,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby ,,bookb9d+ ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,pigsk94--,basle1 #aeab4 ,,bookb9d+1 ,,& ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,books ,a ,,h&book ,,= ,,amateurs ,,bookb9d]s ,,libr>ians ,,by ,,d\glas ,,cock]ell ,,) ,,draw+s ,,by ,,noel ,,rooke ,,& ,,o!r ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aiaj ,,copyright1 #aija1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,all rights res]v$ ,,editor',s ,,preface ,9 issu+ ?is volume ( a s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,arti/ic ,crafts1 x w be well to /ate :at are our g5]al aims4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we wi% to provide tru/wor?y text-books ( work%op practice1 f ! po9ts ( view ( exp]ts :o h critically exam9$ ! me?ods curr5t 9 ! %ops1 & putt+ aside va9 survivals1 are prep>$ to say :at is good workman%ip1 & to set up a /&>d ( quality 9 ! crafts :i* are m especially associat$ ) design4 ,secondly1 9 do+ ?is1 we hope to treat design itself z an ess5tial "p ( good workman%ip4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury mo/ ( ! arts1 save pa9t+ & sculpture ( an academic k9d1 7 little consid]$1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy to look on design z a m]e matt] ( appe>ance4 ,su* ornam5tation z !re 0 0 usually obta9$ by foll[+ 9 a me*anical way a draw+ provid$ by an arti/ :o (t5 knew little ( ! te*nical processes involv$ 9 production4 ,) ! critical att5tion giv5 to ! crafts by ,rusk9 & ,morris1 x came to be se5 t x 0 impossible to deta* design f craft 9 ?is way1 & t1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 true design is an insep>able elem5t ( good quality1 involv+ z x does ! selection ( good & suitable mat]ial1 contrivance = special purpose1 exp]t workman%ip1 prop] f9i% & s on1 f> m ?an m]e ornam5t1 & inde$1 t ornam5tation itself 0 r an exub]ance ( f9e workman%ip ?an a matt] ( m]ely ab/ract l9es4 ,workman%ip :5 sep>at$ by too wide a gulf f fre% ?\ght--t is1 f design--inevitably decays1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ornam5tation1 divorc$ f workman%ip1 is necess>ily unreal1 & quickly falls into affectation4 ,prop] ornam5tation may be def9$ z a language address$ to ! eye2 x is pleasant ?\ght express$ 9 ! spee* ( ! tool4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we w\ld h ?is s]ies put arti/ic craftsman%ip be=e p z furni%+ reasonable occupation = ^? :o w\ld ga9 a livelihood4 ,al?\gh )9 ! b\nds ( academic art1 ! competition1 ( its k9d1 is s acute t only a v few p] c5t4 c fairly hope to succe$ z pa9t]s & sculptors2 yet1 z arti/ic craftsm51 !re is e probability t ne>ly e "o :o w\ld pass ?r\gh a suffici5t p]iod ( appr5tice%ip to workman%ip & design w\ld rea* a measure ( success4 ,9 ! bl5d+ ( h&work & ?\ght 9 su* arts z we propose to deal )1 happy c>e]s may be f\nd z f> remov$ f ! dre>y r\t9e ( hack lab\r1 z f ! t]rible unc]ta9ty ( academic art4 ,x is desirable 9 e way t m5 ( good education %\ld be br\ght back into ! productive crafts3 !re are m ?an en\gh ( u 9 ! city1 & x is probable t m consid]ation w be giv5 9 ?is c5tury ?an 9 ! la/ to ,design & ,workman%ip4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,x is hop$ t ?is book w help bookb9d]s & libr>ians to select s\nd me?ods ( b9d+ books4 ,x is int5d$ to supplem5t & n to supplant work%op tra9+ = bookb9d]s4 ,no "o c become a skill$ workman by read+ text-books1 b to a man :o has acquir$ skill & practical exp]i5ce1 a text-book1 giv+ p]haps diff]5t me?ods f ^? to :i* he has be5 accu/om$1 may be helpful4 ,my ?anks are due to _m fri5ds1 includ+ ! workm5 9 my work%op1 = useful sugge/ions & o!r help1 & to ! ,society ( ,arts = p]mission to quote f ! report ( _! ,special ,committee on lea!r = bookb9d+4 ,i %\ld also l to express my indebt$ness to my ma/]1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 = x 0 9 8 work%op t ,i le>n$ my craft1 & any?+ t may be ( value 9 ?is book is due to 8 influ5ce4 ,d4 ,c4 ,novemb] #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,b9d+ ,,page ,editor's ,preface #g ,au?or's ,note #aa ,,*apt] ,i ,introduction #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,ent]+--,books 9 ,%eets--,fold+--,collat+--,pull+ to ,pieces--,refold+--,knock+ out ,jo9ts #cc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,gu>d+--,?r[+ ,out--,p>+ ,pap]--,soak+ (f ,india ,pro(s--,m\nt+ v ,?9 ,pap]--,splitt+ ,pap]--,inlay+--,flatt5+ ,vellum #ec ,,*apt] ,,iv ,siz+--,wa%+--,m5d+ #fg ,,*apt] ,v ,end ,pap]s--,lea!r ,jo9ts--,press+ #hj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,trimm+ ,edges be=e ,sew+--,edge ,gild+ #ib ,,*apt] ,,vii ,m>k+ up--,sew+--,mat]ials = ,sew+ #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii ,fray+ out ,slips--,glue+ up--,r\nd+ & ,back+ #aad ,,*apt] ,,ix ,cutt+ & ,atta*+ ,bo>ds--,clean+ (f ,back--,press+ #abd ,,*apt] ,x ,cutt+ 9 ,bo>ds--,gild+ & ,col\r+ ,edges #aci ,,*apt] ,,xi ,headb&+ #adg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,prep>+ = ,cov]+--,p>+ ,lea!r--,cov]+--,mitr+ ,corn]s--,fill+-9 ,bo>ds #aeb ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,libr>y ,b9d+--,b9d+ v ,?9 ,books--,scrap-,books--,b9d+ 9 ,vellum--,books cov]$ ) ,embroid]y #agc ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,decoration--,tools--,f9i%+--,tool+ on ,vellum--,inlay+ on ,lea!r #ahh ,,*apt] ,,xv ,lett]+--,bl9d ,tool+--,h]aldic ,ornam5t #bae ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,design+ = ,gold-,tool$ ,decoration #bcj ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,pa/+ d[n ,end ,pap]s--,op5+ ,books #bed ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,clasps & ,ties--,metal on ,b9d+s #bei ,,*apt] ,,xix ,lea!r #bfc ,,*apt] ,,xx ,pap]--,pa/es--,glue #bhj ,,"p ,,ii ,,c>e ,,( ,,books ,,:5 ,,b\nd ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,injuri\s ,influ5ces to :i* ,books are ,subject$ #bia ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,to ,pres]ve ,old ,b9d+s--,re-back+ #cjb ,,specifications #cjg ,,gloss>y #cac ,,reproductions ,,( ,,b9d+s 7,eight ,collotypes7 #cai ,,index #ccg ,,"p ,i ,,b9d+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! reasons = b9d+ ! leaves ( a book are to keep !m toge!r 9 _! prop] ord]1 & to protect !m4 ,t b9d+s c be made1 t w adequately protect books1 c be se5 f ! l>ge numb] ( fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury b9d+s n[ exi/+ on books /ill 9 excell5t condition4 ,t b9d+s are made1 t fail to protect books1 may be se5 by visit+ any l>ge libr>y1 :5 x w be f\nd t _m b9d+s h _! bo>ds loose & ! lea!r crumbl+ to du/4 ,ne>ly all libr>ians compla91 t !y h to be cont9ually reb9d+ books1 & ?is n aft] f\r hundr$1 b aft] only five or t5 ye>s4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! books b\nd 9 lea!r dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s w ne$ reb9d+ dur+ ! next ?irty4 ,! imm5se exp5se involv$ mu/ be a v s]i\s drag on ! usefulness ( libr>ies2 & z reb9d+ is always to "s ext5t damag+ to ! leaves ( a book1 x is n only on acc\nt ( ! exp5se t ! necessity = x is to be regrett$4 ,! reasons t h l$ to ! production 9 mod]n times ( b9d+s t fail to la/ = a reasonable "t1 are tw(old4 ,! mat]ials are badly select$ or prep>$1 & ! me?od ( b9d+ is faulty4 ,ano!r factor 9 ! decay ( b9d+s1 bo? old & new1 is ! bad conditions "u :i* !y are (t5 kept4 ,! object ( ?is text-book is to describe ! be/ me?ods ( bookb9d+1 & ( keep+ books :5 b\nd1 tak+ into acc\nt ! pres5t-day conditions4 ,no attempt has be5 made to describe all possible me?ods1 b only su* z appe> to h answ]$ be/ on old books4 ,! me?ods describ$ are = b9d+ t c be done by h& ) ! aid ( simple appliances4 ,l>ge editions ( books are n[ b\nd1 or r cas$1 at an almo/ incr$ible spe$ by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 b all "w t ne$s p]sonal c>e & ?\ght on ea* book1 is /ill done1 & probably always w be done1 by h&4 ,elaborate ma*9]y c only be economically employ$ :5 v l>ge numb]s ( books h to be turn$ out exactly alike4 ,! ord9>y clo? b9d+ ( ! trade1 is bett] describ$ z cas+4 ,! me?ods be+ diff]5t1 x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% betwe5 cas+ & b9d+4 ,9 b9d+1 ! slips are firmly atta*$ to ! bo>ds be=e cov]+2 9 cas+1 ! bo>ds are cov]$ sep>ately1 & aft]w>ds glu$ on to ! book4 ,v great ef=ts h be5 made 9 ! decoration ( clo? cov]s1 & x is a pity t ! me?ods ( con/ruction h n be5 equally consid]$4 ,if clo? cases are to be look$ ^u z a tempor>y b9d+1 !n x seems a pity to wa/e s mu* tr\ble on _! decoration2 & if !y are to be look$ ^u z p]man5t b9d+1 x is a pity ! con/ruction is n bett]4 ,= books ( only tempor>y int]e/1 ! usual clo? cases answ] well en\gh2 b = books expect$ to h p]man5t value1 "s *ange is desirable4 ,valuable books %\ld ei!r be issu$ 9 b9d+s t are obvi\sly tempor>y1 or else 9 b9d+s t are /rong en\gh to be consid]$ p]man5t4 ,! usual clo? case fails z a tempor>y b9d+1 because ! me?ods employ$ result 9 s]i\s damage to ! sections ( ! book1 (t5 unfitt+ !m = reb9d+1 & x fails z a p]man5t b9d+ on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( s\nd con/ruction4 ,9 a tempor>y publi%]'s b9d+1 no?+ %\ld be done to ! sections ( a book t w\ld injure !m4 ,plates %\ld be gu>d$1 ! sew+ %\ld be on tapes1 )\t splitt+ ! head & tail1 or saw+ 9 ! backs1 ( ! sections2 ! backs %\ld be glu$ up squ>e )\t back+4 ,! case may be atta*$1 z is n[ usual4 ,= a p]man5t publi%]'s b9d+1 some?+ l t recomm5d$ = libr>ies 7page #agc7 is sugge/$1 ) ei!r lea!r or clo? on ! back4 ,at ! end ( ! book f\r specifications are giv5 7page #cjg74 ,! fir/ is sugge/$ = b9d+ books ( special int]e/ or value1 :]e no re/riction z to price is made4 ,a b9d+ "u ?is specification may be decorat$ to any ext5t t ! nature ( ! book ju/ifies4 ,! second is = good b9d+1 = books ( ref]5ce & o!r heavy books t may h a great deal ( we>4 ,all ! features ( ! fir/ t make = ! /r5g? ( ! b9d+ are reta9$1 :ile ^? less ess5tial1 t only add to ! appe>ance1 are omitt$4 ,al?\gh ! b9d+ "u ?is specification w\ld be mu* *eap] ?an t c>ri$ out "u ! fir/1 x w\ld /ill be too exp5sive = ! majority ( books 9 mo/ libr>ies2 & z x w\ld seem to be impossible to fur!r modify ?is =m ( b9d+1 )\t mat]ially r$uc+ its /r5g?1 = *eap] "w1 a some:at diff]5t sy/em is recomm5d$4 ,! ?ird specification is recomm5d$ = ! b9d+ ( ! g5]al run ( small books 9 mo/ libr>ies4 ,! f\r? is a modification ( ?is = pamphlets & o!r books ( little value1 t ne$ to be kept toge!r tidily = occasional ref]5ce4 ,?anks1 9 a great measure1 to ! "w ( ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 !re is 9 ,engl& ! g]m ( a s\nd tradition = ! be/ b9d+4 ,! ,report ( ! ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts to inve/igate ! cause ( ! decay ( mod]n lea!r b9d+s1 %\ld t5d to e/abli% a s\nd tradition = *eap] "w4 ,! ?ird specification at ! end ( ?is book is practically ! same z t giv5 9 _! ,report1 & 0 arriv$ at by selection1 aft] _m libr>ies _h be5 exam9$1 & _m =ms ( b9d+ comp>$4 ,up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! traditional me?ods ( b9d+ books _h alt]$ v little dur+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,books 7 g5]ally sewn r\nd five cords1 ! ends ( all ( ^! lac$ into ! bo>ds1 & ! lea!r atta*$ directly to ! back4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x became cu/om>y to p>e d[n lea!r until x 0 z ?9 z pap]1 & soon aft]w>ds ! use ( holl[ backs & false b&s became g5]al1 & ^! two ?+s toge!r m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n degradation ( b9d+1 s f> z its utility z a protection is conc]n$4 ,! ,society ( ,arts ,committee report t ! bookb9d]s mu/ %>e ) ! lea!r manufactur]s & libr>ians ! blame = ! premature decay ( mod]n b9d+s1 because-- #a4 ,books are sewn on too few1 & too ?9 cords1 & ! slips are p>$ d[n unduly 7= ! sake ( neatness71 & are n 9 all cases firmly lac$ into ! bo>ds4 ,?is r5d]s ! atta*m5t ( ! bo>ds to ! book almo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r4 #b4 ,! use ( holl[ backs ?r[s all ! /ra9 ( op5+ & %utt+ on ! jo9ts1 & r5d]s ! back liable to come "r (f if ! book is mu* us$4 #c4 ,! lea!r ( ! back is apt to become torn ?r\gh ! use ( insuffici5tly /rong headb&s1 :i* are unable to /& ! /ra9 ( ! book be+ tak5 f ! %elf4 #d4 ,x is a common practice to use f> too ?9 lea!r2 especially to use l>ge ?ick sk9s v mu* p>$ d[n = small books4 #e4 ,! lea!r is (t5 made v wet & /ret*$ a great deal 9 cov]+1 ) ! result t on dry+ x is fur!r /ra9$1 almo/ to break+ po9t1 by contraction1 leav+ a v small m>g9 ( /r5g? to meet ! accid5ts ( use4 ,! hi/ory ( ! g5]al introduction ( holl[ backs is probably some:at z foll[s3 ,lea!r 0 d\btless fir/ *os5 = cov]+ ! backs ( books because ( its t\ghness & flexibility2 because1 :ile protect+ ! back1 x w\ld b5d :5 ! book 0 op5$ & all[ ! back to ?r[ up 7see fig4 #a1 ,a74 ,:5 gold tool+ became common1 & ! backs ( books 7 elaborately decorat$1 x 0 f\nd t ! creas+ ( ! lea!r injur$ ! brightness or ! gold & caus$ x to crack4 ,to avoid ?is ! b9d]s l9$ up ! back until x 0 z /iff z a block ( wood4 ,! back w\ld !n n ?r[ up z ! book 0 op5$1 ! lea!r w\ld n be creas$1 & ! gold w\ld rema9 un9jur$ 7see fig4 #a1 ,b74 ,?is 0 all v well = ! gold1 b a book s treat$ does n op5 fully1 & inde$1 if ! pap] is /iff1 c h>dly be got to op5 at all4 ,to ov]come bo? difficulties ! holl[ back 0 introduc$1 & z project+ b&s w\ld h be5 9 ! way1 ! sew+ cord 0 sunk 9 saw cuts made across ! back ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! use ( holl[ backs 0 a v +5i\s way out ( ! difficulty1 z ) !m ! backs c\ld be made to ?r[ up1 & at ! same "t ! lea!r 0 n di/urb$ 7see fig4 #a1 ,c74 ,! me?od ( saw+ 9 b&s 0 kn[n = a long "t be=e ! g5]al use ( holl[ backs4 ,x has be5 us$ to avoid ! rais$ b&s on books cov]$ ) embroid]$ mat]ial4 ,if a book is sewn on tapes1 & ! back l9$ ) lea!r1 !re is no s]i\s objection to a c>efully-made holl[ back )\t b&s4 ,! vellum b9d]s use holl[ backs made 9 ?is way = great acc\nt books t /& an imm5se am\nt ( we>4 ,!y make ! holl[ v /iff1 s t x acts z a spr+ to ?r[ ! back up4 ,b al?\gh1 if c>efully done1 satisfactory b9d+s may be made ) holl[ backs1 _! use has result$ 9 ! production ( wor?less b9d+s ) little /r5g?1 & yet ) ! appe>ance ( bett] "w4 ,! public hav+ be5 accu/om$ to rais$ b&s on ! backs ( books1 & ! real b&s be+ sunk 9 ! back1 ! b9d]s put false ones ov] ! holl[4 ,to save money or tr\ble1 ! b&s be+ out ( sight1 ! book w\ld be sewn on only ?ree or sometimes only two cords1 ! usual five false ones /ill %[+ at ! back4 ,(t5 only two out ( ! ?ree b&s w\ld be lac$ into ! bo>d1 & sometimes ! slips w\ld n be lac$ 9 at all4 ,aga91 false headb&s work$ by ! y>d by ma*9]y w\ld be /uck on at ! head & tail1 & a holl[ made ) br[n pap]4 ,!n lea!r s ?9 z to h b little /r5g?1 b us$ because x is easy to "w & ne$s no p>+1 w\ld be /uck on4 ,! back w\ld (t5 be full gilt & lett]$1 & ! sides spr9kl$ or m>bl$1 ?us fur!r damag+ ! lea!r4 ,9 e l>ge libr>y hundr$s ( books b\nd some:at on ^! l9es may be se54 ,:5 !y are receiv$ f ! b9d] !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ well b\nd1 !y look sm>t on ! %elf1 b 9 a few ye>s1 :e!r !y are us$ or n1 ! lea!r w h p]i%$ & ! bo>ds become deta*$1 & !y w h to be reb\nd4 ,z long z libr>ians expect ! appe>ance ( a gu9ea b9d+ = two or ?ree %ill+s1 su* %ams w be produc$4 ,! libr>ian g5]ally gets 8 money's wor?1 = x w\ld be impossible = ! b9d] to d bett] "w at ! price usually paid )\t mat]ially alt]+ ! appe>ance ( ! b9d+4 ,! poli%$ calf & imitation cru%$ morocco mu/ g1 & 9 its place a r\gh]1 ?ick] lea!r mu/ be employ$4 ,! full-gilt backs mu/ g1 ! col\r$ lett]+ panel mu/ g1 ! holl[ backs mu/ g1 b 9 ! place ( ^! we may h ! books sewn on tapes ) ! ends securely fa/5$ into split bo>ds1 & ! ?ick lea!r atta*$ directly to ! backs ( ! sections4 7,see specification ,,iii4 page #cjg47 ,su* a b9d+ w\ld look well & n be m exp5sive ?an ! usual libr>y b9d+4 ,x %\ld all[ ! book to op5 flat1 & if ! mat]ials are well select$1 be v durable1 & specially /rong 9 ! jo9ts1 ! weak place 9 mo/ b9d+s4 ,! lett]+ on ! back may be damag$ 9 "t if ! book is mu* us$1 b if s x c easily be r5ew$ at a fraction ( ! co/ ( reb9d+1 & )\t injury to ! book4 ,:ile ! majority ( books 9 mo/ libr>ies mu/ be b\nd at a small co/1 at mo/ n exce$+ a few %ill+s a volume1 !re is a l>ge dem& = good pla9 b9d+s1 & a limit$1 b gr[+1 dem& = m or less decorat$ b9d+s = special books4 ,any decoration b ! simple/ %\ld be re/rict$ to books b\nd z well z ! b9d] c d !m4 ,! pres5ce ( decoration %\ld be evid5ce t ! b9d]1 aft] do+ 8 be/ ) ! =w>d+1 has _h "t 9 :i* to try to make 8 "w a beautiful1 z well z a s]viceable1 production4 ,_m books1 al?\gh well b\nd1 are bett] left pla91 or ) only a little decoration4 ,b occasionally !re are books t ! b9d] c decorate z lavi%ly z he is able4 ,z an in/ance ( b9d+s t _c be ov]-decorat$1 ^? books :i* are us$ 9 important c]emonies1 su* z ,alt> ,books1 may be m5tion$4 ,su* books may be decorat$ ) gold & col\r until !y seem to be cov]$ 9 a gold5 mat]ial4 ,!y w be b spots ( gorge\sness 9 a great *ur* or ca!dral1 & !y _c be said to be ov]-decorat$ z long z ! decoration is good4 ,s1 occasionally "s "o may h a book to :i* he is = "s reason greatly atta*$1 & wi%+ to en%r9e x1 give ! b9d] a free h& to d 8 be/ ) x4 ,! b9d] may wi% to make a delicate patt]n ) nicely-balanc$ spots ( ornam5t1 leav+ ! lea!r = ! mo/ "p b>e1 or he may wi% to cov] ! outside ) "s close gold-tool$ patt]n1 giv+ a ri*ness ( texture h>dly to be got by o!r means4 ,if he decides on ! latt]1 _m p w say t ! cov] is ov]-decorat$4 ,b z a book cov] c nev] be se5 absolutely alone1 x %\ld n be judg$ z an isolat$ ?+ cov]$ ) ornam5t )\t relief1 b z a spot ( brightness & int]e/ among its surr\nd+s4 ,if a room & ev]y?+ 9 x is cov]$ ) elaborate patt]n1 !n any?+ ) a pla9 surface w\ld be welcome z a relief2 b 9 a room :i* is reasonably free f ornam5t1 a spot ( ri* decoration %\ld be welcome4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ! only1 or necess>ily ! be/1 me?od ( decorat+ book cov]s is by elaborate all-ov] gold-tool$ patt]n2 b x is cont5d$ t ?is is a legitimate me?od ( decoration = exceptional books1 & t by its use x is possible to get a beautiful effect well wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se involv$4 ,good lea!r has a beautiful surface1 & may sometimes be got ( a f9e col\r4 ,! b9d] may (t5 wi% to %[ ?is surface & col\r1 & to re/rict 8 decoration to small portions ( ! cov]1 & ?is q rightly1 he aim+ at1 & gett+1 a totally diff]5t effect ?an t got by all-ov] patt]ns4 ,bo? me?ods are "r if well done1 & bo? me?ods c equally be vulg>is$ if badly done4 ,a mu* debat$ "q is1 h[ f> ! decoration ( a b9d+ %\ld be influ5c$ by ! cont5ts ( ! book8 ,a c]ta9 appropriat5ess !re %\ld be1 b z a g5]al ?+1 if ! b9d] aims at mak+ ! cov] beautiful1 t is ! be/ he c d4 ,! h9ts giv5 = design+ are n int5d$ to /op ! developm5t ( ! /ud5t's own ideas1 b only to enc\rage _! developm5t on "r l9es4 ,!re %\ld be a c]ta9 simil>ity ( treatm5t betwe5 ! g5]al get-up ( a book & its b9d+4 ,x is a great pity t pr9t]s & b9d]s h drift$ s f> ap>t2 !y are1 or %\ld be1 work+ = "o end1 ! production ( a book1 & "s unity ( aim %\ld be evid5t 9 ! "w ( ! two4 ,! b9d+ ( manuscripts & e>ly pr9t$ books %\ld be /rong & simple4 ,x %\ld be z /rong & durable z ! orig9al old b9d+s1 &1 l !m1 la/ ) reasonable c>e = f\r hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,to ?is end ! old b9d+s1 ) _! /\t sew+ cord1 wood5 bo>ds1 & clasps1 may be tak5 z models4 ,! "q is con/antly ask$1 especially by wom51 if a liv+ c be made by sett+ up z bookb9d]s4 ,*eap b9d+ c mo/ economically be done 9 l>ge work%ops1 b probably ! be/ b9d+s c be done m satisfactorily by b9d]s work+ alone1 or 9 v small work%ops4 ,if any "o int5ds to set up z a bookb9d]1 do+ all ! "w )\t help1 x is necess>y to *>ge v high prices to get any adequate return aft] ! work+ exp5ses h be5 paid4 ,9 ord] to get high prices1 ! /&>d ( "w mu/ be v high2 & 9 ord] to atta9 a high en\gh /&>d ( "w1 a v ?or\gh tra9+ is necess>y4 ,x is desirable t any "o hop+ to make money at ! craft %\ld h at lea/ a ye>'s tra9+ 9 a work%op :]e good "w is done1 & aft] t1 "s "t w be sp5t be=e q satisfactory "w c be turn$ out rapidly en\gh to pay1 suppos+ t ord]s c be obta9$ or ! books b\nd c be sold4 ,!re are "s successful b9d]s :o h _h less ?an a ye>'s tra9+1 b !y are exceptional4 ,^? :o h n be5 accu/om$ to manual "w h usually1 9 addition to ! necess>y skill1 to acquire ! habit ( cont9u\s "w4 ,bookb9d+ seems to (f] an op5+ = well-educat$ y\?s :o are will+ to s]ve an appr5tice%ip 9 a good %op1 & :o h "s small am\nt ( capital at _! comm&4 ,9 addition to ! production ( decorat$ b9d+s1 !re is mu* to be done by specialis+ 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w requir+ special k4 ,repair+ & b9d+ e>ly pr9t$ books & manuscripts1 or ! re/oration ( ,p>i% ,regi/]s & ,acc\nts1 may be sugge/$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,ent]+--,books 9 ,%eets--,fold+--,collat+--,pull+ to ,pieces--,refold+--,knock+ out ,jo9ts ,,ent]+ ,on receiv+ a book = b9d+1 its title %\ld be ent]$ 9 a book kept = t purpose1 ) ! date ( entry1 & cu/om]'s "n & address1 & any in/ructions he may h giv51 writt5 out 9 full und]nea?1 leav+ room bel[ to ent] ! "t tak5 on ! v>i\s op]ations & co/ ( ! mat]ials us$4 ,x is well to numb] ! entry1 & to give a correspond+ numb] to ! book4 ,x %\ld be at once collat$1 & any special features not$1 su* z pages t ne$ wa%+ or m5d+4 ,if ! book %\ld prove to be imp]fect1 or to h any s]i\s defect1 ! own] %\ld be communicat$ )1 be=e x is pull$ to pieces4 ,?is is v important1 z imp]fect books t h be5 pull$ are n returnable to ! booksell]4 ,%\ld defects only be discov]$ aft] ! book has be5 tak5 to pieces1 ! bookb9d] is liable to be blam$ = ! loss ( any miss+ leaves4 ,,books ,,9 ,,%eets ,! %eets ( a newly pr9t$ book are arrang$ 9 piles 9 ! pr9t]'s w>eh\se1 ea* pile be+ made up ( repetitions ( ! same %eet or signature4 ,plates or maps are 9 piles by !mselves ,to make a complete book "o %eet is ga!r$ f ea* pile1 beg9n+ at ! la/ %eet & work+ backw>ds to signature ,a4 ,:5 a book is ord]$ f a publi%] 9 %eets1 x is su* a ga!r$ copy t ! b9d] receives4 ,"s books are pr9t$ d\ble1 t is1 ! type is set up twice1 two copies are pr9t$ at once at diff]5t ends ( a %eet ( pap]1 & ! %eets h to be divid$ d[n ! middle be=e ! copies c be sep>at$4 ,sometimes ! title & introduction1 or p]haps only ! la/ %eet1 w be pr9t$ 9 ?is way4 ,publi%]s usually decl9e to supply 9 %eets few] ?an two copies ( su* d\ble-pr9t$ books4 ,if a book is receiv$ unfold$1 x is g5]ally advisable at once to fold up ! %eets & put !m 9 _! prop] ord]1 ) half-title1 title1 introduction1 c41 &1 if !re are plates1 to comp>e !m ) ! pr9t$ li/4 ,%\ld !re be 9 a rec5tly publi%$ book defects ( any k9d1 su* z soil$ %eets1 ! publi%] w usually replace !m on application1 al?\gh !y sometimes take a long "t to d s4 ,su* %eets are call$ imp]fections1 & ! pr9t]s usually keep a numb] ( ov]s 9 ord] to make good su* imp]fections z may occur4 ,,fold+ ,books receiv$ 9 %eets mu/ be fold$4 ,fold+ requires c>e1 or ! m>g9s ( diff]5t leaves w be unequal1 & ! l9es ( pr9t+ n at "r angles to ! back4 ,books ( v>i\s sizes are kn[n z folio1 qu>to1 octavo1 duodecimo1 c4 ,^! names signify ! numb] ( folds1 & consequ5tly ! numb] ( leaves ! pap] has be5 fold$ into4 ,?us1 a folio is made up ( %eets ( pap] fold$ once d[n ! c5tre1 =m+ two leaves & f\r pages4 ,! %eets ( a qu>to h a second fold1 mak+ f\r leaves & eight pages1 & 9 an octavo ! %eet has a ?ird fold1 =m+ eight leaves & sixte5 pages 7see fig4 #b71 & s on4 ,ea* %eet ( pap] :5 fold$ con/itutes a section1 except 9 ! case ( folios1 :]e x is usual to make up ! sections by ins]t+ two or m %eets1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,pap] is made 9 sev]al nam$ sizes1 su* z imp]ial1 royal1 demy1 cr[n1 foolscap1 c4 7see p4 #bhc71 s t ! t]ms imp]ial folio or cr[n octavo imply t a %eet ( a def9ite size has be5 fold$ a def9ite numb] ( times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,besides ! traditional sizes1 pap] is n[ made ( almo/ any l5g? & wid?1 result+ 9 books ( odd %ape1 & ! names folio1 qu>to1 c41 are r los+ _! true mean+1 & are (t5 us$ loosely to signify pages ( c]ta9 sizes1 irrespective ( ! numb] t g to a %eet4 ,on receipt1 = in/ance1 ( an octavo book = fold+1 ! pile ( %eets is laid flat on ! table1 & collat$ by ! lett] or signature ( ea* %eet4 ,! fir/ %eet ( ! book prop] w probably be signature ,b1 z signature ,a usually consi/s ( ! half-title1 title1 introduction1 c41 & (t5 has to be fold$ up r diff]5tly4 ,! out] sides1 kn[n by ! signature lett]s ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 %\ld be d[nw>ds1 & ! inn] sides fac+ upw>ds ) ! second signatures1 if !re are any1 ,b#b1 ,c#b1 ,d#b1 c41 at ! "r-h& bottom corn]4 ,! pages ( an octave book1 comm5c+ at page #a1 are %[n at fig4 #c4 ,a fold] is tak5 9 ! "r h&1 & held at ! bottom ( ! %eet at ab\t ! c5tre1 & ! %eet tak5 by ! left h& at ! top "r-h& corn] & b5t ov] until pages #c & #f come exactly ov] pages #b & #g2 & :5 x is se5 t ! headl9es & figures exactly mat*1 ! pap]1 :ile be+ held 9 t position1 is creas$ d[n ! c5tre ) ! fold]1 & ! fold cut up a little m ?an half-way4 ,pages #d1 #ac1 #e1 #ab w n[ be upp]mo/2 pages #ab & #e are n[ fold$ ov] to exactly mat* pages #ac & #d1 & ! fold creas$ & cut up a little m ?an half-way1 z be=e4 ,pages #h & #i w n[ be upp]mo/1 & w m]ely require fold+ toge!r to make ! pages ( ! section foll[ 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,if ! fold+ has be5 done c>efully1 & ! regi/] ( ! pr9t+ is good1 ! headl9es %\ld be exactly ev5 ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! object ( cutt+ pa/ ! c5tre at ea* fold is to avoid ! unsightly creas+ t results f fold+ two or m ?icknesses ( pap] :5 jo9$ at ! top edge4 ,a duodecimo %eet has ! pages arrang$ z at fig4 #d4 ,! inset pages1 #aj1 #ae1 #ad1 #aa1 mu/ be cut (f1 & ! re/ ( ! section fold$ z = an octavo %eet4 ,! inset is fold$ sep>ately & ins]t$ into ! c5tre ( ! octavo portion4 ,o!r sizes are fold$ 9 mu* ! same way1 & ! pr9ciple ( fold+ "o %eet hav+ be5 ma/]$1 no difficulty w be f\nd 9 fold+ any o!r4 ,plates (t5 require trimm+1 & ?is mu/ be done ) judgm5t4 ,! plates %\ld be trimm$ to correspond z f> z possible ) ! pr9t+ on ! opposite page1 b if ?is _c be done1 x is desirable t some?+ approa*+ ! proportion ( m>g9 %[n at fig4 #b 7folio7 %\ld be aim$ at4 ,t is to say1 ! back m>g9 %\ld be ! smalle/1 ! head m>g9 ! next1 ! =e-edge a little wid]1 & ! tail wide/ ( all4 ,:5 a plate consi/s ( a small portrait or diagram 9 ! c5tre ( ! page1 x looks bett] if x is put a little high] & a little ne>] ! back ?an ! actual c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,plates t h no numb]s on !m mu/ be put 9 ord] by ! li/ ( pr9t$ plates1 or in/ructions to ! b9d]4 ,! half-title1 title1 d$ication1 c41 w (t5 be f\nd to be pr9t$ on odd %eets t h to be made up into section ,a4 ,?is prelim9>y matt] is usually plac$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,half-title1 title1 d$ication1 preface1 cont5ts1 li/ ( illu/rations or o!r li/s4 ,if !re is an index1 x %\ld be put at ! end ( ! book4 ,all plates %\ld be gu>d$1 & any qu>t] sections1 t is1 sections consi/+ ( two leaves1 %\ld h _! backs /r5g!n$ by a gu>d1 or !y may v easily be torn 9 ! sew+4 ,odd1 s+le leaves may be gu>d$ r\nd sections 9 ! same way z plates4 ,:5 a book has be5 fold$1 x %\ld be press$ 7see p4 #hg74 ,!re w sometimes be pages m>k$ by ! pr9t] ) a />4 ,^! h "s error 9 !m1 & are int5d$ to be cut out4 ,! pr9t] %\ld supply correct$ pages to replace !m4 ,,collat+ ,9 addition to ! pag9ation ea* %eet or section ( a pr9t$ book is lett]$ or numb]$4 ,ea* lett] or numb] is call$ ! %eet's signature4 ,pr9t]s usually leave out ,j ,w & ,v 9 lett]+ %eets4 ,if !re are m sections ?an !re are lett]s 9 ! alphabet1 ! pr9t] d\bles ! lett]s1 sign+ ! sections ,a ,a1 ,b ,b1 & s on1 aft] ! s+le lett]s are exhau/$4 ,"s pr9t]s use an ,arabic num]al be=e ! section numb] to d5ote ! second alphabet1 z #b;,a1 #b;,b1 c41 & o!rs *ange ! "* ( ! lett]s1 p]haps us+ capitals = ! fir/ alphabet & italics = ! second4 ,if ! %eets are numb]$1 ! numb]s w ( c\rse foll[ consecutively4 ,9 books ( m ?an "o volume1 ! numb] ( ! volume is sometimes add$ 9 ,roman num]als be=e ! signature1 z ,,ii ,a1 ,,ii ,b4 ,! ma9 pag9ation ( ! book usually comm5ces ) ,*apt] ,i41 & all be=e t is indep5d5tly pag$ 9 ,roman num]als4 ,x is unusual to h actual numb]s on ! title or half-title1 b if ! pages are c\nt$ back f :]e ! fir/ num]al occurs1 !y %\ld come "r4 ,!re w sometimes be "o or m blank leaves complet+ sections at ! beg9n+ or end4 ,su* blank leaves mu/ be reta9$1 z )\t !m ! volume w\ld be imp]fect4 ,to collate a mod]n book ! pag+ mu/ be exam9$ to see t ! leaves are 9 ord]1 & t no?+ is defective or miss+4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is to ins]t ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h& at ! bottom ( ab\t ! fiftie? page1 crook ! f+]1 & turn up ! corn]s ( ! pages ) x4 ,:5 ?is is done ! ?umb is plac$ on page #a1 & ! h& twi/$1 s z to fan out ! top ( ! pages4 ,!y c !n be readily turn$ ov] by ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h& 7see fig4 #e74 ,?is is repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! book1 tak+ ab\t fifty pages at a "t4 ,x w ( c\rse only be necess>y to *eck ! odd numb]s1 z if !y are "r1 ! ev5 ones on ! o!r side ( ! leaf mu/ be s4 ,if ! pages are numb]$ at ! foot1 ! leaves mu/ be fann$ out f ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,plates or maps t are n pag$ c only be *eck$ f ! pr9t$ li/4 ,:5 *eck$ x w save "t if ! numb] ( ! page :i* ea* faces is m>k$ on ! back 9 small p5cil figures4 ,9 ! case ( e>ly pr9t$ books or manuscripts1 :i* are (t5 n pag$1 special k is ne$$ = _! collation4 ,x may r\ghly be said1 t if ! sections are all complete1 t is1 if !re are ! same numb] ( leaves at ea* side ( ! sew+ 9 all ! sections1 ! book may be tak5 to be p]fect1 unless ( c\rse :ole sections are miss+4 ,all unpag$ books %\ld be pag$ ?r\gh 9 p5cil be=e !y are tak5 ap>t2 ?is is be/ done ) a v f9e p5cil1 at ! bottom left-h& corn]2 x w only be necess>y to numb] ! front ( ea* leaf4 ,,pull+ ,,to ,,pieces ,aft] ! volume has be5 collat$ x mu/ be pull$1 t is to say1 ! sections mu/ be sep>at$1 & all plates or maps deta*$4 ,if 9 a b\nd book !re are slips lac$ 9 ! front cov]1 !y mu/ be cut & ! back torn (f4 ,x w sometimes happ5 t 9 te>+ (f ! lea!r ne>ly all ! glue w come too1 leav+ ! backs ( ! pages deta*$ except = ! sew+4 ,m usually ! back w be left cov]$ ) a mass ( glue & l951 or pap]1 :i* x is v difficult to remove )\t injury to ! backs ( ! sections4 ,by draw+ a %>p knife along ! b&s1 ! sew+ may be cut & ! b&s remov$1 leav+ ! sections only connect$ by ! glue4 ,!n ! sections ( ! book c usually be sep>at$ ) a f9e fold]1 aft] ! ?read f ! c5tre ( ea* has be5 remov$2 ! po9t ( division be+ asc]ta9$ by f9d+ ! fir/ signature ( ea* section4 ,9 cases :]e ! glue & lea!r =m too h>d a back to yield to ?is me?od1 x is advisable to soak ! glue ) pa/e1 & :5 s(t to scrape x (f ) a fold]4 ,z ?is me?od is apt to injure ! backs ( ! sections1 x %\ld n be resort$ to unless necess>y2 & :5 x is1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ! damp p5etrate into ! book1 or x w cause v ugly /a9s4 ,! book mu/ be pull$ :ile damp1 or else ! glue w dry up h>d] ?an be=e4 ,! sep>at$ sections mu/ be pil$ up c>efully to prev5t pages be+ soil$ by ! damp glue4 ,all plates or s+le leaves pa/$ on mu/ be remov$4 ,^! c usually be deta*$ by c>efully te>+ ap>t1 b if too securely pa/$ !y mu/ be soak$ (f 9 wat]1 unless ( c\rse ! plates h be5 pa9t$ ) wat]-col\r4 ,if ! plates mu/ be soak$ (f1 ! leaf & atta*$ plate %\ld be put into a pan ( slightly w>m wat] & left to soak until !y float ap>t1 !n ) a s(t bru% any rema9+ glue or pa/e c be easily remov$ :ile 9 ! wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to soak mod]n books pr9t$ on :at is call$ ,art ,pap]1 z ?is pap] w h>dly /& ord9>y h&l+1 & is absolutely ru9$ if wett$4 ,! gr[+ use ( ?is pap] 9 important books is "o ( ! greate/ tr\bles ! bookb9d] has to face4 ,! highly load$ & glaz$ surface ( "s ( ! heavy plate pap]s easily flakes (f1 s t any gu>d pa/$ on ^! plates is apt to come away1 tak+ ) x ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,moreov]1 %\ld ! plates *ance to be f+]$ or 9 any way soil$1 no?