,,! ,,w ,,to ,,believe ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,9 ,,popul> ,,philosophy ,,by ,,william ,,james ,,new ,,impression ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,f\r? ,,av5ue #cj,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,london1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aiab ,copyright1 #ahif ,,by ,,william ,,james ,fir/ ,edition4 ,febru>y1 #ahig1 ,repr9t$1 ,may1 #ahig1 ,septemb]1 #ahig1 ,m>*1 #ahih1 ,augu/1 #ahii1 ,june1 #aijb1 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 ,may1 #aijd1 ,june1 #aije1 ,m>*1 #aijg1 ,april1 #aijh1 ,septemb]1 #aiji1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 ,novemb]1 #aiaa1 ,novemb]1 #aiab ,to ,my ,old ,fri5d1 ,,*>les ,,s&]s ,,peirce1 ,to ^: philosophic comrade%ip 9 old times & to ^: writ+s 9 m rec5t ye>s ,i owe m incitem5t & help ?an ,i c express or repay4 vii ,,preface4 ,at mo/ ( our ,am]ican ,colleges !re are ,clubs =m$ by ! /ud5ts devot$ to p>ticul> bran*es ( le>n+2 & ^! clubs h ! laudable cu/om ( invit+ once or twice a ye> "s matur] s*ol> to address !m1 ! occasion (t5 be+ made a public "o4 ,i h f "t to "t accept$ su* invitations1 & aft]w>ds _h my disc\rse pr9t$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! ,reviews4 ,x has seem$ to me t ^! addresses might n[ be wor?y ( collection 9 a volume1 z !y %$ explanatory light ^u ea* o!r1 & tak5 toge!r express a tol]ably def9ite philosophic attitude 9 a v unte*nical way4 ,7 ,i oblig$ to give a %ort "n to ! attitude 9 "q1 ,i %\ld call x t ( radical empiricism1 9 spite ( ! fact t su* brief nicknames are n[h]e m mislead+ ?an 9 philosophy4 ,i say 'empiricism1' because x is cont5t$ to reg>d its mo/ assur$ conclusions conc]n+ matt]s ( fact z hypo!ses liable to modification 9 ! c\rse ( future exp]i5ce2 & ,i say 'radical1' because x treats ! doctr9e ( monism itself z an hypo!sis1 &1 viii unlike s mu* ( ! half-way empiricism t is curr5t "u ! "n ( positivism or agno/icism or sci5tific naturalism1 x does n dogmatically affirm monism z some?+ ) :i* all exp]i5ce has got to squ>e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 monism & pluralism is p]haps ! mo/ pregnant ( all ! diff]5ces 9 philosophy4 ,prim facie ! _w is a pluralism2 z we f9d x1 its unity seems to be t ( any collection2 & our high] ?9k+ consi/s *iefly ( an ef=t to r$eem x f t fir/ crude =m4 ,po/ulat+ m unity ?an ! fir/ exp]i5ces yield1 we also discov] m4 ,b absolute unity1 9 spite ( brilliant da%es 9 its direction1 /ill rema9s undiscov]$1 /ill rema9s a ,gr5zbegriff4 ,ev] n q mu/ be ! rationali/ic philosoph]'s la/ confession conc]n+ x4 ,aft] all t reason c d has be5 done1 !re /ill rema9s ! opacity ( ! f9ite facts z m]ely giv51 ) mo/ ( _! peculi>ities mutually unm$iat$ & unexpla9$4 ,to ! v la/1 !re are ! v>i\s 'po9ts ( view' :i* ! philosoph] mu/ di/+ui% 9 discuss+ ! _w2 & :at is inw>dly cle> f "o po9t rema9s a b>e ext]nality & datum to ! o!r4 ,! negative1 ! alogical1 is nev] :olly bani%$4 ,some?+--call x fate1 *ance1 fre$om1 spontaneity1 ! devil1 :at y w--is /ill wrong & o!r & outside & un9clud$1 f y\r po9t ( view1 ev5 ?\gh y be ! greate/ ( philosoph]s4 ,some?+ is always m]e fact & giv5ness2 & !re may be 9 ! :ole univ]se no "o po9t ( view extant f :i* ?is w\ld n be f\nd to be ! case4 ,reason1 z a gift$ writ] says1 is ix b "o item 9 ! my/]y2 & beh9d ! pr\de/ consci\sness t ev] reign$1 reason & wond] blu%$ face to face4 ,! inevitable /ales1 :ile d\bt & hope are si/]s4 ,n un=tunately ! univ]se is wild1--game-flavor$ z a hawk's w+4 ,nature is miracle all2 ! same returns n save to br+ ! diff]5t4 ,! sl[ r\nd ( ! engrav]'s la! ga9s b ! bread? ( a hair1 b ! diff]5ce is di/ribut$ back ov] ! :ole curve1 nev] an in/ant true1--ev] n q4#a ,?is is pluralism1 some:at rhapsodically express$4 ,he :o takes = 8 hypo!sis ! notion t x is ! p]man5t =m ( ! _w is :at ,i call a radical empirici/4 ,= him ! crudity ( exp]i5ce rema9s an et]nal elem5t !re(4 ,!re is no possible po9t ( view f :i* ! _w c appe> an absolutely s+le fact4 ,real possibilities1 real indet]m9ations1 real beg9n+s1 real ends1 real evil1 real crises1 cata/rophes1 & escapes1 a real ,god1 & a real moral life1 j z common-s5se conceives ^! ?+s1 may rema9 9 empiricism z conceptions :i* t philosophy gives up ! attempt ei!r to 'ov]come' or to re9t]pret 9 moni/ic =m4 ,_m ( my pr(essionally tra9$ confrres w smile at ! irrationalism ( ?is view1 & at ! artlessness ( my essays 9 po9t ( te*nical =m4 ,b !y %\ld be tak5 z illu/rations ( ! radically empirici/ attitude r ?an z argum5tations = its validity4 ,t admits mean:ile ( x be+ argu$ 9 z te*nical a %ape z any "o c desire1 & possibly ,i may be sp>$ to d lat] a %>e ( t "w4 ,mean:ile ^! essays seem to light up ) a c]ta9 dramatic reality ! attitude itself1 & make x visible alongside ( ! high] & l[] dogmatisms betwe5 :i* 9 ! pages ( philosophic hi/ory x has g5]ally rema9$ eclips$ f sight4 ,! fir/ f\r essays are l>gely conc]n$ ) def5d+ ! legitimacy ( religi\s fai?4 ,to "s rationaliz+ read]s su* advocacy w seem a sad misuse ( "o's pr(essional position4 ,mank9d1 !y w say1 is only too prone to foll[ fai? unreason+ly1 & ne$s no prea*+ nor enc\ragem5t 9 t direction4 ,i q agree t :at mank9d at l>ge mo/ lacks is criticism & caution1 n fai?4 ,its c>d9al weakness is to let belief foll[ recklessly ^u lively conception1 especially :5 ! conception has in/9ctive lik+ at its back4 ,i admit1 !n1 t 7 ,i address+ ! ,salvation ,army or a miscellane\s popul> cr[d x w\ld be a misuse ( opportunity to prea* ! lib]ty ( believ+ z ,i h 9 ^! pages prea*$ x4 ,:at su* audi5ces mo/ ne$ is t _! fai?s %\ld be brok5 up & v5tilat$1 t ! nor?we/ w9d ( sci5ce %\ld get into !m & bl[ _! sickl9ess & b>b>ism away4 ,b academic audi5ces1 f$ already on sci5ce1 h a v diff]5t ne$4 ,p>alysis ( _! native capacity = fai? & timor\s abulia 9 ! religi\s field are _! special =ms ( m5tal weakness1 br\ght ab\t by ! notion1 c>efully in/ill$1 t !re is some?+ call$ sci5tific evid5ce by xi wait+ ^u :i* !y %all escape all dang] ( %ipwreck 9 reg>d to tru?4 ,b !re is really no sci5tific or o!r me?od by :i* m5 c /e] safely betwe5 ! opposite dang]s ( believ+ too little or ( believ+ too mu*4 ,to face su* dang]s is app>5tly our duty1 & to hit ! "r *annel betwe5 !m is ! measure ( our wisdom z m54 ,x does n foll[1 because recklessness may be a vice 9 soldi]s1 t c\rage ought nev] to be prea*$ to !m4 ,:at %\ld be prea*$ is c\rage weight$ ) responsibility1--su* c\rage z ! ,nelsons & ,wa%+tons nev] fail$ to %[ aft] !y _h tak5 ev]y?+ into acc\nt t might tell aga9/ _! success1 & made e provision to m9imize disa/] 9 case !y met defeat4 ,i d n ?9k t any "o c accuse me ( prea*+ reckless fai?4 ,i h prea*$ ! "r ( ! individual to indulge 8 p]sonal fai? at 8 p]sonal risk4 ,i h discuss$ ! k9ds ( risk2 ,i h cont5d$ t none ( u escape all ( !m2 & ,i h only plead$ t x is bett] to face !m op5-ey$ ?an to act z if we did n "k !m to be !re4 ,aft] all1 ?\gh1 y w say1 ,:y su* an ado ab\t a matt] conc]n+ :i*1 h[ev] we may !oretically diff]1 we all practically agree8 ,9 ?is age ( tol]ation1 no sci5ti/ w ev] try actively to int]f]e ) our religi\s fai?1 provid$ we enjoy x quietly ) our fri5ds & d n make a public nuisance ( x 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,b x is j on ?is matt] ( ! m>ket-place t ,i ?9k ! utility ( su* essays z m9e may turn4 ,if xii religi\s hypo!ses ab\t ! univ]se be 9 ord] at all1 !n ! active fai?s ( individuals 9 !m1 freely express+ !mselves 9 life1 are ! exp]im5tal te/s by :i* !y are v]ifi$1 & ! only means by :i* _! tru? or falsehood c be wr\ght out4 ,! true/ sci5tific hypo!sis is t :i*1 z we say1 'works' be/2 & x c be no o!rwise ) religi\s hypo!ses4 ,religi\s hi/ory proves t "o hypo!sis aft] ano!r has work$ ill1 has crumbl$ at contact ) a wid5+ k ( ! _w1 & has laps$ f ! m9ds ( m54 ,"s articles ( fai?1 h[ev]1 h ma9ta9$ !mselves ?r\gh e vicissitude1 & possess ev5 m vitality to-day ?an ev] be=e3 x is = ! 'sci5ce ( religions' to tell u j :i* hypo!ses ^! are4 ,mean:ile ! free/ competition ( ! v>i\s fai?s ) "o ano!r1 & _! op5e/ application to life by _! sev]al *ampions1 are ! mo/ favorable conditions "u :i* ! survival ( ! fitte/ c proce$4 ,!y ought !re=e n to lie hid ea* "u its bu%el1 indulg$-9 quietly ) fri5ds4 ,!y ought to live 9 publicity1 vy+ ) ea* o!r2 & x seems to me t 7! rgime ( tol]ance once grant$1 & a fair field %[n7 ! sci5ti/ has no?+ to fe> = 8 own int]e/s f ! livelie/ possible /ate ( f]m5tation 9 ! religi\s _w ( 8 "t4 ,^? fai?s w be/ /& ! te/ :i* adopt also 8 hypo!ses1 & make !m integral elem5ts ( _! own4 ,he %\ld welcome !re=e e species ( religi\s agitation & discussion1 s long z he is will+ to all[ t "s religi\s hypo!sis may be xiii true4 ,( c\rse !re are pl5ty ( sci5ti/s :o w\ld d5y t dogmatically1 ma9ta9+ t sci5ce has already rul$ all possible religi\s hypo!ses out ( c\rt4 ,su* sci5ti/s ought1 ,i agree1 to aim at impos+ privacy on religi\s fai?s1 ! public manife/ation ( :i* c\ld only be a nuisance 9 _! eyes4 ,) all su* sci5ti/s1 z well z ) _! allies outside ( sci5ce1 my qu>rel op5ly lies2 & ,i hope t my book may d some?+ to p]suade ! read] ( _! crudity1 & range him on my side4 ,religi\s f]m5tation is always a symptom ( ! intellectual vigor ( a society2 & x is only :5 !y =get t !y are hypo!ses & put on rationali/ic & au?oritative pret5sions1 t our fai?s d h>m4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ?+s ab\t a man are 8 ideals & ov]-beliefs4 ,! same is true ( nations & hi/oric epo*s2 & ! excesses ( :i* ! p>ticul> individuals & epo*s are guilty are comp5sat$ 9 ! total1 & become pr(itable to mank9d 9 ! long run4 ,! essay ',on "s ,hegelisms' d\btless ne$s an apology = ! sup]ficiality ) :i* x treats a s]i\s subject4 ,x 0 writt5 z a squib1 to be read 9 a college-sem9>y 9 ,hegel's logic1 sev]al ( ^: memb]s1 mature m51 7 dev\t *ampions ( ! dialectical me?od4 ,my bl[s !re=e 7 aim$ almo/ entirely at t4 ,i repr9t ! pap] "h 7albeit ) "s misgiv+s71 p>tly because ,i believe ! dialectical me?od to be :olly abom9able :5 work$ by concepts alone1 & p>tly because ! essay ca/s "s positive light on ! plurali/-empirici/ po9t ( view4 xiv ,! pap] on ,psy*ical ,rese>* is add$ to ! volume = conv5i5ce & utility4 ,attract$ to ?is /udy "s ye>s ago by my love ( sportsmanlike fair play 9 sci5ce1 ,i h se5 en\gh to conv9ce me ( its great importance1 & ,i wi% to ga9 = x :at int]e/ ,i c4 ,! ,am]ican ,bran* ( ! ,society is 9 ne$ ( m support1 & if my article draws "s new associates !reto1 x w h s]v$ its turn4 ,apology is also ne$$ = ! repetition ( ! same passage 9 two essays 7pp4 #ei-fa & #if-g1 #ajj-a74 ,my excuse is t "o _c always express ! same ?\ght 9 two ways t seem equally =cible1 s "o has to copy "o's =m] words4 ,! ,crillon-quotation on page #fb is due to ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,salt] 7:o employ$ x 9 a simil> mann] 9 ! ',index' = ,augu/ #bd1 #ahhb71 & ! dream-metaphor on p4 #agd is a rem9isc5ce f "s novel ( ,george ,s&'s--,i =get :i*--read by me ?irty ye>s ago4 ,f9ally1 ! revision ( ! essays has consi/$ almo/ entirely 9 excisions4 ,probably less ?an a page & a half 9 all ( new matt] has be5 add$4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,decemb]1 #ahif4 #a ,b4 ,p4 ,blood3 ,! ,flaw 9 ,supremacy3 ,publi%$ by ! ,au?or1 ,am/]dam1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahic4 x ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,believe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,hypo!ses & options1 #a4 ,pascal's wag]1 #e4 ,clif=d's veto1 #h4 ,psy*ological causes ( belief1 #i4 ,!sis ( ! ,essay1 #aa4 ,empiricism & absolutism1 #ab4 ,objective c]titude & its unatta9ability1 #ac4 ,two diff]5t sorts ( risks 9 believ+1 #ag4 ,"s risk unavoidable1 #ai4 ,fai? may br+ =? its own v]ification1 #bb4 ,logical conditions ( religi\s belief1 #be4 ,,is ,,life ,,wor? ,,liv+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cb ,temp]am5tal ,optimism & ,pessimism1 #cc4 ,h[ reconcile ) life "o b5t on suicide8 #ch4 ,religi\s melan*oly & its cure1 #ci4 ,decay ( ,natural ,!ology1 #dc4 ,in/9ctive antidotes to pessimism1 #df4 ,religion involves belief 9 an unse5 ext5sion ( ! _w1 #ea4 ,sci5tific positivism1 #eb4 ,d\bt actuates conduct z mu* z belief does1 #ed4 ,to d5y c]ta9 fai?s is logically absurd1 = !y make _! objects true1 #ef4 ,conclusion1 #fl4 ,,! ,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,rationality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fc ,rationality means flu5t ?9k+1 #fc4 ,simplification1 #fe4 ,cle>ness1 #ff4 ,_! antagonism1 #ff4 ,inadequacy ( ! ab/ract1 #fh4 ,! ?\ght ( non5tity1 #ga4 ,my/icism1 #gd4 ,pure !ory _c bani% wond]1 #ge4 ,! passage to practice may re/ore ! feel+ ( rationality1 #ge4 ,famili>ity & expectancy1 #gf4 ',sub/ance1' #hj4 ,a rational _w mu/ appe> xvi congru\s ) our p[]s1 #hb4 ,b ^! diff] f man to man1 #hh4 ,fai? is "o ( !m1 #ij4 ,insep>able f d\bt1 #ie4 ,may v]ify itself1 #if4 ,its rle 9 e?ics1 #ih4 ,optimism & pessimism1 #aja4 ,is ?is a moral univ]se8--:at does ! problem mean8 #ajc4 ,anae/hesia v]sus en]gy1 #ajg4 ,active assumption necess>y1 #ajg4 ,conclusion1 #aaj4 ,,reflex ,,action ,,& ,,!ism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaa ,pre/ige ( ,physiology1 #aab4 ,plan ( neural action1 #aac4 ,god ! m9d's adequate object1 #aaf4 ,contra/ betwe5 _w z p]ceiv$ & z conceiv$1 #aah4 ,god1 #abj4 ,! m9d's ?ree dep>tm5ts1 #abc4 ,sci5ce due to a subjective dem&1 #abi4 ,!ism a mean betwe5 two extremes1 #acd4 ,gno/icism1 #acg4 ,no intellection except = practical ends1 #adj4 ,conclusion1 #adb4 ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,det]m9ism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ade ,philosophies seek a rational _w1 #adf4 ,det]m9ism & ,indet]m9ism def9$1 #adi4 ,bo? are po/ulates ( rationality1 #aeb4 ,objections to *ance consid]$1 #aec4 ,det]m9ism involves pessimism1 #aei4 ,escape via ,subjectivism1 #afd4 ,subjectivism leads to corruption1 #agj4 ,a _w ) *ance 9 x is morally ! less irrational alt]native1 #agf4 ,*ance n incompatible ) an ultimate ,provid5ce1 #ahj4 ,,! ,,moral ,,philosoph] ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahd ,! moral philosoph] po/ulates a unifi$ sy/em1 #ahe4 ,orig9 ( moral judgm5ts1 #ahe4 ,goods & ills are creat$ by judgm5t81 #ahi4 ,obligations are creat$ by dem&s1 #aib4 ,! conflict ( ideals1 #aih4 ,its solution1 #bje4 ,impossibility ( an ab/ract sy/em ( ,e?ics1 #bjh4 ,! easy-go+ & ! /r5u\s mood1 #baa4 ,connection betwe5 ,e?ics & ,religion1 #bab4 ,,great ,,m5 ,,& ,,_! ,,environm5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #baf ,solid>ity ( causes 9 ! _w1 #baf4 ,! human m9d ab/racts 9 ord] to expla91 #bai4 ,diff]5t cycles ( op]ation 9 ,nature1 #bbj4 ,d>w9's di/9ction betwe5 causes t produce & causes t pres]ve a v>iation1 #bba4 ,physiological causes produce1 ! environm5t only adopts or pres]ves1 great m51 #bbe4 ,:5 adopt$ !y become social f]m5ts1 #bbf4 ,messrs4 xvii ,sp5c] & ,all5 criticis$1 #bcb4 ,messrs4 ,wallace & ,gryzan[ski quot$1 #bci4 ,! laws ( hi/ory1 #bdd4 ,m5tal evolution1 #bde4 ,analogy betwe5 orig9al ideas & ,d>w9's accid5tal v>iations1 #bdg4 ,criticism ( ,sp5c]'s views1 #bea4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,individuals 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bee ,small diff]5ces may be important1 #bef4 ,individual diff]5ces are important because !y are ! causes ( social *ange1 #bei4 ,h]o-wor%ip ju/ifi$1 #bfa4 ,,on ,,"s ,,hegelisms 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfc ,! _w appe>s z a pluralism1 #bfd4 ,elem5ts ( unity 9 ! pluralism1 #bfh4 ,hegel's excessive claims1 #bgc4 ,he makes ( negation a bond ( union1 #bgc4 ,! pr9ciple ( totality1 #bgg4 ,monism & pluralism1 #bgi4 ,! fallacy ( accid5t 9 ,hegel1 #bhj4 ,! good & ! bad inf9ite1 #bhd4 ,negation1 #bhf4 ,conclusion1 #bib4--,note on ! ,anae/hetic revelation1 #bid4 ,,:at ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,,has ,,accompli%$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bii ,! unclassifi$ residuum1 #bii4 ,! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* & its hi/ory1 #cjc4 ,?\ght-transf]5ce1 #cjh4 ,gurney's "w1 #cji4 ,! c5sus ( halluc9ations1 #cab4 ,m$ium%ip1 #cac4 ,! 'sublim9al self1' #cae4 ',sci5ce' & h] c\nt]-presumptions1 #cag4 ,! sci5tific "* ( ,mr4 ,my]s's "w1 #cbj4 ,! me*anical-imp]sonal view ( life v]sus ! p]sonal-romantic view1 #cbd4 ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cbi #a ,,essays ,,9 ,,popul> ,,philosophy4 ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,believe4#a ,9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,life by ,leslie ,/eph5 ( 8 bro!r1 ,fitz-,james1 !re is an acc\nt ( a s*ool to :i* ! latt] w5t :5 he 0 a boy4 ,! tea*]1 a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,gue/1 us$ to conv]se ) 8 pupils 9 ?is wise3 ,gurney1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ification & sanctification8--,/eph51 prove ! omnipot5ce ( ,god6 etc4 ,9 ! mid/ ( our ,h>v>d free?9k+ & indiff]5ce we are prone to imag9e t "h at y\r good old or?odox ,college conv]sation cont9ues to be some:at ^u ?is ord]2 & to %[ y t we at ,h>v>d h n lo/ all int]e/ 9 ^! vital subjects1 ,i h br\ght ) me to-night some?+ l a s]mon on ju/ification by fai? to read to y1--,i mean an essay 9 ju/ification ( fai?1 a def5ce ( our "r to adopt a believ+ attitude 9 religi\s matt]s1 9 spite ( ! fact t our m]ely logical #b intellect may n h be5 co]c$4 ',! ,w to ,believe1' accord+ly1 is ! title ( my pap]4 ,i h long def5d$ to my own /ud5ts ! lawfulness ( volunt>ily adopt$ fai?2 b z soon z !y h got well imbu$ ) ! logical _s1 !y h z a rule refus$ to admit my cont5tion to be lawful philosophically1 ev5 ?\gh 9 po9t ( fact !y 7 p]sonally all ! "t *ock-full ( "s fai? or o!r !mselves4 ,i am all ! :ile1 h[ev]1 s pr(\ndly conv9c$ t my own position is correct1 t y\r invitation has seem$ to me a good occasion to make my /atem5ts m cle>4 ,p]haps y\r m9ds w be m op5 ?an ^? ) :i* ,i h hi!rto _h to deal4 ,i w be z little te*nical z ,i c1 ?\gh ,i mu/ beg9 by sett+ up "s te*nical di/9ctions t w help u 9 ! end4 ,i4 ,let u give ! "n ( hypo!sis to any?+ t may be propos$ to our belief2 & j z ! electricians speak ( live & dead wires1 let u speak ( any hypo!sis z ei!r live or dead4 ,a live hypo!sis is "o :i* appeals z a real possibility to him to :om x is propos$4 ,if ,i ask y to believe 9 ! ,mahdi1 ! notion makes no electric connection ) y\r nature1--x refuses to sc9tillate ) any cr$ibility at all4 ,z an hypo!sis x is completely dead4 ,to an ,arab1 h[ev] 7ev5 if he be n "o ( ! ,mahdi's foll[]s71 ! hypo!sis is among ! m9d's possibilities3 x is alive4 ,?is %[s t deadness & liv5ess 9 an hypo!sis are n intr9sic prop]ties1 b relations to ! #c individual ?9k]4 ,!y are measur$ by 8 will+ness to act4 ,! maximum ( liv5ess 9 an hypo!sis means will+ness to act irrevocably4 ,practically1 t means belief2 b !re is "s believ+ t5d5cy :]ev] !re is will+ness to act at all4 ,next1 let u call ! decision betwe5 two hypo!ses an option4 ,options may be ( sev]al k9ds4 ,!y may be--#a1 liv+ or dead2 #b1 =c$ or avoidable2 #c1 mom5t\s or trivial2 & = our purposes we may call an option a g5u9e option :5 x is ( ! =c$1 liv+1 & mom5t\s k9d4 #a4 ,a liv+ option is "o 9 :i* bo? hypo!ses are live ones4 ,if ,i say to y3 ,be a !osophi/ or be a ,mohamm$an1 x is probably a dead option1 because = y nei!r hypo!sis is likely to be alive4 ,b if ,i say3 ,be an agno/ic or be a ,*ri/ian1 x is o!rwise3 tra9$ z y are1 ea* hypo!sis makes "s appeal1 h[ev] small1 to y\r belief4 #b4 ,next1 if ,i say to y3 ,*oose betwe5 go+ out ) y\r umbrella or )\t x1 ,i d n (f] y a g5u9e option1 = x is n =c$4 ,y c easily avoid x by n go+ out at all4 ,simil>ly1 if ,i say1 ,ei!r love me or hate me1 ,ei!r call my !ory true or call x false1 y\r option is avoidable4 ,y may rema9 indiff]5t to me1 nei!r lov+ nor hat+1 & y may decl9e to (f] any judgm5t z to my !ory4 ,b if ,i say1 ,ei!r accept ?is tru? or g )\t x1 ,i put on y a =c$ option1 = !re is no /&+ place outside ( ! alt]native4 ,e dilemma bas$ on a complete logical disjunction1 ) no possibility ( n *oos+1 is an option ( ?is =c$ k9d4 #d #c4 ,f9ally1 if ,i 7 ,dr4 ,nans5 & propos$ to y to jo9 my ,nor? ,pole exp$ition1 y\r option w\ld be mom5t\s2 = ?is w\ld probably be y\r only simil> opportunity1 & y\r *oice n[ w\ld ei!r exclude y f ! ,nor? ,pole sort ( immortality altoge!r or put at lea/ ! *ance ( x into y\r h&s4 ,he :o refuses to embrace a unique opportunity loses ! prize z surely z if he tri$ & fail$4 ,p] contra1 ! option is trivial :5 ! opportunity is n unique1 :5 ! /ake is insignificant1 or :5 ! decision is rev]sible if x lat] prove unwise4 ,su* trivial options ab\nd 9 ! sci5tific life4 ,a *emi/ f9ds an hypo!sis live en\gh to sp5d a ye> 9 its v]ification3 he believes 9 x to t ext5t4 ,b if 8 exp]im5ts prove inconclusive ei!r way1 he is quit = 8 loss ( "t1 no vital h>m be+ done4 ,x w facilitate our discussion if we keep all ^! di/9ctions well 9 m9d4 ,,ii4 ,! next matt] to consid] is ! actual psy*ology ( human op9ion4 ,:5 we look at c]ta9 facts1 x seems z if our passional & volitional nature lay at ! root ( all our convictions4 ,:5 we look at o!rs1 x seems z if !y c\ld d no?+ :5 ! intellect _h once said its say4 ,let u take ! latt] facts up fir/4 ,does x n seem prepo/]\s on ! v face ( x to talk ( our op9ions be+ modifiable at w8 ,c our w ei!r help or h9d] our intellect 9 its p]ceptions ( tru?8 ,c we1 by j will+ x1 believe t ,abraham ,l9coln's exi/5ce is a my?1 #e & t ! portraits ( him 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e are all ( "s "o else8 ,c we1 by any ef=t ( our w1 or by any /r5g? ( wi% t x 7 true1 believe ourselves well & ab\t :5 we are ro>+ ) rheumatism 9 b$1 or feel c]ta9 t ! sum ( ! two "o-doll> bills 9 our pocket mu/ be a hundr$ doll>s8 ,we c say any ( ^! ?+s1 b we are absolutely impot5t to believe !m2 & ( j su* ?+s is ! :ole fabric ( ! tru?s t we d believe 9 made up1--matt]s ( fact1 imm$iate or remote1 z ,hume said1 & relations betwe5 ideas1 :i* are ei!r !re or n !re = u if we see !m s1 & :i* if n !re _c be put !re by any action ( our own4 ,9 ,pascal's ,?\ghts !re is a celebrat$ passage kn[n 9 lit]ature z ,pascal's wag]4 ,9 x he tries to =ce u into ,*ri/ianity by reason+ z if our conc]n ) tru? resembl$ our conc]n ) ! /akes 9 a game ( *ance4 ,translat$ freely 8 words are ^!3 ,y mu/ ei!r believe or n believe t ,god is--:i* w y d8 ,y\r human reason _c say4 ,a game is go+ on betwe5 y & ! nature ( ?+s :i* at ! day ( judgm5t w br+ out ei!r heads or tails4 ,weigh :at y\r ga9s & y\r losses w\ld be if y %\ld /ake all y h on heads1 or ,god's exi/5ce3 if y w9 9 su* case1 y ga9 et]nal beatitude2 if y lose1 y lose no?+ at all4 ,if !re 7 an inf9ity ( *ances1 & only "o = ,god 9 ?is wag]1 /ill y ought to /ake y\r all on ,god2 = ?\gh y surely risk a f9ite loss by ?is proc$ure1 any f9ite loss is reasonable1 ev5 a c]ta9 "o is reasonable1 if !re is b ! possibility ( #f inf9ite ga94 ,g1 !n1 & take holy wat]1 & h masses said2 belief w come & /upefy y\r scruples1--,cela v\s f]a croire et v\s abtira4 ,:y %\ld y n8 ,at bottom1 :at h y to lose8 ,y probably feel t :5 religi\s fai? expresses itself ?us1 9 ! language ( ! gam+-table1 x is put to its la/ trumps4 ,surely ,pascal's own p]sonal belief 9 masses & holy wat] _h f> o!r spr+s2 & ?is celebrat$ page ( 8 is b an argum5t = o!rs1 a la/ desp]ate snat* at a weapon aga9/ ! h>dness ( ! unbeliev+ he>t4 ,we feel t a fai? 9 masses & holy wat] adopt$ wilfully aft] su* a me*anical calculation w\ld lack ! inn] s\l ( fai?'s reality2 & if we 7 ourselves 9 ! place ( ! ,deity1 we %\ld probably take p>ticul> pleasure 9 cutt+ (f believ]s ( ?is patt]n f _! inf9ite rew>d4 ,x is evid5t t unless !re be "s pre-exi/+ t5d5cy to believe 9 masses & holy wat]1 ! option (f]$ to ! w by ,pascal is n a liv+ option4 ,c]ta9ly no ,turk ev] took to masses & holy wat] on its acc\nt2 & ev5 to u ,prote/ants ^! means ( salvation seem su* =egone impossibilities t ,pascal's logic1 invok$ = !m specifically1 leaves u unmov$4 ,z well might ! ,mahdi write to u1 say+1 ,i am ! ,expect$ ,"o :om ,god has creat$ 9 8 effulg5ce4 ,y %all be inf9itely happy if y confess me2 o!rwise y %all be cut (f f ! light ( ! sun4 ,weigh1 !n1 y\r inf9ite ga9 if ,i am g5u9e aga9/ y\r f9ite sacrifice if ,i am n6 ,8 logic w\ld be t ( ,pascal2 b he w\ld va9ly use x on u1 = ! hypo!sis he (f]s u is dead4 ,no t5d5cy to act on x exi/s 9 u to any degree4 #g ,! talk ( believ+ by our volition seems1 !n1 f "o po9t ( view1 simply silly4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x is worse ?an silly1 x is vile4 ,:5 "o turns to ! magnific5t edifice ( ! physical sci5ces1 & sees h[ x 0 re>$2 :at ?\s&s ( dis9t]e/$ moral lives ( m5 lie buri$ 9 its m]e f\ndations2 :at pati5ce & po/ponem5t1 :at *ok+ d[n ( pref]5ce1 :at submission to ! icy laws ( out] fact are wr\ght into its v /ones & mort>2 h[ absolutely imp]sonal x /&s 9 its va/ augu/ness1--!n h[ besott$ & contemptible seems e little s5tim5tali/ :o comes bl[+ 8 volunt>y smoke-wrea?s1 & pret5d+ to decide ?+s f out ( 8 private dream6 ,c we wond] if ^? br$ 9 ! rugg$ & manly s*ool ( sci5ce %\ld feel l spew+ su* subjectivism out ( _! m\?s8 ,! :ole sy/em ( loyalties :i* gr[ up 9 ! s*ools ( sci5ce g dead aga9/ its tol]ation2 s t x is only natural t ^? :o h caught ! sci5tific fev] %\ld pass ov] to ! opposite extreme1 & write sometimes z if ! incorruptibly tru?ful intellect ought positively to pref] bitt]ness & unacceptabl5ess to ! he>t 9 its cup4 ,x =tifies my s\l to "k ,t1 ?\gh ,i p]i%1 ,tru? is s-- s+s ,cl\gh1 :ile ,huxley exclaims3 ,my only consolation lies 9 ! reflection t1 h[ev] bad our po/]ity may become1 s f> z !y hold by ! pla9 rule ( n pret5d+ to believe :at !y h no reason to believe1 because x may be to _! advantage s to pret5d ! ^w 'pret5d' is surely "h r$undant1 !y w n h rea*$ ! #h l[e/ dep? ( immorality4 ,& t delici\s enfant t]rible ,clif=d writes2 ,belief is desecrat$ :5 giv5 to unprov$ & unque/ion$ /atem5ts = ! solace & private pleasure ( ! believ]1444 ,:oso w\ld des]ve well ( 8 fell[s 9 ?is matt] w gu>d ! purity ( 8 belief ) a v fanaticism ( jeal\s c>e1 le/ at any "t x %\ld re/ on an unwor?y object1 & cat* a /a9 :i* c nev] be wip$ away4444 ,if a belief has be5 accept$ on insuffici5t evid5ce ev5 ?\gh ! belief be true1 z ,clif=d on ! same page expla9s ! pleasure is a /ol5 "o4444 ,x is s9ful because x is /ol5 9 defiance ( our duty to mank9d4 ,t duty is to gu>d ourselves f su* beliefs z f a pe/il5ce :i* may %ortly ma/] our own body & !n spread to ! re/ ( ! t[n4444 ,x is wrong always1 ev]y:]e1 & = e "o1 to believe any?+ ^u insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,,iii4 ,all ?is /rikes "o z heal?y1 ev5 :5 express$1 z by ,clif=d1 ) some:at too mu* ( robu/i\s pa?os 9 ! voice4 ,free-w & simple wi%+ d seem1 9 ! matt] ( our cr$5ces1 to be only fif? :eels to ! coa*4 ,yet if any "o %\ld !reupon assume t intellectual insight is :at rema9s aft] wi% & w & s5tim5tal pref]5ce h tak5 w+1 or t pure reason is :at !n settles our op9ions1 he w\ld fly q z directly 9 ! tee? ( ! facts4 ,x is only our already dead hypo!ses t our will+ nature is unable to br+ to life aga9 ,b :at has made !m dead = u is = ! mo/ "p #i a previ\s action ( our will+ nature ( an antagoni/ic k9d4 ,:5 ,i say 'will+ nature1' ,i d n mean only su* delib]ate volitions z may h set up habits ( belief t we _c n[ escape f1--,i mean all su* factors ( belief z fe> & hope1 prejudice & passion1 imitation & p>tisan%ip1 ! circumpressure ( our ca/e & set4 ,z a matt] ( fact we f9d ourselves believ+1 we h>dly "k h[ or :y4 ,mr4 ,balf\r gives ! "n ( 'au?ority' to all ^? influ5ces1 born ( ! intellectual climate1 t make hypo!ses possible or impossible = u1 alive or dead4 ,"h 9 ?is room1 we all ( u believe 9 molecules & ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 9 democracy & necess>y progress1 9 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity & ! duty ( fight+ = '! doctr9e ( ! immortal ,monroe1' all = no reasons wor?y ( ! "n4 ,we see into ^! matt]s ) no m inn] cle>ness1 & probably ) mu* less1 ?an any disbeliev] 9 !m might possess4 ,8 unconv5tionality w\ld probably h "s gr\nds to %[ = its conclusions2 b = u1 n insight1 b ! pre/ige ( ! op9ions1 is :at makes ! sp>k %oot f !m & light up our sleep+ magaz9es ( fai?4 ,our reason is q satisfi$1 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( e ?\s& ( u1 if x c f9d a few argum5ts t w d to recite 9 case our cr$ulity is criticis$ by "s "o else4 ,our fai? is fai? 9 "s "o else's fai?1 & 9 ! greate/ matt]s ?is is mo/ ! case4 ,our belief 9 tru? itself1 = in/ance1 t !re is a tru?1 & t our m9ds & x are made = ea* o!r1--:at is x b a passionate affirmation ( desire1 9 :i* our social sy/em backs u up8 ,we want to h a tru?2 we want to believe t our #aj exp]im5ts & /udies & discussions mu/ put u 9 a cont9ually bett] & bett] position t[>ds x2 & on ?is l9e we agree to fight out our ?9k+ lives4 ,b if a pyrrhoni/ic sceptic asks u h[ we "k all ?is1 c our logic f9d a reply8 ,no6 c]ta9ly x _c4 ,x is j "o volition aga9/ ano!r1--we will+ to g 9 = life ^u a tru/ or assumption :i* he1 = 8 "p1 does n c>e to make4#b ,z a rule we disbelieve all facts & !ories = :i* we h no use4 ,clif=d's cosmic emotions f9d no use = ,*ri/ian feel+s4 ,huxley belabors ! bi%ops because !re is no use = sac]dotalism 9 8 s*eme ( life4 ,newman1 on ! contr>y1 goes ov] to ,romanism1 & f9ds all sorts ( reasons good = /ay+ !re1 because a prie/ly sy/em is = him an organic ne$ & delight4 ,:y d s few 'sci5ti/s' ev5 look at ! evid5ce = telepa?y1 s call$8 ,because !y ?9k1 z a lead+ biologi/1 n[ dead1 once said to me1 t ev5 if su* a ?+ 7 true1 sci5ti/s ought to b& toge!r to keep x suppress$ & conceal$4 ,x w\ld undo ! uni=mity ( ,nature & all sorts ( o!r ?+s )\t :i* sci5ti/s _c c>ry on _! pursuits4 ,b if ?is v man _h be5 %[n some?+ :i* z a sci5ti/ he might d ) telepa?y1 he might n only h exam9$ ! evid5ce1 b ev5 h f\nd x good en\gh4 ,?is v law :i* ! logicians w\ld impose ^u u--if ,i may give ! "n ( logicians to ^? :o w\ld rule out our will+ nature "h--is bas$ on no?+ b _! own natural wi% to exclude all elem5ts = #aa :i* !y1 9 _! pr(essional quality ( logicians1 c f9d no use4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 our non-intellectual nature does influ5ce our convictions4 ,!re are passional t5d5cies & volitions :i* run be=e & o!rs :i* come aft] belief1 & x is only ! latt] t are too late = ! fair2 & !y are n too late :5 ! previ\s passional "w has be5 already 9 _! own direction4 ,pascal's argum5t1 in/ead ( be+ p[]less1 !n seems a regul> cl9*]1 & is ! la/ /roke ne$$ to make our fai? 9 masses & holy wat] complete4 ,! /ate ( ?+s is evid5tly f> f simple2 & pure insight & logic1 :atev] !y might d ideally1 are n ! only ?+s t really d produce our cre$s4 ,,iv4 ,our next duty1 hav+ recogniz$ ?is mix$-up /ate ( affairs1 is to ask :e!r x be simply repreh5sible & pa?ological1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 we mu/ treat x z a normal elem5t 9 mak+ up our m9ds4 ,! !sis ,i def5d is1 briefly /at$1 ?is3 ,our passional nature n only lawfully may1 b mu/1 decide an option betwe5 propositions1 :5ev] x is a g5u9e option t _c by its nature be decid$ on intellectual gr\nds2 = to say1 "u su* circum/ances1 ,d n decide1 b leave ! "q op51 is itself a passional decision1--j l decid+ yes or no1--& is att5d$ ) ! same risk ( los+ ! tru?4 ,! !sis ?us ab/ractly express$ w1 ,i tru/1 soon become q cle>4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ indulge 9 a bit m ( prelim9>y "w4 #ab ,v4 ,x w be obs]v$ t = ! purposes ( ?is discussion we are on 'dogmatic' gr\nd1--gr\nd1 ,i mean1 :i* leaves sy/ematic philosophical scepticism altoge!r out ( acc\nt4 ,! po/ulate t !re is tru?1 & t x is ! de/9y ( our m9ds to atta9 x1 we are delib]ately resolv+ to make1 ?\gh ! sceptic w n make x4 ,we "p company ) him1 !re=e1 absolutely1 at ?is po9t4 ,b ! fai? t tru? exi/s1 & t our m9ds c f9d x1 may be held 9 two ways4 ,we may talk ( ! empirici/ way & ( ! absoluti/ way ( believ+ 9 tru?4 ,! absoluti/s 9 ?is matt] say t we n only c atta9 to kn[+ tru?1 b we c "k :5 we h atta9$ to kn[+ x2 :ile ! empirici/s ?9k t al?\gh we may atta9 x1 we _c infallibly "k :54 ,to "k is "o ?+1 & to "k = c]ta9 t we "k is ano!r4 ,"o may hold to ! fir/ be+ possible )\t ! second2 h5ce ! empirici/s & ! absoluti/s1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m is a sceptic 9 ! usual philosophic s5se ( ! t]m1 %[ v diff]5t degrees ( dogmatism 9 _! lives4 ,if we look at ! hi/ory ( op9ions1 we see t ! empirici/ t5d5cy has l>gely prevail$ 9 sci5ce1 :ile 9 philosophy ! absoluti/ t5d5cy has _h ev]y?+ its own way4 ,! *>act]i/ic sort ( happ9ess1 inde$1 :i* philosophies yield has ma9ly consi/$ 9 ! conviction felt by ea* successive s*ool or sy/em t by x bottom-c]titude _h be5 atta9$4 ,o!r philosophies are collections ( op9ions1 mo/ly false2 my philosophy #ac gives /&+-gr\nd =ev]1--:o does n recognize 9 ?is ! key-note ( e sy/em wor?y ( ! "n8 ,a sy/em1 to be a sy/em at all1 mu/ come z a clos$ sy/em1 rev]sible 9 ?is or t detail1 p]*ance1 b 9 its ess5tial features nev]6 ,s*ola/ic or?odoxy1 to :i* "o mu/ always g :5 "o wi%es to f9d p]fectly cle> /atem5t1 has beautifully elaborat$ ?is absoluti/ conviction 9 a doctr9e :i* x calls t ( 'objective evid5ce4' ,if1 = example1 ,i am unable to d\bt t ,i n[ exi/ be=e y1 t two is less ?an ?ree1 or t if all m5 are mortal !n ,i am mortal too1 x is because ^! ?+s illum9e my intellect irresi/ibly4 ,! f9al gr\nd ( ?is objective evid5ce possess$ by c]ta9 propositions is ! adaequatio intellects no/ri cum r4 ,! c]titude x br+s involves an aptitud9em ad extorqu5dum c]tum ass5sum on ! "p ( ! tru? envisag$1 & on ! side ( ! subject a quietem 9 cognitione1 :5 once ! object is m5tally receiv$1 t leaves no possibility ( d\bt beh9d2 & 9 ! :ole transaction no?+ op]ates b ! entitas ipsa ( ! object & ! entitas ipsa ( ! m9d4 ,we sl\*y mod]n ?9k]s dislike to talk 9 ,lat91--inde$1 we dislike to talk 9 set t]ms at all2 b at bottom our own /ate ( m9d is v mu* l ?is :5ev] we uncritically ab&on ourselves3 ,y believe 9 objective evid5ce1 & ,i d4 ,( "s ?+s we feel t we are c]ta93 we "k1 & we "k t we d "k4 ,!re is some?+ t gives a click inside ( u1 a bell t /rikes twelve1 :5 ! h&s ( our m5tal clock h swept ! dial & meet ov] ! m]idian h\r4 ,! greate/ empirici/s among u are only empirici/s on reflection3 :5 #ad left to _! in/9cts1 !y dogmatize l infallible popes4 ,:5 ! ,clif=ds tell u h[ s9ful x is to be ,*ri/ians on su* 'insuffici5t evid5ce1' insuffici5cy is really ! la/ ?+ !y h 9 m9d4 ,= !m ! evid5ce is absolutely suffici5t1 only x makes ! o!r way4 ,!y believe s completely 9 an anti-*ri/ian ord] ( ! univ]se t !re is no liv+ option3 ,*ri/ianity is a dead hypo!sis f ! />t4 ,,vi4 ,b n[1 s9ce we are all su* absoluti/s by in/9ct1 :at 9 our quality ( /ud5ts ( philosophy ought we to d ab\t ! fact8 ,%all we esp\se & indorse x8 ,or %all we treat x z a weakness ( our nature f :i* we mu/ free ourselves1 if we c8 ,i s9c]ely believe t ! latt] c\rse is ! only "o we c foll[ z reflective m54 ,objective evid5ce & c]titude are d\btless v f9e ideals to play )1 b :]e on ?is moonlit & dream-visit$ planet are !y f\nd8 ,i am1 !re=e1 myself a complete empirici/ s f> z my !ory ( human k goes4 ,i live1 to be sure1 by ! practical fai? t we mu/ g on exp]i5c+ & ?9k+ ov] our exp]i5ce1 = only ?us c our op9ions gr[ m true2 b to hold any "o ( !m--,i absolutely d n c>e :i*--z if x nev] c\ld be re9t]pretable or corrigible1 ,i believe to be a trem5d\sly mi/ak5 attitude1 & ,i ?9k t ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy w be> me out4 ,!re is b "o indefectibly c]ta9 tru?1 & t is ! tru? t pyrrhoni/ic scepticism itself leaves #ae /&+1--! tru? t ! pres5t ph5om5on ( consci\sness exi/s4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is ! b>e />t+-po9t ( k1 ! m]e admission ( a /uff to be philosophiz$ ab\t4 ,! v>i\s philosophies are b s _m attempts at express+ :at ?is /uff really is4 ,& if we repair to our libr>ies :at disagreem5t d we discov]6 ,:]e is a c]ta9ly true answ] f\nd8 ,ap>t f ab/ract propositions ( comp>ison 7su* z two & two are ! same z f\r71 propositions :i* tell u no?+ by !mselves ab\t concrete reality1 we f9d no proposition ev] reg>d$ by any "o z evid5tly c]ta9 t has n ei!r be5 call$ a falsehood1 or at lea/ _h its tru? s9c]ely que/ion$ by "s "o else4 ,! transc5d+ ( ! axioms ( geometry1 n 9 play b 9 e>ne/1 by c]ta9 ( our contempor>ies 7z ,zlln] & ,*>les ,h4 ,h9ton71 & ! rejection ( ! :ole ,ari/otelian logic by ! ,hegelians1 are /rik+ in/ances 9 po9t4 ,no concrete te/ ( :at is really true has ev] be5 agre$ ^u4 ,"s make ! crit]ion ext]nal to ! mom5t ( p]ception1 putt+ x ei!r 9 revelation1 ! cons5sus g5tium1 ! in/9cts ( ! he>t1 or ! sy/ematiz$ exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,o!rs make ! p]ceptive mom5t its own te/1--,desc>tes1 = in/ance1 ) 8 cle> & di/9ct ideas gu>ante$ by ! v]acity ( ,god2 ,reid ) 8 'common-s5se2' & ,kant ) 8 =ms ( syn!tic judgm5t a priori4 ,! inconceivability ( ! opposite2 ! capacity to be v]ifi$ by s5se2 ! possession ( complete organic unity or self-relation1 realiz$ :5 a ?+ is its own o!r1--are /&>ds :i*1 9 turn1 h be5 us$4 ,! mu* #af laud$ objective evid5ce is nev] triumphantly !re1 x is a m]e aspiration or ,gr5zbegriff1 m>k+ ! inf9itely remote ideal ( our ?9k+ life4 ,to claim t c]ta9 tru?s n[ possess x1 is simply to say t :5 y ?9k !m true & !y are true1 !n _! evid5ce is objective1 o!rwise x is n4 ,b practically "o's conviction t ! evid5ce "o goes by is ( ! real objective br&1 is only "o m subjective op9ion add$ to ! lot4 ,= :at a contradictory array ( op9ions h objective evid5ce & absolute c]titude be5 claim$6 ,! _w is rational ?r\gh & ?r\gh1--its exi/5ce is an ultimate brute fact2 !re is a p]sonal ,god1--a p]sonal ,god is inconceivable2 !re is an extra-m5tal physical _w imm$iately kn[n1--! m9d c only "k its own ideas2 a moral imp]ative exi/s1--obligation is only ! resultant ( desires2 a p]man5t spiritual pr9ciple is 9 e "o1--!re are only %ift+ /ates ( m9d2 !re is an endless *a9 ( causes1--!re is an absolute fir/ cause2 an et]nal necessity1--a fre$om2 a purpose1--no purpose2 a primal ,"o1--a primal ,_m2 a univ]sal cont9uity1--an ess5tial discont9uity 9 ?+s2 an inf9ity1--no inf9ity4 ,!re is ?is1--!re is t2 !re is inde$ no?+ :i* "s "o has n ?\ght absolutely true1 :ile 8 neighbor deem$ x absolutely false2 & n an absoluti/ among !m seems ev] to h consid]$ t ! tr\ble may all ! "t be ess5tial1 & t ! intellect1 ev5 ) tru? directly 9 its grasp1 may h no infallible signal = kn[+ :e!r x be tru? or no4 ,:51 inde$1 "o rememb]s t ! mo/ /rik+ practical application to life ( ! doctr9e ( objective c]titude has be5 #ag ! consci5ti\s labors ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition1 "o feels less tempt$ ?an ev] to l5d ! doctr9e a respectful e>4 ,b please obs]ve1 n[1 t :5 z empirici/s we give up ! doctr9e ( objective c]titude1 we d n !reby give up ! que/ or hope ( tru? itself4 ,we /ill p9 our fai? on its exi/5ce1 & /ill believe t we ga9 an ev] bett] position t[>ds x by sy/ematically cont9u+ to roll up exp]i5ces & ?9k4 ,our great diff]5ce f ! s*ola/ic lies 9 ! way we face4 ,! /r5g? ( 8 sy/em lies 9 ! pr9ciples1 ! orig91 ! t]m9us a quo ( 8 ?\ght2 = u ! /r5g? is 9 ! outcome1 ! up%ot1 ! t]m9us ad quem4 ,n :]e x comes f b :at x leads to is to decide4 ,x matt]s n to an empirici/ f :at qu>t] an hypo!sis may come to him3 he may h acquir$ x by fair means or by f\l2 passion may h :isp]$ or accid5t sugge/$ x2 b if ! total drift ( ?9k+ cont9ues to confirm x1 t is :at he means by its be+ true4 ,,vii4 ,"o m po9t1 small b important1 & our prelim9>ies are done4 ,!re are two ways ( look+ at our duty 9 ! matt] ( op9ion1--ways entirely diff]5t1 & yet ways ab\t ^: diff]5ce ! !ory ( k seems hi!rto to h %[n v little conc]n4 ,we mu/ "k ! tru?2 & we mu/ avoid error1--^! are our fir/ & great comm&m5ts z w\ld-be kn[]s2 b !y are n two ways ( /at+ an id5tical comm&m5t1 !y are two sep>able laws4 ,al?\gh x may inde$ happ5 t :5 we believe ! tru? ,a1 we escape #ah z an incid5tal consequ5ce f believ+ ! falsehood ,b1 x h>dly ev] happ5s t by m]ely disbeliev+ ,b we necess>ily believe ,a4 ,we may 9 escap+ ,b fall into believ+ o!r falsehoods1 ,c or ,d1 j z bad z ,b2 or we may escape ,b by n believ+ any?+ at all1 n ev5 ,a4 ,believe tru?6 ,%un error6--^!1 we see1 are two mat]ially diff]5t laws2 & by *oos+ betwe5 !m we may end by color+ diff]5tly our :ole intellectual life4 ,we may reg>d ! *ase = tru? z p>am\nt1 & ! avoidance ( error z second>y2 or we may1 on ! o!r h&1 treat ! avoidance ( error z m imp]ative1 & let tru? take its *ance4 ,clif=d1 9 ! in/ructive passage :i* ,i h quot$1 exhorts u to ! latt] c\rse4 ,believe no?+1 he tells u1 keep y\r m9d 9 susp5se =ev]1 r ?an by clos+ x on insuffici5t evid5ce incur ! awful risk ( believ+ lies4 ,y1 on ! o!r h&1 may ?9k t ! risk ( be+ 9 error is a v small matt] :5 comp>$ ) ! bless+s ( real k1 & be ready to be dup$ _m times 9 y\r inve/igation r ?an po/pone indef9itely ! *ance ( guess+ true4 ,i myself f9d x impossible to g ) ,clif=d4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ^! feel+s ( our duty ab\t ei!r tru? or error are 9 any case only expressions ( our passional life4 ,biologically consid]$1 our m9ds are z ready to gr9d out falsehood z v]acity1 & he :o says1 ,bett] g )\t belief =ev] ?an believe a lie6 m]ely %[s 8 own prepond]ant private horror ( becom+ a dupe4 ,he may be critical ( _m ( 8 desires & fe>s1 b ?is fe> he slavi%ly obeys4 ,he _c imag9e any "o que/ion+ its b9d+ =ce4 ,= my own "p1 ,i #ai h also a horror ( be+ dup$2 b ,i c believe t worse ?+s ?an be+ dup$ may happ5 to a man 9 ?is _w3 s ,clif=d's exhortation has to my e>s a ?or\ghly fanta/ic s\nd4 ,x is l a g5]al in=m+ 8 soldi]s t x is bett] to keep out ( battle =ev] ?an to risk a s+le w\nd4 ,n s are victories ei!r ov] enemies or ov] nature ga9$4 ,our errors are surely n su* awfully solemn ?+s4 ,9 a _w :]e we are s c]ta9 to incur !m 9 spite ( all our caution1 a c]ta9 lightness ( he>t seems heal?i] ?an ?is excessive n]v\sness on _! behalf4 ,at any rate1 x seems ! fitte/ ?+ = ! empirici/ philosoph]4 ,,viii4 ,& n[1 aft] all ?is introduction1 let u g /raight at our "q4 ,i h said1 & n[ repeat x1 t n only z a matt] ( fact d we f9d our passional nature influ5c+ u 9 our op9ions1 b t !re are "s options betwe5 op9ions 9 :i* ?is influ5ce mu/ be reg>d$ bo? z an inevitable & z a lawful det]m9ant ( our *oice4 ,i fe> "h t "s ( y my he>]s w beg9 to sc5t dang]1 & l5d an inhospitable e>4 ,two fir/ /eps ( passion y h inde$ _h to admit z necess>y1--we mu/ ?9k s z to avoid dup]y1 & we mu/ ?9k s z to ga9 tru?2 b ! sure/ pa? to ^? ideal consummations1 y w probably consid]1 is f n[ onw>ds to take no fur!r passional /ep4 ,well1 ( c\rse1 ,i agree z f> z ! facts w all[4 ,:]ev] ! option betwe5 los+ tru? & ga9+ x is n mom5t\s1 we c ?r[ ! #bj *ance ( ga9+ tru? away1 & at any rate save ourselves f any *ance ( believ+ falsehood1 by n mak+ up our m9ds at all till objective evid5ce has come4 ,9 sci5tific que/ions1 ?is is almo/ always ! case2 & ev5 9 human affairs 9 g5]al1 ! ne$ ( act+ is seldom s urg5t t a false belief to act on is bett] ?an no belief at all4 ,law c\rts1 inde$1 h to decide on ! be/ evid5ce atta9able = ! mom5t1 because a judge's duty is to make law z well z to asc]ta9 x1 & 7z a le>n$ judge once said to me7 few cases are wor? sp5d+ mu* "t ov]3 ! great ?+ is to h !m decid$ on any acceptable pr9ciple1 & got out ( ! way4 ,b 9 our deal+s ) objective nature we obvi\sly are record]s1 n mak]s1 ( ! tru?2 & decisions = ! m]e sake ( decid+ promptly & gett+ on to ! next bus9ess w\ld be :olly out ( place4 ,?r\gh\t ! bread? ( physical nature facts are :at !y are q indep5d5tly ( u1 & seldom is !re any su* hurry ab\t !m t ! risks ( be+ dup$ by believ+ a premature !ory ne$ be fac$4 ,! que/ions "h are always trivial options1 ! hypo!ses are h>dly liv+ 7at any rate n liv+ = u spectators71 ! *oice betwe5 believ+ tru? or falsehood is seldom =c$4 ,! attitude ( sceptical balance is !re=e ! absolutely wise "o if we w\ld escape mi/akes4 ,:at diff]5ce1 inde$1 does x make to mo/ ( u :e!r we h or h n a !ory ( ! ,rntg5 rays1 :e!r we believe or n 9 m9d-/uff1 or h a conviction ab\t ! causality ( consci\s /ates8 ,x makes no diff]5ce4 ,su* options are n =c$ on u4 ,on e acc\nt x is bett] n to make !m1 b /ill keep weigh+ reasons pro et contra ) an indiff]5t h&4 #ba ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 "h ( ! purely judg+ m9d4 ,= purposes ( discov]y su* indiff]5ce is to be less highly recomm5d$1 & sci5ce w\ld be f> less advanc$ ?an %e is if ! passionate desires ( individuals to get _! own fai?s confirm$ _h be5 kept out ( ! game4 ,see = example ! sagacity :i* ,sp5c] & ,weismann n[ display4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y want an absolute duff] 9 an inve/igation1 y mu/1 aft] all1 take ! man :o has no int]e/ :atev] 9 its results3 he is ! w>rant$ incapable1 ! positive fool4 ,! mo/ useful inve/igator1 because ! mo/ s5sitive obs]v]1 is always he ^: eag] int]e/ 9 "o side ( ! "q is balanc$ by an equally ke5 n]v\sness le/ he become deceiv$4#c ,sci5ce has organiz$ ?is n]v\sness into a regul> te*nique1 h] s-call$ me?od ( v]ification2 & %e has fall5 s deeply 9 love ) ! me?od t "o may ev5 say %e has ceas$ to c>e = tru? by itself at all4 ,x is only tru? z te*nically v]ifi$ t int]e/s h]4 ,! tru? ( tru?s might come 9 m]ely affirmative =m1 & %e w\ld decl9e to t\* x4 ,su* tru? z t1 %e might repeat ) ,clif=d1 w\ld be /ol5 9 defiance ( h] duty to mank9d4 ,human passions1 h[ev]1 are /rong] ?an te*nical rules4 ,le coeur a ses raisons1 z ,pascal says1 que la raison ne connat pas2 & h[ev] indiff]5t to all b ! b>e rules ( ! game ! umpire1 ! ab/ract intellect1 may be1 ! concrete play]s :o furni% him ! mat]ials to judge ( are usually1 ea* "o ( !m1 9 love ) "s pet 'live hypo!sis' ( 8 own4 ,let u agree1 h[ev]1 t :]ev] !re is no =c$ option1 ! #bb dispassionately judicial intellect ) no pet hypo!sis1 sav+ u1 z x does1 f dup]y at any rate1 ought to be our ideal4 ,! "q next arises3 ,are !re n some:]e =c$ options 9 our speculative que/ions1 & c we 7z m5 :o may be int]e/$ at lea/ z mu* 9 positively ga9+ tru? z 9 m]ely escap+ dup]y7 always wait ) impunity till ! co]cive evid5ce %all h arriv$8 ,x seems a priori improbable t ! tru? %\ld be s nicely adju/$ to our ne$s & p[]s z t4 ,9 ! great bo>d+-h\se ( nature1 ! cakes & ! butt] & ! syrup seldom come out s ev5 & leave ! plates s clean4 ,inde$1 we %\ld view !m ) sci5tific suspicion if !y did4 ,,ix4 ,moral que/ions imm$iately pres5t !mselves z que/ions ^: solution _c wait = s5sible pro(4 ,a moral "q is a "q n ( :at s5sibly exi/s1 b ( :at is good1 or w\ld be good if x did exi/4 ,sci5ce c tell u :at exi/s2 b to comp>e ! wor?s1 bo? ( :at exi/s & ( :at does n exi/1 we mu/ consult n sci5ce1 b :at ,pascal calls our he>t4 ,sci5ce h]self consults h] he>t :5 %e lays x d[n t ! inf9ite asc]ta9m5t ( fact & correction ( false belief are ! supreme goods = man4 ,*all5ge ! /atem5t1 & sci5ce c only repeat x oracul>ly1 or else prove x by %[+ t su* asc]ta9m5t & correction br+ man all sorts ( o!r goods :i* man's he>t 9 turn decl>es4 ,! "q ( hav+ moral beliefs at all or n hav+ !m is decid$ by #bc our w4 ,are our moral pref]5ces true or false1 or are !y only odd biological ph5om5a1 mak+ ?+s good or bad = u1 b 9 !mselves indiff]5t8 ,h[ c y\r pure intellect decide8 ,if y\r he>t does n want a _w ( moral reality1 y\r head w assur$ly nev] make y believe 9 "o4 ,mephi/ophelian scepticism1 inde$1 w satisfy ! head's play-in/9cts mu* bett] ?an any rigor\s idealism c4 ,"s m5 7ev5 at ! /ud5t age7 are s naturally cool-he>t$ t ! morali/ic hypo!sis nev] has = !m any pung5t life1 & 9 _! sup]cili\s pres5ce ! hot "y morali/ always feels /rangely ill at ease4 ,! appe>ance ( kn[+ness is on _! side1 ( navet & gullibility on 84 ,yet1 9 ! in>ticulate he>t ( him1 he cl+s to x t he is n a dupe1 & t !re is a realm 9 :i* 7z ,em]son says7 all _! wit & intellectual sup]iority is no bett] ?an ! cunn+ ( a fox4 ,moral scepticism c no m be refut$ or prov$ by logic ?an intellectual scepticism c4 ,:5 we /ick to x t !re is tru? 7be x ( ei!r k9d71 we d s ) our :ole nature1 & resolve to /& or fall by ! results4 ,! sceptic ) 8 :ole nature adopts ! d\bt+ attitude2 b :i* ( u is ! wis]1 ,omnisci5ce only kn[s4 ,turn n[ f ^! wide que/ions ( good to a c]ta9 class ( que/ions ( fact1 que/ions conc]n+ p]sonal relations1 /ates ( m9d betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,d y l me or n8--= example4 ,:e!r y d or n dep5ds1 9 c\ntless in/ances1 on :e!r ,i meet y half-way1 am will+ to assume t y mu/ l me1 & %[ y tru/ & expectation4 ,! previ\s fai? on my "p 9 y\r lik+'s exi/5ce is 9 su* cases :at makes #bd y\r lik+ come4 ,b if ,i /& alo(1 & refuse to budge an in* until ,i h objective evid5ce1 until y %all h done some?+ apt1 z ! absoluti/s say1 ad extorqu5dum ass5sum meum1 t5 to "o y\r lik+ nev] comes4 ,h[ _m wom5's he>ts are vanqui%$ by ! m]e sangu9e insi/5ce ( "s man t !y mu/ love him6 he w n cons5t to ! hypo!sis t !y _c4 ,! desire = a c]ta9 k9d ( tru? "h br+s ab\t t special tru?'s exi/5ce2 & s x is 9 innum]able cases ( o!r sorts4 ,:o ga9s promotions1 boons1 appo9tm5ts1 b ! man 9 ^: life !y are se5 to play ! "p ( live hypo!ses1 :o disc\nts !m1 sacrifices o!r ?+s = _! sake be=e !y h come1 & takes risks = !m 9 advance8 ,8 fai? acts on ! p[]s above him z a claim1 & creates its own v]ification4 ,a social organism ( any sort :atev]1 l>ge or small1 is :at x is because ea* memb] proce$s to 8 own duty ) a tru/ t ! o!r memb]s w simultane\sly d !irs4 ,:]ev] a desir$ result is a*iev$ by ! co-op]ation ( _m indep5d5t p]sons1 its exi/5ce z a fact is a pure consequ5ce ( ! precursive fai? 9 "o ano!r ( ^? imm$iately conc]n$4 ,a gov]nm5t1 an army1 a comm]cial sy/em1 a %ip1 a college1 an a?letic team1 all exi/ on ?is condition1 )\t :i* n only is no?+ a*iev$1 b no?+ is ev5 attempt$4 ,a :ole tra9 ( pass5g]s 7individually brave en\gh7 w be loot$ by a few highwaym51 simply because ! latt] c c\nt on "o ano!r1 :ile ea* pass5g] fe>s t if he makes a movem5t ( resi/ance1 he w be %ot be=e any "o else backs him up4 ,if we believ$ t ! :ole c>-full w\ld rise #be at once ) u1 we %\ld ea* sev]ally rise1 & tra9-robb+ w\ld nev] ev5 be attempt$4 ,!re are1 !n1 cases :]e a fact _c come at all unless a prelim9>y fai? exi/s 9 its com+4 ,& :]e fai? 9 a fact c help create ! fact1 t w\ld be an insane logic :i* %\ld say t fai? runn+ ahead ( sci5tific evid5ce is ! 'l[e/ k9d ( immorality' into :i* a ?9k+ be+ c fall4 ,yet su* is ! logic by :i* our sci5tific absoluti/s pret5d to regulate our lives6 ,x4 ,9 tru?s dep5d5t on our p]sonal action1 !n1 fai? bas$ on desire is c]ta9ly a lawful & possibly an indisp5sable ?+4 ,b n[1 x w be said1 ^! are all *ildi% human cases1 & h no?+ to d ) great cosmical matt]s1 l ! "q ( religi\s fai?4 ,let u !n pass on to t4 ,religions diff] s mu* 9 _! accid5ts t 9 discuss+ ! religi\s "q we mu/ make x v g5]ic & broad4 ,:at !n d we n[ mean by ! religi\s hypo!sis8 ,sci5ce says ?+s are2 morality says "s ?+s are bett] ?an o!r ?+s2 & religion says ess5tially two ?+s4 ,fir/1 %e says t ! be/ ?+s are ! m et]nal ?+s1 ! ov]lapp+ ?+s1 ! ?+s 9 ! univ]se t ?r[ ! la/ /one1 s to speak1 & say ! f9al ^w4 ,p]fection is et]nal1--?is phrase ( ,*>les ,secrtan seems a good way ( putt+ ?is fir/ affirmation ( religion1 an affirmation :i* obvi\sly _c yet be v]ifi$ sci5tifically at all4 #bf ,! second affirmation ( religion is t we are bett] (f ev5 n[ if we believe h] fir/ affirmation to be true4 ,n[1 let u consid] :at ! logical elem5ts ( ?is situation are 9 case ! religi\s hypo!sis 9 bo? its bran*es be really true4 7,( c\rse1 we mu/ admit t possibility at ! outset4 ,if we are to discuss ! "q at all1 x mu/ involve a liv+ option4 ,if = any ( y religion be a hypo!sis t _c1 by any liv+ possibility be true1 !n y ne$ g no f>!r4 ,i speak to ! 'sav+ remnant' alone47 ,s proce$+1 we see1 fir/1 t religion (f]s itself z a mom5t\s option4 ,we are suppos$ to ga91 ev5 n[1 by our belief1 & to lose by our non-belief1 a c]ta9 vital good4 ,secondly1 religion is a =c$ option1 s f> z t good goes4 ,we _c escape ! issue by rema9+ sceptical & wait+ = m light1 because1 al?\gh we d avoid error 9 t way if religion be untrue1 we lose ! good1 if x be true1 j z c]ta9ly z if we positively *ose to disbelieve4 ,x is z if a man %\ld hesitate indef9itely to ask a c]ta9 woman to m>ry him because he 0 n p]fectly sure t %e w\ld prove an angel aft] he br\ght h] home4 ,w\ld he n cut himself (f f t p>ticul> angel-possibility z decisively z if he w5t & m>ri$ "s "o else8 ,scepticism1 !n1 is n avoidance ( option2 x is option ( a c]ta9 p>ticul> k9d ( risk4 ,bett] risk loss ( tru? ?an *ance ( error1--t is y\r fai?-veto]'s exact position4 ,he is actively play+ 8 /ake z mu* z ! believ] is2 he is back+ ! field aga9/ ! religi\s hypo!sis1 j z ! believ] is back+ ! religi\s hypo!sis aga9/ ! field4 ,to prea* scepticism to u z a duty until #bg 'suffici5t evid5ce' = religion be f\nd1 is tantam\nt !re=e to tell+ u1 :5 9 pres5ce ( ! religi\s hypo!sis1 t to yield to our fe> ( its be+ error is wis] & bett] ?an to yield to our hope t x may be true4 ,x is n intellect aga9/ all passions1 !n2 x is only intellect ) "o passion lay+ d[n its law4 ,& by :at1 =soo?1 is ! supreme wisdom ( ?is passion w>rant$8 ,dup]y = dup]y1 :at pro( is !re t dup]y ?r\gh hope is s mu* worse ?an dup]y ?r\gh fe>8 ,i1 = "o1 c see no pro(2 & ,i simply refuse ob$i5ce to ! sci5ti/'s comm& to imitate 8 k9d ( option1 9 a case :]e my own /ake is important en\gh to give me ! "r to *oose my own =m ( risk4 ,if religion be true & ! evid5ce = x be /ill insuffici5t1 ,i d n wi%1 by putt+ y\r ext+ui%] ^u my nature 7:i* feels to me z if x _h aft] all "s bus9ess 9 ?is matt]71 to =feit my sole *ance 9 life ( gett+ ^u ! w9n+ side1--t *ance dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on my will+ness to run ! risk ( act+ z if my passional ne$ ( tak+ ! _w religi\sly might be prophetic & "r4 ,all ?is is on ! supposition t x really may be prophetic & "r1 & t1 ev5 to u :o are discuss+ ! matt]1 religion is a live hypo!sis :i* may be true4 ,n[1 to mo/ ( u religion comes 9 a /ill fur!r way t makes a veto on our active fai? ev5 m illogical4 ,! m p]fect & m et]nal aspect ( ! univ]se is repres5t$ 9 our religions z hav+ p]sonal =m4 ,! univ]se is no long] a m]e ,x to u1 b a ,?\1 if we are religi\s2 & any relation t may be possible f p]son to p]son might be possible #bh "h4 ,= in/ance1 al?\gh 9 "o s5se we are passive portions ( ! univ]se1 9 ano!r we %[ a curi\s autonomy1 z if we 7 small active c5tres on our own acc\nt4 ,we feel1 too1 z if ! appeal ( religion to u 7 made to our own active good-w1 z if evid5ce might be =ev] )held f u unless we met ! hypo!sis half-way4 ,to take a trivial illu/ration3 j z a man :o 9 a company ( g5tlem5 made no advances1 ask$ a w>rant = e concession1 & believ$ no "o's ^w )\t pro(1 w\ld cut himself (f by su* *urli%ness f all ! social rew>ds t a m tru/+ _s w\ld e>n1--s "h1 "o :o %\ld %ut himself up 9 sn>l+ logicality & try to make ! gods extort 8 recognition willy-nilly1 or n get x at all1 might cut himself (f =ev] f 8 only opportunity ( mak+ ! gods' acqua9tance4 ,?is feel+1 =c$ on u we "k n :5ce1 t by ob/9ately believ+ t !re are gods 7al?\gh n to d s w\ld be s easy bo? = our logic & our life7 we are do+ ! univ]se ! deepe/ s]vice we c1 seems "p ( ! liv+ ess5ce ( ! religi\s hypo!sis4 ,if ! hypo!sis 7 true 9 all its p>ts1 includ+ ?is "o1 !n pure intellectualism1 ) its veto on our mak+ will+ advances1 w\ld be an absurdity2 & "s p>ticipation ( our sympa!tic nature w\ld be logically requir$4 ,i1 !re=e1 = "o _c see my way to accept+ ! agno/ic rules = tru?-seek+1 or wilfully agree to keep my will+ nature out ( ! game4 ,i _c d s = ?is pla9 reason1 t a rule ( ?9k+ :i* w\ld absolutely prev5t me f ackn[l$g+ c]ta9 k9ds ( tru? if ^? k9ds ( tru? 7 really !re1 w\ld be an irrational rule4 ,t = me #bi is ! long & %ort ( ! =mal logic ( ! situation1 no matt] :at ! k9ds ( tru? might mat]ially be4 ,i confess ,i d n see h[ ?is logic c be escap$4 ,b sad exp]i5ce makes me fe> t "s ( y may /ill %r9k f radically say+ ) me1 9 ab/racto1 t we h ! "r to believe at our own risk any hypo!sis t is live en\gh to tempt our w4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t if ?is is s1 x is because y h got away f ! ab/ract logical po9t ( view altoge!r1 & are ?9k+ 7p]haps )\t realiz+ x7 ( "s p>ticul> religi\s hypo!sis :i* = y is dead4 ,! fre$om to 'believe :at we w' y apply to ! case ( "s pat5t sup]/ition2 & ! fai? y ?9k ( is ! fai? def9$ by ! s*oolboy :5 he said1 ,fai? is :5 y believe some?+ t y "k a9't true4 ,i c only repeat t ?is is misappreh5sion4 ,9 concreto1 ! fre$om to believe c only cov] liv+ options :i* ! intellect ( ! individual _c by itself resolve2 & liv+ options nev] seem absurdities to him :o has !m to consid]4 ,:5 ,i look at ! religi\s "q z x really puts itself to concrete m51 & :5 ,i ?9k ( all ! possibilities :i* bo? practically & !oretically x involves1 !n ?is comm& t we %all put a /opp] on our he>t1 in/9cts1 & c\rage1 & wait--act+ ( c\rse mean:ile m or less z if religion 7 n true#d--till #cj doomsday1 or till su* "t z our intellect & s5ses work+ toge!r may h rak$ 9 evid5ce en\gh1--?is comm&1 ,i say1 seems to me ! que]e/ idol ev] manufactur$ 9 ! philosophic cave4 ,7 we s*ola/ic absoluti/s1 !re might be m excuse4 ,if we _h an infallible intellect ) its objective c]titudes1 we might feel ourselves disloyal to su* a p]fect organ ( k 9 n tru/+ to x exclusively1 9 n wait+ = its releas+ ^w4 ,b if we are empirici/s1 if we believe t no bell 9 u tolls to let u "k = c]ta9 :5 tru? is 9 our grasp1 !n x seems a piece ( idle fanta/icality to prea* s solemnly our duty ( wait+ = ! bell4 ,inde$ we may wait if we w1--,i hope y d n ?9k t ,i am d5y+ t1--b if we d s1 we d s at our p]il z mu* z if we believ$4 ,9 ei!r case we act1 tak+ our life 9 our h&s4 ,no "o ( u ought to issue vetoes to ! o!r1 nor %\ld we b&y words ( abuse4 ,we ought1 on ! contr>y1 delicately & pr(\ndly to respect "o ano!r's m5tal fre$om3 !n only %all we br+ ab\t ! intellectual republic2 !n only %all we h t _s ( inn] tol]ance )\t :i* all our out] tol]ance is s\lless1 & :i* is empiricism's glory2 !n only %all we live & let live1 9 speculative z well z 9 practical ?+s4 ,i began by a ref]5ce to ,fitz ,james ,/eph52 let me end by a quotation f him4 ,:at d y ?9k #ca ( y\rself8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! _w8444 ,^! are que/ions ) :i* all mu/ deal z x seems good to !m4 ,!y are riddles ( ! ,sph9x1 & 9 "s way or o!r we mu/ deal ) !m4444 ,9 all important transactions ( life we h to take a leap 9 ! d>k4444 ,if we decide to leave ! riddles unansw]$1 t is a *oice2 if we wav] 9 our answ]1 t1 too1 is a *oice3 b :atev] *oice we make1 we make x at our p]il4 ,if a man *ooses to turn 8 back altoge!r on ,god & ! future1 no "o c prev5t him2 no "o c %[ beyond reasonable d\bt t he is mi/ak54 ,if a man ?9ks o!rwise & acts z he ?9ks1 ,i d n see t any "o c prove t he is mi/ak54 ,ea* mu/ act z he ?9ks be/2 & if he is wrong1 s mu* ! worse = him4 ,we /& on a m\nta9 pass 9 ! mid/ ( :irl+ sn[ & bl9d+ mi/1 ?r\gh :i* we get glimpses n[ & !n ( pa?s :i* may be deceptive4 ,if we /& /ill we %all be froz5 to dea?4 ,if we take ! wrong road we %all be da%$ to pieces4 ,we d n c]ta9ly "k :e!r !re is any "r "o4 ,:at mu/ we d8 ',be /rong & ( a good c\rage4' ,act = ! be/1 hope = ! be/1 & take :at comes4444 ,if dea? ends all1 we _c meet dea? bett]4#e #a ,an ,address to ! ,philosophical ,clubs ( ,yale & ,br[n ,univ]sities4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ,june1 #ahif4 #b ,comp>e ! admirable page #caj 9 ,s4 ,h4 ,hodgson's ,"t & ,space1 ,london1 #ahfe4 #c ,comp>e ,wilfrid ,w>d's ,essay1 ,! ,wi% to ,believe1 9 8 ,witnesses to ! ,unse51 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahic4 #d ,s9ce belief is measur$ by action1 he :o =bids u to believe religion to be true1 necess>ily also =bids u to act z we %\ld if we did believe x to be true4 ,! :ole def5ce ( religi\s fai? h+es ^u action4 ,if ! action requir$ or inspir$ by ! religi\s hypo!sis is 9 no way diff]5t f t dictat$ by ! naturali/ic hypo!sis1 !n religi\s fai? is a pure sup]fluity1 bett] prun$ away1 & controv]sy ab\t its legitimacy is a piece ( idle trifl+1 unwor?y ( s]i\s m9ds4 ,i myself believe1 ( c\rse1 t ! religi\s hypo!sis gives to ! _w an expression :i* specifically det]m9es our reactions1 & makes !m 9 a l>ge "p unlike :at !y might be on a purely naturali/ic s*eme ( belief4 #e ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 p4 #cec1 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahgd4 #cb ,,is ,,life ,,wor? ,,liv+8#a ,:5 ,mr4 ,mallock's book ) ?is title appe>$ "s fifte5 ye>s ago1 ! jocose answ] t x dep5ds on ! liv] _h great curr5cy 9 ! newspap]s4 ,! answ] :i* ,i propose to give to-night _c be jocose4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( ,%akespe>e's prologues1-- ,i come no m to make y laugh2 ?+s n[1 ,t be> a weighty & a s]i\s br[1 ,sad1 high1 & work+1 full ( /ate & woe1-- mu/ be my !me4 ,9 ! deepe/ he>t ( all ( u !re is a corn] 9 :i* ! ultimate my/]y ( ?+s works sadly2 & ,i "k n :at su* an association z y\rs int5ds1 nor :at y ask ( ^? :om y invite to address y1 unless x be to lead y f ! surface-glam\r ( exi/5ce1 & = an h\r at lea/ to make y he$less to ! buzz+ & jigg+ & vibration ( small int]e/s & excitem5ts t =m ! tissue ( our ord9>y consci\sness4 ,)\t fur!r explanation or apology1 !n1 ,i ask y to jo9 me 9 turn+ an att5tion1 commonly too unwill+1 to ! pr(\nd] bass-note ( life4 ,let u se>* ! lonely dep?s = an h\r toge!r1 & see :at answ]s 9 ! la/ folds & recesses ( ?+s our "q may f9d4 #cc ,i4 ,) _m m5 ! "q ( life's wor? is answ]$ by a temp]am5tal optimism :i* makes !m incapable ( believ+ t any?+ s]i\sly evil c exi/4 ,our de> old ,walt ,:itman's works are ! /&+ text-book ( ?is k9d ( optimism4 ,! m]e joy ( liv+ is s imm5se 9 ,walt ,:itman's ve9s t x aboli%es ! possibility ( any o!r k9d ( feel+3-- ,to brea! ! air1 h[ delici\s6 ,to speak1 to walk1 to seize some?+ by ! h&6444 ,to be ?is incr$ible ,god ,i am6444 ,o amazem5t ( ?+s1 ev5 ! lea/ p>ticle6 ,o spirituality ( ?+s6 ,i too c>ol ! ,sun1 u%]'d or at noon1 or z n[1 sett+2 ,i too ?rob to ! bra9 & beauty ( ! e>? & ( all ! gr[?s ( ! e>?4444 ,i s+ to ! la/ ! equalities1 mod]n or old1 ,i s+ ! endless f9ales ( ?+s1 ,i say ,nature cont9ues--glory cont9ues4 ,i praise ) electric voice1 ,= ,i d n see "o imp]fection 9 ! univ]se1 ,& ,i d n see "o cause or result lam5table at la/4 ,s ,r\sseau1 writ+ ( ! n9e ye>s he sp5t at ,annecy1 ) no?+ b 8 happ9ess to tell3-- ,h[ tell :at 0 nei!r said nor done nor ev5 ?\ght1 b ta/$ only & felt1 ) no object ( my felicity b ! emotion ( felicity itself6 ,i rose ) ! sun1 & ,i 0 happy2 ,i w5t to walk1 & ,i 0 happy2 ,i saw ',maman1' & ,i 0 happy2 ,i left h]1 & ,i 0 happy4 ,i rambl$ ?r\gh ! woods & ov] ! v9e-slopes1 ,i w&]$ 9 ! valleys1 ,i read1 ,i l\ng$1 ,i #cd work$ 9 ! g>d51 ,i ga!r$ ! fruits1 ,i help$ at ! indoor "w1 & happ9ess foll[$ me ev]y:]e4 ,x 0 9 no "o assignable ?+2 x 0 all )9 myself2 x c\ld n leave me = a s+le in/ant4 ,if moods l ?is c\ld be made p]man5t1 & con/itutions l ^! univ]sal1 !re w\ld nev] be any occasion = su* disc\rses z ! pres5t "o4 ,no philosoph] w\ld seek to prove articulately t life is wor? liv+1 = ! fact t x absolutely is s w\ld v\* = itself1 & ! problem disappe> 9 ! vani%+ ( ! "q r ?an 9 ! com+ ( any?