,light & ,%ade--,geo4 ,inness ,pictorial ,composition & ! ,critical ,judgm5t ( ,pictures ,a ,h&book = ,/ud5ts & ,lov]s ( ,art ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,poore ,new ,york & ,london ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons #aijc ,x is ) s9c]e pleasure t ,i d$icate ?is book to my fir/ tea*]1 ,pet] ,moran1 z an ackn[l$gm5t to ! int]e/ he inspir$ 9 ?is important subject ,,preface ,?is book has be5 prep>$ because1 al?\gh ! /ud5t has be5 abundantly suppli$ ) aids to decorative art1 !re is little )9 8 rea* conc]n+ pictorial composition4 ,i h add$ !reto h9ts on ! critical judgm5t ( pictures ) ! hope ( simplify+ to ! _m ! means ( kn[+ pictures1 prompt$ by ! recollection ( ! topsyturv9ess ( ?is "q z x confront$ my own m9d a score ( ye>s ago4 ,i 0 !n apt to /ra9 at a ,corot hop+ to discov] 9 ! employm5t ( "s unusual color or me?od ! secret ( its wor?1 & to ?9k ( ! old ma/]s z a diff]5t ord] ( be+s f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,let me tru/ t1 to a degree at lea/1 ^! pages may prove iconocla/ic1 %att]+ ! images creat$ ( sup]/iti\s rev]5ce & all[+1 9 _! /ead1 ! result 9 art f :atev] s\rce to be sub/itut$ z some?+ q z wor?y ( ?is same homage4 ,! au?or ackn[l$ges ! c\rtesies ( ! publi%]s ( ,scribn]s1 ,! ,c5tury & ,munsey's magaz9es1 ,d4 ,appleton1 ,manzi1 ,joyant ,co41 & ( ! arti/s giv+ cons5t to ! use ( _! pictures = ?is book4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is also made to ,f4 ,a4 ,be>dsley1 ,h4 ,k4 ,freeman & ,l4 ,"l1 = sket*es contribut$ !reto4 ,h5ry ,rank9 ,poore ,orange1 ,n4 ,j41 ,feb4 #a1 #aijc4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,! revision :i* ! text ( ?is book has und]gone has cl>ifi$ c]ta9 p>ts ( x & simplifi$ ! orig9al argum5t by a complete sequ5ce ( page ref]5ces & an index4 ,! app5dix r$uces ! cont5ts to a work+ =mula ) ! purpose ( r5d]+ practical ! sugge/ions ( ! text4 ,9 its pres5t =m x seeks to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! /ud5t :o desires to proce$ f ! pr9ciples ( =mal & decorative composition into ! range ( pictorial con/ruction4 ,h4 ,r4 ,p4 ,,preface ,,to ,,t5? ,,edition ,aft] twelve ye>s ,pictorial ,composition cont9ues ) a /eady dem&4 ,?r\gh ! ,engli% h\se x has become 8a /&>d0 9 ! ,briti% ,isles & f9ds a m>ket 9 ,india & ,au/ralia4 ,at ! reque/ ( a few arti/s ( ,holl& x has be5 translat$ & w %ortly be issu$ 9 ,dut*4 ,,cont5ts ,preface ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i - ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,,ii - ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,s5se ,,9 ,,pictures ,,*apt] ,,iii - ,,balance ,,balance ,,( ,,! ,,/eely>d4 ,,po/ulates ,,v]tical ,,& ,,horizontal ,,balance4 ,,! ,,natural ,,axis ,,app>5t ,,or ,,=mal ,,balance4 ,,balance ,,by ,,opposition ,,( ,,l9e4 ,,balance ,,by ,,opposition ,,( ,,spots4 ,,transition ,,( ,,l9e4 ,,balance ,,by ,,gradation ,,balance ,,( ,,pr9cipality ,,or ,,isolation ,,balance ,,( ,,cubical ,,space4 ,,*apt] ,,iv - ,,evolv+ ,,! ,,picture ,,*apt] ,v - ,,entrance ,,& ,,exit ,,gett+ ,,into ,,! ,,picture ,,gett+ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,picture ,,*apt] ,,vi - ,,! ,,circul> ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,pictures ,,circul> ,,composition ,,recon/ruction ,,= ,,circul> ,,obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii - ,,angul> ,,composition1 ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,! ,,rectangle ,,! ,,v]tical ,,l9e ,,9 ,,angul> ,,composition ,,angul> ,,composition ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,horizontal ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,beauty4 ,,! ,,rectangle ,,*apt] ,,viii - ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,"o1 ,,two1 ,,?ree ,,& ,,m ,,units ,,! ,,figure ,,9 ,,l&scape ,,*apt] ,,ix - ,,gr\ps ,,*apt] ,x - ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,pr9cipality ,,by ,,emphasis1 ,,sacrifice1 ,,& ,,contra/4 ,,gradation ,,*apt] ,,xi - ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,photography ,,9 ,,f9e ,,art ,,"p ,,ii - ,,! ,,/hetics ,,( ,,composition ,,*apt] ,,xii - ,,bread? ,,v]sus ,,detail ,,sugge/iv5ess4 ,,my/]y4 ,,simplicity4 ,,res]ve4 ,,relief4 ,,f9i%4 ,,"p ,,iii - ,,! ,,critical ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,pictures ,,*apt] ,,xiv - ,,specific ,,qualities ,,& ,,faults ,,*apt] ,,xv - ,,! ,,picture ,,s5se ,,*apt] ,,xvi - ,,color1 ,,h>mony1 ,,tone ,,values4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii - ,,envelopm5t ,,& ,,color ,,p]spective ,,*apt] ,,xviii - ,,! ,,bias ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,*apt] ,,xix - ,,! ,,liv+ ,,pr9ciple ,,app5dix ,,illu/rations ,light & ,%ade--,geo4 ,inness ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,con/ruction ,:y ,art ,)\t ,composition is ,crippl$3 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,veil--,raphael2 ,! ,la/ ,judgem5t--,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y--,dur]2 ,! ,annunciation--,botticelli2 ,9 ,c5tral ,p>k2 ,! ,inn--,t5i]s ,?ree ,ideas 9 ,pictorial ,balance ,p9es 9 ,w9t] 7,unbalance72 ,! ,connoisseurs--,=tuny 7,balance ( ! ,/eely>ds7 ,portrait ( ,s>a ,b]nh>dt--,clair9 7,balance ,across ! ,natrual ,axis7 ,lady ) ,muff--,photo ,a4 ,hewitt 7,/eely>d 9 ,p]spective7 ,lion 9 ! ,des]t--,g]ome 7,balance ( ,isolat$ ,measures72 ,salute to ! ,w\nd$--,detaille 7,balance ( ,equal ,measures7 ,indian & ,horse--,photo ,a4,c4 ,bode 7,oppposition ( ,light & ,d>k ,measures72 ,! ,cab>et--,l4 ,l'h]mitte 7,opposition ,plus ,transition7 ,along ! ,%ore--,photo by ,george ,butl] 7,transitional l9e72 ,pa?less--,photo by ,a4 ,horsely ,h9ton 7,transitional ,l9e7 ,hillside 7,grad$ ,light ,^u ,surfaces2 ,cl\d ,%ad[s72 ,riv] ,fog 7,light ,grad$ by ,atmosph]ic ,d5sity72 ,! ,*ant 7,gradation ?r\gh ,values ( ,sep>at$ ,objects7 ,! ,view-,metre ,?ree ,pictures ,f\nd ) ! ,view-,metre ,view ,tak5 ) a ,wide ,angle ,l5s ,photography ,ne>+ ! ,pictorial ,! ,pa? ( ! ,surf--,photo 7,triangles ,occur+ 9 ! lead+ l9e72 ,! ,%eph]dess--,millet 7,composition ,exhibit+ a ,d\ble ,exit7 ,circul> ,obs]vation--,! ,pr9ciple2 ,! ,slay+ ( ! ,unpropiti\s ,mess5g]s 7,triangul> ,composition--,circul> ,obs]vation7 ,huntsman & ,h\nds 7,triangle ) ,circul> ,attraction72 ,portrait ( ,van d] ,gee/--,van ,dyck 7,a sph]e )9 a ,circle7 ,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne--,t9toretto 7,circle & ,radius72 ,endymion--,watts 7,! ,circle--,v]tical ,plane7 ,! ,fight ,ov] ! ,body ( ,patroclus--,weirls2 #ahjg--,meissoni]2 ,ville d',avray--,corot2 ,! ,circle 9 ,p]spective ,! ,h]mit--,g]>d ,d[ 7,rectangle 9 ,circle72 ,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan--,b\*] 7,circul> ,obs]vation by ,suppression ( ,sides & ,corn]s7 ,orpheus & ,eurydice--,corot 7,figures outside ! natural l9e ( ! picture's composition72 ,! ,holy ,family--,&rea del ,s>to 7,! circle ov]balanc$7 ,! ,h]d]--,jaque ,alone--,jacques ,israels 7,con/ructive ,syn!sis ^u ! ,v]tical72 ,! ,dance--,c>peaux 7,! ,cross ,)9 ! ,circle7 ,sket*es f ,l&scapes by ,h5ry ,rang]2 ,p>ity ( ,horizonatals & ,v]ticals2 ,cross+s ( ,horizontals by ,spot ,div]sion ,sket* f ! ,book ( ,tru?--,claude ,lorra9 7,rectangle ,unbalanc$72 ,! ,beautiful ,gate--,raphael 7,v]ticals ,de/roy+ ,pictorial ,unity7 ,"m & ,*ild--,or*>dson 7,horizontals oppos$ or ,cov]$72 ,/ream 9 ,w9t]--,w4 ,e4 ,s*(ield 7,v]ticals & ,horizontals vs4 ,diagonal7 ,hog>?'s ,l9e ( ,beauty ,ae/hetics ( ,l9e2 ,! ,alt>2 ,roman ,invasion--,f4 ,lamay] 7,v]tical l9e 9 action2 dignifi$1 measur$1 pond]\s72 ,! ,flock--,p4 ,moran 7,! horizontal1 typify+ quietude1 repose1 calm1 solemnity72 ,! curv$ l9e3 v>iety1 movem5t2 ,man ) ,/one--,v4 ,spitz] 7,transitional ,l9e1 ,cohesion72 ,! ,dance--,rub5s 7,! ellipse3 l9e ( cont9uity & unity72 ,swall[s--,f ! ,/r& 7,! diagonal3 l9e ( action2 spe$7 ,ae/hetics ( ,l9e1 ,cont9u$1 ,:]e ,l9e is ! motive & ,decoration is ! ,impulse2 ,w9t] ,l&scape--,aft] ,photograph 7,l9e ( grace1 v>iety1 facile sequ5ce72 ,l9e ,v]sus ,space 7,! same impulse ) angul> en]gy1 ,! l9e m attractive ?an ! plane72 ,reconciliation--,glack5s 7,composition gov]n$ by ! decorative ext]ior l9e72 ,decemb]--,aft] ,photograph 7,radial l9es ) /rong focalization7 ,unity & its ,lack2 ,! ,lov]s--,guss[2 ,! ,p\lt]]s--,wall&] ,return ( ,royal ,hunt+ ,p>ty--,isabey2 ,! ,night ,wat*--,rembr&t ,dep>ture = ! ,*ase--,cuyp 7,backgr\nd ,compromis+ ,orig9al ,/ructure72 ,repose ( ! ,reap]s--,l4 ,l'h]mite 7,! ,curvil9e> ,l9e7 ,! ,decorative & ,pictorial ,gr\p2 ,allegory ( ,spr+--,botticelli 7,sep>at$ concepts express+ sep>ate ideas72 ,dut* ,fi%] ,folk--,f4 ,v4 ,s4 7,sep>at$ concepts ( "o idea72 ,! ,cossack's ,reply--,rep9 7,unity ?r\gh a cumulative idea7 ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,*i>oscuro2 ,:i/l]'s ,portrait ( 8 ,"m2 ,moorl&--,e4 ,yon2 ,*>coal ,/udy--,millet2 ,! ,arbor--,f]ri] ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,*i>oscuro1 ,cont9u$2 ,l&scape--,geo4 ,inness2 ,! ,kit*5--,:i/l]2 ,/4 ,angela--,robt4 ,reid2 ,an ,annam ,tig]--,surr&2 ,! ,%r9e--,or*>dson2 ,mona/ic ,life--,f4 ,v4 ,du,mond ,a ,rev]sible ,effect ( ,light & ,%ade 7,! ,same ,subject ,v]tically & ,horizontally ,pres5t$7 ,spots & ,masses2 ,note-book sket*es f ,rub5s1 ,velasquez1 ,claude ,lorra9 & ,murillo ,dea? ( ,caes>--,g]ome2 ,! ,travel ( ! ,s\l--,aft] ,h[>d ,pyle ,bi%op ,pott] ,decorative ,evolv+ ! ,pictorial2 ,! ,nor? ,riv]--,pr5d]ga/2 ,an ,intrusion--,bull2 ,l&scape ,arrangem5t--,gu]9 ,/able ,int]ior--,a4 ,mauve 7,a simple picture conta9+ all ! pr9ciples ( composition72 ,h] ,la/ ,moor+s--,f a ,photograph ,alice--,w4,m4 ,*ase 7,v]ticals ,div]t$72 ,lady ,ar*ibald ,campbell--,:i/l] 7,v]ticals ,oblit]at$72 ,! ,crucifixion--,amie ,morot 7,v]ticals ,oppos$7 ,,"p ,i 8,! pa9t] is a comp\nd ( a poet & a man ( sci5ce40 --,ham]ton 8,x is work+ )9 limits t ! arti/ reveals himself40 --,goe!4 ,,*apt] ,i - ,,introductory ,?is volume is address$ to ?ree classes ( read]s2 to ! layman1 to ! amateur photograph]1 & to ! pr(essional arti/4 ,to ! latt] x speaks m 9 ! temp] ( ! /udio discussion ?an 9 ! _s didactic4 ,b1 embold5$ by ! fri5dl9ess ! pr(ession always exhibits t[>d any s]i\s ^w 9 art1 ! writ] is mov$ to believe t ! matt]s h]e9 discuss$ may be f\nd wor?y ( ! arti/'s att5tion--p]haps ( 8 "q4 ,= t reason ! tone "h & !re is argum5tative4 ,! "q ( balance has nev] be5 r$uc$ to a !ory or /at$ z a set ( pr9ciples :i* c\ld be su/a9$ by any?+ m ?an example1 :i*1 z a work+ basis mu/ require recon/ruction ) e *ange ( subject4 ,o!r =ms ( con/ruction h be5 sift$ d[n 9 a se>* = ! gov]n+ pr9ciple1--a sub/itution = ! 8rule & example40 ,to ! /ud5t & ! amateur1 !re=e1 x mu/ be said ?is is n a 8h[-to-d0 book4 ,! numb] ( ^! is legion1 especially 9 pa9t+1 kn[n to all /ud5ts1 :]e9 ! matt] is didactic & usually set =? ) little or no argum5t4 ,su* volumes are publi%$ because ( ! great dem& & are dem&$ because ! /ud5t1 9 8 ha/e1 w n /op = pr9ciples1 & ?9k x out4 ,he w h a rule = ea* case2 & :5 8 direct "q has be5 answ]$ ) a pr9ciple1 he /ill inquires1 8,well1 :at %all ,i d "h80 ,:y prea* ! gold5 rule ( h>mony z an ab/raction1 :5 inh>mony is ! concrete s9 to be de/roy$4 ,we rea* ! =m] by elim9ation4 ,:atev] comm&m5ts ?is book conta9s1 !re=e1 are ! %alt nots4 ,z ! problems to ! mak] ( pictures by photography are ! same z ^? ( ! pa9t] & ! especial ambition ( ! =m]'s art is to be pa9t]-l1 sep>ations h be5 ?\ght unnecess>y 9 ! address ( ! text4 ,x is ! be/ wi% ( ! au?or t photography1 foll[+ pa9t+ 9 h] ess5tial pr9ciples z %e does1 may prove h]self a well met companion along art's highway1--seek]s toge!r1 at arm's l5g?1 & 9 def9$ limits1 ( ! same goal4 ,! m5tion ( arti/s' names has be5 limit$1 & a lib]al allusion to _m works avoid$ because to multiply !m is bo? confus+ & unnecess>y4 ,to ! art lov] ?is book may be f\nd ( int]e/ z conta9+ ! reasons 9 picture composition1 & ?r\gh !m an aid to critical judgm5t4 ,we adapt our education f qua9t & curi\s s\rces4 ,x is ! apt correlation ( ! arts :i* acc\nts = ! ackn[l$gm5t by an ,engli% /ory writ] t %e got h] /yle f ,rusk9's 8,pr9ciples ( ,draw+02 & ( a l&scape pa9t] t to sculpture he ow$ 8 disc]nm5t ( ! =e/ secrets1 by daily obs]v+ ! long l9es ( /atues 9 ! corridor ( ! ,royal ,academy2 or by ! compos] ( pictures to ! compos] ( music2 or by ! prea*] t sugge/ions to disc\rse _h come to him ?r\gh ! pictorial processes ( ! pa9t]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii - ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,s5se ,,9 ,,pictures ,! poet-philosoph] ,em]son decl>$ t he /udi$ geology t he might bett] write poetry4 ,= a mom5t ! two elem5ts ( ! proposition /& agha/ & defiant2 b only = a mom5t4 ,! poet1 :o f ! top looks d[n ^u ! :ole horizon ( ?+s c nev] use ! tone ( au?ority if 8 gaze be a surface "o4 ,he mu/ "k ?+s 9 _! dep? 9 ord] t ! glance may be suffici5t4 ,! poet leaves 8 geology & botany1 8 gramm> & rhetoric on ! %elf :5 he makes 8 ^w picture4 ,aft] he has express$ 8 ?\ght h[ev] he may h occasion to call on ! books ( sci5ce1 ! gramm> & rhetoric & ^! may v s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! spontane\s product4 ,s d ! s5tries po/$ on ! b\nd>y ( ! pa9t]'s art protect x f ! lib]ties tak5 9 ! "n ( orig9ality4 8,! progressive elem5t 9 our art10 says ! au?or ( 8,! ,law ( ,progress 9 ,art10 8is ! sci5tific elem5t4 4 4 4 ,arti/s w n be any m fam\s = be+ sci5tific1 b !y are compell$ to become sci5tific because !y h embrac$ a pr(ession :i* includes sci5ce4 ,:at ,i desire to en=ce is ! great tru? t )9 ! art ( pa9t+ !re exi/s1 fl\ri%es & advances a noble & glori\s sci5ce :i* is ess5tial & progressive40 8,any "o :o c le>n to write c le>n to draw20 & e "o :o c le>n to draw %\ld le>n to compose pictures4 ,t all d n is 9 evid5ce 9 ! "w ( ! _m accompli%$ draughtsm5 :o h del9eat$ _! ideas on canvas & pap] f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ ma/]s to ! pres5t day1 :]e9 ! ability to produce ! details ( =m is manife/ 9 all p>ts ( ! "w1 b 9 ! comb9ation ( ^? p>ts ! fir/ int5tion ( _! pres5ce has lo/ =ce4 ,composition is ! sci5ce ( comb9ation1 & ! art ( ! _w has progress$ z d ! processes ( ! k9d]g>t54 ,arti/s fir/ receiv$ =m2 !n color2 ! mat]ials1 !n ! syn!sis ( ! two4 ,notable examples ( ! _w's great compositions may be po9t$ to 9 ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s1 & su* examples w be cit$2 b ! major portion ( ! art by :i* ^! exceptions 7 surr\nd$ (f]s ! same proportion ( good to bad z ! inv]se ratio w\ld to-day4 ,)\t turn+ to s]i\s argum5t at ?is po9t1 a sup]ficial "o1 :i* w appeal to mo/ art t\ri/s1 :e!r pr(essional or lay1 is f\nd 9 ! relief exp]i5c$ 9 pass+ f ! gall]ies ( ! old to ^? ( ! new art 9 ,europe1 9 t "o f9ds repose & exp]i5ces a relief ( m5tal t5sion1 discov]+ ) ! latt] ! balance ( l9e1 ( mass & ( color1 & t g5]al simplicity s necess>y to h>mony1 :i* sugge/s t ! weakness ( ! old] art lay 9 ! la/ ( ! ?ree ess5tials ( pa9t+2 =m1 color & composition4 ,! l[-ton$ h>monies ( "t-mell[$ color we w\ld be loa? to ex*ange = aught else1 except = t elem5t ( di/urbance s vague & s difficult ( def9ition1 namely1 lack ( composition4 ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,con/ruction ,9 ! s+le case ( portrait composition ( two figures 7m difficult ?an ( "o1 ?ree or m7 x is wor?y ( note h[ f> beyond ! old] are ! lat] ma/]s2 or 9 ! case ( ! gr\p+ ( l&scape elem5ts1 or 9 ! arrangem5t ( figures or animals 9 l&scape1 h[ a f9] s5se 9 su* arrangem5t has come to art4 ,ma/]ful composition ( _m figures h[ev] has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 c]ta9 examples ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,rub5s1 ,corregio & ! great ,v5etians1 yet :ile we laud ! successes ( ^! m5 we %\ld n =get _! lapses nor ! errors 9 composition ( _! contempor>ies4 ,^? read]s :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ! cre$ & cate*ism ( ! old ma/]s1 & swall[$ !m :ole1 ) no que/ions1 ,i beg w lay aside traditional prejudice1 & reg>d+ e "w ) ref]5ce to nei!r "n nor date1 *all5ge x only ) ! c\nt]sign 8good composition40 ,?is w require an uns5tim5tal view1 :i* ne$ n & %\ld n be an unsympa!tic "o1 b :i* w\ld b>e ! subject ( t :i* ov]zeal\s devotion has be/[$ ^u x1 a comp\nd accumulation ( c5turies4 ,! mo/ s]i\s "w yet writt5 on composition1 ,burnet's 8,light & ,%ade10 0 p5n$ at a "t :5 ! influ5ce ( old ma/]s held undisput$ sway4 ,! ?\ght ( t day 9 syllogism w\ld run z foll[s3 ,! "w ( ! ,old ,ma/]s 9 its composition is beyond reproa*4 ,botticelli1 ,raphael1 ,paul ,pott]1 ,w\v]mans1 ,cuyp1 ,dom5i*9o1 ,dr]1 ,t5i]s et al41 are ,old ,ma/]s4 ,!re=e1 we accept _! works z models ( good composition1 to be foll[$ = all ages4 ,& "u su* a cre$ a "w valuable f _m po9ts ( view has be5 crippl$ by its free use ( models1 :i* 9 "s cases compromise ! argum5ts ( ! au?or1 & 9 o!rs1 if us$ by arti/s ( ! pres5t day1 w\ld only s]ve to adm9i/] a rebuke to _! simple tru/1 9 t practical mann] kn[n to juries1 hang+ committees & publi%]s4 ,:y ,art ,)\t ,composition is ,crippl$3 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,veil--,raphael2 ,! ,la/ ,judgem5t--,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y--,dur]2 ,! ,annunciation--,botticelli2 ,9 ,c5tral ,p>k2 ,! ,inn--,t5i]s ,! slight advance made 9 ! field ( pa9t+ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies has come ?r\gh ?is *annel1 & /range w\ld x seem if ! /riv+ ( ?is long p]iod %\ld %[ no improvem5t 9 any direction4 ,composition is ! mort> ( ! wall1 z draw+ & color are its rocks ( def5ce4 ,)\t x ! /ones are ( little value1 & are b sep>ate integrals hav+ no unity4 ,if ! read] agrees ) ?is1 !n he agrees to ?r[ out ( ! category ( ! picture all pictorial repres5tations :i* %[ no composition4 ,?is classification elim9ates mo/ ( ! illu/rations ( sci5tific "w2 su* illu/rations z aim only at facts ( incid5t1 space or topography1 photographic reproductions ( gr\ps :]e9 ea* individual is %[n to be q z important z e o!r1 & :i*1 !re=e1 become a collection ( sep>ate pictures1 & su* illu/rations z are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! daily pap]s1 :]e opportunities = picture-mak+ h be5 div]t$ to %[ :]e ! victim fell1 & :]e ! murd]] escap$1 or :]e ! man dr[n$--usually designat$ by a />4 ,^! are n pictures1 b p]spective maps to locate ev5ts4 ,besides ^!1 9 ! field ( pa9t+1 are to be f\nd n[ & !n products ( an arti/'s skill :i*1 ?\gh int]e/+ 9 te*nique & color1 give little pleasure to a well-balanc$ m9d1 de/itute z !y are ( ! simple pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! univ]se ( matt]4 ,take f nature ! pr9ciples ( balance1 & y deprive x ( h>mony2 take f x h>mony & y h *aos4 ,a picture may h z its compon5t p>ts a man1 a horse1 a tree1 a f5ce1 a road & a m\nta92 b ^! ?r[n toge!r ^u canvas d n make a picture2 & n1 inde$1 until !y h be5 arrang$ or compos$4 ,! argum5t1 !re=e1 is t )\t composition1 !re c be no picture2 t ! composition ( pictorial units into a :ole is ! picture4 ,simple z its pr9ciples are1 x is amaz+1 "o might almo/ say amus+1 to note h[ easily !y elud$ _m arti/s ( ! e>li] p]iods1 ^: "w te*nically is valuable1 & h[ ! new s*ool ( ,impressionism or ,naturalism has assum$ _! non-importance4 ,t all ,impressioni/s d n agree ) ! foll[+ is evid5c$ by ! good t comes to u ) _! m>k1--8,oppos$ to ! mis]able law ( composition1 symmetry1 balance1 arrangem5t ( p>ts1 fill+ ( space1 z ?\gh ,nature h]self does n d t t5 ?\s& times bett] 9 h] own pretty way40 ,! ass]tion t composition is a "p ( ,nature's law1 t x is done by h] & well done we are glad to he> 9 ! same brea? ( invective t seeks to annihilate x4 ,:51 "u ?is curse we take f our picture "o by "o ! elem5ts on :i* x is build$1 ! result we w\ld be able to pres5t )\t (f5ce to ! au?or ( 8,naturali/ic ,pa9t+10 ,mr4 ,francis ,bate4 8,! arti/10 says ,mr4 ,:i/l]1 8is born to pick1 & *oose1 & gr\p ) sci5ce ^! elem5ts1 t ! result may be beautiful--z ! musician ga!rs 8 notes & =ms 8 *ords until he br+s =? f *aos glori\s h>mony4 ,to say to ! pa9t] t ,nature is to be tak51 z %e is1 is to say to ! play] t he may sit on ! piano4 ,t ,nature is always "r is an ass]tion arti/ically1 z untrue z x is "o ^: tru? is univ]sally tak5 = grant$4 ,nature is v r>ely "r to su* an ext5t1 ev51 t x might almo/ be said t ,nature is usually wrong2 t is to say1 ! condition ( ?+s t %all br+ ab\t ! p]fection ( h>mony wor?y a picture is r>e1 & n common at all40 ,betwe5 ! life class1 ) its model /&+ 9 academic pose & ! pictur$ sc5e 9 :i* ! model becomes a factor 9 ! expression ( an idea1 !re is a great gulf fix$4 ,! precept ( ! ateli]s is pa9t ! figure2 if y c d t1 y c pa9t any?+4 ,influ5c$ by ?is half tru? _m a /ud5t1 ) ye>s ( pati5t life s*ool tra9+ beh9d him1 has s\ght to ent] ! picture-mak+ /age ) a s+le /ep4 ,he !n discov]s t :at he _h le>n$ to d clev]ly by means ( r\t9e practice1 0 9 reality ! easie/ ?+ to d 9 ! manufacture ( a picture1 & t /]n] difficulties await$ him 9 8 settlem5t ( ! figure into its surr\nd+s--backgr\nd & =egr\nd47#a7 ,_m portrait pa9t]s ass]t t x is ! sett+ ( ! subject :i* gives !m ! mo/ tr\ble4 ,! portraiti/ deals ) b a s+le figure1 yet ?is1 9 comb9ation ) its scanty support1 provokes ?is well-kn[n comm5t4 ,! lay community _c und]/& ?is4 ,x seems illogical4 ,x c only be compreh5d$ by him :o pa9ts4 ,! figure is tangible & repres5ts ! kn[n4 ,! backgr\nd is a space op5$ into ! unkn[n1 a place = ! expressions ( fancy4 ,x is ! tone quality accompany+ ! song1 ! subject's reliance = balance & contra/4 ,an inquiry into ! /atem5t t ! accessories ( ! subject dem& a high] degree ( arti/ic skill ?an ! pa9t+ ( ! subject itself1 & t on ^! accessories dep5d ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! subject1 leads directly to ! pr9ciples ( composition4 8,x mu/ ( necessity be10 says ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 8t ev5 works ( g5ius1 l e o!r effect1 z !y mu/ h _! cause1 mu/ also h _! rules2 x _c be by *ance t excell5cies are produc$ ) any con/ancy or any c]ta9ty1 = ?is is n ! nature ( *ance2 b ! rules by :i* m5 ( extraord9>y p>ts1 & su* z are call$ m5 ( g5ius1 "w1 are ei!r su* z !y discov] by _! own peculi> obs]vations1 or ( su* a nice texture z n easily to admit be+ express$ 9 words1 especially z arti/s are n v frequ5tly skillful 9 t mode ( communicat+ ideas4 ,unsub/antial1 h[ev]1 z ^! rules may seem1 & difficult z x may be to convey !m 9 writ+1 !y are /ill se5 & felt 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/2 & he works f !m ) z mu* c]ta9ty z if !y 7 embodi$ ^u pap]4 ,x is true ^! ref9$ pr9ciples _c always be made palpable1 z ! m gross rules ( art2 yet x does n foll[ b t ! m9d may be put 9 su* a tra9 t x /ill p]ceives by a k9d ( sci5tific s5se t propriety :i* words1 p>ticul>ly words ( impractical writ]s1 su* z we are1 c b v feebly sugge/40 ,sci5ce has to d :olly ) tru?1 ,art ) bo? tru? & beauty2 b 9 arrang+ a prec$5ce %e puts beauty fir/4 ,our reg>d = ! sci5ce ( composition is ackn[l$g$ :51 aft] hav+ enjoy$ ! pa9t]'s "w f ! art side alone1 ! sci5ce ( its /ructure beg9s to appe>4 ,in/ead ( ! concealm5t ( art by art x is ! suppression ( ! sci5ce end ( art t takes our cunn+4 8,! picture :i* looks mo/ l nature to ! un9itiat$10 says a clev] writ]1 8w probably %[ ! mo/ att5tion to ! rules ( ! arti/40 ,t5 ye>s ago ! writ] took "p 9 an aft]-d9n] discussion at ! ,am]ican ,art ,association ( ,p>is ov] ! expression 8! rules ( composition40 ,a numb] ( arti/s jo9$ 9 ! debate1 all giv+ _! op9ion )\t prem$itation4 ,"s ma9ta9$ t ! pr9ciples ( composition 7 no?+ m ?an ae/hetic ta/e & judgm5t1 appli$ by a pa9t] ( exp]i5ce4 ,o!rs1 ) less begg>y ( ! "q1 affirm$ t ! pr9ciples 7 negative r ?an positive4 ,!y w>n$ ! arti/ r ?an in/ruct$ him2 &1 if rules 7 to foll[ pr9ciples1 !y 7 rules conc]n+ :at %\ld n be done4 ,! epitome ( ! debate 0 t composition 0 l salt1 9 ! def9ition ( ! small boy1 :o decl>$ t salt is :at makes ?+s ta/e bad :5 y don't put any on4 ,?ree ,ideas 9 ,pictorial ,balance ,! ,classic ,scales--equal weights on ev5 arms1 ! controll+ idea ( decorative composition4 ,a lat] notion ( balance--! ,/eely>d1 a small weight on ! long arm ( ! fulcrum1 admitt+ great range 9 ! placem5t ( balanc+ measures4 ,! ,scales or ,/eely>d 9 p]spective1 develop+ ! notion ( balance ?r\gh ! dep? ( a picture discov]able ov] a fulcrum or neutral space4 ,,*apt] ,,iii - ,,balance ,( all pictorial pr9ciples none comp>es 9 importance ) ,unity or ,balance4 8,:y all ?is int5se /riv+1 ?is /ruggle to a f9i%10 said ,george ,inness1 z1 at ! end ( a long day1 he flung himself exhau/$ ^u 8 l\nge1 8b an ef=t to obta9 unity1 unity40 ,! obs]v] ( an arti/ at "w w notice t he usually /&s at 8 easel & views 8 picture at v>i$ di/ances1 t he looks at x ov] 8 %\ld]1 t he rev]ses x 9 a mirror1 t he turns x upside d[n at times1 t he develops x ) dots or spots ( color "h & !re1 po9ts ( acc5t c>efully plac$ & (t-times *ang$4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is ?\ghtful weigh+ ( p>ts 9 ! sl[ly-gr[+ mosaic1 b t he labors "u ! re/ra9t ( a law :i* he feels compell$ to obey & ! break+ ( :i* w\ld cause angui% to 8 e/hetic s5se4 ,! law "u :i* 8 /riv+ proce$s is ! fundam5tal "o ( balance1 & ! critical arti/ obeys x :e!r he be ! mak] ( vignettes = a newspap]1 or ! pa9t] :o decl>es = color only1 or ! man :o tries h>d to produce naivete by disc>d+ composition4 ,! te/ to :i* ! s5sitive eye subjects e picture f :atsoev] cre$ or camp x comes is balance or equipoise1 judgm5t be+ r5d]$ )\t ?\ght ( ! law4 ,aft] ! picture has be5 left z f9i%$1 :y does an arti/ (t5 feel impell$ to create an acc5t on ?is side or weak5 an obtrusive "o on ! o!r side ( 8 canvas if n work+ "u a law ( balance8 ,let any picture be tak5 :i* has liv$ long en\gh be=e ! public to be consid]$ good by e "o2 or take a doz5 or m su* & add o!rs by arti/s :o decl>e aga9/ composition & yet h produc$ good pictures2 subject all ^! to ! foll[+ simple te/3 ,f9d ! actual c5tre ( ! picture & pass a v]tical & horizontal l9e ?r\gh x4 ,! v]tical division is ! m important1 z ! natural balance is on ! lat]al sides ( a c5tral support4 ,x w be f\nd t ! actual c5tre ( ! canvas is also ! actual pivot or c5tre ( ! picture1 & ar\nd su* a po9t ! v>i\s compon5ts gr\p !mselves1 pull+ & haul+ & w>r+ 9 _! claim = att5tion1 ! satisfactory picture %[+ z mu* design ( balance on "o side ( ! c5tre z ! o!r1 & ! picture complete 9 balance display+ ?is equipoise above & bel[ ! horizontal l9e4 ,n[1 9 ord] t :at seems at fir/ glance an exclusive /atem5t may be und]/ood1 ! read] %\ld realize t e item ( a picture has a c]ta9 positive p[]1 z ?\gh ea* object 7 a magnet ( giv5 pot5cy4 ,ea* has attraction = ! eye1 !re=e ea*1 :ile obta9+ att5tion = itself1 e/abli%es proportional detraction = e o!r "p4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( ! /eely>d1 ! f>!r f ! c5tre & m isolat$ an object is1 ! great] its weight or attraction4 ,!re=e1 9 ! balance ( a picture x w be f\nd t a v important object plac$ b a %ort di/ance f ! c5tre may be balanc$ by a v small object on ! o!r side ( ! c5tre & fur!r remov$ f x4 ,! :ole ( ! pictorial int]e/ may be on "o side ( a picture & ! o!r side be practically useless z f> z picturesqu5ess or /ory-tell+ opportunity is conc]n$1 b :i* f9ds its reason = exi/+ 9 ! balance1 & t alone4 ,9 ! empt9ess ( ! oppos+ half su* a picture1 :5 completely 9 balance1 w h "s bit ( detail or acc5t :i* ! eye 9 its circul>1 symmetrical inspection w cat*1 unconsci\sly1 & weave into its calculation ( balance2 or if n an object or acc5t or l9e ( attraction1 !n "s te*nical quality1 or spiritual quality1 su*1 = example1 z a /rong feel+ ( gloom1 or dep? = p5etration1 light or d>k1 a place 9 fact1 = ! eye to dwell ^u z an important "p 9 connection ) ! subject prop]1 & recogniz$ z su*4 ,b1 ! qu]i/ dem&s1 if all ! subject is on "o side ( ! c5tre & ! o!r side dep5ds = its exi/5ce on a balanc+ space or acc5t only1 :y n cut x (f8 ,d s4 ,!n y w h ! entire subject 9 "o-half ! space to be sure1 b its h>mony or balance w dep5d on ! equipoise :5 pivot$ 9 ! new c5tre4 ,,balance ,,( ,,! ,,/eely>d4 ,let ! read] make ! te/ ^u ! 8,connoisseurs0 & cut away ev]y?+ on ! "r beyond a l9e ?r\gh ! f>!r support ( ! mantel4 ,?is w place ! /atue 9 ! exact c5tre4 ,9 ?is %ape ! picture composes well4 ,9 re-add+ ?is space h[ev] ! c5tre is %ift$ leav+ ! /atue & two figures hang+ to "o side b close to ! pivot & dem&+ m balance 9 ?is add$ side4 ,n[ ! space alone1 ) v little 9 x1 has weight en\gh1 & j "h ! ov]-sci5tific en?usia/ might err2 b ! arti/ 9 ?is case f two o!r consid]ations has "h plac$ a figure4 ,x opposes its v]tical to ! horizontal ( ! table1 & cat*es & turns ! l9e ( ! %ad[ on ! wall into ! l9e ( ! rug4 ,an ext5d$ se>* 9 pictorial art gives w>rant = a rule1 ^u ?is pr9ciple1 namely3 :]e ! subject is on "o side ( ! c5tre x mu/ exi/ close to ! c5tre1 or1 9 t degree 9 :i* x dep>ts f ! c5tre1 %[ positive an*orage to ! o!r side4 ,p9es 9 ,w9t] 7,unbalance72 ,! ,connoisseurs--,=tuny 7,balance ( ! ,/eely>ds7 ,x is n ma9ta9$ t e good picture c %[ ?is complete balance2 b ! claim is made t ! /riv+ on ! "p ( its design] has be5 9 ! direction ( ?is balance1 & t1 _h x be5 secur$1 ! picture w\ld h be5 t mu* bett]4 ,let ?is simple te/ be appli$ by elim9ation ( ov]weight$ p>ts or addition ( items :]e ne$$1 on ?is pr9ciple1 & x w be f\nd t ! composition w always improve4 ,z a necess>y caution x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! small balanc+ weight ( ! /eely>d %\ld n become a po9t caus+ divid$ int]e/4 ,x is easy to recognize a good composition2 to tell :y x is good may be difficult2 to tell h[ x c\ld be made bett] is :at ! art work] desires to "k4 ,let ! /ud5t :5 9 d\bt weight out 8 picture 9 ! balances m9dful t ! pr9ciple ( ! /eely>ds cov]s ! items 9 ! dep? z well z across ! bread? ( ! picture4 ,,po/ulates ,e picture is a collection ( units or items4 ,e unit has a giv5 value4 ,! value ( a unit dep5ds on its attraction2 its attraction v>ies z to its placem5t4 ,an isolat$ unit ne> ! edge has frequ5tly m attraction ?an at ! c5tre4 ,e "p ( ! picture space has "s attraction4 ,space hav+ no detail may possess attraction by gradation & by association4 ,a unit ( attraction 9 an o!rwise empty space has m weight ?r\gh isolation ?an ! same :5 plac$ ) o!r units4 ,a black unit on :ite or a :ite on black has m attraction ?an ! same on gray4 ,! value ( a black or :ite unit is proportion$ to ! size ( space contra/+ ) x4 ,a unit 9 ! =egr\nd may h less weight ?an a l "o 9 ! di/ance4 ,two or m associat$ units may be reckon$ z "o & _! unit$ c5tre is ! po9t on :i* !y balance ) o!rs4 ,!re is balance ( ,l9e17#b7 ( ,mass17#c7 ( ,light & ,d>k17#d7 ( ,measure17#e7 :i* is secur$ ^u a scale ( attraction :i* ea* possesses4 ,_m pictures exhibit ^! 9 comb9ation4 ,! 8,lion ( ! ,des]t10 by ,g]ome %[s ?ree isolat$ spots & "o l9e ( attraction4 ,! tr5d ( vision on leav+ ! lion is to ! extreme "r & !nce back along ! pa?way ( ! d>k di/ance into ! picture to ! gr\p ( trees4 ,across ?is is an oppositional balance f ! bu%es ( ! =egr\nd to ! m\nta9s ( ! extreme di/ance4 ,! only l9e 9 ! composition1 bett] se5 9 ! pa9t+ ?an 9 ! reproduction1 c\nts mu* 9 ! balance ov] ! c5tre4 ,! placem5t ( ! important item or subject1 has little to d ) ! balance s*eme ( a picture4 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t1 & balance is a consid]ation beyond ?is4 ,9 e composition ! eye %\ld cross ! c5tral division at lea/ once4 ,?is initiates equipoise1 = 9 ! survey ( a picture ! eye naturally %ifts f ! c5tre ( int]e/1 :i* may be on "o side1 to ! o!r side ( ! canvas4 ,if !re be some?+ !re to receive x1 ! balance x seeks is gratifi$4 ,if x f9ds no?+1 ! arti/ mu/ create some?+1 ) ! conclusion t "s elem5t ( ! picture 0 lack+4 ,9 ! sn[-sc5e ! eye is attract$ f ! p9e-trees to ! h\ses on ! left & re/s !re1 no attraction hav+ be5 creat$ to move x to ! o!r half ( ! picture4 ,:at is kn[n z divid$ int]e/ 9 a picture is no?+ m ?an ! d\bt e/abli%$ by a false arrangem5t ( balance1 too great an attraction be+ us$ :]e less weight 0 ne$$4 ,! arti/ mu/ be ! judge ( ! degree ( satisfaction he all[s ?is feel+1 b no "o c ignore x & obta9 unity4 ,! "q ( degree mu/ h a caution plac$ be=e x2 = 9 an attempt to create a balance on ! opposite side ( ! v]tical ! t5d5cy is to use too heavy a weight4 ,! :ole ( ! subject is sometimes made to take its place well on "o side & ano!r item w\ld seem r$undant4 ,two po9ts w be notic$ 9 all ( su* cases3 t ! oppos+ half may ei!r be cut (f )\t damage1 or greatly elongat$1 & 9 bo? =ms ! picture seems to survive47#f7 ,! fact becomes an argum5t = ! !ory ( balance across a m$ial upright l9e2 9 ! fir/ in/ance by %ift+ ! l9e itself into ! c5tre ( ! subject1 & 9 ! second by secur+ m weight ( space ) :i* to balance ! subject4 ,portrait ( ,s>a ,b]nh>dt--,clair9 7,balance ,across ! ,natrual ,axis7 ,! portrait ( ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt1 an excell5t composition f _m po9ts ( view1 f9ds its mo/ app>5t balance on ei!r side ( ! s9u\s l9e ( light ?r\gh ! c5tre exhibit+ ! axis1 :i* _m pictures %[ 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,! oppos+ corn]s are well balanc$1 ! plant ov] aga9/ ! dog1 ) a trifle too mu* importance left to ! dog4 ,place ! f+] 9 obs]vation ov] ! head & =elegs ( ! dog1 tak+ ?is mu* (f & ! :ole composition ga9s1 n only because ! diagonal corn]s !n balance1 b because ! heads ( bo? woman & dog are too important = ! same side ( ! picture4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly possible 9 ! m complete composition to h bo? heads z !y are1 b ?is w\ld dem& m weight on ! o!r side2 or a %ift+ ( ! :ole picture v slightly t[>d ! left side4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ?is is n felt1 z ! head ( ! dog is s treat$ t x attracts b little1 ?\gh ! object be 9 ! close =egr\nd4 ,?is picture also balances on ! horizontal & v]tical l9es4 ,"h we h ! dog & fan balanc+ ! body & plant4 ,! balance across ! diagonal ( ! figure1 by ! opposition ( ! dog ) ! plant is v complete4 ,jo9$ ) ! hang+ lamp above1 ?is s9u\s l9e effects a lett] ,s or )\t ! dog & leaf ,hog>?'s l9e ( beauty4 ,9 ! matt] also ( ! weak5+ ( ! necess>y f\ndation l9es :i* support ! figure 7! s(a71 & cut ! picture 9 two1 ?is curv+ figure1 ! pill[ & ! l>ge leaf d excell5t s]vice4 ,:5 "o fills a vase ) fl[]s he aims at bo? unity & balance1 & if1 9 ei!r color comb9ation1 or 9 mass+ & acc5t1 x lacks ?is1 ! result is di/urb+4 ,let ! vase become a b[l & let ! b[l be plac$ on its edge & made to resemble a frame1 entirely surr\nd+ ! b\quet2 8 ef=t rema9s ! same4 ,to be effective 9 a frame1 balance & unity are j z necess>y4 ,! eye f9ds repose & delight 9 ! p]fect equipoise ( elem5ts1 br\ght into comb9ation & b\nd toge!r by ! girdle ( ! frame4 ,a picture %\ld be able to hang f its exact c5tre4 ,imp]fect composition inflicts ^u ! behold] ! duty ( accommodat+ 8 head to ! false angle ( ! picture4 ,pictures t /& ! te/ ( "t d n dem& a/igmatic glasses4 ,we view !m balanc$1 & !y repeat ! c\nt]sign--8balanc$40 ,aft] settl+ ^u ?is z ! great consid]ation 9 ! subject ( composition & r$uc+ ! pr9ciple to ! above law1 ,i confess ,i _h n ! full c\rage ( my conviction = a six mon?1 = n[ & !n a picture w\ld appe> t at fir/ glance seem$ l an unruly colt1 to refuse to be h>ness$ to ! !ory & 0 9 dang] ( kick+ x to pieces4 ,aft] a numb] ( su* app>5t exceptions & ! ease ) :i* !y submitt$ to ! te/ ( absolute balance f ! c5tre1 on ! s*eme ( ! /eely>ds1 ,i am n[ entirely conv9c$ t :at writ]s h t]m$ ! 