+ c remove ! m>ks2 & %\ld a corn] get turn$ d[n1 ! pap] breaks & ! corn] w fall (f4 ,x is ! op9ion ( exp]ts t ?is heavily load$ ,art ,pap] w n la/ a reasonable "t1 &1 ap>t f o!r consid]ations1 ?is %\ld be ample reason = n us+ x 9 books t are expect$ to h a p]man5t value4 ,pr9t]s l ?is pap]1 because x enables !m to obta9 brilliant impressions f blocks produc$ by *eap processes4 ,9 cas$ books1 sewn by ma*9]y1 ! head & tail ( ! %eets w (t5 be f\nd to be split up z f> z ! kettle /it*es4 ,if su* a book is to be exp5sively b\nd1 x w require m5d+ ?r\gh\t 9 ^! places1 or ! glue may soak into ! torn ends1 & make ! book op5 /iffly4 ,"s books are put toge!r ) /aples ( t9n$ iron wire1 :i* rapidly ru/ & disfigure ! book by circul> br[n m>ks4 ,su* m>ks w usually h to be cut out & ! places c>efully m5d$4 ,?is process is l5g?y1 & consequ5tly s co/ly1 t x is g5]ally *eap]1 :5 possible1 to obta9 an unb\nd copy ( ! book f ! publi%]s1 ?an to wa/e "t repair+ ! damage done by ! clo? b9d]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! sections ( a book cas$ 9 clo? by mod]n me?ods are s injur$ z to make x unfit = m p]man5t b9d+ unless an unreasonable am\nt ( "t is sp5t on x4 ,x is a great pity t publi%]s d n1 9 ! case ( books expect$ to h a p]man5t lit]>y value1 issue a c]ta9 numb] ( copies pr9t$ on good pap]1 & unb\nd1 = ! use ( ^? :o require p]man5t b9d+s2 & 9 su* copies x w\ld be a great help if suffici5t m>g9 7 left at ! back ( ! plates = ! b9d] to turn x up to =m a gu>d4 ,if ! plates 7 v num]\s1 gu>ds made ( ! sub/ance ( ! plates !mselves w\ld make ! book too ?ick2 b 9 ! case ( books ) n m ?an a doz5 plates1 pr9t$ on comp>atively ?9 pap]1 x w\ld be a great advantage4 ,"s books 9 :i* !re are a l>ge numb] ( plates are cut into s+le leaves1 :i* are held toge!r at ! back by a coat+ ( an indi>ubb] solution4 ,= a %ort "t su* a volume is pleasant en\gh to h&le1 & op5s freely1 b be=e long ! indi>ubb] p]i%es1 & ! leaves & plates fall ap>t4 ,:5 a book ( ?is k9d comes to h a p]man5t b9d+1 all ! leaves & plates h to be p>$ at ! back & made up into sections ) gu>ds--a tr\blesome & exp5sive bus9ess4 ,! cu/om ) b9d]s is to ov]ca/ ! backs ( ! leaves 9 sections1 & to sew ?r\gh ! ov]ca/+ ?read1 b ?is1 ?\gh an easy & quick process1 makes a hopelessly /iff back1 & no book s treat$ c op5 freely4 ,,refold+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,divid]s ,:5 ! %eets ( books t h to be reb\nd h be5 c>elessly fold$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( readju/m5t is (t5 advisable1 especially 9 cases :]e ! book has n be5 previ\sly cut4 ,! title-page & ! half-title1 :5 f\nd to be out ( squ>e1 %\ld ne>ly always be put /raight4 ,! fold+ ( ! :ole book may be correct$ by tak+ ea* pair ( leaves & hold+ !m up to ! light & adju/+ ! fold s t ! pr9t on "o leaf comes exactly ov] ! pr9t on ! o!r1 & creas+ ! fold to make !m /ay 9 t position4 ,) a pair ( divid]s 7fig4 #f7 set to ! height ( ! %orte/ top m>g91 po9ts ! same di/ance above ! headl9e ( ! o!r leaves c be made4 ,!n aga9/ a c>p5t]'s squ>e1 adju/$ to ! back ( ! fold1 ! head ( "o pair ( leaves at a "t c be cut squ>e 7see fig4 #g74 ,if ! book has be5 previ\sly cut ?is process is apt to ?r[ ! leaves s f> out ( _! orig9al position z to make !m unduly unev54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,accurate fold+ is impossible if ! regi/] ( ! pr9t+ is bad1 t is to say1 if ! pr9t on ! back ( a leaf does n lie exactly ov] t on ! front4 ,crook$ plates %\ld usually be made /raight by judici\s trimm+ ( ! m>g9s4 ,x is bett] to leave a plate %ort at tail or =e-edge ?an to leave x out ( squ>e4 ,,knock+ ,,out ,,jo9ts ,! old jo9ts mu/ be knock$ out ( ! sections ( books t h be5 previ\sly back$4 ,to d ?is1 "o or two sections at a "t are held firmly 9 ! left h&1 & well hamm]$ on ! knock+-d[n iron fix$ into ! ly+ press4 ,x is important t ! hamm] face %\ld fall exactly squ>ely ^u ! pap]1 or x may cut pieces out4 ,! knock+-d[n iron %\ld be cov]$ ) a piece ( pap]1 & ! hamm] face mu/ be p]fectly clean1 or ! %eets may be soil$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,gu>d+--,?r[+ ,out--,p>+ ,pap]--,soak+ (f ,india ,pro(s--,m\nt+ v ,?9 ,pap]--,splitt+ ,pap]--,inlay+--,flatt5+ ,vellum ,,gu>d+ ,gu>ds are slips ( ?9 pap] or l95 us$ = /r5g!n+ ! fold ( leaves t are damag$1 or = atta*+ plates or s+le leaves4 ,gu>ds %\ld be ( good ?9 pap]4 ,t kn[n z ,:atman's ,banknote pap] answ]s v well4 ,an easy way to cut gu>ds is %[n 9 fig4 #h4 ,two or ?ree pieces ( pap] ( ! height ( ! requir$ gu>ds are fold$ & p9n$ to ! bo>d by ! "r-h& corn]s4 ,a s]ies ( po9ts are m>k$ at ! head & tail ) divid]s set to ! wid? desir$ = ! gu>ds1 & ) a knife guid$ by a /raight-edge1 cuts jo9+ ! po9ts are made "r ?r\gh ! pap]1 b n ext5d+ q to ei!r end4 ,on a transv]se cut be+ made ne> ! bottom1 ! gu>ds are left atta*$ by "o end only 7see fig4 #i71 & c be torn (f z want$4 ,?is me?od prev5ts ! pap] f slipp+ :ile x is be+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a m\nt cutt]'s knife 7fig4 #aj7 w be f\nd to be a conv5i5t =m ( knife to use = cutt+ gu>ds4 ,9 us+ ! knife & /raight-edge a good deal ( pressure %\ld be put on ! /raight-edge1 & comp>atively little on ! knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,m\nt ,cutt]'s ,knife ,to m5d ! torn back ( a pair ( leaves1 a gu>d %\ld be select$ a little long] ?an ! height ( ! pages & well pa/$ ) :ite pa/e 7see page #bhh74 ,if ! pair ( leaves are n q sep>at$1 ! pa/$ gu>d held by its extremities may be simply laid along ! weak place & rubb$ d[n ?r\gh blott+-pap]4 ,if ! leaves are q ap>t1 x is bett] to lay ! pa/$ gu>d on a piece ( glass & put ! edges ( fir/ "o & !n ! o!r leaf on to x & rub d[n4 ,on an outside pair ( leaves ! gu>d %\ld be inside1 s t ! glue may cat* any ragg$ edges2 :ile on ! inside pair ! gu>d %\ld be outside1 or x w be f\nd to be tr\blesome 9 sew+4 ,9 h&l+ ! pa/$ gu>ds c>e is ne$$ n to /ret* !m1 or !y may cause ! %eet to cr9kle z !y dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,plates mu/ be gu>d$ r\nd ! sections next !m4 ,:5 !re are a great _m plates ! back m>g9 ( ea*1 to :i* a gu>d w be atta*$1 mu/ be p>$ 7see fig4 #aa1 ,a71 or ! additional ?ickness caus$ by ! gu>ds w make ! back swell unduly4 ,9 gu>d+ plates a numb] c be pa/$ at once if !y are laid "o on ano!r1 ) ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ( ! back ( ea* expos$1 ! top ( ! pile be+ protect$ by a fold$ piece ( wa/e pap] 7see fig4 #ab74 ,to pa/e1 ! bru% is br\ght f ! top to ! bottom ( ! pile only1 & n ! o!r way1 or pa/e w get betwe5 ! plates & soil !m4 ,gu>ds %\ld usually be atta*$ to ! backs ( plates1 & %\ld be wide en\gh to turn up r\nd ! adjo9+ section1 s t !y may be sewn ?r\gh4 ,%\ld a plate come 9 ! middle ( a section1 ! gu>d is be/ turn$ back & slightly pa/$ to ! inside ( ! %eet & !n sewn ?r\gh 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,if plates are v ?ick1 !y mu/ be h+$1 z %[n at fig4 #aa1 ,b4 ,?is is done by cutt+ a /rip ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* (f ! back ( ! plate1 & gu>d+ ) a wide gu>d ( l951 leav+ a small space betwe5 ! plate & ! piece cut (f to =m a h+e4 ,x w save "s swell+ if ! plate is p>$ & a piece ( ?9n] pap] sub/itut$ = ! piece cut (f 7see fig4 #aa1 ,c74 ,if ! plates are ( c>dbo>d1 !y %\ld be gu>d$ on bo? sides ) l951 & may ev5 ne$ a second jo9t4 ,a book t consi/s entirely ( plates or s+le leaves mu/ be made up into sections ) gu>ds1 & sewn z usual4 ,9 books 9 :i* !re are a great _m plates1 x is (t5 f\nd t two plates ei!r come toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( a section1 or come at opposite sides ( ! same pair ( leaves4 ,su* plates %\ld be gu>d$ toge!r & treat$ z fold$ %eets 7see fig4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,9 ord] to be sure t ! pages ( a book to be gu>d$ ?r\gh\t w come 9 _! prop] ord]1 x is well to make a plan ( ! sections z foll[s1 & to *eck ea* pair ( leaves by x1 z !y are gu>d$3-- ,?us1 if ! book is to be made up into sections ( eight leaves1 ! pairs ( leaves to be gu>d$ toge!r c be se5 at once if ! numb] ( ! pages are writt5 out-- #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1--i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 ,fir/ ! inside pair1 #g & #i1 are gu>d$ toge!r ) ! gu>d outside1 !n ! next pair1 #e & #aa1 !n #c & #ac1 & !n ! outside pair1 #a & #ae1 :i* %\ld h ! gu>d outside4 ,a plan = ! :ole book w\ld be m conv5i5tly writt5 ?us-- #a-ae #ag-ca #cc-dg #c-ac #ai-bi #ce-de #e-aa #ba-bg #cg-dc #g-i #bc-be #ci-da1 & s on4 ,to arrange a book ( s+le leaves = gu>d+1 x is conv5i5t to take z _m leaves z y int5d to g to a section1 & op5+ !m 9 ! c5tre1 take a pair at a "t z !y come4 ,! numb] ( leaves x is advisable to put into a section w dep5d on ! ?ickness ( ! pap] & ! size & ?ickness ( ! book4 ,if ! pap] is ?ick1 & ! backs ( ! leaves h be5 p>$1 f\r leaves to a section w be f\nd to answ]4 ,b if ! pap] is ?91 & does n all[ ( mu* p>+1 x is bett] to h a l>g] section1 9 ord] to h z little ?read 9 ! back z possible4 ,! %eets ( any gu>d$ book %\ld be press$ be=e sew+1 9 ord] to r$uce ! swell+ ( ! back caus$ by ! gu>ds4 ,,?r[+ ,,out ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,maps or diagrams t are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! text ( a book1 %\ld be ?r[n out on a gu>d z wide z ! %eet ( ! book4 ,su* maps1 c41 %\ld be plac$ at ! end1 s t !y may lie op5 = ref]5ce :ile ! book is be+ read 7see fig4 #ad74 ,l>ge fold$ maps or diagrams %\ld be m\nt$ on l954 ,to d ?is take a piece ( jaconet & p9 x out flat on ! bo>d1 !n ev5ly pa/e ! back ( ! map ) ?9 pa/e 9 :i* !re are no lumps1 & lay x on ! l951 rub d[n ?r\gh blott+-pap]1 & leave to dry4 ,unless ! pa/+ is done ev5ly ! m>ks ( ! pa/e-bru% w %[ ?r\gh ! l954 ,if a fold$ map is pr9t$ on v ?ick pap] ea* fold mu/ be cut up1 & ! sep>ate pieces m\nt$ on ! l951 ) a slight space betwe5 !m to =m a flexible jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a fold$ map mu/ h 9 ! back ( ! book suffici5t gu>ds to equal x 9 ?ickness at its ?icke/ "p :5 fold$1 or ! book w n %ut prop]ly 7see fig4 #ae74 ,,p>+ ,,pap] ,= p>+ ! edge ( pap] = m5d+ or gu>d+1 take a v %>p knife1 & hold+ ! blade at "r angles to ! cov]+-bo>d1 draw ! edge once or twice along x f left to "r4 ,?is %\ld turn up en\gh ( ! edge to =m a burr1 :i* causes ! knife to cut :ile be+ held almo/ flat on ! pap]4 ,! plate or pap] %\ld be laid face d[nw>ds on ! glass ) ! edge to be p>$ away f ! workman1 ! knife held 9 ! "r h&1 ) ! burr d[nw>ds4 ,! angle at :i* to hold ! knife w dep5d on its %ape & on ! ?ickness & "* ( ! pap] to be p>$1 & c only be le>n$ by practice4 ,if ! knife is 9 ord]1 & is held at ! prop] angle1 ! %av+ remov$ f a /raight edge ( pap] %\ld come (f 9 a long spiral4 ,if ! knife is n 9 prop] ord]1 ! pap] may be badly jagg$ or creas$4 ,,soak+ ,,(f ,,india ,,pro(s ,place a piece ( well-siz$ pap] 9 a pan ( w>m wat]1 !n lay ! m\nt$ ,india pro(1 face d[nw>ds1 ^u x & leave x to soak until ! pro( floats (f4 ,!n c>efully take out ! old m\nt1 & ! ,india pro( c be readily remov$ f ! wat] on ! "u pap]1 & dri$ betwe5 %eets ( blott+-pap]4 ,,m\nt+ ,,v ,,?9 ,,pap] ,v ?9 pap]1 su* z t ( "s ,india pro(s1 may be safely m\nt$ z foll[s3--,! m\nt1 ready = use1 is laid on a pad ( blott+-pap]4 ,! ?9 pap] to be m\nt$ is laid face d[nw>ds on a piece ( glass & v c>efully pa/$ ) ?91 :ite pa/e4 ,any pa/e on ! glass beyond ! edges ( ! pap] is c>efully wip$ (f ) a clean clo?4 ,! glass may !n be turn$ ov]1 & ! pa/$ plate laid on ! m\nt1 its exact position be+ se5 ?r\gh ! glass4 ,,splitt+ ,,pap] ,x is sometimes desirable to split pieces ( pap] :5 ! matt] on "o side only is ne$$1 or :5 ! matt] pr9t$ on ea* side is to be us$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,! pap] to be split %\ld be well pa/$ on bo? sides ) a ?icki% pa/e1 & f9e l95 or jaconet plac$ on ea* side4 ,x is !n nipp$ 9 ! press to make ! l95 /ick all ov]1 & left to dry4 ,if ! two pieces ( jaconet are c>efully pull$ ap>t :5 dry1 half ! pap] %\ld be atta*$ to ea*1 unless at any po9t ! pa/e has fail$ to /ick1 :5 ! pap] w te>4 ,! jaconet & pap] atta*$ mu/ be put into w>m wat] until ! split pap] floats (f4 ,,inlay+ ,,leaves ,,or ,,plates ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,:5 a small plate or leaf has to be ins]t$ into a l>g] book1 x is be/ to inlay x2 t is to say1 ! plate or leaf is let into a %eet ( pap] ! size ( ! page ( ! book4 ,to d ?is1 a piece ( pap] z ?ick z ! plate to be inlaid1 or a little ?ick]1 is select$1 & on ?is is laid ! plate1 :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly squ>$1 & ! positions ( ! corn]s m>k$ ) a fold]4 ,a po9t is made ab\t an eigh? ( an in* inside ea* corn] m>k1 & ! pap] )9 ^! po9ts is cut out 7see fig4 #af74 ,?is leaves a frame ( pap]1 ! inn] edges ( :i* w slightly ov]lap ! edges ( ! plate4 ,! "u edge ( ! plate1 & ! upp] edge ( ! m\nt1 %\ld !n be p>$ & pa/$1 & ! plate laid 9 its place 7) ! corn]s correspond+ to ! fold] m>ks74 ,if ! edges h be5 prop]ly p>$1 ! ?ickness :]e !y ov]lap %\ld n exce$ ! ?ickness ( ! frame pap]4 ,if an irregul> fragm5t is to be inlaid1 x is done 9 ! same way1 except t ! entire outl9e is trac$ on ! new pap] ) a fold]1 & ! pap] cut away1 all[+ "o eigh? ( an in* inside ! ind5t$ l9e4 ,,flatt5+ ,,vellum ,! leaves ( a vellum book t h become cockl$ f damp or o!r causes may be flatt5$ by damp+ !m1 pull+ !m out /raight1 & all[+ !m to dry "u pressure4 ,to d ?is take ! book to pieces1 clean out any dirt !re may be 9 ! folds ( ! leaves1 & spread out ea* pair ( leaves z flatly z possible4 ,damp "s :ite blott+-pap] by int]leav+ x ) common :ite pap] t has be5 wett$ ) a sponge4 ,"o %eet ( wet pap] to two ( blott+-pap] w be en\gh4 ,! pile ( blott+-pap] & wet pap] is put 9 ! press & left = an h\r or two "u pressure1 !n tak5 out & ! common pap] remov$4 ,! blott+-pap] %\ld n[ be slightly & ev5ly damp4 ,to flatt5 ! vellum ! op5 pairs ( leaves are int]leav$ ) ! slightly damp blott+-pap]1 & are left = an h\r "u ! weight ( a press+-bo>d4 ,aft] ?is "t ! vellum w h become q s(t1 & c ) c>e be flatt5$ out & lightly press$ betwe5 ! blott+-pap]1 & left = a night4 ,! next day ! vellum leaves %\ld be look$ at to see t !y lie q flat1 & ! blott+-pap] *ang$ = "s t is dry4 ,! vellum mu/ rema9 "u pressure until x is q dry1 or x w cockle up worse ?an ev] :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! blott+-pap] %\ld be *ang$ e day or two4 ,! l5g? ( "t t vellum leaves take to dry w v>y ) ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! ?ickness ( ! vellum1 f "o to six weeks4 ,almo/ any manuscript or pr9t$ book on vellum c be successfully flatt5$ 9 ?is way2 m9iatures %\ld h pieces ( wax$ pap] laid ov] !m to prev5t ! *ance ( any ( ! fibres ( ! blott+-pap] /ick+4 ,! pressure mu/ n be great2 only en\gh is ne$$ to keep ! vellum flat z x dries4 ,?is process ( flatt5+1 al?\gh s simple1 requires ! utmo/ c>e4 ,if ! blott+-pap] is us$ too damp1 a manuscript may be ru9$2 & if n damp en\gh1 ! press+ w h no effect4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,siz+--,wa%+--,m5d+ ,,siz+ ,! pap] 9 old books is sometimes s(t & woolly4 ,?is is g5]ally because ! size has p]i%$1 & su* pap] c (t5 be made p]fectly s\nd by resiz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,= size1 an ounce ( is+lass or good gelat9e is dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]4 ,?is %\ld make a cle> solution :5 g5tly w>m$1 & %\ld be us$ at ab\t a temp]ature ( #abj deg4 ,f4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to heat too quickly1 or ! solution may burn & turn br[n4 ,if ! size is n q cle>1 x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh f9e musl9 or l95 be=e be+ us$4 ,:5 x is ready x %\ld be p\r$ into an op5 pan 7fig4 #ag71 s arrang$ t x c be kept w>m by a gas flame or _s lamp und]nea?4 ,:5 ?is is ready ! %eets to be siz$ c be put 9 "o aft] ano!r & tak5 out at once4 ,! hot size w be f\nd to take out a great _m /a9s1 & especially ^? deep br[n /a9s t come f wat]4 ,if !re are only a few %eets1 !y c be plac$ betwe5 blott+-pap] z !y are remov$ f ! size2 b if !re is a :ole book1 x is be/ to lay !m 9 a pile "o on ! o!r1 & :5 all h be5 siz$ to squeeze !m 9 ! ly+ press betwe5 press+-bo>ds1 a pan be+ put und]nea? to cat* ! liquid squeez$ out4 ,:5 ! %eets h be5 squeez$ !y c be readily h&l$1 & %\ld be spread out to dry on a table ^u clean pap]4 ,:5 !y are gett+ dry & firm !y c be hung on /r+s /ret*$ across ! room1 slightly ov]lapp+ "o ano!r4 ,! /r+s mu/ fir/ be cov]$ ) slips ( clean pap]1 & ! siz$ %eets %\ld h m pap] ov] !m to keep !m clean4 ,be=e siz+ x w be necess>y to g ?r\gh a book & take out any p5cil or du/ m>ks t c be remov$ ) indi>ubb] or bread crumbs1 or ! size w fix !m1 & x w be f\nd exce$+ly difficult to remove !m aft]w>ds4 ,:5 ! %eets are dry !y %\ld be c>efully m5d$ 9 any places t may be torn1 & fold$ up into sections & press$4 ,a long1 comp>atively light pressure w be f\nd to flatt5 !m bett] & ) less injury to ! surface ( ! pap] ?an a %ort1 v heavy pressure1 su* z t ( ! roll+-ma*9e4 ,9 "s cases x w be f\nd t %eets ( old books are s f> damag$ z to be h>dly /rong en\gh to h&le4 ,su* %eets mu/ be siz$ 9 r a /rong] size 9 ! foll[+ way3--,take a %eet ( heavily-siz$ pap]1 su* z notepap]1 & c>efully lay y\r damag$ %eet on t4 ,!n put ano!r %eet ( /rong pap] on ! top1 & put all ?ree %eets into ! size4 ,x w be f\nd t ! top %eet c !n be easily lift$ (f1 & ! size be made to fl[ ov] ! face ( ! damag$ %eet4 ,!n1 if ! top %eet be put on aga91 ! ?ree %eets1 if h&l$ z "o1 c be turn$ ov] & ! op]ation repeat$1 & size induc$ to cov] ! back ( ! damag$ leaf4 ,! ?ree %eets mu/ !n be tak5 out & laid betwe5 blott+-pap] to take up ! surplus moi/ure4 ,! top %eet mu/ !n be c>efully peel$ (f1 & ! damag$ page laid face d[nw>ds on clean blott+-pap]4 ,!n ! back %eet c be peel$ (f z well1 leav+ ! damag$ %eet to dry4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ,*amb]s' ,encyclopa$ia on ,gelat9e3-- ,gelat9e %\ld nev] be judg$ by ! eye alone4 ,its purity may be v easily te/$ ?us3 ,soak x 9 cold wat]1 !n p\r ^u x a small quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,if pure1 x w =m a ?icki%1 cle> /raw-col\r$ solution1 free f smell2 b if made ( impure mat]ials1 x w give (f a v (f5sive od\r1 & h a yell[1 gluey consi/5cy4 ,,wa%+ ,:5 !re are /a9s or ink m>ks on books t _c be remov$ by ! use ( hot size or hot wat]1 /rong] measures may sometimes h to be tak54 ,_m /a9s w be f\nd to yield readily to hot wat] ) a little alum 9 x1 & o!rs c be got out by a judici\s application ( curd soap ) a v s(t bru% & pl5ty ( w>m wat]4 ,b "s1 & especially ink /a9s1 require fur!r treatm5t4 ,!re are _m ways ( wa%+ pap]1 & mo/ ( ^? 9 common use are extremely dang]\s1 & h 9 _m cases result$ 9 ! absolute de/ruction ( f9e books4 ,if x is ?\ght to be absolutely necess>y t ! %eets ( a book %\ld be wa%$1 ! safe/ me?od is z foll[s3--,take an ounce ( p]manganate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 & w>m$ slightly4 ,9 ?is put ! %eets to be wa%$1 & leave !m until !y turn a d>k br[n4 ,?is w usually take ab\t an h\r1 b may take long] = "s pap]s4 ,!n turn ! %eets out & wa% !m 9 runn+ wat] until all trace ( purple /a9 disappe>s f ! wat] z x comes away4 ,!n transf] !m to a ba? ( sulphur\s 7n sulphuric7 acid & wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o ounce ( acid to "o p9t ( wat]4 ,! %eets 9 ?is solution w rapidly turn :ite1 & if left = "s "t ne>ly all /a9s w be remov$4 ,9 case any /a9s refuse to come out1 ! %eets %\ld be put 9 cle> wat] = a %ort "t1 & !n plac$ 9 ! p]manganate ( pota% solution aga91 & left !re = a long] "t ?an be=e2 !n aft] wa%+ 9 cle> wat]1 aga9 transf]r$ to ! sulphur\s acid4 ,:5 %eets are remov$ f ! sulphur\s acid !y %\ld be well wa%$ = an h\r or two 9 runn+ wat]1 & !n may be blott$ or squeez$ (f & hung up on l9es to dry4 ,any %eets treat$ 9 ?is way w require siz+ aft]w>ds4 ,& if1 z is (t5 ! case1 only a few %eets at ! beg9n+ or end ( ! book h to be wa%$1 x w be necess>y to tone d[n ! wa%$ %eets to mat* ! re/ ( ! book by putt+ "s /a9 9 ! size4 ,= /a9+ !re are _m ?+s us$4 ,a weak solution ( p]manganate ( pota% gives a yell[i% /a9 t w be f\nd to mat* _m pap]s4 ,o!r /a9s are us$1 su* z c(fee1 *icory1 tea1 liquorice1 c4 ,:atev] is us$ %\ld be put 9 ! size4 ,to asc]ta9 t ! "r dep? ( col\r has be5 obta9$1 a piece ( unsiz$ pap]1 su* z :ite blott+-pap]1 is dipp$ 9 ! /a9$ size & blott$ (f & dri$ be=e ! fire4 ,x is impossible to judge ( ! dep? ( col\r 9 a /a9 unless ! te/ piece is ?or\ghly dri$4 ,if ! /a9 is n "r1 add m wat] or m /a9 z is ne$$4 ,exp]i5ce w tell :at /a9 to use to mat* ! pap] ( any giv5 book4 ,to remove grease or oil /a9s1 e!r may be us$4 ,p\r x freely 9 a circle r\nd ! spot1 n>r[+ ! circle gradually until ! /a9 is cov]$4 ,!n apply a w>m iron ?r\gh a piece ( blott+-pap]4 ,e!r %\ld only be us$ 9 a draught 9 a well-v5tilat$ room on acc\nt ( its well-kn[n inflammable & anae/hetical prop]ties4 ,a v dilute 7ab\t "o p] c5t47 solution ( pure hydro*loric acid 9 cold wat] w be f\nd to take out "s /a9s if ! pap] is left 9 x = "s h\rs4 ,:5 ! pap] is remov$ f ! solution1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]4 ,x is important t ! hydro*loric acid us$ %\ld be pure1 z ! comm]cial quality 7spirits ( salts7 (t5 conta9s sulphuric acid4 ,! foll[+ recipes are quot$ f ,de l'organisation et de l'adm9i/ration des ,biblio!ques1 p> ,jules ,cus93-- ,to remove /a9s f pap]3--,mud ,/a9s4--,to take away ^! k9ds ( /a9s1 spread "s soap jelly v ev5ly ov] ! /a9$ places1 & leave x !re = ?irty or =ty m9utes1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! /a94 ,!n dip ! %eet 9 clean wat]1 & !n hav+ spread x on a p]fectly clean table1 remove ! soap lightly ) a hog's hair bru% or a f9e sponge2 all ! mud w disappe> at ! same "t4 ,put ! %eet into ! cle> wat] aga91 to get rid ( ! la/ trace ( soap4 ,let x dra9 a little1 press x lightly betwe5 two %eets ( blott+-pap]1 & f9i% by lett+ x dry sl[ly 9 a dry place 9 ! %ade4 ,/a9s ( ,tall[1 ,/e>9e1 or ,fat4--,to take away ^! /a9s cov] !m ) blott+-pap] & pass ov] !m a w>m flat-iron4 ,:5 ! pap] has soak$ up ! grease1 *ange x & repeat ! op]ation until ! /a9s h be5 suffici5tly remov$4 ,aft] t1 t\* bo? sides ( ! %eets :]e !y h be5 /a9$ ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ess5ce ( turp5t9e heat$ to boil+-po9t4 ,!n to re/ore ! :it5ess ( ! pap]1 t\* ! places :i* 7 /a9$ ) a piece ( f9e l95 soak$ 9 purifi$ spirits ( w9e w>m$ 9 ! wat]-ba?4 ,?is me?od may also be employ$ to get rid ( seal+-wax /a9s4 ,oil ,/a9s4--,make a mixture ( #ejj gr4 ( soap1 #cjj gr4 ( clay1 #fj gr4 ( quicklime1 & suffici5t wat] to make x ( ! "r consi/5cy1 spread a ?9 lay] ( ?is on ! /a91 & leave x !re ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,!n dip ! %eet 9 a ba? ( hot wat]2 take x out1 & let x dry sl[ly4 ,y c also use ! foll[+ me?od1 g5]ally employ$ = f+]-m>ks3-- ,f+]-m>ks4--,^! /a9s are sometimes v ob/9ate4 ,/ill !y c g5]ally be ma/]$ by ! foll[+ me?od3--,spread ov] !m a lay] ( :ite soap jelly 7savon blanc en gelee71 & leave x !re = "s h\rs4 ,!n remove ?is ) a f9e sponge dipp$ 9 hot wat]1 & m (t5 ?an n all ! dirt disappe>s at ! same "t4 ,if ?is treatm5t is n suffici5t1 y might replace ! soap jelly by s(t soap 7savon noir71 b y mu/ be c>eful n to leave x long on ! pr9t+1 :i* might decompose & run1 & t w\ld d m h>m ?an good4 ,%eets ( v old books are be/ left ) ! /a9s ( age ^u !m1 except+1 p]haps1 su* z c be remov$ ) hot wat] or size4 ,ne>ly all /a9s c be remov$1 b 9 ! process old pap] is apt to lose m 9 "* ?an x ga9s 9 appe>ance4 ,,m5d+ ,= m5d+ torn %eets ( an old book1 "s pap] t mat*es z ne>ly z possible mu/ be f\nd4 ,= ?is purpose x is ! cu/om = bookb9d]s to collect quantities ( old pap]4 ,if a piece ( ! same tone _c be f\nd1 pap] ( simil> texture & sub/ance may be /a9$ to mat*4 ,suppos+ a corn] to be miss+1 & a piece ( pap] to h be5 f\nd t mat*es x1 ! torn page is laid ov] ! new pap] 9 su* a way t ! wire m>ks on bo? pap]s correspond4 ,!n ! po9t ( a fold] %\ld be drawn along ! edge ( ! torn %eet1 leav+ an ind5t$ l9e on ! new pap]4 ,! new pap] %\ld !n be cut (f ab\t an eigh? ( an in* beyond ! ind5t$ l9e1 & ! edge c>efully p>$ up to ! l9e4 ,! edge ( ! old pap] mu/ be simil>ly p>$1 s t ! two edges :5 laid toge!r w n exce$ ! ?ickness ( ! re/ ( ! page4 ,x is well to leave a little great] ov]lap at ! edges ( ! page4 ,bo? cut edges mu/ !n be well pa/$ ) :ite pa/e & rubb$ d[n betwe5 blott+-pap]4 ,to ensure a p]fectly clean jo9t ! pa/$ edge %\ld n be t\*$ ) ! h&1 & pa/+-pap]1 bru%es1 & pa/e mu/ be p]fectly clean4 ,9 ! case ( a te> across ! page1 if !re are any ov]lapp+ edges1 !y may m]ely be pa/$ toge!r & ! end ( ! te> at ! edge ( ! pap] /r5g!n$ by a small piece ( p>$ pap]4 ,if ! te> crosses pr9t1 & !re are no ov]lapp+ edges1 ei!r t9y pieces ( p>$ pap] may be cut & laid across ! te> betwe5 ! l9es ( pr9t1 or else a piece ( ! ?9ne/ ,japanese pap]1 :i* is ne>ly transp>5t1 may be pa/$ "r along ! te> ov] ! pr9t2 9 ei!r case ! m5d %\ld be /r5g!n$ at ! edge ( ! page by an additional ?ickness ( pap]4 ,9 cases :]e ! backs ( ! sections h be5 mu* damag$1 x w be necess>y to put a gu>d ! entire l5g?1 or 9 ! case ( small holes1 to fill !m 9 ) pieces ( torn pap]4 ,! edges ( any m5d may1 ) great c>e1 be scrap$ ) a %>p knife hav+ a slight burr on ! "u side1 & !n rubb$ lightly ) a piece ( worn f9e s&-pap]1 or a fragm5t ( cuttle-fi% bone4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to p>e away too mu*1 & especially n to weak5 ! m5d at ! edges ( ! %eet4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! new m5d+ pap] %\ld g on ! back ( a %eet4 ,sometimes x is ?\ght necess>y to fill up worm-holes 9 ! pap]4 ,?is may be done by boil+ d[n "s pap] 9 size until x is ( a pulpy consi/5cy1 & a little ( ?is fill$ into ! worm-holes w re-make ! pap] 9 ^? places4 ,x is a v t$i\s op]ation1 & seldom wor? do+4 ,m5d+ vellum is done 9 mu* ! same way z m5d+ pap]1 except+ t a little great] ov]lap mu/ be left4 ,x is well to put a /it* ( silk at ea* end ( a vellum pat*1 z y _c dep5d on pa/e alone hold+ vellum securely4 ,! ov]lapp+ edges mu/ be well r\gh$ up ) a knife to make sure t ! pa/e w /ick4 ,a cut 9 a vellum page is be/ m5d$ ) f9e silk ) a lac+ /it* 7see fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,m5d+ is mo/ easily done on a %eet ( plate-glass1 ( :i* ! edges & corn]s h be5 rubb$ d[n4 ,,*apt] ,v ,end ,pap]s--,lea!r ,jo9ts--,press+ ,,end ,,pap]s ,if an old book t has _h mu* we> is exam9$1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! leaves at ! beg9n+ & ! end h suff]$ m ?an ! re/ ( ! book4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 & also to enable p :o mu/ write notes 9 books to d s ) ! lea/ injury to ! book1 x is advisable to put a good numb] ( blank pap]s at ea* end4 ,z ^! pap]s are "p ( ! b9d+1 & h an important protective function to p]=m1 !y %\ld be ( good quality4 ,at all times difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 prev5t+ ! fir/ & la/ section ( ! book1 :e!r end pap]s or n1 f dragg+ away :5 ! cov] is op5$1 & v>i\s devices h be5 tri$ to ov]come ?is defect4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury /rips ( vellum 7usually cut f manuscripts7 7 pa/$ on to ! back ( ! book & on ! inside ( ! bo>ds1 or 9 "s cases 7 m]ely fold$ r\nd ! fir/ & la/ section & pa/$ on to ! cov]s4 ,! mod]n1 & f> less effici5t1 practice is to ov]ca/ ! fir/ & la/ sections4 ,?is is objectionable1 because x prev5ts ! leaves f op5+ "r to ! back1 & x fails 9 ! object aim$ at1 by m]ely transf]r+ ! /ra9 to ! back ( ! ov]ca/ section4 ,9 ord] to make provision = any /ra9 !re may be 9 op5+ ! cov]1 x is bett] to adopt "s su* arrangem5t z %[n 9 fig4 #ai4 ,9 ?is end pap] ! zigzag op5s slightly 9 response to any /ra94 ,! way to make ?is end pap] is to take a fold$ %eet ( pap] a little l>g] ?an ! book4 ,!n ) divid]s m>k two po9ts an eigh? ( an in* f ! back = ! fold1 & pa/e y\r pa/e-d[n pap]1 ,b ,b1 up to ^! po9ts 7see fig4 #ai1 ,,ii74 ,:5 ! pa/e is dry1 fold back ! %eet 7,a#a7 ov] ! pa/e-d[n pap]1 & ,a#b ! rev]se way1 leav+ ! =m se5 9 fig4 #ai1 ,,iii4 ,a fold$ %eet ( pap] simil> to ,a is ins]t$ at ,c 7fig4 #ai1 ,v1 ,h71 & ! sew+ passes ?r\gh ?is4 ,:5 ! book is pa/$ d[n ! leaf ,a#a is torn (f1 & ,b#a pa/$ d[n on ! bo>d4 ,if m>bl$ pap] is desir$1 ! m>ble %\ld be made1 t is1 pa/$ on to ,b#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,!re are consid]able disadvantages 9 us+ m>bl$ pap]s1 z if !y are ( ?ick en\gh pap] to help ! /r5g? ( ! b9d+1 ! made %eet is v /iff1 & 9 a small book is tr\blesome4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld any m>ble pap] be us$1 unless x is t\gh & durable4 ,! quality ( ! pap] ( :i* mo/ m>bl$ pap]s are made is s poor1 t x is unsuitable = use z end pap]s4 ,= mo/ books a self-col\r$ pap] ( good quality answ]s well = ! pa/e-d[n %eets4 ,x is a mi/ake to leave end pap]s to be pa/$ on aft] ! book has be5 =w>d$1 z 9 t case !y h little con/ructive value4 ,e leaf ( su* an end pap] z is describ$ above w op5 "r to ! back1 & ! zigzag all[s play = ! drag ( ! bo>d4 ,pap] ) a conv5tional patt]n pa9t$ or pr9t$ on x may be us$ = end pap]s4 ,if su* a design is simple1 su* z a sprig repeat$ all ov]1 or an arrangem5t ( />s or dots1 x may look v well2 b ov] elaborate end pap]s1 & especially ^? t aim at pictorial effect1 are seldom successful4 ,ends may be made ( ?9 vellum4 ,if s1 unless ! bo>d is v heavy1 x is be/ to h lea!r jo9ts4 ,a s+le leaf ( vellum 79 ! place ( ,b#a & #b1 ,,ii1 fig4 #ai7 %\ld h an edge turn$ up into ! zigzag ) ! lea!r jo9t1 & sewn ?r\gh4 ,vellum ends mu/ always be sewn1 z x is n safe to rely ^u pa/e to hold !m4 ,!y look well1 & may be enri*$ by tool+4 ,! disadvantage ( vellum is1 t x has a t5d5cy to curl up if subject$ to heat1 & :5 x contracts x unduly draws ! bo>ds ( ! book4 ,= l>ge manuscripts1 or pr9t$ books on vellum1 :i* are b\nd 9 wood5 or o!r ?ick bo>ds & are clasp$1 ?ick] vellum may be us$ = ! ends2 t ) a slightly br[n surface looks be/4 ,! "p t w come into ! jo9t %\ld be scrap$ ?9 ) a knife1 & a zigzag made ( ,japanese pap]4 ,silk or o!r f9e wov5 mat]ial may be us$ = ends4 ,x is be/ us$ ) a lea!r jo9t1 & may be /uck on to ! fir/ pap] ( ! end pap]s 7,b#a1 ,no4 #b1 fig4 #ai71 & cut ) ! book4 ,! glaire ( ! edge gild+ w help to /op ! edges fray+ out4 ,9 atta*+ silk to pap]1 ?9 glue is ! be/ ?