+ l a reply4 ,b we are n magicians to make ! optimi/ic temp]am5t univ]sal2 & alongside ( ! deliv]ances ( temp]am5tal optimism conc]n+ life1 ^? ( temp]am5tal pessimism always exi/1 & oppose to !m a /&+ refutation4 ,9 :at is call$ 'circul> insanity1' phases ( melan*oly succe$ phases ( mania1 ) no outw>d cause t we c discov]2 & (t5 en\gh to "o & ! same well p]son life w pres5t inc>nate radiance to-day & inc>nate dre>9ess to-morr[1 accord+ to ! fluctuations ( :at ! old] m$ical books us$ to call ! concoction ( ! humors4 ,9 ! words ( ! newspap] joke1 x dep5ds on ! liv]4 ,r\sseau's ill-balanc$ con/itution und]goes a *ange1 & behold him 9 8 latt] evil days a prey to melan*oly & black delusions ( suspicion & fe>4 ,"s m5 seem laun*$ ^u ! _w ev5 f _! bir? ) s\ls z incapable ( happ9ess z ,walt ,:itman's 0 ( gloom1 & !y h left u _! messages 9 ev5 m la/+ v]se ?an 81--! exquisite ,leop>di1 = example2 or our own contempor>y1 #ce ,james ,?omson1 9 t pa!tic book1 ,! ,city ( ,dreadful ,night1 :i* ,i ?9k is less well-kn[n ?an x %\ld be = its lit]>y beauty1 simply because m5 are afraid to quote its words1--!y are s gloomy1 & at ! same "t s s9c]e4 ,9 "o place ! poet describes a congregation ga!r$ to li/5 to a prea*] 9 a great unillum9$ ca!dral at night4 ,! s]mon is too long to quote1 b x ends ?us3-- ',o ,bro!rs ( sad lives6 !y are s brief2 ,a few %ort ye>s mu/ br+ u all relief3 ,c we n be> ^! ye>s ( labor+ brea?4 ,b if y w\ld n ?is poor life fulfil1 ,lo1 y are free to end x :5 y w1 ,)\t ! fe> ( wak+ aft] dea?4'-- ,! organ-l vibrations ( 8 voice ,?rill$ ?r\gh ! vault$ aisles & di$ away2 ,! ye>n+ ( ! tones :i* bade rejoice ,0 sad & t5d] z a requiem lay3 ,our %ad[y congregation re/$ /ill1 ,z brood+ on t ',end x :5 y w4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,our %ad[y congregation re/$ /ill1 ,z mus+ on t message we _h he>d1 ,& brood+ on t ',end x :5 y w1' ,p]*ance await+ yet "s o!r ^w2 ,:5 ke5 z lightn+ ?r\gh a muffl$ sky ,sprang =? a %rill & lam5table cry2-- ',! man speaks soo?1 alas6 ! man speaks soo?3 ,we h no p]sonal life beyond ! grave2 ,!re is no ,god2 ,fate kn[s nor wra? nor ru?3 ,c ,i f9d "h ! com=t :i* ,i crave8 ',9 all et]nity ,i _h "o *ance1 ,"o few ye>s' t]m ( graci\s human life1-- ,! spl5dors ( ! intellect's advance1 ,! sweetness ( ! home ) babes & wife2 #cf ',! social pleasures ) _! g5ial wit2 ,! fasc9ation ( ! worlds ( art2 ,! glories ( ! worlds ( ,nature lit ,by l>ge imag9ation's gl[+ he>t2 ',! rapture ( m]e be+1 full ( heal?2 ,! c>eless *ildhood & ! ard5t y\?2 ,! /r5u\s manhood w9n+ v>i\s weal?1 ,! rev]5d age s]5e ) life's long tru?2 ',all ! sublime pr]ogatives ( ,man2 ,! /ori$ memories ( ! times ( old1 ,! pati5t track+ ( ! _w's great plan ,?r\gh sequ5ces & *anges myriadfold4 ',?is *ance 0 nev] (f]$ me be=e2 ,= me ! inf9ite pa/ is blank & dumb2 ,?is *ance recurre? nev]1 nev]more2 ,blank1 blank = me ! inf9ite ,to-come4 ',& ?is sole *ance 0 fru/rate f my bir?1 ,a mock]y1 a delusion2 & my brea? ,( noble human life ^u ?is e>? ,s racks me t ,i sigh = s5seless dea?4 ',my w9e ( life is poison mix$ ) gall1 ,my noonday passes 9 a nightm>e dream1 ,i worse ?an lose ! ye>s :i* are my all3 ,:at c console me = ! loss supreme8 ',speak n ( com=t :]e no com=t is1 ,speak n at all3 c words make f\l ?+s fair6 ,our life 's a *eat1 our dea? a black abyss3 ,hu%1 & be mute1 envisag+ despair4' ,?is vehem5t voice came f ! nor!rn aisle1 ,rapid & %rill to its abrupt h>% close2 ,& none gave answ] = a c]ta9 :ile1 ,= words mu/ %r9k f ^! mo/ wordless woes2 ,at la/ ! pulpit speak] simply said1 ,) humid eyes & ?\ghtful1 droop+ head1-- #cg ',my ,bro!r1 my poor ,bro!rs1 x is ?us3 ,?is life holds no?+ good = u1 ,b x ends soon & nev]more c be2 ,& we knew no?+ ( x ere our bir?1 ,& %all "k no?+ :5 consign$ to e>?2 ,i pond] ^! ?\ghts1 & !y com=t me4' ,x ends soon1 & nev] m c be1 ,lo1 y are free to end x :5 y w1--^! v]ses fl[ tru?fully f ! melan*oly ,?omson's p51 & are 9 tru? a consolation = all to :om1 z to him1 ! _w is f> m l a /eady d5 ( fe> ?an a cont9ual f\nta9 ( delight4 ,t life is n wor? liv+ ! :ole army ( suicides decl>e1--an army ^: roll-call1 l ! fam\s ev5+ gun ( ! ,briti% army1 foll[s ! sun r\nd ! _w & nev] t]m9ates4 ,we1 too1 z we sit "h 9 our com=t1 mu/ 'pond] ^! ?+s' also1 = we are ( "o sub/ance ) ^! suicides1 & _! life is ! life we %>e4 ,! pla9e/ intellectual integrity1--nay1 m1 ! simple/ manl9ess & honor1 =bid u to =get _! case4 ,if sudd5ly1 says ,mr4 ,rusk91 9 ! mid/ ( ! enjoym5ts ( ! palate & lightnesses ( he>t ( a ,london d9n]-p>ty1 ! walls ( ! *amb] 7 p>t$1 & ?r\gh _! gap ! ne>e/ human be+s :o 7 fami%+ & 9 mis]y 7 borne into ! mid/ ( ! company fea/+ & fancy free2 if1 pale f dea?1 horrible 9 de/itution1 brok5 by despair1 body by body !y 7 laid ^u ! s(t c>pet1 "o beside ! *air ( e gue/1--w\ld only ! crumbs ( ! da9ties be ca/ to !m2 w\ld only a pass+ glance1 a pass+ ?\ght1 be v\*saf$ to !m8 ,yet ! actual facts1 ! real relation ( ea* ,dives & ,laz>us1 are n alt]$ by ! #ch int]v5tion ( ! h\se-wall betwe5 ! table & ! sick-b$1--by ! few feet ( gr\nd 7h[ few67 :i* are1 inde$1 all t sep>ate ! m]rim5t f ! mis]y4 ,,ii4 ,to come imm$iately to ! he>t ( my !me1 !n1 :at ,i propose is to imag9e ourselves reason+ ) a fell[-mortal :o is on su* t]ms ) life t ! only com=t left him is to brood on ! assurance1 ,y may end x :5 y w4 ,:at reasons c we plead t may r5d] su* a bro!r 7or si/]7 will+ to take up ! burd5 aga98 ,ord9>y ,*ri/ians1 reason+ ) w\ld-be suicides1 h little to (f] !m beyond ! usual negative1 ,?\ %alt n4 ,god alone is ma/] ( life & dea?1 !y say1 & x is a blasphem\s act to anticipate 8 absolv+ h&4 ,b c we f9d no?+ ri*] or m positive ?an ?is1 no reflections to urge :]eby ! suicide may actually see1 & 9 all sad s]i\sness feel1 t 9 spite ( adv]se appe>ances ev5 = him life is /ill wor? liv+8 ,!re are suicides & suicides 79 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t ?ree ?\s& ( !m e ye>71 & ,i mu/ frankly confess t ) p]haps ! majority ( ^! my sugge/ions are impot5t to deal4 ,:]e suicide is ! result ( insanity or sudd5 fr5zi$ impulse1 reflection is impot5t to arre/ its headway2 & cases l ^! belong to ! ultimate my/]y ( evil1 conc]n+ :i* ,i c only (f] consid]ations t5d+ t[>d religi\s pati5ce at ! end ( ?is h\r4 ,my task1 let me say n[1 is practically n>r[1 & my words are to deal only ) t metaphysical t$ium vitae :i* is peculi> to #ci reflect+ m54 ,mo/ ( y are devot$1 = good or ill1 to ! reflective life4 ,_m ( y are /ud5ts ( philosophy1 & h already felt 9 y\r own p]sons ! scepticism & unreality t too mu* grubb+ 9 ! ab/ract roots ( ?+s w bre$4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ! regul> fruits ( ! ov]-/udi\s c>e]4 ,too mu* que/ion+ & too little active responsibility lead1 almo/ z (t5 z too mu* s5sualism does1 to ! edge ( ! slope1 at ! bottom ( :i* lie pessimism & ! nightm>e or suicidal view ( life4 ,b to ! diseases :i* reflection bre$s1 /ill fur!r reflection c oppose effective rem$ies2 & x is ( ! melan*oly & ,welts*m]z br$ ( reflection t ,i n[ proce$ to speak4 ,let me say1 imm$iately1 t my f9al appeal is to no?+ m recondite ?an religi\s fai?4 ,s f> z my argum5t is to be de/ructive1 x w consi/ 9 no?+ m ?an ! sweep+ away ( c]ta9 views t (t5 keep ! spr+s ( religi\s fai? compress$2 & s f> z x is to be con/ructive1 x w consi/ 9 hold+ up to ! light ( day c]ta9 consid]ations calculat$ to let loose ^! spr+s 9 a normal1 natural way4 ,pessimism is ess5tially a religi\s disease4 ,9 ! =m ( x to :i* y are mo/ liable1 x consi/s 9 no?+ b a religi\s dem& to :i* !re comes no normal religi\s reply4 ,n[1 !re are two /ages ( recov]y f ?is disease1 two diff]5t levels ^u :i* "o may em]ge f ! midnight view to ! daylight view ( ?+s1 & ,i mu/ treat ( !m 9 turn4 ,! second /age is ! m complete & joy\s1 & x corresponds to ! fre] ex]cise ( religi\s #dj tru/ & fancy4 ,!re are1 z is well kn[n1 p]sons :o are naturally v free 9 ?is reg>d1 o!rs :o are n at all s4 ,!re are p]sons1 = in/ance1 :om we f9d indulg+ to _! he>t's cont5t 9 prospects ( immortality2 & !re are o!rs :o exp]i5ce ! greate/ difficulty 9 mak+ su* a notion seem real to !mselves at all4 ,^! latt] p]sons are ti$ to _! s5ses1 re/rict$ to _! natural exp]i5ce2 & _m ( !m1 moreov]1 feel a sort ( intellectual loyalty to :at !y call 'h>d facts1' :i* is positively %ock$ by ! easy excursions into ! unse5 t o!r p make at ! b>e call ( s5tim5t4 ,m9ds ( ei!r class may1 h[ev]1 be int5sely religi\s4 ,!y may equally desire atonem5t & reconciliation1 & crave acquiesc5ce & communion ) ! total s\l ( ?+s4 ,b ! crav+1 :5 ! m9d is p5t 9 to ! h>d facts1 especially z sci5ce n[ reveals !m1 c bre$ pessimism1 q z easily z x bre$s optimism :5 x inspires religi\s tru/ & fancy to w+ _! way to ano!r & a bett] _w4 ,t is :y ,i call pessimism an ess5tially religi\s disease4 ,! nightm>e view ( life has pl5ty ( organic s\rces2 b its great reflective s\rce has at all times be5 ! contradiction betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( nature & ! crav+ ( ! he>t to believe t beh9d nature !re is a _s ^: expression nature is4 ,:at philosoph]s call 'natural !ology' has be5 "o way ( appeas+ ?is crav+2 t poetry ( nature 9 :i* our ,engli% lit]ature is s ri* has be5 ano!r way4 ,n[1 suppose a m9d ( ! latt] ( our two classes1 ^: imag9ation is p5t 9 consequ5tly1 & :o takes its #da facts 'h>d2' suppose x1 moreov]1 to feel /rongly ! crav+ = communion1 & yet to realize h[ desp]ately difficult x is to con/rue ! sci5tific ord] ( nature ei!r !ologically or poetically1--& :at result c !re be b inn] discord & contradiction8 ,n[1 ?is inn] discord 7m]ely z discord7 c be reliev$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 ,! long+ to read ! facts religi\sly may cease1 & leave ! b>e facts by !mselves2 or1 supplem5t>y facts may be discov]$ or believ$-91 :i* p]mit ! religi\s read+ to g on4 ,^! two ways ( relief are ! two /ages ( recov]y1 ! two levels ( escape f pessimism1 to :i* ,i made allusion a mom5t ago1 & :i* ! sequel w1 ,i tru/1 make m cle>4 ,,iii4 ,/>t+ !n ) nature1 we naturally t5d1 if we h ! religi\s crav+1 to say ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,o ,univ]se6 :at ?\ wi%e/ ,i wi%4 ,our sacr$ books & traditions tell u ( "o ,god :o made heav5 & e>?1 &1 look+ on !m1 saw t !y 7 good4 ,yet1 on m intimate acqua9tance1 ! visible surfaces ( heav5 & e>? refuse to be br\ght by u into any intelligible unity at all4 ,e ph5om5on t we w\ld praise !re exi/s *eek by j[l ) "s contr>y ph5om5on t cancels all its religi\s effect ^u ! m9d4 ,beauty & hide\sness1 love & cruelty1 life & dea? keep h\se toge!r 9 indissoluble p>tn]%ip2 & !re gradually /eals ov] u1 in/ead ( ! old w>m notion ( a man-lov+ ,deity1 t ( an awful p[] t nei!r hates nor loves1 b rolls all ?+s #db toge!r mean+lessly to a common doom4 ,?is is an uncanny1 a s9i/]1 a nightm>e view ( life1 & its peculi> unheimli*keit1 or poison\sness1 lies expressly 9 our hold+ two ?+s toge!r :i* _c possibly agree1--9 our cl++1 on ! "o h&1 to ! dem& t !re %all be a liv+ _s ( ! :ole2 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! belief t ! c\rse ( nature mu/ be su* a _s's adequate manife/ation & expression4 ,x is 9 ! contradiction betwe5 ! suppos$ be+ ( a _s t encompasses & owns u1 & ) :i* we ought to h "s communion1 & ! "* ( su* a _s z reveal$ by ! visible _w's c\rse1 t ?is p>ticul> dea?-9-life p>adox & ?is melan*oly-bre$+ puzzle reside1 ,c>lyle expresses ! result 9 t *apt] ( 8 immortal ',s>tor ,res>tus' entitl$ ',! ,ev]la/+ ,no4' ,i liv$1 writes poor ,teufelsdrckh1 9 a cont9ual1 indef9ite1 p9+ fe>2 tremul\s1 pusillanim\s1 appreh5sive ( ,i knew n :at3 x seem$ z if all ?+s 9 ! heav5s above & ! e>? b5ea? w\ld hurt me2 z if ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 b b\ndless jaws ( a dev\r+ mon/]1 :]e9 ,i1 palpitat+1 lay wait+ to be dev\r$4 ,?is is ! fir/ /age ( speculative melan*oly4 ,no brute c h ?is sort ( melan*oly2 no man :o is irreligi\s c become its prey4 ,x is ! sick %udd] ( ! fru/rat$ religi\s dem&1 & n ! m]e necess>y outcome ( animal exp]i5ce4 ,teufelsdrckh himself c\ld h made %ift to face ! g5]al *aos & b$evilm5t ( ?is _w's exp]i5ces v well1 7 he n ! victim ( an orig9ally unlimit$ tru/ & affection t[>ds !m4 ,if he might meet !m piecemeal1 ) no suspicion #dc ( any :ole express+ itself 9 !m1 %unn+ ! bitt] p>ts & husb&+ ! sweet ones1 z ! occasion s]v$1 & z ! day 0 f\l or fair1 he c\ld h zigzagg$ t[>d an easy end1 & felt no obligation to make ! air vocal ) 8 lam5tations4 ,! mood ( levity1 ( ',i don't c>e1' is = ?is _w's ills a sov]eign & practical anae/hetic4 ,b1 no6 some?+ deep d[n 9 ,teufelsdrckh & 9 ! re/ ( u tells u t !re is a ,_s 9 ?+s to :i* we owe allegiance1 & = ^: sake we mu/ keep up ! s]i\s mood4 ,& s ! inn] fev] & discord also are kept up2 = nature tak5 on h] visible surface reveals no su* ,_s1 & beyond ! facts ( nature we are at ! pres5t /age ( our inquiry n suppos+ ourselves to look4 ,n[1 ,i d n hesitate frankly & s9c]ely to confess to y t ?is real & g5u9e discord seems to me to c>ry ) x ! inevitable bankruptcy ( natural religion navely & simply tak54 ,!re 7 times :5 ,leibnitzes ) _! heads buri$ 9 mon/r\s wigs c\ld compose ,!odicies1 & :5 /all-f$ (ficials ( an e/abli%$ *ur* c\ld prove by ! valves 9 ! he>t & ! r\nd ligam5t ( ! hip-jo9t ! exi/5ce ( a ,moral & ,intellig5t ,contriv] ( ! ,_w4 ,b ^? times are pa/2 & we ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) our evolution>y !ories & our me*anical philosophies1 already "k nature too imp>tially & too well to wor%ip unres]v$ly any ,god ( ^: "* %e c be an adequate expression4 ,truly1 all we "k ( good & duty proce$s f nature2 b none ! less s all we "k ( evil4 ,visible nature is all pla/icity & indiff]5ce1--a moral multiv]se1 z "o might call x1 & n a moral #dd univ]se4 ,to su* a h>lot we owe no allegiance2 ) h] z a :ole we c e/abli% no moral communion2 & we are free 9 our deal+s ) h] sev]al p>ts to obey or de/roy1 & to foll[ no law b t ( prud5ce 9 com+ to t]ms ) su* o!r p>ticul> features z w help u to our private ends4 ,if !re be a div9e ,_s ( ! univ]se1 nature1 su* z we "k h]1 _c possibly be its ultimate ^w to man4 ,ei!r !re is no ,_s reveal$ 9 nature1 or else x is inadequately reveal$ !re2 & 7z all ! high] religions h assum$7 :at we call visible nature1 or ?is _w1 mu/ be b a veil & surface-%[ ^: full mean+ resides 9 a supplem5t>y unse5 or o!r _w4 ,i _c help1 !re=e1 acc\nt+ x on ! :ole a ga9 7?\gh x may seem = c]ta9 poetic con/itutions a v sad loss7 t ! naturali/ic sup]/ition1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,god ( nature1 simply tak5 z su*1 %\ld h begun to loos5 its hold ^u ! educat$ m9d4 ,9 fact1 if ,i am to express my p]sonal op9ion unres]v$ly1 ,i %\ld say 79 spite ( its s\nd+ blasphem\s at fir/ to c]ta9 e>s7 t ! initial /ep t[>ds gett+ into heal?y ultimate relations ) ! univ]se is ! act ( rebellion aga9/ ! idea t su* a ,god exi/s4 ,su* rebellion ess5tially is t :i* 9 ! *apt] ,i h quot$ f ,c>lyle goes on to describe3-- ',:]e=e1 l a c[>d1 do/ ?\ =ev] pip & :imp]1 & g c[]+ & trembl+8 ,despicable bip$6444 ,ha/ ?\ n a he>t2 can/ ?\ n suff] :atsoev] x be2 &1 z a ,*ild ( ,fre$om1 ?\gh outca/1 trample ,tophet itself "u ?y feet1 :ile x consumes !e8 ,let x come1 !n1 ,i w meet x & defy x6' ,& z ,i s ?\ght1 !re ru%$ l a /ream ( fire #de ov] my :ole s\l2 & ,i %ook base ,fe> away f me =ev]4444 ,?us _h ! ,ev]la/+ ,no peal$ au?oritatively ?r\gh all ! recesses ( my be+1 ( my ,me1 & !n 0 x t my :ole ,me /ood up1 9 native ,god-creat$ maje/y1 & record$ its ,prote/4 ,su* a ,prote/1 ! mo/ important transaction 9 life1 may t same ,indignation & ,defiance1 9 a psy*ological po9t ( view1 be fitly call$4 ,! ,ev]la/+ ,no _h said3 ',behold1 ?\ art fa!rless1 outca/1 & ! ,univ]se is m9e2' to :i* my :ole ,me n[ made answ]3 ',i am n ?9e1 b ,free1 & =ev] hate !e6' ,f t h\r1 ,teufelsdrckh-,c>lyle adds1 ,i began to be a man4 ,& our poor fri5d1 ,james ,?omson1 simil>ly writes3-- ,:o is mo/ wret*$ 9 ?is dolor\s place8 ,i ?9k myself1 yet ,i w\ld r be ,my mis]able self ?an ,he1 ?an ,he ,:o =m$ su* creatures to 8 own disgrace4 ,! vile/ ?+ mu/ be less vile ?an ,?\ ,f :om x _h its be+1 ,god & ,"l6 ,creator ( all woe & s96 abhorr$1 ,malignant & implacable6 ,i v[ ,t n = all ,?y p[] furl$ & unfurl$1 ,= all ! temples to ,?y glory built1 ,w\ld ,i assume ! ignom9i\s guilt ,( hav+ made su* m5 9 su* a _w4 ,we are famili> en\gh 9 ?is community ) ! spectacle ( p]sons exult+ 9 _! emancipation f belief 9 ! ,god ( _! ance/ral ,calv9ism1--him :o made ! g>d5 & ! s]p5t1 & pre-appo9t$ ! et]nal fires ( hell4 ,"s ( !m h f\nd human] gods to wor%ip1 o!rs are simply conv]ts f all !ology2 b1 bo? alike1 !y #df assure u t to h got rid ( ! sophi/ication ( ?9k+ !y c\ld feel any rev]5ce or duty t[>d t impossible idol gave a trem5d\s happ9ess to _! s\ls4 ,n[1 to make an idol ( ! _s ( nature1 & wor%ip x1 also leads to sophi/ication2 & 9 s\ls t are religi\s & w\ld also be sci5tific ! sophi/ication bre$s a philosophical melan*oly1 f :i* ! fir/ natural /ep ( escape is ! d5ial ( ! idol2 & ) ! d[nfall ( ! idol1 :atev] lack ( positive joy\sness may rema91 !re comes also ! d[nfall ( ! :imp]+ & c[]+ mood4 ,) evil simply tak5 z su*1 m5 c make %ort "w1 = _! relations ) x !n are only practical4 ,x looms up no long] s spectrally1 x loses all its haunt+ & p]plex+ significance1 z soon z ! m9d attacks ! in/ances ( x s+ly1 & ceases to worry ab\t _! d]ivation f ! '"o & only ,p[]4' ,"h1 !n1 on ?is /age ( m]e emancipation f moni/ic sup]/ition1 ! w\ld-be suicide may already get enc\rag+ answ]s to 8 "q ab\t ! wor? ( life4 ,!re are 9 mo/ m5 in/9ctive spr+s ( vitality t respond heal?ily :5 ! burd5 ( metaphysical & inf9ite responsibility rolls (f4 ,! c]ta9ty t y n[ may /ep out ( life :5ev] y please1 & t to d s is n blasphem\s or mon/r\s1 is itself an imm5se relief4 ,! ?\ght ( suicide is n[ no long] a guilty *all5ge & obsession4 ,?is little life is all we mu/ endure2 ,! grave's mo/ holy peace is ev] sure1-- says ,?omson2 add+1 ,i pond] ^! ?\ghts1 & !y com=t me4 ,mean:ile we c always #dg /& x = tw5ty-f\r h\rs long]1 if only to see :at to-morr['s newspap] w conta91 or :at ! next po/man w br+4 ,b f> deep] =ces ?an ?is m]e vital curiosity are ar\sable1 ev5 9 ! pessimi/ically-t5d+ m9d2 = :]e ! lov+ & admir+ impulses are dead1 ! hat+ & fight+ impulses w /ill respond to fit appeals4 ,?is evil :i* we feel s deeply is some?+ t we c also help to ov]?r[2 = its s\rces1 n[ t no ',sub/ance' or ',_s' is beh9d !m1 are f9ite1 & we c deal ) ea* ( !m 9 turn4 ,x is1 inde$1 a rem>kable fact t suff]+s & h>d%ips d n1 z a rule1 abate ! love ( life2 !y seem1 on ! contr>y1 usually to give x a ke5] ze/4 ,! sov]eign s\rce ( melan*oly is repletion4 ,ne$ & /ruggle are :at excite & inspire u2 our h\r ( triumph is :at br+s ! void4 ,n ! ,jews ( ! captivity1 b ^? ( ! days ( ,solomon's glory are ^? f :om ! pessimi/ic utt]ances 9 our ,bible come4 ,g]many1 :5 %e lay trampl$ b5ea? ! ho(s ( ,bonap>te's troop]s1 produc$ p]haps ! mo/ optimi/ic & ideali/ic lit]ature t ! _w has se52 & n till ! ,fr5* 'milli>ds' 7 di/ribut$ aft] #ahga did pessimism ov]run ! c\ntry 9 ! %ape 9 :i* we see x !re to-day4 ,! hi/ory ( our own race is "o long comm5t>y on ! *e]fulness t comes ) fight+ ills4 ,or take ! ,wald5ses1 ( :om ,i lately h be5 read+1 z examples ( :at /rong m5 w endure4 ,9 #adhc a papal bull ( ,innoc5t ,,viii4 enjo9$ _! ext]m9ation4 ,x absolv$ ^? :o %\ld take up ! crusade aga9/ !m f all ecclesia/ical pa9s & p5alties1 releas$ !m f #dh any oa?1 legitimiz$ _! title to all prop]ty :i* !y might h illegally acquir$1 & promis$ remission ( s9s to all :o %\ld kill ! h]etics4 ,!re is no t[n 9 ,pi$mont1 says a ,vaudois writ]1 :]e "s ( our bre?r5 h n be5 put to dea?4 ,jordan ,t]bano 0 burnt alive at ,susa2 ,hippolite ,rossi]o at ,tur91 ,mi*ael ,goneto1 an octog5>ian1 at ,s>c5a2 ,vil]m9 ,ambrosio hang$ on ! ,col di ,meano2 ,hugo ,*iambs1 ( ,f5e/relle1 _h 8 entrails torn f 8 liv+ body at ,tur92 ,pet] ,geym>ali ( ,bobbio 9 l mann] _h 8 entrails tak5 out 9 ,luc]na1 & a fi]ce cat ?ru/ 9 _! place to torture him fur!r2 ,m>ia ,romano 0 buri$ alive at ,rocca ,patia2 ,magdal5a ,fauno und]w5t ! same fate at ,san ,giovanni2 ,susanna ,mi*el9i 0 b\nd h& & foot1 & left to p]i% ( cold & hung] on ! sn[ at ,s>c5a2 ,b>tolomeo ,fa*e1 ga%$ ) sabres1 _h ! w\nds fill$ up ) quicklime1 & p]i%$ ?us 9 agony at ,p5ile2 ,daniel ,mi*el9i _h 8 tongue torn out at ,bobbo = hav+ prais$ ,god2 ,james ,b>id>i p]i%$ cov]$ ) sulphur\s mat*es :i* _h be5 =c$ into 8 fle% "u ! nails1 betwe5 ! f+]s1 9 ! no/rils1 9 ! lips1 & all ov] ! body1 & !n light$2 ,daniel ,rovelli _h 8 m\? fill$ ) gunp[d]1 :i*1 be+ light$1 blew 8 head to pieces2444 ,s>a ,ro/ignol 0 slit op5 f ! legs to ! bosom1 & left s to p]i% on ! road betwe5 ,eyral & ,luc]na2 ,anna ,*>bonni] 0 impal$1 & c>ri$ ?us on a pike f ,san ,giovanni to ,la ,torre4#b ,und d]gleick5 mehr6 ,9 #afcj ! plague swept away "o-half ( ! ,vaudois population1 includ+ fifte5 ( _! sev5te5 pa/ors4 ,! places ( ^! 7 suppli$ f ,g5eva & ,dauph9y1 & #di ! :ole ,vaudois p le>n$ ,fr5* 9 ord] to foll[ _! s]vices4 ,m ?an once _! numb] fell1 by unremitt+ p]secution1 f ! normal /&>d ( tw5ty-five ?\s& to ab\t f\r ?\s&4 ,9 #afhf ! ,duke ( ,savoy ord]$ ! ?ree ?\s& t rema9$ to give up _! fai? or leave ! c\ntry4 ,refus+1 !y f\ght ! ,fr5* & ,pi$montese armies till only eighty ( _! fight+ m5 rema9$ alive or uncaptur$1 :5 !y gave up1 & 7 s5t 9 a body to ,switz]l&4 ,b 9 #afhi1 enc\rag$ by ,william ( ,orange & l$ by "o ( _! pa/or-capta9s1 betwe5 eight hundr$ & n9e hundr$ ( !m return$ to conqu] _! old homes aga94 ,!y f\ght _! way to ,bobi1 r$uc$ to f\r hundr$ m5 9 ! fir/ half ye>1 & met e =ce s5t aga9/ !m1 until at la/ ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 giv+ up 8 alliance ) t abom9ation ( desolation1 ,l\is ,,xiv41 re/or$ !m to comp>ative fre$om1--s9ce :i* "t !y h increas$ & multipli$ 9 _! b>r5 ,alp9e valleys to ?is day4 ,:at are our woes & suff]ance comp>$ ) ^!8 ,does n ! recital ( su* a fight s ob/9ately wag$ aga9/ su* odds fill u ) resolution aga9/ our petty p[]s ( d>kness1--ma*9e politicians1 spoilsm51 & ! re/8 ,life is wor? liv+1 no matt] :at x br+1 if only su* combats may be c>ri$ to successful t]m9ations & "o's heel set on ! tyrant's ?roat4 ,to ! suicide1 !n1 9 8 suppos$ _w ( multif>i\s & immoral nature1 y c appeal--& appeal 9 ! "n ( ! v evils t make 8 he>t sick !re--to wait & see 8 "p ( ! battle out4 ,& ! cons5t to live on1 :i* y ask ( him "u ^! #ej circum/ances1 is n ! sophi/ical 'resignation' :i* devotees ( c[]+ religions prea*3 x is n resignation 9 ! s5se ( lick+ a despotic ,deity's h&4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a resignation bas$ on manl9ess & pride4 ,s long z y\r w\ld-be suicide leaves an evil ( 8 own unrem$i$1 s long he has /rictly no conc]n ) evil 9 ! ab/ract & at l>ge4 ,! submission :i* y dem& ( y\rself to ! g5]al fact ( evil 9 ! _w1 y\r app>5t acquiesc5ce 9 x1 is "h no?+ b ! conviction t evil at l>ge is none ( y\r bus9ess until y\r bus9ess ) y\r private p>ticul> evils is liquidat$ & settl$ up4 ,a *all5ge ( ?is sort1 ) prop] designation ( detail1 is "o t ne$ only be made to be accept$ by m5 ^: normal in/9cts are n decay$2 & y\r reflective w\ld-be suicide may easily be mov$ by x to face life ) a c]ta9 int]e/ aga94 ,! s5tim5t ( honor is a v p5etrat+ ?+4 ,:5 y & ,i1 = in/ance1 realize h[ _m innoc5t bea/s h _h to suff] 9 cattle-c>s & slaught]-p5s & lay d[n _! lives t we might gr[ up1 all fatt5$ & clad1 to sit toge!r "h 9 com=t & c>ry on ?is disc\rse1 x does1 inde$1 put our relation to ! univ]se 9 a m solemn light4 ,does n1 z a "y ,amh]/ philosoph] 7,x5os ,cl>k1 n[ dead7 once wrote1 ! acceptance ( a happy life ^u su* t]ms involve a po9t ( honor8 ,are we n b\nd to take "s suff]+ ^u ourselves1 to d "s self-d5y+ s]vice ) our lives1 9 return = all ^? lives ^u :i* ours are built8 ,to he> ?is "q is to answ] x 9 b "o possible way1 if "o h a normally con/itut$ he>t4 #ea ,?us1 !n1 we see t m]e in/9ctive curiosity1 pugnacity1 & honor may make life on a purely naturali/ic basis seem wor? liv+ f day to day to m5 :o h ca/ away all metaphysics 9 ord] to get rid ( hypo*ondria1 b :o are resolv$ to owe no?+ z yet to religion & its m positive gifts4 ,a poor half-way /age1 "s ( y may be incl9$ to say2 b at lea/ y mu/ grant x to be an hone/ /age2 & no man %\ld d>e to speak meanly ( ^! in/9cts :i* are our nature's be/ equipm5t1 & to :i* religion h]self mu/ 9 ! la/ resort address h] own peculi> appeals4 ,,iv4 ,& n[1 9 turn+ to :at religion may h to say to ! "q1 ,i come to :at is ! s\l ( my disc\rse4 ,religion has meant _m ?+s 9 human hi/ory2 b :5 f n[ onw>d ,i use ! ^w ,i mean to use x 9 ! sup]naturali/ s5se1 z decl>+ t ! s-call$ ord] ( nature1 :i* con/itutes ?is _w's exp]i5ce1 is only "o portion ( ! total univ]se1 & t !re /ret*es beyond ?is visible _w an unse5 _w ( :i* we n[ "k no?+ positive1 b 9 its relation to :i* ! true significance ( our pres5t mundane life consi/s4 ,a man's religi\s fai? 7:atev] m special items ( doctr9e x may involve7 means = me ess5tially 8 fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( an unse5 ord] ( "s k9d 9 :i* ! riddles ( ! natural ord] may be f\nd expla9$4 ,9 ! m develop$ religions ! natural _w has always be5 reg>d$ z ! m]e scaffold+ or ve/ibule ( a tru]1 m et]nal _w1 & affirm$ to be a sph]e ( #eb education1 trial1 or r$emption4 ,9 ^! religions1 "o mu/ 9 "s fa%ion die to ! natural life be=e "o c ent] into life et]nal4 ,! notion t ?is physical _w ( w9d & wat]1 :]e ! sun rises & ! moon sets1 is absolutely & ultimately ! div9ely aim$-at & e/abli%$ ?+1 is "o :i* we f9d only 9 v e>ly religions1 su* z t ( ! mo/ primitive ,jews4 ,x is ?is natural religion 7primitive /ill1 9 spite ( ! fact t poets & m5 ( sci5ce ^: good-w exce$s _! p]spicacity keep publi%+ x 9 new editions tun$ to our contempor>y e>s7 t1 z ,i said a :ile ago1 has suff]$ def9itive bankruptcy 9 ! op9ion ( a circle ( p]sons1 among :om ,i mu/ c\nt myself1 & :o are gr[+ m num]\s e day4 ,= su* p]sons ! physical ord] ( nature1 tak5 simply z sci5ce kn[s x1 _c be held to reveal any "o h>moni\s spiritual int5t4 ,x is m]e wea!r1 z ,*auncey ,wright call$ x1 do+ & undo+ )\t end4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to make y feel1 if ,i c 9 ! %ort rema9d] ( ?is h\r1 t we h a "r to believe ! physical ord] to be only a p>tial ord]2 t we h a "r to supplem5t x by an unse5 spiritual ord] :i* we assume on tru/1 if only !reby life may seem to u bett] wor? liv+ aga94 ,b z su* a tru/ w seem to "s ( y sadly my/ical & execrably unsci5tific1 ,i mu/ fir/ say a ^w or two to weak5 ! veto :i* y may consid] t sci5ce opposes to our act4 ,!re is includ$ 9 human nature an +ra9$ naturalism & mat]ialism ( m9d :i* c only admit facts t are actually tangible4 ,( ?is sort ( m9d ! entity call$ 'sci5ce' is ! idol4 #ec ,fondness = ! ^w 'sci5ti/' is "o ( ! notes by :i* y may "k its vot>ies2 & its %ort way ( kill+ any op9ion t x disbelieves 9 is to call x 'unsci5tific4' ,x mu/ be grant$ t !re is no slight excuse = ?is4 ,sci5ce has made su* glori\s leaps 9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & ext5d$ our k ( nature s enorm\sly bo? 9 g5]al & 9 detail2 m5 ( sci5ce1 moreov]1 h z a class display$ su* admirable virtues1--t x is no wond] if ! wor%ipp]s ( sci5ce lose _! head4 ,9 ?is v ,univ]sity1 accord+ly1 ,i h he>d m ?an "o tea*] say t all ! fundam5tal conceptions ( tru? h already be5 f\nd by sci5ce1 & t ! future has only ! details ( ! picture to fill 94 ,b ! slighte/ reflection on ! real conditions w suffice to %[ h[ b>b>ic su* notions are4 ,!y %[ su* a lack ( sci5tific imag9ation1 t x is h>d to see h[ "o :o is actively advanc+ any "p ( sci5ce c make a mi/ake s crude4 ,?9k h[ _m absolutely new sci5tific conceptions h aris5 9 our own g5]ation1 h[ _m new problems h be5 =mulat$ t 7 nev] ?\ght ( be=e1 & !n ca/ an eye ^u ! brevity ( sci5ce's c>e]4 ,x began ) ,galileo1 n ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,f\r ?9k]s s9ce ,galileo1 ea* in=m+ 8 successor ( :at discov]ies 8 own lifetime _h se5 a*iev$1 might h pass$ ! tor* ( sci5ce into our h&s z we sit "h 9 ?is room4 ,inde$1 = ! matt] ( t1 an audi5ce mu* small] ?an ! pres5t "o1 an audi5ce ( "s five or six score p1 if ea* p]son 9 x c\ld speak = 8 own g5]ation1 w\ld c>ry u away to ! black unkn[n ( ! human species1 #ed to days )\t a docum5t or monum5t to tell _! tale4 ,is x cr$ible t su* a mu%room k1 su* a gr[? ov]night z ?is1 c repres5t m ?an ! m9ute/ glimpse ( :at ! univ]se w really prove to be :5 adequately und]/ood8 ,no6 our sci5ce is a drop1 our ignorance a sea4 ,:atev] else be c]ta91 ?is at lea/ is c]ta91--t ! _w ( our pres5t natural k is envelop$ 9 a l>g] _w ( "s sort ( ^: residual prop]ties we at pres5t c frame no positive idea4 ,agno/ic positivism1 ( c\rse1 admits ?is pr9ciple !oretically 9 ! mo/ cordial t]ms1 b insi/s t we mu/ n turn x to any practical use4 ,we h no "r1 ?is doctr9e tells u1 to dream dreams1 or suppose any?+ ab\t ! unse5 "p ( ! univ]se1 m]ely because to d s may be = :at we are pleas$ to call our highe/ int]e/s4 ,we mu/ always wait = s5sible evid5ce = our beliefs2 & :]e su* evid5ce is inaccessible we mu/ frame no hypo!ses :atev]4 ,( c\rse ?is is a safe en\gh position 9 ab/racto4 ,if a ?9k] _h no /ake 9 ! unkn[n1 no vital ne$s1 to live or langui% accord+ to :at ! unse5 _w conta9$1 a philosophic neutrality & refusal to believe ei!r "o way or ! o!r w\ld be 8 wise/ cue4 ,b1 un=tunately1 neutrality is n only inw>dly difficult1 x is also outw>dly unrealizable1 :]e our relations to an alt]native are practical & vital4 ,?is is because1 z ! psy*ologi/s tell u1 belief & d\bt are liv+ attitudes1 & involve conduct on our "p4 ,our only way1 = example1 ( d\bt+1 or refus+ to believe1 t a c]ta9 ?+ is1 is cont9u+ to act z if x 7 n4 ,if1 = in/ance1 #ee ,i refuse to believe t ! room is gett+ cold1 ,i leave ! w9d[s op5 & light no fire j z if x /ill 7 w>m4 ,if ,i d\bt t y are wor?y ( my confid5ce1 ,i keep y un9=m$ ( all my secrets j z if y 7 unwor?y ( ! same4 ,if ,i d\bt ! ne$ ( insur+ my h\se1 ,i leave x un9sur$ z mu* z if ,i believ$ !re 7 no ne$4 ,& s if ,i mu/ n believe t ! _w is div9e1 ,i c only express t refusal by decl9+ ev] to act di/9ctively z if x 7 s1 :i* c only mean act+ on c]ta9 critical occasions z if x 7 n s1 or 9 an irreligi\s way4 ,!re are1 y see1 inevitable occasions 9 life :5 inaction is a k9d ( action1 & mu/ c\nt z action1 & :5 n to be = is to be practically aga9/2 & 9 all su* cases /rict & consi/5t neutrality is an unatta9able ?+4 ,&1 aft] all1 is n ?is duty ( neutrality :]e only our inn] int]e/s w\ld lead u to believe1 ! mo/ ridicul\s ( comm&s8 ,is x n %e] dogmatic folly to say t our inn] int]e/s c h no real connection ) ! =ces t ! hidd5 _w may conta98 ,9 o!r cases div9ations bas$ on inn] int]e/s h prov$ prophetic en\gh4 ,take sci5ce itself6 ,)\t an imp]i\s inn] dem& on our "p = ideal logical & ma!matical h>monies1 we %\ld nev] h atta9$ to prov+ t su* h>monies be hidd5 betwe5 all ! *9ks & int]/ices ( ! crude natural _w4 ,h>dly a law has be5 e/abli%$ 9 sci5ce1 h>dly a fact asc]ta9$1 :i* 0 n fir/ s\ght aft]1 (t5 ) sweat & blood1 to gratify an inn] ne$4 ,:5ce su* ne$s come f we d n "k2 we f9d !m 9 u1 & biological psy*ology s f> only classes !m ) ,d>w9's 'accid5tal v>iations4' #ef ,b ! inn] ne$ ( believ+ t ?is _w ( nature is a sign ( some?+ m spiritual & et]nal ?an itself is j z /rong & au?oritative 9 ^? :o feel x1 z ! inn] ne$ ( uni=m laws ( causation ev] c be 9 a pr(essionally sci5tific head4 ,! toil ( _m g5]ations has prov$ ! latt] ne$ prophetic4 ,:y may n ! =m] "o be prophetic1 too8 ,& if ne$s ( ours outrun ! visible univ]se1 :y may n t be a sign t an invisible univ]se is !re8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 has au?ority to deb> u f tru/+ our religi\s dem&s8 ,sci5ce z su* assur$ly has no au?ority1 = %e c only say :at is1 n :at is n2 & ! agno/ic ?\ %alt n believe )\t co]cive s5sible evid5ce is simply an expression 7free to any "o to make7 ( private p]sonal appetite = evid5ce ( a c]ta9 peculi> k9d4 ,n[1 :5 ,i speak ( tru/+ our religi\s dem&s1 j :at d ,i mean by 'tru/+'8 ,is ! ^w to c>ry ) x lic5se to def9e 9 detail an invisible _w1 & to ana!matize & excommunicate ^? ^: tru/ is diff]5t8 ,c]ta9ly n6 ,our faculties ( belief 7 n prim>ily giv5 u to make or?odoxies & h]esies )al2 !y 7 giv5 u to live by4 ,& to tru/ our religi\s dem&s means fir/ ( all to live 9 ! light ( !m1 & to act z if ! invisible _w :i* !y sugge/ 7 real4 ,x is a fact ( human nature1 t m5 c live & die by ! help ( a sort ( fai? t goes )\t a s+le dogma or def9ition4 ,! b>e assurance t ?is natural ord] is n ultimate b a m]e sign or vision1 ! ext]nal /ag+ ( a _m-/ori$ univ]se1 9 :i* spiritual =ces h ! la/ ^w & are et]nal1--?is b>e #eg assurance is to su* m5 en\gh to make life seem wor? liv+ 9 spite ( e contr>y presumption sugge/$ by its circum/ances on ! natural plane4 ,de/roy ?is inn] assurance1 h[ev]1 vague z x is1 & all ! light & radiance ( exi/5ce is ext+ui%$ = ^! p]sons at a /roke4 ,(t5 en\gh ! wild-ey$ look at life--! suicidal mood--w !n set 94 ,& n[ ! application comes directly home to y & me4 ,probably to almo/ e "o ( u "h ! mo/ adv]se life w\ld seem well wor? liv+1 if we only c\ld be c]ta9 t our brav]y & pati5ce ) x 7 t]m9at+ & ev5tuat+ & be>+ fruit some:]e 9 an unse5 spiritual _w4 ,b grant+ we are n c]ta91 does x !n foll[ t a b>e tru/ 9 su* a _w is a fool's p>adise & lubb]l&1 or r t x is a liv+ attitude 9 :i* we are free to indulge8 ,well1 we are free to tru/ at our own risks any?+ t is n impossible1 & t c br+ analogies to be> 9 its behalf4 ,t ! _w ( physics is probably n absolute1 all ! conv]g+ multitude ( argum5ts t make 9 favor ( idealism t5d to prove2 & t our :ole physical life may lie soak+ 9 a spiritual atmosph]e1 a dim5sion ( be+ t we at pres5t h no organ = appreh5d+1 is vividly sugge/$ to u by ! analogy ( ! life ( our dome/ic animals4 ,our dogs1 = example1 are 9 our human life b n ( x4 ,!y witness h\rly ! outw>d body ( ev5ts ^: inn] mean+ _c1 by any possible op]ation1 be reveal$ to _! intellig5ce1--ev5ts 9 :i* !y !mselves (t5 play ! c>d9al "p4 ,my t]ri] bites a teas+ boy1 = example1 & ! fa!r dem&s damages4 ,! dog #eh may be pres5t at e /ep ( ! negotiations1 & see ! money paid1 )\t an inkl+ ( :at x all means1 )\t a suspicion t x has any?+ to d ) him2 & he nev] c "k 9 8 natural dog's life4 ,or take ano!r case :i* us$ greatly to impress me 9 my m$ical-/ud5t days4 ,consid] a poor dog :om !y are vivisect+ 9 a laboratory4 ,he lies /rapp$ on a bo>d & %riek+ at 8 execution]s1 & to 8 own d>k consci\sness is lit]ally 9 a sort ( hell4 ,he _c see a s+le r$eem+ ray 9 ! :ole bus9ess2 & yet all ^! diabolical-seem+ ev5ts are (t5 controll$ by human int5tions ) :i*1 if 8 poor b5ight$ m9d c\ld only be made to cat* a glimpse ( !m1 all t is h]oic 9 him w\ld religi\sly acquiesce4 ,heal+ tru?1 relief to future suff]+s ( bea/ & man1 are to be b\ght by !m4 ,x may be g5u9ely a process ( r$emption4 ,ly+ on 8 back on ! bo>d !re he may be p]=m+ a function incalculably high] ?an any t prosp]\s can9e life admits (2 & yet1 ( ! :ole p]=mance1 ?is function is ! "o portion t mu/ rema9 absolutely beyond 8 k54 ,n[ turn f ?is to ! life ( man4 ,9 ! dog's life we see ! _w invisible to him because we live 9 bo? worlds4 ,9 human life1 al?\gh we only see our _w1 & 8 )9 x1 yet encompass+ bo? ^! worlds a /ill wid] _w may be !re1 z unse5 by u z our _w is by him2 & to believe 9 t _w may be ! mo/ ess5tial function t our lives 9 ?is _w h to p]=m4 ,b may be6 may be6 "o n[ he>s ! positivi/ contemptu\sly exclaim2 :at use c a sci5tific life h = maybes8 ,well1 ,i reply1 ! #ei 'sci5tific' life itself has mu* to d ) maybes1 & human life at l>ge has ev]y?+ to d ) !m4 ,s f> z man /&s = any?+1 & is productive or orig9ative at all1 8 entire vital function may be said to h to deal ) maybes4 ,n a victory is ga9$1 n a de$ ( fai?fulness or c\rage is done1 except ^u a maybe2 n a s]vice1 n a sally ( g5]osity1 n a sci5tific exploration or exp]im5t or text-book1 t may n be a mi/ake4 ,x is only by risk+ our p]sons f "o h\r to ano!r t we live at all4 ,& (t5 en\gh our fai? be=eh& 9 an unc]tifi$ result is ! only ?+ t makes ! result come true4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t y are climb+ a m\nta91 & h work$ y\rself into a position f :i* ! only escape is by a t]rible leap4 ,h fai? t y c successfully make x1 & y\r feet are n]v$ to its accompli%m5t4 ,b mi/ru/ y\rself1 & ?9k ( all ! sweet ?+s y h he>d ! sci5ti/s say ( maybes1 & y w hesitate s long t1 at la/1 all un/rung & trembl+1 & laun*+ y\rself 9 a mom5t ( despair1 y roll 9 ! abyss4 ,9 su* a case 7& x belongs to an enorm\s class71 ! "p ( wisdom z well z ( c\rage is to believe :at is 9 ! l9e ( y\r ne$s1 = only by su* belief is ! ne$ fulfill$4 ,refuse to believe1 & y %all inde$ be "r1 = y %all irretrievably p]i%4 ,b believe1 & aga9 y %all be "r1 = y %all save y\rself4 ,y make "o or ! o!r ( two possible univ]ses true by y\r tru/ or mi/ru/1--bo? univ]ses hav+ be5 only maybes1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 be=e y contribut$ y\r act4 ,n[1 x appe>s to me t ! "q :e!r life is wor? liv+ is subject to conditions logically #fj mu* l ^!4 ,x does1 inde$1 dep5d on y ! liv]4 ,if y surr5d] to ! nightm>e view & cr[n ! evil edifice by y\r own suicide1 y h inde$ made a picture totally black4 ,pessimism1 complet$ by y\r act1 is true beyond a d\bt1 s f> z y\r _w goes4 ,y\r mi/ru/ ( life has remov$ :atev] wor? y\r own endur+ exi/5ce might h giv5 to x2 & n[1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole sph]e ( possible influ5ce ( t exi/5ce1 ! mi/ru/ has prov$ itself to h _h div9+ p[]4 ,b suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t in/ead ( giv+ way to ! nightm>e view y cl+ to x t ?is _w is n ! ultimatum4 ,suppose y f9d y\rself a v well-spr+1 z ,wordswor? says1 (-- ,zeal1 & ! virtue to exi/ by fai? ,z soldi]s live by c\rage2 z1 by /r5g? ,( he>t1 ! sailor fights ) ro>+ seas4 ,suppose1 h[ev] ?ickly evils cr[d ^u y1 t y\r unconqu]able subjectivity proves to be _! mat*1 & t y f9d a m wond]ful joy ?an any passive pleasure c br+ 9 tru/+ ev] 9 ! l>g] :ole4 ,h y n n[ made life wor? liv+ on ^! t]ms8 ,:at sort ( a ?+ w\ld life really be1 ) y\r qualities ready = a tussle ) x1 if x only br\ght fair wea!r & gave ^! high] faculties ( y\rs no scope8 ,please rememb] t optimism & pessimism are def9itions ( ! _w1 & t our own reactions on ! _w1 small z !y are 9 bulk1 are integral p>ts ( ! :ole ?+1 & necess>ily help to det]m9e ! def9ition4 ,!y may ev5 be ! decisive elem5ts 9 det]m9+ ! def9ition4 ,a l>ge mass c h its un/able equilibrium ov]turn$ by ! addition #fa ( a fea!r's weight2 a long phrase may h its s5se rev]s$ by ! addition ( ! ?ree lett]s n-o-t4 ,?is life is wor? liv+1 we c say1 s9ce x is :at we make x1 f ! moral po9t ( view2 & we are det]m9$ to make x f t po9t ( view1 s f> z we h any?+ to d ) x1 a success4 ,n[1 9 ?is description ( fai?s t v]ify !mselves ,i h assum$ t our fai? 9 an invisible ord] is :at inspires ^? ef=ts & t pati5ce :i* make ?is visible ord] good = moral m54 ,our fai? 9 ! se5 _w's goodness 7goodness n[ mean+ fitness = successful moral & religi\s life7 has v]ifi$ itself by lean+ on our fai? 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,b w our fai? 9 ! unse5 _w simil>ly v]ify itself8 ,:o kn[s8 ,once m x is a case ( maybe2 & once m maybes are ! ess5ce ( ! situation4 ,i confess t ,i d n see :y ! v exi/5ce ( an invisible _w may n 9 "p dep5d on ! p]sonal response :i* any "o ( u may make to ! religi\s appeal4 ,god himself1 9 %ort1 may draw vital /r5g? & increase ( v be+ f our fidelity4 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n "k :at ! sweat & blood & trag$y ( ?is life mean1 if !y mean any?+ %ort ( ?is4 ,if ?is life be n a real fight1 9 :i* some?+ is et]nally ga9$ = ! univ]se by success1 x is no bett] ?an a game ( private !atricals f :i* "o may )draw at w4 ,b x feels l a real fight1--z if !re 7 some?+ really wild 9 ! univ]se :i* we1 ) all our idealities & fai?fulnesses1 are ne$$ to r$eem2 & fir/ ( all to r$eem our own he>ts f a!isms & fe>s4 ,= su* a half-wild1 half-sav$ univ]se our nature is adapt$4 ,! deepe/ ?+ 9 our #fb nature is ?is ,b9n5leb5 7z a ,g]man doctor lately has call$ x71 ?is dumb region ( ! he>t 9 :i* we dwell alone ) our will+nesses & unwill+nesses1 our fai?s & fe>s4 ,z ?r\gh ! cracks & crannies ( cav]ns ^? wat]s exude f ! e>?'s bosom :i* !n =m ! f\nta9-heads ( spr+s1 s 9 ^! crepuscul> dep?s ( p]sonality ! s\rces ( all our out] de$s & decisions take _! rise4 ,"h is our deepe/ organ ( communication ) ! nature ( ?+s2 & comp>$ ) ^! concrete movem5ts ( our s\l all ab/ract /atem5ts & sci5tific argum5ts--! veto1 = example1 :i* ! /rict positivi/ pron\nces ^u our fai?--s\nd to u l m]e *att]+s ( ! tee?4 ,= "h possibilities1 n f9i%$ facts1 are ! realities ) :i* we h actively to deal2 & to quote my fri5d ,william ,salt]1 ( ! ,philadelphia ,e?ical ,society1 z ! ess5ce ( c\rage is to /ake "o's life on a possibility1 s ! ess5ce ( fai? is to believe t ! possibility exi/s4 ,^!1 !n1 are my la/ words to y3 ,be n afraid ( life4 ,believe t life is wor? liv+1 & y\r belief w help create ! fact4 ,! 'sci5tific pro(' t y are "r may n be cle> be=e ! day ( judgm5t 7or "s /age ( be+ :i* t expression may s]ve to symbolize7 is rea*$4 ,b ! fai?ful fight]s ( ?is h\r1 or ! be+s t !n & !re w repres5t !m1 may !n turn to ! fa9t-he>t$1 :o "h decl9e to g on1 ) words l ^? ) :i* ,h5ry ,,iv4 greet$ ! t>dy ,crillon aft] a great victory _h be5 ga9$3 ,hang y\rself1 brave ,crillon6 we f\ght at ,arques1 & y 7 n !re4 #a ,an ,address to ! ,h>v>d ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,octob]1 #ahie1 & z a pocket volume by ,s4 ,b4 ,we/on1 ,philadelphia1 #ahif4 #b ,quot$ by ,george ,e4 ,w>+ 9 8 book on ,tyrol4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,br>d3 ,les ,vaudois1 ,lyon1 ,/orck1 #ahib4 #fc ,,! ,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,rationality4#a ,i4 ,:at is ! task :i* philosoph]s set !mselves to p]=m2 & :y d !y philosophize at all8 ,almo/ e "o w imm$iately reply3 ,!y desire to atta9 a conception ( ! frame ( ?+s :i* %all on ! :ole be m rational ?an t some:at *aotic view :i* e "o by nature c>ries ab\t ) him "u 8 hat4 ,b suppose ?is rational conception atta9$1 h[ is ! philosoph] to recognize x = :at x is1 & n let x slip ?r\gh ignorance8 ,! only answ] c be t he w recognize its rationality z he recognizes ev]y?+ else1 by c]ta9 subjective m>ks ) :i* x affects him4 ,:5 he gets ! m>ks1 he may "k t he has got ! rationality4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! m>ks8 ,a /rong feel+ ( ease1 peace1 re/1 is "o ( !m4 ,! transition f a /ate ( puzzle & p]plexity to rational compreh5sion is full ( lively relief & pleasure4 ,b ?is relief seems to be a negative r ?an a positive "*4 ,%all we !n say t ! feel+ ( rationality is con/itut$ m]ely by ! abs5ce #fd ( any feel+ ( irrationality8 ,i ?9k !re are v good gr\nds = uphold+ su* a view4 ,all feel+ :atev]1 9 ! light ( c]ta9 rec5t psy*ological speculations1 seems to dep5d = its physical condition n on simple dis*>ge ( n]ve-curr5ts1 b on _! dis*>ge "u arre/1 imp$im5t1 or resi/ance4 ,j z we feel no p>ticul> pleasure :5 we brea! freely1 b a v int5se feel+ ( di/ress :5 ! respiratory motions are prev5t$1--s any unob/ruct$ t5d5cy to action dis*>ges itself )\t ! production ( mu* cogitative accompanim5t1 & any p]fectly flu5t c\rse ( ?\ght awak5s b little feel+2 b :5 ! movem5t is inhibit$1 or :5 ! ?\ght meets ) difficulties1 we exp]i5ce di/ress4 ,x is only :5 ! di/ress is ^u u t we c be said to /rive1 to crave1 or to aspire4 ,:5 enjoy+ pl5>y fre$om ei!r 9 ! way ( motion or ( ?\ght1 we are 9 a sort ( anae/hetic /ate 9 :i* we might say ) ,walt ,:itman1 if we c>$ to say any?+ ab\t ourselves at su* times1 ,i am suffici5t z ,i am4 ,?is feel+ ( ! suffici5cy ( ! pres5t mom5t1 ( its absolut5ess1--?is abs5ce ( all ne$ to expla9 x1 acc\nt = x1 or ju/ify x1--is :at ,i call ! ,s5tim5t ( ,rationality4 ,z soon1 9 %ort1 z we are enabl$ f any cause :atev] to ?9k ) p]fect flu5cy1 ! ?+ we ?9k ( seems to u pro tanto rational4 ,:atev] modes ( conceiv+ ! cosmos facilitate ?is flu5cy1 produce ! s5tim5t ( rationality4 ,conceiv$ 9 su* modes1 be+ v\*es = itself & ne$s no fur!r philosophic =mulation4 ,b ?is flu5cy may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways2 & fir/ ,i w take up ! !oretic way4 #fe ,! facts ( ! _w 9 _! s5sible div]sity are always be=e u1 b our !oretic ne$ is t !y %\ld be conceiv$ 9 a way t r$uces _! manifoldness to simplicity4 ,our pleasure at f9d+ t a *aos ( facts is ! expression ( a s+le und]ly+ fact is l ! relief ( ! musician at resolv+ a confus$ mass ( s\nd into melodic or h>monic ord]4 ,! simplifi$ result is h&l$ ) f> less m5tal ef=t ?an ! orig9al data2 & a philosophic conception ( nature is ?us 9 no metaphorical s5se a labor-sav+ contrivance4 ,! passion = p>simony1 = economy ( means 9 ?\ght1 is ! philosophic passion p> excell5ce2 & any "* or aspect ( ! _w's ph5om5a :i* ga!rs up _! div]sity into monotony w gratify t passion1 & 9 ! philosoph]'s m9d /& = t ess5ce ( ?+s comp>$ ) :i* all _! o!r det]m9ations may by him be ov]look$4 ,m univ]sality or ext5siv5ess is1 !n1 "o m>k :i* ! philosoph]'s conceptions mu/ possess4 ,unless !y apply to an enorm\s numb] ( cases !y w n br+ him relief4 ,! k ( ?+s by _! causes1 :i* is (t5 giv5 z a def9ition ( rational k1 is useless to him unless ! causes conv]ge to a m9imum numb]1 :ile /ill produc+ ! maximum numb] ( effects4 ,! m multiple !n are ! in/ances1 ! m fl[+ly does 8 m9d rove f fact to fact4 ,! ph5om5al transitions are no real transitions2 ea* item is ! same old fri5d ) a slightly alt]$ dress4 ,:o does n feel ! *>m ( ?9k+ t ! moon & ! apple are1 z f> z _! relation to ! #ff e>? goes1 id5tical2 ( kn[+ respiration & combu/ion to be "o2 ( und]/&+ t ! balloon rises by ! same law :]eby ! /one s9ks2 ( feel+ t ! w>m? 9 "o's palm :5 "o rubs "o's sleeve is id5tical ) ! motion :i* ! friction *ecks2 ( recogniz+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 bea/ & fi% to be only a high] degree ( t betwe5 human fa!r & son2 ( believ+ our /r5g? :5 we climb ! m\nta9 or fell ! tree to be no o!r ?an ! /r5g? ( ! sun's rays :i* made ! corn gr[ out ( :i* we got our morn+ meal8 ,b alongside ( ?is passion = simplification !re exi/s a si/] passion1 :i* 9 "s m9ds--?\gh !y p]haps =m ! m9ority--is its rival4 ,?is is ! passion = di/+ui%+2 x is ! impulse to be acqua9t$ ) ! p>ts r ?an to compreh5d ! :ole4 ,loyalty to cle>ness & integrity ( p]ception1 dislike ( blurr$ outl9es1 ( vague id5tifications1 are its *>act]i/ics4 ,x loves to recognize p>ticul>s 9 _! full complet5ess1 & ! m ( ^! x c c>ry ! happi] x is4 ,x pref]s any am\nt ( incoh]5ce1 abruptness1 & fragm5t>9ess 7s long z ! lit]al details ( ! sep>ate facts are sav$7 to an ab/ract way ( conceiv+ ?+s t1 :ile x simplifies !m1 dissolves away at ! same "t _! concrete fulness4 ,cle>ness & simplicity ?us set up rival claims1 & make a real dilemma = ! ?9k]4 ,a man's philosophic attitude is det]m9$ by ! balance 9 him ( ^! two crav+s4 ,no sy/em ( philosophy c hope to be univ]sally accept$ among m5 :i* grossly violates ei!r ne$1 or #fg entirely subord9ates ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! fate ( ,sp9osa1 ) 8 b>r5 union ( all ?+s 9 "o sub/ance1 on ! "o h&2 t ( ,hume1 ) 8 equally b>r5 'loos5ess & sep>at5ess' ( ev]y?+1 on ! o!r1--nei!r philosoph] own+ any /rict & sy/ematic disciples to-day1 ea* be+ to po/]ity a w>n+ z well z a /imulus1--%[ u t ! only possible philosophy mu/ be a compromise betwe5 an ab/ract monotony & a concrete het]og5eity4 ,b ! only way to m$iate betwe5 div]sity & unity is to class ! div]se items z cases ( a common ess5ce :i* y discov] 9 !m4 ,classification ( ?+s into ext5sive 'k9ds' is ?us ! fir/ /ep2 & classification ( _! relations & conduct into ext5sive 'laws' is ! la/ /ep1 9 _! philosophic unification4 ,a complet$ !oretic philosophy c ?us nev] be any?+ m ?an a complet$ classification ( ! _w's +r$i5ts2 & its results mu/ always be ab/ract1 s9ce ! basis ( e classification is ! ab/ract ess5ce emb$d$ 9 ! liv+ fact1--! re/ ( ! liv+ fact be+ = ! "t ignor$ by ! classifi]4 ,?is means t none ( our explanations are complete4 ,!y subsume ?+s "u heads wid] or m famili>2 b ! la/ heads1 :e!r ( ?+s or ( _! connections1 are m]e ab/ract g5]a1 data :i* we j f9d 9 ?+s & write d[n4 ,:51 = example1 we ?9k t we h rationally expla9$ ! connection ( ! facts ,a & ,b by class+ bo? "u _! common attribute x1 x is obvi\s t we h really expla9$ only s mu* ( ^! items z is x4 ,to expla9 ! connection ( *oke-damp & suffocation by ! lack ( oxyg5 is #fh to leave unt\*$ all ! o!r peculi>ities bo? ( *oke-damp & ( suffocation1--su* z convulsions & agony on ! "o h&1 d5sity & explosibility on ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 s f> z ,a & ,b conta9 l1 m1 n1 & o1 p1 q1 respectively1 9 addition to x1 !y are n expla9$ by x4 ,ea* additional p>ticul>ity makes its di/9ct appeal4 ,a s+le explanation ( a fact only expla9s x f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,! entire fact is n acc\nt$ = until ea* & all ( its *>act]s h be5 class$ ) _! likes else:]e4 ,to apply ?is n[ to ! case ( ! univ]se1 we see t ! explanation ( ! _w by molecul> movem5ts expla9s x only s f> z x actually is su* movem5ts4 ,to invoke ! ',unkn[able' expla9s only s mu* z is unkn[able1 ',?\ght' only s mu* z is ?\ght1 ',god' only s mu* z is ,god4 ,:i* ?\ght8 ,:i* ,god8--are que/ions t h to be answ]$ by br++ 9 aga9 ! residual data f :i* ! g5]al t]m 0 ab/ract$4 ,all ^? data t _c be analytically id5tifi$ ) ! attribute invok$ z univ]sal pr9ciple1 rema9 z indep5d5t k9ds or natures1 associat$ empirically ) ! said attribute b devoid ( rational k9%ip ) x4 ,h5ce ! unsatisfactor9ess ( all our speculations4 ,on ! "o h&1 s f> z !y reta9 any multiplicity 9 _! t]ms1 !y fail to get u out ( ! empirical s&-heap _w2 on ! o!r1 s f> z !y elim9ate multiplicity ! practical man despises _! empty b>r5ness4 ,! mo/ !y c say is t ! elem5ts ( ! _w are su* & su*1 & t ea* is id5tical ) itself :]ev] f\nd2 b ! "q ,:]e is x f\nd8 ! practical man is left to answ] by 8 own wit4 ,:i*1 ( all ! #fi ess5ces1 %all "h & n[ be held ! ess5ce ( ?is concrete ?+1 ! fundam5tal philosophy nev] attempts to decide4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t ! simple classification ( ?+s is1 on ! "o h&1 ! be/ possible !oretic philosophy1 b is1 on ! o!r1 a mo/ mis]able & inadequate sub/itute = ! fulness ( ! tru?4 ,x is a mon/r\s abridgm5t ( life1 :i*1 l all abridgm5ts is got by ! absolute loss & ca/+ out ( real matt]4 ,?is is :y s few human be+s truly c>e = philosophy4 ,! p>ticul> det]m9ations :i* %e ignores are ! real matt] excit+ ne$s1 q z pot5t & au?oritative z h]s4 ,:at does ! moral en?usia/ c>e = philosophical e?ics8 ,:y does ! ,a,esthetik ( e ,g]man philosoph] appe> to ! arti/ an abom9ation ( desolation8 ,grau1 !ur] ,freund1 i/ alle ,!orie ,und grn des ,leb5s goldn] ,baum4 ,! entire man1 :o feels all ne$s by turns1 w take no?+ z an equival5t = life b ! fulness ( liv+ itself4 ,s9ce ! ess5ces ( ?+s are z a matt] ( fact dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( "t & space1 x is 9 _! spread-outness & alt]nation t he w enjoy !m4 ,:5 we>y ( ! concrete cla% & du/ & pett9ess1 he w refre% himself by a ba? 9 ! et]nal spr+s1 or =tify himself by a look at ! immutable natures4 ,b he w only be a visitor1 n a dwell] 9 ! region2 he w nev] c>ry ! philosophic yoke ^u 8 %\ld]s1 & :5 tir$ ( ! gray monotony ( h] problems & insipid spaci\sness ( h] results1 w always escape gleefully into ! teem+ & dramatic ri*ness ( ! concrete _w4 #gj ,s our /udy turns back "h to its beg9n+4 ,e way ( classify+ a ?+ is b a way ( h&l+ x = "s p>ticul> purpose4 ,conceptions1 'k9ds1' are teleological in/rum5ts4 ,no ab/ract concept c be a valid sub/itute = a concrete reality except ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! conceiv]4 ,! int]e/ ( !oretic rationality1 ! relief ( id5tification1 is b "o ( a ?\s& human purposes4 ,:5 o!rs re> _! heads1 x mu/ pack up its little bundle & retire till its turn recurs4 ,! exagg]at$ dignity & value t philosoph]s h claim$ = _! solutions is ?us greatly r$uc$4 ,! only virtue _! !oretic conception ne$ h is simplicity1 & a simple conception is an equival5t = ! _w only s f> z ! _w is simple1--! _w mean:ile1 :atev] simplicity x may h>bor1 be+ also a mightily complex affair4 ,en\gh simplicity rema9s1 h[ev]1 & en\gh urg5cy 9 our crav+ to rea* x1 to make ! !oretic function "o ( ! mo/ inv9cible ( human impulses4 ,! que/ ( ! fewe/ elem5ts ( ?+s is an ideal t "s w foll[1 z long z !re are m5 to ?9k at all4 ,b suppose ! goal atta9$4 ,suppose t at la/ we h a sy/em unifi$ 9 ! s5se t has be5 expla9$4 ,our _w c n[ be conceiv$ simply1 & our m9d enjoys ! relief4 ,our univ]sal concept has made ! concrete *aos rational4 ,b n[ ,i ask1 ,c t :i* is ! gr\nd ( rationality 9 all else be itself prop]ly call$ rational8 ,x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t x might4 ,"o is tempt$ at any rate to say t1 s9ce ! crav+ = rationality is appeas$ by ! id5tification ( "o #ga ?+ ) ano!r1 a datum :i* left no?+ else out/&+ might qu5* t crav+ def9itively1 or be rational 9 se4 ,no o!rness be+ left to annoy u1 we %\ld sit d[n at peace4 ,9 o!r words1 z ! !oretic tranquillity ( ! boor results f 8 sp9n+ no fur!r consid]ations ab\t 8 *aotic univ]se1 s any datum :atev] 7provid$ x 7 simple1 cle>1 & ultimate7 ought to bani% puzzle f ! univ]se ( ! philosoph] & conf] peace1 inasmu* z !re w\ld !n be = him absolutely no fur!r consid]ations to sp94 ,?is 9 fact is :at "s p]sons ?9k4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 says1-- ,a difficulty is solv$1 a my/]y unriddl$1 :5 x c be %[n to resemble some?+ else2 to be an example ( a fact already kn[n4 ,my/]y is isolation1 exception1 or x may be app>5t contradiction3 ! resolution ( ! my/]y is f\nd 9 assimilation1 id5tity1 frat]nity4 ,:5 all ?+s are assimilat$1 s f> z assimilation c g1 s f> z lik5ess holds1 !re is an end to explanation2 !re is an end to :at ! m9d c d1 or c intellig5tly desire4444 ,! pa? ( sci5ce z exhibit$ 9 mod]n ages is t[>d g5]ality1 wid] & wid]1 until we rea* ! highe/1 ! wide/ laws ( e dep>tm5t ( ?+s2 !re explanation is f9i%$1 my/]y ends1 p]fect vision is ga9$4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is fir/ answ] w n hold4 ,our m9d is s w$d$ to ! process ( see+ an o!r beside e item ( its exp]i5ce1 t :5 ! notion ( an absolute datum is pres5t$ to x1 x goes ?r\gh its usual proc$ure & rema9s po9t+ at ! void beyond1 z if 9 t lay fur!r matt] = contemplation4 ,9 %ort1 x sp9s = itself ! fur!r positive consid]ation ( a non5tity #gb envelop+ ! be+ ( its datum2 & z t leads n[h]e1 back recoils ! ?\ght t[>d its datum aga94 ,b !re is no natural bridge betwe5 non5tity & ?is p>ticul> datum1 & ! ?\ght /&s oscillat+ to & fro1 wond]+ ,:y 0 !re any?+ b non5tity2 :y j ?is univ]sal datum & n ano!r8 & f9ds no end1 9 w&]+ mazes lo/4 ,inde$1 ,ba9's words are s untrue t 9 reflect+ m5 x is j :5 ! attempt to fuse ! manifold into a s+le totality has be5 mo/ successful1 :5 ! conception ( ! univ]se z a unique fact is ne>e/ its p]fection1 t ! crav+ = fur!r explanation1 ! ontological wond]-sickness1 arises 9 its extreme/ =m4 ,z ,s*op5hau] says1 ,! uneas9ess :i* keeps ! nev]-re/+ clock ( metaphysics 9 motion1 is ! consci\sness t ! non-exi/5ce ( ?is _w is j z possible z its exi/5ce4 ,! notion ( non5tity may ?us be call$ ! p>5t ( ! philosophic crav+ 9 its subtile/ & pr(\nde/ s5se4 ,absolute exi/5ce is absolute my/]y1 = its relations ) ! no?+ rema9 unm$iat$ to our und]/&+4 ,"o philosoph] only has pret5d$ to ?r[ a logical bridge ov] ?is *asm4 ,hegel1 by try+ to %[ t non5tity & concrete be+ are l9k$ toge!r by a s]ies ( id5tities ( a syn!tic k9d1 b9ds ev]y?+ conceivable into a unity1 ) no outly+ notion to di/urb ! free rot>y circulation ( ! m9d )9 its b\nds4 ,s9ce su* un*eck$ movem5t gives ! feel+ ( rationality1 he mu/ be held1 if he has succe$$1 to h et]nally & absolutely qu5*$ all rational dem&s4 ,b = ^? :o deem ,hegel's h]oic ef=t to #gc h fail$1 n\ght rema9s b to confess t :5 all ?+s h be5 unifi$ to ! supreme degree1 ! notion ( a possible o!r ?an ! actual may /ill haunt our imag9ation & prey ^u our sy/em4 ,! bottom ( be+ is left logically opaque to u1 z some?+ :i* we simply come ^u & f9d1 & ab\t :i* 7if we wi% to act7 we %\ld pause & wond] z little z possible4 ,! philosoph]'s logical tranquillity is ?us 9 ess5ce no o!r ?an ! boor's4 ,!y diff] only z to ! po9t at :i* ea* refuses to let fur!r consid]ations upset ! absolut5ess ( ! data he assumes4 ,! boor does s imm$iately1 & is liable at any mom5t to ! ravages ( _m k9ds ( d\bt4 ,! philosoph] does n d s till unity has be5 rea*$1 & is w>rant$ aga9/ ! inroads ( ^? consid]ations1 b only practically1 n ess5tially1 secure f ! blight+ brea? ( ! ultimate ,:y8 ,if he _c exorcise ?is "q1 he mu/ ignore or bl9k x1 &1 assum+ ! data ( 8 sy/em z some?+ giv51 & ! gift z ultimate1 simply proce$ to a life ( contemplation or ( action bas$ on x4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is act+ on an opaque necessity is accompani$ by a c]ta9 pleasure4 ,see ! rev]5ce ( ,c>lyle = brute fact3 ,!re is an inf9ite significance 9 fact4 ,necessity1 says ,dhr+1 & he means n rational b giv5 necessity1 is ! la/ & highe/ po9t t we c rea*4444 ,x is n only ! int]e/ ( ultimate & def9itive k1 b also t ( ! feel+s1 to f9d a la/ repose & an ideal equilibrium 9 an utt]mo/ datum :i* c simply n be o!r ?an x is4 ,su* is ! attitude ( ord9>y m5 9 _! !ism1 ,god's fiat be+ 9 physics & morals su* an #gd utt]mo/ datum4 ,su* also is ! attitude ( all h>d-m9d$ analy/s & ,v]/&esm5s*54 ,lotze1 ,r5\vi]1 & ,hodgson promptly say t ( exp]i5ce z a :ole no acc\nt c be giv51 b nei!r seek to s(t5 ! abruptness ( ! confession nor to reconcile u ) our impot5ce4 ,b m$iat+ attempts may be made by m my/ical m9ds4 ,! peace ( rationality may be s\ght ?r\gh ec/asy :5 logic fails4 ,to religi\s p]sons ( e %ade ( doctr9e mom5ts come :5 ! _w1 z x is1 seems s div9ely ord]ly1 & ! acceptance ( x by ! he>t s raptur\sly complete1 t intellectual que/ions vani%2 nay1 ! intellect itself is hu%$ to sleep1--z ,wordswor? says1 ?\ght is n2 9 enjoym5t x expires4 ,ontological emotion s fills ! s\l t ontological speculation c no long] ov]lap x & put h] girdle ( int]rogation-m>ks r\nd exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ! lea/ religi\s ( m5 mu/ h felt ) ,walt ,:itman1 :5 loaf+ on ! grass on "s transp>5t summ] morn+1 t swiftly arose & spread r\nd him ! peace & k t pass all ! argum5t ( ! e>?4 ,at su* mom5ts ( en]getic liv+ we feel z if !re 7 some?+ diseas$ & contemptible1 yea vile1 9 !oretic grubb+ & brood+4 ,9 ! eye ( heal?y s5se ! philosoph] is at be/ a le>n$ fool4 ,s9ce ! he>t c ?us wall out ! ultimate irrationality :i* ! head asc]ta9s1 ! erection ( its proc$ure into a sy/ematiz$ me?od w\ld be a philosophic a*ievem5t ( fir/-rate importance4 ,b z us$ by my/ics hi!rto x has lack$ univ]sality1 be+ available = few p]sons & at few times1 & #ge ev5 9 ^! be+ apt to be foll[$ by fits ( reaction & dryness2 & if m5 %\ld agree t ! my/ical me?od is a subt]fuge )\t logical p]t95cy1 a pla/] b no cure1 & t ! idea ( non-entity c nev] be exorcis$1 empiricism w be ! ultimate philosophy4 ,exi/5ce !n w be a brute fact to :i* z a :ole ! emotion ( ontologic wond] %all rightfully cleave1 b rema9 et]nally unsatisfi$4 ,!n wond]fulness or my/]i\sness w be an ess5tial attribute ( ! nature ( ?+s1 & ! exhibition & emphasiz+ ( x w cont9ue to be an +r$i5t 9 ! philosophic indu/ry ( ! race4 ,e g5]ation w produce its ,job1 its ,hamlet1 its ,fau/1 or its ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,) ?is we seem to h consid]$ ! possibilities ( purely !oretic rationality4 ,b we saw at ! outset t rationality meant only unimp$$ m5tal function4 ,imp$im5ts t arise 9 ! !oretic sph]e might p]haps be avoid$ if ! /ream ( m5tal action %\ld leave t sph]e betimes & pass into ! practical4 ,let u !re=e inquire :at con/itutes ! feel+ ( rationality 9 its practical aspect4 ,if ?\ght is n to /& =ev] po9t+ at ! univ]se 9 wond]1 if its movem5t is to be div]t$ f ! issueless *annel ( purely !oretic contemplation1 let u ask :at conception ( ! univ]se w awak5 active impulses capable ( effect+ ?is div]sion4 ,a def9ition ( ! _w :i* w give back to ! m9d ! free motion :i* has be5 block$ 9 ! purely contemplative pa? may s f> make ! _w seem rational aga94 ,well1 ( two conceptions equally fit to satisfy ! logical dem&1 t "o :i* awak5s ! active #gf impulses1 or satisfies o!r ae/hetic dem&s bett] ?an ! o!r1 w be acc\nt$ ! m rational conception1 & w des]v$ly prevail4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t an analysis ( ! _w may yield a numb] ( =mulae1 all consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,9 physical sci5ce diff]5t =mulae may expla9 ! ph5om5a equally well1--! "o-fluid & ! two-fluid !ories ( electricity1 = example4 ,:y may x n be s ) ! _w8 ,:y may !re n be diff]5t po9ts ( view = survey+ x1 )9 ea* ( :i* all data h>monize1 & :i* ! obs]v] may !re=e ei!r *oose betwe51 or simply cumulate "o ^u ano!r8 ,a ,bee?ov5 /r+-qu>tet is truly1 z "s "o has said1 a scrap+ ( horses' tails on cats' b[els1 & may be exhau/ively describ$ 9 su* t]ms2 b ! application ( ?is description 9 no way precludes ! simultane\s applicability ( an entirely diff]5t description4 ,j s a ?or\gh-go+ int]pretation ( ! _w 9 t]ms ( me*anical sequ5ce is compatible ) its be+ int]pret$ teleologically1 = ! me*anism itself may be design$4 ,if1 !n1 !re 7 sev]al sy/ems excogitat$1 equally satisfy+ to our purely logical ne$s1 !y w\ld /ill h to be pass$ 9 review1 & approv$ or reject$ by our ae/hetic & practical nature4 ,c we def9e ! te/s ( rationality :i* ^! p>ts ( our nature w\ld use8 ,philosoph]s long ago obs]v$ ! rem>kable fact t m]e famili>ity ) ?+s is able to produce a feel+ ( _! rationality4 ,! empirici/ s*ool has be5 s mu* /ruck by ?is circum/ance #gg z to h laid x d[n t ! feel+ ( rationality & ! feel+ ( famili>ity are "o & ! same ?+1 & t no o!r k9d ( rationality ?an ?is exi/s4 ,! daily contemplation ( ph5om5a juxtapos$ 9 a c]ta9 ord] begets an acceptance ( _! connection1 z absolute z ! repose eng5d]$ by !oretic insight into _! coh]5ce4 ,to expla9 a ?+ is to pass easily back to its antec$5ts2 to "k x is easily to =esee its consequ5ts4 ,cu/om1 :i* lets u d bo?1 is ?us ! s\rce ( :atev] rationality ! ?+ may ga9 9 our ?\ght4 ,9 ! broad s5se 9 :i* rationality 0 def9$ at ! outset ( ?is essay1 x is p]fectly app>5t t cu/om mu/ be "o ( its factors4 ,we said t any p]fectly flu5t & easy ?\ght 0 devoid ( ! s5tim5t ( irrationality4 ,inasmu* !n z cu/om acqua9ts u ) all ! relations ( a ?+1 x tea*es u to pass flu5tly f t ?+ to o!rs1 & pro tanto t+es x ) ! rational "*4 ,n[1 !re is "o p>ticul> relation ( great] practical importance ?an all ! re/1--,i mean ! relation ( a ?+ to its future consequ5ces4 ,s long z an object is unusual1 our expectations are baffl$2 !y are fully det]m9$ z soon z x becomes famili>4 ,i !re=e propose ?is z ! fir/ practical requisite :i* a philosophic conception mu/ satisfy3 ,x mu/1 9 a g5]al way at lea/1 bani% unc]ta9ty f ! future4 ,! p]man5t pres5ce ( ! s5se ( futurity 9 ! m9d has be5 /rangely ignor$ by mo/ writ]s1 b ! fact is t our consci\sness at a giv5 mom5t is nev] free f ! +r$i5t ( expectancy4 ,e "o kn[s h[ :5 a pa9ful ?+ has to be und]gone 9 ! #gh ne> future1 ! vague feel+ t x is imp5d+ p5etrates all our ?