8v vague subject ( composition10 8! p]plex+ "q ( arrangem5t ( p>ts10 etc41 yields to ?is simple/ law1 & :i*1 9 its directness & cle>ness1 af=ds ! simple/ ( work+ rules4 ,^? ^: arti/ic fre$om bids defiance to ! slav]y ( rule1 z appli$ to an arti/ic product1 & :o try to produce some?+ t %all break all rules1 9 ! hope ( be+ orig9al1 sp5d ! great] "p ( ! "t 9 b cov]+ ! surface s t ! pr9ciple may n be too easily se51 & ! re/ ( ! "t 9 balanc+ ! unbalanc$4 ,z ! balance ( ! figure dom9ates all o!r consid]ations 9 ! /atue or pa9t+ ( ! human =m1 s does ! equipoise ( ! picture1 or its balance ( p>ts1 become ! *ief consid]ation 9 its composition4 ,! figure balances its weight ov] ! po9t ( support1 z ! fly+ ,m]cury on 8 toes1 ! picture ^u a fulcrum on :i* l>ge & small masses hang ) ! same delicate adju/m5t4 ,9 ,=tuny's 8,connoisseurs10 ! two m5 look+ at a picture close to ! left ( ! c5tre =m ! subject4 ,! d>k mass beh9d !m /ops (f fur!r p5etration 9 ?is direction1 b ! eye is drawn away into ! light on ! "r & seeks ! man c>ry+ a portfolio4 ,at 8 di/ance1 toge!r ) ! light$ objects he easily balances ! important gr\p on ! o!r side ( ! c5tre4 ,inde$1 ) ! attractiv5ess ( ! clock1 vase1 plaque1 mantel & *e/1 8 face w\ld h add$ a gra9 too mu*1 & ?is ! arti/ happily avoid$ by cov]+ x ) ! portfolio4 ,lady ) ,muff--,photo ,a4 ,hewitt 7,/eely>d 9 ,p]spective7 ,9 ! portrait /udy ( 8,lady ) ,muff10 "o fir/ receives ! impression t ! figure has be5 c>elessly plac$ &1 inde$1 x w\ld g = a "o-sid$ & ?\ghtless arrangem5t b = ! little item1 almo/ lo/ 9 %ad[1 on ! left side4 ,?is bit ( detail enables ! eye to p5etrate ! heavy %ad[1 & is a good example ( ! value ( ! small weight on ! long arm ( ! /eely>d1 :i* balances its oppos+ heavy weight4 ,?is picture is trimm$ a little too mu* on ! top to balance across ! horizontal l9e1 &1 inde$1 ?is balance is ! lea/ important1 &1 9 "s cases1 n desirable2 b ! l9e ( light foll[+ d[n f ! face & across ! muff & into ! lap n only assi/s ?is balance1 b c>ries ! eye into ! left half1 & = t reason is v valuable 9 ! lat]al balance1 :i* is all important to ! upright subject4 ,"o o!r consid]ation reg>d+ ?is picture1 9 ! matt] ( balance1 conta9s a pr9ciple3 ,! l9e ( ! figure curves 9 t[>d ! fl[] & pot :i* become ! radius ( ! :ole inn] cont\r4 ,?is creates an elliptical l9e ( obs]vation1 :i* be+ ! arc on ?is radius receives a pull t[>d its c5tre4 ,!re is a modicum ( balance 9 ! m]e weight ( ?is empty space1 b :5 giv5 =ce by its isolation1 plus ! concession to its c5tripetal significance1 ! small item does great s]vice 9 settl+ ! equilibrium ( ! picture4 ,! l9es are precisely ^? ( ! ,rub5s rec5tly add$ to ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 :]e9 ! figures ( ,m>y1 h] "m1 ,*ri/ & ,john =m ! arc & ! b5d+ =m ( ! monk its oppositional balance4 ,9 pro( ( ! fact t ! half balance1 or t on ei!r side ( ! v]tical is suffici5t 9 _m subjects1 see su* portraits 9 :i* ! head alone is attractive1 ! re/ be+ suppress$ 9 detail & light1 = ! sake ( ?is attraction4 ,x is r>ely t figure art deals ) balance ov] ! horizontal c5tral l9e 9 conjunction ) balance ov] ! v]tical4 ,"o may recall photographs ( figures 9 :i* ! positions on ! field ( ! plate are v mu* to "o side ( ! c5tre1 b :i* h ! qualify+ elem5t 9 lead+ l9e or balance by an isolat$ measure t br+s !m )9 ! requirem5ts ( unity4 ,! 8,bro!r & ,si/]0 7#g7 by ,miss ,kasebi]--! boy 9 sailor cap cr[d+ up to ! face & =m ( 8 y\ng] si/]1--owes mu* to ! long1 /rongly-reliev$ l9e ( ! boy's side & leg :i* draws ! weight to ! opposite side ( ! picture4 ,9 imag9ation we may see ! leg bel[ ! knee & "k h[ f> on ! opposite side ( ! c5tral v]tical 8 po9t ( support really is4 ,! movem5t 9 bo? figures orig9ates f ?is side ( ! picture z ! l9es ( ! drap]y %[4 ,deprive su* a composition ( its balanc+ l9e & in/ead ( a picture we w\ld h b two figures on "o side ( a plate4 ,! significance ( ! horizontal balance is be/ und]/ood 9 l&scape1 ) its ext5d$ p]spective4 ,"h ! idea becomes rem9isc5t ( our *ildhood's 8teet]40 ,conceiv+ a long space f =egr\nd to di/ance1 occupi$ ) v>i$ degrees ( int]e/1 x is app>5t h[ easily "o end may become too heavy = ! o!r4 ,! temp]+ ( su* a *a9 ( items until ! equipoise is atta9$ mu/ be coord9ate ) ! ef=t t[>d ! lat]al balance4 ,,v]tical ,,& ,,horizontal ,,balance4 ,9 ! 8,salute to ! ,w\nd$10by ,detaille1 complete & =mal balance on bo? ! v]tical & horizontal l9e is %[n4 ,! *ief ( /aff is on "o side ( c5tre1 balanc$ by ! (fic] on ! o!r1 & ! rema9+ memb]s ( /aff balance ! ,g]man infantry4 ,al?\gh ! heads ( prison]s are all above ! horizontal l9e1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! body comes bel[--a j equival5t--&1 9 ! case ( ! horsem51 ! legs & bodies ( ! horses draw d[n ! balance t[>d ! bottom ( ! canvas1 specially aid$ by ! two cuirassi]s 9 ! left corn]4 ,9 addition to ?is1 note ! value ( ! placem5t ( ! gray horse & rid] at left1 z a means ( int]rupt+ ! necess>y & objectionable l9e ( feet across ! canvas & lead+ ! eye into ! picture & t[>d ! focus1 bo? by ! curve to ! left1 includ+ ! black horse1 & also by ! direct jump across ! picture1 ?r\gh ! :ite horse & t[>d ! real subject--i4e41 ! prison]s4 ,lion 9 ! ,des]t--,g]ome 7,balance ( ,isolat$ ,measures72 ,salute to ! ,w\nd$--,detaille 7,balance ( ,equal ,measures7 ,mu* has be5 writt5 by way ( sugge/ion 9 composition deal+ ) ?is picture or t to illu/rate a ?\ght :i* might h be5 simplifi$ ov] ! s+le idea ( balance :i* conta9s ! :ole secret & :i* if once und]/ood 9 all ( its phases ( possible *ange w e/abli% proc$ure ) a surety inde$ gratify+ to him :o halts que/ion+ ! next /ep1 or n kn[+ positively t ! "o he has tak5 is correct4 ,^! criticisms vaguely nam$ 8confusion10 8/iffness10 8scatt]$ quantity10 etc41 all lead 9 to ! root1 unbalance1 & are to be correct$ !re4 ,balance is ( importance accord+ to ! numb] ( units to be compos$4 ,mu* great] lic5se may be tak5 9 settl+ a s+le figure into its picture-space ?an :5 ! composition involves _m4 ,9 fact ! m9d pays little he$ to ! consid]ation ( balance until a complication ( _m units =ces ! necessity ^u x4 ,! pa9t] :o e/eems lightly ! subject ( composition is usually f\nd to be ! pa9t] ( simple subjects--portraits & non-discursive !mes1 b ?\gh ^! may survive 9 antagonism to su* pr9ciples _! au?ors are dem&+ m f ! te*nical quality ( _! "w ?an is its mission to supply4 ,! fir/ two ma9 l9es1 if !y t\* or cross1 />t a composition4 ,aft] t x is necess>y to "w ^u ! picture z x hangs 9 ! balances4 ,! inutility ( consid]+ composition 9 outl9e or 9 solid mass ( tone z a safe fir/ analysis ( f9i%$ "w is evid5t :5 we discov] t n until we h br\ght ! picture to ! la/ /age ( detail f9i% d we fully encompass balance4 ,! conception :i* looks acceptable to "o's g5]al idea 9 outl9e may f9i% all askew2 or ! s*eme ( ,light & ,d>k 9 "o or two flat tones m9us ! balance ( gradation w prove false z _m times z fai?ful1 z x draws t[>d completion4 ,x is because ( ?is t arti/s :5 compos+ r\ghly 9 ! pres5ce ( nature seldom if ev] produce note-book sket*es :i* lack ! unity ( gradation4 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s arti/s to pa9t important pictures f su* data :i*1 put d[n hot :5 ! impression is compulsory1 conta9 m ( ! ess5ce ( ! subject ?an ! fai?ful 8/udy0 done at leisure4 ,! possibilities ( balanc$ arrangem5t be+ s ext5sive1 susceptible 9 fact ( ! mo/ ecc5tric & fanta/ic composition1 x foll[s3 t its adaptability to all =ms ( pres5tation dis>ms argum5t aga9/ x4 ,9 almo/ e case1 :5 ! "w ( an accompli%$ pa9t] fails to conv9ce1 ?r\gh t complet5ess :i* ( all qualities /&s fir/1 :51 aft] ! la/ ^w has be5 said by him1 :51 nature1 9 %ort1 has be5 satisfi$ & ! "w /ill cont9ues 9 its feeble /ate ( insurrection1 :i* _m arti/s w confess x frequ5tly requires ye>s to quell1 x is sure pro( t way back 9 ! e>ly con/ruction ( su* a picture "s elem5t ( unbalance _h be5 all[$4 ,,! ,,natural ,,axis ,9 v>y+ degrees pictures express :at may be t]m$ a natural axis1 on :i* _! compon5ts arrange !mselves 9 balanc$ composition4 ,?is axis is ! visible or imag9>y l9e :i* ! eye accepts connect+ ! two mo/ prom95t measures or su* a l9e :i* fir/ arre/s ! att5tion4 ,if !re be b "o figure1 gr\p or measure1 & !re be an op5+ or po9t ( attraction ?r\gh ! backgr\nd div]t+ ! vision f su* to x1 !n ?is l9e ( direction becomes ! axis4 ,! axis does n m]ely connect two po9ts )9 ! picture1 b pi]ces x1 & ! ne> end ( ! %aft has mu* to d ) ?is balance4 ,balance across ! c5tre effects ! unity ( ! picture 9 its limitations ) its frame4 ,balance on ! axis expresses ! natural balance ( ! subject z we feel x 9 nature :5 x t\*es u p]sonally & w\ld connect our _s ) its own4 ,we disc]n ! =m] m readily :]e ! subject confronts u ) little dep? ( backgr\nd4 ,we get into ! movem5t ( ! latt] :5 ! rea* is f> 91 & we feel ! subject revolv+ on its pivot & /ret*+ "o arm t[>d u :ile ! o!r p5etrates ! visible or ! unkn[n di/ance4 ,balance con/ruct$ ov] ?is l9e w br+ ! work] to z unifi$ a result z ! use ( ! /eely>d on ! c5tral v]tical l9e4 ,9 ?is me?od !re is less re/ra9t & :5 ! axis is well m>k$ x is be/ to take x4 ,n e subject develops x h[ev]4 ,x is easily felt 9 ,clair9's portrait ( ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt1 ! 8,lady ) ,muff10 8,! ,pa? ( ! ,surf10 & 9 ! l9e ( ! horse1 ,indian1 & sunset4 ,:5 ! axis is f\nd1 its =ce %\ld be modifi$ by oppos$ l9es or measures1 on "o or bo? sides4 ,9 ^! f\r examples good composition has be5 effect$ 9 proportion z su* balance is indicat$2 9 ! fir/ by dog & palm1 9 ! second by fl[]-pot1 9 ! ?ird by ! light on ! /ubble & cl\d 9 left h& corn]1 & 9 ! la/ by ! rocks & op5 sea4 ,a fur!r se>* among ! accompany+ illu/rations w\ld reveal x 9 ! sweep+ l9e ( cuirassi]s1 #ahjg balanc$ by ! gr\p ab\t ,napoleon1 ! l9e ( ! hulk & ! light ( ! sky 9 8,h] ,la/ ,moor+s10 ! c5tral curv$ l9e 9 8,! ,body ( ,patroclus0 ! diagonal l9e ?r\gh ! arm ( ,ariadne into ! =e>m ( ,bac*us4 ,,app>5t ,,or ,,=mal ,,balance4 ,raphael is a cov5i5t po9t at :i* to comm5ce a /udy ( composition4 ,8 /yle 0 influ5c$ by ?ree consid]ations3 w>n+ by ! pitfalls ( composition into :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h fall52 confid5ce t ! absolutely =mal balance 0 safe2 & lack ( exp]i5ce to "k t any?+ else 0 z good4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! environm5t = :i* mo/ ( 8 works 7 produc$4 ,8 0 an ar*itectural plan ( arrangem5t1 & ?is well suit$ bo? ! dignity ( 8 subject & ! *a/e conceptions ( a well pois$ m9d4 ,raphael1 !re=e1 /&s z ! *ief expon5t ( in=mal composition4 ,8 plan 0 to place ! figure ( greate/ importance 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is %\ld h its support 9 balanc+ figures on ei!r side2 an attempt !n (t5 obs]vable 0 to weak5 ?is set =mality by o!r objects :]e91 ?\gh measure respond$ to measure1 !re 0 a slight *ange 9 k9d or degree1 ! :ole arrangem5t resembl+ t ( an army 9 battle array2 ) its c5tre1 flanks & skirmi%]s4 ,! balance ( equal measures--se5 9 8 8,si/9e ,madonna10 is conspicu\s 9 mo/ ecclesia/ical pictures ( t p]iod1 notably ! 8,la/ ,supp] ( ,leon>do0 9 :i* two gr\ps ( ?ree p]sons ea* are pos$ on ei!r side ( ! pivotal figure4 ,?is has become ! /&>d arrangem5t = all classical balanc$ composition 9 pictorial decoration4 ,! d\bl+ ( objects on ei!r side ( a c5tral figure n only gives to x importance1 b contributes to ! composition t quietude1 symmetry & solemnity s compatible ) religi\s feel+ or decorative requirem5t4 ,! objection to ?is plan ( balance is t x divides ! picture into equal p>ts1 nei!r "o hav+ prec$5ce1 & ! subdivisions may be cont9u$ indef9itely4 ,= ?is reason x has no place 9 g5re art4 ,its antiphonal responses belong to ! temple4 ,a m objectionable =m ( balance on ! c5tre is t 9 :i* ! c5tre is ( small importance4 ,?is cuts ! picture into halves )\t reason4 ,! 8,dut* ,peasants on ! ,%ore10 8,l[ ,tide10 & 8,! ,p\lt]]s10 & ,david's 8,rape ( ! ,sab9e ,wom510 are examples4 ,^! pictures pres5t ?ree degrees ( =mal balance4 ,9 ! fir/ a lack ( sequ5ce impairs ! picture's unity4 ,9 ! second1 ?\gh ! objects are contigu\s !re is no subjective union1 & 9 ,david's composition ! =mality ( ! decorative /ructure is inapplicable to ! !me4 ,! circul> gr\p ( ,dagnan-,b\v]et's 8,p>don 9 ,brittany10 :]e ! peasants are squatt$ on ! left 9 ! =egr\nd is a d>+ bit ( balance1 f9d+ its ju/ification 9 ! movem5t ( int]e/ t[>d ! "r 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 all =ms1 save ! classic decoration x %\ld be ! arti/'s ef=t to conceal ! balance ov] ! c5tre4 ,9 avoid+ ! equal divisions ( ! picture plane a practical plan ( con/ruction is bas$ ^u ! /rong po9ts z oppos$ to ! weak ones4 ,x assumes t ! weak po9t is ! c5tre1 & t 9 all types ( composition :]e =mality is n desir$ ! c5tre is to be avoid$4 ,any po9ts equidi/ant f any two sides are also weak po9ts4 ,! inequalities 9 di/ance %\ld be> a ma!matical ratio to ea* o!r z "o & two-?irds1 two & ?ree-fif?s4 ,^! po9ts w be /ronge/ & be/ adapt$ = ! placem5t ( objects :i* are di/ant f ! b\nd>y l9es & ! corn]s1 9 degrees mo/ v>i$4 ,if we take a canvas ( ord9>y proportion1 namely1 "o ^: l5g? is equal to ! hypo!nuse on ! squ>e ( its bread?1 z #bhcf or #ahbd & divide x into unequal divisions z ?ree1 five or sev51 we w produce po9ts on :i* good composition w result4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! rema9+ two-?irds becomes a unit z has ! "o-?ird4 ,if ! l>g] is giv5 ! prec$5ce x c>ries ! int]e/2 if n x mu/ be sacrific$ to ! small] division4 ,on ?is pr9ciple x may be se5 t a figure c\ld occupy a position 9 ! c5tre if x ti$ itself 9 a positive way to t division :i* c>ri$ ! rema9d] ( ! int]e/ ?us becom+ unobjectionable z an elem5t divid+ ! picture into equal p>ts4 ,! =mula is always productive ( excell5t results4 7,see ,h[>d's 8,sket*]'s ,manual407 ,?is proportional division ( ! picture "o may f9d 9 ! be/ ( ,claude ,lorra9e's l&scapes1 ) him a favorite me?od ( con/ruction4 ,x sugge/s ! pill>s & span = a susp5sion tre/le4 ,:51 z is inv>iably se5 9 ,claude's works ! ne>e/ "o is 9 %ad[1 ! vision is project$ f ?is ?r\gh ! space int]v5+ to ! di/ant & m attractive "o4 ,a feel+ ( great dep? is insep>able f ?is arrangem5t4 ,,balance ,,by ,,opposition ,,( ,,l9e4 ,a s]ies ( oppositional l9es has m v>iety & is !re=e m picturesque ?an ! tang5t its equival5t4 ,! simple/ def9ition ( picturesqu5ess is v>iety 9 unity4 ,! l9es ( ! long road 9 p]spective (f] easy conduct = ! eye1 b x f9ds a great] int]e/ 9 ?read+ its way ov] a track lo/1 !n f\nd1 lo/ & f\nd aga94 ,9 "t we z surely arrive f a to z by "o r\te z by ! o!r1 b 9 "o ! j\rney has _h ! great] int]e/4 ,imag9e a hillside & sky (f]$ z a picture4 ,! hillside is )\t detail1 ! sky a blank4 ,! fir/ item introduc$ attracts ! eye1 ! second & ?ird are jo9$ ) ! fir/4 ,if !y p>allel ! l9e ( ! hillside !y d no?+ t[>d ! developm5t ( ! picture b r h>m by introduc+ an elem5t ( monotony4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are s plac$ 9 sky & l& z to accompli% opposition to ?is l9e !y help to s5d ! eye on its travels4 ,no bett] example ( ?is pr9ciple c be cit$ ?an ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,/eiglitz's pictorial photograph ( two ,dut* wom5 on ! %ore4 ,! l9es ( ropes ?r\gh ! =egr\nd connect ) o!rs 9 ! middle di/ance lead+ tang5tially to ! h\se beyond4 ,to "o :o f5ces or has us$ ! broad sword a feel+ = oppositional l9e %\ld come z second nature4 ,a long sweep+ /roke mu/ be p>ri$ or oppos$ frankly2 ! ripo/e mu/ also be p>ri$4 ,a b\t is a picturesque composition ( two m5 & two m9ds 9 :i* unity ( ! :ole & ( ! p>ts is pres]v$ by ! balance ( oppos$ measures4 ,! analogy is appropriate4 ,! arti/ /&s (f bru% 9 h& & fights 8 subject to a f9i%1 ! =ce ( "o /roke neutraliz+ & p>ry+ ano!r4 ,?is is z true ( l9e> z color composition1 :]e ! s*eme is "o produc+ h>mony by opposition ( colors4 ,indian & ,horse--,photo ,a4,c4 ,bode 7,oppposition ( ,light & ,d>k ,measures72 ,! ,cab>et--,l4 ,l'h]mitte 7,opposition ,plus ,transition7 ,9 ! photograph ( ! ,indian & horse we h a subject full ( f9e quality4 ,! demon/ration occurs 9 ! sky at j ! "r place to s]ve z a balance = ! heavy measures ( ! =egr\nd & ! int]e/ is drawn back into ! picture & to ! upp] left h& corn] by ! two cl\d =ms1 ov] :i* is %>ply ?r[n a b>ricade ( cl\d :i* turns ! vision back into ! picture4 ,! simplicity ( ! ?ree broad tones is appropriate to ! s5tim5t ( va/ness :i* ! picture conta9s4 ,! figure seat$ 9 rev]y be=e ?is expanse supplies ! m5tal elem5t to ! subject1 ! anti!sis ( :i* is ! int]e/ ( ! horse1 e>?w>d4 ,ea* "o has 8 way1 & 9 ! *oice by ea* is ! def9ition ( man & brute1 a sep>ation :i* ! pose ( ea* figure indicates ?r\gh physical disunion4 ,! space betwe5 !m wid5s ^u ! horizon l9e4 ,to e/abli% ! necess>y pictorial connection or at lea/ a h9t ( x sugge/s ?ree devices4 ,a l>iat 9 a curv+ l9e might be slightly indicat$ ?r\gh ! grass3 ! =egr\nd might be cut s z to limit ! range t[>d u2 or a brok5 l9e may be con/ruct$ diagonally f ! horse's left foot by a few acc5ts 9 ! light ( ! /ubble4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! union is effect$ by transition ( l9e2 9 ! la/ by opposition ( ! spot ( ! figure to ! l9e ( ! horse's %\ld] & leg ext5d$ by a l9e ?r\gh ! grass4 ,) ! coalition ( ^! two figures !re w\ld no long] be felt a procession ( ?ree items 9 a /raight p]spective l9e3 ! horse1 ! man1 & ! di/ant riv]4 ,in/ead x w\ld be ! horse & own] ov] aga9/ ! notion ( prairie1 riv]1 & sky4 ,,balance ,,by ,,opposition ,,( ,,spots4 ,spots or acc5ts are 9 ! majority ( cases equival5t to a l9e4 ,! eye foll[s ! l9e m easily1 b ! spot is a pot5t =ce ( attraction & we take ! arti/'s h9t 9 8 use ( x1 (t5 f9d+ t its subtlety is wor? m ?an ! l9e's /r5g?4 ,9 ! case ( a simple hillside back-/opp$ by a d5se mass ( trees1 a flat & an upright plane are pres5t$1 b until ! vision is c>ri$ into & beyond ! l9e ( juncture ! opposition ( m]e planes accompli%es little1 ! only ?+ ?us e/abli%$ be+ a /rong effect ( light & %ade & n until ! eye is coax$ into ! sky s t !re be e/abli%$ a union betwe5 ! pa?way or o!r object on ! hill & ! di/ance1 w balance by transition be effect$4 ,?is is "o ( ! subtle/ & mo/ necess>y pr9ciples 9 l&scape composition4 ,! illu/ration h]e) is ( ! simple/ nature b ! pr9ciple may be exp&$ indef9itely z x has to d bo? ) lat]al & p]spective balance4 ,9 ! 8,dea? ( ,cs>10 ! p]spective l9e ( ! /atues & ! opposite curve 9 ! floor are cont9u$ ?r\gh ! oppos+ mass ( columns & wall to ! c\rt beyond1 a positive control ( ! di/ance by ! =egr\nd1 be+ ?us secur$4 ,,transition ,,( ,,l9e4 ,m effective ?an opposition1 z ! cross b> is m effective = /r5g? ?an ! b> support$ on only "o side1 is ,transition1 or ! same item c>ri$ across1 or deliv]$ to ano!r item :i* %all cross a l9e or space4 ,9 ! gr\p ( peasants 9 ! ,cab>et note ! use ( l9es ( opposition & transition1 9 ! s+le figures & :5 tak5 9 twos4 ,! labor] 7) %ovel7 9 8 upp] & l[] extremities exhibits a l>ge cross :i* becomes l>g] :5 we add ! table on :i* 8 ext5d$ arm re/s & ! figure /&+ beh9d him4 ,! asc5t ( ?is v]tical is /opp$ by ! l9e ( ! mantel & !n cont9u$ by ! plate & picture4 ,s 9 m9or p>ts ( ?is gr\p "o may ?9k out ! rugg$ en]gy ( its composition1 nor any:]e discov] a s+le curv$ or fl[+ l9e4 ,nor does x require an exp]i5c$ eye to note ! pyramidal /ructure ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 ! action ( ! heads & bodies ( ! two c5tral figures is ano!r /rong example ( oppositional arrangem5t4 ,! heavily brac$ table is typical ( ! :ole4 ,along ! ,%ore--,photo by ,george ,butl] 7,transitional l9e72 ,pa?less--,photo by ,a4 ,horsely ,h9ton 7,transitional ,l9e7 ,9 l&scape ! transitional l9e f l& into sky is (t5 impossible & objectionable4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! subject may d5y any attempt at ?is union4 ,"h ! pr9ciple only1 %\ld be h9t$ at4 ,9 ! case ( a sunset sky :]e ! cl\ds float z p>allel b>s above ! horizon & ?us %[ ! "* ( a quiet & w9dless clos+ ( day1 a transitional l9e su* z a tree1 ma/ or spire may be unavailable4 ,oppositional spots or l9es attract+ ! vision into ! l& & ?us div]t+ x f ! horizontals are ! only rec\rse4 ,9 ! %ore view ! sun's rays create a s]ies ( l9es :i* admirably unite ) ! curve ( ! wagon tracks4 ,! union ( sky & l& is ?us effect$ & mean:ile ! subject prop] has its rugg$ness associat$ ) ! graceful compass ( ^! elem5ts4 ,9 fact transitional l9e is s p[]ful t unless x conta9s a "p ( ! subject x %\ld seldom be us$4 ,9 ! 8,annunciation0 by ,botticelli ! introduction ( a long p]spective l9e beyond ! figures1 cont9u+ ! l9es ( ! =egr\nd1 railroads ! vision "r ?r\gh ! subject1 c>ry+ x out ( ! picture4 ,if ! att5tion is p9n$ p]=ce on ! subject1 "o feels ! int]ruption & annoyance ( ?is unnecess>y l&scape4 ,! :ole ,italian s*ool ( ! ,r5aissance weak5$ ! =ce ( its portraits & figure pictures by ^! elaborate sett+s :i* !y seem$ helpless to gov]n4 ,9 ,velasquez we frequ5tly f9d ! simplification ( backgr\nd :i* saves ! entire int]e/ = ! subject2 b ev5 he 9 8 8,sp9n]s0 & to a less] degree 9 "s o!r compositions1 makes ! same error4 ,9 ! greate/ ( ,rembr&t's portrait gr\ps1 8,! ,syndics10 8 problem involv$ ! placem5t ( six figures4 ,f\r are seat$ at ! f> side ( a table look+ t[>d u1 ! fif?1 on ! ne> side1 rises & looks t[>d u4 ,8 head1 high] ?an ^? ( ! r[ ( f\r1 breaks ?is l9e ( =mality2 b ! dep? & p]spective ( ! picture is n secur$ until ! figure /&+ 9 ! backgr\nd is add$4 ,?is produces f ! =egr\nd figure1 ?r\gh "o ( ! seat$ figures1 ! transitional l9e :i* pulls ! composition =w>d & backw>d & makes a circul> composition ( :at 0 comm5c$ ^u a l9e sweep+ across ! entire canvas4 ,! hillside entitl$ 8,pa?less10 by ,horsley ,h9ton is a subject easily pass$ 9 nature z ord9>y1 :i* has be5 h[ev] unifi$ & made available ?r\gh ! und]/&+ ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,s mu* ( an arti/ is its au?or t ,i c see him d[n on 8 knees cutt+ out ! mass ( blackb]ry /ems s t ! two or ?ree requir$ 9 ! =egr\nd %\ld /rike z l9es across ! demi-d>k ( ! l[] middle space4 ,! l9e ( ! hill _h cut ?is (f f ! =egr\nd & ^! attractive l9es are z cords ty+ x on4 ,f ! light rock 9 ! l[] c5tre ! eye zigzags up to ! l9e ( hillside1 cutt+ ! picture f "o side to ! o!r4 ,=tunately nature _h suppli$ a rem$y "h 9 ! trees :i* div]t ?is l9e4 ,b ?is is insi/$ on 9 ! p>allelism ( ! di/ant m\nta9s4 ,! arti/1 h[ev]1 has ! la/ ^w4 ,he has creat$ a p[]ful div]sion 9 ! sky1 br++ d[n /rong l9es ( light & a s5se ( illum9ation ov] ! hill & into ! =egr\nd4 ,! subject1 unpromis+ 9 its orig9al l9es1 has ?us be5 r$eem$4 ,?is sort ( "w is 9 advance ( ! public1 b %\ld f9d its rew>d ) ! elect4 ,,balance ,,by ,,gradation ,gradation w be m5tion$ 9 ano!r connection b z a =ce 9 balance x mu/ be notic$ "h4 ,x matt]s n :i!r ! tone grades1 f light to d>k or ! rev]se1 ! eye w be drawn to x v p[]fully because x sugge/s motion4 ,gradation is ! p]spective ( %ade2 & p]spective we recognize z "o ( ! dynamic =ces 9 art4 ,:5 ! vision is deliv]$ ov] to a space :i* conta9s no detail & n\ght b gradation1 ! orig9al impulse ( ! l9e is cont9u$4 ,hillside 7,grad$ ,light ,^u ,surfaces2 ,cl\d ,%ad[s72 ,riv] ,fog 7,light ,grad$ by ,atmosph]ic ,d5sity72 ,! ,*ant 7,gradation ?r\gh ,values ( ,sep>at$ ,objects7 ,gradation1 z an ag5t ( light1 exhibits its lovelie/ effect & becomes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & useful elem5ts ( picture con/ruction4 ,z a =ce 9 balance x may frequ5tly replace detail :5 add$ items are unnecess>y4 ,9 8,h] ,la/ ,moor+s0 ! heavy timb]s1 black & positive 9 ! "r =egr\nd1 attract ! eye & divide ! int]e/4 ,! div]sion f ! hulk to ! sky is easy & direct & =ms ! natural axis4 ,a sub/itution = ! =egr\nd item is a simple gradation1 balanc+ a l gradation 9 ! sky4 ,! measure ( light & d>k :5 mix$ is tonically ! same z ! gray ( ! gradation--b its attraction is weak5$4 ,,balance ,,( ,,pr9cipality ,,or ,,isolation ,^! qualities are n synonym\s b s ne>ly s t !y are m5tion$ toge!r4 ,9 discuss+ ! pr9ciple ( ! /eely>d x 0 /at$ t a small item c\ld balance a v l>ge "o ^: position 9 po9t ( balance 0 clos] to ! fulcrum1 b to ?is po9t mu/ be add$ ! increase ( weight & importance :i* isolation gives4 ,^! consid]ations ne$ n be my/ify+4 ,9 ! *>ge to ,pet]1 8,fe$ my %eep10 ,raphael has produc$ some?+ q at v>iance ) 8 ord9>y plan ( con/ruction4 ,*ri/ occupies "o side ( ! canvas1 ! disciples foll[+ along ! =eplane t[>d him4 ,"h is an isolat$ figure ! equival5t ( a gr\p4 ,! sleep+ s5ator ( ,g]ome's picture effects a l purpose among ! empty b5*es & pill>s4 ,! ma9 gr\p is plac$ ne> ! c5tre1 ! small item at ! extreme edge4 ,ev5 ,cs> 9 ! =egr\nd--cov]$ by drap]y & 9 half %ad[--is less pot5t z an item ( balance1 ?an ?is sep>ate figure4 ,,balance ,,( ,,cubical ,,space4 ,f9ally ! notion t ! picture is a repres5tation ( dep? z well z l5g? & height develops ! idea ( balance 9 ! *a9 ( items f =egr\nd to di/ance4 ,a pivotal space !n w be f\nd1 a neutral gr\nd 9 ! f>!r /ret* f :i* may be creat$ s mu* attraction z to up5d ! =egr\nd1 or 9 ! ne!r rea* t[>d u !re may be su* attraction z to leave ! di/ance )\t its weight 9 ! conv5tion ( p>ts4 ,! gr\p ) insuffici5t attraction back ( x topples t[>d u1 to be su/a9$ )9 ! h>moni\s circuit ( ! picture only by su* items ( attraction beh9d x z w recov] a balance :i* _! abs5ce gave pro( (4 ,?is is a m subtle b none ! less pot5t influ5ce ?an ! v]tical & lat]al balance & may be/ be appreh5d$ negatively4 ,! 8aggressiv5ess0 ( _m =egr\nd items :i* are 9 !mselves ess5tial z =m & correct 9 value is caus$ by ! lack ( _! balanc+ complem5ts 9 ! back planes ( ! picture4 ,balance is n ( necessity dep5d5t ^u objects ( attraction4 ,its ess5ce lies 9 ! movem5t f "o "p ( ! picture to ano!r1 :i* ! arrangem5t compels1 & ?is may (t5 be /imulat$ by ! int5tion or sugge/ion ( motion 9 a giv5 direction4 ,,*apt] ,,iv - ,,evolv+ ,,! ,,picture ,! arti/ gets 8 picture f two s\rces4 ,he ei!r goes =? & f9ds x1 or creates x4 ,if he creates x ! "w is delib]ate1 & ! arti/ assumes responsibility4 ,if he goes to nature1 he & nature =m a p>tn]%ip1 %e supply+ ! mat]ial & he ! exp]i5ce4 ,9 edit+ ! mat]ial ?us suppli$1 ! arti/ discov]s h[ great is ! disp>ity betwe5 art & nature1 & :at a dispro( nature h]self is to ! common notion t art is mirror$ nature1 & t any "p ( h] drawn or pa9t$ w make a picture4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! art collector is t 9 :i* 8 admiration dwells on imitation su* z ! /ill-life pa9t] gives him1 b soon 8 art s5se craves an expression ) ?\ght 9 x1 ! imitation1 br[-beat5 into its prop] place & ! creative in/9ct ( ! arti/ visible4 ,9 o!r words1 he seeks ! con/ructive s5se ( ! man :o pa9ts ! picture4 8,! "w ( art is an appeal to ano!r m9d1 & x _c draw out m ?an t m9d conta9s4 ,b to enjoy is1 z x 71 to create2 to und]/& is a =m ( equality407#h7 ,) ! horse be=e ! c>t & ! arti/ hold+ ! re9s1 he gets a fre% />t1 & is 9 a fair way to compreh5d ,ri*>d ,wagn]'s ass]tion t y _c h art )\t ! man4 ,9 ! same mann] does ! /ud5t usually develop4 ,) ! book ( nature be=e him he is eag] to sit d[n any:]e & read1 attract$ by ea* sep>ate item ( ! va/ patt]n1 b he f9ds he has op5$ nature's diction>y & t to make poetry or ev5 good prose he mu/ put ! sep>ate words & phrases toge!r4 ,aft] ! fir/ roll ( films has be5 pr9t$ & brood$ ov]1 ! kodac p]son is apt to ask 9 a tone ( injur$ & deceiv$ innoc5ce1 8,well1 :at does make a picture80 ,he ) o!rs has suppos$ x possible to g to nature &1 tak+ no?+ ) him1 br+ some?+ back4 ,?\gh "o does n set out ) ! rules ( composition1 he mu/ at lea/ pres5t himself be=e nature ) fix$ notions ( ! few requirem5ts :i* all pictures dem&4 ,hav+ look$ at a c\nt]feit ( h] )9 f\r sides ( a frame & le>n$ to "k :y a limit$ section ( h] satisfi$ him by its complet5ess he approa*es h] out ( doors ) great] prospects ( success ?an ?\gh he _h n settl$ ?is po9t4 ,good art1 ( ! gall]y1 is ! be/ guide to a trip afield4 ,hav+ se5 :at elem5ts & :at arrangem5ts h prov$ available 9 ! h&s ( o!r m51 ! /ud5t w n g a/ray if he seek l =ms 9 nature4 ,arm$ ) def99ite convictions he w see1 ?r\gh h] bewild]+ me%es ! fai?ful l9es he ne$s4 ,! /> gaz] ) a que/ = ! con/ellations ( ! ,pleiades or ! ,great ,be>1 mu/ close 8 eyes to _m irrelevant />s :i* d n fit ! figure4 ,orig9ality does n require ! avoidance ( pr9ciples us$ by o!rs4 ,pictorial =ms are _w's prop]ty4 ,orig9ality only dem&s 8! caus+ to pass into our own "w a p]sonal view ( ! _w & ( life407#i7 ,p]sonality 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ is a graft4 ,! =ms ( arti/ic expression h be5 preempt$ long ago4 ,! m5 :o _h ! fir/ *ances secur$ ! true/ =ms ( x & 9 a runn+ glance ?r\gh a miscellane\s collection ( pr9ts "o's att5tion is inv>iably arre/$ by ! =ce ( ! pictures by ! old] ma/]s2 s dom9at+ is ! fir/ impression t we conc$e ! case ^u ! basis ( effect be=e discov]+ ! _m ob/acles & omissions c\nt+ aga9/ _! great] effici5cy4 ,b ! ess5ce is ( ! liv+ sort4 ,) ?is conc$$ & ! fact t nature's appeal is always /ronge/ :5 made ?r\gh association ) man x is = u to cultivate ^! associations4 8,/udy nature att5tively10 says ,reynolds1 8b always ) ! ma/]s 9 y\r company2 consid] !m z models :i* y are to imitate1 & at ! same "t z rivals1 ) :om y are to cont5d40 ,a wise tea*] has said ! quicke/ road to orig9ality is ?r\gh ! absorption ( o!r m5's ideas4 ,be=e go+ =? !re=e ) a canvas or plate hold]1 x behooves u fir/ to "k :at art is4 ,c]ta9ly ! mo/ logical /ep f ! /udy ( con/ructive =m is ?r\gh ! practical te*nique ( "w :i* we w\ld emulate4 ,to copy int]pretations ( outdoor nature by o!rs is comm5dable ei!r at ! exp]im5tal p]iod1 :5 look+ = a te*nique1 or z an appreciation4 ,besides ?is m5tal prep>ation1 ! next be/ equipm5t = f9d+ pictures is a ,claude ,lorra9e glass1 because1 be+ a convex mirror1 x %[s a r$uc$ image ( nature 9 a frame4 ,! frame is important n only because x designates ! limitations ( a picture1 b because x cuts x free f ! ab/ract+ details :i* surr\nd x4 ,if "o has n su* a glass1 a s]ies ( small pa/ebo>d frames w answ]4 ,! m>g9 %\ld be wide en\gh to all[ ! eye to re/ )\t di/urbance ^u ! op5 space4 ,two rectangul> pieces t may be pu%$ toge!r f top or side is probably ! mo/ complete device4 ,! proportion ( ! frame is !re=e adaptable to ! subject & ! picture may be cut (f top1 bottom or sides z1 dem&$4 ,! ,view-,metre ,?ree ,pictures ,f\nd ) ! ,view-,metre ,_m arti/s r$uce all subjects to two or ?ree sizes1 :i* !y habitually pa9t4 ,! view-met] may 9 su* cases be fur!r simplifi$ by us+ a /iff c>dbo>d ) su* proportions cut out4 ,by hav+ !m all on a s+le bo>d a subject may be m rapidly te/$ ?an by ! device ( ! collapsible sides4 ,a light bo>d1 ! ?ickness ( a cig>-box cov]1 #de in*es1 & easily c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 w enable "o to l& 8 subject 9 8 canvas exactly z he wants x1 & avoid ! grievance ( recon/ruction lat]4 ,by leav+ a broad m>g9 ab\t ! op5+s1 "o obta9s ! impression ( a picture 9 its mat or frame1 & may judge ( x 9 nature z he w aft] reg>d x :5 complet$ & on exhibition4 ,view ,tak5 ) a ,wide ,angle ,l5s ,! accompany+ photograph 0 produc$ by a revolv+ cam]a encompass+ an area ( #abj degrees4 ,z a composition x is n bad1 b un=tunate "h & !re4 ,x has a well-def9$ c5tre1 & ! two sides balance well1 ! left clogg+ ! vision & ?us giv+ way to ! "r1 :i* all[s ! eye to pass out ( ! picture on ?is side beyond ! f\nta9 & across ! /ret* ( sunlight4 ,at a glance1 h[ev]1 "o may see ?ree complete pictures1 & ) ! aid ( ! view-met] a numb] ( o!r comb9ations may be develop$4 ,its con/ruction is t ( ,hobbema's 8,alley ne> ,middelh>nes10 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 ( s pron\nc$ =mality t a numb] ( su* con/ruction 9 a gall]y1 w\ld prove monoton\s4 ,beg9n+ on ! left1 we may apply ! view-met] fir/ to exclude ! unnecess>y bran* =ms & sky space on ! top2 second1 to cut away ! tree on ! "r1 :i*1 9 t x p>allels ! l9e ( ! m>g91 is objectionable1 & is r5d]$ unnecess>y z a side = ! picture by ! two trees beyond 9 ! middle plane2 &1 ?ird1 to limit ! ext5t ( ! picture on ! bottom1 t5d+ z x does to =ce ! spectator back & away f ! subject prop]4 ,! int]e/ is divid$ betwe5 ! :ite build+ & ru/ic bridge & ! pivot ( ?is composition adju/s itself 9 l9e ) ! c5tre tree4 ,9 ! next picture ! fir/ tree on left ( av5ue is cut away = ! same reason z 9 ! previ\s arrangem5t1 & al?\gh "o ( a l9e ( trees 9 p]spective1 ! trunk z an item is uns]viceable1 z its bran*es />t above ! po9t :]e ! top l9e occurs1 & c !re=e r5d] no assi/ance 9 de/roy+ an absolute v]tical z has be5 done 9 ! left tree by ! bifurcation1 & ! fir/ on ! "r by ! encroa*+ masses ( leaves4 ,! eye foll[s ! rec$+ l9es ( roadway b5ea? ! canopy & is l$ out ( ! picture by ! light above ! hill4 ,! la/ arrangem5t is m =mal ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs b gives u ! good old =m ( composition frequ5tly adopt$ by ,turn]1 ,r\sseau1 ,dupr1 & o!rs1 namely ( design+ an encasem5t = ! subject prop]1 ?r\gh :i* to view x4 ,= t reason aft] ! ar* ov]head has be5 secur$ all else above is cut away z useless4 ,! pr9t has be5 cut a little on ! "r1 z by ?is means ! =egr\nd tree is plac$ ne>] t side & also because ! extra space all[$ too free an escapem5t ( ! eye ?r\gh ?is portal1 ! natural focus ( c\rse be+ ! f\nta9 :]e ! eye %\ld re/ at once4 ,x has be5 cut on ! bottom s z to exclude ! l9e :]e ! road & ! grass meet--an especially bad l9e1 p>allel+ ! bottom ( ! picture & l9e ( %ad[ ^u ! grass4 ,?is %ad[ is valuable z complet+ ! encasem5t ( ! subject on ! bottom & 9 />t+ ! eye well into ! picture t[>d its subject4 ,our natural vision always seeks ! light4 ,%ad[s are ! c>um cu%ions f :i* ! sight recoils 9 its que/ = ?is4 ,lett+ ! eye into ! picture ov] a =egr\nd ( subdu$ int]e/1 or bett] /ill1 ( no int]e/ is "o ( ! mo/ "t-honor$ articles ( ! picture-mak]'s cre$4 ,if ! read] w comp>e ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! ?ree compositions he w see h[ 9 ?is respect ! fir/ loses & ! la/ ga9s4 ,! elem5t ( ! %ad$ =egr\nd 9 ! fir/ 0 cut out 9 pres]v+ a bett] placem5t = ! subject prop]1 :i* lay beyond4 ,photography ,ne>+ ! ,pictorial ,! photograph] comes ^u a gr\p ( c[s4 8,trees1 cattle1 light & %ade--a picture surely60 ,fe>ful ( di/urb+ ! c[s he exposes at a di/ance1 !n /alks !m1 try+ aga9 ) a diff]5t po9t ( sight &1 hav+ jo9$ !m & wait$ = _! confid5ce1 makes ! ?ird attempt4 ,on develop+1 ! fir/ "o reveals ! /r+-l l9e ( road cutt+ ! picture f end to end1 ! cattle z isolat$ spots1 ! tree divid+ ! sky space into almo/ equal p>ts4 ,9 ! second1 ! l[] bran* ( tree blocks ! sky & on ! o!r side !re is a natural w9d[1 op5+ an exit into ! di/ance4 ,?is is desirable b un=tunately ! b5d+ roadway on ! "r accompli%es ! same purpose & s two exits are (f]$1 always objectionable4 ,) ?is out1 ! value ( ! rock & =egr\nd c[ is also bett] appreciat$ z lead+ spots tak+ u to ! natural focus1 ! :ite c[ ly+ close to ! tree4 ,! rock 9 left corn] hav+ no influ5ce 9 a lead+ l9e %\ld be suppress$4 ,! cattle n[ sw+ into ! picture f bo? sides & "o ( !m opposes ! horizontal ( h] back to ! v]tical ( ! tree1 ?us eas+ ! =ce ( its desc5t4 ,9 ! la/ !re is mu* m conc5tration4 ,! road does n p>allel ! bottom & ?