+ to use2 ! pap]1 n ! silk1 be+ glu$4 ,"s little practice is ne$$ to get suffici5t glue on ! pap] to make ! silk /ick all ov]1 & yet n to soil x4 ,:5 ! silk has be5 glu$ to ! pap]1 x %\ld be left "u a light weight to dry4 ,if put 9 ! press1 ! glue may be squeez$ ?r\gh & ! silk soil$4 ,if ! silk is v ?91 or delicate 9 col\r1 or if x seems likely t x w fray out at ! edges1 x is bett] to turn ! edges 9 ov] a piece ( pap] cut a little small] ?an ! page ( ! book & /ick !m d[n4 ,?is =ms a pad1 :i* may be atta*$ to ! fir/ leaf ( ! end pap]s2 a simil> pad may be made = fill+ 9 ! bo>d4 ,be=e us+1 ! silk %\ld be damp$ & iron$ flat on ! wrong side4 ,silk ends give a book a ri* f9i%1 b seldom look altoge!r satisfactory4 ,if ! silk is m]ely /uck on to ! fir/ end pap]1 ! edges w g5]ally fray out if ! book is mu* us$4 ,if ! edges are turn$ 91 an unpleasantly ?ick end is made4 ,,lea!r ,,jo9ts ,lea!r jo9ts are pieces ( ?9 lea!r t are us$ to cov] ! jo9ts on ! inside 7= p>+1 see page #aed74 ,!y add v little /r5g? to ! book1 b give a pleasant f9i% to ! inside ( ! bo>d4 ,if !re are to be lea!r jo9ts1 ! end pap]s are made up )\t ,a #a1 & ! edge ( ! lea!r pa/$ & ins]t$ at ,d1 ) a piece ( common pap] z a protection 7see fig4 #ai1 ,,iv74 ,:5 ! pa/e is dry1 ! lea!r is fold$ ov] at ,e4 ,a piece ( blott+-pap] may be pa/$ on to ! inside ( ! wa/e leaf1 leav+ en\gh ( x loose to g betwe5 ! lea!r jo9t & ! fir/ %eet ( ! end pap]4 ,?is w avoid any *ance ( ! lea!r jo9t /a9+ or m>k+ ! ends :ile ! book is be+ b\nd4 ,! blott+-pap]1 ( c\rse1 is tak5 out ) ! wa/e %eet be=e ! jo9t is pa/$ d[n4 ,jo9ts may also be made ( l95 or clo? ins]t$ 9 ! same way4 ,a clo? jo9t has great] /r5g? ?an a lea!r "o1 z ! latt] has to be v ?9 9 ord] t ! bo>d may %ut prop]ly4 ,) lea!r or clo? jo9ts1 ! sew+ %\ld g ?r\gh bo? ,e & ,f4 ,,press+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,/&+ ,press ,:ile ! end pap]s are be+ made1 ! sections ( ! book %\ld be press$4 ,to d ?is a press+-bo>d is tak5 :i* is a little l>g] ?an ! book1 & a t91 cov]$ ) common pap]1 plac$ on t1 !n a few sections ( ! book1 !n ano!r t9 cov]$ ) pap]1 & !n m sections1 & s on1 tak+ c>e t ! sections are exactly ov] "o ano!r 7see fig4 #bj74 ,a second press+-bo>d hav+ be5 plac$ on ! la/ t91 ! pile ( sections1 t9s1 & press+-bo>ds c be put into ! /&+-press & left "u pressure till next day4 ,newly pr9t$ plates %\ld be protect$ by ?9 tissue pap] :ile be+ press$4 ,any fold$ plates or maps1 c41 or ins]t$ lett]s1 mu/ ei!r n be press$1 or h t9s plac$ on ea* side ( !m to prev5t !m f ind5t+ ! adjo9+ leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,fr5* ,/&+ ,press ,h&-pr9t$ books1 su* z ! publications ( ! ,kelmscott ,press1 %\ld h v little pressure1 or ! impression ( ! pr9t & ! surface ( ! pap] may be injur$4 ,books newly pr9t$ on vellum or heavily col\r$ illu/rations %\ld n be press$ at all1 or ! pr9t may set (f4 ,! protect+ tissues on ! plates ( a book t has be5 pr9t$ = m ?an a ye> c g5]ally be left out1 unless ! titles ( ! plates are pr9t$ on !m1 z !y are a nuisance to read]s & (t5 get crumpl$ up & m>k ! book4 ,9 ord] to make books solid1 t is1 to make ! leaves lie ev5ly & closely to "o ano!r1 x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to beat books on a /one ) a heavy hamm]4 ,?is process has be5 sup]s$$ by ! roll+-press2 b ) ! admirable presses t are n[ to be _h1 simple press+ w be f\nd to be suffici5t = ! extra b9d]4 ,at fig4 #ba is %[n an iron /&+-press4 ,?is is screw$ d[n fir/ ) a %ort b>1 & f9ally ) a long b>4 ,?is =m ( press is effective & simple1 b ne$s a good deal ( room = ! long b>1 & mu/ h v firm supports1 or x may be pull$ ov]4 ,at fig4 #bb is %[n a ,fr5* /&+-press1 9 :i* ! pressure is appli$ by a weight$ :eel1 :i* w1 9 ! fir/ place1 by be+ spun r\nd1 turn ! screw until x is tight1 & give additional pressure by a hamm]+ action4 ,?is press ,i h f\nd to answ] = all ord9>y purposes1 & to give z great pressure z c be got by ! iron /&+-press1 )\t any undue /ra9 on supports or workm54 ,!re are _m o!r =ms ( press by :i* great pressure c be appli$1 "s work+ by v>i\s arrangem5ts ( cog-:eels1 screws1 & lev]s1 o!rs by hydraulic pressure4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,trimm+ ,edges be=e ,sew+--,edge ,gild+ ,,trimm+ ,,be=e ,,sew+ ,:5 ! %eets come f ! press ! treatm5t ( ! edges mu/ be decid$ ^u1 t is1 :e!r !y are to be entirely uncut1 trimm$ be=e sew+1 or cut 9 bo>ds4 ,e>ly pr9t$ books & manuscripts %\ld on no acc\nt h _! edges cut at all1 & any mod]n books ( value are bett] only slightly trimm$ & gilt be=e sew+4 ,b = books ( ref]5ce t ne$ good b9d+s1 on acc\nt ( ! we> !y h to )/&1 cutt+ 9 bo>ds is be/1 z ! smoo? edge s obta9$ makes ! leaves easi] to turn ov]4 ,gilt tops & r\gh edges give a book a look ( unequal f9i%4 ,if ! edges are to rema9 uncut1 or be cut 9 bo>ds ) ! pl\gh1 ! book w be ready = m>k+ up z soon z x comes f ! press2 b if x is to be gilt be=e sew+1 x mu/ be fir/ trimm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! %eets = trimm+ ) end pap]s & all plates ins]t$ mu/ fir/ be cut squ>e at ! head aga9/ a c>p5t]'s squ>e 7see fig4 #g74 ,!n a piece ( mill-bo>d may be cut to ! size1 x is desir$ to leave ! leaves1 & ! sections trimm$ to x4 ,to d ?is ?ree nails %\ld be put into ! cov]+ bo>d ?r\gh a piece ( /raw-bo>d1 & ! back ( ! section slid along nails #a & #b until x t\*es ,no4 #c 7see fig4 #bc74 ,! bo>d is slid 9 ! same way1 & any?+ project+ beyond x cut (f4 ,:5 ! "u /raw-bo>d has become inconv5i5tly scor$ 9 ! fir/ position1 by %ift+ ! l[] nail 7#a7 a fre% surface w receive ! cuts4 ,fig4 #bd is a repres5tation ( a simple ma*9e t ,i use 9 my work%op = trimm+4 ,! slides ,a ,a are adju/able to any wid? requir$1 & are fix$ by ! screws ,b ,b4 ,! brass-b\nd /raight edge ,c fits on to slots 9 ,a ,a1 & z ?is1 by ! adju/m5t ( ! slides1 c be fix$ at any di/ance f ,b ,b1 all sizes ( books c be trimm$4 ,z by ?is ma*9e sev]al sections c be cut at once1 ! "t tak5 is n v mu* great] ?an if ! book 7 cut 9 ! pl\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,consid]able judgm5t is requir$ 9 trimm+4 ,! edges ( ! l>g] pages only1 on a previ\sly uncut book1 %\ld be cut1 leav+ ! small] pages unt\*$4 ,su* uncut pages are call$ pro(1 & ! exi/5ce ( pro( 9 a b\nd book is evid5ce t x has n be5 unduly cut4 ,be=e gild+ ! edges ( ! trimm$ sections1 any uncut folds t may rema9 %\ld be op5$ ) a fold]1 z if op5$ aft] gild+1 !y w %[ a ragg$ :ite edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,edge ,,gild+ ,to gild ! edges ( trimm$ sections1 ! book mu/ be knock$ up to ! =e-edge1 gett+ z _m ( ! %ort leaves z possible to ! front4 ,x is !n put into ! ly+ press1 ) gild+ bo>ds on ea* side 7see fig4 ,no4 #be71 & screw$ up tightly4 ,v little scrap+ w be necess>y1 & usually if well rubb$ ) f9e s&-pap]1 to remove any *ance f+]-m>ks or loose fragm5ts ( pap]1 ! edge w be smoo? en\gh to gild4 ,if ! pap] is v absorb5t1 ! edges mu/ be wa%$ ov] ) vellum size & left to dry4 ,! next process is an application ( r$ *alk4 ,= ?is a piece ( gild]'s r$ *alk is rubb$ d[n on a /one ) wat]1 mak+ a ?icki% pa/e1 & ! edges are well bru%$ ) a h>d bru% dipp$ 9 ?is mixture1 c>e be+ tak5 n to h x wet en\gh to run betwe5 ! leaves4 ,"s gild]s pref] to use blacklead or a mixture ( *alk & blacklead4 ,a fur!r bru%+ ) a dry bru% w to "s ext5t poli% ! leaves4 ,x w !n be ready = an application ( glaire4 ,be=e glair+1 ! gold mu/ be cut on ! cu%ion to ! wid? requir$ 7see p4 #bjj71 & may be ei!r tak5 up on v slightly greas$ pap]1 a gild]'s tip1 or ) a piece ( net /ret*$ on a little frame 7see fig4 #bf74 ,! gold leaf w adh]e suffici5tly to ! net1 & c be readily releas$ by a light brea? :5 x is exactly ov] ! prop] place on ! edge4 ,:5 ! gold is ready1 ! glaire %\ld be float$ on to ! edge ) a s(t bru%1 & ! gold spread ev5ly ov] x & left until dry2 t is1 9 a work%op ( ord9>y temp]ature1 = ab\t an h\r4 ,! edge is !n lightly rubb$ ) a piece ( lea!r t has be5 previ\sly rubb$ on beeswax1 & is ready = burni%+4 ,x is be/ to comm5ce burni%+ ?r\gh a piece ( ?9 slightly wax$ pap] to set ! gold1 & aft]w>ds ! burni%] c be us$ directly on ! edge4 ,a piece ( blood/one gr\nd s z to h no %>p edges 7see fig4 #bg7 makes a good burni%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t prep>ations us$ = gild+ edges4 ,"o "p ( beat5 up :ite ( egg ) f\r p>ts ( wat] left to /& = a day & /ra9$ w be f\nd to answ] well4 ,aft] ! =e-edge is gilt ! same op]ation is repeat$ at ! head & tail4 ,z x is desirable to h ! gild+ at ! head z solid z possible1 r m scrap+ is advisable "h1 or ! head may be left to be cut ) a pl\gh & gilt 9 bo>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,m>k+ up--,sew+--,mat]ials = ,sew+ ,,m>k+ ,,up ,?is is draw+ l9es across ! back ( ! sections to %[ ! sew] ! position ( ! sew+ cords4 ,m>k+ up = flexible sew+ ne$s c>e & judgm5t1 z on x dep5ds ! position ( ! b&s on ! back ( ! b\nd book4 ,ne>ly all books look be/ ) five b&s1 b v l>ge1 ?9ni% folios may h six1 & a v small1 ?ick book may look bett] ) f\r4 ,g5]ally speak+1 five is ! be/ numb]4 ,9 m>k+ up trimm$ %eets = flexible sew+1 ! l5g? ( ! back %\ld be divid$ f ! head into six portions1 five equal1 & "o at ! tail slightly long]4 ,f ! po9ts s arriv$ at1 /rong p5cil l9es %\ld be made across ! back ) a c>p5t]'s squ>e z guide1 ! book hav+ be5 previ\sly knock$ up betwe5 press+-bo>ds1 & plac$ 9 ! ly+ press4 ,x is important t ! head %\ld be knock$ up exactly squ>e1 z o!rwise ! b&s w be f\nd to slope :5 ! book is b\nd4 ,9 ! case ( a book :i* is to be cut & gilt 9 bo>ds1 be=e m>k+ up x w be necess>y to decide h[ mu* is to be cut (f1 & all[ance made1 or ! head & tail division ( ! back w1 :5 cut1 be too small4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t to ! height ( ! pages ! am\nt ( ! squ>es w be add$4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* f ei!r end ( ! back ( a trimm$ book1 & a little m 9 ! case ( "o t is to be cut 9 bo>ds1 a m>k %\ld be made = ! kettle or cat* /it*4 ,?is may be slightly sawn 91 b be=e us+ ! saw1 ! end pap]s are remov$4 ,if ^! 7 sawn1 ! holes w\ld %[ 9 ! jo9t :5 ! ends are pa/$ d[n4 ,if ! book is to be sewn on d\ble cords1 or on slips ( vellum or tape1 two l9es w be necess>y = ea* b&4 ,x has become ! cu/om to saw 9 ! backs ( books1 & to s9k ! b&s into ! saw cuts1 us+ holl[ backs1 & putt+ false b&s to appe> :5 b\nd4 ,?is is a deg5]ate =m1 to :i* is due mu* ( ! want ( durability ( mod]n b9d+s4 ,if ! b&s are n to %[ on ! back1 x is bett] to sew on tapes or /rips ( vellum ?an to use sawn-9 /r+ b&s4 ,,sew+ ,! sew+-frame ne$ by bookb9d]s is practically ! same n[ z is %[n 9 pr9ts ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 & probably dates f /ill e>li] times4 ,x consi/s ( a b$ ) two uprights & a crossb>1 :i* c be height5$ or l[]$ by ! turn+ ( wood5 nuts work+ on a screw ?read cut 9 ! uprights 7see fig4 #bi74 ,to set up = sew+1 z _m loops ( cord1 call$ lay cords1 z !re are to be b&s1 are ?read$ on to ! cross piece1 & to ^!1 by a simple knot1 %[n at fig4 #bh1 cords are fa/5$ to =m ! b&s4 ,! lay cords c be us$ aga9 & aga9 until worn out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,to fa/5 ! cord bel[1 a key is tak5 7see fig4 #bh7 & held bel[ ! press by ! "r h&2 ! cord is !n pull$ up r\nd x by ! left1 & held 9 position on ! key by ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&4 ,! key is !n turn$ ov]1 w9d+ up a little ( ! /r+1 & ! prongs slipp$ ov] ! ma9 cord4 ,x is !n put ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! b$ ( ! sew+-press1 ) ! prongs away f ! front4 ,! cord is !n cut (f1 & ! same op]ation repeat$ = ea* b&4 ,:5 all ! b&s h be5 set up1 ! book is laid aga9/ !m1 & !y are mov$ to correspond ) ! m>ks previ\sly made on ! back ( ! book1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y are q p]p5dicul>4 ,if !y are ( ! same l5g? & ev5ly set up1 on screw+ up ! crossb> !y %\ld all tight5 equally4 ,x w be f\nd to be conv5i5t to set up ! cords z f> to ! "r h& ( ! press z possible1 z !n !re w be room = ! sew]'s left arm on ! inn] side ( ! left h& upright4 ,a roll ( pap] t w exactly fill ! slot 9 ! sew+-frame is pu%$ 9 9 front ( ! upright cords to /eady !m & ensure t !y are all 9 ! same plane4 ,:5 ! sew+-frame is ready1 ) ! cords set up & adju/$1 ! book mu/ be collat$ to make sure t nei!r %eets nor plates h be5 lo/ or misplac$ dur+ ! previ\s op]ations4 ,plates ne$ special c>e to see t ! gu>ds g prop]ly r\nd ! %eets next !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! top back corn]1 on front & back wa/e end pap]1 %\ld be m>k$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 & all is f\nd to be 9 ord]1 ! book is laid on a press+-bo>d beh9d ! sew+-frame1 ! =e-edge t[>ds ! sew]1 & ! front end pap] upp]mo/4 ,z x is difficult to ins]t ! ne$le into a section plac$ on ! b$ ( ! sew+-frame1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to sew ^u a l>gi% press+-bo>d1 :i* w lie on ! b$ ( ! frame1 & may h small cat*es to prev5t x f %ift+4 ,:5 ! bo>d is 9 place1 ! fir/ section 7end pap]7 is tak5 9 ! left h& & turn$ ov]1 s t ! m>ks on ! back come 9 ! prop] places aga9/ ! /r+s4 ,! left h& is ins]t$ into ! place :]e ! sew+ is to be1 & ) ! "r h& a ne$le & ?read is pass$ ?r\gh ! kettle /it* m>k 7see fig4 #bi74 ,x is grasp$ by ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 is pass$ out ?r\gh ! back at ! fir/ m>k on ! left-h& side ( ! fir/ upright cord1 & pull$ tight1 leav+ a loose end ( ?read at ! kettle /it*4 ,!n ) ! "r h& x is ins]t$ aga9 9 ! same place1 b f ! o!r side ( ! cord1 & s on r\nd all five b&s1 & out aga9 at ! kettle /it* m>k at ! tail1 us+ "r & left h&s alt]nately4 ,! c5tre ( ! next section is !n f\nd1 & x is sewn 9 ! same way f tail to head1 ! ?read be+ ti$ to ! loose end hang+ f ! fir/ kettle /it*4 ,ano!r section is laid on & sewn1 b :5 ! kettle /it* is rea*$1 ! "u ?read is caught up 9 ! way %[n 9 fig4 #cj4 ,^! op]ations are repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole book4 ,if ! back seems likely to swell too mu*1 ! sections c be lightly tapp$ d[n ) a load$ /ick made = ! purpose1 c>e be+ tak5 n to drive ! sections inw>ds1 z x is difficult to get su* sections out aga94 ,:5 all ! %eets & ! la/ end pap] h be5 sewn on1 a d\ble cat* /it* is made1 & ! end cut (f4 ,?is me?od is kn[n z flexible sew+ all along4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,:5 "o ne$le full ( ?read is exhau/$1 ano!r is ti$ on1 mak+ practically a cont9u\s l5g? ( ?read go+ all along ea* section & r\nd e b&4 ,! weav]'s knot is ! be/ = jo9+ ! l5g?s ( ?read4 ,a simple way ( ty+ x is %[n at fig4 #ca4 ,a simple slip knot is made 9 ! end ( ! new ?read & put ov] ! end ( ! old1 &1 on be+ pull$ tight1 ! old ?read %\ld slip ?r\gh1 z %ewn at ,b4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ?is knot is1 t by its use a firm atta*m5t c be made q close up to ! back ( ! book4 ,?is is a great advantage1 z if ! knot is made at "s di/ance f ! back1 x w h to be dragg$ ?r\gh ! section two or ?ree times1 in/ead ( only once4 ,! knot1 aft] hav+ be5 made1 mu/ be pull$ inside ! section1 & rema9 !re4 ,consid]able judgm5t is requir$ 9 sew+4 ,if a book is sewn too loosely1 x is almo/ impossible to b9d x firmly2 & if too tightly1 especially if ! kettle /it*es h be5 drawn too tight1 ! ?read may break 9 back+1 & ! book h to be resewn4 ,"o way to avoid hav+ too mu* swell+ 9 ! back ( a book consi/+ ( a great _m v ?9 sections is to sew two %eets on4 ,9 ?is =m ( sew+ two sections at a "t are laid on ! sew+-frame4 ,! ?read is ins]t$ at ! kettle /it* ( ! l[] section1 & br\ght out z usual at ! fir/ cord1 b in/ead ( be+ re9s]t$ into ! l[] section1 x is pass$ into ! upp] "o1 & s on1 alt]nately pass+ into ! upp] & l[] sections4 ,?is w give1 if !re are five b&s1 ?ree /it*es 9 ea* section in/ead ( six1 z !re w\ld be if ! sew+ 7 all along1 less5+ ! ?read1 consequ5tly ! swell+ by half4 ,x is usual to sew ! fir/ & la/ few sections all along4 ,! common me?od ( sew+ is to make saw cuts 9 ! back1 9 :i* ?9 cords c be sunk1 & ! ?read m]ely passes beh9d !m & n r\nd !m1 z 9 flexible sew+4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh v quick & *eap1 is n to be recomm5d$1 on acc\nt ( ! injury done to ! backs ( ! sections by ! saw1 & because ! glue runn+ into ! saw cuts is apt to make ! back /iff1 & to prev5t ! book f op5+ "r to ! back4 ,inde$1 7 a sawn-9 book to op5 "r to ! back1 z x is expect$ a flexibly-sewn book w d1 %[+ ! sew+ along ! c5tre ( ea* section1 ! saw m>ks ) ! b& ins]t$ w\ld %[1 & be a s]i\s disfigurem5t4 ,m$iaeval books 7 usually sewn on d\ble cords or /rips ( lea!r1 & ! headb& 0 (t5 sewn at ! same "t1 z %[n at fig4 #cb1 ,a4 ,?is is an excell5t me?od = v l>ge books ) heavy sections1 & is specially suitable = l>ge vellum manuscripts1 9 _m ( :i* ! sections are v ?ick4 ,an advantage ( ?is me?od is1 t ! twi/ r\nd ! d\ble cord virtually makes a knot at e b&1 & %\ld a ?read at any place break1 !re is no dang] ( ! re/ ( ! ?read com+ loose4 ,?is is ! only mode ( sew+ by :i* a ?read runs absolutely f end to end ( ! sections4 ,! headb& sewn at ! same "t1 & s ti$ d[n 9 e section1 is firm] & /rong] ?an if work$ on 9 ! way n[ usual4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 ! cu/om to lace ! ends ( ! headb&s into ! bo>ds 9 ! same way z ! o!r b&s4 ,?is me?od1 :ile giv+ additional /r5g? at ! head & tail1 & avoid+ ! some:at unf9i%$ look ( ! cut-(f ends ( ! mod]n headb&1 is1 on ! :ole1 ( d\btful advantage1 z x is necess>y to cut ! turn 9 at ! po9t :]e /r5g? 9 ! lea!r is mu* want$4 ,at fig4 #cb is %[n 9 section ! ?ree me?ods ( sew+ m5tion$4 ,a is ! old sew+ r\nd d\ble b&s2 ) ! headb&s work$ at ! same "t ) ! same ?read2 ,b is ! mod]n flexible sew+1 & ,c ! common sawn-9 me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,books t are v ?9 or are to be b\nd 9 vellum1 are be/ sewn on tapes or vellum slips4 ,! easie/ way to set up ! sew+-frame = su* sew+ is to sl+ a piece ( wood ?r\gh two ( ! lay cords1 & to p9 "o end ( ! vellum or tape b& r\nd ?is1 pull ! o!r end tight1 & secure x ) a draw+-p9 und]nea? ! frame4 ,! sew+1 9 ! case ( su* flat b&s1 w\ld n g r\nd1 b only across !m4 ,to avoid undue loos5ess1 e ?ree or f\r ?reads may be caught up at ! back ( ! b&1 z %[n 9 fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,sew+ ,! cord us$ %\ld be ( ! be/ hemp1 specially made ) only two /r&s ( v long fibres to facilitate fray+ out4 ,= v l>ge books :]e a d\ble cord is to be us$1 ! be/ wat] l9e w be f\nd to answ]1 c>e be+ tak5 to select t :i* c be fray$ out4 ,if tape is us$ x %\ld be unblea*$1 su* z ! sailmak]s use4 ,?read %\ld also be unblea*$1 z ! unnecess>y blea*+ ( mo/ bookb9d]'s sew+-?read seems to cause x to rot 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,silk ( ! be/ quality is bett] ?an any ?read4 ,! ligature silk1 undy$1 z us$ by surgeons1 is p]haps ! /ronge/ mat]ial1 & c be _h 9 v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,x is impossible to pay too great att5tion to ! selection ( sew+ mat]ials1 z ! p]man5cy ( ! b9d+ dep5ds on _! durability4 ,! reb9d+ ( valuable books is at be/ a necess>y evil1 & any?+ t makes frequ5t reb9d+ necess>y1 is n only objectionable on acc\nt ( ! co/ involv$1 b because x s]i\sly %ort5s ! life ( ! book4 ,exp]i5ce is requir$ to judge :at ?ickness ( ?read to use = any giv5 book4 ,if ! sections are v ?91 a ?9 ?read mu/ be us$1 or ! swell+ ( ! back caus$ by ! additional ?ickness ( ! ?read 9 t "p w be excessive1 & make ! book unmanageable 9 back+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sections are l>ge1 & a too ?9 ?read is us$1 !re w n be en\gh swell+ to make a firm jo9t4 ,broadly speak+1 :5 !re are a great _m v ?9 sections1 ! ?9ne/ ?read may be us$2 & co>s] ?read may be us$ :5 ! sections are ?ick]1 or few] 9 numb]4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge manuscripts on vellum x is be/ to use v ?ick silk1 or ev5 catgut4 ,vellum is s t\gh & durable1 t any b9d+ ( a vellum book %\ld be made z if x 7 expect$ to la/ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,9 select+ ! ?ickness ( cord = a book1 "s judgm5t is requir$4 ,on an old book ! b&s are be/ made r prom95t by ! use ( ?ick cord1 b ! exact ?ickness to be us$ is a matt] = ta/e & exp]i5ce to decide4 ,a v ?ick b& on a small book is clumsy1 :ile a v ?9 b& on ! back ( a heavy book sugge/s weakness1 & is !re=e unsightly4 ,9 b9d+s ( e>ly pr9t$ books & manuscripts an appe>ance ( great /r5g? is bett] ?an extreme neatness4 ,:5 ! sew+ is complet$1 ! cords are cut (f close to ! lay cords1 & !n ! keys w be loose en\gh to be easily remov$4 ,! knots rema9+ on ! lay b&s are remov$1 & ! keys slung ?r\gh "o ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,fray+ out ,slips--,glue+ up--,r\nd+ & ,back+ ,,fray+ ,,out ,,slips ,,& ,,glue+ ,,up ,aft] sew+1 ! book %\ld be look$ ?r\gh to see t all %eets & plates h be5 caught by ! ?read1 & special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to end pap]s to see t ! sew+ lies ev5ly4 ,! ends ( ! cords %\ld next be cut (f to )9 ab\t two in*es ( ! book on ea* side1 & ! free portions fray$ out4 ,if prop] sew+ cord is us$1 ?is w be f\nd to be v easily done1 if a b9d]'s bodk9 is fir/ ins]t$ betwe5 ! two /r&s1 sep>at+ !m1 & !n aga9 9 ! c5tre ( ea* sep>at$ /r& to /ill fur!r /raight5 ! fibres 7see fig4 #cd74 ,! fray+ out ( ! ?ick cord recomm5d$ = heavy books is a m difficult op]ation1 b ) a little tr\ble ! fibres ( any good cord c be fray$ out4 ,vellum or tape b&s w only require cutt+ (f1 leav+ ab\t two in*es free on ea* side4 ,! free p>ts ( ! b&s are call$ slips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,! book is n[ ready = glue+ up4 ,a piece ( wa/e mill-bo>d or an old clo? cov] is put on ea* side ov] ! slips1 & ! book knock$ up squ>ely at ! back & head4 ,!n x is l[]$ into ! ly+ press & screw$ up1 leav+ ! back ) ! protect+ bo>ds project+ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,if ! back has too mu* swell+ 9 x or is spongy1 x is bett] to leave ! slips on "o side free & to pull !m z tight z possible :ile ! book is held 9 ! press1 or a knock+-d[n iron may be plac$ on "o side ( ! project+ back & ! o!r side tapp$ ) ! back+ hamm] to make ! sections lie close to "o ano!r1 & !n ! slips pull$ /raight 7fig4 #ce74 ,! back mu/ n[ be glu$4 ,! glue = ?is op]ation mu/ be hot1 & n too ?ick4 ,x is v important t x %\ld be work$ well betwe5 ! sections ) ! bru%1 & x is well aft] x has be5 appli$ to rub ! back ) a f+] or fold] to make q sure t ! glue goes betwe5 e section = its entire l5g?4 ,if ! book is too tightly screw$ up 9 ! press1 ! glue is apt to rema9 too mu* on ! surface2 & if n tightly en\gh1 x may p5etrate too deeply betwe5 ! sections4 ,if ! glue is ?ick1 or /r+y1 x may be dilut$ ) hot wat] & ! glue-bru% rapidly spun r\nd 9 ! glue-pot to break x up & to make x "w freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,v great c>e is ne$$ to see t ! head ( a previ\sly trimm$ book is knock$ up exactly squ>e be=e ! back is glu$1 = if x is n1 x w be v difficult to get x ev5 aft]w>ds4 ,,r\nd+ ,,& ,,back+ ,! am\nt ( r\nd+ on ! back ( a book %\ld be det]m9$ by ! necessities ( ! case2 t is to say1 a back t has1 ?r\gh gu>d+1 or excess ( sew+1 a t5d5cy to be r\nd1 is be/ n =c$ to be flat1 & a back t w\ld naturally be flat1 is be/ n =c$ to be unduly r\nd4 ,a v r\nd back is objectionable :]e x c be avoid$1 because x takes up s mu* ( ! back m>g9s ( ! %eets1 & is apt to make ! book /iff 9 op5+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a back t is q flat has to be l9$ up /iffly1 or x may become concave ) use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! me?od ( r\nd+ is to place ! book ) ! back project+ a little ov] ! edge ( ! press or table1 !n to draw ! back ov] t[>ds ! workman1 &1 :ile 9 ?is position1 to tap x c>efully ) a hamm] 7see fig4 #cf74 ,?is is repeat$ on ! o!r side ( ! book1 &1 if prop]ly done1 w give ! back an ev51 convex =m t %\ld be 9 section1 a portion ( a circle4 ,r\nd+ & back+ are be/ done aft] ! glue has ceas$ to be tacky1 b be=e x has set h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,back+ is p]haps ! mo/ difficult & important op]ation 9 =w>d+4 ,! sew+ ?reads 9 ! back cause t "p to be ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! book4 ,?us 9 a book ) tw5ty sections !re w be 9 ! back1 9 addition to ! ?ickness ( ! pap]1 tw5ty ?icknesses ( ?read4 ,if ! bo>ds 7 lac$ on to ! book )\t r\nd+ or back+1 & ! book 7 press$1 ! additional ?ickness ( ! back1 hav+ to g some:]e1 w\ld cause x to g ei!r convex or concave1 or else p]haps to crease up 7see fig4 #cg74 ,! object ( r\nd+ is to control ! di/ribution ( ?is swell+1 & to make ! back take an ev5 & p]man5tly convex =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,if ! bo>ds 7 m]ely lac$ on aft] r\nd+1 !re w\ld be a gap betwe5 ! squ>e ends ( ! bo>d & ! edge ( ! back 7see fig4 #ch71 ?\gh ! convexity & ev5 curve ( ! back w\ld be to "s ext5t assur$4 ,:at is done 9 back+ is to make a groove1 into :i* ! edges ( ! bo>d w fit neatly1 & to hamm] ! backs ( ! sections ov] "o ano!r f ! c5tre outw>ds on bo? sides to =m ! groove1 to ensure t ! back %all return to ! same =m aft] ! book has be5 op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,to back ! book1 back+ bo>ds are plac$ on ea* side 7leav+ ! slips outside7 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! edge ( ! back 7fig4 #ci74 ,! am\nt to leave "h mu/ be decid$ by ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds to be us$4 ,:5 ! back+ bo>ds are 9 position1 ! book & bo>ds mu/ be c>efully l[]$ into ! ly+ press & screw$ up v tight1 great c>e be+ tak5 to see t ! bo>ds d n slip1 & t ! book is put 9 ev5ly4 ,ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ =w>d] w sometimes h to take a book out ( ! press two or ?ree times be=e he gets x 9 q ev5ly & )\t all[+ ! bo>ds to slip4 ,unless ! back has a p]fectly ev5 curve :5 put 9 ! press = back+1 no am\nt ( subsequ5t hamm]+ w put x p]man5tly "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,! backs ( ! sections %\ld be ev5ly fann$ out "o ov] ! o!r f ! c5tre outw>ds on bo? sides4 ,?is is done by side /rokes ( ! hamm]1 9 fact by a sort ( rivet+ bl[1 & n by a directly cru%+ bl[ 7see fig4 #da1 9 :i* ! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! hamm] /rokes74 ,if ! sections are n ev5ly fann$ out f ! c5tre1 b are ei!r zigzagg$ by be+ cru%$ by direct bl[s ( ! hamm]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #db1 ,a1 or are unev5ly fann$ ov] m to "o side ?an ! o!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #db1 ,b1 ! back1 al?\gh x may be ev5 en\gh :5 fir/ done1 w probably become unev5 ) use4 ,a book 9 :i* ! sections h be5 cru%$ d[n1 z at fig4 #db1 ,a1 w be disfigur$ inside by creases 9 ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t a v heavy hamm] is necess>y = back+ any b ! l>ge/ books4 ,= flexible books a hamm] ) a comp>atively small face %\ld be us$1 z by its use ! book c be back$ )\t flatt5+ ! b&s4 ,x is well to h a hamm] head ( ! %ape %[n 9 fig4 #dc4 ,by us+ ! ?9 end1 ! =ce ( a comp>atively light bl[1 because conc5trat$ on a small surface1 is effective4 ,at fig4 #dd is %[n an ord9>y back+ hamm]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,cutt+ & ,atta*+ ,bo>ds--,clean+ (f ,back--,press+ ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,atta*+ ,,bo>ds ,! fir/ quality ( ! be/ black bo>d made f old rope is ! be/ to use = extra b9d+4 ,x w be f\nd to be v h>d1 & n easily brok5 or b5t at ! corn]s4 ,9 select+ ! ?ickness suitable = any giv5 book1 ! size & ?ickness ( ! volume %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! t5d5cy ( mo/ mod]n b9d]s is to use a r ov] ?ick bo>d1 p]haps ) a view to bulk out ! volume4 ,= manuscripts1 or o!r books on vellum1 x is be/ to use wood5 bo>ds1 :i* %\ld be clasp$4 ,f _! /ability !y =m a k9d ( p]man5t press1 9 :i* ! vellum leaves are kept flat4 ,9 a damp climate l t ( ,engl&1 vellum1 absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 soon cockles up unless x is held tightly 9 "s way2 & :5 x is once cockl$1 ! book _c be made to %ut prop]ly1 except ) v special treatm5t4 ,!n also du/ & damp h ready access to ! int]/ices ( ! cr9kl$ pages1 result+ 9 ! disfigurem5t s well kn[n & s deplor$ by all lov]s ( f9e books4 ,= l>ge books a made bo>d1 t is1 two bo>ds pa/$ toge!r1 is bett] ?an a s+le bo>d ( ! same ?ickness4 ,9 mak+ bo>ds a ?9 & a ?ick bo>d %\ld be pa/$ toge!r1 ! ?9 bo>d to g ne>e/ ! book4 ,x w n be necess>y to put a d\ble l9+ on ! inside ( su* bo>ds1 z a ?9 bo>d w always draw a ?ick "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,if mill-bo>ds are us$ !y are fir/ cut r\ghly to size ) ! mill-bo>d %e>s1 screw$ up 9 ! ly+ press4 ,! /raight arm ( ! %e>s is ! "o to fix 9 ! press1 = if ! b5t arm be und]mo/1 ! knuckles are apt to be sev]ely bruis$ aga9/ ! end4 ,a bett] way ( fix+ ! %e>s is %[n at fig4 #de4 ,any blacksmi? w b5d ! arm ( ! %e>s & make ! necess>y clips4 ,?is me?od saves tr\ble & consid]able we> & te> to ! ly+ press4 ,:]e a great _m bo>ds are ne$$1 !y may be quickly cut 9 a bo>d ma*9e1 b = extra "w !y %\ld be fur!r trimm$ 9 ! pl\gh1 9 ! same way z ^? cut by ! %e>s4 ,aft] ! bo>ds h be5 r\ghly cut to size1 !y %\ld h "o edge cut /raight ) ! pl\gh4 ,to d ?is "o or two pairs ( bo>ds are knock$ up to ! back & ins]t$ 9 ! cutt+ side ( ! press1 ) ^? edges project+ :i* are to be cut (f1 & beh9d !m1 z a cut aga9/1 a bo>d protect$ by a wa/e piece ( mill-bo>d4 ,! pl\gh1 held by ! screw & h&le1 & guid$ by ! runn]s on ! press1 is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,a slight turn ( ! screw at ea* movem5t br+s ! knife =w>d4 ,9 cutt+ mill-bo>ds :i* are v h>d1 ! screw %\ld be turn$ v little ea* "t4 ,if press & pl\gh are 9 prop] ord]1 t "p ( ! bo>d :i* projects above ! *eek ( ! press %\ld be cut (f1 leav+ ! edges p]fectly squ>e & /raight4 ,if ! edge ( ! press has be5 damag$1 or is out ( tru?1 a cutt+ bo>d may be us$ betwe5 ! *eek ( ! press & ! bo>d to be cut1 mak+ a true edge = ! knife to run on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,ly+ or ,cutt+ ,press ,! position ( ! pl\gh on ! press is %[n at fig4 #df4 ,! side ( ! press ) runn]s %\ld be res]v$ = cutt+1 ! o!r side us$ = all o!r "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,! pl\gh knife = mill-bo>ds %\ld n be gr\nd at too acute an angle1 or ! edge w mo/ likely break away at ! fir/ cut4 ,! %ape %[n at fig4 #dg is suitable4 ,! knife %\ld be v frequ5tly gr\nd1 z x soon gets blunt1 :i* adds greatly to ! lab\r ( cutt+4 ,aft] an edge has be5 cut1 ea* side %\ld be well rubb$ ) a fold] to smoo? d[n any burr left by ! pl\gh knife4 ,!n a piece ( common pap] ) "o edge cut /raight is pa/$ on to "o side ( ! bo>d1 ) ! /raight edge exactly up to ! cut edge ( ! bo>d4 ,!n a piece ( pap] l>ge en\gh to cov] bo? sides ( ! bo>d is pa/$ r\nd x1 & well rubb$ d[n at ! cut edge4 ,aft] hav+ be5 l9$1 ! bo>ds are nipp$ 9 ! press to ensure t ! l9+ pap] %all /ick4 ,!y are /ood up to dry1 ) ! d\bly l9$ side outw>ds4 ,! d\ble pap] is int5d$ to w>p ! bo>d slightly to t side1 to comp5sate = ! pull ( ! lea!r :5 ! book is cov]$4 ,if ! bo>d is a d\ble "o1 a s+le l9+ pap] w be suffici5t1 ! ?9n] bo>d help+ to draw ! ?ick]4 ,! pa/e = l9+ bo>ds mu/ be fairly ?91 & v well beat5 up s z to be free f lumps4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! l9+ pap]s %\ld /ick prop]ly1 = unless !y /ick1 no subsequ5t cov]+ ( lea!r or pap] c be made to lie flat4 ,:5 ! l9$ bo>ds are q dry1 !y %\ld be pair$ ) ! d\bly l9$ sides toge!r1 & ! top back corn] m>k$ to correspond ) ! m>ks on ! top back corn]s ( ! book4 ,!n ne> ! top edge1 ) ! aid ( a c>p5t]'s squ>e1 two po9ts are m>k$ 9 a l9e at "r angles to ! cut edge4 ,! pair ( bo>ds is !n knock$ up to ! back & l[]$ into ! press z be=e1 s t ! pl\gh knife w exactly cut ?r\gh ! po9ts4 ,! same op]ation is repeat$ on ! two rema9+ uncut edges4 ,9 m>k+ out ^? = ! =e-edge1 ! measurem5t is tak5 ) a pair ( compasses 7fig4 #dh7 f ! jo9t ( ! book to ! =e-edge ( ! fir/ section4 ,if ! book has be5 trimm$1 or is to rema9 uncut1 a little m mu/ be all[$ = ! squ>es1 & if x is to be cut 9 ! pl\gh1 x mu/ be n[ decid$ h[ mu* is to be cut (f1 rememb]+ t x is mu* bett] to h ! bo>ds a little too l>ge1 & s h to r$uce !m aft] ! book is cut1 ?an to h !m too small1 & ei!r be oblig$ to get out a new pair ( bo>ds1 or unduly cut d[n ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,! height ( ! bo>ds = a book t has be5 trimm$1 or is to rema9 uncut1 w be ! height ( ! page ) a small all[ance at ea* end = ! squ>es4 ,:5 a pair ( bo>ds has be5 cut all r\nd1 x c be te/$ = squ>5ess by rev]s+ "o bo>d1 :5 any inequality t !re may be w appe> d\bl$4 ,if ! bo>ds are out ( tru? !y %\ld g5]ally be put on "o side1 to be us$ = a small] book1 & new bo>ds got out4 ,to correct a badly cut pair ( bo>ds1 x is necess>y to r$uce !m 9 size1 & ! book consequ5tly suff]s 9 proportion4 ,if ! bo>ds h be5 f\nd to be truly cut1 !y are laid on ! book1 & ! position ( ! slips m>k$ on !m by l9es at "r angles to ! back4 ,a l9e is !n made p>allel to ! back1 ab\t half an in* 9 7see fig4 #di74 ,at ! po9ts :]e ! l9es cross1 a s]ies ( holes is pun*$ f ! front ) a b9d]'s bodk9 on a lead plate1 !n ! bo>d is turn$ ov]1 & a second s]ies is pun*$ f ! back ab\t half an in* f ! fir/4 ,if ! groove ( ! back is %all[] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d1 ! top back edge ( ! bo>d %\ld be bevell$ (f ) a file4 ,?is w n be necess>y if ! groove is ! exact dep?4 ,:5 ! holes h be5 pun*$1 x is well to cut a s]ies ( ,v-%ap$ depressions f ! fir/ s]ies ( holes to ! back to receive ! slips1 or !y may be too prom95t :5 ! book is b\nd4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to consid]ably r$uce ! slips t 7 fray$ out aft] sew+1 & to remove all glue or any o!r matt] atta*$ to !m4 ,! ext5t to :i* !y may be r$uc$ is a matt] ( nice judgm5t4 ,9 ! desire to ensure absolute neatness 9 ! cov]+1 mod]n b9d]s (t5 r$uce ! slips to almo/ no?