\ght ) uneas9ess & subtly vitiates our mood ev5 :5 x does n control our att5tion2 x keeps u f be+ at re/1 at home 9 ! giv5 pres5t4 ,! same is true :5 a great happ9ess awaits u4 ,b :5 ! future is neutral & p]fectly c]ta91 'we d n m9d x1' z we say1 b give an undi/urb$ att5tion to ! actual4 ,let n[ ?is haunt+ s5se ( futurity be ?r[n (f its be>+s or left )\t an object1 & imm$iately uneas9ess takes possession ( ! m9d4 ,b 9 e novel or unclassifi$ exp]i5ce ?is is j :at occurs2 we d n "k :at w come next2 & novelty p] se becomes a m5tal irritant1 :ile cu/om p] se is a m5tal s$ative1 m]ely because ! "o baffles :ile ! o!r settles our expectations4 ,e read] mu/ feel ! tru? ( ?is4 ,:at is meant by com+ 'to feel at home' 9 a new place1 or ) new p8 ,x is simply t1 at fir/1 :5 we take up our qu>t]s 9 a new room1 we d n "k :at draughts may bl[ 9 ^u our back1 :at doors may op51 :at =ms may ent]1 :at int]e/+ objects may be f\nd 9 cupbo>ds & corn]s4 ,:5 aft] a few days we h le>n$ ! range ( all ^! possibilities1 ! feel+ ( /rang5ess disappe>s4 ,& s x does ) p1 :5 we h got pa/ ! po9t ( expect+ any ess5tially new manife/ations f _! "*4 ,! utility ( ?is emotional effect ( expectation is p]fectly obvi\s2 'natural selection1' 9 fact1 0 b\nd to br+ x ab\t soon] or lat]4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ practical importance to an animal t he %\ld h prevision ( ! qualities ( ! objects #gi t surr\nd him1 & especially t he %\ld n come to re/ 9 pres5ce ( circum/ances t might be fraught ei!r ) p]il or advantage1--g to sleep1 = example1 on ! br9k ( precipices1 9 ! d5s ( enemies1 or view ) indiff]5ce "s new-appe>+ object t might1 if *as$1 prove an important addition to ! l>d]4 ,novelty ought to irritate him4 ,all curiosity has ?us a practical g5esis4 ,we ne$ only look at ! physiognomy ( a dog or a horse :5 a new object comes into 8 view1 8 m+l$ fasc9ation & fe>1 to see t ! elem5t ( consci\s insecurity or p]plex$ expectation lies at ! root ( 8 emotion4 ,a dog's curiosity ab\t ! movem5ts ( 8 ma/] or a /range object only ext5ds z f> z ! po9t ( decid+ :at is go+ to happ5 next4 ,t settl$1 curiosity is qu5*$4 ,! dog quot$ by ,d>w91 ^: behavior 9 pres5ce ( a newspap] mov$ by ! w9d seem$ to te/ify to a s5se '( ! sup]natural1' 0 m]ely exhibit+ ! irritation ( an unc]ta9 future4 ,a newspap] :i* c\ld move spontane\sly 0 9 itself s unexpect$ t ! poor brute c\ld n tell :at new wond]s ! next mom5t might br+ =?4 ,to turn back n[ to philosophy4 ,an ultimate datum1 ev5 ?\gh x be logically unrationaliz$1 w1 if its quality is su* z to def9e expectancy1 be peacefully accept$ by ! m9d2 :ile if x leave ! lea/ opportunity = ambiguity 9 ! future1 x w to t ext5t cause m5tal uneas9ess if n di/ress4 ,n[1 9 ! ultimate explanations ( ! univ]se :i* ! crav+ = rationality has elicit$ f ! human m9d1 ! dem&s ( expectancy to be satisfi$ h always play$ a fundam5tal "p4 #hj ,! t]m set up by philosoph]s z primordial has be5 "o :i* bani%es ! incalculable4 ',sub/ance1' = example1 means1 z ,kant says1 das ,beh>rli*e1 :i* w be z x has be51 because its be+ is ess5tial & et]nal4 ,& al?\gh we may n be able to prophesy 9 detail ! future ph5om5a to :i* ! sub/ance %all give rise1 we may set our m9ds at re/ 9 a g5]al way1 :5 we h call$ ! sub/ance ,god1 ,p]fection1 ,love1 or ,reason1 by ! reflection t :atev] is 9 /ore = u c nev] at bottom be inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ?is t]m2 s t our attitude ev5 t[>d ! unexpect$ is 9 a g5]al s5se def9$4 ,take aga9 ! notion ( immortality1 :i* = common p seems to be ! t\*/one ( e philosophic or religi\s cre$3 :at is ?is b a way ( say+ t ! det]m9ation ( expectancy is ! ess5tial factor ( rationality8 ,! wra? ( sci5ce aga9/ miracles1 ( c]ta9 philosoph]s aga9/ ! doctr9e ( free-w1 has precisely ! same root1--dislike to admit any ultimate factor 9 ?+s :i* may r\t our prevision or upset ! /ability ( our outlook4 ,anti-sub/antiali/ writ]s /rangely ov]look ?is function 9 ! doctr9e ( sub/ance2 ,if !re be su* a sub/ratum1 says ,mill1 suppose x at ?is in/ant miracul\sly annihilat$1 & let ! s5sations cont9ue to occur 9 ! same ord]1 & h[ w\ld ! sub/ratum be miss$8 ,by :at signs %\ld we be able to discov] t its exi/5ce _h t]m9at$8 ,%\ld we n h z mu* reason to believe t x /ill exi/$ z we n[ h8 ,& if we %\ld n !n be w>rant$ 9 believ+ x1 h[ c we be s n[8 ,truly en\gh1 if we h #ha already securely bagg$ our facts 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 we c disp5se ) any fur!r w>rant = t ord]4 ,b ) reg>d to ! facts yet to come ! case is f> diff]5t4 ,x does n foll[ t if sub/ance may be dropp$ f our conception ( ! irrecov]ably pa/1 x ne$ be an equally empty complication to our notions ( ! future4 ,ev5 if x 7 true t1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 ! sub/ance might develop at any mom5t a :olly new set ( attributes1 ! m]e logical =m ( ref]r+ ?+s to a sub/ance w\ld /ill 7:e!r rightly or wrongly7 rema9 accompani$ by a feel+ ( re/ & future confid5ce4 ,9 spite ( ! acute/ nihili/ic criticism1 m5 w !re=e always h a lik+ = any philosophy :i* expla9s ?+s p] sub/antiam4 ,a v natural reaction aga9/ ! !osophiz+ conceit & hide-b\nd confid5ce 9 ! up%ot ( ?+s1 :i* vulg>ly optimi/ic m9ds display1 has =m$ "o factor ( ! scepticism ( empirici/s1 :o nev] cease to rem9d u ( ! res]voir ( possibilities ali5 to our habitual exp]i5ce :i* ! cosmos may conta91 & :i*1 = any w>rant we h to ! contr>y1 may turn x inside out to-morr[4 ,agno/ic sub/antialism l t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ^: ,unkn[able is n m]ely ! unfa?omable b ! absolute-irrational1 on :i*1 if consi/5tly repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 x is ( c\rse impossible to c\nt1 p]=ms ! same function ( rebuk+ a c]ta9 /agnancy & smugness 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ord9>y phili/9e feels 8 security4 ,b consid]$ z any?+ else ?an z reactions aga9/ an opposite excess1 ^! philosophies ( unc]ta9ty _c be acceptable2 ! g5]al m9d w fail to #hb come to re/ 9 _! pres5ce1 & w seek = solutions ( a m reassur+ k9d4 ,we may !n1 ,i ?9k1 ) p]fect confid5ce lay d[n z a fir/ po9t ga9$ 9 our inquiry1 t a prime factor 9 ! philosophic crav+ is ! desire to h expectancy def9$2 & t no philosophy w def9itively triumph :i* 9 an emphatic mann] d5ies ! possibility ( gratify+ ?is ne$4 ,we pass ) ?is to ! next great division ( our topic4 ,x is n suffici5t = our satisfaction m]ely to "k ! future z det]m9$1 = x may be det]m9$ 9 ei!r ( _m ways1 agreeable or disagreeable4 ,= a philosophy to succe$ on a univ]sal scale x mu/ def9e ! future congru\sly ) our spontane\s p[]s4 ,a philosophy may be unimpea*able 9 o!r respects1 b ei!r ( two defects w be fatal to its univ]sal acceptance4 ,fir/1 its ultimate pr9ciple mu/ n be "o t ess5tially baffles & disappo9ts our de>e/ desires & mo/ *]i%$ p[]s4 ,a pessimi/ic pr9ciple l ,s*op5hau]'s incurably vici\s ,w-sub/ance1 or ,h>tmann's wick$ jack-(-all-trades ! ,unconsci\s1 w p]petually call =? essays at o!r philosophies4 ,incompatibility ( ! future ) _! desires & active t5d5cies is1 9 fact1 to mo/ m5 a s\rce ( m fix$ disquietude ?an unc]ta9ty itself4 ,witness ! attempts to ov]come ! 'problem ( evil1' ! 'my/]y ( pa94' ,!re is no 'problem ( good4' ,b a second & worse defect 9 a philosophy ?an t ( contradict+ our active prop5sities is to give !m no object :atev] to press aga9/4 ,a philosophy ^: pr9ciple is s incomm5surate ) our mo/ intimate p[]s z to d5y !m all #hc relevancy 9 univ]sal affairs1 z to annihilate _! motives at "o bl[1 w be ev5 m unpopul> ?an pessimism4 ,bett] face ! enemy ?an ! et]nal ,void6 ,?is is :y mat]ialism w always fail ( univ]sal adoption1 h[ev] well x may fuse ?+s into an atomi/ic unity1 h[ev] cle>ly x may prophesy ! future et]nity4 ,= mat]ialism d5ies reality to ! objects ( almo/ all ! impulses :i* we mo/ *]i%4 ,! real mean+ ( ! impulses1 x says1 is some?+ :i* has no emotional int]e/ = u :atev]4 ,n[1 :at is call$ 'extradition' is q z *>act]i/ic ( our emotions z ( our s5ses3 bo? po9t to an object z ! cause ( ! pres5t feel+4 ,:at an int5sely objective ref]5ce lies 9 fe>6 ,9 l mann] an enraptur$ man & a dre>y-feel+ man are n simply aw>e ( _! subjective /ates2 if !y 71 ! =ce ( _! feel+s w\ld all evaporate4 ,bo? believe !re is outw>d cause :y !y %\ld feel z !y d3 ei!r1 ,x is a glad _w6 h[ good life is6 or1 ,:at a loa?some t$ium is exi/5ce6 ,any philosophy :i* annihilates ! validity ( ! ref]5ce by expla9+ away its objects or translat+ !m into t]ms ( no emotional p]t95cy1 leaves ! m9d ) little to c>e or act =4 ,?is is ! opposite condition f t ( nightm>e1 b :5 acutely br\ght home to consci\sness x produces a k9dr$ horror4 ,9 nightm>e we h motives to act1 b no p[]2 "h we h p[]s1 b no motives4 ,a nameless unheimli*keit comes ov] u at ! ?\ght ( !re be+ no?+ et]nal 9 our f9al purposes1 9 ! objects ( ^? loves & aspirations :i* are our deepe/ en]gies4 ,! mon/r\sly lopsid$ equation ( ! univ]se & its #hd kn[]1 :i* we po/ulate z ! ideal ( cognition1 is p]fectly p>allel$ by ! no less lopsid$ equation ( ! univ]se & ! do]4 ,we dem& 9 x a "* = :i* our emotions & active prop5sities %all be a mat*4 ,small z we are1 m9ute z is ! po9t by :i* ! cosmos imp+es ^u ea* "o ( u1 ea* "o desires to feel t 8 reaction at t po9t is congru\s ) ! dem&s ( ! va/ :ole1--t he balances ! latt]1 s to speak1 & is able to d :at x expects ( him4 ,b z 8 abilities to d lie :olly 9 ! l9e ( 8 natural prop5sities2 z he enjoys react+ ) su* emotions z =titude1 hope1 rapture1 admiration1 e>ne/ness1 & ! l2 & z he v unwill+ly reacts ) fe>1 disgu/1 despair1 or d\bt1--a philosophy :i* %\ld only legitimate emotions ( ! latt] sort w\ld be sure to leave ! m9d a prey to discont5t & crav+4 ,x is f> too little recogniz$ h[ entirely ! intellect is built up ( practical int]e/s4 ,! !ory ( evolution is beg9n+ to d v good s]vice by its r$uction ( all m5tality to ! type ( reflex action4 ,cognition1 9 ?is view1 is b a fleet+ mom5t1 a cross-section at a c]ta9 po9t1 ( :at 9 its totality is a motor ph5om5on4 ,9 ! l[] =ms ( life no "o w pret5d t cognition is any?+ m ?an a guide to appropriate action4 ,! g]m9al "q conc]n+ ?+s br\ght = ! fir/ "t be=e consci\sness is n ! !oretic ',:at is t8' b ! practical ',:o goes !re8' or r1 z ,horwicz has admirably put x1 ',:at is to be done8'--',0 fang' i* an8' ,9 all our discussions ab\t ! intellig5ce ( l[] animals1 ! only te/ we use is t ( _! act+ z if = a purpose4 #he ,cognition1 9 %ort1 is incomplete until dis*>g$ 9 act2 & al?\gh x is true t ! lat] m5tal developm5t1 :i* atta9s its maximum ?r\gh ! hyp]trophi$ c]ebrum ( man1 gives bir? to a va/ am\nt ( !oretic activity ov] & above t :i* is imm$iately m9i/]ial to practice1 yet ! e>li] claim is only po/pon$1 n effac$1 & ! active nature ass]ts its rights to ! end4 ,:5 ! cosmos 9 its totality is ! object (f]$ to consci\sness1 ! relation is 9 no :it alt]$4 ,react on x we mu/ 9 "s cong5ial way4 ,x 0 a deep in/9ct 9 ,s*op5hau] :i* l$ him to re9=ce 8 pessimi/ic argum5tation by a runn+ volley ( invective aga9/ ! practical man & 8 requirem5ts4 ,no hope = pessimism unless he is sla96 ,helmholtz's immortal works on ! eye & e> are to a great ext5t little m ?an a comm5t>y on ! law t practical utility :olly det]m9es :i* p>ts ( our s5sations we %all be aw>e (1 & :i* p>ts we %all ignore4 ,we notice or discrim9ate an +r$i5t ( s5se only s f> z we dep5d ^u x to modify our actions4 ,we compreh5d a ?+ :5 we syn!tize x by id5tity ) ano!r ?+4 ,b ! o!r great dep>tm5t ( our und]/&+1 acqua9tance 7! two dep>tm5ts be+ recogniz$ 9 all languages by ! anti!sis ( su* words z wiss5 & k5n52 scire & nosc]e1 etc471 :at is t also b a syn!sis1--a syn!sis ( a passive p]ception ) a c]ta9 t5d5cy to reaction8 ,we are acqua9t$ ) a ?+ z soon z we h le>n$ h[ to behave t[>ds x1 or h[ to meet ! behavior :i* we expect f x4 ,up to t po9t x is /ill '/range' to u4 #hf ,if !re be any?+ at all 9 ?is view1 x foll[s t h[ev] vaguely a philosoph] may def9e ! ultimate univ]sal datum1 he _c be said to leave x unkn[n to u s long z he 9 ! slighte/ degree pret5ds t our emotional or active attitude t[>d x %\ld be ( "o sort r ?an ano!r4 ,he :o says life is real1 life is e>ne/1 h[ev] mu* he may speak ( ! fundam5tal my/]i\sness ( ?+s1 gives a di/9ct def9ition to t my/]i\sness by ascrib+ to x ! "r to claim f u ! p>ticul> mood call$ s]i\sness1--:i* means ! will+ness to live ) en]gy1 ?\gh en]gy br+ pa94 ,! same is true ( him :o says t all is vanity4 ,= indef9able z ! pr$icate 'vanity' may be 9 se1 x is cle>ly some?+ t p]mits anae/hesia1 m]e escape f suff]+1 to be our rule ( life4 ,!re c be no great] incongruity ?an = a disciple ( ,sp5c] to proclaim ) "o brea? t ! sub/ance ( ?+s is unkn[able1 & ) ! next t ! ?\ght ( x %\ld inspire u ) awe1 rev]5ce1 & a will+ness to add our co-op]ative pu% 9 ! direction t[>d :i* its manife/ations seem to be drift+4 ,! unkn[able may be unfa?om$1 b if x make su* di/9ct dem&s ^u our activity we surely are n ignorant ( its ess5tial quality4 ,if we survey ! field ( hi/ory & ask :at feature all great p]iods ( revival1 ( expansion ( ! human m9d1 display 9 common1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 simply ?is3 t ea* & all ( !m h said to ! human be+1 ,! inmo/ nature ( ! reality is cong5ial to p[]s :i* y possess4 ,9 :at did ! emancipat+ message ( primitive ,*ri/ianity consi/ b 9 ! ann\ncem5t t #hg ,god recognizes ^? weak & t5d] impulses :i* paganism _h s rudely ov]look$8 ,take rep5tance3 ! man :o c d no?+ rightly c at lea/ rep5t ( 8 failures4 ,b = paganism ?is faculty ( rep5tance 0 a pure sup]num]>y1 a /raggl] too late = ! fair4 ,*ri/ianity took x1 & made x ! "o p[] )9 u :i* appeal$ /raight to ! he>t ( ,god4 ,& aft] ! night ( ! middle ages _h s long br&$ ) obloquy ev5 ! g5]\s impulses ( ! fle%1 & def9$ ! reality to be su* t only slavi% natures c\ld commune ) x1 9 :at did ! sursum corda ( ! platoniz+ r5aissance lie b 9 ! proclamation t ! ar*etype ( v]ity 9 ?+s laid claim on ! wide/ activity ( our :ole ae/hetic be+8 ,:at 7 ,lu!r's mission & ,wesley's b appeals to p[]s :i* ev5 ! meane/ ( m5 might c>ry ) !m1--fai? & self-despair1--b :i* 7 p]sonal1 requir+ no prie/ly int]m$iation1 & :i* br\ght _! own] face to face ) ,god8 ,:at caus$ ! wildfire influ5ce ( ,r\sseau b ! assurance he gave t man's nature 0 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ?+s1 if only ! p>alyz+ corruptions ( cu/om w\ld /& f betwe58 ,h[ did ,kant & ,fi*te1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 inspire _! "t ) *e]1 except by say+1 ,use all y\r p[]s2 t is ! only ob$i5ce ! univ]se exacts8 ,& ,c>lyle ) 8 gospel ( "w1 ( fact1 ( v]acity1 h[ does he move u except by say+ t ! univ]se imposes no tasks ^u u b su* z ! mo/ humble c p]=m8 ,em]son's cre$ t ev]y?+ t ev] 0 or w be is "h 9 ! envelop+ n[2 t man has b to obey himself1--,he :o w re/ 9 :at he is1 #hh is a "p ( de/9y1--is 9 l mann] no?+ b an exorcism ( all scepticism z to ! p]t95cy ( "o's natural faculties4 ,9 a ^w1 ,son ( ,man1 /& ^u ?y feet & ,i w speak unto !e6 is ! only revelation ( tru? to :i* ! solv+ epo*s h help$ ! disciple4 ,b t has be5 en\gh to satisfy ! great] "p ( 8 rational ne$4 ,9 se & p] se ! univ]sal ess5ce has h>dly be5 m def9$ by any ( ^! =mulas ?an by ! agno/ic x2 b ! m]e assurance t my p[]s1 su* z !y are1 are n irrelevant to x1 b p]t95t2 t x speaks to !m & w 9 "s way recognize _! reply2 t ,i c be a mat* = x if ,i w1 & n a footless waif1--suffices to make x rational to my feel+ 9 ! s5se giv5 above4 ,no?+ c\ld be m absurd ?an to hope = ! def9itive triumph ( any philosophy :i* %\ld refuse to legitimate1 & to legitimate 9 an emphatic mann]1 ! m p[]ful ( our emotional & practical t5d5cies4 ,fatalism1 ^: solv+ ^w 9 all crises ( behavior is all /riv+ is va91 w nev] reign supreme1 = ! impulse to take life /riv+ly is inde/ructible 9 ! race4 ,moral cre$s :i* speak to t impulse w be widely successful 9 spite ( inconsi/5cy1 vagu5ess1 & %ad[y det]m9ation ( expectancy4 ,man ne$s a rule = 8 w1 & w inv5t "o if "o be n giv5 him4 ,b n[ obs]ve a mo/ important consequ5ce4 ,m5's active impulses are s diff]5tly mix$ t a philosophy fit 9 ?is respect = ,bism>ck w almo/ c]ta9ly be unfit = a valetud9>ian poet4 ,9 o!r words1 al?\gh "o c lay d[n 9 advance ! #hi rule t a philosophy :i* utt]ly d5ies all fundam5tal gr\nd = s]i\sness1 = ef=t1 = hope1 :i* says ! nature ( ?+s is radically ali5 to human nature1 c nev] succe$1--"o _c 9 advance say :at p>ticul> dose ( hope1 or ( gno/icism ( ! nature ( ?+s1 ! def9itely successful philosophy %all conta94 ,9 %ort1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t p]sonal temp]am5t w "h make itself felt1 & t al?\gh all m5 w insi/ on be+ spok5 to by ! univ]se 9 "s way1 few w insi/ on be+ spok5 to 9 j ! same way4 ,we h "h1 9 %ort1 ! sph]e ( :at ,mat!w ,arnold likes to call ,ab]glaube1 legitimate1 inexpugnable1 yet doom$ to et]nal v>iations & disputes4 ,take idealism & mat]ialism z examples ( :at ,i mean1 & suppose = a mom5t t bo? give a conception ( equal !oretic cle>ness & consi/5cy1 & t bo? det]m9e our expectations equally well4 ,idealism w be *os5 by a man ( "o emotional con/itution1 mat]ialism by ano!r4 ,at ?is v day all s5tim5tal natures1 fond ( conciliation & intimacy1 t5d to an ideali/ic fai?4 ,:y8 ,because idealism gives to ! nature ( ?+s su* k9%ip ) our p]sonal selves4 ,our own ?\ghts are :at we are mo/ at home )1 :at we are lea/ afraid (4 ,to say !n t ! univ]se ess5tially is ?\ght1 is to say t ,i myself1 pot5tially at lea/1 am all4 ,!re is no radically ali5 corn]1 b an all-p]vad+ intimacy4 ,n[1 9 c]ta9 s5sitively egoti/ic m9ds ?is conception ( reality is sure to put on a n>r[1 close1 sick-room air4 ,ev]y?+ s5tim5tal & priggi% w be consecrat$ by x4 ,t elem5t 9 reality :i* e /rong man ( common-s5se will+ly feels !re because x calls =? #ij p[]s t he owns--! r\gh1 h>%1 sea-wave1 nor?-w9d elem5t1 ! d5i] ( p]sons1 ! democratiz]--is bani%$ because x j>s too mu* on ! desire = communion4 ,n[1 x is ! v enjoym5t ( ?is elem5t t ?r[s _m m5 ^u ! mat]iali/ic or agno/ic hypo!sis1 z a polemic reaction aga9/ ! contr>y extreme4 ,!y sick5 at a life :olly con/itut$ ( intimacy4 ,!re is an ov]p[]+ desire at mom5ts to escape p]sonality1 to revel 9 ! action ( =ces t h no respect = our ego1 to let ! tides fl[1 ev5 ?\gh !y fl[ ov] u4 ,! /rife ( ^! two k9ds ( m5tal temp] w1 ,i ?9k1 always be se5 9 philosophy4 ,"s m5 w keep insi/+ on ! reason1 ! atonem5t1 t lies 9 ! he>t ( ?+s1 & t we c act )2 o!rs1 on ! opacity ( brute fact t we mu/ react aga9/4 ,n[1 !re is "o elem5t ( our active nature :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion has emphatically recogniz$1 b :i* philosoph]s z a rule h ) great ins9c]ity tri$ to huddle out ( sight 9 _! pret5sion to f\nd sy/ems ( absolute c]ta9ty4 ,i mean ! elem5t ( fai?4 ,fai? means belief 9 some?+ conc]n+ :i* d\bt is /ill !oretically possible2 & z ! te/ ( belief is will+ness to act1 "o may say t fai? is ! read9ess to act 9 a cause ! prosp]\s issue ( :i* is n c]tifi$ to u 9 advance4 ,x is 9 fact ! same moral quality :i* we call c\rage 9 practical affairs2 & !re w be a v widespread t5d5cy 9 m5 ( vigor\s nature to enjoy a c]ta9 am\nt ( unc]ta9ty 9 _! philosophic cre$1 j z risk l5ds a ze/ to worldly activity4 ,absolutely c]tifi$ philosophies #ia seek+ ! inconcussum are fruits ( m5tal natures 9 :i* ! passion = id5tity 7:i* we saw to be b "o factor ( ! rational appetite7 plays an abnormally exclusive "p4 ,9 ! av]age man1 on ! contr>y1 ! p[] to tru/1 to risk a little beyond ! lit]al evid5ce1 is an ess5tial function4 ,any mode ( conceiv+ ! univ]se :i* makes an appeal to ?is g5]\s p[]1 & makes ! man seem z if he 7 individually help+ to create ! actuality ( ! tru? ^: metaphysical reality he is will+ to assume1 w be sure to be respond$ to by l>ge numb]s4 ,! necessity ( fai? z an +r$i5t 9 our m5tal attitude is /rongly insi/$ on by ! sci5tific philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day2 b by a s+ul>ly arbitr>y caprice !y say t x is only legitimate :5 us$ 9 ! int]e/s ( "o p>ticul> proposition1--! proposition1 namely1 t ! c\rse ( nature is uni=m4 ,t nature w foll[ to-morr[ ! same laws t %e foll[s to-day is1 !y all admit1 a tru? :i* no man c "k2 b 9 ! int]e/s ( cognition z well z ( action we mu/ po/ulate or assume x4 ,z ,helmholtz says3 ,hi] gilt nur d] e9e ,ra?3 v]traue und h&le6 ,& ,pr(essor ,ba9 urges3 ,our only error is 9 propos+ to give any reason or ju/ification ( ! po/ulate1 or to treat x z o!rwise ?an begg$ at ! v outset4 ,) reg>d to all o!r possible tru?s1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( our mo/ influ5tial contempor>ies ?9k t an attitude ( fai? is n only illogical b %ameful4 ,fai? 9 a religi\s dogma = :i* !re is no outw>d pro(1 b :i* we are tempt$ to po/ulate = our emotional int]e/s1 j z we #ib po/ulate ! uni=mity ( nature = our intellectual int]e/s1 is br&$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley z ! l[e/ dep? ( immorality4 ,citations ( ?is k9d f lead]s ( ! mod]n ,aufklrung might be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,take ,pr(essor ,clif=d's article on ! ',e?ics ( ,belief4' ,he calls x 'guilt' & 's9' to believe ev5 ! tru? )\t 'sci5tific evid5ce4' ,b :at is ! use ( be+ a g5ius1 unless ) ! same sci5tific evid5ce z o!r m51 "o c rea* m tru? ?an !y8 ,:y does ,clif=d fe>lessly proclaim 8 belief 9 ! consci\s-automaton !ory1 al?\gh ! 'pro(s' be=e him are ! same :i* make ,mr4 ,lewes reject x8 ,:y does he believe 9 primordial units ( 'm9d-/uff' on evid5ce :i* w\ld seem q wor?less to ,pr(essor ,ba98 ,simply because1 l e human be+ ( ! slighte/ m5tal orig9ality1 he is peculi>ly s5sitive to evid5ce t be>s 9 "s "o direction4 ,x is utt]ly hopeless to try to exorcise su* s5sitiv5ess by call+ x ! di/urb+ subjective factor1 & br&+ x z ! root ( all evil4 ',subjective' be x call$6 & 'di/urb+' to ^? :om x foils6 ,b if x helps ^? :o1 z ,cic]o says1 vim naturae magis s5tiunt1 x is good & n evil4 ,pret5d :at we may1 ! :ole man )9 u is at "w :5 we =m our philosophical op9ions4 ,intellect1 w1 ta/e1 & passion co-op]ate j z !y d 9 practical affairs2 & lucky x is if ! passion be n some?+ z petty z a love ( p]sonal conque/ ov] ! philosoph] across ! way4 ,! absurd ab/raction ( an intellect v]bally =mulat+ all its evid5ce & c>efully e/imat+ ! probability !re( by a vulg> fraction by ! size ( ^: d5om9ator & num]ator alone x is sway$1 is #ic ideally z inept z x is actually impossible4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t m5 :o are !mselves work+ philosoph]s %\ld pret5d t any philosophy c be1 or ev] has be51 con/ruct$ )\t ! help ( p]sonal pref]5ce1 belief1 or div9ation4 ,h[ h !y succe$$ 9 s /ultify+ _! s5se = ! liv+ facts ( human nature z n to p]ceive t e philosoph]1 or man ( sci5ce ei!r1 ^: initiative c\nts = any?+ 9 ! evolution ( ?\ght1 has tak5 8 /& on a sort ( dumb conviction t ! tru? mu/ lie 9 "o direction r ?an ano!r1 & a sort ( prelim9>y assurance t 8 notion c be made to "w2 & has borne 8 be/ fruit 9 try+ to make x "w8 ,^! m5tal in/9cts 9 diff]5t m5 are ! spontane\s v>iations ^u :i* ! intellectual /ruggle = exi/5ce is bas$4 ,! fitte/ conceptions survive1 & ) !m ! names ( _! *ampions %9+ to all futurity4 ,! coil is ab\t u1 /ruggle z we may4 ,! only escape f fai? is m5tal nullity4 ,:at we enjoy mo/ 9 a ,huxley or a ,clif=d is n ! pr(essor ) 8 le>n+1 b ! human p]sonality ready to g 9 = :at x feels to be "r1 9 spite ( all appe>ances4 ,! concrete man has b "o int]e/1--to be "r4 ,t = him is ! art ( all arts1 & all means are fair :i* help him to x4 ,nak$ he is flung into ! _w1 & betwe5 him & nature !re are no rules ( civiliz$ w>f>e4 ,! rules ( ! sci5tific game1 burd5s ( pro(1 presumptions1 exp]im5ta crucis1 complete inductions1 & ! l1 are only b9d+ on ^? :o ent] t game4 ,z a matt] ( fact we all m or less d ent] x1 because x helps u to our end4 ,b if ! means presume to fru/rate ! end & call u *eats = be+ "r 9 #id advance ( _! sl[ aid1 by guesswork or by hook or crook1 :at %all we say ( !m8 ,7 all ( ,clif=d's works1 except ! ,e?ics ( ,belief1 =gott51 he might well figure 9 future treatises on psy*ology 9 place ( ! some:at ?readb>e in/ance ( ! mis] :o has be5 l$ by ! association ( ideas to pref] 8 gold to all ! goods he might buy !re)4 ,9 %ort1 if ,i am born ) su* a sup]ior g5]al reaction to evid5ce t ,i c guess "r & act accord+ly1 & ga9 all t comes ( "r action1 :ile my less gift$ neighbor 7p>alyz$ by 8 scruples & wait+ = m evid5ce :i* he d>es n anticipate1 mu* z he longs to7 /ill /&s %iv]+ on ! br9k1 by :at law %all ,i be =bidd5 to reap ! advantages ( my sup]ior native s5sitiv5ess8 ,( c\rse ,i yield to my belief 9 su* a case z ?is or di/ru/ x1 alike at my p]il1 j z ,i d 9 any ( ! great practical decisions ( life4 ,if my inborn faculties are good1 ,i am a prophet2 if poor1 ,i am a failure3 nature spews me out ( h] m\?1 & !re is an end ( me4 ,9 ! total game ( life we /ake our p]sons all ! :ile2 & if 9 its !oretic "p our p]sons w help u to a conclusion1 surely we %\ld also /ake !m !re1 h[ev] in>ticulate !y may be4#b #ie ,b 9 be+ myself s v articulate 9 prov+ :at to all read]s ) a s5se = reality w seem a platitude1 am ,i n wa/+ words8 ,we _c live or ?9k at all )\t "s degree ( fai?4 ,fai? is synonym\s ) work+ hypo!sis4 ,! only diff]5ce is t :ile "s hypo!ses c be refut$ 9 five m9utes1 o!rs may defy ages4 ,a *emi/ :o conjectures t a c]ta9 wall-pap] conta9s ars5ic1 & has fai? en\gh to lead him to take ! tr\ble to put "s ( x into a hydrog5 bottle1 f9ds out by ! results ( 8 action :e!r he 0 "r or wrong4 ,b !ories l t ( ,d>w91 or t ( ! k9etic con/itution ( matt]1 may exhau/ ! labors ( g5]ations 9 _! corroboration1 ea* te/] ( _! tru? proce$+ 9 ?is simple way1--t he acts z if x 7 true1 & expects ! result to disappo9t him if 8 assumption is false4 ,! long] disappo9tm5t is delay$1 ! /rong] gr[s 8 fai? 9 8 !ory4 ,n[1 9 su* que/ions z ,god1 immortality1 absolute morality1 & free-w1 no non-papal believ] at ! pres5t day pret5ds 8 fai? to be ( an ess5tially diff]5t complexion2 he c always d\bt 8 cre$4 ,b 8 intimate p]suasion is t ! odds 9 its favor are /rong en\gh to w>rant him 9 act+ all along on ! assumption ( its tru?4 ,8 corroboration or repudiation by ! nature ( ?+s may be def]r$ until ! day ( judgm5t4 ,! #if utt]mo/ he n[ means is some?+ l ?is3 ,i expect !n to triumph ) t5fold glory2 b if x %\ld turn out1 z inde$ x may1 t ,i h sp5t my days 9 a fool's p>adise1 :y1 bett] h be5 ! dupe ( su* a dreaml& ?an ! cunn+ read] ( a _w l t :i* !n beyond all d\bt unmasks itself to view4 ,9 %ort1 we g 9 aga9/ mat]ialism v mu* z we %\ld g 91 _h we a *ance1 aga9/ ! second ,fr5* empire or ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 or any o!r sy/em ( ?+s t[>d :i* our repugnance is va/ en\gh to det]m9e en]getic action1 b too vague to issue 9 di/9ct argum5tation4 ,our reasons are ludicr\sly incomm5surate ) ! volume ( our feel+1 yet on ! latt] we unhesitat+ly act4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to %[ :at to my k has nev] be5 cle>ly po9t$ out1 t belief 7z measur$ by action7 n only does & mu/ cont9ually out/rip sci5tific evid5ce1 b t !re is a c]ta9 class ( tru?s ( ^: reality belief is a factor z well z a confessor2 & t z reg>ds ?is class ( tru?s fai? is n only licit & p]t95t1 b ess5tial & indisp5sable4 ,! tru?s _c become true till our fai? has made !m s4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,i am climb+ 9 ! ,alps1 & h _h ! ill-luck to "w myself into a position f :i* ! only escape is by a t]rible leap4 ,be+ )\t simil> exp]i5ce1 ,i h no evid5ce ( my ability to p]=m x successfully2 b hope & confid5ce 9 myself make me sure ,i %all n miss my aim1 & n]ve my feet to execute :at )\t ^? subjective emotions w\ld p]haps h be5 impossible4 ,b suppose t1 on ! contr>y1 #ig ! emotions ( fe> & mi/ru/ prepond]ate2 or suppose t1 hav+ j read ! ,e?ics ( ,belief1 ,i feel x w\ld be s9ful to act ^u an assumption unv]ifi$ by previ\s exp]i5ce1--:y1 !n ,i %all hesitate s long t at la/1 exhau/$ & trembl+1 & laun*+ myself 9 a mom5t ( despair1 ,i miss my foo?old & roll into ! abyss4 ,9 ?is case 7& x is "o ( an imm5se class7 ! "p ( wisdom cle>ly is to believe :at "o desires2 = ! belief is "o ( ! indisp5sable prelim9>y conditions ( ! realization ( its object4 ,!re are !n cases :]e fai? creates its own v]ification4 ,believe1 & y %all be "r1 = y %all save y\rself2 d\bt1 & y %all aga9 be "r1 = y %all p]i%4 ,! only diff]5ce is t to believe is greatly to y\r advantage4 ,! future movem5ts ( ! />s or ! facts ( pa/ hi/ory are det]m9$ n[ once = all1 :e!r ,i l !m or n4 ,!y are giv5 irrespective ( my wi%es1 & 9 all t conc]ns tru?s l ^! subjective pref]5ce %\ld h no "p2 x c only obscure ! judgm5t4 ,b 9 e fact into :i* !re ent]s an elem5t ( p]sonal contribution on my "p1 z soon z ?is p]sonal contribution dem&s a c]ta9 degree ( subjective en]gy :i*1 9 its turn1 calls = a c]ta9 am\nt ( fai? 9 ! result1--s t1 aft] all1 ! future fact is condition$ by my pres5t fai? 9 x1--h[ trebly as99e w\ld x be = me to d5y myself ! use ( ! subjective me?od1 ! me?od ( belief bas$ on desire6 ,9 e proposition ^: be>+ is univ]sal 7& su* are all ! propositions ( philosophy71 ! acts ( ! subject & _! consequ5ces ?r\gh\t et]nity %\ld be includ$ 9 ! =mula4 ,if ,m #ih repres5t ! entire _w m9us ! reaction ( ! ?9k] ^u x1 & if ,m x repres5t ! absolutely total matt] ( philosophic propositions 7x /&+ = ! ?9k]'s reaction & its results71--:at w\ld be a univ]sal tru? if ! t]m x 7 ( "o complexion1 might become egregi\s error if x alt]$ its "*4 ,let x n be said t x is too inf9itesimal a compon5t to *ange ! "* ( ! imm5se :ole 9 :i* x lies imb$d$4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! po9t ( view ( ! philosophic proposition 9 "q4 ,if we h to def9e ! univ]se f ! po9t ( view ( s5sibility1 ! critical mat]ial = our judgm5t lies 9 ! animal k+dom1 insignificant z t is1 quantitatively consid]$4 ,! moral def9ition ( ! _w may dep5d on ph5om5a m re/rict$ /ill 9 range4 ,9 %ort1 _m a long phrase may h its s5se rev]s$ by ! addition ( ?ree lett]s1 n-o-t2 _m a mon/r\s mass h its un/able equilibrium dis*>g$ "o way or ! o!r by a fea!r weight t falls4 ,let u make ?is cle> by a few examples4 ,! philosophy ( evolution (f]s u to-day a new crit]ion to s]ve z an e?ical te/ betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,previ\s crit]ia1 x says1 be+ subjective1 h left u /ill fl\nd]+ 9 v>iations ( op9ion & ! /atus belli4 ,"h is a crit]ion :i* is objective & fix$3 ,t is to be call$ good :i* is de/9$ to prevail or survive4 ,b we imm$iately see t ?is /&>d c only rema9 objective by leav+ myself & my conduct out4 ,if :at prevails & survives does s by my help1 & _c d s )\t t help2 if some?+ else w prevail 9 case ,i alt] my conduct1--h[ c ,i possibly n[1 consci\s ( alt]native c\rses ( action op5 be=e me1 ei!r ( :i* #ii ,i may suppose capable ( alt]+ ! pa? ( ev5ts1 decide :i* c\rse to take by ask+ :at pa? ev5ts w foll[8 ,if !y foll[ my direction1 evid5tly my direction _c wait on !m4 ,! only possible mann] 9 :i* an evolutioni/ c use 8 /&>d is ! obsequi\s me?od ( =eca/+ ! c\rse society w\ld take b = him1 & !n putt+ an ext+ui%] on all p]sonal idiosyncrasies ( desire & int]e/1 & ) bat$ brea? & tiptoe tread foll[+ z /raight z may be at ! tail1 & br++ up ! re> ( ev]y?+4 ,"s pi\s creatures may f9d a pleasure 9 ?is2 b n only does x violate our g5]al wi% to lead & n to foll[ 7a wi% :i* is surely n immoral if we b lead aright71 b if x be treat$ z e e?ical pr9ciple mu/ be treat$1--namely1 z a rule good = all m5 alike1--its g5]al obs]vance w\ld lead to its practical refutation by br++ ab\t a g5]al deadlock4 ,ea* good man hang+ back & wait+ = ord]s f ! re/1 absolute /agnation w\ld ensue4 ,happy1 !n1 if a few unrighte\s ones contribute an initiative :i* sets ?+s mov+ aga96 ,all ?is is no c>icature4 ,t ! c\rse ( de/9y may be alt]$ by individuals no wise evolutioni/ ought to d\bt4 ,ev]y?+ = him has small beg9n+s1 has a bud :i* may be 'nipp$1' & nipp$ by a feeble =ce4 ,human races & t5d5cies foll[ ! law1 & h also small beg9n+s4 ,! be/1 accord+ to evolution1 is t :i* has ! bigge/ end+s4 ,n[1 if a pres5t race ( m51 enlight5$ 9 ! evolution>y philosophy1 & able to =eca/ ! future1 7 able to disc]n 9 a tribe aris+ ne> !m ! pot5tiality ( future supremacy2 7 able to see t _! own #ajj race w\ld ev5tually be wip$ out ( exi/5ce by ! new-com]s if ! expansion ( ^! 7 left unmole/$1--^! pres5t sages w\ld h two c\rses op5 to !m1 ei!r p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! evolution>y te/3 ,/rangle ! new race n[1 & ours survives2 help ! new race1 & x survives4 ,9 bo? cases ! action is "r z measur$ by ! evolution>y /&>d1--x is action = ! w9n+ side4 ,?us ! evolutioni/ f\ndation ( e?ics is purely objective only to ! h]d ( nullities ^: votes c\nt = z]o 9 ! m>* ( ev5ts4 ,b = o!rs1 lead]s ( op9ion or pot5tates1 & 9 g5]al ^? to ^: actions position or g5ius gives a f>-rea*+ import1 & to ! re/ ( u1 ea* 9 8 measure1--:5ev] we esp\se a cause we contribute to ! det]m9ation ( ! evolution>y /&>d ( "r4 ,! truly wise disciple ( ?is s*ool w !n admit fai? z an ultimate e?ical factor4 ,any philosophy :i* makes su* que/ions z1 ,:at is ! ideal type ( humanity8 ,:at %all be reckon$ virtues8 ,:at conduct is good8 dep5d on ! "q1 ,:at is go+ to succe$8--mu/ ne$s fall back on p]sonal belief z "o ( ! ultimate conditions ( ! tru?4 ,= aga9 & aga9 success dep5ds on en]gy ( act2 en]gy aga9 dep5ds on fai? t we %all n fail2 & t fai? 9 turn on ! fai? t we are "r1--:i* fai? ?us v]ifies itself4 ,take z an example ! "q ( optimism or pessimism1 :i* makes s mu* noise j n[ 9 ,g]many4 ,e human be+ mu/ sometime decide = himself :e!r life is wor? liv+4 ,suppose t 9 look+ at ! _w & see+ h[ full x is ( mis]y1 ( old age1 ( wick$ness & #aja pa91 & h[ unsafe is 8 own future1 he yields to ! pessimi/ic conclusion1 cultivates disgu/ & dread1 ceases /riv+1 & f9ally commits suicide4 ,he ?us adds to ! mass ,m ( mundane ph5om5a1 indep5d5t ( 8 subjectivity1 ! subjective complem5t x1 :i* makes ( ! :ole an utt]ly black picture illum9$ by no gleam ( good4 ,pessimism complet$1 v]ifi$ by 8 moral reaction & ! de$ 9 :i* ?is ends1 is true beyond a d\bt4 ,m x expresses a /ate ( ?+s totally bad4 ,! man's belief suppli$ all t 0 lack+ to make x s1 & n[ t x is made s ! belief 0 "r4 ,b n[ suppose t ) ! same evil facts ,m1 ! man's reaction x is exactly rev]s$2 suppose t in/ead ( giv+ way to ! evil he braves x1 & f9ds a /]n]1 m wond]ful joy ?an any passive pleasure c yield 9 triumph+ ov] pa9 & defy+ fe>2 suppose he does ?is successfully1 & h[ev] ?ickly evils cr[d ^u him proves 8 dauntless subjectivity to be m ?an _! mat*1--w n e "o confess t ! bad "* ( ! ,m is "h ! conditio s9e qua non ( ! good "* ( ! x8 ,w n e "o in/antly decl>e a _w fitt$ only = fair-wea!r human be+s susceptible ( e passive enjoym5t1 b )\t indep5d5ce1 c\rage1 or =titude1 to be f a moral po9t ( view incomm5surably inf]ior to a _w fram$ to elicit f ! man e =m ( triumphant endurance & conqu]+ moral en]gy8 ,z ,james ,h9ton says1-- ,little inconv5i5ces1 ex]tions1 pa9s4--^! are ! only ?+s 9 :i* we rightly feel our life at all4 ,if ^! be n !re1 exi/5ce becomes wor?less1 or worse2 #ajb success 9 putt+ !m all away is fatal4 ,s x is m5 engage 9 a?letic sports1 sp5d _! holidays 9 climb+ up m\nta9s1 f9d no?+ s enjoyable z t :i* taxes _! endurance & _! en]gy4 ,?is is ! way we are made1 ,i say4 ,x may or may n be a my/]y or a p>adox2 x is a fact4 ,n[1 ?is enjoym5t 9 endurance is j accord+ to ! int5sity ( life3 ! m physical vigor & balance1 ! m endurance c be made an elem5t ( satisfaction4 ,a sick man _c /& x4 ,! l9e ( enjoyable suff]+ is n a fix$ "o2 x fluctuates ) ! p]fectness ( ! life4 ,t our pa9s are1 z !y are1 un5durable1 awful1 ov]:elm+1 cru%+1 n to be borne save 9 mis]y & dumb impati5ce1 :i* utt] exhau/ion alone makes pati5t1--t our pa9s are ?us un5durable1 means n t !y are too great1 b t we are sick4 ,we h n got our prop] life4 ,s y p]ceive pa9 is no m necess>ily an evil1 b an ess5tial elem5t ( ! highe/ good4#c ,b ! highe/ good c be a*iev$ only by our gett+ our prop] life2 & t c come ab\t only by help ( a moral en]gy born ( ! fai? t 9 "s way or o!r we %all succe$ 9 gett+ x if we try p]t9aci\sly en\gh4 ,?is _w is good1 we mu/ say1 s9ce x is :at we make x1--& we %all make x good4 ,h[ c we exclude f ! cognition ( a tru? a fai? :i* is involv$ 9 ! creation ( ! tru?8 ,m has its "* indet]m9ate1 susceptible ( =m+ "p ( a ?or\gh-go+ pessimism on ! "o h&1 or ( a meliorism1 a moral 7z di/+ui%$ f a s5sual7 optimism on ! o!r4 ,all dep5ds on ! "* ( ! #ajc p]sonal contribution x4 ,:]ev] ! facts to be =mulat$ conta9 su* a contribution1 we may logically1 legitimately1 & inexpugnably believe :at we desire4 ,! belief creates its v]ification4 ,! ?\ght becomes lit]ally fa!r to ! fact1 z ! wi% 0 fa!r to ! ?\ght4#d ,let u n[ turn to ! radical "q ( life1--! "q :e!r ?is be at bottom a moral or an unmoral univ]se1--& see :e!r ! me?od ( fai? may legitimately h a place !re4 ,x is really ! "q ( mat]ialism4 ,is ! _w a simple brute actuality1 an exi/5ce de facto ab\t :i* ! deepe/ ?+ t c be said is t x happ5s s to be2 or is ! judgm5t ( bett] or worse1 ( ought1 z intimately p]t95t to ph5om5a z ! simple judgm5t is or is n8 ,! mat]iali/ic !ori/s say t judgm5ts ( wor? are !mselves m]e matt]s ( fact2 t ! words 'good' & 'bad' h no s5se ap>t f subjective passions & int]e/s :i* we may1 if we please1 play fa/ & loose ) at w1 s f> z any duty ( ours to ! non-human univ]se is conc]n$4 ,?us1 :5 a mat]iali/ says x is bett] = him to suff] great inconv5i5ce ?an to break a promise1 he only means t 8 social int]e/s h become s knit up ) #ajd keep+ fai? t1 ^? int]e/s once be+ grant$1 x is bett] = him to keep ! promise 9 spite ( ev]y?+4 ,b ! int]e/s !mselves are nei!r "r nor wrong1 except possibly ) ref]5ce to "s ult]ior ord] ( int]e/s :i* !mselves aga9 are m]e subjective data )\t "*1 ei!r good or bad4 ,= ! absolute morali/s1 on ! contr>y1 ! int]e/s are n !re m]ely to be felt1--!y are to be believ$ 9 & obey$4 ,n only is x be/ = my social int]e/s to keep my promise1 b be/ = me to h ^? int]e/s1 & be/ = ! cosmos to h ?is me4 ,l ! old woman 9 ! /ory :o describ$ ! _w z re/+ on a rock1 & !n expla9$ t rock to be support$ by ano!r rock1 & f9ally :5 pu%$ ) que/ions said x 0 rocks all ! way d[n1--he :o believes ?is to be a radically moral univ]se mu/ hold ! moral ord] to re/ ei!r on an absolute & ultimate %\ld1 or on a s]ies ( %\lds all ! way d[n4#e ,! practical diff]5ce betwe5 ?is objective sort ( morali/ & ! o!r "o is enorm\s4 ,! subjectivi/ 9 morals1 :5 8 moral feel+s are at w> ) ! facts ab\t him1 is always free to seek h>mony by ton+ d[n ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! feel+s4 ,be+ m]e data1 nei!r good nor evil 9 !mselves1 he may p]v]t !m or lull !m to sleep by any means at 8 comm&4 ,truckl+1 compromise1 "t-s]v+1 capitulations ( consci5ce1 are conv5tionally opprobri\s names = :at1 if successfully c>ri$ out1 #aje w\ld be on 8 pr9ciples by f> ! easie/ & mo/ praisewor?y mode ( br++ ab\t t h>mony betwe5 inn] & out] relations :i* is all t he means by good4 ,! absolute morali/1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 8 int]e/s cla% ) ! _w1 is n free to ga9 h>mony by sacrific+ ! ideal int]e/s4 ,accord+ to him1 ^! latt] %\ld be z !y are & n o!rwise4 ,resi/ance !n1 pov]ty1 m>tyrdom if ne$ be1 trag$y 9 a ^w1--su* are ! solemn fea/s ( 8 inw>d fai?4 ,n t ! contradiction betwe5 ! two m5 occurs e day2 9 commonplace matt]s all moral s*ools agree4 ,x is only 9 ! lonely em]g5cies ( life t our cre$ is te/$3 !n r\t9e maxims fail1 & we fall back on our gods4 ,x _c !n be said t ! "q1 ,is ?is a moral _w8 is a mean+less & unv]ifiable "q because x deals ) some?+ non-ph5om5al4 ,any "q is full ( mean+ to :i*1 z "h1 contr>y answ]s lead to contr>y behavior4 ,& x seems z if 9 answ]+ su* a "q z ?is we might proce$ exactly z does ! physical philosoph] 9 te/+ an hypo!sis4 ,he d$uces f ! hypo!sis an exp]im5tal action1 x2 ?is he adds to ! facts ,m already exi/+4 ,x fits !m if ! hypo!sis be true2 if n1 !re is discord4 ,! results ( ! action corroborate or refute ! idea f :i* x fl[$4 ,s "h3 ! v]ification ( ! !ory :i* y may hold z to ! objectively moral "* ( ! _w c consi/ only 9 ?is1--t if y proce$ to act ^u y\r !ory x w be rev]s$ by no?+ t lat] turns up z y\r action's fruit2 x w h>monize s well ) ! entire drift ( exp]i5ce t ! latt] w1 z x 71 adopt x1 or at mo/ give x an ampl] #ajf int]pretation1 )\t oblig+ y 9 any way to *ange ! ess5ce ( its =mulation4 ,if ?is be an objectively moral univ]se1 all acts t ,i make on t assumption1 all expectations t ,i gr\nd on x1 w t5d m & m completely to int]digitate ) ! ph5om5a already exi/+4 ,m x w be 9 accord2 & ! m ,i live1 & ! m ! fruits ( my activity come to light1 ! m satisfactory ! cons5sus w gr[4 ,:ile if x be n su* a moral univ]se1 & ,i mi/ak5ly assume t x is1 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce w ?r[ ev] new imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( my belief1 & become m & m difficult to express 9 its language4 ,epicycle ^u epicycle ( subsidi>y hypo!sis w h to be invok$ to give to ! discrepant t]ms a tempor>y appe>ance ( squ>+ ) ea* o!r2 b at la/ ev5 ?is res\rce w fail4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i rightly assume ! univ]se to be n moral1 9 :at does my v]ification consi/8 ,x is t by lett+ moral int]e/s sit lightly1 by disbeliev+ t !re is any duty ab\t !m 7s9ce duty obta9s only z betwe5 !m & o!r ph5om5a71 & s ?r[+ !m ov] if ,i f9d x h>d to get !m satisfi$1--x is t by refus+ to take up a tragic attitude1 ,i deal 9 ! long-run mo/ satisfactorily ) ! facts ( life4 ,all is vanity is "h ! la/ ^w ( wisdom4 ,ev5 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 limit$ s]ies !re may be a great appe>ance ( s]i\sness1 he :o 9 ! ma9 treats ?+s ) a degree ( good-natur$ scepticism & radical levity w f9d t ! practical fruits ( 8 epicurean hypo!sis v]ify x m & m1 & n only save him f pa9 b d honor to 8 sagacity4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he :o contr>y #ajg to reality /iff5s himself 9 ! notion t c]ta9 ?+s absolutely %\ld be1 & rejects ! tru? t at bottom x makes no diff]5ce :at is1 w f9d himself ev]more ?w>t$ & p]plex$ & bemuddl$ by ! facts ( ! _w1 & 8 tragic disappo9tm5t w1 z exp]i5ce accumulates1 seem to drift f>!r & f>!r away f t f9al atonem5t or reconciliation :i* c]ta9 p>tial trag$ies (t5 get4 ,anae/hesia is ! wat*word ( ! moral sceptic br\ght to bay & put to 8 trumps4 ,en]gy is t ( ! morali/4 ,act on my cre$1 cries ! latt]1 & ! results ( y\r action w prove ! cre$ true1 & t ! nature ( ?+s is e>ne/ inf9itely4 ,act on m9e1 says ! epicurean1 & ! results w prove t s]i\sness is b a sup]ficial glaze ^u a _w ( fundam5tally trivial import4 ,y & y\r acts & ! nature ( ?+s w be alike envelop$ 9 a s+le =mula1 a univ]sal vanitas vanitatum4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity ,i h writt5 z if ! v]ification might occur 9 ! life ( a s+le philosoph]1--:i* is manife/ly untrue1 s9ce ! !ories /ill face ea* o!r1 & ! facts ( ! _w give c\nt5ance to bo?4 ,r %\ld we expect1 t1 9 a "q ( ?is scope1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! entire human race mu/ make ! v]ification1 & t all ! evid5ce w n be '9' till ! f9al integration ( ?+s1 :5 ! la/ man has _h 8 say & contribut$ 8 %>e to ! /ill unf9i%$ x4 ,!n ! pro( w be complete2 !n x w appe> )\t d\bt :e!r ! morali/ic x has fill$ up ! gap :i* alone kept ! ,m ( ! _w f =m+ an ev5 & h>moni\s unity1 or :e!r ! #ajh non-morali/ic x has giv5 ! f9i%+ t\*es :i* 7 alone ne$$ to make ! ,m appe> outw>dly z va9 z x inw>dly 04 ,b if ?is be s1 is x n cle> t ! facts ,m1 tak5 p] se1 are inadequate to ju/ify a conclusion ei!r way 9 advance ( my action8 ,my action is ! complem5t :i*1 by prov+ congru\s or n1 reveals ! lat5t nature ( ! mass to :i* x is appli$4 ,! _w may 9 fact be lik5$ unto a lock1 ^: inw>d nature1 moral or unmoral1 w nev] reveal itself to our simply expectant gaze4 ,! positivi/s1 =bidd+ u to make any assumptions reg>d+ x1 condemn u to et]nal ignorance1 = ! 'evid5ce' :i* !y wait = c nev] come s long z we are passive4 ,b nature has put into our h&s two keys1 by :i* we may te/ ! lock4 ,if we try ! moral key & x fits1 x is a moral lock4 ,if we try ! unmoral key & x fits1 x is an unmoral lock4 ,i _c possibly conceive ( any o!r sort ( 'evid5ce' or 'pro(' ?an ?is4 ,x is q true t ! co-op]ation ( g5]ations is ne$$ to educe x4 ,b 9 ^! matt]s ! solid>ity 7s call$7 ( ! human race is a pat5t fact4 ,! ess5tial ?+ to notice is t our active pref]5ce is a legitimate "p ( ! game1--t x is our pla9 bus9ess z m5 to try "o ( ! keys1 & ! "o 9 :i* we mo/ confide4 ,if !n ! pro( exi/ n till ,i h act$1 & ,i mu/ ne$s 9 act+ run ! risk ( be+ wrong1 h[ c ! popul> sci5ce pr(essors be "r 9 objurgat+ 9 me z infam\s a 'cr$ulity' :i* ! /rict logic ( ! situation requires8 ,if ?is really be a moral univ]se2 if by my acts ,i be a factor ( its de/9ies2 if to believe :]e ,i may d\bt be itself a moral act #aji analog\s to vot+ = a side n yet sure to w91--by :at "r %all !y close 9 ^u me & /eadily negate ! deepe/ conceivable function ( my be+ by _! prepo/]\s comm& t ,i %all /ir nei!r h& nor foot1 b rema9 balanc+ myself 9 et]nal & insoluble d\bt8 ,:y1 d\bt itself is a decision ( ! wide/ practical rea*1 if only because we may miss by d\bt+ :at goods we might be ga9+ by esp\s+ ! w9n+ side4 ,b m ?an t6 x is (t5 practically impossible to di/+ui% d\bt f dogmatic negation4 ,if ,i refuse to /op a murd] because ,i am 9 d\bt :e!r x be n ju/ifiable homicide1 ,i am virtually abett+ ! crime4 ,if ,i refuse to bale out a boat because ,i am 9 d\bt :e!r my ef=ts w keep h] afloat1 ,i am really help+ to s9k h]4 ,if 9 ! m\nta9 precipice ,i d\bt my "r to risk a leap1 ,i actively connive at my de/ruction4 ,he :o comm&s himself n to be cr$ul\s ( ,god1 ( duty1 ( fre$om1 ( immortality1 may aga9 & aga9 be indi/+ui%able f him :o dogmatically d5ies !m4 ,scepticism 9 moral matt]s is an active ally ( immorality4 ,:o is n = is aga9/4 ,! univ]se w h no neutrals 9 ^! que/ions4 ,9 !ory z 9 practice1 dodge or h$ge1 or talk z we l ab\t a wise scepticism1 we are really do+ volunte] milit>y s]vice = "o side or ! o!r4 ,yet obvi\s z ?is necessity practically is1 ?\s&s ( innoc5t magaz9e read]s lie p>alyz$ & t]rifi$ 9 ! network ( %all[ negations :i* ! lead]s ( op9ion h ?r[n ov] _! s\ls4 ,all !y ne$ to be free & he>ty aga9 9 ! ex]cise ( _! bir?right is t ^! fa/idi\s vetoes %\ld be swept away4 ,all t ! human #aaj he>t wants is its *ance4 ,x w will+ly =ego c]ta9ty 9 univ]sal matt]s if only x c be all[$ to feel t 9 !m x has t same inali5able "r to run risks1 :i* no "o dreams ( refus+ to x 9 ! pettie/ practical affairs4 ,& if ,i1 9 ^! la/ pages1 l ! m\se 9 ! fable1 h gnaw$ a few ( ! /r+s ( ! sophi/ical net t has be5 b9d+ d[n its lion-/r5g?1 ,i %all be m ?an rew>d$ = my pa9s4 ,to sum up3 ,no philosophy w p]man5tly be deem$ rational by all m5 :i* 79 addition to meet+ logical dem&s7 does n to "s degree pret5d to det]m9e expectancy1 & 9 a /ill great] degree make a direct appeal to all ^? p[]s ( our nature :i* we hold 9 highe/ e/eem4 ,fai?1 be+ "o ( ^! p[]s1 w always rema9 a factor n to be bani%$ f philosophic con/ructions1 ! m s s9ce 9 _m ways x br+s =? its own v]ification4 ,9 ^! po9ts1 !n1 x is hopeless to look = lit]al agreem5t among mank9d4 ,! ultimate philosophy1 we may !re=e conclude1 mu/ n be too /rait-lac$ 9 =m1 mu/ n 9 all its p>ts divide h]esy f or?odoxy by too %>p a l9e4 ,!re mu/ be left ov] & above ! propositions to be subscrib$1 ubique1 semp]1 et ab omnibus1 ano!r realm into :i* ! /ifl$ s\l may escape f p$antic scruples & indulge its own fai? at its own risks2 & all t c "h be done w be to m>k out di/9ctly ! que/ions :i* fall )9 fai?'s sph]e4 #a ,?is essay z f> z page #ge consi/s ( extracts f an article pr9t$ 9 ,m9d = ,july1 #ahgi4 ,!reaft] x is a repr9t ( an address to ! ,h>v>d ,philosophical ,club1 deliv]$ 9 #ahhj1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,review1 ,july1 #ahhb4 #b ,at mo/1 ! comm& laid ^u u by sci5ce to believe no?+ n yet v]ifi$ by ! s5ses is a prud5tial rule int5d$ to maximize our "r ?9k+ & m9imize our errors 9 ! long run4 ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ance we mu/ frequ5tly lose tru? by obey+ x2 b on ! :ole we are saf] if we foll[ x consi/5tly1 = we are sure to cov] our losses ) our ga9s4 ,x is l ^? gambl+ & insurance rules bas$ on probability1 9 :i* we secure ourselves aga9/ losses 9 detail by h$g+ on ! total run4 ,b ?is h$g+ philosophy requires t long run %\ld be !re2 & ?is makes x inapplicable to ! "q ( religi\s fai? z ! latt] comes home to ! individual man4 ,he plays ! game ( life n to escape losses1 = he br+s no?+ ) him to lose2 he plays x = ga9s2 & x is n[ or nev] ) him1 = ! long run :i* exi/s inde$ = humanity1 is n !re = him4 ,let him d\bt1 believe1 or d5y1 he runs 8 risk1 & has ! natural "r to *oose :i* "o x %all be4 #c ,life ( ,james ,h9ton1 pp4 #agb1 #agc4 ,see also ! excell5t *apt] on ,fai? & ,sight 9 ! ,my/]y ( ,matt]1 by ,j4 ,allanson ,picton4 ,h9ton's ,my/]y ( ,pa9 w und\bt$ly always rema9 ! classical utt]ance on ?is subject4 #d ,obs]ve t 9 all ?is n a ^w has be5 said ( free-w4 ,x all applies z well to a pr$et]m9$ z to an indet]m9ate univ]se4 ,if ,m x is fix$ 9 advance1 ! belief :i* leads to x & ! desire :i* prompts ! belief are also fix$4 ,b fix$ or n1 ^! subjective /ates =m a ph5om5al condition necess>ily prec$+ ! facts2 necess>ily con/itutive1 !re=e1 ( ! tru? ,m x :i* we seek4 ,if1 h[ev]1 free acts be possible1 a fai? 9 _! possibility1 by augm5t+ ! moral en]gy :i* gives !m bir?1 w increase _! frequ5cy 9 a giv5 individual4 #e ,9 ei!r case1 z a lat] essay expla9s 7see p4 #aic71 ! %\ld :i* ! morali/ reg>ds z b9d+ ^u him mu/ be root$ 9 ! feel+ ( "s o!r ?9k]1 or collection ( ?9k]s1 to ^: dem&s he individually b[s4 #aaa ,,reflex ,,action ,,& ,,!ism4#a ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,m9i/]s' ,,in/itute3 ,let me confess to ! diffid5ce ) :i* ,i f9d myself /&+ "h to-day4 ,:5 ! invitation ( y\r committee rea*$ me la/ fall1 ! simple tru? is t ,i accept$ x z mo/ m5 accept a *all5ge1--n because !y wi% to fight1 b because !y are a%am$ to say no4 ,pret5d+ 9 my small sph]e to be a tea*]1 ,i felt x w\ld be c[>dly to %r9k f ! ke5e/ ordeal to :i* a tea*] c be expos$1--! ordeal ( tea*+ o!r tea*]s4 ,=tunately1 ! trial w la/ b "o %ort h\r2 & ,i h ! consolation ( rememb]+ ,goe!'s v]ses1-- ,vor d5 ,wiss5d5 si* /ell51 ,si*] i/ 's 9 all5 ,fll51-- = if exp]ts are ! h>de/ p to satisfy1 !y h at any rate ! livelie/ s5se ( ! difficulties ( "o's task1 & !y "k quicke/ :5 "o hits ! m>k4 ,s9ce x 0 z a tea*] ( physiology t ,i 0 mo/ unwor?ily (ficiat+ :5 y\r committee's #aab invitation rea*$ me1 ,i mu/ suppose x to be = ! sake ( br++ a puff ( ! late/ w9ds ( doctr9e :i* bl[ ov] t some:at re/less sea t my pres5ce is desir$4 ,among all ! heal?y symptoms t *>act]ize ?is age1 ,i "k no s\nd] "o ?an ! eag]ness :i* !ologians %[ to assimilate results ( sci5ce1 & to he>k5 to ! conclusions ( m5 ( sci5ce ab\t univ]sal matt]s4 ,"o runs a bett] *ance ( be+ li/5$ to to-day if "o c quote ,d>w9 & ,helmholtz ?an if "o c only quote ,s*lei]ma*] or ,col]idge4 ,i almo/ feel myself ?is mom5t t 7 ,i to produce a frog & put him ?r\gh 8 physiological p]=mances 9 a ma/]ly mann] be=e y\r eyes1 ,i %\ld ga9 m rev]5tial e>s = :at ,i h to say dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! h\r4 ,i w n ask :e!r !re be n some?+ ( m]e fa%ion 9 ?is pre/ige :i* ! words ( ! physiologi/s enjoy j n[4 ,if x be a fa%ion1 x is c]ta9ly a b5eficial "o ^u ! :ole2 & to *all5ge x w\ld come ) a poor grace f "o :o at ! mom5t he speaks is s conspicu\sly pr(it+ by its favors4 ,i w !re=e only say ?is3 t ! late/ breeze f ! physiological horizon ne$ n necess>ily be ! mo/ important "o4 ,( ! imm5se am\nt ( "w :i* ! laboratories ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & "o may add ( ,asia & ,au/ralia1 are produc+ e ye>1 mu* is de/9$ to spe$y refutation2 & ( m x may be said t its int]e/ is purely te*nical1 & n 9 any degree philosophical or univ]sal4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ,i "k y w ju/ify me if ,i fall back on a doctr9e :i* is fundam5tal & well e/abli%$ r ?an novel1 & ask y :e!r #aac by tak+ c\nsel toge!r we may n trace "s new consequ5ces f x :i* %all int]e/ u all alike z m54 ,i ref] to ! doctr9e ( reflex action1 especially z ext5d$ to ! bra94 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 s famili> to y t ,i h>dly ne$ def9e x4 ,9 a g5]al way1 all educat$ p "k :at reflex action means4 ,x means t ! acts we p]=m are always ! result ( outw>d dis*>ges f ! n]v\s c5tres1 & t ^! outw>d dis*>ges are !mselves ! result ( impressions f ! ext]nal _w1 c>ri$ 9 along "o or ano!r ( our s5sory n]ves4 ,appli$ at fir/ to only a portion ( our acts1 ?is conception has end$ by be+ g5]aliz$ m & m1 s t n[ mo/ physiologi/s tell u t e action :atev]1 ev5 ! mo/ delib]ately weigh$ & calculat$1 does1 s f> z its organic conditions g1 foll[ ! reflex type4 ,!re is n "o :i* _c be remotely1 if n imm$iately1 trac$ to an orig9 9 "s incom+ impression ( s5se4 ,!re is no impression ( s5se :i*1 unless inhibit$ by "s o!r /rong] "o1 does n imm$iately or remotely express itself 9 action ( "s k9d4 ,!re is no "o ( ^? complicat$ p]=mances 9 ! convolutions ( ! bra9 to :i* our tra9s ( ?\ght correspond1 :i* is n a m]e middle t]m int]pos$ betwe5 an incom+ s5sation t ar\ses x & an outgo+ dis*>ge ( "s sort1 inhibitory if n excit+1 to :i* itself gives rise4 ,! /ructural unit ( ! n]v\s sy/em is 9 fact a triad1 nei!r ( ^: elem5ts has any indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! s5sory impression exi/s only = ! sake ( awak+ ! c5tral process ( reflection1 & ! c5tral process ( reflection exi/s #aad only = ! sake ( call+ =? ! f9al act4 ,all action is ?us re-action ^u ! out] _w2 & ! middle /age ( consid]ation or contemplation or ?9k+ is only a place ( transit1 ! bottom ( a loop1 bo? ^: ends h _! po9t ( application 9 ! out] _w4 ,if x %\ld ev] h no roots 9 ! out] _w1 if x %\ld ev] happ5 t x l$ to no active measures1 x w\ld fail ( its ess5tial function1 & w\ld h to be consid]$ ei!r pa?ological or abortive4 ,! curr5t ( life :i* runs 9 at our eyes or e>s is meant to run out at our h&s1 feet1 or lips4 ,! only use ( ! ?\ghts x occasions :ile inside is to det]m9e its direction to :i*ev] ( ^! organs %all1 on ! :ole1 "u ! circum/ances actually pres5t1 act 9 ! way mo/ propiti\s to our welf>e4 ,! will+ dep>tm5t ( our nature1 9 %ort1 dom9ates bo? ! conceiv+ dep>tm5t & ! feel+ dep>tm5t2 or1 9 pla9] ,engli%1 p]ception & ?9k+ are only !re = behavior's sake4 ,i am sure ,i am n wrong 9 /at+ ?is result z "o ( ! fundam5tal conclusions to :i* ! entire drift ( mod]n physiological inve/igation sweeps u4 ,if ask$ :at great contribution physiology has made to psy*ology ( late ye>s1 ,i am sure e compet5t au?ority w reply t h] influ5ce has 9 no way be5 s weighty z 9 ! copi\s illu/ration1 v]ification1 & consolidation ( ?is broad1 g5]al po9t ( view4 ,i invite y1 !n1 to consid] :at may be ! possible speculative consequ5ces involv$ 9 ?is great a*ievem5t ( our g5]ation4 ,already1 x dom9ates all ! new "w done 9 psy*ology2 b #aae :at ,i wi% to ask is :e!r its influ5ce may n ext5d f> beyond ! limits ( psy*ology1 ev5 into ^? ( !ology h]self4 ,! relations ( ! doctr9e ( reflex action ) no less a matt] ?an ! doctr9e ( !ism is1 9 fact1 ! topic to :i* ,i n[ invite y\r att5tion4 ,we are n ! fir/ 9 ! field4 ,!re h n be5 want+ writ]s en\gh to say t reflex action & all t foll[s f x give ! c\p de grce to ! sup]/ition ( a ,god4 ,if y op51 = in/ance1 su* a book on comp>ative psy*ology1 z d] ,?i]is*e ,wille ( ,g4 ,h4 ,s*neid]1 y w f9d1 s&wi*$ 9 among ! admirable deal+s ( ! au?or ) 8 prop] subject1 & popp+ out ^u u 9 unexpect$ places1 ! mo/ delightfully naf ,g]man onslaughts on ! degradation ( !ologians1 & ! utt] incompatibility ( s _m reflex adaptations to ! environm5t ) ! exi/5ce ( a creative intellig5ce4 ,!re 0 a "t1 rememb]$ by _m ( u "h1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( reflex action & all ! o!r h>monies betwe5 ! organism & ! _w 7 held to prove a ,god4 ,n[1 !y are held to disprove him4 ,! next turn ( ! :irligig may br+ back pro( ( him aga94 ,into ?is debate ab\t 8 exi/5ce1 ,i w n pret5d to ent]4 ,i mu/ take up humbl] gr\nd1 & limit my ambition to %[+ t a ,god1 :e!r exi/5t or n1 is at all ev5ts ! k9d ( be+ :i*1 if he did exi/1 w\ld =m ! mo/ adequate possible object = m9ds fram$ l our own to conceive z ly+ at ! root ( ! univ]se4 ,my !sis1 9 o!r words1 is ?is3 t "s outw>d reality ( #aaf a nature def9$ z ,god's nature mu/ be def9$1 is ! only ultimate object t is at ! same "t rational & possible = ! human m9d's contemplation4 ,any?+ %ort ( ,god is n rational1 any?+ m ?an ,god is n possible1 if ! human m9d be 9 tru? ! triadic /ructure ( impression1 reflection1 & reaction :i* we at ! outset all[$4 ,!ism1 :atev] its objective w>rant1 w\ld ?us be se5 to h a subjective an*orage 9 its congruity ) our nature z ?9k]s2 &1 h[ev] x may f>e ) its tru?1 to d]ive f ?is subjective adequacy ! /ronge/ possible gu>anty ( its p]man5ce4 ,x is & w be ! classic mean ( rational op9ion1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( all attempts to solve ! riddle ( life1--"s fall+ bel[ x by defect1 "s fly+ above x by excess1 itself alone satisfy+ e m5tal ne$ 9 /rictly normal measure4 ,our ga9 w ?us 9 ! fir/ in/ance be psy*ological4 ,we %all m]ely h inve/igat$ a *apt] 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! m9d1 & f\nd t1 z a matt] ( su* natural hi/ory1 ,god may be call$ ! normal object ( ! m9d's belief4 ,:e!r ov] & above ?is he be really ! liv+ tru? is ano!r "q4 ,if he is1 x w %[ ! /ructure ( our m9d to be 9 accordance ) ! nature ( reality4 ,:e!r x be or n 9 su* accordance is1 x seems to me1 "o ( ^? que/ions t belong to ! prov9ce ( p]sonal fai? to decide4 ,i w n t\* ^u ! "q "h1 = ,i pref] to keep to ! /rictly natural-hi/ory po9t ( view4 ,i w only rem9d y t ea* "o ( u is entitl$ ei!r to d\bt or to believe 9 ! h>mony betwe5 8 faculties & ! tru?2 & t1 :e!r he d\bt or #aag believe1 he does x alike on 8 p]sonal responsibility & risk4 ,du mus/ glaub51 du mus/ wag51 ,d5n die ,gtt] leihn ke9 ,pf&1 ,nur e9 ,wund] kann di* trag5 ,9 das s*ne ,wund]l&4 ,i w pres5tly def9e exactly :at ,i mean by ,god & by ,!ism1 & expla9 :at !ories ,i ref]r$ to :5 ,i spoke j n[ ( attempts to fly beyond ! "o & to outbid ! o!r4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 let me ask y to l+] a mom5t long] ov] :at ,i h call$ ! reflex !ory ( m9d1 s z to be sure t we und]/& x absolutely be=e go+ on to consid] ^? ( its consequ5ces ( :i* ,i am m p>ticul>ly to speak4 ,i am n q sure t its full scope is grasp$ ev5 by ^? :o h mo/ zeal\sly promulgat$ x4 ,i am n sure1 = example1 t all physiologi/s see t x commits !m to reg>d+ ! m9d z an ess5tially teleological me*anism4 ,i mean by ?is t ! conceiv+ or !oriz+ faculty--! m9d's middle dep>tm5t--functions exclusively = ! sake ( ends t d n exi/ at all 9 ! _w ( impressions we receive by way ( our s5ses1 b are set by our emotional & practical subjectivity altoge!r4#b ,x is a trans=m] ( ! _w ( our impressions into a totally diff]5t _w1--! _w ( our conception2 & ! trans=mation is effect$ 9 ! int]e/s ( our volitional nature1 & = no o!r purpose :atsoev]4 ,de/roy ! volitional nature1 ! def9ite subjective purposes1 pref]5ces1 #aah fondnesses = c]ta9 effects1 =ms1 ord]s1 & n ! slighte/ motive w\ld rema9 = ! brute ord] ( our exp]i5ce to be remodell$ at all4 ,b1 z we h ! elaborate volitional con/itution we d h1 ! remodell+ mu/ be effect$2 !re is no escape4 ,! _w's cont5ts are giv5 to ea* ( u 9 an ord] s =eign to our subjective int]e/s t we c h>dly by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation picture to ourselves :at x is l4 ,we h to break t ord] altoge!r1--& by pick+ out f x ! items :i* conc]n u1 & connect+ !m ) o!rs f> away1 :i* we say 'belong' ) !m1 we are able to make out def9ite ?reads ( sequ5ce & t5d5cy2 to =esee p>ticul> liabilities & get ready = !m2 & to enjoy simplicity & h>mony 9 place ( :at 0 *aos4 ,is n ! sum ( y\r actual exp]i5ce tak5 at ?is mom5t & imp>tially add$ toge!r an utt] *aos8 ,! /ra9s ( my voice1 ! lights & %ades inside ! room & out1 ! murmur ( ! w9d1 ! tick+ ( ! clock1 ! v>i\s organic feel+s y may happ5 individually to possess1 d ^! make a :ole at all8 ,is x n ! only condition ( y\r m5tal sanity 9 ! mid/ ( !m t mo/ ( !m %\ld become non-exi/5t = y1 & t a few o!rs--! s\nds1 ,i hope1 :i* ,i am utt]+--%\ld evoke f places 9 y\r memory t h no?+ to d ) ?is sc5e associates fitt$ to comb9e ) !m 9 :at we call a rational tra9 ( ?\ght1--rational1 because x leads to a conclusion :i* we h "s organ to appreciate8 ,we h no organ or faculty to appreciate ! simply giv5 ord]4 ,! real _w z x is giv5 objectively at ?is mom5t is ! sum total ( all its be+s & #aai ev5ts n[4 ,b c we ?9k ( su* a sum8 ,c we realize = an in/ant :at a cross-section ( all exi/5ce at a def9ite po9t ( "t w\ld be8 ,:ile ,i talk & ! flies buzz1 a sea-gull cat*es a fi% at ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 a tree falls 9 ! ,adirondack wild]ness1 a man sneezes 9 ,g]many1 a horse dies 9 ,t>t>y1 & tw9s are born 9 ,france4 ,:at does t mean8 ,does ! contemporaneity ( ^! ev5ts ) "o ano!r & ) a million o!rs z disjo9t$1 =m a rational bond betwe5 !m1 & unite !m into any?+ t means = u a _w8 ,yet j su* a collat]al contemporaneity1 & no?+ else1 is ! real ord] ( ! _w4 ,x is an ord] ) :i* we h no?+ to d b to get away f x z fa/ z possible4 ,z ,i said1 we break x3 we break x into hi/ories1 & we break x into arts1 & we break x into sci5ces2 & !n we beg9 to feel at home4 ,we make t5 ?\s& sep>ate s]ial ord]s ( x1 & on any "o ( ^! we react z ?\gh ! o!rs did n exi/4 ,we discov] among its v>i\s p>ts relations t 7 nev] giv5 to s5se at all 7ma!matical relations1 tang5ts1 squ>es1 & roots & log>i?mic functions71 & out ( an inf9ite numb] ( ^! we call c]ta9 ones ess5tial & lawgiv+1 & ignore ! re/4 ,ess5tial ^! relations are1 b only = our purpose1 ! o!r relations be+ j z real & pres5t z !y2 & our purpose is to conceive simply & to =esee4 ,are n simple conception & prevision subjective ends pure & simple8 ,!y are ! ends ( :at we call sci5ce2 & ! miracle ( miracles1 a miracle n yet exhau/ively cle>$ up by any philosophy1 is t ! giv5 ord] l5ds itself to ! remodell+4 ,x %[s itself pla/ic to _m ( our sci5tific1 to #abj _m ( our ae/hetic1 to _m ( our practical purposes & ends4 ,:5 ! man ( affairs1 ! arti/1 or ! man ( sci5ce fails1 he is n rebutt$4 ,he tries aga94 ,he says ! impressions ( s5se mu/ give way1 mu/ be r$uc$ to ! desid]at$ =m4#c ,!y all po/ulate 9 ! int]e/s ( _! volitional nature a h>mony betwe5 ! latt] & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! !ologian does no m4 ,& ! reflex doctr9e ( ! m9d's /ructure1 ?\gh all !ology %\ld z yet h fail$ ( its endeavor1 c\ld b confess t ! endeavor itself at lea/ obey$ 9 =m ! m9d's mo/ necess>y law4#d ,n[ = ! "q ,i ask$ above3 ,:at k9d ( a be+ w\ld ,god be if he did exi/8 ,! ^w ',god' has come to mean _m ?+s 9 ! hi/ory #aba ( human ?\ght1 f ,v5us & ,jupit] to ! ',idee' :i* figures 9 ! pages ( ,hegel4 ,ev5 ! laws ( physical nature h1 9 ^! positivi/ic times1 be5 held wor?y ( div9e honor & pres5t$ z ! only fitt+ object ( our rev]5ce4#e ,( c\rse1 if our discussion is to be> any fruit1 we mu/ mean some?+ m def9ite ?an ?is4 ,we mu/ n call any object ( our loyalty a ',god' )\t m ado1 simply because to awak5 our loyalty happ5s to be "o ( ,god's functions4 ,he mu/ h "s intr9sic *>act]i/ics ( 8 own besides2 & !ism mu/ mean ! fai? ( t man :o believes t ! object ( 8 loyalty has ^? o!r attributes1 negative or positive1 z ! case may be4 ,n[1 z reg>ds a great _m ( ! attributes ( ,god1 & _! am\nts & mutual relations1 ! _w has be5 deliv]$ ov] to disputes4 ,all su* may = our pres5t purpose be consid]$ z q iness5tial4 ,n only su* matt]s z 8 mode ( reveal+ himself1 ! precise ext5t ( 8 provid5ce & p[] & _! connection ) our free-w1 ! proportion ( 8 m]cy to 8 ju/ice1 & ! am\nt ( 8 responsibility = evil2 b also 8 metaphysical relation to ! ph5om5al _w1 :e!r causal1 sub/antial1 ideal1 or :at n1--are affairs ( purely sect>ian op9ion t ne$ n conc]n u at all4 ,:oso debates !m presupposes ! ess5tial features ( !ism to be grant$ already2 & x is ) ^! ess5tial features1 ! b>e poles ( ! subject1 t our bus9ess exclusively lies4 #abb ,n[1 :at are ^! ess5tial features8 ,fir/1 x is ess5tial t ,god be conceiv$ z ! deepe/ p[] 9 ! univ]se2 &1 second1 he mu/ be conceiv$ "u ! =m ( a m5tal p]sonality4 ,! p]sonality ne$ n be det]m9$ intr9sically any fur!r ?an is involv$ 9 ! hold+ ( c]ta9 ?