\gh pass+ out ( ! picture ! vision is br\ght back aga9 along ! di/ant l9e ( trees4 ,! objection to ?is arrangem5t lies 9 ! equal division ( ! subject by ! tree-trunk4 ,! :ite c[ focalizes ! vision b ! sky & ! m graceful bran*es soon capture x4 ,! c[ 9 ! "r =egr\nd is only valuable z an oppositional measure to ! l9e ( c[s /ret*+ across ! picture :i* x helps to div]t1 o!rwise %e c>ries too mu* attraction to ! side4 ,! be/ arrangem5t = ! subject w\ld h be5 ! tree "o-?ird f ! left side1 ! :ite c[ t\*+ its l9e1 "o or two ( ^? ly+ on ! gr\nd work+ t[>d ! =egr\nd 9 a zigzag1 little or no div]sion f ! di/ance on ! left ( tree4 ,! sw+ ( ! picture w\ld !n h be5 f ! =egr\nd to ! focus1 ! :ite c[ & tree1 !nce to ! gr\p "u ! tree & out ?r\gh ! sky4 ,?is w\ld h divid$ ! picture-plane into ?irds in/ead ( halves1 br++ x into ! =m else:]e recomm5d$ z be+ ! arrangem5t ( ,claude's be/ pictures4 ,,*apt] ,v - ,,entrance ,,& ,,exit ,,gett+ ,,into ,,! ,,picture ,"o reason t _m pictures are pass$ 9 exhibitions is t ! visitor lacks an invitation to ent]4 ,o!rs frankly greet "o a long way (f1 oblig+ ! w&]] se>*+ = compell+ int]e/ to ackn[l$ge _! cordiality1 aw>e ( a ge/ure ( welcome 9 some?+ :i* he may lat] pause to analyse & at l5g? appreh5d4 ,x may appe> 9 ! fre$om ( an empty =egr\nd1 :i*1 l a /age unadorn$1 m]ely supports ! action ^u x2 or1 if ?is =egr\nd be adorn$ !n happily by items ( slight int]e/ lead+ to ! subject2 or x may insi/ ) su* an emphatic dem& = att5tion t ! common places ( rec$+ p]spective h be5 employ$4 ,"o spot or circumf]5ce !re %\ld be t[>d :i* ?r\gh ! suppression ( o!r p>ts ! eye is l$ at once4 ,:5 !re1 ev5 ?\gh ! vision has pass$ f> into ! canvas1 "o is at ! focal po9t only1 ! true goal ( ! pictorial int5tion4 ,any elem5t :i* proves too attractive along ?is av5ue ( entrance is confus+ to ! sight & weak5+ to ! impression4 ,"o item aft] ano!r1 9 sequ5ce1 ! visitor %\ld !n be l$ to1 &1 hav+ made ! circuit & paid 8 respects to ! company 9 ! ord] ( importance ) t special c>e :i* prevails at a ,*9ese c\rt function1 ! visitor %\ld be %[n ! exit4 ,gett+ out ( a picture is almo/ z important z gett+ into x1 b ( ?is lat]4 ,if ! arti/1 9 ! composition ( 8 picture1 _c s arrange a reception = 8 gue/s1 he is n a successful ho/4 ,?is disposal ( ! subject matt] into :i* pr9cipality ent]s s acutely is m pat5t 9 ! elaborate figure subject ?an 9 any o!r1 ) ! di/9ction betwe5 an assemblage (1 & a cr[d ( figures1 made pla94 ,! writ] once call$1 9 company ) a fri5d ( ! pa9t]1 ^u ! late ,edmond ,yon1 ! ,fr5* l&scapi/4 ,we f\nd him 9 8 ateli]1 & saw 8 complet$ picture1 ab\t to be s5t to ! ,salon4 ,he %ortly took u into an adjac5t room1 :]e hung 8 /udies1 & !nce ?r\gh 8 h\se into ! g>d51 %[$ u 8 view ( ! city1 comm5t$ on ! few fruit trees1 ! fl[]s1 z we made ! circuit ( ! little plot1 &1 at ! porte1 we f\nd ! s]vant ) our hats4 ,x 0 a p]fectly logically sequ5ce4 ,we _h come to ! end2 & h[ complete6 8,he always does x s10 said ! fri5d4 ,we _h se5 ! man1 8 picture1 8 /udies1 8 h\se1 caught ! inspiration ( 8 view1 _h made ! circuit ( ! ?+s :i* daily surr\nd$ him1 & :at m--no?+2 except ! hats4 ,bon j\r6 ,! new picture1 l any new acqua9tance1 we are tempt$ to s\nd at once1 9 a s+le glance1 judg+ ( ! great & app>5t planes ( "*1 seek+ ! ess5tial aff9ity4 ,if we pass favorably1 our enjoym5t beg9s leisurely4 ,! picture we are to live ) mu/ possess qualities t w be> close scrut9y1 ev5 to analysis4 ,if we are won1 !re is a satisfaction 9 kn[+ :y4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! actual picture space 9 nature is t ( a funnel1 its size v>y+ accord+ to ! ext5t ( di/ance repres5t$4 ,! angle ( sixty degrees :i* ! eye comm&s may wid5 into miles4 ,! matt] ( equipoise or unity !re=e applies to mo/ ext5d$ areas & no "p ( ?is ext5t may escape f ! calculation4 ,! objection ( =mal balance ov] ! c5tre is t x produces a /raddle1 z1 9 hopscot* "o l&s ) bo? feet on ei!r side ( a divid+ l9e4 ,9 all pictures ( deep p]spective ! be/ mode ( entrance is to triangulate 91 ) a s]ies ( zigzags1 made easy ?r\gh ! habit ( ! eye to foll[ l9es1 especially long & rec$+ ones4 ,x is ! long l9es we seize ^u 9 p9n+ ! action ( a figure1 & ! long l9es :i* /ret* t[>d u are ^? :i* help mo/ to get u into a picture4 ,! law "h is t ( p]spective recession1 &1 x be+ ! easie/ ( compreh5sion & ! mo/ effective 9 result1 is us$ ext5sively by ! sc5e-pa9t] = 8 drop-curta9 & by ! l&scapi/1 ^: subject prop] lies (t5 9 ! middle di/ance--t[>d :i* he w\ld make ! eye travel4 ,:5 ! opportunity ( l9e is want+ an arrangem5t ( rec$+ spots1 or acc5ts is an equival5t4 ,! same applies1 ?\gh 9 less app>5t =ce1 to ! portrait or =egr\nd figure subject4 ,:]e ! subject lies directly 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! eye w f9d x at once1 b ! c>e ( ! arti/ %\ld ev5 !n be ex]cis$ to avoid l9es :i*1 ?\gh !y c\ld n block1 might at lea/ irritate "o's direct vision ( ! subject4 ,conceive if y c1 = "o c\ld r>ely f9d su* an example 9 pictorial art1 ( ! =espace corrugat$ ) l9es p>allel+ ! bottom l9e ( a frame4 ,x w\ld be z difficult = a bicycli/ to propel 8 ma*9e across a pl[$ field z = "o to drive 8 eye ov] a =egr\nd ?us fill$ ) di/ract+ l9es :5 ! goal lay f> beyond4 ,mr4 ,s*ill+1 9 8 well-kn[n 8,spr+ ,pl\gh+10 has treat$ ?is problem ) great disc]nm5t4 ,in/ead ( a multiplicity ( l9es cross+ ! =eplane1 ! b>e/ sugge/ion suffices to designate pl[$ gr\nd1 ! abs5ce ( detail all[+ great] =ce to ! di/ant gr\ps4 ,9 ! ,m>9e subject1 especially ) ! sea runn+ t[>d u1 long l9es are creat$ across ! =egr\nd1 b ) respect to ^!1 z may be not$ 9 nature1 !re is a break+ & int]lac+ ( l9es 9 ! wave =m s t ! succession ( su* acc5ts may lead tang5tially f ! direction ( ! wave4 ,a succession ( horizontal l9es is h[ev] ! "* ( ! m>9e subject4 ,:5 ! eye is /opp$ by ^! x has f\nd ! subject4 ,only ?r\gh ! sky or by confront+ ^! =ms at an angle c ! =ce ( ! horizontals be brok54 ,successful m>9es ) ! cam]a's l5s po9t$ squ>ely at ! sea h be5 produc$1 b ! be/ ( !m make use ( ! modify+ l9es ( ! surf1 or oppositional l9es or gradations 9 ! sky4 ,9 a l>ge canvas by ,alex&] ,h>rison1 its subject a gr\p ( ba!rs on ! %ore1 "o s+le l9e1 ! f>!/ rea* ( ! sea1 proves an arti/'s e/imate ( ! lead+ l9e4 ,on x ! complete union ( figures & ocean dep5d$4 ,its pres5ce !re 0 simple nature1 its /rong en=cem5t ! t\* ( art4 ,! eye's will+ness to foll[ long l9es may h[ev] become dang]\s 9 lead+ away f ! subject & out ( ! picture4 ,:at /ud5t _c %[ /udies 7done 9 8 e>lie/ p]iod7 ( an int]e/+ f5ce or /one wall1 block+ up 8 =egr\nd & lead+ ! eye out ( ! picture8 ,x is possible to s clev]ly treat a /one wall t x w\ld s]ve u z an elevation f :i* to get a good jump into ! picture4 ,"h c>eful pa9t+ ) ! int5t ( putt+ ! =egr\nd out ( focus1 c\ld p]haps l& ! eye well ov] ! ob/ruction1 & if s1 our consid]ation ( ! picture beg9s beyond ?is po9t4 ,if ! obs]v] c\ld take su* a b>ri] z easily z a cross c\ntry /eeple-*as] 8 f5ces & /one walls1 !re w\ld be no objection1 b :5 ! arti/ =ces 8 gue/ to climb6--he is unreasonable4 ,= two ye>s a prom95t ,am]ican l&scape pa9t] _h con/antly on 8 easel a v p[]ful composition4 ,! =eplane ( trees1 ) bran*es :i* int]lac$ at ! top1 made1 ) ! addition ( a /one wall bel[1 an encasem5t = ! picture prop]1 :i* lay beyond4 ,! l[] l9e1 i4e41 ! /one wall1 0 9 con/ant process ( *ange1 oblit]at$ by %ad[ or despoil$ by natural dilapidation1 sometimes v9e-gr[n4 ,9 its sev]al /ages x %[$ always ! mo/ critical weigh+ ( ! "p1 & a consummate dodg+ ( ! difficulties4 ,:5 f9ally exhibit$1 h[ev]1 ! wall _h giv5 way to a simple %ad[ & a pool ( wat]4 ,! attempt to c>ry ! eye ov] a cross-l9e 9 ! =egr\nd _h be5 a long & conclusive "o1 & its f9al ab&onm5t an admonition on ?is po9t4 ,a b>ri] across ! middle di/ance is almo/ z objectionable4 ,9 ! subject ( a riv] embankm5t ! eye comes abruptly aga9/ its upp] l9e1 :i* is an acc5t$ "o1 & f ?is dives (f into ! fa?omless space ( ! sky1 no int]m$iate object giv+ a h9t ( any?+ exi/+ betwe5 t & ! horizon4 ,9 ord] to use su* a subject x w\ld be necess>y to oppose ! horizontal ( ! bank by an item t w\ld ov]lap & ext5d above x1 z a hay wagon ) a figure on top ( x or ! sail ( a boat1 & if possible to cont9ue ?is transitional feel+ 9 ! sky by su* cl\d =ms z w\ld c>ry ! eye up4 ,attraction 9 ! sky w\ld create a dep? = p5etration :i* ! embankm5t block$4 ,! ,pa? ( ! ,surf--,photo 7,triangles ,occur+ 9 ! lead+ l9e72 ,! ,%eph]dess--,millet 7,composition ,exhibit+ a ,d\ble ,exit7 ,! 8,pa? ( ! ,surf0 is a spl5did lead+ l9e end+ mo/ beautifully 9 a curve4 ,_m read]s w recall ! notable picture by ,mr4 ,picknell1 n[ deceas$1 ( a :ite road 9 ,pic>die4 ,"h all ! l9es conv]g$ at ! horizon4 ,! p]spective 0 s true z to become fasc9at+1 a problem ( v ord9>y deception4 ,m subtle is ,turn]'s 8,approa* to ,v5ice10 see ,fundam5tal ,=ms1 9 :i* ! l9es are sub/itut$ by spots--! gondolas--:i*1 9 l mann]1 be> u to ! subject4 ,! graceful ar* ( ! sky also presses u t[>d ! subject4 ,"o may readily use ! placem5t ( ! spots & sub/itute cattle in/ead ( gondolas & woods = ! spir$ city2 or gr\ps ( figures1 %eep1 rocks1 etc4 ,! composition is fundam5tal1 & w accommodate _m subjects4 ,,gett+ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,picture ,?is is important because necess>y4 ,x is mu* bett] to pass out ?an to back out4 ,pictures %[ _m awkw>d me?ods ( exit4 ,9 "s !re are too _m *ances to leave2 9 o!rs !re are none4 ,pictures 9 :i* !re is no opportunity = visual p]ipatetics require no su* provision4 ,9 ! portrait we confront a p]sonality1 & "s pa9t]s pla9ly tell u by ! blank space ( ! backgr\nd t !re %all be b "o idea to ! obs]v]'s m9d4 ,9 ?is ev5t he has b to b[ & )draw4 ,b suppose ! curta9 ( ! backgr\nd be drawn & a glimpse is disclos$ ( a l&scape beyond4 ,?is bit ( attraction leads u t[>d x4 ,in/ead !re=e ( break+ (f f ! subject we are l$ away f x4 ,! associations ) ! subject are (ttimes int]e/+ & appropriate & ! great majority ( portraits include !m4 ,z soon !re=e z we beg9 on any detail 9 ! backgr\nd we connect ! portrait ) ! pictorial & ! sitt] becomes "o ( a numb] ( elem5ts 9 ! s*eme1 ! fulcrum on :i* !y balance4 ,a pat* ( sky1 besides creat+ an expansion 9 ! diamet] ( ! picture introduces color1 (t5 valuable1 z not$ lat]4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ^! sky spots 9 a d>k backgr\nd are air holes4 ,!y enable u to brea! 9 ! picture1 giv+ a decid$ s5se ( atmosph]e4 ,:5 well subord9at$ !y (f] no di/raction to ! subject1 b give to ! picture a dep?4 ,:5 no o!r object is introduc$1 a gradation is s]viceable4 ,mu* may be ?us sugge/$ & besides ! dep? & air prop]ties ?us introduc$1 su* v>iety ( surface excites visual motion4 ,! eye always foll[s ! c\rse ( light f ! %ad[4 ,! arti/ may make use ( ?is fact 9 balanc+ ! picture & ( lead+ ! eye out :]e he w4 ,z ! elaborate subject is (t5 approa*$ ?r\gh a curve or zigzag1 9 l mann] x %\ld be left1 ?\gh ! natural f9i% ( su* a s]ies %\ld connect easily ) its />t4 ,! eye %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to leave ! pr9cipal figure or object & g /raight back & out ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,if ?is is all[$ ! wid? ( ! picture is slight$4 ,!re=e if ! attraction ( ! natural exit is great] ?an o!r objects !y exi/ 9 va94 ,! exit %\ld be s gu>d$ t aft] ! visitor has mov$ ab\t & se5 ev]y?+1 he comes ^u x naturally4 ,= example conceive a subject--figures or cattle--) ! pr9cipal object 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,f ?is ! o!r objects1 all plac$ on ! left side1 move 9 a half circle back & into ! picture1 ?is circuit naturally lead+ to an op5+ 9 ! trees or to a po9t ( attraction 9 ! sky or to a glimpse ( di/ance4 ,if ?is be n ( less int]e/ ?an any object ( ! progression1 ! unity ( ! picture disappe>s1 = f ! pr9cipal object 9 ! =egr\nd ! vision goes direct to ! di/ance4 ,provid+ two or m exits is a common error ( bad composition4 ,?is is ! ma9 objection to ! =m ( balance on ! c5tre1 :i* produces two spaces ( equal importance on ei!r side4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! 8,%eph]dess0 by ,millet ! attraction ( two alleys :i* ! eye might take is l>gely regulat$ by ! subord9ation ( "o ( !m by proportional size & a l[]+ ( ! tone ( ! sky4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 x is a case ( divid$ int]e/1 ?\gh ! deepe/ d>k aga9/ ! highe/ light helps to control ! situation4 ,if = ! balance ( ! p9es 9 ! sn[ sc5e a small tree on ! "r 7 add$1 ! objection w\ld !n be t f ! c5tral po9t ( attraction1 ! p9es1 ! vision w\ld g 9 two directions1 t[>d ! h\ses & ! tree4 ,! visual l9es connect+ ^! two po9ts w\ld cross ! fir/ or pr9cipal object in/ead ( lead+ f ?is to "o & !nce to ! o!r z w\ld n be ! case if ! add$ tree appe>$ 9 ! extreme di/ance on ! "r4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t !re w\ld be progression into ! picture4 ,a /ill bett] arrangem5t w\ld h be5 direct movem5t f ! mass ( trees to ! h\ses plac$ on ! "r1 ) ! space n[ occupi$ by !m left vacant4 ,,*apt] ,,vi - ,,! ,,circul> ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,pictures ,! entrance into a picture & ob/acles !reto1 z appli$ to l&scape1 has already be5 consid]$1 f :i* x is evid5t t wisdom r5d]s ?is z easy z possible = ! vision1 n only negatively1 b ?r\gh positive means z well4 ,an ob/ruction ?r\gh :i* p5etration mu/ be =c$1 div]t+ ! att5tion1 is l ! p]son :o claims u :5 we are try+ to li/5 to someone else4 ,:5 9 nature we obs]ve a sc5e t naturally fits a frame & we f9d ourselves gaz+ fir/ at "o object & !n at ano!r & return+ aga9 to ! fir/1 we may be sure x w make a picture4 ,b :5 we are tempt$ to turn1 9 ! inspection ( ! :ole horizon 7?\gh ?is be circul> obs]vation71 x proves we h n f\nd a picture4 ,our picture1 on canvas1 mu/ fit an arc ( sixty degrees4 ,! o!r ?+ is a panorama4 ,! pr9ciple is conta9$ 9 ! illu/ration ( ! a?letes4 ,?is picture has ! fasc9ation ( a cont9u\s p]=mance & s 9 degree %\ld e picture h4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 or figure subject ! same pr9ciples apply4 ,! ma9 po9t is to capture ! obs]v]'s int]e/ ) ! !me1 :i* to 8 m5tal processes %all unfold accord+ to ! arti/'s plan4 ,) tw5ty objects to pres5t1 :i* "o on ! *essbo>d ( y\r picture %all take prec$5ce & :i* %all /& next 9 importance1 & :i* %all h a limit$ influ5ce1 & :i*1 l ! pawns1 %all s]ve z little m ?an ! add$ ?\ghts 9 ! game8 ,circul> ,obs]vation--,! ,pr9ciple2 ,! ,slay+ ( ! ,unpropiti\s ,mess5g]s 7,triangul> ,composition--,circul> ,obs]vation7 ,9 8,! ,slay+ ( ! ,unpropiti\s ,mess5g]s10 a picture ( great p[] & truly sublime 9 ! simplicity ( its dramatic expression1 ! vision falls )\t hesitation on ! figure ( ,ph>aoh1 easily pass+ ov] ! ?ree pro/rate =ms 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd4 ,^! might h div]t$ ! att5tion & weak5$ ! subject _h n !y be5 skillfully play$ = second place4 ,_! backs h be5 turn$1 _! faces cov]$1 &1 ?\gh ?ree to "o1 ! s+le figure reigns supreme4 ,note h[ !y are made to guide ! eye t[>d him & into ! picture & discov] 9 ! o!r l9es ( ! picture an int5tion t[>d ! same end1 ! /aircase1 ! riv]1 ! m\nta91 ! angul> cont\r ( ! portico beh9d ty+ ) ! ne>] ro( projection & mak+ a brok5 /airway f ! left-h& upp] corn]4 ,see1 aga91 ! l9es ( ! canopy compos+ a special frame = ! ma/] figure4 ,suppose a recon/ruction ( ?is composition4 ,behold ! sla9 mess5g]s %ak5 into less recumb5t & m tragic attitudes1 arrang$ along ! =eplane ( ! picture2 let all ! lead+ l9es be rev]s$2 make !m antagoni/ic to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! picture 0 con/ruct$4 ,! subject inde$ w h be5 pres]v$ & ! /ory illu/rat$1 b ! foll[+ po9ts w be lo/ & no?+ ga9$3 ,a c5tral dom9at+ po9t ( int]e/2 ! disp>ity betwe5 mon>* & slave2 ! s5tim5t ( repose & quietude sugge/$ by a />lit night & ! coord9ation ( recumb5t l9es2 ! pa?os ( ! lonely vigil1 ) ! gaze ( ! s+le figure /ra9$ & fix$ ^u1 ! di/ant horizon :5ce he may expect ! remnants ( 8 %att]$ army4 ,! arti/'s fir/ conception ( ?is subject 0 d\btless t ( a pyramid2 ! head ( ,ph>aoh is ! apex & ! slaves ! base & side l9es4 ,! o!r l9es 7 arrang$ 9 "p to draw away f ?is app>5t & v common =m ( composition4 ,"o has b to look ?r\gh a li/ ( notable pictures to f9d evid5ce ( ! v frequ5t use ( ^! conc5tric l9es draw+ ! vision f ! l[] corn]s ( ! picture to an apex ( ! pyramid4 ,n[1 h]e9 lies ! analogy betwe5 ! simple/ =m ( l&scape con/ruction & ! =egr\nd or figure subject4 ,! framework ( bo? is ! pyramid1 or :at is t]m$ ! /ructure ( physical /ability4 ,9 ! l&scape ! pyramid lies on its side1 ! apex rec$+4 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s figure pa9t]s to con/ruct entirely 9 pyramids1 ! small] items ( ! picture resolv+ !mselves into m9or pyramids4 ,9 ! s+le figure picture--! portrait1 /&+ or sitt+--! pyramidal =m annihilates ! spaces on ei!r side ( ! figure1 :i*1 p>allel+ bo? ! sides & ! frame1 w\ld leave long quadrilat]als 9 place ( dim9i%+ segm5ts4 ,:e!r ! pyramid is 9 p]spective or "o describ$ on ! =eplane ( a picture1 ! pr9ciple is1 lead+ l9es %\ld c>ry ! eye into ! picture or t[>d ! subject1 a po9t t\*$ ^u 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,:5 rev]ie beg9s 9 a picture1 "o's vision involunt>ily makes a circuit ( ! items pres5t$1 />t+ at ! mo/ int]e/+ & wid5+ 9 its review t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 z r+ foll[s r+ :5 a /one is ?r[n into wat]4 ,! items ( a picture may arrange !mselves 9 elliptical =m1 & ! circuit may b5d back into ! picture2 or ! =m may be describ$ on a v]tical plane1 b ! circuit %\ld be !re1 & if two circuits may be =m$ ! rev]ie w cont9ue t mu* long]4 ,! out] circuit f9i%$1 ! vision may return to ! c5tre aga94 ,if 9 a l&scape1 = in/ance1 ! int]e/ ( ! sky dom9ates t ( ! l&1 ! vision w c5tre !re & come out ?r\gh ! =egr\nd1 & x is important t ! eye h su* a c\rse m>k$ out = x1 le/1 left to itself1 x slip away ?r\gh ! sides1 & ! cont9u\s *a9 ( rev]ie be brok54 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 :at cycles ?is great :eel ( circul> obs]vation revolves1 direct+ ! sl[ revolution ( our gaze4 ,9 "o picture x takes u f ! corn] ( ! canvas to ! extreme di/ance & !nce 9 a circuit back2 9 ano!r x moves on a flat plane l an ellipse 9 p]spective4 ,aga91 fir/ cat*+ ! eye 9 ! c5tre1 x unfolds l a spiral4 ,mu* ( a pa9t]'s att5tion is giv5 to keep+ 8 edges s well gu>d$ t ! vision 9 its circuit may be kept )9 ! canvas4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! *anges :i* all pictures pass ?r\gh 9 process ( con/ruction is /imulat$ by ?is consid]ation--h[ to /op a wayw>d eye f gett+ too ne> ! edge & escap+ f ! picture4 ,:5 e practical device has be5 tri$1 z a la/ res\rce ! c5tre may be /r5g!n$4 ,9 ord] to settle ?is po9t to ! /ud5t's satisfaction no bett] pro( c\ld be sugge/$ ?an t he pa9t 9 black & :ite a simple l&scape motif1 ) no attempt to create a focus1 ) no suppression ( ! corn]s & no circuit ( objects--a l&scape 9 :i* gr\nd & sky %all equally divide ! int]e/4 ,he may produce a c\nt]feit ( nature1 b ! result w rise no high] 9 ! scale ( art ?an a raw pr9t f ! unqualifi$ negative 9 photography4 ,! art beg9s at t po9t1 & consi/s 9 ! production ( unity1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a focus1 9 ! subord9ation ( p>ts by ! e/abli%m5t ( a scale ( relative values1 & 9 a cont9uity ( progression f "o "p to ano!r4 ,! proc$ure w be some:at z foll[s3 ,decision z to :e!r ! sky or gr\nd %all h "r ( way2 ! production ( a c5tre & a suppression ( contigu\s p>ts2 ! feel+ aft] l9es :i* %all convey ! eye away f ! focal c5tre & lead x ?r\gh ! picture1 a grop+ = an item1 an acc5t1 or some?+ t %all attract ! eye away f ! corn] or side ( ! picture1 :]e1 9 foll[+ ! lead+ l9es1 x may h be5 br\ght1 & back t[>d ! focus aga94 ,"h !n1 w h be5 describ$ ! circuit ( :i* we speak4 ,9 ! suppression ( ! corn]s ! same in/9ct = ! elliptical l9e has be5 foll[$1 = ! composition1 by avoid+ !m1 describes itself )9 ! inn] space4 ,huntsman & ,h\nds 7,triangle ) ,circul> ,attraction72 ,portrait ( ,van d] ,gee/--,van ,dyck 7,a sph]e )9 a ,circle7 ,a composition 9 an oval or circle is mu* m easily realiz$ ?an "o occupy+ a rectangul> space1 z ! vex+ item ( ! corn]s has be5 dispos$ (1 & ! reason :y ^! %apes are n popul>ly us$ is t hang+ committees _c dispose ( !m ) o!r pictures4 ,! attempt 9 ! majority ( compositions1 h[ev]1 is to fit ! picture prop] to ! flu5t l9es ( ! circle or oval4 ,9 8,huntsman & ,h\nds10 a picture :i* is introduc$ because ! writ] is able to speak ( po9ts 9 its con/ruction :i* ^! pr9ciples necessitat$1 ! pyramidal =m ( composition is app>5t1 & ar\nd ?is a circuit is describ$ by ! h&1 arm1 crop1 spot on dog's side1 elb[ ( dog's =eleg1 l9e ( light on ! o!r dog's brea/1 ! light on table & *air 9 backgr\nd--all be+ po9ts :i* cat* ! eye & keep x mov+ 9 a circuit4 ,9 ! fir/ arrangem5t ( ?is composition a buffet occupi$ ! space giv5 to ! indication ( *air & table4 ,?is did n assi/ suffici5tly 9 div]t+ ! awkw>d l9e f ! left %\ld]1 d[n ! arm1 into ! dog's head & out ( ! picture4 ,judgm5t "h lay betwe5 fill+ ! space ) ! dog's head1 :i* w\ld h sep>at$ x too f> f ! man1 or /riv+ to div]t x z not$4 ,! space betwe5 ?is l9e & ! side ( ! canvas 0 ! difficult space ( ! picture4 ,!re is always a rebelli\s memb] 9 e picture1 :i* cont9ues unruly ?r\gh\t its :ole con/ruction1 & ?is "o did n settle itself until sev]al arrangem5ts ( ! "p 7 tri$4 ,9 ord] to div]t ! precipitate l9e a p]si/5ce ( horizontals 0 necess>y--! table1 ! *air & ! %ad[ on ! floor4 ,! %ad[s & ! picture on ! wall block ! top & sides1 & ! %ad[ f ! f5d] indicat$ along ! l[] edge complete ! circuit & weak5 ! succession ( v]ticals 9 ! legs ( dog & man4 ,,circul> ,,composition ,circul> obs]vation 9 pictures ^: /ructure 0 app>5tly n circul> leads to ! consid]ation ( circul> composition1 or t class ( pictures :]e ! evid5t int5tion is to compose "u ! influ5ce ( circul> obs]vation--:]e ! circle expresses ! fir/ ?\ght 9 ! composition4 ,?is introduces u to ! wide/ rea*es ( pictorial art1 = 9 ?is category lie ! greate/ ( ! _w's pictures4 ,slight analysis is necess>y to discov] ?is arrangem5t 9 ! majority ( ! /ronge/ compositions :i* we enc\nt]4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan & ,l5ox ,gall]ies ( ,new ,york1 ! foll[+ pictures may be look$ at = ?is =m ( /ructure1 %[+ ! circle ei!r 9 ! v]tical plane or 9 p]spective4 ,augu/e ,bonheur's l>ge cattle-piece1 ,inness' 8,autumn ,oaks10 ,corot's 8,ville d',avray10 ,knaus' 8,madonna10 ,cabanel's kneel+ female figure1 ,koybet's 8,c>d ,play]s10 8,jean d',arc10 by ,ba/ian ,lepage2 8,! ,baloon10 by ,julian ,dupr2 ,wylie's 8,dea? ( ! ,v5dean ,*ief10 ,leutze's 8,cross+ ( ! ,delaw>e10 ,meissoni]'s 8#ahjg10 ! ?ree pictures ( ,turn]1 8,milton ,dictat+ to ,8 ,daught]s10 by ,munkacsy1 & ,knaus' 8,b[ at a ,peasants' ,ball40 ,?is li/ conta9s ! mo/ important works ( ^! collections1 & o!rs might easily be add$4 ,! head by ,van ,dyck c>ries ) x ! repose :i* belongs to ! complet5ess ( ! circle4 ,l ,saturn & 8 r+1 ?is sph]e )9 ! circle is typical ( h>mony 9 unity1 & = ?is reason1 ?\gh deta*$ z we "k x to be1 x has a great] complet5ess ?an ?\gh jo9$ to a body4 ,x is on ?is g5]al pr9ciple t all circul> compositions are bas$--absorption ( ! att5tion )9 ! circuit4 ,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne--,t9toretto 7,circle & ,radius72 ,endymion--,watts 7,! ,circle--,v]tical ,plane7 ,9 ,t9toretto's 8,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne10 ! float+ figure (f]s u a %ock n q reliev$ :5 we recall ! epo* ( its production or conc$e ! cu/om>y lic5se to my?ology4 ,at a p]iod 9 art :5 angels 7 employ$ ?r\gh a composition z a /age manag] w\ld scatt] sup]num]>ies--to fill gaps or create masses--9 any po/ure :i* ! conditions ( ! picture dem&$1 x is n /range t ! arti/ conceiv$ ?is figure susp5d$ f above 9 an arc ( a circle1 if 9 ^! l9es x s]v$ 8 purpose4 ,9 ?is %ape x completes a circuit 9 ! figures1 fills ! space :i* w\ld o!rwise op5 a wide escape = ! vision1 &1 by ! union ( ! ?ree heads1 jo9s ! figures 9 ! c5tre ( ! canvas1 complet+1 ) ! legs ( ,ariadne1 five radial l9es f ?is focus4 ,to ! m9d ( a sixte5? c5tury arti/1 ^! reasons 7 m conv9c+ ?an ! objection to pa9t+ a hundr$ & =ty p\nds ( recumb5t fle% & blood1 ) ! support unse54 ,to ! mod]n arti/ su* a conception w\ld be well-nigh impossible1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,watts gives u mu* ! same action4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ( ! drap]ies supplies motion to ! figure ( ,sel5e1 & z a mom5t>y action we "k x to be possible4 ,7 ! int]pretation ( motion by hair & drap]y impossible1 & ! impression1 z 9 ! ,t9toretto1 t ( ! susp5d$ nude model1 x w\ld be safe to say t no mod]n pa9t] w\ld h employ$ su* a figure4 ,?is t\* ( realism1 ev5 among ! transc5d5tal pa9t]s1 d5otes ! clean-cut sep>ations betwe5 ! mod]n & m$iaeval art s5se4 ,:ile ^! two examples %[ ! 8vortex0 arrangem5t ) flu5t outl9es1 ! portrait7#aj7 by ,mr4 ,:i/l] expresses ! same pr9ciples 9 an outl9e almo/ rectangul>1 b is to be plac$ 9 ! same category z ! o!r two4 ,! *air-back1 ! curta91 ! fram$ et*+1 are all =mally plac$ ) respect to ! edges ( ! canvas1 & z we obs]ve !m 9 _! ord]1 we return 9 a circuit to ! head4 ,! circle 9 composition is discov]able 9 _m pictures :]e !re is no direct evid5ce t ! int5tion 0 to compose ?us1 b :]e9 analysis on ^! l9es proves t1 l$ by unity1 balance & repose 7c>d9al beacon-lights to ! m9d arti/ic71 ! pa9t] naturally did x4 ,x is ( int]e/ to review ?is picture ?r\gh its simple evolution4 ,! head conceiv$ 9 its pose1 ! next l9e ( int]e/ is "o f neck to feet4 ,?is1 besides be+ ! edge ( ! black mass ( ! body1 is ! m app>5t aga9/ ! light gray wall & z a l9e is attractive 9 =m+ ,hog>?'s 8,l9e ( ,beauty40 ,b beautiful z x may be1 x commits an unlovely act 9 cutt+ a picture diagonally1 almo/ f corn] to corn]4 ,int]ruption ( ?is is effect$ by ! h&s & increas$ by ! h&k]*ief4 ,%ortly bel[ ! knee ?is is div]t$ by ! base-bo>d & at ! bottom squ>ely /opp$ by ! solid rectangle ( ! /ool4 ,suppose t ! picture on ! wall 7 miss+2 n only w\ld ! long p>allelogram ( ! curta9 be unreliev$1 b ! return ( ! l9e to ! subject 9 ! ensemble ( ! picture w\ld be brok54 ,?is1 !re=e1 becomes ! key/one ( ! composition4 ,o!r consid]ations besides its div]sion f ! curta9 are1 its curtail+ ( wall space1 &1 by its close placem5t to ! curta91 its union !re) z a balance = head & body--9 bulk ( light & d>k almo/ id5tical ) !m1 ?\gh less =cible 9 tonal value4 ,9 ,wi]tz's gr\p ab\t ! body ( ,patroclus1 ?\gh its cont\r is m decid$ly circul> 7& 9 ! use ( ?is t]m is always meant a l9e return+ on itself71 x fails to prompt circul> obs]vation to ! same ext5t z ! =ego+4 ,! eye seesaws back & =? along ! l9es ( ! hammock arrangem5t ( light1 & we are consci\s ( ! extreme balance & ! c>eful p>cell+ out ( ! units ( =ce4 ,) all its evid5t ab&on ! me?od is pa9fully pres5t1 z ?\gh ! arti/1 giv5 s mu* ,greek1 0 c>eful to add ! same am\nt ( ,trojan4 ,! level & plummet sett+ ( ! gr\p exactly )9 ! sides ( ! frame1 ) no sugge/ion ( any?+ else exi/+ 9 ! _w1 puts x into ! class ( =mal decoration1 ) :i* old ma/]dom ab\nds1 & :5ce ,wi]tz receiv$ ! inspiration = mo/ ( 8 great compositions4 ,! ,fight ,ov] ! ,body ( ,patroclus--,weirls2 #ahjg--,meissoni]2 ,ville d',avray--,corot2 ,! ,circle 9 ,p]spective ,m /udiable is ! vortex arrangem5t ( ! 8#ahjg10 ) its magnific5t sweep ( cavalry1 :]e ! tumultu\s en]gy ( "o "p is augm5t$ by f9e anti!sis ( repose 9 ano!r4 ,meissoni]'s composition 0 exp&$ aft] ! fir/ conception 0 ne>ly complet$4 ,! visitor at ! ,metropolitan ,museum may discov] a horizontal l9e 9 ! sky & a v]tical "o ?r\gh ! "r end4 ,?is slight ridge 9 ! canvas %[s ! dim5sions ( ! orig9al ?\ght4 ,! add$ space gave l>g] opportunity = ! maneuvres ( ! cuirassi]s1 & set ,napoleon to ! left ( ! exact c5tre1 :]e1 by ! importance ( 8 figure1 he m ju/ly s]ves z a balance = ! heavi] side ( ! picture4 ,z 9 ! ,:i/l] portrait1 ! key/one 0 ! picture on ! wall1 9 ?is composition ! gr\p ( m\nt$ gu>dsm5 on ! left gives a circle's unity to x1 helps to jo9 ! middle di/ance ) ! =egr\nd1 becomes ! ?ird po9t 9 ! triangle1 :i* gives pyramidal solidity to ! composition & is altoge!r q z important to ! picture z ! "r w+ to an army4 ,corot 0 wont to rely on ,nature's gift z %e be/[$ x1 m]ely all[+ 8 s5sitive picture-s5se to lead him :]e pictures 71 r ?an ^u any artful recon/ruction ( ! facts ( nature4 ,8 8,little ,music10 z he call$ x1 came = ! mo/ "p ready-made = him1 & he simply caught x & wrote ! score4 ,8 art is less impressive = composite quality1 ?an1 = example1 t ( ,mauve1 :o1 9 ! same simple range ( subject1 s\ght to produce a p]fect composition e "t4 ,9 ! 8,lake at ,ville d',avray10 we h "o ( ,corot's happie/ subjects1 ?\gh n especially *>act]i/ic4 ,a consid]able "p ( its *>m lies 9 our opportunity to girdle x ) our eye1 & 9 imag9ation f any po9t along its rim to view its circumf]5ce z a page f ,nature1 complete4 ,,recon/ruction ,,= ,,circul> ,,obs]vation4 ,circul> composition traceable 9 :at has be5 fir/ conceiv$ z pyramidal or rectangul>1 circul> composition z ! fir/ int5tion1 express$ ei!r on a v]tical plane or 9 p]spective1 i4e41 circul> or elliptical--& composition made circul> n by any arrangem5t ( p>ts1 b by sacrifice & elim9ation ( edges & corn]s are ! ?ree =ms ( composition :i* produce circul> obs]vation4 ,! value ( ! circle z a unify+ & !re=e z a simplify+ ag5t _c be ov]e/imat$1 especially 9 solv+ ! problems :i* occur 9 composition :]e ! circle has n be5 a "p ( ! orig9al s*eme1 b :]e1 :5 appli$1 x seems to br+ a relief to confusion & disord]4 ,9 _m cases :]e all ess5tial items are happily arrang$1 b1 z a :ole1 refuse to compose1 ! addition ( "s elem5t or ! readju/m5t ( a "p :i* w produce circul> obs]vation1 w (ttimes prove ! solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! ,h]mit--,g]>d ,d[ 7,rectangle 9 ,circle72 ,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan--,b\*] 7,circul> ,obs]vation by ,suppression ( ,sides & ,corn]s7 ,j z progression 9 a /raight l9e w soon c>ry u out ( ! picture1 w circul> progression keep u )9 its b\nds4 ,if !n1 circul> obs]vation af=ds ! be/ means ( appreciation1 x foll[s t circul> composition is ! mo/ tell+ =m ( pres5tation4 ,!re are _m subjects :i* naturally d n fall 9 ^! l9es1 b :i* may (ttimes be re$it$ into ?is class4 ,?is re$it+ means composition1 & two examples f a va/ numb] are "h giv5 to %[ ! work+ out ( ! problem4 ,9 ! 8,h]mit10 by ,d[1 ! figure1 book & h\r glass compose 9 a simple left angle1 b ! head becomes ! c5tre to a circul> composition by ! pres5ce ( ! ar* above & ! encircl+ %ad[ beh9d & b5ea? ! arm4 ,! corn]s sacrifice _! space to /r5g!n ! c5tre & ! vision is ?us completely funnel$ ^u ! head4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is is ! composition by ,b\*]4 ,"h are ! elem5ts = two or ?ree pictures ?r[n into "o1 & 9 "s respects well gov]n$ z a s+le composition4 ,conceive1 h[ev]1 ?is subject b]eft ( ! d>k5$ corn]s1 & ! gradations :i* create a focus4 ,! figures w\ld lie ^u ! canvas some:at 9 ! %ape ( a lett] ,z1 devoid ( ess5tial coh]5ce1 ) ! details 9 ! =egr\nd hopelessly expos$ z padd+4 ,ano!r resort 9 ord] to secure a vortex1 or a c5tre b\nd$ by a circle1 is to surr\nd ! head or figure ) fly+ drap]y1 bran* =ms1 a halo or any l9e> item :i* may s]ve bo? to cut out & to hem 94 ,x accompli%es some?+ ( :at ! h& does :5 held z a tunnel be=e ! eye4 ,su* a device (f]s ready aid to ! decorator ^: figures mu/ (t5 receive a close encasem5t1 fitt$ z !y are into limit$ spaces1 :5 _m an ungraci\s l9e 9 ! subject is made to disappe> ?r\gh ! accommodation ( pliant drap]y or ( v>i$ tree =ms4 ,9 ?is class ( compositions especially mu/ ! backgr\nd be made ! complem5t ( ! subject4 ,:at ! subject fails to conta9 may !re be suppli$1 a sort ( auxili>y opportunity4 ,! subject1 or mo/ int]e/+ "p1 %\ld lie ei!r )9 ! circuit or be ! mo/ important item ( ! circle4 ,x %\ld nev] be outside ! circle4 ,if x appe>s !re1 ! eye is ?r[n (f ( ! elliptical track4 ,if ! read] w comp>e ! 8,lake at ,ville d',avray0 by ,corot ) 8 8,orpheus & ,eurydice10 ! *>m 9 ! =m] may reveal itself m completely ?r\gh ! j> to :i* ! latt] subjects u4 ,! figures ( ! div9e lyri/ & 8 bride escap+ out ( "o corn] ( ! canvas d n ent] at all into ! l9e> s*eme & 9 _! anxiety to flee ,hades !y are ab\t to leave art & ! spectator4 ,! picture is a /range c\nt]p>t ( ! ,apollo & ,daphne ( ,giorgione at ,v5ice1 & s9ce x is kn[n ( ,corot t he c>$ inf9itely m = nature ?an art1 x is fair to suppose t he _h nev] se5 ?is picture ei!r 9 ! orig9al or reproduction4 ,_h he be5 gov]n$ by ! feel+ = unity :i* 8 works usually display ?is pitfall 9 ! bord]s ( plagi>ism w\ld n h sn>$ him4 ,orpheus & ,eurydice--,corot 7,figures outside ! natural l9e ( ! picture's composition72 ,! ,holy ,family--,&rea del ,s>to 7,! circle ov]balanc$7 ,! 8,holy ,family10 by ,&rea del ,s>to1 is a composition 9 :i* ! good int5tion ( ! arti/ to make a complete l9e )9 ! sides ( ! canvas seems a matt] ( great] conc]n ?an o!r pr9ciples ( composition1 q z important4 ,! ellipse ( ! ?ree figures is beautifully c>ri$ out1 b x leaves "o ( !m1 ! mo/ important1 9 ! lea/ important place4 ,! :ole composition sags 9 ?is direction1 ! weight ( ,joseph1 9 half %ad[1 be+ insuffici5t to recov] ! balance4 ,) ^! figures all well drawn & especially adapt$ 9 _! cont\rs to ! organic l9es ( composition1 sev]al re>rangem5ts might be made1 z well z o!r arrangem5ts1 ) any "o ( ! f\r figures omitt$1 its place us$ = res]v$ space4 ,no bett] practice 9 l9e> & mass composition c\ld be sugge/$ ?an slight modification ( p>ts by rais+ or l[]+ or spac+ or by ! recon/ruction ( ! backgr\nd1 ( well kn[n pictures 9 :i* ! composition is confus$4 ,a common mi/ake 9 ! use ( ! circul> =m is t ( mak+ x too app>5t4 ,a li/ ( pictures might be made :]e9 ! =mal l9es ( con/ruction are v mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,su* c\ld be well head$ by ,raphael's 8,dea? ( ,ananias10 :]e ! =mality ( ! arrangem5t is on a p> ) ! /ra9 & ef=t express$ 9 e "o ( its figures4 ,! curv$ p]i/yle ( kneel+ disciples (f]s a temptation to pu% ! end man & await ! result on ! o!rs1 m to witness a re>rangem5t ?an create any fur!r commotion 9 ! infant *ur*4 ,! fact t ?is "w is decorative r ?an pictorial 9 int5tion _c relieve ! repres5tation ( an actual occurr5ce ( ! *>ge ( be+ /ruck (f 9 an (t-us$ & well worn mold4 ,comp>e ) ?is ,rembr&t's fam\s circul> composition1 8,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick10 :]e9 ?