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s g to ! o!r extreme1 & leave ! cord entire1 mak+ great ridges on ! sides ( ! book :]e x is lac$ 94 ,x %\ld be possible ) ! aid ( ! depressions1 cut z describ$1 to use slips ) suffici5t m>g9 ( /r5g?1 & yet to h no undue projection on ! cov]4 ,a slight projection is n unsightly1 z x gives an assurance ( s\nd con/ruction & /r5g?1 &1 moreov]1 makes an excell5t />t+-po9t = any patt]n t may be us$4 ,:5 ! slips h be5 scrap$ & r$uc$1 ! portion left %\ld consi/ ( long /raight silky fibres4 ,^! mu/ be well pa/$1 & ! ends v slightly twi/$4 ,! po9t$ ends are !n ?read$ ?r\gh ! fir/ s]ies ( holes 9 ! front ( ! bo>d1 & back aga9 ?r\gh ! second 7fig4 #ej74 ,9 lac+-9 ! slips mu/ n be pull$ s tight z to prev5t ! bo>d f %utt+ freely1 nor left s loose z to make a p]ceptible int]val 9 ! jo9t ( ! book4 ,! pa/$ slips hav+ be5 lac$ 91 _! ends are cut (f ) a %>p knife1 flu% ) ! surface ( ! bo>d4 ,! lac$-9 slips are !n well hamm]$ on a knock+-d[n iron 7see fig4 #ea71 fir/ f ! front & !n f ! back1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! hamm] face %\ld fall squ>ely1 or ! slips may be cut4 ,?is %\ld rivet !m into ! bo>d1 leav+ little or no projection4 ,if 9 lac+ 9 ! fibres %\ld get twi/$1 no am\nt ( hamm]+ w make !m flat1 s t x is important 9 po9t+ ! ends = lac+ 91 t only ! po9ts are twi/$ j suffici5tly to facilitate ! ?read+ ?r\gh ! holes1 & n en\gh to twi/ ! :ole slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,to lace slips into wood5 bo>ds1 holes are made ) a brace & f9e twi/ bit1 & ! ends ( ! fray$ out slips may be secur$ ) a wood5 plug 7see fig4 #eb74 ,old books 7 sometimes sewn on b&s ( lea!r1 b z ^? sewn on cord seem to h la/$ on ! :ole mu* bett]1 & z1 moreov]1 mod]n cord is a f> m tru/wor?y mat]ial ?an mod]n lea!r1 x is bett] to use cord = any books b\nd n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,clean+ ,,(f ,,! ,,back ,,& ,,press+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,:5 ! bo>ds h be5 lac$ on & ! slips hamm]$ d[n1 ! book %\ld be press$4 ,be=e press+1 a t9 is put on ea* side ( bo? bo>ds1 "o be+ pu%$ "r up into ! jo9t on ! inside1 & ! o!r up to ! jo9t1 or a little ov] x1 on ! outside4 ,:ile 9 ! press1 ! back %\ld be cov]$ ) pa/e & left to soak = a few m9utes4 ,:5 ! glue is s(t ! surplus on ! surface c be scrap$ (f ) a piece ( wood %ap$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ec4 ,= important books x is be/ to d ?is 9 ! ly+ press1 b "s b9d]s pref] fir/ to build up ! books 9 ! /&+ press1 & !n to pa/e ! backs & clean !m (f !re4 ,?is has ! advantage ( be+ a quick] me?od1 & w1 9 _m cases1 answ] q well4 ,b = books t require nice adju/m5t x w be f\nd bett] to clean (f ea* volume sep>ately 9 ! ly+ press1 & aft]w>ds to build up ! books & bo>ds 9 ! /&+ press1 putt+ ! l>g] books at ! bottom4 ,x mu/ be se5 t ! entire pile is exactly 9 ! c5tre "u ! screw1 or ! pressure w be unev54 ,to asc]ta9 if ! books are built up truly1 ! pile mu/ be exam9$ f bo? ! front & side ( ! press4 ,ea* volume mu/ also be look$ at c>efully to see t x lies ev5ly1 & t ! back is n twi/$ or out ( %ape4 ,?is is important1 z any =m giv5 to ! book :5 x is press$ at ?is /age w be p]man5t4 ,any col\r$ or newly pr9t$ plates w ne$ tissues1 z 9 ! =m] press+2 & any fold$ plates or diagrams or ins]t$ lett]s w ne$ a ?9 t9 on ea* side ( !m to prev5t !m f m>k+ ! book4 ,aga91 ! pressure on h&-pr9t$ books mu/ n be excessive4 ,! books %\ld be left 9 ! press at lea/ a night4 ,:5 tak5 out !y w be ready = headb&+1 unless ! edges are to be cut 9 bo>ds4 ,,*apt] ,x ,cutt+ 9 ,bo>ds--,gild+ & ,col\r+ ,edges ,,cutt+ ,,9 ,,bo>ds ,! knife = cutt+ edges may be gr\nd m acutely ?an = cutt+ bo>ds1 & %\ld be v %>p1 or ! pap] may be torn4 ,! pl\gh knife %\ld nev] be gr\nd on ! "u side1 z if ! "u side is n q flat1 x w t5d to run up in/ead ( cutt+ /raight across4 ,be=e beg9n+ to cut edges1 ! position ( ! knife %\ld be te/$ c>efully by screw+ ! pl\gh up1 ) ! press a little op51 & not+ :]eab\ts on ! left-h& *eek ! po9t ( ! knife comes4 ,9 a press t is true ! knife %\ld j cle> ! edge ( ! press4 ,if !re is too mu* pack+ ! knife w cut bel[ ! edge ( ! press1 & if too little1 x w cut above4 ,pack+ is pap] ins]t$ betwe5 ! knife & ! metal plate on ! pl\gh1 to correct ! position ( ! knife4 ,:5 by exp]im5t ! exact ?ickness ( pap] necess>y = any giv5 knife is f\nd1 ! pack+ %\ld be c>efully kept :5 ! knife is tak5 out = gr9d+1 & put back ) x into ! pl\gh4 ,! fir/ edge to be cut is ! top1 & ! fir/ ?+ to d is to place ! bo>ds 9 ! position !y w hold :5 ! book is b\nd4 ,! front bo>d is !n dropp$ ! dep? ( ! squ>e requir$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! back edge ( ! bo>d rema9s ev5ly 9 ! jo9t4 ,a piece ( c>dbo>d1 or two or ?ree ?icknesses ( pap]1 are !n slipp$ 9 betwe5 ! end pap] & ! back bo>d to prev5t ! latt] f be+ cut by ! knife4 ,! book is !n c>efully l[]$ into ! press1 ) ! back t[>ds ! workman1 until ! top edge ( ! front bo>d is exactly ev5 ) ! "r-h& *eek1 & ! press screw$ up ev5ly4 ,! back bo>d %\ld %[ ! dep? ( ! squ>e above ! left-h& *eek4 ,x is v important t ! edge ( ! back bo>d %\ld be exactly p>allel ) ! press1 & if at fir/ x is n s1 ! book mu/ be twi/$ until x is "r4 ,! edges c n[ be cut ) ! pl\gh z 9 cutt+ mill-bo>ds4 ,! tail ( ! book is cut 9 ! same way1 /ill keep+ ! back ( ! book t[>ds ! workman1 b cutt+ f ! back bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,cutt+ ! =e-edge is m difficult4 ,! wa/e %eets at ea* end ( ! book %\ld be cut (f flu% ) ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & m>ks made on !m bel[ ! edge %[+ ! am\nt ( ! squ>e1 & consequ5tly h[ mu* is to be cut (f4 ,! curve ( ! back1 & consequ5t curve ( ! =e-edge1 mu/ fir/ be got rid (1 by ins]t+ a pair ( pieces ( flat /eel call$ tr9dles 7fig4 #ed7 across ! back1 f ! inside ( ! bo>ds4 ,:5 ^! are ins]t$ ! back mu/ be knock$ q flat1 &1 9 ! case ( a heavy book1 a piece ( tape may be ti$ r\nd ! leaves 7see fig4 #ee7 to keep !m 9 position4 ,a pair ( cutt+ bo>ds is plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! leaves1 ! back "o exactly up to ! po9t t ! edge ( ! bo>d came to1 & ! front "o z mu* bel[ t po9t z x is desir$ ! squ>e ( ! =e-edge %\ld be4 ,! tr9dles are remov$ :ile ! book is held firmly betwe5 ! cutt+ bo>ds by ! f+] & ?umb2 book & bo>ds are !n l[]$ v c>efully into ! press4 ,! top edge ( ! front cutt+ bo>d %\ld be flu% ) ! "r-h& *eek ( ! press1 & t ( ! back a squ>e above ! left-h& *eek 7see fig4 #ef74 ,a fur!r te/ is to look along ! surface ( ! "r-h& *eek1 :51 if ! book has be5 ins]t$ truly1 ! am\nt ( ! back cutt+ bo>d 9 sight %\ld exactly correspond ) ! am\nt ( ! pap] to be cut %[+ above ! front bo>d4 ,x w also be necess>y be=e cutt+ to look at ! back1 & to see t x has rema9$ flat4 ,if x has gone back to its old curve1 or ! book has be5 put into ! press crook$ly1 x mu/ be tak5 "r out aga9 & ! tr9dles ins]t$ afre%1 z x is usually a wa/e ( "t to try to adju/ ! book :5 x is 9 ! press4 ,! leaves are cut 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! head & tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,gild+ ,,or ,,col\r+ ,,! ,,edges ,,( ,a ,,cut ,,book ,gild+ ! edges ( a book cut 9 bo>ds is mu* ! same process z t describ$ = ! trimm$ book1 except+ t :5 gilt 9 bo>ds ! edges c be scrap$ & slightly s&-pap]$4 ,x is ! cu/om to admire a p]fectly solid gilt edge1 look+ m l a solid %eet ( metal1 ?an ! leaves ( a book4 ,z ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a book is1 t x is compos$ ( leaves1 ?is fact is bett] accept$ & emphasis$ by leav+ ! edges a little r\gh1 s t ev5 :5 gilt !y are evid5tly ! edges ( leaves ( pap]1 & n ! sides ( a block1 or ( some?+ solid4 ,to gild ! edges ( a cut book ! bo>ds %\ld be turn$ back1 & cutt+ bo>ds put on ea* side ( ! book flu% ) ! edge to be gilt4 ,= ! =e-edge ! book mu/ be ?r[n up ) tr9dles fir/1 unless x is desir$ to gild 9 ! r\nd1 a process :i* gives ! objectionable solid metallic edge4 ,aft] ! edges h be5 gilt !y may be decorat$ by tool+1 call$ gauff]+4 ,?is may be done1 ei!r by tool+ ) hot tools directly on ! gold :ile ! leaves are screw$ up tightly 9 ! press1 or by lay+ ano!r col\r$ gold on ! top ( ! fir/ & tool+ ov] t1 leav+ ! patt]n 9 ! new gold on ! orig9al col\r4 ,b1 to my m9d1 edges are be/ left undecorat$1 except = pla9 gold or col\r4 ,if ! edges are to be col\r$1 !y %\ld be slightly scrap$1 & ! col\r put on ) a sponge1 comm5c+ ) ! =e-edge1 :i* %\ld be slightly fann$ out1 & held firmly1 by plac+ a press+-bo>d above x1 & press+ ) ! h& on ?is4 ,! col\r mu/ be put on v ?9ly1 comm5c+ f ! c5tre ( ! =e-edge & work+ to ei!r end1 & z _m coats put on z are necess>y to get ! dep? ( col\r requir$4 ,! head & tail are treat$ 9 ! same way1 except+ t !y _c be fann$ out1 & ! col\r %\ld be appli$ f ! back to ! =e-edge4 ,if 9 ! =e-edge an attempt is made to col\r f "o end to ! o!r1 & if 9 ! head or tail f ! =e-edge to ! back1 ! result w almo/ c]ta9ly be t ! sponge w leave a ?ick deposit ( col\r r\nd ! corn] f :i* x />ts4 ,= col\r+ edges almo/ any /a9 w answ]1 or ord9>y wat]-col\rs may be us$ if moi/5$ ) size4 ,:5 ! col\r is dry ! edge %\ld be lightly rubb$ ov] ) a little beeswax1 & burni%$ ) a too? burni%] 7see fig4 #eg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,9 addition to pla9 col\r & gild+1 ! edges ( a book may be decorat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! =e-edge may be fann$ out & pa9t$ 9 any device 9 wat]-col\r & aft]w>ds gild$2 ! pa9t+ w only %[ :5 ! book is op54 ,! =e-edge = ?is mu/ be cut v solid1 & if ! pap] is at all absorb5t1 mu/ be siz$ ) vellum size be=e be+ pa9t$4 ,! pa9ts us$ mu/ be simple wat]-col\r1 & ! edge mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! h& be=e gild+1 z if !re is any grease or f+]-m>k on x1 ! gold w n /ick ev5ly4 ,pa9t+ on ! =e-edge %\ld only be attempt$ :5 ! pap] ( ! book is ?9 & ( good quality4 ,m common me?ods ( decorat+ edges are by m>bl+ & spr9kl+1 b !y are bo? inf]ior to pla9 col\r+4 ,"s pleasant effects are sometimes obta9$ by m>bl+ edges & !n gild+ ov] ! m>bl+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,headb&+ ,,headb&s ,mod]n headb&s are small pieces ( vellum1 gut1 or cord sewn on to ! head & tail ( a book ) silk or ?read4 ,!y resi/ ! /ra9 on ! book :5 x is tak5 f ! %elf4 ,! vellum slip or cord mu/ be ( su* a dep?1 t :5 cov]$ ) silk x w be slightly l[] ?an ! squ>e ( ! bo>ds4 ,! cut edge ( ! vellum always slants1 & ! slip mu/ be plac$ 9 position s t x tilts back r ?an =w>d on ! book4 ,to />t1 ease ! bo>ds slightly on ! slips & pull !m d[n ) ! top edges flu% ) ! top edge ( ! leaves4 ,if ?is is n done ! silk cat*es on ! project+ edges z ! b& is work$4 ,/& ! book 9 a f9i%+ press1 =e-edge to ! work]1 & tilt$ =w>d s z to give a good view ( ! headb& z x is work$4 ,! light mu/ come f ! left1 & well on to ! "w4 ,a ne$le ?read$ ) silk is put 9 at ! head ( ! book1 & ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! fir/ section aft] ! end pap]s1 & drawn out at ! back bel[ ! kettle /it* ) ab\t two-?irds ( ! silk4 ,! ne$le is aga9 ins]t$ 9 ! same place1 & drawn ?r\gh until a loop ( silk is left4 ,! vellum slip is plac$ 9 ! loop1 ) ! end project+ slightly to ! left4 ,x mu/ be held /eady by a ne$le plac$ v]tically beh9d x1 ) its po9t betwe5 ! leaves ( ! fir/ section4 ,! ne$le end ( silk is !n beh9d ! headb&1 & ! %ort] end 9 front4 ,! ne$le end is br\ght ov] f ! back ) ! "r h&1 pass$ into ! left h&1 & held taut4 ,! %ort end is pick$ up ) ! "r h&1 br\ght ov] ! ne$le end "u ! vellum1 & pull$ tight f ! back4 ,?is is repeat$2 ! back ?read is aga9 drawn up & ov] ! b& to ! front1 ! ne$le end crosses x1 & is drawn beh9d "u ! vellum slip1 & s on4 ,! cross+ ( ! ?reads =m a bead1 :i* mu/ be wat*$1 & kept z tight z possible1 & well d[n on ! leaves ( ! book4 ,:5ev] ! vellum or /r+ beg9s to %ift 9 position1 x mu/ be ti$ d[n4 ,?is is done :5 ! ne$le end ( silk is at ! back4 ,a f+] ( ! left h& is plac$ on ! ?read ( silk at ! back1 & holds x firmly j bel[ ! slip4 ,! ne$le end is !n br\ght up & ov] ! slip1 b in/ead ( cross+ x ) ! front ?read1 ! ne$le is pass$ betwe5 ! leaves & out at ! back ( ! book1 bel[ ! kettle /it*1 & ! ?read gradually drawn tight1 & f "u ! left-h& f+]4 ,! loop s made w hold ! b& firmly1 & ! silk c !n be br\ght up & ov] ! slip & cross$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! b& %\ld be work$ z f> z ! end pap]s1 & %\ld be f9i%$ ) a d\ble tie d[n1 aft] :i* ! front ?read is drawn "u ! slip to ! back4 ,bo? ! ends ( silk are !n cut (f to ab\t half an in*1 fray$ out1 & pa/$ d[n z flatly z possible on ! back ( ! book4 ,! b& %\ld be ti$ d[n frequ5tly4 ,x is n too mu* to tie d[n e ?ird "t ! ne$le end ( ! silk comes to ! back4 ,to make good headb&s ! pull on ! silk mu/ be ev5 ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 ! ends ( ! silk are pa/$ d[n1 ! ends ( ! vellum slip are cut (f z ne> ! silk z possible4 ,! correct l5g? ( ! headb& is be/ judg$ by press+ ! bo>ds toge!r ) ?umb & f+] at ! opposite ends ( ! b&1 s z to compress ! sections into _! f9al compass4 ,if ! b& !n buckles 9 ! lea/1 x is too long & mu/ be %ort5$4 ,! m$iaeval headb&s 7 sewn ) ! o!r b&s 7see fig4 #cb71 & 7 v /rong1 z !y 7 ti$ d[n at e section4 ,mod]n work$ headb&s1 al?\gh n s /rong1 are1 if frequ5tly ti$ d[n1 /rong en\gh to resi/ any reasonable /ra94 ,!re are _m o!r ways ( headb&+1 b if ! "o describ$ is ma/]$1 ! v>i\s o!r patt]ns w sugge/ !mselves if v>iety is ne$$4 ,= v l>ge books a d\ble headb& may be work$ on two pieces ( gut or /r+--a ?ick piece ) a ?9 piece 9 front4 ,! /r+ %\ld fir/ be soak$ 9 ?9 glue & left to dry4 ,su* a b& is work$ ) a figure ( eight /it*4 ,headb&s may also be work$ ) two or ?ree %ades ( silk4 ,z vellum is apt to get h>d & to break :5 x is us$ = headb&+1 x is well to pa/e two pieces toge!r ) l95 9 betwe51 & to cut into /rips z requir$4 ,ma*9e-made headb&s c be b\ght by ! y>d4 ,su* b&s are m]ely glu$ on1 b z !y h b little /r5g?1 %\ld n be us$4 ,:]e lea!r jo9ts are us$1 ! headb&s may be work$ on pieces ( s(t lea!r siz$ & screw$ up4 ,if ! ends are left long & ti$ 9 front :ile ! book is be+ cov]$1 !y may be conv5i5tly let into grooves 9 ! bo>ds be=e ! lea!r jo9t is pa/$ d[n4 ,?is me?od1 ,i ?9k1 has little con/ructive value1 b x c]ta9ly avoids ! r unf9i%$ look ( ! cut-(f headb&4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,prep>+ = ,cov]+--,p>+ ,lea!r--,cov]+--,mitr+ ,corn]s--,fill+-9 ,bo>ds ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,cov]+ ,aft] ! headb& is work$1 a piece ( br[n or o!r /\t pap] %\ld be well glu$ on at ! head & tail1 c>e be+ tak5 t x is firmly atta*$ to ! back & ! headb&4 ,:5 dry1 ! "p project+ above ! headb& is neatly cut (f1 & ! "p on ! back well s&-pap]$1 to remove any irregul>ity caus$ by ! tie-d[ns atta*+ ! headb&4 ,= mo/ books ?is w be q suffici5t l9+ up1 b v heavy books are be/ fur!r l9$ up betwe5 ! b&s ) l951 or ?9 lea!r4 ,?is c be put on by pa/+ ! l95 or lea!r & giv+ ! back a v ?9 coat ( glue4 ,! only ?+ n[ left to d be=e cov]+ w be to set ! squ>es & to cut (f a small piece ( ! back corn] ( ea* bo>d at ! head & tail1 to make x possible = ! bo>ds to op5 & %ut )\t dragg+ ! head-cap out ( place4 ,! =m ( ! little piece to be cut (f v>ies ) ea* individual b9d]1 b ,i h f\nd = an octavo book t a cut slightly slop+ f ! inside cutt+ (f ! corn] ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ea* way1 gives ! be/ result 7see fig4 #eh74 ,:5 ! corn] has be5 cut (f1 ! bo>ds %\ld be ?r[n back1 & ! slips betwe5 ! book & ! bo>d well pa/$4 ,:5 ^! h soak$ a little1 ! squ>es ( ! bo>ds are set2 t is1 ! bo>ds are fix$ s t exactly ! same squ>e %[s on ea* bo>d above head & tail4 ,a little l>g] squ>e is sometimes an advantage at ! tail to keep ! head-cap well (f ! %elf1 ! ess5tial ?+ be+ t bo? head & bo? tail squ>es %\ld be ! same4 ,9 ! case ( an old book t has n be5 recut1 ! edges w (t5 be f\nd to be unev54 ,9 su* cases ! bo>ds mu/ be made squ>e1 & s set t ! book /&s up /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,:5 ! slips h be5 pa/$ & ! squ>es set1 t9s c be put inside & outside ! bo>ds1 & ! book giv5 a slight nip 9 ! press to flatt5 ! slips4 ,only a comp>atively light pressure %\ld be giv51 or ! l9+ up ( ! headb&s or back w become cockl$ & deta*$4 ,,p>+ ,,lea!r ,:ile ! slips are be+ set 9 ! press ! cov] c be got out4 ,judgm5t is necess>y 9 cutt+ out cov]s4 ,"o workman w be able1 by c>eful cutt+1 to get six cov]s out ( a sk9 :]e ano!r w only get f\r4 ,! firm "p ( ! sk9 is ! back & sides1 & ?is only %\ld be us$ = ! be/ books4 ,! fle%y p>ts on ! flanks & belly w n we> suffici5tly well to be suitable = good bookb9d+4 ,! sk9 %\ld be cut out leav+ ab\t an in* all r\nd = turn+ 9 :5 ! book is cov]$1 & :5 cut out x mu/ be p>$4 ,if ! lea!r is ( ,european manufacture mo/ ( ! p>+ w h be5 done be=e x is sold1 & ! lea!r manufactur] w h %av$ x to any ?ickness requir$4 ,?is is a conv5i5ce t is p>tly responsible = ! unduly ?9 lea!r t is commonly us$4 ,! bett] plan is to get ! lea!r r ?ick1 & = ! b9d] to p>e x d[n :]e necess>y4 ,= small books x is ess5tial1 9 ord] t ! cov]s may op5 freely1 & ! bo>ds n look clumsy1 t ! lea!r %\ld be v ?9 at ! jo9t & r\nd ! edges ( ! bo>ds4 ,= su* books x is v important t a small1 naturally ?9 sk9 %\ld be us$ t w n h to be unduly p>$ d[n1 & t ! l>ge & ?ick] sk9s %\ld be kept = l>ge books4 ,b9d]s l us+ l>ge sk9s because !re is mu* less wa/e1 b if ^! sk9s are us$ = small books1 s mu* ( ! lea!r sub/ance has to be p>$ away1 t only ! comp>atively brittle gra9$ surface rema9s4 ,by ! mod]n process ( dye+ ?is surface is (t5 to "s ext5t injur$1 & its /r5g? sometimes totally de/roy$4 ,:5 ! cov] has be5 cut to size ! book is laid on x ) ! bo>ds op51 & a p5cil l9e drawn r\nd !m1 a m>k be+ made to %[ :]e ! back comes4 ,! sk9 is !n p>$1 mak+ x ?9 :]e ! edge ( ! bo>ds w come4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! ?9n+ does n comm5ce too abruptly1 or a ridge w be app>5t :5 ! lea!r is on ! book4 ,! p>+ mu/ be done q smoo?ly & ev5ly4 ,e unev5ness %[s :5 ! cov] is poli%$ & press$4 ,c>e is ne$$ 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt t w h to be p>$ (f t "p ( ! lea!r t cov]s ! back & jo9ts4 ,! object ( ! b9d] %\ld be to leave ^! portions z ?ick z he c consi/5tly ) ! free op5+ ( ! bo>ds4 ,! lea!r at ! head-caps mu/ be p>$ q ?91 z ! d\ble ?ickness on ! top ( ! headb& is apt to make ?is "p project above ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,?is is a great tr\ble1 especially at ! tail1 :]e1 if ! head-cap projects beyond ! bo>ds1 ! :ole weight ( ! book re/s on x1 & x is c]ta9 to be rubb$ (f :5 ! book is put on ! %elf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,! me?od ( p>+ ) a ,fr5* knife 7fig4 #fj1 ,a7--! only =m ( knife 9 use by b9d]s t gives suffici5t control ov] ! lea!r--is %[n at fig4 #ei4 ,to use ?is knife prop]ly1 practice is requir$4 ,! ma9 ?+ to le>n is t ! knife mu/ be us$ q flat1 & made to cut by hav+ a v slight burr on ! "u side4 ,?is burr is got by rubb+ ! knife on ! li?ographic /one on :i* ! p>+ is done4 ,! h&le ( ! knife %\ld nev] be rais$ to su* a height above ! surface ( ! /one t x is possible to get ! "u f+]s ( ! "r h& ov] ! edge ( ! /one4 ,ano!r =m ( knife suitable = p>+ ! edges ( lea!r is %[n at fig4 #fj1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,to te/ if ! lea!r has be5 suffici5tly p>$1 fold x ov] :]e ! edge ( ! bo>d w come1 & run ! f+] along ! fold$ lea!r4 ,if ! p>+ has be5 done prop]ly x w feel q ev5 ! :ole l5g? ( ! fold2 b if !re are any irregul>ities1 !y w be v app>5t1 & ! p>+ mu/ be gone ov] aga9 till !y h disappe>$4 ,:5 ev51 ! book mu/ be aga9 laid on ! lea!r ) ! bo>ds op51 & a p5cil l9e drawn r\nd z be=e4 ,if !re are lea!r jo9ts !y w h be5 p>$ be=e ! book 0 sewn1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 9 p>+ ! turn-9 ( ! cov] t x is ( ! same ?ickness z ! lea!r jo9t1 or x w be impossible to make a neat mitre at ! back corn]s4 ,,cov]+ ,be=e cov]+1 ! book mu/ be look$ at to see t ! b&s are q squ>e & at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,any slight errors 9 ?is respect c be correct$ by hold+ ! book 9 ! ly+ press betwe5 back+ bo>ds & g5tly tapp+ ! b&s f "o side or ! o!r ) a piece ( wood /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,?is is be/ done :5 ! back is clean$ (f1 b by damp+ ! b&s slightly x may be done j be=e cov]+4 ,! squ>es mu/ be look$ to1 & ! edges ( ! bo>d well rubb$ ) a fold]1 or tapp$ ) a hamm]1 to remove any burr t may h be5 caus$ by ! pl\gh knife1 or any *ance bl[4 ,! back is !n moi/5$ ) pa/e1 or1 9 ! case ( a v l>ge book1 ) ?9 glue1 & left to soak4 ,! cov] c !n be well pa/$ ) ?icki% pa/e1 t has be5 previ\sly well beat5 up4 ,:5 ! cov] is pa/$1 x c be fold$ ) ! pa/$ sides toge!r & left to soak = a few m9utes :ile ! back is aga9 look$ to1 & any r\ghness smoo!d d[n ) ! fold]4 ,be=e cov]+1 ! b&s %\ld be nipp$ up ) b& nipp]s 7see fig4 #fa7 to make sure t !y are %>p4 ,! cov]] %\ld h ready be=e cov]+ a clean p>+ /one1 "o or two fold]s1 a pair ( nickel$-b& nipp]s1 a clean sponge1 a little wat] 9 a sauc]1 a piece ( ?read1 & a /rip ( smoo? wood 7boxwood = pref]5ce71 call$ a b& /ick1 us$ = smoo?+ ! lea!r betwe5 ! b&s1 a pair ( scissors1 & a small %>p knife1 a pair ( wat]pro( %eets ! size ( ! book1 &1 if ! book is a l>ge "o1 a pair ( ty+ up bo>ds1 ) ty+ up /r+1 & two /rips ( wood cov]$ 9 blott+-pap] or lea!r4 ,x is be/ to h ! b& nipp]s = cov]+ nickel$ to prev5t ! iron f /a9+ ! lea!r4 ,! wat]pro( %eets recomm5d$ are ?9 %eets ( celluloid1 su* z are us$ by photograph]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,:5 ^! ?+s are ready1 ! pa/$ cov] %\ld be exam9$ & repa/$ if x has dri$ 9 any place4 ,! am\nt ( pa/e to be us$ = cov]+ c only be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,a ?ick lea!r w take m ?an a ?9 "o1 b1 provid$ ! cov] /icks tight at e po9t1 ! less pa/e us$ ! bett]4 ,if !re is too mu*1 x w rub up & make v ugly1 unev5 places "u ! lea!r2 & if !re is too little1 ! cov] w n /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,take ! pa/$ cov] & look to see :i* is ! bett] side ( ! lea!r4 ,lay ! front ( ! book d[n on ?is exactly up to ! m>ks t %[ ! beg9n+ ( ! turn-94 ,!n draw ! lea!r ov] ! back & on to ! o!r side1 pull+ x slightly1 b n dragg+ x4 ,!n /& ! book on its =e-edge on a piece ( wa/e pap]1 ) ! lea!r turn$ out on ei!r side1 z %[n at fig4 #fb1 & nip up ! b&s ) nickel$ b& nipp]s 7see fig4 #fc74 ,aft] ?is is done !re w probably be a good deal ( loose lea!r on ! back4 ,?is c be got rid ( by dragg+ ! lea!r on to ! side2 b by f> ! bett] plan1 :5 ! back is l>ge en\gh to all[ x1 is to "w up ! surplus lea!r on to ! back betwe5 ! panels4 ,?is requires a good deal ( practice1 & is v seldom done2 b x c be done ) mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! book %\ld n[ h ! lea!r on ! back /ret*$ l5g?ways to make x cov] ! b&s1 b n /ret*$ ! o!r way1 & ! lea!r on ! bo>ds %\ld lie p]fectly flat & n be /ret*$ at all4 ,! lea!r on ! =e-edge ( ! bo>d is !n rubb$ ) ! h& on ! outside1 & !n on to ! edge1 & !n on ! inside4 ,! edge & ! inside are smoo!d d[n ) a fold]1 & any excessive pa/e on ! inside squeez$ out & remov$4 ,:5 ! =e-edge ( bo? bo>ds has be5 turn$ 91 ! head & tail mu/ also be turn$ 94 ,a little pa/e is put on to t "p ( ! lea!r t w turn 9 bel[ ! headb&1 & ?is portion is neatly tuck$ 9 betwe5 ! bo>ds & ! back4 ,! turn$-9 edge mu/ lie q ev5ly1 or x w result 9 a ridge on ! back4 ,! lea!r is turn$ 9 on ! two bo>ds 9 ! same way z describ$ = ! =e-edge1 & ! edge rubb$ squ>e ) a fold]4 ,at fig4 #fd is %[n a conv5i5t =m ( fold] = cov]+4 ,at ! corn]s ! lea!r mu/ be pull$ ov] z f> z possible ) two fold]s meet+ at ! extreme po9t1 ! object be+ to avoid a cut 9 ! lea!r at ! corn] ( ! bo>d4 ,! folds s =m$ mu/ be cut (f ) ! scissors 7see fig4 #fe1 ,a71 !n "o edge tuck$ neatly "u ! o!r1 7,b74 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 ?r\gh\t n to soil ! edges ( ! leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,at ! headb& ! fold ( lea!r1 p>$ ?9 = ! purpose1 mu/ be squeez$ toge!r ) a fold] & pull$ out a little to leave an ev5 projection t c be turn$ ov] to =m a head-cap4 ,:5 bo? ends h be5 turn$ 91 9 ?is way1 ! bo>ds mu/ ea* be op5$ & press$ aga9/ a /raight-edge held 9 ! jo9t 7fig4 #ff7 to ensure t !re is en\gh lea!r 9 ! turn-9 ( ! jo9t to all[ ! cov] to op5 freely2 & ! lea!r ( ! turn-9 at ! head & tail mu/ be c>efully smoo!d d[n ) a fold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,! book may n[ be %ut up if a wat]pro( %eet is put at ea* end to prev5t ! damp ( ! cov] f cockl+ ! pap]4 ,x mu/ !n be /ood on its =e-edge & ! b&s aga9 nipp$ up ) a pair ( nickel$ b& nipp]s1 & ! panels betwe5 ! b&s well press$ d[n ) ! b& /ick to cause ! lea!r to /ick at e po9t4 ,a piece ( ?read is ti$ r\nd ! back f head to tail1 squeez+ ! lea!r 9 ! gap caus$ by ! corn]s ( ! bo>d hav+ be5 cut (f4 ,! book is !n turn$ up on end1 re/+ ! tail on a fold] or any?+ t w keep ! project+ lea!r = ! head-cap f be+ prematurely flatt5$4 ,! head-caps 7fig4 #fg7 mu/ n[ be set4 ,to d ?is ! fir/ f+] ( ! left h& is plac$ beh9d x1 & a %>p fold] is press$ into ! corn]s ( ! head-cap betwe5 ! headb& & ! ?read4 ,! lea!r is !n tapp$ ov] ! headb&1 & ! :ole turn$ ov] on ! /one & rubb$ at ! back ) a fold]4 ,?is op]ation requires great nicety4 ,! %ape ( head-cap is %[n at fig4 #fg4 ,! nice adju/m5t ( head-caps & corn]s1 al?\gh ( no con/ructional value1 are ! po9ts by :i* ! =w>d+ ( a book is g5]ally valu$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,if ! book is a l>ge "o1 x w be be/ to tie x up4 ,! me?od ( ty+ up is %[n 9 fig4 #fh4 ,! ty+ up cords w make m>ks at ! side ( ! b&s1 t are n unpleasant on a l>ge book4 ,if !y are object$ to1 x is be/ to tie ! book up = ab\t half-an-h\r1 & !n to untie x1 & smoo? out ! m>ks ) ! b& /ick4 ,ev5 ) small books1 if ! lea!r seems incl9$ to give tr\ble1 x is well to tie !m up = a %ort "t1 !n to untie !m1 to smoo? out any m>ks or inequalities1 & to tie !m up aga94 ,,mitr+ ,,corn]s ,,& ,,fill+ ,,9 ,a book t has be5 cov]$ %\ld be left "u a light weight until ! next day1 ) wat]pro( %eets betwe5 ! damp cov] & ! end pap] to prev5t ! %eets ( ! book f cockl+ ?r\gh ! damp4 ,:5 ! cov] is ?or\ghly set ! bo>ds %\ld be c>efully op5$1 press+ !m slightly to ! jo9t to ensure a squ>e & ev5 jo9t4 ,if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! turn-9 ( ! lea!r ov] ! jo9t seems to be incl9$ to b9d1 ! cov] %\ld be m]ely op5$ half-way1 & ! lea!r ( ! turns-9 ( ! jo9t damp$ ) a sponge1 & left to soak = a %ort "t1 & !n ! cov] c usually be op5$ )\t any dragg+4 ,a section ( a good jo9t is %[n at fig4 #fi1 ,a1 & a bad "o at ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,! next op]ation w be to fill 9 ! bo>d & mitre ! corn]s4 ,to fill 9 ! bo>ds1 a piece ( pap] z ?ick z ! turn-9 ( ! lea!r 7eng9e]'s c>tridge pap] answ]s v well7 %\ld be cut a little small] ?an ! bo>d1 ) "o edge cut /raight2 !n ) ! /raight edge adju/$ to ! back ( ! bo>d1 & a weight plac$ on ! c5tre1 ! pap] is m>k$ r\nd ) divid]s set to ! int5d$ wid? ( ! turn-9 ( ! lea!r4 ,!n ) a %>p knife1 pap] & lea!r may be cut ?r\gh toge!r4 ,! pap] %\ld !n be m>k$ to %[ its position on ! bo>d1 & ! ragg$ edges ( ! lea!r trimm$ (f4 ,?is w leave an ev5 m>g9 ( lea!r on ?ree sides ( ! inside ( ! bo>d1 & a piece ( pap] t w exactly fit ! rema9+ space4 ,! corn]s mu/ next be mitr$4 ,to d ?is1 bo? ?icknesses ( lea!r are cut ?r\gh f ! corn] ( ! bo>d to ! corn] ( ! inside m>g94 ,! knife %\ld be held slightly slant+ to make a cut1 z %[n at fig4 #gj4 ,! corn]s %\ld !n be ?or\ghly damp$1 & ! ov]lapp+ lea!r f bo? sides remov$1 leav+ :at %\ld be a neat & /raight jo94 ,if ! lea!r at ! extreme corn] %\ld prove to be1 z is (t5 ! case1 too ?ick to turn 9 neatly1 ! corn]s %\ld be op5$ out & ! lea!r p>$ aga9/ ! ?umb nail1 & !n well pa/$ & turn$ back aga94 ,! extreme corn] may be slightly tapp$ on ! /one ) a hamm]1 & ! sides rubb$ ) a fold]1 to ensure squ>5ess & %>pness4 ,:5 all f\r corn]s h be5 mitr$1 ! fill+ 9 pap]s c be pa/$ 94 ,z !y w probably /ret* a little ) ! pa/e1 x w be well to cut (f a slight %av+1 & !y %\ld !n fit exactly4 ,:5 ! bo>ds h be5 fill$ 9 & well rubb$ d[n1 ! book %\ld be left = "s h\rs ) ! bo>ds /&+ op5 to enable ! fill+-9 pap]s to draw ! bo>ds slightly inw>ds to ov]come ! pull ( ! lea!r4 ,9 cases :]e !re are lea!r jo9ts ! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! wa/e end pap] is remov$1 & ! edge ( ! bo>d & jo9t c>efully clean$ f glue & all irregul>ities1 & if1 z is mo/ likely1 x is curv$ f ! pull ( ! lea!r1 ! bo>d mu/ be tapp$ or iron$ d[n until x is p]fectly /raight4 ,if !re is difficulty 9 mak+ ! bo>d lie /raight along ! jo9t be=e pa/+ d[n1 x w be well fir/ to fill 9 ) a well pa/$ & /ret*$ ?9 pap]1 :i*1 if ! bo>ds are left op51 w draw !m inw>ds4 ,if ! lea!r jo9t is pa/$ d[n :ile ! bo>d is curv$1 ! result w be a mo/ unsightly projection on ! outside4 ,:5 ! jo9t has be5 clean$ out1 & ! bo>d made to lie flat1 ! lea!r %\ld be pa/$ d[n & mitr$4 ,! :ole dep? ( ! turn-9 ( ! cov]+ lea!r 9 ! jo9t mu/ n be remov$1 or x w be unduly weak5$4 ,! mitr+ l9e %\ld n come f ! extreme corn]1 b r f>!r d[n1 & !re x is well to leave a c]ta9 am\nt ( ov]lap 9 ! jo9t1 = :i* purpose ! edge ( ! turn-9 lea!r & ! edge ( ! lea!r jo9t %\ld be p>$ ?94 ,aft] pa/+ d[n ! lea!r jo9ts ! bo>ds %\ld be left op5 till !y are dry 7see fig4 #ga74 ,! turn-9 & lea!r jo9t are !n trimm$ out1 leav+ an ev5 m>g9 ( lea!r all r\nd ! inside ( ! bo>d1 & ! panel 9 ! c5tre fill$ 9 ) a piece ( ?ick pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,:5 corn]s & fill+ 9 are dry1 ! bo>ds may be %ut up1 & ! book is ready = f9i%+4 ,x is a common practice to wa% up ! cov]s ( books t h become /a9$ ) a solution ( oxalic acid 9 wat]4 ,?is is a dang]\s ?+ to d1 & is likely to s]i\sly injure ! lea!r4 ,lea!r1 :5 damp1 mu/ n be br\ght 9 contact ) iron or /eel tools1 or x may be badly /a9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,libr>y ,b9d+--,b9d+ v ,?9 ,books--,scrap-,books--,b9d+ on ,vellum--,books cov]$ ) ,embroid]y ,,libr>y ,,b9d+ ,specifications ,,iii & ,,iv ,to produce *eap] b9d+s1 z mu/ be done 9 ! case ( l>ge libr>ies1 "s alt]ation ( design is necess>y4 ,appe>ance mu/ to "s ext5t be sacrific$ to /r5g? & durability1 & n1 z is too (t5 ! case1 /r5g? & durability sacrific$ to appe>ance4 ,! ess5tials ( any good b9d+ are1 t ! sections %\ld be s\nd 9 !mselves1 & t !re %\ld be no plates or odd %eets pa/$ on1 or any?+ t w\ld prev5t any leaf f op5+ "r to ! back2 ! sew+ mu/ be ?or\ghly s\nd2 ! sew+ mat]ials ( good quality2 ! slips firmly atta*$ to ! bo>ds2 & ! lea!r fairly ?ick & ( a durable k9d1 al?