s2 ! company is =m$ 9 column ( platoons1 ! b& tak+ po/ 9 front ( ! column2 ! color be>] places himself betwe5 ! platoons2 ! escort m>*es 9 quick "t1 ) guide left1 back to ! regim5t1 ! b& play+2 ! m>* is s conduct$ t :5 ! escort arrives at #ej paces 9 front ( ! "r ( ! regim5t1 ! direction ( ! m>* %all be p>allel to its front2 :5 ! color arrives opposite its place 9 l9e1 ! escort is =m$ 9 l9e to ! left2 ! color be>]1 pass+ betwe5 ! platoons1 advances & halts #ab paces 9 front ( ! colonel4 ,! color be>] hav+ halt$1 ! colonel1 :o has tak5 po/ #cj paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! regim5t1 faces ab\t1 comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms1 resumes 8 front1 & salutes2 ! field music s\nds to ! color2 & ! regim5tal color be>] executes ! color salute at ! comm& pres5t arms4 ,! colonel !n faces ab\t1 br+s ! regim5t to ! ord]1 at :i* ! color be>] resumes ! c>ry & takes 8 po/ ) ! color company4 ,! escort pres5ts arms & comes to ! ord] ) ! regim5t1 at ! comm& ( ! colonel1 aft] :i* ! capta9 =ms x aga9 9 column ( platoons1 &1 prec$$ by ! b&1 m>*es x to its place1 pass+ ar\nd ! left flank ( ! regim5t4 ,! b& plays until ! escort passes ! left ( ! l9e1 :5 x ceases play+ & returns to its po/ on ! "r1 pass+ 9 re> ( ! regim5t4 ,! regim5t may be br\ght to a re/ :5 ! escort passes ! left ( ! l9e4 7#gcf7 #fch4 ,by a battalion4 ,escort ( ! color is execut$ by a battalion accord+ to ! same pr9ciples4 7#gcg7 ,escorts ( ,honor #fci4 ,escorts ( honor are detail$ = ! purpose ( receiv+ & escort+ p]sonages ( high rank1 civil or milit>y4 ,! troops = ?is purpose are select$ = _! soldi]ly appe>ance & sup]ior discipl9e4 ,! escort =ms 9 l9e1 opposite ! place :]e ! p]sonage pres5ts himself1 ! b& on ! flank ( ! escort t[>d :i* x w m>*4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! p]sonage1 he is receiv$ ) ! honors due to 8 rank4 ,! escort is =m$ into column ( companies1 platoons or squads1 & takes up ! m>*1 ! p]sonage & 8 /aff or ret9ue tak+ positions 9 re> ( ! column2 :5 he leaves ! escort1 l9e is =m$ & ! same honors are paid z be=e4 ,:5 ! position ( ! escort is at a consid]able di/ance f ! po9t :]e ! p]sonage is to be receiv$1 z = in/ance1 :]e a c\rty>d or :>f int]v5es1 a d\ble l9e ( s5t9els is po/$ f t po9t to ! escort1 fac+ inw>d2 ! s5t9els successively salute z he passes & are !n reliev$ & jo9 ! escort4 ,an (fic] is appo9t$ to att5d him & be> su* communication z he may h to make to ! comm&] ( ! escort4 7#gch7 ,fun]al ,escort #fdj4 ,composition & /r5g?1 =mation1 pres5t+ arms1 m>*+1 etc4 ,! composition & /r5g? ( ! escort are prescrib$ 9 ,army ,regulations4 ,! escort is =m$ opposite ! qu>t]s ( ! deceas$2 ! b& on t flank ( ! escort t[>d :i* x is to m>*4 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ! c(f91 ! comm&] comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms1 & ! b& plays an appropriate air2 arms are !n br\ght to ! ord]4 ,! escort is next =m$ into column ( companies1 platoons1 or squads4 ,if ! escort be small1 x may be m>*$ 9 l9e4 ,! procession is =m$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a4 ,music1 #b4 ,escort1 #c4 ,cl]gy1 #d4 ,c(f9 & pallbe>]s1 #e4 ,m\rn]s1 #f4 ,memb]s ( ! =m] comm& ( ! deceas$1 #g4 ,o!r (fic]s & enli/$ m51 #h4 ,di/+ui%$ p]sons1 #i4 ,delegations1 #aj4 ,societies1 #aa4 ,civilians4 ,(fic]s & enli/$ m5 7,nos4 #f & #g71 ) side arms1 are 9 ! ord] ( rank1 s5iors 9 front4 ,! procession be+ =m$1 ! comm&] ( ! escort puts x 9 m>*4 ,! escort m>*es sl[ly to solemn music2 ! column hav+ arriv$ opposite ! grave1 l9e is =m$ fac+ x4 ,! c(f9 is !n c>ri$ along ! front ( ! escort to ! grave2 arms are pres5t$1 ! music plays an appropriate air2 ! c(f9 hav+ be5 plac$ ov] ! grave1 ! music ceases & arms are br\ght to ! ord]4 ,! comm&] next comm&s3 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/4 ,! escort executes p>ade re/1 (fic]s & m5 incl9+ ! head4 ,:5 ! fun]al s]vices are complet$ & ! c(f9 l[]$ into ! grave1 ! comm&] causes ! escort to resume att5tion & fire ?ree r\nds ( blank c>tridges1 ! muzzles ( ! pieces be+ elevat$4 ,:5 ! escort is great] ?an a battalion1 "o battalion is designat$ to fire ! volley4 ,a musician !n s\nds taps4 ,! escort is !n =m$ into column1 m>*$ 9 quick "t to ! po9t :]e x 0 assembl$1 & dismiss$4 ,! b& does n play until x has left ! inclosure4 ,:5 ! di/ance to ! place ( int]m5t is consid]able1 ! escort1 aft] hav+ left ! camp or g>rison1 may m>* at ease 9 quick "t until x approa*es ! burial gr\nd1 :5 x is br\ght to att5tion4 ,! music does n play :ile m>*+ at ease4 ,9 m>*+ at att5tion1 ! field music may alt]nate ) ! b& 9 play+4 7#gci7 #fda4 ,fun]al ( g5]al (fic]2 play+ national air1 s\nd+ ruffles1 etc41 z honor4 ,:5 arms are pres5t$ at ! fun]al ( a p]son entitl$ to any ( ! foll[+ honors1 ! b& plays ! prescrib$ national air1 or ! field music s\nds to ! color1 m>*1 fl\ri%es1 or ruffles1 accord+ to ! rank ( ! deceas$1 aft] :i* ! b& plays an appropriate air4 ,! comm&] ( ! escort1 9 =m+ column1 gives ! appropriate comm&s = ! diff]5t arms4 7#gdj7 #fdb4 ,fun]al ( m\nt$ (fic] or soldi]4 ,at ! fun]al ( a m\nt$ (fic] or enli/$ man1 8 horse1 9 m\rn+ cap>ison1 foll[s ! he>se4 7#gda7 #fdc4 ,:5 he>se1 cavalry1 & artill]y are unable to ent] cemet]y4 ,%\ld ! entrance ( ! cemet]y prev5t ! he>se accompany+ ! escort till ! latt] halts at ! grave1 ! column is halt$ at ! entrance long en\gh to take ! c(f9 f ! he>se1 :5 ! column is aga9 put 9 m>*4 ,! ,cavalry & ,artill]y1 :5 unable to ent] ! inclosure1 turn out ( ! column1 face ! column1 & salute ! rema9s z !y pass4 7#gdb7 #fdd4 ,escort+ rema9s f qu>t]s to *ur* be=e fun]al s]vices4 ,:5 necess>y to escort ! rema9s f ! qu>t]s ( ! deceas$ to ! *ur* be=e ! fun]al s]vice1 arms are pres5t$ ^u receiv+ ! rema9s at ! qu>t]s & also z !y are borne into ! *ur*4 7#gdc7 #fde4 ,in/ructions to cl]gyman & pallbe>]s4 ,! comm&] ( ! escort1 previ\s to ! fun]al1 gives ! cl]gyman & pallbe>]s all ne$ful directions4 7#gdd7 ,company ,inspection #fdf4 ,be+ 9 l9e at a halt3 #a4 ,op5 ranks1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! front rank executes "r dress2 ! re> rank & ! file clos]s m>* backw>d #d /eps1 halt1 & execute "r dress2 ! lieut5ants pass ar\nd _! respective flanks & take po/1 fac+ to ! front1 #c paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( _! respective platoons4 ,! capta9 aligns ! front rank1 re> rank1 & file clos]s1 takes po/ #c paces 9 front ( ! "r guide1 fac+ to ! left1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,,front1 #b4 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,inspection4 ,at ! second comm& ! lieut5ants c>ry sab]2 ! capta9 returns sab] & inspects !m1 aft] :i* !y face ab\t1 ord] sab]1 & /& at ease2 ^u ! completion ( ! inspection !y c>ry sab]1 face ab\t1 & ord] sab]4 ,! capta9 may direct ! lieut5ants to accompany or assi/ him1 9 :i* case !y return sab] &1 at ! close ( ! inspection1 resume _! po/s 9 front ( ! company1 draw & c>ry sab]4 ,hav+ inspect$ ! lieut5ants1 ! capta9 proce$s to ! "r ( ! company4 ,ea* man1 z ! capta9 approa*es him1 executes inspection arms4 ,! capta9 takes ! piece1 grasp+ x ) 8 "r h& j above ! re> sight1 ! man dropp+ 8 h&s4 ,! capta9 inspects ! piece1 &1 ) ! h& & piece 9 ! same position z 9 receiv+ x1 h&s x back to ! man1 :o takes x ) ! left h& at ! balance & executes ord] arms4 ,z ! capta9 returns ! piece1 ! next man executes inspection arms1 & s on ?r\gh ! company4 ,%\ld ! piece be inspect$ )\t h&l+1 ea* man executes ord] arms z soon z ! capta9 passes to ! next man4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi ,! inspection is f "r to left 9 front1 & f left to "r 9 ! re>1 ( ea* rank & ( ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,:5 approa*$ by ! capta91 ! fir/ s]geant executes inspection sab]4 ,enli/$ m5 arm$ ) ! pi/ol execute inspection pi/ol by draw+ ! pi/ol f ! hol/] & hold+ x diagonally across ! body1 b>rel up1 & #f in*es 9 front ( ! neck1 muzzle po9t+ up & to ! left4 ,! pi/ol is return$ to ! hol/] z soon z ! capta9 passes4 ,^u completion ( ! inspection1 ! capta9 takes po/ fac+ to ! left 9 front ( ! "r guide & on l9e ) ! lieut5ants & comm&s3 #a4 ,close ranks1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! lieut5ants resume _! po/s 9 l9e2 ! re> rank closes to #dj in*es1 ea* man cov]+ 8 file lead]2 ! file clos]s close to #b paces f ! re> rank4 7#gde7 #fdg4 ,inspection ( qu>t]s or camp4 ,if ! company is dismiss$1 rifles are put away4 ,9 qu>t]s1 headdress & acc\t]m5ts are remov$1 & ! m5 /& ne> _! respective bunks2 9 camp1 !y /& cov]$1 b )\t acc\t]m5ts1 9 front ( _! t5ts4 ,if ! p]sonal field equipm5t has n be5 inspect$ 9 ranks & its inspection 9 qu>t]s or camp is ord]$1 ea* man w arrange ! prescrib$ articles on 8 bunk1 if 9 qu>t]s or p]man5t camp1 or 9 front ( 8 half ( ! t5t1 if 9 %elt] t5t camp1 9 ! same relative ord] z direct$ 9 p>agraph #fdh4 ,! capta91 accompani$ by ! lieut5ants1 !n inspects ! qu>t]s or camp4 ,! fir/ s]geant prec$es ! capta9 & calls ! m5 to att5tion on ent]+ ea* squad room or on approa*+ ! t5ts2 ! m5 /& at att5tion1 b d n salute4 7#gdf7 #fdh4 ,:5 inspection includes exam9ation ( equipm5t4 ,if ! inspection is to include an exam9ation ( ! equipm5t :ile 9 ranks1 ! capta91 aft] clos+ ranks1 causes ! company to /ack arms1 to m>* backw>d until #d paces 9 re> ( ! /acks & to take int]vals4 ,he !n comm&s3 #a4 ,,unsl+ ,,equipm5t1 #b4 ,,op5 ,,packs4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ea* man unsl+s 8 equipm5t & places x on ! gr\nd at 8 feet1 hav]sack to ! front1 end ( ! pack #a foot 9 front ( toes4 ,at ! second comm&1 pack c>ri]s are un/rapp$1 packs remov$ & unroll$1 ! long] edge ( ! pack along ! l[] edge ( ! c>tridge belt4 ,ea* man exposes %elt]-t5t p9s2 removes meat c1 knife1 =k1 & spoon f ! meat-c p\*1 & places !m on ! "r ( ! hav]sack1 knife1 =k1 & spoon 9 ! op5 meat c2 removes ! cante5 & cup f ! cov] & places !m on ! left side ( ! hav]sack2 un/raps & spreads out hav]sack s z to expose its cont5ts2 folds up ! c>ri] to uncov] ! c>tridge pockets2 op5s same2 unrolls toilet articles & places !m on ! out] flap ( ! hav]sack2 places und]we> c>ri$ 9 pack on ! left half ( ! op5 pack1 ) r\nd fold p>allel ) front edge ( pack2 op5s fir/-aid p\* & exposes cont5ts to view4 ,special articles c>ri$ by individual m51 su* z flag kit1 field glasses1 compass1 /eel tape1 notebook1 etc41 w be arrang$ on ! "r half ( ! op5 pack4 ,ea* man !n resumes ! att5tion4 ,plate ,,vi 7,page #aea7 %[s ! relative position ( all articles except und]we> & special articles4 ,! capta9 !n passes along ! ranks & file clos]s1 z be=e1 inspects ! equipm5t1 returns to ! "r1 & comm&s3 ,,close ,,packs4 ,ea* man rolls up 8 toilet articles & und]we>1 /raps up 8 hav]sack & its cont5ts1 replaces ! meat c1 knife1 =k1 & spoon1 & ! cante5 & cup2 closes c>tridge pockets & fir/-aid p\*2 re/ores special articles to _! prop] receptacles2 rolls up & replaces pack 9 c>ri]1 &1 leav+ ! equipm5t 9 its position on ! gr\nd1 resumes ! att5tion4 ,all equipm5ts be+ pack$1 ! capta9 comm&s3 ,,sl+ ,,equipm5t4 ,! equipm5ts are slung & belts fa/5$4 ,! capta9 !n causes ! company to assemble & take arms4 ,! inspection is complet$ z already expla9$4 7#gdg7 #fdi4 ,:5 ! inspector is o!r ?an ! capta94 ,%\ld ! inspector be o!r ?an ! capta91 ! latt]1 aft] comm&+ front1 adds ,,re/1 & faces to ! front4 ,:5 ! inspector approa*es1 ! capta9 faces to ! left1 br+s ! company to att5tion1 faces to ! front1 & salutes4 ,! salute ackn[l$g$1 ! capta9 c>ries sab]1 faces to ! left1 comm&s3 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,inspection1 & aga9 faces to ! front4 ,! inspection proce$s z be=e2 ! capta9 returns sab] & accompanies ! inspector z soon z ! latt] passes him4 7#gdh7 ,battalion ,inspection #fej4 ,inspection may prec$e or foll[ review2 ! inspection up to "t ! companies are inspect$4 ,if !re be bo? inspection & review1 ! inspection may ei!r prec$e or foll[ ! review4 ,! battalion be+ 9 column ( companies at full di/ance1 all (fic]s dism\nt$1 ! major comm&s3 #a4 ,prep>e = inspection1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ea* capta9 comm&s3 ,op5 ranks4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! ranks are op5$ 9 ea* company1 z 9 ! inspection ( ! company1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #fdf4 ,! field musicians jo9 _! companies4 ,! drum major conducts ! b& to a position #cj paces 9 re> ( ! column1 if n already !re1 & op5s ranks4 ,! major takes po/ fac+ to ! front & #bj paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! lead+ company4 ,! /aff takes po/ z if m\nt$4 ,! color takes po/ #e paces 9 re> ( ! /aff4 ,field & /aff (fic]s s5ior 9 rank to ! inspector d n take po/ 9 front ( ! column1 b accompany him4 ,! inspector inspects ! major1 &1 accompani$ by ! latt]1 inspects ! /aff (fic]s4 ,! major !n comm&s3 ,,re/1 returns sab]1 &1 ) 8 /aff1 accompanies ! inspector4 ,if ! major is ! inspector he comm&s3 ,,re/1 returns sab]1 & inspects 8 /aff1 :i* !n accompanies him4 ,! inspector1 comm5c+ at ! head ( ! column1 !n makes a m9ute inspection ( ! color gu>d1 ! noncommission$ /aff1 & ! arms1 acc\t]m5ts1 dress & ammunition ( ea* soldi] ( ! sev]al companies 9 succession1 & inspects ! b&4 ,! adjutant gives ! necess>y comm&s = ! inspection ( ! color gu>d1 noncommission$ /aff1 & b&4 ,! color gu>d & noncommission$ /aff may be dismiss$ z soon z inspect$4 7#gdi7 #fea4 ,inspection ( ! companies4 ,z ! inspector approa*es ea* company1 its capta9 comm&s3 #a4 ,company1 #b4 ,,att5tion1 #c4 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,inspection1 & faces to ! front2 z soon z inspect$ he returns sab] & accompanies ! inspector4 ,! inspection proce$s z 9 company inspection1 z expla9$ 9 p>s4 #fdf-fdi4 ,at its completion ! capta9 closes ranks & comm&s3 ,,re/4 ,unless o!rwise direct$ by ! inspector1 ! major directs t ! company be m>*$ to its p>ade & dismiss$4 7#gej7 #feb4 ,:5 inspection la/s long "t4 ,if ! inspection w probably la/ a long "t ! re> companies may be p]mitt$ to /ack arms & fall out2 be=e ! inspector approa*es1 !y fall 9 & take arms4 7#gea7 #fec4 ,! b&4 ,! b& plays dur+ ! inspection ( ! companies4 ,:5 ! inspector approa*es ! b& ! adjutant comm&s3 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,inspection4 ,z ! inspector approa*es him ea* man raises 8 in/rum5t 9 front ( ! body1 rev]ses x s z to %[ bo? sides1 & !n returns x4 ,company musicians execute inspection simil>ly4 7#geb7 #fed4 ,inspection ( qu>t]s or camp4 ,at ! inspection ( qu>t]s or camp ! inspector is accompani$ by ! capta91 foll[$ by ! o!r (fic]s or by su* ( !m z he may designate4 ,! inspection is conduct$ z describ$ 9 ! company inspection1 z laid d[n 9 p>s4 #fdf-fdi4 ,,mu/] ,regim5tal1 ,battalion1 or ,company ,mu/] #fee4 ,inspection & review2 mu/] rolls2 li/s ( abs5tees4 ,mu/] is prec$$ by an inspection1 &1 :5 practicable1 by a review4 ,! adjutant is provid$ ) ! mu/] roll ( ! field1 /aff1 & b&1 ! surgeon ) ! hospital roll2 ea* capta9 ) ! roll ( 8 company4 ,a li/ ( abs5tees1 alphabetically arrang$1 %[+ cause & place ( abs5ce1 accompanies ea* roll4 7#gee7 #fef4 ,call+ ! names2 v]ify+ pres5ce ( abs5tees4 ,be+ 9 column ( companies at op5 ranks1 ea* capta91 z ! mu/]+ (fic] approa*es1 br+s 8 company to "r %\ld] arms1 & comm&s3 ,,att5tion ,,to ,,mu/]4 ,! mu/]+ (fic] or capta9 !n calls ! names on ! roll2 ea* man1 z 8 "n is call$1 answ]s ,"h & br+s 8 piece to ord] arms4 ,aft] mu/]1 ! mu/]+ (fic]1 accompani$ by ! company comm&]s & su* o!r (fic]s z he may designate1 v]ifies ! pres5ce ( ! m5 report$ 9 hospital1 on gu>d1 etc4 7#gef7 #feg4 ,mu/] ( company on company p>ade4 ,a company may be mu/]$ 9 ! same mann] on its own p>ade gr\nd1 ! mu/] to foll[ ! company inspection4 7#geg7 ,,! ,,color #feh4 ,mean+ ( ,color2 ,army ,regulations4 ,! ^w color implies ! national color2 x includes ! regim5tal color :5 bo? are pres5t4 ,! rules prescrib+ ! colors to be c>ri$ by regim5ts & battalions on all occasions are conta9$ 9 ,army ,regulations4 7#gff7 #fei4 ,:]e ! colors are kept2 cas$ def9$4 ,9 g>rison ! colors1 :5 n 9 use1 are kept 9 ! (fice or qu>t]s ( ! colonel1 & are escort$ !reto & !refrom by ! color gu>d4 ,9 camp ! colors1 :5 n 9 use1 are 9 front ( ! colonel's t5t4 ,f reveille to retreat1 :5 ! wea!r p]mits1 !y are display$ uncas$2 f retreat to reveille & dur+ inclem5t wea!r !y are cas$4 ,colors are said to be cas$ :5 furl$ & protect$ by ! oil clo? cov]+4 7#gfg7 #ffj4 ,regim5tal & national colors--salutes by4 ,! regim5tal color salutes 9 ! c]emony ( escort ( ! color1 & :5 salut+ an (fic] entitl$ to ! honor1 b 9 no o!r case4 ,if m>*+1 ! salute is execut$ :5 at #f paces f ! (fic] entitl$ to ! salute2 ! c>ry is resum$ :5 #f paces beyond him4 ,! national color r5d]s no salute4 7#gfh7 ,! ,color ,gu>d #ffa4 ,composition ( color gu>d2 c>ry+ ( regim5tal & national colors4 ,! color gu>d consi/s ( two color s]geants1 :o are ! color be>]s1 & two exp]i5c$ privates select$ by ! colonel4 ,! s5ior color s]geant c>ries ! national color2 ! junior color s]geant c>ries ! regim5tal color4 ,! regim5tal color1 :5 c>ri$1 is always on ! left ( ! national color1 9 :atev] direction !y may face4 7#gfi7 #ffb4 ,=mation & m>*+ ( color gu>d4 ,! color gu>d is =m$ & m>*$ 9 "o rank1 ! color be>]s 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is m>*$ 9 ! same mann] & by ! same comm&s z a squad1 sub/itut+1 :5 necess>y1 gu>d = squad4 7#ggj7 #ffc4 ,color company def9$2 color gu>d rema9s ) x4 ,! color company is ! c5t] or "r c5t] company ( ! c5t] or "r c5t] battalion4 ,! color gu>d rema9s ) t company unless o!rwise direct$4 7#gga7 #ffd4 ,po/ ( color gu>d 9 v>i\s =mations4 ,9 l9e1 ! color gu>d is 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! inn] guides ( ! "r & left c5t] companies4 ,9 l9e ( columns or 9 close l9e1 ! color gu>d is midway betwe5 ! "r & left c5t] companies & on l9e ) ! capta9s4 ,9 column ( companies or platoons1 ! color gu>d is midway betwe5 ! color company & ! company 9 re> ( ! color company & equidi/ant f ! flanks ( ! column4 ,9 close column1 ! color gu>d is on ! flank ( ! color company4 ,9 column ( squads1 ! color gu>d is 9 ! column betwe5 ! color company & ! company orig9ally on its left4 ,:5 ! regim5t is =m$ 9 l9e ( masses = c]emonies1 ! color gu>d =ms on ! left ( ! lead+ company ( ! c5t] 7"r c5t]7 battalion4 ,x rejo9s ! color company :5 ! regim5t *anges f l9e ( masses4 7#ggb7 #ffe4 ,9 battle color gu>d jo9s res]ve4 ,! color gu>d1 :5 ) a battalion t takes ! battle =mation1 jo9s ! regim5tal res]ve1 ^: comm&] directs ! color gu>d to jo9 a c]ta9 company ( ! res]ve4 7#ggc7 #fff4 ,load+s1 fir+s1 manual ( arms1 & movem5ts by color gu>d4 ,! color gu>d executes nei!r load+s nor fir+s2 9 r5d]+ honors1 x executes all movem5ts 9 ! manual2 9 drill1 all movem5ts unless specially excus$4 7#ggd7 ,to ,receive ! ,color #ffg4 ,receiv+ ! color by color gu>d4 ,! color gu>d1 by comm& ( ! s5ior color s]geant1 pres5ts arms on receiv+ & p>t+ ) ! color4 ,aft] p>t+ ) ! color1 ! color gu>d is br\ght to ord] arms by comm& ( ! s5ior memb]1 :o is plac$ z ! "r man ( ! gu>d4 7#gge7 #ffh4 ,receiv+ ! color by color company4 ,at drills & c]emonies1 except+ escort ( ! color1 ! color1 if pres5t1 is receiv$ by ! color company aft] its =mation4 ,! =mation ( ! color company complet$1 ! capta9 faces to ! front2 ! color gu>d1 conduct$ by ! s5ior s]geant1 approa*es f ! front & halts at a di/ance ( #aj paces f ! capta91 :o !n faces ab\t1 br+s ! company to ! pres5t1 faces to ! front1 salutes1 aga9 faces ab\t & br+s ! company to ! ord]4 ,! color gu>d comes to ! pres5t & ord] at ! comm& ( ! capta91 & is !n m>*$ by ! color s]geant directly to its po/ on ! left ( ! color company4 7#ggf7 #ffi4 ,escort+ color to (fice or qu>t]s ( colonel4 ,:5 ! battalion is dismiss$ ! color gu>d escorts ! color to ! (fice or qu>t]s ( ! colonel4 7#ggg7 ,manual ( ! ,color #fgj4 ,at ! c>ry1 ! heel ( ! pike re/s 9 ! socket ( ! sl+2 ! "r h& grasps ! pike at ! height ( ! %\ld]4 ,at ! ord]1 ! heel ( ! pike re/s on ! gr\nd ne> ! "r toe1 ! "r h& hold+ ! pike 9 a v]tical position4 ,at p>ade re/1 ! heel ( ! pike is on ! gr\nd1 z at ! ord]2 ! pike is held ) bo? h&s 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body1 left h& upp]mo/4 ,! ord] is resum$ at ! comm& att5tion4 ,! left h& assi/s ! "r :5 necess>y4 ,! c>ry is ! habitual position :5 ! troops are at a %\ld]1 port1 or trail4 ,! ord] & p>ade re/ are execut$ ) ! troops4 ,! color salute3 ,be+ at a c>ry1 slip ! "r h& up ! pike to ! height ( ! eye1 !n l[] ! pike by /raight5+ ! arm to ! front4 7#ggh7 ,manual ( ! ,sab] #fga4 ,draw+ sab]2 position ( c>ry sab] dism\nt$2 unhook+ scabb>d be=e m\nt+2 on foot c>ry+ scabb>d hook$ up4 #a4 ,draw1 #b4 ,,sab]4 ,at ! comm& draw1 unhook ! sab] ) ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h&1 ?umb on ! end ( ! hook1 f+]s lift+ ! upp] r+2 grasp ! scabb>d ) ! left h& at ! upp] b&1 br+ ! hilt a little =w>d1 seize ! grip ) ! "r h&1 & draw ! blade #f in*es out ( ! scabb>d1 press+ ! scabb>d aga9/ ! ?igh ) ! left h&4 ,at ! comm& sab]1 draw ! sab] quickly1 rais+ ! arm to its full ext5t1 to ! "r front1 at an angle ( ab\t #de deg4 ) ! horizontal1 ! sab]1 edge d[n1 9 a /raight l9e ) ! arm2 make a slight pause & br+ ! back ( ! blade aga9/ ! %\ld]1 edge to ! front1 arm ne>ly ext5d$1 h& by ! side1 elb[ back1 ?ird & f\r? f+]s back ( ! grip2 at ! same "t hook up ! scabb>d ) ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s ( ! left h&1 ?umb ?r\gh ! upp] r+1 f+]s support+ x2 drop ! left h& by ! side4 ,?is is ! position ( c>ry sab] dism\nt$4 ,(fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab] unhook ! scabb>d be=e m\nt+2 :5 m\nt$1 9 ! fir/ motion ( draw sab] !y rea* ) ! "r h& ov] ! bridle h& & )\t ! aid ( ! bridle h& draw ! sab] z be=e2 ! "r h& at ! c>ry re/s on ! "r ?igh4 ,on foot ! scabb>d is c>ri$ hook$ up4 7#ghb7 #fgb4 ,hold+ ( sab] 9 publi%+ ord]s1 etc42 use ( sab] knot4 ,:5 publi%+ ord]s1 call+ ! roll1 etc41 ! sab] is held susp5d$ f ! "r wri/ by ! sab] knot2 :5 ! sab] knot is us$ x is plac$ on ! wri/ be=e draw+ sab] & tak5 (f aft] return+ sab]4 7#ghc7 #fgc4 ,pres5t+ sab] f c>ry or ord]2 execution ( ! salute 9 r5d]+ honors4 ,be+ at ! ord] or c>ry3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,sab] 7or ,,arms74 ,at ! comm& pres5t1 raise & c>ry ! sab] to ! front1 base ( ! hilt z high z ! *9 & #f in*es 9 front ( ! neck1 edge to ! left1 po9t #f in*es f>!r to ! front ?an ! hilt1 ?umb ext5d$ on ! left ( ! grip1 all f+]s grasp+ ! grip4 ,at ! comm& sab]1 or arms1 l[] ! sab]1 po9t 9 prolongation ( ! "r foot & ne> ! gr\nd1 edge to ! left1 h& by ! side1 ?umb on left ( grip1 arm ext5d$4 ,if m\nt$1 ! h& is held beh9d ! ?igh1 po9t a little to ! "r & front ( ! /irrup4 ,9 r5d]+ honors ) troops1 (fic]s execute ! fir/ motion ( ! salute at ! comm& pres5t1 ! second motion at ! comm& arms2 enli/$ m5 ) ! sab] execute ! fir/ motion at ! comm& arms & omit ! second motion4 7#ghd7 #fgd4 ,com+ to ord] f c>ry2 execut+ ord] or c>ry f pres5t1 dep5d+ ^u comm&2 com+ to ord] sab] :5 arms are br\ght to ord]4 ,be+ at a c>ry3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,sab] 7or ,,arms74 ,drop ! po9t ( ! sab] directly to ! front1 po9t on or ne> ! gr\nd1 edge d[n1 ?umb on back ( grip4 ,be+ at ! pres5t sab]1 %\ld ! next comm& be ord] arms1 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab] ord] sab]2 if ! comm& be o!r ?an ord] arms1 !y execute c>ry sab]4 ,:5 arms are br\ght to ! ord]1 ! (fic]s or enli/$ m5 ) sab] drawn ord] sab]4 7#ghe7 #fge4 ,position ( sab] 9 giv+ comm&s1 etc42 br++ sab] to c>ry f ord]4 ,! sab] is held at ! c>ry :ile giv+ comm&s1 m>*+ at att5tion1 or *ang+ position 9 quick "t4 ,:5 at ! ord]1 sab]s are br\ght to ! c>ry :5 arms are br\ght to any position except ! pres5t or p>ade re/4 7#ghf7 #fgf4 ,p>ade re/ f ord]4 ,be+ at ! ord]3 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/4 ,take ! position ( p>ade re/ except t ! left h& is upp]mo/ & re/s on ! "r h&1 po9t ( sab] on or ne> ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! body1 edge to ! "r4 ,at ! comm& att5tion1 resume ! ord] sab] & ! position ( ! soldi]4 7#ghg7 #fgg4 ,position ( sab] at d\ble "t4 ,9 m>*+ 9 d\ble "t ! sab] is c>ri$ diagonally across ! brea/1 edge to ! front2 ! left h& /eadies ! scabb>d4 7#ghh7 #fgh4 ,on duty "u arms sab]s to be drawn & return$ )\t comm&2 comm&s giv5 ) sab] drawn4 ,(fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab]1 on all duties "u arms draw & return sab] )\t wait+ = comm&4 ,all comm&s to soldi]s "u arms are giv5 ) ! sab] drawn4 7#ghi7 #fgi4 ,return+ sab] f c>ry4 ,be+ at a c>ry3 #a4 ,return1 #b4 ,,sab]4 ,at ! comm& return1 c>ry ! "r h& opposite to & #f in*es f ! left %\ld]1 sab] v]tical1 edge to ! left2 at ! same "t unhook & l[] ! scabb>d ) ! left h& & grasp x at ! upp] b&4 ,at ! comm& sab] drop ! po9t to ! re> & pass ! blade across & along ! left arm2 turn ! head slightly to ! left1 fix+ ! eyes on ! op5+ ( ! scabb>d1 raise ! "r h&1 ins]t & return ! blade2 free ! wri/ f ! sab] knot 7if ins]t$ 9 x71 turn ! head to ! front1 drop ! "r h& by ! side2 hook up ! scabb>d ) ! left h&1 drop ! left h& by ! side4 ,(fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s arm$ ) ! sab]1 :5 m\nt$1 return sab] )\t us+ ! left h&2 ! scabb>d is hook$ up on dism\nt+4 7#gij7 #fhj4 ,enli/$ m5 ) sab] drawn at inspection4 ,at inspection enli/$ m5 ) ! sab] drawn execute ! fir/ motion ( pres5t sab] & turn ! wri/ to %[ bo? sides ( ! blade1 resum+ ! c>ry :5 ! inspector has pass$4 7#gia7 ,illu/ration ,%elt] ,t5ts #fha4 ,be+ 9 l9e or 9 column ( platoons1 ! capta9 comm&s3 ,,=m ,,= ,,%elt] ,,t5ts4 ,! (fic]s1 fir/ s]geant1 & guides fall out2 ! cooks =m a file on ! flank ( ! company ne>e/ ! kit*51 ! fir/ s]geant & "r guide fall 91 =m+ ! "r file ( ! company2 blank files are fill$ by ! file clos]s1 or by m5 tak5 f ! front rank2 ! rema9+ guide1 or guides1 & file clos]s =m on a conv5i5t flank4 ,be=e =m+ column or platoons1 prep>atory to pit*+ t5ts1 ! company may be r$ivid$ into two or m platoons1 reg>dless ( ! size ( ea*4 7#gib7 #fhb4 ,! capta9 !n causes ! company to take int]vals z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad 7,see p>4 #aef471 & comm&s3 ,,pit* ,,t5ts4 ,at ! comm& pit* t5ts1 ea* man /eps (f obliquely to ! "r ) ! "r foot & lays 8 rifle on ! gr\nd1 ! butt ( ! rifle ne> ! toe ( ! "r foot1 muzzle to ! front1 b>rel to ! left1 & /eps back into 8 place2 ea* front-rank man !n draws 8 bayonet & /icks x 9 ! gr\nd by ! outside ( ! "r heel4 ,equipm5ts are unslung1 packs op5$1 %elt] half & p9s remov$2 ea* man !n spreads 8 %elt] half1 small triangle to ! re>1 flat ^u ! gr\nd ! t5t is to occupy1 ! re>-rank man's half on ! "r4 ,! halves are !n button$ toge!r2 ! guy loops at bo? ends ( ! l[] half are pass$ ?r\gh ! buttonholes provid$ 9 ! l[] & upp] halves2 ! :ipp$ end ( ! guy rope is !n pass$ ?r\gh bo? guy loops & secur$1 ?is at bo? ends ( ! t5t4 ,ea* front-rank man ins]ts ! muzzle ( 8 rifle "u ! front end ( ! ridge & holds ! rifle upright1 sl+ to ! front1 heel ( butt on ! gr\nd1 beside ! bayonet4 ,8 re>-rank man p9s d[n ! front corn]s ( ! t5t on ! l9e ( bayonets1 /ret*+ ! t5t taut2 he !n ins]ts a p9 9 ! eye ( ! front guy rope & drives ! p9 at su* a di/ance 9 front ( ! rifle z to held ! rope taut2 bo? m5 g to ! re> ( ! t5t1 ea* p9s d[n a corn]1 /ret*+ ! sides & re> ( ! t5t be=e secur+2 ! re>-rank man !n ins]ts an intr5*+ tool1 or a bayonet 9 its scabb>d1 "u ! re> end ( ! ridge inside ! t5t1 ! front-rank man pegg+ d[n ! end ( ! re> guy ropes2 ! re/ ( ! p9s are !n driv5 by bo? m51 ! re>-rank man work+ on ! "r4 ,! front flaps ( ! t5t are n fa/5$ d[n1 b ?r[n back on ! t5t4 ,z soon z ! t5t is pit*$ ea* man arranges 8 equipm5t & ! cont5ts ( 8 pack 9 ! t5t & /&s at att5tion 9 front ( 8 own half on l9e ) ! front guy-rope p94 ,to h a uni=m slope :5 ! t5ts are pit*$1 ! guy ropes %\ld all be ( ! same l5g?4 ,9 %elt]-t5t camps1 9 localities :]e suitable mat]ial is procurable1 t5t poles may be improvis$ & us$ 9 lieu ( ! rifle & bayonet or intr5*+ tool z supports = ! %elt] t5t4 7#gic7 #fhc4 ,:5 ! pack is n c>ri$1 ! company is =m$ = %elt] t5ts1 z prescrib$ 9 p>4 #fha1 int]vals are tak51 arms are laid aside or on ! gr\nd1 ! m5 are dismiss$ & proce$ to ! wagon1 secure _! packs1 return to _! places1 & pit* t5ts z h]et(ore describ$1 9 p>4 #fhb4 7#gid7 #fhd4 ,d\ble %elt] t5ts may be pit*$ by fir/ pit*+ "o t5t z h]et(ore describ$1 !n pit*+ a second t5t aga9/ ! op5+ ( ! fir/1 us+ "o rifle to support bo? t5ts1 & pass+ ! front guy ropes ov] & d[n ! sides ( ! opposite t5ts4 ,! front corn] ( "o t5t is n pegg$ d[n1 b is ?r[n back to p]mit an op5+ into ! t5t4 7#gie7 ,s+le ,sleep+ ,bag #fhe4 ,spread ! pon*o on ! gr\nd1 button$ end at ! feet1 button$ side to ! left2 fold ! blanket once across its %ort dim5sion & lay x on ! pon*o1 fold$ side along ! "r side ( ! pon*o2 tie ! blanket toge!r along ! left side by means ( ! tapes provid$2 fold ! left half ( ! pon*o ov] ! blanket & button x toge!r along ! side & bottom4 7,= ! position1 numb]1 & l5g? ( tapes ) :i* blankets %\ld be provid$1 see ,p>4 ,,ii1 ,g4 ,o4 #aa2 ,w4 ,d4 '#ab--;,au?or47 7#gif7 ,d\ble ,sleep+ ,bag #fhf4 ,spread "o pon*o on ! gr\nd1 button$ end at ! feet1 button$ side to ! left2 spread ! blankets on top ( ! pon*o2 tie ! edges ( ! blankets toge!r ) ! tapes provid$2 spread a second pon*o on top ( ! blankets1 button$ end at ! feet1 button$ side to ! "r2 button ! two pon*os toge!r along bo? sides & across ! end4 7#gig7 ,to ,/rike ,%elt] ,t5ts #fhg4 ,! m5 /&+ 9 front ( _! t5ts3 ,,/rike ,,t5ts4 ,equipm5ts & rifles are remov$ f ! t5t2 ! t5ts are l[]$1 packs made up1 & equipm5ts slung1 & ! m5 /& at att5tion 9 ! places orig9ally occupi$ aft] tak+ int]vals4 7#gih7 ,to ,pit* ,all ,types ( ,t5ts1 ,except ,%elt] & ,conical ,wall #fhh4 ,to pit* all types ( ,army t5ts1 except %elt] & conical wall t5ts3 ,m>k l9e ( t5ts by driv+ a wall p9 on ! spot to be occupi$ by ! "r 7or left7 corn] ( ea* t5t4 ,= pyramidal t5ts ! int]val betwe5 adjac5t p9s %\ld be ab\t #cj feet1 :i* w give a passage ( two feet betwe5 t5ts4 ,spread tripod on ! gr\nd :]e ! c5t] ( t5t is to be1 if tripod is us$4 ,spread ! t5t on ! gr\nd to be occupi$1 door to ! front1 & place ! "r 7or left7 front wall loop ov] ! p94 ,! door 7or doors1 if m ?an "o7 be+ fa/5$ & held toge!r at ! bottom1 ! left 7or "r7 corn] wall loop is c>ri$ to ! left 7or "r7 z f> z x w g & a wall p9 driv5 ?r\gh x1 ! p9 be+ plac$ 9 l9e ) ! "r 7or left7 corn] p9s already driv54 ,at ! same "t ! re> corn] wall loops are pull$ to ! re> & outw>d s t ! re> wall ( ! t5t is /ret*$ to complete ! rectangle4 ,wall p9s are !n driv5 ?r\gh ^! loops4 ,ea* corn] p9 %\ld be directly 9 re> ( ! correspond+ front corn] p91 mak+ a rectangle4 ,unless ! canvas be wet1 a small am\nt ( slack %\ld be all[$ be=e ! corn] p9s are driv54 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! t5t "o or two m51 crawl+ "u ! t5t if necess>y1 fit ea* pole or ridge or upright into ! r+ or ridge pole holes1 & su* accessories z hood1 fly1 & brace ropes are adju/$4 ,if a tripod be us$ an additional man w g "u ! t5t to adju/ x4 ,! t5t /eadi$ by ! rema9+ m51 "o at ea* corn] guy rope1 w !n be rais$4 ,if ! t5t is a w>d or /orage type1 corn] poles w n[ be plac$ at ! f\r corn]s4 ,! f\r corn] guy ropes are !n plac$ ov] ! l[] not*es ( ! l>ge p9s driv5 9 prolongation ( ! diagonals at su* di/ance z to hold ! walls & ends ( ! t5t v]tical & smoo? :5 ! guy ropes are drawn taut4 ,a wall p9 is !n driv5 ?r\gh ea* rema9+ wall loop & a l>ge p9 = ea* guy rope is driv5 9 l9e ) ! corn] guy p9s already driv54 ,! guy ropes ( ! t5t are plac$ ov] ! l[] not*es1 :ile ! guy ropes ( ! fly are plac$ ov] ! upp] not*es1 & are !n drawn taut4 ,brace ropes :5 us$1 are !n secur$ to /akes or p9s suitably plac$4 7#gji7 ,conical ,wall ,t5t #fhi4 ,drive ! door p9 & c5t] p9 #h feet #c in*es ap>t4 ,us+ ! hood l9es1 ) c5t] p9 z c5t]1 describe two conc5tric circles ) radii #h feet #c in*es & #aa feet #c in*es4 ,9 ! out] circle drive two door guy p9s #c feet ap>t4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t #c feet drive ! o!r guy p9s4 ,9 o!r respects conical t5ts are erect$ practically z 9 ! case ( pyramidal t5ts1 z expla9$ 9 p>4 #fhh4 7#hja7 ,to ,/rike ,common1 ,wall1 ,pyramidal1 & ,conical ,wall ,t5ts #fij4 ,,/rike ,,t5ts4 ,! m5 fir/ remove all p9s except ^? ( ! f\r corn] guy ropes1 or ! f\r quadrant guy ropes 9 ! case ( ! conical wall t5t4 ,! p9s are neatly pil$ or plac$ 9 _! receptacle4 ,"o man holds ea* guy1 & :5 ! gr\nd is cle> ! t5t is l[]$1 fold$1 or roll$ & ti$1 ! poles or tripod & pole fa/5$ toge!r1 & ! rema9+ p9s collect$4 7#hjb7 ,to ,fold ,t5ts #fia4 ,= fold+ common1 wall1 hospital1 & /orage t5ts3 ,spread ! t5t flat on ! gr\nd1 fold$ at ! ridge s t bottoms ( side walls are ev51 ends ( t5ts =m+ triangles to ! "r & left2 fold ! triangul> ends ( ! t5t 9 t[>d ! middle1 mak+ x rectangul> 9 %ape2 fold ! top ov] ab\t #i in*es2 fold ! t5t 9 two by c>ry+ ! top fold ov] cle> to ! foot2 fold aga9 9 two f ! top to ! foot2 ?r[ all guys on t5t except ! second f ea* end2 fold ! ends 9 s z to cov] ab\t two-?irds ( ! second clo?s2 fold ! left end ov] to meet ! turn$-9 edge ( ! "r end1 !n fold ! "r end ov] ! top1 complet+ ! bundle2 tie ) two expos$ guys4 ,= fold+ pyramidal t5ts3 ,! t5t is ?r[n t[>d ! re> & ! back wall & ro( canvas pull$ out smoo?4 ,?is may be mo/ easily accompli%$ by leav+ ! re> corn] wall p9s 9 ! gr\nd ) ! wall loops atta*$1 "o man at ea* re>-corn] guy1 & "o hold+ ! squ>e iron 9 a p]p5dicul> position & pull+ ! canvas to its limit away f ! =m] front ( ! t5t4 ,?is leaves ! ?ree rema9+ sides ( ! t5t on top ( ! re> side1 ) ! door side 9 ! middle4 ,n[ c>ry ! "r-front corn] ov] & lay x on ! left-re> corn]4 ,pull all canvas smoo?1 ?r[ guys t[>d squ>e iron1 & pull bottom edges ev54 ,!n take ! "r-front corn] & return to ! "r1 cov]+ ! "r-re> corn]4 ,?is folds ! "r side ( ! t5t on itself1 ) ! crease 9 ! middle & "u ! front side ( ! t5t4 ,next c>ry ! left-front corn] to ! "r & back z describ$ above2 ?is1 :5 complet$1 w leave ! front & re> sides ( ! t5t ly+ smoo? & flat & ! two side walls fold$ inw>d1 ea* on itself4 ,place ! hood 9 ! squ>e iron :i* has be5 fold$ d[nw>d t[>d ! bottom ( t5t1 & cont9ue to fold ar\nd ! squ>e iron z a core1 press+ all folds d[n flat & smoo?1 & p>allel ) ! bottom ( ! t5t4 ,if ea* fold is compactly made & ! canvas kept smoo?1 ! la/ fold w exactly cov] ! l[] edge ( ! canvas4 ,lay all expos$ guys along ! fold$ canvas except ! two on ! c5t]-wid?1 :i* %\ld be pull$ out & away f bottom edge to _! extreme l5g? = ty+4 ,n[1 beg9n+ at "o end1 fold t[>d ! c5t] on ! fir/ seam 7t jo9+ ! fir/ & second wid?s7 & fold aga9 t[>d ! c5t] s t ! already fold$ canvas w come to )9 ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! middle wid?4 ,!n fold ov] to ! opposite edge ( middle wid? ( canvas4 ,!n beg9 fold+ f opposite end1 fold+ ! fir/ wid? 9 half1 !n mak+ a second fold to come )9 ab\t #d or #e in*es ( t already fold$1 turn ?is fold entirely ov] t already fold$4 ,take ! expos$ guys & draw !m taut across ea* o!r1 turn bundle ov] on ! "u guy1 cross guys on top ( bundle draw+ tight4 ,turn bundle ov] on ! cross$ guys & tie l5g?wise4 ,:5 prop]ly ti$ & press$ toge!r ?is w make a package #aa by #bc by #cd in*es1 requir+ ab\t #h1hee cubic in*es to /ore or pack4 ,/5cil ! organization designation on ! l[] half ( ! middle wid? ( canvas 9 ! back wall4 7#hjc7 ,w>n+ ,calls #fib4 ,fir/ call1 gu>d m\nt+1 full dress1 ov]coats1 drill1 /able1 wat]1 & boots & saddles prec$e ! assembly by su* int]val z may be prescrib$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,mess1 *ur*1 & fatigue1 class$ z s]vice calls1 may also be us$ z w>n+ calls4 ,fir/ call is ! fir/ signal = =mation = roll call & = all c]emonies except gu>d m\nt+4 ,gu>d m\nt+ is ! fir/ signal = gu>d m\nt+4 ,! field music assembles at fir/ call & gu>d m\nt+4 ,9 a mix$ comm&1 boots & saddles is ! signal to m\nt$ troops t _! =mation is to be m\nt$2 = m\nt$ gu>d m\nt+ or m\nt$ drill1 x imm$iately foll[s ! signal gu>d m\nt+ or drill4 ,:5 full dress or ov]coats are to be worn1 ! full dress or ov]coat call imm$iately foll[s fir/ call1 gu>d m\nt+1 or boots & saddles4 7#hjd7 ,=mation ,calls #fic4 ,assembly3 ,! signal = companies or details to fall 94 ,adjutant's call3 ,! signal = companies to =m battalion2 also = ! gu>d details to =m = gu>d m\nt+ on ! camp or g>rison p>ade gr\nd2 x foll[s ! assembly at su* int]val z may be prescrib$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,x is also us$ z a signal = ! battalions to =m regim5t1 foll[+ ! fir/ adjutant's call at su* int]val z ! comm&+ (fic] may prescribe4 ,to ! color3 ,is s\nd$ :5 ! color salutes4 7#hje7 ,al>m ,calls #fid4 ,fire call3 ,! signal = ! m5 to fall 91 )\t arms1 to ext+ui% fire4 ,to arms3 ,! signal = ! m5 to fall 91 "u arms1 on _! company's p>ade gr\nds z quickly z possible4 ,to horse3 ,! signal = m\nt$ m5 to proce$ "u arms to _! horses1 saddle1 m\nt & assemble at a designat$ place z quickly z possible4 ,9 ext5d$ ord] ?is signal is us$ to rem\nt troops4 7#hjf7 ,s]vice ,calls #fie4 ,tattoo1 taps1 mess1 sick1 *ur*1 recall1 issue1 (fic]s'1 capta9s'1 fir/ s]geants'1 fatigue1 s*ool1 & ! g5]al4 ,! g5]al is ! signal = /rik+ t5ts & load+ wagons prep>atory to m>*+4 ,reveille prec$es ! assembly = roll call2 retreat foll[s ! assembly1 ! int]val betwe5 be+ only t requir$ = =mation & roll call1 except :5 !re is p>ade4 ,taps is ! signal = ext+ui%+ lights2 x is usually prec$$ by call to qu>t]s by su* int]val z prescrib$ by ,army ,regulations4 ,assembly1 reveille1 retreat1 adjutant's call1 to ! color1 ! fl\ri%es1 ruffles1 & ! m>*es are s\nd$ by all ! field music unit$2 ! o!r calls1 z a rule1 are s\nd$ by ! musician ( ! gu>d or ord]ly musician2 he may also s\nd ! assembly :5 ! musicians are n unit$4 ,! morn+ gun is fir$ at ! fir/ note ( reveille1 or1 if m>*es be play$ be=e reveille1 x is fir$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ m>*4 ,! ev5+ gun is fir$ at ! la/ note ( retreat4 7#hjg7 ,,app5dix ,a ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,(fice ( ! ,*ief ( ,/aff1 ,wa%+ton1 ,decemb] #b1 #aiaa4 ,! ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 #aiaa1 h be5 prep>$ = ! use ( troops arm$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates magaz9e rifle1 model #aijc4 ,= ! guidance ( organizations arm$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates magaz9e rifle1 model #ahih1 ! foll[+ alt]native p>agraphs are publi%$ & w be consid]$ z sub/itute p>agraphs = ! correspond+ p>agraphs 9 ! text3 #ge 79 "p71 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #acd1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #adh & #aej4 ,by ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 ,,leon>d ,,wood1 ,major ,g5]al1 ,*ief ( ,/aff4 ,note4 ,! p>agraph numb]s #ge1 #if1 #ih1 etc41 giv5 above1 foll[ ! p>agraphs bel[4 #fif4 99 99 99 ,?ird4 ,! cut-(f is kept turn$ d[n1 except :5 us+ ! magaz9e4 7#ge7 99 99 99 99 99 #fig4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,unfix1 ,,bayonet4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! belt3 ,take ! position ( p>ade re/1 grasp ! h&le on ! bayonet firmly ) ! "r h&1 press ! spr+ ) ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 raise ! bayonet until ! h&le is ab\t #f in*es above ! muzzle ( ! piece1 drop ! po9t to ! left1 back ( h& t[>d ! body1 & glanc+ at ! scabb>d1 return ! bayonet1 ! blade pass+ betwe5 ! left arm & body2 regrasp ! piece ) ! "r h& & resume ! ord]4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! hav]sack3 ,take ! bayonet f ! rifle ) ! left h& & return x to ! scabb>d 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 ,if m>*+ or ly+ d[n1 ! bayonet is fix$ & unfix$ 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s & conv5i5t mann] & ! piece return$ to ! orig9al position4 ,fix & unfix bayonet are execut$ ) promptness & regul>ity1 b n 9 cad5ce4 7#if7 #fih4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,at ! second comm&1 take ! position ( port arms4 7,,two47 ,) ! "r h& op5 ! magaz9e gate1 turn ! bolt h&le up1 draw ! bolt back & glance at ! magaz9e & *amb]4 ,hav+ f\nd !m empty1 or hav+ empti$ !m1 raise ! head & eyes to ! front4 7#ih7 #fii4 ,be+ at inspection arms3 #a4 ,ord] 7,"r %\ld]1 port71 #b4 ,,arms4 ,at ! prep>atory comm&1 pu% ! bolt =w>d1 turn ! h&le d[n1 close ! magaz9e gate1 pull ! trigg]1 & resume port arms4 ,at ! comm& arms1 complete ! movem5t ord]$4 7#ii7 #gjj4 ,pieces be+ load$ & 9 ! position ( load1 to execute o!r movem5ts ) ! pieces load$3 #a4 ,lock1 #b4 ,,pieces4 ,at ! comm& pieces turn ! safety lock fully to ! "r4 ,! safety lock is said to be at ! ready :5 turn$ to ! left1 & at ! safe :5 turn$ to ! "r4 ,! cut-(f is said to be on :5 turn$ up & (f :5 turn$ d[n4 7#acd7 #gja4 ,be+ 9 l9e or skirmi% l9e at halt3 #a4 ,) dummy 7blank or ball7 c>tridges1 #b4 ,,load4 ,at ! comm& load ea* front-rank man or skirmi%] faces half "r & c>ries ! "r foot to ! "r1 ab\t "o foot1 to su* position z w insure ! greate/ firmness & /ead9ess ( ! body2 raises or l[]s ! piece & drops x into ! left h& at ! balance1 left ?umb ext5d$ along ! /ock1 muzzle at ! height ( ! brea/4 ,) ! "r h& he turns & draws ! bolt back1 takes a c>tridge betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s & places x 9 ! receiv]2 places palm ( ! h& aga9/ ! back ( ! bolt h&le2 ?ru/s ! bolt home ) a quick motion1 turn+ d[n ! h&le1 & c>ries ! h& to ! small ( ! /ock4 ,ea* re>-rank man moves to ! "r front1 takes a simil> position opposite ! int]val to ! "r ( 8 front-rank man1 muzzle ( ! piece ext5d+ beyond ! front rank1 & loads4 ,a skirmi% l9e may load :ile mov+1 ! pieces be+ held z ne>ly z practicable 9 ! position ( load4 ,if kneel+ or sitt+1 ! position ( ! piece is simil>2 if kneel+1 ! left =e>m re/s on ! left ?igh2 if sitt+1 ! elb[s are support$ by ! knees4 ,if ly+ d[n1 ! left h& /eadies & supports ! piece at ! balance1 ! toe ( ! butt re/+ on ! gr\nd1 ! muzzle (f ! gr\nd4 ,= ref]5ce1 ^! positions 7/&+1 kneel+1 & ly+ d[n7 are designat$ z t ( load4 7#aci7 #gjb4 ,,fill ,,magaz9e4 ,take ! position ( load1 if n already !re1 op5 ! gate ( ! magaz9e ) ! "r ?umb1 take five c>tridges f ! box or belt1 & place !m1 ) ! bullets to ! front1 9 ! magaz9e1 turn+ ! b>rel slightly to ! left to facilitate ! ins]tion ( ! c>tridges2 close ! gate & c>ry ! "r h& to ! small ( ! /ock4 ,to load f ! magaz9e ! comm& f magaz9e w be giv5 prec$+ t ( load2 ! cut-(f w be turn$ up on com+ to ! position ( load4 ,to resume load+ f ! belt ! comm& f belt w be giv5 prec$+ ! comm& load2 ! cut-(f w be turn$ d[n on com+ to ! position ( load4 ,! comm&s f magaz9e & f belt1 indicat+ ! *ange 9 ! mann] ( load+1 w n be repeat$ 9 subsequ5t comm&s4 ,! words f belt apply to c>tridge box z well z belt4 ,9 load+ f ! magaz9e c>e %\ld be tak5 to pu% ! bolt fully =w>d & turn ! h&le d[n be=e draw+ ! bolt back1 z o!rwise ! extractor w n cat* ! c>tridge 9 ! *amb]1 & jamm+ w occur ) ! c>tridge foll[+4 ,to fire f ! magaz9e1 ! comm& magaz9e fire may be giv5 at any "t4 ,! cut-(f is turn$ up & an increas$ rate ( fire is execut$4 ,aft] ! magaz9e is exhau/$ ! cut-(f is turn$ d[n & ! fir+ cont9u$1 load+ f ! belt4 ,magaz9e fire is employ$ only :51 9 ! op9ion ( ! platoon lead] or company comm&]1 ! maximum rate ( fire becomes necess>y4 7#ada7 #gjc4 ,,unload4 ,all take ! position ( load1 turn ! cut-(f up1 if n already !re1 turn ! safety lock to ! left1 & alt]nately op5 & close ! *amb] until all ! c>tridges are eject$4 ,aft] ! la/ c>tridge is eject$ ! *amb] is clos$ & ! trigg] pull$4 ,! c>tridges are !n pick$ up1 clean$1 & return$ to ! box or belt1 & ! piece br\ght to ! ord]4 7#adb7 #gjd4 ,,clip ,,fire4 ,turn ! cut-(f up2 fire at w 7reload+ f ! magaz9e7 until ! c>tridges 9 ! piece are exhau/$2 turn ! cut-(f d[n2 fill magaz9e2 reload & take ! position ( susp5d fir+4 7#adh7 #gje4 ,,cease ,,fir+4 ,fir+ /ops2 pieces n already !re are br\ght to ! position ( load1 ! cut-(f turn$ d[n if fir+ f magaz9e1 ! c>tridge is drawn or ! empty %ell is eject$1 ! trigg] is pull$1 sights are laid d[n1 & ! piece is br\ght to ! ord]4 ,cease fir+ is us$ = long pauses to prep>e = *anges ( position or to /eady ! m54 7#aej7 ,,app5dix ,b ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,(fice ( ! ,*ief ( ,/aff1 ,wa%+ton1 ,decemb] #b1 #aiaa4 ,p>agraphs #gdg1 #gib1 #gic1 #gid1 #gie1 #gif1 #gig1 & #gih1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 #aiaa1 apply only to troops equipp$ ) ! ,infantry ,equipm5t1 model #aiaj4 ,= troops equipp$ "u ,g5]al ,ord]s1 ,no4 #bc1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 #aijf1 & ord]s am5datory !re(1 ! alt]native p>agraphs publi%$ h]e) w gov]n4 ,by ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 ,,leon>d ,,wood1 ,major ,g5]al1 ,*ief ( ,/aff4 ,note4 ,! p>agraph numb]s #gdg1 #gib1 etc41 giv5 above1 foll[ ! p>agraphs bel[4 #gjf4 ,if ! inspection is to include an exam9ation ( ! blanket rolls1 ! capta91 be=e dismiss+ ! company & aft] inspect+ ! file clos]s1 directs ! lieut5ants to rema9 9 place1 closes ranks1 /acks arms1 dresses ! company back to f\r paces f ! /acks1 takes int]vals1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,unsl+1 #b4 ,,packs1 #c4 ,op51 #d4 ,,packs4 ,at ! second comm&1 ea* man unsl+s 8 roll & places x on ! gr\nd at 8 feet1 r\nd$ end to ! front1 squ>e end ( %elt] half to ! "r4 ,at ! f\r? comm&1 ! rolls are unti$1 laid p]p5dicul> to ! front ) ! triangul> end ( ! %elt] half to ! front1 op5$1 & unroll$ to ! left2 ea* man prep>es ! cont5ts ( 8 roll = inspection & resumes ! att5tion4 ,! capta9 !n returns sab]1 passes along ! ranks & file clos]s z be=e1 inspects ! rolls1 returns to ! "r1 draws sab] & comm&s3 #a4 ,close1 #b4 ,,packs4 ,at ! second comm& ea* man1 ) 8 %elt] half smoo?ly spread on ! gr\nd ) buttons up & triangul> end to ! front1 folds 8 blanket once across its l5g? & places x ^u ! %elt] half1 fold t[>d ! bottom edge "o-half in* f ! squ>e end1 ! same am\nt ( canvas uncov]$ at ! top & bottom4 ,he !n places ! p>ts ( ! pole on ! side ( ! blanket next ! squ>e end ( %elt] half1 ne> & p>allel to ! fold1 end ( pole ab\t #f in*es f ! edge ( ! blanket2 ne/s ! p9s simil>ly ne> ! opposite edge ( ! blanket & di/ributes ! o!r articles c>ri$ 9 ! roll2 folds ! triangul> end & !n ! expos$ portion ( ! bottom ( ! %elt] half ov] ! blanket4 ,! two m5 9 ea* file roll & fa/5 fir/ ! roll ( ! front & !n ( ! re> rank man4 ,! file clos]s "w simil>ly two & two1 or ) ! front rank man ( a blank file4 ,ea* pair /&s on ! fold$ side1 rolls ! blanket roll closely & buckles ! /raps1 pass+ ! end ( ! /rap ?r\gh bo? keep] & buckle1 back ov] ! buckle & "u ! keep]4 ,) ! roll s ly+ on ! gr\nd t ! edge ( ! %elt] half c j be se5 :5 look+ v]tically d[nw>d1 "o end is b5t upw>d & ov] to meet ! o!r1 a clove hit* is tak5 ) ! guy rope fir/ ar\nd ! end to :i* x is atta*$ & !n ar\nd ! o!r end1 adju/+ ! l5g? ( rope betwe5 hit*es to suit ! we>]4 ,z soon z a file completes its two rolls ea* man places 8 roll 9 ! position x 0 9 aft] be+ unslung & /&s at att5tion4 ,all ! rolls be+ complet$1 ! capta9 comm&s3 #a4 ,sl+1 #b4 ,,packs4 ,at ! second comm& ! rolls are slung1 ! end conta9+ ! pole to ! re>4 ,! company is assembl$1 takes arms1 & ! capta9 completes ! inspection z be=e4 7#gdg7 #gjg4 ,be+ 9 l9e or 9 column ( platoons1 ! capta9 comm&s3 ,,=m ,,= ,,%elt] ,,t5ts4 ,! (fic]s1 fir/ s]geant1 & guides fall out2 ! cooks =m a file on ! flank ( ! company ne>e/ ! kit*51 ! fir/ s]geant & "r guide fall 91 =m+ ! "r file ( ! company2 blank files are fill$ by ! file clos]s or by m5 tak5 f ! front rank2 ! rema9+ guide or guides1 & file clos]s =m on a conv5i5t flank4 ,be=e =m+ column ( platoons1 prep>atory to pit*+ t5ts1 ! company may be r$ivid$ into two or m platoons1 reg>dless ( ! size ( ea*4 7#gib7 #gjh4 ,! capta9 !n causes ! company to take int]vals z describ$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,squad1 & comm&s3 ,,pit* ,,t5ts4 ,at ! comm& pit* t5ts1 ea* man /eps (f obliquely to ! "r ) ! "r foot & lays 8 rifle on ! gr\nd1 ! butt ( ! rifle ne> ! toe ( ! "r foot1 muzzle to ! front1 b>rel to ! left1 & /eps back into 8 place2 ea* front-rank man !n draws 8 bayonet & /icks x 9 ! gr\nd by ! outside ( ! "r heel4 ,all unsl+ & op5 ! blanket rolls & take out ! %elt] half1 poles1 & p9s4 ,ea* !n spreads 8 %elt] half1 triangle to ! re>1 flat ^u ! gr\nd ! t5t is to occupy1 re>-rank man's half on ! "r4 ,! halves are !n button$ toge!r4 ,ea* front-rank man jo9s 8 pole1 ins]ts ! top 9 ! eyes ( ! halves1 & holds ! pole upright beside ! bayonet plac$ 9 ! gr\nd2 8 re>-rank man1 us+ ! p9s 9 front1 p9s d[n ! front corn]s ( ! t5t on ! l9e ( bayonets1 /ret*+ ! canvas taut2 he !n ins]ts a p9 9 ! eye ( ! rope & drives ! p9 at su* di/ance 9 front ( ! pole z to hold ! rope taut4 ,bo? !n g to ! re> ( ! t5t2 ! re>-rank man adju/s ! pole & ! front-rank man drives ! p9s4 ,! re/ ( ! p9s are !n driv5 by bo? m51 ! re>-rank man work+ on ! "r4 ,z soon z ! t5t is pit*$ ea* man arranges ! cont5ts ( ! blanket roll 9 ! t5t & /&s at att5tion 9 front ( 8 own half on l9e ) ! front guy rope p94 ,! guy ropes1 to h a uni=m slope :5 ! %elt] t5ts are pit*$1 %\ld all be ( ! same l5g?4 7#gic7 #gji4 ,:5 ! blanket roll is n c>ri$1 int]vals are tak5 z describ$ above2 ! position ( ! front pole is m>k$ ) a bayonet & equipm5ts are laid aside4 ,! m5 !n proce$ to ! wagon1 secure _! rolls1 return to _! places1 & pit* t5ts z h]et(ore describ$4 7#gid7 #gaj4 ,to pit* d\ble %elt] t5t1 ! capta9 gives ! same comm&s z be=e1 except ,take half int]val is giv5 in/ead ( ,take int]val4 ,9 tak+ int]val1 ea* man foll[s ! prec$+ man at #b paces4 ,! capta9 !n comm&s3 ,,pit* ,,d\ble ,,t5ts4 ,! fir/ s]geant places himself on ! "r ( ! "r guide & ) him pit*es a s+le %elt] t5t4 ,only ! odd numb]s ( ! front rank m>k ! l9e ) ! bayonet4 ,! t5t is =m$ by button+ toge!r ! squ>e ends ( two s+le t5ts4 ,two complete t5ts1 except "o pole1 are us$4 ,two guy ropes are us$ at ea* end1 ! guy p9s be+ plac$ 9 front ( ! corn] p9s4 ,! t5ts are pit*$ by numb]s #a & #b1 front & re> rank2 & by numb]s #c & #d1 front & re> rank2 ! m5 fall+ 9 on ! left are numb]$1 c\nt+ (f if necess>y4 ,all ! m5 spread _! %elt] halves on ! gr\nd ! t5t is to occupy4 ,^? ( ! front rank are plac$ ) ! triangul> ends to ! front4 ,all f\r halves are !n button$ toge!r1 fir/ ! ridges & !n ! squ>e ends4 ,! front corn]s ( ! t5t are p9n$ by ! front-rank m51 ! odd numb] hold+ ! poles1 ! ev5 numb] driv+ ! p9s4 ,! re>-rank m5 simil>ly p9 ! re> corn]s4 ,:ile ! odd numb]s /eady ! poles1 ea* ev5 numb] ( ! front rank takes 8 pole & ent]s ! t5t1 :]e1 assi/$ by ! ev5 numb] ( ! re> rank1 he adju/s ! pole to ! c5t] eyes ( ! %elt] halves 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,! l[] half ( ! front t5t2 7#b7 ! l[] half ( ! re> t5t2 7#c7 ! upp] half ( ! front t5t2 7#d7 ! upp] half ( ! re> t5t4 ,! guy ropes are !n adju/$4 ,! t5ts hav+ be5 pit*$1 ! triangul> ends are turn$ back1 cont5ts ( ! rolls arrang$1 & ! m5 /& at att5tion1 ea* opposite 8 own %elt] half & fac+ out f ! t5t4 7#gie7 ,,footnotes3 #a ,no4 #a ( ! fir/ squad4 #b ,ord9>ily ab\t #bj y>ds wide4 #c ,by ,fire ,direction is meant prescrib+ & g5]ally direct+ ! fir+4--,au?or4 #d ,! pack includes blanket1 pon*o1 & %elt] t5t4 #e ,) a #d-;foot :ite & r$ regim5tal signal flag4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,bayonet 7,! numb]s foll[+ ! p>agraphs are ^? ( ! ,manual ( ! ,bayonet1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army47 #gaa4 ,! infantry soldi] relies ma9ly on fire action to disable ! enemy1 b he %\ld "k t p]sonal combat is (t5 necess>y to obta9 success4 ,!re=e1 he mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 ! use ( ! rifle & bayonet 9 h&-to-h& enc\nt]s4 7#a7 #gab4 ,! object ( ?is in/ruction is to tea* ! soldi] h[ to make effective use ( ! rifle & bayonet 9 p]sonal combat2 to make him quick & pr(ici5t 9 h&l+ 8 rifle2 to give him an accurate eye & a /eady h&2 & to give him confid5ce 9 ! bayonet 9 (f5se & def5se4 ,:5 skill 9 ^! ex]cises has be5 acquir$1 ! rifle w /ill rema9 a mo/ =midable weapon at close qu>t]s %\ld ! bayonet be lo/ or disabl$4 7#b7 #gac4 ,effici5cy ( organizations 9 bayonet fight+ w be judg$ by ! skill %[n by individuals 9 p]sonal combat4 ,= ?is purpose pairs or gr\ps ( oppon5ts1 select$ at r&om f among recruits & tra9$ soldi]s1 %\ld engage 9 assaults1 us+ ! f5c+ equipm5t provid$ = ! purpose4 7#c7 #gad4 ,(fic]s & specially select$ & ?or\ghly in/ruct$ noncommission$ (fic]s w act z in/ructors4 7#d7 #gae4 ,in/ruction 9 bayonet combat %\ld beg9 z soon z ! soldi] is famili> ) ! h&l+ ( 8 rifle & w progress1 z f> z practicable1 9 ! ord] foll[$ 9 ! text4 7#e7 #gaf4 ,in/ruction is ord9>ily giv5 on ev5 gr\nd1 b practice %\ld also be _h on unev5 gr\nd1 especially 9 ! attack & def5se ( intr5*m5ts4 7#f7 #gag4 ,^! ex]cises w n be us$ z a cali/h5ic drill4 7#g7 #gah4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! comm&s are ! same z ^? giv5 9 p>agraphs #eh1 #fd1 & #hg4 ,int]vals & di/ances w be tak5 z 9 p>agraphs #aef & #aeh1 except t1 9 =mations = bayonet ex]cises1 ! m5 %\ld be at lea/ f\r paces ap>t 9 e direction4 7#h7 #gai4 ,be=e requir+ soldi]s to take a position or execute a movem5t = ! fir/ "t1 ! in/ructor executes ! same = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 aft] :i* he requires ! soldi]s to execute ! movem5t individually4 ,movem5ts prescrib$ 9 ?is manual w n be execut$ 9 cad5ce z ! attempt to d s results 9 incomplete execution & lack ( vigor4 ,ea* movem5t w be execut$ correctly z quickly z possible by e man4 ,z soon z ! movem5ts are execut$ accurately1 ! comm&s are giv5 rapidly1 z exp]tness ) ! bayonet dep5ds *iefly ^u quickness ( motion4 7#i7 #gbj4 ,! ex]cises w be int]rupt$ at fir/ by %ort & frequ5t re/s4 ,! re/s w be less frequ5t z pr(ici5cy is atta9$4 ,fatigue & exhau/ion w be specially gu>d$ aga9/ z !y prev5t prop] int]e/ be+ tak5 9 ! ex]cises & delay ! progress ( ! in/ruction4 ,re/s w be giv5 f ! position ( ord] arms 9 ! mann] prescrib$ 9 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations4 7#aj7 ,,! ,,bayonet ,,nom5clature ,,& ,,description #gba4 ,! bayonet is a cutt+ & ?ru/+ weapon consi/+ ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 viz1 ! blade1 gu>d1 & grip4 7#aa7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #gbb4 ,! blade has ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,edge1 false edge1 back1 grooves1 po9t1 & tang4 ,! l5g? ( ! blade f gu>d to po9t is #af in*es1 ! edge #ad4e in*es1 & ! false edge #e4f in*es4 ,l5g? ( ! rifle1 bayonet fix$1 is #ei4d in*es4 ,! weight ( ! bayonet is #a p\nd2 weight ( rifle )\t bayonet is #h4fi p\nds4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! rifle1 ) bayonet fix$1 is j 9 front ( ! re> sight4 7#ab7 ,i4 ,,in/ruction ,,)\t ,,! ,,rifle #gbc4 ,! in/ructor expla9s ! importance ( good footwork & impresses on ! m5 ! fact t quickness ( foot & suppl5ess ( body are z important = attack & def5se z is ! ability to p>ry & deliv] a /rong po9t or cut4 7#ac7 #gbd4 ,all foot movem5ts %\ld be made f ! position ( gu>d4 ,z f> z practicable1 !y w be made on ! balls ( ! feet to insure quickness & agility4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c be laid d[n z to ! l5g? ( ! v>i\s foot movem5ts2 ?is dep5ds entirely on ! situations occurr+ 9 combat4 7#ad7 #gbe4 ,! m5 hav+ tak5 int]vals or di/ances1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,bayonet ex]cise1 #b4 ,,gu>d4 ,at ! comm& gu>d1 half face to ! "r1 c>ry back & place ! "r foot ab\t once & a half its l5g? to ! re> & ab\t #c in*es to ! "r1 ! feet =m+ ) ea* o!r an angle ( ab\t #fj deg41 weight ( ! body balanc$ equally on ! balls ( ! feet1 knees slightly b5t1 palms ( h&s on hips1 f+]s to ! front1 ?umbs to ! re>1 head erect1 head & eyes /raight to ! front4 7#ae7 #gbf4 ,to resume ! att5tion1 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,! m5 take ! position ( ! soldi] & fix _! att5tion4 7#af7 #gbg4 ,,advance4 ,advance ! left foot quickly ab\t once its l5g? foll[ imm$iately ) ! "r foot ! same di/ance4 7#ag7 #gbh4 ,,retire4 ,move ! "r foot quickly to ! re> ab\t once its l5g?1 foll[ imm$iately ) ! left foot ! same di/ance4 7#ah7 #gbi4 #a4 ,front1 #b4 ,,pass4 ,place ! "r foot quickly ab\t once its l5g? 9 front ( ! left1 advance ! left foot to its prop] position 9 front ( ! "r4 7#ai7 #gcj4 #a4 ,re>1 #b4 ,,pass4 ,place ! left foot quickly ab\t once its l5g? 9 re> ( ! "r1 retire ! "r foot to its prop] position 9 re> ( ! left4 ,! passes are us$ to get quickly )9 /rik+ di/ance or to )draw quickly !refrom4 7#bj7 #gca4 #a4 ,"r1 #b4 ,,/ep4 ,/ep to ! "r ) ! "r foot ab\t once its l5g? & place ! left foot 9 its prop] relative position4 7#ba7 #gcb4 #a4 ,left1 #b4 ,,/ep4 ,/ep to ! left ) ! left foot ab\t once its l5g? & place ! "r foot 9 its prop] relative position4 ,^! /eps are us$ to circle ar\nd an enemy1 to secure a m favorable l9e ( attack1 or to avoid ! oppon5t's attack4 ,bett] gr\nd or m favorable light may be ga9$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 bayonet f5c+ & 9 actual combat ! foot fir/ mov$ 9 /epp+ to ! "r or left is ! "o :i* at ! mom5t be>s ! lea/ weight4 7#bb7 ,,ii4 ,,in/ruction ,,) ,,! ,,rifle #gcc4 ,! comm&s = & ! execution ( ! foot movem5ts are ! same z already giv5 = movem5ts )\t ! rifle4 7#bc7 #gcd4 ,! m5 hav+ tak5 int]vals or di/ances1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,bayonet ex]cise1 #b4 ,,gu>d4 ,at ! second comm& take ! position ( gu>d 7see p>4 #ae72 at ! same "t ?r[ ! rifle sm>tly to ! front1 grasp ! rifle ) ! left h& j bel[ ! l[] b&1 f+]s betwe5 ! /ock & gun sl+1 b>rel turn$ slightly to ! left1 ! "r h& grasp+ ! small ( ! /ock ab\t #f in*es 9 front ( ! "r hip1 elb[s free f ! body1 bayonet po9t at ! height ( ! *94 7#bd7 7,see ,fig4 #b7 #gce4 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,br+ ! "r foot up to ! left & ! rifle to ! position ( ord] arms1 at ! same "t resum+ ! position ( att5tion4 7#be7 #gcf4 ,dur+ ! prelim9>y in/ruction1 attacks & def5ses w be execut$ f gu>d until pr(ici5cy is atta9$1 aft] :i* !y may be execut$ f any position 9 :i* ! rifle is held4 7#bf7 ,,attacks #gcg4 #a4 ,,?ru/4 ,?ru/ ! rifle quickly =w>d to ! full l5g? ( ! left arm1 turn+ ! b>rel to ! left1 & direct ! po9t ( ! bayonet at ! po9t to be attack$1 butt cov]+ ! "r =e>m4 ,at ! same "t /raight5 ! "r leg vigor\sly & ?r[ ! weight ( ! body =w>d & on ! left leg1 ! ball ( ! "r foot always on ! gr\nd4 ,gu>d is resum$ imm$iately )\t comm&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,! =ce ( ! ?ru/ is deliv]$ pr9cipally ) ! "r arm1 ! left be+ us$ to direct ! bayonet4 ,! po9ts at :i* ! attack %\ld be direct$ are1 9 ord] ( _! importance1 /oma*1 *e/1 head1 neck1 & limbs4 7#bg7 #gch4 #a4 ,,lunge4 ,execut$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ?ru/1 except t ! left foot is c>ri$ =w>d ab\t twice its l5g?4 ,! left heel mu/ always be 9 re> ( ! left knee4 ,gu>d is resum$ imm$iately )\t comm&4 ,gu>d may also be resum$ by advanc+ ! "r foot if1 = any reason1 x is desir$ to hold ! gr\nd ga9$ 9 lung+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! prep>atory comm& =w>d w be giv54 ,ea* me?od %\ld be practic$4 7#bh7 #gci4 #a4 ,butt1 #b4 ,,/rike4 ,/raight5 "r arm & "r leg vigor\sly & sw+ butt ( rifle aga9/ po9t ( attack1 pivot+ ! rifle 9 ! left h& at ab\t ! height ( ! left %\ld]1 all[+ ! bayonet to pass to ! re> on ! left side ( ! head4 ,gu>d is resum$ )\t comm&4 ,! po9ts ( attack 9 _! ord] ( importance are1 head1 neck1 /oma*1 & crot*4 7#bi7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #gdj4 #a4 ,cut1 #b4 ,,d[n4 ,execute a quick d[nw>d /roke1 edge ( bayonet direct$ at po9t ( attack4 ,gu>d is resum$ )\t comm&4 7#cj7 #gda4 #a4 ,cut1 #b4 ,,"r 7,,left74 ,) a quick ext5sion ( ! arms execute a cut to ! "r 7left71 direct+ ! edge t[>d ! po9t attack$4 ,gu>d is resum$ )\t comm&4 ,! cuts are especially useful aga9/ ! head1 neck1 & h&s ( an enemy4 ,9 execut+ left cut x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! false1 or back edge1 is only #e4f in*es long4 ,! cuts c be execut$ 9 cont9uation ( /rokes1 ?ru/s1 lunges1 & p>ries4 7#ca7 #gdb4 ,to direct an attack to ! "r1 left1 or re> ! soldi] w *ange front z quickly z possible 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]1 = example3 #a4 ,to ! "r re>1 #b4 ,cut1 #c4 ,,d[n2 #a4 ,to ! "r1 #b4 ,,lunge2 #a4 ,to ! left1 #b4 ,,?ru/1 etc4 ,:5ev] possible ! impetus ga9$ by ! turn+ movem5t ( ! body %\ld be ?r[n into ! attack4 ,9 g5]al ?is w be be/ accompli%$ by turn+ on ! ball ( ! "r foot4 ,^! movem5ts con/itute a *ange ( front 9 :i* ! position ( gu>d is resum$ at ! completion ( ! movem5t4 7#cb7 #gdc4 ,good judgm5t ( di/ance is ess5tial4 ,accuracy 9 ?ru/+ & lung+ is be/ atta9$ by practic+ ^! attacks aga9/ r+s or o!r conv5i5t op5+s1 ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 suitably susp5d$ at desir$ heights4 7#cc7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 #gdd4 ,! ?ru/ & lunges at r+s %\ld fir/ be practic$ by endeavor+ to hit ! op5+ look$ at4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by direct+ ! attack aga9/ "o op5+ :ile look+ at ano!r4 7#cd7 #gde4 ,! soldi] %\ld also exp]i5ce ! effect ( actual resi/ance (f]$ to ! bayonet & ! butt ( ! rifle 9 attacks4 ,?is w be taught by practic+ attacks aga9/ a dummy4 7#ce7 #gdf4 ,dummies %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit ! execution ( attacks )\t injury to ! po9t or edge ( ! bayonet or to ! b>rel or /ock ( ! rifle4 ,a suitable dummy c be made f pieces ( rope ab\t #e feet 9 l5g? plait$ closely toge!r into a cable betwe5 #f & #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,old rope is pref]able4 ,bags weight$ & /uff$ ) hay1 /raw1 %av+s1 etc41 are also suitable4 7#cf7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,def5ses #gdg4 ,9 ! prelim9>y drills 9 ! def5ses ! position ( gu>d is resum$1 by comm&1 aft] ea* p>ry4 ,:5 ! m5 h become pr(ici5t1 ! in/ructor w cause !m to resume ! position ( gu>d in/antly )\t comm& aft] ! execution ( ea* p>ry4 7#cg7 #gdh4 #a4 ,p>ry1 #b4 ,,"r4 ,keep+ ! "r h& 9 ! gu>d position1 move ! rifle %>ply to ! "r ) ! left arm1 s t ! bayonet po9t is ab\t #f in*es to ! "r4 7#ch7 #gdi4 #a4 ,p>ry1 #b4 ,,left4 ,move ! rifle %>ply to ! left front ) bo? h&s s z to cov] ! po9t attack$4 7#ci7 #gej4 #a4 ,p>ry1 #b4 ,,high4 ,raise ! rifle ) bo? h&s high en\gh to cle> ! l9e ( vision1 b>rel d[nw>d1 po9t ( ! bayonet to ! left front4 ,:5 necess>y to raise ! rifle well above ! head1 x may be support$ betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&4 ,?is position w be necess>y aga9/ attacks f high] elevations1 su*1 z m5 m\nt$ or on top ( p>apets4 7#dj7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #gea4 #a4 ,l[ p>ry1 #b4 ,,"r 7,,left74 ,c>ry ! po9t ( ! bayonet d[n until x is at ! height ( ! knee1 mov+ ! po9t ( ! bayonet suffici5tly to ! "r 7left7 to keep ! oppon5t's attacks cle> ( ! po9t ?reat5$4 #geb4 ,^! p>ries are r>ely us$1 z an attack bel[ ! wai/ leaves ! head & body expos$4 7#da7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #gec4 ,p>ries mu/ n be too wide or sweep+1 b %>p1 %ort motions1 f9i%$ ) a j]k or quick cat*4 ,! h&s %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be kept 9 ! l9e ( attack4 ,p>ries aga9/ butt /rike are made by quickly mov+ ! gu>d s z to cov] ! po9t attack$4 7#db7 #ged4 ,to provide aga9/ attack f ! "r1 left1 or re> ! soldi] w *ange front z quickly z possible 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]1 = example1 #a4 ,to ! left re>1 #b4 ,p>ry1 #c4 ,,high2 #a4 ,to ! "r1 #b4 ,p>ry1 #c4 ,,"r1 etc4 ,^! movem5ts con/itute a *ange ( front 9 :i* ! position ( gu>d is resum$ at ! completion ( ! movem5t4 ,9 *ang+ front = ! purpose ( attack or def5se1 if !re is dang] ( w\nd+ a comrade1 ! rifle %\ld fir/ be br\ght to a v]tical position4 7#dc7 ,,iii4 ,,in/ruction ,,)\t ,,! ,,bayonet #gee4 #a4 ,club rifle1 #b ,,sw+4 ,be+ at ord] arms at ! prep>atory comm& quickly raise & turn ! rifle1 regrasp+ x ) bo? h&s betwe5 ! re> sight & muzzle1 b>rel d[n1 ?umbs ar\nd ! /ock & t[>d ! butt2 at ! sane "t raise ! rifle above %\ld] f>!/ f ! oppon5t1 butt elevat$ & to ! re>1 elb[s slightly b5t & knees /raight4 ,ea* individual takes su* position ( ! feet1 %\ld]s1 & h&s z be/ accords ) 8 natural dext]ity4 ,,sw+4 ,tight5 ! grasp ( ! h&s & sw+ ! rifle to ! front & d[nw>d1 direct+ x at ! head ( ! oppon5t & imm$iately return to ! position ( club rifle by complet+ ! sw+ ( ! rifle d[nw>d & to ! re>4 ,repeat by ! comm&4 ,,sw+4 ,! rifle %\ld be swung ) suffici5t =ce to break ?r\gh any gu>d or p>ry t may be int]pos$4 ,be+ at club rifle1 ord] arms is resum$ by comm&4 ,! use ( ?is attack aga9/ dummies or 9 f5c+ is prohibit$4 7#dd7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab #gef4 ,! position ( club rifle may be tak5 f any position ( ! rifle prescrib$ 9 ! ,manual ( ,arms4 ,x w n be tak5 9 p]sonal combat unless ! em]g5cy is su* z to preclude ! use ( ! bayonet4 7#de7 ,,iv4 ,,comb9$ ,,movem5ts #geg4 ,! purpose ( comb9$ movem5ts is to develop m vigor\s attacks & m effective def5ses ?an are obta9$ by ! s+le movem5ts2 to develop skill 9 pass+ f attack to def5se & ! rev]se4 ,e movem5t to ! front %\ld be accompani$ by an attack1 :i* is increas$ 9 effectiv5ess by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! body4 ,e movem5t to ! re> %\ld ord9>ily be accompani$ by a p>ry & %\ld always be foll[$ by an attack4 ,movem5ts to ! "r or left may be accompani$ by attacks or def5ses4 7#df7 #geh4 ,n m ?an ?ree movem5ts w be us$ 9 any comb9ation4 ,! in/ructor %\ld fir/ indicate ! numb] ( movem5ts t are to be comb9$ z two movem5ts or ?ree movem5ts4 ,! execution is det]m9$ by "o comm& ( execution1 & ! position ( gu>d is tak5 ^u ! completion ( ! la/ movem5t only4 ,,examples ,front pass & ,,lunge4 ,"r /ep & ,,?ru/4 ,left /ep & l[ p>ry ,,"r4 ,re> pass1 p>ry left & ,,lunge4 ,lunge & cut ,,"r4 ,p>ry "r & p>ry ,,high4 ,butt /rike & cut ,,d[n4 ,?ru/ & p>ry ,,high4 ,p>ry high & ,,lunge4 ,advance1 ?ru/ & cut ,,"r4 ,"r /ep1 p>ry left & cut ,,d[n4 ,to ! left1 butt /rike & cut ,,d[n4 ,to ! "r re>1 cut d[n & butt ,,/rike4 7#dg7 #gei4 ,attacks aga9/ dummies w be practic$4 ,! approa* w be made aga9/ ! dummies bo? 9 quick "t & d\ble "t4 7#dh7 ,v4 ,,practical ,,bayonet ,,combat #gfj4 ,! pr9ciples ( practical bayonet combat %\ld be taught z f> z possible dur+ ! progress ( in/ruction 9 bayonet ex]cises4 7#di7 #gfa4 ,! soldi] mu/ be cont9ually impress$ ) ! extreme importance ( ! (f5sive due to its moral effect4 ,%\ld an attack fail1 x %\ld be foll[$ imm$iately by ano!r attack be=e ! oppon5t has an opportunity to assume ! (f5sive4 ,keep ! oppon5t on ! def5sive4 ,if1 due to circum/ances1 x is necess>y to take ! def5sive1 con/antly wat* = an opportunity to assume ! (f5sive & take imm$iate advantage ( x4 7#ej7 #gfb4 ,obs]ve ! gr\nd ) a view to obta9+ ! be/ foot+4 ,"t = ?is w g5]ally be too limit$ to p]mit m ?an a s+le ha/y glance4 7#ea7 #gfc4 ,9 p]sonal combat wat* ! oppon5t's eyes if !y c be pla9ly se51 & d n fix ! eyes on 8 weapon nor ^u ! po9t ( y\r attack4 ,if 8 eyes c n be pla9ly se51 z 9 night attacks1 wat* ! movem5ts ( 8 weapon & ( 8 body4 7#eb7 #gfd4 ,keep ! body well cov]$ & deliv] attacks vigor\sly4 ,! po9t ( ! bayonet %\ld always be kept z ne>ly z possible 9 ! l9e ( attack4 ,! less ! rifle is mov$ upw>d1 d[nw>d1 to ! "r1 or to ! left1 ! bett] prep>$ ! soldi] is = attack or def5se4 7#ec7 #gfe4 ,con/antly wat* = a *ance to attack ! oppon5t's left h&4 ,8 position ( gu>d w n diff] mat]ially f t describ$ 9 p>agraph #bd4 ,if 8 bayonet is )\t a cutt+ edge1 he w be at a great disadvantage4 7#cd7 #gff4 ,! butt is us$ = close & sudd5 attacks4 ,x is p>ticul>ly useful 9 riot duty4 ,f ! position ( port arms a s5try c /rike a sev]e bl[ ) ! butt ( ! rifle4 7#ee7 #gfg4 ,aga9/ a man on foot1 arm$ ) a sword1 be c>eful t ! muzzle ( ! rifle is n grasp$4 ,all ! swordsman's en]gies w be direct$ t[>d gett+ pa/ ! bayonet4 ,attack him ) %ort /abb+ ?ru/s1 & keep him beyond /rik+ di/ance ( 8 weapon4 7#ef7 #gfh4 ,! adv]s>y may attempt a great] ext5sion 9 ! ?ru/ & lunge by quitt+ ! grasp ( 8 piece ) ! left h& & advanc+ ! "r z f> z possible4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a %>p p>ry may cause him to lose control ( 8 rifle1 leav+ him expos$ to a c\nt]-attack1 :i* %\ld foll[ promptly4 7#eg7 #gfi4 ,aga9/ odds a small numb] ( m5 c fight to be/ advantage by gr\p+ !mselves s z to prev5t _! be+ attack$ f beh9d4 7#eh7 #ggj4 ,9 fight+ a m\nt$ man arm$ ) a sab] e ef=t mu/ be made to get on 8 ne> or left side1 because "h 8 rea* is mu* %ort] & 8 p>ries mu* weak]4 ,if n possible to disable su* an enemy1 attack 8 horse & !n r5ew ! attack on ! horseman4 7#ei7 #gga4 ,9 receiv+ night attacks ! assailant's movem5ts c be be/ obs]v$ f ! kneel+ or prone position1 z 8 approa* g5]ally br+s him aga9/ ! sky l9e4 ,:5 he arrives )9 attack+ di/ance rise quickly & lunge well =w>d at ! middle ( 8 body4 7#fj7 ,,vi4 ,,f5c+ ,,ex]cises #ggb4 ,f5c+ ex]cises 9 two l9es consi/ ( comb9ations ( ?ru/s1 p>ries1 & foot movem5ts execut$ at comm& or at w1 ! oppon5t reply+ ) suitable p>ries & returns4 7#fa7 #ggc4 ,! in/ructor w inspect ! entire f5c+ equipm5t be=e ! ex]cise beg9s & assure himself t ev]y?+ is 9 su* condition z w prev5t accid5ts4 7#fb7 #ggd4 ,! m5 equip !mselves & =m 9 two l9es at ! ord]1 fac+ ea* o!r1 ) int]vals ( ab\t #d paces betwe5 files & a di/ance ( ab\t #b paces betwe5 l9es4 ,"o l9e is designat$ z numb] #a2 ! o!r1 numb] #b4 ,also z attack & def5se4 7#fc7 #gge4 ,! oppon5ts be+ at ! ord] fac+ ea* o!r1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 ,,salute4 ,ea* man1 ) eyes on 8 oppon5t1 c>ries ! left h& sm>tly to ! "r side1 palm ( ! h& d[n1 ?umb & f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 =e>m horizontal1 =ef+] t\*+ ! bayonet4 7,two7 ,drop ! arm sm>tly by ! side4 ,?is salute is ! f5c+ salute4 ,all f5c+ ex]cises & all f5c+ at w betwe5 individuals w beg9 & t]m9ate ) ! =mal c\rtesy ( ! f5c+ salute4 7#fd7 #ggf4 ,aft] ! f5c+ salute has be5 r5d]$ ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,f5c+ ex]cise1 #b4 ,,gu>d4 ,at ! comm& gu>d ea* man comes to ! position ( gu>d1 h]et(ore def9$1 bayonets cross$1 ea* man's bayonet be>+ lightly to ! "r aga9/ ! correspond+ portion ( ! oppon5t's bayonet4 ,! position is kn[n z ! engage or engage "r4 7#fe7 #ggg4 ,be+ at ! engage "r3 ,,engage ,,left4 ,! attack drops ! po9t ( 8 bayonet quickly until cle> ( 8 oppon5t's rifle & describes a semicircle ) x upw>d & to ! "r2 bayonets are cross$ simil>ly z 9 ! engag$ position1 ea* man's bayonet be>+ lightly to ! left aga9/ ! correspond+ portion ( ! oppon5t's bayonet4 7#ff7 #ggh4 ,be+ at engage left3 ,,engage ,,"r4 ,! attack quickly drops ! po9t ( 8 bayonet until cle> ( 8 oppon5t's rifle & describes a semicircle ) x upw>d & to ! left & engages4 7#fg7 #ggi4 ,be+ engag$3 ,,engage ,,left ,,& ,,"r4 ,! attack engages left & !n imm$iately engages "r4 7#fh7 #ghj4 ,be+ engag$ left3 ,,engage ,,"r ,,& ,,left4 ,! attack engages "r & !n imm$iately engages left4 7#fi7 #gha4 #a4 ,numb] "o1 ,,engage ,,"r 7,,left72 #b4 ,numb] two1 ,,c\nt]4 ,numb] "o executes ! movem5t ord]$1 z above2 numb] two quickly drops ! po9t ( 8 bayonet & circles x upw>d to ! orig9al position4 7#gj7 #ghb4 ,9 all f5c+ :ile ma9ta9+ ! pressure 9 ! engage1 a c]ta9 fre$om ( motion ( ! rifle is all[able1 consi/+ ( ! play1 or up-&-d[n motion1 ( "o bayonet aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is is necess>y to prev5t ! oppon5t f div9+ ! int5d$ attack4 ,x also prev5ts 8 us+ ! po9t ( contact z a pivot = 8 assaults4 ,9 *ang+ f "o engage to ! o!r ! movem5t is controll$ by ! left h&1 ! "r rema9+ /ation>y4 7#ga7 #ghc4 ,aft] "s ex]cise 9 engage1 engage left1 & c\nt]1 ex]cises w be giv5 9 ! assaults4 7#gb7 ,,assaults #ghd4 ,! "p ( ! body to be attack$ w be designat$ by "n z head1 neck1 *e/1 /oma*1 legs4 ,no attacks w be made bel[ ! knees4 ,! comm&s are giv5 & ! movem5ts = ea* l9e are fir/ expla9$ ?or\ghly by ! in/ructor2 ! execution beg9s at ! comm& assault4 ,numb] "o executes ! attack1 & numb] two p>ries2 conv]sely1 at comm&1 numb] two attacks & numb] "o p>ries4 7#gc7 #ghe4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 in/ruction assaults are divid$ into simple attacks1 c\nt]-attacks1 attack on ! rifle1 & fe9ts4 7#gd7 ,,simple ,,attacks #ghf4 ,success 9 ^! attacks dep5ds on quickness ( movem5t4 ,!re are ?ree simple attacks--! /raight1 ! dis5gagem5t1 & ! c\nt] dis5gagem5t4 ,!y are n prec$$ by a fe9t4 7#ge7 #ghg4 ,9 ! /raight ! bayonet is direct$ /raight at an op5+ f ! engag$ position4 ,contact ) ! oppon5t's rifle may1 or may n1 be ab&on$ :ile mak+ x4 ,if ! op5+ be high or l[1 contact ) ! rifle w usually be ab&on$ on comm5c+ ! attack4 ,if ! op5+ be ne> 8 gu>d1 ! light pressure us$ 9 ! engage may be cont9u$ 9 ! attack4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage "r1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 at neck 7head1 *e/1 "r leg1 etc471 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry "r2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#gf7 #ghh4 ,9 ! dis5gagem5t contact ) ! oppon5t's rifle is ab&on$ & ! po9t ( ! bayonet is circl$ "u or ov] 8 bayonet or rifle & direct$ into ! op5+ attack$4 ,?is attack is deliv]$ by "o cont9u\s spiral movem5t ( ! bayonet f ! mom5t contact is ab&on$4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage "r1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 at /oma* 7left *e/1 left leg1 etc471 ?ru/1 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry left 7etc472 #c4 ,,assault4 7#gg7 #ghi4 ,9 ! c\nt] dis5gagem5t a swift attack is made into ! op5+ disclos$ :ile ! oppon5t is attempt+ to *ange ! engagem5t ( 8 rifle4 ,x is deliv]$ by "o cont9u\s spiral movem5t ( ! bayonet into ! op5+4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage "r1 #a4 ,numb] two1 engage left2 #b4 ,numb] "o1 at *e/1 ?ru/2 #c4 ,numb] two1 p>ry left2 #d4 ,,assault4 ,numb] two initiates ! movem5t1 numb] "o ?ru/s z soon z ! op5+ is made1 & numb] two !n attempts to p>ry4 7#gh7 #gij4 ,a c\nt]-attack or return is "o made in/antly aft] or 9 cont9uation ( a p>ry4 ,! p>ry %\ld be z n>r[ z possible4 ,?is makes x m difficult = ! oppon5t to recov] & c\nt] p>ry4 ,! c\nt]-attack %\ld also be made at1 or j be=e1 ! full ext5sion ( ! oppon5t's attack1 z :5 x is s made1 a simple ext5sion ( ! arms w g5]ally be suffici5t to rea* ! oppon5t's body4 ,example3 ,be+ at engage1 #a4 ,numb] two1 at *e/1 lunge2 #b4 ,numb] "o1 p>ry "r1 & at /oma* 7*e/1 head1 etc471 ?ru/2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#gi7 ,,attacks ,,on ,,! ,,rifle #gia4 ,^! movem5ts are made = ! purpose ( =c+ or disclos+ an op5+ into :i* an attack c be made4 ,!y are ! press1 ! beat1 & ! twi/4 7#hj7 #gib4 ,9 ! press ! attack quickly presses aga9/ ! oppon5t's bayonet or rifle ) 8 own & cont9ues ! pressure z ! attack is deliv]$4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 press1 & at *e/1 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry "r2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#ha7 #gic4 ,! attack by dis5gagem5t is p>ticul>ly effective foll[+ ! press4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 press1 & at /oma*1 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 l[ p>ry left2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#hb7 #gid4 ,! beat is an attack 9 :i* a %>p bl[ /ruck aga9/ ! oppon5t's rifle = ! purpose ( =c+ him to expose an op5+ into :i* an attack imm$iately foll[s4 ,x is us$ :5 !re is b slight opposition or no contact ( rifles4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 beat & at /oma* 7*e/1 etc471 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry left2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#hc7 #gie4 ,9 ! twi/ ! rifle is cross$ ov] ! oppon5t's rifle or bayonet & 8 bayonet =c$ d[nw>d ) a circul> motion & a /raight attack made into ! op5+4 ,x requires sup]ior /r5g? on ! "p ( ! attack4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 twi/1 & at /oma*1 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 l[ p>ry1 left2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#hd7 ,,fe9ts #gif4 ,fe9ts are movem5ts :i* ?reat5 or simulate attacks & are made ) a view to induc+ an op5+ or p>ry t exposes ! desir$ po9t ( attack4 ,!y are ei!r s+le or d\ble1 accord+ to ! numb] ( su* movem5ts made by ! attack4 7#he7 #gig4 ,9 ord] t ! attack may be *ang$ quickly1 z little =ce z possible is put into a fe9t4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 fe9t head ?ru/ at /oma*1 lunge2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry "r & l[ p>ry "r2 #c4 ,,assault4 ,numb] "o executes ! fe9t & !n ! attack4 ,numb] two executes bo? p>ries4 7#hf7 #gih4 ,9 d\ble fe9ts fir/ "o "p ( ! body & !n ano!r is ?reat5$ & a ?ird attack$4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 fe9t /raight ?ru/ at *e/2 dis5gagem5t at *e/2 at /oma*1 lunge2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry "r1 p>ry left1 & l[ p>ry left2 #c4 ,,assault4 7#hg7 #gii4 ,an op5+ may be (f]$ or procur$ by opposition1 z 9 ! press or beat4 7#hh7 #hjj4 ,9 f5c+ ex]cises e fe9t %\ld at fir/ be p>ri$4 ,:5 ! def5se is able to judge or div9e ! "* ( ! attack ! fe9t is n necess>ily p>ri$1 b may be nullifi$ by a c\nt] fe9t4 7#hi7 #hja4 ,a c\nt] fe9t is a fe9t foll[+ ! oppon5t's fe9t or foll[+ a p>ry ( 8 attack & g5]ally occurs 9 comb9$ movem5ts4 7#ij7 ,,comb9$ ,,movem5ts #hjb4 ,:5 ! m5 h become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! v>i\s foot movem5ts1 p>ries1 gu>ds1 attacks1 fe9ts1 etc41 ! in/ructor comb9es sev]al ( !m & gives ! comm&s 9 quick succession1 increas+ ! rapidity & numb] ( movem5ts z ! m5 become m skillful4 ,oppon5ts w be *ang$ frequ5tly4 #a4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 by dis5gagem5t at *e/1 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry left1 "r /ep 7left foot fir/71 & lunge2 #c4 ,,assault4 #b4 ,example3 ,be+ at engage left1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 press & lunge2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry "r1 left /ep1 & ?ru/2 #c4 ,,assault4 #c4 ,example3 ,be+ at ! engage1 #a4 ,numb] "o1 by dis5gagem5t at *e/1 ?ru/2 #b4 ,numb] two1 p>ry left1 front pass1 & at head butt /rike2 #c4 ,numb] "o1 "r /ep2 #d4 ,,assault4 7#ia7 #hjc4 ,examples #a & #b are typical ( movem5ts kn[n z cross c\nt]s1 & example ,no4 #c ( movem5ts kn[n z close c\nt]s4 7#ib7 #hjd4 ,a *anc]y is an attack by means ( :i* ! oppon5t is dis>m$1 :i* causes him to lose control ( 8 rifle1 or :i* disables 8 weapon4 7#ic7 #hje4 ,:5 ! diff]5t comb9ations are execut$ ) suffici5t skill ! in/ructor w devise s]ies ( movem5ts to be memoriz$ & execut$ at ! comm& assault4 ,! accuracy & cel]ity ( ! movem5ts w be c>efully wat*$ by ! in/ructor1 ) a view to ! correction ( faulty execution4 7#id7 #hjf4 ,x is n int5d$ to re/rict ! numb] ( movem5ts1 b to leave to ! discretion ( company comm&]s & ! +5uity ( in/ructors ! selection ( su* o!r ex]cises z accord ) ! object ( ! drill4 7#ie7 ,,vii4 ,,f5c+ ,,at ,,w #hjg4 ,z satisfactory progress is made ! in/ructor w proce$ to ! ex]cises at w1 by :i* is meant assaults betwe5 two m51 ea* endeavor+ to hit ! o!r & to avoid be+ hit himself4 ,f5c+ at w %\ld n be all[$ to deg5]ate into r&om attacks & def5ses4 7#if7 #hjh4 ,! in/ructor c sup]vise b "o pair ( combatants at a "t4 ,frequ5t *anges %\ld be made s t ! m5 may le>n diff]5t me?ods ( attack & def5se f ea* o!r4 7#ig7 #hji4 ,! conte/ %\ld beg9 ) simple1 c>eful movem5ts1 ) a view to =m+ a correct op9ion ( ! adv]s>y2 aft]w>ds ev]y?+ w dep5d on coolness1 rapid & correct execution ( ! movem5ts & quick p]ception ( ! adv]s>y's int5tions4 7#ih7 #haj4 ,cont9ual retreat f ! adv]s>y's attack & frequ5t dodg+ to escape attacks %\ld be avoid$4 ,! (f5sive %\ld be cont9ually enc\rag$4 7#ii7 #haa4 ,9 f5c+ at w1 :5 no comm&s are giv51 oppon5ts fac+ ea* o!r at ! position ( ord] arms1 salute4 ,!y !n imm$iately & simultane\sly assume ! position ( gu>d1 rifles engag$4 ,nei!r man may take ! position ( gu>d be=e 8 oppon5t has complet$ 8 salute4 ,! *oice ( position is decid$ be=e ! salute4 7#ajj7 #hab4 ,! oppon5ts be+ ab\t two paces ap>t & ! f5c+ salute hav+ be5 r5d]$1 ! in/ructor comm&s1 #a4 ,at w1 #b4 ,,assault1 aft] :i* ei!r p>ty has ! "r to attack4 ,to int]rupt ! conte/ ! in/ructor w comm& ,,halt1 at :i* ! combatants w imm$iately come to ! ord]4 ,to t]m9ate ! conte/ ! in/ructor w comm&1 #a4 ,halt1 #b4 ,,salute1 at :i* ! combatants w imm$iately come to ! ord]1 salute1 & remove _! masks4 7#aja7 #hac4 ,:5 m5 h acquir$ confid5ce 9 f5c+ at w1 "o oppon5t %\ld be requir$ to advance ^u ! o!r 9 quick "t at *>ge bayonet1 f a di/ance n to exce$ #aj y>ds1 & deliv] an attack4 ,z soon z a hit is made by ei!r oppon5t ! in/ructor comm&s1 ,,halt1 & ! assault t]m9ates4 ,oppon5ts alt]nate 9 assault+4 ,! assailant is likewise requir$ to advance at d\ble "t f a di/ance n exce$+ #bj y>ds & at a run f a di/ance n exce$+ #cj y>ds4 7#ajb7 #had4 ,! in/ructor w closely obs]ve ! conte/ & decide d\btful po9ts4 ,he w at once /op ! conte/ ^u ! slighte/ indication ( temp]4 ,aft] conclusion ( ! combat he w comm5t on ! action ( bo? p>ties1 po9t out errors & defici5cies & expla9 h[ !y may be avoid$ 9 ! future4 7#ajc7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac #hae4 ,z additional in/ruction1 ! m5 may be p]mitt$ to wield ! rifle left h&$1 t is on ! left side ( ! body1 left h& at ! small ( ! /ock4 ,_m m5 w be able to use ?is me?od to advantage4 ,x is also ( value 9 case ! left h& is w\nd$4 7#ajd7 #haf4 ,aft] m5 h f5c$ 9 pairs1 practice %\ld be giv5 9 f5c+ betwe5 gr\ps1 equally & unequally divid$4 ,:5 practicable1 intr5*m5ts w be us$ 9 f5c+ ( ?is "*4 ,9 gr\p f5c+ x w be necess>y to h a suffici5t numb] ( umpires to decide hits4 ,an individual receiv+ a hit is )drawn at once f ! b\t1 :i* is decid$ 9 favor ( ! gr\p hav+ ! num]ical sup]iority at ! end4 ,! f5c+ salute is n requir$ 9 gr\p f5c+4 7#aje7 ,,rules ,,= ,,f5c+ ,,at ,,w #hag4 #a4 ,hits on ! legs bel[ ! knees w n be c\nt$4 ,no hit c\nts unless1 9 ! op9ion ( ! in/ructor1 x has suffici5t =ce to disable4 #b4 ,^u receiv+ a hit1 call out hit4 #c4 ,aft] receiv+ a fair hit a c\nt]-attack is n p]mitt$4 ,a position ( engage is tak54 #d4 ,a second or ?ird hit 9 a comb9$ attack w be c\nt$ only :5 ! fir/ hit 0 n call$4 #e4 ,:5 x is necess>y to /op ! conte/--= example1 because ( break+ ( weapons or displacem5t ( means ( protection--take ! position ( ! ord]4 #f4 ,:5 x is necess>y to susp5d ! assault = any cause1 x w n be resum$ until ! adv]s>y is ready & 9 condition to def5d himself4 #g4 ,attacks direct$ at ! crot* are prohibit$ 9 f5c+4 #h4 ,/epp+ out ( b\nds1 :5 e/abli%$1 c\nts z a hit4 7#ajf7 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,f5c+ ,,at ,,w #hah4 ,:5 engag+ 9 an assault1 fir/ /udy ! adv]s>y's position & proce$ by false attacks1 execut$ ) spe$1 to discov]1 if possible1 8 in/9ctive p>ries4 ,9 ord] to draw ! adv]s>y out & induce him to expose t "p ( ! body at :i* ! attack is to be made1 x is advisable to simulate an attack by a fe9t & !n make ! real attack4 7#ajg7 #hai4 ,return attacks %\ld be frequ5tly practic$1 z !y are difficult to p>ry1 & ! oppon5t is )9 easi] rea* & m expos$4 ,! return c be made a cont9uation ( ! p>ry1 z !re is no previ\s w>n+ ( its deliv]y1 al?\gh x %\ld always be expect$4 ,returns are made )\t lung+ if ! adv]s>y c be rea*$ by ?ru/s or cuts4 7#ajh7 #hbj4 ,endeavor to ov]come ! t5d5cy to make a return )\t kn[+ :]e x w hit4 ,mak+ returns bl9dly is a bad habit & leads to in/9ctive returns--t is1 habitual returns ) c]ta9 attacks f c]ta9 p>ries--a fault :i* ! skill$ oppon5t w soon discov]4 7#aji7 #hba4 ,d n draw ! rifle back prep>atory to ?ru/+ & lung+ 7#aaj7 #hbb4 ,! purpose ( f5c+ at w is to tea* ! soldi] z _m =ms ( simple1 effective attacks & def5ses z possible4 ,complicat$ & intricate movem5ts %\ld n be attempt$4 7#aaa7 ,,h9ts ,,= ,,in/ructors #hbc4 ,! influ5ce ( ! in/ructor is great4 ,he mu/ be ma/] ( 8 weapon1 n only to %[ ! v>i\s movem5ts1 b also to lead 9 ! ex]cises at w4 ,he %\ld /imulate ! zeal ( ! m5 & ar\se pleasure 9 ! "w4 ,(fic]s %\ld qualify !mselves z in/ructors by f5c+ ) ea* o!r4 7#aab7 ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,european ,,w> #hbd4 ,modification ( our sy/em ( bayonet combat sugge/$4 ,! above gives1 9 toto1 ! sy/em ( bayonet ex]cises & combat at pres5t prescrib$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,manual ( ! ,bayonet4 ,h[ev]1 ! use ( ! bayonet 9 ! pres5t ,european w>1 :i* has giv5 t weapon an importance & prom95ce h]et(ore unhe>d (1 sugge/s1 z indicat$ bel[1 c]ta9 modifications ( our sy/em4 7a7 ,attack n to be direct$ aga9/ *e/4 ,! attack %\ld be direct$ at ! adv]s>y's neck or /oma*1 & n aga9/ 8 *e/2 =1 if ! bayonet is driv5 into ! *e/1 !re w probably be difficulty 9 )draw+ x1 & :ile y\r bayonet is be+ s held1 imb$d$ 9 y\r adv]s>y's *e/1 y are at ! m]cy ( any o!r enemy soldi] free to /rike y4 7b7 ,melee on p>apet4 ,:5 ! fir/ wave ( an attack+ l9e rea*es ! enemy's tr5*1 x is usually met outside ! tr5*1 ! melee tak+ place on ! p>apet1 & =tunate is ! man :o is skill$ 9 h&l+ 8 bayonet4 ,su* a man has a mu* great] *ance to live ?r\gh ! melee ?an ! "o :o is n skillful 9 us+ 8 bayonet4 ,9 ! excitem5t & confusion ( ?is melee ! greate/ possible c>e mu/ be tak5 n to /ab "s ( y\r own m5 9 ! back4 7c7 ,position ( feet4 ,! ,briti% h be5 tea*+ _! m5 to keep bo? feet po9t+ t[>d ! enemy in/ead ( hav+ ! "r foot turn$ to ! "r1 z 9 our sy/em4 ,note ! position ( ! feet 9 ,figs4 #ae-ah4 7d7 ,! ,%ort po9t 7or ,%ort ?ru/7 & ! ,jab4 ,!re are two attacks us$ by ,european troops :i* we might le>n ) pr(it4 ,!y are ! ,%ort po9t 7or ,%ort ?ru/7 & ! ,jab4 ,,position ,,( ,,gu>d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad 7e7 ,! %ort po9t 7or %ort ?ru/74 ,! %ort po9t 7or %ort ?ru/7 is tak5 f ! position ( gu>d 7,fig4 #ad71 by slipp+ ! left h& up to ! grip ( ! bayonet1 grasp+ x & ! b>rel1 z %[n 9 ?is figure3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,! rifle is !n drawn back to ! fulle/ ext5t ( ! "r arm1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af & a vigor\s ?ru/ is made at ! objective 7,fig4 #ae71 imm$iately aft] :i* ! bayonet is )drawn vigor\sly1 ! left h& relax$ & ! position ( gu>d 7,fig4 #ad7 is resum$ by pu%+ ! rifle sm>tly =w>d until ! left h& is 9 its prop] place4 ,x %\ld be practic$ on s& bags or o!r t>gets 9 positions at ! height ( ! rifle1 above x & bel[ x4 7f7 ,! jab4 ,! jab is tak5 f ! fir/ position ( ! ,%ort po9t 7,fig4 #ae71 by slipp+ ! "r h& up to ! left z ! rifle is drawn back to make ! ,%ort ?ru/ 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,!n make a vigor\s upw>d ?ru/ 7,fig4 #ah7 :i* %\ld be aim$ at ! adv]s>y's ?roat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,?is may be practic$ comb9$ ) ! %ort ?ru/ or ! ord9>y ?ru/4 ,x may also be practic$ ) a run t[>d ! t>get4 ,x is a useful attack at close qu>t]s4 7g7 ,! butt4 ,! rifle butt is us$ ) great effect at close qu>t]s1 ! bl[s be+ direct$ aga9/ an adv]s>y's jaw or 9 ! region ( ! he>t4 7h7 ,tripp+ adv]s>y4 ,! m5 are taught h[ to trip up an enemy & h[ to use _! knees 9 ?r[+ _! oppon5ts (f _! balance4 7i7 ,)draw+ ! bayonet4 ,aft] driv+ ! bayonet into an oppon5t1 !n ! fir/ consid]ation is to get x out ( 8 body4 ,?is may be done by slipp+ ! left h& up to ! bayonet grip & ex]t+ a vigor\s pull1 :i* is imm$iately foll[$ by a return to ! position ( gu>d4 7j7 ,po9ts 9 tra9+4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( tra9+1 special att5tion is paid to a firm grip & prop] h&l+ ( arms2 !n ! greate/ att5tion is giv5 to direction :5 ?ru/+1 lung+1 & p>ry+4 ,until ^! ess5tials h be5 ?or\ghly ma/]$1 quickness %\ld n be insi/$ ^u4 ,confid5ce comes aft] cont9u$ practice1 & quickness & vigor w come ) confid5ce4 ,aft] ! m5 are taught to make all ! attacks z individuals !y %\ld be giv5 practice 9 !m z gr\ps4 ,s&bags ) discs m>k$ on !m to provide t>gets are us$ 9 in/ruct+ ! ,briti% armies4 ,^! bags are susp5d$ f trees or tre/les1 or are put into tr5*es or pits1 & are also plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,an excell5t s*eme is us$ 9 tea*+ ! m5 :at ! %ock ( a *>ge is l4 ,! m5 are divid$ into two or m gr\ps & are equipp$ ) f5c+ outfits4 ,"o gr\p is designat$ z ! def5se & is plac$ 9 tr5*es4 ,! o!r gr\ps are ! attack]s4 ,!y may be s5t =w>d 9 waves or 9 "o l9e4 ,to make _! advance m reali/ic !y h to get ov] or ar\nd ob/acles4 ,to take 9 all phases ! attack]s are made /rong] ?an ! def5se & ! def5se retires--:]eupon ! attack]s endeavor to disable !m by ?ru/+ at ! kidneys4 ,likewise ! def5se is made /rong en\gh to drive (f ! (f5se4 ,9 ! *>ge ! m5 are taught to run at ! ,high ,port 7! rifle is held z 9 ,port arms1 b is c>ri$ well above ! head74 ,! rifle is br\ght d[n to gu>d j be=e ! enemy is met4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,septemb] #ae1 #aiag ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations1 #aiaa4 ,p>agraphs #abj1 #adc1 #adf1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aid1 #fdf1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 #aiaa1 apply only to troops arm$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates rifle1 ,model #aijc4 ,= troops arm$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates rifle1 ,model #aiag 7,enfield71 ! alt]native p>agraphs publi%$ h]e) w gov]n4 ,by ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 #abj4 ,! foll[+ rules gov]n ! c>ry+ ( ! piece3 ,fir/4 ,! piece is n c>ri$ ) c>tridges 9 ei!r ! *amb] or ! magaz9e except :5 especially ord]$4 ,:5 s load$1 or suppos$ to be load$1 x is habitually c>ri$ lock$2 t is1 ) safety lock turn$ to ! ,safe4 ,at all o!r times x is c>ri$ unlock$1 ) ! trigg] pull$4 ,second4 ,:5ev] troops are =m$ "u arms1 pieces are imm$iately inspect$ at ! comm&s3 #a4 ,,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,,ord] 7,"r %\ld] port71 #d4 ,,arms4 ,a simil> inspection is made imm$iately be=e dismissal4 ,if c>tridges are f\nd 9 ! *amb] or magaz9e !y are remov$ & plac$ 9 ! belt4 ,?ird4 ,! bayonet is n fix$ except 9 bayonet ex]cise1 on gu>d1 or = combat4 ,f\r?4 ,fall 9 is execut$ ) ! piece at ! ord] arms4 ,fall out1 re/1 & at ease are execut$ z )\t arms4 ,on resum+ att5tion ! position ( ord] arms is tak54 ,fif?4 ,if at ! ord]1 unless o!rwise prescrib$1 ! piece is br\ght to ! "r %\ld]1 at ! comm& ,,m>*1 ! ?ree motions correspond+ ) ! fir/ ?ree /eps4 ,movem5ts may be execut$ at ! trail by prefac+ ! prep>atory comm& ) ! words at trail2 z #a4 ,,at ,,trail1 ,,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,! trail is tak5 at ! comm& ,,m>*4 ,:5 ! fac+s1 alignm5ts1 op5 & close ranks1 tak+ int]val or di/ance1 & assembl+s are execut$ f ! ord]1 raise ! piece to ! trail :ile 9 motion & resume ! ord] on halt+4 ,six?4 ,! piece is br\ght to ! ord] on halt+4 ,! execution ( ! ord] beg9s :5 ! halt is complet$4 ,sev5?4 ,a dis5gag$ h& 9 d\ble "t is held z :5 )\t arms4 #adc4 ,be+ at ord] arms3 #a4 ,,unfix1 #b4 ,,bayonet4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! belt3 ,execute p>ade re/2 grasp ! h&le ( ! bayonet firmly ) ! "r h&1 press+ ! spr+ ) ! =ef+] ( ! left h&2 raise ! bayonet until ! h&le is ab\t #ab in*es above ! muzzle ( ! piece2 ! po9t to ! left1 back ( ! h& t[>d ! body1 & glanc+ at ! scabb>d1 return ! bayonet1 ! blade pass+ betwe5 ! left arm & ! body2 regrasp ! piece ) ! "r h& & resume ! ord]4 ,if ! bayonet scabb>d is c>ri$ on ! hav]sack3 ,take ! bayonet f ! rifle ) ! left h& & return x to ! scabb>d 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann]4 ,if m>*+ or ly+ d[n1 ! bayonet is fix$ & unfix$ 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s & conv5i5t mann] & ! piece return$ to ! orig9al position4 ,fix & unfix bayonet are execut$ ) promptness & regul>ity1 b n 9 cad5ce4 #adf4 ,be+ at inspection arms3 #a4 ,,ord] 7,"r %\ld]1 port71 #b4 ,,arms4 ,at ! prep>atory comm& press ! foll[] d[n ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 !n pu% ! bolt =w>d j en\gh to engage ! foll[]1 raise ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 pu% ! bolt =w>d1 turn ! h&le d[n1 pull ! trigg]1 & resume port arms4 ,at ! comm& ,,arms1 complete ! movem5t ord]$4 ,to ,load #ahe4 ,be+ 9 l9e or skirmi% l9e at halt3 #a4 ,,) ,,dummy 7,blank or ball7 ,,c>tridges1 #b4 ,,load4 ,at ! comm& load ea* front rank man or skirmi%] faces half "r & c>ries ! "r foot to ! "r1 ab\t #a foot1 to su* a position z w insure ! greate/ firmness & /ead9ess ( ! body2 raises or l[]s ! piece & drops x into ! left h& at ! balance1 left ?umb ext5d$ along ! /ock & muzzle at ! height ( ! brea/4 ,) ! "r h& he turns & draws ! bolt back1 takes a load$ clip & ins]ts ! end 9 ! clip slots1 places ! ?umb on ! p[d] space at ! top c>tridge1 ! f+]s ext5d+ ar\nd ! piece & tips re/+ on ! magaz9e floor plate2 =ces ! c>tridges into ! magaz9e by press+ d[n ) ! ?umb2 )\t remov+ ! clip1 ?ru/s ! bolt home1 turn+ d[n ! h&le2 turns ! safety lock to ! ,safe & c>ries ! h& to ! small ( ! /ock4 ,ea* re> rank man moves to ! "r front1 takes a simil> position opposite ! int]val to ! "r ( 8 front rank man1 muzzle ( ! piece ext5d+ beyond ! front rank1 & loads4 ,a skirmi% l9e may load :ile mov+1 ! pieces be+ held z ne>ly z practicable 9 ! position ( load4 ,if kneel+ or sitt+1 ! position ( ! piece is simil>2 if kneel+1 ! left =e>m re/s on ! left ?igh2 if sitt+1 ! elb[s are support$ by ! knees4 ,if ly+ d[n1 ! left h& /eadies & supports ! piece at ! balance1 ! toe ( ! butt re/+ on ! gr\nd1 ! muzzle (f ! gr\nd4 ,= ref]5ce1 ^! positions 7/&+1 kneel+1 & ly+ d[n7 are designat$ z t ( load4 #ahf4 ,= purposes ( simulat+ fir+1 #a4 ,,simulate1 #b4 ,,load1 raise ! bolt h&le z 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 draw ! bolt back until ! cock+ piece engages1 !n close ! bolt1 & turn ! bolt h&le d[n4 ,! recruits are fir/ taught to simulate load+ & fir+2 aft] a few lessons dummy c>tridges are us$4 ,lat]1 blank c>tridges may be us$4 ,omit la/ p>agraph4 #ahg4 ,unload3 ,take ! position ( load1 turn ! safety lock up & move ! bolt alt]nately backw>d & =w>d until all ! c>tridges are eject$4 ,aft] ! la/ c>tridge is eject$ ! *amb] is clos$ by press+ ! foll[] d[n ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 to engage x "u ! bolt1 & !n ?ru/+ ! bolt home4 ,! trigg] is pull$4 ,! c>tridges are !n pick$ up1 clean$1 & return$ to ! belt & ! piece is br\ght to ! ord]4 #ahi4 ,la/ p>agraph4 ,to cont9ue ! fir+3 #a4 ,,aim1 #b4 ,,squad1 #c4 ,,fire4 ,ea* comm& is execut$ z previ\sly expla9$4 ,load is execut$ by draw+ back & ?ru/+ home ! bolt ) ! "r h&1 leav+ ! safety lock at ! ,ready4 #aid4 ,cease fir+3 ,fir+ /ops2 pieces are load$ & lock$2 ! sights are laid d[n & ! piece is br\ght to ! ord]4 ,cease fir+ is us$ = long pauses to prep>e = *anges ( position or to /eady ! m54 ,company ,inspection #fdf4 ,be+ 9 l9e at halt3 #a4 ,,op5 ,,ranks1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! front rank executes "r dress2 ! re> rank & ! file clos]s m>* backw>d #d /eps1 halt1 & execute "r dress2 ! lieut5ants pass ar\nd _! respective flanks & take po/1 fac+ to ! front1 #c paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( _! respective platoons4 ,! capta9 aligns ! front rank1 re> rank1 & file clos]s1 takes po/ #c paces 9 front ( ! "r guide1 fac+ to ! left & comm&s3 #a4 ,,front1 #b4 ,,prep>e ,,= ,,inspection4 ,at ! second comm& ! lieut5ants c>ry sab]2 ! capta9 returns sab] & inspects !m1 aft] :i* !y face ab\t1 ord] sab]1 & /& at ease2 ^u ! completion ( ! inspection !y c>ry sab]1 face ab\t1 & ord] sab]4 ,! capta9 may direct ! lieut5ants to accompany or assi/ him1 9 :i* case !y return sab] &1 at ! close ( ! inspection1 resume _! po/s 9 front ( ! company1 draw & c>ry sab]4 ,hav+ inspect$ ! lieut5ants1 ! capta9 proce$s to ! "r ( ! company4 ,ea* man1 z ! capta9 approa*es him executes inspection arms4 ,! capta9 takes ! piece1 grasp+ x ) 8 "r h& j bel[ ! l[] b&1 ! man dropp+ 8 h&s2 ! capta9 inspects ! piece1 &1 ) ! h& & piece 9 ! same position z 9 receiv+ x1 h&s x back to ! man1 :o takes x ) ! left h& at ! balance & executes ord] arms4 ,z ! capta9 returns ! piece ! next man executes inspection arms1 & s on ?r\gh ! company4 ,%\ld ! piece be inspect$ )\t h&l+1 ea* man executes ord] arms z soon z ! capta9 passes to ! next man4 ,! inspection is f "r to left 9 front1 & f left to "r 9 re> ( ea* rank & ( ! l9e ( file clos]s4 ,:5 approa*$ by ! capta9 ! fir/ s]geant executes inspection sab]4 ,enli/$ m5 arm$ ) ! pi/ol execute inspection pi/ol by draw+ ! pi/ol f ! hol/] & hold+ x diagonally across ! body1 b>rel up1 & #f in*es 9 front ( ! neck1 muzzle po9t+ up & to ! left4 ,! pi/ol is return$ to ! hol/] z soon z ! capta9 passes4 ,^u completion ( ! inspection ! capta9 takes po/ fac+ to ! left 9 front ( ! "r guide & on l9e ) ! lieut5ants & comm&s3 #a4 ,,close ,,ranks1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>* ! lieut5ants resume _! po/s 9 l9e2 ! re> rank closes to #dj in*es1 ea* man cov]+ 8 file lead]2 ! file clos]s close to #b paces f ! re> rank4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,manual ,,( ,,physical ,,tra9+ 7,,extracts7 ,,me?ods #hbe4 ,9 ! employm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( physical tra9+ x is necess>y t well-def9$ me?ods %\ld be introduc$ 9 ord] t ! object ( ?is tra9+ may be atta9$ 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh & sy/ematic mann]4 ,:5ev] x is possible ?is "w %\ld be conduct$ out ( doors4 ,9 plann+ ^! me?ods ! foll[+ factors mu/ be consid]$3 7a7 ,! condition & physical aptitude ( ! m54 7b7 ,! facilities4 7c7 ,! "t4 ,! "q ( ! physical aptitude & g5]al condition1 etc41 ( ! m5 is a v important "o1 & x %\ld always det]m9e ! nature & ext5t ( ! task expect$ ( !m2 nev] %\ld ! "w be made ! det]m9+ factor4 ,9 g5]al1 x is advisable to divide ! m5 into ?ree classes1 viz41 ! recruit class1 ! int]m$iate class1 & ! advanc$ class4 ,! "w = ea* class %\ld fit ! capabilities ( ! memb]s ( t class & 9 e class x %\ld be arrang$ progressively4 ,facilities are necess>ily to be consid]$ 9 any plan ( in/ruction1 b z mo/ po/s are n[ equipp$ ) bett] ?an av]age facilities ! plan laid d[n 9 ?is ,manual w answ] all purposes4 ,"t is a decid$ly important factor1 & no plan c be made unless ^? 9 *>ge ( ?is "w "k exactly h[ mu* "t !y h at _! disposal4 ,dur+ ! susp5sion ( drills five p]iods a week1 ea* ( #de m9utes duration1 %\ld be devot$ to physical tra9+2 dur+ ! drill p]iod a #ae-m9ute drill 9 sett+-up ex]cises %\ld be ord]$ on drill days4 ,! "t ( day1 too1 is important4 ,:5 possible1 ^! drills %\ld be held 9 ! morn+ ab\t two h\rs aft] breakfa/1 & at no "t %\ld !y be held imm$iately be=e or aft] a meal4 ,insi/ ^u accurate & precise execution ( e movem5t4 ,by do+ s ^? o!r ess5tial qualities1 besides /r5g? & endurance--activity1 agility1 gracefulness1 & accuracy--w also be develop$4 ,ex]cises :i* require activity & agility1 r ?an ^? t require /r5g? only1 %\ld be select$4 ,x %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ^! ex]cises are ! means & n ! end2 & if !re be a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! in/ructor z to ! effect ( an ex]cise1 x is always well to err ^u ! side ( safety4 ,und]do+ is rectifiable2 ov]do+ is (t5 n4 ,! object ( ?is "w is n ! developm5t ( exp]t gymna/s1 b ! developm5t ( physically s\nd m5 by means ( a sy/em 9 :i* ! *ances ( bodily injury are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,:5 individuals %[ a special aptitude = gymna/ics !y may be enc\rag$1 )9 limits1 to improve ?is ability1 b nev] at ! exp5se ( _! fell[s4 ,! drill %\ld be made z attractive z possible1 & ?is c be/ be accompli%$ by employ+ ! m9d z well z ! body4 ,! movem5ts %\ld be z v>i$ z possible1 ?us con/antly (f]+ ! m5 some?+ new to make !m keep _! m9ds on _! "w4 ,a movem5t _m times repeat$ pres5ts no attraction & is execut$ 9 a purely me*anical mann]1 :i* %\ld always be disc\nt5anc$4 ,%ort & frequ5t drills %\ld be giv5 9 pref]5ce to long ones1 :i* are liable to exhau/ all conc]n$1 & exhau/ion means lack ( int]e/ & b5efit4 ,all movem5ts %\ld be c>efully expla9$1 &1 if necess>y1 illu/rat$ by ! in/ructor4 ,! lesson %\ld beg9 ) ! less viol5t ex]cises1 gradually work+ up to ^? t are m s1 !n gradually work+ back to ! simpl] ones1 s t ! m5 at ! close ( ! drill w be 9 z ne>ly a normal condition z possible4 ,:5 "o portion ( ! body is be+ ex]cis$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! o!r p>ts rema9 quiet z f> z ! con=mation ( ! body w all[4 ,! m5 mu/ le>n to ex]cise any "o "p ( ! body indep5d5t ( ! o!r "p4 ,ev]y?+ 9 connection ) physical tra9+ %\ld be su* t ! m5 look =w>d to x ) pleasure1 n ) dread1 = ! m9d ex]ts m influ5ce ov] ! human body ?an all ! gymna/ic p>aph]nalia t 0 ev] inv5t$4 ,ex]cise %\ld be c>ri$ on z mu* z possible 9 ! op5 air2 at all times 9 pure1 dry air4 ,nev] ex]cise ! m5 to ! po9t ( exhau/ion4 ,if !re is evid5ce ( pant+1 fa9tness1 fatigue1 or pa91 ! ex]cise %\ld be /opp$ at once1 = x is nature's way ( say+ too mu*4 ,by con/ant practice ! m5 %\ld le>n to brea! sl[ly ?r\gh ! no/rils dur+ all ex]cises1 especially runn+4 ,a fundam5tal condition ( ex]cise is unimp$$ respiration4 ,prop] brea?+ %\ld always be insi/$ ^u2 hold+ ! brea? & brea?+ only :5 x c no long] be held is injuri\s4 ,e ex]cise %\ld be accompani$ by an unimp$$ &1 if possible1 by an un9t]rupt$ act ( respiration1 ! inspiration & respiration ( :i* dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! nature ( ! ex]cise4 ,inhalation %\ld always accompany t "p ( an ex]cise :i* t5ds to elevate & di/5d ! ?orax--z rais+ arms ov] head lat]ally1 = in/ance2 :ile t "p ( an ex]cise :i* ex]ts a pressure aga9/ ! walls ( ! *e/ %\ld be accompani$ by exhalation1 z = example1 l[]+ arms lat]ally f %\ld]s or ov]head4 ,if aft] ex]cis+1 ! brea?+ becomes labor$ & di/ress$1 x is an unmi/akable sign t ! "w has be5 excessive4 ,su* excessiv5ess is n infrequ5tly ! cause ( s]i\s injury to ! he>t & lungs or to bo?4 ,9 cases :]e ex]cise produces palpitation1 labor$ respiration1 etc41 x is advisable to recomm5d absolute re/1 or to ord] ! execution ( su* ex]cises z w relieve ! oppress$ & ov]tax$ organ4 ,leg ex]cises sl[ly execut$ w af=d great relief4 ,by draw+ ! blood f ! upp] to ! l[] extremities !y equalize ! circulation1 !reby less5+ ! he>t's action & quiet+ ! respiration4 ,nev] ex]cise imm$iately aft] a meal2 dige/ion is m important at ?is "t ?an extrane\s ex]cise4 ,nev] eat or dr9k imm$iately aft] ex]cise2 all[ ! body to recov] its normal condition fir/1 & ! mo/ b5eficial results w foll[4 ,if necess>y1 pure wat]1 n too cold1 may be tak5 9 small quantities1 b ! ex]cise %\ld be cont9u$1 especially if 9 a /ate ( p]spiration4 ,nev]1 if at all possible1 all[ ! und]clo?+ to dry on ! body4 ,muscul> action produces an unusual am\nt ( bodily heat2 ?is %\ld be lo/ gradually1 o!rwise ! body w be *ill$2 h5ce1 aft] ex]cise1 nev] remove clo?+ to cool (f1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we> "s wrap 9 addition4 ,9 l mann]1 be well wrapp$ on leav+ ! gymnasium4 ,cold ba?s1 especially :5 ! body is heat$1 z 9 ! case aft] ex]cis+ viol5tly1 %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,9 individual in/ances su* ba?s may appe> app>5tly b5eficial1 or at lea/ n injuri\s2 9 a majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 !y c n be us$ ) impunity4 ,tepid ba?s are recomm5d$4 ,:5 impossible to ba!1 ! flannels worn :ile ex]cis+ %\ld be /ripp$ (f2 ! body spong$ ) tepid wat]1 & !n rubb$ ?or\ghly ) co>se t[els4 ,aft] su* a sponge ! body %\ld be clo!d 9 clean1 w>m clo?+4 ,flannel is ! be/ mat]ial to we> next to ! body dur+ physical drill1 z x absorbs ! p]spiration1 protects ! body aga9/ drafts &1 9 a mild mann]1 excites ! sk94 ,:5 ! conditions p]mit x ! m5 may be ex]cis$ 9 ! ord9>y a?letic co/ume1 sleeveless %irt1 flapp]s1 socks1 & gymnasium %oes4 ,,comm&s--,,sett+-,,up ,,ex]cises ,,comm&s #hbf4 ,!re are two k9ds ( comm&s3 ,! prep>atory indicates ! movem5t to be execut$4 ,! comm& ( execution causes ! execution4 ,9 ! comm&3 #a4 ,arms =w>d1 #b4 ,,raise1 ! words ,arms =w>d con/itute ! prep>atory comm&1 & ,,raise ! comm& ( execution4 ,prep>atory comm&s are pr9t$ 9 bold face1 & ^? ( execution 9 ,,capitals4 ,! tone ( comm& is animat$1 di/9ct1 & ( a l\dness proportion$ to ! numb] ( m5 = :om x is int5d$4 ,! v>i\s movem5ts compris+ an ex]cise are execut$ by comm&s &1 unless o!rwise indicat$1 ! cont9uation ( an ex]cise is c>ri$ out by repeat+ ! comm&1 :i* usually takes ! =m ( num]als ! numb]s dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( movem5ts1 t an ex]cise comprises4 ,?us1 if an ex]cise consi/s ( two movem5ts1 ! c\nts w be "o1 two2 or if x consi/s ( eight movem5ts1 ! c\nts w be correspond+ly increas$2 ?us e movem5t is designat$ by a sep>ate comm&4 ,occasionally1 especially 9 ex]cises t are to be execut$ sl[ly1 words r ?an num]als are us$1 & ^! mu/ be indicative ( ! nature ( ! v>i\s movem5ts4 ,9 ! cont9uation ( an ex]cise ! prep>atory comm& is explanatory1 ! comm& ( execution causes ! execution & ! cont9uation is caus$ by a repetition ( num]als d5ot+ ! numb] ( movem5ts requir$1 or ( words describ+ ! movem5ts if words are us$4 ,! num]als or words prec$+ ! comm& halt %\ld always be giv5 ) a ris+ inflection on ! fir/ num]al or ^w ( comm& ( ! la/ repetition ( ! ex]cise 9 ord] to prep>e ! m5 = ! comm& halt4 ,= example3 #a4 ,arms to ?ru/1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,?ru/ arms upw>d1 #d4 ,,ex]cise1 ,,"o1 ,,two1 ,,"o1 ,,two1 ,,"o1 ,,halt2 ! ris+ inflection prep>atory to ! comm& halt be+ plac$ on ! "o prec$+ ! halt4 ,ea* comm& mu/ indicate1 by its tone1 h[ t p>ticul> movem5t is to be execut$2 ?us1 if an ex]cise consi/s ( two movem5ts1 "o ( :i* is to be en]giz$1 ! comm& correspond+ to t movem5t mu/ be emphasiz$4 ,judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 giv+ comm&s1 = r>ely is ! cad5ce ( two movem5ts alike2 & a comm& %\ld n only indicate ! cad5ce ( an ex]cise1 b also ! nature ( its execution4 ,?us1 _m ( ! arm ex]cises are %ort & snappy2 h5ce ! comm& %\ld be giv5 9 a sm>t tone ( voice1 & ! int]val betwe5 ! comm&s %\ld be %ort4 ,! leg ex]cises c n be execut$ z quickly z ^? ( ! arms2 !re=e1 ! comm&s %\ld be slightly drawn out & foll[ "o ano!r 9 sl[ succession4 ,! trunk ex]cises1 ow+ to ! delib]at5ess ( execution1 %\ld be consid]ably drawn out & foll[ "o ano!r 9 sl[ succession4 ,! antagoni/ic ex]cises1 :]e "o gr\p ( muscles is made to antagonize ano!r1 t5s+ ex]cises1 ! comm&s are drawn /ill m4 ,9 ^! ex]cises words are pref]able to num]als4 ,9 fact x %\ld be ! object ( ! in/ructor to convey to ! m51 by ! mann] ( 8 comm&1 exactly ! nature ( ! ex]cise4 ,all comm&s %\ld be giv5 9 a cle> & di/9ct tone ( voice1 articulation %\ld be di/9ct1 & an ef=t %\ld be made to cultivate a voice :i* w inspire ! m5 ) en?usiasm & t5d to make !m execute ! ex]cises ) will+ness1 snap1 & precision4 ,x is n ! volume1 b ! quality1 ( ! voice :i* is necess>y to successful in/ruction4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,att5tion #hbg4 ,?is is ! position an un>m$ dism\nt$ soldi] assumes :5 9 ranks4 ,dur+ ! sett+-up ex]cises1 x is assum$ :5ev] ! comm& att5tion is giv5 by ! in/ructor4 ,hav+ all[$ 8 m5 to re/1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,figs4 ,a & ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,b ,! words class1 section1 or company may be sub/itut$ = ! ^w squad4 ,at ! comm& att5tion1 ! m5 w quickly assume & reta9 ! foll[+ position3 ,heels on same l9e & z ne> ea* o!r z ! con=mation ( ! man p]mits4 ,feet turn$ out equally & =m+ an angle ( ab\t #de degrees4 ,knees /raight )\t /iffness4 ,! body erect on ! hips1 ! sp9e ext5d$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,! %\ld]s fall+ naturally1 are =c$ back until !y are squ>e4 ,*e/ ar*$ & slightly rais$4 ,! arms hang naturally2 ?umbs along seams ( tr\s]s2 back ( h&s out & elb[s turn$ back4 ,head erect1 *9 drawn 9 s t ! axis ( ! head & neck is v]tical2 eyes /raight to ! front &1 :5 ! nature ( ! t]ra9 p]mits x1 fix$ on an object at _! own height4 ,too mu* att5tion c n be giv5 to ?is position1 & in/ructors are caution$ to insi/ t ! m5 accu/om !mselves to x4 ,z a rule1 x is s exagg]at$ t x n only becomes ridicul\s1 b positively h>mful4 ,! m5 mu/ be taught to assume a natural & graceful position1 "o f :i* all rigidity is elim9at$ & f :i* action is possible )\t fir/ relax+ muscles t h be5 con/ra9$ 9 an ef=t to ma9ta9 ! position ( att5tion4 ,9 o!r words1 coo]d9ation r ?an /r5g? %\ld be dep5d$ ^u4 ,9 ! position describ$ ! weight re/s pr9cipally ^u ! balls ( ! feet1 ! heels re/+ lightly ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! knees are ext5d$ easily1 b nev] lock$4 ,! body is n[ incl9$ =w>d until ! front ( ! ?ighs is directly ov] ! po9t ( ! toes2 ! hips are squ>e & ! wai/ is ext5d$ by ! erection ( ! entire sp9e1 b nev] to su* a degree t mobility ( ! wai/ is lo/4 ,9 ext5d+ ! sp9e1 ! *e/ is naturally ar*$ & ! abdom5 is drawn 91 b nev] to ! ext5t :]e x int]f]es ) respiration4 ,9 ext5d+ ! sp9al column1 ! %\ld]s mu/ n be rais$1 b held loosely 9 normal position & =c$ back until ! po9ts ( ! %\ld]s are at "r angles ) an ant]ior-po/]ior plane runn+ ?r\gh ! %\ld]s4 ,! *9 %\ld be squ>e2 i4 e41 horizontal & =c$ back en\gh to br+ ! neck 9 a v]tical plane2 ! eyes fix$ to ! front & ! object on :i* !y are fix$ mu/ be at _! own height :5ev] ! nature ( ! t]ra9 p]mits x4 ,:5 prop]ly assum$1 a v]tical l9e drawn f ! top ( ! head %\ld pass 9 front ( ! e>1 j 9 front ( ! %\ld] & ( ! ?igh1 & f9d its base at ! balls ( ! feet4 ,all muscles %\ld be contract$ only en\gh to ma9ta9 ?is position1 :i* at all times %\ld be a li!some "o1 t c be ma9ta9$ = a long p]iod )\t fatigue--"o t makes = activity & t is bas$ ^u a correct anatomical & physiological basis4 ,in/ructors w correct ! position ( att5tion ( e man individually & !y w asc]ta91 :5 ! position has be5 prop]ly assum$1 :e!r ! m5 are on _! toes1 i4 e41 c>ry+ ! weight on ! balls ( ! feet1 :e!r !y are able to respire prop]ly1 & :e!r !y f9d a /ra9 across ! small ( ! back1 :i* %\ld be z flat z possible4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$ until ! m5 are able to assume ! position correctly )\t re/ra9t or rigidity4 ,at ! comm& re/ or at ease ! m51 :ile c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ! drill regulations1 %\ld be caution$ to avoid assum+ any position t has a t5d5cy to nullify ! object ( ! position ( att5tion2 /&+ on leg = in/ance2 all[+ ! %\ld]s to slope =w>d2 droop+ ! head2 fold+ arms across *e/1 etc4 ,! weight %\ld always be di/ribut$ equally ^u bo? legs2 ! head1 trunk1 & %\ld]s rema9 erect & ! arms held 9 a position t does n re/rict ! *e/ or d]ange ! %\ld]s4 ,! positions illu/rat$ "h h be5 f\nd mo/ efficaci\s4 ,figs4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,d ,,=mations #hbh4 ,! m5 =m 9 a s+le or d\ble rank1 ! talle/ m5 on ! "r4 ,! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,c\nt (f4 ,at ?is comm&1 all except ! "r file execute eyes "r &1 beg9n+ on ! "r1 ! m5 9 ea* rank c\nt #a1 #b1 #c1 #d2 ea* man turns 8 head & eyes to ! front z he c\nts4 ,! in/ructor !n comm&s3 #a4 ,take di/ance1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,squad1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 ,no4 #a ( ! front rank moves /raight to ! front2 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! front & ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! re> rank 9 ! ord] nam$ move /raight to ! front1 ea* /epp+ (f1 s z to foll[ ! prec$+ man at f\r paces2 ! comm& halt is giv5 :5 all h _! di/ances4 ,if x is desir$ t a less di/ance ?an f\r paces be tak51 ! di/ance desir$ %\ld be indicat$ 9 ! prep>atory comm&4 ,! m5 ( ! squad may be caus$ to cov] ,no4 #a front rank by comm& cov]4 ,! in/ructor !n comm&s3 #a4 ,"r 7left71 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,,cov]4 ,at ^! comm&s ! m5 face 9 ! direction indicat$ & cov] 9 file4 ,to assemble ! squad ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,"r 7left71 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,assemble1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,aft] fac+ & at comm& m>*1 ,no4 #a ( ! front rank /&s fa/1 ! o!r memb]s ( bo? ranks resum+ _! orig9al positions1 or = conv5i5ce 9 ! gymnasium !y may be assembl$ to ! re>1 9 :i* case ! assemblage is made on ,no4 #d ( ! re> rank4 ,unless o!rwise indicat$1 ! guide is always "r4 ,,special ,,tra9+ #hbi4 ,9 addition to ! regul> squad or class "w in/ructors %\ld1 :5 !y notice a physical defect 9 any man1 recomm5d "s ex]cise :i* w t5d to correct x4 ,! mo/ common physical defects & correspond+ corrective ex]cises are not$ "h4 ,,droop+ ,,head #hcj4 ,ex]cise ! muscles ( ! neck by b5d+1 turn+1 & circl+ ! head1 muscles t5se4 ,,r\nd ,,& ,,/oop$ ,,%\ld]s #hca4 ,/ret* arms sidew>d f front horizontal1 turn+ palms upw>d1 muscles t5se4 ,sw+ arms =w>d & backw>d1 muscles relax$4 ,circle arms =w>d & backw>d sl[ly1 en]gize backw>d motion1 muscles t5se2 =w>d motion ) muscles relax$4 ,circle %\ld]s backw>d1 move !m =w>d fir/1 !n raise !m1 !n move !m backw>d z f> z possible 9 ! rais$ position1 muscles t5se1 & !n l[] to normal position1 muscles relax$4 ,,weak ,,back #hcb4 ,b5d trunk =w>d z f> z possible & erect x sl[ly4 ,b5d trunk =w>d1 back ar*$ & head ?r[n back4 ,b5d trunk sidew>d1 )\t mov+ hips out ( normal position1 "r & left4 ,lie on floor1 face d[n1 & raise head & %\ld]s4 ,,weak ,,abdom5 #hcc4 ,circle trunk "r or left4 ,b5d trunk backw>d or obliquely backw>d4 ,b5d head & trunk backw>d )\t mov+ hips out ( normal plane4 ,lie on floor1 face up1 & raise head & %\ld]s slightly2 or to sitt+ position or raise legs slightly2 or to a v]tical position4 ,to increase dep? & wid? ( *e/ ,arm /ret*+s1 sidew>d & upw>d1 muscles t5se4 ,same1 ) deep inhalations4 ,arm sw+s & arm circles outw>d1 away f ! body4 ,raise ext5d$ arms ov] head lat]ally & cross !m beh9d ! head4 ,brea?+ ex]cises 9 connection ) arm & %\ld] ex]cises4 ,,/>t+ ,,positions #hcd4 ,9 ne>ly all ! arm ex]cises x is necess>y to hold ! arms 9 "s fix$ position f :i* ! ex]cises c be mo/ advantage\sly execut$1 & to :i* position ! arms are aga9 return$ ^u complet+ ! ex]cise4 ,^! positions are t]m$ />t+ positions2 & ?\gh x may n be absolutely necess>y to assume "o ( !m be=e or dur+ ! employm5t ( any o!r portion ( ! body1 x is advisable to d s1 s9ce !y give to ! ex]cise a f9i%$1 uni=m1 & graceful appe>ance4 ,9 ! foll[+ positions1 at ! comm& d[n1 resume ! att5tion4 ,practice 9 assum+ ! />t+ position may be _h by repeat+ ! comm&s ( execution1 su* z raise1 d[n4 #hce4 ,:ile ! ex]cises giv5 bel[ h be5 gr\p$ = conv5i5t ref]5ce1 into arm ex]cises1 trunk ex]cises1 leg ex]cises1 etc41 "o entire gr\p mu/ n be giv5 & !n ! next & s on4 ,always be> 9 m9d t ! be/ results are obta9$ :5 ^? ex]cises :i* affect ! ext5sor muscles *iefly are foll[$ by ^? affect+ ! flexors2 i4 e41 flexion %\ld always be foll[$ by ext5sion1 or vice v]sa4 ,x is also advisable t a movem5t requir+ a consid]able am\nt ( muscul> ex]tion %\ld be foll[$ by "o 9 :i* ?is ex]tion is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,z a rule1 especially 9 ! sett+-up ex]cises1 "o portion ( ! body %\ld n be ex]cis$ successively2 ?us1 arm ex]cises %\ld be foll[$ by a trunk ex]cise1 & t 9 turn by a leg1 %\ld]1 & neck ex]cise4 ,,arm ,,ex]cises #hcf4 ,int]vals hav+ be5 tak5 & att5tion assum$1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,arms =w>d1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,arms1 #d4 ,,d[n4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,at ! comm& raise1 raise ! arms to ! front sm>tly1 ext5d$ to _! full l5g?1 till ! h&s are 9 front ( & at ! height ( ! %\ld]s1 palms d[n1 f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 ?umbs "u =ef+]s4 ,at ,arms1 ,,d[n1 resume position ( att5tion4 #a4 ,arms upw>d #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,arms1 #d4 ,,d[n4 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,at ! comm& raise1 raise ! arms f ! sides1 ext5d$ to _! full l5g?1 ) ! =w>d movem5t1 until !y are v]tically ov]head1 backs ( h&s turn$ outw>d1 f+]s z 9 #a4 ,?is position may also be assum$ by rais+ ! arms lat]ally until v]tical4 ,! in/ructor cautions :i* way he desires x done4 #a4 ,arms backw>d1 #b4 ,,cross1 #c4 ,arms1 #d4 ,,d[n4 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,at ! comm& cross1 ! arms are fold$ across ! back2 h&s grasp+ =e>ms4 #a4 ,arms to ?ru/1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,arms1 #d4 ,,d[n4 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,at ! comm& raise1 raise ! =e>ms to ! front until horizontal1 elb[ =c$ back1 upp] arms aga9/ ! *e/1 h&s tightly clos$1 knuckles d[n4 #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,arms1 #d4 ,,d[n4 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,at ! comm& place1 place ! h&s on ! hips1 ! f+] tips 9 l9e ) tr\s] seams2 f+]s ext5d$ & jo9$1 ?umbs to ! re>1 elb[s press$ back4 ,comb9ation ( arm ex]cises #a4 ,arms to ?ru/1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,,?ru/ ,,arms ,,=w>d2 ,,sw+ ,,!m ,,sidew>d1 ,,=w>d1 ,,& ,,back ,,to ,,position4 ,f\r c\nts2 repeat #h to #aj times4 ,! arms are ?ru/ =w>d1 !n relax$ & swung sidew>d1 !n =w>d & f9ally br\ght back to position1 press+ elb[s well to ! re>2 execute mod]ately fa/2 exhale on ! fir/ & ?ird & inhale on ! second & f\r? c\nts4 ,,sett+-,,up ,,ex]cises #hcg4 ,z has be5 /at$ previ\sly1 ! sett+-up ex]cises =m ! basis ^u :i* ! entire sy/em ( physical tra9+ 9 ! s]vice is f\nd$4 ,!re=e too mu* importance c n be atta*$ to !m4 ,?r\gh ! numb] & v>iety ( movem5ts !y (f] x is possible to develop ! body h>moni\sly ) little if any dang] ( injuri\s results4 ,!y develop ! muscles & imp>t vigor & tone to ! vital organs & assi/ !m 9 _! functions2 !y develop endurance & are important factors 9 ! developm5t ( sm>tness1 grace1 & precision4 ,!y %\ld be assidu\sly practic$4 ,! fact t !y require no app>atus ( any description makes x possible to d ?is out ( doors or ev5 9 ! mo/ re/rict$ room1 prop] sanit>y conditions be+ ! only adjunct ^u :i* _! success is dep5d5t4 ,no physical tra9+ drill is complete )\t !m4 ,!y %\ld always prec$e ! m /r5u\s =ms ( tra9+1 z !y prep>e ! body = ! great] ex]tion ^! =ms dem&4 ,at ! discretion ( in/ructors ^! ex]cises may be sub/itut$ by o!rs ( a simil> "*4 ,in/ructors are caution$1 h[ev]1 to employ all ! p>ts ( ! body 9 e lesson & to suit ! ex]cise z f> z practicable to ! natural function ( ! p>ticul> "p ( ! body :i* !y employ4 ,9 ^! lessons only ! prep>atory comm& is giv5 "h2 ! comm& ( execution1 :i* is inv>iably ,ex]cise1 & ! comm&s ( cont9uance1 z well z ! comm& to discont9ue1 hav+ be5 expla9$ are omitt$4 ,e prep>atory comm& %\ld convey a def9ite description ( ! ex]cise requir$2 by do+ s long explanations are avoid$ & ! m5 w n be compell$ to memorize ! v>i\s movem5ts4 ,,recruit ,,in/ruction ,fir/ ,s]ies ,position ( att5tion1 f at ease & re/4 ,/>t+ position1 ,figs4 #a to #e4 ,,trunk ,,ex]cises #hch4 #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,,qu>t] ,,b5d ,,trunk ,,=w>d4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #h to #aj times1 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,! trunk is incl9$ =w>d at ! wai/ ab\t #de deg4 & !n ext5d$ aga92 ! hips are z p]p5dicul> z possible2 execute sl[ly2 exhale on fir/ & inhale & raise *e/ on second c\nt4 ,by sub/itut+ ! words half or full = ! ^w qu>t] 9 ! comm&1 ! half b5d1 ,fig4 #g1 & full b5d ex]cise c be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,,b5d ,,trunk ,,backw>d4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #f to #h times1 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,! trunk is b5t backw>d z f> z possible2 head & %\ld]s fix$2 knees ext5d$2 feet firmly on ! gr\nd2 hips z ne>ly p]p5dicul> z possible2 9 recov]+ c>e %\ld be tak5 n to sway =w>d2 execute sl[ly2 inhale on fir/ & exhale on second c\nt4 #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,,b5d ,,trunk ,,sidew>d1 ,,"r ,,or ,,left4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #f to #h times1 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,! trunk1 /ret*$ at ! wai/1 is incl9$ sidew>d z f> z possible2 head & %\ld]s fix$2 knees ext5d$ & feet firmly on ! gr\nd2 execute sl[ly2 inhale on fir/ & exhale on second c\nt4 ,if an additional ex]cise is desir$1 by comm&+3 ,,circle ,,trunk ,,"r or ,,left a comb9ation ( ! above trunk ex]cises is obta9$4 ,,leg ,,ex]cises #hci4 #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,,qu>t] ,,b5d ,,knees4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #h to #aj times1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,! knees are flex$ until ! po9t ( ! knee is directly ov] ! toes2 :ole foot rema9s on gr\nd2 heels clos$2 head & body erect2 execute mod]ately fa/1 emphasiz+ ! ext5sion2 brea! naturally4 ,by sub/itut+ ! words half or full = ! ^w qu>t] 9 ! comm& ! half b5d & full b5d1 ,fig4 #aa1 ex]cises c be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place1 #c4 ,,raise ,,knee4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #aj to #ab times4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,! ?igh & knee are flex$ until !y are at "r angles1 ?igh horizontal3 toes depress$2 ! "r knee is rais$ at "o & ! left at two2 trunk & head erect2 execute 9 cad5ce ( quick "t2 brea! naturally4 ,,%\ld] ,,ex]cise #hdj4 #a4 ,arms to ?ru/1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,,move ,,%\ld]s ,,=w>d1 ,,up1 ,,back1 ,,& ,,d[n4 ,f\r c\nts2 repeat #h to #aj times4 ,! %\ld]s are relax$ & br\ght =w>d2 9 t position !y are rais$3 !n !y are =c$ back )\t l[]+ !m2 & !n !y are dropp$ back to position2 execute sl[ly2 exhale on ! fir/2 inhale on ! second & ?ird & exhale on ! la/ c\nt4 ,,neck ,,ex]cise #hda4 #a4 ,arms to ?ru/1 #b4 ,,raise1 #c4 ,,turn ,,head ,,"r1 ,,or ,,left4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #f to #aj times1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,! head1 *9 squ>e1 is turn$ to ! "r1 or left z f> z possible1 muscles ( ! neck be+ /ret*$2 %\ld]s rema9 squ>e2 execute sl[ly3 brea! naturally4 ,to v>y ?is ex]cise ! head may be b5t =w>d & to ! re> by sub/itut+ ! prop] comm&s4 ,,brea?+ ,,ex]cise #hdb4 #a4 ,brea?+ ex]cise1 #b4 ,,inhale1 #c4 ,,exhale4 ,at inhale ! arms are /ret*$ =w>d ov]head & ! lungs are inflat$2 at exhale ! arms are l[]$ lat]ally & ! lungs deflat$2 execute sl[ly2 repeat f\r times4 ,,toe ,,ex]cise #hdc4 #a4 ,arms backw>d1 #b4 ,,cross1 #c4 ,,rise ,,on ,,toes4 ,two c\nts2 repeat #h to #aj times1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,! body is rais$ sm>tly until ! toes & ankles are ext5d$ z mu* z possible2 heels clos$2 head & trunk erect2 9 recov]+ position heels are l[]$ g5tly2 brea! naturally4 ,,comb9ation ,,ex]cise #hdd4 ,?is ex]cise br+s into play practically all ( ! muscles t h be5 us$ 9 ! prec$+ ex]cises4 #a4 ,,lean+ ,,re/ ,,9 ,,f\r ,,c\nts4 ,repeat #f to #h times1 ,figs4 #ae1 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,at "o knees are b5t to squatt+ position1 h&s on ! gr\nd betwe5 knees2 at two ! legs are ext5d$ backw>d to ! lean+ re/2 at ?ree ! fir/ position is resum$1 & at f\r ! position ( att5tion2 h&s %\ld be directly "u %\ld]s2 back ar*$2 knees /raight2 head fix$2 execute mod]ately fa/2 brea! naturally4 ,,walk+ ,,& ,,m>*+ #hde4 ,! l5g? ( ! full /ep 9 quick "t is #cj in*es1 measur$ f heel to heel1 & ! cad5ce is at ! rate ( #abj /eps p] m9ute4 ,prop] po/ure & c>riage h ev] be5 consid]$ v important 9 ! tra9+ ( soldi]s4 ,9 m>*+1 ! head & trunk %\ld rema9 immobile1 b )\t /iffness2 z ! left foot is c>ri$ =w>d ! "r =e>m is swung =w>d & inw>d obliquely across ! body until ! ?umb1 knuckles be+ turn$ out1 rea*es a po9t ab\t ! height ( ! belt plate4 ,! upp] arm does n move beyond ! p]p5dicul> plane :ile ! =e>m is swung =w>d1 ?\gh ! arm hangs loosely f ! %\ld] jo9t4 ,! =e>m sw+ ends precisely at ! mom5t ! left heel /rikes ! gr\nd2 ! arm is !n relax$ & all[$ to sw+ d[n & backw>d by its own weight until x rea*es a po9t :]e ! ?umb is ab\t ! bread? ( a h& to ! re> ( ! buttocks4 ,z ! "r arm sw+s back1 ! left arm is swung =w>d ) ! "r leg4 ,! =w>d motion ( ! arm assi/s ! body 9 m>*+ by ?r[+ ! weight =w>d & inw>d ^u ! opposite foot z x is plant$4 ,! head is held erect2 body well /ret*$ f ! wai/2 *e/ ar*$2 & !re %\ld be no rot>y motion ( ! body ab\t ! sp9e4 ,z ! leg is ?r[n =w>d ! knee is sm>tly ext5d$1 ! heel /rik+ ! gr\nd fir/4 ,! in/ructor hav+ expla9$ ! pr9ciples & illu/rat$ ! /ep & arm sw+1 comm&s3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*--& to halt ! squad he comm&s3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,halt4 ,9 execut+ ! sett+-up ex]cises on ! m>* ! cad5ce %\ld at fir/ be giv5 sl[ly & gradually increas$ z ! m5 become m exp]t2 "s ex]cises require a sl[ & o!rs a fa/] pace2 x is be/ 9 ^! cases to all[ ! cad5ce ( ! ex]cise to det]m9e ! cad5ce ( ! /ep4 ,! m5 %\ld m>* 9 a s+le file at prov$ int]vals4 ,! comm& t causes & discont9ues ! execution %\ld be giv5 z ! left foot /rikes ! gr\nd4 ,on ! m>*1 to discont9ue ! ex]cise1 comm&3 #a4 ,quick "t1 #b4 ,,m>*1 in/ead ( ,,halt1 z :5 at re/4 ,all ( ! arm1 wri/1 f+]1 & %\ld] ex]cises1 & "s ( ! trunk & neck1 may be execut$ on ! m>* by ! same comm&s & means z :5 at re/4 ,! foll[+ leg & foot ex]cises are execut$ at ! comm& m>*2 ! execution always beg9n+ ) ! left leg or foot4 #a4 #a4 ,on toes1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #b4 #a4 ,on heels1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #c4 #a4 ,on "r heel & left toe1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #d4 #a4 ,on left heel & "r toe1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #e4 #a4 ,on toes ) knees /iff1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #f4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg =w>d1 ankle high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #g4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg =w>d1 knee high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #h4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg =w>d1 wai/ high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #i4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg =w>d1 %\ld] high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #aj4 #a4 ,raise heels1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #aa4 #a4 ,raise knees1 ?igh horizontal1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ab4 #a4 ,raise knees1 *e/ high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ac4 #a4 ,circle ext5d$ leg =w>d1 ankle high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ad4 #a4 ,circle ext5d$ leg =w>d1 knee high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ae4 #a4 ,circle ext5d$ leg =w>d1 wai/ high1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #af4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg backw>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ag4 #a4 ,sw+ ext5d$ leg sidew>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ah4 #a4 ,raise knee & ext5d leg =w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 #ai4 #a4 ,raise heels & ext5d leg =w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,,d\ble ,,tim+ #hdf4 ,! l5g? ( ! /ep 9 d\ble "t is #cf in*es2 ! cad5ce is at ! rate ( #ahj /eps p] m9ute4 ,to m>* 9 d\ble "t ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,d\ble "t1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,if at a halt1 at ! fir/ comm& %ift ! weight ( ! body to ! "r leg4 ,at ! comm& m>* raise ! =e>ms1 f+]s clos$2 to a horizontal position along ! wai/ l9e2 take up an easy run ) ! /ep & cad5ce ( d\ble "t1 all[+ a natural sw++ motion to ! arms inw>d & upw>d 9 ! direction ( ! opposite %\ld]4 ,9 m>*+ 9 quick "t1 at ! comm& m>*1 giv5 z ei!r foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 take "o /ep 9 quick "t1 & !n /ep (f 9 d\ble "t4 ,:5 m>*+ 9 d\ble "t & 9 runn+ ! m5 brea! z mu* z possible ?r\gh ! nose1 keep+ ! m\? clos$4 ,a few m9utes at ! beg9n+ ( ! sett+-up ex]cises %\ld be devot$ to d\ble tim+4 ,f la/+ only a few m9utes at ! />t x may be gradually increas$1 s t daily drills %\ld enable ! m5 at ! end ( five or six mon?s to d\ble "t #ae or #bj m9utes )\t becom+ fatigu$ or di/ress$4 ,aft] ! d\ble "t ! m5 %\ld be m>*$ = sev]al m9utes at quick "t2 aft] ?is ! in/ructor %\ld comm&3 #a4 ,r\te /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,9 m>*+ at r\te /ep1 ! m5 are n requir$ to pres]ve sil5ce nor keep ! /ep2 if m>*+ at prov$ int]vals1 ! latt] is pres]v$4 ,to resume ! cad5ce /ep 9 quick "t1 ! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,squad1 #b4 ,,att5tion4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ conc]n+ ! duration ( ! d\ble "t & ! spe$ & duration ( ! run4 ,! dem&s made ,^u ! m5 %\ld be increas$ gradually4 ,:5 ex]cise r ?an di/ance is desir$1 ! runn+ %\ld be done on ! balls ( ! feet1 heels rais$ f ! gr\nd4 ,,d\ble ,,tim+ ,,ex]cises ,:ile ! m5 are d\ble tim+ ! in/ructor may v>y ! position ( ! arms by comm&+3 #a4 #a4 ,arms =w>d1 #b4 ,,raise4 #b4 #a4 ,arms sidew>d1 #b4 ,,raise4 #c4 #a4 ,arms upw>d1 #b4 ,,raise4 #d4 #a4 ,h&s on hips1 #b4 ,,place4 #e4 #a4 ,h&s on %\ld]s1 #b4 ,,place4 #f4 #a4 ,arms =w>d1 #b4 ,,cross4 #g4 #a4 ,arms backw>d1 #b4 ,,cross4 ,at ! comm& d[n1 ! d\ble-"t position = ! arms & h&s is resum$4 ,,rifle ,,ex]cises #hdg4 ,! object ( ^! ex]cises1 :i* may also be p]=m$ ) w&s or b> bells1 is to develop ! muscles ( ! arms1 %\ld]s1 & back s t ! m5 w become accu/om$ to ! weight ( ! piece & le>n to wield x ) t h&9ess s ess5tial to its successful use4 ,:5 ^! ex]cises are comb9$ ) movem5ts ( ! v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! body1 !y s]ve z a spl5did1 ?\gh r /r5u\s1 me?od = ! all-r\nd developm5t ( ! m54 ,z ! weight ( ! piece is consid]able1 in/ructors are caution$ to be reasonable 9 _! dem&s4 ,f> bett] results are obta9$ if ^! ex]cises are p]=m$ at comm&s ?an :5 !y are gr\p$ & p]=m$ = spectacul> purposes4 ,all ! ex]cises />t f ! />t+ position1 :i* is ! l[ ext5d$ arm horizontal position 9 front ( ! body1 arms /raight2 ! "r h& grasp+ ! small ( ! /ock & ! left h& ! b>rel2 ! knuckles turn$ to ! front & ! di/ance betwe5 ! h&s slightly great] ?an ! wid? ( ! %\ld]s4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,?is position is assum$ at ! comm&3 #a4 ,/>t+1 #b4 ,,position2 at ! comm& position ! piece is br\ght to ! port & l[]$ to ! front horizontal snappily4 ,to recov] ! position ( ord]1 comm&3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,arms2 ! piece is fir/ br\ght to ! port & !n to ! ord]4 ,,rifle ,,drill ,,comb9ation ,! foll[+ ex]cises consi/ ( f\r movem5ts1 ! ?ird position always correspond+ to ! fir/ position & ! f\r? to ! />t+ position4 ,:5 p]=m$ z a musical drill1 ! in/ructions laid d[n 9 t lesson are applicable "h4 ,all ex]cises beg9 & end ) ! fir/ or />t+ position4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! =m ( comm& is1 = example3 7,be+ at ! />t+ position7 #a4 ,fir/ gr\p1 #b4 ,,fir/1 ,,ex]cise2 #a4 ,second gr\p1 #b4 ,,?ird1 ,,ex]cise2 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,fir/ ,,gr\p #hdh4 ,fir/ ,ex]cise ,c\nts #a-b4 ,raise piece to b5t arm front horizontal1 %\ld] high1 & /ride =w>d "r1 ,fig4 #ah2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah #c-d4 ,face to ! left on bo? heels & ext5d piece upw>d1 ,fig4 #ai2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hdi4 ,second ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to ext5d$ high horizontal1 & /ride sidew>d "r1 ,fig4 #bj2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj #c-d4 ,b5d "r knee & l[] piece to left horizontal1 ,fig4 #ba2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hej4 ,?ird ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to high side p]p5dicul> on ! left1 left h& up1 & /ride backw>d "r1 ,fig4 #bb2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb #c-d4 ,face ab\t on heels & sw+ piece d[n & up to high side p]p5dicul> on ! "r1 ,fig4 #bc2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hea4 ,f\r? ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to ext5d$ high horizontal1 & /ride obliquely =w>d "r1 ,fig4 #bd2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd #c-d4 ,face ab\t on heels & l[] piece to horizontal on %\ld]s2 ,fig4 #be2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 ,,second ,,gr\p #heb4 ,fir/ ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,l[] piece to front ext5d$ horizontal & b5d trunk =w>d1 ,fig4 #bf2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf #c-d4 ,lunge obliquely =w>d "r & raise piece to "r oblique1 left h& at %\ld]1 ,fig4 #bg2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hec4 ,second ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to high p]p5dicul> on ! left1 left h& up1 & b5d trunk sidew>d "r1 ,fig4 #bh2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh #c-d4 ,lunge sidew>d "r & sw+ piece d[n & up to "r high p]p5dicul>1 "r h& up1 ,fig4 #bi2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hed4 ,?ird ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to high ext5d$ arm horizontal & b5d trunk backw>d1 ,fig4 #cj2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj #c-d4 ,lunge =w>d "r1 & sw+ piece to side horizontal1 left h& to ! re>1 ,fig4 #ca2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hee4 ,f\r? ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to "r high p]p5dicul> & side /ep position left1 ,fig4 #cb2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb #c-d4 ,lunge sidew>d left & sw+ piece to left high p]p5dicul>1 ,fig4 #cc2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 ,,?ird ,,gr\p #hef4 ,fir/ ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to front b5t horizontal1 arms cross$1 left ov] "r2 lunge sidew>d "r & b5d trunk sidew>d "r1 ,fig4 #cd2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd #c-d4 ,ext5d "r knee & b5d trunk to ! left1 b5d+ left knee & recross+ arms1 left ov] "r1 ,fig4 #ce2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #heg4 ,second ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to b5t arm horizontal2 face "r & lunge =w>d "r & b5d trunk =w>d1 ,fig4 #cf2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf #c-d4 ,raise trunk & turn to ! left on bo? heels & ext5d piece ov]head1 ,fig4 #cg2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #heh4 ,?ird ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to left high horizontal2 lunge =w>d "r1 ,fig4 #ch2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch #c-d4 ,b5d trunk =w>d & sw+ piece to ext5d$ l[ horizontal1 ,fig4 #ci2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 #hei4 ,f\r? ,ex]cise #a-b4 ,raise piece to high ext5d$ horizontal & hop to side /raddle position1 ,fig4 #dj2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj #c-d4 ,b5d trunk =w>d & sw+ piece to ext5d$ l[ horizontal1 left h& betwe5 legs1 "r h& =w>d1 ,fig4 #da2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da #e-f4 ,resume fir/ position2 #g-h4 ,resume />t+ position4 ,repeat left1 "r1 left4 ,,gymna/ic ,,conte/s #hfj4 ,^! ex]cises are ^? 