\gh ! weight on ei!r side ( ,*ri/ is ab\t ev5ly divid$1 ! =mality ( placem5t has be5 mo/ c>efully avoid$1 & :]e ! impression is m]ely t ! ,heal] is ! c5tre ( a body ( p :o surr\nd him4 ,) ! great pr9ciple ( l9e> composition 9 m9d1 namely1 t ! vision travels 9 ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 no rule ne$ be =mulat$ & no fur!r examples produc$ to prove t ! v>i\s items ( a composition are tak5 at _! requir$ value to ! ext5t to :i* !y adh]e to & p>take ( ! e/abli%$ plan ( obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii - ,,angul> ,,composition1 ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,! ,,rectangle ,! ,triangle4 ,9 angul> composition ! return ( ! eye ov] its c\rse1 z 9 circul> obs]vation1 is practically elim9at$4 ,:ile ! circle & ellipse (f] a succession ( items & ev5ts1 "o ! sequ5ce ( ! o!r1 s t ! vision concludes l a boom]ang1 angul> composition s5ds a %aft direct1 ) no return4 ,"h ! pleasure ( rev]ie ?r\gh an endless *a9 mu/ be ex*ang$ = ! /imulation ( a %ock1 = =ce by conc5tration1 = rugg$ness at ! exp5se ( elegance4 ,pure triangul> composition is a =m r>ely se51 z1 9 mo/ cases :]e ! l9es ( ! triangle are detect$ z ! fir/ conception1 o!r l9es or po9ts h be5 add$ to de/roy or modify !m4 ,jacque has be5 successful 9 ! managem5t ( :at is consid]$ a difficult =m4 ,9 ! h]d] ) cattle al?\gh we feel 9 ! next mom5t ! subject w h pass$1 :ile x la/s ! arti/ has kept ! eye ^u x by ! use ( d>k figures at ei!r end & a conc5tration ( light 9 ! c5tre2 also by ! pres5ce ( ! tree 9 ! di/ance :i* turns ! eye into ! picture z x leaves ! c[ on ! "r4 ,! ,h]d]--,jaque ,ano!r example m complete z a composition is 8 fam\s 8,%eph]d & ,%eep107#aa7 9 :i* ! angle is =m$ by ! d>k dog at ! extreme "r1 ! l9es exp&+ ?r\gh ! figure ( ! %eph]d & !nce above into a gr\p ( trees & bel[ along ! edge ( ! flock4 ,9 ?is example ! base l9e runs into ! picture by p]spective & !nce back into ! picture to ! trees4 ,! 8,dep>ture = ! ,*ase10 by ,cuyp1 %[s an unsuccessful use ( ?is %ape4 ,9 8,! ,pa? ( ! ,surf10 ! ma9 =m--! surf--is a triangle & ! two support+ spaces triangles4 ,su* a con/ruction is p>ticul>ly /able1 z ^! focalize on ! l9e ( int]e/4 ,"s arti/s con/ruct mo/ ( _! pictures 9 a s]ies ( relat$ triangles4 ,! writ] call+ ^u ,h5ry ,bacon f\nd him pa9t+ a gr\p ( transatlantic travell]s on a /eam]'s deck4 ,he po9t$ out a s*eme ( triangles :i* toge!r =m$ "o great triangle1 b said he 0 look+ = ! la/ po9t = ! base ( ?is4 ,a mon?ly magaz9e 0 sugge/$1 :i*1 laid op5 on its face1 prov$ le d]ni] cl\4 ,,! ,,v]tical ,,l9e ,,9 ,,angul> ,,composition ,:5 ,giotto 0 ask$ = 8 conception ( a p]fect build+1 he produc$ a circle4 ,:5 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 appeal$ to1 he designat$ ! cross4 ,on bo? bases may good ar*itecture & good pictures be f\nd$4 ,if ! extremities ( ! ,greek cross be connect$ by arcs1 a circle w result1 & if ! ,lat9 cross be s b\nd$ we w h a kite-%ape1 or ellipse4 ,! two designs are1 !re=e1 n z dissimil> z may at fir/ be suppos$4 ,9 bo?1 f ! pictorial /&po9t1 !y are ! framework by means ( :i* ! same giv5 space may be fill$4 ,! simple v]tical l9e is monoton\s4 ,its bisection produces balance2 a cross is ! result4 ,aga91 two crosses plac$ toge!r1 ! arms t\*+1 & ?ree crosses 9 l position1 w repres5t ! picture plan ( ! gr\p+ s frequ5tly us$ by ,raphael--a c5tral figure balanc$ by "o on ei!r side1 ! horizon jo9+ !m1 & beh9d ?is ! balance repeat$ 9 trees & o!r figures4 ,pictorially1 ! v]tical l9e is mu* m important ?an any o!r4 ,x is ! direction ( gravity2 x repres5ts man upright1 9 di/9ction f ! brutes2 x also c /& alone1 all o!r l9es dem&+ supports4 ,( two equally =cible l9es1 ?is w\ld fir/ be se54 ,9 composition1 !re=e1 x has ! "r ( way4 ,let u />t ) a subject repres5t$ by a v]tical l9e--a tree or figure4 ,! directness1 rigidity1 isolation & unqualifi$ =ce ( su* a l9e dem&s balance2 o!rwise1 ext5sion is ! sole idea4 ,) ! ?\ght ( a frame or sides ( ! picture comes ! necess>y horizontal l9e1 bisect+ ! v]tical4 ,l5g? & bread? h !n be5 repres5t$1 some?+ 9 two dim5sions />t$1 & ! f\r sides ( a frame necessitat$4 ,9 sculpture ?is consid]ation weighs no?+4 ,a /atue is fram$ by all outdoors4 ,! v]tical ( a s+le figure pi]ces ! unlimit$ sky1 & ! only consid]ation to ! arti/ is t ! mass looks well f any po9t ( view4 ,! gr\p by ,c>peaux is a sample ( pla/ic art unusually picturesque1 & w\ld easily fit a frame1 because 9 x ! v]tical figure is support$ by horizontals1 bo? ( l9es & 9 ! idea ( lat]al movem5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 solid & complete & sets =? 9 its /ructure ! ?\ght ( ,alex&] ! ,great :5 he _h 8 arti/s repres5t1 9 a design pa9t$ ^u 8 equipm5ts1 la/+ p[] z a sword )9 a circuit4 ,?is piece ( sculpture is a cross )9 a cyl9d]1 b on a flat plane ! pr9ciple is j z =cible1 z w fur!r be %[n 9 ! picture by ,israels4 ,alone--,jacques ,israels 7,con/ructive ,syn!sis ^u ! ,v]tical72 ,! ,dance--,c>peaux 7,! ,cross ,)9 ! ,circle7 8,! ,crucifixion10 by ,morot1 is m /atuesque ?an picturesque1 & w\ld ga9 9 effect if se5 unemb>rass$ by ! limitations ( a frame4 ,its /r5g? 9 "o situation is its weakness 9 ano!r4 ,! pres5ce ( ! frame creates ?ree spaces1 "o above ! horizontal & "o on ei!r side ( ! v]tical1 & ^! are empty4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! s+le ?\ght ( ! dy+ ,savi\r is suffici5tly great to be>--nay1 ev51 p]haps1 dem&--isolation1 x unites itself ) no?+ else )9 our compass ( vision1 &1 !re=e1 _c be said to compose ) its frame4 ,! read] is n[ 9 a position to appreciate ! simple me*anics :i* und]lie ! composition by ,israels4 ,9 8,alone0 ! arti/ />ts ) ! figure ( ! man--a v]tical4 ,! next ?\ght closely alli$ is ! woman4 ,! two complete a cross4 ,f ei!r end two m v]ticals are erect$4 ,on ! left ano!r horizontal jo9s ! v]tical 9 ! top ( ! table & unites x ) ano!r v]tical1 ! %utt]1 & s on to ! edge ( ! picture4 ,on ! o!r side ! basket top leads (f f ! v]tical & !nce d[n ! side to ! floor & to ! edge ( ! picture by ! l9es ( fagots4 ,! circuit1 :i* helps to keep ! vision 9 ! picture & s]ves to r5d] m compact ! subject prop]1 is develop$ by ! %elf1 weights ( ! clock1 basket1 cap1 items ^u table1 %utt] & b$po/4 ,= pro( t ! horizontal l9es 9 ?is composition 7 all plac$ !re = ! relief ( ! v]ticals1 ) ! fir/ ( :i* ! picture />ts1 let u remove ! table1 basket & b5* & see h[ ! arrangem5t becomes "o ( quadrangles1 p>allel+ in/ead ( unit+ ) ! sides4 ,9 e case1 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 !re has be5 an ef=t to rea* out t[>d ! sides & take hold !re4 ,^? t h e/abli%$ ^! po9ts ( contact mo/ fully are ! mo/ /able & ! mo/ satisfy+4 ,9 ! composition ( ! 8,beautiful ,gate10 by ,raphael1 ! two pill>s1 9 t !y span ! :ole di/ance f bottom to top1 de/roy all *ance = unity4 ,?ree pictures result in/ead ( "o--a tripty* elaborately fram$4 ,ev5 ) ^! v]ticals cutt+ ! picture into sections1 _h horizontals be5 introduc$ betwe5 !m & 9 front1 or ev5 beh9d1 "s ( ! necess>y unity ( pictorial /ructure c\ld h be5 secur$4 ,:at connection exi/s betwe5 ^! sev]al p>ts is all subjective1 b n /ructural1 ! impulse to exhibit ! wond]ful columns 9 _! rem>kable p]fection ( detail be+ a temptation to :i* ! picture 0 sacrific$4 ,su* an exhibition ( ! uncontroll$ v]tical produces an effect on a p> ) a football c>ri$ /raight across ! field & plac$ on ! goal l9e )\t opposition4 ,all ! /rategy ( ! game is left out1 & al?\gh ! play produces ! requir$ effect 9 ! score1 a few repetitions ( ! proc$ure w\ld soon cle> ! b5*es4 ,! int]e/ to ! spectators & play]s alike ent]s 9 :5 ! t\*-d[n is accompli%$ aft] a s]ies ( zigzags t[>d ! out] l9e1 :]e =ce meet+ =ce 9 a c\nt] direction results 9 a tang5t1 :5 ! goal is rea*$ by ! subtlety ( a diagonal4 ,a cu%ion c>om is an arti/ic ?+2 a set-up %ot is ! beg9n]'s delight4 ,9 ! 8,allegory ( ,spr+10 by ,botticelli1 we h a sample ( /ructure lack+ bo? circul> cohesion & ! /ability ( ! cross adhesion4 ,l sep>ate figures & gr\ps ( a photographic collection1 x might be ext5d$ indef9itely on ei!r side or cut into f\r sep>ate panels4 ,! accessories ( ! figures (f] no help ( union4 ,besides ! lack ( /ructural unity1 no ef=t t[>d x appe>s 9 ! conception ( ! subject4 ,ea* figure or gr\p is suffici5t unto itself1 & ! :ole repres5ts a gr\p ( sep>ate ideas4 ,?is is n composition1 b addition4 ,b :at ( ! s+le figure 9 /&+ portraiture1 :5 only ! p]son is pres5t$1 & no ?\ght desir$ b t ( p]sonality1 :5 ! outl9e /&s reliev$ by spaces ( no?+ness8 ,?\gh less app>5t1 ! pr9ciple ( union ) ! sides /ill abides4 ,:at is kn[n z ! lo/ & f\nd outl9e is a recognition ( ?is1 an ef=t ( ! backgr\nd to become homog5e\s ) ! v]tical mass1 ! l9e giv+ way t ! surr\nd+ tone may be let 94 ,su* is ! feel+ ) :i* _m ( ! mo/ subtle ( ,:i/l]'s full-l5g?s h be5 produc$4 ,! portraits ( ,c>ri]e are /ill m /rik+ examples ( absolute dismissal ( outl9e4 ,9 ! well-kn[n portrait ( 8,alice10 by ,mr4 ,*ase1 :]e ! crisp edges ( a :ite dress are reliev$ aga9/ a d>k gr\nd1 su* treatm5t is impossible4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! device ( fly+ ribbons is a mo/ clev] "o1 :i*1 besides giv+ ! effect ( motion1 causes an int]ruption 9 ^! clean-cut outl9es1 z also 9 ! =mal spaces on ei!r side4 ,! horizontal acc5t ( d>k ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! canvas1 sugge/+ a gr& piano 9 ! dim recesses beh9d1 fulfills a l obligation f ! l9e> z well z tonal /&po9t4 ,,angul> ,,composition ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,horizontal ,z ! v]tical may be t]m$ ! figure pa9t]s' l9e s ! horizontal becomes ! l9e ( ! l&scape pa9t]4 ,giv5 ^! z ! necess>y fir/ ?+s1 ! picture is made by build+ ^u & ar\nd !m4 ,! devices :i* aid ! figure pa9t] 9 dispos+ ( "o or _m v]ticals h be5 briefly view$4 ,a consid]ation ( ! horizontal w necess>ily take u out ( doors to e>? & sky1 :]e nature con/ructs on surfaces :i* foll[ ! horizon4 ,! problem 9 composition :i* ea* ( ^! l9es pres5ts is ! same & ! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! solution ( ea* id5tical2 balance by equalization ( =ces4 ,giv5 a l9e :i* co9cides ) b "o side ( ! picture x becomes necess>y = ! poise ( ! quadrilat]al to cross x ) an oppos+ l9e4 ,! rectangul> cross1 ?\gh m positive & effective1 is no m pot5tial 9 secur+ ?is unity ?an ! cross+ ( l9es at a long angle4 ,a s]ies ( "r angles w 9 "t arrive at ! same po9t z ! tang5t1 b less quickly4 ,ea* angle 9 su* an asc5t produces ! p>ity ( bo? horizontal & v]tical4 ,! tang5t expresses _! syn!sis4 ,9 ,=tuny's 8,connoisseurs10 ! "r angle =m$ by ! l9e ( ! mantel & ! /atue takes ! eye to ! same po9t z ! tang5t ( ! %ad[4 ,aga91 ! pr9ciple all[s ! modification ( any arm ( ! cross1 ma9ta9+ only ! fact ( ! cross itself4 ,:5 a l9e passes ?r\gh ! fir/ or necess>y l9e ( con/ruction x has1 s to speak1 incorporat$ itself z a "p ( ! picture1 & :at x becomes !reaft] is ( no great importance4 ,if ! read] w make simple l9e diagrams ( b a few pictures1 ?is po9t w be made cle>1 & x w be f\nd t su* diagrams :i* repres5t ei!r ! actual l9es ( direction or l9es ( sugge/ion f po9t to po9t or mass to mass w com=tably fill ! quadrilat]al ( ! frame z a l9e> design4 ,9 all analyses ( pictures ! /ud5t %\ld select ! fir/ or mo/ comm&+ & necess>y l9e ( ! conception4 ,hav+ f\nd ?is ?read ! :ole composition w unravel & disclose a reason = ea* /it*4 ,let a horizontal base l9e be assum$ & v]ticals erect$ !refrom1 )\t cross+ x4 ,! reason :y no picture results is because !re is no cross4 ,su* a design w\ld sugge/ _m ( ,fra ,angelico's decorations ( sa9ts & angels2 or ! plan ( ! bett] kn[n decoration ( 8,! ,prophets0 at ! ,bo/on ,libr>y by ,s>g5t4 ,^! gr\ps1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are n pictorial & are n compositions f ! picture po9t ( view4 ,_! homog5eity dep5ds n on int]*ange ( l9e or ^u o!r me*anics ( composition1 b only ^u ! unity ( associat$ ideas4 ,9 in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e "s ( ! figures ( ^! gr\ps are jo9$ by horizontal l9es or masses :i* bisect ^! v]ticals ! pictorial int5tion beg9s to be felt4 ,sket*es f ,l&scapes by ,h5ry ,rang]2 ,p>ity ( ,horizonatals & ,v]ticals2 ,cross+s ( ,horizontals by ,spot ,div]sion ,( ! accompany+ illu/rations t ( ! view on ! %ore ) ov]hang+ cl\ds %[s a mo/ p]si/5t lot ( horizontals ) no?+ b ! ligh?\se & ! ma/s ( ! vessels to s]ve = reactive l9es4 ,at _! great di/ance !y w\ld accompli% little to relieve ?is disp>ity ( l9e 7 x n = ! aid ( ! v]tical pill> ( cl\d & ! pull d[nw>d :i* ! eye receiv$ 9 ! pool bel[ ! %ore4 ,! mo/ tr\blesome l9e 9 ?is picture is ! %ore l9e1 b an ef=t is made "h to break its monotony by two acc5ts ( bu%es on ei!r side4 ,:at1 !re=e1 w\ld seem to be a composition 8go+ all "o way10 displays1 aft] all1 a /rong attempt t[>d ! recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( cross$ l9es4 ,! sket* %[s ! con/ructive l9es ( a picture by ,h5ry ,hang]1 & lacks ! =ce ( color by :i* ^! po9ts are emphasiz$4 ,sket* f ! ,book ( ,tru?--,claude ,lorra9 7,rectangle ,unbalanc$72 ,! ,beautiful ,gate--,raphael 7,v]ticals ,de/roy+ ,pictorial ,unity7 ,9 ! wood int]ior ! /one wall is ! damag+ l9e4 ,n only does x p>allel ! bottom l9e1 always un=tunate1 b x cuts ! picture 9 two f side to side4 ,above ?is ! bottom l9e ( ! di/ant woods gives ano!r p>allel+ l9e1 runn+ ! full l5g? ( ! picture4 ,giv5 ! v]ticals toge!r ) ^!1 h[ev]1 _! =ce becomes weak5$ until !re ensues an almo/ p]fect balance1 ! cross+ l9es weigh+ out ev54 ,! sket* f ,claude ,lorra9e1 out ( ! 8,book ( ,tru?10 %[s a great left angle composition ( l9e n v satisfactory1 ow+ to its lack ( weight = ! long arm ( ! /eely>d4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 :i* ?is sket* exhibits is correct1 & its balance ( composition w\ld be easily effect$ by ! addition ( "s small item ( int]e/ to ! extreme left4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a comm5dable type ( composition1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ a rational balance1 b :5 ?is is to be _h 9 j its "r =ce ! plan ( l9es is excell5t4 ,9 ! matt] ( measures1 7 ! :ole composition pu%$ to ! left we w\ld at once feel a relief 9 ! spaces4 ,b ! impressioni/ qu]ies :y n take x z x /&s6 ,s x might be tak51 & a mo/ balanc$ picture pa9t$ f x2 b ^! consid]ations apply to ! black & :ite1 )\t ! alt]ation :i* color might effect4 ,"m & ,*ild--,or*>dson 7,horizontals oppos$ or ,cov]$72 ,/ream 9 ,w9t]--,w4 ,e4 ,s*(ield 7,v]ticals & ,horizontals vs4 ,diagonal7 ,no less aggravat$ a case ( horizontals is ! *>m+ picture ( "m & *ild by ,mr4 ,or*>dson4 ,! long cane s(a & ! recumb5t baby are ! two unaccommodat+ l9es = :i* ! "m's figure 0 especially pos$4 ,h[soev] unconsci\s may appe> ! r5d]+s ( ?is figure1 plus ! fan1 ! und]ly+ /ructure ( x con=ms absolutely to ! requirem5ts ( ! un?9k+ half ( ! subject4 ,x is an in/ance ( an unpromis+ />t result+ ) especial success ?r\gh skillful play+ to its awkw>d leads4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! diagonal be+ equival5t z a space fill] to ! cross$ horizontal & v]tical is %[n by comp>ison ( ! wood int]ior ) ! w9t] l&scape1 9 :i* ! =egr\nd has be5 ?us dispos$ (4 ,! =ce ( a horizontal is m clev]ly weak5$ by su* a l9e because besides add+ v>iety x accompli%es its int5tion ) less ef=t4 ,z a w>n+ ( :at may happ5 :5 ^! pr9ciples are neglect$ or ov]done "o glance at ! eque/rian picture by ,cuyp is suffici5t4 ,8 subject1 a man on horseback1 is an excell5t cross ( a horizontal & v]tical 9 itself & simply requir$ to be let alone & l$ away f4 ,! backgr\nd de/roys ?is &1 in/ead ( be+ an aid to circul> obs]vation1 p]si/s 9 add+ a l9e to "o 9 ! subject :i* %\ld h be5 p>ri$1 & ?us cuts ! picture 9 two4 ,cuyp 9 ?is z 9 ano!r simil> picture _h 9 m9d light & %ade r ?an l9e> composition1 b ev5 s1 ! composition %[s little intellig5ce4 ,no am\nt ( aft] manipulation c\ld condone s vici\s a slaught] ( space & l9e opportunities :i* ! backgr\nd1 ) its r$uplicat+ edge1 accompli%es4 ,/udy 9 t va/ & *angeful realm ! sky (f]s a great] opportunity = selection ?an any o!r "p ( nature4 ,! sky is b "o ( two elem5ts 9 e l&scape & 9 ! majority ( cases x is ! second>y elem5t4 ,if ! sky is to agree ) an int]e/+ l&scape x mu/ retire beh9d x4 ,if x causes divid$ int]e/1 its int]e/ mu/ be sacrific$4 ,draw+s1 photographs & color /udies ( skies ) ! int5tion ( comb9+ !m ) l&scape %\ld be made 9 ! range ( second>y int]e/ & ) ! calculation ( _! fitt+ to ! l9e> s*eme ( l&scape4 ,skies :i* move away f ! horizon diagonally1 sugge/+ ! oppositional feel+1 are m useful 9 an arti/'s portfolio ?an a s]ies ( cl\ds1 ! bottoms ( :i* p>allel ! horizon1 especially :5 ^! float isolat$ 9 ! sky4 ,:5 ! =mal t]race ( cl\ds entirely fills ! sky space1 its massive /ructure is felt r ?an ! horizontal l9es1 j z a s]ies ( closely p>allel$ l9es becomes a flat t9t4 ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,beauty4 ,! mo/ ela/ic & v>iable ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( composition is ! l9e ( beauty1 ! lett] ,s1 or1 conceiv$ m angul>ly1 ! lett] ,z4 ,?is is "o p>ticul>ly adapt$ to upright arrangem5ts & "o l>gely us$ by ! old ma/]s4 ,we are able to trace ?is curvil9e> feel+ ?r\gh at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! great figure compositions ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,note ! page ( sket*es 9 ! *apt] on ,light & ,%ade4 ,?\gh select$ = ?is quality !y %[ a /rong feel+ = ! sweep+ l9e ( ! lett] ,s4 8,! ,desc5t f ! ,cross10 a mo/ m>k$ example1 c well be consid]$ "o ( ! _w's greate/ compositions4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ,rub5s has repeat$ ?is g5]al =m & always ) great effect4 ,:e!r ! l9e is traceable ^u ! v]tical plane or c>ries ! eye into ! picture & =ms itself into ! graceful union ( "o object ) ano!r1 its great pictorial p[] is reveal$ to any :o w look = x4 ,hog>?'s ,l9e ( ,beauty ,9 ,hog>?'s essay on 8,! ,l9e ( ,beauty10 he sets =? a s]ies ( sev5 curves select+ ,no4 #d z ! mo/ p]fect4 ,?is is duplicat$ 9 nature by ! l9e ( a woman's back4 ,if two be jo9$ side by side !y produce ! beautiful curve ( a m\? & ! cupid's b[4 ,horizontally1 ! l9e becomes a v s]viceable "o 9 l&scape4 ,z a v]tical x recalls ! upw>d sweep ( a flame :i*1 ev] mov+1 is symbolic ( activity & life4 ,to express ?is l9e bo? 9 ! composition ( ! s+le figure & ( _m figures 0 ! con/ant ef=t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo &1 ?r\gh ,m>cus de ,sci5a1 8 pupil1 x has be5 pass$ d[n to u4 ,by ! ma/] x 0 consid]$ mo/ important advice4 8,! greate/ grace10 he ass]ts1 8t a picture c h is t x express life & motion1 z t ( a flame ( fire40 ,yet 9 ! face ( su* a /atem5t f ! pa9t] ( ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t0 x is difficult to reconcile ! lack ( x 9 ?is great picture4 ,! comp\nd curve :i* ?is l9e conta9s is "o ( p]fect balance1 traceable 9 ! /&+ figure4 ,z an elem5t ( grace1 alone1 x af=ds ! same delight z ! int]weav+ curves ( a dance or ! fasc9ation ( coil+ & wav+ smoke4 ,classic l&scape1 9 :i* _m elem5ts are introduc$1 or any subject :]e scatt]$ elem5ts are to be swept toge!r & controll$ is dep5d5t ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,an absolute l9e is n ( c\rse necess>y1 b po9ts ( attraction1 :i* ! eye easily foll[s1 is an equival5t4 ,_m simple subjects owe _! =ce & di/9ction entirely to a good introduction ?r\gh a bold sweep+ curv$ l9e4 ,?anks to ! wagon track ( ! sea%ore1 :i* may be giv5 any requir$ curve1 ! =mality & frequ5t empt9ess ( ?is subject is made to yield itself into good composition4 ,:5 ! subject rejects grace & dem&s a rugg$ =m1 ! s9u\s fl[ ( l9e may be ex*ang$ = an abrupt & =cible zigzag4 ,9 su* an arrangem5t ! eye is pull$ %>ply across spaces f "o object to ano!r1 ! space itself conta9+ little ( int]e/4 ,9 ! %ort *apt] on ,gett+ out ( ! ,picture1 ! use ( ?is zigzag l9e 0 emphasiz$4 ,! opportunity (f]$ 9 ! film-l cirrus cl\ds1 :i* s frequ5tly lie z ! backgr\nd to ! m positive =ms ( ! cumul\s1 = secur+ ! oppositional feel+1 is "o frequ5tly adopt$ by sky pa9t]s4 ,besides /r5g!n+ ! /ructure pictorially su* arrangem5t frequ5tly imp>ts great sw+ & movem5t 9 ! l9es ( a sky1 c>ry+ ! eye away f ! horizon4 ,:5 positive cl\d motion is desir$ ^! oppositional masses may become v sugge/ive ( w9d1 diff]5t /rata %[+ a contra/$ action ( air curr5ts4 ,z an adjunct to any o!r =m ( composition ?is l9e may be pr(itably employ$4 ,x plays second ) graceful effect 9 ! 8,pa? ( ! ,surf10 8,! ,lov]s10 8,! ,/ream 9 ,w9t]10 8,! ,*ant10 8#ahjg10 & is traceable 9 _m ( ! be/ compositions4 ,,! ,,rectangle ,! la/ ( ! great =ms ( composition is ! rectangle1 b ?is always 9 connection ) oppositional balance4 ,su* a =m atta*es itself to two sides ( ! picture & ! importance ( a react+ measure is obvi\s4 ,9 ?is lies ! w>rant = its use1 = )\t x unity is impossible4 ,( ! six fundam5tal =ms ( composition ?is is ! only "o :i* is dep5d5t1 all ! o!rs conta9+ )9 !mselves ! elem5t ( balance4 ,! rectangle plus ! isolat$ measure approa*es ! complet5ess ( ! cross & 9 ! degree x lacks ?is complet5ess x develops opportunities = orig9ality4 ,9 ! l&scape by ,corot ! lett] ,l is pla9ly %[n4 ,9 ! diagram ( ,fundam5tal ,=ms also1 ! tree-mass1 c[ & riv] bank 9 %ad[ s]ve z a sombre foil = ! clump ( trees ^u ! opposite %ore :i* are ba!d 9 ! s(t lum9\s haze ( e>ly morn+4 ,?is is ! real attraction :i*1 graft$ ^u ! heavy /ructure ( ! =egr\nd affects u ! m ?r\gh ! contra/4 ,9 ,mr4 ,pettie's picture ( 8,james ,,ii & ! ,duke ( ,monm\?10 we h ! opposition ( ! two l9es1 ! attraction 9 ! op5 space be+ ! l9e ( seats along ! wall4 ,^!1 9 ! dimly light$ int]ior1 are sc>cely ass]tive en\gh to effect ! div]sion :i* ! op5 /ructure dem&s4 ,9 p]spective ?is arrangem5t m]ges into ! triangle :i* has already be5 discuss$4 ,! 8,%eep & ,%eph]d10 by ,jacque is con/ruct$ ^u ! ,l rev]s$ & is an unusually /rong example ( a r>e arrangem5t4 ,,l9e ,/ructural l9e1 or t :i* /&s = ! initial =m ( ! picture & conjunctive l9e1 or t :i* jo9s itself naturally to su* =m are ! two phases ( l9e :i* engage ! sci5tific /udy ( ! arti/4 ,l9e = l9e's sake is an opportunity (f]$ him q ap>t f /ructural consid]ations4 ,l9e has a di/9ct ae/hetic value no less ?an "o contributive to picture me*anics4 ,?us pictures conceiv$ 9 v]tical l9es bespeak dignity1 solemnity1 quietude2 pill>s1 trees ( /raight %aft1 asc5d+ smoke & o!r v]tical =ms all voice ^! & alli$ emotions4 ,) slightly less =ce does a s]ies ( horizontals affect u & ) a k9dr$ emotion4 ,b :5 ! l9e slants & ceases to support itself1 or becomes curv$1 movem5t is sugge/$ & ano!r set ( emotions is evok$4 ,! diagonal typifies ! quick d>t+ lightn+4 ,! v]tical curv$ l9e is emblematic ( ! tongue ( flame2 ! horizontal curve1 ( a glid+ s]p5t4 ,9 ! circle & ellipse we feel ! :irl & fasc9ation ( cont9uity4 ,! l9e> impulse 9 composition !re=e plays a "p 9 emotional art indep5d5t ( ! subject itself4 ,ae/hetics ( ,l9e2 ,! ,alt>2 ,roman ,invasion--,f4 ,lamay] 7,v]tical l9e 9 action2 dignifi$1 measur$1 pond]\s72 ,! ,flock--,p4 ,moran 7,! horizontal1 typify+ quietude1 repose1 calm1 solemnity72 ,! curv$ l9e3 v>iety1 movem5t2 ,man ) ,/one--,v4 ,spitz] 7,transitional ,l9e1 ,cohesion72 ,! ,dance--,rub5s 7,! ellipse3 l9e ( cont9uity & unity72 ,swall[s--,f ! ,/r& 7,! diagonal3 l9e ( action2 spe$7 ,ae/hetics ( ,l9e1 ,cont9u$1 ,:]e ,l9e is ! motive & ,decoration is ! ,impulse2 ,w9t] ,l&scape--,aft] ,photograph 7,l9e ( grace1 v>iety1 facile sequ5ce72 ,l9e ,v]sus ,space 7,! same impulse ) angul> en]gy1 ,! l9e m attractive ?an ! plane72 ,reconciliation--,glack5s 7,composition gov]n$ by ! decorative ext]ior l9e72 ,decemb]--,aft] ,photograph 7,radial l9es ) /rong focalization7 ,pictorial art owes a l>ge & increas+ debt to decorative art & no small "p ( ?is is its simple beauty ( l9e4 ,x is r>e h[ev] to f9d ! pa9t] gov]n$ 9 8 fir/ conception by any positive l9e> =m4 ,! outl9es ( great compositions only h9t ( decorative /ructure & give no evid5ce t !y 7 plann$ z l9e> designs4 ,! requirem5t ( l9e> design t %e beautifully fill a space is met by pictorial composition ?r\gh ! _m correlative opportunities :i* 9 h] broad] range are op5 to h]1 by :i* %e adds to ! fundam5tal =ms ( con/ruction 7:i* (t5 prove bad space fill]s7 su* items z connect _! outl9es ) ! encasem5t or frame4 ,) "s +5uity advocates ( pure design z ! basis ( pictorial /ructure1 po9t out ! simil>ity ( c]ta9 compositions to =mal1 ornam5tal design or type =ms ( plants1 fl[]s1 etc41 yet omit to /ate h[ _m ( ! be/ compositions !y reject 9 _! se>* = ! happy hit or to all[ = ! fact t 9 ^? :i* !y cite1 cruel di/urbance ( ! beautiful s*eme c\ld easily be wr\ght by slight recon/ruction1 leav+ ! "w q z good4 ,! au?or's cont5tion is directly oppos$ to ! notion t pictorial art is dep5d5t on ! flat plan ( ! design1 :i* is only contributory1 b t its ess5ce is kn[n by an appreh5sion ( balance ?r\gh ! dep? ( ! picture4 ,pictorial art is n an art ( two dim5sions b ( ?ree4 ,,*apt] ,,viii - ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,"o1 ,,two1 ,,?ree ,,& ,,m ,,units ,/>t+ ) a s+le idea repres5t$ by a s+le unit ! coexi/5t ?\ght mu/ be ! frame or canvas circumf]5ce4 ,supply+ ?is we may !n ?9k ( ! unit z a matt] ( proportion4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( space all[$ ! unit has be5 decid$1 ! space betwe5 its circumf]5ce & ! dim5sions ( ! canvas1 or :at may be call$ ! surplus or contribut+ area is ! only ?+ t rema9s to engage u4 ,let ! unit be a /&+ figure1 or a portrait1 head & %\ld]s4 ,! unification ( a unit1 enclos$ 9 f\r sides1 ) ^? sides c only be accompli%$ by ei!r hav+ ! mass ( ! figure t\* ! sides ( ! canvas1 or /ret* t[>d !m ) t int5t4 ,accord+ to ! /r5g? or numb] ( su* po9ts ( atta*m5t w ! unit be f\nd to ma9ta9 a /able exi/5ce amid its surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! s+le figure /&+ )9 ! frame :]e no *ance ( contact occurs1 ! backgr\nd %\ld %[ an oppositional mass or l9e atta*+ at "s po9t ! v]tical sides ( ! figure to ! sides ( ! canvas4 ,an equival5t ( su* a l9e is a gradation1 (t5 ! %ad[ f ! figure s]v+ to effect ?is union4 ,if ! %ad[ unites ! outl9e ) ! backgr\nd 9 su* a tone z to subdue or de/roy ?is outl9e1 ! atta*m5t becomes /rong] & at ! same "t ! positiv5ess ( outl9e on ! light side f9ds its contra/ & balance 9 ?is area ( my/]y & envelopm5t4 ,a developm5t by *i>oscuro is a necessity to ! pictorial unity ( ! s+le figure4 ,9 ! portrait ( ,olga ,ne!rsole 7see 8,! ,pose 9 ,portraiture071 ! photograph] pres5ts ! section ( a figure2 n a picture4 ,! spaces 9 ! backgr\nd =m no s*eme ) ! figure & h n be5 us$ to relieve ! l9es ( ! skirt4 ,! sacrifice 9 half-tone ( ! l[] "p w\ld h giv5 prom95ce to ! upp] & m important "p4 ,ow+ to ! int]e/ & attraction ( ! triplicat$ folds ( ! dress ! vision is c>ri$ all ! way to ! l[] edge1 :]e x is irritat$ by ! sudd5 disappe>ance4 ,! picture has no conclusion4 ,x is simply cut (f1 & s end$4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s arti/s t ! portrait hav+ = its purpose ! pres5tation ( a p]sonality %\ld conta9 no?+ else4 ,) ! feel+ t ! backgr\nd is some?+ t %\ld n be se51 m art is (t5 exp5d$ 9 pa9t+ a space ) no?+ 9 x ?an 9 putt+ some?+ !re t may n be se54 ,9 do+ no?+ ) a backgr\nd a space may be creat$ t says a great deal t x %\ld n4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult ?an ! composition ( two units especially :5 bo? are ( equal prom95ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,pr9cipality sets its face /]nly aga9/ ! attempt4 ,"o mu/ dom9ate1 ei!r 9 size1 or attraction1 ei!r by s5tim5t or action4 ,art c %[ di/+ui%$ examples ( two figures ( equal importance plac$ on ! same canvas1 b pictorially !y lack ! ess5tial ( complete art1--unity4 ,! critical /udy ( ?is problem by mod]n pa9t]s has secur$ 9 portraiture & g5re mu* bett] solutions ?an c be f\nd 9 ! field ( good pa9t+ up to ! pres5t4 ,we may look almo/ 9 va9 ?r\gh old ma/]dom & ?r\gh ! examples ( ! gold5 age ( portraiture 9 ,engl&1 discov]+ b few successes ( su* comb9ation 9 ! works ( ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,reynolds & o!rs4 ,! =eplacem5t ( "o figure ov] ano!r does n always mean prom95ce = x4 ,light1 z an elem5t1 is /rong] ?an place4 ,on ?is basis :]e honors are easy ) ! two subjects "o may h prec$5ce ( place & "o ( light+4 ,! difficulty 9 ! arrangem5t ( two is 9 _! union4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !y are oppos$ 9 s5tim5t z m>k$ly z two f5c]s !re yet mu/ be a union secur$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,if plac$ 9 p]spective1 p]spective settles mo/ ( ! difficulty4 ,unity & its ,lack2 ,! ,lov]s--,guss[2 ,! ,p\lt]]s--,wall&] ,! accompany+ pictures are examples at bo? ends ( ! scale4 8,! ,lov]s10 9 con/ruction1 %[s :at all pictures dem&1 ! c5tripetal t5d5cy4 ,all ! elem5ts consi/4 ,z a picture x is complete2 ano!r figure w\ld spoil x = u & !m4 ,n s ! 8,p\lt]]s02 p]sons c\ld come & g 9 ?is picture )\t effect+ x4 ,x is b a section at be/4 ,"o c imag9e a long r[ ( pick]s1 or we c\ld cut x ?r\gh ! c5tre & h two good /udies4 ,!re is no union4 ,! o!r conta9s pr9cipality1 transition ( l9e1 balance ( light & %ade1 circul> obs]vation1 opposition ( color values & ! pr9ciple ( sacrifice4 ,9 ,mr4 ,or*>dson's 8,"m & ,*ild0 ! fir/ place is giv5 to ! *ild 9 :ite2 ! backgr\nd c>ries ! middle t9t & ! "m has be5 res]v$ 9 black4 ,great] sacrifice ( "o figure to ano!r1 ! "m to ! *ild1 is se5 9 ,miss ,kasebi]'s picture ( a nude infant held betwe5 ! knees ( ! "m ^: face is s abas$ z to be unse52 or 9 ,john ,s>g5t's portrait ( a boy seat$ & gaz+ t[>d u into space :ile 8 "m 9 ! half-%ad[ ( ! backgr\nd reads al\d4 ,! greate/ contribut+ =ce to contra/ is sacrifice4 ,! subject is kn[n to be important by :at is conc$$ to x4 ,! portrait ( two g5tlem5 by ,ea/man ,johnson is "o ( ! mo/ successful attempts at br++ two figures ( equal importance on to "o canvas4 ,!y are 9 conv]sation1 ! "o talk+ & active1 ! o!r li/5+ & passive1 & ! necess>y contra/ is ?us creat$4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( ?ree units ! objection ( =mal balance disappe>s4 ,if "o be oppos$ by two1 ! =ce ga9$ by ! "o ?r\gh isolation comm5surates ! two4 ,9 su* arrangem5t ! two may be unit$ by ov]lapp+ s t ?\gh ! s5se & idea ( two be pres5t x is %[n 9 "o mass z a pictorial unit4 ,?is g5]al disposition1 exp]i5ce %[s to be ! be/4 ,two o!r good =ms are two sep>at$ units jo9$ by o!r items & oppos$ to "o1 or ! ?ree jo9$ ei!r directly or by sugge/ion1 ! units balanc$ l a triangle by opposition4 ,! ,madonna & ,/4 ,john ) ! ,infant ,*ri/ is a sample ( ! fir/4 ,9 ! 8,connoisseurs0 by ,=tuny we h ! second =m1 & 9 ! 8,huntsman & ,h\nds0 ! ?ird4 ,a mo/ orig9al & comm5dable arrangem5t ( ?ree figures by ,w4 ,l4 ,holl+] appe>s 9 8,! ,pose 9 ,portraiture10 ! memb]s ( a trio1 viol91 cello & piano4 ,! piani/ is designat$ by ! sugge/ion ( h] action :i* is complet$ out ( ! picture4 ,9 h] position h[ev] %e accompli%es ! balanc+ ( two figures aga9/ "o4 ,,! ,,figure ,,9 ,,l&scape ,a writ] on ! use ( ! figure 9 out-(-door photography aft] lead+ ! read] ?r\gh _m pages concludes by say+3 aft] all y _h bett] leave !m out4 ,9 two works on photography f an ,engli% & ,am]ican press ! writ] has se5 ?is article quot$ 9 full & !re=e inf]s t ! au?or has be5 tak5 s]i\sly4 ,! relation ( ,man to ,nature1 & ! s5tim5t1 int]*angeable1 proce$+ f "o to ! o!r1 is a l9k b9d+ ! "o to ! du/ f :i* he sprang & ! o!r to ! moods ( man to :i* %e makes s great an appeal4 ,x is a union ( a t5d] nature to ! real lov] ( ! voiceless influ5ces :i* surr\nd him3 8,te>s1 idle te>s10 8,i "k n :at !y mean10 8,rise 9 ! he>t & ga!r to ! eyes0 8,9 look+ on ! happy ,autumn fields40 ,c a s5tim5t s /rong 9 fact1 be divorc$ 9 art8 ,x is ! fulcrum on :i* ! art ( ,mauve & ,millet & ,walk] lifts & turns u4 ,x is n necess>y to m5tion o!r pa9t]s2 b to ! case 9 po9t obs]ve t at ,b>bizon a photograph] ( arti/ic p]ceptions has = ye>s foll[$ 9 ! footpr9ts ( ,millet4 ,if nature moves u directly %e w move u ?r\gh our own k9d4 ,we feel ! va/ness ( a sc5e by ! pres5ce ( a lone figure4 ,! panoramic gr&eur ( ! sky attracts u ! m if x has also appeal$ to a figure 9 ! picture4 ,b beyond ?is aff9ity 9 ! subject !re are suffici5t reasons :y ! figure %\ld be includ$4 ,! figure c be mov$ ab\t z a knight 9 ! game1 hi!r & yon z ! fix$ conditions ( topography dem&4 ,_m a l&scape :i* w\ld be entirely useless )\t su* an elem5t is n only r$eem$1 b is f\nd to be p>ticul>ly prep>$ & wait+ = ?is key/one4 ,take = example a picture 9 :i* l9es are p>allel+ "o ano!r 9 _! recession f ! =egr\nd or :]e !re is a monotony 9 any horizontal sequ5ce4 ,! v]tical ( ! figure means ! balance ( ^!4 ,! pr9ciple is "o already not$1 action balanc+ action 9 contr>y direction4 ,:at ( ! nymphs ( ,corot1 or ! laveuses b5d+ at ! m>g9 ( ! lake1 ! pl[man homew>d plodd+ o'er ! lea1 ! %eph]d on ! di/ant moor1 ! woodsman 9 ! =e/1 ! f>m] among 8 fields4 ,we associate our vision ( ! sc5e ) !irs4 ,:5 z m]e dots !y are disc]n$1 ! va/ness ( _! surr\nd+s is realiz$ at _! exp5se & ! exclamation ( ! psalmi/ is ours3 8,:at is man t ?\ art m9dful ( him40 ,! dang] 9 ! use ( ! figure is t x is s frequ5tly lugg$ 94 ,! fri5ds t happ5 to be along are (t5 made to d4 ,!re is no case :]e ! fitness ( ?+s is m compulsory ?an 9 ! association ( figures ) l&scape4 ,! haymak] creates a s5sation on ,broadway b no m s ?an ,dundre>y cross+ a pl[$ field 9 ,ox=d ties4 ,z ! poetry ( a ,corot l&scape invites ! nymphs to come & ! rugg$ness ( ! ,b>bizon pla9 befits ! toil+ peasants ( ,millet1 s %\ld our l&scape det]m9e ! *ord 9 humanity to be h>moni\sly play$ ) x4 ,a fault 9 con/ruction is frequ5tly se5 9 ! lack ( simplicity ( =eplane & backgr\nd4 ,x mu/ fir/ be det]m9$ :e!r x is to be a l&scape ) figures or figures 9 l&scape4 ,! half "o & half ano!r picture is a sure failure4 ,! mo/ s]viceable mat]ial "o may collect 9 sket*+ are su* positions :i* play second or ?ird p>ts 9 composition2 cattle or o!r animals 9 back or ?ree-qu>t] view :i* readily unite ) & lead to _! pr9cipals4 ,9 ! selection ( ! subject ! ma9 object has mo/ ( "o's ?\ght4 ,?is h[ev] usually 8goes0 )\t ?\ght1 ass]t+ itself by its own int]e/4 ,figures :i* are less int]e/+ ?an ?is & /ill less1 su* z w comb9e ) ! subject prop]1 are :at ! pa9t] & illu/rator long =4 ,z ) ! backgr\nd1 ^? ?