\gh = ! sake ( *eapness x may be necess>y to use sk9s ) flaws on ! surface4 ,su* flaw$ sk9s co/ half1 or less ?an half1 ! price ( p]fect sk9s1 & surface flaws d n injure ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r4 ,by sew+ on tape1 great flexibility ( ! back is obta9$1 & mu* "t1 & consequ5t exp5se1 9 cov]+ is sav$4 ,by us+ a ,fr5* jo9t mu* ?ick] lea!r ?an usual c be us$1 ) correspond+ ga9 9 /r5g?4 ,to b9d an octavo or small] book accord+ to ! specification giv5 7,,iii1 page #cjg72 fir/ make all sections s\nd1 & gu>d all plates or maps4 ,make end pap]s ) zigzags4 ,aft] ! sections h be5 ?or\ghly press$1 ! book w be ready = m>k+ up & sew+4 ,9 m>k+ up = sew+ on tapes1 two m>ks w be necess>y = ea* tape4 ,:5 !re are sev]al books ( ! same size to be sewn1 !y may be plac$ "o above ! o!r 9 ! sew+ press1 & sewn on to ! same tapes4 ,x w be f\nd t ! volumes :5 sewn c easily be slid along ! tapes1 :i* mu/ be long en\gh to provide suffici5t = ! slips ( ea*4 ,! split bo>ds may be made ( a ?9 black mill-bo>d ) a ?ick] /raw-bo>d4 ,to make a pair ( split bo>ds ! pieces ( /raw-& mill-bo>d l>ge en\gh to make ! two are got out1 & ! /raw-bo>d well glu$1 except 9 ! c5tre1 :i* %\ld previ\sly be cov]$ ) a /rip ( ?9 mill-bo>d or t9 ab\t f\r in*es wide4 ,! /rip is !n remov$1 & ! ?9 black bo>d laid on ! glu$ /raw-bo>d & nipp$ 9 ! press4 ,:5 dry1 ! made bo>d is cut d[n ! c5tre1 :i* w leave two bo>ds glu$ toge!r all ov] except = two in*es on "o side ( ea*4 ,! bo>ds !n are squ>$ to ! book 9 a mill-bo>d ma*9e4 ,! back ( ! book is glu$ up1 & 9 ! ord9>y way r\nd$ & back$4 ,! edges may be cut ) a guillot9e4 ,! ends ( ! tapes are glu$ on ! wa/e end pap]1 :i* %\ld be cut (f ab\t an in* & a half f ! back4 ,! split bo>ds are !n op5$ & glu$1 & ! wa/e end pap]s ) slips atta*$ are plac$ 9 !m 7see fig4 #gb71 & ! book nipp$ 9 ! press4 ,to =m a ,fr5* jo9t ! bo>ds %\ld be kept ab\t an eigh? ( an in* f ! back ( ! book4 ,! book is !n ready = cov]+4 ,! lea!r mu/ n be p>$ too ?91 z ! ,fr5* jo9t w give pl5ty ( play & all[ ! use ( mu* ?ick] lea!r ?an usual4 ,if "t & money c be sp>$1 headb&s c be work$1 b !y are n absolutely necess>y1 & a piece ( /r+ may be ins]t$ into ! turn+ ( ! lea!r at head & tail 9 ! place ( !m4 ,:5 ! book is cov]$1 a piece ( /r+ %\ld be ti$ r\nd ! jo9ts1 & ! :ole giv5 a nip 9 ! press4 ,! corn]s ( ! bo>ds %\ld be protect$ by small tips ( vellum or p>*m5t4 ,! sides may be cov]$ ) good pap]1 :i* w we> q z well z clo?1 look bett]1 & co/ less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,! lett]+ ( libr>y books is v important 7see ,*apt] ,,xv74 ,,b9d+ ,,v ,,?9 ,,books ,books consi/+ ( only "o section may be b\nd z foll[s3--,a %eet ( pap] to mat* ! book1 & two col\r$ %eets = end pap]s1 are fold$ r\nd ! section1 & a wa/e pap] put ov] all4 ,a /rip ( l95 is pa/$ to ! back ( ! wa/e1 & ! :ole sewn toge!r by /it*+ ?r\gh ! fold4 ,! wa/e may be cut (f & ins]t$ ) ! l95 9 a split bo>d1 z = libr>y b9d+s4 ,! back edges ( ! bo>d %\ld be fil$ ?91 & %\ld n be plac$ q up to ! back1 to all[ = a little play 9 ! jo9ts4 ,! lea!r is put on 9 ! ord9>y way1 except t ! l95 at ! head & tail mu/ be slit a little to all[ = ! turn 94 ,if wat]pro( %eets are fir/ ins]t$1 ! ends may be pa/$1 ! bo>ds %ut1 & ! book nipp$ 9 ! press4 ,by sub/itut+ a piece ( ?9 lea!r = ! outside col\r$ pap]1 a lea!r jo9t c be made4 ,,scrap-,,books ,scrap-books1 into :i* autograph lett]s1 sket*es1 or o!r pap]s c be pa/$1 may be made z foll[s3--,en\gh pap] ( good quality is fold$ up to ! size desir$1 & pieces ( ! same pap]1 ( ! same height1 & ab\t two in*es wide1 are fold$ d[n ! c5tre & ins]t$ betwe5 ! backs ( ! l>g] %eets1 z %[n at fig4 #gc4 ,x is be/ n to ins]t ^! small] pieces 9 ! c5tre ( ! section1 z !y w\ld be tr\blesome 9 sew+4 ,if1 aft] sew+1 ! book is fill$ up ) wa/e pap] laid betwe5 ! leaves1 x w make x manageable :ile be+ =w>d$4 ,x is be/ to use a r d>kly-ton$ or col\r$ pap]1 z1 if a q :ite pap] is us$1 any lett]s or pap]s t h become soil$1 w look unduly dirty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,autograph lett]s may be m\nt$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3--,if ! lett] is writt5 ^u bo? sides ( a s+le leaf1 x may be ei!r inlaid1 or gu>d$1 z %[n at fig4 #gd1 ,a4 ,a lett] on a fold$ %eet ( notepap] %\ld h ! folds /r5g!n$ ) a gu>d ( /rong ?9 pap]1 & be atta*$ by a gu>d made1 z %[n at fig4 #gd1 ,b2 or if on v heavy pap]1 by a d\ble gu>d1 z %[n at fig4 #gd1 ,c4 ,torn edges ( lett]s may be /r5g!n$ ) ?9 ,japanese pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,?9 pap]1 writt5 or pr9t$ only on "o side1 may be m\nt$ on a page ( ! book4 ,x is bett] to atta* ^! by _! extreme edges only1 z if pa/$ d[n all ov] !y may cause ! leaves to curl up4 ,lett]s or any writ+ or draw+ 9 lead p5cil %\ld be fix$ ) size be=e be+ ins]t$4 ,silv] pr9ts ( photographs are be/ m\nt$ ) "s v quick-dry+ pa/e1 su* z t sold = ! purpose by ! photographic deal]s4 ,if ! leaf on :i* !y are m\nt$ is slightly damp$ be=e ! photograph is pa/$ d[n1 x w be less likely to cockle4 ,if ?is is done1 wat]pro( %eets %\ld be put on ea* side ( ! leaf :ile x dries4 ,if photographs are atta*$ by ! edges only1 !y w n be s liable to draw ! pap] on :i* !y are m\nt$2 b sometimes !y w n lie flat !mselves4 ,9 cases :]e v ?ick lett]s or pap]s h to be pa/$ 91 a few m leaves ( ! book %\ld be cut out1 to make a correspond+ ?ickness at ! back4 ,,vellum ,,b9d+s ,vellum cov]s may be limp )\t bo>ds1 & m]ely held 9 place by ! slips be+ lac$ ?r\gh !m1 or !y may be pa/$ d[n on bo>ds 9 mu* ! same way z lea!r4 ,if ! edges ( a book = limp vellum b9d+ are to be trimm$ or gilt1 t %\ld be done be=e sew+4 ,= ! ends a fold$ piece ( ?9 vellum may replace ! pa/e-d[n pap]4 ,! sew+ %\ld be on /rips ( vellum4 ,! back is left squ>e aft] glue+1 & headb&s are work$ z = lea!r b9d+1 or may be work$ on /rips ( lea!r1 ) ends left long en\gh to lace into ! vellum 7see p4 #aea74 ,! back & headb&s are l9$ ) lea!r1 & ! book is ready = ! cov]4 ,a piece ( vellum %\ld be cut out l>ge en\gh to cov] ! book1 & to leave a m>g9 ( an in* & a half all r\nd4 ,?is is m>k$ ) a fold] on ! "u side1 z %[n at fig4 #ge1 ,a4 ,spaces #a & #b are ! size ( ! sides ( ! book ) surr\nd+ squ>es2 space #c is ! wid? ( ! back1 & space #d ! wid? = ! ov]laps on ! =e-edge4 ,! corn]s are cut1 z %[n at #e1 & ! edges are fold$ ov]1 z at ,b4 ,! ov]lap #d is !n turn$ ov]1 & ! back fold$1 z at ,c4 ,! slips are n[ lac$ ?r\gh slits made 9 ! vellum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,a piece ( loose1 ton$ pap] may be put inside ! cov] to prev5t any m>ks on ! book f %[+ ?r\gh2 & pieces ( silk ribbon ( good quality are lac$ 9 z %[n1 go+ ?r\gh bo? cov] & vellum ends1 if !re are any1 & are left ) ends long en\gh to tie 7see fig4 #gf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,if pap] ends are us$1 ! silk tape ne$ only be lac$ ?r\gh ! cov]1 & ! end pap] pa/$ ov] x on ! inside4 ,ano!r simple way ( keep+ a vellum book %ut is %[n at fig4 #gg4 ,a bead is atta*$ to a piece ( gut lac$ into ! vellum1 & a loop ( catgut is lac$ 9 ! o!r side1 & loop$ ov] ! bead z %[n4 ,if ! book is to h /iff bo>ds1 & ! vellum is to be pa/$ to !m1 x is be/ to sew ! sections on tapes or vellum slips1 to back ! book z = lea!r1 & to ins]t ! ends ( ! slips 9 a split bo>d1 leav+ a ,fr5* jo9t1 z describ$ = libr>y b9d+s4 ,vellum is v /iff1 &1 if x is pa/$ directly to ! back1 ! book w\ld be h>d to op54 ,x is be/ 9 ?is case to use :at is kn[n z a holl[ back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,to make a holl[ back1 a piece ( /\t pap] is tak5 :i* measures once ! l5g? ( ! back & ?ree times ! wid?4 ,?is is fold$ 9 ?ree4 ,! c5tre portion is glu$ to ! back & well rubb$ d[n1 & ! ov]lapp+ edges turn$ back & glu$ "o to ! o!r 7fig4 #gh74 ,?is w leave a flat1 holl[ cas+1 =m$ by ! s+le pap] glu$ to ! back ( ! book & ! d\ble pap] to :i* ! vellum may be atta*$4 ,or x is bett] to l9e up ! back ) lea!r1 & to place a piece ( ?ick pap] ! size ( ! back on to ! pa/$ vellum :]e ! back w be :5 ! book is cov]$4 ,:5 ! book is ready = cov]+1 ! vellum %\ld be cut out & l9$ ) pap]4 ,9 l9+ vellum ! pa/e mu/ be free f lumps1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to leave bru% m>ks4 ,to avoid ?is1 :5 ! l9+ pap] has be5 pa/$ x c be laid1 pa/e d[nw>ds1 on a piece ( wa/e pap] & quickly pull$ up aga92 ?is %\ld remove surplus pa/e & get rid ( any m>ks left by ! bru%4 ,:5 ! vellum has be5 l9$ ) pap]1 x %\ld be giv5 a light nip 9 ! press betwe5 blott+-pap]1 & :ile /ill damp x is pa/$1 ! book cov]$1 & ! corn]s mitr$4 ,a piece ( ?9 /r+ is ti$ r\nd ! head-caps & press$ into ! ,fr5* jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,wat]pro( %eets are plac$ inside ! cov]s1 & ! book !n nipp$ 9 ! press & left to dry "u a light weight4 ,if ! vellum is v /iff & difficult to turn 91 x may be moi/5$ ) a little w>m wat] to s(t5 x4 ,books ) rais$ b&s h sometimes be5 cov]$ ) vellum1 b ! back becomes s /iff & h>d1 t ?is me?od1 ?\gh x looks well en\gh1 _c be recomm5d$4 ,vellum is a durable mat]ial1 & c be _h ( good quality1 b x is s easily influ5c$ by *anges ( temp]ature1 t x is r an unsuitable mat]ial = mo/ b9d+s4 ,,books ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,embroid]y ,,& ,,wov5 ,,mat]ial ,to cov] a book ) embroid]$ mat]ial b9d x ) split bo>ds1 a ,fr5* jo9t1 & a holl[ back1 z describ$ = vellum 7see fig4 #gh74 ,glue ! back ( ! book ) ?9 glue well work$ up1 & turn+ 9 ! head & tail ( ! embroid]y1 put ! book d[n on x s t ! back w come exactly 9 ! "r place4 ,press d[n ! embroid]y ) ! h& to make sure t x /icks4 ,:5 x is firmly atta*$ to ! back1 fir/ "o bo>d & !n ! o!r %\ld be glu$1 & ! embroid]y laid d[n on x4 ,la/ly1 ! edges are glu$ & /uck d[n on ! inside ( ! bo>d1 & ! corn]s mitr$4 ,velvet or any o!r ?ick mat]ial c be put d[n 9 ! same way4 ,= v ?9 mat]ial t ! glue w\ld p5etrate & soil1 ! cov] %\ld be left loose1 & only atta*$ :]e x turns 94 ,a loose l9+ ( good pap] may be put betwe5 ! book & ! cov]4 ,! inside corn]s :]e ! cov] has be5 cut %\ld be neatly sewn up4 ,! edges ( ! bo>ds & head-caps may be protect$ all r\nd ) "s edg+ work$ 9 metal ?read4 ,x is well 9 embroid]+ book cov]s to arrange = "s portion ( ! patt]n to be ( rais$ metal /it*es1 =m+ bosses t w protect ! surface f we>4 ,%\ld any glue *ance to get on ! surface1 ! cov] %\ld be held 9 ! /eam ( a kettle & ! glue wip$ (f1 & ! cov] aga9 /eam$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,decoration--,tools--,f9i%+--,tool+ on ,vellum--,inlay+ on ,lea!r ,,decoration ,,( ,,b9d+--,,tools ,! mo/ usual1 & p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 way ( decorat+ book cov]s is by tool+4 ,tool+ is ! impression ( heat$ 7f9i%+7 tools4 ,f9i%+ tools are /amps ( metal t h a device cut on ! face1 & are held 9 wood5 h&les 7fig4 #gi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,tool+ may ei!r be bl9d tool+1 t is1 a simple impression ( ! hot tools1 or gold tool+1 9 :i* ! impression ( ! tool is left 9 gold on ! lea!r4 ,tools = bl9d tool+ are be/ die-sunk1 t is1 cut l a seal4 ,! sunk "p ( ! face ( ! tool1 :i* may be m or less modell$1 =ms ! patt]n1 & ! high] "p depresses ! lea!r to =m a gr\nd4 ,9 tools = gold tool+1 ! surface ( ! tool gives ! patt]n4 ,tools may be ei!r complex or simple 9 design1 t is to say1 ea* tool may =m a complete design ) enclos+ bord]1 z ! l[] ones on page #cbc1 or x may be only "o elem5t ( a design1 z at fig4 #ajj4 ,l9es may be run ) a fillet 7see fig4 #hh71 or made ) g\ges or pallets4 ,g\ges are curv$ l9e tools4 ,!y are made 9 sets ( arcs ( conc5tric circles 7see fig4 #hj1 ,a74 ,! portion ( ! curves cut (f by ! dott$ l9e ,c w make a second set ) flatt] curves4 ,g\ges are us$ = tool+ curv$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,a pallet may be describ$ z a segm5t ( a roll or fillet set 9 a h&le1 & us$ *iefly = putt+ l9es or o!r ornam5ts across ! backs ( books 7see fig4 #ha74 ,a set ( "o-l9e pallets is %[n at fig4 #hj1 ,b4 ,fillets are cut ) two or m l9es on ! edge4 ,al?\gh ! use ( d\ble-l9e fillets saves "t1 ,i h f\nd t a few s+le-l9e fillets ) edges ( diff]5t gauges are suffici5t = runn+ all /raight l9es1 & t ! advantage ( be+ able to alt] ! di/ances betwe5 any p>allel l9es is ample comp5sation = ! extra tr\ble involv$ by _! use4 ,9 addition to ! rigid /amps1 an endless patt]n = ei!r bl9d or gold tool+ may be engrav$ on ! circumf]5ce ( a roll1 & impress$ on ! lea!r by :eel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,! use ( a roll 9 f9i%+ dates f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & "s satisfactory b9d+s 7 decorat$ ) its aid4 ,! ease ) :i* x c be us$ has l$ 9 mod]n times to its abuse1 & ,i h>dly "k ( a s+le in/ance ( a mod]n b9d+ on :i* rolls h be5 us$ = ! decoration ) satisfactory results4 ,! ga9 9 "t & tr\ble is at ! exp5se ( fre$om & life 9 ! design2 & = extra b9d+ x is bett] to build up a patt]n out ( small tools ( simple design1 :i* c be arrang$ 9 endless v>iety1 ?an to use rolls4 ,tools = h&-tool+ mu/ n be too l>ge1 or x w be impossible to obta9 cle> impressions4 ,"o in* squ>e = bl9d tools1 or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* = gold tools1 is ab\t ! maximum size = use ) any c]ta9ty & com=t4 ,tools mu* l>g] ?an ?is h to be work$ ) ! aid ( a press1 & are call$ blocks4 ,,f9i%+ ,! fir/ ?+ ! f9i%] does to a book is to g ov] ! back ) a poli%] & smoo? out any irregul>ities4 ,two =ms ( poli%] are %[n at fig4 #hb4 ,! l[] "o is suitable = poli%+ backs & inside m>g9s1 & ! upp] = sides4 ,poli%]s mu/ be us$ w>m1 b n too hot1 or ! lea!r may be scor*$1 & !y mu/ be kept mov+ on ! lea!r4 ,be=e us+ !y %\ld be rubb$ bright on a piece ( ! f9e/ em]y pap]1 & poli%$ on a piece ( lea!r4 ,new poli%]s (t5 h %>p edges t w\ld m>k ! lea!r4 ,^! mu/ be rubb$ d[n ) files & em]y-pap]4 ,lea!rs ) a prom95t gra9$ surface1 su* z morocco1 seal or pig sk91 may ei!r h ! gra9 r\gh or cru%$ flat4 ,if !re is to be mu* f9i%+1 ! gra9 _h bett] be cru%$1 b = l>ge books t are to h only a small am\nt ( f9i%+1 ! gra9 is be/ left unflatt5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,if ! gra9 ( ! lea!r is to be cru%$1 x may be done at ?is /age4 ,to d ?is1 "o bo>d at a "t is damp$ ) a sponge & put 9 ! /&+-press1 ) a press+ plate on ! gra9$ side1 & a pad ( blott+-pap]1 or "s su* yield+ sub/ance1 on ! o!r 7see fig4 #hc74 ,! press is !n screw$ up tight1 & ! bo>d left = a %ort "t4 ,= "s lea!rs ?is op]ation is be/ done aft] ! b9d+ has be5 f9i%$ & v>ni%$1 9 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 ! bo>ds _c be damp$ be=e press+4 ,no flexibly sewn book %\ld be subject to great pressure aft] x has be5 cov]$1 or ! lea!r on ! back may cr9kle up & become deta*$4 ,! next ?+ w be to decide :at lett]+ & :at decoration1 if any1 is to be put on ! volume4 ,! lett]+ %\ld be made out fir/ 7see page #bae74 ,if ! book is to be at all elaborately decorat$1 pap] patt]ns mu/ be made out1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,= tool+ ! back1 ! book is held 9 ! f9i%+ press betwe5 a pair ( back+ bo>ds l9$ ) lea!r 7see fig4 #hd71 & ! pap] patt]n put across ! back1 ) ! ends ei!r slightly pa/$ to ! back+ bo>ds1 or caught betwe5 !m & ! book4 ,= ! sides1 ! patt]n is v slightly pa/$ on to ! lea!r at ! f\r corn]s4 ,! book is !n put 9 ! f9i%+ press1 ) ! bo>d to be tool$ op5 & flat on ! *eek ( ! press1 unless ! book is a l>ge "o1 :5 x is easi] to tool ! sides out ( ! press4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,! select$ tools1 :i* %\ld be ready on ! /ove 7see fig4 #he71 are "o at a "t cool$ on a wet pad1 & !n press$ 9 _! =m] impressions ^u ! pap]4 ,! degree ( heat requir$ v>ies a good deal ) ! lea!r us$1 & w only be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is bett] to h ! tool too cool ?an too hot1 z x is easy to deep5 impressions aft] ! pap] is remov$2 b if !y are already too deep1 or are burnt1 x w be impossible to f9i% cle>ly4 ,g5]ally speak+1 tools %\ld hiss v slightly :5 put on ! cool+ pad4 ,9 cool+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to put ! %ank ( ! tools on to ! wet pad1 z1 if ! end only is cool$1 ! heat is apt to run d[n aga91 & ! tool w /ill be too hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,f9i%+ ,/ove ,be=e remov+ ! pap]1 "o corn] at a "t %\ld be lift$ up1 & ! lea!r exam9$ to see t no "p ( ! patt]n has be5 miss$4 ,9 "s patt]ns :]e ! design is close1 or 9 :i* ! backgr\nd is dott$ 91 x w n be necess>y to bl9d 9 e leaf & dot ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,if ! l9es ) p]haps ! t]m9al leaves are bl9d$ 91 ! re/ c be bett] work$ directly ?r\gh ! gold4 ,?is me?od implies ! glair+ 9 ( ! :ole surface4 ,x is n suitable = op5 patt]ns1 :]e ! glaire might %[ on ! surface ( ! lea!r4 ,if ! book is only to h l9es1 or "s simple /raight l9e patt]n1 x is (t5 easi] to m>k x up )\t ! pap]1 ) a /raight-edge & fold]4 ,9 panell+ a back1 ! side l9es ( all ! panels %\ld be m>k$ 9 at ! same "t ) a fold]1 work+ aga9/ ! /raight-edge1 held firmly at ! side ( ! back4 ,if ! panels are work$ sep>ately1 x is difficult to get ! side l9es squ>ely above ea* o!r4 ,! l9es at ! top & bottom ( ! panel may be m>k$ 9 ) a fold]1 guid$ by a piece ( /iff vellum held squ>ely across ! back4 ,if !re are l9es to be run r\nd ! bo>d1 !y c be m>k$ 9 ) a pair ( divid]s guid$ by ! edge ( ! bo>d1 except ^? at ! back4 ,^! mu/ be measur$ f ! =e-edge ( ! bo>d & run 9 ) /raight-edge & fold]4 ,:5 /raight l9es occur 9 patt]ns t are bl9d$ ?r\gh ! pap]1 x w be en\gh if ! ends only are m>k$ ?r\gh ) a small piece ( /raight l9e1 & ! l9es complet$ ) /raight-edge & fold]1 aft] ! pap] has be5 remov$4 ,unless ! f9i%] has _h consid]able exp]i5ce1 x is be/ to deep5 all fold] l9es by go+ ov] !m 9 bl9d ) a fillet or piece ( /raight l9e4 ,:5 ! patt]n has be5 work$ 9 bl9d1 ei!r ?r\gh a pap] patt]n or directly on to ! lea!r ) ! tools1 & any inlays /uck on 7see page #bac71 ! cov] %\ld be well wa%$ ) clean wat]4 ,"s f9i%]s pref] to use common v9eg> or dilut$ acetic acid = wa%+ up books4 ,if v9eg> is us$ x mu/ be ( ! be/ quality1 & mu/ n conta9 any sulphuric acid4 ,*eap1 crude v9eg> is c]ta9 to be injuri\s to ! lea!r4 ,por\s lea!r1 su* z calf or %eep sk91 w ne$ to be wa%$ ov] ) pa/e-wat]1 & !n siz$4 ,pa/e-wat] is pa/e & wat] well beat5 up to =m a milky liquid1 & is appli$ to ! lea!r z ev5ly z possible ) a sponge4 ,:5 ! pa/e-wat] is dry1 ! lea!r %\ld be wa%$ ) size4 ,size c be made by boil+ d[n vellum cutt+s1 or by dissolv+ gelat9e or is+lass 9 w>m wat]4 ,= ! less por\s lea!rs1 su* z morocco1 seal1 or pig sk91 no pa/e-wat] or size is necess>y1 unless ! sk9 happ5s to be a specially op5 "o1 or ! cov] has be5 cut f ! flank or belly4 ,!n x is be/ to put a little pa/e 9 ! v9eg> or wat] us$ = wa%+ up4 ,:5 ! lea!r is ne>ly1 b n q1 dry ! impressions ( ! tools mu/ be pa9t$ ) glaire4 ,f9i%]s' glaire may be made f ! :ite ( eggs well beat5 up1 dilut$ ) ab\t half z mu* v9eg>1 & all[$ to settle4 ,"s f9i%]s pref] to use old1 evil-smell+ glaire1 b provid$ x is a day old1 & has be5 well beat5 up1 fre% glaire w "w q well4 ,! impressions ( any heavy or solid tools %\ld be giv5 a second coat ( glaire :5 ! fir/ has ceas$ to be tacky1 & if ! lea!r is at all por\s1 all impressions _h bett] h a second coat4 ,z glaire is apt to %[ & disfigure ! lea!r :5 dry1 x is be/ to use x z sp>+ly z possible1 &1 except+ :]e ! patt]n is v close1 to conf9e x to ! impressions ( ! tools4 ,x is n at all an uncommon ?+ to see ! effect ( an o!rwise admirably tool$ b9d+ spoilt by a d>k m>g9 r\nd ! tools1 caus$ by ! c>eless use ( glaire4 ,glaire %\ld n be us$ unless x is q liquid & clean4 ,directly x beg9s to get ?ick x %\ld be /ra9$ or ?r[n away4 ,! f9i%] %\ld n glaire 9 m ?an he c tool ! same day4 ,:5 ! glaire has ceas$ to be tacky1 ! gold is laid on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,at fir/ x w be f\nd difficult to manage gold leaf4 ,! ess5tial conditions are1 t !re %\ld be no draught1 & t ! cu%ion & knife %\ld be q free f grease4 ,! gold cu%ion & knife are %[n at fig4 #hf4 ,a little p[d]$ ba?-brick rubb$ into ! cu%ion w make x easi] to cut ! gold cleanly4 ,! blade ( ! gold knife %\ld nev] be t\*$ ) ! h&1 & be=e us+ x1 bo? sides %\ld be rubb$ on ! cu%ion4 ,a book ( gold is laid op5 on ! cu%ion1 & a leaf ( gold is lift$ up on ! gold knife1 :i* is slipp$ "u x1 & turn$ ov] on to ! cu%ion4 ,a light brea? exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet %\ld make x lie flat1 :5 x may be cut into pieces ( any size ) a slightly saw+ motion ( ! knife4 ,! book ) ! patt]n ready prep>$1 & ! glaire suffici5tly dry 7n /icky71 is rubb$ lightly ) a small piece ( cotton-wool greas$ ) a little cocoanut oil4 ,! back ( ! h& is greas$ 9 ! same way1 & a pad ( clean cotton-wool is held 9 ! "r h&1 & hav+ be5 made z flat z possible by be+ press$ on ! table1 is drawn ov] ! back ( ! h&4 ,?is %\ld make x j greasy en\gh to pick up ! gold1 b n too greasy to "p ) x readily :5 press$ on ! book4 ,z little grease z possible %\ld be us$ on ! book1 z an excess is apt to /a9 ! lea!r & to make ! gold dull4 ,aft] exp]im5t x has be5 f\nd t cocoanut oil /a9s ! lea!r less ?an any o!r grease 9 common use by bookb9d]s1 & is m readily wa%$ out by b5z9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,if ! gold cracks1 or is n solid :5 press$ on ! book1 a second ?ickness %\ld be us$4 ,?is w /ay d[n if ! "u piece is lightly brea!d ^u4 ,= n>r[ /rips ( gold = l9es1 a little pad cov]$ ) s(t lea!r may be made1 z 9 fig4 #hg4 ,x w be f\nd ( advantage to fir/ use ! bottom leaf ( gold 9 ! book & !n to beg9 at ! top & "w ?r\gh1 or else ! bottom leaf w almo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd to be damag$ by ! "t x is rea*$4 ,! gold us$ %\ld be z ne>ly pure z x c be got4 ,! gold-beat]s say t !y are unable to beat pure gold z ?9 z is usual = gold leaf2 b ! q pure gold is a bett] col\r ?an :5 alloy$1 & ! additional ?ickness1 al?\gh co/ly1 results 9 a m solid impression ( ! tools4 ,! co/ ( a book ( tw5ty-f\r leaves ?ree & a half in*es squ>e ( ,engli% gold leaf ( good ord9>y quality is f #as4 #c;d4 to #as4 #f;d41 :]eas ! co/ ( a book ( d\ble ?ick pure gold leaf is #cs4 to #cs4 #f;d4 ,= tool$ "w x is wor? pay+ ! increas$ price = ! sake ( ! advantages 9 col\r & solidity2 b = l9es & edges1 :i* use up an imm5se am\nt ( gold1 ! ?9n] & *eap] gold may q well be us$4 ,besides pure gold leaf1 gold alloy$ ) v>i\s metals to *ange its col\r c be _h4 ,none ( ! alloys keep _! col\r z well z pure gold1 & "s ( !m1 su* z ^? alloy$ ) copp] = r$ gold1 & ) silv] = pale gold1 t>ni% v quickly4 ,^! la/ are n to be recomm5d$4 ,= silv] tool+ alum9ium leaf may be us$1 z silv] leaf t>ni%es v quickly4 ,:5 ! gold is press$ into ! impressions ( ! tools ) ! pad ( cotton-wool1 !y %\ld be pla9ly visible ?r\gh x4 ,! patt]n mu/ n[ be work$ ?r\gh ! gold ) ! hot tools4 ,! tools are tak5 f ! /ove1 & if too hot cool$ on a pad z = bl9d+-94 ,! heat requir$ to leave ! gold tool+ solid & bright & ! impressions cle> w v>y = diff]5t lea!rs1 & ev5 = diff]5t sk9s ( ! same lea!r4 ,= trial a tool may be laid on ! pad until x ceases to hiss1 & "o or two impressions work$ ) x4 ,if ! gold fails to /ick1 ! heat may be slightly increas$4 ,if ! lea!r is slightly damp f ! prep>ation ! tools w usually "w bett]1 & less heat is requir$ ?an if x has be5 prep>$ = "s "t & has got dry4 ,be=e us+1 ! faces ( all tools mu/ be rubb$ bright on ! fle% side ( a piece ( lea!r4 ,x is impossible to tool brightly ) dirty tools4 ,a tool %\ld be held 9 ! "r h&1 ) ! ?umb on ! top ( ! h&le1 & /eadi$ ) ! ?umb or fir/ f+] ( ! left h&4 ,! %\ld] %\ld be br\ght well ov] ! tool1 & ! upp] "p ( ! body us$ z a press4 ,if ! weight ( ! body is us$ 9 f9i%+1 ! tools c be work$ ) f> great] firmness & c]ta9ty1 & ) less fatigue1 ?an if ! :ole "w is done ) ! muscles ( ! arms4 ,l>ge & solid tools w require all ! weight t c be put on !m1 & ev5 !n ! gold w (t5 fail to /ick ) "o impression4 ,tools ) small surfaces1 su* z g\ges & dots1 mu/ n be work$ too heavily1 or ! surface ( ! lea!r may be cut4 ,to /rike a l>ge or solid tool1 x %\ld fir/ be put d[n flat1 & !n slightly rock$ f side to side & f top to bottom1 b mu/ n be twi/$ on ! gold4 ,a tool may be /ruck f :i*ev] side ! be/ sight c be got1 & press & book turn$ r\nd to ! mo/ conv5i5t position4 ,x is difficult to impress "s tools1 su* z circul> fl[] tools1 twice 9 exactly ! same place4 ,su* tools %\ld h a m>k on "o side z a guide4 ,?is %\ld always be kept 9 ! same position :5 bl9d+-9 & tool+1 & s make x possible to impress a second "t )\t d\bl+4 ,an impression is said to be d\bl$ :5 ! tool has be5 twi/$ 9 /rik+1 or "o impression does n fall exactly ov] ! o!r4 ,! hot tool %\ld n be held hov]+ ov] ! impression long1 or ! prep>ation w be dri$ up be=e ! tool is /ruck4 ,tool+ w g5]ally be bright] if ! tools are /ruck fairly %>ply1 & at once remov$ f ! lea!r1 ?an if !y are kept d[n a long "t4 ,to /rike dots1 ! book %\ld be turn$ ) ! head to ! work]1 & ! tool held ) ! h&le incl9+ slightly t[>ds him4 ,?is w make !m appe> bright :5 ! book is held ! "r way up4 ,g\ges mu/ be sight$ f ! inside ( ! curve1 & /ruck ev5ly1 or ! po9ts may cut into ! lea!r4 ,%ort /raight l9es may be put 9 ) pieces ( l9e1 & long] ones ) a fillet4 ,a "o l9e fillet is %[n at fig4 #hh2 ! space fil$ out ( ! circumf]5ce is to enable l9es to be jo9$ neatly at ! corn]s4 ,t ! l9es may be cle>ly visible ?r\gh ! gold1 ! book %\ld be plac$ s t ! light comes f ! left h& ( ! work] & across ! l9e4 ,x is well to h a bas9 ( wat] 9 :i* to cool fillets1 z !re is s mu* metal 9 !m1 t ! damp sponge or cotton us$ = cool+ tools w\ld v rapidly be dri$ up4 ,:5 ! fillet has be5 cool$1 ! edge %\ld be rubb$ on ! clean+ pad1 & ! po9t exactly adju/$ to ! corn] ( ! l9e to be run 7see fig4 #hh74 ,! fillet is !n run along ! l9e ) ev5 pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,= slightly curv$ l9es1 a v small fillet may be us$4 ,:5 all ! prep>$ "p ( a patt]n has be5 tool$1 x is well rubb$ to remove ! loose gold ) a slightly greasy rag1 or ) a piece ( bottle indi>ubb] :i* has be5 s(t5$ 9 p>aff94 ,aft] a "t ! rubb] or rag may be sold to ! gold-beat]1 :o recov]s ! gold4 ,to prep>e indi>ubb] = clean+ (f gold1 a piece ( bottle rubb] is cut into small pieces & soak$ 9 p>aff9 = "s h\rs4 ,?is %\ld cause ! pieces to reunite into a s(t lump4 ,?is c be us$ until x is yell[ ) gold ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 all free gold is rubb$ (f1 ! f9i%] c see :]e ! tool+ is imp]fect4 ,impressions :i* are n solid mu/ be reglair$1 h fre% gold laid on1 & be retool$4 ,b if1 z w sometimes happ5 ) ! be/ f9i%]s1 ! gold has fail$ to /ick prop]ly any:]e1 x is be/ to wa% ! :ole ) wat] or v9eg>1 & prep>e afre%4 ,z an excess ( grease is apt to dull ! gold & soil ! lea!r1 x is bett] to use x v sp>+ly :5 lay+ on fre% gold = m5d+4 ,= pat*+1 b5z9e may be us$ in/ead ( grease4 ,:5 ! gold is pick$ up on ! cotton-wool pad1 rapidly g ov] ! lea!r ) wool soak$ 9 b5z9e1 & at once lay d[n ! gold4 ,b5z9e w n hold ! gold long en\gh = mu* tool+1 b x w answ] = ab\t half-an-h\r1 & give pl5ty ( "t = pat*+4 ,imp]fect tool+ arises f a v>iety ( causes4 ,if an impression is cle>1 b ! gold n solid1 x is probably because ! tool 0 n hot en\gh1 or 0 n put d[n firmly4 ,if only "o side ( an impression fails to /ick1 x is usually because ! tool 0 unev5ly impress$4 ,if an impression is blurr$1 & ! gold has a fro/$ look1 x is because ! lea!r has be5 burn$1 ei!r because ! tool 0 too hot1 or kept d[n too long1 or ! prep>ation 0 too fre%4 ,to m5d d\ble or burnt impressions ! lea!r %\ld be wett$ & left to soak a %ort "t1 & ! gold c be pick$ out ) a wood5 po9t4 ,:5 ne>ly dry ! impressions %\ld be put 9 aga9 ) a cool tool1 reglair$ & retool$4 ,x is v difficult to m5d neatly if ! lea!r is badly burnt4 ,sometimes x may be advisable to pa/e a piece ( new lea!r ov] a burnt impression be=e retool+4 ,if a tool is put d[n 9 ! wrong place by mi/ake1 x is difficult to get ! impression out entirely4 ,! be/ ?+ to d is to damp ! lea!r ?or\ghly1 leave x to soak = a little :ile1 & pick up ! impression ) ! po9t ( a p94 ,x is be/ n to use an iron po9t = ?is1 z iron is apt to black5 ! lea!r4 ,lea!r is difficult to tool if x has n a firm surface1 or if x is too ?9 to give a little :5 ! tool is /ruck4 ,:5 ! tool+ is f9i%$1 & ! loose gold remov$ ) ! rubb]1 ! lea!r %\ld be wa%$ ) b5z9e1 to remove any grease & any fragm5ts ( gold t may be adh]+ by ! grease only4 ,! inside m>g9s ( ! bo>ds are next poli%$ & v>ni%$1 & ! end pap]s pa/$ d[n4 ,or if !re is a lea!r jo9t1 ! panel left on ! bo>d may be fill$ 9 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii74 ,:5 ! end pap]s are dry1 ! sides & back may be poli%$ & v>ni%$4 ,x is important t ! v>ni% %\ld be ( good quality1 & n too ?ick1 or x w 9 "t turn br[n & cause ! gold to look dirty4 ,"s ( ! light ,fr5* _s v>ni%es prep>$ = bookb9d]s answ] well4 ,v>ni% mu/ be us$ sp>+ly1 & is be/ appli$ ) a pad ( cotton-wool4 ,a little v>ni% is p\r$ on to ! pad1 :i* is rubb$ on a piece ( pap] until x is se5 t ! v>ni% comes out ?9ly & ev5ly4 ,x is !n rubb$ on ! book ) a spiral motion4 ,! quick] ! surface is gone ov]1 provid$ e "p is cov]$1 ! bett]4 ,v>ni% w n "w well if x is v cold1 & 9 cold wea!r bo? ! book & v>ni% bottle %\ld be slightly w>m$ be=e use4 ,%\ld an excess ( v>ni% be put on 9 error1 or %\ld x be necess>y to retool "p ( ! book aft] x has be5 v>ni%$1 ! v>ni% c be remov$ ) spirits ( w9e4 ,v>ni% acts z a pres]vative to ! lea!r1 b has ! disadvantage1 if us$ 9 excess1 ( mak+ x r brittle on ! surface4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be us$ v sp>+ly at ! jo9ts4 ,x is to be hop$ t a p]fectly ela/ic v>ni%1 t w n t>ni% ! gold1 w soon be discov]$4 ,z soon z ! v>ni% is dry ! bo>ds may be press$1 "o at a "t1 to give ! lea!r a smoo? surface 7see fig4 #hc71 leav+ ea* bo>d 9 ! press = "s h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,aft] ea* bo>d has be5 press$ sep>ately ! book %\ld be %ut1 & press$ aga9 ) press+ plates on ea* side ( x1 & ) t9s cov]$ ) pap] plac$ inside ea* bo>d4 ,light pressure %\ld be giv5 to books ) tight backs1 or ! lea!r may become deta*$4 ,if1 on remov+ f ! press1 ! bo>ds w n keep %ut1 ! book %\ld be press$ aga9 ) a fold$ %eet ( blott+-pap] 9 ea* end4 ,! blott+-pap] %\ld h ! fold$ edge turn$ up1 & be plac$ s t ?is turn$-up edge w be 9 ! jo9t beh9d ! back edge ( ! bo>d :5 ! book is %ut4 ,a small nipp+-press suitable = giv+ comp>atively light pressure1 is %[n at fig4 #hi4 ,,tool+ ,,on ,,vellum ,mo/ cov]+ vellum has a /icky surface1 t m>ks if x is h&l$4 ,?is %\ld be wa%$ (f ) clean wat] be=e tool+4 ,! patt]n is bl9d$ 9 ?r\gh ! pap] z = lea!r1 except+ t ! pap] mu/ n be pa/$ directly to ! vellum1 b may be held ) a b& go+ "r r\nd ! bo>d or book4 ,x is be/ to glaire twice1 & to lay on a small portion ( gold at a "t ) b5z9e4 ,z vellum burns v readily1 ! tools mu/ n be too hot1 & "s skill is ne$$ to prev5t !m f slipp+ on ! h>d surface4 ,vellum mu/ n be poli%$ or v>ni%$4 ,,inlay+ ,,on ,,lea!r ,inlay+ or onlay+ is add+ a diff]5t lea!r f t ( ! cov]1 z decoration4 ,?us on a r$ book1 a panel or a bord]1 or o!r portion1 may be cov]$ ) ?9 gre5 lea!r1 or only fl[]s or leaves may be inlaid1 :ile a jewel-l effect may be obta9$ by dots1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 tool$ ov] inlays ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,lea!r = inlay+ %\ld be p>$ v ?94 ,to d ?is ! lea!r is cut into /rips1 wett$1 & p>$ on a /one ) a knife %ap$ some:at z at fig4 #fj1 ,b4 ,:5 ! ?9 lea!r is dry ! inlays ( ! leaves & fl[]s1 c41 may be /amp$ out ) /eel pun*es cut to ! %ape ( ! tools2 or if only a few inlays are ne$$1 ! tools may be impress$ on ! ?9 lea!r1 & ! inlays cut out ) a %>p knife4 ,! edges ( ! l>g] inlays %\ld be p>$ r\nd c>efully4 ,= inlay+ a panel or o!r l>ge surface1 ! lea!r is p>$ v ?9 & ev5ly ) a ,fr5* knife1 & a piece ( pap] pa/$ on to ! gra9$ side & left to dry4 ,:5 dry1 ! %ape ( ! panel1 or o!r space to be inlaid1 is m>k$ on x ?r\gh ! pap] patt]n1 & lea!r & pap] cut ?r\gh to ! %ape requir$4 ,! edges mu/ !n be c>efully p>$1 & ! piece atta*$ ) pa/e1 & nipp$ 9 ! press to make x /ick4 ,:5 ! pa/e is dry1 ! pap] may be damp$ & wa%$ (f4 ,! object ( ! pap] is to prev5t ! ?9 lea!r f /ret*+ :5 x is pa/$4 ,= :ite inlays x is bett] to use ,japanese pap] ?an lea!r1 z :ite lea!r1 :5 p>$ v ?91 w %[ ! col\rs ( ! "u lea!r ?r\gh1 & look dirty4 ,if pap] is us$1 x %\ld be siz$ ) vellum size be=e tool+4 ,:5 _m dots or leaves are to be inlaid1 ! pieces ( lea!r1 cut out ) ! pun*1 may be laid face d[nw>ds on a p>+ /one1 & a piece ( pap]1 ?ickly cov]$ ) pa/e1 laid on x4 ,?is1 on be+ tak5 up1 w c>ry ) x ! inlays1 & !y c be pick$ up "o at a "t on ! po9t ( a f9e fold]1 & /uck on ! book4 ,inlays ( tools are atta*$ aft] ! patt]n has be5 bl9d$ 91 & mu/ be aga9 work$ ov] ) ! tool1 9 bl9d1 :5 ! pa/e is ne>ly dry4 ,on vellum an effect1 simil> to t ( inlays on lea!r1 c be obta9$ by ! use ( /a9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,lett]+--,bl9d ,tool+--,h]aldic ,ornam5t ,,lett]+ ,,on ,,! ,,back ,lett]+ may be done ei!r ) sep>ate lett]s1 ea* on its own h&le1 or ) type set 9 a type-hold] & work$ across ! back z a pallet4 ,al?