9 :i* ! b5efits are lo/ sight ( 9 ! pleasure _! atta9m5t provides1 :i* 9 ! case ( ^! conte/s is ! vanqui%+ ( an oppon5t4 ,! m5 are pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 pairs2 age1 height1 weight1 & g5]al physical aptitude be+ ! det]m9+ factors 9 ! selection4 ,9 ! conte/s 9 :i* sup]iority is dep5d5t ^u skill & agility no re/rictions ne$ be plac$ ^u ! ef=ts ( ! conte/ants2 b 9 ^? t are a te/ ( /r5g? & endurance x is well to call a conte/ a draw1 :5 ! m5 are equally mat*$ & ! conte/ is likely to be drawn out to ! po9t ( exhau/ion ( "o or bo? conte/ants4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ^! conte/s be indulg$ 9 once or twice a mon? & !n at ! conclusion ( ! regul> drill4 ,conte/s t require skill & agility %\ld alt]nate ) ^? t dep5d ^u =ce & endurance4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! in/ruction a numb] ( pairs %\ld be engag$ at ! same "t4 #a4 ,cane wre/l+3 ,! cane to be ab\t an in* 9 diamet] & a y>d long1 ends r\nd$4 ,x is grasp$ ) ! "r h& at ! end1 knuckles d[n1 & ) ! left h&1 knuckles up1 inside ( & close to ! oppon5t's "r h&4 ,endeavor is !n made to wre/ ! cane f ! oppon5t4 ,loss ( grip ) ei!r h& loses ! b\t4 #b4 ,cane twi/+4 ,same cane z 9 #a4 ,conte/ants grasp x z 9 #a1 only ! knuckles ( bo? h&s are up1 & ! arms are ext5d$ ov]head4 ,object3 ,! conte/ants endeavor to make ! cane revolve 9 _! oppon5t's h& )\t all[+ x to d s 9 _! own4 ,! cane mu/ be =c$ d[n4 #c4 ,cane pull+3 ,conte/ants sit on ! gr\nd1 fac+ ea* o!r1 legs /raight & ! soles ( ! feet 9 contact4 ,! cane is grasp$ z 9 #b b close to ! feet4 ,object3 ,to pull ! oppon5t to 8 feet4 ,! legs ?r\gh\t ! conte/ mu/ be kept rigid4 #d4 ,buck$ conte/3 ,conte/ants sit on ! gr\nd buck$2 i4 e41 ! cane is pass$ "u ! knees1 :i* are drawn up1 & ! arms pass$ "u ! cane ) ! f+]s lac$ 9 front ( ! ankles4 ,object3 ,to get ! toes "u ^? ( ! oppon5t & roll him ov]4 #e4 ,s+le pole pu%+3 ,conte/ants grasp end ( pole1 #f feet long & #b in*es ?ick1 & brace !mselves4 ,object3 ,to pu% ! oppon5t out ( position4 #f4 ,d\ble pole pu%+3 ,! poles are plac$ "u ! arms close to ! arm pits1 ends project+4 ,object3 ,same z 9 #e4 #g4 ,d\ble pole pull+3 ,position z 9 #f b /&+ back to back4 ,object3 ,to pull ! oppon5t out ( position4 #h4 ,cock fight3 ,conte/ants hop on "o leg ) ! arms fold$ closely ov] ! *e/4 ,object3 by butt+ ) ! fle%y "p ( ! %\ld] )\t rais+ ! arms1 or by dodg+ to make ! oppon5t *ange 8 feet or t\* ! floor ) 8 h& or o!r "p ( 8 body4 #i4 ,"o-legg$ tug ( w>3 ,conte/ants hop on "o leg & grasp h&s firmly4 ,object3 ,to pull ! oppon5t =w>d or make him place ! rais$ foot on ! floor4 #aj4 ,! siege3 ,"o conte/ant /&s ) "o foot 9 a circle #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 ! o!r foot outside1 & ! arms fold$ z 9 #h4 ,two o!r conte/ants1 ea* hopp+ on "o leg1 endeavor to dislodge ! "o 9 ! circle by butt+ him ) ! %\ld]4 ,! besieg$ "o is defeat$ 9 case he raises ! foot 9 ! circle1 or removes x entirely f ! circle4 ,! besieg]s are defeat$ 9 case !y *ange feet or t\* ! floor z 9 #h4 ,z soon z ei!r ( ! latt] is defeat$ 8 place is imm$iately fill$1 s t !re are always two ( !m4 ,! besieg$ %\ld resort to volt+1 duck+1 etc41 r ?an to dep5d ^u 8 /r5g?4 #aa4 ,"o-arm$ tug3 ,conte/ants /& fac+ ea* o!r2 "r h&s grasp$1 feet ap>t4 ,object3 ,)\t mov+ feet1 to pull ! oppon5t =w>d4 ,%ift+ ! feet loses ! b\t4 #ab4 ,tug royal3 ,?ree conte/ants /& fac+ inw>d & grasp ea* o!r's wri/s securely ) _! feet outside a circle ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,object3 by pull+ or pu%+ to make "o ( ! conte/ants /ep inside ( ! circle4 #ac4 ,indian wre/l+3 ,conte/ants lie ^u ! gr\nd face up1 "r %\ld]s 9 close contact1 "r elb[s lock$2 at "o ! "r leg is rais$ ov]head & l[]$1 ?is is repeat$ at two1 & at ?ree ! leg is rais$ quickly & lock$ ) ! oppon5t's "r leg4 ,object3 to roll him ov] by =c+ 8 leg d[n4 #ad4 ,m$ic9e ball race4 ,teams ( five or six m5 are organiz$ & a track = ea* team is m>k$ out4 ,?is track consi/s ( m>ks on ! floor or gr\nd at di/ances ( #d y>ds4 ,on ea* ( ^! m>ks /&s a man ) legs ap>t1 ! team =m+ a column ( files4 ,at ready1 get set1 ! conte/ants prep>e = ! race1 & at g1 ! fir/ man 9 ! column rolls a m$ic9e ball1 :i* he has on ! floor 9 front ( him1 ?r\gh 8 legs to ,no4 #b1 he 9 turn rolls x to #c1 etc41 :5 x rea*es ! la/ man he picks x up & runs to ! />t+ place ) x &1 ! o!rs all hav+ %ift$ back "o m>k1 ! roll+ is repeat$4 ,?is cont9ues until ! fir/ man br+s ! ball back to ! />t+ place & e man is 9 8 orig9al position4 ,! ball %\ld be kept roll+3 ea* man1 z x comes to him1 pu%+ x on quickly4 ,any ball ab\t #i in*es 9 diamet] w answ]2 x may be made ( /rong clo? & /uff$ ) cotton wa/e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,signal+ ,signals & ,codes ,g5]al ,s]vice ,code4 7,int]national ,morse ,code47 #hfa4 ,us$ = all visual & s\nd signal+1 radiotelegraphy1 & on cables us+ siphon record]s1 us$ 9 communicat+ ) ,navy4 ,a 4 - ,b - 4 4 4 ,c - 4 - 4 ,d - 4 4 ,e 4 ,f 4 4 - 4 ,g - - 4 ,h 4 4 4 4 ,i 4 4 ,j 4 - - - ,k - 4 - ,l 4 - 4 4 ,m - - ,n - 4 ,o - - - ,p 4 - - 4 ,q - - 4 - ,r 4 - 4 ,s 4 4 4 ,t - ,u 4 4 - ,v 4 4 4 - ,w 4 - - ,x - 4 4 - ,y - 4 - - ,z - - 4 4 ,,num]als #a 4 - - - - #b 4 4 - - - #c 4 4 4 - - #d 4 4 4 4 - #e 4 4 4 4 4 #f - 4 4 4 4 #g - - 4 4 4 #h - - - 4 4 #i - - - - 4 #j - - - - - ,,punctuation ,p]iod 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,comma 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 ,int]rogation 4 4 - - 4 4 ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,conv5tional ,,flag ,,signals ,= communication betwe5 ! fir+ l9e & ! res]ve or comm&] 9 re>4 ,9 transmission1 _! concealm5t f ! enemy's view %\ld be insur$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( signal flags ! headdress or o!r sub/itute may be us$4 7,see p>4 #if = ! signals47 ,wigwag ,signal+ by flag1 tor*1 h& lant]n1 or beam ( se>*light 7)\t %utt]7#f #hfb4 #a4 ,!re is "o position & !re are ?ree motions4 ,! position is ) flag or o!r appliance held v]tically1 ! signalman fac+ directly t[>d ! /ation ) :i* x is desir$ to communicate4 ,! fir/ motion 7! dot7 is to ! "r ( ! s5d]1 & w embrace an arc ( #ij deg41 />t+ ) ! v]tical & return+ to x1 & w be made 9 a plane at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! two /ations4 ,! second motion 7! da%7 is a simil> motion to ! left ( ! s5d]4 ,! ?ird motion 7front7 is d[nw>d directly 9 front ( ! s5d] & in/antly return$ upw>d to ! fir/ position4 ,?is is us$ to indicate a pause or conclusion4 #b4 ,! beam ( ! se>*light1 ?\gh ord9>ily us$ ) ! %utt] l ! heliograph1 may be us$ = long-di/ance signal+1 :5 no %utt] is suitable or available1 9 a simil> mann] to ! flag or tor*1 ! fir/ position be+ a v]tical "o4 ,a movem5t ( ! beam #ij deg4 to ! "r ( ! s5d] indicates a dot1 a simil> movem5t to ! left indicates a da%2 ! beam is l[]$ v]tically = front4 #c4 ,to use ! tor* or h& lant]n1 a footlight mu/ be employ$ z a po9t ( ref]5ce to ! motion4 ,! lant]n is m conv5i5tly swung out upw>d to ! "r ( ! footlight = a dot1 to ! left = a da%1 & rais$ v]tically = front4 #d4 ,to call a /ation1 make ! call lett] until ackn[l$g$1 at int]vals giv+ ! call or signal ( ! call+ /ation4 ,if ! call lett] ( a /ation is unkn[n1 wave flag until ackn[l$g$4 ,9 us+ ! se>*light )\t %utt] ?r[ ! beam 9 a v]tical position & move x ?r\gh an arc ( #ahj deg4 9 a plane at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! two /ations until ackn[l$g$4 ,to ackn[l$ge a call1 signal ,ackn[l$gm5t 7or7 ,i und]/& 7----front7 foll[$ by ! call lett] ( ! ackn[l$g+ /ation4 ,notes on ,wig-wagg+ #e4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! flag wrapp+ itself ab\t ! /aff1 /& fac+ ! receiv+ /ation1 ) feet ap>t4 ,hold ! /aff ) ! left h& at butt & "r h& #bd in*es f end4 ,9 mov+ flag to ! "r1 br+ x d[n ) an outw>d & inw>d sweep1 & !n return x to ! v]tical4 ,:5 ! tip is f>!/ d[n ! /aff incl9es to ! "r front & z ! flag is br\ght upw>d x is swept inw>d & upw>ds & z x approa*es ! v]tical position x sweeps =w>d slightly4 ,9 mov+ to ! left ! motion is simil>1--at ! l[e/ po9t ! /aff incl9es to ! left front4 ,a comb9ation ( "r & left is made ) a figure-(-eight motion4 ,9 mak+ front ! flag is l[]$ & mov$ v slightly to ! left front & !n swept slightly to ! "r front1 mak+ a figure-(-eight4 ,! body %\ld be twi/$ & b5t at ! wai/ 9 mak+ ! light & left motions4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! flag 9 front ( ! body 9 mak+ front1 ! figure-(-eight is necess>ily v flat4 ,d n make lett]s 9 a c>eless slip%od mann]4 ,! ,two-arm ,semaphore ,code 7,see ,plates ,i & ,,ii7 #hfc4 ,semaphore signal+ may be done ) or )\t flags4 ,)\t flags x is r>ely dep5dable beyond #fjj y>ds4 ,9 s5d+ /& ) feet ap>t1 squ>ely fac+ ! receiv]4 ,9 mak+ lett]s :i* require ! use ( bo? arms on ! same side ( body1 twi/ ! body to t side & b5d at wai/1 s z to ?r[ bo? arms well away f body4 ,b be c>eful to keep arms 9 plane ( orig9al position ( body4 ,:5 a lett] repeats--br+ bo? h&s 7if a two-arm$ lett]7 to *e/ aft] fir/1 !n make second4 ,d n try to s5d rapidly s z to exhibit y\r ability4 ,rememb] t ! receiv]'s ability det]m9es ! spe$ to be us$4 ,anyone c s5d fa/] ?an he himself c receive4 ,if y want to display y\r skill h "s "o s5d rapidly to y4 ,9 receiv+1 if y miss a lett]--let x g & get ! o!rs4 ,if y miss a ^w signal--,o 7wav+ flags or arms7 & signal ! la/ ^w y h receiv$4 ,rapidity is second>y to accuracy4 ,take ! positions = ! v>i\s lett]s accurately4 ,! horizontal position %\ld n incl9e upw>d nor d[nw>d4 ,9 mak+ an ,l1 = example1 if ! left arm is midway betwe5 its prop] position & ! horizontal x is difficult to tell :e!r x is ,l or ,m4 ,9 mak+ ,d1 ,j1 ,k1 ,p1 ,t1 & ,v1 ! arm 9 ! v]tical position %\ld be br\ght exactly 9 front ( ! body by c>ry+ ! %\ld] 9 almo/ "u ! *91 twi/+ ! elb[ 9 until x is directly be=e ! eyes1 & ! =e>m held 9 ! v]tical position ) ! palm to ! re>4 ,:5 s done !re is no possibility ( ?is position be+ mi/ak5 = any o!r4 ,manila ,milkman may be s5t )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! "r h&4 ,9 mak+ ,i1 be sure to twi/ body well to ! "r 9 ord] t ! left arm may be se5 9 ! upp] slant+ position to ! "r4 ,city & simil> words may be s made4 ,d may be made ) ei!r h&4 ,be sure h[ next lett] is made be=e mov+ h&s4 ,make no false motions4 ,acquire accuracy2 !n try = spe$4 ,,*op-,,*op4 ,! *op-*op signal is made by plac+ bo? arms at ! "r horizontal 7t is1 by br++ ! left arm up to ! position ( ! "r arm z 9 ! figure = lett] ,b71 & !n mov+ ea* up & d[n1 sev]al times1 9 opposite direction1 mak+ a cutt+ motion4 ,,end ,,( ,,^w4 ,aft] ea* ^w ! ,int]val signal is made4 ,,end ,,( ,,s5t5ce4 ,aft] ea* s5t5ce ! *op signal is made twice4 ,,end ,,( ,,message4 ,at ! end ( a message ! *op signal is made ?ree times4 ,,error4 ,signal ,a sev]al times quickly1 foll[$ by int]val2 !n repeat ! ^w4 ,,to ,,break ,,94 ,signal ,att5tion4 ,,num]als4 ,numb]s are always prec$$ by ! signal1 ,num]als4 ,aft] ,num]als has be5 signal$1 ev]y?+ t foll[s w be numb]s until ,int]val is signal$1 aft] :i* :at foll[s w be lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,two-arm ,semaphore ,code ,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,! ,two-arm ,semaphore ,code ,plate ,,ii ,signal+ ) heliograph1 fla% lant]n1 & se>*light 7) %utt]7#g #hfd4 #a4 ,! fir/ position is to turn a /eady fla% on ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! signals are made by %ort & long fla%es4 ,use a %ort fla% = dot & a long /eady fla% = da%4 ,! elem5ts ( a lett] %\ld be slightly long] ?an 9 s\nd signals4 #b4 ,to call a /ation1 make ! call lett] until ackn[l$g$1 at int]vals ! call or signal ( ! call+ /ation4 #c4 ,if ! call lett] ( a /ation be unkn[n1 signal a s]ies ( dots rapidly made until ackn[l$g$4 ,ea* /ation w !n turn on a /eady fla% & adju/4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t is satisfactory to ! call$ /ation1 x w cut (f its fla%1 & ! call+ /ation w proce$ ) its message4 #d4 ,if ! receiv] sees t ! s5d]'s mirror ne$s adju/m5t1 he w turn on a /eady fla% until answ]$ by a /eady fla%4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t is satisfactory1 ! receiv] w cut (f 8 fla% & ! s5d] w resume 8 message4 #e4 ,to break ! s5d+ /ation = o!r purposes1 turn on a /eady fla%4 ,s\nd ,signals#g #hfe4 #a4 ,s\nd signals made by ! :i/le1 foghorn1 bugle1 trumpet1 & drum may be us$ 9 a fog1 mi/1 fall+ sn[1 or at night4 ,!y may be us$ ) ! dot & da% code4 #b4 ,9 apply+ ! code to :i/le1 foghorn1 bugle1 or trumpet1 "o %ort bla/ indicates a dot & "o long bla/ a da%4 ,) ! drum1 "o tap indicates a dot & two taps 9 rapid succession a da%4 ,al?\gh ^! signals c be us$ ) a dot & da% code1 !y %\ld be s us$ 9 connection ) a preconc]t$ or conv5tional code4 ,morse ,code4 7,am]ican ,morse ,code7#g #hff4 ,us$ only by ! army on telegraph l9es1 on %ort cables1 & on field l9es1 & on all comm]cial l9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a 4 - ,b - 4 4 4 ,c 4 4 4 ,d - 4 4 ,e 4 ,f 4 - 4 ,g - - 4 ,h 4 4 4 4 ,i 4 4 ,j - 4 - 4 ,k - 4 - ,l -- ,m - - ,n - 4 ,o 4 4 ,p 4 4 4 4 4 ,q 4 4 - 4 ,r 4 4 4 ,s 4 4 4 ,t - ,u 4 4 - ,v 4 4 4 - ,w 4 - - ,x 4 - 4 4 ,y 4 4 4 4 ,z 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,num]als #a 4 - - 4 #b 4 4 - 4 4 #c 4 4 4 - 4 #d 4 4 4 4 - #e - - - #f 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g - - 4 4 #h - 4 4 4 4 #i - 4 4 - #j --- ,,punctuation ,p]iod 4 4 - - 4 4 ,comma 4 - 4 - ,int]rogation - 4 4 - 4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,extracts f ,signal ,book1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 #g ,extracts f ,signal ,book1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,company ,,comm& ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,a ,,company #hfg4 ,! prop] p]=mance ( ! duty ( ,,company ,,comm&]1 l ! prop] p]=mance ( any o!r duty1 requires "w & att5tion to bus9ess4 ,! comm& ( a company divides itself into two k9ds ( duty3 gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration4 ,! gov]nm5t includes ! in/ruction1 discipl9e1 cont5tm5t1 & h>mony ( ! organization1 involv+1 z x does1 esprit de corps1 rew>ds1 privileges1 & puni%m5ts4 ,! adm9i/ration includes ! provid+ ( clo?+1 arms1 ammunition1 equipage1 & subsi/5ce2 ! keep+ ( records1 includ+ ! r5dition ( reports & returns2 & ! c>e & acc\ntability ( ,gov]nm5t & company prop]ty1 & ! disbursem5t ( ! company fund4 ,sy/em & c>e are pr]equisites ( good adm9i/ration4 ,! effici5t adm9i/ration ( a company greatly facilitates its gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,capta9 #hfh4 ,) reg>d to 8 company ! capta9 /&s 9 ! same light z a fa!r to a l>ge family ( *ildr54 ,x is 8 duty to provide = _! com=t1 su/5ance1 & pleasure2 en=ce /rict rules ( ob$i5ce1 puni% ! refractory & rew>d ! des]v+4 ,he %\ld be consid]ate & j to 8 (fic]s & m5 & %\ld "k e soldi] p]sonally & make him feel t he s kn[s him4 ,he %\ld by ^w & act make e man 9 ! company feel t ! capta9 is 8 protector4 ,! capta9 %\ld n be indiff]5t to ! p]sonal welf>e ( 8 m51 & :5 solicit$1 be+ a man ( great] exp]i5ce1 education1 & in=mation1 he %\ld aid & c\nsel !m 9 su* a way z to %[ he takes an int]e/ 9 _! joys & sorr[s4 ,:5 any m5 are sick he %\ld d ev]y?+ possible = !m until !y c be tak5 c>e ( by ! surgeon4 ,he c add mu* to ! com=t & pleasure ( m5 9 ! hospital by visit+ !m f "t to "t & o!rwise %[+ an int]e/ 9 _! condition4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! (fic]'s mo/ important duties is to look aft] ! welf>e ( 8 m5--to see t !y are well f$1 well clo!d & prop]ly c>$ = 9 e o!r way--to see t !y are happy & cont5t$4 ,! (fic] :o does n look aft] ! welf>e ( 8 m5 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 giv+ ! matt] 8 e>ne/ p]sonal att5tion1 neglects "o ( ! pr9cipal ?+s t ! ,gov]nm5t pays him to d4 ,! soldi] usually has a decid$ feel+ = 8 capta91 ev5 ?\gh x be "o ( hatr$4 ,) reg>d to ! high] grade ( (fic]s1 he has respect = !m accord+ to regulations2 o!rwise1 = ! mo/ "p1 he is indiff]5t4 ,at ! v mo/1 he kn[s :e!r 8 po/ or regim5tal comm&] keeps him long at drill1 & p>ticul>ly :e!r he has any peculi> habits4 ,! av]age soldi] looks ^u 8 capta9 z by f> ! mo/ important p]sonage 9 ! comm&4 ,!re is no o!r position 9 ! ,army t w give z mu* satisfaction 9 return = an hone/1 capable & consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( duty1 z t ( capta94 ,!re is a rew>d 9 hav+ done 8 full duty to 8 company t no disappo9tm5t ( di/9ction1 no failure1 c deprive him (2 8 s5iors may ov]look him 9 giv+ cr$its1 un=tunate circum/ances may defeat 8 fonde/ hopes1 & ! cr[n ( laurel may nev] re/ ^u 8 br[1 b ! rew>d t foll[s ^u ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( 8 duty to 8 company he c n be depriv$ ( by any disa/]1 neglect or inju/ice4 ,he is a small sov]eign1 p[]ful & great1 )9 8 little doma94 #hfi4 ,devolution ( ,"w & ,responsibility4 ,! company comm&] %\ld n attempt to d all ! "w--to look aft] all ! details 9 p]son--he %\ld n try to comm& directly e squad & e platoon4 ,! successful company comm&] is ! "o :o di/ributes "w among 8 subord9ates & organizes ! help !y are suppos$ to give him4 ,by ,w> ,dep>tm5t ord]s1 ,army ,regulations & cu/oms ( ! s]vice1 ! lieut5ants & noncommission$ (fic]s are *>g$ ) c]ta9 duties & responsibilities4 ,let e "o ( !m c>ry ! full load ( _! responsibility4 ,! company comm&] %\ld n usurp ! functions ( 8 subord9ates--he %\ld n relieve !m ( any ( _! prescrib$ or logical "w & responsibility4 ,on ! contr>y1 he %\ld give !m m1 & he %\ld see t !y deliv] ! goods4 ,skill 9 di/ribut+ "w among subord9ates is "o ( ! fir/ ess5tials ( lead]%ip1 z is ! ability to get "w out ( !m s t !y w fill _! functions to ! full )9 ! limits ( _! responsibility4 ,n only does devolution ( "w & responsibility cause subord9ates to take m int]e/ 9 _! "w 7x makes !m feel less l m]e figure-heads71 b x also tea*es !m initiative & gives !m valuable exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( tra9+ & h&l+ m54 ,fur!rmore1 x enables ! company comm&] to devote m "t to ! l>g] & m important matt]s connect$ ) ! discipl9e1 welf>e1 tra9+1 in/ruction & adm9i/ration ( ! company4 ,! capta9 :o all[s 8 lieut5ants to d practically no?+ makes a mi/ake--he is do+ some?+ t w rob 8 lieut5ants ( all initiative1 cause !m to lose int]e/ 9 ! company1 & make !m feel l non5tities--l a k9d ( fif? :eel--x w make !m feel !y are n1 9 reality1 a "p ( ! company--x w prev5t !m f gett+ a practical1 work+ k ( ! gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration ( a company4 ,by all[+ 8 lieut5ants to p>ticipate to ! greate/ ext5t possible 9 ! gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration ( ! company1 & by n hamp]+ & pe/]+ !m ) unnecess>y in/ructions ab\t details1 ! capta9 w get out ( 8 lieut5ants ! v be/ t !re is 9 !m4 ,! capta9 %\ld require ,,results f 8 lieut5ants1 & ! m]e fact t a lieut5ant is consid]$ ineffici5t & unable to d ?+s prop]ly1 is no reason :y he %\ld n be requir$ to d !m4 ,! capta9 is by ,army ,regulations responsible = ! effici5cy & in/ruction ( 8 lieut5ants reg>d+ all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! company1 & he %\ld require !m to p]=m all _! duties prop]ly1 resort+ to su* discipl9>y measures z may be consid]$ necess>y4 ,! lieut5ant :o c n1 or :o w n1 p]=m 8 duties prop]ly is a drag on ! company1 & su* a man has no bus9ess 9 ! ,army1 or 9 ! ,organiz$ ,militia4 ,,! ,,lieut5ant #hgj4 ,to be able to p]=m well ! duties ( capta9 :5 ! responsibility falls ^u him1 %\ld be ! con/ant /udy & ambition ( ! lieut5ant4 ,he is ! assi/ant ( ! capta9 & %\ld be requir$ by ! capta9 to assi/ 9 ! p]=mance ( all company duties1 includ+ ! keep+ ( records & ! prep>ation ( ! necess>y reports1 returns1 e/imates & requisitions4 ,! capta9 %\ld give him lots to d1 & %\ld ?r[ him on 8 own responsibility j z mu* z possible4 ,he %\ld be requir$ to drill ! company1 att5d ! daily inspection ( ! company qu>t]s1 in/ruct ! noncommission$ (fic]s1 brief communications1 ent] lett]s 9 ! ,correspond5ce ,book1 make out ration returns1 reports1 mu/] & pay rolls1 etc41 until he %[s p]fect famili>ity !re)4 ,:5ev] told to d a ?+ by y\r capta91 d x y\rself or see p]sonally t x is done4 ,d n turn x ov] to "s noncommission$ (fic] & let x g at t4 ,if y\r capta9 wants "s noncommission$ (fic] to d ! ?+1 he himself w tell him to d x--he w n ask y to d x4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ! ,army to reg>d ! company z ! prop]ty ( ! capta94 ,%\ld ! lieut5ant1 !re=e1 be 9 tempor>y comm& ( ! company he %\ld n make any *anges1 especially 9 ! r$uction or promotion ( noncommission$ (fic]s )\t fir/ hav+ consult$ ! capta9's wi%es 9 ! matt]4 ,x is some:at difficult to expla9 def9itely ! au?ority a lieut5ant ex]cises ov] ! m5 9 ! company :5 ! capta9 is pres5t4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 h[ev]1 x may be /at$ ! lieut5ant c n make any *anges ar\nd ! b>racks1 inflict any puni%m5t or put m5 on1 or relieve !m f1 any duty )\t ! cons5t ( ! capta94 ,x is always bett] if !re be a def9ite und]/&+ betwe5 ! capta9 & 8 lieut5ants z to :at he expects ( !m1 h[ he wi%es to h c]ta9 ?+s done & to :at ext5t he w su/a9 !m4 ,if ! lieut5ant wants any?+ f ! company 9 ! way ( work+ p>ties1 ! s]vices ( ! company artific] or company cl]k1 ! use ( ordnance /ores or qu>t]ma/] articles1 he %\ld always speak to ! capta9 ab\t ! matt]4 ,,! ,,capta9 ,,& ,,! ,,lieut5ants #hga4 ,! company (fic]s %\ld set an example to _! m5 9 dress1 milit>y be>+1 sy/em1 punctuality & o!r soldi]ly qualities4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! neglig5ce ( sup]iors is ! cue = juniors to be neglig5t4 ,if ! m5 ( a company are c>eless & indiff]5t ab\t salut+ & if !y are %abby & lax 9 _! dress1 ! company comm&] is to blame = x--company (fic]s c always correct defects ( ?is k9d1 if !y w only try4 ,! "* & effici5cy ( (fic]s & ! mann] 9 :i* !y p]=m _! duties are reflect$ 9 ! conduct & deportm5t ( _! m54 ,( c\rse1 c\rage is a pr]equisite quality = a good (fic]1 & e (fic] %\ld seek to impress 8 m5 t he w\ld direct !m to d no?+ involv+ dang] t he w\ld n himself be will+ to d "u simil> circum/ances4 ,if a company (fic] be ignorant ( 8 duties1 8 m5 w soon f9d x out1 & :5 !y d !y w h nei!r respect =1 nor confid5ce 91 him4 ,company (fic]s %\ld take an active int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ t affects ! amusem5t1 recreation1 happ9ess & welf>e ( _! m54 ,an (fic] j jo9+ a company %\ld le>n )\t delay ! names ( all ! m54 ,a roll ( ! organization %\ld be gott5 & /udi$4 ,:ile an (fic] c gruffly ord] a soldi] to d a ?+ & h 8 ord]s obey$1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 z a rule1 human nature1 especially ,am]ican human nature1 responds be/ to an appeal to pride1 fairness1 ju/ice1 reason1 & ! o!r nobl] in/9cts ( man4 ,x is only 9 r>e in/ances t ! av]age man w give ! be/ !re is 9 him "u co]cion or pressure ( au?ority4 ,!re are b few m5 :o h n "s good 9 !m1 & ?is good c g5]ally be gott5 at1 if "o only goes ab\t x 9 ! "r way4 ,/udy y\r m5 & try to ar\se 9 !m pride & int]e/ 9 _! "w4 ,! soldi] fir/ le>ns to respect1 !n to honor & f9ally to love ! (fic] :o is /rict b j2 firm b k9d--& ?is is ! (fic] :o w draw out ( 8 m5 ! v be/ !re is 9 !m4 #hgb4 ,treat y\r m5 l m51 & rememb] !re is no?+ t w s completely take ! _s out ( a man z to f9d fault ) him :5 he is do+ 8 be/4 ,"y (fic]s sometimes run to "o ( two extremes 9 ! treatm5t ( _! m5--!y ei!r1 by undue famili>ity1 or o!rwise1 cultivate popul>ity ) ! m52 or !y d n treat !m ) suffici5t consid]ation--! =m] c\rse w =feit _! e/eem2 ! latt]1 ensure _! dislike1 nei!r ( :i* result is conducive to comm&+ _! respect4 ,treat y\r soldi]s ) prop] consid]ation1 dignity1 & ju/ice--rememb] !y are memb]s ( y\r pr(ession1 ! diff]5ce be+ "o ( education1 rank1 comm&1 & pay--b !y are m51 l y\rself1 & %\ld be treat$ z su*4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld y ev] swe> at a soldi]--n only is ?is tak+ a mean1 unfair advantage ( y\r position1 b x is also undignifi$1 ung5tlemanly1 & unmilit>y4 ,x is ev5 m improp] = y to swe> at a soldi] ?an x is = a sup]ior to swe> at y--9 ! latt] case ! insult c be prop]ly res5t$2 9 ! =m]1 x mu/ be borne 9 humiliat+ sil5ce4 ,rememb]1 t if by h>% or unfair treatm5t y de/roy a man's self-respect1 y at ! same "t de/roy 8 usefulness4 ,famili>ity is1 ( c\rse1 mo/ subv]sive ( discipl9e1 b y c treat y\r m5 ) sympa!tic consid]ation )\t be+ famili> ) !m4 ,9 deal+ ) enli/$ m51 d n use ! same /&>d ( intellect & morals t apply 9 ! case ( (fic]s4 ,& rememb]1 too1 t a ?+ t may appe> small & trivial to an (fic] may mean a great deal to an enli/$ man--/udy y\r m51 le>n _! desires1 _! habits1 _! way ( ?9k+1 & !n 9 y\r deal+s ) !m try to look at ?+s f _! /&po9t also4 ,9 o!r words 9 y\r treatm5t ( y\r m5 be j z human z possible4 ,! treatm5t ( soldi]s %\ld be uni=m & j1 & "u no circum/ances %\ld a man be humiliat$ unnecess>ily or abus$4 ,repro( & puni%m5t mu/ be adm9i/]$ ) discretion & judgm5t1 & )\t passion2 = ! (fic] :o loses 8 temp] & flies into a tantrum has fail$ to obta9 8 fir/ triumph 9 discipl9e4 ,he :o c n control himself c n control o!rs4 ,e (fic] %\ld /udy himself c>efully1 he %\ld analyze himself1 he %\ld place himself "u a microscopic glass1 s z to discov] 8 weak po9ts--& he %\ld !n try ) 8 :ole might & s\l to make ^! weak po9ts /rong po9ts4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y realize t y are weak 9 appli$ m9or tactics1 or t y h no bump ( locality1 or t y h a poor memory1 or t y h a weak w1 d :at y c to correct ^! defects 9 y\r make-up4 ,rememb] ,/onewall ,jackson's motto3 ,a man c d any?+ he makes up 8 m9d to d4 ,! ,progress ,company1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 publi%es ,m9d ,p[]1 ,memory1 ,! ,w1 ,! ,art ( ,logical ,?9k+ 7all by ,w4 ,w4 ,atk9son71 & sev]al o!r books ( a simil> nature1 t are bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,! ,p[] ( ! ,w1 by ,haddock1 = sale by ,alb]t ,lewis ,pelton1 ,m]id51 ,conn41 is an excell5t book ( its k9d4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s]geant #hgc4 ,x has be5 said ! capta9 is ! proprietor ( ! company & ! fir/ s]geant is ! =eman4 ,"u sup]vision ( ! capta91 he has imm$iate *>ge ( all r\t9e matt]s p]ta9+ to ! company4 ,9 "s companies 9 ! ,regul> ,army1 x is cu/om>y = soldi]s1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 to get p]mission f ! fir/ s]geant to speak to ! company comm&] at any "t4 ,9 o!r organizations soldi]s :o wi% to speak to ! company comm&] away f ! company qu>t]s mu/ fir/ obta9 ! fir/ s]geant's p]mission1 b x is n necess>y to get ?is p]mission to speak to ! company comm&] :5 he is at ! b>racks4 ,! fir/ s]geant is sometimes au?oriz$ to place noncommission$ (fic]s 9 arre/ 9 qu>t]s & privates 9 conf9em5t 9 ! gu>dh\se1 assum+ su* action to be by ord] ( ! capta91 to :om he at once reports ! facts4 ,h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ! conf9em5t ( soldi]s by noncommission$ (fic]s1 att5tion is invit$ to ! ,army ,regulations on ! subject4 ,,! ,,noncommission$ ,,(fic]s 7,! /atus1 duties1 etc41 ( noncommission$ (fic]s are cov]$ 9 great] detail 9 ,noncommission$ ,(fic]s' ,manual1 by ! au?or4 ,g5]al ag5ts3 ,george ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis47 #hgd4 ,! effici5cy & discipl9e ( a company dep5d to su* an ext5t on ! noncommission$ (fic]s t ! greate/ c>e & judgm5t %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 _! selection4 ,!y %\ld be m5 possess+ su* soldi]ly qualities z a high s5se ( duty1 *e]ful ob$i5ce to ord]s1 =ce ( "*1 hone/y1 sobriety & /ead9ess1 toge!r ) an intellig5t k ( drills1 regulations1 & ord]s4 ,!y %\ld exact prompt ob$i5ce f ^? to :om !y give ord]s1 & %\ld see t all soldi]s "u !m p]=m _! milit>y duties prop]ly4 ,!y mu/ n hesitate to reprove !m :5 necess>y1 b su* repro( mu/ n be any m sev]e ?an ! occasion dem&s4 ,! company (fic]s mu/ su/a9 ! noncommission$ (fic]s 9 ! ex]cise ( _! au?ority1 except1 ( c\rse1 :5 su* au?ority is improp]ly or unju/ly ex]cis$4 ,if !y d wrong1 !y %\ld be puni%$ ! same z ! privates1 b if x be simply an error ( judgm5t !y %\ld m]ely be admoni%$4 ,a noncommission$ (fic] %\ld nev] be admoni%$ 9 ! pres5ce ( privates4 ,judici\s prais+ ( noncommission$ (fic]s 9 ! pres5ce ( privates is n only gratify+ to ! noncommission$ (fic]1 b x also t5ds to enhance ! respect & e/eem ( ! privates = him4 ,9 addition to divid+ ! company into squads1 ea* squad be+ "u a noncommission$ (fic] z requir$ by ! ,army ,regulations1 ! company %\ld also be divid$ into sections1 ea* section be+ 9 *>ge ( a s]geant4 ,! squads & sections %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be qu>t]$ toge!r 9 b>racks1 & ! *iefs ( squads & ! *iefs ( sections %\ld be held /rictly responsible = ! conduct1 dress1 cleanl9ess1 & ! c>e ( arms ( ! memb]s ( _! respective squads & sections4 ,n only does ?is ?r[ ! corporals & ! s]geants ^u _! own responsibility to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x also impresses ^u !m ! importance ( _! position1 & gets ! privates 9 ! habit ( realiz+ & appreciat+ ! au?ority ex]cis$ by noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,:5 practicable1 ! noncommission$ (fic]s %\ld h sep>ate rooms or t5ts1 & %\ld mess toge!r at tables sep>ate f ! privates2 =1 ev]y?+ t conduces to famili>ity ) inf]iors t5ds to l[] ! dignity ( ! noncommission$ (fic]s' position4 ,?r[ y\r noncommission$ (fic]s ^u _! own responsibility--?r[ !m into deep wat]1 s to speak1 :]e !y w ei!r h to swim or s9k4 ,y c nev] tell :at a man c really d until y h giv5 him a *ance to %[ y--until y h put him on 8 mettle--until y h tri$ him out4 ,& v (t5 m5 :o seem to h no?+ 9 !m1 m5 :o h nev] be=e be5 ?r[n ^u _! own responsibility1 w surprise y4 ,d all y c to make y\r noncommission$ (fic]s realize & appreciate ! importance ( _! position4 ,consult !m ab\t diff]5t matt]s--get _! op9ions ab\t v>i\s ?+s4 ,:5 go+ ?r\gh ! b>racks at ,saturday morn+ inspection1 = in/ance1 z y come to ! diff]5t squads1 h ! squad lead]s /ep to ! front & foll[ y :ile y are inspect+ _! respective squads4 ,if y f9d any?+ wrong ) a man's bunk1 speak to ! squad lead] ab\t x4 ,also ask ! squad lead]s v>i\s que/ions ab\t _! squads4 ,n only does su* treatm5t ( noncommission$ (fic]s make !m appreciate ! importance1 responsibility & dignity ( _! position1 b x also gives !m m confid5ce 9 !mselves & raises !m 9 ! eyes ( ! privates4 ,noncommission$ (fic]s %\ld always be address$ by _! titles1 by bo? (fic]s & soldi]s4 ,noncommission$ (fic]s are =bidd5 by regulations to act z b>b]s1 or z ag5ts = laundries1 or 9 any o!r position ( a simil> "*4 ,ev]y?+ possible %\ld be done by ! company (fic]s to in/ruct ! noncommission$ (fic]s prop]ly 9 _! duties4#h ,s f> z ! company is conc]n$1 ! noncommission$ (fic]s are expect$ to assi/ ! company comm&] 9 c>ry+ out 8 own ord]s & ^? ( 8 sup]iors--!y %\ld see t all company ord]s are obey$ & t ! kn[n wi%es ( ! capta9 are c>ri$ out4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! capta9 %\ld tell ! fir/ s]geant t ! m5 9 ! company may play c>ds among !mselves1 b t noncommission$ (fic]s are n to play ) privates & t m5 f o!r companies are n all[$ to take "p 91 or to be pres5t at ! games1 !n x is ! duty ( ! fir/ s]geant to see t ^! in/ructions are c>ri$ out--x is 8 duty to make frequ5t inspections ( ! tables at :i* ! m5 may be play+ to see t no noncommission$ (fic]s are play+ & t no outsid]s are pres5t4 ,! fir/ s]geant :o conf9$ himself to publi%+ ! ord] to ! company & !n do+ no?+ m1 w\ld be neglectful ( 8 prop] duty4 ,noncommission$ (fic]s clo!d 9 ! prop] uni=m ( _! grade are on duty at all times & places = ! suppression ( disord]ly conduct on ! "p ( memb]s ( ! company 9 public places4 ,m5 creat+ disord] w be s5t to _! qu>t]s 9 arre/ & ! facts report$ to ! company comm&] )\t delay4 ,noncommission$ (fic]s c d mu* to prev5t ! commission ( (f5ses by memb]s ( _! comm&s1 bo? :5 on & :5 (f duty1 & su* prev5tion is z mu* _! duty z report+ (f5ses aft] !y are committ$2 9 fact1 x is mu* bett] to prev5t ! (f5se ?an to br+ ! (f5d] to trial4 ,company comm&]s %\ld drill _! noncommission$ (fic]s ?or\ghly 9 ! pr9ciples ( discipl9e4 #hge4 ,noncommission$ ,(fic]s ,au?oriz$ to ,conf9e ,enli/$ ,m54 ,a company or deta*m5t comm&] may delegate to 8 noncommission$ (fic]s ! au?ority to conf9e enli/$ m5 9 ! gu>dh\se & to place !m 9 arre/ 9 qu>t]s1 provid$ ! case is imm$iately report$ to ! company or deta*m5t comm&]1 :o confirms ! act ( ! noncommission$ (fic] & adopts x z 8 own4--,w4 ,d4 decision1 ,decemb]1 #aije4 #hgf4 ,r$uction & ,resignation4 ,a noncommission$ (fic] %\ld nev] be r$uc$ to ranks1 except = grave & suffici5t reasons4 ,no?+ demoralizes ! noncommission$ (fic]s ( a company s mu* & upsets discipl9e to su* an ext5t z ! feel+ t ^u ! slighte/ pretext or fancy "o is to be s5t back to ! ranks1 to associate ) ! privates he has be5 requir$ to discipl9e4 ,9 "s regim5ts noncommission$ (fic]s are p]mitt$ to s5d 9 =mal resignations1 :ile 9 o!r regim5ts !y are n1 b1 ) ! approval ( ! company comm&]1 !y may ask = r$uction1 giv+ prop]1 satisfactory & specific reasons4 ,( c\rse1 resignations submitt$ 9 a _s ( accept$ insubord9ation or pique %\ld n be consid]$1 nor %\ld !y ev] be 9 sub/itution = des]v$ discipl9>y puni%m5t4 ,if a noncommission$ (fic] has good reasons = reque/+ r$uction & ! grant+ ( ! reque/ w\ld n result 9 detrim5t to ! company1 !re is no reason :y 8 application %\ld n be favorably consid]$4 ,h[ev]1 9 su* a case1 ! noncommission$ (fic] %\ld consult 8 company comm&] be=e submitt+ 8 reque/ 9 writ+4 ,x is ?\ght ! prepond]ance ( cu/om is aga9/ consid]+ =mal resignations4 ,cont5tm5t & ,h>mony #hgg4 ,! (fic]s ( ! company %\ld d ev]y?+ possible to make ! organization cont5t$ & h>moni\s4 ,cont5tm5t & h>mony are n only conducive to good discipl9e & effici5cy1 b !y also make ! gov]nm5t ( ! company easy & r$uce des]tions to a m9imum4 ,! %[+ ( favoritism on ! "p ( ! capta9 is always a cause ( great dissatisfaction among/ ! soldi]s 9 ! company4 ,soldi]s d n c>e h[ /rict ! capta9 is1 j s he is fair & imp>tial1 treat+ all m5 alike4 #hgh4 ,! ,mess4 ,! capta9 %\ld give ! mess 8 con/ant p]sonal att5tion1 mak+ frequ5t visits to ! kit*5 & d9+-room :ile ! soldi]s are at meals s z to see = himself :at !y are gett+1 h[ x is s]v$1 etc4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to /ate t1 9 "t ( peace1 a good mess is ! real basis ( ! cont5tm5t ( a company4 ,asc]ta9 :at ! soldi]s l to eat & !n gratify _! appetites z f> z practicable4 ,be c>eful t ! cook or ! mess s]geant doesn't fall into a rut & satiate ! soldi]s day aft] day ) ! same di%es4 ,give ! ration y\r p]sonal att5tion--"k y\rself :at ! company is entitl$ to1 h[ mu* x is actually gett+1 :at ! sav+s am\nt to1 etc4 #hgi4 ,libr>y & ,amusem5t ,room4 ,a libr>y & an amusem5t room1 suppli$ ) good books1 magaz9es1 pap]s1 a billi>d or pool table1 & a phonograph1 are a s\rce ( mu* pleasure & cont5tm5t4 #hhj4 ,a?letic ,app>atus4 ,a judici\s inve/m5t ( ! company fund 9 baseballs1 bats1 dumb bells1 ,indian clubs1 box+ gloves & o!r a?letic goods1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( baseball1 basketball1 quoits1 etc41 are 9 ! int]e/ ( h>mony & happ9ess4 ,rew>ds & ,privileges #hha4 #a4 ,d5y all passes & reque/s = privileges ( m5 ^: conduct is n good1 & on ! o!r h& grant to m5 ^: conduct is good1 z _m indulg5ces z is consi/5t ) discipl9e4 #b4 ,judici\s praise 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fir/ s]geant1 a few noncommission$ (fic]s1 or ! entire company1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances1 v (t5 accompli%es a great deal4 ,aft] ! accord+ ( su* praise1 let y\r action t[>d ! man %[ t 8 good conduct is appreciat$ & t x has rais$ him 9 y\r e/imation1 & make him feel y are keep+ y\r eye on him to see :e!r he w cont9ue 9 8 well do+4 #c4 ,publication ( comm5datory ord]s1 desirable special duty details1 etc4 #d4 ,promotion1 & extra duty details :i* c>ry extra pay4 #e4 ,m]itori\s conduct ( importance %\ld be not$ 9 ! soldi]'s milit>y record & also on 8 dis*>ge4 #f4 ,at ! weekly company inspection1 ea* *ief ( squad picks out ! neate/ & cleane/ man 9 8 squad--! capta9 !n inspects ! m5 s select$1 ! neate/ & cleane/ "o be+ excus$ f "o or two t\rs ( kit*5 police1 or "s o!r disagreeable duty2 or giv5 a two days' pass4 ,,note3 ,"s (fic]s d n ?9k t good conduct %\ld be especially rew>d$1 b t if all soldi]s be held /rictly acc\ntable = _! actions by a sy/em ( /rict discipl9e1 good conduct atta9s its own rew>d 9 ! immunities x enjoys4 #hhb4 ,company puni%m5t4 ,x is nei!r necess>y nor desirable to br+ e d]eliction ( duty be=e a c\rt-m>tial = trial4 ,9 fact1 ! inv>iable pref]r+ ( *>ges = m9or#i (f5ses w1 z a rule1 injure r ?an help ! discipl9e ( a comm&4 ,! #ajd? ,article ( ,w> /ates1 ,! comm&+ (fic] ( any deta*m5t1 company1 or high] comm& may1 = m9or (f5ses n d5i$ by ! accus$1 impose discipl9>y puni%m5ts ^u p]sons ( 8 comm& )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c\rt-m>tial1 unless ! accus$ dem&s trial by c\rt-m>tial4 ,! discipl9>y puni%m5ts au?oriz$ may include admonition1 reprim&1 )hold+ ( privileges1 extra fatigue1 & re/riction to c]ta9 specifi$ limits1 b %all n include =feiture ( pay or conf9em5t "u gu>d4 7,p>4 #ccc1 ,manual = ,c\rts-,m>tial47 ,"s ,efficaci\s ,=ms ( ,company ,puni%m5t #hhc4 #a4 ,extra fatigue "u ! ,company ,supply ,s]geant or ! noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( qu>t]s1 clean+ up ar\nd & 9 ! company qu>t]s1 scrubb+ pots1 sc\r+ t9 pans1 poli%+ /oves1 cutt+ wood1 polic+ ! re>s1 cutt+ grass1 pull+ we$s1 poli%+ ! brass & nickel p>ts 9 ! wat] closets & ba? rooms1 wa%+ & greas+ lea!r1 clean+ guns1 boil+ greasy hav]sacks1 & 9 camp1 digg+ dra9s & work+ ar\nd slop holes4 ,if ! "w be done well ! (f5d] may be let (f soon]--if ! "w be n done well1 he may be tri$ = x4 #b4 ,m5 may n be all[$ to leave ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! b>racks = p]iods rang+ f "o to t5 days1 dur+ :i* "t !y are subject to all k9ds ( disagreeable fatigue1 & requir$ to report to ! ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 9 *>ge ( qu>t]s at /at$ h\rs4 #c4 ,break+ rocks = a giv5 numb] ( days4 ,= e man s puni%$1 a private ( ! same company is detail$ z a s5t9el & = e f\r m5 a corporal is detail$ 9 addition--! idea be+ to cause e man 9 ea* organization to take an int]e/ 9 prev5t+ 8 own comrades f violat+ rules & regulations4 #d4 ,:5 two soldi]s get into a r[ t is n ( a s]i\s nature1 a good plan is to set !m at "w scrubb+ ! b>rack w9d[s--"o on ! outside & "o on ! inside1 mak+ !m clean ! same pane at ! same "t4 ,!y are ?us con/antly look+ 9 ea* o!r's faces & be=e ! second w9d[ is clean$ !y w probably be laugh+ at ea* o!r & "p fri5ds r ?an nurs+ _! wra?4 #e4 ,conf9em5t to b>racks1 report+ to ! noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( qu>t]s once e h\r1 f reveille to1 say1 #i ,p4 ,m4 ,,note3 ,"s company comm&]s foll[1 = moral effect1 ! practice ( publi%+ to _! companies all summ>y c\rt convictions ( soldi]s belong+ to ! organization4 ,)hold+ ( ,privileges #a4 ,)hold+ ( passes & ( cr$it at ! po/ ex*ange4 #b4 ,)hold+ ( furl\ghs4 #hhd4 ,control ( ,drunk5 & ,obsc5e ,m54 ,9 ord] to control drunk5 & obsc5e m51 !y h be5 buck$ & gagg$ until suffici5tly sob] to rega9 self-control & quiet d[n4 ,! use ( a cold wat] hose 9 su* cases has be5 kn[n to accompli% good results4 ,great c>e & judgm5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ex]cis$ & no m =ce us$ ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x may also be said t p]si/5tly fil?y m5 h be5 wa%$ & scrubb$4 #hhe4 ,saturday morn+ & o!r company inspections are int5d$ to %[ ! condition ( ! organization reg>d+ its equipm5t1 milit>y appe>ance & g5]al fitness = s]vice1 & ! condition ( ! qu>t]s z reg>ds cleanl9ess1 ord]1 etc4 ,usually ev]yone except ! gu>d1 "o cook1 & o!rs ^: pres5ce else:]e c n be sp>$1 are requir$ to att5d inspections1 appe>+ 9 _! be/ clo!s1 _! arms & acc\t]m5ts be+ %ip%ape & spick & span 9 e respect4 ,a man appe>+ at inspection ) arms & equipm5ts n 9 prop] %ape1 especially if he be a recruit or if x be 8 fir/ (f5se1 may be turn$ out aga9 sev]al h\rs lat]1 fully arm$ & equipp$1 = ano!r inspection1 in/ead ( be+ tri$ by summ>y c\rt4 ,prop]ty ,responsibility #hhf4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! c>e & acc\ntability ( all company prop]ty4 #a4 ,all prop]ty 7t5ts1 axes1 spades1 *airs1 hat*ets1 etc47 %\ld be pla9ly m>k$ ) ! lett] ( ! company4 #b4 ,keep a duplicate copy ( e memor&um receipt giv5 = prop]ty1 & :5 su* prop]ty is turn$ 9 or ano!r (fic]'s memor&um receipt is giv5 cov]+ ! prop]ty1 don't fail to get y\r orig9al memor&um f ! qu>t]ma/]4 #c4 ,see t ! qu>t]ma/] gives y cr$it = all articles turn$ 91 or prop]ty acc\nt$ = on /atem5t ( *>ges1 proce$+s ( a survey+ (fic] or o!rwise4 #d4 ,h a settlem5t ) ! qu>t]ma/] at ! end ( e qu>t] z requir$ by ,army ,regulations1 tak+ an inv5tory ( all prop]ty held on memor&um receipt & submitt+ to ! qu>t]ma/] a /atem5t ( *>ges & a c]tifi$ li/ ( ! *9a & glassw>e unavoidably brok5 dur+ ! qu>t]4 #e4 ,keep an acc\nt ( all articles issu$ to ! m51 turn$ 9 to ! qu>t]ma/]1 condemn$1 exp5d$1 lo/1 /ol5 or de/roy$4 #f4 ,worn out & uns]viceable1 prop]ty t is beyond repair 9 ! company %\ld be submitt$ to ! action ( a survey+ (fic]1 ! ,survey ,reports 7,=m ,no4 #aif1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o47 be+ prep>$ 9 triplicate1 & submitt$ to ! comm&+ (fic]1 :o w appo9t a survey+ (fic]4 ,no prop]ty t c be repair$ 9 ! company %\ld ev] be submitt$ to ! action ( a survey+ (fic] or inspector4 ,9 ?is connection company comm&]s & supply s]geants %\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t pamphlet ,no4 #aife & ,g4 ,o4 #bf1 #aiag1 ! two cov]+ ! c>e1 repair & disposition ( uns]viceable ,ordnance equipm5t4 #g4 ,prop]ty t is to be submitt$ to ! action ( a survey+ (fic] or an inspector %\ld always fir/ be c>efully exam9$ by ! responsible (fic] 9 p]son1 :o %\ld be prep>$ to give all necess>y in=mation 9 reg>d to x4 ,! prop]ty %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( enum]ation 9 ! survey or ! inv5tory report1 & %\ld be arrang$ 9 r[s ( five1 t51 or "s o!r numb]1 s t ! numb]s ( ! v>i\s articles c be c\nt$ at a glance4 ,! ,army ,regulations require t ! responsible (fic] %all be pres5t at ! inspection ( prop]ty by a regul> inspector4 ,he %\ld also be pres5t :5 prop]ty is act$ on by a survey+ (fic]4 #h4 ,all company prop]ty 7,ordnance1 ,qu>t]ma/]1 ,signal & ,eng9e]7 except ! litt] 7,m$ical ,dep>tm5t7 is gott5 f ! unit supply (fic] on memor&um receipt4 ,! litt] is gott5 f ! surgeon on memor&um receipt4 ,settlem5ts are requir$ to be made qu>t]ly ) ! (fic]s conc]n$1 & also :5 rel9qui%+ comm&4 ,company ,pap]work #hhg4 ,scope ( subject4 ,to cov] 9 full ! subject ( company pap]work w\ld require m space ?an x is practicable to sp>e 9 a manual ( ?is nature1 & consequ5tly only brief ref]5ce is made h]e9 to ! pr9cipal books1 records & pap]s connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( a company4 ,! subject ( company pap]work1 z well z ,army adm9i/ration 9 g5]al1 is cov]$ 9 full 9 ,army ,pap]work1 publi%$ by ,geo4 ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis4 ,price #b4jj1 po/paid4 ,9 connection ) company pap]work1 x may be rem>k$ t n[-a-days no company (fice is complete )\t a typewrit]4 ,= all-ar\nd field & g>rison "w ! ,,corona1 :i* is us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,army1 is recomm5d$4 ,n only is x less bulky & light] ?an o!r ma*9es1 b x is simpl] ( con/ruction & w /& h>d] usage4 ,! ,corona ,fold+ ,/& adds v mu* to ! conv5i5ce ( ! ma*9e = field use4 #hhh4 ,morn+ ,report4 ,:i* %[s1 at ! h\r ! report is submitt$1 ! exact condition ( ! company z to ! numb] ( (fic]s & m5 pres5t = duty1 sick1 abs5t1 etc4 ,all *anges s9ce ! la/ report 7! day be=e7 are %[n by "n1 "u ,rem>ks1 on ! "r-h& page1 & by numb] on ! left-h& page4 ,9 case ( no *ange s9ce la/ report1 note1 ,no *ange1 "u1 ,rem>ks1 & also on ! left-h& page4 7,see model giv5 bel[47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,,note4 ,! numb]s #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 etc41 ent]$ by h& on ! left 9 model1 & :i* %[ ! numb] ( days f ea* pr9t$ numb] 7date7 to ! end ( ! mon?1 are ent]$ ! beg9n+ ( ea* mon?1 & are a conv5i5ce 9 %[+ at once ! numb] ( rations to be add$ or d$uct$ 9 ! case ( m5 jo9+ or leav+ ! company4 #hhi4 ,daily ,sick ,report4 ,on :i* are ent]$ ! names ( all enli/$ m5 requir+ m$ical att5tion & su* ( ! company (fic]s z may be excus$ f duty because ( illness4 ,! report is sign$ ea* day by ! surgeon & ! company comm&]1 & %[s :e!r or n ! sickness 0 incurr$ 9 l9e ( duty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #hij4 ,duty ,ro/]4 ,on :i* is kept a record ( all details = gu>d duty1 kit*5 police1 & o!r details = s]vice 9 g>rison & 9 ! field1 except ! au?oriz$ special & extra duty details4 ,= in/ructions reg>d+ ! keep+ ( ro/]1 see1 ,details & ,ro/]s1 ,manual ( ,int]ior ,gu>d ,duty & ! ,model & in/ructions on ! =m itself4 #hia4 ,files ( ,ord]s4 ,a file w be kept ( all ord]s issu$ by ! company comm&]4 ,files w also be kept ( all ord]s & in/ructions receiv$ f high] au?ority4 #hib4 ,company ,fund ,book4 ,9 :i* are ent]$ all receipts to1 & exp5ditures f1 ! company fund1 toge!r ) ! mon?ly proce$+ ( ! ,company ,c\ncil ( ,adm9i/ration1 & a li/ ( prop]ty1 ) co/ !re(1 pur*as$ f ! company fund4 ,! model 9 ! front ( ! book %[s h[ ! acc\nt is to be kept4 #hic4 ,correspond5ce ,book1 ) index4 ,9 :i* is ent]$ a brief ( ea* item ( correspond5ce 9 respect to :i* a record is necess>y1 & a notation ( ! action tak5 !reon4 #hid4 ,docum5t ,file1 be+ ! orig9al docum5ts or communications :5 ^! are reta9$1 & c>bon1 lett] press1 or o!r copies ( lett]s1 indorsem5ts1 or telegrams s5t 9 reg>d to ! same1 all ( :i* are fil$ accord+ to s]ial numb]s4 #hie4 ,del9qu5cy ,record1 9 :i* are not$ ! discipl9>y puni%m5ts aw>d$ by ! company comm&] 9 compliance ) ! provisions ( ,army ,regulations4 #hif4 ,prop]ty ,responsibility4 ,two loose-leaf books 9 :i* are li/$1 9 "o all articles ( qu>t]ma/] prop]ty1 & 9 ! o!r1 all articles ( ordnance prop]ty1 issu$ ea* soldi] = 8 p]sonal use4 #hig4 ,s]vice ,record4 7,=m]ly kn[n z ,descriptive ,li/47 ,"o = ea* memb] ( ! company1 9 :i* is kept a full description ( him1 includ+ date ( enli/m5t1 p]sonnel description1 record ( deposits1 trial by c\rt-m>tial1 record ( vacc9ation1 clo?+ acc\nt1 etc4 #hih4 ,descriptive ,c>d ( ,public ,animals4 ,to be kept 9 organizations suppli$ ) public animals4 #hii4 ,reta9$ ,copies ( ,rolls1 ,returns1 etc4 ,reta9$ copies ( ! v>i\s rolls1 reports1 & returns 7prop]ty & o!r7 t are requir$ by ord]s & regulations4 #ijj4 ,memor&um ,receipts1 %[+ all articles ( ordnance qu>t]ma/]1 & o!r prop]ty t may be held on memor&um receipt1 ) date ( receipt1 f :om receiv$1 etc4 ,! company comm&] has a qu>t]ly settlem5t ) ! /aff (fic]s conc]n$4 #ija4 ,ab/ract ,record ( ,memor&um ,receipts4 ,= keep+ a record ( prop]ty issu$ on memor&um receipt1 9 connection ) ! unit acc\ntability equipm5t4 #ijb4 ,record ( ,rifles1 %[+ ! numb] ( ! rifle1 ! ,ars5al :]e made1 date ( receipt1 to :om issu$1 & numb] ( %ots fir$ ea* t>get season4 7,note4 ,geo4 ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis41 pr9t an excell5t c>d = ?is purpose47 #ijc4 ,summ>y ,c\rt ,records4 ,comm&+ (fic]s are requir$ to furni% organization comm&]s ) true copies ( all summ>y c\rt records relat+ to m5 ( _! organizations1 :i* pap]s =m a "p ( ! records ( ! organization4 #ijd4 ,/atem5t ( ,clo?+ ,*>g$ to ,enli/$ ,m54 ,:5 clo?+ is drawn individually f ! qu>t]ma/]1 ! ,individual ,clo?+ ,slips are ent]$ on ! ,/atem5t ( ,clo?+ ,*>g$ to ,enli/$ ,m51 :i* is fil$ ) ! requisition to :i* x p]ta9s4 #ije4 ,ab/ract ( ,clo?+4 ,all individual clo?+ slips are ent]$ on ?is ab/ract z ! issues are made1 ! total quantities & money values be+ det]m9$ & ! ab/ract complet$ at ! end ( mon? or :5 ! organization leaves ! vic9ity ( ! issu+ qu>t]ma/] = an ext5d$ p]iod4 ,at ! close ( p]iod cov]$1 ! organization comm&] comp>es 8 copy ( ! ab/ract ) ! qu>t]ma/]'s copy1 & x is !n fil$ ) ! ,individual ,clo?+ ,slips & ,/atem5t ( ,clo?+ ,*>g$ to ,enli/$ m54 #ijf4 ,record ( ,size ( ,clo?+4 ,a record ( ! sizes ( clo?+ ( e man 9 ! company z asc]ta9$ by measurem5t4 #ijg4 ,company ,t>get ,records4 ,an individual record is kept = ea* man ( ! company & = e (fic] fir+1 on :i* are ent]$ ! record rifle practice & ! qualification = ea* t>get season4 ,a simil> record is kept 9 ! case ( ^? requir$ to fire ) ! pi/ol4 ,records are also kept ( ! company combat fir+ & ! pr(ici5cy te/1 & ( ! combat practice4 ,! combat practice records are kept until ! close ( ! foll[+ t>get season1 :5 !y may be de/roy$4 #ijh4 ,company ,return4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ea* mon? a ,company ,return = ! prec$+ mon? is submitt$ to regim5tal headqu>t]s4 ,! return gives by "n all *anges s9ce r5dition ( la/ return 9 ! case ( (fic]s1 & by numb] all *anges 9 ! case ( enli/$ m51 & %[s ! condition ( ! company at midnight ( ! la/ day ( ! mon? = :i* r5d]$4 ,all (fic]s1 pres5t & abs5t1 are acc\nt$ = by "n1 & "u ,record ( ,ev5ts1 is giv5 a brief /atem5t ( ! duties p]=m$ by ! company dur+ ! mon?1 includ+ m>*es made1 actions 9 :i* engag$1 etc4 ,see next page = a ,model ,company ,return4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #iji4 ,ration return4 ,9 addition to rations1 on ?is =m are obta9$ soap1 c&les1 mat*es1 toilet pap]1 rock salt1 v9eg> = animals1 fl\r = pa/e 9 t>get practice1 t[els1 & ice1 ! all[ances ( :i* are prescrib$ 9 ! ,army ,regulations4 ,! be/ way to %[ h[ a ration return is prep>$ is to give a model & !n expla9 h[ ! figures !reon 7 obta9$4 ,! figures 9 ! above model 7 obta9$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! enli/$ /r5g? ( ,co4 ,h1 #ej? ,inf41 pres5t & abs5t accord+ to ! morn+ report ( ,feb4 #bi_/af1 0 #ig 7b7 ,d$uct f ! above ! numb] ( m5 abs5t accord+ to ! morn+ report ( ,feb4 #bi_/af1 & = :om rations w n1 !re=e1 be drawn = any "p or = ! :ole ( ! mon? ( ,m>*1 ! numb] ( m5 abs5t be+ 7assum$7 z foll[s3 ,on furl\gh #c ,on deta*$ s]vice #b ,abs5t sick #b ,abs5t 9 conf9em5t #a ,pres5t sick 9 hospital #d ,atta*$ to & ration$ ) ! b& #b #ad --------- ,balance #hc 7c7 ,add ! numb] ( m5 atta*$ to ! company = rations1 :i* 7x is assum$7 consi/s ( two g5]al prison]s #b --------- ,,total #he ,t is to say1 we h #he m5 = :om "o ration p] day mu/ be drawn = ! mon? ( ,m>*1 t is to say1 #ca days4 ,h5ce1 ! total numb] ( rations w be1 #he x #ca #bfce rations4 7d7 ,additions & d$uctions mu/ be made z foll[s3 ,additions ,= ! m5 :o 7 atta*$ to ! company = rations & :o jo9$ dur+ ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 f abs5t sick1 furl\gh1 deta*$ s]vice1 etc41 & :i* 7let u assume7 ! ,plus column ( ,rations on ! company morn+ report = ,febru>y %[s to be #aej ,d$uctions ,= ! m5 :o left ! company dur+ ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 on acc\nt ( be+ s5t to ! hospital sick1 go+ on furl\gh1 etc41 & :i* 7let u assume7 ! ,m9us column ( ,rations on ! company morn+ report = ,febru>y %[s to be #bjj ,leav+ u 7a ,net correction7 to be add$ ( #ej --------- ,& mak+ ! total numb] due ! company = ! mon? ( ,m>* #behe ,,extra ,,issues ,! ,army ,regulations fixes ! maximum all[ance ( soap1 toilet pap]1 mat*es1 etc41 ! comm&+ (fic] be+ au?oriz$1 if he s desires1 to det]m9e ! all[ances1 ) ! prescrib$ maximum4 ,! all[ances are bas$ ei!r on s mu* p] ration1 p] s _m rations1 or p] organization4 ,9 ! case ( c&les & mat*es ! all[ance is left entirely to ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f3 ,model ,ration ,return ,example 7,see model ration return above7 ,soap4 ,all[ance is #j4fd = ea* ration or #d lbs4 to #ajj rations4 #be4he x #d #ajc4dj1 i4 e41 ! company is entitl$ to #ajc lbs4 ( soap = ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,toilet pap]4 ,all[ance is #ajjj %eets = e #fj rations1 #behe _/ #fj #dc1 t is1 ! company is entitl$ to #dc packages ( toilet pap]4 ,mat*es4 ,all[ance ( mat*es = light+ fires & lights1 = :i* fuel & ! illum9ation supplies are issu$1 is su* z ! comm&+ (fic] may ord] z necess>y4 ,fl\r4 ,all[ance ( fl\r = pa/e us$ 9 t>get practice is #ej lbs4 = ea* troop or company = ! practice season4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,silicate ,roll ,blackbo>ds1 :i* are p]fectly flexible & c be roll$ tightly1 l a map1 )\t injury1 may be obta9$ f ! ,new ,york ,silicate ,book ,slate ,co41 #bj ,vesey ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,!y are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 ab\t ! mo/ conv5i5t = use 9 noncommission$ (fic]s' s*ools is ,no4 #c1 ?ree by f\r feet--price #b4 #i ,= example1 noisy or disord]ly conduct 9 qu>t]s1 failure to salute (fic]s1 slov5ly dress$ at =mations1 rifle equipm5ts n prop]ly clean$ at inspection or o!r =mations1 ov]/ay+ pass1 %ort abs5ces )\t leave & abs5ces f =mations 7especially = fir/ (f5se74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,discipl9e #iaj4 ,def9ition4 ,discipl9e is n m]ely pres]vation ( ord]1 fai?ful p]=mance ( duty1 & prev5tion ( (f5ses--9 o!r words1 discipl9e is n m]ely compliance ) a set ( rules & regulations drawn up = ! purpose ( pres]v+ ord] 9 an organization4 ,?is is only "o phase ( discipl9e4 ,9 its deep] & m important s5se discipl9e may be def9$ z ! habit ( in/antane\s & in/9ctive ob$i5ce "u any & all circum/ances--x is ! habit :]eby ! v muscles ( ! soldi] in/9ctively obey ! ^w ( comm&1 s t "u :atev] circum/ances ( dang] or dea? ! soldi] may he> t ^w ( comm&1 ev5 ?\gh 8 m9d be too confus$ to "w1 8 muscles w obey4 ,x is t[>d ?is ultimate object t all rules ( discipl9e t5d4 ,9 w>1 ! value ( ?is habit ( in/antane\s & in/9ctive ob$i5ce is invaluable1 & dur+ ! "t ( peace ev]y?+ possible %\ld be done to +ra9 into ! v blood ( ! soldi] ?is _s1 ?is habit1 ( in/antane\s1 in/9ctive ob$i5ce to ! ^w ( comm&4 #iaa4 ,me?ods ( ,atta9+ ,good ,discipl9e4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t drill1 r\t9e1 milit>y c\rtesy1 att5tion to details1 prop] rew>ds = good conduct1 & inv>iable admonition or puni%m5t ( all d]elictions ( duty1 are ! be/ me?ods ( atta9+ good discipl9e--t !y are ! mo/ effective means to t end4 #iab4 ,importance4 ,hi/ory %[s t ! *ief factor ( success 9 w> is discipl9e1 & t )\t discipl9e no body ( troops c hold _! own aga9/ a well-direct$1 well-discipl9$ =ce4 #iac4 ,s\nd ,sy/em4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t :at may be consid]$ a s\nd sy/em ( discipl9e at "o epo* or = "o nation1 may be inapplicable at ano!r epo* or = ano!r nation4 ,9 o!r words1 s\nd discipl9e dep5ds ^u ! exi/+ /ate ( civilization & education1 ! political in/itutions ( ! c\ntry1 ! national trait & ! national milit>y sy/em4 ,= example1 ! sy/em ( discipl9e t exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & :i*1 9 modifi$ =m1 exi/s today 9 c]ta9 ,european armies1 :]eby ! soldi] 0 s inur$ to a habit ( subjection t he became a sort ( ma*9e--a k9d ( automaton4 ,su* a sy/em ( discipl9e1 :ile answ]+ admirably well its purpose at t "t & = ^? nations1 w\ld n d at all 9 ?is day & g5]ation1 & ) a p l ours1 9 :om ! _s ( p]sonal fre$om & individual initiative are born4 ,( c\rse1 ! discipl9e t w insure ob$i5ce "u any & all conditions--! discipl9e t w insure prompt & unhesitat+ ob$i5ce to m>*1 to attack1 to *>ge--is j z important today z x 0 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 b we c n atta9 x by ! ma*9e-mak+ me?ods ( =m] times4 ,! sy/em we use mu/ be 9 keep+ ) ! national *>act]i/ics ( our p & ! tactical necessities ( ! day1 ! latt] requir+ individual initiative4 ,accord+ to ! old sy/em1 ! company comm&] impos$ 8 w ^u a body ( submissive units2 "u ! new sy/em ! company comm&]1 back$ by au?ority & great] k1 leads ob$i5t1 will+ units1 exact+ ready ob$i5ce & loyal cooep]ation4 ,! company comm&] us$ to drive2 n[ he leads4 #iad4 ,means ( atta9+ & ma9ta9+ su* discipl9e4 #a4 ,expla9 to ! m5 ! importance ( discipl9e & its value on ! field ( battle1 & give ! reasons t makes x necess>y to subject soldi]s to re/rictions t !y 7 n subject$ to 9 civil life4 #b4 ,d n impose unnecess>y re/rictions or h>d%ips on y\r m51 nor issue ord]s t h no be>+ on _! effici5cy1 heal?1 cleanl9ess1 ord]l9ess1 etc4 #c4 ,dem& a high /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ! p]=mance ( all duties :atsoev]1 & exact ! utmo/ display ( en]gy4 ,a sy/em ( discipl9e bas$ on ! above pr9ciples develops habits ( self-control1 self-reliance1 neatness1 ord]1 & punctuality1 & creates respect = au?ority & confid5ce 9 sup]iors4 #iae4 ,puni%m5t4 ,9 ma9ta9+ discipl9e1 x mu/ be rememb]$ ! object ( puni%m5t %\ld be two-fold3 7a7 ,to prev5t ! commission ( (f5ses1 & 7b7 to re=m ! (f5d]4 ,puni%m5t %\ld1 !re=e1 9 degree & "* dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! (f5se4 ,puni%m5t %\ld n be debas+ or illegal1 & ! p5alty %\ld be proportionate to ! nature ( ! (f5se4 ,if too great1 x t5ds to ar\se sympa?y1 & fo/] fri5ds = ! (f5d]1 ?us enc\rag+ a repetition ( ! (f5se4 ,a di/9ction1 !re=e1 %\ld be made betwe5 ! delib]ate disreg>d ( ord]s & regulations1 & (f5ses :i* are ! result ( ignorance or ?\ghtlessness4 ,9 ! latt] case ! puni%m5t %\ld be = ! purpose ( in/ruction & %\ld n g to ! ext5t ( inflict+ unnecess>y humiliation & disc\ragem5t ^u ! (f5d]4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #iaf4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( discipl9e ! foll[+ pr9ciples %\ld be obs]v$4 #a4 ,ev]yone1 (fic]s & soldi]s1 %\ld be requir$ & made to p]=m _! full duty4 ,if ! po/ comm&]1 = in/ance1 requires ! company comm&]s to d _! full duty1 !y w require _! noncommission$ (fic]s to d _! full duty1 & ! noncommission$ (fic]s w 9 turn require ! m5 to d ! same4 #b4 ,subord9ates %\ld be held /rictly responsible = ! prop] gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration ( _! respective comm&s1 & all *anges or corrections %\ld be made ?r\gh !m4 #c4 ,subord9ates %\ld h exclusive control ( _! respective comm&s1 & all ord]s1 in/ructions & directions affect+ _! comm&s %\ld be giv5 ?r\gh !m4 #d4 ,if1 9 case ( em]g5cy1 x be n practicable to make c]ta9 *anges or corrections1 or to give c]ta9 ord]s1 in/ructions or directions1 ?r\gh ! subord9ates1 !y %\ld be notifi$ at once ( :at has be5 done4 #e4 ,aft] a subord9ate has be5 plac$ 9 *>ge ( a c]ta9 duty1 all in/ructions p]ta9+ !reto %\ld be giv5 ?r\gh him1 & all m$dl+ & int]f]+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,int]f]5ce by sup]iors relieves ! subord9ate ( responsibility1 & causes him to lose int]e/1 become indiff]5t1 & d no m ?an he is oblig$ to d4 #f4 ,! c]ta9ty ( rew>d =1 & appreciation (1 m]itori\s conduct1 %\ld equal ! c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t = d]eliction ( duty4 #g4 ,x is ! duty ( an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] :o gives an ord] to see t x is obey$2 c>ry+ out ord]s receiv$ by him does n end ) _! p]functory transmission to subord9ates--?is is only a small "p ( 8 duty4 ,he mu/ p]sonally see t ! ord]s s transmitt$ are made effective4 #h4 ,! treatm5t ( soldi]s %\ld be uni=m & j1 & "u no circum/ances %\ld a man be humiliat$ unnecess>ily or abus$4 ,repro( & puni%m5t mu/ be adm9i/]$ ) discretion & judgm5t1 & )\t passion2 = an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] :o loses 8 temp] & flies into a tantrum has fail$ to obta9 8 fir/ triumph 9 discipl9e4 ,he :o c n control himself c n control o!rs4 #i4 ,puni%m5t %\ld inv>iably foll[ d]eliction ( duty1 = ! frequ5cy ( (f5ses dep5ds1 z a g5]al rule1 on ! degree ( c]ta9ty ) :i* _! commission is att5d$ ) puni%m5t4 ,:5 m5 "k t _! d]elictions & neglects w be obs]v$ & reprov$1 !y w be mu* m c>eful ?an !y w\ld be o!rwise--t's human nature4 ,a /rict adh]5ce to ! above g5]al pr9ciples w in/ill into ! m9ds ( ^? conc]n$1 respect = au?ority & a _s ( ob$i5ce4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,miscellane\s ,,subjects ,,p]ta9+ ,,to ,,company ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,company ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction#aj #iag4 ,object ( ,tra9+ & ,in/ruction4 ,! object ( tra9+ & in/ruct+ a company is to ?or\ghly knit toge!r its diff]5t p>ts1 its v>i\s elem5ts 7individuals1 squads & platoons71 into a complete1 homog5e\s mass1 a cohesive unit1 t w "u any & all conditions & circum/ances respond to ! w ( ! capta9--a cohesive unit t kn[s h[ to m>*1 t kn[s h[ to live prop]ly 9 camp1 t kn[s h[ to fight & t c be readily h&l$ tactically on ! field ( battle4 ,9 %ort1 ! object ( tra9+ & in/ruction is to make out ( ! company an effici5t1 wieldy fight+ weapon1 to be manipulat$ by ! capta94 ,!re is b "o way ?is object c be obta9$1 & t is by "w1 "w1 "w--& !n m "w--by con/ant c>e1 att5tion & pa9s--by cooep]ation1 by team "w1 among ! (fic]s1 ! noncommission$ (fic]s & ! privates4 #iah4 ,me?od & ,progression4 ,arrangem5t is an ess5tial ( s\nd tea*+4 ,tra9+ & in/ruction 9 ord] to be easily und]/ood & readily assimilat$--9 ord] to give ! greate/ results 9 ! %orte/ "t--mu/ be c>ri$ on accord+ to a me?odical & progressive plan4 ,ea* subject or subjects ^u a k ( :i* dep5d ! prop] und]/&+ & ma/]+ ( ano!r1 %\ld be /udi$ & ma/]$ be=e tak+ up ! o!r subject1 & ! elem5t>y & simpl] aspects ( a giv5 subject mu/ be ma/]$ be=e tak+ up ! high] & m difficult phases ( ! subject1 :i* means t individual tra9+ & in/ruction mu/ prec$e1 & provide a s\nd f\ndation =1 collective tra9+ & in/ruction--t is to say1 = ! high] tactical tra9+ & in/ruction ( ! company z a unit4 ,^! basic1 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( successful tra9+ & in/ruction apply to practical z well z !oretical tra9+4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! subject ( entr5*m5ts we w\ld fir/ in/ruct ! m5 individually 9 ! use ( ! tools & 9 ! con/ruction & use ( ! tr5*es1 aft] :i* we w\ld pass on to ! tactical use ( entr5*m5ts by ! company4 ,also1 9 tra9+ & in/ruct+ ! company 9 fire discipl9e1 we w\ld fir/ expla9 to ! m5 ! p[] & tactical value ( ! rifle1 & in/ruct !m 9 _! duties on ! fir+ l9e z reg>ds adju/m5t ( sights1 att5tion to comm&s1 economy ( ammunition1 etc42 we w\ld expla9 to ! platoon comm&]s & guides _! duties z reg>ds control ( fire1 en=cem5t ( fire discipl9e1 etc41 aft] :i* we w\ld practice ! company z a unit 9 fire action1 & fire control1 end+ up ) an ex]cise %[+ ! tactical application ( ! rules & pr9ciples expla9$4 ,& aga91 9 ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( ! company 9 ! attack1 we w\ld fir/ tra9 & in/ruct ! company 9 all ! =mations & op]ations t naturally prec$e an attack 7patroll+1 outpo/s1 advance gu>d1 re> gu>d71 & also 9 ^? t =m an inh]5t "p ( an attack 7ext5d$ ord]1 field fir+1 use ( cov]1 etc474 #iai4 ,program4 ,! tra9+ & in/ruction ( a company1 :e!r practical or !oretical1 %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 accordance ) a fix$1 def9ite program1 9 :i* ! subjects are arrang$ 9 a natural1 progressive ord]4 #ibj4 ,simultane\s ,in/ruction & ,tra9+4 ,! next "q t pres5ts itself is3 ,%\ld in/ruction & tra9+ 9 ea* bran* be complet$ be=e proce$+ to ! next1 or %\ld in/ruction & tra9+ be c>ri$ on simultane\sly 9 two or m diff]5t subjects1 z "o1 = example1 are taught ma!matics1 ,fr5* & hi/ory at ! same "t1 a diff]5t h\r ( ! day be+ devot$ to ea* subject8 ,9 o!r words1 %\ld we1 = in/ance1 devote "o h\r ( ! day to attack1 "o h\r to def5se1 & "o h\r to ! s]vice ( security1 ?us prev5t+ ! soldi] f gett+ we>y ( do+ ! same ?+ t :ole day8 ,our answ] is3 #a/4 ,if ! in/ruction & tra9+ is be+ giv5 on ! gr\nd :]e ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( any giv5 subject is v>i$ s mu* by ! type ( ! gr\nd & ! nature ( ! situation1 ea* type ( gr\nd af=d+ a diff]5t solution ( ! problem1 x is ?\ght ! be/ results c be obta9$ by f9i%+ ea* subject be=e proce$+ to ! next1 ?us n los+ ! atmosph]e ( "o subject by swit*+ to ! next1 & also confus+ ! m9ds ( ! m5 ) diff]5t pr9ciples4 #bnd4 ,h[ev]1 if ! in/ruction & tra9+ be !oretical & ! "t available ea* day be sev]al h\rs1 bett] results c be obta9$ by /udy+ two or m subjects simultane\sly4 ,?is w\ld also be ! case if ! "w be practical1 b if x be su* t ! type ( ! gr\nd & ! nature ( ! situation w n ( !mselves af=d v>iety 9 ! application ( ! same pr9ciples4 #iba4 ,responsibility4 ,! ,army ,regulations & ,w> ,dep>tm5t ord]s hold ! company comm&] responsible = ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( ! company4 ,! subject is a mo/ important "o & %\ld receive s]i\s ?\ght & /udy4 ,be=e admoni%+ "o ( y\r m5 = n kn[+ a subject1 always ask y\rself1 ,h ,i made an ef=t to tea* x to him8 #ibb4 ,int]e/4 ,special ef=t %\ld be made to make ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( ! company int]e/+1 s t ! "w w n become monoton\s & irksome1 & ?us cause ! m5 to lose int]e/ & get /ale4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ^! po9ts %\ld be borne 9 m9d3 ,v>iety4 ,inject v>iety into ! "w4 ,d n keep ! m5 too long at "o ?+4 ,cle>ness4 ,e ex]cise1 lesson or lecture %\ld h 9 view a well-def9$ object1 ! mean+ & importance ( :i* mu/ be expla9$ to1 & und]/ood by1 ! m5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ex]cise1 lesson or lecture4 ,9 o!r words1 at ! beg9n+1 expla9 ! ma91 gov]n+ idea ( ! subject1 & !n take pa9s to expla9 9 a simple1 conv]sational way ea* phase z y come to x4 ,give ! reasons = ev]y?+4 ,y c n expect m5 to take an int]e/ 9 ?+s ! mean+ ( :i* !y d n und]/& & ! reason = :i* !y d n see4 ,make sure by ask+ que/ions ( diff]5t ones z y g along t y\r explanations are und]/ood4 ,?or\ghness4 ,e lecture1 talk1 drill or ex]cise %\ld be c>efully plann$ & arrang$ be=eh&4 ,rememb]1 t ! m5 :o are go+ to li/5 to y\r talk--! m5 :o are go+ to g ?r\gh ! ex]cise--h ! "r to expect ?is ( y1 & y h no "r to compel !m to li/5 to lots ( disconnect$1 half-bak$ /atem5ts1 or make !m g ?r\gh a disjo9t$ ex]cise or drill4 ,9 ! case ( tactical ex]cises always1 if practicable1 visit & exam9e ! t]ra9 be=eh&4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is w mean "w--additional "w--b rememb] ! gov]nm5t pays y to "w4 ,reality4 ,make all practical "w z real z possible--d n p]mit ! commission ( absurdities--d n let m5 d ?+s :i* manife/ly !y w\ld n be able to d 9 actual practice--& y y\rself be sure to make y\r ex]cises & tactical s*eme z l real conditions ( w>f>e z possible4 #ibc4 ,individual ,initiative4 ,! effective range & great p[] ( mod]n fire>ms cause troops 9 battle to be spread out ov] l>ge areas1 ?us dec5traliz+ control ov] m5 & op]ations1 & consequ5tly increas+ ! value & importance ( individual initiative4 ,! company comm&] %\ld1 !re=e1 practice1 accu/om & enc\rage ! privates1 noncommission$ (fic]s & lieut5ants 9 ! developm5t & ex]cise ( individual initiative & responsibility4 ,?is %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 all tra9+ & in/ruction4 ,(fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s & privates mu/ n lay d[n j because !y h no specific ord]s4 ,rememb]1 ! "o ?+ above all o!rs t c\nts 9 w>1 is action1 initiative4 ,inde$1 'tis bett] to h act$ & lo/ ?an nev] to h act$ at all4 ,li/5 to :at ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ( ! ,army has to say ab\t ?is 9 ! preface to ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations3 ,(fic]s & m5 ( all ranks & grades are giv5 a c]ta9 indep5d5ce 9 ! execution ( ! tasks to :i* !y are assign$ & are expect$ to %[ initiative 9 meet+ ! diff]5t situations z !y arise4 ,e individual1 f ! highe/ comm&] to ! l[e/ private1 mu/ always rememb] t inaction & neglect ( opportunities w w>rant m sev]e c5sure ?an an error 9 ! *oice ( means4 #ibd4 ,det]m9ation & ,individual ,intellig5ce4 ,:ile ! value ( discipl9e c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 !re are two o!r factors 9 battle t are fully z important1 if n m s1 & !y are1 det]m9ation to w91 & individual intellig5ce1 :i*1 9 w>1 z 9 all o!r human und]tak+s1 almo/ inv>iably spell success4 ,!re=e1 make ^! two factors "o ( ! basic pr9ciples ( ! in/ruction & tra9+ ( ! company1 & d all y c to in/ill into y\r m5 a _s ( det]m9ation1 & to develop 9 !m individual intellig5ce4 ,e human be+ has 9 8 s\l a c]ta9 am\nt ( det]m9ation1 ev5 ?\gh x be only en\gh to det]m9e ^u ! small ?+s ( life4 ,"s p are born ) m det]m9ation ?an o!rs1 b x is a mi/ake to suppose t a man mu/ rema9 ?r\gh life ) ! same am\nt ( det]m9ation t he br\ght into x4 ,! attributes ( ! human m9d1 su* z det]m9ation1 brav]y1 ambition1 en]gy1 etc41 are all capable ( improvem5t & also ( det]ioration4 ,x is ess5tial !re=e1 = u to endeavor by all means 9 our p[] to improve our /r5g? ( "*--our det]m9ation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 useless = u to le>n ! art ( w> if we h n suffici5t det]m9ation1 :5 we meet ! enemy1 to apply ! pr9ciples we h /udi$4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y e (fic]1 noncommission$ (fic] & private %\ld n improve 8 det]m9ation ( "* by c>eful tra9+ 9 peace4 ,x c only be done by fac+ ! difficulties1 ?or\ghly und]/&+ ! dang]s1 & ask+ ourselves repeat$ly :e!r we are prep>$ to face ! ordeal 9 w>4 ,let u n ?9k1 9 a vague sort ( a way1 t 9 w> we %all be all "r & d z well z mo/ p4 ,we "k t we are n gift$ ) trem5d\s p]sonal c\rage1 & we "k t1 :atev] happ5s1 we %all n run away4 ,b t is n en\gh4 ,we mu/ tra9 ourselves to und]/& t 9 ! h\r ( trial we c h>d5 our he>ts1 t we c assume ! initiative1 & reta9 x by con/ant advance & con/ant attack2 unless we c fill our he>ts ) ! det]m9ation to w91 we c n hope to d our full duty on ! field ( battle & acquit ourselves ) cr$it4 #ibe4 ,! ,human ,elem5t4 ,no sy/em ( tra9+ & in/ruction t does n take into acc\nt human nature1 c be ?or\ghly effective4 ,! human elem5t probably ent]s into w> m ?an x does into any o!r pursuit4 ,! old idea ( turn+ a human be+ into a ma*9e1 by means ( discipl9e1 & mak+ him dread 8 capta9 m ?an ! enemy1 di$ long ago1 especially ) ! ,am]ican p4 ,9 mod]n w> success dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! initiative1 ! individual action ( ! soldi] & ?is action is greatly influ5c$ by ! soldi]'s /ate ( m9d at ! mom5t1 by ! p[] t c be ex]cis$ ov] 8 m9d by 8 comrades & ^? lead+ him4 ,! company comm&] %\ld1 !re=e1 /udy ! *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ h[ he c influ5ce ! m5 "u 8 comm&1 s t 9 battle ^? human attributes :i* are favorable to success1 may be /r5g!n$ & ^? :i* are favorable to defeat may be weak5$4 ,( ! =m]1 c\rage1 det]m9ation1 initiative1 respect1 *e]fulness1 comrade%ip1 emulation & esprit de corps1 are ! pr9cipal ones2 ( ! latt]1 fe>1 surprise1 disrespect1 & dejection1 are ! lead+ ones4 ,by means ( good1 s\nd discipl9e1 we c create1 improve & fo/] ! qualities m5tion$ t are favorable to success1 & we c elim9ate to a consid]able ext5t1 if n entirely1 ^? t are detrim5tal to success4 #ibf4 ,fe>4 ,! emotion ( fe> acts m p[]fully ^u ! feel+s ( ! individual soldi] ?an any o!r emotion1 & x is also probably ! mo/ infecti\s4 ,fe> 9 a mild =m is pres5t 9 e human be+4 ,nature wisely put x !re1 & society c\ld n v well get along )\t x4 ,= example1 we /op & look up & d[n a cr[d$ /reet be=e />t+ to cross1 = fe> ( be+ run ov]2 9 go+ out 9 ! cold we put on our ov]coats1 = fe> ( cat*+ cold4 ,9 fact1 we h>dly d any?+ 9 life )\t tak+ a precaution ( "s k9d4 ,^! are all examples ( reasonable fe>1 :i*1 )9 b\nds is a p]fectly legitimate attribute ( a soldi] 9 common ) o!r human be+s4 ,= example1 we tea* ! m5 to take advantage ( cov] :5 attack+1 & we dig tr5*es :5 on ! def5se1 9 bo? cases = fe> ( be+ %ot by ! enemy4 ,x is ! unreason+ type ( fe> t plays havoc 9 w>1 & ! mo/ deadly & common =m ( x is a vague1 indef9ite1 nameless dread ( ! enemy4 ,if ! av]age man 0 to analyze 8 feel+s 9 w> & 0 to ask himself if he 7 actually afraid ( be+ kill$1 he w\ld probably f9d t he 0 n4 ,! ord9>y soldi] is prep>$ to take 8 *ance1 ) a com=table feel+ inside him1 t1 al?\gh no d\bt a numb] ( p w be kill$ & w\nd$1 he w escape4 ,if1 !n1 a man is n unreasonably afraid ( be+ kill$ or w\nd$1 is x n possible by prop] tra9+ & in/ruction to ov]come ?is vague fe> ( ! enemy8 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x is4 ,if a soldi] is suff]+ f ?is vague fe> ( ! enemy1 x w at lea/ be a consolation to him to "k t a great _m o!r soldi]s1 includ+ ^? belong+ to ! enemy1 are suff]+ 9 a simil> mann]1 & t !y are simply exp]i5c+ "o ( ! ord9>y *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d4 ,if ! soldi] 9 battle w only realize t ! enemy is j z mu* afraid ( him z he is ( ! enemy1 reason is likely to ass]t itself & to a great ext5t ov]come ! unpleasant feel+s inside him4 ,g5]al ,grant1 9 8 ,memoirs1 relates a /ory to ! effect t 9 "o ( 8 e>ly campaigns he 0 seiz$ ) an unreasonable fe> ( 8 enemy1 & 0 v mu* worri$ z to :at ! enemy 0 do+1 :51 all at once1 x dawn$ ^u him t 8 enemy 0 probably worry+ equally z mu* ab\t :at he1 ,grant1 0 do+1 & 0 probably z afraid z he 01 if n ev5 m s1 & ! realization ( ?is promptly dispell$ all ( 81 ,grant's1 fe>4 ,confid5ce 9 "o's ability to fight well w also d mu* to neutralize fe>1 & if a soldi] kn[s t he c %oot bett]1 m>* bett]1 & attack bett]1 ?an 8 oppon5t1 ! confid5ce ( success t he w1 z a result1 feel w d mu* to dispel physical fe>4 ,by s\nd & c>eful tra9+ & in/ruction make y\r m5 effici5t & ?is effici5cy w give !m confid5ce 9 !mselves1 confid5ce 9 _! rifles1 confid5ce 9 _! bayonets1 confid5ce 9 _! comrades & confid5ce 9 _! (fic]s4 ,! physical me?ods ( ov]com+ fe> 9 battle are simply to direct ! m5's m9ds to o!r ?\ghts by giv+ !m some?+ = _! bodies & limbs to d4 ,x is a well-kn[n say+ t a man 9 battle frequ5tly rega9s 8 lo/ c\rage by repeat$ly fir+ (f 8 rifle1 :i* simply means t 8 ?\ghts are div]t$ by physical movem5ts4 ,?is is no d\bt "o ( ! reasons :y ! attack is s mu* m successful 9 w> ?an ! def5se1 because 9 ! attack ! m5 are g5]ally mov+ =w>d & hav+ _! m9ds div]t$ by physical motion f ?is vague dread ( ! enemy4 #ibg4 ,c\rage4 ,c\rage1 l all o!r human *>act]i/ics1 is v infecti\s1 & a brave lead] :o has no fe> ( ! enemy w always get m out ( 8 m5 ?an "o :o is n s well equipp$ 9 t respect4 ,h[ev]1 x is a well-kn[n fact t a man may be brave f> above 8 fell[s 9 "o call+ or occupation1 & extremely n]v\s 9 ano!r4 ,= example1 a man may h greatly di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! capture ( a =t1 :o w\ld n get on a horse = fe> ( be+ kick$ (f4 ,c\rage ( ?is k9d is induc$ *iefly by habit or exp]i5ce--! man kn[s ! dang]s & h[ to ov]come !m1 he has be5 ?r\gh simil> exp]i5ces be=e & he has come out ( !m ) a :ole sk94 ,?is type ( c\rage c be develop$ by c>eful tra9+ dur+ peace1 & x c be increas$ by self-confid5ce--by s tra9+ ! soldi] t he kn[s & feels he w "k :at to d 9 any em]g5cy :i* may arise1 & h[ to d x2 he w n be surpris$ by ! unexpect$ ev5t1 :i* inv>iably occurs1 & he w und]/& o!rs besides himself are be+ tr\bl$ by unpleasant feel+s1 :i* x is 8 duty z a man & a soldi] to ov]come4 #ibh4 ,surprise4 ,surprise may be said to be ! "m ( a panic1 :i* is ! wor/ =m ( fe>4 ,9 su* a case unreason+ fe> sometimes turns into tempor>y insanity4 ,panic is mo/ infecti\s1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a panic c (t5 be av]t$ or /ay$ by ! c\rage\s action ( "o or m individuals1 :o c ?us impose _! w on ! mass & br+ ! p to a reasonable /ate ( m9d4 ,tea* e man 9 ! company t :5 surpris$ ! only hope ( success is to obey at once & implicitly ! ord]s ( 8 imm$iate comm&]4 ,surprises 9 w> are n limit$ to ! ord9>y acceptance ( ! t]m1 su* z a sudd5 attack f an unexpect$ direction4 ,! soldi] :o goes into battle1 = in/ance1 & he>s ! :iz ( a bullet1 or sees a %ell bur/ 9 front ( him1 is surpris$ if he has n be5 taught 9 peace t ^! ?+s h to be fac$1 & t = "o bullet t hurts anyone ?\s&s h to be fir$4 ,simil>ly1 a man sees a comrade knock$ ov]2 ! horrors ( w> are imm$iately br\ght to him1 & 8 c\rage beg9s to ebb--he has be5 surpris$1 because he has n realiz$ 9 peace t m5 are b\nd to be kill$ 9 w>4 ,! :ole atmosph]e ( ! battlefield is a surprise to ! av]age soldi] ) no previ\s exp]i5ce--! enemy is ev]y:]e1 beh9d e bu%1 & lurk+ 9 e bit ( cov]1 ! air is full ( bullets1 & any advance t[>ds ! =midable-look+ position held by ! enemy is suicidal4 ,h[ev]1 if ! soldi] is prop]ly tra9$ & in/ruct$ 9 peace1 he w n be greatly surpris$ at 8 novel surr\nd+s2 he w "k t ! enemy is n ev]y:]e1 & t "o bullet s\nds mu* m dang]\s ?an x really is4 ,a bullet s\nds q close :5 x is fifty y>ds away1 & !re is a popul> say+ t a man's weight 9 lead is fir$ = e man t is kill$ 9 w>4 #ibi4 ,respect4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e t all t is requir$ f a soldi] is respect to 8 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,self-respect is fully z important4 ,a soldi] is a human be+2 if he possesses self-respect he w respect all t is good 9 8 comrades1 & !y w respect all t is good 9 him4 ,a man :o respects himself kn[s h[ to respect o!r p4 ,^! are ! m5 t =m ! backbone ( ! company1 & are ! be/ mat]ial on :i* to "w 9 ord] to raise ! g5]al /&>d ( c\rage 9 ,battle4 ,f a purely milit>y po9t ( view1 x is absolutely necess>y = an (fic]1 noncommission$ (fic]1 or private to possess "s m>k$ milit>y qualifications 9 ord] to ga9 respect f o!rs4 ,?is respect eng5d]s confid5ce 9 o!rs4 ,self-respect 9 ! individual c be enc\rag$1 n by fulsome praise1 b by a quiet appreciation ( ! good milit>y qualities display$ by him1 & by mak+ use ( ^? qualities :5ev] an opportunity occurs4 ,= example1 if a soldi] is se5 to d a good piece ( sc\t+ or patroll+1 ! fir/ opportunity %\ld be tak5 to give him a simil> task1 if possible 9 a m responsible position or on a m important occasion4 ,k is a p[]ful factor 9 creat+ respect1 & is probably second only to det]m9ation ( "*4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 t all (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s %\ld h a ?or\gh k ( _! duties--t !y %\ld be on to _! jobs4 #icj4 ,*e]fulness4 ,*e]fulness is a valuable milit>y asset 9 w>1 & l all o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! human be+1 is v infecti\s1 & 9 times ( depression1 su* z dur+ a long siege1 or aft] ! failure ( an attack1 x does m ?an any?+ else to re/ore ! fight+ p[] ( ! m54 #ica4 ,cont5tm5t4 ,cont5tm5t among/ troops 9 w> is dep5d5t ^u ^! ma9 factors3 good lead+1 good food1 & suffici5t %elt] & sleep4 ,( ^!1 good lead+ is by f> ! mo/ important1 because x has be5 prov$ "t & aga9 t badly f$ & badly qu>t]$ troops1 :o h suff]$ great h>d%ips1 w /ill be cont5t & w fight 9 ! mo/ gallant & vigor\s mann]1 provid$ !y are well l$4 ,al?\gh good lead+ emanates 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! highe/ milit>y au?orities1 a great deal dep5ds ^u ! company (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,a good lead] z a rule is c>eful ( ! com=ts ( 8 m52 he obta9s ! be/ food & be/ %elt] available1 he does n we> out ! m5 by unnecess>y movem5ts or unnecess>y "w1 ei!r 9 ! field or 9 camp1 & consequ5tly :5 he does ord] !m to d any?+ !y "k at once t x is necess>y & !y d x *e]fully4 #icb4 ,comrade%ip4 ,comrade%ip is a v valuable milit>y *>act]i/ic4 ,:at a _w ( mean+ !re is 9 ! words1 ,me & my bunkie4 ,a soldi] may h _m acqua9tances & a numb] ( fri5ds1 b he has b "o bunkie4 ,9 times ( great dang] two m5 :o are bunkies w n %irk s easily z two indep5d5t m54 ,! be/ 9 "o man comes out to ! surface & dom9ates any bad milit>y po9ts 9 ! o!r4 ,!y c help ea* o!r 9 c\ntless ways 9 w>1 & if "o is un=tunately kill$ or w\nd$1 ! o!r w probably d 8 be/ to get ev5 ) ! enemy at ! e>lie/ possible opportunity4 ,?is _s may n be v ,*ri/ianlike1 b x is v human & practical1 & helps to w9 battles1 & to w9 battles is ! only reason :y soldi]s g to w>4 ,,art ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,on ,,! ,,gr\nd #icc4 ,advantages4 ,:5ev] practicable1 tra9+ & in/ruction %\ld1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 be imp>t$ on ! gr\nd1 z ?is gives ! in/ruction a practical aspect t is mo/ valuable1 & enables ! soldi] to grasp & apply pr9ciples t he w\ld n o!rwise und]/&4 ,k t a man c n apply has no value4 #icd4 ,diff]5t ,me?ods4 ,in/ruction on ! gr\nd may be giv5 accord+ to "o ( ^! ?ree me?ods3 #a/ ,me?od4 ,by means ( a talk or lecture prep>e ! m9ds ( ! m5 = ! reception & ret5tion ( ! subject to be expla9$ lat] on ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 fir/ expla9 ! pr9ciples ( ! subject & !n put a cl9*] on ! in=mation ?us imp>t$ by tak+ ! m5 to "s suitable gr\nd1 assum+ c]ta9 situations & !n by quizz+ diff]5t m5 see h[ !y w\ld apply ! pr9ciples j expla9$ 9 ! talk or lecture4 ,= example1 aft] a lecture on ! selection ( fire-positions take ! m5 to "s suitable ne>by place & expla9 to !m t ! company is attack+ t[>d t h\se & is be+ fir$ ^u f t direction4 ,!n cont9ue3 ,capta93 ,rememb] :at ,i told y ab\t ! selection ( good fire-positions dur+ ! advance4 ,we want to use our rifles ) effect1 s we mu/ be able to see ! position ( ! enemy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we want to avoid be+ hit ourselves1 if possible2 s1 we w\ld l to get z mu* cov] z possible4 ,n[1 ,smi?1 d y ?9k :]e we are at pres5t /&+ is a good place = a fire-position8 ,smi?3 ,no1 sir4 ,capta93 ,:y n8 ,smi?3 ,we c see ! enemy f "h1 b he c see u bett] ?an we c see him1 & c hit u easi] ?an we c hit him4 ,capta93 ,jones1 c y *oose a bett] place1 ei!r to ! front or re> ( :]e we are n[ /&+8 ,jones3 ,i w\ld *oose a position along t r[ ( bu%es1 ab\t fifty y>ds to ! front4 ,capta93 ,:y8 ,jones3 ,because1 etc41 etc4 ,tw5ty m9utes' in/ruction 9 ?is mann]1 aft] a lecture1 w firmly fix 9 ! bra9s ( ! m5 ! pr9ciples expla9$ 9 ! lecture4 ,x is a good plan to repeat ! sali5t po9ts ( ! lecture 9 ! que/ions1 z 0 done 9 ! fir/ "q ask$ above1 or to d s 9 "s o!r way4 ,if a man c n give an answ]1 or *oose a suitable place1 expla9 ! requirem5ts aga9 & help him to use 8 common s5se4 #b;d ,me?od4 ,by practic+ ! m5 on ! gr\nd 9 ! subject ab\t :i* ! talk or lecture 0 deliv]$4 #c;d ,me?od4 ,?is may be call$ ! ocul> demon/ration me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 hav+ a "p ( ! company g ?r\gh ! ex]cise or drill1 :ile ! re/ ( ! company obs]ves :at is be+ done4 ,?is me?od is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 #ice4 ,attack4 ,! company comm&] has j deliv]$ a talk to ! company on ! second /age ( ! attack1 & has m>*$ ! company to a piece ( gr\nd suitable = practic+ ?is p>ticul> op]ation1 & :i* ! company comm&] has himself visit$ be=eh& 7,! gr\nd %\ld always be visit$ be=eh& by ! company comm&]1 :o %\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) x4 ,if possible1 gr\nd suitable = practic+ ! op]ation 9 "q %\ld always be select$47 ,! op]ation %\ld beg9 ab\t #abjj y>ds f ! enemy's position4 ,aft] po9t+ out ! enemy's position to ! company1 ! p>ticul> "p ( 8 l9e x is int5d$ to assault & ! direction ! company is to advance1 ! company comm&] w\ld !n proce$ some?+ l ?is3 ,we are "p ( a battalion tak+ "p 9 a battle1 & !re are companies to our "r & left1 ) a support & res]ve 9 our re>4 ,s f> we h be5 advanc+ ov] gr\nd t is expos$ to ho/ile artill]y fire 7or n expos$ to ho/ile artill]y fire1 accord+ to ! actual c\ntry74 ,we h j come "u ! enemy's infantry fire also1 & consequ5tly we mu/ *ange our me?od ( advanc+4 ,our imm$iate object is to get =w>d1 )\t exp5d+ m ammunition ?an is absolutely necess>y1 to a position close en\gh to ! enemy to enable u to use our rifles ) su* deadly effect t we w be able to ga9 a sup]iority ( fire4 ,n[1 is ?is place suffici5tly close = ! purpose8 ,no1 x is n--x's entirely too f> away4 ,is t next ridge j 9 front ( u close en\gh8 ,no1 x is n2 x is at lea/ #a1jjj y>ds f ! enemy's position4 ,z a rule1 we mu/ get f eight to six hundr$ y>ds f ! enemy's position be=e ! real /ruggle = sup]iority ( fire beg9s4 ,! foll[+ are ! ma9 po9ts to :i* att5tion mu/ be paid dur+ ?is "p ( ! advance3 #a4 ,we mu/ halt 9 good fire position f :i* we c see & fire at ! enemy1 & f :i* we c n be se5 v cle>ly4 #b4 ,we mu/ advance v rapidly ov] any op5 gr\nd t is expos$ to ! enemy's artill]y or rifle fire4 #c4 ,we mu/ f9d halt+ places1 if possible "u cov]1 or "u ! be/ cov] available1 s z to avoid mak+ our =w>d ru%es s long t ! m5 w get worn out1 & beg9 to /raggle long be=e !y get close en\gh to ! enemy to use _! rifles ) deadly effect4 #d4 ,:5ev] possible1 company sc\ts %\ld be s5t on ahead to select fire-positions4 ,( c\rse1 ! above po9ts w h be5 expla9$ already 9 ! lecture1 b ?is %ort summ>y is giv5 9 ord] to focus ! m9ds ( ! m5 ^u ! action t mu/ be tak5 by ! privates1 & squad lead]s & ! platoon comm&]s4 ,we n[ take "o platoon & ! rema9d] ( ! company looks on4 ,! platoon comm&] is rem9d$ t he is "u artill]y & infantry fire1 & is !n direct$ to advance1 9 prop] =mation1 to ! fir/ fire-position available4 ,we w suppose !re is a g5tle slope up to ! next ridge or undulation ( ! gr\nd1 & t !re are no ob/ructions to ! view except ^? af=d$ by ! gr\nd itself4 ,! platoon n[ advances1 ! capta9 rema9+ ) ! re/ ( ! company1 po9t+ out mi/akes z well z good po9ts1 & ask+ ! m5 que/ions1 su* z3 ,capta93 ,corporal ,smi?1 %\ld ! :ole platoon h gone =w>d toge!r1 or w\ld x h be5 bett] to advance by squads8 ,corporal ,smi?3 ,i ?9k x %\ld h advanc$ by squads4 ,capta93 ,no1 x 0 all "r to advance z !y did4 ,at ?is di/ance ! enemy's infantry fire w\ld n be v deadly1 ! platoon is well ext5d$ z skirmi%]s1 x w\ld take consid]ably long] to g =w>d to ! next position by successive squads & we want to advance at ?is /age z rapidly z possible2 =1 ! long] we took1 ! long] w\ld ! m5 be expos$ to fire1 & consequ5tly ! great] w\ld be ! numb] ( casualties4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,jones1 :y did ! platoon advance at a run :5 mov+ d[n ! slope1 & beg9 to walk j be=e rea*+ ! foot ( ! slope8 ,s]geant ,jones3 ,because ! slope is expos$ & x 0 necess>y to get ov] x z quickly z possible4 ,!y began to walk j be=e rea*+ ! foot ( ! slope1 because !y /ruck dead gr\nd & 7 cov]$ f ! enemy's fire by ! ridge 9 front4 ,capta93 ,corporal ,adams1 %\ldn't ! platoon h halt$ :5 x rea*$ cov]1 s z to give ! m5 a re/8 ,corporal ,adams3 ,no1 sir2 ! m5 _h n run v f> & walk+ gave !m suffici5t re/4 ,x w\ld h be5 an unnecess>y loss ( "t to halt4 ,capta93 ,h>ris1 :y did t man run on ahead z soon z ! platoon halt$8 ,pvt4 ,h>ris3 ,s he c\ld creep up ! cre/ ( ! ridge & lie d[n 9 exactly ! spot t is ! be/ fire-position--t is1 :]e he c j see to fire ov] ! cre/ & :]e ! enemy c n see him4 ,capta93 ,yes1 t's "r4 ,all ! m5 9 ! platoon might n /op at ! be/ fire-position & 9 ! hurry & excitem5t ( ! mom5t ! platoon comm&] might also fail to d s1 b if a man goes =w>d & lies d[n1 ! :ole platoon kn[s t !y mu/ n g beyond him4 ,individual m5 :o1 ow+ to slight undulations ( gr\nd1 may n be able to fire :5 !y halt 9 l9e ) ?is man1 c creep up until !y c see4 ,o!rs :o1 = ! same reason z reg>ds ! gr\nd1 f9d t if !y get up on a l9e ) ! man !y w be unduly expos$1 w halt be=e t "t4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,rob]ts1 is x necess>y = ano!r platoon to provide cov]+ fire dur+ ! advance ( ! platoon8 ,s]geant ,rob]ts3 ,no sir4 ,at ?is range ! enemy's infantry fire w\ld n be v effective1 & x is important to husb& our ammunition = ! lat] /ages ( ! attack4 ,hav+ ask$ any o!r que/ions sugge/$ by ! situation or ! gr\nd1 ! capta9 w !n take ! re/ ( ! company =w>d ov] ! gr\nd cov]$ by ! platoon1 halt+ at ! place :]e ! platoon *ang$ its pace f a ru% to a walk1 s t ! m5 c see = !mselves t cov] f fire has be5 rea*$4 ,he w !n move ! re/ ( ! company =w>d & tell !m to halt & lie d[n 9 :at ea* man consid]s to be ! be/ fire-position1 n necess>ily adopt+ ! same position z t *os5 by ! lead+ platoon4 ,! platoon comm&]s w !n g along _! platoons & po9t out any mi/akes4 ,! lead+ platoon w n[ jo9 ! company & ano!r platoon w be deploy$ 9 ! fire position1 ! platoon comm&] be+ direct$ to advance to ! next fire-position4 ,z we are n[ ab\t #a1jjj y>ds f ! enemy's position ! "q w aga9 arise z to :e!r cov]+ fire is necess>y4 ,if ! enemy's rifle fire 7 heavy & accurate x might be necess>y1 b x %\ld be avoid$ if possible1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5diture ( ammunition4 ,we w suppose t ! gr\nd falls g5tly t[>ds ! enemy & is v expos$ to view = ab\t #cjj y>ds1 & half ?is di/ance away !re is a l[ bank runn+ p>allel to ! front ( ! attack & ) a small clump ( ?ree or f\r trees on ! bank directly 9 front ( ! platoon4 ,f\r hundr$ y>ds away is ! bottom ( ! valley cov]$ ) bu%es & %rubs4 ,on ! f> side ! gr\nd rises ) small undulations & l[ foot hills to ! high gr\nd occupi$ by ! enemy4 ,!re appe>s to be no m>k$ fire-position :i* w af=d any cov] except ! bank #aej y>ds away4 ,! second platoon advances 9 ! same mann] z did ! fir/ & ! capta9 ) ! comm&]s ( ! rema9+ platoons w cont9ue to ask que/ions & po9t out :at has be5 done "r or wrong by ! lead+ platoon4 ,! fir/ "q :i* w arise is :e!r ! platoon c rea* ! fire position (f]$ by ! bank 9 "o ru%1 & secondly1 :e!r ! bank is a good fire-position4 ,a =m] "q w aga9 crop up z to :e!r ! :ole platoon %\ld g =w>d at once or :e!r ! advance %\ld be made by squads4 ,a hundr$ & fifty y>ds is a long way to advance )\t a halt1 & if a halt is made on su* expos$ gr\nd fire mu/ be op5$4 ,probably ?ree advances1 ea* ( ab\t fifty y>ds1 w\ld be made1 cov]+ fire be+ provid$ by ! o!r platoons1 :i* w be occupy+ ! fire-position :i* ! lead+ platoon has j left4 ,?is cov]+ fire w\ld n endang] ! lead+ platoon z x w\ld be deliv]$ f j beh9d ! cre/ & ! lead+ platoon w\ld be ov] ! cre/ & out ( sight & !re=e out ( fire f ! platoon 9 re>4 ,! selection ( a fire-position dur+ ?is advance w\ld dep5d ^u v m9ute folds ( ! gr\nd1 or v l[ bu%es1 grass1 etc41 :i* might give a c]ta9 am\nt ( cov] f view1 & !re=e make x difficult = ! enemy to aim or range accurately4 ,we w suppose t ! lead+ platoon has halt$ to fire ab\t fifty y>ds 9 front1 ! rema9+ platoons1 9 turn1 %\ld !n be tak5 =w>d1 exam9+ ! gr\nd v c>efully z !y g1 & ea* platoon comm&] ask$ to halt 8 platoon 9 :at he consid]s to be ! be/ place4 ,! possibility ( us+ a sc\t to select a fire-position w\ld be consid]$1 & a fire-position select$ by "o platoon w\ld be comp>$ ) t select$ by ano!r4 ,! ?ird platoon w\ld !n lead dur+ ! advance to ! next fire-position1 & s on ) ! f\r? platoon1 if necess>y1 until ! bank 0 rea*$4 ,! bank w af=d a good deal ( mat]ial = discussion4 ,is x a good fire-position or is x n1 %\ld x be occupi$ z su* or %\ld x be avoid$ altoge!r8 ,if we ask an artill]y (fic] 8 op9ion ab\t ! matt]1 he w tell u t by means ( ! clump ( trees ! def5d]s' artill]y w be able to range ) absolute accuracy on t bank4 ,! direction ( ! bank is p>allel to _! front1 & !re=e !y c fire at any "p ( x = "s di/ance "r & left ( ! clump )\t mat]ially alt]+ _! range1 & if any infantry occupy ! bank !y c br+ a v deadly fire to be> aga9/ !m4 ,!re appe>s to be no d\bt1 f an artill]y po9t ( view1 t our platoon %\ld avoid occupy+ x & get out ( its neighborhood z rapidly z possible4 ,!re is ano!r drawback z reg>ds ! bank3 x is "s #hej y>ds f ! enemy's position & may be expect$ to be "u an effective rifle fire4 ,x is no d\bt a good m>k = ! enemy1 &1 n[ we come to ! crux ( ! :ole matt]2 8 artill]y & infantry fire might n d u mu* damage s long z we rema9 beh9d ! bank1 b !y might make x v unpleasant = u directly we try to leave ?is cov] & advance fur!r4 ,be=e f9ally decid+ :at to d we mu/ consid] human nature1 :i* is entirely 9 favor ( halt+ beh9d ! bank1 & if all[$ to rema9 !re long1 w be oppos$ to leav+ x4 ,we _c hope to ga9 sup]iority ( fire ov] ! enemy at a range ( #hej y>ds1 s t a long halt at ! bank is out ( ! "q4 ,b x appe>s to be an extraord9>y ?+1 :5 we are se>*+ ev]y:]e = cov]1 t we %\ld be d\btful ab\t occupy+ su* good cov] :5 we f9d x4 ,if we decide n to occupy x1 ! logical conclusion is t1 :5 prep>+ a position = def5se1 we %\ld con/ruct a good fire-position = ! attack "s #hej y>ds away1 :i* is ! la/ ?+ we %\ld ?9k ( do+4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t x1 t ) badly-tra9$ troops su* a fire-position w\ld be liable to become a sn>e1 & t if !y once occupi$ x1 !re w\ld be great difficulty 9 gett+ !m =w>d aga91 & probably ! attack w\ld be br\ght to a /&/ill at a critical "t4 ,! answ] appe>s to be f\nd 9 ! simple solution ( good tra9+4 ,we mu/ tea* our m5 t :5 !y get into su* positions !y mu/ use ! cov] af=d$1 b = no long] ?an any o!r fire-position1 & t !y mu/ get into ! habit 9 peace ( look+ ^u su* localities ) suspicion1 & ) ! k t !y are n suitable = l5g?y occupation 9 w>1 if ! battle is to be won4 ,we n[ come to a /ill m difficult "q ( tra9+1 namely1 h[ f> c ! company get =w>d f ! bank )\t be+ compell$ to /op 9 ord] to ga9 sup]iority ( fire ov] ! def5se8 ,9 w> we want to get z close z possible2 ! moral effect on ! def5se is great]1 our fire is m effective1 & we are likely to ga9 our object m rapidly4 ,9 peace !re is no fire to /op u1 & we move =w>d to ridicul\s positions :i* we c\ld n possibly rea* 9 w> )\t fir/ ga9+ sup]iority ( fire4 ,! result ( ?is is t we try to d ! same ?+ :5 fir/ we g to w>1 & we are /opp$1 probably mu* fur!r back ?an we %\ld h be5 if we _h /udi$ ! "q 9 peace4 ,ev5 on ! mo/ op5 gr\nd we mu/ get to )9 #fjj y>ds ( ! enemy1 & if ! gr\nd af=ds any cov] 9 front1 ! expos$ space mu/ be ru%$ & ! m =w>d position ga9$4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ?is difficulty to ! company dur+ ! previ\s lecture1 & rem9d$ !m ( x on ! gr\nd1 we c n[ ext5d ! :ole company & move =w>d f ! bank1 us+ cov]+ fire & lett+ ea* platoon comm&] decide h[ f> he c get to ! front aft] a s]ies ( ru%es1 ! company act+ z a :ole4 ,! capta9 c !n g d[n ! l9e & discuss ) ea* platoon ! position x has rea*$4 ,:il/ he is do+ ?is1 ! rema9+ platoons c be tra9$ 9 fire direction & control1 :i* %\ld be c>efully wat*$ & criticiz$ by ! platoon comm&]s4 ,"o platoon1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd 9 front ( x1 c get =w>d fur!r ?an o!r platoons1 & ?is %\ld be br\ght home to ea* platoon1 s z to avoid ! possibility ( play+ ! game ( foll[ y\r lead]1 & "o platoon halt+ m]ely because ano!r has halt$4 ,if !re is /ill "t available1 & ! gr\nd is suitable1 ! company c be mov$ to a flank to *oose a simil> fire-position :]e ! gr\nd is m favorable to an advance1 & :]e ! company c\ld get )9 #cjj y>ds ( ! enemy1 or ev5 less1 be=e x w\ld be absolutely necess>y to /op 9 ord] to ga9 sup]iority ( fire4 ,if !re is /ill "t available1 & ! gr\nd is suitable1 ! :ole op]ation c be c>ri$ out 9 ! opposite direction or 9 "s o!r direction1 & ! platoons c ?us be tra9$ to appreciate t fire-positions :i* are good 9 "o place are bad 9 ano!r4 #icf4 ,def5se4 ,demon/rations 9 def5se c be c>ri$ out 9 a simil> mann]1 ! capta9 expla9+ to ! company ! g5]al l9e ( def5se to be tak5 up1 ! portion allott$ to ! company1 & ! probable direction ( ! enemy's attack4 ,! cooep]ation ( ! artill]y & infantry w h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s lecture3 h[ "s "p ( ! enemy's advance w be dealt ) by artill]y alone1 "s "p by bo? artill]y & infantry1 & "s "p by infantry alone4 ,?is c n[ be po9t$ out to ! m5 on ! gr\nd4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! assi/ance provid$ by ! artill]y1 ! next po9t to decide ^u is ! exact position ( ! fire tr5*4 ,! be/ way to proce$ is to allot a c]ta9 portion ( ! front occupi$ by ! company to ea* platoon & to let ! platoon comm&]s take *>ge ( ! op]ations4 ,! platoon comm&] c direct "o ( 8 squads to select a position = ! tr5*1 & t squad c lie d[n !re4 ,! rema9+ squads w !n select a position 9 turn4 ,if two squads select ! same !y c lie d[n toge!r4 ,! platoon comm&] w !n fall 9 8 platoon1 & make !m lie d[n 9 ! mo/ retir$ position *os52 he w ask ! squad lead] :y ! squad *ose t locality 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 :y !y did n g t5 y>ds fur!r =w>d or t5 y>ds fur!r back2 & he w expla9 to ! :ole platoon ! advantages & disadvantages ( select+ ?is locality4 ,he w !n move ! :ole platoon =w>d to ! next position *os5 by ano!r squad & deal ) t locality4 ,f9ally1 he w select ! position he ?9ks ! be/1 giv+ 8 reasons :y he has decid$ ^u x1 & place ! :ole platoon on x4 ,:5 all ! platoons h decid$ ^u _! l9e ( def5se1 ! capta9 w move ! :ole company 9 turn f ! gr\nd occupi$ by "o platoon to t occupi$ by ano!r1 ask+ ! platoon comm&] 9 ea* case to expla9 :y ! position 0 *os5 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,he w give 8 decision z reg>ds ea* platoon1 & he w f9ally arrange = ! position to be occupi$ by ! :ole company4 ,"o platoon1 = "s good reason1 may h *os5 a place :i* x w\ld n be safe to occupy1 ow+ to ! fire ( ano!r platoon on ! flank4 ,ano!r platoon may h *os5 a place :i* 0 v good z reg>ds ! field ( fire 9 a direction :i* 0 already adequately def5d$ by ano!r platoon1 b :i* _h a bad field ( fire ov] gr\nd :i* no o!r platoon c\ld fire ^u4 ,! company comm&] w\ld adju/ all ^! matt]s1 & 9 ! end "o or m platoons might n be plac$ 9 ! be/ position z reg>ds _! own p>ticul> front1 b 9 ! be/ z reg>ds ! :ole company4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u ! exact site ( ! tr5*es & ! g5]al di/ribution ( fire1 ! next matt] to consid] is ! am\nt ( cle>+ t is necess>y1 & ! position & nature ( any ob/acles :i* may be requir$4 ,ea* platoon comm&] hav+ be5 allott$ a def9ite fire zone1 c po9t out to 8 platoon :at cle>ance is necess>y2 he c !n ask ea* squad1 z be=e1 to *oose ! position = ! ob/acle4 ,! company comm&] c !n take ! :ole company to ! position occupi$ by ea* platoon & tell ! platoon comm&] to expla9 :at gr\nd !y propose to cle>1 :]e !y propose to place _! ob/acle1 ! mat]ial available = its con/ruction1 & 9 e case ! reason :y ! decision has be5 arriv$ at4 ,if digg+ is p]mitt$1 ! tr5*es w n[ be con/ruct$1 & c>e w be tak5 t !y are actually f9i%$4 ,x is f> bett] to "w ov]time ?an to con/ruct tr5*es :i* w\ld be ( little use 9 w> & c\ld n be prop]ly def5d$4 ,x is ! exception r ?an ! rule to see tr5*es prop]ly f9i%$1 fit = occupation1 & capable ( resi/+ a heavy attack4 ,if ! tr5*es _c be dug ! company c be tak5 to ano!r "p ( ! same position1 :]e ! gr\nd 9 front is totally diff]5t1 & ! ex]cise c be repeat$1 ! platoon & company comm&]s po9t+ out :y a fire tr5* :i* 0 well sit$ 9 ! fir/ case w\ld be badly sit$ if a simil> position 0 select$ 9 ! second case4 #icg4 ,outpo/4 ,we c n[ turn to ! me?od ( tra9+ ! company 9 outpo/ duty1 mak+ use ( ! same sy/em ( demon/ration4 ,hav+ po9t$ out to ! company ! locality :]e ! ma9 body is biv\ack$1 ! fight+ position :i* ! ma9 body w occupy 9 case a heavy attack is made aga9/ ! outpo/s1 & ! g5]al l9e ( ! outpo/s1 ! company comm&] w indicate on ! gr\nd ! ext5t ( front :i* is to be gu>d$ by 8 company1 /at+ :e!r imag9>y companies cont9ue ! position on "o or bo? flanks4 ,he w po9t out ! possible av5ues ( approa* f ! direction ( ! enemy to t portion ( ! position to be occupi$ by ! company1 & /ate f :i* direction ! enemy is mo/ likely to advance & :y4 ,! fir/ po9t to decide is ! numb] ( outgu>ds & _! exact position4 ,9 w> ?is w\ld always be done by ! company comm&]1 b if x is desir$ to give ! junior (fic]s ( ! company "s in/ruction 9 ?is important detail1 !y %\ld be s5t out be=e ! company arrives on ! gr\nd to reconnoit] ! position & make _! decisions4 ,! exact sit+ ( ! tr5*es = ! outgu>ds1 ! con/ruction ( ob/acles1 & ! cle>ance ( ! =egr\nd hav+ be5 decid$ ^u & ! positions select$ = ea* outgu>d discuss$1 & a def9ite site select$1 ! next "q to decide is ! numb] & position ( ! s5tries4 ,! platoon comm&] w\ld !n take ea* s*eme 9 turn1 visit ) ! :ole platoon ea* position select$ = ! s5try1 & decide f9ally :at x w\ld be be/ to d1 giv+1 z usual1 8 reasons4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u ! positions ( ! s5tries1 & _! l9e ( retreat1 s z n to mask ! fire ( ! outgu>d1 ! next matt] to consid] w\ld be ! numb] ( patrols t are requir$1 & ! p>ticul> areas ( gr\nd t mu/ be exam9$ by !m p]iodically4 ,! necess>y tr5*es1 ob/acles1 etc41 w\ld !n be con/ruct$4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole company %\ld be assembl$1 m>*$ to ! position *os5 = ea* outgu>d & ! reasons = select+ ! position expla9$ by ! company comm&]4 ,! company %\ld !n be told (f z an outpo/ company1 & divid$ into outgu>ds1 supports1 if any1 & ! necess>y s5tries ov] arms1 patrols1 etc41 & m>*$ to _! respective po/s4 ,if !re is /ill "t available ea* platoon comm&] c reconnoit] ! gr\nd = suitable positions = 8 outgu>ds by night1 take ! outgu>ds !re1 expla9 :y ! *ange ( position is desirable1 & direct ! outgu>d comm&]s ) _! outgu>ds to select positions = ! s5tries1 foll[+ ! same proc$ure z by day4 ,al?\gh x is q correct to select positions = night outpo/s dur+ daylight1 :5 possible1 !y %\ld nev] be def9itely occupi$ by ! company be=e d>k1 :5 ! =w>d movem5t c\ld n be obs]v$ by ! enemy4 ,to practice night outpo/s by day is bad in/ruction1 outgu>ds & s5tries are plac$ 9 positions :i* appe> ridicul\s to ! ord9>y m9d1 & ! m5 get confus$ ideas on ! subject4 ,:5 x is desir$ to practice day & night outpo/s z an advanc$ ex]cise x is advisable to comm5ce "w 9 ! aft]noon1 e/abli% ! day outpo/s1 reconnoit] = ! night outpo/s1 make ! *ange aft] d>k & con/ruct ! necess>y tr5*es1 ob/acles1 etc41 aft] d>k4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely important t ! patrols %\ld get to "k _! way ab\t ! c\ntry 9 front dur+ ! daylight1 :5 possible1 s t !y w h "s practice 9 recogniz+ l& m>ks by night4 ,x frequ5tly occurs1 :5 tra9+ ! company 9 outpo/ duties1 t p]iods elapse dur+ :i* ! outgu>ds are do+ no?+4 ,^! opportunities %\ld be tak5 to in/ruct ! m5 9 _! duties :5 ord]$ to patrol to ! front1 ! same sy/em ( demon/ration be+ employ$4 ,= in/ance1 ! (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ a piquet c select ?ree m51 po9t out c]ta9 gr\nd 9 front :i* ! s5tries _c see & :i* mu/ be exam9$ by a patrol1 & proce$ to in/ruct ! :ole picket 9 ! be/ mann] ( c>ry+ out ?is "w4 ,we w suppose t ! patrol is work+ by day & t ! gr\nd to be visit$ is beh9d a small hill "s #ejj y>ds 9 front ( ! s5try4 ,! comm&] ( ! picket w !n expla9 to ! m5 t ! fir/ object ( ! patrol is to rea* ! gr\nd to be exam9$ )\t be+ se5 by any ho/ile patrols :i* may be mov+ ab\t 9 front4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x is necess>y = ! patrol to decide ^u ! be/ l9e ( advance4 ,! v>i\s l9es ( advance w be discuss$ & ! patrol ask$ to decide :i* !y w\ld select4 ,?ree o!r m5 c !n be ask$ to give _! op9ion1 & s on until all ! m5 ( ! picket h express$ _! views4 ,! comm&] ( ! picket w !n /ate :i* he consid]s ! be/ l9e & give 8 reasons4 ,! next matt] to decide is ! me?od ( advance to be adopt$ by ! patrol4 ,are ! ?ree m5 to m>* pa/ ! s5try 9 "o body & walk /raight ov] ! hill 9 front8 ,if !y d ?is !re may be a ho/ile patrol hid+ j beh9d ! cre/1 wat*+ ! movem5ts ( our patrol1 & directly ! latt] rea* ! hill !y w be cov]$ by ! rifles ( ! ho/ile patrol at a few y>ds' range & w be captur$ or %ot4 ,if ! patrol is n to advance 9 "o body h[ is x to act8 ,!re is pl5ty ( "t available1 s t !re are no objections to delib]ate me?ods4 ,! patrol %\ld advance f cov] to cov] ) "o man always go+ =w>d protect$ by ! rifles ( ! rema9+ two m5 :o h halt$ 9 a good position to fire on any enemy t c fire on ! lead+ man4 ,! lead+ man hav+ readi$ ! cov] 9 front w signal back all cle>1 & ! two m5 9 ! re> w jo9 him4 ,!y w !n make _! next advance 9 a simil> mann]4 ,by look+ at ! hill ! patrol c make a good guess at ! locality :i* a ho/ile patrol w\ld select if x 0 on ! hill4 ,x w\ld be a place :]e x c\ld get a good view t[>ds our outpo/ l9e1 & :]e ! patrol c\ld n be se5 itself f ! outpo/ l9e4 ,if ! hill 0 q b>e ) no?+ b grass on x & flat r\nd top1 ! be/ place = ! enemy's patrol w\ld be exactly on ! top j beh9d ! cre/4 ,9 su* a position he c\ld n be se5 by any s5try to ! "r or left ( our picket4 ,= example1 if ! ho/ile patrol *ose a place on ! side ( ! b>e slope ( ! hill & look$ ov] ! cre/ l9e x w\ld n be se5 by our s5try1 b x might be se5 by ano!r "o on ! flank4 ,! object ( our patrol w\ld be to approa* ! hill1 n direct f ! outgu>d1 b ei!r f ! left or "r ( ! hill & ?us come on ! flank ( ! enemy's patrol if he 0 !re4 ,! :ole picket c !n be tak5 out to ! front & foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! patrol f cov] to cov] until ! hill is rea*$4 ,! next /ep w be to asc]ta9 if !re is any "o on ! top ( ! hill4 ,if ! hill is p]fectly b>e ) a some:at convex slope1 x w\ld be be/ = ! ?ree m5 to ext5d to ab\t tw5ty y>ds int]val & move =w>d toge!r1 prep>$ to drop on ! fir/ sign ( ! enemy1 s t !y c creep up & op5 fire on him )\t expos+ !mselves4 ,?ree m5 ) magaz9e rifles ext5d$ 9 ?is mann]1 oppos$ to a ho/ile patrol collect$ 9 "o p>ty1 %\ld be able to deal ) ! latt] )\t mu* difficulty4 ,_! fire w\ld be conv]g+1 & com+ f diff]5t directions w\ld confuse ! ho/ile patrol1 especially if ! advance 0 made f a flank4 ,! m5 ( ! patrol :5 creep+ up ! hill %\ld avoid expos+ !mselves 9 ! direction ( ! gr\nd beh9d ! hill1 if possible1 because !y want to exam9e t gr\nd lat] on1 & if se5 by ! enemy !y might fall into an ambuscade4 ,if x is impossible to avoid be+ se5 f ! gr\nd beyond1 x w\ld be be/ = ! patrol to retire z ?\gh !y 7 go+ back to ! outpo/s1 & !n move r\nd ! flank ( ! hill & advance to ! gr\nd beyond f an unexpect$ direction4 ,all ?is w\ld be consid]$ by ! (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ ! picket1 toge!r ) _m o!r po9ts4 ,suffici5t has be5 said to expla9 h[ ?is sy/em ( demon/ration c be work$ 9 connection ) any class ( op]ation 9 ! field4 ,x is c]ta9ly sl[1 & takes a long "t1 b no "o is ev] idle & e "o is con/antly le>n+ some?+ fre%1 = ! simple reason t1 al?\gh "o may "k e detail ( ! subject1 ! gr\nd con/antly diff]s & requires to be dealt ) 9 a common s5se & skillful mann]4 ,! m5 are int]e/$ ?r\gh\t1 & "o morn+ sp5t on ?is k9d ( "w is wor? sev]al days ( practice 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is sy/em ( demon/ration is only requir$ to tea* ! m5 _! "w2 :5 !y h once le>n$ x & ?or\ghly und]/& ! necess>y details !y mu/ be practic$ 9 x1 ! company or platoon comm&] indicat+ :at has be5 well done1 :at has be5 badly done1 & :at requires improvem5t4 7,see ,outpo/s1 ,p>4 #ajea47 ,,o!r ,,examples ,,( ,,! ,,ocul> ,,demon/ration ,,me?od #ich4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w sugge/ o!r examples ( ! employm5t ( ! ocul> demon/ration me?od ( in/ruction3 ,! advantages & disadvantages ( close & ext5d$ ord]4 ,s5d a lieut5ant or a noncommission$ (fic] ) two or ?ree squads ( ! old] soldi]s "s di/ance to ! front ( ! company1 & h !m advance t[>d ! company1 fir/ 9 close ord] & !n 9 ext5d$ ord]4 ,by ocul> demon/ration %[ ! m5 :o are wat*+ ! approa* ( ! company h[ easy x w\ld be ev5 = ! poore/ %ots to l& bullets 9 ! ?ick ( a clos$ body1 b h[ mu* ( a less di/9ct t>get ! ext5d$ ord] (f]s & h[ _m spaces !re are 9 ! skirmi% l9e = ! bullets to pass ?r\gh2 also1 h[ mu* m easily cov] c be employ$ & ! rifle us$ 9 ! ext5d$ ord]4 ,let !m see also h[ mu* m difficult x is = ! (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s to ma9ta9 control ov] ! movem5ts ( troops 9 ext5d$ ord]1 & ! consequ5t necessity & duty ( e soldi]1 :5 9 ext5d$ ord]1 do+ all he c1 by att5tion & ex]tion1 to keep ord] & help 8 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s to ga9 success4 #ici4 ,! ,use ( ,cov]4 ,s5d a lieut5ant or noncommission$ (fic] ) a c\ple ( squads ( old soldi]s a few hundr$ y>ds to ! front & h !m advance on ! company z if attack+1 fir/ )\t tak+ advantage ( cov] & !n tak+ advantage ( all available cov]1 ! "p ( ! company t is suppos$ to be attack$ ly+ d[n & aim+ & snapp+ at ! approa*+ soldi]s4 ,!n rev]se ! op]ation--s5d ! def5d]s out & h !m advance on ! =m] attack]s4 ,expla9 t ! requisites ( good cov] are3 ,ability to see ! enemy2 concealm5t ( y\r own body2 ability to use ! rifle readily4 ,!n h a numb] ( m5 take cov] & snap at an enemy 9 position1 repres5t$ by a few old soldi]s4 ,po9t out ! defects & ! good po9ts 9 ea* case4 #idj4 ,practice 9 ,comm&+ ,mix$ ,squads4 ,9 ord] to practice noncommission$ (fic]s 9 comm&+ mix$ fir+ squads1 & 9 ord] to drill ! privates 9 b&+ !mselves toge!r & obey+ ! ord]s ( anyone :o may assume comm&1 x is good tra9+ = two or m companies to practice re5=c+ ea* o!r by "o company assum+ a giv5 fire-position & ! o!r s5d+ up re5=cem5ts by squads1 ! m5 be+ in/ruct$ to take positions any:]e on ! fir+ l9e :]e !y may f9d an op5+4 ,h[ev]1 expla9 to ! m5 t :5ev] possible units %\ld take _! positions on ! fir+ l9e z a :ole1 b t 9 practice x is v (t5 impossible to d ?is1 & t ! drill is be+ giv5 s z to practice ! noncommission$ (fic]s 9 comm&+ mix$ units on ! fir+ l9e & also to give ! privates practice 9 b&+ !mselves into gr\ps & obey+ ! comm& ( any noncommission$ (fic] :o may be ov] !m4 #ida4 ,op]at+ ,aga9/ ,o!r ,troops4 ,!re is no bett] way ( ar\s+ int]e/1 en?usiasm1 & pride 9 tra9+ troops ?an by creat+ a feel+ ( fri5dly rivalry & competition among/ ! m51 & ! be/ way to d ?is is to h "o "p ( ! company op]ate aga9/ ! o!r 9 all su* practical "w z sc\t+1 patroll+1 attack+1 etc4 ,:5ev] practicable1 blank ammunition %\ld be us$4 ,"o ( ! sides %\ld we> a :ite h&k]*ief ar\nd ! hat or "s o!r di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,! troops t are s5t out mu/ be giv5 full & explicit in/ructions z to j exactly :at !y are to d1 s t ! pr9ciples x is int5d$ to illu/rate may be prop]ly br\ght out4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,?is *apt] is bas$ on ,company ,tra9+1 by ,g5]al ,hak+1 ,briti% ,army1 :i* is ! be/ book ! au?or has ev] se5 on ! subject ( company tra9+4 ,field ,tra9+ ( a ,company ( ,infantry1 by ,major ,craufurd1 ,briti% ,army1 an excell5t little book1 0 also consult$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,common ,,s5se ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,appli$ ,,m9or ,,tactics#aa #idb4 ,to beg9 )1 y want to be> 9 m9d t !re is no?+ difficult1 complicat$ or my/]i\s ab\t appli$ m9or tactics--x is j simply ! application ( pla91 e-day1 common horse s5se--! :ole ?+ consi/s 9 famili>iz+ y\rself ) c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples bas$ on common s5se & !n apply+ !m ) common s5se4 ,:atev] y d1 don't make ! mi/ake ( foll[+ bl9dly rules t y h read 9 books4 #idc4 ,"o ( ! able/ (fic]s 9 ! ,army has rec5tly giv5 ?is def9ition ( ! ,art ( ,w>3 ,"o-fif? is le>n$ f books2 ,"o-fif? is common s5se2 ,?ree-fif?s is kn[+ m5 & h[ to lead !m4 ,! man :o w\ld be successful 9 bus9ess mu/ und]/& m5 & apply c]ta9 g5]al bus9ess pr9ciples ) common s5se2 ! man :o w\ld be a successful hunt] mu/ und]/& game & apply c]ta9 g5]al hunt+ pr9ciples ) common s5se1 & ev5 ! man :o w\ld be a successful fi%]man mu/ und]/& fi% & apply c]ta9 g5]al fi%+ pr9ciples ) common s5se4 ,& s likewise ! man :o w\ld lead o!r m5 successfully 9 battle mu/ und]/& m5 & apply c]ta9 g5]al tactical pr9ciples ) common s5se4 ,( c\rse1 ! only reason = ! exi/5ce ( an army is ! possibility ( w> "s day1 & ev]y?+ ! soldi] does--8 drills1 p>ades1 t>get practice1 gu>d duty1 s*ools ( in/ruction1 etc4--has 9 view only "o end3 ,! prep>ation ( ! soldi] = ! field ( battle4 #idd4 ,:ile ! responsibilities ( (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s 9 "t ( peace are important1 9 "t ( battle !y are mu* m s3 = !n _! mi/akes are paid = 9 human blood4 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a pilot :o 0 n capable ( pilot+ a boat try+ to pilot a boat load$ ) pass5g]s2 or1 ( an eng9e] :o 0 n capable ( runn+ a locomotive try+ to run a pass5g] tra98 ,y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 ?9k him a crim9al--b d y ?9k he w\ld be m crim9al ?an ! noncommission$ (fic] :o is n capable ( lead+ a squad 9 battle b :o tries to d s1 !reby sacrific+ ! lives ( ^? "u him8 ,y c1 !re=e1 appreciate ! importance1 ! necessity1 ( e (fic] & noncommission$ (fic] do+ ev]y?+ t he possibly c dur+ times ( peace to qualify himself = 8 duties & responsibilities dur+ times ( w>4 ,if we are go+ to h a good army we mu/ h good regim5ts2 to h good regim5ts we mu/ h good battalions2 to h good battalions we mu/ h good companies--b to h good companies we mu/ h effici5t company (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ev]y?+ 9 ! life ( ! soldi] leads to ! field ( battle4 ,& s x is t 9 ! subject ( m9or tactics all in/ruction leads to ! battle4 ,fir/ we h map problems2 !n t]ra9 ex]cises2 next ! w> game2 aft] t maneuv]s1 & f9ally ! battle4 #ide4 ,map ,problems & ,t]ra9 ,ex]cises4 ,9 ! case ( map problems y are giv5 tactical problems to solve on a map2 9 ! case ( t]ra9 ex]cises y are giv5 problems to solve on ! gr\nd4 7,! ^w ,t]ra91 means e>?1 gr\nd47 ,^! are ! simple/ =ms ( tactical problems1 z y h only "o phase ( ! action1 y\r in=mation is always reliable & y\r imag9>y soldi]s always d j exactly :at y want !m to d4 #idf4 ,w> ,game4 ,next comes ! w> game1 :i* consi/s ( problems solv$ on maps1 b y h an oppon5t :o comm&s ! enemy--! phases foll[ "o ano!r rapidly & ! conditions *ange--y\r in=mation is n s complete & reliable4 ,h[ev]1 y\r m5 be+ slips ( c>dbo>d or beads1 !y w1 z 9 ! case ( y\r imag9>y soldi]s 9 ! map problems & t]ra9 ex]cises1 g :]e y wi% !m to & d :at y tell !m to d--!y c't misund]/& y\r in/ructions & g wrong--!y don't /raggle & get c>eless z real soldi]s sometimes d4 ,map problems1 t]ra9 ex]cises & w> games are b aids to maneuv]s--_! practice makes ! maneuv]s bett]2 = y ?us le>n ! pr9ciples ( tactics & 9 ! simple/ & quicke/ way4 #idg4 ,maneuv]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! maneuv] ! problem is ! same z 9 ! w> game1 except t y are deal+ ) real1 live m5 :om y c n control p]fectly1 & !re is1 !re=e1 mu* great] *ance = mi/akes4 #idh4 ,! battle4 ,a battle is only a maneuv] to :i* is add$ great physical dang] & excitem5t4 ,g5]al rules & pr9ciples t mu/ be appli$ 9 map problems1 t]ra9 ex]cises1 ! w> game & maneuv]s #idi4 ,ev]y?+ t is done mu/ con=m 9 pr9ciple to :at %\ld be done 9 battle--o!rwise y\r "w is wa/$--y\r "t is ?r[n away4 ,9 solv+ map problems & 9 ! w> game1 always =m 9 y\r m9d a picture ( ! gr\nd :]e ! action is suppos$ to be tak+ place--imag9e t y see ! enemy1 ! v>i\s hills1 /reams1 roads1 etc41 t he is fir+ at y1 etc4--& don't d any?+ t y w\ld n be able to d if y 7 really on ! gr\nd & really 9 a fight4 ,:e!r x be a corporal 9 comm& ( a squad or a g5]al 9 comm& ( an army1 9 ! solution ( a tactical problem1 :e!r x be a map problem1 a t]ra9 ex]cise1 a w> game1 maneuv] or battle1 he w h to g ?r\gh ! same op]ation3 #a/4 ,e/imate ! situation2 #b;d4 ,decide :at he w d2 #c;d4 ,give ! necess>y ord]s to c>ry out 8 decision4 ,at fir/ ^! ?ree /eps ( ! op]ation may appe> difficult & labori\s1 b aft] a little practice ! m9d1 :i* always works ) rapidity 9 accu/om$ *annels1 p]=ms !m ) a/oni%+ quickness4 ,! *ild beg9n+ ! /udy ( ari?metic1 = example1 is v sl[ 9 det]m9+ ! sum ( #g & #h1 b lat] ! answ] is ann\nc$ almo/ at sight4 ,! same is true 9 tactical problems--! process may be sl[ at fir/1 b ) a little practice x becomes quick & easy4 #iej4 ,e/imat+ ! ,situation4 ,?is is simply siz+ up ! situation1 f9d+ out :at y're up aga9/1 & is always ! fir/ ?+ to be done4 ,x is mo/ important1 & 9 do+ x ! fir/ /ep is to det]m9e y\r ,,mission--:at y are to d1 :at y are to accompli%--! mo/ important consid]ation 9 any milit>y situation4 ,consid] next y\r own =ces & t ( ! enemy--t is1 8 probable /r5g? & h[ x comp>es ) y\rs4 ,consid] ! enemy's probable ,,mission#ab & :at he w probably d to accompli% x4 ,consid] ! geography ( ! c\ntry s f> z x affects ! problem--! valleys to cross1 defiles to pass ?r\gh1 %orte/ road to foll[1 etc4 ,n[1 consid] ! diff]5t c\rses op5 to y ) ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea*4 ,y mu/1 ( c\rse1 9 e case "k :at y're up aga9/ be=e y c decide intellig5tly :at y're go+ to d4 ,9 mak+ y\r plan always be> 9 m9d n only y\r own ,,mission1 b also ! g5]al mission ( ! comm& ( :i* y =m a "p1 & ?is is :at n9e m5 out ( t5 =get to d4 #iea4 ,! ,decision4 ,x is important t y %\ld come to a cle> & correct decision--t y d s promptly & !n execute x vigor\sly4 ,! new ,japanese ,field ,s]vice ,regulations tell u t !re are two ?+s above all t %\ld be avoid$--inaction & hesitation4 ,to act resolutely ev5 9 an errone\s mann] is bett] ?an to rema9 inactive & irresolute--t is to say d some?+4 ,y are n[ ready to come to a decision1 :i* is no?+ m or less ?an a cle>1 concise det]m9ation ( :at y're go+ to d & h[ y're go+ to d x4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 express$ ! same idea 9 few] words3 ,don't haggle4 ,hav+ settl$ on a plan1 pu% x ?r\gh--don't vacillate1 don't wav]4 ,make y\r plan simple4 ,no o!r has mu* %[4 ,complicat$ plans look well on pap]1 b 9 w> !y seldom "w out4 ,!y require sev]al p to d ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t & ?is "u conditions ( excitem5t1 dang] & confusion1 &1 z a result1 !y g5]ally fail4 #ieb4 ,! ,ord]4 ,hav+ complet$ y\r e/imate ( ! situation & =m$ y\r plan1 y are n[ ready to give ! ord]s necess>y to c>ry x out4 ,y mu/ fir/ give y\r subord9ates suffici5t in=mation ( ! situation & y\r plan1 s t !y may cle>ly und]/& _! mission4 ,! bett] ev]yone und]/&s ! :ole situation ! bett] he c play 8 "p4 ,unexpect$ ?+s are always happ5+ 9 w>--a subord9ate c act intellig5tly only if he kn[s & und]/&s :at 8 sup]ior wants to d4 ,always make y\r in/ructions def9ite & positive--vague in/ructions are sometimes worse ?an none4 ,y\r ord]1 y\r in/ructions1 mu/ be cle>1 concise & def9ite--ev]yone %\ld "k j exactly :at he is to d4 ,a ,few ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #iec4 ,! man :o hunts de]1 moose1 tig]s & lions1 is hunt+ big game1 b ! soldi] op]at+ 9 ! enemy's t]ritory is hunt+ bigg] game--he's hunt+ = human be+s--b y want to rememb] t ! o!r fell[ is out hunt+ = y1 too2 he's out gunn+ = y4 ,s1 don't fail to be on ! al]t1 on ! look\t1 all ! "t1 if y d he'll get ! drop on y4 ,rememb] :at ,fr$]ick ! ,great said3 ,x is p>donable to be defeat$1 b nev] to be tak5 by surprise4 ,d n sep>ate y\r =ce too mu*2 if y d1 y weak5 y\rself--y take ! *ance ( be+ defeat$ 9 detail--t is1 ( "o "p be+ defeat$ aft] ano!r4 ,rememb] ! old say+3 ,9 union !re is /r5g?4 ,undue ext5sion ( y\r l9e 7a mi/ake1 by ! way1 v (t5 made7 is only a =m ( sep>ation & is equally z bad4 ,:ile too mu* importance c n be atta*$ to ! prop] use ( cov]1 y mu/ n =get t sometimes !re are o!r consid]ations t outweigh ! advantages ( cov]4 ,good s5se alone c det]m9e4 ,a c]ta9 direction ( attack1 = in/ance1 may af=d excell5t cov] b x may be s situat$ z to mean ru9 if defeat$1 z :]e x puts an impassable ob/acle directly 9 y\r re>4 ,& don't =get t y %\ld always ?9k 9 advance ( :at y w\ld d 9 case ( defeat4 ,:at is x1 aft] all1 t gives victory1 :e!r x be armies or only squads engag$8 ,x's j simply inflict+ on ! enemy a loss :i* he w n /& be=e he c d ! same to y4 ,n[1 :at is ?is loss t he w n /&8 ,:at is ! loss t w cause him to break8 ,well1 x v>ies2 x is subject to _m conditions--diff]5t bodies ( troops1 l diff]5t timb]s1 h diff]5t break+ po9ts4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] x may be 9 any p>ticul> case x w\ld soon come if we c\ld %oot on ! battlefield z we d on ! t>get range1 b we c n approximate x4 ,!re are _m causes t5d+ to drag d[n our score on ! battlefield1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t be+ ! effect ( ! enemy's fire4 ,x is cit$ z a physiological fact t fe> & great excitem5t cause ! pupil ( ! eye to dilate & impair accuracy 9 vision & h5ce ( %oot+4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t ! effectiv5ess ( ! fire ( "o side r$uc$ proportionately to ! effectiv5ess ( t ( ! o!r4 ,be> 9 m9d !n ^! two po9ts--we mu/ get ! enemy's break+ po9t be=e he gets ours1 & ! m effective we make our fire ! less effective w be 84 ,express$ 9 ano!r way--to w9 y mu/ ga9 & keep a fire sup]iority4 ,?is g5]ally means m rifles 9 action1 yet a fire badly controll$ & direct$1 ?\gh great 9 volume1 may be less effective ?an a small] volume bett] h&l$4 ,! fir+ l9e b>r+ a few exceptional cases1 !n1 %\ld be z heavy z practicable consi/5t ) ! m5's free use ( _! rifles4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be ab\t "o man to ! y>d4 ,9 ?is way y get volume ( fire & ! companies d n cov] s mu* gr\nd t _! comm&]s lose _! p[] to direct & control4 ,if x becomes necess>y to hold a l9e too long = ! =ce available1 x is !n bett] to keep ! m5 close toge!r & leave gaps 9 ! l9e4 ,! m5 are s mu* bett] controll$1 ! fire bett] direct$1 ! volume ! same1 & ! gaps are clos$ by ! cross fire ( p>ties adjac5t4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]1 extracts ( words & ( ideas1 7 made f a pap] on ,appli$ ,m9or ,tactics read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is conv5tion ( ! ,national ,gu>d ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj1 by ,major ,j4 ,f4 ,morrison1 ,g5]al ,/aff1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #ab ,! ^w mission is us$ a great deal 9 ?is text4 ,by y\r mission is meant y\r bus9ess1 :at y h be5 told to d1 :at y are try+ to accompli%4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,map ,,problems ,,= ,,noncommission$ ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,privates--,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,deliv]+ ,,messages 7,! l>ge wall map to be us$ = ?is in/ruction c be obta9$ f ! ,george ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis41 at a co/ ( #a4ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,elem5t>y ,map #ied4 ,! noncommission$ (fic]s & ! privates ( ! squad1 section1 platoon or company are seat$ 9 front ( ! in/ructor1 :o1 ) po9t] 9 h&1 is /&+ ne> ! map on ! wall4 ,! in/ructor assumes c]ta9 situations & designates v>i\s noncommission$ (fic]s to take *>ge ( squads = ! purpose ( accompli%+ c]ta9 missions2 he places !m 9 diff]5t situations1 & !n asks !m :at !y w\ld d4 ,he1 or ! noncommission$ (fic] designat$ to p]=m c]ta9 missions1 designates c]ta9 privates to c>ry messages1 wat* = signals1 take ! place ( w\nd$ noncommission$ (fic]s1 etc4 ,= example1 ! in/ructor says3 ,! battalion is m>*+ to ,wat]t[n 7see ,elem5t>y ,map 9 pocket at back ( book7 along ?is road 7indicat+ road73 our company =ms ! advance gu>d2 we are n[ at ?is po9t 7indicat+ po9t74 ,corporal ,smi?1 take y\r squad & reconnoit] ! woods on ! "r to see if y c f9d any trace ( ! enemy !re1 & rejo9 ! company z soon z y c4 ,corporal ,jones1 be on ! look\t = any signals t ,corporal ,smi? may make4 ,corporal ,smi? !n gives ! comm&1 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,m>*1 & su* o!r comm&s z may be necess>y4 ,in/ructor3 ,n[1 :5 y rea* ?is po9t 7indicat+ po9t71 :at d y see8 7,corporal ,smi? holds 8 rifle horizontally above 8 head47 ,corporal ,jones3 ,capta91 ,corporal ,smi? signals t he sees a small body ( ! enemy4 ,corporal ,smi?3 ,lie d[n4 ,range1 #gjj4 #a4 ,ready2 #b4 ,,aim2 #c4 ,squad2 #d4 ,,fire4 #a4 ,=w>d2 ,d\ble "t2 #b4 ,,m>*1 etc4 ,! noncommission$ (fic]s & ! privates :o are ?us designat$ to d c]ta9 ?+s mu/ use _! imag9ation z mu* z possible4 ,!y mu/ look at ! map & imag9e t !y are "r on ! gr\nd1 9 ! ho/ile t]ritory2 !y mu/ imag9e t !y see ! /reams1 hills1 woods1 roads1 etc41 repres5t$ on ! map1 & !y mu/ n d any?+ t !y c\ld n d if 9 ! ho/ile t]ritory1 ) ! assum$ conditions actually exi/+4 #iee4 ,! g5]al idea ( ?is sy/em ( in/ruction is to make ! noncommission$ (fic]s & ! privates ?9k1 to make !m use common s5se & initiative 9 h&l+ m5 9 v>i\s situations1 9 gett+ out ( difficulties4 ,by ?us putt+ m5 on _! mettle 9 ! pres5ce ( _! comrades & mak+ !m br+ into play _! common s5se & _! p[]s ( res\rcefulness1 x is comp>atively easy to hold ! att5tion ( a :ole squad1 section1 platoon or company1 = ^? :o are n actually tak+ "p 9 ! solution ( a p>ticul> problem are curi\s to see h[ ^? :o are tak+ "p w answ] diff]5t que/ions & d diff]5t ?+s--h[ !y w pan out4 #ief4 ,ev]y?+ t is said1 ev]y?+ t is done1 %\ld1 z f> z practicable1 be said & done j z x w\ld be said & done 9 ! field4 ,! comm&s %\ld be actually giv51 ! messages actually deliv]$1 ! reports actually made1 ! ord]s & in/ructions actually giv51 ! signals actually made1 etc41 j ! same z !y w\ld be if ! op]ations 7 real4 ,( c\rse1 sometimes x is n practicable to d ?is1 & aga9 at o!r times x w\ld be advisable n to d s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ! solution ( a problem !re 7 a great _m opportunities to give comm&s to fire1 to make signals1 to deliv] messages1 etc41 & if ^! ?+s 7 actually done e "t1 x w\ld n only become tiresome b x w\ld also delay ! real "w & in/ruction4 ,common s5se mu/ be us$4 ,j be> ?is 9 m9d3 ,9 ! solution ( map problems ! noncommission$ (fic]s & ! privates are to be giv5 prop] & suffici5t in/ruction 9 giv+ comm&s1 mak+ signals1 s5d+ & deliv]+ messages1 mak+ reports1 etc41 ! in/ructor us+ 8 common s5se 9 decid+ :at is prop] & suffici5t in/ruction4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is feature ( ! in/ruction x w\ld be done ?us1 = in/ance3 ,in/ead ( a platoon lead] say+1 ,i w\ld give ! ord] = ! platoon 7two1 ?ree or f\r squads7 to fire on !m1 he w\ld say1 = in/ance1 ,i w\ld !n give ! comm&1 ',,at ,,l9e ,,( ,,m54 ,,range1 #fjj4 ,,fire ,,at ,,w1' & w\ld cont9ue ! fir+ z long z necess>y4 ,%\ld ! in/ructor !n say1 = in/ance1 ,v well2 ! enemy's fire has slack5$2 :at w y d n[8 ,! platoon lead] w\ld answ]1 = in/ance1 ,i w\ld signal3 #a4 ,by squads f ! "r2 #b4 ,,ru%4 ,in/ead ( say+1 = in/ance1 ,i w\ld advance my squad to ! top ( ?is hill at d\ble "t1 ! squad lead] %\ld say1 ,i w\ld give ! comm&3 '#a4 ,=w>d1 d\ble "t2 #b4 ,,m>*1' & ^u rea*+ ! top ( ?is hill1 ,i w\ld comm&1 '#a4 ,squad2 #b4 ,,halt1' caution+ ! m5 to take advantage ( cov]4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,i w\ld signal back t we see ! enemy 9 =ce1 ! squad lead] %\ld take a rifle & make ! signal1 & if a man has be5 designat$ to wat* = signals1 ! man w\ld say to ! capta9 7or o!r p]son = :om he 0 wat*+ = signals73 ,capta91 ,corporal ,smi? has signal$ t he sees ! enemy 9 =ce4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,i w\ld s5d a message back t !re are ab\t tw5ty m\nt$ m5 j 9 re> ( ! ,jones' h\se2 !y are dism\nt$ & _! horses are be+ held by horsehold]s1 say1 ,smi?1 g back & tell ! capta9 7or o!r p]son7 !re are ab\t tw5ty m\nt$ m5 j 9 re> ( ! ,jones' h\se4 ,!y are dism\nt$ & _! horses are be+ held by horsehold]s4 ,private ,smi? w\ld !n say to ! capta9 7or o!r p]son71 ,capta91 ,corporal ,h>ris s5ds ^w !re are ab\t tw5ty m5 j 9 ! re> ( ! ,jones' h\se4 ,!y are dism\nt$ & _! horses are be+ held by horse hold]s4 #ieg4 ,= problems exemplify+ ?is sy/em ( in/ruction1 see ,p>4 #ajag4 ,! in/ruction may be v>i$ a little by te/+ ! squad lead]s 9 _! k ( map read+ by ask+1 f "t to "t dur+ ! solution ( ! problem1 su* que/ions z ^!3 ,capta93 ,corporal ,smi?1 y are /&+ on ,lone ,hill 7,see ,elem5t>y ,map71 fac+ nor?4 ,tell me :at y see8 ,corporal3 ,! hill slopes (f /eeply 9 front ( me1 ab\t eighty feet d[n to ! bottom l&4 ,a spur ( ! hill runs (f on my "r ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile to ! nor?4 ,ano!r runs (f on my left ! same di/ance to ! we/4 ,betwe5 ^! two spurs1 d[n 9 front ( me1 is an almo/ level valley1 ext5d+ ab\t a mile to my "r front1 :]e a hill cuts (f my view4 ,to my left front x is level z f> z ,i c see4 ,a qu>t] ( a mile 9 front ( me is a big pond1 d[n 9 ! valley1 & ,i c trace ! c\rse ( a /ream t dra9s ! pond (f to ! nor?we/1 by ! trees along its bank4 ,j beyond ! /ream a railroad runs nor?we/ along a fill & crosses ! /ream a mile & a half to ! nor?we/1 :]e ,i c see ! ro(s ( a gr\p ( h\ses4 ,a wagon road runs nor? across ! valley1 cross+ ! we/]n spur ( ?is hill #fjj y>ds f ,lone ,hill4 ,x is bord]$ by trees z f> z ! creek4 ,ano!r road p>allels ! railroad1 ! two roads cross+ ne> a l>ge or*>d a mile /raight to my front4 ,capta93 ,c y see ! ,*e/] ,pike :]e ! railroad crosses x8 ,corporal3 ,no1 sir4 ,capta93 ,:y8 ,corporal3 ,because ! hill #fb1 ab\t #hjj y>ds f ,lone ,hill1 is s high t x cuts (f my view 9 t direction ( ev]y?+ clos] to ! spur #fb ?an ! po9t 9 ! ,salem-,bol+ road1 :]e ! private lane runs (f ea/ to ! ,gray h\se4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,jones1 9 :i* direction does ! /ream run t y see j s\? ( ! ,tw9 ,hills8 ,s]geant3 ,x runs s\? ?r\gh ,york1 because ,i c see t ! nor!rn end />ts ne> ! head ( a valley & goes d[n into ! op5 pla94 ,also x is indicat$ by a v n>r[ l9e ne> ! ,tw9 ,hills :i* becomes gradually wid] or heavi] ! fur!r s\? x goes4 ,fur!rmore1 ! fact t ?ree %ort bran* /reams are %[n jo9+ toge!r & =m+ "o1 mu/ naturally mean t ! direction ( fl[ is t[>ds ! "o =m$ by ! ?ree4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,h>ris1 does ! road f ! ,mason f>m to ! ,wel% f>m run up or d[n hill8 ,s]geant3 ,x does bo?1 sir4 ,x is almo/ level = ! fir/ half mile we/ ( ! ,mason f>m2 !n1 z x crosses ! cont\r m>k$ #bj & a second m>k$ #dj1 x runs up hill1 ris+ to =ty feet above ! valley1 #ijj y>ds ea/ ( ! ,mason f>m4 ,!n1 z x aga9 crosses a cont\r m>k$ #dj & a second m>k$ #bj1 x goes d[n hill to ! ,wel% f>m4 ,t portion ( ! road betwe5 ! po9ts :]e x crosses ! two cont\rs m>k$ #dj1 is ! highe/ "p ( ! road4 ,x crosses ?is hill 9 a saddle1 = bo? nor? & s\? ( ?is summit on ! road are cont\rs m>k$ #fj & ev5 high]4 ,capta93 ,corporal ,wallace1 y are 9 ,salem ) a patrol ) ord]s to g to ,ox=d4 ,!re is no "o to tell y any?+ ab\t ?is section ( ! c\ntry & y h nev] be5 !re be=e4 ,y h ?is map & a compass4 ,:at w\ld y d8 ,corporal3 ,i w\ld see f my map & by look+ ar\nd me t ,salem is situat$ at ! cross+ ( two ma9 roads4 ,f ! map ,i w\ld see t "o leads to ,bol+ & ! o!r 0 ! "o to take = ,ox=d4 ,also1 ,i w\ld see t ! "o to ,bol+ />t$ due nor? out ( ,salem & ! o!r1 ! "o ,i mu/ foll[1 />t$ due we/ out ( ,salem4 ,tak+ out my compass1 ,i w\ld see 9 :at direction ! nor? end ( ! ne$le po9t$2 ! road runn+ (f 9 t direction w\ld be ! "o to ,bol+1 s ,i w\ld />t (f we/ on ! o!r4 ,capta93 ,suppose y _h no compass8 ,corporal3 ,i w\ld look & see on :i* side ( ! base ( ! trees ! moss grew4 ,t side w\ld be nor?4 ,or1 9 ?is case1 ,i w\ld probably n use a compass ev5 if ,i _h x2 =1 f ! map1 ,i "k t ! road ,i wi% to />t (f on crosses a railroad track )9 sight ( ! crossroads & on ! opposite side ( ! crossroads f ! *ur* %[n on ! map2 also1 t ! ,bol+ road is level z f> z ,i c\ld see on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! ,*e/] ,pike crosses ! spur ( ,s&y ,ridge1 ab\t a half mile out ( ! village4 ,capta93 ,g ahead1 corporal1 & expla9 h[ y w\ld foll[ ! prop] r\te to ,ox=d4 ,corporal3 ,i w\ld proce$ we/ on ! ,*e/] ,pike1 kn[+ ,i w\ld cross a good siz$ /ream1 on a /one bridge1 ab\t a mile & a half out ( ,salem2 !n ,i w\ld pass a crossroad & f9d a swamp on my "r1 betwe5 ! road & ! /ream4 ,ab\t a mile & a half f ! crossroad ,i j m5tion$1 ,i w\ld cross a railroad track & !n ,i w\ld "k t at ! =k ( ! roads "o-qu>t] ( a mile fur!r on ,i mu/ take ! left =k4 ,?is road w\ld take me /raight into ,ox=d1 ab\t a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s beyond ! =k4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,wa%+ton1 d ! cont\rs ab\t a half mile nor? ( ! ,maxey f>m1 on ! ,salem-,bol+ road1 repres5t a hill or a depression8 ,s]geant3 ,!y repres5t a hill1 because ! inn] cont\r has a high] numb] #db1 ?an ! out]1 m>k$ #bj4 ,!y repres5t sort ( a leg-(-mutton %ap$ hill ab\t #db feet high] ?an ! surr\nd+ l[ gr\nd4 ,v>iety & int]e/ may be add$ to ! in/ruction by assum+ t ! squad lead] has be5 kill$ or w\nd$ & !n designate "s private to comm& ! squad2 or t a man has be5 w\nd$ 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! body & h a soldi] actually apply 8 fir/ aid packet2 or t a soldi] has fa9t$ or be5 bitt5 by a rattlesnake & h a man actually r5d] him fir/ aid4 #ieh4 ,! privates may be giv5 practical in/ruction 9 deliv]+ messages by giv+ !m messages 9 "o room & hav+ !m deliv] !m to someone else 9 ano!r room4 ,x is a good plan to write out a numb] ( messages 9 advance on slips ( pap] or on c>ds1 plac+ !m 9 unseal$ envelopes4 ,an (fic] or a noncommission$ (fic] 9 "o room reads "o ( ! messages to a soldi]1 !n seals x 9 an envelope & gives x to ! soldi] to h& to ! p]son 9 ano!r room to :om he is to deliv] ! message4 ,! latt] *ecks ! accuracy ( ! message by means ( ! writt5 message4 ,( c\rse1 ?is =m ( in/ruction %\ld n be giv5 dur+ ! solution ( map problems by ! m54 7,= model messages1 see p>4 #ihj47 ,! same slips or c>ds may be us$ any numb] ( times ) diff]5t soldi]s4 ,a soldi] %\ld nev] />t on 8 way to deliv] a message unless he und]/&s ?or\ghly ! message he is to deliv]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,in=mation 7,bas$ on ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations47 ,,patroll+ #iei4 ,patrols are small bodies ( infantry or cavalry1 f two m5 up to a company or troop1 s5t out f a comm& at any "t to ga9 in=mation ( ! enemy & ( ! c\ntry1 to drive (f small ho/ile bodies1 to prev5t !m f obs]v+ ! comm& or = o!r /at$ objects1 su* z to bl[ up a bridge1 de/roy a railroad track1 communicate or keep 9 t\* ) fri5dly troops1 etc4 ,patrols are nam$ accord+ to _! objects1 reconnoit]+1 visit+1 connect+1 explor+1 flank+ patrols1 etc4 ,^! names are ( no importance1 h[ev]1 because ! patrol's ord]s 9 ea* case det]m9e its duties4 #ifj4 ,! size ( a patrol dep5ds ^u ! mission x is to accompli%2 if x is to ga9 in=mation only1 x %\ld be z small z possible1 all[+ two m5 = ea* probable message to be s5t 7?is p]mits y to s5d messages & /ill h a work+ patrol rema9+72 if x is to fight1 x %\ld be /rong en\gh to defeat ! probable enemy aga9/ x4 ,= in/ance1 a patrol ( two m5 might be ord]$ to exam9e "s high gr\nd a few hundr$ y>ds (f ! road4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! rec5t w> 9 ,man*uria a ,japanese patrol ( #ej m\nt$ m51 to accompli% its mission m>*$ #a1afj miles 9 ! enemy's c\ntry & 0 out = #fb days4 #ifa4 ,patrol ,lead]s4 7a7 ,patrol lead]s1 usually noncommission$ (fic]s1 are select$ = _! endurance1 ke5 eyesight1 ability to ?9k quickly & good milit>y judgm5t4 ,!y %\ld be able to read a map1 make a sket* & s5d messages t are easily und]/ood4 ,v important patrols are sometimes lead by (fic]s4 ,! lead] %\ld h a map1 wat*1 field glass1 compass1 message blank & p5cils4 7b7 ,! ability to lead a patrol correctly )\t a numb] ( detail$ ord]s or in/ructions1 is "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ valuable qualifications ( a noncommission$ (fic]4 ,s9ce a comm&] ord]+ out a patrol c only give g5]al in/ructions z to :at he desires1 because he _c possibly =see j :at situations may arise1 ! patrol lead] w be =c$ to use 8 own judgm5t to decide on ! prop] c\rse to pursue :5 some?+ ( importance sudd5ly occurs4 ,he is 9 sole comm& on ! spot & mu/ make 8 decisions entirely on 8 own judgm5t & make !m in/antly4 ,he has to be> 9 m9d fir/ ( all 8 mission--:at 8 comm&] wants him to d4 ,possibly some?+ may occur t %\ld cause ! patrol lead] to und]take an entirely new mission & he mu/ view ! new situation f ! /&po9t ( a high] comm&]4 7c7 ,m battles are lo/ ?r\gh lack ( in=mation ab\t ! enemy ?an f any o!r cause1 & x is ! patrols l$ by noncommission$ (fic]s :o mu/ ga!r almo/ all ( ?is in=mation4 ,a battalion or squadron /&s a v good *ance = defeat+ a regim5t if ! battalion comm&] kn[s all ab\t ! size1 position & movem5ts ( ! regim5t & ! regim5tal comm&] kn[s b a little ab\t ! battalion2 & ?is w all dep5d on h[ effici5tly ! patrols ( ! two =ces are l$ by ! noncommission$ (fic]s4 #ifb4 ,patrols are usually s5t out f ! advance p>ty ( an advance gu>d1 ! re> p>ty ( a re> gu>d1 ! outgu>ds ( an outpo/1 & ! flank 7extreme "r or left7 sections1 companies or troops ( a =ce 9 a fight1 b !y may be s5t out f any "p ( a comm&4 ,! comm&] usually /ates h[ /rong a patrol %all be4 #ifc4 ,ord]s or ,in/ructions--7a7 ,! ord]s or in/ructions = a patrol mu/ /ate cle>ly :5ev] possible3 #a4 ,:]e ! enemy is or is suppos$ to be4 #b4 ,:]e fri5dly patrols or deta*m5ts are apt to be se5 or enc\nt]$ & :at ! plans are = ! body f :i* ! patrol is s5t out4 #c4 ,:at object ! patrol is s5t out to accompli%2 :at in=mation is desir$2 :at features are ( special importance2 ! g5]al direction to be foll[$ & h[ long to /ay out 9 case ! enemy is n met4 #d4 ,:]e reports are to be s5t4 7b7 ,x (t5 happ5s t1 9 ! hurry & excitem5t ( a sudd5 enc\nt] or o!r situation1 !re is no "t or opportunity to give a patrol lead] any?+ b ! briefe/ in/ructions1 su* z ,take ?ree m51 corporal1 & locate _! 7! enemy's7 "r flank4 ,9 su* a case ! patrol lead] ?r\gh 8 k ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( patroll+1 comb9$ ) ! ex]cise ( 8 common s5se1 mu/ det]m9e = himself j :at 8 comm&] wi%es him to d4 #ifd4 ,inspection ( a ,patrol ,be=e ,dep>ture4 ,:5ev] !re is "t & conditions p]mit1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly is n ! case1 a patrol lead] c>efully inspects 8 m5 to see t !y are 9 good physical condition2 t !y h ! prop] equipm5t1 ammunition & ration2 t _! cante5s are full1 _! horses 7if m\nt$7 are 9 good condition1 n ( a conspicu\s color & n giv5 to neigh+1 & t !re is no?+ ab\t ! equipm5t to rattle or gli/54 ,! patrol lead] %\ld also see t ! m5 h no?+ ) !m 7maps1 ord]s1 lett]s1 newspap]s1 etc47 t1 if captur$1 w\ld give ! enemy valuable in=mation4 ,?is is a m important inspection ?an t reg>d+ ! condition ( ! equipm5t4 ,:5ev] possible ! m5 = a patrol %\ld be select$ = _! tru/wor?9ess1 exp]i5ce & knack ( f9d+ _! way 9 a /range c\ntry4 #ife4 ,prep>+ a ,patrol = ! ,/>t4 ,! patrol lead] hav+ receiv$ 8 ord]s & hav+ ask$ que/ions ab\t any?+ he does n fully und]/&1 makes 8 e/imate ( ! situation 7,see ,p>4 #iej47 ,he !n selects ! numb] ( m5 he ne$s1 if ?is has be5 left to him1 inspects !m & c>efully expla9s to !m ! ord]s he has receiv$ & h[ he int5ds to c>ry out ^! ord]s1 mak+ sure ! m5 und]/& ! mission ( ! patrol4 ,he names "s prom95t place along ! r\te !y are go+ to foll[ :]e e "o w ha/5 if ! patrol %\ld become scatt]$4 ,= example3 ,an infantry company has arriv$ at ! t[n ( ,york 7,see ,elem5t>y ,map74 ,capta9 ,a1 at #b ,p4 ,m41 calls up ,corporal ,b & ?ree m5 ( 8 squad4 ,capta9 ,a3 ,corporal1 ho/ile infantry is report$ to be at ,ox=d4 ,no?