+s de>1 & 9 ! recognition ( our dispositions t[>d ^? ?+s1 ! ?+s !mselves be+ all good & righte\s ?+s4 ,b1 extr9sically consid]$1 s to speak1 ,god's p]sonality is to be reg>d$1 l any o!r p]sonality1 z some?+ ly+ outside ( my own & o!r ?an me1 & ^: exi/5ce ,i simply come ^u & f9d4 ,a p[] n ourselves1 !n1 :i* n only makes = righte\sness1 b means x1 & :i* recognizes u1--su* is ! def9ition :i* ,i ?9k nobody w be incl9$ to dispute4 ,v>i\s are ! attempts to %ad[ =? ! o!r l9eam5ts ( s supreme a p]sonality to our human imag9ation2 v>i\s ! ways ( conceiv+ 9 :at mode ! recognition1 ! he>k5+ to our cry1 c come4 ,"s are gross & idolatr\s2 "s are ! mo/ su/a9$ ef=ts man's intellect has ev] made to keep /ill liv+ on t subtile edge ( ?+s :]e spee* & ?\ght expire4 ,b1 ) all ^! diff]5ces1 ! ess5ce rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 :atev] o!r respects ! div9e p]sonality may diff] f ours or may resemble x1 ! two are consangu9e\s at lea/ 9 ?is1--t bo? h purposes = :i* !y c>e1 & ea* c he> ! o!r's call4 ,mean:ile1 we c already see "o consequ5ce & "o po9t ( connection ) ! reflex-action !ory ( m9d4 ,any m9d1 con/ruct$ on ! #abc triadic-reflex patt]n1 mu/ fir/ get its impression f ! object :i* x confronts2 !n def9e :at t object is1 & decide :at active measures its pres5ce dem&s2 & f9ally react4 ,! /age ( reaction dep5ds on ! /age ( def9ition1 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 on ! nature ( ! impress+ object4 ,:5 ! objects are concrete1 p>ticul>1 & famili>1 our reactions are firm & c]ta9 en\gh1--(t5 in/9ctive4 ,i see ! desk1 & lean on x2 ,i see y\r quiet faces1 & ,i cont9ue to talk4 ,b ! objects w n /ay concrete & p>ticul>3 !y fuse !mselves into g5]al ess5ces1 & !y sum !mselves into a :ole1--! univ]se4 ,& !n ! object t confronts u1 t knocks on our m5tal door & asks to be let 91 & fix$ & decid$ ^u & actively met1 is j ?is :ole univ]se itself & its ess5ce4 ,:at are !y1 & h[ %all ,i meet !m8 ,! :ole flood ( fai?s & sy/ems "h ru% 94 ,philosophies & d5ials ( philosophy1 religions & a!isms1 scepticisms & my/icisms1 confirm$ emotional moods & habitual practical biases1 jo/le "o ano!r2 = all are alike trials1 ha/y1 prolix1 or ( seemly l5g?1 to answ] ?is mom5t\s "q4 ,& ! function ( !m all1 long or %ort1 t :i* ! moods & ! sy/ems alike subs]ve & pass into1 is ! ?ird /age1--! /age ( action4 ,= no "o ( !m itself is f9al4 ,!y =m b ! middle segm5t ( ! m5tal curve1 & n its t]m9ation4 ,z ! la/ !oretic pulse dies away1 x does n leave ! m5tal process complete3 x is b ! =]unn] ( ! practical mom5t1 9 :i* alone ! cycle ( m5tality f9ds its rhy?mic pause4 #abd ,we easily delude ourselves ab\t ?is middle /age4 ,sometimes we ?9k x f9al1 & sometimes we fail to see1 amid ! mon/r\s div]sity 9 ! l5g? & complication ( ! cogitations :i* may fill x1 t x c h b "o ess5tial function1 & t ! "o we h po9t$ out1--! function ( def9+ ! direction :i* our activity1 imm$iate or remote1 %all take4 ,if ,i simply say1 ,vanitas vanitatum1 omnia vanitas6 ,i am def9+ ! total nature ( ?+s 9 a way t c>ries practical consequ5ces ) x z decid$ly z if ,i write a treatise ,de ,natura ,r]um 9 tw5ty volumes4 ,! treatise may trace its consequ5ces m m9utely ?an ! say+2 b ! only wor? ( ei!r treatise or say+ is t ! consequ5ces are !re4 ,! long def9ition c d no m ?an draw !m2 ! %ort def9ition does no less4 ,inde$1 x may be said t if two app>5tly diff]5t def9itions ( ! reality be=e u %\ld h id5tical consequ5ces1 ^? two def9itions w\ld really be id5tical def9itions1 made delusively to appe> diff]5t m]ely by ! diff]5t v]biage 9 :i* !y are express$4#f ,my "t is un=tunately too %ort to /ay & give to ?is tru? ! developm5t x des]ves2 b ,i w assume t y grant x )\t fur!r p>ley1 & pass to ! next /ep 9 my argum5t4 ,& "h1 too1 ,i %all h to bespeak y\r close att5tion = a mom5t1 :ile ,i pass ov] ! subject f> m #abe rapidly ?an x des]ves4 ,:e!r true or false1 any view ( ! univ]se :i* %all completely satisfy ! m9d mu/ obey conditions ( ! m9d's own impos+1 mu/ at lea/ let ! m9d be ! umpire to decide :e!r x be fit to be call$ a rational univ]se or n4 ,n any nature ( ?+s :i* may seem to be w also seem to be ipso facto rational2 & if x d n seem rational1 x w afflict ! m9d ) a ceaseless uneas9ess1 till x be =mulat$ or int]pret$ 9 "s o!r & m cong5ial way4 ,! /udy ( :at ! m9d's crit]ia ( rationality are1 ! def9ition ( its exactions 9 ?is respect1 =m an int5sely int]e/+ subject into :i* ,i _c ent] n[ ) any detail4#g ,b s mu* ,i ?9k y w grant me )\t argum5t1--t all ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d alike h a vote 9 ! matt]1 & t no conception w pass mu/] :i* violates any ( _! ess5tial modes ( activity1 or :i* leaves !m )\t a *ance to "w4 ,by :at title is x t e w\ld-be univ]sal =mula1 e sy/em ( philosophy :i* re>s its head1 receives ! inevitable critical volley f "o half ( mank9d1 & falls to ! re>1 to become at ! v be/ ! cre$ ( "s p>tial sect8 ,ei!r x has dropp$ out ( its net "s ( our impressions ( s5se1--:at we call ! facts ( nature1--or x has left ! !oretic & def9+ dep>tm5t ) a lot ( inconsi/5cies & unm$iat$ transitions on its h&s2 or else1 f9ally1 x has left "s "o or m ( our fundam5tal active & emotional p[]s ) no object outside ( !mselves to react-on or to live =4 ,any "o ( ^! defects is fatal to its complete success4 ,"s "o #abf w be sure to discov] ! flaw1 to sc\t ! sy/em1 & to seek ano!r 9 its /ead4 ,i ne$ n g f> to collect examples to illu/rate to an audi5ce ( !ologians :at ,i mean4 ,nor w y 9 p>ticul>1 z *ampions ( ! ,unit>ianism ( ,new ,engl&1 be sl[ to furni%1 f ! motives :i* l$ to y\r dep>ture f our or?odox ance/ral ,calv9ism1 in/ances en\gh "u ! ?ird or practical head4 ,a ,god :o gives s little scope to love1 a pr$e/9ation :i* takes f endeavor all its ze/ ) all its fruit1 are irrational conceptions1 because !y say to our mo/ *]i%$ p[]s1 ,!re is no object = y4 ,well1 j z )9 ! limits ( !ism "s k9ds are surviv+ o!rs by reason ( _! great] practical rationality1 s !ism itself1 by reason ( its practical rationality1 is c]ta9 to survive all l[] cre$s4 ,mat]ialism & agno/icism1 ev5 7 !y true1 c\ld nev] ga9 univ]sal & popul> acceptance2 = !y bo?1 alike1 give a solution ( ?+s :i* is irrational to ! practical ?ird ( our nature1 & 9 :i* we c nev] volitionally feel at home4 ,ea* comes out ( ! second or !oretic /age ( m5tal function+1 ) its def9ition ( ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 its =mula ( =mulas prep>$4 ,! :ole array ( active =ces ( our nature /&s wait+1 impati5t = ! ^w :i* %all tell !m h[ to dis*>ge !mselves mo/ deeply & wor?ily ^u life4 ,well6 cry !y1 :at %all we d8 ,ignoramus1 ignorabimus6 says agno/icism4 ,react ^u atoms & _! concussions6 says mat]ialism4 ,:at a collapse6 ,! m5tal tra9 misses fire1 ! middle fails to ignite ! end1 ! cycle breaks d[n half-way to its conclusion2 & ! active #abg p[]s left alone1 ) no prop] object on :i* to v5t _! en]gy1 mu/ ei!r atrophy1 sick51 & die1 or else by _! p5t-up convulsions & excitem5t keep ! :ole ma*9]y 9 a fev] until "s less incomm5surable solution1 "s m practically rational =mula1 %all provide a normal issue = ! curr5ts ( ! s\l4 ,n[1 !ism always /&s ready ) ! mo/ practically rational solution x is possible to conceive4 ,n an en]gy ( our active nature to :i* x does n au?oritatively appeal1 n an emotion ( :i* x does n normally & naturally release ! spr+s4 ,at a s+le /roke1 x *anges ! dead blank x ( ! _w into a liv+ ?\1 ) :om ! :ole man may h deal+s4 ,to y1 at any rate1 ,i ne$ wa/e no words 9 try+ to prove its supreme comm5surat5ess ) all ! dem&s t dep>tm5t ,numb] ,?ree ( ! m9d has ! p[] to impose on dep>tm5t ,numb] ,two4 ,our volitional nature mu/ !n1 until ! end ( "t1 ex]t a con/ant pressure ^u ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d to induce !m to function to !i/ic conclusions4 ,no contr>y =mulas c be m ?an provisionally held4 ,infra-!i/ic !ories mu/ be always 9 un/able equilibrium2 = dep>tm5t ,numb] ,?ree ev] lurks 9 ambu%1 ready to ass]t its rights1 & on ! slighte/ %[ ( ju/ification x makes its fatal spr+1 & conv]ts !m into ! o!r =m 9 :i* alone m5tal peace & ord] c p]man5tly reign4 ,! "q is1 !n1 ,c dep>tm5ts ,"o & ,two1 c ! facts ( nature & ! !oretic elaboration ( !m1 always lead to !i/ic conclusions8 ,! future hi/ory ( philosophy is ! only #abh au?ority capable ( answ]+ t "q4 ,i1 at all ev5ts1 mu/ n ent] into x to-day1 z t w\ld be to ab&on ! purely natural-hi/ory po9t ( view ,i mean to keep4 ,?is only is c]ta91 t ! !oretic faculty lives betwe5 two fires :i* nev] give h] re/1 & make h] incessantly revise h] =mulations4 ,if %e s9k into a premature1 %ort-sight$1 & idolatr\s !ism1 9 comes dep>tm5t ,numb] ,"o ) its batt]y ( facts ( s5se1 & dislodges h] f h] dogmatic repose4 ,if %e lazily subside into equilibrium ) ! same facts ( s5se view$ 9 _! simple me*anical outw>dness1 up />ts ! practical reason ) its dem&s1 & makes t c\* a b$ ( ?orns4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation ?us x goes1--n[ a movem5t ( reception f )\t1 n[ "o ( expansion f )92 dep>tm5t ,numb] ,two always work$ to dea?1 yet nev] excus$ f tak+ ! mo/ responsible "p 9 ! arrangem5ts4 ,to-day1 a crop ( new facts2 to-morr[1 a fl[]+ ( new motives1--! !oretic faculty always hav+ to effect ! transition1 & life gr[+ )al s complex & subtle & imm5se t h] p[]s ( conceiv+ are almo/ ruptur$ ) ! /ra94 ,see h[1 9 ,france1 ! mummy-clo?s ( ! academic & (ficial !i/ic philosophy are r5t by ! facts ( evolution1 & h[ ! "y ?9k]s are at "w6 ,see1 9 ,great ,brita91 h[ ! dryness ( ! /rict associationi/ s*ool1 :i* "u ! m9i/ration ( ,mill1 ,ba91 & ,sp5c] dom9at$ u b ye/]day1 gives way to m g5]\s idealisms1 born ( m urg5t emotional ne$s & wrapp+ ! same facts 9 f> m massive intellectual h>monies6 ,^! are b tack+s to ! common #abi port1 to t ultimate ,weltans*auung ( maximum subjective z well z objective ri*ness1 :i*1 :atev] its o!r prop]ties may be1 w at any rate we> ! !i/ic =m4 ,"h let me say "o ^w ab\t a rem>k we (t5 he> com+ f ! anti-!i/ic w+3 ,x is base1 x is vile1 x is ! l[e/ dep? ( immorality1 to all[ dep>tm5t ,numb] ,?ree to int]pose its dem&s1 & h any vote 9 ! "q ( :at is true & :at is false2 ! m9d mu/ be a passive1 reactionless %eet ( :ite pap]1 on :i* reality w simply come & regi/] its own philosophic def9ition1 z ! p5 regi/]s ! curve on ! %eet ( a *ronograph4 ,( all ! cants t are cant$ 9 ?is cant+ age ?is has always seem$ to me ! mo/ wret*$1 especially :5 x comes f pr(ess$ psy*ologi/s4 ,z if ! m9d c\ld1 consi/5tly ) its def9ition1 be a reactionless %eet at all6 ,z if conception c\ld possibly occur except = a teleological purpose1 except to %[ u ! way f a /ate ( ?+s our s5ses cognize to ano!r /ate ( ?+s our w desires6 ,z if 'sci5ce' itself 7 any?+ else ?an su* an end ( desire1 & a mo/ peculi> "o at t6 ,& z if ! 'tru?s' ( b>e physics 9 p>ticul>1 :i* ^! /ickl]s = intellectual purity cont5d to be ! only uncontam9at$ =m1 7 n z great an alt]ation & falsification ( ! simply 'giv5' ord] ( ! _w1 into an ord] conceiv$ solely = ! m9d's conv5i5ce & delight1 z any !i/ic doctr9e possibly c be6 ,physics is b "o *apt] 9 ! great juggl]y :i* our conceiv+ faculty is =ev] play+ ) #acj ! ord] ( be+ z x pres5ts itself to our reception4 ,x trans=ms ! unutt]able dead level & cont9uum ( ! 'giv5' _w into an utt]ly unlike _w ( %>p diff]5ces & hi]>*ic subord9ations = no o!r reason ?an to satisfy c]ta9 subjective passions we possess4#h ,&1 s f> z we c see1 ! giv5 _w is !re only = ! sake ( ! op]ation4 ,at any rate1 to op]ate ^u x is our only *ance ( approa*+ x2 = nev] c we get a glimpse ( x 9 ! unimag9able insipidity ( its virg9 e/ate4 ,to bid ! man's subjective int]e/s be passive till tru? express itself f out ! environm5t1 is to bid ! sculptor's *isel be passive till ! /atue express itself f out ! /one4 ,op]ate we mu/6 & ! only *oice left u is t betwe5 op]at+ to poor or to ri* results4 ,! only possible duty !re c be 9 ! matt] is ! duty ( gett+ ! ri*e/ results t ! mat]ial giv5 w all[4 ,! ri*ness lies1 ( c\rse1 9 ! en]gy ( all ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! m5tal cycle4 ,n a s5sible 'fact' ( dep>tm5t ,"o mu/ be left 9 ! cold1 n a faculty ( dep>tm5t ,?ree be p>alyz$2 & dep>tm5t ,two mu/ =m an inde/ructible bridge4 ,x is natural t ! habitual neglect ( dep>tm5t ,"o by !ologians %\ld ar\se indignation2 b x is mo/ unnatural t ! indignation %\ld take ! =m ( a :olesale d5unciation ( dep>tm5t ,?ree4 ,x is ! /ory ( ,kant's dove ov] aga91 d5\nc+ ! #aca pressure ( ! air4 ,c]ta9 ( our positivi/s keep *im+ to u1 t1 amid ! wreck ( e o!r god & idol1 "o div9ity /ill /&s upright1--t 8 "n is ,sci5tific ,tru?1 & t he has b "o comm&m5t1 b t "o supreme1 say+1 ,?\ %alt n be a !i/1 = t w\ld be to satisfy ?y subjective prop5sities1 & ! satisfaction ( ^? is intellectual damnation4 ,^! mo/ consci5ti\s g5tlem5 ?9k !y h jump$ (f _! own feet1--emancipat$ _! m5tal op]ations f ! control ( _! subjective prop5sities at l>ge & 9 toto4 ,b !y are delud$4 ,!y h simply *os5 f among ! entire set ( prop5sities at _! comm& ^? t 7 c]ta9 to con/ruct1 out ( ! mat]ials giv51 ! leane/1 l[e/1 aride/ result1--namely1 ! b>e molecul> _w1--& !y h sacrific$ all ! re/4#i ,man's *ief diff]5ce f ! brutes lies 9 ! exub]ant excess ( 8 subjective prop5sities1--8 pre-em95ce ov] !m simply & solely 9 ! numb] & 9 ! fanta/ic & unnecess>y "* ( 8 wants1 physical1 moral1 ae/hetic1 & intellectual4 ,_h 8 :ole life n be5 a que/ = ! sup]flu\s1 he w\ld nev] h e/abli%$ himself z inexpugnably z he has done 9 ! necess>y4 ,& f ! consci\sness ( ?is he %\ld draw ! lesson t 8 wants are to be tru/$2 t ev5 #acb :5 _! gratification seems f>!/ (f1 ! uneas9ess !y occasion is /ill ! be/ guide ( 8 life1 & w lead him to issues entirely beyond 8 pres5t p[]s ( reckon+4 ,prune d[n 8 extravagance1 sob] him1 & y undo him4 ,! appetite = imm$iate consi/5cy at any co/1 or :at ! logicians call ! 'law ( p>simony1'--:i* is no?+ b ! passion = conceiv+ ! univ]se 9 ! mo/ labor-sav+ way1--w1 if made ! exclusive law ( ! m9d1 end by blight+ ! developm5t ( ! intellect itself q z mu* z t ( ! feel+s or ! w4 ,! sci5tific conception ( ! _w z an army ( molecules gratifies ?is appetite aft] its fa%ion mo/ exquisitely4 ,b if ! religion ( exclusive sci5tificism %\ld ev] succe$ 9 suffocat+ all o!r appetites out ( a nation's m9d1 & imbu+ a :ole race ) ! p]suasion t simplicity & consi/5cy dem& a tabula rasa to be made ( e notion t does n =m "p ( ! soi-disant sci5tific syn!sis1 t nation1 t race1 w j z surely g to ru91 & fall a prey to _! m ri*ly con/itut$ neighbors1 z ! bea/s ( ! field1 z a :ole1 h fall5 a prey to man4 ,i h myself little fe> = our ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,its moral1 ae/hetic1 & practical wants =m too d5se a /ubble to be m[n by any sci5tific ,occam's razor t has yet be5 =g$4 ,! knights ( ! razor w nev] =m among u m ?an a sect2 b :5 ,i see _! frat]nity increas+ 9 numb]s1 &1 :at is worse1 :5 ,i see _! negations acquir+ almo/ z mu* pre/ige & au?ority z _! affirmations legitimately claim ov] ! m9ds ( ! docile public1 ,i feel z if ! influ5ces work+ 9 ! direction ( our m5tal b>b>ization 7 #acc beg9n+ to be r /rong1 & ne$$ "s positive c\nt]action4 ,& :5 ,i ask myself f :at qu>t] ! invasion may be/ be *eck$1 ,i c f9d no answ] z good z ! "o sugge/$ by ca/+ my eyes ar\nd ?is room4 ,= ?is ne$ful task1 no fitt] body ( m5 ?an ! ,unit>ian cl]gy exi/s4 ,:o c uphold ! rights ( dep>tm5t ,?ree ( ! m9d ) bett] grace ?an ^? :o long s9ce %[$ h[ !y c\ld fight & suff] = dep>tm5t ,"o8 ,z1 !n1 y bur/ ! bonds ( a n>r[ ecclesia/ical tradition1 by insi/+ t no fact ( s5se or result ( sci5ce mu/ be left out ( acc\nt 9 ! religi\s syn!sis1 s may y /ill be ! *ampions ( m5tal complet5ess & all-sid$ness4 ,may y1 ) equal success1 av]t ! =mation ( a n>r[ sci5tific tradition1 & bur/ ! bonds ( any syn!sis :i* w\ld pret5d to leave out ( acc\nt ^? =ms ( be+1 ^? relations ( reality1 to :i* at pres5t our active & emotional t5d5cies are our only av5ues ( approa*4 ,i he> x said t ,unit>ianism is n gr[+ 9 ^! days4 ,i "k no?+ ( ! tru? ( ! /atem5t2 b if x be true1 x is surely because ! great %ip ( ,or?odoxy is ne>+ ! port & ! pilot is be+ tak5 on bo>d4 ,if y w only lead 9 a !i/ic sci5ce1 z successfully z y h l$ 9 a sci5tific !ology1 y\r sep>ate "n z ,unit>ians may p]i% f ! m\?s ( m52 = y\r task w h be5 done1 & y\r function at an end4 ,until t di/ant day1 y h "w en\gh 9 bo? directions await+ y4 ,mean:ile1 let me pass to ! next division ( our subject4 ,i said t we are =c$ to reg>d ,god z #acd ! normal object ( ! m9d's belief1 inasmu* z any conception t falls %ort ( ,god is irrational1 if ! ^w 'rational' be tak5 9 its fulle/ s5se2 :ile any conception t goes beyond ,god is impossible1 if ! human m9d be con/ruct$ aft] ! triadic-reflex patt]n we h discuss$ at su* l5g?4 ,! fir/ half ( ! !sis has be5 dispos$ (4 ,infra-!i/ic conceptions1 mat]ialisms & agno/icisms1 are irrational because !y are inadequate /imuli to man's practical nature4 ,i h n[ to ju/ify ! latt] half ( ! !sis4 ,i d>e say x may = an in/ant h p]plex$ "s ( y t ,i %\ld speak ( conceptions t aim$ at go+ beyond ,god1 & ( attempts to fly above him or outbid him2 s ,i w n[ expla9 exactly :at ,i mean4 ,9 def9+ ! ess5tial attributes ( ,god1 ,i said he 0 a p]sonality ly+ outside our own & o!r ?an u1--a p[] n ourselves4 ,n[1 ! attempts to fly beyond !ism1 ( :i* ,i speak1 are attempts to get ov] ?is ultimate duality ( ,god & 8 believ]1 & to trans=m x into "s sort or o!r ( id5tity4 ,if infra!i/ic ways ( look+ on ! _w leave x 9 ! ?ird p]son1 a m]e x2 & if !ism turns ! x into a ?\1--s we may say t ^! o!r !ories try to cov] x ) ! mantle ( ! fir/ p]son1 & to make x a "p ( me4 ,i am well aw>e t ,i beg9 "h to tread on gr\nd 9 :i* tr5*ant di/9ctions may easily seem to mutilate ! facts4 ,t s5se ( emotional reconciliation ) ,god :i* *>act]izes ! highe/ mom5ts ( ! !i/ic consci\sness may be describ$ z 'on5ess' ) him1 & s f ! v bosom ( !ism a #ace moni/ic doctr9e seem to arise4 ,b ?is consci\sness ( self-surr5d]1 ( absolute practical union betwe5 "o's self & ! div9e object ( "o's contemplation1 is a totally diff]5t ?+ f any sort ( sub/antial id5tity4 ,/ill ! object ,god & ! subject ,i are two4 ,/ill ,i simply come ^u him1 & f9d 8 exi/5ce giv5 to me2 & ! climax ( my practical union ) :at is giv51 =ms at ! same "t ! climax ( my p]ception t z a num]ical fact ( exi/5ce ,i am some?+ radically o!r ?an ! ,div9ity ) ^: effulg5ce ,i am fill$4 ,n[1 x seems to me t ! only sort ( union ( creature ) creator ) :i* !ism1 prop]ly s call$1 comports1 is ( ?is emotional & practical k9d2 & x is bas$ un*angeably on ! empirical fact t ! ?9k+ subject & ! object ?\ght are num]ically two4 ,h[ my m9d & w1 :i* are n ,god1 c yet cognize & leap to meet him1 h[ ,i ev] came to be s sep>ate f him1 & h[ ,god himself came to be at all1 are problems t = ! !i/ c rema9 unsolv$ & insoluble =ev]4 ,x is suffici5t = him to "k t he himself simply is1 & ne$s ,god2 & t beh9d ?is univ]se ,god simply is & w be =ev]1 & w 9 "s way he> 8 call4 ,9 ! practical assurance ( ^! empirical facts1 )\t ',erk5tnis/heorie' or philosophical ontology1 )\t metaphysics ( emanation or creation to ju/ify or make !m m intelligible1 9 ! bless$ness ( _! m]e ackn[l$gm5t z giv51 lie all ! peace & p[] he craves4 ,! floodgates ( ! religi\s life are op5$1 & ! full curr5ts c p\r ?r\gh4 ,x is ?is empirical & practical side ( ! !i/ic position1 its !oretic *a/ity & mode/y1 :i* ,i #acf wi% to acc5tuate "h4 ,! highe/ flights ( !i/ic my/icism1 f> f pret5d+ to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! me & ! ?\ 9 wor%ip1 & to transc5d ! dualism by an act ( intellig5ce1 simply turn _! backs on su* attempts4 ,! problem = !m has simply vani%$1--vani%$ f ! sight ( an attitude :i* refuses to notice su* futile !oretic difficulties4 ,get b t peace ( ,god :i* passe? und]/&+1 & ! que/ions ( ! und]/&+ w cease f puzzl+ & p$antic scruples be at re/4 ,9 o!r words1 !i/ic my/icism1 t =m ( !ism :i* at fir/ sight seems mo/ to h transc5d$ ! fundam5tal o!rness ( ,god f man1 has done x lea/ ( all 9 ! !oretic way4 ,! patt]n ( its proc$ure is precisely t ( ! simple/ man deal+ ) ! simple/ fact ( 8 environm5t4 ,bo? he & ! !i/ t>ry 9 dep>tm5t ,two ( _! m9ds only s long z is necess>y to def9e :at is ! pres5ce t confronts !m4 ,! !i/ decides t its "* is su* z to be fitly respond$ to on 8 "p by a religi\s reaction2 & into t reaction he =?) p\rs 8 s\l4 ,8 insight into ! :at ( life leads to results s imm$iately & intimately rational t ! :y1 ! h[1 & ! :5ce ( x are que/ions t lose all urg5cy4 ',gefhl i/ ,alles1' ,fau/ says4 ,! *annels ( dep>tm5t ,?ree h dra9$ ^? ( dep>tm5t ,two ( _! cont5ts2 & happ9ess ov] ! fact t be+ has made itself :at x is1 evacuates all speculation z to h[ x c\ld make itself at all4 ,b n[1 al?\gh to mo/ human m9ds su* a position z ?is w be ! position ( rational equilibrium1 x is n difficult to br+ =w>d c]ta9 #acg consid]ations1 9 ! light ( :i* s simple & practical a m5tal movem5t beg9s to seem r %ort-w9d$ & second-rate & devoid ( intellectual /yle4 ,?is easy acceptance ( an opaque limit to our speculative insight2 ?is satisfaction ) a ,be+ ^: "* we simply appreh5d )\t compreh5d+ any?+ m ab\t him1 & ) :om aft] a c]ta9 po9t our deal+s c be only ( a volitional & emotional sort2 above all1 ?is sitt+ d[n cont5t$ ) a blank unm$iat$ dualism1--are !y n ! v picture ( unfai?fulness to ! rights & duties ( our !oretic reason8 ,surely1 if ! univ]se is reasonable 7& we mu/ believe t x is s71 x mu/ be susceptible1 pot5tially at lea/1 ( be+ reason$ out to ! la/ drop )\t residuum4 ,is x n r an insult to ! v ^w 'rational' to say t ! rational "* ( ! univ]se & its creator means no m ?an t we practically feel at home 9 _! pres5ce1 & t our p[]s are a mat* = _! dem&s8 ,d !y n 9 fact dem& to be und]/ood by u /ill m ?an to be react$ on8 ,is n ! unp>allel$ developm5t ( dep>tm5t ,two ( ! m9d 9 man 8 cr[n+ glory & 8 v ess5ce2 & may n ! kn[+ ( ! tru? be 8 absolute vocation8 ,& if x is1 ought he flatly to acquiesce 9 a spiritual life ( 'reflex type1' ^: =m is no high] ?an t ( ! life t animates 8 sp9al cord1--nay1 inde$1 t animates ! wri?+ segm5ts ( any mutilat$ worm8 ,x is easy to see h[ su* argum5ts & qu]ies may result 9 ! erection ( an ideal ( our m5tal de/9y1 f> diff]5t f ! simple & practical religi\s "o we h describ$4 ,we may well beg9 #ach to ask :e!r su* ?+s z practical reactions c be ! f9al up%ot & purpose ( all our cognitive en]gy4 ,m]e outw>d acts1 *anges 9 ! position ( p>ts ( matt] 7= !y are no?+ else71 c !y possibly be ! culm9ation & consummation ( our relations ) ! nature ( ?+s8 ,c !y possibly =m a result to :i* our godlike p[]s ( insight %all be judg$ m]ely subs]vi5t8 ,su* an idea1 if we scan x closely1 soon beg9s to seem r absurd4 ,:5ce ?is piece ( matt] comes & :i!r t "o goes1 :at diff]5ce ought t to make to ! nature ( ?+s1 except s f> z ) ! com+s & ! go+s our wond]ful inw>d consci\s h>ve/ may be reap$8 ,& s1 v naturally & gradually1 "o may be l$ f ! !i/ic & practical po9t ( view to :at ,i %all call ! gno/ical "o4 ,we may ?9k t dep>tm5t ,?ree ( ! m9d1 ) its do+s ( "r & its do+s ( wrong1 mu/ be !re only to s]ve dep>tm5t ,two2 & we may suspect t ! sph]e ( our activity exi/s = no o!r purpose ?an to illum9e our cognitive consci\sness by ! exp]i5ce ( its results4 ,are n all s5se & all emotion at bottom b turbid & p]plex$ modes ( :at 9 its cl>ifi$ %ape is intellig5t cognition8 ,is n all exp]i5ce j ! eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 & no?+ m8 ,^! que/ions fan ! fire ( an unassuageable gno/ic ?ir/1 :i* is z f> remov$ f !ism 9 "o direction z agno/icism 0 remov$ f x 9 ! o!r2 & :i* aspires to no?+ less ?an an absolute unity ( k ) its object1 & refuses to be satisfi$ %ort ( a fusion & solution & saturation ( bo? impression & action ) reason1 & #aci an absorption ( all ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d into "o4 ,"t w\ld fail u to-day 7ev5 _h ,i ! le>n+1 :i* ,i h n7 to speak ( gno/ic sy/ems 9 detail4 ,! aim ( all ( !m is to %ad[ =? a sort ( process by :i* _s1 em]g+ f its beg9n+s & exhau/+ ! :ole circle ( f9ite exp]i5ce 9 its sweep1 %all at la/ return & possess itself z its own object at ! climax ( its c>e]4 ,?is climax is ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,at ! giddy height ( ?is conception1 ^: late/ & be/ kn[n =m is ! ,hegelian philosophy1 def9ite words fail to s]ve _! purpose2 & ! ultimate goal1--:]e object & subject1 wor%ipp$ & wor%ipp]1 facts & ! k ( !m1 fall into "o1 & :]e no o!r is left out/&+ beyond ?is "o t alone is1 & t we may call indiff]5tly act or fact1 reality or idea1 ,god or creation1--?is goal1 ,i say1 has to be adumbrat$ to our halt+ & gasp+ intellig5ce by co>se physical metaphors1 'posit+s' & 'self-return+s' & 'removals' & 'sett+s free1' :i* h>dly help to make ! matt] cle>4 ,b f ! mid/ ( ! curdl+ & ! circl+ ( x all we seem dimly to cat* a glimpse ( a /ate 9 :i* ! reality to be kn[n & ! p[] ( kn[+ %all h become s mutually adequate t ea* exhau/ively is absorb$ by ! o!r & ! twa9 become "o fle%1 & 9 :i* ! light %all someh[ h soak$ up all ! out] d>kness into its own ubiquit\s beams4 ,l all headlong ideals1 ?is apo!osis ( ! b>e conceiv+ faculty has its dep? & wildness1 its pang & its *>m4 ,to _m x s+s a truly sir5 /ra92 & s long z x is held only z a po/ulate1 z a m]e vani%+ #adj po9t to give p]spective to our intellectual aim1 x is h>d to see any empirical title by :i* we may d5y ! legitimacy ( gno/icism's claims4 ,t we are n z yet ne> ! goal x prefigures c nev] be a reason :y we might n cont9ue indef9itely to approa* x2 & to all sceptical argum5ts1 drawn f our reason's actual f9it5ess1 gno/icism c /ill oppose its indomitable fai? 9 ! inf9ite "* ( its pot5tial de/9y4 ,n[1 "h x is t ! physiologi/'s g5]alization1 z x seems to me1 may fairly come 91 & by rul+ any su* extravagant fai? out ( c\rt help to legitimate our p]sonal mi/ru/ ( its pret5sions4 ,i confess t ,i myself h always _h a great mi/ru/ ( ! pret5sions ( ! gno/ic fai?4 ,n only d ,i utt]ly fail to und]/& :at a cognitive faculty erect$ into ! absolute ( be+1 ) itself z its object1 c mean2 b ev5 if we grant x a be+ o!r ?an itself = object1 ,i _c reason myself out ( ! belief t h[ev] famili> & at home we might become ) ! "* ( t be+1 ! b>e be+ ( x1 ! fact t x is !re at all1 mu/ always be some?+ blankly giv5 & presuppos$ 9 ord] t conception may beg9 its "w2 mu/ 9 %ort lie beyond speculation1 & n be envelop$ 9 its sph]e4 ,accord+ly1 x is ) no small pleasure t z a /ud5t ( physiology & psy*ology ,i f9d ! only lesson ,i c le>n f ^! sci5ces to be "o t corroborates ^! convictions4 ,f its fir/ dawn to its highe/ actual atta9m5t1 we f9d t ! cognitive faculty1 :]e x appe>s to exi/ at all1 appe>s b z "o elem5t 9 an organic m5tal :ole1 & z a m9i/] to high] m5tal p[]s1--! p[]s #ada ( w4 ,su* a ?+ z its emancipation & absolution f ^! organic relations receives no fa9te/ color ( plausibility f any fact we c disc]n4 ,aris+ z a "p1 9 a m5tal & objective _w :i* are bo? l>g] ?an itself1 x mu/1 :atev] its p[]s ( gr[? may be 7& ,i am f> f wi%+ to disp>age !m71 rema9 a "p to ! end4 ,?is is ! "* ( ! cognitive elem5t 9 all ! m5tal life we "k1 & we h no reason to suppose t t "* w ev] *ange4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is m ?an probable t to ! end ( "t our p[] ( moral & volitional response to ! nature ( ?+s w be ! deepe/ organ ( communication !re) we %all ev] possess4 ,9 e be+ t is real !re is some?+ ext]nal to1 & sacr$ f1 ! grasp ( e o!r4 ,god's be+ is sacr$ f ours4 ,to co-op]ate ) 8 creation by ! be/ & righte/ response seems all he wants ( u4 ,9 su* co-op]ation ) 8 purposes1 n 9 any *im]ical speculative conque/ ( him1 n 9 any !oretic dr9k+ ( him up1 mu/ lie ! real mean+ ( our de/9y4 ,?is is no?+ new4 ,all m5 "k x at ^? r>e mom5ts :5 ! s\l sob]s h]self1 & leaves (f h] *att]+ & prote/+ & insi/+ ab\t ?is =mula or t4 ,9 ! sil5ce ( our !ories we !n seem to li/51 & to he> some?+ l ! pulse ( ,be+ beat2 & x is borne 9 ^u u t ! m]e turn+ ( ! "*1 ! dumb will+ness to suff] & to s]ve ?is univ]se1 is m ?an all !ories ab\t x put toge!r4 ,! mo/ any !ory ab\t x c d is to br+ u to t4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! acute/ !ories1 ! greate/ intellectual p[]1 ! mo/ elaborate education1 are a #adb %e] mock]y :51 z too (t5 happ5s1 !y fe$ mean motives & a n]veless w4 ,& x is equally c]ta9 t a resolute moral en]gy1 no matt] h[ in>ticulate or unequipp$ ) le>n+ its own] may be1 extorts f u a respect we %\ld nev] pay 7 we n satisfi$ t ! ess5tial root ( human p]sonality lay !re4 ,i h sket*$ my subject 9 ! briefe/ outl9es2 b /ill ,i hope y w agree t ,i h e/abli%$ my po9t1 & t ! physiological view ( m5tality1 s f> f invalidat+1 c b give aid & com=t to ! !i/ic attitude ( m9d4 ,betwe5 agno/icism & gno/icism1 !ism /&s midway1 & holds to :at is true 9 ea*4 ,) agno/icism1 x goes s f> z to confess t we _c "k h[ ,be+ made itself or u4 ,) gno/icism1 x goes s f> z to insi/ t we c "k ,be+'s "* :5 made1 & h[ x asks u to behave4 ,if any "o fe> t 9 insi/+ s /rongly t behavior is ! aim & end ( e s\nd philosophy ,i h curtail$ ! dignity & scope ( ! speculative function 9 u1 ,i c only reply t 9 ?is asc]ta9m5t ( ! "* ( ,be+ lies an almo/ inf9ite speculative task4 ,let ! volum9\s consid]ations by :i* all mod]n ?\ght conv]ges t[>d ideali/ic or pan-psy*ic conclusions speak = me4 ,let ! pages ( a ,hodgson1 ( a ,lotze1 ( a ,r5\vi]1 reply :e!r )9 ! limits drawn by purely empirical !ism ! speculative faculty f9ds n1 & %all n always f9d1 en\gh to d4 ,b d x little or mu*1 its place 9 a philosophy is always ! same1 & is set by ! /ructural =m ( ! m9d4 ,philosophies1 :e!r express$ 9 sonnets or #adc sy/ems1 all mu/ we> ?is =m4 ,! ?9k] />ts f "s exp]i5ce ( ! practical _w1 & asks its mean+4 ,he laun*es himself ^u ! speculative sea1 & makes a voyage long or %ort4 ,he asc5ds into ! empyrean1 & communes ) ! et]nal ess5ces4 ,b :atev] 8 a*ievem5ts & discov]ies be :ile gone1 ! utmo/ result !y c issue 9 is "s new practical maxim or resolve1 or ! d5ial ( "s old "o1 ) :i* inevitably he is soon] or lat] wa%$ a%ore on ! t]ra firma ( concrete life aga94 ,:atev] ?\ght takes ?is voyage is a philosophy4 ,we h se5 h[ !ism takes x4 ,& 9 ! philosophy ( a ?9k] :o1 ?\gh long neglect$1 is do+ mu* to r5ovate ! spiritual life ( 8 native ,france to-day 7,i mean ,*>les ,r5\vi]1 ^: writ+s ought to be bett] kn[n among u ?an !y are71 we h an in/ructive example ( ! way 9 :i* ?is v empirical elem5t 9 !ism1 its confession ( an ultimate opacity 9 ?+s1 ( a dim5sion ( be+ :i* escapes our !oretic control1 may sugge/ a mo/ def9ite practical conclusion1--?is "o1 namely1 t 'our wills are free4' ,i w say no?+ ( ,r5\vi]'s l9e ( reason+2 x is conta9$ 9 _m volumes :i* ,i e>ne/ly recomm5d to y\r att5tion4#aj ,b to en=ce my doctr9e t ! numb] ( volumes is n :at makes ! philosophy1 let me conclude by recall+ to y ! little poem ( ,t5nyson1 publi%$ la/ ye>1 9 :i* ! speculative voyage is made1 & ! same conclusion rea*$ 9 a few l9es3-- #add ,out ( ! deep1 my *ild1 out ( ! deep1 ,f t great deep be=e our _w beg9s1 ,:]eon ! ,_s ( ,god moves z he w1-- ,out ( ! deep1 my *ild1 out ( ! deep1 ,f t true _w )9 ! _w we see1 ,:]e( our _w is b ! b\nd+ %ore1-- ,out ( ! deep1 ,_s1 out ( ! deep1 ,) ?is n9? moon t s5ds ! hidd5 sun ,d[n yon d>k sea1 ?\ come/1 d>l+ boy4 ,= 9 ! _w :i* is n ours1 !y said1 ',let u make man1' & t :i* %\ld be man1 ,f t "o light no man c look ^u1 ,drew to ?is %ore lit by ! suns & moons ,& all ! %ad[s4 ,o de> ,_s1 half-lo/ ,9 ?9e own %ad[ & ?is fle%ly sign ,t ?\ art ?\1--:o waile/ be+ born ,& bani%'d into my/]y1444 444our mortal veil ,& %att]$ phantom ( t ,inf9ite ,"o1 ,:o made !e unconceivably ?yself ,out ( 8 :ole _w-self & all 9 all1-- ,live ?\1 & ( ! gra9 & husk1 ! grape ,& ivyb]ry1 *oose2 & /ill dep>t ,f dea? to dea? ?r\gh life & life1 & f9d ,ne>] & ev] ne>] ,him :o wr\ght ,n matt]1 nor ! f9ite-inf9ite1 ,b ?is ma9 miracle1 t ?\ art ?\1 ,) p[] on ?9e own act & on ! _w4 #a ,address deliv]$ to ! ,unit>ian ,m9i/]s' ,in/itute at ,pr9ceton1 ,mass41 #ahha1 & pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit>ian ,review = ,octob] ( t ye>4 #b ,see "s ,rem>ks on ,sp5c]'s ,def9ition ( ,m9d1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy = ,janu>y1 #ahgh4 #c ,no am\nt ( failure 9 ! attempt to subject ! _w ( s5sible exp]i5ce to a ?or\gh-go+ sy/em ( conceptions1 & to br+ all happ5+s back to cases ( immutably valid law1 is able to %ake our fai? 9 ! rightness ( our pr9ciples4 ,we hold fa/ to our dem& t ev5 ! greate/ app>5t confusion mu/ soon] or lat] solve itself 9 transp>5t =mulas4 ,we beg9 ! "w ev] afre%2 &1 refus+ to believe t nature w p]man5tly )hold ! rew>d ( our ex]tions1 ?9k r t we h hi!rto only fail$ to pu% !m 9 ! "r direction4 ,& all ?is p]t9acity fl[s f a conviction t we h no "r to r5\nce ! fulfilm5t ( our task4 ,:at1 9 %ort su/a9s ! c\rage ( inve/igators is ! =ce ( obligation ( an e?ical idea4 7,sigw>t3 ,logik1 bd4 ii41 p4 #bc47 ,?is is a true acc\nt ( ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,does x ess5tially diff] f ! _s ( religion8 ,& is any "o entitl$ to say 9 advance1 t1 :ile ! "o =m ( fai? %all be cr[n$ ) success1 ! o!r is c]ta9ly doom$ to fail8 #d ,conc]n+ ! trans=mation ( ! giv5 ord] into ! ord] ( conception1 see ,s4 ,h4 ,hodgson1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,reflection1 *ap4 v42 ,h4 ,lotze1 ,logik1 sects4 #cdb-cea2 ,c4 ,sigw>t1 ,logik1 sects4 #fj-fc1 #aje4 #e ,haeckel has rec5tly 7,d] ,monismus1 #ahic1 p4 #cg7 propos$ ! ,cosmic ,e!r z a div9ity fitt$ to reconcile sci5ce ) !i/ic fai?4 #f ,see ! admirably orig9al ,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 especially ! second pap]1 ,h[ to make our ,?\ghts cle>1 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,janu>y1 #ahgh4 #g ,on ?is subject1 see ! prec$+ ,essay4 #h ,z soon z x is recogniz$ t our ?\ght1 z logic deals ) x1 reposes on our w to ?9k1 ! primacy ( ! w1 ev5 9 ! !oretical sph]e1 mu/ be conc$$2 & ! la/ ( presuppositions is n m]ely ,kant's t ',i ?9k' mu/ accompany all my repres5tations1 b also t ',i w' mu/ dom9ate all my ?9k+4 7,sigw>t2 ,logik1 ll4 #be47 #i ,z our ance/ors said1 ,fiat ju/itia1 p]eat mundus1 s we1 :o d n believe 9 ju/ice or any absolute good1 mu/1 accord+ to ^! prophets1 be will+ to see ! _w p]i%1 9 ord] t sci5tia fiat4 ,0 !re ev] a m exquisite idol ( ! d51 or r ( ! %op8 ,9 ! clean sweep to be made ( sup]/itions1 let ! idol ( /]n obligation to be sci5tific g ) ! re/1 & p w h a fair *ance to und]/& "o ano!r4 ,b ?is bl[+ ( hot & ( cold makes no?+ b confusion4 #aj ,especially ! ,essais de ,critique ,gnrale1 #bme ,edition1 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,p>is1 #ahge2 & ! ,esquisse d'une ,classification ,sy/matique des ,doctr9es ,philosophiques1 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 #ade ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,det]m9ism4#a ,a common op9ion prevails t ! juice has ages ago be5 press$ out ( ! free-w controv]sy1 & t no new *ampion c d m ?an w>m up /ale argum5ts :i* e "o has he>d4 ,?is is a radical mi/ake4 ,i "k ( no subject less worn out1 or 9 :i* inv5tive g5ius has a bett] *ance ( break+ op5 new gr\nd1--n1 p]haps1 ( =c+ a conclusion or ( co]c+ ass5t1 b ( deep5+ our s5se ( :at ! issue betwe5 ! two p>ties really is1 ( :at ! ideas ( fate & ( free-w imply4 ,at our v side almo/1 9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 we h se5 fall+ 9 rapid succession f ! press works t pres5t ! alt]native 9 entirely novel lights4 ,n to speak ( ! ,engli% disciples ( ,hegel1 su* z ,gre5 & ,bradley2 n to speak ( ,h9ton & ,hodgson1 nor ( ,haz>d "h1--we see 9 ! writ+s ( ,r5\vi]1 ,f\ille1 & ,delboeuf#b h[ completely *ang$ & refre%$ is ! =m ( all ! old disputes4 ,i _c pret5d to vie 9 orig9ality ) any ( ! ma/]s ,i h nam$1 & my ambition limits itself to j "o little po9t4 ,if ,i c make two ( ! necess>ily impli$ coroll>ies #adf ( det]m9ism cle>] to y ?an !y h be5 made be=e1 ,i %all h made x possible = y to decide = or aga9/ t doctr9e ) a bett] und]/&+ ( :at y are ab\t4 ,& if y pref] n to decide at all1 b to rema9 d\bt]s1 y w at lea/ see m pla9ly :at ! subject ( y\r hesitation is4 ,i ?us disclaim op5ly on ! ?re%old all pret5sion to prove to y t ! fre$om ( ! w is true4 ,! mo/ ,i hope is to induce "s ( y to foll[ my own example 9 assum+ x true1 & act+ z if x 7 true4 ,if x be true1 x seems to me t ?is is involv$ 9 ! /rict logic ( ! case4 ,its tru? ought n to be =c$ willy-nilly d[n our indiff]5t ?roats4 ,x ought to be freely esp\s$ by m5 :o c equally well turn _! backs ^u x4 ,9 o!r words1 our fir/ act ( fre$om1 if we are free1 ought 9 all inw>d propriety to be to affirm t we are free4 ,?is %\ld exclude1 x seems to me1 f ! free-w side ( ! "q all hope ( a co]cive demon/ration1--a demon/ration :i* ,i1 = "o1 am p]fectly cont5t$ to g )\t4 ,) ?us mu* und]/ood at ! outset1 we c advance4 ,b n )\t "o m po9t und]/ood z well4 ,! argum5ts ,i am ab\t to urge all proce$ on two suppositions3 fir/1 :5 we make !ories ab\t ! _w & discuss !m ) "o ano!r1 we d s 9 ord] to atta9 a conception ( ?+s :i* %all give u subjective satisfaction2 &1 second1 if !re be two conceptions1 & ! "o seems to u1 on ! :ole1 m rational ?an ! o!r1 we are entitl$ to suppose t ! m rational "o is ! tru] ( ! two4 ,i hope t y are all will+ to make ^! suppositions ) me2 #adg = ,i am afraid t if !re be any ( y "h :o are n1 !y w f9d little edification 9 ! re/ ( :at ,i h to say4 ,i _c /op to argue ! po9t2 b ,i myself believe t all ! magnific5t a*ievem5ts ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce--our doctr9es ( evolution1 ( uni=mity ( law1 & ! re/--proce$ f our indomitable desire to ca/ ! _w into a m rational %ape 9 our m9ds ?an ! %ape into :i* x is ?r[n !re by ! crude ord] ( our exp]i5ce4 ,! _w has %[n itself1 to a great ext5t1 pla/ic to ?is dem& ( ours = rationality4 ,h[ mu* f>!r x w %[ itself pla/ic no "o c say4 ,our only means ( f9d+ out is to try2 & ,i1 = "o1 feel z free to try conceptions ( moral z ( me*anical or ( logical rationality4 ,if a c]ta9 =mula = express+ ! nature ( ! _w violates my moral dem&1 ,i %all feel z free to ?r[ x ov]bo>d1 or at lea/ to d\bt x1 z if x disappo9t$ my dem& = uni=mity ( sequ5ce1 = example2 ! "o dem& be+1 s f> z ,i c see1 q z subjective & emotional z ! o!r is4 ,! pr9ciple ( causality1 = example1--:at is x b a po/ulate1 an empty "n cov]+ simply a dem& t ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts %all "s day manife/ a deep] k9d ( belong+ ( "o ?+ ) ano!r ?an ! m]e arbitr>y juxtaposition :i* n[ ph5om5ally appe>s8 ,x is z mu* an alt> to an unkn[n god z ! "o t ,sa9t ,paul f\nd at ,a!ns4 ,all our sci5tific & philosophic ideals are alt>s to unkn[n gods4 ,uni=mity is z mu* s z is free-w4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 we c debate on ev5 t]ms4 ,b if any "o pret5ds t :ile fre$om & v>iety are1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 subjective dem&s1 necessity & uni=mity are some?+ #adh altoge!r diff]5t1 ,i d n see h[ we c debate at all4#c ,to beg91 !n1 ,i mu/ suppose y acqua9t$ ) all ! usual argum5ts on ! subject4 ,i _c /op to take up ! old pro(s f causation1 f /ati/ics1 f ! c]ta9ty ) :i* we c =etell "o ano!r's conduct1 f ! fixity ( "*1 & all ! re/4 ,b !re are two words :i* usually encumb] ^! classical argum5ts1 #adi & :i* we mu/ imm$iately dispose ( if we are to make any progress4 ,"o is ! eulogi/ic ^w fre$om1 & ! o!r is ! opprobri\s ^w *ance4 ,! ^w '*ance' ,i wi% to keep1 b ,i wi% to get rid ( ! ^w 'fre$om4' ,its eulogi/ic associations h s f> ov]%ad[$ all ! re/ ( its mean+ t bo? p>ties claim ! sole "r to use x1 & det]m9i/s to-day insi/ t !y alone are fre$om's *ampions4 ,old-fa%ion$ det]m9ism 0 :at we may call h>d det]m9ism4 ,x did n %r9k f su* words z fatality1 bondage ( ! w1 necessitation1 & ! l4 ,n[adays1 we h a s(t det]m9ism :i* abhors h>% words1 &1 repudiat+ fatality1 necessity1 & ev5 pr$et]m9ation1 says t its real "n is fre$om2 = fre$om is only necessity und]/ood1 & bondage to ! highe/ is id5tical ) true fre$om4 ,ev5 a writ] z little us$ to mak+ capital out ( s(t words z ,mr4 ,hodgson hesitates n to call himself a 'free-w det]m9i/4' ,n[1 all ?is is a quagmire ( evasion "u :i* ! real issue ( fact has be5 entirely smo!r$4 ,fre$om 9 all ^! s5ses pres5ts simply no problem at all4 ,no matt] :at ! s(t det]m9i/ mean by x1--:e!r he mean ! act+ )\t ext]nal con/ra9t2 :e!r he mean ! act+ rightly1 or :e!r he mean ! acquiesc+ 9 ! law ( ! :ole1--:o _c answ] him t sometimes we are free & sometimes we are n8 ,b !re is a problem1 an issue ( fact & n ( words1 an issue ( ! mo/ mom5t\s importance1 :i* is (t5 decid$ )\t discussion 9 "o s5t5ce1--nay1 9 "o clause ( a s5t5ce1--by ^? v writ]s :o sp9 out :ole *apt]s 9 _! ef=ts to %[ #aej :at 'true' fre$om is2 & t is ! "q ( det]m9ism1 ab\t :i* we are to talk to-night4 ,=tunately1 no ambiguities hang ab\t ?is ^w or ab\t its opposite1 indet]m9ism4 ,bo? designate an outw>d way 9 :i* ?+s may happ51 & _! cold & ma!matical s\nd has no s5tim5tal associations t c bribe our p>tiality ei!r way 9 advance4 ,n[1 evid5ce ( an ext]nal k9d to decide betwe5 det]m9ism & indet]m9ism is1 z ,i intimat$ a :ile back1 /rictly impossible to f9d4 ,let u look at ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & see = ourselves4 ,:at does det]m9ism pr(ess8 ,x pr(esses t ^? p>ts ( ! univ]se already laid d[n absolutely appo9t & decree :at ! o!r p>ts %all be4 ,! future has no ambigu\s possibilities hidd5 9 its womb3 ! "p we call ! pres5t is compatible ) only "o totality4 ,any o!r future complem5t ?an ! "o fix$ f et]nity is impossible4 ,! :ole is 9 ea* & e "p1 & welds x ) ! re/ into an absolute unity1 an iron block1 9 :i* !re c be no equivocation or %ad[ ( turn+4 ,) e>?'s fir/ clay !y did ! la/ man knead1 ,& !re ( ! la/ h>ve/ s[$ ! se$4 ,& ! fir/ morn+ ( creation wrote ,:at ! la/ dawn ( reckon+ %all read4 ,indet]m9ism1 on ! contr>y1 says t ! p>ts h a c]ta9 am\nt ( loose play on "o ano!r1 s t ! lay+ d[n ( "o ( !m does n necess>ily det]m9e :at ! o!rs %all be4 ,x admits t possibilities may be 9 excess ( actualities1 & t ?+s n yet reveal$ to our k may really 9 !mselves be ambigu\s4 ,( two #aea alt]native futures :i* we conceive1 bo? may n[ be really possible2 & ! "o become impossible only at ! v mom5t :5 ! o!r excludes x by becom+ real itself4 ,indet]m9ism ?us d5ies ! _w to be "o unb5d+ unit ( fact4 ,x says !re is a c]ta9 ultimate pluralism 9 x2 &1 s say+1 x corroborates our ord9>y unsophi/icat$ view ( ?+s4 ,to t view1 actualities seem to float 9 a wid] sea ( possibilities f out ( :i* !y are *os52 &1 some:]e1 indet]m9ism says1 su* possibilities exi/1 & =m a "p ( tru?4 ,det]m9ism1 on ! contr>y1 says !y exi/ n[h]e1 & t necessity on ! "o h& & impossibility on ! o!r are ! sole categories ( ! real4 ,possibilities t fail to get realiz$ are1 = det]m9ism1 pure illusions3 !y nev] 7 possibilities at all4 ,!re is no?+ in*oate1 x says1 ab\t ?is univ]se ( ours1 all t 0 or is or %all be actual 9 x hav+ be5 f et]nity virtually !re4 ,! cl\d ( alt]natives our m9ds escort ?is mass ( actuality )al is a cl\d ( %e] deceptions1 to :i* 'impossibilities' is ! only "n t rightfully belongs4 ,! issue1 x w be se51 is a p]fectly %>p "o1 :i* no eulogi/ic t]m9ology c sme> ov] or wipe out4 ,! tru? mu/ lie ) "o side or ! o!r1 & its ly+ ) "o side makes ! o!r false4 ,! "q relates solely to ! exi/5ce ( possibilities1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 z ?+s t may1 b ne$ n1 be4 ,bo? sides admit t a volition1 = in/ance1 has occurr$4 ,! indet]m9i/s say ano!r volition might h occurr$ 9 its place2 ! det]m9i/s swe> t no?+ c\ld possibly #aeb h occurr$ 9 its place4 ,n[1 c sci5ce be call$ 9 to tell u :i* ( ^! two po9t-blank contradict]s ( ea* o!r is "r8 ,sci5ce pr(esses to draw no conclusions b su* z are bas$ on matt]s ( fact1 ?+s t h actually happ5$2 b h[ c any am\nt ( assurance t some?+ actually happ5$ give u ! lea/ gra9 ( in=mation z to :e!r ano!r ?+ might or might n h happ5$ 9 its place8 ,only facts c be prov$ by o!r facts4 ,) ?+s t are possibilities & n facts1 facts h no conc]n4 ,if we h no o!r evid5ce ?an ! evid5ce ( exi/+ facts1 ! possibility-"q mu/ rema9 a my/]y nev] to be cle>$ up4 ,& ! tru? is t facts practically h h>dly any?+ to d ) mak+ u ei!r det]m9i/s or indet]m9i/s4 ,sure en\gh1 we make a fl\ri% ( quot+ facts ?is way or t2 & if we are det]m9i/s1 we talk ab\t ! infallibility ) :i* we c pr$ict "o ano!r's conduct2 :ile if we are indet]m9i/s1 we lay great /ress on ! fact t x is j because we _c =etell "o ano!r's conduct1 ei!r 9 w> or /atecraft or 9 any ( ! great & small intrigues & bus9esses ( m51 t life is s int5sely anxi\s & haz>d\s a game4 ,b :o does n see ! wret*$ insuffici5cy ( ?is s-call$ objective te/imony on bo? sides8 ,:at fills up ! gaps 9 our m9ds is some?+ n objective1 n ext]nal4 ,:at divides u into possibility m5 & anti-possibility m5 is diff]5t fai?s or po/ulates1--po/ulates ( rationality4 ,to ?is man ! _w seems m rational ) possibilities 9 x1--to t man m rational ) possibilities exclud$2 & talk z we w ab\t hav+ to yield to #aec evid5ce1 :at makes u moni/s or plurali/s1 det]m9i/s or indet]m9i/s1 is at bottom always "s s5tim5t l ?is4 ,! /ronghold ( ! det]m9i/ic s5tim5t is ! antipa?y to ! idea ( *ance4 ,z soon z we beg9 to talk indet]m9ism to our fri5ds1 we f9d a numb] ( !m %ak+ _! heads4 ,?is notion ( alt]native possibility1 !y say1 ?is admission t any "o ( sev]al ?+s may come to pass1 is1 aft] all1 only a r\ndab\t "n = *ance2 & *ance is some?+ ! notion ( :i* no sane m9d c = an in/ant tol]ate 9 ! _w4 ,:at is x1 !y ask1 b b>efac$ crazy unreason1 ! negation ( intelligibility & law8 ,& if ! slighte/ p>ticle ( x exi/ any:]e1 :at is to prev5t ! :ole fabric f fall+ toge!r1 ! />s f go+ out1 & *aos f recomm5c+ h] topsy-turvy reign8 ,rem>ks ( ?is sort ab\t *ance w put an end to discussion z quickly z any?+ "o c f9d4 ,i h already told y t '*ance' 0 a ^w ,i wi%$ to keep & use4 ,let u !n exam9e exactly :at x means1 & see :e!r x ought to be su* a t]rible bugbe> to u4 ,i fancy t squeez+ ! ?i/le boldly w rob x ( its /+4 ,! /+ ( ! ^w '*ance' seems to lie 9 ! assumption t x means some?+ positive1 & t if any?+ happ5s by *ance1 x mu/ ne$s be some?+ ( an intr9sically irrational & prepo/]\s sort4 ,n[1 *ance means no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is a purely negative & relative t]m1#d giv+ u #aed no in=mation ab\t t ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 except t x happ5s to be disconnect$ ) some?+ else1--n controll$1 secur$1 or necessitat$ by o!r ?+s 9 advance ( its own actual pres5ce4 ,z ?is po9t is ! mo/ subtile "o ( ! :ole lecture1 & at ! same "t ! po9t on :i* all ! re/ h+es1 ,i beg y to pay p>ticul> att5tion to x4 ,:at ,i say is t x tells u no?+ ab\t :at a ?+ may be 9 itself to call x '*ance4' ,x may be a bad ?+1 x may be a good ?+4 ,x may be lucidity1 transp>5cy1 fitness inc>nate1 mat*+ ! :ole sy/em ( o!r ?+s1 :5 x has once befall51 9 an unimag9ably p]fect way4 ,all y mean by call+ x '*ance' is t ?is is n gu>ante$1 t x may also fall out o!rwise4 ,= ! sy/em ( o!r ?+s has no positive hold on ! *ance-?+4 ,its orig9 is 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion negative3 x escapes1 & says1 ,h&s (f6 com+1 :5 x comes1 z a free gift1 or n at all4 ,?is negativ5ess1 h[ev]1 & ?is opacity ( ! *ance-?+ :5 ?us consid]$ ab4 extra1 or f ! po9t ( view ( previ\s ?+s or di/ant ?+s1 d n preclude its hav+ any am\nt ( positiv5ess & lum9osity f )91 & at its own place & mom5t4 ,all t its *ance-"* ass]ts ab\t x is t !re is some?+ 9 x really ( its own1 some?+ t is n ! unconditional prop]ty ( ! :ole4 ,if ! :ole wants ?is prop]ty1 ! :ole mu/ wait till x c get x1 if x be a matt] ( *ance4 ,t ! univ]se may actually be a sort ( jo9t-/ock society ( ?is sort1 9 :i* ! %>]s h bo? limit$ liabilities & limit$ p[]s1 is ( c\rse a simple & conceivable notion4 ,nev]!less1 _m p]sons talk z if ! m9ute/ #aee dose ( disconnect$ness ( "o "p ) ano!r1 ! smalle/ modicum ( indep5d5ce1 ! fa9te/ tremor ( ambiguity ab\t ! future1 = example1 w\ld ru9 ev]y?+1 & turn ?is goodly univ]se into a sort ( insane s&-heap or nulliv]se1 no univ]se at all4 ,s9ce future human volitions are z a matt] ( fact ! only ambigu\s ?+s we are tempt$ to believe 91 let u /op = a mom5t to make ourselves sure :e!r _! indep5d5t & accid5tal "* ne$ be fraught ) su* direful consequ5ces to ! univ]se z ^!4 ,:at is meant by say+ t my *oice ( :i* way to walk home aft] ! lecture is ambigu\s & matt] ( *ance z f> z ! pres5t mom5t is conc]n$8 ,x means t bo? ,div9ity ,av5ue & ,ox=d ,/reet are call$2 b t only "o1 & t "o ei!r "o1 %all be *os54 ,n[1 ,i ask y s]i\sly to suppose t ?is ambiguity ( my *oice is real2 & !n to make ! impossible hypo!sis t ! *oice is made twice ov]1 & ea* "t falls on a diff]5t /reet4 ,9 o!r words1 imag9e t ,i fir/ walk ?r\gh ,div9ity ,av5ue1 & !n imag9e t ! p[]s gov]n+ ! univ]se annihilate t5 m9utes ( "t ) all t x conta9$1 & set me back at ! door ( ?is hall j z ,i 0 be=e ! *oice 0 made4 ,imag9e !n t1 ev]y?+ else be+ ! same1 ,i n[ make a diff]5t *oice & trav]se ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,y1 z passive spectators1 look on & see ! two alt]native univ]ses1--"o ( !m ) me walk+ ?r\gh ,div9ity ,av5ue 9 x1 ! o!r ) ! same me walk+ ?r\gh ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,n[1 if y are det]m9i/s y believe "o ( ^! univ]ses to h be5 f et]nity impossible3 y believe x to h #aef be5 impossible because ( ! intr9sic irrationality or accid5tality some:]e involv$ 9 x4 ,b look+ outw>dly at ^! univ]ses1 c y say :i* is ! impossible & accid5tal "o1 & :i* ! rational & necess>y "o8 ,i d\bt if ! mo/ iron-clad det]m9i/ among y c\ld h ! slighte/ glimm] ( light on ?is po9t4 ,9 o!r words1 ei!r univ]se aft] ! fact & once !re w\ld1 to our means ( obs]vation & und]/&+1 appe> j z rational z ! o!r4 ,!re w\ld be absolutely no crit]ion by :i* we might judge "o necess>y & ! o!r matt] ( *ance4 ,suppose n[ we relieve ! gods ( _! hypo!tical task & assume my *oice1 once made1 to be made =ev]4 ,i g ?r\gh ,div9ity ,av5ue = good & all4 ,if1 z good det]m9i/s1 y n[ beg9 to affirm1 :at all good det]m9i/s punctually d affirm1 t 9 ! nature ( ?+s ,i c\ldn't h gone ?r\gh ,ox=d ,/reet1--_h ,i done s x w\ld h be5 *ance1 irrationality1 insanity1 a horrid gap 9 nature1--,i simply call y\r att5tion to ?is1 t y\r affirmation is :at ! ,g]mans call a ,ma*tspru*1 a m]e conception fulm9at$ z a dogma & bas$ on no insight into details4 ,be=e my *oice1 ei!r /reet seem$ z natural to y z to me4 ,_h ,i happ5$ to take ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,div9ity ,av5ue w\ld h figur$ 9 y\r philosophy z ! gap 9 nature2 & y w\ld h s proclaim$ x ) ! be/ det]m9i/ic consci5ce 9 ! _w4 ,b :at a holl[ outcry1 !n1 is ?is aga9/ a *ance :i*1 if x 7 pres5t to u1 we c\ld by no "* :atev] di/+ui% f a rational necessity6 ,i h tak5 ! mo/ trivial ( examples1 b no possible example c\ld lead to any diff]5t #aeg result4 ,= :at are ! alt]natives :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 (f] !mselves to human volition8 ,:at are ^? futures t n[ seem matt]s ( *ance8 ,are !y n "o & all l ! ,div9ity ,av5ue & ,ox=d ,/reet ( our example8 ,are !y n all ( !m k9ds ( ?+s already "h & bas$ 9 ! exi/+ frame ( nature8 ,is any "o ev] tempt$ to produce an absolute accid5t1 some?+ utt]ly irrelevant to ! re/ ( ! _w8 ,d n all ! motives t assail u1 all ! futures t (f] !mselves to our *oice1 spr+ equally f ! soil ( ! pa/2 & w\ld n ei!r "o ( !m1 :e!r realiz$ ?r\gh *ance or ?r\gh necessity1 ! mom5t x 0 realiz$1 seem to u to fit t pa/1 & 9 ! complete/ & mo/ cont9u\s mann] to int]digitate ) ! ph5om5a already !re8#e ,! m "o ?9ks ( ! matt]1 ! m "o wond]s t s empty & gratuit\s a hubbub z ?is outcry aga9/ *ance %\ld h f\nd s great an e*o 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,x is a ^w :i* tells u absolutely no?+ ab\t :at *ances1 or ab\t ! modus op]&i ( ! *anc+2 & ! use ( x z a w>-cry %[s only a temp] ( #aeh intellectual absolutism1 a dem& t ! _w %all be a solid block1 subject to "o control1--:i* temp]1 :i* dem&1 ! _w may n be b\nd to gratify at all4 ,9 e outw>dly v]ifiable & practical respect1 a _w 9 :i* ! alt]natives t n[ actually di/ract y\r *oice 7 decid$ by pure *ance w\ld be by me absolutely undi/+ui%$ f ! _w 9 :i* ,i n[ live4 ,i am1 !re=e1 entirely will+ to call x1 s f> z y\r *oices g1 a _w ( *ance = me4 ,to y\rselves1 x is true1 ^? v acts ( *oice1 :i* to me are s bl9d1 opaque1 & ext]nal1 are ! opposites ( ?is1 = y are )9 !m & effect !m4 ,to y !y appe> z decisions2 & decisions1 = him :o makes !m1 are altoge!r peculi> psy*ic facts4 ,self-lum9\s & self-ju/ify+ at ! liv+ mom5t at :i* !y occur1 !y appeal to no outside mom5t to put its /amp ^u !m or make !m cont9u\s ) ! re/ ( nature4 ,!mselves x is r :o seem to make nature cont9u\s2 & 9 _! /range & int5se function ( grant+ cons5t to "o possibility & )hold+ x f ano!r1 to trans=m an equivocal & d\ble future into an inalt]able & simple pa/4 ,b ) ! psy*ology ( ! matt] we h no conc]n ?is ev5+4 ,! qu>rel :i* det]m9ism has ) *ance =tunately has no?+ to d ) ?is or t psy*ological detail4 ,x is a qu>rel altoge!r metaphysical4 ,det]m9ism d5ies ! ambiguity ( future volitions1 because x affirms t no?+ future c be ambigu\s4 ,b we h said en\gh to meet ! issue4 ,indet]m9ate future volitions d mean *ance4 ,let u n fe> to %\t x f ! h\se-tops if ne$ be2 = we n[ "k t #aei ! idea ( *ance is1 at bottom1 exactly ! same ?+ z ! idea ( gift1--! "o simply be+ a disp>ag+1 & ! o!r a eulogi/ic1 "n = any?+ on :i* we h no effective claim4 ,& :e!r ! _w be ! bett] or ! worse = hav+ ei!r *ances or gifts 9 x w dep5d altoge!r on :at ^! unc]ta9 & unclaimable ?+s turn out to be4 ,& ?is at la/ br+s u )9 sight ( our subject4 ,we h se5 :at det]m9ism means3 we h se5 t indet]m9ism is rightly describ$ z mean+ *ance2 & we h se5 t *ance1 ! v "n ( :i* we are urg$ to %r9k f z f a metaphysical pe/il5ce1 means only ! negative fact t no "p ( ! _w1 h[ev] big1 c claim to control absolutely ! de/9ies ( ! :ole4 ,b al?\gh1 9 discuss+ ! ^w '*ance1' ,i may at mom5ts h seem$ to be argu+ = its real exi/5ce1 ,i h n meant to d s yet4 ,we h n yet asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is be a _w ( *ance or no2 at mo/1 we h agre$ t x seems s4 ,& ,i n[ repeat :at ,i said at ! outset1 t1 f any /rict !oretical po9t ( view1 ! "q is insoluble4 ,to deep5 our !oretic s5se ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a _w ) *ances 9 x & a det]m9i/ic _w is ! mo/ ,i c hope to d2 & ?is ,i may n[ at la/ beg9 ^u1 aft] all our t$i\s cle>+ ( ! way4 ,i wi% fir/ ( all to %[ y j :at ! notion t ?is is a det]m9i/ic _w implies4 ,! implications ,i call y\r att5tion to are all b\nd up ) ! fact t x is a _w 9 :i* we con/antly h to make :at ,i %all1 ) y\r p]mission1 call judgm5ts ( regret4 ,h>dly an h\r passes 9 #afj :i* we d n wi% t some?+ might be o!rwise2 & happy inde$ are ^? ( u ^: he>ts h nev] e*o$ ! wi% ( ,om> ,khayam-- ,t we might clasp1 ere clos$1 ! book ( fate1 ,& make ! writ] on a fair] leaf ,inscribe our names1 or q oblit]ate4 ,ah6 ,love1 c\ld y & ,i ) fate conspire ,to m5d ?is sorry s*eme ( ?+s entire1 ,w\ld we n %att] x to bits1 & !n ,rem\ld x ne>] to ! he>t's desire8 ,n[1 x is und5iable t mo/ ( ^! regrets are fooli%1 & q on a p> 9 po9t ( philosophic value ) ! criticisms on ! univ]se ( t fri5d ( our infancy1 ! h]o ( ! fable ,! ,a!i/ & ! ,acorn1-- ,fool6 _h t b\gh a pumpk9 bore1 ,?y :imsies w\ld h work$ no m1 etc4 ,ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( our own ends1 we %\ld probably make a bot* ( remodell+ ! univ]se4 ,h[ mu* m !n f ! po9t ( view ( ends we _c see6 ,wise m5 !re=e regret z little z !y c4 ,b /ill "s regrets are pretty ob/9ate & h>d to /ifle1--regrets = acts ( wanton cruelty or trea*]y1 = example1 :e!r p]=m$ by o!rs or by ourselves4 ,h>dly any "o c rema9 entirely optimi/ic aft] read+ ! confession ( ! murd]] at ,brockton ! o!r day3 h[1 to get rid ( ! wife ^: cont9u$ exi/5ce bor$ him1 he inveigl$ h] into a des]t spot1 %ot h] f\r times1 & !n1 z %e lay on ! gr\nd & said to him1 ,y didn't d x on purpose1 did y1 de>8 repli$1 ,no1 ,i #afa didn't d x on purpose1 z he rais$ a rock & sma%$ h] skull4 ,su* an occurr5ce1 ) ! mild s5t5ce & self-satisfaction ( ! prison]1 is a field = a crop ( regrets1 :i* "o ne$ n take up 9 detail4 ,we feel t1 al?\gh a p]fect me*anical fit to ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 x is a bad moral fit1 & t some?+ else w\ld really h be5 bett] 9 its place4 ,b = ! det]m9i/ic philosophy ! murd]1 ! s5t5ce1 & ! prison]'s optimism 7 all necess>y f et]nity2 & no?+ else = a mom5t _h a gho/ ( a *ance ( be+ put into _! place4 ,to admit su* a *ance1 ! det]m9i/s tell u1 w\ld be to make a suicide ( reason2 s we mu/ /eel our he>ts aga9/ ! ?\ght4 ,& "h our plot ?ick5s1 = we see ! fir/ ( ^? difficult implications ( det]m9ism & monism :i* x is my purpose to make y feel4 ,if ?is ,brockton murd] 0 call$ = by ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 if x _h to come at its preappo9t$ h\r1 & if no?+ else w\ld h be5 consi/5t ) ! s5se ( ! :ole1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! univ]se8 ,are we /ubbornly to /ick to our judgm5t ( regret1 & say1 ?\gh x c\ldn't be1 yet x w\ld h be5 a bett] univ]se ) some?+ diff]5t f ?is ,brockton murd] 9 x8 ,t1 ( c\rse1 seems ! natural & spontane\s ?+ = u to d2 & yet x is no?+ %ort ( delib]ately esp\s+ a k9d ( pessimism4 ,! judgm5t ( regret calls ! murd] bad4 ,call+ a ?+ bad means1 if x mean any?+ at all1 t ! ?+ ought n to be1 t some?+ else ought to be 9 its /ead4 ,det]m9ism1 9 d5y+ t any?+ else c be 9 its /ead1 virtually def9es ! univ]se #afb z a place 9 :i* :at ought to be is impossible1--9 o!r words1 z an organism ^: con/itution is afflict$ ) an incurable ta9t1 an irrem$iable flaw4 ,! pessimism ( a ,s*op5hau] says no m ?an ?is1--t ! murd] is a symptom2 & t x is a vici\s symptom because x belongs to a vici\s :ole1 :i* c express its nature no o!rwise ?an by br++ =? j su* a symptom z t at ?is p>ticul> spot4 ,regret = ! murd] mu/ trans=m itself1 if we are det]m9i/s & wise1 into a l>g] regret4 ,x is absurd to regret ! murd] alone4 ,o!r ?+s be+ :at !y are1 x c\ld n be diff]5t4 ,:at we %\ld regret is t :ole frame ( ?+s ( :i* ! murd] is "o memb]4 ,i see no escape :atev] f ?is pessimi/ic conclusion1 if1 be+ det]m9i/s1 our judgm5t ( regret is to be all[$ to /& at all4 ,! only det]m9i/ic escape f pessimism is ev]y:]e to ab&on ! judgm5t ( regret4 ,t ?is c be done1 hi/ory %[s to be n impossible4 ,! devil1 quoad exi/5tiam1 may be good4 ,t is1 al?\gh he be a pr9ciple ( evil1 yet ! univ]se1 ) su* a pr9ciple 9 x1 may practically be a bett] univ]se ?an x c\ld h be5 )\t4 ,on e h&1 9 a small way1 we f9d t a c]ta9 am\nt ( evil is a condition by :i* a high] =m ( good is b\ght4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t anybody f g5]aliz+ ?is view1 & tru/+ t if we c\ld b see ?+s 9 ! l>ge/ ( all ways1 ev5 su* matt]s z ?is ,brockton murd] w\ld appe> to be paid = by ! uses t foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,an optimism qu& mme1 a sy/ematic & infatuat$ optimism l t ridicul$ by ,voltaire 9 8 ,c&ide1 is "o ( ! possible #afc ideal ways 9 :i* a man may tra9 himself to look on life4 ,b]eft ( dogmatic h>dness & lit up ) ! expression ( a t5d] & pa!tic hope1 su* an optimism has be5 ! grace ( "s ( ! mo/ religi\s *>act]s t ev] liv$4 ,?rob ?9e ) ,nature's ?robb+ brea/1 ,& all is cle> f ea/ to we/4 ,ev5 cruelty & trea*]y may be among ! absolutely bless$ fruits ( "t1 & to qu>rel ) any ( _! details may be blasphemy4 ,! only real blasphemy1 9 %ort1 may be t pessimi/ic temp] ( ! s\l :i* lets x give way to su* ?+s z regrets1 remorse1 & grief4 ,?us1 our det]m9i/ic pessimism may become a det]m9i/ic optimism at ! price ( ext+ui%+ our judgm5ts ( regret4 ,b does n ?is imm$iately br+ u into a curi\s logical pr$icam5t8 ,our det]m9ism leads u to call our judgm5ts ( regret wrong1 because !y are pessimi/ic 9 imply+ t :at is impossible yet ought to be4 ,b h[ !n ab\t ! judgm5ts ( regret !mselves8 ,if !y are wrong1 o!r judgm5ts1 judgm5ts ( approval presumably1 ought to be 9 _! place4 ,b z !y are necessitat$1 no?+ else c be 9 _! place2 & ! univ]se is j :at x 0 be=e1--namely1 a place 9 :i* :at ought to be appe>s impossible4 ,we h got "o foot out ( ! pessimi/ic bog1 b ! o!r "o s9ks all ! deep]4 ,we h rescu$ our actions f ! bonds ( evil1 b our judgm5ts are n[ held fa/4 ,:5 murd]s & trea*]ies cease to be s9s1 regrets are !oretic absurdities & errors4 ,! !oretic & ! active life ?us play a k9d ( #afd see-saw ) ea* o!r on ! gr\nd ( evil4 ,! rise ( ei!r s5ds ! o!r d[n4 ,murd] & trea*]y _c be good )\t regret be+ bad3 regret _c be good )\t trea*]y & murd] be+ bad4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are suppos$ to h be5 =$oom$2 s some?+ mu/ be fatally unreasonable1 absurd1 & wrong 9 ! _w4 ,x mu/ be a place ( :i* ei!r s9 or error =ms a necess>y "p4 ,f ?is dilemma !re seems at fir/ sight no escape4 ,are we !n s soon to fall back into ! pessimism f :i* we ?\ght we _h em]g$8 ,& is !re no possible way by :i* we may1 ) good intellectual consci5ces1 call ! cruelties & ! trea*]ies1 ! reluctances & ! regrets1 all good toge!r8 ,c]ta9ly !re is su* a way1 & y are probably mo/ ( y ready to =mulate x y\rselves4 ,b1 be=e do+ s1 rem>k h[ inevitably ! "q ( det]m9ism & indet]m9ism slides u into ! "q ( optimism & pessimism1 or1 z our fa!rs call$ x1 '! "q ( evil4' ,! !ological =m ( all ^! disputes is ! simple/ & ! deepe/1 ! =m f :i* !re is ! lea/ escape1--n because1 z "s h s>ca/ically said1 remorse & regret are clung to ) a morbid fondness by ! !ologians z spiritual luxuries1 b because !y are exi/+ facts ( ! _w1 & z su* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! det]m9i/ic int]pretation ( all t is fat$ to be4 ,if !y are fat$ to be error1 does n ! bat's w+ ( irrationality /ill ca/ its %ad[ ov] ! _w8 ,! refuge f ! qu&>y lies1 z ,i said1 n f> (f4 ,! necess>y acts we errone\sly regret #afe may be good1 & yet our error 9 s regrett+ !m may be also good1 on "o simple condition2 & t condition is ?is3 ,! _w mu/ n be reg>d$ z a ma*9e ^: f9al purpose is ! mak+ real ( any outw>d good1 b r z a contrivance = deep5+ ! !oretic consci\sness ( :at goodness & evil 9 _! intr9sic natures are4 ,n ! do+ ei!r ( good or ( evil is :at nature c>es =1 b ! kn[+ ( !m4 ,life is "o long eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k4 ,i am 9 ! habit1 9 ?9k+ to myself1 ( call+ ?is po9t ( view ! gno/ical po9t ( view4 ,accord+ to x1 ! _w is nei!r an optimism nor a pessimism1 b a gno/icism4 ,b z ?is t]m may p]haps lead to "s misund]/&+s1 ,i w use x z little z possible "h1 & speak r ( subjectivism1 & ! subjectivi/ic po9t ( view4 ,subjectivism has ?ree great bran*es1--we may call !m sci5tificism1 s5tim5talism1 & s5sualism1 respectively4 ,!y all agree ess5tially ab\t ! univ]se1 9 deem+ t :at happ5s !re is subsidi>y to :at we ?9k or feel ab\t x4 ,crime ju/ifies its crim9ality by awak5+ our intellig5ce ( t crim9ality1 & ev5tually our remorses & regrets2 & ! error includ$ 9 remorses & regrets1 ! error ( suppos+ t ! pa/ c\ld h be5 diff]5t1 ju/ifies itself by its use4 ,its use is to quick5 our s5se ( :at ! irretrievably lo/ is4 ,:5 we ?9k ( x z t :i* might h be5 7'! sadde/ words ( tongue or p5'71 ! quality ( its wor? speaks to u ) a wild] sweetness2 &1 conv]sely1 ! dissatisfaction :]e) we ?9k ( :at seems to h driv5 x f its natural place gives u ! sev]] pang4 ,admirable artifice ( #aff nature6 we might be tempt$ to exclaim1--deceiv+ u 9 ord] ! bett] to enlight5 u1 & leav+ no?