+s :i* are n ( suffici5t int]e/ to be wor? :ile 9 !mselves are1 ow+ to _! less] significance1 ( ! utmo/ importance to ! compos]4 ,note 9 ! usual ,van ,m>ke cattle picture ( five c[s1 ! dim9i%+ int]e/ 9 ! o!r f\r1 or ! degree ( re/ra9t express$ 9 mo/ ( ! figures successfully introduc$ into l&scape4 ,,*apt] ,,ix - ,,gr\ps ,9 ! /atuesque gr\p ! outl9e is important because ?is is se5 aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( wall1 or sky1 & frequ5tly 9 silh\ette4 ,any fault 9 its cont\r z a mass is !re=e emphasiz$4 ,?is consid]ation applies pictorially to gr\ps :i* are complete 9 !mselves & h no incorporation ) backgr\nds1 su* = in/ance z ! photographic gr\p ( a numb] ( p4 ,"h p]sonality is ! fir/ requirem5t1 b h>mony ( arrangem5t & picturesqu5ess may be unit$ !reto4 ,! two be/ %apes are ! oval & ! pyramid4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! outl9es !re is opportunity = a focal c5tre1 always important4 ,9 =m+ su* an arrangem5t ! focus %\ld be ! fir/ consid]ation1 item by item be+ add$4 ,z ! gr\p approa*es ! outl9e x mu/ be gov]n$ accord+ to ! =m desir$4 ,a m arti/ic comb9ation ( figures w be f\nd to be a sep>ation into a l>ge & a small gr\p1 ! pr9cipal figure plac$ 9 ei!r4 ,if 9 ! =m]1 ! figures ( ! small] gr\p mu/ be sacrific$ to ?is figure1 ei!r 9 pose or light+4 ,if ! pr9cipal figure is 9 ! small] gr\p or entirely sep>ate1 ?is isolation w prove suffici5t = ! di/9ction4 ,:]e great] lib]ties may be tak5 & ! int5tion is = a purely arti/ic composition1 ! curvil9e> ,s %ape w be f\nd a good l9e to build ^u4 ,:5 ?is is too app>5t a s+le oppositional figure w de/roy its =mality4 ,! possibilities ( ! s+le figure z a res]ve1 kept to be plac$ at ! la/ mom5t :]e some?+ is necess>y1 are wor? not+4 ,if ! gr\p be too =mal 9 outl9e1 lat]al arrangem5t1 or expression1 ! res]ve may be play$ z a foil to create a div]sion4 ,9 all successful gr\ps ! pr9ciple ( sacrifice mu/ play havoc4 ,"h ! arti/ %\ld expect to pay = 8 art scruples4 ,rembr&t 0 ! fir/ pa9t] sacrific$ to ^! in/9cts4 ,:5 ! ord] to pa9t ! 8,municipal ,gu>d0 came to him he saw 9 x an opportunity t[>d ! pictorial4 ,kn[+ :at ?is entail$ he p]sev]$1 despite ! mutt]+s ( 8 sitt]s1 ! majority ( :om 7 ill pleas$ ) _! respective positions4 ,:5 f9ally ! canvas 0 f9i%$1 full ( my/]y & sugge/iv5ess & ^? subtle qualities1 su* z be=e _h nev] be5 se5 9 ,dut* art1 ^? = :om x _h be5 execut$ express$ _! op9ion by giv+ an ord] = ! same to a rival4 ,8 picture is a collection ( sep>ate individuals1 ea* hav+ an equal importance4 ,"h 0 ! sudd5 end+ ( ,rembr&t's c>e] z a pa9t] ( portraits1 only "o canvas ( an important gr\p be+ pa9t$ !reaft]--! 8,syndics40 ,a c]ta9 reason 9 ?is popul> criticism _c be d5i$4 ,! composition is unnecess>ily scatt]$ & ! placem5ts arbitr>y1 ?\gh ?r\gh ! radial l9es ( pikes & flag pole ! scatt]$ p>ts are drawn toge!r4 ,! composition p>takes ( ! confusion ( ! sc5e depict$1 yet 9 its measure ( p>ts "o c d\bt n t ! comp>ative values ( 8 sitt]s h be5 consid]$4 ,! democracy ( man 9 8 fre$om & equality is ! despair ( ! arti/ :o kn[s t ! h>mony ( ! univ]se is conditional on k+%ip & pr9cipalities & p[]s1 & ! scale ( ?+s f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,says ,mr4 ,rusk93 8,! great object ( composition be+ always to secure unity--t is1 to make _m ?+s "o :ole--! fir/ mode 9 :i* ?is c be effect$ is by det]m9+ t "o feature %all be m important ?an all ! re/ & t o!rs %all gr\p ) x 9 subord9ate position40 ,pr9cipality may be secur$ ei!r by attraction ( light z 9 a :ite dress or by plac+ ! figure z ! focus ( lead+ l9es z are suppli$ by ! ar*itecture ( a build+1 or su* l9es z are happily creat$ by surr\nd+ figures :i* proce$ t[>d ! pr9cipal "o1 or by includ+ su* a figure 9 ! mo/ important l9e4 ,aga9 ! figure = su* a position may be ! only "o 9 a gr\p :i* exhibits unconc]n or absolute repose1 ! o!rs by expression or action ackn[l$g+ su* sov]eignty4 ,! summ] "t out-(-door gr\p :i* is s frequ5tly int]e/+ only to 8fri5ds10 9 _m cases af=ds opportunities = pictures attractive to all4 ,! av]age photograph] is conc]n$ only ) 8 p2 ! backgr\nd is br\ght to m9d :5 he sees ! pr9t4 ,al?\gh little or no int]e/ may be f\nd 9 ! backgr\nd x %\ld be appropriate1 & %\ld play a res]ve "p1 s]v+ ! *i>oscuro & !re=e ! illum9ation ( ! subject & creat+ an opportunity = ! exit :i* always gives dep? & an ext5d$ int]e/4 ,a mass ( foliage ) little p5etration by ! sky except 9 "o or two places & at ! side1 n ! c5tre1 may always be f\nd safe4 ,if ! attraction is too great ! gr\p suff]s4 ,appreciat+ ! importance ( 8 sett+ = gr\ps ! photograph] mu/ select ^! ) ?ree po9ts 9 view2 simplicity1 un9t]e/ & exit 9 backgr\nd2 simplicity1 un9t]e/ & lead+ l9e or balanc+ mass or spot 7if requir$7 9 =egr\nd4 ,:5 look+ = backgr\nds he may feel q sure he has "o if x is ! sort ( ?+ he w\ld nev] dream ( photograph+ on its own acc\nt4 ,besides be+ too int]e/+1 mo/ backgr\nds are inappropriate & di/ract+4 ,! frequ5t comm5dations & prizes accord$ to good subjects hav+ ^! faults & !re=e devoid ( unity tell h[ little ev5 photographic judges & editors ?9k on ! appropriate & ess5tial ensemble 9 composition4 ,) ! backgr\nd 9 unobjectionable evid5ce ! photograph] %\ld rapidly address 8 pos]s a little lecture on compositional requirem5ts & at ! end ask = volunte]s = ! sacrificial p>ts1 at ! same "t rem9d+ !m t ! back or side view is n only *>act]i/ic ( ! p]son b (t5 v int]e/+4 ,he %\ld ma9ta9 t a unity be evid5t 9 ! gr\p2 ( int5t1 ( l9e1 & ( gradation4 ,! fir/ is subjective & mu/ be felt by ! pos]s4 ,! o!r two qualifications are = ! arti/'s consid]ation4 ,at su* a "t 8 acqua9tance ) examples ( pictorial art w come to 8 aid4 ,he mu/ be quick to recognize ! possibilities ( 8 mat]ial :i* may be hurri$ly swept into "o ( ! =ms :i* h ju/ifi$ confid5ce4 ,:5 a cont9uity ( movem5t has be5 secur$1 a revision>y glance mu/ be giv5 to det]m9e if ! :ole is balanc$2 backgr\nd1 =egr\nd & focus1 "o play+ into ! o!r z ! l9es ( a dance1 lead+1 m]g+1 dissolv+1 recurr+4 ,m9dful ( ! di/ractions ( su* occasions1 ! wise man has done 8 ?9k+ be=eh&1 has c\nt$ 8 figures1 has not$ ! tones ( clo?+ & has resolv$ on 8 focal light4 ,) ?is mu* he has a />t & c beg9 to build at once4 ,8 problem is t ( ! mak] ( a b\quet add+ fl[] to fl[] ar\nd ! c5tre4 ,to make a r\gh sket* f ! models !mselves pos$ & ?\ght ov]1 ) ! opportunity = erasures ( revisions be=e lead+ !m out ( doors1 (t5 proves economy ( "t4 ,x is a cu/om ( cont95tal pa9t]s to compose ext5sive gr\ps & photograph !m = /udy 9 arrangem5t4 ,! au?or has se5 num]\s compositions 9 photography 9 :i* arti/s h pos$ z *>act]s ( well-kn[n pa9t+s4 ,mu* c be le>n$ ( good gr\p+ f ! /age1 especially ! ,fr5* /age4 ,! be/ manag]s />t ) ! picturesque 9 m9d & are on ! al]t to produce well arrang$ pictures4 ,! plays ( ,victori5 ,s>d\ & ! classic dramas ( ! /ate !atre are /udies 9 ! art ( gr\p arrangem5ts4 ,x w be notic$ 9 mo/ gr\ps t !re is an active & a passive elem5t1 t _m figures 9 _! res]ve are requir$ to play second to a few4 ,! active pr9ciple is repres5t$ by ^! to :om a s+le idea is deliv]$ = expression4 ,return ( ,royal ,hunt+ ,p>ty--,isabey2 ,! ,night ,wat*--,rembr&t ,9 8,! ,return ( ! ,hunt+ ,p>ty0 ! gr\p ( h\nds1 huntsman & de] is su* an elem5t ( res]ve1 contra/+ its repose ) ! bu/le & activity ( ! visitors4 ,x is a div]sion also = ! long l9e /ret*+ across ! picture4 ,?is is ! m evid5t ?r\gh ! repetition ( x 9 ! l9e ( ! second-/ory & ro( & bel[ 9 ! l9e ( game :i* unnecess>ily ext5ds ! gr\p ( h\nds4 ,a relief = ! insi/5t l9e ( ! figures c\ld h be5 suppli$ by light] drap]y back ( ! table4 ,?is !n w\ld h creat$ a cross tone connect+ ! h\nds 9 a curve ) ! upp] c5tre panel4 ,x is a picture 9 five horizontal /rips1 & is introduc$ = ! w>n+ x conta9s 9 its treatm5t ( a gr\p :i* is 9 itself a l9e4 ,! well-kn[n 8,spani% ,m>riage0 by ,=tuny also %[s ! res]ve gr\p1 b ! contra/ is m positive bo? 9 repose & color4 ,! ma9 & m di/ant gr\p is well c5traliz$ & !re is a clev] dim9u5do express$ 9 its *>act]s4 ,dep>ture = ! ,*ase--,cuyp 7,backgr\nd ,compromis+ ,orig9al ,/ructure72 ,repose ( ! ,reap]s--,l4 ,l'h]mite 7,! ,curvil9e> ,l9e7 ,9 8,! ,reap]s0 ?is idea has apt illu/ration4 ,! figure 9 ! =egr\nd is 9 contra/ ) ! rema9+ ?ree1 bo? z an oppositional l9e & 9 8 action1 ! ?ree be+ 9 repose4 ,! s+le figure1 ?\gh active1 does n attract z mu* z ! *ild :o receives importance f ! att5tion ( ! two figures4 ,h] position1 oppos$ to ! two1 turns ! int]e/ back into ! gr\p4 ,9 all ! compositions by ?is ma/] "o is impress$ by ! grace & =ce ( ! arrangem5t4 ,a small portfolio ( 8 *>coal reproductions or a few photographs ( 8 pictures %\ld be a "p ( ! pr9t collection ( e arti/4 ,no bett] design] ( small gr\ps ev] liv$4 ,) ! am\nt ( good art n[ com+ f ! cam]a x is /range t no gr\ps ( note h be5 produc$47#ab7 ,9 ! field ( pure portraiture ! attempt may z well be ab&on$4 ,! photograph] c at be/ b mitigate conditions4 ,! picture gr\p c only apply :5 sacrifice & subord9ation are possible4 ,a /udy ( fam\s gr\ps w settle ?is & o!r po9ts m5tion$1 beyond "q4 ,9 ! religi\s gr\p1 :]e ! idea ( adoration 0 p>am\nt1 ! pr9cipal figure 0 usually1 ?\gh n always1 giv5 place 9 ! upp] "p ( ! picture t[>d :i* by ge/ures1 lead+ l9es or direct$ vision our att5tion is drawn at once4 ,note ! figures :i* sacrifice to ?is effect 9 ! 8,transfiguration10 8,! ,immaculate ,conception10 8,! ,si/9e ,madonna10 8,! ,virg9 ,en?ron$10 8,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi10 & 9 fact all ( ! _w fam\s compositions ( ! old religi\s art4 ,! ,decorative & ,pictorial ,gr\p2 ,allegory ( ,spr+--,botticelli 7,sep>at$ concepts express+ sep>ate ideas72 ,dut* ,fi%] ,folk--,f4 ,v4 ,s4 7,sep>at$ concepts ( "o idea72 ,! ,cossack's ,reply--,rep9 7,unity ?r\gh a cumulative idea7 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( mod]n gr\ps 8,! ,cossacks ,reply to ! ,sultan ( ,turkey10 by ! greate/ ( ,russian pa9t]s ,elias ,rep9e1 ! =ce giv5 to ! hil>i\s fr5zy ( ! gr\p by ! occasional figure 9 repose is easily app>5t4 ,! answ] to a summons = surr5d] is be+ p5n$ ^u a rude table ar\nd :i* press close ! b>b>ic lead]s ( ! =ces ga!r$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,"s are loll+ on w9e casks1 o!rs indiff]5tly gaze at ! f+]s ( ! cl]k z he c>efully p5s ! docum5t1 o!rs smoke sil5tly1 "o is look+ out ( ! picture z ?\gh unconc]n$4 ,yet life & movem5t are in/9ct 9 e "p1 = ?\gh ! action is consign$ to b a few1--^! =m a s]ies ( small climaxes ?r\gh ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! gr\p & we feel 9 ano!r mom5t t ! passive expressions w 9 _! turn be ex*ang$ = ! mad ribaldry ( laught] :i* has seiz$ _! bre?r54 ,! gr\p is a triumph = sev]al /hetic realities produc$ & height5$ by contra/ & subord9ation4 ,! pr9cipality ( repose is well illu/rat$ 9 ! gr\p ( 8,! ,*ant0 :]e ! inaction ( ! woman dom9ates ?r\gh its contra/ ) ! ef=t express$ by ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,!re are ?ree types ( gr\p composition2 fir/1 :]e ! subject's int]e/ is c5tr$ ^u an object or idea )9 ! picture z 9 8,! ,cab>et0 or ,rembr&t's 8,doctors0 surr\nd+ a dissect+ table2 second1 :]e ! attraction lies outside ! picture z 9 ! 8,syndics0 or ! 8,night ,wat*10 & ?ird1 :]e absolute repose is express$ & ! s5tim5t ( rev]ie has dom9at$ ! gr\p1 z 9 8,! ,madonna ( ! ,*air10 & ! ord9>y family photograph4 ,! spiritual or s5tim5tal quality ( ! !me %\ld h fir/ consid]ation & dictate ! =m ( arrangem5t4 ,a unity betwe5 ! idea & its =m ( expression con/itutes ! desid]atum ( ref9em5t 9 composition4 ,,*apt] ,x - ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,9 ?is famili> t]m 9 art ! importance ( ! two elem5ts is sugge/$ 9 _! ord]4 ,! ef=t ( ! pa9t] is ev] 9 ! direction ( light4 ,?is is 8 ?\ght4 ,%ade is a necessity to ! expression ( x4 ,*i>oscuro1--f ! ,italian1 light obscure1 9 its d]ivation1 gives a h9t ( ! manufacture ( a "w ( light & %ade4 ,light is ga9$ by sacrifice4 ,?is is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s a /ud5t grasps 9 ! antique class4 ,giv5 an empty outl9e he produces an effect ( light by add+ d>ks4 ,s d we get light 9 ! composition ( simple elem5ts1 by sacrifice ( "s "o or m1 or a mass ( !m1 to ! dem&s ( ! light] p>ts4 8,le>n to ?9k 9 %ad[s10 says ,rusk94 ,rembr&t's art entire1 is ! be/ case 9 po9t4 ,a l[ ton$ & mu* color$ :ite may be made brilliant by d>k opposition4 ,! ga9 to ! color s*eme lies 9 its p[] to exhibit great light & at ! same "t sugge/ fullness ( color4 ,z we h discuss$ l9e & mass composition z balanc$ ov] ! c5tral v]tical l9e1 s is ! "q ( light & %ade be/ compreh5d$1 z =ces balanc+1 ov] a broad middle t9t4 ,! m$ium t9t is ! mo/ important1 bo? = tone & color4 ,?is comm&s ! di/ribution ( measures 9 bo? directions2 t[>d light & t[>d d>k4 ,draw+s 9 outl9e ^u t9t$ pap] take on a surpris+ f9i% ) a few d>ks add$ = %ad[ & ! high lights t\*$ 9 ) *alk or ,*9ese :ite4 ,! me?od 9 opaque wat] color1 employ$ by ,f4 ,hopk9son ,smi? & o!rs1 ( work+ ov] a t9t$ pap] su* z ! g5]al tone ( ! subject sugge/s1 has its w>rant 9 ! e>ly art ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s4 ,if a blue day1 a blue gray pap] is us$2 if a mell[ day1 a yell[ pap]4 ,9 pictorial art ! sci5ce ( light & d>k is n r$ucible to work+ =mulae z 9 decoration1 :]e ! measures ( ,notan are gov]n$ on ! pr9ciple ( int]*ange4 ,?r\gh decoration we may t\* m closely ! hidd5 pr9ciples ( light & %ade 9 pictures ?an )\t ! aid ( ?is sci5ce1 & ! arti/ ( decorative k w always prove able 9 8effect0 9 8 pictorial "w4 ,) t cle> conception ( ! p[] ( ! light & ! d>k measure :i* is acquir$ 9 ! practice ( 8spott+0 & fill+ ( spaces1 especially ^u a middle t9t1 ! problem ( br++ into prom95ce any item ( ! picture is simplifi$ ^u ! decorative basis4 ,pictorially ! light measure is m attractive ?an ! d>k1 b ! d>k 9 isolation is ne>ly z p[]ful4 ,) ?is simple notion 9 m9d ! arti/ proce$s ^u 8 *eck]-bo>d oppos+ =ce to =ce4 ,) him ! "w c nev] be z absorb+ z to ! decorator ^: items are all ( ab\t ! same value & ( recurr+ k9ds4 ,! subject dictates to ! pa9t] :o mu/ play m adroitly to secure an effect ( light & %ade by ! use ( devices su* z nature (f]s4 ,z a matt] ( brilliancy ( light1 ) :i* pa9t+ is conc]n$1 ! effect is great] :5 a small measure ( light is oppos$ to a l>ge measure ( d>k ?an :5 mu* light is oppos$ to little d>k4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ,:i/l]'s 8,woman 9 ,:ite10 a :ite g[n reliev$ aga9/ a :ite gr\nd1 ! black ( ! picture be+ ! woman's hair1 & any "o ( ! mang] sc5es ( ! fifte5? c5tury pa9t]s ) _! conc5tration ( light w prove h[ mu* great] ! s5se ( light is 9 ! latt]4 ,:5 mu* light & little d>k produces great brilliancy x is usually by reason ( a gradation 9 ! light1 giv+ x a cumulative p[]1 z is se5 9 ! sky or ^u rec$+ objects on a foggy day4 ,a small d>k add$1 int5sifies ! light1 n only by contra/ ( measure1 b 9 %[+ ! high key ( ! light measures4 ,acc5ts ( d>k produce su* snapp9ess z is comm5d$ by ! publi%] :o e/eems ! brilliancy :i* a rapid int]*ange ( lights & d>ks always yields1 a sp>kle1 runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole & easily pr9t$4 ,! works ( ,mr4 ,w5zell z a s+le example ( ?is quality1 or ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hutt1 9 light] key1 w be f\nd to ga9 mu* ( _! =ce f a v few acc5ts ( d>k4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 ! "w deals ) a m$ium tone & d>ks1 ) few high lights1 ^! ga9 su* importance z to control ! important items4 ,! value ( ! middle t9t1 :5 n us$ z ! "u tone ( a picture is app>5t z balanc+ & di/ribut+ ! light & d>k measures ( objects4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ^! ?ree degrees ( tone are us$1 if ! black & :ite are br\ght toge!r & ! middle tone oppos$ a s5se ( h>mony results4 ,! black & :ite if mix$ w\ld become a middle tone4 ,we feel ! balance ( measures )\t syn!sis or inquiry4 ,_m ( ! compositions ( ,tolm\*e ( two & ?ree female figures are ?us dispos$1 "o figure hav+ a gray dress & "o a black dress & :ite wai/1 or a black figure & :ite are plac$ toge!r & oppos$ to a figure 9 gray4 ,9 ,munkacsy's 8,milton ,dictat+ to ,8 ,daught]s10 ! broad :ite coll> ( ! poet contra/$ ) 8 black velvet suit1 is well balanc$ & di/ribut$ by ! m$ium tones ( ! ?ree dresses4 ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,*i>oscuro2 ,:i/l]'s ,portrait ( 8 ,"m2 ,moorl&--,e4 ,yon2 ,*>coal ,/udy--,millet2 ,! ,arbor--,f]ri] ,fundam5tal ,=ms ( ,*i>oscuro1 ,cont9u$2 ,l&scape--,geo4 ,inness2 ,! ,kit*5--,:i/l]2 ,/4 ,angela--,robt4 ,reid2 ,an ,annam ,tig]--,surr&2 ,! ,%r9e--,or*>dson2 ,mona/ic ,life--,f4 ,v4 ,du,mond ,an acc5t is =cible 9 proportion z its own unit ( int5sity is di/ribut$ ov] ! space on :i* x is plac$4 ,take = in/ance a picture 9 ,india ink ( a mi/y morn+ :]e9 ! :ole l&scape may be produc$ ) a small drop ( ink spread 9 light gradations ^u t5 by f\rte5 in*es squ>e4 ,an object 9 ! =egr\nd "o by two in*es 9 :i* ! same measure ( black is us$ w ( c\rse possess p[]ful attraction4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is measure be exp&$ ! ga9 9 bulk w be balanc$ by ! loss 9 int5sity4 ,less attraction = ! object is giv5 ei!r by increas+ ! int5sity ( ! surr\nd+ t9t or decreas+ its ext5t4 ,9 ! two pictures by ,g]ome ( lions1 ! "o 9 ! mid/ ( ! va/ space ( des]t obta9s its =ce f its d>k isolat$ 9 a l>ge area4 ,9 ! o!r picture ! em]ald gre5 eyes ( ! lion are ! attraction ( ! picture1 z po9ts ( light reliev$ by ! great measures ( d>k ( ! lion1 toge!r ) ! gloom ( ! cave4 ,! message ( impressionism is light1 z ! ef=t ( ! e>ly pa9t]s 0 to secure light1 ! que/ ( all ! philosophies4 ,! impressioni/ calls ^u e "p ( 8 "w to speak ( light1 ! middle t9t1 ! high lights & ! %ad[ all vibrat+ ) x4 ,f ! decorative po9t ( view alone1 ! picture1 z a surface conta9+ ! greate/ am\nt ( beauty ( :i* ! subject is capable is m beautiful :5 v>i$ by _m tones1 or by few1 9 /rong contra/1 ?an :5 ?is v>iety or contra/ is want+4 ,^? decorative designs h ! /ronge/ appeal 9 :i* ! balanc+ measures are all well def9$4 ,!re are s*emes ( mu* d>k & little light1 or ! rev]se1 or an ev5 division1 & 9 ea* case ! balance ( light & d>k is su/a9$2 = :5 !re is little d>k its acc5t+ p[] is enhanc$ & :5 little light is all[$1 x1 9 ! same mann]1 ga9s 9 attraction4 ,b light & d>k e "w ( art mu/ h2 = to ?9k ( light )\t d>k is impossible4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! arti/ beg9s a picture 8 fir/ ?\ght is :at is to be ! s*eme ( light & %ade8 ,! direction or s\rce ( ! light helps a decision4 ,! illum9ation ( ! subject is a /udy mo/ easily proce$$ ) by induction1 f p>ticul> cases to g5]al conclusions4 ,a ,rev]sible ,effect ( ,light & ,%ade 7,! ,same ,subject ,v]tically & ,horizontally ,pres5t$7 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! fir/ ( ! two rev]sible photographs is z great z ! la/ & ! subject z picturesque ?\gh x be discov]$ t ! fir/ is ! second plac$ on end4 ,x is able to satisfy u n only because ( ! happy co9cid5ce t ! leaves ^u ! bridge repres5t b>k texture & ! subdu$ light ^u its ne> end creates ! rotundity ( ! trunk or t a di/ant tree s]ves z ! horizontal m>g9 ( a pool1 b because its light & %ade is conceiv$ ^u ! t]ms ( balance express+ 9 ei!r position "o ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( light & %ade & l9eal con/ruction1 t ( ! rectangle 9 ei!r light or d>k toge!r ) an oppositional measure--! light ?r\gh ! di/ant trees4 ,) ! hi/ory ( art & ! _w's gall]y ( pa9t+ spread out be=e u1 we may take a cont9u\s view ( ! :ole field4 ,leav+ out ! pa9t]s ( ! exp]im5tal era let u beg9 ) ! great ma/]s ( effect4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds tells u x 0 8 habit 9 look+ = ! secrets ( ! ma/]s ( pa9t+ to make r\gh p5cil notes ( ^? pictures t attract$ him by _! p[] ( effect z he pass$ f "o gall]y to ano!r4 ,he f\nd almo/ all ( !m reveal$ a broad middle tone :i* 0 divid$ aga9 into half d>k & half light tones1 & ^!1 add$ to ! acc5ts ( light & d>k made five di/9ct tones4 ,! ,v5etian pa9t]s attract$ him mo/ &1 he says1 speak+ ( ,titian1 ,paul ,v]onese & ,t9toret1 8!y appe>$ to be ! fir/ pa9t]s :o r$uc$ to a sy/em :at 0 be=e practis$ )\t any fix$ pr9ciple40 ,f ^! pa9t]s he decl>es ,rub5s extract$ 8 s*eme ( composition :i* 0 soon und]/ood & adopt$ by 8 c\ntrym51 ev5 to ! m9or pa9t]s ( l[ life 9 ! ,dut* s*ool4 8,:5 ,i 0 9 ,v5ice10 he says1 8! me?od ,i took to avail myself ( _! pr9ciple 0 ?is3 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ an extraord9>y effect ( light & %ade 9 any picture ,i d>k5$ e "p ( a page 9 my note-book 9 ! same gradation ( light & %ade z ! picture1 leav+ ! :ite pap] unt\*$ to repres5t light & ?is )\t any att5tion to ! subject or ! draw+ ( ! figures4 ,a few trials ( ?is k9d w be suffici5t to give ! me?od ( _! conduct 9 ! managem5t ( _! lights4 ,aft] a few exp]im5ts ,i f\nd ! pap] blott$ ne>ly alike3 _! g5]al practice appe>$ to be to all[ n above a qu>t] ( ! picture = light1 includ+ 9 ?is portion bo? ! pr9cipal & second>y lights2 ano!r qu>t] to be z d>k z possible & ! rema9+ half kept 9 mezzo-t9t or half %ad[40 8,rub5s appe>s to h admitt$ r m light ?an a qu>t] & ,rembr&t mu* less1 sc>ce an eigh?2 by ?is conduct ,rembr&t's light is extremely brilliant1 b x co/s too mu*2 ! re/ ( ! picture is sacrific$ to ?is "o object4 ,t light w c]ta9ly appe> ! brighte/ :i* is surr\nd$ ) ! greate/ quantity ( %ade1 suppos+ equal skill 9 ! arti/40 8,by ?is means y may likewise rem>k ! v>i\s =ms & %apes ( ^? lights z well z ! objects on :i* !y are flung2 :e!r a figure1 or ! sky1 a :ite napk91 animals1 or ut5sils1 (t5 introduc$ = ?is purpose only4 ,x may be obs]v$ likewise1 :at a portion is /rongly reliev$ & h[ mu* is unit$ ) its gr\nd2 = x is necess>y t "s "p 7?\gh a small "o is suffici5t7 %\ld be %>p & cutt+ aga9/ its gr\nd :e!r x be light on d>k1 or d>k on a light gr\nd1 9 ord] to give firmness & di/9ctness to ! "w4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is reliev$ on e side1 x w appe> z if inlaid on its gr\nd40 8,su* a blott$ pap] held at a di/ance f ! eye w\ld /rike ! spectator z some?+ excell5t = ! disposition ( ! light & %ad[ ?\gh he does n di/+ui% :e!r x is hi/ory1 a portrait1 a l&scape1 dead game1 or any?+ else2 = ! same pr9ciples ext5d to e bran* ( art4 ,:e!r ,i h giv5 an exact acc\nt or made a j division ( ! quantity ( light admitt$ into ! works ( ^? pa9t]s is ( no v great consequ5ce2 let e p]son exam9e & judge = himself3 x w be suffici5t if ,i h sugge/$ a mode ( exam9+ pictures ?is way & "o means at lea/ ( acquir+ ! pr9ciples on :i* !y wr\ght40 ,! accompany+ page ( sket*es has be5 produc$ 9 ! _s ( ?is recomm5dation4 ,turn+ f examples ( figure art1 to outdoor nature1 x w be f\nd t ^! pr9ciples apply ) equal =ce to l&scape composition4 ,no bett] advice c\ld be (f]$ ! beg9n] 9 l&scape ?an to resolutely select & produce ?ree1 f\r or five di/9ct & sep>ate tones 9 e /udy4 ,! incoh]5cy ( beg9n]'s "w out ( doors is l>gely due to its crumbl+ into a great numb] ( petty planes1 a fault result+ f obs]vation ( detail in/ead ( ! l>g] %apes4 ,= ?is reason ! *oice ( subjects hav+ little or no detail %\ld be insi/$ on3 sky & l&1 a *ance = organic l9e & a division ( light & %ade1 su* z may be f\nd 9 an op51 roll+ c\ntry :]e ! woodl& is gr\p$ = di/ant masses4 ,,pr9cipality ,,by ,,emphasis1 ,,sacrifice1 ,,& ,,contra/4 ,"u ! discussion ( ,balance x 0 %[n t a small measure (t5 became ! equival5t ( a l>g] measure by reason ( its p>ticul> placem5t4 ,! sacrifice ( _m measures to "o1 also is (t5 ! wise/ disposition ( =ces4 ,^u ! /age1 spectacul> arrangem5t is con/ruct$ almo/ entirely on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! great] ! numb] ( figures support+1 or sacrific+ to ! c5tral figure1 ! great] its importance4 ,! sun sett+ ov] fields or ?r\gh ! woods ?\gh cov]+ b a v limit$ measure ( ! picture is :at we see & rememb]1 ! rema9+ space s]v+ ?is by subord9ation4 ,note h[ ma/]s ( l&scape rea* aft] su* a po9t ei!r by bank+ up abruptly ab\t x z 9 ! wood int]ior1 or by va/ gradations t[>d x4 ,! muzzle ( ! cannon is ! only place :]e ! fire & smoke are se51 b h[ mu* weight is necessitat$ back ( ?is = ! recoil1 & h[ mu* space mu/ be reckon$ on = ! projectile ( ! gun4 ,a t]rific explosion takes place2 b we d n realize its p[] until x is not$ t s\nd rev]b]at$ & ! e>? trembl$ = miles ar\nd4 ,= its full realization ! report ( ! quiet miles is important4 ,! lack ( ?is support 9 ! light & %ade s*eme1 :]eby ! pr9cipal object is made to occupy too mu* space is "o ( ! commone/ ( faults 9 photography & illu/ration4 ,"o famili> ) woodl& sc5]y kn[s well h[ (t5 a subject is lo/ & f\nd z ! sun *anges 9 its c\rse4 ,at "o mom5t a /rik+ composition is pres5t1 ! highe/ light giv+ k+ly di/9ction to "o ( ! mon>*s ( ! =e/4 ,pass+ on to return 9 a few m9utes "o looks 9 va9 = ! subject4 ,he is sure ( ! p>ticul> spot1 b ! k+ /&s sull5 9 ! %ad[1 robb$ ( 8 gold5 mantle :i* is n[ divid$ to b$eck two or ?ree /ripl+s 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,= ! pa9t] ! only rec\rse is to make a p5cil note ( ! orig9al s*eme ( light & %ade & hold resolutely to x4 ,! photograph] mu/ pati5tly wait = x4 ,says ,reynolds3 8,e man t c pa9t at all c execute individual p>ts2 b to keep ^! p>ts 9 due subord9ation z relative to a :ole1 requires a compreh5sive view ( art t m /rongly implies g5ius ?an p]haps any quality :atev]407#ac7 ,no m =cible examples ( ?is tru? may be _h ?an ! art ( ,claude ,lorra9e4 ,claude ^: nature pa9t+ ,rusk9 b]ates b ^: composition is /rong1 _h two di/9ct arrangem5ts1 bo? bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,pr9cipality4 ,9 ! fir/ he creat$ sides = ! c5tre :i* 7 d>k5$ s t ! light ( ! c5tre might ga9 by contra/4 ,x is ! =mal ,raphaelesque idea2 ! o!r & mu* bett] "o %[s a division ( ! picture into ?irds4 ,! fir/ division is giv5 to ! l>ge/ mass b usually n ! mo/ important4 ,?is1 if trees or a build+1 is %ad[ cov]$1 res]v+ ! m di/ant mass1 :i* is ! mo/ attractive1 to ga9 by ! sacrifice ( ! =egr\nd mass4 ,spots & ,masses2 ,note-book sket*es f ,rub5s1 ,velasquez1 ,claude ,lorra9 & ,murillo ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms 0 evid5tly mo/ e/eem$ by ,claude1 = 8 greate/ works are ?us conceiv$3 8,cleopatra ,l&+ at ,t>sus10 8,! ,emb>kation ( ! ,que5 ( ,%eba104 8,! ,flight into ,egypt10 8,/4 ,paul leav+ ,o/ia10 8,! ,seaport ) ! ,l>ge ,t[]0 & o!rs4 ,9 all ( ^! ! light proce$s t[>d u ?r\gh an av5ue :i* ! sides create4 ,"u ?is effect we receive ! light z x comes to u4 ,9 ! o!r =m ! vision is c>ri$ into ! picture by a s]ies ( mass attractions ! balance be+ less app>5t4 8,! ,l&scape ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y10 8,! ,m>riage ( ,isaac & ,rebecca10 8,! ,f9d+ ( ,moses10 8,eg]ia & ,h] ,nymphs10 & 8,driv+ ,cattle to ! ,mead[s10 toge!r ) _m et*+s1 are bas$ on ! second =m4 ,9 all ^! ab\t "o ?ird ( ! picture is put into %ad[1 a great "r angle be+ con/ruct$ ( ! v]tical mass & ! %ad[ :i* x ca/s1 g5]ally across ! entire =egr\nd4 ,dea? ( ,caes>--,g]ome2 ,! ,travel ( ! ,s\l--,aft] ,h[>d ,pyle ,9 8,! ,travel ( ! ,s\l0 by ,h[>d ,pyle1 reproduc$ f ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 is rem>kably express$ ! fullness ( quality result+ f ^! few pr9ciples4 ,! =ce ( ! light is increas$ fir/ by juxtaposition ) ! deepe/ d>k m]g+ s gradually into ! d>kness beh9d z to become ! end or culm9ation ( ! great gradation ( ! backgr\nd4 ,z 9 _m works by ! old] ma/]s ! s\rce ( light is conceiv$ )9 ! picture1 s by its issuance f ! inw>d ( ! w+1 ! valuable pr9ciple ( radiation has result$1 ! light pass+ upw>d ?r\gh ! wan face beh9d to ! cresc5t moon & bel[ ?r\gh ! sleeve & long fold ( ! dress to ! gr\nd4 ,on ! side x foll[s ! arm disappe>+ ?r\gh ! f+]s into ! %ad[4 ,beyond ?is circuit lies ! great encasem5t ( ano!r gradation d>k5+ t[>d ! sides & corn]s4 ,?is has be5 int]rupt$ by ! tree masses & sky ( ! upp] side1 z ! idea ( radiation 0 *ang$ on ! left by ! oppositional l9e ( bran* =ms4 ,9 ! o!r pictures ( ?is rem>kable s]ies may be f\nd ?ree di/9ct type =ms ( composition4 ,toge!r !y set =? ! /ructure ( ! circle or ellipse1 ! lett] ,s or l9e ( beauty1 ! triangle1 & ! cross4 ,! "o be=e u discloses a triangle or lett] ,v1 on :i* ! figures compose1 )9 a triangle =m$ ( ! rock fracture & pa?4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ef=t ( ! arti/ is to secure light 9 ! degree :i* 8 subject dem&s4 ,!re are _m degrees ( light & !y mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,! light ( a lant]n is n suffici5t illum9ation = an effect "u gas & a w9d[ on ! nor? side won't d to call sunlight into a room ^u a pos$ figure4 ,! fault ( _m pictures is t ! proprieties j "h are violat$4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ ton$ int]iors ( ,israels are satisfactory :5 judg$ f ! /&po9t ( light1 :ile out ( door attempts 9 high key fail to sugge/ ! fact ( a sun 9 nature4 ,! fault is t ! exact degree ( illum9ation :i* ! subject dem&s is n pres5t4 ,!re may be a great] feel+ ( light 9 a figure sitt+ 9 ! %ad[ ?an 9 ! same figure next to a w9d[4 ,to ! pa9t]1 light & air are b degrees ( ! same idea4 ,if ! figure seat$ 9 ! %ad[ is well envelop$ & reliev$ by ! exact temp] ( reflect$ lights1 x takes its place 9 8 s*eme ( brilliant light+ z mu* z any o!r "p4 ,! purpose ( %ad[ is fir/ to produce light1 second to secure conc5tration1 ?ird to dismiss space n requir$ & incid5tally to sugge/ air & relief by ! gradation :i* e %ad[ mu/ h4 ,! idea ( ,notan1 or ! ,light & ,d>k comb9ation ( ,japanese art1 diff]s f ?is 9 its int5t1 :i* is m]ely to set =? an agreeable int]*ange ( light1 d>k & m$ium ton$ spaces4 ,to ! decorative int5tions ( ! ori5tal arti/ natural fact is ( small conc]n & ! fact ( %ade produc$ by light is dismiss$ z are _m o!r notions :i* are non-con=mable to 8 purpose4 ,! great value ( ?is concept1 h[ev]1 %\ld be recogniz$1 & 9 =mulat+ a s*eme ( light & %ade = any picture its light & d>k masses may be s arrang$ z to sugge/ mu* ( ! beauty :i* its flat translation by ,notan w\ld yield4 ,! practice ( lay+ out ! flat light & d>k s*eme ( e picture :i* is to be f9i%$ 9 full relief is !re=e mo/ helpful1 & directly 9 l9e ) ,sir ,jo%ua's habit ) ! old ma/]s4 ,x is n suffici5t t pictures h lights & d>ks4 ,! balance "h is q z important z l9e & measure4 ,! proportion ( light to d>k dep5ds on ! importance requir$ by c]ta9 p>ts ( ! picture4 ,effectiv5ess is giv5 to t end ( ! scale :i* is res]v$ 9 small quantity4 ,! :ite spot attracts 9 ! 8,dead ,w>rior10 ! d>k spot 9 ! 8,lion ( ! ,des]t40 ,a comp>ison ( ! 8,night ,wat*0 & ! 8,l&scape0 by ,inness w %[ t bo? are con/ruct$ on a m$ium tone on :i* /rong relief is secur$ by contra/s ( light & d>k4 ,isolat$ spots occur ?r\gh ea* contribut+ an en]gy oppos$ to ! subtle gradations ( ! l>ge spaces4 ,! ri* dep?s ( ! backgr\nd & ! frequ5t opposition ( %ad[ ) light 9 ! l&scape are v typical ( ,inness' art & we "k t ! 8,night ,wat*0 conta9s ! be/ ?\ght & ri*e/ conclusions ( ! greate/ ma/] ( light & %ade4 ,! type =ms 9 light & %ade are less pron\nc$ ?an ^? ( l9e> con/ruction1 ?\gh ?r\gh all compositions ( effect1 c]ta9 well def9$ s*emes ( *i>oscuro are traceable4 ,z soon z any "o is select$ x re/s ) ! arti/ to v>y its conv5tional /ructure & make x orig9al4 ,lack ( a well-def9$ s*eme ( light & d>k h[ev]1 is ru9\s to any pictorial or decorative und]tak+4 ,! accompany+ wood int]iors are introduc$ 9 pro( t light & %ade r ?an =m is ! pictorial elem5t ( greate/ value4 ,9 bo? pictures ! pr9ciples ( *i>oscuro are /rongly express$1 & we look closely be=e discov]+ t ! fir/ "o is ! second plac$ on end4 ,analysis ( pictures into light1 d>k1 & halftone develops ! foll[+ =ms4 ,,gradation ,light be+ ! happy & positive side ( art pres5tation1 any =m or modification ( x p>takes ( its quality4 ,! gradation bespeaks its t5d]ness1 &1 mu* z we may admire light's p[]1 ?is1 by its m]e v>iety1 is m attractive4 ,we well endure ! %ad[ if 9 x c be notic$ a movem5t t[>d ! light4 ,te*nically1 an ungrad$ %ad[ means mud4 ,"o 9 :i* reflection plays a "p speaks ( ! life ( light & 9 x we feel t promise4 ,we "k x to be on its travels1 glanc+ & refract+ f e object :i* x t\*es4 ,! %ad[s :i* x _c p5etrate directly1 receive its graci\s influ5ce 9 ?is way & always "u a subtl] law :i* gov]ns its direct %9+--by gradation4 ,mo/ good pictures are produc$ 9 ! m$ium range & ! ends ( ! scale are res]v$ = incisive duty4 ,a s]ies ( gradations 9 :i* ! grace & fl[ ( l9e & tone are made to s]ve ! =cible /roke :i* we see1 pres5ts a comb9ation ( subtlety & /r5g?4 ,aga9 ! art ( ,inness af=ds illu/ration4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( ?is quality3 t 9 :i* light %[s a gradual dim9ution ( p[]1 z se5 ^u a wall ne> a w9d[1 or 9 :ite smoke issu+ f a funnel2 t 9 :i* ! color or =ce ( a gr\p ( objects weak5 z !y rec$e1 z may be obs]v$ 9 fog2 & t 9 :i* ! arrangem5t secures1 9 disconnect$ objects a regul> succession ( grad$ measures4 ,9 ea* case ! pictorial value ( ?is elem5t is app>5t4 ,! l&scape pa9t] may avail himself ( x z ! figure pa9t] does ( 8 scre51 c\nt+ on ! cl\d %ad[ to temp] & unite disjo9t$ items ( 8 picture4 ,he makes use ( x :]e lead+ l9es are want+ or are undesirable1 or to give an additional acc5t to light by su* contra/ or to introduce a note ( d>k by suppress+ ! tone ( an isolat$ object4 ,gradation is ! sweet5+ t\* 9 art1 (ttimes mak+ unity ( discordant & un>tful elem5ts4 ,! vision w pi]ce ! %ad[ to f9d ! light beyond4 ,x w dwell longe/ on ! lighte/ po9t & believe ?is m brilliant ?an x is if oppos$ by an acc5t ( d>k :i* is ! l[e/ note 9 a d>k gradation4 ,turn] & ,claude (t5 br\ght ! highe/ light & deepe/ d>k toge!r 9 close opposition ?r\gh a s]ies ( big gradations ( objects1 ! mo/ light-giv+ device kn[n 9 pa9t+4 ,! introduction ( a %ad[ ?r\gh ! =egr\nd or middle di/ance1 ov] :i* ! vision travels to ! light beyond1 always gives great dep?2 ano!r ( ! devices 9 l&scape pa9t+ frequ5tly met ) 9 ! "w ( ,claude1 ,ruysdael1 ,corot1 ,v&evelde1 ,cuyp1 ,inness1 ,wyant1 ,rang]1 & all pa9t]s ( l&scape :o atta9 light by ! use ( a grad$ scale ( contra/s4 ,a cumulative gradation :i* sudd5ly /ops has ! same =ce 9 light & %ade z a long l9e :i* sudd5ly *anges into a %ort l9e ( oppos$ direction4 ,!y are bo? equival5t to a pause 9 music1 awak5+ an att5tion at su* a po9t1 & only to be employ$ :]e !re is some?+ important to foll[4 ,,equival5ts ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( all picture mak]s t "u ! limitations :i* special subjects impose !y are (t5 oblig$ to se>* = an equival5t ) :i* to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( composition4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ! arrangem5t ( a picture x is f\nd necess>y to move an object--a tree1 figure or o!r item ( importance1 in/ead ( oblit]ation & repa9t+1 ! result is atta9$ by creat+ an attraction on ! side f :i* x is to be mov$4 ,by s do+ ! range ( ! picture is increas$ & its space seems to take 9 m ?an its limits presuppos$3 ,if an isolat$ tree /&+ aga9/ a mass ( trees1 by op5+ ! sky ?r\gh t mass or by creat+ attraction ( color or =m !re91 ! vision is l$ to ! f> side ( ! object to be mov$1 :i* is !reby cr[d$ out ( its position 9 ! balanc+ s*eme4 ,an object ^u a surface may frequ5tly give place to a d>k or light v>iation ( ! surface itself :i* becomes an equival5t ( attraction4 ,sev]al objects may be made to balance )\t re>rangem5t ?