+ else has be5 he>d ( ! enemy4 ,! company rema9s "h tonight4 ,y w take ^! ?ree m5 & reconnoit] ab\t two miles nor? along ?is road 7indicates ! ,valley ,pike7 = signs ( a ho/ile advance 9 ?is direction4 ,/ay out until dusk4 ,corporal ,c has be5 s5t out t road 7po9ts ea/ along ! c\nty road74 ,s5d messages "h4 ,d y und]/&8 ,corporal ,b3 ,yes1 sir2 ,i am to--7"h he practically repeats ,capta9 ,a's ord]s1 ! ?ree m5 li/5+74 ,is ,corporal ,c to cov] t hill 7po9ts t[>d ,tw9 ,hills78 ,capta9 ,a3 ,no2 y mu/ cov] t gr\nd4 ,move out at once1 corporal4 7,corporal ,b quickly glances at ! m5 & sees t !y h _! prop] equipm5t47 ,corporal ,b 7to 8 m573 ,y he>d ! capta9's ord]s4 ,we w make = t hill 7po9ts to ,tw9 ,hills74 ,jones1 ,i want y to g #aej y>ds 9 advance ( me2 ,williams1 foll[ me at #ajj y>ds2 ,smi?1 y'll /ay ) me4 ,jones1 y'll leave ?is road aft] cross+ ! creek & m>* on t clump ( trees4 ,i want bo? y & ,williams to be on ! al]t & wat* me e m9ute = signals4 ,9 case we become scatt]$1 make = t hill 7po9ts to ,tw9 ,hills74 ,private ,jones3 ,corporal1 %all ,i keep #aej y>ds f y or w y keep ! correct di/ance8 ,corporal ,b3 ,y keep ! correct di/ance f me4 ,=w>d1 ,jones4 ,( c\rse1 ! patrol lead] makes all ^! prep>ations if he has "t2 b1 z we h said be=e1 !re w be a great _m occasions :5 he is requir$ to />t out s promptly t he w n h any "t = ! inspection describ$ & he w h to make an e/imate ( ! situation & give 8 detail$ ord]s to ! memb]s ( 8 patrol z !y />t (f4 #iff4 ,co-ord9ation ,be=e ,dep>ture4 ,e memb] ( a patrol %\ld notice = himself ! direction tak5 & all l&m>ks t are pass$1 & e man %\ld keep 8 eyes & e>s op5 all ! "t4 ,be=e leav+ an outpo/ position or o!r place to :i* x is to return1 ! patrol comm&] %\ld co-ord9ate himself--he %\ld see :]e he is ) respect to c]ta9 m\nta9s1 high build+s & o!r prom95t objects1 & aft] ! patrol has left1 he %\ld frequ5tly turn 8 head ar\nd & see :at ! />t+ po9t looks l f :]e he is4 ,?is w help him to f9d 8 way back )\t difficulty4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,patroll+ #ifg4 ,p>agraphs #ifg to #ajae describe ! me?ods ( lead+ a patrol--! po9ts a patrol lead] %\ld fully und]/&4 ,9 o!r words1 !y /ate ! pr9ciples ( patroll+4 ,:5 y fir/ /udy ?is *apt]1 simply read ov] ^! pr9ciples )\t try+ to memorize any ( !m4 ,:5ev] "o ( ! pr9ciples is appli$ 9 ! solution ( any ( ! problems on patroll+ giv5 9 ?is book y w g5]ally f9d ! numb] ( ! p>agraph :i* /ates t pr9ciple enclos$ 9 brackets4 ,turn back & /udy ! p>agraph ref]r$ to until y ?or\ghly und]/& its mean+ & y feel sure t y "k h[ to apply t pr9ciple :5ev] ! occasion might arise 9 actual patroll+4 ,try to impress its common s5se mean+ 7nev] ! m]e words7 on y\r m9d1 s t :5 a situation arises requir+ ! sort ( action indicat$ 9 ! pr9ciple1 ,,y ,,w ,,n ,,fail ,,to ,,recognize ,,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a #ifh4 ,=mation ( ,patrols4 7a7 ,figure #a gives "s examples ( v>i\s ways ( =m+ patrols4 ,^! are m]ely examples = ! purpose ( giv+ a g5]al idea ( ! arrangem5t ( ! m54 ,9 practice common s5se mu/ dictate to ! patrol lead] ! be/ =mation 9 ea* case4 7b7 ,9 v small patrols ! lead] is usually 9 advance :]e he c easily lead ! patrol1 ?\gh n always 7,see ,e1 ,figure #a47 ,! di/ance betwe5 m5 dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! c\ntry & ! situation4 ,9 ,l1 ,figure #a1 x might be any:]e f #aej to #djj y>ds f ! lead+ man to ! la/1 ! di/ance be+ great] 9 level or op5 c\ntry4 ,"s su* =mation z ,g1 ,figure #a1 c\ld be us$ 9 go+ ?r\gh high bru%1 woods1 or ov] v op5 c\ntry4 7c7 ,! m5 mu/ be s arrang$ t ea* man w be )9 signal+ di/ance ( "s memb] ( ! patrol & ! escape ( at lea/ "o man1 9 case ( surprise1 is c]ta94 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! patrol may h to m>* a long di/ance be=e x is expect$ t ! enemy w be enc\nt]$1 or x may h a mission t requires x to hurry to "s di/ant po9t ?r\gh v dang]\s c\ntry4 ,9 su* cases ! patrol w probably h to foll[ ! road 9 ord] to make ! necess>y spe$1 & x w n be possible = flank]s to keep up ?is rate m>*+ (f ! road4 ,! =mation 9 su* cases w\ld be some?+ l ^? %[n 9 ,f1 ,,ii & ,o4 ,m>*+ (f ! road is always sl[ "w1 s :5 rapidity is ess5tial1 "s safe =mation = road travel is necess>y1 z 9 ,f1 ,l & ,o4 ,if1 f ! road ! c\ntry =1 say "o-half mile on ea* side1 c be se51 !re is absolutely no use 9 s5d+ out flank]s a few hundr$ y>ds f ! road4 ,use common s5se4 #ifi4 ,rate ( ,m>*4 7a7 ,patrols %\ld advance quickly & quietly2 be vigilant & make all practicable use ( cov]4 ,if rapid m>*+ is necess>y to accompli% ! mission1 !n little att5tion c be paid to cov]4 7b7 ,return+ patrols1 ne> _! own l9es1 m>* at a walk1 unless press$ by ! enemy4 ,a patrol %\ld n1 if possible1 return ov] its outgo+ r\te1 z ! enemy may h obs]v$ x & be wat*+ = its return4 #igj4 ,halts4 ,a patrol %\ld be halt$ once e h\r = ab\t t5 m9utes1 to all[ ! m5 to re/ & relieve !mselves4 ,:5ev] a halt is made "o or two memb]s ( ! patrol mu/ advance a %ort di/ance ahead & keep a %>p look\t to ! front & flanks4 #iga4 ,action ,^u ,meet+ ,ho/ile ,patrol4 ,if a patrol %\ld see a ho/ile patrol1 x is g5]ally be/ to hide & let x g by1 & aft]w>ds look out = & capture any mess5g] t may be s5t back f x ) messages = ! ma9 body4 ,& :5 s5t back y\rself ) a message1 be c>eful t ! enemy does n play ?is trick on y--always keep y\r e>s & eyes op54 #igb4 ,scatt]$ ,patrols4 ,a scatt]$ patrol reassembles at "s po9t previ\sly select$2 if *eck$ 9 "o direction1 x takes ano!r2 if cut (f1 x returns by a det\r or =ces its way ?r\gh4 ,z a la/ resort x scatt]s1 s t at lea/ "o man may return ) in=mation4 ,occasionally x is advisable = ! lead] to conceal 8 patrol & cont9ue ! reconnaissance ) "o or two m52 9 case ( cavalry ! lead] & m5 ?us deta*$ %\ld be well m\nt$4 ,if no po9t ( assembly 0 previ\sly agre$ ^u1 x is a good g5]al rule to reassemble1 if possible1 at ! la/ re/+ place4 #igc4 ,return by ,diff]5t ,r\te4 ,a patrol %\ld always make x a rule to return by a diff]5t r\te1 z ?is may avoid its be+ captur$ by "s ( ! enemy :o saw x go+ out & are ly+ 9 wait = x4 #igd4 ,gu>d ,aga9/ ,be+ ,cut (f4 ,:5 out patroll+ always gu>d aga9/ be+ cut (f4 ,always assume t any place t af=ds good cov] is held by ! enemy until y "k t x is n1 & be c>eful n to advance beyond x )\t fir/ reconnoit]+ x2 =1 if y d1 y may f9d y\rself cut (f :5 y try to return4 #ige4 ,night ,"w4 ,patrols f> f _! comm&s or 9 contact ) ! enemy1 (t5 rema9 out ov] night4 ,9 su* cases !y seek a place ( concealm5t unkn[n to ! inhabitants1 proce$+ !reto aft] nightfall or "u cov]4 ,opportunities = wat]+1 fe$+ & re/ mu/ n be neglect$1 = !re is no assurance t fur!r opportunities w pres5t !mselves4 ,:5 necess>y ! lead] provides = subsi/5ce by dem& or pur*ase4 #igf4 ,civilians3 ,9 que/ion+ civilians c>e mu/ be tak5 n to disclose in=mation t may be ( value to ! enemy4 ,/rang]s mu/ n be all[$ to g ahead ( ! patrol1 z !y might give ! enemy notice ( its approa*4 ,patrol lead]s are au?oriz$ to seize telegrams & mail matt]1 & to arre/ individuals1 report+ ! facts z soon z possible4 #igg4 ,patrol ,fight+4 7a7 ,a patrol s5t out = in=mation nev] fights unless x c only get its in=mation by fight+ or is =c$ to fight 9 ord] to escape4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly violat$ by patrol lead]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 peace maneuv]s4 ,!y =get _! mission--! ?+ _! comm&] s5t !m out to d--& beg9 fight+1 ?us do+ h>m & accompli%+ no important results4 7b7 ,a patrol s5t out to drive (f ho/ile deta*m5ts has to fight to accompli% its mission4 ,sometimes a patrol has ord]s bo? to ga9 in=mation & to drive back ho/ile patrols4 ,9 ?is case x may be prop] to avoid a fight at "o mom5t & to seek a fight at ano!r4 ,! patrol lead] mu/ always ?9k ( 8 mission :5 decid+ on ! prop] c\rse to foll[1 & !n use common s5se4 #igh4 ,signals4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood by memb]s ( a patrol3 ,enemy 9 sight 9 small numb]s3 ,hold ! rifle above ! head horizontally4 ,enemy 9 =ce3 ,same z prec$+1 rais+ & l[]+ ! rifle sev]al times4 ,take cov]3 ,a d[nw>d motion ( ! h&4 ,o!r signals may be agre$ ^u be=e />t+1 b !y mu/ be simple & famili> to ! m52 complicat$ signals mu/ be avoid$4 ,signals mu/ be us$ cauti\sly1 s z n to convey in=mation to ! enemy4 ,! patrol lead] %\ld see t all 8 m5 ?or\ghly und]/& t :5ev] !y are away f ! c5t] ( ! patrol !y mu/ look to ! ne>e/ man = signals at lea/ once e m9ute4 ,x %\ld nev] be necess>y = ! patrol lead] to call to a man 9 ord] to get 8 att5tion4 ,all movem5ts ( m5 at a di/ance %\ld be regulat$ by signals & ! m5 %\ld con/antly be on ! look\t = ^! signals4 #igi4 ,messages4 7a7 ,! mo/ skillful patrol lead+ is useless unless ! lead] fully und]/&s :5 to s5d a message & h[ to write x4 7b7 ,a message1 :e!r writt5 or v]bal1 %\ld be %ort & cle>1 resembl+ a telegram4 ,if x is a long acc\nt x w take too mu* "t to write1 be easily misund]/ood1 & if v]bal1 ! mess5g] w usually =get p>ts ( x & confuse ! rema9d]4 7c7 ,always /ate :5 & :]e ?+s are se5 or report$4 ,if ha/e is requir$1 d n use up valuable mom5ts writ+ d[n ! day ( ! mon?1 etc4 ,^! data are ess5tial z a matt] ( future record = =mal telegrams & %\ld be put 9 patrol messages only :5 "t is abundant1 b nev] slight ! ess5tial po9ts ( in=mation t w give valuable help to y\r *ief4 ,always try to put y\rself 9 8 place--n see+ :at y see & read y\r message--& !n ask y\rself1 ,:at w he want to "k8 7d7 ,! exact location ( ! enemy %\ld be /at$2 :e!r deploy$1 m>*+ or 9 camp1 8 /r5g?1 arm ( ! s]vice 7cavalry1 infantry or artill]y71 & any o!r detail t y ?9k w\ld be valuable in=mation = y\r *ief4 ,9 giv+ y\r location d n ref] to h\ses1 /reets1 etc41 t y\r *ief 9 ! re> has no k (4 ,give y\r direction & di/ance f "s po9t he kn[s ( or1 if y h a map l 81 y c give y\r map location4 7e7 ,be sure y\r message is accurate4 ,?is does n mean t some?+ told y %\ld n be report$1 b x %\ld be report$1 n z a fact1 b z x is--a /atem5t by somebody else4 ,x is well to add any in=mation ab\t y\r in=mant1 su* z 8 app>5t hone/y1 ! probability ( 8 hav+ correct in=mation1 etc4--?is may help y\r *ief4 7f7 ,a message %\ld always end ) a %ort /atem5t ( :at y are go+ to d next4 ,= example3 ,w rema9 9 obs]vation1 ,w cont9ue nor?1 ,w "w ar\nd to _! re>1 etc4 ,"t p]mitt+1 ! be>] ( a v]bal message %\ld always be requir$ to repeat x be=e leav+4 7g7 ,! foll[+ is a reproduction ( a message blank us$ 9 field s]vice4 ,! in/ructions on ! envelope are also giv54 ,a patrol lead] w usually be furni%$ ) a pad ( ^! blanks3 ,illu/ration ,! head+ ,f is fill$ 9 ) ! "n ( ! deta*m5t s5d+ ! in=mation1 z ,(fic]'s ,patrol1 #g? ,cav4 ,messages s5t on ! same day f ! same s\rce to ! same p]son are numb]$ consecutively4 ,! address is writt5 briefly1 ?us1 ,comm&+ ,(fic]1 ,outpo/1 #a/ ,brigade4 ,9 ! signature ! writ]'s surname only & rank are giv54 ,?is blank is f\r & a half by eight in*es1 includ+ ! m>g9 on ! left = b9d+4 ,! back is rul$ 9 squ>es & provid$ ) scales = use 9 mak+ simple sket*es explanatory ( ! message4 ,x is issu$ by ! ,signal ,corps 9 blocks ( =ty ) duplicat+ %eets4 ,! regulation envelope is ?ree by five & "o f\r? in*es & is pr9t$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,,model ,,messages #ihj4 #a4 ,v]bal4 ,f\r ho/ile infantrym5 "o mile nor? ( our camp1 mov+ s\?4 ,i w cont9ue nor?4 #b4 ,v]bal4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ ho/ile infantrym5 two miles nor? ( our camp at two o'clock1 m>*+ s\?4 ,w obs]ve !m4 #c4 ,v]bal4 ,long column ( troops m>*+ we/ 9 ,s&y ,creek ,valley at two o'clock4 ,w report details lat]4 #d4 ,v]bal4 ,j fir$ on by cavalry patrol ne> ,bak]'s ,pond4 ,w "w to _! re>4 #e4 ,writt54 ,patrol f ,support ,no #b4 ,lone ,hill1 #bf ,m*4 #aa1 #h-ae ,a4 ,m41 ,no4 #a4 ,c4 ,o41 ,support ,no4 #b4 ,see ho/ile troop ( cavalry halt$ at x-roads1 "o mile ,s4 ( our outgu>ds4 ,no?+ else 9 sight4 ,w rema9 "h 9 obs]vation4 ,james1 ,corporal4 #f4 ,writt5 7v hurri$ly74 ,lone ,hill1 #h-cj1 ,no #b4 ,c4 ,o41 ,support ,no4 #b4 ,column ( ab\t #cjj ho/ile cavalry trott+ nor? t[>ds ho/ile troop ( cavalry n[ halt$ at x-roads "o mile s\? ( our outgu>ds4 ,w rema9 "h4 ,james1 ,cpl4 #g4 ,writt54 ,patrol f #e? ,inf41 ,s4 ,e4 corn] ,bol+ ,woods1 #c ,apl4 #aa1 #b-aj ,p4 ,m41 ,no4 #b4 ,adjutant1 #e? ,inf41 ne> ,bak] ,h\se4 ,extreme "r ( ho/ile l9e ends at ,r4 ,r4 cut ,n4 ,e4 ( ,,bak]',s ,,pond4 ,entr5*m5ts run ,s4 f cut along cre/ ( ridge4 ,l9e appe>s to be /rongly held4 ,c see no troops 9 re> ( l9e4 ,w reconnoit] _! re>4 ,smi?1 ,s]geant4 #h4 ,writt5 7f cavalry patrol f> to front74 ,patrol f ,tr4 ,b1 #g? ,cav41 ,bol+1 #ad ,june1 #ab1 #aj ,a4 ,m41 ,no4 #c4 ,to ,c4 ,o41 ,tr4 ,b1 #g? ,cav41 ,s4 on ,*e/] ,pike4 ,no traces ( enemy up to ?is po9t4 ,telegraph op]ator "h reports wires runn+ nor? f ,bol+ 7 cut some:]e at #h-cj ,a4 ,m4 ,inhabitants appe> fri5dly4 ,w proce$ nor?4 ,jones1 ,s]geant4 #i4 ,writt5 7f cavalry patrol f> to front74 ,patrol f ,tr ,b1 #g? ,cav41 ,ox=d1 #h ,july1 #ab1 #aj-ae ,a4 ,m41 ,no4 #b4 ,to ,c4 ,o41 #a/ ,sq4 #g? ,cav41 ,on ,valley ,pike1 ,s4 ( ,york4 ,be>] has cante5 f\nd 9 road "h1 m>k$ #he ,,cav4--,,iii ,,corps4 ,inhabitants say no enemy se5 "h4 ,!y appe> ho/ile & unreliable4 ,no telegraph op]ator or records rema9 "h4 ,roads good macadam4 ,wat] & hay/acks pl5tiful4 ,w move rapidly on t[>ds ,,*e/]4 ,lewis1 ,s]geant4 ,patrol f ,support ,no4 #c1 ,on ,ry4 #c_/d mi4 ,n4 ( ,c\nty ,road1 #b ,aug4 #ab1 #i-ae ,p4 ,m41 ,no4 #a4 ,c4 ,o41 ,support ,no4 #b1 ,ne> ,maxey ,h\se4 ,r4 ,r4 crosses creek "h on #hj-;foot /eel tre/le4 ,ho/ile deta*m5t is po/$ at ,n4 end4 ,/r5g? unkn[n4 ,creek #e ft4 deep by #fj ft4 wide1 ) /eep banks1 #e ft4 high4 ,fl[s ?r\gh mead[ l&4 ,scatt]$ trees along banks4 ,r4 ,r4 approa*es ea* end ( tre/le on #aj-;foot fill4 ,r4 ,r4 swit* to ,n4 ,e4 #gjj yds4 ,s4 ( bridge4 7,see sket* on back47 ,i w cross creek to ,n4 ( bridge4 ,br[n1 ,corporal4 #iha4 ,a message %\ld be s5t z soon z ! enemy is fir/ se5 or report$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! enemy is actually kn[n to be 9 ! vic9ity & 8 patrols h be5 se51 etc41 y mu/ by all means avoid wa/+ y\r m5 by s5d+ !m back ) in=mation ab\t small ho/ile patrols or o!r ?+s y "k y\r *ief is already aw>e ( & did n specifically tell y to hunt =4 ,if y h prop]ly det]m9$ 9 y\r own m9d :at y\r mission is !n y w h no tr\ble 9 decid+ :5 to s5d messages4 ,= example1 suppose y\r ord]s are ,to reconnoit] along t ridge & det]m9e if ! enemy is pres5t 9 /r5g?1 & y sight a patrol ( eight m54 ,y w\ld wa/e no "t or m5 s5d+ back any message ab\t ! patrol1 = y\r mission is to f9d out if /rong bodies ( ! enemy are ab\t4 ,b suppose t :ile work+ "u ! above ord]s y locat$ a ho/ile battalion ( infantry--a l>ge body ( troops4 ,9 ?is case y w\ld surely s5d a detail$ message1 z y\r mission is to det]m9e if ! enemy 0 pres5t 9 /r5g?4 ,aga91 suppose t :ile mov+ t[>ds ! ridge indicat$ by y\r *ief 9 8 ord]s1 y saw 8 =ce sudd5ly & heavily fir$ on f a new & app>5tly unexpect$ qu>t]1 n a great di/ance f y1 b n on ! ridge ref]r$ to4 ,y "k or believe none ( y\r patrols are out 9 t neighborhood4 ,9 ?is case y %\ld realize in/antly1 )\t any ord]1 t y\r mission _h *ang$ & y %\ld ha/5 to discov] ! size & position ( ?is new enemy & s5d ! in=mation back to y\r *ief1 fir/ notify+ him ( y\r int5d$ *ange ( direction4 ,nev] =get y\r mission 9 ! excitem5t ( lead+ y\r own little =ce4 #ihb4 ,abs5ce ( ! ,enemy4 ,x is frequ5tly j z important to s5d a message to y\r *ief t ! enemy is n 9 a c]ta9 locality z x is to report 8 actual :]eab\ts4 ,y mu/ det]m9e f y\r mission :5 ?is is ! case4 ,= example1 if y 7 ord]$ ,to patrol beyond t woods & see if any ho/ile columns are mov+ 9 t direction1 & on rea*+ ! f> side ( ! woods y _h a good view ( ! c\ntry = "s di/ance beyond1 x w\ld be v important to s5d a message back tell+ y\r *ief t y c\ld see1 say1 "o-half mile beyond ! woods & !re 0 no enemy 9 sight4 ,?is in=mation w\ld be ( ! greate/ importance to him4 ,he might feel free to move troops imm$iately f t vic9ity to "s m dang]\s place4 ,y w\ld !n cont9ue y\r reconnaissance fur!r to ! front4 ,sugge/ions = ,ga9+ ,in=mation ,ab\t ! ,enemy #ihc4 ,enemy on ! ,m>*4 7a7 ,! patrol %\ld obs]ve ! m>* ( ! column f a conceal$ position t ho/ile patrols or flank]s are n apt to se>* 7avoid conspicu\s places74 ,always try to discov] if "o ho/ile deta*m5t is foll[$ by ano!r--if :at c be se5 appe>s to be an advance gu>d ( a l>g] body n yet 9 view4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! deta*m5ts1 _! relative size1 etc41 is always important4 7b7 ,e/imat+ ,/r5g? ( ,column4 ,! /r5g? ( a column may be e/imat$ f ! l5g? ( "t x takes to pass a select$ po9t4 ,z infantry 9 column ( squads occupies half a y>d p] man1 cavalry "o y>d p] horse & artill]y 9 s+le file tw5ty y>ds p] gun or caisson 7ammunition wagon71 a select$ po9t w\ld be pass$ 9 "o m9ute by #age infantry2 #aaj cavalry 7at a walk72 #bjj cavalry at a trot & #e guns or caissons4 ,if m>*+ 9 columns ( twos1 take "o-half ( ! above figures4 7c7 ,du/4 ,! direction ( m>*1 /r5g? & composition 7infantry1 cavalry or artill]y7 ( a column c be closely e/imat$ f ! l5g? & "* ( ! cl\d ( du/ t x makes4 ,du/ f infantry hangs l[2 f cavalry x is high]1 disp]ses m quickly1 &1 if ! cavalry moves rapidly1 ! upp] "p ( ! cl\d is ?9n]2 f artill]y & wagons1 x is ( unequal height & disconnect$4 ,! effect ( ! w9d bl[+ ! du/ mu/ be consid]$4 7d7 ,trail ( ,column4 ,ev5ly trodd5 gr\nd indicates infantry2 pr9ts ( horse%oes mean cavalry & deep & wide :eel tracks indicate artill]y4 ,if ! trail is fre%1 ! column pass$ rec5tly2 if n>r[1 ! troops felt secure & 7 m>*+ 9 column ( r\te2 if broad !y expect$ an action & 7 prep>$ to deploy4 ,a retreat+ army makes a broad trail across fields1 especially at ! />t4 ,always rememb] t ! smalle/ or mo/ insignificant ?+s1 su* z ! numb] ( a regim5t or a disc>d$ cante5 or coll> ornam5t1 may give ! mo/ valuable in=mation to a high] comm&]4 ,= example1 ! m>k+s on a disc>d$ cante5 or knapsack might prove to a g5]al comm&+ an army t a c]ta9 ho/ile division1 corps1 or o!r =ce 0 9 front ( him :5 he ?\ght x _h n be5 s5t into ! field4 ,! m>k+s on ! cante5 w\ld convey little or no mean+ to ! patrol lead]1 b if he realiz$ 8 duty he w\ld take c>e to report ! facts4 ,cavalry patrols work+ f> ahead ( ! foot troops %\ld be mo/ c>eful to obs]ve & report on su* details4 7e7 ,reflection ( ,weapons4 ,if brilliant1 ! troops are m>*+ t[>d y1 o!rwise !y are probably m>*+ away f y4 ,enemy 9 ,position4 7a7 ,if an outpo/ l9e1 ! patrol locates ! l9e ( s5t9els1 _! positions1 ! location & /r5g? ( ! outgu>ds &1 z f> z possible1 all troops 9 re>4 ,! location ( ! flanks ( ! l9e1 :e!r 9 a /rong or weak position1 is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,places :]e ! l9e may be mo/ easily p5etrat$ %\ld be se>*$ = & ! /r5g? & r\tes ( ! ho/ile patrols obs]v$4 ,z outpo/s are usually *ang$ at dawn ?is is ! be/ "t to reconnoit] _! positions4 7b7 ,a ho/ile l9e ( battle is usually h>d to approa*1 b its ext5t1 :]e ! flanks re/ & :e!r or n o!r troops are 9 re> ( ^! flanks1 %\ld be mo/ c>efully det]m9$4 ,in=mation z to ! flanks ( any =ce1 ! "* ( ! c\ntry on ea* flank1 etc41 is always ( ! greate/ importance1 because ! flanks are ! weake/ portions ( a l9e4 ,9 attack+ an enemy an ef=t is almo/ always made to br+ ! heavie/ fire or bl[ to be> on "o ( 8 flanks4 ,naturally all in=mation ab\t ?is mo/ vuln]able "p ( an enemy is ( great importance4 #ihd4 ,prison]s4 ,:5 a patrol is ord]$ to secure prison]s !y %\ld be que/ion$ z soon z captur$1 :ile /ill excit$ & _! replies c 9 a way be v]ifi$4 ,_! answ]s %\ld be writt5 d[n 7unkn[n to !m7 & s5t back ) !m z a *eck on :at !y may say on second ?\ght4 ,prison]s %\ld always be que/ion$ z to ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,:at regim5t1 brigade1 division1 etc41 !y belong to2 h[ long !y h be5 9 position1 on ! m>*1 etc42 h[ mu* sickness 9 _! organization2 :e!r _! rations are satisfactory2 :o comm&s _! troops1 etc4 ,always try to make ! prison]s ?9k ! que/ions are ask$ out ( m]e curiosity4 #ihe4 ,camp ,noises4 ,! rumble ( vehicles1 crack+ ( :ips1 neigh+ ( horses1 bray+ ( mules & b>k+ ( dogs (t5 indicate ! arrival or dep>ture ( troops4 ,if ! noise rema9s 9 ! same place & new fires are light$1 x is probable t re5=cem5ts h arriv$4 ,if ! noise gr[s m indi/9ct1 ! troops are probably )draw+4 ,if1 add$ to ?is1 ! fires appe> to be dy+ out1 & ! enemy seems to r$\ble ! vigilance ( ! outpo/s1 ! indications ( retreat are /rong4 #ihf4 ,ab&on$ ,camps4 7a7 ,indications are f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( camp fires4 ,!y w %[1 by _! degree ( fre%ness1 :e!r mu* or little "t elaps$ s9ce ! enemy left ! place1 & ! quantity ( c9d]s w give an indication ( ! l5g? ( "t he occupi$ x4 ,!y w also furni% a means ( e/imat+ 8 =ce approximately1 t5 m5 be+ all[$ to ea* fire4 7b7 ,o!r valuable indications 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( "t ! position 0 occupi$ & ! "t :5 x 0 ab&on$ may be f\nd 9 ! evid5ce ( c>e or ha/e 9 ! con/ruction ( huts or %elt]s1 & 9 ! fre%ness ( /raw1 gra91 dung or ! entrails ( slaught]$ animals4 ,ab&on$ clo?+1 equipm5ts or h>ness w give a clue to ! arms & regim5ts compos+ a retreat+ =ce4 ,dead horses ly+ ab\t1 brok5 weapons1 disc>d$ knapsacks1 ab&on$ & brok5-d[n wagons1 etc41 are indications ( ! fatigue & demoralization ( ! comm&4 ,bloody b&ages ly+ ab\t1 & _m fre% graves1 are evid5ces t ! enemy is heavily burd5$ ) w\nd$ or sick4 #ihg4 ,flames or ,smoke4 ,if at night ! flames ( an enemy's camp fires disappe> & reappe>1 some?+ is mov+ betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! fires4 ,if smoke z well z flame is visible1 ! fires are v ne>4 ,if ! fires are v num]\s & light$ successively1 & if soon aft] be+ light$ !y g out x is probable ! enemy is prep>+ a retreat & try+ to deceive u4 ,if ! fires burn brightly & cle>ly at a late h\r1 ! enemy has probably gone1 & has left a deta*m5t to keep ! fires burn+4 ,if1 at an unusual "t1 mu* smoke is se5 asc5d+ f an enemy's camp1 x is probable t he is engag$ 9 cook+ prep>atory to mov+ (f4 ,if l9es ( smoke are se5 ris+ at sev]al po9ts along a railway l9e 9 ! enemy's re>1 x may be surmis$ t ! railroad is be+ de/roy$ by burn+ ! cros/ies1 & t a retreat is plann$4 #ihh4 ,limits ( vision4 7a7 ,on a cle> day a man ) good vision c see3 ,at a di/ance ( #i to #ab miles1 *ur* spires & t[]s2 ,at a di/ance ( #e to #g miles1 w9dmills2 ,at a di/ance ( #b-a_/b miles1 *imneys ( light color2 ,at a di/ance ( #b1jjj y>ds1 trunks ( l>ge trees2 ,at a di/ance ( #a1jjj y>ds1 s+le po/s2 ,at #ejj y>ds ! panes ( glass may be di/+ui%$ 9 a w9d[4 7b7 ,troops are visible at #b1jjj y>ds1 at :i* di/ance a m\nt$ man looks l a m]e speck2 at #a1bjj y>ds infantry c be di/+ui%$ f cavalry2 at #a1jjj y>ds a l9e ( m5 looks l a broad belt2 at #fjj y>ds ! files ( a squad c be c\nt$1 & at #djj y>ds ! movem5ts ( ! arms & legs c be pla9ly se54 7c7 ,! l>g]1 bright] or bett] light$ an object is1 ! ne>] x seems4 ,an object seems ne>] :5 x has a d>k backgr\nd ?an :5 x has a light "o1 & clos] to ! obs]v] :5 ! air is cle> ?an :5 x is ra9+1 sn[+1 foggy or ! atmosph]e is fill$ ) smoke4 ,an object looks f>!r (f :5 ! obs]v] is fac+ ! sun ?an :5 he has 8 back to x4 ,a smoo? expanse ( sn[1 gra9 fields or wat] makes di/ances seem %ort] ?an !y really are4 ,sugge/ions = ! ,reconnaissance ( ,v>i\s ,positions & ,localities #ihi4 ,cross roads %\ld be reconnoit]$ 9 ea* direction = a di/ance dep5d+ on h[ rapidly ! patrol mu/ cont9ue on1 h[ f> f ! ma9 road ! fir/ turn or high po9t is1 etc4 ,! ma9 body ( ! patrol usually rema9s halt$ ne> ! crossroads1 :ile flank]s d ! reconnoit]+4 #iij4 ,heights4 ,9 reconnoit]+ a height1 if ! patrol is l>ge en\gh to admit ( deta*+ !m1 "o or two m5 climb ! slope on ei!r flank1 keep+ 9 sight ( ! patrol1 if possible4 ,9 any case1 "o man moves cauti\sly up ! hill1 foll[$ by ! o!rs 9 ! file at su* di/ance t ea* keeps 8 pr$ecessor 9 view4 #iia4 ,defiles4 ,on approa*+ a defile1 if "t p]mits1 ! heights on ei!r side are reconnoit]$ by flank]s be=e ! patrol ent]s4 ,if ! heights are inaccessible or "t is urg5t1 ! patrol passes ?r\gh1 9 s+le file at d\ble "t4 ,! same me?od is adopt$ 9 reconnoit]+ a railroad cut or sunk5 road4 #iib4 ,bridges & ,=ds4 ,at a bridge or =d1 ! front ( ! patrol is contract$ s z to br+ all ! m5 to ! passage4 ,! lead+ patrol]s cross fir/ & reconnoit] ! f> side to prev5t ! possibility ( ! enemy surpris+ ! ma9 body ( ! patrol z x is cross+ ! bridge4 ,! patrol !n crosses rapidly1 & takes up a prop] =mation4 ,a bridge is fir/ exam9$ to see t x is safe & has n be5 tamp]$ ) by ! enemy4 #iic4 ,woods4 ,! patrol ent]s a wood 9 skirmi%+ ord]1 ! int]vals be+ z great z may be consi/5t ) mutual obs]vation & support on ! "p ( ! memb]s ( ! patrol4 ,on arriv+ at ! f>!r edge ( ! wood1 ! patrol rema9s conceal$ & c>efully looks ab\t be=e pass+ out to op5 gr\nd4 ,:5 !re is su* a gr[? ( und]bru% z to make ?is me?od impracticable1 & x is necess>y to ent] a wood by a road1 ! road is reconnoit]$ z 9 case ( defile1 ?\gh n usually at d\ble "t4 #iid4 ,enclosures4 ,9 reconnoit]+ an enclosure1 su* z a g>d51 p>k or cemet]y1 ! lead+ patrol]s fir/ exam9e ! ext]ior1 to make sure t ! enemy is n conceal$ beh9d "o ( ! faces ( ! enclosure4 ,!y !n proce$ to exam9e ! int]ior4 ,great c>e is tak5 9 reconnoit]+ & ent]+ an enclosure to avoid be+ caught 9 a conf9$ or re/rict$ space by ! enemy4 #iie4 ,positions4 ,9 approa*+ a position1 b "o man advances 7"o is less liable to be detect$ ?an two or m71 & he crawls cauti\sly t[>d ! cre/ ( ! hill or edge ( ! wood or op5+ ( ! defile1 :ile ! o!rs rema9 conceal$ 9 ! re> until he signals !m to advance4 #iif4 ,h\ses4 ,:5 a h\se is approa*$ by a patrol1 x is fir/ reconnoit]$ f a di/ance1 & if no?+ suspici\s is se51 x is !n approa*$ by "o or two m51 ! re/ ( ! p>ty rema9+ conceal$ 9 obs]vation4 ,if ! patrol is l>ge en\gh to admit ( x1 f\r m5 approa* ! h\se1 s z to exam9e ! front & back entrances at ! same "t4 ,only "o man ent]s ! door1 ! o!rs rema9+ outside to give ! al>m1 %\ld a p>ty ( ! enemy be conceal$ 9 ! h\se4 ,! patrol does n rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( ! h\se any long] ?an necess>y1 z in=mation relative to its numb]s & movem5ts might be giv5 to ! enemy1 if a ho/ile p>ty %\ld subsequ5tly visit ! place4 ,f>mh\ses are se>*$ = newspap]s & ! inhabitants que/ion$4 ,if necess>y to g up to a build+1 wood or hill1 :]e an enemy is likely to be conceal$1 run = ! la/ c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds1 hav+ y\r rifle ready = in/ant use1 & make = "s po9t t w af=d y cov] :5 y get close up4 ,9 ! case ( a build+1 = in/ance1 y w\ld make = "o ( ! corn]s4 ,su* a maneuv] w\ld probably be disconc]t+ to anyone :o might be ly+ 9 wait = y1 & w\ld be q likely to cause !m to %[ !mselves soon] ?an !y int5d$1 & ?us give y a *ance to turn ar\nd & get away4 ,if !y fir$ on y :ile y 7 approa*+ at a run1 !y w\ld n be v likely to hit y4 #iig4 ,villages4 7a7 ,9 approa*+ a small village "o or two m5 are s5t 9 to reconnoit] & "o ar\nd ea* flank1 b ! ma9 body does n ent] until ! sc\ts h report$4 ,9 small patrols ( ?ree to six m5 s mu* disp]sion is n safe & only "o section ( ! village c be reconnoit]$ at a "t4 7b7 ,if ! pres5ce ( ! enemy is n app>5t1 ! patrol ent]s ! village4 ,a suitable =mation w\ld be 9 s+le file at prop] di/ance1 ea* man be+ on ! opposite side ( ! /reet f 8 pr$ecessor1 ?us pres5t+ a m difficult t>get = ho/ile fire & enabl+ ! m5 to wat* all w9d[s4 7c7 ,if ! patrol is /rong en\gh1 x seizes ! po/(fice1 telegraph (fice & railroad /ations1 & secures all important pap]s1 su* z files ( telegrams s5t & receiv$1 in/ructions to po/ma/]s1 ord]s ( t[n mayor1 etc41 t may be !re4 ,if ! patrol is "p ( ! advance gu>d1 x seizes ! mayor & po/ma/] ( ! place & turns !m ov] to ! comm&] ( ! vangu>d ) ! pap]s seiz$4 7d7 ,:ile se>*+ a village s5t9els are plac$ at po9ts ( dep>ture to prev5t any ( ! inhabitants f leav+4 ,tall build+s & /eeples are asc5d$ & an ext5sive view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry obta9$4 7e7 ,at night a village is m cauti\sly approa*$ by a small p>ty ?an by day4 ,! patrol glides ?r\gh back alleys1 across g>d5s1 etc41 r ?an along ! ma9 /reet4 ,if !re are no signs ( ! enemy1 x makes inquiry4 ,if no light is se51 & x seems imprud5t to r\se any ( ! p1 ! patrol wat*es & captures "o ( ! inhabitants1 & gets f him su* in=mation z he may possess4 7f7 ,! be/ "t = ! patrol to approa* a village is at e>ly dawn1 :5 x is light en\gh to see1 b be=e ! inhabitants are up4 ,x is dang]\s 9 ! extreme = a small patrol to ent] a village unless x is c]ta9 t x is n occupi$ by ! enemy1 = ! m5 c\ld be %ot d[n by fire f ! w9d[s1 cell>ways1 etc41 or entrapp$ & captur$4 ,z a rule l>ge t[ns & cities are n ent]$ by small patrols1 b are wat*$ f ! outside1 z a small =ce c n effectively reconnoit] & protect itself 9 su* a place4 ,facts ,:i* ,%\ld ,be ,obta9$ by ,patrols ,reg>d+ ,c]ta9 ,objects #iih4 ,roads4 ,_! direction1 _! nature 7macadamiz$1 corduroy plank1 dirt1 etc471 _! condition ( repair1 _! grade1 ! nature ( crossroads1 & ! po9ts :]e !y leave ! ma9 roads2 _! bord]s 7woods1 h$ges1 f5ces or dit*es71 ! places at :i* !y pass ?r\gh defiles1 cross heights or riv]s1 & :]e !y int]sect railroads1 _! bread? 7:e!r suitable = column ( f\rs or platoons1 etc474 #iii4 ,railroads4 ,_! direction1 gauge1 ! numb] ( tracks1 /ations & junctions1 _! grade1 ! l5g? & height ( ! cuts1 embankm5ts & tunnels4 #ajjj4 ,bridges4 ,_! position1 _! wid? & l5g?1 _! con/ruction 7tre/le1 gird]1 etc471 mat]ial 7wood1 brick1 /one or iron71 ! roads & approa*es on ea* bank4 #ajja4 ,riv]s & ,o!r ,/reams4 ,_! direction1 wid? & dep?1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t1 liability to sudd5 rises & ! highe/ & l[e/ po9ts rea*$ by ! wat]1 z indicat$ by drift wood1 etc41 =ds1 ! nature ( ! banks1 k9ds1 position & numb] ( isl&s at suitable po9ts ( passage1 heights 9 ! vic9ity & _! comm& ov] ! banks4 #ajjb4 ,woods4 ,_! situation1 ext5t & %ape2 :e!r cle> or conta9+ und]bru%2 ! numb] & ext5t ( cle>+s 7op5 spaces72 :e!r cut up by rav9es or conta9+ m>%es1 etc42 nature ( roads pass+ ?r\gh !m4 #ajjc4 ,canals4 ,_! direction1 wid? & dep?2 condition ( t[-pa?s2 locks & means ( protect+ or de/roy+ !m4 #ajjd4 ,telegraphs4 ,:e!r !y foll[ railroads or common roads2 /ations1 numb] ( wires4 #ajje4 ,villages4 ,_! situation 7on a height1 9 a valley or on a pla972 nature ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 con/ruction ( ! h\ses1 nature 7/raight or crook$7 & wid? ( /reets2 means ( def5se4 #ajjf4 ,defiles4 ,_! direction2 :e!r /raight or crook$2 :e!r heights on ei!r side are accessible or inaccessible2 nature ( gr\nd at ea* extremity2 wid? 7frontage ( column t c pass ?r\gh74 #ajjg4 ,ponds & ,m>%es4 ,means ( cross+2 def5sive use t might be made ( !m z ob/acles aga9/ enemy2 :e!r ! m>%y gr\nds are practicable = any or all arms4 #ajjh4 ,spr+s & ,rivulets4 ,nature ( approa*es2 :e!r wat] is dr9kable & abundant4 #ajji4 ,valleys4 ,ext5t & nature2 t[ns1 villages1 hamlets1 /reams1 roads & pa?s !re92 ob/acles (f]$ by or 9 ! valley1 to ! movem5t ( troops4 #ajaj4 ,heights4 ,:e!r slopes are easy or /eep2 :e!r good def5sive positions are (f]$2 :e!r plateau is wide or n>r[2 :e!r passages are easy or difficult2 :e!r ! gr\nd is brok5 or smoo?1 wood$ or cle>4 ,sugge/ions = ,patrols ,employ$ 9 ,execut+ ,demolition 7,de/ruction or block+ ( bridges1 railroads1 etc47 #ajaa4 ,patrols nev] execute any demolition unless specifically ord]$ to d s4 ,demolition may be ( two diff]5t *>act]s3 ,tempor>y demolition1 su* z cutt+ telegraph wires 9 b a few places or m]ely burn+ ! floor+ ( bridges1 remov+ a few rails f a track1 etc41 & p]man5t demolition1 su* z cutt+ d[n an entire telegraph l9e1 completely de/roy+ bridges1 bl[+ 9 tunnels1 etc4 ,only tempor>y demolition w be dealt ) 9 ?is book4 #ajab4 ,telegraph ,l9e4 ,to tempor>ily disable telegraph l9es1 connect up diff]5t wires close to ! glass insulators1 wrap a wire ar\nd all ! wires & bury its ends 9 ! gr\nd 7?is gr\nds or %ort circuits ! wire71 or cut all ! wires 9 "o or two places4 #ajac4 ,railroads4 ,to tempor>ily disable railroads remove ! fi% plates 7! plates t jo9 ! rails toge!r at ! ends7 at ea* end ( a %ort section ( track1 pref]ably ^u an embankm5t1 !n h z _m m5 z available raise ! track on "o side until ! ties /& on end & turn ! section ( track s t x w fall d[n ! embankm5t2 or1 cut out rails by a *>ge ( dynamite or gun cotton plac$ aga9/ ! web & cov]$ up ) mud or damp clay4 ,eight to twelve ounces ( explosive is suffici5t4 ,or bl[ 9 ! sides ( deep cuts or bl[ d[n embankm5ts4 ,bridges1 culv]ts1 tunnels1 etc41 are nev] de/roy$ except on a writt5 ord] ( ! comm&]-9-*ief4 #ajad4 ,wagon ,road4 7a7 ,bridges c be r5d]$ tempor>ily useless by remov+ ! floor+1 or1 9 ! case ( /eel bridges1 by burn+ ! floor+ 7if obta9able1 p\r t> or k]os5e on floor+71 p>ticul>ly if !re is n "t to remove x4 ,%ort culv]ts may sometimes be bl[n 94 ,a ha/ily con/ruct$ b>ricade across a bridge or 9 a cut ( trees1 wagons1 etc1 may be suffici5t 9 "s cases :]e only ! tempor>y *eck ( ho/ile cavalry or artill]y is desir$4 7b7 ,! road b$ may be block$ by digg+ tr5*es n less ?an ?irty feet wide & six feet deep1 b z ?is w\ld take a great deal ( "t patrols w\ld r>ely be *>g$ ) su* "w4 #ajae4 ,report on ,return ( ,patrol4 ,on return+ ! patrol lead]s %\ld make a %ort v]bal or writt5 report1 almo/ always ! =m]1 briefly rec\nt+ ! movem5ts ( ! patrol1 ! in=mation obta9$ ( ! enemy1 a description ( ! c\ntry pass$ ov] & ( fri5dly troops enc\nt]$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n practicable :5 ! situation is *ang+ rapidly & a return+ patrol is imm$iately engag$ 9 "s new & press+ duty4 ,model ,reports ( ,patrol ,lead]s #ajaf4 #a4 ,v]bal4 ,patrol ,lead] 7,corporal ,b73 ,sir1 ,corporal ,b reports back ) 8 patrol4 ,capta9 ,a3 ,i receiv$ two messages f y1 corporal4 ,:at else did y discov]8 ,corporal ,b3 ,t 0 a regim5t ( infantry1 sir1 ) "o battalion ?r[n out z advance gu>d4 ,! ma9 body ( two battalions w5t into biv\ac at ! crossroads & ! advance gu>d =m$ an outpo/ l9e along ! big creek two miles s\? ( "h4 ,capta9 ,a3 ,give me an acc\nt ( y\r movem5ts4 ,corporal ,b3 ,we foll[$ ?is ma9 road s\? to ! creek1 :]e we avoid$ a m\nt$ patrol mov+ nor? on ! road at #a-de ,p4 ,m41 & !n reconnoit]$ ! valley f a ridge we/ ( ! road4 ,we foll[$ ! ridge s\? = half a mile to a po9t :]e we c\ld see a road cross+ ! valley & ! ma9 road at "r angles1 ?ree miles s\? ( "h4 ,!re we halt$1 & at #b3bj :at seem$ to be ! po9t & advance p>ty 7ab\t =ty m57 ( an infantry advance gu>d appe>$1 m>*+ nor? up ?is road1 ! head at ! crossroad4 ,i !n s5t y message ,no4 #a by ,private ,br[n4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes ?ree companies _h appe>$ #fjj y>ds 9 re> ( ! advance p>ty1 & ,i c\ld see a heavy1 l[ column ( du/ ab\t "o-half mile fur!r to ! re>4 ,message ,no4 #b 0 !n s5t 9 by ,privates ,bak] & ,johnson1 & to avoid sev]al ho/ile patrols1 ,i drew (f fur!r to ! nor?we/4 ,! advance gu>d !n halt$ & e/abli%$ an outpo/ l9e along ! s\? ( ! creek1 two miles f "h4 ,! cl\d ( du/ prov$ to be two m battalions & a wagon tra94 ,^! two battalions w5t into biv\ac on opposite sides ( ?is road at ! crossroads & s5t out /rong patrols ea/ & we/ on ! crossroad4 ,five wagons w5t =w>d to ! outpo/ battalion & ! res]ve built cook fires4 ,z ,private ,ru%1 "h1 0 ! only man ,i _h left1 we />t$ back1 sket*+ ! valley1 ridge & positions ( ! ma9 body & outpo/4 ,"h is ! sket*1 sir4 ,! fields are all cut crops or mead[4 ,we sight$ two foot patrols f ! outpo/1 mov+ nor? ab\t a mile f "h1 "o foll[+ ! road & "o fur!r ea/4 ,i did n see any ( our patrols4 ,t is all1 sir4 #b4 ,writt54 ,report ( ,s]geant ,wm4 ,james' ,patrol ( ,five ,m5 ,support ,no4 #a1 ,outpo/ ( #f? ,inf41 ,ne> ,dixon1 #bb ,aug4 #ab1 #b-cj to #e ,p4 ,m4 ,! patrol foll[$ ! timb] along ! creek = "o mile ,s4 f our outgu>ds & leav+ ! creek bottom mov$ #a_/b mile ,s4 ,e4 to ! wood$ hill 7ab\t #hjj ft4 high71 visible f our l9es4 ,f ?is hill top ! valley to ! ea/ 7ab\t "o mile wide7 c\ld be fairly well obs]v$4 ,no signs ( ! enemy 7 se5 & a message1 ,no4 #a1 0 s5t back by ,private ,russel4 ,a wagon road runs ,n4 & ,s4 ?r\gh ! valley1 bord]$ by f\r or five f>ms ) num]\s or*>ds & cle>$ fields4 ,bo? slopes ( ! valley are heavily wood$4 ,! patrol !n mov$ ,s4 ,w41 until x /ruck ! macadam pike :i* runs ,n4 & ,s41 ?r\gh our l9es4 ,proce$+ ,s4 #djj yds4 on ?is pike to a l[ hill a f>m]1 on foot1 0 met4 ,said he liv$ "o mile fur!r ,s42 0 look+ = "s loose horses2 t f\r ho/ile cavalrym51 f ! ea/1 /opp$ at 8 f>m at noon1 drank "s milk1 took oats = _! horses1 inquir$ ! way to ,dixon & rode (f 9 t direction )9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,he said !y 7 ! fir/ ho/iles he _h se52 t !y told no?+ ab\t !mselves1 & !y & _! horses look$ 9 good condition4 ,f>m] appe>$ fri5dly & hone/4 ,! patrol !n return$ to our l9es foll[+ ! pike ab\t two miles4 ,road is 9 good condition1 l[ h$ges & b>b$ wire f5ces1 /one culv]ts & no bridges 9 ! two miles4 ,bord]+ c\ntry is op5 & g5tly roll+ f>m+ c\ntry & all crops are 94 ,a sket* is atta*$ to ?is report4 ,none ( our patrols 0 se54 ,respectfully submitt$1 ,wm4 ,james1 ,s]geant1 ,co4 ,a1 #f? ,infy4 ,problem 9 ,patrol ,lead+ & ,patroll+ #ajag4 ,9 /udy+ or solv+ tactical problems on a map y mu/ rememb] t unless y c>efully "w out y\r own solution to ! problem be=e look+ at ! giv5 solution1 y w practically make no progress4 ,x is be/1 if y\r "t p]mits1 to write out y\r solutions1 & :5 y read ov] ! giv5 solutions1 comp>e ! solution ( ea* po9t ) :at y ?\ght ( t same po9t :5 y 7 solv+ ! problem1 & consid] :y y did j :at y did4 ,)\t ?is comp>ison mu* ( ! la/+ b5efit ( ! "w is lo/4 ,9 "s ( ^! problems bo? ! problem & solutions are pres5t$ 9 dialogue =m s z to give company (fic]s examples ( ! be/ me?od ( conduct+ ! indoor in/ruction ( _! m5 9 m9or tactics4 ,x also gives an example ( h[ to conduct a tactical walk out 9 ! c\ntry1 simply look+ at ! gr\nd itself1 in/ead ( a map hang+ on ! wall4 ,! enl>g$ ,elem5t>y ,map ref]r$ to 9 ,p>4 #ied1 is suppos$ to be us$ 9 ?is in/ruction z well z 9 ! w> games4 ,problem ,no4 #a4 7,infantry7 #ajah4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,map 7scale #ab in*es to ! mile7 be+ hung on ! wall1 ab\t two s]geants & two squads ( ! company are seat$ 9 a semicircle fac+ x1 & ! capta9 is /&+ beside ! map ) a po9t] 7a b>rack clean+ rod makes an excell5t po9t]74 ,capta93 ,we w suppose t our company has j rea*$ ! village ( ,york4 ,! enemy is report$ to be 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bol+ & ,ox=d 7he po9ts out on ! map all places z !y are m5tion$74 ,we are 9 ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,corporal ,james1 ,i call y up at #c ,p4 ,m4 & give y ^! ord]s3 ,no?+ has be5 se5 ( ! enemy yet4 ,our ne>e/ troops are ?ree miles s\? ( "h4 ,take f\r m5 f y\r squad & reconnoit] along ?is road 7,c\nty ,road7 into ! valley on ! o!r side ( t ridge ov] !re 7po9ts to ! ridge j beyond ! cemet]y71 & see if y c discov] any?+ ab\t ! enemy4 ,report back "h by #e o'clock4 ,i am s5d+ a patrol out ! ,valley ,pike4 ,n[1 ,corporal1 /ate j :at y w\ld d4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld g to my squad1 fall 9 ,privates ,amos1 ,b>l[1 ,%>p & ,br[n2 see t !y _h full cante5s2 t _! arms 7 all "r2 t !y 7 n lame or sick & ,i w\ld h !m leave _! blanket rolls1 hav]sacks & entr5*+ tools ) ! company4 7,p>4 #ifd47 ,i w\ld !n give ^! ord]s 7,p>4 #ifc72 ,we are ord]$ out on patrol duty4 ,no?+ has be5 se5 ( ! enemy yet4 ,our ne>e/ troops are ?ree miles s\? ( "h4 ,we are ord]$ to reconnoit] along ?is road into ! valley on ! o!r side ( t ridge1 & see if we c discov] any?+ ab\t ! enemy4 ,ano!r patrol is go+ up ! ,valley ,pike4 ,reports are to be s5t "h4 ,9 case we are scatt]$ we w meet at ! woods on ! hill ov] !re 7indicates ! clump ( trees j we/ ( ,mills' f>m74 ,i w g ahead4 ,amos1 foll[ ab\t fifty y>ds beh9d me4 ,b>l[1 y & ,%>p keep ab\t #ajj y>ds beh9d ,amos1 & ,br[n w foll[ y at half t di/ance4 ,all keep on ! opposite side ( ! road f ! man ahead ( y4 7,p>4 #ifh47 ,capta93 ,all "r1 ,corporal1 n[ describe :at r\te y w foll[4 ,corporal ,james3 ,! patrol w keep to ! ,c\nty ,road until ! cre/ ( ! ridge ne> ! /one wall is rea*$1 :5 :at ,i see 9 ! valley beyond w decide my r\te = me4 ,capta93 ,h[ ab\t ! woods we/ ( ! /one walls8 ,corporal ,james3 ,if ,i did n see anyone f our patrol on ! ,valley ,pike reconnoit]+ !re1 ,i w\ld give ,b>l[ ^! ord]s j aft] we h exam9$ ! cemet]y1 :5 ! patrol w\ld h tempor>ily clos$ up some:at3 ,b>l[1 take ,%>p & exam9e t little woods ov] !re4 ,jo9 u at ! top ( ?is hill4 ,i w\ld !n wave to ,br[n to close up & w\ld proce$ to ! hill top4 ,capta93 ,b>l[ :at d y d8 ,private ,b>l[3 ,i w\ld say1 ,%>p1 out /raight across = t woods4 ,i w foll[ y4 ,i w\ld foll[ ab\t #ajj y>ds beh9d him4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! edge ( ! woods ,i w\ld signal him to halt by hold+ up my left h&4 ,aft] ,i _h clos$ up to ab\t fifty y>ds ,i w\ld say to him1 ,g into ! woods & keep me 9 sight4 ,i w\ld walk along ! edge ( ! woods :]e ,i c\ld see ,%>p & ! corporal's patrol on ! road at ! same "t4 ,capta93 ,t is all "r1 ,b>l[4 ,corporal1 y %\ld h in/ruct$ ,amos or ,br[n to keep close wat* on ,b>l[ = signals4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i int5d$ to wat* him myself4 ,capta93 ,no1 y w\ld h en\gh to d keep+ on ! al]t = :at 0 ahead ( y4 ,n[ describe h[ y lead ! patrol to ! top ( ! hill1 by ! /one wall4 ,corporal ,james3 ,:5 ,i rea*$ ! cre/ ,i w\ld hold up my h& = ! patrol to halt & w\ld cauti\sly advance & look ahead into ! valley4 ,if ,i saw no?+ suspici\s ,i w\ld wave to ! m5 to close up & say1 ,amos1 g to t high gr\nd ab\t #bej y>ds ov] !re 7indicates ! end ( ! nose made by ! #fj-;foot cont\r j nor? ( ! ea/ end ( ! /one wall71 & look ar\nd ! c\ntry4 ,i w\ld keep ,br[n beh9d ! cre/1 wat*+ ,b>l['s movem5ts4 ,capta93 ,n[1 ,corporal1 ,amos rea*es ! po9t y indicat$ & ,b>l[ & ,%>p jo9 y4 ,:at d y d8 ,corporal ,james3 ,c ,i see ! ,/eel ,bridge ov] ,s&y ,creek8 ,capta93 ,no1 x is ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile away & ! trees along ! road by ,smi?'s hide x4 ,y c see ! cut 9 ! road ea/ ( ! bridge & ! ,smi? h\se1 b ! crossroads are hidd5 by ! trees bord]+ ! roads4 ,y see no?+ suspici\s4 ,x is a cle>1 sunny aft]noon4 ,! roads are du/y & ! trees 9 full foliage4 ,! valley is pr9cipally made up ( fields ( cut hay1 corn /ubble & mead[ l&4 ,corporal ,james3 ,does ,private ,amos give me any in=mation8 ,capta93 ,no1 he makes y no signals4 ,y see him sitt+ beh9d a bu% look+ nor?we/1 d[n ! valley4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld say1 ,b>l[1 head /raight across to :]e t l9e ( trees meets ! road 7indicates ! po9t :]e ! lane f ,mills' f>m jo9s ! ,*e/] ,pike74 ,%>p1 keep ab\t fifty y>ds to my "r re>4 ,i w\ld foll[ ,b>l[ at #aej y>ds & :5 ,i _h rea*$ ! bottom l& ,i w\ld wave to ,amos to foll[ u4 ,capta93 ,h[ ab\t ,br[n8 ,corporal ,james3 ,i _h already giv5 him 8 ord]s to foll[ z re> gu>d & he %\ld d s )\t my tell+ him4 ,capta93 ,amos1 :at d y d :5 y see ! corporal wave to y8 ,private ,amos3 ,i w\ld g d[n ! hill & jo9 him4 ,capta93 ,no1 y c\ld d bett] ?an t4 ,y are too f> f ! corporal = him to signal y to d mu* ( any?+ except /ay !re or jo9 him4 ,y %\ld jo9 him1 b y %\ld n g /raight d[n to him4 ,y %\ld head s z to /rike ! ,mills' ,lane ab\t #ajj y>ds ea/ ( ! h\se & !n g d[n ! lane1 fir/ look+ along ! /one wall4 ,9 ?is way y save "t 9 reconnoit]+ ! gr\nd ne> ! ,mills' f>m & protect ! patrol aga9/ be+ surpris$ by an enemy hidd5 by ! l9e ( trees1 or ! wall along ! lane4 ,y are n disobey+ y\r ord]s b j us+ common s5se 9 foll[+ !m out & ?9k+ ab\t :at ! corporal is try+ to d4 ,n[1 ,corporal1 :y didn't y g to ! ,smi? h\se & f9d out if ! p !re _h se5 any?+ ( ! enemy8 ,corporal ,james3 ,y said we 7 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 sir1 s ,i ?\ght x be/ to avoid ! inhabitants until ,i f\nd ,i c\ld n get in=mation 9 any o!r way4 ,i int5d$ fir/ to see if ,i c\ld locate any enemy ar\nd "h1 & if n1 to /op at h\ses on my return4 ,9 ?is way ,i w\ld be gone be=e ! p c\ld s5d any in=mation to ! enemy ab\t my patrol4 ,capta93 ,b>l[ rea*es ! ,*e/] ,pike :]e ! ,mills' lane leaves x4 ,y are ab\t #aej y>ds 9 8 re>4 ,%>p is #ej y>ds (f to y\r "r re>1 ,amos #ajj y>ds to y\r left re> & ,br[n #ej y>ds beh9d y4 ,j z ,b>l[ />ts to climb ov] ! b>b$ wire f5ce into ! ,*e/] ,pike y see him drop d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,he signals1 ,enemy 9 sight4 ,tell me quickly :at w\ld y d8 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld wave my h& = all to lie d[n1 & ,i w\ld ha/5 =w>d1 /oop+ ov] z ,i ran1 until ,i 0 ab\t tw5ty y>ds f him1 :5 ,i w\ld crawl =w>d to ! f5ce1 close by him4 ,j be=e ,i rea*$ him ,i w\ld ask him :at he saw4 ,capta93 ,he replies1 ,!re are "s ho/ile foot soldi]s com+ up ?is road4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld crawl =w>d & look4 ,capta93 ,y see ?ree or f\r m51 ab\t #ejj y>ds nor? ( y1 com+ up ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,!y are scatt]$ out4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld say1 ,crawl into ! lane1 keep beh9d ! /one wall1 wat* ^? fell[s1 & "w y\r way to t f>m 7indicates ! ,mills' f>m74 ,i w\ld />t t[>ds ! ,mills' f>m myself1 "u cov] ( ! trees along ! lane & w\ld wave to ! o!r m5 to move rapidly we/1 t[>ds ! hills4 ,capta93 ,:y didn't y try to hide ne> :]e y 7 & all[ ! ho/ile m5 to pass8 ,corporal ,james3 ,!re does n seem to be any place to hide ne> !re t a patrol w\ld n probably exam9e4 ,capta93 ,:at is y\r plan n[8 ,corporal ,james3 ,i want to get my patrol up to t small woods ne> ! ,mills' f>m1 b ,i h>dly expect to be able to get !m up to t po9t )\t _! be+ se54 ,9 any ev5t1 ,i want !m well back f ! road :]e !y c lie d[n & n be se5 by ! enemy :5 he passes4 ,capta93 ,y succe$ 9 collect+ y\r patrol 9 ! woods )\t _! be+ se51 & y see f\r foot soldi]s 9 ! road at ! entrance to ! l&4 ,"o man />ts up ! lane1 ! o!rs rema9+ on ! road4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i say1 ,br[n1 g ?r\gh ^! woods & hurry /raight across to ,york4 ,y %\ld be able to see ! village f ! o!r side ( ! woods4 ,report to ! capta9 t a ho/ile patrol ( f\r foot m5 is work+ s\? up ! valley1 two miles nor!a/ ( ,york4 ,we w g fur!r nor?4 ,repeat :at ,i h told y4 7,p>4 #igi47 ,capta93 ,:y didn't y s5d ?is message be=e8 ,corporal ,james3 ,because we 7 mov+ 9 ! same direction t ! mess5g] w\ld h _h to g1 &1 by wait+ a v few m9utes1 ,i 0 able to tell :e!r x 0 a m]e patrol or ! po9t ( an advance gu>d4 ,capta93 ,d y ?9k x correct to s5d a mess5g] back ) news ab\t a small patrol8 ,corporal ,james3 ,ord9>ily x w\ld be wrong1 b z no?+ has be5 se5 ( ! enemy until n[1 ?is fir/ news is important because x proves to ! ,capta9 t ! enemy really is 9 ?is neighborhood1 :i* x seems to me is a v important ?+ = him to "k & :at my mission requir$ me to d4 7,p>4 #iha47 ,capta93 ,:at are y go+ to d n[1 ,corporal8 ,corporal ,james3 ,we h travel$ ab\t two miles & /opp$ frequ5tly1 s x mu/ be ab\t #d o'clock4 ,x is "o & "o-?ird miles back to ,york1 :]e ,i %\ld arrive ab\t #e o'clock4 ,x w\ld take me tw5ty-five m9utes to g f "h to ,york1 s ,i h ab\t ?irty-five m9utes left be=e #e o'clock4 ,?is w p]mit me to g =w>d ano!r mile & /ill be able to rea* ,york on "t4 ,x is two-?irds ( a mile to ! ,mason f>m1 & if ! ho/ile patrol appe>s to be go+ on1 ,i w />t = t po9t4 ,did anyone at ! ,mills' f>m see u8 ,capta93 ,no1 b tell me fir/ :y y d n g along ?is high gr\nd t ov]looks ! valley8 ,corporal ,james3 ,because our patrol t />t$ out ! ,valley ,pike is probably ne> ,tw9 ,hills & ,i want to cov] o!r c\ntry4 ,! or*>d at ,mason's w\ld ob/ruct my view f ! hills4 ,capta93 ,! ho/ile patrol goes on s\?4 ,describe briefly y\r next movem5ts4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i lead my patrol ov] to ,mason's &1 conceal+ two ( ! m5 s t bo? roads & ! h\se c be wat*$1 ,i take "o man & reconnoit] ar\nd ! f>m y>d & g up to ! h\se to "q ! inhabitants4 7,p>4 #iif47 ,capta93 ,y f9d "o woman !re :o says "s o!r soldi]s1 on foot1 pass$ !re a few m9utes ago1 m>*+ s\?4 ,%e gives y no o!r in=mation ab\t ! enemy or c\ntry4 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld s5d ,amos ov] to see h[ deep & wide ,s&y ,creek is 7,p>4 #ajja47 ,:5 he return$ ,i w\ld take ! patrol ov] to ,tw9 ,hills1 foll[ ! ridge s\? to ! /one wall on ! ,c\nty ,road1 wat*+ ! valley = signs ( ! ho/ile patrol1 & foll[ ! road back to ,york2 !n make my report to ! ,capta91 tell+ him :]e ,i _h gone1 all ,i _h se51 includ+ a description ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ,i _h n be5 hurri$1 ,i w\ld h made a sket* ( ! valley4 ,i c make a r\gh "o aft] ,i get 94 7,p>4 #ajae47 ,capta93 ,suppose on y\r way back y saw ho/ile troops appe>+ on ! ,c\nty ,road1 m>*+ we/ ov] ,s&y ,ridge4 ,w\ld y /ay out long] or w\ld y consid] t y %\ld rea* ,ox=d by #e o'clock8 ,corporal ,james3 ,i w\ld s5d a message back at once1 & rema9 out long en\gh to f9d out ! /r5g? & probable int5tion ( ! new enemy4 ,capta9 7to "o platoon ( 8 troop ( cavalry73 ,we w suppose t ?is troop has j 7#i ,a4 ,m47 arriv$ 9 ,bol+ 7,elem5t>y ,map7 on a cle>1 dry1 summ] day4 ,! enemy is suppos$ to be ne> ,salem & we h se5 sev]al ( 8 patrols ?is morn+ on our m>* s\? to ,bol+4 ,s]geant ,all51 ,i call y up & give y ^! in/ructions3 ,take ,corporal ,burt's squad 7eight m57 & reconnoit] s\? by ?is road 7indicates ! ,bol+-,morey h\se road7 to ,salem4 ,i w take ! troop /raight s\? to ,salem & y w jo9 x !re ab\t #aj3ae4 ,x is f\r & "o-half miles to ,salem4 ,/>t at once4 7,y h no map47 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld l to "k j :at ! ,capta9 wi%es my patrol to d4 7,p>4 #ife47 ,capta93 ,we w suppose t ?is is "o ( ! _m occasions 9 actual campaign :]e ?+s mu/ be done quickly4 ,:]e !re is no "t = detail$ ord]s4 ,y "k t ! troop has be5 m>*+ s\? t[>ds ,salem :]e ! enemy is suppos$ to be4 ,y also "k we h se5 sev]al ( 8 patrols4 ,i h told y :at ! troop is go+ to d1 & f all ?is y %\ld be able to decide :at y\r mission is 9 ?is case4 ,we w1 !re=e1 consid] t !re is no "t to give y m detail$ ord]s1 & y h to decide = y\rself4 ,( c\rse1 if y _h fail$ to he> j :at ,i said1 !n1 9 spite ( ! necessity = ha/e1 ,i w\ld repeat my in/ructions to y4 7,p>4 #ifc47 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld ride ov] to ,corporal ,burt's squad & lead x out ( ! column to ! road lead+ to ! ,morey h\se1 & say1 ,! troop is go+ on /raight s\? to ,salem1 f\r & "o-half miles away4 ,?is squad w reconnoit] s\? to ,salem by ?is road1 jo9+ ! troop !re ab\t #aj3ae4 ,9 case we become sep>at$1 make = ,salem4 ,corporal1 take ,br[n & =m ! po9t4 ,i w foll[ ) ! squad ab\t #cjj y>ds 9 re>4 ,regulate y\r gait on me aft] y get y\r di/ance4 ,move out n[ at a trot4 7,p>4 #ifc47 ,aft] ,corporal ,burt _h gott5 #aej y>ds out ,i w\ld say1 ,c>t]1 move out z connect+ file4 ,i w\ld !n say1 ,d[ns1 y w foll[ ab\t #aej y>ds beh9d u z re> gu>d4 ,:5 ,c>t] _h gone #aej y>ds d[n ! road ,i w\ld ord]1 #a4 ,=w>d2 #b4 ,trot2 #c4 ,m>*1 & ride (f at ! head ( ! f\r rema9+ m5 79 column ( twos47 7,p>4 #ifh47 ,capta93 ,s]geant1 tell me briefly :at is y\r e/imate ( ! situation--t is1 :at sort ( a proposition y h be=e y & h[ y h decid$ to h&le x4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,z ! enemy is suppos$ to be ne> ,salem & we h already se5 8 patrols1 ,i expect to enc\nt] m patrols & may meet a /rong body ( ! enemy1 on my way to ,salem4 ,z ,i h no map1 ,i _c tell any?+ ab\t ! road1 except t x is ab\t f\r & "o-half miles by ! direct road ! troop w foll[1 !re=e my r\te w be some:at long]4 ,i h be5 giv5 an h\r & fifte5 m9utes 9 :i* to make ! trip1 s1 if ,i move at a trot along ! saf] portions ( ! road4 ,i w h "t to proce$ v sl[ly & cauti\sly along ! dang]\s portions4 ,my patrol w be /ret*$ out ab\t #ejj y>ds on ! road1 :i* %\ld make x difficult = ! enemy to surprise u & yet %\ld p]mit my controll+ ! movem5ts ( ! m54 7,p>4 #ifh47 ,i consid] t my mission is to />t out on ?is road & f9d my way ar\nd to ,salem 9 ab\t an h\r &1 p>ticul>ly1 to get ^w across to ! ,capta9 on ! o!r road ( any?+ ( importance ab\t ! enemy t ,i may le>n4 ,capta93 ,v well4 ,:5 y rea* ! cut 9 ! road across ! s\? nose ( ,hill #ch1 y\r po9t has almo/ rea*$ ! ,morey h\se4 ,d y make any *ange 9 y\r patrol8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i ord]1 #a4 ,walk1 #b4 ,,m>*1 & wat* to see if ! connect+ file obs]ves ! *ange 9 gait & comes to a walk4 ,capta93 ,suppose he does n come to a walk8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld say1 ,smi?1 gallop ahead & tell ,c>t] to walk & to keep m on ! al]t4 ,capta93 ,corporal ,burt1 y rea* ! road =k at ,morey's4 ,:at d y d8 ,corporal ,burt3 ,i say1 ,br[n1 wait "h until ,c>t] is close en\gh to see :i* way y g & !n trot up to me4 ,i w\ld walk on d[n ! road4 ,capta93 ,w\ldn't y make any inspection ( ! ,morey h\se8 ,corporal ,burt3 ,n unless ,i saw some?+ suspici\s f ! road4 ,i w\ld expect ! ma9 body ( ! patrol to d t4 ,capta93 ,don't y make any *ange on acc\nt ( ! woods y are pass+8 ,corporal ,burt3 ,no1 sir4 ,x has v heavy und]bru% & we w\ld lose valuable "t try+ to se>* ?r\gh x4 ,a l>ge =ce ( ! enemy w\ld h>dly hide 9 su* a place4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,all51 y rea* ! road =k4 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld h two m5 g into ! ,morey h\se to "q anyone !y f\nd !re4 ,i w\ld ord] "o ( ! o!r two m5 to trot up 7nor?7 t road #bjj y>ds & wait until ,i signal$ to him to return4 ,) ! o!r man ,i w\ld await ! result ( ! inspection ( ! ,morey h\se4 ,corporal ,burt %\ld h gone ahead )\t ord]s to ! cut 9 ! road across ,long ,ridge1 leav+ ,br[n half way betwe5 u4 7,p>s4 #ihg to #iif47 ,capta93 ,y f9d no "o at ! ,morey h\se4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld signal ! man to ! nor? to come 94 ,i w\ld !n ord] two m5 to f9d a gate 9 ! f5ce & trot up on t hill 7indicat+ ,long ,ridge71 & look ar\nd ! c\ntry & jo9 me d[n ?is road4 7,p>4 #ifh47 ,i w\ld !n />t s\? at a walk1 halt+ at ! cut to await ! result ( ! inspection on ! c\ntry f ! hill4 ,capta93 ,fo/]1 y & ,lacey are ! two m5 s5t up on ,long ,ridge4 ,:5 y rea* ! hilltop y see f\r ho/ile cavalrym5 trott+ nor? on ! ,valley ,pike1 across ! railroad track4 ,private ,fo/]3 ,i signal l ?is 7enemy 9 sight71 & wait to see if !y g on nor?4 7,p>4 #igh47 ,d ,i see any?+ else beh9d or ahead ( !m8 ,capta93 ,y see no o!r signs ( ! enemy on any road4 ,ev]y?+ looks quiet4 ,! ho/ile cavalrym5 pass ! ,bak] h\se & cont9ue nor?4 ,private ,fo/]3 ,i w\ld !n take ,lacey1 trot d[n ! ridge to ,s]geant ,all51 keep+ bel[ ! cre/ & report1 ,s]geant1 ,we saw f\r ho/ile m\nt$ m5 trott+ nor? on ! road ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile ov] !re 7po9t+71 & !y kept on nor?1 across t road 7po9t+ to ! ,br[n-,bak]-,ox=d road74 ,!re 0 no?+ else 9 sight4 ,i w\ld !n tell him :at ! c\ntry to ! s\? look$ l1 if he want$ to "k4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,all51 :at d y d n[8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld cont9ue t[>d ! ,br[n h\se at a trot4 ,i w\ld s5d no message to y z y already "k !re are ho/ile patrols ab\t & !re=e ?is in=mation w\ld be ( little or no importance to y4 7,p>4 #iha47 ,capta93 ,y arrive at ,br[n's h\se4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld s5d two m5 9 to "q ! p & ,i w\ld cont9ue on at a walk4 ,i w\ld n s5d any "o up ! road t[>ds ,ox=d z ,fo/] has already se5 t road4 ,capta93 ,y %\ld h s5t a man sev]al hundr$ y>ds out ! ,f>m ,lane4 7,p>4 #ihi47 ,if he mov$ at a trot x w\ld only h tak5 a v %ort "t4 ,cont9ue to describe y\r movem5ts4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld halt at ! railroad track until ,i saw my two m5 com+ on f ! ,br[n h\se4 ,i w\ld !n direct ! o!r two m5 :o 7 ) me to g ?r\gh ! fir/ op5+ 9 ! f5ce to ! we/ & ride s\? along t ridge 7#fb--,lone ,hill--,tw9 ,hills' ridge7 until ,i signal$ !m to rejo94 ,i w\ld tell !m to look out = our troop ov] to ! ea/4 ,if !re 7 a great _m f5ces ,i w\ld n s5d !m out until we 7 opposite ! s\!rn edge ( t woods ahead ( u4 ,!re ,i w\ld s5d !m to ! high gr\nd to look ov] ! c\ntry1 & return at once4 ,capta93 ,!re are a great _m f5ces we/ ( ! road & practically none ea/ ( ! road to ,s&y ,creek4 ,j z y arrive opposite ! s\!rn edge ( ^? woods & are giv+ ord]s = ! two m5 to ride up ! hill1 y he> fir+ 9 ! direction ( ,bald ,knob4 ,9 ! road at ! foot ( ! s\? slope ( ,bald ,knob1 :]e ! trail to ! qu>ry />ts (f1 y c see q a clump ( horses4 ,y see no?+ to ! we/ ( y\r position or t[>ds ,mason's4 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i signal ,,rally to ,c>t] & ,d[ns4 ,if !re is a gate ne>by ,i lead my m5 ?r\gh x4 ,if n1 ,i h !m cut or break an op5+ 9 ! f5ce & ride t[>ds ! railroad fill at a fa/ trot1 hav+ "o man gallop ahead z po9t4 ,:5 we rea* ! fill1 ! po9t hav+ fir/ look$ beyond x1 ,i ord]1 ,,dism\nt4 ,lacey1 hold ! horses4 #a4 ,z skirmi%]s along t fill1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,:5 ,corporal ,burt1 ,br[n1 ,c>t] & ,d[ns come up ,lacey takes _! horses & !y jo9 ! l9e ( skirmi%]s4 ,capta91 :at d ,i see f ! fill8 ,capta93 ,!re appe> to be ab\t tw5ty or ?irty horses 9 ! gr\p4 ,! fir+ seems to come f ! cut 9 ! road j nor? ( ! horses & f ! clump ( trees by ! ,qu>ry4 ,y c also he> fir+ f a po9t fur!r nor? on ! road1 app>5tly y\r troop reply+ to ! fire f ,bald ,knob4 ,y see no?+ 9 ! road s\? ( ! horses z f> z ,hill #db1 :i* ob/ructs y\r view4 ,:at action d y take8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i ord]1 ,,at ,,! ,,feet ,,( ,,^? ,,horses4 ,,range1 #hej4 ,,clip ,,fire4 ,capta93 ,:at is y\r object 9 do+ z y h done8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i "k ! capta9 int5d$ to g to ,salem ) ! troop4 ,f ! fact t he is reply+ to ! ho/ile fire ,i judge he /ill wi%es to pu% s\?4 ,i 0 ord]$ to reconnoit] along ?is road1 b n[ a situation has aris5 :]e ! troop is be+ prev5t$ or delay$ 9 do+ :at 0 desir$ & ,i am 9 :at appe>s to be a v favorable position f :i* to give assi/ance to ! troop & enable !m to pu% ahead4 ,i am practically 9 re> ( ! enemy & )9 effective range ( _! lead horses4 ,i !re=e ?9k my mission has at lea/ tempor>ily *ang$ & ,i %\ld try & cause ! tw5ty or ?irty ho/ile troop]s to draw (f 7,p>4 #ajaa74 ,besides1 ,i ?9k x is my bus9ess to f9d out :at ! /r5g? ( ?is enemy is & :e!r or n he has re9=cem5ts com+ up f ,salem1 & s5d ?is in=mation to ! capta94 ,f my position ,i c /ill wat* ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,capta93 ,aft] y h empti$ y\r clips y see ! enemy runn+ d[n out ( ! cut & f among ! trees m\nt _! horses & gallop s\?4 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld s5d ,fo/] across ! creek above ! tre/le 7s\? ( tre/le71 to ride across to t road 7po9t+ t[>ds ! cut on ,bald ,hill7 & tell ! capta91 :o is ne> !re1 t ab\t ?irty m5 7 on ! hill & !y h gallop$ s\?1 & t ,i am cont9u+ t[>ds ,salem4 ,i w\ld h ,fo/] repeat ! message t ,i gave him4 ,i w\ld !n trot back to ! ,*e/] ,pike & s\? to ,mason's1 tak+ up our old =mation4 ,capta93 ,y see no?+ unusual at ,mason's & cont9ue s\? until y rea* ! cross roads by ! ,smi? f>m4 ,corporal ,burt & ,private ,br[n are ne> ! /one bridge s\? ( ,smi?'s2 ,private ,c>t] is half way betwe5 y & ,corporal ,burt2 & ,private ,d[ns is #ajj y>ds nor? ( ,smi?'s4 ,y h ?ree m5 ) y4 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,:at "t is x n[8 ,capta93 ,x is n[ #i3de ,a4 ,m4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld say1 ,lacey1 take ,jackson & gallop z f> z t cut 9 ! road 7po9ts ea/7 & see if y c locate ! enemy or our troop 9 ! valley beyond4 ,i w wave my hat ov] my head :5 ,i want y to return4 ,i w\ld !n say to ,private ,moore1 ,gallop d[n to ,corporal ,burt & tell him to fall back 9 ?is direction #ajj y>ds1 & !n y return "h br++ ! o!r two m5 ) y4 ,i w\ld !n await ! result ( ,private ,lacey's reconnaissance1 s5d+ ,c>t] to ! turn 9 ! road #bjj y>ds we/ ( ! cross roads4 ,capta93 ,lacey1 :at d y d8 ,private ,lacey3 ,i ord] ,jackson1 ,foll[ #ge y>ds beh9d me & wat* = signals f ,s]geant ,all51 & ,i !n gallop across ! /eel bridge & half way up ! hill4 ,i !n move cauti\sly up to ! cut &1 if ! f5ces p]mit1 ,i ride up on ! side ( ! cut1 dism\nt+ j be=e rea*+ ! cre/ ( ! ridge1 & walk =w>d until ,i c see into ! valley beyond4 ,capta93 ,y see no signs ( ! enemy 9 ! valley1 b y see y\r own troop on ! road by ! ,gibbs f>m ) a squad 9 advance 9 ! road on ,hill #db4 ,private ,lacey3 ,i look t[>ds ,s]geant ,all5 to see if he is signal+4 ,i make no signals4 ,capta93 ,:at d y d1 ,s]geant8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i wave my hat = ,private ,lacey to return4 ,i wave to ,private ,d[ns to jo9 me & :5 ,private ,lacey arrives ,i signal ,,assemble to ,corporal ,burt & !n say1 ,lacey1 jo9 ,corporal ,burt & tell him to foll[ me z re> gu>d4 ,m>t91 jo9 ,c>t] & tell him to trot we/4 ,we w foll[4 ,y /ay ) him4 ,aft] he got />t$ ,i w\ld ord]1 ,foll[ me4 #a4 ,trot2 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,capta93 ,:5 ,private ,c>t] rea*es ! cre/ ( ! ridge ab\t "o-half mile we/ ( ,smi?'s he signals1 ,enemy 9 sight 9 l>ge numb]s1 & he rema9s 9 ! road ) ,m>t9 fifty y>ds 9 re>4 7,p>4 #igh47 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i ord]1 #a4 ,walk2 #b4 ,,m>*4 #a4 ,squad2 #b4 ,,halt1 & gallop up to ,private ,c>t]1 dism\nt j be=e rea*+ ! cre/1 give my horse up to ,private ,m>t91 & run =w>d4 ,capta93 ,c>t] po9ts out :at appe>s to be a troop ( cavalry /&+ 9 ! road lead+ nor? out ( ,york1 j on ! edge ( ! t[n4 ,y see ab\t f\r m\nt$ m5 #bjj y>ds out ( ,york on y\r road1 halt$1 & ab\t ! same numb] on ! ,valley ,pike ne> :]e x crosses ! fir/ /ream nor? ( ,york4 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i wait ab\t ?ree m9utes to see if !y are go+ to move4 ,capta93 ,!y rema9 halt$1 ! m5 at ,york appe> to be dism\nt$4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i write ! foll[+ message3 ,hill #a_/b mile ,n4 ,e4 ( ,york1 #aj ,a4 ,m4 ,capta9 ,x3 ,a ho/ile troop ( cavalry is /&+ 9 road at ,,york 7we/ ( ,,salem7 ) squads halt$ on ,n4 & ,n4 ,e4 roads f ,,york4 ,no?+ else se54 ,w rema9 9 obs]vation = ! pres5t4 ,all51 ,sgt4 7,p>s4 #igi & #iha47 ,i w\ld give ! message to ,m>t91 :o _h previ\sly br\ght my horse up close 9 re> ( ! cre/1 & w\ld say to him1 ,take ?is message to ! capta91 /raight across to ! road ! troop is on1 & turn s\? t[>ds ,salem if y d n see !m at fir/4 ,take ,lacey ) y4 ,tell him :at y h se54 ,he kn[s :]e ! troop is4 ,i w\ld h ,c>t] hold my horse1 & wat* ! rema9d] ( ! patrol = signals1 :ile ,i obs]v$ ! enemy4 ,capta93 ,at ! end ( five m9utes ! ho/ile troop trots nor? on ! ,valley ,pike1 ! patrol on y\r road rides across to ! ,valley ,pike & foll[s ! troop4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld wait until ! troops _h cross$ ! creek nor? ( ,york & w\ld !n face my patrol ea/ & trot to ! cross roads at ,smi?'s1 turn s\? & cont9ue to ,salem1 s5d+ "o man to ride up on ,s&y ,ridge1 keep+ ! patrol 9 sight4 ,capta93 ,we h c>ri$ out ! problem f> en\gh4 ,x furni%es a good example ( ! v>y+ situations a patrol lead] has to meet4 ,good judgm5t or common s5se mu/ be us$ 9 decid+ on ! prop] c\rse to foll[4 ,y mu/ always ?9k ( :at y\r *ief is try+ to d & !n act 9 ! way y ?9k w be/ help him to accompli% 8 object4 ,if y h c>efully decid$ j :at mission y h be5 giv5 to accompli%1 y _c easily g wrong4 ,9 h&l+ a m\nt$ patrol y mu/ rememb] t if ! m5 become widely sep>at$ 9 /range c\ntry1 or ev5 9 c\ntry !y are fairly famili> )1 !y are mo/ apt to lose all contact ) ea* o!r or become lo/ !mselves4 ,problem ,no4 #b4 7,infantry7 #ajai4 ,capta9 7to "o platoon ( 8 company73 ,we w suppose x is ab\t half an h\r be=e dawn4 ,"o platoon ( ! company is deploy$ z skirmi%]s1 fac+ nor?1 9 ! cut :]e ! ,c\nty ,road crosses ,s&y ,ridge4 ,x is ! extreme "r ( a l9e ( battle ext5d+ we/ along ! l9e ( ! ,c\nty ,road4 ,! fight 0 n comm5c$4 ,?is platoon is re/+ 9 a :eat field betwe5 ! railroad & ! foot ( ! slope ( ,s&y ,ridge1 #bjj y>ds s\? ( ! ,c\nty ,road4 ,s]geant ,all51 ,i call y up & give y ^! in/ructions3 ,! enemy's l9e is (f 9 t direction 7po9t+ nor?we/74 ,take six m5 & "w nor? along ! railroad until x is light en\gh to see2 !n locate ! ho/ile l9e & keep me in=m$ ( _! movem5ts4 ,i w be 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,y h a compass4 ,/>t at once4 ,describe briefly ! =mation ( y\r patrol :ile x is mov+ 9 ! d>k4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,"o man w lead4 ,a second man w foll[ ab\t fifte5 y>ds 9 re> ( him4 ,i w foll[ ! second man at ! same di/ance ) ?ree m m51 & ! la/ man w be ab\t tw5ty y>ds 9 re> ( me4 ,all w h bayonets fix$1 load$ & pieces lock$4 ,"o %ort1 l[ :i/le w mean1 ,halt1 two %ort :i/les w mean1 ,=w>d1 & ! ^w ,s&y w be ! c\nt]sign by :i* we c id5tify ea* o!r4 ,capta93 ,v well4 ,we w suppose t y rea* ! /eel tre/le ov] ,s&y ,creek j at dawn & h met no opposition & he>d no?+ ( ! enemy4 ,on ei!r side ( ,s&y ,creek are fields ( /&+ corn ab\t six feet tall4 ,9 ! pres5t dim light y c only see a few hundr$ y>ds (f4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,! patrol be+ halt$ ,i w\ld walk =w>d to ! lead+ man 7,br[n7 & say1 ,br[n1 take ,c>t] & =m ! po9t = ! patrol1 cont9u+ along ?is railroad4 ,we w foll[ ab\t #aej y>ds 9 re>4 ,i w\ld !n rejo9 ! ma9 body ( ! patrol & ord] ! man 9 re> to foll[ ab\t #ge y>ds 9 re> ( u4 ,:5 ! po9t _h ga9$ its di/ance ,i w\ld move =w>d ) ! ma9 body1 ord]+ "o man to move along ! creek bank 7we/ bank71 keep+ abrea/ ( u until ,i signal$ to him to come 94 ,capta93 ,j z y rea* ! nor!rn end ( ! railroad fill y\r po9t halts & y detect "s movem5t 9 ! road to ! we/ ( y4 ,x is rapidly gr[+ light]4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld move ! ma9 body by ! left flank into ! corn1 signal+ to ! man foll[+ ! creek to rejo91 & = ! re> gu>d to move (f ! track also4 ,i w\ld expect ,br[n to d ! same1 ev5 be=e he saw :at we _h done4 ,i w\ld !n close up on ! po9t until ,i c\ld see x &1 halt+ all ! patrol1 ,i w\ld ord] ,fo/] to take ,lacey & "w ov] t[>ds ! road to see :at is !re & to report back to me imm$iately4 ,capta93 ,9 a few m9utes ,fo/] returns & reports1 ,! enemy is mov+ s\? 9 ! road & 9 ! field beyond1 9 l9e ( squads or sections4 ,a ho/ile patrol is mov+ s\!a/ across ! field beh9d u4 ,we 7 n se54 7,note3 ,?is situation c\ld well h be5 l$ up to by requir+ ,private ,fo/] to expla9 h[ he conduct$ 8 reconnaissance & hav+ him =mulate 8 report on ! situation z giv547 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld !n "w my patrol clos] to ! road1 keep+ ,fo/] out on t flank1 & prep>e to foll[ s\? 9 re> ( ! ho/ile movem5t4 ,capta93 ,! in=mation y h ga9$ is s important t y %\ld h s5t a man back to me ) a v]bal message1 p>ticul>ly z y are 9 a v dang]\s position1 & may n be able to s5d a message lat]4 ,:ile y h n def9itely locat$ ! left ( ! enemy's l9e1 y h app>5tly discov]$ :at appe>s to be a movem5t ( troops =w>d to =m ! left ( ! attack+ l9e4 ,y\r action 9 turn+ s\? to foll[ ! troops j report$1 is prop]1 z y n[ "k y are p>tly 9 re> ( ! ho/ile movem5t & mu/ g s\? to locate ! ho/ile flank t y\r mission requires y to report on4 ,y m5 mu/ picture 9 y\r m9ds ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry ! s]geant is op]at+ ?r\gh4 ,8 patrol is n[ 9 a field ( high /&+ corn4 ,unless y are look+ d[n betwe5 ! regul> r[s ( corn y c only see a few y>ds ahead ( y4 ,! road has a wire f5ce & is bord]$ by a fairly heavy gr[? ( high we$s & bu%es4 ,! gr\nd is dry & du/y4 ,s]geant1 h[ d y conduct y\r movem5t s\?8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,z my patrol is n[ 9 a v dang]\s neighborhood & v liable to be caught betwe5 two ho/ile l9es1 ) a deep creek betwe5 our pres5t position & our platoon1 ,i ?9k x be/ to move cauti\sly s\!a/ until ,i rea* ! creek bank 7,i _c see x f :]e ,i n[ am71 & !n foll[ ! creek s\?4 ,i ?9k ,i am v apt to f9d ! enemy's left re/+ on ?is creek4 ,besides1 if ,i d n soon locate ! enemy1 ,i c hold ! ma9 body ( my patrol close to ! creek & s5d sc\ts 9 t[>ds ! road to se>* = ! enemy4 ,x w also be mu* easi] to s5d in=mation back to ! platoon f ! creek bank1 z a mess5g] c =d x & head s\!a/ until he /rikes ! railroad & !n foll[ t /raight back to our />t+ po9t4 ,x w\ld ?us be v difficult = him to get lo/4 ,capta93 ,y move s\!a/ & /rike ! creek bank j s\? ( ! railroad tre/le4 ,y n[ he> artill]y fire (f to ! we/ & a rifle fire to ! s\?we/ :i* gradually increases 9 volume4 ,y see a high cl\d ( du/ hang+ ov] ! road on ! hill we/ ( ,mason's & s\? ( ?is road on ! nor? slope ( ! nor!rn-mo/ knoll ( ! ,tw9 ,hills1 y c occasionally see ! fla% ( a gun1 artill]y be+ dis*>g$4 ,!re seems to be no rifle fir+ directly 9 y\r front4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i hurri$ly write ! foll[+ message3 ,at ,ry4 tre/le #a mi4 ,n4 ( ,platoon1 #e3ae ,a4 ,m4 ,capta9 ,x3 ,c see arty4 fir+ f position on ,n4 slope ( knoll on high ridge to ,w4 ( me1 & #a_/d mi4 ,s4 ( ,e4 & ,w4 road4 ,ho/ile l9e is ,s4 ( me4 ,h n locat$ x4 ,w move ,s4 ,all51 ,sgt4 7,p>4 #dgd47 ,i h& ?is to ,private ,smi? & say to him4 ,c>ry ?is quickly to ! capta94 ,foll[ ! railroad back until y cross a wagon road4 ,our platoon %\ld be to ! we/ ( ! track j beyond ! road4 ,i also read ! message to ,smi? & po9t out ! ho/ile artill]y4 ,i h consid]$ t ,i s5t a message be=e tell+ ab\t ! ho/ile advance4 ,i !n cont9ue s\?1 mov+ sl[ly & ) great caution4 ,i in/ruct ! rema9+ f\r m5 t 9 case we are surpris$ to try to cross ! creek & foll[ ! railroad back to ! platoon4 ,capta93 ,y\r in=mation ab\t ! ho/ile artill]y position 0 important & %\ld h be5 s5t 91 provid$ y ?9k y\r description ( ! ho/ile position 0 suffici5tly cle> to be und]/ood by an obs]v] )9 y\r own l9es4 ,!re is "s "q z to ! advisability ( y\r rema9+ on ! we/ bank ( ! creek4 ,/ill y w\ld n be able to tell f :]e y 7 :at direction ! creek took1 s y probably w\ld rema9 on ! we/ bank = ! pres5t4 ,y cont9ue s\? = ab\t #aej y>ds & y\r lead+ man halts1 comes back to y1 & reports t ! corn ahead is brok5 & trampl$1 %[+ x has be5 pass$ ov] by foot troops4 ,ab\t ! same "t y he> rifle fire to y\r imm$iate front4 ,x s\nds v close4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i say1 ,cross ?is creek at once1 & :5 we rea* ! o!r bank & ! patrol =ms aga91 we move sl[ly s\?1 all ! m5 keep+ away f ! creek bank1 except myself1 & ,i m>* opposite ! two m5 con/itut+ ! ma9 body4 ,capta93 ,ab\t ?is "t y detect a movem5t 9 ! corn across ! creek 9 re> ( ! place y h j left4 ,y ?9k x is a body ( troops mov+ s\?4 ,! fir+ 9 front seems to be deliv]$ f a po9t ab\t two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds s\? ( y & y c he> heavy fir+ f (f 9 ! direction ( y\r company1 a few bullets pass+ ov]head4 ,!re are scatt]$ trees along ! creek & "s bu%es close to ! edge4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld conceal myself close to ! bank1 ! patrol be+ back1 out ( sight f ! opposite bank1 & await developm5ts4 ,capta93 ,s]geant1 y\r patrol is 9 a dang]\s position4 ,! enemy w v likely h a patrol or deta*m5t 9 re> & beyond 8 flank4 ,?is patrol w\ld probably cross ! railroad tre/le & take y 9 re>4 ,y %\ld h giv5 ! la/ m5 9 y\r patrol p>ticul> in/ructions to wat* ! railroad to ! nor?4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] if y _h s5t "o man ov] to ! railroad1 :i* is only a %ort di/ance away1 & _h him look up & d[n ! track & also make a hurri$ survey ( ! c\ntry f an elevat$ position on ! fill4 ,i also ?9k x w\ld be bett] n to await developm5ts :]e y n[ are1 b to pu% s\? & make sure ( ! position ( ! left ( ! enemy's fir+ l9e1 lat] y c devote m "t to ! movem5ts 9 re> ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,y are tak+ too _m *ances 9 rema9+ :]e y are4 ,i d n mean t y %\ld leave m]ely because y might h "s ( y\r m5 kill$ or captur$1 b because if ?is did occur y w\ld probably n be able to accompli% y\r mission4 ,lat] y may h to run a big *ance ( sacrific+ sev]al ( y\r m51 9 ord] to get ! desir$ in=mation1 :i* w\ld be entirely ju/ifiable4 ,tell me h[ y\r m5 are arrang$ & :at y\r next movem5t w\ld be4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i h f\r m5 left1 ,i am close to ! /ream's bank1 "u cov]2 two m5 are ab\t #be y>ds fur!r away f ! /ream2 ,private ,br[n is up /ream z f> (f z he c get & /ill see ! o!r two m51 & ,private ,fo/] is d[n /ream ! same di/ance4 ,bo? ,br[n & ,fo/] are well back f ! /ream4 ,! two m5 9 ! middle1 ! ma9 body ( ! patrol1 make _! movem5ts con=m to m9e1 & ,br[n & ,fo/] regulate _! movem5ts on ! ma9 body4 ,i w move s\? until ,i c locate ! enemy's advance l9e4 ,capta93 ,:5 y are opposite ! ,mason h\se1 ,br[n comes back to y1 hav+ signal$ halt1 & reports he c see ! enemy's fir+ l9e ab\t #ajj y>ds ahead on ! o!r side ( ! /ream1 & t a small deta*m5t is cross+ ! /ream j beyond :]e he 04 ,:at d y d8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i creep =w>d ) ,br[n to v]ify 8 report4 ,! rema9d] ( ! patrol rema9s 9 place4 ,capta93 ,y f9d ev]y?+ z ,br[n report$4 ,y see t ! fir+ l9e ext5ds along ! s\!rn edge ( ! cornfield1 fac+ an uncultivat$ field cov]$ ) grass & frequ5t pat*es ( we$s two or ?ree feet high4 ,y _c det]m9e h[ /rong ! l9e is1 b a heavy fire is be+ deliv]$4 ,y _c see ! deta*m5t t cross$ ! creek s\? ( y because ( ! /&+ corn4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i crawl back to ! ma9 body1 leav+ ,br[n1 & write ! foll[+ message3 #e_/f mi4 ,n4 ( ,platoon1 #e3cb ,a4 ,m4 ,capta9 ,x3 ,enemy's left re/s on creek #c_/d mile to y\r front1 along ,s4 edge ( cornfield4 ,creek is #e ft4 deep by #fj ft4 wide4 ,ho/ile patrols h cross$ ! creek4 ,w wat* _! re>4 ,all51 ,sgt4 ,i give ?is to ,private ,james & say1 ,g ov] to ! railroad 7po9t+71 !n turn to y\r "r & foll[ ! track until y cross a wagon road4 ,our platoon is j beyond t1 on ?is side ( ! track4 ,give ?is message to ! capta94 ,hurry4 ,capta93 ,y %\ld h ei!r read ! message to ,james or _h him read x4 ,y %\ld also h caution$ him to wat* out = t ho/ile deta*m5t4 ,x might be bett] to s5d ano!r man (f ) a duplicate ( ! message1 z !re is q a *ance t ,james may n get ?r\gh & ! message is all-important4 ,james1 y get back to ! wagon road "h 7po9t+7 & f9d y\rself 9 ! "r ( y\r battle l9e1 b _c locate me or ! company "r away4 ,private ,james3 ,i w\ld %[ ! note to ! fir/ (fic] ,i saw 9 any ev5t1 & 9 ?is case1 ,i w\ld turn x ov] to ! (fic] :o appe>$ to be 9 comm& ( ! battalion or regim5t on ! "r ( ! l9e1 tell+ him :at company ! patrol belong$ to1 :5 we w5t out1 etc4 ,capta93 ,:at d y d1 s]geant8 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i />t to move nor? a %ort di/ance 9 ord] to f9d out :at re5=cem5ts are 9 re> ( ! ho/ile l9e4 ,capta93 ,aft] y h mov$ ab\t #ge y>ds y are sudd5ly fir$ into f across ! creek1 & at ! same "t f ! direction ( ! railroad tre/le4 ,y\r m5 break & run ea/ ?r\gh ! corn & y foll[1 b lose sight ( !m4 ,:5 y cross ! railroad fill y are fir$ on f ! direction ( ! bridge4 ,y f9ally /op beh9d ! railroad fill on ! qu>ry swit*1 :]e two ( y\r m5 jo9 y4 ,s]geant ,all53 ,i w\ld />t s\? to rejo9 ! company & report4 ,capta93 ,t w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,x w\ld require a long "t = a second patrol to make its way out ov] unkn[n gr\nd1 fill$ ) ho/ile patrols1 to a po9t :]e !y c\ld obs]ve any?+ 9 re> ( ! ho/ile flank4 ,y are n[ fairly famili> ) ! gr\nd1 y also "k ab\t :]e ! ho/ile patrols are & y h two m5 rema9+4 ,aft] a brief re/ 9 "s conceal$ place ne>by1 y %\ld />t out aga9 to make an ef=t to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! troops 9 re> ( ! ho/ile flank ne> y1 or at lea/ rema9 out :]e y c\ld keep a %>p look\t = any attempt$ turn+ movem5t by ! enemy4 ,%\ld any?+ important be obs]v$ y c s5d back a message & two ( y rema9 to obs]ve ! next developm5ts be=e return+4 ,! in=mation y might s5d back & ! additional in=mation y might c>ry back1 w\ld possibly enable y\r own =ce to avoid a s]i\s rev]se or obta9 a decid$ victory4 ,y\r "w w\ld be v haz>d\s1 b x is necess>y1 & :ile possibly result+ 9 loss ( "o or two ( y\r m51 x might prev5t ! loss ( hundr$s 9 y\r ma9 =ce4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,security 7,bas$ on ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations47 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #ajbj4 ,! ,s]vice ( ,security embraces all ^? measures tak5 by a milit>y =ce to protect itself aga9/ surprise1 annoyance or obs]vation by ! enemy4 ,on ! m>*1 t portion ( a comm& ?r[n out to provide ?is security is call$ an advance1 flank or re> gu>d1 dep5d+ on :e!r x is 9 front1 to ! flank or 9 re> ( ! ma9 comm&2 9 camp or biv\ac1 x is call$ ! outpo/4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( ^! bodies be+ mu* ! same1 _! g5]al =mations are also v simil>4 ,!re is 7#a7 ! cavalry cov]+ ! front2 next 7#b7 a gr\p 7#d m5 to a platoon7 or l9e ( gr\ps 9 obs]vation2 !n 7#c7 ! support1 or l9e ( supports1 ^: duty is to furni% ! m5 = ! obs]vation gr\ps & *eck an enemy's attempt to advance until re9=cem5ts c arrive2 /ill f>!r 9 re> is 7#d7 ! res]ve4 ,9 small comm&s ( an infantry regim5t or less !re usually w n be any cavalry to cov] ! front1 & ! res]ve is g5]ally omitt$4 ,ev5 ! support may be omitt$ & ! obs]vation gr\p or l9e ( gr\ps be *>g$ ) *eck+ ! enemy1 9 addition to its regul> duties ( obs]vation4 ,b :atev] ! te*nical designation ( ^! subdivisions1 ! re>mo/ "o is always 9 fact a res]ve4 ,= example1 if ! comm& is s small t ! subdivision =mally designat$ z ! res]ve is omitt$1 ! re> elem5t 7squad or platoon or company1 etc47 is us$ z a res]ve4 ,z ?is text deals pr9cipally ) small comm&s & only ^? l>g] ?an a regim5t usually h ! subdivision t]m$ ! res]ve1 ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! elem5t 9 ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations call$ ! res]ve & ! actual res]ve1 mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! arrangem5ts or =mations ( all deta*m5ts ?r[n out f ! ma9 =ce to provide security aga9/ ! enemy1 are v flexible1 v>y+ ) e milit>y situation & e diff]5t k9d ( c\ntry4 ,! comm&] ( su* a deta*m5t mu/1 !re=e1 avoid bl9dly arrang+ 8 m5 accord+ to "s fix$ plan & at c]ta9 fix$ di/ances4 ,acquire a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! s]vice ( security & !n ) ^! pr9ciples z a f\ndation use common s5se 9 dispos+ troops = ?is duty4 ,,advance ,,gu>d #ajba4 ,def9ition & ,duties4 ,an advance gu>d is a deta*m5t ( a m>*+ column ?r[n out 9 advance to protect ! ma9 column f be+ surpris$ & to prev5t its m>* f be+ delay$ or int]rupt$4 7,! latt] duty is g5]ally =gott5 & _m irritat+1 %ort halts result1 :i* we> out or greatly fatigue ! ma9 body1 ! /r5g? ( :i* ! advance gu>d is suppos$ to cons]ve47 ,9 detail ! duties ( ! advance gu>d are3 #a4 ,to gu>d aga9/ surprise & furni% in=mation by reconnoit]+ to ! front & flanks4 #b4 ,to pu% back small p>ties ( ! enemy & prev5t _! obs]v+1 fir+ ^u or delay+ ! ma9 body4 #c4 ,to *eck ! enemy's advance 9 =ce long en\gh to p]mit ! ma9 body to prep>e = action4 #d4 ,:5 ! enemy is met on ! def5ses1 seize a good position & locate 8 l9es1 c>e be+ tak5 n to br+ on a g5]al engagem5t unless ! advance gu>d comm&] is au?oriz$ to d s4 #e4 ,to remove ob/acles1 repair ! road1 & favor 9 e way possible ! /eady m>* ( ! column4 #ajbb4 ,/r5g?3 ,! /r5g? ( ! advance gu>d v>ies f "o-n9? to "o-?ird ( ! total comm&4 ,! l>g] ! =ce ! l>g] 9 proportion is ! advance gu>d1 = a l>g] comm& takes relatively long] to prep>e = action ?an a small "o4 ,= example1 a company ( #ajj m5 w\ld ord9>ily h an advance gu>d ( f "o to two squads1 z ! company c\ld deploy z skirmi%]s 9 a few seconds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a division ( #bj1jjj m5 w\ld ord9>ily h an advance gu>d ( ab\t #d1ejj m51 all told1 z x w\ld require sev]al h\rs = a division to deploy & ! advance gu>d mu/ be /rong en\gh to make a /ubborn fight4 #ajbc4 ,composition4 ,! advance gu>d is pr9cipally compos$ ( infantry1 prec$$ if possible1 by cavalry well to ! front4 ,:5 !re is only infantry1 mu* m patroll+ is requir$ ( ! front troops ?an :5 cavalry 7call$ ,advance cavalry7 is out 9 advance4 ,?is book does n deal ) l>ge advance gu>ds conta9+ artill]y & eng9e]s4 ,ma*9e guns1 h[ev]1 w be frequ5tly us$ 9 small advance gu>ds to hold bridges1 defiles1 etc4 #ajbd4 ,di/ance ,f ,ma9 ,body4 ,! di/ance at :i* ! advance gu>d prec$es ! ma9 body or ! ma9 body foll[s ! advance gu>d dep5ds on ! milit>y situation & ! gr\nd4 ,x %\ld always be great en\gh to all[ ! ma9 body "t to deploy be=e x c be s]i\sly engag$4 ,= in/ance ! advance gu>d ( a company1 say #a squad1 %\ld be #cej to #ejj y>ds 9 advance ( ! company4 ,! di/ance f ! lead+ man back to ! pr9cipal gr\p ( ! squad %\ld g5]ally be at lea/ #aej y>ds4 ,?is1 add$ to ! di/ance back to ! ma9 body or company1 makes a di/ance ( f #ejj to #fej y>ds f ! lead+ man to ! head ( ! ma9 body4 ,examples3 ,comm&4 ,advance ,gu>d4 ,di/ance 7yds474 ,patrol ( #a squad #b m5 #ajj to #cjj ,section ( #c squads #d m5 #bjj to #djj ,inf4 platoon ( #ej m5 #a squad #cjj to #dej ,cav4 platoon ( #bj m5 #d m5 #cjj to #dej ,inf4 company ( #ajh m5 #a to #b squads #cej to #ejj ,cav4 troop ( #hf m5 #a_/b platoon #dej to #fjj ,inf4 battalion #a_/b to #a company #ejj to #gjj ,cav4 squadron #a_/b to #a troop #fjj to #hjj ,^! are n furni%$ z fix$ numb]s & di/ances1 b are m]ely to give ! /ud5t an approximate1 concrete idea4 #ajbe4 ,connect+ ,files4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t betwe5 ! advance gu>d & ! ma9 body1 & betwe5 ! sev]al gr\ps into :i* ! advance gu>d is subdivid$1 connect+ files are plac$ s z to furni% a means ( communicat+1 g5]ally by signals1 betwe5 ! elem5ts 7gr\ps7 ( ! column4 ,!re %\ld be a connect+ file = at lea/ ev]1 #cjj y>ds4 ,= example1 suppose ! advance gu>d ( a platoon is #cjj y>ds 9 front ( ! ma9 body4 ,9 ord9>y roll+ c\ntry1 n heavily wood$1 a connect+ file w\ld be plac$ half way betwe5 ! two elem5ts--#aej y>ds f ea* "o4 ,x is g5]ally wis] to use two m5 toge!r in/ead ( "o1 because ?is leaves "o man free to wat* = signals f ! front :ile ! o!r wat*es ! ma9 body4 ,h[ev]1 9 v small comm&s l a company1 ?is is n practicable1 z ! extra man c\ld n be sp>$4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,advance ,,gu>ds4 #ajbf4 ,subdivisions4 ,! advance gu>d ( a l>ge =ce l a brigade or division is subdivid$ into a numb] ( gr\ps or elem5ts1 gradually increas+ 9 size f front to re>4 ,! reason = ?is is t1 z has already be5 expla9$1 a l>g] gr\p or =ce requires long] to deploy or prep>e to fight ?an a small] "o1 !re=e ! small subdivisions are plac$ 9 front :]e !y c quickly deploy & hold ! enemy tempor>ily 9 *eck :ile ! l>g] elem5ts 9 re> are deploy+4 ,! numb] ( ^! subdivisions decreases z ! /r5g? ( ! advance gu>d decreases1 until we f9d ! advance gu>d ( a company consi/s ( "o or two squads1 :i* naturally _c be subdivid$ into m ?an two gr\ps2 & ! advance gu>d ( a squad compos$ ( two m51 :i* admits ( no subdivision4 ,di/ance to next elem5t 9 re>4 ,advance ,cavalry #a to #e miles ,advance p>ty ,po9t #aej to #cjj yds4 ,support 7furni%es patrols7 ,advance p>ty prop] #cjj to #fjj yds4 ,support prop] #djj to #hjj yds4 ,res]ve 7usually omitt$ 9 small comm&s7 #ejj yds4 to #a mile ,! di/ances v>y pr9cipally ) ! size ( ! comm&--slightly ) ! "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,! advance cavalry is t "p ( ! advance gu>d go+ 9 front ( all ! foot troops4 ,x is g5]ally "o to five miles 9 advance ( ! infantry ( ! advance gu>d1 reconnoit]+ at lea/ f> en\gh to ! front & flanks to gu>d ! column aga9/ surprise by artill]y fire--#d1ejj y>ds4 #ajbg4 ,support4 7a7 ,! support con/itutes ! pr9cipal elem5t or gr\p ( all advance gu>ds4 ,x foll[s ! advance cavalry1 :5 !re is any1 & leads ! advance gu>d :5 !re is no cavalry4 ,! support ( a l>ge comm& is subdivid$ )9 itself 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! advance gu>d z a :ole is subdivid$4 ,x v>ies 9 /r5g? f "o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! advance gu>d4 #ajbh4 7b7 ,advance ,p>ty4 ,z ! support moves out x s5ds =w>d an advance p>ty sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 ! di/ance v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry & size ( ! comm&4 ,= example1 ! advance p>ty ( a support ( "o company ( #ajh m51 w\ld ord9>ily be compos$ ( "o section ( ?ree squads1 & w\ld m>* ab\t #cjj y>ds 9 advance ( ! company 9 op5 c\ntry1 & ab\t #bjj y>ds 9 wood$ c\ntry4 ,! advance p>ty s5ds out ! patrols to ! front & flanks to gu>d ! ma9 body ( ! support f surprise by effective rifle fire4 ,patrols are only s5t out to ! flanks to exam9e po9ts t _c be obs]v$ f ! road4 ,z a rule !y w h to rejo9 "s portion ( ! column 9 re> ( ! advance p>ty4 ,z ! advance p>ty becomes deplet$ 9 /r5g? 9 ?is mann]1 fre% m5 are s5t =w>d f ! ma9 body ( ! support to replace ^? :o h fall5 beh9d :ile patroll+4 ,:5 !re is advance cavalry1 mu* less patroll+ is requir$ ( ! infantry4 7c7 ,! po9t is a patrol s5t =w>d by ! advance p>ty #aej to #cjj y>ds4 ,:5 ! advance p>ty is l>ge en\gh ! po9t %\ld ord9>ily consi/ ( a complete squad1 comm&$ by an (fic] or exp]i5c$ noncommission$ (fic]4 ,x is m]ely a patrol 9 front ( ! column & takes ! =mation describ$ = patrols4 7d7 ,! comm&] ( ! support ord9>ily m>*es ) ! advance p>ty4 ,he %\ld h a map & control ( ! guide1 if any is pres5t4 ,he sees t ! prop] road is foll[$2 t guides are left 9 t[ns & at crossroads2 t bridges1 roads1 etc41 are repair$ promptly s z n to delay ! m>* ( ! column & t in=mation ( ! enemy is promptly s5t back to ! advance gu>d comm&]2 he v]ifies ! correctness ( ?is in=mation1 if possible4 #ajbi4 7a7 ,a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! arrangem5t ( ! support & ! duties ( ! lead]s ( its subdivisions--po9t1 flank patrols1 advance p>ty & ma9 body 7( ! support7--is ( ! greate/ importance to a noncommission$ (fic]4 ,= example1 ! ignorance ( "o noncommission$ (fic] lead+ ! advance p>ty ( a column ( troops six miles long c cause ! entire column to be delay$4 ,if he halts because a few %ots are fir$ at 8 m51 & conducts a c>eful reconnaissance be=e attack+ 7in/ead ( pu%+ "r 9 on ! enemy1 =c+ him to fall back quickly1 if a weak deta*m5t2 or1 to disclose 8 /r5g?1 if /rong71 ! entire column1 six miles long1 is halt$1 ! m>* int]rupt$1 valuable "t lo/1 & :at is m important1 ! m5 irritat$ & tir$ out4 7b7 ,! lead] ( ! po9t mu/ und]/& t z ! pr9cipal duty ( an advance gu>d is to secure ! safe & un9t]rupt$ m>* ( ! ma9 body1 he is ! fir/ man to dis*>ge ?is duty4 ,if1 = example1 8 squad receives a volley ( %ots f "s po9t to ! front1 he _c take ! "t & precautions ! comm&] ( a l>ge body w\ld take to reconnoit] ! enemy's position1 det]m9e some?+ ab\t 8 /r5g?1 etc41 be=e risk+ an attack4 ,if he did he w\ld n be secur+ ! un9t]rupt$ m>* ( ! ma9 body4 ,he has to deploy in/antly & press ! enemy h>d until ! ho/ile opposition disappe>s or ! advance p>ty comes up & its comm&] takes *>ge4 ,! po9t w lose m5 9 ?is way1 b x is necess>y1 = o!rwise "o small combat patrol c\ld delay ! m>* "t aft] "t4 7c7 ,! same problem mu/ be met 9 mu* ! same mann] by ! lead] ( ! advance p>ty4 ,9 ?is case !re is m "t to ?9k1 z ! po9t1 be+ 9 advance1 w h begun ! fight be=e ! advance p>ty arrives2 b ! lead] ( ! advance p>ty mu/ use 8 m5 freely & quickly to =ce ! enemy to %[ 8 h&1 ?us prev5t+ small h>ass+ or combat deta*m5ts f delay+ ! m>*4 7d7 ,z ! subdivisions ( ! advance gu>d become l>g] _! lead]s act ) increas+ caution1 = z soon z x develops t ! enemy 9 front is really pres5t 9 "s /r5g?1 !n a halt becomes obligatory & a c>eful reconnaissance necess>y4 7e7 ,! lead] ( e subdivision mu/ always />t a reconnaissance ! in/ant ! enemy develops4 ,he may1 z 9 ! case ( ! po9t1 only s5d "o man ar\nd to discov] ! enemy's /r5g?2 or1 if ! lead] ( ! ma9 body ( ! support1 he may s5d an entire squad4 ,9 almo/ e case ! in/ant he has giv5 8 ord]s = deploy+ & fir+ at or ru%+ ! enemy1 he s5ds out 8 man or m5 to "w ar\nd to a position p]mitt+ a view ( ! ho/ile =ce4 ,e noncommission$ (fic] %\ld impress ?is on 8 memory s t he w n =get x 9 ! excitem5t ( a sudd5 engagem5t4 7f7 ,no attempt %\ld be made to subdivide ! advance gu>d ( a small =ce into all ! elem5ts previ\sly describ$4 ,= example1 ! advance gu>d ( a squad is simply a po9t ( "o or two m52 ! advance gu>d ( a company is usually no m ?an a squad act+ z a po9t1 ! squad actually hav+ sev]al m5 f #ajj to #aej y>ds 9 advance1 :o really con/itute a po9t = ! squad2 ! advance gu>d ( a battalion w\ld usually consi/ ( a company or less di/ribut$ z an advance p>ty prop] & a po9t4 ,! advance gu>d ( a regim5t w\ld h no res]ve--if1 = example1 a battalion 7 us$ z ! advance gu>d ( a regim5t1 !re w\ld be only a support1 :i* w\ld be di/ribut$ ab\t z foll[s3 ,a support prop] ( ab\t ?ree companies & an advance p>ty 7po9t includ$7 ( ab\t "o company4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #ajcj4 ,res]ve4 ,an advance gu>d l>ge en\gh to h a res]ve w\ld be di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! di/ance ,z w\ld be great] ?an ,y & ,y w\ld be great] ?an ,x4 ,= example1 a regim5t act+ z ! advance gu>d ( a brigade w\ld1 "u ord9>y conditions1 be di/ribut$ ab\t z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,z only l>ge comm&s h a res]ve1 :i* w\ld always be comm&$ by an (fic]1 noncommission$ (fic]s ne$ n give ?is mu* consid]ation1 b x mu/ be und]/ood t :ile ?is f\r? subdivision ( ! advance gu>d is ! only "o (ficially t]m$ res]ve1 ! la/ subdivision ( any advance gu>d actually is a res]ve1 no matt] :at its (ficial designation4 ,! advance gu>d ( a cavalry comm& adopts =mations simil> to ^? describ$ above1 except t ! di/ances are increas$ because ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! comm& c close up or deploy4 ,an advance p>ty ) a few patrols is usually en\gh = a squadron1 & prec$es x f #fjj to #a1jjj y>ds4 #ajca4 ,reconnaissance4 ,9 reconnaissance ! patrols are1 z a rule1 small 7f two to six m574 ,! flank+ patrols1 :e!r ( ! advance cavalry or ( ! advance p>ty1 are s5t out to exam9e ! c\ntry :]ev] ! enemy might be conceal$4 ,if ! nature ( ! gr\nd p]mits1 ^! patrols m>* across c\ntry or along roads & trails p>allel to ! m>* ( ! column4 ,= cavalry patrols ?is is (t5 possible2 b ) infantry patrols & ev5 ) ^? t are m\nt$1 reconnaissance is be/ done by s5d+ ! patrols to high places along ! l9e ( m>* to ov]look ! c\ntry & exam9e ! dang] po9ts4 ,^! patrols signal ! results ( _! obs]vations &1 unless !y h o!r in/ructions1 jo9 ! columns by ! ne>e/ r\tes1 o!r patrols be+ s5t out z ! m>* proce$s & z ! nature ( ! c\ntry requires4 ,des]t]s1 suspici\s *>act]s & be>]s ( flags ( truce 7! latt] bl9dfold$71 are tak5 to ! advance gu>d comm&]4 #ajcb4 ,advance ,gu>d ,ord]4 ,on receipt ( ! ord] = a m>* designat+ ! troops = ! advance gu>d1 ! comm&] ( ! latt] makes 8 e/imate ( ! situation2 t is1 he looks at ! map or makes inquiries to det]m9e :at sort ( a c\ntry he mu/ m>* ?r\gh & ! nature ( ! roads2 he consid]s :at ! *ances are ( enc\nt]+ ! enemy1 etc41 & !n h[ he %\ld be/ arrange 8 advance gu>d to meet ^! conditions1 & :at "t ! diff]5t elem5ts ( 8 advance gu>d mu/ />t 9 ord] to take _! prop] place 9 ! column4 ,he !n issues 8 ord] at ! prop] "t--! ev5+ be=e if possible & he deems x be/1 or ! morn+ ( ! m>*4 ,! ord] = a l>ge advance gu>d w\ld ord9>ily be writt52 = a small comm& x w\ld almo/ inv>iably be v]bal1 except t ! comm&] or lead] ( ea* elem5t %\ld always make writt5 notes ( ! pr9cipal po9ts1 su* z ! road to be foll[$1 "t to />t1 di/ances1 etc4 ,,advance ,,gu>d ,,problems ,problem ,no4 #a4 7,infantry7 #ajcc4 ,capta9 7to "o platoon ( 8 company73 ,we w assume t our battalion camp$ la/ night at ,ox=d 7,elem5t>y ,map7 9 ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,x is n[ sunrise1 #e3cj ,a4 ,m42 camp has be5 brok5 & we are ready to m>*4 ,! (fic]s h return$ f report+ to ! major = ord]s & ,i fall 9 ! company & give ! foll[+ ord]s3 ,a regim5t ( ! enemy's cavalry is ?\ght to be m>*+ t[>ds ,salem f ! s\?4 ,our battalion w m>* at once t[>ds ,salem to gu>d ! railroad tre/le ov] ,s&y ,creek1 foll[+ ?is road 7po9t+ s\!a/ along ! road out ( ,ox=d7 & ! ,*e/] ,pike ,:i* is "o & ?ree-qu>t]s miles f "h4 ,?is company w =m ! advance gu>d4 ,s]geant ,adams1 y w take ,corporal ,bak]'s squad & =m ! po9t1 foll[$ by ! rema9d] ( ! company at ab\t #djj y>ds4 ,patrols & connect+ files w be furni%$ by ! company4 ,! company wagon w jo9 ! wagons ( ! battalion4 ,i w be ) ! company4 ,move out at once4 ,! wea!r is f9e & ! roads are good & free f du/4 ,x is ,augu/ & ne>ly all ! crops are h>ve/$4 ,bu%es & we$s =m a consid]able gr[? along ! f5ces bord]+ ! road4 ,s]geant1 give y\r ord]s4 ,s]geant ,adams3 #a/ squad1 #a4 ,"r1 #b4 ,,face1 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,corporal ,bak]1 take ,c>t] 7,bak]'s re> rank man7 & g ahead ( ! squad ab\t #bjj y>ds4 ,move out rapidly until y get y\r di/ance & !n keep u 9 sight4 ,i w\ld !n h ! two lead+ m5 ( ! re/ ( ! squad foll[ on opposite sides ( ! road1 z close to ! f5ce z possible = good walk+4 ,?is w\ld put ! squad 9 two columns ( files ( ?ree m5 ea*1 leav+ ! ma9 roadway cle> & mak+ ! squad z inconspicu\s z possible1 )\t int]f]+ ) ease ( m>*+ or sep>at+ ! m54 ,p>4 #ajbh 7c74 ,:at sort ( crops are 9 ! fields on ei!r side ( ! road8 ,capta93 ,! field on ! "r 7s\?7 is mead[ l&2 t on ! left1 z f> z ! railroad1 is cut hay2 beyond ! railroad !re is m mead[ l&4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld h told ,corporal ,bak] to wait at ! cross roads by ! ,bak] h\se = ord]s &-- ,capta93 ,if y 7 actually on ! gr\nd y probably c\ld n see ! cross roads f ,ox=d4 ,9 solv+ map problems l ^! d n take advantage ( see+ on ! map all ! c\ntry t y are suppos$ to g ov]1 & !n give ord]s ab\t do+ ?+s at places conc]n+ :i* y w\ld n probably h any k if actually on ! gr\nd )\t ! map4 ,besides1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 x 0 a mi/ake to h y\r po9t wait at ! cross roads4 ,if !re 0 any dang] ( _! tak+ ! wrong road x w\ld be a diff]5t matt]1 b "h y\r mission requires y to pu% ahead4 7,p>4 #ajbi47 ,! major is try+ to get s\? ( ! tre/le t[>ds ,salem be=e ! cavalry c arrive & de/roy x4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld m>* /eadily along ! road1 ord]+ ! la/ man to keep a look\t to ! re> = signals f ! connect+ file 7,p>4 #eaa;a71 & ,i w\ld direct "o ( ! lead+ m5 to wat* = signals f ,corporal ,bak]4 ,capta93 ,y %\ld h giv5 ! direction ab\t wat*+ = signals e>li]1 z ?is is v important4 ,y also %\ld h ord]$ two m5 to foll[ along ! timb] by ! creek to y\r s\? until y signal$ = !m to come 94 ,! trees along ! creek w\ld ob/ruct y\r view ov] ! c\ntry beyond ! creek4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,b ,i ?\ght1 ,capta91 t ! patroll+ 0 to be done by ! company4 ,capta93 ,yes1 ! patroll+ is to be done by ! company1 b ! creek is only a qu>t] ( a mile1 ab\t #djj y>ds1 f ! road y are foll[+ & ! m5 s5t !re are m]ely flank]s1 n a patrol4 ,y h eight m5 "u y\r comm& & y are responsible = ! gr\nd )9 sev]al hundr$ y>ds on ei!r side ( y\r r\te ( m>*4 ,long ,ridge is almo/ too f> = y to s5d y\r m51 because !y w\ld fall f> beh9d 9 climb+ & desc5d+ its slopes1 b x w\ld n be a great mi/ake if y s5t two m5 !re4 ,z ,long ,ridge af=ds an ext5d$ view ( ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,*e/] ,pike runs1 a patrol %\ld g up on x & rema9 !re until ! battalion passes1 & ?is w\ld be m ?an ! lead+ squad c\ld be expect$ to att5d to4 ,! creek is almo/ too f> f ! road 9 places1 b z x is op5 mead[ l& y c keep ! m5 )9 easy t\* ( y & recall !m by signal at any mom5t y desire4 ,9 ?is "w y c see h[ mu* dep5ds on good judgm5t & a prop] und]/&+ ( "o's mission4 ,corporal ,bak]1 expla9 h[ y w\ld move out ) ,c>t]4 ,corporal ,bak]3 ,we w\ld alt]nate ! walk & d\ble "t until we _h gott5 ab\t #bjj y>ds ahead ( ! squad4 ,i w\ld !n say1 ,c>t]1 walk along ?is side ( ! road 7indicates side71 keep+ on ! look\t = signals f ! squad4 ,i w g ab\t fifty y>ds ahead ( y4 ,i w\ld keep to ! opposite side ( ! road f ,c>t]1 try+ to m>* /eadily at ! regul> m>*+ gait1 & keep+ a ke5 wat* on ev]y?+ 9 front & to ! flanks4 ,capta93 ,v good4 ,:5 y arrive at ! cross roads y see a man /&+ 9 ! y>d ( ! ,bak] h\se4 ,corporal ,bak]3 ,i w\ld n /op1 b w\ld cont9ue on by ! cross roads1 z ,i h no "t to "q ! man & ! ,s]geant w want to d t4 ,i w\ld call to him & ask him if he _h se5 any ( ! enemy ab\t & h[ f> x 0 to ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,if any?+ look$ suspici\s ar\nd ! h\se or b>ny>d1 ,i w\ld inve/igate4 ,capta93 ,s]geant1 y arrive at ! cross roads1 & see ! ,corporal & ,c>t] go+ on ahead ( y4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld h already signal$ to ! two m5 foll[+ ! creek to come 9 & w\ld s5d a man to meet !m ) ! foll[+ ord]3 ,tell ,davis to move along ! railroad fill ) ,evans1 keep+ abrea/ ( u4 ,!n y return to me4 ,i w\ld !n say1 ,fiske1 look 9 t h\se & ar\nd ! b>n & or*>d & !n rejo9 me d[n ?is road 7po9t+ ea/74 ,i w\ld h ! civilian jo9 me & walk d[n ! road ) me :ile ,i que/ion$ him4 ,capta93 ,d y ?9k y h made c>eful arrangem5ts = se>*+ ! h\se1 etc41 by leav+ only "o man to d ! "w8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i h n suffici5t m5 nor "t en\gh to d mu* m4 ,i simply want to make sure ?+s are reasonably safe & ,i ?\ght t a c\ple ( m5 f ! ma9 body ( ! advance gu>d w\ld d any c>eful se>*+1 que/ion+1 etc41 t might be deem$ necess>y4 ,i mu/ n delay ! m>*4 ,capta93 ,t is "r4 ,y le>n no?+ f ! civilian & he does n ar\se any suspicion on y\r "p4 ,y cont9ue along ! road4 ,! fields to ! nor? ( ! road are 9 :eat /ubble2 ! gr\nd to ! s\?1 betwe5 y\r road & ! railroad1 is r\gh1 rocky grass l& ) frequ5t clumps ( bu%es4 ,davis & ,evans1 y\r "r flank]s on ! railroad fill1 are j approa*+ ! cut2 ,fiske has rejo9$2 ,corporal ,bak] & 8 m5 are ab\t #bjj y>ds f ! road =ks at ,br[n's1 & y & y\r f\r m5 are #bjj y>ds 9 _! re>1 at ! turn ( ! road4 ,at ?is mom5t a half doz5 %ots are fir$ d[n ! road 9 y\r direction f beh9d ! wall along ! edge ( ! or*>d on ! ,br[n f>m4 ,?is fir+ cont9ues & y\r two lead+ m5 are ly+ d[n at ! roadside return+ ! fire4 ,tell me quickly j :at y are go+ to d8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i ord] my f\r m5 to deploy z skirmi%]s 9 t field 7po9t+ to ! r\gh gr\nd s\? ( ! road72 ,i g "u ! f5ce ) ! m5 & lead !m =w>d at a fa/ run1 unless ! fire is v heavy4 ,capta9 7int]rupt+ ! ,s]geant73 ,davis1 y _h j rea*$ ! cut on ! railroad :5 ?is happ5$4 ,:at d y d8 ,private ,davis3 ,i take ,evans =w>d ) me at a run ?r\gh ! cut4 ,:at d ,i see along ! ,*e/] ,pike or ,s&y ,creek8 ,capta93 ,y see no sign ( ! enemy any place1 except ! fir+ ov] ! wall4 ,private ,davis3 ,i run d[n ! s\? side ( ! fill & along t[>ds ! road ) ,evans to op5 fire on ! enemy f _! flank1 & also to see :at is 9 ! or*>d4 ,i w probably cross ! road s t ,i c see beh9d ! /one wall4 ,capta93 ,t's f9e & %[s h[ y %\ld g ahead at su* a "t )\t any ord]s4 ,!re is usually no "t or opportunity at su* a mom5t = s5d+ in/ructions & y mu/ use common s5se & d some?+4 ,g5]ally x w\ld h be5 bett] to h tri$ to signal or s5d ^w back t !re 0 no?+ 9 sight along ! road or 9 ! valley1 b 9 ?is p>ticul> case y c\ld probably d m good by go+ quickly ar\nd 9 re> z y did1 to discov] :at 0 !re & assi/ 9 quickly dislodg+ :atev] x 04 ,if !re _h be5 no nose ( ! ridge to hide y z y came up & a conv5i5t railroad fill to hurry along beh9d z y made = ! road1 y\r solution might h be5 q diff]5t4 ,s]geant1 cont9ue ) y\r movem5ts4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld attempt to ru% ! wall4 ,if ! fire 7 too heavy1 ,i w\ld op5 fire 7at w7 ) all my m51 &1 if ,i seem$ to get a little heavi] fire ?an ! enemy's1 ,i w\ld />t half ( my m5 =w>d on a ru% :ile ! o!rs fir$4 ,i w\ld try to ru% 9 on ! enemy ) z little delay z possible1 until x develop$ t he _h m ?an a small deta*m5t !re4 ,i assum$ x 0 a delay+ patrol 9 front ( me1 & z my mission requires me to secure ! un9t]rupt$ m>* ( ! ma9 body1 ,i mu/ n p]mit any small deta*m5t to delay me4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x proves to be a l>g] =ce1 = in/ance1 ! head ( an advance gu>d1 ,i w lose "s m5 by plung+ 91 b z ,i und]/& x1 t is ! duty ( ! po9t4 ,!n aga91 if x be ! head ( a ho/ile advance gu>d1 ,i w want to ru% !m out ( _! favorable position "u cov] ( ! /one wall1 build+s & or*>d1 be=e any m ( _! =ce c come up4 ,?is w\ld give ! favorable position to our =ce2 by act+ too cauti\sly we w\ld lose ! valuable mom5ts 9 :i* ! enemy's re5=cem5ts 7next elem5ts ( ! advance gu>d7 7 com+ up1 ) ?is desirable position be+ weakly held by a small "p ( ! enemy4 ,capta93 ,t is all correct4 ,:at messages w\ld y h s5t8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,up to ! pres5t "t ,i w\ld n h s5t any4 ,i c\ld n h s5t any4 ,i c\ld n af=d to take ! "t to s5d a man back1 nor c\ld ,i sp>e ! man4 ,besides1 all ,i c\ld say 0 t we 7 fir$ on1 & y %\ld be able to see & he> t f :]e ! company is4 ,capta93 ,ab\t ! "t y rea*$ ! position ( ,corporal ,bak] ! fir+ ceases1 & :5 y rea* ! wall y see five m\nt$ m5 gallop+ nor!a/ up ,f>m ,lane4 ,! ,br[n f>m appe>s to be des]t$4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld turn to "o ( ! m5 & say1 ,run back to ! ,capta9 & tell him we 7 fir$ on f ?is or*>d by a m\nt$ patrol ( five m5 :o are gallop+ (f up a lane to ! nor!a/4 ,i am go+ s\?4 ,:5 he _h repeat$ ! message ,i w\ld />t s\? d[n ! ,*e/] ,pike1 direct+ ,corporal ,bak] to foll[ ?is road s\? & to tell ,davis to foll[ ! high ridge we/ ( ! road1 go+ ?r\gh ! clump ( woods j ahead4 ,i w\ld s5d "o man z a left flank] to foll[ ! we/ bank ( ,s&y ,creek4 ,?is w\ld leave me ) two m51 "o wat*+ = signals f ! front & along ,s&y ,creek1 ! o!r f ,davis & f ! re>4 ,i w\ld expect to see a patrol f ! company mov+ across t[>ds ,bol+ ,woods4 ,_h ,i n be5 mix$ up 9 a fight z ,i approa*$ ! ,br[n f>m ,i w\ld h s5t two m5 z left flank]s across c\ntry to ! cut on ! ,*e/] ,pike on ! we/]n edge ( ! ,bol+ ,woods4 ,capta93 ,v good4 ,t is suffici5t = ?is problem4 ,all ( y %\ld h caught ! idea ( ! pr9cipal duties ( ! po9t & flank]s ( an advance gu>d4 ,y mu/ wat* ! c\ntry to prev5t be+ surpris$ & y mu/ at ! same "t manage to pu% ahead ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,! po9t _c be v cauti\s s f> z conc]ns its own safety1 = ?is w\ld mean frequ5t halts :i* w\ld delay ! troops 9 re>1 b x mu/ be cauti\s ab\t reconnoit]+ all p>ts ( ! gr\nd ne> ! road :i* might conceal l>ge bodies ( ! enemy4 ,! lead] ( ! po9t mu/ be c>eful 9 us+ 8 m5 or he w get !m s scatt]$ t !y w become entirely sep>at$ & he w lose all control ( !m4 ,z soon z ! necessity = flank]s on "o side ( ! l9e ( m>* no long] exi/s1 signal = !m to rejo9 & d n s5d !m out aga9 s long z y c see f ! road all ! c\ntry y %\ld cov]4 ,problem ,no4 #b4 7,infantry7 #ajcd4 ,capta9 7to "o platoon ( 8 company73 ,let u assume t ?is platoon is ! advance p>ty ( an advance gu>d1 m>*+ ?r\gh ,salem along ! ,*e/] ,pike ,p>4 #ajbh 7b74 ,"o squad is #cej y>ds 9 front1 act+ z ! po9t4 ,! enemy is ?\ght to be v ne>1 b only two m\nt$ patrols h be5 se5 dur+ ! day4 ,! comm& is m>*+ = ,*e/]4 ,! day is hot1 ! roads are good b du/y1 & ! crops are ab\t to be h>ve/$4 ,s]geant ,adams1 expla9 h[ y w\ld conduct ! m>* ( ! advance p>ty1 beg9n+ ) y\r arrival at ! cross roads 9 ,salem4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,! platoon w\ld be m>*+ 9 column ( squads & ,i w\ld be at ! head4 ,two pairs ( connect+ files w\ld keep me 9 t\* ) ! po9t4 7,p>4 #ajbe47 ,i w\ld n[ give ?is ord]3 ,corporal ,smi?1 take two m5 f y\r squad & patrol nor? along ?is road 7po9t+ up ! ,tracy-,maxey road7 = a mile & !n rejo9 ! column on ?is road 7,*e/] ,pike71 to ! we/ ( y4 ,i w\ld !n say to ,private ,b>k]1 ,take ,c>t] & cut across to t railroad fill & g along ! top ( t 7,s&y7 ridge1 rejo9+ ! column beyond ! ridge4 ,corporal ,smi? ) a patrol is go+ up ?is road4 ,keep a look\t = him4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! road crosses ! s\? nose ( ,s&y ,ridge & ,i saw ! valley 9 front ( me ) ! long high ridge we/ ( ,s&y ,creek1 runn+ p>allel to ! ,*e/] ,pike & ab\t #hjj y>ds we/ ( x1 ,i w\ld give ?is ord]3 ,corporal ,davis1 take ! ?ree rema9+ m5 9 ,corporal ,smi?'s squad1 cross ! creek !re 7po9t+ 9 ! direction ( ! ,b>ton f>m7 g by t or*>d1 & move nor? along t high ridge1 keep+ ! column 9 sight4 ,make an ef=t to keep abrea/ ( ! advance gu>d1 :i* w cont9ue along ?is road4 ,i gave ,corporal ,davis ! rema9+ m5 out ( ,corporal ,smi?'s squad because ,i did n want to break up ano!r squad & z ?is is1 9 my op9ion1 a v important patrol1 ,i want$ a noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( x4 ,unless some?+ else occurs ?is w be all ! patrols ,i int5d s5d+ out until we pass ! /eel railroad tre/le ov] ,s&y ,creek4 ,capta93 ,y\r po9t ab\t n break+ up a squad :5 y c\ld avoid x by us+ ! m5 rema9+ 9 an already brok5 squad1 is a v important "o4 ,take ?is p>ticul> case4 ,y fir/ s5t out two pairs ( connect+ files betwe5 ! advance p>ty & y\r po9t--f\r m54 ,?is leaves a corporal & ?ree m5 9 t squad4 ,if we assume t no patrols 7 out :5 we pass$ ?r\gh ,salem1 ?is corporal & two ( 8 m5 c\ld h be5 s5t up ! ,tracy-,maxey road1 leav+ "o man to be tempor>ily atta*$ to "s squad4 ,f ! la/ m5tion$ squad y w\ld pick y\r two m5 = ! ,s&y ,ridge patrol & also ! corporal & ?ree m5 = ! ,b>ton f>m1 etc41 patrol4 ,?is w\ld leave ?ree m5 9 ?is squad & y w\ld h "u y\r imm$iate comm& two complete squads & ?ree m54 ,z ! patrols return1 organize new squads imm$iately & con/antly endeavor to h e man atta*$ to a squad4 ,?is is "o ( y\r mo/ important duties1 z x prev5ts disord] :5 "s s]i\s situation sudd5ly arises4 ,also x is "o ( ! duties ( ! deta*m5t comm&] t is g5]ally ov]look$ until too late4 ,! direction y s5t y\r ?ree patrols 0 good & _! ord]s cle>1 cov]+ ! ess5tial po9ts1 b z y h 9 a v %ort space ( "t1 deta*$ n9e m51 almo/ a ?ird ( y\r advance p>ty1 don't y ?9k y %\ld h economiz$ m on m58 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,! ,s&y ,ridge patrol is z small z y c make x--two m54 ,i ?\ght ! o!r two patrols 7 go+ to be deta*$ s f> f ! column t !y %\ld be l>ge en\gh to s5d a message or two & /ill rema9 out4 ,i suppose x w\ld be bett] to s5d b two m5 ) ,corporal ,davis1 b ,i ?9k ,corporal ,smi? %\ld h two ) him4 ,capta93 ,yes1 ,i agree ) y1 = y are ent]+ a valley :i* is1 9 effect1 a defile1 & ! ,tracy-,maxey road is a v dang]\s av5ue ( approa* to y\r ma9 body4 ,b y mu/ always be> 9 m9d t x is a mi/ake to use "o m man ?an is ne$$ to accompli% ! object 9 view4 ,! m y s5d away f y\r advance p>ty1 ! m scatt]$ & weak] y\r comm& becomes1 & ?is is disp]sion1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! grave/1 & at ! same "t1 mo/ frequ5t tactical errors4 ,to cont9ue ! problem1 we w suppose y h rea*$ ! /one bridge ov] ,s&y ,creek2 ! po9t is at ! cross roads by ! ,smi? h\se2 y c see ! two m5 mov+ along ,s&y ,ridge2 & ,corporal ,davis' patrol is j ent]+ ! or*>d by ! ,b>ton f>m4 ,fir+ sudd5ly comm5ces well to ! front & y he> y\r po9t reply to x4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i halt to await in=mation f ! po9t4 ,capta93 ,t is absolutely wrong4 ,y comm& ! advance p>ty ( an advance gu>d2 y\r mission requires y to secure ! un9t]rupt$ m>* ( ! ma9 body2 & at ! fir/ contact y halt1 ?us int]rupt+ ! m>* 7,p>4 #ajba74 ,! soon] y rea* ! po9t1 ! bett] are y\r *ances = driv+ (f ! enemy if he is n too /rong1 or ! quick] y f9d out 8 /r5g? & give y\r comm&] 9 ! re> ! mu* desir$ in=mation4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,!n ,i pu% ahead ) ! advance p>ty1 s5d+ back ! foll[+ message-- ,capta9 7int]rupt+73 ,x is n "t to s5d a message4 ,y "k too little & 9 a few m9utes y w be up ) ! po9t :]e y c he> :at has happ5$ & see ! situation = y\rself4 ,!n y c s5d back a valuable message4 ,:5 b a few mom5ts delay w probably p]mit y to secure mu* m detail$ in=mation1 x is g5]ally be/ to wait = t %ort "t & ?us avoid us+ two mess5g]s4 ,:5 y rea* ! cross roads y f9d six m5 ( ! po9t deploy$ beh9d ! f5ce1 "u cov] ( ! trees along ! ,c\nty ,road1 j we/ ( ! ,*e/] ,pike1 fir+ at ! /one wall along ! ,mills' f>m lane4 ,! enemy appe>s to be deploy$ beh9d ?is /one wall1 f ! ,*e/] ,pike we/ = a di/ance ( fifty y>ds1 & 8 fire is mu* heavi] ?an t ( y\r po9t4 ,y ?9k he has at lea/ tw5ty rifles !re4 ,y _c see d[n ! ,*e/] ,pike beyond ! enemy's position4 ,y\r patrol on ,s&y ,ridge is midway betwe5 ! #fh & #ff knolls1 mov+ nor?4 ,! gr\nd 9 y\r front1 we/ ( ! road1 is a potato field2 t ea/ ( ! road z f> z ! swamp1 is r\gh grass l&4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i give ord]1 ,corporal ,gibbs1 deploy y\r squad to ! "r ( ! ,pike & pu% =w>d betwe5 ! ,pike & ! swamp4 ,corporal ,hall 7comm&s ! po9t71 cont9ue a heavy fire4 ,"h are six m m5 = y\r squad4 ,i give him ! f\r connect+ files & two ( ! ?ree m5 9 ! advance p>ty ^: squad is on patrol duty4 ,corporal ,jackson1 get y\r squad "u cov] "h4 ,lacey1 run back to ! major & tell him ! po9t has be5 /opp$ by :at appe>s to be tw5ty ( ! enemy deploy$ beh9d a /one wall across ! valley #ejj y>ds 9 our front4 ,i am attack+ ) advance p>ty4 ,capta93 ,corporal ,davis 7comm&s patrol ne> ,b>ton f>m71 y c he> ! fir+ & see t ! advance is /opp$4 ,:at d y d8 ,corporal ,davis3 ,i w\ld head /raight across = ! clump ( woods on ! ridge j above ! ,mills' f>m1 mov+ z rapidly z possible4 ,capta93 ,t is all "r4 ,s]geant1 ,corporal ,hall's squad keeps up a heavy fire2 ,corporal ,gibb's squad deploys to ! "r ( ! pike1 ru%es =w>d ab\t #ge y>ds1 b is =c$ to lie d[n by ! enemy's fire1 & op5s fire4 ,corporal ,gibbs1 :at w\ld y\r comm& = fir+ be8 ,corporal ,gibbs3 ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,t ,,wall4 ,,battle ,,sight4 ,,clip ,,fire4 ,capta93 ,:y at ! bottom ( ! wall8 ,corporal ,gibbs3 ,! m5 are w9d$ & excit$ & w probably fire high1 s ,i gave !m ! bottom ( ! wall z an objective4 ,capta93 ,! enemy's fire seems z heavy z y\rs4 ,s]geant1 :at d y d8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i give ?is ord]4 ,corporal ,jackson1 deploy y\r squad z skirmi%]s on ! left ( ,corporal ,hall's squad & op5 fire4 ,:at effect does ?is additional fire h on ! enemy8 ,capta93 ,8 bullets seem to g high] & wid]4 ,y appe> to be gett+ fire sup]iority ov] him4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,if ,i d n see any signs ( ! enemy be+ re5=c$1 du/ 9 ! road beh9d 8 position1 etc41 ,i take imm$iate comm& ( ! squads ( ,corporals ,hall & ,jackson1 & lead !m =w>d on a ru% across ! potato field4 ,capta93 ,corporal ,gibbs1 :at d y d :5 y see ! o!r two squads ru%8 ,corporal ,gibbs3 ,i ord]1 ,,fire ,,at ,,w1 & urge ! m5 to %oot rapidly 9 ord] to cov] ! advance4 ,capta93 ,s]geant ,adams' squads are =c$ to halt aft] advanc+ ab\t #aej y>ds4 ,corporal ,gibbs3 ,i keep up a hot fire until !y c resume _! fir+1 :5 ,i lead my squad =w>d 9 a ru%4 ,capta93 ,:at d y d1 ,s]geant8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i w\ld h ! ,corporals keep up a heavy fire4 ,by ?is "t ,i %\ld ?9k ! support w\ld be up to ! cross roads4 ,capta93 ,x is1 b h y giv5 up y\r attack8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,if x looks z if ,i c\ld drive ! enemy out on my next ru%1 ,i d s1 b o!rwise ,i rema9 :]e ,i am1 z ,i h no res]ve "u my control & ! action has gott5 too s]i\s = me to risk any?+ m :5 my *ief is practically on ! gr\nd to make ! next decision4 ,he %\ld h he>d some?+ ab\t :at is on ! ,pike beh9d ! enemy1 f ! patrol on ,s&y ,ridge4 ,capta93 ,y\r solution seems correct to me4 ,:y did y s5d ,corporal ,gibbs' squad up betwe5 ! pike & ! swamp8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,x look$ z if he w\ld /rike ! enemy f a bett] qu>t]2 !re appe>$ to be bett] cov] t way1 af=d$ by ! turn 9 ! road1 :i* mu/ h "s we$s1 etc41 along x1 & ! swamp w\ld prev5t him f gett+ too f> sep>at$ f ! rema9d] ( ! advance p>ty4 ,capta93 ,! ,s]geant's ord]s = ! attack 7 v good4 ,he gave 8 squad lead]s "s au?ority & atta*$ 8 extra m5 to a squad4 ,he did n attempt to assume direct control ( individual m51 b manag$ ! ?ree squads & made ! squad lead]s manage ! individual m54 ,?is is ! secret ( successful troop lead+4 ,8 ord]s 7 %ort1 pla9 & giv5 9 prop] sequ5ce4 ,problem ,no4 #c 7,infantry7 7,see ,=t ,leav5wor? map 9 pocket at back ( book47 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ( ,,=t ,,leav5wor?1 ,,kas4 & ,,vic9ity #ajce4 ,situation4 ,a ,blue battalion1 9 ho/ile c\ntry1 is 9 camp = ! night1 ,augu/ #e-f1 at ,sprong 7ja'74 ,at #i3jj ,p4 ,m41 ,augu/ #e?1 ,lieut5ant ,a1 ,adjutant gives a copy ( ! foll[+ ord] to ,s]geant ,b3 #a/ ,battalion1 #a/ ,infantry1 ,sprong1 ,kansas1 #e ,aug41 '#ji4 ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #e4 #a4 ,! enemy's infantry is six miles ea/ ( ,,=t ,,leav5wor?4 ,8 cavalry patrols 7 se5 at ,f 7qg'7 today4 ,our regim5t w rea* ,,fr5*man',s 7oc'7 at noon tomorr[4 #b4 ,! battalion w m>* tomorr[ to seize ! ,,rock ,,isl& ,,bridge 7q7 at ,,=t ,,leav5wor?4 #c4 7a7 ,! advance gu>d1 consi/+ ( #a/ platoon ,co4 ,a & m\nt$ ord]lies ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 "u ,s]geant ,b1 w prec$e ! ma9 body at #djj y>ds4 7b7 ,! head ( ! ma9 body w m>* at #f3cj ,a4 ,m41 f #ai via ! #ag 7jc'7--#ae 7jg'7 #a--e 7lm'7--,,=t ,,leav5wor? 7om'7 road4 #d4 ,! baggage w foll[ close beh9d ! ma9 body "u escort ( ,corporal ,d & "o squad1 ,co4 ,b4 #e4 ,s5d reports to head ( ma9 body4 ,c1 ,major1 ,comdg4 ,copies to ! company comm&]s1 to ,s]geant ,b & ,corporal ,d4 ,a4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,give ,s]geant ,b's e/imate ( ! situation4 7,! e/imate ( ! milit>y situation includes ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,8 ord]s or mission & h[ mu* discretion he is all[$4 #b4 ,! gr\nd z x influ5ces 8 duty4 #c4 ,! position1 /r5g? & probable int5tions ( ! enemy4 #d4 ,s]geant ,b's decision47 ,answ]4 #a4 ,! size ( ! advance gu>d1 its r\te & ! di/ance x is to move 9 front ( ! ma9 body are prescrib$ by ,major ,c4 ,s]geant ,b is free to divide up ! advance z he sees fit1 to use ! v>i\s p>ts s z to be/ keep op5 ! way ( ! ma9 body1 ma9ta9 ! di/ance ( #djj y>ds 9 front ( x1 & protect x f surprise by ! enemy4 #b4 ,! gr\nd may be su* z to make easy or to h9d] reconnaissance1 su* z hills or woods2 to imp$e or ha/5 ! m>*1 su* z roads1 /reams1 defiles2 to (f] good or poor def5sive positions2 to (f] good or poor opportunities = an attack4 ,s]geant ,b sees f 8 map t ! gr\nd is roll+ & op5 z f> z ,k]n 7ji'7 ) good positions = reconnaissance & = def5se or attack4 ,!re is a bridge ov] ,salt ,creek 7ig'7 :i* has /eep banks & w be a consid]able ob/acle if ! bridge has be5 de/roy$4 ,f ?is creek to ,k]n ! advance w\ld be "u effective fire f ,hancock ,hill 7ki'71 s t ^! heights mu/ be seiz$ be=e ! ma9 body rea*es #ae 7jg'74 ,beyond ,k]n ! heavy woods make reconnaissance difficult & mu/ be treat$ some:at l a defile by ! po9t4 7,p>4 #iia47 #c4 ,!re is little to fe> f ! ma9 body ( ! enemy :i* is #a-a_/b miles f>!r f ! ,rock ,isl& bridge ?an we are1 b we "k ! enemy has cavalry4 ,! size ( ! cavalry =ce is n kn[n1 & may be suffici5t to cause u consid]able delay1 especially 9 ! woods4 ,! enemy's evid5t int5tion is to keep u f seiz+ ! bridge4 #d4 ,hav+ consid]$ all ^! po9ts1 ,s]geant ,b comes to ! foll[+ decision3 444 7,be=e read+ ! decision z conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 make "o ( y\r own47 ,answ]3 ,to h only an advance p>ty ) :i* to ?r[ =w>d a po9t ( #e m5 #bjj y>ds to ! front & s5d out flank]s1 z ne$$ 7,p>4 #ihc72 to s5d ! ?ree m\nt$ ord]lies well to ! front ( ! po9t to ga9 e>ly in=mation ( ! enemy1 especially on ,hancock ,hill 7ji'7 & ! ridge to ! nor? ( #aa 7jj'74 ,requir$1 #b4 ,s]geant ,b's ord]4 7,p>4 #ifc47 ,answ]4 ,giv5 v]bally to ! platoon & m\nt$ ord]lies1 at #i3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,! enemy's cavalry patrols 7 se5 at ,f 7qh'7 today2 no ho/ile infantry is on ?is side ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,! battalion w move tomorr[ to ,=t ,leav5wor?1 leav+ #ai 7ja'7 at #f3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,?is platoon & ord]lies ,b1 ,c1 & ,d w =m ! advance gu>d1 & w />t f ! h$ge #djj y>ds ea/ ( #ai at #f3cj ,a4 ,m4 via ! #ag 7jc'7--#ae 7jg'7--#e 7lm'7 road4 ,! po9t1 ,corporal ,smi? & #d m5 ( 8 squad1 w prec$e ! rema9d] ( ! advance gu>d at #bjj y>ds4 ,i w be ) ! advance p>ty4 ,privates ,x & ,y w act z connect+ files ) ! ma9 body4 ,! flank]s w be s5t out f "t to "t by ,s]geant ,b z necess>y4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,! flank]s s5t out by ,s]geant ,b betwe5 #ai 7ja'7 & #ae 7jg'74 ,answ]4 ,a patrol ( #c m5 is s5t to ,hill #ijj s\!a/ ( #ai 7ja'71 !nce by ,moss 7kc'7 & ,taylor 7lc'7 h\ses to ,hill #hdj ea/ ( ,taylor1 !nce to jo9 at #ae 7jg'74 ,two m5 are s5t f ! advance p>ty z x passes ,hill #hge4e 7ie'7 to ! top ( ?is hill to reconnoit] to ! front & nor!a/4 ,^! m5 return to ! road & jo9 aft] ! advance p>ty has rea*$ ,salt ,creek4 ,two m5 are s5t ahead ( ! advance p>ty at a d\ble "t take position on ,hill #hge nor!a/ ( ,j4 ,e4 ,daniels place 7jf'7 & reconnoit] to ! nor!a/ & ea/4 ,reasons4 ,! patrol s5t out on ! s\? moves out f> en\gh to get a good view f ! hills :i* an enemy c\ld obs]ve or fire into ! column4 ,!re is no necessity ( s5d+ out flank]s nor? ( ! road at fir/1 because f ! road itself a good view is obta9$4 ,hills #hge4e & #hge give spl5did po9ts = obs]v+ all ! gr\nd to ! nor? & ea/4 7,don't s5d flank]s out unless !y are necess>y47 ,requir$1 #d4 ,:5 ! advance p>ty rea*es ,j4 ,e4 ,daniels' h\se 7je'7 a civilian leaves ! h\se & />ts t[>d #ae4 ,:at action does ,s]geant ,b take8 ,requir$1 #e4 ,:5 ! advance p>ty rea*es ,salt ,creek bridge 7jg'7 ! po9t signals enemy 9 sight1 & ,private ,h reports t he saw ab\t #f or #h m\nt$ m5 ride up to ! edge ( ! woods at ,k]n1 halt a mom5t1 & disappe>4 ,:at action does ,s]geant ,b take8 ,answ]4 ,he at once s5ds a message back by ,private ,h /at+ ! facts4 ,he !n ord]s ! advance p>ty to move =w>d1 ha/5s up to ! po9t & directs x to cont9ue ! m>*1 seek+ cov] ( f5ces & rav9es & hill top4 ,requir$1 #f4 ,:5 ! po9t rea*es ,s*ro$] 7jh'7 x receives fire f ! or*>d at ,k]n4 ,:at action is tak58 ,answ]4 ,! m5 9 ! po9t are mov$ rapidly d[n ! hill & ga9 %elt] 9 ! rav9es lead+ t[>d ,k]n4 ,two squads are rapidly plac$ 9 l9e along ! ridge we/ ( ,s*ro$] & "u cov] ( _! fire ! rema9d] ( ! advance p>ty run d[n ! hill at #aj y>ds di/ance to jo9 ! po9t4 ,a squad ( ?is =ce is !n hurri$ =w>d to ! ,k]n h\se4 ,"h ! squad is /opp$ by fire & ,s]geant ,b deploys two m squads :i* advance by ru%es & drive out ! enemy1 f\nd to be #aj cavalrym54 ,! squads left at ,s*ro$] n[ jo9 at d\ble "t & ! advance p>ty moves =w>d1 )\t hav+ delay$ ! m>* ( ! ma9 body4 ,problem ,no4 #d 7,infantry7 #ajcf4 ,situation3 ,a ,blue =ce ( "o regim5t ( infantry has outpo/s fac+ s\? on ! l9e ,pope ,hill 7sm'7--,national cemet]y 7pk'7--,e 7qh'74 ,a ,r$ =ce is report$ to h rea*$ ,soldi]s' ,home 7#c miles s\? ( ,leav5wor?7 f ! s\? at #g3jj o'clock ?is morn+4 ,corporal ,a is direct$ by ,s]geant ,b1 9 comm& ( ! left support at ,rabbit ,po9t 7tn'71 to take out a patrol t[>d ! wat]works & s\? along ! ,esplanade 7xo'7 to ! ,t]m9al bridge4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,give ,s]geant ,b's ord]s to ,corporal ,a4 ,answ]4 ,! enemy1 /r5g? unkn[n1 0 at ,soldi]s' ,home at #g3jj o'clock ?is morn+4 ,ano!r patrol w advance along ,grant av5ue 7tm'74 ,our outpo/s w rema9 "h = ! day4 ,select f ! fir/ section a patrol & reconnoit] ?is road 7,f>ragut av5ue7 z f> z ! wat]works 7vn'71 !nce by ,esplanade to ! ,t]m9al bridge1 & report on ! gr\nd 9 our front4 ,:5 y rea* ! ,t]m9al bridge return if no enemy is se54 ,s5d reports "h4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,h[ _m m5 does ,corporal ,a select1 & :y8 7,p>4 #def47 ,answ]4 ,five m5 are tak5 because ! patrol is to reconnoit]1 n to fight1 & on acc\nt ( ! di/ance to g & lack ( in=mation ( ! enemy1 #b or #c messages may h to be s5t4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,:at equipm5t %\ld ,corporal ,a h8 7,p>4 #deg47 ,requir$1 #d4 ,/ate ! po9ts to be not$ by ,corporal ,a 9 select+ 8 patrol & :at inspection does he make8 7,p>4 #ifd47 ,answ]4 ,he selects ,privates ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f & ,g1 on acc\nt ( _! brav]y1 att5tion to duty & discretion4 ,he directs !m to c>ry "o meal 9 _! hav]sacks1 full cante5 & fifty r\nds ( ammunition4 ,he !n inspects !m z to _! physical condition1 sees t !y h prop] equipm5t & t no?+ to rattle or gli/5 is c>ri$4 ,requir$1 #e4 ,:at does ,corporal ,a next d8 7,p>4 #ife47 ,answ]4 ,he gives !m _! in/ructions z foll[s3 ,! enemy1 /r5g? unkn[n1 0 at ,soldi]s' ,home 7ab\t ?ree miles s\? ( ,leav5wor?7 at #g o'clock ?is morn+4 ,!re w be a fri5dly patrol along t road 7po9t+ to ,grant av5ue74 ,we are to reconnoit] along ?is road & d[n t[>d t bridge 7po9t+74 ,be v c>eful n to be se51 take advantage ( all cov]1 & keep 9 t\* ) ,c & myself on ?is road at ! po9t ( ! patrol4 ,9 case we get sep>at$ meet at ! wat]works 7vn'74 ,he !n expla9s ! signals to be us$1 & moves ! patrol 91 close ord] out along ! road until x passes ! s5t9el at ! bridge ,,xv 7un'71 to :om he gives ! direction to be tak5 by ! patrol4 ,requir$1 #f4 ,^u leav+ ,,xv1 :at =mation w\ld ! patrol take1 & reasons = same4 7,p>4 #ifh47 ,answ]4 ,corporal ,a & ,private ,c =m ! po9t on ! road lead+ s\?we/ ( ! wat]works2 ,private ,d moves on ! left ov]look+ ! railroad2 ,private ,e moves promptly up ,corral creek 7um'7 to ! top ( ,grant ,hill 7um'7 to obs]ve ! c\ntry t[>d ! s\?we/2 ,private ,f moves ab\t #ej y>ds 9 re> ( ! po9t1 foll[$ at #ej y>ds by ,private ,g4 ,corporal ,a =ms 8 patrol z /at$ because ( ! necessity ( gett+ a view f ! hill on ea* side4 ,only "o man is s5t out on ea* side because !y c be pla9ly se5 by ! patrol on ! road1 & no connect+ file is necess>y4 ,! di/ances tak5 along ! road assure at lea/ "o man's escape1 & ,corporal ,a is 9 front to get a good view & to signal ! flank]s4 ,problem ,no4 #e 7,infantry7 #ajcg4 ,situation3 ,! head ( ! patrol is n[ at ! bridge1 ,,xvi 7un'7 nor?we/ ( ! wat]works4 ,private ,e has rea*$ ! top ( ,grant ,hill & signals ! enemy 9 sight2 ! patrol halts & ,corporal ,a moves out to meet ,private ,e :o is com+ d[n t[>d ! patrol4 ,he says he saw ?ree m\nt$ m5 ride up to ,grant & ,metropolitan av5ues 7wm'7 f ! s\? & aft] look+ nor? a mom5t move we/4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,corporal ,a's action4 7,p>s4 #igi & #iha47 ,answ]4 ,corporal ,a at once writes ! foll[+ message & s5ds x back by ,private ,e3 ,no4 #a ,patrol1 ,company ,b1 ,f>ragut ,av5ue1 ,nor?we/ ( ,wat]works1 #aj ,may1 '#ji1 #h3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,to ,comm&] ,blue ,left ,support1 ,rabbit ,po9t4 ,?ree m\nt$ ,r$s1 se5 by ,private ,e1 j n[ reconnoit]$ at ,grant & ,metropolitan av5ues2 !y are mov+ we/ on ,metropolitan av5ue2 ! patrol w cont9ue t[>d ! ,t]m9al bridge4 ,a1 ,corporal4 ,reasons4 ,! message is s5t because ?is is ! fir/ "t ! enemy has be5 se51 & !y h n be5 report$ nor? ( ,soldi]s' ,home be=e4 ,! message %\ld /ate :o saw ! enemy1 & ! man see+ !m %\ld always c>ry ! message tell+ ( ! facts4 ,! patrol w\ld n all[ ?is small ho/ile patrol to /op its advance1 b w\ld proce$ on its r\te cauti\sly to avoid be+ se51 & to see if ! ,r$ cavalrym5 are foll[$ by o!rs ( ! enemy4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,give ! me?od ( reconnoit]+ ! build+s at ! wat]works & coal m9e4 7,p>4 #iif47 ,answ]4 ,private ,d c>efully exam9es ! ea/ side ( ! enclosures & build+s1 :ile ,private ,c exam9es ! we/ side4 ,! rema9d] ( ! patrol halts conceal$ 9 ! cut we/ ( ! nor? enclosure1 until ,c & ,d signal no enemy 9 sight1 :]eupon ! patrol moves =w>d along ! road 7,,xv--#crd ,/471 ,c & ,d advanc+ rapidly betwe5 ! build+s to ! t[n :]e !y jo9 ! patrol4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,give ! r\te foll[$ by ,e f ,grant ,hill to edge ( ,leav5wor?4 ,answ]4 ,he moves d[n ! ea/ slope ( ,grant ,hill to ! rav9e j ea/ ( ! old ,r4 ,r4 b$ 7um'71 be+ c>eful to keep conceal$ f ! direction ( ,leav5wor?4 ,he moves up ! rav9e1 keep+ a %>p look\t to ! front1 & mov+ rapidly until abrea/1 if he has fall5 beh9d4 ,he takes ! bran* rav9e ly+ j we/ ( ,circus ,hill 7vm'71 & moves up to its end4 ,"h he halts & makes c>eful inspection ( ,metropolitan av5ue & ! /reet s\? into ! city4 ,be+ sure ! coa/ is cle>1 he d>ts across ! n>r[ ridge s\? ( ,circus ,hill to ! rav9e to ! ea/ & !n jo9s ! patrol4 ,he reports to ,corporal ,a any indication ( ! enemy he may h se54 ,problem ,no4 #f 7,infantry7 #ajch4 ,situation3 ,a ,blue =ce holds ,=t ,leav5wor? 7om'7 9 ho/ile c\ntry4 ,outpo/s occupy ! l9e ,salt ,creek ,hill 7gh'7--#ac 7ij'7--,%]idan's ,drive1 7mi'7 aga9/ ! ,r$s advanc+ f ! nor?we/4 ,at #d3cj ,p4 ,m41 ,june #be?1 ,s]geant ,a is giv5 ! foll[+ ord]s by ,capta9 ,b1 comm&+ ! support3 ,! enemy w probably rea* ,kickapoo late today4 ,our outpo/s ext5d z f> nor? z ,salt ,creek ,hill4 ,!re 7 six ( our m5 prison]s at #de 7de'7 ?is aft]noon at #a o'clock1 be+ held by #ae home gu>ds at ,kickapoo4 ,take ---- m5 f ! company & move to ,kickapoo1 recapture ! prison]s & ga9 all ! in=mation y c ( ! enemy nor? ( !re4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,h[ _m m5 does ,capta9 ,b "n1 & :y8 7,p>4 #ifj47 ,answ]4 ,?irty m5 are assign$4 ,reason4 ,?is is twice z _m z ! enemy hold+ ! prison]s1 & to secure secrecy no l>g] =ce ?an is absolutely necess>y %\ld be tak54 ,?is =ce w all[ m5 to surr\nd ! enemy :ile ! rema9d] ru% !m4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,give ! ord] ( ,s]geant ,a to 8 patrol4 7,see #f? requirem5t4 ,problem #d47 ,requir$1 #c4 ,:at r\te w ! patrol take8 ,answ]1 #aa 7jj'7--#ac 7ij'7--,salt ,creek ,hill 7gh'7--& along ! edge ( ! woods ea/ ( ! ,m4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 7fg'7 z f> z ! bridge opposite ,kickapoo ,hill--!nce up ,kickapoo ,hill t[>d #de 7de'74 ,reasons4 ,s9ce ! patrol's ord]s d n require any reconnaissance be=e rea*+ ,kickapoo ! %orte/ & mo/ practical r\te is *os54 ,! r\te z f> z ,salt ,creek ,hill lies beh9d our outpo/ l9e & is ?us protect$4 ,! ma9 roads are avoid$ because !y w be c>efully wat*$ by ! enemy4 ,! edge ( ! woods ea/ ( ! ,m4 ,p4 ,ry4 7beg9n+ ab\t ff'7 gives good cov] & by mov+ to ! bridge ! patrol c probably sneak close 9 on ! enemy & capture !m by surprise4 ,problem ,no4 #g 7,infantry7 #ajci4 ,situation3 ,! patrol rea*es ! top ( ,kickapoo ,hill 7cd'74 ,s]geant ,a & ,private ,c move cauti\sly to ! top & see ! six prison]s 9 ! cemet]y 7cd'7 j we/ ( ,kickapoo ,hill1 & a ,r$ s5t9el at ea* corn]4 ,j we/ ( ! cemet]y are ab\t #aj m ,r$s4 ,no o!rs are visible4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,:at decision does ,s]geant ,a make & :at does he d8 ,answ]4 ,he decides to capture ! enemy by surprise4 ,he leaves ,private ,c to wat* &1 mov+ cauti\sly back to 8 patrol1 makes ! foll[+ dispositions3 ,corporal ,d ) #aj m5 to move up to ,private ,c & cov] ! enemy1 rema9+ conceal$4 ,he takes ! rema9d] ( ! patrol ) fix$ bayonets ar\nd ! nor!a/ slope ( ,kickapoo ,hill 9 ! woods & moves up ! rav9e t[>d #bi4 ,:5 8 deta*m5t arrives )9 ab\t #ajj y>ds ( ! enemy1 !y *>ge bayonet & ru% !m4 ,corporal ,d's p>ty at ! same "t ru% 9 f ! opposite side4 7,note3 ,! enemy are demoraliz$ by ! surprise & are captur$ )\t a %ot be+ fir$47 ,requir$1 #b4 ,:at action does ,s]geant ,a n[ take8 ,answ]4 ,he causes ! enemy to be kept ap>t :ile he & 8 noncommission$ (fic]s "q !m sep>ately4 ,he !n que/ions ! ,blue prison]s1 & furni%+ !m ! guns tak5 f ! ,r$s1 s5ds !m & ! captur$ ,r$s back to our l9e "u ,corporal ,d1 ) a writt5 message giv+ ! in=mation secur$ f 8 que/ions4 7,p>4 #ihd47 ,requir$1 #c4 ,:at does he !n d8 ,answ]4 ,places 8 ma9 body 9 concealm5t at ! ,cemet]y 7cd'7 & s5ds a patrol "u ,corporal ,h via #ce-da-dc & "o "u ,corporal ,f via #bi-bg-bc we/ to le>n fur!r ( ! enemy 9 execution ( ! second "p ( 8 ord]s4 ,! patrol "u ,corporal ,h s5ds back ! foll[+ message3 ,no4#a ,patrol1 ,company ,a1 #a/ ,infantry1 #ba ,june1 '#ji2 #e3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,comm&] ,exp$ition>y ,patrol at #de3 ,a column ( infantry is mov+ ea/ ab\t #a mile we/ ( ,s*weiz] 7aa'72 ab\t #hjj y>ds 9 front ( ?is body is ano!r small body ) #h to #aj m5 #cjj y>ds /ill f>!r ea/4 ,x took ! ma9 body #b m941 #de sec4 to pass a po9t on ! road4 ,i rema9 9 obs]vation4 ,h1 ,corporal4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,! size ( ! comm& report$ by ,corporal ,h & its =mation4 7,p>4 #ihc47 ,answ]4 ,"o battalion infantry 7#eab m571 prec$$ by #a section at advance gu>d4 ,! advance gu>d hav+ only advance p>ty & po9t1 #b-c_/d m9utes x #age #dha m5 9 ! ma9 body1 leav+ ab\t #cb m5 = ! advance m5 = ! advance gu>d4 ,problem ,no4 #h 7,infantry7 #ajdj4 ,g5]al ,situation3 ,a ,blue =ce ( "o regim5t ( infantry has outpo/s fac+ s\? on ! l9e ,pope ,hill 7sm'71 ,national ,cemet]y 7qk'7--,e 7qi'74 ,a ,r$ =ce mov+ nor? rea*$ ,soldi]s' ,home at #g o'clock ?is morn+4 ,special ,situation3 ,corporal ,b is *os5 by ,s]geant ,a1 comm&] ( ! "r support at ! ,national ,cemet]y1 to take a patrol s\? z f> z #bj? /reet 7yf'7 & ,metropolitan av5ue 7:'71 to report on ! gr\nd along ! r\te1 & to reconnoit] ! enemy4 ,a fri5dly patrol moves along ,%]idan's ,drive 7i7--,at*ison ,hill 7rg'7--,s\?we/ ,hill 7ue'71 & "o on ,prison ,lane 7rk'74 ,requir$1 #a4 ,s]geant ,a's ord]s1 v]batim 7t is1 ^w = ^w74 #b4 ,give ! v>i\s details att5d$ to by ,corporal ,b be=e he moves out ) 8 patrol4 #c4 ,:at is ! =mation ( ! patrol :5 its po9t is at ,e 7qh'78 #d4 ,:5 ! patrol rea*es #ad 7ug'71 h[ are ! int]sect+ roads reconnoit]$8 #e4 ,f\r m\nt$ m5 are se5 rid+ we/ at a walk at #fd 7wb'74 ,:at action does ,corporal ,a take8 #f4 ,describe ! gr\nd pass$ ov] by ! patrol4 ,problem ,no4 #i 7,infantry7 #ajda4 ,situation3 ,! enemy is mov+ ea/ t[>d ,fr5*man 7oc'7 & is expect$ to rea* !re e>ly tomorr[4 ,a company at #gb 7uj'7 =ms ! left support ( an outpo/ 9 ho/ile c\ntry1 on ! l9e #gj 7vj'7--,national ,cemet]y 7qj'74 ,at #d ,p4 ,m4 ,s]geant ,a is ord]$ to take a patrol ( #ab m5 & g to ,fr5*man & de/roy ! bridge !re1 & rema9 9 obs]vation 9 t vic9ity all night4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,8 ord]s to ! patrol4 #b4 ,! r\te ! patrol w foll[1 & its =mation cross+ ! ,at*ison ,hill--,gov]nm5t ,hill ridge4 #c4 ,give ! conduct ( ! patrol f ,at*ison ,hill 7rg'7--,gov]nm5t ,hill 7tf'7 to its position at ! bridge at ,fr5*man4 ,g5]al ,situation3 ,a ,blue squadron is camp$ = ! night at ,wat]works 7vn'71 ,=t ,leav5wor?1 & has outpo/s on ! l9e ,,xiv 7un'7--,grant ,hill 7um'7--,prison ,hill 7wk'74 ,a ,r$ =ce is report$ to be advanc+ f ! nor? on ,kickapoo 7cb'74 ,problem ,no4 #aj 7,cavalry7 #ajdb4 ,special ,situation3 ,lieut5ant ,a1 comm&+ ! left support on ,prison ,hill1 at #e ,p4 ,m41 directs ,s]geant ,jones to take a patrol ( #e m5 f 8 platoon & move via ,at*ison ,cross 7ug'7 to ! vic9ity ( ,kickapoo & secure in=mation ( any enemy t may be 9 t locality4 ,ano!r patrol is to g via ,=t ,leav5wor? 7ol'74 ,requir$1 #a4 ,! ord] giv5 by ,lieut5ant ,a1 v]batim4 7,p>s4 #ifc & #ife47 ,answ]4 ,s]geant ,jones1 ! enemy is nor? ( ,kickapoo1 mov+ on t place4 ,?is squadron w rema9 "h tonight2 ,s]geant ,b w take a patrol ?r\gh ,=t ,leav5wor?4 ,select a patrol ( #e m5 f y\r platoon & move out via ,fr5*man's 7oc'7 t[>d ,kickapoo4 ,secure any in=mation y c ( ! enemy 9 t locality4 ,report on ! condition ( ! bridges betwe5 "h & #dg 7fd'74 ,y may h to /ay out ov] night4 ,s5d messages "h4 ,s]geant ,jones selects five good m51 directs !m to take "o cook$ ration ea* & cante5 full ( wat]4 ,he inspects ! m5 & horses c>efully2 sees t no horse ( conspicu\s color or t neighs is tak54 ,expla9s ! ord]s to 8 m51 etc41 z 0 done 9 ! infantry patrol4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,:at r\te does ! patrol take1 & :y8 ,answ]4 ,metropolitan av5ue 7w7--#gj 7vj'7--#gb 7vj'7--#ad 7ug'7--,fr5*man 7oc'7--#ag 7jc'7--#dg 7ec'74 ,reasons4 ,! enemy is di/ant & ,kickapoo1 ! objective ( ! patrol1 is se5 f ! map1 :i* ,s]geant ,jones has1 to be ov] an h\r's ride at a walk & trot4 ,x is n at all probable t ! enemy w be met until ! patrol rea*es ! vic9ity ( ,kickapoo & ,s]geant ,jones decides to take ! %orte/ & be/ road ?