+ undone to acc5tuate to our consci\sness ! yawn+ di/ance ( ^? opposite poles ( good & evil betwe5 :i* creation sw+s4 ,we h ?us cle>ly reveal$ to our view :at may be call$ ! dilemma ( det]m9ism1 s f> z det]m9ism pret5ds to ?9k ?+s out at all4 ,a m]ely me*anical det]m9ism1 x is true1 r rejoices 9 n ?9k+ !m out4 ,x is v sure t ! univ]se mu/ satisfy its po/ulate ( a physical cont9uity & coh]5ce1 b x smiles at any "o :o comes =w>d ) a po/ulate ( moral coh]5ce z well4 ,i may suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] ( purely me*anical or h>d det]m9i/s among y ?is ev5+ is small4 ,! det]m9ism to ^: s$uctions y are mo/ expos$ is :at ,i h call$ s(t det]m9ism1--! det]m9ism :i* all[s consid]ations ( good & bad to m+le ) ^? ( cause & effect 9 decid+ :at sort ( a univ]se ?is may rationally be held to be4 ,! dilemma ( ?is det]m9ism is "o ^: left horn is pessimism & ^: "r horn is subjectivism4 ,9 o!r words1 if det]m9ism is to escape pessimism1 x mu/ leave (f look+ at ! goods & ills ( life 9 a simple objective way1 & reg>d !m z mat]ials1 indiff]5t 9 !mselves1 = ! production ( consci\sness1 sci5tific & e?ical1 9 u4 ,to escape pessimism is1 z we all "k1 no easy task4 ,y\r own /udies h suffici5tly %[n y ! almo/ desp]ate difficulty ( mak+ ! notion t !re is a s+le pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & t pr9ciple absolute p]fection1 rhyme toge!r ) #afg our daily vision ( ! facts ( life4 ,if p]fection be ! pr9ciple1 h[ comes !re any imp]fection "h8 ,if ,god be good1 h[ came he to create--or1 if he did n create1 h[ comes he to p]mit--! devil8 ,! evil facts mu/ be expla9$ z seem+3 ! devil mu/ be :itewa%$1 ! univ]se mu/ be dis9fect$1 if nei!r ,god's goodness nor 8 unity & p[] are to rema9 impugn$4 ,& ( all ! v>i\s ways ( op]at+ ! dis9fection1 & mak+ bad seem less bad1 ! way ( subjectivism appe>s by f> ! be/4#f ,=1 aft] all1 is !re n some?+ r absurd 9 our ord9>y notion ( ext]nal ?+s be+ good or bad 9 !mselves8 ,c murd]s & trea*]ies1 consid]$ z m]e outw>d happ5+s1 or motions ( matt]1 be bad )\t any "o to feel _! badness8 ,& c\ld p>adise prop]ly be good 9 ! abs5ce ( a s5ti5t pr9ciple by :i* ! goodness 0 p]ceiv$8 ,outw>d goods & evils seem practically indi/+ui%able except 9 s f> z !y result 9 gett+ moral judgm5ts made ab\t !m4 ,b !n ! moral judgm5ts seem ! ma9 ?+1 & ! outw>d facts m]e p]i%+ in/rum5ts = _! production4 ,?is is subjectivism4 ,e "o mu/ at "s "t h wond]$ at t /range p>adox ( our moral nature1 t1 ?\gh ! #afh pursuit ( outw>d good is ! brea? ( its no/rils1 ! atta9m5t ( outw>d good w\ld seem to be its suffocation & dea?4 ,:y does ! pa9t+ ( any p>adise or ,utopia1 9 heav5 or on e>?1 awak5 su* yawn+s = nirvana & escape8 ,! :ite-rob$ h>p-play+ heav5 ( our sabba?-s*ools1 & ! ladylike tea-table elysium repres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,data ( ,e?ics1 z ! f9al consummation ( progress1 are exactly on a p> 9 ?is respect1--lubb]l&s1 pure & simple1 "o & all4#g ,we look ^u !m f ?is delici\s mess ( insanities & realities1 /riv+s & deadnesses1 hopes & fe>s1 agonies & exultations1 :i* =ms our pres5t /ate1 & t$ium vitae is ! only s5tim5t !y awak5 9 our brea/s4 ,to our crepuscul> natures1 born = ! conflict1 ! ,rembr&tesque moral *i>oscuro1 ! %ift+ /ruggle ( ! sunbeam 9 ! gloom1 su* pictures ( light ^u light are vacu\s & expressionless1 & nei!r to be enjoy$ nor und]/ood4 ,if ?is be ! :ole fruit ( ! victory1 we say2 if ! g5]ations ( mank9d suff]$ & laid d[n _! lives2 if prophets confess$ & m>tyrs sang 9 ! fire1 & all ! sacr$ te>s 7 %$ = no o!r end ?an t a race ( creatures ( su* unexampl$ insipidity %\ld succe$1 & protract 9 saecula saeculorum _! cont5t$ & in(f5sive lives1--:y1 at su* a rate1 bett] lose ?an w9 ! battle1 or at all ev5ts bett] r+ d[n ! curta9 be=e ! la/ act ( ! play1 s t a bus9ess t began s importantly may be sav$ f s s+ul>ly flat a w9d+-up4 #afi ,all ?is is :at ,i %\ld in/antly say1 7 ,i call$ on to plead = gno/icism2 & its real fri5ds1 ( :om y w pres5tly p]ceive ,i am n "o1 w\ld say )\t difficulty a great deal m4 ,reg>d$ z a /able f9ality1 e outw>d good becomes a m]e we>9ess to ! fle%4 ,x mu/ be m5ac$1 be occasionally lo/1 = its goodness to be fully felt z su*4 ,nay1 m ?an occasionally lo/4 ,no "o kn[s ! wor? ( innoc5ce till he kn[s x is gone =ev]1 & t money _c buy x back4 ,n ! sa9t1 b ! s9n] t rep5te?1 is he to :om ! full l5g? & bread?1 & height & dep?1 ( life's mean+ is reveal$4 ,n ! abs5ce ( vice1 b vice !re1 & virtue hold+ h] by ! ?roat1 seems ! ideal human /ate4 ,& !re seems no reason to suppose x n a p]man5t human /ate4 ,!re is a deep tru? 9 :at ! s*ool ( ,s*op5hau] insi/s on1--! illusor9ess ( ! notion ( moral progress4 ,! m brutal =ms ( evil t g are replac$ by o!rs m subtle & m poison\s4 ,our moral horizon moves ) u z we move1 & nev] d we draw ne>] to ! f>-(f l9e :]e ! black waves & ! azure meet4 ,! f9al purpose ( our creation seems mo/ plausibly to be ! greate/ possible enri*m5t ( our e?ical consci\sness1 ?r\gh ! int5se/ play ( contra/s & ! wide/ div]sity ( *>act]s4 ,?is ( c\rse obliges "s ( u to be vessels ( wra?1 :ile x calls o!rs to be vessels ( honor4 ,b ! subjectivi/ po9t ( view r$uces all ^! outw>d di/9ctions to a common d5om9ator4 ,! wret* langui%+ 9 ! felon's cell may be dr9k+ draughts ( ! w9e ( tru? t w nev] pass ! lips ( ! s-call$ favorite ( =tune4 ,& ! peculi> consci\sness ( #agj ea* ( !m is an indisp5sable note 9 ! great e?ical conc]t :i* ! c5turies z !y roll are gr9d+ out ( ! liv+ he>t ( man4 ,s mu* = subjectivism6 ,if ! dilemma ( det]m9ism be to *oose betwe5 x & pessimism1 ,i see little room = hesitation f ! /rictly !oretical po9t ( view4 ,subjectivism seems ! m rational s*eme4 ,& ! _w may1 possibly1 = aught ,i "k1 be no?+ else4 ,:5 ! heal?y love ( life is on "o1 & all its =ms & its appetites seem s unutt]ably real2 :5 ! mo/ brutal & ! mo/ spiritual ?+s are lit by ! same sun1 & ea* is an integral "p ( ! total ri*ness1--:y1 !n x seems a grudg+ & sickly way ( meet+ s robu/ a univ]se to %r9k f any ( its facts & wi% !m n to be4 ,r take ! /rictly dramatic po9t ( view1 & treat ! :ole ?+ z a great un5d+ romance :i* ! _s ( ! univ]se1 /riv+ to realize its own cont5t1 is et]nally ?9k+ out & repres5t+ to itself4#h ,no "o1 ,i hope1 w accuse me1 aft] ,i h said all ?is1 ( und]rat+ ! reasons 9 favor ( subjectivism4 ,& n[ t ,i proce$ to say :y ^? reasons1 /rong z !y are1 fail to conv9ce my own m9d1 ,i tru/ ! presumption may be t my objections are /rong] /ill4 ,i frankly confess t !y are ( a practical ord]4 ,if we practically take up subjectivism 9 a s9c]e & radical mann] & foll[ its consequ5ces1 we meet ) "s t make u pause4 ,let a subjectivism #aga beg9 9 nev] s sev]e & intellectual a way1 x is =c$ by ! law ( its nature to develop ano!r side ( itself & end ) ! corrupte/ curiosity4 ,once dismiss ! notion t c]ta9 duties are good 9 !mselves1 & t we are "h to d !m1 no matt] h[ we feel ab\t !m2 once consecrate ! opposite notion t our p]=mances & our violations ( duty are = a common purpose1 ! atta9m5t ( subjective k & feel+1 & t ! deep5+ ( ^! is ! *ief end ( our lives1--& at :at po9t on ! d[nw>d slope are we to /op8 ,9 !ology1 subjectivism develops z its 'left w+' ant9omianism4 ,9 lit]ature1 its left w+ is romanticism4 ,& 9 practical life x is ei!r a n]veless s5tim5tality or a s5sualism )\t b\nds4 ,ev]y:]e x fo/]s ! fatali/ic mood ( m9d4 ,x makes ^? :o are already too in]t m passive /ill2 x r5d]s :olly reckless ^? ^: en]gy is already 9 excess4 ,all ?r\gh hi/ory we f9d h[ subjectivism1 z soon z x has a free c>e]1 exhau/s itself 9 e sort ( spiritual1 moral1 & practical lic5se4 ,its optimism turns to an e?ical indiff]5ce1 :i* infallibly br+s dissolution 9 its tra94 ,x is p]fectly safe to say n[ t if ! ,hegelian gno/icism1 :i* has begun to %[ itself "h & 9 ,great ,brita91 7 to become a popul> philosophy1 z x once 0 9 ,g]many1 x w\ld c]ta9ly develop its left w+ "h z !re1 & produce a reaction ( disgu/4 ,already ,i h he>d a graduate ( ?is v s*ool express 9 ! pulpit 8 will+ness to s9 l ,david1 if only he might rep5t l ,david4 ,y may tell me he 0 only s[+ 8 wild1 or r 8 tame1 oats2 & p]haps he 04 ,b ! po9t is #agb t 9 ! subjectivi/ic or gno/ical philosophy oat-s[+1 wild or tame1 becomes a sy/ematic necessity & ! *ief function ( life4 ,aft] ! pure & classic tru?s1 ! excit+ & rancid ones mu/ be exp]i5c$2 & if ! /upid virtues ( ! phili/9e h]d d n !n come 9 & save society f ! influ5ce ( ! *ildr5 ( light1 a sort ( inw>d putrefaction becomes its inevitable doom4 ,look at ! la/ runn+s ( ! romantic s*ool1 z we see !m 9 t /range contempor>y ,p>isian lit]ature1 ) :i* we ( ! less clev] c\ntries are s (t5 driv5 to r9se out our m9ds aft] !y h become clogg$ ) ! dulness & heav9ess ( our native pursuits4 ,! romantic s*ool began ) ! wor%ip ( subjective s5sibility & ! revolt aga9/ legality ( :i* ,r\sseau 0 ! fir/ great prophet3 & ?r\gh v>i\s fluxes & refluxes1 "r w+s & left w+s1 x /&s to-day ) two m5 ( g5ius1 ,m4 ,r5an & ,m4 ,zola1 z its pr9cipal expon5ts1--"o speak+ ) its mascul9e1 & ! o!r ) :at might be call$ its fem99e1 voice4 ,i pref] n to ?9k n[ ( less noble memb]s ( ! s*ool1 & ! ,r5an ,i h 9 m9d is ( c\rse ! ,r5an ( late/ dates4 ,z ,i h us$ ! t]m gno/ic1 bo? he & ,zola are gno/ics ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ sort4 ,bo? are a?ir/ = ! facts ( life1 & bo? ?9k ! facts ( human s5sibility to be ( all facts ! mo/ wor?y ( att5tion4 ,bo? agree1 moreov]1 t s5sibility seems to be !re = no high] purpose1--c]ta9ly n1 z ! ,phili/9es say1 = ! sake ( br++ m]e outw>d rights to pass & fru/rat+ outw>d wrongs4 ,"o dwells on ! s5sibilities = _! en]gy1 ! o!r = _! sweetness2 "o speaks ) a voice ( #agc bronze1 ! o!r ) t ( an olian h>p2 "o rugg$ly ignores ! di/9ction ( good & evil1 ! o!r plays ! coquette betwe5 ! crav5 unmanl9ess ( 8 ,philosophic ,dialogues & ! butt]fly optimism ( 8 ,s\v5irs de ,jeunesse4 ,b "u ! pages ( bo? !re s\nds incessantly ! ho>se bass ( vanitas vanitatum1 omnia vanitas1 :i* ! read] may he>1 :5ev] he w1 betwe5 ! l9es4 ,no writ] ( ?is ,fr5* romantic s*ool has a ^w ( rescue f ! h\r ( satiety ) ! ?+s ( life1--! h\r 9 :i* we say1 ,i take no pleasure 9 !m1--or f ! h\r ( t]ror at ! _w's va/ mean+less gr9d+1 if p]*ance su* h\rs %\ld come4 ,= t]ror & satiety are facts ( s5sibility l any o!rs2 & at _! own h\r !y reign 9 _! own "r4 ,! he>t ( ! romantic utt]ances1 :e!r poetical1 critical1 or hi/orical1 is ?is inw>d rem$ilessness1 :at ,c>lyle calls ?is f>-(f :imp]+ ( wail & woe4 ,& f ?is romantic /ate ( m9d !re is absolutely no possible !oretic escape4 ,:e!r1 l ,r5an1 we look ^u life 9 a m ref9$ way1 z a romance ( ! _s2 or :e!r1 l ! fri5ds ( ,m4 ,zola1 we pique ourselves on our 'sci5tific' & 'analytic' "*1 & pref] to be cynical1 & call ! _w a 'roman exp]im5tal' on an inf9ite scale1--9 ei!r case ! _w appe>s to u pot5tially z :at ! same ,c>lyle once call$ x1 a va/1 gloomy1 solit>y ,golgo?a & mill ( dea?4 ,! only escape is by ! practical way4 ,& s9ce ,i h m5tion$ ! n[adays mu*-revil$ "n ( ,c>lyle1 let me m5tion x once m1 & say x is ! way ( 8 tea*+4 ,no matt] = ,c>lyle's life1 no matt] = a great deal ( 8 #agd writ+4 ,:at 0 ! mo/ important ?+ he said to u8 ,he said3 ,hang y\r s5sibilities6 ,/op y\r snivell+ compla9ts1 & y\r equally snivell+ raptures6 ,leave (f y\r g5]al emotional tomfool]y1 & get to ,,"w l m56 ,b ?is means a complete rupture ) ! subjectivi/ philosophy ( ?+s4 ,x says conduct1 & n s5sibility1 is ! ultimate fact = our recognition4 ,) ! vision ( c]ta9 works to be done1 ( c]ta9 outw>d *anges to be wr\ght or resi/$1 x says our intellectual horizon t]m9ates4 ,no matt] h[ we succe$ 9 do+ ^! outw>d duties1 :e!r gladly & spontane\sly1 or heavily & unwill+ly1 d !m we someh[ mu/2 = ! leav+ ( !m undone is p]dition4 ,no matt] h[ we feel2 if we are only fai?ful 9 ! outw>d act & refuse to d wrong1 ! _w w 9 s f> be safe1 & we quit ( our debt t[>d x4 ,take1 !n1 ! yoke ^u our %\ld]s2 b5d our neck b5ea? ! heavy legality ( its weight2 reg>d some?+ else ?an our feel+ z our limit1 our ma/]1 & our law2 be will+ to live & die 9 its s]vice1--&1 at a /roke1 we h pass$ f ! subjective into ! objective philosophy ( ?+s1 mu* z "o awak5s f "s fev]i% dream1 full ( bad lights & noises1 to f9d "o's self ba!d 9 ! sacr$ coolness & quiet ( ! air ( ! night4 ,b :at is ! ess5ce ( ?is philosophy ( objective conduct1 s old-fa%ion$ & f9ite1 b s *a/e & sane & /rong1 :5 comp>$ ) its romantic rival8 ,x is ! recognition ( limits1 =eign & opaque to our und]/&+4 ,x is ! will+ness1 aft] br++ ab\t "s ext]nal good1 to feel at peace2 = our responsibility ends ) ! #age p]=mance ( t duty1 & ! burd5 ( ! re/ we may lay on high] p[]s4#i ,look to ?yself1 ,o ,univ]se1 ,?\ art bett] & n worse1 we may say 9 t philosophy1 ! mom5t we h done our /roke ( conduct1 h[ev] small4 ,= 9 ! view ( t philosophy ! univ]se belongs to a plurality ( semi-indep5d5t =ces1 ea* "o ( :i* may help or h9d]1 & be help$ or h9d]$ by1 ! op]ations ( ! re/4 ,b ?is br+s u "r back1 aft] su* a long det\r1 to ! "q ( indet]m9ism & to ! conclusion ( all ,i came "h to say to-night4 ,= ! only consi/5t way ( repres5t+ a pluralism & a _w ^: p>ts may affect "o ano!r ?r\gh _! conduct be+ ei!r good or bad is ! indet]m9i/ic way4 ,:at int]e/1 ze/1 or excitem5t c !re be 9 a*iev+ ! "r way1 unless we are enabl$ to feel t ! wrong way is also a possible & a natural way1--nay1 m1 a m5ac+ & an imm95t way8 ,& :at s5se c !re be 9 condemn+ ourselves = tak+ ! wrong way1 unless we ne$ h done no?+ ( ! sort1 unless ! "r way 0 op5 to u z well8 ,i _c und]/& ! will+ness to act1 no matt] h[ we feel1 )\t ! belief t acts are really good & bad4 ,i _c und]/& ! belief t an act is bad1 )\t regret at its happ5+4 ,i _c und]/& regret )\t ! admission ( real1 g5u9e possibilities 9 ! _w4 ,only !n is x #agf o!r ?an a mock]y to feel1 aft] we h fail$ to d our be/1 t an irrep>able opportunity is gone f ! univ]se1 ! loss ( :i* x mu/ =ev] aft] m\rn4 ,if y insi/ t ?is is all sup]/ition1 t possibility is 9 ! eye ( sci5ce & reason impossibility1 & t if ,i act badly 'tis t ! univ]se 0 =$oom$ to suff] ?is defect1 y fall "r back into ! dilemma1 ! labyr9?1 ( pessimism & subjectivism1 f out ( ^: toils we h j w\nd our way4 ,n[1 we are ( c\rse free to fall back1 if we please4 ,= my own "p1 ?\gh1 :atev] difficulties may beset ! philosophy ( objective "r & wrong1 & ! indet]m9ism x seems to imply1 det]m9ism1 ) its alt]native ( pessimism or romanticism1 conta9s difficulties t are great] /ill4 ,b y w rememb] t ,i expressly repudiat$ a:ile ago ! pret5sion to (f] any argum5ts :i* c\ld be co]cive 9 a s-call$ sci5tific fa%ion 9 ?is matt]4 ,& ,i consequ5tly f9d myself1 at ! end ( ?is long talk1 oblig$ to /ate my conclusions 9 an altoge!r p]sonal way4 ,?is p]sonal me?od ( appeal seems to be among ! v conditions ( ! problem2 & ! mo/ any "o c d is to confess z c&idly z he c ! gr\nds = ! fai? t is 9 him1 & leave 8 example to "w on o!rs z x may4 ,let me1 !n1 )\t circumlocution say j ?is4 ,! _w is enigmatical en\gh 9 all consci5ce1 :atev] !ory we may take up t[>d x4 ,! indet]m9ism ,i def5d1 ! free-w !ory ( popul> s5se bas$ on ! judgm5t ( regret1 repres5ts #agg t _w z vuln]able1 & liable to be injur$ by c]ta9 ( its p>ts if !y act wrong4 ,& x repres5ts _! act+ wrong z a matt] ( possibility or accid5t1 nei!r inevitable nor yet to be infallibly w>d$ (f4 ,9 all ?is1 x is a !ory devoid ei!r ( transp>5cy or ( /ability4 ,x gives u a plurali/ic1 re/less univ]se1 9 :i* no s+le po9t ( view c ev] take 9 ! :ole sc5e2 & to a m9d possess$ ( ! love ( unity at any co/1 x w1 no d\bt1 rema9 =ev] inacceptable4 ,a fri5d ) su* a m9d once told me t ! ?\ght ( my univ]se made him sick1 l ! sight ( ! horrible motion ( a mass ( maggots 9 _! c>rion b$4 ,b :ile ,i freely admit t ! pluralism & ! re/lessness are repugnant & irrational 9 a c]ta9 way1 ,i f9d t e alt]native to !m is irrational 9 a deep] way4 ,! indet]m9ism ) its maggots1 if y please to speak s ab\t x1 (f5ds only ! native absolutism ( my intellect1--an absolutism :i*1 aft] all1 p]haps1 des]ves to be snubb$ & kept 9 *eck4 ,b ! det]m9ism ) its necess>y c>rion1 to cont9ue ! figure ( spee*1 & ) no possible maggots to eat ! latt] up1 violates my s5se ( moral reality ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,:51 = example1 ,i imag9e su* c>rion z ! ,brockton murd]1 ,i _c conceive x z an act by :i* ! univ]se1 z a :ole1 logically & necess>ily expresses its nature )\t %r9k+ f complicity ) su* a :ole4 ,& ,i delib]ately refuse to keep on t]ms ( loyalty ) ! univ]se by say+ blankly t ! murd]1 s9ce x does fl[ f ! nature ( ! :ole1 is n c>rion4 ,!re are "s in/9ctive reactions :i* #agh ,i1 = "o1 w n tamp] )4 ,! only rema9+ alt]native1 ! attitude ( gno/ical romanticism1 wr5*es my p]sonal in/9cts 9 q z viol5t a way4 ,x falsifies ! simple objectivity ( _! deliv]ance4 ,x makes ! goose-fle% ! murd] excites 9 me a suffici5t reason = ! p]petration ( ! crime4 ,x trans=ms life f a tragic reality into an ins9c]e melodramatic exhibition1 z f\l or z tawdry z any "o's diseas$ curiosity pleases to c>ry x out4 ,& ) its consecration ( ! 'roman naturali/e' /ate ( m9d1 & its en?ronem5t ( ! bas] crew ( ,p>isian littrateurs among ! et]nally indisp5sable organs by :i* ! inf9ite _s ( ?+s atta9s to t subjective illum9ation :i* is ! task ( its life1 x leaves me 9 pres5ce ( a sort ( subjective c>rion consid]ably m noisome ?an ! objective c>rion ,i call$ x 9 to take away4 ,no6 bett] a ?\s& times1 ?an su* sy/ematic corruption ( our moral sanity1 ! pla9e/ pessimism1 s t x be /raight=w>d2 b bett] f> ?an t ! _w ( *ance4 ,make z great an upro> ab\t *ance z y please1 ,i "k t *ance means pluralism & no?+ m4 ,if "s ( ! memb]s ( ! pluralism are bad1 ! philosophy ( pluralism1 :atev] broad views x may d5y me1 p]mits me1 at lea/1 to turn to ! o!r memb]s ) a clean brea/ ( affection & an unsophi/icat$ moral s5se4 ,& if ,i /ill wi% to ?9k ( ! _w z a totality1 x lets me feel t a _w ) a *ance 9 x ( be+ altoge!r good1 ev5 if ! *ance nev] come to pass1 is bett] ?an a _w ) no su* *ance at all4 ,t '*ance' ^: v notion ,i am exhort$ & conjur$ to bani% #agi f my view ( ! future z ! suicide ( reason conc]n+ x1 t '*ance' is--:at8 ,j ?is1--! *ance t 9 moral respects ! future may be o!r & bett] ?an ! pa/ has be54 ,?is is ! only *ance we h any motive = suppos+ to exi/4 ,%ame1 r1 on its repudiation & its d5ial6 ,= its pres5ce is ! vital air :i* lets ! _w live1 ! salt :i* keeps x sweet4 ,& "h ,i might legitimately /op1 hav+ express$ all ,i c>e to see admitt$ by o!rs to-night4 ,b ,i "k t if ,i d /op "h1 misappreh5sions w rema9 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( y1 & keep all ,i h said f hav+ its effect2 s ,i judge x be/ to add a few m words4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 spite ( all my explanations1 ! ^w '*ance' w /ill be giv+ tr\ble4 ,?\gh y may y\rselves be adv]se to ! det]m9i/ic doctr9e1 y wi% a pleasant] ^w ?an '*ance' to "n ! opposite doctr9e by2 & y v likely consid] my pref]5ce = su* a ^w a p]v]se sort ( a p>tiality on my "p4 ,x c]ta9ly is a bad ^w to make conv]ts )2 & y wi% ,i _h n ?ru/ x s butt-=emo/ at y1--y wi% to use a mild] t]m4 ,well1 ,i admit !re may be j a da% ( p]v]sity 9 its *oice4 ,! spectacle ( ! m]e ^w-grabb+ game play$ by ! s(t det]m9i/s has p]haps driv5 me too viol5tly ! o!r way2 &1 r ?an be f\nd wrangl+ ) !m = ! good words1 ,i am will+ to take ! fir/ bad "o :i* comes along1 provid$ x be unequivocal4 ,! "q is ( ?+s1 n ( eulogi/ic names = !m2 & ! be/ ^w is ! "o t enables m5 to #ahj "k ! quicke/ :e!r !y disagree or n ab\t ! ?+s4 ,b ! ^w '*ance1' ) its s+ul> negativity1 is j ! ^w = ?is purpose4 ,:oev] uses x in/ead ( 'fre$om1' squ>ely & resolutely gives up all pret5ce to control ! ?+s he says are free4 ,= him1 he confesses t !y are no bett] ?an m]e *ance w\ld be4 ,x is a ^w ( impot5ce1 & is !re=e ! only s9c]e ^w we c use1 if1 9 grant+ fre$om to c]ta9 ?+s1 we grant x hone/ly1 & really risk ! game4 ,:o *ooses me mu/ give & =feit all he ha?4 ,any o!r ^w p]mits ( quibbl+1 & lets u1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! s(t det]m9i/s1 make a pret5ce ( re/or+ ! cag$ bird to lib]ty ) "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r we anxi\sly tie a /r+ to its leg to make sure x does n get beyond our sight4 ,b n[ y w br+ up y\r f9al d\bt4 ,does n ! admission ( su* an ungu>ante$ *ance or fre$om preclude utt]ly ! notion ( a ,provid5ce gov]n+ ! _w8 ,does x n leave ! fate ( ! univ]se at ! m]cy ( ! *ance-possibilities1 & s f> insecure8 ,does x n1 9 %ort1 d5y ! crav+ ( our nature = an ultimate peace beh9d all tempe/s1 = a blue z5i? above all cl\ds8 ,to ?is my answ] mu/ be v brief4 ,! belief 9 free-w is n 9 ! lea/ incompatible ) ! belief 9 ,provid5ce1 provid$ y d n re/rict ! ,provid5ce to fulm9at+ no?+ b fatal decrees4 ,if y all[ him to provide possibilities z well z actualities to ! univ]se1 & to c>ry on 8 own ?9k+ 9 ^? two categories j z we d ours1 *ances may be !re1 uncontroll$ ev5 by him1 & ! c\rse ( ! univ]se be really ambigu\s2 #aha & yet ! end ( all ?+s may be j :at he int5d$ x to be f all et]nity4 ,an analogy w make ! mean+ ( ?is cle>4 ,suppose two m5 be=e a *essbo>d1--! "o a novice1 ! o!r an exp]t play] ( ! game4 ,! exp]t int5ds to beat4 ,b he _c =esee exactly :at any "o actual move ( 8 adv]s>y may be4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev]1 all ! possible moves ( ! latt]2 & he kn[s 9 advance h[ to meet ea* ( !m by a move ( 8 own :i* leads 9 ! direction ( victory4 ,& ! victory infallibly arrives1 aft] no matt] h[ devi\s a c\rse1 9 ! "o pr$e/9$ =m ( *eck-mate to ! novice's k+4 ,let n[ ! novice /& = u f9ite free ag5ts1 & ! exp]t = ! inf9ite m9d 9 :i* ! univ]se lies4 ,suppose ! latt] to be ?9k+ out 8 univ]se be=e he actually creates x4 ,suppose him to say1 ,i w lead ?+s to a c]ta9 end1 b ,i w n n[#aj decide on all ! /eps !reto4 ,at v>i\s po9ts1 ambigu\s possibilities %all be left #ahb op51 ei!r ( :i*1 at a giv5 in/ant1 may become actual4 ,b :i*ev] bran* ( ^! bifurcations become real1 ,i "k :at ,i %all d at ! next bifurcation to keep ?+s f drift+ away f ! f9al result ,i int5d4#aa ,! creator's plan ( ! univ]se w\ld ?us be left blank z to _m ( its actual details1 b all possibilities w\ld be m>k$ d[n4 ,! realization ( "s ( ^! w\ld be left absolutely to *ance2 t is1 w\ld only be det]m9$ :5 ! mom5t ( realization came4 ,o!r possibilities w\ld be cont+5tly det]m9$2 t is1 _! decision w\ld h to wait till x 0 se5 h[ ! matt]s ( absolute *ance fell out4 ,b ! re/ ( ! plan1 includ+ its f9al up%ot1 w\ld be rigor\sly det]m9$ once = all4 ,s ! creator himself w\ld n ne$ to "k all ! details ( actuality until !y came2 & at any "t 8 own view ( ! _w w\ld be a view p>tly ( facts & p>tly ( possibilities1 exactly z ours is n[4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 he might be c]ta92 & t is t 8 _w 0 safe1 & t no matt] h[ mu* x might zig-zag he c\ld surely br+ x home at la/4 #ahc ,n[1 x is entirely immat]ial1 9 ?is s*eme1 :e!r ! creator leave ! absolute *ance-possibilities to be decid$ by himself1 ea* :5 its prop] mom5t arrives1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 he ali5ate ?is p[] f himself1 & leave ! decision out & out to f9ite creatures su* z we m5 are4 ,! great po9t is t ! possibilities are really "h4 ,:e!r x be we :o solve !m1 or he work+ ?r\gh u1 at ^? s\l-try+ mom5ts :5 fate's scales seem to quiv]1 & good snat*es ! victory f evil or %r9ks n]veless f ! fight1 is ( small acc\nt1 s long z we admit t ! issue is decid$ n[h]e else ?an "h & n[4 ,t is :at gives ! palpitat+ reality to our moral life & makes x t+le1 z ,mr4 ,mallock says1 ) s /range & elaborate an excitem5t4 ,?is reality1 ?is excitem5t1 are :at ! det]m9isms1 h>d & s(t alike1 suppress by _! d5ial t any?+ is decid$ "h & n[1 & _! dogma t all ?+s 7 =$oom$ & settl$ long ago4 ,if x be s1 may y & ,i !n h be5 =$oom$ to ! error ( cont9u+ to believe 9 lib]ty4#ab ,x is =tunate = ! w9d+ up ( controv]sy t 9 e discussion ) det]m9ism ?is argum5tum ad hom9em c be its adv]s>y's la/ ^w4 #a ,an ,address to ! ,h>v>d ,div9ity ,/ud5ts1 publi%$ 9 ! ,unit>ian ,review = ,septemb]1 #ahhd4 #b ,& ,i may n[ say ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1--see ! ,moni/1 = #ahib-ic4 #c ,! :ole hi/ory ( popul> beliefs ab\t ,nature refutes ! notion t ! ?\ght ( a univ]sal physical ord] c possibly h aris5 f ! purely passive reception & association ( p>ticul> p]ceptions4 ,indubitable z x is t m5 inf] f kn[n cases to unkn[n1 x is equally c]ta9 t ?is proc$ure1 if re/rict$ to ! ph5om5al mat]ials t spontane\sly (f] !mselves1 w\ld nev] h l$ to ! belief 9 a g5]al uni=mity1 b only to ! belief t law & lawlessness rule ! _w 9 motley alt]nation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( /rict exp]i5ce1 no?+ exi/s b ! sum ( p>ticul> p]ceptions1 ) _! co9cid5ces on ! "o h&1 _! contradictions on ! o!r4 ,t !re is m ord] 9 ! _w ?an appe>s at fir/ sight is n discov]$2 till ! ord] is look$ =4 ,! fir/ impulse to look = x proce$s f practical ne$s3 :]e ends mu/ be atta9$1 or produce a result4 ,b ! practical ne$ is only ! fir/ occasion = our reflection on ! conditions ( true k2 & ev5 7 !re no su* ne$1 motives w\ld /ill be pres5t = c>ry+ u beyond ! /age ( m]e association4 ,= n ) an equal int]e/1 or r ) an equal lack ( int]e/1 does man contemplate ^? natural processes 9 :i* a ?+ is l9k$ ) its =m] mate1 & ^? 9 :i* x is l9k$ to some?+ else4 ,! =m] processes h>monize ) ! conditions ( 8 own ?9k+3 ! latt] d n4 ,9 ! =m]1 8 concepts1 g5]al judgm5ts1 & inf]5ces apply to reality3 9 ! latt]1 !y h no su* application4 ,& ?us ! intellectual satisfaction :i* at fir/ comes to him )\t reflection1 at la/ excites 9 him ! consci\s wi% to f9d realiz$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ph5om5al _w ^? rational cont9uities1 uni=mities1 & necessities :i* are ! fundam5tal elem5t & guid+ pr9ciple ( 8 own ?\ght4 7,sigw>t1 ,logik1 bd4 #c1 s4 #chb47 #d ,speak+ te*nically1 x is a ^w ) a positive d5otation1 b a connotation t is negative4 ,o!r ?+s mu/ be sil5t ab\t :at x is3 x alone c decide t po9t at ! mom5t 9 :i* x reveals itself4 #e ,a favorite argum5t aga9/ free-w is t if x be true1 a man's murd]] may z probably be 8 be/ fri5d z 8 wor/ enemy1 a "m be z likely to /rangle z to suckle h] fir/-born1 & all ( u be z ready to jump f f\r?-/ory w9d[s z to g out ( front doors1 etc4 ,us]s ( ?is argum5t %\ld prop]ly be exclud$ f debate till !y le>n :at ! real "q is4 ',free-w' does n say t ev]y?+ t is physically conceivable is also morally possible4 ,x m]ely says t ( alt]natives t really tempt our w m ?an "o is really possible4 ,( c\rse1 ! alt]natives t d ?us tempt our w are va/ly few] ?an ! physical possibilities we c coldly fancy4 ,p]sons really tempt$ (t5 d murd] _! be/ fri5ds1 mo!rs d /rangle _! fir/-born1 p d jump out ( f\r?-/ory w9d[s1 etc4 #f ,to a read] :o says he is satisfi$ ) a pessimism1 & has no objection to ?9k+ ! :ole bad1 ,i h no m to say3 he makes few] dem&s on ! _w ?an ,i1 :o1 mak+ !m1 wi% to look a little fur!r be=e ,i give up all hope ( hav+ !m satisfi$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 all he means is t ! badness ( "s p>ts does n prev5t 8 acceptance ( a univ]se ^: o!r p>ts give him satisfaction1 ,i welcome him z an ally4 ,he has ab&on$ ! notion ( ! ,:ole1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( det]m9i/ic monism1 & views ?+s z a pluralism1 j z ,i d 9 ?is pap]4 #g ,comp>e ,sir ,james ,/eph5's ,essays by a ,b>ri/]1 ,london1 #ahfb1 pp4 #ach1 #cah4 #h ,cet univ]s e/ un spectacle que ,dieu se donne lui-mme4 ,s]vons les int5tions du gr& *orge en contribuant r5dre le spectacle aussi brillant1 aussi v>i que possible4--,,r5an4 #i ,! burd51 = example1 ( see+ to x t ! end ( all our righte\sness be "s positive univ]sal ga94 #aj ,?is ( c\rse leaves ! creative m9d subject to ! law ( "t4 ,& to any "o :o insi/s on ! timelessness ( t m9d ,i h no reply to make4 ,a m9d to :om all "t is simultane\sly pres5t mu/ see all ?+s "u ! =m ( actuality1 or "u "s =m to u unkn[n4 ,if he ?9ks c]ta9 mom5ts z ambigu\s 9 _! cont5t :ile future1 he mu/ simultane\sly "k h[ ! ambiguity w h be5 decid$ :5 !y are pa/4 ,s t none ( 8 m5tal judgm5ts c possibly be call$ hypo!tical1 & 8 _w is "o f :i* *ance is exclud$4 ,is n1 h[ev]1 ! timeless m9d r a gratuit\s fiction8 ,& is n ! notion ( et]nity be+ giv5 at a /roke to omnisci5ce only j ano!r way ( :ack+ ^u u ! block-univ]se1 & ( d5y+ t possibilities exi/8--j ! po9t to be prov$4 ,to say t "t is an illusory appe>ance is only a r\ndab\t mann] ( say+ !re is no real plurality1 & t ! frame ( ?+s is an absolute unit4 ,admit plurality1 & "t may be its =m4 #aa ,& ?is ( c\rse means 'miracul\s' int]position1 b n necess>ily ( ! gross sort our fa!rs took su* delight 9 repres5t+1 & :i* has s lo/ its magic = u4 ,em]son quotes "s ,ea/]n sage z say+ t if evil 7 really done "u ! sun1 ! sky w\ld incont95tly %rivel to a snakesk9 & ca/ x out 9 spasms4 ,b1 says ,em]son1 ! spasms ( ,nature are ye>s & c5turies2 & x w tax man's pati5ce to wait s long4 ,we may ?9k ( ! res]v$ possibilities ,god keeps 9 8 own h&1 "u z invisible & molecul> & sl[ly self-summat+ a =m z we please4 ,we may ?9k ( !m z c\nt]act+ human ag5cies :i* he inspires ad hoc4 ,9 %ort1 signs & wond]s & convulsions ( ! e>? & sky are n ! only neutraliz]s ( ob/ruction to a god's plans ( :i* x is possible to ?9k4 #ab ,z long z languages conta9 a future p]fect t5se1 det]m9i/s1 foll[+ ! b5t ( laz9ess or passion1 ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 c reply 9 t t5se1 say+1 ,x w h be5 fat$1 to ! /ill small voice :i* urges an opposite c\rse2 & ?us excuse !mselves f ef=t 9 a q unansw]able way4 #ahd ,,! ,,moral ,,philosoph] ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,life4#a ,! ma9 purpose ( ?is pap] is to %[ t !re is no su* ?+ possible z an e?ical philosophy dogmatically made up 9 advance4 ,we all help to det]m9e ! cont5t ( e?ical philosophy s f> z we contribute to ! race's moral life4 ,9 o!r words1 !re c be no f9al tru? 9 e?ics any m ?an 9 physics1 until ! la/ man has _h 8 exp]i5ce & said 8 say4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 h[ev]1 ! hypo!ses :i* we n[ make :ile wait+1 & ! acts to :i* !y prompt u1 are among ! indisp5sable conditions :i* det]m9e :at t 'say' %all be4 ,fir/ ( all1 :at is ! position ( him :o seeks an e?ical philosophy8 ,to beg9 )1 he mu/ be di/+ui%$ f all ^? :o are satisfi$ to be e?ical sceptics4 ,he w n be a sceptic2 !re=e s f> f e?ical scepticism be+ "o possible fruit ( e?ical philosophiz+1 x c only be reg>d$ z t residual alt]native to all philosophy :i* f ! outset m5aces e w\ld-be philosoph] :o may give up ! que/ disc\rag$1 & r5\nce 8 orig9al aim4 ,t aim is to f9d an acc\nt ( ! moral relations t obta9 among ?+s1 :i* #ahe w weave !m into ! unity ( a /able sy/em1 & make ( ! _w :at "o may call a g5u9e univ]se f ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,s f> z ! _w resi/s r$uction to ! =m ( unity1 s f> z e?ical propositions seem un/able1 s f> does ! philosoph] fail ( 8 ideal4 ,! subject-matt] ( 8 /udy is ! ideals he f9ds exi/+ 9 ! _w2 ! purpose :i* guides him is ?is ideal ( 8 own1 ( gett+ !m into a c]ta9 =m4 ,?is ideal is ?us a factor 9 e?ical philosophy ^: legitimate pres5ce mu/ nev] be ov]look$2 x is a positive contribution :i* ! philosoph] himself necess>ily makes to ! problem4 ,b x is 8 only positive contribution4 ,at ! outset ( 8 inquiry he ought to h no o!r ideals4 ,7 he int]e/$ peculi>ly 9 ! triumph ( any "o k9d ( good1 he w\ld pro tanto cease to be a judicial inve/igator1 & become an advocate = "s limit$ elem5t ( ! case4 ,!re are ?ree que/ions 9 e?ics :i* mu/ be kept ap>t4 ,let !m be call$ respectively ! psy*ological "q1 ! metaphysical "q1 & ! casui/ic "q4 ,! psy*ological "q asks aft] ! hi/orical orig9 ( our moral ideas & judgm5ts2 ! metaphysical "q asks :at ! v mean+ ( ! words 'good1' 'ill1' & 'obligation' are2 ! casui/ic "q asks :at is ! measure ( ! v>i\s goods & ills :i* m5 recognize1 s t ! philosoph] may settle ! true ord] ( human obligations4 ,i4 ,! psy*ological "q is = mo/ disputants ! only "q4 ,:5 y\r ord9>y doctor ( #ahf div9ity has prov$ to 8 own satisfaction t an altoge!r unique faculty call$ 'consci5ce' mu/ be po/ulat$ to tell u :at is "r & :at is wrong2 or :5 y\r popul>-sci5ce en?usia/ has proclaim$ t 'apriorism' is an explod$ sup]/ition1 & t our moral judgm5ts h gradually result$ f ! tea*+ ( ! environm5t1 ea* ( ^! p]sons ?9ks t e?ics is settl$ & no?+ m is to be said4 ,! famili> pair ( names1 ,intuitioni/ & ,evolutioni/1 s commonly us$ n[ to connote all possible diff]5ces 9 e?ical op9ion1 really ref] to ! psy*ological "q alone4 ,! discussion ( ?is "q h+es s mu* ^u p>ticul> details t x is impossible to ent] ^u x at all )9 ! limits ( ?is pap]4 ,i w !re=e only express dogmatically my own belief1 :i* is ?is1--t ! ,b5?ams1 ! ,mills1 & ! ,b>ns h done a la/+ s]vice 9 tak+ s _m ( our human ideals & %[+ h[ !y mu/ h aris5 f ! association ) acts ( simple bodily pleasures & reliefs f pa94 ,association ) _m remote pleasures w unque/ionably make a ?+ significant ( goodness 9 our m9ds2 & ! m vaguely ! goodness is conceiv$ (1 ! m my/]i\s w its s\rce appe> to be4 ,b x is surely impossible to expla9 all our s5tim5ts & pref]5ces 9 ?is simple way4 ,! m m9utely psy*ology /udies human nature1 ! m cle>ly x f9ds !re traces ( second>y affections1 relat+ ! impressions ( ! environm5t ) "o ano!r & ) our impulses 9 q diff]5t ways f ^? m]e associations ( coexi/5ce & succession :i* are practically all t pure empiricism c admit4 ,take ! love ( drunk5ness2 take ba%fulness1 ! t]ror #ahg ( high places1 ! t5d5cy to sea-sickness1 to fa9t at ! sight ( blood1 ! susceptibility to musical s\nds2 take ! emotion ( ! comical1 ! passion = poetry1 = ma!matics1 or = metaphysics1--no "o ( ^! ?+s c be :olly expla9$ by ei!r association or utility4 ,!y g ) o!r ?+s t c be s expla9$1 no d\bt2 & "s ( !m are prophetic ( future utilities1 s9ce !re is no?+ 9 u = :i* "s use may n be f\nd4 ,b _! orig9 is 9 incid5tal complications to our c]ebral /ructure1 a /ructure ^: orig9al features arose ) no ref]5ce to ! p]ception ( su* discords & h>monies z ^!4 ,well1 a va/ numb] ( our moral p]ceptions also are c]ta9ly ( ?is second>y & bra9-born k9d4 ,!y deal ) directly felt fitnesses betwe5 ?+s1 & (t5 fly 9 ! tee? ( all ! prepossessions ( habit & presumptions ( utility4 ,! mom5t y get beyond ! co>s] & m commonplace moral maxims1 ! ,decalogues & ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanacs1 y fall into s*emes & positions :i* to ! eye ( common-s5se are fanta/ic & ov]/ra9$4 ,! s5se = ab/ract ju/ice :i* "s p]sons h is z exc5tric a v>iation1 f ! natural-hi/ory po9t ( view1 z is ! passion = music or = ! high] philosophical consi/5cies :i* consumes ! s\l ( o!rs4 ,! feel+ ( ! inw>d dignity ( c]ta9 spiritual attitudes1 z peace1 s]5ity1 simplicity1 v]acity2 & ( ! ess5tial vulg>ity ( o!rs1 z qu]ul\sness1 anxiety1 egoi/ic fuss9ess1 etc41--are q inexplicable except by an innate pref]5ce ( ! m ideal attitude = its own pure sake4 ,! nobl] ?+ ta/es bett]1 & t is all t we c say4 #ahh ',exp]i5ce' ( consequ5ces may truly tea* u :at ?+s are wick$1 b :at h consequ5ces to d ) :at is mean & vulg>8 ,if a man has %ot 8 wife's p>am\r1 by reason ( :at subtile repugnancy 9 ?+s is x t we are s disgu/$ :5 we he> t ! wife & ! husb& h made x up & are liv+ com=tably toge!r aga98 ,or if ! hypo!sis 7 (f]$ u ( a _w 9 :i* ,messrs4 ,f\ri]'s & ,bellamy's & ,morris's ,utopias %\ld all be outdone1 & millions kept p]man5tly happy on ! "o simple condition t a c]ta9 lo/ s\l on ! f>-(f edge ( ?+s %\ld lead a life ( lonely torture1 :at except a specifical & indep5d5t sort ( emotion c x be :i* w\ld make u imm$iately feel1 ev5 ?\gh an impulse arose )9 u to clut* at ! happ9ess s (f]$1 h[ hide\s a ?+ w\ld be its enjoym5t :5 delib]ately accept$ z ! fruit ( su* a b>ga98 ,to :at1 once m1 b subtile bra9-born feel+s ( discord c be due all ^! rec5t prote/s aga9/ ! entire race-tradition ( retributive ju/ice8--,i ref] to ,tol/oi ) 8 ideas ( non-resi/ance1 to ,mr4 ,bellamy ) 8 sub/itution ( oblivion = rep5tance 79 8 novel ( ,dr4 ,heid5ha9's ,process71 to ,m4 ,guyau ) 8 radical condemnation ( ! punitive ideal4 ,all ^! subtileties ( ! moral s5sibility g z mu* beyond :at c be ciph]$ out f ! 'laws ( association' z ! delicacies ( s5tim5t possible betwe5 a pair ( "y lov]s g beyond su* precepts ( ! 'etiquette to be obs]v$ dur+ engagem5t' z are pr9t$ 9 manuals ( social =m4 ,no6 ,purely inw>d =ces are c]ta9ly at "w "h4 ,all ! high]1 m p5etrat+ ideals are #ahi revolution>y4 ,!y pres5t !mselves f> less 9 ! guise ( effects ( pa/ exp]i5ce ?an 9 t ( probable causes ( future exp]i5ce1 factors to :i* ! environm5t & ! lessons x has s f> taught z mu/ le>n to b5d4 ,?is is all ,i c say ( ! psy*ological "q n[4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( a rec5t "w#b ,i h s\ght to prove 9 a g5]al way ! exi/5ce1 9 our ?\ght1 ( relations :i* d n m]ely repeat ! c\pl+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,our ideals h c]ta9ly _m s\rces4 ,!y are n all explicable z signify+ corporeal pleasures to be ga9$1 & pa9s to be escap$4 ,& = hav+ s con/antly p]ceiv$ ?is psy*ological fact1 we mu/ applaud ! intuitioni/ s*ool4 ,:e!r or n su* applause mu/ be ext5d$ to t s*ool's o!r *>act]i/ics w appe> z we take up ! foll[+ que/ions4 ,! next "o 9 ord] is ! metaphysical "q1 ( :at we mean by ! words 'obligation1' 'good1' & 'ill4' ,,ii4 ,fir/ ( all1 x appe>s t su* words c h no application or relevancy 9 a _w 9 :i* no s5ti5t life exi/s4 ,imag9e an absolutely mat]ial _w1 conta9+ only physical & *emical facts1 & exi/+ f et]nity )\t a ,god1 )\t ev5 an int]e/$ spectator3 w\ld !re be any s5se 9 say+ ( t _w t "o ( its /ates is bett] ?an ano!r8 ,or if !re 7 two su* worlds possible1 w\ld !re be any rhyme or reason 9 call+ "o good & ! o!r bad1--good or #aij bad positively1 ,i mean1 & ap>t f ! fact t "o might relate itself bett] ?an ! o!r to ! philosoph]'s private int]e/s8 ,b we mu/ leave ^! private int]e/s out ( ! acc\nt1 = ! philosoph] is a m5tal fact1 & we are ask+ :e!r goods & evils & obligations exi/ 9 physical facts p] se4 ,surely !re is no /atus = good & evil to exi/ 91 9 a purely ins5ti5t _w4 ,h[ c "o physical fact1 consid]$ simply z a physical fact1 be 'bett]' ?an ano!r8 ,bett]ness is n a physical relation4 ,9 its m]e mat]ial capacity1 a ?+ c no m be good or bad ?an x c be pleasant or pa9ful4 ,good = :at8 ,good = ! production ( ano!r physical fact1 d y say8 ,b :at 9 a purely physical univ]se dem&s ! production ( t o!r fact8 ,physical facts simply are or are n2 & nei!r :5 pres5t or abs5t1 c !y be suppos$ to make dem&s4 ,if !y d1 !y c only d s by hav+ desires2 & !n !y h ceas$ to be purely physical facts1 & h become facts ( consci\s s5sibility4 ,goodness1 badness1 & obligation mu/ be realis$ some:]e 9 ord] really to exi/2 & ! fir/ /ep 9 e?ical philosophy is to see t no m]ely inorganic 'nature ( ?+s' c realize !m4 ,nei!r moral relations nor ! moral law c sw+ 9 vacuo4 ,_! only habitat c be a m9d :i* feels !m2 & no _w compos$ ( m]ely physical facts c possibly be a _w to :i* e?ical propositions apply4 ,! mom5t "o s5ti5t be+1 h[ev]1 is made a "p ( ! univ]se1 !re is a *ance = goods & evils really to exi/4 ,moral relations n[ h _! /atus1 9 t be+'s consci\sness4 ,s f> z he feels any?+ to be good1 he makes x good4 ,x #aia is good1 = him2 & be+ good = him1 is absolutely good1 = he is ! sole creator ( values 9 t univ]se1 & outside ( 8 op9ion ?+s h no moral "* at all4 ,9 su* a univ]se z t x w\ld ( c\rse be absurd to raise ! "q ( :e!r ! solit>y ?9k]'s judgm5ts ( good & ill are true or n4 ,tru? supposes a /&>d outside ( ! ?9k] to :i* he mu/ con=m2 b "h ! ?9k] is a sort ( div9ity1 subject to no high] judge4 ,let u call ! suppos$ univ]se :i* he inhabits a moral solitude4 ,9 su* a moral solitude x is cle> t !re c be no outw>d obligation1 & t ! only tr\ble ! god-l ?9k] is liable to h w be ov] ! consi/5cy ( 8 own sev]al ideals ) "o ano!r4 ,"s ( ^! w no d\bt be m pung5t & appeal+ ?an ! re/1 _! goodness w h a pr(\nd]1 m p5etrat+ ta/e2 !y w return to haunt him ) m ob/9ate regrets if violat$4 ,s ! ?9k] w h to ord] 8 life ) !m z its *ief det]m9ants1 or else rema9 inw>dly discordant & unhappy4 ,into :atev] equilibrium he may settle1 ?\gh1 & h[ev] he may /raight5 out 8 sy/em1 x w be a "r sy/em2 = beyond ! facts ( 8 own subjectivity !re is no?+ moral 9 ! _w4 ,if n[ we introduce a second ?9k] ) 8 likes & dislikes into ! univ]se1 ! e?ical situation becomes mu* m complex1 & sev]al possibilities are imm$iately se5 to obta94 ,"o ( ^! is t ! ?9k]s may ignore ea* o!r's attitude ab\t good & evil altoge!r1 & ea* cont9ue to indulge 8 own pref]5ces1 indiff]5t to :at ! o!r may feel or d4 ,9 su* a #aib case we h a _w ) twice z mu* ( ! e?ical quality 9 x z our moral solitude1 only x is )\t e?ical unity4 ,! same object is good or bad !re1 accord+ z y measure x by ! view :i* ?is "o or t "o ( ! ?9k]s takes4 ,nor c y f9d any possible gr\nd 9 su* a _w = say+ t "o ?9k]'s op9ion is m correct ?an ! o!r's1 or t ei!r has ! tru] moral s5se4 ,su* a _w1 9 %ort1 is n a moral univ]se b a moral dualism4 ,n only is !re no s+le po9t ( view )9 x f :i* ! values ( ?+s c be unequivocally judg$1 b !re is n ev5 a dem& = su* a po9t ( view1 s9ce ! two ?9k]s are suppos$ to be indiff]5t to ea* o!r's ?\ghts & acts4 ,multiply ! ?9k]s into a pluralism1 & we f9d realiz$ = u 9 ! e?ical sph]e some?+ l t _w :i* ! antique sceptics conceiv$ (1--9 :i* individual m9ds are ! measures ( all ?+s1 & 9 :i* no "o 'objective' tru?1 b only a multitude ( 'subjective' op9ions1 c be f\nd4 ,b ?is is ! k9d ( _w ) :i* ! philosoph]1 s long z he holds to ! hope ( a philosophy1 w n put up4 ,among ! v>i\s ideals repres5t$1 !re mu/ be1 he ?9ks1 "s :i* h ! m tru? or au?ority2 & to ^! ! o!rs ought to yield1 s t sy/em & subord9ation may reign4 ,"h 9 ! ^w 'ought' ! notion ( obligation comes emphatically into view1 & ! next ?+ 9 ord] mu/ be to make its mean+ cle>4 ,s9ce ! outcome ( ! discussion s f> has be5 to %[ u t no?+ c be good or "r except #aic s f> z "s consci\sness feels x to be good or ?9ks x to be "r1 we p]ceive on ! v ?re%old t ! real sup]iority & au?ority :i* are po/ulat$ by ! philosoph] to reside 9 "s ( ! op9ions1 & ! really inf]ior "* :i* he supposes mu/ belong to o!rs1 _c be expla9$ by any ab/ract moral 'nature ( ?+s' exi/+ antec$5tly to ! concrete ?9k]s !mselves ) _! ideals4 ,l ! positive attributes good & bad1 ! comp>ative ones bett] & worse mu/ be realis$ 9 ord] to be real4 ,if "o ideal judgm5t be objectively bett] ?an ano!r1 t bett]ness mu/ be made fle% by be+ lodg$ concretely 9 "s "o's actual p]ception4 ,x _c float 9 ! atmosph]e1 = x is n a sort ( meteorological ph5om5on1 l ! aurora borealis or ! zodiacal light4 ,its esse is p]cipi1 l ! esse ( ! ideals !mselves betwe5 :i* x obta9s4 ,! philosoph]1 !re=e1 :o seeks to "k :i* ideal ought to h supreme weight & :i* "o ought to be subord9at$1 mu/ trace ! ought itself to ! de facto con/itution ( "s exi/+ consci\sness1 beh9d :i*1 z "o ( ! data ( ! univ]se1 he z a purely e?ical philosoph] is unable to g4 ,?is consci\sness mu/ make ! "o ideal "r by feel+ x to be "r1 ! o!r wrong by feel+ x to be wrong4 ,b n[ :at p>ticul> consci\sness 9 ! univ]se c enjoy ?is pr]ogative ( oblig+ o!rs to con=m to a rule :i* x lays d[n8 ,if "o ( ! ?9k]s 7 obvi\sly div9e1 :ile all ! re/ 7 human1 !re w\ld probably be no practical dispute ab\t ! matt]4 ,! div9e ?\ght w\ld be ! model1 to :i* ! o!rs %\ld con=m4 ,b /ill ! !oretic "q #aid w\ld rema91 ,:at is ! gr\nd ( ! obligation1 ev5 "h8 ,9 our fir/ essays at answ]+ ?is "q1 !re is an inevitable t5d5cy to slip into an assumption :i* ord9>y m5 foll[ :5 !y are disput+ ) "o ano!r ab\t que/ions ( good & bad4 ,!y imag9e an ab/ract moral ord] 9 :i* ! objective tru? resides2 & ea* tries to prove t ?is pre-exi/+ ord] is m accurately reflect$ 9 8 own ideas ?an 9 ^? ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,x is because "o disputant is back$ by ?is ov]>*+ ab/ract ord] t we ?9k ! o!r %\ld submit4 ,ev5 s1 :5 x is a "q no long] ( two f9ite ?9k]s1 b ( ,god & ourselves1--we foll[ our usual habit1 & imag9e a sort ( de jure relation1 :i* ant$ates & ov]>*es ! m]e facts1 & w\ld make x "r t we %\ld con=m our ?\ghts to ,god's ?\ghts1 ev5 ?\gh he made no claim to t effect1 & ?\gh we pref]r$ de facto to g on ?9k+ = ourselves4 ,b ! mom5t we take a /eady look at ! "q1 we see n only t )\t a claim actually made by "s concrete p]son !re c be no obligation1 b t !re is "s obligation :]ev] !re is a claim4 ,claim & obligation are1 9 fact1 coext5sive t]ms2 !y cov] ea* o!r exactly4 ,our ord9>y attitude ( reg>d+ ourselves z subject to an ov]>*+ sy/em ( moral relations1 true '9 !mselves1' is !re=e ei!r an out-&-out sup]/ition1 or else x mu/ be treat$ z a m]ely provisional ab/raction f t real ,?9k] 9 ^: actual dem& ^u u to ?9k z he does our obligation mu/ be ultimately bas$4 ,9 a !i/ic-e?ical philosophy t ?9k] 9 "q is1 ( #aie c\rse1 ! ,deity to :om ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se is due4 ,i "k well h[ h>d x is = ^? :o are accu/om$ to :at ,i h call$ ! sup]/iti\s view1 to realize t e de facto claim creates 9 s f> =? an obligation4 ,we invet]ately ?9k t some?+ :i* we call ! 'validity' ( ! claim is :at gives to x its obligatory "*1 & t ?is validity is some?+ outside ( ! claim's m]e exi/5ce z a matt] ( fact4 ,x ra9s d[n ^u ! claim1 we ?9k1 f "s sublime dim5sion ( be+1 :i* ! moral law inhabits1 mu* z ^u ! /eel ( ! compass-ne$le ! influ5ce ( ! ,pole ra9s d[n f out ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,b aga91 h[ c su* an inorganic ab/ract "* ( imp]ativ5ess1 additional to ! imp]ativ5ess :i* is 9 ! concrete claim itself1 exi/8 ,take any dem&1 h[ev] slight1 :i* any creature1 h[ev] weak1 may make4 ,ought x n1 = its own sole sake1 to be satisfi$8 ,if n1 prove :y n4 ,! only possible k9d ( pro( y c\ld adduce w\ld be ! exhibition ( ano!r creature :o %\ld make a dem& t ran ! o!r way4 ,! only possible reason !re c be :y any ph5om5on ought to exi/ is t su* a ph5om5on actually is desir$4 ,any desire is imp]ative to ! ext5t ( its am\nt2 x makes itself valid by ! fact t x exi/s at all4 ,"s desires1 truly en\gh1 are small desires2 !y are put =w>d by insignificant p]sons1 & we cu/om>ily make light ( ! obligations :i* !y br+4 ,b ! fact t su* p]sonal dem&s z ^! impose small obligations does n keep ! l>ge/ obligations f be+ p]sonal dem&s4 ,if we mu/ talk imp]sonally1 to be sure we c say #aif t '! univ]se' requires1 exacts1 or makes obligatory su* or su* an action1 :5ev] x expresses itself ?r\gh ! desires ( su* or su* a creature4 ,b x is bett] n to talk ab\t ! univ]se 9 ?is p]sonifi$ way1 unless we believe 9 a univ]sal or div9e consci\sness :i* actually exi/s4 ,if !re be su* a consci\sness1 !n its dem&s c>ry ! mo/ ( obligation simply because !y are ! greate/ 9 am\nt4 ,b x is ev5 !n n ab/ractly "r t we %\ld respect !m4 ,x is only concretely "r1--or "r aft] ! fact1 & by virtue ( ! fact1 t !y are actually made4 ,suppose we d n respect !m1 z seems l>gely to be ! case 9 ?is que] _w4 ,t ought n to be1 we say2 t is wrong4 ,b 9 :at way is ?is fact ( wrongness made m acceptable or intelligible :5 we imag9e x to consi/ r 9 ! lac]ation ( an priori ideal ord] ?an 9 ! disappo9tm5t ( a liv+ p]sonal ,god8 ,d we1 p]haps1 ?9k t we cov] ,god & protect him & make 8 impot5ce ov] u less ultimate1 :5 we back him up ) ?is priori blanket f :i* he may draw "s w>m? ( fur!r appeal8 ,b ! only =ce ( appeal to u1 :i* ei!r a liv+ ,god or an ab/ract ideal ord] c wield1 is f\nd 9 ! 'ev]la/+ ruby vaults' ( our own human he>ts1 z !y happ5 to beat responsive & n irresponsive to ! claim4 ,s f> z !y d feel x :5 made by a liv+ consci\sness1 x is life answ]+ to life4 ,a claim ?us liv+ly ackn[l$g$ is ackn[l$g$ ) a solidity & fulness :i* no ?\ght ( an 'ideal' back+ c r5d] m complete2 :ile if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! he>t's response is )held1 ! /ubborn ph5om5on is !re ( an impot5ce 9 ! claims #aig :i* ! univ]se embodies1 :i* no talk ab\t an et]nal nature ( ?+s c gloze ov] or dispel4 ,an ineffective priori ord] is z impot5t a ?+ z an ineffective ,god2 & 9 ! eye ( philosophy1 x is z h>d a ?+ to expla94 ,we may n[ consid] t :at we di/+ui%$ z ! metaphysical "q 9 e?ical philosophy is suffici5tly answ]$1 & t we h le>n$ :at ! words 'good1' 'bad1' & 'obligation' sev]ally mean4 ,!y mean no absolute natures1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal support4 ,!y are objects ( feel+ & desire1 :i* h no foo?old or an*orage 9 ,be+1 ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( actually liv+ m9ds4 ,:]ev] su* m9ds exi/1 ) judgm5ts ( good & ill1 & dem&s ^u "o ano!r1 !re is an e?ical _w 9 its ess5tial features4 ,7 all o!r ?+s1 gods & m5 & />ry heav5s1 blott$ out f ?is univ]se1 & 7 !re left b "o rock ) two lov+ s\ls ^u x1 t rock w\ld h z ?or\ghly moral a con/itution z any possible _w :i* ! et]nities & imm5sities c\ld h>bor4 ,x w\ld be a tragic con/itution1 because ! rock's inhabitants w\ld die4 ,b :ile !y liv$1 !re w\ld be real good ?+s & real bad ?+s 9 ! univ]se2 !re w\ld be obligations1 claims1 & expectations2 ob$i5ces1 refusals1 & disappo9tm5ts2 compunctions & long+s = h>mony to come aga91 & inw>d peace ( consci5ce :5 x 0 re/or$2 !re w\ld1 9 %ort1 be a moral life1 ^: active en]gy w\ld h no limit b ! int5sity ( int]e/ 9 ea* o!r ) :i* ! h]o & h]o9e might be end[$4 #aih ,we1 on ?is t]re/rial globe1 s f> z ! visible facts g1 are j l ! inhabitants ( su* a rock4 ,:e!r a ,god exi/1 or :e!r no ,god exi/1 9 yon blue heav5 above u b5t1 we =m at any rate an e?ical republic "h bel[4 ,& ! fir/ reflection :i* ?is leads to is t e?ics h z g5u9e & real a foo?old 9 a univ]se :]e ! highe/ consci\sness is human1 z 9 a univ]se :]e !re is a ,god z well4 ',! religion ( humanity' af=ds a basis = e?ics z well z !ism does4 ,:e!r ! purely human sy/em c gratify ! philosoph]'s dem& z well z ! o!r is a diff]5t "q1 :i* we ourselves mu/ answ] ere we close4 ,,iii4 ,! la/ fundam5tal "q 9 ,e?ics 01 x w be rememb]$1 ! casui/ic "q4 ,"h we are1 9 a _w :]e ! exi/5ce ( a div9e ?9k] has be5 & p]haps always w be d\bt$ by "s ( ! look]s-on1 & :]e1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ideals 9 :i* human be+s agree1 !re are a mass ( o!rs ab\t :i* no g5]al cons5sus obta9s4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to pres5t a lit]>y picture ( ?is1 = ! facts are too well kn[n4 ,! w>s ( ! fle% & ! _s 9 ea* man1 ! concupisc5ces ( diff]5t individuals pursu+ ! same un%>eable mat]ial or social prizes1 ! ideals :i* contra/ s accord+ to races1 circum/ances1 temp]am5ts1 philosophical beliefs1 etc41--all =m a maze ( app>5tly inextricable confusion ) no obvi\s ,ariadne's ?read to lead "o out4 ,yet ! philosoph]1 j because he is a philosoph]1 adds 8 own peculi> ideal to ! confusion #aii 7) :i* if he 7 will+ to be a sceptic he w\ld be passably cont5t71 & insi/s t ov] all ^! individual op9ions !re is a sy/em ( tru? :i* he c discov] if he only takes suffici5t pa9s4 ,we /& ourselves at pres5t 9 ! place ( t philosoph]1 & mu/ n fail to realize all ! features t ! situation comports4 ,9 ! fir/ place we w n be sceptics2 we hold to x t !re is a tru? to be asc]ta9$4 ,b 9 ! second place we h j ga9$ ! insight t t tru? _c be a self-proclaim+ set ( laws1 or an ab/ract 'moral reason1' b c only exi/ 9 act1 or 9 ! %ape ( an op9ion held by "s ?9k] really to be f\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no visible ?9k] inve/$ ) au?ority4 ,%all we !n simply proclaim our own ideals z ! lawgiv+ ones8 ,no2 = if we are true philosoph]s we mu/ ?r[ our own spontane\s ideals1 ev5 ! de>e/1 imp>tially 9 ) t total mass ( ideals :i* are fairly to be judg$4 ,b h[ !n c we z philosoph]s ev] f9d a te/2 h[ avoid complete moral scepticism on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r escape br++ a wayw>d p]sonal /&>d ( our own along ) u1 on :i* we simply p9 our fai?8 ,! dilemma is a h>d "o1 nor does x gr[ a bit m easy z we revolve x 9 our m9ds4 ,! entire und]tak+ ( ! philosoph] obliges him to seek an imp>tial te/4 ,t te/1 h[ev]1 mu/ be inc>nat$ 9 ! dem& ( "s actually exi/5t p]son2 & h[ c he pick out ! p]son save by an act 9 :i* 8 own sympa?ies & prepossessions are impli$8 ,"o me?od inde$ pres5ts itself1 & has z a matt] ( hi/ory be5 tak5 by ! m s]i\s #bjj e?ical s*ools4 ,if ! heap ( ?+s dem&$ prov$ on inspection less *aotic ?an at fir/ !y seem$1 if !y furni%$ _! own relative te/ & measure1 !n ! casui/ic problem w\ld be solv$4 ,if x 7 f\nd t all goods qu goods conta9$ a common ess5ce1 !n ! am\nt ( ?is ess5ce involv$ 9 any "o good w\ld %[ its rank 9 ! scale ( goodness1 & ord] c\ld be quickly made2 = ?is ess5ce w\ld be ! good ^u :i* all ?9k]s 7 agre$1 ! relatively objective & univ]sal good t ! philosoph] seeks4 ,ev5 8 own private ideals w\ld be measur$ by _! %>e ( x1 & f9d _! rightful place among ! re/4 ,v>i\s ess5ces ( good h ?us be5 f\nd & propos$ z bases ( ! e?ical sy/em4 ,?us1 to be a mean betwe5 two extremes2 to be recogniz$ by a special intuitive faculty2 to make ! ag5t happy = ! mom5t2 to make o!rs z well z him happy 9 ! long run2 to add to 8 p]fection or dignity2 to h>m no "o2 to foll[ f reason or fl[ f univ]sal law2 to be 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god2 to promote ! survival ( ! human species on ?is planet1--are s _m te/s1 ea* ( :i* has be5 ma9ta9$ by somebody to con/itute ! ess5ce ( all good ?+s or actions s f> z !y are good4 ,no "o ( ! measures t h be5 actually propos$ has1 h[ev]1 giv5 g5]al satisfaction4 ,"s are obvi\sly n univ]sally pres5t 9 all cases1--e4 g41 ! "* ( h>m+ no "o1 or t ( foll[+ a univ]sal law2 = ! be/ c\rse is (t5 cruel2 & _m acts are reckon$ good on ! sole condition t !y be exceptions1 & s]ve n z examples ( a univ]sal law4 ,o!r #bja *>act]s1 su* z foll[+ ! w ( ,god1 are unasc]ta9able & vague4 ,o!rs aga91 l survival1 are q indet]m9ate 9 _! consequ5ces1 & leave u 9 ! lur* :]e we mo/ ne$ _! help3 a philosoph] ( ! ,si\x ,nation1 = example1 w be c]ta9 to use ! survival-crit]ion 9 a v diff]5t way f ourselves4 ,! be/1 on ! :ole1 ( ^! m>ks & measures ( goodness seems to be ! capacity to br+ happ9ess4 ,b 9 ord] n to break d[n fatally1 ?is te/ mu/ be tak5 to cov] innum]able acts & impulses t nev] aim at happ9ess2 s t1 aft] all1 9 seek+ = a univ]sal pr9ciple we inevitably are c>ri$ onw>d to ! mo/ univ]sal pr9ciple1--t ! ess5ce ( good is simply to satisfy dem&4 ,! dem& may be = any?+ "u ! sun4 ,!re is really no m gr\nd = suppos+ t all our dem&s c be acc\nt$ = by "o univ]sal und]ly+ k9d ( motive ?an !re is gr\nd = suppos+ t all physical ph5om5a are cases ( a s+le law4 ,! elem5t>y =ces 9 e?ics are probably z plural z ^? ( physics are4 ,! v>i\s ideals h no common "* ap>t f ! fact t !y are ideals4 ,no s+le ab/ract pr9ciple c be s us$ z to yield to ! philosoph] any?+ l a sci5tifically accurate & g5u9ely useful casui/ic scale4 ,a look at ano!r peculi>ity ( ! e?ical univ]se1 z we f9d x1 w /ill fur!r %[ u ! philosoph]'s p]plexities4 ,z a purely !oretic problem1 namely1 ! casui/ic "q w\ld h>dly ev] come up at all4 ,if ! e?ical philosoph] 7 only ask+ aft] ! be/ imag9able sy/em ( goods he w\ld inde$ h an easy task2 = all dem&s z #bjb su* are prim facie respectable1 & ! be/ simply imag9>y _w w\ld be "o 9 :i* e dem& 0 gratifi$ z soon z made4 ,su* a _w w\ld1 h[ev]1 h to h a physical con/itution entirely diff]5t f t ( ! "o :i* we inhabit4 ,x w\ld ne$ n only a space1 b a "t1 '( n-dim5sions1' to include all ! acts & exp]i5ces incompatible ) "o ano!r "h bel[1 :i* w\ld !n g on 9 conjunction1--su* z sp5d+ our money1 yet gr[+ ri*2 tak+ our holiday1 yet gett+ ahead ) our "w2 %oot+ & fi%+1 yet do+ no hurt to ! bea/s2 ga9+ no end ( exp]i5ce1 yet keep+ our y\?ful fre%ness ( he>t2 & ! l4 ,!re c be no "q t su* a sy/em ( ?+s1 h[ev] br\ght ab\t1 w\ld be ! absolutely ideal sy/em2 & t if a philosoph] c\ld create univ]ses priori1 & provide all ! me*anical conditions1 t is ! sort ( univ]se :i* he %\ld unhesitat+ly create4 ,b ?is _w ( ours is made on an entirely diff]5t patt]n1 & ! casui/ic "q "h is mo/ tragically practical4 ,! actually possible 9 ?is _w is va/ly n>r[] ?an all t is dem&$2 & !re is always a p9* betwe5 ! ideal & ! actual :i* c only be got ?r\gh by leav+ "p ( ! ideal beh9d4 ,!re is h>dly a good :i* we c imag9e except z compet+ = ! possession ( ! same bit ( space & "t ) "s o!r imag9$ good4 ,e end ( desire t pres5ts itself appe>s exclusive ( "s o!r end ( desire4 ,%all a man dr9k & smoke1 or keep 8 n]ves 9 condition8--he _c d bo?4 ,%all he foll[ 8 fancy = ,amelia1 or = ,h5rietta8--bo? _c be ! *oice ( 8 he>t4 ,%all he h ! #bjc de> old ,republican p>ty1 or a _s ( unsophi/ication 9 public affairs8--he _c h bo?1 etc4 ,s t ! e?ical philosoph]'s dem& = ! "r scale ( subord9ation 9 ideals is ! fruit ( an altoge!r practical ne$4 ,"s "p ( ! ideal mu/ be but*]$1 & he ne$s to "k :i* "p4 ,x is a tragic situation1 & no m]e speculative conundrum1 ) :i* he has to deal4 ,n[ we are bl9d$ to ! real difficulty ( ! philosoph]'s task by ! fact t we are born into a society ^: ideals are l>gely ord]$ already4 ,if we foll[ ! ideal :i* is conv5tionally highe/1 ! o!rs :i* we but*] ei!r die & d n return to haunt u2 or if !y come back & accuse u ( murd]1 e "o applauds u = turn+ to !m a deaf e>4 ,9 o!r words1 our environm5t enc\rages u n to be philosoph]s b p>tisans4 ,! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 _c1 s long z he cl+s to 8 own ideal ( objectivity1 rule out any ideal f be+ he>d4 ,he is confid5t1 & rightly confid5t1 t ! simple tak+ c\nsel ( 8 own intuitive pref]5ces w\ld be c]ta9 to end 9 a mutilation ( ! fulness ( ! tru?4 ,! poet ,he9e is said to h writt5 ',buns5' 9 ! place ( ',gott' 9 8 copy ( t au?or's "w entitl$ ,god 9 ,hi/ory1 s z to make x read ',buns5 9 d] ,ges*i*te4' ,n[1 ) no disrespect to ! good & le>n$ ,b>on1 is x n safe to say t any s+le philosoph]1 h[ev] wide 8 sympa?ies1 mu/ be j su* a ,buns5 9 d] ,ges*i*te ( ! moral _w1 s soon z he attempts to put 8 own ideas ( ord] into t h[l+ mob ( desires1 ea* /ruggl+ to get brea?+-room = ! ideal to :i* x cl+s8 ,! v be/ ( m5 mu/ n only be ins5sible1 b #bjd be ludicr\sly & peculi>ly ins5sible1 to _m goods4 ,z a militant1 fight+ free-h&$ t ! goods to :i* he is s5sible may n be subm]g$ & lo/ f out ( life1 ! philosoph]1 l e o!r human be+1 is 9 a natural position4 ,b ?9k ( ,z5o & ( ,epicurus1 ?9k ( ,calv9 & ( ,paley1 ?9k ( ,kant & ,s*op5hau]1 ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 no long] z "o-sid$ *ampions ( special ideals1 b z s*oolma/]s decid+ :at all mu/ ?9k1--& :at m grotesque topic c\ld a satiri/ wi% = on :i* to ex]cise 8 p58 ,! fabl$ attempt ( ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton to arre/ ! ris+ tide ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ) h] broom 0 a reasonable spectacle comp>$ ) _! ef=t to sub/itute ! cont5t ( _! clean-%av5 sy/ems = t exub]ant mass ( goods ) :i* all human nature is 9 travail1 & groan+ to br+ to ! light ( day4 ,?9k1 fur!rmore1 ( su* individual morali/s1 no long] z m]e s*oolma/]s1 b z pontiffs arm$ ) ! temporal p[]1 & hav+ au?ority 9 e concrete case ( conflict to ord] :i* good %all be but*]$ & :i* %all be suff]$ to survive1--& ! notion really turns "o pale4 ,all "o's slumb]+ revolution>y in/9cts wak5 at ! ?\ght ( any s+le morali/ wield+ su* p[]s ( life & dea?4 ,bett] *aos =ev] ?an an ord] bas$ on any closet-philosoph]'s rule1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 ! mo/ enlight5$ possible memb] ( 8 tribe4 ,no6 if ! philosoph] is to keep 8 judicial position1 he mu/ nev] become "o ( ! p>ties to ! fray4 ,:at c he d1 !n1 x w n[ be ask$1 except to fall back on scepticism & give up ! notion ( be+ a philosoph] at all8 #bje ,b d we n already see a p]fectly def9ite pa? ( escape :i* is op5 to him j because he is a philosoph]1 & n ! *ampion ( "o p>ticul> ideal8 ,s9ce ev]y?+ :i* is dem&$ is by t fact a good1 mu/ n ! guid+ pr9ciple = e?ical philosophy 7s9ce all dem&s conjo9tly _c be satisfi$ 9 ?is poor _w7 be simply to satisfy at all times z _m dem&s z we c8 ,t act mu/ be ! be/ act1 accord+ly1 :i* makes = ! be/ :ole1 9 ! s5se ( awak5+ ! lea/ sum ( dissatisfactions4 ,9 ! casui/ic scale1 !re=e1 ^? ideals mu/ be writt5 highe/ :i* prevail at ! lea/ co/1 or by ^: realization ! lea/ possible numb] ( o!r ideals are de/roy$4 ,s9ce victory & defeat !re mu/ be1 ! victory to be philosophically pray$ = is t ( ! m inclusive side1--( ! side :i* ev5 9 ! h\r ( triumph w to "s degree d ju/ice to ! ideals 9 :i* ! vanqui%$ p>ty's int]e/s lay4 ,! c\rse ( hi/ory is no?+ b ! /ory ( m5's /ruggles f g5]ation to g5]ation to f9d ! m & m inclusive ord]4 ,inv5t "s mann] ( realiz+ y\r own ideals :i* w also satisfy ! ali5 dem&s1--t & t only is ! pa? ( peace6 ,foll[+ ?is pa?1 society has %ak5 itself into "o sort ( relative equilibrium aft] ano!r by a s]ies ( social discov]ies q analog\s to ^? ( sci5ce4 ,poly&ry & polygamy & slav]y1 private w>f>e & lib]ty to kill1 judicial torture & arbitr>y royal p[] h sl[ly succumb$ to actually ar\s$ compla9ts2 & ?\gh "s "o's ideals are unque/ionably ! worse (f = ea* improvem5t1 yet a va/ly great] total numb] ( !m f9d %elt] 9 our civiliz$ society ?an 9 ! old] #bjf savage ways4 ,s f> !n1 & up to date1 ! casui/ic scale is made = ! philosoph] already f> bett] ?an he c ev] make x = himself4 ,an exp]im5t ( ! mo/ se>*+ k9d has prov$ t ! laws & usages ( ! l& are :at yield ! maximum ( satisfaction to ! ?9k]s tak5 all toge!r4 ,! presumption 9 cases ( conflict mu/ always be 9 favor ( ! conv5tionally recogniz$ good4 ,! philosoph] mu/ be a cons]vative1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 casui/ic scale mu/ put ! ?+s mo/ 9 accordance ) ! cu/oms ( ! community on top4 ,& yet if he be a true philosoph] he mu/ see t !re is no?+ f9al 9 any actually giv5 equilibrium ( human ideals1 b t1 z our pres5t laws & cu/oms h f\ght & conqu]$ o!r pa/ ones1 s !y w 9 _! turn be ov]?r[n by any newly discov]$ ord] :i* w hu% up ! compla9ts t !y /ill give rise to1 )\t produc+ o!rs l\d] /ill4 ,rules are made = man1 n man = rules1--t "o s5t5ce is en\gh to immortalize ,gre5's ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics4 ,& al?\gh a man always risks mu* :5 he breaks away f e/abli%$ rules & /rives to realize a l>g] ideal :ole ?an !y p]mit1 yet ! philosoph] mu/ all[ t x is at all times op5 to any "o to make ! exp]im5t1 provid$ he fe> n to /ake 8 life & "* ^u ! ?r[4 ,! p9* is always "h4 ,p5t 9 "u e sy/em ( moral rules are innum]able p]sons :om x weighs ^u1 & goods :i* x represses2 & ^! are always rumbl+ & grumbl+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ready = any issue by :i* !y may get free4 ,see ! abuses :i* ! #bjg in/itution ( private prop]ty cov]s1 s t ev5 to-day x is %amelessly ass]t$ among u t "o ( ! prime functions ( ! national gov]nm5t is to help ! adroit] citiz5s to gr[ ri*4 ,see ! unnam$ & unnamable sorr[s :i* ! tyranny1 on ! :ole s b5efic5t1 ( ! m>riage-in/itution br+s to s _m1 bo? ( ! m>ri$ & ! unw$4 ,see ! :olesale loss ( opportunity "u our rgime ( s-call$ equality & indu/rialism1 ) ! drumm] & ! c\nt]-jump] 9 ! saddle1 = s _m faculties & graces :i* c\ld fl\ri% 9 ! feudal _w4 ,see our k9dl9ess = ! humble & ! outca/1 h[ x w>s ) t /]n we$+-out :i* until n[ has be5 ! condition ( e p]fection 9 ! bre$4 ,see ev]y:]e ! /ruggle & ! squeeze2 & ev]-la/+ly ! problem h[ to make !m less4 ,! an>*i/s1 nihili/s1 & free-lov]s2 ! free-silv]ites1 sociali/s1 & s+le-tax m52 ! free-trad]s & civil-s]vice re=m]s2 ! prohibitioni/s & anti-vivisectioni/s2 ! radical d>w9ians ) _! idea ( ! suppression ( ! weak1--^! & all ! cons]vative s5tim5ts ( society array$ aga9/ !m1 are simply decid+ ?r\gh actual exp]im5t by :at sort ( conduct ! maximum am\nt ( good c be ga9$ & kept 9 ?is _w4 ,^! exp]im5ts are to be judg$1 n priori1 b by actually f9d+1 aft] ! fact ( _! mak+1 h[ mu* m outcry or h[ mu* appeasem5t comes ab\t4 ,:at closet-solutions c possibly anticipate ! result ( trials made on su* a scale8 ,or :at c any sup]ficial !ori/'s judgm5t be wor?1 9 a _w :]e e "o ( hundr$s ( ideals has its special *ampion already provid$ #bjh 9 ! %ape ( "s g5ius expressly born to feel x1 & to fight to dea? 9 its behalf8 ,! pure philosoph] c only foll[ ! w9d+s ( ! spectacle1 confid5t t ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance w always be t[>ds ! ri*] & ! m inclusive arrangem5t1 & t by "o tack aft] ano!r "s approa* to ! k+dom ( heav5 is incessantly made4 ,,iv4 ,all ?is am\nts to say+ t1 s f> z ! casui/ic "q goes1 e?ical sci5ce is j l physical sci5ce1 & in/ead ( be+ d$ucible all at once f ab/ract pr9ciples1 mu/ simply bide its "t1 & be ready to revise its conclusions f day to day4 ,! presumption ( c\rse1 9 bo? sci5ces1 always is t ! vulg>ly accept$ op9ions are true1 & ! "r casui/ic ord] t :i* public op9ion believes 92 & surely x w\ld be folly q z great1 9 mo/ ( u1 to /rike out indep5d5tly & to aim at orig9ality 9 e?ics z 9 physics4 ,e n[ & !n1 h[ev]1 "s "o is born ) ! "r to be orig9al1 & 8 revolution>y ?