\gh ! m>g9al proportions ( ! picture are alt]$4 ,! %ip & moon compose z an upright1 b n 9 long %ape )\t ei!r ! foll[+ l9e :i* indicates ! %ip's c\rse2 or an object ( attraction 9 ! oppos+ half ei!r 9 ! di/ance or =egr\nd1 mu* less be+ requir$ 9 ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,! equival5t !re=e ( ! lead+ l9e is ! object on ! f>!r %ore4 ,! necessity ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r is m cle>ly %[n :5 ! l9e f ! boat sw+s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,an object may be r5d]$ less important by surr\nd+ x ) objects ( its own k9d & color4 ,an abrupt *ange 9 ! direction ( a l9e may h attraction equal to an object on t l9e4 ,) two spaces ( equal size1 importance may be giv5 to "o ( !m by increas+ its light2 by us+ lead+ l9es t[>d x1 by plac+ an acc5t ^u x1 by creat+ a gradation 9 x4 ,spots (t5 become ! equival5t ( l9es 9 _! attractive value4 ,a s]ies ( oppositional l9es has m picturesqu5ess ?an ! tang5t1 its equival5t4 ,a gradation may h ! equival5t attraction ( an object4 ,a l9e 9 its cont9uity is m attractive ?an a succession ( isolat$ objects4 ,! attractive value ( an object 9 ! scale ( balance may be weak5$ by mov+ x t[>d ! c5tre or ext5d+ ! picture on t side4 ,motion t[>d1 ei!r 9 int5tion or by action1 is equival5t to balanc+ weight 9 t space ( ! picture to :i* ! action is direct$4 ,light is increas$ by deep5+ contigu\s tones2 d>k1 by height5+ contigu\s tones4 ,a /ill-life may be con/ruct$ on ! same l9es z any =m on ! v]tical plane & _m ( ! p]spective plane ( composition4 ,see ,fundam5tal ,=ms4 ,,*apt] ,,xi - ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,photography ,,9 ,,f9e ,,art ,s9ce ! "t t photography laid its claim to be reckon$ among ! f9e arts ! att5tion ( arti/s has be5 attract$ fir/ by ! claim & !reaft]1 ) ackn[l$gm5ts1 to ! p]=mance4 ,! art cry ( ! newly baptiz$ _h ! vehem5t r+ ( fai? & det]m9ation4 ,l ! prophecy ( ! embryo premi] x s\nd$3 8,my lords1 y w he> me yet40 ,! su/a9$ int]e/ ( ! 8,photographic ,salon0 & ! utt]ance ( its exhibitors 9 ! language ( art1 has long s9ce obta9$ concession to ! claim = associate memb]%ip4 ,to make ?is relation%ip complete became ! ef=t ( _m writ]s ( ! photographic circle4 8,! :ole po9t !n10 writes ,pr(4 ,p4 ,h4 ,em]son1 ,b4 ,a41 ,m4 ,d41 ( ,engl&1 8is t :at ! pa9t] /rives to d is to r5d]1 by any means 9 8 p[]1 z true an impression ( any picture :i* he wi%es to express z possible4 ,a photographic arti/ /rives = ! same end & 9 two po9ts only does he fall %ort ( ! pa9t]--9 color & 9 ! ability to r5d] s accurately ! relative values1 al?\gh ?is is to a great ext5t comp5sat$ by ! tone ( ! picture4 ,h[ !n is photography sup]ior to et*+1 wood-cutt+1 *>coal draw+8 ,! draw+ ( ! l5s is n to be equall$ by any man4 ,!re is ample room = selection1 judgm5t & pos+1 &1 9 a ^w1 9 capable h&s a f9i%$ photograph is a "w ( art4 ,?us we see t ! art has at la/ f\nd a sci5tific basis & c be rationally discuss$1 & ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 say+ t ,i 0 ! fir/ to base ! claims ( photography z a f9e art on ^! gr\nds & ,i v5ture to pr$ict t ! day w come :5 photographs w be admitt$ to hang on ! walls ( ! ,royal ,academy40 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! above :i* comes z close to ! real reason 9 "q z its logic might intimate1 b :i* is wor? quot+ f ! prophecy :i* x conta9$1 !re h be5 _m expressions ( op9ions by photograph]s4 ,none1 h[ev]1 are m to ! po9t ?an ! foll[+ f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,wilson3 8,:51 fifty ye>s ago1 ! new baby1 photography1 0 born1 ,sci5ce & ,art /ood toge!r ov] h] cradle que/ion+ :at !y might expect ( h]1 wond]+ :at place %e w\ld take among _! o!r *ildr54 ,sci5ce soon f\nd t %e _h come ) h] h&s full ( gifts & h] b\nty to a/ronomy1 microscopy & *emi/ry made h] "n bless$ among ^!1 h] eld] si/]s4 ,art1 always m cons]vative1 hung back4 ,b sl[ly jeal\s ,art :o fir/ fr[n$ & call$ ! re/ ( h] brood ar\nd h]1 away f ! p>v5ue1 has let h] come ne>1 has tak5 h] h&1 & is look+ h] ov] ) que/ion+ eyes4 ,soon1 )\t d\bt1 %e w h h] on h] lap ) ! re/40 8,:y has %e be5 kept out s long8 ,almo/ f ! beg9n+ %e claim$ a place 9 ! h\se beautiful ( art4 ,9 spite ( rebuffs %e knock$ at its doors1 ?\gh ! portrait pa9t] & ! critic flung /ones at h] f ! h\se-top1 & ! law itself /ood at ! ?re%old d5y+ h] entrance4 ,^? e>ly ef=ts 7 n unt9ctur$ ) a fe> t if %e %\ld get 9 %e w\ld run ! e/abli%m5t1 b ! law long s9ce own$ h] "r1 & in/ead ( ! cra%+ b\ld]s ( arti/ic dislike & critical indignation ! volleys !y drop at h] feet n[ are m]e mossy pebbles flung by simil>ly mossy critics or arti/-bigots4 ,/ill1 ! _w at l>ge he>s !m rattle & does n give h] ! place & e/imation %e has won40 8,art began ) ! fir/ t\* ( man to %ape ?+s t[>d 8 ideal1 be t ideal an agreeable composition1 or ! l(tie/ conception ( g5ius4 ,! high] x is ! m x is art4 ,art is head-&-h& "w & a creation des]ves ! "n ( art accord+ to ! quality & quantity ( ?is exp5d$ on x4 ,simply sit d[n squ>ely be=e a ?+ & imitate x z an ox w\ld if an ox c\ld draw1 ) no ?\ght or int5tion save imitation & ! result w cry f e l9e1 #8,i am n art b ma*9e "w1' ?\gh its te*nique be p]fection4 ,toil ov] arrangem5t & m$itate ov] view-po9t & light1 & ?\gh ! result be ! rude/1 x w be> ! impress ( ?\ght & ( art4 ,i tell y art beg9s :5 man ) ?\ght1 =m+ a /&>d ( beauty1 comm5ces to %ape ! raw mat]ial t[>d x4 ,9 pure l&scape1 :]e modification is limit$1 x beg9s :5 ! arti/ takes "o /&po9t 9 pref]5ce to ano!r4 ,9 figure composition1 :]e modification is inf9ite1 x beg9s ) ! fir/ t\* to br+ ! model into pose4 ,:5 he b5ds a twig or turns a fold ( drap]y ! _s ( art has come & is /irr+ )9 him4 ,:at matt]s ! process6 ,surely x is "t t ?is arti/ic bigotry 0 end$40 ,! k]nel lies 9 ! s5t5ce 8:5 he b5ds a twig10 etc41 8! _s ( art has come40 ,9 o!r words :5 he exhibits *oice & pref]5ce1 :51 9 %ort1 he composes4 ,recogniz+ t composition 0 ! only portal ?r\gh :i* ! new c&idate = art recognition c\ld ga9 an entrance into ! circle ( ,art1 ! s+le ef=t ( ! pa/ photograph]1 viz42 ! /riv+ = detail & %>pness ( l9e1 has be5 relegat$ to its reasonable place4 ,a compreh5sion ( composition 0 f\nd to dem& ! k ( a score ( ?+s :i* !n by necessity 7 rapidly discov]$1 appli$ & in/all$4 ,composition means sacrifice1 gradation1 conc5tration1 acc5t1 oblit]ation1 replacem5t1 con/ruction ( ?+s ! plate does n h1 de/ruction ( :at x %\ld n h4 ,suppli$ ) su* a magician's w& no effect 0 d5i$3 all ?+s seem$ possible4 ,gratifi$ by recognition 9 a new realm ! new associations %\ld be /r5g!n$4 ,:]eas photography _h be5 spann$ by ! simple compass ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,a4 & _! daught]1 9 figures2 or topographical accuracies 9 l&scape1 revell]s 9 ! new art talk$ ( ,rembr&t & ,titian1 ,corot & ,diaz4 ,to d some?+ :i* %\ld put _! art 9 t\* ) ^!1 _! new-f\nd bre?r51 0 ! ?+6 ,a noble ambition1 b only a mi/ak+ ( ! effect = ! cause4 ,^! m5 compos$4 ,! blurr$ outl9e1 ! vacant %ad[1 ! suppress$ corn]s1 ! clipp$ edges4 ,?is all means composition 9 ! subdu+ ( insi/5t outl9e1 9 ! ex*ange ( bread? = detail1 9 ! c5tralization ( light1 9 ! suppression ( ! unnecess>y4 ,b no1 ! employm5t ( ^! devices ( ! pa9t] f ! photograph]'s po9t ( view ( composition is n suffici5t4 ,photography is n[ busy complim5t+ e s*ool ( pa9t+ "u ! sun4 ,ye/]day x 0 ,rembr&t's s*ool4 ,n[ t is pass$1 & ,c>rire is bett] & to-morr[1 p]*ance1 x w be ,raphael or ,:i/l] or "s ,japanese1 :y n8 ,! "o & only good sign :i* m>ks imitation is t x %[s appreciation1 & ?is ( ! /&>ds is a good ?+4 ,let ea* h its turn4 ,_! syn!sis may be y4 ,b to a man ( ! pr(essions or bus9ess ^: "t = /udy 9 ^! va/ fields ( ! classics is s disproportionate to _! ext5t & :o1 ?\gh suppli$ ) se>* w>rants & summons1 /ill fails to make a capture1 h[ ineffectual & we>y+ ?is *ase aft] ideals--subjective4 ,:y n %ort5 y\r c\rse8 ,:y n produce ,rembr&ts & ,corots because y appreh5d ! pr9ciples on :i* !y "w & anticipate a surprise 9 discov]+1 z by *ance1 t y h produc$ some?+ :i* recalls !m4 ,9 ?is way & by ^! means !re w be mean+ 9 y\r claim ( bro!rhood4 ,"o may sc>cely call an e/imate 9 art matt]s complete )\t an op9ion f ,mr4 ,rusk94 8,9 art we look = a record ( man's ?\ght & p[]1 b photography gives t only 9 q a second>y degree4 ,e t\* ( a great pa9t+ is in/9ct ) feel+1 b h[soev] c>efully ! objects ( a picture be *os5 & gr\p$ by ! photograph]1 !re 8 int]f]5ce ends4 ,x is n a m]e matt] ( color or no color1 b ( ,inv5tion & ,design1 ( ,feel+ & ,imag9ation4 ,photography is a matt] ( +5uity3 ,art ( g5ius40 ,on ^! l9es h[ev] ! philosoph] ( ,coni/on h>dly proves 8 case4 ,inv5tion & design1 feel+ & imag9ation1 are all a "p ( ! photograph]'s suite4 ,he employs !m all4 ,& ^! too are qualities ! mo/ arti/ic4 ,te*nique1 :i* is manual & n spiritual1 is ! "o po9t at :i* art & photography _c coalesce4 ,to ,art's s5ti5t f+]-tips1 ,photography holds up only /eel1 wood & glass4 ,art !re=e holds ! w9n+ c>ds4 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ,engl&'s safe/ & sure/ critic ( art1 writ+ a g5]ation ago on ! 8,relation betwe5 ,photography & ,pa9t+10 says3 8,b all good pa9t+1 h[ev] lit]al1 h[ev] pre-,raphaelite or topographic1 is full ( human feel+ & emotion4 ,if x has no o!r feel+ 9 x ?an love or admiration = ! place depict$1 t is mu* already1 q en\gh to c>ry ! picture out ( ! range ( photography into ! regions ( real art40 8,& ?is is ! reason :y good pa9t+ _c be bas$ on photography4 ,i f9d photographic data ( less value ?an ha/y sket*es4 ,! photograph r5d]s ! =m truly1 no d\bt1 z f> z x goes1 b x by no means r5d]s feel+s & is !re=e ( no practical use 7save = ref]5ce7 to a pa9t] :o feels habitually & nev] works1 )\t emotion40 ,x is v mu* to be que/ion$ if ,mr4 ,ham]ton 9 ! face ( :at has s9ce be5 done ) ! cam]a by m5 :o feel & are l$ by ! emotional 9 art1 w\ld claim a di/9ction to ! pa9t] & d5y t ! photographic product 0 unaffect$ by ! emotional temp]am5t4 ,a fri5d %[s u a gr\p ( 8 pets1 ei!r dogs1 horses or *ildr51 done by an 8arti/ photograph]40 ,we f9d x /rongly compos$1 ev9c+ a cle> k ( e po9t to be obs]v$ 9 extract+ f ! subject all ! picturesqu5ess !re 0 9 x4 ,we notice a s(t pa9t]-l t\*1 %ad[s n detail$--simply grad$--a]ial envelopm5t ev]y:]e sugge/$4 ,x w\ld be p$antry = ! pa9t] to correct ! expression ( 8 fri5d & sugge/ t ! man :o produc$ ! picture 0 n an arti/4 ,x is ! product ( a man :o felt exactly z an arti/ w\ld h felt2 an expression ( views ^u a subject entirely gov]n$ by ! pr9ciples ( art1 & ! man :o made x1 by t sympa?y :i* he exhibits ) ^? pr9ciples1 is my bro!r 9 art to a great] degree ?an ! pa9t] :o1 ) y\?ful arrogance1 ?r[s ^! to ! w9ds 8mi/ak+10 z has be5 clev]ly said1 8! w-o'-!-wisp ( ecc5tricity = ! miracle work+ impulse ( g5ius40 ,9 :atsoev] degree m ( ! man & less ( ! me*anics appe>1 9 t degree is ! result a "w ( art4 ,! reliance ( photography on composition has provok$ an e>ne/ se>* = its pr9ciples4 ,! photograph] felt safe 9 go+ to ! s*ool ( pa9t+ = ^! pr9ciples & accept$ )\t "q ! be/ book writt5 = pa9t]s1 t by ,john ,burnet1 p5n$ m ?an a c5tury ago at a "t :5 ! art ( ,engl& 0 at a l[ imitative ebb1 & unduly influ5c$ by imitation4 ,?is has be5 abundantly quot$ by photographic tea*]s & evid5tly accept$1 ) little *all5ge1 z f9al4 ,! be/ ?+s1 discov]able to ! writ]1 9 ! field ( composition1 h be5 by ! photograph]s !mselves--! be/ ?+s z well z ! mo/ inane2 b 9 ! face ( s _m results t e>ne/ work]s ) ! cam]a produce & cont9ue to put =?1 :i* _c f9d a place 9 ! categories ( ,art1 x w\ld seem t ^! prea*m5ts h be5 unhe$$1 or 7 n suffici5tly cle> to af=d practical guidance = :om !y 7 int5d$4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,rob9son7#ad7;decl>es mo/ /r5u\sly = composition4 8,x is my cont5tion10 he says1 8t "o ( ! fir/ ?+s an arti/ %\ld le>n is ! con/ruction ( a picture40 ,on a p> ) ?is is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,d[1 ! arti/1 :o decl>es t 8art education %\ld beg9 at composition40 ,x is = lack ( ?is t ! se>*] = ! picturesque s frequ5tly returns empty h&$4 ,,"p ,,ii - ,,! ,,/hetics ,,( ,,composition ,,*apt] ,,xii - ,,bread? ,,v]sus ,,detail ,subjectively ! pa9t] & ! photograph] /ret* aft] ! same goal4 ,te*nically !y approa* x f opposite directions4 ,! pa9t] />ts ) a b>e surface & creates detail1 ! photograph] is suppli$ !re)4 ,art lies some:]e betwe5 ^! />t+ po9ts2 = art is a reflection ( an idea & ideas may or may n h to d ) detail4 ,accord+ to ! subject !n is ! matt] ( detail to s]ve u4 ,9 ! expression ( "* a c]ta9 am\nt ( detail is indisp5sable2 by ! pa9t] to be produc$1 by ! photograph] sav$4 ,b detail is (t5 s beautiful 9 itself6 & is n art a pres5tation ( ! beautiful1 pleads ! photograph]4 ,& ! reply 9 ! ,socratic me?od is3 8,look at ! :ole subject3 does ! idea ( x dem& ?is detail80 ,! untutor$ m9d always sees detail4 ,= ?is reason mo/ education is inductive1 b ?\gh ! process is inductive1 ! goal is ! et]nal syn!sis4 ,x is ! report] :o ga!rs ! facts3 ! editor w9n[s !refrom ! moral4 ,! arti/ mu/--9 "t--get on top & take ?is survey4 ,look+ at any subject ) eyes half clos$ enables him to see x )\t detail1 & lat]1 ) eyes sl[ly op5+1 admitt+ t mu* only :i* is necess>y to "*4 ,! expression ( "* by masses ( black & :ite proves ?is4 ,bi%op ,pott] is unmi/akable1 8 features b\nd$ by _! %ad[s4 ,f su* a />t !n x is a "q ( proc$ure cauti\sly to t po9t :]e ! greate/ "* lies1 b beyond :i* po9t detail becomes unnecess>y to "*4 ,bi%op ,pott] ,! p5 portrait ( ,?ack]ay by ,robt4 ,blum is a c>eful del9eation ( ! *>act]i/ic head ( ! noveli/ set on %\ld]s *>act]i/ically b5t =w>d & ! body *>act]i/ically tall4 ,:at m c be told ( ,?ack]ay's p]sonality8 ,w\ld ! buttons & ! wr9kles ( ! clo?+ help matt]s6 ,no1 z facts !y w\ld n1 & :5 art has to d only ) "*1 ! simple/ /atem5t is ! mo/ =cible4 ,millet1 at "o "t1 0 kn[n z 8! man :o pa9t$ peasants )\t wr9kles 9 _! bree*es40 ,n because wr9kles 7 too mu* = him1 nor because !y 7 n ?\ght wor? :ile1 b because1 9 8 ef=t to prune 8 picture ( ! uness5tials1 ! wr9kles 7 bru%$ aside4 ,:51 h[ev]1 art has to d ) fill+ an entire space ) some?+1 & ! clo?+ occupies a consid]able "p ( x1 :at %all be done8 ,?is *anges ! details ( ! "q4 ,yet all portraits t hit h>d 9 exhibitions are ^? conceiv$ 9 simplicity1 ^? 9 :i* ! p]sonality is :at /ops & holds u4 ,!re are c]ta9 l>ge organic l9es ( drap]y :i* ! "* dem&s1 b beyond ?is po9t op9ion divides au?oritatively f ! complete sil5ce ( oblit]ation to ! tumultu\s nois9ess ( 8! :ole tru?0 ,9 ! portraits by ,c>rire all detail is swept away1 & ! mill9]y arti/s are %ock$4 ,simplicity %\ld nev] compromise texture & quality4 ,?is side ( ! tru? _c prove objectionable4 8,y h made my broadclo? look l two-fifty a y>d & x really co/ f\r10 0 a criticism (f]$ by a "y lady :o pos$ 9 a rid+ habit4 ,su* practical criticism is frequ5tly necess>y to br+ ! arti/ d[n f ! top height obs]vatory :]e he is absorb$ ) 8! big ?+s40 ,brea? does n signify neglect ( detail or neglect ( f9i%2 x means simplification :]e unity _h be5 ?reat5$4 ,x is see+ ! big side ( small ?+s1 if ! small ?+s _c be ignor$4 ,! light+ ( a subject has mu* to d ) its bread?4 ,a light may be select$ t w *op su* a well organiz$ unit z ! body into ?ree or f\r sep>ate sections1 or "o t produces an equal division ( light & %ade--seldom good4 ,%ad[s are g5]ally ! hid+-places = my/]y2 & my/]y is ev] *>m+4 ,none bett] ?an ,rembr&t knew ! value ( ^? vague spaces ( no?+ness1 9 backgr\nds1 & 9 ! figure itself1 a sudd5 pit* f light & positiv5ess into conjecture4 ,we he> 9 photography mu* ( ! 8,rembr&t-esque effect10 :i* :5 produc$1 proves to be j blackness4 ,!re c be no %ad[ )\t light1 & ,rembr&t's ef=t 0 to obta9 ?is1 r ?an produce d>kness4 ,! feel+ ( light may also be broadly express$ by a direct illum9ation4 ,"h ! %ad[ plays a v small "p1 & ! subject is pres5t$ 9 its outl9e4 ,"u su* an effect we lose v>iety b ga9 simplicity4 ,?is br+s u close to ! region ( two dim5sions1 ! realm ( ,japanese art & mural decoration4 ,! portraits ( ,manet1 ! decorations ( ,puvis de ,*avannes1 & ! e>ly ,italians1 display ! quality ( bread? because ( ! simplicity ( light+ :i* ^! subjects receiv$4 ,bread? 9 ! treatm5t ( ! figure may be obta9$ by grad$ light4 ,if a %ad[ be produc$ at ! bottom ( ! picture suffici5tly /rong to oblit]ate bo? ! light & %ade ( detail1 & !nce be made to weak5 z x proce$s upw>d & f9ally give place to light1 :]e light is mo/ ne$$1 great simplicity z well z ! elem5t ( v>iety w be ! result4 ,?us1 9 ! mo/ effective treatm5t 9 mural decoration1 "o sees only ! gr& =ms1 ! movem5t1 ! int5tion1 ^? ?+s :i* mo/ befit ! inn] surface ( ! build+ be+ also ^? :i* be> ! great] importance4 ,! fact is us$ z an argum5t = ! assumption t pa9t+ %\ld1 aft] all1 be an art ( two dim5sions1 l5g? & bread?1 res]v+ ?ickness & its repres5tation1 = sculpture4 ,?is robs pa9t+ ( ! quality ( natural aspect1 except "u ! s+le effect ( absolutely direct light+ & ignores its developm5t beyond ! flatly color$ repres5tations ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 our ,am]ican ,indians & ! ,japanese1 a developm5t inaugurat$ by ! ,greeks & s9ce adh]$ to by all occid5tal nations4 ,! /ud5t :o goes to nature & sees mass only1 disc>d+ all detail1 w run ! *ance ( be+ a colori/ z well z a pa9t] ( bread?1 two ( ! mo/ important qualifications2 = if he refuses to be /opp$ by detail 8 intellig5ce w cry/allize ^u t o!r ?+ :i* attracts him4 ,he w ?9k ! h>d] ^u ! simple relations ( tones & ! exact color4 ,sl[ly dext]ity w add a facility to 8 bru% & he w1 :ile aim+ at "*1 ?r\gh bread?1 unconsci\sly introduce *>act]i/ic detail4 ,?is is ! hope ( ! new me?od :i* is n[ be+ introduc$ into ! sy/em ( public s*ool in/ruction4 ,! s*eme z develop$ by ,mr4 ,d[ is decorative r ?an naturali/ic1 ! ae/hetic side ) 8,beauty10 z ! wat*word be+ 9 greate/ po9t4 ,! fill+ ( spaces 9 agreeable & h>moni\s arrangem5t does n dem& /rict ackn[l$gm5t to natural aspect4 ,inde$ ?is is d5i$ 9 mo/ cases :]e ! limitations ( decoration are enjo9$4 ,) ! fir/ pr9ciple1 tru?1 ^u :i* all education re/s1 z ! basis ( su* /udy1 ! nature "p ( ?is sy/em w fall into its logical *annels4 ,if nature's l>g5ess & simplicity contributes to its value1 !n nature %\ld be consult$ :5 %e is l>ge & simple4 ,/udies ( trees 9 gray silh\ette1 %\ld be made at twilight1 ei!r ( ev5+ or e>ly morn+1 :5 ! detail1 :i* is useless to ! decorative s*eme1 is n se54 ,"u su* conditions no slight or sacrifice is necessitat$4 ,nature !n contributes h] quantity directly & ! /ud5t has no w>rant 9 assum+ to *ange h]4 ,!re are times also :5 ! face ( nature is s v>i$ t ! mo/ fanta/ic s*emes ( ,notan7#ae7 are obs]v$2 a h>bor fill$ ) sails & sea-gulls1 a cr[d ( p speckl+ ! %ore1 ! h\ses ( a village dott$ ov] a hillside4 ,"u a direct light ^! become legitimate subjects (f]$ by nature h]self to ! s*eme :i*1 h[ev]1 %e only n[ & !n honors4 ,! sy/em !re=e accompanies ! /ud5t b "p way & leaves him /ill knock+ at ! door ( ! complete naturali/ic pres5tation ( pictorial art1 a developm5t :i* /ret*es into limitless possibilities by ! use ( ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,"w 9 two dim5sions by reason ( its great] simplicity %\ld naturally prec$e ! complications involv$ 9 produc+ ! completely modell$ =ms ( nature1 & !re9 ! argum5t = its use 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! /ud5t's developm5t is a /rong "o4 ,,sugge/iv5ess4 ,bread?1 s (t5 acc\ntable = my/]y1 leads to sugge/iv5ess4 ,x is at ?is po9t t graphic art t\*es h&s ) ! invisible1--:]e ! ?+ m]ges into ! idea4 ,"h we deliv] ov] our little two by f\r affair ) its specifications all m>k$1 into ! keep+ ( l>g] h&s :i* exp& its possibilities4 ,if !n ,imag9ation c>ries u beyond ! limits ( graphic art let u by all means employ x4 ,^u ?is phase ( art ! reali/ c b look ) fold$ arms4 ,! dwell]s 9 ! *>m$ _w ( ,greek my?ological fancy came on tiptoe to ! bord]s only ( ! daily life ( t age4 ,! /ill-life pa9t] has to d ) fact1 & = _m o!r subjects also ! fact alone is suffici5t4 ,x is g5]ally s 9 portraiture :]e r5dition ( ext]nals is attempt$1 b ! portrait may sugge/ rev]y & reflection1 or1 by intimate accessory1 provoke a discursive movem5t 9 ?\ght4 ,! reali/ is a man ( draw+ & h[ to d x1 ( pa9t & putt+ x on1 ( textures & te*nique2 he is a pa9t]2 & /ops ) t4 ,b ! mak] ( pictures w\ld /ep to ano!r po9t ( sight4 ,he w\ld s aim z to %oot ov] ! hilltop4 ,he w\ld hit some?+ :i* he _c see4 ,sugge/ion is bo? te*nical & subjective4 ,!re is sugge/ion ( detail1 ( act & ( fact4 ,9 produc+ ! effect1 in/ead ( ! detail1 ( a bun* ( grass or a mass ( drap]y1 we sub/itute sugge/ion = lit]alism4 ,=tuny1 z a figure pa9t]1 0 ma/] ( ?is art1 8 wond]ful arrangem5ts ( figures among/ drap]y & 9 grasses be>+ evid5ce4 ,"h1 out ( a fanta/ic cru% ( color1 w be br\ght to view a beautifully modell$ h& & wri/ :i* connect by ! imag9ation only1 ) ! %\ld] & body4 ,^! h[ev]1 are ready to receive x & l o!r p>ts ( ! picture are b po9ts ( fact to give enc\ragem5t to ! que/ = ! rema9d]4 ,! hide & seek ( ! subject1 ! 8lo/ & f\nd0 9 ! l9e1 ! subsidiz+ ( ! imag9ation = tribute1 by 8 magic w& /roke 7 ! artifices by :i* ,=tuny coquett$ ) nature & ! public1 fasc9at+ ! art _w ( 8 day4 ,=tuny1 h[ev]1 nev] took u beyond ! b\nds ( 8 picture4 ,x 0 8 doctr9e t avoidance ( detail 0 artful2 t to c>ry ! :ole burd5 :5 imag9ation c\ld be trick$ into %\ld]+ "s ( x 0 fool's drudg]y4 ,millet1 :o 0 8 antipode z a clumsy h&l] ( 8 tools1 decl>$ himself =tunate 9 be+ able to sugge/ mu* m ?an he c\ld pa9t4 ,9 "o ( ! competitions at ! ,royal ,academy 9 ,engl&1 ! prize 0 aw>d$ to t r5d]+ ( ! expression ( ,grief :i* %[$ ! face entirely cov]$1 ! sugge/ion be+ decl>$ /rong] ?an ! fact4 ,9 ! realm ( sugge/ion h[ev] ! l&scape arti/ has mu* ! wid] range4 ,:o has n exp]i5c$ ! fasc9ation ( a hilltop8 ,! hill may be un9t]e/+--on y\r side1--b !re is ano!r4 ,!re is a pa? w9d+ ov] x1 tell+ ( ! pass+ ( few or _m2 y\r feet h t\*$ x & imag9ation has y 9 h] tra91 & y foll[ eag]ly to ! beck ( h] en*antm5t4 ,suppose ! sc5e at twilight on "o ( ! great pla9s ( nor!rn ,france :]e beets are ! sole crop4 ,a gr\p ( c>ts & ox5 %ut out ! backgr\nd & no figures are se54 ,if h[ev] aga9/ ! sky are ! silh\ett$ =ms ( two h&fuls ( beets1 ! sight ( a figure or ev5 a "p ( him w\ld seem unnecess>y to a casual obs]v] :o wi%$ to "k if !re 0 any "o ab\t4 ,^! inanimate ?+s mov+ ?r\gh ! air mean life4 ,! pa9t] has creat$ "o figure & sugge/$ ! likelihood ( o!rs by ^! few t\*es4 ,h]e9 we h ! sugge/ion ( a fact4 ,! sugge/ion ( an act1 may fur!r be develop$ by %[+ ! figure1 hav+ already f9i%$ ) ! h&ful1 b5d+ to pick up o!rs4 ,su* a position w\ld be an actual /atem5t reg>d+ ! pres5t act b a sugge/$ "o conc]n+ ! =m]1 ! effect ( :i* is /ill se54 ,if !n ! figure 7 repres5t$ z p]=m+ some?+ 9 any mom5t ( "t f>!r remov$ f t gov]n+ ! position ( ! beets ?an natural action c\ld control1 he has =c$ into 8 figure an accel]at$ action :i* ranges any:]e betwe5 ! />tl+1 ! amus+1 & ! impossible4 ,! p[] ( impli$ =ce or action by sugge/ion is ! basis ( ! ,greek sculptur$ art ( ! highe/ p]iod4 ,mu* ( ! argum5t ( ,less+'s elaborate essay on ! 8,laocoon0 is aim$ at ?is po9t1 :i* is br\ght out 9 its complet5ess 9 8 discussion ( ,timoma*us' treatm5t ( ! rav+ ,ajax4 8,ajax 0 n repres5t$ at ! mom5t :51 rag+ among ! h]ds he captures & slays goats & ox51 mi/ak+ !m = m54 ,! ma/] %[$ him sitt+ we>y aft] ^! crazy de$s ( h]oism1 & m$itat+ self-de/ruction4 ,t 0 really ! rav+ ,ajax1 n because he is rav+ at ! mom5t1 b because we see he has be5 rav+ & ) :at viol5ce 8 pres5t reaction ( %ame & despair vividly portrays4 ,we see ! =ce ( ! tempe/ 9 ! wrecks & ! corpses ) :i* x has /rewn ! bea*40 ,9 ! photographic realm ( ! nude1 ?is quality is compulsory4 ,we don't want to h (f]$ u s intimate a lik5ess ( a nude figure t we ask1 8,:o is %e1 or he80 ,! g5]al & n ! p>ticul> suffices2 ! type n ! p]son4 ,! pa9t]'s art conta9s few /rong] t\*es ?r\gh ?is means ?an ! incid5t ( ! sleep+ s5ator 9 ,grme's 8,dea? ( ,cs>04 ,9 ! sugge/ion ( an idea1 graphic & pla/ic art rise to ! highe/ levels ( poetry4 ,! picture or ! poem !n becomes ! surface1 refract+ ! idea :i* /ret*es on into inf9ity4 ,! dy+ lion ( ,luc]ne1 mortally pi]c$ by ! %aft1 ! w\nd$ lion ( ,p>is1 /rik+ "u 8 =epaw ! arr[ meant = 8 de/ruction are symbols memorializ+ ! ,swiss gu>d ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 & ! unequal /ruggle ( ,france aga9/ ,g]many 9 '#gb4 ,at ! dea? ( ,lor5zo ! arts langui%$ & ,mi*el ,angelo's sup9e & hang+ figures 9 8 tomb are !re to indicate x4 ,,my/]y4 ,sugge/ion ) its phantom guide-po/s leads u ?r\gh its v>i$ mazes to ! dwell+-place ( my/]y4 ,"h ! arti/ w d well to t>ry & le>n all ! oracle may tea* him4 ,! positive light ( day passes to ! twilight ( ! moon & />s4 ,:at ?+s may be se5 & =ms creat$ out ( ! simple my/]y ( twilight6 ,its value by sugge/ion may be kn[n te*nically to ! arti/1 = ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( detail1 ! "w is sift$ to its ess5ce & we !n see x 9 its bigness1 if x has any1 & if n we discov] ?is lack4 ,:5 ! /udio light fails our be/ critic ent]s & discloses 9 a few mom5ts :at we h be5 look+ = all day long4 ,!re %\ld be 9 mo/ pictures an opportunity ( say+ t :i* %all be int]pret$ by ea* "o accord+ to 8 temp]am5t1 a little place :]e ea* may delight 9 sett+ free 8 own imag9ation4 ,to acc\nt = ! popul>ity ( _m pictures 9 bo? color & black & :ite on any o!r gr\nd ?an t ( my/]y seems (ttimes impossible4 ,! /rong appeal made to all classes by subjects conta9+ my/]i\s sugge/ion is evid5c$ by ! frequ5cy ( aw>ds to su* 9 photographic & o!r competitions4 ,! /ud5t ( photography asks if blurr$ edges1 empty %ad[s & vapor\s detail mean quality4 ,!y c]ta9ly mean my/]y1 :i* :5 appli$ to an appropriate subject signifies t ! arti/ has jo9$ 8 art ) ! imag9ation ( ! behold]4 ,he has !re=e let x out at l>ge usury4 ,a cottage ne> a wood may be a v ord9>y subject at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 b at eight 9 ! ev5+1 se5 9 palpitat+ outl9e aga9/ ! =e/ blackness or ! l[ ton$ sky1 x becomes an elem5t 9 a s*eme ( f> l>g] dim5sions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! def9ite & indef9ite article1 :5 c\pl$ ) t h\se1 is ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! art ( :i* we speak4 ,my/]y by deception is a misguid$ use ( an art quality4 ,9 photography "o man delights 9 ! et*+ po9t & _c /op until he has made a net "w all ov] 8 plate & l$ u to look at ?is in/ead ( 8 picture1 :i*1 if good1 w\ld h be5 let alone--a clev] device ( ?r[+ du/ into our eyes4 ,ano!r produces :at appe>s to be a p5cil draw+1 & a v good imitation "s ( !m are1 b at be/ a deception4 ,to make some?+ look l some?+ else is a p]v]sion ( a brilliant discov]y 9 photographic processes1 :i* (f]s ! means = secur+ unity 7& 9 ?is ^w lies e pr9ciple ( composition7 by add+ to or subtract+ f ! fir/ product4 ,?is may involve ! de/ruction ( two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! plate or x may dem& _m an acc5t subtly suppli$ be=e unity is satisfi$1 be=e ! subject is /ripp$ ( its non-ess5tials or be=e x may be reg>d$ complete4 ,let su* good "w g on--& ! o!r sort too1 if y w1 ! /unts1 ! summ]saults & ! hoop p]=mances1 b 9 ! dignity ( photographic competitions give ! deceptions1 ! imitations ( o!r ?+s1 no /&+ or qu>t]4 ,no "o w d5y ! int]e/ !re is 9 a s5sitive1 flexible l9e & 9 ! r5dition ( mass by l9e4 ,b photography is an art deal+ ) f9i%$ surfaces ( p]fect modell+1 & work]s 9 ?is art %\ld pres]ve ! 8nature0 ( _! subject4 ,! man :o feels l9e _h bett] et* or use a p5cil4 ,,simplicity4 ,bread? :ile fo/]+ sugge/iv5ess gives bir? to simplicity2 a subjective quality4 ,:5 appli$ to pictorial art1 simplicity's fir/ appeal is a m5tal "o4 ,we are attract$ by nei!r te*nique nor color1 nor ?+s problematic to ! pa9t]2 b by 8 m5tal attitude t[>d 8 subject4 ,if we det]m9e t ! result has come ( elim9ation1 t to produce x1 mu* has be5 ?r[n away & t ! arti/ pref]s :at he has left at a sacrifice1 to :at might h be51 ackn[l$gm5t = ?is cond5sation is c\pl$ ) respect4 ,!re is h[ev] a type ( simplicity1 ! ,simple ,simon sort1 or an indisposition to und]take difficult ?+s1 :i* leads to a selection ( ! easy subject 9 nature4 ,hav+ f\nd "s mode/ bit ( *>m1 ! ,simple ,simon turns & twi/s x to att5uation1 ) ! e>ne/ decl>ation t !re is no great] quality ?an simplicity2 b purposeful empt9ess lifts its h&s 9 va9 = ! baptismal sanctification ( ! poetic _s4 ,:]e simplicity really s]ves ! arti/ 9 8 task is 9 ^? cases dem&+ ! unification ( _m elem5ts4 ,9 pa9t+1 ,rub5s & ,turn] ?us wr\ght1 br++ h>mony f an organ ( ?ree banks & a score ( /ops1 sett+ !mselves ! task ( /rong m54 ,:atsoev] subject be project$1 ! quality ( pr9cipality takes prec$5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep t[>d simplicity2 "s "o ?\ght made *ief2 !re=e "s "o object 9 ! composition ( quantities & "s "o light 9 ! s*eme ( *i>oscuro dom9ant4 ,) ?is det]m9$1 ! problem :i* foll[s is1 h[ %all pr9cipality be ma9ta9$ & to :at degree ( sacrifice mu/ all o!r objects be submitt$4 ,9 ! rapid exam9ation ( _m works ( art1 ^? t appeal /ronge/ w be f\nd to be ^? 9 :i* ! elem5ts are simple1 or1 if complex1 are gov]n$ by ?is quality ?r\gh pr9cipality4 ,,res]ve4 ,ano!r bifurcation ( simplicity is ,res]ve4 ,9 ! simple /atem5t ( ! return+ ,roman g5]al3 8,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$10 all t ! s5ate desir$ to "k 0 /at$ & x ga9$ =ce by virtue ( :at 0 left unsaid4 ,any?+ else might h gratifi$ ! curiosity ( 8 auditors1 b ! man1 9 hold+ ?is secret1 made himself an object ( int]e/4 ,rembr&t has told u t ! legitimate gamut ( expression lies "s di/ance betwe5 ! deepe/ d>k ( our palette & its highe/ light4 ,expression ?r\gh limitations is dignifi$1 a quality :i* ! /ra9 to fill all limits sacrifices4 ,x is ! =ce quickly squ&]$ by ! "y actor1 :o 8ov]acts10 di/urb+ ! balance ( =ces 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,^u ! pivot ( ,res]ve ! oppos+ cre$s ( ! ,impressioni/s & ,toni/s be> ) mo/ cont5tion4 ,! =m] w\ld la% _! c\rs]s ( ,phoebus ) unsp>+ h& f />t to f9i%2 ! latt] pref] ! 8,wait+ ,race10 e atom ( =ce gov]n$ & 9 control1 held = ! opportunity1 :5 increas+ /r5g? is necess>y4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 aim+ at ! bull's-eye or ! :ole t>get4 ,! rec5t t5d5cy ( illu/ration to produce a result 9 ?ree or f\r flat tones is ano!r voice proclaim+ = res]ve4 ,! new movem5t 9 decorative art may rightly claim ?is ackn[l$gm5t to x4 ,9 ! "w ( ,jules ,gur9 x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! bit & bridle ( ^! two factors ( bread? h be5 appli$ to e /roke1 n[ & !n only1 detail be+ all[$ its say1 & 9 b a /ill small voice4 ,) ! l>ge numb] ( pictorial ideas n[ be+ reca/ 9 ! decorative =mula x is necess>y to h a cle> notion ( ! purpose & ! limitations ( decorative art1 t ?is new art may n be misund]/ood nor conf\nd$ ) ! purely pictorial4 ,decorative ,evolv+ ! ,pictorial2 ,! ,nor? ,riv]--,pr5d]ga/2 ,an ,intrusion--,bull2 ,l&scape ,arrangem5t--,gu]9 ,decoration is ess5tially flat4 ,x repres5ts l5g? & bread?4 ,x applies prim>ily to ! flat v]tical plane4 ,x deals ) ! symbols ( =m1 ) fact by sugge/ion1 ) color 9 mass4 ,x sub/itutes light & d>k = nature's light & %ade4 ,conceptions evolv$ ^u ! flat v]tical plane deal ) pictorial data z mat]ial = h]aldic qu>t]+1 ) natural fact z second>y to ! happy adju/m5t ( spaces4 ,nature to ! decorative m9d pres5ts a v>iegat$ patt]n f :i* to clip any %ape :i* ! color design dem&s4 ,! influ5ce on pictorial art ( ! decorative t5d5cy1 has br\ght mu* into ! pictorial category :i* has nev] be5 classifi$4 ,! ,rose ,croix influ5ce has witness$ its se$ matur+ into ! art n\veau1 & :at 0 nurtur$ "u ! =c+ glass ( decoration has sudd5ly be5 transplant$ into ! g>d5 ( pictorial art4 ,9 consequ5ce x w\ld appe> t ! con/itution ( ! latt] requir$ am5dm5ts z be+ sc>ce broad en\gh to accommodate ! new] ?+4 ,x is difficult1 = in/ance1 to reconcile ! cr[d$ & spott$ surfaces 9 ,mr4 ,maurice ,pr5d]ga/'s pictures1 to ! requirem5ts ( ! balanc$ conception4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ h[ev] t _! fir/ claim = attraction is _! color :i* is usually a h>mony 9 r$1 yell[ & blue1 & :5 ! cr[ds ( p or build+s d n =m balanc+ comb9ations !y (t-times s fill ! canvas z to leave excell5t spaces1 m comm&+ ?r\gh _! isolation ?an ! gr\ps *ok+ ! limits ( ! canvas4 ,m (t5 h[ev] ^! cr[ds may be f\nd to hang mo/ beautifully to a natural axis & to comply ) all ! pr9ciples ( pictorial /ructure4 ,9 8 p>k sc5e1 %[+ sev]al ti]s ( eque/rians "o above ! o!r1 ! *ief *>m is ! idea ( cont9u\s movem5t :i* ! sc5e conveys4 ,! detail1 wisely omitt$1 if suppli$ w\ld arre/ ! att5tion & a *all5ge on ?is basis w\ld foll[4 ,x w\ld !n be f\nd t :at we accept$ z an impression ( natural aspect we w\ld dem& m ( z a f9i%$ picture4 ,x is because x is m decorative ?an pictorial & because its pictorial p>ts are r5d]$ by sugge/ion1 t x makes s w9n+ an appeal4 ,! qua9t & fasc9at+ concepts ( ,mr4 ,bull 9 ! range ( animal del9eation are all /ruck 9 ! /amp ( ?is new] m\ld1 & ! li/ is a con/antly increas+ "o ( ! illu/rators ^: "w be>s ?is sign4 ,,relief4 ,! popul> notion conc]n+ pictures is t !y %\ld /& out2 b z has be5 aptly said1 8!y %\ld /& 902 s /& z to keep _! places )9 ! frame & to keep ! compon5t p>ts 9 control4 ,a s+le object /ra9+ itself into prom95ce ?r\gh ! great relief x exhibits1 is j z objectionable z ! "o voice 9 a *orus he>d above ! re/4 ,x is a law ( light t all objects ( ! same plane receive id5tically ! same illum9ations4 ,if !n1 "o seems favor$1 x mu/ be by suppression ( ! re/4 ,n[ & !n ?is is necess>y1 b t x occurs by ?is means & n by unnatural =c+ mu/ be evid5t4 ,x is n necess>y = ! arti/ to lift 8 sitt] (f ! canvas by a =c$ light on ! figure & an int5se %ad[ sep>at+ him f ! wall beh9d4 ,correggio knew s well to cons]ve bread? j "h4 ,in/ead ( ?is *eap & easy relief1 he almo/ inv>iably *ose to (fset ! d>k side ) a d>k] tone 9 ! backgr\nd1 all[+ ! figure's %ad[ to melt inp]ceptibly into ! back space4 ,bread? & s(tness 0 ( c\rse ! result4 ,occasionally h[ev] a di/9ct attempt at relief may be witness$ 9 ! "w ( good pa9t]s4 ,"s ( ,valesquez' /&+ portraits are expressive ( ! pa9t]'s joy 9 mak+ !m 8/& out40 ,9 all ^! pictures h[ev] !re are no o!r objects1 no items add$ to ! backgr\nd f :i* ! figure is sep>at$4 ,! subject simply /&s 9 air4 ,9 o!r words x is an entity & n a composition4 ,! process te*nically = ! subdu+ ( relief is flatt5+ ! %ad[s1 ?us r5d]+ ! m>k$ r\ndness ( objects less pron\nc$4 ,! envelopm5t ( air :i* all pa9t+ %\ld express1--! deta*m5t ( "o object f ano!r1--goes z f> t[>d ! production ( relief z is necess>y4 ,,f9i%4 ,b ! enquiry is naturally made1 8if deception is undesirable1 %\ld ! arti/ pause be=e he has br\ght 8 "w to a complete f9i%80 ,f9i% is n dep5d5t ^u putt+ 9 ev]y?