\gh x is a ma9 highway1 in/ead ( ,%]idan's ,drive 7j7 ( ! ,f 7qg'7--#ae 7jg'7 lane4 ,x is always well = a patrol to avoid ma9 highways :5 ! enemy is ne>1 especially 9 ho/ile c\ntry1 b "h ! "t sav$ m ?an ju/ifies ! use ( ! direct r\te4 ,problem ,no4 #aa 7,cavalry7 #ajdc4 ,same situation z ,problem #a4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,! =mation & conduct ( ! patrol z f> z ,fr5*man's4 ,answ]4 ,s]geant ,jones det]m9es to move at a walk & trot 7#e miles p] h\r7 9 ord] to rea* ! vic9ity ( ,kickapoo & take up a position ( obs]vation be=e night4 ,s]geant ,jones & ,private ,b are 9 ! lead1 #b m5 ab\t #ajj y>ds to ! re>1 ! rema9+ #b m5 ab\t #ge y>ds 9 ! re> ( ^!4 ,!y move out at a trot along ! road until ,at*ison ,cross is rea*$4 ,! two cross roads are reconnoit]$ )\t halt+ ! patrol1 inasmu* z f ! cross roads a good view is _h nor? & s\?4 ,f ,at*ison ,cross to #af 7sf'7 ! patrol moves at a walk1 be+ up a slope f #d to #f degrees4 ,usually su* a place w\ld be ru%$ ?r\gh1 b ! di/ance ( ! enemy makes ?is unnecess>y4 ,no sc\t+ is done (f ! road ?r\gh ! woods1 because ( ! di/ance ( ! enemy4 ,on rea*+ ! top ( ! hill ! patrol is halt$ :ile ,s]geant ,jones moves up to ! high gr\nd s\? ( ! road at ! cre/1 & 9 concealm5t se>*es ) 8 glasses ! road z f> z ,fr5*man's1 especially ! village beyond ,g 7qf'74 ,see+ no signs ( ! enemy he moves ! patrol d[n ! hill at a walk until ! cut is pass$ & !re takes a fa/ trot1 s z to avoid be+ long 9 a position :]e !y c\ld be se5 f ! direction ( ,kickapoo4 ,! same =mation & gait are ma9ta9$ z f> z ,gauss' 7pd'71 :]e a walk is tak5 to re/ ! horses & to ga9 opportunity to see if any enemy are hold+ ! bridge at ,fr5*man's4 ,situation3 ,j z ! patrol comes to a walk ,s]geant ,jones sees :at appe>s to be a dism\nt$ patrol mov+ s\? ov] ! ridge ab\t #fej y>ds nor? ( ,fr5*man's4 ,he c see ?ree m54 ,requir$1 #b4 ,action tak5 by ,s]geant ,jones4 ,answ]4 ,! patrol is mov$ into ! or*>d j (f ! road1 :ile ,s]geant ,jones moves quickly to ! top ( ! hill &1 conceal$ by ! trees1 exam9es ! road nor? to see if ! #c m5 are foll[$ by o!rs =m+ a "p ( a l>g] patrol or column4 ,he f9ds ! ?ree m5 are n foll[$4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,:at does he d next8 ,answ]4 ,he det]m9es to capture ! patrol by surprise4 ,he has ! horses l$ ov] s\? ( ! or*>d hill s z n to be visible to ! enemy4 ,he !n di/ributes 8 m5 along ! nor? edge ( ! or*>d1 himself ne>e/ ! bridge1 #b m5 #ge y>ds back along ! road t[>d ,g 7qf'71 !n #b m5 #ge y>ds f>!r along t[>d ,g4 ,z ! ?ird man comes opposite him1 ,s]geant ,jones cries ,halt1 :i* is ! signal = ! o!r p>ties to simil>ly hold up _! m54 ,reasons4 ,s]geant ,jones might ei!r capture ! ho/ile patrol or let x pass1 & !n proce$ on 8 road4 ,s9ce !y are ! fir/ enemy se5 & !re is su* a good *ance to capture !m1 & z !y may furni% def9ite in=mation ( ! enemy's ma9 =ce1 he decides z /at$4 ,!re is an objection 9 captur+ !m t he w h to s5d "o or two m5 to take !m to camp4 ,! patrol is plac$ z describ$ above s z to h ! two m5 opposite ea* ( ! enemy1 except = ,s]geant ,jones1 :o is alone4 ,by ?us cov]+ ea* man ( ! ho/ile patrol by two ( our m51 !y w at once see ! folly ( an ef=t to escape & no %ot ne$ be fir$4 ,"o man is hold+ ! horses4 ,problem ,no4 #ab 7,cavalry7 #ajdd4 ,same situation z ,problem #aj4 ,requir$3 #a4 ,:at action does ,s]geant ,jones take be=e leav+ ! vic9ity ( ,fr5*man's8 #b4 ,give ! =mation & conduct ( ! patrol aft] leav+ "h4 #c4 ,give ! report submitt$ by ,s]geant ,jones "u 8 in/ructions 9 reg>d to bridges4 7,p>4 #ajjj47 ,at #f3cj ,p4 ,m4 7x is d>k at #g3cj7 ! patrol rea*es #ag 7jc'74 #d4 ,give ! r\te foll[$ f "h & ! disposition ( ! patrol made = ! night4 ,problem ,no4 #ac 7,cavalry7 #ajde4 ,situation3 ,! ,miss\ri riv] is ! b\nd>y betwe5 ho/ile c\ntries4 ,a ,blue sep>ate brigade 7#c regim5ts infantry1 #a squadron cavalry1 #a batt]y field artill]y7 is mov+ f ,w9*e/] 7#ai miles we/ ( ,leav5wor?7 to seize ! ,rock ,isl& bridge 7q7 across ! ,miss\ri riv] at ,=t ,leav5wor?4 ,! cavalry squadron is camp$ at ,l[emont1 #h miles we/ ( ,leav5wor?1 = night ,june #d-e4 ,at #c ,p4 ,m4 ,s]geant ,jones is direct$ to take a patrol ( six m5 & move via ! ,rock ,isl& bridge into ,miss\ri & ga9 in=mation ( ! enemy report$ to be n[ j ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,give ! =mation ( ! patrol :5 x fir/ comes on ! map4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,give ! conduct ( ! patrol f ,mott9's 7oa'7 to ,g 7qf'74 ,at ,fr5*man's1 ,s]geant ,jones met a f>m] com+ f ,=t ,leav5wor?1 :o said ab\t #bjj ho/ile cavalry 7 se5 j ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ab\t #b ,p4 ,m41 mov+ t[>ds ! ,t]m9al ,bridge 7z74 ,requir$1 #c4 ,action ( ,s]geant ,jones4 7,does he hold ! man8 ,does he s5d a message8 ,does he *ange 8 plans or direction ( m>*87 ,! patrol rea*es ! top ( ! hill1 ,%]idan's ,drive--,gov]nm5t ,hill 7tf'74 ,requir$1 #d4 ,:at action does ,s]geant ,jones take be=e proce$+ ea/8 ,,flank ,,gu>ds #ajdf4 ,! flanks ( a column are ord9>ily protect$ by ! advance gu>d1 :i* s5ds out patrols to c>efully exam9e ! c\ntry on bo? sides ( ! l9e ( m>*4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ! direction ( m>* ( ! column is su* t !re is a great dang] ( ! enemy's /rik+ x 9 flank & "s special provision is necess>y to furni% additional security on ! ?reat5$ flank4 ,?is is done by hav+ a deta*m5t1 call$ a flank gu>d1 m>* (f ! expos$ flank4 ,! flank gu>d usually foll[s a road1 p>allel to ! "o on :i* ! column is m>*+ & at lea/ #a1jjj y>ds 7effective rifle range7 beyond x4 ,if ho/ile artill]y is fe>$ ?is di/ance is mu* great]4 ,! flank gu>d regulates its m>* s z to cont9ue abrea/ ( ! advance gu>d ( ! ma9 column4 ,x takes a =mation simil> to an advance gu>d1 does mo/ ( its patroll+ to ! front & on ! expos$ flank1 & keeps 9 con/ant t\* ) ! ma9 column by means ( m\nt$ or dism\nt$ mess5g]s4 ,9 case ! enemy is enc\nt]$ ! flank gu>d drives him (f if practicable or takes up a def5sive position1 protect+ ! m>* ( ! ma9 column1 & prev5t+ ! enemy f di/urb+ ! latt]'s m>*4 ,,re> ,,gu>d #ajdg4 ,def9ition & ,duties4 ,a re> gu>d is a deta*m5t ( a m>*+ column foll[+ 9 re> to protect ! ma9 column f be+ surpris$ & to prev5t ! m>* f be+ delay$ or int]rupt$4 ,:5 ! ma9 column is m>*+ t[>d ! enemy ! re> gu>d is v small & its duties relatively unimportant4 ,x is pr9cipally occupi$ 9 ga!r+ up /raggl]s4 ,:5 ! ma9 column is m>*+ away f ! enemy 7retreat+7 ! re> gu>d is all important4 ,x cov]s ! retreat ( ! ma9 body1 prev5t+ ! enemy f h>ass+ or delay+ its m>*4 #ajdh4 ,/r5g?4 ,! /r5g? ( a re> gu>d is slightly great] ?an t ( an advance gu>d1 z x _c expect1 l ! latt]1 to be re9=c$ 9 case x is attack$1 z ! ma9 column is m>*+ away f x & avoid+ a fight4 #ajdi4 ,=m ( ,ord]4 ,! re> gu>d comm&]1 on ! receipt ( ! retreat ord]1 issues a re> gu>d ord]1 accord+ to ! =m giv5 9 ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations4 ,! di/ance ( a re> gu>d f ! ma9 body & its =mation are simil> to ^? ( an advance gu>d4 ,! elem5ts correspond+ to ! advance cavalry1 ! po9t1 & ! advance p>ty ( an advance gu>d are t]m$ ! re> cavalry1 re> po9t & re> p>ty1 respectively4 ,! support & res]ve reta9 ! same designations4 ,a re> gu>d =m$ dur+ an engagem5t to cov] ! )drawal or retreat ( ! ma9 body1 may fir/ be compell$ to take up a def5sive position beh9d :i* ! ma9 body =ms up & moves (f4 ,x may be =c$ to )draw f ?is position by successive skirmi% l9es1 gradually =m+ up 9 column on ! road z x cle>s itself f fight+ contact ) ! enemy4 ,! rate ( m>* ( ! re> gu>d dep5ds ^u t ( ! ma9 body4 ,! ma9 body may be mu* disorganiz$ & fatigu$1 necessitat+ long halts & a sl[ m>*+ rate4 #ajej4 ,action ( ! ,re> ,gu>d4 ,! )drawal ( defeat$ troops is delay$1 if possible1 until night4 ,if x becomes necess>y to beg9 a retreat :ile an engagem5t is 9 progress1 ! re> gu>d is organiz$ & takes up a def5sive position g5]ally beh9d ! fight+ l9e2 ! latt] !n falls back & assembles "u cov] ( ! re> gu>d4 ,! re> cavalry gives away be=e ! enemy's pursuit only :5 absolutely necess>y1 ma9ta9s communication ) & s5ds in=mation to ! re> gu>d comm&]1 & pays special att5tion to ! weak po9ts 9 ! retreat1 namely1 ! flanks4 ,x makes use ( e k9d ( action ( :i* x is capable1 accord+ to ! situation1 & unless greatly outnumb]$ by ho/ile cavalry1 x causes consid]able delay to ! enemy4 ,:5 ! enemy is conduct+ an en]getic pursuit ! re> gu>d effects its )drawal by tak+ up a succession ( def5sive positions 7t is1 :]e ! nature ( ! gr\nd enables ! re> gu>d to def5d itself well7 & compell+ ! enemy to attack or turn !m4 7,x %\ld be und]/ood t ^! successive def5sive positions mu/1 9 ! case ( a l>ge =ce1 be f two to f\r miles ap>t & 9 ! case ( a small =ce at lea/ "o-half mile ap>t--n a few hundr$ y>ds z is frequ5tly attempt$ 9 peace maneuv]s47 ,:5 ! enemy's dispositions = attack are ne>ly complet$1 ! re> gu>d beg9s to fall back1 ! cavalry on ! flanks be+ usually ! la/ to leave4 ,! comm&] designates a "p ( ! re> gu>d to cov] ! )drawal ( ! rema9d]2 ! latt] !n falls back to a new position 9 re>1 & 9 turn cov]s ! )drawal ( ! troops 9 front4 ,^! op]ations compel ! enemy cont9ually to deploy or make turn+ movem5ts1 & con/antly ret>d 8 advance4 ,! pursuit may be fur!r delay$ by ob/acles plac$ 9 ! enemy's pa?2 bridges are burn$ or bl[n up2 boats remov$ or de/roy$2 =ds & roads ob/ruct$2 tracks torn up2 telegraph l9es cut1 & h\ses1 villages1 woods & fields fir$4 ,demolitions & ob/ructions are prep>$ by eng9e]s1 assi/$1 if necess>y1 by o!r troops detail$ f ! res]ve1 & are complet$ by ! m\nt$ eng9e]s ( ! re> p>ty at ! la/ mom5t4 ,! in/ructions ( ! supreme comm&] gov]n 9 ! demolition ( important /ructures4 ,,outpo/s 7,see ,outpo/1 ,p>4 #hhg7 #ajea4 ,def9ition & ,duties4 ,outpo/s are deta*m5ts ?r[n out to ! front & flanks ( a =ce t is 9 camp or biv\ac1 to protect ! ma9 body f be+ surpris$ & to insure its undi/urb$ re/4 ,9 fact1 an outpo/ is m]ely a /ation>y advance gu>d4 ,its duties1 9 g5]al1 are to obs]ve & resi/--to obs]ve ! enemy1 & to resi/ him 9 case ( attack4 ,specifically its duties are3 7a7 ,to obs]ve t[>d ! front & flanks by means ( /ation>y s5t9els & patrols1 9 ord] to locate ! enemy's :]eab\ts & le>n promptly ( 8 movem5ts1 ?us mak+ x impossible = him to surprise u4 7b7 ,to prev5t ! ma9 body f be+ obs]v$ or di/urb$4 7c7 ,9 case ( attack1 to *eck ! enemy long en\gh to enable ! ma9 body to prep>e = action & make ! necess>y dispositions4 #ajeb4 ,size4 ,! size ( ! outpo/ w dep5d ^u _m circum/ances1 su* z ! size ( ! :ole comm&1 ! ne>ness ( ! enemy1 ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,a suitable /r5g? = an outpo/ may v>y f a v small fraction to "o-?ird ( ! :ole =ce4 ,h[ev]1 9 practice x seldom exce$s "o-six? ( ! :ole =ce--z a rule1 if x be great]1 ! effici5cy ( ! troops w be impair$4 ,= a s+le company 9 biv\ac a few s5t9els & patrols w suffice2 = a l>ge comm&1 a m elaborate outpo/ sy/em mu/ be provid$4 ,! mo/ economical =m ( outpo/ is furni%$ by keep+ close contact ) ! enemy by means ( outpo/ patrols1 9 conjunction ) resi/+ deta*m5ts on ! av5ues ( approa*4 ,troops at a halt are suppos$ to be re/+1 night or day1 & ! few] on outpo/ ! m troops w !re be re/+1 & ?us husb&+ _! /r5g? = approa*+ m>*es & enc\nt]s ) ! enemy4 ,outpo/ duty is ab\t ! mo/ exhau/+ & fatigu+ "w a soldi] p]=ms4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t n a man or horse m ?an is absolutely necess>y %\ld be employ$1 & t ! comm&] %\ld use c>eful judgm5t 9 det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! outpo/1 & ! *iefs ( ! v>i\s outpo/ subdivisions %\ld be equally c>eful 9 dispos+ _! m5 s z to p]mit ! greate/ possible numb] to re/ & sleep undi/urb$1 b at ! same "t always consid]+ ! safety ( ! ma9 body z ! *ief duty4 #ajec4 ,composition4 ,! composition ( ! outpo/ w1 z a rule1 dep5d ^u ! size & composition ( ! comm&1 b a mix$ outpo/ is compos$ pr9cipally ( infantry1 :i* is *>g$ ) ! duty ( local obs]vation1 especially at night1 & ) resi/+ ! enemy1 9 case ( attack1 long en\gh = ! ma9 body to prep>e = action4 ,! cavalry is *>g$ ) ! duty ( reconnaissance1 & is v useful 9 op5 c\ntry dur+ ! day4 ,artill]y is useful to outpo/s :5 its fire c sweep defiles or l>ge op5 spaces & :5 x comm&s positions t might be occupi$ by ho/ile artill]y4 ,ma*9e guns are useful to comm& approa*es & *eck sudd5 advances ( ! enemy4 ,eng9e]s are atta*$ to an outpo/ to assi/ 9 con/ruct+ entr5*m5ts1 cle>+ ! field ( fire1 op5+ communication lat]ally & to ! re>4 ,! outpo/ %\ld be compos$ ( complete organizations4 ,= example1 if ! outpo/ is to consi/ ( "o company1 d n h "s ( ! platoons f "o company & ! o!rs f ano!r1 & if x is to consi/ ( "o battalion1 d n h "s ( ! companies f "o battalion & o!rs f ano!r1 etc4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,outpo/s #ajed4 ,subdivisions4 ,z 9 ! case ( an advance gu>d1 ! outpo/ ( a l>ge =ce is divid$ into elem5ts or p>ts1 t gradually increase 9 size f front to re>4 ,^!1 9 ord] f ! ma9 body1 are ! res]ve1 ! l9e ( supports1 ! l9e ( outgu>ds1 & ! advance cavalry1 & _! =mation1 z %[n by ! draw+ on ! prec$+ page1 may be lik5$ to an op5 h&1 ) ! f+]s ap>t & ext5d$1 ! wri/ repres5t+ ! ma9 body1 ! knuckles ! l9e ( supports1 ! fir/ jo9ts ! l9e ( outgu>ds1 ! second jo9ts ! l9e ( s5t9els & ! f+] tips ! advance cavalry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,9 case ( attack ea* "p is *>g$ ) hold+ ! enemy 9 *eck until ! l>g] elem5t1 next 9 re>1 has "t to deploy & prep>e = action4 #ajee4 ,di/ances ,betwe5 ! ,subdivisions4 ,! di/ances sep>at+ ! ma9 body1 ! l9e ( supports1 ! l9e ( outgu>ds1 ! l9e ( s5tries & ! advance cavalry1 w dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,!re c be no uni=mity 9 ! di/ance betwe5 supports & res]ves1 nor betwe5 outgu>ds & supports1 ev5 9 ! same outpo/4 ,! av5ues ( approa* & ! important features ( ! gr\nd w l>gely control ! exact positions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! outpo/s4 ,! basic pr9ciple ^u :i* ! di/ances are bas$1 is3 ,! di/ance betwe5 any two p>ts ( ! outpo/ mu/ be great en\gh to give ! "o 9 re> "t to deploy & prep>e = action 9 case ( attack1 & ! di/ance ( ! :ole outpo/ f ! ma9 body mu/1 9 ! case ( small comm&s1 be suffici5tly great to hold ! enemy beyond effective rifle range until ! ma9 body c deploy1 &1 9 case ( l>ge comm&s1 x mu/ be suffici5tly great to hold ! enemy beyond effective artill]y range until ! ma9 body c deploy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! di/ances w be mat]ially affect$ n only by ! size ( ! ma9 body1 b also by ! nature ( ! cov] af=d$ by ! gr\nd4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 m]ely z a v g5]al guide1 subject to _m *anges3 ,di/ance to next elem5t 9 re>4 ,advance cavalry #b to #f miles ,supports ,s5t9els 7furni%$ by outgu>d7 #bj to #dj yds4 7,g5]ally ,outgu>ds 7furni%$ by support7 #bjj to #ejj yds4 two or ,support prop] furni%es majority #djj to #hjj yds4 m7 ( patrols4 ,res]ve 7usually omitt$ 9 small comm&s7 #a_/b to #b miles #ajef4 ,advance ,cavalry4 ,! advance cavalry is t "p ( ! outpo/ s5t out 9 front ( all foot troops4 ,x g5]ally op]ates two to six miles beyond ! outpo/ infantry1 reconnoit]+ f> to ! front & flanks 9 ord] to gu>d ! camp aga9/ surprise by artill]y fire & to give e>ly in=mation ( ! enemy's movem5ts4 ,aft] dusk ! bulk ( ! cavalry usually )draws to a camp 9 re> ( ! outpo/ res]ve1 :]e x c re/ securely aft] ! day's h>d "w & ! horses c be fre% = ! next day4 ,sev]al m\nt$ patrols are usually left = ! night at junctions or =ks on ! pr9cipal roads to ! front1 f "o to f\r miles beyond ! infantry l9e ( obs]vation4 #ajeg4 ,supports4 ,! supports con/itute a l9e ( support+ & resi/+ deta*m5ts1 v>y+ 9 size f a half a company to a battalion4 ,9 outpo/s consi/+ ( a battalion or m ! supports usually comprise ab\t "o-half ( ! infantry4 ,supports are numb]$ num]ically consecutively f "r to left & are plac$ at ! m important po9ts on ! outpo/ l9e1 on or ne> ! l9e on :i* resi/ance is to be made 9 case ( attack4 ,z a rule1 roads ex]cise ! greate/ influ5ce on ! location ( supports1 & a support w g5]ally be plac$ on or ne> a road4 ,ea* support has assign$ to x a def9ite1 cle>ly-def9$ section ( front t x is to cov]1 & ! support %\ld be locat$ z c5trally z possible !reto4 #ajeh4 ,outgu>ds4 ,! outgu>ds con/itute ! l9e ( small deta*m5ts f>!/ to ! front & ne>e/ to ! enemy1 & _! duty is to ma9ta9 un9t]rupt$ obs]vation ( ! gr\nd 9 front & on ! flanks2 to report promptly ho/ile movem5ts & o!r in=mation relat+ to ! enemy2 to prev5t unau?oriz$ p]sons f cross+ ! l9e ( obs]vation2 to drive (f small p>ties ( ! enemy1 & to make tempor>y resi/ance to l>g] bodies4 ,= conv5i5ce outgu>ds are classifi$ z pickets1 s5try squads1 & cossack po/s4 ,!y are numb]$ consecutively f "r to left 9 ea* support4 #ajei4 ,a picket is a gr\p consi/+ ( two or m squads1 ord9>ily n exce$+ half a company1 po/$ 9 ! l9e ( outgu>ds to cov] a giv5 sector4 ,x furni%es patrols & "o or m s5t9els1 d\ble s5t9els1 s5try1 squads1 or cossack po/s = obs]vation4 ,pickets are plac$ at ! m important po9ts 9 ! l9e ( outgu>ds1 su* z road =ks4 ,! /r5g? ( ea* dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( small gr\ps requir$ to obs]ve prop]ly its sector4 #ajfj4 ,a s5try squad is a squad po/$ 9 obs]vation at an indicat$ po9t4 ,x po/s a d\ble s5t9el 9 obs]vation1 ! rema9+ m5 re/+ ne> by & furni%+ ! reliefs ( s5t9els4 ,9 "s cases x may be requir$ to furni% a patrol4 #ajfa4 ,a cossack po/ consi/s ( f\r m54 ,x is an obs]vation gr\p simil> to a s5try squad2 b employs a s+le s5t9el4 ,at night1 x w sometimes be advisable to place "s ( ! outgu>ds or _! s5t9els 9 a position diff]5t f t :i* !y occupy 9 ! daytime4 ,9 su* case ! gr\nd %\ld be c>efully /udi$ be=e d>k & ! *ange made at dusk4 ,h[ev]1 a *ange 9 ! position ( ! outgu>d w be exceptional4 #ajfb4 ,s5t9els are g5]ally us$ s+ly 9 daytime1 b at night d\ble s5t9els w be requir$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,s5t9els furni%$ by cossack po/s or s5try squads are kept ne> _! gr\p4 ,^? furni%$ by pickets may be z f> z #ajj y>ds away4 ,e s5t9el %\ld be able to communicate readily ) ! body to :i* he belongs4 ,s5t9el po/s are numb]$ consecutively f "r to left 9 ea* outgu>d4 ,s5try squads & cossack po/s furni%$ by pickets are c\nt$ z s5t9el po/s4 ,if practicable1 troops on outpo/ duty are conceal$ & all movem5ts made s z to avoid obs]vation by ! enemy2 s5t9els are po/$ s z to h a cle> view to ! front &1 if practicable 7?\gh x is r>ely possible71 s z to be able1 by day1 to see ! s5t9els ( ! adjo9+ outgu>ds4 ,d\ble s5t9els are po/$ ne> en\gh to ea* o!r to be able to communicate easily 9 ord9>y voice4 ,s5t9els are g5]ally on duty two h\rs out ( six4 ,= e s5t9el & = e patrol !re %\ld be at lea/ ?ree reliefs2 !re=e1 "o-?ird ! /r5g? ( ! outgu>ds gives ! greate/ numb] ( m5 t %\ld be on duty z s5t9els & patrols at "o "t4 ,skillful selection ( ! po/s ( s5t9els increases _! field ( obs]vation4 ,high po9ts1 "u cov]1 are advantage\s by night z well z by day2 !y increase ! range ( vision & af=d great] facilities = see+ lights & he>+ noises4 ,obs]v]s ) good field glasses may be plac$ on high build+s1 on *ur* /eeples or 9 high trees4 ,glitt]+ objects on uni=m or equipm5t %\ld be conceal$4 ,x is seldom necess>y to fix bayonets1 except at night1 9 d5se fog1 or 9 v close c\ntry4 ,reliefs1 visit+ patrols1 & inspect+ (fic]s1 approa* s5t9els f ! re>1 rema9+ "u cov] if possible4 #ajfc4 ,res]ve4 ,! res]ve =ms a g5]al support = ! l9e ( resi/ance4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c5trally locat$ ne> ! junction ( roads com+ f ! direction ( ! enemy1 & 9 concealm5t if practicable4 ,( ! troops detail$ = outpo/ duty1 ab\t "o-half ( ! infantry1 g5]ally all ( ! artill]y1 & ! cavalry n o!rwise employ$1 are assign$ to ! res]ve4 ,if ! outpo/ consi/s ( less ?an two companies ! res]ve may be omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! arms are /ack$ & ! equipm5ts 7except c>tridge belts7 may be remov$4 ,roads communicat+ ) ! supports are op5$4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! outpo/ ord] /ates :at is to be done 9 case ( attack1 designates places ( assembly & provides = int]ior gu>ds4 ,int]ior gu>ds are po/$ 9 ! camp ( ! res]ve or ma9 body to ma9ta9 ord]1 & furni% additional security4 ,additional in/ructions may be giv5 = mess+1 fe$+1 wat]+1 etc4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! enemy or at night a portion ( ! infantry may be requir$ to rema9 "u arms1 ! cavalry to hold _! horses 7c9*es loos5$71 & ! artill]y to rema9 9 h>ness1 or take up a combat position4 ,9 case ( al>m1 ! res]ve prep>es = action )\t delay1 & ^w is s5t to ! ma9 body4 ,9 combat1 ! res]ve re9=ces ! l9e ( resi/ance1 & if unable to *eck ! enemy until ! arrival ( ! ma9 body1 delays him z mu* z possible4 ,! di/ance ( ! res]ve f ! l9e ( resi/ance v>ies1 b is g5]ally ab\t half a mile2 9 outpo/s ( f\r companies or less ?is di/ance may be z small z #djj y>ds4 #ajfd4 ,patrols4 ,in/ead ( us+ outgu>ds along ! entire front ( obs]vation1 "p ( ?is front may be cov]$ by patrols only4 ,^! %\ld be us$ to cov] su* sections ( ! front z c be cross$ by ! enemy only ) difficulty & ov] :i* he is n likely to attempt a cross+ aft] d>k4 ,9 daylight mu* ( ! local patroll+ may be disp5s$ ) if ! c\ntry c be se5 f ! po/s ( ! s5t9els4 ,h[ev]1 patrols %\ld frequ5tly be pu%$ well to ! front unless ! gr\nd 9 t direction is exceptionally op54 ,patrols mu/ be us$ to keep up connection betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! outpo/ except :51 dur+ daylight1 c]ta9 fractions or gr\ps are mutually visible4 ,aft] d>k ?is connection mu/ be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! outpo/ except :]e ! l>g] subdivisions are provid$ ) wire communication4 ,! foll[+ patrols are usually s5t out f ! ma9 bodies ( ! supports3 7a7 ,patrols ( f ?ree m5 to a squad are s5t along ! roads & trails 9 ! direction ( ! enemy1 = a di/ance ( f "o to five miles1 dep5d+ on h[ close ! enemy is suppos$ to be1 :e!r or n !re is any advance cavalry out1 & h[ long ! outpo/ has be5 9 position4 ,! extreme "r & left supports s5d patrols well out on ! roads to ! flanks4 ,^! patrols g5]ally op]ate cont9u\sly z soon z "o returns f ! front1 or possibly ev5 be=e x returns1 ano!r goes out 9 ! same g5]al direction to cov] ! same c\ntry4 ,frequ5tly a patrol is s5t out along a road to ! front = two or ?ree miles ) ord]s to rema9 out until "s /at$ "t--= example1 #d ,p4 ,m41 dusk or dawn4 ,x s5ds 9 important in=mation1 & rema9s out ne> ! extremity ( its r\te1 keep+ a close wat* on ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,an ef=t %\ld always be made to secure & ma9ta9 contact ) ! enemy1 if )9 a reasonable di/ance1 9 ord] t 8 movem5ts or lack ( movem5t may be con/antly wat*$ & report$ on4 ,! usual t5d5cy is t[>ds a failure to s5d ^! patrols f> en\gh to ! front & = ! patrol lead] to ov]e/imate ! di/ance he has travel$4 ,a mile ?r\gh /range c\ntry ) ! ev]-pres5t possibility ( enc\nt]+ ! enemy seems ?ree miles to ! novice4 ,at night ! patrols g5]ally conf9e _! movem5ts to ! roads1 usually rema9+ quietly on ! al]t ne> ! mo/ advanc$ po9t ( _! r\te to ! front4 ,! majority ( su* patrols are s5t out to secure in=mation ( ! enemy--reconnoit]+ patrols--& !y avoid fight+ & ho/ile patrols1 endeavor+ to get 9 t\* ) ! enemy's ma9 =ce4 ,o!r patrols are sometimes s5t out to prev5t ho/ile deta*m5ts f approa*+ ! outpo/s2 !y endeavor to locate ! ho/ile patrols1 drive !m back1 prev5t+ !m f ga9+ any vantage po9t f :i* !y c obs]ve ! outpo/ l9e4 ,^! are call$ combat patrols & h an entirely diff]5t mission f reconnoit]+ patrols4 7b7 ,patrols ( f two m5 to a squad1 usually two m51 are s5t f ! support ar\nd ! l9e ( its outgu>ds1 connect+ ) ! outgu>ds ( ! adjac5t supports1 if practicable4 ,^! are visit+ patrols1 & !y s]ve to keep ! outgu>ds ( a support 9 t\* ) x & ) ea* o!r2 to keep ! comm&] ( a support 9 t\* ) 8 outgu>ds & ! adjac5t supports2 & to reconnoit] ! gr\nd betwe5 ! outgu>ds4 ,s9ce a ho/ile =ce ( any size is practically =c$ to keep to ! roads1 !re are r>ely ev] any supports & v few outgu>ds po/$ (f ! roads1 ! int]vals be+ cov]$ by patrols1 z j describ$4 ,:5 go+ out a patrol w always in=m ! ne>e/ s5t9el ( ! direction x w take & its probable r\te & h\r ( return4 #ajfe4 ,detail = ,patrols4 ,s9ce = e patrol ( f\r m51 twelve are requir$ 7#c reliefs ( #d m5 ea*71 ! importance ( s5d+ out j en\gh m5 & n "o m ?an is actually ne$$1 c readily be und]/ood4 ,z fa/ z "o visit+ patrol completes its r\nd1 ano!r %\ld usually be s5t out1 possibly go+ ! r\nds by a slightly diff]5t r\te or 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,! same g5]ally applies to ! reconnoit]+ & combat patrols1 ?\gh frequ5tly !y are s5t out = ! entire day1 aft]noon or night1 & no #b;d & #c;d relief is requir$4 ,?ree reliefs are requir$ = ! s5t9el or s5t9els at ! po/ ( ! supports1 s c>e %\ld be tak5 to e/abli% b "o po/1 if x c d all t is requir$4 ,x %\ld n be consid]$ t e man 9 ! support %\ld be on duty or on a relief = an outgu>d1 a patrol or s5t9el po/4 ,!re %\ld be z _m m5 z possible 9 ! ma9 body ( a support 7?is t]m is us$ to di/+ui% ?is body f ! support prop]1 :i* includes ! outgu>ds & _! s5t9els7 :o only h no duty o!r ?an be+ in/antly available 9 case ( attack4 #ajff4 ,flags ( ,truce4 ,^u ! approa* ( a flag ( truce1 ! s5try w at once notify ! comm&] ( ! outgu>d1 :o w 9 turn s5d ^w to ! comm&] ( ! outpo/ & ask = in/ructions4 ,"o or m m5 w advance to ! front & halt ! p>ty at su* di/ance z to prev5t any ( !m f ov]look+ ! outpo/s4 ,z soon z halt$1 ! p>ty w be ord]$ to face 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if p]mission is giv5 to pass ! p>ty ?r\gh ! outpo/ l9e1 !y w be bl9dfold$ & l$ "u escort to ! comm&] ( ! outpo/4 ,no conv]sation1 except by p]mission ( ! outpo/ comm&]1 is to be all[$ on any subject1 "u any pretext1 ) ! p]sons be>+ ! flag ( truce4 #ajfg4 ,entr5*m5ts & ,ob/acles4 ,! positions held by ! subdivisions ( an outpo/ %\ld g5]ally be /r5g!n$ by ! con/ruction ( entr5*m5ts & ob/acles1 b conditions may r5d] ?is unnecess>y4 #ajfh4 ,concealm5t4 ,troops on outpo/ mu/ keep conceal$ z mu* z is consi/5t ) ! prop] p]=mance ( _! duties2 especially %\ld !y avoid ! sky l9e4 #ajfi4 ,deta*$ ,po/s4 ,9 addition to ord9>y outgu>ds1 ! outpo/ comm&] may detail f ! res]ve "o or m deta*$ po/s to cov] roads or areas n 9 g5]al l9e assign$ to ! supports4 ,9 l mann] ! comm&] ( ! :ole =ce may ord] deta*$ po/s to be s5t f ! ma9 body to cov] important roads or localities n includ$ 9 ! outpo/ l9e4 ,deta*$ po/s may be s5t out to hold po9ts :i* are ( importance to ! outpo/ cavalry1 su* z a =d or a junction ( roads2 or to occupy positions especially favorable = obs]vation1 b too f> to ! front to be includ$ 9 ! l9e ( obs]vation2 or to protect flanks ( ! outpo/ position4 ,su* po/s are g5]ally e/abli%$ by ! outpo/ comm&]1 b a support comm&] might f9d x necess>y to e/abli% a po/ practically deta*$ f ! re/ ( 8 comm&4 ,!y usually v>y 9 /r5g? f a squad to a platoon4 ,! numb] & /r5g? ( deta*$ po/s are r$uc$ to ! absolute ne$s ( ! situation4 #ajgj4 ,exam9+ ,po/s4 ,an exam9+ po/ is a small deta*m5t1 "u ! comm& ( an (fic] or a noncommission$ (fic]1 /ation$ at "s conv5i5t po9t to exam9e /rang]s & to receive be>]s ,( flags ( truce br\ght 9 by ! outgu>ds or patrols4 ,?\gh ! employm5t ( exam9+ po/s is n g5]al 9 field op]ations1 !re are _m occasions :5 _! use is important2 = example3 ,:5 ! outgu>ds d n speak ! language ( ! c\ntry or ( ! enemy2 :5 prep>ations are be+ made = a movem5t & /rict scrut9y at ! outgu>ds is ord]$3 at sieges1 :e!r 9 attack or def5se4 ,:5 su* po/s1 are us$1 /rang]s approa*+ ! l9e ( obs]vation are pass$ along ! l9e to an exam9+ po/4 ,no "o except ! comm&] is all[$ to speak to p]sons br\ght to an exam9+ po/4 ,prison]s & des]t]s are at once s5t "u gu>d to ! re>4 #ajga4 ,cavalry ,outpo/4 ,indep5d5t cavalry cov]+ a comm& or on special missions1 & occasionally ! advance cavalry ( a mix$ comm&1 biv\ac :5 night ov]takes !m1 & 9 su* cases furni% _! own outpo/s4 ,! outpo/s are e/abli%$1 9 ! ma91 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 c>e be+ tak5 to conf9e outpo/ "w to ! l[e/ limits consi/5t ) safety4 ,no precaution1 h[ev]1 %\ld be omitt$1 z ! cavalry is g5]ally 9 close proximity to ! enemy1 & (t5 9 t]ritory :]e ! inhabitants are ho/ile4 ,! l9e ( resi/ance is occupi$ by ! supports1 ! latt] s5d+ out ! necess>y outgu>ds & patrols4 ,ea* outgu>d furni%es its own v$ettes 7m\nt$ s5t9els71 or s5t9els4 ,due to ! mobility ( cavalry1 ! di/ances are g5]ally great] ?an 9 an outpo/ = a mix$ comm&4 ,an outgu>d ( f\r troop]s is conv5i5t = ! day "t1 b %\ld be d\bl$ at night1 & at important po9ts made ev5 /rong]4 ,! s5t9els are g5]ally dism\nt$1 _! horses be+ left ) ^? ( ! outgu>ds4 ,m\nt$ cavalry at night c (f] little resi/ance2 ! supports & outgu>ds are !re=e g5]ally dism\nt$1 ! horses be+ "u cov] 9 re>1 & ! positions are /r5g!n$ by intr5*m5ts & ob/acles4 ,by hold+ villages1 bridges1 defiles1 etc41 ) dism\nt$ rifle fire1 cavalry c greatly delay a sup]ior =ce4 ,!re %\ld always be easy communication along ! l9e ( resi/ance to enable ! cavalry to conc5trate at a ?reat5$ po9t4 ,a support ( "o squadron cov]s ) its outpo/s a section r>ely long] ?an two miles4 ,z su* a l9e is ( necessity weak1 ! pr9cipal reliance is plac$ on di/ant patroll+4 ,if ?reat5$ by infantry1 timely in=mation enables ! ?reat5$ po9t to be re9=c$1 or ! cavalry to )draw to a place ( safety4 ,if !re is dang] f ho/ile cavalry1 ! roads 9 front are block$ at suitable po9ts1 su* z bridges1 =ds1 defiles1 etc41 by a succession ( ob/acles & are def5d$ by a few dism\nt$ m54 ,:5 compell$ to fall back ^! m5 m\nt & ride rapidly to ! next ob/acle 9 re> & !re take up a new position4 ,z ! m>* ( cavalry at night is1 z a rule1 conf9$ to roads1 su* tactics s]i\sly delay its advance4 ,9 accordance ) ! situation & ! ord]s !y h receiv$1 ! support comm&]s arrange = fe$+1 wat]+1 cook+1 re/+ & patroll+4 ,dur+ ! night ! horses ( ! outgu>ds rema9 saddl$ & bridl$4 ,dur+ ! day "t c9*es may be loos5$1 "o-?ird ( ! horses at a "t4 ,fe$+ & wat]+ are done by reliefs4 ,horses be+ f$ are remov$ a %ort di/ance f ! o!rs4 ,indep5d5t cavalry g5]ally rema9s 9 outpo/ position = ! night only1 its advance be+ resum$ on ! foll[+ day2 if /opp$ by ! enemy1 x is drawn (f to ! flanks ^u ! approa* ( its own infantry4 ,,e/abli%+ ,,! ,,outpo/ #ajgb4 ,! outpo/ is po/$ z quickly z possible1 s t ! troops c ! soon] obta9 re/4 ,until ! lead+ outpo/ troops are able to assume _! duties1 tempor>y protection1 kn[n z ! m>* outpo/1 is furni%$ by ! ne>e/ available troops4 ,^u receipt ( ! halt ord] f ! comm&] ( ! ma9 column1 ! outpo/ comm&] issues ! outpo/ ord] ) ! lea/ practicable delay4 ,! halt ord]1 besides giv+ ! necess>y in=mation & assign+ camp sites to ! p>ts ( ! comm&1 details ! troops to con/itute ! outpo/1 assigns a comm&] !re=1 designates ! g5]al l9e to be occupi$1 &1 :5 practicable1 po9ts out ! position to be held 9 case ( attack4 ,! outpo/ ord] gives su* available in=mation ( ! situation z is necess>y to ! complete & prop] guidance ( subord9ates2 designates ! troops to con/itute ! supports2 assigns _! location & ! sector ea* is to cov]2 provides = ! necess>y deta*$ po/s2 indicates any special reconnaissance t is to be made2 ord]s ! location & disposition ( ! res]ve2 disposes ( ! tra9 if ! same is ord]$ to jo9 ! outpo/2 & in=ms subord9ates :]e in=mation w be s5t4 ,9 l>ge comm&s x may (t5 be necess>y to give ! ord] f ! map1 b usually ! outpo/ comm&] w h to make "s prelim9>y reconnaissance1 unless he has an accurate & detail$ map4 ,g5]ally x is pref]able = ! outpo/ comm&] to give v]bal ord]s to 8 support comm&]s f "s locality :i* ov]looks ! t]ra94 ,! "t & locality %\ld be s select$ t ! support comm&]s may jo9 _! comm&s & conduct !m to _! positions )\t caus+ unnecess>y delay to _! troops4 ,! res]ve comm&] %\ld1 if possible1 receive 8 ord]s at ! same "t z ! support comm&]s4 ,subord9ates to :om he gives ord]s sep>ately %\ld be in=m$ ( ! location ( o!r p>ts ( ! outpo/4 #ajgc4 ,aft] issu+ ! initial ord]s1 ! outpo/ comm&] inspects ! outpo/1 ord]s ! necess>y *anges or additions1 & s5ds 8 sup]ior a report ( 8 dispositions4 ,! res]ve is m>*$ to its po/ by its comm&]1 :o !n s5ds out su* deta*m5ts z h be5 ord]$ & places ! re/ 9 camp or biv\ac1 ov] :i* at lea/ "o s5t9el %\ld be po/$4 ,connection mu/ be ma9ta9$ ) ! ma9 body1 ! supports1 & ne>by deta*$ po/s4 ,! supports m>* to _! po/s1 us+ ! necess>y cov]+ deta*m5ts :5 9 advance ( ! m>* outpo/4 ,a support comm&]'s ord] %\ld fully expla9 ! situation to subord9ates1 or to ! entire comm&1 if x be small4 ,x %\ld detail ! troops = ! diff]5t outgu>ds &1 :5 necess>y1 def9e ! sector ea* is to cov]4 ,x %\ld provide ! necess>y s5t9els at ! po/ ( ! support1 ! patrols to be s5t !refrom1 & %\ld arrange = ! necess>y intr5*+4 ,9 po/+ 8 comm& ! support comm&] mu/ seek to cov] 8 sector 7! front t he is to look aft]7 9 su* mann] t ! enemy c n rea*1 9 dang]\s numb]s & unobs]v$1 ! position ( ! support or pass by x )9 ! sector intru/$ to ! support4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he mu/ economize m5 on obs]vation & patrol duty1 = ^! duties are unusually fatigu+4 ,he mu/ practice ! greate/ economy ( m5 consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( practical security4 ,z soon z ! po/+ ( ! support is complet$1 its comm&] c>efully inspects ! dispositions & corrects defects1 if any1 & reports ! disposition ( 8 support1 includ+ ! patroll+ ord]$1 to ! outpo/ comm&]4 ,?is report is pref]ably made by means ( a sket*4 ,by day ! outpo/ w /ack arms & ! articles ( equipm5t1 except ! c>tridge belt & cante51 w be plac$ by ! arms4 ,at night ! m5 w inv>iably sleep ) _! arms & equipm5t ne> !m4 ,9 addition to ! s5t9el po/$ ov] ! support1 a "p ( ! support1 say "o-?ird or "o-f\r?1 %\ld always be awake at night4 ,ea* outgu>d is m>*$ by its comm&] to its assign$ /ation1 & especially 9 ! case ( a picket1 is cov]$ by ! necess>y patroll+ to prev5t surprise4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! position1 ! comm&] expla9s ! situation to 8 m5 & e/abli%es reliefs = ea* s5t9el1 &1 if possible1 = ea* patrol to be furni%$4 ,besides ^! s5t9els & patrols1 a picket mu/ h a s5t9el at its po/4 ,! comm&] !n po/s ! s5t9els & po9ts out to !m ! pr9cipal features1 su* z t[ns1 roads1 & /reams1 & gives _! names4 ,he gives ! direction & location ( ! enemy1 if kn[n1 & ( adjo9+ p>ts ( ! outpo/4 ,he gives to patrols ! same in=mation & ! necess>y ord]s z to _! r\tes & ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! same %all be cov]$4 ,ea* patrol %\ld g ov] its r\te once be=e d>k4 ,ea* picket %\ld ma9ta9 connection by patrols ) ! outgu>ds on its "r & left4 #ajgd4 ,int]communication4 ,x is mo/ important t communication %\ld be ma9ta9$ at all times betwe5 all p>ts ( ! outpo/1 & betwe5 ! outpo/ & ! ma9 body4 ,?is may be done by patrols1 mess5g]s1 wire or signal4 ,! comm&] ( ! outpo/ is responsible t prop] communication be ma9ta9$ ) ! ma9 body1 & ! support comm&]s keep up communication ) ! outgu>ds1 ) ! adjo9+ supports & ) ! res]ve4 ,! comm&] ( a deta*$ po/ w ma9ta9 communication ) ! ne>e/ outgu>d4 #ajge4 ,*anges = ! ,night4 ,9 civiliz$ w>f>e1 x is seldom necess>y to draw ! outpo/ clos] to ! ma9 body at night 9 ord] to dim9i% ! front2 nor is x necess>y to /r5g!n ! l9e ( obs]vation1 z ! enemy's advance 9 =ce mu/ be conf9$ to ! roads4 ,! latt] are !re=e /rongly occupi$1 ! int]v5+ gr\nd be+ dilig5tly patroll$4 ,9 v op5 c\ntry or 9 w> ) savage or semi-civiliz$ p famili> ) ! t]ra91 special precautions are necess>y4 #ajgf4 ,reliev+ ! ,outpo/4 ,ord9>ily outpo/s are n kept on duty long] ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 tempor>y camps or biv\ac !y are g5]ally reliev$ e morn+4 ,aft] a day's advance ! outpo/ = ! night is usually reliev$1 ! foll[+ morn+ :5 ! support ( ! new advance gu>d passes ! l9e ( resi/ance4 ,9 retreat ! outpo/ = ! night usually =ms ! re> gu>d = ! foll[+ day1 & is reliev$ :5 x passes ! l9e ( obs]vation ( ! new outpo/4 ,outgu>ds t h become famili> ) ! c\ntry dur+ ! day "t %\ld rema9 on duty t night4 ,s5t9els are reliev$ once 9 two h\rs1 or (t5]1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,! "w ( patrols is regulat$ by ! support comm&]4 ,comm&]s ( ! v>i\s fractions ( an outpo/ turn ov] _! in/ructions & special ord]s1 writt5 & v]bal1 to _! successors1 toge!r ) ! late/ in=mation ( ! enemy1 & a description ( ! important features ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 practicable ! fir/ patrols s5t out by ! new outpo/s are accompani$ by memb]s ( ! old outpo/ :o are famili> ) ! t]ra94 ,:5 reliev$ ! old outgu>ds return to _! supports1 ! supports to ! res]ve & ! latt] to ! ma9 body2 or1 if m conv5i5t1 ! supports & res]ves return to ! ma9 body indep5d5tly1 ea* by ! %orte/ r\te4 ,:5 reliev$ by an advance gu>d1 ! outpo/ troops ord9>ily jo9 _! units z ! column passes4 ,ev5+ & %ortly be=e dawn are h\rs ( special dang]4 ,! enemy may attack late 9 ! day 9 ord] to e/abli% himself on captur$ gr\nd by intr5*+ dur+ ! night2 or he may s5d =w>d troops "u cov] ( d>kness 9 ord] to make a /rong attack at e>ly dawn4 ,special precaution is !re=e tak5 at ^? h\rs by hold+ ! outpo/ 9 read9ess1 & by s5d+ patrols 9 advance ( ! l9e ( obs]vation4 ,if a new outpo/ is to be e/abli%$ 9 ! morn+ x %\ld arrive at ! outpo/ position at daybreak1 ?us d\bl+ ! outpo/ /r5g? at t h\r4 ,,outpo/ ,,problems ,problem ,no4 #a 7,infantry7 #ajgg4 ,lieut5ant 7to two squads ( 8 company73 ,two battalions ( our regim5t h camp$ by ,bak]'s ,pond 7,elem5t>y ,map7 = ! night4 ,x is n[ #c ,p4 ,m4 on a ra9y day 9 ,augu/4 ,! enemy is ?\ght to be ab\t five miles to ! s\? ( u4 ,our platoon is ! left support ( ! outpo/ & is /ation$ at ! road =k on ! ,*e/] ,pike1 by ! ,mason h\se4 ,! ,tw9 ,hills-,lone ,hill ridge is tak5 c>e ( by o!r troops4 ,corporal ,bak]1 :]e d y ?9k ,i %\ld place outgu>ds8 ,corporal ,bak]3 ,"o at ! junction ( ! ,mills f>m lane & ! ,*e/] ,pike1 & "o at ! /eel railroad tre/le ov] ,s&y ,creek4 ,lieut5ant3 ,^? positions are bo? too f> f ! support1 almo/ a half mile1 b !y cov] ! two ma9 av5ues ( approa* & !re is no good place = a position ne>] ! support4 ,a position f>!r nor? ( ! ,mill's f>m lane w\ld h its view ob/ruct$ by ! wall & trees along ! lane & ! wall w\ld be a bad ?+ to leave unoccupi$ su* a %ort di/ance to y\r front4 ,s 9 ?is case1 9 spite ( ! excessive di/ances f ! support1 ,i ?9k ! two positions are well *os54 ,ea* %\ld be an outgu>d ( a squad1 = 9 ! day "t1 9 addition to furni%+ a s5t9el to obs]ve to ! front1 !y %\ld h "s p[] ( resi/ance1 p>ticul>ly at ! tre/le4 ,at night !y %\ld ea* h "o d\ble s5t9el po/4 ,?is requires ?ree reliefs ( two m5 ea*1 :i*1 ) ! corporal1 only leaves "o extra man1 :o c be us$ z a mess5g]4 ,corporal ,bak]1 ,i ord] y to take y\r squad & po/ x z ,outgu>d ,no4 #a1 at ! junction ( ?is 7,*e/]7 pike & t f>m lane 7,mills f>m7 9 front4 ,corporal ,davis' squad w be ,outgu>d ,no4 #b1 at ! railroad tre/le ov] !re 7po9t+74 ,fri5dly troops w be on ! ridge to ! ea/ ( y\r position4 ,y\r meals w be cook$ "h & s5t to y4 ,expla9 h[ y po/ y\r squad4 ,corporal ,bak]3 ,i ord] ,smi? to d\ble "t #aej y>ds to ! front & act z po9t = ! squad4 ,i !n m>* ! squad d[n to its position1 keep+ ,smi? ab\t #bjj y>ds 9 front until ,i h arrang$ ev]y?+4 ,i !n po/ ,br[n "u cov] ( ! trees along ! lane :]e he c look d[n ! road z f> z possible & ,i tell him1 ,br[n1 y are to take po/ "h1 keep+ a %>p look\t to ! front & flanks4 ,! enemy is ?\ght to be ab\t five miles s\? 7po9t+7 ( u4 ,?is is ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,t creek ov] !re is ,s&y ,creek4 ,salem is ab\t a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s d[n ?is pike 9 t 7,s4 ,e47 direction4 ,york is a mile & a half 9 t 7,s4 ,w47 direction4 ,our troops are on t ridge 7,tw9 ,hills7 & a squad is at ! tre/le ov] !re4 ,x is ,outgu>d ,no4 #b4 ,y are 9 ,outgu>d ,no4 #a4 ,y "k :]e we left our platoon4 ,x is our support4 ,signal ,smi? to come 94 ,i !n h ! squad pit* _! %elt] t5ts along ! nor!rn side ( ! wall1 :]e !y w be hidd5 to view f ! front by ! trees along ! lane & ! wall4 ,i want ! m5 to get %elt] f ! ra9 z soon z possible4 ,i !n in/ruct ! m5 ( ! squad1 9 ! same mann] t ,i did ,br[n2 ,i notice ! "t1 & detail ,davis z second relief & ,c>t] z ?ird relief = ,br[n's po/4 ,i !n direct two m5 to take all ! cante5s & g ov] to t f>m 7,mills7 & fill !m1 fir/ que/ion+ ! p ab\t ! enemy & ab\t ! c\ntry ar\nd "h4 ,i also direct ^! two m5 to get "s /raw or hay = b$d+ 9 ! %elt] t5ts1 & in/ruct !m to return ) z little delay z possible4 ,i wait until !y return & ord] two o!r m5 to g d[n to ! cross roads1 "q ! p !re1 look ! gr\nd ov] & return "h4 ,i caution !m n to give any in=mation ab\t our =ce or ! outgu>d4 ,i w\ld see t ! s5t9el's position 0 ! be/ available & t ! m5 _h z com=table qu>t]s z possible1 )\t be+ unduly expos$ to view & )\t int]f]+ ) _! movem5ts 9 case ( attack4 ,!y w\ld keep _! rifles at _! sides at all times & n remove _! equipm5ts4 ,aft] d>k ,i put two m5 on po/ at ! same "t4 ,to d ?is ,i arrange ?ree reliefs ( two m5 ea*4 ,!y are po/$ 9 pairs = two h\rs at a "t4 ,if no patrol f ! support appe>$ )9 a half h\r aft] ,i fir/ took position ,i w\ld s5d a mess5g] back to y to see if ev]y?+ 0 all "r & tell y :at ,i _h done4 ,lieut5ant3 ,i ?9k ! two m5 s5t to ! crossroads %\ld h be5 />t$ out be=e s5d+ anyone to ! ,mills h\se z ?is 0 a m important po9t4 ,! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations /ate t outgu>ds d n patrol to ! front1 b :at y did 0 entirely correct4 ,y 7 secur+ y\rself 9 y\r position & %\ld be famili> ) y\r imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,y %\ld h told ! crossroads patrol to det]m9e h[ mu* ( an ob/acle ,s&y ,creek 04 ,i suppose y assum$ ! swamp 0 impassable4 ,! s5t9el 9 ?is case is1 ,i suppose1 across ! lane f ! outgu>d ab\t t5 or fifte5 y>ds 9 advance4 ,aft] d>k ! d\ble s5t9el po/ %\ld be po/$ on ! pike ab\t ?irty y>ds 9 advance ( ! outgu>d4 ,v frequ5tly x w\ld n be wise to put up y\r %elt] t5ts on outgu>d4 ,b "h1 consid]+ ! ra9 & ! protection ! trees & wall furni%1 x 0 wise to d s4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( an outgu>d %\ld be v precise 9 giv+ 8 ord]s & 9 mak+ 8 arrangem5ts1 details1 etc4 ,! discipl9e mu/ be /rict2 t is1 ! m5 mu/ be kept "u absolute control1 s t 9 case ( sudd5 attack !re w be no *ance ( confusion & ! outgu>d comm&] w h 8 m5 absolutely 9 h& & n p]mit any indep5d5t action on _! "p4 ,?is is (t5 n ! case1 ow+ to ! famili> relations t usually exi/ 9 our army betwe5 a corporal & ! memb]s ( 8 squad4 ,we w n h "t to g into ! arrangem5ts = ,outgu>d ,no4 #b o!r ?an to say t ! conditions !re are some:at diff]5t f ^? ,corporal ,bak] has _h to deal )4 ,! outgu>d %\ld be po/$ on ! we/ bank ( ,s&y ,creek & ! s5t9el at ! s\!a/]n end ( ! tre/le4 ,a skirmi% tr5* %\ld be dug d[n ! we/]n slope ( ! fill we/ ( ! creek1 & ext5d$ across ! track by ?r[+ up a p>apet ab\t two & "o-half feet high1 slightly b5t back t[>ds ! nor!a/ s z to furni% cov] f fire f ! ea/ bank ( ! creek1 nor? ( ! tre/le4 ,! %elt] t5ts c\ld be pit*$ z lean tos aga9/ ! we/]n slope ( ! fill1 & hidd5 by bu%es & bran*es ( trees4 7,note3 ,! details ( comm&+ ?is outgu>d1 its action 9 case ( attack1 :at %\ld be done ) a pass+ c\ntryman1 etc41 c be pr(itably work$ out 9 great detail47 ,problem ,no4 #b #ajgh4 ,lieut5ant 7to six squads73 ,we w take ! same situation z we _h 9 ,problem #a1 ) squad outgu>ds z be=e4 ,s]geant ,adams1 y h comm& ( ! platoon & h s5t out ! two outgu>ds4 ,expla9 y\r arrangem5ts = ! support4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i h ! m5 fall out by squads & re/ on ! side ( ! road :ile ,i look ! gr\nd ov]4 ,i !n tell ,s]geant ,b>nes1 ,y w h imm$iate *>ge ( ! gu>d1 cook+1 visit+ patrols1 etc41 "h at ! support4 ,detail ?ree m5 f ,corporal ,evan's squad z fir/1 second & ?ird relief = ! s5t9el ov] ! support ,po/ y\r s5t9el at ! road =k & give him ! necess>y in/ructions z to ! outgu>ds1 ! adjac5t support :i* is on ?is road 7po9t+ we/7 on top ( t ridge1 etc4 ,i w give y fur!r in/ructions lat]4 ,i !n fall 9 ! rema9d] ( ! support 7"o s]geant1 "o cook1 f\r corporals & tw5ty-sev5 privates1 ?ree squads be+ intact & "o man on duty z s5t9el7 & h %elt] t5ts pit*$ "u cov] ( ! or*>d & ,mason h\se4 ,:ile ?is is be+ complet$ ,i select a l9e = a tr5*1 ab\t ?irty-five y>ds long1 beh9d ! f5ce on ! ea/ & we/ road & ext5d+ ea/ ( ! ,*e/] ,pike ab\t fifte5 y>ds1 slightly b5t back t[>ds ! nor!a/4 ,no tr5* 9 ! road4 ,i !n say to ,s]geant ,foss1 ,take ,graves' squad & con/ruct a %elt] tr5* along ?is l9e 7indicat+7 hav+ ! p>apet conceal$4 ,cut ! f5ces s z to furni% easy access4 ,i !n say to ,corporal ,evans1 ,take ?ree m5 f y\r squad &1 z a reconnoit]+ patrol1 cross ! tre/le !re 7po9t+71 & foll[ t road 7po9t+ to ! ,bol+-,salem road7 into ,salem1 reconnoit]+ t village4 ,!n take up a position on t ridge 7po9t+ to ,s&y ,ridge7 & rema9 out until dusk4 ,s5d me a message f ,s&y ,ridge ) a sket* & description ( ! c\ntry4 ,i assume t ,corporal ,evans is famili> ) ! in=mation ab\t ! enemy1 ! location ( our outgu>ds1 etc4 ,select+ five m5 f ,corporal ,ge>y's squad & ! rema9+ man ( ,corporal ,evans' squad 7?ree hav+ be5 detail$ = s5t9el duty1 & ?ree s5t out on patrol duty ) ,corporal ,evans71 ,i turn !m ov] to ,s]geant ,b>nes1 say+1 ,"h are six m5 to furni% ?ree reliefs = a visit+ patrol ( two m54 ,h ?is patrol visit ,outgu>d ,no4 #b & cross ! tre/le1 go+ s\? d[n ! ea/ bank ( ! creek2 !nce recross ! creek at ! road bridge1 visit+ ,outgu>d ,no4 #a2 !nce across to ! adjac5t outgu>d ( ! support on our left1 :i* is some:]e on t ridge 7po9t+ to ! ,tw9 ,hills-,lone ,hill ,ridge72 & !nce to ! />t+ po9t4 ,h !m locate t support on _! fir/ trip4 ,y c rev]se ! r\te & make su* m9or *anges f "t to "t z y ?9k be/4 ,report to me aft] !y h complet$ ! fir/ r\nd4 ,make arrangem5ts = s5d+ supp] to ! outgu>ds4 ,take two m5 f ,corporal ,jackson's squad to c>ry x out4 ,be c>eful t ! cook fire is n visible4 ,i am go+ out to visit ,outgu>d ,no4 #a & !n ,no4 #b4 ,y w h *>ge until ,i return4 ,! m5 h /ack$ arms 9 front ( ! t5ts & h remov$ all equipm5t b _! belts4 ,i w\ld n[ visit ! outgu>ds1 tak+ a man ) me1 & see if !y are prop]ly locat$4 ,i w\ld in/ruct ! outgu>d comm&]s z to :at to d 9 case ( attack1 9 case /rang]s approa*1 po9t out _! l9e ( retreat 9 case ( necessity1 etc4 ,i w\ld make a sket* ( ! position & s5d x1 ) a description ( my dispositions1 to ! comm&] ( ! outpo/4 ,lieut5ant3 ,y\r arrangem5ts & dispositions appe> satisfactory4 ,y %\ld h be5 m prompt 9 s5d+ ,corporal ,evans out ) 8 patrol4 ,:y didn't y s5d a patrol t[>ds ,york1 or s\? along ! ,*e/] ,pike8 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,i consid]$ t ! support on my "r w\ld cov] t ridge 7,tw9 ,hills-,lone ,hill71 & t ! r\te ,i laid out = ,corporal ,evans w\ld cov] ! ,*e/] ,pike & ! c\ntry ea/ ( ,s&y ,creek at ! same "t1 ?us avoid+ ! necessity = two patrols4 ,lieut5ant3 ,t seems reasonable1 b y %\ld h giv5 "s specific ord]s ab\t report+ on ! wid?1 dep?1 etc41 ( ,s&y ,creek1 :i* might prove a v valuable or dang]\s ob/acle4 ,y c readily see h[ quickly a comm& becomes brok5 up & deplet$ 9 /r5g?1 & h[ important x is to make only su* deta*m5ts z are necess>y4 ,x looks z if y\r outgu>ds might h be5 made small] consid]+ ! size ( y\r platoon 7#f squads71 b ,i ?9k ! squad outpo/ is s mu* bett] ?an "o n compos$ ( a complete unit1 t x is correct 9 ?is case4 ,) ,corporal ,evans' patrol ( ?ree m51 ! visit+ patrol requir+ six m51 ! s5t9el po/ requir+ ?ree m51 ,s]geant ,b>nes1 & ! two outgu>ds1 y h ?irty m5 actually on duty or detail$ = duty1 out ( fifty-"o4 ,( c\rse1 ! m5 con/itut+ ! outgu>ds1 ! man detail$ = ! visit+ patrol & support s5t9el1 h approximately two h\rs on duty & f\r h\rs (f duty1 s !y get "s re/4 ,fur!rmore1 y %\ld h a ?ree-man patrol wat*+ ! crossroads at ,salem dur+ ! night1 ,corporal ,evans' patrol hav+ return$4 ,?is patrol %\ld be reliev$ once dur+ ! night1 at a previ\sly /at$ h\r1 :i* means six m m5 :o d n get a complete night's re/4 ,s]geant ,adams3 ,isn't ,salem r f> to ! front to s5d a patrol at night8 ,lieut5ant3 ,yes1 x is1 b unless y t\* ! crossroads !re y w\ld h to h two patrols out1 "o ne> ,maxey's f>m & "o on ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,z x is y are leav+ ! road f ,york to ! crossroads 9 front ( ,outgu>d ,no4 #a uncov]$1 b y %\ld f9d t ?is is cov]$ by a patrol f ! adjac5t support4 ,! cross roads 9 front ( ,outgu>d ,no4 #a is ! natural place = a /ation>y1 night patrol1 b x is s close to ! outgu>d t ! b5efit d]iv$ f a patrol !re w\ld be too small to ju/ify ! ef=t4 7,note3 ,fur!r details ( ! duties ( ?is support c be gone into4 ,! messages %\ld be writt51 & patrols c>ri$ ?r\gh _! t\r ( duty ) ! result+ situations to be dealt )2 ! s5t9els te/$ z to _! k ( _! duties1 etc4 ,also note c>efully ! mann] 9 :i* ! support comm&] uses 8 noncommission$ (fic]s = c>ry+ out 8 int5tions1 & ?us avoids ! mo/ objectionable & ineffici5t practice ( deal+ directly ) ! privates47 ,problem ,no4 #c 7,infantry7 #ajgi4 7,see ,=t ,leav5wor? map 9 pocket at back ( book47 ,situation3 ,a ,blue =ce1 ,companies ,a & ,b1 #a/ ,infantry1 "u ,capta9 ,a1 9 ho/ile c\ntry1 is cov]+ ! ,rock ,isl& ,bridge & camp$ = ! night1 ,april #bj-ba1 on ! s\? slope ( ,dev9 ridge 7rm'74 ,! enemy is mov+ nor?w>d f ,kansas ,city 7#cj miles s\? ( ,leav5wor?74 ,at #c3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,capta9 ,a receives a message f ,colonel ,x at ,bev]ly 7#b miles ea/ ( ,rock ,isl& ,bridge1 7qo'771 /at+ t two or ?ree companies ( ho/ile infantry are report$ five miles s\? ( ,leav5wor? at #b3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,no enemy is we/ ( ,leav5wor?4 ,capta9 ,a decides to place "o platoon on outpo/4 ,requir$1 #a4 ,capta9 ,a's ord]4 ,answ]4 ,v]bally3 ,two or ?ree ,r$ companies 7 five miles s\? ( ,leav5wor? at #b3cj ,p4 ,m4 today4 ,no enemy is we/ ( ,leav5wor?4 ,we w camp "h4 #a/ ,platoon1 ',a' company1 "u ,s]geant ,a1 w =m ! outpo/1 reliev+ ! advance gu>d 7#b;d ,platoon ,co4 ,a74 ,! l9e1 ,pope ,hill 7sm'7--,rabbit ,po9t 7tn'7 w be held4 ,deta*$ po/s w be plac$ on ,hill #hhj1 we/ ( ,m]ritt ,hill 7rl'71 & on ,eng9e] ,hill 7ql'74 ,9 case ( attack ! outpo/ l9e w be held4 ,! baggage w be at ! ma9 camp4 ,messages w rea* me on ,dev9 ,ridge 7rm'74 ,issu$ v]bally to (fic]s & ,s]geant ,a4 ,requir$1 #b4 ,give v]batim 7^w = ^w7 ! ord] issu$ by ,s]geant ,a4 ,answ]4 ,two companies ( ! enemy 7 five miles s\? ( ,leav5wor? at #b3cj ,p4 ,m4 today4 ,our camp is to be "h4 ,?is platoon w be ! outpo/ on ! l9e1 ,rabbit ,po9t 7im'7--,pope ,hill 7sm'74 ,! "r support1 #a/ section1 less #a squad1 "u ,s]geant ,b1 w take position nor? ( ,pope ,hill & cov] ! foll[+ front3 ! rav9e 7,,xix--,m]ritt ,hill7 we/ ( ,grant av5ue to ! rav9e ab\t midway betwe5 ,grant ,av5ue & ,rabbit ,po9t 7tn'74 ,! left support1 #b;d section1 less #a squad "u ,s]geant ,h1 w take position on nor? slope ( ,rabbit ,po9t & w cov] ! foll[+ front3 ,! rav9e midway betwe5 ,grant ,av5ue & ,rabbit ,po9t to ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,corporal ,d1 y w take ! eight m5 ( y\r squad & =m a deta*$ po/ on ,eng9e] ,hill 7qk'74 ,corporal ,e1 take y\r squad & =m a deta*$ po/ on ,hill #hhj we/ ( ,m]ritt ,hill 7rl'74 ,if attack$ hold y\r front4 ,ea* support & deta*$ po/ w entr5*4 ,s5d messages to me at "r support4 ,! outpo/ moves out1 ea* support & deta*$ po/ sep>ately1 )\t ?r[+ out cov]+ patrols1 because ! advance gu>d is n[ hold+ ! front4 ,!re is no res]ve4 ,requir$1 #c4 ,:at does ,s]geant ,a d n[8 ,requir$1 #d4 ,:at does ,s]geant ,b d z soon z he rea*es ,pope ,hill8 7,note3 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! aft]noon "o man up 9 a tree on ,grant ,av5ue w be ! only obs]v+ po/ necess>y = ?is support4 ,at night an outgu>d w\ld be plac$ on ,grant ,av5ue ) cont9u\s patrols along ! front1 because ! op5 gr\nd furni%es easy approa* to ! enemy4 ,a po/ ( f\r m5 might also be plac$ on ! bridge ov] ,corral ,creek 7um'747 ,requir$1 #e4 ,! location ( supports & ! ma9 body ( deta*$ po/ on ,eng9e] ,hill4 ,requir$1 #f4 ,:at patroll+ w\ld be done f ! left support8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,company ,,on ,,outpo/ 7,e/abli%+ ! ,outpo/7 #ajhj4 ,we w n[ apply "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( outpo/s 7see ,p>4 #ajea7 to a company tak+ up its position on ! l9e ( outpo/s4 ,let u suppose t our battalion has be5 detail$ = outpo/ duty4 ,9 ord] to und]/& m fully ! duties & functions ( ! company comm&]1 we w fir/ consid] :at ! major does4 ,to beg9 )1 he & ! battalion w h be5 detail$ = outpo/ duty be=e ! m>* 0 complet$1 & he w h be5 told1 among/ o!r ?+s1 :at is kn[n ( ! enemy & also :at is kn[n ( o!r bodies ( our own troops1 :]e ! ma9 body w halt1 ! g5]al position to be occupi$ by ! outpo/1 & :at ! comm&] int5ds do+ 9 case ( attack4 ,! major v]bally designates1 say1 two companies1 z ! res]ve1 & ! o!r two companies1 includ+ our own1 z ! support4 ,he places ! s5ior (fic] ( ! res]ve companies 9 comm& ( ! res]ve & tells him :]e he is to g1 & he indicates ! g5]al l9e ! outpo/ is to occupy & assigns ! am\nt ( front ea* ( ! o!r companies is to cov]4 ,! limits ( ! sector s assign$ %\ld be m>k$ by "s di/9ctive features1 su* z trees1 build+s1 woods1 /reams1 etc41 z x is important t ea* company %\ld "k ! exact limits ( its frontage4 ,he tells ! company comm&]s :at he kn[s ( ! enemy & ( our own troops s f> z !y affect ! outpo/s1 he indicates ! l9e ( resi/ance & h[ mu* resi/ance is to be af=d$ 9 case ( attack1 /ates :e!r intr5*m5ts & ob/acles are to be con/ruct$1 gives in/ructions ab\t light+ fires & cook+1 & /ates :]e he c be f\nd4 ,^u receiv+ 8 ord]s f ! major1 ! company comm&]1 ) a prop] cov]+ deta*m5t1 moves to ! locality allott$ him & z he arrives ^u ! gr\nd he is to occupy1 he s5ds out1 z tempor>y security1 patrols or skirmi%]s1 or bo?1 a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! g5]al position ! outgu>ds w occupy1 hold+ ! re/ ( ! company back "u cov]4 ,if practicable1 ! company comm&] %\ld prec$e ! company & make a rapid exam9ation ( ! gr\nd4 ,he !n s5ds out obs]vation gr\ps1 v>y+ 9 size f f\r m5 to a platoon1 g5]ally a squad1 to wat* ! c\ntry 9 ! direction ( ! enemy4 ,^! gr\ps con/itute ! outgu>ds1 & are j suffici5t 9 numb] to cov] ! front ( ! supports1 & to connect :]e necess>y ) ! outgu>ds ( adjo9+ supports4 ,! company comm&] next selects a def5sive position on ! g5]al l9e ( resi/ance1 f :i* n only c he comm& ! approa*es1 b :]e he c also give assi/ance to ! adjo9+ supports2 he !n gives in/ructions 9 reg>d to ! intr5*m5ts & ob/acles1 aft] :i* he makes a m c>eful reconnaissance ( ! section assign$ him2 corrects ! position1 ( ! outgu>ds1 if necess>y2 gives !m in/ructions z to _! duties 9 case ( attack or :5 /rang]s approa* _! po/s2 tells !m ! numb] 7if any7 ( _! po/1 ! numb] ( ! outgu>d & support & ! numb]s ( ! adjo9+ outgu>ds & supports2 po9ts out l9es ( retreat 9 case !y are compell$ to fall back to ! support1 caution+ ! m5 n to mask ! fire ( ! support2 he tells !m ! names ( all villages1 riv]s1 etc41 9 view1 & ! places to :i* ! wagon roads & ! railroads lead2 selects1 if necess>y1 places = additional po/s to be occupi$ at night & dur+ fog2 sees t suitable connections are made betwe5 him & ! adjo9+ outgu>ds1 & betwe5 8 support & ! adjo9+ supports2 & que/ions subord9ate comm&]s to te/ _! grasp ( ! situation & k ( _! duties1 & on return+ to ! support he s5ds a report ) a sket* to ! outpo/ comm&]1 %[+ ! dispositions made4 ,aft] ! l9e ( obs]vation has be5 e/abli%$1 ! support /acks arms & ! m5 are p]mitt$ to remove _! equipm5ts1 except c>tridge belts4 ,"o or m s5t9els are po/$ ov] ^! supports1 & !y gu>d ! prop]ty & wat* = signals f ! outgu>ds4 ,fires are conceal$ z mu* z possible & ! mess+ is done by reliefs4 ,m\nt$ mess5g]s ord9>ily d n unsaddle2 !y re/1 wat] & fe$ z direct$4 ,aft] ! major has receiv$ reports f bo? company comm&]s1 he w himself visit ! outgu>ds & supports & make su* *anges z he may deem necess>y1 imm$iately aft] :i* he w submit to ! comm&] ( ! troops a writt5 report1 accompani$ by a comb9$ sket* %[+ ! positions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! outpo/4 ,! major might beg9 8 inspection ( ! l9e ( outgu>ds be=e receiv+ ! reports ( ! company comm&]s4 ,9 tra9+ & in/ruct+ ! company 9 outpo/ "w1 x is always be/ to s5d out a few patrols & sc\ts an h\r or two 9 advance1 ) def9ite in/ructions z to :at !y are to d1 & h !m op]ate aga9/ ! company z ho/ile sc\ts & patrols4 ,if ! re/ ( ! company "k t patrols & sc\ts are op]at+ 9 _! front1 & w try to "w _! way ?r\gh ! outpo/ l9e1 !y w naturally take a ke5] int]e/ 9 _! "w4 ,ex]cises ( ?is k9d create a feel+ ( rivalry betwe5 ! sc\ts & patrols1 :o1 on ! "o h&1 are try+ to "w _! way ?r\gh ! l9e ( outpo/s1 & ! outgu>ds & patrols1 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 are try+ to prev5t !m f s do+4 ,x makes ! "w mu* m human4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,company ,,9 ,,sc\t+#ac ,,& ,,patroll+ #ajha4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( patroll+ are expla9$ 9 ,p>4 #iei2 s we ne$ n repeat !m "h4 ,_m ( ! pr9ciples ( sc\t+ are1 9 reality1 no?+ b ! fundam5tals ( patroll+1 & ! ma9 function ( sc\t+1 reconnoit]+1 is also ! function ( a c]ta9 class ( patrols4 ,s1 we see t sc\t+ & patroll+ are insep>ably connect$1 & ! importance ( tra9+ ! memb]s ( ! company 9 ! pr9ciples ( sc\t+ is1 !re=e1 evid5t4 #ajhb4 ,requisites ( a good ,sc\t4 ,a man1 to make a good sc\t1 %\ld possess ! foll[+ qualifications3-- ,h good eyesight & he>+2 ,be active1 intellig5t & res\rceful2 ,be confid5t & plucky2 ,be heal?y & /rong2 ,be able to swim1 signal1 read a map1 make a r\gh sket*1 &1 ( c\rse1 read & write4 #ajhc4 ,eyesight & ,he>+4 ,to be able to use ! eye & ! e> quickly & accurately is "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( successful sc\t+4 ,quickness & accuracy ( sight & he>+ are to a great ext5t a matt] ( tra9+ & practice4 ,! savage1 = in/ance1 almo/ inv>iably has quick eyesight & good he>+1 simply f cont9ual practice4 ,get into ! habit ( see+1 obs]v+1 ?+s--y\r eyesight mu/ nev] be re/+1 b mu/ be cont9ually glanc+ ar\nd1 9 e direction1 & see+ diff]5t objects4 ,z y walk along ?r\gh ! c\ntry get into ! habit ( notic+ ho(-pr9ts1 :eel-ruts1 etc41 & obs]v+ ! trees1 h\ses1 /reams1 animals1 m51 etc41 t y pass4 ,practice look+ at di/ant objects & discov]+ objects 9 ! di/ance4 ,on see+ di/ant signs1 d n jump at a conclusion z to :at !y are1 b wat* & /udy !m c>efully fir/4 ,get into ! habit ( li/5+ = s\nds & ( di/+ui%+ by :at diff]5t s\nds are made4 #ajhd4 ,f9d+ y\r ,way 9 a /range ,c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal means ( f9d+ "o's way 9 a /range c\ntry are by map read+1 ask+ ! way1 ! po9ts ( ! compass & l&m>ks4 ,map ,read+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 presupposes ! possession ( a map4 ,! subject ( map read+ is expla9$ 9 ,p>s4 #ahei to #ahgg4 ,ask+ ! ,way4 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries "o has no tr\ble 9 f9d+ 8 way by ask+1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 he speaks ! language4 ,if 9 a =eign c\ntry1 le>n z soon z y c ! equival5t ( su* expressions z ,:at is ! way to ----8 ,:]e is ----8 ,:at is ! "n ( ?is place81 & a few o!r phrases ( a simil> nature4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! natives may sometimes deceive y 9 _! answ]s4 ,po9ts ( ! ,compass4 ,a compass is1 ( c\rse1 ! be/1 quicke/ & simple/ way ( det]m9+ ! directions1 except 9 localities :]e !re is mu* iron1 9 :i* case x becomes v unreliable4 ,= det]m9+ ! po9ts ( ! compass by means ( ! ,nor? ,/> & ! face ( a wat*1 see ,p>4 #ajif4 ,! po9ts ( ! compass c also be asc]ta9$ by fac+ ! sun 9 ! morn+ & spread+ out y\r arms /raight f ! body4 ,be=e y is ea/2 beh9d y1 we/2 to y\r "r1 s\?2 to y\r left1 nor?4 ,illu/ration ,! po9ts ( ! compass c be det]m9$ by not+ ! limbs & b>k ( trees4 ,! b>k on ! nor? side ( trees is ?ick] & r\gh] ?an t on ! s\? side1 & moss is mo/ g5]ally f\nd ne> ! roots on ! nor? side4 ,! limbs & bran*es are g5]ally long] on ! s\? side ( ! trees1 :ile ! bran*es on ! nor? are usually knotty1 twi/$ & droop$4 ,! tops ( p9e trees dip or tr5d to ! nor?4 #ajhe4 ,lo/4 ,9 connection ) f9d+ y\r way ?r\gh /range c\ntry1 x may be said1 %\ld y f9d y h lo/ y\r way1 d n lose y\r head4 ,keep cool--try n to let y\r bra9s get into y\r feet4 ,by ?is we mean don't run ar\nd & make ?+s worse1 & play y\rself out4 ,fir/ ( all1 sit d[n & ?9k2 cool (f4 ,!n climb a tree1 or hill1 & endeavor to locate "s famili> object y pass$1 s z to retrace y\r /eps4 ,if x gets d>k & y are n 9 ho/ile t]ritory1 build a good big fire4 ,! *ances are y h be5 miss$ by y\r comrades & if !y see ! fire1 !y w conclude y are !re & w s5d out = y4 ,also1 if n 9 ho/ile t]ritory1 di/ress signals may be giv5 by fir+ y\r rifle1 b don't wa/e all y\r ammunition4 ,if y f9d a /ream1 foll[ x2 x w g5]ally lead some:]e--:]e civilization exi/s4 ,! t5d5cy ( p :o are lo/ is to travel 9 a circle uselessly4 ,rememb] ?is important rule3 ,always notice ! direction ( ! compass :5 y />t out1 & :at *anges ( direction y make aft]w>ds4 #ajhf4 ,l&m>ks4 ,l&m>ks or prom95t features ( any k9d are a great assi/ance 9 f9d+ "o's way 9 a /range c\ntry4 ,9 />t+ out1 always notice ! hills1 conspicu\s trees1 high build+s1 t[]s1 riv]s1 etc4 ,= example1 if />t+ out on a reconnaissance y see directly to ! nor? ( y a m\nta91 x w act z a guide )\t y\r hav+ to ref] to y\r compass or ! sun4 ,if y %\ld />t f ne> a *ur*1 ! /eeple w s]ve z a guide or l&m>k :5 y />t to make y\r way back4 ,:5 y pass a conspicu\s object1 l a brok5 gate1 a /rangely %ap$ rock1 etc41 try to rememb] x1 s t %\ld y desire to return t way1 y c d s by foll[+ ! *a9 ( l&m>ks4 ,on pass+ su* l&m>ks always see :at !y look l f ! o!r side2 =1 t w be ! side f :i* y w fir/ see !m ^u ! return1 trip4 ,! secret ( nev] gett+ lo/ is to note c>efully ! orig9al direction 9 :i* y />t1 & aft] t to note c>efully all l&m>ks4 ,get 9 ! habit ( do+ ?is 9 "t ( peace--x w !n become second nature = y to d x 9 "t ( w>4 ,x may sometimes be necess>y1 especially 9 difficult c\ntry1 su* z :5 travel+ ?r\gh a =e/1 & ov] brok5 m\nta9s & rav9es1 = y to make y\r own l&m>ks = f9d+ y\r way back by blaz+ 7cutt+ pieces ( b>k f ! trees71 break+ small bran*es (f bu%es1 pil+ up /ones1 mak+ a l9e across a crossroad or pa? y did n foll[1 etc4 #ajhg4 ,concealm5t & ,dodg+4 ,bo? 9 sc\t+ & patroll+ x mu/ be rememb]$ n only t x is important y %\ld get in=mation1 b x is also fully z important t ! enemy %\ld n "k y h ! in=mation--h5ce1 ! necessity ( hid+ y\rself4 ,& rememb]1 too1 if y keep y\rself hidd51 n only w y probably be able to see twice z mu* ( :at ! enemy is do+1 b x may also save y f be+ captur$1 w\nd$ or kill$4 ,%\ld y f9d ! enemy has se5 y1 x is (t5 advisable to pret5d t y h n se5 him1 or t y h o!r m5 ) y by signal+ to imag9>y comrades4 ,z f> z possible1 keep "u cov] by travel+ along h$ges1 banks1 l[ gr\nd1 etc4 ,if mov+ ov] op5 c\ntry1 make y\r way z quickly z possible f "o clump ( trees or bu%es to ano!r2 or1 f rocks1 holl[s or su* o!r cov] z may exi/1 to o!r cov]4 ,z soon z y rea* new cov]1 look ar\nd & exam9e y\r surr\nd+s c>efully4 ,d n h ab\t y any?+ t gli/5s1 & at night be c>eful n to we> any?+ t j+les or rattles4 ,& rememb] t at night a light$ mat* c be se5 z f> z #ijj y>ds & a light$ cig>ette ne>ly #cjj y>ds4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh a bu% or ov] ! top ( a hill1 break (f a leafy bran* & hold x 9 front ( y\r face4 ,9 select+ a tree1 t[] or top ( a h\se or o!r look\t place f :i* to obs]ve ! enemy f concealm5t1 always plan be=eh& h[ y w\ld make y\r escape1 if discov]$ & pursu$4 ,a place ) m ?an "o av5ue ( escape %\ld be select$1 s t if cut (f 9 "o direction y c escape f ! o!r4 ,= example1 %\ld ! enemy rea* ! foot ( a t[] 9 :i* y are1 y w\ld be completely cut (f1 :ile if he rea*$ a h\se on ^: ro( y happ5$ to be1 y w\ld h sev]al av5ues ( escape4 ,al?\gh trees make excell5t look\t places1 !y mu/1 = ! same reasons z t[]s1 be us$ ) caution4 ,9 ?is connection x may be rem>k$ unless "o sees foot m>ks lead+ to a tree1 m5 are apt n to look up 9 trees = ! enemy--h5ce1 be c>eful n to leave foot m>ks4 ,:5 9 a tree1 ei!r /& close aga9/ ! trunk1 or lie along a l>ge bran*1 s t y\r body w look l a "p ( ! trunk or bran*4 ,9 us+ a hill z a look\t place1 d n make ! common mi/ake ( %[+ y\rself on ! skyl9e4 ,rea* ! top ( ! hill sl[ly & gradually by cr\*+ d[n & crawl+1 & raise y\r head above ! cre/ by in*es4 ,9 leav+1 l[] y\r head gradually & crawl away by degrees1 z any quick or sudd5 movem5t on ! skyl9e is likely to attract att5tion4 ,&1 rememb]1 j because y don't happ5 to see ! enemy t is no sign t he is n ab\t4 ,at maneuv]s & 9 ex]cises soldi]s cont9ually make ! mi/ake ( expos+ !mselves on ! skyl9e4 ,at night conf9e y\rself z mu* z possible to l[ gr\nd1 dit*es1 etc4 ,?is w keep y d[n 9 ! d>k & w enable y1 9 turn1 to see outl9$ aga9/ ! high] gr\nd any enemy t may approa* y4 ,at night especially1 b also dur+ ! day1 ! enemy w expect y along roads & pa?s1 z x is easi] to travel along roads & pa?s ?an across c\ntry & !y also s]ve z good guides 9 f9d+ y\r way4 ,z a rule1 x is be/ to use ! road until x br+s y ne> ! enemy & !n leave x & travel across c\ntry4 ,y w ?us be able bett] to avoid ! outpo/s & patrols t w surely be wat*+ ! roads4 ,practice 9 "t ( peace ! art ( conceal+ y\rself & obs]v+ pass]s-by4 ,conceal y\rself ne> "s frequ5t$ road & imag9e ! p travel+ ov] x are enemies ^: numb]s y wi% to c\nt & ^: conv]sation y wi% to ov]he>4 ,select a spot :]e !y are n likely to look = y1 & :i* has "o or m av5ues ( escape2 *oose a position ) a backgr\nd t mat*es y\r clo!s 9 color2 keep quiet1 sk9 y\r eyes2 /ret* y\r e>s4 ,a m\nt$ sc\t %\ld always h wire cutt]s :5 op]at+ 9 a c\ntry :]e !re are wire f5ces4 #ajhh4 ,track+4 ,by track+ we mean foll[+ up footm>ks4 ,! same z ! huntsman tracks 8 game s %\ld we le>n h[ to track ! enemy4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to le>n 9 track+ is ! pace at :i* ! man or horse 0 travel+ :5 ! track 0 made4 ,a horse walk+ makes pairs ( footm>ks1 ea* h9d foot be+ close to ! impression ( ! =efoot4 ,at a trot ! tracks are simil>1 b ! pairs ( footm>ks are f>!r ap>t & deep]1 ! toe especially be+ m deeply ind5t$ ?an at ! walk4 ,at a cant] !re are two s+le footm>ks & !n a pair4 ,at a gallop ! footm>ks are s+le & deeply ind5t$4 ,z a rule1 ! h9d feet are long] & n>r[] ?an ! =efeet4 ,9 case ( a man walk+1 ! :ole flat ( ! foot comes equally on ! gr\nd1 ! footm>ks usually ab\t #cj in*es ap>t4 ,if runn+1 ! toes are m deeply ind5t$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! footm>ks are consid]ably f>!r ap>t ?an :5 walk+4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 footm>ks made by soldi]'s %oes & civilian's %oes1 & ^? made by m5 & ^? made by wom5 & *ildr54 ,/udy ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tracks by a gun1 a c>riage1 an escort wagon1 an automobile1 a bicycle1 etc41 & ! direction 9 :i* !y 7 go+4 ,9 addition to be+ able to det]m9e ! pace ( tracks1 x is mo/ important t y %\ld be able to tell h[ old !y are4 ,h[ev]1 ability to d ?is ) any degree ( accuracy1 requires a va/ am\nt ( practice4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! k9d & ! /ate ( ! gr\nd & ! wea!r4 ,= example1 if on a dry1 w9dy day y foll[ a c]ta9 track ov] v>y+ gr\nd1 y w f9d t on light s&y soil1 = in/ance1 x w look old 9 a v %ort "t1 because any damp e>? t may h be5 kick$ up f "u ! surface w dry v quickly to ! same color z ! re/ ( ! surface1 & ! edge ( ! footm>k w soon be r\nd$ (f by ! breeze bl[+ ov] ! dry du/4 ,! same track 9 damp gr\nd w look mu* fre%]1 & 9 damp clay1 9 ! %ade ( trees1 a track :i* may be a day old w look q fre%4 ,! foll[+ are clues to ! age ( tracks3 ,spots ( ra9 hav+ fall5 on !m s9ce !y 7 made1 if1 ( c\rse1 y "k :5 ! ra9 fell2 ! cross+ ( o!r tracks ov] ! orig9al ones2 ! fre%ness or coldness ( ! dropp+s ( horses & o!r animals 7due all[ance be+ made = ! effect ( ! sun1 ra91 etc471 &1 9 ! case ( grass t has be5 trodd5 d[n1 ! ext5t to :i* x has s9ce dri$ or )]$4 ,hav+ le>n$ to di/+ui% ! pace & age ( tracks1 ! next ?9k to d is to le>n h[ to foll[ !m ov] all k9ds ( gr\nd4 ,?is is a mo/ difficult accompli%m5t & "o t requires a va/ am\nt ( practice to atta9 ev5 fair pr(ici5cy4 ,9 track+ :]e x is difficult to see ! track1 su* z on h>d gr\nd1 or 9 ! grass1 note ! direction ( ! la/ foot-pr9t t y c see1 !n look on ahead ( y a few y>ds1 say1 #bj or #cj1 9 ! same direction1 &1 9 grass1 y w probably see ! blades b5t or trodd51 &1 on gr\nd1 y w probably see /ones displac$ or scrat*$--or "s o!r small sign :i* o!rwise w\ld n be notic$4 ,^! indi/9ct signs1 se5 "o beh9d ! o!r1 give a track t c be foll[$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,if y %\ld lose ! track1 try to f9d x aga9 by plac+ y\r h&k]*ief1 hat1 or o!r object on ! la/ footm>k y notic$1 & !n "w ar\nd x 9 a wide circle1 ) a radius (1 say1 #cj1 #ej1 or #ajj y>ds1 *oos+ ! mo/ favorable gr\nd1 s(t gr\nd1 if possible4 ,if ) a patrol1 only "o or two m5 %\ld try to f9d ! onw>d track2 =1 if ev]yone />ts 9 to f9d x1 ! *ances are ! track w be oblit]at$ ) _! footm>ks4 ,9 try+ to f9d ! cont9uation ( a track ?is way1 always place y\rself 9 ! enemy's position1 look ar\nd ! c\ntry1 imag9e :at y w\ld h done1 & !n move out 9 t direction & look = 8 tracks 9 s(t gr\nd4 ,,practice ,9 ord] to le>n ! appe>ance ( tracks1 get a suitable piece ( s(t gr\nd1 & across ?is h a man walk & !n run1 & h a horse walk1 trot1 cant] & gallop4 ,! next day make simil> tracks alongside ! fir/ ones & !n notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,also1 make tracks on ord9>y gr\nd1 grass1 s&1 etc41 & practice foll[+ !m up4 ,f9ally1 practice track+ m5 s5t out = ! purpose4 ,! "w w probably be v difficult1 ev5 di%e>t5+ at fir/1 b y w gradually improve1 if y p]sev]e4 ,above all ?+s1 get into ! habit ( see+ any tracks t may be on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 out walk+1 :5 go+ ?r\gh ex]cises at maneuv]s1 & at o!r times1 always notice :at tracks are on ! gr\nd be=e y1 & /udy !m4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises 9 sc\t+ & patroll+ af=d excell5t practice & tra9+3 #ajhi4 ,! ,m\se & ,cat ,conte/4 #a4 ,a section ( c\ntry ?ree or f\r miles squ>e1 ) well-def9$ limits1 is select$4 ,! b\nd>ies are made kn[n to all conte/ants & anyone go+ outside ( !m w be disqualifi$4 #b4 ,two patrols ( eight m5 ea* are s5t out z mice4 ,!y occupy any positions !y may wi% )9 ! b\nd>ies nam$1 & conceal !mselves to wat* = ho/ile patrols4 #c4 ,half an h\r lat] two o!r squads1 we>+ :ite b&s ar\nd _! hats1 or hav+ o!r di/+ui%+ m>ks1 are s5t out z cats to locate1 if possible1 & report ^u ! position ( ! mice4 #d4 ,an h\r is fix$ :5 ! ex]cise %all end1 & if )9 ! giv5 "t ! cats h n discov]$ ! mice1 ! mice w94 #e4 ,! cats w write reports ( any mice patrols !y may see4 ,rules #a4 ,an umpire 7(fic] or noncommission$ (fic]7 goes ) ea* patrol & 8 decisions z to capture & o!r matt]s are ! ord]s ( ! company comm&]4 ,! umpires mu/ take e possible precaution to conceal !mselves s z n to reveal ! position ( ! patrols ) :i* !y are4 ,ea* umpire w c>ry a wat*1 all wat*es be+ set ) t ( ! company comm&] be=e ! ex]cise comm5ces4 #b4 ,any cat patrol com+ )9 #ej y>ds ( a m\se patrol1 )\t see+ ! mice1 is consid]$ captur$4 #c4 ,:5 ! "t is up1 ! umpires w br+ 9 ! patrols & report to ! company comm&]4 #ajij4 ,flag-,/eal+ ,conte/4 #a4 ,a section ( c\ntry ( suitable size1 ) well-def9$ limits1 is select$1 ! b\nd>ies be+ made kn[n to ! conte/ants4 #b4 ,! conte/ants are divid$ into two =ces ( ab\t #bj m5 ea*1 & ea* side w e/abli% ?ree ,cossack po/s along a g5]al l9e designat$ by ! company comm&]1 ! two positions be+ select$ fac+ ea* o!r & be+ a suitable di/ance ap>t4 ,! m5 n =m+ "p ( ! ,cossack po/s w be us$ z reconnoit]+ patrols4 #c4 ,ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile 9 re> ( ! c5t] ( ea* l9e ( outpo/s f\r flags w be plant$1 9 l9e1 ab\t #cj y>ds ap>t4 #d4 ,! sc\ts & patrols ( ea* =ce w try to locate ! outpo/s ( ! o!r =ce1 & !n to "w _! way ar\nd or betwe5 !m1 /eal ! flags & br+ !m back to _! own side4 ,!y w endeavor to prev5t ! enemy f do+ ! same4 #e4 ,"o sc\t or patrol w n c>ry away m ?an "o flag at a "t1 & w h to return to _! side safely ) ! flag be=e !y c come back & capture ano!r4 #f4 ,sc\ts may "w s+ly or 9 pairs4 ,any sc\t or patrol com+ )9 #hj y>ds ( a /rong] ho/ile p>ty1 or ,cossack po/1 w be consid]$ z captur$1 if se5 by ! enemy1 & if c>ry+ a captur$ flag at ! "t1 ! flag w n c\nt z hav+ be5 captur$4 ,( c\rse1 if a sc\t or patrol c pass )9 #hj y>ds ( ! enemy )\t be+ discov]$1 x may d s4 #g4 ,an umpire 7(fic] or noncommission$ (fic]7 w be ) ea* ,cossack po/1 ea* patrol1 & at ! position ( ! flags4 #h4 ,! h\r :5 ! ex]cise ends w be designat$ 9 advance & at t h\r ! umpires w br+ 9 ! ,cossack po/s & patrols4 ,! same requirem5ts reg>d+ wat*es obta9s z 9 ! ,m\se & ,cat ,conte/4 #i4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! conte/ ! comm&] ( ea* side w h& 9 to ! company comm&] all sket*es & reports made by 8 m54 #aj4 ,po9ts w be aw>d$ z foll[s3 ,ea* flag captur$1 #e4 ,= ea* sket* & ho/ile report ( ! position ( a ,cossack po/1 #c4 ,= ea* report ( movem5ts ( a ho/ile patrol1 #b4 ,! side gett+ ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts w w94 #aa4 ,umpires may p5alize ! conte/ants = a violation ( ! rules4 ,! same conte/ may be c>ri$ out at night1 sub/itut+ light$ ,japanese lant]ns = ! flags4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! be/ book on sc\t+ t ! au?or has ev] se51 is ,bad5-,p[ell's ,aids to ,sc\t+1 :i* 0 consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,night ,,op]ations #ajia4 ,importance4 ,because ( ! long range & great accuracy ( mod]n fire arms1 !re has be5 9 rec5t ye>s a m>k$ increase 9 ! practice ( night op]ations1 su* op]ations be+ ( common occurr5ce n only = mass+ troops "u cov] ( d>kness 9 favorable positions = fur!r action1 b also = actually assault+ positions4 ,read c>efully p>s4 #dfd1 #dif1 #dih1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #ehj-eij4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,company #ajib4 ,night movem5ts are among/ ! mo/ difficult op]ations ( w>1 &1 !re=e require ! mo/ c>eful1 pa9/ak+ & ?or\gh tra9+ & in/ruction ( troops 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ !reto4 ,! hi/ory ( night fight+ %[s t 9 mo/ cases defeat is due to disorganization ?r\gh panic4 ,x is said t 9 daylight ! moral is to ! physical z ?ree is to "o4 ,t be+ ! case1 x is h>d to say :at ! ratio is at night1 :5 a g5]al atmosph]e ( my/]y1 unc]ta9ty & fe> ( surprise envelops ! op]ations1 &1 ( necessity affects ! n]ves ( ! m54 ,! vital importance1 !re=e1 ( accu/om+ troops z mu* z we c 9 peace to ! conditions t w obta9 9 night fight+1 _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,! foll[+ outl9e %[s ! subjects 9 :i* individual & collective in/ruction & tra9+ %\ld be giv53 ,,individual ,,tra9+ #ajic4 ,g5]al4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to accu/om ! soldi] to d>kness & to tea* him to ov]come ! n]v\sness :i* is natural to ! av]age man 9 d>kness4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to beg9 by tra9+ him 9 ! use ( 8 p[]s ( vision & he>+ "u conditions ( d>kness1 :i* are /range to him4 ,! company %\ld be divid$ into squads = ?is in/ruction4 #ajid4 ,vision4 ,take sev]al m5 to gr\nd ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,h !m notice ! diff]5t appe>ance :i* objects pres5t at night2 :5 view$ 9 diff]5t degrees ( light & %ade2 ! comp>ative visibility ( m5 "u diff]5t conditions ( dress1 backgr\nd1 etc42 ! ease ) :i* bright objects are se52 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! visibility ( m5 /&+ on a skyl9e & ^? /&+ on a slope4 ,po/ ! m5 9 pairs at int]vals along a l9e :i* ! in/ructors w endeavor to cross )\t be+ se54 ,! in/ructors %\ld cross f bo? sides1 s z to compel obs]vation 9 bo? directions4 ,h a man 7lat]1 sev]al7 walk away f ! re/ ( ! m5 & :5 he is ab\t to disappe> f view1 halt him1 & e/imate ! di/ance4 ,s5d a man 7lat]1 sev]al7 outside ! field ( vision1 to advance on ! re/ ( ! m54 ,halt him :5 he ent]s ! field ( vision & e/imate ! di/ance4 ,s5d a numb] ( m5 outside ! limit ( vision & !n let !m advance on ! re/ ( ! m51 us+ cov] & see+ h[ ne> !y c approa* unobs]v$4 #ajie4 ,he>+4 ,place a numb] ( m5 a few y>ds ap>t & make !m guess :at a noise is caus$ by1 & its approximate position4 ,! rattle ( a meat c1 ! movem5t ( a patrol1 ! work+ ( ! bolt ( a rifle1 ! ?r[+ d[n ( acc\t]m5ts1 l[ talk+1 etc41 may be utiliz$4 ,take special pa9s to impress ^u ! m5 ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! human voice1 & ! necessity ( pres]v+ absolute sil5ce 9 night op]ations4 ,h blank c>tridges fir$ & tea* ! m5 to judge _! direction & approximate di/ance away4 #ajif4 ,f9d+ ,be>+s4 ,%[ ! m5 h[ to det]m9e ! po9ts ( ! compass f ! ,nor? ,/>4 ,! ,big ,dipp] con/ellation looks l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! ,nor? ,/> is on ! prolongation ( a l9e jo9+ ! two po9t+ />s1 & at above five times ! di/ance betwe5 ! two />s4 ,at ano!r "t h ^? same m5 individually locate ! ,nor? ,/>4 ,us+ ?is /> z a guide1 practice ! m5 mov+ 9 diff]5t directions1 by su* comm&s z1 ,smi?1 move s\!a/4 ,jones1 move nor?we/1 etc4 ,to te/ a man's ability to keep a giv5 direction :5 mov+ 9 ! d>kness1 *oose a spot f :i* no prom95t l&m>ks are visible1 advance t[>d x accompani$ by a man1 f a di/ance n less ?an #bjj paces4 ,:ile advanc+ ! soldi] mu/ take 8 be>+s4 ,on arriv+ at ! spot *os5 ! in/ructor w turn ! soldi] ar\nd rapidly two or ?ree times & !n h him cont9ue to advance 9 ! same direction z be=e4 ,no prom95t l&m>ks %\ld be visible f ! />t+ po9t4 #ajig4 ,mov+ 9 ! ,d>k4 ,=m f\r or five m5 9 l9e ) ab\t "o pace int]val1 ! in/ructor be+ on "o ( ! flanks4 ,place "s cle>ly visible m>k1 su* z a lant]n1 = ! in/ructor to m>* on4 ,impress ^u ! m5 ! importance ( lift+ _! feet up high & br++ !m to ! gr\nd quietly & firmly1 & ( keep+ 9 t\* ) ! guide & con=m+ to 8 movem5ts )\t s\nd or signal4 ,! pace %\ld be sl[ & frequ5t halts %\ld be made to te/ ! promptness ( ! m5 9 halt+ & advanc+ toge!r4 ,z ! l9e advances1 ea* man w 9 turn take 8 place on ! flank & act z guide4 ,! light on :i* ! m5 are m>*+ %\ld be hidd5 f view at int]vals1 9 ord] to te/ ! ability ( ! m5 to ma9ta9 ! orig9al direction4 ,lat] on1 ! numb] ( m5 9 a l9e may be increas$ consid]ably4 ,! r\gh] ! gr\nd1 ! d>k] ! night & ! long] ! l9e1 ! sl[] mu/ ! pace be & ! m frequ5t ! halts4 ,aft] pass+ an ob/acle m5 in/9ctively l9e up p>allel to x1 & consequ5tly if ! ob/acle does n lie at "r angles to ! l9e ( advance1 ! direction w be lo/2 s1 be sure to gu>d aga9/ ?is4 #ajih4 ,night ,f5c+4 ,practice ! m5 9 *>g+ 9 ! d>k aga9/ a :ite clo? or ! dummy figure ( a man4 ,9 ! beg9n+ h ! figure 9 a fix$ place1 b lat] h ! soldi] *>ge seek+ ! figure1 & n kn[+ j exactly :]e x is be=eh&4 #ajii4 ,night ,entr5*+4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y 9 "t ( w> to dig tr5*es at night 9 front ( ! enemy1 & :ile ?is "w is easy 9 ! moonlight1 x is v difficult 9 ! d>k4 ,be> 9 m9d ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,! t5d5cy is to make ! tr5* too n>r[2 h5ce1 gu>d aga9/ ?is4 #b4 ,be c>eful n to ?r[ ! e>? too f> or too ne>4 #c4 ,d n /rike y\r neighbor's tools 9 work+4 #d4 ,d n use ! pick unless necess>y1 because x makes consid]able noise4 #e4 ,d n scrape ! tools toge!r 9 ord] to get (f ! dirt2 use a *ip ( wood or ! toe ( ! %oe4 #f4 ,make z little noise z possible 9 digg+ & h&l+ y\r tools4 #g4 ,if discov]$ by ! enemy's se>*lights1 d n become excit$ or confus$2 simply lie d[n4 #h4 ,if attack$ by ! enemy1 d n get rattl$ & ?r[ y\r tools away--put !m 9 "s fix$ place :]e !y c be f\nd aga94 #aajj4 ,equipm5t4 ,at fir/ ! m5 %\ld be tak5 out )\t arms1 b lat] on !y %\ld be tra9$ to "w 9 full equipm5t4 ,tea* e man :at p>ts ( 8 equipm5t are likely to make a noise "u special circum/ances1 su* z ly+ d[n1 ris+1 cross+ ob/acles1 etc41 & in/ruct him h[ to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,bayonets %\ld always be fix$1 b 9 ord] to avoid accid5ts ! scabb>d %\ld be left on !m4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! tra9+ cont9ually impress ^u ! m5 t x is absolutely crim9al to fire )\t ord]s dur+ a night op]ation & t ! bayonet is ! only weapon he c use ) advantage to himself & safety to 8 comrades4 #aaja4 ,night ,fir+4 ,z a rule m5 fire too high 9 ! d>k4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be caution$ n to raise ! rifle above ! horizontal1 or incl9e ! upp] "p ( ! body to ! re>4 ,:5 ! fir+ is /opp$ be sure to turn on ! safety-lock4 ,exp]i5ce dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> taught ! ,japanese ! kneel+ position is ! mo/ suitable = horizontal fir+4 ,! foll[+ me?od1 to be conduct$ 9 daytime1 may be employ$ 9 tra9+ ! soldi] to hold 8 rifle p>allel to ! gr\nd :ile fir+ 9 ! d>k3--,h ea* soldi]1 kneel+1 close 8 eyes & br+ 8 rifle to ! position ( aim1 b>rel p>allel to ! gr\nd4 ,) ! rifle 9 ?is position1 let him op5 8 eyes & exam9e x4 ,!n h ?is done by squad1 by comm&4 ,:5 !y become pr(ici5t 9 ?is movem5t1 h !m close _! eyes & :ile ! eyes are clos$1 put up a t>get & h !m practice horizontal fir+1 op5+ _! eyes ea* "t aft] pull+ ! trigg] & !n exam9+ ! position ( ! piece4 ,,collective ,,tra9+ ,at fir/ practice squads1 !n ! platoons & lat] ! company 9 simple movem5ts1 su* z squads "r & left1 "r & left oblique1 etc41 gradually lead+ up to m complicat$ ones 9 close & ext5d$ ord]1 su* z "r & left front into l9e1 advanc+ 9 platoon & squad columns1 *>g+ ! enemy1 etc4 ,z f> z possible ! movem5ts %\ld be execut$ by simple pre>rang$ signals f ! unit comm&]s4 ,! signals1 :i* mu/ n be visible to ! enemy1 may be made ) a :ite h&k]*ief or a :ite flag1 if ! night be n too d>k2 ) an electric fla%light1 a d>k lant]n or lum9\s disk4 ,! light ( ! fla%light or lant]n mu/ be scre5$1 s x _c be se5 by ! enemy4 ,! foll[+ signals are sugge/$3 ,to advance3 ,raise v]tically ! lant]n or o!r object ) :i* ! signal is made4 ,to halt3 ,l[] & raise ! object sev]al times4 ,to lie d[n3 ,br+ ! object d[n ne> ! gr\nd4 ,to =m squad columns3 ,move ! object sev]al times to ! "r & left4 ,to =m platoon columns3 ,describe sev]al circles4 ,z skirmi%]s3 ,move ! object front to re> sev]al times4 #aajb4 ,night ,m>*es4 ,9 act+ z an advance gu>d to a column1 ! company w\ld s5d out a po9t a few y>ds ahead1 :i* w\ld be foll[$ by ! re/ ( ! company4 ,?ree or f\r sc\ts %\ld be s5t out a hundr$ y>ds or s ahead ( ! po9t4 ,!y %\ld advance at a quick pace1 keep+ 9 ! %ad[ on ! side ( ! road1 be+ con/antly on ! al]t1 us+ _! e>s ev5 m ?an _! eyes4 ,!y w halt to li/5 at crossroads & suspici\s places1 & move on aga9 :5 !y he> ! company approa*+4 ,%\ld ! enemy be discov]$1 "o ( ! sc\ts w return to w>n ! advance gu>d--! o!rs w conceal !mselves & wat*4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ ! sc\ts ev] fire1 unless x be = ! purpose ( w>n+ ! company & !re is no o!r way ( do+ s4 ,! diagram on ! opposite page is sugge/$ z a good =mation = a company act+ z advance gu>d at night4 ,a company m>*+ alone w\ld move 9 ! same =mation z :5 act+ z advance gu>d1 except t x w\ld protect its re> ) a few sc\ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry & proximity & activity ( ! enemy1 w det]m9e ! be/ =mation to be us$1 b :atev] ! =mation may be1 always rememb] to cov] well y\r front1 re> & flanks1 ) sc\ts1 ^: di/ance away w v>y ) ! light & nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,don't =get t protection 9 re> is v important4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! m5 mu/ be w>n$ aga9/ fir+1 smok+1 talk+1 /rik+ mat*es1 mak+ noise1 etc4 ,!y %\ld also be in=m$ ( ! object 9 view1 direction ( ! enemy1 etc4 ,9 night m>*es ! re/s %\ld n exce$ five m9utes2 o!rwise1 _m m5 w fall asleep4 ,,outpo/s ,c>eful tra9+ 9 outpo/ duty at night is v h>ass+1 b1 9 view ( its importance1 %\ld n be neglect$4 ,?is in/ruction %\ld be giv5 ) ! greate/ ?or\ghness1 /rictness & att5tion to detail4 #aajc4 ,s5tries ,*all5g+4 ,9 *all5g+ s5tries mu/ be c>eful to avoid any noise t w\ld disclose _! position4 ,9 fact1 *all5g+ by voice %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum by arrang+ a sy/em ( signals by :i* ! (fic]s ( ! day1 patrols1 etc41 c be recogniz$4 ,! foll[+ signals1 any "o ( :i* may be decid$ ^u1 :i* w\ld be made fir/ by ! s5try & !n answ]$ by ! approa*+ p>ty1 are sugge/$3 ,clap ! h&s toge!r twice2 /rike ! gr\nd twice ) ! butt ( ! rifle2 /rike ! butt ( ! rifle twice ) ! h&2 :i/le s(tly twice4 ,! reply+ signal w\ld be ! same z ! s5try's signal1 except t 9 case ( ! use ( ! butt ( ! rifle1 an (fic] w\ld reply by /rik+ twice on 8 revolv] hol/]4 ,aft] repeat+ ! signal once1 if x is n answ]$1 ! s5try w *all5ge ) ! voice1 b no l\d] ?an is necess>y4 ,9 case ( a patrol only "o man w advance to be recogniz$ aft] ! signal has be5 answ]$4 ,! s5try mu/ always all[ p]sons to approa* fairly ne> be=e *all5g+4 #aajd4 ,s5tries ,fir+4 ,anyone :o has be5 ?r\gh a campaign kn[s h[ n]v\s gre5 s5tries are1 & h[ quick !y are ab\t fir+4 ,dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,philipp9e ,campaign ! au?or he>d ( sev]al cases :]e s5tries fir$ on fire-flies sev]al hundr$ y>ds away4 ,nev] fire unless x be absolutely necess>y to give an al>m1 or unless y c cle>ly di/+ui% ! enemy & are fairly c]ta9 ( hitt+ him4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,army 9 ,alg]ia1 !re is a rule t any s5try :o fires at night mu/ produce a corpse1 or be able to %[ by blood m>ks t he hit ! p]son fir$ at4 ,if he c d nei!r1 he is puni%$ = giv+ a false al>m4 #aaje4 ,m>k+ ( ,r\te f ,outgu>ds to ,supports4 ,! r\te f ! support to ! outgu>ds1 & f pickets to _! s5tries1 %\ld1 if necess>y1 be cle>ly m>k$ ) scraps ( pap]1 gre5 /icks ) ! b>k peel$ (f1 or 9 any o!r suitable way4 #aajf4 ,read9ess = ,action4 ,! supports %\ld always be ready = action4 ,! m5 mu/ sleep ) _! rifles beside !m & 9 su* places t !y w be able to fall 9 promptly 9 case ( attack4 ,"s m5 h a way ( sleep+ ) _! blankets ov] _! heads4 ,?is %\ld n be all[$--! e>s mu/ always be uncov]$4 ,! comm&]1 or ! second 9 comm&1 ) sev]al m51 %\ld rema9 awake4 ,:5 ! comm&] lies d[n he %\ld d s ne> ! s5try1 :i* is always po/$ ov] ! support4 ,,g5]al #aajg4 ,connections4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t prop] connection be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( a comm& engag$ 9 night op]ations4 ,x is a/oni%+ ) :at facility units g a/ray & h[ difficult x is = !m to f9d _! way back :]e !y belong4 #aajh4 ,prep>ation4 ,x matt]s n :at ! nature ( ! night op]ation may be1 ! mo/ c>eful prep>ation is necess>y4 ,success (t5 dep5ds ^u ! c>e & ?or\ghness ) :i* ! plans are made4 ,all possible ev5tualities %\ld be ?\ght ( & provid$ = z f> z praticable4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to get z mu* in=mation z possible ab\t ! gr\nd to be cov]$ & ! position ( ! enemy1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! in=mation is accurate4 ,reconnaissance mu/ be made by night z well z by day2 =1 gr\nd looks v diff]5t at night f :at x does dur+ ! day4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,field ,,eng9e]+ #aaji4 ,! foll[+1 f ! ,eng9e] ,field ,manual1 toge!r ) ! elem5ts ( field eng9e]+ cov]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 on ,ob/acles1 w give ! company (fic] a good1 work+ k ( ^? p>ts ( field eng9e]+ = :i* he is mo/ likely to h ne$4 ,bridges #aaaa4 ,dim5sions & gu>d rail4 ,a roadway #i ft4 wide 9 ! cle> %\ld be provid$ to pass infantry 9 f\rs1 cavalry two abrea/1 & milit>y wagons 9 "o direction2 a wid? ( #f ft4 w suffice = infantry 9 column ( twos1 cavalry 9 s+le file1 & field guns pass$ ov] by h&4 ,! cle> wid? ( roadway ( an ord9>y highway bridge %\ld n be less ?an #ab ft4 = s+le track1 or #bj ft4 = d\ble track4 ,! cle> head room 9 ord9>y milit>y bridges %\ld n be less ?an #i ft4 = wagons & cavalry2 = highway bridges n less ?an #ad ft4 ,ramps at ! ends ( a bridge1 if int5d$ = artill]y1 %\ld n be /eep] ?an #a on #g4 ,= animals1 slopes /eep] ?an #a on #aj are inconv5i5t4 ,if ! bridges are high1 h& rails %\ld be provid$4 ,a s+le rope may suffice1 or x may h bru% plac$ ^u x to =m a scre54 ,a gu>d rail %\ld be provid$ along ea* side ( ! roadway1 ne> ! ends ( ! floor+ planks4 ,9 ha/y bridges x may be secur$ by a la%+ or la%+s ?r\gh ! plank+ to ! /r+] und]nea?4 ,o!rwise x may be fa/5$ ) spikes or bolts4 #aaab4 ,sp> bridges4--,?is "n is appli$ to bridges built ( r\nd timb]s la%$ toge!r4 ,int]m$iate po9ts ( support are provid$ by incl9$ frames act+ z /ruts to transmit weight f ! middle ( ! bridge to ! banks4 ,! s+le-lock & d\ble-lock bridges ) two & ?ree spans ( #ae ft41 respectively1 are ! ones ( mo/ utility4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 con/ruct+ a sp> bridge is to measure ! gap to be bridg$ & select ! position ( ! foot+s on ei!r bank4 ,det]m9e ! di/ance f ea* foot+ to ! middle po9t ( ! roadway if a s+le-lock1 or ! two correspond+ po9ts ( a d\ble-lock bridge4 ,next det]m9e & m>k on ea* sp> except ! diagonals ! places :]e o!r sp>s cross x4 ,! m>k+ may be done ) *alk1 or ) an ax4 ,if possible a conv5i5t notation %\ld be adopt$4 ,z1 = example1 9 m>k+ ) *alk1 a r+ ar\nd ! sp> :]e ! edge ( ! cross+ sp> w come1 & a diagonal cross on ! "p :i* w be hidd5 by ! cross+ sp>4 ,a simple way to det]m9e ! l5g? ( sp>s is ! foll[+3 ,take two small l9es some:at long] ?an ! wid? ( ! gap1 d\ble ea* & la% ! bights toge!r4 ,/ret* !m tightly across ! gap s t ! la%+ comes at ! middle z at ,a1 ,fig4 #h4 ,release "o end ( ea* & /ret* x to ! foot+ on ! same side z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,m>k ea* l9e at ! foot+ ,c or ,c'1 & at ! position *os5 = ! abutm5t sill1 ,b or ,b'4 ,cut ! la%+ & take ea* piece ( rope to its own side4 ,! di/ances ,,ab & ,,ab' are ! l5g?s betwe5 ! transoms1 & ) #b ft4 add$ give ! l5g? ( road be>]s requir$4 ,! di/ances ,,ac & ,,ac' are ! l5g?s ( /ruts f butt to top ( transom1 & ) #c ft add$1 give ! total l5g? ( sp>s requir$4 ,= a d\ble lock bridge1 a piece ( rope ( a l5g? equal to ! l5g? ( ! middle bay replaces ! la%+4 ,if ! banks are n p>allel1 a measurem5t %\ld be tak5 on ea* side ( ! bridge4 ,if desir$1 a section ( ! gap may be laid d[n on ! gr\nd 9 full size & ! l5g?s ( sp>s det]m9$ by lay+ !m 9 place4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh giv5 z /&>d by all au?orities1 requires m "t & m h&l+ ( mat]ial ?an ! o!r & gives no bett] results4 ,! con/ruction ( a frame is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ! sy/em ( m>k+ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! arrangem5t ( frames to =m a s+le lock bridge is %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 & a d\ble lock bridge 9 ,fig #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #aaac4 ,con/ruction ( s+le-lock bridges1 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e4--,suitable = spans ( #cj ft4 or less4 ,! two frames lock toge!r at ! c5t] ( ! span2 _! slope mu/ n be m ?an #d on #g4 ,! bridge c be erect$ by two or ?ree noncommission$ (fic]s & #bj m51 "o-half on ea* side ( ! gap4 ,heavy sp>s require m m54 ,! foot+s at ,a & ,b mu/ be firm1 horizontal if possible1 & at "r angles to ! axis ( ! bridge4 ,9 a masonry pi] !y may be cut out4 ,9 firm soil a simple tr5* w suffice4 ,9 yield+ soil a plank or sill mu/ be laid 9 ! tr5*4 ,! frames are made ( su* l5g? z to give a slight camb] to ! bridge1 :i* may be increas$ to all[ = probable settlem5t ( ! foot+s4 ,! inside dim5sion ( "o frame is made slightly great] ?an ! outside dim5sion ( ! o!r1 s t "o frame may fall inside ( ! o!r :5 haul$ into position4 ,= a #i ft4 roadway ! /&>ds ( ! n>r[ 7inside7 frame %\ld be #i ft4 #f ins4 ap>t at ! transom & #aj ft4 #f ins4 at ! l$g]1 9 ! cle>1 & ! o!r 7outside7 frame #a ft4 #f ins4 wid] ?r\gh\t4 ,a frame is con/ruct$ on ea* bank4 ,! /&>ds are laid on ! gr\nd 9 prolongation ( ! bridge1 butts t[>d ! bank4 ,! l$g]s are la%$ on above & ! transoms b5ea? ! /&>ds at ! positions m>k$4 ,! diagonal braces are la%$ to ! /&>ds1 two butts & "o tip above ! latt]1 & to ea* o!r4 ,be=e ! braces are la%$ ! frame mu/ be squ>e by *eck+ ! measurem5ts ( ! diagonals4 ,if necess>y1 pickets = ! foot & guy ropes are driv51 ! =m] ab\t #b paces f ! bank & #d paces on ea* side ( ! axis ( ! bridge2 ! latt] ab\t #bj paces f ! bank & #aj paces on ea* side ( ! axis4 ,! foot ropes1 ,,cc1 ,fig4 #e1 are secur$ by timb] hit*es to ! butts ( ! /&>ds & ! back & =e guys1 ,,dd & ,,ee1 to ! tips ! =e guys are pass$ across to ! opposite bank4 ,! guys ( ! n>r[ frame %\ld be inside ! guys & /&>ds ( ! wide frame4 ,! frames are put into position "o aft] ! o!r1 or simultane\sly if !re are en\gh m54 ,a man is told (f to ea* foot rope & "o to ea* back guy to slack (f z requir$1 two turns be+ tak5 ) ea* ( ^! ropes ar\nd _! respective pickets4 ,! o!r m5 raise ! frame & laun* x =w>d1 assi/$ by ! m5 at ! =e guys1 until ! frame is balanc$ on ! edge ( ! bank4 ,! frame is !n tilt$ until ! butts re/ on ! foot+1 by slack+ (f ! foot ropes & haul+ on ! =e guys1 ,fig4 #e4 ,aft] ! head ( ! frame has be5 haul$ ov] beyond ! p]p5dicul>1 x is l[]$ ne>ly into its f9al position by slack+ (f ! back guys4 ,:5 ! two frames are 9 ?is position opposite ea* o!r1 ! n>r[ frame is fur!r l[]$ until its /&>ds re/ ^u ! transom ( ! o!r4 ,! wid] 7out]7 frame is !n l[]$ until ! two lock into ea* o!r1 ! /&>ds ( ea* re/+ ^u ! transom ( ! o!r4 ,! c5t] or =k transom1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 is !n pass$ f %ore & plac$ 9 ! =k betwe5 ! two frames4 ,?is =ms ! c5tral support to receive a floor sy/em ( two bays1 built z already describ$4 ,! e/imat$ "t = con/ruction ( su* a bridge is ab\t "o h\r if ! mat]ial is available & 9 position on bo? sides ( ! /ream4 ,! con/ruction ( ! roadway requires ab\t tw5ty m9utes2 =m+ foot+s 9 masonry ab\t "o h\r4 #aaad4 ,con/ruction ( d\ble-lock bridge1 ,fig4 #f4--,suitable = spans n exce$+ #de ft41 & consi/+ ( two incl9$ frames :i* lock into a connect+ horizontal frame ( two or m di/ance pieces1 ) cross transoms1 divid+ ! gap to be bridg$ into ?ree equal bays ( ab\t #ae ft4 ,! =ce requir$ is two or ?ree noncommission$ (fic]s & #be to #ej m52 ! "t = con/ruction1 except roadway1 ab\t two & "o-half h\rs2 extra "t to be all[$ = difficult foot+s4 ,! wid? ( gap is measur$1 ! position ( foot+s det]m9$1 & ! l5g? ( /&>ds f butt to transom det]m9$ & m>k$ z be=e4 ,! incl9$ frames 9 ?is case are built ( equal wid?s1 laun*$ z be=e1 & held by guys j above _! f9al position4 ,two /r+]s are laun*$ out f ea* bank to ! ma9 transom4 ,! di/ance pieces1 ,fig4 #f1 are put into position inside ! /&>ds1 us+ tackle if necess>y1 & ! road transoms are plac$ & la%$ to ! di/ance pieces at ! places m>k$4 ,bo? frames are n[ l[]$ until !y jam4 #aaae4 ,roadway ( sp> bridge4--,= infantry 9 f\rs cr[d$ ! transoms %\ld h a diam4 ( n less ?an #i ins4 = a span ( #ae ft4 ,five /r+]s #b ft4 #c ins4 c4 to c41 & #f ins4 diam4 at ! tip w suffice4 ,if ! /icks v>y 9 size1 ! l>g] ones %\ld be not*$ d[n on ! transom s z to br+ ! tops 9 ! same plane4 ,! /r+]s %\ld be long en\gh to ov]lap ! transoms1 & %\ld be la%$ toge!r at ea* tip4 ,! floor is held d[n by side rails ov] ! outside /r+]s & la%$ to !m4 ,if lumb] c n be obta9$1 a floor may be made1 ( small sp>s1 ! int]/ices fill$ ) bru%1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) loam or clay2 ,figs4 #g & #i4 ,corduroy ,roads #aaaf4 ,corduroy+ is done by lay+ logs crosswise ( ! road & t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,! result w be bett] if ! logs are ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,! butts & tips %\ld alt]nate4 ,if ! logs are l>ge ! spaces may be fill$ ) small] poles4 ,! bottom ti] ( logs %\ld be ev5ly b$d$ & %\ld h a firm be>+ at ! ends & n ride on ! middle4 ,! fill+ poles1 if us$1 %\ld be cut & trimm$ to lie close1 pack+ !m ab\t ! ends if necess>y4 ,if ! soil is only mod]ately s(t ! logs ne$ be no long] ?an ! wid? ( ! road4 ,9 s(t m>% x may be necess>y to make !m long]4 ,! logs may be utiliz$ z ! we>+ surface4 ,9 fact ?is is usually ! case4 ,!y make a r\gh surface1 uncom=table = pass5g]s & h>d on wagons & loads1 b ! resi/ance to traction is mu* less ?an w\ld be expect$1 & ! r\ghness & slightly yield+ surface make excell5t foot+ = animals4 ,surface corduroy is p]i%able & c la/ b a %ort "t4 ,9 m>%es1 :]e ! logs c be plac$ bel[ ! gr\nd-wat] level1 !y are pres]v$ f decay1 & if any suitable mat]ial c be f\nd1 to put a ?9 embankm5t ov] !m1 a good p]man5t road may be made4 ,any t\gh1 fibr\s mat]ial may be us$ to tempor>ily h>d5 ! surface ( a road4 ,hay or /raw1 tall we$s1 corn & cane /alks h be5 us$ to good advantage4 ,su* mat]ials %\ld be laid ) ! fib]s crosswise ( ! road1 & cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( e>?1 ?r[n on f ! sides2 except 9 s&1 :5 x is bett] to dig a %all[ tr5* across ! road1 fill x ) ! mat]ial & !n dig ano!r tr5* j 9 front ( & 9 contact ) ! fir/ & ?r[ ! s& f x back onto ! mat]ial 9 ! fir/ tr5*1 etc4 ,bru% "w #aaag4 ,a fasc9e is a cyl9drical bundle ( bru%1 closely b\nd4 ,! usual l5g? is #ah ft4 & ! diam4 #i ins4 :5 compress$4 ,l5g?s ( #i & #f ft41 :i* are sometimes us$1 are mo/ conv5i5tly obta9$ by saw+ a /&>d fasc9e into #b or #c pieces4 ,! weight ( a fasc9e ( p>tially season$ mat]ial w av]age #adj lbs4 ,fasc9es are made 9 a cradle :i* consi/s ( five tre/les4 ,a tre/le is made ( two /icks ab\t #f-a_/b ft4 long & #c ins4 9 diam1 driv5 into ! gr\nd & la%$ at ! int]section z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 mak+ a cradle1 plant ! end tre/les #af ft4 ap>t & p>allel4 ,/ret* a l9e f "o to ! o!r ov] ! int]section1 place ! o!rs #d ft4 ap>t & la% !m s t ea* int]section comes fairly to ! l9e4 ,to build a fasc9e1 /raight pieces ( bru%1 #a or #b ins4 at ! butt1 are laid on1 ! butts project+ at ! end #a ft4 beyond ! tre/le4 ,leaves %\ld be /ripp$ & unruly bran*es cut (f1 or p>tially cut ?r\gh1 s t !y w lie close4 ,! l>g] /raight] bru% %\ld be laid on ! outside1 butts alt]nat+ 9 direction1 & small] /uff 9 ! c5t]4 ,! g5]al object is to s dispose ! bru% z to make ! fasc9e ( uni=m size1 /r5g?1 & /iffness f end to end4 ,:5 ! cradle is ne>ly fill$1 ! fasc9e is compress$ or *ok$ by ! fasc9e *ok]1 ,fig4 #aa1 :i* consi/s ( #b b>s #d ft4 long1 jo9$ at #ah ins4 f ! ends by a *a9 #d ft4 long4 ,! *a9 is m>k$ at #ad ins4 ea* way f ! middle by ins]t+ a r+ or special l9k4 ,to use1 two m5 /&+ on opposite sides pass ! *a9 "u ! bru%1 place ! %ort ends ( ! h&les on top & pass ! b>s1 %ort end fir/1 across to ea* o!r4 ,!y !n be> d[n on ! long ends until ! m>ks on ! *a9 come toge!r4 ,*ok]s may be improvis$ f /icks & rope or wire4 ,b9d+ w be done ) a d\ble turn ( wire or t>r$ rope4 ,x %\ld be done 9 #ab places1 #ah ins4 ap>t1 ! end b9d]s #c ins4 outside ! end tre/les4 ,to b9d a fasc9e w require #ff ft4 ( wire4 ,improvis$ b9d]s may be made f rods ( live bru%1 hickory or hazel is ! be/4 ,place ! butt "u ! foot & twi/ ! rod to p>tially sep>ate ! fib]s & make x flexible4 ,a rod s prep>$ is call$ a )e4 ,to use a )e1 make a half turn & twi/ at ! small] end1 ,fig4 #ab2 pass ! )e ar\nd ! bru% & ! l>ge end ?r\gh ! eye4 ,draw taut & d\ble ! l>ge end back1 tak+ #b half-hit*es ov] its own /&+ "p1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,:5 ! fasc9e is *ok$ & b\nd1 saw ! ends (f squ>e1 #i ins4 outside ! end b9d]s4 ,aft] a cradle is made1 #d m5 c make #a fasc9e p] h\r1 ) wire b9d+4 ,)es require #a man m4 ,a fasc9e revetm5t is made by plac+ ! fasc9es z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! use ( head]s & an*ors is absolutely necess>y 9 loose soils only1 b !y greatly /r5g!n ! revetm5t 9 any case4 ,a fasc9e revetm5t mu/ always be cr[n$ ) sods or bags4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae #aaah4 ,9 all bru% weav+ ! foll[+ t]ms h be5 adopt$ & are conv5i5t to use3 ,r&+4--,weav+ a s+le rod 9 & out betwe5 pickets4 ,slew+4--,weav+ two or m rods toge!r 9 ! same way4 ,pair+4--,c>ry+ two rods toge!r1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 & out at ea* picket4 ,wattl+4--,a g5]al t]m appli$ to ! wov5 "p ( bru% con/ruction4 #aaai4 ,a hurdle is a basket "w made ( bru%wood4 ,if made 9 pieces1 ! usual size is #b ft4 #i ins4 by #f ft41 ?\gh ! wid? may be v>i$ s t x w cov] ! desir$ height ( slope4 ,a hurdle is made by describ+ on ! gr\nd an arc ( a circle ( #h ft4 radius & on ! arc driv+ #aj pickets1 #h ins4 ap>t1 cov]+ #f ft4 out to out1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,bru% is !n wov5 9 & out & well compact$4 ,! concave side ( a hurdle %\ld be plac$ next ! e>?4 ,x wraps less ?an if made flat4 ,9 weav+ ! hurdle1 beg9 r&+ at ! middle space at ! bottom4 ,rea*+ ! end1 twi/ ! rod z describ$ = a )e1 b at "o po9t only1 b5d x ar\nd ! end picket & "w back4 ,/>t a second rod be=e ! fir/ "o is q out1 slew+ ! two = a %ort di/ance4 ,hamm] ! wattl+ d[n snug on ! pickets ) a block ( wood & cont9ue until ! top is rea*$4 ,x improves ! hurdle to f9i% ! edges ) two select$ rods pair$1 ,fig4 #af4 ,a pair+ may be introduc$ 9 ! middle1 if desir$1 to give ! hurdle extra endurance if x is to be us$ z a pavem5t or floor4 ,if ! hurdle is n to be us$ at once1 or if x is to be transport$1 x mu/ be sew$4 ,! sew+ is done ) wire1 tw9e1 or )es at ea* end & 9 ! middle1 ) /it*es ab\t #f ins4 long1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,ab\t #dj ft4 ( wire is requir$ to sew "o hurdle4 ,no4 #ad is ab\t ! "r size1 & a coil ( #ajj lbs4 w sew #dj hurdles4 ,?ree m5 %\ld make a hurdle 9 #b h\rs1 #b wattl+ & ! ?ird prep>+ ! rods4 #aabj4 ,cont9u\s hurdle4--,if conditions p]mit ! revetm5t to be built 9 place1 ! hurdle is made cont9u\s = consid]able l5g?s4 ,! pickets may be l>g]2 !y are driv5 f>!r ap>t1 #ab or #ah ins41 & ! bru% may be heavi]4 ,! con/ruction is m rapid4 ,! pickets are driv5 ) a little m slant ?an is int5d$ & mu/ be an*or$ to ! p>apet4 ,a l9e ( poles ) wire atta*$ at int]vals ( #b or #c pickets w answ]4 ,! wires %\ld be made fa/ to ! pickets aft] ! wattl+ is done4 ,!y w int]f]e ) ! we>+ if fa/5$ soon]4 ,two m5 %\ld make #d yds4 ( cont9u\s hurdle ( ord9>y height 9 "o h\r4 #aaba4 ,bru% revetm5t4--,pickets may be set z above describ$ & ! bru% laid inside ( !m )\t weav+1 be+ held 9 place by br++ ! e>? up ) x4 ,9 ?is case ! an*ors mu/ be fa/5$ be=e ! bru% lay+ beg9s4 ,! wires are n mu* 9 ! way 9 ?is op]ation4 #aabb4 ,gabion mak+4--,a gabion is a cyl9drical basket ) op5 ends1 made ( bru% wov5 on pickets or /akes z describ$ = hurdles4 ,! usual size is #b ft4 outside diam4 & #b ft4 #i ins4 height ( wattl+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! %>p curvature some:at bett] bru% is requir$ = gabions ?an w d = hurdles4 ,! gabion =m1 ,fig4 #ag1 is ( wood1 #ba ins4 diam41 ) equidi/ant not*es ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 equal 9 numb] to ! numb] ( pickets to be us$1 usually #h to #ad1 less if ! bru% is l>ge & /iff1 m if x is small & pliable4 ,! not*es %\ld be ( su* dep? t ! pickets w project to #a 94 outside ! circle4 ,! pickets %\ld be #a-a_/d to #a-c_/d ins4 diam41 #c ft4 #f ins4 long & %>p5$1 half at ! small & half at ! l>ge end4 ,to make a gabion1 ! =m is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 level or ne>ly s1 & ! pickets are driv5 v]tically 9 ! not*es1 l>ge & small ends d[n1 alt]nately4 ,! =m is !n rais$ a foot & held by plac+ a la%+ ar\nd outside ! pickets1 tight5$ ) a rack /ick1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! wattl+ is r&$ or slew$ f ! =m up4 ,! =m is !n dropp$ d[n1 ! gabion inv]t$ & ! wattl+ complet$4 ,if ! bru% is small1 uni=m1 & pliable1 pair+ w make a bett] wattl+ ?an r&+4 ,if n = imm$iate use1 ! gabion mu/ be sew$ z describ$ = hurdles1 ! same quantity ( wire be+ requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,! gabion1 :5 wattl$ & sew$1 is complet$ by cutt+ (f ! tops ( ! pickets #a 94 f ! web1 ! bottom #c ins41 ! latt] %>p5$ aft] cutt+1 & driv+ a c>ry+ picket ?r\gh ! middle ( its l5g? & a little on side ( ! axis4 ,see t ! middle ( ?is picket is smoo?4 ,?ree m5 %\ld make a gabion 9 an h\r4 ,gabions may be made )\t ! =ms1 b ! "w is sl[] & n s good4 ,! circle is /ruck on ! gr\nd & ! pickets driv5 at ! prop] po9ts4 ,! weav+ is done f ! gr\nd up & ! entire "t ( "o man is requir$ to keep ! pickets 9 prop] position4 ,if bru% is sc>ce1 gabions may be made ) #f ins4 ( wattl+ at ea* end1 ! middle left op54 ,9 fill+1 ! op5 "p may be l9$ ) /raw1 grass1 bru% cutt+s1 or gra9 sacks1 to keep ! e>? f runn+ out4 #aabc4 ,gabion revetm5t4--,! use ( gabions 9 revetm5ts is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,if m ?an two ti]s are us$1 ! sep>at+ fasc9es %\ld be an*or$ back4 ,gabion revetm5ts %\ld be cr[n$ ) sods or bags4 ,! advantages ( ! gabion revetm5t are v great4 ,x c be put 9 place )\t extra labor & fa/] & ) less exposure ?an any o!r4 ,x is self-support+ & gives cov] f view & p>tial cov] f fire quick] ?an any o!r =m4 ,sev]al =ms ( gabions ( o!r mat]ial ?an bru% h be5 us$4 ,%eet iron & iron & pap] hoops are "s ( !m4 ,! iron spl9t]s badly1 is heavy1 & has n giv5 satisfaction4 ,if any special mat]ials are suppli$ ! me?od ( us+ !m w1 9 view ( ! =ego+ explanation1 be obvi\s4 #aabd4 ,timb] or pole revetm5t4--,poles too l>ge = use 9 any o!r way may be cut to l5g? & /ood on end to =m a revetm5t4 ,! l[] ends %\ld be 9 a small tr5* & h a wal+ piece 9 front ( !m4 ,!re mu/ also be a wal+ piece or cap at or ne> ! top1 an*or$ back4 ,fig4 #ba %[s ?is =m4 #aabe4 ,miscellane\s revetm5ts4--,any receptacles = e>? :i* w make a /able1 compact pile1 z boxes1 baskets1 oil or o!r cans1 may be us$ = a revetm5t4 ,b>rels may be us$ = gabions4 ,canvas /ret*$ beh9d pickets is well ?\ght ( 9 a =eign s]vice4 ,if ! soil w make adobe1 or sun-dri$ bricks1 an excell5t revetm5t may be made ( !m1 b x w n /& wet wea!r4 ,knots #aabf4 ,squ>e or reef knot1 ,fig4 #bb1 commonly us$ = jo9+ two ropes ( ! same size4 ,! /&+ & runn+ p>ts ( ea* rope mu/ pass ?r\gh ! loop ( ! o!r 9 ! same direction1 i4 e41 f above d[n w>d or vice v]sa2 o!rwise a granny1 is made1 :i* is a useless knot t w n hold4 ,! reef knot c be upset by tak+ "o end ( ! rope & its /&+ "p & pull+ !m 9 opposite directions4 ,) dry rope a reef knot is z /rong z ! rope2 ) wet rope x slips be=e ! rope breaks1 :ile a d\ble %eet b5d is f\nd to hold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,squ>e or ,reef #aabg4 ,two half hit*es1 ,fig4 #bc1 especially useful = belay+1 or mak+ fa/ ! end ( a rope r\nd its own /&+ "p4 ,! end may be la%$ d[n or seiz$ to ! /&+ "p ) a piece ( spun y>n2 ?is adds to its security & prev5ts slipp+4 ,?is knot %\ld nev] be us$ = hoi/+ a sp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,two half hit*es #aabh4 ,clove hit*1 ,fig4 #bd1 g5]ally us$ = fa/5+ a rope at "r angles to a sp> or at ! comm5cem5t ( a la%+4 ,if ! end ( ! sp> is free1 ! hit* is made by fir/ =m+ two loops1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 plac+ ! "r-h& loop ov] ! o!r "o & slipp+ ! d\ble loop 7,fig4 #bg7 ov] ! end ( ! sp>4 ,if ?is c n be done1 pass ! end ( ! rope r\nd ! sp>1 br+ x up to ! "r ( ! /&+ "p1 cross ov] ! latt]1 make ano!r turn r\nd ! sp>1 & br+ up ! end betwe5 ! sp>1 ! la/ turn1 & ! /&+ "p1 ,fig4 #be4 ,:5 us$ = secur+ guys to %e] legs1 etc41 ! knot %\ld be made ) a long end1 :i* is =m$ into two half hit*es r\nd ! /&+ "p & secur$ to x ) spun y>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,clove hit* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg #aabi4 ,timb] hit*1 ,fig4 #bh1 us$ = haul+ & lift+ sp>s4 ,x c easily be loos$ :5 ! /ra9 is tak5 (f1 b w n slip "u a pull4 ,:5 us$ = haul+ sp>s1 a half hit* is add$ ne> ! end ( ! sp>1 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,timb] hit* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,timb] hit* & half hit* #aacj4 ,b[l9e1 ,fig4 #cj1 =ms a loop t w n slip4 ,make loop ) ! /&+ "p ( ! rope und]nea?1 pass ! end f bel[ ?r\gh ! loop1 ov] ! "p r\nd ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 & !n d[n ?r\gh ! loop c4 ,! l5g? ( bight dep5ds ^u ! purpose = :i* ! knot is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,b[l9e #aaca4 ,b[l9e on a bight1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! fir/ "p is made l ! above1 ) ! d\ble "p ( a rope2 !n ! bight a is pull$ ?r\gh suffici5tly to all[ x to be b5t pa/ d & come up 9 ! position %[n4 ,x makes a m com=table sl+ = a man ?an a s+le bight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca ,b[l9e on a ,bight #aacb4 ,%eep %ank1 ,fig4 #cb1 us$ = %ort5+ a rope or to pass by a weak spot2 a half hit* is tak5 ) ! /&+ p>ts ar\nd ! bights4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,%eep %ank #aacc4 ,%ort splice4 ,to make a %ort splice1 ,figs4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 unlay ! /r&s ( ea* rope = a conv5i5t l5g?4 ,br+ ! rope ends toge!r s t ea* /r& ( "o rope lies betwe5 ! two consecutive /r&s ( ! o!r rope4 ,draw ! /r&s ( ! fir/ rope along ! second & grasp ) "o h&4 ,!n "w a free /r& ( ! second rope ov] ! ne>e/ /r& ( ! fir/ rope & "u ! second /r&1 work+ 9 a direction opposite to ! twi/ ( ! rope4 ,! same op]ation appli$ to all ! /r&s w give ! result %[n by ,fig4 #cd4 ,! splic+ may be cont9u$ 9 ! same mann] to any ext5t 7,fig4 #ce7 & ! free ends ( ! /r&s may be cut (f :5 desir$4 ,! splice may be neatly tap]$ by cutt+ out a few fib]s f ea* /r& ea* "t x is pass$ ?r\gh ! rope4 ,roll+ "u a bo>d or ! foot w make ! splice compact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,%ort splice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce #aacd4 ,long splice 7,figs4 #cf1 #cg74--,unlay ! /r&s ( ea* rope = a conv5i5t l5g? & br+ toge!r z = a %ort splice4 ,unlay to any desir$ l5g? a /r&1 d1 ( "o rope1 lay+ 9 its place ! ne>e/ /r&1 a1 ( ! o!r rope4 ,repeat ! op]ation 9 ! opposite direction ) two o!r /r&s1 c & f4 ,fig4 #cg %[s /r&s c & f secur$ by ty+ toge!r4 ,/r&s b & e are %[n secur$ by unlay+ half ( ea* = a suitable l5g? & lay+ half ( ! o!r 9 place ( ! unlay$ portions1 ! loose ends be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! rope4 ,?is splice is us$ :5 ! rope is to run ?r\gh a block4 ,! diamet] ( ! rope is n enl>g$ at ! splice4 ,! ends ( ! /r&s %\ld n be trimm$ (f close until ! splice has be5 ?or\ghly /ret*$ by "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,long splice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg #aace4 ,eye splice 7,figs4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da74--,unlay a conv5i5t l5g? ( rope4 ,pass "o loose /r&1 a1 "u "o /r& ( ! rope1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ch1 =m+ an eye ( ! prop] size4 ,pass a second loose /r&1 b1 "u ! /r& ( ! rope next to ! /r& :i* secures a1 ,fig4 #ci4 ,pass ! ?ird /r&1 c1 "u ! /r& next to t :i* secures b1 fig4 #dj4 ,draw all taut & cont9ue & complete z = a %ort splice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch ,eye splice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da ,la%+s #aacf4 ,to la% a transom to an upright sp>1 ,fig4 #db1 transom 9 front ( upright4--,a clove hit* is made r\nd ! upright a few in*es bel[ ! transom4 ,! la%+ is br\ght "u ! transom1 up 9 front ( x1 horizontally beh9d ! upright1 d[n 9 front ( ! transom1 & back beh9d ! upright at ! level ( ! bottom ( ! transom & above ! clove hit*4 ,! foll[+ turns are kept outside ! previ\s ones on "o sp> & inside on ! o!r1 n rid+ ov] ! turns already made4 ,f\r turns or m are requir$4 ,a c\ple ( frapp+ turns are !n tak5 betwe5 ! sp>s1 ar\nd ! la%+1 & ! la%+ is f9i%$ (f ei!r r\nd "o ( ! sp>s or any "p ( ! la%+ ?r\gh :i* ! rope c be pass$4 ,! f9al clove hit* %\ld nev] be made ar\nd ! sp> on ! side t[>d :i* ! /ress is to come1 z x may jam & be difficult to remove4 ,! la%+ mu/ be well beat5 ) h&spike or pick h&le to tight5 x up4 ,?is is call$ a squ>e %e>s are laid alongside ( ea* o!r ) _! butts on ! gr\nd1 la%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db #aacg4 ,la%+ = a pair ( %e>s1 ,fig4 #dc4--,! two sp>s = ! po9ts bel[ :]e ! la%+ is to be re/+ on a skid4 ,a clove hit* is made r\nd "o sp> & ! la%+ tak5 loosely eight or n9e times ab\t ! two sp>s above x )\t rid+4 ,a c\ple ( frapp+ turns are !n tak5 betwe5 ! sp>s & ! la%+ is f9i%$ (f ) a clove hit* above ! turns on "o ( ! sp>s4 ,! butts ( ! sp>s are !n op5$ out & a sl+ pass$ ov] ! =k1 to :i* ! block is hook$ or la%$1 & =e & back guys are made fa/ ) clove hit*es to ! bottom & top sp>s1 respectively1 j above ! ea* sp> ! di/ance f ! butt to ! c5t] ( ! la%+4 ,lay two ( ! sp>s p>allel to ea* o!r ) an int]val a little great] =k1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd #aach4 ,to la% ?ree sp>s toge!r z = a g9 or tripod4--,m>k on ?an ! diamet]4 ,re/ _! tips on a skid & lay ! ?ird sp> betwe5 !m ) its butt 9 ! opposite direction s t ! m>ks on ! ?ree sp>s w be 9 l9e4 ,make a clove hit* on "o ( ! out] sp>s bel[ ! la%+ & take eight or n9e loose turns ar\nd ! ?ree1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,take a c\ple ( frapp+ turns betwe5 ea* pair ( sp>s 9 succession & f9i% ) a clove hit* on ! c5tral sp> above ! la%+4 ,pass a sl+ ov] ! la%+ & ! tripod is ready = rais+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de #aaci4 ,holdfa/s4--,to prep>e a fa/5+ 9 ! gr\nd = ! atta*m5t ( guys or pur*ases1 /\t pickets are driv5 into ! gr\nd "o beh9d ! o!r1 9 ! l9e ( pull4 ,! head ( ea* picket except ! la/ is secur$ by a la%+ to ! foot ( ! picket next beh9d1 ,fig4 #df4 ,! la%+s are tight5$ by rack /icks1 ! po9ts ( :i* are driv5 into ! gr\nd to hold !m 9 position4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! /akes %\ld be sev]al times ! height ( ! /ake above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df ,ano!r =m requir+ m labor b hav+ mu* great] /r5g? is call$ a deadman1 & consi/s ( a log laid 9 a transv]se tr5* ) an incl9$ tr5* int]sect+ x at its middle po9t4 ,! cable is pass$ d[n ! incl9$ tr5*1 takes sev]al r\nd turns on ! log1 & is fa/5$ to x by half hit*es & m>l9 /opp+1 ,figs4 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,if ! cable is to lead horizontally or incl9$ d[nw>d1 x %\ld pass ov] a log at ! outlet ( ! incl9$ tr5*1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,if ! cable is to lead upw>d1 ?is log is n necess>y1 b ! an*or log mu/ be buri$ deep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di ,,*apt] ,x ,,field ,,=tifications #aadj4 ,object4 ,! object ( field =tifications is two-fold4 #a4 ,to increase ! fight+ p[] ( troops by enabl+ ! soldi] to use 8 weapons ) ! greate/ possible effect4 #b4 ,to protect ! soldi] aga9/ ! enemy's fire4 #aada4 ,h[ ^! objects are accompli%$4 ,^! objects are accompli%$3 #a4 ,by means ( %elt]s--tr5*es1 r$\bts1 spl9t]pro(s1 etc41 :i* protect ! soldi] f ! enemy's fire4 #b4 ,by means ( ob/acles--wire entanglem5ts1 abatis1 pits1 etc41 :i* delay ! advance ( ! enemy4 #aadb4 ,classification4 ,field =tifications are usually divid$ into ?ree classes1 ha/y intr5*m5ts1 delib]ate intr5*m5ts & siege works4 ,nom5clature ( ! ,tr5*4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration %[s ! names ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #aadc4 ,ha/y intr5*m5ts include tr5*es dug by troops ^u ! battlefield to increase _! fight+ p[]4 ,!y are usually con/ruct$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy & 9 ha/e & embrace ?ree =ms viz3--! ly+ tr5*1 ! kneel+ tr5*1 & ! /&+ tr5*4 #aadd4 ,ly+ tr5*4 7,fig4 #b47 ,?is tr5* gives cov] to a man ly+ d[n4 ,:5 intr5*+ "u fire ! rifle tr5* c be con/ruct$ by a man ly+ d[n4 ,he c mask himself f view 9 ab\t #aj to #ab m9utes & c complete ! tr5* 9 #dj to #de m9utes4 ,a good me?od is to dig a tr5* #ah in*es wide back to 8 knees1 roll into x & dig #ab in*es wide alongside ( x & d[n to ! feet1 !n roll into ! second cut & ext5d ! fir/ "o back4 ,conditions may require m5 to "w 9 pairs1 "o fir+ :ile ! o!r uses 8 intr5*+ tool4 ,duties are ex*ang$ f "t to "t until ! tr5* is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b;a ,intr5*+ "u fire ,! height ( ! p>apet %\ld n exce$ #a foot4 ,?is tr5* af=ds limit$ protection aga9/ rifle fire & less aga9/ %rapnel4 #aade4 ,kneel+ tr5*4 7,fig4 #c47 ,"t p]mitt+ ! ly+ tr5* may be enl>g$ & deep5$ until ! kneel+ tr5* has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! wid? ( ! bottom %\ld be #b-a_/b feet--pref]ably #c feet--& ! relief 7di/ance f bottom ( tr5* to top ( p>apet7 is #c feet--! prop] height = fir+ ov] 9 a kneel+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #aadf4 ,/&+ tr5* 7,fig4 #d7 has a bottom wid? ( #c to #c-a_/b feet & a relief ( #d-a_/b feet :i* is ! prop] fir+ height = m5 ( av]age /ature4 ,z ?is tr5* does n give complete cov] to m5 /&+ 9 x a passage way %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 re> ( x n less ?an #f feet bel[ ! int]ior cre/4 ,?is =ms ! complete tr5* 7,fig4 #e74 ,figures #f-g-h %[ simple /&+ tr5*es us$ 9 ! ,european ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,simple ,/&+ ,tr5*1 ,p>apet ,suppress$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,simple ,/&+ ,tr5*1 ,rocky ,gr\nd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,n>r[ ,fir+ ,tr5* ) ,p>ados #aadg4 ,delib]ate intr5*m5ts comprise tr5*es & works con/ruct$ by troops n 9 l9e ( battle & are usually int5d$ to enable a small =ce to resi/ a mu* l>g] "o4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ha/y intr5*m5ts are develop$ into delib]ate intr5*m5ts & f ?is /age pass into ! doma9 ( siege works4 #aadh4 ,fire tr5*es1--! tr5*es :i* %elt] ! fir+ l9e1--are ( diff]5t types4 ,no fix$ type c be prescrib$4 ,! type mu/ be select$ ) due reg>d to ! t]ra91 enemy1 "t1 tools1 soil1 etc41 b all %\ld con=m to ! requirem5ts ( a good field ( fire1 & protection = ! troops beh9d a v]tical wall1 pref]ably ) "s head or ov] head cov]4 ,! simple/ =m ( fire tr5* is deep & n>r[ & has a flat conceal$ p>apet 7,fig4 #i74 ,:5 "t w p]mit ! simple tr5* %\ld be plann$ ) a view to develop+ x into a m complete =m 7,figs4 #aj & #aa74 ,9 all tr5*es z soon z practicable a passage way--#b feet wide at ! bottom--%\ld be provid$1 9 re> ( ! fir+ /ep1 = ! m5 c>ry+ supplies1 ammunition1 etc41 & = ! removal ( ! w\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,:5 ! excavat$ e>? is easily remov$ a fire tr5* )\t p>apet may be ! "o be/ suit$ to ! soil & o!r conditions affect+ ! conditions ( pr(ile 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! enemy's infantry z well z artill]y w g5]ally h great difficulty 9 see+ ?is tr5*4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a squad tr5*4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a fire tr5* provid$ ) protection aga9/ %rapnel4 ,?is tr5* is us$ 9 ! ,european ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,protection aga9/ ,%rapnel ,9 ! ,european ,w> ! aim 9 con/ruct+ fire tr5*es seems to be to m9imize & localize artill]y effect z f> z possible4 ,! ma9 excavation along ! front is a cont9u\s1 v deep1 communication1 n 9 itself prep>$ = active def5se4 ,! actual fir+ is done f banquettes or fir+ /eps j to ! front ( ! passage or f tr5*es dug z f> z #e or #aj feet 9 front ( ! ma9 excavation & rea*$ by %ort passages4 ,figs #ae & #af %[ ! type ( ?is con/ruction4 ,fig4 #ag %[s a fire tr5* ) p>ades & %elt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,two ,me?ods = ,communication ,tr5*es 9 re> ( ,fir+ ,tr5*es ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,communication ,tr5*es 9 re> ( ,fir+ ,tr5*es ,recess$ & ,trav]s$ ,fir+ ,tr5* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,tr5* ,%elt] #aadi4 ,trav]ses4 ,fire tr5*es are divid$ into sections or bays by means ( trav]ses :i* int]cept side or enfilade fire & limit ! effect ( %ells1 bombs or gr5ades1 :i* bur/ inside ( ! tr5*4 ,! trav]ses %\ld be wide en\gh to scre5 ! full wid? ( ! tr5* ) a little to sp>e4 ,! ?ickness ( ! trav]se v>ies f #c to #f feet or m4 ,six feet is ! dim5sion g5]ally f\nd 9 ! trav]ses 9 ! tr5*es on ! ,european battle fronts4 #aaej4 ,tr5* recesses2 sortie /eps4 ,x w be not$ t 9 "s ( ! diagrams ( ! tr5*es n[ be+ us$ 9 ! ,european ,w> ! b]m has be5 elim9at$ entirely4 ,! object be+ to br+ ! fir] clos] to ! v]tical wall ?us giv+ him bett] protection f %rapnel fire4 ,!re h also be5 add$ to ! tr5*1 recesses = h& gr5ades4 ,^! recesses are simil> to recesses dug 9 ! front wall ( ! tr5* = ammunition4 ,"o =m ( recess is %[n 9 7,fig4 #ah74 ,9 ord] to provide facilities = rapidly m\nt+ f ! tr5* to *>ge1 sortie /eps & /akes h be5 provid$ 9 "s tr5*es z %[n 9 7,fig4 #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,/ore ,recesses = ,wat]1 ,h&-,gr5ades1 ,res]ve ,ammunition1 ,ma*9e ,guns1 ,range ,f9d]s1 ,blankets1 etc4 7,f ,field ,entr5*m5ts--,solano47 #aaea4 ,p>ados4 ,in/ead ( %rapnel1 explosive %ell is mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,european ,w>4 ,?is necessitates ! addition ( a p>ados to ! fire tr5* to protect aga9/ ! back bla/ ( high explosives4 ,?is is %[n 9 7,figs4 #h & #ag74 ,an int]e/+ developm5t 9 cov] = ! fir+ l9e is %[n 9 dug\ts con/ruct$ 9 ! fire tr5*es 9 ! ,european w>4 ,^! dug\ts are deep und]gr\nd & %elt] f #c to #h m5 ea* 7,fig4 #ai74 ,^! dug\ts w be discuss$ m 9 l5g? "u cov] tr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai #aaeb4 ,head cov] is ! t]m appli$ to any horizontal cov] :i* may be provid$ above ! plane ( fire4 ,x is obta9$ by not*+ or loop-hol+ ! top ( ! p>apet s t ! bottoms ( ! not*es or loopholes are 9 ! desir$ plane ( fire4 ,! extra height ( p>apet may be #ab to #ah in*es & ! loopholes may be #c to #c-a_/b feet c5t] to c5t]4 ,head cov] is ( limit$ utility4 ,x increases ! visibility ( ! p>apet & re/ricts ! field ( fire4 ,at close range ! loopholes s]ve z aim+ po9ts to /eady ! enemy's fire & may d m h>m ?an good at long] ranges4 ,?is is especially ! case if ! enemy c see any light ?r\gh ! loophole4 ,he waits = ! light to be obscur$1 :5 he fires1 kn[+ !re is a man's head beh9d ! loophole4 ,a backgr\nd mu/ be provid$ or a removable scre5 arrang$ s t !re w be no diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! loophole :e!r a man is look+ ?r\gh x or n4 ,head cov] is advantage\s only :5 ! conditions ( ! =egr\nd are su* t ! enemy c n get close up4 #aaec4 ,not*es & loopholes1 ,figs4 #bj-bb1 are alike 9 all respects1 except t ! latt] h a ro( or top & ! =m] h n4 ,! bottom1 also call$ floor or sole1 is a "p ( ! orig9al sup]ior slope4 ,! sides1 sometimes call$ *eeks1 are v]tical or ne>ly s4 ,! plan dep5ds ^u local conditions4 ,!re is always a n>r[ "p1 call$ ! ?roat1 :i* is j l>ge en\gh to take ! rifle & p]mit sight+4 ,f ! ?roat ! sides div]ge at an angle1 call$ ! splay1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! field ( fire necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,! position ( ! ?roat may v>y4 ,if on ! outside1 x is less conspicu\s b m easily ob/ruct$ by injury to ! p>apet & m difficult to use1 s9ce 9 *ang+ aim lat]ally ! man mu/ move ar\nd a pivot 9 ! plane ( ! ?roat4 ,if ! mat]ial ( :i* ! loophole is con/ruct$ pres5ts h>d surfaces1 ! ?roat %\ld be outside1 not)/&+ ! disadvantages ( t position1 or else ! sides mu/ be /epp$ z 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 "s cases x may be be/ to adopt a compromise position & put ! ?roat 9 ! middle1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,figs4 #bc to #bf %[ details & dim5sions ( a loophole ( s& bags4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,a s]viceable =m ( loophole consi/s ( a pyramidal box ( plank ) a /eel plate spik$ across ! small end & pi]c$ = fire4 ,fig4 #bg %[s a section ( su* a con/ruction4 ,x is commonly kn[n z ! hopp] loophole4 ,! plate %\ld be #c_/h 94 ?ick1 if ( special /eel2 or #a_/b 941 if ord9>y metal4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! op5+ us$ by ! ,japanese 9 ,man*uria & ,fig4 #bi t us$ by ! ,russians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,! con/ruction ( a not* requires only ! introduction ( "s available rigid mat]ial to =m ! sides2 by add+ a cov] ! not* becomes a loophole4 ,:]e ! fire involves a wide lat]al & small v]tical angle1 loopholes may take ! =m ( a long slit4 ,su* a =m w result f lay+ logs or fasc9es l5g?wise on ! p>apet1 support$ at int]vals by sods or o!r mat]ial1 ,fig4 #ca1 or small poles cov]$ ) e>? may be us$1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca #aaed4 ,ov]head cov]4 ,?is usually consi/s ( a rais$ plat=m ( "s k9d cov]$ ) e>?4 ,x is frequ5tly comb9$ ) horizontal cov] 9 a s+le /ructure1 :i* protects ! top & expos$ side4 ,! support+ plat=m w almo/ always be ( wood & may v>y f bru%wood or light poles to heavy timb]s & plank4 ,x is bett]1 especially ) bru% or poles1 to place a lay] ( sods1 grass d[n1 or /raw1 or gra9 sacks ov] ! plat=m be=e putt+ on ! e>?1 to prev5t ! latt] f sift+ ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce ,! ?ickness ( ov]head cov] dep5ds ^u ! class ( fire aga9/ :i* protection is desir$1 & is sometimes limit$ by ! v]tical space available1 s9ce x mu/ af=d headroom b5ea?1 & g5]ally %\ld n project above ! ne>e/ natural or artificial horizontal cov]4 ,= spl9t] pro(s a lay] ( e>? #f to #h ins4 ?ick on a support ( bru% or poles /rong en\gh to hold x up w suffice if ! /ructure is horizontal4 ,if ! front is high] ?an ! re>1 less ?ickness is necess>y2 if ! re> is high] ?an ! front1 m is requir$4 ,= bombpro(s a m9imum ?ickness ( #f ins4 ( timb] & #c ft4 ( e>? is necess>y aga9/ field & siege guns1 or #ab ins4 timb] & #f ft4 ( e>? aga9/ ! h[itz]s & mort>s ( a heavy siege tra91 n exce$+ #f in*es 9 calib]4 ,9 det]m9+ ! area ( ov]head cov] to be provid$1 all[ #f sq4 ft4 p] man = occupancy :ile on duty only1 or #ab sq4 ft4 p] man = cont9u\s occupancy n ( long duration4 ,= long occupation #ah to #bj sq4 ft4 p] man %\ld be provid$4 ,x is n practicable to give complete cov] to rifle positions t w successfully )/& ! heavy artill]y ( today4 ,! use ( ov]head cov] is usually limit$ to t suffici5t = protection aga9/ rifle fire1 ma*9e gun fire1 & %rapnel4 #aaee4 ,cov] tr5*es are con/ruct$ to provide safe cov] = ! supports or re9=cem5ts ( ! fire tr5*es or to provide cook+ & re/+ facilities = ! g>rison ( ! neighbor+ fire tr5*es4 ,! important po9t 9 cov] tr5*es is safety4 ,!y v>y 9 design f ! simple rectangul> tr5*es to elaborately con/ruct$ tr5*es hav+ ov]head cov]1 kit*5s1 %elt]s1 latr9es1 dress+ /ations1 etc4 ,cov] tr5*es mu/ n be mi/ak5 = a second>y position1 !y are cov] = ! fir+ l9e1 supports & res]ves until !y are requir$ 9 ! fire tr5*es4 ,! cov] tr5* requires a dep? ( at lea/ #f feet to protect m5 /&+4 ,great] dep?s may be us$ :5 necess>y4 ,fig4 #cf is a section ( an op5 cov] tr5* & ,fig4 #cg ( a clos$ "o4 ,?is section may be us$ = a communicat+ tr5*4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a cov] tr5* close to a fire tr5*4 ,! "* ( ov]head cov] = tr5*es is %[n 9 ! diagrams "u ov]head cov]4 ,! di/ance ( ! cov] tr5*es v>ies ) ! situation4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,european w> places ! cov] tr5*es f #ae to #ej y>ds 9 re> ( ! fire tr5*es4 ,^! tr5*es furni% %elt] = at lea/ #b_/c ( ! fir+ l9e & supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch ,! res]ves are furni%$ yet m elaborate %elt]1 ) pl5ty ( room = ! m5 to lie d[n & re/ & :5 practicable1 ba?+ facilities are provid$4 #aaef4 ,dug\ts4 ,an elaborate sy/em ( dug\ts has develop$ along ! l9es occupi$ by ! troops 9 ! ,european w>4 ,^! dug\ts are locat$ f #ad to #dj feet bel[ ! gr\nd & are rea*$ by /airs 9 timb]$ passage ways4 ,at ! foot ( ! /airs a tunnel or corridor runs =w>d & on ei!r side or at ! end1 rooms h be5 dug out v>y+ 9 size4 ,mo/ ( ^! rooms h be5 timb]$ & l9$4 ,_m are electrically light$4 ,9 "s ( ^! und]gr\nd %elt]s1 accommodations = sev]al hundr$ m5 h be5 prep>$ ) all ( ! necess>y facilities = mak+ !m com=table4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t su* elaborate prep>ations c only be made :5 troops face ea* o!r 9 tr5*es :]e op]ations h develop$ into practically a siege4 #aaeg4 ,communicat+ tr5*es4 ,^! tr5*es z ! "n implies are = ! purpose ( provid+ safe communication betwe5 ! cov] & fire tr5*es4 ,!y may be also con/ruct$ j 9 re> ( a s]ies ( fire tr5*es to provide a means ( communication f "o to ! o!r4 ,communicat+ tr5*es also ext5d to ! re> ( ! cov] tr5*es & provide safe passage to fre% troops or supplies4 ,^! tr5*es are usually laid out 9 zig zag or curv$ l9es 7,fig4 #ci71 to prev5t enfilade fire f sweep+ !m4 ,z a g5]al rule excavat$ e>? is plac$ on bo? sides ( ! tr5* to af=d protection1 ! dep? is usually f #f to #g feet4 7,fig4 #ae7 %[s a typical communicat+ tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci ,typical ,passage ,tr5* f ,supports to ,fir+ ,l9e4 7,f ,field ,entr5*m5ts--,solano7 #aaeh4 ,look\ts4 ,to enable ! g>rison ( a tr5* to get ! greate/ am\nt ( com=t & re/1 a look\t %\ld be con/ruct$ & a s5t9el /ation$ !re94 ,! simple/ =m w\ld consi/ ( two s&bags plac$ on ! p>apet & splay$ s z to give ! requir$ view1 & c>efully conceal$4 ,bett] =ms may be con/ruct$1 ) "o side re/+ on ! b]m by us+ %ort uprights ) ov]head cov]1 a slit on all sides be+ provid$ = obs]vation4 ,at night1 look\ts are usually po/$ at li/5+ po9ts locat$ 9 or beyond ! l9e ( ob/acles4 ,^! w be discuss$ "u ob/acles4 #aaei4 ,support+ ,po9ts4 ,9 "s cases small support+ po9ts may h to be e/abli%$ close beh9d ! g5]al l9e ( tr5*es = ! purpose ( break+ up a successful attack on ! tr5*es & to aid 9 deliv]+ a c\nt] attack4 ,^! po9ts are /rongly entr5*$ & h all ar\nd wire entanglem5ts & are g>rison$ by f #bj to #dj pick$ m5 or by l>g] =ces if ! situation dem& x4 ,9 "s cases ma*9e guns are add$ to ! =ce 9 ! support+ po9t4 #aafj4 ,example ( tr5* sy/em4 ,hav+ discuss$ tr5*es & ob/acles some:at 9 detail1 let u take a comb9ation ( ! :ole %[+ a complete sy/em su* z is us$ today4 7,fig4 #dj7 is a good example4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj ,,fir/ ,,l9e ,,fir+ ,,tr5* ,beg9n+ at ! front we h ! l9e ( wire entanglem5ts or ob/acles ) _! li/5+ po/s ,x1 = gu>d+ !m4 ,connect+ ! li/5+ po/s to ! fire tr5*es are ! communicat+ tr5*es4 ,! fire tr5*es are %[n by ! heavy black l9e runn+ ab\t #fj feet 9 re> ( ! ob/acles4 ,note ! _m trav]ses %[n by ! ind5tations 9 ! l9e4 ,po9ts m>k$ ,m ) arr[s project+ to ! flanks are ma*9e guns1 s locat$ z to sweep ! front ( ! position ) a cross fire4 ,po9ts m>k$ ,s are und]gr\nd %elt]s = f #c to #f m54 ,po9ts m>k$ ,s' are %elt]s = #cj m54 ,9 re> ( ! fir+ tr5*es at a di/ance v>y+ f #ajj to #bjj feet is ! l9e ( cov] tr5*es4 ,?is l9e is connect$ ) ! fire tr5*es by ! zig zagg$ l9e ( communicat+ tr5*es4 ,note t ! latr9es 7,l7 & fir/ aid /ations 7,f7 are j (f f ! communicat+ tr5*es1 :ile ! l>g] %elt] = m5 7,s'7 are ne> ! cov] tr5*es4 ,z ! note on ! diagram %[s1 ! tr5* requires #bej m5 to occupy x ) d\ble t numb] 9 support4 ,! tr5* has #ajh loopholes ) spaces betwe5 provid$ ) a high] banquette s t ! :ole p>apet may be mann$ = fir+4 ,on ! battlefields ( ,europe today !re are g5]ally ?ree l9es ( fire tr5*es4 ,?is p]mits ! def5d] to fall back to a #bnd or #crd prep>$ position 9 case he is driv5 out ( 8 fir/ tr5*4 ,on a hill we f9d a fire tr5* ne> ! foot ( ! slope1 "o j =w>d ( ! milit>y cre/1 & ! ?ird on ! rev]se slope ( ! hill4 ,9 _m in/ances ! fir/ l9e tr5*es consi/ ( z _m z f\r or five l9es ( tr5*es runn+ 9 a g5]al lat]al direction & connect$ by deep n>r[ communicat+ tr5*es4 ,! dep? betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! tr5*es is1 9 "s in/ances1 n ov] a hundr$ y>ds4 ,sign bo>ds are necess>y at %ort int]vals to prev5t ! soldi]s f gett+ lo/4 ,! effect ( hav+ s _m alt]native fir+ tr5*es is to make x extremely difficult = an enemy to advance f1 or ev5 to hold "o ( !m1 ev5 :5 he ga9s a foot+1 z he w\ld be swept by fire f ! support+ tr5*es 9 re> & also by flank+ fire f ! adjac5t tr5*es4 #aafa4 ,location4 ,!re are two ?+s to be consid]$ 9 locat+ tr5*es3 7#a7 ,! tactical situation1 & 7#b7 ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ consid]ation requires t ! tr5*es be s locat$ z to give ! be/ field ( fire4 ,locat+ ne> ! base ( hills possesses ! advantage ( horizontal fire1 b1 z a rule1 x is difficult to support tr5*es s locat$ & to retreat !refrom 9 case ( necessity4 ,:ile location ne> ! cre/ ( hills--on ! milit>y cre/--does n possess ! advantage ( horizontal fire1 x is easi] to support tr5*es s locat$ & to retreat !refrom4 ,dep5d+ ^u circum/ances1 !re are times :5 x w be bett] to intr5* ne> ! base ( hills & !re are o!r times :5 x w be bett] to intr5* on ! milit>y cre/1 :i* is always 9 front ( ! natural cre/4 ,! con/ruction ( tr5*es along ! milit>y cre/ does n give any dead space--t is1 any space to ! front t c n be rea*$ by ! fire ( ! m5 9 ! tr5*es4 ,:e!r we %\ld con/ruct our tr5*es on high or l[ gr\nd is a matt] t %\ld always be c>efully consid]$ "u ! p>ticul> conditions t happ5 to exi/ at t p>ticul> "t1 & ! matt] may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! advantages ( ! high gr\nd are3-- #a4 ,we c g5]ally see bett] :at is go+ on to our front & flanks2 & ! m5 h a feel+ ( security t !y d n enjoy on l[ gr\nd4 #b4 ,we c usually re5=ce ! fir+ l9e bett] & ! dead & w\nd$ c be remov$ m easily4 #c4 ,! l9e ( retreat is bett]4 ,! disadvantages are3-- #a4 ,! plung+ fire ( a high position is n z effective z a sweep+ fire ( a l[ "o4 #b4 ,x is n z easy to conceal our position4 ,! advantages ( l[ gr\nd1 are3-- #a4 ,! l[1 sweep+ fire t we get1 especially :5 ! gr\nd 9 front is fairly flat & ! view ov] ! great] "p ( x is un9t]rupt$1 is ! mo/ effective k9d ( fire4 #b4 ,z a rule x is easi] to conceal tr5*es on l[ gr\nd1 especially f artill]y fire4 #c4 ,if our tr5*es are on l[ gr\nd1 our artill]y w be able to f9d good positions on ! hill beh9d u )\t int]f]+ ) ! infantry def5se4 ,! disadvantages are3-- #a4 ,z a rule x w be m difficult to re5=ce ! fir+ l9e & to remove ! dead & w\nd$ f ! tr5*es4 #b4 ,on a l[ position !re w usually be an increase ( dead space 9 our front4 #c4 ,! av]age soldi] act+ on ! def5sive dreads t ! enemy may turn 8 flank1 & ?is feel+ is mu* m pron\nc$ on l[ gr\nd ?an on high gr\nd4 ,%\ld ! enemy succe$ 9 gett+ a foot+ on our flank ) our tr5*es on top ( ! hill1 x w\ld be bad en\gh1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly be f> worse if he got a foot+ on top ( ! hill1 on ! flank & re>1 ) our company on l[ gr\nd 9 front4 ,we1 !re=e1 see !re are ?+s to be said = & aga9/ bo? high & l[ gr\nd1 & ! mo/ t c be said )\t exam9+ a p>ticul> piece ( gr\nd is3 ,our natural incl9ation is to select high gr\nd1 b1 z a rule1 ?is *oice w r$uce our fire effect1 & if !re is a cov]$ approa* to our fire tr5*es & v little dead gr\nd 9 front ( x1 ) an ext5sive field ( fire1 !re is no d\bt ! l[] gr\nd is bett]4 ,h[ev]1 if ^! conditions d n exi/ to a consid]able degree1 ! moral advantage ( ! high] gr\nd mu/ be giv5 great weight1 especially 9 a close c\ntry4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,european w> emphasizes ! fact t ! location ( rifle tr5*es is today1 j z mu* z ev]1 a matt] ( compromise to be det]m9$ by s\nd judgm5t on ! "p ( ! responsible (fic]s4 ,! sit+ ( tr5*es s t !y are n "u artill]y obs]vation is a matt] ( great importance1 b1 x has yet to be prov5 t ?is requirem5t is m important ?an an ext5sive field ( fire4 ,!re are _m in/ances :]e to escape obs]vation & fire f ! artill]y1 tr5*es 7 locat$ on ! rev]se slopes1 giv+ only a limit$ field ( fire4 ,?is re/rict$ field ( fire p]mitt$ ! enemy to approa* )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! tr5* & robb$ !m ( ! concealm5t !y _h hop$ to ga94 ,! *oice betwe5 a site 9 front1 & "o 9 re> ( a cre/1 is influ5c$ by local conditions :i* gov]n ! effectiv5ess ( our own & ! enemy's fire4 ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ location = effective fire tr5*es1 lies betwe5 ! milit>y cre/ ( ris+ gr\nd & ! l[e/ l9e f :i* ! =egr\nd is visible4 ,if ! position on ! milit>y cre/ is conspicu\s1 x is inadvisable4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 tr5*es %\ld1 if practicable1 be s locat$ z to avoid /ony gr\nd1 because ( ! difficult "w entail$ & ( ! dang] ( fly+ fragm5ts1 %\ld ! p>apet be /ruck by an artill]y projectile4 ,to locate ! trace ( ! tr5*es1 lie on ! gr\nd at int]vals & select ! be/ field ( fire consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,tr5*es %\ld be laid out 9 company l5g?s1 if possible1 & adjo9+ tr5*es %\ld af=d ea* o!r mutual support4 ,! flanks & important gaps 9 ! l9e %\ld be protect$ by fire tr5*es e*elon$ 9 re>4 #aafb4 ,concealm5t ( tr5*es4 ,ow+ to ! facilities = obs]vation t ! a]oplanes & o!r air craft af=d1 & to ! accuracy & effect ( mod]n artill]y fire1 e possible means %\ld be tak5 to conceal tr5*es1 gun implacem5ts1 & o!r works4 ,! aim %\ld be to alt] ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd z little z possible & to pres5t a t>get ( ! smalle/ possible dim5sions4 ,cov]+ ! p>apet ) bru% or grass w af=d tempor>y concealm5t4 ,if ! new e>? c be sodd$ x aids greatly 9 conceal+ ! tr5*4 ,9 "s cases troops h gone to ! ext5t ( pa9t+ canvas to resemble ! gr\nd & h plac$ x ov] tr5*es1 guns1 etc4 ,/raw & grass plac$ 9 ! bottom ( tr5*es make !m less conspicu\s to air sc\ts4 ,:5 tr5*es are dug on a fairly /eep slope c>e mu/ be us$ to conceal ! back ( ! tr5*1 :i*1 be+ high] ?an ! p>apet1 w /& out z a sc> on ! hillside4 ,grass or bru% may be us$ to conceal ! back ( ! tr5*4 #aafc4 ,dummy tr5*es4 ,may be con/ruct$ :i* attract ! enemy's att5tion & draw 8 fire1 or at lea/ a "p ( x4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is me?od may be us$ may include ! con/ruction ( dummy ob/acles & guns1 & ev5 hats may be plac$ on ! p>apets4 #aafd4 ,l5g? ( tr5*4 ,! usual m9imum all[ance ( tr5* space is "o y>d p] man1 al?\gh 9 "s te/s1 two feet 0 f\nd suffici5t = m5 to fire satisfactorily4 ,ord9>ily "o squad w occupy ! space betwe5 two trav]ses :i* exp]i5ce has %[n %\ld be ab\t #ae feet ap>t4 #aafe4 ,prep>ation ( ! =egr\nd4 ,"o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples 9 improv+ ! =egr\nd is t an enemy attack+ ! tr5*es %all be cont9ually expos$ to fire especially 9 ! la/ #djj or #ejj y>ds4 ,?is requires a cle>+ ( ! =egr\nd & a fill+ 9 ( depressions or level+ ( cov]4 ,dead space may be swept by fire ( tr5*es specially locat$ = t purpose4 ,^? features ( ! gr\nd :i* ob/ruct ! field ( fire1 re/rict ! view1 or favor or ! enemy's approa*1 %\ld be remov$ z f> z possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 features :i* favor ! concealm5t ( ! tr5*es or increase ! difficulty ( ! attack w\ld bett] be left /&+1 especially :5 x is possible to fire ?r\gh or ov] !m4 #aaff4 ,revetm5ts4 ,by a revetm5t we mean a fac+ plac$ aga9/ ! front or back wall ( a tr5* to keep ! e>? 