\gh by ! use ( type great regul>ity is ensur$1 & "s "t sav$1 ! use ( h&le lett]s gives s mu* m fre$om ( arrangem5t1 t _! use is advocat$ = extra b9d+4 ,:]e a great _m copies ( ! same "w h to be lett]$1 ! use ( type has obvi\s advantages4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! design ( ! lett]s us$4 ,ne>ly all bookb9d]s' lett]s are made too n>r[1 & ) too great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes4 ,at fig4 #ij is %[n an alphabet1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]4 ,! long tail ( ! ,q is meant to g "u ! ,u4 ,x might be well to h a second ,r cut1 ) a %ort] tail1 to avoid ! great space left :5 an ,a happ5s to foll[ x4 ,i h f\nd t f\r sizes ( lett]s are suffici5t = all books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,to make out a lett]+ pap] = ! back ( a book1 cut a /rip ( good ?9 pap] z wide z ! height ( ! panel to be lett]$4 ,fold x ne> ! c5tre1 & m>k ! fold ) a p5cil4 ,?is %\ld give a l9e exactly at "r angles to ! top & bottom ( ! /rip4 ,!n make ano!r fold ! di/ance f ! fir/ ( ! wid? ( ! back2 !n br+ ! two folds toge!r1 & make a ?ird fold 9 ! exact c5tre4 ,! pap] %\ld !n be z %[n at fig4 #ia4 ,suppos+ ! lett]+ to be ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son1 select ! size ( lett] y desire to use1 & take an ,e & m>k on a piece ( sp>e pap] a l9e ( ,e's1 & lay+ y\r fold$ pap] aga9/ x1 see h[ _m lett]s w g 9 com=tably4 ,suppos+ y f9d t f\r l9es ( five lett]s ( ! select$ size c be put 91 y mu/ see if y\r title c be conv5i5tly cut up into f\r l9es ( five lett]s1 or less4 ,x might be done z %[n at fig4 #ic4 ,b if y pref] n to split ! "n ,,/ev5son1 a small] lett] mu/ be employ$1 & !n ! lett]+ may be z at fig4 #id4 ,to f9d out ! position ( ! l9es ( lett]+ on a panel1 ! lett] ,e is aga9 tak5 & impress$ five times at ! side ( ! panel1 z %[n at fig4 #ib1 leav+ a little great] di/ance betwe5 ! l[e/ lett] & ! bottom ( ! panel1 ?an betwe5 ! lett]s4 ,! pap] is !n fold$ on ! c5tre fold1 &1 ) divid]s set to ! av]age di/ance betwe5 ! head ( "o lett] & ! head ( ! next1 five po9ts are made ?r\gh ! fold$ pap]4 ,! pap] is op5$1 turn$ ov]1 & ! po9ts jo9$ ) a f9e fold] work$ aga9/ ! /raight-edge4 ,x %\ld leave on ! front five rais$ l9es1 up to :i* ! head ( ! lett]s mu/ be put4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,! lett]s 9 ! top l9e are c\nt$1 & ! c5tre lett] m>k$4 ,spaces betwe5 words are c\nt$ z a lett]2 ?us 9 ,,! ,,works1 ,w w be ! c5tre lett]1 & %\ld be put on ! pap] fir/1 & ! o!rs add$ on ea* side ( x4 ,"s ?\ght is ne$$ 9 judg+ :]e to put ! c5tre1 z ! diff]5ce 9 ! wid? ( su* lett]s z ,m & ,w & ,i & ,j h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z a g5]al rule1 lett]+ looks be/ if x com=tably fills ! panel1 b ( c\rse x _c always be made to d ?is4 ,! greate/ difficulty w be f\nd 9 mak+ titles ( books t consi/ ( a s+le ^w1 look well4 ,?us if y h ,,coriolanus to place on a back :i* is n m ?an #e_/h-;in* wide1 if x is put across z "o ^w1 z at fig4 #ie 7#a71 x w be illegible f ! smallness ( ! type1 & w tell m]ely z a gold l9e at a little di/ance4 ,if a reasonably l>ge type is us$1 ! ^w mu/ be brok5 up some:at1 z at 7#b71 :i* is p]haps bett]1 b /ill n at all satisfactory4 ,! ^w may be put /raight along ! back1 z at fig4 7#c71 b ?is h>dly looks well on a book ) rais$ b&s1 & %\ld be avoid$ unless necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,! use ( type ( diff]5t sizes 9 lett]+ a book %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible1 & on no acc\nt :atev] %\ld lett]s ( diff]5t design be introduc$4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! reason = x is obvi\s1 x may be all[able to make a ^w %ort] by putt+ 9 a small lett]1 suppos+ t only ?us c\ld reasonably l>ge type be us$4 ,x is especially all[able 9 cases :]e1 9 a set ( volumes1 !re is "o mu* ?9n] ?an ! o!rs4 ,x is g5]ally bett] to make "s compromise ) ! lett]+ ( ! ?9 volume1 ?an to spoil ! lett]+ ( ! :ole set by us+ too small a lett] ?r\gh\t 7see fig4 #aae74 ,on v ?9 books x is sometimes h>dly possible to get any lett]+ at all on ! back4 ,9 su* cases ! lett]+ is be/ put on ! side4 ,9 ! case ( "s special books t are to h elaborately decorat$ b9d+s1 & are on t acc\nt suffici5tly di/9ct f _! neighb\rs1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om is p]missible ) ! lett]+1 & a little my/]y is n p]haps out ( place4 ,b 9 mo/ cases books h to be recognis$ by _! titles1 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! lett]+ %\ld be z cle> z possible1 & %\ld fully id5tify ! volume4 ,= lett]+ half-b9d+s & o!r books on :i* mu* "t _c be sp>$1 x w\ld take too long to make out a pap]1 z describ$ = extra b9d+s1 nor is !re on su* "w mu* occasion = x4 ,= su* books ! lett]+ %\ld be writt5 out c>efully1 ! :ole panel prep>$ & glair$ 91 & ! gold laid on4 ,!n ) a piece ( f9e silk or ?read l9es may be m>k$ across ! gold z a guide to ! f9i%]1 & ! lett]s work$ f ! c5tre outw>d1 z describ$ = mak+ out ! pap] patt]n4 ,( c\rse ?is me?od does n all[ ( su* nice calculation & adju/m5t z :5 a pap] patt]n is made out2 b if a g5]al pr9ciple ( cle> lett]+ is recognis$ & accept$1 v good results may be obta9$4 ,,bl9d ,,tool+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,at ! end ( ! book *>act]i/ic examples ( bl9d-tool$ books are giv5 7pages #cba-be74 ,x w be se5 t mo/ ( ! tools =m complete designs 9 !mselves4 ,al?\gh ! use ( deta*$ die-sunk tools 0 g5]al1 !re 7 also simple tools us$1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 made up m or less organic designs1 & all[$ m fre$om to ! f9i%] 7see figs4 #if & #ig74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,"s use may also be made ( int]lac$ /rap-"w designs1 ei!r work$ ) g\ges1 or a small fillet4 ,a book b\nd 9 oak5 bo>ds1 ) a lea!r back ) knott$ decoration1 is %[n at page #ccj4 ,i h f\nd t su* b9d+ & decoration is m satisfactory 9 s*eme = old books1 ?an mo/ =ms ( mod]n b9d+4 ,if a design is simple1 ! cov] is m>k$ up ) divid]s1 & ! tools impress$ direct ^u ! lea!r2 or1 if x is elaborate1 a pap] patt]n is made out1 & ! tools bl9d$ ?r\gh ! pap]1 z describ$ = gold tool+4 ,! lea!r is !n damp$ ) wat]1 & ! impressions retool$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,! panel l9es on mo/ ( ! b9d+s be=e #aejj %[ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 put 9 ) a tool :i* has be5 pu%$ along ! lea!r1 & n ) a :eel4 ,i h f\nd t a tool guid$ by a /raight-edge1 & jigg]$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 makes by f> ! be/ l9es = bl9d-tool "w4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! l9e is =m$ by ! rais$ portion ( lea!r1 & s ! tool %\ld be cut some:at z at fig4 #ih4 ,?is %\ld leave ?ree ridges on ! lea!r4 ,bl9d tool+ may be gone ov] & ov] until x is deep en\gh1 & may be comb9$ ) v>i\s o!r me?ods ( work+4 ,= in/ance1 9 tool+ su* a spray z is %[n at fig4 #ii1 ! leaf w\ld be =m$ by five impressions ( ! second tool1 %[n at ,a1 ! extremity ( ! impressions c\ld be jo9$ ) g\ges1 ! /alk & ve9+ c\ld ei!r be run 9 ) a fillet or work$ ) g\ges4 ,! grapes w\ld be/ be work$ ) a tool cut = ! purpose4 ,"o edge ( all g\ge or fillet impressions c be smoo!d d[n ) "s su* tool z %[n 9 section at ,b4 ,?is has to be work$ r\nd ! g\ge l9es ) a /eady h&1 & may be fairly hot if x is kept mov+4 ,at ,c is %[n a section ( a g\ge impression be=e & aft] ! use ( ?is tool4 ,! gr\nd c be dott$ 91 or o!rwise gone ov] ) "s small tool to ?r[ up ! patt]n4 ,bl9d tool+ c sometimes be us$ 9 comb9ation ) gold tool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,v5etian b9d]s us$ little r\ndels ( "s gesso-l sub/ance1 t 7 brightly col\r$ or gilt1 9 comb9ation ) bl9d tool+ 7see p4 #cbe74 ,?is is a me?od t might be reviv$4 ,:at is kn[n z lea!r "w is a fur!r developm5t ( bl9d tool+4 ,?is me?od ( decoration has be5 reviv$ lately1 b n g5]ally ) success4 ,lea!r "w may be divid$ into two bran*es2 9 "o ! surface ( ! lea!r is cut to outl9e ! patt]n1 & 9 ! o!r ! lea!r is emboss$ f ! back1 :ile wet1 & ! patt]n outl9$ by an ind5t$ l9e4 ,sometimes ! two me?ods are comb9$4 ,z emboss+ f ! back necessitates ! "w be+ done be=e ! lea!r is on ! book1 x is n v suitable = decorat+ books4 ,lea!r fir/ decorat$ & !n /uck on ! book1 nev] looks z if x 0 an integral "p ( ! b9d+4 ,! cut lea!r "w1 :i* may be done aft] ! book is b\nd1 & leaves ! surface comp>atively flat1 is a bett] me?od to employ = books1 provid$ ! cuts are n too deep1 & are re/rict$ to ! bo>ds1 s z n to weak5 ! lea!r at ! back & jo9ts4 ,mu* ( ! lea!r us$ = lea!r "w is ( v poor quality1 & w n la/2 = modell+ x mu/ be ?ick on ! side ( ! book1 & = ! book to op5 x mu/ be p>$ ?9 at ! jo9t1 ?us mak+ x necess>y to use a ?ick sk9 v mu* p>$ d[n1 & consequ5tly weak5$ 7see p4 #aee74 ,ano!r v common fault 9 modell$ lea!r "w is1 t ! two sides & ! back are (t5 work$ sep>ately & /uck toge!r on ! book1 necessitat+ a jo91 & consequ5tly a weak place 9 ! h+e1 :]e /r5g? is mo/ want$4 ,aga91 9 mo/ mod]n lea!r "w1 ^? :o d ! decoration d n1 z a rule1 d ! b9d+1 & (t5 d n und]/& en\gh ( ! craft to d suitable "w4 ,all ^? engag$ 9 lea!r "w are advis$ to le>n to b9d _! own books1 & to only use su* me?ods ( decoration1 z c be c>ri$ out on ! b\nd book4 ,,h]aldry ,,on ,,book ,,cov]s ,x is an old & good cu/om to put ! arms ( ! own] ( a libr>y on ! cov]s ( ! books he has b\nd4 ,! traditional1 & c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ ways to d ?is1 is to h an arms block design$ & cut4 ,to design an arms block1 k ( h]aldry is ne$$1 & also "s cle> idea ( ! effect to be aim$ at4 ,a v common mi/ake 9 design+ blocks is to try & get ! effect ( h& tool+4 ,blocks %\ld be & look some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,9 h& tool+ mu* ( ! effect is got f ! impressions ( small tools reflect+ ! light at slightly diff]5t angles1 giv+ ! "w life & int]e/4 ,block$ gold be+ all 9 "o plane1 has no su* lights 9 x1 & dep5ds entirely on its design = its effect4 ,provid$ ! h]aldry id5tifies ! own]1 x %\ld be z simply drawn z x c be2 ! cu/om ( indicat+ ! t9ctures by l9es & dots on ! *>ges1 g5]ally makes a design confus$1 obscur+ ! coat x is int5d$ to make cle>4 ,9 design+ h]aldic blocks x is well to get a good deal ( solid flat surface ( gold to make ! block$ design /& out f any gold-tool$ "w on ! cov]4 ,ano!r way ( putt+ armorial be>+s on cov]s1 is to pa9t !m 9 oil pa9t4 ,9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury ! ,v5etians copi$ ! ,ea/]n cu/om ( s9k+ panels 9 _! book cov]s1 & pa9t$ coats ( arms on ^! sunk portions v successfully4 ,! gr\ndwork ( ! %ield itself 0 usually rais$ a little1 ei!r by some?+ "u ! lea!r1 or by "s gesso-l sub/ance on its surface4 ,arms blocks %\ld be plac$ a little above ! c5tre ( ! cov]4 ,g5]ally1 if ! c5tre ( ! block is 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre b& ( a book ) five b&s1 x w look "r4 ,blocks are /ruck ) ! aid ( an arm+ or block+ press4 ,! block is atta*$ to ! movable plate ( ! press call$ ! plat54 ,to d ?is "s /\t br[n pap] is fir/ glu$ to ! plat51 & ! block glu$ to ?is1 & ! plat5 fix$ 9 its place at ! bottom ( ! heat+-box4 ,9 block+ arms on a numb] ( books ( diff]5t sizes1 "s nice adju/m5t ( ! movable b$ is ne$$ to get ! blocks to fall 9 exactly ! "r place4 ,= block+1 "o coat ( glaire w be en\gh = mo/ lea!rs4 ,! gold is laid on z = h& tool+4 ,! block %\ld be br\ght d[n & up aga9 fairly %>ply4 ,! heat ne$$ is ab\t ! same z = h& tool+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,design+ = ,gold-,tool$ ,decoration ,,design+ ,,tools ,= gold tool+1 su* tools z g\ges1 dots1 pieces ( /raight l9e1 & fillets are to be _h ready-made at mo/ deal]s4 ,o!r tools are be/ design$ & cut to ord]4 ,at fir/ only a few simple =ms w be ne$$1 su* z "o or two fl[]s ( diff]5t sizes1 & "o or two sets ( leaves 7see fig4 #ajj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj 7r$uc$7 ,9 design+ tools1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y may appe> on ! book _m times repeat$1 & s mu/ be simple 9 outl9e & mu* conv5tionalis$4 ,a m or less naturali/ic draw+ ( a fl[]1 %[+ ! natural irregul>ities1 may look *>m+1 b if a tool is cut f x1 any m>k$ irregul>ity becomes extremely annoy+ :5 repeat$ sev]al times on a cov]4 ,s ) leaves1 unless !y are p]fectly symmetrical1 !re %\ld be ?ree ( ea* %ape cut1 two curv+ 9 diff]5t directions1 & ! ?ird q /raight 7see fig4 #aja74 ,to h only "o leaf1 & to h t curv$1 produces v re/less patt]ns4 ,! ess5ce ( gold-tool design1 is t patt]ns are made up ( repeats ( impressions ( tools1 & t be+ s1 ! tools mu/ be s design$ t !y w repeat pleasantly1 & 9 practice x w be f\nd t any b simple =ms w become aggressive 9 repetition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,designs = tools %\ld be made out ) ,indian ink on :ite pap]1 & !y may be l>g] ?an ! size ( ! requir$ tool4 ,! tool-cutt] w r$uce any draw+ to any desir$ size1 & w1 f "o draw+1 cut any numb] ( tools ( diff]5t sizes4 ,?us1 if a set ( five leaves ( ! same %ape is want$1 x w only be necess>y to draw "o1 & to indicate ! sizes ! o!rs are to be 9 "s su* way z %[n at fig4 #ajb4 ,x is n sugge/$ t special tools %\ld be cut = ea* patt]n1 b ! ne$ ( new tools w naturally arise f "t to "t1 & s ! /ock be gradually increas$4 ,x is bett] to beg9 ) a v few1 & add a tool or two z occasion arises1 ?an to try to design a complete set :5 />t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,tools may be solid or 9 outl9e4 ,if 9 outl9e !y may be us$ z inlay tools1 & 9 ord]+ !m ! tool-cutt] %\ld be ask$ to provide /eel pun*es = cutt+ ! inlays4 ,,comb9+ ,,tools ,,to ,,=m ,,patt]ns ,x is well = ! /ud5t to beg9 ) patt]ns arrang$ on "s v simple plan1 mak+ slight *anges 9 ea* succe$+ patt]n4 ,9 ?is way an individual /yle may be e/abli%$4 ,! usual plan ( /udy+ ! p]fect$ /yles ( ! old b9d]s1 & try+ to beg9 :]e !y left (f1 9 practice only leads to ! production ( exact imitations1 or poor lifeless p>odies1 ( ! old designs4 ,:]eas a patt]n develop$ by ! /ud5t by sl[ degrees1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( designs1 ea* slightly diff]5t f ! "o be=e x1 w1 if ecc5tricities are avoid$1 probably h life & individual int]e/4 ,p]haps ! easie/ way to decorate a b9d+ is to cov] x ) "s small repeat+ patt]n4 ,a simple =m ( diap] z a beg9n+ is %[n at fig4 #ajd4 ,to make su* a patt]n cut a piece ( good1 ?9 pap] to ! size ( ! bo>d ( a book1 & ) a p5cil rule a l9e ab\t an eigh? ( an in* inside ! m>g9 all r\nd4 ,!n ) ! po9t ( a f9e fold] t w ind5t1 b n cut ! pap]1 m>k up z %[n 9 fig4 #ajc4 ,! position ( ! l9es ,a ,a & ,b ,b are f\nd by simply fold+ ! pap]1 fir/ side to side1 & !n head to tail4 ,! o!r l9es c be put 9 )\t any measurem5t by simply jo9+ all po9ts :]e l9es cross4 ,by cont9ual re-cross+1 ! spaces into :i* ! pap] is divid$ c be r$uc$ to any desir$ size4 ,if ! con/ruction l9es are accurately put 91 ! spaces w all be ( ! same size & %ape4 ,x is !n evid5t t a repeat+ design to fill any "o ( ! spaces c be made to cov] ! :ole surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,9 fig4 #ajd1 x is ! diagonal l9es only t are utilis$ = ! patt]n4 ,to avoid confusion1 ! cross l9es t help$ to det]m9e ! position ( ! diagonals are n %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd 7r$uc$7 ,! advantage ( us+ ! po9t ( a fold] to m>k up ! con/ructional l9es ( a patt]n in/ead ( a p5cil1 is t ! l9es s made are mu* f9]1 d n rub out1 & d n cause confusion by int]f]+ ) ! patt]n4 ,any l9es t w appe> on ! book1 su* z ! m>g9al l9es1 may be put 9 ) a p5cil to di/+ui% !m4 ,hav+ m>k$ up ! pap]1 select a fl[] tool & impress x at ! po9ts :]e ! diagonal l9es cross1 hold+ x 9 ! smoke ( a c&le betwe5 e two or ?ree impressions4 ,:5 ! fl[] has be5 impress$ all ov]1 select a small piece ( /raight l9e1 & put a /alk 9 bel[ ea* fl[]2 !n a leaf put 9 on ea* side ( ! /raight l9e w complete ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje 7r$uc$7 ,a developm5t ( ! same pr9ciple is %[n at fig4 #aje1 9 :i* "s g\ges are introduc$4 ,any numb] ( o!r comb9ations w occur to any "o us+ ! tools4 ,frequ5tly que/ions w arise z to :e!r a tool is to be put ?is way or t way1 & :e!r a l9e is to curve up or d[n4 ,:5ev] !re is su* an alt]native op51 !re is ! g]m ( ano!r patt]n4 ,all-ov] diap] patt]ns may be v>i$ 9 any numb] ( ways4 ,"o way is to v>y ! design 9 alt]nate spaces4 ,if ?is is done "o ( ! designs %\ld be su* t x w divide d[n ! c5tre bo? ways & s f9i% (f ! patt]n com=tably at ! edges4 ,! patt]n may be bas$ on ! upright & ! cross-l9es ( ! m>k+ up1 or ! m>k+ up may be on a diff]5t pr9ciple altoge!r4 ,! design]1 aft] a little practice1 w be bewild]$ by ! inf9ite numb] ( comb9ations t occur to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf 7r$uc$7 ,! diap] is select$ = a beg9n+1 because x is ! easie/ =m ( patt]n to make1 z !re is no "q ( gett+ r\nd corn]s1 & v little ( /udy+ proportion4 ,x is select$ also because x tea*es ! /ud5t ! decorative value ( simple =ms repeat$ on "s ord]ly sy/em4 ,:5 he has grasp$ ?is1 he has grasp$ ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ne>ly all successful tool$ ornam5t4 ,diap]s are good practice1 because 9 a close1 all-ov] patt]n ! tools mu/ be put d[n 9 def9ite places1 or an appall+ muddle w result4 ,9 tool+2 a repeat ( ! same few tools1 is ! be/ possible practice1 giv+ z x does ! same "w ov] & ov] aga9 "u precisely ! same conditions1 & conc5trat+1 on "o book cov]1 ! practice t might be spread ov] sev]al backs & sides m sp>+ly decorat$1 :5 v>iety ( conditions w\ld confuse ! /ud5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( ! diap] h be5 ma/]$1 & ! /ud5t has become famili> ) ! limitations ( 8 tools1 o!r s*emes ( decoration may be attempt$1 su* z bord]s1 c5tres1 or panels4 ,a =m ( bord] connect$ ) cross-l9es is %[n at fig4 #ajf4 ,?is is made up ( a repeat ( ! spray built up ( ?ree tools & f\r g\ges %[n at fig4 #ajg1 ) slight modification at ! corn]s4 ,o!r s*emes = bord]s are ^? 9 :i* fl[]s gr[ inw>ds f ! edge ( ! bo>ds1 or outw>ds f a panel at ! c5tre1 or on bo? sides ( a l9e ab\t half an in* f ! edge4 ,a patt]n may also be made to gr[ all r\nd ! c5tre panel4 ,bord]s w be f\nd m difficult to manage ?an simple diap]s1 & at fir/1 are be/ built up on ! same pr9ciple--! repeat ( "s simple elem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh 7r$uc$7 ,! decoration may be conc5trat$ on p>ts ( ! cov]1 su* z ! c5tre or corn]s4 ,a design = a c5tre is %[n at fig4 #ajh1 & bel[ is %[n ! way to con/ruct x4 ,a piece ( pap] is fold$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & an eigh? ( ! patt]n drawn ) a s(t p5cil & fold$ ov] on ! l9e ,a1 & transf]r$ by be+ rubb$ at ! back ) a fold]4 ,?is is l9$ 9 ) a p5cil1 & fold$ ov] on ! l9e ,b & rubb$ (f4 ,?is is l9$ 9 & fold$ ov] on ,a & ,c1 rubb$ (f z be=e1 & ! :ole l9$ 94 ,! ov]s & und]s ( ! l9es are !n m>k$1 & g\ges select$ to fit4 ,( c\rse x w take sev]al trials be=e ! l9es w int]lace pleasantly1 & ! tools fit 94 ,ano!r c5tre1 9 :i* a spray is repeat$ ?ree times1 is %[n at fig4 #aji1 & any numb] ( o!rs w occur to ! /ud5t aft] a little practice4 ,a *ange ( tools1 or ! slight alt]ation ( a l9e1 w give an entirely new aspect to a patt]n4 ,at page #ccd is %[n an all-ov] patt]n gr[+ f ! bottom c5tre ( ! bo>d4 ,9 ?is design ! lea!r 0 d>k gre51 ) a light] gre5 panel 9 ! c5tre4 ,! b]ries 7 inlaid 9 bright r$4 ,al?\gh at fir/ glance x seems an intricate design1 x is made up l ! o!rs ( repetitions ( simple =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji 7r$uc$7 ,:5 ! /ud5t has become pr(ici5t 9 ! arrangem5t ( tools 9 comb9ation ) l9es1 a design consi/+ entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 ( l9es may be tri$4 ,?is is m difficult1 because ! limitations are n s obvi\s2 b "h aga9 ! pr9ciple ( repetition1 & ev5 di/ribution1 %\ld be foll[$4 ,at fig4 #aaj is %[n a design almo/ entirely compos$ ( l9es1 built up on ! same pr9ciple z ! c5tre at fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj 7r$uc$7 ,! ends ( ! b&s =m a v pleasant />t+-place = patt]ns4 ,at pp4 #ccj1 #ccb-f are %[n ways ( utilis+ ?is me?od4 ,to look "r1 a patt]n mu/ be consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,! tools & _! arrangem5t mu/ h ab\t ! same am\nt ( conv5tion4 ,gold tool+1 deal+1 z x does1 ) flat =ms 9 silh\ette only1 necessitates v consid]able =mality 9 ! design ( ! tools & ( _! arrangem5t on ! cov]4 ,mod]n f9i%]s h become s skilful1 t !y are able to produce 9 gold tool+ almo/ any design t c be drawn 9 l9es ) a p5cil1 & "s truly m>vell\s results are obta9$ by ! use ( inlays1 & specially cut g\ges4 ,z a rule1 su* patt]ns simply s]ve to %[ ! skill ( ! f9i%]1 & to make "o wond] :o c\ld h be5 fooli% en\gh to select s limit$ & labori\s a me?od z gold tool+ = c>ry+ !m out4 ,g5]ally speak+1 successful gold-tool$ patt]ns %[ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 design$ ) ! tools2 ( be+1 9 fact1 m]e arrangem5ts ( ! tools1 & n ( hav+ be5 fir/ design$ ) a p5cil1 & !n work$ ) tools cut to fit ! draw+4 ,?is does n ( c\rse apply to patt]ns compos$ entirely ( l9es1 or to patt]ns compos$ ( l9es ( dots4 ,if arti/s wi% to design = gold tool+ )\t fir/ ma/]+ ! details1 probably ! safe/ way w be = !m to design 9 l9es ( gold dots4 ,"s successful patt]ns c>ri$ out 9 ?is way 7 %[n at ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition "s ye>s ago4 ,designs = gold-tool$ b9d+ %\ld always be con/ruct$ on "s geometrical plan1 & :atev] patt]n !re is1 symmetrically di/ribut$ ov] ! cov]4 ,if lett]+ c be introduc$1 x w be f\nd to be mo/ useful :5 arrang+ a patt]n4 ,x gives dignity & purpose to a design1 & is also highly decorative4 ,lett]+ may be arrang$ 9 panels1 z at page #ccb1 or 9 a bord] r\nd ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,x may ei!r consi/ ( ! title ( ! book1 or "s l9e or v]se f x or connect$ ) x1 or may ref] to its hi/ory1 or to ! own]4 ,any?+ t gives a p]sonal int]e/ to a book1 su* z ! arms ( ! own]1 ! initials or "n ( ! giv] or receiv] ( a pres5t1 ) p]haps ! date ( ! gift1 is ( value4 ,! use ( ! small fillet makes x possible to employ long1 slightly-curv$ l9es4 ,gold-tool$ l9es h 9 !mselves su* great beauty1 t design]s are (t5 tempt$ to make !m me&] ab\t ! cov] 9 a weak & aimless way4 ,z ! limitations en=c$ by ! use ( g\ges t5d to keep ! curves /rong & small1 & z ! use ( ! small fillet t5ds to ! production ( long1 weak curves1 /ud5ts are advis$ at fir/ to re/rict ! curv$ l9es 9 _! patt]ns to su* z c be readily work$ ) g\ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a g\ge or fillet l9e is v ?91 & w look weak if x goes f> )\t support4 ,= ?is reason int]lac$ l9es are advocat$4 ,g\ge l9es are easi] to "w1 & look bett]1 if a small space is left :]e ! g\ges end4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e l9es be>+ leaves or fl[]s bran* f ! ma9 /em 7see fig4 #aaa74 ,g\ges & fillets ne$ n always be ( ! same ?ickness ( l9e1 & two or ?ree sets ( diff]5t gauges may be kept4 ,a f9i%] c always alt] ! ?ickness ( a g\ge ) em]y pap]4 ,"o me?od ( arrang+ gold-tool$ l9es is to treat !m 9 design z if !y 7 wires 9 t5sion1 & knot & twi/ !m toge!r4 ,provid$ ! idea is consi/5tly adh]$ to ?r\gh\t1 su* a patt]n is (t5 v successful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,a simple arrangem5t ( /raight l9es w be suffici5t ornam5tation = mo/ books4 ,?ree s*emes = su* ornam5tation are %[n4 ,9 fig4 #aab ! tie-d[ns may be 9 bl9d & ! l9es 9 gold4 ,! arrangem5t %[n at fig4 #aac leaves a panel at ! top :i* may be utilis$ = lett]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,design+ ,,= ,,backs ,! decoration ( ! back ( a book is difficult ow+ to ! v small space usually available 9 ! panels4 ,! fir/ consid]ation mu/ be ! lett]+1 & :5 t has be5 arrang$1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv1 a second pap] is got out = ! patt]n4 ,! back panel %\ld g5]ally be treat$ 9 ! same /yle &1 if possible1 ) ! same tools z ! sides1 if !y are decorat$4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd f> easi] to design a full-gilt side ?an a satisfactory back4 ,a design may be made to fit "o panel ( ! book & repeat$ on all ^? n requir$ = lett]+ 7see pages #ccb-cd71 or x may be made to gr[ up f panel to panel 7see fig4 #aae74 ,9 ! case ( sets ( books 9 :i* ! volumes v>y v mu* 9 ?ickness1 "s patt]n mu/ be made t c be contract$ & exp&$ )\t alt]+ ! g5]al look ( ! back 7see fig4 #aae74 ,,design+ ,,= ,,inside ,,( ,,bo>ds ,! inside m>g9s ( ! bo>d p]mit ( a little delicate decoration4 ,at fig4 #aaf are %[n two ways ( treat+ ?is "p ( ! b9d+4 ,! inside ( ! bo>d is sometimes cov]$ all ov] ) lea!r1 & tool$ z elaborately1 or m elaborately1 ?an ! outside4 ,if !re are vellum ends1 !y may be enri*$ ) a little tool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,! edges ( ! bo>ds may h a gold l9e run on !m1 & ! head-cap may be decorat$ ) a few dots4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,pa/+ d[n ,end ,pap]s--,op5+ ,books ,,pa/+ ,,d[n ,,end ,,pap]s ,:5 ! f9i%+ is done1 ! end pap]s %\ld be pa/$ d[n on to ! bo>d2 or if !re is a lea!r jo9t1 ! panel left %\ld be fill$ 9 to mat* ! end pap]4 ,to pa/e d[n end pap]s1 ! book is plac$ on ! block ) ! bo>d op5 7see fig4 #aag1 ,a71 ! wa/e %eets are torn (f1 ! jo9ts cle>$ ( any glue or pa/e1 & ! bo>ds flatt5$1 z describ$ at page #aga = pa/+ d[n lea!r jo9ts4 ,"o ( ! pa/e-d[n pap]s is !n /ret*$ ov] ! bo>d & rubb$ d[n 9 ! jo9t1 & ! am\nt to be cut (f to make x fit into ! space left by ! turn-9 ( ! lea!r is m>k$ on x ) divid]s1 measur+ f ! edge ( ! bo>d4 ,a cutt+ t9 is !n plac$ on ! book1 ! pa/e-d[n pap] turn$ ov] x1 & ! edges trimm$ (f to ! divid] po9ts ) a knife & /raight-edge1 leav+ small pieces to cov] ! ends ( ! jo9t 7fig4 #aag1 ,a1 c74 ,! cutt+ & pa/+ d[n ( ^! small pieces 9 ! jo9t are r difficult2 !y %\ld come exactly to ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,:5 bo? pa/e-d[n pap]s are trimm$ to size1 "o ( !m is well pa/$ ) ?9 pa/e 9 :i* !re are no lumps1 ) a piece ( wa/e pap] "u x to protect ! book4 ,! jo9ts %\ld also be pa/$1 & ! pa/e rubb$ 9 ) ! f+] & any surplus remov$4 ,! pa/$ pap] is !n br\ght ov] on to ! bo>d1 ! edges adju/$ exactly to _! places1 & rubb$ d[n4 ,! jo9t mu/ next be rubb$ d[n ?r\gh pap]4 ,x is difficult to get ! pap] to /ick ev5ly 9 ! jo9t1 & great nicety is ne$$ "h4 ,all rubb+ d[n mu/ be done ?r\gh pap]1 or ! pa/e-d[n w be soil$ or made %9y4 ,"s pap]s /ret* v mu* :5 pa/$1 & w ne$ to be cut a little small] ?an ne$$1 & put d[n promptly aft] pa/+4 ,?9 vellum may be put d[n ) pa/e 9 :i* !re is a v little glue1 b ?ick] vellum is bett] put d[n ) ?9 glue4 ,9 pa/+ vellum1 v great c>e is ne$$ to prev5t ! bru%-m>ks f %[+ ?r\gh4 ,if ! vellum is ?91 ! bo>d mu/ be l9$ ) :ite or ton$ pap] ) a smoo? surface4 ,?is pap] mu/ be q clean1 z any m>ks w %[ ?r\gh ! vellum1 & make x look dirty4 ,:5 "o side is pa/$ d[n ! book c be turn$ ov] )\t %utt+ ! bo>d1 & ! o!r bo>d op5$ & pa/$ d[n 9 ! same way 7see fig4 #aag1 ,b74 ,9 turn+ ov] a book1 a piece ( :ite pap] %\ld be put "u ! newly-pa/$ side1 z1 be+ damp1 x w soil v readily4 ,:5 bo? ends h be5 pa/$ d[n ! jo9ts %\ld be exam9$ & rubb$ d[n aga91 & ! book /ood up on end ) ! bo>ds op5 until ! end pap]s are dry4 ,! bo>ds may be held op5 ) a piece ( c>dbo>d cut z %[n at fig4 #ga4 ,if !re are clo? jo9ts !y are put d[n ) glue1 & ! bo>d pap] is plac$ ne>ly to ! edge ( ! jo9t1 leav+ v little clo? visible4 ,9 ! process ( f9i%+1 ! bo>ds ( a book w ne>ly always be w>p$ a little outw>d1 b ! pa/$ end pap]s %\ld draw ! bo>ds a little z !y dry1 caus+ !m to curve slightly t[>ds ! book4 ,) vellum ends !re is a dang] t ! bo>ds w be w>p$ too mu*4 ,,op5+ ,,newly ,,b\nd ,,books ,be=e s5d+ out a newly b\nd book ! b9d] %\ld g ?r\gh x1 op5+ x "h & !re to ease ! back4 ,! volume is laid on a table1 & ! leaves op5$ a %ort di/ance f ! front1 & !n at an equal di/ance f ! back1 & !n 9 "o or two places ne>] ! c5tre ( ! book1 ! leaves be+ press$ d[n ) ! h& at ea* op5+4 ,if ! book is a valuable "o1 e leaf %\ld !n be turn$ ov] sep>ately & ea* op5+ press$ d[n1 beg9n+ f ! c5tre & work+ fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way ! back w be b5t ev5ly at all po9ts4 ,:5 a book has be5 op5$1 x %\ld be lightly press$ = a %ort "t )\t any?+ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,if a book is s5t out unop5$1 ! fir/ p]son into ^: h& x falls w probably op5 x some:]e 9 ! c5tre1 b5d+ ! cov]s back & break+ ! back2 & if any leaves *ance to h be5 /uck toge!r 9 edge-gild+1 !y are likely to be torn if c>elessly op5$4 ,a book ) a brok5 back w always h a t5d5cy to op5 9 ! same place1 & w n keep its %ape4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile = libr>ians to h newly b\nd books c>efully op5$4 ,an assi/ant c\ld op5 a l>ge numb] ( books 9 a day1 & ! b5efit to ! b9d+s w\ld amply comp5sate = ! small tr\ble & co/ involv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,clasps & ,ties--,metal on ,b9d+s ,,clasps ,,& ,,ties ,"s books ne$ to be clasp$ to keep ! leaves flat4 ,all books writt5 or pr9t$ on vellum %\ld h clasps4 ,vellum unless kept flat is apt to cockle1 & ?is 9 a book w =ce ! leaves ap>t & admit du/4 ,if a book is tightly w$g$ 9 a %elf ! leaves w be kept flat1 b z ! *ance removal ( any o!r book f ! r[ w remove ! pressure1 x is mu* bett] to provide clasps = vellum books4 ,v ?ick books1 & ^? ) a great _m fold$ plates1 are bett] = hav+ clasps to prev5t ! leaves f sagg+4 ,z ne>ly all books are n[ kept 9 book%elves1 & z any projection on ! side ( a book is likely to injure ! neighb\r+ volume1 a =m ( clasp %\ld be us$ t has no rais$ p>ts on ! bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,at fig4 #aah is %[n a simple clasp suitable = small books ) mill-bo>d sides1 ) details ( ! metal p>ts1 made ( ?ick silv] wire bel[4 ,d\ble bo>ds mu/ be made1 & ! flatt5$ ends ( ! silv] cat* ins]t$ betwe5 ! two ?icknesses1 & glu$ 9 place4 ,ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! end %\ld project4 ,9 cov]+1 ! lea!r mu/ be pi]c$ & c>efully work$ r\nd ! cat*4 ,to make ! plait1 ?ree /rips ( ?9 lea!r are slipp$ ?r\gh ! r+1 & ! ends ( ea* /rip pa/$ toge!r4 ,! ?ree d\bl$ /rips are !n plait$ & ! end ( ! plait put ?r\gh a hole 9 ! l[] bo>d ( ! book ab\t half an in* f ! edge1 & glu$ d[n inside4 ,a groove may be cut 9 ! mill-bo>d f ! hole to ! edge be=e cov]+1 to make a depression 9 :i* ! plait w lie1 & a depression may be scoop$ out ( ! inn] surface ( ! bo>d to receive ! ends4 ,at fig4 #aai is a some:at simil> clasp ) ?ree plaits suitable = l>ge books4 ,! metal end & ! me?od ( ins]t+ x into wood5 bo>ds are %[n bel[4 ,! turn$-d[n end %\ld g "r ?r\gh ! bo>d1 & be rivet$ on ! inside4 ,:5 ! ?ree plaits are work$1 a little b& ( silv] may be rivet$ on j bel[ ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,a v simple fa/5+ t is sometimes useful is %[n at fig4 #gg4 ,a v small bead is ?read$ on to a piece ( catgut1 & ! two ends ( ! gut br\ght toge!r & put ?r\gh a l>g] bead4 ,! ends ( ! gut ) ! beads on !m are lac$ into ! top bo>d ( ! book1 ) ! bead project+ ov] ! edge1 & a loop ( gut is lac$ into ! bottom bo>d4 ,if ! loop c be made exactly ! "r l5g?1 ?is is a s]viceable me?od4 ,silk or lea!r ties may be us$ to keep books %ut1 b !y are apt to be 9 ! way :5 ! book is read1 & z h>dly anybody tr\bles to tie !m1 !y are g5]ally ( v little use4 ,,metal ,,on ,,b9d+s ,metal corn]s & bosses are a great protection to b9d+s1 b if ! books are to g into %elves1 ! metal mu/ be q smoo? & flat4 ,a metal %oe on ! l[] edge ( ! bo>ds is an excell5t ?