\ght or action may be> prosp]\s fruit4 ,he may replace old 'laws ( nature' by bett] ones2 he may1 by break+ old moral rules 9 a c]ta9 place1 br+ 9 a total condition ( ?+s m ideal ?an w\ld h foll[$ _h ! rules be5 kept4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we mu/ conclude t no philosophy ( e?ics is possible 9 ! old-fa%ion$ absolute s5se ( ! t]m4 ,ev]y:]e ! e?ical philosoph] mu/ wait on facts4 ,! ?9k]s :o create ! ideals come he kn[s n :5ce1 _! s5sibilities are evolv$ he kn[s n h[2 & ! #bji "q z to :i* ( two conflict+ ideals w give ! be/ univ]se !n & !re1 c be answ]$ by him only ?r\gh ! aid ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!r m54 ,i said "s "t ago1 9 treat+ ( ! 'fir/' "q1 t ! intuitional morali/s des]ve cr$it = keep+ mo/ cle>ly to ! psy*ological facts4 ,!y d mu* to spoil ?is m]it on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 by mix+ ) x t dogmatic temp] :i*1 by absolute di/9ctions & unconditional '?\ %alt nots1' *anges a gr[+1 ela/ic1 & cont9u\s life into a sup]/iti\s sy/em ( relics & dead bones4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re are no absolute evils1 & !re are no non-moral goods2 & ! highe/ e?ical life--h[ev] few may be call$ to be> its burd5s--consi/s at all times 9 ! break+ ( rules :i* h gr[n too n>r[ = ! actual case4 ,!re is b "o unconditional comm&m5t1 :i* is t we %\ld seek incessantly1 ) fe> & trembl+1 s to vote & to act z to br+ ab\t ! v l>ge/ total univ]se ( good :i* we c see4 ,ab/ract rules inde$ c help2 b !y help ! less 9 proportion z our intuitions are m pi]c+1 & our vocation is ! /rong] = ! moral life4 ,= e real dilemma is 9 lit]al /rictness a unique situation2 & ! exact comb9ation ( ideals realiz$ & ideals disappo9t$ :i* ea* decision creates is always a univ]se )\t a prec$5t1 & = :i* no adequate previ\s rule exi/s4 ,! philosoph]1 !n1 qu philosoph]1 is no bett] able to det]m9e ! be/ univ]se 9 ! concrete em]g5cy ?an o!r m54 ,he sees1 inde$1 some:at bett] ?an mo/ m51 :at ! "q always is1--n a "q ( ?is good or t good simply tak51 b ( ! two total #baj univ]ses ) :i* ^! goods respectively belong4 ,he kn[s t he mu/ vote always = ! ri*] univ]se1 = ! good :i* seems mo/ organizable1 mo/ fit to ent] into complex comb9ations1 mo/ apt to be a memb] ( a m inclusive :ole4 ,b :i* p>ticul> univ]se ?is is he _c "k = c]ta9 9 advance2 he only kn[s t if he makes a bad mi/ake ! cries ( ! w\nd$ w soon in=m him ( ! fact4 ,9 all ?is ! philosoph] is j l ! re/ ( u non-philosoph]s1 s f> z we are j & sympa!tic in/9ctively1 & s f> z we are op5 to ! voice ( compla9t4 ,8 function is 9 fact indi/+ui%able f t ( ! be/ k9d ( /atesman at ! pres5t day4 ,8 books ^u e?ics1 !re=e1 s f> z !y truly t\* ! moral life1 mu/ m & m ally !mselves ) a lit]ature :i* is confess$ly t5tative & sugge/ive r ?an dogmatic1--,i mean ) novels & dramas ( ! deep] sort1 ) s]mons1 ) books on /atecraft & philan?ropy & social & economical re=m4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way e?ical treatises may be volum9\s & lum9\s z well2 b !y nev] c be f9al1 except 9 _! ab/racte/ & vague/ features2 & !y mu/ m & m ab&on ! old-fa%ion$1 cle>-cut1 & w\ld-be 'sci5tific' =m4 ,v4 ,! *ief ( all ! reasons :y concrete e?ics _c be f9al is t !y h to wait on metaphysical & !ological beliefs4 ,i said "s "t back t real e?ical relations exi/$ 9 a purely human _w4 ,!y w\ld exi/ ev5 9 :at we call$ a moral solitude if ! ?9k] _h v>i\s #baa ideals :i* took hold ( him 9 turn4 ,8 self ( "o day w\ld make dem&s on 8 self ( ano!r2 & "s ( ! dem&s might be urg5t & tyrannical1 :ile o!rs 7 g5tle & easily put aside4 ,we call ! tyrannical dem&s imp]atives4 ,if we ignore ^! we d n he> ! la/ ( x4 ,! good :i* we h w\nd$ returns to plague u ) int]m9able crops ( consequ5tial damages1 compunctions1 & regrets4 ,obligation c ?us exi/ inside a s+le ?9k]'s consci\sness2 & p]fect peace c abide ) him only s f> z he lives accord+ to "s sort ( a casui/ic scale :i* keeps 8 m imp]ative goods on top4 ,x is ! nature ( ^! goods to be cruel to _! rivals4 ,no?+ %all avail :5 weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ !m4 ,!y call out all ! m]cilessness 9 our disposition1 & d n easily =give u if we are s s(t-he>t$ z to %r9k f sacrifice 9 _! behalf4 ,! deepe/ diff]5ce1 practically1 9 ! moral life ( man is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! easy-go+ & ! /r5u\s mood4 ,:5 9 ! easy-go+ mood ! %r9k+ f pres5t ill is our rul+ consid]ation4 ,! /r5u\s mood1 on ! contr>y1 makes u q indiff]5t to pres5t ill1 if only ! great] ideal be atta9$4 ,! capacity = ! /r5u\s mood probably lies slumb]+ 9 e man1 b x has m difficulty 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs 9 wak+ up4 ,x ne$s ! wild] passions to ar\se x1 ! big fe>s1 loves1 & indignations2 or else ! deeply p5etrat+ appeal ( "s "o ( ! high] fidelities1 l ju/ice1 tru?1 or fre$om4 ,/rong relief is a necessity ( its vision2 & a _w :]e all ! m\nta9s are br\ght d[n & all ! valleys are #bab exalt$ is no cong5ial place = its habitation4 ,?is is :y 9 a solit>y ?9k] ?is mood might slumb] on =ev] )\t wak+4 ,8 v>i\s ideals1 kn[n to him to be m]e pref]5ces ( 8 own1 are too ne>ly ( ! same d5om9ational value3 he c play fa/ or loose ) !m at w4 ,?is too is :y1 9 a m]ely human _w )\t a ,god1 ! appeal to our moral en]gy falls %ort ( its maximal /imulat+ p[]4 ,life1 to be sure1 is ev5 9 su* a _w a g5u9ely e?ical symphony2 b x is play$ 9 ! compass ( a c\ple ( poor octaves1 & ! inf9ite scale ( values fails to op5 up4 ,_m ( u1 inde$1--l ,sir ,james ,/eph5 9 ^? eloqu5t ',essays by a ,b>ri/]1'--w\ld op5ly laugh at ! v idea ( ! /r5u\s mood be+ awak5$ 9 u by ^? claims ( remote po/]ity :i* con/itute ! la/ appeal ( ! religion ( humanity4 ,we d n love ^! m5 ( ! future ke5ly en\gh2 & we love !m p]haps ! less ! m we he> ( _! evolutioniz$ p]fection1 _! high av]age longevity & education1 _! fre$om f w> & crime1 _! relative immunity f pa9 & zymotic disease1 & all _! o!r negative sup]iorities4 ,?is is all too f9ite1 we say2 we see too well ! vacuum beyond4 ,x lacks ! note ( inf9itude & my/]y1 & may all be dealt ) 9 ! don't-c>e mood4 ,no ne$ ( agoniz+ ourselves or mak+ o!rs agonize = ^! good creatures j at pres5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we believe t a ,god is !re1 & t he is "o ( ! claimants1 ! inf9ite p]spective op5s out4 ,! scale ( ! symphony is incalculably prolong$4 ,! m imp]ative ideals n[ beg9 to speak ) an altoge!r new objectivity & significance1 & to utt] ! p5etrat+1 %att]+1 #bac tragically *all5g+ note ( appeal4 ,!y r+ out l ! call ( ,victor ,hugo's alp9e eagle1 qui p>le au prcipice et que le g\ffre ent5d1 & ! /r5u\s mood awak5s at ! s\nd4 ,x sai? among ! trumpets1 ha1 ha6 x smelle? ! battle af> (f1 ! ?und] ( ! capta9s & ! %\t+4 ,its blood is up2 & cruelty to ! less] claims1 s f> f be+ a det]r5t elem5t1 does b add to ! /]n joy ) :i* x leaps to answ] to ! great]4 ,all ?r\gh hi/ory1 9 ! p]iodical conflicts ( puritanism ) ! don't-c>e temp]1 we see ! antagonism ( ! /r5u\s & g5ial moods1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! e?ics ( inf9ite & my/]i\s obligation f on high1 & ^? ( prud5ce & ! satisfaction ( m]ely f9ite ne$4 ,! capacity ( ! /r5u\s mood lies s deep d[n among our natural human possibilities t ev5 if !re 7 no metaphysical or traditional gr\nds = believ+ 9 a ,god1 m5 w\ld po/ulate "o simply z a pretext = liv+ h>d1 & gett+ out ( ! game ( exi/5ce its ke5e/ possibilities ( ze/4 ,our attitude t[>ds concrete evils is entirely diff]5t 9 a _w :]e we believe !re are none b f9ite dem&]s1 f :at x is 9 "o :]e we joy\sly face trag$y = an inf9ite dem&]'s sake4 ,e sort ( en]gy & endurance1 ( c\rage & capacity = h&l+ life's evils1 is set free 9 ^? :o h religi\s fai?4 ,= ?is reason ! /r5u\s type ( "* w on ! battle-field ( human hi/ory always outwe> ! easy-go+ type1 & religion w drive irreligion to ! wall4 ,x w\ld seem1 too1--& ?is is my f9al conclusion1--t ! /able & sy/ematic moral univ]se #bad = :i* ! e?ical philosoph] asks is fully possible only 9 a _w :]e !re is a div9e ?9k] ) all-envelop+ dem&s4 ,if su* a ?9k] exi/$1 8 way ( subord9at+ ! dem&s to "o ano!r w\ld be ! f9ally valid casui/ic scale2 8 claims w\ld be ! mo/ appeal+2 8 ideal univ]se w\ld be ! mo/ inclusive realizable :ole4 ,if he n[ exi/1 !n actualiz$ 9 8 ?\ght already mu/ be t e?ical philosophy :i* we seek z ! patt]n :i* our own mu/ ev]more approa*4#c ,9 ! int]e/s ( our own ideal ( sy/ematically unifi$ moral tru?1 !re=e1 we1 z w\ld-be philosoph]s1 mu/ po/ulate a div9e ?9k]1 & pray = ! victory ( ! religi\s cause4 ,mean:ile1 exactly :at ! ?\ght ( ! inf9ite ?9k] may be is hidd5 f u ev5 7 we sure ( 8 exi/5ce2 s t our po/ulation ( him aft] all s]ves only to let loose 9 u ! /r5u\s mood4 ,b ?is is :at x does 9 all m51 ev5 ^? :o h no int]e/ 9 philosophy4 ,! e?ical philosoph]1 !re=e1 :5ev] he v5tures to say :i* c\rse ( action is ! be/1 is on no ess5tially diff]5t level f ! common man4 ,see1 ,i h set be=e !e ?is day life & good1 & dea? & evil2 !re=e1 *oose life t ?\ & ?y se$ may live1--:5 ?is *all5ge comes to u1 x is simply our total "* & p]sonal g5ius t are on trial2 & if we invoke any s-call$ philosophy1 our *oice & use ( t also are b revelations ( our p]sonal aptitude or incapacity = moral life4 ,f ?is unsp>+ practical ordeal no pr(essor's lectures & no array ( books #bae c save u4 ,! solv+ ^w1 = ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$ man alike1 lies 9 ! la/ resort 9 ! dumb will+nesses & unwill+nesses ( _! int]ior *>act]s1 & n[h]e else4 ,x is n 9 heav51 nei!r is x beyond ! sea2 b ! ^w is v nigh unto !e1 9 ?y m\? & 9 ?y he>t1 t ?\ maye/ d x4 #a ,an ,address to ! ,yale ,philosophical ,club1 publi%$ 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,april1 #ahia4 #b ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,new ,york1 ,h4 ,holt ,co1 #ahij4 #c ,all ?is is set =? ) great fre%ness & =ce 9 ! "w ( my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce3 ,! ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy4 ,bo/on1 #ahhe4 #baf ,,great ,,m5 ,,& ,,_! ,,environm5t4#a ,a rem>kable p>allel1 :i* ,i ?9k has nev] be5 notic$1 obta9s betwe5 ! facts ( social evolution on ! "o h&1 & ( zological evolution z exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ! o!r4 ,x w be be/ to prep>e ! gr\nd = my !sis by a few v g5]al rem>ks on ! me?od ( gett+ at sci5tific tru?4 ,x is a common platitude t a complete acqua9tance ) any "o ?+1 h[ev] small1 w\ld require a k ( ! entire univ]se4 ,n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd b "s ( ! remote conditions ( 8 fall are to be f\nd 9 ! milky way1 9 our f$]al con/itution1 or 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,t is to say1 alt] ! milky way1 alt] ! f$]al con/itution1 alt] ! facts ( our b>b>ian ance/ry1 & ! univ]se w\ld s f> be a diff]5t univ]se f :at x n[ is4 ,"o fact involv$ 9 ! diff]5ce might be t ! p>ticul> little /reet-boy :o ?rew ! /one :i* br\ght d[n ! sp>r[ might n f9d himself opposite ! sp>r[ at t p>ticul> mom5t2 or1 f9d+ himself !re1 he might n be 9 t p>ticul> s]5e & dis5gag$ mood ( m9d :i* express$ itself 9 ?r[+ ! /one4 ,b1 true z all ?is is1 x w\ld be v fooli% = any "o :o #bag 0 inquir+ ! cause ( ! sp>r['s fall to ov]look ! boy z too p]sonal1 proximate1 & s to speak an?ropomorphic an ag5t1 & to say t ! true cause is ! f$]al con/itution1 ! we/w>d migration ( ! ,celtic race1 or ! /ructure ( ! milky way4 ,if we proce$$ on t me?od1 we might say ) p]fect legitimacy t a fri5d ( ours1 :o _h slipp$ on ! ice ^u 8 door-/ep & crack$ 8 skull1 "s mon?s aft] d9+ ) ?irte5 at ! table1 di$ because ( t om9\s fea/4 ,i "k1 9 fact1 "o su* in/ance2 & ,i might1 if ,i *ose1 cont5d ) p]fect logical propriety t ! slip on ! ice 0 no real accid5t4 ,!re are no accid5ts1 ,i might say1 = sci5ce4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w conv]g$ to produce t slip4 ,if any?+ _h be5 left out1 ! slip w\ld n h occurr$ j !re & !n4 ,to say x w\ld is to d5y ! relations ( cause & effect ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! real cause ( ! dea? 0 n ! slip1 b ! conditions :i* eng5d]$ ! slip1--& among !m 8 hav+ sat at a table1 six mon?s previ\s1 "o among ?irte54 ,t is truly ! reason :y he di$ )9 ! ye>4 ,x w soon be se5 ^: argum5ts ,i am1 9 =m1 reproduc+ "h4 ,i w\ld fa9 lay d[n ! tru? )\t polemics or recrim9ation4 ,b un=tunately we nev] fully grasp ! import ( any true /atem5t until we h a cle> notion ( :at ! opposite untrue /atem5t w\ld be4 ,! error is ne$$ to set (f ! tru?1 mu* z a d>k backgr\nd is requir$ = exhibit+ ! brightness ( a picture4 ,& ! error :i* ,i am go+ to use z a foil to set (f :at seems to me ! tru? ( my own /atem5ts is conta9$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & #bah 8 disciples4 ,our problem is1 ,:at are ! causes t make communities *ange f g5]ation to g5]ation1--t make ! ,engl& ( ,que5 ,anne s diff]5t f ! ,engl& ( ,elizabe?1 ! ,h>v>d ,college ( to-day s diff]5t f t ( ?irty ye>s ago8 ,i %all reply to ?is problem1 ,! diff]5ce is due to ! accumulat$ influ5ces ( individuals1 ( _! examples1 _! initiatives1 & _! decisions4 ,! ,sp5c]ian s*ool replies1 ,! *anges are irrespective ( p]sons1 & indep5d5t ( individual control4 ,!y are due to ! environm5t1 to ! circum/ances1 ! physical geography1 ! ance/ral conditions1 ! increas+ exp]i5ce ( out] relations2 to ev]y?+1 9 fact1 except ! ,grants & ! ,bism>cks1 ! ,joneses & ! ,smi?s4 ,n[1 ,i say t ^! !oriz]s are guilty ( precisely ! same fallacy z he :o %\ld ascribe ! dea? ( 8 fri5d to ! d9n] ) ?irte51 or ! fall ( ! sp>r[ to ! milky way4 ,l ! dog 9 ! fable1 :o drops 8 real bone to snat* at its image1 !y drop ! real causes to snat* at o!rs1 :i* f no possible human po9t ( view are available or atta9able4 ,_! fallacy is a practical "o4 ,let u see :]e x lies4 ,al?\gh ,i believe 9 free-w myself1 ,i w waive t belief 9 ?is discussion1 & assume ) ! ,sp5c]ians ! pr$e/9ation ( all human actions4 ,on t assumption ,i gladly all[ t 7 ! intellig5ce inve/igat+ ! man's or ! sp>r['s dea? omnisci5t & omnipres5t1 able to take 9 ! :ole ( "t & space at a s+le glance1 !re w\ld n be ! slighte/ objection to ! milky way or ! fatal fea/ be+ #bai invok$ among ! s\ght-= causes4 ,su* a div9e intellig5ce w\ld see in/antane\sly all ! inf9ite l9es ( conv]g5ce t[>ds a giv5 result1 & x w\ld1 moreov]1 see imp>tially3 x w\ld see ! fatal fea/ to be z mu* a condition ( ! sp>r['s dea? z ( ! man's2 x w\ld see ! boy ) ! /one to be z mu* a condition ( ! man's fall z ( ! sp>r['s4 ,! human m9d1 h[ev]1 is con/itut$ on an entirely diff]5t plan4 ,x has no su* p[] ( univ]sal intuition4 ,its f9it5ess obliges x to see b two or ?ree ?+s at a "t4 ,if x wi%es to take wid] sweeps x has to use 'g5]al ideas1' z !y are call$1 & 9 s do+ to drop all concrete tru?s4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 if we z m5 wi% to feel ! connection betwe5 ! milky way & ! boy & ! d9n] & ! sp>r[ & ! man's dea?1 we c d s only by fall+ back on ! enorm\s empt9ess ( :at is call$ an ab/ract proposition4 ,we mu/ say1 ,all ?+s 9 ! _w are fatally pr$et]m9$1 & hang toge!r 9 ! adamant9e fixity ( a sy/em ( natural law4 ,b 9 ! vagu5ess ( ?is va/ proposition we h lo/ all ! concrete facts & l9ks2 & 9 all practical matt]s ! concrete l9ks are ! only ?+s ( importance4 ,! human m9d is ess5tially p>tial4 ,x c be effici5t at all only by pick+ out :at to att5d to1 & ignor+ ev]y?+ else1--by n>r[+ its po9t ( view4 ,o!rwise1 :at little /r5g? x has is disp]s$1 & x loses its way altoge!r4 ,man always wants 8 curiosity gratifi$ = a p>ticul> purpose4 ,if1 9 ! case ( ! sp>r[1 ! purpose is puni%m5t1 x w\ld be idiotic to w&] (f f ! cats1 boys1 & o!r possible ag5cies close by 9 ! /reet1 to #bbj survey ! e>ly ,celts & ! milky way3 ! boy w\ld mean:ile escape4 ,& if1 9 ! case ( ! un=tunate man1 we lose ourselves 9 contemplation ( ! ?irte5-at-table my/]y1 & fail to notice ! ice on ! /ep & cov] x ) a%es1 "s o!r poor fell[1 :o nev] d9$ out 9 8 life1 may slip on x 9 com+ to ! door1 & fall & break 8 head too4 ,x is1 !n1 a necessity laid ^u u z human be+s to limit our view4 ,9 ma!matics we "k h[ ?is me?od ( ignor+ & neglect+ quantities ly+ outside ( a c]ta9 range has be5 adopt$ 9 ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,! calculator ?r[s out all ! 'inf9itesimals' ( ! quantities he is consid]+4 ,he treats !m 7"u c]ta9 rules7 z if !y did n exi/4 ,9 !mselves !y exi/ p]fectly all ! :ile2 b !y are z if !y did n exi/ = ! purposes ( 8 calculation4 ,j s an a/ronom]1 9 deal+ ) ! tidal movem5ts ( ! ocean1 takes no acc\nt ( ! waves made by ! w9d1 or by ! pressure ( all ! /eam]s :i* day & night are mov+ _! ?\s&s ( tons ^u its surface4 ,j s ! m>ksman1 9 sight+ 8 rifle1 all[s = ! motion ( ! w9d1 b n = ! equally real motion ( ! e>? & sol> sy/em4 ,j s a bus9ess man's punctuality may ov]look an error ( five m9utes1 :ile a physici/1 measur+ ! velocity ( light1 mu/ c\nt ea* ?\s&? ( a second4 ,!re are1 9 %ort1 diff]5t cycles ( op]ation 9 nature2 diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 s to speak1 relatively indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 s t :at goes on at any mom5t 9 "o may be compatible ) almo/ any condition ( ?+s at ! same "t 9 ! next4 ,! m\ld on ! biscuit 9 ! /ore-room ( a #bba man-(-w> vegetates 9 absolute indiff]5ce to ! nationality ( ! flag1 ! direction ( ! voyage1 ! wea!r1 & ! human dramas t may g on on bo>d2 & a mycologi/ may /udy x 9 complete ab/raction f all ^! l>g] details4 ,only by s /udy+ x1 9 fact1 is !re any *ance ( ! m5tal conc5tration by :i* alone he may hope to le>n some?+ ( its nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! capta9 :o 9 manoeuvr+ ! vessel ?r\gh a naval fight %\ld ?9k x necess>y to br+ ! m\ldy biscuit into 8 calculations w\ld v likely lose ! battle by reason ( ! excessive '?or\ghness' ( 8 m9d4 ,! causes :i* op]ate 9 ^! incomm5surable cycles are connect$ ) "o ano!r only if we take ! :ole univ]se into acc\nt4 ,= all less] po9ts ( view x is lawful--nay1 m1 x is = human wisdom necess>y--to reg>d !m z disconnect$ & irrelevant to "o ano!r4 ,& ?is br+s u ne>] to our special topic4 ,if we look at an animal or a human be+1 di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( 8 k9d by ! possession ( "s extraord9>y peculi>ity1 good or bad1 we %all be able to discrim9ate betwe5 ! causes :i* orig9ally produc$ ! peculi>ity 9 him & ! causes t ma9ta9 x aft] x is produc$2 & we %all see1 if ! peculi>ity be "o t he 0 born )1 t ^! two sets ( causes belong to two su* irrelevant cycles4 ,x 0 ! triumphant orig9ality ( ,d>w9 to see ?is1 & to act accord+ly4 ,sep>at+ ! causes ( production "u ! title ( 't5d5cies to spontane\s v>iation1' & relegat+ !m to a physiological cycle :i* he =?) #bbb agre$ to ignore altoge!r1#b he conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! causes ( pres]vation1 & "u ! names ( natural selection & sexual selection /udi$ !m exclusively z functions ( ! cycle ( ! environm5t4 ,pre-,d>w9ian philosoph]s _h also tri$ to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification2 b !y all committ$ ! blund] ( clump+ ! two cycles ( causation into "o4 ,:at pres]ves an animal ) 8 peculi>ity1 if x be a useful "o1 !y saw to be ! nature ( ! environm5t to :i* ! peculi>ity 0 adju/$4 ,! giraffe ) 8 peculi> neck is pres]v$ by ! fact t !re are 9 8 environm5t tall trees ^: leaves he c dige/4 ,b ^! philosoph]s w5t fur!r1 & said t ! pres5ce ( ! trees n only ma9ta9$ an animal ) a long neck to br[se ^u _! bran*es1 b also produc$ him4 ,!y made 8 neck long by ! con/ant /riv+ !y ar\s$ 9 him to rea* up to !m4 ,! environm5t1 9 %ort1 0 suppos$ by ^! writ]s to m\ld ! animal by a k9d ( direct pressure1 v mu* z a seal presses ! wax into h>mony ) itself4 ,num]\s in/ances 7 giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* ?is goes on "u our eyes4 ,! ex]cise ( ! =ge makes ! "r arm /rong1 ! palm gr[s call\s to ! o>1 ! m\nta9 air di/5ds ! *e/1 ! *as$ fox gr[s cunn+ & ! *as$ bird %y1 ! arctic cold /imulates ! animal combu/ion1 & s =?4 ,n[ ^! *anges1 ( :i* _m m examples might be adduc$1 are #bbc at pres5t di/+ui%$ by ! special "n ( adaptive *anges4 ,_! peculi>ity is t t v feature 9 ! environm5t to :i* ! animal's nature gr[s adju/$1 itself produces ! adju/m5t4 ,! 'inn] relation1' to use ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s phrase1 'corresponds' ) its own effici5t cause4 ,d>w9's fir/ a*ievem5t 0 to %[ ! utt] insignificance 9 am\nt ( ^! *anges produc$ by direct adaptation1 ! imm5sely great] mass ( *anges be+ produc$ by int]nal molecul> accid5ts1 ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,8 next a*ievem5t 0 to def9e ! true problem ) :i* we h to deal :5 we /udy ! effects ( ! visible environm5t on ! animal4 ,t problem is simply ?is2 ,is ! environm5t m likely to pres]ve or to de/roy him1 on acc\nt ( ?is or t peculi>ity ) :i* he may be born8 ,9 giv+ ! "n ( 'accid5tal v>iations' to ^? peculi>ities ) :i* an animal is born1 ,d>w9 does n = a mom5t mean to sugge/ t !y are n ! fix$ outcome ( natural law4 ,if ! total sy/em ( ! univ]se be tak5 into acc\nt1 ! causes ( ^! v>iations & ! visible environm5t :i* pres]ves or de/roys !m1 und\bt$ly d1 9 "s remote & r\ndab\t way1 hang toge!r4 ,:at ,d>w9 means is1 t1 s9ce t environm5t is a p]fectly kn[n ?+1 & its relations to ! organism 9 ! way ( de/ruction or pres]vation are tangible & di/9ct1 x w\ld utt]ly confuse our f9ite und]/&+s & fru/rate our hopes ( sci5ce to mix 9 ) x facts f su* a disp>ate & incomm5surable cycle z t 9 :i* ! v>iations are produc$4 ,?is la/ cycle is t ( occurr5ces be=e ! animal is born4 ,x is ! cycle ( influ5ces ^u ova & embryos2 #bbd 9 :i* lie ! causes t tip !m & tilt !m t[>ds mascul9ity or fem99ity1 t[>ds /r5g? or weakness1 t[>ds heal? or disease1 & t[>ds div]g5ce f ! p>5t type4 ,:at are ! causes !re8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are molecul> & invisible1--inaccessible1 !re=e1 to direct obs]vation ( any k9d4 ,secondly1 _! op]ations are compatible ) any social1 political1 & physical conditions ( environm5t4 ,! same p>5ts1 liv+ 9 ! same environ+ conditions1 may at "o bir? produce a g5ius1 at ! next an idiot or a mon/]4 ,! visible ext]nal conditions are !re=e n direct det]m9ants ( ?is cycle2 & ! m we consid] ! matt]1 ! m we are =c$ to believe t two *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts are made to diff] f ea* o!r by causes z disproportionate to _! ultimate effects z is ! fam\s pebble on ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 cre/1 :i* sep>ates two ra9-drops1 to ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,pacific ,ocean t[>d :i* x makes !m sev]ally fl[4 ,! great me*anical di/9ction betwe5 transitive =ces & dis*>g+ =ces is n[h]e illu/rat$ on su* a scale z 9 physiology4 ,almo/ all causes !re are =ces ( det5t1 :i* op]ate by simply unlock+ en]gy already /or$ up4 ,!y are upsett]s ( un/able equilibria1 & ! resultant effect dep5ds inf9itely m on ! nature ( ! mat]ials upset ?an on t ( ! p>ticul> /imulus :i* joggles !m d[n4 ,galvanic "w1 equal to unity1 done on a frog's n]ve w dis*>ge f ! muscle to :i* ! n]ve belongs me*anical "w equal to sev5ty ?\s&2 & exactly ! same muscul> #bbe effect w em]ge if o!r irritants ?an galvanism are employ$4 ,! irritant has m]ely />t$ or provok$ some?+ :i* !n w5t on ( itself1--z a mat* may />t a fire :i* consumes a :ole t[n4 ,& qualitatively z well z quantitatively ! effect may be absolutely incomm5surable ) ! cause4 ,we f9d ?is condition ( ?+s 9 ail organic matt]4 ,*emi/s are di/ract$ by ! difficulties :i* ! in/ability ( album9oid comp\nds opposes to _! /udy4 ,two specim5s1 treat$ 9 :at outw>dly seem scrupul\sly id5tical conditions1 behave 9 q diff]5t ways4 ,y "k ab\t ! invisible factors ( f]m5tation1 & h[ ! fate ( a j> ( milk--:e!r x turn into a s\r clot or a mass ( k\miss--dep5ds on :e!r ! lactic acid f]m5t or ! alcoholic is introduc$ fir/1 & gets ahead ( ! o!r 9 />t+ ! process4 ,n[1 :5 ! result is ! t5d5cy ( an ovum1 itself invisible to ! nak$ eye1 to tip t[>ds ?is direction or t 9 its fur!r evolution1--to br+ =? a g5ius or a dunce1 ev5 z ! ra9-drop passes ea/ or we/ ( ! pebble1--is x n obvi\s t ! deflect+ cause mu/ lie 9 a region s recondite & m9ute1 mu/ be su* a f]m5t ( a f]m5t1 an inf9itesimal ( s high an ord]1 t surmise itself may nev] succe$ ev5 9 attempt+ to frame an image ( x8 ,su* be+ ! case1 0 n ,d>w9 "r to turn 8 back ^u t region altoge!r1 & to keep 8 own problem c>efully free f all entanglem5t ) matt]s su* z ^!8 ,! success ( 8 "w is a suffici5tly affirmative reply4 ,& ?is br+s u at la/ to ! he>t ( our subject4 ,! causes ( production ( great m5 lie 9 a #bbf sph]e :olly inaccessible to ! social philosoph]4 ,he mu/ simply accept g5iuses z data1 j z ,d>w9 accepts 8 spontane\s v>iations4 ,= him1 z = ,d>w91 ! only problem is1 ^! data be+ giv51 ,h[ does ! environm5t affect !m1 & h[ d !y affect ! environm5t8 ,n[1 ,i affirm t ! relation ( ! visible environm5t to ! great man is 9 ! ma9 exactly :at x is to ! 'v>iation' 9 ! ,d>w9ian philosophy4 ,x *iefly adopts or rejects1 pres]ves or de/roys1 9 %ort selects him4#c ,& :5ev] x adopts & pres]ves ! great man1 x becomes modifi$ by 8 influ5ce 9 an entirely orig9al & peculi> way4 ,he acts z a f]m5t1 & *anges its con/itution1 j z ! adv5t ( a new zological species *anges ! faunal & floral equilibrium ( ! region 9 :i* x appe>s4 ,we all recollect ,mr4 ,d>w9's fam\s /atem5t ( ! influ5ce ( cats on ! gr[? ( clov] 9 _! neighborhood4 ,we all h read ( ! effects ( ! ,european rabbit 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & we h _m ( u tak5 "p 9 ! controv]sy ab\t ! ,engli% sp>r[ "h1--:e!r he kills mo/ cank]-worms1 or drives away mo/ native birds4 ,j s ! great man1 :e!r he be an importation f )\t l ,clive 9 ,india or ,agassiz "h1 or :e!r he spr+ f ! soil l ,mahomet or ,frankl91 br+s ab\t a re>rangem5t1 on a l>ge or a small scale1 ( ! pre-exi/+ social relations4 #bbg ,! mutations ( societies1 !n1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 are 9 ! ma9 due directly or indirectly to ! acts or ! example ( individuals ^: g5ius 0 s adapt$ to ! receptivities ( ! mom5t1 or ^: accid5tal position ( au?ority 0 s critical t !y became f]m5ts1 initiators ( movem5t1 sett]s ( prec$5t or fa%ion1 c5tres ( corruption1 or de/roy]s ( o!r p]sons1 ^: gifts1 _h !y _h free play1 w\ld h l$ society 9 ano!r direction4 ,we see ?is p[] ( individual initiative exemplifi$ on a small scale all ab\t u1 & on a l>ge scale 9 ! case ( ! lead]s ( hi/ory4 ,x is only foll[+ ! common-s5se me?od ( a ,lyell1 a ,d>w91 & a ,:itney to int]pret ! unkn[n by ! kn[n1 & reckon up cumulatively ! only causes ( social *ange we c directly obs]ve4 ,societies ( m5 are j l individuals1 9 t bo? at any giv5 mom5t (f] ambigu\s pot5tialities ( developm5t4 ,:e!r a "y man ent]s bus9ess or ! m9i/ry may dep5d on a decision :i* has to be made be=e a c]ta9 day4 ,he takes ! place (f]$ 9 ! c\nt+-h\se1 & is committ$4 ,little by little1 ! habits1 ! kn[l$ges1 ( ! o!r c>e]1 :i* once lay s ne>1 cease to be reckon$ ev5 among 8 possibilities4 ,at fir/1 he may sometimes d\bt :e!r ! self he murd]$ 9 t decisive h\r might n h be5 ! bett] ( ! two2 b ) ! ye>s su* que/ions !mselves expire1 & ! old alt]native ego1 once s vivid1 fades into some?+ less sub/antial ?an a dream4 ,x is no o!rwise ) nations4 ,!y may be committ$ by k+s & m9i/]s to peace or w>1 by g5]als to victory or defeat1 by prophets to ?is #bbh religion or to t1 by v>i\s g5iuses to fame 9 art1 sci5ce1 or indu/ry4 ,a w> is a true po9t ( bifurcation ( future possibilities4 ,:e!r x fail or succe$1 its decl>ation mu/ be ! />t+-po9t ( new policies4 ,j s does a revolution1 or any great civic prec$5t1 become a deflect+ influ5ce1 ^: op]ations wid5 ) ! c\rse ( "t4 ,communities obey _! ideals2 & an accid5tal success fixes an ideal1 z an accid5tal failure blights x4 ,w\ld ,engl& h to-day ! 'imp]ial' ideal :i* %e n[ has1 if a c]ta9 boy nam$ ,bob ,clive _h %ot himself1 z he tri$ to d1 at ,madras8 ,w\ld %e be ! drift+ raft %e is n[ 9 ,european affairs#d if a ,fr$]ic ! ,great _h inh]it$ h] ?rone in/ead ( a ,victoria1 & if ,messrs4 ,b5?am1 ,mill1 ,cobd51 & ,bright _h all be5 born 9 ,prussia8 ,engl& has1 no d\bt1 to-day precisely ! same intr9sic value relatively to ! o!r nations t %e ev] _h4 ,!re is no su* f9e accumulation ( human mat]ial ^u ! globe4 ,b 9 ,engl& ! mat]ial has lo/ effective =m1 :ile 9 ,g]many x has f\nd x4 ,lead]s give ! =m4 ,w\ld ,engl& be cry+ =w>d & backw>d at once1 z %e does n[1 'lett+ ,i w n wait ^u ,i w\ld1' wi%+ to conqu] b n to fight1 if h] ideal _h 9 all ^! ye>s be5 fix$ by a succession ( /atesm5 ( supremely comm&+ p]sonality1 work+ 9 "o direction8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,%e w\ld h esp\s$1 = bett] or worse1 ei!r "o c\rse or ano!r4 ,_h ,bism>ck di$ 9 8 cradle1 ! ,g]mans w\ld /ill be satisfi$ ) appe>+ to !mselves z a race ( spectacl$ ,gelehrt5 & political h]bivora1 & to ! ,fr5* z ces bons1 or ces naifs1 #bbi ,allem&s4 ,bism>ck's w %[$ !m1 to _! own great a/oni%m5t1 t !y c\ld play a f> liveli] game4 ,! lesson w n be =gott54 ,g]many may h _m vicissitudes1 b !y-- w nev] d away1 ,i we51 ,! m>ks ( t :i* once ha? be5-- ( ,bism>ck's initiative1 namely1 f #ahfj to #ahgc4 ,! f]m5tative influ5ce ( g5iuses mu/ be admitt$ z1 at any rate1 "o factor 9 ! *anges t con/itute social evolution4 ,! community may evolve 9 _m ways4 ,! accid5tal pres5ce ( ?is or t f]m5t decides 9 :i* way x %all evolve4 ,:y1 ! v birds ( ! =e/1 ! p>rot1 ! m9o1 h ! p[] ( human spee*1 b nev] develop x ( !mselves2 "s "o mu/ be !re to tea* !m4 ,s ) u individuals4 ,rembr&t mu/ tea* u to enjoy ! /ruggle ( light ) d>kness1 ,wagn] to enjoy peculi> musical effects2 ,dick5s gives a twi/ to our s5tim5tality1 ,artemus ,w>d to our humor2 ,em]son k9dles a new moral light )9 u4 ,b x is l ,columbus's egg4 ,all c raise ! fl[]s n[1 = all h got ! se$4 ,b if ?is be true ( ! individuals 9 ! community1 h[ c x be false ( ! community z a :ole8 ,if %[n a c]ta9 way1 a community may take x2 if n1 x w nev] f9d x4 ,& ! ways are to a l>ge ext5t indet]m9ate 9 advance4 ,a nation may obey ei!r ( _m alt]native impulses giv5 by diff]5t m5 ( g5ius1 & /ill live & be prosp]\s1 j z a man may ent] ei!r ( _m bus9esses4 ,only1 ! prosp]ities may diff] 9 _! type4 ,b ! indet]m9ism is n absolute4 ,n e #bcj 'man' fits e 'h\r4' ,"s incompatibilities !re are4 ,a giv5 g5ius may come ei!r too e>ly or too late4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit w\ld n[ be s5t to a lunatic asylum4 ,john ,mill 9 ! t5? c5tury w\ld h liv$ & di$ unkn[n4 ,cromwell & ,napoleon ne$ _! revolutions1 ,grant 8 civil w>4 ,an ,ajax gets no fame 9 ! day ( telescopic-sight$ rifles2 &1 to express diff]5tly an in/ance :i* ,sp5c] uses1 :at c\ld a ,watt h effect$ 9 a tribe :i* no precursive g5ius _h taught to smelt iron or to turn a la!8 ,n[1 ! important ?+ to notice is t :at makes a c]ta9 g5ius n[ incompatible ) 8 surr\nd+s is usually ! fact t "s previ\s g5ius ( a diff]5t /ra9 has w>p$ ! community away f ! sph]e ( 8 possible effectiv5ess4 ,aft] ,voltaire1 no ,pet] ! ,h]mit2 aft] ,*>les ,,ix4 & ,l\is ,,xiv41 no g5]al prote/antization ( ,france2 aft] a ,man*e/] s*ool1 a ,beaconsfield's success is transi5t2 aft] a ,philip ,,ii41 a ,ca/el> makes little headway2 & s on4 ,ea* bifurcation cuts (f c]ta9 sides ( ! field altoge!r1 & limits ! future possible angles ( deflection4 ,a community is a liv+ ?+1 & 9 words :i* ,i c d no bett] ?an quote f ,pr(essor ,clif=d1#e x is ! peculi>ity ( liv+ ?+s n m]ely t !y *ange "u ! influ5ce ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 b t any *ange :i* takes place 9 !m is n lo/ b reta9$1 & z x 7 built into ! organism to s]ve z ! f\ndation = future actions4 ,if y cause any di/ortion 9 ! gr[? ( a tree & make x crook$1 :atev] y may d aft]w>ds to make ! tree /raight ! m>k ( y\r #bca di/ortion is !re2 x is absolutely indelible2 x has become "p ( ! tree's nature4444 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t y take a lump ( gold1 melt x1 & let x cool4444 ,no "o c tell by exam9+ a piece ( gold h[ (t5 x has be5 melt$ & cool$ 9 geologic ages1 or ev5 9 ! la/ ye> by ! h& ( man4 ,any "o :o cuts d[n an oak c tell by ! r+s 9 its trunk h[ _m times w9t] has froz5 x into wid[hood1 & h[ _m times summ] has w>m$ x into life4 ,a liv+ be+ mu/ always conta9 )9 itself ! hi/ory1 n m]ely ( its own exi/5ce1 b ( all its ance/ors4 ,e pa9t] c tell u h[ ea* add$ l9e deflects 8 picture 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,:atev] l9es foll[ mu/ be built on ^? fir/ laid d[n4 ,e au?or :o />ts to rewrite a piece ( "w kn[s h[ impossible x becomes to use any ( ! fir/-writt5 pages aga94 ,! new beg9n+ has already exclud$ ! possibility ( ^? e>li] phrases & transitions1 :ile x has at ! same "t creat$ ! possibility ( an indef9ite set ( new ones1 no "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is completely det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,j s ! social surr\nd+s ( ! pa/ & pres5t h\r exclude ! possibility ( accept+ c]ta9 contributions f individuals2 b !y d n positively def9e :at contributions %all be accept$1 = 9 !mselves !y are p[]less to fix :at ! nature ( ! individual (f]+s %all be4#f #bcb ,?us social evolution is a resultant ( ! int]action ( two :olly di/9ct factors1--! individual1 d]iv+ 8 peculi> gifts f ! play ( physiological & infra-social =ces1 b be>+ all ! p[] ( initiative & orig9ation 9 8 h&s2 &1 second1 ! social environm5t1 ) its p[] ( adopt+ or reject+ bo? him & 8 gifts4 ,bo? factors are ess5tial to *ange4 ,! community /agnates )\t ! impulse ( ! individual4 ,! impulse dies away )\t ! sympa?y ( ! community4 ,all ?is seems no?+ m ?an common-s5se4 ,all :o wi% to see x develop$ by a man ( g5ius %\ld read t gold5 little "w1 ,bagehot's ,physics & ,politics1 9 :i* 7x seems to me7 ! complete s5se ( ! way 9 :i* concrete ?+s gr[ & *ange is z liv+ly pres5t z ! /ra9+ aft] a pseudo-philosophy ( evolution is liv+ly abs5t4 ,b !re are nev] want+ m9ds to :om su* views seem p]sonal & contract$1 & alli$ to an an?ropomorphism long explod$ 9 o!r fields ( k4 ,! individual )]s1 & ! _w is m & m1 to ^! writ]s2 & 9 a ,buckle1 a ,drap]1 & a ,ta9e we all "k h[ mu* ! '_w' has come to be almo/ synonym\s ) ! climate4 ,we all "k1 too1 h[ ! controv]sy has be5 kept up betwe5 ! p>tisans ( a 'sci5ce ( hi/ory' & ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( any?+ l necess>y 'laws' :]e human societies are conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 at ! op5+ ( 8 ,/udy ( ,sociology1 makes an onslaught on ! 'great-man !ory' ( hi/ory1 f :i* a few passages may be quot$3-- ,! g5esis ( societies by ! action ( great m5 may be com=tably believ$ s long z1 re/+ 9 g5]al #bcc notions1 y d n ask = p>ticul>s4 ,b n[1 if1 dissatisfi$ ) vagu5ess1 we dem& t our ideas %all be br\ght into focus & exactly def9$1 we discov] ! hypo!sis to be utt]ly incoh]5t4 ,if1 n /opp+ at ! explanation ( social progress z due to ! great man1 we g back a /ep1 & ask1 ,:5ce comes ! great man8 we f9d t ! !ory breaks d[n completely4 ,! "q has two conceivable answ]s3 8 orig9 is sup]natural1 or x is natural4 ,is 8 orig9 sup]natural8 ,!n he is a deputy god1 & we h !ocracy once remov$1--or1 r1 n remov$ at all4444 ,is ?is an unacceptable solution8 ,!n ! orig9 ( ! great man is natural2 & imm$iately ?is is recogniz$1 he mu/ be class$ ) all o!r ph5om5a 9 ! society t gave him bir? z a product ( its antec$5ts4 ,along ) ! :ole g5]ation ( :i* he =ms a m9ute "p1 along ) its in/itutions1 language1 k1 mann]s1 & its multitud9\s arts & appliances1 he is a resultant4444 ,y mu/ admit t ! g5esis ( ! great man dep5ds on ! long s]ies ( complex influ5ces :i* has produc$ ! race 9 :i* he appe>s1 & ! social /ate into :i* t race has sl[ly gr[n4444 ,be=e he c remake 8 society1 8 society mu/ make him4 ,all ^? *anges ( :i* he is ! proximate initiator h _! *ief causes 9 ! g5]ations he desc5d$ f4 ,if !re is to be any?+ l a real explanation ( ^? *anges1 x mu/ be s\ght 9 t aggregate ( conditions out ( :i* bo? he & !y h aris54#g ,n[1 x seems to me t !re is some?+ :i* "o might almo/ call impud5t 9 ! attempt :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is extract1 to p9 ! reproa* ( vagu5ess ^u ^? :o believe 9 ! p[] ( initiative ( ! great man4 #bcd ,suppose ,i say t ! s+ul> mod]ation :i* n[ di/+ui%es social1 political1 & religi\s discussion 9 ,engl&1 & contra/s s /rongly ) ! bigotry & dogmatism ( sixty ye>s ago1 is l>gely due to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's example4 ,i may possibly be wrong ab\t ! facts2 b ,i am1 at any rate1 'ask+ = p>ticul>s1' & n 're/+ 9 g5]al notions4' ,& if ,mr4 ,sp5c] %\ld tell me x />t$ f no p]sonal influ5ce :atev]1 b f ! 'aggregate ( conditions1' ! 'g5]ations1' ,mill & all 8 contempor>ies 'desc5d$ f1' ! :ole pa/ ord] ( nature 9 %ort1 surely he1 n ,i1 w\ld be ! p]son 'satisfi$ ) vagu5ess4' ,! fact is t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sociological me?od is id5tical ) t ( "o :o w\ld invoke ! zodiac to acc\nt = ! fall ( ! sp>r[1 & ! ?irte5 at table to expla9 ! g5tleman's dea?4 ,x is ( little m sci5tific value ?an ! ,ori5tal me?od ( reply+ to :atev] "q arises by ! unimpea*able truism1 ,god is great4 ,n to fall back on ! gods1 :]e a proximate pr9ciple may be f\nd1 has ) u ,we/]n]s long s9ce become ! sign ( an effici5t z di/+ui%$ f an ineffici5t intellect4 ,to believe t ! cause ( ev]y?+ is to be f\nd 9 its antec$5ts is ! />t+-po9t1 ! initial po/ulate1 n ! goal & consummation1 ( sci5ce4 ,if %e is simply to lead u out ( ! labyr9? by ! same hole we w5t 9 by ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 x seems h>dly wor? :ile to h foll[$ h] ?r\gh ! d>kness at all4 ,if any?+ is humanly c]ta9 x is t ! great man's society1 prop]ly s call$1 does n make him be=e he c remake x4 ,physiological =ces1 ) :i* #bce ! social1 political1 geographical1 & to a great ext5t an?ropological conditions h j z mu* & j z little to d z ! condition ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius has to d ) ! flick]+ ( ?is gas by :i* ,i write1 are :at make him4 ,c x be t ,mr4 ,sp5c] holds ! conv]g5ce ( sociological pressures to h s imp+$ on ,/rat=d-^u-,avon ab\t ! #bf? ( ,april1 #aefd1 t a ,w4 ,%akespe>e1 ) all 8 m5tal peculi>ities1 _h to be born !re1--z ! pressure ( wat] outside a c]ta9 boat w cause a /ream ( a c]ta9 =m to ooze into a p>ticul> leak8 ,& does he mean to say t if ! a=esaid ,w4 ,%akespe>e _h di$ ( *ol]a infantum1 ano!r "m at ,/rat=d-^u-,avon w\ld ne$s h eng5d]$ a duplicate copy ( him1 to re/ore ! sociologic equilibrium1--j z ! same /ream ( wat] w reappe>1 no matt] h[ (t5 y pass a sponge ov] ! leak1 s long z ! outside level rema9s un*ang$8 ,or might ! sub/itute arise at ',/rat=d-atte-,b[e'8 ,"h1 z else:]e1 x is v h>d1 9 ! mid/ ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s vagu5ess1 to tell :at he does mean at all4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 9 8 disciple1 ,mr4 ,grant ,all51 "o :o leaves u 9 no d\bt :atev] ( 8 precise mean+4 ,?is widely in=m$1 sugge/ive1 & brilliant writ] publi%$ la/ ye> a c\ple ( articles 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t individuals h no initiative 9 det]m9+ social *ange4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 "o nation & ano!r1 :e!r 9 intellect1 comm]ce1 art1 morals1 or g5]al temp]am5t1 ultimately dep5d1 n ^u any my/]i\s prop]ties ( race1 nationality1 or any o!r unkn[n & un9telligible ab/ractions1 b simply & solely ^u ! #bcf physical circum/ances to :i* !y are expos$4 ,if x be a fact1 z we "k x to be1 t ! ,fr5* nation diff]s recognizably f ! ,*9ese1 & ! p ( ,hamburg diff] recognizably f ! p ( ,timbuctoo1 !n ! notori\s & conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 !m are :olly due to ! geographical position ( ! v>i\s races4 ,if ! p :o w5t to ,hamburg _h gone to ,timbuctoo1 !y w\ld n[ be indi/+ui%able f ! semi-b>b>ian negroes :o inhabit t c5tral ,african metropolis2#h & if ! p :o w5t to ,timbuctoo _h gone to ,hamburg1 !y w\ld n[ h be5 :ite-sk9n$ m]*ants driv+ a ro>+ trade 9 imitation %]ry & indige/ible port4444 ,! diff]5tiat+ ag5cy mu/ be s\ght 9 ! great p]man5t geographical features ( l& & sea2 444 ^! h necess>ily & inevitably m\ld$ ! *>act]s & hi/ories ( e nation ^u ! e>?4444 ,we _c reg>d any nation z an active ag5t 9 diff]5tiat+ itself4 ,only ! surr\nd+ circum/ances c h any effect 9 su* a direction4 ,^! two s5t5ces dogmatically d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! relatively indep5d5t physiological cycle ( causation4 ,to suppose o!rwise is to suppose t ! m9d ( man is exempt f ! univ]sal law ( causation4 ,!re is no caprice1 no spontane\s impulse1 9 human endeavors4 ,ev5 ta/es & incl9ations mu/ !mselves be ! result ( surr\nd+ causes4#i #bcg ,else:]e ,mr4 ,all51 writ+ ( ! ,greek culture1 says3-- ,x 0 absolutely & unres]v$ly ! product ( ! geographical ,hellas1 act+ ^u ! giv5 factor ( ! undiff]5tiat$ ,aryan bra91444 ,to me x seems a self-evid5t proposition t no?+ :atsoev] c diff]5tiate "o body ( m5 f ano!r1 except ! physical conditions 9 :i* !y are set1--includ+1 ( c\rse1 "u ! t]m physical conditions ! relations ( place & "t 9 :i* !y /& ) reg>d to o!r bodies ( m54 ,to suppose o!rwise is to d5y ! primordial law ( causation4 ,to imag9e t ! m9d c diff]5tiate itself is to imag9e t x c be diff]5tiat$ )\t a cause4#aj ,?is outcry ab\t ! law ( univ]sal causation be+ undone1 ! mom5t we refuse to inve/ 9 ! k9d ( causation :i* is p$dl$ r\nd by a p>ticul> s*ool1 makes "o impati5t4 ,^! writ]s h no imag9ation ( alt]natives4 ,) !m !re is no t]tium quid betwe5 outw>d environm5t & miracle4 ,aut ,caes>1 aut nullus6 ,aut ,sp5c]ism1 aut cate*ism6 ,if by 'physical conditions' ,mr4 ,all5 means :at he does mean1 ! outw>d cycle ( visible nature & man1 8 ass]tion is simply physiologically false4 ,= a national m9d diff]5tiates 'itself' :5ev] a g5ius is born 9 its mid/ by causes act+ 9 ! invisible & molecul> cycle4 ,b if ,mr4 ,all5 means by 'physical conditions' ! :ole ( nature1 8 ass]tion1 ?\gh true1 =ms b ! vague ,asiatic #bch pr(ession ( belief 9 an all-envelop+ fate1 :i* c]ta9ly ne$ n plume itself on any specially advanc$ or sci5tific "*4 ,& h[ c a ?9k] s clev] z ,mr4 ,all5 fail to h di/+ui%$ 9 ^! matt]s betwe5 necess>y conditions & suffici5t conditions ( a giv5 result8 ,! ,fr5* say t to h an omelet we mu/ break our eggs2 t is1 ! break+ ( eggs is a necess>y condition ( ! omelet4 ,b is x a suffici5t condition8 ,does an omelet appe> :5ev] ?ree eggs are brok58 ,s ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,to get su* v]satile intellig5ce x may be t su* comm]cial deal+s ) ! _w z ! geographical ,hellas af=d$ are a necess>y condition4 ,b if !y are a suffici5t condition1 :y did n ! ,pho5icians out/rip ! ,greeks 9 intellig5ce8 ,no geographical environm5t c produce a giv5 type ( m9d4 ,x c only fo/] & fur!r c]ta9 types =tuit\sly produc$1 & ?w>t & fru/rate o!rs4 ,once aga91 its function is simply selective1 & det]m9es :at %all actually be only by de/roy+ :at is positively incompatible4 ,an ,arctic environm5t is incompatible ) improvid5t habits 9 its d5iz5s2 b :e!r ! inhabitants ( su* a region %all unite ) _! ?rift ! peacefulness ( ! ,eskimo or ! pugnacity ( ! ,norseman is1 s f> z ! climate is conc]n$1 an accid5t4 ,evolutioni/s %\ld n =get t we all h five f+]s n because f\r or six w\ld n d j z well1 b m]ely because ! fir/ v]tebrate above ! fi%es happ5$ to h t numb]4 ,he ow$ 8 prodigi\s success 9 f\nd+ a l9e ( desc5t to "s entirely o!r quality1--we "k #bci n :i*1--b ! iness5tial five f+]s 7 tak5 9 t[ & pres]v$ to ! pres5t day4 ,s ( mo/ social peculi>ities4 ,:i* ( !m %all be tak5 9 t[ by ! few qualities :i* ! environm5t necess>ily exacts is a matt] ( :at physiological accid5ts %all happ5 among individuals4 ,mr4 ,all5 promises to prove 8 !sis 9 detail by ! examples ( ,*9a1 ,india1 ,engl&1 ,rome1 etc4 ,i h n ! smalle/ hesitation 9 pr$ict+ t he w d no m ) ^! examples ?an he has done ) ,hellas4 ,he w appe> ^u ! sc5e aft] ! fact1 & %[ t ! quality develop$ by ea* race 01 naturally en\gh1 n incompatible ) its habitat4 ,b he w utt]ly fail to %[ t ! p>ticul> =m ( compatibility fall5 into 9 ea* case 0 ! "o necess>y & only possible =m4 ,naturali/s "k well en\gh h[ indet]m9ate ! h>monies betwe5 a fauna & its environm5t are4 ,an animal may bett] 8 *ances ( exi/5ce 9 ei!r ( _m ways1--gr[+ aquatic1 arboreal1 or subt]ranean2 small & swift1 or massive & bulky2 sp9y1 horny1 slimy1 or v5om\s2 m timid or m pugnaci\s2 m cunn+ or m f]tile ( (fspr+2 m greg>i\s or m solit>y2 or 9 o!r ways besides1--& any "o ( ^! ways may suit him to _m widely diff]5t environm5ts4 ,read]s ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace w well rememb] ! /rik+ illu/rations ( ?is 9 8 ,malay ,ar*ipelago3-- ,borneo closely resembles ,new ,gu9ea n only 9 its va/ size & its fre$om f volcanoes1 b 9 its v>iety ( geological /ructure1 its uni=mity ( climate1 & ! g5]al aspect ( ! =e/ vegetation t clo!s its surface2 ! ,moluccas are ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,philipp9es #bdj 9 _! volcanic /ructure1 _! extreme f]tility1 _! luxuriant =e/s1 & _! frequ5t e>?quakes2 & ,bali1 ) ! ea/ end ( ,java1 has a climate almo/ z dry & a soil almo/ z arid z t ( ,timor4 ,yet betwe5 ^! correspond+ gr\ps ( isl&s1 con/ruct$1 z x 71 aft] ! same patt]n1 subject$ to ! same climate1 & ba!d by ! same oceans1 !re exi/s ! greate/ possible contra/ :5 we comp>e _! animal productions4 ,n[h]e does ! anci5t doctr9e t diff]5ces or simil>ities 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( life t inhabit diff]5t c\ntries are due to correspond+ physical diff]5ces or simil>ities 9 ! c\ntries !mselves1 meet ) s direct & palpable a contradiction4 ,borneo & ,new ,gu9ea1 z alike physically z two di/9ct c\ntries c be1 are zologically wide z ! poles asund]2 :ile ,au/ralia1 ) its dry w9ds1 its op5 pla9s1 its /ony des]ts1 & its temp]ate climate1 yet produces birds & quadrup$s :i* are closely relat$ to ^? inhabit+ ! hot1 damp1 luxuriant =e/s :i* ev]y:]e clo! ! pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,"h we h simil> physical-geography environm5ts h>moniz+ ) widely diff]+ animal lives1 & simil> animal lives h>moniz+ ) widely diff]+ geographical environm5ts4 ,a s+ul>ly accompli%$ writ]1 ,e4 ,gryzan[ski1 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1#aa uses ! in/ances ( ,s>d9ia & ,corsica 9 support ( ?is !sis ) great effect ,he says3-- ,^! si/] isl&s1 ly+ 9 ! v c5tre ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 at almo/ equal di/ances f ! c5tres ( ,lat9 & ,neo-,lat9 civilization1 )9 easy rea* ( ! ,pho5ician1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,s>ac51 ) a #bda coa/-l9e ( m ?an a ?\s& miles1 end[$ ) obvi\s & tempt+ advantages1 & hid+ untold s\rces ( agricultural & m9]al weal?1 h nev]!less rema9$ unkn[n1 unhe$$1 & c]ta9ly unc>$ = dur+ ! ?irty c5turies ( ,european hi/ory4444 ,^! isl&s h dialects1 b no language2 records ( battles1 b no hi/ory4 ,!y h cu/oms1 b no laws2 ! v5detta1 b no ju/ice4 ,!y h wants & weal?1 b no comm]ce1 timb] & ports1 b no %ipp+4 ,!y h leg5ds1 b no poetry1 beauty1 b no art2 & tw5ty ye>s ago x c\ld /ill be said t !y _h univ]sities1 b no /ud5ts4444 ,t ,s>d9ia1 ) all h] emotional & picturesque b>b>ism1 has nev] produc$ a s+le arti/ is almo/ z /range z h] b>b>ism itself4444 ,ne> ! focus ( ,european civilization1 9 ! v spot :i* an priori geograph] w\ld po9t out z ! mo/ favorable place = mat]ial & intellectual1 comm]cial1 & political developm5t1 ^! /range si/] isl&s h slept _! secul> sleep1 l nodes on ! s\nd+-bo>d ( hi/ory4 ,?is writ] !n goes on to comp>e ,s>d9ia & ,sicily ) "s detail4 ,all ! mat]ial advantages are 9 favor ( ,s>d9ia1 & ! ,s>d9ian population1 be+ ( an ance/ry m mix$ ?an t ( ! ,engli% race1 w\ld ju/ify f> high] expectations ?an t ( ,sicily4 ,yet ,sicily's pa/ hi/ory has be5 brilliant 9 ! extreme1 & h] comm]ce to-day is great4 ,dr4 ,gryzan[ski has 8 own !ory ( ! hi/oric torpor ( ^! favor$ isles4 ,he ?9ks !y /agnat$ because !y nev] ga9$ political autonomy1 be+ always own$ by "s ,cont95tal p[]4 ,i w n dispute ! !ory2 b ,i w ask1 ,:y did !y n ga9 x8 & answ] imm$iately3 ,simply because no individuals 7 #bdb born !re ) patriotism & ability en\gh to inflame _! c\ntrym5 ) national pride1 ambition1 & ?ir/ = indep5d5t life4 ,corsicans & ,s>d9ians are probably z good /uff z any ( _! neighbors4 ,b ! be/ wood-pile w n blaze till a tor* is appli$1 & ! appropriate tor*es seem to h be5 want+4#ab ,sporadic great m5 come ev]y:]e4 ,b = a community to get vibrat+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh #bdc ) int5sely active life1 _m g5iuses com+ toge!r & 9 rapid succession are requir$4 ,?is is :y great epo*s are s r>e1--:y ! sudd5 bloom ( a ,greece1 an e>ly ,rome1 a ,r5aissance1 is su* a my/]y4 ,bl[ mu/ foll[ bl[ s fa/ t no cool+ c occur 9 ! int]vals4 ,!n ! mass ( ! nation gr[s inc&esc5t1 & may cont9ue to gl[ by pure in]tia long aft] ! orig9ators ( its int]nal movem5t h pass$ away4 ,we (t5 he> surprise express$ t 9 ^! high tides ( human affairs n only ! p %\ld be fill$ ) /rong] life1 b t individual g5iuses %\ld seem s exceptionally abundant4 ,?is my/]y is j ab\t z deep z ! "t-honor$ conundrum z to :y great riv]s fl[ by great t[ns4 ,x is true t great public f]m5tations awak5 & adopt _m g5iuses1 :o 9 m torpid times w\ld h _h no *ance to "w4 ,b ov] & above ?is !re mu/ be an exceptional conc\rse ( g5ius ab\t a "t1 to make ! f]m5tation beg9 at all4 ,! unlikel9ess ( ! conc\rse is f> great] ?an ! unlikel9ess ( any p>ticul> g5ius2 h5ce ! r>ity ( ^! p]iods & ! exceptional aspect :i* !y always we>4 #bdd ,x is folly1 !n1 to speak ( ! 'laws ( hi/ory' z ( some?+ inevitable1 :i* sci5ce has only to discov]1 & ^: consequ5ces any "o c !n =etell b d no?+ to alt] or av]t4 ,:y1 ! v laws ( physics are conditional1 & deal ) ifs4 ,! physici/ does n say1 ,! wat] w boil anyh[2 he only says x w boil if a fire be k9dl$ b5ea? x4 ,& s ! utmo/ ! /ud5t ( sociology c ev] pr$ict is t if a g5ius ( a c]ta9 sort %[ ! way1 society w be sure to foll[4 ,x might long ago h be5 pr$ict$ ) great confid5ce t bo? ,italy & ,g]many w\ld rea* a /able unity if "s "o c\ld b succe$ 9 />t+ ! process4 ,x c\ld n h be5 pr$ict$1 h[ev]1 t ! modus op]&i 9 ea* case w\ld be subord9ation to a p>am\nt /ate r ?an f$]ation1 because no hi/orian c\ld h calculat$ ! freaks ( bir? & =tune :i* gave at ! same mom5t su* positions ( au?ority to ?ree su* peculi> individuals z ,napoleon ,,iii41 ,bism>ck1 & ,cav\r4 ,s ( our own politics4 ,x is c]ta9 n[ t ! movem5t ( ! indep5d5ts1 re=m]s1 or :atev] "o please to call !m1 w triumph4 ,b :e!r x d s by conv]t+ ! ,republican p>ty to its ends1 or by re>+ a new p>ty on ! ru9s ( bo? our pres5t factions1 ! hi/orian _c say4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! re=m movem5t w\ld make m progress 9 "o ye> ) an adequate p]sonal lead] ?an z n[ 9 t5 )\t "o4 ,7 !re a great citiz51 spl5did ) e civic gift1 to be its c&idate1 :o c d\bt t he w\ld lead u to victory8 ,b1 at pres5t1 we1 8 environm5t1 :o sigh = him & w\ld s gladly pres]ve & adopt him if he came1 c nei!r #bde move )\t him1 nor yet d any?+ to br+ him =?4#ac ,to conclude3 ,! evolution>y view ( hi/ory1 :5 x d5ies ! vital importance ( individual initiative1 is1 !n1 an utt]ly vague & unsci5tific conception1 a lapse f mod]n sci5tific det]m9ism into ! mo/ anci5t ori5tal fatalism4 ,! lesson ( ! analysis t we h made 7ev5 on ! completely det]m9i/ic hypo!sis ) :i* we />t$7 =ms an appeal ( ! mo/ /imulat+ sort to ! en]gy ( ! individual4 ,ev5 ! dogg$ resi/ance ( ! reaction>y cons]vative to *anges :i* he _c hope entirely to defeat is ju/ifi$ & %[n to be effective4 ,he ret>ds ! movem5t2 deflects x a little by ! concessions he extracts2 gives x a resultant mom5tum1 comp\nd$ ( 8 in]tia & 8 adv]s>ies' spe$2 & keeps up1 9 %ort1 a con/ant lat]al pressure1 :i*1 to be sure1 nev] heads x r\nd ab\t1 b br+s x up at la/ at a goal f> to ! "r or left ( t to :i* x w\ld h drift$ _h he all[$ x to drift alone4 ,i n[ pass to ! la/ division ( my subject1 ! function ( ! environm5t 9 m5tal evolution4 ,aft] :at ,i h already said1 ,i may be q concise4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 x w\ld seem at fir/ sight z if t s*ool mu/ be "r :i* makes ! m9d passively pla/ic1 & ! environm5t actively productive ( ! =m & ord] ( its conceptions2 :i*1 9 a ^w1 ?9ks t all m5tal progress mu/ result f #bdf a s]ies ( adaptive *anges1 9 ! s5se already def9$ ( t ^w4 ,we "k :at a va/ "p ( our m5tal furniture consi/s ( purely rememb]$1 n reason$1 exp]i5ce4 ,! entire field ( our habits & associations by contiguity belongs "h4 ,! entire field ( ^? ab/ract conceptions :i* 7 taught u ) ! language into :i* we 7 born belongs "h also4 ,&1 m ?an ?is1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! ord] ( 'out] relations' exp]i5c$ by ! individual may itself det]m9e ! ord] 9 :i* ! g5]al *>act]s imb$d$ !re9 %all be notic$ & extract$ by 8 m9d4#ad ,! pleasures & b5efits1 moreov]1 :i* c]ta9 p>ts ( ! environm5t yield1 & ! pa9s & hurts :i* o!r p>ts inflict1 det]m9e ! direction ( our int]e/ & our att5tion1 & s decide at :i* po9ts ! accumulation ( m5tal exp]i5ces %all beg94 ,x might1 accord+ly1 seem z if !re 7 no room = any o!r ag5cy ?an ?is2 z if ! di/9ction we h f\nd s useful betwe5 'spontane\s v>iation1' z ! produc] ( *ang$ =ms1 & ! environm5t1 z _! pres]v] & de/roy]1 did n hold 9 ! case ( m5tal progress2 z if1 9 a ^w1 ! p>allel ) d>w9ism might no long] obta91 & ,sp5c] might be q "r ) 8 fundam5tal law ( intellig5ce1 :i* says1 ,! cohesion betwe5 psy*ical /ates is proportionate to ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! relation betwe5 ! answ]+ ext]nal ph5om5a has be5 repeat$ 9 exp]i5ce4#ae #bdg ,b1 9 spite ( all ^! facts1 ,i h no hesitation :atev] 9 hold+ firm to ! d>w9ian di/9ction ev5 "h4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! facts 9 "q are all drawn f ! l[] /rata ( ! m9d1 s to speak1--f ! sph]e ( its lea/ evolv$ functions1 f ! region ( intellig5ce :i* man possesses 9 common ) ! brutes4 ,& ,i c easily %[ t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ^? m5tal dep>tm5ts :i* are highe/1 :i* are mo/ *>act]i/ically human1 ,sp5c]'s law is violat$ at e /ep2 & t z a matt] ( fact ! new conceptions1 emotions1 & active t5d5cies :i* evolve are orig9ally produc$ 9 ! %ape ( r&om images1 fancies1 accid5tal out-bir?s ( spontane\s v>iation 9 ! functional activity ( ! excessively in/able human bra91 :i* ! out] environm5t simply confirms or refutes1 adopts or rejects1 pres]ves or de/roys1--selects1 9 %ort1 j z x selects morphological & social v>iations due to molecul> accid5ts ( an analog\s sort4 ,x is "o ( ! trite/ ( truisms t human intellig5ces ( a simple ord] are v lit]al4 ,!y are slaves ( habit1 do+ :at !y h be5 taught )\t v>iation2 dry1 prosaic1 & matt]-(-fact 9 _! rem>ks2 devoid ( humor1 except ( ! co>se physical k9d :i* rejoices 9 a practical joke2 tak+ ! _w = grant$2 & possess+ 9 _! fai?fulness & hone/y ! s+le gift by :i* !y are sometimes able to w>m u into admiration4 ,b #bdh ev5 ?is fai?fulness seems to h a sort ( inorganic r+1 & to rem9d u m ( ! immutable prop]ties ( a piece ( inanimate matt] ?an ( ! /eadfa/ness ( a human w capable ( alt]native *oice4 ,:5 we desc5d to ! brutes1 all ^! peculi>ities are int5sifi$4 ,no read] ( ,s*op5hau] c =get 8 frequ5t allusions to ! trock5] ern/ ( dogs & horses1 nor to _! ehrli*keit4 ,& e notic] ( _! ways mu/ receive a deep impression ( ! fatally lit]al "* ( ! few1 simple1 & treadmill-l op]ations ( _! m9ds4 ,b turn to ! highe/ ord] ( m9ds1 & :at a *ange6 ,in/ead ( ?\ghts ( concrete ?+s pati5tly foll[+ "o ano!r 9 a beat5 track ( habitual sugge/ion1 we h ! mo/ abrupt cross-cuts & transitions f "o idea to ano!r1 ! mo/ r>efi$ ab/ractions & discrim9ations1 ! mo/ unhe>d-( comb9ations ( elem5ts1 ! subtle/ associations ( analogy2 9 a ^w1 we seem sudd5ly introduc$ into a see?+ caldron ( ideas1 :]e ev]y?+ is fizzl+ & bobb+ ab\t 9 a /ate ( bewild]+ activity1 :]e p>tn]%ips c be jo9$ or loos5$ 9 an in/ant1 treadmill r\t9e is unkn[n1 & ! unexpect$ seems ! only law4 ,accord+ to ! idiosyncrasy ( ! individual1 ! sc9tillations w h "o "* or ano!r4 ,!y w be sallies ( wit & humor2 !y w be fla%es ( poetry & eloqu5ce2 !y w be con/ructions ( dramatic fiction or ( me*anical device1 logical or philosophic ab/ractions1 bus9ess projects1 or sci5tific hypo!ses1 ) tra9s ( exp]im5tal consequ5ces bas$ !reon2 !y w be musical s\nds1 or images ( pla/ic beauty or picturesqu5ess1 or visions ( moral h>mony4 ,b1 :atev] _! #bdi diff]5ces may be1 !y w all agree 9 ?is1--t _! g5esis is sudd5 &1 z x 71 spontane\s4 ,t is to say1 ! same premises w\ld n1 9 ! m9d ( ano!r individual1 h eng5d]$ j t conclusion2 al?\gh1 :5 ! conclusion is (f]$ to ! o!r individual1 he may ?or\ghly accept & enjoy x1 & envy ! brilliancy ( him to :om x fir/ occurr$4 ,to ,pr(essor ,jevons is due ! great cr$it ( hav+ emphatically po9t$ out#af h[ ! g5ius ( discov]y dep5ds altoge!r on ! numb] ( ^! r&om notions & guesses :i* visit ! inve/igator's m9d4 ,to be f]tile 9 hypo!ses is ! fir/ requisite1 & to be will+ to ?r[ !m away ! mom5t exp]i5ce contradicts !m is ! next4 ,! ,baconian me?od ( collat+ tables ( in/ances may be a useful aid at c]ta9 times4 ,b "o might z well expect a *emi/'s note-book to write d[n ! "n ( ! body analyz$1 or a wea!r table to sum itself up into a pr$iction ( probabilities ( its own accord1 z to hope t ! m]e fact ( m5tal confrontation ) a c]ta9 s]ies ( facts w be suffici5t to make any bra9 conceive _! law4 ,! conceiv+ ( ! law is a spontane\s v>iation 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x fla%es out ( "o bra91 & no o!r1 because ! in/ability ( t bra9 is su* z to tip & upset itself 9 j t p>ticul> direction4 ,b ! important ?+ to notice is t ! good fla%es & ! bad fla%es1 ! triumphant hypo!ses & ! absurd conceits1 are on an exact equality 9 respect ( _! orig94 ,ari/otle's absurd ,physics & 8 immortal ,logic fl[ f "o s\rce3 ! =ces t produce ! "o produce ! o!r4 #bej ,:5 walk+ along ! /reet1 ?9k+ ( ! blue sky or ! f9e spr+ wea!r1 ,i may ei!r smile at "s grotesque :im :i* occurs to me1 or ,i may sudd5ly cat* an intuition ( ! solution ( a long-unsolv$ problem1 :i* at t mom5t 0 f> f my ?\ghts4 ,bo? notions are %ak5 out ( ! same res]voir1--! res]voir ( a bra9 9 :i* ! reproduction ( images 9 ! relations ( _! outw>d p]si/5ce or frequ5cy has long ceas$ to be ! dom9ant law4 ,b to ! ?\ght1 :5 x is once eng5d]$1 ! consecration ( agreem5t ) outw>d relations may come4 ,! conceit p]i%es 9 a mom5t1 & is =gott54 ,! sci5tific hypo!sis ar\ses 9 me a fev] ( desire = v]ification4 ,i read1 write1 exp]im5t1 consult exp]ts4 ,ev]y?+ corroborates my notion1 :i* be+ !n publi%$ 9 a book spreads f review to review & f m\? to m\?1 till at la/ !re is no d\bt ,i am en%r9$ 9 ! ,pan!on ( ! great div9]s ( nature's ways4 ,! environm5t pres]ves ! conception :i* x 0 unable to produce 9 any bra9 less idiosyncratic ?an my own4 ,n[1 ! spontane\s upsett+s ( bra9s ?is way & t at p>ticul> mom5ts into p>ticul> ideas & comb9ations are mat*$ by _! equally spontane\s p]man5t tilt+s or sagg+s t[>ds det]m9ate directions4 ,! humor\s b5t is q *>act]i/ic2 ! s5tim5tal "o equally s4 ,& ! p]sonal tone ( ea* m9d1 :i* makes x m alive to c]ta9 classes ( exp]i5ce ?an o!rs1 m att5tive to c]ta9 impressions1 m op5 to c]ta9 reasons1 is equally ! result ( t invisible & unimag9able play ( ! =ces ( gr[? )9 ! n]v\s sy/em :i*1 irresponsibly to ! #bea environm5t1 makes ! bra9 peculi>ly apt to function 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,"h aga9 ! selection goes on4 ,! products ( ! m9d ) ! det]m9$ ae/hetic b5t please or displease ! community4 ,we adopt ,wordswor?1 & gr[ uns5tim5tal & s]5e4 ,we are fasc9at$ by ,s*op5hau]1 & le>n f him ! true luxury ( woe4 ,! adopt$ b5t becomes a f]m5t 9 ! community1 & alt]s its tone4 ,! alt]ation may be a b5efit or a mis=tune1 = x is 7pace ,mr4 ,all57 a diff]5tiation f )91 :i* has to run ! gauntlet ( ! l>g] environm5t's selective p[]4 ,civiliz$ ,langu$oc1 tak+ ! tone ( its s*ol>s1 poets1 pr9ces1 & !ologians1 fell a prey to its rude ,ca?olic environm5t 9 ! ,albig5sian crusade4 ,france 9 #agib1 tak+ ! tone ( its ,/4 ,ju/s & ,m>ats1 plung$ into its long c>e] ( un/able outw>d relations4 ,prussia 9 #ahjf1 tak+ ! tone ( its ,humboldts & its ,/e9s1 prov$ itself 9 ! mo/ signal way 'adju/$' to its environm5t 9 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 "o ( ! /range/ *apt]s ( 8 ,psy*ology1#ag tries to %[ ! necess>y ord] 9 :i* ! developm5t ( conceptions 9 ! human race occurs4 ,no ab/ract conception c be develop$1 accord+ to him1 until ! outw>d exp]i5ces h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( het]og5eity1 def9it5ess1 coh]5ce1 & s =?4 ,?us ! belief 9 an un*ang+ ord]1 ! belief 9 law1 is a belief ( :i* ! primitive man is absolutely incapable4444 ,exp]i5ces su* z he receives furni% b few data = ! conception ( uni=mity1 :e!r z display$ 9 ?+s or 9 relations4444 ,! daily #beb impressions :i* ! savage gets yield ! notion v imp]fectly1 & 9 b few cases4 ,( all ! objects ar\nd1--trees1 /ones1 hills1 pieces ( wat]1 cl\ds1 & s =?1--mo/ diff] widely1 444 & few approa* complete lik5ess s ne>ly z to make discrim9ation difficult4 ,ev5 betwe5 animals ( ! same species x r>ely happ5s t1 :e!r alive or dead1 !y are pres5t$ 9 j ! same attitudes4444 ,x is only along ) a gradual developm5t ( ! arts 444 t !re come frequ5t exp]i5ces ( p]fectly /raight l9es admitt+ ( complete apposition1 br++ ! p]ceptions ( equality & inequality4 ,/ill m devoid is savage life ( ! exp]i5ces :i* g5]ate ! conception ( ! uni=mity ( succession4 ,! sequ5ces obs]v$ f h\r to h\r & day to day seem any?+ b uni=m1 diff]5ce is a f> m conspicu\s trait among !m4444 ,s t if we contemplate primitive human life z a :ole1 we see t multi=mity ( sequ5ce1 r ?an uni=mity1 is ! notion :i* x t5ds to g5]ate4444 ,only z fa/ z ! practice ( ! arts develops ! idea ( measure c ! consci\sness ( uni=mity become cle>4444 ,^? conditions furni%$ by advanc+ civilization :i* make possible ! notion ( uni=mity simultane\sly make possible ! notion ( exactness4444 ,h5ce ! primitive man has little exp]i5ce :i* cultivates ! consci\sness ( :at we call tru?4 ,h[ closely alli$ ?is is to ! consci\sness :i* ! practice ( ! arts cultivates is impli$ ev5 9 language4 ,we speak ( a true surface z well z a true /atem5t4 ,exactness describes p]fection 9 a me*anical fit1 z well z p]fect agreem5t betwe5 ! results ( calculations4 ,! :ole burd5 ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s book is to %[ ! fatal way 9 :i* ! m9d1 suppos$ passive1 is m\ld$ by its exp]i5ces ( 'out] #bec relations4' ,9 ?is *apt] ! y>d-/ick1 ! balance1 ! *ronomet]1 & o!r ma*9es & in/rum5ts come to figure among ! 