9 place4 ,:5 tr5*es are to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t1 !y mu/ be revett$4 ,!re are _m =ms ( revetm5ts4 ,sod revetm5ts1 /akes ) bru% beh9d !m1 /akes ) planks1 bo>ds1 or poles beh9d !m & a common =m se5 9 ! tr5*es 9 ,europe *ick5 wire ) bru% or canvas beh9d x4 #aafg4 ,dra9age4 ,all tr5*es %\ld be dug s z to dra9 9 case ( ra94 ,9 favorable locations ! tr5* may be con/ruct$ to dra9 automatically1 by con/ruct+ x ) an incl9e to "o end4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances dry /&+ has to be provid$ 9 tr5*es by rais+ ! foot level by ! use ( bru%1 bo>ds1 poles1 etc4 ,bail+ w h to be resort$ to 9 mo/ cases to dra9 ! tr5*4 #aafh4 ,wat] ,supply4 ,at lea/ #a_/b a gallon ( wat] p] man p] day %\ld be suppli$4 ,! supply is almo/ inv>iably liable to be contam9at$1 !re=e1 x %\ld be /]iliz$ by boil+ or by treat+4 ,^! are usually locat$ j (f f ! communicat+ tr5*es4 ,"s =m ( receptacle %\ld be us$ & all deposits cov]$ ) *emicals4 #aafi4 ,latr9es4 ,num]\s latr9es mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 ! tr5*es' e>?4 ,^! receptacles are remov$ f "t to "t & empti$ 9 pits dug = t purpose4 ,ur9al cans mu/ also be provid$ & c>$ = 9 a simil> mann]4 #aagj4 ,illum9ation ( ! ,=egr\nd4 ,battlefield illum9ation is a necessity :]e night attacks may be expect$1 & also z a protection to ! l9e ( ob/acles4 ,portable se>*lights h become an accept$ "p ( e army4 ,9 addition to ^!1 tr5*es mu/ be suppli$ ) reflector lights1 /> bombs1 rockets & fl>es1 arrang$ s t !y c be put into action in/antane\sly :5 ! enemy approa*es4 ,! =egr\nd %\ld be entirely illum9at$1 leav+ ! def5d]s 9 ! %ad[4 ,if ! light is too close to ! def5d]s p>apet1 !y are illum9at$ & become a good t>get4 ,"s fl>es w burn = #bj m9utes & may be ?r[n to ! front z gr5ades1 fir$ z rockets1 %ot f small mort>s1 or plac$ well to ! front to be set (f by trip wires close to ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ light devis$ is "o t c be fir$ well to ! front f a small mort> & !n hung susp5d$ f an op5 p>a*ute above ! enemy4 ,bonfires c be laid ready = light+ :5 no o!r means is at h&4 ,:atev] =m ( illum9ation is adopt$1 x %\ld )/& bad wea!r conditions & prolong$ bomb>dm5t4 #aaga4 ,telephones4 ,:5 armies h be5 =c$ to tr5* w>f>e & "t has p]mitt$ an elaborate sy/em ( tr5*es to be con/ruct$1 telephone communication is e/abli%$ z soon z possible4 ,! c5tral /ation1 ) ! swit*-bo>d is locat$ 9 a %elt] 9 re> ( ! cov] tr5*es & l9es are run to all tr5*es1 look\t /ations & li/5+ po9ts4 #aagb4 ,siege works4 ,comprise devices us$ by besieg]s & besieg$ 9 attack & def5se ( /rong =tifications & especially ^? devices enable troops to advance "u cont9u\s cov]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ob/acles #aagc4 ,object4 ,! ma9 objects 9 plac+ ob/acles 9 front ( ! tr5*es are1 to protect !m f surprise1 & to /op ! enemy's advance or to delay him :ile "u ! def5d]'s fire4 #aagd4 ,necessity = ob/acles4 ,x is evid5t t ! pres5t t5d5cy is to r$uce ! numb] ( m5 assign$ to con/ant occupancy ( ! fir/ l9e tr5*es4 ,?is is due to ! effectiv5ess ( rifle fire at close range1 ! de/ructive effect ( %ell & %rapnel1 ! infrequ5cy ( daylight attack on intr5*$ positions1 & ! sev]e /ra9 on ! m54 ,! aim seems to be ! plac+ "h & !re ( a look\t or tr5* gu>ds1 :o1 :5 necessity dem&s c call help f ! ne> by spl9t]pro(s1 dug\ts1 etc41 be=e ! enemy c make 8 way ?r\gh ! ob/acles4 ,x has be5 f\nd f exp]i5ce 9 ! ,european w> t z long z %ells are direct$ at ! tr5*es no dang] ( attack is fe>$ b1 :5 ! %ells are conc5trat$ aga9/ ! ob/acles ! tr5*es are mann$ & prep>ations are made to resi/ an assault4 #aage4 ,location4 ,ob/acles mu/ be s locat$ t !y w be expos$ to ! def5d]s' fire1 & %\ld be %elt]$ z f> z possible f ! enemy's artill]y fire4 ,!y %\ld be difficult to remove or de/roy1 %\ld af=d no cov] = ! enemy1 & %\ld n ob/ruct c\nt] attacks4 ,no ob/acle %\ld be m ?an #ajj y>ds f ! def5d]'s tr5*4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to place !m s close to ! tr5* t h& gr5ades c be ?r[n into ! tr5* f beyond ! ob/acle4 ,ob/acles may be plac$ 9 "o1 two or ?ree l9es4 ,z f> z possible !y %\ld be conceal$ s t !y w n betray ! location ( ! tr5*4 #aagf4 ,k9ds ( ,ob/acles4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common k9ds ( ob/acles3-- ,abatis consi/+ ( trees ly+ p>allel to ea* o!r ) ! bran*es po9t+ 9 ! g5]al direction ( approa* & int]lac$4 ,all leaves & small twigs %\ld be remov$ & ! /iff ends ( bran*es po9t$4 ,abatis on op5 gr\nd is mo/ conv5i5tly made ( bran*es ab\t #ae feet long4 ,! bran*es are /ak$ or ti$ d[n & ! butts an*or$ by cov]+ !m ) e>?4 ,b>b$ wire may be int]lac$ among ! bran*es4 ,successive r[s are plac$1 ! bran*es ( "o ext5d+ ov] ! trunks ( ! "o 9 front1 s z to make ! abatis #e feet high & z wide z desir$4 ,x is bett] to place ! abatis 9 a natural depression or a dit*1 = concealm5t & protection f fire4 ,if expos$ to artill]y1 an abatis mu/ be protect$ ei!r z above or else by rais+ a glacis 9 front ( x4 ,fig4 #a %[s a typical =m ( abatis ) a glacis 9 front4 ,an abatis =m$ by fell+ trees t[>d ! enemy1 leav+ ! butt hang+ to ! /ump1 ! bran*es prep>$ z be=e1 is call$ a sla%+1 ,fig4 #b4 ,x gives cov]1 & %\ld be well flank$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #aagg4 ,a palisade is a man-tight f5ce ( po/s4 ,r\nd poles #d to #f in*es 9 diamet] at ! l>ge end are be/4 ,if ! /icks run #e to #h in*es1 !y may be split4 ,if def5d$ f ! re>1 palisades give "s %elt] f fire & ! op5+s %\ld be made z l>ge z possible )\t lett+ m5 ?r\gh4 ,if def5d$ f ! flank1 !y may be clos]1 say #c to #d in*es ap>t4 ,! top %\ld be po9t$4 ,a /r& or two ( b>b$ wire run along ! top & /apl$ to ea* po/ is a valuable addition4 ,palisad+ is be/ made up 9 panels ( #f or #h feet l5g?1 connect$ by a wal+ piece1 pref]ably ( plank1 o!rwise ( split /uff4 ,if ! tops are free1 two wales %\ld be us$1 bo? und]gr\nd4 ,if ! tops are connect$ by wires1 "o w d4 ,palisades %\ld be plant$ to incl9e slightly to ! front4 ,z little e>? %\ld be di/urb$ 9 digg+ z possible1 & "o side ( ! tr5* %\ld be kept 9 ! desir$ plane ( ! palisade4 ,if /ones c be _h to fit betwe5 ! po/s & ! top ( ! tr5*1 !y w increase ! /iffness ( ! /ructure & save "t 9 ramm+1 or a small log may be laid 9 ! tr5* along ! outside ( ! po/s4 ,figs4 #c & #d %[ ! con/ruction & plac+ ( palisades4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d #aagh4 ,a fraise is a palisade horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 project+ f ! sc>p or c\nt]sc>p4 ,a mod]n & bett] =m consi/s ( supports at #c or #d feet int]val1 connect$ by b>b$ wire1 =m+ a horizontal wire f5ce4 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #aagi4 ,*eveaux de frise are ob/acles ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,!y are usually made 9 sections ( manageable l5g? *a9$ toge!r at ! ends4 ,!y are mo/ useful 9 clos+ roads or o!r n>r[ passages1 z !y c be quickly op5$ = fri5dly troops4 ,! lances may be ( iron in/ead ( wood & rectangul> in/ead ( r\nd2 ! axial beam may be solid or composite4 ,figs4 #h & #i %[ me?ods ( con/ruct+ *eveaux de frise ) dim5sion /uff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #aahj4 ,a =midable ob/acle aga9/ cavalry consi/s ( railroad ties plant$ at int]vals ( #aj feet ) ! tops #d-a_/b feet above ! gr\nd1 & connect$ by a l9e ( rails spik$ securely to ea*1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! rail ends %\ld be connect$ by fi% plates & bolt$1 ) ! ends ( ! bolts rivet$ d[n on ! ends4 ,figs4 #aj & #aa %[ =ms ( heavy ob/acles employ$ 9 ,man*uria by ! ,russians & ,japanese1 respectively4 ,! =m] is compos$ ( timb] tre/les1 made 9 re> & c>ri$ out at night4 ,! latt] appe>s to h be5 plant$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #aaha4 ,a wire entanglem5t is compos$ ( /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd & connect$ by wire1 b>b$ is ! be/1 pass+ horizontally or diagonally1 or bo?4 ,! /akes are r\ghly 9 rectangul> or qu9cunx ord]1 b slight irregul>ities1 bo? ( position & height %\ld be introduc$4 ,9 ! high entanglem5t ! /akes av]age #d feet f ! gr\nd1 & ! wir+ is horizontal & diagonal1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,high wire entanglem5t %[+ me?od ( l9k+ po/s head to foot & foot to head4 ,wire1 pla9 or b>b$1 !n fe/oon$ ) b>b$ wire4 ,b9d wires :]e !y cross4 ,use brok5 bottles1 cr[s feet1 planks ) spikes or fi%hooks 9 conjunction ) ?is entanglem5t4 7,f ,k ( ,w>--,lake47 ,! l[ wire entanglem5t has /akes av]ag+ #ah in*es above ! gr\nd & ! wire is horizontal only4 ,?is =m is especially effective if conceal$ 9 high grass4 ,9 bo? k9ds ! wires %\ld be w\nd ar\nd ! /akes & /apl$ & pass$ loosely f "o /ake to ! next4 ,:5 two or m wires cross !y %\ld be ti$ toge!r4 ,b>b$ wire is m difficult to /r+ b bett] :5 done4 ,! mo/ practicable =m results f ! use ( b>b$ wire = ! horizontal /r&s & smoo? wire = ! re/4 ,?is is ! mo/ g5]ally1 useful ( all ob/acles because ( ! rapidity ( con/ruction1 ! difficulty ( removal1 ! comp>atively slight injury f artill]y fire1 & its indep5d5ce ( local mat]ial supplies4 #aahb4 ,"t & mat]ials4 ,"o man c make #aj sq4 yds4 ( l[ & #c sq4 yds4 ( high entanglem5t p] h\r4 ,! l[ =m requires #aj feet ( wire p] sq4 yd4 & ! high #cj feet4 ,no4 #ad is a suitable size4 ,! smoo? wire runs #eh4i ft4 to ! lb4 ,a #ajj-lb4 coil w make #fjj sq4 yds4 ( l[ or #bjj sq4 yds4 ( high entanglem5t4 ,if b>b$ wire is us$1 ! weight w be ab\t #b-a_/b times z mu*4 #aahc4 ,wire f5ce4 ,an ord9>y b>b$-wire f5ce is a consid]able ob/acle if well swept by fire4 ,x becomes m =midable if a dit* is dug on "o or bo? sides to ob/ruct ! passage ( :eels aft] ! f5ce has be5 cut4 ,! f5ce is mu* m difficult to get ?r\gh if provid$ ) an apron on "o or bo? sides1 incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #de deg41 z indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,?is =m 0 mu* us$ 9 ,s\? ,africa = connect+ l9es betwe5 blockh\ses4 ,:5 us$ 9 ?is way ! l9es ( f5ce may be #cjj to #fjj yds4 long1 9 plan l a worm f5ce1 ) ! blockh\se at ! re5trant angles4 ,fix$ re/s = rifles1 giv+ !m ! prop] aim to enfilade ! f5ce1 7 prep>$ at ! blockh\ses = use at night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,su* a f5ce may be arrang$ 9 _m ways to give an automatic al>m ei!r me*anically or electrically4 ,! me*anical =ms mo/ly dep5d on "o or m s+le wires :i* are smoo?1 & are tightly /ret*$ ?r\gh /aples on ! po/s :i* hold !m loosely1 p]mitt+ !m to slip :5 cut & drop a c\nt]weight at ! blockh\se1 :i* 9 fall+ explodes a cap or pulls ! trigg] ( a rifle4 #aahd4 ,milit>y pits or tr\s de l\p are excavations 9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone or pyramid1 ) a po9t$ /ake 9 ! bottom4 ,!y %\ld n be s deep z to af=d cov] to ! skirmi%]4 ,two & "o-half feet or less is a suitable dep?4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a plan & section ( su* pits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,!y are usually dug 9 #c or #e r[s & ! e>? ?r[n to ! front to =m a glacis4 ,! re> r[ is dug fir/ & !n ! next 9 front1 & s on1 s t no e>? is ca/ ov] ! f9i%$ pits4 ,an excell5t arrangem5t is to dig ! pits 9 a *eck]bo>d plan1 leav+ alt]nate squ>es & plac+ a /ake 9 ea* ( !m to =m a wire entanglem5t1 ,fig4 #af4 ,"o man c make #e pits on a #b-;h\r relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af #aahe4 ,miscellane\s b>ricades4 ,any?+ rigid 9 =m & movable may be us$ to give cov] f view & fire & to ob/ruct ! advance ( an assailant4 ,boxes1 bales & sacks ( goods1 furniture1 books1 etc41 h be5 s us$4 ,! pr9ciples above /at$ = o!r ob/acles %\ld be foll[$1 s f> z ! "* ( ! mat]ials w p]mit4 ,! re/ +5uity mu/ supply4 ,su* devices are usually call$ b>ricades & are useful 9 block+ ! /reets ( t[ns & cities4 #aahf4 ,inundations4 ,back+ up ! wat] ( a /ream s t x ov]fl[s a consid]able area =ms a good ob/acle ev5 ?\gh ( =dable dep?4 ,if %all[1 ! difficulty ( =d+ may be increas$ by irregul> holes or dit*es dug be=e ! wat] comes up or by driv+ /akes or mak+ entanglem5ts4 ,=ds h frequ5tly be5 ob/ruct$ by ord9>y h>r[s laid on ! bottom ) ! tee? up4 ,! unusual natural conditions necess>y to a successful inundation & ! ext5t & "* ( ! "w requir$ to con/ruct ! dams make ?is def5se ( exceptional use4 ,x may be attempt$ ) advantage :5 ! dra9age ( a consid]able flat area passes ?r\gh a re/rict$ op5+1 z a natural gorge1 a culv]t1 or a bridge4 ,op5 cribs fill$ ) /ones1 or tight] ones ) gravel or e>? may =m ! basis ( ! ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,! usual me?od ( tight5+ cracks or spaces betwe5 cribs is by ?r[+ 9 e>? or alt]nate lay]s ( /raw1 hay1 grass1 e>?1 or sacks ( clay4 ,unless ! fl[ is en\gh to all[ consid]able leakage1 ! op]ation w n be practicable ) field res\rces4 ,:5 ! local conditions p]mit wat] to be run into ! dit* ( a p>apet x %\ld always be done4 #aahg4 ,ob/acles 9 front ( outgu>ds %\ld be l[ s !y _c be se5 at night4 ,a v simple & effective ob/acle c be made by fa/5+ a s+le /r& ( wire to ! top ( /\t /akes ab\t a foot high1 & !n plac+ ano!r wire a little high] & p>allel to1 & ab\t "o y>d 9 re> (1 ! fir/4 ,! wires mu/ be drawn tight1 & securely fa/5$1 & ! /akes fairly close toge!r1 s t if ! wire is cut betwe5 any two /akes ! rema9d] w n be cut loose4 ,any "o approa*+ ! enemy w trip ov] ! fir/ wire1 & be=e he c recov] himself he w be br\ght d[n by ! second4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( wire1 small sappl+s may be us$ in/ead4 ,( c\rse1 !y are n z good z wire1 b x does n take mu* to trip up a man 9 ! d>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,lessons f ! ,european ,w> ,:at foll[s is bas$ on reports f ! battle fronts 9 ,europe4 #aahh4 ,wire entanglem5ts4 ,! w> 9 ,europe has prov5 t ! wire entanglem5ts are ! mo/ important & effective ob/acle yet devis$4 ,ow+ to ! int5sity ( ! oppos+ fire & 9 _m cases to ! %ort di/ance betwe5 ! oppos+ tr5*es1 x has become necess>y to con/ruct all =ms ( ob/acles 9 portable sections :i* are c>ri$ or roll$ quickly into place1 ei!r by soldi]s ru%+ out 9 day light & quickly /ak+ ! ob/acles d[n or by plac+ ! ob/acles quietly at night4 ,= plac+ wire entanglem5ts at night1 an iron po/ has be5 devis$ ab\t #a_/d ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) eyelets = atta*+ ! wire4 ,! l[] #ah in*es is made z an aug]1 s t ! po/s c be quietly screw$ into ! gr\nd at night & ! wire atta*$4 ,ano!r me?od ( plac+ wire entanglem5ts is to make !m 9 sections & roll !m up4 ,^! sections are usually ab\t #bj feet long1 ! wire firmly fa/5$ to ! %>p5$ /akes4 ,at a favorable mom5t ! soldi]s ru% out1 unroll+ ! sections z !y g & ) mauls quickly drive ! /akes4 ,loose ends ( wire enable ! sections to be b\nd toge!r z plac$4 ,ano!r =m ( wire entanglem5t is %[n 9 7,fig4 #ah74 ,triangul> pyramids #c feet #f in*es high are made ( poles or timb]4 ,! pyramids are usually arrang$ 9 pairs ) ! wire on ?ree faces s t1 no matt] if ! ob/acle is roll$ ov]1 a wire f5ce is pres5t$4 ,^! ob/acles are c>ri$ out & plac$ s z to break jo9ts & are /ak$ d[n z soon z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,sub/itute = ,po/s4 ,! wire us$ = entanglem5ts is f\nd m conv5i5t to h&le :5 w\nd on a /ake a y>d 9 l5g?1 9 a sort ( figure eight w9d+4 ,special b>b$ wire ( heavi] mat]ial & b>bs plac$ close toge!r has be5 f\nd mu* m effective ?an ! comm]cial b>b$ wire4 ,9 "s localities electrifi$ wire has be5 us$4 ,9 su* cases ! ob/acle is *>g$ 9 sections1 s t1 if "o section is gr\nd$ x w n affect ! o!rs4 #aahi4 ,wire *eveaux de frise4 ,two =ms ( ?is ob/acle h appe>$4 ,bo? are portable4 ,!y consi/ ( two or m wood5 crosses fa/5$ at _! c5t]s to a long pole & connect$ ) ea* o!r by b>b$ wire4 ,?is ob/acle reta9s its effectiv5ess :5 roll$ ov]4 7,figs4 #ai & #bj7 give an idea ( _! con/ruction4 ,! =m %[n 9 7,fig4 #ai7 is (t5 made small en\gh = individuals to c>ry4 ,^! are prep>$ 9 ! tr5*es & us$ = ?r[+ into "o's own entanglem5ts to make !m m complex or may be c>ri$ :5 mak+ an assault & ?r[n into ! enemy's tr5*es to prev5t movem5ts f "o "p ( ! tr5* to ano!r4 ,! long /ick projects out ( ! end to be us$ z a h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,wire ,*eveaux de ,frise ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,wire ,*eveaux de ,frise #aaij4 ,gu>d+ ob/acles4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to keep a con/ant wat* ov] ob/acles aft] !y h be5 plac$4 #aaia4 ,li/5+ po/s4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods is to po/ "o or m m5 9 li/5+ po/s 9 or beyond ! l9e ( ob/acles4 ,^! li/5+ po/s are rifle pits ) ov] head cov]1 fully protect$ f fire f ! re> z well z front1 & loop holes = obs]vation & fire4 ,!y are connect$ ) ! fire tr5*es by means ( a cov]$ communication or ev5 tunnels 9 "s cases & are provid$ ) "s =m ( prompt communication ) ! fir+ tr5*es by telephone1 bell or o!r means4 ,! communicat+ tr5* or tunnel is provid$ ) a /rong door :i* may be clos$ to prev5t an enemy f secur+ access to ! fire tr5*1 9 case ! look\t is surpris$4 ,pits ) trap doors are also us$ to prev5t an enemy f creep+ up ! tunnel to ! fire tr5*4 ,^! look\ts c give e>ly w>n+ ( ! approa* ( an enemy1 ei!r = ! purpose ( assault or cutt+ ?r\gh ! ob/acles4 ,9 _m in/ances !y h detect$ m9+ op]ations ( ! enemy by he>+ ! bl[s ( picks "u gr\nd4 #aaib4 ,automatic al>ms4 ,_m automatic al>ms h be5 us$ to give w>n+ ( attack on ! ob/acles4 ,^! v>y f ! simple sett+ ( a pi/ol or rifle1 :i* is fir$ :5 ! enemy attempts to cut ?r\gh ! entanglem5t1 to intricate electrical al>ms4 #aaic4 ,se>*lights4 ,se>*lights h be5 provid$ s t1 ! in/ant an al>m is giv5 ! ob/acles are flood$ by a brilliant light & ! enemy expos$ to fire4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,tr5* ,,& ,,m9e ,,w>f>e#ad #aaid4 ,asphyxiat+ gases4 ,! asphyxiat+ gases employ$ may be divid$ into ?ree g5]al classes1 viz3 ,suffocat+ gases1 ! mo/ common ( :i* are c>bonic & nitrog54 ,poison\s gases1 "u :i* head come c>bon monoxide & cyanog54 ,gases :i* affect ! ?roat & bron*ial tubes1 su* z *lor9e & brom9e4 ,! latt] class is mo/ commonly employ$4 ,! me?ods usually employ$ = lib]at+ ^! gases are to h a plant "s di/ance 9 re> ( ! tr5*es :]e ! gas is /or$ "u pressure & c>ri$ to ! tr5*es ?r\gh pipes1 :]e x c be lib]at$ t[>ds ! enemy's tr5*es :5 !re is a favorable w9d to c>ry x along2 or1 ! gas may be c>ri$ 9 cyl9d]s or o!r conta9]s & lib]at$ at ! desir$ po9ts4 ,h& gr5ades or bombs are also employ$ :i*1 ^u bur/+1 lib]ate ! gas or 9 "s cases scatt] acids or cau/ic soda4 ,"s ( ^! bombs conta9 a *emical :i* :5 lib]at$ affects ! eyes1 caus+ impair$ vision4 ,! ,g]mans employ sev]al k9ds ( %ell conta9+ gases ( diff]5t d5sities1 "o ( heavy gas fir$ z a curta9 to ! re> to p]mit re9=cem5t ( ! tr5*es & ano!r ( light] gas to demoli% ! tr5*es & de/roy ! fir+ l9e4 ,z a g5]al rule ^! gases are employ$ :5 ! fire tr5*es ( ! oppos+ =ces are close toge!r ?\gh ! %ell conta9]s may be us$ at long ranges4 ,all ( ^! gases be+ heavi] ?an air lie close to ! gr\nd & fl[ ov] & d[n into ! tr5*es4 #aaie4 ,protection aga9/ gases4 ,! be/ protection aga9/ ^! gases1 is a mask ( "s k9d4 ,! commone/ =m employ$ is a flexible mask t con=ms to ! head1 is fitt$ ) glass = see+ ?r\gh1 & has an arrangem5t ( tubes & valves :i* require ! we>] to inhale ?r\gh 8 nose & exhale ?r\gh 8 m\?4 ,^! masks h an absorb5t compos$ ( hyposulphite ( sodium or ( #gb p] c5t ( ! nitr\s ?iosulphate & #bh p] c5t ( bic>bonate ( soda4 ,?is absorb5t plac$ s t air mu/ be brea!d ?r\gh x1 neutralizes ! acids 9 ! gases4 ,soldi]s are provid$ ) ^! masks1 sometimes ) two ( !m1 & are requir$ to h !m r5ew$ e ?ree mon?s4 ,tr5* sprays may be us$ to spray neutraliz+ liquid 9 ! tr5*es to kill ! gases4 ,! favorable conditions = ! employm5t ( gases are w9d bl[+ t[>d ! enemy's tr5*es & w>m wea!r4 ,unfavorable conditions are ra91 cold1 & adv]se w9ds4 ,9 "s localities wea!r vanes plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! enemy's tr5*es & arrang$ s t !y may be wat*$ at night give an indication ( favorable w9ds & enable ! def5d] to prep>e = a gas attack4 ,be=e ! masks 7 provid$ bonfires 7 prep>$ ( oil soak$ mat]ials :i*2 :5 ignit$1 produc$ an int5se heat & ! result+ column ( air div]t$ ! gas cl\ds4 #aaif4 ,liquid fire4 ,by use ( h& or motor driv5 pumps1 & a light grade ( petroleum1 columns ( liquid fire may be squirt$ into ! oppos+ tr5*es4 ,if ! oil %\ld fail to rema9 light$ x may be fir$ by bur/+ h& gr5ades or ?r[+ fire balls into ! tr5*es4 ,?is means ( attack is employ$ :5 oppos+ tr5*es are close toge!r4 ,z a def5se measure dit*es may be dug 9 front ( ! tr5*es & fill$ ) a por\s mat]ial :i* is !n soak$ ) oil4 ,heavy oils1 be+ h>d to ignite1 are n dang]\s to ! def5se1 & w rema9 ) little loss = a long "t4 ,to make sure ( prompt ignition gas l9es are laid 9 ! dit*es4 ,:5 turn$ on ! gas readily ignites & ! result+ fire produces great heat4 ,wire or b>b$ wire loop$ 9 ! dit*es & /ak$ d[n makes ?is a =midable ob/acle4 #aaig4 ,gr5ades & bombs are conta9]s1 design$ to be ?r[n by h&1 by a sl+1 fir$ z a rocket or f specially con/ruct$ mort>s1 or dropp$ f a]ial craft4 ,!y bur/ by "t or p]cussion fuses & may be improvis$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms & are mo/ useful 9 close attack or def5se4 ,_! effect is local b !y are v demoraliz+ to m5's n]ves4 #aaih4 ,h& gr5ades are design$ to be ?r[n by ! h& & v>y greatly 9 con/ruction4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !y consi/ ( a conta9] fill$ ) bullets or pieces ( iron or o!r metal 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is a *>ge ( high explosive :i* scatt]s ! bullets or fragm5ts ) deadly effect4 ,! ?ree me?ods ( dis*>g+ a h& gr5ade are3 ,by "t fuse :i* is light$ by h&4 ,ab\t #e to #i seconds is ! "t f ignition until ! gr5ade bur/s4 ,?is does n give ! def5d] "t to pick up ! bomb & ?r[ x out ( ! tr5*4 ,by friction prim] & fuse4 ,9 ?is =m ( h& gr5ade a /rap on ! wri/ ) a %ort l9e atta*$ ) a hook on ! end ( x s]ves1 :5 ! hook is engag$ 9 ! r+ ( ! gr5ade1 to j]k ! prim] :5 ! gr5ade is ?r[n4 ,?is automatically ignites ! fuse :i* bur/s ! gr5ade 9 f #d to #e seconds4 ,by p]cussion4 ,9 ?is =m ( gr5ade ! *>ge is fir$ :5 ! gr5ade /rikes ! gr\nd or object at :i* x is ?r[n4 ,9 ?is =m ( gr5ade a safety p9 holds ! plung] f ! cap4 ,:5 ! gr5ade is to be ?r[n ! safety p9 is )drawn4 ,z a g5]al rule fuse burns at ! rate ( #a in* 9 #a & #a_/d seconds2 h[ev] ea* lot ( fuse %\ld be te/$4 ,figs4 #a & #b %[ two =ms ( improvis$ gr5ades4 ,common cans1 su* z pres]v$ fruits & vegetables are %ipp$ 9 comm]cially1 make good conta9]s4 ,! usual weight ( a h& gr5ade is ab\t #a-a_/b p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,hair ,bru% ,bomb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,h& ,gr5ade #aaii4 ,o!r me?ods ( ?r[+ gr5ades4 ,_m gr5ades h be5 design$ to be fir$ f ! ord9>y rifle4 ,?is gr5ade has a rod :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! b>rel ( ! rifle4 ,a special *>ge ( p[d] is us$ 9 ! c>tridge f :i* ! bullet has be5 )drawn4 ,common sl+s1 catapults1 & o!r devises h be5 frequ5tly us$4 #abjj4 ,a]ial m9es4 7,fig4 #c47 ,?is =m ( gr5ade is v heavy1 (t5 weigh+ #bjj p\nds & is fir$ f a tr5* mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,a]ial ,m9e #abja4 ,w+$ torp$o4 7,fig4 #d47 ,?is projectile is fitt$ ) ?ree w+$ vanes :i* /eady its flight & greatly increase ! accuracy4 ,a rod fitt$ into its base enables x to be fir$ f a comp>atively small tr5*1 mort>4 ,! torp$o weighs ab\t #dj p\nds & ! mort> #bjj p\nds4 ,! mort>1 be+ light1 c be c>ri$ f "o "p ( ! tr5* to ano!r by two m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,w+$ ,torp$o ,! a]ial m9e & w+$ torp$o may be us$ effectively to beat d[n ! enemy's def5ses1 de/roy+ 8 s& bags & tr5*es1 & cutt+ away wire entanglem5ts & o!r ob/acles4 ,! w+$ torp$o hav+ a great] range 7#ejj y>ds7 & be+ m accurate1 is ! m effective4 #abjb4 ,bombs f air-craft are "s =m ( high explosive bomb :i* bur/ on /rik+4 ,ano!r type ( bomb us$ by a]oplanes consi/s ( a conta9] fill$ ) /eel d>ts4 ,! bur/+ *>ge is fir$ by a fuse4 ,! op]ator usually cuts ! fuse s t ! bomb w bur/ at a consid]able altitude4 ,! /eel d>ts are scatt]$ 9 all directions & h suffici5t velocity to pass ?r\gh a man or horse4 #abjc4 ,protection aga9/ h& gr5ades4 7,fig4 #e47 ,= protection aga9/ h& gr5ades & bombs a scre5 ( wire nett+ may be erect$ 9 front ( ! tr5*es & arrang$ at su* a slope t mo/ ( ! gr5ades pass+ ov] ! scre5 w cle> ! tr5* :ile ^? /rik+ ! nett+ w roll away f ! tr5*4 ,?is protection is v satisfactory = communications1 ma*9e gun emplacem5ts1 etc41 b1 is ( d\btful value 9 fire tr5*es z x does n p]mit an easy (f5sive by ! def5d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,bomb ,scre5 #abjd4 ,tanks4 ,! s-call$ tanks1 fir/ us$ by ! ,briti% armies 9 ! battle ( ! ,somme 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaf1 are 9 reality armor$ cat]pill> tractors c>ry+ ma*9e guns & capable ( trav]s+ r\gh gr\nd1 sma%+ d[n trees & entanglem5ts1 & pass+ across ! gr\nd betwe5 ! oppos+ tr5*es ov] ! %ell holes made by ! oppos+ artill]y4 ,! ma*9]y1 guns & crew are conta9$ 9 an armor$ body & ! two tractor belts ext5d to full l5g? on ei!r side1 be+ s arrang$ t ! tank c climb a /eep slope4 ,f ! meag] data obta9able x w\ld appe> t ! tanks c>ry f #d to #f ma*9e guns 9 armor$ projections built out f ! sides4 ,^! are provid$ ) revolv+ %ields p]mitt+ two guns to fire 9 any direction at "o "t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! tractor is simil> to t ( ^? manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & us$ comm]cially 9 reclamation "w4 ,! addition ( ! armor$ body & guns makes ! milit>y tank4 ,^! tanks h prov5 ( great value 9 village fight+1 by sma%+ d[n b>ricades & driv+ ma*9e guns f _! positions 9 cell>s & h\ses4 ,!y h also be5 us$ ) "s success 9 de/roy+ ob/acles4 ,! p[] ( ^! new eng9es may be judg$ f _! ability to sma% d[n trees six in*es 9 diamet] & by means ( cables to uproot trees z l>ge z #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! tanks are pro( aga9/ rifle & ma*9e gun fire1 b are unable to )/& ev5 light artill]y4 #abje4 ,helmets4 ,/eel helmets made _! appe>ance 9 ! ,european w> 9 #aiae1 z a protection to ! soldi]'s head aga9/ rifle1 ma*9e gun & %rapnel fire4 ,s successful 7 !y t !y are be+ furni%$ to all troops on ! battlefield4 ,already sev]al millions h be5 suppli$4 ,:]e h]et(ore head w\nds acc\nt$ = ov] #bj p] c5t ( ! casualties 9 tr5* w>f>e1 ! p]c5tage has be5 r$uc$ by ! we>+ ( helmets to ab\t "o half p] c5t4 ,:ile ! helmet does n af=d complete protection aga9/ rifle & %rapnel fire1 x has be5 f\nd t hits result only 9 sev]e concussion1 :]e be=e fatal w\nd result$4 ,^! helmets are pa9t$ khaki color4 #abjf4 ,masks4 ,/eel masks = s5t9els & snip]s h be5 adopt$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,?is mask cov]s ! head & face ) curv$ surfaces :i* deflect bullets4 ,small eye holes p]mit a cle> view ( ! t>get & a small section is omitt$ 9 ! l[] "r side to p]mit br++ ! rifle aga9/ ! *eek 9 fir+4 #abjg4 ,p]iscopes4 ,p]iscopes h be5 univ]sally adopt$ 9 tr5* w>f>e = obs]v+ ! enemy :ile keep+ completely "u cov]4 ,x is a simple arrangem5t ( two mirrors 9 a v]tical tube4 ,! upp] reflects ! image ( ! object to ! l[] mirror :i* 9 turn reflects x to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,by rais+ ! top ( ! p]iscope above ! p>apet ! soldi] c wat* ! =egr\nd :ile at ! same "t rema9+ completely conceal$ himself4 ,a m elaborate p]iscope = ! control ( artill]y fire has a collapsible tube :i* may be ext5d$ & elevat$ to a height ( #ge feet4 #abjh4 ,snip]scope4 ,?is is a comb9ation ( ! p]iscope & rifle by means ( :i* a soldi] c aim & fire 8 piece at an object )\t expos+ himself above ! p>apet4 #abji4 ,aids to fir+4 ,rifles laid 9 not*$ bo>ds plac$ 9 ! p>apet may be sight$ & prep>$ = night fir+1 or a wire /ret*$ j outside ( ! loophole on :i* ! b>rel ( ! rifle c re/ :5 9 ! prop] fir+ position to cov] c]ta9 po9ts1 enables ! soldi] to fire effectively at night :5 x is too d>k to aim4 #abaj4 ,m9+4 ,milit>y m9+ consi/s ( digg+ communications & *amb]s und]gr\nd & plac+ !re9 *>ges ( explosives & fir+ su* *>ges4 ,m9+ is sl[ & re/rict$ 9 its application & !re=e ?is me?od ( attack is us$ aga9/ v /rong po9ts ( ! enemy's l9e1--a sali5t1 a build+1 or o!r po9t1--held 9 great =ce4 ,! aim 9 m9e w>f>e is to make a sudd5 brea* 9 ! enemy's tr5*1 de/roy ! flank+ supports :i* c\ld be us$ to /op ?is brea* & !n to take ! tr5* by assault & organize x = def5se be=e ! enemy's =ces1 disorganiz$ f ! explosion1 c recov]4 ,sometimes m9es are plac$ 9 front ( ! tr5*es & explod$ electrically :5 ! enemy rea*es !m 9 attempt+ an assault4 #abaa4 ,c\nt]m9+4 ,! enemy1 :5 m9+ op]ations are suspect$1 runs out tunnels to meet ! oppos+ m9e4 ,sometimes li/5+ gall]ies are driv5 und]gr\nd & m5 po/$ to detect ! s\nd ( m9+ op]ations4 ,once ! direction ( ! oppos+ tunnel is discov]$ a *>ge ( explosive is laid across its approa* & fir$ at a mom5t :5 x w cause ! mo/ damage4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,to ^? desir+ to g into ! subject ( tr5* w>f>e 9 detail1 ! au?or w\ld recomm5d ,tr5* ,w>f>e1 by himself4 ,george ,banta ,publi%+ ,co41 ,m5a%a1 ,wis42 #a4be4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,m>*es 7,bas$ on ,infantry ,drill ,regulations & ,field ,s]vice ,regulations7 #abab4 ,m>*+ pr9cipal occupation ( troops 9 campaign4 ,m>*+ con/itutes ! pr9cipal occupation ( troops 9 campaign & is "o ( ! causes ( heavie/ loss4 ,?is loss1 h[ev]1 may be mat]ially r$uc$ by prop] tra9+ & by c>ry+ out /rictly ! rules regulat+ ! conduct ( m>*es1 especially ! rules ( m>* discipl9e4 #abac4 ,physical tra9+2 h>d5+ new troops4 ,by sy/ematic & progressive physical ex]cises & actual m>*+1 ,infantry c be accu/om$ to ! fatigue ( be>+ arms & equipm5t4 ,) new or untra9$ troops1 ! process ( h>d5+ ! m5 to ?is "w mu/ be gradual4 ,x %\ld beg9 ) t5-m9ute p]iods ( vigor\s sett+-up ex]cises ?ree times a day to loos5 & develop ! muscles4 ,"o m>* %\ld be made ea* day ) full equipm5t1 beg9n+ ) a di/ance ( #b or #c miles & increas+ ! di/ance daily z ! troops become h>d5$1 until a full day's m>* "u full equipm5t may be made )\t exhau/ion4 #abad4 ,long m>* n to be made ) untra9$ troops4 ,a long m>* %\ld n be made ) untra9$ troops4 ,if a long di/ance mu/ be cov]$ 9 a few days1 ! fir/ m>* %\ld be %ort1 ! l5g? be+ increas$ ea* succe$+ day4 #abae4 ,a successful m>*4 ,a successful m>*1 :e!r 9 peace or w>1 is "o t places ! troops at _! de/9ation at ! prop] "t & 9 ! be/ possible physical condition4 ,!re=e1 e possible ef=t1 by ex]cis+ c>e & judgm5t1 & by en=c+ m>* discipl9e1 mu/ be made by all (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s to h ! troops rea* _! de/9ation 9 good physical condition1--ready = bus9ess4 ,prep>ation #abaf4 ,! comm&]4 ,! comm&] mu/ give su* in/ructions z w insure t ! necess>y prep>ations are made1--t ! m5 & animals are 9 fit condition & t ! m5 are prop]ly equipp$2 t provision has be5 made = rations & ammunition2 t ! wagons are prop]ly load$2 t ! necess>y arrangem5ts h be5 made = c>+ = ! sick1 etc4 #abag4 ,organization comm&]s4 ,e organization comm&] is responsible t su* ( ! above requirem5ts z apply to 8 organization are compli$ )4 #abah4 ,fill+ cante5s4 ,x is an inv>iable rule t all cante5s mu/ be fill$ be=e ! m>* beg9s4 ,/>t+ #abai4 ,"t to />t4 ,:5 practicable1 m>*es beg9 9 ! morn+1 ample "t be+ all[$ = ! m5 to breakfa/1 animals to fe$1 & ! wagons or animals to be pack$4 ,! "t = reveille1 if diff]5t f ! usual h\r1 %\ld be ann\nc$ ! ev5+ be=e4 ,! exact h\r = ! />t dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 z a rule1 foot troops d n />t be=e broad daylight2 m\nt$ troops1 :5 practicable1 ab\t an h\r aft] broad daylight4 ,9 ord] to avoid int5se heat1 especially 9 ! tropics1 & also1 9 ! case ( long m>*es1 to avoid rea*+ de/9ation aft] d>k1 an e>li] />t ?an usual mu/ be made4 ,bo? m5 & animals re/ well 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs1 & %\ld n1 !re=e1 h ?is re/ int]rupt$ unless !re is "s real necessity = x4 ,/>t+ at night or at an h\r t w cause a "p ( ! m>* to be made at night1 %\ld1 if possible1 be avoid$1 because ( ! difficulties & disadvantages ( night m>*+4 ,conduct ( ! m>* #abbj4 ,! rate ( m>*4 ,! rate ( m>* v>ies ) ! l5g? ( m>*1 k9d ( troops1 equipm5t c>ri$1 size ( comm&1 condition ( troops1 /ate ( ! wea!r1 condition ( roads1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] ! rate may be x %\ld be uni=m1 t is mo/ important1 z !re is no?+ t w irritate & tire a comm& m ?an a v>y+1 un-uni=m rate ( m>*4 ,! rate ( m>* is regulat$ by ! comm&] ( ! lead+ company or "s "o designat$ by him1 :o %\ld give ! matt] special att5tion1 ! rate be+ *eck$ f "t to "t by a wat*4 ,on a m>* ( sev]al days' duration ! position ( companies is ord9>ily *ang$ daily1 s t ea* 9 turn leads4 ,) tra9$ troops1 9 comm&s ( a regim5t or less1 m>*+ ov] av]age roads1 ! rate %\ld be f #b-c_/d to #c miles p] h\r4 ,) l>g] comm&s c>ry+ full equipm5t1 ! rate w be f #b to #b-a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,assum+ t ! l5g? ( /ep ( ! av]age man is #cj in*es1 ! foll[+ rate-(-m>* table is d$uc$3 ------------------------------- ,miles ,/eps p] m9ute p] h\r ------------------------------- #ce 7#a_/e7 #a #gj #b #hh 79 practice1 #ij7 #b-a_/b #ig 79 practice1 #ajj7 #b-c_/d #ajf 79 practice1 #aaj7 #c ------------------------------- ,note4 ,by rememb]+ t #ce 7#a_/e7 /eps p] m9ute gives #a mile p] h\r1 ! numb] ( /eps p] m9ute necess>y to give a rate ( #b1 #b-a_/b1 #b-c_/d & #c miles p] h\r1 is quickly & easily obta9$ by multiply+ #ce 7#a_/e7 by ^! numb]s4 ,9 hot1 sultry wea!r1 ) ! m5 c>ry+ ! full pack1 ! rate ( m>* w\ld naturally be consid]ably less ?an on a cool day1 ) ! comm& n c>ry+ ! pack4 ,x is mo/ important t ^! & o!r consid]ations affect+ ! rate ( m>* be con/antly borne 9 m9d by ! (fic] 9 comm& ( ! column1 :o %\ld indicate to ! comm&] ( ! lead+ company ! numb] ( /eps to be tak5 p] m9ute4 ,9 indicat+ ! numb] ( /eps to be tak5 p] m9ute1 x %\ld be consid]$ :e!r ! m5 at ! head ( ! lead+ company are ! av]age1 above ! av]age1 or bel[ ! av]age 9 height4 ,a %ort man1 = example1 w\ld probably h to take #ajj /eps a m9ute to keep up ) a tall man walk+ at ! rate ( #ij /eps p] m9ute4 #abba4 ,m>*+ capacity4 ,! av]age m>*+ capacity ( ,infantry is ab\t #ae miles a day1 b 9 ext5sive op]ations1 involv+ l>ge bodies ( troops1 ! av]age is ab\t #ab miles a day4 ,small comm&s ( season$ ,infantry m>*+ on good roads 9 cool wea!r c av]age ab\t #bj miles a day4 #abbb4 ,halts4 ,a halt ( #ae m9utes %\ld be made aft] ! fir/ half or ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r ( m>*+ to enable ! m5 to att5d to ! calls ( nature & adju/ _! clo?+4 ,judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 select+ ! place = ?is halt2 x %\ld n be made 9 a village or o!r place :]e its object w\ld be defeat$4 ,aft] ! fir/ halt a halt ( #aj m9utes is made 9 ea* h\r1 t is1 ! troops m>* #ej m9utes & !n halt #aj4 ,( c\rse1 ! numb] & l5g? ( halts %\ld be v>i$ accord+ to ! wea!r1 condition ( ! roads & ! equipm5t c>ri$ by ! m54 ,9 ! tropics ! be/ results are (t5 obta9$ by m>*+ #de m9utes & halt+ #ae4 ,:5 ! day's m>* w run well into ! aft]noon1 a halt ( ab\t "o h\r %\ld be made at noon & ! m5 all[$ to eat4 ,places = long halts %\ld be select$ ) c>e2 woods1 wat] & %ade are desirable features4 ,arms are /ack$ & equipm5ts remov$4 ,halts %\ld n be made 9 or ne> t[ns or villages unless to procure wat] or supplies1 & :5 s made1 ! m5 rema9 9 column1 details be+ s5t = :atev] is necess>y4 ,9 hot wea!r1 especially 9 ! tropics1 x may be advisable 9 ! case ( long m>*es to halt = ?ree or f\r h\rs dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day & f9i% ! m>* 9 ! late aft]noon or e>ly ev5+4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 h[ev]1 x is inadvisable to arrive at a /range place aft] nightfall or ev5 late 9 ! aft]noon4 #abbc4 ,cross+ bridges & =ds4 ,:5 a cause ( delay1--= example1 a damag$ bridge1--is enc\nt]$1 ! troops 9 re> are notifi$ ( ! m9imum l5g? ( ! delay2 !y !n conduct !mselves z at regul> halts4 ,9 asc5d+ or desc5d+ slopes1 cross+ /reams or o!r ob/acles1 or pass+ ?r\gh defiles requir+ a r$uction ( front1 e precaution is tak5 to prev5t int]ruption ( ! m>* ( ! troops 9 re>4 ,if ! di/ances are n suffici5t to prev5t *eck1 units are all[$ to ov]lap2 if necess>y1 /reams are cross$ at two or m places at ! same "t2 9 pass+ ?r\gh %ort defiles ! pace is accel]at$ & ! exit cle>$ at once4 ,if a company unit is delay$ :ile cross+ an ob/acle1 ! head slack5s ! pace or halts until all ( t unit has pass$2 x !n resumes its place 9 ! column1 increas+ ! pace1 if necess>y4 ,be=e attempt+ to cross ) bodies ( troops1 c>eful exam9ation is made ( =ds1 boggy places1 bridges ( d\btful "*1 ice1 etc41 z ! case may be4 ,troops mu/ nev] cross a bridge 9 cad5ce1--t is1 ! m5 mu/ n be 9 /ep4 ,9 =d+ a deep /ream ) a swift curr5t1 ! m5 cross on z broad a front z possible1 m>*+ abrea/ & hold+ h&s4 ,!y %\ld n look at ! wat]1 b at ! opposite %ore4 ,if ! =d is wide en\gh1 m\nt$ troops may cross at ! same "t on ! up/ream side1 ?us break+ ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,=ds t are at all difficult delay long columns unless ! troops cross at sev]al places at once4 #abbd4 ,/raggl+ & elongation ( column4 ,! m>*+ effici5cy ( an organization is judg$ by ! am\nt ( /raggl+ & elongation ( ! column & ! condition ( ! m5 at ! end ( ! m>*4 ,an (fic] ( ea* company m>*es 9 its re> to prev5t undue elongation & /raggl+4 ,if !re be only "o (fic] ) a company1 ! fir/ s]geant p]=ms ?is duty4 ,no man %\ld leave ! ranks )\t p]mission4 ,if necess>y = a man to fall out on acc\nt ( sickness1 he %\ld be giv5 a p]mit to d s by ! company comm&] or ! (fic] at ! re> ( ! company4 ,?is p]mit is pres5t$ to ! surgeon1 :o w admit him to ! ambulance1 h him wait = ! tra9s1 or foll[ & rejo9 8 company at ! fir/ halt4 ,x is ! duty ( all (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s to prev5t /raggl+ & elongation ( ! column4 ,,miscellane\s #abbe4 ,=c$ m>*es4 ,a =c$ m>* may be said to be a m>* ( m ?an av]age l5g?4 ,=c$ m>*es s]i\sly impair ! fight+ p[] ( ev5 ! be/ troops1 & %\ld be und]tak5 only 9 cases ( necessity4 ,su* m>*es are g5]ally made by increas+ ! numb] ( m>*+ h\rs4 ,= l>ge columns ( ,infantry m>*+ long di/ances1 increase ( pace is seldom ( value4 #abbf4 ,night m>*es4 ,:ile night m>*es are "s times made 9 v hot wea!r to avoid ! heat ( ! day1 !y are g5]ally made = ! purpose ( surpris+ ! enemy1 escap+ obs]vation by a]oplane1 or = secur+ a favorable position f :i* to attack ! enemy at dawn4 ,moonlight & good roads are favorable = night m>*es4 ,precaution mu/ be tak5 t ! prop] road is foll[$ & t contact betwe5 units is ma9ta9$1 m5 be+ /ation$1 if necess>y1 to m>k *anges ( direction4 ,if necess>y1 guides are secur$ & *>g$ ) ! duty ( foll[+ ! "r road4 ,:51 due to unfavorable conditions1 units _c be kept well clos$1 m5 w be plac$ at =ks & cross+s ( roads1 especially on v d>k nights4 ,:5 9 ho/ile t]ritory1 sil5ce is ma9ta9$2 articles ( equipm5t are secur$ to prev5t rattl+1 & smok+ & talk+ are n p]mitt$4 ,also1 "u c]ta9 conditions villages & f>mh\ses are avoid$ on acc\nt ( w>n+ giv5 by dogs4 ,night m>*es impair ! effici5cy ( a comm& & are nev] und]tak5 )\t good reason4 #abbg4 ,complim5ts4 ,z a rule1 troops on ! m>* pay no complim5ts2 individuals salute :5 !y address1 or are address$ by1 a sup]ior (fic]4 #abbh4 ,protection on ! m>*4 ,protection on ! m>* is furni%$ by cov]+ deta*m5ts kn[n z advance gu>ds1 re> gu>ds & flank gu>ds4 #abbi4 ,fitt+ ( %oes & c>e ( feet4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! great] "p ( ! ,infantry soldi]'s occupation 9 ! field consi/s ( m>*+1 too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u ! importance ( 8 pay+ special att5tion to ! fitt+ ( 8 %oes & ! c>e ( 8 feet4 ,an ,infantryman ) sore feet is l a lame duck try+ to keep up ) ! re/ ( ! flock4 ,keep y\r feet clean4 ,dirty feet invite bli/]s4 ,an excell5t prev5tative aga9/ sore feet is to wa% !m e night 9 hot 7pref]ably salt7 wat] & !n dry !m ?or\ghly4 ,if ?is is n practicable1 !n mop !m e ev5+ ) a wet t[el & invigorate ! sk9 ) a good rubb+4 ,keep ! nails cut close4 ,rubb+ ! feet ) h>d soap1 grease1 or oil ( any k9d1 & putt+ ord9>y talcum p[d] 9 ! %oes be=e />t+ on a m>*1 are v good to prev5t sore feet4 ,bli/]s %\ld be prick$ & ! wat] let out1 b ! sk9 mu/ nev] be remov$4 ,adhesive pla/] on top ( ! bli/] w prev5t ! sk9 f be+ pull$ (f4 ,9 case ( sore or bli/]$ feet1 consid]able relief c be obta9$ by rubb+ !m ) tall[ f a light$ c&le & a little :iskey or alcohol 9 "s o!r =m1 & putt+ ! socks on at once4 ,a little alum 9 w>m wat] is excell5t = t5d] feet4 ,! old soldi] has le>n$ f long exp]i5ce 9 m>*+1 to turn 8 socks inside out be=e putt+ !m on ?us putt+ ! smoo? side next to 8 sk9 & possible seams or lumps next to ! %oe4 ,! ?ickness ( ! sock protects ! sk9 & helps prev5t bli/]s4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld a soldi] ev] />t on a m>* ) a pair ( new %oes4 ,ea* soldi] %\ld h on h& at all times two pair ( s]viceable %oes well brok5 94 ,rememb] t x is mu* bett] to prev5t sore feet by tak+ ! precautions outl9$ above1 ?an x is to h to treat y\r feet aft] !y h become sore4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,camps #abcj4 ,pr9ciples gov]n+ selection ( camp sites4 ,! foll[+ basic pr9ciples gov]n 9 ! selection ( camp sites3 7a7 ,! wat] supply %\ld be suffici5t1 pure1 & accessible4 7b7 ,! gr\nd %\ld accommodate ! comm& ) z little cr[d+ z possible1 be easily dra9$1 & h no /agnant wat] )9 #cjj y>ds4 7c7 ,!re %\ld be good roads to ! camp & good int]ior communication4 7d7 ,camp sites %\ld be s select$ t troops ( "o unit ne$ n pass ?r\gh ! camp gr\nds ( ano!r to rea* _! own camp4 7e7 ,wood1 grass1 =age1 & supplies mu/ be at h& or obta9able4 7f7 ,9 campaign1 tactical consid]ations come fir/ 9 ! selection ( camp sites1 capability ( def5se be+ especially consid]$1 &1 z a result1 troops may h to camp _m nights on objectionable gr\nd4 7g7 ,h[ev]1 sanit>y consid]ations mu/ always be giv5 all ! weight possible consi/5t ) ! tactical requirem5ts4 ,?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 troops occupy+ an unsanit>y site may suff] great] losses ?an 9 ! battles ( a long campaign4 #abca4 ,desirable camp sites4 ,! foll[+ conditions are desirable = camp sites3 7a7 ,por\s soil1 cov]$ ) /\t turf & und]laid by a s&y or gravelly subsoil4 7b7 ,high banks ( riv]s1 provid$ no m>%es are ne>4 7c7 ,9 cold wea!r1 a s\!rn exposure1 ) woods to ! nor? to break ! cold w9ds4 7d7 ,9 w>m wea!r1 an exposure t[>d ! prevail+ w9ds1 ) site mod]ately %ad$ by trees4 #abcb4 ,undesirable camp sites4 ,! foll[+ conditions are undesirable = camp sites3 7a7 ,clay soil1 or :]e ! gr\nd wat] approa*es ! surface1 su* sites be+ damp & unheal?ful4 7b7 ,alluvial1 m>%y gr\nd1 & gr\nd ne> ! base ( hills1 or ne> ?ick woods or d5se vegetation are also damp4 7c7 ,rav9es & depressions are likely to be unduly w>m & to h insuffici5t or undesirable curr5ts4 7d7 ,proximity to m>%es or /agnant wat] is usually damp1 & has mosquitoes1 :i* transmit mal>ia1 d5gue fev] & yell[ fev]4 7e7 ,old camp sites are dang]\s1 z !y are (t5 p]meat$ by elem5ts ( disease :i* p]si/ = consid]able p]iods4 7f7 ,dry b$s ( /reams are subject to sudd5 fre%ets4 7g7 ,9 ! tropics troops %\ld n camp ne>] ?an #ejj y>ds to native huts or villages because ( dang] f mal>ial infection4 #abcc4 ,=m & dim5sions ( camps4 ,! =m & dim5sions ( camps dep5d ^u ! tactical situation & ! am\nt & nature ( gr\nd available4 ,h[ev]1 9 g5]al1 ! =m & dim5sions ( a regim5tal or battalion camp %\ld con=m z ne>ly z practicable to ! diagram on ! opposite page1 & camps ( all sizes %\ld1 z f> z possible1 con=m to ! pr9ciples1 reg>d+ arrangem5t1 und]ly+ ! diagram giv5 on ! opposite page1 :i* gives ! g5]al =m1 dim5sions1 & int]ior arrangem5ts ( a camp = a regim5t ( ,infantry at w> /r5g?4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 p>ticul>ly 9 "o-night halts 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy1 camps mu/ ( necessity be contract$1 :ile 9 o!r cases1 :]e a m ext5d$ halt is contemplat$ & :]e tactical reasons w p]mit1 bett] camp sanitation may be secur$1 & a m com=table arrangem5t made by ! expansion ( camp areas4 #abcd4 ,mak+ camp4 ,! comm& %\ld be prec$$ by ! comm&+ (fic] or a /aff (fic]1 :o selects ! camp site1 & designates1 by plant+ /akes1 ! l9es ( t5ts1 ! positions ( ! s9ks1 gu>d t5t1 kit*5s1 picket l9e1 etc4 ,aft] ! companies are m>*$ to _! prop] positions & arms are /ack$1 ! details = gu>d & to br+ wood1 wat]1 dig s9ks1 pit* t5ts1 h&le rations1 etc41 %\ld be made be=e ranks are brok54 ,imm$iately ^u rea*+ camp & be=e ! m5 are all[$ to g ar\nd1 patroll+ s5t9els %\ld be e/abli%$ to prev5t m5 f pollut+ ! camp site or adjo9+ gr\nd be=e ! s9ks are con/ruct$4 ,s5t9els %\ld be po/$ ov] ! wat] supply )\t delay4 ,z soon z ! t5ts h be5 pit*$ & ! s9ks dug1 ! camp %\ld be inspect$ & all unnecess>y s5t9els reliev$4 ,! t5ts %\ld be pit*$ & ! s9ks dug simultane\sly4 ,%\ld ! troops rea* camp be=e ! wagons1 ! companies may be divid$ into squads & set to "w cle>+ ! gr\nd1 ga!r+ fire wood1 collect+ leaves1 grass1 etc41 = b$s1 etc4 ,! mom5t a comm& rea*es camp its (fic]s & m5 usually want to g "h & !re "u all sorts ( pretexts4 ,no "o %\ld be all[$ to leave camp until all necess>y in/ructions h be5 giv54 ,enli/$ m5 %\ld n be p]mitt$ to leave camp )\t p]mission ( _! company comm&]s4 ,sick call %\ld be held z soon z practicable aft] ! t5ts h be5 pit*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,,camp ,,( ,a ,,regim5t ,,( ,,infantry1 ,,w> ,,/r5g? ,,miscellane\s #abce4 ,retreat4 ,9 camp retreat =mation %\ld always be "u arms1 an (fic] be+ pres5t ) ea* company & inspect+ ! arms4 #abcf4 ,p>ade gr\nd4 ,9 front ( e camp ( p]man5t nature1 !re %\ld be a p>ade gr\nd = drills & c]emonies4 #abcg4 ,camp+ on =dable /ream4 ,9 camp+ = ! night on a =dable /ream t is to be cross$1 cross be=e go+ into camp1 unless !re is "s tactical reason = n do+ s2 = a sudd5 rise1 or ! appe>ance ( ! enemy1 might prev5t ! cross+ ! next morn+4 #abch4 ,w9d/orms4 ,:5ev] w9d/orms are expect$1 ! t5t pegs %\ld be secur$ & additional guy ropes atta*$ to ! t5ts4 ,t5ts may be prev5t$ f bl[+ d[n by be+ made fa/ at ! corn]s to po/s firmly driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or by pass+ ropes ov] ! ridge poles & fa/5+ !m to pegs firmly set into ! gr\nd4 #abci4 ,mak+ t5t poles & pegs fa/ 9 loose soil4 ,if ! soil be loose or s&y1 /ones or o!r h>d mat]ial %\ld be plac$ "u ! t5t poles to prev5t _! work+ into ! soil1 ?us leav+ ! t5t slack & un/eady4 ,:5 ! soil is s loose t ! pegs w n hold at all1 fa/5 ! guy ropes to bru%1 wood or rocks buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 #abdj4 ,trees sometimes dang]\s4 ,:ile trees add v mu* to ! com=t ( a camp1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to pit* t5ts ne> trees ^: bran*es or trunks might fall4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,camp ,,sanitation #abda4 ,def9ition4 ,by ,camp ,sanitation is meant ! adoption ( measures to keep ! camp 9 a heal?y condition4 ,^! measures comprise3 7a7 ,! disposal1 s z to r5d] !m h>mless & prev5t pollution1 ( all wa/es1 refuse & excreta f m5 & animals 9 suitable places provid$ !re=2 7b7 ,! c>e ex]cis$ 9 h&l+1 prep>+ & s]v+ food2 7c7 ,! adequacy ( %elt] = ! m52 7d7 ,! ma9t5ance ( prop] dra9age2 7e7 ,! supply ( wat] = ba?+ & wa%+1 & ! ma9t5ance ( a pure supply = dr9k+4 #abdb4 ,camp exp$i5ts4 ,camp-exp$i5ts is ! "n giv5 ! me*anical means us$ to put into effect "s ( ! measures1 nam$ above1 connect$ ) camp sanitation1 & usually consi/ ( latr9es1 kit*5 s9ks1 ur9al tubs1 rock or e>? inc9]ators1 & dra9age dit*es4 #abdc4 ,latr9es4 ,! latr9es mu/ be dug imm$iately ^u rea*+ camp--_! con/ruction mu/ n be delay$ until ! camps h be5 pit*$ & o!r duties p]=m$4 ,! exact location ( ! latr9es %\ld be det]m9$ by ! comm&+ (fic]1 or by "s (fic] designat$ by him1 ! foll[+ consid]ations be+ obs]v$3 #a4 ,!y %\ld be s locat$ z n to contam9ate ! wat] supply4 #b4 ,!y %\ld n be plac$ :]e !y c be flood$ by ra9 wat] f high] gr\nd1 nor %\ld !y be s plac$ t !y c pollute ! camp by ov]fl[ 9 case ( heavy ra9s4 #c4 ,!y %\ld be z f> f ! t5ts z is compatible ) conv5i5ce--if too ne>1 !y w be a s\rce ( annoyance2 if too f>1 "s m51 especially at night1 & p>ticul>ly if affect$ ) di>rhoea1 w defecate be=e rea*+ ! latr9e4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 a di/ance ( ab\t #ej y>ds is consid]$ suffici5t4 ,latr9es = ! m5 are always locat$ on ! opposite side ( ! camp f ! kit*5s1 g5]ally "o = ea* company unit & "o = ! (fic]s ( a battalion or squadron4 ,!y are s plac$ t ! dra9age or ov]fl[ c n pollute ! wat] supply or camp gr\nds4 ,:5 ! camp is = "o night only1 /raddle tr5*es suffice4 ,9 camp ( long] duration1 & :5 x is n possible to provide latr9e boxes1 z = p]man5t camps1 deep] tr5*es %\ld be dug4 ,^! may be us$ z /raddle tr5*es or a seat improvis$4 ,:5 op5 tr5*es are us$ ! excrem5t mu/ be kept cov]$ at all times ) a lay] ( e>?4 ,9 m p]man5t camps ! tr5*es %\ld be #b feet wide1 #f feet deep1 & #ae feet long1 & suitably scre5$4 ,seats ) lids are provid$ & cov]$ to ! gr\nd to keep flies f rea*+ ! deposits2 ur9al tr\ghs dis*>g+ into tr5*es are provid$4 ,ea* day ! latr9e boxes are ?or\ghly clean$1 outside by scrubb+ & inside by apply+1 :5 necess>y1 a coat ( oil or :itewa%4 ,! pit is burn$ out daily ) approximately #a gallon oil & #ae p\nds /raw4 ,:5 fill$ to )9 #b feet ( ! surface1 su* latr9es are disc>d$1 fill$ ) e>?1 & _! position m>k$4 ,all latr9es & kit*5 pits are fill$ 9 be=e ! m>* is resum$4 ,9 p]man5t camps & cantonm5ts1 ur9e tubs may be plac$ 9 ! company /reets at night & empti$ aft] reveille4 ,all latr9es mu/ be fill$ be=e m>*+4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration %[s a v simple & excell5t latr9e seat :i* c be made & kept 9 ! company p]man5tly = use 9 camps on ! m>*3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,ur9al tr\ghs1 made ( musl9 & coat$ ) oil or pa9t1 %\ld dis*>ge into ! tr5*es4 #abdd4 ,ur9al tubs4 ,:5 obta9able1 ur9al tubs or cans %\ld be plac$ 9 ! company /reets at night1 _! location be+ indicat$ by light$ lant]ns1 ! tubs or cans be+ remov$ at reveille4 #abde4 ,kit*5s4 ,camp kettles c be hung on a support consi/+ ( a gre5 pole ly+ 9 ! crot*es ( two upright po/s ( ! same "*4 ,a n>r[ tr5* = ! fire1 ab\t #a foot deep1 dug "u ! pole1 n only protects ! fire f ! w9d b saves fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,a /ill great] economy ( fuel c be effect$ by digg+ a simil> tr5* 9 ! direction ( ! w9d & slightly n>r[] ?an ! diamet] ( ! kettles4 ,! kettles are !n plac$ on ! tr5* & ! space betwe5 ! kettles fill$ 9 ) /ones1 clay1 etc41 leav+ ! flue runn+ b5ea? ! kettles4 ,! draft c be improv$ by build+ a *imney ( /ones1 clay1 etc41 at ! leew>d end ( ! flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,f\r su* tr5*es radiat+ f a common c5tral *imney w give "o flue = use :atev] may be ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,a slight slope ( ! flue1 f ! *imney d[n1 provides = dra9age & improves ! draft4 ,! lack ( portable ov5s c be met by ov5s con/ruct$ ( /one & cov]$ ) e>? to bett] reta9 ! heat4 ,if no /one is available1 an empty b>rel1 ) "o head out1 is laid on its side1 cov]$ ) wet clay to a dep? ( #f or m in*es & !n ) a lay] ( dry e>? equally ?ick4 ,a flue is con/ruct$ ) ! clay above ! clos$ end ( ! b>rel1 :i* is !n burn$ out ) a hot fire4 ,?is leaves a bak$ clay cov]+ = ! ov54 ,a recess c be simil>ly con/ruct$ ) bo>ds or ev5 bru%wood1 support$ on a horizontal pole re/+ on upright po/s1 cov]$ & burnt out z 9 ! case ( ! b>rel4 ,:5 clay banks are available1 an ov5 may be excavat$ !re9 & us$ at once4 ,to bake 9 su* ov5s1 fir/ heat !m & !n close flues & ends4 ,food mu/ be protect$ f flies1 du/1 & sun4 ,facilities mu/ be provid$ = clean+ & scald+ ! mess equipm5t ( ! m54 ,kit*5s & ! gr\nd ar\nd !m mu/ be kept scrupul\sly clean4 ,solid refuse %\ld be promptly burn$1 ei!r 9 ! kit*5 fire or 9 an improvis$ crematory4 ,9 tempor>y camps1 if ! soil is por\s1 liquid refuse f ! kit*5s may be /ra9$ ?r\gh gunny sack+ into seepage pits dug ne> ! kit*54 ,flies mu/ n h access to ^! pits4 ,bo>ds or poles1 cov]$ ) bru% or grass & a lay] ( e>? may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! /ra9]s %\ld also be protect$ f flies4 ,pits ( ?is k9d1 dug 9 clayey soil1 w n op]ate successfully4 ,all pits %\ld be fill$ ) e>? be=e m>*+4 ,z a precaution>y measure aga9/ sett+ ! camp on fire1 all dry grass1 und]bru%1 etc41 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! kit*5 %\ld be cut d[n4 ,9 case ( a fire 9 camp1 und]bru%1 spades1 %ovels1 blankets1 etc41 are us$ to beat x out4 ,gunny sacks dipp$ 9 wat] are ! be/ fire fight]s4 ,burn+ away dri$ grass & und]bru% ar\nd ext]ior ( camp is a great protection aga9/ fire f outside4 #abdf4 ,kit*5 pits4 ,pits ( conv5i5t size %\ld be con/ruct$ = ! liquid refuse f ! kit*5s4 ,solid refuse %\ld be burn$ ei!r 9 ! kit*5 fire or at "s designat$ place1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! camp is ( a tempor>y or p]man5t nature4 ,unless ! camp be ( a v tempor>y nature1 ! pits %\ld be cov]$ ) bo>ds or o!r mat]ial 9 ord] to exclude ! flies4 ,all pits %\ld be fill$ 9 ) e>? be=e break+ camp4 #abdg4 ,inc9]ators4 ,! inc9]ation pit %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 af=ds an excell5t1 simple & economical way ( dispos+ ( camp wa/e & (fal1 t9 cans & di%-wat] includ$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,description3 ,! pit is ab\t #d-a_/b feet long1 #a-a_/b feet wide & #b feet deep at "o end & #b-a_/b at ! o!r4 ,x is p>tially fill$ ) /ones1 ! l>g] ones on ! bottom & ! small] on ! top4 ,at "o end ( ! pit ! /ones ext5d a little above ! surface1 & slope gradually t[>d ! o!r end until ! fire pit is rea*$ t5 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! tr5*4 ,ov] ! fire pit1 ab\t five in*es above ! gr\nd1 is plac$ a crab or a piece ( boil] iron1 on :i* is boil$ all ! wat] = wa%+ di%es1 etc4 ,! fire pit is only ab\t "o-half ( ! /one surface1 z ! radiat$ heat keeps ! re/ ( ! /ones hot1 caus+ all di% & slop wat] to evaporate quickly4 ,any t9 cans t may be ?r[n into ! fire pit are remov$ aft] a %ort exposure to ! heat & plac$ 9 a tr5* especially dug = ! purpose4 ,! company inc9]ator %[n bel[ 0 us$ ) great success by "s ( our troops at ,texas ,city1 ,texas4 ,! rocks %\ld n be too l>ge4 ,! m5 %\ld be in/ruct$ to drop all liquid on ! sides ( ! inc9]ator & ?r[ all solid matt] on ! fire--! liquids w ?us be evaporat$ & ! solids burn$4 ,until ! m5 le>n h[ to use ! inc9]ator prop]ly1 a noncommission$ (fic] %\ld be detail$ to sup]vise its use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #abdh4 ,dra9age4 ,:5 camp is e/abli%$ = an indef9ite p]iod1 dra9age %\ld be att5d$ to at once4 ,ea* t5t %\ld h a %all[ tr5* dug ar\nd x & ! company & o!r /reets dit*$ on bo? sides1 all ! tr5*es & dit*es connect+ ) a dit* t c>ries ! wat] f ! camp4 ,all surface dra9age f high] gr\nd %\ld be int]cept$ & turn$ aside4 #abdi4 ,avoid+ old camp sites4 ,! occupation ( old camp sites is dang]\s1 s9ce ^! are (t5 p]meat$ by elem5ts ( disease :i* p]si/ = consid]able p]iods4 #abej4 ,*ang+ camp sites4 ,camp sites mu/ be *ang$ promptly :5 !re is evid5ce ( soil pollution or :5 epidemic disease ?reat5s4 ,also1 a *ange ( camp site is (t5 desirable 9 ord] to secure a *ange ( surr\nd+s & to ab&on areas t h become du/y & cut up4 #abea4 ,bunks4 ,place a numb] ( small poles ab\t sev5 feet long close toge!r1 ! upp] ends re/+ on a cross pole ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] & ! l[] ends re/+ on ! gr\nd2 or1 ! poles may be rais$ entirely (f ! gr\nd by be+ plac$ on cross poles support$ by =k$ /akes at ! corn]s2 on ! poles place grass1 leaves1 etc4 #abeb4 ,wood4 ,! firewood %\ld be collect$1 cut & pil$ ne> ! kit*54 ,dry wood is usually f\nd "u logs or roots ( trees4 ,if wagons are n heavily load$ x is sometimes a good plan to br+ a few /icks ( dry wood f ! prec$+ camp1 or to pick up good wood en r\te4 #abec4 ,wat]4 ,precaution>y measures %\ld always be tak5 to prev5t ! contam9ation ( ! wat]1 & a gu>d f ! fir/ troops rea*+ camp %\ld at once be plac$ ov] ! wat] supply4 ,if ! wat] is obta9$ f a /ream1 places %\ld be designat$ z foll[s = gett+ wat]3 7#a7 ,= dr9k+ & cook+2 7#b7 ,= wat]+ animals2 7#c7 ,= ba?+ & = wa%+ clo?+4 ,! fir/ designat$ place %\ld be f>!/ up ! /ream2 ! o!rs1 9 ! ord] nam$1 d[n/ream4 ,:]e two bodies ( troops are to camp on ! same /ream "o mu/ n pollute ! wat] to be us$ by ! o!r4 ,?is c be arrang$ by ! comm&]s agree+ ^u a po9t :]e bo? comm&s w obta9 _! dr9k+ wat]1 ^u a second po9t :]e animals w be wat]$1 etc4 ,if ! /ream be small1 ! wat] supply may be increas$ by build+ a dam4 ,small spr+s may be dug out & ea* l9$ ) a gabion1 or a b>rel or box ) bo? ends remov$1 or ) /ones1 ! space betwe5 ! l9+ & ! e>? be+ fill$ ) puddl$ clay4 ,a rim ( clay %\ld be built to keep out surface dra9age4 ,! same me?od may be us$ ne> swamps1 /reams1 or lakes to increase or cl>ify ! wat] supply4 ,wat] t is n kn[n to be pure %\ld be boil$ #bj m9utes2 x %\ld !n be cool$ & a]at$ by be+ p\r$ repeat$ly f "o clean conta9] to ano!r1 or x may be purifi$ by app>atus suppli$ = ! purpose4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made = m5 to draw wat] f ! au?oriz$ receptacles by means ( a spigot or o!r simil> arrangem5t4 ,! dipp+ ( wat] f ! receptacles1 or ! use ( a common dr9k+ cup1 %\ld be prohibit$4 ,9 ! field x is sometimes necess>y to /]ilize or filt] wat]4 ,! easie/ & sure/ way ( /]iliz+ wat] is by boil+4 ,boil$ wat] %\ld be a]at$ by be+ p\r$ f "o receptacle to ano!r or by be+ filt]$ ?r\gh *>coal or clean gravel4 ,unless boil$ wat] be ?us a]at$ x is v unpalatable & x is ) difficulty t troops c be made to dr9k x4 ,filtration m]ely cl>ifies--x does n purify4 ,! foll[+ are simple me?ods ( filtration3 #a4 ,dig a hole ne> ! s\rce ( supply s t ! wat] may p]colate ?r\gh ! soil be=e be+ us$4 #b4 ,s9k a b>rel or box into ! gr\nd1 ! wat] ent]+ !re9 ?r\gh a wood5 tr\gh pack$ ) clean s&1 gravel or *>coal4 #c4 ,place a box or b>rel 9 ano!r box or b>rel ( l>g] size1 fill+ ! space betwe5 ) clean s&1 gravel1 moss or *>coal1 & pi]c+ holes ne> ! bottom ( ! out] b>rel & ne> ! top ( ! inn]4 ,! filt] ?us con/ruct$ is p>tly subm]g$ 9 ! wat] to be filt]$4 #d4 ,bore a small hole 9 ! bottom ( a b>rel or o!r suitable receptacle1 :i* is p>tly fill$ ) lay]s ( s&1 gravel1 &1 if available1 *>coal & moss4 ,! wat] is p\r$ 9 at ! top & is collect$ z x em]ges f ! ap]ture bel[4 ,! am\nt ( wat] us$ by troops is usually comput$ at ! rate ( five gallons = ea* man & t5 gallons = ea* animal p] day4 #abed4 ,rules ( sanitation4 ,! foll[+ rules ( sanitation are to be obs]v$3 ,m5 %\ld n lie on damp gr\nd4 ,9 tempor>y camps & 9 biv\ac !y raise _! b$s if suitable mat]ial1 su* z /raw1 leaves1 or b\ghs c be obta9$1 or use _! pon*os or slick]s4 ,9 cold wea!r & :5 fuel is pl5tiful ! gr\nd may be w>m$ by fires1 ! m5 mak+ _! b$s aft] rak+ away ! a%es4 ,:5 troops are to rema9 9 camp = "s "t all und]bru% is cle>$ away & ! camp made z com=table z possible4 ,wat]+ tr\ghs1 %elt] 9 cold wea!r1 & %ade 9 hot1 are provid$ = ! animals1 if practicable4 ,! camp is polic$ daily aft] breakfa/ & all refuse matt] burn$4 ,t5t walls are rais$ & ! b$d+ & clo?+ air$ daily1 wea!r p]mitt+4 ,t5ts mu/ be kept clean & 9 ord]4 ,! company /reet & ! gr\nd ar\nd ! t5ts mu/ be kept clean4 ,food1 slop wat]1 rags1 pap]1 empty t9 cans1 & o!r tra% & refuse mu/ n be ?r[n on ! gr\nd1 b %\ld be put 9 ! box1 c or o!r receptacle provid$ = ! purpose or ?r[n into ! inc9]ator4 ,! food mu/ be protect$ f flies1 du/ & sun4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ ! company /reet or any o!r "p ( ! camp gr\nds be defil$ by ur9at+ or deficat+ !reon4 ,! ur9al tub & ! latr9e mu/ inv>iably be us$4 ,:5 an op5 tr5* is us$ z a s9k1 ea* individual mu/ always cov] 8 excrem5t ) dirt4 ,if ! s9k is inclos$ by a box ) /ool-cov]s1 ! cov]s mu/ always be put d[n z soon z "o is ?r\gh us+ !m s z to keep out ! flies4 ,h[ev] x is f\nd 9 practice t m5 w n d ?is !re=e x is a good plan to con/ruct ! cov]s s t !y w close automatically :5 a man rises f ! seat4 ,kit*5 g>bage mu/ be burn$ 9 a pit or inc9]ator1 or put into cov]$ cans & haul$ away4 ,! cov]s mu/ be kept on ! cans at all times1 s z to keep out ! flies4 ,horses are n to be ridd5 ?r\gh camp except on ! roadways4 ,z soon z a t5t is pit*$ x %\ld be dit*$4 ,:5 x ra9s ! guy ropes mu/ be loos5$ to prev5t ! t5t pegs f pull+ out & ! t5t fall+ d[n4 ,! body & ! clo!s %\ld be clean$ daily z ?or\ghly z ! means at h& w p]mit4 ,9 ! morn+ wa% ! face & neck & don't fail to use y\r too? bru% aft]w>d4 ,9 ! cont9u$ abs5ce ( opportunity = ba?+ x is well to take an air ba? & a moi/ or dry rub be=e gett+ into fre% und]clo!s4 ,if ! lack ( opportunity to wa% clo!s cont9ues = any l5g? ( "t1 soil$ clo!s & b$d+ mu/ be frequ5tly expos$ to ! sun & air4 ,sun%9e is a good g]m kill]4 ,if !re are mosquitoes 9 camp1 mosquito b>s mu/ be us$ by m5 :5 asleep1 & headnets by m5 on gu>d & o!r duty4 ,also1 if 9 a mal>ial c\ntry1 ab\t five gra9s ( qu99e %\ld be tak5 daily1 pref]ably j be=e supp]4 ,9 localities :]e a p]nici\s =m ( mal>ia prevails1 daily doses ( t5 gra9s ( qu99e %\ld be giv54 ,9 ! tropics troops are require to camp at lea/ #ejj y>ds away f all native huts or villages z a prev5tative measure aga9/ mal>ia4 ,m5 are also prohibit$ f visit+ ^! places at night = ! same reason4 ,clean y\r mess kit ?or\ghly aft] e meal1 if practicable1 wa%+ same ) soap & boil+ wat]4 ,! company cooks mu/ keep ev]y?+ 9 ! kit*5 & mess t5t clean ) hot wat] & soap4 ,boil ! ut5sils & di% rags1 & be sure to ?r[ all slops & g>bage into ! kit*5 inc9]ator4 ,re/ & sleep are mo/ important to pres]ve ! heal?1 s1 keep ! body re/$ by pl5ty ( sleep4 ,d n jo9 idle p>ties go+ to walk ! /reets ( ! ne>e/ t[n at nights1 nor sit up late play+ c>ds4 ,obs]ve 9 camp ev5 ) great] c>e ?an :5 9 b>racks ! rules ( heal? & p]sonal hygi5e4 7,see p>s4 #adea-adgg47 #abee4 ,y\r camp1 y\r home4 ,a soldi] %\ld always look ^u 8 camp z 8 home1 :i* x is = ! "t be+4 ,y\r t5t is y\r b$room2 ! company /reet1 y\r sitt+-room2 ! latr9e1 y\r toilet2 ! mess t5t1 y\r d9+-room2 ! camp kit*51 y\r kit*52 ! ba?+ facilities1 y\r ba?room4 ,& z y are c>eful ab\t keep+ y\r b$room & ! o!r rooms ( y\r home 9 a clean & ord]ly condition1 s %\ld y d y\r %>e to keep y\r t5t & ! o!r p>ts ( camp 9 a clean1 sanit>y condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,individual ,,cook+ #abef4 ,importance ( individual cook+4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 campaign t x is impossible to h ! field ranges & cook+ ut5sils accompany ! troops1 & 9 su* case ea* man mu/ cook 8 own food 9 8 mess kit4 ,also1 x frequ5tly happ5s t deta*m5ts op]at+ away f _! companies mu/ d individual cook+4 ,all food we eat %\ld be prop]ly cook$1 if n1 /oma* or inte/9al tr\ble w result4 ,h5ce1 ! importance ( e soldi] le>n+ h[ to cook 9 8 mess kit ! ma9 compon5ts ( ! ration4 #abeg4 ,fire4 ,rememb] t ! be/ fire = cook+ is a small1 cle> "o1 or bett] yet1 a few brisk coals4 ,dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd ) y\r bayonet & make y\r fire 9 x ) dry wood1 />t+ x ) pap]1 %av+s1 dry leaves or dry grass4 ,if pref]r$ ! fire may be made betwe5 two small flat /ones or bricks1 c>e be+ tak5 to s place ! /ones t ! draft w pass betwe5 !m4 ,! mess pan c be plac$ on ! /ones1 across ! fire1 & ! cup = boil+ ! c(fee at ! end away f ! draft :]e x w get ! mo/ heat4 ,?is me?od w1 z a rule1 be necess>y on rocky or /ony gr\nd4 #abeh4 ,recipes4 ,! foll[+ recipes1 :i* are bas$ on ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t publication1 ,manual = ,army ,cooks1 require ! use ( only ! soldi]'s mess kit1--knife1 =k1 spoon1 cup1 & mess pan3 ,meats #abei4 ,bacon4 ,cut side ( bacon 9 half l5g?wise4 ,!n cut slices ab\t five to ! in*1 ?ree ( :i* %\ld g5]ally be suffici5t = "o man = "o meal4 ,place 9 a mesa pan ) ab\t "o-half in* ( cold wat]4 ,let come to a boil & !n p\r ! wat] (f4 ,fry ov] a brisk fire1 turn+ ! bacon once & quickly br[n+ x4 ,remove ! bacon to lid ( mess pan1 leav+ ! grease = fry+ potatoes1 onions1 rice flapjacks1 etc41 accord+ to recipe4 #abfj4 ,fre% meat4 ,to fry4--,to fry1 a small am\nt ( grease 7#a to #b spoonfuls7 is necess>y4 ,put grease 9 mess pan & let come to a smok+ temp]ature1 !n drop 9 ! /eak &1 if ab\t "o-half in* ?ick1 let fry = ab\t "o m9ute be=e turn+--dep5d+ ^u :e!r x is desir$ x %all be r>e1 m$ium1 or well done4 ,!n turn & fry briskly z be=e4 ,salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,applies to beef1 veal1 pork1 mutton1 v5ison1 etc4 #abfa4 ,fre% meat4 ,to broil4--,cut 9 slices ab\t #a in* ?ick1 f half z l>ge z ! h& to f\r times t size4 ,%>p5 a /ick or bran* ( conv5i5t l5g?1 say f #b to #d feet long1 & weave ! po9t ( ! /ick ?r\gh ! /eak sev]al times s t x may be readily turn$ ov] a few brisk coals or on ! w9dw>d side ( a small fire4 ,all[ to br[n nicely1 turn+ frequ5tly4 ,salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,meat ) consid]able fat is pref]r$1 ?\gh any meat may be broil$ 9 ?is mann]4 #abfb4 ,fre% meat4 ,to /ew4--,cut into *unks f "o-half in* to #a in* cubes4 ,fill cup ab\t "o-?ird full ( meat & cov] ) ab\t #a in* ( wat]4 ,let boil or simm] ab\t "o h\r or until t5d]4 ,add su* fibr\s vegetables z c>rots1 turnips1 or cabbage1 cut into small *unks1 soon aft] ! meat is put on to boil1 & potatoes1 onions1 or o!r t5d] vegetables :5 ! meat is ab\t half done4 ,am\nt ( vegetables to be add$1 ab\t ! same z meat1 dep5d+ ^u supply & ta/e4 ,salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,applies to all fre% meats & f[ls4 ,! proportion ( meat & vegetables us$ v>ies ) _! abundance & fix$ quantities c n be adh]$ to4 ,fre% fi% c be h&l$ z above1 except t x is cook$ mu* quick]1 & potatoes1 onions1 & cann$ corn are ! only vegetables g5]ally us$ ) x1 ?us mak+ a *[d]4 ,a slice ( bacon w\ld greatly improve ! flavor4 ,may be conv5i5tly cook$ 9 mess pan or t9 cup4 ,fre% ,vegetables #abfc4 ,potatoes1 fri$4 ,take two m$ium-siz$ potatoes or "o l>ge "o 7ab\t "o-half p\nd71 peel & cut into slices ab\t "o-f\r? in* ?ick & scatt] well 9 ! mess pan 9 :i* ! grease rema9s aft] fry+ ! bacon4 ,add suffici5t wat] to half cov] ! potatoes1 cov] ) ! lid to keep ! moi/ure 91 & let come to a boil f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,remove ! cov] & dry z desir$4 ,salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,dur+ ! cook+ ! bacon already prep>$ may be kept on ! cov]1 :i* is mo/ conv5i5tly plac$ bottom side up ov] ! cook+ vegetables4 #abfd4 ,onions1 fri$4 ,same z potatoes4 #abfe4 ,potatoes1 boil$4 ,peel two m$ium-siz$ potatoes or "o l>ge "o 7ab\t "o-half p\nd71 & cut 9 co>se *unks ( ab\t ! same size--say #a-a_/b-;in* cubes4 ,place 9 mess pan & ?ree-f\r?s fill ) wat]4 ,cov] ) lid & let boil or simm] = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,!y are done :5 easily p5etrat$ ) a %>p /ick4 ,p\r (f ! wat] & let dry out = "o or two m9utes ov] hot a%es or light coals4 #abff4 ,potatoes1 bak$4 ,take two m$ium-siz$ potatoes or "o l>ge "o cut 9 half 7ab\t "o-half p\nd47 ,lay 9 a b$ ( light coals1 cov] ) same & smo!r ) a%es4 ,d n di/urb = ?irty or =ty m9utes1 :5 !y %\ld be done4 #abfg4 ,rice4 ,take two-?irds ( a cup ( wat] & br+ to a boil4 ,add #d spoonfuls ( rice & boil until s(t1 t is1 until x c be ma%$ by ! f+]s ) b little resi/ance4 ,?is w require ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,add #b p9*es ( salt &1 aft] /irr+1 p\r (f ! wat] & empty ! rice out on ! lid ( ! mess pan4 #abfh4 ,cann$ ,tomatoes4 ,"o #b-p\nd c is g5]ally suffici5t = five m54 ,/ew4 ,p\r into ! mess pan "o man's all[ance ( tomatoes1 add ab\t two l>ge h>dtacks brok5 into small pieces1 & let come to a boil4 ,add salt & pepp] to ta/e1 or add a p9* ( salt & "o-f\r? spoonful ( sug>4 ,or1 hav+ fri$ bacon1 p\r ! tomatoes into ! mess pan1 ! grease rema9+1 & add1 if desir$1 two brok5 h>dtacks4 ,set ov] a brisk fire & let come to a boil4 ,or1 heat ! tomatoes j z !y come f ! c1 add+ two p9*es ( salt & "o-half spoonful ( sug> if desir$4 ,or1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 eat5 cold ) h>d bread !y are v palatable4 ,hot ,breads #abfi4 ,flapjack4 ,take #f spoonfuls ( fl\r & "o-?ird spoonful ( bak+ p[d] & mix ?or\ghly 7or dry mix 9 a l>ge pan be=e issue1 at ! rate ( #be p\nds ( fl\r & ?ree half-p\nd cans ( bak+ p[d] = #ajj m574 ,add suffici5t cold wat] to make a batt] t w drip freely f ! spoon1 add+ a p9* ( salt4 ,p\r into ! mess pan1 :i* %\ld conta9 ! grease f fri$ bacon1 or a spoonful ( butt] or fat1 & place ov] m$ium hot coals suffici5t to bake s t 9 f five to sev5 m9utes ! flapjack may be turn$ ov] by a quick toss ( ! pan4 ,fry f five to sev5 m9utes long] or until1 by exam9ation1 x is f\nd to be done4 #abgj4 ,hoecake4 ,hoecake is made exactly ! same z a flapjack by sub/itut+ corn meal = fl\r4 ,dr9ks #abga4 ,c(fee4 ,fill cup ab\t two-?irds full ( wat] & :5 x boils add1 #a heap+ spoonful ( c(fee1 & let boil #e m9utes4 ,/ir gra9s well :5 add+4 ,add #a spoonful ( sug>1 if desir$4 ,let simm] t5 m9utes aft] boil+4 ,settle ) a da% ( cold wat] or let /& = a few m9utes4 #abgb4 ,tea4 ,fill cup ab\t two-?irds full ( wat] & :5 x boils add #a_/b spoonful ( tea1 & let boil #e m9utes4 ,add #a spoonful ( sug>1 if desir$4 ,let /& or draw #h m9utes4 ,if all[$ to /& long]1 ! tea w get bitt]1 unless sep>at$ f ! gr\nds4 #abgc4 ,cocoa4 ,fill cup ab\t two-?irds full ( wat] & :5 x boils add #a heap+ spoonful ( cocoa & let boil #e m9utes4 ,/ir :5 add+ until dissolv$4 ,add #a-a_/b spoonful ( sug>1 if desir$4 ,let cool4 7,if available1 milk %\ld be us$ in/ead ( wat]1 & %\ld be kept some:at bel[ ! boil+ po9t4 ,a #a-p\nd c ( evaporat$ milk ) #c-a_/b qu>ts ( wat] w make #a gallon ( milk ( ! prop] consi/5cy = mak+ cocoa or *ocolate47 #abgd4 ,*ocolate4 ,same z cocoa1 us+ #a cubic in* ( *ocolate4 ,em]g5cy ,ration #abge4 ,em]g5cy ,rations4 ,detail$ in/ructions z to ! mann] ( prep>+ ! em]g5cy ration are f\nd on ! label ) ea* c4 ,rememb] t ev5 a v limit$ am\nt ( bacon or h>d bread1 or bo?1 tak5 ) ! em]g5cy ration makes x f> m palatable1 & greatly ext5ds ! p]iod dur+ :i* x c be consum$ ) reli%4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be bett] to husb& ! supply ( h>d bread & bacon to use ) ! em]g5cy ration :5 x becomes evid5t t ! latt] mu/ be consum$1 r ?an to reta9 ! em]g5cy ration to ! la/ extremity to be us$ exclusively = a long] p]iod ?an two or ?ree days4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,c>e ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,clo?+ ,,& ,,equipm5t #abgf4 ,g5]al4 ,a soldi]'s clo?+ & equipm5t are issu$ to him by 8 gov]nm5t = c]ta9 purposes1 & he has1 !re=e1 no "r to be 9 any way c>eless or neglectful ( !m4 ,! importance t ! ,gov]nm5t atta*es to ! prop] c>e & pres]vation ( ! soldi]'s clo?+ & equipm5t1 is %[n by ! fact t ! matt] is made ! subject ( "o ( ! ,articles ( ,w>1 ! #hd?1 :i* prescribes t any soldi] :o1 ?r\gh neglect1 loses or spoils 8 arms1 clo?+ or acc\t]m5ts %all suff] su* puni%m5t z a c\rt-m>tial may direct4 ,clo?+ #abgg4 ,e article ( clo?+ 9 y\r h&s %\ld receive z mu* c>e & att5tion z y give y\r p]son4 ,n only w y\r clo!s la/ long] if prop]ly c>$ =1 b y w look neat] & bett] dress$1 :i* w add mu* to y\r milit>y appe>ance4 ,e soldi] %\ld h an ,a-#a :isk broom & no article ( clo?+ %\ld ev] be worn )\t fir/ be+ ?or\ghly bru%$4 #abgh4 ,press+4 ,occasional press+ helps to pres]ve & fre%5 clo!s1--x puts new life into ! clo?4 ,blue clo?+ & wool5 olive drab :5 worn regul>ly %\ld be press$ ab\t once a week4 ,9 a company :]e !re is an iron = g5]al use !re is no reason :y e soldi] %\ld n press 8 own clo!s4 #abgi4 ,*evrons & /ripes c be clean$ by moi/5+ a clean wool5 rag ) gasol9e & rubb+ ! p>ts & !n press+ ) a hot iron4 #abhj4 ,legg9s4 ,:5 soil$1 legg9s mu/ be wa%$4 ,if ! legg9s are all[$ to dry )\t be+ rung out1 !y w look bett]4 #abha4 ,s]vice hat & ! caps require no?+ b bru%+4 ,%irts1 und]we>1 socks1 etc41 %\ld be c>efully fold$ & put away neatly4 #abhb4 ,a special suit ( clo?+ = inspections1 p>ades1 etc4 ,set aside y\r be/ suit ( clo!s = inspections1 p>ades & o!r c]emonies4 ,! uni=m worn at ^! =mations %\ld n be worn ar\nd 9 ! b>racks1--e man has suffici5t second be/ g>m5ts = b>rack use4 #abhc4 ,putt+ away4 ,uni=ms %\ld be dri$ ?or\ghly1 bru%$ & prop]ly fold$ be=e be+ put away4 ,! numb] ( folds %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,be=e uni=ms are put away !y %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & any miss+ buttons1 te>s or /a9s %\ld be att5d$ to at once4 ,lock]s & o!r places 9 :i* clo?+ is kept mu/ be free f du/4 ,!y %\ld be wip$ (f occasionally ) a clo? wrung out ( soap suds4 #abhd4 ,/a9s4 ,tailors usually remove /a9s ) a rubb] made by roll+ tightly a piece ( wool5 clo? ( "s k9d1 ab\t #b in*es wide1 until ! roll is ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,r+s 9 remov+ /a9s may be avoid$ by rubb+ until v ne>ly dry4 #abhe4 ,grease spots4 ,ord9>ily b5z9e is a good /a9 remov] 9 case ( grease spots1 b its use is m or less dang]\s4 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 an op5 room or out ( doors & nev] ne> a fire or lights4 ,c>bona1 :i* c be pur*as$ 9 almo/ any drug /ore1 is excell5t = remov+ /a9s & x is p]fectly safe4 ,c>bon tetra*loride 7,m]ck's7 is mu* *eap] ?an ,c>bona & ab\t equally z good4 ,x retails at #de;c a p9t at ne>ly all drug /ores4 ,grease spots c also be remov$ by plac+ a piece ( br[n pap]1 newspap]1 blott+ pap] or o!r absorb5t pap] ov] ! /a91 & press+ ) a hot iron4 #abhf4 ,ru/ or ink /a9s c be remov$ ) a solution ( oxalic acid4 ,apply rapidly & r9se at once ) pl5ty ( fre% wat]2 ?is is mo/ important--o!rwise x w probably discolor ! mat]ial4 #abhg4 ,sweat /a9s c n be remov$4 ,h[ev]1 ! color c be p>tially re/or$ & ! mat]ial clean$ ) a solution ( ammonia & wat]--#a_/c liquid ammonia1 #b_/c wat]4 #abhh4 ,! %9e t is sometimes left f press+ is caus$ by leav+ ! iron on too long or us+ an iron t is too hot4 ,?is %9e1 if ! clo? is n scor*$1 c be remov$ by spong+1 i4 e41 by plac+ a piece ( damp musl9 clo? on ! mat]ial & !n apply+ ! iron only long en\gh to /eam ! surface ( ! g>m5t4 #abhi4 ,grease & oil /a9s on :ite tr\s] /ripes c be remov$ ) b5z9e1 nap?a or gasol9e1 appli$ ) a /iff nail bru%4 ,/a9s ( ru/ & ink c be remov$ by means ( oxalic acid 7#b ounces ( oxalic acid to #a p9t ( wat]--dissolves quicke/ 9 w>m wat]7 appli$ ) clo? or bru%1 !n r9s$ ?or\ghly ) pla9 wat] & sponge4 ,aft] ! /ripes h dri$1 apply ,engli% pipe-clay1 rubb+ ) ! cake itself2 !n rub 9 uni=mly ) wool5 clo? rubb]--rub vigor\sly--!n bru% (f surplus pipe-clay4 #abij4 ,pa9t spots4 ,turp5t9e w take out pa9t spots4 #abia4 ,gilt ornam5ts & gilt buttons %\ld be poli%$ z (t5 z necess>y 9 ord] to keep !m fre% & bright4 ,use a button /ick 9 clean+ buttons1 s z n to soil ! clo?4 ,%oes 7,in/ructions issu$ by ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al's ,(fice1 ,june #af1 #ahii47 #abib4 ,g5]al c>e4 ,%oes %\ld at all times be kept poli%$4 ,by be+ s kept !y are made m pliable & we> long]4 ,%oes mu/ )/& h>d] s]vice ?an any o!r article worn1 & m %oes are ru9$ ?r\gh neglect ?an by we> 9 actual s]vice4 ,prop] c>e %\ld be tak5 9 select+ %oes to secure a prop] fit1 & by giv+ %oes occasional att5tion mu* discom=t & compla9t w be avoid$4 #abic4 ,selection4 ,a %oe %\ld always h ample l5g?1 z ! foot w always "w =w>d fully a half a size 9 ! %oe :5 walk+1 & suffici5t all[ance = ?is %\ld be made4 ,m feet are crippl$ & di/ort$ by %oes t are too %ort ?an = any o!r reason4 ,a %oe %\ld fit snug yet be com=table ov] ball & in/ep1 & :5 fir/ worn %\ld n lace close toge!r ov] ! in/ep4 ,lea!r always /ret*es & loos5s at in/ep & c be tak5 up by lac+4 ,! foot %\ld always be held firmly1 b n too tightly 9 prop] position4 ,if %oes are too loose1 !y all[ ! foot to slip ar\nd1 caus+ ! foot to *afe2 corns1 bunions1 & enl>g$ jo9ts are ! result4 #abid4 ,repairs4 ,at ! fir/ sign ( break1 %oes %\ld be repair$1 if possible4 ,always keep ! heels 9 good condition4 ,if ! heel is all[$ to run d[n at ! side1 x is bad = ! %oe & worse = ! foot2 x also weak5s ! ankle & subjects ! %oe to an unev5 /ra91 :i* makes x m liable to give out4 ,%oes1 if kept 9 repair1 w give d\ble ! s]vice & com=t4 #abie4 ,%oe dress+4 ,! lea!r mu/ n be p]mitt$ to become h>d & /iff4 ,if x is impossible to procure a good %oe dress+#ae1 neat's-foot oil or tall[ are ! be/ sub/itutes2 ei!r w s(t5 ! lea!r & pres]ve its pliability4 ,lea!r requires oil to pres]ve its pliability1 & if n suppli$ w become brittle1 crack1 & break easily "u /ra94 ,inf]ior dress+s are always h>mful1 & no dress+ %\ld be us$ :i* conta9s acid or v>ni%4 ,acid burns ! lea!r z x w\ld ! sk91 & poli% conta9+ v>ni% =ms a false sk9 :i* soon peels (f1 spoil+ ! appe>ance ( ! %oe & caus+ ! lea!r to crack4 ,pa/e poli% conta9+ turp5t9e %\ld also be avoid$4 #abif4 ,p]spiration4 ,%oe becom+ damp f p]spiration %\ld be dri$ naturally by evaporation4 ,x is dang]\s to dry lea!r by artificial heat4 ,p]spiration conta9s acid :i* is h>mful to lea!r1 & %oes %\ld be dri$ out z frequ5tly z possible4 #abig4 ,wet %oes4 ,wet or damp %oes %\ld be dri$ ) great c>e4 ,:5 lea!r is subject$ to heat1 a *emical *ange takes place1 al?\gh no *ange 9 appe>ance may be not$ at ! "t4 ,lea!r :5 burnt becomes dry & p>*$ & w soon crack ?r\gh l pa/ebo>d :5 /ra9$4 ,?is applies to lea!r bo? 9 soles & upp]s4 ,:5 dri$ ! lea!r %\ld always be treat$ ) dress+ to re/ore its pliability4 ,_m %oes are burn$ :ile on ! feet )\t ! k ( ! we>] by be+ plac$ :ile wet on ! rail ( a /ove or ne> a /eam pipe4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :ile %oes are be+ worn nev] to place ! foot :]e !re is dang] ( _! be+ burn$4 7,note4 ,to dry wet %oes1 ! la/ ?+ at night take a few h&fuls ( dry clean pebbles1 heat !m 9 meat c1 kettle or campfire until v hot2 place !m 9 ! %oes1--!y w dry !m out ?or\ghly 9 a few h\rs1--%ake once 9 a:ile4 ,oats or corn may also be us$1 b !y are n available always & pebbles usually are4 ,n[ is an excell5t "t to grease or oil ! %oes4--,au?or47 #abih4 ,keep %oes clean4 ,an occasional application ( soap & wat] w remove ! accumulation ( old dress+s & all[ fre% dress+ to accompli% its purpose4 #abii4 ,directions = poli%+4 ,russet lea!r %\ld be treat$ ) great c>e4 ,nei!r acid1 lemon juice1 nor banana peel %\ld be us$ = clean+ purposes4 ,only ! be/ liquid dress+ %\ld be us$ & %oes %\ld n be rubb$ :ile wet4 #acjj4 ,liquid dress+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 us+ liquid dress+4 ,apply only a light coat & all[ ?is to dry into ! lea!r be=e rubb+ ) a clo?4 ,too mu* dress+ is wa/eful4 ,,equipm5t 7,in/ructions issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 ,pamphlet ,no4 #aife1 ,july #ab1 #aiae47 ,clo? ,equipm5t #acja4 ,g5]al4 ,all clo? equipm5t %\ld be bru%$ frequ5tly ) a /iff bri/le bru%4 ,a dry scrub bru% may be us$4 ,x %\ld be wa%$ only "u ! direction & sup]vision ( an (fic]4 ,dur+ ord9>y g>rison duty x %\ld r>ely be necess>y to wa% ! equipm5t4 ,:5 ! equipm5t becomes soil$ a light local wa%+ w frequ5tly be suffici5t1 b :5 dirty x %\ld unhesitat+ly be giv5 a good ?or\gh wa%+1--o!rwise x may be expect$ t x w become unsanit>y & rot4 ,dur+ field s]vice x is to be expect$ t ! equipm5t w become soil$ mu* m rapidly4 ,always on return to g>rison f field s]vice & z opportunity (f]s 9 ! field1 equipm5t %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$4 #acjb4 ,in/ructions = wa%+ clo? equipm5t4 7a7 ,prep>ation ( soap solution4 ,dissolve 9 n9e cups ( hot wat] "o cake ( ,h4 ,h4 soap or a sub/itute :i* is issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,"o cup ( ?is solution is suffici5t to clean ! entire clo? & web equipm5t ( "o man4 ,"o cake p] squad is a lib]al all[ance4 ,! ,h4 ,h4 soap issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t is made especially = wa%+ clo? fabrics liable to fade4 ,if = any reason ?is soap is n obta9able1 a good laundry soap 7,ivory or equal7 may be us$1 b 9 no case %\ld ! yell[ soap issu$ by ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps be us$4 7b7 ,bru%+4 ,bru% ! equipm5t ?or\ghly to remove all du/ & mud be=e wa%+4 7c7 ,wa%+4 ,spread ! belt1 hav]sack1 etc41 on a clean bo>d or rock & apply ! soap solution ) a scrub bru%4 ,:5 a good la!r appe>s1 wa% (f ) cle> wat]4 ,9 ! case ( a bad grease spot ! direct application ( soap to ! bru% w ord9>ily be suffici5t to remove x4 7d7 ,dry+4 ,always dry wa%$ equipm5t 9 ! %ade4 ,! sun w blea* ! fabric4 ,on return f a m>* 9 ! ra91 dry ! equipm5t 9 ! %ade1 if practicable4 #acjc4 ,%elt] t5t4 ,! %elt] t5t is clean$ & c>$ = z prescrib$ above = ! clo? equipm5t4 ,:5 practicable always dry y\r %elt] t5t be=e fold+ & pack+ x4 7,au?or47 ,mess ,outfit #acjd4 ,knife4 ,! knife blade is made ( temp]$ /eel1 & :5 put away = a long p]iod %\ld be cov]$ ) a light coat+ ( oil to prev5t ru/4 ,keep y\r knife clean by wa%+ 9 soap & wat] aft] e meal4 ,d n use ! blade z a pry4 ,if ! po9t is brok51 gr9d ! blade d[n to a new po9t4 #acje4 ,=k4 ,keep y\r =k clean by wa%+ ) hot wat] & soap aft] e meal4 ,nev] use ! prongs ( y\r =k = pry+ op5 tops ( cans1 extract+ corks1 etc4 ,don't p]mit y\r knife1 =k or spoon to rema9 9 v9eg> or o!r food/uffs = a long p]iod1 z v]digris w =m4 ,?is corrodes ! metal & is poison\s4 #acjf4 ,spoon4 ,keep y\r spoon clean by wa%+ ) soap & wat] aft] e meal4 #acjg4 ,meat c4 ,d n c>ry meat ( any k9d or o!r greasy sub/ance 9 ! meat c = a long p]iod1 z x w corrode ! alum9um4 ,if ! rivets secur+ ! h+e to ! meat c become loose1 a few bl[s ) a hamm] or h& ax on ! outside ends ( ! rivets1 ! heads ( ! rivets be+ back$ up on a piece ( metal1 w tight5 !m4 ,if ! h+e p9 becomes loose1 a nail c be us$ to replace x1 ! nail be+ cut ) a s]vice wire cutt] & ! ends ( ! nail head$ ov] slightly ) a few bl[s ( a hamm]4 #acjh ,bacon c4 ,! int]ior ( ! bacon c %\ld always be kept clean & free f h>d5$ grease or dirt by frequ5t wa%+s ) so> & wat]4 ,if ! cov] becomes loose on ! body ( ! c1 ! upp] half ( ! body may be b5t out until ! cov] is aga9 tight4 ,if ! cov] is too tight1 a slight am\nt ( flatt5+ ) a hamm] on ! edge ( ! cov]1 re/+ on a wood5 block1 w usually ext5d ! cov] suffici5tly4 #acji4 ,condim5t c4 ,:5 n 9 use1 always remove ! cont5ts4 ,_m cans h be5 ru9$ by neglect+ to d ?is4 ,see t ! ?read$ ends d n become ru/y4 ,! c %\ld be disassembl$ at all inspections1 s t ! inspect+ (fic] may see t no ru/ is pres5t4 #acaj4 ,cup4 ,! cup is made ( alum9um & excessive heat damages alum9um4 ,9 us+ ! cup = cook+ nev] all[ ! cont5ts to evaporate entirely4 ,9 o!r words1 nev] hold an empty cup ov] a fire4 ,keep y\r cup clean ) hot wat] & soap1--pref]ably ,h ,h soap4 #acaa4 ,cante54 ,al?\gh z a rule1 only soap & wat] %\ld be us$ 9 clean+ alum9um1 a little s& c be us$ to advantage 9 clean+ ! cante54 ,p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be tak5 to see t cante5s are prop]ly clean$ aft] !y h be5 fill$ ) c(fee1 milk or any o!r fluid conta9+ organic matt]4 ,be+ made ( alum9um ! cante5 is easily d5t$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ?is4 ,:5 n actually 9 use ! cante5 %\ld habitually be empti$ & ! cup left (f to dry4 ,intr5*+ ,tools #acab4 ,pick mattock4 ,if ! blade ( ! mattock is de=m$1 x %\ld be /raight5$ 9 a vise4 ,9 ! field1 crack$ h&les ( pick mattocks1 %ovels1 & h& axes %\ld be wrapp$ ) cord4 #acac4 ,%ovel4 ,d n use ! side edges ( ! %ovel blade z a mattock1 = ?is w de=m ! blade4 ,if ! blade becomes b5t1 /raight5 x ) a hamm] on a block ( wood4 ,keep y\r intr5*+ tool free f ru/1 be+ especially c>eful t no ru/ gets into ! sockets4 ,lea!r ,equipm5t #acad4 ,g5]al4 ,because ( ! value ( lea!r equipm5t & its rapid det]ioration if neglect$1 ! prop] c>e ( lea!r is mo/ important4 #acae4 ,mat]ials4 ,two ag5ts are necess>y to ! prop] clean+ ( lea!r1--a clean+ ag5t & an oil+ ag5t4 ,! clean+ ag5t issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t is ca/ile soap2 ! oil+ ag5ts are neat's-foot oil & h>ness soap4#af ,! soap cleans ! surface ( ! lea!r1 & removes f ! surface pores ( ! lea!r1 dirt1 sweat1 & o!r =eign matt]1 s t ! oil c m readily p5etrate ! pores & saturate ! fib]s1 ?us mak+ ! lea!r pliable & ela/ic4 #acaf4 ,clean+4 ,daily1 or z (t5 z us$1 lea!r equipm5t %\ld be wip$ (f ) a clo? slightly damp5$ 9 wat]1 m]ely to remove mud1 du/ or o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,?is daily c>e w d mu* to ma9ta9 ! appe>ance ( ! equipm5t1 b x is1 h[ev]1 insuffici5t ( itself to prop]ly pres]ve x4 ,lea!r %\ld nev] be clean$ by imm]s+ 9 wat] or hold+ "u a hydrant4 ,at int]vals ( f "o to f\r weeks1 dep5d+ ^u ! circum/ances1 x is ess5tial t ! equipm5t be ?or\ghly clean$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ in/ructions3 7a7 ,sep>ate all p>ts1 unbuckle /raps1 remove all buckles1 loops1 etc41 :]e possible4 7b7 ,wipe (f all surface du/ & mud ) a damp 7n wet7 sponge4 ,aft] r9s+ out ! sponge1 a la!r is made by moi/5+ ! sponge 9 cle> wat]1 squeez+ x out until ne>ly dry1 & rubb+ x vigor\sly ^u ca/ile soap4 ,:5 a ?ick1 creamy la!r is obta9$1 ?or\ghly clean ea* piece ( ! equipm5t )\t neglect+ any portion4 ,ea* /rap %\ld be drawn its entire l5g? ?r\gh ! la!r$ sponge s z to actually remove ! salt1 sweat1 & dirt f ea* lea!r piece4 7c7 ,aft] aga9 r9s+ ! sponge make a ?ick la!r z describ$ above ) ! saddle soap4 ,g ov] ea* sep>ate piece1 ?or\ghly work+ ! la!r well into e "p ( ! equipm5t1 rememb]+ t its action is t ( a dress+4 7d7 ,aft] ! lea!r has be5 all[$ to become p>tially dry1 x %\ld be rubb$ vigor\sly ) a s(t clo? to give x ! neat1 heal?y appe>ance t is desir$4 #acag4 ,oil+4 ,if ! =ego+ in/ructions h be5 c>efully foll[$1 ! appe>ance %\ld n[ be p]fect1 & if ! lea!r is s(t & pliable no?+ fur!r is requir$4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x w be necess>y f "t to "t to apply a little oil4 ,x is n practicable1 ow+ to diff]5t conditions ( climate & s]vice1 to prescribe def9itely ! frequ5cy ( oil+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( use a set ( new equipm5t %\ld be giv5 at lea/ two applications ( oil p] mon?4 ,!reaft] x is entirely a matt] ( judgm5t1 z indicat$ by ! appe>ance & pliability ( ! lea!r4 ,frequ5t1 light applications are ( m value ?an infrequ5t heavy applications4 #acah4 ,new equipm5t4 ,be=e us+1 p]fectly new equipm5t %\ld 9 all cases be giv5 a light application ( neat's-foot oil2 soap is unnecess>y because ! lea!r is clean4 ,! application ( oil is important because lea!r equipm5t frequ5tly rema9s a consid]able "t 9 an ars5al or depot & 9 spite ( p]iodical inspections & dubb+ x is probably too dry = sev]e s]vice4 #acai4 ,h[ to apply oil4 ,! quantity ( oil to be us$ c n be def9itely prescrib$4 ,if n en\gh oil is us$1 ! lea!r w be /iff & brittle2 if too mu* is us$1 x w soil ! clo?+ & accumulate dirt4 ,! lea!r %\ld1 !re=e1 be saturat$ ) suffici5t oil to be s(t & pliable )\t excess suffici5t to cause x to exude4 ,9 apply+ ! oil ! foll[+ g5]al in/ructions %\ld gov]n3 7a7 ,! oil %\ld be appli$ to ! fle% side ( ! equipm5t :]e practicable :5 ! lea!r is clean & /ill damp aft] wa%+ 7ab\t half dry71 because x p5etrates m uni=mly :5 appli$ f ! fle% side1 & :5 ! lea!r is damp4 ,if ! lea!r is dry x w absorb ! oil l blott+ pap]1 prev5t+ prop] di/ribution4 7b7 ,! oil %\ld be appli$ ) an oil$ rag or cotton wa/e by long1 light1 quick /rokes--light /rokes1 s t ! pressure appli$ may n squeeze out an excess ( oil2 quick /rokes1 s t ! lea!r may n absorb an undue am\nt ( oil4 ,! endeavor %\ld be to obta9 a light1 ev5 di/ribution4 7c7 ,aft] apply+ ! oil ! lea!r equipm5t %\ld be all[$ to /& = #bd h\rs1 if practicable1 9 a w>m dry place4 ,x %\ld !n be rubb$ ) a dry clo? to remove any unabsorb$ oil4 ,po9ts to ,be ,rememb]$ #acbj4 ,!re=e1 f :at has be5 said1 ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be rememb]$3 7a7 ,keep lea!r clean4 7b7 ,keep lea!r pliable by frequ5t applications ( oil4 7c7 ,use only mat]ials furni%$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,%oe poli%es1 etc41 are almo/ inv>iably injuri\s4 7d7 ,dry all lea!r wet f :atev] cause1 9 ! %ade2 nev] 9 ! sun or close to a /eam radiator1 furnace1 or boil]4 7e7 ,lea!r %\ld habitually be /or$ 9 a cool1 dry place1 )\t artificial heat4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,viscol is ! be/ oil = s(t5+ all k9ds ( lea!r t ! au?or kn[s (4 ,x is made by ,! ,viscol ,co1 ,ea/ ,cambridge1 ,mass41 & c be obta9$ f ! po/ ex*ange4 #af ,prop]t's ,h>ness ,soap is excell5t4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! ,european ,w> its issue has be5 discont9u$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,viscol1 obta9able f ! po/ ex*ange1 is ! be/ oil = s(t5+ all k9ds ( lea!r t ! au?or kn[s (4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,c>e ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,rifle ,c>e #acba4 ,importance4 ,! c>e ( 8 rifle %\ld be ! soldi]'s fir/ ?\ght2 =1 if he w\ld h x take c>e ( him 9 "t ( dang]1 he mu/ take c>e ( x at all times4 ,x is a g5]ally recogniz$ fact t m rifles become inaccurate & uns]viceable by ! lack ( c>e ?an by fir+4 ,! in/ructions = tak+ c>e ( ! rifle are few & simple4 ,le>n !m well & apply !m con/antly--x only requires a little c>e & pati5ce4 ,y w be well repaid = x4 ,x may "s day save y\r life4 #acbb4 ,c>e ( bore requires "w4 ,! bore ( ! rifle is manufactur$ ) ! greate/ c>e 9 ord] t a high degree ( accuracy may be obta9$1 & x %\ld1 !re=e1 be prop]ly c>$ =4 ,! prop] c>e ( ! bore requires consci5ti\s1 c>eful "w1 b x pays well 9 r$uc$ labor ( clean+ & 9 prolong$ accuracy life ( ! rifle1 & bett] results 9 t>get practice4 #acbc4 ,h[ to clean ! bore4 ,) ! clean+ rod ! bore mu/ always be clean$ f ! bree*--nev] f ! muzzle4 ,clean+ f ! muzzle is liable to we> & o!rwise injure ! m\? ( ! b>rel1 :i* is easily injur$ & ?us ! piece r5d]$ inaccurate4 ,fir/1 remove ! bolt f ! rifle1 place ! muzzle on ! floor1 a bo>d1 or piece ( canvas1 & d n remove x !refrom :ile ! clean+ rod is 9 ! bore4 ,nev] place ! muzzle on ! b>e gr\nd1 le/ dirt %\ld get into x4 7,note4 ,( c\rse1 if a rack is provid$ = clean+ rifles1 x %\ld be us$ in/ead ( plac+ ! muzzle on ! floor47 ,to clean ! bore use pat*es ( rag1 pref]ably canton flannel1 cutt+ !m into squ>es ( su* size t !y may easily run ?r\gh ! b>rel4 #acbd4 ,:at c>e ( ! bore consi/s (4 ,briefly /at$1 ! c>e ( ! bore consi/s ( remov+ ! f\l+ result+ f fir+ to obta9 a *emically clean surface1 & !n coat+ ?is surface ) a film ( oil to prev5t ru/+4 #acbe4 ,k9ds ( f\l+4 ,! f\l+ :i* results f fir+ is ( two k9ds--! p[d] f\l+1 f ! burn+ ( ! p[d]2 & ! metal f\l+1 f ! nickel scrap$ (f ! bullet z x passes ?r\gh ! bore4 ,! p[d] f\l+ is highly corrosive1 t is1 x causes ru/ & eats into ! metal1 & x mu/1 !re=e1 be remov$ z soon z possible4 ,! metal f\l+ itself w n cause ru/1 b x may cov] ! p[d] f\l+ & ?us prev5t ! clean+ mat]ial f gett+ at ! p[d] f\l+1 :i*1 z /at$ be=e1 w eat into ! metal4 ,:5 metal f\l+ accumulates 9 noticeable quantities x r$uces ! accuracy ( ! rifle4 #acbf4 ,h[ to remove p[d] f\l+4 ,p[d] f\l+ may be readily remov$ by scrubb+ ! bore ) ! soda solution 7hot7 furni%$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 b ?is solution has no effect on ! metal f\l+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to remove all metal f\l+ be=e we are sure t all p[d] f\l+ has be5 remov$ & t ! bore may be safely oil$4 ,ord9>ily1 aft] fir+ a b>rel 9 good condition1 ! metal f\l+ is s slight z to be h>dly p]ceptible1 & is easily remov$ by solv5ts4 ,h[ev]1 due to ! accumulation ( metal f\l+1 pitt+ 7little holl[s 9 ! metal7 or ! pres5ce ( du/1 or o!r abrasives 7sub/ances t cause ! metal to we> away by rubb+71 ! f\l+ may occur 9 cle>ly visible flakes or pat*es & be mu* m difficult to remove4 #acbg4 ,h[ to remove metal f\l+4 ,aft] scrubb+ out ! bore ) ! soda solution1 plug x f ! bree* ) a cork at ! front end ( ! *amb] or :]e ! rifl+ beg9s4 ,slip "o ( ! #b-;in* sections ( rubb] hose ov] ! muzzle d[n to ! sight & fill ) ! /&>d ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t solution to at lea/ "o-half in* above ! muzzle ( ! b>rel4 ,let x /& = #cj m9utes1 !n p\r out ! solution1 remove ! hose & bree* plug1 & swab out ?or\ghly ) soda solution to neutralize & remove all trace ( ammonia & p[d] f\l+4 ,wipe ! b>rel clean1 dry1 & oil4 ,) few exceptions1 "o application is suffici5t1 b if all f\l+ is n remov$1 repeat ! op]ation4 ,hoppe's ,nitro ,solv5t ,no4 #i w accompli% ! same result ev5 bett] & quick] & ) mu* less labor4 #acbh4 ,h[ to proce$ 9 clean+ ! bore4 ,to clean ! bore aft] fir+1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,swab out ! bore ) soda solution to remove p[d] f\l+4 ,a conv5i5t way to d ?is is to ins]t ! muzzle ( ! rifle into ! c conta9+ ! solution & ) ! clean+ rod ins]t$ f ! bree*1 pump ! b>rel full a few times4 ,remove & dry ) a c\ple ( pat*es ( clo?4 ,exam9e to see :e!r any pat*es ( metal f\l+ are 9 evid5ce1 & if s1 !n remove same z expla9$ above4 ,if no metal f\l+ is 9 evid5ce1 !n swab out ) ! swabb+ solution4 ,! am\nt ( swabb+ requir$ ) ! swabb+ solution c be det]m9$ only by exp]i5ce assi/$ by ! color ( ! pat*es ( clo?4 ,ord9>ily a c\ple ( m9utes' "w is suffici5t4 ,dry ?or\ghly1 & oil ) #c-;9-,"o4 ,z a measure ( safety a pat* %\ld always be run ?r\gh ! bore on ! next day & ! bore exam9$ to insure t clean+ has be5 prop]ly done4 ,! bore %\ld !n be oil$ aga9 ) #c-;9-,"o4 #acbi4 ,necessity = prev5t+ =mation ( pits4 ,x is a fact recogniz$ by all t a highly poli%$ /eel surface ru/s mu* less easily ?an "o :i* is r\gh5$2 also t a b>rel :i* is pitt$ f\ls mu* m rapidly ?an "o :i* is smoo?4 ,e ef=t1 !re=e1 %\ld be made to prev5t ! =mation ( pits1 :i* are m]ely enl>g$ ru/ spots1 & :i* n only affect ! accuracy ( ! piece b also increase ! labor ( clean+4 ,if swabb+ solution or /&>d metal f\l+ solution is n available1 ! b>rel %\ld be scrubb$ z already describ$1 ) ! soda solution1 dri$1 & oil$ ) a light oil4 ,at ! end ( #bd h\rs x %\ld aga9 be clean$1 :5 x w usually be f\nd to h sweat$4 ,usually a second clean+ is suffici5t1 b to insure safety x %\ld be aga9 exam9$ at ! end ( a few days1 be=e f9al oil+4 ,( c\rse1 ! swabb+ solution %\ld always be us$1 if available1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ea* puff :5 ! bore sweats is an incipi5t ru/ pit4 ,:at has j be5 said contemplates ! use ( ! solutions furni%$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! same result w be obta9$ ) less labor by us+ ,hoppe's ,nitro ,p[d] ,solv5t ,no4 #i1 :i* is sold by all po/ & camp ex*anges1 & :i* ! ,au?or1 z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 highly recomm5ds4 #accj4 ,h[ to oil a b>rel4 ,! prop] me?od ( oil+ a b>rel is z foll[s3 ,wipe ! clean+ rod dry2 select a clean pat* ( clo? & sme> x well ) sp]m or w>m$ cosmic oil1 be+ sure t ! cosmic has soak$ into ! pat* well2 scrub ! bore ) pat*1 f9ally draw+ ! pat* smoo?ly f ! muzzle to ! bree*1 all[+ ! clean+ rod to turn ) ! rifl+4 ,! bore w be f\nd n[ to be smoo? & bright s t any subsequ5t ru/ or sweat+ c be easily detect$ by inspection4 7,by sweat+ is meant1 ru/ hav+ =m$ "u ! coat+ ( metal f\l+ :]e p[d] f\l+ 0 pres5t1 ! surface is puff$ up47 #acca4 ,c>e ( ! *amb]4 ,! *amb] ( ! rifle is (t5 neglect$ because x is n readily inspect$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t x is clean$ z ?or\ghly z ! bore4 ,a r\gh5$ *amb] delays greatly ! rapidity ( fire1 & n infrequ5tly causes %ells to /ick4 #accb4 ,! bolt4 ,to clean ! bolt1 remove2 clean all p>ts ?or\ghly ) an oily rag2 dry1 & be=e assembl+ lightly oil ! fir+ p91 ! b>rel ( ! sleeve1 ! /rik]1 ! well ( ! bolt1 & all cams4 #accc4 ,! sights4 ,bo? ! front & re> sights %\ld be c>$ = j z y w\ld c>e = ! works ( y\r wat*4 ,if ! sights are injur$1 ! rifle w n %oot z aim$4 ,! front sight cov] issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t protects ! front sight4 #accd4 ,! magaz9e4 ,! magaz9e %\ld be kept clean & cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( oil4 #acce4 ,! /ock4 ,! /ock %\ld receive a light coat ( raw l9se$ oil once a mon?1 or aft] any wett+ f ra91 dew1 etc4 ,! oil %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ 9 ) ! h&4 #accf4 ,c>e ( ! me*anism4 ,:5 ! rifle has be5 wet or expos$ to unfavorable climatic conditions1 ! bolt %\ld be )drawn & all work+ p>ts c>efully wip$ ) a dry clo?1 & !n gone ov] ) an oily rag4 ,! same ?+ %\ld be done aft] fir+4 ,all work+ p>ts %\ld habitually be lightly oil$ ) a ?9-bodi$ oil1 su* z #c-;9-,"o4 #accg4 ,! c>e ( all metal p>ts4 ,all metal p>ts ( ! rifle %\ld be kept clean & free f ru/4 #acch4 ,cams & be>+s4 ,all cams & be>+s mu/ be kept con/antly oil$4 #acci4 ,h[ to apply oil4 ,d n p\r or squirt oil on ! rifle4 ,put a few drops on a piece ( clean clo?1 pref]ably cotton1 & rub ) ! clo?1 !reby avoid+ ! use ( an unnecess>y am\nt4 ,cams & be>+s c be oil$ ?is way4 ,h[ev]1 if ! oil] is us$ in/ead because ( great] ease 9 rea*+ !m1 oil !m lightly4 ,to soak ) oil accompli%es no m ?an to cov] ) a light coat+--x m]ely results 9 excessive1 undesirable sme>+ & a wa/e ( oil4 ,rememb] #acdj4 #a4 ,x is easi] to prev5t ?an to remove ru/4 #b4 ,to remove ru/1 apply oil ) a rag1 & let x /& = a :ile s z to s(t5 ! ru/2 !n wipe ) a dry rag4 #c4 ,em]y pap] or a burni%] mu/ nev] be us$ 9 remov+ ru/1 = x also removes ! blu+4 ,h[ev]1 an ord9>y rubb] eras] w be f\nd v s]viceable = remov+ ru/4 #d4 ,to prev5t ru/ & dirt 9 ! bore1 run a rag ?r\gh at lea/ once ea* day4 #e4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 put away a rifle t has be5 fir$ or expos$ to bad wea!r1 )\t fir/ clean+ x4 #f4 ,nev] lay y\r rifle flat on ! gr\nd4 ,n only is !re dang] ( dirt or o!r =eign matt] gett+ into ! bore1 b a vehicle may run ov] x1 or "s "o may /ep on ! sight4 ,always re/ x up securely aga9/ some?+4 ,on ! t>get range x is well = e soldi] to h a %ort wood or metal =k1 on :i* to re/ 8 rifle4 #g4 ,9 com+ to ! ord] f any position1 always br+ ! rifle to ! gr\nd g5tly4 ,army ,regulations ,reg>d+ ! ,rifle #acda4 ,are enli/$ m5 all[$ to take _! arms ap>t8 ,no2 n unless !y h ! p]mission ( a commission$ (fic]1 & ev5 !n only "u prop] sup]vision & 9 ! mann] prescrib$ 9 ! descriptive pamphlet issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 7,a4 ,r4 #bib47 7,except :5 repairs are ne$$1 ! foll[+ nam$ p>ts %\ld nev] be dism\nt$ by ! soldi]1 & :5ev] !y are tak5 ap>t !y %\ld be remov$ only by ! company me*anic1 or someone else famili> ) ! h&l+ ( tools & delicate me*anism3 ,bolt /op1 cut (f1 safety lock1 sleeve lock1 front sight1 front sight movable /ud1 l[] b&1 upp] b&1 & /ack+ swivel screws47 7,unless ! screw driv] is h&l$ c>efully & ) "s skill ! screws are sure to be injur$ ei!r at ! head or ?read4 ,! soldi] may dism\nt ! bolt & magaz9e me*anism = ! purpose ( clean+ !m1 b he is n p]mitt$ to d any fur!r dism\nt+ )\t ! au?ority ( a commission$ (fic]47 ,is ! poli%+ ( blu$ & br[n$ p>ts p]mitt$8 ,no1 & reblu+1 rebr[n+1 putt+ any portion ( an arm 9 fire1 remov+ a receiv] f a b>rel1 mutilat+ any "p by fire or o!rwise1 & attempt+ to beautify or *ange ! f9i%1 are prohibit$4 ,h[ev]1 ! prohibition ( attempts to beautify or *ange ! f9i% ( arms is n con/ru$ z =bidd+ ! application ( raw l9se$ oil to ! wood p>ts ( arms4 ,?is oil is consid]$ necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! wood1 & x may be us$ = su* poli%+ z c be giv5 :5 rubb+ 9 "o or m coats :5 necess>y4 ,! use ( raw l9se$ oil only is all[$ = r$ress+ & ! application = su* purpose ( any k9d ( wax or v>ni%1 includ+ heelball1 is /rictly prohibit$4 7,army ,regulations #bib47 ,is ! use ( tompions#ag 9 small arms p]mitt$8 ,no1 x is prohibit$ by regulations4 7,army ,regulations #bib47 ,%\ld pieces be unload$ be=e be+ tak5 to qu>t]s or t5ts8 ,yes1 unless x is o!rwise ord]$4 ,!y %\ld also be unload$ z soon z ! m5 us+ !m are reliev$ f duty4 7,army ,regulations #bib47 ,%\ld a load$ or unload$ rifle or revolv] ev] be po9t$ at anyone 9 play8 ,no1 "u no circum/ances :atsoev]4 ,a soldi] %\ld nev] po9t a rifle or revolv] at a p]son unless he int5ds to %oot him4 ,description #acdb4 ,nom5clature ( ! rifle4 ,! illu/rations on ?is page & ^? on ! two foll[+ pages give ! nom5clature ( ! rifles1 ) :i* e soldi] %\ld be famili>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! bolt 7,fig4 #b7 consi/s ( ! h&le1 ,a2 sleeve1 ,b2 safety lock1 ,c2 ,cock+ piece1 ,d2 safety lug1 ,e2 extractor1 ,f2 extractor coll>1 ,g2 lock+ lugs1 ,h2 extractor tongue groove1 ,i2 & gas escape hole1 ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #acdc4 ,re>-sight leaf2 drift slide2 w9d gauge4 ,! illu/ration on ! opposite page %[s ! re> sight leaf 7rais$71 ! drift slide 7,e71 & ! w9d gauge 7,f1 ,l474 ,x is mo/ important t ! soldi] be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! use ( ^! p>ts1 = o!rwise x is impossible = him to sight correctly & use 8 rifle prop]ly4 ,! leaf is graduat$ f #ajj to #bhej y>ds4 ,! l9es t ext5d ! :ole way across ! two bran*es ( ! leaf1 m>k #ajj y>d divisions2 ^? t ext5d ab\t half way across1 m>k #ej y>d divisions1 & ! %ort] l9es m>k #be y>d divisions4 ,! ev5 numb]s 7#d1 #f1 #h1 etc47 on ! left bran* ( ! leaf1 indicate #djj1 #fjj1 #hjj1 etc1 y>ds4 ,! odd numb]$ hundr$s ( y>ds 7#cjj1 #ejj1 #gjj1 etc47 are on ! "r bran* ( ! leaf4 ,! numb]s re/ on top ( ! l9es to :i* !y ref]4 ,s1 if y want to fire at a t>get #hjj y>ds away1 set ! re> sight at #h2 #a1jjj y>ds1 at #aj2 #a1bjj y>ds1 at #ab1 etc4 ,) ! fly leaf up1 ranges f #ajj to #bcej y>ds c be obta9$ ?r\gh ! peep hole1 ,k2 f #ajj to #bdej ?r\gh ! l[] peep not*1 ,j2 & f #adjj to #bgej y>ds ?r\gh ! upp] peep not*1 ,g4 ,!re is a horizontal l9e on ! drift slide1 across ! peep hole1 ,k4 ,if ! peep hole sight is us$ ! sight is set by ?is horizontal l9e1 :i* is set opposite ! prop] graduation 7l9e across bran* ( leaf74 ,if ! peep not*1 ,j1 is us$1 ! sight is set by ! %ort horizontal l9e--t is1 on a l9e ) ! top ( ! not*4 ,if ! peep not*1 ,g1 is us$1 ! sight is set by ! top ( ! slide1 ,c1 :i* is set on ! prop] graduation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use "o ( ! peep not*es :5 ! sight has be5 set = ! peep hole1 or n to d ! rev]se1 )\t fir/ *ang+ ! sight4 ,! sight+ not*1 ,a1 us$ :5 ! range is #bhej y>ds1 is h>dly ev] us$1 because ! rifle is v1 v seldom1 if ev]1 fir$ at t range4 ,by battle sight we mean ! position ( ! re> sight ) ! leaf d[n1 & x corresponds to a sight sett+ ( #ecj y>ds4 ,! not*1 ,h1 t is us$ :5 ! leaf is d[n is call$ ! battle sight not*4 ,! battle sight is ! only "o us$ 9 rapid fire4 ,9 unexpect$1 close enc\nt]s ! side t fir/ op5s a rapid & accurate fire has a great advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,,footnotes3 #ag ,wood5 /opp]s or plugs t are put into ! muzzles ( rifles & o!r arms to keep out dirt & wat]4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,rifle ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction 7,bas$ on ,small-,arms ,fir+ ,manual7 #acdd4 ,object ( sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,! object ( ! sy/em ( rifle tra9+ & in/ruction employ$ 9 our ,army is two-fold3 #a4 ,to make ( ,,individuals1 %ots :o 9 battle w make hits in/ead ( misses4 #b4 ,to make ( ,,organizations1 pliable1 manageable ,,ma*9es1 capable ( deliv]+ 9 battle a volume ( ,,effective fire4 #acde4 ,to make ( ,,individuals %ots :o 9 battle w make hits in/ead ( misses4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ,,individual tra9+ & in/ruction :]eby ! skill ( ! soldi] z a rifleman is s develop$ z to be up to ! capabilities ( 8 rifle1 :i* is probably ! be/ & mo/ accurate rifle 9 ! _w1--t is to say-- ,ef=t is made to s develop ! %oot+ skill ( ! soldi] t he w be able to make 8 rifle d ! ?+s t x is capable ( do+4 ,to accompli% ?is end ! soldi] is put ?r\gh a c\rse ( individual in/ruction t divides itself into ?ree ma9 phases or /ages1 viz3-- #a4 ,prelim9>y drills4 ,by means ( prelim9>y drills 9 ! =m ( sight+ drills2 position & aim+ drills2 & deflection & correction elevation drills1 he is taught ! !oretical1 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( %oot+4 #b4 ,gall]y practice4 ,hav+ be5 taught ! !oretical1 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( %oot+ by means ( ! prelim9>y drills m5tion$ 9 ! proce$+ p>agraph1 ! soldi] is !n %[n h[ to apply !m 9 a simple1 elem5t>y way by be+ put ?r\gh a c\rse ( gall]y practice ) ! 4#bb ,cal4 ,gall]y ,practice ,rifle1 us+ r$uc$ *>ges4 ,?is practice may be call$ ! transitory phase or p]iod ( individual in/ruction1 dur+ :i* ,! soldi] passes f 8 acquisition ( ! !oretical1 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( %oot+ to _! application to actual fir+1 on ! t>get range1 ) ! regulation ,army rifle4 #c4 ,range practice4 ,hav+ gone ?r\gh ! c\rse 9 gall]y practice1 ! soldi] !n fires on ! t>get range1 apply+ & putt+ into practice1 ) ! regulation ,army rifle2 ! !oretical pr9ciples ( %oot+ taught him dur+ ! prelim9>y drills1 & 9 ! application & practice ( :i* he 0 also in/ruct$ dur+ ! gall]y practice4 #acdf4 ,o!r ,in/ruction4 ,:ile ! above phases embody ! pr9cipal subjects 9 :i* a soldi] is tra9$ & in/ruct$ 9 develop+ 8 skill 9 %oot+1 he is also in/ruct$ 9 o!r matt]s t are necess>y to r\nd out & complete 8 skill 9 m>ksman%ip1--= example1 ! c>e ( ! rifle1 e/imat+ di/ances1 ! effect ( light1 w9d1 & temp]ature1 etc4 #acdg4 ,to make ( ,,organizations pliable1 manageable ,,ma*9es1 capable ( deliv]+ 9 battle a volume ( ,,effective fire4 ,?is is accompli%$ by collective tra9+ & in/ruction1 9 :i* a numb] ( soldi]s 7= example1 a squad1 platoon1 or company71 "u comm& ( a lead]1 fire1 "u assum$ tactical situations1 at t>gets :i* simulate ! appe>ance ( an enemy "u conditions approa*+ ^? f\nd 9 w>4 ,?is k9d ( tra9+ & in/ruction is call$1 ,combat practice4 ,9 combat practice ! individual is tra9$ 9 fir+ z "p ( a tactical unit1--t is to say1 9 cooep]ation ) o!rs1--& ! comm&]s ( ! tactical units are taught h[ to direct & control ! fire ( _! units1#ah obta9+ ! maximum effici5cy ( fire by coo]d9ation ( ! skill & ef=ts ( all ! individuals ( ! unit4 ,,program ,,( ,,in/ruction #acdh4 ,! foll[+ outl9e ( ! program ( in/ruction gives a sort ( bird's-eye view ( ! sy/em3 #a4 ,,individual ,,in/ruction 7a7 ,!ory ( sight+4 7,! trajectory2 ,! l9e ( sight2 ,sight+ or aim+47 #a4 ,sights & ,sight+4 7b7 ,k9ds ( sights4 7,op52 ,peep2 ,battle47 7c7 ,k9ds ( sight4 7,t is1 am\nt ( front sight tak547 7,normal2 ,f9e2 ,full47 7a7 ,sight+ drills4 7,importance & purpose2 ,po9t ( aim2 ,triangle ( sight+47 7,v]ify+ ! triangle2 causes ( errors47 7b7 ,position & aim+ drills4 7,objects #b4 ,prelim9>y drills4 #c2 ,position ex]cise2 ,aim+ ex]cise2 ,trigg]-squeeze ex]cise2 ,rapid-fire ex]cise2 ,kneel+1 sitt+ d[n1 & prone47 7c7 ,deflection & elevation correction drills4 #c4 ,gall]y practice4 7,object & importance47 #d4 ,range practice4 7,in/ruction practice2 ,range practice47 #e4 ,o!r ,in/ruction4 7,use ( sl+2 ,designation ( w9ds2 ,z]o ( rifle2 ,e/imat+ di/ances ) ! eye1 by trial %ots1 & by trial volleys2 ,w9d2 ,temp]ature2 ,light2 ,mirage2 ,c>e ( rifle1 etc47 ,,individual ,,in/ruction ,sights & ,sight+ ,!ory ( ,sight+ #acdi4 ,! trajectory4 ,z ! bullet passes ?r\gh ! air x makes a curv$ l9e some?+ l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,?is curv$ l9e is call$ ! trajectory4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air & ! =ce ( gravity 7! =ce t pulls all bodies t[>d ! e>?7 are ! two ?+s t make ! pa? ( ! bullet a curv$ l9e1 j ! same z !y make ! pa? ( ! baseball ?r[n by ! play] a curv$ l9e4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air holds ! bullet back & ! =ce ( gravity pulls x d[n1 s t ! two act+ toge!r make ! bullet's pa? curv$4 ,! long] ! range ! m w ! pa? ( ! bullet 7! trajectory7 be curv$1 z %[n by ! foll[+ draw+3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #acej4 ,sight+ or aim+4 ,n[1 on ! rifle !re are two sights1--! front sight & ! re> sight1--:i* enable ! rifleman to regulate ! pa? ( ! bullet1 z ! ball play] regulates ! pa? ( ! ball4 ,if ! ball play] wants di/ance1 he ?r[s ! ball high 7raises ! pa?1 ! trajectory71 us+ 8 eye & guesswork1 & likewise if ! rifleman wants to %oot at a di/ant t>get1 he1 too1 %oots ! bullet high 7t is1 he raises ! muzzle ( 8 rifle71 b he doesn't h to dep5d ^u guesswork4 ,x is all work$ out = him by exp]ts & all he ne$ d is to set ! re> sight = ! prop] range1--t is1 = ! di/ance ! object is f him4 ,aim+ or sight+ a rifle consi/s 9 br++ into l9e ?ree objects3 ,! t>get1 ,a1 ! front sight1 ,b1 & ! re> sight1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,! rifle is s made & ! sights plac$ on x 9 su* a way t :5 ! piece is held 9 su* a position t ! t>get1 ! front sight & ! re> sight are 9 l9e1 & ! trigg] is pull$ 7squeez$7 ! bullet w /rike ! t>get4 ,y raise ! muzzle ( ! piece by rais+ ! re> sight1--t is1 rais+ ! re> sight has ! effect ( rais+ ! muzzle1 = ! high] y raise ! re> sight ! high] mu/ y raise ! muzzle 9 ord] to see ! front sight & get x 9 l9e ) ! object aim$ at & ! re> sight4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ illu/rations3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;a ,! re> sight1 ,c1 ! front sight1 ,b1 & ! bull's eye1 ,a1 are all on a l9e ) ! eye1 ,d1 ! re> sight be+ set = #bjj y>ds4 ,suppose we want$ to %oot at #bjjj in/ead ( #bjj y>ds4 ,we w\ld raise ! slide up to #bj 7#bjjj y>ds7 on ! sight leaf4 ,9 ord] to see ! bull's eye ?r\gh ! not* sight at #bjjj1 we mu/ raise ! eye to ! position1 ,d4 ,we n[ h ! re> sight1 ! bull's eye & ! eye 9 l9e1 b we mu/ br+ ! front sight 9 l9e ) !m1 :i* is done by rais+ ! muzzle ( ! piece1 giv+ ! result %[n 9 ,fig4 #d;a4 #acea4 ,l9e ( sight4 ,) ! op5 sight ! l9e ( sight is det]m9$ by a po9t on ! middle l9e ( ! not* ( ! re> sight & ! top ( ! front sight4 ,) ! peep sight1 ! l9e ( sight is det]m9$ by ! c5t] ( ! peep & ! top ( ! front sight4 ,k9ds ( sights #aceb4 7,see ,fig4 #c1 p>4 #acdc1 giv+ re> sight leaf 9 detail47 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( sights are z foll[s3 7a7 ,op5 sight4 ,by op5 sight is meant ! use ( any "o ( ! sight+ not*es4 ,to use ! op5 sight3 #a4 ,look ?r\gh ! sight+ not* at ! t>get4 7,fig4 #e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #b4 ,br+ ! top ( ! front sight on a l9e ) ! top & 9 ! c5t] ( ! sight not*1 ! top ( ! front sight be+ j "u ! bull's eye4 ,because ( its wide field ( view & its read9ess 9 gett+ a quick aim ) x1 ! op5 sight is ! "o t is g5]ally us$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( battle1 or :5 fire is to />t imm$iately4 7b7 ,peep ,sight4 ,by peep sight is meant ! use ( ! peep hole 9 ! drift slide4 ,to use ! peep sight3 #a4 ,look ?r\gh ! peep hole at ! t>get4 7,fig4 #g47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #b4 ,br+ ! top ( ! front sight to ! c5t] ( ! peep hole1 ! top ( ! front sight be+ j "u ! bull's eye4 7,fig4 #h7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,correct ,be sure to get ! top ( front sight1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 & n ! bull's eye1 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 9 c5t] ( ! peep hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,incorrect ,advantage ( ! peep sight4 ,! advantage ( ! peep sight ov] ! op5 sight is due to ! fact t x is easi] to c5t] ! top ( ! front sight 9 ! peep hole & ?us get ! same am\nt ( front sight ea* "t4 ,= example y "k at once1 )\t measur+1 t ! dots 9 ! circles1 ,fig4 #aj1 are n c5t]$1 & t ! "o 9 ! circle 9 ,fig4 #aa1 is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,aft] a little practice1 9 look+ ?r\gh ! peep hole ! eye almo/ automatically c5t]s ! top ( ! front sight4 ,disadvantage ( ! peep sight4 ,! disadvantage ( ! peep sight is t its limit$ field ( view & lack ( read9ess 9 gett+ a quick aim ) x limit its use to ^? /ages ( ! combat :5 comp>ative delib]ation w be possible4 7c7 ,battle sight4 ,by battle sight we mean ! position ( ! re> sight ) ! leaf d[n4 ,!re is a sight+ not* on ! top ( ! leaf1 or r on top ( ! leaf slide :i* works up & d[n ! leaf4 ,! battle sight is ! only sight us$ 9 rapid fire4 ,9 unexpect$1 close enc\nt]s ! side t fir/ op5s a rapid & accurate fire has a great advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,aga91 a soldi] on patrol g5]ally has no "t to set 8 sight1 if sudd5ly attack$ at close range4 ,! battle sight1 may1 !re=e be call$ ! em]g5cy sight1--! h&y1 quick sight4 ,! soldi] %\ld1 !re=e1 become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! use ( ?is sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,battle sight ,! sight+ not* 9 ! slide ) ! re> sight leaf d[n1 is ! same height z is ! sight+ 9 ! drift slide :5 ! re> sight leaf is rais$ & set at #ecj y>ds4 ,t is to say1 battle sight is equival5t to a sight sett+ ( #ecj y>ds4 ,!re=e1 9 %oot+ ) battle sight at objects ne>] ?an #ecj y>ds y mu/ aim l[]4 ,k9ds ( ,sight #acec4 7,am\nt ( front sight tak57 7a7 ,normal sight4 ,! am\nt ( front sight tak5 9 ,figs4 #f & #h1 is call$ ! normal sight & is ! "o t ! soldi] %\ld always use1 ei!r ) ! op5 not* or peep sight1 z x is ! only sight :i* assures ! tak+ ( ! same am\nt ( front sight e "t4 ,9 o!r words x assumes a great] degree ( uni=mity 9 sight+1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 %oot+4 ,by uni=mity 9 sight+ is meant tak+ ! same am\nt ( sight ea* "t4 ,if y take less ?an ! am\nt ( front sight us$ 9 ! normal sight1 x w1 ( c\rse1 h ! effect ( l[]+ ! muzzle ( ! piece1 & consequ5tly y w hit a po9t l[] ?an if y _h us$ ! normal sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y take m ?an ! am\nt ( front sight us$ 9 ! normal sight1 x w1 ( c\rse1 h ! effect ( rais+ ! muzzle & consequ5tly y w hit a po9t high] ?an if y _h us$ ! normal sight4 7b7 ,f9e sight4 ,al?\gh occasionally a man w be f\nd :o c get good results by us+ ! f9e sight1 ! av]age man _c1 & ?is =m ( sight+ is1 !re=e1 to be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,f9e sight 7c7 ,full sight4 ,! s-call$ full sight mu/ be avoid$ "u all circum/ances4 ,x is m]ely m5tion$ & %[n "h to po9t out a fault t mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,! objections to its use are ! same z 9 ! case ( ! f9e sight1--t is1 lack ( uni=mity 9 ! am\nt ( sight tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,full sight #aced4 ,:at ! rifleman looks at :5 he fires4 ,! eye c be focus$ accurately ^u objects at only "o di/ance at a "t2 all o!r objects we see w be m or less blurr$ & fuzzy look+1 dep5d+ ^u _! di/ance f ! object ^u :i* our eye is focus$4 ,! rifleman :o atta9s pr(ici5cy focuses 8 eye on ! t>get :ile aim+1 b he glances at "o sight & !n ! o!r to see t !y are align$ prop]ly1 !n back at ! t>get1 & at ! in/ant ( dis*>ge 8 eye is on ! t>get4 ,prelim9>y ,drills #acee4 ,sight+1 ,position & ,aim+ ,drills4 ,! importance ( ! foll[+ sight+1 position & aim+ drills _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,if !y are c>efully practic$1 be=e fir+ a s+le %ot at a t>get1 y w h le>n$ h[ to aim y\r piece correctly1 hold y\r rifle /eadily1 squeeze ! trigg] prop]ly1 assume t position be/ adapt$ to ! p>ticul> con=mation ( y\r body1 & y w also h acquir$ ! quickness & manual skill requir$ = h&l+ ! piece 9 rapid fire4 ,! sight+1 position & aim+ drills tea* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( %oot+1 :i* are ! f\ndation ^u :i* m>ksman%ip is built4 ,d n conf9e y\rself to go+ ?r\gh ^! drills only dur+ drill h\rs1 b g ?r\gh !m frequ5tly at o!r times4 ,! ext5t to :i* x w improve y\r %oot+ w m ?an repay y = y\r tr\ble4 ,sight+ ,drills #acef4 ,object4 ,! objects ( ! sight+ drill are3 #a4 ,to %[ h[ to br+ ! re> sight1 ! front sight & ! t>get into ! same l9e1--t is1 to %[ h[ to sight prop]ly4 #b4 ,to discov] & po9t out errors 9 sight+4--9 o!r words1 to discov] ! errors y make 9 sight+ & %[ ! reasons = same1 s t y may be able to correct !m prop]ly4 #c4 ,to tea* uni=mity 9 sight+1--t is1 to tea* y h[ to take ! same am\nt ( sight ea* "t1--to see e "t ! same am\nt ( front sight :5 y look ?r\gh ! re> sight4 ,sight+ re/ = rifle4 ,a good sight+ re/ = a rifle may be made by remov+ ! top f an empty pi/ol ammunition box1 or a simil> box1 & !n cutt+ not*es 9 ! ends ( ! box to fit ! rifle closely4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,place ! rifle 9 ^! not*es ) ! trigg] gu>d close to & outside "o end4 ,at a conv5i5t di/ance above ! gr\nd fa/5 a blank %eet ( pap] on a wall or on a plank nail$ to a /ake driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,?ree legs are fa/5$ to ! re/ 7or x may be plac$ on ! gr\nd )\t any legs71 :i* is plac$ #bj or #cj feet f ! blank %eet ( pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,make sure t ! piece is cant$ nei!r to ! "r nor left1 & )\t t\*+ ! rifle or re/1 sight ! rifle ne> ! c5t] ( ! blank %eet ( pap] 7,fig4 #ag47 ,*anges 9 ! l9e ( sight are made by *ang+ ! elevation & w9dage4 ,a soldi] act+ z m>k] is provid$ ) a p5cil & a small rod be>+ at "o end a small piece ( :ite c>dbo>d1 ) a black bull's eye pi]c$ 9 ! c5t] ) a hole j l>ge en\gh to admit ! po9t ( a lead p5cil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,! soldi] sight+ directs ! m>k] to move ! disk to ! "r1 left1 high]1 or l[]1 until ! l9e ( aim is e/abli%$ :5 he comm&s1 ,m>k1 or ,hold4 ,at ! comm& ,m>k1 be+ c>eful n to move ! disk1 ! m>k] records ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5t] ! position ( ! disk & !n )draws x4 ,at ! comm& ,hold1 ! m>k] holds ! disk c>efully 9 place )\t m>k+1 until ! position is v]ifi$ by ! in/ructor1 & ! disk is n )drawn until s direct$4 #aceg4 ,po9t ( ,aim4 ,always be sure to aim at a po9t j bel[ ! black bull's-eye1--t is1 aim s t !re w be a f9e l9e ( light betwe5 ! bottom ( ! bull's-eye & !-top ( ! front sight 7,fig4 #ai74 ,?is is important to insure uni=mity 9 sight+1--t is1 9 ord] to make sure t y aim at ! same place on ! t>get ea* "t4 ,if ! top ( ! front sight t\*es ! bottom ( ! bull's-eye x is impossible to say j h[ mu* ( ! front sight is se51 & h[ f> up into ! bull's-eye y are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,fir/ ,sight+ ,ex]cise #aceh4 ,us+ ! sight+ re/ = ! rifle 7,fig4 #ag7 require ea* man to direct ! m>k] to move ! disk until ! rifle is direct$ on ! bull's-eye ) ! normal sight & comm&1 ,hold4 ,if aim+ correctly ! re> sight1 ! front sight & ! bull's-eye w look z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 above4 ,! in/ructor !n v]ifies ?is l9e ( sight4 ,errors1 if any1 w be po9t$ out to ! soldi] & ano!r trial made4 ,if he is /ill unable to sight correctly1 he w be giv5 z _m m trials z may be necess>y4 ,sometimes a man does n "k h[ to place ! eye 9 ! l9e ( sight2 he w look ov] or along "o side ( ! not* ( ! re> sight & believe t he is aim+ ?r\gh ! not* because he sees x at ! same "t t he does ! front sight4 ,aga9 "s m5 9 sight+ w look at ! front sight & n at ! object4 ,repeat ! above ex]cise1 us+ ! peep sight4 ,if aim+ correctly1 ! re> sight1 ! front sight & ! bull's-eye w look z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,second ,sight+ ,ex]cise #acei4 ,! triangle ( sight+4 ,us+ ! sight+ re/ = ! rifle z be=e 7,fig4 #ag71 direct ! m>k] to move ! disk until ! rifle is direct$ on ! bull's-eye ) ! normal sight & comm& ,m>k1 :]eupon ! m>k]1 be+ c>eful n to move ! disk1 records ?r\gh ! hole 9 its c5t]1 ! position ( ! disk1 & )draws x4 ,!n1 be+ c>eful n to move ! rifle or sights repeat ! op]ation until ?ree m>ks h be5 made4 ,jo9 ! ?ree po9ts by /raight l9es4 ,! %ape & size ( ! triangle w indicate ! nature ( ! v>iations made 9 sight+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,= example1 if y h tak5 ! same aim ea* "t1 y w get a v small triangle some?+ l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 triangle :i* result$ f tak+ ea* "t ?is aim1 = in/ance3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,a triangle l ,fig4 #bb results f n tak+ ! same am\nt ( front sight ea* "t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,a triangle l ,fig4 #bd %[s t ! front sight 0 n 9 ! middle ( ! not* ea* "t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,a triangle l ,fig4 #bf results f a comb9ation ( ! two errors m5tion$ above1--t is1 n tak+ ! same am\nt ( front sight ea* "t & n hav+ ! front sight 9 ! middle ( ! not* ea* "t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,if any "o ( ! sides ( ! triangle is long] ?an "o-half in*1 ! ex]cise is repeat$1 ea* sight be+ v]ifi$ by ! in/ructor1 :o w call ! soldi]'s att5tion to 8 errors1 if any4 ,! small] ! triangle1 ! bett] ! sight+4 #acfj4 ,v]ify+ ! triangle4 ,if ! sides ( ! triangle are s small t !y indicate regul>ity 9 sight+1 m>k ! c5t] ( ! triangle & !n place ! c5t] ( ! bull's-eye on ?is m>k4 ,! in/ructor !n exam9es ! position ( ! bull's-eye ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight4 ,if ! bull's-eye is prop]ly plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 ! soldi] aims correctly & ) uni=mity4 ,if ! bull's-eye is n prop]ly plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! l9e ( sight1 ! soldi] aims 9 a regul> mann] b ) a con/ant error4 #acfa4 ,causes ( errors4 ,if ! bull's-eye is directly above its prop] position1 ! soldi] has aim$ high1--t is1 he has tak5 too little front sight4 ,if ! bull's-eye is directly bel[ its prop] position1 ! soldi] has aim$ l[1--t is1 he has tak5 too mu* front sight4 ,if ! bull's-eye is directly to ! "r or left ( its prop] position1 ! soldi] has n sight$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! re> not* & ov] ! top ( ! front sight4 ,if to ! "r1 ! soldi] has ei!r sight$ along ! left ( ! re> sight not* or ! "r side ( ! front sight1 or has committ$ bo? ( ^! errors4 ,if ! bull's-eye is to ! left ( its prop] place1 ! soldi] has probably-sight$ along ! "r ( ! re> sight not*1 or to ! left ( ! front sight1 or has committ$ bo? ( ^! errors4 ,if ! bull's eye is diagonally above & to ! "r1 ! soldi] has probably comb9$ ! errors :i* plac$ x too high & too f> to ! "r4 ,any o!r diagonal position w\ld be produc$ by a simil> comb9ation ( v]tical & horizontal errors4 ,aft] ! above in/ruction has be5 giv5 to "o man1 ! l9e ( sight w be slightly *ang$ by mov+ ! sight+ re/ or by *ang+ ! elevation & w9dage1 & ! ex]cises simil>ly repeat$ ) o!r m54 ,repeat ! ex]cise1 us+ ! peep sight4 ,?ird ,sight+ ,ex]cise #acfb4 ,?is ex]cise %[s ! effect ( cant+ ! piece4 ,x is mo/ important t 9 aim+ ! sights be kept v]tical & ! piece n be cant$1--t is1 t ! b>rel be n tilt$ ov] to ! "r or left4 ,if ! piece is cant$ to ! "r1 ! sights are l[]$ to ! "r & consequ5tly ! bullet w /rike to ! "r & bel[ ! po9t aim$ at1 ev5 ?\gh ! rifle be o!rwise correctly aim$ & ! sights correctly set4 ,simil>ly if ! piece is cant$ to ! left ! sights are l[]$ to ! left1 & consequ5tly ! bullet w /rike to ! left & l[4 ,?is effect ( cant+ ! piece may be %[n z foll[s3 ,use ! sight+ re/ ) ! rifle firmly held 9 ! not*es1 ! bolt remov$4 ,pa/e a black pa/] ne> ! c5t] ( ! bottom l9e ( ! t>get4 ,sight ! rifle on ?is m>k1 us+ ab\t #bjjj y>ds' elevation4 ,!n1 be+ c>eful n to move ! rifle1 look ?r\gh ! bore & direct ! m>k] to move ! disk until ! bull's-eye is 9 ! c5t] ( ! field ( view & comm&1 ,m>k4 ,next1 turn ! re/ 7) ! rifle7 ov] #ij deg4 to ! "r1 on its side1 & ) ! same elevation1 sight on ! same pa/] z above4 ,!n1 be+ c>eful n to move ! rifle1 look ?r\gh ! bore & aga9 direct ! m>k] to move ! disk until ! bull's-eye is 9 ! c5t] ( ! field ( view & comm&1 ,m>k4 ,n consid]+ ! fall ( ! bullet1 ! fir/ m>k repres5ts ! po9t /ruck ) ! sight v]tical1 ! second m>k repres5ts ! po9t /ruck1 l[ & to ! "r1 us+ ! same elevation & ! same po9t ( aim1 :5 ! piece is cant$ #ij deg4 to ! "r4 ,diff]5t degrees ( cant+ ! piece c be repres5t$ by draw+ an arc ( a circle ?r\gh ! two m>ks ) ! pa/] z a c5t]4 ,! second m>k w be at a po9t on ?is arc correspond+ to ! degree ( cant+ ! piece4 ,x is important to "k t ?is effect ( cant+ increases ) ! di/ance f ! t>get4 ,f\r? ,sight+ ,ex]cise #acfc4 ,?is ex]cise is to %[ ! advantage ( black5$ sights4 ,9 /rong sunlight1 make a triangle ( sight+1 us+ a rifle hav+ sights worn bright4 ,!n1 be+ c>eful n to move ! rifle1 black5 ! sights & make ano!r triangle4 ,use dott$ l9es = ! triangle ) bright sights & full l9es = ! triangle made ) black5$ sights4 ,! position & size ( ! two triangles w pla9ly %[ ! advantage ( us+ black5$ sights4 ,fif? ,sight+ ,ex]cise #acfd4 ,?is ex]cise is to illu/rate ! importance ( kn[+ ! effects ( v>y+ degrees ( light4 ,9 /rong sunlight make a triangle ( sight+4 ,!n1 be+ c>eful n to move ! piece1 make ano!r triangle1 ! t>get & ! man sight+ hav+ fir/ be5 %ad$4 ,! relative positions ( ! triangles w %[ ! importance ( kn[+ ! effects ( v>y+ degrees ( light4 ,position & ,aim+ ,drills #acfe4 ,object4 ,! object ( ! position & aim+ drills are3 #a4 ,to s educate ! muscles ( ! arm & body t ! piece1 dur+ ! act ( aim+1 %all be held )\t re/ra9t1 & dur+ ! op]ation ( fir+ %all n be deflect$ f ! t>get by any convulsive or improp] movem5t ( ! trigg] f+] or ( ! body1 arms1 or h&s4 #b4 ,!y also e/abli% betwe5 ! h& & eye su* prompt & intimate connection z w insure t ! f+] %all act ^u ! trigg]1 giv+ ! f9al pressure at ! exact mom5t :5 ! top ( ! front sight is se5 to be direct$ ^u ! m>k4 #c4 ,if at ! mom5t ! piece is dis*>g$1 x is prop]ly support$ & correctly aim$1 ! m>k w surely be hit4 ,s9ce any fairly intellig5t man c be taught to aim correctly & to hold ! sights align$ ^u ! m>k ) a fair am\nt ( /ead9ess1 x foll[s t bad %oot+ mu/ necess>ily arise f causes o!r ?an bad aim+4 ,! *ief ( ^! causes is kn[n to be ! deflection giv5 to ! rifle :5 x is dis*>g$1 due to ! fact t ! soldi]1 at ! mom5t ( fir+1 in/ead ( ,,squeez+ ! trigg]1 j]ks x4 ,?is convulsive action is l>gely due to lack ( famili>ity ) ! me?ods ( fir+ & to a con/ra9$ position ( ! muscles ( ! body1 arm1 & h&s1 :i* con/ra9$ position x is ! object ( ! position & aim+ drills to correct4 #acff4 ,g5]al4 ,9 ord] to correct any t5d5cy to cant ! piece1 ! re> sight is rais$ 9 all ! ex]cises4 ,place a black pa/] at :i* to aim on ! wall opposite ea* man4 ,! squad be+ =m$ 9 s+le rank1 ) an int]val ( "o y>d betwe5 files1 ! in/ructor directs ! m5 to take ! position ( ,ready1 except t ! position ( ! feet is su* z to insure ! greate/ firmness & /ead9ess ( ! body4 ,! in/ructor !n cautions1 ,position & aim+ drill4 ,! ex]cise :i* is be+ taught %\ld be repeat$ frequ5tly & made cont9u\s4 ,! in/ructor prefaces ! prep>atory comm& by1 ,cont9ue ! motion1 or ,at w1 & gives ! comm& ,halt at ! conclusion ( ! ex]cise1 :5 ! soldi] returns to ! position ( ,ready4 ,or ! soldi] may be made to repeat ! fir/ & second motions by ! comm& ,"o1 ,two1 ! ex]cise conclud+ ) ! comm& ,halt4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 by ! in/ructor n to make ! position & aim+ drills t$i\s4 ,?irty m9utes daily %\ld be sp5t 9 ?is practice dur+ ! p]iod ( prelim9>y in/ruction4 ,aft] gall]y practice is tak5 up1 h[ev]1 five or t5 m9utes daily %\ld be suffici5t = ^! ex]cises4 ,9 ord] t ! in/ructor may readily detect & correct errors ! squads = ^! drills %\ld n consi/ ( m ?an eight m54 ,! in/ructor %\ld avoid hold+ ! squad 9 tiresome positions :ile mak+ explanations or corrections4 ,position ,ex]cise #acfg4 ,! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,position1 #b4 ,,ex]cise4 ,at ! comm&1 ,ex]cise )\t mov+ ! body or eyes1 raise ! rifle sm>tly to ! front ( ! "r %\ld] to ! full ext5t ( ! left arm1 elb[ incl9$ d[nw>d1 ! b>rel ne>ly horizontal1 muzzle slightly depress$1 heel ( ! butt on a l9e ) ! top ( ! %\ld]4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh 7,two47 ,br+ ! piece sm>tly aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 )\t p]mitt+ ! %\ld] to give way1 & press ! rifle aga9/ x1 ma9ly ) ! "r h&1 only slightly ) ! left1 ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& re/+ lightly aga9/ ! trigg]1 ! rifle incl9$ nei!r to ! "r nor left4 7,?ree47 ,resume ! position ( ready4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,rem>ks4 ,! in/ructor %\ld especially notice ! position ( ea* soldi] 9 ?is ex]cise1 endeavor+ to give to ea* man an easy & natural position4 ,he %\ld see t ! m5 avoid draw+ 9 ! /oma*1 rais+ ! brea/1 or b5d+ ! small ( ! back4 ,! butt ( ! piece mu/ be press$ firmly1 b n too tightly1 into ! holl[ ( ! %\ld] & n aga9/ ! muscles ( ! upp] arm4 ,if held too tightly1 ! pulsations ( ! body w be communicat$ to ! piece2 if too loosely1 ! recoil w bruise ! %\ld]4 ,if only ! heel or toe t\*es ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]1 ! recoil may ?r[ ! muzzle d[n or up1 affect+ ! position ( ! hit4 ,:ile bo? arms are us$ to press ! piece to ! %\ld]1 ! left arm %\ld be us$ to direct ! piece & ! "r =ef+] mu/ be left free to squeeze ! trigg]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,aim+ ,ex]cise #acfh4 ,! in/ructor w fir/ direct ! sights to be adju/$ = ! l[e/ elevation & subsequ5tly = ! diff]5t long] ranges4 ,! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,aim+4 #b4 ,,ex]cise4 ,at ! la/ comm& execute ! fir/ & second motion ( ! position ex]cise4 7,two47 ,b5d ! head a little to ! "r1 ! *eek re/+ aga9/ ! /ock1 ! left eye clos$1 ! "r eye look+ ?r\gh ! not* ( ! re> sight at a po9t slightly bel[ ! m>k4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca 7,?ree47 ,draw a mod]ately long brea?1 let a portion ( x escape1 !n1 ) ! lungs 9 a /ate ( re/1 sl[ly raise ! rifle ) ! left h&1 be+ c>eful n to incl9e ! sight to ei!r side1 until ! l9e ( sight is directly on ! m>k2 hold ! rifle /eadily direct$ on ! m>k = a mom5t2 !n1 )\t comm& & j be=e ! p[] to hold ! rifle /eadily is lo/1 drop ! rifle to ! position ( ,ready & resume ! brea?+4 #acfi4 ,rem>ks4 ,"s riflem5 pref] to ext5d ! left arm4 ,su* a position gives great] control ov] ! rifle :5 fir+ 9 a /rong w9d or at mov+ objects4 ,x also possesses advantages :5 a rapid z well z accurate deliv]y ( fire is desir$4 ,:atev] ! position1 :e!r /&+1 kneel+1 sitt+1 or prone1 ! piece %\ld re/ on ! palm ( ! left h&1 nev] on ! tips ( ! f+]s1 & %\ld be firmly grasp$ by all ! f+]s & ! ?umb4 ,! eye may be br\ght to ! l9e ( sight ei!r by l[]+ ! head or by rais+ ! %\ld]2 x is be/ to comb9e some:at ^! me?ods2 ! %\ld] to be well rais$ by rais+ ! "r elb[ & hold+ x well to ! front & at "r angles to ! body4 ,if ! %\ld] is n rais$1 x w be necess>y = ! soldi] to l[] ! head to ! front 9 ord] to br+ ! eye into ! l9e ( sight4 ,l[]+ ! head too f> to ! front br+s x ne> ! "r h&1 :i* grasps ! /ock4 ,:5 ! piece is dis*>g$1 ?is h& is c>ri$ by ! recoil to ! re> &1 :5 ! head is 9 ?is position1 may /rike aga9/ ! nose or m\?4 ,?is (t5 happ5s 9 practice1 & z a result ( ?is bl[ (t5 repeat$ _m m5 become gun-%y1 or fl9*1 or close _! eyes at ! mom5t ( fir+4 ,mu* bad %oot+1 ascrib$ to o!r causes1 is really due to ?is fault4 ,rais+ ! "r elb[ at "r angles to ! body elevates ! "r %\ld]1 & lifts ! piece s t x is no long] necess>y to incl9e ! head mat]ially to ! front 9 ord] to look along ! sights4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! soldi]'s neck det]m9es greatly ! exact me?od ( tak+ ! prop] position1 ! in/ructor w be c>eful to see t ! position is tak5 )\t re/ra9t4 ,z *anges 9 ! elevation ( ! re> sight w necessitate a correspond+ *ange 9 ! position ( ! soldi]'s head :5 aim+1 ! ex]cise %\ld n be held ) ! sight adju/$ = ! long] ranges until ! m5 h be5 practic$ ) ! sights z ! latt] w\ld g5]ally be employ$ = (fh& fir+4 ,! soldi] mu/ be caution$ t :ile rais+ ! l9e ( sight to ! m>k he mu/ fix 8 eyes on ! m>k & n on ! front sight2 ! latt] c !n be readily br\ght into ! l9e jo9+ ! re>-sight not* & m>k4 ,if ?is plan be n foll[$1 :5 fir+ is held on ! range at long di/ances ! m>k w g5]ally appe> blurr$ & indi/9ct4 ,! front sight w always be pla9ly se51 ev5 ?\gh ! eye is n direct$ p>ticul>ly ^u x4 ,! rifle mu/ be rais$ sl[ly1 )\t j]k1 & its motion /opp$ gradually4 ,9 reta9+ x direct$ at ! m>k1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cont9ue ! aim aft] /ead9ess is lo/2 ?is p]iod w probably be f\nd to be %ort at fir/1 b w quickly l5g!n ) practice4 ,no ef=t %\ld be made to prolong x beyond ! "t t brea?+ c be easily re/ra9$4 ,ea* soldi] w det]m9e = himself ! prop] "t = discont9u+ ! aim4 ,! m5 mu/ be caution$ n to hold ! brea? too long1 z a trembl+ ( ! body w result 9 _m cases4 ,"s riflem5 pref]1 9 aim+1 to keep bo? eyes op5 b1 unless ! habit is fix$1 ! soldi] %\ld be in/ruct$ to close ! left eye4 ,trigg]-,squeeze ,ex]cise #acgj4 ,! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,trigg] squeeze4 #b4 ,,ex]cise4 ,at ! comm& ,ex]cise1 ! soldi] executes ! fir/ motion ( ! aim+ ex]cise4 7,two47 ,! second motion ( ! aim+ ex]cise4 7,?ree47 ,draw a mod]ately long brea?1 let a portion ( x escape1 hold ! brea? & sl[ly raise ! rifle ) ! left h& until ! l9e ( sight is on ! m>k1 be+ c>eful n to incl9e ! sights to ei!r side4 ,contract ! trigg] f+] gradually1 sl[ly & /eadily increas+ ! pressure on ! trigg]1 :ile ! aim is be+ p]fect$2 cont9ue ! gradual increase ( pressure s t :5 ! aim has become exact ! additional pressure requir$ to release ! po9t ( ! se> c be giv5 almo/ ins5sibly & )\t caus+ any deflection ( ! rifle4 ,cont9ue ! aim a mom5t aft] ! release ( ! fir+ p91 obs]ve if any *ange has be5 made 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( sight1 & !n resume ! position ( ,ready1 cock+ ! piece by rais+ & l[]+ ! bolt h&le4 ,rem>ks4 ,poor %oot+ is (t5 ! result ( lack ( prop] coo]d9ation ( hold+ ! brea?1 ! maximum /ead9ess ( aim1 & ! squeeze ( ! trigg]4 ,by frequ5t practice 9 ?is ex]cise1 ea* man may come to "k ! exact in/ant 8 fir+ p9 w be releas$4 ,he mu/ be taught to hold ! brea?1 br+ ! sights to be> ^u ! m>k1 & squeeze ! trigg] all at ! same "t4 #acga4 ,! ,trigg] ,squeeze4 ,! trigg] %\ld be squeez$1 n pull$1 ! h& be+ clos$ ^u itself z a sponge is squeez$1 ! =ef+] %>+ 9 ?is movem5t4 ,! =ef+] %\ld be plac$ z f> ar\nd ! trigg] z to press x ) ! second jo9t4 ,by practice ! soldi] becomes famili> ) ! trigg] squeeze ( 8 rifle1 & kn[+ ?is1 he is able to judge at any "t1 )9 limits1 :at additional pressure is requir$ = its dis*>ge4 ,by con/ant repetition ( ?is ex]cise he %\ld be able f9ally to squeeze ! trigg] to a c]ta9 po9t beyond :i* ! slighte/ movem5t w release ! se>4 ,hav+ squeez$ ! trigg] to ?is po9t1 ! aim is correct$ &1 :5 true1 ! additional pressure is appli$ & ! dis*>ge foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,rapid-,fire ,ex]cise #acgb4 ,object4 ,! object ( ?is ex]cise is to tea* ! soldi] to aim quickly & at ! same "t accurately 9 all ! positions he w be call$ ^u to assume 9 range practice4 ,! in/ructor comm&s3 #a4 ,rapid-fire ex]cise4 #b4 ,,comm5ce ,,fir+4 ,at ! fir/ comm& ! fir/ & second motions ( ! trigg]-squeeze ex]cise are p]=m$4 ,at ! second comm&1 ! soldi] p]=ms ! ?ird motion ( ! trigg]-squeeze ex]cise1 squeez+ ! trigg] )\t di/urb+ ! aim or ! position ( ! piece1 b at ! same "t )\t undue delib]ation4 ,he !n )\t remov+ ! rifle f ! %\ld]1 hold+ ! piece 9 position ) ! left h&1 grasps ! h&le ( ! bolt ) ! "r h&1 rapidly draws back ! bolt1 closes ! *amb]1 aims1 & aga9 squeezes ! trigg]4 ,?is movem5t is repeat$ until ! trigg] has be5 squeez$ five times1 :51 )\t comm&1 ! piece is br\ght back to ! position ( ,ready4 ,:5 ! soldi] has acquir$ "s facility 9 ?is ex]cise1 he w be requir$ to repeat ! movem5t t5 times1 & f9ally1 by us+ dummy c>tridges1 he may1 by degrees1 ga9 ! necess>y quickness & dext]ity = ! execution ( ! rapid fire requir$ 9 range fir+4 #acgc ,me?ods4 ,! me?ods ( tak+ position1 ( aim+1 & ( squeez+ ! trigg]1 taught 9 ! prec$+ ex]cises1 %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! rapid-fire ex]cises1 ) due att5tion to all details taught !re92 ! details be+ c>ri$ out z prescrib$ except t great] promptness is necess>y4 ,9 ord] t any t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! recruit to slight ! movem5ts ( aim+ & ( trigg] squeeze %all be avoid$1 ! rapid-fire ex]cises w n be taught until ! recruit is ?or\ghly drill$ & famili> ) ! prec$+ ex]cises4 ,! recruit w be in/ruct$ t ) practice 9 ?is class ( fire ! trigg] c be squeez$ promptly )\t d]ang+ ! piece4 #acgd4 ,repetition4 ,if ! recruit seems to execute ! ex]cise hurri$ly or c>elessly1 ! in/ructor w require him to repeat x at a sl[] rate4 #acge4 ,manipulation ( ! ,bree* ,me*anism4 ,to hold ! piece to ! position ( ! left h& %\ld n be *ang$1 b ! left =e>m ) ! prop] facility1 are le>n$ only aft] mu* practice4 ,"s riflem51 especially m5 :o %oot f ! left %\ld]1 f9d x easi]1 9 rapid fir+1 to drop ! piece to ! position ( load aft] ea* %ot4 ,:ile at fir/ trial ?is me?od may seem easi]1 x is believ$ t1 ) practice1 ! advantage ( ! =m] me?od w be app>5t4 ,position & ,aim+ ,drill1 ,kneel+ #acgf4 ,^! ex]cises w be repeat$ 9 ! kneel+ position by caus+ ! squad to kneel by ! comm&s prescrib$ 9 ! ,drill ,regulations4 ,! ex]cises w be execut$ z prescrib$ = /&+1 except t ! comm& ,two 9 ! position ex]cise1 ! soldi] w re/ ! left elb[ on ! left knee1 ! po9t ( ! elb[ 9 front ( ! kneecap4 ,! pa/]s = ! kneel+ ex]cise %\ld be at #b-a_/b feet f ! floor or gr\nd4 ,rem>ks4 ,frequ5t re/s w be giv5 dur+ practice 9 ^! ex]cises kneel+1 z ! position1 if long cont9u$1 becomes con/ra9$ & fatigues ! soldi] unnecess>ily4 ,9 rais+ ! rifle to ! m>k 9 ! second & ?ird ex]cises1 ! position ( ! left h& %\ld n be *ang$1 b ! left =e>m %\ld be br\ght t[>d ! body & at ! same "t ! body b5t slightly to ! re>4 ,:5 aim+ kneel+ !re is1 f ! nature ( ! position1 a t5d5cy to press ! butt ( ! rifle aga9/ ! upp] arm in/ead ( aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]2 ?is w necessitate incl9+ ! head consid]ably to ! "r to get ! l9e ( sight1 & by br++ ! rifle s f> to ! re> w1 if ! ?umb is plac$ across ! /ock1 cause x to give by ! recoil a bl[ ^u ! nose or m\?4 ,^! difficulties may be avoid$ by advanc+ ! "r elb[ well to ! front1 at ! same "t rais+ x s t ! arm is ab\t p>allel ) ! gr\nd4 ,! holl[ ( ! %\ld] w !n be ! natural place = ! rifle butt1 & ! "r ?umb w be br\ght too f> f ! face to /rike x 9 ! recoil4 ,"s riflem5 pref]1 by b5d+ ! ankle1 to re/ ! in/ep flat on ! gr\nd1 ! weight ( ! body com+ m on ! upp] "p ( ! heel2 ?is obviates any t5d5cy ( ! "r knee to slip2 or1 by re/+ ! "r side ( ! foot on ! gr\nd1 toe po9t+ to ! front1 to br+ ! weight ( ! body on ! left side ( ! foot4 ,^! positions are au?oriz$4 #acgg4 ,*oice ( ,position4 ,9 fir+ kneel+1 ! /ead9ess obta9$ dep5ds greatly ^u ! position adopt$4 ,! peculi>ities ( con=mation ( ! individual soldi] ex]t :5 fir+ kneel+ a great] influ5ce ?an :5 fir+ ei!r /&+1 sitt+1 or prone2 ! in/ructor %\ld1 !re=e1 c>efully endeavor1 notic+ ! build ( ea* soldi]1 to place him 9 ! position = :i* he is be/ adapt$ & :i* w ex]t ! lea/ t5sion or /ra9 ^u ! muscles & n]ves4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t )\t ! re/ ( ! left elb[ on ! knee ?is position possesses no advantage ( /ead9ess ov] ! /&+ position4 #acgh4 ,kneel+ ,position2 ,:5 ,tak54 ,! kneel+ position c be tak5 m quickly ?an ei!r ! sitt+ or ! prone position4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! position naturally assum$ :5 a soldi]1 :o is /&+ or advanc+1 has to make a quick %ot at a mov+ or disappe>+ object & desires m /ead9ess ?an c be obta9$ /&+4 ,position & ,aim+ ,drill1 ,sitt+ ,d[n #acgi4 ,9 _m cases ! m51 :ile able to kneel & hold ! piece mod]ately /eady1 c obta9 9 a sitt+ position mu* bett] results4 ,all %\ld1 !re=e1 be in/ruct$ 9 aim+ sitt+ d[n z well z kneel+4 ,to practice ! soldi] 9 ! prec$+ ex]cises 9 a sitt+ position1 ! squad be+ =m$ 9 a s+le rank1 ) an int]val ( "o pace betwe5 files1 ! rifle %\ld fir/ be br\ght to ,ord] arms2 ! in/ructor !n comm&s3 ,sit d[n4 ,at ?is comm& make a half face to ! "r &1 assi/$ by ! left h& on ! gr\nd1 sit d[n1 fac+ slightly to ! "r1 ! left leg direct$ t[>d ! front1 "r leg incl9$ t[>d ! "r1 bo? heels1 b n necess>ily ! bottoms ( ! feet1 on ! gr\nd1 ! "r knee slightly high] ?an ! left2 body erect & c>ri$ naturally f ! hips2 at ! same "t drop ! muzzle ( ! piece to ! front1 & to ! position ( ! fir/ motion ( load1 "r h& ^u ! ?igh1 j 9 front ( ! body1 ! left h& slightly above1 b n re/+ ^u1 ! left leg4 ,! ex]cise w be execut$ z h]et(ore prescrib$1 except t at ! comm& ,two 7position ex]cise7 ! soldi] w re/ ! left elb[ on ! left knee1 ! po9t ( ! elb[ 9 front ( ! kneecap1 & ! "r elb[ aga9/ ! left or inside ( ! "r knee1 at ! same "t incl9+ ! body f ! hips slightly =w>d4 ,= ! aim+ & trigg]-squeeze ex]cises ! pa/]s1 us$ z aim+ po9ts1 w be #b-a_/b feet f ! floor or ! gr\nd4 ,to af=d ! m5 re/ or on ! completion ( ! kneel+ or sitt+ d[n ex]cises ! in/ructor w comm& ,rise1 :5 ! m5 rise1 face to ! front1 & resume ! ,ord] arms4 ,rem>ks4 ,if ! prec$+ position is c>efully practic$1 /ead9ess is quickly atta9$4 ,! "r leg %\ld n be c>ri$ s f> to ! "r z n to af=d a good support or brace = ! "r elb[4 ,?is position may be modifi$1 b1 9 g5]al1 n )\t impair+ ! /ead9ess ( ! man1 by cross+ ! legs at ! ankle1 ! outside ( ea* foot re/+ ^u ! gr\nd1 body m erect1 & ! knees slightly m rais$ ?an 9 ! previ\s position4 ,position & ,aim+ ,drill1 ,prone #achj4 ,f ! nature ( ! position x is n practicable to execute ^! ex]cises accord+ to ! me?od foll[$ :5 /&+ or kneel+4 ,in/ruction w1 h[ev]1 always be giv5 ) ref]5ce to ! position1 to ! mann] ( assum+ x1 & to aim+ & squeez+ ! trigg]4 ,= ?is purpose ! squad be+ =m$ z specifi$ above1 9 ! position & aim+ drill1 sitt+ d[n 7! black pla/]s !re9 m5tion$ be+ ab\t #ab in*es f ! gr\nd71 ! squad w be br\ght to ,ord] arms4 ,!n 7! squad ei!r /&+ or kneel+71 ! in/ructor comm&s3 ,lie d[n1 :i* w be execut$ z prescrib$ 9 ! ,drill ,regulations2 ! legs may be spread ap>t & ! toes turn$ out if f\nd to give a /eadi] position4 ,aft] ! squad has tak5 ! position z prescrib$ above1 ! legs %\ld be incl9$ well to ! left1 & ei!r cross$ or sep>at$ z ! soldi] pref]s or z 8 p>ticul> con=mation appe>s to r5d] mo/ desirable1 & ! body at ! same "t incl9$ slightly to ! "r4 ,) c>e & practice ! soldi] may acquire an easy position :i* he is able to assume ) great facility4 #acha4 ,be+ at ,ready1 ! in/ructor !n comm&s3 #a4 ,trigg] squeeze4 #b4 ,,ex]cise4 ,at ! latt] comm& c>ry ! left elb[ to ! front & slightly to ! "r1 ! left h& "u ! b>rel at ! balance1 weight ( ! body ma9ly support$ by ! left elb[1 ! "r re/+ lightly on ! floor or gr\nd4 7,two47 ,slide ! rifle ) ! "r h& ?r\gh ! left h& to ! front until ! left h& is a little 9 front ( ! trigg] gu>d2 at ! same "t raise ! rifle ) bo? h&s & press x aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! %\ld]4 7,?ree47 ,direct ! rifle ^u ! m>k & c>ry out ! fur!r details ( aim+ & squeez+ ! trigg] z prescrib$ 9 ! trigg]-squeeze ex]cise4 ,!n resume ! position1 ly+ d[n4 ,z soon z ! m5 h acquir$ ) accuracy ! details ( ! position1 !y w be practic$1 )\t ! numb]s1 9 aim+ & squeez+ ! trigg] at w2 aft] :i* ! rapid-fire ex]cise 9 ! prone position w be practic$1 ! necess>y skill & dext]ity be+ acquir$ by degrees4 ,to af=d ! m5 re/1 or on completion ( ! ex]cise1 ! in/ructor w comm&3 ,rise1 :i* is execut$ z prescrib$ 9 ! ,drill ,regulations4 #achb4 ,rem>ks4 ,! prec$+ position = fir+ ly+ d[n possesses 9 a great] degree ?an any o!r position ! m]it ( adaptability to ! configuration ( ! gr\nd2 x enables ! soldi] to deliv] fire ov] l[ p>apets or improvis$ %elt]s1 ?us mak+ ! be/ use ( cov]4 ,! importance ( tra9+ ! soldi] 9 fir+ f ! o!r positions %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be lo/ sight (1 s9ce f ! prone position x w frequ5tly be impossible to see ! objective4 ,back positions are n au?oriz$4 ,9 ! prone position1 :5 aim+1 ! left elb[ %\ld be well "u ! b>rel1 ! o!r elb[ some:at to ! "r1 b n s f> z to induce any t5d5cy to slip on ! floor or gr\nd4 ,! great] *anges 9 elevation requir$ 9 fir/ direct+ ! rifle on ! object %\ld be giv5 by alt]+ ! position ( ! left h& "u ! b>rel1 ! slight] *anges only by advanc+ or )draw+ ! %\ld]4 ,z ! body does n yield to ! recoil1 z :5 fir+ /&+ or kneel+1 ! =ce ( recoil1 if ! rifle is n prop]ly held1 may sev]ely bruise ! soldi]4 ,x is "o ( ! objects ( ?is ex]cise to s tea* him t ?is w be prev5t$ by assum+ a correct position4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! butt is n br\ght aga9/ ! coll> bone4 ,by mov+ ! %\ld] slightly to ! front or re>1 & by mov+ ! "r elb[ f ! body or t[>d x1 ea* soldi] may det]m9e ! position 9 :i* ! %\ld] gives to ! butt ( ! rifle ! easie/ re/4 ,?is w probably be ! "o 9 :i* ! =ce ( ! recoil w be lea/ felt4 ,! soldi] %\ld p]si/ 9 ?is ex]cise until he obta9s a position 9 :i* he feels no con/ra9t1 :i* w n subject him to bruises f recoil1 & f :i* ! m>k appe>s pla9ly ?r\gh ! sights4 ,hav+ secur$ su* a position1 he mu/ n *ange x :5 fir+1 z a v>iation 9 ! po9ts ( support ( ! rifle1 ! di/ance ( ! eye f ! re> sight1 or ! t5sion ( ! hold has a decid$ effect1 especially at ! long] ranges1 ^u ! location ( ! po9t /ruck4 ,important4 ,! soldi] %\ld be enc\rag$ to g ?r\gh ^! ex]cises frequ5tly at o!r ?an drill h\rs1 c>e be+ tak5 t1 9 ! aim+ & trigg]-squeeze ex]cises1 he always has "s def9ite object = a m>k4 ,deflection & ,elevation ,correction ,drills 7,sight-,sett+ ,drills7 #achc4 ,sight ,correction4 ,y may f9d :5 fir+ at a t>get t ! fir/ %ot has miss$ ! bull's-eye or figure4 ,n[1 "o ( two ?