+ = pres]v+ ! b9d+ ( heavy books4 ,bosses & o!r rais$ metal "w %\ld be re/rict$ to books t w be us$ on lect]ns or read+ desks4 ,! frontispiece is f a draw+ ( an e>ly sixte5?-c5tury book1 b\nd 9 :ite pigsk91 & ornam5t$ ) brass corn]s1 c5tres1 & clasps2 & at page #cbc is %[n a fifte5?-c5tury b9d+ ) pla9 protect+ bosses4 ,on ?is book !re 7 orig9ally five bosses on ea* bo>d1 b ! c5tre ones h be5 lo/4 ,b9d+s may be entirely cov]$ ) metal1 b ! connection betwe5 ! b9d+ & ! book is 9 t case seldom q satisfactory4 ,! mo/ satisfactory metal-cov]$ b9d+s t ,i h se5 are ^? 9 :i* ! metal is re/rict$ to ! bo>ds4 ,! book is b\nd 9 wood5 bo>ds1 ) ?ick lea!r at ! back1 & plaques ( metal nail$ to ! wood4 ,! metal may be set ) jewels or decorat$ ) enamel1 & emboss$ or *as$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,jewels are sometimes set 9 invisible sett+s bel[ ! lea!r ( b9d+s1 giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( be+ set 9 ! lea!r4 ,?is gives !m an insecure look1 & x is bett] to frankly %[ ! metal sett+s & make a decorative feature ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,lea!r ,,lea!r ,( all ! mat]ials us$ by ! bookb9d]s1 lea!r is ! mo/ important & ! mo/ difficult to select wisely4 ,x is extremely difficult to judge a lea!r by its appe>ance4 ,we f9d n[1 t in/ead ( lea!r made f %eep1 calf1 goat1 & pigsk9s1 ea* hav+1 :5 f9i%$1 its own *>act]i/ic surface1 t %eepsk9s are got up to look l calf1 morocco1 or pigsk92 t calf is gra9$ to resemble morocco1 or s poli%$ & flatt5$ z to h b little "* left2 :ile goatsk9s are gra9$ 9 any numb] ( ways1 & pigsk9 is (t5 gra9$ l levant morocco4 ,s clev] are "s ( ^! imitations1 t x takes a skill$ exp]t to id5tify a lea!r :5 x is on a book4 ,!re h be5 compla9ts = a long "t ( ! want ( durability ( mod]n bookb9d+ lea!r1 b !re has n be5 until lately any sy/ematic inve/igation into ! causes ( its premature decay4 ,by p]mission1 ,i %all quote l>gely f ! report ( ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts to inquire into ! subject4 ,!re are on ?is special committee lea!r manufactur]s1 bookb9d]s1 libr>ians1 & own]s ( libr>ies4 ,! report issu$ is ! result ( an imm5se am\nt ( "w done4 ,_m libr>ies 7 visit$1 & hundr$s ( exp]im5ts & te/s 7 c>ri$ out by ! sub-committees4 ,!re is mu* useful in=mation 9 ! report t all bookb9d]s & libr>ians %\ld read4 ,! "w ( ! committee is n yet f9i%$1 b its f9d+s may be accept$ z conclusive z f> z !y g4 ,! committee fir/ set !mselves to asc]ta9 if ! compla9ts ( ! premature decay ( mod]n bookb9d+ lea!r are ju/ifi$ by facts1 & on ?is po9t report t3-- ,z reg>ds ! common belief t mod]n b9d+ lea!r does decay prematurely1 ! sub-committee satisfi$ !mselves t books b\nd dur+ ! la/ eighty or hundr$ ye>s %[$ f> great] evid5ce ( det]ioration ?an ^? ( an e>li] date4 ,_m rec5t b9d+s %[$ evid5ce ( decay aft] s %ort a p]iod z t51 or ev5 five ye>s4 ,! sub-committee came to ! conclusion t !re is ample ju/ification = ! g5]al compla9t t mod]n lea!r is n s durable z t =m]ly us$4 ,to fix ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( ?is det]ioration 0 a difficult matt]2 b !y came to ! conclusion t :ile lea!r ( all p]iods %[$ "s signs ( decay1 ! det]ioration becomes m g5]al on books b\nd aft] #ahcj1 :ile "s lea!rs seem to be g5]ally good until ab\t #ahfj1 aft] :i* date ne>ly all lea!rs seem to get worse4 ,! det]ioration ( calf b9d+s at ! latt] end ( ! #ai? c5tury may be attribut$ z mu* to ! excessive ?9ness z to ! poor quality ( ! mat]ial4 ,! committee endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! relative durability ( ! lea!rs us$ = bookb9d+1 & aft] visit+ _m libr>ies1 & comp>+ b9d+s1 !y report z foll[s3-- ,z to ! suitability ( v>i\s lea!rs1 ! sub-committee came to ! conclusion t ( ! old lea!rs 7#ae? & #af? c5tury71 :ite pigsk91 probably alum 'tann$1' is ! mo/ durable1 b its excessive h>dness & want ( flexibility r5d]s ?is lea!r unsuitable = mo/ mod]n "w4 ,old br[n calf has la/$ fairly well1 b loses its flexibility1 & becomes /iff & brittle :5 expos$ to light & air4 ,"s ( ! :ite taw$ sk9s ( ! #ae? & #af? c5tury1 o!r ?an :ite pigsk91 & probably de]sk91 h la/$ v well4 ,"s #ae? & #af? c5tury %eepsk9 b9d+s h rema9$ s(t & flexible1 b ! surface is s(t1 & usually mu* damag$ by friction4 ,vellum seems to h la/$ fairly well1 b is easily influ5c$ by atmosph]ic *anges1 & is mu* affect$ by light4 ,e>ly specim5s ( r$ morocco f ! #af? to ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury 7 f\nd 9 good condition1 & ( all ! lea!rs notic$1 ?is seems to be ! lea/ affect$ by ! v>i\s conditions to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! committee1 mo/ ( ?is lea!r has be5 tann$ ) suma* or "s closely alli$ tann+ mat]ial4 ,morocco b9d+s e>li] ?an #ahfj 7 g5]ally f\nd to be 9 fairly good condition1 b morocco aft] t date seems to be mu* less reliable1 & 9 _m cases has become utt]ly rott54 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury x became cu/om>y to p>e d[n calf until x 0 z ?9 z pap]4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahcj h>dly any really s\nd calf seems to h be5 us$1 z1 :e!r ?ick or ?91 x appe>s g5]ally to h p]i%$4 ,%eepsk9 b9d+s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury are _m ( !m /ill 9 good condition4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahfj %eepsk9 z %eepsk9 is h>dly to be f\nd4 ,%eepsk9s are gra9$ 9 imitation ( o!r lea!rs1 & ^! imitation-gra9$ lea!rs are g5]ally f\nd to be 9 a worse condition ?an any ( ! o!r b9d+s1 except1 p]haps1 "s ( ! v ?9 calfsk94 ,undy$ mod]n pigsk9 seems to la/ well1 b "s col\r$ pigsk9 b9d+s _h entirely p]i%$4 ,mod]n lea!rs dy$ ) ! aid ( sulphuric acid are all to be condemn$4 ,9 ne>ly e case ,russia lea!r 0 f\nd to h become rott51 at lea/ 9 b9d+s ( ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,on ! "q ( ! causes ( ! decay notic$ & ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ lea!r 9 ! future1 ,i may quote ! foll[+3-- ,! "w ( a sub-committee1 :i* 0 compos$ ( *emi/s specially conv]sant ) ! treatm5t ( lea!r1 0 direct$ specially to ! elucidation ( ! foll[+ po9ts3 an inve/igation ( ! nature ( ! decay ( lea!r us$ = bookb9d+2 an exam9ation ( ! causes :i* produc$ ?is decay2 a rese>* into ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ lea!r = bookb9d+2 & a consid]ation ( ! po9ts requir$ to be dealt ) 9 ! pres]vation ( books4 ,tak+ ^! po9ts 9 ord]1 ! fir/ "o dealt ) is ! "q ( ! nature ( ! decay ( lea!r4 ,to arrive at _! conclusions on ?is subject1 ! sub-committee made a numb] ( te/s & analyses ( samples ( decay$ lea!r bookb9d+s1 z well z ( lea!rs us$ = b9d+4 ,! committee f\nd t ! mo/ preval5t decay 0 :at !y t]m a r$ decay1 & ?is !y ?9k may be diff]5tiat$ into old & new1 ! old r$ decay be+ noticeable up to ab\t #ahcj1 & ! new decay s9ce t date4 ,9 ! old decay1 ! lea!r becomes h>d & brittle1 ! surface n be+ easily abrad$ by friction4 ,! old] =m is specially noticeable 9 calf-b\nd books1 tann$ presumably ) oak b>k4 ,! new =m affects ne>ly all lea!rs1 & 9 extreme cases seems absolutely to de/roy ! fibres4 ,ano!r =m ( det]ioration1 m noticeable 9 ! new] books1 r5d]s ! gra9 ( ! lea!r liable to peel (f :5 expos$ to ! slighte/ friction4 ,?is is ! mo/ common =m ( decay not$ 9 ! m rec5t lea!rs4 ,9 ne>ly all samples ( ,russia lea!r a v viol5t =m ( r$ decay 0 notic$4 ,9 _m cases ! lea!r 0 f\nd to be absolutely rott5 9 all p>ts expos$ to light & air1 s t on ! v slighte/ rubb+ ) a blunt in/rum5t ! lea!r fell into f9e du/4444 ,! second po9t is ! cause ( ! decay4 ,an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 c>ri$ out ) a view ( det]m9+ ! causes ( ! decay ( b9d+s4 ,! sub-committee f9d t ?is is caus$ by bo? me*anical & by *emical influ5ces4 ,( ! latt]1 "s are due to mi/akes ( ! lea!r manufactur] & ! bookb9d]1 o!rs to ! want ( v5tilation1 & to improp] heat+ & light+ ( libr>ies4 ,9 "s cases inf]ior lea!rs are f9i%$ 7by me?ods 9 !mselves injuri\s7 s z to imitate ! bett] class lea!rs1 & ( c\rse :]e ^! are us$ durability _c be expect$4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! injury = :i* ! manufactur] & bookb9d] are responsible mu/ be attribut$ r to ignorance ( ! effect ( ! means employ$ to give ! lea!r ! outw>d qualities requir$ = b9d+1 ?an to ! int5tional production ( an inf]ior article4444 ,lea!rs produc$ by diff]5t tann+ mat]ials1 al?\gh !y may be equally s\nd & durable me*anically1 v>y v mu* 9 _! resi/ance to o!r influ5ces1 su* z light1 heat1 & gas fumes4 ,= bookb9d+ purposes1 ! sub-committee g5]ally condemn ! use ( tann+ mat]ials belong+ to ! cate*ol gr\p1 al?\gh ! lea!rs produc$ by ! use ( ^! mat]ials are = _m purposes excell5t1 & inde$ sup]ior4 ,! class ( tann+ mat]ials :i* produce ! mo/ suitable lea!r = ?is p>ticul> purpose belong to ! pyrogallol gr\p1 ( :i* a well kn[n & important example is suma*4 ,ea/ ,indian or ',p]sian' tann$ %eep & goat sk9s1 :i* are suitable = _m purposes1 & are n[ us$ l>gely = *eap bookb9d+ purposes1 are consid]$ extremely bad4 ,books b\nd 9 ^! mat]ials h be5 f\nd to %[ signs ( decay 9 less ?an twelve mon?s1 & ! sub-committee are incl9$ to believe t no book b\nd 9 ^! lea!rs1 expos$ on a %elf to sunlight or gas fumes1 c ev] be expect$ to la/ m ?an five or six ye>s4 ,emboss+ lea!r "u heavy pressure to imitate a gra9 has a v injuri\s effect1 :ile ! %av+ ( ?ick sk9s greatly r$uces ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r by cutt+ away ! t\gh fibres ( ! inn] "p ( ! sk94 ,! use ( m9]al acids 9 bright5+ ! col\r ( lea!r1 & 9 ! process ( dye+1 has a s]i\s effect 9 less5+ its resi/ance to decay4 ,a good deal yet rema9s to be le>n$ ab\t ! relative p]man5cy ( ! diff]5t dyes4 ,on analysis free sulphuric acid 0 f\nd to be pres5t 9 ne>ly all bookb9d+ lea!r1 & x is ! op9ion ( ! committee t ev5 a small quantity ( ?is acid mat]ially less5s ! durability ( ! lea!r4 ,x has be5 %[n by c>eful exp]im5t1 t ev5 a m9ute quantity ( sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! dye ba? to lib]ate ! col\r is at once absorb$ by ! lea!r1 & t no am\nt ( subsequ5t wa%+ w remove x4 ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases ! decay ( mod]n suma*-tann$ lea!r has be5 due to ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! dye ba?1 & reta9$ 9 ! sk94 ,we h exam9$ v _m samples ( lea!r manufactur$ & sold specially = bookb9d+ purposes1 f diff]5t factories1 b\ght f diff]5t deal]s1 or k9dly suppli$ by bookb9d]s & by libr>ians1 & h f\nd !m to conta91 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 free sulphuric acid1 f #j4e up to #a4f p] c5t4 ,! publication ( ! report %\ld t5d to fix a /&>d = bookb9d+ lea!r4 ,hi!rto !re has be5 no recognis$ /&>d4 ,bookb9d]s h select$ lea!r almo/ entirely by its appe>ance4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t appe>ance is no te/ ( durability1 & ! me*anical te/ ( te>+ ! lea!r is insuffici5t4 ,s\nd lea!r %\ld te> ) difficulty1 & ! torn edges %\ld be fr+$ ) long1 silky fibres1 & any lea!r :i* te>s v easily1 & %[s %ort1 curl$-up fibres at ! torn edges1 %\ld be disc>d$4 ,b ?\gh good bookb9d+ lea!r w te> ) difficulty1 & %[ long fibres :]e torn1 t is 9 itself n a suffici5t te/2 because x has be5 %[n t ! lea!r t is me*anically ! /ronge/1 is n necess>ily ! mo/ durable & ! be/ able to resi/ ! adv]se influ5ces to :i* books are subject 9 libr>ies4 ,! report %[s t bookb9d]s & libr>ians are n1 z a g5]al rule1 qualifi$ to select lea!r = bookb9d+4 ,9 ! old days1 :5 ! manufacture ( lea!r 0 comp>atively simple1 a bookb9d] might reasonably be expect$ to "k en\gh ( ! processes employ$ to be able to select 8 lea!r4 ,b n[ s complicat$ is ! manufacture1 & s _m are ! factors to be consid]$1 t an exp]t %\ld be employ$4 ,! committee h satisfi$ !mselves t x is possible to te/ any lea!r 9 su* a way z to gu>antee its suitability = bookb9d+4 ,!y h n come to any decision z to ! desirability ( e/abli%+ any =mal or (ficial /&>d1 ?\gh !y consid] t ?is is a po9t :i* well des]ves future consid]ation4 ,x is to be hop$ t "s sy/em ( exam9+ & hall-m>k+ lea!r by "s recognis$ body1 may be in/itut$4 ,if libr>ians w specify t ! lea!r to be employ$ mu/ be c]tifi$ to be manufactur$ accord+ to ! recomm5dations ( ! ,society ( ,arts ,committee1 !re is no reason :y lea!rs %\ld n be obta9$ z durable z any ev] produc$4 ,?is w\ld necessitate ! exam9+ & te/+ ( bat*es ( lea!r by exp]ts4 ,at pres5t ?is c be done m or less privately at v>i\s places1 su* z ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s1 or ! ,h]olds' ,in/itute1 ,b]mondsey4 ,9 ! ne> future x is to be hop$ t "s recognis$ public body1 su* z "o ( ! great ,city ,companies int]e/$ 9 lea!r1 may be induc$ to e/abli% a /&>d1 & to te/ su* lea!rs z are submitt$ to !m1 hall-m>k+ ^? t come up to ! /&>d4 ,?is w\ld enable bookb9d]s & libr>ians1 9 ord]+ lea!r1 to be sure t x _h n be5 injur$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! te/+1 if done by bat*es1 %\ld n add greatly to ! co/ ( ! lea!r4 ,on ! "q ( ! qualities ( an ideal bookb9d+ lea!r ! committee report3-- ,x is ! op9ion ( ! committee1 t ! ideal bookb9d+ lea!r mu/ h1 & reta91 great flexibility4444 7,x7 mu/ h a firm gra9 surface1 n easily damag$ by friction1 & %\ld n be artificially gra9$4444 ,! committee is ( op9ion t a pure suma* tannage w answ] all ^! conditions1 & t lea!r c1 & w1 be n[ produc$ t w prove to be z durable z any made 9 ! pa/4 ,! committee has s f> only dealt ) vegetable-tann$ lea!r4 ,i h us$1 ) "s success1 *rome-tann$ calfsk94 ,*rome lea!r is difficult to p>e1 & to "w1 z x does n become s(t :5 wet1 l vegetable-tann$ lea!r4 ,x w /& any reasonable degree ( heat1 & s might p]haps be useful = top-%elf b9d+s & = %elf edg+4 ,x is extremely /rong me*anically1 b )\t fur!r te/s ,i _c positively recomm5d x except = trial4 ,:ile ! /r5g? & probable durability ( lea!r c only be judg$ by a tra9$ lea!r *emi/1 !re rema9s = ! b9d]s selection1 ! k9d ( lea!r to use1 & its col\r4 ,mo/ ( ! lea!r prep>$ = bookb9d+ is too highly f9i%$4 ,! f9i%+ processes add a good deal to ! co/ ( ! lea!r1 & are apt to be injuri\s to x1 & z mu* ( ! high f9i% is lo/ 9 cov]+1 x w\ld be bett] = ! bookb9d] to get r\gh] lea!r & f9i% x himself :5 x is on ! book4 ,! lea!rs 9 common use = bookb9d+ are3-- ,goatsk91 kn[n z morocco4 ,calf1 kn[n z calf & russia4 ,%eepsk91 kn[n z roan1 basil1 skiv]1 c4 ,pigsk91 kn[n z pigsk94 ,sealsk91 kn[n z seal4 ,morocco is probably ! be/ lea!r = extra b9d+ if prop]ly prep>$1 b exp]im5t has %[n t ! exp5sive ,levant moroccos are ne>ly always ru9$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,a great _m samples ( ! mo/ exp5sive ,levant morocco 7 te/$1 ) ! result t !y 7 all f\nd to conta9 free sulphuric acid4 ,calf4--,mod]n vegetable-tann$ calf has become a highly unsatisfactory mat]ial1 & until "s radical *anges are made 9 ! me?ods ( manufactur+ x1 x %\ld n be us$ = bookb9d+4 ,%eepsk94--,a prop]ly tann$ %eepsk9 makes a v durable1 ?\gh r s(t & woolly1 lea!r4 ,mu* ( ! bookb9d+ lea!r n[ made f %eepsk9 is q wor?less4 ,bookb9d]s %\ld refuse to h any?+ to d ) any lea!r t has be5 artificially gra9$1 z ! process is apt to be highly injuri\s to ! sk94 ,pigsk94--,pigsk9 is a ?or\ghly good lea!r naturally1 & v /rong1 especially ! alum$ sk9s2 b _m ( ! dy$ pigsk9s are f\nd to be improp]ly tann$ & dy$1 & wor?less = bookb9d+4 ,sealsk9 is highly recomm5d$ by "o em95t libr>ian1 b ,i h n yet _h any exp]i5ce ( its use = bookb9d+4 ,! lea!r t ,i h f\nd mo/ useful is ! ,nig] goatsk91 br\ght f ,africa by ! ,royal ,nig] ,company2 x is a v beautiful col\r & texture1 & has /ood all ! te/s tri$1 )\t s]i\s det]ioration4 ,! difficulty ) ?is lea!r is t1 be+ a native production1 x is some:at c>elessly prep>$1 & is mu* spoil$ by flaws & /a9s on ! surface1 & _m sk9s are q wor?less4 ,x is to be hop$ t be=e long "s ( ! manufactur]s int]e/$ w produce sk9s z good 9 quality & col\r z ! be/ ,nig] morocco1 & ) few] flaws4 ,mu* lea!r is ru9$ 9 ord] to obta9 an absolutely ev5 col\r4 ,a slight unev5ness ( col\rs is v pleas+1 & %\ld r be enc\rag$ ?an object$ to4 ,t ! want ( int]e/ 9 absolutely flat col\rs has be5 felt1 is %[n by ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! b9d]s get rid ( flat1 ev5 col\rs by spr9kl+ & m>bl+4 ,on ?is po9t ,i may quote f ! committee3 ,! spr9kl+ ( lea!r1 ei!r = ! production ( 'spr9kl$' calf or 'tree' calf1 ) f]r\s sulphate 7gre5 vitriol7 mu/ be mo/ /rongly condemn$1 z ! iron comb9es ) & de/roys ! tan 9 ! lea!r1 & free sulphuric acid is lib]at$1 :i* is /ill m de/ructive4 ,iron acetate or lactate is some:at less objectionable1 b probably ! same effects may be obta9$ ) anil9e col\rs )\t risk to ! lea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,pap]--,pa/es--,glue ,,pap] ,pap] may be made by h& or ma*9]y1 & ei!r laid or wove4 ,laid pap]s are di/+ui%$ by wire m>ks1 :i* are abs5t 9 wove pap]4 ,a %eet ( h&-made pap] has all r\nd x a r\gh unev5 edge call$ ! deckle1 t is a necess>y result ( its me?od ( manufacture4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s look$ ^u ?is ragg$ edge z a defect1 & almo/ inv>iably trimm$ mo/ ( x (f be=e putt+ books into p]man5t b9d+s4 ,book-lov]s q rightly l to f9d traces ( ! deckle edge1 z evid5ce t a volume has n be5 unduly r$uc$ by ! b9d]4 ,b x has n[ become ! fa%ion to admire ! deckle = its own sake1 & to leave books on h&-made pap] absolutely untrimm$1 ) ragg$ edges t collect ! dirt1 are unsightly1 & tr\blesome to turn ov]4 ,s f> has ?is craze gone1 t ma*9e-made pap] is (t5 put ?r\gh an extra process to give x a %am deckle edge4 ,r\ghly speak+1 pap] v>ies 9 quality accord+ to ! proportion ( fibr\s mat]ial1 su* z rag1 us$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,to make pap] satisfactorily by h&1 a l>ge proportion ( su* fibr\s mat]ial is necess>y1 s t ! fact t ! pap] is h&-made is to "s ext5t a gu>antee ( its quality4 ,!re are v>i\s qualities ( h&-made pap]1 made f diff]5t mat]ials1 *iefly l95 & cotton rags4 ,! be/ pap] is made f pure l95 rag1 & poor] h&-made pap] f cotton rag1 :ile o!r qualities conta9 a mixture ( ! two or o!r sub/ances4 ,x is possible to make a ?or\ghly good pap] by ma*9]y if good mat]ials are us$4 ,"s excell5t pap]s are made by ma*9]y2 b ! enorm\s dem& = pap]1 toge!r ) ! fact t n[ almo/ any fibr\s mat]ial c be made into pap]1 has result$ 9 ! production1 9 rec5t ye>s1 (1 p]haps1 ! wor/ pap]s t h ev] be5 se54 ,?is w\ld n matt] if ! use ( ! poor pap]s 7 re/rict$ to newspap]s & o!r ephem]al lit]ature1 b :51 z is (t5 ! case1 pap] ( v poor quality is us$ = books ( p]man5t lit]>y int]e/1 ! matt] is s]i\s en\gh4 ,among ! wor/ pap]s made are ! heavily load$ ,art pap]s t are prep>$ = ! pr9t+ ( half-ton$ process blocks4 ,x is to be hop$ t be=e long ! pap] mak]s w produce a pap] t1 :ile suitable = pr9t+ half-ton$ blocks1 w be m s]viceable1 & w h a less unpleasant surface4 ,sev]al mak]s produce col\r$ h&made pap]s suitable = end pap]s4 ,ma*9e-made pap]s c be _h 9 endless v>iety f any numb] ( mak]s4 ,! pap] kn[n z ,japanese ,vellum is a v t\gh mat]ial1 & w be f\nd useful = repair+ vellum books2 ! ?9ne/ v>iety ( x is v suitable = m5d+ ! backs ( brok5 sections1 or = /r5g!n+ weak places 9 pap]4 ,! foll[+ delightful acc\nt ( pap] mak+ by h& is quot$ f ,evelyn's ,di>y1 #afda-agjf4 ,i w5t to see my ,"l ( ,/4 ,alban's h\se at ,byflete1 an old l>ge build+4 ,!nce to ! pap] mills1 :]e ,i f\nd !m mak+ a co>se :ite pap]4 ,!y cull ! raggs1 :i* are l9n51 = :ite pap]1 wooll5 = br[n1 !n !y /amp !m 9 tr\ghs to a papp ) pe/les or hamm]s l ! p[d]-mills1 !n put x into a vessell ( wat]1 9 :i* !y dip a frame closely wyr$ ) a wyre z small z a haire1 & z close z a weav]'s re$e2 on ?is !y take up ! papp1 ! sup]flu\s wat] dra9+ ?ro' ! wyre2 ?is !y dextr\sly turn+1 %ake out l a pancake on a smoo? bo>d betwe5 two pieces ( flannell1 !n press x betwe5 a greate presse1 ! flannell suck+ out ! moi/ure2 !n tak+ x out !y ply & dry x on /r+s1 z !y dry l9n5 9 ! laundry2 !n dip x 9 alum-wat]1 la/ly poli% & make x up 9 quires4 ,!y put "s gum 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y mac]ate ! raggs4 ,! m>k we f9d on ! %eets is =m$ 9 ! wyre4 ,! foll[+ are ! m usual sizes ( pr9t+ pap]s-- ,in*es4 ,foolscap #ag x #ac-a_/b ,cr[n #bj x #ae ,po/ #ai-a_/d x #ae-a_/b ,demy #bb-a_/b x #ag-a_/b ,m$ium #bd x #ai ,royal #be x #bj ,d\ble ,pott #be x #ae ,foolscap #bg x #ag ,sup] ,royal #bg x #ba ,d\ble ,cr[n #cj x #bj ,imp]ial #cj x #bb ,d\ble ,po/ #ca-a_/b x #ai-a_/b ,! correspond+ sizes ( h&-made pap]s may diff] slightly f ! above4 ,al?\gh ! above are ! pr9cipal sizes nam$1 almo/ any size c be made to ord]4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ! report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts on ! det]ioration ( pap]1 publi%$ 9 #ahih3 ,! committee f9d t ! pap]-mak+ fibres may be rang$ into f\r classes3-- ,a4 ,cotton1 flax1 & hemp4 ,b4 ,wood1 celluloses 7a7 sulphite process1 & 7b7 soda & sulphate process4 ,c4 ,esp>to & /raw celluloses4 ,d4 ,me*anical wood pulp4 ,9 reg>d1 !re=e1 to pap]s = books & docum5ts ( p]man5t value1 ! selection mu/ be tak5 9 ?is ord]1 & always ) due reg>d to ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions ( normal treatm5t above dealt ) z common to all pap]s4 ,! committee h be5 desir\s ( br++ _! inve/igations to a practical conclusion 9 specific t]ms1 viz4 by ! sugge/ion ( /&>ds ( quality4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! majority ( cases1 !re is little fault to f9d ) ! practical adju/m5ts :i* rule ! trade4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 satisfi$ to limit _! specific f9d+s to ! foll[+1 viz41 ,normal /&>d ( quality = book pap]s requir$ = publications ( p]man5t value4 ,= su* pap]s !y w\ld specify z foll[s3-- ,fibres4 ,n less ?an #gj p] c5t4 ( fibres ( ,class ,a4 ,siz+4 ,n m ?an #b p] c5t4 ros91 & f9i%$ ) ! normal acidity ( pure alum4 ,load+4 ,n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 total m9]al matt] 7a%74 ,) reg>d to writt5 docum5ts1 x mu/ be evid5t t ! prop] mat]ials are ^? ( ,class ,a1 & t ! pap] %\ld be pure1 & siz$ ) gelat9e1 & n ) ros94 ,all imitations ( high-class writ+ pap]s1 :i* are1 9 fact1 m]ely disguis$ pr9t+ pap]s1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,,pa/es ,to make pa/e = cov]+ books1 c41 take #b oz4 ( fl\r1 & #a_/d oz4 ( p[d]$ alum1 & well mix ) en\gh wat] to =m a ?9 pa/e1 tak+ c>e to break up any lumps4 ,add a p9t ( cold wat]1 & heat g5tly 9 an enamell$ saucepan4 ,z x becomes w>m1 x %\ld be /irr$ f "t to "t1 & :5 x beg9s to boil x %\ld be cont9ually /irr$ = ab\t five m9utes4 ,x %\ld !n =m a ?ick pa/e t c be ?9n$ ) w>m wat]4 ,( c\rse any quantity c be made if ! proportions are ! same4 ,pa/e = use is be/ kept 9 a wood5 tr\gh1 call$ a pa/e tub4 ,! pa/e tub w ne$ to be clean$ out f "t to "t1 & all fragm5ts ( dry pa/e remov$4 ,?is c easily be done if x is left1 ov]night1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,be=e us+1 ! pa/e %\ld be well beat5 up ) a flat /ick4 ,= pa/+ pap]1 x %\ld h ab\t ! consi/5cy & smoo?ness ( cream2 = lea!r1 x c be ?ick]4 ,= v ?ick lea!r a little ?9 glue may be add$4 ,pa/e made ) alum w keep ab\t a =tnight1 b c be kept long] by ! addition ( corrosive sublimate 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( corrosive sublimate to a ?\s& p>ts ( pa/e4 ,corrosive sublimate1 be+ a deadly poison1 w prev5t ! attack ( bookworms or o!r insects1 b = ! same reason mu/ only be us$ by responsible p1 & pa/e 9 :i* x is us$ mu/ be kept out ( ! way ( dome/ic animals4 ,sev]al makes ( excell5t prep>$ pa/e c be b\ght 9 ,london4 ,^! pa/es are z *eap z c be made1 & keep good a long "t4 ,pa/e t has become s\r %\ld nev] be us$1 z !re is dang] t ! products ( its acid f]m5tation may injure ! lea!r4 ,pa/e tubs z sold (t5 h an iron b> across !m to wipe ! bru% on4 ,?is %\ld be remov$1 & replac$ by a piece ( twi/$ cord4 ,pa/e bru%es %\ld be b\nd ) /r+ or z9c2 copp] or iron w /a9 ! pa/e4 ,,:ite ,,pa/e ,,= ,,m5d+ ,a good pa/e = m5d+ is made f a teaspoonful ( ord9>y fl\r1 two teaspoonsful ( cornfl\r1 half a teaspoonful ( alum1 & ?ree ounces ( wat]4 ,^! %\ld be c>efully mix$1 break+ up all lumps1 & !n %\ld be heat$ 9 a clean saucepan1 & /irr$ all ! "t ) a wood5 or bone spoon4 ,! pa/e %\ld boil = ab\t five m9utes1 b n too fa/1 or x w burn & turn br[n4 ,rice-fl\r or />* may be sub/itut$ = cornfl\r1 & = v :ite pap] ! :eat5 fl\r may be omitt$4 ,ord9>y pa/e is n ne>ly :ite en\gh = m5d+1 & is apt to leave unsightly /a9s4 ,cornfl\r pa/e may be us$ directly aft] x is made1 & w keep good "u ord9>y circum/ances = ab\t a week4 ,directly x gets h>d or goes wat]y1 a new bat* mu/ be made4 ,,glue ,x is important = bookb9d]s t ! glue us$ %\ld be ( good quality1 & ! be/ hide glue w be f\nd to answ] well4 ,to prep>e x = use1 ! glue %\ld be brok5 up into small pieces & left to soak ov]night 9 wat]4 ,9 ! morn+ x %\ld be s(t & greatly swoll51 b n melt$1 & c !n be put 9 ! glue-pot & g5tly simm]$ until x is fluid4 ,x is !n ready = use4 ,glue loses 9 quality by be+ frequ5tly heat$1 s t x is well n to make a great quantity at a "t4 ,! glue-pot %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ out be=e new glue is put into x1 & ! old glue /ick+ r\nd ! sides tak5 out4 ,glue %\ld be us$ hot & n too ?ick4 ,if x is /r+y & difficult to "w1 x c be brok5 up by rapidly twi/+ ! bru% 9 ! glue-pot4 ,= pap] ! glue %\ld be v ?9 & well work$ up ) ! bru% be=e us+4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ,*amb]s' ,encyclopa$ia article on ,glue3-- ,:ile ,engl& does n excel 9 ! manufacture1 x is a recognis$ fact t ,scotti% glue 444 ranks 9 ! front ( ! glues ( all c\ntries4 ,a light-col\r$ glue is n necess>ily good1 nor a d>k-col\r$ glue necess>ily bad4 ,a bright1 cle>1 cl>et col\r is ! natural col\r ( hide glue1 :i* is ! be/ & mo/ economical4 ,light-col\r$ glues 7z di/+ui%$ f gelat9e7 are made ei!r f bones or %eepsk9s4 ,! glue yield$ by ^! mat]ials _c comp>e ) ! /r5g? ( t yield$ by hides4 ,a great quantity is n[ made 9 ,france & ,g]many f bones4 ,x is got z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( animal *>coal4 ,al?\gh beautiful to look at1 x is f\nd :5 us$ to be f> inf]ior to ,scotti% hide glue4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,c>e ,,( ,,books ,,:5 ,,b\nd ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,injuri\s ,influ5ces to :i* ,books are ,subject$ ,gas ,fumes4--,! inve/igation ( ! ,society ( ,arts ,committee %[s t-- ,( all ! influ5ces to :i* books are expos$ 9 libr>ies1 gas fumes--no d\bt because ( ! sulphuric & sulphur\s acid :i* !y conta9--are %[n to be ! mo/ injuri\s4 ,! injuri\s effects ( gas fumes on lea!r h be5 recognis$ = a long "t1 & gas is be+1 v g5]ally1 giv5 up 9 libr>ies 9 consequ5ce4 ,if books mu/ be kept :]e gas is us$1 !y %\ld n be put high up 9 ! room1 & great att5tion %\ld be paid to v5tilation4 ,x is f> bett]1 :]e possible1 to avoid ! use ( gas at all 9 libr>ies4 ,light4--,! committee also report t light1 & especially direct sunlight & hot air1 are %[n to possess delet]i\s influ5ces :i* _h sc>cely be5 suspect$ previ\sly1 & ! importance ( mod]ate temp]ature & ?or\gh v5tilation ( libr>ies _c be too mu* insi/$ on4 ,! action ( light on lea!r has a dis9tegrat+ effect1 v pla9ly se5 :5 books h /ood = long p]iods on %elves plac$ at "r angles to w9d[s4 ,at ,ox=d & ,cambridge & at ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y ! same ?+ 0 notic$4 ,! lea!r on t side1 ( ! backs ( books1 next to ! light1 0 absolutely rott51 crumbl+ to du/ at ! slighte/ friction1 :ile at ! side away f ! light x 0 comp>atively s\nd4 ,vellum b9d+s 7 ev5 m affect$ ?an ^? ( lea!r4 ,! committee advise t libr>y w9d[s expos$ to ! direct sunlight %\ld be glaz$ ) t9t$ glass4 ,"s attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! effect ( light transmitt$ ?r\gh glasses ( diff]5t col\rs1 & !y po9t to ! fact t blue & violet glass pass light ( ne>ly z delet]i\s quality z :ite glass2 :ile lea!rs "u r$1 gre51 & yell[ glasses 7 almo/ completely protect$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! use ( pale yell[ or olive-gre5 glass 9 libr>y w9d[s expos$ to direct sunlight is desirable4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! t9t$ 'ca!dral' glasses ( ,messrs4 ,pilk+ton ,bros41 ,limit$1 ) ! result t ,nos4 #hab & #gab af=d$ almo/ complete protection dur+ two mon?s' exposure to sunlight1 :ile ,nos4 #gjd & #hjd may be recomm5d$ :]e only v pale %ades are p]missible4 ,! glasses employ$ 7 subject$ to c>eful spectroscopic exam9ation1 & to col\r-measurem5t by ! t9tomet]1 b nei!r 7 f\nd to give precise indications z to ! protective p[] ( ! glasses1 :i* is no d\bt due to ! absorption ( ! violet1 & especially ( ! invisible ultra-violet rays4 ,an easy me?od ( comp>+ glasses is to expose "u !m to sunlight ! ord9>y s5sitis$ album5is$ photographic pap]4 ,^? glasses "u :i* ?is is lea/ d>k5$ are also mo/ protective to lea!r4 ,tobacco4--,smok+ 0 f\nd to be injuri\s1 & x is c]ta9ly a mi/ake to all[ x 9 libr>ies4 ,! effect ( ammonia vap\r1 & tobacco fumes1 ( :i* ammonia is "o ( ! active +r$i5ts1 0 also exam9$4 ,! effect ( ammonia fumes 0 v m>k$1 d>k5+ e description ( lea!r1 & x is kn[n t 9 extreme cases x causes a rapid =m ( decay4 ,tobacco smoke _h a v simil> d>k5+ & delet]i\s effect 7lea/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( suma* tann$ lea!rs71 & !re c be no d\bt t ! det]ioration ( b9d+s 9 a libr>y :]e smok+ 0 p]mitt$ & ! rooms mu* us$1 mu/ h be5 p>tly due to ?is cause4 ,damp4--,books kept 9 damp places w develop mildew1 & bo? lea!r & pap] w be ru9$4 ,:]e possible1 naturally dry rooms %\ld be us$ = libr>ies1 & if n naturally dry1 e means possible %\ld be tak5 to r5d] !m s4 ,x w sometimes be f\nd t ! only way to keep ! walls ( an old h\se dry is to put 9 a prop] dampc\rse4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r me?ods employ$1 su* z l9+ ! walls ) ?9 lead1 or pa9t+ !m inside & out ) "s wat]pro(+ prep>ation3 b z long z a wall rema9s 9 itself damp1 x is d\btful if any ( ^! ?