'relations' ext]nal to ! m9d4 ,surely !y are s1 aft] !y h be5 manufactur$2 b only because ( ! pres]vative p[] ( ! social environm5t4 ,orig9ally all ^! ?+s & all o!r in/itutions 7 fla%es ( g5ius 9 an individual head1 ( :i* ! out] environm5t %[$ no sign4 ,adopt$ by ! race & become its h]itage1 !y !n supply in/igations to new g5iuses :om !y environ to make new inv5tions & discov]ies2 & s ! ball ( progress rolls4 ,b take out ! g5iuses1 or alt] _! idiosyncrasies1 & :at increas+ uni=mities w ! environm5t %[8 ,we defy ,mr4 ,sp5c] or any "o else to reply4 ,! pla9 tru? is t ! 'philosophy' ( evolution 7z di/+ui%$ f our special in=mation ab\t p>ticul> cases ( *ange7 is a metaphysical cre$1 & no?+ else4 ,x is a mood ( contemplation1 an emotional attitude1 r ?an a sy/em ( ?\ght1--a mood :i* is old z ! _w1 & :i* no refutation ( any "o inc>nation ( x 7su* z ! sp5c]ian philosophy7 w dispel2 ! mood ( fatali/ic pan!ism1 ) its intuition ( ! ,"o & ,all1 :i* 01 & is1 & ev] %all be1 & f ^: womb ea* s+le ?+ proce$s4 ,f> be x f u to speak slight+ly "h ( s ho>y & mighty a /yle ( look+ on ! _w z ?is4 ,:at we at pres5t call sci5tific discov]ies _h no?+ to d ) br++ x to bir?1 nor c "o easily conceive t !y %\ld ev] give x its quietus1 no matt] h[ logically incompatible ) its _s ! ultimate ph5om5al di/9ctions :i* #bed sci5ce accumulates %\ld turn out to be4 ,x c laugh at ! ph5om5al di/9ctions on :i* sci5ce is bas$1 = x draws its vital brea? f a region :i*--:e!r above or bel[--is at lea/ altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 :i* sci5ce dwells4 ,a critic1 h[ev]1 :o _c disprove ! tru? ( ! metaphysic cre$1 c at lea/ raise 8 voice 9 prote/ aga9/ its disguis+ itself 9 'sci5tific' plumes4 ,i ?9k t all :o h _h ! pati5ce to foll[ me ?us f> w agree t ! sp5c]ian 'philosophy' ( social & intellectual progress is an obsolete ana*ronism1 rev]t+ to a pre-d>w9ian type ( ?\ght1 j z ! sp5c]ian philosophy ( ',=ce1' effac+ all ! previ\s di/9ctions betwe5 actual & pot5tial en]gy1 mom5tum1 "w1 =ce1 mass1 etc41 :i* physici/s h ) s mu* agony a*iev$1 c>ries u back to a pre-galilean age4 #a ,a lecture be=e ! ,h>v>d ,natural ,hi/ory ,society2 publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #ahhj4 #b ,d>w9's !ory ( pang5esis is1 x is true1 an attempt to acc\nt 7among o!r ?+s7 = v>iation4 ,b x occupies its own sep>ate place1 & its au?or no m invokes ! environm5t :5 he talks ( ! adhesions ( gemmules ?an he invokes ^! adhesions :5 he talks ( ! relations ( ! :ole animal to ! environm5t4 ,divide et imp]a6 #c ,x is true t x remodels him1 also1 to "s degree1 by its educative influ5ce1 & t ?is con/itutes a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! social case & ! zological case1 ,i neglect ?is aspect ( ! relation "h1 = ! o!r is ! m important4 ,at ! end ( ! article ,i w return to x incid5tally4 #d ,! read] w rememb] :5 ?is 0 writt54 #e ,lectures & ,essays1 i4 #hb4 #f ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 himself1 9 an article f :i* ,i %all pres5tly quote1 admits t a set ( p :o1 if !y _h be5 expos$ ages ago to ! geographical ag5cies ( ,timbuctoo1 w\ld h develop$ into negroes might n[1 aft] a protract$ exposure to ! conditions ( ,hamburg1 nev] become negroes if transplant$ to ,timbuctoo4 #g ,/udy ( ,sociology1 pages #cc-ce4 #h ,no6 n ev5 ?\gh !y 7 bodily bro!rs6 ,! geographical factor utt]ly vani%es be=e ! ance/ral factor4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hamburg & ,timbuctoo z a cause ( ultimate div]g5ce ( two races is z no?+ to ! diff]5ce ( con/itution ( ! ance/ors ( ! two races1 ev5 ?\gh z 9 tw9 bro!rs1 ?is diff]5ce might be invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,no two c\ples ( ! mo/ homog5e\s race c\ld possibly be f\nd s id5tical z1 if set 9 id5tical environm5ts1 to give rise to two id5tical l9eages4 ,! m9ute div]g5ce at ! />t gr[s broad] ) ea* g5]ation1 & ends ) entirely dissimil> bre$s4 #i ,article ',nation ,mak+1' 9 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahgh4 ,i quote f ! repr9t 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ,supplem5t ,decemb]1 #ahgh1 pages #aba1 #abc1 #abf4 #aj ,article ',hellas1' 9 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #ahgh4 ,repr9t 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ,supplem5t1 ,septemb]1 #ahgh4 #aa ,vol4 cxiii4 p4 #cah 7,octob]1 #ahga74 #ab ,i am well aw>e t 9 mu* t foll[s 7?\gh 9 no?+ t prec$es7 ,i seem to be cross+ ! heavily %ott$ b[s ( ,mr4 ,galton1 = ^: labori\s inve/igations into ! h]$ity ( g5ius ,i h ! greate/ respect4 ,mr4 ,galton incl9es to ?9k t g5ius ( intellect & passion is b\nd to express itself1 :atev] ! outw>d opportunity1 & t )9 any giv5 race an equal numb] ( g5iuses ( ea* grade mu/ ne$s be born 9 e equal p]iod ( "t2 a subord9ate race _c possibly eng5d] a l>ge numb] ( high-class g5iuses1 etc4 ,he w\ld1 ,i suspect1 inf] ! suppositions ,i g on to make--( great m5 =tuit\sly assembl+ ar\nd a giv5 epo* & mak+ x great1 & ( _! be+ =tuit\sly abs5t f c]ta9 places & times 7f ,s>d9ia1 f ,bo/on n[1 etc47--to be radically vici\s4 ,i h>dly ?9k1 h[ev]1 t he does ju/ice to ! great complexity ( ! conditions ( effective greatness1 & to ! way 9 :i* ! physiological av]ages ( production may be mask$ entirely dur+ long p]iods1 ei!r by ! accid5tal mortality ( g5iuses 9 infancy1 or by ! fact t ! p>ticul> g5iuses born happ5$ n to f9d tasks4 ,i d\bt ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion t intellectual g5ius1 l murd]1 'w out4' ,x is true t c]ta9 types are irrepressible4 ,voltaire1 ,%elley1 ,c>lyle1 c h>dly be conceiv$ lead+ a dumb & vegetative life 9 any epo*4 ,b take ,mr4 ,galton himself1 take 8 c\s9 ,mr4 ,d>w91 & take ,mr4 ,sp5c]3 no?+ is to me m h di$ ') all _! music 9 !m1' kn[n only to _! fri5ds z p]sons ( /rong & orig9al "* & judgm5t4 ,:at has />t$ !m on _! c>e] ( effective greatness is simply ! accid5t ( ea* /umbl+ ^u a task va/1 brilliant1 & cong5ial en\gh to call out ! conv]g5ce ( all 8 passions & p[]s4 ,i see no m reason :y1 9 case !y _h n fall5 9 ) _! sev]al hobbies at propiti\s p]iods 9 _! life1 !y ne$ necess>ily h hit ^u o!r hobbies1 & made !mselves equally great4 ,_! case seems simil> to t ( ! ,wa%+tons1 ,cromwells1 & ,grants1 :o simply rose to _! occasions4 ,b ap>t f ^! causes ( fallacy1 ,i am /rongly dispos$ to ?9k t :]e transc5d5t g5iuses are conc]n$ ! numb]s anyh[ are s small t _! appe>ance w n fit into any s*eme ( av]ages4 ,t is1 two or ?ree might appe> toge!r1 j z ! two or ?ree balls ne>e/ ! t>get c5tre might be fir$ consecutively4 ,take long] epo*s & m fir+1 & ! great g5iuses & ne> balls w\ld on ! :ole be m spread out4 #ac ,s9ce ?is pap] 0 writt51 ,presid5t ,clevel& has to a c]ta9 ext5t met ! ne$4 ,b :o c d\bt t if he _h c]ta9 o!r qualities :i* he has n yet %[n1 8 influ5ce w\ld h be5 /ill m decisive8 7#ahif47 #ad ,t is1 if a c]ta9 g5]al "* be rapidly repeat$ 9 our out] exp]i5ce ) a numb] ( /rongly contra/$ concomitants1 x w be soon] ab/ract$ ?an if its associates are inv>iable or monoton\s4 #ad ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 i4 #dfj4 ,see also pp4 #dfc1 #dfd1 #ejj4 ,on page #djh ! law is =mulat$ ?us3 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! connection 9 consci\sness is proportionate to ! p]si/5ce ( ! out] connection4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] works mo/ ) ! law ( frequ5cy4 ,ei!r law1 f my po9t ( view1 is false2 b ,mr4 ,sp5c] ought n to ?9k !m synonym\s4 #af ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 *apt]s xi41 xii41 xxvi4 #ag ,"p viii4 *ap4 iii4 #bee ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,individuals4 ,! previ\s ,essay1 on ,great ,m51 etc41 call$ =? two replies1--"o by ,mr4 ,grant ,all51 entitl$ ! ',g5esis ( ,g5ius1' 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #cea2 ! o!r entitl$ ',sociology & ,h]o ,wor%ip1' by ,mr4 ,john ,fiske1 ibidem1 p4 #ge4 ,! article :i* foll[s is a rejo9d] to ,mr4 ,all5's article4 ,x 0 refus$ at ! "t by ! ,atlantic1 b saw ! day lat] 9 ! ,op5 ,c\rt = ,augu/1 #ahij4 ,x appe>s "h z a natural supplem5t to ! =ego+ article1 on :i* x ca/s "s explanatory light4 ,mr4 ,all5's contempt = h]o-wor%ip is bas$ on v simple consid]ations4 ,a nation's great m51 he says1 are b slight deviations f ! g5]al level4 ,! h]o is m]ely a special complex ( ! ord9>y qualities ( 8 race4 ,! petty diff]5ces impress$ ^u ord9>y ,greek m9ds by ,plato or ,ari/otle or ,z5o1 are no?+ at all comp>$ ) ! va/ diff]5ces betwe5 e ,greek m9d & e ,egyptian or ,*9ese m9d4 ,we may neglect !m 9 a philosophy ( hi/ory1 j z 9 calculat+ ! impetus ( a locomotive we neglect ! extra impetus giv5 by a s+le piece ( bett] coal4 ,:at ea* man adds is b an inf9itesimal fraction comp>$ ) :at he d]ives f 8 p>5ts1 or #bef indirectly f 8 e>li] ance/ry4 ,& if :at ! pa/ gives to ! h]o is s mu* bulki] ?an :at ! future receives f him1 x is :at really calls = philosophical treatm5t4 ,! problem = ! sociologi/ is z to :at produces ! av]age man2 ! extraord9>y m5 & :at !y produce may by ! philosoph]s be tak5 = grant$1 z too trivial v>iations to m]it deep inquiry4 ,n[1 z ,i wi% to vie ) ,mr4 ,all5's unrivall$ polemic amiability & be z conciliatory z possible1 ,i w n cavil at 8 facts or try to magnify ! *asm betwe5 an ,ari/otle1 a ,goe!1 or a ,napoleon & ! av]age level ( _! respective tribes4 ,let x be z small z ,mr4 ,all5 ?9ks4 ,all t ,i object to is t he %\ld ?9k ! m]e size ( a diff]5ce is capable ( decid+ :e!r t diff]5ce be or be n a fit subject = philosophic /udy4 ,truly en\gh1 ! details vani% 9 ! bird's-eye view2 b s does ! bird's-eye view vani% 9 ! details4 ,:i* is ! "r po9t ( view = philosophic vision8 ,nature gives no reply1 = bo? po9ts ( view1 be+ equally real1 are equally natural2 & no "o natural reality p] se is any m emphatic ?an any o!r4 ,acc5tuation1 =egr\nd1 & backgr\nd are creat$ solely by ! int]e/$ att5tion ( ! look]-on2 & if ! small diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5ius & 8 tribe int]e/s me mo/1 :ile ! l>ge "o betwe5 t tribe & ano!r tribe int]e/s ,mr4 ,all51 our controv]sy _c be end$ until a complete philosophy1 acc\nt+ = all diff]5ces imp>tially1 %all ju/ify u bo?4 ,an unle>n$ c>p5t] ( my acqua9tance once said 9 my he>+3 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r2 b :at little !re #beg is1 is v important4 ,?is di/9ction seems to me to g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,x is n only ! size ( ! diff]5ce :i* conc]ns ! philosoph]1 b also its place & its k9d4 ,an in* is a small ?+1 b we "k ! prov]b ab\t an in* on a man's nose4 ,messrs4 ,all5 & ,sp5c]1 9 inveigh+ aga9/ h]o-wor%ip1 are ?9k+ exclusively ( ! size ( ! in*2 ,i1 z a h]o-wor%ipp]1 att5d to its seat & function4 ,n[1 !re is a /rik+ law ov] :i* few p seem to h pond]$4 ,x is ?is3 ,t among all ! diff]5ces :i* exi/1 ! only ones t int]e/ u /rongly are ^? we d n take = grant$4 ,we are n a bit elat$ t our fri5d %\ld h two h&s & ! p[] ( spee*1 & %\ld practise ! matt]-(-c\rse human virtues2 & q z little are we vex$ t our dog goes on all f\rs & fails to und]/& our conv]sation4 ,expect+ no m f ! latt] companion1 & no less f ! =m]1 we get :at we expect & are satisfi$4 ,we nev] ?9k ( commun+ ) ! dog by disc\rse ( philosophy1 or ) ! fri5d by head-scrat*+ or ! ?r[+ ( cru/s to be snapp$ at4 ,b if ei!r dog or fri5d fall above or bel[ ! expect$ /&>d1 !y ar\se ! mo/ lively emotion4 ,on our bro!r's vices or g5ius we nev] we>y ( descant+2 to 8 bip$ism or 8 hairless sk9 we d n consecrate a ?\ght4 ,:at he says may transport u2 t he is able to speak at all leaves u /one cold4 ,! reason ( all ?is is t 8 virtues & vices & utt]ances might1 compatibly ) ! curr5t range ( v>iation 9 our tribe1 be j ! opposites ( :at !y are1 :ile 8 zologically human attributes _c possibly g a/ray4 ,!re #beh is ?us a zone ( insecurity 9 human affairs 9 :i* all ! dramatic int]e/ lies2 ! re/ belongs to ! dead ma*9]y ( ! /age4 ,?is is ! =mative zone1 ! "p n yet +ra9$ into ! race's av]age1 n yet a typical1 h]$it>y1 & con/ant factor ( ! social community 9 :i* x occurs4 ,x is l ! s(t lay] b5ea? ! b>k ( ! tree 9 :i* all ! ye>'s gr[? is go+ on4 ,life has ab&on$ ! mighty trunk inside1 :i* /&s in]t & belongs almo/ to ! inorganic _w4 ,lay] aft] lay] ( human p]fection sep>ates me f ! c5tral ,africans :o pursu$ ,/anley ) cries ( meat1 meat6 ,?is va/ diff]5ce ought1 on ,mr4 ,all5's pr9ciples1 to rivet my att5tion f> m ?an ! petty "o :i* obta9s betwe5 two su* birds ( a fea!r z ,mr4 ,all5 & myself4 ,yet :ile ,i nev] feel pr\d t ! sight ( a pass]-by awak5s 9 me no cannibali/ic wat]+s ( ! m\?1 ,i am free to confess t ,i %all feel v pr\d if ,i d n publicly appe> inf]ior to ,mr4 ,all5 9 ! conduct ( ?is mom5t\s debate4 ,to me z a tea*] ! intellectual gap betwe5 my able/ & my dulle/ /ud5t c\nts = inf9itely m ?an t betwe5 ! latt] & ! amphioxus3 inde$1 ,i nev] ?\ght ( ! latt] *asm till ?is mom5t4 ,w ,mr4 ,all5 s]i\sly say t ?is is all human folly1 & twe$l$um & twe$l$ee8 ,to a ,v$dah's eyes ! diff]5ces betwe5 two :ite lit]>y m5 seem slight inde$1--same clo!s1 same spectacles1 same h>mless disposition1 same habit ( scribbl+ on pap] & por+ ov] books1 etc4 ,j two :ite fell[s1 ! ,v$dah w say1 ) no p]ceptible diff]5ce4 ,b :at a diff]5ce to ! lit]>y m5 !mselves6 ,?9k1 ,mr4 ,all51 ( #bei conf\nd+ our philosophies toge!r m]ely because bo? are pr9t$ 9 ! same magaz9es & are indi/+ui%able to ! eye ( a ,v$dah6 ,our fle% creeps at ! ?\ght4 ,b 9 judg+ ( hi/ory ,mr4 ,all5 delib]ately pref]s to place himself at ! ,v$dah's po9t ( view1 & to see ?+s en gros & out ( focus1 r ?an m9utely4 ,x is q true t !re are ?+s & diff]5ces en\gh to be se5 ei!r way4 ,b :i* are ! humanly important ones1 ^? mo/ wor?y to ar\se our int]e/1--! l>ge di/9ctions or ! small8 ,9 ! answ] to ?is "q lies ! :ole div]g5ce ( ! h]o-wor%ipp]s f ! sociologi/s4 ,z ,i said at ! outset1 x is m]ely a qu>rel ( emphasis2 & ! only ?+ ,i c d is to /ate my p]sonal reasons = ! emphasis ,i pref]4 ,! zone ( ! individual diff]5ces1 & ( ! social 'twi/s' :i* by common confession !y initiate1 is ! zone ( =mative processes1 ! dynamic belt ( quiv]+ unc]ta9ty1 ! l9e :]e pa/ & future meet4 ,x is ! !atre ( all we d n take = grant$1 ! /age ( ! liv+ drama ( life2 & h[ev] n>r[ its scope1 x is roomy en\gh to lodge ! :ole range ( human passions4 ,! sph]e ( ! race's av]age1 on ! contr>y1 no matt] h[ l>ge x may be1 is a dead & /agnant ?+1 an a*iev$ possession1 f :i* all insecurity has vani%$4 ,l ! trunk ( a tree1 x has be5 built up by successive concretions ( successive active zones4 ,! mov+ pres5t 9 :i* we live ) its problems & passions1 its individual rivalries1 victories1 & defeats1 w soon pass ov] to ! majority & leave its small deposit on ?is /atic mass1 to make room = fre% actors & a new] play4 #bfj ,& ?\gh x may be true1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] pr$icts1 t ea* lat] zone %all fatally be n>r[] ?an its =]unn]s2 & t :5 ! ultimate lady-l tea-table elysium ( ! ,data ( ,e?ics %all prevail1 su* que/ions z ! break+ ( eggs at ! l>ge or ! small end w span ! :ole scope ( possible human w>f>e1--/ill ev5 9 ?is %runk5 & enfeebl$ g5]ation1 spatio aetatis defessa vetu/o1 :at eag]ness !re w be6 ,battles & defeats w occur1 ! victors w be glorifi$ & ! vanqui%$ di%onor$ j z 9 ! brave days ( yore1 ! human he>t /ill )draw+ itself f ! mu* x has 9 safe possession1 & conc5trat+ all its passion ^u ^? evanesc5t possibilities ( fact :i* /ill quiv] 9 fate's scale4 ,& is n its in/9ct "r8 ,d n we "h grasp ! race-diff]5ces 9 ! mak+1 & cat* ! only glimpse x is allott$ to u to atta9 ( ! work+ units !mselves1 ( ^: diff]5tiat+ action ! race-gaps =m b ! /agnant sum8 ,:at /range inv]sion ( sci5tific proc$ure does ,mr4 ,all5 practise :5 he tea*es u to neglect elem5ts & att5d only to aggregate resultants8 ,on ! contr>y1 simply because ! active r+1 :atev] its bulk1 is elem5t>y1 ,i hold t ! /udy ( its conditions 7be ^! nev] s 'proximate'7 is ! highe/ ( topics = ! social philosoph]4 ,if individual v>iations det]m9e its ups & d[ns & hair-bread? escapes & twi/s & turns1 z ,mr4 ,all5 & ,mr4 ,fiske bo? admit1 ,heav5 =bid u f taboo+ ! /udy ( ^! 9 favor ( ! av]age6 ,on ! contr>y1 let u emphasize ^!1 & ! importance ( ^!2 & 9 pick+ out f hi/ory our h]oes1 & commun+ ) _! #bfa k9dr$ spirits1--9 imag9+ z /rongly z possible :at diff]5ces _! individualities br\ght ab\t 9 ?is _w1 :ile its surface 0 /ill pla/ic 9 _! h&s1 & :at :ilom feasibilities !y made impossible1--ea* "o ( u may be/ =tify & inspire :at creative en]gy may lie 9 8 own s\l4#a ,?is is ! la/+ ju/ification ( h]o-wor%ip1 & ! pooh-pooh+ ( x by 'sociologi/s' is ! ev]-la/+ excuse = popul> indiff]5ce to _! g5]al laws & av]ages4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an ,am]ica rescu$ by a ,wa%+ton or by a ',j5k9s' may1 z ,mr4 ,all5 says1 be 'little1' b x is1 9 ! words ( my c>p5t] fri5d1 'important4' ,"s organiz+ g5ius mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s h em]g$ f ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 b :at ,fr5*man w affirm x to h be5 an accid5t ( no consequ5ce t he %\ld h _h ! sup]num]>y idiosyncrasies ( a ,bonap>te8 ,:at animal1 dome/ic or wild1 w call x a matt] ( no mom5t t sc>ce a ^w ( sympa?y ) brutes %\ld h surviv$ f ! tea*+s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,! pref]5ces ( s5ti5t creatures are :at create ! importance ( topics4 ,!y are ! absolute & ultimate law-giv] "h4 ,& ,i = my "p _c b consid] ! talk ( ! contempor>y sociological s*ool ab\t av]ages & g5]al laws & pr$et]m9$ t5d5cies1 ) its obligatory und]valu+ ( ! importance ( individual #bfb diff]5ces1 z ! mo/ p]nici\s & immoral ( fatalisms4 ,suppose !re is a social equilibrium fat$ to be1 ^: is x to be1--t ( y\r pref]5ce1 or m9e8 ,!re lies ! "q ( que/ions1 & x is "o :i* no /udy ( av]ages c decide4 #a ,m4 ,g4 ,t>de's book 7itself a "w ( g5ius71 ,les ,lois de l',imitation1 tude ,sociologique 7#bme dition1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #ahie71 is ! be/ possible comm5t>y on ?is text1--'inv5tion' on ! "o h&1 & 'imitation' on ! o!r1 be+ = ?is au?or ! two sole factors ( social *ange4 #bfc ,,on ,,"s ,,hegelisms4#a ,we are j n[ witness+ a s+ul> ph5om5on 9 ,briti% & ,am]ican philosophy4 ,hegelism1 s defunct on its native soil t ,i believe b a s+le y\?ful disciple ( ! s*ool is to be c\nt$ among ! privat-doc5t5 & y\ng] pr(essors ( ,g]many1 & ^: old] *ampions are all pass+ (f ! /age1 has f\nd among u s zeal\s & able a set ( propag&i/s t to-day x may really be reckon$ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces ( ! "t 9 ! high] walks ( ?\ght4 ,& !re is no d\bt t1 z a movem5t ( reaction aga9/ ! traditional ,briti% empiricism1 ! hegelian influ5ce repres5ts expansion & fre$om1 & is do+ s]vice ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,su* s]vice1 h[ev]1 ought n to make u bl9dly indulg5t4 ,hegel's philosophy m+les m\nta9-loads ( corruption ) its scanty m]its1 & mu/1 n[ t x has become quasi-(ficial1 make ready to def5d itself z well z to attack o!rs4 ,x is ) no hope ( conv]t+ indep5d5t ?9k]s1 b r ) ! sole aspiration ( %[+ "s *ance y\?ful disciple t !re is ano!r po9t ( view 9 philosophy t ,i fire ?is skirmi%]'s %ot1 :i* may1 ,i hope1 soon be foll[$ by somebody else's heavi] musketry4 #bfd ,! po9t ( view ,i h 9 m9d w become cle>] if ,i beg9 ) a few prep>atory rem>ks on ! motives & difficulties ( philosophiz+ 9 g5]al4 ,to %[ t ! real is id5tical ) ! ideal may r\ghly be set d[n z ! ma9spr+ ( philosophic activity4 ,! atomic & me*anical conception ( ! _w is z ideal f ! po9t ( view ( "s ( our faculties z ! teleological "o is f ! po9t ( view ( o!rs4 ,9 ! realm ( e ideal we c beg9 any:]e & roam ov] ! field1 ea* t]m pass+ u to its neighbor1 ea* memb] call+ = ! next1 & our reason rejoic+ 9 its glad activity4 ,:]e ! p>ts ( a conception seem ?us to belong toge!r by inw>d k9%ip1 :]e ! :ole is def9$ 9 a way congru\s ) our p[]s ( reaction1 to see is to approve & to und]/&4 ,mu* ( ! real seems at ! fir/ blu% to foll[ a diff]5t law4 ,! p>ts seem1 z ,hegel has said1 to be %ot out ( a pi/ol at u4 ,ea* ass]ts itself z a simple brute fact1 uncall$ = by ! re/1 :i*1 s f> z we c see1 might ev5 make a bett] sy/em )\t x4 ,arbitr>y1 =eign1 jolt+1 discont9u\s--are ! adjectives by :i* we are tempt$ to describe x4 ,& yet f out ! bosom ( x a p>tial ideality con/antly arises :i* keeps alive our aspiration t ! :ole may "s day be con/ru$ 9 ideal =m4 ,n only d ! mat]ials l5d !mselves "u c]ta9 circum/ances to ae/hetic manipulation1 b und]ly+ _! wor/ disjo9t$ness are ?ree great cont9ua 9 :i* = ea* ( u reason's ideal is actually rea*$4 ,i mean ! cont9ua ( memory or p]sonal consci\sness1 ( "t & ( space4 ,9 #bfe ^! great matrices ( all we "k1 we are absolutely at home4 ,! ?+s we meet are _m1 & yet are "o2 ea* is itself1 & yet all belong toge!r2 cont9uity reigns1 yet individuality is n lo/4 ,consid]1 = example1 space4 ,x is a unit4 ,no =ce c 9 any way break1 w\nd1 or te> x4 ,x has no jo9ts betwe5 :i* y c pass y\r amputat+ knife1 = x p5etrates ! knife & is n split1 ,try to make a hole 9 space by annihilat+ an in* ( x4 ,to make a hole y mu/ drive some?+ else ?r\gh4 ,b :at c y drive ?r\gh space except :at is itself spatial8 ,b not)/&+ x is ?is v p>agon ( unity1 space 9 its p>ts conta9s an inf9ite v>iety1 & ! unity & ! v>iety d n contradict ea* o!r1 = !y obta9 9 diff]5t respects4 ,! "o is ! :ole1 ! _m are ! p>ts4 ,ea* "p is "o aga91 b only "o fraction2 & "p lies beside "p 9 absolute nextness1 ! v picture ( peace & non-contradiction4 ,x is true t ! space betwe5 two po9ts bo? unites & divides !m1 j z ! b> ( a dumb-bell bo? unites & divides ! two balls4 ,b ! union & ! division are n secundum idem3 x divides !m by keep+ !m out ( ! space betwe51 x unites !m by keep+ !m out ( ! space beyond2 s ! d\ble function pres5ts no inconsi/5cy4 ,self-contradiction 9 space c\ld only ensue if "o "p tri$ to ou/ ano!r f its position2 b ! notion ( su* an absurdity vani%es 9 ! fram+1 & _c /ay to vex ! m9d4#b ,beyond ! p>ts we see or ?9k at any #bff giv5 "t ext5d fur!r p>ts2 b ! beyond is homog5e\s ) :at is embrac$1 & foll[s ! same law2 s t no surprises1 no =eignness1 c ev] em]ge f space's womb4 ,?us ) space our intellig5ce is absolutely intimate2 x is rationality & transp>5cy inc>nate4 ,! same may be said ( ! ego & ( "t4 ,b if = simplicity's sake we ignore !m1 we may truly say t :5 we desid]ate rational k ( ! _w ! /&>d set by our k ( space is :at gov]ns our desire4#c ,_c ! breaks1 ! jolts1 ! m>g9 ( =eignness1 be exorcis$ f o!r ?+s & leave !m unit>y l ! space !y fill8 ,c\ld ?is be done1 ! philosophic k+dom ( heav5 w\ld be at h&4 ,b ! mom5t we turn to ! mat]ial qualities #bfg ( be+1 we f9d ! cont9uity ruptur$ on e side4 ,a fe>ful jolt+ beg9s4 ,ev5 if we simplify ! _w by r$uc+ x to its me*anical b>e poles1--atoms & _! motions1--! discont9uity is bad en\gh4 ,! laws ( cla%1 ! effects ( di/ance ^u attraction & repulsion1 all seem arbitr>y collocations ( data4 ,! atoms !mselves are s _m indep5d5t facts1 ! exi/5ce ( any "o ( :i* 9 no wise seems to involve ! exi/5ce ( ! re/4 ,we h n bani%$ discont9uity1 we h only made x f9]-gra9$4 ,& to get ev5 t degree ( rationality into ! univ]se we h _h to but*] a great "p ( its cont5ts4 ,! second>y qualities we /ripp$ (f f ! reality & swept into ! du/-b9 labell$ 'subjective illusion1' /ill z su* are facts1 & mu/ !mselves be rationaliz$ 9 "s way4 ,b :5 we deal ) facts believ$ to be purely subjective1 we are f>!r ?an ev] f ! goal4 ,we h n n[ ! refuge ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! 'reality' & its appe>ances4 ,facts ( ?\ght be+ ! only facts1 diff]5ces ( ?\ght become ! only diff]5ces1 & id5tities ( ?\ght ! only id5tities !re are4 ,two ?\ghts t seem diff]5t are diff]5t to all et]nity4 ,we c no long] speak ( heat & light be+ reconcil$ 9 any t]tium quid l wave-motion4 ,= motion is motion1 & light is light1 & heat heat =ev]1 & _! discont9uity is z absolute z _! exi/5ce4 ,toge!r ) ! o!r attributes & ?+s we conceive1 !y make up ,plato's realm ( immutable ideas4 ,nei!r p] se calls = ! o!r1 hat*es x out1 is its 'tru?1' creates x1 or has any sort ( inw>d community ) x except t ( be+ comp>able #bfh 9 an ego & f\nd m or less diff]+1 or m or less resembl+1 z ! case may be4 ,! _w ( qualities is a _w ( ?+s almo/ :olly discont9u\s int] se4 ,ea* only says1 ,i am t ,i am1 & ea* says x on its own acc\nt & ) absolute monotony4 ,! cont9uities ( :i* !y p>take1 9 ,plato's phrase1 ! ego1 space1 & "t1 are = mo/ ( !m ! only gr\nds ( union !y possess4 ,x might seem z if 9 ! m]e 'p>tak+' !re lay a contradiction ( ! discont9uity4 ,if ! :ite mu/ p>take ( space1 ! heat ( "t1 & s =?1--d n :it5ess & space1 heat & "t1 mutually call = or help to create ea* o!r8 ,yes2 a few su* priori c\pl+s mu/ be admitt$4 ,!y are ! axioms3 no feel+ except z occupy+ "s space & "t1 or z a mom5t 9 "s ego2 no motion b ( some?+ mov$2 no ?\ght b ( an object2 no "t )\t a previ\s "t1--& ! l4 ,b !y are limit$ 9 numb]1 & !y obta9 only betwe5 excessively broad g5]a ( concepts1 & leave q undet]m9$ :at ! specifications ( ^? g5]a %all be4 ,:at feel+ %all fill ?is "t1 :at sub/ance execute ?is motion1 :at qualities comb9e 9 ?is be+1 are z mu* unansw]$ que/ions z if ! metaphysical axioms nev] exi/$ at all4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* syn!ses z !y are does !n b slightly mitigate ! jolt1 jolt1 jolt we get :5 we pass ov] ! facts ( ! _w4 ,ev]y:]e indet]m9ate v>iables1 subject only to ^! few vague envelop+ laws1 indep5d5t 9 all besides4--su* seems ! tru?4 ,9 yet ano!r way1 too1 ideal & real are s f> #bfi ap>t t _! conjunction seems q hopeless4 ,to eat our cake & h x1 to lose our s\l & save x1 to enjoy ! physical privileges ( selfi%ness & ! moral luxury ( altruism at ! same "t1 w\ld be ! ideal4 ,b ! real (f]s u ^! t]ms 9 ! %ape ( mutually exclusive alt]natives ( :i* only "o c be true at once2 s t we mu/ *oose1 & 9 *oos+ murd] "o possibility4 ,! wr5* is absolute3 ,ei!r--or6 ,j z :5ev] ,i bet a hundr$ doll>s on an ev5t1 !re comes an in/ant :5 ,i am a hundr$ doll>s ri*] or poor] )\t any int]m$iate degrees pass$ ov]2 j z my wav]+ betwe5 a j\rney to ,portl& or to ,new ,york does n c>ry me f ,cambridge 9 a resultant direction 9 :i* bo? motions are comp\nd$1 say to ,albany1 b at a giv5 mom5t results 9 ! conjunction ( reality 9 all its fulness = "o alt]native & impossibility 9 all its fulness = ! o!r1--s ! ba*elor joys are utt]ly lo/ f ! face ( be+ = ! m>ri$ man1 :o mu/ h5ce=w>d f9d 8 acc\nt 9 some?+ t is n !m b is good en\gh to make him =get !m2 s ! c>eless & irresponsible liv+ 9 ! sun%9e1 ! 'unbutton+ aft] supp] & sleep+ ^u b5*es 9 ! aft]noon1' are />s t h set ^u ! pa? ( him :o 9 good e>ne/ makes himself a morali/4 ,! transitions are abrupt1 absolute1 truly %ot out ( a pi/ol2 = :ile _m possibilities are call$1 ! few t are *os5 are *os5 9 all _! sudd5 complet5ess4 ,mu/ we !n ?9k t ! _w t fills space & "t c yield u no acqua9tance ( t high & p]fect type yield$ by empty space & "t !mselves8 ,is :at unity !re is 9 ! _w #bgj ma9ly d]iv$ f ! fact t ! _w is 9 space & "t & 'p>takes' ( !m8 ,c no vision ( x =e/all ! facts ( x1 or "k f "s fractions ! o!rs be=e ! o!rs h arriv$8 ,are !re real logically indet]m9ate possibilities :i* =bid !re be+ any equival5t = ! happ5+ ( x all b ! happ5+ itself8 ,c we ga9 no anticipatory assurance t :at is to come w h no /rang5ess8 ,is !re no sub/itute1 9 %ort1 = life b ! liv+ itself 9 all its long-drawn we>y l5g? & bread? & ?ickness8 ,9 ! negative reply to all ^! que/ions1 a mode/ common-s5se f9ds no difficulty 9 acquiesc+4 ,to su* a way ( ?9k+ ! notion ( 'p>tak+' has a deep & real significance4 ,:oso p>takes ( a ?+ enjoys 8 %>e1 & comes into contact ) ! ?+ & its o!r p>tak]s4 ,b he claims no m4 ,8 %>e 9 no wise negates ! ?+ or _! %>e2 nor does x preclude 8 possession ( res]v$ & private p[]s ) :i* !y h no?+ to d1 & :i* are n all absorb$ 9 ! m]e function ( %>+4 ,:y may n ! _w be a sort ( republican banquet ( ?is sort1 :]e all ! qualities ( be+ respect "o ano!r's p]sonal sacr$ness1 yet sit at ! common table ( space & "t8 ,to me ?is view seems deeply probable4 ,?+s coh]e1 b ! act ( cohesion itself implies b few conditions1 & leaves ! re/ ( _! qualifications indet]m9ate4 ,z ! fir/ ?ree notes ( a tune comport _m end+s1 all melodi\s1 b ! tune is n nam$ till a p>ticul> end+ has actually come1--s ! p>ts actually kn[n ( ! univ]se may comport _m ideally possible complem5ts4 ,b z #bga ! facts are n ! complem5ts1 s ! k ( ! "o is n ! k ( ! o!r 9 any?+ b ! few necess>y elem5ts ( :i* all mu/ p>take 9 ord] to be toge!r at all4 ,:y1 if "o act ( k c\ld f "o po9t take 9 ! total p]spective1 ) all m]e possibilities aboli%$1 %\ld !re ev] h be5 any?+ m ?an t act8 ,:y duplicate x by ! t$i\s unroll+1 in* by in*1 ( ! =$one reality8 ,no answ] seems possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we /ipulate only a p>tial community ( p>tially indep5d5t p[]s1 we see p]fectly :y no "o "p controls ! :ole view1 b ea* detail mu/ come & be actually giv51 be=e1 9 any special s5se1 x c be said to be det]m9$ at all4 ,?is is ! moral view1 ! view t gives to o!r p[]s ! same fre$om x w\ld h itself1--n ! ridicul\s 'fre$om to d "r1' :i* 9 my m\? c only mean ! fre$om to d z ,i ?9k "r1 b ! fre$om to d z !y ?9k "r1 or wrong ei!r4 ,aft] all1 :at acc\nts d ! ne!r-mo/ b\nds ( ! univ]se owe to me8 ,by :at insatiate conceit & lu/ ( intellectual despotism d ,i arrogate ! "r to "k _! secrets1 & f my philosophic ?rone to play ! only airs !y %all m>* to1 z if ,i 7 ! ,"l's ano9t$8 ,is n my kn[+ !m at all a gift & n a "r8 ,& %all x be giv5 be=e !y are giv58 ,data6 gifts6 some?+ to be ?ankful =6 ,x is a gift t we c approa* ?+s at all1 &1 by means ( ! "t & space ( :i* our m9ds & !y p>take1 alt] our actions s z to meet !m4 ,!re are 'b\nds ( ord'nance' set = all ?+s1 :]e !y mu/ pause or rue x4 ',facts' are ! b\nds ( human k1 set = x1 n by x4 #bgb ,n[1 to a m9d l ,hegel's su* pusillanim\s twaddle s\nds simply loa?some4 ,b\nds t we c't ov]pass6 ,data6 facts t say1 ,h&s (f1 till we are giv56 possibilities we c't control6 a banquet ( :i* we m]ely %>e6 ,heav5s1 ?is is intol]able2 su* a _w is no _w = a philosoph] to h to d )4 ,he mu/ h all or no?+4 ,if ! _w _c be rational 9 my s5se1 9 ! s5se ( unconditional surr5d]1 ,i refuse to grant t x is rational at all4 ,x is pure incoh]5ce1 a *aos1 a nulliv]se1 to ^: haphaz>d sway ,i w n truckle4 ,b1 no6 ?is is n ! _w4 ,! _w is philosophy's own1--a s+le block1 ( :i*1 if %e once get h] tee? on any "p1 ! :ole %all inevitably become h] prey & fe$ h] all-dev\r+ !oretic maw4 ,naught %all be b ! necessities %e creates & impossibilities2 fre$om %all mean fre$om to obey h] w1 ideal & actual %all be "o3 %e1 & ,i z h] *ampion1 w be satisfi$ on no l[] t]ms4 ,! insol5ce ( sway1 ! hubris on :i* gods take v5geance1 is 9 temporal & spiritual matt]s usually admitt$ to be a vice4 ,a ,bonap>te & a ,philip ,,ii4 are call$ mon/]s4 ,b :5 an intellect is f\nd insatiate en\gh to decl>e t all exi/5ce mu/ b5d ! knee to its requirem5ts1 we d n call its own] a mon/]1 b a philosophic prophet4 ,may n ?is be all wrong8 ,is !re any "o ( our functions exempt$ f ! common lot ( liability to excess8 ,& :]e ev]y?+ else mu/ be cont5t$ ) its "p 9 ! univ]se1 %all ! !oriz+ faculty ride r\gh-%od ov] ! :ole8 ,i confess ,i c see no priori reason = ! exception4 ,he :o claims x mu/ be judg$ by ! #bgc consequ5ces ( 8 acts1 & by !m alone4 ,let ,hegel !n confront ! univ]se ) 8 claim1 & see h[ he c make ! two mat*4 ,! univ]se absolutely refuses to let him travel )\t jolt4 ,"t1 space1 & 8 ego are cont9u\s2 s are degrees ( heat1 %ades ( light & color1 & a few o!r s]ial ?+s2 s too d potatoes call = salt1 & cranb]ries = sug>1 9 ! ta/e ( "o :o kn[s :at salt & sug> are4 ,b on ! :ole !re is n\ght to s(t5 ! %ock ( surprise to 8 intellig5ce1 z x passes f "o quality ( be+ to ano!r4 ,light is n heat1 heat is n light2 & to him :o holds ! "o ! o!r is n giv5 till x give itself4 ,real be+ comes moreov] & goes f any concept at its own sweet w1 ) no p]mission ask$ ( ! conceiv]4 ,9 despair mu/ ,hegel lift va9 h&s ( imprecation2 & s9ce he w take no?+ b ! :ole1 he mu/ ?r[ away ev5 ! "p he might reta91 & call ! nature ( ?+s an absolute muddle & incoh]5ce4 ,b1 h>k6 ,:at wondr\s /ra9 is ?is t /eals ^u 8 e>8 ,incoh]5ce itself1 may x n be ! v sort ( coh]5ce ,i require8 ,muddle6 is x any?+ b a peculi> sort ( transp>5cy8 ,is n jolt passage8 ,is friction o!r ?an a k9d ( lubrication8 ,is n a *asm a fill+8--a que] k9d ( fill+1 b a fill+ /ill4 ,:y seek = a glue to hold ?+s toge!r :5 _! v fall+ ap>t is ! only glue y ne$8 ,let all t negation :i* seem$ to dis9tegrate ! univ]se be ! mort> t comb9es x1 & ! problem /&s solv$4 ,! p>adoxical "* ( ! notion c\ld n fail to please a m9d mon/r\s ev5 9 its native #bgd ,g]many1 :]e m5tal excess is endemic4 ,ri*>d1 = a mom5t br\ght to bay1 is himself aga94 ,he vaults into ! saddle1 & f t "t 8 c>e] is t ( a philosophic desp]ado1--"o s]ies ( outrages ^u ! *a/ity ( ?\ght4 ,& c we n ourselves sympa?ize ) 8 mood 9 "s degree8 ,! old receipts ( squeez+ ! ?i/le & tak+ ! bull by ! horns h _m applications4 ,an evil frankly accept$ loses half its /+ & all its t]ror4 ,! ,/oics _h _! *eap & easy way ( deal+ ) evil4 ,call y\r woes goods1 !y said2 refuse to call y\r lo/ bless+s by t "n1--& y are happy4 ,s ( ! un9telligibilities3 call !m means ( intelligibility1 & :at fur!r d y require8 ,!re is ev5 a m legitimate excuse ?an t4 ,9 ! exce$+ness ( ! facts ( life ov] our =mulas lies a /&+ temptation at c]ta9 times to give up try+ to say any?+ adequate ab\t !m1 & to take refuge 9 wild & :irl+ words :i* b confess our impot5ce be=e _! ineffability4 ,?us ,b>on ,buns5 writes to 8 wife3 ,no?+ is ne> b ! f>2 no?+ true b ! highe/2 no?+ cr$ible b ! inconceivable2 no?+ s real z ! impossible2 no?+ cle> b ! deepe/2 no?+ s visible z ! invisible2 & no life is !re b ?r\gh dea?4 ,( ^! ec/atic mom5ts ! cr$o quia impossibile is ! classical expression4 ,hegel's orig9ality lies 9 8 mak+ _! mood p]man5t & sacram5tal1 & au?oriz$ to sup]s$e all o!rs1--n z a my/ical ba? & refuge = feel+ :5 tir$ reason sick5s ( h] intellectual responsibilities 7?ank ,heav56 t ba? is always ready71 b z ! v =m ( intellectual responsibility itself4 #bge ,& n[ aft] ?is long introduction1 let me trace "s ( ,hegel's ways ( apply+ 8 discov]y4 ,8 sy/em resembles a m\se-trap1 9 :i* if y once pass ! door y may be lo/ =ev]4 ,safety lies 9 n ent]+4 ,hegelians h ano9t$1 s to speak1 ! entrance ) v>i\s consid]ations :i*1 /at$ 9 an ab/ract =m1 are s plausible z to slide u unresi/+ly & almo/ unwitt+ly ?r\gh ! fatal ar*4 ,x is n necess>y to dr9k ! ocean to "k t x is salt2 nor ne$ a critic dissect a :ole sy/em aft] prov+ t its premises are rott54 ,i %all accord+ly conf9e myself to a few ( ! po9ts t captivate beg9n]s mo/2 & assume t if !y break d[n1 s mu/ ! sy/em :i* !y prop4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,hegel has to d utt]ly away ) ! %>+ & p>tak+ bus9ess he s mu* loa!s4 ,he w n call contradiction ! glue 9 "o place & id5tity 9 ano!r2 t is too half-he>t$4 ,contradiction mu/ be a glue univ]sal1 & mu/ d]ive its cr$it f be+ %[n to be lat5tly involv$ 9 cases t we hi!rto suppos$ to embody pure cont9uity4 ,?us1 ! relations ( an ego ) its objects1 ( "o "t ) ano!r "t1 ( "o place ) ano!r place1 ( a cause ) its effect1 ( a ?+ ) its prop]ties1 & especially ( p>ts ) :oles1 mu/ be %[n to involve contradiction4 ,contradiction1 %[n to lurk 9 ! v he>t ( coh]5ce & cont9uity1 _c aft] t be held to defeat !m1 & mu/ be tak5 z ! univ]sal solv5t1--or1 r1 !re is no long] any ne$ ( a solv5t4 ,to 'dissolve' ?+s 9 id5tity 0 ! dream ( e>li] crud] s*ools4 ,hegel w %[ t _! v diff]5ce is _! id5tity1 & t #bgf 9 ! act ( deta*m5t ! deta*m5t is undone1 & !y fall into ea* o!r's arms4 ,n[1 at ! v outset x seems r odd t a philosoph] :o pret5ds t ! _w is absolutely rational1 or 9 o!r words t x c be completely und]/ood1 %\ld fall back on a pr9ciple 7! id5tity ( contradictories7 :i* utt]ly defies und]/&+1 & obliges him 9 fact to use ! ^w 'und]/&+1' :5ev] x occurs 9 8 pages1 z a t]m ( contempt4 ,take ! case ( space we us$ above4 ,! common man :o looks at space believes !re is no?+ 9 x to be acqua9t$ ) beyond :at he sees2 no hidd5 ma*9]y1 no secrets1 no?+ b ! p>ts z !y lie side by side & make ! /atic :ole4 ,8 intellect is satisfi$ ) accept+ space z an ultimate g5us ( ! giv54 ,b ,hegel cries to him3 ,dupe6 do/ ?\ n see x to be "o ne/ ( incompatibilities8 ,d n ! unity ( its :ol5ess & ! div]sity ( its p>ts /& 9 pat5t contradiction8 ,does x n bo? unite & divide ?+s2 & b = ?is /range & irreconcilable activity1 w\ld x be at all8 ,! hidd5 dynamism ( self-contradiction is :at incessantly produces ! /atic appe>ance by :i* y\r s5se is fool$4 ,b if ! man ask h[ self-contradiction c d all ?is1 & h[ its dynamism may be se5 to "w1 ,hegel c only reply by %[+ him ! space itself & say+3 ,lo1 ?us4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( ! pr9ciple ( explanation be+ m intelligible ?an ! ?+ to be expla9$1 x is absolutely un9telligible if tak5 by itself1 & mu/ appeal to its pret5d$ product to prove its exi/5ce4 ,surely1 su* a sy/em ( expla9+ notum p] ignotum1 ( #bgg mak+ ! explicans borr[ cr$5tials f ! explic&1 & ( creat+ p>adoxes & impossibilities :]e none 7 suspect$1 is a /range c&idate = ! honor ( be+ a complete rationaliz] ( ! _w4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! contradictor9ess ( id5tity & ! id5tity ( contradictories is ! ess5ce ( ! hegelian sy/em4 ,b :at probably wa%es ?is pr9ciple d[n mo/ ) beg9n]s is ! comb9ation 9 :i* its au?or works x ) ano!r pr9ciple :i* is by no means *>act]i/ic ( 8 sy/em1 & :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 might be call$ ! 'pr9ciple ( totality4' ,?is pr9ciple says t y _c adequately "k ev5 a "p until y "k ( :at :ole x =ms a "p4 ,z ,ari/otle writes & ,hegel loves to quote1 an amputat$ h& is n ev5 a h&4 ,& z ,t5nyson says1-- ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,obvi\sly1 until we h tak5 9 all ! relations1 imm$iate or remote1 into :i* ! ?+ actually ent]s or pot5tially may ent]1 we d n "k all ab\t ! ?+4 ,& obvi\sly = su* an exhau/ive acqua9tance ) ! ?+1 an acqua9tance ) e o!r ?+1 actual & pot5tial1 ne> & remote1 is ne$$2 s t x is q fair to say t omnisci5ce alone c completely "k any "o ?+ z x /&s4 ,/&+ 9 a _w ( relations1 t _w mu/ be kn[n be=e ! ?+ is fully kn[n4 ,?is doctr9e is ( c\rse an integral "p ( empiricism1 an integral "p ( common-s5se4 ,s9ce :5 c\ld good m5 n appreh5d ! pass+ h\r #bgh 9 ! light ( life's l>g] sweep1--n gr[ dispassionate ! m !y /ret*$ _! view8 ,did ! 'law ( %>+' s little legitimate _! proc$ure t a law ( id5tity ( contradictories1 =soo?1 mu/ be trump$ up to give x scope8 ,out ^u ! idea6 ,hume's acc\nt ( causation is a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* empiricism may use ! pr9ciple ( totality4 ,we call some?+ a cause2 b we at ! same "t d5y its effect to be 9 any lat5t way conta9$ 9 or sub/antially id5tical ) x4 ,we ?us _c tell :at its causality am\nts to until its effect has actually sup]v5$4 ,! effect1 !n1 or some?+ beyond ! ?+ is :at makes ! ?+ to be s f> z x is a cause4 ,humism ?us says t its causality is some?+ adv5titi\s & n necess>ily giv5 :5 its o!r attributes are !re4 ,g5]aliz+ ?is1 empiricism cont5ds t we mu/ ev]y:]e di/+ui% betwe5 ! intr9sic be+ ( a ?+ & its relations1 &1 among ^!1 betwe5 ^? t are ess5tial to our kn[+ x at all & ^? t may be call$ adv5titi\s4 ,! ?+ z actually pres5t 9 a giv5 _w is !re ) all its relations2 = x to be kn[n z x !re exi/s1 !y mu/ be kn[n too1 & x & !y =m a s+le fact = any consci\sness l>ge en\gh to embrace t _w z a unity4 ,b :at con/itutes ?is s+l5ess ( fact1 ?is unity8 ,empiricism says1 ,no?+ b ! relation-yield+ matrix 9 :i* ! sev]al items ( ! _w f9d !mselves emb$d$1--"t1 namely1 & space1 & ! m9d ( ! kn[]4 ,& x says t 7 "s ( ! items q diff]5t f :at !y are & o!rs ! same1 /ill1 = aught we c see1 an equally unit>y _w might be1 provid$ ea* #bgi item 7 an object = consci\sness & occupi$ a det]m9ate po9t 9 space & "t4 ,all ! adv5titi\s relations w\ld 9 su* a _w be *ang$1 along ) ! intr9sic natures & places ( ! be+s betwe5 :i* !y obta9$2 b ! 'pr9ciple ( totality' 9 k w\ld 9 no wise be affect$4 ,b ,hegelism dogmatically d5ies all ?is to be possible4 ,9 ! fir/ place x says !re are no intr9sic natures t may *ange2 9 ! second x says !re are no adv5titi\s relations4 ,:5 ! relations ( :at we call a ?+ are told1 no caput mortuum ( intr9sicality1 no 'nature1' is left4 ,! relations soak up all !re is ( ! ?+2 ! 'items' ( ! _w are b foci ( relation ) o!r foci ( relation2 & all ! relations are necess>y4 ,! unity ( ! _w has no?+ to d ) any 'matrix4' ,! matrix & ! items1 ea* ) all1 make a unity1 simply because ea* 9 tru? is all ! re/4 ,! pro( lies 9 ! hegelian pr9ciple ( totality1 :i* dem&s t if any "o "p be posit$ alone all ! o!rs %all =?) emanate f x & infallibly reproduce ! :ole4 ,9 ! modus op]&i ( ! emanation comes 91 z ,i said1 t p>tn]%ip ( ! pr9ciple ( totality ) t ( ! id5tity ( contradictories :i* s recomm5ds ! latt] to beg9n]s 9 ,hegel's philosophy4 ,to posit "o item alone is to d5y ! re/2 to d5y !m is to ref] to !m2 to ref] to !m is to beg91 at lea/1 to br+ !m on ! sc5e2 & to beg9 is 9 ! fulness ( "t to end4 ,if we call ?is a monism1 ,hegel is quick to cry1 ,n s6 ,to say simply t ! "o item is ! re/ #bhj ( ! univ]se is z false & "o-sid$ z to say t x is simply itself4 ,x is bo? & nei!r2 & ! only condition on :i* we ga9 ! "r to affirm t x is1 is t we fail n to keep affirm+ all ! :ile t x is n1 z well4 ,?us ! tru? refuses to be express$ 9 any s+le act ( judgm5t or s5t5ce4 ,! _w appe>s z a monism & a pluralism1 j z x appe>$ 9 our own introductory exposition4 ,b ! tr\ble t keeps u & ,hegel f ev] jo9+ h&s ov] ?is app>5t =mula ( bro!rhood is t we di/+ui%1 or try to di/+ui%1 ! respects 9 :i* ! _w is "o f ^? 9 :i* x is _m1 :ile all su* /able di/9ctions are :at he mo/ abom9ates4 ,! read] may decide :i* proc$ure helps 8 reason mo/4 ,= my own "p1 ! "t-honor$ =mula ( empirici/ pluralism1 t ! _w _c be set d[n 9 any s+le proposition1 gr[s less in/ead ( m intelligible :5 ,i add1 ,& yet ! diff]5t propositions t express x are "o6 ,! unity ( ! propositions is t ( ! m9d t h>bors !m4 ,any "o :o insi/s t _! div]sity is 9 any way itself _! unity1 c only d s because he loves obscurity & my/ification = _! own pure sakes4 ,:]e y meet ) a contradiction among realities1 ,h]b>t us$ to say1 x %[s y h fail$ to make a real di/9ction4 ,hegel's sov]eign me?od ( go+ to "w & sav+ all possible contradictions1 lies 9 p]t9aci\sly refus+ to di/+ui%4 ,he takes :at is true ( a t]m secundum quid1 treats x z true ( ! same t]m simplicit]1 & !n1 ( c\rse1 applies x to ! t]m secundum aliud4 ,a #bha good example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fir/ triad4 ,?is triad %[s t ! mutability ( ! real _w is due to ! fact t be+ con/antly negates itself2 t :atev] is by ! same act is n1 & gets undone & swept away2 & t ?us ! irrem$iable torr5t ( life ab\t :i* s mu* rhetoric has be5 writt5 has its roots 9 an ineluctable necessity :i* lies reveal$ to our logical reason4 ,?is notion ( a be+ :i* =ev] /umbles ov] its own feet1 & has to *ange 9 ord] to exi/ at all1 is a v picturesque symbol ( ! reality1 & is probably "o ( ! po9ts t make "y read]s feel z if a deep core ( tru? lay 9 ! sy/em4 ,b h[ is ! reason+ done8 ,pure be+ is assum$1 )\t det]m9ations1 be+ secundum quid4 ,9 ?is respect x agrees ) no?+4 ,!re=e simplicit] x is no?+2 :]ev] we f9d x1 x is no?+2 cr[n$ ) complete det]m9ations !n1 or secundum aliud1 x is no?+ /ill1 & hebt si* auf4 ,x is z if we said1 ,man )\t 8 clo!s may be nam$ '! nak$4' ,!re=e man simplicit] is ! nak$2 & f9ally man ) 8 hat1 %oes1 & ov]coat on is ! nak$ /ill4 ,( c\rse we may 9 ?is in/ance or any o!r repeat t ! conclusion is /rictly true1 h[ev] comical x seems4 ,man )9 ! clo!s is nak$1 j z he is )\t !m4 ,man w\ld nev] h inv5t$ ! clo!s _h he n be5 nak$4 ,! fact ( 8 be+ clad at all does prove 8 ess5tial nudity4 ,& s 9 g5]al1--! =m ( any judgm5t1 be+ ! addition ( a pr$icate to a subject1 %[s t ! subject has be5 conceiv$ )\t ! pr$icate1 & ?us by a /ra9$ metaphor may #bhb be call$ ! pr$icate's negation4 ,well & good6 let ! expression pass4 ,b we mu/ notice ?is4 ,! judgm5t has n[ creat$ a new subject1 ! nak$-clad1 & all propositions reg>d+ ?is mu/ be judg$ on _! own m]its2 = ^? true ( ! old subject1 '! nak$1' are no long] true ( ?is "o4 ,= in/ance1 we _c say because ! nak$ pure & simple mu/ n ent] ! draw+-room or is 9 dang] ( tak+ cold1 t ! nak$ ) 8 clo!s on w also take cold or mu/ /ay 9 8 b$room4 ,hold to x et]nally t ! clad man is /ill nak$ if x amuse y1--'tis designat$ 9 ! bond2 b ! s-call$ contradiction is a /]ile boon4 ,l ,%ylock's p\nd ( fle%1 x leads to no consequ5ces4 ,x does n entitle y to "o drop ( 8 ,*ri/ian blood ei!r 9 ! way ( cat>rh1 social exclusion1 or :at fur!r results pure nak$ness may involve4 ,9 a v]sion ( ! fir/ /ep giv5 by our =emo/ ,am]ican ,hegelian1#d we f9d ?is play+ ) ! necess>y =m ( judgm5t4 ,pure be+1 he says1 has no det]m9ations4 ,b ! hav+ none is itself a det]m9ation4 ,:]e=e pure be+ contradicts its own self1 & s on4 ,:y n take he$ to ! mean+ ( :at is said8 ,:5 we make ! pr$ication conc]n+ pure be+1 our mean+ is m]ely ! d5ial ( all o!r det]m9ations ?an ! p>ticul> "o we make4 ,! %[man :o adv]tis$ 8 elephant z 'l>g] ?an any elephant 9 ! _w except himself' mu/ h be5 9 an hegelian c\ntry :]e he 0 afraid t if he 7 less explicit ! audi5ce w\ld dialectically proce$ to say3 #bhc ,?is elephant1 l>g] ?an any 9 ! _w1 involves a contradiction2 = he himself is 9 ! _w1 & s /&s end[$ ) ! virtue ( be+ bo? l>g] & small] ?an himself1--a p]fect hegelian elephant1 ^: imman5t self-contradictor9ess c only be remov$ 9 a high] syn!sis4 ,%[ u ! high] syn!sis6 ,we don't c>e to see su* a m]e ab/ract creature z y\r elephant4 ,x may be 7& x 0 inde$ sugge/$ 9 antiquity7 t all ?+s are ( _! own size by be+ bo? l>g] & small] ?an !mselves4 ,b 9 ! case ( ?is elephant ! scrupul\s %[man nipp$ su* philosophiz+ & all its inconv5i5t consequ5ces 9 ! bud1 by explicitly intimat+ t l>g] ?an any o!r elephant 0 all he meant4 ,hegel's quibble ) ?is ^w o!r exemplifies ! same fallacy4 ,all 'o!rs1' z su*1 are accord+ to him id5tical4 ,t is1 'o!rness1' :i* c only be pr$icat$ ( a giv5 ?+ ,a1 secundum quid 7z o!r ?an ,b1 etc471 is pr$icat$ simplicit]1 & made to id5tify ! ,a 9 "q ) ,b1 :i* is o!r only secundum aliud1--namely o!r ?an ,a4 ,ano!r maxim t ,hegelism is nev] tir$ ( repeat+ is t to "k a limit is already to be beyond x4 ,/one walls d n a prison make1 nor iron b>s a cage4 ,! inmate ( ! p5it5ti>y %[s by 8 grumbl+ t he is /ill 9 ! /age ( ab/raction & ( sep>ative ?\ght4 ,! m ke5ly he ?9ks ( ! fun he might be hav+ outside1 ! m deeply he ought to feel t ! walls id5tify him ) x4 ,!y set him beyond !m secundum quid1 9 imag9ation1 9 long+1 9 despair2 argal !y take him !re simplicit] & #bhd 9 e way1--9 fle%1 9 p[]1 9 de$4 ,fooli% convict1 to ignore 8 bless+s6 ,ano!r mode ( /at+ 8 pr9ciple is ?is3 ,to "k ! f9ite z su*1 is also to "k ! inf9ite4 ,express$ 9 ?is ab/ract %ape1 ! =mula is z insignificant z x is unobjectionable4 ,we c cap e ^w ) a negative p>ticle1 & ! ^w f9i%$ imm$iately sugge/s ! ^w unf9i%$1 & we "k ! two words toge!r4 ,b x is an entirely diff]5t ?+ to take ! k ( a concrete case ( end+1 & to say t x virtually makes u acqua9t$ ) o!r concrete facts 9 inf9itum4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! end may be an absolute "o4 ,! matt] ( ! univ]se1 = in/ance1 is accord+ to all appe>ances 9 f9ite am\nt2 & if we knew t we _h c\nt$ ! la/ bit ( x1 inf9ite k 9 t respect1 s f> f be+ giv51 w\ld be impossible4 ,) reg>d to space1 x is true t 9 draw+ a b\nd we are aw>e ( m4 ,b to treat ?is little fr+e z ! equal ( inf9ite space is ridicul\s4 ,x resembles inf9ite space secundum quid1 or 9 b "o respect1--its spatial quality4 ,we believe x homog5e\s ) :atev] spaces may rema92 b x w\ld be fatu\s to say1 because "o doll> 9 my pocket is homog5e\s ) all ! doll>s 9 ! c\ntry1 t to h x is to h !m4 ,! fur!r po9ts ( space are z num]ically di/9ct f ! fr+e z ! doll>s f ! doll>1 & n until we h actually intuit$ !m c we be said to '"k' !m simplicit]4 ,! hegelian reply is t ! quality ( space con/itutes its only wor?2 & t !re is no?+ true1 good1 or beautiful to be kn[n #bhe 9 ! spaces beyond :i* is n already kn[n 9 ! fr+e4 ,?is introduction ( a eulogi/ic t]m into a ma!matical "q is orig9al4 ,! 'true' & ! 'false' inf9ite are ab\t z appropriate di/9ctions 9 a discussion ( cognition z ! good & ! naughty ra9 w\ld be 9 a treatise on meteorology4 ,b :5 we grant t all ! wor? ( ! k ( di/ant spaces is due to ! k ( :at !y may c>ry 9 !m1 x !n appe>s m ?an ev] absurd to say t ! k ( ! fr+e is an equival5t = ! inf9itude ( ! di/ant k4 ,! di/ant spaces ev5 simplicit] are n yet yield$ to our ?9k+2 & if !y 7 yield$ simplicit]1 w\ld n be yield$ secundum aliud1 or 9 respect to _! mat]ial fill+ out4 ,%ylock's bond 0 an omnipot5t in/rum5t comp>$ ) ?is k ( ! f9ite1 :i* rema9s ! ignorance x always 01 till ! inf9ite by its own act has piece by piece plac$ itself 9 our h&s4 ,"h ,hegelism cries out3 ,by ! id5tity ( ! kn[l$ges ( inf9ite & f9ite ,i nev] meant t "o c\ld be a sub/itute = ! o!r2 nor does true philosophy ev] mean by id5tity capacity = sub/itution4 ,?is s\nds suspici\sly l ! good & ! naughty inf9ite1 or r l ! my/]ies ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,eu*>i/4 ,to ! uns5tim5tal m9d !re are b two sorts ( id5tity1--total id5tity & p>tial id5tity4 ,:]e ! id5tity is total1 ! ?+s c be sub/itut$ :olly = "o ano!r4 ,:]e sub/itution is impossible1 x mu/ be t ! id5tity is incomplete4 ,x is ! duty ( ! /ud5t !n to asc]ta9 ! exact quid1 secundum :i* x obta9s1 z we h tri$ to d above4 ,ev5 ! ,ca?olic w tell y t :5 he believes 9 ! #bhf id5tity ( ! waf] ) ,*ri/'s body1 he does n mean 9 all respects1--s t he might use x to exhibit muscul> fibre1 or a cook make x smell l bak$ meat 9 ! ov54 ,he means t 9 ! "o sole respect ( n\ri%+ 8 be+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 x is id5tical ) & c be sub/itut$ = ! v body ( 8 ,r$eem]4 ',! k ( opposites is "o1' is "o ( ! hegelian fir/ pr9ciples1 ( :i* ! prec$+ are p]haps only d]ivatives4 ,"h aga9 ,hegelism takes 'k' simplicit]1 & sub/itut+ x = k 9 a p>ticul> respect1 avails itself ( ! confusion to cov] o!r respects nev] orig9ally impli$4 ,:5 ! k ( a ?+ is giv5 u1 we no d\bt ?9k t ! ?+ may or mu/ h an opposite4 ,?is po/ulate ( some?+ opposite we may call a 'k ( ! opposite' if we l2 b x is a k ( x 9 only t "o s+le respect1 t x is some?+ opposite4 ,no numb] ( opposites to a quality we h nev] directly exp]i5c$ c\ld ev] lead u positively to inf] :at t quality is4 ,!re is a jolt betwe5 ! negation ( !m & ! actual posit+ ( x 9 its prop] %ape1 t tw5ty logics ( ,hegel h>ness$ abrea/ _c drive u smoo?ly ov]4 ,! use ( ! maxim ',all det]m9ation is negation' is ! fatte/ & mo/ full-bl[n application ( ! me?od ( refus+ to di/+ui%4 ,tak5 9 its vague confusion1 x probably does m ?an any?+ else to produce ! sort ( flick] & dazzle :i* are ! fir/ m5tal conditions = ! reception ( ,hegel's sy/em4 ,! ^w 'negation' tak5 simplicit] is treat$ z if x cov]$ an indef9ite numb] ( #bhg secundums1 culm9at+ 9 ! v peculi> "o ( self-negation4 ,:5ce f9ally ! conclusion is drawn t ass]tions are univ]sally self-contradictory4 ,z ?is is an important matt]1 x seems wor? :ile to treat x a little m9utely4 ,:5 ,i measure out a p9t1 say ( milk1 & s det]m9e x1 :at d ,i d8 ,i virtually make two ass]tions reg>d+ x1--x is ?is p9t2 x is n ^? o!r gallons4 ,"o ( ^! is an affirmation1 ! o!r a negation4 ,bo? h a common subject2 b ! pr$icates be+ mutually exclusive1 ! two ass]tions lie beside ea* o!r 9 endless peace4 ,i may ) propriety be said to make ass]tions m remote /ill1--ass]tions ( :i* ^? o!r gallons are ! subject4 ,z x is n !y1 s are !y n ! p9t :i* x is4 ,! det]m9ation ?is is ! p9t c>ries ) x ! negation1--^? are n ! p9ts4 ,"h we h ! same pr$icate2 b ! subjects are exclusive ( ea* o!r1 s !re is aga9 endless peace4 ,9 bo? c\ples ( propositions negation & affirmation are secundum aliud3 ?is is a2 ?is is n't n-a4 ,?is k9d ( negation involv$ 9 det]m9ation _c possibly be :at ,hegel wants = 8 purposes4 ,! table is n ! *air1 ! fireplace is n ! cupbo>d1--^! are lit]al expressions ( ! law ( id5tity & contradiction1 ^? pr9ciples ( ! ab/ract+ & sep>at+ und]/&+ = :i* ,hegel has s sov]eign a contempt1 & :i* 8 logic is meant to sup]s$e4 ,& accord+ly ,hegelians pursue ! subject fur!r1 say+ !re is 9 e det]m9ation an elem5t ( real conflict4 ,d y n 9 det]m9+ ! milk to be ?is p9t exclude x =ev] f ! *ance ( be+ ^? gallons1 fru/rate x f #bhh expansion8 ,& s d y n equally exclude !m f ! be+ :i* x n[ ma9ta9s z its own8 ,assur$ly if y _h be5 he>+ ( a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey1 & _h gone !re ) unlimit$ expectations ( ! riv]s ! milk w\ld fill2 & if y f\nd !re 0 b ?is s+le p9t 9 ! :ole c\ntry1--! det]m9ation ( ! p9t w\ld exclude ano!r det]m9ation :i* y\r m9d _h previ\sly made ( ! milk4 ,!re w\ld be a real conflict result+ 9 ! victory ( "o side4 ,! riv]s w\ld be negat$ by ! s+le p9t be+ affirm$2 & z riv]s & p9t are affirm$ ( ! same milk 7fir/ z suppos$ & !n z f\nd71 ! contradiction w\ld be complete4 ,b x is a contradiction t c nev] by any *ance occur 9 real nature or be+4 ,x c only occur betwe5 a false repres5tation ( a be+ & ! true idea ( ! be+ :5 actually cogniz$4 ,! fir/ got into a place :]e x _h no rights & _h to be ou/$4 ,b 9 r]um natur ?+s d n get into "o ano!r's logical places4 ,! gallons fir/ spok5 ( nev] say1 ,we are ! p9t2 ! p9t nev] says1 ,i am ! gallons4 ,x nev] tries to exp&2 & s !re is no *ance = any?+ to exclude or negate x4 ,x ?us rema9s affirm$ absolutely4 ,c x be believ$ 9 ! tee? ( ^! elem5t>y tru?s t ! pr9ciple det]m9atio negatio is held ?r\gh\t ,hegel to imply an active contradiction1 conflict1 & exclusion8 ,d ! horse-c>s j+l+ outside negate me writ+ 9 ?is room8 ,d ,i1 read]1 negate y8 ,( c\rse1 if ,i say1 ,read]1 we are two1 & !re=e ,i am two1 ,i negate y1 = ,i am actually ?ru/+ a "p into ! seat ( ! :ole4 #bhi ,! or?odox logic expresses ! fallacy by say+ ! we is tak5 by me di/ributively in/ead ( collectively2 b z long z ,i d n make ?is blund]1 & am cont5t ) my "p1 we all are safe4 ,9 r]um natur1 p>ts rema9 p>ts4 ,c y imag9e "o position 9 space try+ to get into ! place ( ano!r position & hav+ to be 'contradict$' by t o!r8 ,c y imag9e y\r ?\ght ( an object try+ to dispossess ! real object f its be+1 & s be+ negat$ by x8 ,! great1 ! sacr$ law ( p>tak+1 ! noiseless /ep ( cont9uity1 seems some?+ t ,hegel _c possibly und]/&4 ,all or no?+ is 8 "o idea4 ,= him ea* po9t ( space1 ( "t1 ea* feel+ 9 ! ego1 ea* quality ( be+1 is clamor+1 ,i am ! all1--!re is n\ght else b me4 ,?is clamor is its ess5ce1 :i* has to be negat$ 9 ano!r act :i* gives x its true det]m9ation4 ,:at !re is ( affirmative 9 ?is det]m9ation is ?us ! m]e residuum left f ! negation by o!rs ( ! negation x orig9ally appli$ to !m4 ,b :y talk ( residuum8 ,! ,kilk5ny cats ( fable c\ld leave a residuum 9 ! %ape ( _! undev\r$ tails4 ,b ! ,kilk5ny cats ( exi/5ce z x appe>s 9 ! pages ( ,hegel are all-dev\r+1 & leave no residuum4 ,su* is ! unexampl$ fury ( _! onslaught t !y get clean out ( !mselves & into ea* o!r1 nay m1 pass "r ?r\gh ea* o!r1 & !n return into !mselves ready = ano!r r\nd1 z insatiate1 b z inconclusive1 z ! "o t w5t be=e4 ,if ,i *>act]iz$ ,hegel's own mood z hubris1 ! insol5ce ( excess1 :at %all ,i say ( ! mood he ascribes to be+8 ,man makes ! gods 9 8 #bij image2 & ,hegel1 9 d>+ to insult ! spotless sphrosune ( space & "t1 ! b\nd-respect]s1 9 br&+ z /rife t law ( %>+ "u ^: sacr$ keep+1 l a /ra9 ( music1 l an odor ( inc5se 7z ,em]son says71 ! dance ( ! atoms goes =w>d /ill1 seems to me b to manife/ 8 own de=mity4 ,?is leads me to animadv]t on an errone\s inf]5ce :i* hegelian idealism makes f ! =m ( ! negative judgm5t4 ,e negation1 x says1 mu/ be an intellectual act4 ,ev5 ! mo/ naf realism w h>dly pret5d t ! non-table z su* exi/s 9 se aft] ! same fa%ion z ! table does4 ,b table & non-table1 s9ce !y are giv5 to our ?\ght toge!r1 mu/ be consub/antial4 ,try to make ! position or affirmation ( ! table z simple z y c1 x is also ! negation ( ! non-table2 & ?us positive be+ itself seems aft] all b a function ( intellig5ce1 l negation4 ,idealism is prov$1 realism is un?9kable4 ,n[ ,i h n myself ! lea/ objection to idealism1--an hypo!sis :i* volum9\s consid]ations make plausible1 & ^: difficulties may be cle>$ away any day by new discrim9ations or discov]ies4 ,b ,i object to prov+ by ^! pat5t ready-made priori me?ods t :i* c only be ! fruit ( a wide & pati5t induction4 ,= ! tru? is t our affirmations & negations d n /& on ! same foot+ at all1 & are any?+ b consub/antial4 ,an affirmation says some?+ ab\t an objective exi/5ce4 ,a negation says some?+ ab\t an affirmation1--namely1 t x is false4 ,!re are no negative pr$icates or falsities 9 nature4 ,be+ makes no false hypo!ses t h #bia to be contradict$4 ,! only d5ials %e c be 9 any way con/ru$ to p]=m are d5ials ( our errors4 ,?is %[s pla9ly en\gh t d5ial mu/ be ( some?+ m5tal1 s9ce ! ?+ d5i$ is always a fiction4 ,! table is n ! *air supposes ! speak] to h be5 play+ ) ! false notion t x may h be5 ! *air4 ,b affirmation may p]fectly well be ( some?+ hav+ no su* necess>y & con/itutive relation to ?\ght4 ,:e!r x really is ( su* a ?+ is = h>d] consid]ations to decide4 ,if idealism be true1 ! great "q t pres5ts itself is :e!r its tru? involve ! necessity ( an inf9ite1 unit>y1 & omnisci5t consci\sness1 or :e!r a republic ( semi-deta*$ consci\snesses w d1--consci\snesses unit$ by a c]ta9 common fund ( repres5tations1 b ea* possess+ a private /ore :i* ! o!rs d n %>e4 ,ei!r hypo!sis is to me conceivable4 ,b :e!r ! egos be "o or _m1 ! nextness ( repres5tations to "o ano!r )9 !m is ! pr9ciple ( unification ( ! univ]se4 ,to be ?us consci\sly next to "s o!r repres5tation is ! condition to :i* ea* repres5tation mu/ submit1 "u p5alty ( be+ exclud$ f ?is univ]se1 & l ,"l ,dundre>y's bird 'flock+ all alone1' & =m+ a sep>ate univ]se by itself4 ,b ?is is only a condition ( :i* ! repres5tations p>take2 x leaves all _! o!r det]m9ations undecid$4 ,to say1 because repres5tation b _c be 9 ! same univ]se ) a )\t be+ a's neighbor2 t !re=e a possesses1 involves1 or necessitates b1 hide & hair1 fle% & fell1 all appurt5ances & belong+s1--is #bib only ! silly hegelian all-or-no?+ insatiat5ess once m4 ,hegel's own logic1 ) all ! s5seless hocus-pocus ( its triads1 utt]ly fails to prove 8 position4 ,! only evid5t compulsion :i* repres5tations ex]t ^u "o ano!r is compulsion to submit to ! conditions ( entrance into ! same univ]se ) !m--! conditions ( cont9uity1 ( selfhood1 space1 & "t--"u p5alty ( be+ exclud$4 ,b :at ?is univ]se %all be is a matt] ( fact :i* we _c decide till we "k :at repres5tations h submitt$ to ^! its sole conditions4 ,! conditions !mselves impose no fur!r requirem5ts4 ,9 %ort1 ! notion t real cont+5cy & ambiguity may be features ( ! real _w is a p]fectly unimpea*able hypo!sis4 ,only 9 su* a _w c moral judgm5ts h a claim to be4 ,= ! bad is t :i* takes ! place ( some?+ else :i* possibly might h be5 :]e x n[ is1 & ! bett] is t :i* absolutely might be :]e x absolutely is n4 ,9 ! univ]se ( ,hegel--! absolute block ^: p>ts h no loose play1 ! pure ple?ora ( necess>y be+ ) ! oxyg5 ( possibility all suffocat$ out ( its lungs--!re c be nei!r good nor bad1 b "o dead level ( m]e fate4 ,b ,i h tir$ ! read] out4 ,! wor/ ( criticis+ ,hegel is t ! v argum5ts we use aga9/ him give =? /range & holl[ s\nds t make !m seem almo/ z fanta/ic z ! errors to :i* !y are address$4 ,! s5se ( a univ]sal mirage1 ( a gho/ly unreality1 /eals ov] u1 :i* is ! v moonlit atmosph]e ( ,hegelism itself4 ,:at wond] !n if1 in/ead ( #bic conv]t+1 our words d b rejoice & delight1 ^? already baptiz$ 9 ! fai? ( confusion8 ,to _! *>m$ s5ses we all seem *ildr5 ( ,hegel toge!r1 only "s ( u h n ! wit to "k our own fa!r4 ,j z ,romani/s are sure to in=m u t our reasons aga9/ ,papal ,*ri/ianity unconsci\sly brea! ! pure/ _s ( ,ca?olicism1 s ,hegelism b5ignantly smiles at our ex]tions1 & murmurs1 ,if ! r$ slay] ?9k he slays2 ,:5 me !y fly1 ,i am ! w+s1 etc4 ,to =ef5d ?is unwelcome adoption1 let me recapitulate 9 a few propositions ! reasons :y ,i am n an hegelian4 #a4 ,we _c eat our cake & h x2 t is1 ! only real contradiction !re c be betwe5 ?\ghts is :]e "o is true1 ! o!r false4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 "o mu/ g =ev]2 nor is !re any 'high] syn!sis' 9 :i* bo? c :olly revive4 #b4 ,a *asm is n a bridge 9 any utilizable s5se2 t is1 no m]e negation c be ! in/rum5t ( a positive advance 9 ?\ght4 #c4 ,! cont9ua1 "t1 space1 & ! ego1 are bridges1 because !y are )\t *asm4 #d4 ,b !y bridge ov] ! *asms betwe5 repres5t$ qualities only p>tially4 #e4 ,?is p>tial bridg+1 h[ev]1 makes ! qualities %>e 9 a common _w4 #f4 ,! o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! qualities are sep>ate facts4 #g4 ,b ! same quality appe>s 9 _m times & spaces4 ,g5]ic sam5ess ( ! quality :]ev] f\nd becomes ?us a fur!r means by :i* ! jolts are r$uc$4 #h4 ,:at betwe5 diff]5t qualities jolts rema94 #bid ,ea*1 z f> z ! o!r is conc]n$1 is an absolutely sep>ate & cont+5t be+4 #i4 ,! moral judgm5t may lead u to po/ulate z irr$ucible ! cont+5cies ( ! _w4 #aj4 ,elem5ts mutually cont+5t are n 9 conflict s long z !y p>take ( ! cont9ua ( "t1 space1 etc41--p>tak+ be+ ! exact opposite ( /rife4 ,!y conflict only :51 z mutually exclusive possibilities1 !y /rive to possess !mselves ( ! same p>ts ( "t1 space1 & ego4 #aa4 ,t !re are su* real conflicts1 irr$ucible to any intellig5ce1 & giv+ rise to an excess ( possibility ov] actuality1 is an hypo!sis1 b a cr$ible "o4 ,no philosophy %\ld pret5d to be any?+ m4 ,,note4--,s9ce ! prec$+ article 0 writt51 "s obs]vations on ! effects ( nitr\s-oxide-gas-intoxication :i* ,i 0 prompt$ to make by read+ ! pamphlet call$ ,! ,anae/hetic ,revelation & ! ,gi/ ( ,philosophy1 by ,b5jam9 ,paul ,blood1 ,am/]dam1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgd1 h made me und]/& bett] ?an ev] be=e bo? ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ,hegel's philosophy4 ,i /rongly urge o!rs to repeat ! exp]im5t1 :i* ) pure gas is %ort & h>mless en\gh4 ,! effects w ( c\rse v>y ) ! individual4 ,j z !y v>y 9 ! same individual f "t to "t2 b x is probable t 9 ! =m] case1 z 9 ! latt]1 a g5]ic resemblance w obta94 ,) me1 z ) e o!r p]son ( :om ,i h he>d1 ! keynote ( ! exp]i5ce is ! trem5d\sly excit+ s5se ( an int5se metaphysical illum9ation4 ,tru? lies op5 to ! view 9 dep? b5ea? dep? ( almo/ bl9d+ evid5ce4 ,! m9d sees all ! logical relations ( be+ ) an app>5t subtlety & in/antaneity to :i* its normal consci\sness (f]s no p>allel2 only z sobriety returns1 ! feel+ ( insight fades1 & "o is left />+ vacantly at a few disjo9t$ words & phrases1 z "o />es at a cadav]\s-look+ sn[-peak f :i* ! sunset gl[ has j fl$1 or at ! black c9d] left by an ext+ui%$ br&4 #bie ,! imm5se emotional s5se ( reconciliation :i* *>act]izes ! 'maudl9' /age ( alcoholic drunk5ness1--a /age :i* seems silly to look]s-on1 b ! subjective rapture ( :i* probably con/itutes a *ief "p ( ! temptation to ! vice1--is well kn[n4 ,! c5tre & p]iph]y ( ?+s seem to come toge!r4 ,! ego & its objects1 ! meum & ! tuum1 are "o4 ,n[ ?is1 only a ?