+s may be done 9 ord] to cause ! second %ot to hit ! bull's-eye or figure3 7#a7 ,! po9t ( aim may be *ang$1 or 7#b7 ! sights may be mov$ & ! same po9t z be=e aim$ at4 ,9 ord] to d accurate %oot+ x is necess>y to h a well-def9$ m>k at :i* to aim2 consequ5tly1 except = v slight corrections1 ! me?od ( mov+ ! sights1 involv+ *anges 9 elevation & w9dage1 is ! "o to be us$4 ,ex]cises4 ,9 ord] to give ! soldi] practice 9 mak+ corrections 9 elevation & deflection 7w9dage71--t is1 9 sight-sett+1--proce$ z foll[s3 ,take an ,a t>get & rule x (f ) r$ v]tical l9es to repres5t range & black or blue horizontal l9es to repres5t w9dage deviations1 z 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,tell ! m5 to set _! sights 7ei!r peep or op57 = #bjj y>ds1 no w9dage4 ,exam9e ! sights 7assi/$ by ! lieut5ants1 noncommission$ (fic]s & exp]t riflem574 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,!n say1 = example1 ,y h fir$ a %ot at #bjj y>ds ) y\r sights set z y n[ h !m4 ,! %ot 0 m>k$ "h 7po9t+ to ',p1' ,fig4 #cc74 ,*ange y\r sights s z to move ! next %ot into ! bull's-eye1--consid]+ t y take ! same hold z y did ! la/ "t4 7,note4 ,9 ?is case ! sight %\ld be l[]$ #ge y>ds & #b po9ts ( left w9dage %\ld be tak547 ,repeat ) diff]5t positions = ,p until ! m5 all und]/& ! me?od & ! reasons4 ,d same = #cjj y>ds1 #ejj y>ds1 & #fjj y>ds4 ,see ,figs4 #cd1 #ce1 & #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,expla9 t 9 fir+ no *ange 9 sights %\ld be made until ! man is sure t 8 hold 0 good1 & !n *ange )\t hesitancy4 ,! correct use ( sights & _! prop] adju/m5t c ?us be taught )\t fir+ a %ot4 ,?is ex]cise w save mu* "t & "w on ! range4 ,elevation4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 rais+ ! re> sight increases ! range ( ! bullet & l[]+ x decreases ! range4 ,! am\nt ( *ange :i* a giv5 am\nt ( elevation w cause 9 ! po9t /ruck v>ies ) ! range & ) ! rifle & ) ! ammunition us$4 ,= example1 g5]ally & approximately1 9 ord]1 at a range ( #ejj y>ds1 to *ange ! po9t /ruck #a foot1 ! re> sight mu/ be *ang$ #dh y>ds1 :ile to *ange ! po9t /ruck #a foot at #ajjj y>ds x mu/ be *ang$ #ab y>ds4 ,t is to say1 if y fir$ a %ot at #cjj y>ds1 & !n ) ! same aim1 hold & o!r conditions z be=e1 y rais$ y\r re> sight #dh y>ds1 ! next %ot w\ld /rike ! t>get #a foot above ! fir/ "o1 & if y l[]$ ! re> sight #dh y>ds1 ! bullet w\ld !n /rike ! t>get #a foot bel[ ! fir/ "o4 ,if fir+ at #ajjj y>ds1 rais+ ! re> sight #ab y>ds w\ld cause ! bullet to /rike ! t>get #a foot high] & l[]+ ! re> sight #ab y>ds w\ld cause x to /rike #a foot l[]4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! approximate *anges 9 ! re> sight to move ! po9t /ruck #a foot at ranges f #ajj to #ajjj y>ds3 ----------------------------------- ,correction 9 elevation ,range necess>y to *ange ! po9t /ruck #a foot ---------------------------------- #ajj #dae #bjj #ahe #cjj #aje #djj #gj #ejj #dh #fjj #ce #gjj #be #hjj #bj #ijj #ae #a1jjj #ab ---------------------------------- ,! score-books issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t conta9 elevation *>ts & all y h to d is to consult ! *>t ( y\r score-book 9 ord] to get ! am\nt ( elevation necess>y at any p>ticul> range 9 ord] to raise or l[] y\r %ots any desir$ di/ance4 #achd4 ,deflection 7w9dage74 ,corrections 9 ! deflection 7side movem5t7 ( ! bullet are made by means ( ! w9dage screw t moves ! movable base1 ea* division ( ! graduations on ! re> end ( ! movable base be+ call$ a po9t ( w9dage4 ,"o po9t ( w9dage moves ! po9t /ruck #d in*es = ea* #ajj y>ds ( range4 ,t is to say1 at #ajj y>ds1 #a po9t ( w9dage moves ! po9t /ruck #d in*es2 at #bjj y>ds1 #h in*es 7#b x #d72 at #cjj y>ds1 #ab in*es 7#c x #d71 etc4 ,consequ5tly1 if at #ajj y>ds ! w9d 7 c>ry+ y\r bullets #h in*es to ! side1 y w\ld take two po9ts ( w9dage to get ! bull's-eye1 & if ! w9d 7 c>ry+ y\r bullets #bj in*es to ! side1 y w\ld take #e po9ts ( w9dage1 irrespective ( ! rate at :i* ! w9d 0 bl[+4 ,aga91 if at #bjj y>ds ! w9d 7 c>ry+ y\r bullets #h in*es to ! side1 y w\ld take #a po9t ( w9dage1 & if x 7 c>ry+ y\r bullets #bj in*es to ! side1 y w\ld take #b-a_/b po9ts1 irrespective ( ! rate at :i* ! w9d 0 bl[+4 ,9 us+ ! w9d gauge rememb] w9dage is always tak5 9 ! direction f :i* ! w9d is com+ 7into ! w9d7 & ! bullet moves 9 ! same direction t ! re> sight moves1--t is1 if ! w9d is com+ f ! "r1 y take "r w9dage & ! bullet w /rike to ! "r4 ,likewise if y move ! re> sight to ! left 7take left w9dage71 ! bullet w /rike to ! left4 ,,gall]y ,,practice #ache4 ,object & importance4 ,aft] ! soldi] has be5 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 sight+1 & 9 ! position1 aim+1 deflection1 & elevation correction drills1 he is ex]cis$ 9 fir+ at %ort ranges 7#ej & #ge feet7 ) ! gall]y practice rifle 74#bb calib]74 ,not)/&+ ! value ( ! position & aim+ drills1 x is impossible to keep up ! soldi]'s int]e/ if ^! ex]cises are unduly prolong$4 ,by gall]y practice1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ is easily ma9ta9$ & fur!r progress1 especially 9 tea*+ ! trigg] squeeze1 is made4 ,_m ( ! ext]nal influ5ces1 :i* on ! range affect ! fir+1 be+ abs5t1 ! soldi] is n puzzl$ by results = :i*1 at ?is /age ( 8 education1 he c\ld n acc\nt 7 he advanc$ to fir+ ) full *>ges4 ,fur!rmore1 z !re is no recoil to induce n]v\sness or fl9*+1 ! soldi] soon f9ds t he c make good scores1 & ?is success is ! sure/ /imulus to int]e/4 ,n only to ! beg9n] is gall]y practice ( value2 to ! good %ot x is a means ( keep+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 practice1 & practice 9 %oot+1 z mu* z 9 any?+ else1 is ess5tial4 ,s9ce x c be c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 gall]y practice is ( mu* value 9 fix+ 9 ! m5 ! habit ( aim$ fire1 ?an :i* no?+ 9 8 tra9+ is ( m importance4 ,,range ,,practice #achf4 ,hav+ complet$ ! gall]y practice c\rse1 ! soldi] is !n advanc$ to kn[n-di/ance fir+ on ! t>get range :]e he uses ! s]vice rifle1 ) s]vice ammunition4 ,?is kn[n-di/ance practice is divid$ into c]ta9 regul> c\rses & special c\rses4 ,! regul> c\rses & ,special ,c\rse ,a are = troops ( ! ,regul> ,army4 ,!re is also a special c\rse = ! ,organiz$ ,militia & ,volunte]s & "o = ,volunte] recruits4 ,all ! v>i\s c\rses are describ$ 9 detail 9 ! ,small-,arms ,fir+ ,manual & anyone hav+ occasion to use any ( !m %\ld famili>ize himself ?or\ghly !re)4 ,,o!r ,,in/ruction #achg4 ,use ( sl+4 ,aft] ! soldi] has be5 drill$ 9 ! prop] /&+1 kneel+1 sitt+1 & prone positions 9 ! =ego+ ex]cises1 ! use ( ! sl+ w be taught4 ,adju/m5ts & _! advantages w be taught ) ! idea ( non9t]f]5ce ) quickness & fre$om ( action4 ,! trigg] squeeze ex]cises w !n be cont9u$ 9 ! diff]5t positions1 us+ ! sl+4 #achh4 ,description & adju/m5t4 ,! sl+ is made up ( f\r p>ts3 ! long /rap1 ,a1 =m+ ! arm loop2 ! %ort /rap1 ,b2 & ! two keep]s1 ,c & ,d4 ,at "o end ( ea* ( ! /raps !re is a metal claw1 us$ = adju/+ ! /raps4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! %ort /raps !re is a metal loop ?r\gh :i* ! long] /rap is pass$1 ?us connect+ ! two /raps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg ,to adju/ ! sl+ = fir+1 ! claw ( ! %ort /rap is dis5gag$ & re5gag$ 9 ! prop] holes ( ! %ort /rap1 su* adju/m5t z may be necess>y be+ also made 9 ! long /rap 7! arm loop74 #achi4 ,:at ! sl+ does4 ,x does two ?+s3 7#a7 ,x /eadies ! rifle1 & 7#b7 helps to take up ! recoil1--t is1 to r$uce ! kick4 ,its use4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t me?ods ( us+ ! sl+4 ,exp]im5t ) diff]5t ones until y f9d & decide ^u ! me?od be/ suit$ to y4 ,! sl+ %\ld be us$ 9 all fir+1--combat practice z well z at t>get practice4 ,always adju/ ! sl+ s t x w be tight4 ,h ! arm loop no long] ?an is necess>y to rea* ! middle ( ! small ( ! /ock4 ,:5 on ! arm1 h ! l[] end ( ! arm loop well up ne> ! arm pit1 ) ! keep] well press$ d[n s z to hold ! loop fa/4 ,note ! prop] adju/m5ts ( ! sl+ = ! diff]5t fir+ positions1--t is1 /&+1 sitt+1 kneel+1 & prone1 & m>k ! adju/m5ts on ! inside ( ! arm loop1 ,/ 7/&+71 ,si 7,sitt+71 ,k 7kneel+71 & ,p 7prone74 ,x is sometimes advisable to sew a piece ( rope to y\r %irt sleeve to keep ! sl+ f slipp+ d[n4 #acij4 ,to put on ! sl+4 #a4 ,put y\r left h& 9 ! loop1 twi/+ ! sl+ to ! left1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ch1 & hold+ ! rifle ) ! "r h& z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,twi/+ ! sl+ to ! left causes a flat surface in/ead ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! sl+ to re/ aga9/ ! wri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch #b4 ,ext5d ! arm on ?r\gh ! loop1 7,fig4 #ci71 br++ ! loop well up ne> ! pit ( ! arm1 grasp+ ! piece ) ! left h&1 & press+ d[n keep]1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci #c4 ,place left h& betwe5 ! sl+ & piece1 7,fig4 #dj71 ! h& be+ press$ well =w>d t[>d ! upp] sl+ swivel1 ,a4 ,notice h[ ! back ( ! h& is re/+ aga9/ ! flat ( ! sl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj #d4 ,come to ! position ( aim1 ,fig4 #da4 ,pressure is appli$ to ! sl+ by press+ =w>d ! left h&1 & hold+ ! rifle to ! %\ld] ) ! "r h&4 ,rememb] t :atev] pressure y apply mu/ be ! same = ea* %ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da ,"r side view ,notice 7,figs4 #da & #db7 h[ well =w>d ! left h& is1 & h[ ! flat ( ! sl+ is re/+ aga9/ ! wri/ & back ( h&4 ,see h[ ! %ort /rap1 ,c1 7,fig4 #da71 ( ! sl+ is correctly loose4 ,! ?umb %\ld be held along ! /ock z %[n 7,a7 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db ,left side view #acia4 ,designation ( w9ds4 ,w9ds are designat$ z #ab o'clock1 #a o'clock1 #b o'clock1 etc41 w9ds1 dep5d+ on ! direction f :i* !y come4 ,imag9e ! fir+ po9t to be 9 ! middle ( ! face ( a clock & ! t>get to be at #ab o'clock2 #c o'clock w be on y\r "r1 #i o'clock on y\r left1 #f o'clock 9 y\r re> & #ab 9 y\r front4 ,a w9d bl[+ f y\r "r to y\r left is call$ a #c o'clock w9d2 "o bl[+ f y\r re> is call$ a #f o'clock w9d2 "o f y\r front1 #ab o'clock w9d1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc ,! score-books issu$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t h w9dage *>ts t h be5 c>efully work$ out & all y h to d is ?is3 ,e/imate ! =ce ( ! w9d 9 miles p] h\r1 & det]m9e ! direction f :i* x comes 7:e!r a #i o'clock w9d1 a #b o'clock w9d1 etc474 ,!n look at ! w9dage *>t & see j h[ mu* w9dage y mu/ take4 ,! simple/ & be/ rule = ! beg9n] is = him to make 8 e/imate & !n ask an exp]i5c$ %ot :at w9dage to use1 *eck+ ?is up ) :at he f\nd on ! w9dage *>t4 ,9 ?is way he soon le>ns to e/imate = himself4 ,practice e/imat+ ! w9d4 ,ask a man :o has be5 mak+ #e's & #d's :at w9dage he us$ & *eck up ) y\r own e/imate4 ,y c f9d out ! direction ( ! w9d by wat*+ smoke1 grass or ! limbs ( trees4 ,?r[ up "s small /raws & wat* :i* way !y are bl[n1 or wet y\r f+] & hold x up4 ,! w9d cools ! side x /rikes4 ,a #ab o'clock w9d sl[s up ! bullet & a #f o'clock w9d helps x along1--s1 9 ! fir/ case y w\ld ne$ m elevation & 9 ! second less elevation4 #acib4 ,! z]o ( a rifle4 ,! twi/ ( ! bullet giv5 by ! rifl+ ( ! b>rel causes ! bullet to move to "r1 :i* movem5t1 call$ ! drift1 is comp5sat$ by hav+ ! slot 9 ! re> sight = ! drift slide1 slope to ! left4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s rifles ! comp5sation is too great & 9 o!rs x is n en\gh4 ,t read+ ( ! w9d gauge necess>y to ov]come ! drift ( a rifle at a p>ticul> range is call$ ! z]o ( t rifle = t range1 & all all[ances = w9d %\ld be calculat$ f ?is read+4 ,! z]o ( a rifle is f\nd by %oot+ x on a p]fectly calm day4 #acic4 ,e/imat+ di/ance4 ,ability to e/imate di/ances correctly is an important "p ( a soldi]'s education4 ,:ile x is true t fire on ! battlefield w usually be by gr\ps & ! ranges w be giv5 by (fic]s1 ! battlefield is rea*$ only aft] a long s]ies ( exp]i5ces 9 sc\t+1 patroll+1 & outpo/ duty1 9 :i* ! soldi] is frequ5tly plac$ 9 positions :]e x is necess>y t he %all det]m9e = himself ! range to be us$ 9 ord] t 8 fire may be effective4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( e/imat+ ! range 7= example1 by s\nd1 trial %ots1 range-f9d+ in/rum5ts1 etc471 b ! only ones t ! av]age soldi] ne$ "k are ^? ( e/imat+ di/ance by ! eye & by trial %ots4 ,to e/imate di/ance by ! eye ) accuracy1 x is necess>y to be famili> ) ! appe>ance1 z to l5g?1 ( a unit ( measure :i* c be comp>$ m5tally ) ! di/ance :i* is to be e/imat$4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t unit ( l5g? is #ajj y>ds4 ,to impress ^u ! soldi] ! ext5t ( a /ret* ( #ajj y>ds two po/s #ajj y>ds ap>t1 ) %ort /akes betwe5 to m>k ea* #be y>ds1 %\ld be plac$ ne> ! b>racks1 or on ! drill gr\nd1 & ! soldi] requir$ to pace (f ! m>k$ di/ance sev]al times1 c\nt+ 8 /eps4 ,he w ?us le>n h[ _m ( 8 /eps make #ajj y>ds & w become famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! :ole di/ance & ( its fractional p>ts4 ,next a di/ance ( m ?an #ajj y>ds w be %[n him & he w be requir$ to comp>e ?is di/ance ) ! #ajj-y>d unit & to e/imate x4 ,hav+ made 8 e/imate1 he w be requir$ to v]ify its accuracy by pac+ ! di/ance4 ,a few m9utes ea* day %\ld be sp5t 9 ?is practice1 ! soldi] (t5 be+ requir$ to make 8 e/imate by rais+ 8 re>-sight leaf & %[+ x to ! in/ructor4 ,aft] ! fir/ drills ! soldi] %\ld be requir$ to pace ! di/ance only :5 ! e/imate is unusually inaccurate4 ,! soldi] %\ld be taught t1 9 judg+ ! di/ance f ! enemy1 8 e/imate may be correct$ by a c>eful obs]vation ( ! cle>ness ) :i* details ( dress1 ! movem5ts ( limbs or ( ! files 9 a l9e may be se54 ,9 ord] to d]ive ! b5efit ( ?is me?od1 ! soldi] w be requir$ to obs]ve closely all ! details not$ above 9 s+le m5 or squads ( m5 po/$ at v>y+ di/ances1 :i* w be measur$ & ann\nc$4 ,al?\gh ! /&+ & kneel+ silh\ettes us$ 9 field practice af=d good objects ^u :i* to e/imate di/ances1 ! in/ructor %\ld make frequ5t use ( liv+ figures & natural objects1 z ?is is ! class ( t>gets f :i* ! soldi] w be compell$ to e/imate 8 range 9 active s]vice4 #acid4 ,me?ods ( e/imat+ long di/ances by ! eye4 ,! foll[+ me?ods are f\nd useful3 7a7 ,! soldi] may decide t ! object _c be m ?an a c]ta9 di/ance away nor less ?an a c]ta9 di/ance2 8 e/imates mu/ be kept )9 ! close/ possible limits & ! mean ( ! two tak5 z ! range4 7b7 ,! soldi] selects a po9t :i* he consid]s ! middle po9t ( ! :ole di/ance1 e/imates ?is half di/ance & d\bles x1 or he simil>ly divides ! di/ance into a c]ta9 numb] ( l5g?s :i* are famili> to him4 7c7 ,! soldi] e/imates ! di/ance along a p>allel l9e1 z a road on "o side1 hav+ on x well-def9$ objects4 7d7 ,! soldi] takes ! mean ( sev]al e/imates made by diff]5t p]sons4 ,?is me?od is n applicable to in/ruction4 #acie4 ,det]m9ation ( di/ance by trial %ots or volleys4 ,if ! gr\nd is s dry or du/y t ! fall ( ! bullets is visible to ! nak$ eye or ?r\gh a field glass1 di/ance may be det]m9$ by us+ a numb] ( trial %ots or volleys4 ,9 ! case ( individual trial %ots1 ! soldi] sets 8 sight at ! e/imat$ range1 wat*+ to see :]e ! bullet /rikes1--or "s o!r man1 ) or )\t field glasses1 may wat* to see :]e x /rikes4 ,if ! bullet /rikes beyond ! t>get1 ! e/imat$ sight sett+ is decreas$2 if x falls %ort1 ! sight sett+ is increas$4 ,9 case ( volleys1 ! sights are set at ! e/imat$ range & a volley is fir$4 ,if x appe>s to /rike a little %ort ( ! m>k1 an increase 9 elevation ( #ajj y>ds is us$ = ! next volley4 ,:5 we h ! t>get inclos$ betwe5 two volleys1 we take ! mean ( ! e/imat$ ranges = ! correct range4 ,= example1 if ! fir/ e/imat$ range 7 #ajjj & ! second #aajj1 ! correct range w\ld be #ajej4 #acif4 ,appe>ance ( objects3 ,h[ modifi$ by v>y+ conditions ( light2 diff]5ce ( level1 etc4 ,dur+ in/ruction ! m5 %\ld be taught ! effect ( v>y+ conditions ( light & t]ra9 ^u ! app>5t di/ance ( an object4 ,objects seem ne>]-- 7a7 ,:5 ! object is 9 a bright light4 7b7 ,:5 ! color ( ! object contra/s %>ply ) ! color ( ! backgr\nd4 7c7 ,:5 look+ ov] wat]1 sn[1 or a uni=m surface l a :eat field4 7d7 ,:5 look+ f a height d[nw>d4 7e7 ,9 ! cle> atmosph]e ( high altitudes4 ,objects seem m di/ant-- 7a7 ,:5 look+ ov] a depression 9 ! gr\nd4 7b7 ,:5 !re is a poor light or a fog4 7c7 ,:5 only a small "p ( ! object c be se54 7d7 ,:5 look+ f l[ gr\nd upw>d t[>d high] gr\nd4 #acig4 ,effect ( heat & cold4 ,heat causes %ots to /rike high1 & cold causes !m to /rike l[4 ,!re=e1 if y %ot on a w>m day & made #e's1 & record$ temp]ature & o!r conditions 9 y\r score-book1 y w\ld "k on look+ at y\r score %eets t y %\ld raise y\r elevation1 if y 7 fir+ on a cold day4 #acih4 ,effect ( moi/ure4 ,dampness causes %ots to /rike high & dryness causes !m to /rike l[4 ,!re=e1 on damp days take l[] elevations ?an on dry days4 #acii4 ,effect ( light4 ,light affects ! aim+ )\t ! beg9n] kn[+ x4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 affect ! travel ( ! bullet4 ,a d>k t>get causes a t5d5cy to aim f>!r bel[ ! bull's-eye ?an if ! t>get 7 bright4 ,!re=e1 use high] elevations ) d>k t>gets4 ,z x gets d>k]1 high] elevations %\ld be us$4 ,if y always aim c>efully & correctly ! light w h little effect on y\r aim+1--t is1 if y\r eyesight is good4 ,if y are %oot+ 9 a dull light & a bright sun comes out1 say on y\r "r1 !re is a t5d5cy to move ! front sight to ! opposite 7left7 side ( ! re> sight not*1 s9ce ! ne> 7"r7 edge is %ad$ & obscur$ some:at4 ,!re=e #a_/d to #a_/b w9dage into ! sun 7"r 9 ?is case7 %\ld be tak5 to ov]come ?is4 ,9 us+ battle sight1 hold high] = a bright light4 ,we also raise our sights if a /rong sun comes out4 ,!re=e1 we h ?is rule3 ,move y\r re> sight into ! sun1 j z y d = a w9d1--& raise y\r elevation4 #adjj4 ,mirage gives a wav]+ appe>ance to ! t>get4 ,x is heat$ air t is mov+4 ,x is sometimes call$ heat waves4 ,) ! w9d betwe5 #b & #ad miles an h\r on cle>1 hot days ! waves c be se5 mov+ across ! t>get4 ,:5 !re is no w9d or a light six o'clock w9d1 ! waves g /raight up1 or boil4 ,nev] fire :5 ! mirage is boil+1--wait = x to move f "o side to ! o!r & !n take w9dage to correct = x4 #adja4 ,summ>y ( temp]ature1 light & moi/ure effects3 ,raise elevation =-- ,dull t>get ,%oot+ 9 ! sun ,hot gun ,dirty gun ,cold day ,bright or %9+ sight ,cl\dy day #ab o'clock w9d ,l[] elevation =-- ,bright t>get ,t>get 9 sun ,cold gun ,clean gun ,hot day ,moi/ day ,full sights #f o'clock w9d #adjb4 ,fir+ ) bayonet fix$4 ,9 fir+ ) bayonet fix$ usually a l[] po9t on ! t>get w be /ruck1 correspond+ to a r$uction ( ab\t #ej y>ds 9 ! range4 #adjc4 ,c>e ( rifle4 ,s9ce ! accuracy ( a soldi]'s rifle has a mo/ important be>+ on 8 %oot+1 & s9ce ! prop] c>e ( a rifle affects its accuracy1 ! c>e ( ! rifle is an important subject 9 :i* e soldi] %\ld be ?or\ghly in/ruct$4 ,! subject is fully cov]$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 7,*apt] ,,xv1 ,"p ,i74 ,,collective ,,in/ruction 7,combat practice7 #adjd4 ,g5]al s*eme4 ,:ile individual in/ruction is mo/ important1 x is n ev]y?+4 ,! maximum effect ( fire 9 battle is obta9$ :5 a comm&1 z a :ole1 is a pliable1 manageable1 effective in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a comm&] :o c use x intellig5tly & effici5tly4 ,!re=e1 ! two objects to be obta9$ are3 #a4 ,to make ! comm& a pliable1 manageable1 effective in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( its comm&]4 #b4 ,to tra9 & in/ruct ! comm&] s t he w "k h[ to use ?is in/rum5t 9 an intellig5t & effici5t mann]4 #adje4 ,to make ! fire unit a pliable1 manageable1 effici5t in/rum5t4 ,9 ord] t a unit may be a pliable1 manageable1 effici5t in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( its comm&]1 he mu/ be able to control ! unit absolutely1--t is to say1 n only mu/ ! individuals compos+ ! unit be s tra9$ t !y w respond at once1 ev5 9 ! d9 & confusion ( battle1 to ! w ( ! comm&]1 z express$ by 8 ord]s1 b !y mu/ also be s in/ruct$ & discipl9$ t !y c1 z individual p>ts ( ! unit1 p]=m _! functions effici5tly4 ,?is is accompli%$ by fire discipl9e4 #adjf4 ,fire discipl9e4 ,by fire discipl9e is meant a habit ( ob$i5ce1 a control ( ! rifle1 & a display ( intellig5ce1 all ! result ( tra9+1 :i* w enable ! soldi] 9 action to make hits in/ead ( misses4 ,x embraces tak+ advantage ( ! gr\nd2 c>e 9 sett+ ! sight & deliv]y ( fire1 includ+ prop] fire di/ribution2 con/ant att5tion to ! ord]s ( ! lead]s & c>eful obs]vation ( ! enemy2 an increase ( fire :5 ! t>get is favorable1 & a cessation ( fire :5 ! enemy disappe>s2 economy ( ammunition4 #adjg4 ,to tra9 & in/ruct ! comm&] to use ! unit ) intellig5ce & effici5cy4 ,9 ord] to h&le ! unit ) intellig5ce & effici5cy1 utiliz+ to ! greate/ ext5t possible ! p[] ( all ! rifles "u 8 comm&1 n only mu/ ! comm&] be able to control ! unit1 hav+ x respond at once to 8 e comm&1 b he mu/ also "k tactics1 & be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! te*nical pr9ciples ( infantry fire4 #adjh4 ,combat ex]cises4 ,a combat ex]cise consi/s ( ! application ( tactical pr9ciples to c]ta9 assum$ battle situation1 9 ! execution ( :i* are employ$ ! appropriate =mations & movem5ts ( close & ext5d$ ord] drill1 & 9 :i*1 z a rule1 ball c>tridges are us$ 9 fir+ at ! t>gets4 ,by means ( combat ex]cises1 ! unit comm&]s are tra9$ & in/ruct$ 9 apply+ tactical pr9ciples1 9 controll+ & direct+ ! fire ( _! units & ! m5 are tra9$ & in/ruct$ 9 fire discipl9e4 ,! tactical pr9ciples applicable to combat ex]cises are cov]$ 9 ! ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 "u ! head+s ( ,fire & ,combat4 #adji4 ,te*nical pr9ciples ( fir+4 ,! te*nical pr9ciples ( fir+ are giv5 9 detail 9 ! ,small-,arms ,fir+ ,manual1 a summ>y ( :i* is giv5 bel[ "u ! head+s (1 ,! ,effect ( ,fire1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,gr\nd1 & ,! ,adju/m5t ( ,fire4 ,! ,effect ( ,fire #adaj4 ,balli/ic qualities ( ! rifle4 ,! accuracy ( a rifle1 ! flatness ( its trajectory1 & its disabl+ p[]1--t is1 ! p[] x has to disable ! enemy1--are call$ its balli/ic qualities4 ,! accuracy ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,spr+field rifle1 calib] 4#cj1 model ( #aijc1 is v high1--probably sup]ior to t ( any o!r milit>y rifle4 ,! flatness ( trajectory is dep5d5t ^u ! muzzle velocity1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ^u ! =m ( ! bullet4 ,our bullet is po9t$ & ! muzzle velocity is #bgjj feet p] second1 :i* is a v high muzzle velocity4 ,two rifles ( diff]5t type may be equally accurate1 b ! accuracy ( ! "o hav+ ! flatt] trajectory w1 naturally1 be less affect$ by slight errors 9 sight sett+4 ,aga91 ano!r advantage ( ! rifle ) ! flatt] trajectory is t x holds m gr\nd "u its fire4 ,= example1 take our s]vice rifle3 ,at a range ( #ejj y>ds1 ! bullet1 at ! highe/ po9t 9 its trajectory or l9e ( flight1 is #b feet above ! l9e ( sight4 ,x is1 !re=e1 app>5t t if ! bottom ( an object #b feet or great]1 is aim$ at1 x w\ld be /ruck if x 7 any:]e "u #ejj y>ds4 ,n[1 take a rifle ) a v curv$ trajectory1 say "o ^: bullet1 at ! highe/ po9t ( ! trajectory correspond+ to a range ( #ejj y>ds1 is #aj feet above ! l9e ( sight4 ,!re w be a l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd betwe5 ! t>get & ! rifle t is n dang] space = a t>get #b feet above ! l9e ( sight4 ,h5ce1 we see t ! rifle ) ! flatt] trajectory is bett]4 ,! cont9u\s dang] space af=d$ by ! flat trajectory ( our s]vice rifle enables u to adopt a univ]sal sight = all ranges up to #ejj y>ds1--t is1 ! battle sight1 :i* is ! re> sight ready = use :5 ! sight leaf is laid d[n4 #adaa4 ,cone ( fire or cone ( disp]sion4 ,if a body ( soldi]s fire at ! same t>get ! bullets w n1 ( c\rse1 foll[ ! same pa?1 b w be scatt]$4 ,?is is due to diff]5ces 9 sights1 p>ts ( ! rifle1 ammunition1 & to a great] ext5t1 to ! individual errors ( ! soldi]s 9 aim+ & fir+4 ,! trajectories or pa?s ( ! bullets consid]$ toge!r =m a horn-%ap$ figure or cone1 call$ ! ,cone ( fire or cone ( disp]sion4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd #adab4 ,%ot gr\p & c5t] ( impact4 ,if ! cone ( fire be int]cept$ by a t>get 7= example1 ,a ,o1 ,fig4 #dd7 at "r angles to ! axis ( ! cone1 ! %ot holes w make a patt]n or gr\p call$ ! %ot gr\p1 ! holes be+ ! ?icke/ approximately 9 ! c5t] ( ! gr\p1 call$ ! c5t] ( impact4 ,f ?is po9t 9 all directions ! d5sity ( ! gr\p+ decreases progressively1--at fir/ gradually1 !n m rapidly1 out to ! limits ( ! gr\p4 ,naturally1 ! size ( ! cone ( fire & ( ! %ot gr\p v>y ) ! skill ( ^? fir+1 good %ots mak+ a small cone & small gr\p1 & poor %ots a l>ge cone & l>ge gr\p4 #adac4 ,beat5 zone4 ,! int]section ( ! cone ( disp]sion ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd is call$ ! beat5 zone4 ,if ! surface ( ! gr\nd is horizontal1 ! =m ( ! beat5 zone is t ( an ellipse ) its long] axis 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( fire1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de ,9 view ( ! fact t at ! long ranges ! angle ( fall ( ! bullets is mu* great] ?an at %ort ranges1 x foll[s t at %ort ranges ! elliptical figure 7beat5 zone7 is mu* m elongat$ ?an at long ranges4 ,9 o!r words1 ! long] ! range1 ! %ort] is ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 #adad4 ,unc]ta9ty & ineffectiv5ess ( long-range fire4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t z ! range increases ! l5g? ( ! beat5 zone decreases1--t is1 a less dep? ( gr\nd is held "u fire4 ,t be+ ! case1 if an error is made 9 sight sett+ due1 = example1 to an incorrect e/imate ( ! range1 ! proportionate loss ( fire effect due to misplacem5t ( ! c5t] ( impact w be great] z ! beat5 zone is less1--t is1 z ! range is great]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! difficulty ( exact range det]m9ation increases ) ! di/ance1 ! two influ5ces comb9+ to make long-range fire unc]ta9 & usually ineffective4 #adae4 ,zone ( effective fire4 ,t portion ( ! gr\nd :i* conta9s ! be/ #ge p] c5t ( ! %ots 9 ! beat5 zone1 is call$ ! zone ( effective fire4 ,effectiv5ess ( ,fire #adaf4 ,factors involv$4 ,! effectiv5ess ( fire dep5ds ^u ^! ?ree factors3 7#a7 ,! p]c5tage ( hits made2 7#b7 ,! numb] ( t>gets hit2 7#c7 ,! "t ( execution4 ,t is to say1 ! effectiv5ess ( fire is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( enemies disabl$ or t>gets hit 9 a giv5 "t4 #adag4 ,p]c5tage ( hits4 ,by ! p]c5tage ( hits is meant ! proportion ( all ! bullets fir$ t hit ! t>gets4 ,= example1 if #ajjj bullets are fir$ & #gej hit ! t>gets1 !n ! p]c5tage ( hits is #ge4 ,! p]c5tage ( hits dep5ds ^u ! disp]sion1 & ?is is influ5c$ by ! precision ( ! arm1 ! range1 ! visibility ( ! t>get1 ! atmosph]ic conditions1 ! tra9+ & in/ruction ( ! troops1 & ^u _! physical & moral /ate at ! "t4 ,9 addition1 ! p]c5tage ( hits also dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! gr\nd z favor+ rico*et hits1 ^u ! correct e/imation ( ! range & ! prop] designation ( ! t>get4 #adah4 ,numb] ( t>gets hit4 ,! numb] ( t>gets hit1--t is1 ! di/ribution ( fire1--may be affect$ by v>y+ degrees ( visibility1 z m5 in/9ctively *oose ! m conspicu\s m>ks z aim+ po9ts4 ,"u any circum/ances1 a poor di/ribution ( ! hits made w be due to an abs5ce ( prop] in/ructions f ! lead]s2 or1 9 o!r words1 to poor control1 or else to a want ( und]/&+ or lack ( ob$i5ce on ! "p ( ! m54 #adai4 ,"t ( execution4 ,! "t ( execution is important 9 t ! ga9+ ( fire sup]iority is dep5d5t less ^u obta9+ high p]c5tages ( hits ?an ^u mak+ an absolutely l>ge numb] ( hits 9 a unit ( "t4 ,!re is necess>ily a limit to ! rapidity ( fire :i*1 if exce$$1 w result 9 "s loss ( accuracy4 ,) t>gets ( a fair degree ( visibility1 ! foll[+ may be tak5 z /&>d rates ( fire = troops :o h be5 giv5 suitable tra9+ 9 t>get practice3 #bjj y>ds #cjj y>ds #aj %ots p] m9ute4 #djj y>ds #ejj y>ds #fjj y>ds #g4e %ots p] m9ute4 #gjj y>ds #hjj y>ds #ijj y>ds #e %ots p] m9ute4 #a1jjj y>ds ,great] ranges1 #c %ots p] m9ute4 ,! rates giv5 %\ld n exclude high] rates ( fire 9 ! case ( l>ge & conspicu\s t>gets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 objectives1 or m>ks us$ z aim+ po9ts1 are v indi/9ct1 ! requirem5t ( correct aim+ imposes rates ( fire some:at l[] ?an ! /&>d rates giv5 ev5 = well-in/ruct$ m54 ,) imp]fectly tra9$ m5 :o h n fully acquir$ ! habit ( us+ aim$ fire only1 & :o are lack+ 9 ! manual dext]ity requir$ = execut+ ! /&>d rates ( fire1 ! maximum rate c n well exce$ six %ots p] m9ute )\t incurr+ ! dang] ( laps+ into unaim$ fire4 ,fatigue & exhau/ion1 ! results ( m>*es or prolong$ fir+1 h a detrim5tal influ5ce & t5d to l[] ! rates ( effective fire4 ,influ5ce ( ,gr\nd #adbj4 ,defilade4 ,if we w consid] a bullet j graz+ ! top ( an imp5etrable ob/acle 7l ,a1 ,fig4 #df71 ! space f ! top ( su* ob/acle to :]e ! bullet /rikes ! gr\nd 7space ,b ,e1 ,fig4 #df7 w be protect$ f fire4 ,su* space is call$1 defilad$ space4 ,its ext5t w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! height ( ! ob/acle1 ! curvature ( ! trajectory & ! slope ( ! gr\nd 9 re> ( ! ob/acles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df ,betwe5 ,b & ,d1 a soldi] /&+ w\ld be completely protect$2 betwe5 ,d & ,e1 he w\ld be only p>tially protect$4 ,to obta9 complete protection betwe5 ,d & ,e ! soldi] w\ld h to assume ! kneel+ or prone position1 dep5d+ on h[ f> away f ,d he 04 ,by cov] is meant effective defilade f ! enemy's fire4 ,by concealm5t is meant scre5+ f view b n necess>ily protection f fire4 #adba4 ,ris+ & fall+ gr\nd4 ,! influ5ce ( ! gr\nd ^u ! effect ( fire is at once se5 by /udy+ ,fig4 #dd4 ,if ! gr\nd rises1 z %[n by ,b ,o & ,a ,o1 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone 7& consequ5tly ! effect ( fire7 decreases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! gr\nd falls 7up to a c]ta9 po9t71 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone 7& consequ5tly ! effect ( fire7 increases4 #adbb4 ,dep? ( beat5 zone affects only t>gets hav+ dep?4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t dep? ( beat5 zone c affect only t>gets :i* h dep?4 ,on a t>get 9 ! =m ( a l9e1--a l9e ( skirmi%]s1 = example1--! dep? ( ! beat5 zone has no effect "o way or ! o!r4 ,if su* a t>get1 h[ev]1 is back$ up by supports & res]ves1 ! dep? ( ! beat5 zone may h a decid$ effect on !m1 dep5d+ ^u _! di/ance 9 re> ( ! l9e =m+ ! t>get & ! slope ( ! gr\nd 9 re> ( su* t>get4 ,9 ?is connection1 att5tion is invit$ to ,fig4 #dg1 :i* %[s h[ 9 ! case ( a fire deliv]$ f a height at a t>get on a horizontal plane b5ea?1 ! beat5 zone is %ort5$ & consequ5tly ! fire effect decreas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg ,an example ( increas+ ! dep? ( beat5 zone is se5 9 ,fig4 #dh1 :i* %[s a fire deliv]$ f l[ gr\nd at a t>get on ! edge ( a plateau or cre/ ( a ridge f :i* ! gr\nd slopes to ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh #adbc4 ,graz+ fire4 ,%ots :i* pass ov] a cre/ ) an angle ( fall con=m+1 or ne>ly con=m+1 to ! slope ( ! gr\nd beyond ! edge ( ! cre/ 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh71 are call$ graz+ %ots & fire s deliv]$ is call$ graz+ fire4 #adbd4 ,dim9ution or increase 9 fire effect due to ris+ & fall+ gr\nd4 ,9 connection ) ! dim9ution or increase 9 fire effect due to ris+ & fall+ gr\nd1 att5tion is invit$ to ! foll[+3 #a4 ,if ! gr\nd slopes upw>d to ! re> f a fir+ l9e1 ! supports may be plac$ clos] )\t increas+ ! dang] f fire aim$ at ! fir+ l9e4 #b4 ,:5 ! gr\nd slopes d[n & to ! re> f ! fir+ l9e =m+ ! t>get1 ! supports mu/ be po/$ at a great] di/ance 9 re>1 unless ! slope is s mu* great] ?an ! angle ( fall ( ! ho/ile bullets t a defilad$ space is creat$ 9 :i* no bullets /rike1 9 :i* case ! supports may be br\ght up close to ! cre/4 #c4 ,on gr\nd ris+ ) respect to ! l9e ( sight1 column t>gets 7i4 e41 hav+ dep?7 w suff] great] losses ?an l9eal t>gets4 #d4 ,on gr\nd fall+ ) respect to ! l9e ( sight1 ! rev]se slope ( hills or ! level gr\nds ( plateaus1 l9e t>gets w suff] ! great] losses4 #adbe4 ,rico*et %ots4 ,:5 a bullet /rikes any surface & is deflect$ x is call$ a rico*et %ot4 ,n only d bullets t rico*et usually tumble aft] /rik+1 b !y are also mutilat$1 s t w\nds inflict$ by rico*et hits are usually sev]e4 ,! mo/ favorable gr\nd = rico*ets is a smoo?1 h>d1 horizontal surface1 ! aim be+ l[1 ! *ance ( rico*ets 9 s& is v slight4 #adbf4 ,occupation ( gr\nd4 ,! "q ( ! occupation ( gr\nd pres5ts ^! two aspects3 #a4 ,:at fir+ positions may be *os5 :i* w t5d to increase ! losses ( ! enemy8 #b4 ,:at positions may be *os5 & =mations adopt$ to m9imize our own losses8 ,! selection ( a def5sive position pres5ts ?is "q3 ,%all x be ne> ! cre/ or well d[n ! slope8 ,a position well d[n ! slope ,advantages3 #a4 ,! dep? ( ! beat5 zone = fire deliv]$ f ! position is increas$ & ! upp] portion ( ! cone ( fire w include ! supports & res]ves advanc+ to re5=ce ! ho/ile fir+ l9e4 ,t is to say1 ! fire w be a graz+ fire4 #b4 ,x elim9ates dead spaces t might o!rwise exi/ at ! bottom ( ! slope4 #c4 ,! ho/ile fire be+ direct$ aga9/ a po9t well d[n ! slope1 ! high gr\nd 9 re> w int]pose z a defilade & int]cept ! upp] portion ( ! cone ( fire :i* might o!rwise take effect on ! supports & res]ves beh9d ! cre/4 ,disadvantages3 #a4 ,x makes )drawal difficult 9 case x becomes necess>y to fall back4 #b4 ,x is difficult to re5=ce ! fir+ l9e4 ,a position ne> ! cre/ ,advantages3 #a4 ,x favors obs]vation ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,x makes )drawal easy 9 case x becomes necess>y to fall back4 #c4 ,x is easy to re5=ce ! fir+ l9e by ! supports advanc+ f beh9d ! cre/4 ,disadvantages3 #a4 ,! dep? ( ! beat5 zone is decreas$ & consequ5tly ! cone ( fire w probably n include ! supports & res]ves advanc+ to re5=ce ! ho/ile fir+ fire4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fire w be a plung+ fire4 #b4 ,x is likely to result 9 dead spaces at ! bottom ( ! slope4 #c4 ,x af=ds a good t>get = ! ho/ile artill]y4 ,:e!r or n a position ne> ! cre/ or a position d[n ! slope %\ld be *os51 dep5ds1 9 ea* case1 ^u circum/ances4 ,= in/ance 9 a re> gu>d action1 :]e a det]m9$ /& is n contemplat$1 a position ne> ! cre/ w\ld be occupi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a det]m9$ /& 7 contemplat$1 ! t]ra9 (f]$ good opportunity = ! deliv]y ( an effective graz+ fire1 & we _h reason to believe t we 7 go+ to be subject$ to heavy artill]y fire1 a position at ! foot ( ! slope w\ld be select$4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said t1 9 g5]al1 a def5sive position %\ld be ne> ! bottom ( ! slope4 #adbg4 ,g5tle rev]se slopes4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( avoid+ losses1 all g5tle rev]se slopes are dang]\s & are to be avoid$ :5 possible4 ,:5 necess>y to trav]se or to occupy su* gr\nd1 precautions mu/ be tak5 to protect ! res]ves or o!r bodies ( troops by plac+ !m on ! flanks2 by dispos+ !m 9 =mations ) a n>r[ front2 by caus+ !m to lie d[n2 by ! con/ruction ( suitable %elt]1 & by avoid+ useless movem5ts4 ,adju/m5t ( ,fire #adbh4 ,fire at /ation>y t>gets4 ,! correct adju/m5t ( fire is atta9$ by caus+ ! c5t] ( impact to fall on ! c5t] ( ! t>get4 ,?is is ! problem con/antly pres5t$ 9 combat fir+4 ,! two important elem5ts ent]+ into ?is problem are1 7#a7 ! comm&] & 7#b7 ! troops4 ,:5 a body ( troops has aim$ correctly at ! t>get indicat$1 ) ! elevation ord]$ & has fir$ ) /ead9ess1 x has done all t c be expect$ ( x1 b t is n suffici5t2 =1 if ! comm&]1 by giv+ ! wrong sight-sett+1 = example1 has fail$ to cause ! c5t] ( impact to fall on ! c5t]1 ( ! t>get1 ! result may be no?+4 ,h5ce ! vital importance ( kn[+ & ann\nc+ ! correct range4 ,x is kn[n t good %ots make a small gr\p & poor %ots a l>ge gr\p1 av]age %ots mak+ a gr\p ( int]m$iate size4 ,x is frequ5tly /at$ t troops compos$ ( good %ots are n s effective 9 collective fir+ z poor] %ots4 ,h[ is ?is possible8 ,! explanation is simple4 ,! %ot gr\p ( ! good %ots is small & if misplac$ by an error 9 range e/imation few hits result :ile ! %ot gr\p ( poor] %ots1 be+ l>g]1 is n s mu* affect$ by ! same error 9 range e/imation1 w cov] ! gr\nd1 & probably hit m figures4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is only true :5 a consid]able error has be5 made 9 e/imat+ ! range4 ,z battle t>gets are mo/ly l9e t>gets1 a displacem5t to ! "r or left does n am\nt to mu*1 b an error 9 dep? 7range71 z /at$ be=e1 is s]i\s4 ,?us we1 see t ! correct det]m9ation ( ! range is v important4 #adbi4 ,det]m9ation ( range4 ,! range may be det]m9$1 ) only a small error1 by a range f9d]4 ,!re are sev]al o!r me?ods1 z1 = in/ance1 by trial %ots1--! du/ ?r[n up by ! bullet %[+ :e!r ! range is too %ort or too great1--by s\nd1 by ! appe>ance ( objects1 etc41 b except 9 delib]ately prep>$ def5sive positions1 e/imat+ by eye w be ! mo/ practicable me?od ( e/imat+ ! range4 ,= all practical purposes a v satisfactory result w be obta9$ by tak+ ! av]age e/imates ( sev]al tra9$ m54 ,9 obs]v+ ! effect ( ! fire ! gr\nd may be wet1 or cov]$ ) turf1 sod or bru% 9 :i* no signs ( /rik+ %ots c be se54 ,by c>eful use ( good field glasses "s indication ( ! place :]e ! %ots are go+1 may be obta9$4 ,! actions ( ! enemy may (t5 indicate :e!r ! fire is effective or n4 #adcj4 ,comb9$ sights4 ,all o!r means fail+1 comb9$ sights may be resort$ to4 ,by ?is is meant fir+ "p ( ! troops ) sights set at "o range & "p ) a range great] or less by #ajj y>ds or m4 ,?is increases ! beat5 zone & w g5]ally assure a c]ta9 am\nt ( fire effect4 ,?is me?od is seldom us$ "u #ejj y>ds4 #adca4 ,auxili>y aim+ po9ts4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! t>get is s well conceal$ t x is invisible4 ,9 ?is case "s well def9$ object 9 front or beh9d x mu/ be us$ z an aim+ t>get1 & ! range giv5 s t ! beat5 zone w include ! actual t>get at its c5t]4 #adcb4 ,fire at mov+ t>gets4 ,9 fir+ at a mov+ enemy1 a beat5 zone mu/ be e/abli%$ imm$iately 9 front1 8 =w>d movem5t into ?is zone complet+ ! adju/m5t ( fire4 ,due to ! *ance ( ov]e/imat+ ! range1 a sight-sett+ mu/ be tak5 well "u ! e/imat$ range 7usually ab\t #bjj y>ds aga9/ advanc+ infantry74 ,:5 ! fire becomes effective1 z may be judg$ by ! actions & movem5ts ( ! enemy1 ! rate ( fire %\ld be quick5$ 9 ord] to increase ! effect ( ! fire4 ,frequ5t *anges ( sight n only cause a loss ( "t1 b !y also multiply *ances ( error 9 sight-sett+4 ,*anges 9 sight-sett+ aga9/ advanc+ infantry %\ld n be less ?an #bjj y>ds at a "t1 t is to say1 :5 ! enemy has pass$ ?r\gh ! zone ( effective fire1 ! sight %\ld be l[]$ #bjj y>ds & ! op]ation repeat$ until ! battle-sight zone is rea*$1 :5 ! re>-sight leaf is ?r[n d[n & no o!r sight manipulation is made4 ,aga9/ skirmi% l9es advanc+ by ru%es1 ! sight-sett+ %\ld n be *ang$ dur+ a ru%1 b x %\ld be done at ! halts1 s t ! great] vuln]ability ( ! t>gets pres5t$ dur+ ! ru% may be tak5 advantage (4 ,aga9/ retreat+ infantry1 use ! e/imat$ range1 & :5 ! t>get appe>s to h pass$ beyond ! zone ( effective fire1 add #bjj y>ds to ! sight-sett+4 ,aga9/ attack+ cavalry1 due to ! rapidity ( ! advance1 !re w n usually be "t = sight manipulation o!r ?an ?r[+ d[n ! re>-sight leaf1 s t ! battle %\ld be resort$ to at all ranges4 ,9 fir+ at a t>get mov+ across ! l9e ( fire x is desirable1 on acc\nt ( ! confusion caus$ !reby1 to hit ! head ( ! column4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to hold to ! front a di/ance suffici5t to all[ = ! "t ( flight & ! rate ( m>*4 ,?is w be accompli%$ by ! obs]vance ( ! foll[+ r\gh rules3 #a4 ,aga9/ infantry1 hold aga9/ ! head ( ! m>*+ column2 #b4 ,aga9/ cavalry at a trot1 hold to ! front #a y>d = e #ajj y>ds ( range2 & at a gallop1 #b y>ds = e #ajj y>ds ( range4 #adcc4 ,night fir+4 ,9 night fir+ x is almo/ impossible to adju/ ! fire by ord9>y means4 ,9 night attacks ! purpose ( ! (f5sive is to ga9 rapidly & quietly a position :]e ! issue may be decid$ 9 a h& to h& enc\nt]1 or a position f :i* ! sup]iority ( fire may be ga9$ at daylight4 ,= ! (f5sive1 !re=e1 fire action is a subord9ate consid]ation4 ,on ! def5sive1 :5 a night attack is appreh5d$1 prep>ations %\ld be made to sweep ) fire ! gr\nd imm$iately 9 front ov] :i* ! assailant mu/ advance4 ,special arrangem5ts may sometimes be made = re/+ rifles on ! p>apet1 s t ! gr\nd 9 front w be suitably cov]$4 ,a solid support is necess>y = ma9ta9+ ! prop] direction ( ! pieces dur+ fir+4 ,= ?is purpose not*$ bo>ds or timb]s are conv5i5t4 ,! arrangem5ts %\ld be su* t ! op]ations ( load+ & fir+ may be p]=m$ )\t remov+ ! rifles f ! support4 ,se>*light illum9ation may reveal ! position & movem5ts ( ! enemy suffici5tly well to p]mit ! use ( ! sights4 ,9 night op]ations ( small p>ties fire may be well direct$ :5 a bright1 well-def9$ light1 su* z a camp fire1 is pres5t$ z an aim+ po9t4 ,9 su* a case a slight illum9ation ( ! front sight is requir$4 ,fire ,direction & ,control #adcd4 ,g5]al4 ,z /at$ be=e 9 sub/ance1 ! maximum effect ( fire c be gott5 only by in/ruct$ & discipl9$ troops "u a comm&] capable ( direct+ & controll+ _! fire prop]ly4 ,! fire ( a company may be lik5$ to spray+ wat] f a hose1 & z ! fireman c %ift 8 /ream ( wat] f "o po9t to ! o!r ) c]ta9ty1 be+ able to direct & control x ) promptness & accuracy1 s %\ld ! company comm&] be able to swit* ! cone ( fire ( 8 company f "o t>get to ano!r1 hav+ x at all times "u direction & control4 ,9 o!r words1 z ! pliable1 manageable hose responds to ! w ( ! fireman1 s %\ld ! company be s tra9$ & in/ruct$ t x w respond to ! w ( ! company comm&] on ! fir+ l9e1 9 ! mid/ ( ! noise & confusion ( battle4 ,no "o except a man :o has be5 9 battle c realize h[ great are ! noise & confusion1 & h[ necess>y & important are cooep]ation1 team-"w1 discipl9e1 & communication1 9 ord] = a company comm&] to control & direct ! fire ( ! company--!re mu/ be absolute cooep]ation1 team-"w1 & communication betwe5 all p>ts ( ! company--betwe5 ! capta9 & ! platoon lead]s1 ! platoon lead]s & ! squad lead]s1 & ! squad lead]s & ! memb]s ( _! squads4 ,ea* & e man mu/ "k & d 8 "p & endeavor all he c to keep 9 t\* ) & help ! o!rs4 ,n[1 ! f\ndation ( team-"w & cooep]ation1 is communication--communication betwe5 ! company comm&] & ! m5 on ! fir+ l9e--! means by :i*1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* he w make kn[n 8 w to ! m5 on ! fir+ l9e4 ,z /at$ be=e1 because ( ! noise & confusion on ! fir+ l9e ?is is no easy matt]4 ,! ideal way w\ld be = ! company comm&] to control ! company by communicat+ direct ) e man on ! fir+ l9e1 z graphically %[n on ! foll[+ page3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di ,h[ev]1 9 ! noise & confusion ( battle x w\ld be utt]ly impossible = all ! m5 to he> ! capta9's voice4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t f #bj to #ce rifles are z _m z "o lead] c control4 ,! capta91 mu/1 !re=e1 control ! company ?r\gh ! platoon comm&]s--t is to say1 he actually directs ! fire & ! platoon comm&]s1 assi/$ by ! squad lead]s1 actually control x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! capta9 communicates ) ! m5 on ! fir+ l9e1 he makes 8 w kn[n to !m1 ?r\gh 8 platoon comm&]s1 z graphically %[n 9 ?is diagram3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej ,h[ev]1 9 ord] = our sy/em ( communication to be successful1 ea* & e man1 z /at$ above1 mu/ "k & d 8 "p & endeavor all he c to help ! o!rs4 ,if ?is is done1 !n ! diff]5t p>ts & elem5ts ( ! company w dove-tail & fit into "o ano!r1 result+ 9 a complete1 homog5e\s :ole1 9 ! =m ( an effici5t1 pliable1 manageable in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! company comm&]4 ,& ?is is ! object1 ! result1 s\ght by practice & in/ruction 9 field fir+1 & :i* w be obta9$ if ! capta91 ! platoon lead]s1 ! squad lead]s1 ! file clos]s1 ! musicians1 & ! privates1 w p]=m ! foll[+ duties & functions3 #adce4 ,! ,capta94 7,fire direction47 ,! capta9 directs ! fire ( ! company or ( designat$ platoons4 ,he designates ! t>get1 &1 :5 practicable1 allots a "p ( ! t>get to ea* platoon4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! fire action he det]m9es ! range1 ann\nces ! sight sett+1 & indicates ! class ( fire to be employ$1 & ! "t to op5 fire4 ,!reaft]1 he obs]ves ! fire effect1 corrects mat]ial errors 9 sight sett+1 prev5ts exhau/ion ( ! ammunition supply1 & causes ! di/ribution ( su* extra ammunition z may be receiv$ f ! re>4 7,i4 ,d4 ,r4 #bdi47 ,hav+ indicat$ cle>ly :at he desires ! platoon lead]s to d1 ! capta9 avoids int]f]+1 except to correct s]i\s errors or omissions4 7,i4 ,d4 ,r4 #bdj47 #adcf4 ,! ,platoon ,lead]s4 7,fire direction47 ,9 combat ! platoon is ! fire unit4 7,i4 ,d4 ,r4 #bej47 ,ea* platoon lead] puts into execution ! comm&s or directions ( ! capta91 hav+ fir/ tak5 su* precautions to insure correct sight sett+ & cle> description ( ! t>get or aim+ po9t z ! situation p]mits or requires2 !reaft]1 he gives su* additional comm&s or directions z are necess>y to exact compliance ) ! capta9's w4 ,he corrects ! sight sett+ :5 necess>y4 ,he designates an aim+ po9t :5 ! t>get _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,9 g5]al1 platoon lead]s obs]ve ! t>get & ! effect ( _! fire & are on ! al]t = ! capta9's comm&s or signals2 !y obs]ve & regulate ! rate ( fire4 7,i4 ,d4 ,r4 #beb47 #adcg4 ,! ,guides wat* ! fir+ l9e & *eck e brea* ( fire discipl9e4 #adch4 ,! ,squad ,lead]s transmit comm&s & signals :5 necess>y1 obs]ve ! conduct ( _! squads & abate excitem5t1 assi/ 9 en=c+ fire discipl9e & p>ticipate 9 ! fir+4 ,e squad lead] %\ld place himself j a little 9 advance ( ! re/ ( 8 squad & by occasionally glanc+ to ! "r & left1 obs]ve h[ ! m5 ( _! squads are do+--:e!r !y are fir+ at ! prop] objective1 if ! sights are app>5tly prop]ly adju/$1 if !y are fir+ too rapidly1 etc4 ,aft] ea* %ot ! squad lead] %\ld look t[>d 8 platoon lead]1 & !n glance to 8 "r & left to obs]ve 8 m51 & !n load & fire aga94 #adci4 ,! ,musicians assi/ ! capta9 by obs]v+ ! enemy1 ! t>get1 & ! fire effect1 by transmitt+ comm&s or signals1 & by wat*+ = signals4 7,i4 ,d4 ,r4 #bce47 #addj4 ,! ,privates w take advantage ( cov]1 ex]cise c>e 9 sett+ ! sights & deliv]+ fire2 be on ! con/ant look\t = ord]s f _! lead]s2 always aim delib]ately2 obs]ve ! enemy c>efully1 increas+ ! fire :5 ! t>get is favorable & ceas+ fir+ :5 ! enemy disappe>s2 n neglect a t>get because x is indi/9ct2 n wa/e ammunition1 b be economical ) x2 if fir+ )\t a lead] to reta9 _! pres5ce ( m9d & direct an effici5t fire ^u ! prop] t>get4 #adda4 ,di/ribution ( ,fire4 ,! di/ribution ( fire ov] ! entire t>get is ( ! greate/ importance2 =1 a section ( ! t>get n cov]$ by fire repres5ts a numb] ( ! enemy p]mitt$ to fire coolly & effectively4 ,s1 rememb] t all p>ts ( ! t>get are equally important1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! m5 d n neglect its less visible p>ts4 ,! capta9 allots a "p ( ! t>get to ea* platoon1 or ea* platoon lead] takes z 8 t>get t "p :i* corresponds to 8 position 9 ! company4 ,e man is s in/ruct$ t he w fire on t "p ( ! t>get :i* is directly opposite him4 ,if ! t>get _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 platoon lead]s select an object 9 front ( or beh9d x1 designate ?is z ! aim+ po9t1 & direct a sight-sett+ :i* w c>ry ! fire into ! t>get4 ,! m5 aim at ! good aim+ po9t or l9e1 b ) su* an increas$ or decreas$ sight-sett+1 z ! case may be1 t ! bullets w fall on ! t>get in/ead ( on ! aim+ po9t4 ,di/ribution ( fire is assur$ by divid+ ! :ole t>get assign$ ! company into def9ite p>ts or sectors1 & allott+ ^! p>ts or sectors to ! v>i\s platoons4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole ( ! t>get mu/ be kept "u fire :ile ! company is advanc+4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by "o ( two me?ods3 #addb4 ,ov]lapp+ ,me?od4 ,9 ?is me?od ea* sector 7t>get7 is cov]$ by m ?an "o fire unit4 ,= example1 9 a company ( f\r platoons ! entire company sector w\ld be divid$ 9 two p>ts1 ! "r "p be+ cov]$ by ! fir/ & second platoons & ! left "p by ! ?ird & f\r? platoons4 ,:5 ! fir/ platoon ceases fire to advance1 ! second platoon w\ld replace ! lo/ rifles by fir+ fa/]4 ,) ?ree platoons ! company sector w\ld be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o be+ assign$ to ea* flank platoon & ! :ole company sector to ! c5t] platoon4 ,:5 ! fir/ platoon advanc$1 ! c5t] platoon w\ld cov] its t>get1 bo? ! c5t] & ?ird platoons increas+ _! rate ( fire4 ,) two platoons1 ea* w\ld cov] ! :ole company sector4 #addc4 ,swit* ,me?od4 ,! company is divid$ into a numb] ( p>ts1 "o less ?an ! numb] ( platoons 9 ! company4 ,"o platoon is designat$ z ! swit*1 & sw+s into fire automatically into t sector f :i* ! fire ( its assign$ unit is )drawn4 ,= example1 ) f\r platoons1 & platoon ru%es to />t f ! "r1 ! company sector is divid$ into ?ree p>ts assign$ to ! fir/1 second & ?ird platoons1 ! f\r? be+ ! swit*4 ,:5 numb] #a ceases fire to advance1 ,no4 #d fires at ,no4 #a's t>get2 :5 ,no4 #b ceases to fire1 ,no4 #d fires at ,no4 #b's t>get1 !n at ,no4 #c's t>get1 & f9ally ,no4 #d advances4 #addd4 ,individual in/ruction 9 fire di/ribution4 ,e man %\ld be ?or\ghly drill$1 in/ruct$ & tra9$ always to fire at t "p ( ! ho/ile t>get :i* corresponds to ! position he occupies 9 8 platoon4 ,t is to say1 if on ! "r ( 8 platoon1 he fires at ! "r 7z he faces x7 ( ! ho/ile t>get2 if 9 ! "r c5t] ( 8 platoon1 he fires at ! "r c5t] 7z he faces x7 ( ! t>get1 & s on4 ,?is is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ diagram1 ! po9ts ,a'1 ,b'1 ,c'1 etc41 repres5t+ ! p>ts ( ! ho/ile t>get at :i* ! m5 occupy+ ! positions ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 9 _! platoon1 w\ld fire3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea #adde4 ,designation ( t>get4 ,x is v important t ! comm&]s %\ld be able to describe ! objectives to be attack$ & ! sectors#ai to be def5d$1 & t individual soldi]s %\ld be able to und]/& & transmit to o!r soldi]s su* descriptions4 ,)9 ! squad1 t>get designation implies ability on ! "p ( ! squad lead] to und]/& & transmit to 8 squad ! t>get designation receiv$ f 8 platoon lead]1 & also ability on 8 own "p to designate a t>get intellig5tly2 )9 ! platoon1 t>get designation implies ability on ! "p ( ! platoon lead] to und]/& ! company comm&]'s designation ( ! t>get & to transmit t designation to 8 platoon 9 su* mann] z to insure an equal di/ribution ( its fire )9 ! sector assign$ to x2 )9 ! company1 t>get designation implies ability on ! "p ( ! company comm&] to designate ! t>gets into :i* ! company sector is divid$ 9 su* mann] t ! platoon lead]s w h no tr\ble 9 und]/&+ him4 ,x also implies ability on ! "p ( ! company comm&] to *ange ! objectives or sectors ( 8 platoons1 & 8 ability to cov] ! :ole t>get ( ! company dur+ a =w>d movem5t ( a "p ( ! company1 by ! s-call$ swit* or ! ov]lapp+ me?od1 or by any o!r me?od :i* is practicable & accompli%es ! desir$ end4 ,t>gets %\ld be designat$ 9 a concise1 prompt1 unmi/akable mann]1 b1 z we all "k1 x is n always an easy matt] to describe ! location ( an object1 especially if ! object be n conspicu\s or readily recogniz$4 ,?is is due to two reasons3 ,fir/1 ! unit comm&] is likely to indulge 9 vague talk in/ead ( accurate description1 &1 second1 ev5 if correct t]ms are us$1 x is m ?an likely t all memb]s ( ! fir+ l9e w n be able to grasp ! idea1 because ! comm&] w be us+ expressions :i*1 al?\gh und]/ood by himself 79 "s cases p]haps due to ! fact t he is look+ at ! objective71 !y w n be cle> to ! m54 ,! secret ( prompt1 accurate & concise designation ( a t>get lies 9 ! use ( simple words & t]ms ) :i* bo? ! unit comm&] & ! m5 on ! fir+ l9e are ?or\ghly famili>4 ,( c\rse1 if ! t>get be di/9ct & cle>ly def9$1 x c easily be designat$ by "n1 z = example1 ,t batt]y on ! hill j 9 front ( u1 ,cavalry to our "r front1 etc4 ,g5]ally ! designation ( a t>get1 if n conspicu\s nor readily recogniz$1 w include3 #a4 ,a /atem5t ( :at ! t>get is1 or its appe>ance 7%ape1 color1 size1 etc47 #b4 ,:]e ! t>get is ) ref]5ce to "s easily recogniz$ ref]5ce po9t4 #c4 ,h[ wide ! company sector is4 ,! foll[+ sy/ems ( t>get designation are us$ at ! ,s*ool ( ,musketry4 ,ea* has its limitations1 defects & advantages1 "u v>i\s conditions ( gr\nd1 etc4 ,a wise selection ( "o or a comb9ation ( two or m1 is a mat]ial factor 9 effici5cy4 #addf4 ,horizontal ,clock ,face ,sy/em4 7,us$ ) visible1 di/9ct t>gets47 ,,sy/em ,,example #a4 ,ann\nce direction4 ,at "o o'clock4 #b4 ,ann\nce range4 ,range #ajjj4 #c4 ,ann\nce objective4 ,a troop ( cavalry dism\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb ,,proc$ure3 #a4 ,all look along ! l9e po9t+ t[>d "o o'clock ( a horizontal clock face ^: c5t] is at ! fir+ po9t1 & ^: #ab o'clock m>k is directly p]p5dicul> to ! front ( ! fir+ l9e4 #b4 ,all look at a po9t ab\t #ajjj y>ds away on ! "o o'clock l9e1 & #c4 ,at #ajjj y>ds on ! "o o'clock l9e f9d ! objective4 #addg4 ,v]tical ,clock ,face ,sy/em4 7,us$ ) small or indi/9ct t>gets47 ,,sy/em ,,example #a4 ,ann\nce ! g5]al direction ,to our "r front 7or ,at two ( ! ref]5ce po9t4 o'clock74 #b4 ,designate z a ref]5ce po9t ,a /one h\se ) two *imneys4 ! mo/ prom95t object 9 ! zone indicat$4 #c4 ,ann\nce ! position ( ! ,at ?ree o'clock4 t>get ) respect to ! ref]5ce po9t4 #d4 ,ann\nce ! range4 ,range #ajjj4 #e4 ,ann\nce ! objective4 ,a ho/ile patrol ( f\r m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec ,,proc$ure3 #a4 ,all m5 look to _! "r front 7or along ! two o'clock l9e74 #b4 ,! ref]5ce po9t 7/one h\se7 is f\nd 9 ! indicat$ direction4 #c4 ,a clock face 7v]tical7 is imag9$ c5t]$ on ! ref]5ce po9t1 & ! m5 look along ! l9e lead+ f ! clock c5t] ?r\gh ?ree o'clock1 & #d4 #ajjj y>ds f ! fir+ po9t4 #e4 ,f9d ! ho/ile patrol4 #addg;a4 ,f+] ,sy/em4 7,us$ ) indi/9ct or invisible t>gets & to def9e sectors47 7,by "o ,f+] we mean ! am\nt ( frontage t "o f+]1 held v]tically1 w cov]1 ! arm be+ ext5d$ horizontally to its full l5g?4 ,9 ! av]age case ?is am\nt ( frontage cov]$ is ab\t #a_/bj ( ! range4 ,= in/ance1 at a range ( #ajjj y>ds1 "o ,f+] w cov] fifty y>ds ( ! sector ,! same result w be obta9$ by us+ ! re>-sight leaf 9 ! position ( aim+47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed ,,sy/em ,,example #a4 ,ann\nce direction to ,to our "r front1 at #ajjj y>ds4 ref]5ce po9t z 9 ! v]tical clock face sy/em4 #b4 ,ann\nce ref]5ce po9t4 ,a /one h\se ) two *imneys4 #c4 ,ann\nce angul> di/ance & ,f\r o'clock1 ?ree f+]s4 direction f ! ref]5ce po9t to ! t>get4 #d4 ,ann\nce range4 ,range #ajjj4 #e4 ,ann\nce objective4 ,a skirmi% l9e alongside ( ! f5ce1 l5g? ab\t two f+]s1 "r at ! d>k bu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee ,,proc$ure3 ,! ref]5ce po9t is f\nd z expla9$1 & ! v]tical o'clock l9e ^u :i* ! t>get w be f\nd4 ,! soldi]s :o d n see ! t>get w ext5d ! aim to its full ext5t palm ( ! h& upw>d1 f+] held v]tically ) "o side ( ! h& aga9/ ! ref]5ce po9t4 ,! t>get w be f\nd on ! f\r o'clock l9e1 & t\*+ ! ?ird f+]1 at #ajjj y>ds di/ance1 its "r flank at ! bu% & its left flank ab\t #ajj y>ds f>!r to ! "r4 ,! foll[+ case w illu/rate m concretely ! use ( ! ,f+] sy/em3 ,!re is a r$ h\se ab\t #c_/d mile to our front1 & to ! "r ( ?is h\se & a hundr$ y>ds or s to its re>1 !re is a l9e ( tr5*es t c be se5 ) ! aid ( field glasses1 b ! tr5*es are difficult to locate ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,!re is no prom95t l&m>k 9 ! direction ( ?is l9e ( tr5*es1 or on ei!r flank1 except ! r$ h\se m5tion$4 ,! company comm&] locates ! flanks ( ! l9e ( tr5*es ?r\gh 8 field glasses2 he !n ext5ds 8 arm =w>d horizontally its full l5g?1 palm up1 raises ! f+]s ( 8 h& &1 sight+ on ! l9e ( tr5*es1 f9ds t ! tr5* l9e has a l5g? ( f\r f+] wid?s1 & t ! flank ( ! l9e ne>e/ ! r$ h\se is ?ree f+] wid?s f x4 ,he decides to divide ! l9e into two sections ( two f+]s ea*1 & assign "o section to ea* ( 8 two platoons4 ,he !n calls 8 platoon lead]s 7& range f9d]s1 if necess>y71 & says1 = in/ance3 ,c5t] ( objective1 five to ! "r ( t r$ h\se1 ,fir/ ,platoon1 two f+]s2 ,second ,platoon1 two f+]s4 ,! two platoon lead]s !n e/imate ! range & give ! company comm&] _! e/imates indep5d5tly4 ,! company comm&] also e/imates ! range1 & tak+ ! av]age1 !n ann\nces ! range1 say #acjj y>ds1 aft] :i* ! platoon lead]s return to _! platoons1 & give1 = in/ance1 ^! in/ructions3 ,! t>get is a l9e ( tr5*es f\r 'f+]s' long1 & ab\t #acjj y>ds away2 ! c5t] ( ! t>get is five 'f+]s' to ! "r ( t r$ h\se1 at ab\t #aj o'clock4 ,we are to fire at ! two f+]s on ! "r ( ! c5t] & ! ,second ,platoon w look aft] ! two f+]s on ! left ( ! c5t]4 7,! lead] ( ! ,second ,platoon gives simil> in/ructions47 ,e man 9 ! platoon figures out ! platoon objective & endeavors to fix x ) respect to "s features ( ! gr\nd s t he w be able to pick x up promptly aft] 8 platoon />ts to advance4 ,aft] fix+ well 9 8 m9d ! platoon objective1 he figures out :at "p ( x belongs to 8 squad1 & !n selects t portion ( ! squad objective correspond+ to 8 position 9 ! squad4 ,if dur+ ! advance1 8 p>ticul> portion ( ! t>get %\ld become hidd5 f view1 he w fire on ! ne>e/ portion ( ! tr5* l9e1 return+ to 8 own "p z soon z x becomes visible4 #addg;b4 ,communication4 ,aft] ! company has be5 committ$ to ! fire fight1 v]bal comm&s _c be he>d1 & x is well nigh impossible ev5 to secure att5tion to signals4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ important t we %\ld tra9 & practice ! company z mu* z possible dur+ "t ( peace 9 ! rapid & accurate transmission ( ord]s & signals along ! fir+ l9e4 ,matt] ^u :i* a comm&] w\ld ne$ to communicate ) 8 subord9ates1 9 addition to tactical ord]s1 w\ld g5]ally be conf9$ to3 7a7 ,*anges ( elevation & deflection4 7b7 ,*anges 9 ! apportionm5t ( ! t>get among ! subdivisions4 7c7 ,*anges )9 ! limits ( ! sector1 or objective4 7d7 ,*anges 9 ! rate ( fire4 7e7 ,& r>ely *ange ( t>get f "o )9 to "o )\t ! limits ( ! objective or sector4 #addh4 ,proc$ure4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 m]ely z a concrete example ( ! proc$ure t might be foll[$ 9 c]ta9 r+ ex]cises--x w n1 ( c\rse1 apply to all cases2 x is m]ely giv5 z a concrete illu/ration ( :at might actually be done "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,company ,comm&]4 ,on receiv+ 8 in/ructions f ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! ex]cise1 ! company comm&] returns to 8 company1 keep+ track ( ! *ang+ aspect ( 8 t>get z he does s4 ,arriv+ at ! c5t] ( 8 company1 he is met by 8 platoon lead]s1 & range f9d]s1 :o h assembl$ 9 8 abs5ce4 ,! company comm&] says3 ,! t>get is a l9e ( skirmi%]s1 visible 9 "p4 ,x may be se5 betwe5 u & t long l9e ( gre5 bu%es :i* beg9s "o f+] to ! "r ( t r$ wat] t[] at #aa o'clock & x ext5ds well beyond ! bu%es bo? to ! "r & to ! left4 7,at ?is po9t ! range f9d]s beg9 _! e/imation & ! capta9 pauses until ! s5ior range f9d]1 or o!r designat$ p]son automatically ann\nces ! av]age e/imate ( ! range1 say+ = example1 range #aajj47 ,! capta9 !n resumes1 say+3 ,! sector assign$ to ?is company is ?ree f+]s long & ext5ds f t gr\p "o f+] to ! "r ( ! wat] t[]1 to a po9t f\r f+]s to ! "r ( ! t[]4 ,ea* platoon w cov] ! entire company sector4 ,range t5-fifty & elev5-fifty4 ,fire at w at my signal4 ,po/s4 ,platoon ,lead]s4 ,! platoon lead]s !n ha/5 to ! c5t] ( _! platoons & put into execution ! comm&s & directions ( ! capta91 hav+ fir/ tak5 su* precautions to insure a correct sight-sett+ & cle> description ( ! aim+ po9t z ! situation p]mits or requires 7,p>4 #bea ,i4 ,d4 ,r471 by say+3 ,t>get3 ,! t>get is a l9e ( skirmi%]s ab\t #aajj y>ds to our front1 only p>ts ( :i* are visible4 ,ref]5ce po9t3 ,t long l9e ( bu%es ab\t #acjj y>ds to our left front4 ,! company sector is ?ree f+]s long & lies betwe5 u & t ref]5ce po9t1 ext5d+ "o-half f+] beyond ea* end ( ! bu%es4 ,aim+ po9t3 ,! bottom ( ! l9e ( bu%es4 ,range3 #ajej & #aaej4 ,z soon z ! range is ann\nc$ ea* front rank man sets 8 sight at #ajej & ea* re> rank man at #aaej4 ,squad lead]s assure !mselves t sights are set & t ! m5 ( _! squads und]/& ! aim+ po9t & sector & !n raise _! h& z a signal t all are ready4 ,simil>ly1 ! platoon lead]s raise _! h&s to %[ t all ( ! squads are ready1 & :5 ! capta9 sees t all ( 8 platoons are ready1 he signals to beg9 fir+4 ,at ! capta9's signal1 ea* platoon lead] comm&s3 ,fire at ,w4 ,fir+ !n beg9s at a rate ( ab\t #c %ots p] m9ute 7,p>4 #ad1 ,i4 ,d4 ,r474 #addi4 ,po9ts ,to ,be ,borne 9 ,m9d4 ,be> 9 m9d ! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! solution ( field fir+ problems3 #a4 ,comb9e sights %\ld1 z a rule1 be us$ :]e ! e/imat$ range is #ajjj y>ds or m1 ! two ranges be+ #ej y>ds on ea* side ( ! e/imat$ range1 ! ev5 numb]s fir+ at "o range1 ! odd numb]s at ! o!r4 #b4 ,:5 aim+ po9ts are *os5 !y %\ld be cle>ly describ$4 ,bu%es1 bun*es ( l9es ( grass1 f5ce po/s1 etc41 %\ld n be designat$ z aim+ po9ts :5 cle> & m def9ite aim+ po9ts are available4 ,! *oice ( ! be/ ( sev]al possible aim+ po9ts is ( great importance4 #c4 ,h "s sy/em ( simple signals :]eby y may "k :5 all y\r m5 are ready to beg9 fir+4 ,o!rwise1 y may beg9 ! fir+ be=e "s ( y\r m5 h _! sights set & be=e !y und]/& ! sector & po9t ( aim4 ,= example1 let ea* squad lead] raise 8 "r h& :5 8 squad is ready1 & ea* platoon lead] 8 "r h& :5 8 platoon is ready4 #d4 ,platoon lead]s mu/ always be sure to designate a def9ite aim+ po9t4 ,rememb] t 9 ! case ( an indi/9ct t>get1 ! company comm&] describes ! ,,t>get to ! platoon lead]s1 & !y 9 turn ann\nce ! ,,aim+ ,,po9t4 ,hav+ se5 & locat$ ! t>get1 ! platoon lead] mu/ exam9e ! t]ra9 at1 9 front ( & beh9d ! t>get1 & *oose ! aim+ po9t = 8 m54 ,he mu/ !n det]m9e ! prop] sight-sett+ = t p>ticul> aim+ po9t4 ,he !n ann\nces bo? aim+ po9t & range4 #e4 ,in/ead ( describ+ a sector z1 = example1 ext5d+ s _m y>ds 7or s _m f+]s7 nor? f ! ref]5ce po9t1 x is bett] to describe x z ext5d+ f ! ref]5ce po9t nor?w>d = a def9ite di/ance1 z ,to t tall r$ h\se4 ,! la/ me?od is ! be/1 because x leaves no room = guess+ on ! "p ( subord9ates4 ,s1 rememb] x is always be/1 :5 possible1 to def9e ! limits ( sectors physically1 z1 ext5d+1 = example1 f ,t h\se to t w9dmill1 etc4 #f4 ,:5 act+ z "p ( ! battalion1 always be sure to designate someone 7usually "o ( ! musicians7 to wat* = signals f ! battalion comm&]1 & don't fail to repeat back all signals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef #g4 ,9 advanc+ by ru%es1 always all[ suffici5t "t betwe5 ru%es to recov] ! loss 9 fire caus$ by ! cessation ( fire4 ,9 o!r words1 ! next re> unit %\ld n />t =w>d until ! "o t has j advanc$ has resum$ an effective fire4 #h4 ,rememb] t 9 all field fir+ problems ! di/ribution ( hits has big weight4 ,consequ5tly1 x %\ld be def9itely und]/ood be=eh&1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( any t>get designation by ! company comm&]1 ea* platoon lead] w look aft] ! sector correspond+ to 8 front1 & t ea* man w fire at ! "p ( ! sector correspond+ to 8 front4 ,%\ld ! t>gets 9 a giv5 sector disappe>1 !n ! platoon lead] cov]+ t sector w at once swit* 8 fire to ! adjo9+ sector until ! reappe>ance ( ! t>gets 9 8 own sector4 ,= example1 let u suppose ! company sector1 ,a-,b 7! company be+ on ! def5se & n advanc+7 is divid$ into f\r p>ts ,a-,b1 ,b-,c1 ,c-,d & ,d-,e4 ,platoon ,no4 #a w\ld look aft] ev]y?+ t appe>$ 9 ,d-,e2 ,no4 #b1 aft] ev]y?+ t appe>$ 9 ,c-,d2 ,no4 #c1 ev]y?+ t appe>$ 9 ,b-,c2 & ,no4 #d1 aft] ev]y?+ t appe>$ 9 ,a-,b4 ,%\ld ! t>get sudd5ly disappe> f ,d-,e1 !n ,no4 #a w\ld swit* 8 fire ov] to ,c-,d1 & keep x !re until ! t>get reappe>$ 9 ,d-,e1 & if ! t>gets disappe>$ f ,c-,d1 be=e reappe>+ 9 ,d-,e1 !n bo? ,no4 #a1 & ,no4 #b1 w\ld swit* _! fire cones to ,a-,c4 #adej4 ,ex]cises4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises = ! elem5t>y tra9+ ( individuals & squads 7 us$ ) success by ! troops mobiliz$ on ! ,texas bord]3 ,,t>gets #a4 ,! t>get w be repres5t$ by individual soldi]s4 #b4 ,) ref]5ce to _! visibility1 ! battlefield w pres5t ?ree classes ( t>gets3 7a7 ,^? :i* are visible ?r\gh\t4 7b7 ,^? :i* are visible 9 "p4 7c7 ,^? :i* are invisible1 b ^: location might be describ$4 ,t>gets w be arrang$ to simulate "o ( ! classes enum]at$4 ,in/ruction w beg9 ) simple ex]cises 9 :i* ! t>get pres5t$ is pla9ly visible1 & repres5ts only ! objective ( ! unit und]go+ in/ruction4 ,x %\ld progress to ! m difficult ex]cises 9 :i* ! t>get is invisible & ! l9e ( figures is prolong$ to include ! objective ( units on ! "r or left4 #c4 ,! limits ( indi/9ct t>gets may be %[n to unit comm&]s by ! use ( company flags4 ,^! flags1 h[ev]1 w be )drawn f sight be=e a description ( ! t>get or e/imate ( ! range is attempt$1 & be=e anyone b ! comm&] ( ! unit und]go+ in/ruction sees _! location4 #d4 ,at ! conclusion ( ea* ex]cise 9 :i* flags are us$ to m>k ! limits ( ! t>get or its subdivisions1 !y %\ld be display$1 9 ord] t any exi/+ errors may be readily po9t$ out4 #e4 ,to det]m9e pr(ici5cy 9 t>get designation1 ! in/ructor w provide a suffici5t numb] ( rifles1 plac$ on s& bags or o!r suitable re/s1 & require ^? *>g$ ) fire direction & control to sight !m at ! limits ( _! objective4 ,an inspection by ! in/ructor w at once detect errors4 ,simil>ly1 9 ^? ex]cises 9 :i* all ! memb]s ( ! fir+ unit p>ticipate1 ! p]c5tage ( rifles aim$ at ! correct t>get may be det]m9$4 #f4 ,9 ^! ex]cises no me?od ( communication w be p]mitt$ t c\ld n be us$ "u ! conditions assum$ 9 ! problem4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #a--,,rang+ ,object3 ,to tra9 ! individual to set 8 sight quickly & accurately = ! ann\nc$ range & w9dage2 & to accu/om lead]s to ! giv+ ( w9dage data4 ,situation3 ,! company is =m$ 9 s+le rank at ! ready ) re> sight set at z]o & ! slide screw normally tight4 ,action3 ,! range & w9dage are ann\nc$1 sights are set accurately 9 accordance !re) & z rapidly z may be1 ea* man com+ to port arms imm$iately ^u complet+ ! op]ation4 ,"t3 ,"t is tak5 f ! la/ ^w ( ! comm&4 ,/&>d3 ,sights %\ld be correctly set )9 #ae seconds4 ,note3 ,( ! two elem5ts1 "t & accuracy1 accuracy is ! m important4 ,p>4 #daa1 ,i4 ,d4 ,r41 implies complete use ( ! re> sight1 t is1 utilization ( ! w9d gauge1 & sight sett+ to ! lea/ read+ ( ! re> sight leaf1 i4 e41 #be y>ds4 ,sight sett+ !re=e 9 ?is ex]cise %\ld include1 m (t5 ?an n1 fractional ranges & w9dage data4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #b--,,rang+ ,object3 ,to famili>ize (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s 9 ! use ( an auxili>y aim+ po9t4 ,situation3 ,two m5 ) ! company flags are /ation$ to m>k ! enemy's invisible position4 ,?is position %\ld be suitably locat$ ) ref]5ce to a practicable aim+ po9t4 ,action3 ,! m>k]s are signal$ to display _! flags4 ,an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] is call$ up & ! enemy's position is po9t$ out4 ,! flags are !n )drawn & ! (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] selects an auxili>y aim+ po9t & gives 8 comm&s = fir+ at t po9t4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #c--,,t>get ,,designation ,object3 ,to tra9 ! individual soldi] to locate a t>get1 f a description solely4 ,to d s quickly & accurately & fire !reon ) effect1 & to tra9 (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s 9 concise1 accurate & cle> description ( t>gets4 ,situation3 ,! m5 are s plac$ z n to be able to see to ! t>get4 ,! in/ructor places himself s z to see ! objective4 ,action3 ,! in/ructor1 to "o man at a "t1 describes ! objective1 & directs him to fire "o simulat$ r\nd4 ,! man imm$iately moves s z to see ! t>get1 locates x1 e/imates ! range & fires "o simulat$ %ot4 ,/&>d3 ,= ranges )9 battle sight1 "t #bj seconds2 beyond battle sight1 "t #cj seconds4 ,n m ?an #ae error 9 ! e/imation ( ! range4 ,objective correctly locat$4 ,note3 ,arrangem5ts made s t ! description ( ! t>get is he>d by only ! man ab\t to fire4 ,aft] fir+ ! man w n m+le ) ^? wait+ to fire4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #d--,,t>get ,,designation ,object3 ,to tra9 ! squad lead] 9 promptly br++ ! fire ( 8 squad to be> effectively ^u ! t>get pres5t$4 ,to tra9 ! individuals ( a squad to fire effectively f ord]s ( ! squad lead] & automatically to obta9 effective disp]sion4 ,situation3 ,! squad is deploy$1 ! squad lead] be+ 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,position prone4 ,a sight+ re/ is provid$ = ea* rifle4 ,action3 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ! t>get ! squad lead] gives ! necess>y ord]s = deliv]+ an effective fire4 ,! m5 "u ^! ord]s sight _! rifles & !n rise4 ,! in/ructor !n exam9es ! position & sight+ ( ea* rifle4 ,"t3 ,"t is tak5 f ! appe>ance ( ! t>get until ! la/ man has ris54 ,t>get3 ,a squad ( m5 to outl9e a p>tially conceal$ enemy em]ges f cov]1 advances a %ort di/ance & lies d[n4 ,/&>d3 #ij ( ! rifles %\ld be sight$ 9 con=mity ) ! ord]s ( ! squad lead] & %\ld ev5ly cov] ! :ole front ( ! objective4 ,! squad lead]'s e/imate ( ! range %\ld n be 9 error ov] #ae4 ,note3 ,! squad lead] %\ld n1 9 g5]al1 be all[$ to divide ! t>get into sectors b to obta9 di/ribution by tra9+ ! m5 to fire at t portion ( ! objective directly relat$ to ! position !y occupy 9 _! own l9e4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be repeat$ ) ! squad lead] 9 re> ( ! squad & n fir+4 ,z to ?is1 x is to be not$ t ,musketry ,s*ool exp]im5ts prove t 9 small gr\ps ! direct$ fire ( say sev5 7#g7 rifles is m effective ?an ! p>tially undirect$ fire ( eight rifles obta9$ :5 ! gr\p lead] is himself fir+4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #e--;,,communication ,object3 ,to tea* prompt & accurate transmission ( fir+ data )\t cessation ( fire1 & also to tea* automatic readju/m5t ( fire di/ribution4 ,situation3 ,a squad deploy$ 9 ! prone position & ) sight+ re/s1 is fir+ at a designat$ t>get4 ,action3 ,a squad ) sights set at z]o is deploy$ & br\ght up at ! d\ble "t into ! int]vals ( ! fir+ l9e & halt$4 ,! fir+ data is transmitt$ to !m )\t cessation ( fire4 ,at ! comm& ,rise1 giv5 #bj seconds aft] ! comm& ,halt1 ! fir/ squad rises & retires a %ort di/ance to ! re>4 ,at ! same "t1 ! supports cease fire & adju/ _! rifles 9 ! re/s s z to be aim$ at ! t>get z !y und]/& x4 ,!y !n rise & _! rifles are exam9$ by ! in/ructor = range & direction4 ,/&>d3 #hj ( ! rifles %\ld be sight$ accord+ to ! transmitt$ data & aim$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( fire di/ribution4 ,t>get3 ,"o t>get equal to a squad front1 :i* is increas$ to two squads prior to ! arrival ( ! supports 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,note3 ,?is ex]cise %\ld be repeat$ ) ! support+ squad re5=c+ on a flank4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! orig9al squad is able to keep its assign$ sector dur+ an advance1 ?is ex]cise %\ld be repeat$1 ! supports be+ ?r[n 9 aft] a s]ies ( %ort advances by ! orig9al squad4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! transmission ( fir+ data 9 a mann] "u :i* s]vice conditions w\ld be impracticable4 7,see ,ex]cise ,no4 #f47 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #f--;,,communication ,object3 ,to tra9 ! squad lead] 9 receiv+ & transmitt+ in/ructions by visual signals alone4 ,situation3 ,a squad ) its lead] 9 ! fir+ l9e is deploy$ 9 ! prone position fir+ at w4 ,action3 ,! in/ructor1 )\t s\nd or o!r caution>y means1 signals 7visually7 to ! squad lead] at v>i\s int]vals to1 ,fir/3 ,*ange elevation4 ,sw+ ! fire to ! "r or left4 ,susp5d ! fir+4 ,etc41 etc4 ,! squad lead]1 ^u receiv+ a signal1 causes 8 squad to execute x )\t v]bal comm&1 or expos+ himself4 ,"t3 ,no specifi$ "t limit4 ,/&>d3 ,! squad lead] %\ld fire ) 8 squad1 b aft] ea* %ot %\ld look t[>ds 8 platoon lead] = any signal1 !n obs]ve ! fire & conduct ( 8 m51 !n1 aft] glanc+ aga9 at 8 platoon lead]1 fire aga94 ,?is ! squad lead] %\ld d )\t expos+ himself4 ,by ly+ ab\t a head's l5g? ahead ( 8 m5 he c see 8 squad front4 ,9 transmitt+ ord]s he c accompli% x by nudg+ ! m5 on 8 "r & left & signal+ to !m ) 8 h&4 ,note3 ,?is ex]cise is ess5tial to prep>e m5 = ! deaf5+ noise ( a heavy action :5 spee* or s\nd signals are l>gely futile4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #g--;,,fire ,,discipl9e ,object3 ,to tra9 m5 to c>ry out /rictly ! fire ord]s giv5 !m1 & to refra9 f />t+1 repeat+ or accept+ any *ange !refrom )\t direct ord]s f a sup]ior4 ,situation3 ,a squad deploy$ 9 ! prone position4 ,action3 ,:ile ! squad is fir+ at an indi/9ct b specifi$ t>get1 ano!r & cle>ly visible t>get appe>s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fir/ t>get b n 9 ! same sector4 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ?is second t>get1 ! in/ructor sees t ! m5 cont9ue fir+ at ! assign$ t>get4 ,! corporal %\ld *eck any brea* ( fire discipl9e4 ,note3 ,v>iations ( ?is ex]cise %\ld be giv5 to te/ ! fire discipl9e ( ! m5 9 o!r phases1 su* z rate ( fire 7,p>4 #adg1 ,i4 ,d4 ,r471 etc4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,! subjects ( fire control & fire direction are covet$ 9 p>s4 #bhe-bij2 #adcd-adcf4 #ai ,9 attack ! t>get is call$ objective2 9 ! def5se1 sector4 ,,"p ,v ,,c>e ,,( ,,heal? ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,*apt] ,i ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,heal? #adea4 ,importance ( good heal?4 ,good heal? is j z necess>y to an army z rifles & ammunition4 ,n only does e sick man take away "o rifle f ! fir+ l9e1 b 9 addition he becomes a c>e & a burd5 on ! h&s ( ! army4 ,inde$1 x is fully z important = a soldi] to take c>e ( 8 heal? z x is = him to take c>e ( 8 rifle & ammunition4 ,! importance ( do+ ev]y?+ possible to look aft] "o's heal? is %[n by ! fact t 9 e w> s f>1 _m m m5 h di$ f disease ?an 7 kill$ 9 battle or di$ f w\nds4 ,9 our ,civil ,w>1 = in/ance1 = e man on ! ,union side :o 0 kill$ 9 battle or di$ f w\nds1 two di$ f disease4 ,9 ! ,spani% ,am]ican ,w> ! proportion 0 #a to #e-a_/b4 ,to d all t he c to keep 9 good heal? is a duty t ! soldi] owes 8 c\ntry4 #adeb4 ,g]ms4 ,diseases are caus$ by little1 t9y live animals or plants call$ g]ms4 ,!y are s small t y require a magnify+ glass to see !m4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations %[ ! typhoid & mal>ial g]ms z se5 ?r\gh a magnify+ glass3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,typhoid g]ms ,mal>ial g]ms ,! ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,cat*+ ,disease #adec4 ,five ways ( cat*+ disease4 ,!re are only five ways to cat* disease3 #a4 ,by brea?+ 9 ! live g]ms4 #b4 ,by swall[+ ! live g]ms4 #c4 ,by t\*+ ! live g]ms4 #d4 ,by hav+ ! live g]ms /uck into ! sk9 by insects t bite4 #e4 ,by inh]itance f p>5ts4 ,diseases ,caught by ,brea?+ 9 ! ,g]ms #aded4 ,! m common diseases4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m common diseases caught by brea?+ 9 ! g]ms3 ,colds1 diph!ria1 tonsilitis1 grippe1 sc>let fev]1 pneumonia1 & consumption4 ,! g]ms t cause ^! diseases gr[ well 9 ! d>k1 w>m1 moi/ l9+ ( ! nose1 ?roat1 w9dpipe & lungs1 & !y are c\gh$ or sneez$ out or bl[n out & float 9 t9y bubbles 9 ! air or fall to dry into du/ :i* is bl[n ab\t ) ! w9d1 & s are brea!d 91 or !y may be transf]r$ directly by kiss+ invalids & sick *ildr54 #adee4 ,h[ to avoid brea?+ 9 sickness4 ,d n visit sick p or a h\se :]e ! *ildr5 are sick4 ,d n let o!r p c\gh or sneeze ov] y\r food or 9 y\r face4 ,d n all[ o!rs to spit on ! floor ( y\r squadron or t5t4 ,d n d ^! ?+s y\rself4 ,bl[ y\r nose into a h&k]*ief t c be boil$ or into a piece ( pap] t c be burn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,di/ribut+ sickness ,put y\r h& be=e y\r face :5 y c\gh or sneeze4 ,r9se out ! nose ) hot1 weak salt wat] at night & especially if y h be5 inhal+ du/4 ,bru% ! tee? aft] ea* meal & be=e go+ to b$4 ,d n pick ! nose ) ! f+] nails2 x makes sore spots 9 :i* g]ms gr[4 ,on du/y hikes tie a h&k]*ief across ! nose & m\?4 ,nev] sweep ! floor ) a dry broom4 ,use a damp mop & s pick ! g]ms up & c>ry !m out in/ead ( driv+ !m up 9 ! air z du/4 ,diseases ,caught by ,swall[+ ! ,g]ms #adef4 ,! m common diseases4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m common diseases caught by swall[+ ! g]ms3 ,typhoid fev]1 dys5t]y1 *ol]a1 & ptoma9e poison+4 #adeg4 ,wat] z a di/ribut] ( disease4 ,impure wat] is "o ( ! mo/ common di/ribut]s ( disease t !re is4 ,!re=e1 wat] f s\rces unkn[n or soil$ by sewage1 %\ld be avoid$ z deadly & %\ld n be us$1 unless boil$1 = dr9k+1 bru%+ ! tee? or r9s+ mess kits4 ,y c n always tell pollut$ wat] by its appe>ance1 smell or ta/e4 ,unless f a sew] or dra91 x may look cle> & sp>kl+1 ) no smell & h a pleasant ta/e1 s1 wat] t is n kn[n to be pure %\ld n be drunk4 #adeh4 ,vegetables z a di/ribut] ( disease4 ,9 "s localities ! inhabitants use ! /reams = all purposes2 dr9k+1 wa%+ clo!s1 ba?+1 wa%+ vegetables & table ut5sils & z a sew]4 ,:5 kit*5 g>d5s are irrigat$ ) su* wat] ! g]ms are to be f\nd on ! cabbages1 beets1 etc4 #adei4 ,food1 fruit1 cig>ettes1 & dr9k+ cups z di/ribut]s ( disease4 ,g]ms may be sme>$ on ! h&s & ?us transf]r$ to articles ( food1 fruit1 cig>ettes1 or dr9k+ cups1 especially 9 public places1 s t he :o buys at ! public /&s may h disease h&$ to him ) 8 pur*ase4 #adfj4 ,! fly z a disease c>ri]4 ,! ord9>y fly is "o ( ! wor/ & fil?ie/ transmitt]s ( disease 9 exi/5ce4 ,flies c>ry g]ms f privies1 latr9es1 spitoons1 & sick rooms to ! food on y\r table1 by means ( _! sme>$ feet1 9 _! spit or 9 _! specks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #adfa4 ,! dog z a di/ribut] ( disease4 ,dogs are (t5 di/ribut]s ( disease4 ,!y use _! tongues = toilet pap] & aft]w>ds lick _! coat or ! h&s ( _! fri5ds4 ,pett+ dogs or lett+ !m lick y\r h& is dang]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ',nice doggie' 7,& nice doggie may be giv+ him "s disease7 #adfb4 ,h[ to avoid swall[+ disease4 ,d n dr9k wat] t is n kn[n to be safe4 ,if y h no "o to ask & are travel+1 x is saf] to dr9k tea or c(fee1 because !y h be5 made f boil$ wat]1 or to dr9k bottl$ m9]al wat]s4 ,9 ! field boil y\r dr9k+ wat]4 ,boil$ g]ms are dead & w n gr[4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 h>mless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,boil+ wat] to kill g]ms ,bew>e ( wat] f wells1 f>m pumps ponds1 ci/]ns1 wat] cool]s & b>rels1 especially 9 railroad c>s1 /ations1 & f]ry boats4 ,d n dr9k lemonade1 s(t dr9ks1 or milk f p$dl]s4 ,bew>e ( ! public dr9k+ cup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,next6 7,:at g]ms w he leave on ! cup87 ,always wa% y\r h&s be=e go+ to meals & be=e putt+ ?+s into y\r m\?1 especially aft] go+ to ! toilet or h&l+ animals4 ,d n adopt /range dogs & d n pet dogs4 ,be=e eat+ fruit or raw vegetables1 wa% & peel !m unless pick$ f ! tree by y\rself4 ,d n eat food t is spoil$1 smells or ta/es badly or is flybl[n or maggoty or full ( bugs4 ,d n eat food :i* is n suffici5tly cook$4 ,all smok$1 dri$ or salt meats or fi%1 su* z ham1 bacon1 sausage1 dri$ beef1 bloat]s1 salt mack]el or codfi%1 mu/ be well cook$1 z !y may conta9 ,measles or o!r worm eggs4 ,cook+ kills ! egg4 ,d n eat food expos$ on public /&s to du/1 flies1 dirty h&s1 dirty wat]1 dirty cans1 or dirty glasses & buckets4 ,d n all[ flies to bre$ 9 dirt or o!r fil? ar\nd ! h\se1 nor all[ !m to walk on y\r food4 ,?is is possible by burn+1 bury+ or o!rwise remov+ ! dirt or fil?1 & by us+ fly traps1 swatt]s & fly pap]4 ,d n wet lead p5cils ) y\r spit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,swall[+ sickness ,d n wet y\r f+]s ) spit :5 y deal c>ds or turn ov] pages ( books or magaz9es4 ,keep ! tee? bru%$ & ! m\? clean4 ,h decay$ tee? repair$ at once4 ,decay$ tee? drop out & !y cause abscesses1 :i* may de/roy ! jaw bone or cause bra9 fev]4 ,old snags give ! /oma* ! g]ms ( rott+1 :i* cause dyspepsia4 ,diseases ,caught by ,t\*+ ! ,g]ms #adfc4 ,! m common diseases4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m common diseases caught by t\*+ ! g]ms3 ,r+worm1 mange1 b>b]'s it*1 sore eyes1 boils1 c>buncles1 lockjaw1 small pox1 *ancroid1 syphilis1 & gonorrhoea 7clap74 #adfd4 ,r+worm1 mange1 & b>b]'s it*4 ,^! diseases are c>ri$ f p]son to p]son by f+] nails & h&s & f dirty wat] to ^? :o ba! 9 x or h _! und]we> wa%$ 9 x4 #adfe4 ,lockjaw4 ,! g]ms ( lockjaw are f\nd 9 manure & 9 soil f]tiliz$ ) x2 h5ce1 a bullet :i* passes ?r\gh su* soil be=e w\nd+ c>ries ^! g]ms into ! w\nd4 ,any w\nd soil$ ) su* dirt w be infect$4 ,also1 w\nds made by toy pi/ols & fire-crack]s (t5 conta9 lockjaw g]ms4 #adff4 ,*ancroid1 syphilis1 & gonorrhoea 7clap74 ,^! are diseases ^: g]ms are usually caught f pro/itutes & :ores1 or f husb&s :o h caught ! g]ms f pro/itutes & :ores4 ,!y are call$ ,v5]eal diseases1 aft] ,v5us1 ! ,roman goddess ( lu/ful love1 b !y are v (t5 caught 9 o!r ways ?an 9 sexual int]c\rse1 & by innoc5t p]sons4 ,! *ancroid plant causes a v na/y sore1 ! *ancroid1 :i* (t5 de/roys mu* fle% & causes buboes4 ,! g]m c be c>ri$ on ! f+]s to any "p ( ! body4 ,:5 ! *ancroid is heal$ & ! bubo becomes a sc> ! disease is cur$4 ,! syphilis g]m w gr[ fir/ :]e x is rubb$ 91 caus+ a h>d ulc]1 call$ a *ancre1 & aft] t x travels ?r\gh ! entire body4 ,no place is sacr$ to its de/ructive p[] & x lives z long z ! pati5t does4 ,x is ! cause ( mu* insanity1 palsy1 apoplexy1 deafness1 bl9dness & e>ly dea?4 ,9 mo!rs x causes misc>riages & 9 *ildr5 x causes /illbir?s1 freaks1 de=mities1 feeble m9ds & idiots2 also1 deaf & dumb1 palsi$1 /unt$1 sickly & crim9al conditions4 ,a syphilitic p]son is always dang]\s al?\gh app>5tly well4 ,he (t5 has a sore m\? & 8 spit is z dang]\s z t ( a mad dog4 ,! bite ( su* a man w develop a *ancre & any pipe1 cup1 or too? pick :i* he uses1 or 8 kiss1 w give syphilis4 ,a syphilitic tattoo] :o wets 8 ne$les & 8 ,india ink ) spit w put a *ancre into ! sk9 ) ! picture4 ,! in/rum5ts ( *eap adv]tis+ d5ti/s & ( quack doctors or ignorant nurses c c>ry ^! g]ms f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,s c ! razors & cau/ic /ick ( b>b]s :o are c>eless4 ,! clap plant likes to gr[ 9 ! l9+s ( ! op5+s ( ! body :]e x is d>k & w>m & moi/ :]e x causes a cat>rhal dis*>ge call$ clap1 :i* is easily sme>$ on h&s1 t[els1 h&k]*iefs or by actual contact4 ,x gr[s well 9 ! eyelids1 caus+ great damage & (t5 bl9dness4 ,_m babies get ! clap plant into ! eyes dur+ bir?1 f ! "m1 & unless treat$ )9 a few m9utes aft] bir?1 h sore eyes & g bl9d1--a t]rible calamity to ! *ild & ! family4 ,if y h clap ! g]ms c be c>ri$ on y\r h&s to y\r eyes4 ,! clap plant also gr[s well 9 ! cavities ( ! jo9ts1 caus+ rheumatism & crippl+2 x gr[s 9 ! he>t1 caus+ valvul> he>t disease1 :i* is incurable1 & also 9 ! g5]ative organs ( m5 & wom51 caus+ self-made eunu*s & *ildless wives4 ,x is ! cause ( mo/ ( ! sev]e abdom9al diseases ( wom5 requir+ ! use ( ! knife to cut out ! diseas$ "p4 ,! v5]eal diseases cause m mis]y ?an any o!rs & mo/ ( ! doctors w\ld h to g into o!r pr(essions to e>n _! liv+ if ^! diseases did n exi/4 ,:5 a "y man is s[+ 8 wild oats he is really plant+ 9 8 own body ! syphilis & clap plants1 & ! h>ve/ w be great] ?an any o!r crop4 ,he w reap x 9 days ( b$ridd5 mis]y1 & possible sudd5 dea?4 ,he w reap x 9 bitt] h\rs by ! b$side ?r\gh ! illness & dea? ( 8 wife or 9 h] long ye>s ( ill heal?4 ,he w reap x 9 little :ite c(f9s1 idiot babies2 bl9d1 deaf & dumb1 sickly & /unt$ *ildr54 ,& x w co/ him lo/ wages & hospital & doctor fees4 ,yes1 ! wild oats crop is a bump] crop4 ,k+ ,solomon 0 wise :5 he w>n$ 8 son aga9/ ! h>lot1 = h] end is bitt]4 ,! be/ way to avoid v5]eal diseases is to keep away f lewd wom51 & live a clean moral life4 ,x is said by m$ical au?orities t sexual int]c\rse is n necess>y to pres]ve heal? & manly vigor1 & t ! natural sexual impulse c be kept "u control by avoid+ associations1 conv]sations1 & ?\ghts ( a lewd "*4 ,h[ev]1 p]sons :o w n ex]cise self-control 9 ?is matt] c greatly less5 ! risks ( indulg5ce by ! prompt use1 imm$iately ^u return to camp or g>rison1 ( ! prophylaxis prescrib$ by ,w> ,dep>tm5t ord]s & :i* all soldi]s are requir$ to take aft] expos+ !mselves to ! dang] ( v5]eal infection4 ,m5 :o imm$iately aft] int]c\rse ur9ate & wa% ! private p>ts ?or\ghly ) soap & wat] w less5 ! *ances ( infection4 ,drunk5ness greatly increases ! risk ( infection4 ,%\ld "o be s un=tunate z to contract v5]eal disease1 he %\ld see a fir/-class1 reputable physician ,,at ,,once1 ! soon] ! bett]4 ,x is a fatal mi/ake to try to conceal v5]eal disease by n see+ a doctor1 he :o does s is tak+ a mo/ dang]\s *ance ( ru9+ himself physically = life4 #adfg4 ,h[ to avoid diseases caught by t\*+ ! g]ms4 ,keep y\r sk9 clean ) soap & wat]4 ,d n ba! or wa% y\r clo!s 9 dirty wat]1 h !m boil$ :5 laund]$4 ,d n g b>efoot1 ev5 9 b>racks4 ,d n use t[els or toilet articles ( o!r p1 especially 9 public wa%-rooms unless !y furni% a fre% t[el = y4 ,d n sleep 9 h\ses left empty by ! enemy unless ord]$ to d s4 ,d n sleep 9 native %acks 9 ! tropics4 ,d n rub ! eyes ) dirty h&s4 ,:5 dirt gets 9 h a doctor get x out4 ,if y h clap1 d n rub y\r eyes ) y\r h&s1 & wa% y\r h&s well ) soap & wat] aft] tak+ treatm5t or pass+ wat]4 ,d n h&le dogs or cats1 especially /range or sickly ones4 ,d n clean ! e>s ) /icks or /raws1--h a doctor d x = y4 ,d n h *eap1 adv]tis+ d5ti/s fix y\r tee?4 ,h ! army d5ti/ fix !m & see him at lea/ once e six mon?s1--or see a good civilian d5ti/4 ,d n h pictures tattoo$ on y\r sk94 ,d n smoke o!r m5's pipes4 ,d n h&le or t\* w\nds ) any?+ b a fir/ aid package4 ,bew>e ( *ipp$ dr9k+ glasses 9 cafes1 re/aurants & o!r places4 ,! slighte/ cut f su* a glass :oso clipp$ "p has be5 9 contact ) ! m\? ( a syphilitic p]son w give y syphilis4 ,seek good companions l y\r "m & si/]4 ,keep away f ,john ,b>leycorn4 ,he always wants to turn y ov] to a h>lot4 ,:ores & pro/itutes are all diseas$ & w give y g]ms t w live to give diseases to y1 y\r wife & y\r *ildr51 =ty ye>s f n[4 ,keep away f !m4 ,diseases ,caught f ,bit+ ,insects #adfh4 ,! m common diseases4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m common diseases caught f ! bites ( c]ta9 insects3 ,mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 & d5gue fev]4 ,! g]ms ( mal>ia1 yell[ fev] & d5gue fev] live 9 ! blood1 & are suck$ up into ! blood by mosquitoes :5 !y bite4 ,mal>ia g]ms1 h[ev]1 w develop only 9 ! mosquito call$1 ,anopheles4 ,yell[ fev] g]ms w develop only 9 ! mosquito call$1 ,/egomyia4 ,d5gue fev] g]ms w develop 9 ! mosquito call$ ,culex & 9 ,anopheles4 ,aft] a p]iod ( developm5t 9 ^! mosquitoes ! g]ms w f9d _! way to ! spit gl&s1 & are inject$ into ! p]son :om ! mosquito bites4 7,note4 ,male mosquitoes _c bite47 ,absolutely ! only way t mal>ia1 yell[ & d5gue fev]s c possibly be caught is f mosquitoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,! mal>ia mosquito 7,%e /&s on h] head7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,culex ! mosquito 7,%e is humpback$7 #adfi4 ,h[ to avoid mal>ia1 yell[ & d5gue fev]s4 ,to avoid ^! diseases1 :i* are c>ri$ by mosquitoes1 we scre5 all h\ses ) f9e wire scre5s & use mosquito nets on ! b$s4 ,also1 "u c]ta9 conditions we take daily doses ( qu99e 9 mal>i\s regions4 ,we kill ! mosquitoes4 ,to d ?is we mu/ "k _! habits4 ,mosquitoes all lay eggs 9 wat]4 ,^! hat* out z wiggl]s or l>vae1 :i* h to come to ! top frequ5tly to brea!4 ,9 ab\t twelve days or long] !y turn into tumbl]s or pupas1 :i* 9 a few days long] come to ! top :5 _! backs split op5 & ! mosquito comes out & flies away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,! eggs ,! l>vae ,! pupa ,! mosquito leav+ ! pupa sk9 ,! mal>ia mosquito is dome/ic l ! *ick5 & lives ar\nd 9 h\ses hid+ 9 ! grass1 bu%es or d>k corn]s & comes out to bite at night4 ,:5 a settlem5t is ab&on$ ! mal>ia mosquito moves away also4 ,%e r>ely flies f> f home & is n f\nd mu* beyond #ejj y>ds f a h\se4 ,%e lays h] eggs 9 runn+ cle> wat] pref]ably1 b %e w accept wat] 9 holl[ trees1 betwe5 ! leaves ( lilies or air plants or 9 vases ( fl[]s1 or 9 ci/]ns & wat] butts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,cat*+ mal>ia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,on ,gu>d 7,no mosquito bites = him7 ,! yell[ fev] mosquito is dome/ic l ! h\se cat4 ,%e hangs ar\nd ! h\se & r>ely flies z f> z ! next h\se ev51 pref]r+ to travel on a visitor's coat4 ,%e w bite 9 ! day "t & w lay h] eggs 9 any little collection ( wat] 9 ! h\se1 ! eaves tr\gh1 ! wat] b>rel1 old t9 cans or bottles1 pit*]s1 vases or ! refrig]ator drip4 ,! d5gue mosquito is a m>% & t[n mosquito4 ,%e flies f> & well & w bre$ 9 any sort ( wat]1 ev5 bracki%4 ,to kill mosquitoes-- ,cat* !m 9 ! h\se2 empty all wat] f t9 cans1 old b>rels1 etc2 cov] ) wire all ci/]ns & wat] b>rels2 fill 9 all puddles & dra9 (f m>%es2 put oil on all pools & /reams to *oke ! wriggl]s2 cut d[n grass & bu%es ar\nd h\ses4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,p]sonal ,,hygi5e #adgj4 ,! k ( tak+ c>e ( ! body is call$ ,p]sonal ,hygi5e1 ! pr9cipal rules ( :i* are z foll[s3 #a4 ,,keep ,,! ,,sk9 ,,clean4 #b4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,prop]ly ,,protect$ ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,wea!r4 #c4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,prop]ly ,,f$4 #d4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,suppli$ ,,) ,,fre% ,,air4 #e4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,well ,,ex]cis$ ,,)\t ,,exhau/ion4 #f4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,re/$ ,,by ,,suffici5t ,,sleep4 #g4 ,,keep ,,! ,,body ,,free ,,( ,,wa/es4 ,sanitation is ! practice ( ! laws ( ,hygi5e4 #adga4 ,,rule #a4 ,keep ! ,sk9 clean4 ,a dirty body invites sickness4 ,small tr\bles su* z *af+1 sore feet1 saddle boils1 sore eyes1 felons1 :itl[s1 e>a*e1 too?a*e1 c>buncles1 fleas1 lice & r+worms1 are all caus$ by lack ( cleanl9ess1 & !y put m5 on sick report4 ,ow+ to excessive p]spiration a daily ba? ) soap is desirable 9 summ] & 9 ! tropics1 ! ye> ar\nd4 ,at lea/ a weekly ba? %\ld always be tak5 :5 possible4 ,:5 n possible to ba!1 take a good rub daily ) a dry t[el4 ,keep y\r feet clean ) soap & wat] & put on dry socks be=e sleep+ at night4 ,soil$ socks %\ld be wa%$ & hung up to dry ov] night4 ,keep y\r f+] nails trimm$ %ort ) scissors or knife4 ,nev] bite !m (f4 ,keep !m clean$ & keep y\r h&s wa%$1 especially at meal times4 ,und]we> mu/ be wa%$ 9 clean wat]1 hot :5 possible & :5 soil$ *ange z soon z possible4 ,d n ba! or wa% y\r clo!s 9 dirty wat]4 ,ba?+ 9 wat] conta9+ mu* alkali 7h>d wat]7 or f9e s& or mud w make ! sk9 sm>t or *afe easily & cause sore eyes4 ,! hair ( ! head %\ld be kept well-trimm$4 #adgb4 ,,rule #b4 ,keep ! body prop]ly protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,clo?+ ( ! soldi] is worn z a protection4 ,too mu* causes sweat+ & exhau/ion on ! m>* & too little causes *ills & fro/ bite4 ,be c>eful to rebutton ! clo?+ 9 w9t] "t aft] att5d+ to ,nature's calls4 ,cold f+]s may make y c>eless1 b ! cold is m]ciless & may cause a bad fro/ bite4 ,! fir/ feel+ ( fro/ bite is numbness & ! fir/ sign is a m>ble :it5ess4 ,fro/ attacks fir/ ! nose1 e>s1 *eeks1 f+]s & toes4 ,sun gl>e & sn[ bl9dness may be prev5t$ by color$ goggles or a h&k]*ief ti$ across ! face ) a small slit = ! eyes or by greas+ ! face & eyelids & rubb+ 9 *>coal ar\nd ! eyes4 #adgc4 ,,rule #c4 ,keep ! body prop]ly f$4 ,y\r company mess is suffici5t = y\r ne$s & is :olesome1 provid$ x is well *ew$4 ,l>ge lumps ( food take a long] "t to dige/ ?an small p>ticles d1 & s !y tire ! /oma* & also cause con/ipation1 gas & indige/ion ) heada*e4 ,d n eat food left beh9d 9 /range h\ses or by ! enemy1 nor food t smells or looks badly4 ,if hav]sack rations are issu$ to y1 d n eat !m all at ! fir/ meal1 b make a division = ea* meal4 ,/uff+ w make y sick on a hike & lat]1 hung] w drive y to eat ?+s y w\ld n t\* at o!r times4 ,be=e />t+ on ! day's hike dr9k all ! wat] y c & fill y\r cante5 ) wat] only4 ,be sure y\r cante5 does n leak4 ,aft] />t+1 d n dr9k any?+ until ! end ( ! hike4 ,d n eat ice or sn[ to qu5* ?ir/4 ,x w make y m ?ir/y4 ,d n dr9k l>ge quantities ( cold spr+ wat] :5 heat$1--x w give y a v bad bellya*e4 ,d n dr9k :iskey or be]1 especially 9 ! field4 ,x w weak5 y & favor heat exhau/ion1 sun/roke1 fro/ bite & o!r s]i\s tr\bles4 ,alcohol muddles ! m9d & cl\ds ?\ghts1 & s causes a feel+ ( c>elessness & sill9ess t may ru9 "s milit>y plan1 or give ! :ole ?+ away to ! enemy & ) x ! lives ( y\rself & y\r comrades4 ,! soldi] :o dr9ks alcohol w be among ! fir/ to fall out exhau/$4 ,if y use tobacco1 d n *ew or smoke :ile m>*+4 ,tobacco is only a dope & increases ! "w ( ! he>t4 ,a cup ( hot c(fee is a good /imulant4 #adgd4 ,,rule #d4 ,keep ! body suppli$ ) fre% air4 ,! bra91 kidneys & o!r int]nal organs require oxyg5 7a "p ( ! air7 cont9ually1 & if depriv$ ( x = five m9utes1 ! body w die4 ,!re=e1 x is easy to see t we mu/ cont9ually get pl5ty ( fre% air into ! lungs to supply ! blood :i* c>ries ! oxyg5 ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,except 9 w9t] "t :5 /eam-heat$ b>racks are fill$ ) sleep+ m51 x is n1 z a rule1 difficult to get all ! fre% air we ne$4 ,! air 9 a dormitory %\ld smell sweet & clean1 ev5 ?\gh w>m4 ,fre% air %\ld be cont9ually admitt$ 9 a way t w n ?r[ a draft on any ( ! sleep]s4 ,x is mu* bett] to sleep 9 a cold room ) fre% air ?an 9 a hot /uffy "o4 ,fre% air n only prev5ts consumption1 b x w cure mild cases ( consumption )\t o!r m$ic9es4 #adge4 ,,rule #e4 ,keep ! body well ex]cis$ )\t exhau/ion4 ,ex]cise is absolutely necess>y to good heal?4 ,lack ( ex]cise ( any set ( muscles w cause !m to gr[ flabby & weak4 ,outdoor sports are ! be/ =m ( ex]cise1 because !y use all ! body muscles1 & are 9 ! op5 cle> air4 ,exhau/ion1 on ! o!r h&1 n only weak5s ! muscles ( ! body1 b x also less5s ! vital =ces & p[]s to resi/ g]ms4 #adgf4 ,,rule #f4 ,keep ! body re/$ by suffici5t sleep4 ,give ! body en\gh sleep4 ,eight h\rs ( un9t]rupt$ sleep are en\gh = ! av]age man1 & y %\ld always h t mu* 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,rememb] y\r comrades ne$ x also2 s1 if y come 9 aft] taps1 d n make a racket ) slamm+ doors1 heavy tramp+1 talk+ or :i/l+4 ,& 9 camp be c>eful n to fall ov] t5t ropes or /ep on o!r sleep]s4 ,d n dr9k c(fee at night1--x w keep y awake & rob y\r body ( ne$$ re/4 ,:5 on ! m>* take advantage ( e halt to re/ y\r body4 ,z soon z ! comm& is giv5 to fall out1 select1 if possible1 a dry place on ! side ( ! road to sit or lie on4 ,if c>ry+ ! pack1 loos5 x & re/ back on x1 9 a sitt+ or ly+ position4 ,if ! m>* has be5 a long "o1 lie flat on y\r back & raise ! feet 9 ! air4 ,?is is a quick way to remove ! heavy dragg$ feel+ ( ! feet & legs & to re/ ! he>t1 because ! blood runs out ( ! legs into ! body4 #adgg4 ,,rule #g4 ,keep ! body free ( wa/es4 ,get into ! habit ( empty+ ! b[els at a c]ta9 h\r ea* day4 ,imm$iately aft] breakfa/ is a good "t4 ,?is is a habit t c be cultivat$ j l any o!r habit4 ,cultivate x4 ,x w d mu* to keep y 9 good heal?4 ,always empty ! b[els & bladd]1 especially ! b[els1 :5ev] y h ! lea/ desire to d s4 ,d n all[ a little p]sonal inconv5i5ce or laz9ess to prev5t y f do+ ?is4 ,! wa/es f ! b[els & bladd]1 especially ! b[els1 are poisons t %\ld always be expell$ f ! body j z soon z possible4 ,! free dr9k+ ( wat] flu%es ! bladd] & helps to loos5 ! b[els4 ,a glass ( hot wat] soon aft] reveille w n only help to loos5 ! b[els1 b x w also b5efit ! /oma* & flu% out ! bladd]4 ,"s p dr9k a big glass ( wat]1 ei!r hot or cold1 e morn+ be=e breakfa/4 ,prop] physical ex]cise & eat+ ripe or cook$ fruits w also d mu* to keep ! b[els op54 ,press+ & rubb+ d[nw>d ) ! left h& on ! l[] left side ( ! belly w d mu* to induce a movem5t ( ! b[els4 ,mo/ con/ipation comes f swall[+ food 9 l>ge *unks1 dr9k+ l>ge quantities ( cold liquids ) ! meals & eat+ heavy articles ( diet1 su* z beans1 fri$ pork1 hot bread4 ,d n get into ! habit ( us+ laxatives to keep ! b[els op54 ,_! cont9u$ use is injuri\s4 ,use ! natural means sugge/$ above4 ,! con/ant mod]ate use ( alcohol injures ! kidneys & :5 !y become too weak to "w & ?r[ (f ! wa/e1 a deadly disease1 call$ ,bright's ,disease1 results4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,to ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,injur$ #adgh4 ,object ( tea*+ fir/ aid4 ,! object ( tea*+ fir/ aid1 or e>ly assi/ance ( ! injur$ or sick1 is n only to enable "o p]son to help ano!r1 b also 9 "s measure to help himself1 until a surgeon or o!r ?or\ghly tra9$ p]son c be se54 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k y mu/ "k _m ?+s to be helpful1 x is only necess>y to "k a few simple ?+s1 b y mu/ und]/& !m cle>ly & be able to d !m well4 #adgi4 ,asphyxiation 7suffocation7 by ,gas4 ,asphyxiation by gas is treat$ ! same z 9 ! case ( dr[n+1 omitt+1 ( c\rse1 ! op]ation ( gett+ ! wat] out ( ! body4 #adhj4 ,bite ( dog4 ,ei!r requires imm$iate & h]oic treatm5t4 ,bite ( snake4 ,lose no "t4 #a4 ,prev5t ! poison f travel+ t[>d ! he>t & bra9 by putt+ on at once a t\rniquet betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t4 #b4 ,suck ! w\nd & be sure to spit out ! poison & r9se ! m\? aft]w>d4 ,x is safe1 if y h no cuts or sores on ! lips or 9 ! m\?4 #c4 ,enl>ge ! w\nd ) a knife 79 ! direction ( ! bone1 n across7 to make x ble$ m freely1 & aga9 suck ! w\nd4 #d4 ,apply to ! w\nd any /rong acid or cau/ic1 su* z c>bolic acid1 lime1 wood a%es or t9cture ( iod9e1 or burn x ) a hot iron4 ,telegraph wire w d4 #e4 ,wa% out ! w\nd ) hot wat] & pack ) equal p>ts ( bak+ soda & salt1 & apply a b&age4 #f4 ,!n1 9 ! case ( a snake bite1 loos5 ! t\rniquet little by little1 tak+ ab\t half an h\r s z to p]mit any poison t may rema9 9 ! w\nd to be gradually absorb$ by ! blood4 ,9 ! case ( a dog bite1 ! t\rniquet is loos5$ at once4 ,aft] ! t\rniquet has be5 remov$1 ! pati5t mu/ re/ quietly = sev]al h\rs4 ,if he feel fa9t1 he may h a /imulant1--alcohol1 c(fee or tea1--b d n give ! /imulant be=e ! poison has be5 remov$ f ! w\nd1 because /imulants increase ! he>t beats & !reby hurry ! poison into ! blood4 ,if ! dog is n mad 7rabid71 ! w\nd does n ne$ treatm5t diff]5t f any o!r k9d ( a w\nd4 ,:5 bitt5 by a snake1 kill x1 if possible1 & h x %[n to a doctor = exam9ation4 #adha4 ,ble$+4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison betwe5 ! blood & ! wat] 9 a city w enable y to und]/& easily ! "q ( ble$+3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! wat] fl[s f a pump call$ wat]works ?r\gh blood he>t rigid pipes call$ wat]ma9s4 ,:5 !re is a leak ela/ic tubes art]ies ble$+ ! plumb] /ops ! fl[ ( ! wat] by doctor blood turn+ a key valve betwe5 ! wat]works & ! press+ ! blood tube %ut he>t leak & !n proce$s to repair ! leak ble$+ cut by sold]+ 4 ,he !n turns on ! wat] by by sew+ or by b&ag+ blood op5+ ! valve 9 ! wat] ma9 4 remov+ pressure on ! blood tube ,fig4 #b %[s :]e pressure ) ! ?umb w squeeze ! blood tube betwe5 ! ?umb & ! bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,pressure ) ?umb at #a *ecks ble$+ ( left side ( *9 *eek & jaw4 ,pressure at #b /ops ble$+ f big blood tube on left side ( head & neck & face4 ,pressure at #c controls ble$+ 9 arm pit & %\ld]4 ,pressure at #d *ecks ble$+ 9 arm pit & any:]e d[n ! arm & h&4 ,pressure at #e /ops ble$+ ( arm & h&4 ,pressure at #f1 on ei!r leg1 /ops ble$+ ( leg & foot4 ,9 addition to ! pressure raise ! leg or arm or head above ! he>t4 ,?is w sl[ ! fl[ ( ! blood & less5 leakage4 ,h[ev]1 "o _c hold ! ?umb =ev] on ! blood tube1 s we make an artificial ?umb1 call$ a t\rniquet1 :i* is a pebble or o!r h>d object wrapp$ 9 "s s(t mat]ial 7to prev5t injury to fle%71 :i* is press$ d[n on ! blood tube & held 9 place by a /rip ( any mat]ial :i* c be ti$ s z to keep up ! pressure4 ,a t\rniquet1 !re=e1 is l ! valve 9 a wat] ma94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,! pebble ,! pebble wrapp$ to protect ! fle% ,! b&age ti$ ar\nd ov] ! pebble ,! b&age twi/$ tightly by means ( a w9dlass 7/ick7 :i* is held by ano!r b&age ,?is %[s pressure appli$ by t\rniquet 7also call$ ,spani% w9dlass7 in/ead ( ! h& & by direct pressure ( ! ,fir/ ,aid ,packet ,! above diagrams %[ h[ a t\rniquet is appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,b&age to /op ble$+ 9 arm ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,b&age to /op ble$+ 9 foot ,:5 no "o is ar\nd to assi/ y1 sometimes x w be possible to plug ! w\nd 9 y\r own body ) ! fir/ aid packet or ) y\r ?umb or h&k]*ief4 ,:5 ! ble$+ is slight1 or is f ! scalp or palm ( ! h&1 or sole ( ! foot1 direct pressure ^u ! w\nd itself ) ! pad ( ! fir/ aid package w (t5 be suffici5t to /op ! leak4 ,nature :5 left alone /ops ! leaks ) h] own sold]1 call$ blood-clot1 :i* =ms 9 ! cut ends ( blood tubes & corks !m or seals !m up until a sc> =ms a p]man5t seal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,arm bl[n (f at elb[ ,,notice3 #a4 ,b&age on /ump4 #b4 ,t\rniquet bel[ to *eck ble$+4 #c4 ,arm held upright to less5 ble$+4 #d4 ,/rap supports arm & also acts z a t\rniquet4 #adhb4 ,! dang]s f a t\rniquet are3 #a4 ,gangr5e1--t is1 ! dea? ( a limb caus$ by ! lack ( blood1 :i* has be5 cut (f by ! t\rniquet4 ,by wat*+ ! toes & f+] tips & loos5+ ! t\rniquet if !y are becom+ blue black & rema9 :ite :5 p9*$1 gangr5e may be prev5t$4 ,h[ev]1 ! w\nd %\ld be plugg$ be=e loos5+ ! t\rniquet4 #b4 ,injury to n]ves f pressure :i* may cause palsy 7p>alysis74 ,h[ev]1 t w g5]ally pass (f 9 a few days4 #adhc4 ,brok5 ,bones 7,fractures74 ,a brok5 bone or fracture is kn[n by pa9 9 a p>ticul> place t hurts on movem5t or :5 t\*$4 ,also1 by a de=mity or a movable lump1 caus$ by ! brok5 end ( ! bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,comp\nd fracture ,a brok5 bone %\ld be h&l$ ) ! greate/ possible c>e4 ,c>eless h&l+ may cause ! brok5 ends to pi]ce ! fle% & /ick out ?r\gh ! sk94 ,?is is call$ a comp\nd fracture1 & is s]i\s1 because x adds fuel to ! fire by mak+ a doorway = g]ms to ent]1 :i* may cause dea? or ! loss ( ! limb4 ,fur!rmore1 c>eless h&l+ may make ! bones gr[ toge!r 9 a bad position1 caus+ a de=mity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,break ( ,,upp] arm bone4 ,pull+ ! brok5 bones out ( fle% & into place ,treatm5t = break ( upp] arm bone #a4 ,padd+ ( grass4 #b4 ,spl9ts put on ,,front & ,,back4 #c4 ,spl9ts ext5d beyond elb[ jo9t4 #d4 ,arm is support$ by a sl+4 ,treatm5t = break ( bo? bones ( l[] arm #a4 ,pl5ty ( grass padd+ to protect ! fle%4 #b4 ,! spl9ts are put ,,front & ,,back & b\nd snugly4 ,! h& is includ$4 #c4 ,! :ole dress+ is held up by a sl+4 ,! be/ way to treat a brok5 leg or arm bone is z foll[s3 7,fig4 #h47 ,pull until ! ends come toge!r4 ,y c tell ?is by ! relief ! pati5t feels & by ! limb assum+ its prop] l5g?1--t is1 ! same l5g? z ! o!r side4 #adhd4 ,to keep ! ends ( ! bones 9 place1 fa/5 to ! limb two bo>ds or any o!r sub/ance t w n b5d4 ,su* bo>ds or o!r sub/ance are call$ spl9ts4 ,!y act z artificial bones4 ,all spl9ts %\ld be well padd$ ) "s s(t mat]ial l raw cotton wa/e1 grass 7be sure ! grass conta9s no bit+ insects71 leaves1 hay or excelsior1 to prev5t pressure ( ! s(t fle% on ! ends ( ! bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,po9ts to note3 ,pl5ty ( grass betwe5 ! legs4 ,pl5ty ( grass betwe5 injur$ leg & spl9t4 ,spl9t ext5ds f arm pit to foot4 ,! o!r leg is us$ = a spl9t4 ,pl5ty ( /rapp+ to keep leg quiet4 ,:5 ! ?igh bone is brok51 put a spl9t f ! arm to ! ankle & use ! o!r leg z a spl9t4 ,fa/5 !m by b&ages1 belts1 gun sl+1 etc41 pass$ ar\nd ! *e/1 wai/1 hips1 knees & ankle4 ,:5 an arm is put 9 a spl9t1 hang ! h& & =e>m 9 a sl+4 ,x w give mu* relief4 ,:5 ! jaw is brok51 ! upp] jaw makes a good spl9t4 ,:5 ! coll> bone is brok5 ?is makes a good treatm5t3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,brok5 coll> bone ,! left coll> bone is brok54 ,!re=e1 pull ,,bo? %\ld]s backw>d away f ! brea/ bone 7same action z = brok5 arm bone7 & hold 9 position ) b&age or /raps4 ,brok5 coll> bone 7left side7 ,:5 ! %\ld]s are pull$ back !n ! h& is b\nd close to ! *e/ high up4 ,?is prev5ts x f flopp+ & s twi/+ ! brok5 ends ( ! coll> bone4 ,a brok5 rib is treat$ by putt+ a wide /rap or b&age ar\nd ! *e/ & draw+ x tight :ile all ! air is brea!d out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,treatm5t = brok5 ribs1 left side ,! pati5t brea!s all ! air out ( ! *e/ & at t mom5t ! /rap is buckl$ tightly4 ,?is prev5ts ! brok5 ends ( ! ribs f te>+ ! fle% or ! lungs4 ,notice ! roll ( %irt :i* acts z a pad4 ,?is keeps ! rib quiet & ! man w brea! ) 8 belly in/ead ( 8 *e/4 ,a brok5 skull usually makes a man unconsci\s & may cause dea?4 ,x is recogniz$ by a w\nd or swell+ ( ! scalp & a d5t 9 ! skull4 ,a doctor %\ld be call$ at once4 ,always exam9e an unconsci\s man = injury to ! head4 #adhe4 ,burns4 ,if clo?+ /icks to ! burn1 d n try to remove x1 b cut ar\nd x4 ,prick bli/]s at bo? ends ) a p]fectly clean ne$le1 & remove ! wat] by g5tle pressure1 be+ c>eful n to break ! sk94 ,a good application = a burn is c>bolic acid dissolv$ 9 wat] 7a teaspoonful 9 a p9t ( wat]71 or t9cture ( iod9e dissolv$ 9 wat] 7"o teaspoonful 9 a p9t ( wat]1 to :i* is add$ z mu* salt z w cov] a dime71 or olive oil1 vasel9e or butt]4 ,lack+ ! rem$ies nam$ above1 ord9>y bak+ soda or fl\r may be du/$ on ! unbrok5 sk91 or a clo? damp5$ ) salt wat] t has be5 boil$1 to :i* may be add$ ! same am\nt ( :iskey or br&y z !re is wat]4 ,ano!r application = burns recomm5d$ by "s1 is ! scrap+ ( a raw potato1 r5ew$ :5 x feels hot4 ,diff]5t burns %\ld be treat$ z foll[s3 ,sunburn1--treat ) olive oil1 vasel9e or butt]1 or ) a glyc]9e or wit*hazel1 apply+ ) a damp5$ clo?4 ,quicklime or lye1--treat ) v9eg>4 ,c>bolic acid1--treat ) alcohol4 ,o!r acids1--treat ) bak+ p[d] or lime wat]4 #adhf4 ,burn+ clo!s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( wom5 & *ildr51 has be5 ! unnecess>y cause ( _m horrible dea?s1 ei!r f ignorance ( ! prop] means ( ext+ui%+ ! flames1 or f lack ( pres5ce ( m9d to apply !m4 ,a p]son ^: clo?+ is blaz+ %\ld 7#a7 imm$iately be made to lie d[n--be ?r[n if necess>y4 ,! t5d5cy ( flames is upw>d1 & :5 ! pati5t is ly+ d[n1 !y h n only less to fe$ ^u1 b ! dang] ( _! rea*+ ! face1 ) ! possibility ( *ok+ & ( ultimate de=mity is greatly dim9i%$4 7#b7 ,! p]son %\ld !n be quickly wrapp$ up 9 a coat1 %awl1 rug1 blanket or any simil> article1 pref]ably wool51 & nev] cotton1 & ! fire completely smo!r$ by press+ & patt+ ^u ! burn+ po9ts f ! outside ( ! envelope4 ,! flames hav+ be5 controll$ 9 ?is way1 :5 ! wrap is remov$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! slighte/ sign ( a blaze imm$iately & completely /ifl$4 ,?is is be/ done by p9*+ x b wat] may be us$4 ,any burns & any pro/ration by %ock %\ld be treat$ 9 ! mann] prescrib$ = !m4 #adhg4 ,bruises4 ,! be/ treatm5t = a bruise is heat4 ,a hot brick or a bottle ( hot wat] wrapp$ 9 clo?1 t[els wrung out ( hot wat]1 or ev5 an electric light bulb1 w give mu* relief4 ,h[ev]1 always rememb] ?is3 ,nev] put ! hot object on ! b>e sk9--always wrap ! s\rce ( heat 9 a ?ick clo? to hold ! heat 9 & at ! same "t protect ! sk94 ,if n practicable to d ?is wrap ! s\rce ( heat1 !n spread a t[el ov] ! sk9 be=e apply+ ! hot object4 ,if y use an electric bulb1 wat* x closely1 z x w *> & possibly set ?+s on fire4 ,! above treatm5t is also excell5t = lumbago1 /iff neck1 & /iff muscles4 ,a tub ba? z hot z y c /& x is f9e = refre%+ tir$1 /iff muscles4 ,x is also good = lumbago4 #adhh4 ,*igg]s4 ,apply k]os5e oil4 ,bacon is also excell5t1 & s is butt] or l>d ) salt4 #adhi4 ,*ok+4 ,=eign body 9 ! ?roat4 ,! common practice ( slapp+ ! back (t5 helps ! act ( c\gh+ to dislodge =eign bodies 9 ! w9dpipe4 ,if ?is does n succe$1 h ! pati5t lie ov] a *air ) 8 head d[n l[ or hold him z 9 ! fir/ /ep to revive a dr[n+ p]son & h him c\gh4 ,:5 9 ei!r ( ^! positions h "s "o slap him on ! back s z to induce c\gh+4 ,! above fail+1 give him a l>ge am\nt ( w>m wat] ) a little salt1 mu/>d or bak+ soda 9 x1 & !n h him put 8 f+] 9 8 ?roat s z to induce vomit+ :i* w (t5 br+ up ! ob/ruction4 ,9 *ildr51 & ev5 9 adults1 ! expulsion ( ! body may be facilitat$ by lift+ a pati5t up by ! heels & slapp+ 8 back 9 ?is position4 ,if none ( ! me?ods above describ$ are successful1 summon a physician1 tak+ c>e to s5d him in=mation z to ! "* ( ! accid5t1 s t he may br+ ) him ! in/rum5ts ne$$ = remov+ ! ob/ruction4 #adij4 ,cuts4 ,small cuts %\ld be treat$ ) t9cture ( iod9e or wa%$ ) alcohol 7bay rum or li/]9e w d7 & b&age up4 ,l>ge w\nds may be simil>ly clean$ & !n clos$ by adhesive pla/]4 #adia4 ,di>rhoea4 ,apply w>m b&ages to ! belly4 ,"s woodsm5 recomm5d ! foll[+3 ,fire br[n a little fl\r to :i* two teaspoonfuls ( v9eg> & "o teaspoonful ( salt are add$2 mix & dr9k4 ,!y claim ?is is a cure n9e cases out ( t54 ,a tablespoonful ( w>m v9eg> & teaspoonful ( salt w cure mo/ sev]e cases4 ,also1 hot g+] ale or hot wat] conta9+ a teaspoonful ( wit* hazel is good4 ,repeat any ( ! above dr9ks ab\t e h\r4 ,take a purgative1 :i* w usually expel ! (f5d+ cause1 g5]ally too mu* undige/$ food4 #adib4 ,dislocations4 ,! place :]e two bones come toge!r is call$ a jo9t4 ,:5 two bones =m+ a jo9t are knock$ ap>t1 x is call$ a dislocation1 & ! bones are said to be out ( jo9t4 ,! fir/ sign ( a dislocation is ! accid5t4 ,! second sign is imm$iate int]f]5ce ) ! motion ( ! jo9t & awkw>dness 9 us+ ! limb4 ,! ?ird sign is de=mity ( ! jo9t1--x looks que] :5 comp>$ ) ! same jo9t on ! o!r side4 ,if y are unsuccessful aft] try+ sev]al times to replace a dislocation1 get a doctor4 ,if no doctor is available1 make ! man sick by hav+ him dr9k "s w>m salt wat] & !n put 8 f+] 9 8 ?roat4 ,:5 he vomits ! muscles & ligam5ts 7tissue connect+ ! jo9ts7 w relax & y may be able to get ! bone back 9 place4 ,aft] replac+ ! bones put ! jo9t at re/ ) a l>ge compress & b&age4 ,:5 unc]ta9 z to :e!r y h to deal ) a brok5 bone or a dislocat$ jo9t1 give treatm5t = a brok5 bone1 because re/ & quiet = ! injur$ "p are good 9 ei!r case4 ,! foll[+ diagrams %[ ! usual me?ods ( replac+ dislocations3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,to put ! arm bone back into ! %\ld] socket #a,,/ ,,move ,re/ y\r weight at elb[1 pull+ d[nw>d1 until ! muscles at ! %\ld] are tir$ & w /ret*4 #b,,nd ,,move ,sw+ ! elb[ across1 close to ! *e/1 & place ! h& on o!r %\ld]4 #c,,rd ,,move ,keep ! elb[ close to ! *e/ & br+ ! h& =w>d z if held out = a p5ny4 ,?is %\ld twi/ ! bone into ! socket4 ,relocat+ ! jaw ,:5 ! jaw bone is out ( place1 ! man _c %ut 8 m\?4 ,put bo? ?umbs 7protect$ by a h&k]*ief7 on ! l[] tee? & ) ! =ef+]s at ! angles ( ! l[] jaw pu% d[n 9 ! back ( ! jaw4 ,relocat+ ?umb ,:5 ! ?umb bone is dislocat$ x mu/ be ,,pu%$ into place--n pull$4 ,relocat+ f+] ,pull ! f+] bone back into place4 #adic4 ,dr[n+4 ,rescu+4 ,approa* ! dr[n+ man f beh9d1 seiz+ him by ! coat coll>1 or a woman by ! back hair1 & t[ at arms l5g? to boat or %ore4 ,d n let him cl+ ar\nd y\r neck or arms to endang] y4 ,duck him until unconsci\s if necess>y to break a dang]\s hold ^u y2 b d n /rike to /un him4 ,a dr[n+ p]son does n come to ! top ?ree times be=e giv+ up4 ,reviv+4 ,:5 a p]son is app>5tly dr[n$ he is unconsci\s & n brea?+ because 8 lungs are full ( wat] & 8 sk9 is blue & cold because no air is gett+ into 8 blood to r$d5 x & w>m x2 rememb] ! he>t does n /op until "s "t aft] ! brea?+ /ops4 ,if we c get air into ! blood & />t brea?+ aga9 be=e ! he>t /ops we c save ! pati5t's life4 ,if we _c get ! brea? />t$ 9 "t ! he>t /ops & ! pati5t is !n dead4 ,our problem !n is ?is3 #a4 ,to get ! wat] out ( ! lungs4 #b4 ,to get ! air into ! lungs & />t ! man brea?+ be=e ! he>t /ops4 ,empty+ ! lungs is precisely simil> to empty+ a bottle4 ,! lungs are ! bottle1 ! w9dpipe is ! neck ( ! bottle & ! cork ( ! bottle may be ! tongue turn$ back 9 ! ?roat or mud & leaves f bottom ( ! pool & bloody fro? 9 ! no/rils4 ,we !re=e-- #a4 ,pull out ! cork4 ,remove mud1 mucus1 etc41 & pull ! tongue =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,pull+ out ! cork #b4 ,turn ! bottle neck d[n to p\r out ! cont5ts4 ,place ! pati5t's head l[] ?an 8 *e/ s ! wat] w run out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,!n lay ! pati5t on a blanket1 if possible1 & on 8 /oma*1 arms ext5d$ f 8 body beyond 8 head1 face turn$ to "o side s t ! m\? & nose d n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,?is position causes ! tongue to fall =w>d ( its own weight & s prev5ts x f fall+ back into ! air passages4 ,turn+ ! head to "o side prev5ts ! face com+ into contact ) mud or wat] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,kneel & /raddle ! pati5t's hips1 fac+ 8 head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,roll up or rip (f ! clo?+ s z to get at ! b>e back4 ,locate ! l[e/ rib1 & ) y\r ?umbs ext5d+ 9 ab\t ! same direction z y\r f+]s1 place y\r spread h&s s t y\r little f+] curls ov] ! l[e/ rib4 ,be sure to get ! h&s well away f ! back bone1--! ne>] ! ends ( ! ribs ! h&s are plac$ )\t slid+ (f1 ! bett] x is4 ,!n ) y\r arms held /raight1 press d[n ,,sl[ly ,,& ,,/eadily on ! ribs1 br++ ! weight ( y\r body /raight f y\r %\ld]s4 ,d n b5d y\r elb[s & %ove 9 f ! side4 ,release ! pressure sudd5ly1 remov+ ! h&s f ! body entirely1 & ?us all[+ ! *e/ to fill ) air4 ,wait a c\ple ( seconds1 s z to give ! air "t to get into ! blood4 ,?is is mo/ important4 ,repeat ! pressure & cont9ue do+ s1 sl[ly & /eadily1 press+ d[n at ! rate ( ord9>y brea?+4 ,t is to say1 pressure & release ( pressure 7"o complete respiration7 %\ld occupy ab\t five seconds4 ,guide y\rself by y\r own deep1 regul> brea?+1 or by c\nt+4 ,keep up = at lea/ "o h\r ! ef=t to revive ! pati5t2 & mu* long] if !re is any sign ( revival by way ( speak+1 brea?+1 c\gh+1 sneez+ or gurgl+ s\nds4 ,d n /op work+ at ! fir/ signs ( life1 b keep x up until ! pati5t is brea?+ well & is consci\s4 ,if y /op too soon he may /op brea?+ & die4 ,p]sons h be5 reviv$ aft] two h\rs ( /eady "w1 b mo/ cases revive )9 ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,if y are a heavy man1 be c>eful n to br+ too mu* =ce on ! ribs1 z y might break "o ( !m4 ,9 ! case ( wom5 or ?9 p]sons place a roll ( clo?+ "u !m at ! wai/ l9e be=e beg9n+ ! pressure4 ,if y happ5 to be ( light build & ! pati5t is a l>ge1 heavy p]son1 y w be able to apply ! pressure bett] by rais+ y\r knees f ! gr\nd1 & support+ y\rself entirely on y\r toes & ! heels ( y\r h&s1 prop]ly plac$ on ! float+ ribs ( ! pati5t4 ,d n attempt to give liquids ( any k9d to ! pati5t :ile he is unconsci\s1 = he _c swall[ !m4 ,!y w m]ely run into 8 w9dpipe & *oke him1 & fur!rmore1 x w take up valuable "t4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! pati5t has rega9$ consci\sness y may give him hot c(fee or hot :iskey1 pun* or aromatic spirits ( ammonia 7a teaspoonful 9 wat]74 ,!n wrap up ! pati5t w>mly 9 hot blankets ) hot wat] bottles1 & take him to ! ne>e/ hospital or put him to b$ & s5d = a doctor4 ,:y8 ,because ! dirty wat] 9 ! lungs has damag$ ! l9+ & ! pati5t is 9 dang] ( lung fev] & ne$s c>e & nurs+4 ,aromatic spirits ( ammonia may be p\r$ on a h&k]*ief & held cont9u\sly )9 ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! face & nose4 ,if o!r ammonia prep>ations are us$1 !y %\ld be dilut$ or held f>!r away4 ,try x on y\r own nose fir/4 ,! above me?od ( artificial respiration is also applicable 9 cases ( electric %ock1 suffocation by gas & smoke4 #adid4 ,e>a*e4 ,put a teaspoonful ( salt into a qu>t ( wat] & add #f teaspoonfuls ( tea4 ,boil x4 ,z soon z x is cool en\gh to /& ! f+]1 drip "s into ! no/rils until x falls into ! ?roat4 ,cle> out ! nose & ?roat by sniff+1--d n bl[ ! nose4--& !n g>gle ) ! re/ ( ! rem$y z hot z c be tak51 hold+ ea* m\?ful well back 9 ! ?roat4 ,?is w (t5 op5 up ! tubes runn+ f ! e>s to ! ?roat1 & relieve ! pressure aga9/ ! e> drum4 ,9 addition1 a little hot oil may be dropp$ into ! e>4 ,repeat ! treatm5t 9 "o-half an h\r if n successful fir/ "t4 #adie4 ,e>1 =eign body 94 ,lay ! head ov]1 ) ! affect$ e> up1 & p\r 9 "s w>m oil or soap suds4 ,?is w float ! ?+ up1 unless x be a vegetable su* z a gra9 ( corn or a bean4 ,turn+ ! affect$ e> d[n & !n jump+1 j]k+ ! head1 or p\nd+ x g5tly1 may dislodge x4 ,a little p]oxide ( hydrog5 p\r$ into ! e> w (t5 dislodge ! sub/ance1 especially if x be wax4 ,9 case ( an insect1 a bright light held ne> ! e> w (t5 cause x to leave ! e> to g to ! light4 #adif4 ,electric ,%ock4 ,failure ( respiration foll[+ an electric %ock by lightn+ or live wire is treat$ ! same z 9 ! case ( dr[n+1 omitt+1 ( c\rse1 ! op]ation ( remov+ ! wat] out ( ! lungs4 ,d n try to pull a man away f a live wire until y h put on rubb] ov]%oes or gott5 a wood5 /ick ) :i* to get ! wire away f him4 ,o!rwise y w y\rself get a %ock4 #adig4 ,eye1 =eign body 94 ,close ! eye = a few mom5ts & all[ ! te>s to fill ! eye2 ^u op5+ x1 ! body may be wa%$ out by !m4 ,nev] rub ! eye4 ,! =eign body c (t5 be remov$ by keep+ ! eye op5 ) "o h& & spla%+ wat] into x ) ! o!r1 or by dipp+ ! eye into clean wat] :ile hold+ ! eyelid op5 ) ! h&4 ,if ! body lies "u ! l[] lid1 make ! pati5t look up1 & at ! same "t press d[n ^u ! lid2 ! inn] surface ( ! lid w be expos$1 & ! =eign body may be bru%$ (f ) ! corn] ( a h&k]*ief4 ,if ! body lies "u lid1 7#a7 grasp ! la%es ( ! upp] lid & pull x d[n ov] ! l[]1 :i* %\ld at ! same "t1 ) ! o!r h&1 be pu%$ up "u ! upp]4 ,^u repeat+ ?is two or ?ree times1 ! =eign body w (t5 be bru%$ out on ! l[] lid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af 7#b7 ,if ?is fails1 ! upp] lid %\ld be turn$ up2 make ! pati5t %ut 8 eye & look d[n2 !n ) a p5cil or "s simil> article press g5tly ^u ! lid at ab\t ! middle1 & grasp+ ! la%es ) ! o!r h&1 turn ! lid up ov] ! p5cil1 :5 its inn] surface w be se51 & ! =eign body may readily be bru%$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,if ! body is firmly /uck 9 ! surface ( ! eye1 a c>eful attempt may be made to lift x out ) ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,if n at once successful1 d n try aga91 z y may injure ! sight4 ,lime1 pla/] or :itewa% 9 ! eye %\ld be wa%$ out ) a v weak mixture ( v9eg> & wat]4 ,acids 9 ! eye may be wa%$ ) bak+ soda 9 wat]4 ,olive oil w also af=d relief4 ,aft] ! removal ( a =eign body f ! eye1 a s5sation z if ( its pres5ce (t5 rema9s4 ,p n infrequ5tly compla9 ( a =eign body :5 x has already be5 remov$ by natural means4 ,sometimes ! body has excit$ a little irritation1 :i* feels l a =eign body4 ,if ?is s5sation rema9s ov] night1 ! eye ne$s att5tion1 & a surgeon %\ld be consult$2 =1 x %\ld h pass$ away1 if no irritat+ body is pres5t4 ,aft] ! removal ( an irritat+ =eign body f ! eye1 salt wat] %\ld be p\r$ into x1 !n butt]1 l>d or olive oil may be us$ = a salve4 #adih4 ,fa9t+4 ,fa9t+ is caus$ by ! blood leav+ ! head4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ get ! blood back into ! head1 :i* is done by plac+ ! pati5t on 8 back1 ) ! head l[] ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,if necess>y1 make1 by digg+1 a slight depression 9 ! gr\nd = ! head1 neck & upp] "p ( %\ld]s4 ,also1 ! head may be plac$ l[] ?an ! re/ ( ! body by putt+ a c\ple ( fold$ blankets1 or a few fold$ coats or any o!r suitable article "u ! body3 also1 by rais+ ! feet by h& or o!rwise4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be loos5$ by unbutton+ & ! pati5t fann$4 ,give him z mu* fre% air z possible1--s1 d n let p cr[d ar\nd him4 ,mop ! face & =ehead ) a h&k]*ief soak$ 9 cold wat]4 #adii4 ,fi% hook4 ,if a fi% hook gets caught 9 ! fle%1 pu% x on ?r\gh & :5 ! end /icks out1 break (f ! hook & pull x out ! o!r way4 ,put t9cture ( iod9e on ! w\nd & b&age4 #aejj4 ,fits4 ,! man falls ov] sudd5ly unconsci\s 9 a convulsion1 :i* cont9ues until he is blue 9 ! face1 :5 he gradually quiets d[n & rega9s consci\sness4 ,he is liable to injure himself by ! fall & by bit+ 8 tongue4 ,put a /ick or cork betwe5 8 tee? & let him lie quietly undi/urb$4 ,don't try to hold him d[n or make him sit up4 ,he w come to no h>m on ! floor & y _c /op ! fit4 ,ammonia on a h&k]*ief held "u ! nose to smell w assi/ reviv+ consci\sness4 ,put him 9 ! hospital at once4 #aeja4 ,fracture4 ,see1 ,brok5 ,bones4 #aejb4 ,freez+4 ,if a man is ov]come by ! cold1 d n take him into a w>m room1 or heat$ t5t4 ,put him into a cool room )\t draughts & get a doctor at once4 ,mean:ile loos5 8 clo?+ & rub arms & legs t[>ds ! he>t ) cold wat] & a t[el or sponge1 us+ pressure4 ,:5 he revives give him hot dr9ks & wrap him up well 9 hot blankets & put him 9 ! hospital4 ,:5 freez+ to dea? a man feels ov]come ) sleep9ess & /upor4 ,take a swit* or /ick & beat him unm]cifully4 ,rememb] t fall+ to sleep means dea?4 #aejc4 ,fro/-bite4 ,! be/ way to get fro/-bitt5 is to h on damp clo?+1 su* z wet %oes & socks or mitt5s4 ,! fir/ feel+ ( fro/ bite is numbness1 & ! fir/ sign is m>ble :it5ess4 ,treatm5t4 ,rub ! froz5 "p briskly ) sn[ or ice cold wat]1 if ! fro/-bite has j occurr$4 ,if x has be5 froz5 m ?an fifte5 m9utes1 rub v g5tly ) sn[1 cold wat] or coal oil 7k]os5e74 ,if y rub h>d1 x w break ! froz5 fle%4 ,return+ p9kness is a sign ( ?aw+2 if ! p>ts turn a d>k color1 see a surgeon at once1 = x means gangr5e 7dea? ( ! fle%74 ,:5 ?aw$ out apply pl5ty ( oil1 tall[ or vasel9e4 ,if gangr5e has set 9 & no doctor is available1 !n treat z a burn4 ,by all means keep away f heat4 ,to toa/ fro/-bitt5 f+]s or toes be=e a fire is liable to result 9 *ilbla9s4 #aejd4 ,heada*e4 ,among troops heada*e is usually due to inte/9al indige/ion1 comb9$ ) a conge/ion ( ! /oma*4 ,take a tablespoonful ( ,worce/]%ire sauce or #e drops ( tobasco sauce 9 a tumbl] ( hot wat] z a dr9k & put a small piece ( soap up into ! b[el to cause a movem5t4 #aeje4 ,heat exhau/ion4 ,! man falls out 9 a fa9t :ile m>*+1 or on fatigue or p>ade4 ,he looks pale1 8 body is clammy & cold1 8 brea?+ is sigh+ & he>t flutt]+4 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,8 he>t is weak f poisons 9 ! blood1 usually alcohol1 b (t5 too mu* c>bonic gas & too little oxyg54 ,?is occurs :5 m5 are s(t-muscl$3 s1 "y soldi]s1 recruits & fat soldi]s & especially ^? :o dr9k alcohol1 use drugs or smoke or *ew tobacco :ile hik+1 are ! fir/ to h x4 ,treatm5t4 ,loos5 ! man's clo?+1 remove 8 pack1 lay him on 8 back 9 ! %ade1 ) head & %\ld]s l[] ?an 8 hips & raise 8 feet 9 ! air4 ,?is w make ! blood fl[ to ! he>t & bra94 ,if he has fa9t$1 slap ! b>e *e/ ) ! h& or a wet t[el & briskly rub ! arms t[>ds ! he>t4 ,if he does n revive1 apply hot bottles1 or bricks to ! *e/ & abdom51 & ammonia to ! nose1 z a smell+ salt4 ,d n give /imulants until he is consci\s4 ,he %\ld ride 9 ! ambulance1 or g to ! hospital4 #aejf4 ,lightn+4 ,a man /ruck by lightn+ is treat$ ! same z 9 ! case ( dr[n+1 omitt+1 ( c\rse1 ! op]ation ( gett+ ! wat] out ( ! lungs4 #aejg4 ,nose1 =eign body 94 ,if x _c be sneez$ out1 lean ! head back & p\r a little oil into ! no/ril4 ,!n snift & bl[ ! nose alt]nately4 ,if ?is is n successful1 take a lead p5cil & try to pu% ! object /raight back into ! ?roat4 ,?is mu/ be done v g5tly4 #aejh4 ,poison4 ,:5 poison has be5 swall[$1 cause ! pati5t to take a l>ge quantity ( luke-w>m wat] & make him vomit by putt+ 8 f+] 9 8 ?roat4 ,repeat ?is & !n h him swall[ ! :ite ( two eggs or "s milk into :i* raw fl\r or corn-/>* has be5 /irr$4 ,if y "k he took bi*loride ( m]cury1 y may increase ! am\nt ( eggs & give "o-half glass ( weak lime wat]4 ,if y "k he took c>bolic acid1 give him alcohol 7pure alcohol or 9 ! =m ( g9 or :iskey7 & pl5ty ( x 9 ord] to neutralize ! acid4 ,get a doctor z soon z possible1 & save ! vomit & poison n tak51 = him to see4 #aeji4 ,scalds4 ,apply at once common bak+ soda or olive oil & cov] ) a b&age4 ,to spr9kle ) fl\r is also good4 #aeaj4 ,scrat*es ( cats & o!r animals4 ,apply t9cture ( iod9e or wa% ) soap & wat]4 #aeaa4 ,%ock4 ,9 case ( collapse foll[+ an accid5t1 treat ! accid5t2 !n treat z = fa9t+4 ,apply hot plates1 /ones or bottles ( hot wat]1 or an electric light wrapp$ 9 t[els ov] ! /oma*4 ,wrap up w>mly4 ,keep ! pati5t quiet1 9 ! d>k1 & s5d = a doctor4 #aeab4 ,sn[ or sun bl9dness4 ,sme> ! nose & face ab\t ! eyes ) *>coal1 & we> a clo? ov] ! face ) small holes = ! eyes4 #aeac4 ,sore ?roat4 ,g>gl+ ) hot /rong tea or hot wat] & salt is (t5 effective4 ,li/]9e dilut$ 9 wat] & us$ z a g>gle is also good4 ,p]oxide ( hydrog5 is a good g>gle4 #aead4 ,spid] bite4 ,apply a clo? damp5$ ) alcohol or weak ammonia & wat]4 #aeae4 ,suffocation by gas4 ,see ,asphyxiation by gas4 #aeaf4 ,spra9s4 ,! regul> m$ical treatm5t is to plunge a spra9$ ankle1 wri/ or f+]1 into wat] z hot z c be borne at ! />t1 & to raise ! heat gradually !reaft] to ! limit ( endurance4 ,cont9ue = half an h\r1 !n put ! jo9t 9 a hot wet b&age1 reheat f "t to "t1 & support ! limb 9 an elevat$ position1--! leg on a *air or /ool2 ! arm c>ri$ 9 a sl+4 ,9 a day or two beg9 g5tly mov+ & knead+ ! jo9t1 & rub ) l9im5t1 oil or vasel9e4 ,z a soo?+ application = spra9s1 bruises1 etc41 ! virtues ( wit* hazel are well kn[n4 #aeag4 ,/+s4 ,/+s ( bees1 jelly fi% & o!r /++ animals are treat$ ) a v weak solution ( ammonia 9 wat] appli$ z a lotion4 ,or apply a v weak solution ( c>bolic acid 9 wat]1 a /rong solution ( bak+ p[d]1 a slice ( cru%$ raw onion1 a moi/ quid ( tobacco1 wit* hazel1 li/]9e1 or a pa/e ( clay4 ,be=e apply+ any ( ^! rem$ies1 extract ! /+1 if left 9 ! w\nd4 ,also1 "w out z mu* ( ! poison z possible by massag+ & suck+ ! w\nd4 #aeah4 ,sunburn4 ,treat ) wit* hazel or li/]9e or v9eg> well dilut$ ) wat]4 #aeai4 ,sun/roke4 ,9 sun/roke ! man has a blaz+ r$ face1 dry1 burn+ hot sk92 agitat$ he>t2 snor+ brea?+2 a high fev]1 & is unconsci\s & deliri\s4 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,! "p ( ! bra9 :i* regulates ! heat ( ! body is ov]come by ! heat & loses control1--! man is entirely too hot all ! way ?r\gh4 ,treatm5t4 ,fir/ ( all remove ! pack & %oes & loos5 ! clo?+4 ,!n s\se ! man1 clo?+ & all1 ) wat]4 ,lay him 9 ! %ade & fan him1 keep+ him cov]$ & wet4 ,?is w cool him (f )\t *ill+ too mu*4 ,if possible1 rub ! *e/ & legs1 b n ! belly1 ) ice4 #aebj4 ,w\nds4 ,w\nds may be made 9 e degree ( size1 f ! jab ( a spl9t] to ! loss ( a "p ( ! body f %rapnel4 ,no matt] :at =m ( ! w\nd or ! cause1 we "k ! foll[+ fact to be ( ! utmo/ importance3 ,a w\nd )\t g]ms 9 x w heal rapidly )\t pa91 r$ness1 heat1 or pus & ! pati5t w h no fev]4 ,he w eat 8 regul> meals & act z ?\gh well4 ,su* w\nds we see made by surgeons :5 op]at+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 w\nds infect$ ) g]ms are pa9ful1 hot1 angry1 r$1 & swoll5 & =m l>ge quantities ( pus or matt]4 ,pus is a mixture ( g]ms1 blood & ! fle% t !y h de/roy$4 ,?is pus prev5ts w\nds f heal+ & (t5 burr[s "u ! sk91 =m+ abcesses :i* cause fev] & *ills1 & ! pus ent]s ! blood caus+ delirium & dea?4 ,our "o aim 9 treat+ w\nds is to keep out g]ms1 & we accompli% ?is by means ( ! fir/ aid packet4 #aeba4 ,! fir/ aid packet consi/s ( two gauze compresses sew$ to two cotton b&ages4 ,!y are seal$ 9 wax pap]4 ,!re are also two safety p9s wrapp$ 9 wax pap]4 ,^! articles are plac$ 9 an airtight metal case :i* protects !m f contam9ation4 ,n[1 ! "o important fact ab\t ?is fir/ aid packet is t ! b&age compresses & safety p9s h be5 /]iliz$1--t is1 !y conta9 no liv+ g]ms ( any k9d4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p]fectly safe to put on a w\nd1 provid$ ! pad t\*es ! w\nd be=e x t\*es any?+ else & provid$ t ! w\nd has n be5 h&l$4 ,!re=e1 d n wa% a fre% clean w\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,fir/ ,aid ,packet ,aft] ! removal ( packet f t9 c1 op5 ! wax pap] & hold ! package z %[n4 #a4 ,left h& holds ! wax pap]4 #b4 ,"r h& holds ! b&age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,fir/ ,aid ,packet ,%ake out packet ) "r h& s t ! pad 7or compress7 does n t\* any?+ until plac$ on ! w\nd4 ,,caution4 ,h ! w\nd ready be=e y op5 ! packet4 ,d n t\* ! gauze pad ) ,,any?+4 ,d n brea! on x1 & be especially c>eful n to c\gh or sneeze ov] x4 ,^! ?+s put g]ms on x :i* w gr[ 9 ! w\nd4 ,by obs]v+ ^! in/ructions y may save a man's life4 ,by n obs]v+ !m1 y may cause 8 dea?1 or cause him mu* pa9 & suff]+4 ,! life ( a w\nd$ man is (t5 9 ! h&s ( ! fir/ "o :o att5ds him4 ,x is said t s9ce ! adoption ( ! fir/ aid packet by armies1 x has done m ?an ev]y?+ else to save ! lives ( ^? w\nd$ 9 battle by prev5t+ ! infection ( w\nds4 ,9 an em]g5cy a pad f any k9d ( clo? may be boil$ = t5 m9utes to kill ! g]ms1 ! wat] dra9$ (f to all[ x to cool1 & !n plac$ on ! w\nd4 ,or1 ! pad may be held ov] a cle> fire until x is fairly scor*$2 !n let x cool4 ,a little *>r+ ( ! surface w d no h>m4 ,any k9d ( b&age may !n be us$ to hold x 9 place4 ,:5 a bullet /rikes a man fir/1 ! w\nd is clean cut & g]m free & x w heal rapidly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x /rikes some?+ fir/1 & b\nces (f 7rico*ets7 & !n /rikes a man1 x w be knock$ into an irregul> %ape &1 !re=e1 cause a ragg$ w\nd ) mu* bruis+4 ,:at is m important1 su* a bullet w c>ry g]ms into ! w\nd f ! object /ruck1 & almo/ surely "s %r$s ( clo?+4 ,:5 a w\nd is infect$ x is extremely difficult to kill ! g]ms 7dis9fect74 ,su* a w\nd1 be=e apply+ ! fir/ aid dress+ %\ld be pa9t$ ) a t9cture ( iod9e1 or alcohol or be well wa%$ ) boil$ salt wat]4 #aebb4 ,! illu/rations bel[ %[ improvis$ litt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,litt] made ( "o-half %elt] t5t1 ?ree %elt] t5t p9s & "o t5t or o!r pole ,litt] made ( two poles1 two coats & "o belt4 ,! coats are button$ & ! sleeves turn$ inside out1 ! poles be+ run ?r\gh ! sleeves4 ,! belt is us$ z a head re/ ,! coat litt] 9 use ,,"p ,,vi ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,*apt] ,i ,,milit>y ,,deportm5t ,,& ,,appe>ance--,,p]sonal ,,cleanl9ess--,,=ms ,,( ,,spee*--,,deliv]y ,,( ,,messages1 ,,etc4 #aebc4 ,milit>y ,deportm5t & ,appe>ance4 ,! enli/$ man is no long] a civilian b a soldi]4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 /ill a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & by becom+ a soldi] also he is 9 no way reliev$ ( ! responsibilities ( a citiz52 he has m]ely assum$ 9 addition !reto ! responsibilities ( a soldi]4 ,= in/ance1 if he %\ld visit an adjo9+ t[n & become drunk & disord]ly :ile 9 uni=m1 n only c\ld he be arre/$ & tri$ by ! civil au?orities1 b he c\ld also be tri$ by ! summ>y c\rt at 8 po/ = conduct to ! prejudice ( good ord] & milit>y discipl9e4 ,inde$1 8 uni=m is 9 no way :atsoev] a lic5se = him to d any?+ contr>y to law & be protect$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,be+ a soldi]1 he mu/ conduct himself z su* at all times1 t he may be look$ ^u n only by 8 sup]ior (fic]s z a soldi]1 b also by ! public z a man 9 e way wor?y ( ! uni=m ( ! ,am]ican soldi]4 ,:e!r on or (f duty1 he %\ld always look neat & clean1 ev] rememb]+ t 9 be>+ & 9 conv]sation he %\ld be e in* a soldi]--%oes mu/ be clean & poli%$ at all times2 no *ew+1 spitt+1 gaz+ ab\t1 or rais+ ( h&s 9 ranks--he %\ld "k 8 drill1 8 ord]s & 8 duties--he %\ld always be ready & will+ to le>n all he c ab\t 8 pr(ession--he %\ld nev] debase himself ) dr9k4 ,a soldi]'s uni=m is m ?an a m]e suit ( clo!s t is worn to hide nak$ness & protect ! body4 ,! uni=m ( an army symbolizes its respectability1 its honor1 its traditions1 & its a*ievem5ts1 j z ! flag ( a nation symbolizes its honor1 dignity & hi/ory4 ,always rememb] ?is1 & rememb]1 too1 t ! soldi] :o br+s reproa* ^u 8 uni=m is 9 ! same class z ! prie/ :o br+s di%onor ^u 8 robes4 ,x is n giv5 to e man to we> ! uni=m ( 8 ,c\ntry's army1--x is an honor & a privilege to d s1 & no individual has a "r to abuse ?is honor & privilege by br++ ! uni=m into disrepute ?r\gh misbehavior4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! soldi]s ( a comm& c make ! uni=m c>ry di/9ction & respect1 or !y c make x a ?+ to be d]id$4 ,! soldi] %\ld take pride 9 8 uni=m4 ,a soldi] %\ld be soldi]ly 9 dress1 soldi]ly 9 c>riage1 soldi]ly 9 c\rtesies4 ,a civilian owes x to himself to be neat 9 dress4 ,a soldi] owes x to m ?an himself--he owes x to 8 comrades1 to 8 company--he owes x to 8 c\ntry1 = j s f> z a soldi] is slack s f> does 8 company suff]2 8 %abb9ess reflects fir/ ^u himself1 !n ^u 8 company & f9ally ^u ! entire ,army4 ,x is a fact kn[n to /ud5ts ( human nature t j 9 proportion z a man is neatly & trimly dress$ is he apt to conduct himself ) l dec5cy4 ,! wor/ vagabonds 9 our communities are ! tramps1 ) _! dirty bodies & dirty clo!s2 ! mo/ brutal de$s 9 all hi/ory 7 ^? ( ! ragg$1 motley mobs ( ,p>is 9 ! days ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 ! fir/ act ( ! mut9e] has ev] be5 to debase & d]ide 8 uni=m4 ,! man :o misbehaves himself 9 uni=m 9 public creates a bad impression ( ! :ole comm&1 z a result ( :i* 8 comrades mu/ suff]4 ,rememb] t a man 9 ! uni=m ( a soldi] is conspicu\s1--mu* m s ?an a civilian1--& consequ5tly any misconduct on 8 "p is m noticeable ?an if done 9 civilian clo!s4 ,! man :o delib]ately besmir*es ! uni=m ( 8 ,c\ntry's army by appe>+ 9 public drunk or by o!r misconduct1 n only f\ls 8 own ne/1 b he also di%onors ! uni=m worn by 8 self-respect+ comrades4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t laxity 9 dress & neglig5ce 9 milit>y c\rtesy run h& 9 h& ) laxity & neglig5ce 9 almo/ ev]y?+ else1 & t is :y we c always look = c]ta9 infallible symptoms 9 ! individual dress1 c>riage & c\rtesies ( soldi]s4 ,%\ld a soldi] give c>e & att5tion to 8 dress8 ,yes2 n only %\ld a soldi] be always neatly dress$1 b he %\ld also be prop]ly dress$--t is1 he %\ld be dress$ z requir$ by regulations4 ,a soldi] %\ld always be neat & trim1 precise 9 dress & c>riage & punctili\s 9 salute4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! bl\se or ov]coat be worn unbutton$1 or ! cap back or on ! side ( ! head4 ,8 hair %\ld be kept prop]ly trimm$1 8 face clean %av5 or be>d trimm$ & 8 %oes poli%$1 8 tr\s]s press$1 ! g>rison belt accurately fitt$ to ! wai/ s t x does n sag1 8 legg9s clean$1 8 brass lett]s1 numb]s & cross$ rifles poli%$1 & 8 :ite gloves immaculate4 ,%\ld a man ev] be all[$ to leave ! po/ on pass if n prop]ly dress$8 ,no2 nev]4 ,! ,army ,regulations require t *iefs ( squads %all see t su* memb]s ( _! squads z h passes leave ! po/ 9 prop] dress4 ,%\ld a soldi] ev] /& or walk ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets8 ,no2 nev]4 ,!re is no?+ m unmilit>y ?an to see a soldi] /&+ or walk+ ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets4 ,! real soldi] always /&s erect4 ,he nev] sl\*es4 ,is x p]missible1 :ile 9 uni=m1 to we> picture buttons1 *a9s1 wat* *>ms1 etc41 expos$ to view8 ,no2 x is n4 ,may ! campaign hat or any o!r p>ts ( ! uni=m be worn ) civilian dress8 ,no2 ?is is prohibit$ by ! ,uni=m ,regulations1 :i* especially /ates t :5 ! civilian dress is worn x w n be accompani$ by any m>k or "p ( ! uni=m4 ,may a mix$ uni=m be worn--= example1 a cotton olive drab at & wool5 olive drab bree*es8 ,no2 "u no circum/ances4 ,:5 ! company comm&] or any o!r (fic] s5ds = a soldi] to report to him 9 ! company (fice or any o!r place1 ! soldi] mu/ report 9 prop] uni=m4 #aebd4 ,ob$i5ce4 ,:at is ,ob$i5ce8 ,x is compliance ) ev]y?