+s w p]man5tly keep ! damp f p5etrat+4 ,book%elves %\ld nev] be put aga9/ ! wall1 nor ! books on ! floor4 ,!re %\ld always be space = air to circulate on all sides ( ! book%elves4 ,damp is specially injuri\s if books are kept beh9d closely-fitt+ doors4 ,! doors ( bookcases %\ld be left op5 f "t to "t on w>m days4 ,%\ld mildew make its appe>ance1 ! books %\ld be tak5 out1 dri$ & air$1 & ! book%elves ?or\ghly clean$4 ,! cause ( ! damp %\ld be s\ght =1 & measures tak5 to rem$y x4 ,libr>y w9d[s %\ld n be left op5 at night1 nor dur+ damp wea!r1 b 9 w>m f9e wea!r ! m v5tilation !re is1 ! bett]4 ,heat4--,:ile damp is v injuri\s to books on acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( mildew1 unduly hot dry air is almo/ z bad1 caus+ lea!r to dry up & lose its flexibility4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,*airman ( ! ,society ( ,arts ,committee says3-- ,rooms 9 :i* books are kept %\ld n be subject to extremes1 :e!r ( heat or cold1 ( moi/ure or dryness4 ,x may be said t ! bett] adapt$ a room is = human occupation1 ! bett] = ! books x conta9s4 ,damp is1 ( c\rse1 mo/ mis*iev\s1 b ov]-dryness induc$ by heat$ air1 especially :5 ! pipes are 9 close proximity to ! bookcases1 is also v injuri\s4 ,du/4--,books %\ld be tak5 f ! %elves at lea/ once a ye>1 du/$ & air$1 & ! b9d+s rubb$ ) a pres]vative4 ,to du/ a book1 x %\ld be remov$ f ! %elf1 & )\t be+ op5$1 turn$ upside d[n & flick$ ) a fea!r du/]4 ,if a book ) ! du/ on ! top is held loosely 9 ! h&1 & du/$ "r way up1 du/ may fall betwe5 ! leaves4 ,du/+ %\ld be done 9 w>m1 dry wea!r2 & aft]w>ds1 ! books may be /ood on ! table slightly op51 to air1 ) _! leaves loose4 ,be=e be+ return$ to ! %elves1 ! b9d+s %\ld be lightly rubb$ ) "s pres]vative prep>ation 7see *ap4 ,,xxii74 ,any b9d+s t are brok51 or any leaves t are loose %\ld be not$1 & ! books put on "o side to be s5t to ! b9d]4 ,x w\ld be be/ :5 ! libr>y is l>ge en\gh to w>rant x1 to employ a work+ bookb9d] to d ?is "w2 su* a man w\ld be useful 9 _m ways4 ,he c\ld /ick on labels1 repair b9d+s1 & d _m o!r odd jobs to keep ! books 9 good repair4 ,a bookb9d] c\ld be kept fully employ$1 b9d+ & repair+ ! books ( a comp>atively small libr>y "u ! direction ( ! libr>ian4 ,,bookworms ,! insects kn[n z bookworms are ! l>vae ( sev]al sorts ( beetles1 mo/ commonly p]haps ( ,antobium dome/icum & ,niptus holol5cus4 ,!y are n 9 any way peculi> to books & w infe/ ! wood ( book%elves1 walls1 or floors4 ,a good deal c be done to keep worms away by us+ su* sub/ances z camphor or naph?al9e 9 ! bookcase4 ,bookworms d n attack mod]n books v mu*2 probably !y dislike ! alum put 9 ! pa/e & ! mill-bo>ds made ( old t>r$ rope4 ,9 old books1 especially su* z come f ,italy1 x is (t5 f\nd t ! ravages ( ! bookworms are almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! glue on ! backs ( ! books1 & x g5]ally seems t ! glue & pa/e attract !m4 ,probably if corrosive sublimate 7 put 9 ! glue & pa/e us$ x w\ld /op _! attacks4 ,alum is said to be a prev5tive1 b ,i h kn[n bookworms to eat _! way ?r\gh lea!r pa/$ on ) pa/e conta9+ alum1 :51 9 recov]+1 ! old wood5 bo>ds conta9+ bookworms h be5 utilis$ 9 error4 ,:5 on %ak+ ! bo>ds ( an old book du/ flies out1 or :5 little heaps ( du/ are f\nd on ! %elf on :i* an old book has be5 /&+1 x may be consid]$ likely t !re are bookworms pres5t4 ,x is easy to kill any t may be hat*$1 by putt+ ! book 9 an air-tight box surr\nd$ ) cotton wool soak$ 9 e!r2 b t w n kill ! eggs1 & ! treatm5t mu/ be repeat$ f "t to "t at int]vals ( a few weeks4 ,any book t is f\nd to conta9 bookworms %\ld be isolat$ & at once treat$4 ,t9s may be put inside ! bo>ds to prev5t ! worms eat+ into ! leaves4 ,speak+ ( bookworms1 ,jules ,c\s9 says3-- ,"o ( ! simple/ means to be employ$ 7to get rid ( bookworms7 is to place beh9d ! books1 especially 9 ! place :]e ! insects %[ _! pres5ce mo/1 pieces ( l95 soak$ ) ess5ce ( turp5t9e1 camphor1 or an infusion ( tobacco1 & to r5ew !m :5 ! smell goes (f4 ,a little f9e pepp] might also be scatt]$ on ! %elf1 ! p5etrat+ smell ( :i* w\ld produce ! same effect4 ,possibly ,keat+'s ,insect ,p[d] w\ld answ] z well or bett] ?an pepp]4 ,,rats ,,& ,,mice ,rats & mice w gnaw ! backs ( books to get at ! glue1 s1 means %\ld be tak5 to get rid ( ^! v]m9 if !y %\ld appe>4 ,mice especially w nibble vellum b9d+ or ! edges ( vellum books t h become greasy ) mu* h&l+4 ,,cockroa*es ,cockroa*es are v tr\blesome 9 libr>ies1 eat+ ! b9d+s4 ,keat+'s ,insect ,p[d] w keep !m away f books1 b only s long z x is r5ew$ at %ort int]vals4 ,,plac+ ,,! ,,books ,,9 ,,! ,,%elves ,! ,*airman ( ! ,society ( ,arts ,special ,committee says on ?is po9t3-- ,x is important t a j m$ium %\ld be obs]v$ betwe5 ! close & loose disposition ( books 9 ! %elves4 ,tight pack+ causes ! pull+ (f ( ! tops ( book-backs1 injuri\s friction betwe5 _! sides1 & undue pressure1 :i* t5ds to =ce (f _! backs4 ,b books %\ld n /& loosely on ! %elves4 ,!y require support & mod]ate lat]al pressure1 o!rwise ! leaves are apt to op5 & admit du/1 damp1 & mildew4 ,! weight ( ! leaves also 9 good-siz$ volumes loosely plac$ w (t5 be f\nd to be re/+ on ! %elf1 mak+ ! backs concave1 & spoil+ ! %ape & cohesion ( ! books4 ,9 libr>ies :]e classification is attempt$ !re mu/ be a c]ta9 numb] ( p>tially fill$ %elves4 ,! books 9 ^! %\ld be kept 9 place by "s su* device z t 9 use 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 namely1 a simple flat angle piece ( galvanis$ iron1 on ! l[] flange ( :i* ! end books re/1 keep+ x d[n1 ! upright flange keep+ ! books close & prev5t+ !m f spread+4 ,he also speaks ( ! dang] to b9d+s ( r\gh or badly-pa9t$ book%elves3-- ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ :5 bookcases are pa9t$ or v>ni%$ t ! surface %\ld be left h>d1 smoo?1 & dry4 ,b9d+s1 especially ^? ( delicate texture1 may be irrep>ably rubb$ if br\ght 9 contact ) r\gh or co>sely-pa9t$ surfaces1 :ile ! pa9t itself1 ye>s aft] its orig9al application1 is liable to come (f ^u ! books1 leav+ indelible m>ks4 ,9 su* cases pa/ebo>d gu>ds aga9/ ! ends ( ! %elves are ! only rem$y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,to ,pres]ve ,old ,b9d+s--,re-back+ ,,to ,,pres]ve ,,old ,,b9d+s ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! lea!r ( b9d+s t are mu* h&l$ la/s v mu* bett] ?an t on books :i* rema9 unt\*$ on ! %elves4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! reason = ?is is t ! slight am\nt ( grease ! lea!r receives f ! h&s n\ri%es x & keeps x flexible4 ,a coat+ ( glair or v>ni% is f\nd to "s ext5t to protect lea!r f adv]se outside influ5ces1 b1 un=tunately1 bo? glair & v>ni% t5d r to h>d5 lea!r ?an to keep x flexible1 & !y fail j :]e failure is mo/ s]i\s1 t is at ! jo9ts4 ,9 op5+ & %utt+1 any coat ( glair or v>ni% t has become h>d w crack1 & expose ! lea!r ( ! jo9t & back4 ,flexibility is an ess5tial quality 9 bookb9d+ lea!r1 = z soon z ! lea!r at ! jo9t ( a b9d+ becomes /iff x breaks away :5 ! bo>ds are op5$4 ,x w\ld add imm5sely to ! life ( old lea!r b9d+s if libr>ians w\ld h !m treat$1 say once a ye>1 ) "s pres]vative4 ,! consequ5t exp5se w\ld be sav$ _m times ov] by ! r$uction ( ! co/ ( reb9d+4 ,su* a pres]vative mu/ n /a91 mu/ n evaporate1 mu/ n become h>d1 & mu/ n be /icky4 ,vasel9e has be5 recomm5d$1 & answ]s fairly well1 b w evaporate1 al?\gh sl[ly4 ,i h f\nd t a solution ( p>aff9 wax 9 ca/or oil answ]s well4 ,x is *eap & v simple to prep>e4 ,to prep>e x1 "s ca/or oil is put into an e>!nw>e j>1 & ab\t half its weight ( p>aff9 wax %r$d$ into x4 ,on w>m+1 ! wax w melt1 & ! prep>ation is ready = use4 ,a little ( ! prep>ation is well work$ into a piece ( flannel1 & ! books rubb$ ) x1 special att5tion be+ paid to ! back & jo9ts4 ,!y may be fur!r rubb$ ) ! h&1 & f9ally gone ov] ) a clean1 s(t clo?4 ,v little ( ! prep>ation ne$ be us$ on ea* book4 ,if b9d+s h project+ metal corn]s or clasps t are likely to scrat* ! neighb\r+ books1 pieces ( mill-bo>d1 :i* may be l9$ ) lea!r or good pap]1 %\ld be plac$ next !m1 or !y may h a cov] made ( a piece ( mill-bo>d b5t r\nd z %[n at fig4 #abj1 & /r5g!n$ at ! folds ) l954 ,?is may be slipp$ into ! %elf ) ! book ) ! op5 end outw>ds1 & w !n h>dly be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,b9d+s :i* h previ\sly _h metal clasps1 c41 (t5 h project+ fragm5ts ( ! old nails4 ,^! %\ld be s\ght = & c>efully remov$ or driv5 91 z !y may s]i\sly damage any b9d+s ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,to protect valuable old b9d+s1 cases may be made & lett]$ on ! back ) ! title ( ! book4 ,loose cov]s t necessitate ! b5d+ back ( ! bo>ds = _! removal are n recomm5d$4 ,,re-,,back+ ,b9d+s t h brok5 jo9ts may be re-back$4 ,any ( ! lea!r ( ! back t rema9s %\ld be c>efully remov$ & pres]v$4 ,x is impossible to get "s lea!rs (f tight backs )\t de/roy+ !m1 b ) c>e & by ! use ( a ?9 fold]1 _m backs c be sav$4 ,! lea!r on ! bo>ds is cut a little back f ! jo9t ) a slant+ cut1 t w leave a ?9 edge1 & is !n lift$ up ) a fold]4 ,new lea!r1 ( ! same col\r is pa/$ on ! back1 & tuck$ 9 "u ! old lea!r on ! bo>d4 ,! lea!r f ! old back %\ld h its edges p>$ & any lumps ( glue or pap] remov$ & be pa/$ on to ! new lea!r & b\nd tightly ) tape to make sure t x /icks4 ,:5 ! lea!r at ! corn]s ( ! bo>d ne$s repair+1 ! corn] is glu$ & tapp$ ) a hamm] to make x h>d & squ>e1 & :5 x is dry a little piece ( new lea!r is slipp$ "u ! old & ! corn] cov]$4 ,:5 ! sew+ cords or ?read ( a book h p]i%$ x %\ld be reb\nd1 b if !re are any rema9s ( ! orig9al b9d+ !y %\ld be pres]v$ & utilis$4 ,if ! old bo>ds h q p]i%$1 new bo>ds ( ! same nature & ?ickness %\ld be got out & ! old cov] pa/$ ov] !m4 ,su* places z ! old lea!r w n cov]1 mu/ fir/ be cov]$ ) new ( ! same col\r4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is desirable t ! *>act]i/ics ( an old book %\ld be pres]v$1 & t ! new "w %\ld be z little 9 evid5ce z possible4 ,x is f> m pleasant to see an old book 9 a pat*$ contempor>y b9d+1 ?an smug & tidy 9 ! mo/ immaculate mod]n cov]4 ,"p ( ! int]e/ ( any old book is its individual hi/ory1 :i* c be ga!r$ f ! b9d+1 book-plates1 m>g9al notes1 names ( =m] own]s1 c41 & any?+ t t5ds to oblit]ate ^! signs is to be deplor$4 ,,specifications ,,specifications ,,= ,,bookb9d+ ,^! specifications w require modification 9 special cases1 & are only int5d$ to be a g5]al guide4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,%eets4 ,,end ,,pap]s4 ,,press+4 ,,edges4 ,,sew+4 ,,back4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to be ,to be sewn ,books on ,to be ,to be ),to be ,i4 c>efullyon4 ,to be ( h&made trimm$ ligature kept ,= ,extra fold$1 good pap] pap] n & giltsilk1 z ,b9d+ or1 if made ) to be be=e flexible1 flat suitable an old zigzag1 ) press$ sew+4 r\nd fivez x = ,valuablebook1 allbo>d pap]s unduly4 ,to be b&s ( c be ,books4 ,:oledamag$ ( self- uncut4 be/ )\t ,lea!r4 leaves tocol\r$ sew+ =c+ be pap] ( good cord4 x & c>efullyquality1 or )\t m5d$1 vellum4 ,or to dang] ! backsbe made ) ( its :]e lea!r becom- damag$ jo9t4 + to be concave made 9 use4 s\nd4 ,s+le leaves to be gu>d$ r\nd ! sections next !m4 ,all plates to be gu>d$4 ,gu>ds to be sewn ?r\gh4 ,no pa/- + on or ov]- ca/+ to be all[$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,z ,no4 ,to be ( good,same z ,to be ,to be ),same z ,,ii4 ,i41 pap] made ,no4 ,i4 cut & unblea*$= ,no4 ,= ,good except+) zigzag1 gilt 9 ?read1 ,i4 ,b9d+ = t any ) bo>d bo>ds flexible1 ,books ( m5d+ pap]s ( or r\nd five ,ref]5ce1 may be self-col\r$ col\r$b&s ( ,catalogues1 done pap] ( good or to bebe/ c41 & r quality4 uncut4 sew+ o!r heavy ) a ,l>ge or cord4 ,books t view to heavy books may h a /r5g? to h a great deal ?an clo? jo9t4 ( use4 extreme ,to be sewn ,:ole or neatness4on4 ,half ,lea!r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,same z ,to be ( good,same z ,to be ,to be ),same z ,,iii4 ,no4 ,,ii4 pap]1 sewn ,no4 ,i4 uncut1 unblea*$= ,= ,b9d+ on1 made ) or to be?read ,nos4 ,i4 = zigzag4 cut 9 across n& ,,ii4 ,libr>ies1 guillo- less ?an ,,iv4 = t9e &f\r ,books 9 gilt or unblea*$ curr5t col\r$l95 use4 ,half or to tapes4 ,lea!r4 h top edge only gilt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,any ,same z ,no4 ,may be ,) ,back to ,,iv4 leaves ,,iii4 cut unblea*$be left ,= ,libr>y damag$ smoo? ?read squ>e ,b9d+s ( at ! 9 ov] ?reeaft] ,books ( back or guillo- unblea*$glue+ little plates t9e4 l95 up4 ,int]e/ or to be tapes4 ,value1 ov]ca/ ,clo? or into ,half ,l954 sections4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,specifications ,,= ,,bookb9d+--7cont9u$74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,bo>ds4 ,,headb&s4 ,,cov]s4 ,,lett]+4,,decoration4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to be (,to be ,goatsk9 ,to be ,to be z ,all "w ,i4 ! be/work$ 7morocco71legible mu* or z to be ,= ,extra black ) silk pigsk9 & to little z done 9 ,b9d+ mill- on /rips or seal- id5tify ! nature ! be/ suitable bo>d4 ( vellum sk9 manu-! ( ! bookmann]4 = ,valuable,two or catgut factur$ volume4 w>rants4 ,books4 ,:olebo>ds or cord1 accord+ ,lea!r4 to be ) to ! made frequ5t recomm5d- toge!rtie-d[ns4ations ( = ,! head- ! l>ge b&s to ,society books1 be set ( ,arts' & all by pieces ,committee five ( good on ,lea!r b&s pap] or = lac$ 9lea!r ,book- ?r\gh glu$ at b9d+4 two head & ,:ole holes4 tail4 ,! b9d+2 back to belea!r l9$ up to be ) atta*$ lea!r directly all ov] to ! if ! back4 book is l>ge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,same z ,same z ,same z ,same z ,to be ,"w may ,,ii4 ,no4 ,i41 ,no4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i41 ,no4 ,i4 omitt$1 orbe a ,= ,good or may except+ only to little ,b9d+ = be ( t consi/ ( r\gh]1 ,books ( good prop]ly a few l9esb n ,ref]5ce1 grey prep>$ or dots or c>eless ,catalogues1 bo>d4 %eepsk9 o!r or c41 & may be q dirty4 o!r heavy add$4 simple ,books t ,half- ornam5t4 may h b9d+1 a great deal lea!r ( use4 only at ,:ole or back4 ,half ,corn]s ,lea!r4 to be /r5g?- en$ ) tips ( vellum4 ,sides cov]$ ) good pap] or l954 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to be ,to be ,same z ,same z ,to be ,same z ,,iii4 split work$ ,nos4 ,i4 ,nos4 ,i4 omitt$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,= ,b9d+ grey ) & ,,ii41 & ,,ii4 = bo>ds1 ?read b sk9s ,libr>ies1 or or vellum may be = ,books /raw- or cord1 us$ :]e 9 curr5t bo>d or to be !re are use4 ,half ) omitt$ surface ,lea!r4 black & a flaws t bo>d piece ( d n l9]1 cord affect ! ) ins]t$ /r5g?4 ends into ! ,lea!r to ( tapesturn 9 be us$ atta*$( ! ?ick] to lea!r at?an is portion head & usual1 ( wa/etail 9 !re %eet1 _! be+ ins]t$place4 ,fr5* betwe5 jo9ts4 !m4 ,lea!r at ,bo>ds back only2 to be pap] left a sides2 %ort vellum di/ance tips4 f ! jo9t to =m a ,fr5* jo9t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to be ,no ,:ole ,same z ,to be ,same z ,,iv4 split headb&s4buckram ,nos4 ,i4 omitt$4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,= ,libr>y bo>ds1 or half ,,ii4 & ,b9d+s ( two l95 & ,,iii4 ,books ( /raw- pap] little bo>ds sides4 ,int]e/ or made ,value1 ,clo?toge!r or ,half & ends ,l954 ( slips ins]t- ed4 ,fr5* jo9t to be left4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,gloss>y ,arm+ press1 a small block+ press us$ = /rik+ arms-blocks on ! sides ( books4 ,back+ bo>ds1 w$ge-%ap$ bevell$ bo>ds us$ 9 back+ 7see ,fig4 #dj74 ,back+ ma*9e1 us$ = back+ *eap "w 9 l>ge quantities2 x (t5 cru%es & damages ! backs ( ! sections4 ,b&s1 7#a7 ! cords on :i* a book is sewn4 7#b7 ,! ridges on ! back caus$ by ! b&s %[+ ?r\gh ! lea!r4 ,b& nipp]s1 p9c]s ) flat jaws1 us$ = /raight5+ ! b&s 7see ,fig4 #fa74 ,= nipp+ up ! lea!r aft] cov]+1 !y %\ld be nickell$ to prev5t ! iron /a9+ ! lea!r4 ,beat+ /one1 ! /one on :i* books 7 =m]ly beat52 n[ g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! roll+ ma*9e & /&+ press4 ,bl9d tool+1 ! impression ( f9i%+ tools )\t gold4 ,block+ press1 a press us$ = impress+ blocks su* z ^? us$ 9 decorat+ clo? cases4 ,bo>d pap]s1 ! "p ( ! end pap]s pa/$ on to ! bo>ds4 ,bodk91 an awl us$ = mak+ ! holes 9 ! bo>ds = ! slips4 ,bolt1 fold$ edge ( ! %eets 9 an unop5$ book4 ,cancels1 leaves conta9+ errors1 :i* h to be disc>d$ & replac$ by correct$ %eets4 ,su* leaves are m>k$ by ! pr9t] ) a />4 ,cat*-^w1 a ^w pr9t$ at ! foot ( "o page indicat+ ! fir/ ^w ( ! page foll[+1 z a guide 9 collat+4 ,cutt+ bo>ds1 w$ge-%ap$ bo>ds some:at l back+ bo>ds1 b ) ! top edge squ>e2 us$ 9 cutt+ ! edge ( a book & 9 edge-gild+4 ,cutt+ 9 bo>ds1 cutt+ ! edges ( a book aft] ! bo>ds are lac$ on4 ,cutt+ press1 :5 ! ly+ press is turn$1 s t ! side ) ! runn]s is upp]mo/1 x is call$ a cutt+ press 7see ,fig4 #df74 ,diap]1 a t]m appli$ to a small repeat+ all-ov] patt]n4 ,f wov5 mat]ial decorat$ 9 ?is way4 ,d\blure1 ! inside face ( ! bo>ds1 especially appli$ to !m :5 l9$ ) lea!r & decorat$4 ,end pap]s1 pap]s add$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( a book by ! b9d]4 ,extra b9d+1 a trade t]m = ! be/ "w4 ,f9i%+1 comprises lett]+1 tool+1 & poli%+1 c4 ,f9i%+ press1 a small press us$ = hold+ books :5 !y are be+ tool$ 7see ,fig4 #hd74 ,f9i%+ /ove1 us$ = heat+ f9i%+ tools4 ,fold]1 a flat piece ( ivory or bone1 l a pap] knife1 us$ 9 fold+ %eets & 9 v>i\s o!r op]ations4 ,=$ge 7=e edge71 ! front edge ( ! leaves4 ,pron\nc$ =rege4 ,=w>d+1 comprises all ! op]ations betwe5 sew+ & f9i%+1 except+ headb&+4 ,ga!r+1 collect+ "o %eet f ea* pile 9 a pr9t]'s w>eh\se to make up a volume4 ,glaire1 :ite ( eggs beat5 up1 & us$ 9 f9i%+ & edge gild+4 ,half b9d+1 :5 ! lea!r cov]s ! back & only "p ( ! sides1 a book is said to be half b\nd4 ,head b&1 a fillet ( silk or ?read1 work$ at ! head & tail ( ! back4 ,head cap1 ! fold ( lea!r ov] ! head b& 7see ,fig4 #fg74 ,head & tail1 ! top & bottom ( a book4 ,imp]fections1 %eets reject$ by ! b9d] & return$ to ! pr9t] to be replac$4 ,india pro(s1 /rictly fir/ pro(s only ( an illu/ration pull$ on ,india pap]1 b us$ indiscrim9ately = all illu/rations pr9t$ on ,india pap]4 ,inset1 ! portion ( a %eet cut (f & ins]t$ 9 fold+ c]ta9 sizes1 su* z duodecimo1 c4 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,inside m>g9s1 ! bord] made by ! turn 9 ( ! lea!r on ! inside face ( ! bo>ds 7see ,fig4 #aaf74 ,jo9ts1 7#a7 ! groove =m$ 9 back+ to receive ! ends ( ! mill-bo>ds4 7#b7 ,! "p ( ! b9d+ t b5ds :5 ! bo>ds are op5$4 7#c7 ,/rips ( lea!r or clo? us$ to /r5g!n ! end pap]s4 ,kettle /it*1 cat* /it* =m$ 9 sew+ at ! head & tail4 ,lac+ 91 lac+ ! slips ?r\gh holes 9 ! bo>ds to atta* !m4 ,ly+ press1 ! t]m appli$ to ! "u side ( ! cutt+ press us$ = back+1 usually ungrammatically call$ lay+ press4 ,m>bl+1 col\r+ ! edges & end pap]s 9 v>i\s patt]ns1 obta9$ by float+ col\rs on a gum solution4 ,millbo>d ma*9e1 ma*9e us$ = squ>+ bo>ds2 %\ld only be us$ = *eap "w1 z an edge cut by x w n be z squ>e z if cut by ! pl\gh4 ,mitr+1 7#a7 l9es meet+ at a "r angle )\t ov]runn+ are said to be mitr$4 7#b7 ,a jo9 at #de deg4 z 9 ! lea!r on ! inside ( ! bo>ds4 ,ov]ca/+1 ov]-sew+ ! back edges ( s+le leaves or weak sections4 ,peel1 a ?9 bo>d on a h&le us$ = hang+ up %eets = dry+4 ,plate1 an illu/ration pr9t$ f a plate4 ,t]m (t5 incorrectly appli$ to illu/rations pr9t$ f woodcuts4 ,any full-page illu/ration pr9t$ on diff]5t pap] to ! book is usually call$ a plate4 ,press+ plates1 plates ( metal japann$ or nickell$1 us$ = giv+ f9i% to ! lea!r on a book4 ,press p91 an iron b> us$ = turn+ ! screws ( presses4 ,pro(1 edges left uncut z pro( t ! book has n be5 unduly cut d[n4 ,regi/]1 7i47 :5 ! pr9t on "o side ( a leaf falls exactly ov] t on ! o!r x is said to regi/]4 7ii47 ,ribbon plac$ 9 a book z a m>k]4 ,roll+ ma*9e1 a ma*9e 9 :i* ! %eets ( a book are subject to heavy pressure by be+ pass$ betwe5 roll]s4 ,saw+ 91 :5 grooves are made 9 ! back ) a saw to receive ! b&s4 ,section1 ! fold$ %eet4 ,semee or ,semis1 an h]aldic t]m signify+ spr9kl$4 ,set (f1 pr9t is said to set (f :5 "p ( ! ink f a page comes (f on an opposite page4 ,?is w happ5 if a book is press$ too soon aft] pr9t+4 ,%eet1 ! full size ( ! pap] z pr9t$1 =m+ a section :5 fold$4 ,signature1 ! lett] or figure plac$ on ! fir/ page ( ea* %eet4 ,slips1 ! ends ( ! sew+ cord or tape t are atta*$ to ! bo>ds4 ,squ>es1 ! portion ( ! bo>ds project+ beyond ! edges ( ! book4 ,/>t1 :51 aft] cutt+1 "o or m sections ( ! book come =w>d1 mak+ ! =e edge irregul>1 !y are said to h />t$4 ,/raight edge1 a flat rul]4 ,tacky1 /icky4 ,t4 ,e4 ,g41 top-edge gilt4 ,trimm$4 ,! edges ( a book are said to be trimm$ :5 ! edges ( ! l>g] 7or project+7 leaves only h be5 cut4 ,tub1 ! /& :i* supports ! ly+ press4 ,orig9ally an actual tub to cat* ! %av+s4 ,uncut1 a book is said to be uncut :5 ! edges ( ! pap] h n be5 cut ) ! pl\gh or guillot9e4 ,unop5$1 ! book is said to be unop5$ if ! bolts ( ! %eets h n be5 cut4 ,wat]pro( %eets1 %eets ( celluloid1 su* z are us$ by photograph]s4 ,:ole b9d+1 :5 ! lea!r cov]s ! back & sides ( a volume4 ,wire /aples are us$ by c]ta9 ma*9es 9 ! place ( ?read = secur+ ! sections4 ,groove1 t "p ( ! sections :i* is turn$ ov] 9 back+ to receive ! bo>d4 ,,reproductions ,,( ,,b9d+s ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,& ,,iii4 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,bl9d-,,tool$ ,,b9d+s ,,iv4 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,b9d+ ,,) ,,simple ,,gold-,,tool+ ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,,& ,,viii4 ,,mod]n ,,b9d+s ,,design$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,illu/ration3 ,i4--,g]man ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,pigsk94 ,actual size1 #h-c_/d x #f-a_/d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4--,g]man ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,calf4 ,actual size #ab-a_/b x #h-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4--,italian ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,%eepsk91 ) col\r$ r\ndels4 ,actual size1 #aa-a_/b x #h-a_/d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4--,italian ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,actual size1 #ab-a_/b x #h-a_/b4 ,goatsk94 ,illu/ration3 ,v4--,half ,nig] morocco1 ) sides ( ,engli% oak4 ,actual size1 #ag x #aa-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4--,nig] morocco1 inlaid gre5 leaves4 ,actual size1 #h-a_/d x #e-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4--,gre5 levant1 inlaid ) light] gre5 panel & r$ dots4 ,actual size1 #f-c_/d x #d-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4--,nig] morocco1 execut$ by a /ud5t ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,crafts4 ,actual size1 #aa-c_/d x #i-a_/d4 ,,index ,,arm+ ,,press1 #bbi1 #cac ,arms blocks1 #bbh ,art pap]1 #dh1 #bhb ,autograph lett]s1 #agi ,,back+1 #aag ,back+ hamm]1 #abc ,back1 l9+ up1 #aeb ,b& nipp]s1 #afj1 #afc ,b&s1 #cac ,b&/ick1 #afj ,beat+1 #ij ,beat+ /one1 #ij1 #cac ,b5z9e1 #bjg1 #bji ,b9d+1 decoration (1 #ba1 #cj1 #ahh1 #bcc ,b9d+1 collotype reproductions (1 #cba-ccf ,b9d+1 embroid]$1 #ahf ,b9d+ e>ly pr9t$ books1 #ca1 #df1 #aac ,b9d+1 extra1 #cjh ,b9d+1 jewell$1 #bfc ,b9d+1 libr>y1 #bg1 #agc1 #cjh ,b9d+1 manuscripts1 #ca1 #ajh1 #aac1 #abe1 #ace1 #bbc ,b9d+1 metal-cov]$1 #bfc ,b9d+1 vellum1 #ahj ,b9d+ v ?9 books1 #agg ,bl9d tool+1 #ahh1 #bbb ,block+ press1 #bbi1 #cac ,blocks1 /rik+1 #bbi ,bo>ds1 #abd ,bo>ds1 atta*+1 #acb ,bo>ds1 cutt+1 #abe ,bo>ds1 fill+ 91 #agj ,bo>ds1 l9+1 #abi ,bo>ds1 press+1 #aic1 #baj ,bo>ds1 split1 #bh1 #age1 #caa ,bodk91 #aad ,bookb9d+ z a pr(ession1 #cb ,books 9 %eets1 #cd ,bookworms1 #big ,bord]s1 design+1 #bdj ,bord]s1 inside1 #bec ,,calf1 #bg1 #bgg ,cancell$ %eets1 #dc ,cas$ books1 #ai1 #di ,ca/or oil1 #cjc ,cat* /it*1 #ii ,cat* words1 #cad ,celluloid1 %eets (1 #afa ,c5tres1 design+1 #bda ,*rome lea!r1 #bgf ,clasps & ties1 #ahc1 #bei ,clean+ (f back1 #acg ,clo? cas+1 #ai1 #di ,clo? jo9ts1 #hf1 #beg ,cobd5-,s&]son1 ,t4 ,j41 xii41 #bb ,cockroa*es1 #cjj ,cocoanut oil1 #bjj ,collat+1 #dc ,col\r+ edges1 #add ,comb9+ tools to =m patt]ns1 #bcb ,compasses1 #aca ,cord sew+1 #aaa ,corn]s1 mitr+1 #afe1 #afh ,c\s91 ,jules1 #gd1 #bii ,cov]+1 #bc1 #aei1 #agf1 #caj ,cru%+ ! gra9 ( lea!r1 #aib ,cutt+ 9 bo>ds1 #aci ,cutt+ mill-bo>ds1 #abd ,cutt+ press1 #abh ,,damp1 effect (1 on b9d+s1 #bid ,decoration ( b9d+s1 #ba1 #cj1 #ahh1 #bcc ,design+ tools1 #bcj ,diap] patt]ns1 #bcf ,divid]s1 #ea ,dots1 /rik+1 #bje ,d\bluves1 #bec1 #cad ,dress+ = old b9d+s1 #cjb ,du/ & du/+1 #bif ,,e>ly pr9t$ books1 b9d+1 #ca1 #df1 #aac ,edge col\r+1 #add ,edge gauff]+1 #add ,edge gild+1 #ie1 #add ,edge siz+1 #ie1 #adf ,edges1 pa9t$1 #adf ,embroid]$ b9d+s1 #ahf ,end pap]s1 #hj1 #bed ,end1 pa9t$1 #hc ,end1 vellum1 #hd ,ends1 silk1 #hd ,ent]+1 #cc ,evelyn's ,di>y 7quotation71 #bhb ,extra b9d+1 #cjh1 #cad ,,false b&s1 #bf ,fillet1 #aij1 #bjf ,fillet1 small1 #bjf1 #bdf ,fill+ 9 bo>ds1 #agj ,f9i%+1 #aia ,f9i%+ press1 #aid ,f9i%+ tools1 #ahh ,f9i%+ /ove1 #aie ,flatt5+ vellum1 #fe ,fold]1 #afd ,fold+1 #cf ,fray+ out slips1 #aad ,fr5* jo9t1 #agf ,fr5* p>+ knife1 #aef ,fr5* /&+ press1 #ia ,,gas fumes1 effect (1 #bia ,ga!r+1 #ce ,gauff]+ edges1 #add ,gelat9e1 #gj ,gild+ edges1 #ie1 #add ,gilt top1 #ib ,glaire1 #ig1 #aih ,glass1 t9t$1 = libr>ies1 #bib ,gloss>y1 #cac ,glue1 #bhi ,glue+ up1 #aae ,goatsk91 #bgg ,gold cu%ion1 #bjj ,gold leaf1 #aii ,gold knife1 #bjj ,gold1 net =1 #if ,gold1 pad =1 #bja ,gold tool+1 #ahh1 #aia ,g\ges1 #ahi1 #bje1 #bdg ,groove 7see ,jo9t7 ,gu>d+1 #db1 #ec ,gu>d+ plates1 #ej1 #ef1 #caf ,,hamm]1 back+1 #abc ,h&-made pap]1 #bhj ,headb&+1 #ajh1 #adg1 #agf ,headcaps1 #aef1 #aff ,heat1 effect (1 on b9d+s1 #bie ,h]aldry on b9d+s1 #bbg ,h++ plates1 #eg ,holl[ backs1 #be1 #ahe ,,imp]fections1 #ce ,india pro(s1 soak+ (f1 #fb ,india pro(s1 m\nt+1 #fc ,indi>ubb] = gold1 #bjg ,inlay+ lea!r1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bdc ,inlay+ leaves or plates1 #fd ,inset1 #dj1 #cae ,inside m>g9s1 #bec ,,jaconet1 #fj1 #fd ,japanese pap]1 #bhb ,japanese vellum1 #bhb ,jewell$ b9d+s1 #bfc ,jo9t1 #afe1 #afi ,jo9t1 clo?1 #hf1 #beg ,jo9t1 ,fr5*1 #agf ,jo9t1 knock+ out1 #ec ,jo9t1 lea!r1 #hf1 #aga ,,kettle /it*1 #di1 #ii1 #aje ,keys1 sew+1 #aja ,knife1 m\ntcutt]s'1 #ed ,knife1 ,fr5* p>+1 #aef ,knife1 gold1 #bjj ,knife1 pl\gh1 #abi1 #aci ,knock+ d[n iron1 #ec1 #acd ,knock+ out jo9ts1 #ec ,knot1 #ajj1 #ajf ,,lac+ 9 slips1 #acb ,lay cords1 #ajj ,lay+ press 7see ,ly+ press7 ,lea!r1 #bg1 #bfc ,lea!r1 *rome1 #bgf ,lea!r1 cru%+ gra9 (1 #aib ,lea!r1 inlay+1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bdc ,lea!r jo9ts1 #hf1 #aga ,lea!r1 p>+1 #aed ,lea!r1 poli%+1 #aia ,lea!r1 spr9kl+ & m>bl+1 #bg1 #bgi ,lea!r1 /ret*+1 #bc1 #afa ,lea!r1 te/+1 #bgd ,lea!r "w1 #bbf ,leaves1 inlay+1 #fd ,lett]+1 #bh1 #bae1 #bdf ,lett]s1 autograph1 #agi ,libr>y b9d+1 #bg1 #agc1 #cjh ,light1 effect (1 on lea!r1 #bib ,l9+ up back1 #aeb ,li?ographic /one1 #aeg1 #afj ,loose cov]s1 #cjd ,ly+ press1 #abh ,,manuscripts1 b9d+ (1 #ca1 #ajh1 #aac1 #abe1 #ace1 #bbc ,manuscripts1 collat+1 #df ,maps1 ?r[+ out1 #fj ,m>bl$ pap]1 #hc ,m>g9s1 inside1 #bec ,m>k+ up1 #ih ,mat]ials = sew+1 #aaa ,m5d+1 #gf ,m5d+ tool+1 #bjh ,m5d+ vellum1 #gi ,metal on b9d+s1 #bfb ,millbo>ds1 #abd ,millbo>d ma*9e1 #abg1 #cae ,millbo>d %e>s1 #abf ,mitr+ corn]s1 #afe1 #afh ,morocco1 #bgg ,morocco1 ,p]sian1 #bga ,m\nt-cutt]s' knife1 #ed ,m\nt+ ,india-pro(s1 #fc ,m\nt+ v ?9 pap]1 #fc ,,net = gild+ edges1 #if ,nig] morocco1 #bgh ,nipp+ press1 #baa ,nipp]s1 b&1 #afj1 #afc ,,oil1 cocoanut1 #bjj ,op5+ newly-b\nd books1 #beg ,ov]ca/+1 #ea ,ov]s1 #ce ,oxalic acid1 use (1 #agc ,,pad = gold1 #bja ,pag+1 #dd ,pa9t$ edges1 #adf ,pa9t$ end pap]s1 #hc ,pallets1 #ahi ,pap]1 #bhj ,pap]1 art1 #dh1 #bhc ,pap]1 h&-made1 #bhj ,pap]1 ,japanese1 #bhb ,pap]1 m>bl$1 #hc ,pap]1 sizes (1 #cf1 #bhc ,pap]1 siz+1 #fg ,pap]1 splitt+1 #fc ,pap]1 wa%+1 #ga ,p>aff9 wax1 #cjc ,p>+ lea!r1 #aed ,p>+ pap]1 #fa ,p>+ /one1 #aeg1 #afj ,pa/es1 #bhf ,pa/e wat]1 #aih ,pa/+ d[n end pap]s1 #bed ,patt]ns1 #bcb ,peel1 #caf ,p]man5t b9d+1 #ai ,p]sian morocco1 #bga ,pigsk91 #bgh ,plates1 deta*+1 #dh ,plates1 gu>d+1 #ef ,plates1 h++1 #eg ,plates1 inlay+1 #fd ,plates1 trimm+1 #dj ,pl\gh1 #abh ,pl\gh knife1 #abi1 #aci ,poli%+1 #aia ,pres]v+ old b9d+s1 #cjb ,press1 arm+1 #bbi1 #cac ,press1 block+1 #bbi1 #cac ,press1 cutt+1 #abh ,press1 f9i%+1 #aid ,press1 ly+1 #abh ,press1 nipp+1 #baa ,press p91 #caf ,press1 sew+ 7see ,sew+ frame7 ,press1 /&+1 #hh ,press+ bo>ds1 #aic1 #baj ,press+ 9 bo>ds1 #ach ,press+ plates1 #aib1 #caf ,press+ sections1 #hg ,pro(1 #caf ,publi%]s' b9d+1 #bj ,pull+ to pieces1 #df ,,qu>t] sections1 #db ,quires1 books 91 #cd ,,rats & mice1 #bii ,re-back+1 #cje ,re-b9d+1 #ah1 #cjf ,refold+1 #ea ,regi/] ( pr9t+1 #eb1 #caf ,repres5tations ( b9d+s1 #cba-ccf ,roll1 #aij ,r\nd+1 #aag ,,saw+ 91 #bj1 #be1 #ajj1 #ajh ,scrap books1 #agh ,sealsk91 #bgh ,sections1 press+1 #hg ,sew+1 #ajj ,sew+ cord1 #aaa ,sew+ frame1 #ajj ,sew+ keys1 #aja ,sew+ on tapes1 #bf1 #aaa1 #agd ,sew+ on vellum slips1 #aaa1 #aha ,sew+ silk1 #aab ,sew+1 tape =1 #aab ,sew+ ?read1 #aab ,%eepsk91 #bgg-cjh ,%eets1 books 91 #cd ,%eets1 wat]pro(1 #afa ,signatures1 #cd1 #dc ,silk ends1 #hd ,silk sew+1 #aab ,sizes ( pap]1 #cf1 #bhc ,siz+1 #fg ,siz+ edges1 #ie-adf ,siz+ lea!r1 #aih ,siz+ pap]1 #fg ,slips1 #cag ,slips1 fray+ out1 #aad ,slips1 lac+ 91 #acb ,soak+ (f ,india pro(s1 #fb ,society ( ,arts1 ,report ( ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+1 #bb1 #bfd ,society ( ,arts1 ,report ( ,committee on ,pap]1 #bhd ,specifications1 #cjh ,split bo>ds1 #bh1 #age1 #caa ,splitt+ pap]1 #fc ,spr9kl+ lea!r1 #bg1 #bgi ,squ>es1 #aca1 #aec1 #cag ,/&+ press1 #hh ,/&+ press1 ,fr5*1 #hi1 #ia ,/aples1 wire1 #di ,/>r$ %eets1 #dc ,/ove1 f9i%+1 #aie ,/one1 li?ographic1 #aeg1 #afj ,/rik+ dots1 #bje ,/rik+ tools1 #bjd ,,tape1 sew+ on1 #bf1 #aab1 #agd ,tempor>y b9d+1 #bj ,te/+ lea!r1 #bgd ,?9 books1 b9d+1 #agg ,?9 pap]1 m\nt+1 #fc ,?read1 sew+1 #aab ,?r[+ out maps1 #fj ,ties & clasps1 #ahc1 #bei ,tobacco smoke1 effect (1 on b9d+1 #bid ,tool+1 bl9d1 #ahh1 #bbb ,tool+1 gold1 #bd1 #ahh1 #aia ,tool+ on vellum1 #bab ,tools1 design+1 #ahh1 #bcj ,tools1 f9i%+1 #ahh1 #bcj ,tra9+ = bookb9d+1 #cb ,trimm+ be=e sew+1 #ic ,trimm+ ma*9e1 #id ,trimm+ plates1 #dj ,tub1 #cag ,ty+ up1 #afg ,,v>ni%1 #bji ,vellum b9d]s1 #bf ,vellum b9d+s1 #ahj ,vellum ends1 #hd ,vellum1 flatt5+1 #fe ,vellum1 ,japanese1 #bhb ,vellum1 m5d+1 #gi ,vellum slips1 sew+ on1 #aaa1 #ahc ,vellum tool+ on1 #bab ,,walk]1 ,em]y1 #baf ,wa%+1 #ga ,wat]pro( %eets1 #afa ,weav]'s knot1 #ajf ,wood5 bo>ds1 #cb1 #ace1 #bbc1 #ccj ,worm holes1 #gh1 #big ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,! s]ies w appeal to h&icraftsm5 9 ! indu/rial & me*anic arts4 ,x consi/s ( au?oritative /atem5ts by exp]ts 9 e field = ! ex]cise ( +5uity1 ta/e1 imag9ation--! :ole sph]e ( ! s-call$ dep5d5t arts4 ,,bookb9d+ ,,& ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,books4 ,a ,h&book = ,amateurs1 ,bookb9d]s1 & ,libr>ians4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,cock]ell4 ,) #abj ,illu/rations & ,diagrams by ,noel ,rooke1 & #h collotype reproductions ( b9d+4 #abmo4 #a4be net4 ,,silv]work ,,& ,,jewelry4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts & ,work]s 9 ,metal4 ,by ,h4 ,,wilson4 ,) #afj ,diagrams & #af full-page ,illu/rations1 #abmo4 #a4dj net4 ,,wood ,,c>v+3 ,,design ,,& ,,workman%ip4 ,by ,,george ,,jack4 ,) ,draw+s by ! ,au?or & o!r ,illu/rations4 #a4dj net4 ,,/a9$-,,glass ,,"w4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts & ,work]s 9 ,glass4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,:all4 ,) ,diagrams by two ( 8 ,appr5tices1 & o!r ,illu/rations4 #a4ej net2 po/age1 #ad c5ts additional4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,obvi\s typographic errors h be5 correct$4 ,= ! detail$ li/ see bel[4 ,! tables h be5 slightly modifi$ to optimize pres5tation4 page #jad--typo fix$3 *ang$ ',mak+' to ',m>k+' page #ach--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'head-b&+' to 'headb&+' page #aei--typo fix$3 *ang$ 'wook' to 'wood' page #agc--typo fix$3 *ang$ ',,*apt] ,,viii' to ',,*apt] ,,xiii' page #aih--typo fix$3 *ang$ 'is+las' to 'is+lass' page #bdi--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'tie d[ns' to 'tie-d[ns' page #bec--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'headcap' to 'head-cap' page #bih--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'millbo>d' to 'mill-bo>d' page #cjc--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 're-b9d+' to 'reb9d+' page #cjd--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'millbo>d' to 'mill-bo>d' page #caj--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ ',goat-sk9' to ',goatsk9' page #cad--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'head-b&+' to 'headb&+' page #cae--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'millbo>ds' to 'mill-bo>ds' page #cci--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ 'millbo>ds' to 'mill-bo>ds' page #cda--spell+ normaliz$3 *ang$ ',re-fold+' to ',refold+'