+ :i* nature conta9s1 else w\ld art n be a matt] ( selection4 ,f9i%1 ?\gh int]pret$ s+ul>ly by diff]5t arti/s z to degree1 is univ]sally und]/ood to mean ! same ?+4 ,f9i% is ! expression ( ! true relations ( objects or ( ! p>ts ( "o object4 ,:5 ! true relations or values ( %ade & color are r5d]$ ! "w is complete4 ,t ends x4 ,! /ud5t = ! fir/ ye> or s imag9es 8 salvation dep5ds on detail & prides himself on h[ mu* ( x he c see4 ,! in/ructor insi/s on 8 look+ at nature ) 8 eyes half clos$ 9 ! hope t he w take ! big end ( ?+s4 ,!re is w> betwe5 !m until ! /ud5t capitulates1 aft] :i* ! in/ructor tells him to g z he pleases kn[+ ) ?is lesson le>n$ he w n g wrong4 ,z a compreh5sive example ( f9i% )\t detail1 "o may take ! works ( ,mauve :i* aim to repres5t nature z truly z possible 9 h] exact t9ts4 ,no "o c obs]ve any picture ev] pa9t$ by ?is ma/] & n be drawn d[n close to ! gr\nd t he may walk on x or elevate 8 head into ! air & brea! x or feel x possible to s5d a /one sail+ into its liquid dep?s2 b f9i%6 :5 we look = x :]e or :at is x8 ,at ! ,/ew>t ,gall]y ! att5dant 0 accu/om$ to (f] ! visitor a magnify+ glass ) :i* to exam9e ! lu/re ( a horse's eye or ! buckles ^u ,napoleon's saddle1 9 ! 8,review ( ,cuirassi]s at ! ,battle ( ,fri$l&0 by ,meissoni]4 ,^! items are :at int]e/$ ! great detaili/ & !y are p]fect2 b ) all ! int5se ef=t ( six close ye>s ( labor ! picture has less real f9i% ?an any "w ev] sign$ by ,mauve4 ,! big ?+ 9 f9i% has be5 miss$ & ,i d\bt if any arti/ or connoisseur has ev] come ^u ?is picture1 n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 )\t a slight gasp at ! false relation ( color exi/+ betwe5 ! gre5 :eat1 ! horses trampl+ ?r\gh x & ! sky above x4 ,! unity ( ^! elem5ts 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 f9i% & ! arti/ ) all 8 va/ k ( little ?+s nev] knew x4 ,if !n1 p]fect f9i% is a matt] beyond detail1 x foll[s x mu/ be look$ = else:]e ?an at ?is end ( nature4 ,! av]age man soon takes ! arti/'s int5tion & accepts ! "w on ?is basis1 ?9k+ n ( f9i% nor ( its lack1 b ( nature2 ackn[l$g+ ?r\gh ! sugge/ions ( ! picture t he has be5 t\*$ by h]4 8,dur+ ^! mom5ts10 says ,john ,la ,f>ge 9 8 8,consid]ations on ,pa9t+10 8are n ! spectators excusable :o live = ! mom5t a s]5e exi/5ce1 feel+ z if !y _h made ! "w !y admire80 ,! argum5t !n is t ! ma/] pa9t] is "o :o selects ! subject1 takes preci\s c>e t its f\ndation quantities & qualities are furni%$ & !n h&s x ov] to any "o to f9i%4 ,t x falls into sympa!tic h&s is 8 s+le solicitude4 8,x requires two m5 to pa9t a picture10 says ,mr4 ,hopk9son ,smi?1 8"o to "w ! bru% & ! o!r to kill ! arti/ :5 he has f9i%$ 8 picture & doesn't "k x40 ,,"p ,,iii - ,,! ,,critical ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,pictures 8,) ! critic all dep5ds on ! "r application ( 8 pr9ciples 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,& s9ce !re are fifty +5u\s critics to "o ( p5etration1 x w\ld be a wond] if ! applications 7 9 e case ) ! caution indisp5sable to an exact adju/m5t ( ! scales ( art40--,less+'s ,laocon4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii - ,,! ,,man ,,9 ,,art 8,art is a middle quality betwe5 a ?\ght & a ?+--! union ( t :i* is nature ) t :i* is exclusively human407#af7 ,= ! e-day critic mu* ( ! secret lies 9 ! proposition art is nature1 ) ! man add$2 nature se5 ?r\gh a temp]am5t4 ,nature is app>5t on ! surface ( pictures4 ,we see ?is side at a glance4 ,to f9d ! man 9 x requires deep] sight4 ,if a pa9t] ( portraits1 has he pa9t$ ! surface1 or ! "*8 ,has he gone halt+ aft] x1 or has he nail$ x3 has he won ) x f9ally8 ,is he a man ^: natural ref9em5t prov$ a true mirror 9 :i* 8 sitt] 0 reflect$ or has ! co>se & unev5 gra9 ( ! arti/ become manife/ 9 ! false planes ( ! "* pres5tation8 ,) respect to portraits less ?an o!r subjects1 c we expect to f9d !m reflections ( ! arti/'s p]sonality4 ,b "s ( ! able/1 :ile int]pret+ ano!r's "*1 frequ5tly add some:]e 9 x _! own4 ,! old ma/]s r>ely sign$1 feel+ t !y wrote !mselves all ?r\gh _! works4 ,! sure ?+ reg>d+ ! great portraiti/ is t he is a man ( ref9em5t4 ,?is all hi/ory %[s4 ,is our arti/ a g5re pa9t]3 !n does 8 m9d see small ?+s to delight 9 !m1 or to delight u--if ?is1 he is our s]vitor or little bett]1--does he g at ! :ole ?+ ) ! s9c]ity ( an arti/ic purpose & some:]e place a v]itable t\* ( g5ius1 or only repres5t "o item aft] ano!r until ! :ole catalogue ( items is complete1 c>eful t he leave beh9d no j cause = reproa*8 ,has ! man dignifi$ 8 subject & rais$ x to some?+ above imitative art1 or does he cle>ly /ate 9 8 treatm5t ( x t imitation is ! end ( art8 ,is he a pa9t] ( hi/oric incid5t2 !n does he conv9ce y t 8 data are accurate1 or all[ y to conjecture t 8 details are make%ifts8 ,is ! sc5e an inspiration or commonplace8 ,has he be5 able to put y into ! atmosph]e ( a bygone day1 or d 8 figures look l models 9 hir$ co/ume & q ready to resume _! own clo!s & mod]n life8 ,is he a pa9t] ( fl[]s2 !n is he an arti/ or a botani/8 ,is he a m>9i/2 !n1 z a l&sman has he made y feel l "o1 or has he pa9t$ = y wat] t c be walk$ on )\t fai?8 ,has he %[n y ! dignity1 ! va/ness1 ! tone1 & above all ! movem5t ( ! sea8 ,is he a l&scape pa9t]8 ,!n is he 9 a position to ass]t himself to a great] degree ?an !y all8 ,! f>!r "o may remove himself f 8 !me1 ! less ( its m9utiae w he see4 ,! process ( simplification is individual4 ,:at he takes f nature he puts back out ( himself4 ,! l&scape pa9t] becomes an int]pret] ( moods1 8 own z well z nature's1 & 9 8 selection ( ^! he reveals himself4 ,does he %[ y ! k+doms ( ! _w f "s high m\nt1 or make y believe !y may be f\nd if y keep on mov+ ?r\gh ! air & ov] ! gr\nd su* z he creates8 ,does he make y li/5 ) him to ! s(t l[ music :5 nature is k9dly & t5d] & lovable1 or is 8 /uff ( t robu/ fibre :i* makes h] companionable to him 9 h] rugg$ness & /r5g?8 ,z ! hidd5 =ces ( nature control man yet b5d to 8 bidd+--electricity1 air1 /eam1 etc4--s d ! op5 & obvi\s ones :i* ! pa9t] deals )4 ,!y dictate all ! conditions & yet someh[--he gov]ns4 ,! diff]5t ways 9 :i* he does ?is gives to art its v>iety & enables u to =m a scale ( relative values4 ,! "w ( art :i* attracts u excites two emotions2 pleasure 9 ! subject2 admiration = ! arti/4 ,exhibitions ( /r5g? & skill claim our int]e/ n s mu* = ! ?+ done1 :i* (t5 p]i%es ) ! do+1 z = ! do]4 ,! poet ) a hidd5 long+ to express or a /ory to tell1 :o b9ds himself to ! curi\s limitations ( ! ,italian sonnet1 9 giv+ evid5ce ( 8 p[]s1 excites great] admiration ?an ?\gh he _h n assum$ su* conditions4 ,x is ! p]sonal elem5t :i* has e/abli%$ photography & giv5 x art "*4 ,says ,j4 ,c4 ,van ,dyke1 8a picture is b an autobiographical /atem5t2 x is ! man & n ! facts t may awak5 our admiration2 =1 unless we feel 8 pres5ce & "k 8 g5ius ! picture is no?+ b a collection ( incid5ts4 ,x is n ! "w b ! work]1 n ! m\ld b ! m\ld]1 n ! pa9t b ! pa9t]40 ,witness x 9 ! "w ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 9 bo? pa9t & m>ble4 ,h[ we feel ! man ( x 9 ,franz ,hals1 9 ,rembr&t1 9 ,rub5s1 ,van ,dyck1 ,valasquez1 ,rib]a & ,goya1 9 ,watteau & ,t5i]s1 9 ,millet & ,troyon1 9 ,r\sseau & ,rico1 9 ,turn]1 ,con/able & ,ga9sbor\gh1 9 ,fildes & ,holl1 9 ,:i/l]1 9 ,monet1 9 ,rod9 & ,b>n>d1 9 ,inness1 9 ,wyant & ,geo4 ,full]4 ,l religion1 art is n a matt] ( surfaces4 ,its ess5ce is to be spiritually disc]n$4 ,x is ! _s ( ! arti/ y mu/ seek2--f9d ! man4 ,back ( ! canvas t ?robs1 ! pa9t] is h9t$ & hidd52 ,into ! /atue t brea!s ! s\l ( ! sculptor is bidd52 ,"u ! joy t is felt lie ! inf9ite issue ( feel+2 ,cr[n+ ! glory reveal$ is ! glory t cr[ns ! reveal+4 ,great are ! symbols ( be+1 b t :i* is symbol$ is great]2 ,va/ ! create & beheld1 b va/] ! inw>d creator2 ,back ( ! s\nd broods ! sil5ce1 back ( ! gift /&s ! giv+2 ,back ( ! h& t receives ?rill ! s5sitive n]ves ( receiv+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv - ,,specific ,,qualities ,,& ,,faults ,if we recognize ! manly qualities 9 a picture1 ! "w has at lea/ a favorable introduction4 ,f>!r ?an ?is po9t x may n please u1 b if n1 x %\ld rema9 a "q ( ta/e betwe5 ! arti/ & y\rself2 &1 conc]n+ ta/e !re is no disput+4 ,x is j at ?is po9t t ! sup]ficial critic errs4 ,dislike = ! subject1 h[ev] ably express$1 is nev] cause = condemnation4 ,! fair "q to ask is1 :at 0 ! arti/'s int5tion8 ,its answ] provokes y\r *all5ge2 8,is x wor? ! expression60 ,if conc$$1 ! real judgm5t beg9s4 ,has he done x2 if n :olly--9 :at degree8 ,! "q ( degree w dem& ! pati5ce ( good judgm5t4 ,!re may be mu* or little sanity 9 condemn+ a picture ow+ to a s+le fault4 ,x dep5ds on ! k9d4 ,!re are errors ( selection1 ( pres5tation 7te*nique7 ( natural fact1 & ( art pr9ciple4 ,we c excuse ! fir/1 condone ! second1 f9d small palliation = ! ?ird1 b he = :om art pr9ciples mean no?+1 is an art an>*i/4 ,errors ( selection are errors ( judgm5t4 ,a man may *oose a subject :i* is unpr(itable & :i* refuses to yield fruit2 & yet 9 8 ef=t at re$it+ its elem5ts he may h %[n great skill & k & may h exp5d$ ^u x 8 r>e/ gifts--f9e te*nique & good color4 ,! critic mu/ read betwe5 ! l9es & blame ! judgm5t1 n ! art4 ,feeble selection & weak composition w be m easily specifi$ z faults ?an bad draw+ & unwor?y color4 ,to ! pr(ession1 ! epi!t 8commonplace0 weighs heavily aga9/ a "w ( art4 ,selection ( :at is fitt+ z an art subject means exp]i5ce4 ,! 8ungrateful0 subject & bad composition are !re=e likely to m>k ! n\veau 9 picture mak+--! /ud5t fre% f ! ateli] ) accurate draw+ & true color & :o may be full ( promise1 b :o has become tangl$ ) :at ! ,fr5* t]m ! s\jet +rat4 ,e arti/ has /udies ( ?is sort :i* conta9 suffici5t tru? to save !m f be+ pa9t$ ov] z canvas1 & mo/ pa9t]s "k ! place = su*--! /or]oom4 ,exhibition ( /udies is int]e/+ z disclos+ ! means to an end1 & ! public %\ld disc]n betwe5 ! int5tion ( ! 8/udy0 & ( ! picture4 ,h]e9 lies ! inju/ice ( acquir+ ! po/hum\s effects ( an arti/ & expos+ = sale e scrap to be f\nd4 ,! rav5\s gr\p ( deal]s :i* made desc5t ^u ! ,millet cottage at ! dea? ( t arti/ effect$ z clean a sweep z an army ( ants 9 an ,indian bungal[4 ,9 consequ5ce we see 9 gall]ies ?r\gh\t ,europe & ?is c\ntry _m trifles 9 pa/el :i* are n only incomplete b positively bad z color4 ,millet us$ b a few h>d crayons = trials 9 color sugge/ion1 to be translat$ 9 oil4 ,"s 7 failures 9 composition & 9 mo/ ! color is no?+ m ?an any immature h& c\ld produce ) su* re/rict$ means4 ,to all[ ^! to ent] into any e/imate ( ,millet or to take !m s]i\sly z conta9+ 8 own e/imate ( art1 or z intr9sically valuable1 is folly4 ,! faults ( selection may also be op5 to diff]5ce ( op9ion4 8,:o w\ld want to pa9t y :5 no "o wants to look at y80 said an old epigrammati/ to a mis%ap5 man4 8,n s10 says ! arti/2 8,i w pa9t y ?\gh p may n l to look at y & !y w look at my portrait n = y\r sake b = my art1 & f9d x int]e/+40 ,! cult t decl>es = any?+ z a subject1 its value dep5d5t ^u t :i* ! arti/ adds1 /&s z a heal?y balance to t b& ( lit]>y pa9t]s :i* affect$ ,engli% art a g5]ation ago1 ! s*ool ( ,rossetti1 ,burne-,jones1 & ,maddox-,br[n1 :o /rove to pres5t ideas ?r\gh art4 ,) !m ! idea 0 p>am\nt1 & ! te*nical 9 "t dw9dl$1 ! subject ) its frequ5tly ramifi$ mean+1 prov+ to be beyond _! art expression4 ,aga91 ! popul> attempt to conceive 9 pictures t :i* ! arti/ nev] expect$ u to f9d is z repreh5sible 9 graphic z 9 musical art4 ,!re is (t5 no lit]>y mean+ :atev] 9 "s ( ! be/ examples ( bo?4 ,h>mony1 tone1 color & te*nique pure & simple are ! full compass ( ! int5tion4 ,:at ?is may sugge/ to ! individual he is welcome to1 b ! glib dictum ( c]ta9 prea*]s on art z to hidd5 int5tions w\ld indicate t !y _h effect$ an agreem5t1 ) ! full confid5ce ( ! sil5t p>tn] to exploit him4 ,bew>e ( ! gilt edg$ footnote1 or ! art t dep5ds ^u x4 ,a writ] ( ord9>y imag9ation & flu5t ,engli% c put an aureole ab\t any "w ( art he desires & mu* reputation is secur$ on ?is wise4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( a subject ?r\gh giv5 pictorial elem5ts1 ! critic w "k :e!r ! mo/ has be5 made ( ! opportunity4 ,if ! composition prove satisfactory & ! !me z pres5t$ /ill fails to move ! critic1 he mu/ %ift f ! sci5tific analysis to ^? qualities gov]n+ ! arti/ subjectively4 ,he is lack+ 9 8temp]am5t10 & )\t temp]am5t :o 9 art has a *ance8 ,) ye>s 9 ! s*ools & a te*nique ( me*anical p]fection he lacks ! div9e fire & leaves u cold4 ,x is = ! critic to say ?is1 & h]e9 he becomes a tea*] to public & arti/4 ,! patron :o agre$ t a picture "u discussion _h e quality :i* ! salesman m5tion$ & pati5tly he>d him ?r\gh b quietly rem>k$1 8,x hasn't t10 z he snapp$ 8 f+]1 is ! sort ( a critic :o does n ne$ to "k ! names ( ?+s 9 art4 ,he felt a picture %\ld h snap1 & if x did n1 x 0 lack+4 ,b beyond ! pres5tation ( a !me hav+ 9 x ! m>k ( g5ius1 is t ( workmanlike te*nique4 ,! dem& ( ! pres5t age is = ?is4 ,if a subject is n pa9t$ x w sc>ce hold z art4 ,ideas1 composition1 ev5 color & h>mony plead 9 va92 ! _s ( ! times sits ?us 9 judgm5t4 ,! pres5tation also %\ld be individual1 ! unmi/akable sign ( di/9ction4 ,to be able to tell at a glance by ?is m>k puts u on ! foot+ ( intimate acqua9tance4 ,a diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ?is & ! well-kn[n mann]isms ( individuals4 ,! latt] applies to special items 9 pictures1 ! =m] to ! individual /yle ( expression4 ,an arti/ may h "o way ( see+ all trees1 or ! simil>ity ( "o picture ) ano!r may be because !re is only "o sort ( tree t int]e/s him1 or "o "t ( day :5 all trees attract 8 bru%4 ,9 ! fir/ case he is a mann]i/1 9 ! o!r a work] 9 a *os5 groove4 ,x _c be d5i$ t _m arti/s mak+ a success 9 a limit$ range ( subject cons5t to /op1 & g no fur!r1 "u pressure ( deal]s or ! public4 ,! dem& = speciali/s has mu* m reason 9 sci5ce & me*anics ?an 9 art1 :i* is or %\ld be a result ( impulse47#ag7 ,corot decl>$ he pref]r$ ! l[ sweet music ( e>ly dawn & to him !re 0 en\gh v>iety 9 x to keep him employ$ z long z he c\ld pa9t2 b ! ?ralldom ( an arti/ :o foll[s 9 ! groove ( a bygone success because if he /eps out ( x ! deal] fr[ns & w n h&le 8 "w1 is pitiable1 expos+ to view ye> by ye> ! remonitory canvas ) su* slight *anges z newness dem&s4 ,x w\ld be a heal?i] sign 9 art if ! press & public w\ld applaud new v5tures :5 x 0 cle> t an arti/1 !reby1 0 seek+ to d bett] ?+s & p]haps f9d himself 9 a new] ve94 ,b v>iety 9 art x is ma9ta9$ ne$ n come ( v>iety 9 ! individual b ( a v>iety ( individuals4 ,s ,van ,m>ke mu/ pa9t c[s1 & ,jacque %eep & ,w\v]manns mu/ be told by ! inevitable :ite horse1 & h ! m]e m5tion ( ! arti/'s "n mean ! same sort ( picture e "t4 ,?is aids ! simplification ( a _m-sid$ "q4 ,! public1 z ,mr4 ,ham]ton decl>es1 hates to burd5 itself ) names2 to :i* might be add$ t x also hates to diff]5tiate ) any s+le "n4 ,a good portraiti/ 9 ,engl& "o ye> exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,academy a wond]fully pa9t$ peacock4 ,! p rav$ & !reaft] he 0 all[$ to pa9t no?+ else4 ,occasionally x is %[n t ?is discrim9ation is )\t reason1 z _m m5 rise above ! re/riction4 ,! ,ga9sbor\gh portrait & l&scape are equally /rong1 ! works ( pa9t]s 9 m>ble1 & sculptors :o use color1 h prov$ a surprise to ! critics & an argum5t aga9/ ! 8specialty40 ,!re are two degrees 9 ! subv]sion ( ! natural fact4 ,if1 = example1 "u ! rule 9 physics1 ! angle ( incid5ce be+ equal to ! angle ( reflection1 x be f\nd t a cl\d 9 ! sky w reflect into wat] too ne> ! bottom ( ! picture1 a pa9t]'s lic5se may move x high] 9 its v]tical l9e2 b if ! same cl\d is made to reflect at an angle sev]al degrees to "r or left1 ! arti/ breaks ! simple/ law ( optics4 ,! pa9t]'s art at be/ is "o ( deception4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! lie 0 plausible4 ,9 ! second case any s*oolboy c\ld h 8told on0 ! arti/4 ,!re are good pa9t]s :o appe> to "k little & c>e less = physical fact4 ,_! bus9ess is ) ! surface ( ! e>?2 ! :ys & :]e=es ( ! univ]se !y ignore1 complac5t 9 _! ignorance until x leads !m to place ! ev5+ /> )9 ! arc ( ! cresc5t moon1 :5 !y are annoy$ to be told t ! moon does n gr[ f ?is %ape to ! full orb once a mon?4 ,b (ttimes1 ?\gh ! arti/ may n fl\t ! univ]se1 he %[s 8 c>elessness ( natural fact & ne$s ! snubb+4 ,x is 9 ?is range t ! little critic walks triumphantly pos+ z a %rewd & a disc]n+ "o4 ,he holds up inconsi/5cies ) 8 deft ?umb & f+] & cries1 8:at a sm>t boy am ,i40 ,& yet 9 spite ( him ,rub5s1 = ! sake ( a bett] l9e 9 ! =egr\nd ( "o ( 8 greate/ compositions d>es to recon/ruct a horse ) 8 head issu+ f 8 h9d qu>t]s1 all[+ ! tail to s]ve z ! mane1 & ,turn] kept on draw+ ca/les all wrong4 ,b ^! critics h _! place4 ,ev5 ,rusk9 accept$ ?is z a "p ( 8 "w4 ,!re are occasions1 z e arti/ w admit1 :5 ! artless critic ) 8 crude commonplaces is mo/ welcome4 ,z to ! violator ( art pr9ciples1 8 range 9 art mu/ p]=ce be %ort1 8 rew>d a smile ( pity1 8 f9i% suicide4 ,orig9ality may f9d all ! latitude x requires )9 ! limits ( ,art ,pr9ciples4 ,rusk9 9 8 pr9ciples ( draw+ enum]ates ^! z 8,pr9cipality1 i4e41 a *ief object 9 a picture to :i* o!rs po9t3 ,repetition1 ! d\bl+ ( objects gives quietude3 ,symmetry develops solemnity1 b 9 l&scape x mu/ be balanc$1 n =mal4 ,cont9uity3 z 9 a succession ( pill>s or promontories or cl\ds involv+ *ange & relief1 or else x w\ld be m]e monoton\s repetition4 ,curvature3 all beautiful objects are b\nd$ by inf9ite curves1 t is to say1 ( inf9itely *ang+ direction1 or else made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( subord9ate curves4 ,radiation3 illu/rat$ 9 leaves & b\ghs & 9 ! /ructure ( organic bodies4 ,contra/3 ( %apes & sub/ances & ( g5]al l9es2 be+ ! complem5t ( ! law ( cont9uity1 contra/ ( light & %ade n be+ en\gh4 ,int]*ange3 z 9 h]aldic qu>t]+4 ,consi/5cy3 or bread? ov]rid+ petty contra/ & giv+ ! effect ( aggregate color or =m4 ,h>mony3 art is an ab/ract & mu/ be h>moni\sly ab/ract$1 keep+ ! relations ( values40 ,) ! above pr9ciples ( composition ,mr4 ,rusk9 aims to cov] ! field ( ar*itecture1 sculpture & pa9t+1 & he decl>es !re are d\btless o!rs :i* he _c def9e 8& ^! ! mo/ important & connect$ ) ! deepe/ p[]s ( art4 ,! be/ "p ( e "w ( art is inexplicable4 ,x is good because x is good40 ,mr4 ,ham]ton enum]ates ! duties ( ! critic z foll[s2 8to utt] unpopul> tru?s2 to in/ruct ! public 9 ! !oretical k ( art2 to def5d true liv+ arti/s aga9/ ! malice ( ! ignorant2 to prev5t false liv+ arti/s f acquir+ an influ5ce injuri\s to ! g5]al int]e/s ( art2 to exalt ! fame ( dead arti/s ^: example may be b5eficial2 to weak5 ! fame ( dead arti/s ^: names h an injuri\s degree ( au?ority2 to speak always ) absolute s9c]ity2 to give expression to vicissitudes ( op9ion1 n fe>+ ! imputation ( inconsi/5cy2 to make himself z ?or\ghly in=m$ z 8 "t & opportunities w all[1 ab\t ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! ,f9e ,arts1 :e!r directly or indirectly2 to enl>ge 8 own p[]s ( sympa?y2 to resi/ ! =mation ( prejudices40 ,! above requirem5ts are well /at$ = critics :o1 by reason ( ! au?ority ( _! position z press writ]s1 are tea*]s ( art4 ,z to ! p]sonnel & qualifications ( ?is ,faculty ( ,in/ruction1 inve/igation w\ld prove emb>rass+4 ,! %all[ness ( ! av]age review ( curr5t exhibitions is no m surpris+1 ?an t responsible editors ( newspap]s place su* consignm5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! all-ar\nd-report]1 to :om a picture %[ is no m important ?an a fire or a function4 ,mr4 ,ham]ton 9 8 essay urges arti/s to write on art topics1 z _! op9ions are exp]t te/imony1 a sugge/ion practically appli$ by a small gr\p ( daily pap]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,says ,mr4 ,/illman1 8,no labor ( any human work] is ev] subject$ to su* degradation z is art to-day "u ! criticism ( ! daily pap]40 ,probably no influ5ce is m responsible = ! apa?y & di/ru/ ( ! public reg>d+ art ?an ^! reviews ( exhibitions = ! daily press4 ,! read] quotes z au?oritative ! dictum ( a great j\rnal1 seldom reflect+ t ?is is ! op9ion ( "o man1 :o1 ) r>e/ exception1 is ! lea/ qualifi$ ( any writ] on ! /aff to speak on 8 !me4 ,su* is ! value :i* ! av]age manag] puts ^u ! subject4 ,to review ! pick$ ef=ts ( a ye>1 ( sev]al hundr$ m51 a scant column is deem$ suffici5t4 ,h[soev] hone/ may be ! int5tion t[>d ^!1 ! limitations r5d] ! task hopeless1 = all ef=ts to level ! scales to a nicety may be foil$ by ! %e>s ( ! manag+ editor if p]*ance ano!r petit l>c5y %\ld require any "p ( ! space4 ,s ! critic gives x up1 m\nts a p$e/al1 waves :ole walls1 aye gall]ies1 to oblivion1 & ) ! sumptu\sness ( a ,n]o1 adopts ! magnific5t backgr\nd1 9 ! light ( :i* = a mom5t he %9es respl5d5t1 z a gild$ sett+ = 8 oracles4 ,,*apt] ,,xv - ,,! ,,picture ,,s5se 8,=tunate is he1 :o at an e>ly age kn[s :at art is407#ah7 ,h[soev] eloqu5t may be ! arti/ 9 8 "w1 x is conv9c+ only 9 t degree to :i* 8 audi5ce is prep>$ to und]/& 8 language & compreh5d 8 subject4 8,! arti/ hangs 8 bra9s ^u ! wall10 said ! vet]an salesman ( ! ,national ,academy1 & !re !y rema9 )\t explanation or def5se4 ,! cr[d z x passes1 enjoys or je]s1 z ! ideas ( ?is mute language are compreh5d$ or conf\nd$4 ,art requires no apology & asks none2 all %e reque/s is t ^? :o w\ld affect h] mu/ "k ! pr9ciples ^u :i* %e works4 ,an age ( altruism %\ld be able to insure to ! arti/ suffici5t culture 9 8 audi5ce s t 8 language be und]/ood & t 8 spee* be n reckon$ z an unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,! public %\ld =m ) him an indu/rial p>tn]%ip1 n 9 ! limit$ s5se ( giv+ & tak+1 b ( some?+ f\nd$ on compreh5sibility4 ,:at proportion ( ! visitors to an annual exhibition c intellig5tly /ate ! purpose ( impressionism1 or di/+ui% betwe5 ?is & tonal art2 :at proportion ?9k ( art only z x exploits a 8subject0 or 8tells a /ory02 h[ _m look at b "o class ( pictures & h no int]e/ 9 ! re/2 h[ _m g ?r\gh ! catalogue ) a pray]-book fidelity1 & "k no?+ ( x all :5 !y come out6 ,h[ _m "k en\gh to hang ! pictures 9 _! own h\ses s t ea* picture is help$ & none damag$8 ,c\ld x be safely inf]r$ t e collector ( pictures kn[s & feels to ! po9t ( giv+ a reason = 8 *oice ( pictures1 or ev5 reasonable advice to a fri5d :o w\ld also own pictures8 ,is n mu* ( :at is b\ght tak5 on ! ^w ( a reliable deal] & own$ 9 ! satisfaction ( its be+ 8all "r10 & p]haps 8safe10 z an inve/m5t8 ,is x unreasonable to ask ! _m %>]s 9 ! pass+ picture pleasures ( a great city to make !mselves intellig5t 9 "s o!r & m practical way ?an by contact1 glean+ only ?r\gh a lifetime :at %\ld h be5 !irs )\t delay z a f\ndation & to ex*ange = ! vague impression ( pleasure1 def5d$ 9 ! simple com=t ( kn[+ :at "o likes1 ! enjoym5t ( sure au?ority & a reason = x4 ,! be/ ( all means = acquir+ art s5se is association2 fir/1 ) a p]sonality2 second1 ) ! product4 ,! arti/'s safe/ me?od ) ! un9itiat$ is to use ! spee* :i* !y und]/&4 ,9 conv]sation1 arti/s1 z a rule1 talk freely1 & "o may get deep] into art f a =tnight's soj\rn ) a gr\p ( arti/s ?an f all ! treatises ev] writt5 on ! philosophy ( art4 ,! mo/ successful collectors ( pictures "k ?is4 ,!y /udy arti/s z well z pictures4 ,b on ! o!r h& mu/ x n also be conc$$ t acqua9tance ) f9e examples ( art is 9 a fair way ( cultivat+ ! ke5 & intellig5t collector 9 ! pictorial s5se to a degree beyond t ( ^? arti/s ^: associations are altoge!r ) _! own works or ) ^? :o ?9k ) !m1 :o mu/ ( necessity believe mo/ s9c]ely 9 !mselves & :o are ?us oblig$ to op]ate 9 a groove1 & ) consequ5t bias4 ,= ?is reason association %\ld be v>i$4 ,no "o has ! :ole tru?4 ,music scores a po9t beyond pa9t+1 9 necessitat+ a p]sonality4 ,we see ! int]pret] & ?is intimacy assi/s compreh5sion4 ,b h[soev] pot5t is association ) art & arti/1 "o may ?us nev] get z closely 9 t\* ) art z by work+ ) h]4 ,! be/ & safe/ critic is ( c\rse "o :o has p]=m$4 ,exp]ts are ^? p]sons :o h pass$ ?r\gh e bran* & "k ! entire 8bus9ess40 ,! ye>s ( toil to /ud5ts :o ev5tually nev] arrive are incid5tally sp5t 9 ga9+ ! k to ?us "k pictures1 & ?\gh ! success ( accompli%m5t be d5i$1 _! comp5sation lies 9 ! l5g!n$ rea* ( a new horizon :i* meantime has be5 op5$ to !m4 ,:e!r ! picture be f\nd 9 nature & is to be rescu$1 z is ! bas-relief f its envelop+ m\ld1 cut out ( its surr\nd+s by ! f\r sides ( ! canvas & br\ght indoors ) ! same gl[ ( triumph z ! geologi/ feels 9 pick+ a turquoise out ( a rock at :i* o!rs _h />$ & f\nd no?+2 or :e!r x be f\nd1 z "o ( _m 9 a collection ( pr9ts or pa9t+s2 or :e!r ! recognition be p]sonal & asks ! acceptance ( some?+ wr\ght by "o's own h&--to "k a picture :5 "o sees x--?is is art s5se4 ,back$ by a judgm5t pres5t+ a def5se to ! prote/s ( criticism1 x becomes art k4 ,to f9d & pres]ve pictures out ( ! maze ( nature is ! labor ( ! arti/3 to recognize !m :5 f\nd1 ! privilege ( ! connoisseur4 ,! guileless pro/rations :i* ! _m affect reg>d+ art judgm5ts evoke ! same degree ( pity z ! ass]tion ( ! begg> t he ne$s money = a night's lodg+ :5 y & he "k t "o is await+ him = ! ask+ at ! ,bureau ( ,*>ities4 ,! _m decl>e !y "k no?+ ab\t art1 ! :ile hav+ an all ar\nd culture 9 ! humanities1 9 lit]ature1 poetry1 prose composition1 music1 /hetics1 etc4 ,! pr9ciples ( all ! arts be+ id5tical1 h[ simple w\ld x be to apply ^? gov]n+ ! arts :i* "o kn[s to :at is unkn[n4 ,! musician & poet make use ( contra/1 light & %ade1 gradation1 anti!sis1 balance1 acc5t1 =ce by opposition1 isolation & omission1 rhy?m1 tone-color1 climax1 & above all unity & h>mony4 ,let ! musician & him :o kn[s lit]ature *all5ge ! "w ( art = a violation ( any ( ^! & ! judgm5t :i* results may be accept$ s]i\sly2 & yet ! ess5ce lies beyond--) nature h]self4 ,x is j "h t ! /ock writ] ( ! daily pap] misses x4 ,he may h sci5ce en\gh1 b lacks ! love1 ! revelation ?r\gh communion4 ,b1 ) ?is omitt$1 critical judgm5t is saf] 9 ! h&s ( a p]son ( broad culture1 :o kn[s no?+ ( ! tools ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 ?an :5 wield$ by a half-educat$ /ud5t ( art ) 8 developm5t all on "o side4 ,rusk9 w>ns u ( "y critics4 ,z a %ort cut1 ! cam]a fills a place = ! _m :o feel pictures & wi% to create !m1 b at small co/ ( "t & ef=t4 ,a little art s*ool = ! public has ! small black box become1 into :i* p]sons h be5 look+ se>*+ly & ?\ghtfully = ! pa/ doz5 ye>s4 ,to ^? :o h ?us reg>d$ x & exhibit "w 9 competition1 revelations h come4 ,non-composition ru9s _! *ances4 ,good composition is n9e-t5?s ( ! plot4 ,:5 ?is is conc$$ ! :ole significance ( _! art is deep5$4 ,!n & n until !n does photography become alli$ ) art1 = ?is is ! only po9t at :i* bra9s may be mix$ ) ! photographic product4 ,any "o :o has exp]i5c$ a lant]n slide exhibition ( art1 :]e picture aft] picture foll[s rapidly & ! cr[d expresses judgm5t by applause1 w n long be 9 d\bt :at pictures make ! /ronge/ appeal4 ,! 8cr[d0 applauds ?ree types2 some?+ recogniz$ z famili>1 ! 8happy hit10 especially ( title1 &1 7n kn[+ :y7 all pictures1 )\t reg>d to subject1 :i* express unity4 ,! fir/ two classes are n a "p ( ?is argum5t1 b ( ! la/1 ! natural1 spontane\s attraction ( ! heal?y m9d by :at is complete ?r\gh unity conta9s su* reason z _c be ignor$4 ,subjects ( equal or great] int]e/ :i* antagonize unity fall flat be=e ?is jury4 ,!re is no opportunity m valuable to ! amateur photograph] ?an ! lant]n slide exhibition1 & ! fact t ev5 n[ no m ?an t5 or twelve p] c5t4 ( :at is %[n is pictorially good %\ld provoke a se>* = ! rem$y4 ,= ! /ud5t1 to fill ! eye full ( good compositions & to "k :y good1 is ( equal value ) ! /udy ( faulty composition to discov] :y bad4 ,! *all5ge ( compositions nei!r good nor bad to discov] :]e9 !y c\ld be improv$ is bett] practice ?an ei!r4 ,?is is ! con/ant ex]cise ( e arti/1 ! ejection ( ! s& gra9s f 8 easy runn+ ma*9]y4 ,be=e photography became a fa%ion x 0 ! writ]'s privilege to meet a c\nty physician :o _h cultivat$ = himself a critical picture s5se4 ,! l9es ( 8 circuit lay among ! pleasante/ ( pa/oral sc5es4 ,/imulat$ by _! beauty x became 8 habit1 z he travell$1 to m>k (f ! pictures ( 8 r\te1 to note :]e two ran toge!r1 to decide :at details 7 unnecess>y1 or :]e1 by leav+ ! highway & approa*+ or retir+ he discov]$ new ones4 ,aft] a "t he b\ght a ,claude ,lorra9e glass4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ?is pur*ase t ,i met him4 ,8 en?usiasm 0 delightful4 ,) ?is fram+ ( 8 views 8 judgm5t grew s5sitive & z he %[$ ^! mirror$ pictures to fri5ds :o rode ) him he 0 mo/ p>ticul> at j :at po9t he /opp$ 8 horse4 ,! man = :om picture gall]ies 7 a r>ity1 talk$ z intellig5tly ^u ! fundam5tal /ructure ( pictures z mo/ arti/s4 8,i buy ! pictures ( ,mauve10 rem>k$ a cl]gyman 9 ,p>is1 8because he puts into !m :at ,i try to get into my s]mons2 simplicity1 sugge/iv5ess & logical sequ5ce40 ,,*apt] ,,xvi - ,,color1 ,,h>mony1 ,,tone ,9 view+ a picture exhibition ! av]age man1 woman & *ild w\ld be attract$ by diff]5t aspects ( x2 ! man by ! tone ( ! pictures1 ! woman by _! color1 ! *ild almo/ :olly by ! =m or subject4 ,! di/9ction is ( c\rse epigrammatic1 b !re is a basis = x 9 ! daily associations ( ea* ( ! ?ree1 ! man ) ! conv5tional appo9tm5ts ( 8 dress & 8 bus9ess equipm5t1 ! woman ) h] g[ns1 h] h\se decorations & fl[]s1 ! *ild ) ! _w ( imag9ation & fancy 9 :i* he dwells4 ,! di/9ction has mu* to d ) ! me?od & ! degree ( "o's /hetic developm5t4 ,t a picture mu/ h a subject is ! fir/ pons as9orum to be cross$1 ! *ild usually pref]r+ to rema9 on ! f>!r side4 ,! delight 9 color belongs to ! light]1 fre] or m b>b>ic "p ( ! race4 ,tone be/ fits ! sobriety ( man4 ,! di/9ction is ! diff]5ce 9 pref]5ce = an oak leaf z x turns to bronze1 & a maple z x ex*anges its gre5s = yell[ & sc>let4 ,9 ! latt] case two prim>ies are evolv$ f a second>y color & 9 ! o!r a t]ti>y f a second>y4 ,9 ! case ( ! oak bronze !re is m h>mony1 = ! ?ree prim>ies are pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! yell[ & r$1 !re is contra/ & effect1 b less h>mony1 s9ce b two prim>ies appe>4 ,z ! walls are /udi$ t sort ( color art is f\nd to be mo/ conspicu\sly prom95t :i* is 9 ! m9ority & probably "o's unsophi/icat$ *oice1 f ! po9t ( view ( color1 w\ld be t :i* has ! di/9ction ( r>ity1 z ! r$ hair$ woman is at a premium 9 ! ,s\? ,sea isles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tonal & ! coloresque art 7 9 ev5 int]*ange1 ! =m] w\ld h mu* ( its /r5g? robb$1 to ! degree ( ! excessive color ( its neighbors4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pictures ( tone & ( color1 in/ead ( be+ hung toge!r 7 plac$ ap>t1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! =m] express$ ! great] unity & pres5t$ a front ( composure & dignity & t ! v>i$ color comb9ations w\ld z likely qu>rel among !mselves z ) _! =m] neighbors4 ,t a j di/9ction may be _h betwe5 tonal & coloresque & impressioni/ art1 ! purpose ( ea* mu/ be /at$4 ,! 8toni/0 aims prim>ily at unifi$ color1 to secure :i* he elects a tone to be foll[$1 :i* %all dom9ate & modify e color ( 8 subject4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ei!r pa9t+ into a ?9 glaze ( color1 adm9i/]$ to ! :ole canvas s t e bru%ful p>takes ( "s ( x2 or by modify+ ! pa9t+ subsequ5tly by transp>5t glazes ( ! same tone4 ,! consci5ti\s impressioni/1 on ! contr>y1 produces h>mony by juxtapositions ( pure color4 ,h>mony results :5 ! ?ree prim>y colors are pres5t ei!r z r$1 yell[ & blue or z a comb9ation ( a second>y & prim>y3 gre5 ) r$1 orange ) blue or purple ) yell[4 ,! impressioni/ goes f>!r1 kn[+ t ! complem5t>y ( a color w t5d to neutralize x1 supply+ z x does ! lack+ elem5t to unity1 he creates a vivid s*eme ( color on ?is basis4 ,9 repres5t+ !re=e a gray rock he kn[s t if r$ be introduc$1 a little blue & yell[ w kill x1 & ! ?ree colors toge!r at a di/ance w produce gray4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( mix+ ^u 8 palette ?ree prim>ies to produce ! t]ti>y gray1 he s places !m on ! canvas t at ! prop] di/ance 7?\gh ?is consid]ation is ( small conc]n to him7 ! spectator w mix !m--:i* he (t5 does4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od ( color pres5tation lies 9 ! degree ( purity :i* ! pigm5t reta9s4 ,its disadvantage appe>s 9 its frequ5t di/ortion ( fact & aspect ( nature1 sacrific$ to a sci5tific me?od ( repres5tation4 ,an e/imate ( impressionism is :olly conta9$ 9 ! reply to ! "q1 8,d y l impressions8 ,yes1 :5 !y are good20 & 9 ! "r h&s !y are4 ,!y are good only :5 ! real int5tion ( impressionism has be5 express$1 :5 ! syn!sis ( color has actually produc$ light & air1 & an impression ( nature is quick5$4 ,b ! voice f ! canvas m frequ5tly cries 8nature be hang$--b ?is is impressionism40 ,! little p ( impressionism f9d+ x possible to repres5t m light ?an ev5 nature %[s 9 v _m ( h] aspects1 delight 9 exhibit+ ! disp>ity exi/+ betwe5 nature &1 =soo?1 impressionism4 ,?us we see attempts to 8knock out0 ) ^! sci5tific brass knuckles all ^? :o refuse to fight ) !m4 ,! rumpus gr[s out ( ! diff]5t attitudes 9 :i* nature is approa*$4 ,! "o1 drawn by h] beauty1 kneels to h]1 t\*+ h] respl5d5t g>m5ts2 ! o!r grasps h] ) ! mail$ h&1 b$eck+ h] ) a mantle ( 8 own4 ,! knights woo+ ! same mi/ress are !re=e lorn rivals4 ,= effect1 no "o c d5y t produc$ by ! savage 9 w> pa9t & fea!rs is m />tl+ ?an ! man we>+ ! conv5tional g>b ( civilization1 or t ! />s & /ripes h great] attraction ?an ! modifi$ tones ( a gobel9 tape/ry or a ,p]sian rug4 ,we put ! flag outside ! build+ b ! daily c\rse ( our lives is m easily sp5t ) ! tape/ry & rug4 ,an 8impression07#ai7 among tonal pictures appe>s z fooli% z a tonal picture among impressions & ! sane conclusion is t ! attempt to comb9e !m %\ld n be made4 ,! cle> s++ tones ( ! upp] regi/] are bett] r5d]$ "u ?is =mula ?an by any o!r1 b ! feel+ ( solidity & ! tonal dep? ( nature are qualities :i* x compromises4 ,impressionism expresses frankly by ! use ( small] me?ods :at ! toni/s atta9 by l>g] & fre] ones4 ,! individual mu/ decide :e!r he pref]s to tell ! "t z he wat*es ! movem5t ( ! works or w take ?is = grant$ if he gets ! result4 ,= *>m 9 color no "o w d5y t 9 ! works ( old ma/]s ?is is f\nd 9 great] degree ?an 9 pa9t+ ( m rec5t production1 & ! reason is1 n because ! pigm5ts ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are bett] ?an ours1 b x is to be f\nd 9 ! alt]ative & ref9+ influ5ces ( "t & v>ni%1 :i* h cr[n$ !m ) ! glori\s aureole ( ! c5turies4 ,guid$ by ?is fact ! mod]n s*ool ( toni/s seeks to %ort5 ! p]iod betwe5 ! date ( production & ?is f9al desirable quality1 by sett+ 9 motion ^! factors at once4 ,!y !re=e pa9t ) v>ni% z a m$ium1 multiply+ ! processes ( glaz+ ) pure color s t "u a numb] ( surfaces ( v>ni% ! same *emical action may be precipitat$ :i* 9 ! e>li] art came ab\t ) b few exceptions z a happ5+ ?r\gh ! simple necess>y acts ( pres]vation4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is adoption ( k9dr$ processes is t ! tonal pictures & ! old ma/]s jo9 h&s naturally & c /& side by side 9 ! gall]y ( ! collector4 ,?is1 ?