+ t is requir$ by au?ority--x is ! ma9spr+1 ! v s\l & ess5ce ( all milit>y duty4 ,x is said a fam\s g5]al once rem>k$ e soldi] %\ld "k ?ree ?+s--,fir/1 ob$i5ce2 second1 ob$i5ce2 ?ird1 ob$i5ce4 ,*e]ful1 e>ne/ & loyal ob$i5ce mu/ be paid by all subord9ates to ! ord]s ( _! sup]iors4 ,a soldi] %\ld obey fir/ & if aggriev$ compla9 aft]w>d4 ,all duty %\ld be p]=m$ *e]fully & will+ly4 ,soldi]s are sometimes requir$ to p]=m duties t are n pleasant--= in/ance1 do+ gu>d duty on a cold1 ra9y night1 :5 tir$ & sleepy2 digg+ dit*es or clean+ up dirt & fil? t h accumulat$ ar\nd ! b>racks1 kit*5s1 qu>t]s1 etc41 scrubb+ floors1 poli%+ /oves1 clean+ knives1 =ks1 pots1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 by do+ ev]y?+ requir$ ( him 9 a *e]ful mann]1 a soldi] w soon e>n ! respect ( 8 comrades & ! comm5dation ( 8 (fic]s4 #aebe4 ,respect & ,ob$i5ce to ,noncommission$ ,(fic]s4 ,9 ! ord]s & directions t !y give1 company noncommission$ (fic]s repres5t ! company comm&]1 & !y mu/ be obey$ & respect$ at all times & "u all circum/ances4 ,ord]s & regulations require t m5 respect & obey _! noncommission$ (fic]s1 & discipl9e makes x imp]ative t !y d s4 ,x is n = a private to "q 9 any way ! fairness1 ju/ice1 propriety or wisdom ( an ord] receiv$ f a noncommission$ (fic]4 ,:5 ord]$ by a noncommission$ (fic] to d a ?+1 :atev] x may be1 d x promptly & ?or\ghly1 & !n if y feel t y h be5 injur$ 9 any way1 report ! matt] to y\r company comm&]1 :o w see t y receive ju/ice4 ,if ! noncommission$ (fic] made a mi/ake1 exce$$ 8 au?ority1 or treat$ y unfairly1 he w be puni%$ by ! company comm&]4 ,! company comm&]1 & n ! privates ( ! company1 is to judge ! conduct ( 8 noncommission$ (fic]s1 :o are directly responsible to him = e act ( !irs4 ,if e subord9ate 7 to "q ! fairness1 ju/ice1 propriety or wisdom ( ord]s receiv$ f noncommission$ (fic]s or o!r sup]iors1 !re w\ld be no discipl9e1 & ! ,army w\ld soon deg5]ate into a mob4 ,rememb]1 a soldi] is suppos$ to obey fir/1 &1 if aggriev$1 compla9 aft]w>d4 ,& rememb]1 too1 t ! au?ority ( noncommission$ (fic]s is n conf9$ to ! drill gr\nd1 ! b>racks & ! po/ or camp4 ,:e!r y are on pass1 9 a !atre1 9 a /reetc>1 on a tra9 on ! /reet or any:]e else1 if y receive an ord] f a noncommission$ (fic] y are to obey x j ! same z if x 7 giv5 y at drill or 9 b>racks4 #aebf4 ,=ms ( ,spee*4 ,9 speak+ to an (fic] x is n prop] = a soldi] to say1 ,y1 etc41 b ! ?ird p]son %\ld always be us$1 z1 = example1 ,does ! capta9 want 8 horse ?is morn+8--d n say1 ,d y want y\r horse ?is morn+8 ,! lieut5ant is want$ on ! 'phone1--n ,y are want$ on ! 'phone4 ,9 beg9n+ a conv]sation ) an (fic]1 a soldi] %\ld use ! ?ird p]son 9 ref]r+ to himself in/ead ( ! pron\ns ,i & me4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! conv]sation has comm5c$1 x is p]fectly prop]1 & usual1 = ! soldi] to use ! pron\ns ,i & me1 b an (fic] is always address$ 9 ! ?ird p]son & nev] z y4 ,9 speak+ to an (fic]1 an enli/$ man %\ld ref] to ano!r enli/$ man by prop] title1 z1 ,s]geant ,ri*>ds1 ,corporal ,smi?1 ,private ,wilson4 ,privates & o!rs %\ld always address noncommission$ (fic]s by _! titles4 ,= example1 ,s]geant ,smi?1 ,corporal ,jones1 etc41 & n ,smi?1 ,jones1 etc4 ,:5 ask$ 8 "n1 a soldi] %\ld answ]1 = in/ance1 ,private ,jones1 ,sir4 ,:5 giv5 an ord] or in/ructions ( any k9d by an (fic]1 or noncommission$ (fic]1 a soldi] %\ld always say1 ,yes1 sir1 ?us lett+ ! (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] "k t ! soldi] und]/&s ! ord] or in/ructions4 ,don't say1 ,v well1 sir1 or ,all "r1 sir2 say1 ,yes1 sir1 x's ! direct1 milit>y way ( answ]+4 ,%ort direct answ]s %\ld be made 9 ! =m (1 ,no1 sir1 ,yes1 sir1 ,i don't "k1 sir1 ,i w try1 sir1 etc4 ,d n use slang 9 speak+ to an (fic]4 ,nev] int]rupt an (fic] :ile he is speak+4 ,always wait until he is ?r\gh talk+ be=e y beg9 to speak4 ,aft] a soldi] has f9i%$ a ?+ t he 0 ord]$ to d1 he %\ld always report to ! (fic] :o gave him ! ord]4 ,= example1 ,! capta9's message to ,lieut5ant ,smi? has be5 deliv]$4 ,if ord]$ to report to an (fic] = any purpose1 d n g away )\t fir/ asc]ta9+ if ! (fic] is ?r\gh ) y1 z x (t5 happ5s he has some?+ else he w\ld l to h y d4 ,aft] hav+ f9i%$ ! "w giv5 9 ! beg9n+1 report1 = in/ance1 ,sir1 is ! capta9 ?r\gh ) me8 ,:5 an (fic] calls a soldi] :o is "s di/ance away1 ! soldi] %\ld imm$iately salute1 & say1 ,yes1 sir1 &1 if necess>y1 approa* ! (fic] ) a quick5$ /ep4 ,if ! (fic] is wait+ on ! soldi]1 ! latt] %\ld take up ! d\ble "t4 ,always salute an (fic] :5 he leaves y aft] a conv]sation or at any o!r "t4 ,& always salute j z soon z ! (fic] makes ! fir/ move to leave4 ,don't wait until he has mov$ away sev]al feet be=e salut+4 ,miscellane\s #aebg4 ,h[ to ,ent] an ,(fice4 ,9 ent]+ an (fice a soldi] %\ld give two or ?ree knocks at ! door 7:e!r x be op5 or clos$72 :5 told to come 91 ent]1 tak+ (f ! hat 7if un>m$71 close ! door 7if x 0 clos$ be=e y ent]$7 & rema9 j inside ! door until ask$ :at is want$2 !n g )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! (fic]1 /& at att5tion1 salute1 & make kn[n y\r reque/ 9 z few words z possible4 ,on completion1 salute1 face t[>d ! door1 & g out1 be+ c>eful to close ! door if x 0 clos$ :5 y ent]$4 ,if x 0 n clos$1 leave x op54 #aebh4 ,compla9ts to ! ,capta94 ,compla9ts mu/ nev] be made directly to ! capta9 unless ! soldi] has ! capta9's p]mission to d s1 or ! fir/ s]geant refuses to h ! matt] report$4 ,if dissatisfi$ ) 8 food1 clo?+1 duties1 or treatm5t1 ! facts %\ld be report$ to ! fir/ s]geant1 ) ! reque/1 if necess>y1 to see ! capta94 ,x is also cu/om>y = soldi]s :o wi% to speak to ! capta9 ab\t any?+ to see ! fir/ s]geant fir/1 & :5 speak+ to ! capta9 to in=m him t !y h ! fir/ s]geant's p]mission to d s4 ,?us3 ,private ,smi? has ! fir/ s]geant's p]mission to speak to ! capta91 etc4 #aebi4 ,h[ ! ,soldi] is ,paid4 ,:5 y\r "n is call$1 answ] ,"h1 /ep =w>d & halt directly 9 front ( ! payma/]1 :o w be directly beh9d ! table2 salute him4 ,:5 he spreads out y\r pay on ! table 9 front ( y1 c\nt x quickly1 take x up ) y\r unglov$ h&1 execute a left or "r face & leave ! room & build+1 unless y wi% to deposit1 9 :i* case1 y w rema9 9 ! hall outside ! payroom1 until ! company has be5 paid1 :5 y ent] ! payroom4 ,m5 wi%+ to deposit money ) ! payma/]1 w always notify ! fir/ s]geant be=e ! company is m>*$ to ! pay table4 #aecj4 ,deliv]y ( ,messages4 ,:5 an enli/$ man receives a message1 v]bal or writt51 f an (fic] = deliv]y1 he w1 9 case he does n und]/& 8 in/ructions1 ask ! (fic] to repeat !m1 say+1 = in/ance1 ,sir1 ,private ,smi? does n und]/&2 w ! capta9 please repeat8 ,:5 he has receiv$ 8 in/ructions1 & und]/&s !m1 he w salute1 & say3 ,yes1 sir1 execute an ab\t face1 & proce$ imm$iately to ! (fic] = :om ! message is int5d$4 ,he w halt ?ree or f\r paces directly 9 front ( ! (fic] & if ! (fic] be junior to ! (fic] s5d+ ! message1 he w say1 ,sir1 ,capta9 ,smi? pres5ts 8 complim5ts1 etc41 & !n deliv] ! message1 or ,! comm&+ (fic] pres5ts 8 complim5ts to ,lieut5ant ,smi? & w\ld l to see him at headqu>t]s4 ,he w salute imm$iately be=e he beg9s to address ! (fic] & w hold 8 h& at ! position ( salute :ile he says1 ,sir1 ,capta9 ,smi? pres5ts 8 complim5ts1 or ,! comm&+ (fic] pres5ts 8 complim5ts to ,lieut5ant ,smi?4 ,if ! (fic] s5d+ ! message be junior to ! "o receiv+ x1 ! soldi] w n pres5t 8 complim5ts1 b w say1 = in/ance1 ,sir1 ,lieut5ant ,smi? direct$ me to h& ?is lett] to ! capta91 or ,sir1 ,lieut5ant ,smi? direct$ me to say to ! capta91 etc4 ,z soon z ! message has be5 deliv]$1 ! soldi] w salute1 execute an ab\t face1 & proce$ at once to ! (fic] :o s5t ! message1 & w simil>ly report to him1 ,sir1 ! lieut5ant's message to ,capta9 ,smi? has be5 deliv]$1 & leave4 ,be=e leav+ an (fic] to :om y deliv] a message always asc]ta9 :e!r !re is an answ]4 ,! complim5ts ( a junior are nev] pres5t$ to a s5ior4 ,= in/ance1 nev] say to a capta9 t a lieut5ant pres5ts 8 complim5ts to him4 #aeca4 ,appe>ance z ,witness4 ,! uni=m is t prescrib$4 ,proce$ to ! c\rtroom & rema9 outside4 ,:5 y are notifi$ t y are want$ ent] ! room4 ,!n take (f y\r cap & "r h& glove1 & raise y\r "r h& above y\r head1 palm to ! front1 to be sworn4 ,aft] ! judge-advocate reads ! oa?1 say1 ,i d or ,s help me ,god4 ,!n sit d[n 9 ! *air indicat$ by ! judge-advocate4 ,d n cross y\r legs1 b sit upright4 ,:5 ask$1 ,d y "k ! accus$8 ,if1 s1 /ate :o he is1 answ]1 ,i d2 ,corporal ,john ,jones1 ,co4 ',b' #a/ ,infantry4 ,be sure y ?or\ghly und]/& e "q be=e y />t to reply1 answ]+ !m all promptly1 9 a l\d1 di/9ct1 delib]ate voice1 & conf9+ y\r answ]s /rictly to ! que/ions ask$ & tell+ all y "k4 ,:5 ! judge-advocate says1 ,t is all1 arise1 salute him1 execute an ab\t face1 & leave ! room4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy #aecb4 ,its importance4 ,"s soldi]s d n see ! necessity = salut+1 /&+ at att5tion1 & o!r =ms ( c\rtesy1 because !y d n und]/& _! significance--_! object4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t milit>y c\rtesy is a v important "p ( ! education ( ! soldi]1 & !re are good reasons = x4 ,g5]al ,ord]s ,no4 #ahc1 ,division ( ! ,philipp9es1 #aija1 says3 ,9 all armies ! mann] 9 :i* milit>y c\rtesies are obs]v$ & r5d]$ by (fic]s & soldi]s1 is ! index to ! mann] 9 :i* o!r duties are p]=m$4 ,! ,army ,regulations tells u1 ,c\rtesy among milit>y m5 is indisp5sable to discipl9e2 respect to sup]iors w n be conf9$ to ob$i5ce on duty1 b w be ext5d$ on all occasions4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,salutes ,,& ,,_! ,,orig9 ,! ,civilian ,salute #aecc4 ,:5 a g5tleman raises 8 hat to a lady he is b cont9u+ a cu/om t _h its beg9n+ 9 ! days ( knigh?ood1 :5 e knight wore 8 helmet z a protection aga9/ foes4 ,h[ev]1 :5 com+ among fri5ds1 especially ladies1 ! knight w\ld remove 8 helmet z a m>k ( confid5ce & tru/ 9 8 fri5ds4 ,9 ^? days failure to remove ! helmet 9 ! pres5ce ( ladies signifi$ di/ru/ & want ( confid5ce--today x signifies impolit5ess & a want ( good bre$+4 ,! ,milit>y ,salute #aecd4 ,f "t immemorial subord9ates h always uncov]$ be=e sup]iors1 & equals h always ackn[l$g$ ea* o!r's pres5ce by "s c\rtesy--?is seems to be "o ( ! natural1 nobl] in/9cts ( man4 ,x 0 n s _m ye>s ago :5 a s5t9el salut$ n only ) 8 gun b by tak+ (f 8 hat also4 ,h[ev]1 :5 complicat$ headge> l ! be>sk9 & ! helmet came into use1 !y c\ld n be readily remov$ & ! act ( remov+ ! hat 0 f9ally conv5tionaliz$ into ! pres5t salute--into ! movem5t ( ! h& to ! visor z if ! hat 7 go+ to be remov$4 ,e once 9 a :ile a man is f\nd :o has ! mi/ak5 idea t he smo!rs ! ,am]ican _s ( fre$om1 t he sacrifices 8 indep5d5ce1 by salut+ 8 (fic]s4 ,( c\rse1 no "o b an an>*i/ or a man ) a small1 %rivell$-up m9d c h su* ideas4 ,manly def]5ce to sup]iors1 :i* 9 milit>y life is m]ely recognition ( con/itut$ au?ority1 does n imply admission ( inf]iority any m ?an respect = law implies c[>dice4 ,! recruit %\ld at once rid himself ( ! idea t salut+ & o!r =ms ( milit>y c\rtesy are un-,am]ican4 ,! salute is ! soldi]'s claim f ! v highe/ 9 ! l& to in/ant recognition z a soldi]4 ,! raw recruit by 8 simple act ( salut+1 comm&s l honor f ! rank+ g5]al ( ! ,army--aye1 f ev5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ! p]sonal elem5t naturally ent]s into ! salute to a c]ta9 ext5t1 :5 a soldi] salutes an (fic] he is really salut+ ! (fice r ?an ! (fic] p]sonally--! salute is r5d]$ z a m>k ( respect to ! rank1 ! position t ! (fic] holds1 to ! au?ority ) :i* he is ve/$4 ,a man ) ! true soldi]ly in/9ct nev] misses an opportunity to salute 8 (fic]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 milit>y c\rtesy is j simply an application ( common1 e-day c\rtesy & common s5se4 ,9 common1 e-day c\rtesy no man ) ! in/9cts ( a g5tleman ev] ?9ks ab\t tak+ advantage ( ?is ?+ & t ?+ 9 ord] to avoid pay+ to 8 fell[-man ! ord9>y1 conv5tional c\rtesies ( life1 & if !re is ev] any d\bt ab\t ! matt]1 he takes no *ances b ext5ds ! c\rtesy4 ,& ?is is j exactly :at ! man :o has ! in/9cts ( a real soldi] does 9 ! case ( milit>y c\rtesy4 ,! ?\ght ( ,%\ld ,i salute or %\ld ,i n salute nev] ent]s ! m9d ( a soldi] j because he happ5s to be 9 a wagon1 9 a po/(fice1 etc4 ,9 all armies ( ! _w1 all (fic]s & soldi]s are requir$ to salute ea* o!r :5ev] !y meet or pass1 ! subord9ate salut+ fir/4 ,! salute on ! "p ( ! subord9ate is n int5d$ 9 any way z an act ( degradation or a m>k ( inf]iority1 b is simply a milit>y c\rtesy t is z b9d+ on ! (fic] z x is on ! private1 & j z ! enli/$ man is requir$ to salute ! (fic] fir/1 s is ! (fic] requir$ to salute 8 sup]iors fir/4 ,x is a bond unit+ all 9 a common pr(ession1 m>k+ ! fact t above !m !re is an au?ority t bo? recognize & obey--! ,c\ntry6 ,inde$1 by cu/om & regulations1 x is z obligatory = ! rank+ g5]al ( ! ,army to return ! salute ( ! recruit1 z x is = ! latt] to give x4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! milit>y salute is a =m ( greet+ t belongs exclusively to ! ,gov]nm5t--to ! soldi]1 ! sailor1 ! m>9e--x is ! m>k & pr]ogative ( ! milit>y man & he %\ld be pr\d ( hav+ ! privilege ( us+ t =m ( salutation--a =m ( salutation t m>ks him z a memb] ( ! ,pr(ession ( ,arms--! pr(ession ( ,napoleon1 ,well+ton1 ,grant1 ,lee1 ,%]man1 ,jackson & scores ( o!rs ( ! greate/ & mo/ fam\s m5 ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,! milit>y salute is ours1 x is ours only4 ,moreov]1 x belongs only to ! soldi] :o is 9 good /&+1 ! prison] "u gu>d1 = in/ance1 n be+ all[$ to salute4 ,ours is a gr& frat]nity ( m5-at-arms1 b&$ toge!r = national def5se1 = ! ma9t5ance ( law & ord]--we are b\nd toge!r by ! love & respect we be> ! flag--we are pl$g$ to loyalty1 to "o ,god1 "o c\ntry--our lives are d$icat$ to ! def5se ( our c\ntry's flag--! (fic] & ! private belong to a bro!rhood ^: regalia is ! uni=m ( ! ,am]ican soldi]1 & !y are kn[n to "o ano!r & to all m51 by an honor$ sign & symbol ( knigh?ood t has come d[n to u f ! ages--,,! ,,milit>y ,,salute6 ,,:om ,,to ,,salute #aece4 ,army (fic]s4 ,all ,army (fic]s are salut$ by _! juniors & by enli/$ m54 #aecf4 ,navy1 ,m>9e ,corps1 ,volunte] & ,national ,gu>d (fic]s4 ,soldi]s at all times & 9 all situations salute (fic]s ( ! ,navy1 ,m>9e ,corps1 & ,national ,gu>d ! same z !y salute (fic]s ( ! ,regul> ,army4 #aecg4 ,res]ve ,corps (fic]s4 ,al?\gh ! subject is n at pres5t 7,m>*1 #aiag7 cov]$ by ord]s or regulations1 x goes )\t say+ t soldi]s w\ld salute memb]s ( ! ,(fic]s' ,res]ve ,corps on active duty ! same z !y salute _! own (fic]s4 #aech4 ,=eign naval & milit>y (fic]s4 ,! ,manual ( ,int]ior ,gu>d ,duty requires s5t9els to salute =eign naval & milit>y (fic]s1 b !re are no in/ructions ab\t o!r enli/$ m5 salut+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 z an act ( int]national c\rtesy1 !y %\ld be salut$ ! same z our own (fic]s4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,salute #aeci4 ,g5]al rule4 ,day or night1 cov]$ or uncov]$1 :e!r ei!r or bo? are 9 uni=m or civilian clo!s1 salutes %all be ex*ang$ betwe5 (fic]s & enli/$ m5 n 9 a milit>y =mation1 nor at drill1 "w1 games or mess1 on e occasion ( _! meet+1 pass+ ne> or be+ address$1 ! junior 9 rank or ! enli/$ man salut+ fir/4 #aedj4 ,salut+ :5 mak+ & receiv+ reports4 ,:5 mak+ or receiv+ (ficial reports1 or on meet+ out ( doors1 all (fic]s w salute4 ,milit>y c\rtesy requires ! junior to salute fir/1 b :5 ! salute is introductory to a report made at a milit>y c]emony or =mation1 to ! repres5tative ( a common sup]ior 7z1 = example1 to ! adjutant1 (fic] ( ! day1 etc471 ! (fic] mak+ ! report1 :atev] 8 rank1 w salute fir/2 ! (fic] to :om ! report is made w ackn[l$ge by salut+ t he has receiv$ & und]/ood ! report4 #aeda4 ,salut+ di/ance4 ,salut+ di/ance is t )9 :i* recognition is easy4 ,9 g5]al1 x does n exce$ #cj paces4 ,z to ! di/ance at :i* ! salute %\ld be made1 ! foll[+ is :at has be5 ! practice 9 ! ,army3 ,9 approa*+ or pass+ ea* o!r )9 salut+ di/ance1 individuals or bodies ( troops ex*ange salutes :5 at a di/ance ( ab\t #f paces4 ,if !y d n approa* ea* o!r t closely1 ! salute is ex*ang$ at ! po9t ( ne>e/ approa*4 ,= in/ance1 if ! (fic] & soldi] are approa*+ ea* o!r on ! same sidewalk1 ! h& is br\ght up to ! headdress :5 ab\t #f paces f ! (fic]4 ,if !y are on opposite sides ( ! /reet1 ! h& is br\ght up :5 ab\t t5 paces 9 advance ( ! (fic]4 ,if ! (fic] & soldi] are n go+ 9 opposite directions & ! (fic] does n approa* )9 six paces1 ! salute is r5d]$ :5 ! (fic] rea*es ! ne>e/ po9t to ! soldi]4 ,if a soldi] passes an (fic] f ! re>1 ! h& is rais$ z he rea*es ! (fic]2 if an (fic] passes a soldi] f ! re>1 ! soldi] salutes j z ! (fic] is ab\t to pass him4 #aedb4 ,(fic] ent]+ room occupi$ by soldi]s4 ,:5 an (fic] ent]s a room :]e !re are sev]al enli/$ m51 ! ^w att5tion is giv5 by someone :o p]ceives him1 :5 all rise1 uncov]1 & rema9 /&+ at att5tion until ! (fic] leaves ! room or directs o!rwise4 #aedc4 ,at meals4 ,enli/$ m5 at meals /op eat+ & rema9 seat$ at att5tion :5 an (fic] ent]s ! room4 #aedd4 ,:5 seat$4 ,an enli/$ man1 if seat$1 rises on ! approa* ( an (fic]1 faces t[>d him1 /&s at att5tion1 & salutes4 ,/&+ he faces an (fic] = ! same purpose4 ,if ! p>ties rema9 9 ! same place or on ! same gr\nd1 su* complim5ts ne$ n be repeat$4 #aede4 ,soldi] indoors4 ,indoors1 an un>m$ enli/$ man uncov]s & /&s at att5tion ^u ! approa* ( an (fic]4 ,if arm$ ) rifle1 he r5d]s ! rifle salute at ! ord] or trail4 7,note4 ,accord+ to cu/om1 ! t]m indoors is int]pret$ z mean+ milit>y (fices b>racks1 qu>t]s & simil> places1--x does n mean su* public places z /ores1 /oreh\ses1 rid+ halls1 /ables1 po/ ex*ange build+s1 hotels1 places ( amusem5t1 & railway & /eamboat /ations4 ,9 su* places an un>m$ soldi] r5d]s ! "r h& salute47 #aedf4 ,(fic]s approa*+ numb] ( soldi]s 9 op54 ,:5 an (fic] approa*es a numb] ( enli/$ m5 out ( doors1 ! ^w att5tion %\ld be giv5 by someone :o p]ceives him1 :5 all /& at att5tion & all salute4 ,x is cu/om>y = all to salute at or ab\t ! same in/ant1 tak+ ! "t f ! soldi] ne>e/ ! (fic]1 & :o salutes :5 ! (fic] is six paces f him4 #aedg4 ,at "w4 ,soldi]s actually at "w d n cease "w to salute an (fic] unless address$ by him4 #aedh4 ,rid+ 9 wagon4 ,a soldi] rid+ 9 a wagon %\ld salute (fic]s t he passes4 ,he w\ld salute )\t ris+4 ,likewise1 a soldi] driv+ a wagon %\ld salute1 unless bo? h&s are occupi$4 #aedi4 ,pass+ (fic] on /aircase4 ,x is cu/om>y = a soldi] :o is pass$ by an (fic] on a /aircase to come to a halt & /& at att5tion4 #aeej4 ,address+ or be+ address$ by an (fic]4 ,be=e address+ an (fic]1 or :5 address$ by an (fic]1 an enli/$ man makes ! prescrib$ salute ) ! weapon ) :i* he is arm$2 or1 if un>m$1 ) ! "r h&4 ,he also makes ! same salute aft] receiv+ a reply4 #aeea4 ,h[ salutes are r5d]$ 9 uni=m4 ,9 uni=m1 cov]$ or uncov]$1 b n 9 =mation1 (fic]s & enli/$ m5 salute milit>y p]sons z foll[s3 ,) arms 9 h&1 ! salute prescrib$ = t arm 7s5t9els on int]ior gu>d duty except$72 )\t arms1 ! "r-h& salute4 #aeeb4 ,rifle salute4 ,enli/$ m5 out ( doors & arm$ ) ! rifle1 salute ) ! piece at ! "r %\ld]2 if indoors1 ! rifle salute is r5d]$ at ! ord] or trail4 #aeec4 ,sab] salute4 ,an enli/$ man arm$ ) ! sab] r5d]s ! sab] salute1 if ! sab] is drawn2 o!rwise he salutes ) ! h&4 #aeed4 ,s5t9els on po/4 ,a soldi] salutes ) ! pres5t arms only :5 actually on po/ z a s5t9el do+ int]ior gu>d duty4 ,at all o!r times :5 arm$ ) ! rifle he salutes ) ! prescrib$ rifle salute4 ,! g5]al rules & pr9ciples ( salut+ apply to s5t9els on po/ do+ int]ior gu>d duty1 except1 z j /at$1 !y salute by pres5t+ arms :5 arm$ ) ! rifle4 ,h[ev]1 !y d n salute if x int]f]es ) ! prop] p]=mance ( _! duties4 #aeee4 ,h[ salutes are r5d]$ 9 civilian dress4 ,9 civilian dress1 cov]$ or uncov]$1 (fic]s & enli/$ m5 salute milit>y p]sons ) ! "r-h& salute4 #aeef4 ,salut+ 9 milit>y mann]4 ,(fic]s & enli/$ m5 w r5d] ! prescrib$ salutes 9 a milit>y mann]4 #aeeg4 ,sev]al (fic]s toge!r4 ,:5 sev]al (fic]s 9 company are salut$1 all entitl$ to ! salute %all return x4 #aeeh4 ,dism\nt+ be=e address+ sup]ior n m\nt$4 ,except 9 ! field "u campaign or simulat$ campaign conditions1 a m\nt$ (fic] or soldi] dism\nts be=e address+ a sup]ior (fic] n m\nt$4 #aeei4 ,man address$ 9 =mation4 ,a man 9 =mation %all n salute :5 directly address$1 b %all come to att5tion if at re/ or at ease4 #aefj4 ,9 public places & conveyances4 ,9 public conveyances1 su* z railway tra9s & /reet c>s1 & 9 public places1 su* z !at]s1 honors & p]sonal salutes may be omitt$ :5 palpably inappropriate or apt to di/urb or annoy civilians pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 z a rule1 x may be said t an enli/$ man rid+ 9 a /reet c>1 or 9 ! act ( pur*as+ goods 9 a /ore1 or eat+ 9 a re/aurant1 w\ld n salute unless address$ by an (fic]4 ,h[ev]1 9 case ( a soldi] occupy+ a seat 9 a cr[d$ /reet or railway c>1 if he recogniz$ a p]son /&+ to be an (fic]1 x w\ld be b an act ( c\rtesy = him to raise1 salute & (f] ! (fic] 8 seat4 #aefa4 ,salutes by comm&]s ( deta*m5ts or o!r comm&s4 ,comm&]s ( deta*m5ts or o!r comm&s w salute (fic]s ( grades high] ?an ! p]son comm&+ ! unit1 by fir/ br++ ! unit to att5tion & !n salut+ z prescrib$1--t is1 ) arms 9 h&1 ! salute prescrib$ = t arm2 )\t arms 9 h&1 ! "r-h& salute4 #aefb4 ,(fic] pass+ 9 re> ( troops4 ,:5 an (fic] entitl$ to ! salute passes 9 re> ( a body ( troops1 ! troops are br\ght to att5tion :5 he is opposite ! po/ ( ! comm&]4 #aefc4 ,br++ comm& to pres5t arms or sab]s be=e comm&] salutes4 ,if ! comm& is 9 l9e at a halt 7n 9 ! field7 & arm$ ) ! rifle1 or ) sab]s drawn1 x %all be br\ght to pres5t arms or pres5t sab]s be=e its comm&] salutes 9 ! foll[+ cases3 ,:5 ! ,national ,an!m is play$1 or :5 to ! color or to ! /&>d is s\nd$ dur+ c]emonies1 or :5 a p]son is salut$ :o is its imm$iate or high] comm&] or a g5]al (fic]1 or :5 ! national or regim5tal color is salut$4 #aefd4 ,no complim5ts paid at drill1 on m>*1 etc4 ,salutes & honors1 z a rule1 are n paid by troops actually engag$ 9 drill1 on ! m>*1 or 9 ! field "u campaign or simulat$ campaign conditions4 ,troops on ! s]vice ( security pay no complim5ts :atev]4 #aefe4 ,no salut+ at d\ble "t1 trot or gallop4 ,salutes are n r5d]$ :5 m>*+ 9 d\ble "t or at ! trot or gallop4 ,! soldi] mu/ fir/ come to quick "t or walk be=e salut+4 ,! "q ( gait applies to ! p]son salut+ & n to ! "o salut$1--s1 a soldi] w\ld salute an (fic] pass+ 9 d\ble "t or at a trot or gallop4 ,,miscellane\s #aeff4 ,soldi] walk+ ) (fic]4 ,a soldi] accompany+ an (fic] walks on ! (fic]'s left & ab\t "o pace to 8 re>4 #aefg4 ,prison]s d n salute4 ,prison]s d n salute (fic]s4 ,!y m]ely /& at att5tion4 ,9 "s comm&s x is cu/om>y = p>ol$ prison]s & o!rs :o are n "u ! imm$iate *>ge ( s5t9els1 to fold _! arms :5 pass+ or address+ (fic]s4 #aefh4 ,unmilit>y salutes4 ,x is v unmilit>y to salute ) ! coat unbutton$ or ) ! h& 9 ! pocket1 or a cig>ette1 cig> or pipe 9 ! m\?4 #aefi4 ,headdress n rais$ 9 salut+4 ,! headdress mu/ n be rais$ to ladies1 b !y mu/ be giv5 ! milit>y salute4 7,w> ,dept4 decision4 ,augu/1 #aiac47 #aegj4 ,caution4 ,9 salut+1 ! h& or weapon is held 9 ! position ( salute until ! salute has be5 ackn[l$g$ or until ! (fic] has pass$ or has be5 pass$4 ,,usual ,,mi/akes ,,9 ,,salut+ #aega4 ,! foll[+ are ! mi/akes usually made by soldi]s 9 r5d]+ salutes3 #a4 ,!y d n beg9 ! salute soon en\gh2 (t5 !y d n raise ! h& to ! headdress until !y are only a pace or two f ! (fic]--! salute %\ld always beg9 :5 at lea/ six paces f ! (fic]4 #b4 ,!y d n turn ! head & eyes t[>d ! (fic] :o is salut$--! head & eyes %\ld always be turn$ t[>d ! (fic] salut$ & kept turn$ z long z ! h& is rais$4 #c4 ,! h& is n kept to ! headdress until ! salute is ackn[l$g$ by ! (fic]--! h& %\ld always be kept rais$ until ! salute has be5 ackn[l$g$1 or x is evid5t ! (fic] has n se5 ! salut]4 #d4 ,! salute is (t5 r5d]$ 9 an indiff]5t1 lax mann]--! salute %\ld always be r5d]$ ) life1 snap & vim2 ! soldi] %\ld always r5d] a salute z if he meant x4 ,,respect ,,to ,,be ,,paid ,,! ,,national ,,an!m1 ,,! ,,colors ,,& ,,/&>ds #aegb4 ,! ,national ,an!m4 ,:5ev] ! ,national ,an!m is play$ at any place :5 p]sons belong+ to ! milit>y s]vice are pres5t1 all (fic]s & enli/$ m5 n 9 =mation %all /& at att5tion fac+ t[>d ! music 7except at retreat :5 !y %all face t[>d ! flag74 ,if 9 uni=m1 cov]$ or uncov]$1 or 9 civilian clo!s1 uncov]$1 !y %all salute at ! fir/ note ( ! ,an!m1 reta9+ ! position ( salute until ! la/ note ( ! ,an!m4 ,if n 9 uni=m & cov]$1 !y %all uncov] at ! fir/ note ( ! ,an!m1 hold+ ! headdress opposite ! left %\ld] & s rema9 until its close1 except t 9 inclem5t wea!r ! headdress may be held slightly rais$4 ,! same rules apply :5 ,to ! ,color or ,to ! ,/&>d is s\nd$ z :5 ! ,national ,an!m is play$4 #aegc4 ,national an!ms ( o!r nations4 ,! same m>ks ( respect prescrib$ = obs]vance dur+ ! play+ ( ! ,national ,an!m ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be %[n t[>d ! national an!m ( any o!r c\ntry :5 play$ ^u (ficial occasions4 #aegd4 ,at retreat4 ,! flag w be l[]$ at ! s\nd+ ( ! la/ note ( ! retreat1 & :ile ! flag is be+ l[]$ ! b& w play ! ,national ,an!m1 or1 if !re be no b& pres5t1 ! field music w s\nd ,to ! ,color4 ,:5 ,to ! ,color is s\nd$ by ! field music :ile ! flag is be+ l[]$ ! same respect w be obs]v$ z :5 ! ,national ,an!m is play$ by ! b&1 & 9 ei!r case (fic]s & enli/$ m5 out ( ranks w face t[>d ! flag1 /& at att5tion1 & r5d] ! prescrib$ salute4 #aege4 ,colors & /&>ds4 ,(fic]s & enli/$ m5 pass+ ! uncas$ color 7or /&>d7 w r5d] honors z foll[s3 ,if 9 uni=m !y w salute z describ$ 9 p>4 #aeea2 if 9 civilian dress & cov]$1 !y w uncov]1 hold+ ! headdress opposite ! left %\ld] ) ! "r h&2 if uncov]$1 !y w salute ) ! "r-h& salute4 ,by ,colors & ,/&>ds is meant ! national flags & ! regim5tal flags t are c>ri$ by regim5ts & sep>ate battalions4 ,! national flag may be ( ei!r silk or bunt+2 ! regim5tal flag is always ( silk4 ,9 ! ,army ,regulations ! ^w ,color is us$ 9 ref]r+ to regim5ts ( ,infantry1 ! ,coa/ ,artill]y & battalions ( ,philipp9e ,sc\ts1 :ile ,/&>d is us$ 9 ref]5ce to regim5ts ( ,cavalry & ,field ,artill]y4 ,by uncas$ colors & /&>ds are meant colors & /&>ds :5 n 9 _! wat]pro( cases4 ,by ,flag is meant ! national emblem t waves f flag /affs & o!r /ation>y poles4 ,!y are always ( bunt+4 ,,"p ,,vii ,,gu>d ,,duty 7,to include ,*anges ,no4 #a1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiae47 7,! numb]s foll[+ ! p>agraphs are ^? ( ! ,manual ( ,int]ior ,gu>d ,duty47 #aegf4 ,importance4 ,gu>d duty is "o ( ! soldi]'s mo/ important duties1 & 9 all armies ( ! _w ! mann] 9 :i* x is p]=m$ is an index to ! discipl9e ( ! comm& & ! mann] 9 :i* o!r duties are p]=m$4 ,^u ! gu>d's vigilance & read9ess = action dep5d n only ! en=cem5t ( milit>y law & ord]s1 b also ! safety & protection ( ! po/ & ! quell+ ( sudd5 disord]1 p]haps ev5 mut9y4 ,! importance ( gu>d duty is increas$ dur+ times ( w>1 :5 ! v safety ( ! army dep5ds ^u ! vigilance ( ! s5t9els1 :o are requir$ to wat* t o!rs may sleep & ?us refre% !mselves f ! labors ( ! day4 ,! s5t9els are ! gu>dians ( ! repose1 quiet & safety ( ! camp4 #aegg4 ,respect = ,s5t9els4 ,respect = ! p]son & (fice ( a s5t9el is z /rictly enjo9$ by milit>y law z t requir$ to be paid to an (fic]4 ,z x is express$ 9 ! ,manual ( ,gu>d ,duty1 ,all p]sons ( :atev] rank 9 ! s]vice are requir$ to obs]ve respect t[>d s5t9els4 ,inve/$ z ! private soldi] frequ5tly is1 :ile on 8 po/1 ) a grave responsibility1 x is prop] t he %\ld be fully protect$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty4 ,to p]mit anyone1 ( :atev] rank1 to mole/ or int]f]e ) him :ile ?us employ$1 )\t becom+ liable to sev]e p5alty1 w\ld cle>ly e/abli% a prec$5t highly prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ! s]vice4 7,davis' ,milit>y ,law74 #aegh4 ,duty ( s5t9els4 ,a s5t9el1 9 respect to ! duties ) :i* he is *>g$1 repres5ts ! sup]ior milit>y au?ority ( ! comm& to :i* he belongs1 & ^: ord]s he is requir$ to en=ce on or 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 po/4 ,z su* he is entitl$ to ! respect & ob$i5ce ( all p]sons :o come )9 ! scope ( op]ation ( ! ord]s1 :i* he is requir$ to c>ry into effect4 ,ov] milit>y p]sons ! au?ority ( ! s5t9el is absolute1 & disob$i5ce ( 8 ord]s on ! "p ( su* p]sons con/itutes a mo/ s]i\s milit>y (f5ce & is prejudicial 9 ! highe/ degree to ! int]e/s ( discipl9e4 7,davis' ,milit>y ,law74--,au?or4 ,,introduction #aegi4 ,gu>ds may be divid$ into f\r classes3 ,ext]ior gu>ds1 int]ior gu>ds1 milit>y police1 & provo/ gu>ds4 7#a7 #aehj4 ,ext]ior gu>ds are us$ only 9 "t ( w>4 ,!y belong to ! doma9 ( tactics & are treat$ ( 9 ! ,field ,s]vice ,regulations & 9 ! drill regulations ( ! diff]5t arms ( ! s]vice4 ,! purpose ( ext]ior gu>ds is to prev5t surprise1 to delay attack1 & o!rwise to provide = ! security ( ! ma9 body4 ,on ! m>* !y take ! =m ( advance gu>ds1 re> gu>ds1 & flank gu>ds4 ,at a halt !y consi/ ( outpo/s4 7#b7 #aeha4 ,int]ior gu>ds are us$ 9 camp or g>rison to pres]ve ord]1 protect prop]ty1 & to en=ce police regulations4 ,9 "t ( w> su* s5t9els ( an int]ior gu>d z may be necess>y are plac$ close 9 or ab\t a camp1 & normally !re is an ext]ior gu>d fur!r out consi/+ ( outpo/s4 ,9 "t ( peace ! int]ior gu>d is ! only gu>d 9 a camp or g>rison4 7#c7 #aehb4 ,milit>y police diff] some:at f ei!r ( ^! classes4 7,see ,field ,s]vice ,regulations47 ,!y are us$ 9 "t ( w> to gu>d prison]s1 to arre/ /raggl]s & des]t]s1 & to ma9ta9 ord] & en=ce police regulations 9 ! re> ( armies1 along l9es ( communication1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge camps4 7#d7 #aehc4 ,provo/ gu>ds are us$ 9 ! abs5ce ( milit>y police1 g5]ally 9 conjunction ) ! civil au?orities at or ne> l>ge po/s or encampm5ts1 to pres]ve ord] among soldi]s beyond ! int]ior gu>d4 7#e7 ,,int]ior ,,gu>d ,classification #aehd4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts ( an int]ior gu>d classifi$ accord+ to _! p>ticul> purposes & ! mann] 9 :i* !y p]=m _! duties are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! ma9 gu>d4 7b7 ,special gu>ds3 ,/able gu>ds1 p>k gu>ds1 prison] gu>ds1 h]d gu>ds1 tra9 gu>ds1 boat gu>ds1 wat*m51 etc4 7#f7 ,details & ,ro/]s #aehe4 ,at e milit>y po/1 & 9 e regim5t or sep>ate comm& 9 ! field1 an int]ior gu>d w be detail$ & duly m\nt$4 ,x w consi/ ( su* numb] ( (fic]s & enli/$ m5 z ! comm&+ (fic] may deem necess>y1 & w be comm&$ by ! s5ior (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] !re)1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! (fic] ( ! day or o!r (fic] detail$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#g7 #aehf4 ,! sy/em ( s5t9els on fix$ po/s is ( value 9 discipl9e & tra9+ because ( ! direct individual responsibility :i* is impos$ & requir$ to be dis*>g$ 9 a def9ite & precise mann]4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t gu>d duty may n be ne$lessly irksome & int]f]e ) tactical in/ruction1 ! numb] ( m5 detail$ = gu>d w be ! smalle/ possible4 ,comm&+ (fic]s are specifically *>g$ ) ?is matt]1 &1 )\t entirely disp5s+ ) ! sy/em ( s5t9els on fix$ po/s w1 z f> z practicable 9 "t ( peace1 replace su* s5t9els ) wat*m54 7,see ,p>4 #agha47 7#h7 #aehg4 ,at po/s :]e !re are less ?an ?ree companies ! ma9 gu>d & special gu>ds may all be furni%$ by "o company or by detail f ea* company4 ,:]e !re are ?ree or m companies1 ! ma9 gu>d w1 if practicable1 be furni%$ by a s+le company1 &1 z f> z practicable1 ! same organization w supply all details = t day = special gu>d1 ov]se]1 & fatigue duty4 ,9 ?is case ! (fic] ( ! day1 & ! (fic]s ( ! gu>d1 if !re are any1 w1 if practicable1 be f ! company furni%+ ! gu>d4 7#i7 #aehh4 ,!re w be an (fic] ( ! day ) ea* gu>d1 unless 9 ! op9ion ( ! comm&+ (fic] ! gu>d is s small t 8 s]vices are n ne$$4 ,9 ?is case an (fic] w be detail$ to sup]vise ! comm& & in/ruction ( ! gu>d = su* p]iod z ! comm&+ (fic] may direct4 7#af7 #aehi4 ,! detail ( (fic]s ( ! gu>d w be limit$ to ! necessities ( ! s]vice & effici5t in/ruction2 inexp]i5c$ (fic]s may be detail$ z sup]num]>y (fic]s ( ! gu>d = purposes ( in/ruction4 7#ah74 #aeij4 ,! /r5g? ( gu>ds & ! numb] ( consecutive days = :i* an organization furni%es ! gu>d w be s regulat$ z to insure privates ( ! ma9 gu>d an int]val ( n less ?an five days betwe5 t\rs4 ,! ,comm&+ ,(fic] #aeia4 ,! comm&+ (fic] w exact a fai?ful1 vigilant1 & correct p]=mance ( gu>d duty 9 all ( its details1 giv+ 8 ord]s to ! (fic] ( ! day1 or caus+ !m to be communicat$ to him ) ! lea/ practicable delay4 ,he w prescribe ! /r5g? ( ! gu>d1 & ! necess>y regulations = gu>d1 police1 & fatigue duty4 7#bg7 #aeib4 ,! comm&+ (fic] receives ! reports ( ! (fic]s ( ! day imm$iately aft] gu>d m\nt+1 at 8 (fice1 or at "s o!r place previ\sly designat$2 c>efully exam9es ! gu>d report & rem>ks !reon 7que/ion+ ! old (fic] ( ! day1 if necess>y1 conc]n+ 8 t\r ( duty71 relieves ! old (fic] ( ! day & gives ! new (fic] ( ! day su* in/ructions z may be necess>y4 7#bh7 ,! ,(fic] ( ! ,day #aeic4 ,! (fic] ( ! day is responsible = ! prop] p]=mance ( duty by ! gu>d ) :i* he m>*es on & = ! en=cem5t ( all police regulations4 ,he is *>g$ ) ! execution ( all ord]s ( ! comm&+ (fic] relat+ to ! safety & good ord] ( ! po/ or camp4 ,8 actual t\r beg9s :5 he receives ! in/ructions ( ! comm&+ (fic] aft] gu>d m\nt+1 & ceases :5 he has be5 reliev$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,9 case ( em]g5cy dur+ ! int]val betwe5 gu>d m\nt+ & report+ to ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! s5ior (fic] ( ! day w give ! necess>y in/ructions = bo? gu>ds4 7#bi7 #aeid4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( special in/ructions f ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! (fic] ( ! day w inspect ! gu>d & s5t9els dur+ ! day & at night at su* times z he may deem necess>y4 ,he w visit !m at lea/ once betwe5 #ab o'clock midnight & daylight4 7#cj7 ,he may prescribe patrols 7,p>4 #aggh7 & visits ( inspection to be made by (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d :5ev] he deems x necess>y4 7#ca7 #aeie4 ,he w see t ! comm&] ( ! gu>d is furni%$ ) ! p>ole & c\nt]sign be=e retreat 9 case !y are to be us$1 & w in=m him ( ! pres5ce 9 po/ or camp ( any p]son entitl$ to ! complim5t4 7#cb7 #aeif4 ,9 case ( al>m ( any k9d he w at once take su* /eps z may be necess>y to insure ! safety ( life & public prop]ty & to pres]ve ord] 9 ! comm&1 dispos+ 8 gu>d s z be/ to accompli% ?is result4 7#cc7 #aeig4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties z (fic] ( ! day he is subject to ! ord]s ( ! comm&+ (fic] only1 except t 9 case ( an al>m ( any k9d1 & at a "t ( great dang]1 ! s5ior l9e (fic] pres5t is compet5t to give necess>y ord]s to ! (fic] ( ! day = ! employm5t ( ! gu>d4 7#cd7 #aeih4 ,at ! inspection & mu/]s prescrib$ 9 ,army ,regulations1 ! (fic] ( ! day w be pres5t at ! po/ ( ! gu>d1 b all comm&s to ! gu>d w be giv5 by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#ce7 ,bo? (fic]s ( ! day toge!r v]ify ! prison]s & inspect ! gu>dh\se & premises4 7#cf7 #aeii4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( special in/ructions1 ! old (fic] ( ! day w1 at gu>d m\nt+1 release all g>rison prison]s ^: s5t5ces expire t day4 ,if !re are any prison]s ) no record ( *>ges aga9/ !m1 ! old (fic] ( ! day w report t fact to ! comm&+ (fic] :o w give ! necess>y in/ructions4 7#cg7 #afjj4 ,! old (fic] ( ! day signs ! report ( ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 ,he also ent]s on x su* rem>ks z may be necess>y4 7#ch7 #afja4 ,! (fic]s ( ! day !n report to ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,on pres5t+ !mselves1 bo? salute ) ! "r h&1 rema9+ cov]$4 ,! old (fic] ( ! day1 /&+ on ! "r ( ! new1 !n says3 ,sir1 ,i report z old (fic] ( ! day1 & pres5ts ! gu>d report4 ,z soon z ! comm&+ (fic] notifies ! old (fic] ( ! day t he is reliev$1 ! old (fic] ( ! day salutes ! comm&+ (fic] & retires4 ,! new (fic] ( ! day aga9 salutes & says3 ,sir1 ,i report z new (fic] ( ! day1 & !n receives 8 in/ructions4 7#ci7 #afjb4 ,! (fic] ( ! day w always keep ! gu>d in=m$ z to :]e he may be f\nd at all h\rs ( ! day & night4 7#dj7 ,comm&] ( ! ,gu>d #afjc4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d is responsible = ! in/ruction & discipl9e ( ! gu>d4 ,he w see t all ( its memb]s are correctly in/ruct$ 9 _! ord]s & duties1 & t !y und]/& & prop]ly p]=m !m4 ,he w visit ea* relief at lea/ once :ile x is on po/1 & at lea/ "o ( ^! visits w be made betwe5 #ab o'clock midnight & daylight4 7#da7 #afjd4 ,he receives & obeys ! ord]s ( ! comm&+ (fic] & ! (fic] ( ! day1 & reports to ! latt] )\t delay all ord]s to ! gu>d n receiv$ f ! (fic] ( ! day2 he transmits to 8 successor all mat]ial in/ructions & in=mation relat+ to 8 duties4 7#db7 #afje4 ,he is responsible "u ! (fic] ( ! day = ! g5]al safety ( ! po/ or camp z soon z ! old gu>d m>*es away f ! gu>dh\se4 ,9 case ( em]g5cy :ile bo? gu>ds are at ! gu>dh\se1 ! s5ior comm&] ( ! two gu>ds w be responsible t ! prop] action is tak54 7#dc7 #afjf4 ,(fic]s ( ! gu>d w rema9 con/antly ) _! gu>ds1 except :ile visit+ patrols or necess>ily engag$ else:]e 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,! comm&+ (fic] w all[ a reasonable "t = meals4 7#dd7 #afjg4 ,a comm&] ( a gu>d leav+ 8 po/ = any purpose w in=m ! next 9 comm& ( 8 de/9ation & probable "t ( return4 7#de7 #afjh4 ,except 9 em]g5cies1 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d may divide ! night ) ! next 9 comm&1 b reta9s 8 responsibility2 ! "o on wat* mu/ be con/antly on ! al]t4 7#df7 #afji4 ,:5 any al>m is rais$ 9 camp or g>rison1 ! gu>d w be =m$ imm$iately4 7,p>4 #agic47 ,if ! case be s]i\s1 ! prop] call w be s\nd$1 & ! comm&] ( ! gu>d w cause ! comm&+ (fic] & ! (fic] ( ! day to be at once notifi$4 7#dg7 #afaj4 ,if a s5t9el calls3 ,! ,gu>d1 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d w at once s5d a patrol to ! s5t9el's po/4 ,if ! dang] be great1 9 :i* case ! s5t9el w dis*>ge 8 piece1 ! patrol w be z /rong z possible4 7#dh7 #afaa4 ,:5 practicable1 !re %\ld always be an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] & two privates ( ! gu>d at ! gu>dh\se1 9 addition to ! s5t9els !re on po/4 7#di7 #afab4 ,betwe5 reveille & retreat1 :5 ! gu>d _h be5 turn$ out = any p]son entitl$ to ! complim5t 7,see ,p>s4 #aghb & #aghd71 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 if an (fic]1 w receive ! report ( ! s]geant1 return+ ! salute ( ! lat] ) ! "r h&4 ,he w !n draw 8 sab]1 & place himself two paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! gu>d4 ,:5 ! p]son = :om ! gu>d has be5 turn$ out approa*es1 he faces 8 gu>d & comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms2 faces to ! front & salutes4 ,:5 8 salute is ackn[l$g$ he resumes ! c>ry1 faces ab\t1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms2 & faces to ! front4 ,if x be an (fic] entitl$ to inspect ! gu>d1 aft] salut+ & be=e br++ 8 gu>d to an ord]1 ! (fic] ( ! gu>d reports3 ,sir1 all pres5t or acc\nt$ =2 or1 ,sir1 7s & s7 is abs5t2 or1 if ! roll call has be5 omitt$3 ,sir1 ! gu>d is =m$1 except t at gu>d m\nt+ ! comm&]s ( ! gu>ds pres5t _! gu>ds & salute )\t mak+ any report4 ,betwe5 retreat & reveille1 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d salutes & reports1 b does n br+ ! gu>d to a pres5t4 7#ej7 #afac4 ,to ^? entitl$ to h ! gu>d turn$ out b n entitl$ to inspect x1 no report w be made2 nor w a report be made to any (fic]1 unless he halts 9 front ( ! gu>d4 7#ea7 #afad4 ,:5 a gu>d comm&$ by a noncommission$ (fic] is turn$ out z a complim5t or = inspection1 ! noncommission$ (fic]1 /&+ at a "r %\ld] on ! "r ( ! "r guide1 comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,he !n executes ! rifle salute4 ,if a report be also requir$1 he w1 aft] salut+1 & be=e br++ 8 gu>d to an ord]1 report z prescrib$ = ! (fic] ( ! gu>d4 7,p>4 #afab47 7#eb7 #afae4 ,:5 a gu>d is 9 l9e1 n "u inspection1 & comm&$ by an (fic]1 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d salutes 8 regim5tal1 battalion1 & company comm&]1 by br++ ! gu>d to att5tion & salut+ 9 p]son4 ,= all o!r (fic]s1 except+ ^? entitl$ to ! complim5t f a gu>d 7,p>4 #aghd71 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d salutes 9 p]son1 b does n br+ ! gu>d to att5tion4 ,:5 comm&$ by a noncommission$ (fic] ! gu>d is br\ght to att5tion 9 ei!r case1 & ! noncommission$ (fic] salutes4 ,! comm&] ( a gu>d ex*anges salutes ) ! comm&]s ( all o!r bodies ( troops2 ! gu>d is br\ght to att5tion dur+ ! ex*ange4 ,pres5t arms is execut$ by a gu>d only :5 x has turn$ out = inspection or z a complim5t1 & at ! c]emonies ( gu>d m\nt+ & reliev+ ! old gu>d4 7#ec7 #afaf4 ,9 m>*+ a gu>d or a deta*m5t ( a gu>d ! pr9ciples ( p>agraph #afae apply4 ,eyes "r is execut$ only 9 ! c]emonies ( gu>d m\nt+ & reliev+ ! old gu>d4 7#ed7 #afag4 ,if a p]son entitl$ to ! complim5t1 or ! regim5tal1 battalion1 or company comm&]1 passes 9 re> ( a gu>d1 nei!r ! complim5t nor ! salute is giv51 b ! gu>d is br\ght to att5tion :ile su* p]son is opposite ! po/ ( ! comm&]4 ,aft] any p]son has receiv$ or decl9$ ! complim5t1 or receiv$ ! salute f ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 (ficial recognition ( 8 pres5ce !reaft] :ile he rema9s 9 ! vic9ity w be tak5 by br++ ! gu>d to att5tion4 7#ee7 #afah4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w inspect ! gu>d at reveille & retreat1 & at su* o!r times z may be necess>y1 to assure himself t ! m5 are 9 prop] condition to p]=m _! duties & t _! arms & equipm5ts are 9 prop] condition4 ,= inspection by o!r (fic]s1 he prep>es ! gu>d 9 ea* case z direct$ by ! inspect+ (fic]4 7#ef7 #afai4 ,! gu>d w n be p>ad$ dur+ c]emonies unless direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#eg7 #afbj4 ,at all =mations memb]s ( ! gu>d or reliefs w execute inspection arms z prescrib$ 9 ! drill regulations ( _! arm4 7#eh7 #afba4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w see t all s5t9els are habitually reliev$ e two h\rs1 unless ! wea!r or o!r cause makes x necess>y t x be done at %ort] or long] int]vals1 z direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#ei7 #afbb4 ,he w "q 8 noncommission$ (fic]s & s5t9els relative to ! in/ructions !y may h receiv$ f ! old gu>d2 he w see t patrols & visits ( inspection are made z direct$ by ! (fic] ( ! day4 7#fj7 #afbc4 ,he w see t ! special ord]s = ea* po/ & memb] ( ! gu>d1 ei!r writt5 or pr9t$1 are po/$ 9 ! gu>dh\se1 &1 if practicable1 9 ! s5try box or o!r %elt]$ place to :i* ! memb] ( ! gu>d has con/ant access4 7#fa7 #afbd4 ,he w see t ! prop] calls are s\nd$ at ! h\rs appo9t$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#fb7 #afbe4 ,%\ld a memb] ( ! gu>d be tak5 sick1 or be arre/$1 or des]t1 or leave 8 gu>d1 he w at once notify ! (fic] ( ! day4 7#fc7 #afbf4 ,he w1 :5 ! c\nt]sign is us$ 7,p>s4 #aggj to #aggf71 communicate x to ! noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d & see t x is duly communicat$ to ! s5t9els be=e ! h\r = *all5g+2 ! c\nt]sign w n be giv5 to s5t9els po/$ at ! gu>dh\se4 7#fd7 #afbg4 ,he w h ! details = hoi/+ ! flag at reveille1 & l[]+ x at retreat1 & = fir+ ! reveille & retreat gun1 made 9 "t = ! prop] p]=mance ( ^! duties4 7,see ,p>s4 #ahcd1 #ahce1 #ahcf1 #ahcg74 ,he w see t ! flags are kept 9 ! be/ condition possible1 & t !y are nev] h&l$ except 9 ! prop] p]=mance ( duty4 7#fe7 #afbh4 ,he may p]mit memb]s ( ! gu>d :ile at ! gu>dh\se to remove _! headdress1 ov]coats1 & gloves2 if !y leave ! gu>dh\se = any purpose :atev] he w require t !y be prop]ly equipp$ & arm$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! s]vice 9 :i* engag$1 or z direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#ff7 #afbi4 ,he w ent] 9 ! gu>d report a report ( 8 t\r ( duty1 &1 on ! completion ( 8 t\r1 w pres5t x to ! (fic] ( ! day4 ,he w transmit ) 8 report all passes turn$ 9 at ! po/ ( ! gu>d4 7#fg7 #afcj4 ,:5ev] a prison] is s5t to ! gu>dh\se or gu>d t5t = conf9em5t1 he w cause him to be se>*$1 & w1 )\t unnecess>y delay1 report ! case to ! (fic] ( ! day4 7#fh7 #afca4 ,"u w> conditions1 if anyone is to be pass$ out ( camp at night1 he w be s5t to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 :o w h him pass$ beyond ! s5t9els4 7#fi7 #afcb4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w deta9 at ! gu>dh\se all suspici\s *>act]s or p>ties attempt+ to pass a s5t9el's po/ )\t au?ority1 report+ 8 action to ! (fic] ( ! day1 to :om p]sons s arre/$ w be s5t1 if necess>y4 7#gj7 #afcc4 ,he w inspect ! gu>d rooms & cells1 & ! irons ( su* prison]s z may be iron$1 at lea/ once dur+ 8 t\r1 & at su* o!r times z he may deem necess>y4 7#ga7 #afcd4 ,he w cause ! corporals ( ! old & new reliefs to v]ify toge!r1 imm$iately be=e ea* relief goes on po/1 ! numb] ( prison]s :o %\ld !n prop]ly be at ! gu>dh\se4 7#gb7 #afce4 ,he w see t ! s5t5ces ( prison]s "u 8 *>ge are execut$ /rictly 9 accordance ) ! action ( ! review+ au?ority4 7#gc7 #afcf4 ,:5 no special prison] gu>d has be5 detail$ 7,p>4 #agih71 he w1 z f> z practicable1 assign z gu>ds ov] work+ p>ties ( prison]s s5t9els f po/s gu>d$ at night only4 7#gd7 #afcg4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w inspect all meals s5t to ! gu>dh\se & see t ! quantity & quality ( food are 9 accordance ) regulations4 7#ge7 #afch4 ,at gu>d m\nt+ he w report to ! old (fic] ( ! day all cases ( prison]s ^: t]ms ( s5t5ce expire on t day1 & also all cases ( prison]s conc]n+ :om no /atem5t ( *>ges has be5 receiv$4 7#gf7 #afci4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d is responsible = ! security ( ! prison]s "u ! *>ge ( 8 gu>d2 he becomes responsible = !m aft] _! numb] has be5 v]ifi$ & !y h be5 turn$ ov] to ! cu/ody ( 8 gu>d by ! old gu>d or by ! prison] gu>d or ov]se]s4 7#gg7 #afdj4 ,! prison]s w be v]ifi$ & turn$ ov] to ! new gu>d )\t p>ad+ !m1 unless ! comm&+ (fic] or ! (fic] ( ! day %all direct o!rwise4 7#gh7 #afda4 ,to receive ! prison]s at ! gu>dh\se :5 !y h be5 p>ad$ & aft] !y h be5 v]ifi$ by ! (fic]s ( ! day1 ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d directs 8 s]geant to =m 8 gu>d ) an int]val1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,prison]s1 #b4 ,"r1 #c4 ,,face1 #d4 ,=w>d1 #e4 ,,m>*4 ,! prison]s hav+ arriv$ opposite ! int]val 9 ! new gu>d1 he comm&s3 #a4 ,prison]s1 #b4 ,,halt1 #c4 ,left1 #d4 ,,face1 #e4 ,"r 7or left71 #f4 ,,dress1 #g4 ,,front4 ,! prison]s dress on ! l9e ( ! new gu>d4 7#gi7 ,s]geant ( ! ,gu>d #afdb4 ,! s5ior noncommission$ (fic] ( ! gu>d always acts z s]geant ( ! gu>d1 & if !re be no (fic] ( ! gu>d1 w p]=m ! duties prescrib$ = ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#hj7 #afdc4 ,! s]geant ( ! gu>d has g5]al sup]vision ov] ! o!r noncommission$ (fic]s & ! musicians & privates ( ! gu>d1 & mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) all ( _! ord]s & duties4 7#ha7 #afdd4 ,he is directly responsible = ! prop]ty "u *>ge ( ! gu>d1 & w see t x is prop]ly c>$ =4 ,he w make li/s ( articles tak5 out by work+ p>ties1 & see t all su* articles are duly return$4 ,if !y are n1 he w imm$iately report ! fact to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#hb7 #afde4 ,imm$iately aft] gu>d m\nt+ he w prep>e duplicate li/s ( ! names ( all noncommission$ (fic]s1 musicians1 & privates ( ! gu>d1 %[+ ! relief & po/ or duties ( ea*4 ,"o li/ w be h&$ z soon z possible to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d2 ! o!r w be reta9$ by ! s]geant4 7#hc7 #afdf4 ,he w see t all reliefs are turn$ out at ! prop] "t1 & t ! corporals ?or\ghly und]/&1 & are prompt & effici5t 91 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 7#hd7 #afdg4 ,dur+ ! tempor>y abs5ce f ! gu>dh\se ( ! s]geant ( ! gu>d1 ! next 9 rank ( ! noncommission$ (fic]s w p]=m 8 duties4 7#he7 #afdh4 ,%\ld ! corporal ^: relief is on po/ be call$ away f ! gu>dh\se1 ! s]geant ( ! gu>d w designate a noncommission$ (fic] to take ! corporal's place until 8 return4 7#hf7 #afdi4 ,! s]geant ( ! gu>d is responsible at all times = ! prop] police ( ! gu>dh\se or gu>d t5t1 includ+ ! gr\nd ab\t !m & ! prison cells4 7#hg7 #afej4 ,at fir/ s]geant's call he w proce$ to ! adjutant's (fice & obta9 ! gu>d report book4 7#hh7 #afea4 ,:5 ! national or regim5tal colors are tak5 f ! /acks ( ! color l9e1 ! color be>] & gu>d1 or ! s]geant ( ! gu>d1 un>m$1 & two arm$ privates z a gu>d1 w escort ! colors to ! colonel's qu>t]s1 z prescrib$ = ! color gu>d 9 ! drill regulations ( ! arm ( ! s]vice to :i* ! gu>d belongs4 7#hi7 #afeb4 ,he w report to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d any suspici\s or unusual occurr5ce t comes "u 8 notice1 w w>n him ( ! approa* ( any arm$ body1 & w s5d to him all p]sons arre/$ by ! gu>d4 7#ij7 #afec4 ,:5 ! gu>d is turn$ out1 its =mation w be z foll[s3 ,! s5ior noncommission$ (fic]1 if comm&] ( ! gu>d1 is on ! "r ( ! "r guide2 if n comm&] ( ! gu>d1 he is 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s1 9 re> ( ! "r f\r ( ! gu>d2 ! next 9 rank is "r guide2 ! next left guide2 ! o!rs 9 ! l9e ( file clos]s1 usually1 ea* 9 re> ( 8 relief2 ! field music1 ) its left ?ree paces to ! "r ( ! "r guide4 ,! reliefs =m 9 ! same ord] z :5 ! gu>d 0 fir/ divid$1 except t if ! gu>d consi/s ( dism\nt$ cavalry & infantry1 ! cavalry =ms on ! left4 7#ia7 #afed4 ,! s]geant =ms ! gu>d1 calls ! roll1 &1 if n 9 comm& ( ! gu>d1 reports to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d z prescrib$ 9 drill regulations = a fir/ s]geant =m+ a troop or company2 ! gu>d is n divid$ into platoons or sections1 &1 except :5 ! :ole gu>d is =m$ prior to m>*+ (f1 f\rs are n c\nt$4 7#ib7 #afee4 ,! s]geant reports z foll[s3 ,sir1 all pres5t or acc\nt$ =1 or ,sir1 7s-&-s7 is abs5t2 or if ! roll call has be5 omitt$1 ,sir1 ! gu>d1 is =m$4 ,only m5 abs5t )\t prop] au?ority are report$ abs5t4 ,he !n takes 8 place1 )\t comm&4 7#ic7 #afef4 ,at night1 ! roll may be call$ by reliefs & numb]s in/ead ( names2 ?us1 ! fir/ relief be+ on po/3 ,second relief2 ,no4 #a2 ,no4 #b1 etc42 ,?ird relief1 ,corporal2 ,no4 #a1 etc4 7#id7 #afeg4 ,call+ ! roll w be disp5s$ ) 9 =m+ ! gu>d :5 x is turn$ out z a complim5t1 on ! approa* ( an arm$ body1 or 9 any sudd5 em]g5cy2 b 9 su* cases ! roll may be call$ be=e dismiss+ ! gu>d4 ,if ! gu>d be turn$ out = an (fic] entitl$ to inspect x1 ! roll w1 unless he directs o!rwise1 always be call$ be=e a report is made4 7#ie7 #afeh4 ,! s]geant ( ! gu>d has direct *>ge ( ! prison]s1 except dur+ su* "t z !y may be "u ! *>ge ( ! prison] gu>d or ov]se]s1 & is responsible to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d = _! security4 7#if7 #afei4 ,he w c>ry ! keys ( ! gu>droom & cells1 & w n suff] !m to leave 8 p]sonal possession :ile he is at ! gu>dh\se1 except z h]e9aft] provid$4 7,p>4 #affa47 ,%\ld he leave ! gu>dh\se = any purpose1 he w turn ! keys ov] to ! noncommission$ (fic] :o takes 8 place4 7,p>4 #afdg47 7#ig7 #affj4 ,he w c\nt ! knives1 =ks1 etc41 giv5 to ! prison]s ) _! food1 & see t none ( ^! articles rema9 9 _! possession4 ,he w see t no =bidd5 articles ( any k9d are convey$ to ! prison]s4 7#ih7 #affa4 ,prison]s :5 p>ad$ ) ! gu>d1 are plac$ 9 l9e 9 its c5t]4 ,! s]geant1 imm$iately be=e =m+ ! gu>d1 w turn ov] 8 keys to ! noncommission$ (fic] at ! gu>dh\se4 ,hav+ =m$ ! gu>d1 he w divide x into two ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,indicat+ ! po9t ( division ) 8 h&1 he comm&s3 #a4 ,"r 7or left71 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*1 #e4 ,gu>d1 #f4 ,,halt1 #g4 ,left 7or "r71 #h4 ,,face4 ,if ! fir/ comm& be "r face1 ! "r half ( ! gu>d only w execute ! movem5ts3 if left face1 ! left half only w execute !m4 ,! comm& halt is giv5 :5 suffici5t int]val is obta9$ to admit ! prison]s4 ,! doors ( ! gu>droom & cells are !n op5$ by ! noncommission$ (fic] hav+ ! keys4 ,! prison]s w file out "u ! sup]vision ( ! s]geant1 ! noncommission$ (fic]1 & s5t9el on duty at ! gu>dh\se1 & su* o!r s5t9els z may be necess>y2 !y w =m 9 l9e 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! gu>d4 7#ii7 #affb4 ,to return ! prison]s to ! gu>droom & cells1 ! s]geant comm&s3 #a4 ,prison]s1 #b4 ,"r 7or left71 #c4 ,,face1 #d4 ,column "r 7or left71 #e4 ,,m>*4 ,! prison]s1 "u ! same sup]vision z be=e1 return to _! prop] rooms or cells4 7#ajj7 #affc4 ,to close ! gu>d1 ! s]geant comm&s3 #a4 ,left 7or "r71 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*1 #e4 ,gu>d1 #f4 ,,halt1 #g4 ,"r 7or left71 #h4 ,,face4 ,! left or "r half only ( ! gu>d z indicat$1 executes ! movem5t4 7#aja7 #affd4 ,if !re be b few prison]s1 ! s]geant may indicate ! po9t ( division z above1 & =m ! necess>y int]val by ! comm&s3 #a4 ,"r 7or left7 /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,gu>d1 #d4 ,,halt1 & close ! int]vals by ! comm&s3 #a4 ,left 7or "r7 /ep1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,gu>d1 #d4 ,,halt4 7#ajb7 #affe4 ,if s5t9els are num]\s1 reliefs may1 at ! discretion ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 be po/$ 9 deta*m5ts1 & s]geants1 z well z corporals1 requir$ to relieve & po/ !m4 7#ajc7 ,corporal ( ! ,gu>d #afff4 ,a corporal ( ! gu>d receives & obeys ord]s f none b noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d s5ior to himself1 ! (fic]s ( ! gu>d1 ! (fic] ( ! day1 & ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#ajd7 #affg4 ,x is ! duty ( ! corporal ( ! gu>d to po/ & relieve s5t9els1 & to in/ruct ! memb]s ( 8 relief 9 _! ord]s & duties4 7#aje7 #affh4 ,imm$iately aft] ! division ( ! gu>d into reliefs ! corporals w assign ! memb]s ( _! respective reliefs to po/s by numb]1 & a soldi] s assign$ to 8 po/ w n be *ang$ to ano!r dur+ ! same t\r ( gu>d duty1 unless by direction ( ! comm&] ( ! gu>d or high] au?ority4 ,usually1 exp]i5c$ soldi]s are plac$ ov] ! arms ( ! gu>d1 & at remote & responsible po/s4 7#ajf7 #affi4 ,ea* corporal w !n make a li/ ( ! memb]s ( 8 relief includ+ himself4 ,?is li/ w conta9 ! numb] ( ! relief1 ! "n1 ! company1 & ! regim5t ( e memb] !re(1 & ! po/ to :i* ea* is assign$4 ,! li/ w be made 9 duplicate1 "o copy to be giv5 to ! s]geant ( ! gu>d z soon z complet$1 ! o!r to be reta9$ by ! corporal4 7#ajg7 #afgj4 ,:5 direct$ by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 ! corporal ( ! fir/ relief =ms 8 relief1 & !n comm&s3 ,,call ,,(f4 ,comm5c+ on ! "r1 ! m5 call (f alt]nately re> & front rank1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & s on2 if 9 s+le rank1 !y call (f f "r to left4 ,! corporal !n comm&s3 #a4 ,"r1 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,! corporal m>*es on ! left1 & ne> ! re> file1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! m>*4 ,! corporal ( ! old gu>d m>*es on ! "r ( ! lead+ file1 & takes comm& :5 ! la/ "o ( ! old s5t9els is reliev$1 *ang+ places ) ! corporal ( ! new gu>d4 7#ajh7 #afga4 ,:5 ! relief arrives at six paces f a s5t9el 7,see ,p>4 #agbi71 ! corporal halts x & comm&s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! po/3 ,no4 7--74 ,bo? s5t9els execute port arms or sab]2 ! new s5t9el approa*es ! old1 halt+ ab\t "o pace f him4 7,see ,p>4 #agcc47 7#aji7 #afgb4 ,! corporals advance & place !mselves1 fac+ ea* o!r1 a little 9 advance ( ! new s5t9el1 ! old corporal on 8 "r1 ! new corporal on 8 left1 bo? at a "r %\ld]1 & obs]ve t ! old s5t9el transmits correctly 8 in/ructions4 ,! foll[+ diagram w illu/rate ! positions tak53 ,illu/ration ,r is ! relief2 ,a1 ! new corporal2 ,b1 ! old2 ,c1 ! new s5t9el3 ,d1 ! old4 7#aaj7 #afgc4 ,! in/ructions relative to ! po/ hav+ be5 communicat$1 ! new corporal comm&s1 ,po/2 bo? s5t9els !n resume ! "r %\ld]1 face t[>d ! new corporal & /ep back s z to all[ ! relief to pass 9 front ( !m4 ,! new corporal !n comm&s1 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*2 ! old s5t9el takes 8 place 9 re> ( ! relief z x passes him1 8 piece 9 ! same position z ^? ( ! relief4 ,! new s5t9el /&s fa/ at a "r %\ld] until ! relief has pass$ six paces beyond him1 :5 he walks 8 po/4 ,! corporals take _! places z ! relief passes !m4 7#aaa7 #afgd4 ,m\nt$ s5t9els are po/$ & reliev$ 9 accordance ) ! same pr9ciples4 7#aab7 #afge4 ,on ! return ( ! old relief1 ! corporal ( ! new gu>d falls out :5 ! relief halts2 ! corporal ( ! old gu>d =ms 8 relief on ! left ( ! old gu>d1 salutes1 & reports to ! comm&] ( 8 gu>d3 ,sir1 ! relief is pres5t2 or ,sir1 7s & s7 is abs5t1 & takes 8 place 9 ! gu>d4 7#aac7 #afgf4 ,to po/ a relief o!r ?an t :i* is po/$ :5 ! old gu>d is reliev$1 its corporal comm&s3 #a4 7,su*7 relief1 #b4 ,,fall ,,92 & if arms are /ack$1 !y are tak5 at ! prop] comm&s4 ,! relief is =m$ fac+ to ! front1 ) arms at an ord]2 ! m5 place !mselves accord+ to ! numb]s ( _! respective po/s1 viz41 two1 f\r1 six1 & s on1 9 ! front rank1 & "o1 ?ree1 five1 & s on1 9 ! re> rank4 ,! corporal1 /&+ ab\t two paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( 8 relief1 !n comm&s3 ,call (f4 ,! m5 call (f z prescrib$4 ,! corporal !n comm&s3 #a4 ,inspection1 #b4 ,,arms1 #c4 ,ord]1 #d4 ,,arms2 faces ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 executes ! rifle salute1 reports3 ,sir1 ! relief is pres5t1 or ,sir1 7s & s7 is abs5t2 he !n takes 8 place on ! "r at ord] arms4 7#aad7 #afgg4 ,:5 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d directs ! corporal3 ,po/ y\r relief1 ! corporal salutes & po/s 8 relief z prescrib$ 7,p>s4 #ajh to #aaa72 ! corporal ( ! relief on po/ does n g ) ! new relief1 except :5 necess>y to %[ ! way4 7#aae7 #afgh4 ,to dismiss ! old relief1 x is halt$ & fac$ to ! front at ! gu>dh\se by ! corporal ( ! new relief1 :o !n falls out2 ! corporal ( ! old relief !n /eps 9 front ( ! relief & dismisses x by ! prop] comm&s4 7#aaf7 #afgi4 ,%\ld ! pieces h be5 load$ be=e ! relief 0 po/$1 ! corporal w1 be=e dismiss+ ! relief1 see t no c>tridges are left 9 ! *amb]s or magaz9es4 ,! same rule applies to s5t9els ov] prison]s4 7#aag7 #afhj4 ,ea* corporal w ?or\ghly acqua9t himself ) all ! special ord]s ( e s5t9el on 8 relief1 & see t ea* und]/&s & correctly transmits su* ord]s 9 detail to 8 successor4 7#aah7 #afha4 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ "o noncommission$ (fic] con/antly on ! al]t at ! gu>dh\se1 usually ! corporal ^: relief is on po/4 ,?is noncommission$ (fic] takes po/ ne> ! entrance ( ! gu>dh\se1 & does n fall 9 ) ! gu>d :5 x is =m$4 ,he w h 8 rifle con/antly ) him4 7#aai7 #afhb4 ,:5ev] x becomes necess>y = ! corporal to leave 8 po/ ne> ! entrance ( ! gu>dh\se1 he w notify ! s]geant ( ! gu>d1 :o w at once take 8 place1 or designate ano!r noncommission$ (fic] to d s4 7#abj7 #afhc4 ,he w see t no p]son ent]s ! gu>dh\se1 or gu>d t5t1 or crosses ! po/s ( ! s5t9els !re po/$ )\t prop] au?ority4 7#aba7 #afhd4 ,%\ld any s5t9el call = ! corporal ( ! gu>d1 ! corporal w1 9 e case1 at once & quickly proce$ to su* s5t9el4 ,he w notify ! s]geant ( ! gu>d be=e leav+ ! gu>dh\se4 7#abb7 #afhe4 ,he w at once report to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d any violation ( regulations or any unusual occurr5ce :i* is report$ to him by a s5t9el1 or :i* comes to 8 notice 9 any o!r way4 7#abc7 #afhf4 ,%\ld a s5t9el call3 ,! ,gu>d1 ! corporal w promptly notify ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#abd7 #afhg4 ,%\ld a s5t9el call3 ,relief1 ! corporal w at once proce$ to ! po/ ( su* s5t9el1 tak+ ) him ! man next = duty on t po/4 ,if ! s5t9el is reliev$ = a %ort "t only1 ! corporal w aga9 po/ him z soon z ! necessity = 8 relief ceases4 7#abe7 #afhh4 ,:5 ! c\nt]sign is us$1 ! corporal at ! po/+ ( ! relief dur+ ^: t\r *all5g+ is to beg9 gives ! c\nt]sign to ! memb]s ( ! relief1 except+ ^? po/$ at ! gu>dh\se4 7#abf7 #afhi4 ,he w wake ! corporal ^: relief is next on po/ 9 "t = ! latt] to v]ify ! prison]s1 =m 8 relief1 & po/ x at ! prop] h\r4 7#abg7 #afij4 ,%\ld ! gu>d be turn$ out1 ea* corporal w call 8 own relief1 & cause its memb]s to fall 9 promptly4 7#abh7 #afia4 ,t5ts or bunks 9 ! same vic9ity w be designat$ = ! reliefs s t all ! memb]s ( ea* relief may1 if necess>y1 be f\nd & turn$ out by ! corporal 9 ! lea/ "t & ) ! lea/ confusion4 7#abi7 #afib4 ,:5 *all5g$ by a s5t9el :ile po/+ 8 relief1 ! corporal comm&s3 #a4 ,relief1 #b4 ,,halt2 to ! s5t9el's *all5ge he answ]s ,relief1 & at ! ord] ( ! s5t9el he advances alone to give ! c\nt]sign1 or to be recogniz$4 ,:5 ! s5t9el says1 ,advance relief1 ! corporal comm&s3 #a4 ,=w>d1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,if to be reliev$1 ! s5t9el is !n reliev$ z prescrib$4 7#acj7 #afic4 ,betwe5 retreat & reveille1 ! corporal ( ! gu>d w *all5ge all suspici\s look+ p]sons or p>ties he may obs]ve1 fir/ halt+ 8 patrol or relief1 if ei!r be ) him4 ,he w advance !m 9 ! same mann] t s5t9els on po/ advance l p>ties 7,p>s4 #agea to #ageg71 b if ! r\te ( a patrol is on a cont9u\s *a9 ( s5t9els1 he %\ld n *all5ge p]sons com+ ne> him unless he has reason to believe t !y h elud$ ! vigilance ( s5t9els4 7#aca7 #afid4 ,betwe5 retreat & reveille1 :5ev] s ord]$ by an (fic] entitl$ to inspect ! gu>d1 ! corporal w call3 ,turn out ! gu>d1 ann\nc+ ! title ( ! (fic]1 & !n1 if n o!rwise ord]$ he w salute & return to 8 po/4 7#acb7 #afie4 ,z a g5]al rule he w advance p>ties approa*+ ! gu>d at night 9 ! same mann] t s5t9els on po/ advance l p>ties4 ,?us1 ! s5t9el at ! gu>dh\se *all5ges & repeats ! answ] to ! corporal1 z prescrib$ h]eaft] 7,p>4 #agfj72 ! corporal1 advanc+ at port arms1 says3 ,advance 7s & s7 ) ! c\nt]sign1 or to be recogniz$1 if !re be no c\nt]sign us$2 ! c\nt]sign be+ correctly giv51 or ! p>ty be+ duly recogniz$1 ! corporal says3 ,advance 7s & s72 repeat+ ! answ] to ! *all5ge ( ! s5t9el4 7#acc7 #afif4 ,:5 (fic]s ( diff]5t rank approa* ! gu>dh\se f diff]5t directions at ! same "t1 ! s5ior w be advanc$ fir/1 & w n be made to wait = 8 junior4 7#acd7 #afig4 ,out ( ranks & "u arms1 ! corporal salutes ) ! rifle salute4 ,he w salute all (fic]s :e!r by day or night4 7#ace7 #afih4 ,! corporal w exam9e p>ties halt$ & deta9$ by s5t9els1 & if he has reason to believe ! p>ties h no au?ority to cross s5t9el's po/s1 w conduct !m to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#acf7 #afii4 ,! corporal ( ! gu>d w arre/ all suspici\s look+ *>act]s pr[l+ ab\t ! po/ or camp1 all p]sons ( a disord]ly "* di/urb+ ! peace1 & all p]sons tak5 9 ! act ( committ+ crime aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t on a milit>y res]vation or po/4 ,all p]sons arre/$ by corporals ( ! gu>d1 or by s5t9els1 w at once be conduct$ to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d by ! corporal4 7#acg7 ,musicians ( ! ,gu>d #agjj4 ,! musicians ( ! gu>d w s\nd call z prescrib$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#ach7 #agja4 ,%\ld ! gu>d be turn$ out = national or regim5tal colors or /&>ds1 uncas$1 ! field music ( ! gu>d w1 :5 ! gu>d pres5t arms1 s\nd1 ,to ! color or ,to ! /&>d2 or1 if = any p]son entitl$ !reto1 ! m>*1 fl\ri%es1 or ruffles1 prescrib$ 9 p>agraphs #cge1 #cgf1 & #cgg1 ,a4 ,r4 7#aci7 ,ord]lies & ,color ,s5t9els #agjb4 ,:5 s direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! (fic] :o inspects ! gu>d at gu>d m\nt+ w select f ! memb]s ( ! new gu>d an ord]ly = ! comm&+ (fic] & su* numb] ( o!r ord]lies & color s5t9els z may be requir$4 7#adj7 ,= ^! positions ! soldi]s w be *os5 :o are mo/ correct 9 ! p]=mance ( duty & 9 milit>y be>+1 neate/ 9 p]son & clo?+1 & ^: arms & acc\t]m5ts are 9 ! be/ condition4 ,clo?+1 arms1 & equipm5ts mu/ con=m to regulations4 ,if !re is any d\bt z to ! relative qualifications ( two or m soldi]s1 ! inspect+ (fic] w cause !m to fall out at ! gu>dh\se & to =m 9 l9e 9 s+le rank4 ,he w !n1 by te/+ !m 9 drill regulations1 select ! mo/ pr(ici5t4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w be notifi$ ( ! selection4 7#ada7 #agjc4 ,:5 direct$ by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d to fall out & report1 an ord]ly w give 8 "n1 company1 & regim5t to ! s]geant ( ! gu>d1 &1 leav+ 8 rifle 9 ! arm rack 9 8 company qu>t]s1 w proce$ at once to ! (fic] to :om he is assign$1 report+3 ,sir1 ,private ----1 ,company ----1 reports z ord]ly4 7#adb7 #agjd4 ,if ! ord]ly select$ be a cavalryman1 he w leave 8 rifle 9 ! arm rack ( 8 troop qu>t]s1 & report ) 8 belt on1 b )\t side arms unless specially o!rwise ord]$4 7#adc7 #agje4 ,ord]lies1 :ile on duty z su*1 are subject only to ! ord]s ( ! comm&+ (fic] & ( ! (fic]s to :om !y are ord]$ to report4 7#add7 #agjf4 ,:5 an ord]ly is ord]$ to c>ry a message1 he w be c>eful to deliv] x exactly z x 0 giv5 to him4 7#ade7 #agjg4 ,8 t\r ( duty ends :5 he is reliev$ by ! ord]ly select$ f ! gu>d reliev+ 8 own4 7#adf7 #agjh4 ,ord]lies are memb]s ( ! gu>d1 & _! "n1 company1 & regim5t are ent]$ on ! gu>d report & li/s ( ! gu>d4 7#adg7 #agji4 ,if a color l9e is e/abli%$1 suffici5t s5t9els are plac$ on ! color l9e to gu>d ! colors & /acks4 7#adh7 #agaj4 ,color s5t9els are po/$ only s long z ! /acks are =m$4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w divide ! "t equally among !m4 7#adi7 #agaa4 ,:5 /acks are brok51 ! color s5t9els may be p]mitt$ to return to _! respective companies4 ,!y are requir$ to report 9 p]son to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d at reveille & retreat4 ,!y w fall 9 ) ! gu>d1 "u arms1 at gu>d m\nt+4 7#aej7 #agab4 ,color s5t9els are n plac$ on ! regul> reliefs1 nor are _! po/s numb]$4 ,9 call+ = ! corporal ( ! gu>d1 !y call3 ,corporal ( ! gu>d4 ,color l9e4 7#aea7 #agac4 ,(fic]s or enli/$ m5 pass+ ! uncas$ colors w r5d] ! prescrib$ salute4 ,if ! colors are on ! /acks1 ! salute w be made on cross+ ! color l9e or on pass+ ! colors4 7#aeb7 #agad4 ,a s5t9el plac$ ov] ! colors w n p]mit !m to be mov$1 except 9 ! pres5ce ( an arm$ escort4 ,unless o!rwise ord]$ by ! comm&+ (fic]1 he w all[ no "o to t\* !m b ! color be>]4 ,he w n p]mit any soldi] to take arms f ! /acks1 or to t\* !m1 except by ord] ( an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] ( ! gu>d4 ,if any p]son pass+ ! colors or cross+ ! color l9e fails to salute ! colors1 ! s5t9el w caution him to d s1 & if ! caution be n he$$ he w call ! corporal ( ! gu>d & report ! facts4 7#aec7 ,privates ( ! ,gu>d #agae4 ,privates are assign$ to reliefs by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 & to po/s1 usually1 by ! corporal ( _! relief4 ,!y w n *ange f "o relief or po/ to ano!r dur+ ! same t\r ( gu>d duty unless by prop] au?ority4 7#aed7 ,ord]s = ,s5t9els #agaf4 ,ord]s = s5t9els are ( two classes3 ,g5]al ord]s & special ord]s4 ,g5]al ord]s apply to all s5t9els4 ,special ord]s relate to p>ticul> po/s & duties4 7#aee7 #agag4 ,s5t9els w be requir$ to memorize ! foll[+3 ,my g5]al ord]s are3 #a4 ,to take *>ge ( ?is po/ & all ,gov]nm5t prop]ty 9 view4 #b4 ,to walk my po/ 9 a milit>y mann]1 keep+ always on ! al]t & obs]v+ ev]y?+ t takes place )9 sight or he>+4 #c4 ,to report all violations ( ord]s ,i am in/ruct$ to en=ce4 #d4 ,to repeat all calls f po/s m di/ant f ! gu>dh\se ?an my own4 #e4 ,to quit my po/ only :5 prop]ly reliev$4 #f4 ,to receive1 obey1 & pass on to ! s5t9el :o relieves me all ord]s f ! comm&+ (fic]1 (fic] ( ! day1 & (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d only4 #g4 ,to talk to no "o except 9 l9e ( duty4 #h4 ,9 case ( fire or disord] to give ! al>m4 #i4 ,to all[ no "o to commit a nuisance on or ne> my po/4 #aj4 ,9 any case n cov]$ by in/ructions to call ! corporal ( ! gu>d4 #aa4 ,to salute all (fic]s1 & all colors & /&>ds n cas$4 #ab4 ,to be especially wat*ful at night1 &1 dur+ ! "t = *all5g+1 to *all5ge all p]sons on or ne> my po/1 & to all[ no "o to pass )\t prop] au?ority4 7#aef7 ,regulations ,relat+ to ! ,g5]al ,ord]s = ,s5t9els #agah4 ,no4 #a3 ,to take *>ge ( ?is po/ & all ,gov]nm5t prop]ty 9 view4 ,all p]sons1 ( :atev] rank 9 ! s]vice1 are requir$ to obs]ve respect t[>d s5t9els & memb]s ( ! gu>d :5 su* are 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 7#aeg7 #agai4 ,a s5t9el w at once report to ! corporal ( ! gu>d e unusual or suspici\s occurr5ce not$4 7#aeh7 #agbj4 ,he w arre/ suspici\s p]sons pr[l+ ab\t ! po/ or camp at any "t1 all p>ties to a disord] occurr+ on or ne> 8 po/1 & all1 except au?oriz$ p]sons1 :o attempt to ent] ! camp at night1 & w turn ov] to ! corporal ( ! gu>d all p]sons arre/$4 7#aei7 #agba4 ,! numb]1 limits1 & ext5t ( 8 po/ w inv>iably con/itute "p ( ! special ord]s ( a s5t9el on po/4 ,! limits ( 8 po/ %\ld be s def9$ z to include e place to :i* he is requir$ to g 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,no4 #b3 ,to walk my po/ 9 a milit>y mann]1 keep+ always on ! al]t & obs]v+ ev]y?+ t takes place )9 sight or he>+4 7#afj7 #agbb4 ,a s5t9el is n requir$ to halt & *ange ! position ( 8 rifle on arriv+ at ! end ( 8 po/1 nor to execute to ! re>1 m>*1 precisely z prescrib$ 9 ! drill regulations1 b faces ab\t :ile walk+1 9 ! mann] mo/ conv5i5t to him1 & at any "p ( 8 po/ z may be be/ suit$ to ! prop] p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,he c>ries 8 rifle on ei!r %\ld]1 & 9 wet or sev]e wea!r1 :5 n 9 a s5try box1 may c>ry x at a secure4 7#afa7 #agbc4 ,s5t9els :5 9 s5try boxes /& at ease4 ,s5try boxes w be us$ 9 wet wea!r only1 or at o!r times :5 specially au?oriz$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#afb7 #agbd4 ,9 v hot wea!r1 s5t9els may be au?oriz$ to /& at ease on _! po/s1 provid$ !y c effectively dis*>ge _! duties 9 ?is position1 b !y w take advantage ( ?is privilege only on ! express au?ority ( ! (fic] ( ! day or ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7#afc7 #agbe4 ,a m\nt$ s5t9el may dism\nt occasionally & lead 8 horse b w n relax 8 vigilance4 ,no4 #c3 ,to report all violations ( ord]s ,i am in/ruct$ to en=ce4 7#afd7 #agbf4 ,a s5t9el w ord9>ily report a violation ( ord]s :5 he is inspect$ or reliev$1 b if ! case be urg5t he w call ! corporal ( ! gu>d1 & also1 if necess>y1 w arre/ ! (f5d]4 ,no4 #d3 ,to repeat all calls f po/s m di/ant f ! gu>dh\se ?an my own4 7#afe7 #agbg4 ,to call ! corporal1 or ! gu>d1 = any purpose o!r ?an relief1 fire1 or disord] 7,p>s4 #agbh & #agcd71 a s5t9el w call1 ,corporal ( ! gu>d1 ,no4 7--71 add+ ! numb] ( 8 po/4 ,9 no case w any s5t9el call1 ,nev] m9d ! corporal2 nor w ! corporal he$ su* call if giv54 ,no4 #e3 ,to quit my po/ only :5 prop]ly reliev$4 7#aff7 #agbh4 ,if relief becomes necess>y1 by reason ( sickness or o!r cause1 a s5t9el w call1 ,corporal ( ! gu>d1 ,no4 7--71 ,relief1 giv+ ! numb] ( 8 po/4 7#afg7 #agbi4 ,:5ev] a s5t9el is to be reliev$1 he w halt1 & ) arms at a "r %\ld]1 w face t[>d ! relief :5 x is ?irty paces f him4 ,he w come to a port arms ) ! new s5t9el1 & 9 a l[ tone w transmit to him all ! special ord]s relat+ to ! po/1 & any o!r in=mation :i* w assi/ him to bett] p]=m 8 duties4 ,no4 #f3 ,to receive1 obey1 & pass on to ! s5t9el :o relieves me1 all ord]s f ! comm&+ (fic]1 (fic] ( ! day1 & (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d only4 7#afh7 #agcj4 ,dur+ ?is t\r ( duty a soldi] is subject to ! ord]s ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 (fic] ( ! day1 & (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d only2 b any (fic] is compet5t to inve/igate app>5t violations ( regulations by memb]s ( ! gu>d4 7#afi7 #agca4 ,a s5t9el w quit 8 piece on an explicit ord] f any p]son f :om he lawfully receives ord]s :ile on po/2 "u no circum/ances w he yield x to any o!r p]son4 ,unless necessity !re= exi/s1 no p]son w require a s5t9el to quit 8 piece1 ev5 to all[ x to be inspect$4 7#agj7 #agcb4 ,a s5t9el w n divulge ! c\nt]sign 7,p>s4 #agfi to #aggg7 to anyone except ! s5t9el :o relieves him1 or to a p]son f :om he prop]ly receives ord]s1 on su* p]son's v]bal ord] giv5 p]sonally4 ,privates ( ! gu>d w n use ! c\nt]sign except 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties :ile po/$ z s5t9els4 ,no4 #g3 ,to talk to no "o except 9 l9e ( duty4 7#aga7 #agcc4 ,:5 call+ = any purpose1 *all5g+1 or hold+ communication ) any p]son1 a dism\nt$ s5t9el1 arm$ ) a rifle or sab]1 w take ! position ( port arms or sab]4 ,at night a dism\nt$ s5t9el1 arm$ ) a pi/ol1 takes ! position ( raise pi/ol 9 *all5g+ or hold+ communication4 ,a m\nt$ s5t9el does n ord9>ily draw 8 weapon 9 ! daytime :5 *all5g+ or hold+ conv]sation2 b if drawn1 he holds x at advance rifle1 raise pi/ol1 or port sab]1 accord+ z he is arm$ ) a rifle1 pi/ol1 or sab]4 ,at night1 9 *all5g+ & hold+ conv]sation1 8 weapon is drawn & held z j prescrib$1 dep5d+ on :e!r he is arm$ ) a rifle1 pi/ol1 or sab]4 ,no4 #h3 ,9 case ( fire or disord] to give ! al>m4 7#agb7 #agcd4 ,9 case ( fire1 a s5t9el w call1 ,fire ,no4 7--71 add+ ! numb] ( 8 po/2 if possible1 he w ext+ui% ! fire himself4 ,9 case ( disord]1 he w call3 ,! ,gu>d1 ,no4 7--71 add+ ! numb] ( 8 po/4 ,if ! dang] be great1 he w1 9 ei!r case1 dis*>ge 8 piece be=e call+4 ,no4 #aa3 ,to salute all (fic]s & all colors & /&>ds n cas$4 7#agc7 #agce4 ,:5 n engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( a specific duty1 ! prop] execution ( :i* w\ld prev5t x1 a memb] ( ! gu>d w salute all (fic]s :o pass him4 ,?is rule applies at all h\rs ( ! day or night1 except 9 ! case ( m\nt$ s5t9els arm$ ) a rifle or pi/ol1 or dism\nt$ s5t9els arm$ ) a pi/ol1 aft] *all5g+4 7,see ,p>4 #agdb47 7#agd7 #agcf4 ,s5t9els w salute z foll[s3 ,a dism\nt$ s5t9el arm$ ) a rifle or sab]1 salutes by pres5t+ arms2 if o!rwise arm$1 he salutes ) ! "r h&4 ,a m\nt$ s5t9el1 if arm$ ) a sab] & ! sab] be drawn1 salutes by pres5t+ sab]2 o!rwise he salutes 9 all cases ) ! "r h&4 7#age7 #agcg4 ,to salute1 a dism\nt$ s5t9el1 ) piece at a "r %\ld] or sab] at a c>ry1 halts & faces t[>d ! p]son to be salut$ :5 ! latt] arrives )9 ?irty paces4 ,! limit )9 :i* individuals & insignia ( rank c be readily recogniz$ is assum$ to be ab\t #cj paces1 &1 !re=e1 at ?is di/ance cognizance is tak5 ( ! p]son or p>ty to be salut$4 7#agf7 #agch4 ,! salute is r5d]$ at #f paces2 if ! p]son to be salut$ does n arrive )9 t di/ance1 !n :5 he is ne>e/4 7#agg7 #agci4 ,a s5t9el 9 a s5try box1 arm$ ) a rifle1 /&s at att5tion 9 ! doorway on ! approa* ( a p]son or p>ty entitl$ to salute1 & salutes by pres5t+ arms accord+ to ! =go+ rules4 ,if arm$ ) a sab]1 he /&s at a c>ry & salutes z be=e4 7#agh7 #agdj4 ,a m\nt$ s5t9el on a regul> po/ halts1 faces1 & salutes 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rules4 ,if do+ patrol duty1 he salutes1 b does n halt unless spok5 to4 7#agi7 #agda4 ,s5t9els salute1 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rules1 all p]sons & p>ties entitl$ to complim5ts f ! gu>d 7,p>s4 #aghg1 & #aghh73 (fic]s ( ! ,army1 ,navy1 & ,m>9e ,corps2 milit>y & naval (fic]s ( =eign p[]s2 (fic]s ( volunte]s1 & militia (fic]s :5 9 uni=m4 7#ahj7 #agdb4 ,a s5t9el salutes z j prescrib$ :5 an (fic] comes on 8 po/2 if ! (fic] holds communication ) ! s5t9el1 ! s5t9el aga9 salutes :5 ! (fic] leaves him4 ,dur+ ! h\rs :5 *all5g+ is prescrib$1 ! fir/ salute is giv5 z soon z ! (fic] has be5 duly recogniz$ & advanc$4 ,a m\nt$ s5t9el arm$ ) a rifle or pi/ol1 or a dism\nt$ s5t9el arm$ ) a pi/ol1 does n salute aft] *all5g+4 ,he /&s at advance rifle or raise pi/ol until ! (fic] passes4 7#aha7 #agdc4 ,9 case ( ! approa* ( an arm$ p>ty ( ! gu>d1 ! s5t9el w halt :5 x is ab\t #cj paces f him1 fac+ t[>d ! p>ty ) 8 piece at ! "r %\ld]4 ,if n himself reliev$1 he w1 z ! p>ty passes1 place himself s t ! p>ty w pass 9 front ( him2 he resumes walk+ 8 po/ :5 ! p>ty has rea*$ #f paces beyond him4 7#ahb7 ,an (fic] is entitl$ to ! complim5ts prescrib$1 :e!r 9 uni=m or n4 7#ahc7 #agdd4 ,a s5t9el 9 communication ) an (fic] w n int]rupt ! conv]sation to salute4 ,9 ! case ( s5iors ! (fic] w salute1 :]eupon ! s5t9el w salute4 7#ahd7 #agde4 ,:5 ! flag is be+ l[]$ at retreat1 a s5t9el on po/ & 9 view ( ! flag w face ! flag1 &1 at ! fir/ note ( ! ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann] or to ! color w come to a pres5t arms4 ,at ! s\nd+ ( ! la/ note he w resume walk+ 8 po/4 ,no4 #ab3 ,to be especially wat*ful at night & dur+ ! "t = *all5g+1 to *all5ge all p]sons on or ne> my po/1 & to all[ no "o to pass )\t prop] au?ority4 7#ahe7 #agdf4 ,dur+ *all5g+ h\rs1 if a s5t9el sees any p]son or p>ty on or ne> 8 po/1 he w advance rapidly along 8 po/ t[>d su* p]son or p>ty & :5 )9 ab\t #cj y>ds w *all5ge %>ply1 ,,halt4 ,:o is !re8 ,he w place himself 9 ! be/ possible position to receive or1 if necess>y1 to arre/ ! p]son or p>ty4 7#ahf7 #agdg4 ,9 case a m\nt$ p>ty be *all5g$1 ! s5t9el w call1 ,,halt4 ,,dism\nt4 ,:o is !re8 7#ahg7 #agdh4 ,! s5t9el w p]mit only "o ( any p>ty to approa* him = ! purpose ( giv+ ! c\nt]sign 7,p>s4 #agfi to #aggg71 or if no c\nt]sign be us$1 ( be+ duly recogniz$4 ,:5 ?is is done ! :ole p>ty is advanc$1 i4 e41 all[$ to pass4 7#ahh7 #agdi4 ,9 all cases ! s5t9el mu/ satisfy himself beyond a reasonable d\bt t ! p>ties are :at !y repres5t !mselves to be & h a "r to pass4 ,if he is n satisfi$1 he mu/ cause !m to /& & call ! corporal ( ! gu>d4 ,s1 likewise1 if he h no au?ority to pass p]sons ) ! c\nt]sign1 or :5 ! p>ty has n ! c\nt]sign1 or gives an incorrect "o4 7#ahi7 #agej4 ,a s5t9el w n p]mit any p]son to approa* s close z to prev5t ! prop] use ( 8 own weapon be=e recogniz+ ! p]son or receiv+ ! c\nt]sign4 7#aij7 #agea4 ,:5 two or m p]sons approa* 9 "o p>ty1 ! s5t9el on receiv+ an answ] t indicates t someone 9 ! p>ty has ! c\nt]sign1 w say1 ,advance "o ) ! c\nt]sign1 &1 if ! c\nt]sign is giv5 correctly1 w !n say1 ,advance 7,s & s71 repeat+ ! answ] to 8 *all5ge4 ,?us1 if ! answ] be1 ,relief 7fri5ds ) ! c\nt]sign1 patrol1 etc471 ! s5t9el w say1 ,advance "o ) ! c\nt]sign2 !n1 ,advance relief 7fri5ds1 patrol1 etc474 7#aia7 #ageb4 ,if a p]son hav+ ! c\nt]sign approa* alone1 he is advanc$ to give ! c\nt]sign4 ,?us1 if ! answ] be1 ,fri5d ) ! c\nt]sign 7or (fic] ( ! day1 or etc471 ! s5t9el w say1 ,advance1 fri5d 7or (fic] ( ! day1 or etc471 ) ! c\nt]sign2 !n1 ,advance1 fri5d 7or (fic] ( ! day1 or etc474 7#aib7 #agec4 ,if two or m p]sons approa* a s5t9el's po/ f diff]5t directions at ! same "t1 all su* p]sons are *all5g$ 9 turn & requir$ to halt & to rema9 halt$ until advanc$4 ,! s5ior is fir/ advanc$1 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ rules4 7#aic7 #aged4 ,if a p>ty is already advanc$ & 9 communication ) a s5t9el1 ! latt] w *all5ge any o!r p>ty t may approa*2 if ! p>ty *all5g$ be s5ior to ! "o already on 8 po/1 ! s5t9el w advance ! new p>ty at once4 ,! s5ior may all[ him to advance any or all ( ! o!r p>ties2 o!rwise1 ! s5t9el w n advance any ( !m until ! s5ior leaves him4 ,he w !n advance ! s5ior only ( ! rema9+ p>ties1 & s on4 7#aid7 #agee4 ,! foll[+ ord] ( rank w gov]n a s5t9el 9 advanc+ diff]5t p]sons or p>ties approa*+ 8 po/3 ,comm&+ (fic]1 (fic] ( ! day1 (fic] ( ! gu>d1 (fic]s1 patrols1 reliefs1 noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! gu>d 9 ord] ( rank1 fri5ds4 7#aie7 #agef4 ,a s5t9el w nev] all[ himself to be surpris$1 nor p]mit two p>ties to advance ^u him at ! same "t4 7#aif7 #ageg4 ,if no c\nt]sign be us$1 ! rules = *all5g+ are ! same4 ,! rules = advanc+ p>ties are modifi$ only z foll[s3 ,in/ead ( say+ ,advance 7s & s7 ) ! c\nt]sign1 ! s5t9el w say1 ,advance 7s & s7 to be recogniz$4 ,^u recognition he w say1 ,advance 7s & s74 7#aig7 #ageh4 ,answ]s to a s5t9el's *all5ge int5d$ to confuse or mislead him are prohibit$1 b ! use ( su* an answ] z ,fri5ds ) ! c\nt]sign1 is n to be und]/ood z mislead+1 b z ! usual answ] made by (fic]s1 patrols1 etc41 :5 ! purpose ( _! visit makes x desirable t _! (ficial capacity %\ld n be ann\nc$4 7#aih7 ,special ,ord]s ,= ,s5t9els at ! ,po/ ( ! ,gu>d #agei4 ,s5t9els po/$ at ! gu>d w be requir$ to memorize ! foll[+3 ,betwe5 reveille & retreat to turn out ! gu>d = all p]sons designat$ by ! comm&+ (fic]1 = all colors or /&>ds n cas$1 & 9 "t ( w> = all arm$ p>ties approa*+ my po/1 except troops at drill & reliefs & deta*m5ts ( ! gu>d4 ,at night1 aft] *all5g+ any p]son or p>ty1 to advance no "o b call ! corporal ( ! gu>d1 repeat+ ! answ] to ! *all5ge4 7#aii7 #agfj4 ,aft] receiv+ an answ] to 8 *all5ge1 ! s5t9el calls1 ,corporal ( ! gu>d 7,s & s71 repeat+ ! answ] to ! *all5ge4 ,he does n 9 su* cases repeat ! numb] ( 8 po/4 7#bjj7 #agfa4 ,he rema9s 9 ! position assum$ 9 *all5g+ until ! corporal has recogniz$ or advanc$ ! p]son or p>ty *all5g$1 :5 he resumes walk+ 8 po/1 or1 if ! p]son or p>ty be entitl$ !reto1 he salutes &1 z soon z ! salute has be5 ackn[l$g$1 resumes walk+ 8 po/4 7#bja7 #agfb4 ,! s5t9el at ! po/ ( ! gu>d w be notifi$ by direction ( ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! pres5ce 9 camp or g>rison ( p]sons entitl$ to ! complim5t 7,p>4 #aghd47 7#bjb7 #agfc4 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* ! s5t9el at ! po/ ( ! gu>d w turn out ! gu>d ^u ! approa* ( p]sons or p>ties entitl$ to ! complim5t 7,p>s4 #aghd1 #aghg1 & #aghh73 ,turn out ! gu>d1 ,comm&+ ,(fic]2 ,turn out ! gu>d1 ,gov]nor ( a ,t]ritory2 ,turn out ! gu>d1 national colors2 ,turn out ! gu>d1 arm$ p>ty2 etc4 ,at ! approa* ( ! new gu>d at gu>d m\nt+ ! s5t9el w call ,turn out ! gu>d1 arm$ p>ty4 7#bjc7 #agfd4 ,%\ld ! p]son nam$ by ! s5t9el n desire ! gu>d =m$1 he w salute1 :]eupon ! s5t9el w call ,nev] m9d ! gu>d4 7#bjd7 #agfe4 ,aft] hav+ call$ ,turn out ! gu>d1 ! s5t9el w nev] call ,nev] m9d ! gu>d1 on ! approa* ( an arm$ p>ty4 7#bje7 #agff4 ,?\gh ! gu>d be already =m$ he w n fail to call ,turn out ! gu>d1 z requir$ 9 8 special ord]s1 except t ! gu>d w n be turn$ out = any p]son :ile 8 s5ior is at or com+ to ! po/ ( ! gu>d4 7#bjf7 #agfg4 ,! s5t9els at ! po/ ( ! gu>d w w>n ! comm&] ( ! approa* ( any arm$ body & ( ! pres5ce 9 ! vic9ity ( all suspici\s or disord]ly p]sons4 7#bjg7 #agfh4 ,9 case ( fire or disord] 9 sight or he>+1 ! s5t9el at ! gu>dh\se w call ! corporal ( ! gu>d & report ! facts to him4 7#bjh7 ,c\nt]signs & ,p>oles #agfi4 ,sev5ty-sev5? ,article ( ,w>4 ,any p]son subject to milit>y law makes kn[n ! p>ole or c\nt]sign to any p]son n entitl$ to receive x accord+ to ! rules & discipl9e ( w>1 or gives a p>ole or c\nt]sign diff]5t f t :i* he receiv$1 %all1 if ! (f5se be committ$ 9 "t ( w>1 suff] dea? or su* o!r puni%m5t z a c\rt-m>tial may direct4 7,see ,p>4 #agcb47 7#bji7 #aggj4 ,! c\nt]sign is a ^w giv5 daily f ! pr9cipal headqu>t]s ( a comm& to aid gu>ds & s5t9els 9 id5tify+ p]sons :o may be au?oriz$ to pass at night4 ,x is giv5 to su* p]sons z may be au?oriz$ to pass & repass s5t9els' po/s dur+ ! night1 & to (fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s1 & s5t9els ( ! gu>d4 7#baj7 #agga4 ,! p>ole is a ^w us$ z a *eck on ! c\nt]sign 9 ord] to obta9 m accurate id5tification ( p]sons4 ,x is imp>t$ only to ^? :o are entitl$ to inspect gu>ds & to comm&]s ( gu>ds4 ,! p>ole or c\nt]sign1 or bo?1 are s5t seal$ 9 ! =m ( an ord] to ^? entitl$ to !m4 7#baa7 #aggb4 ,:5 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d dem&s ! p>ole1 he w advance & receive x z ! corporal receives ! c\nt]sign4 7,see ,p>4 #afie47 7#bab7 #aggc4 ,z ! communications conta9+ ! p>ole & c\nt]sign mu/ at times be di/ribut$ by _m ord]lies1 ! p>ole intru/$ to _m (fic]s1 & ! c\nt]sign & p>ole to _m (fic]s & s5t9els1 & z bo? ! c\nt]sign & p>ole mu/1 = l>ge comm&s1 be prep>$ sev]al days 9 advance1 !re is always dang] ( _! be+ lo/ or becom+ kn[n to p]sons :o w\ld make improp] use ( !m2 moreov]1 a s5t9el is too apt to take x = grant$ t any p]son :o gives ! "r c\nt]sign is :at he repres5ts himself to be2 h5ce = outpo/ duty !re is great] security 9 omitt+ ! use ( ! c\nt]sign & p>ole1 or 9 us+ !m ) great caution4 ,! *ief reliance %\ld be ^u p]sonal recognition or id5tification ( all p]sons claim+ au?ority to pass4 ,p]sons ^: sole means ( id5tification is ! c\nt]sign1 or conc]n+ ^: au?ority to pass !re is a reasonable d\bt1 %\ld n be all[$ to pass )\t ! au?ority ( ! corporal ( ! gu>d aft] prop] inve/igation2 ! corporal w take to 8 next sup]ior any p]son ab\t :om he is n compet5t to decide4 7#bac7 #aggd4 ,! c\nt]sign is usually ! "n ( a battle2 ! p>ole1 t ( a g5]al or o!r di/+ui%$ p]son4 7#bad7 #agge4 ,:5 !y c n be communicat$ daily1 a s]ies ( words = "s days 9 advance may be s5t to po/s or deta*m5ts t are to use ! same p>ole or c\nt]sign z ! ma9 body4 7#bae7 #aggf4 ,if ! c\nt]sign be lo/1 or if a memb] ( ! gu>d des]t ) x1 ! comm&] on ! spot w sub/itute ano!r = x & report ! case at once to headqu>t]s4 7#baf7 #aggg4 ,9 addition to ! c\nt]sign1 use may be made ( preconc]t$ signals1 su* z /rik+ ! rifle ) ! h& or /rik+ ! h&s toge!r a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 z agre$ ^u4 ,su* signals may be us$ only by gu>ds t occupy expos$ po9ts4 ,!y are us$ be=e ! c\nt]sign is giv51 & mu/ n be communicat$ to anyone n entitl$ to "k ! c\nt]sign4 ,_! use is int5d$ to prev5t ! surprise ( a s5t9el4 ,9 ! daytime signals su* z rais+ a cap or a h&k]*ief 9 a pre>rang$ mann] may be us$ by s5t9els to communicate ) ! gu>d or ) ea* o!r4 7#bag7 ,gu>d ,patrols #aggh4 ,a gu>d patrol consi/s ( "o or m m5 detail$ = ! p]=mance ( "s special s]vice connect$ ) gu>d duty4 7#bah7 #aggi4 ,if ! patrol be requir$ to g beyond ! *a9 ( s5t9els1 ! (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge w be furni%$ ) ! c\nt]sign1 & ! outpo/s & s5t9els w>n$4 7#bai7 #aghj4 ,if *all5g$ by a s5t9el1 ! patrol is halt$ by its comm&]1 & ! noncommission$ (fic] accompany+ x advances alone & gives ! c\nt]sign4 7#bbj7 ,wat*m5 #agha4 ,enli/$ m5 may be detail$ z wat*m5 or z ov]se]s ov] prison]s1 & z su* w receive _! ord]s & p]=m _! duties z ! comm&+ (fic] may direct4 7#bba7 ,complim5ts ,f ,gu>ds #aghb4 ,! complim5t f a gu>d consi/s 9 ! gu>d turn+ out & pres5t+ arms4 7,see ,p>4 #afab47 ,no complim5ts w be paid betwe5 retreat & reveille except z provid$ 9 p>agraphs #cfa & #cfb1 nor w any p]son o!r ?an ^? nam$ 9 p>agraph #bbd receive ! complim5t4 7#bbb7 #aghc4 ,?\gh a gu>d does n turn out betwe5 retreat & reveille z a matt] ( complim5t1 x may be turn$ out = inspection at any "t by a p]son entitl$ to inspect x4 7#bbc7 #aghd4 ,betwe5 reveille & retreat ! foll[+ p]sons are entitl$ to ! complim5t3 ,! ,presid5t1 sov]eign or *ief magi/rate ( a =eign c\ntry1 & memb]s ( a royal family2 ,vice-,presid5t2 ,presid5t & ,presid5t pro tempore ( ! ,s5ate2 ,am]ican & =eign ambassadors2 memb]s ( ! ,cab9et2 ,*ief ,ju/ice2 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 committees ( ,congress (ficially visit+ a milit>y po/2 gov]nors )9 _! respective ,/ates & ,t]ritories2 gov]nors g5]al#bj2 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,w> (ficially visit+ a milit>y po/2 all g5]al (fic]s ( ! ,army2 g5]al (fic]s ( =eign s]vices visit+ a po/2 naval1 m>9e1 volunte]1 & militia (fic]s 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & hold+ ! rank ( g5]al (fic]2 ,am]ican or =eign envoys or m9i/]s2 m9i/]s accr$it$ to ! ,unit$ /ates3 *>ges d'affaires accr$it$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 consuls g5]al accr$it$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 comm&+ (fic] ( a coa/ artill]y di/rict1 coa/ def5se comm&1 po/1 =t or camp2 (fic] ( ! day4 7#bbd7 7,c4 ,m4 ,i4 ,g4 ,d41 ,no4 #a1 ,feb4 #bd1 #aiae47 #aghe4 ,! relative rank betwe5 (fic]s ( ! ,army & ,navy is z foll[s3 ,g5]al ) admiral1 lieut5ant g5]al ) ! vice admiral1 major g5]al ) re> admiral1 brigadi] g5]al ) commodore1#ba colonel ) capta91 lieut5ant colonel ) comm&]1 major ) lieut5ant comm&]1 capta9 ) lieut5ant1 fir/ lieut5ant ) lieut5ant 7junior grade71 second lieut5ant ) ensign4 7,a4 ,r4 #ab47 7#bbe7 #aghf4 ,s5t9els w n be requir$ to memorize p>agraph #aghd1 & except 9 ! cases ( g5]al (fic]s ( ! ,army1 ! comm&+ (fic]1 & ! (fic] ( ! day1 !y w be advis$ 9 ea* case ( ! pres5ce 9 camp or g>rison ( p]sons entitl$ to ! complim5t4 7#bbf7 #aghg4 ,gu>ds w turn out & pres5t arms :5 ! national or regim5tal colors or /&>ds1 n cas$1 are c>ri$ pa/ by a gu>d or an arm$ p>ty4 ,?is rule also applies :5 ! p>ty c>ry+ ! colors is at drill4 ,if ! drill is conduct$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! gu>dh\se1 ! gu>d w be turn$ out :5 ! colors fir/ pass1 & n !reaft]4 7#bbg7 #aghh4 ,9 case ! rema9s ( a deceas$ (fic] or soldi] are c>ri$ pa/1 ! gu>d w turn out & pres5t arms4 7#bbh7 #aghi4 ,9 "t ( w> all gu>ds w turn out "u arms :5 arm$ p>ties1 except troops at drill & reliefs or deta*m5ts ( ! gu>d1 approa* _! po/4 7,see ,p>4 #afae47 7#bbi7 #agij4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d w be notifi$ ( ! pres5ce 9 camp or g>rison ( all p]sons entitl$ to ! complim5t1 except g5]al (fic]s ( ! ,army1 ! comm&+ (fic]1 & ! (fic] ( ! day4 ,memb]s ( ! gu>d w salute all p]sons entitl$ to ! complim5t & all (fic]s 9 ! milit>y or naval s]vice ( =eign p[]s1 (fic]s ( ! ,army1 ,navy & ,m>9e ,corps1 (fic]s ( volunte]s1 & (fic]s ( militia :5 9 uni=m4 7#bcj7 ,g5]al ,rules ,conc]n+ ,gu>d ,duty #agia4 ,eighty-six? ,article ( ,w>4 ,any s5t9el :o is f\nd drunk or sleep+ ^u 8 po/1 or :o leaves x be=e he is regul>ly reliev$1 %all1 if ! (f5se be committ$ 9 "t ( w>1 suff] dea? or su* o!r puni%m5t z a c\rt-m>tial may direct2 & if ! (f5se be committ$ 9 "t ( peace1 he %all suff] any puni%m5t1 except dea?1 t a c\rt-m>tial may direct4 7#bcb7 #agib4 ,all mat]ial in/ructions giv5 to a memb] ( ! gu>d by an (fic] hav+ au?ority w be promptly communicat$ to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d by ! (fic] giv+ !m4 7#bcc7 #agic4 ,%\ld ! gu>d be =m$1 soldi]s w fall 9 ranks "u arms4 ,at roll call1 ea* man1 z 8 "n or numb] & relief are call$1 w answ] ,"h1 & come to an ord] arms4 7#bcd7 #agid4 ,:5ev] ! gu>d or a relief is dismiss$1 ea* memb] n at once requir$ = duty w place 8 rifle 9 ! arms racks1 if !y be provid$1 & w n remove x !refrom unless he requires x 9 ! p]=mance ( "s duty4 7#bce7 #agie4 ,)\t p]mission f ! comm&] ( ! gu>d1 memb]s ( ! ma9 gu>d1 except ord]lies1 w n leave ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! gu>d h\se4 ,p]mission to leave w n be grant$ except 9 cases ( necessity4 7#bcf7 #agif4 ,memb]s ( ! ma9 gu>d1 except ord]lies1 w n remove _! acc\t]m5ts or clo?+ )\t p]mission f ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 7,p>4 #afbh47 7#bcg7 ,gu>d+ ,prison]s #agig4 ,! s5t9el at ! po/ ( ! gu>d has *>ge ( ! prison]s except :5 !y h be5 turn$ ov] to ! prison] gu>d or ov]se]s4 7,p>4 #agih to #ahjb & #cjj to #cjd47 7a7 ,he w all[ none to escape4 7b7 ,he w all[ none to cross 8 po/ leav+ ! gu>dh\se except :5 pass$ by an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] ( ! gu>d4 7c7 ,he w all[ no "o to communicate ) prison]s )\t p]mission f prop] au?ority4 7d7 ,he w promptly report to ! corporal ( ! gu>d any suspici\s noise made by ! prison]s4 7e7 ,he w be prep>$ to tell :5ev] ask$ h[ _m prison]s are 9 ! gu>dh\se & h[ _m are out at "w or else:]e4 ,:5ev] prison]s are br\ght to 8 po/ return+ f "w or else:]e1 he w halt !m & call ! corporal ( ! gu>d1 notify+ him ( ! numb] ( prison]s return+4 ,?us3 ,corporal ( ! gu>d1 7s _m7 prison]s4 ,he w n all[ prison]s to pass into ! gu>dh\se until ! corporal ( ! gu>d has respond$ to ! call & ord]$ him to d s4 7#bii7 #agih4 ,:5ev] practicable special gu>ds w be detail$ = ! p>ticul> duty ( gu>d+ work+ p>ties compos$ ( su* prison]s z _c be plac$ "u ov]se]s4 7#cjj7 #agii4 ,! prison] gu>d & ov]se]s w be comm&$ by ! police (fic]2 if !re be no police (fic]1 !n by ! (fic] ( ! day4 7#cja7 #ahjj4 ,! provo/ s]geant is s]geant ( ! prison] gu>d & ov]se]s1 & z su* receives ord]s f ! comm&+ (fic] & ! comm&] ( ! prison] gu>d only4 7#cjb7 #ahja4 ,details = prison] gu>d are m>*$ to ! gu>dh\se & m\nt$ by be+ inspect$ by ! comm&] ( ! ma9 gu>d1 :o det]m9es :e!r all ( ! m5 are 9 prop] condition to p]=m _! duties & :e!r _! arms & equipm5ts are 9 prop] condition1 & rejects any m5 f\nd unfit4 7#cjc7 #ahjb4 ,:5 prison]s h be5 turn$ ov] to ! prison] gu>d or ov]se]s1 su* gu>ds or ov]se]s are responsible = !m "u _! comm&]1 & all responsibility & control ( ! ma9 gu>d ceases until !y are return$ to ! ma9 gu>d4 7,p>4 #ahjd47 7#cjd7 #ahjc4 ,if a prison] attempts to escape1 ! s5t9el w call ,halt4 ,if he fails to halt :5 ! s5t9el has once repeat$ 8 call1 & if !re be no o!r possible means ( prev5t+ 8 escape1 ! s5t9el w fire ^u him4 #ahjd4 ,on approa*+ ! po/ ( ! s5t9el at ! gu>dh\se1 a s5t9el ( ! prison] gu>d or an ov]se] 9 *>ge ( prison]s w halt !m & call1 ,no4 #a1 7s _m prison]s47 ,he w n all[ !m to cross ! po/ ( ! s5t9el until s direct$ by ! ,corporal ( ! gu>d4 7#cjf7 #ahje4 ,memb]s ( ! prison] gu>d & ov]se]s plac$ ov] prison]s = "w w receive specific & explicit in/ructions cov]+ ! requir$ "w2 !y w be held /rictly responsible t ! prison]s "u _! *>ge prop]ly & satisfactorily p]=m ! designat$ "w4 7#cjg7 ,/able ,gu>ds #ahjf4 ,"u ! head ( /able gu>ds w be includ$ gu>ds = cavalry /ables1 artill]y /ables & p>ks1 m\nt$ infantry /ables1 ma*9e-gun organization /ables & p>ks1 & qu>t]ma/] /ables & p>ks4 ,:]e ! words troop & cavalry are us$ !y w be held to include all ( ^! organizations4 7#cjh7 #ahjg4 ,:5 troop /able gu>ds are m\nt$ !y w gu>d ! /ables ( ! cavalry4 ,:5 no /able gu>ds are m\nt$1 ! /ables w be gu>d$ by s5t9els po/$ f ! ma9 gu>d1 "u ! control ( ! (fic] ( ! day4 ,! in/ructions giv5 = troop /able gu>d w be obs]v$ z f> z applicable by ! noncommission$ (fic]s & s5t9els ( ! ma9 gu>d :5 9 *>ge ( ! /ables4 7#cji7 ,troop ,/able ,gu>ds #ahjh4 ,troops /able gu>ds w n be us$ except 9 ! field1 or :5 x is impracticable to gu>d ! /ables by s5t9els f ! ma9 gu>d4 7#caj7 #ahji4 ,troop /able gu>ds w be "u ! imm$iate control ( _! respective troop comm&]s2 !y w be po/$ 9 ea* cavalry /able1 or ne> ! picket l9e1 & w consi/ ( n less ?an "o noncommission$ (fic] & ?ree privates4 ,/able gu>ds are = ! protection ( ! horses1 /ables1 =age1 equipm5ts1 & public prop]ty g5]ally4 ,!y w 9 addition en=ce ! special regulations 9 reg>d to /ables1 horses1 & p>ks4 7#caa7 #ahaj4 ,s5t9els ( /able gu>ds w be po/$ at ! /ables or at ! picket l9es :5 ! horses are kept outside4 ,! troop /able gu>d may be us$ z a h]d gu>d dur+ ! day "t or :5 graz+ is practicable4 7#cab7 #ahaa4 ,! troop /able gu>d1 :5 au?oriz$ by ! po/ comm&]1 w be m\nt$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! troop comm&]4 ,x w be arm$1 at ! discretion ( ! troop comm&]1 ) ei!r rifle or pi/ol4 7#cac7 #ahab4 ,! t\r cont9ues = #bd h\rs1 or until ! gu>d is reliev$ by a new gu>d4 7#cad7 #ahac4 ,! employm5t ( /able gu>ds = police & fatigue duties at ! /ables is =bidd52 b ?is w n prohibit !m f be+ requir$ to assi/ 9 fe$+ gra9 be=e reveille4 7#cae7 ,! troop /able gu>d w att5d /ables ) ! re/ ( ! troop & groom _! own horses1 ! s5t9els be+ tak5 (f po/ = ! purpose4 7#caf7 #ahad4 ,nei!r ! noncommission$ (fic] nor ! memb]s ( ! /able gu>d w abs5t !mselves f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! /ables except 9 case ( urg5t necessity1 & !n = no long] "t ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,no memb] ( ! gu>d w leave = any purpose )\t ! au?ority ( ! noncommission$ (fic] ( ! gu>d4 7#cag7 #ahae4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] & "o memb] ( ! /able gu>d w g = meals at ! prop] h\r2 ^u _! return ! o!r memb]s ( ! gu>d w be direct$ to g by ! noncommission$ (fic]4 7#cah7 #ahaf4 ,:5 ! horses are h]d$ ea* troop w furni% its own h]d gu>d4 7#cai7 #ahag4 ,smok+ 9 ! /ables or _! imm$iate vic9ity is prohibit$4 ,no fire or light1 o!r ?an electric light or /able lant]ns1 w be p]mitt$ 9 ! /ables4 ,a special place w be designat$ = trimm+1 fill+1 & light+ lant]ns4 7#cbj7 ,noncommission$ ,(fic] ( ! ,troop ,/able ,gu>d #ahah4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] receives 8 ord]s f 8 troop comm&]1 to :om he w report imm$iately aft] po/+ 8 fir/ relief1 & :5 reliev$ w turn ov] all 8 ord]s to 8 successor4 ,he in/ructs 8 s5t9els 9 _! g5]al & special duties2 ex]cises g5]al sup]vision ov] 8 entire gu>d2 exacts ord] & cleanl9ess ab\t ! gu>droom2 prev5ts ! introduction ( intoxicants into ! gu>dh\se & /ables2 receives1 by c\nt1 f 8 pr$ecessor1 ! animals1 horse equipm5ts1 & all prop]ty 7bo? private & public7 p]ta9+ !reto2 exam9es1 be=e reliev+ 8 pr$ecessor1 all locks1 w9d[s1 & doors1 & %\ld any be f\nd insecure he w report ! fact to 8 troop comm&] :5 he reports = ord]s4 ,he w p]sonally po/ & relieve ea* s5t9el1 tak+ c>e to v]ify ! prop]ty responsibility ( ! s5t9el :o comes (f po/1 & see t ! s5t9el :o goes on po/ is aw>e ( ! prop]ty responsibility t he assumes4 7#cba7 #ahai4 ,t ! noncommission$ (fic] may be m ?or\ghly in=m$ ( 8 responsibility1 all horses return+1 except ^? f a regul> =mation1 w be report$ to him4 ,he w !n notify ! s5t9el on po/1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! /able s]geant1 w see t ! horses are promptly c>$ =4 ,9 case ( abuse1 he w promptly report to ! troop comm&]4 ,%\ld ! horse be ! private prop]ty ( an (fic]1 he w report su* abuse to ! own]4 7#cbb7 #ahbj4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] w report any unusual occurr5ce dur+ 8 t\r direct to 8 troop comm&]4 7#cbc7 #ahba4 ,horses & o!r prop]ty = :i* ! noncommission$ (fic] is responsible w n be tak5 f ! /ables )\t ! au?ority ( ! po/ or troop comm&]4 7#cbd7 #ahbb4 ,! noncommission$ (fic] mu/ answ] ! s5t9el's calls promptly4 7#cbe7 #ahbc4 ,9 case ( fire1 ! noncommission$ (fic] w see t ! requirem5ts ( p>agraph #ahca are promptly c>ri$ out4 7#cbf7 #ahbd4 ,:5ev] x becomes necess>y = ! noncommission$ (fic] to leave 8 gu>d1 he w designate a memb] ( x to take *>ge & assume 8 responsibility dur+ 8 abs5ce4 7#cbg7 ,s5t9els ( ! ,troop ,/able ,gu>d #ahbe4 ,! s5t9el 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties w be gov]n$ by ! regulations = s5t9els ( ! ma9 gu>d :5ev] !y are applicable--su* z c\rtesies to (fic]s1 walk+ po/ 9 a soldi]ly mann]1 *all5g+1 etc42 he w n turn out ! gu>d except :5 ord]$ by prop] au?ority4 7#cbh7 #ahbf4 ,! s5t9el w receive ord]s f ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! troop comm&]1 & ! noncommission$ (fic]s ( ! /able gu>d only1 except :5 ! comm&+ (fic] directs ! (fic] ( ! day to inspect ! /able gu>d4 7#cbi7 #ahbg4 ,9 ! field & else:]e :5 direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic] ! s5t9el :5 po/$ w v]ify ! numb] ( horses = :i* he is responsible1 & :5 reliev$ w give ! numb] to 8 successor4 7#ccj7 #ahbh4 ,! s5t9el w n p]mit any horse or equipm5ts to be tak5 f ! /ables1 except 9 ! pres5ce ( ! noncommission$ (fic]4 7#cca7 #ahbi4 ,%\ld a horse get loose1 ! s5t9el w cat* him & tie him up4 ,if he be unable to cat* ! horse1 ! noncommission$ (fic] w at once be notifi$4 ,9 case a horse be ca/1 or 9 any way entangl$1 he w relieve him1 if possible2 if unable to relieve him1 he w call ! noncommission$ (fic]4 ,s5t9els are =bidd5 to puni% or maltreat a horse4 7#ccb7 #ahcj4 ,:5 a horse is tak5 sick1 ! s5t9el w notify ! noncommission$ (fic]1 :o 9 turn w call ! f>ri]1 & see t ! horse is prop]ly att5d$ to4 7#ccc7 #ahca4 ,9 case ( fire ! s5t9el w give ! al>m by /epp+ outside ! /able & fir+ 8 pi/ol or piece repeat$ly1 & call+ out at ! same "t1 ,fire1 /ables1 ,troop 7----74 ,z soon z ! gu>d is al>m$1 he w take ! necess>y precautions 9 op5+ or clos+ ! doors s z to prev5t ! spread+ ( ! fire & make x possible to remove ! horses2 he w drop ! *a9s & b>s1 &1 ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! gu>d1 proce$ to lead out ! horses & secure !m at ! picket l9e or su* o!r place z may h be5 previ\sly designat$4 7#ccd7 #ahcb4 ,s5t9els ov] horses1 or 9 *>ge ( prison]s1 receive ord]s f ! /able s]geant1 s f> z ! c>e ( ! horses & ! labor ( prison]s are conc]n$4 7#cce7 #ahcc4 ,9 field artill]y & ma*9e-gun organizations1 ! gu>d = ! /ables has *>ge ( ! guns1 caissons1 etc41 ) _! ammunition & /ores1 z well z ! horses1 h>ness1 & =age4 7#ccf7 ,! ,flag #ahcd4 ,! l[]+ ( ! flag w be regulat$ z to be complet$ at ! la/ note ( ,! ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann] or to ! color4 7#cch7 #ahce4 ,:5 practicable1 a detail consi/+ ( a noncommission$ (fic] & two privates ( ! gu>d w raise or l[] ! flag4 ,?is detail we>s side arms or1 if ! special equipm5ts d n include side arms1 !n belts only4 ,! noncommission$ (fic]1 c>ry+ ! flag1 =ms ! detail 9 l9e1 takes 8 po/ 9 ! c5t]1 & m>*es x to ! /aff4 ,! flag is !n securely atta*$ to ! haly>ds & rapidly hoi/$4 ,! haly>ds are !n securely fa/5$ to ! cleat on ! /aff & ! detail m>*$ to ! gu>dh\se4 7#cdd7 #ahcf4 ,:5 ! flag is to be l[]$1 ! haly>ds are loos5$ f ! /aff & made p]fectly free4 ,at retreat ! flag is l[]$ at ! la/ note ( retreat4 ,x is !n neatly fold$ & ! haly>ds made fa/4 ,! detail is !n re=m$ & m>*$ to ! gu>dh\se1 :]e ! flag is turn$ ov] to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d4 ,! flag %\ld nev] be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd & %\ld always be hoi/$ or l[]$ f ! leew>d side ( ! /aff1 ! haly>ds be+ held by two p]sons4 7#cde7 ,reveille & ,retreat ,gun #ahcg4 ,! morn+ & ev5+ gun w be fir$ by a deta*m5t ( ! gu>d1 consi/+1 :5 practicable1 ( a corporal & two privates4 ,! morn+ gun is fir$ at ! fir/ note ( reveille1 or1 if m>*es be play$ be=e ! reveille1 x is fir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ m>* ,! retreat gun is fir$ at ! la/ note ( retreat4 ,! corporal m>*es ! deta*m5t to & f ! piece1 :i* is fir$1 spong$ out1 & secur$ "u 8 direction4 7#cdf7 ,gu>d ,m\nt+ #ahch4 ,gu>d m\nt+ w be =mal or in=mal z ! comm&+ (fic] may direct4 ,x w be held z prescrib$ 9 ! drill regulations ( ! arm ( ! s]vice to :i* ! gu>d belongs2 if none is prescrib$1 !n z = infantry4 ,9 case ! gu>d is compos$ :olly ( m\nt$ organizations1 gu>d m\nt+ may be held m\nt$4 7#cdg7 #ahci4 ,:5 infantry & m\nt$ troops dism\nt$ are unit$ = gu>d m\nt+1 all details =m z prescrib$ = infantry4 7#cdh7 ,=mal ,gu>d ,m\nt+ = ,infantry #ahdj4 ,=mal gu>d m\nt+ w ord9>ily be held only 9 po/s or camps :]e a b& is pres5t4 7#cdi7 #ahda4 ,at ! assembly1 ! m5 designat$ = ! gu>d fall 9 on _! company p>ade gr\nds z prescrib$ 9 p>agraph #ajf4 ,i4 ,d4 ,r4 ,! fir/ s]geant !n v]ifies ! detail1 inspects x1 replaces any man unfit to g on gu>d1 turns ! detail ov] to ! s5ior noncommission$ (fic]1 & retires4 ,! b& takes its place on ! p>ade gr\nd s t ! left ( its front rank %all be #ab paces to ! "r ( ! front rank ( ! gu>d :5 ! latt] is =m$4 7#cej7 #ahdb4 ,at adjutant's call1 ! adjutant1 dism\nt$1 & ! s]geant-major on 8 left1 m>*es to ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,! adjutant halts & takes po/ s z to be #ab paces 9 front ( & fac+ ! c5t] ( ! gu>d :5 =m$2 ! s]geant-major cont9ues on1 moves by ! left flank1 & takes po/1 fac+ to ! left1 #ab paces to ! left ( ! front rank ( ! b&2 ! b& plays 9 quick or d\ble "t2 ! details are m>*$ to ! p>ade gr\nd by ! s5ior noncommission$ (fic]s2 ! detail t arrives fir/ is m>*$ to ! l9e s t1 ^u halt+1 ! brea/ ( ! front-rank man %all be ne> to & opposite ! left arm ( ! s]geant-major2 ! comm&] ( ! detail halts 8 detail1 places himself 9 front ( & fac+ ! s]geant-major1 at a di/ance equal to or a little great] ?an ! front ( 8 detail1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,"r1 #b4 ,,dress4 ,! detail dresses up to ! l9e ( ! s]geant-major & its comm&]1 ! "r front-rank man plac+ 8 brea/ aga9/ ! left arm ( ! s]geant-major2 ! noncommission$ (fic]s take po/ two paces 9 re> ( ! re> rank ( ! detail4 ,! detail align$1 ! comm&] ( ! detail comm&s3 ,,front1 salutes1 & !n reports3 ,! detail is correct2 or ,s _m s]geants1 corporals1 or privates are abs5t2 ! s]geant-major returns ! salute ) ! "r h& aft] ! report is made2 ! comm&] !n passes by ! "r ( ! gu>d & takes po/ 9 ! l9e ( noncommission$ (fic]s 9 re> ( ! "r file or 8 detail4 ,%\ld !re be m ?an "o detail1 x is =m$ 9 l mann] on ! left ( ! "o prec$+2 ! privates1 noncommission$ (fic]s1 & comm&] ( ea* detail dress on ^? ( ! prec$+ details 9 ! same rank or l9e2 ea* detail comm&] closes ! re> rank to ! "r & fills blank files1 z f> z practicable1 ) ! m5 f 8 front rank4 ,%\ld ! gu>d f a company n include a noncommission$ (fic]1 "o w be detail$ to p]=m ! duties ( comm&] ( ! detail4 ,9 ?is case ! comm&] ( ! detail1 aft] report+ to ! s]geant-major1 passes ar\nd ! "r flank betwe5 ! gu>d & ! b& & retires4 7#cea7 #ahdc4 ,:5 ! la/ detail has =m$1 ! s]geant-major takes a side /ep to ! "r1 draws sword1 v]ifies ! detail1 takes po/ two paces to ! "r & two paces to ! front ( ! gu>d1 fac+ to ! left1 causes ! gu>d to c\nt (f1 completes ! left squad1 if necess>y1 z 9 ! s*ool ( ! company1 & if !re be m ?an ?ree squads1 divides ! gu>d into two platoons1 aga9 takes po/ z describ$ above & comm&s3 #a4 ,op5 ranks1 #b4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 ! re> rank & file clos]s m>* backw>d f\r /eps1 halt1 & dress to ! "r4 ,! s]geant major aligns ! ranks & file clos]s & aga91 tak+ po/ z describ$ above1 comm&s3 ,,front1 moves p>allel to ! front rank until opposite ! c5t]1 turns to ! "r1 halts midway to ! adjutant1 salutes1 & reports3 ,sir1 ! details are correct2 or1 ,sir1 7s _m7 s]geants1 corporals1 or privates are abs5t2 ! adjutant returns ! salute1 directs ! s]geant-major3 ,take y\r po/1 & !n draws sab]2 ! s]geant-major faces ab\t1 approa*es to )9 two paces ( ! c5t] ( ! front rank1 turns to ! "r1 moves ?ree paces beyond ! left ( ! front rank1 turns to ! left1 halts on ! l9e ( ! front rank1 faces ab\t1 & br+s 8 sword to ! ord]4 ,:5 ! s]geant-major has report$1 ! (fic] ( ! gu>d takes po/1 fac+ to ! front1 ?ree paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! gu>d1 & draws sab]4 ,! adjutant !n comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic] 7or (fic]s7 & noncommission$ (fic]s1 #b4 ,front & ,c5t]1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& c5t]1 ! (fic]s c>ry sab]4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 ! (fic] advances & halts ?ree paces f ! adjutant1 rema9+ at ! c>ry2 ! noncommission$ (fic]s pass by ! flanks1 along ! front1 & =m 9 ord] ( rank f "r to left1 ?ree paces 9 re> ( ! (fic]1 rema9+ at ! "r %\ld]2 if !re is no (fic] ( ! gu>d ! noncommission$ (fic]s halt on a l9e ?ree paces f ! adjutant2 ! adjutant !n assigns ! (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s accord+ to rank1 z foll[s3 ,comm&] ( ! gu>d1 lead] ( fir/ platoon1 lead] ( second platoon1 "r guide ( fir/ platoon1 left guide ( second platoon1 left guide ( fir/ platoon1 "r guide ( second platoon1 & file clos]s1 or1 if ! gu>d is n divid$ into platoons3 ,comm&] ( ! gu>d1 "r guide1 left guide1 & file clos]s4 ,! adjutant !n comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic] 7or (fic]s7 & noncommission$ (fic]s1 #b4 ,,po/s1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,at ! comm& po/s1 all1 except ! (fic] comm&+ ! gu>d1 face ab\t4 ,at ! comm& m>*1 !y take ! po/s prescrib$ 9 ! s*ool ( ! company ) op5 ranks4 ,! adjutant directs3 ,inspect y\r gu>d1 sir2 at :i* ! (fic] comm&+ ! gu>d faces ab\t1 comm&s3 ,prep>e = inspection1 returns sab]1 & inspects ! gu>d4 ,dur+ ! inspection1 ! b& plays2 ! adjutant returns sab]1 obs]ves ! g5]al condition ( ! gu>d1 & falls out any man :o is unfit = gu>d duty or does n pres5t a cr$itable appe>ance4 ,sub/itutes w report to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d at ! gu>dh\se4 7#ceb7 #ahdd4 ,! adjutant1 :5 s direct$1 selects ord]lies & color s5t9els1 z prescrib$ 9 p>agraphs #adj & #ada1 & notifies ! comm&] ( ! gu>d ( 8 selection4 7#cec7 ,if !re be a junior (fic] ( ! gu>d he takes po/ at ! same "t z ! s5ior1 fac+ to ! front1 #c paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! fir/ platoon2 9 go+ to ! front & c5t] he foll[s & takes position on ! left ( ! s5ior & is assign$ z lead] ( ! fir/ platoon2 he may be direct$ by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d to assi/ 9 inspect+ ! gu>d4 ,if !re be no (fic] ( ! gu>d1 ! adjutant inspects ! gu>d4 ,a noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ ! gu>d takes po/ on ! "r ( ! "r guide1 :5 ! gu>d is 9 l9e2 & takes ! po/ ( ! (fic] ( ! gu>d1 :5 9 column or pass+ 9 review4 7#ced7 #ahde4 ,! inspection end$1 ! adjutant places himself ab\t #cj paces 9 front ( & fac+ ! c5t] ( ! gu>d1 & draws sab]2 ! new (fic] ( ! day takes po/ 9 front ( & fac+ ! gu>d1 ab\t #cj paces f ! adjutant2 ! old (fic] ( ! day takes po/ #c paces to ! "r ( & #a pace to ! re> ( ! new (fic] ( ! day2 ! (fic] ( ! gu>d takes po/ #c paces 9 front ( its c5t]1 draws sab] ) ! adjutant & comes to ! ord]2 !reaft] he takes ! same relative positions z a capta9 ( a company4 ,! adjutant !n comm&s3 #a4 ,p>ade1 #b4 ,,re/1 #c4 ,,s\nd ,,(f1 & comes to ! ord] & p>ade re/4 ,! b&1 play+1 passes 9 front ( ! (fic] ( ! gu>d to ! left ( ! l9e1 & back to its po/ on ! "r1 :5 x ceases play+4 ,! adjutant !n comes to att5tion1 c>ries sab]1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,gu>d1 #b4 ,,att5tion1 #c4 ,close ranks1 #d4 ,,m>*4 ,! ranks are op5$ & clos$ z 9 p>agraph #gde1 ,i4 ,d4 ,r4 ,! adjutant !n comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms1 faces t[>d ! new (fic] ( ! day1 salutes1 & !n reports3 ,sir1 ! gu>d is =m$4 ,! new (fic] ( ! day1 aft] ! adjutant has report$1 returns ! salute ) ! h& & directs ! adjutant3 ,m>* ! gu>d 9 review1 sir4 ,! adjutant c>ries sab]1 faces ab\t1 br+s ! gu>d to an ord]1 & comm&s3 #a4 ,at trail1 platoons 7or gu>d7 "r1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,gu>d1 #d4 ,,halt4 ,! platoons execute ! movem5ts2 ! b& turns to ! "r & places itself #ab paces 9 front ( ! fir/ platoon4 ,! adjutant places himself #f paces f ! flank & abrea/ ( ! comm&] ( ! gu>d2 ! s]geant major1 #f paces f ! left flank ( ! second platoon4 ,! adjutant !n comm&s3 #a4 ,pass 9 review1 #b4 ,,=w>d1 #c4 ,,m>*4 ,! gu>d m>*es 9 quick "t pa/ ! (fic] ( ! day1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( review1 & is br\ght to eyes "r at ! prop] "t by ! comm&] ( ! gu>d2 ! adjutant1 comm&] ( ! gu>d1 lead]s ( platoons1 s]geant-major1 & drum major salute4 ,! b&1 hav+ pass$ ! (fic] ( ! day1 turns to ! left out ( ! column1 places itself opposite & fac+ him1 & cont9ues to play until ! gu>d leaves ! p>ade gr\nd4 ,! field music deta*es itself f ! b& :5 ! latt] turns out ( ! column1 &1 rema9+ 9 front ( ! gu>d1 comm5ces to play :5 ! b& ceases4 ,hav+ pass$ #ab paces beyond ! (fic] ( ! day1 ! adjutant halts2 ! s]geant-major halts abrea/ ( ! adjutant & #a pace to 8 left2 !y !n return sab]1 salute1 & retire2 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d !n comm&s3 #a4 ,platoons1 "r by squads1 #b4 ,,m>*1 & m>*es ! gu>d to its po/4 ,! (fic]s ( ! day face t[>d ea* o!r & salute2 ! old (fic] ( ! day turns ov] ! ord]s to ! new (fic] ( ! day4 ,:5 ! b& is s\nd+ (f1 & :ile ! gu>d is m>*+ 9 review1 ! (fic]s ( ! day /& at p>ade re/ ) arms fold$4 ,!y take ?is position :5 ! adjutant comes to p>ade re/1 resume ! att5tion ) him1 aga9 take ! p>ade re/ at ! fir/ note ( ! m>* 9 review1 & resume att5tion z ! head ( ! column approa*es4 ,! new (fic] ( ! day returns ! salute ( ! comm&] ( ! gu>d & ! adjutant1 mak+ "o salute ) ! h&4 7#cee7 #ahdf4 ,if ! gu>d be n divid$ into platoons1 ! adjutant comm&s3 #a4 ,at trail1 gu>d "r1 #b4 ,,m>*1 #c4 ,gu>d1 #d4 ,,halt1 & x passes 9 review z above2 ! comm&] ( ! gu>d is #c paces 9 front ( its c5t]2 ! adjutant places himself #f paces f ! left flank & abrea/ ( ! comm&] ( ! gu>d2 ! s]geant cov]s ! adjutant on a l9e ) ! front rank4 7#cef7 ,in=mal ,gu>d ,m\nt+ = ,infantry #ahdg4 ,in=mal gu>d m\nt+ w be held on ! p>ade gr\nd ( ! organization f :i* ! gu>d is detail$4 ,if x is detail$ f m ?an "o organization1 !n at su* place z ! comm&+ (fic] may direct4 7#ceg7 #ahdh4 ,at assembly1 ! detail = gu>d falls 9 on ! company p>ade gr\nd4 ,! fir/ s]geant v]ifies ! detail1 inspects _! dress & g5]al appe>ance1 & replaces any man unfit to m>* on gu>d4 ,he !n turns ! detail ov] to ! comm&] ( ! gu>d & retires4 7#ceh7 #ahdi4 ,at adjutant's call1 ! (fic] ( ! day takes 8 place #ae paces 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! gu>d & comm&s3 #a4 ,(fic] 7or (fic]s7 & noncommission$ (fic]s1 #b4 ,front & c5t]1 #c4 ,,m>*2 :]eupon ! (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s take _! positions1 are assign$ & s5t to _! po/s z prescrib$ 9 =mal gu>d m\nt+4 7,p>4 #ahdc47 ,! (fic] ( ! day w !n inspect ! gu>d ) especial ref]5ce = its fitness = ! duty = :i* x is detail$1 & w select z prescrib$ 9 p>agraphs #agjb1 ! necess>y ord]lies & color s5t9els4 ,! m5 f\nd unfit = gu>d w be return$ to qu>t]s & w be replac$ by o!rs f\nd to be suitable1 if available 9 ! company4 ,if none are available 9 ! company1 ! fact w be report$ to ! adjutant imm$iately aft] gu>d m\nt+4 ,:5 ! inspection %all h be5 complet$1 ! (fic] ( ! day resumes 8 position & directs ! comm&] ( ! gu>d to m>* ! gu>d to its po/4 7#cei7 ,reliev+ ! ,old ,gu>d #ahej4 ,z ! new gu>d approa*es ! gu>dh\se1 ! old gu>d is =m$ 9 l9e1 ) its field music #c paces to its "r2 & :5 ! field music at ! head ( ! new gu>d arrives opposite its left1 ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d comm&s3 #a4 ,eyes1 #b4 ,,"r2 ! comm&] ( ! old gu>d comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms2 comm&]s ( bo? gu>ds salute4 ,! new gu>d m>*es 9 quick "t pa/ ! old gu>d4 ,:5 ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d is opposite ! field music ( ! old gu>d1 he comm&s3 ,,front2 ! comm&] ( ! old gu>d comm&s3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms1 z soon z ! new gu>d %all h cle>$ ! old gu>d4 ,! field music hav+ m>*$ #c paces beyond ! field music ( ! old gu>d1 *anges direction to ! "r1 &1 foll[$ by ! gu>d1 *anges direction to ! left :5 on a l9e ) ! old gu>d2 ! *anges ( direction are )\t comm&4 ,! comm&] ( ! gu>d halts on ! l9e ( ! front rank ( ! old gu>d1 all[s 8 gu>d to m>* pa/ him1 & :5 its re> approa*es =ms x 9 l9e to ! left1 e/abli%es ! left guide #c paces to ! "r ( ! field music ( ! old gu>d1 & on a l9e ) ! front rank1 & !n dresses 8 gu>d to ! left2 ! field music ( ! new gu>d is #c paces to ! "r ( its front rank4 7#cfj7 #ahea4 ,! new gu>d be+ dress$1 ! comm&] ( ea* gu>d1 9 front ( & fac+ its c5t]1 comm&s3 #a4 ,pres5t1 #b4 ,,arms1 resumes 8 front1 salutes1 c>ries sab]1 faces 8 gu>d & comm&s3 #a4 ,ord]1 #b4 ,,arms4 ,%\ld a gu>d be comm&$ by a noncommission$ (fic]1 he /&s on ! "r or left ( ! front rank1 accord+ z he comm&s ! old or new gu>d1 & executes ! rifle salute4 7#cfa7 #aheb4 ,aft] ! new gu>d arrives at its po/1 & has salut$ ! old gu>d1 ea* gu>d is pres5t$ by its comm&] to its (fic] ( ! day2 if !re be b "o (fic] ( ! day pres5t1 or if "o (fic] acts 9 ! capacity ( old & new (fic] ( ! day1 ea* gu>d is pres5t$ to him by its comm&]4 7#cfb7 #ahec4 ,if o!r p]sons entitl$ to a salute approa*1 ea* comm&] ( ! gu>d w br+ 8 own gu>d to att5tion if n already at att5tion4 ,! s5ior comm&] ( ! two gu>ds w !n comm& #a4 ,old & new gu>ds1 #b4 ,pres5t1 #c4 ,,arms4 ,! junior w salute at ! comm& ,pres5t ,arms giv5 by ! s5ior4 ,aft] ! salute has be5 ackn[l$g$1 ! s5ior br+s bo? gu>ds to ! ord]4 7#cfc7 #ahed4 ,aft] ! salutes h be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! (fic]s ( ! day1 ea* gu>d is br\ght to an ord] by its comm&]2 ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d !n directs ! ord]ly or ord]lies to fall out & report1 & causes bayonets to be fix$ if s ord]$ by ! comm&+ (fic]2 bayonets w n !n be unfix$ dur+ ! t\r except 9 r\te m>*es :ile ! gu>d is actually m>*+1 or :5 specially direct$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 ,! comm&] ( ! new gu>d !n falls out memb]s ( ! gu>d = deta*$ po/s1 plac+ !m "u *>ge ( ! prop] noncommission$ (fic]s1 divides ! gu>d into ?ree reliefs1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 f "r to left1 & directs a li/ ( ! gu>d to be made by reliefs4 ,:5 ! gu>d consi/s ( troops ( diff]5t arms comb9$1 ! m5 are assign$ to reliefs s z to insure a fair division ( duty1 "u rules prescrib$ by ! comm&+ (fic]4 7#cfd7 #ahee4 ,! s5t9els & deta*m5ts ( ! old gu>d are at once reliev$ by memb]s ( ! new gu>d2 ! two gu>ds /&+ at ease or at re/ :ile ^! *anges are be+ made4 ,! comm&] ( ! old transmits to ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d all 8 ord]s1 in/ructions1 & in=mation conc]n+ ! gu>d & its duties4 ,! comm&] ( ! new gu>d !n takes possession ( ! gu>dh\se & v]ifies ! articles 9 *>ge ( ! gu>d4 7#cfe7 #ahef4 ,if consid]able "t is requir$ to br+ 9 t portion ( ! old gu>d /ill on po/1 ! comm&+ (fic] may direct t z soon z ! ord]s & prop]ty are turn$ ov] to ! new gu>d1 ! portion ( ! old gu>d at ! gu>dh\se may be m>*$ (f & dismiss$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! rema9+ deta*m5t or deta*m5ts ( ! old gu>d w be inspect$ by ! comm&] ( ! new gu>d :5 !y rea* ! gu>dh\se4 ,he w direct ! s5ior noncommission$ (fic] pres5t to m>* ^! deta*m5ts (f & dismiss !m 9 ! prescrib$ mann]4 7#cff7 #aheg4 ,9 bad wea!r1 at night1 aft] long m>*es1 or :5 ! gu>d is v small1 ! field music may be disp5s$ )4 7#cfg7 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,! t]m gov]nors g5]al %all be tak5 to mean adm9i/rative (fic]s "u :om (fic]s ) ! title ( gov]nor are act+4 #ba ,! grade ( commodore ceas$ to exi/ z a grade on ! active li/ ( ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,m>4 #c1 #ahii4 ,by section #g ( ! act ( ,m>4 #c1 #ahii1 ! n9e junior re> admirals are au?oriz$ to receive ! pay & all[ances ( a brigadi] g5]al ( ! ,army4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,milit>y ,,organization #aheh4 ,! tabulations t foll[ are bas$ on ! ,national ,def5se ,act ( ,june #c1 #aiaf1 & on ! ,tables ( ,organization4 ,composition ( ,infantry ,units ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,regim5t ,battalions 7#c7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ea* ,ea* ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a ,colonel #a ,major #a ,lt4 ,colonel #a #a/ ,lieut41 m\nt$ #c ,majors 7battalion adjutant7 #ae ,capta9s #d ,companies4 #af #a/ ,lieuts4 #ae #bnd ,lieuts4 ,atta*$ -- #ea #a ,battalion ,s]gt4 ,major -- 7f ,hdqrs4 ,co47 #a ,hdqrs4 ,co4 #a ,ma*9e ,gun ,co4 #a ,supply ,co4 #ab ,infantry ,cos41 organiz$ into #c battalions ( #d companies ea* ,atta*$ #a ,major1 ,m$4 ,dept4 #c ,capts41 or #a/ ,lieuts41 ,m$4 ,dept4 #a ,*apla9 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,companies ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,infantry 7#ab7 ,headqu>t]s 7#a7 ,ma*9e ,gun 7#a7 ,supply 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,capta9 #a ,capta91 m\nt$1 #a ,capta91 ,mtd4 #a ,capta91 ,mtd4 #a #a/ ,lieut4 7,regtl4 ,adjt47 #a #a/ ,lt41 ,mtd4 #a #bnd ,lt41 ,mtd4 #a #bnd ,lieut4 #b #bnd ,lts41 ,mtd4-- -- #a ,regtl4 ,s]gt4 -- #b #c ,major1 m\nt$4 #d -- -- #c ,batln4 ,s]gts4 -- #c ,regtl4 ,supply ,major1 m\nt$4 #a #a/ ,s]gt41 ,s]gts41 ,mtd4 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 ,mtd4 #a #a/ ,s]gt41 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 7drum major7 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 ,mtd4 #a ,supply ,s]gt4 #b ,color ,s]gts4 #a ,supply ,s]gt41 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #f ,s]gts4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 ,mtd4 #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #aa ,corpls4 #a ,supply ,s]gt4 #a ,/able ,s]gt41 #a ,corpl41 ,mtd4 #b ,cooks #a ,/able ,s]gt4 ,mtd4 #a ,cook #b ,bugl]s #a ,s]gt4 #a ,horse%o] #a ,saddl] #a ,me*anic #b ,cooks #e ,s]geants #a ,horse%o] #ai ,pvts4 7#a/ #a ,horse%o] #f ,corporals #a ,wagon] = ,class7 #a ,b& lead] #b ,cooks ea* #ef ,pvts4 #a ,as/4 ,b& lead] #b ,bugl]s au?oriz$ --- #a ,s]gt4 bugl] #a ,me*anic wagon #ajj #b ,b& ,s]gts4 #h ,pvts41 #a/ ( ! field --- #d ,b& ,corpls4 ,class & combat 7,! ,presid5t #b ,musicians1 #a/ #bd ,privates tra94 may add #b ,class -- ,s]gts41 #f #d ,musicians1 #bnd #ec ,corpls41 #a ,class -- ,me*anic1 #i ,pvts4#ac ,musicians1 #crd 7,! ,presid5t #a/ ,class & #ca ,class may add #b ,pvts4--total1 #di7 #d ,pvts41 #a/ ,class1,s]gts41 #b ,mtd4 ,corpls41 #ab ,pvts1 ,mtd4 #a ,me*anic1 -- #d ,pvts41 #a/ #eh ,class & #ab -- ,pvts4--total1 #ba7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transportation1 ord]lies1 etc4 ,to ,hdqrs4 ,co41 #bg rid+ horses2 to ,ma*9e ,gun ,co41 #f rid+ horses & #h pack mules2 to ,supply ,co41 #c rid+ horses2 to ea* ,battalion ,hdqrs41 #f rid+ horses1 #a wagon1 #d draft mules1 & #b m\nt$ ord]lies2 to ,regtl4 ,hdqrs41 #e rid+ horses4 ,composition ( ,cavalry ,units ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,regim5t ,squadrons 7#c7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ea* ,ea* ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a ,colonel #a ,major #a ,lt4 ,colonel #a #a/ ,lieut41 squadron adjutant #c ,majors #ae ,capta9s #d troops #af #a/ ,lieuts4 #af #bnd ,lieuts4 ,atta*$ -- #eb #a ,squadron ,s]gt4 ,major -- 7f ,hdqrs4 ,troop7 #a ,hdqrs4 ,troop #a ,ma*9e ,gun ,troop #a ,supply ,troop #ab ,troops organiz$ into #c squadrons ( #d troops ea* ,atta*$ #a ,major1 ,m$4 ,dept4 #c ,capts41 or #a/ ,lieuts41 ,m$4 ,dept4 #a ,*apla9 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,troops ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,cavalry 7#ab7 ,headqu>t]s 7#a7 ,ma*9e ,gun 7#a7 ,supply 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a ,capta9 #a ,capta91 ,regtl4 #a ,capta9 #a ,capta91 #a #a/ ,lieut4 ,adjt4 #a #a/ ,lieut4 ,regtl4 ,supply #a #bnd ,lieut4 #a ,regtl4 ,s]geant #b #bnd ,lieuts4 ,(fic] -- ,major -- #b #bnd ,lieuts4 #c #c ,squadron ,s]gts4 #d -- -- ,major -- #c #a #a/ ,s]gt4 -- #a #a/ ,s]gt4 7,drum ,major7 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #b ,color ,s]gts4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #c ,regtl4 ,supply #a ,supply ,s]gt4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #a ,supply ,s]gt4 ,s]gts4 #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #a ,supply ,s]gt4 #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #e ,s]gts4 #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #b ,horse%o]s #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #h ,corpls4 #a ,s]gt4 #e ,s]gts4 #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #b ,cooks #b ,cooks #f ,corpls4 #a ,corpl4 #b ,horse%o]s #a ,horse%o] #b ,cooks #a ,cook #a ,saddl] #a ,saddl] #a ,me*anic #a ,horse%o] #b ,bugl]s #b ,pvts4 7#a/ ,class7 #a ,saddl] #a ,saddl] #aj ,pvts4 7#a/ #i ,pvts4 #b ,bugl]s #a ,wagon] = ,class7 #a ,b& lead] #ab ,pvts4 #a/ ea* #cf ,pvts4 #a ,as/4 ,b& ,lead] ,class au?oriz$ -- #a ,s]gt4 ,bugl] #ce ,pvts4 wagon ( ! #gj #b ,b& ,s]gts4 -- field & -- #d ,b& ,corpls4 #gj combat tra94 #b ,musicians1 #a/ -- 7,! ,presid5t ,class may add #aj ,pvts4 #d ,musicians1 #bnd 7,! ,presid5t 7#a/ ,class7 & ,class may add #c #be ,pvts4--total1 #ac ,musicians1 #crd ,s]gts41 #b #ce7 ,class ,corpls41 #a -- ,me*anic1 #a ,pvt4 #ed #a/ ,class1 #ad -- ,pvts4--total1 #ba7 7,! ,presid5t may add #b ,s]gts1 #e ,corpls41 #a ,horse%o]1 #e ,pvts4 #a/ ,class1 #ah ,pvts4--total1 #ca7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transportation1 ord]lies1 etc4 ,to ea* ,squadron ,hdqrs41 #f or #g rid+ horses & #b ord]lies2 to ea* squadron2 #bib rid+ horses1 #a wagon & #d draft mules4 ,composition ( ,field ,artill]y ,units ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,battalion ,batt]y ,regim5t 7,gun or ,h[itz]7 7,gun or ,h[itz]7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ea* ,ea* ,ea* ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a ,colonel #a ,major #a ,capta9 #a ,lt4 ,colonel #a ,capta9 #b #a/ ,lieuts4 #a ,capta9 -- #b #bnd ,lieuts4 -- #b -- #c -- #e -- -- ,batt]ies z foll[s3 #a ,hdqrs4 ,co41 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #a ,supply ,co41 ,m\nta9 artill]y #a ,supply ,s]gt4 battalions & light #a ,/able ,s]gt4 ,& su* numb] ( artill]y gun or #a ,mess ,s]gt4 guns & h[itz] z h[itz] battalions #f ,s]gts4 ! ,presid5t may s]v+ ) ! field #ac ,corpls4 direct4 artill]y or ,infantry #a ,*ief ,me*anic divisions %all conta9 #a ,saddl] ,atta*$ ?ree batt]ies2 horse #b ,horse%o]s artill]y battalions #a ,me*anic #a ,major1 ,m$4 ,dept4 & heavy field #b ,bugl]s #c ,capts4 or #a/ artill]y gun or #c ,cooks ,lieuts41 ,m$4 ,dept4 h[itz] battalions #bb ,pvts41 #a/ ,class #a ,*apla9 %all conta9 two #ga ,pvts4 batt]ies4 --- #abe --- ,:5 no enli/$ m5 ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps are atta*$ = su* positions !re %all be add$ to ea* batt]y ( m\nta9 artill]y3 #a ,packma/] ,s]gt41 #a/ ,class #a ,as/4 ,packma/] ,s]gt4 #a ,c>gador1 ,corpl4 7,! ,presid5t may add #c ,s]gts41 #g ,corpls41 #a ,horse%o]1 #b ,me*anics1 #a ,bugl]1 #ac ,pvts4 #a/ ,class1 #cg ,pvts4--total1 #fd7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,headqu>t]s ,company ( ,regt41 ( #b battalions ,supply 7#a7 ,regt4 ( #b ,batlns4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a ,capta9 #a ,capta9 #a #a/ ,lieut4 #a #a/ ,lieut4 -- -- #b #b -- -- #a ,regtl4 ,s]gt4 ,major #b ,regtl4 ,supply ,s]gts4 #b ,batln4 ,s]gts4 ,major #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #a #a/ ,s]gt4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #b ,color ,s]gts4 #a ,corpl4 #a ,mess ,s]gt4 #a ,cook #a ,supply ,s]gt4 #a ,horse%o] #a ,/able ,s]gt4 #a ,saddl] #b ,s]gts4 #b ,pvts4 #i ,corpls4 #a ,wagon] = ea* au?oriz$ #a ,horse%o] wagon ( ! field tra94 #a ,saddl] #a ,me*anic ,:5 ,regt4 consi/s ( #c ,batlns4 #c ,bugl]s !re %all be add$ #a #bnd ,lieut4 #b ,cooks 7#a71 #a ,regtl4 ,supply ,s]gt41 #a #e ,pvts4 #a/ ,class ,pvt41 #a ,wagon] = ea* #ae ,pvts4 additional au?oriz$ wagon ( ! #a ,b& lead] field tra94 #a ,as/4 ,b& lead] #a ,s]gt4 ,bugl] 7,! ,presid5t may add #a ,corpl41 #a #b ,b& ,s]gts4 ,cook1 #a ,horse%o]1 #a #d ,b& ,corpls4 ,saddl]4--total1 #d7 #b ,musicians1 #a/ ,class #d ,musicians1 #bnd ,class ,supply ,co41 ( ,regt4 ( #c ,batlns4 #ac ,musicians1 #crd ,class may h add$1 ! same numb] z -- giv5 above = ,regt4 ( #b ,batlns4 #gf -- ,:5 a regim5t consi/s ( ?ree battalions !re %all be add$ to ,hdqrs4 ,co43 #a ,batln4 ,s]gt4 ,major1 #a ,s]gt41 #c ,corpls41 #a ,bugl]1 #a ,pvt4 #a/ ,class1 #e ,pvts4--total1 #ab4 ,:5 no enli/$ m5 ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps are atta*$ = su* positions !re %all be add$ to ea* m\nta9 artill]y ,hdqrs4 ,co41 #a ,packma/] ,s]gt41 #a/ ,class #a ,as/4 ,packma/]1 ,s]gt4 #a ,c>gador1 ,corpl4--total1 #c4 7,! ,presid5t may add #b ,s]gts41 #e ,corpls41 #a ,horse%o]1 #a ,me*anic1 #a ,pvt4 #a/ ,class1 #f ,pvts4--total #af to a regim5t ( #b battalions2 & to a regim5t ( #c battalions #a ,s]gt41 #g ,corpls41 #a ,horse%o]1 #a ,me*anic1 #b ,cooks1 #b ,pvts4 #a/ ,class1 #g ,pvts4--total1 #ba7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transportation1 ord]lies1 etc4 ,to ,batt]y ,hdqrs41 #h rid+ horses2 to ea* ,batt]y1 #bd rid+ horses1 #hh draft horses1 #a ,batt]y wagon1 #a ,/ore wagon1 #h ,caissons & #d ,guns4 ,,"p ,,ix ,,map ,,read+ ,,& ,,milit>y ,,sket*+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,map ,,read+ #ahei4 ,def9ition ( map4 ,a map is a repres5tation on pap] ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,a milit>y map is "o t %[s ! ?+s :i* are ( milit>y importance1 su* z roads1 /reams1 bridges1 h\ses1 depressions1 & hills4 #ahfj4 ,map read+4 ,by map read+ is meant ! ability to get a cle> idea ( ! gr\nd repres5t$ by ! map1--( be+ able to visualize ! gr\nd s repres5t$4 ,= "s unkn[n reason1 milit>y map read+ is g5]ally consid]$ a v difficult matt] to ma/]1 & ! beg9n]1 />t+ out ) ?is idea1 seem+ly tries to f9d x difficult4 ,h[ev]1 z a matt] ( fact1 map read+ is n difficult1 if "o goes ab\t le>n+ x 9 ! "r way1--t is1 by fir/ becom+ famili> ) scales1 cont\rs1 conv5tional signs1 & o!r ?+s t g to make up map mak+4 ,practice is mo/ important 9 acquir+ ability 9 map read+4 ,practice look+ at maps & !n visualiz+ ! actual c\ntry repres5t$ on ! map4 #ahfa4 ,scales4 ,9 ord] t y may be able to tell ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts on a map1 ! map mu/ be drawn to scale1--t is1 x mu/ be s drawn t a c]ta9 di/ance on ! map1 say1 "o in*1 repres5ts a c]ta9 di/ance on ! gr\nd1 say1 "o mile4 ,on su* a map1 !n1 two in*es w\ld repres5t two miles on ! gr\nd2 ?ree in*es1 ?ree miles1 & s on4 ,!re=e1 we may say-- ,! scale ( a map is ! ratio betwe5 actual di/ances on ! gr\nd & ^? betwe5 ! same po9ts z repres5t$ on ! map4 #ahfb4 ,me?ods ( repres5t+ scales4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! scale ( a map may be repres5t$3 #a/4 ,by words & figures1 z #c in*es #a mile2 #a in* #bjj feet4 #b;d4 ,by ,repres5tative ,fraction 7abbreviat$ ,r4 ,f471 :i* is a fraction ^: num]ator repres5ts units ( di/ance on ! map & ^: d5om9ator1 units ( di/ance on ! gr\nd4 ,= example1 ,r4 ,f4 #a in* 7on map7_/#a mile 7on gr\nd7 :i* is equival5t to ,r4 ,f4 #a_/fccfj1 s9ce #a mile #fc1cfj in*es4 ,s ! expression1 ,r4 ,f4 #a_/fccfj on a map m]ely means t #a in* on ! map repres5ts #fc1cfj in*es 7or #a mile7 on ! gr\nd4 ,?is fraction is usually writt5 ) a num]ator #a1 z above1 no def9ite unit ( in*es or miles be+ specifi$ 9 ei!r ! num]ator or d5om9ator4 ,9 ?is case ! expression means t "o unit ( di/ance on ! map equals z _m ( ! same units on ! gr\nd z are 9 ! d5om9ator4 ,?us1 #a_/fccfj means t #a in* on ! map #fc1cfj in*es on ! gr\nd1 #a foot on ! map #fc1cfj feet on ! gr\nd2 #a y>d on ! map #fc1cfj y>ds on ! gr\nd1 etc4 #c;d4 ,by ,graphical ,scale1 t is1 a drawn scale4 ,a graphical scale is a l9e drawn on ! map1 divid$ into equal p>ts1 ea* "p be+ m>k$ n ) its actual l5g?1 b ) ! di/ance :i* x repres5ts on ! gr\nd4 ,?