\s&fold enhanc$1 0 ! effect ^u me ( ! gas3 & its fir/ result 0 to make peal ?r\gh me ) unutt]able p[] ! conviction t ,hegelism 0 true aft] all1 & t ! deepe/ convictions ( my intellect hi!rto 7 wrong4 ,:atev] idea or repres5tation occurr$ to ! m9d 0 seiz$ by ! same logical =ceps1 & s]v$ to illu/rate ! same tru?2 & t tru? 0 t e opposition1 among :atsoev] ?+s1 vani%es 9 a high] unity 9 :i* x is bas$2 t all contradictions1 s-call$1 are b diff]5ces2 t all diff]5ces are ( degree2 t all degrees are ( a common k9d2 t unbrok5 cont9uity is ( ! ess5ce ( be+2 & t we are lit]ally 9 ! mid/ ( an inf9ite1 to p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( :i* is ! utmo/ we c atta94 ,)\t ! same z a basis1 h[ c\ld /rife occur8 ,/rife presupposes some?+ to be /riv5 ab\t2 & 9 ?is common topic1 ! same = bo? p>ties1 ! diff]5ces m]ge4 ,f ! h>de/ contradiction to ! t5d]e/ div]sity ( v]biage diff]5ces evaporate2 yes & no agree at lea/ 9 be+ ass]tions2 a d5ial ( a /atem5t is b ano!r mode ( /at+ ! same1 contradiction c only occur ( ! same ?+1--all op9ions are ?us synonyms1 are synonym\s1 are ! same4 ,b ! same phrase by diff]5ce ( emphasis is two2 & "h aga9 diff]5ce & no-diff]5ce m]ge 9 "o4 ,x is impossible to convey an idea ( ! torr5tial "* ( ! id5tification ( opposites z x /reams ?r\gh ! m9d 9 ?is exp]i5ce4 ,i h %eet aft] %eet ( phrases dictat$ or writt5 dur+ ! intoxication1 :i* to ! sob] read] seem mean+less drivel1 b :i* at ! mom5t ( transcrib+ 7 fus$ 9 ! fire ( inf9ite rationality4 ,god & devil1 good & evil1 life & dea?1 ,i & ?\1 sob] & drunk1 matt] & =m1 black & :ite1 quantity & quality1 %iv] ( ec/asy & %udd] ( horror1 vomit+ & swall[+1 inspiration & expiration1 fate & reason1 great & small1 ext5t & int5t1 joke & e>ne/1 tragic & comic1 & fifty o!r #bif contra/s figure 9 ^! pages 9 ! same monoton\s way4 ,! m9d saw h[ ea* t]m belong$ to its contra/ ?r\gh a knife-edge mom5t ( transition :i* x effect$1 & :i*1 p]5nial & et]nal1 0 ! nunc /ans ( life4 ,! ?\ght ( mutual implication ( ! p>ts 9 ! b>e =m ( a judgm5t ( opposition1 z 'no?+--b1' 'no m--?an1' 'only--if1' etc41 produc$ a p]fect delirium ( !oretic rapture4 ,& at la/1 :5 def9ite ideas to "w on came sl[ly1 ! m9d w5t ?r\gh ! m]e =m ( recogniz+ sam5ess 9 id5tity by contra/+ ! same ^w ) itself1 diff]5tly emphasiz$1 or %orn ( its initial lett]4 ,let me transcribe a few s5t5ces3 ,:at's mi/ake b a k9d ( take8 ,:at's nausea b a k9d ( -ausea8 ,sob]1 drunk1 -unk1 a/oni%m5t4 ,ev]y?+ c become ! subject ( criticism--h[ criticise )\t some?+ to criticise8 ,agreem5t--disagreem5t66 ,emotion--motion666 ,die away f1 f1 die away 7)\t ! f74 ,reconciliation ( opposites2 sob]1 drunk1 all ! same6 ,good & evil reconcil$ 9 a laugh6 ,x escapes1 x escapes6 ,b---- ,:at escapes1 ,,:at escapes8 ,emphasis1 ,e,mphasis2 !re mu/ be "s emphasis 9 ord] = !re to be a phasis4 ,no v]biage c give x1 because ! v]biage is o!r4 ,9coh]5t1 coh]5t--same4 ,& x fades6 ,& x's inf9ite6 ,,& x's inf9ite6 ,if x 0 n't go+1 :y %\ld y hold on to x8 ,don't y see ! diff]5ce1 don't y see ! id5tity8 ,con/antly opposites unit$6 ,! same me tell+ y to write & n to write6 ,extreme--extreme1 extreme6 ,)9 ! ext5sity t 'extreme' conta9s is conta9$ ! 'extreme' ( int5sity4 ,some?+1 & o!r ?an t ?+6 ,intoxication1 & o!rness ?an intoxication4 ,e attempt at bett]m5t1--e attempt at o!rm5t1--is a----4 ,x fades =ev] & =ev] z we move4 #big ,!re is a reconciliation6 ,reconciliation--econciliation6 ,by ,god1 h[ t hurts6 ,by ,god1 h[ x does n't hurt6 ,reconciliation ( two extremes4 ,by ,george1 no?+ b o?+6 ,t s\nds l nons5se1 b x is pure ons5se6 ,?\ght deep] ?an spee*----6 ,m$ical s*ool2 div9ity s*ool1 s*ool6 ,,s*ool6 ,oh my ,god1 oh ,god1 oh ,god6 ,! mo/ coh]5t & articulate s5t5ce :i* came 0 ?is3-- ,!re are no diff]5ces b diff]5ces ( degree betwe5 diff]5t degrees ( diff]5ce & no diff]5ce4 ,?is phrase has ! true ,hegelian r+1 be+ 9 fact a regul> si* als si* auf si* selb/ bezieh5de ,negativitt4 ,& true ,hegelians w b]haupt be able to read betwe5 ! l9es & feel1 at any rate1 :at possible ec/asies ( cognitive emotion might h ba!d ^! tatt]$ fragm5ts ( ?\ght :5 !y 7 alive4 ,b = ! assurance ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( respect f !m1 ,i %\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to pr9t :at mu/ be su* cavi>e to ! g5]al4 ,b n[ comes ! rev]se ( ! m$al4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 all ?is monoton\s ra9 ( in/ances8 ,al?\gh ,i did n see x at fir/1 ,i soon f\nd t x 0 9 ea* case no?+ b ! ab/ract g5us ( :i* ! conflict+ t]ms 7 opposite species4 ,9 o!r words1 al?\gh ! flood ( ontologic emotion 0 ,hegelian ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 ! gr\nd = x 0 no?+ b ! _w-old pr9ciple t ?+s are ! same only s f> & no f>!r ?an !y are ! same1 or p>take ( a common nature1--! pr9ciple t ,hegel mo/ tramples "u foot4 ,at ! same "t ! rapture ( behold+ a process t 0 inf9ite1 *ang$ 7z ! nature ( ! inf9itude 0 realiz$ by ! m9d7 into ! s5se ( a dreadful & ineluctable fate1 ) ^: magnitude e f9ite ef=t is incomm5surable & 9 ! light ( :i* :atev] happ5s is indiff]5t4 ,?is in/antane\s revulsion ( mood f rapture to horror is1 p]haps1 ! /ronge/ emotion ,i h ev] exp]i5c$4 ,i got x repeat$ly :5 ! inhalation 0 cont9u$ long en\gh to produce incipi5t nausea2 & ,i _c b reg>d x z ! normal & inevitable outcome ( ! #bih intoxication1 if suffici5tly prolong$4 ,a pessimi/ic fatalism1 dep? )9 dep? ( impot5ce & indiff]5ce1 reason & sill9ess unit$1 n 9 a high] syn!sis1 b 9 ! fact t :i*ev] y *oose x is all "o1--?is is ! up%ot ( a revelation t began s rosy bright4 ,ev5 :5 ! process /ops %ort ( ?is ultimatum1 ! read] w h notic$ f ! phrases quot$ h[ (t5 x ends by los+ ! clue4 ,some?+ 'fades1' 'escapes2' & ! feel+ ( insight is *ang$ into an int5se "o ( bewild]m5t1 puzzle1 confusion1 a/oni%m5t4 ,i "k no m s+ul> s5sation ?an ?is int5se bewild]m5t1 ) no?+ p>ticul> left to be bewild]$ at save ! bewild]m5t itself4 ,x seems1 inde$1 a causa sui1 or '_s become its own object4' ,my conclusion is t ! toge!rness ( ?+s 9 a common _w1 ! law ( %>+1 ( :i* ,i h said s mu*1 may1 :5 p]ceiv$1 eng5d] a v p[]ful emotion1 t ,hegel 0 s unusually susceptible to ?is emotion ?r\gh\t 8 life t its gratification became 8 supreme end1 & made him tol]ably unscrupul\s z to ! means he employ$2 t indiff]5tism is ! true outcome ( e view ( ! _w :i* makes inf9ity & cont9uity to be its ess5ce1 & t pessimi/ic or optimi/ic attitudes p]ta9 to ! m]e accid5tal subjectivity ( ! mom5t2 f9ally1 t ! id5tification ( contradictories1 s f> f be+ ! self-develop+ process :i* ,hegel supposes1 is really a self-consum+ process1 pass+ f ! less to ! m ab/ract1 & t]m9at+ ei!r 9 a laugh at ! ultimate no?+ness1 or 9 a mood ( v]tig9\s amazem5t at a mean+less inf9ity4 #a ,repr9t$ f ,m9d1 ,april1 #ahhb4 #b ,! seem+ contradiction betwe5 ! inf9itude ( space & ! fact t x is all f9i%$ & giv5 & !re1 c be got ov] 9 m ?an "o way4 ,! simple/ way is by idealism1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 space z actual & space z pot5tial4 ,= idealism1 space only exi/s s f> z x is repres5t$2 b all actually repres5t$ spaces are f9ite2 x is only possibly repres5table spaces t are inf9ite4 #c ,n only = simplicity's sake d we select space z ! p>agon ( a rationaliz+ cont9uum4 ,space det]m9es ! relations ( ! items t ent] x 9 a f> m intricate way ?an does "t2 9 a f> m fix$ way ?an does ! ego4 ,by ?is la/ clause ,i mean t if ?+s are 9 space at all1 !y mu/ con=m to geometry2 :ile ! be+ 9 an ego at all ne$ n make !m con=m to logic or any o!r mann] ( rationality4 ,"u ! %elt]+ w+s ( a self ! matt] ( unreason c lodge itself z safely z any o!r k9d ( cont5t4 ,"o _c b respect ! dev\tness ( ! ego-wor%ip ( "s ( our ,engli%-writ+ ,hegelians4 ,b at ! same "t "o _c help fe>+ le/ ! monoton\s contemplation ( s b>r5 a pr9ciple z t ( ! pure =mal self 7:i*1 be x nev] s ess5tial a condition ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( organiz$ exp]i5ce at all1 mu/ not)/&+ take its own "* f1 n give ! "* to1 ! sep>ate empirical data ov] :i* its mantle is ca/71 "o _c b fe>1 ,i say1 le/ ! religion ( ! transc5d5tal ego %\ld1 l all religions ( ! '"o ?+ ne$ful1' end by /]iliz+ & occlud+ ! m9ds ( its believ]s4 #d ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 viii4 #cg4 #bii ,,:at ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,,has ,,accompli%$4#a ,! great field = new discov]ies1 said a sci5tific fri5d to me ! o!r day1 is always ! unclassifi$ residuum4 ,r\nd ab\t ! accr$it$ & ord]ly facts ( e sci5ce !re ev] floats a sort ( du/-cl\d ( exceptional obs]vations1 ( occurr5ces m9ute & irregul> & seldom met )1 :i* x always proves m easy to ignore ?an to att5d to4 ,! ideal ( e sci5ce is t ( a clos$ & complet$ sy/em ( tru?4 ,! *>m ( mo/ sci5ces to _! m passive disciples consi/s 9 _! appe>+1 9 fact1 to we> j ?is ideal =m4 ,ea* "o ( our v>i\s ologies seems to (f] a def9ite head ( classification = e possible ph5om5on ( ! sort :i* x pr(esses to cov]2 & s f> f free is mo/ m5's fancy1 t1 :5 a consi/5t & organiz$ s*eme ( ?is sort has once be5 compreh5d$ & assimilat$1 a diff]5t s*eme is unimag9able4 ,no alt]native1 :e!r to :ole or p>ts1 c any long] be conceiv$ z possible4 ,ph5om5a unclassifiable )9 ! sy/em are !re=e p>adoxical #cjj absurdities1 & mu/ be held untrue4 ,:51 moreov]1 z s (t5 happ5s1 ! reports ( !m are vague & indirect2 :5 !y come z m]e m>vels & oddities r ?an z ?+s ( s]i\s mom5t1--"o neglects or d5ies !m ) ! be/ ( sci5tific consci5ces4 ,only ! born g5iuses let !mselves be worri$ & fasc9at$ by ^! out/&+ exceptions1 & get no peace till !y are br\ght )9 ! fold4 ,y\r ,galileos1 ,galvanis1 ,fresnels1 ,purk9jes1 & ,d>w9s are always gett+ conf\nd$ & tr\bl$ by insignificant ?+s4 ,any "o w r5ovate 8 sci5ce :o w /eadily look aft] ! irregul> ph5om5a4 ,& :5 ! sci5ce is r5ew$1 its new =mulas (t5 h m ( ! voice ( ! exceptions 9 !m ?an ( :at 7 suppos$ to be ! rules4 ,no "p ( ! unclassifi$ residuum has usually be5 treat$ ) a m contemptu\s sci5tific disreg>d ?an ! mass ( ph5om5a g5]ally call$ my/ical4 ,physiology w h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,or?odox psy*ology turns its back ^u !m4 ,m$ic9e sweeps !m out2 or1 at mo/1 :5 9 an anecdotal ve91 records a few ( !m z 'effects ( ! imag9ation1'--a phrase ( m]e dismissal1 ^: mean+1 9 ?is connection1 x is impossible to make precise4 ,all ! :ile1 h[ev]1 ! ph5om5a are !re1 ly+ broadca/ ov] ! surface ( hi/ory4 ,no matt] :]e y op5 its pages1 y f9d ?+s record$ "u ! "n ( div9ations1 inspirations1 demoniacal possessions1 app>itions1 trances1 ec/asies1 miracul\s heal+s & productions ( disease1 & occult p[]s possess$ by peculi> individuals ov] p]sons & ?+s 9 _! neighborhood4 ,we suppose t 'm$ium%ip' #cja orig9at$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & animal magnetism ) ,mesm]2 b once look beh9d ! pages ( (ficial hi/ory1 9 p]sonal memoirs1 legal docum5ts1 & popul> n>ratives & books ( anecdote1 & y w f9d t !re nev] 0 a "t :5 ^! ?+s 7 n report$ j z abundantly z n[4 ,we college-br$ g5try1 :o foll[ ! /ream ( cosmopolitan culture exclusively1 n infrequ5tly /umble ^u "s old-e/abli%$ j\rnal1 or "s volum9\s native au?or1 ^: names are nev] he>d ( 9 our circle1 b :o numb] _! read]s by ! qu>t]-million4 ,x always gives u a little %ock to f9d ?is mass ( human be+s n only liv+ & ignor+ u & all our gods1 b actually read+ & writ+ & cogitat+ )\t ev] a ?\ght ( our canons & au?orities4 ,well1 a public no less l>ge keeps & transmits f g5]ation to g5]ation ! traditions & practices ( ! occult2 b academic sci5ce c>es z little = its beliefs & op9ions z y1 g5tle read]1 c>e = ^? ( ! read]s ( ! ,wav]ley & ! ,fireside ,companion4 ,to no "o type ( m9d is x giv5 to disc]n ! totality ( tru?4 ,some?+ escapes ! be/ ( u1--n accid5tally1 b sy/ematically1 & because we h a twi/4 ,! sci5tific-academic m9d & ! fem99e-my/ical m9d %y f ea* o!r's facts1 j z !y fly f ea* o!r's temp] & _s4 ,facts are !re only = ^? :o h a m5tal aff9ity ) !m4 ,:5 once !y are indisputably asc]ta9$ & admitt$1 ! academic & critical m9ds are by f> ! be/ fitt$ ones to int]pret & discuss !m1--= surely to pass f my/ical to sci5tific speculations is l pass+ f lunacy to sanity2 b on ! o!r h& if !re is #cjb any?+ :i* human hi/ory demon/rates1 x is ! extreme sl[ness ) :i* ! ord9>y academic & critical m9d ackn[l$ges facts to exi/ :i* pres5t !mselves z wild facts1 ) no /all or pigeon-hole1 or z facts :i* ?reat5 to break up ! accept$ sy/em4 ,9 psy*ology1 physiology1 & m$ic9e1 :]ev] a debate betwe5 ! my/ics & ! sci5tifics has be5 once = all decid$1 x is ! my/ics :o h usually prov$ to be "r ab\t ! facts1 :ile ! sci5tifics _h ! bett] ( x 9 respect to ! !ories4 ,! mo/ rec5t & flagrant example ( ?is is 'animal magnetism1' ^: facts 7 /\tly dismiss$ z a pack ( lies by academic m$ical sci5ce ! _w ov]1 until ! non-my/ical !ory ( 'hypnotic sugge/ion' 0 f\nd = !m1--:5 !y 7 admitt$ to be s excessively & dang]\sly common t special p5al laws1 =soo?1 mu/ be pass$ to keep all p]sons unequipp$ ) m$ical diplomas f tak+ "p 9 _! production4 ,j s /igmatizations1 invuln]abilities1 in/antane\s cures1 inspir$ disc\rses1 & demoniacal possessions1 ! records ( :i* 7 %elv$ 9 our libr>ies b ye/]day 9 ! alcove head$ 'sup]/itions1' n[1 "u ! br&-new title ( 'cases ( hy/]o-epilepsy1' are republi%$1 reobs]v$1 & report$ ) an ev5 too cr$ul\s avidity4 ,repugnant z ! my/ical /yle ( philosophiz+ maybe 7especially :5 self-complac5t71 !re is no sort ( d\bt t x goes ) a gift = meet+ ) c]ta9 k9ds ( ph5om5al exp]i5ce4 ,! writ] ( ^! pages has be5 =c$ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s to ?is admission2 & he n[ believes t he :o w pay att5tion to facts ( ! sort de> to my/ics1 #cjc :ile reflect+ ^u !m 9 academic-sci5tific ways1 w be 9 ! be/ possible position to help philosophy4 ,x is a circum/ance ( good augury t c]ta9 sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds 9 all c\ntries seem drift+ to ! same conclusion4 ,! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* has be5 "o means ( br++ sci5ce & ! occult toge!r 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 & believ+ t ?is ,society fulfils a function :i*1 ?\gh limit$1 is de/9$ to be n unimportant 9 ! organization ( human k1 ,i am glad to give a brief acc\nt ( x to ! un9/ruct$ read]4 ,accord+ to ! newspap] & draw+-room my?1 s(t-head$ness & idiotic cr$ulity are ! bond ( sympa?y 9 ?is ,society1 & g5]al wond]-sickness its dynamic pr9ciple4 ,a glance at ! memb]%ip fails1 h[ev]1 to corroborate ?is view4 ,! presid5t is ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,sidgwick1#b kn[n by 8 o!r de$s z ! mo/ incorrigibly & exasp]at+ly critical & sceptical m9d 9 ,engl&4 ,! h>d-head$ ,ar?ur ,balf\r is "o vice-presid5t1 & ! h>d-head$ ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,langley1 secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 is ano!r4 ,su* m5 z ,pr(essor ,lodge1 ! em95t ,engli% physici/1 & ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 ! em95t ,fr5* physiologi/1 are among ! mo/ active contributors to ! ,society's ,proce$+s2 & ?r\gh ! catalogue ( memb]%ip are spr9kl$ names honor$ ?r\gh\t ! _w = _! sci5tific capacity4 ,9 fact1 7 ,i ask$ to po9t to a sci5tific j\rnal :]e h>d-head$ness & nev]-sleep+ suspicion ( s\rces ( error might be se5 9 _! full bloom1 #cjd ,i ?9k ,i %\ld h to fall back on ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,! common run ( pap]s1 say on physiological subjects1 :i* "o f9ds 9 o!r pr(essional organs1 are apt to %[ a f> l[] level ( critical consci\sness4 ,inde$1 ! rigor\s canons ( evid5ce appli$ a few ye>s ago to te/imony 9 ! case ( c]ta9 'm$iums' l$ to ! secession f ! ,society ( a numb] ( spirituali/s4 ,messrs4 ,/a9ton ,moses & ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 among o!rs1 ?\ght t no exp]i5ces bas$ on m]e eyesight c\ld ev] h a *ance to be admitt$ z true1 if su* an impossibly exact+ /&>d ( pro( 7 insi/$ on 9 e case4 ,! ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 z ,i %all call x = conv5i5ce1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhb by a numb] ( g5tlem51 =emo/ among :om seem to h be5 ,pr(essors ,sidgwick1 ,w4 ,f4 ,b>rett1 & ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 & ,messrs4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton1 ,h5sleigh ,w$gwood1 ,edmund ,gurney1 & ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s4 ,_! purpose 0 tw(old1--fir/1 to c>ry on sy/ematic exp]im5tation ) hypnotic subjects1 m$iums1 clairvoyants1 & o!rs2 &1 secondly1 to collect evid5ce conc]n+ app>itions1 haunt$ h\ses1 & simil> ph5om5a :i* are incid5tally report$1 b :i*1 f _! fugitive "*1 admit ( no delib]ate control4 ,pr(essor ,sidgwick1 9 8 introductory address1 insi/$ t ! divid$ /ate ( public op9ion on all ^! matt]s 0 a sc&al to sci5ce1--absolute disda9 on priori gr\nds *>act]iz+ :at may be call$ pr(essional op9ion1 :ile indiscrim9ate cr$ulity 0 too (t5 f\nd among ^? :o pret5d$ to h a fir/-h& acqua9tance ) ! facts4 ,z a sort ( wea!r bureau = accumulat+ #cje reports ( su* meteoric ph5om5a z app>itions1 ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 has done an imm5se am\nt ( "w4 ,z an exp]im5t+ body1 x _c be said to h completely fulfill$ ! hopes ( its f\nd]s4 ,! reasons = ?is lie 9 two circum/ances3 fir/1 ! clairvoyant & o!r subjects :o w all[ !mselves to be exp]im5t$ ^u are few & f> betwe52 &1 secondly1 "w ) !m takes an imm5se am\nt ( "t1 & has _h to be c>ri$ on at odd int]vals by memb]s engag$ 9 o!r pursuits4 ,! ,society has n yet be5 ri* en\gh to control ! undivid$ s]vices ( skill$ exp]im5t]s 9 ?is difficult field4 ,! loss ( ! lam5t$ ,edmund ,gurney1 :o m ?an any "o else _h leisure to devote1 has be5 s f> irrep>able4 ,b 7 !re no exp]im5tal "w at all1 & 7 ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 no?+ b a wea!r-bureau = cat*+ sporadic app>itions1 etc41 9 _! fre%ness1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k its function indisp5sable 9 ! sci5tific organism4 ,if any "o ( my read]s1 spurr$ by ! ?\ght t s mu* smoke mu/ ne$s betok5 fire1 has ev] look$ into ! exi/+ lit]ature ( ! sup]natural = pro(1 he w "k :at ,i mean4 ,?is lit]ature is enorm\s1 b x is practically wor?less = evid5tial purposes4 ,facts en\gh are cit$1 inde$2 b ! records ( !m are s fallible & imp]fect t at mo/ !y lead to ! op9ion t x may be well to keep a w9d[ op5 ^u t qu>t] 9 "o's m9d4 ,9 ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4's ,proce$+s1 on ! contr>y1 a diff]5t law prevails4 ,quality1 & n m]e quantity1 is :at has be5 ma9ly kept 9 m9d4 ,! witnesses1 :]e possible1 h 9 e report$ case be5 cross-exam9$ p]sonally1 ! collat]al facts #cjf h be5 look$ up1 & ! /ory appe>s ) its precise coeffici5t ( evid5tial wor? /amp$ on x1 s t all may "k j :at its weight z pro( may be4 ,outside ( ^! ,proce$+s1 ,i "k ( no sy/ematic attempt to weigh ! evid5ce = ! sup]natural4 ,?is makes ! value ( ! volumes already publi%$ unique2 & ,i firmly believe t z ! ye>s g on & ! gr\nd cov]$ gr[s /ill wid]1 ! ,proce$+s w m & m t5d to sup]s$e all o!r s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+ ph5om5a traditionally deem$ occult4 ,collections ( ?is sort are usually be/ appreciat$ by ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,! "y an?ropologi/s & psy*ologi/s :o w soon h full occupancy ( ! /age w feel h[ great a sci5tific sc&al x has be5 to leave a great mass ( human exp]i5ce to take its *ances betwe5 vague tradition & cr$ulity on ! "o h& & dogmatic d5ial at long range on ! o!r1 ) no body ( p]sons extant :o are will+ & compet5t to /udy ! matt] ) bo? pati5ce & rigor4 ,if ! ,society lives long en\gh = ! public to become famili> ) its pres5ce1 s t any app>ition1 or h\se or p]son infe/$ ) unacc\ntable noises or di/urbances ( mat]ial objects1 w z a matt] ( c\rse be report$ to its (fic]s1 we %all d\btless end by hav+ a mass ( facts concrete en\gh to !orize ^u4 ,its su/a9]s1 !re=e1 %\ld accu/om !mselves to ! idea t its fir/ duty is simply to exi/ f ye> to ye> & p]=m ?is record+ function well1 ?\gh no conclusive results ( any sort em]ge at fir/4 ,all our le>n$ societies h begun 9 "s su* mode/ way4 ,b "o _c by m]e outw>d organization make mu* progress 9 matt]s sci5tific4 ,societies c #cjg back m5 ( g5ius1 b c nev] take _! place4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! p>5t ,society & ! ,am]ican ,bran* illu/rates ?is4 ,9 ,engl&1 a little gr\p ( m5 ) en?usiasm & g5ius = ! "w suppli$ ! nucleus2 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,hodgson _h to be import$ f ,europe be=e any tangible progress 0 made4 ,:at p]haps m ?an any?+ else has held ! ,society toge!r 9 ,engl& is ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's extraord9>y gift ( inspir+ confid5ce 9 div]se sorts ( p4 ,su* t5acity ( int]e/ 9 ! result & su* absolute imp>tiality 9 discuss+ ! evid5ce are n once 9 a c5tury f\nd 9 an individual4 ,8 ob/9ate belief t !re is some?+ yet to be br\ght to light communicates pati5ce to ! disc\rag$2 8 con/itutional inability to draw any precipitate conclusion reassures ^? :o are afraid ( be+ dupes4 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick--a si/]1 by ! way1 ( ! great ,ar?ur ,balf\r--is a wor?y ally ( h] husb& 9 ?is matt]1 %[+ a simil>ly r>e p[] ( hold+ h] judgm5t 9 susp5se1 & a ke5ness ( obs]vation & capacity = exp]im5t+ ) human subjects :i* are r>e 9 ei!r sex4 ,! work] ( ! ,society1 z orig9ally con/itut$1 0 ,edmund ,gurney4 ,gurney 0 a man ( ! r>e/ sympa?ies & gifts4 ,al?\gh1 l ,c>lyle1 he us$ to groan "u ! burd5 ( 8 labors1 he yet exhibit$ a colossal p[] ( dispat*+ bus9ess & gett+ ?r\gh drudg]y ( ! mo/ repulsive k9d4 ,8 two ?ick volumes on ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+1' collect$ & publi%$ 9 ?ree ye>s1 are a pro( ( ?is4 ,besides ?is1 he _h exquisite arti/ic in/9cts1 & 8 massive volume on ',! ,p[] ( ,s\nd' 01 :5 x appe>$1 ! mo/ important #cjh "w on ae/hetics 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,he _h also ! t5d]e/ he>t & a m9d ( r>e metaphysical p[]1 z 8 volumes ( essays1 ',t]tium ,quid1' w prove to any read]4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,my]s1 already well kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( ,engli% essayi/s1 is ! +5ium praef]vidum ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,( ! value ( ,mr4 ,my]s's !oretic writ+s ,i w say a ^w lat]4 ,dr4 ,hodgson1 ! ,am]ican secret>y1 is di/+ui%$ by a balance ( m9d almo/ z r>e 9 its way z ,sidgwick's4 ,he is p]suad$ ( ! reality ( _m ( ! ph5om5a call$ spirituali/ic1 b he also has uncommon ke5ness 9 detect+ error2 & x is impossible to say 9 advance :e!r x w give him m satisfaction to confirm or to sma% a giv5 case (f]$ to 8 exam9ation4 ,x is n[ "t to ca/ a brief look ^u ! actual cont5ts ( ^! ,proce$+s4 ,! fir/ two ye>s 7 l>gely tak5 up ) exp]im5ts 9 ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,! e>lie/ lot ( ^! 7 made ) ! daught]s ( a cl]gyman nam$ ,cre]y1 & conv9c$ ,messrs4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,b>rett1 ,my]s1 & ,gurney t ! girls _h an inexplicable p[] ( guess+ names & objects ?\ght ( by o!r p]sons4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick & ,mr4 ,gurney1 recomm5c+ exp]im5ts ) ! same girls1 detect$ !m signall+ to ea* o!r4 ,x is true t = ! mo/ "p ! conditions ( ! e>li] s]ies _h exclud$ signall+1 & x is also possible t ! *eat+ may h graft$ itself on :at 0 orig9ally a g5u9e ph5om5on4 ,yet ,gurney 0 wise 9 ab&on+ ! entire s]ies to ! scepticism ( ! read]4 ,_m critics ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 seem out ( all #cji its labors to h he>d only ( ?is case4 ,b !re are exp]im5ts record$ ) upw>ds ( ?irty o!r subjects4 ,?ree 7 exp]im5t$ ^u at great l5g? dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s3 "o 0 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?2 ! o!r two 7 "y ladies 9 ,liv]pool 9 ! employm5t ( ,mr4 ,malcolm ,gu?rie4 ,x is ! op9ion ( all :o took "p 9 ^! latt] exp]im5ts t s\rces ( consci\s & unconsci\s deception 7 suffici5tly exclud$1 & t ! l>ge p]c5tage ( correct reproductions by ! subjects ( words1 diagrams1 & s5sations occupy+ o!r p]sons' consci\sness 7 entirely inexplicable z results ( *ance4 ,! witnesses ( ^! p]=mances 7 9 fact all s satisfi$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ph5om5a1 t 'telepa?y' has figur$ freely 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,proce$+s & 9 ,gurney's book on ,phantasms z a v]a causa on :i* additional hypo!ses might be built4 ,no m]e read] c be blam$1 h[ev]1 if he dem&1 = s revolution>y a belief1 a m ov]:elm+ bulk ( te/imony ?an has yet be5 suppli$4 ,any day1 ( c\rse1 may br+ 9 fre% exp]im5ts 9 successful picture-guess+4 ,b mean:ile1 & lack+ t1 we c only po9t out t ! pres5t data are /r5g!n$ 9 ! flank1 s to speak1 by all obs]vations t t5d to corroborate ! possibility ( o!r k9dr$ ph5om5a1 su* z telepa?ic impression1 clairvoyance1 or :at is call$ 'te/-m$ium%ip4' ,! wid] g5us w naturally cov] ! n>r[] species ) its cr$it4 ,gurney's pap]s on hypnotism mu/ be m5tion$ next4 ,"s ( !m are less conc]n$ ) e/abli%+ new facts ?an ) analyz+ old ones4 ,b omitt+ ^!1 we f9d t 9 ! l9e ( pure #caj obs]vation ,gurney claims to h asc]ta9$ 9 m ?an "o subject ! foll[+ ph5om5on3 ,! subject's h&s are ?ru/ ?r\gh a blanket1 :i* scre5s ! op]ator f 8 eyes1 & 8 m9d is absorb$ 9 conv]sation ) a ?ird p]son4 ,! op]ator mean:ile po9ts ) 8 f+] to "o ( ! f+]s ( ! subject1 :i* f+] alone responds to ?is sil5t selection by becom+ /iff or anae/hetic1 z ! case may be4 ,! int]pretation is difficult1 b ! ph5om5on1 :i* ,i h myself witness$1 seems au!ntic4 ,ano!r obs]vation made by ,gurney seems to prove ! possibility ( ! subject's m9d be+ directly influ5c$ by ! op]ator's4 ,! hypnotiz$ subject responds1 or fails to respond1 to que/ions ask$ by a ?ird p>ty accord+ to ! op]ator's sil5t p]mission or refusal4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^! exp]im5ts all obvi\s s\rces ( deception 7 exclud$4 ,b ,gurney's mo/ important contribution to our k ( hypnotism 0 8 s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! automatic writ+ ( subjects :o _h receiv$ po/-hypnotic sugge/ions4 ,= example1 a subject dur+ trance is told t he w poke ! fire 9 six m9utes aft] wak+4 ,on be+ wak$ he has no memory ( ! ord]1 b :ile he is engag$ 9 conv]sation 8 h& is plac$ on a plan*ette1 :i* imm$iately writes ! s5t5ce1 ,p41 y w poke ! fire 9 six m9utes4 ,exp]im5ts l ?is1 :i* 7 repeat$ 9 great v>iety1 seem to prove t bel[ ! upp] consci\sness ! hypnotic consci\sness p]si/s1 engross$ ) ! sugge/ion & able to express itself ?r\gh ! involunt>ily mov+ h&4 ,gurney %>es1 !re=e1 ) ,janet & ,b9et1 ! #caa cr$it ( demon/rat+ ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( two diff]5t /rata ( consci\sness1 ignorant ( ea* o!r1 9 ! same p]son4 ,! 'extra-consci\sness1' z "o may call x1 c be kept on tap1 z x 71 by ! me?od ( automatic writ+4 ,?is discov]y m>ks a new era 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 & x is impossible to ov]rate its importance4 ,b ,gurney's greate/ piece ( "w is 8 labori\s ',phantasms ( ! ,liv+4' ,z an example ( ! drudg]y /[$ away 9 ! volumes1 x may suffice to say t 9 look+ up ! pro(s = ! alleg$ physical ph5om5a ( wit*craft1 ,gurney reports a c>eful se>* ?r\gh two hundr$ & sixty books on ! subject1 ) ! result ( f9d+ no fir/-h& evid5ce record$ 9 ! trials except ! confessions ( ! victims !mselves2 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 are presumptively due to ei!r torture or halluc9ation4 ,?is /atem5t1 made 9 an unobtrusive note1 is only "o in/ance ( ! c>e display$ ?r\gh\t ! volumes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^!1 ,gurney discusses ab\t sev5 hundr$ cases ( app>itions :i* he collect$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! 7 'v]idical1' 9 ! s5se ( co9cid+ ) "s calamity happ5+ to ! p]son :o appe>$4 ,gurney's explanation is t ! m9d ( ! p]son und]go+ ! calamity 0 at t mom5t able to impress ! m9d ( ! p]cipi5t ) an halluc9ation4 ,app>itions1 on ?is 'telepa?ic' !ory1 may be call$ 'objective' facts1 al?\gh !y are n 'mat]ial' facts4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! likelihood ( su* v]idical halluc9ations be+ due to m]e *ance1 ,gurney in/itut$ ! 'c5sus ( halluc9ations1' :i* has be5 cont9u$ ) ! result ( obta9+ answ]s f ov] tw5ty-five ?\s& p]sons1 ask$ #cab at r&om 9 diff]5t c\ntries :e!r1 :5 9 good heal? & awake1 !y _h ev] he>d a voice1 se5 a =m1 or felt a t\* :i* no mat]ial pres5ce c\ld acc\nt =4 ,! result seems to be1 r\ghly speak+1 t 9 ,engl& ab\t "o adult 9 t5 has _h su* an exp]i5ce at lea/ once 9 8 life1 & t ( ! exp]i5ces !mselves a l>ge numb] co9cide ) "s di/ant ev5t4 ,! "q is1 ,is ! frequ5cy ( ^! latt] cases too great to be deem$ =tuit\s1 & mu/ we suppose an occult connection betwe5 ! two ev5ts8 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sidgwick h work$ out ?is problem on ! basis ( ! ,engli% returns1 sev5te5 ?\s& 9 numb]1 ) a c>e & ?or\ghness t leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,_! conclusion is t ! cases :]e ! app>ition ( a p]son is se5 on ! day ( 8 dea? are f\r hundr$ & =ty times too num]\s to be ascrib$ to *ance4 ,! reason+ employ$ to calculate ?is numb] is simple en\gh4 ,if !re be only a =tuit\s connection betwe5 ! dea? ( an individual & ! occurr5ce ( 8 app>ition to "s "o at a di/ance1 ! dea? is no m likely to fall on ! same day z ! app>ition ?an x is to occur on ! same day ) any o!r ev5t 9 nature4 ,b ! *ance-probability t any individual's dea? w fall on any giv5 day m>k$ 9 advance by "s o!r ev5t is j equal to ! *ance-probability t ! individual w die at all on any specifi$ day2 & ! national dea?-rate gives t probability z "o 9 n9ete5 ?\s&4 ,if1 !n1 :5 ! dea? ( a p]son co9cides ) an app>ition ( ! same p]son1 ! co9cid5ce be m]ely =tuit\s1 x ought n to occur (t5] ?an once 9 n9ete5 ?\s& cases4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 #cac h[ev]1 x does occur 7accord+ to ! c5sus7 once 9 =ty-?ree cases1 a numb] 7z a=esaid7 f\r hundr$ & =ty times too great4 ,! ,am]ican c5sus1 ( "s sev5 ?\s& answ]s1 gives a rem>kably simil> result4 ,aga9/ ?is conclusion ! only rational answ] t ,i c see is t ! data are /ill too few2 t ! net 0 n ca/ wide en\gh2 & t we ne$1 to get fair av]ages1 f> m ?an tw5ty-f\r ?\s& answ]s to ! c5sus "q4 ,?is may1 ( c\rse1 be true1 ?\gh x seems exce$+ly unlikely2 & 9 our own tw5ty-f\r ?\s& answ]s v]idical cases may possibly h heap$ !mselves unduly4 ,! next topic wor? m5tion+ 9 ! ,proce$+s is ! discussion ( ! physical ph5om5a ( m$ium%ip 7slate-writ+1 furniture-mov+1 & s =?7 by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick1 ,mr4 ,hodgson1 & ',mr4 ,davey4' ,?is1 s f> z x goes1 is de/ructive ( ! claims ( all ! m$iums exam9$4 ',mr4 ,davey' himself produc$ fraudul5t slate-writ+ ( ! highe/ ord]1 :ile ,mr4 ,hodgson1 a 'sitt]' 9 8 confid5ce1 review$ ! writt5 reports ( ! s]ies ( 8 o!r sitt]s1--all ( !m intellig5t p]sons1--& %[$ t 9 e case !y fail$ to see ! ess5tial features ( :at 0 done be=e _! eyes4 ,?is ,davey-,hodgson contribution is probably ! mo/ damag+ docum5t conc]n+ eye-witnesses' evid5ce t has ev] be5 produc$4 ,ano!r sub/antial bit ( "w bas$ on p]sonal obs]vation is ,mr4 ,hodgson's report on ,madame ,blavatsky's claims to physical m$ium%ip4 ,?is is adv]se to ! lady's pret5sions2 & al?\gh "s ( ,madame ,blavatsky's fri5ds make light ( x1 x is a /roke f :i* h] reputation w n recov]4 #cad ,physical m$ium%ip 9 all its phases has f>$ h>d 9 ! ,proce$+s4 ,! late/ case report$ on is t ( ! fam\s ,eusapia ,palad9o1 :o be+ detect$ 9 fraud at ,cambridge1 aft] a brilliant c>e] ( success on ! cont95t1 has1 accord+ to ! draconian rules ( me?od :i* gov]n ! ,society1 be5 rul$ out f a fur!r he>+4 ,! case ( ,/a9ton ,moses1 on ! o!r h&1 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,my]s has br\ght out a mass ( unpubli%$ te/imony1 seems to escape f ! univ]sal condemnation1 & appe>s to =ce ^u u :at ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang calls ! *oice betwe5 a moral & a physical miracle4 ,9 ! case ( ,mrs4 ,pip]1 n a physical b a trance m$ium1 we seem to h no *oice (f]$ at all4 ,mr4 ,hodgson & o!rs h made prolong$ /udy ( ?is lady's trances1 & are all conv9c$ t sup]-normal p[]s ( cognition are display$ !re94 ,^! are prim facie due to '_s-control4' ,b ! conditions are s complex t a dogmatic decision ei!r = or aga9/ ! _s-hypo!sis mu/ z yet be po/pon$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important exp]im5tal contributions to ! ,proce$+s is ! article ( ,miss ,x4 on ',cry/al ,vision4' ,_m p]sons :o look fix$ly into a cry/al or o!r vaguely lum9\s surface fall into a k9d ( daze1 & see visions4 ,miss ,x4 has ?is susceptibility 9 a rem>kable degree1 & is1 moreov]1 an unusually intellig5t critic4 ,%e reports _m visions :i* c only be describ$ z app>5tly clairvoyant1 & o!rs :i* beautifully fill a vacant ni*e incur k ( subconsci\s m5tal op]ations4 ,= example1 look+ into ! cry/al be=e breakfa/ "o morn+ %e reads 9 pr9t$ *>act]s ( ! #cae dea? ( a lady ( h] acqua9tance1 ! date & o!r circum/ances all duly appe>+ 9 type4 ,/>tl$ by ?is1 %e looks at ! ',times' ( ! previ\s day = v]ification1 & !re among ! dea?s are ! id5tical words :i* %e has se54 ,on ! same page ( ! ,times are o!r items :i* %e rememb]s read+ ! day be=e2 & ! only explanation seems to be t h] eyes !n inatt5tively obs]v$1 s to speak1 ! dea?-item1 :i* =?) fell into a special corn] ( h] memory1 & came out z a visual halluc9ation :5 ! peculi> modification ( consci\sness induc$ by ! cry/al-gaz+ set 94 ,pass+ f pap]s bas$ on obs]vation to pap]s bas$ on n>rative1 we h a numb] ( gho/ /ories1 etc41 sift$ by ,mrs4 ,sidgwick & discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,my]s & ,podmore4 ,!y =m ! be/ gho/ lit]ature ,i "k ( f ! po9t ( view ( emotional int]e/4 ,z to ! conclusions drawn1 ,mrs4 ,sidgwick is rigor\sly non-committal1 :ile ,mr4 ,my]s & ,mr4 ,podmore %[ !mselves respectively hospitable & inhospitable to ! notion t su* /ories h a basis ( objectivity dep5d5t on ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,i mu/ close my gossip ab\t ! ,proce$+s by nam+ :at1 aft] all1 seems to me ! mo/ important "p ( its cont5ts4 ,?is is ! long s]ies ( articles by ,mr4 ,my]s on :at he n[ calls ! 'sublim9al self1' or :at "o might designate z ultra-m>g9al consci\sness4 ,! result ( ,my]s's le>n$ & +5i\s /udies 9 hypnotism1 halluc9ations1 automatic writ+1 m$ium%ip1 & ! :ole s]ies ( alli$ ph5om5a is a conviction :i* he expresses 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- #caf ,ea* ( u is 9 reality an abid+ psy*ical entity f> m ext5sive ?an he kn[s1--an individuality :i* c nev] express itself completely ?r\gh any corporeal manife/ation4 ,! self manife/s itself ?r\gh ! organism2 b !re is always "s "p ( ! self unmanife/$1 & always1 z x seems1 "s p[] ( organic expression 9 abeyance or res]ve4 ,! ord9>y consci\sness ,mr4 ,my]s lik5s to ! visible "p ( ! sol> spectrum2 ! total consci\sness is l t spectrum prolong$ by ! inclusion ( ! ultra-r$ & ultra-violet rays4 ,9 ! psy*ic spectrum ! 'ultra' p>ts may embrace a f> wid] range1 bo? ( physiological & ( psy*ical activity1 ?an is op5 to our ord9>y consci\sness & memory4 ,at ! l[] end we h ! physiological ext5sion1 m9d-cures1 '/igmatization' ( ec/atics1 etc42 9 ! upp]1 ! hyp]-normal cognitions ( ! m$ium-trance4 ,:atev] ! judgm5t ( ! future may be on ,mr4 ,my]s's speculations1 ! cr$it w always rema9 to !m ( be+ ! fir/ attempt 9 any language to consid] ! ph5om5a ( halluc9ation1 hypnotism1 automatism1 d\ble p]sonality1 & m$ium%ip z connect$ p>ts ( "o :ole subject4 ,all con/ructions 9 ?is field mu/ be provisional1 & x is z some?+ provisional t ,mr4 ,my]s (f]s u 8 =mulations4 ,b1 ?anks to him1 we beg9 to see = ! fir/ "t :at a va/ int]lock$ & grad$ sy/em ^! ph5om5a1 f ! rude/ motor-automatisms to ! mo/ />tl+ s5sory-app>ition1 =m4 ,q ap>t f ,mr4 ,my]s's conclusions1 8 me?odical treatm5t ( !m by classes & s]ies is ! fir/ great /ep t[>d ov]com+ ! di/a/e ( or?odox sci5ce to look at !m at all4 #cag ,"o's reaction on he>say te/imony is always det]m9$ by "o's own exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ m5 :o h once conv9c$ !mselves1 by :at seems to !m a c>eful exam9ation1 t any "o species ( ! sup]natural exi/s1 beg9 to relax _! vigilance z to evid5ce1 & ?r[ ! doors ( _! m9ds m or less wide op5 to ! sup]natural along its :ole ext5t4 ,to a m9d t has ?us made its salto mortale1 ! m9ute "w ov] insignificant cases & quiddl+ discussion ( 'evid5tial values1' ( :i* ! ,society's reports are full1 seems insuff]ably t$i\s4 ,& x is s2 few species ( lit]ature are m truly dull ?an reports ( phantasms4 ,tak5 simply by !mselves1 z sep>ate facts to />e at1 !y appe> s devoid ( mean+ & sweep1 t1 ev5 7 !y c]ta9ly true1 "o w\ld be tempt$ to leave !m out ( "o's univ]se = be+ s idiotic4 ,e o!r sort ( fact has "s context & cont9uity ) ! re/ ( nature4 ,^! alone are contextless & discont9u\s4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k t ! sort ( loa?+--no mild] ^w w d--:i* ! v words 'psy*ical rese>*' & 'psy*ical rese>*]' awak5 9 s _m hone/ sci5tific brea/s is n only natural1 b 9 a s5se praisewor?y4 ,a man :o is unable himself to conceive ( any orbit = ^! m5tal meteors c only suppose t ,messrs4 ,gurney1 ,my]s1 ,co4's mood 9 deal+ ) !m mu/ be t ( silly m>vell+ at s _m deta*$ prodigies4 ,& su* prodigies6 ,s sci5ce simply falls back on h] g5]al non-possumus2 & mo/ ( ! w\ld-be critics ( ! ,proce$+s h be5 cont5t$ to oppose to ! ph5om5a record$ ! simple presumption t 9 "s way or o!r ! reports mu/ be #cah fallaci\s1--= s f> z ! ord] ( nature has be5 subject$ to really sci5tific scrut9y1 x always has be5 prov$ to run ! o!r way4 ,b ! (t5] "o is =c$ to reject an alleg$ sort ( fact by ! use ( ?is m]e presumption1 ! weak] does ! presumption itself get to be2 & "o might 9 c\rse ( "t use up "o's presumptive privileges 9 ?is way1 ev5 ?\gh "o />t$ 7z our anti-telepa?i/s d7 ) z good a case z ! great induction ( psy*ology t all our k comes by ! use ( our eyes & e>s & o!r s5ses4 ,& we mu/ rememb] also t ?is und]m9+ ( ! /r5g? ( a presumption by reit]at$ report ( facts to ! contr>y does n logically require t ! facts 9 "q %\ld all be well prov$4 ,a lot ( rumors 9 ! air aga9/ a bus9ess man's cr$it1 ?\gh !y might all be vague1 & no "o ( !m am\nt to pro( t he is uns\nd1 w\ld c]ta9ly weak5 ! presumption ( 8 s\ndness4 ,& all ! m w\ld !y h ?is effect if !y =m$ :at ,gurney call$ a fagot & n a *a91--t is1 if !y 7 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 & came f diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,n[1 ! evid5ce = telepa?y1 weak & /rong1 tak5 j z x comes1 =ms a fagot & n a *a94 ,no "o item cites ! cont5t ( ano!r item z "p ( its own pro(4 ,b tak5 toge!r ! items h a c]ta9 g5]al consi/5cy2 !re is a me?od 9 _! madness1 s to speak4 ,s ea* ( !m adds presumptive value to ! lot2 & cumulatively1 z no c&id m9d c fail to see1 !y subtract presumptive =ce f ! or?odox belief t !re c be no?+ 9 any "o's intellect t has n come 9 ?r\gh ord9>y exp]i5ces ( s5se4 ,b x is a mis]able ?+ = a "q ( tru? #cai to be conf9$ to m]e presumption & c\nt]-presumption1 ) no decisive ?und]bolt ( fact to cle> ! baffl+ d>kness4 ,&1 soo? to say1 9 talk+ s mu* ( ! m]ely presumption-weak5+ value ( our records1 ,i h myself be5 wilfully tak+ ! po9t ( view ( ! s-call$ 'rigor\sly sci5tific' disbeliev]1 & mak+ an ad hom9em plea4 ,my own po9t ( view is diff]5t4 ,= me ! ?und]bolt has fall51 & ! or?odox belief has n m]ely _h its presumption weak5$1 b ! tru? itself ( ! belief is decisively ov]?r[n4 ,if ,i may employ ! language ( ! pr(essional logic-%op1 a univ]sal proposition c be made untrue by a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,if y wi% to upset ! law t all cr[s are black1 y mu/ n seek to %[ t no cr[s are2 x is en\gh if y prove "o s+le cr[ to be :ite4 ,my own :ite cr[ is ,mrs4 ,pip]4 ,9 ! trances ( ?is m$ium1 ,i _c resi/ ! conviction t k appe>s :i* %e has nev] ga9$ by ! ord9>y wak+ use ( h] eyes & e>s & wits4 ,:at ! s\rce ( ?is k may be ,i "k n1 & h n ! glimm] ( an explanatory sugge/ion to make2 b f admitt+ ! fact ( su* k ,i c see no escape4 ,s :5 ,i turn to ! re/ ( ! evid5ce1 gho/s & all1 ,i _c c>ry ) me ! irrev]sibly negative bias ( ! 'rigor\sly sci5tific' m9d1 ) its presumption z to :at ! true ord] ( nature ought to be4 ,i feel z if1 ?\gh ! evid5ce be flimsy 9 spots1 x may nev]!less collectively c>ry heavy weight4 ,! rigor\sly sci5tific m9d may1 9 tru?1 easily ov]%oot ! m>k4 ,sci5ce means1 fir/ ( all1 a c]ta9 dispassionate me?od4 ,to suppose t x means a c]ta9 set ( #cbj results t "o %\ld p9 "o's fai? ^u & hug =ev] is sadly to mi/ake its g5ius1 & degrades ! sci5tific body to ! /atus ( a sect4 ,we all1 sci5ti/s & non-sci5ti/s1 live on "s incl9$ plane ( cr$ulity4 ,! plane tips "o way 9 "o man1 ano!r way 9 ano!r2 & may he ^: plane tips 9 no way be ! fir/ to ca/ a /one6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! trances ,i speak ( h brok5 d[n = my own m9d ! limits ( ! admitt$ ord] ( nature4 ,sci5ce1 s f> z sci5ce d5ies su* exceptional occurr5ces1 lies pro/rate 9 ! du/ = me2 & ! mo/ urg5t intellectual ne$ :i* ,i feel at pres5t is t sci5ce be built up aga9 9 a =m 9 :i* su* ?+s may h a positive place4 ,sci5ce1 l life1 fe$s on its own decay4 ,new facts bur/ old rules2 !n newly div9$ conceptions b9d old & new toge!r into a reconcil+ law4 ,& "h is ! real in/ructiv5ess ( ,messrs4 ,my]s & ,gurney's "w4 ,!y are try+ ) ! utmo/ consci5ti\sness to f9d a reconcil+ conception :i* %all subject ! old laws ( nature to ! smalle/ possible /ra94 ,mr4 ,my]s uses t me?od ( gradual approa* :i* has p]=m$ su* wond]s 9 ,d>w9's h&s4 ,:5 ,d>w9 met a fact :i* seem$ a pos] to 8 !ory1 8 regul> cu/om1 z ,i h he>d an able colleague say1 0 to fill 9 all r\nd x ) small] facts1 z a wagon] might heap dirt r\nd a big rock 9 ! road1 & ?us get 8 team ov] )\t upsett+4 ,s ,mr4 ,my]s1 />t+ f ! mo/ ord9>y facts ( inatt5tive consci\sness1 foll[s ?is clue ?r\gh a long s]ies :i* t]m9ates 9 gho/s1 & seeks to %[ t ^! are b extreme manife/ations ( a #cba common tru?1--! tru? t ! invisible segm5ts ( our m9ds are susceptible1 "u r>ely realiz$ conditions1 ( act+ & be+ act$ ^u by ! invisible segm5ts ( o!r consci\s lives4 ,?is may n be ultimately true 7= ! !osophi/s1 ) _! a/ral bodies & ! l1 may1 = aught ,i n[ "k1 prove to be on ! correct] trail71 b no "o c d5y t x is 9 good sci5tific =m1--= sci5ce always takes a kn[n k9d ( ph5om5on1 & tries to ext5d its range4 ,i h myself1 z ,am]ican ag5t = ! c5sus1 collect$ hundr$s ( cases ( halluc9ation 9 heal?y p]sons4 ,! result is to make me feel t we all h pot5tially a 'sublim9al' self1 :i* may make at any "t irruption into our ord9>y lives4 ,at its l[e/1 x is only ! depository ( our =gott5 memories2 at its highe/1 we d n "k :at x is at all4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a s]ies ( cases4 ,dur+ sleep1 _m p]sons h some?+ 9 !m :i* measures ! flight ( "t bett] ?an ! wak+ self does4 ,x wakes !m at a preappo9t$ h\r2 x acqua9ts !m ) ! mom5t :5 !y fir/ awake4 ,x may produce an halluc9ation1--z 9 a lady :o in=ms me t at ! in/ant ( wak+ %e has a vision ( h] wat*-face ) ! h&s po9t+ 7z %e has (t5 v]ifi$7 to ! exact "t4 ,x may be ! feel+ t "s physiological p]iod has elaps$2 b1 :atev] x is1 x is subconsci\s4 ,a subconsci\s some?+ may also pres]ve exp]i5ces to :i* we d n op5ly att5d4 ,a lady tak+ h] lun* 9 t[n f9ds h]self )\t h] purse4 ,in/antly a s5se comes ov] h] ( ris+ f ! breakfa/-table & he>+ h] purse drop ^u ! floor4 ,on rea*+ home %e f9ds #cbb no?+ "u ! table1 b summons ! s]vant to say :]e %e has put ! purse4 ,! s]vant produces x1 say+2 ,h[ did y "k :]e x 08 ,y rose & left ! room z if y did n't "k y 'd dropp$ x4 ,! same subconsci\s some?+ may recollect :at we h =gott54 ,a lady accu/om$ to tak+ salicylate ( soda = muscul> rheumatism wakes "o e>ly w9t] morn+ ) an a*+ neck4 ,9 ! twilight %e takes :at %e supposes to be h] cu/om>y p[d] f a draw]1 dissolves x 9 a glass ( wat]1 & is ab\t to dr9k x d[n1 :5 %e feels a %>p slap on h] %\ld] & he>s a voice 9 h] e> say+1 ,ta/e x6 ,on exam9ation1 %e f9ds %e has got a morph9e p[d] by mi/ake4 ,! natural int]pretation is t a sleep+ memory ( ! morph9e p[d]s awoke 9 ?is quasi-explosive way4 ,a l explanation (f]s itself z mo/ plausible = ! foll[+ case3 ,a lady1 ) little "t to cat* ! tra91 & ! expressman ab\t to call1 is excit$ly look+ = ! lo/ key ( a pack$ trunk4 ,hurry+ up/airs ) a bun* ( keys1 prov$ useless1 9 h] h&1 %e he>s an 'objective' voice di/9ctly say1 ,try ! key ( ! cake-box4 ,be+ tri$1 x fits4 ,?is also may well h be5 ! effect ( =gott5 exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 ! effect is d\btless due to ! same halluc9atory me*anism2 b ! s\rce is less easily assign$ z we asc5d ! scale ( cases4 ,a lady1 = in/ance1 goes aft] breakfa/ to see ab\t "o ( h] s]vants :o has become ill ov] night4 ,%e is />tl$ at di/9ctly read+ ov] ! b$room door 9 gilt lett]s ! ^w 'small-pox4' ,! doctor is s5t =1 & ere long pron\nces small-pox to be ! disease1 al?\gh ! lady says1 ,! ?\ght ( #cbc ! girl's hav+ small-pox nev] ent]$ my m9d till ,i saw ! app>5t inscription4 ,!n come o!r cases ( w>n+2 = example1 t ( a y\? sitt+ 9 a wagon "u a %$1 :o sudd5ly he>s 8 dead "m's voice say1 ,/eph51 get away f "h quick6 & jumps out j 9 "t to see ! %$-ro( fall4 ,aft] ?is come ! exp]i5ces ( p]sons appe>+ to di/ant fri5ds at or ne> ! h\r ( dea?4 ,!n1 too1 we h ! trance-visions & utt]ances1 :i* may appe> a/oni%+ly pr(use & cont9u\s1 & ma9ta9 a fairly high intellectual level4 ,= all ^! high] ph5om5a1 x seems to me t :ile ! proximate me*anism is t ( 'halluc9ation1' x is /ra9+ an hypo!sis unduly to "n any ord9>y subconsci\s m5tal op]ation--su* z expectation1 recollection1 or inf]5ce f inatt5tive p]ception--z ! ultimate cause t />ts x up4 ,x is f> bett] tactics1 if y wi% to get rid ( my/]y1 to br& ! n>ratives !mselves z unwor?y ( tru/4 ,! tru/wor?9ess ( mo/ ( !m is to my own m9d f> f prov$4 ,& yet 9 ! light ( ! m$ium-trance1 :i* is prov$1 x seems z if !y might well all be memb]s ( a natural k9d ( fact ( :i* we d n yet "k ! full ext5t4 ,?\s&s ( s5sitive organizations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day live z /eadily 9 ! light ( ^! exp]i5ces1 & are z indiff]5t to mod]n sci5ce1 z if !y liv$ 9 ,bohemia 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,!y are indiff]5t to sci5ce1 because sci5ce is s call\sly indiff]5t to _! exp]i5ces4 ,al?\gh 9 its ess5ce sci5ce only /&s = a me?od & = no fix$ belief1 yet z habitually tak51 bo? by its vot>ies & outsid]s1 x is #cbd id5tifi$ ) a c]ta9 fix$ belief1--! belief t ! hidd5 ord] ( nature is me*anical exclusively1 & t non-me*anical categories are irrational ways ( conceiv+ & expla9+ ev5 su* ?+s z human life4 ,n[1 ?is me*anical rationalism1 z "o may call x1 makes1 if x becomes "o's only way ( ?9k+1 a viol5t brea* ) ! ways ( ?9k+ t h play$ ! greate/ "p 9 human hi/ory4 ,religi\s ?9k+1 e?ical ?9k+1 poetical ?9k+1 teleological1 emotional1 s5tim5tal ?9k+1 :at "o might call ! p]sonal view ( life to di/+ui% x f ! imp]sonal & me*anical1 & ! romantic view ( life to di/+ui% x f ! rationali/ic view1 h be51 & ev5 /ill are1 outside ( well-drill$ sci5tific circles1 ! dom9ant =ms ( ?\ght4 ,b = me*anical rationalism1 p]sonality is an insub/antial illusion4 ,! *ronic belief ( mank9d1 t ev5ts may happ5 = ! sake ( _! p]sonal significance1 is an abom9ation2 & ! notions ( our gr&fa!rs ab\t oracles & om5s1 div9ations & app>itions1 miracul\s *anges ( he>t & wond]s work$ by inspir$ p]sons1 answ]s to pray] & provid5tial lead+s1 are a fabric absolutely baseless1 a mass ( %e] untru?4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 we mu/ all admit t ! excesses to :i* ! romantic & p]sonal view ( nature may lead1 if :olly un*eck$ by imp]sonal rationalism1 are direful4 ,c5tral ,african ,mumbo-jumboism is "o ( un*eck$ romanticism's fruits4 ,"o ought accord+ly to sympa?ize ) t abhorr5ce ( romanticism z a suffici5t _w-!ory2 "o ought to und]/& t lively intol]ance ( ! lea/ gra9 ( romanticism 9 ! views ( life ( o!r p1 :i* are su* *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ^? :o #cbe foll[ ! sci5tific pr(essions to-day4 ,our debt to sci5ce is lit]ally b\ndless1 & our gratitude = :at is positive 9 h] tea*+s mu/ be correspond+ly imm5se4 ,b ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4's ,proce$+s h1 x seems to me1 conclusively prov$ "o ?+ to ! c&id read]2 & t is t ! v]dict ( pure insanity1 ( gratuit\s pref]5ce = error1 ( sup]/ition )\t an excuse1 :i* ! sci5ti/s ( our day are l$ by _! intellectual tra9+ to pron\nce ^u ! entire ?\ght ( ! pa/1 is a mo/ %all[ v]dict4 ,! p]sonal & romantic view ( life has o!r roots besides wanton exub]ance ( imag9ation & p]v]sity ( he>t4 ,x is p]5nially f$ by facts ( exp]i5ce1 :atev] ! ult]ior int]pretation ( ^? facts may prove to be2 & at no "t 9 human hi/ory w\ld x h be5 less easy ?an n[--at mo/ times x w\ld h be5 mu* m easy--= advocates ) a little indu/ry to collect 9 its favor an array ( contempor>y docum5ts z good z ^? :i* our publications pres5t4 ,^! docum5ts all relate to real exp]i5ces ( p]sons4 ,^! exp]i5ces h ?ree *>act]s 9 common3 ,!y are caprici\s1 discont9u\s1 & n easily controll$2 !y require peculi> p]sons = _! production2 _! significance seems to be :olly = p]sonal life4 ,^? :o pref]5tially att5d to !m1 & /ill m ^? :o are individually subject to !m1 n only easily may f9d1 b are logically b\nd to f9d1 9 !m valid argum5ts = _! romantic & p]sonal conception ( ! _w's c\rse4 ,?r\gh my slight p>ticipation 9 ! inve/igations ( ! ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 ,i h become acqua9t$ ) numb]s ( p]sons ( ?is sort1 = :om ! v ^w 'sci5ce' has become a "n ( reproa*1 = reasons t ,i n[ bo? und]/& #cbf & respect4 ,x is ! intol]ance ( sci5ce = su* ph5om5a z we are /udy+1 h] p]emptory d5ial ei!r ( _! exi/5ce or ( _! significance 7except z pro(s ( man's absolute innate folly71 t has set sci5ce s ap>t f ! common sympa?ies ( ! race4 ,i confess t x is on ?is1 its humaniz+ mission1 t ! ,society's be/ claim to ! gratitude ( our g5]ation seems to me to dep5d4 ,x has re/or$ cont9uity to hi/ory4 ,x has %[n "s reasonable basis = ! mo/ sup]/iti\s ab]rations ( ! =etime4 ,x has bridg$ ! *asm1 heal$ ! hide\s rift t sci5ce1 tak5 9 a c]ta9 n>r[ way1 has %ot into ! human _w4 ,i w ev5 g "o /ep f>!r4 ,:5 f our pres5t advanc$ /&po9t we look back ^u ! pa/ /ages ( human ?\ght1 :e!r x be sci5tific ?\ght or !ological ?\ght1 we are amaz$ t a univ]se :i* appe>s to u ( s va/ & my/]i\s a complication %\ld ev] h seem$ to any "o s little & pla9 a ?+4 ,:e!r x be ,desc>tes's _w or ,newton's1 :e!r x be t ( ! mat]iali/s ( ! la/ c5tury or t ( ! ,bridgewat] treatises ( our own1 x always looks ! same to u1--incr$ibly p]spectiveless & %ort4 ,ev5 ,lyell's1 ,f>aday's1 ,mill's1 & ,d>w9's consci\sness ( _! respective subjects are already beg9n+ to put on an infantile & innoc5t look4 ,is x !n likely t ! sci5ce ( our own day w escape ! common doom2 t ! m9ds ( its vot>ies w nev] look old-fa%ion$ to ! gr&*ildr5 ( ! latt]8 ,x w\ld be folly to suppose s4 ,yet if we are to judge by ! analogy ( ! pa/1 :5 our sci5ce once becomes old-fa%ion$1 x w be m = its omissions ( fact1 = its #cbg ignorance ( :ole ranges & ord]s ( complexity 9 ! ph5om5a to be expla9$1 ?an = any fatal lack 9 its _s & pr9ciples4 ,! _s & pr9ciples ( sci5ce are m]e affairs ( me?od2 !re is no?+ 9 !m t ne$ h9d] sci5ce f deal+ successfully ) a _w 9 :i* p]sonal =ces are ! />t+-po9t ( new effects4 ,! only =m ( ?+ t we directly enc\nt]1 ! only exp]i5ce t we concretely h1 is our own p]sonal life4 ,! only complete category ( our ?9k+1 our pr(essors ( philosophy tell u1 is ! category ( p]sonality1 e o!r category be+ "o ( ! ab/ract elem5ts ( t4 ,& ?is sy/ematic d5ial on sci5ce's "p ( p]sonality z a condition ( ev5ts1 ?is rigor\s belief t 9 its own ess5tial & inn]mo/ nature our _w is a /rictly imp]sonal _w1 may1 conceivably1 z ! :irligig ( "t goes r\nd1 prove to be ! v defect t our desc5dants w be mo/ surpris$ at 9 our own boa/$ sci5ce1 ! omission t to _! eyes w mo/ t5d to make x look p]spectiveless & %ort4 #a ,?is ,essay is =m$ ( portions ( an article 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #ahij1 ( an article 9 ! ,=um = ,july1 #ahib1 & ( ! ,presid5t's ,address be=e ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s = ,june1 #ahif1 & 9 ,sci5ce4 #b ,writt5 9 #ahia4 ,s9ce !n1 ,mr4 ,balf\r1 ! pres5t writ]1 & ,pr(essor ,william ,crookes h held ! presid5tial (fice4 #cbi ,,index4 ,,absolutism1 #ab1 #cj4 ,ab/ract conceptions1 #bai4 ,action1 z a measure ( belief1 #c1 #bi-cj4 ,actual _w n>r[] ?an ideal1 #bjb4 ,agno/icism1 #ed1 #ha1 #abf4 ,all51 ,g41 #bca1 #bce1 #bef4 ,alps1 leap 9 !1 #ei1 #if4 ,alt]natives1 #aef1 #afa1 #bjb1 #bfi4 ,ambiguity ( *oice1 #aef2 ( be+1 #bib4 ,anae/hetic revelation1 #bid4 ,a priori tru?s1 #bfh4 ,app>itions1 #caa4 ,ari/otle1 #bdi4 ,associationism1 9 ,e?ics1 #ahf4 ,a!i/ & acorn1 #afj4 ,au?orities 9 ,e?ics1 #bjd2 v]sus *ampions1 #bjg4 ,axioms1 #bfh4 ,,bagehot1 #bcb4 ,ba91 #ga1 #ia4 ,balf\r1 #i4 ,be+1 its "*1 #adb2 9 ,hegel1 #bha4 ,belief1 #ei4 ,see ',fai?4' ,bellamy1 #ahh4 ,bism>ck1 #bbh4 ,block-univ]se1 #bib4 ,blood1 ,b4 ,p41 vi1 #bid4 ,brockton murd]]1 #afj1 #agg4 ,buns51 #bjc1 #bgd4 ,,calv9ism1 #de4 ,c>lyle1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #gc1 #hg1 #agc4 ',casui/ic "q' 9 ,e?ics1 #aih4 ,causality1 #adg4 ,causation1 ,hume's doctr9e (1 #bgh4 ,c5sus ( halluc9ations1 #cab4 ,c]titude1 #ac1 #cj4 ,*ance1 #adi1 #aec-i1 #agh-ahj4 ,*oice1 #aef4 ,*ri/ianity1 #e1 #ad4 ,cic]o1 #ib4 ,city ( dreadful night1 #ce4 ,cl>k1 ,x41 #ej4 ,classifications1 #fg4 ,clif=d1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ad1 #ai1 #ba1 #ib1 #bcj4 ,clive1 #bbh4 ,cl\gh1 #f4 ,common-s5se1 #bgj4 ,conceptual ord] ( _w1 #aah4 ,consci5ce1 #ahf-h4 ,contradiction1 z us$ by ,hegel1 #bge-bgg4 ,contradictions ( philosoph]s1 #af4 ,crillon1 #fb ,crit]ion ( tru?1 #ae1 #af2 9 ,e?ics1 #bje4 ,crude ord] ( exp]i5ce1 #aah4 ,cry/al vision1 #cad4 ,cycles 9 ,nature1 #bbj1 #bbc-d4 ,,d>w91 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #cbj4 ,data1 #bga4 ,davey1 #cac4 ,dem&s1 z creators ( value1 #bja4 ',det]m9ation is negation1' #bhf-bij4 ,det]m9ism1 #aej2 ! ,dilemma (2 #ade-ahc2 #afc1 #aff2 h>d & s(t1 #adi4 ,dogs1 #eg4 ,dogmatism1 #ab4 ,d\bt1 #ed1 #aji4 ,dup]y1 #bg4 ,,easy-,,go+ mood1 #baa1 #bac4 ,elephant1 #bhb4 ,em]son1 #bc1 #age4 ,empiricism1 i41 #ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #bgh4 ,engl&1 #bbh4 ,environm5t1 its relation to great m51 #bbc1 #bbf2 to great ?\ghts1 #bej4 ,error1 #afc2 duty ( avoid+1 #ah4 ,ess5ce ( good & bad1 #bjj-a4 ,e?ical ideals1 #bjj4 ,e?ical philosophy1 #bjh1 #baj1 #baf4 ,e?ical /&>ds1 #bje2 div]sity (1 #bjj4 ,e?ics1 its ?ree que/ions1 #ahe4 ,evid5ce1 objective1 #ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,evil1 #df1 #di1 #afa1 #aij4 ,evolution1 social1 #bcb1 #bcg2 m5tal1 #bde4 ,evolutionism1 its te/ ( "r1 #ih-ajj4 ,expectancy1 #gg-hj4 ,exp]i5ce1 crude1 v]sus rationaliz$1 #aah2 te/s our fai?s1 #aje4 ,,facts1 #bga4 ,fai?1 t tru? exi/s1 #i1 #bc2 9 our fell[s1 #bd-e2 s*ool boys' def9ition (1 #bi2 a rem$y = pessimism1 #fj1 #aja2 religi\s1 #ef2 def9$1 #ij2 def5d$ aga9/ 'sci5tific' objections1 viii-xi1 #ia-d2 may create its own v]ification1 #ei1 #if-ajc4 ,famili>ity conf]s rationality1 #gf4 ,fatalism1 #hh4 ,fiske1 #bee1 #bfj4 ,fitzg]ald1 #afj4 ,fre$om1 #ajc1 #bga4 ,free-w1 #ajc1 #ade1 #aeg4 ,,galton1 #bdb4 ,g5iuses1 #bbf1 #bbi4 ,gho/s1 #cae1 ,gno/icism1 #ach-adj1 #afe1 #afi4 ,god1 #fa1 #fh2 ( ,nature1 #dc2 ! mo/ adequate object = our m9d1 #aaf1 #abb2 our relations to him1 #acd-f2 8 provid5ce1 #ahb2 8 dem&s create obligation1 #aic2 8 function 9 ,e?ics1 #bab-bae4 ,goe!1 #aaa4 ,good1 #afh1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,goodness1 #aij4 ,great-man !ory ( hi/ory1 #bcb4 ,great m5 & _! environm5t1 #baf-bed4 ,gre51 #bjf1 ,gryzan[ski1 #bdj4 ,gurney1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #caa4 ,gu?rie1 #cji4 ,guyau1 #ahh4 ,,halluc9ations1 ,c5sus (1 #cab4 ,happ9ess1 #cc4 ,h>ris1 #bhb4 ,hegel1 #gb1 #bfc2 8 excessive claims1 #bgb2 8 use ( negation1 #bgc1 #bij2 ( contradiction1 #bgd1 #bgf2 on be+1 #bha2 on o!rness1 #bhc2 on inf9ity1 #bhd2 on id5tity1 #bhe2 on det]m9ation1 #bhi2 8 ontological emotion1 #big4 ,hegelisms1 on "s1 #bfc-bih4 ,he9e1 #bjc4 ,helmholtz1 #he1 #ia4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 #fb4 ,h]b>t1 #bhj4 ,h]o-wor%ip1 #bfa4 ,h9ton1 ,c4 ,h41 #ae4 ,h9ton1 ,j41 #aja4 ,hodgson1 ,r41 #cjh4 ,hodgson1 ,s1 ,h41 #aj4 ,honor1 #ej4 ,hugo1 #bac4 ,human m9d1 its habit ( ab/ract+1 #bai4 ,hume on causation1 #bgh4 ,huxley1 #f1 #aj1 #ib4 ,hypnotism1 #cjb1 #cji4 ,hypo!ses1 live or dead1 #b2 _! v]ification1 #aje2 ( g5ius1 #bdi4 ,,ideals1 #bjj2 _! conflict1 #bjb4 ,idealism1 #hi1 #bia4 ,id5tity1 #bhe4 ,imp]atives1 #baa4 ,importance ( individuals1 !1 #bee-bfb2 ( ?+s1 its gr\nd1 #beg4 ,indet]m9ism1 #aej4 ,individual diff]5ces1 #bei4 ,individuals1 ! importance (1 #bee-bfb ,inf9ite1 #bhd4 ,intuitionism1 9 ,e?ics1 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,,jevons1 #bdi4 ,judgm5ts ( regret1 #aei4 ,,kn[+1 #ab4 ,k1 #he4 ,,leap on precipice1 #ei1 #if4 ,leibnitz1 #dc4 ,life1 is x wor? liv+1 #cb-fb4 ,,maggots1 #agf-g4 ,mahdi1 !1 #b1 #f4 ,mallock1 #cb1 #ahc4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #da4 ,mat]ialism1 #abf4 ',maybes1' #ei4 ,measure ( good1 #bje4 ,m$ium%ip1 physical1 #cac1 #cad4 ,melan*oly1 #cd1 #ci1 #db4 ,m5tal evolution1 #bdf2 /ructure1 #aad1 #aag4 ,mill1 #bcd4 ,m9d1 its triadic /ructure1 #aad1 #aag2 its evolution1 #bdf2 its ?ree dep>tm5ts1 #aad1 #abb1 #abg-h4 ,monism1 #bgi4 ,moods1 ! /r5u\s & ! easy1 #baa1 #bac ,morali/s1 objective & subjective1 #ajc-ajh4 ,moral judgm5ts1 _! orig91 #ahf-h2 obligation1 #aib-g2 ord]1 #aic2 philosophy1 #ahd-e4 ,moral philosoph] & ! moral life1 !1 #ahd-bae4 ,murd]1 #agh4 ,murd]]1 #afj1 #agg4 ,my]s1 #cjh1 #cae1 #cbj4 ,my/ical ph5om5a1 #cjj4 ,my/icism1 #gd4 ,,nak$1 !1 #bha4 ,natural !ology1 #dj-d4 ,nature1 #bj1 #da-d1 #ef4 ,negation1 z us$ by ,hegel1 #bgc4 ,newman1 #aj4 ,nitr\s oxide1 #bid4 ,non5tity1 #gb4 ,,objective evid5ce1 #ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,obligation1 #aib-g4 ,occult ph5om5a1 #cjj2 examples (1 #cbc4 ,om> ,khayam1 #afj4 ,optimism1 #fj1 #ajb1 #afc4 ,options (f]$ to belief1 #c1 #aa1 #bg4 ,orig9 ( moral judgm5ts1 #ahf-h4 ',o!r1' 9 ,hegel1 #bhc4 ,,p>simony1 law (1 #acb4 ,p>tak+1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bge1 #bia4 ,pascal's wag]1 #e1 #aa4 ,p]sonality1 #cbd1 #cbg4 ,pessimism1 #ci1 #dj1 #dg1 #fj1 #ajj1 #aja1 #afa1 #afg4 ,philosophy1 #fe2 dep5ds on p]sonal dem&s1 #ic2 makes _w unreal1 #ci2 seeks unification1 #fg-gj2 ! ultimate1 #aaj2 its contradictions1 #af4 ,physiology1 its pre/ige1 #aab4 ,pip]1 ,mrs41 #cad1 #cai4 ,plato1 #bfh ,pluralism1 vi1 #aea1 #agh1 #aib1 #bfd1 #bfg4 ,positivism1 #ed1 #ajh ,possibilities1 #aea1 #aha-b1 #bib1 #bid4 ,po/ulates1 #ia-b4 ,p[]s1 our p[]s z congru\s ) ! _w1 #hf4 ,provid5ce1 #ahj4 ,psy*ical rese>*1 :at x has accompli%$1 #bii-cbg2 ,society =1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cbe4 ,pugnacity1 #di1 #ea4 ,,que/ions1 ?ree1 9 ,e?ics1 #ahe4 ,,rationalism1 #ab1 #cj4 ,rationality1 ! s5tim5t (1 #fc-aaj2 limits ( !oretic1 #fe-gd2 my/ical1 #gd2 practical1 #hb-d2 po/ulates (1 #aeb4 ,rational ord] ( _w1 #aah1 #abe1 #adg4 ,reflex action & !ism1 #aaa-add4 ,reflex action def9$1 #aac2 x refutes gno/icism1 #adj-a4 ,regret1 judgm5ts (1 #aei4 ,religion1 natural1 #eb2 ( humanity1 #aih4 ,religi\s hypo!sis1 #be1 #bh1 #ea4 ,religi\s m9ds1 #dj4 ,r5an1 #agj1 #agb4 ,r5\vi]1 #adc4 ,risks ( belief or disbelief1 ix1 #bf2 rules = m9imiz+1 #id4 ,romantic view ( _w1 #cbd4 ,romanticism1 #agb-c4 ,r\sseau1 #d1 #cc1 #hg4 ,rusk91 #cg4 ,,salt]1 #fb4 ,scepticism1 #ab1 #bc1 #aji4 ,s*ola/icism1 #ac4 ,s*op5hau]1 #gb1 #afi4 ,sci5ce1 #aj1 #ba2 its rec5cy1 #eb-d2 due to peculi> desire1 #abi-acb1 #adg2 its disbelief ( ! occult1 #cag-cbj2 its negation ( p]sonality1 #cbd-f2 _c decide "q ( det]m9ism1 #aeb4 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 #bjh-baj4 ,selection ( great m51 #bbf4 ,s5tim5t ( rationality1 #fc4 ,s]i\sness1 #hf4 ,%akespe>e1 #cb1 #bce4 ,sidgwick1 #cjc1 #cjg4 ,sigw>t1 #abj1 #adh4 ,society = psy*ical rese>*1 #cjc2 its ',proce$+s1' #cje1 #cbe4 ,sociology1 #bei4 ,solitude1 moral1 #aia4 ,space1 #bfe4 ,sp5c]1 #afh1 #bah1 #bcb-bce1 #bdf1 #bea1 #bfj4 ,/eph51 ,l41 #a4 ,/eph51 ,sir ,j41 #a1 #cj1 #bab4 ,/oics1 #bgd4 ,/r5u\s mood1 #baa1 #bac4 ,subjectivism1 #afe1 #agj4 ',sublim9al self1' #cae1 #cba4 ,sub/ance1 #hj4 ,suicide1 #ch1 #ej1 #fj4 ,sy/em 9 philosophy1 #ac1 #ahe1 #aii4 ,,telepa?y1 #aj1 #cji4 ,!ism1 & reflex action1 #aaa-add4 ,!ism1 #abg1 #acd-f2 see ',god4' ,!ology1 natural1 #da2 ,calv9i/ic1 #de4 ,!oretic faculty1 #abh4 ,?\ght-transf]5ce1 #cji4 ,?omson1 #ce-g1 #de1 #df4 ,tol]ation1 #cj4 ,tol/oi1 #ahh4 ',totality1' ! pr9ciple (1 #bgg4 ,triadic /ructure ( m9d1 #abc4 ,tru?1 crit]ia (1 #ae2 & error1 #ah2 moral1 #aij-a4 ,,unit>ians1 #abf1 #acc4 ,unkn[able1 !1 #fh1 #ha4 ,univ]se ,m x1 #aja2 its rationality1 #abe1 #acg4 ,unse5 _w1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #fa4 ,utopias1 #afh4 ,,value1 judgm5ts (1 #ajc4 ,v>iations1 9 h]$ity1 etc41 #bbe1 #bdi4 ,vaudois1 #dh4 ,v$dah1 #beh4 ,v]ification ( !ories1 #ie1 #aje-h4 ,vivisection1 #eh4 ,,wald5ses1 #dg-i4 ,wallace1 #bci1 #cjd1 ,:itman1 #cc1 #fd1 #gd4 ,wordswor?1 #fj4 ,_w1 its ambiguity1 #gf2 ! invisible1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef2 two ord]s (1 #aah4 ,wor?1 judgm5ts (1 #ajc4 ,wright1 #eb4 ,x41 ,miss1 #cad4 ,,zola1 #agb4 ,zlln]1 #ae4 ,by ! ,same ,au?or ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,london2 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahij ,,psy*ology3 ,,brief] ,,c\rse 7,,text ,,book74 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahib4 ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,believe1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,9 ,,popul> ,,philosophy4 #abmo4 ,new ,york1 ,london4 ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #ahig4 ,,human ,,immortality3 ,,two ,,suppos$ ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e4 #afmo4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co4 #ahih4 ,,talks ,,to ,,tea*]s ,,on ,,psy*ology3 ,,& ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,life',s ,,ideals4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,london1 ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #ahii4 ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce3 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,human ,,nature4 ,gif=d ,lectures deliv]$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #aija-aijb4 #hvo4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #aijb4 ,,pragmatism3 ,a ,,new ,,"n ,,= ,,"s ,,old ,,ways ,,( ,,?9k+3 ,,popul> ,,lectures ,,on ,,philosophy4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #aijg4 ,a ,,plurali/ic ,,univ]se3 ,,hibb]t ,,lectures ,,at ,,man*e/] ,,college ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,situation ,,9 ,,philosophy4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,bombay1 & ,calcutta3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #aiji4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,tru?2 ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,pragmatism4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,bombay1 & ,calcutta2 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #aiji4 ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,rema9s ,,( ,,h5ry ,,james ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,,william ,,james4 ,) ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co4 #ahhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! 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