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,= example1 ! di/ance f #j to #ej repres5ts fifty y>ds on ! gr\nd2 ! di/ance f #j to #ajj1 "o hundr$ y>ds on ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,if ! above scale 7 appli$ to ! road runn+ f ,a to ,b 9 ,fig4 #b1 x w\ld %[ t ! l5g? ( ! road is #fge y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #ahfc4 ,con/ruction ( ,scales4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ usual problems t arise 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( scales3 #a4 ,hav+ giv5 ! ,r4 ,f4 on a map1 to f9d h[ _m miles on ! gr\nd are repres5t$ by "o in* on ! map4 ,let u suppose t ! ,r4 ,f4 is #a_/baabj4 ,solution ,n[1 z previ\sly expla9$1 #a_/baabj simply means t "o in* on ! map repres5ts #ba1abj in*es on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are #fc1cfj in*es 9 "o mile4 #ba1abj goes into #fc1cfj ?ree times--t is to say1 #ba1abj is #a_/c ( #fc1cfj1 & we1 !re=e1 see f ?is t "o in* on ! map repres5ts #a_/c ( a mile on ! gr\nd1 & consequ5tly x w\ld take ?ree in*es on ! map to repres5t "o :ole mile on ! gr\nd4 ,s1 we h ?is g5]al rule3 ,to f9d out h[ _m miles "o in* on ! map repres5ts on ! gr\nd1 divide ! d5om9ator ( ! ,r4 ,f4 by #fc1cfj4 #b4 ,be+ giv5 ! ,r4 ,f4 to con/ruct a graphical scale to read y>ds4 ,let u assume t #a_/baabj is ! ,r4 ,f4 giv5--t is to say1 "o in* on ! map repres5ts #ba1abj in*es on ! gr\nd1 b1 z !re are #cf in*es 9 "o y>d1 #ba1abj in*es #ba1abj_/cf yds4 #ehf4ff yds4--t is1 "o in* on ! map repres5ts #ehf4ff yds4 on ! gr\nd4 ,n[1 suppose ab\t a #f-;in* scale is desir$4 ,s9ce "o in* on ! map #ehf4ff y>ds on ! gr\nd1 #f in*es 7map7 #ehf4ff x #f #c1eai4if y>ds 7gr\nd74 ,9 ord] to get z ne>ly a #f-;in* scale z possible to repres5t ev5 hundr$s ( y>ds1 let u assume #c1ejj y>ds to be ! total numb] to be repres5t$ by ! scale4 ,! "q !n resolves itself into ?is3 ,h[ _m in*es on ! map are necess>y to repres5t #c1ejj y>ds on ! gr\nd4 ,s9ce1 z we h se51 "o in* 7map7 #ehf4ff y>ds 7gr\nd71 z _m in*es are necess>y to %[ #c1ejj y>ds z #ehf4ff is conta9$ 9 #c1ejj2 or #cejj_/ehf4ff #e4if in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,n[ lay (f ) a scale ( equal p>ts ! di/ance ,a-,i 7,figure #c7 #e4if in*es 7ab\t #e & #i-a_/b t5?s71 & divid$ x into #g equal p>ts by ! con/ruction %[n 9 figure1 z foll[s3 ,draw a l9e ,a-,h1 mak+ any conv5i5t angle ) ,a-,i1 & lay (f #g equal conv5i5t l5g?s 7,a-,b1 ,b-,c1 ,c-,d1 etc471 s z to br+ ,h ab\t opposite to ,i4 ,jo9 ,h & ,i & draw ! int]m$iate l9es ?r\gh ,b1 ,c1 etc41 p>allel to ,h-,i4 ,^! l9es divide ,a-,i into #g equal p>ts1 ea* #ejj y>ds long4 ,! left "p1 call$ ! ,ext5sion1 is simil>ly divid$ into #e equal p>ts1 ea* repres5t+ #ajj y>ds4 #c4 ,to con/ruct a scale = a map ) no scale4 ,9 ?is case1 measure ! di/ance betwe5 any two def9ite po9ts on ! gr\nd repres5t$1 by pac+ or o!rwise1 & scale (f ! correspond+ map di/ance4 ,!n see h[ ! di/ance ?us measur$ corresponds ) ! di/ance on ! map betwe5 ! two po9ts4 ,= example1 let u suppose t ! di/ance on ! gr\nd betwe5 two giv5 po9ts is "o mile & t ! di/ance betwe5 ! correspond+ po9ts on ! map is #c_/d in*4 ,we w\ld1 !re=e1 see t #c_/d in* on ! map "o mile on ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce #a_/d in* w\ld repres5t #a_/c ( a mile1 & #d-d1 or "o in*1 w\ld repres5t #d x #a_/c #d_/c #a-a_/c miles4 ,! ,r4 ,f4 is f\nd z foll[s3 ,r4 ,f4 #a in*_/7#a-a_/c mile7 #a in*_/7#fc1cfj x #a-a_/c in*es7 #a_/hddhj4 ,f ?is a scale ( y>ds is con/ruct$ z above 7#b74 #d4 ,to con/ruct a graphical scale f a scale express$ 9 unfamili> units4 ,!re rema9s "o m problem1 :i* occurs :5 !re is a scale on ! map 9 words & figures1 b x is express$ 9 unfamili> units1 su* z ! met] 7 #ci4cg in*es71 /rides ( a man or horse1 rate ( travel ( column1 etc4 ,if a noncommission$ (fic] %\ld come into possession ( su* a map1 x w\ld be impossible = him to h a correct idea ( ! di/ances on ! map4 ,if ! scale 7 9 in*es to miles or y>ds1 he w\ld e/imate ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts on ! map to be s _m in*es & at once "k ! correspond+ di/ance on ! gr\nd 9 miles or y>ds4 ,b suppose ! scale f\nd on ! map to be "o in* #ajj /rides 7gr\nd71 !n e/imates c\ld n be intellig5tly made by "o unfamili> ) ! l5g? ( ! /ride us$4 ,h[ev]1 suppose ! /ride 0 #fj in*es long2 we w\ld !n h ?is3 ,s9ce #a /ride #fj in*es1 #ajj /rides #f1jjj in*es4 ,b accord+ to our supposition1 #a in* on ! map #ajj /rides on ! gr\nd2 h5ce #a in* on ! map #f1jjj in*es on ! gr\nd1 & we h z our ,r4 ,f41 #a in* 7map7_/#f1jjj in*es 7gr\nd7 #a_/fjjj4 ,a graphical scale c n[ be con/ruct$ z 9 7#b74 ,problems 9 ,scales #ahfd4 ,! foll[+ problems %\ld be solv$ to become famili> ) ! con/ruction ( scales3 ,problem ,no4 #a4 ,! ,r4 ,f4 ( a map is #a_/ajjj4 ,requir$3 #a4 ,! di/ance 9 miles %[n by "o in* on ! map2 #b4 ,to con/ruct a graphical scale ( y>ds2 also "o to read miles4 ,problem ,no4 #b4 ,a map has a graphical scale on :i* #a4e in*es reads #ejj /rides4 #a4 ,:at is ! ,r4 ,f4 ( ! map8 #b4 ,h[ _m miles are repres5t$ by #a in*8 ,problem ,no4 #c4 ,! ,leav5wor? map 9 back ( ?is book has a graphical scale & a measur$ di/ance ( #a4be in*es reads #a1ajj y>ds4 ,requir$3 #a4 ,! ,r4 ,f4 ( ! map2 #b4 ,numb] ( miles %[n by #a in* on ! map4 ,problem ,no4 #d4 #a4 ,con/ruct a scale to read y>ds = a map ( ,r4 ,f4 #a_/baabj4 #b4 ,h[ _m in*es repres5t #a mile8 #ahfe4 ,scal+ di/ances f a map4 ,!re are f\r me?ods ( scal+ di/ances f maps3 #a4 ,apply a piece ( /raight edg$ pap] to ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts1 ,a & ,b1 = in/ance1 & m>k ! di/ance on ! pap]4 ,n[1 apply ! pap] to ! graphical scale1 7,fig4 #b1 ,p>4 #ahfb71 & read ! numb] ( y>ds on ! ma9 scale & add ! numb] indicat$ on ! ext5sion4 ,= example3 #fjj #ge #fge y>ds4 #b4 ,by tak+ ! di/ance (f ) a pair ( divid]s & apply+ ! divid]s ?us set to ! graphical scale1 ! di/ance is read4 #c4 ,by use ( an in/rum5t call$ a map measur]1 ,fig4 #d1 set ! h& on ! face to read z]o1 roll ! small :eel ov] ! di/ance2 n[ roll ! :eel 9 an opposite direction along ! graphical scale1 not+ ! numb] ( y>ds pass$ ov]4 ,or1 hav+ roll$ ov] ! di/ance1 note ! numb] ( in*es on ! dial & multiply ?is by ! numb] ( miles or o!r units p] in*4 ,a map measur] is valuable = use 9 solv+ map problems 9 patroll+1 advance gu>d1 outpo/1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d #d4 ,apply a scale ( in*es to ! l9e to be measur$1 & multiply ?is di/ance by ! numb] ( miles p] in* %[n by ! map4 #ahff4 ,cont\rs4 ,9 ord] to %[ on a map a correct repres5tation ( gr\nd1 ! depressions & elevations1--t is1 ! undulations1--mu/ be repres5t$4 ,?is is usually done by cont\rs4 ,conv]sationally speak+1 a cont\r is ! outl9e ( a figure or body1 or ! l9e or l9es repres5t+ su* an outl9e4 ,9 connection ) maps1 ! ^w cont\r is us$ 9 ^! two s5ses3 #a4 ,x is a projection on a horizontal 7level7 plane 7t is1 a map7 ( ! l9e 9 :i* a horizontal plane cuts ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a l9e on a map :i* %[s ! r\te "o might foll[ on ! gr\nd & walk on ! absolute level4 ,if1 = example1 y w5t half way up ! side ( a hill &1 />t+ !re1 walk$ entirely ar\nd ! hill1 nei!r go+ up any high] nor d[n any l[]1 & y drew a l9e ( ! r\te y _h foll[$1 ?is l9e w\ld be a cont\r l9e & its projection on a horizontal plane 7map7 w\ld be a cont\r4 ,by imag9+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd be+ cut by a numb] ( horizontal planes t are ! same di/ance ap>t1 & !n project+ 7%oot+7 on a horizontal plane 7map7 ! l9es s cut1 ! elevations & depressions on ! gr\nd are repres5t$ on ! map4 ,x is important to rememb] t ! imag9>y horizontal planes cutt+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd mu/ be ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! planes is call$ ! cont\r int]val4 #b4 ,! ^w cont\r is also us$ 9 ref]r+ to cont\r l9e1--t is to say1 x is us$ 9 ref]r+ to ! l9e itself 9 :i* a horizontal plane cuts ! surface ( ! gr\nd z well z 9 ref]r+ to ! projection ( su* l9e on a horizontal plane4 ,an excell5t idea ( :at is meant by cont\rs & cont\r-l9es c be gott5 f ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,let u suppose t =m]ly ! isl& repres5t$ 9 ,figure #e 0 entirely "u wat] & t by a sudd5 di/urbance ! wat] ( ! lake fell until ! isl& /ood tw5ty feet above ! wat]1 & t lat] sev]al o!r sudd5 falls ( ! wat]1 tw5ty feet ea* "t1 occurr$1 until n[ ! isl& /&s #ajj feet out ( ! lake1 & at ea* ( ! tw5ty feet elevations a di/9ct wat] l9e is left4 ,^! wat] l9es are p]fect cont\r-l9es measur$ f ! surface ( ! lake z a ref]5ce 7or datum7 plane4 ,figure #f %[s ! cont\r-l9es 9 ,figure #e project$1 or %ot d[n1 on a horizontal 7level7 surface4 ,x w be obs]v$ t on ! g5tle slopes1 su* z ,f-,h 7,fig4 #e71 ! cont\rs 7#bj1 #dj7 are f> ap>t4 ,b on ! /eep slopes1 z ,r-,o1 ! cont\rs 7#bj1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 #ajj7 are close toge!r4 ,h5ce1 x is se5 t cont\rs f> ap>t on a map indicate g5tle slopes1 & cont\rs close toge!r1 /eep slopes4 ,x is also se5 t ! %ape ( ! cont\rs gives an accurate idea ( ! =m ( ! isl&4 ,! cont\rs 9 ,fig4 #f give an exact repres5tation n only ( ! g5]al =m ( ! isl&1 ! two peaks1 ,o & ,b1 ! /ream1 ,m-,n1 ! ,saddle1 ,m1 ! wat] %$ f ,f to ,h1 & /eep bluff at ,k1 b !y also give ! slopes ( ! gr\nd at all po9ts4 ,f ?is we see t ! slopes are directly proportional to ! ne>ness ( ! cont\rs--t is1 ! ne>] ! cont\rs on a map are to "o ano!r1 ! /eep] is ! slope1 & ! f>!r ! cont\rs on a map are f "o ano!r1 ! g5tl] is ! slope4 ,a wide space betwe5 cont\rs1 !re=e1 repres5ts level gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,! cont\rs on maps are always numb]$1 ! numb] ( ea* %[+ its height above "s plane call$ a datum plane4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #f ! cont\rs are numb]$ f #j to #ajj us+ ! surface ( ! lake z ! datum plane4 ,! numb]+ %[s at once ! height ( any po9t on a giv5 cont\r & 9 addition %[s ! cont\r int]val--9 ?is case #bj feet4 ,g5]ally only e fif? cont\r is numb]$4 ,! datum plane g5]ally us$ 9 maps is mean sea level1 h5ce ! elevations indicat$ w\ld be ! heights above mean sea level4 ,! cont\rs ( a cone 7,fig4 #g7 are circles ( diff]5t sizes1 "o )9 ano!r1 & ! same di/ance ap>t1 because ! slope ( a cone is at all po9ts ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,! cont\rs ( a half sph]e 7,fig4 #h71 are a s]ies ( circles1 f> ap>t ne> ! c5t] 7top71 & ne> toge!r at ! outside 7bottom71 %[+ t ! slope ( a hemisph]e v>ies at all po9ts1 be+ ne>ly flat on top & increas+ 9 /eepness t[>d ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,! cont\rs ( a concave 7holl[$ out7 cone 7,fig4 #i7 are close toge!r at ! c5t] 7top7 & f> ap>t at ! outside 7bottom74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,! foll[+ additional po9ts ab\t cont\rs %\ld be rememb]$3 7a7 ,a ,wat] ,%$ or ,spur1 along ) ra9 wat] divides1 fl[+ away f x on bo? sides1 is indicat$ by ! high] cont\rs bulg+ out t[>d ! l[] ones 7,f-,h1 ,fig4 #f74 7b7 ,a ,wat] ,c\rse or ,valley1 along :i* ra9 fall+ on bo? sides ( x jo9s 9 "o /ream1 is indicat$ by ! l[] cont\rs curv+ 9 t[>d ! high] ones 7,m-,n1 ,fig4 #f74 7c7 ,! cont\rs ( diff]5t heights :i* unite & become a s+le l9e1 repres5t a v]tical cliff 7,k1 ,fig4 #f74 7d7 ,two cont\rs :i* cross ea* o!r repres5t an ov]hang+ cliff4 7e7 ,a clos$ cont\r )\t ano!r cont\r 9 x1 repres5ts ei!r 9 elevation or a depression1 dep5d+ on :e!r its ref]5ce numb] is great] or small] ?an t ( ! out] cont\r4 ,a hilltop is %[n :5 ! clos$ cont\r is high] ?an ! cont\r next to x2 a depression is %[n :5 ! clos$ cont\r is l[] ?an ! "o next to x4 ,if ! /ud5t w fir/ exam9e ! dra9age sy/em1 z %[n by ! c\rses ( ! /reams on ! map1 he c readily locate all ! valleys1 z ! /reams mu/ fl[ ?r\gh valleys4 ,kn[+ ! valleys1 ! ridges or hills c easily be plac$1 ev5 )\t ref]5ce to ! numb]s on ! cont\rs4 ,= example3 ,on ! ,elem5t>y ,map1 ,woods ,creek fl[s nor? & ,york ,creek fl[s s\?4 ,!y rise v close to ea* o!r1 & ! gr\nd betwe5 ! po9ts at :i* !y rise mu/ be high] gr\nd1 slop+ nor? on "o side & s\? on ! o!r1 z ! /reams fl[ nor? & s\?1 respectively 7see ! ridge runn+ we/ f ,tw9 ,hills74 ,! c\rse ( ,s&y ,creek indicates a long valley1 ext5d+ almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ! map4 ,mead[ ,creek foll[s ano!r valley1 & ,deep ,run ano!r4 ,:5 ^! /reams happ5 to jo9 o!r /reams1 ! valleys mu/ op5 into ea* o!r4 #ahfg4 ,map ,di/ances 7or horizontal equival5ts74 ,! horizontal di/ance betwe5 cont\rs on a map 7call$ map di/ance1 or ,m4 ,d42 or horizontal equival5ts or ,h4 ,e47 is inv]sely proportional to ! slope ( ! gr\nd repres5t$--t x to say1 ! great] ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 ! less is ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! cont\rs2 ! less ! slope ( ! gr\nd repres5t$1 ! great] is ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! cont\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj --------------------------------- ,slope ,rise ,horizontal 7degrees7 7feet7 ,di/ance 7in*es7 --------------------------------- #a deg4 #a #fhh #b deg4 #a #fhh_/b #cdd #c deg4 #a #fhh_/c #bbi #d deg4 #a #fhh_/d #agb #e deg4 #a #fhh_/e #ach --------------------------------- ,x is a fact t #fhh in*es horizontally on a #a degree slope gives a v]tical rise ( "o foot2 #acgf in*es1 two feet1 #bjfd in*es1 ?ree feet1 etc41 f :i* we see t on a slope ( #a degree1 #fhh in*es multipli$ by v]tical rises ( #a foot1 #b feet1 #c feet1 etc41 gives u ! correspond+ horizontal di/ance 9 in*es4 ,= example1 if ! cont\r int]val 7,v]tical ,int]val1 ,v4 ,i47 ( a map is #aj feet1 !n #fhh in*es x #aj equals #fhhj in*es1 gives ! horizontal gr\nd di/ance correspond+ to a rise ( #aj feet on a #a degree slope4 ,to r$uce ?is horizontal gr\nd di/ance to horizontal map di/ance1 we w\ld1 = example1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,let u assume ! ,r4 ,f4 to be #a_/aehdj--t is to say1 #ae1hdj in*es on ! gr\nd equals #a in* on ! map1 consequ5tly1 #fhhj in*es on ! gr\nd equals #fhhj_/aehdj1 equals 4#dd in* on ! map4 ,& 9 ! case ( #b degrees1 #c degrees1 etc41 we w\ld h3 ,m4 ,d4 = #b deg4 #fhhj_/7aehdj x #b7 4#bb in*2 ,m4 ,d4 = #c deg4 #fhhj_/7aehdj x #c7 4#ae in*1 etc4 ,f ! above1 we h ?is rule3 ,to con/ruct a scale ( ,m4 ,d4 = a map1 multiply #fhh by ! cont\r int]val 79 feet7 & ! ,r4 ,f4 ( ! map1 & divide ! results by #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 & !n lay (f ^! di/ances z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ,p>4 #ahfg;a4 ,,=mula ,m4 ,d4 7in*es7 7#fhh x ,v4 ,i4 7feet7 x ,r4 ,f47 _/ 7,degrees 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc477 #ahfg;a4 ,scale ( ,map ,di/ances 7or1 ,scale ( ,slopes74 ,on ! ,elem5t>y ,map1 bel[ ! scale ( miles & scale ( y>ds1 is a scale simil> to ! foll[+ "o3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,! left-h& division is m>k$ #a_/b deg42 ! next division 7"o-half z long7 #a deg42 ! next division 7"o-half ! l5g? ( ! #a deg4 division7 #b deg41 & s on4 ,! #a_/b deg4 division means t :]e adjac5t cont\rs on ! map are j t di/ance ap>t1 ! gr\nd has a slope ( #a_/b a degree betwe5 ^! two cont\rs1 & slopes up t[>d ! cont\r ) ! high] ref]5ce numb]2 a space betwe5 adjac5t cont\rs equal to ! #a deg4 space %[n on ! scale means a #a deg4 slope1 & s on4 ,:at is a slope ( #a deg48 ,by a slope ( #a deg4 we mean t ! surface ( ! gr\nd makes an angle ( #a deg4 ) ! horizontal 7a level surface4 ,see ,fig4 #aj1 ,p>4 #ahfg74 ,! /ud5t %\ld f9d out ! slope ( "s hill or /reet & ?us get a concrete idea ( :at ! diff]5t degrees ( slope mean4 ,a road hav+ a #e deg4 slope is v /eep4 ,by means ( ?is scale ( ,m4 ,d4's on ! map1 ! map read] c det]m9e ! slope ( any portion ( ! gr\nd repres5t$1 t is1 z /eep z #a_/b deg4 or /eep]4 ,gr\nd hav+ a slope ( less ?an #a_/b deg4 is practically level4 #ahfh4 ,slopes4 ,slopes are usually giv5 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 #a/1 9 degrees2 #b;d1 9 p]c5tages2 #c;d1 9 gradi5ts 7grades74 #a/4 ,a "o degree slope means t ! angle betwe5 ! horizontal & ! giv5 l9e is #a degree 7#a deg474 ,see ,fig4 #aj1 ,p>4 #ahfg4 #b;d4 ,a slope is said to be #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 p] c5t1 :5 #ajj units horizontally correspond to a rise ( #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 units v]tically4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab #c;d4 ,a slope is said to be "o on "o 7#a_/a71 two on ?ree1 7#b_/c71 etc41 :5 "o unit horizontal corresponds to #a v]tical2 ?ree horizontal correspond to two v]tical1 etc4 ,! num]ator usually ref]s to ! v]tical di/ance1 & ! d5om9ator to ! horizontal di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,degrees ( slope are usually us$ 9 milit>y matt]s2 p]c5tages are (t5 us$ = roads1 almo/ always ( railroads2 gradi5ts are us$ ( /eep slopes1 & usually ( dim5sions ( tr5*es4 #ahfi4 ,effect ( ,slope on ,movem5ts #fj degrees or #g_/d inaccessible = infantry2 #de degrees or #a_/a difficult = infantry2 #cj degrees or #d_/g inaccessible = cavalry2 #ae degrees or #a_/d inaccessible = artill]y2 #e degrees or #a_/ab accessible = wagons4 ,! normal sy/em ( scales prescrib$ = ,u4 ,s4 ,army field sket*es is z foll[s3 ,= road sket*es1 #c in*es #a mile1 v]tical int]val betwe5 cont\rs 7,v4 ,i47 #bj ft42 = position sket*es1 #f in*es #a mile1 ,v4 ,i4 #aj ft42 = =tification sket*es1 #ab in*es #a mile1 ,v4 ,i4 #e ft4 ,on ?is sy/em any giv5 l5g? ( ,m4 ,d4 corresponds to ! same slope on ea* ( ! scales4 ,= in/ance1 4#ae in* betwe5 cont\rs repres5ts a #e deg4 slope on ! #c-;in*1 #f-;in* & #ab-;in* maps ( ! normal sy/em4 ,figure #aa1 ,p>4 #ahfg;a1 gives ! normal scale ( ,m4 ,d4's = slopes up to #h degrees4 ,a scale ( ,m4 ,d4's is usually pr9t$ on ! m>g9 ( maps1 ne> ! geographical scale4 #ahgj4 ,m]idians4 ,if y look along ! upp] left h& bord] ( ! ,elem5t>y ,map 7back ( ,manual71 y w see two arr[s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 po9t+ t[>ds ! top ( ! map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,!y are po9t+ 9 ! direction t is nor? on ! map4 ,! arr[ ) a full b>b po9ts t[>d ! nor? pole 7! ,true ,nor? ,pole7 ( ! e>?1 & is call$ ! ,true ,m]idian4 ,! arr[ ) b half a b>b po9ts t[>d :at is kn[n z ! ,magnetic ,pole ( ! e>?1 & is call$ ! ,magnetic ,m]idian4 ,! ,magnetic ,pole is a po9t up 9 ! arctic regions1 ne> ! geographical or ,true ,nor? ,pole1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its magnetic qualities1 attracts "o end ( all compass ne$les & causes !m to po9t t[>ds x1 & z x is ne> ! ,true ,nor? ,pole1 ?is s]ves to indicate ! direction ( nor? to a p]son us+ a compass4 ,( c\rse1 ! angle :i* ! ,magnetic ne$le makes ) ! ,true ,m]idian 7call$ ! ,magnetic ,decl9ation7 v>ies at diff]5t po9ts on ! e>?4 ,9 "s places x po9ts ea/ ( ! ,true ,m]idian & 9 o!rs x po9ts we/ ( x4 ,x is important to "k ?is relation because maps usually %[ ! ,true ,m]idian & an obs]v] is g5]ally suppli$ ) a magnetic compass4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! usual type ( ,box ,compass4 ,x has #d c>d9al po9ts1 ,n1 ,e1 ,s & ,w m>k$1 z well z a circle graduat$ 9 degrees f z]o to #cfj deg41 clockwise ar\nd ! circle4 ,to read ! magnetic angle 7call$ magnetic azimu?7 ( any po9t f ! obs]v]'s position ! nor? po9t ( ! compass circle is po9t$ t[>d ! object & ! angle indicat$ by ! nor? end ( ! ne$le is read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,y n[ "k f ! m]idians1 = example1 9 go+ f ,york to ,ox=d 7see ,elem5t>y ,map7 t y travel nor?2 f ,bol+ to ,salem y mu/ travel s\?2 go+ f ,salem to ,york requires y to travel we/2 & f ,york to ,salem y travel ea/4 ,suppose y are 9 comm& ( a patrol at ,york & are told to g to ,salem by ! mo/ direct l9e across c\ntry4 ,y look at y\r map & see t ,salem is exactly ea/ ( ,york4 ,next y take out y\r field compass 7,figure #ae1 ,p>4 #ahgj71 raise ! lid1 hold ! box level1 all[ ! ne$le to settle & see 9 :at direction ! nor? end ( ! ne$le po9ts 7x w\ld po9t t[>d ,ox=d74 ,y !n "k ! direction ( nor? f ,york1 & y c turn y\r "r & g due ea/ t[>ds ,salem4 ,hav+ once discov]$ ! direction ( nor? on ! gr\nd1 y c g to any po9t %[n on y\r map )\t o!r assi/ance4 ,if y /& at ,york1 fac+ nor? & ref] to y\r map1 y ne$ no guide to tell y t ,salem lies directly to y\r "r2 ,ox=d /raight 9 front ( y2 ,bol+ 9 a direction ab\t halfway betwe5 ! directions ( ,salem & ,ox=d1 & s on4 #ahga4 ,det]m9ation ( positions ( po9ts on map4 ,if ! di/ance1 height & direction ( a po9t on a map are kn[n ) respect to any o!r po9t1 !n ! position ( ! fir/ po9t is fully det]m9$4 ,! scale ( ! map enables u to det]m9e ! di/ance2 ! cont\rs1 ! height2 & ! "t m]idian1 ! direction4 ,?us 7see map 9 pocket at back ( book71 ,pope ,hill 7sm'7 is #hjj y>ds f ,grant ,hill 7um'7 7us+ graphical scale71 & x is #cj feet high] ?an ,grant ,hill1 s9ce x is on cont\r #hgj & ,grant ,hill is on cont\r #hdj2 ,pope ,hill is also due nor? ( ,grant ,hill1 t is1 ! nor? & s\? l9e ?r\gh ,grant ,hill passes ?r\gh ,pope ,hill4 ,!re=e1 ! position ( ,pope ,hill is fully det]m9$ ) respect to ,grant ,hill4 ,ori5tation #ahgb4 ,9 ord] t directions on ! map & on ! gr\nd %all correspond1 x is necess>y = ! map to be ori5t$1 t is1 ! true m]idian ( ! map mu/ lie 9 ! same direction z ! true m]idian ?r\gh ! obs]v]'s position on ! gr\nd1 :i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! l9es t run nor? & s\? on ! map mu/ run 9 ! same direction z ! l9es nor? & s\? on ! gr\nd4 ,e road1 /ream or o!r feature on ! map w !n run 9 ! same direction z ! road1 /ream or o!r feature itself on ! gr\nd1 & all ! objects %[n on ! map c be quickly id5tifi$ & pick$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,me?ods ( ,ori5t+ a ,map #a/4 ,by magnetic ne$le3 ,if ! map has a magnetic m]idian m>k$ on x z is on ! ,leav5wor? map 79 pocket at back ( book71 place ! sight+ l9e1 a-b1 ( ! compass 7,fig4 #ae7 on ! magnetic m]idian ( ! map & move ! map ar\nd horizontally until ! nor? end ( ! ne$le po9ts t[>d ! nor? ( its circle1 :]eupon ! map is ori5t$4 ,if !re is a true m]idian on ! map1 b n a magnetic m]idian1 "o may be con/ruct$ z foll[s1 if ! magnetic decl9ation is kn[n3 7,figure #af73 ,place ! true m]idian ( ! map directly "u ! magnetic ne$le ( ! compass & !n move ! compass box until ! ne$le reads an angle equal to ! magnetic decl9ation4 ,a l9e 9 ext5sion ( ! sight+ l9e a'-b' w be ! magnetic-m]idian4 ,if ! magnetic decl9ation ( ! obs]v]'s position is n m ?an #d deg4 or #e deg41 ! ori5tation w be giv5 closely en\gh = ord9>y purposes by tak+ ! true & magnetic m]idians to be id5tical4 #b;d4 ,if nei!r ! magnetic nor ! true m]idian is on ! map1 b ! obs]v]'s position on ! gr\nd is kn[n3 ,move ! map horizontally until ! direction ( "s def9ite po9t on ! gr\nd is ! same z its direction on ! map2 ! map is !n ori5t$4 ,= example1 suppose y are /&+ on ! gr\nd at #h1 q k' 7,=t ,leav5 wor? ,map71 & c see ! ,u4 ,s4 p5it5ti>y (f to ! s\?4 ,hold ! map 9 front ( y & face t[>d ! ,u4 ,s4 p5it5ti>y1 mov+ ! map until ! l9e jo9+ #h & ! ,u4 ,s4 p5it5ti>y 7on ! map7 lies 9 ! same direction z ! l9e jo9+ ^? two po9ts on ! gr\nd4 ,! map is n[ ori5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,hav+ le>n$ to ori5t a map & to locate 8 position on ! map1 "o %\ld !n practice mov+ ov] ! gr\nd & at ! same "t keep+ 8 map ori5t$ & not+ ea* gr\nd feature on ! map z x is pass$4 ,?is practice is ( ! greate/ value 9 le>n+ to read a map accurately & to e/imate di/ances1 directions & slopes correctly4 ,true ,m]idian #ahgc4 ,! position ( ! true m]idian may be f\nd z foll[s 7,fig4 #ag73 ,po9t ! h\r h& ( a wat* t[>d ! sun2 ! l9e jo9+ ! pivot & ! po9t midway betwe5 ! h\r h& & ,,xii on ! dial1 w po9t t[>d ! s\?2 t is to say1 if ! obs]v] /&s s z to face ! sun & ! ,,xii on ! dial1 he w be look+ s\?4 ,to po9t ! h\r h& exactly at ! sun1 /ick a p9 z at 7a7 ,fig4 #ag & br+ ! h\r h& into ! %ad[4 ,at night1 a l9e drawn t[>d ! nor? /> f ! obs]v]'s position is approximately a true m]idian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,! l9e jo9+ ! po9t]s ( ! ,great ,be> or ,dipp]1 prolong$ ab\t five times its l5g? passes ne>ly ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,/>1 :i* c be recogniz$ by its brilliancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah #ahgd4 ,conv5tional ,signs4 ,9 ord] t ! p]son us+ a map may be able to tell :at are roads1 h\ses1 woods1 etc41 ea* ( ^! features are repres5t$ by p>ticul> signs1 call$ conv5tional signs4 ,9 o!r words1 conv5tional signs are c]ta9 m>ks or symbols %[n on a map to designate physical features ( ! t]ra94 7,see diagram1 ,p>4 #ahge ,plate ,i & ,,ii47 ,on ! ,elem5t>y ,map ! conv5tional signs are all label$ ) ! "n ( :at !y repres5t4 ,by exam9+ ?is map ! /ud5t c quickly le>n to di/+ui% ! conv5tional signs ( mo/ ( ! ord9>y features %[n on maps4 ,^! conv5tional signs are usually graphical repres5tations ( ! gr\nd features !y repres5t1 &1 !re=e1 c usually be recogniz$ )\t explanation4 ,= example1 ! roads on ! ,elem5t>y ,map c be easily di/+ui%$4 ,!y are repres5t$ by p>allel l9es 774 ,! /ud5t %\ld be able to trace out ! r\te ( ! ,valley ,pike1 ! ,*e/] ,pike1 ! ,c\nty ,road1 & ! direct road f ,salem to ,bol+4 ,private or f>m lanes1 & unimprov$ roads are repres5t$ by brok5 l9es 7 74 ,su* a road or lane c be se5 runn+ f ! ,b>ton f>m to ! ,*e/] ,pike4 ,ano!r lane runs f ! ,mills f>m to ! same ,pike4 ,! small crossm>ks on ! road l9es indicate b>b$ wire f5ces2 ! r\nd circles indicate smoo? wire2 ! small1 connect$ ovals 7z %[n ar\nd ! cemet]y7 indicate /one walls1 & ! zigzag l9es 7z %[n "o mile s\? ( ,bol+7 repres5t wood5 f5ces4 ,ne> ! c5t] ( ! map1 by ! ,*e/] ,pike1 is an or*>d4 ,! small circles1 regul>ly plac$1 give ! idea ( trees plant$ 9 regul> r[s4 ,ea* circle does n indicate a tree1 b ! area cov]$ by ! small circles does indicate accurately ! area cov]$ by ! or*>d on ! gr\nd4 ,j s\?we/ ( ,bol+ a l>ge woods 7,bol+ ,woods7 is %[n4 ,o!r clumps ( woods1 ( v>y+ ext5t1 are indicat$ on ! map4 ,! c\rse ( ,s&y ,creek c be readily trac$1 & ! arr[s plac$ along x1 indicate ! direction 9 :i* x fl[s4 ,its /eep banks are indicat$ by successive da%es1 t]m$ ha*ures4 ,a few trees are %[n /rung along its banks4 ,bak]'s ,pond receives its wat] f ! little creek :i* rises 9 ! small clump ( timb] j s\? ( ! pond1 & ! ha*ures along ! nor!rn end repres5t ! /eep banks ( a dam4 ,mead[ ,creek fl[s nor!a/ f ! dam & !n nor?we/ t[>d ,ox=d1 jo9+ ,woods ,creek j s\? ( t t[n4 ,york ,creek rises 9 ! woods #a-a_/d miles nor? ( ,york1 & fl[s s\? ?r\gh ,york4 ,x has a we/ bran* :i* rises 9 ! valleys s\? ( ,tw9 ,hills4 ,a railroad is %[n runn+ s\!a/ f ,ox=d to ,salem4 ,! ha*ures1 unconnect$ at _! out] extremities1 indicate ! fills or embankm5ts ov] :i* ! track runs4 ,notice ! fills or embankm5ts on :i* ! railroad runs j nor?we/ ( ,salem2 ne> ! cross+ ( ,s&y ,creek2 nor? ( ,bak]'s ,pond2 & :]e x approa*es ! outskirts ( ,ox=d4 ,! ha*ures1 connect$ along _! out] extremities1 repres5t ! cut ?r\gh :i* ! railroad passes4 ,!re is only "o railroad cut %[n on ! ,elem5t>y ,map--ab\t "o-qu>t] ( a mile nor!a/ ( ,bak]'s ,pond--:]e x cuts ?r\gh ! nor!rn extremity ( ! long range ( hills1 />t+ j ea/ ( ,york4 ,! wagon roads pass ?r\gh num]\s cuts--we/ ( ,tw9 ,hills1 nor!rn end ( ,s&y ,ridge1 s\!a/]n end ( ,long ,ridge1 & s on4 ,! small ,t's along ! railroad & "s ( ! wagon roads1 indicate telegraph or telephone l9es4 ,! conv5tional sign = a bridge is %[n :]e ! railroad crosses ,s&y ,creek on a tre/le4 ,o!r bridges are %[n at ! po9ts ! wagon roads cross ?is creek4 ,h\ses or build+s are %[n 9 ,ox=d1 ,salem1 ,york & ,bol+4 ,!y are also %[n 9 ! case ( a numb] ( f>ms repres5t$--,b>ton f>m1 ,wells f>m1 ,mason's1 ,br[n's1 ,bak]'s & o!rs4 ,! h\ses %[n 9 solid black are sub/antial /ructures ( brick or /one2 ! build+s indicat$ by rectangul> outl9es are out build+s1 b>ns1 %$s1 etc4 ,plates ,i & ,,ii give ! ,conv5tional ,signs us$ on milit>y maps & !y %\ld be ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,9 ha/y sket*+1 9 ord] to save "t1 in/ead ( us+ ! regulation ,conv5tional ,signs1 v (t5 simply ! outl9e ( ! object1 su* z a wood1 a v9ey>d1 a lake1 etc41 is indicat$1 ) ! "n ( ! object writt5 )9 ! outl9e1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,su* means are us$ v frequ5tly 9 rapid sket*+1 on acc\nt ( ! "t t !y save4 ,by ref]5ce to ! map ( ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ! mean+ ( all its symbols is at once evid5t f ! names pr9t$ !reon2 = example1 t ( a city1 woods1 roads1 /reams1 railroad1 etc42 :]e no ,conv5tional ,sign is us$ on any area1 x is to be und]/ood t any gr[?s !reon are n high en\gh to furni% any cov]4 ,z an ex]cise1 pick out f ! map ! foll[+ conv5tional signs3 ,unimprov$ road1 cemet]y1 railroad track1 h$ge1 wire f5ce1 or*>d1 /reams1 lake4 ,! numb]s on ! v>i\s road cross+s h no equival5t on ! gr\nd1 b are plac$ on ! maps to facilitate description ( r\tes1 etc4 ,(t5 ! numb]s at road cross+s on o!r maps d5ote ! elevation ( ^! po9ts4 ,visibility #ahge4 ,! problem ( visibility is bas$ on ! relations ( cont\rs & map di/ances previ\sly discuss$1 & includes su* matt]s z ! det]m9ation ( :e!r a po9t c or c n be se5 f ano!r2 :e!r a c]ta9 l9e ( m>* is conceal$ f ! enemy2 :e!r a p>ticul> area is se5 f a giv5 po9t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! necess>y inaccuracy ( all maps x is impossible to det]m9e exactly h[ mu* gr\nd is visible f any giv5 po9t--t is1 if a correct read+ ( ! map %[s a c]ta9 po9t to be j b>ely visible1 !n x w\ld be unsafe to say positively t on ! gr\nd ?is po9t c\ld be se5 or c\ld n be se54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great importance = "o to be able to det]m9e at a glance1 )9 ab\t "o cont\r int]val1 :e!r or n su* & su* a po9t is visible2 or :e!r a giv5 road is g5]ally visible to a c]ta9 sc\t1 etc4 ,= ?is reason no ef=t is made to give an exact ma!matical solution ( problems 9 visibility fur!r ?an w\ld be useful 9 practical "w ) a map 9 ! solution ( map problems 9 patroll+4 ,9 ! solution ( visibility problems1 x is necess>y t "o %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ! mean+ ( pr(iles & _! con/ruction4 ,a pr(ile is ! l9e suppos$ to be cut f ! surface ( ! e>? by an imag9>y v]tical 7up & d[n7 plane4 7,see ,fig4 #ba47 ,! repres5tation ( ?is l9e to scale on a %eet ( pap] is also call$ a pr(ile4 ,figure #ba %[s a pr(ile on ! l9e ,d--y 7,figure #bj7 9 :i* ! horizontal scale is ! same z t ( ! map 7,figure #bj7 & ! v]tical scale is #a in* #dj feet4 ,x is cu/om>y to draw a pr(ile ) a great] v]tical ?an horizontal scale 9 ord] to make ! slopes on ! pr(ile appe> to ! eye z !y exi/ on ! gr\nd4 ,consequ5tly1 always note especially ! v]tical scale 9 exam9+ any pr(ile2 ! horizontal scale is usually t ( ! map f :i* ! pr(ile is tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,a pr(ile is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 7,fig4 #ba73 ,draw a l9e ,d'--y' equal 9 l5g? to ,d--y on ! map4 ,lay (f on ?is l9e f ,d' di/ances equal to ! di/ances ( ! successive cont\rs f ,d on ! map4 ,at ea* ( ^! cont\r po9ts erect a p]p5dicul> equal to ! elevation ( ?is p>ticul> cont\r1 z %[n by ! v]tical scale 7#ifj1 #idj1 #ibj1 etc47 on ! left4 ,jo9 successively ^! v]ticals by a smoo? curve1 :i* is ! requir$ pr(ile4 ,cross section pap] ) l9es pr9t$ #a_/aj in* ap>t horizontally & v]tically simplifies ! "w ( con/ruction1 by avoid+ ! necessity ( lay+ (f ea* individual di/ance4 #ahgf4 ,visibility ,problem4 ,to det]m9e :e!r an obs]v] ) 8 eye at ,d c see ! bridge at ,,xx 7,figure #bj74 ,by exam9+ ! pr(ile x is se5 t an obs]v]1 ) 8 eye at ,d1 look+ along ! l9e ,d--,,xx1 c see ! gr\nd z f> z 7a7 f 7a7 to 7b71 is hidd5 f view by ! ridge at 7a72 7b7 to 7c7 is visible2 7c7 to 7d7 is hidd5 by ! ridge at 7c74 ,by ?us draw+ ! pr(iles1 ! visibility ( any po9t f a giv5 po9t may be det]m9$4 ,! "w may be mu* %ort5$ by draw+ ! pr(ile ( only ! obs]v]'s position 7,d7 ( ! po9t 9 "q1 & ( ! probable ob/ruct+ po9ts 7a7 & 7c74 ,x is evid5tly unnecess>y to con/ruct ! pr(ile f ,d to x1 because ! slope be+ concave %[s t x does n =m an ob/ruction4 ,! above me?od ( det]m9+ visibility by means ( a pr(ile is valuable practice = le>n+ slopes ( gr\nd1 & ! =ms ( ! gr\nd correspond+ to diff]5t cont\r spac+s4 ,visibility ( ,areas #ahgg4 ,to det]m9e ! area visible f a giv5 po9t ! same me?od is us$4 ,fir/ m>k (f z invisible all areas hidd5 by woods1 build+s1 high hills1 & !n te/ ! d\btful po9ts along l9es su* z ,d--,,xx1 ,figure #bj4 ,) practice ! noncommission$ (fic] c soon decide by inspection all except ! v close cases4 ,?is me?od is a rapid approximation ( ! solution %[n 9 ! pr(ile4 ,9 g5]al x w n be practicable to det]m9e ! visibility ( a po9t by ?is me?od clos] ?an to say ! l9e ( sight pi]ces ! gr\nd betwe5 two adjo9+ cont\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,milit>y ,,sket*+ 7,:ile ?is *apt] pres5ts ! pr9cipal features ( milit>y sket*+ 9 a simple1 cle> mann]1 att5tion is invit$ to ! fact t ! only way t any "o :o has nev] done any sket*+ c foll[ prop]ly ! /atem5ts made1 is to d s ) ! in/rum5ts & ! sket*+ mat]ial m5tion$ at h&4 ,9 fact1 ! only way to le>n h[ to sket* is to sket*47 #ahgh4 ,a milit>y sket* is a r\gh map %[+ ! features ( ! gr\nd t are ( milit>y value4 ,milit>y sket*+ is ! art ( mak+ su* a milit>y sket*4 ,milit>y sket*es are ( ?ree k9ds3 ,position sket*es1 ,fig4 #a2 ,outpo/ sket*es2 ,road sket*es4 ,all k9ds ( milit>y sket*es are int5d$ to give a milit>y comm&] detail$ in=mation ( ! gr\nd to be op]at$ ov]1 :5 ?is is n giv5 by ! exi/+ maps1 or :5 !re are no maps ( ! area4 ,! g5]al me?ods ( sket*+ are3 7#a7 ,! location ( po9ts by int]section4 7#b7 ,! location ( po9ts by resection4 #ahgi4 ,location ( po9ts by int]section4 ,to locate a po9t by int]section proce$ z foll[s3 ,set up1 level & ori5t ! sket*+ bo>d 7,p>4 #ahgb71 at ,a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! bo>d is said to be ori5t$ :5 ! ne$le is p>allel to ! sides ( ! compass tr\gh ( ! draw+ bo>d1 ,fig #b4 7,at e /ation ! ne$le mu/ h ?is position1 s t e l9e on ! sket* w be p>allel to ! correspond+ l9e or direction on ! gr\nd47 ,assume a po9t 7,a7 on ! pap]1 ,fig4 #a ,y1 9 su* a position t ! gr\nd to be sket*$ w fall on ! %eet4 ,lay ! rul] on ! bo>d & po9t x to ! desir$ po9t 7,c71 all ! :ile keep+ ! edge ( ! rul] on ! po9t 7,a71 ,fig4 #a ,y4 ,draw an indef9ite l9e along ! edge4 ,n[ move to 7,b71 ,fig4 #a ,x1 plott$ on ! map 9 7b71 ,fig4 #a ,x1 & hav+ set up1 level$ & ori5t$ z at 7,a71 ,fig4 #a ,y1 sight t[>d 7,c7 z be=e4 ,! int]section 7cross+7 ( ! two l9es locates 7,c7 on ! sket* at 7c71 ,fig4 #a ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #ahhj4 ,locat+ po9ts by resection4 ,a sket*] at an unkn[n po9t may locate himself f two visible kn[n po9ts by sett+ up & ori5t+ 8 sket*+ bo>d4 ,he !n places 8 alidade 7rul]7 s t x po9ts at "o ( ! kn[n po9ts1 keep+ ! edge ( ! alidade t\*+ ! correspond+ po9t on ! sket*4 ,he !n draws a ray 7l9e7 f ! po9t t[>d 8 eye4 ,he repeats ! p]=mance ) ! o!r visible kn[n po9t & its location on ! map4 ,! po9t :]e ! rays int]sect is 8 location4 ,?is me?od is call$ resection4 ,h[ev]1 local attractions = ! compass greatly affect ?is me?od4 #ahha4 ,! location ( po9ts by trav]s+4 ,to locate a po9t by trav]s+ is done z foll[s3 ,) ! bo>d set up1 level$ & ori5t$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #a ,y1 z above1 draw a l9e 9 ! direction ( ! desir$ po9t ,b1 ,fig4 #a ,x1 & !n move to ,b1 c\nt+ /rides1 keep+ record ( !m ) a tally regi/]1 ,fig4 #c1 if "o is available4 ,set up ! bo>d at ,b1 ,fig4 #a ,x1 & ori5t x by lay+ ! rul] along ! l9e 7a7-7b71 ,fig4 #a ,x1 & mov+ ! bo>d until ! rul] is direct$ t[>d ,a1 ,fig4 #a ,y1 on ! gr\nd2 or else ori5t by ! ne$le z at ,a4 ,) ! scale ( ! sket*]'s /rides on ! rul]1 lay (f ! numb] ( /rides f\nd f ,a1 ,fig4 #a ,y1 to ,b1 ,fig4 #a ,x1 & m>k ! po9t 7b71 ,fig4 #a ,x4 ,o!r po9ts1 su* z ,c1 ,d1 etc41 w\ld be locat$ 9 ! same way4 #ahhb4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! heights ( hills1 %apes ( ! gr\nd1 etc41 by cont\rs4 ,to draw 9 cont\rs on a sket*1 ! foll[+ /eps are necess>y3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b 7a7 ,f ! kn[n or assum$ elevation ( a locat$ /ation z ,a1 ,fig4 #a ,y1 7elevation #hij71 ! elevations ( all hill tops1 /ream junctures1 /ream s\rces1 etc1 are det]m9$4 7b7 ,hav+ f\nd ! elevations ( ^! critical po9ts ! cont\rs are put 9 by spac+ !m s z to %[ ! slope ( ! gr\nd along ea* l9e su* z 7a7-7b71 7a7-7c71 etc41 ,fig4 #a ,y1 z ^! slopes actually are on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 7,tally ,regi/]7--,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 7,cl9omet]7--,fig4 #d ,to f9d ! elevation ( any po9t1 say ,c 7%[n on sket* z c71 proce$ z foll[s3 ,read ! v]tical angle ) slope bo>d1 ,fig4 #b1 or ) a cl9omet]1 ,fig4 #d4 ,suppose ?is is f\nd to be #b degrees2 lay ! scale ( ,m4 ,d4#bb 7rul]1 ,fig4 #b7 along 7a7-7c71 ,fig4 #a ,y1 & note ! numb] ( divisions ( -#b degrees 7m9us #b deg47 betwe5 7a7 & 7c74 ,suppose !re are f\nd to be #e-a_/b divisions2 !n1 s9ce ea* division is #aj feet1 ! total height ( ,a above ,c is #ee feet 7#e-a_/b x #aj74 ,c is !re=e #hce ft4 elev4 :i* is writt5 at 7c71 ,fig4 #a ,y4 ,n[ look+ at ! gr\nd along ,a-,c1 suppose y f9d x to be a v decid$ concave 7holl[$ out7 slope1 ne>ly flat at ! bottom & /eep at ! top4 ,!re are to be plac$ 9 ?is space 7a7-7c71 ,fig4 #a ,y1 cont\rs #hij1 #hhj1 #hgj1 #hfj & #hej1 & !y w\ld be spac$ close at ! top & f> ap>t ne> 7c71 ,fig4 #a ,y1 to give a true idea ( ! slope4 ,! above is ! entire pr9ciple ( cont\r+ 9 mak+ sket*es & if ?or\ghly le>n$ by c>eful repetition "u diff]5t conditions1 w enable ! /ud5t to soon be able to c>ry ! cont\rs ) ! horizontal locations4 #ahhc4 ,9 all maps t are to be cont\r$ "s plane1 call$ ! datum plane1 mu/ be us$ to :i* all cont\rs are ref]r$4 ,?is plane is usually mean sea level & ! cont\rs are numb]$ f ?is plane upw>d1 all heights be+ elevations above mean sea level4 ,9 a p>ticul> locality t is to be sket*$ !re is g5]ally "s po9t ! elevation ( :i* is kn[n4 ,^! po9ts may be b5* m>ks ( a survey1 elevation ( a railroad /ation above sea level1 etc4 ,by us+ su* po9ts z ! ref]5ce po9t = cont\rs ! prop] elevations above sea level w be %[n4 ,9 case no po9t ( kn[n elevation is at h& ! elevation ( "s po9t w h to be assum$ & ! cont\rs ref]r$ to x4 ,skill 9 cont\r+ comes only ) practice b by ! use ( exp$i5ts a fairly accurate cont\r$ map c be made4 ,9 cont\r+ an area ! /ream l9es & rav9es =m a framework or skeleton on :i* ! cont\rs are hung m or less l a cobweb4 ,^! l9es are accurately mapp$ & _! slopes det]m9$ & ! cont\rs are !n sket*$ 94 ,if ! sket*] desires he may omit det]m9+ ! slopes ( ! /ream l9es & in/ead det]m9e ! elevations ( a numb] ( critical po9ts 7po9ts :]e ! slope *anges7 9 ! area & !n draw 9 ! cont\rs rememb]+ t cont\rs bulge d[nw>d on slopes & upw>d on /reams l9es & rav9es4 ,if "t p]mits bo? ! slopes ( ! /ream l9es & ! elevation ( ! critical po9ts may be det]m9$ & ! result+ sket* w ga9 9 accuracy4 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i %[ ^! me?ods ( det]m9+ & sket*+ 9 cont\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #ahhd4 ,=m l9es4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a sket* mu/ be made v ha/ily & "t w n p]mit ( cont\r+4 ,9 ?is case =m l9es are us$4 ,^! l9es are exactly l cont\rs except t ! elevations & =ms ( ! hills & depressions :i* !y repres5t are e/imat$ & ! sket*] draws ! =m l9es 9 to indicate ! v>y+ =ms ( ! gr\nd z he sees x4 #ahhe4 ,scales4 ,! ,army ,regulations prescribe a uni=m sy/em ( scales & cont\r int]vals = milit>y maps1 z foll[s3 ,road sket*es & ext5d$ positions2 scale #c in*es to a mile1 v]tical 7or cont\r7 int]val1 #bj feet4 ,position or outpo/ sket*es2 scale #f in*es to a mile1 v]tical 7or cont\r7 int]val1 #aj feet4 ,?is uni=m sy/em is a great help 9 sket*+ z a giv5 map di/ance1 ,p>4 #ahfg;a1 repres5ts ! same degree ( slope = bo? ! #c in* to ! mile or ! #f in* to ! mile scale4 ,! map di/ances once le>n$ c be appli$ to a map ( ei!r scale & ?is is ( great value 9 sket*+4 ,con/ruction ( ,work+ ,scales #ahhf4 ,work+ scale4 ,a work+ scale is a scale us$ 9 mak+ a map4 ,x may be a scale = paces or /rides or revolutions ( a :eel4 #ahhg4 ,l5g? ( pace4 ,! l5g? ( a man's pace at a natural walk is ab\t #cj in*es1 v>y+ some:at 9 diff]5t m54 ,ea* man mu/ det]m9e 8 own l5g? ( pace by walk+ sev]al times ov] a kn[n di/ance4 ,9 do+ ?is be sure to take a natural pace4 ,:5 y "k y\r l5g? ( pace y m]ely c\nt y\r paces 9 go+ ov] a di/ance & a simple multiplication ( paces by l5g? ( pace gives y\r di/ance 9 in*es4 ,9 go+ up & d[n slopes "o's pace v>ies4 ,on level gr\nd c>eful pac+ w give y di/ances correct to )9 #c or less4 ,! foll[+ tables give l5g? ( pace on slopes ( #e degrees to #cj degrees1 correspond+ to a normal pace on a level ( #cj4d in*es3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,slopes #j deg4 #e deg4 #aj deg4 #ae deg4 #bj deg4 #be deg4 #cj deg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l5g? ( /ep asc5d+ #cj4d #bg4f #bd4d #bb4a #ai4g #ag4h #ae4j ,l5g? ( /ep desc5d+ #cj4d #bi4b #bh4c #bg4f #bf4d #bc4f #ai4g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,= ! same p]son1 ! l5g? ( /ep decreases z he becomes tir$4 ,to ov]come ?is1 asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( pace :5 fre% & :5 tir$ & use ! fir/ scale 9 ! morn+ & ! latt] 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! result ( ! %ort5+ ( ! pace due to fatigue or go+ ov] a slope1 is to make ! map l>g] ?an x %\ld be = a giv5 scale4 ,?is is app>5t :5 we consid] t we take m paces 9 cov]+ a giv5 di/ance ?an we w\ld 7 x on a horizontal plane & we 7 tak+ our normal pace4 ,9 go+ up or d[n a slope ( #c or #d we actually walk #e units1 b cov] only #d 9 a horizontal direction4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ make all[ance :5 pac+ slopes4 ,9 c\nt+ paces c\nt ea* foot z x /rikes4 ,9 c\nt+ /rides c\nt only #a foot z x /rikes4 ,a /ride is two paces4 ,9 practice x has be5 f\nd t ! scale ( /rides is f> m satisfactory ?an a scale ( paces4 #ahhh4 ,h[ to make a scale ( paces4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! l5g? ( our pace1 any "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree me?ods may be us$ 9 mak+ a work+ scale3 #a/ me?od4 ,! s-call$ ,"o ?\s& unit rule me?od is z foll[s3 ,multiply ! ,r4 ,f4 7repres5tative fraction7 by ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! unit ( measure multipli$ by #ajjj2 ! result w be ! l5g? ( l9e 9 in*es necess>y to %[ #ajjj units4 ,= example1 let u suppose t we desire a graphic scale %[+ #ajjj y>ds1 ! scale ( ! map be+ #c in*es equal #a mile3 ,multiply #a_/baabj 7,r4 ,f47 by #cf 7#cf in*es 9 #a y>d1 ! unit ( measure7 by #ajjj1--t is1 7#a_/baabj7 x #cf x #ajjj #cfjjj_/baabj #a4gjdf in*es4 ,!re=e1 a l9e or graphic scale #a4g in*es 9 l5g? w repres5t #ajjj y>ds4 ,if we desire a work+ scale ( paces at #c in*es to ! mile1 & we h det]m9$ t our pace is #ca in*es long1 we w\ld h 7#a_/baabj7 x #ca x #ajjj #cajjj_/baabj #a4dfg in*es4 ,we c n[ lay (f ?is di/ance & divide x into t5 equal p>ts1 & ea* w give u a #ajj-pace division4 #bnd me?od4 ,lay (f #ajj y>ds2 asc]ta9 h[ _m ( y\r paces are necess>y to cov] ?is di/ance2 multiply ,r4 ,f4 by #g1bjj1jjj1 & divide by ! numb] ( paces y take 9 go+ #ajj y>ds4 ,! result w be ! l5g? ( l9e 9 in*es :i* w %[ #bjjj ( y\r paces4 #crd me?od4 ,con/ruct a scale ( conv5i5t l5g?1 ab\t #f in*es1 z describ$ 9 ,p>4 #ahfc1 to read 9 ! units y int5d to measure y\r di/ance ) 7y\r /ride1 pace1 /ride ( a horse1 etc471 to ! scale on :i* y int5d to make y\r sket*4 ,= example1 suppose y\r /ride is #ff in*es long 7#cc in* pace7 & y wi% to make a sket* on a scale ( #c in*es #a mile4 ,! ,r4 ,f4 ( ?is scale is #c in*es_/#a mile #c in*es_/#fccfj in*es #a_/baabj4 ,t is #a in* on y\r sket* is to repres5t #baabj in*es on ! gr\nd4 ,z y int5d to measure y\r gr\nd di/ances by c\nt+ y\r /rides ( #ff in*es l5g?1 #a in* on ! sket* w repres5t z _m ( y\r /rides on ! gr\nd z #ff is conta9$ into #baabj #cbj /rides4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 sket*+ y wi% to make y\r scale ab\t #f in*es long4 ,s9ce #a in* repres5ts #cbj /rides1 #f in*es w repres5t #f x #cbj #a1ibj /rides4 ,z ?is is an odd numb]1 difficult to divide into conv5i5t subdivisions ( hundr$s1 fifties1 etc41 con/ruct y\r scale to repres5t #b1jjj /rides1 :i* w give x a l5g? slightly 9 excess ( #f in*es--#f4be4 ,lay (f ?is l5g? & divide x into t5 ma9 divisions ( #bjj /rides ea*1 & subdivide ^! into #ej /ride divisions z expla9$ 9 ,p>4 #ahfb4 #ahhi4 ,position sket*+4 ,! foll[+ are ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 position sket*+3 #a4 ,draw+ bo>d ) atta*$ compass 7,fig4 #b72 #b4 ,loose rul]1 on bo>d 7,fig4 #b72 #c4 ,r\gh tripod or cam]a tripod2 #d4 ,scale ( ,m4 ,d4's 7%[n on rul]1 ,fig4 #b72 #e4 ,scale ( sket*]s1 /rides or paces 7at six in*es to "o mile71 on rul]2 #f4 ,cl9omet] 7n necess>y if bo>d has slope bo>d1 ,fig4 #f72 #g4 ,scale ( hundr$s ( y>ds %[n on rul]2 #h4 ,scale ( paces4 ,me?ods to be us$ 7#a7 ,select a base l9e1--t is1 a c5tral l9e #a_/d to #a_/b mile long 9 ! area to be sket*$4 ,x %\ld h at its ends "s pla9ly m>k$ objects1 su* z telegraph poles1 trees1 corn]s ( build+s1 etc41 & f its ends1 & int]m$iate po9ts1 a good view ( ! area %\ld be possible4 ,! base l9e select$ %\ld be capable ( be+ measur$4 7#b7 ,set up1 level & ori5t ! draw+ bo>d at "o end ( ! base 7,a71 ,fig4 #a1 ,y1 = example4 ,draw a m]idian on ! %eet p>allel to ! position ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,assume a po9t 7,a71 ,fig4 #a1 ,y1 correspond+ to ! gr\nd po9t 7,a71 #hij1 on ! %eet1 9 su* a position t ! area to be sket*$ w lie on ! %eet4 7#c7 ,sight at hilltops1 /ream junctures1 /ream heads1 etc41 to beg9 ! locations ( ^! po9ts by int]section1 labell+ ea* ray s z to be able to id5tify x lat]4 7#d7 ,trav]se to 7b7 & complete ! locations by int]section z previ\sly expla9$4 ,if ! base l9e is n accurately measur$1 ! map w be correct )9 itself 9 all ( its proportions1 b its scale w n necess>ily be ! scale desir$4 7#e7 ,draw ! details ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,a & ,b & 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is l9e1 us+ ! conv5tional signs = roads1 h\ses1 etc4 7#f7 ,! l9es f /ation 7b71 ,fig4 #a1 ,x1 to any ( ! o!r locat$ po9ts may n[ be us$ z a new base l9e to c>ry ! "w ov] additional area4 7#g7 ,9 case p>ts ( ! area are n visible f a base l9e1 ^! p>ts are locat$ by trav]s+ z be=e expla9$4 7#h7 ,hav+ le>n$ by sev]al repetitions ! above /eps1 ! sket*] w !n comb9e cont\r+ ) 8 horizontal locations4 #ahij4 ,outpo/ sket*+4 ,! same in/rum5ts are us$ z 9 position sket*+1 & s are ! me?ods ! same1 except t ! sket*] _c advance beyond ! outpo/ l9e1 t[>d ! suppos$ position ( ! enemy4 ,x is (t5 possible to select a measurable base l9e well 9 re> ( ! l9e ( obs]vation1--= in/ance1 along ! l9e ( resi/ance4 ,second>y base l9es may !n be tak5 on or ne> ! l9e ( obs]vation1 f ! extremities ( :i* additional base l9es may be select$1 if necess>y1 & po9ts t[>d ! enemy's position locat$ by int]section4 ,details are sket*$ 9 z 9 position sket*+4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 no trav]s+ %\ld be done along ! l9e ( obs]vation4 #ahia4 ,road sket*+4 ,! foll[+ are ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 road sket*+3 #a4 ,draw+ bo>d or sket*+ case2 #b4 ,loose rul]2 #c4 ,scale ( /rides1 or paces1 if made dism\nt$2 scale ( "t trott+ or walk+1 if m\nt$2 #d4 ,scale ( hundr$s ( y>ds1 at ?ree in*es to #a mile2 #e4 ,scale ( ,m4 ,d4's2 #f4 ,slope bo>d 7if cl9omet] is n available74 ,me?ods to be us$ 7#a7 ,at /ation #a1 ,fig4 #aj1 ori5t ! bo>d z describ$ 9 p>4 #ahgb1 hold+ ! bo>d 9 ! h&s1 9 front ( ! body ( ! sket*]1 :o faces t[>d /ation #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj 7#b7 ,important po9ts 9 ! vic9ity1 su* z ! railroad bridge1 ! /ream juncture1 hilltops1 are sight$ = int]sections1 l9es drawn z %[n & ! sket*] trav]ses to /ation #b4 7#c7 ,at /ation #b he locates & draws 9 all details betwe5 /ation #a & #b1 to include ab\t #cjj y>ds on ea* side ( ! road4 7#d7 ,! trav]se is !n cont9u$ =w>d z describ$ = #a & #b4 7#e7 ,aft] "s practice ( horizontal sket*+1 z j describ$1 ! sket*] w be able to take up cont\r+ 9 comb9ation4 ,! me?ods are z describ$ 9 ! p>agraph on cont\r+4 7#f7 ,:5 ! trav]se runs (f ! pap] z at ,a1 ,fig4 #aj1 ! foll[+ me?od is foll[$3 ,reori5t ! bo>d s t ! road =w>d w lie across ! long dim5sions ( ! pap]2 draw a m]idian p>allel to ! compass ne$le & assume a po9t on ! new %eet correspond+ to ! la/ po9t 7,a7 plott$ on ! fir/ %eet4 7#g7 ,on completion ( ! sket* v>i\s sections w be pa/$ toge!r1 s t all ! m]idians are p>allel4 #ahib4 ,comb9$ sket*+4 ,let u suppose t we h ! rectangle ,w1 ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 ,fig4 #aa1 assign$ to u to map & t we h be5 giv5 f\r sket*+ p>ties1 & t ! locations & elevations ( ,a & ,b h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ by triangulation & are plott$ to scale on our rectangle4 ,a logical /ep w\ld be to c>efully plot ! l9e a' b'1 & !n ! l9es c' c & c d4 ,if ! area is d5sely wood$ we run l9e ( level by us+ ! slope bo>d or cl9omet] & by tak+ elevations at po9ts arbitr>ily select$4 ,our l9es w look some?+ l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,ea* p>ty w be giv5 its rectangle ) ! trav]ses sket*$ 94 ,!y w ea* !n run simil> trav]ses ov] ! o!r two sides ( _! area & !n fill 94 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ole "w is ti$ up to ! orig9al l9es4 ,ano!r me?od ,! l9e ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #ab1 is c>efully plott$4 ,ea* ( ! f\r sket*+ p>ties has two sket*+ gr\ps4 ,"o gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #a trav]ses l9e a' ,y2 !n ! o!r gr\p ( ! p>ty trav]ses ! l9e a y'4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ( ,no4 #b accompanies !m4 ,! second gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #b trav]ses ! l9e c d1 accompani$ by ! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #c2 ! second gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #c1 & ! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #d trav]se b z'1 & ! second gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #d trav]ses b' ,z4 ,:5 ! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #a arrives at ,y1 x trav]ses ,y y'4 ,! second gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #a1 arriv+ at y'1 cuts ! %eet along trav]se & gives ! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #b ! "p :i* %[s _! area2 & !n trav]ses t[>d ,y f y'4 ,^u meet+ ! fir/ gr\p ( p>ty ,no4 #a1 !y jo9 =ces & proce$ to fill 9 _! area4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,9 ! same mann] areas ,w ,x a' b' are fill$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,! me?od describ$ above is useful 9 work+ ov] c\ntry :i* is d5sely wood$1 & 9 :i* a g5]al view _c be obta9$1 = example1 9 mapp+ jungles4 ,an additional article ( ! sket*]'s equipm5t is a hold] = 8 p5cils1 alidade1 eras]1 knife1 p9s1 etc4 ,?is consi/s ( a s]ies ( small pockets sew$ on to a piece ( canvas ab\t #g in*es by #d in*es4 ,?is c be atta*$ to ! left brea/ ( ! sket*]'s coat or %irt by means ( two p9s4 ,9 addition to keep+ all ( 8 implem5ts 9 a h&y place ! hold] prev5ts ! loss ( ! sev]al articles4 ,no?+ is s disc\rag+ to ! sket*] z to look = 8 p5cil1 eras]1 knife or ev5 alidade & f9d t he has left x sev]al hundr$ y>ds back :]e he sat d[n la/ to sket* 9 details4 ,by us+ ! hold] ! sket*] gets into ! habit ( replac+ articles aft] !y are us$ & consequ5tly always has !m ) him :5 ne$$4 ,^! hold]s ready made c be obta9$ f ! ,secret>y1 ,army ,s]vice ,s*ools at ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas4 ,9 sket*+ a good quality ( pap] %\ld always be us$ z erasures w be frequ5t4 ,a specially prep>$ pap] t has ! appe>ance ( oil$ pap] c be obta9$ comm]cially & is excell5t = sket*+ 9 damp wea!r4 ,x has consid]able resi/ance to ra94 ,%eets ( celluloid prep>$ = sket*+ are invaluable 9 sket*+ 9 ! ra94 ,^! are a "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! case ( sket*+ in/rum5ts suppli$ battalions 9 ! regul> army4 ,^! %eets may be procur$ at mo/ any deal]s4 ,po9ts = ,beg9n]s to ,rememb] #ahic4 #a4 ,always keep y\r p5cils %>p5$ & h an eras] h&y4 ,no "o b an exp]t c sket* ) a dull p5cil4 #b4 ,use h>d p5cils :5 le>n+ to sket*--#d;,h to #f;,h--& g ov] y\r "w aft]w>ds ) a s(t] p5cil--#b;,h4 #c4 ,d n try to put d[n on y\r sket* a mass ( small details t are too small to be %[n on ! scale at :i* y are sket*+4 ,= example1 if y are mak+ a sket* on a scale ( #c in*es #a mile1 d n try to %[ ea* h\se 9 a r[ ( h\ses2 simply indicate t !re is a r[ ( h\ses1 by putt+ d[n sev]al di/9ct conv5tional signs = h\ses 9 a r[2 nor %\ld y try to %[ e little cut ?r\gh :i* ! road may run4 ,only use ab\t "o sign to ! in* ( telegraph or telephone l9es1 = wire f5ces1 etc4 #d4 ,:5 fir/ practic+ sket*+ only plot ! r\te ov] :i* y walk1 indicat+ x by a s+le l9e4 ,:5 y c d ?is ) facility1 g back ov] "o ( ^! plott$ r\tes & fill 9 ! woods1 h\ses1 /reams & ! o!r l>ge features4 #e4 ,! beg9n] %\ld sket* ! same gr\nd sev]al times ov]--at lea/ ?ree or f\r times4 ,practice alone w make p]fect4 #f4 ,always try to comp>e y\r f9i%$ sket* ) an accurate map ( ! gr\nd1 if "o is obta9able4 ,try to practice on gr\nd ( :i* y c obta9 a map4 #g4 ,make ea* c\rse 7! di/ance y g betwe5 po9ts :]e ! direction ( y\r r\te *anges7 z long z possible4 #h4 ,d n try to cont\r until y are exp]t at mak+ a sket* %[+ all ! flat details 7roads1 /reams1 woods1 h\ses1 etc474 #i4 ,nev] try to sket* 9 ! cont\rs until y h plott$ ! /ream l9es or ! direction ( ! valleys1 rav9es1 etc4 ,! cont\rs are fitt$ to or sket*$ ar\nd ! dra9age sy/em2 n ! dra9age sy/em to ! cont\rs4 #aj4 ,always size up gr\nd be=e y sket* x2 t is1 take a g5]al view ( x1 notic+ ! dra9age sy/em 7! direction 9 :i* ! /reams fl[ or rav9es run71 ! prom95t hills & ridges1 ! direction ! roads run1 etc4 #aa4 ,above all ?+s1 ,,don',t ,,fake ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,y\r ,,map4 ,if ! man us+ y\r map happ5s to /rike ! fak$ portion1 he imm$iately condemns y\r :ole map z incorrect4 ,e o!r "p may be highly accurate1 b y\r :ole map is discr$it$ because ! us] /rikes ! bad "p fir/4 ,y w naturally put little fai? 9 ! man :o has told y some?+ y "k to be untrue4 ,y w always suspect him4 ,s x is ) maps4 ,don't put d[n any?+ t y don't "k to be correct4 ,if any guess "w is to be done1 let ! man us+ ! map d x1--he kn[s t he is guess+ & w be gov]n$ accord+ly1 b if y d ! guess+1 he doesn't "k :]e ! guess+ beg9s & ! accurate "w leaves (f4 ,don't fudge4 ,y\r "n is on ! map1--don't h any que/ionable "w hit*$ up to y\r "n4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,%eets ( work+ scales read+ 9 paces1 /rides1 m9utes1 etc1 at a scale ( #c & #f in*es to ! mile c be obta9$ at little co/ f ! ,secret>y1 ,army ,s]vice ,s*ools1 ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas ,,index 7,! numb]s ref] to p>agraphs7 ,a ,p>4 ,no4 ,abatis #aagf ,ab\t face1 h[ execut$ #aje #a4 ,ab\t1 #b4 ,,face1 #c4 ,=w>d1 #d4 ,,m>* #bbi ,ab\t1 turn+ by m\nt$ (fic] #gd ,ab/ract ( clo?+ #ije ,ab/ract record ( memor&um receipts #ija ,adju/m5t ( fire #adbh ,adjutant1 =mation ( battalion #cjg2 #cjh ,adjutant ( g5]al (fic]1 po/ ( #gc ,adjutant's call #faf2 #fic ,advance by crawl+1 etc4 #bfa ,,advance ,,by ,,ru%es3 ,comm&s #bei ,company z :ole l$ by capta9 #bfj ,position1 fire #bic ,:5 impossible = company to advance z a :ole #beh ,,advance ,,gu>d3 ,comm&] ) #edb ,connect+ files #ehd ,ma*9e guns #eec ,meet+ engagem5t #edb2 #edc ,,advance ,,(3 ,battalion act+ z "p ( fir+ l9e #cdc ,company into an engagem5t #bdi-beg ,fir+ l9e #cdf ,,advanc+3 ,improvis$ =mations = #beg ,9 succession ( ?9 l9es #bee2 #bef ,! attack #dfg2 #dga ,a]ial m9es #abjj ,aides1 po/ ( #gc ,aim1 comm&s = #ahi ,aim+ & sight+ #acej ,aim+ ex]cise #acfh ,aim+ po9t #aceg ,,aim+ ,,po9t3 ,ann\nc$ be=e or aft] range #aha ,designations1 practice 9 repeat+ #bja ,once designat$ n *ang$ unless ord]$ #ahb ,use #bhd ,,alignm5t3 ,battalion1 rectify+ #caj2 #cab ,comm& ( capta9s 9 battalion drill at comm& guide "r 7left7 #cja ,company #bah ,def9ition #bd ,deploy$ l9es pres]ve g5]al alignm5t #bdj ,dress+ companies 9 =mation ( battalion 9 l9e #cjh ,plac+ left h& on hip #gj ,position ( capta9 & platoon lead]s 9 prolongation #bah ,position ( capta9s 9 dress+ companies 9 battalion drill #cjb ,pres]vation :ile m>*+ #aee ,rules = guides 9 close ord] #baj2 #baa ,squad #aed ,,ammunition3 ,b&ole]s #egc ,combat tra9 & major's responsibility = ammunition 9 belts #egb ,de/9ation ( combat wagons :5 refill$ #ega ,exp5diture ( #dcb2 #dcc ,= company1 husb&+ & di/ribution #bhf ,issue be=e deploym5t ( battalion #bfi ,issue ^u deploym5t ( battalion #cca ,m5 n to be s5t back f fir+ l9e = ammunition #egd ,( dead & w\nd$ #egb ,r5dezv\s = ea* brigade #egj ,repl5i%m5t ( ammunition aft] engagem5t #ege ,s5t =w>d ) re9=cem5ts #egd ,supply #cfj2 #efi-ege ,?irty r\nds 9 "r pocket section #egc ,amusem5t room #hgi ,appe>ance ( objects 9 fir+ #acif ,app5dices1 ,infantry ,drill ,regulations #fif-gaj & pp4 #aib a b c d ,arm1 dis5gag$1 position at d\ble "t #aba 7eigh?7 ,arm signals #ib2 #dja ,arrangem5t ( companies 9 battalion =mation #big ,art ( in/ruction on v>i$ gr\nd #icc ,art ( lead]%ip #cgb ,art ( w>1 def9ition #idc ,,artill]y3 ,action ( infantry 9 case enemy has p[]ful artill]y #dah ,*ange ( t>get by infantry w>rant$ 9 case ( flank+ fire aga9/ artill]y #dbd ,communication ) fir+ l9e #djb ,cov]+ deploym5t ( artill]y 9 meet+ engagem5t #eda ,deploym5t ( troops :5 expos$ to ho/ile artill]y #dfc ,effect on deploy$ infantry usually unimportant #cde ,infantry aga9/ #eig-fjj ,infantry pass+ ?r\gh deploy$ artill]y #dgj ,9 pursuit #did ,9 )drawal f action #edf ,"p play$ 9 pursuit #dia2 #did ,support$ by infantry #dcd-dcg ,use aga9/ ma*9e guns #eee ,use 9 delay+ action #ecc ,)drawal ( attack+ troops cov]$ by artill]y #dhi ,,artill]y ,,supports3 ,*>g$ only ) protection ( artill]y #fje ,detail+ ( supports #fjb ,=mation & location 9 action #fjd ,=mation on m>* #fjc ,purpose #fja ,asphyxiat+ gases #aaid ,asphyxiation1 fir/ aid #adgh ,,assemble ,,f3 ,deploym5t ,battalion #cbf ,company #bdh ,squad #agc ,di/ances #aei ,int]vals #aeg ,platoon or squad columns #bed ,assembl$ skirmi%]s n :ile m>*+ to re> #agc ,,assembly3 ,arm signals #ib ,call #fic ,po9t indicat$ by company flag #ie ,,z ,,skirmi%]s3 ,action ( squad lead]s at prep>atory comm& #bcg ,deploym5t squad #agj ,deploym5t 9 oblique direction #bde ,deploym5t to flank or re> #bdf ,f a column ( twos or files #bdd ,f platoon or squad column #bec ,guide "r 7left or c5t]7 7be+ 9 column ( squads7 #bdd ,guide "r 7left or c5t]7 7be+ 9 l9e7 #bdc ,rules = deploym5t #bcf-bdg ,to increase or decrease int]vals #agb ',z y 7' #fd ,,at ,,ease3 ,applicable to any m>*+ =mation #bcc ,ext5d$ ord] execut$ at ease #ee 7b7 ,h[ execut$ #ajj ,to m>* #bcc ,) arms1 execut$ z )\t arms #aba 7fif?7 ,a?letic app>atus1 company #hhj ,,attack3 ,advanc+ #dfg-dga ,battalion 9 #cdb-cef ,company 9 #bdi-bid ,deploym5t = #dfc-dff ,envelop+ #dfa2 #dfb ,fe9t #ejb ,fire attack #beh-bfa2 #dad-dch ,flank #dei-dfb ,=tifications #die-dih ,frontal #deg2 #dfb ,g5]al pr9ciples #def-ejb ,hold+ attack #dii-ejb ,ma*9e guns #eee ,op5+ fire #dag ,pursuit #dij-did ,range #cdd2 #dbf ,! *>ge #dgh-dhi ,unit1 ! battalion #cdb ,,att5tion3 ,comm& = #hb ,drills at are discipl9>y ex]cises #ee 7a7 ,=c$ at fir/ ^w ( comm& note ( bugle or :i/le #hb ,f p>ade re/ #ach ,f re/ & at ease resum$ at ord] #aba 7fif?7 ,f r\te /ep or at ease #bcc ,position ( #ii ,at trail 7comm&7 #aba 7six?7 ,at w fire #aij ,automatic al>ms tr5*es #aaib ,auxili>y aim+ po9ts #adca ,b ,back ,/ep 7backw>d m>*7 #aae ,bacon c1 c>e ( #acjh ,balance position ( left h& #abb 7fir/7 ,balli/ic qualities ( rifle #adaj ,,b&3 ,9 reviews #fbc2 #fbd ,po/ ( #ga2 #gb2 #bii ,b&ole]s ammunition 9 to be us$ fir/ #egc ,b>ricades #aahe ,base company 9 advanc+ by ru%es #cdh ,base1 def9ition #be ,base squad 9 deploym5t #bcf-cbi2 #bdc-bde ,,battalion3 ,adjutant1 =mation ( battalion #cjg2 #cjh ,advance close 9 on enemy z mu* z possible be=e op5+ fire #cdd ,advance :5 "p ( fir+ l9e #cdc ,advance ( fir+ l9e #cdf ,alignm5t rectify+ #caj2 #caa ,ammunition issue ^u deploym5t #cca ,arrangem5t ( companies 9 battalion #big ,assembly f deploym5t #cbf ,attack pr9ciples #cdb-cef ,attack unit1 ! #cdb ,base company 9 attack #cbi ,battalion a tactical unit #bie ,battalion "r 7left7 #cah ,bayonets ord] to fix giv5 by major #cee2 #cfa ,*>ge1 ! #cef ,close on fir/ 7f\r?7 company #cbj ,close ord] drill #cjj-cbf ,column rectify+ #cab ,column ( companies1 fir/ company squads "r 7left7 #cae ,column ( squads fir/ company1 squads "r 7left7 #caf ,column ( squads fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 squads "r 7left7 7f close column7 #cbc ,column ( squads fir/ 7f\r?7 company =w>d 7f close l9e7 #cbd ,column "r 7left7 #cag2 #cai ,combat pr9ciples #cbg-cfc ,comm& = guides repeat$ by capta9 #cja ,comm&s repeat$ by capta9s #cjj ,consolidation to provide w> /r5g? organizations #ee 7d7 ,c\nt] attack #cfc ,cov]+ fire ru%es made "u #cdi ,def5se #cga ,def5se op5+ fire #cfj ,deploym5t ,avoidance ( premature #ccb ,companies & deta*m5ts tak+ _! places #ccd ,dep? ( #ccd ,designation ( base company #cbi ,designation ( companies #bih ,dismiss+ #cji ,division ( battalion into support & fir+ l9e #cce ,dress+ battalion #caj2 #caa ,dress+ companies1 action ( guides #cjb ,dress+ companies1 position ( capta9s #cjb ,ext5d on fir/ 7f\r?7 company #cba ,file clos]s1 po/ 9 r\te m>*es #cbe ,fire1 delay$ op5+ z long z possible #cdd ,fire fight1 :]e & :5 to beg91 indicat$ by major #cda ,fire to be direct$ aga9/ ho/ile infantry #cde ,fir+ l9e3 ,advance #cdf ,companies to be kept clos$ 9 on c5t] #ced ,plac+ entire battalion or regim5ts into #cci ,fix bayonets1 ord]$ by major #cee ,flanks1 protection #ccj ,flank units to beg9 ru% #cdh ,=mations #cjg2 #cjh ,front occupi$ by #ccd-cci ,guides1 action :5 companies are dress$ #cjb ,guides1 comm& =1 repeat$ by capta9s #cja ,ho/ile infantry t>get #cde ,inspection #fej-fed ,int]vals betwe5 battalions on fir+ l9e #dfe ,l>ge/ unit execut+ movem5t at comm& ( ! comm&] #hh ,load+ & fir+ #cjf ,mass =mations #cbj ,major3 ,apportions t>get #cdj ,duties & responsibilities #bie ,gives ord]s to *>ge #cef ,gives ord] to fix bayonet #cee2 #cfa ,8 ord] mak+ disposition ( battalion = combat #cbi ,indicates :]e or :5 fire fight beg9s #cda ,locates tr5*es & ob/acles #ceh ,po/ dur+ attack #ceb ,po/ 9 r\te m>* #cbe ,re5=ces fir+ l9e 7,see ,battalion ,comm&]7 #cei ,movem5ts execut$ z 9 s*ool ( ! company #cbe ,movem5ts execut$ z 9 s*ool ( soldi]1 squad & company #cjc2 #cjd ,movem5ts expla9$ = f\r companies #bif ,musicians repeat signals to *>ge #cef ,musicians repeat signal to fix bayonet #cee ,mu/] #fee-feg ,on "r 7left7 into l9e #cac ,op5+ fire on def5se #cfj ,ord] ( companies #big ,p>ade #fcf ,plate %[+ =mations #cjj ,positions ( capta9s 9 dress+ companies #cjb ,po/ ( b& & o!r special units #bii ,po/ ( major dur+ attack #ceb ,reconnaissance #ccj ,rectify+ column #cab ,re5=c+ fir+ l9e1 two me?ods #ced ,re5=cem5ts size #cec ,repetition ( comm& by capta9s #cjj ,review #fca-fcc ,"r 7left7 #cah ,"r 7left7 7c5t]7 dress #caj2 #caa ,"r front 7left7 into l9e 7f column ( squads or companies7 #cad ,"r front into l9e 7f close column7 #cbb ,ru%es3 ,advance made "u cov]+ fire #cdi ,beg9 by flank company #cdh ,pre>rang$ me?ods prohibit$ #cea ,subsequ5t to advanc+ #cej ,ru%+ units1 size #cdf2 #cdg ,s*ool ( #bie ,simultane\s movem5ts by companies or platoons #cje ,size ( re5=cem5ts #cec ,/aff (fic]s #egi ,support3 ,battalion act+ alone 9 def5se #cfb ,none at beg9n+ #cci ,position #ccg ,size #ccf ,to cov] )drawal #cfb ,tactical unit be/ suit$ = def5se #ceg ,t>get1 apportion$ by major #cdj ,t>get1 ho/ile infantry #cde ,tr5*es locat$ by major #ceh ,)drawal cov]$ by support #cfb ,,battalion ,,comm&]s3 ,duty reg>d+ reconnaissance #dab-dac ,equipp$ ) diff]5t tone ( :i/le #hc ,responsibility reg>d+ ammunition #egj ,signal to re> :5 ready to *>ge #dhj ,see ,major "u ,battalion ,battalion drill #cjj-cfc ,battalion inspection #fej-fed ,battalion p>ade #fcf ,battalion /aff (fic]s1 tra9+ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance #egi ,,battle3 ,integrity ( squads 9 #aea ,sep>at$ (fic]s & o!rs plac+ !mselves "u ord] ( ne>e/ high] comm&] #cij2 #cia ,battlefields1 bugle signals us$ on #ij ,battle ord] #cib ,battle sight #bf2 #aceb 7c7 ,,bayonet3 ,*>ge 9 combat #cef ,confid5ce 9 #dhe ,fix+ #adb ,habitually n fix$ #aba 7f\r?7 ,ord] to fix 9 combat giv5 by major #cee-cfa ,position at *>ge #add ,unfix+ #adc ,:5 fix$ 9 combat #cee2 #cfa2 #eij ,beat5 zone #adac ,bite ( dog #adhj ,bite ( snake #adhj ,blank c>tridges1 use #bgc ,ble$+1 fir/ aid #adha ,books & records1 company #hhg-iji ,bombs & gr5ades #aaig-aaii ,bombs f air craft #abjb ,bore ( rifle1 c>e #acbb-acbd2 #acbh2 #accj ,bridges #aaaa-aabe ,,brigade3 ,comm&]1 action 9 deploym5t #ddj ,review #fbh2 #fbi ,brok5 bones #adhc ,bruises1 fir/ aid #adhg ,bru% "w1 field eng9e]+ #aaag ,bugle calls1 explanation #fib-fie ,,bugle ,,signals3 ,communication betwe5 fir+ l9e & re> #dja ,^? us$ on & (f battlefields #ij ,bunks1 camp+ #abea ,burn+ clo!s #adhf ,burns1 fir/ aid #adhe ,by platoon 7squad1 etc471 f "r 7left7 ru% #bei ,by ! numb]s #abb 7fif?7 ,by ! "r 7left7 flank1 h[ execut$ #aag ,by ! "r 7left7 flank 9 =m+ skirmi% l9e #bcg ,c ,,cad5ce ,,(3 ,manual ( arms #abb 7f\r?7 ,m>*+ #ajh ,,calls3 ,al>m #fid ,=mation #fic ,s]vice #fie ,w>n+ #fib ,,camps3 ,camp+ on =dable /ream #abcg ,desirable sites #abca ,=m & dim5sions ( camps #abcc ,mak+ camp #abcd ,mak+ t5t poles & pegs fa/ 9 loose soil #abci ,p>ade gr\nd #abcf ,retreat 9 camp #abce ,sanitation4 ,see ,camp ,sanitation ,selection ( site #abcj ,trees 9 camp #abdj ,undesirable sites #abcb ,w9d/orms #abch ,see ,camp ,sanitation ,,camp ,,sanitation3 ,avoid+ old camp sites #abdi ,bunks #abea ,camp exp$i5ts #abdb ,cante51 c>e #acaa ,*ang+ camp site #abej ,def9ition #abda ,dra9age #abdh ,inc9]ators #abdg ,kit*5s #abde ,kit*5 pits #abdf ,latr9es #abdc ,rules ( sanitation #abed ,ur9al tubs #abdd ,wat] #abec ,wood #abeb ,y\r camp1 y\r home #abee ,,capta93 ,directs ! fire #bhe2 #bhf ,duties1 etc4 #hfh2 #hga ,indicates po9t on :i* base squad m>*es 9 deploym5t #bch ,leads deplet$ company z platoon #bji ,leads company z :ole 9 ru%es #bfj ,position at alignm5t #bah2 #cjb ,po/ dur+ fir+s #bfi2 #cjf ,responsible = in/ruction #bjb ,,c>e ,,(3 ,clo?+ #abgg ,equipm5t #abgf ,feet #abbi ,rifle #acba ,%oes #abib ,c>tridges n to be c>ri$ 9 piece #aba 7fir/7 ,cas$ colors1 def9$ #fei ,cat & m\se conte/ #ajhi ,,cavalry3 ,infantry aga9/ #eia-eif ,9 pursuit #did ,9 )drawal f action #edf ,patrols #daa ,,cease ,,fir+3 ,bugle signal = #ij ,h[ execut$ #aid ,krag rifle #gje ,c5t] company1 def9$ #bih ,c5t]1 def9ition #bg ,c5t] ( impact #adab ,,c]emonies3 ,battalion p>ade #fcf ,battalion review #fca ,escorts (-- ,fun]al #fdj-fde ,honor #fci ,! ,color #fcg-fci ,=mation ( battalion #cjh ,g5]al rules #fad-faf ,m\nt$ enli/$ m5 =m$ into deta*m5t #gf ,p>ades1 g5]al rules #fcd2 #fce ,po/ ( dism\nt$ noncommission$ /aff (fic]s #gg ,reviews1 g5]al rules #fag-fcj ,c]emonies & drills at att5tion tea* precision1 etc4 #ee 7a7 ,,*all5g+ ,,on3 ,gu>d #agdf ,outpo/ #aajc ,*ancroid #adff ,*ange elevation2 signal = #ib ,,*ange ,,( ,,direction3 ,battalion #cag-cai ,company #bai2 #bbc2 #bbd ,p>tial #fg ,squad #afd2 #afe ,*ange /ep1 h[ execut$ #aai ,,*>ge1 ,,!3 ,additional =ce = pursuit #dhc ,avoid+ too d5se a mass #dha ,battalion comm&]s signal comm&]s ( l9e :5 ready to *>ge #dhj ,bayonet1 confid5ce 9 ability to use #dhe ,*>g+ )\t au?ority f re> #dhd ,c\nt] attack1 prep>ations to meet #dhg ,fire sup]iority1 :at x accompli%es #dgh ,l9e to be /r5g!n$ by prolongations #dhb ,n to be made )\t suffici5t troops #dha ,premature *>ges to be avoid$ #dhd ,psy*ological mom5t = *>ge det]m9$ by tactical in/9ct #dgh ,pursu+ fire #dhf ,pursu+ troops #dhg ,pursuit1 disord]$ units n to p>ticipate 9 #dhf ,reorganization ( *>g+ l9e #dhg ,res]ves give impetus to *>ge #dha ,/eps to be tak5 9 case ( tempor>y set back #dhh ,/eps to be tak5 if attack is ab&on$ #dhi ,/r5g? ( *>g+ l9e #ddi ,to be made simultane\sly #dhj ,to be made ) approval ( comm&] ( attack+ l9e #dhj ,:5 & di/ance ov] :i* *>ge %\ld be made #dgi ,)\t fire prep>ation #dig ,*>ge bayonet #add ,*>ges1 pref]r+ #hhb ,*e]fulness1 factor 9 tra9+ #icj ,*eveaux de frise #aagi2 #aahi ,*igg]s #adhh ,*ok+1 fir/ aid #adhi ,*op-*op signal #hfc ,clap #adff ,classes ( fir+ #bgh-bhj ,cle>ness 9 in/ruction #ibb ,,clip ,,fire3 ,h[ execut$ #aib ,krag rifle #gjd ,use #bhj ,clock sy/em ( t>get designation #addf2 #addg ,clock sy/em ( w9d designation #acia ,close on fir/ 7f\r?7 company #cbj ,,close ,,ord]3 ,advantage ( =mation #eci ,battalion #cjj2 #cbf ,company #baj ,d\ble rank1 habitual =mation #gj ,fir+s 9 #bfi ,necessity = #cgi ,close packs #fdh ,close range #bge ,close ranks #fdh ,clo? equipm5t1 c>e #acja ,clo?+1 c>e ( #abgg ,cohesion & ord] 9 combat #cgf ,cold1 effect on %oot+ #acig ,,color3 ,escort ( #fcg2 #fch ,manual ( #fgj ,receiv+ #ffg-ffi ,regim5tal salut+ #fbb ,salut+ 9 reviews #fah ,) res]ve 9 battle #ffe ,see ,! ,color ,,color ,,company3 ,def9$ #ffc ,receiv+ ! colors #ffh ,,color ,,gu>d3 ,c>ry+ ( color #ffa ,composition #ffa ,escort+ color to (fice or qu>t]s ( colonel #fgj ,=mation & m>*+ #ffb ,9 battle jo9s res]ve #ffe ,load+s & fir+s #fff ,manual ( ! color #fgj ,manual ( arms #ffj ,movem5ts execut$ #fff ,po/ 9 v>i\s =mations #ffd ,receiv+ ! color #ffg-ffi ,rema9s ) color company #ffc ,colors & /&>ds #aege ,column1 def9ition #bh ,column half "r 7left7 #fg ,columns ( companies to =m successively to "r or left #cae ,column ( squads1 fir/ 7f\r?7 company =w>d 7f close l9e7 #cbd ,column ( squads1 fir/ 7f\r?7 company1 squads "r 7f close column7 #cbc ,column ( squads1 fir/ company1 squads "r 7left7 #caf ,column ( squads1 habitual column ( r\te #bcc2 #bgf ,column ( subdivisions1 full di/ance def9$ #fi ,column1 rectify+ 7battalion7 #cab ,column1 "r 7left7 7battalion7 #cag2 #cai ,column1 "r 7company7 #bbd ,,combat ,,ex]cises3 ,def9ition #ee 7d7 ,effective me?od ( conduct+ #cga ,expla9$ #adjh ,to be conduct$ "u assum$ tactical situations #cgj ,to be foll[$ by brief drill at att5tion #ee 7d7 ,combat1 mod]n1 dem&s ^u infantry #cfe ,combats (f]+ no *ance ( valuable results to be avoid$ #cgd ,combat patrols to protect flanks ( company act+ alone #bfh ,combat practice #adjd ,,combat ,,pr9ciples3 ,battalion #cbg ,summ>y #eej ,combat reconnaissance #djc ,combat tactics1 g5]al #cfd ,comb9$ sights #adcj ,comb9$ sket*+ #ahib ,comm&] ( ! gu>d #afjc ,comm&+ (fic] acc\ntable = tra9+ #ea ,comm&+ (fic]1 gu>d duty #aeia ,,comm&s3 ,battalion & high] comm&]s repeat comm&s ( sup]iors #hh ,battalion l>ge/ unit execut+ movem5t at comm& ( its comm&] #hh ,def9ition #hf ,fac+ troops & avoid+ indiff]5ce :5 giv+ comm&s #hi ,= guides1 repeat$ by capta9s at battalion drill #cja ,h[ giv5 #hf2 #hi ,load+ & fir+ #agi ,( executions #hg ,prep>atory #eg2 #hg ,repetition by3 ,battalion & high] comm&]s #hh ,capta9s at battalion drill #cjj ,lead]s ( subdivisions :5 necess>y #hc ,platoon lead]s & platoon drill #bad ,use 9 battalion combat #cbh ,:5 us$ #hj ,comm&]'s po/ 9 fight #chc ,comm5ce fir+1 bugle signal = #ij ,common t5ts #fhh2 #fij ,communication betwe5 fir+ l9e & res]ve #if ,communicat+ tr5*es #aaeg ,communication1 h[ ma9ta9$1 etc4 #cih-djb ,communication 9 fire control & direction #addg 7b7 ,,company3 ,ab/ract ( clo?+ #ije ,ab/ract record ( memor&um receipts #ija ,act+ alone #bfg2 #bfh ,arrangem5t 9 battalion =mation #big2 #fad ,arrangem5t ( m5 accord+ to height #bjc ,a?letic app>atus #hhj ,base #cbi-cdh ,books & records #hhg-iji ,capta91 duties etc4 #hfh2 #hga ,c5t] #bih ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ by company & platoons z prescrib$ 9 s*ool ( ! ,soldi] & ! squad #bjh ,close ord] drill #baj ,column "r 7be+ 9 column ( squads7 #bbd ,companies to be consolidat$ to provide w> /r5g? organizations #ee 7a7 ,company att5tion1 f r\te /ep or at ease #bcc ,company fund book #hib ,company return #ijh ,company musicians c>ry company flags #djb ,company "r #bai ,complete equipm5t c>ri$ into action #chb ,completion ( task1 rejo9+ comm& aft] #cij ,cont5tm5t & h>mony #hgg ,correspond5ce book #hic ,del9qu5cy record #hie ,deplet$ company l$ z platoon #bji ,deploym5t z skirmi%]s #bda2 #bdc2 #bdd ,deploym5t 9 oblique direction #bde ,descriptive c>d ( animals #hih ,descriptive li/ #hig ,designation 9 battalion =mation #big ,devolution ( "w & responsibility #hfi ,division into platoons #bjd ,division into squads #bje ,docum5t file #hid ,dress+ #bah ,drill #bjb ,duty ro/] #hij ,e/abli%+ outpo/ #ajhj ,ext5d$ ord] drill #bcf ,files ( ord]s #hia ,fir/ ,s]geant duties #hgc ,fir/ s]geant's report :5 company is =m$ #bae ,flags #id2 #ie2 #dja ,=mations 9 s+le rank #baf ,=m$ 9 d\ble rank #bjc ,=ms ( company puni%m5t #hhc ,half "r #fg2 #bai ,inspection #fdf-fdi ,inspections1 object ( #hh ,in/ruction4 ,see ,tra9+ & in/ruction ,9 support #bfb-bff ,l>ge/ unit execut+ ext5d$ ord] #ee 7b72 #cbh ,libr>y & amusem5t room #hgi ,lieut5ants1 duties1 etc4 #hgj2 #hga ,lieut5ants tak+ po/ :5 company is =m$ #bae ,memor&um receipts #ijj ,mess #hgh ,morn+ report #hhh ,mu/] #fee-feg ,noncommission$ (fic]s #hgd ,noncommission$ (fic]s conf9+ enli/$ m5 #hge ,pap]work #hhg ,platoons1 assignm5t #bjf ,platoons1 designation #bje ,prop]ty responsibility #hhf2 #hif ,protection aga9/ surprise #bfh ,puni%m5t #hhb ,ration return #iji ,record ( rifles #ijb ,record ( size ( clo?+ #ijf ,r$uction & resignation ( noncommission$ (fic]s #hgf ,reta9$ copies ( rolls1 etc4 #hii ,rew>ds & privileges #hha ,"r #bai ,s*ool ( #baj-bid ,sick report #hhi ,squads designation #bje ,/atem5t ( clo?+ *>g$ to enli/$ m5 #ijd ,summ>y ,c\rt records #ijc ,t>get records #ijg ,to be kept clos$ 9 on c5t] on fir+ l9e #ced ,to dismiss #bag ,to =m #bae-baf ,tra9+4 ,see ,tra9+ & in/ruction ,treatm5t ( soldi]s #hgb ,trials by c\rt m>tial #hhb ,)hold+ privileges #hhd ,compass1 po9ts ( #ajhd ,compla9ts to capta9 #aebh ,,complicat$ ,,maneuv]s3 ,impracticable #cfe ,to be avoid$ #cge ,complim5ts f gu>ds #aghb ,complim5ts n paid on m>*es #abbg ,composition ( infantry & o!r units #aheh ,comrade%ip1 factor 9 tra9+ #ica ,concealm5t & dodg+1 tra9+ 9 #ajhg ,condim5t c1 c>e #acji ,cone ( fire or disp]sion #adaa ,conical wall t5t #fhi ,connect+ ,files at night #ehd ,consolidation ( organizations to provide w> /r5g? #ee 7d7 ,cont5tm5t & h>mony 9 company #hgg ,cont5tm5t1 factor 9 tra9+ #ica ,cont\rs #ahhb2 #ahff ,cook+ individual #abef ,contract #bdi2 #djc-dac ,conv5tional signs #ahgd ,cooep]ation betwe5 frontal & envelop+ attacks #dfb ,cooep]ation ( subord9ates #chg ,corduroy+ #aaaf ,corporal is squad lead] #aej ,corporal ( ! ,gu>d #afff ,correction ( errors1 /ay+ ( execution ( movem5ts = #fc-fd ,correspond5ce book #hic ,,c\nt] ,,attack3 ,battalion #cfc ,g5]al pr9ciples #ebe-ecj ,prep>ations #dhg ,c\nt]m9+ #abaa ,c\nt]signs & p>oles #agfi ,c\nt+1 indicat+ cad5ce #ajh ,c\nt+ (f #aec2 #bjc ,c\rage #ibg ,,cov]3 ,skirmi%]s take advantage (1 on halt+ #bdj ,use #aie-aii2 #dbj ,tra9+ 9 use ( #ici ,cov]+ fire1 ru%es made "u #cdi ,cov] tr5*es #aaee ,crawl+1 advance ( fir+ l9e #bfa ,cup1 c>e #acaj ,cut (f habitually turn$ (f #bah 7?ird7 ,cuts1 fir/ aid1 #adij ,c\rtesy4 ,see ,milit>y c\rtesy ,d ,daily sick report #hhi ,datum plane #ahhc ,decreas+ int]vals #bdg ,,def5se3 ,action :5 t>get disappe>s #bid ,active def5se #ebg ,battalion on #ceg ,c\nt] attack3 ,communicat+ & cov] tr5*es head cov]1 etc41 con/ruction #eje ,cov]1 utilization #ejd ,importance ( c\nt]-attack #ebg ,mann] ( mak+ #ebi ,m9or #ecj ,po/ ( troops #ebh ,delay+ action3 ,important consid]ations #eca ,purposes ( support & res]ve #ecb ,?9 fir+ l9e to be us$ #ecb ,value ( artill]y #ecc ,deploym5t3 ,advance po/s & o!r disp]sion to be avoid$ #ebj ,assignm5t ( front to units #eaf ,battalions to be kept intact #eah ,dead space to be cov]$ by adjo9+ section or ma*9e guns #eai ,d5sity #eji2 #eaj ,division ( positions into sections #eag ,fire alone unable to /op attack2 use ( bayonet #ebb ,night attack1 /eps to be tak5 if expect$ #ebc ,position n to be fully occupi$ until infantry attack beg9s #eba ,res]ve1 deta*+ "p (1 to protect opposite flank #eae ,res]ve po/s #eac2 #ead ,sections1 divisions ( positions into #eag ,size ( units occupy+ sections #eah ,%ort range fire & bayonet 9 night attack #ebd ,/r5g? 9 re> to be increas$ :5 *ange f def5sive to (f5sive is contemplat$ #eaa ,supports1 po/ & cov] #eab ,dummy tr5*es #ejf ,field works3 ,con/ruction #ejd ,location1 ext5t1 g>rison1 etc4 #ejg ,ma*9e guns #eef2 #eff ,ob/acles1 con/ruction #ejd ,op5+ fire #cfj2 #dah ,passive #ebe ,position & intr5*m5ts #ejc-ejh ,requisites ( def5sive position #ejc ,tr5*es1 outl9+ trace 9 combat ex]cises #ejh ,defilade #adbj ,deflection #achd ,deflection & elevation connection drills #achc ,delib]ate intr5*m5ts #aadg ,del9qu5cy record #hie ,deliv]y ( messages #ieh2 #aecj ,d5sity ( fir+ l9e #ddf-dec2 #ecb ,deploy1 def9ition #bi ,deploy$ l9e1 faces to front & takes advantage ( cov] on halt+ #bci ,deploy$ l9es1 alignm5t #bci ,deploy$ troops1 lead+ difficult #cgi ,,deploym5t3 ,action ( brigade & regim5tal comm&]s 9 deploym5t ( division #ddj ,z skirmi%es #fe2 #ib2 #agj2 #bci-bdf ,battalion1 dep? ( #ccd ,battalions furni% fir+ l9es & support #dee ,company1 rules = #bcf ,companies & deta*m5ts tak+ _! places #ccd ,d5se1 well direct$ & controll$ fire gives fire sup]iority #ddf ,d5sity ( *>g+ l9e #ddi ,d5sity ( "o man p] y>d #ddg ,d5sity ( :ole deploym5t v>ies ) size ( comm& #dea ,division ( battle l9e into battle di/ricts #deb ,ea* comm&] to gu>d 8 comm& aga9/ surprise #ddb ,ext5t ( front occupi$ by unit dep5ds ^u security ( flanks #dec ,= attack3 ,di/ance = ho/ile position at :i* deploym5t is made #dfc ,ea* unit to deploy on its own direction l9e #dfc ,=egr\nd to be cle>$ ( ho/ile deta*m5ts be=e deploym5t #dfc ,int]vals betwe5 battalions #dfe ,mov+ well =w>d & deploy+ at night #dfd ,po/ ( res]ve #dff ,res]ve *>g$ ) flank protection #dff ,=mations ( troops be=e & dur+ #dci ,9 def5se4 ,see ,deploym5t "u ,def5se ,9 oblique direction #bde ,l5g? ( fir+ l9e employ$ by :ole =ce #ddi ,me*anism taught by ext5d$ ord] #ee 7b7 ,occupation ( only sections ( long l9es #ddg ,( squads :5 company is deploy$ #bci ,on wrong l9es1 avoid$ by reconnaissance #djc ,ord]s = #cib ,p]sonal reconnaissance be=e deploym5t #dda ,premature to be avoid$ #ccb2 #ddc ,rectification ( deploym5ts 9 wrong direction #ddd ,res]ves1 h[ employ$ #dee ,res]ves furni%$ by units l>g] ?an battalion #dda ,rules = #bcf-bdb ,side by side ( regim5ts1 battalions & companies #ded ,/r5g? ( support & res]ves #ddi2 #dej ,supports furni%$ by battalion #dee ,to flank or re> #bdf ,troops deploy$ v>y f #a to #aj m5 p] y>d #dej ,use ( ?9 fir+ l9es #ddh ,:5 made #dfc ,deportm5t1 milit>y #aebc ,dep?1 def9ition #cj ,descriptive c>d ( animals #hih ,descriptive li/ #hig ,,designation ,,(3 ,companies 9 battalion =mation #bih ,squads & platoons #bje ,designation ( t>gets #adde-aadg a ,designation ( w9ds #acia ,details & ro/] ( gu>ds #aehe ,details to be left to subord9ates #chd2 #che ,det]m9ation1 factor 9 w>f>e #ibd ,deviation f ord]s #chh ,devolution ( "w & responsibility #hfi ,di>rhoea #adia ,dim9i% int]vals #agb ,directions giv5 subord9ates ?r\gh imm$iate sup]iors #cig ,,discipl9e3 ,def9ition #iaj ,g5]al pr9ciples #iaf ,importance #iab ,me?ods ( atta9+ good discipl9e #iaa2 #iad ,puni%m5t #iae ,s\nd sy/em #iac ,discipl9>y ex]cises--drills at att5tion & c]emonies #ee a ,discipl9e & tra9+ necess>y #cgi ,discipl9e1 fire #bia2 #dcj2 #dca ,dislocations1 fir/ aid #adib ,,dismiss+3 ,battalion #cji ,company #bag ,squad #adg ,dism\nt$ noncommission$ /aff (fic]s1 po/s #gg2 #gh ,dism\nt+1 be=e address+ dism\nt$ sup]ior #aeeh ,dism\nt+ be=e salut+ dism\nt$ s5ior #ge ,,di/ance3 ,betwe5 fir+ l9e & support #cch ,betwe5 front & re> rank #aec ,betwe5 units 9 column ( subdivisions #fi ,def9ition #ca ,plates %[+ di/ances3 ,battalion ne>1 #cjj ,company ne>1 #bjg ,tak5 by file clos]s 9 take di/ance & take int]val #bac ,,di/ance ,,tak+3 ,action ( guides #bac ,h[ execut$ #aeh ,di/ant range #bge ,di/ance to t>get1 det]m9ation ( #bgf ,di/ribution ( fire #adda-addd ,di/ribution ( fire & t>get #bhb2 #bhc2 #dbg ,division ( battalion into fir+ l9e & support #cce ,docum5t file #hid ,dog's bite #adhj ,d some?+ #chf ,,d\ble ,,rank3 ,company to be =m$ 9 #bjc ,habitual close ord] =mation #gj ,kneel+ & ly+ d[n 9 #agh ,re> rank load+ & fir+ #agi ,d\ble sleep+ bag #fhf ,,d\ble ,,"t3 ,add+ prep>atory comm& #aji ,any movem5t execut$ 91 unless except$ #fj ,cad5ce #ajh ,comm& = #aaa ,comm& = prec$es comm& ( execution #fj ,dropp+ h&s by side ^u halt+ #aaf ,half /ep1 l5g? #aac ,9 successive movem5ts1 base unit m>*es 9 quick "t #fa ,position ( dis5gag$ h& #aaa2 #aba ,to ha/5 movem5ts begun 9 quick "t #agg ,to ! re> #aah ,dra9age1 camp+1 #abdh ,dra9age ( tr5*es #aafg ,draw sab] #fga ,dress1 appe>ance #aebc ,,dress+3 ,battalion #caj2 #caa ,company #bah ,companies1 position ( capta9 #bah2 #cjb ,deploy$ l9es #bdj ,drill at att5tion aft] combat ex]cises #ee 7d7 ,squad 7"r or left7 #aed ,v]ify bo? ranks #aed ,,drill3 ,battalion #bie-cfc ,company #bjb-bid ,squad #adh-bjb ,drills at att5tion & c]emonies design$ to tea* precision1 etc4 #ee 7a7 ,drill regulations furni%$ z guide1 provid+ pr9ciples = tra9+1 etc4 #ec ,drill regulations1 int]pretation ( #ec ,dr[n+ #adic ,drum major at battalion inspection #fej ,dug\ts1 tr5*es #aaef ,dummy tr5*es #aafc ,duties ( infantry1 _m & difficult #cff ,duties ( (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s 9 battle #chi ,duty ro/] #hij ,e ,e>a*e #adid ,e>1 =eign body 9 #adie ,e*elon def9ition #di ,effect ( fire #adaj ,effect ( heat1 light1 etc4 #acig-adjc ,effectiv5ess ( fire #adaf ,effective range #bge ,effici5cy dep5d5t ^u ?or\gh & uni=m tra9+ #ea ,ela/ic =mations ess5tial to correct battle tra9+ #eb ,electric %ock #adif ,elem5t1 def9ition #cb ,elevation1 *ange ( #ib ,encroa*m5t ^u functions ( subord9ates #cif ,endurance1 limit (1 exact$ #chj ,enemy--imag9>y outl9$ & repres5t$ #ef2 #cgj ,entr5*+ at night #ajii ,,envelop+ ,,attack3 ,advantages #dei2 #dfa ,result+ 9 local frontal attack #dfa ,to be />t$ at consid]able di/ance f enemy #dfb ,envelopm5t ( bo? flanks1 :5 all[able #dfj ,,equipm5t3 ,c>ri$ into action #chb ,display = inspection #fhb ,,equipm5t1 ,,c>e ,,(3 ,clo? equipm5t3 ,g5]al in/ructions #acja ,intr5*+ tools #acab ,%elt] t5t #acjc ,wa%+ #acjb ,clo?+3 ,grease spots #abhe2 #abhi ,ink /a9s #abhg ,legg9s #abhj ,pa9t spots #abij ,ru/ #abhf ,/a9s #abhd ,importance #abgf ,lea!r equipm5t3 ,clean+ #acaf ,clean+ mat]ials #acae ,new equipm5t #acah ,oil+ #acag2 #acai ,po9ts to be rememb]$ #acbj ,mess outfit3 ,bacon c #acjh ,cante5 #acaa ,condim5t c #acji ,cup #acaj ,=k #acje ,knife #acjd ,meat c #acjg ,spoon #acjf ,rifle #acba ,%oes3 ,c>e #abib ,poli%+ #abie2 #abii2 #acjj ,repair+ #abid ,selection #abic ,wet %oes #abig ,equipm5t4 ,see ,c>e & pres]vation ,errors /ay+ execution ( movem5t1 = correction ( #fc2 #fd ,,escorts ,,(3 ,fun]al #fdj-fde ,honor #fci ,! ,color #fcg2 #fch ,e/abli%+ outpo/ by company #ajhj ,e/imate ( situation #iej ,e/imat+ di/ance #acic-acie ,e/imat+ di/ances1 tra9+ 9 #bja ,e/imators ( ranges #bgh ,ex]cises 9 fire control & direction #adej ,,ext5d$ ,,ord]3 ,c]ta9 movem5ts execut$ z 9 close ord] #bda ,company #bcf-bfh ,company l>ge/ unit execut+ #ee 7b7 ,company l>ge/ unit to execute movem5ts by prescrib$ comm&s #cbh ,ex]cises to be 9 nature ( combat ex]cise #cgj ,purpose #ee 7b7 ,squad #agj ,to be execut$ at ease #ee 7b7 ,ext5d$ on fir/ 7f\r?7 company #cba ,eye1 =eign body 9 #adig ,eyes left1 :5 po/ ( review+ (fic] is on left ( column #fbf ,,eyes ,,"r3 ,h[ execut$ #ajc ,battalion review #fca2 #fcb ,eyesight 9 sc\t+ #ajhc ,eyes1 use ( #bjj ,f ,fac+s #ajd ,fac+ ab\t to give comm&s1 /aff /&s fa/ #gd ,fac+ ab\t1 m\nt$ (fic] turns to left #gd ,fac+ troops :5 giv+ comm&s #hi ,fa9t+1 fir/ aid #adih ,fall 9 #ajj2 #aec ,fall 9 execut$ at ord] #aba 7fif?7 ,fall out #ajj ,fall out execut$ z )\t arms #aba 7fif?7 ,fall+ 9 ) h&s on hips #gj ,fasc9es #aaag2 #aaah ,fa/]1 comm& = increas+ rate ( fire #aia ,fe> #ibf ,feet1 c>e ( #abbi ,fe9t attacks #ejb ,field effici5cy ( organization #ea ,,field ,,eng9e]+3 ,bridges3 ,d\ble lock #aaad ,roadway ( sp> #aaae ,s+le lock #aaac ,sp> #aaab ,bru% "w #aaag ,corduroy+ #aaaf ,fasc9es #aaag2 #aaah ,gabions #aaba-aabc ,hurdles #aaai ,knots3 ,b[l9e #aacj ,clove hit* #aabh ,eye splice #aace ,long splice #aacd ,%eep %ank #aacb ,%ort splice #aacc ,squ>e or reef #aabf ,timb] hit* #aabi ,two-half hit*es #aabg ,la%+s #aacf-aaci ,revetm5ts #aabd2 #aabe ,field ex]cises1 def9ition #ee 7c72 #ef ,,field ,,=tifications3 ,classification #aadb ,communicat+ tr5*es #aaeg ,concealm5t ( tr5*es #aafb ,cov] tr5*es #aaee ,delib]ate intr5*m5ts #aadg ,dra9age #aafg ,dug\ts #aaef ,dummy tr5*es #aafc ,example ( tr5* sy/em #aafj ,fire tr5*es #aadh ,ha/y intr5*m5ts #aadc ,head cov] #aaeb ,illum9ation ( =egr\nd #aagj ,kneel+ tr5* #aade ,latr9es #aafi ,l5g? ( tr5* #aafd ,location ( tr5*es #aafa ,look\ts #aaeh ,loopholes & not*es #aaec ,ly+ tr5* #aadd ,not*es & loopholes #aaec ,object #aadj ,ov]head cov] #aaed ,p>ados #aaea ,prep>ation ( =egr\nd #aafe ,revetm5ts #aaff ,siege works #aagb ,sortie /eps #aaej ,/&+ tr5* #aadf ,support+ po9ts #aaei ,telephones #aaga ,trav]ses #aadi ,tr5* recesses #aaej ,wat] supply #aafh ,field (fic]s1 habitually m\nt$ #gc ,file def9ition #cc ,,file ,,clos]3 ,d>t+ ?r\gh column ( squads #bba ,execution ( load+s & manual ( arms #bab ,on ! "r 7left7 flank #baa ,po/ 9 column ( squads #bba ,po/ 9 r\te m>*es #cbe ,to correct mi/akes #ga ,files1 advanc+ by #bee ,files ( ord]s1 company #hia ,fill magaz9e #gjb ,f9d+ way 9 /range c\ntry #ajhd ,f9e sight #acec 7b7 ,f+] sy/em ( t>get designation #addg 7a7 ,,fire3 ,by volley #ahi2 #bgh ,classes ( #agi2 #aid2 #bgh-bhj ,clip #aib2 #bhj ,comm&s = #agi2 #ahi2 #aid ,delay op5+ z long z possible #cdd ,9 deploym5t controll$ by platoon lead]s #bfi ,long range1 :5 effective #daf ,obs]vation ( #dbh2 #dbi ,op5+ 9 attack #cdd2 #dag ,op5+ 9 def5se #dag ,purpose & nature #dad2 #dae ,rate ( #aia2 #bib ,to be direct$ aga9/ ho/ile infantry #cde ,fire action #bfi ,,fire ,,attack3 ,fire sup]iority s\ght at fir/ fir+ position & to be ma9ta9$ until *>g+ po9t is rea*$ #dgb ,futility ( advanc+ )\t fire sup]iority #dgc ,g5]al pr9ciples #beh2 #dgb ,intr5*+ #dge ,retir+ "u fire suicidal #dge ,signs t fire sup]iority has be5 ga9$ #dgd ,size ( ru%+ units #dgb ,supports & res]ves occupy+ tr5*es vacat$ by fir+ l9e to improve same #dgf ,,fire ,,at ,,w3 ,h[ execut$ #aij ,use #bgi ,fire control1 company #bhg-bij ,fire direction1 company #bhe2 #bhf ,,fire ,,control ,,& ,,direction3 ,g5]al consid]ations #daf ,signals #dca ,fire direction & control #adcd-addj ,fire discipl9e #bia2 #dcj2 #dca ,fire discipl9e1 def9ition #adjf ,fire di/ribution #dbg2 #adda-addd ,fire fight1 :]e & :5 to beg91 indicat$ by major #cda ,,fire ,,( ,,position3 ,use ( ma*9e guns #eee ,:5 us$ #dch ,,fire ,,sup]iority3 ,futility ( advanc+ )\t #dgc ,purpose & nature #dad ,signs t x has be5 ga9$ #dgd ,s\ght at fir/ fir+ position #dgb ,to be ma9ta9$ until *>g+ po9t is rea*$ #dgb ,:at x accompli%es #dgh ,fire tr5*es #aadh ,fire unit1 platoon #bhg ,fir+ at night #aaja ,fir+ at /ation>y t>gets #adbh ,fir+ by s5tries at night #aajd ,fir+1 classes ( #bgh-bhj ,,fir+ ,,l9e3 ,advance #beh-bfa2 #cdf ,advance z f> z possible be=e op5+ fire #dfg ,advanc$ elem5ts n to op5 fire on ma9 position #dga ,companies to be kept clos$ 9 on c5t] #ced ,control by signals #ee 7d7 ,controll$ by comm&] :5 :ole l9e has be5 absorb$ #chc ,d5sity #ddf-dec ,furni%$ by battalion #dee ,plac+ entire battalion or regim5t into #cci ,premature =mation to be avoid$ #ddc ,re5=cem5t by major #cei ,to advance z f> z possible be=e op5+ fire #dfg ,fir+ l9e & support1 division ( battalion #cce ,fir+s 9 close ord] #bfi ,fir+s & load+s1 see ,load+s & fir+s ,fir/ aid packet #aeba ,fir/ aid to sick & injur$ #adgh ,,fir/ ,,s]geant3 ,accompanies capta9 :5 company is deploy$ #bjg ,assi/s 9 fire control 9 case ( deplet$ company #bji ,duties #hgc ,nev] assign$ z guide #bjg ,po/ #bjg ,report :5 company is =m$ #bae ,fi% hook1 fir/ aid #adii ,fits1 fir/ aid #aejj ,fix bayonets1 h[ execut$ #adb ,fix bayonet ord]1 giv5 by major #cee ,fix$ =ms cov]+ all cases impossible #cfi ,,fix$ ,,pivot1 ,,turn ,,on3 ,company #bai-bba ,squad #afe ,:5 us$ #ff ,,flag3 ,company signal c>ri$ by company musicians 7n[ bugl]s7 #dja ,def9$ #aege ,( g5]al (fic]s1 po/ ( #gc2 #fah ,respect paid to #aegd2 #aege ,signals #id2 #djj2 #dja ,signal+ to artill]y #dcg ,to outl9e enemy #cga ,flag-/eal+ conte/ #ajij ,,flank3 ,by ! "r1 h[ execut$ #aag ,def9ition #ce2 #ed ,deploym5t z skirmi%]s #bdf ,movem5ts execut$ t[>ds ei!r1 expla9$ t[>d b "o flank #eh ,unit to beg9 ru% #cdh ,,fl\ri%es ,,at3 ,fun]al #fda ,review #fbd ,fly1 disease c>ri] #adfj ,fold+ t5ts #fia ,,foll[ ,,me3 ,9 =m+ skirmi% l9e #bcg ,9 ru%es #bei ,to foll[ corporal #afi ,footm>ks1 foll[+ #ajhh ,=c$ m>*es #abbe ,=k1 c>e #acje ,,=m3 ,column ( companies #cae ,column ( squads #caf ,= %elt] t5ts #aha ,=mation calls #fic ,=mation def9ition #cf ,,=mations ,,=3 ,advanc+ improvis$ #beg ,support #bfb ,,=mation ,,(3 ,battalion #cjg2 #cjh ,company #bae ,squad #aec ,=m l9es #ahhd ,=ms ( spee* #aebf ,=tifications1 attack #die-dih ,,=w>d ,,m>*3 ,f half /ep1 halt & m>k "t #aac ,f halt #aaj ,f oblique #afc ,pieces br\ght to "r %\ld] f ord]1 at comm& #aba 7six?7 ,fractures #adhc ,fraise #aagh ,freez+1 fir/ aid #aejb ,front1 def9ition #cg ,front1 ext5t ( 9 deploym5t #ddf-dec ,,front ,,(3 ,deploy$ battalion #ccd-ccg ,deploy$ squad #aga ,frontal attacks1 :5 !y may be successful #deg ,,front ,,into ,,l9e3 ,battalion #cad ,company #bca ,fro/-bite1 fir/ aid #aejc ,full di/ance1 def9ition #fi ,full sight #acec 7c7 ,full /ep1 l5g? & cad5ce #ajh ,fun]al escort #fdj-fde ,g ,gabions #aaba-aabc ,gall]y practice #ache ,gangr5e #adhb ,gases1 asphyxiat+ #aaid ,,g5]al ,,common ,,s5se ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,appli$ ,,m9or ,,tactics3 ,art ( w>1 def9ition #idc ,e/imat+ ! situation #iej ,maneuv]s #idg2 #idi ,map problems #ide2 #idi ,mission1 def9$ #iej ,noncommission$ (fic]s1 responsibilities 9 "t ( w> #idd ,ord]s1 tactical1 prep>ation #ieb ,t]ra9 ex]cises #ide2 #idi ,w> game #idf2 #idi ,g5]al (fic]s habitually m\nt$ #gc ,g5]al plan to be fur!r$ by subord9ates #chf ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,=3 ,c]emonies #fad-faf ,drills & =mations #eg-gi ,p>ades #fcd2 #fce ,reviews #fag-fcj ,g5tle rev]se slopes #adbg ,g]ms #adeb ,gonorrhoea #adff ,graz+ fire #adbc ,grease spots1 h[ remov$ #abhe2 #abhi ,gr5ades & bombs #aaig-aaii ,gr\nd1 use ( #dbj2 #dba ,,gu>d ,,duty3 ,*all5g+ #agdf ,classification ( gu>ds #aehd ,comm&] ( ! gu>d #afjc ,comm&+ (fic] #aeia ,complim5ts f gu>d #aghb ,corporal ( ! gu>d #afff ,c\nt]signs & p>oles #agfi ,details & ro/] #aehe ,duty ( s5t9els #aegh ,g5]al rules conc]n+ gu>d duty #agib ,gu>d+ prison]s #agig ,gu>d m\nt+3 ,=mal #ahdj ,in=mal #ahdg ,gu>d patrols #aggh ,importance #aegf ,musicians ( ! gu>d #agjj ,(fic] ( ! day #aeic ,ord]lies & color s5t9els #agjb ,ord]s = s5t9els #agaf ,p>oles & c\nt]signs #agfi ,privates ( ! gu>d #agae ,reliev+ old gu>d #ahej ,respect = s5t9els #aegg ,reveille & retreat gun #ahcg ,s5t9els ( troops /able gu>d #ahbe ,s5t9els' ord]s #agaf ,s]geant ( ! gu>d #afdb ,special ord]s = s5t9els at po/ ( gu>d #agei ,/able gu>ds #ahjf ,troop /able gu>ds #ahjh ,wat*m5 #agha ,,gu>d ,,m\nt+3 ,=mal #ahdj ,in=mal #ahdg ,gu>d patrols #aggh ,gu>d+ prison]s #agig ,,guide3 ,ann\nc+ be=e execut+ platoons "r 7left7 #bbj ,def9ition #ch ,9 deploym5t #bcf ,9 successive =mations #fe ,"r 7left7 #aee ,:at x is1 unless o!rwise ann\nc$ #fe ,:5 giv5 9 connection ) movem5t1 foll[s comm& ( execution #fe ,,guides3 ,alignm5t ( battalion #caa ,assignm5t to platoons #bjf ,battalion =m$ 9 l9e #cjh ,battalion m>*+ 9 column ( companies or platoons #cbe ,battalion p>ade #fcf ,close on fir/ 7f\r?7 company #cbj ,column ( companies1 fir/ company1 squads "r #cae ,column "r 7left7 battalion #cag ,dress+ company :5 battalion is 9 l9e #cjb ,duties 9 battle #chi ,duties 9 fire fight #bhi ,equipp$ ) :i/les #hc ,execution ( load+ & manual ( arms z file clos]s #bab ,fir/ ,s]geant nev] assign$ z #bjg ,guide #fe ,guide ( lead+ subdivision *>g$ ) /ep & direction 9 column ( subdivisions #fi ,9 successive =mation guide is t[>d base #fe ,manual ( arms1 execution by file clos]s #bab ,p>tial *anges ( direction #fg ,platoon guides #baj ,platoon guides accompany lead] :5 platoon is deploy$ #bjf ,positions %[n 9 plates ( company & battalion #aff ,po/ 9 column ( squads #baa ,po/ ( file clos]s 9 r\te m>*es #cbe ,rectify+ column 7battalion7 #cac ,repeat+ signals #hc ,tak+ int]vals & di/ances #bac ,tak+ place 9 front rank at comm& ab\t face #bbi ,to *ange guides to opposite flank #baa ,guide c5t] designate left guide ( c5t] company #cja ,guide "r 7left7 comm& #aee ,h ,half /ep 7comm&7 #aac ,,halt3 ,any movem5t execut$ f1 unless o!rwise prescrib$ #ei ,fir+ execut$ at #agi ,f half /ep & m>k "t #aac ,h[ execut$ #aaf ,piece br\ght to ! ord] #aba 7sev5?7 ,halt+1 skirmi%]s face to ! front & take advantage ( cov] #bdj ,halts on m>*es #abbb ,,h&3 ,dis5gag$1 position at d\ble "t #aaa2 #aba 7,eigh?7 ,left1 position at balance #abb 7,fir/7 ,on hip fall+ 9 ) #gj ,salute #ajf ,h& gr5ades #aaih ,h>mony & cont5tm5t 9 company #hgg ,ha/y intr5*m5ts #aadc ,head1 def9ition #ci ,heada*e #aejd ,head cov]1 tr5*es #aaeb ,,heal?1 ,,c>e ,,(3 ,*ancroid #adff ,clap #adff ,five ways ( cat*+ disease #adec ,fly1 disease c>ri] #adfj ,g]ms #adeb ,gonorrhoea #adff ,importance #adea ,mal>ia fev] #adfi ,mosquito1 c>ri] ( disease #adfi ,syphilis #adff ,vegetables1 di/ribut] ( disease #adeh ,v5]eal disease #adff ,wat]1 di/ribut] ( disease #adeg ,yell[ fev] #adfi ,he>+ at night #ajie ,he>+ 9 sc\t+ #ajhc ,heat1 effect on %oot+ #acig ,heat exhau/ion #aeje ,height1 m5 to fall 9 accord+ to #bjc ,heliograph+ #hfd ,helmets1 /eel #abje ,hits1 p]c5tage #adag ,hold+ attack #dii-ejb ,horizontal clock face sy/em ( t>get designation #addf ,horizontal equival5ts #ahfg ,ho/ile ,infantry1 t>get #cde ,human elem5t 9 tra9+ & in/ruction #ibe ,hurdles #aaai ,hygi5e4 ,see ,p]sonal hygi5e ,i ,illum9ation ( =egr\nd ( tr5*es #aagj ,imag9>y enemy1 def9ition #ef2 #cgj ,improvis$ =mations = advanc+ #beg ,inc9]ators1 camp #abdg ,incl9e to ! "r 7left7 #fg ,,increas+ ,,int]vals3 ,company #bdg ,squad #agb ,,individual ,,cook+3 ,fire1 h[ to make #abeg ,importance #abef ,recipes #abeh-abge ,individual intellig5ce1 factor 9 w>f>e #ibd ,,infantry3 ,aga9/ artill]y3 ,action aga9/ artill]y limb]+ or com+ into action #fjj ,action aga9/ guns out ( ammunition #eii ,flank attack #eih ,frontal attack usually futile #eig ,ma*9e guns #eig ,:eel horses be/ t>gets #fjj ,aga9/ ,cavalry3 ,cavalry *>ge aga9/ infantry usually futile #eia ,infantry attack+ dism\nt$ cavalry #eif ,measures to *eck *>ges f front & flanks #eib ,meet+ ( cavalry *>ge by infantry 9 column #eie ,rifle fire ma9 dep5d5ce ( infantry #eid ,/&+ position1 be/ to meet *>ge #eic ,dem&s ^u x by mod]n combat #cfe ,duties _m & difficult #cff ,good ,infantry c defeat sup]ior troops ( poor quality #cfh ,mod]n w> requires good infantry #cff ,mov+ to attack1 pass+ ?r\gh deploy$ artill]y #dgj ,requisites ( good infantry #cfh ,tra9$ to be> heavie/ burd5s #cfh ,infantry ,drill ,regulations #bd ,influ5ce ( gr\nd #adbj ,initial combat ord] #cid ,initiative 9 w>f>e #ibc ,initiative ( subord9ates n to be hamp]$ #chd2 #che2 #chf ,ink /a9s1 h[ remov$ #abhg ,9 place halt #fc ,,inspection3 ,b& #fej2 #fec ,battalion #fej2 #fed ,company #fdf-fdi ,display ( equipm5t #fhb ,equipm5t #fdh ,( pieces :5 troop are =m$ & :5 dismiss$ #aba 7,second7 ,pi/ol #fdf ,prep>e = #fdf2 #fdi-fea2 #fec ,qu>t]s #fdg2 #fed ,sab] #fdf2 #fhj ,s5iority at #fcj2 #fej ,inspection & port arms :5 dismiss+ squad #adg ,inspection arms f ord] #ade ,inspection arms1 ,krag rifle #fih ,inspections1 object ( #hhe ,,in/ruction3 ,capta9's responsibility = #bjb ,comm&+ (fic]s acc\ntable = #ea ,9 use ( signals #ha ,( battalion1 major responsible = #bie ,( recruits #ig-ih 7a72 #abj ,)\t arms #ih 7a7 ,in/ruction giv5 subord9ates ?r\gh imm$iate sup]iors #cig ,in/ruction4 ,see ,tra9+ & in/ruction ,integrity ( squads 9 battle #aea ,intellig5ce1 factor 9 w>f>e #ibd ,int]e/ 9 tra9+ & in/ruction #ibb ,int]m+l+ ( units 9 fir+ l9e #chi ,int]pretations ( ,drill ,regulations1 _s to gov]n #ec ,,int]val3 ,action ( guides 9 tak+ #bac ,battalion 9 deploym5t #ded2 #dfe ,betwe5 companies 9 deploym5t #ced2 #ddg ,betwe5 files obta9$ by plac+ h&s on hip #gj ,betwe5 platoon columns #beb ,betwe5 regim5ts 9 deploym5t #ded ,betwe5 skirmi%]s #aga ,def9ition #dj ,increas+ or decreas+ betwe5 skirmi%]s #agb2 #bdg ,( file clos]s 9 column ( squads #bba ,plates %[+ int]vals3 ,battalion ne>1 #cjj ,company ne>1 #bjg ,to take #aef ,intr5*+ tools1 c>e #acab ,,intr5*m5ts3 ,con/ruction 9 action #dge ,ord] ( importance ( op]ations 9 con/ruction #fjf ,intr5*m5ts4 ,see ,field ,=tifications ,introduction #ej-gi2 #cfd-cga ,inundations1 tr5*es #aahf ,invisibility be/ protection :ile advanc+ #dfh ,j ,jab1 bayonet #hbd 7d7 ,k ,kit*5 pits1 camp+ #abdf ,kit*5s1 camp #abde ,,kneel3 ,f ly+ d[n #agg ,f /&+ #agd ,position ( piece #ahe ,to aim #ahi ,use ( position #agh ,kneel+ tr5* #aade ,knife1 c>e ( #acjd ,knots #aabf-aace ,k ( subord9ates #cgh ,krag rifle 7,infantry ,drill ,regulations7 #fif ,l ,l&m>ks1 obs]v+ #ajhf ,l>ge/ unit execut+ ext5d$ ord] #ee 7b72 #cbh ,la%+s #aacf ,latitude all[$ subord9ates #chd2 #che ,latr9es1 camp+ #abdc ,latr9es 9 tr5*es #aafi ,,lead]%ip3 ,g5]al consid]ation #cgb-chd ,necess>y to success 9 battle #cfe ,,lead+3 ,company #bji2 #bfj ,platoon #bej2 #bea2 #bei ,ru% #bfj ,squad #aej2 #afi2 #bcg2 #bei2 #bhi ,,lea!r ,,equipm5t3 ,clean+ #acaf ,clean+ mat]ials #acae ,oil+ #acag2 #acai ,left arm1 position :5 piece is diagonally across ! body #abb 7,second7 ,left1 def9ition #da ,left foot1 /epp+ (f ) #ajg ,left h&1 position at balance #abb 7,fir/7 ,,left ,,%\ld] ,,f3 ,ord] #acf ,port #acf ,pres5t #acf ,"r %\ld] #acf ,legg9s1 h[ clean$ #abhj ,l5g? ( /eps #ajg-aae ,libr>y1 company #hgi ,,lieut5ants3 ,assi/+ capta9 9 fire control ( deplet$ company #bji ,assignm5t ( platoons to #bjf ,duties1 etc41 #hgj2 #hga ,fire control #bgj2 #bhg-bhi ,int]m+l+ ( units 9 fir+ l9e #chi ,lead+ 9 *>ges #cef ,po/s ( #ga ,ru%es by platoons #bei2 #bic ,susp5d+ fire :5 t>get disappe>s #bid ,tak+ po/ :5 company is =m$ #bae ,tra9+ #cfi ,,lieut5ant ,,colonel3 ,salute 9 c]emonies #fae ,light1 effect on %oot+ #acii ,lightn+1 /ruck by #aejg ,l9e1 def9ition #db ,l9e ( platoons1 companies1 etc41 def9ition #fh ,l9e ( skirmi%]s #afi-agb2 #bcf-bdg ,l9es ( in=mation #cih-djb ,liquid fire #aaif ,li/5+ po/s1 tr5*es #aaia ,litt]s1 improvis$ #aebb ,load$ pieces n to be c>ri$ #aba 7,fir/7 ,load+ pieces be=e deploym5t #bfi ,load+1 ) ,krag rifle #gja ,,load+s ,,& ,,fir+s3 ,aim+ po9t3 ,ann\nc$ be=e or aft] range #aha ,once designat$1 n *ang$ unless ord]$ #ahb ,by battalion #cjf ,cease fir+ #aid ,clip fire #aib ,color gu>d does n execute #fff ,comm&s #agi2 #ahe-aid ,cont9u+ ! fire 7comm&7 #ahi ,execution by file clos]s #bab ,fire at w #aij ,fire fa/] 7sl[]7 #aia ,fir+3 ,execut$ 9 l9e & skirmi% l9e only #agi ,in/ruction 91 prec$$ by comm& to load #agi ,re> rank kneel+ or ly+ d[n #agi ,fir+s execut$ at halt #agi ,in/ruction 9 fir+ to be prec$$ by comm& = load+ #agi ,load3 ,comm& #ahe ,position (1 :5 tak5 #ahc ,re> rank1 kneel+ or ly+ d[n #agi ,t>get3 ,ann\nc$ be=e or aft] range #aha ,once designat$1 n *ang$ unless ord]$ #ahb ,load+s execut$ 9 l9e & skirmi% l9e only #agi ,long :i/le bla/ #aic ,pieces once load$1 s kept until comm& to unload #ahj ,position ( load1 :5 tak5 #ahc ,range & comm& ann\nc+ #ahh ,sight sett+1 aim+ po9t ann\nc$ be=e or aft] #aha ,simulate load 7comm&7 #ahf ,s+le load]1 use ( piece z #ahf ,sl+1 use :5 deploy$ #ahd ,susp5d fir+ #aic2 #aid ,local successes necess>y to g5]al success #cfg ,location ( tr5*es #adbf ,lock pieces #gjj ,long bla/ ( :i/le #aic2 #bga ,long range #bge ,long-range fire #adad ,long-range fire1 :5 effective #daf ,look\ts 9 tr5*es #aaeh ,loopholes & not*es #aaec ,loose pieces #afa ,lo/1 :at to d #ajhe ,ly+ d[n #age2 #ahe2 #ahi ,ly+ d[n position1 use #agh ,ly+ tr5* #aadd ,m ,,ma*9e ,,guns3 ,concealm5t #efd ,cov]+ dead spaces on def5sive #eai ,cov]+ )drawal #edf2 #eeg ,effectiv5ess aga9/ skirmi% l9e #eei ,fire ( position #dch2 #eee ,9 attack #eee ,9 def5se #eee ,9 infantry attack aga9/ artill]y #eig ,9 meet+ engagem5ts #eec ,lessons ( ,european w> #efa-efh ,location on def5se #eff ,me?ods ( transportation #efc ,n to =m "p ( fir+ l9e ( attack #eeh ,sil5c+ ( ma*9e guns by infantry #efj ,to be us$ = %ort p]iods #eeb ,use 9 villages #efe ,weapons ( em]g5cy #eea ,) advance gu>d #eec ,) re> gu>d #eed ,) res]ve #eeg ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,company3 ,po/ 9 =mations #ga2 #gb ,po/ :5 atta*$ to battalion #bii ,,major3 ,apportions t>get #cdj ,controls support #bfc ,duties & responsibilities z battalion comm&] #bie ,duty reg>d+ protection ( flanks #dab2 #dac ,gives ord] to *>ge #cef ,gives ord] to fix bayonets #cee ,indicates :]e or :5 fire fight beg9s #cda ,locates tr5*es & ob/acles #ceh ,ord] mak+ disposition ( battalion = combat #cbi ,ord]s bayonets fix$ on def5se #cfa ,po/ dur+ attack #ceb ,po/ 9 r\te m>* #cbe ,re5=ces fir+ l9e #cei ,responsibility reg>d+ ammunition #egj ,see ,battalion comm&] ,mal>ial fev] #adfi ,maneuv]s #idg2 #idi ,maneuv]s effective me?od ( conduct+ #cga ,,manual ,,(3 ,arms3 ,by ! numb]s #abb 7,fif?7 ,cad5ce #abb 7,f\r?7 ,c>ry+ rifle 9 any position #abb 7,six?7 ,execut$ by color gu>d #fff ,g5]al pr9ciples & ! manual #abj-adg ,regul> positions assume )\t reg>d to previ\s ones #abb 7,six?7 ,)\t ! numb]s #abb 7,fif?7 ,bugle #fib-fie ,color #feh-fgj ,sab] #fga-fhj ,t5t pit*+ #fha-fia ,! color #fgj ,,manual ,,( ,,bayonet3 ,bayonet combat #gfj ,comb9$ movem5ts #hjb ,f5c+ at w #hjg ,f5c+ ex]cises #ggb ,g5]al rem>ks #gaa ,gu>d #gbe ,h9ts = in/ructors #hbc ,in/ruction ) rifle #gcd ,in/ruction )\t bayonet #gee ,in/ruction )\t rifle #gbc ,jab #hbd 7d7 ,lessons ( ,european w> #hbd ,nom5clature #gba ,%ort po9t #hbd 7d7 ,map1 def9ition #ahei ,map di/ances #ahfg ,map problems #ide2 #idi ,map problems1 in/ruction 9 #ied ,,map ,,read+3 ,cont\rs #ahff ,conv5tional signs #ahgd ,def9ition ( map #ahei ,det]m9ation ( positions ( po9ts on map #ahga ,horizontal equival5ts #ahfg ,map di/ances #ahfg ,mean+ ( map read+ #ahfj ,m]idians #ahgj ,nor? /> #ahgc ,ori5tation #ahgb ,problems 9 scales #ahfd ,scale ( map di/ances #ahfg 7a7 ,scales #ahfa-ahfc ,scal+ di/ances f map #ahfe ,slopes #ahfh ,true m]idian #ahgc ,visibility problem #ahge ,map sket*+4 ,see ,milit>y map sket*+ ,,m>*3 ,at fun]al #fda ,play$ z honor #fbd ,,m>*es3 ,a successful m>* #abae ,at night #aajb ,c>e ( feet & fitt+ ( %oes #abbi ,complim5ts n paid on m>*es #abbg ,conduct on m>* #abbj ,cross+ bridges & =ds #abbc ,elongation ( column #abbd ,fitt+ %oes & c>e ( feet #abbi ,=c$ mat*es #abbe ,halts #abbb ,h>d5+ new troops #abac ,long m>* n to be made ) new troops #abad ,m>*+ capacity #abba ,m>*+1 pr9cipal occupation ( troops 9 campaign #abab ,night m>*es #abbf ,no complim5ts paid on #aefd ,physical tra9+ #abac ,prep>ation = m>* #abaf-abah ,protection on m>* #abbh ,rate ( m>* #abbj ,/>t+ on m>* #abai ,/raggl+ #abbd ,m>*+1 any movem5t execut$ :51 unless o!rwise prescrib$ #ei ,m>*+ to re>1 skirmi%es1 n assembl$ #agc ,m>*+s & /eps #ajg-aai ,,m>k ,,"t3 ,execut$ f half /ep1 halt & m>k "t #aac ,h[ execut$ #aab ,:ile obliqu+ #afc ,masks1 protection aga9/ gases #abjf ,mass =mation1 battalion #cbj ,meat c1 c>e #acjg ,me*anism ( deploym5t taught by ext5d$ ord] #ee 7b7 ,meet+ engagem5ts3 ,action ( advance gu>d prior to receipt ( ord] #edc ,action ( column #edb ,action ( ! lead+ troops #eda ,advantage accrues to side deploy+ ! fa/] #eci ,af=d ideal opportunity to c]ta9 comm&]s #ecg ,boldness & det]m9ation ( comm&] #ecf ,*>act]i/ics ( #ecd ,fir/ troops deploy+ h advantage #eci ,function ( advance gu>d #edb ,g5]al action #ece ,ma*9e guns1 use #eeb ,ma9 body n to be put into action piece meal #edd ,meag]ness ( in=mation #ecf ,mission det]m9es me?od ( attack #ech ,po/ ( comm&] #edb ,memor&um receipts1 company #ijj ,m]idians #ahgj ,mess1 company #hgh ,mess outfit c>e #acjd ,messages1 deliv]y #aecj ,messages1 in/ruction 9 deliv]+ #ieh ,metal f\l+1 remov+ f bore #acbg ,me?od 9 tra9+ & in/ruction #iah ,milit>y appe>ance & deportm5t #aebc ,,milit>y ,,c\rtesy3 ,colors & /&>ds #aege ,headdress n rais$ 9 salut+ #aefi ,national an!m #aegb ,national an!ms ( o!r nations #aegc ,nature & orig9 ( salutes #aecc2 #aecd ,prison]s d n salute #aefg ,soldi] walk+ ) (fic] #aeff ,unmilit>y salutes #aefh ,usual mi/akes 9 salut+ #aega ,:5 & h[ to salute3 ,at meals #aedc ,at "w #aedg ,br++ comm& to pres5t be=e comm&] salutes #aefc ,comm&]s ( deta*m5ts or o!r comm&s #aefa ,dism\nt+ be=e address+1 sup]ior n m\nt$ #aeeh ,g5]al rule #aeci ,h[ to salute 9 uni=m #aeea ,indoors #aede ,9 public places & conveyances #aefj ,man address$ 9 =mation #aeei ,no complim5ts paid at drill1 on m>*1 etc4 #aefd ,no salut+ at d\ble "t1 trot or gallop #aefe ,(fic] approa*+ numb] ( soldi]s 9 op5 #aedf ,(fic] ent]+ room occupi$ by soldi]s #aedb ,(fic] pass+ 9 re> ( troops #aefb ,pass+ (fic] on /aircase #aedi ,rid+ 9 wagon #aedh ,rifle salute #aeeb ,sab] salute #aeec ,salut+ di/ance #aeda ,salut+ 9 civilian dress #aeee ,salut+ 9 milit>y mann] #aeef ,s5t9els on po/ #aeed ,sev]al (fic]s toge!r #aeeg ,soldi] address+ or be+ address$ by (fic] #aeej ,:5 mak+ & receiv+ reports #aedj ,:5 seat$ #aedd ,:om to salute3 ,army (fic]s #aece ,=eign1 naval & milit>y atta*es #aech ,navy1 ,m>9e ,corps1 ,volunte] & ,national ,gu>d (fic]s #aecf ,res]ve ,corps (fic]s #aecg ,,milit>y ,,map ,,sket*+3 ,comb9$ sket*+ #ahib ,cont\rs #ahhb ,datum plane #ahhc ,diff]5t me?ods ( sket*+ #ahgh ,=m l9es #ahhd ,k9ds ( milit>y sket*es #ahgh ,location ( po9ts by int]section #ahgi ,location ( po9ts by resection #ahhj ,location ( po9ts by trav]s+ #ahha ,outpo/ sket*+ #ahij ,po9ts = beg9n]s to rememb] #ahic ,position sket*+ #ahhi ,road sket*+ #ahia ,scales #ahhe2 #ahhh ,milit>y organization #aheh ,milit>y pits #aahd ,milit>y tra9+ object ( #ej ,m9e w>f>e4 ,see1 ,tr5* & m9e w>f>e ,,m9or ,,w>f>e3 ,camp or biv\ac protection #fab ,divid+ m>*+ column into two or m deta*m5ts #faa ,=mations 9 close c\ntry #faj ,=mation 9 op5 c\ntry #fji ,irregul> op]ations #fjg ,m>* & biv\ac =mations to admit ( rapid action 9 any direction #fjh ,night op]ations frequ5tly advisable #fac ,regul> op]ations #fjf ,selection ( site = camp or biv\ac #fab ,:at x embraces #fjf ,mirage #adjj ,mission1 def9$ #iej ,mi/akes1 /ay+ execution ( movem5t = correction ( #fc2 #fd ,mod]n combat1 dem&s ^u infantry #cfe ,mod]n w> requires good infantry #cff ,moi/ure1 effect on %oot+ #acih ,morn+ report #hhh ,morse code #hff ,mosquito1 c>ri] ( disease #adfi ,m\nt$ enli/$ m5 =m$ into a deta*m5t = c]emonies #gf ,m\nt$ (fic] 9 mak+ ab\t face1 turns to left #gd ,,m\nt$ ,,sc\ts3 ,battalion /aff (fic]s1 tra9+ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance #egi ,dism\nt$ patroll+ #egh ,h[ us$ #egf ,po/ :5 atta*$ to battalion #bii ,to be tra9$ 9 patroll+ & reconnaissance #egf ,use = reconnoit]+ #egg2 #egh ,m\se & cat conte/ #ajhi ,movem5t1 any execut$ 9 d\ble "t unless except$ #fj ,,movem5ts3 ,begun 9 quick "t1 ha/5$ by comm&1 ,d\ble "t #fb ,execut$ t[>d ei!r flank1 expla9$ t[>d b "o flank #eh ,g5]al rules #eg2 #fc ,may be execut$ f halt or :5 m>*+ #ei ,,mov+ ,,pivot1 ,,turn+ ,,on3 ,company #bbb2 #bbg ,squad #afd ,:5 us$ #ff ,mov+ t>gets1 fir+ at #adcb ,,musicians3 7n[ bugl]s7 ,duties dur+ fir+ #bgb ,equipp$ ) :i/les & repeat+ signals #hc ,jo9 _! companies at battalion inspection #fej ,po/ #bjg ,to c>ry signal flags #id2 #dja ,to repeat signal to fix bayonet & *>ge #cee2 #cef ,musicians 7n[ bugl]s7 ( ! ,gu>d #agjj ,mu/] #fee-feg ,n ,,national ,,air3 ,at fun]al #fda ,play+ z honor at review #fbd ,national ,an!m #aegb ,national color does n salute #ffj ,next to la/ motion 9 resum+ ord] f any position #abb 7,?ird7 ,night fir+ #adcc ,night m>*es #abbf ,,night ,,op]ations3 ,advance & re> gu>ds #ehd ,approa*+ *>g+ po9t "u cov] ( d>kness #dif ,attack1 "t ( mak+ #ehh ,bayonet use #ehc2 #ehf2 #ehi ,*all5g+ #aajc ,connections #aajg ,def5se1 measures tak5 to resi/ night attacks #eij ,deploym5t at night #dfd ,equipm5t #aajj ,f9d+ be>+s #ajif ,fire action to be avoid$ #ehc ,fire n effective beyond #ej y>ds #eij ,=mations #eha2 #ehf2 #ehi ,he>+ #ajie ,importance #ajia ,individual tra9+ #ajic ,m>*es #aajb ,m>k+ r\te outgu>ds to supports #aaje ,mov+ 9 d>k #ajig ,night advance foll[$ by attack by day #ehe ,night entr5*+ #ajii ,night f5c+ #ajih ,night fir+ #aaja ,night mat*es #ehd ,outpo/s #aajc ,practice 9 (f5sive & def5sive op]ations #eha ,prep>ation #aajh ,purposes #ehj ,read9ess = action #aajf ,reconnaissance #ehg ,secrecy #ehc ,s5tries fir+ #aajd ,surprise #ehg ,tra9$ troops necess>y #ehf ,tra9+ ( company #ajib ,unfri5dly guides #ehc ,vision #ajid ,:ite rag1 ty+ ar\nd muzzle ( rifle #eij ,nom5clature ( rifle #acdb ,noncommission$ (fic] comm&+ platoon or company c>ry+ ( piece & tak+ ( po/ #gi ,noncommission$ (fic]s1 po/ ( #ga ,noncommission$ (fic]s to be obey$ & respect$ #aebe ,noncommission$ (fic]s1 company1 duties #hgd ,noncommission$ (fic]s conf9+ m5 #hge ,noncommission$ (fic]s2 in/ructions 9 map problems #ied ,noncommission$ (fic]s2 r$uction & resignation #hgf ,noncommission$ (fic]s2 responsibilities 9 "t ( w> #idd ,normal =ms cov]+ all cases impossible #cfi ,normal sight #acec 7a7 ,nor? /> #ahgc ,nose1 =eign body 9 #aejg ,not*es & loopholes #aaec ,numb] ( troops to be deploy$ 9 beg9n+ #dde ,numb]s1 by ! #abb 7fif?7 ,o ,ob$i5ce #aebd ,object ( milit>y tra9+ #aej ,,objective-- ,ann\nc$ be=e or aft] range #aha ,once designat$ n *ang$ unless ord]$ #ahb ,oblique deploym5t z skirmi%]s #bde ,oblique m>* #afb-afc ,obs]vation #bjj-bja ,obs]vation ( t>get & fire #dbh-dbi ,,ob/acles3 ,abatis #aagf ,aga9/ cavalry #aahj ,automatic al>ms #aaib ,b>ricades #aahe ,*eveaux de frise #aagi2 #aahi ,fraise #aagh ,gu>d+ ob/acles #aaij ,9 front ( outgu>ds #aahg ,inundations #aahf ,k9ds #aagf ,lessons f ,european ,w> #aahh ,li/5+ po/s #aaia ,location #aage ,milit>y pits #aahd ,necessity = #aagd ,object #aagc ,palisade #aagg ,se>* lights #aaic ,tr\s de l\p #aahd ,wire entanglem5ts #aaha2 #aahb2 #aahh ,wire f5ce #aahc ,ob/acles locat$ by ,major #ceh ,occupation ( gr\nd #adbf ,(f5sive necess>y = decisive results #cfg ,(fice1 h[ to ent] #aebg ,(fic] ( ! ,day #aeic ,,(fic]s3 ,po/s ( #ga ,to be true lead]s #cgg ,to comply ) _s ( ord]s #cgg ,oil1 use on rifle #accj2 #acci ,,on ,,"r 7,,left7 ,,into ,,l9e3 ,battalion #cac ,company #bcj ,op5 packs #fdh ,op5 ranks #fdf ,op5 sight #aceb 7a7 ,op5+ fire on def5se #cfj ,,ord]3 ,assum$ 9 resum+ att5tion f re/ or at ease #aba 7fif?7 ,piece br\ght to1 ^u halt+ #aba 7sev5?7 ,piece /rik+ gr\nd g5tly #abb 7?ird7 ,position 9 next to la/ motion #abb 7?ird7 ,position ( piece at #abc ,ord] & cohesion 9 combat #cgf ,ord]1 close1 def9ition #dc ,ord]1 ext5d$1 def9ition #dd ,,ord] ,,f3 ,inspection #adf ,left %\ld] #acf ,port #abh ,pres5t #abh ,"r %\ld] #acj ,trail #adj ,,ord]lies3 ,c>ry+ signal flags #djj ,d n *ange position :5 comm&] faces ab\t to give comm& #gd ,po/s ( #gc2 #gh ,,ord]s3 ,battle #cib ,brigade & division1 usually writt5 #cib ,compliance ) _s ( #cgg ,composition ( combat ord] #cie ,def9ition #he ,deploym5t #cib ,deviation f #chh ,encroa*+ ^u functions ( subord9ates1 prohibit$ #cif ,giv5 subord9ates ?r\gh imm$iate sup]iors #cig ,reconnaissance to prec$e issu+ ( initial combat ord]s #cid ,regim5t1 usually v]bal #cic ,repetition ( #hc ,to be def9ite #cif ,use 9 battalion combat #cbh ,v]bal #cic ,:5 us$ #hj2 #he ,ord]s1 files (1 company #hia ,ord]s = s5t9els #agaf ,ord]s1 tactical prep>ation #ieb ,organization1 milit>y #aheh ,ori5tation #ahgb ,outl9$ enemy #ef2 #bgc2 #cgj2 #cga ,outpo/1 e/abli%+ by company #ajhj ,outpo/ sket*+ #ahij ,outpo/s at night #aajc ,ov]head cov]1 tr5*es #aaed ,p ,pace1 def9ition #de ,,pack3 ,close #fdh ,display ( cont5ts = inspection #fhb ,laid aside 9 action #chb ,op5 #fdh ,packs1 unsl++1 old equipm5t #gjf ,pa9t spots1 h[ remov$ #abij ,palisade #aagg ,pap]work1 company #hhg ,,p>ade ,,re/3 ,) arms #acg ,)\t arms #aja ,,p>ades3 ,battalion #fcf ,g5]al rules #fcd2 #fce ,po/ ( color gu>d #ffc2 #ffd ,p>ados #aaea ,p>oles & c\nt]signs #agfi ,p>tial *anges ( direction1 comm&] ( #fg ,patroll+4 ,see1 ,sc\t+ & patroll+ ,paym5t ( soldi] #aebi ,peep sight #aceb 7b7 ,p]c5tage ( hits #adag ,p]iscopes #abjg ,p]sonal hygi5e #adgj ,,p]sonal ,,reconnaissance3 ,deploym5t #dda ,=mation ( plan #cid ,,physical ,,tra9+3 ,comm&s #hbf ,d\ble tim+ #hdf ,me?ods #hbe ,rifle ex]cises #hdg ,sett+ up ex]cises #hbf2 #hcg ,/>t+ positions #hcd ,walk+ & m>*+ #hde ,,piece3 ,c>ry+ 9 any position #abb 7,six?7 ,diagonally across ! body #abb 7,second7 ,load+ be=e deploym5t #bfi ,n to be c>ri$ load$ #aba 7,fir/7 ,once load$1 s kept until comm& to unload #ahj ,rules gov]n+ c>ry+ #aba ,to /rike gr\nd g5tly 9 com+ to ord] #abb 7,?ird7 ,use z s+le load] #ahf ,pit*+ t5ts #fhd ,,plan3 ,( battle prec$$ by p]sonal reconnaissance #cid ,( combat1 adh]5ce to orig9al #cgc ,,plates3 ,battalion ne>1 #cjj ,company ne>1 #bjg ,equipm5t ne>1 #fdf ,,platoon ,,column3 ,assembly f #bed ,deploym5t #bec ,h[ execut$ #bej ,use 9 advanc+ #bdi-beb ,,platoon ,,drill3 ,assembl+ f deploym5t #bdh ,column "r 7left7 7company be+ 9 column ( platoon7 #bbc ,ext5d$ ord] #bdb ,on "r into l9e 7be+ 9 column ( platoons7 #bcj ,platoons column "r 7left7 7company be+ 9 column ( squad7 #bbe ,platoon light 7left7 #bbj ,platoons "r 7left7 by squads 7be+ 9 l9e7 #bbg ,platoons "r 7left7 front into l9e #bcb ,squads "r ab\t 7be+ 9 l9e ( platoons7 #bbh ,squads "r 7left71 platoons column "r 7left7 7be+ 9 l9e7 #bbg ,,platoon ,,guides3 ,close ord] drill #baj ,duties 9 fire fight #bhi ,,platoon ,,lead]3 ,allotm5t ( t>get to #bhb ,control ! fire 9 deploym5t #bgj ,duties on fire fight #bhh2 #bhi ,equipp$ ) :i/les #hc ,( flank platoons :5 company acts alone #bfh ,positions 9 v]ify+ alignm5ts #bah ,repeat+ comm&s #bad ,platoon1 ! fire unit ( #bhg ,,platoons3 ,advance into an engagem5t #bdi ,assignm5t #bjf ,designation #bje ,division ( company into #bjd ,po9t ( aim #aceg ,po9t ( re/1 def9ition #df ,po9t on :i* base squad m>*es 9 deploym5t #bch ,po9ts ( compass #ajhd ,poison1 fir/ aid #aejh ,,port ,,arms ,,f3 ,inspection #adf ,left %\ld] #acf ,ord] #abe ,pres5t #abf ,"r %\ld] #acb ,position & aim+ drills #acfe ,,position ,,fire3 ,advance by ru%es #bic ,:5 us$ #dch ,,position ,,(3 ,capta9 9 dress+ company #cjb ,load1 :5 tak5 #ahc ,piece at ord] #abc ,piece diagonally across ! body #abb 7,second7 ,! soldi] #ii ,position sket*+ #ahhi ,,po/ ,,(3 ,b& #ga2 #bii ,comm&] 9 fight #chc ,color #fcg2 #fch2 #fej2 #ffd2 #ffe ,file clos]s 9 column ( squads #bba ,major dur+ attack #ceb ,major 9 r\te ord] #cbe ,m\nt$ enli/$ m5 #gc2 #gf2 #gh ,noncommission$ (fic] 9 comm& ( troops #gi ,noncommission$ /aff (fic]s #gg2 #gh ,(fic]s1 noncommission$ (fic]s & special units 7b& & ma*9e gun company7 %[n 9 plates #ga2 #gb ,review+ (fic] #fag ,special units #ga2 #gb2 #bii ,/aff (fic]s #gc ,p[d] f\l+1 remov+ f bore #acbg ,practical in/ruction1 purpose #cfi ,precision taught by drill at att5tion #ee 7a7 ,prelim9>y drills #acee ,,prep>atory ,,comm&3 ,arrangem5ts ( elem5ts #eg ,to revoke #fd ,:at x indicates #hg ,,pres5t ,,arms ,,f3 ,left %\ld] #acf ,ord] #abd ,port #abg ,"r %\ld] #acc ,pres5t sab] #fgc ,pr9ciples ( combat1 ext5t to :i* treat$ 9 ,"p ,i #ed ,prison]s d n salute #aefg ,privates ( ! ,gu>d #agae ,privileges1 aw>d+ #hha ,privileges1 )hold+ #hhd ,program ( tra9+ #iai ,progression 9 tra9+ & in/ruction #iag ,prop]ty1 responsibility1 company #hhf2 #hif ,,protection3 ,by reconnaissance #daj2 #dab ,:5 battalion is act+ alone #ccj ,:5 company is act+ alone #bfh ,protection aga9/ surprise :5 company is act+ alone #bfh ,,puni%m5t3 ,aw>d+ #iae ,company #hhb2 #hhc ,,pursuit3 ,additional =ce = #dhc ,g5]al pr9ciples #dij2 #did ,pursu+ fire #dhf ,troops us$ = #dhg ,q ,qu>t]ma/] s]geant 7n[ supply s]geant7 assignm5t at drill #bjg ,quibbl+1 avoid+1 9 int]pret+ drill regulations #ec ,,quick ,,"t3 ,cad5ce #ajh ,f d\ble "t #aaa ,movem5ts habitually execut$ 9 #aji ,r ,,range3 ,classification #bge-bgg ,comm& ann\nc+ #ahh ,det]m9+ ( #bgf2 #bgg2 #dbf ,f9d]s #bgg ,importance ( correct sight sett+ #dbe ,9 attack #cdd2 #dbf ,9 def5se #dbf ,signal = ann\nc+ #ib ,range1 h[ det]m9$ #adbi ,range practice #achf ,rang+ volleys #bgh ,rank1 def9ition #dg ,rapid fire ex]cises #acgb ,,rate ,,(3 ,fire #aia2 #bib2 #dae2 #adai ,quick & d\ble "t #ajh ,ration return #iji ,ready #ahi ,reality 9 tra9+ #ibb ,re> gu>d1 use ( ma*9es guns z "p ( #eed ,re> m>*+1 skirmi%]s1 n assembl$ #agc ,re> rank n load+ nor fir+ kneel+ or ly+ d[n #agi ,re> sight1 description #acdc ,re>1 to !1 h[ to execute #aah ,,reconnaissance3 ,battalion act+ alone #ccj ,combat #djc-dac ,company act+ alone #bfh ,company advanc+ into an engagem5t #bdi ,ea* comm&] to gu>d aga9/ surprise #ddb ,meet+ engagem5t #ecd2 #ech ,m9or w>f>e #fjh ,night op]ations #ehg ,p]sonal be=e deploym5t #dda ,to prec$e =mation ( plan #cid ,record ( rifles #ijb ,record ( size ( clo?+ #ijf ,records1 company #hhg-iji ,recruits1 in/ruction #ig-ih2 #abj2 #aeb-aef ,rectify+ column1 7battalion7 #cab ,r$ bugs #adhh ,r$uction & resignation ( noncommission$ (fic]s #hgf ,re5=cem5t ( fir+ l9e by major #cei ,re5=cem5ts1 size #cec ,re5=c+ fir+ l9e #bfc-cff2 #ced ,,regim5t3 ,int]val 9 deploym5t #ded ,l9es ( communication e/abli%$ by #djj ,mu/] #fee-feg ,,regim5tal ,,color3 ,salutes by #ffj ,salut+ review+ (fic] #fbb ,,regim5tal ,,comm&]3 ,action 9 deploym5t ( division #ddj ,decide equipm5t c>ri$ into action #chb ,rejo9+ comm& aft] completion ( task #cij ,,repetition ,,(3 ,comm& = guides1 by capta9s at battalion drill #cja ,comm&s by capta9s at battalion drill #cjj ,ord]s1 comm&s & signals #hc2 #hh ,report1 fir/ s]geant's :5 company is =m$ #bae ,reports1 salut+ :5 mak+ or receiv+ #ge ,repres5t$ enemy1 def9ition #ef ,requisites ( good sc\t #ajca ,,res]ve3 ,captur$ position /r5g!n$ by res]ves #dib ,comm&] ( troops 9 action habitually ) res]ve #chc ,cov]+ )drawal ( attack+ troops #dhi ,deploym5t to enable )drawal ( faulty fir+ l9e #ddd ,envelop+ attack #dfa2 #dfb ,fire ( position 9 decisive action #dch ,furni%$ by units l>g] ?an battalion #dee ,gives impetus to *>ge #dha ,h[ us$ #dee ,9 attack *>g$ ) flank protection #dff ,9 )drawal f action #edg ,ma*9e guns z "p ( #eeg ,occupy+ tr5*es vacat$ by fir+ l9e to improve same #dgf ,( fir+ l9e1 /r5g? #ddi2 #dej ,"p play$ by1 9 pursuit #dia ,po/ & /r5g? 9 hold+ attack #ejj ,po/ (1 9 attack #dff ,po/ (1 9 def5se #eac ,po/ (1 9 delay+ action #ecb ,r$uction ( res]ve 9 case ( protect$ flanks #deb ,regim5tal3 ,ammunition s5t f #egd ,use (1 9 case ( victory #chc ,respect1 factor 9 tra9+ #ibi ,respect = s5t9els #aegg ,respect to noncommission$ (fic]s #aebe ,responsibility1 devolution ( #hfi ,responsibility = prop] tra9+ #iba ,re/1 execut$ z )\t arms #aba 7,fif?7 ,re/s1 ! #ajj2 #aja2 #aba #a4 ,resume #b4 ,m>* #fc ,reta9$ copies ( rolls1 etc41 company #hii ,retir+ "u fire #dge ,return sab] #fgi ,reveille & retreat gun #ahcg ,rev]se slopes #adbg ,revetm5ts #aabd2 #aabe2 #aaff ,,reviews3 ,b& #fbc2 #fbd ,battalion #fca-fcc ,battalions1 aft] pass+ review+ (fic] #fbh ,brigades1 or l>g] comm&s #fbh2 #fbi ,cad5ce at :i* troops pass 9 review #fbg ,comm&] faces comm& #fad ,flank to pass #ab paces f review+ (fic] #fag ,fl\ri%es #fbd ,=mation ( companies1 battalions & regim5ts #faf ,g5]al rules #fag-fcj ,m>*1 play$ z honor #fbd ,national air1 play+ z honor #fbd ,ord] 9 :i* troops are arrang$ #fad ,pass+ ar\nd l9e #fah2 #fca ,po9ts :]e column *anges direction #fag ,po/ ( review+ (fic] on left ( column #fbf ,po/ ( review+ (fic] & o!rs #fag ,review+ (fic] returns only salute ( comm&+ (fic] #fah ,review+ (fic]1 po/ #fag ,review+ (fic] junior to comm&+ (fic] #fcj ,rid+ ar\nd troops #fah ,ruffles #ebd ,salute by regim5tal color #fbb ,salute return$ by review+ (fic] #fah ,salute by lieut5ant colonel #fae ,salut+ by /aff #fae2 #fai ,salut+ ! color #fah ,/&+ at ease etc41 9 case ( brigade or l>g] comm& #fbi ,subord9ates face to front #fad ,to ! color #fbd ,turn+ out ( column by comm&+ (fic] ( troops #fbj2 #fba ,revok+ prep>atory comm& #fd ,rew>ds & privileges1 company #hha ,rico*et %ots #adbe ,,rifle1 c>e & description3 ,army regulations #acda ,bore #acbb-acbd2 #acbh ,description #acdb ,importance #acba ,k9ds ( f\l+ #acbe ,oil1 h[ to apply #acci ,oil+ b>rel #accj ,re>-sight leaf #acdc ,remov+ metal f\l+ #acbg ,remov+ p[d] f\l+4 ,see ,piece #acbf ,rifle ex]cises #hdg ,,rifle ,,salute ,,at3 ,ord] or trail #ada ,"r %\ld] #adj ,,rifle ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction3 ,adju/m5t ( fire #adbh ,aim+ ex]cise #acfh ,aim+ po9t #aceg ,aim+ & sight+ #acej ,appe>ance ( objects #acif ,auxili>y aim+ po9ts #adca ,balli/ic qualities ( rifle #adaj ,battle sight #aceb 7c7 ,beat5 zone #adac ,c5t] ( impact #adab ,clock sy/em ( t>get designation #addf2 #addg ,clock sy/em ( w9d designation #acia ,cold1 effect on %oot+ #acig ,collective in/ruction #adjd ,combat ex]cises #adjh ,combat practice #adjd ,comb9$ sights #adcj ,communication 9 fire control & direction #addg 7b7 ,cone ( fire or disp]sion #adaa ,defilade #adbj ,deflection #achd ,deflection & elevation correction drills #achc ,designation ( t>gets #adde-addg 7a7 ,designation ( w9ds #acia ,di/ribution ( fire #adda-addd ,effect ( fire #adaj ,effect ( heat1 light1 etc4 #acig2 #adjc ,effectiv5ess ( fire #adaf ,e/imat+ di/ance #acic-acie ,ex]cises 9 fire control & direction #adej ,f+] sy/em ( t>get designation #addg 7a7 ,f9e sight #acec 7b7 ,fire direction & control #adcd-addj ,fire discipl9e1 def9ition #adjf ,fire di/ribution #adda-addd ,fir+ at /ation>y t>gets #adbh ,full sight #acec 7c7 ,gall]y practice #ache ,g5tle rev]se slopes #adbg ,graz+ fire #adbc ,heat1 effect on %oot+ #acig ,hits1 p]c5tage #adag ,horizontal clock face sy/em ( t>get designation #addf ,individual in/ruction #acdi ,influ5ce ( gr\nd #adbj ,light1 effect on %oot+ #acii ,location ( tr5*es #adbf ,long range fire #adad ,mirage #adjj ,moi/ure1 effect on %oot+ #acih ,mov+ t>gets1 fir+ at #adcb ,night fir+ #adcc ,normal sight #acec 7a7 ,object ( sy/em #acdd ,occupation ( gr\nd #adbf ,op5 sight #aceb 7a7 ,peep sight #aceb 7b7 ,p]c5tage ( hits #adag ,po9t ( aim #aceg ,position & aim+ drills #acfe ,prelim9>y drills #acee ,program ( in/ruction #acdh ,range1 h[ det]m9$ #adbi ,range practice #achf ,rapid fire ex]cise #acgb ,rate ( fire #adai ,rev]se slopes #adbg ,rico*et %ots #adbe ,sight+ & aim+ #acej ,%ot gr\p #adab ,sight+ drills #acef2 #achc ,sights1 k9ds ( #aceb ,sl+1 use #achg ,slopes g5tle rev]se #adbg ,/ation>y t>gets fir+ at #adbh ,t>get designation #adde-addg 7a7 ,t>gets1 numb] hit #adah ,te*nical pr9ciples ( fir+ #adji ,trajectory #acdi ,trial %ots1 det]m9ation ( range #acie ,triangle ( sight+ #acei ,trigg] squeeze ex]cise #acgj ,v]tical clock face sy/em ( t>get designation #addg ,volleys1 det]m9ation ( range #acie ,w9dage #achd ,z]o ( rifle #acib ,zone ( effective fire #adae ,"r 7left7 ab\t1 squad #afg ,,"r 7,,left7 ,,by3 ,file #bce ,squads #bbf ,two's #bcd2 #bce ,"r1 def9ition #dh ,"r 7left1 c5t]7 dress #aed2 #caj2 #caa ,"r face #ajd ,,"r 7,,left7 ,,front ,,into ,,l9e ,,f3 ,close column #cbb ,column ( platoons or squads 7company7 #bca ,column ( squads or companies #cad ,column ( two's #bce ,"r half face #ajd ,,"r 7,,left7 ,,half ,,turn3 ,comm& #fg ,squad #afd ,"r 7left7 oblique #afc ,,"r ,,%\ld] ,,f3 ,inspection #adf ,left %\ld] #acf ,ord] #abi ,port #aca ,pres5t #acd ,"r %\ld]1 pieces br\ght to1 f ord] at comm& ,m>* #aba 7,six?7 ,"r 7left7 /ep1 h[ execut$ #aad ,,"r 7,,left7 ,,turn3 ,company #bbb ,squad #afd ,rise1 h[ execut$ #agf ,road sket*+ #ahia ,r\te m>*1 po/ ( major & file clos]s #cbe ,r\te /ep #bcc ,,ruffles ,,at3 ,fun]al #fda ,review #fbd ,,rules ,,=3 ,c>ry+ piece #aba 7,fir/7 ,c]emonies #fad-faf ,close ord] 7battalion7 #cjj-cjf ,close ord]1 company #baj-bad ,deploym5t #bcf-bdb ,drills & =mations #eg-gi ,execution ( manual #abb ,p>ades #fcd2 #fce ,reviews #fag-fcj ,salutes #ge ,/eps & m>*+s #ajg-aai ,,ru%es3 ,advances made "u cov]+ fire #cdi ,begun by flank company #cdh ,comm& = #bei ,company z :ole l$ by capta9 #bfj ,pre>rang$ me?ods prohibit$ #cea ,size ( ru%+ units #cdf2 #cdg ,subsequ5t advanc+ #cej ,use ( position fire #bic ,:5 impossible = company to advance z a :ole #beh ,ru/1 h[ remov$ #abhf ,s ,sab]1 manual ( #fga-fhj ,safety lock #aba2 #ahe ,,salutes3 ,h& #ajf ,return$ by review+ (fic] #fah ,rifle #ada ,sab] #ge2 #fgc ,) color #ffj ,see ,honors & salutes also ,milit>y ,c\rtesy ,,salut+3 ,by lieut5ant colonel 9 c]emonies #fae ,by /affs 9 c]emonies #fai ,m\nt$ junior to dism\nt be=e salut+ dism\nt$ s5ior #ge ,on m>*es #abbg ,regim5tal color #fbb ,! color 9 reviews #fah ,:5 mak+ or receiv+ reports #ge ,salut+ volleys fir$ 9 close ord] #bfi ,sapp+1 advanc+ to *>g+ po9t #dih ,scalds1 fir/ aid #aeji ,scale ( map di/ances #ahfg 7a7 ,scales #ahfa-ahfi ,scales ( maps #ahhe-ahhh ,scal+ di/ances f map #ahfe ,,s*ool ,,( ,,!3 ,battalion #bie-cfc ,company #bjb-bid ,soldi] #ig-adg ,squad #adh-bja ,,sc\t+ ,,& ,,patroll+3 ,eyesight & he>+ #ajhc ,cat & m\se conte/ #ajhi ,concealm5t & dodg+ #ajhg ,f9d+ way 9 /range c\ntry #ajhd ,flag /eal+ conte/ #ajij ,footm>ks1 foll[+ #ajhh ,l&m>ks1 obs]v+ #ajhf ,lo/1 :at to d #ajhe ,m\se & cat conte/ #ajhi ,po9ts ( compass #ajhd ,requisites ( good sc\ts #ajca ,track+ #ajhh ,sc\ts2 ,see1 ,m\nt$ ,sc\ts ,scrat*es1 fir/ aid #aeaj ,se>* lights1 tr5* w>f>e #aaic ,see+ at night #ajid ,semaphore signal+ #hfc ,semi-bl9dness #aeab ,s5t9el's ord]s #agaf ,s5t9els1 respect = #aeag ,s5tries fir+ at night #aajd ,sep>at$ (fic]s & o!rs plac+ !mselves "u ord] ( ne>e/ high] comm&] #cij2 #cia ,s]geant ( ! gu>d #afdb ,s]vice calls #fie ,,s]vice ,,( ,,in=mation3 ,bridges1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjj ,bridges1 reconnoit]+ ( #iib ,build+s1 reconnoit]+ ( #iif ,camp noises #ihe ,camps1 ab&on$ #ihf ,canals1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjc ,cross roads1 h[ reconnoit]$ #ihi ,defiles1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjf ,defiles1 reconnoit]+ ( #iia ,demolitions #ajaa ,enclosures1 reconnoit]+ ( #iid ,facts to be obta9$ ab\t v>i\s objects #iih ,=ds1 reconnoit]+ ( #iib ,heights1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajaj ,heights1 reconnoit]+ ( #iij ,h\ses1 reconnoit]+ ( #iif ,indications to be notic$ by patrols #ihc ,m>*es1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjg ,patroll+3 ,facts to be obta9$ ab\t v>i\s objects by patrols #iih ,civilians #igj ,flames & smoke #ihg ,messages #igi2 #ihj ,model reports #ajaf ,night "w #ige ,patrol fight+ #igg ,pr9ciples ( patroll+ #ifg ,patrols3 ,act+ ^u meet+ ho/ile patrols #iga ,by :om furni%$ #ifb ,coo]d9ation be=e dep>ture #iff ,def9ition #iei ,=mation #ifh ,gu>d+ aga9/ be+ cut (f #igd ,halts #igj ,inspection be=e dep>ture #ifa ,lead]s #ifa ,ord]s & in/ructions #ifc ,prep>ation = />t+ #ife ,prison]s to be captur$ #ihd ,problems #ajag-ajai ,rate ( m>* #ifi ,report on return #ajae ,return+ by diff]5t r\te #igc ,scatt]$ patrols #igb ,signals #igh ,size #ifj ,ponds1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjg ,positions1 reconnoit]+ ( #iie ,railroads3 ,demolitions #ajac ,facts to be obta9$ ab\t #iii ,reconnaissance ( positions #ihi ,riv]s1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajja ,roads1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #iih ,signs to be notic$ by patrols #ihc ,spr+s1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjh ,sugge/ions = ga9+ in=mation ab\t ! enemy #ihc ,sugge/ions = reconnaissance ( positions #ihi ,telegraph l9e1 demolition #ajab ,telegraphs1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjd ,valleys1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajji ,villages1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajje ,villages1 reconnoit]+ ( #iig ,vision limits ( #ihh ,wagon roads1 demolition #ajad ,woods1 facts to be obta9$ ab\t #ajjb ,woods1 reconnoit]+ ( #iic ,,s]vice ,,( ,,security3 ,advance gu>d1 g5]al pr9ciples #ajba-ajbd ,advance gu>d ord] #ajbe-ajbf ,advance gu>d problems #ajcc-ajdf ,g5]al pr9ciples #ajbj ,outpo/s3 ,advance cavalry #ajef ,cavalry outpo/ #ajga ,*anges = ! night #ajge ,communication betwe5 subdivision #ajgd ,composition #ajec ,concealm5t #ajfh ,cossack po/ #ajfa ,def9ition & duties #ajea-ajeb ,deta*$ po/s #ajfi ,di/ances betwe5 subdivisions #ajee ,entr5*m5ts #ajfg ,e/abli%+ ! outpo/ #ajgc ,exam9+ po/s #ajgj ,flags ( truce #ajff ,=mation #ajed ,int]communication #ajgd ,ob/acles #ajfg ,outgu>ds #ajeh ,outpo/ ord] #ajgc ,patrols #ajfd-ajfe ,pickets #ajei ,problems #ajgg2 #ajgh2 #ajgi ,reliev+ outpo/ #ajgf ,res]ves #ajfc ,s5t9els #ajfb ,s5try squad #ajfj ,subdivisions #ajed ,supports #ajeg ,problems1 advance gu>ds #ajcc-ajdf ,re> gu>d1 g5]al pr9ciples #ajdg-ajej ,sett+-up ex]cises #hbf2 #hcg ,,%elt] ,,t5t3 ,c>e ( #acjc ,pit*+3 ,new model #fhb ,old model #gjg-gaj ,/rik+ #fhg ,%ock1 fir/ aid #aeaa ,,%oes3 ,c>e #abib ,on m>*es #abbi ,poli%+ #abie2 #abii2 #acjj ,repair #abid ,selection #abic ,%ort po9t #hbd 7d7 ,%ot gr\p #adab ,%ots graz+ enemy h approximate value ( hits #bia ,sick report #hhi ,side /ep #aad ,siege op]ations #dif ,siege works #aagb ,sight re>1 description #acdc ,,sight ,,sett+3 ,comm& #ahh ,importance #dbe ,sight+ & aim+ #acej ,sight+ drills #acef2 #achc ,sights1 k9ds ( #aceb ,signal ,corps1 e/abli%m5t ( l9es ( communication #cii ,,signal ,,flags3 ,c>ri$ by musician 7n[ bugl]7 #id2 #dja ,c>ri$ by ord]lies #djj ,description #id ,use #ie ,,signal+3 ,*op *op signal #hfc ,g5]al s]vice code #hfa ,heliograph1 fla% lant]n1 se>*light #hfd ,morse code #hff ,semaphore code #hfc ,s\nd signals #hfe ,wigwag #hfb ,,signals3 ,arm #ib ,att5tion fix$ at fir/ motion #hb ,bugle us$ on & (f ! battlefield #ij ,capta9 ( support+ company to look out = major's signals #bfc ,cease fir+ #ij ,*ange elevation #ib ,comm5ce fir+ #ij ,communication betwe5 fir+ l9e & res]ve #if ,flag #id2 #if ,= ,platoon & ,squad1 use ( #ic ,in/ruction 9 use ( #ha ,limitation ( #hd ,long bla/ ( :i/le3 ,signifies susp5sion ( fir+ #aic ,to be avoid$ z signal = cease fir+ 9 ru%es #bcd ,movem5t comm5ces :5 signal is und]/ood #hb ,range1 to ann\nce #ib ,repetition ( #hc ,special pre>rang$ #hd ,tra9+ 9 use (1 to control fir+ l9e #ee 7d7 ,use dur+ fir+ #bga ,use on fir+ l9e #dca ,use ( sab]1 rifle1 or headdress 9 mak+ #ha ,:5 us$ #hj ,:i/le #ia ,simple maneuv]s be/ #cge ,simple movem5ts ess5tial to correct battle tra9+ #eb ,simulate load1 h[ execut$ #ahf ,simultane\s movem5ts by companies or platoons 9 battalion drill #cje ,s+le load]1 use ( rifle z #ahf ,s+le rank #ih 7a72 #faf ,sitt+ position us$ in/ead ( kneel+ "o #agh ,size ( clo?+1 record #ijf ,,skirmi%]s3 ,deploym5t3 ,company #bdc ,g5]al rules #bcf-bdd ,squad #agj ,to re> #bdf ,face to front & take advantage ( cov] on halt+ #bdj ,int]val betwe5 #agj2 #agb2 #bdg2 #bee2 #ddg ,n assembl$1 m>*+ to re> #agc ,to =m f platoon or squad column #bec ,skulk+ ( troops c>ry+ back w\nd$ #cha ,sky l9es to be avoid$ #dba ,sleep+ bag #fhe2 #fhf ,,sl+1 ,,gun3 ,adju/m5t & use #achg ,includ$ 9 grip ( piece at balance #abb 7,fir/7 ,use :5 deploy$ #ahd ,sl+ packs1 old equipm5t #gjf ,slopes1 g5tle rev]se #adbg ,slopes on maps #ahfh ,sl[]1 fire #aia ,small arms fir+4 ,see ,rifle tra9+ & in/ruction ,sm>tness taught by drills at att5tion1 etc4 #ee 7a7 ,snake's bites #adhj ,snip]scope #abjh ,sn[ bl9dness #aeab ,sore ?roat #aeac ,sortie /eps #aaej ,s\nd signals #hfe ,special units2 po/s ( #ga2 #gb ,spid] bites #aead ,_s ( ord] to be compli$ ) by (fic]s #cgg ,_s to gov]n 9 int]pret+ drill regulations #ec ,splic+ #aacc-aace ,spl9ts #adhd ,spoon1 c>e #acjf ,spra9s1 fir/ aid #aeaf ,,squad3 ,base #bcf2 #bci ,composition #adi ,dress+ #aed ,front :5 deploy$ #aga ,integrity 9 battle #aea ,movem5ts execut$ z prescrib$ 9 s*ool ( ! soldi] #aeb ,"r #afe ,"r 7left7 ab\t #afg ,to dismiss #adg ,to =m #aec ,,squad ,,column3 ,deploym5t #bec ,h[ execut$ #bea ,to assemble f #bed ,use 9 advanc+ #bdi2 #beb ,squad drill1 object #adi ,,squad ,,lead]3 ,action at prep>atory comm& = =m+ skirmi% l9e #bcg ,corporal is #aej ,duties 9 fire fight #bhi ,po/ #aej ,,squads3 ,deploym5t :5 company is deploy$ #bci ,designation #bje ,division ( company into #bjc ,gr\p+ soldi]s into #adh ,pres]vation ( integrity 9 battle #aea ,"r 7left7 ab\t #bbh ,"r 7left7 column "r 7left7 #bbf ,"r 7left7 front into l9e #bce ,/able gu>ds #ahjf ,/ack arms #afj2 #afa ,,/aff3 ,does n *ange position :5 comm&] faces ab\t to give comm& #gd ,draws & returns sab] ) *ief #gc ,habitually m\nt$ #gc ,po/ ( #gc ,salut+ by1 9 review #fai ,turn+ out ( column 9 review #fbj2 #fba ,/a9s1 h[ remov$ #abhd ,/&>ds & colors #aege ,/&+ tr5* #aadf ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann] #aegb ,,/> ,,spangl$ ,,bann] ,,play$ ,,at3 ,fun]al #fda ,review #fbd ,/atem5t ( clo?+ *>g$ to enli/$ m5 #ijd ,/ation>y t>gets1 fir+ at #adbh ,/ep1 *ange1 h[ execut$ #aai ,/epp+ (f ) left foot #ajg ,/eps & m>*+s #ajg-aai ,/+s1 fir/ aid #aeag ,/raggl+ 9 m>*es #abbd ,/range c\ntry1 f9d+ way 9 #ajhd ,/rik+ t5ts #fhg2 #fij ,,subord9ates3 ,cooep]ation #chg ,latitude all[$ & initiative #chd2 #che2 #chf ,,success ,,9 ,,battle3 ,dep5ds ^u lead]%ip1 etc4 #cfe ,factors ent]+ into #cgc2 #cgf ,object ( milit>y tra9+ #ej ,pr9ciples = increas+ probability (1 provid$ = 9 drill regulations #ec ,,succession ,,( ,,?9 ,,l9es3 ,comm& = advanc+ #bee ,use 9 advanc+ #bdi ,use & purpose #bef ,successive =mations1 guide t[>d po9t ( re/ #fe ,successive movem5ts 9 d\ble "t1 base unit m>*es 9 quick "t #fa ,suffocation1 fir/ aid #adgh ,summ>y c\rt records #ijc ,summ>y ( combat pr9ciples #eej ,sunburn1 fir/ aid #adhe2 #aeah ,sun/roke #aeai ,sup]iority ( fire #dad-dch ,,support3 ,artill]y #fja-fje ,battalion3 ,battalion act+ alone 9 def5se #ceg ,di/ance f fir+ l9e #cch ,division ( battalion into support & fir+ l9e #cce ,furni%$ by battalion #dee ,none at beg9n+ #cci ,position #ccg ,size #ccf ,company3 ,capta9 to look out = major's signals #cfc ,control by major #bfc ,duties ( (fic]s & s]geants ^u jo9+ fir+ l9e #bff ,=mations = #bfb ,orig9al platoon divisions to be ma9ta9$ #bff ,promptness 9 re5=c+ fir+ l9e #bfe ,re5=cem5ts jo9+ fir+ l9e #bfd ,occupy+ tr5*es vacat$ by fir+ l9e1 to improve same #dgf ,( fir+ l9e1 /r5g? #ddi2 #dej ,po/ & /r5g?1 9 hold+ attack #ejj ,to cov] )drawal #cfb ,support+ artill]y #dcd-dcg ,supreme w1 b "o 9 battle #chg ,,surprise3 ,ea* comm&] to gu>d 8 comm& aga9/ #ddb ,human elem5t #ib ,protection aga9/1 :5 company is act+ alone #bf ,susp5d fir+ #aic2 #aid ,syphilis #adf ,t ,tactical ex]cises1 me?ods ( conduct+ #cg ,tactical ord]s #cb ,tactical pr9ciples1 application ( #e ,take arms #af ,,take ,,int]val3 ,actions ( guides & file clos]s #bac ,h[ execut$ #aef ,,tak+ ,,di/ance3 ,actions ( guides & file clos]s #ff ,h[ execut$ #aeh ,tanks #abjd ,,t>get3 ,action 9 def5se :5 x disappe>s #bid ,aim+ po9ts1 use #bhd ,ann\nc$ be=e or aft] range #aha ,allotm5t to platoon lead]s #bhb ,apportion$ by major #cdj ,assignm5t by major #bha ,*ange to be avoid$ #bha ,*oice (1 etc4 #dbb ,designation #bja2 #adde2 #addg 7a7 ,det]m9ation ( di/ance to #bgf ,di/ribution ( fire #bhb2 #bhc2 #dbg ,ho/ile fir+ l9e usual t>get #bha2 #cde ,obs]vation ( #dbd2 #dbi ,once designat$1 n *ang$ unless ord]$ #ahb ,t>get practice4 ,see ,rifle tra9+ & in/ruction ,t>get records1 company #ijg ,t>gets1 numb] hit #adah ,,teamwork3 ,develop$ by ?or\gh & uni=m tra9+ #ea ,g5]al pr9ciples #che-cia ,te*nical pr9ciples ( fir+ #adji ,telegraph code #hff ,telephones 9 tr5*es #aaga ,t5t fold+ #fia ,,t5t ,,pit*+3 ,all types except %elt] & conical wall #fhh ,conical wall #fhi ,%elt] #fha2 #fhb ,t5t /rik+ #fhg2 #fij ,t]ra9 ex]cises #ide2 #idi ,,! ,,color3 ,cas$1 def9$ #fei ,mean+ ( ,color #feh ,national1 r5d]s no salute #ffj ,receiv+ ( #ffi ,salute by regim5tal #ffj ,:]e kept #fei ,!oretical in/ruction1 purpose #cfi ,! ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann]1 see ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann] ,,?9 ,,l9es ,,succession ,,(3 ,comm&s = advanc+ #bee ,use & purpose #bef ,use 9 advanc+ #bdi ,?or\ghness 9 tra9+ #ibb ,to ! ,color s\nd$ at review #fbd ,to ! re>1 h[ execut$ #aah ,t\rniquet #adha ,track+ #ajhh ,trail1 at1 7comm&7 #aba 7six?7 ,trail f ord] #aci ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,in/ruction3 ,art ( in/ruction on v>i$ gr\nd #icc ,capta9's responsibility = #bjb ,*e]fulness #icj ,cle>ness #ibb ,comm&+ (fic]s acc\ntable = #ea ,comrade%ip #icb ,cont5tm5t #ica ,c\rage #ibg ,cov]1 tra9+ 9 use ( #ici ,deliv]y ( messages #ieh ,det]m9ation & individual intellig5ce #ibd ,fe> #ibf ,= battle1 simple movem5ts & ela/ic =mations #eb ,human elem5t #ibe ,individual initiative #ibc ,int]e/ #ibb ,9 use ( signals to control fire l9e #ee 7d7 ,map problems #ied ,me?od & progression #iah ,object #ej2 #iag ,( battalions1 major responsible = #bie ,op]at+ aga9/ o!r troops #ida ,practice 9 comm&+ mix$ squads #idj ,pr9ciples provid$ = 9 ,drill ,regulations #ec ,program #iai ,reality #ibb ,respect #ibi ,responsibility #iba ,see1 ,g5]al ,common ,s5se ,pr9ciples ( ,appli$ ,m9or ,tactics ,simultane\s in/ruction & tra9+ #ibj ,surprise #ibh ,?or\ghness #ea2 #ibb ,vanity #ibb ,trajectory #acdi ,travel+ 9 /range c\ntry #ajhd ,trav]ses #aadi ,treatm5t ( soldi]s #hgb ,,tr5* ,,& ,,m9e ,,w>f>e3 ,a]ial m9es #abjj ,aids to fir+ #abji ,asphyxiat+ gases #aaid ,bombs f air-craft #abjb ,c\nt]m9+ #abaa ,gr5ades & bombs #aaig2 #aaih2 #aaii ,helmets #abje ,liquid fire #aaif ,masks #abjf ,m9+ #abaj ,p]iscopes #abjg ,protection aga9/ gases #aaie ,protection aga9/ h& gr5ades #abjc ,snip]scope #abjh ,tanks #abjd ,w+$ torp$oes #abja ,,tr5*es3 ,locat$ by major #cea ,occupi$ by supports & res]ves1 to be improv$ #dfb ,see ,field =tifications ,trial %ots1 det]m9ation ( range #acie ,trials by c\rt-m>tial #hhb ,triangle ( sight+ #acei ,trigg]-squeeze ex]cise #acgj ,troops /able gu>ds #ahjh ,tr\s de l\p #aahd ,true m]idian #ahgc ,turn+ ab\t1 m\nt$ (fic] #gd ,turn+ movem5ts :5 all[able #deh ,,turn+ ,,on ,,fix$ ,,pivot3 ,h[ execut$ #afd ,:5 us$ #ff ,two's "r 7left7 front into l9e #bce ,u ,umpire #ee2 #cga ,,unfix ,,bayonet3 ,krag rifle #fid ,spr+field rifle #adc ,uni=m1 dignity ( #aebc ,,unit3 ,attack #cdb ,fire #bhg ,units n to be brok5 up #cgh ,unload #ahj2 #ahg ,unload1 ,krag rifle #gjc ,unnecess>y h>d%ip to be avoid$ #chj ,unsl+ equipm5t #fdh ,unsl+ packs1 old equipm5t #gjf ,ur9al tubs #abdd ,use ( cov] #aie-aii ,use ( gr\nd #dbj2 #dba ,v ,valleys det]m9ation ( range #acie ,v>iety 9 in/ruction #ibb ,vegetables1 di/ribution ( disease #adeh ,v5]eal disease #adff ,v]bal ord]s #cic ,v]tical clock face sy/em ( t>get designation #addg ,visibility problem #ahge ,vision at night #ajid ,,volley ,,fir+3 ,h[ execut$ #ahi ,use #bgh ,w ,wall t5ts #fhh ,w> game #idf2 #idi ,w>n+ calls #fib ,wat*m5 #agha ,,wat]3 ,di/ribution ( disease #adeg ,9 camp #abec ,9 tr5*es #aafh ,:i/le1 long bla/ #aic ,:i/le signals #ia ,:i/les1 by :om c>ri$1 diff]5t tones1 etc4 #hc ,wigwag #hfb ,w supreme1 b "o 9 battle #chg ,w9dage #achd ,w+$ torp$oes #abja ,wire entanglem5ts #aaha2 #aahb2 #aahh ,wire f5ce1 tr5*es #aahc ,,)drawal ,,f ,,action3 ,action by comm&] #edi ,cov]$ by support #cfb ,g5]ally effect$ at heavy co/ #ede ,"p ( l9e to be )drawn fir/ #edh ,re> gu>d & di/ance to be plac$ betwe5 enemy & defeat$ troops #ede ,res]ve us$ to *eck pursuit #edg ,retreat+ troops to be gott5 "u control z soon z possible #edh ,selection ( r5dezv\s po9t #edi ,"u fire #dge ,use ( artill]y1 ma*9e guns & cavalry #edf ,use ( ma*9e guns #eeg ,) dummy 7blank or ball7 c>tridges1 load #ahe ,)\t ! numb]s #abb 7,fif?7 ,witness1 appe>ance z #aeca ,wood1 camp+ #abeb ,"w1 devolution ( #hfi ,w\nd$ n to be c>ri$ back by fight+ troops #cha ,w\nds1 fir/ aid #aebj ,y ,yell[ fev] #adfi ,z ,z]o ( rifle #acib ,zone ( effective fire #adae ,,! ,,moss ,,publications ,,(fic]s' ,,manual #b4ej ,,noncommission$ ,,(fic]s' ,,manual #a4ej ,,privates' ,,manual #a4jj ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ #b4be ,,que/ions ,,on ,,manual ,,( ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ 4#ej ,,appli$ ,,m9or ,,tactics #a4be ,,field ,,s]vice #a4be ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations ,,simplifi$ 4#ge ,,spani% ,,= ,,soldi]s #a4jj ,,self-,,helps ,,= ,,! ,,citiz5-,,soldi] #a4be ,,riot ,,duty 4#ej ,,army ,,*anges ,s+le copies1 #ej;c2 annual subscription #a4ej ,,army ,,pap]work #b4jj ,,milit>y ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,boys 4#ej ,,peace ,,& ,,w> ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,enli/$ ,,man 4#ej ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e #a4be ,,que/ions ,,on ,,infantry ,,drill ,,regulations 4#ej ,,company ,,tra9+ 4#ej ,,extracts ,,f ,,army ,,regulations #a4ej ,,comb9$ ,,army ,,publications #b4be ,,que/ions ,,on ,,comb9$ ,,army ,,publications #a4be ,,our ,,flag ,,& ,,its ,,message 4#be ,,:at ,,sammy',s ,,do+ 4#ge ,,orig9 ,,& ,,significance ,,( ,,milit>y ,,cu/oms 4#ej ,,army ,,manual ,,= ,,milit>y ,,surgeons #b4jj ,a ,b ,c',s ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,prep>$ness 4#ej ,int5d$ to be us$ ) ! ,d&y ,dummy ,gun 4#ge ----- #a4be 7,plus transportation *>ges on gun47 ,illu/ration ,,publi%]s ,,george ,,banta ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,m5a%a1 ,,wiscons9 -- ,banta's ,complete ,catalogue ( ,milit>y ,books w be mail$ on application4 ,illu/ration ,,corona ,! ,p5 ( ! ,army ,note ! ease ) :i* ?is portable writ+ ma*9e may be us$ "u s]vice conditions4 ,its p>ts nev] "w loose or drop (f4 ,x has no atta*m5ts & does n take d[n4 ,y c c>ry ,corona any:]e =1 case & all1 x weighs b #i lbs4 & measures only #aj x #aa-a_/d x #d-a_/d ins4 ,be+ built almo/ entirely ( alum9um & /eel1 ,corona is practically inde/ructible4 ,! ,corona ,fold+ ,/& adds greatly to ! conv5i5ce ( us+ ,corona 9 ! field4 ,?is /& has ?ree telescopic brass legs1 /&s #bd ins4 high & collapses to #aj-c_/d ins4 ,x weighs #b lbs4 ,price ( ,corona & case1 #ej ,price ( ,fold+ ,/&1 #e ,corona ,typewrit] ,co41 ,inc4 ,,groton1 ,,new ,,york ,to make y\r %oes wat]pro( ,to make y\r %oes s(t & com=table ,to make y\r %oes we> #c times long] ,to keep ! h>ness & saddle 9 good ord] ,use ,viscol ,illu/ration ,viscol makes ! lea!r s(t & pliable & also wat]pro(4 ,viscoliz$ lea!r rema9s s(t & pliable "u cont9u\s h>d s]vice1 ev5 :5 x is worn 9 salt wat] or 9 sn[4 ,viscol is a solution ( a rubb]-l mat]ial :i* amalgamates ) ! lea!r sub/ance & is n driv5 out ( ! lea!r by heat or by wat]1 ! way oils are4 ,its b5eficial effect is la/+4 ,lea!r t is treat$ ) ,viscol we>s sev]al times z long z lea!r t has n be5 ?us treat$4 ,viscol is sold by _m ( ! ,po/ ,ex*anges & by mo/ %oe deal]s4 ,if y c n procure x at ! ne>e/ ,po/ ,ex*ange or f y\r %oe deal]1 write to ,,viscol ,,company ,ea/ ,cambridge ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,trophies ,,& ,,prizes ,= ,milit>y1 ,a?letic & ,sport+ ,ev5ts ,( ,quality z ,design$ & made = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army & ,navy1 ,we/ ,po9t ,academy & ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy ,catalogues & ,in=mation ^u ,reque/ ,,bailey1 ,,banks ,,biddle ,,co4 ,diamond ,m]*ants1 ,jewel]s1 ,silv]smi?s1 ,goldsmi?s1 ,h]aldi/s ,,philadelphia ,illu/ration ,eisn] ,,uni=ms ,= ,u4 ,s4 ,,army & ,,national ,,gu>d ,(fic]s & ,enli/$ ,m5 ,,uni=ms ,indep5d5t ,milit>y ,organizations ,,uni=ms ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,camps ,,uni=ms ,boys ,milit>y & ,society ,clubs ,,uni=ms ,(ficial ,national ,outfitt] ,boy ,sc\ts ( ,am]ica ,,sigmund ,,eisn] ,,co4 ,r$ ,bank1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,york ,(fice1 #ajc ,fif? ,av5ue ,,com=t ,,y\r ,,feet ,keep %oes1 puttees & all lea!r acc\t]m5ts s(t1 wat] pro( & pliable ) #c-;9-,"o4 ,n /icky or greasy4 ,conta9s no acid4 ,aft] a m>* or tiresome drill1 rub #c-;,,9-,,"o ,,oil on y\r feet--wond]ful h[ x helps take ! 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,respective ,grades ( ,uni=ms4 ,,us$ ,,by ,,uncle ,,sam',s ,,exp]t ,,riflem5 ,illu/ration ,hoppe's ,nitro ,p[d] ,solv5t ,no4 #i ,trade ,m>k ,regi/]$ ,= ,clean+ ,high ,p[] 7,spr+field7 ,rifles1 ,revolv]s & ,fire>ms ( ,all ,k9ds ,a comp\nd t w remove ! residue ( any high-p[] p[d]1 includ+ ,black ,p[d]4 ,x w neutralize & residue & loos5 metal f\l+ & lead+ t may be left 9 ! b>rel aft] clean+1 & prev5t ,pitt+4 ,no4 #i is ! only ,rifle clean+ ,solv5t t w remove ,ru/1 ,metal ,f\l+ & ,lead+4 ,= clean+ ! 4#bb cal4 ,rifles1 ,revolv]s & ,automatic ,pi/ols x has no equal4 ,nitro ,p[d] ,solv5t ,no4 #i is endors$ by ! mo/ prom95t ,riflem5 9 ,am]ica4 ,us$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,rifle ,teams1 & at ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,arg5t9e ,mat*es4 ,no ,rifleman or ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t %\ld be )\t x4 ,sold by ,sport+ ,goods ,deal]s & at ,po/ ,ex*anges ,,frank ,a4 ,,hoppe1 ,sole ,manufactur]1 ,/ation ,o1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,e/abli%$ #ahed ,b4 ,pasquale ,company #aae-aag ,po/ ,/4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal4 ,! ,only ,manufactur]s ( ,army & ,navy ,equipm5ts & ,uni=ms on ! 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