\gh a :olly practical reason = ! gr[+ popul>ity ( tonal art is "o ( ! p[]ful consid]ations = ! tr5d f t sort :i* is liable to create discord4 ,! simple/ illu/ration ( h>mony1 & unity & tone may be _h 9 nature h]self1 = ?\gh ^! qualities h _! sci5tific exposition1 ! divisions ( ! color scale are n s easily compreh5d$ by _m p z ! *>t :i* may be conceiv$ 9 ext5d$ l&scape4 ,! sky1 inasmu* z x spreads itself ov] ! e>? & reflects its light ^u x1 dictates ! tone ( ! sc5e4 ,! surface ( ! lake reveals ?is fact beyond dispute1 = ! wat] takes on any tone :i* ! sky may h4 ,! sky's p[] ( reflection is no less pot5t 9 ! l&scape4 ,reflection is obs]vable 9 t degree 9 :i* ! surface1 reflect$ ^u1 is r\gh or smoo?4 ,! absorb5t surface all[s ! light to fall 9 & disappe> & "u ?is condition we see ! true or local color4 ,note1 = example1 ! effect ( light on velvet or ! hide ( a c[ 9 w9t]4 ,:5 ! hair po9ts t[>d ! light ! mass is ri* & d>k1 b :5 x turns away 9 any direction its poli%$ surface reflects light1 :i* l ! lake becomes a mirror to x4 ,light fall+ ^u a mead[ w influ5ce x by its own color only 9 ^? places :]e ! grass is turn$ at an angle f its rays4 ,f ^! few obs]vations x becomes obvi\s t unity ( tone is a simple matt] :5 und]/ood by ! pa9t] & t unity1 be+ a mo/ important "p ( 8 color s*eme1 may be increas$ by additions ( objects be>+ ! desirable color :i* nature fails to supply 9 any p>ticul> subject4 ,?us if ! day be "o 9 :i* a w>m mell[ haze p]vades ! air1 ^? tones ( ! sky repeat$ ^u ! backs ( cattle1 a roadway1 clo?+1 or :at n1 may effect a m positive tonality ?an ! less] items w\ld give :i* also reflect x4 ,h]e9 !n is ! pr9ciple ( ,tonality3 ,t all p>ts ( ! picture %\ld be b\nd toge!r by ! dom9at+ color or colors ( ! picture4 ,) ! indoor subject ! consid]ation is equally /rong4 ,let ! s*eme be "o z coloresque z ! ,v5etian s*ool took delight 91 vivid prim>ies 9 close juxtaposition 7see small reproduction 9 ,fundam5tal =ms--,! ,cross74 ,! c5tral figure1 t ( ,/4 ,pet] is clo!d 9 d>k blue ) a yell[ mantle4 ,! ,virg9's dress is deep r$1 h] mantle a blue1 light] ?an t ( ,pet]'s robe4 ,?r\gh ! pill>s is se5 ! blue sky ( /ill light] degree4 ,?us ! sky ent]s ! picture by grad$ approa*es & focalizes ^u ! c5tral figure4 ,9 l mann] d ! light yell[ cl\ds repeat _! color 9 ! side ( ! build+1 9 ! yell[ spot 9 ! flag & ! mantle ( ! c5tral figure4 ,! r$ ( ! ,virg9's robe & ! yell[ mantle toge!r =m a comb9ation ( a yell[ r$ 9 ! flag1 ! blue & r$ ( ! c5tral figures become purple & g>net 9 ! surplices ( ! kneel+ *ur*m5 & doges4 ,! repetition ( a giv5 color 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! figure is pu%$ /ill fur!r 9 ! blue gray hair ( ! kneel+ figures1 ! r$ br[n tunics ( ! monks & ! yell[ b&s ^u ! drap]ies4 ,9 ! picture by ,h5ry ,rang] 7! cross+ ( horizontals effect$ )\t a l9e71 a canvas 9 :i* ! color is p>ticul>ly res]v$ & gray1 ! tone is creat$ by precisely ! same means4 ,! cool gray & w>m :ite cl\ds are reflect$ into ! wat] & conc5trat$ ) great] =ce 9 ! pool 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! gre5s & drabs ( ! bu%es be+ /rik+ly modifi$ by bo? ( ! tones not$ 9 ! sky4 ,9 l&scape a cumulative =ce may be giv5 ! progress ( ! sky tones by ! use ( figures1 ! blue or gray ( ! sky be+ br\ght d[n 9 /rong] degree ^u ! clo?+ ( ! peasant1 8 c>t or f>m ut5sils4 ,j "h inh>mony easily ins9uates itself ?r\gh ! introduction ( elem5ts hav+ no antiphonal connection4 ,fancy a s+le spot ( r$ )\t its e*o4 ,our s5se ( tonal h>mony is unconsci\sly active :5 betwe5 two figures obs]v$ too f> away = sight ( _! faces we quickly make our conclusions conc]n+ _! social /ation1 if "o be array$ 9 a hat trimm$ ) purple & gre51 a g>net wai/ & a buff skirt1 :ile ! o!r1 ?\gh dress$ 9 /rong colors expresses ! pr9ciples ( coloration h]e) def9$4 ,! purple & gre5 hat may belong to h] suit if _! colors be repeat$ by modification1 9 x2 or ! g>net & buff become ! f\ndation = unity if develop$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! co/ume4 ,! pur*as] ( a picture may be sure ( ! tone ( 8 new acquisition if he w hang x = a day or two upside d[n4 ,?is is "o ( ! simple/ te/s appli$ by arti/s1 & _m ?+s are reveal$ !reby4 ,=m is lo/ & ! only o!r ?+ rema9s--color4 ,h>mony be+ dep5d5t only on ! int]relations ( colors1 _! degree or int5sity are immat]ial4 ,on ?is basis x is a matt] ( *oice :e!r our pref]5ce be = ! coloresque or ! m sob] art4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be borne 9 m9d t ! dang] lies 9 ! direction ( color4 ,inh>mony is m frequ5tly f\nd "h ?an 9 ! picture ( sob] tone4 ,precisely ! same palette is us$ to produce an autumnal sc5e on a blue day1 :5 ! colors are vivid & ! outl9e on objects is h>d & ! =m pron\nc$1 z on an ov]ca/ day ) lead5 cl\ds & mu* ( ! life & color gone f ! yell[ & sc>let foliage4 ,! reason :y *ances = h>mony 9 ! fir/ are less ?an 9 ! second is t ! syn!tic union ( ! colors is n z obvi\s or z simple z 9 ! latt]1 9 :i* to produce ! gray sky1 r$ & yell[ h be5 add$ to ! blue1 & ! sky tones are m app>5tly add$ to ! bright hues by be+ mix$ into dull colors ^u ! palette4 ,! circle ( h>mony is !re=e m easily app>5t to our obs]vation4 ,x is = ?is reason t tonality is m easily und]/ood :5 appli$ to ! gre5 & copp] bronze ( ! oak tree aga9/ a cool gray sky ?an ! r$ & yell[ hillside & ! blue sky4 ,,values4 ,ano!r important consid]ation 9 an e/imate ( a picture is its tru? ( values4 ,! color may be correct & h>moni\s b ! degree ( its light & %ade be faulty4 ,?is is a consid]ation m important to ! /ud5t ?an ! connoisseur z b few pictures see ! light ( an exhibition :i* c>ry ?is fault4 ,x is ! "o mo/ dwelt ^u 9 ! academies aft] ! =m 9 outl9e has be5 ma/]$4 ,on x dep5ds ! correctness ( surface pres5tation4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! values ( a face are false1 ! "* w be di/urb$4 ,?is po9t has be5 made evid5t to all 9 ! ret\*+1 :i* _m photographs receive4 ,lik5ess is s dep5d5t on ^? surfaces connect+ ! features or ^u ! light & %ade ( ! features1 t any tamp]+ ) !m 9 a s5sitive "p is ru9\s4 ,values repres5t ! degree ( light & %ade :i* ! picture dem&s1 ! relations ( "o "p to ano!r on ! scale assum$4 ,?us ) ! same light affect+ v>i\s objects 9 a room1 if "o be repres5t$ z ?\gh illum9$ by a diff]5t degree ( light x is out ( value2 or1 9 a l&scape1 if an object 9 ! di/ance is too /rong 9 ei!r color or degree ( light & %ade = its p>ticul> place 9 p]spective1 x is out ( value4 ,!re are !re=e values ( color & ( *i>oscuro1 :i* may be illu/rat$ 9 a piece ( drap]y4 ,a light p9k silk w be out ( value 9 its %ad[ if ^! are too d>k = ! degree ( light repres5t$1 & out ( color value1 if1 in/ead ( a salmon tone 9 ! crease :i* a reflection f ! oppos+ surface ( ! fold creates1 !re be a purpli% hue :i* prop]ly belongs to ! out] edge ( ! fold 9 %ad[1 :]e1 f ! sky or a cool reflect+ surface ne> by1 x obta9s ?is *ange ( color by reflection4 ,! mo/ objectionable =m ( false values is ! isolat$ sort1 :]eby ! ov] acc5tuation ( a "p is made to impress itself unduly2 8to jump0 9 ! te*nical phraseology ( ! s*ool4 ,! lea/ objectionable & (t5 p]mitt$ =m is t :]e a l>ge section is put out ( its value ) ! int5t ( acc5t+ ! light ( a contigu\s "p4 ,9 l&scape ! :ole =egr\nd is frequ5tly l[]$ 9 tone beyond ! possibility ( any cl\d %ad[1 = ! sake ( ! light beyond1 :i* may be ! color motif ( ! picture & :i* !reby is glorifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii - ,,envelopm5t ,,& ,,color ,,p]spective ,alli$ to values is ! idea ( envelopm5t3 ( a k9dr$ notion to ?is is a]ial p]spective4 ,on ^! two dep5ds ! prop] pres5tation ( a figure 9 air4 ,if at any place on ! cont\r ( a figure ! backgr\nd seems to /ick1 ! deta*m5t f its surr\nd+s1 :i* e figure %\ld h1 is want+4 ,! reason = x is to be f\nd 9 a false value :i* has depriv$ x ( rotundity ( envelopm5t4 ,! solid object :i* resi/s ! attempt to put "o's h& ar\nd x or to /ret* beyond into ! backgr\nd1 lacks ?is quality4 ,a f9e di/9ction mu/ be "h drawn betwe5 simple envelopm5t & relief1 :i* is a m positive & less important quality4 ,h[ev] flatly & 9 mass figures may be conceiv$1 ! impression ( a]ial envelopm5t mu/ be unmi/akable4 ,"h a nice adju/m5t ( values or relative tones w accompli% x4 ,naturally1 ! great] space betwe5 ! spectator & an object1 ! m air w be pres5t4 ,to ! pa9t] ! color ( air is ! color ( ! sky4 ,?is !n w be mix$ ) ! local color ( ! object1 giv+ x atmosph]e4 ,envelopm5t is unmi/akably repres5t$ by ! out ( door ,dut* pa9t]s1 = 9 ! l[ c\ntries atmosph]e is se5 9 its d5sity1 & at v %ort range4 ,holl& is !re=e an ideal sket*+ gr\nd = ! pa9t] & ! be/ 9 ! _w = ! /ud5t1 s9ce ! ideas ( values & envelopm5t are ev] pres5t4 ,9 ?is saturat$ air ! m9ute p>ticles ( moi/ure :i*1 9 ! case ( ra9 or fog c affect ! oblit]ation ( objects1 p>tially accompli%es x at all times1 ) ! result t objects seem to swim 9 atmosph]e4 ,9 su* a l&scape p]spective ( value & color is easily obs]v$1 mak+ positive ! sep>ation ( objects4 ,! pa9t]1 "u ^! conditions1 is indep5d5t ( l9e> p]spective to give dep? to 8 "w1 :i* be+ "o ( ! *eap devices ( pa9t+ he avoids z mu* z possible4 ,x is because a]ial p]spective is pa9table & ! o!r sort is n t arti/s %un ! cle> altitudes ( ,colorado :]e all ! ye> "o c see = eighty miles &1 on ! ,atlantic bord]1 wait ! summ] ?r\gh = ! full] atmosph]e :i* ! fall w br+1 t by its t5d] envelopm5t ! vividness & detail :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican l&scape may give place to :at is s]viceable to ! purposes ( pa9t+4 ,x is because ( misund]/&+ on ?is po9t t we ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e may wrongly *all5ge =eign l&scape1 judg+ x ^u ! natural aspect ( our own c\ntry4 ,! untravell$ ,am]ican or he :o has 8be5 !re0 )\t see+ ?+s1 is n aw>e t di/9ctly diff]5t conditions prevail 9 ,europe ?an ) u1 especially above latitude #dj4 ,advantage 9 ! pa9tability ( subject !re=e lies di/9ctly ) ! ,european arti/1 & x may be because he has to labor aga9/ ^! odds t ! ,am]ican l&scapi/ has =g$ to ! front & is n[ lead+ 8 ,european bre?r54 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ t he acquir$ :at he kn[s conc]n+ l&scape f ! art & nature ( ,europe--f ,impressionism ) its important legacy ( color1 :i* has be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 v>y+ degree by all our pa9t]s1 & f ! 8s*ool ( #ahcj10 on :i* is bas$ ! tonal movem5t ( ! pres5t4 ,o!r ?an p]spective ( values1 no importance %\ld be atta*$ to t :i*1 ) ! in>ti/ic m9d1 is reg>d$ s important a quality4 ,! art in/ruction :i* ! common s*ool ( ! pa/ g5]ation (f]$ 0 bas$ on p]spective1 its problems1 susceptible ( nev] end+ circumv5tions1 be+ spread 9 an int]m9able maze be=e ! /ud5t4 ,great respect = ?is 8lion 9 ! pa?0 0 a natural result & 8at lea/ a two ye>s' /udy0 ( ^! problems 0 ?\ght necess>y be=e practical "w 9 art c\ld comm5ce4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,mr4 ,rusk9's fl+ at ! p]spective labyr9? w\ld h be5 m au?oritative ?an x prov$1 _h he n too (t5 less5$ our fai? by ! cry ( wolf :5 x prov$ a false al>m4 ,!re is a s+le tru? :i*1 ?\gh simple1 0 nev] kn[n to ,ori5tal art1 namely2 t 9 e picture !re mu/ be a real or und]/ood horizon--! level ( ! pa9t]'s eye1--t all l9es above ?is w desc5d & all l9es bel[ w rise to x z !y rec$e4 ,b ^u a]ial p]spective dep5ds ! "q ( detail 9 ! rec$+ object & ?is to ! pa9t] is ( fir/ importance4 ,to temp] a local color s t x %all settle itself to a nicety at any di/ance1 9 ! p]spective s*eme1 & to express ! exact degree ( %ad[ :i* a giv5 color %all h "u a giv5 light & at a giv5 di/ance are problems :i* absorb f\r-fif?s ( ! pa9t]'s att5tion4 ,if ! features ( a man a hundr$ y>ds away be pa9t$ ) ! same fidelity z ?\gh he /ood b t5 y>ds di/ant ! a]ial balance is di/urb$1 ! man be+ br\ght ne>] ?an 8 place on ! p]spective plan all[s4 ,at a mile's range a tree to ! pa9t] is n an object express+ a comb9ation ( leaves & bran*es1 b a solid color$ mass hav+ its light & %ade & p]haps p]=at$ by ! sky4 ,x is ) natural aspect & n natural fact t ! pa9t] deals4 ,pre-,raphaelite art practis$ ?is phase ( hone/y1 :i*1 9 our own day 0 reviv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ?is lat] cot]ie ( pre-,raphaelite bre?r5 0 b "o pa9t]1 ! o!rs1 m5 ( v>y+ arti/ic p]ceptions & impulses4 ,to ! pa9t] x 9 "t became evid5t t he 0 out ( place 9 ?is company & ! comm5t>y ( 8 )drawal prov$ m =cible ?an any to be made by an outsid]4 ,:51 !re=e1 judgm5t be appli$ to a "w ( pa9t+ x mu/ be ) a k ( natural aspect 9 m9d1 n necess>ily relat$1 ev5 vaguely1 to ! sc5e "u consid]ation1 b su* z has come by ! absorption ( nature's moods1 :]eby1 ) ! cause giv51 ! effect may be kn[n z a famili> sequ5ce4 ,! public too %\ld be suffici5tly kn[+ to cat* ! code signals ( ea* arti/ :]eby ^! natural facts are symboll$4 ,h]e9 has n[ be5 set =?1 z concisely z possible1 ! few consid]ations :i* are ev] pres5t to ! pa9t]4 ,! connoisseur :o w\ld judge ( 8 "w1 ei!r subjectively or te*nically1 mu/ foll[ 9 8 footpr9ts & be c>eful to foll[ closely4 ,he mu/ appreciate ! diff]5ces 9 ! cre$s ( work]s 9 color & n apply ! =mulas ( impressionism to works 9 tone4 ,he mu/ n emphasize ! importance ( draw+ 9 ! "w :i* cle>ly speaks ( color & by its te*nique ignores all else2 nor expect ! miracle ( lusci\s1 transluc5t color 9 a "w dem&+ ! m9ute draw+ ( detail4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 be sure t ! crit]ia ( judgm5t :i* "u all circum/ances w apply are3 ,balanc$ & unifi$ composition1 bo? ( l9e & mass4 ,h>mony ( color1 express$ by ! correlation ( all colors ?r\gh\t ! picture4 ,tone1 or ! unification ( all colors ^u ! basis ( a giv5 hue4 ,values1 or ! relation ( ! %ades ( an object to ea* o!r & ! degree ( relation betwe5 "o object & ano!r4 ,envelopm5t1 or ! s5se ( air ) :i* objects are surr\nd$4 ,) ^! five ideas 9 m9d ! critic ( ,phili/ia may ent] ! gall]y1 con/itut+ himself a jury ( "o1 assur$ he is arm$ ) e consid]ation :i* influ5c$ ! arti/ 9 8 "w & ! art committee 9 its acceptance !re(4 ,judgm5t h[ev] does n end "h4 ,^! con/itute ! tables ( ! law1 & law f9ds its true int]pretation only 9 ! _s ( ! liv+ pr9ciple4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii - ,,! ,,bias ,,( ,,judgm5t ,if disc]nm5t 0 ours to trace ?r\gh ! maze ( fa%ion & exp]im5tal orig9ality ! liv+ pr9ciple ( true art1 ! caprice ( ta/e w\ld h little to d ) ! com=t ( our convictions or ! wor? ( our inve/m5ts4 ,fallacy has its %ort triumphs & ! p]suasive critic or ! creator ( art values may effect real value b = a day4 ,! limit ( ! cr$ulity ( ! public1 :i* ,l9coln has immortaliz$1 is ! basis ( hope4 ,! public 9 "t rights itself4 ,error 9 disc]n+ ?is liv+ pr9ciple 9 art is cause = ! deepe/ contrition at ! confessional ( mod]n life4 ,unsign$ & unrecogniz$ works by mod]n ma/]s h be5 reject$ by juries to :om 9 ha/e ! doors ( ! ,salon or ,society h be5 reop5$ ) apologies4 ,! nation :i* assumes ! highe/ degree ( ae/hetic p]ception turn$ its back on ,millet & ,corot & ,c\rbet & ,manet & ,puvis de ,*avannes1 reject+ _! be/1 & has honor$ ye/]day :at x spurns to-day4 ,! fev]i% delirium ( ! upp] culture dem&s 8"s new ?+10 & ,a!ns1 ,p>is1 ,london & ,new ,york conc$e x4 ,b :at has liv$8 ,:at successive g5]ations h believ$ 9 may be believ$ by u2 a ?\ght express$ by ! au?or ( 8,mod]n ,pa9t]s0 9 "o magnific5t s5t5ce1 conta9+ #aec words & too long = quotation4 ,! argum5t is bas$ on ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,x has h[ev] ?is objection4 ,judgm5t by su* agreem5t is b\nd to be cumulative4 ,:at is good 9 ! beg9n+ is bett] to-day1 /ill bett] to morr[1 !n great1 !n wond]ful1 !n div9e4 ,?is is ! ,raphaelesque progression1 & if fifty p]sons 7 ask$ :o 0 ! greate/ pa9t]1 =ty-n9e w\ld say ,raphael1 )\t discrim9ation4 ,! fiftie? might h obs]v$ :at all pa9t]s "k1 t ,raphael 0 n a great pa9t]1 ei!r z colori/ or te*nician4 ,! op9ion 9 ?is cont5tion ( ,velasquez t ( all pa9t]s he /udi$ at ,rome1 ,raphael pleas$ him lea/1 is a judgm5t ( a colori/ & a te*nician1 ! m valuable because r5d]$ be=e ! m9i/rations ( oil & granul> secretion _h envelop$ 8 "w 9 ! my/]y f :i* x speaks to u4 ,z a pa9t] & draughtsman ,raphael is p]haps outclass$ by ,b\gu]eau1 ,cabanel or ,lefevre ( our own "t1 & z a compos] ( ei!r decorative or pictorial design he has _h sup]iors4 ,b ! "w ( ,raphael possesses ! lov+ unction ( real conviction & no?+ to :i* he put 8 well tra9$ h& fail$ ( ! baptism ( g5ius4 ,?r\gh ?is m>k1 !re=e1 x w live =ev]4 ,nor %\ld any "w require m ?an ?is = cont9u\s life4 ,ea* age %\ld be di/9ctive4 ,! bias ( judgm5t ?r\gh ! cumulative reg>d ( successive c5turies is :at has creat$ ! popul> disp>ity betwe5 ! old & mod]n ma/]s1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! h>mony ( color & its gl[+ quality is l>gely ! gift ( ^! c5turies1 a fact made cruelly pla9 to ^? :o h re/or$ pictures & tamp]$ ) _! secrets4 ,x w be a surprise to ! av]age man 9 t realm ( p]fect tru? :i* lies beyond1 to m>k1 9 ! association ( arti/s ( all ages1 :5 ! divisions ( s*ools1 p]iods & petty =mulas are =gott51 t ,raphael w grasp ! h& ( ,abbott ,?ay]1 say+ to him 9 ! nev] dy+ f]vor ( art en?usiasm & ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( limitations1 :i* is "o ( ! signs ( greatness2 8,o1 t ,i _h _h ?y glori\s quality ( te*nical subtlety 9 place ( ! me*anical directness 9 :i* ,i labor$60 & he 9 turn to be rem9d$ t _h he paus$ = ?is1 ! span ( 8 %ort life 7 measur$ long be=e he _h accompli%$ half 8 "w4 ,a k9dr$ bias is ! ev5tual acceptance ( :atev] is p]si/$ 94 ,almo/ any =m 9 :i* a te*nically good arti/ may express 8 idea w 9 "t f9d acceptance4 ,x has ! p]suasion ( ! adv]tisem5t1 (f]+ :at we d n want4 ,9 "t we imag9e we d4 ,duplications ( ,cuyp's v pu]ile arrangem5t ( p>ts1 z 9 ! 8,dep>ture = ! ,*ase0 to be f\nd 9 o!rs ( 8 pictures1 "w 9 our m9ds mitigation = ^? faults4 ,! belief 9 self has ! s+ul> magnetic pot5cy ( draw+ & turn+ u4 ,a /rong] magnet mu/ !n be ! liv+ pr9ciple4 ,we f9d x 9 unity4 ,orig9ality compromises ?is at its p]il4 ,& t discrim9ation aga9/ ! prophet 9 8 own c\ntry6 ,"u its ban ! native arti/ left 8 home & dwelt abroad2 b ! expatriation :i* produc$ pictures ( ,dut* & ,fr5* peasants by native pa9t]s 0 9 "t condemn$4 ,! good ( ! =eign exp]i5ce lay 9 ! m$als :i* 7 br\ght back out ( bani%m5t4 ,^! turn$ ! tide ( ?\ghtless prejudice1 & int]national competitions h kept x ris+4 ,b ! wor? ( ! =eign signature is n[ ( ! less] reckon+s2 = ) ! same _s 9 :i* ! native arti/ w\ld annihilate ! t>iff on =eign art1 h ! be/ pa9t]s ( ,europe decl>$ 8!re %all be no nationality 9 art02 = art is individual & submits to ! gov]nm5t /amp only by c\rtesy4 ,happy t nation :i*1 :5 necess>y1 c believe 9 its own1 n to exclusion1 f clanni% pride1 b on ! basis ( t simple canon adopt$ by ! _w ( sport2 8,let ! be/ w940 ,! commone/ bias to judgm5t is also ! mo/ vulg>--price4 ,! reply ( ! man ( weal? to ! /atem5t t a rec5t pur*ase 0 an inf]ior example ( an arti/'s "w2 8,i paid t5 ?\s& = x4 ,( c\rse x's all "r10 0 consid]$ f9al to ! critic4 ,! man ^: fir/ judgm5t conc]n+ an elaborate picture ( roses 0 turn$ to surprise & wond] :5 told ! price1 :i* 9 "t l$ to respect & !n pur*ase1 may f9d p>allels 9 mo/ ( ! collections ( ,phili/ia4 8,! value ( a picture is :at "s "o w pay = x0 is a maxim ( ! creators ( picture values & ^u x ! 8picture bus9ess0 has its work+ basis4 ,& s toge!r ) ! good ( =eign art h ! ,mey] ,von ,brem5s & ! ,v]beckhov5s1 ! creations ( ! s*ool ( smiles & mill9]y1 & ! failures & half successes ( impressionism1 toge!r ) its good1 be5 corn]$1 & unload$ ^u ! +5u\s collector4 ,! mo/ insidi\s bias ( judgm5t is t develop$ by ! art hi/orian1 ! man :o really kn[s4 ,s]5e & above ! petty matt]s :i* conc]n ! buy] ( art & p]plex ! produc]1 he p\rs =? 8 j]emiads ^u ! age & its art1 subject+ !m to indef5sible comp>isons ) ! fifte5? c5tury & deplor+ ! mat]ialism ( mod]n times4 ,! argum5t is t out ( ! he>t ! m\? mu/ speak2 c m5 ga!r figs f ?i/les3 is x reasonable to expect great art :5 m5 & messages are transport$ by /eam & electricity1 9 ! face ( ,em]son's cont5tion t art is antagoni/ic to hurry8 ,! argum5t neglects ! fact t ?is pres5t complex life is su* because x has add$ "o by "o ^! sep>ate int]e/s to ^? :i* x has receiv$ z an inh]itance1 ea* ( :i* 9 its own n>r[+ ni*e hav+ be5 pres]v$ "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! speciali/4 ,! art in/9ct has nev] di$ out2 b art1 :i* a=etime 0 ! only ?\ght ( ! humani/s1 has be5 oblig$ to move up & become cond5s$4 ,b m>k1 ! prie/s :o keep alive h] fires c /ill %[ _! ord9ation f ! h&s ( ! div9e ,raphael4 ,! age may be unsympa!tic1 b = ^? :o w wor%ip1 ! fire burns4 ,:]eas art 0 once uplift$ by ! joy\s acclaim ( ! :ole p1 %e mu/ n[ fight = space 9 a jo/l+ competition4 ,b is x n m reasonable t ! prophet lay aside 8 sackclo? & accept ! conditions ( ! new era1 ackn[l$g+ t art has _h its day 9 ! sanctu>y & has n[ come to adorn ! home & t ( necessity !re=e ! conditions ( subject & ( size mu/ be alt]$8 ,! impulse :i* a=etime express$ itself 9 ideals is n[ satisfi$ to become reflective ( ! emotions4 ,! *ange :i* has re/rict$ ! range 9 ! gr&] rea*es ( ! ideal has result$ 9 ! clos] & m intimate fri5d%ip ) nature4 ,! ef=t :i* 0 prim>ily ideal n[ turns its f]vor into ! quality ( its means4 ,,*apt] ,,xix - ,,! ,,liv+ ,,pr9ciple ,if !re be a basis ( reliance = cont9u\s life & consequ5t value1 a se>* = ! liv+ pr9ciple mu/ be made 9 ^? works :i* ! _w w n let die4 ,& ?is labor w be aid$ by ! exclusion ( su* z h _h _! day & pass$4 ,al?\gh ! v]dict sugge/$ 9 ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! p or 9 its lack1 may be wrong1 z future ages may %[1 yet = u 9 our inquiry 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ?is jury is our only c\rt ( appeal & its dictum mu/ be f9al4 ,we comm& a view ( ! long l9e ( art unfold+ z a riv] fl[s1 9 w9d+ c\rse f meagre s\rces1 & ?r\gh unt[>d ob/ructions into a natural b$ :i* awaits x1 n[ deep & swoll51 n[ sl5d]1 n[ graceful1 n[ turbid1 "h break+ into small] ?reads /ret*+ into oppos$ directions1 "h aga9 unit+ & deep5+1 & we m>k 9 all ( its v>iety ( c\rse & dep?1 ! n>r[ l9e ( ! *annel4 ,a sl5d] l9e !re is t\*+ h&s ?r\gh all g5]ations f ! pa9t]s ( ! twilight ( ,art to ! pa9t]s ( ! pres5t :o h se5 all ( its light & = :om too mu* ( its brilliancy has prov$ bewild]+4 ,! hi/ory ( art is p]=ce full ( ! *ronicles ( unfruitful ef=t & ! gall]ies z replete ) unpr(itable pictures4 ,our ard5t ?\gh rapid que/ w1 unaid$ by ! catalogue1 discov] = u ! real1 & sift x free ( ! spuri\s if we h settl$ ) ourselves :at art is & :at its purpose4 ,if we hold to ! pres5t popul> notion t art is imitation1 ! results w come out at v>iance ) ! popul> op9ion ( five c5turies4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we delegate to its prop] place fidelity to ! surface ( nature1 we mu/ ( necessity seek /ill fur!r = its ess5ce4 ,?is is subjective & n objective4 ,to make app>5t a /atem5t ! edge ( :i* /rikes dull f mu* use 9 purely philosophical l+o1 let u take ! case ( a picture repres5t+ a labor] ) 8 horse4 ,! idea = ! expression ( :i* ! few elem5ts ( field1 man & bea/1 are employ$ is ,toil4 ,:e!r !n ! man & bea/ be 9 actual labor or n1 ! dom9ant idea 9 ! arti/'s m9d is t !y are or h be5 labor+2 t t is :at !y /& =1 t idea to be pres5t$ 9 ! /ronge/ possible way4 8,! /ronge/ possible way0 is ! "q to be debat$4 ,individual arti/s int]pret ?is z suits _! temp]am5t1 ! jury !re=e sits 9 judgm5t ^u ! temp]am5t z ! expon5t ( 8! /ronge/ possible way40 ,) ! idea ( toil 9 m9d "o arti/ is mov$ to pres5t its unadorn$ =ce1 c>eful n to weak5 ! conception by ! addition ( any?+ sup]flu\s or extrane\s to ! idea4 ,its =ce is !re=e ideal =ce & ! pres5tation appeals to & moves u on ?is basis4 ,ano!r w see 9 ! subject ( a l&scape1 a man & a horse1 an opportunity pres5t$ ( detail & ( surfaces & w delight 9 express+ :at he kn[s to d clev]ly4 ,"u ?is impulse ! dext]ity ( 8 art is p\r$ =?2 ! long tra9+ ( ! work%op aids him4 ,he pa9ts ! horse & makes x look n only l a real horse1 b a p>ticul> "o4 ,! b\rgeois claps 8 h&s exclaim+1 8,see x is unmi/akably old ,dobb91 ! :ite spot on 8 fetlock is !re & 8 tail ragg$ on ! end2 & ! labor]1 ,i "k him at once4 ,h[ true to life ) side :isk]s & t ugly cut across ! =ehead & 8 hat ) ! hole 9 x4 ,! field too is all !re1 ! /ones1 ! we$s1 ! r[s ( /ubble1 no?+ slight$4 ,& ! action ( ! light too1 :at a relief ! figures possess1 h[ l color$ photographs !y /& out1 cle>1 %>p & unmi/akable40 ,a ?ird arti/1 )\t sacrific+ ! individual "* ( ! horse w yet repres5t him 9 su* a way t "o feels fir/ ! idea1 ( a labor+ horse & aft]w>d notes t he is a p>ticul> horse1 & 9 l mann] ) ! man ( ! picture4 ,?is arti/'s conception lies midway betwe5 ! two extremes & 9 consequ5ce expresses great] tru? ?an ei!r4 ,he poises himself on ! magic l9e spann+ ! *asm betwe5 ^! oppos+ walls1 support$ by ! balanc+ pole ( ! real & ideal1 lightly gripp$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,b to return to ! fir/ 9 ! _s ( nature-love & tru? to prove if x be wor?y4 ,judg$ on ?is scale does x /&8 ,coord9ately ) ! idea ( toil1 does x violate ! laws ( ! univ]se2 d ! surfaces !re( reflect ! light ( day2 is ! color probable2 is ! action possible8 ,if "u ?is scrut9y ! "w fails1 its acceptable ideali/ic expression _c save x4 ,x is "h t ! ideali/ pleads 9 va9 = ! pa9t]s ( ! grop+ p]iods ( art1 or = ! pre-,raphaelites ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :o 9 _! _s beg t we accept _! unctu\s w = ! de$ completely wr\ght4 ,:5 h[ev] !y d fill ! condition ( natural aspect 9 its fundam5tal ess5ce1 9 its condition ( non-violation ( physical law1 :51 uncompromis$ by su* discrepancy1 ! pres5tm5t ( ! idea is complete & ?is alone engages u1 ! "w by virtue ( its high] motive takes high] rank 9 ! scale ( art ?an t 9 :i* ! idea has be5 delegat$ to a place second to ! %ell :i* encloses x4 ,x is ! art :i* fulfills bo? requirem5ts ) ! idea p>am\nt t has surviv$ 9 all ages4 ,! rev]se ord] is n su/a9$ by ! hi/ory ( art4 ,m>k ! l9e f ! e>ly ma/]s to ! pres5t1 d y n f9d ! description includes 8! ideali/s0 :o c\ld pa9t8 ,! li/ w\ld be a long & involv$ "o1 tak+ its />t 9 ,italy ) ,botticelli1 ,giotto1 ,fra ,angelico1 ,raphael1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,fra ,b>tolomeo1 ,titian1 ,giorgione1 & ext5d+ !nce to our own "t inclusive ( ,millet1 ,corot1 ,watts1 ,turn]1 ,blake1 ,r\sseau1 ,mauve1 ,puvis de ,*avannes & ,ryd]--m5 ( all complexions 9 art1 & typical ( _m m q z div]se 9 _! subjects & modes ( expression b :o place ! idea1 ! motive1 ! emotion1 ! type1 be=e ! ?+ depict$4 ,= !m ! lett] ( ! law kille?1 b ! _s give? life4 ,?is ( c\rse raises issue ) ! naturali/ic s*ool--a s*ool :i* believes 9 r5d]+ ,nature z %e is1 )\t re>rangem5t1 addition1 sub/raction or idealization2 a s*ool presum+ ! arti/ to be a copyi/1 & f\nd$ n on ! pr9ciples ( design1 b ! love ( nature4 ,says ,w4 ,j4 ,/illman 9 8 impassion$ polemic on 8,! ,revival ( ,art03 8,! pa9t] ^: devotion to nature is su* t he nev] leaves or v>ies f h]1 may be1 & likely is1 a happi] man ?an if he 7 a true arti/444,to m5 ( ! o!r type1 ! ext]nal image di/urbs ! ideal :i* is s complete t x admits no int]f]5ce4 ,to !m %e may (f] sugge/ions1 b lays d[n no law40 ,! compla9t ( ,turn] t ,nature s frequ5tly put him out conta9s = u :at x %\ld h express$ to ,rusk91 ! real attitude :i* he held t[>d nature1 b :i* ,rusk9 9 8 en?usia/ic love ( nature did n1 or w\ld n p]ceive4 ,:at ! ma/] arti/ saw & utiliz$ 9 nature 7 =ms = 8 designs & s5tim5t = emotional expression4 ,yet ! record] ( 8 labors foll[$ aft]1 v]ify+ 8 f9d+s ) ne>-sight$ scrut9y1 laud+ him ) comm5dations = ke5 obs]vation 9 not+ rock fractures1 ! b>k ( trees1 grass1 or ! precise %ape ( cl\ds1 undismay$ :5 8 h]o neglect$ all ^! if !y int]f]$ ) 8 art4 ,! po9t ( ! argum5t z /at$ by ! ideali/s c be und]/ood only save ?r\gh ! elem5t 9 our nature f :i* art draws its vitality4 ,its d$uction is ?us bluntly express$2 8! ne>e/ to nature1 ! f>!r f art10 an app>5t p>adox p>allel$ by ! epigram1 8! ne>] ! *ur*1 ! f>!r f ,god40 ,bo? ( !m1 out ( _! holl[ clamor1 e*o back a />tl+ tru?3 ,n =m1 b _s4 ,?us did ,rembr&t "w = ! _s ( ! man & ! art to be got f ! wait+ subject4 ,?us did ,millet reveal 9 8 repres5tation ( a s+le toil] ! type ( all labor4 ,?us did ,corot /op1 :5 he _h produc$ ! _s ( ! morn+1 kn[+ well 8 nymphs w\ld h vani%$ if ! my/]y ( _! hid+-places 0 entirely laid b>e1 nor ev] come to him aga9 _h he expos$ ! full tru? ( =m & feature4 ,x is ! t\* ( poesy :i* has glorifi$ ^! works & ^? ( _! k9d1 ! spr+ ( ! unwritt5 law yield+ preem95ce to ! emotional arts4 ,impulse is ! life ( x3 x dies :5 %ort te!r$ by specific limitations4 ,on ?is basis ! way seems op5$ to settle ! *angeful =mulas ( ta/e2 :y ! rejection ( :at = ! mom5t has held ! p9nacle ( popul> favor2 :y1 = in/ance1 ! wan+ ( int]e/ 9 ! detaili/s ( ! brilliant ,fr5*-,spani% ,s*ool1 ! s*ool ( ,=tuny1 ,madrazzo1 ,villegas1 ,rico1 or ( ! "w ( ,meissoni]1 :o z a detaili/ eclips$ !m all4 ,a simple analysis ( _! "w 9 toto w prove t _! be/ pictures are ^? 9 :i* a s5tim5t has dom9at$ & 9 :i* bread? & l>g5ess ( effect is /ronge/4 ,?us ,meissoni]'s 8,return ( ,napoleon f ,mosc[10 is a bett] picture ?an 8 8,napoleon ,,iii surr\nd$ by 8 /aff 9 ,sicily10 :i* latt] is only a m>vell\s a*ievem5t at pa9t+ detail 9 ! smalle/ possible size1 & lacks entirely ! =ceful composition ( mass & light & %ade ( ! =m]4 ,?us does ! 8,spani% ,m>riage0 ( ,=tuny outclass 8 8,academicians ,*oos+ a ,model10 :i* besides lack+ ! res]ve =ce ( ! =m] has its s\rce 9 flippant imag9ation2 & s may ! _m o!r %ifts ( "t & tide 9 ! graphic arts be measur$ & *ronicl$ ^u ! basis ( ! emotions & ! =mative t\* ( ! poetic1 ^u ! sequ5ce ( ! arti/'s reg>d = ! ideal & ! real1 & ! degree ( 8 approa* t[>d ei!r4 ,! conc5sus ( ! ages reg>d+ f9i%1 dext]ity1 clev]ness1 & *ic is t 9 ! scale ( art !y weigh less ?an ! simple bread? ( effect :i* !y s frequ5tly int]rupt4 ,! s*ool ( ,t5i]s ) all ( its detail 0 pres]vative ( ?is4 ,x is on ! "q ( detail & ! c>eful anxiety conc]n+ ! surface t ! art in/9ct avoids sci5ce1 refus+ h] microscope 9 pref]5ce = ! unaid$ impression ( normal sight4 ,! liv+ art ( ! ages is t 9 :i* ! pa9t] is se5 to be great] ?an 8 !me1 9 :i* we ackn[l$ge ! p[] fir/1 & aft]w>d ! product4 ,x is ! unfett]$ mode all[+ ! greate/ individualism ( expression2 x is1 9 %ort1 ! man end ( x :i* lives1 = 8 is ! immortal life4 ,,app5dix ,! argum5t ( ! book is "h r$uc$ to a work+ basis4 ,! ,concept ,! fir/ po9t settl$ 9 ! mak+ ( a picture aft] ! subject has g]m9at$1 is ! %ape into :i* ! items ( ! concept are to be edit$2 ! second is ! arrangem5t ( ^? items )9 ! proscrib$ limits2 ! ?ird is ! def9+ ( ! d>k & light masses4 ,?is consid]ation =ces ! "q :5ce ! light1 toge!r ) its answ]1 h5ce ! %ad[4 ,! ,proc$ure ,! detail ( ! direction ( light & ! action ( ! %ad[s cuts ! pictorial int5tion cle> ( ! decorative design4 ,design is a good basis1 its simplicity yield+ favorably to ! settlem5t ( spaces & ! con/ruction ( l9es1 b its *ief purpose ends :5 x has cle>$ ! field ( little ?+s & r$uc$ ! fir/ conception1 :i* usually comes z a bundle ( items1 to a broad & dignifi$ f\ndation into :i* ^! little ?+s are set4 ,design ,a sev]e1 space-fill+ design 9 ?ree tones or f\r w place ! /ud5t 9 a position ( confid5ce to proce$ ) detail :i*1 until ! design has settl$ well into its f\r sides1 %\ld be p]si/5tly exclud$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd t ! ess5ce ( c]ta9 subjects lies 9 a small item ( detail4 ,?is1 :5 kn[n1 mu/ be all[$ = 9 ! design4 ,l9e ,( fir/ importance 9 composition is ! notion ( ,light & ,d>k1 to :i* ,l9e is second4 ,9 ! tone design l9e is b ! edge ( ! masses4 ,l9e z ! basis ( ! =m ( ! design is r$uc$ to a few =ms :i* ) modifications become ! framework = all pictorial /ructure4 7,see ,fundam5tal ,=ms47 ,l9e z an elem5t ( beauty suffici5t ( itself to become subjective is r>e1 an exception 9 pictorial art4 7,see ,l9e7 ,! /hetics ( ,l9e mu/ be compreh5d$ & felt 9 its symbolism4 ,! =m into :i* l9es may lead ! subject %\ld h ! full k ( ! compos]4 ,! ,v]tical ,! uplift ( ! simple v]tical is spiritual z well z me*anical4 ,x may c>ry ! ?\ght to high] levels or may support !re) an oppos$ l9e4 ,9 ei!r case its /r5g? is maje/ic & 9 s f> z ?is l9e dom9ates does ! picture receive its quality4 ,! ,horizontal ,a gr\p ( p9es or ! columns ( ! ,greek or ,egyptian temple alike induce solemnity1 quietude & dignity4 ,! horizontal is a l9e less comm&+ ?an ! v]tical ) its upright /r5g?1 ! symbol ( repose1 s]5ity1 & res]v$ motion4 ,! ,diagonal ,! diagonal be+ an unsupport$ l9e naturally sugge/s in/ability1 *ange1 motion1 transit4 ,its purpose frequ5tly is to connect ! /abl] =ms ( ! composition or lead !refrom4 ,! curvil9e> l9e is ! basis ( v>iety & graceful movem5t4 ,z an adjunct1 x assi/s ! sequ5ce ( p>ts4 ,9 ! latt] capacity x is ( great importance to ! compos]4 ,x is ( c\rse ! basis ( ! circle z well z ! important notion ( circul> con/ruction & obs]vation4 ,giv5 ! subject & means ( expression ! f9al labor is ! re/ra9t or en=cem5t ( p>ts 9 ! degree ( _! importance4 ,?is requires +5uity & k & frequ5tly dem&s a recon/ruction ( ! orig9al s*eme4 ,pr9cipality & ,sacrifice ,! mo/ absolute & ! mo/ important idea 9 ! production ( art is ,pr9cipality1 t "o object or idea %all be supreme4 ,its correlative idea conta9s 9 x ! h>d%ips ( composition1 namely1 ,sacrifice4 ,?is =ces a grad$ scale ( importance or attraction ?r\gh\t ! entire "w4 ,! idea has complete exposition 9 ! vase or balu/] 9 :i* ! comm&+ l9es ( ! body f9d bo? support & ext5sion ?r\gh ! less] associat$ p>ts4 ,^! /& z types ( complete art reveal+ ! uncompromis+ pr9ciples ( dom9ation & subord9ation4 ,/able ,int]ior--,a4 ,mauve 7,a simple picture conta9+ all ! pr9ciples ( composition72 ,h] ,la/ ,moor+s--,f a ,photograph ,9 ! picture1 complete 9 its *i>oscuro1 ^! pr9ciples are z easily appreh5d$ z ) ! m tangible l9e & space ( ! solid =m4 ,! 8,c[ 9 a ,/able10 by ,mauve1 conta9s by 8 managem5t ( ?is rude & simple subject all ! possibilities op5$ to & dem&$ by compositions involv+ _m elem5ts4 ,x might /& z ! light & d>k s*eme = "s ( ! allegories ( ,rub5s1 ,wi]tz or ,correggio1 or = _m g5re int]iors1 or = an 8arrangem5t0 ( fl[]s4 ,:5 once ! importance ( ?is pr9ciple is realiz$ _m ( ! pitfalls into :i* beg9n]s are s prone to fall are cov]$1 & t =ev]4 ,"t & regrets are bo? sav$ to ! /ud5t :o w pause = ! absorption ( ! few pr9ciples on :i* all ! arts are f\nd$4 ,?is idea may seem to di/urb ! notion ( balance across ! c5tre1 especially :5 ! object :i* receives our fir/ consid]ation occupies "o side ( ! picture4 ,a /udy ( ! po/ulates toge!r ) ! pr9ciple ( ! /eely>d & ! k ( picture balance w cle> any appreh5sion ( conflict4 ,! ,dom9ant ,idea ,above & beyond ! object :i* dom9ates all o!rs is ! idea :i* dom9ates ! picture4 ,su* may be light1 gloom1 space1 action1 passion1 repose1 communion1 humor1 or :atev] has /imulat$ & !re=e mu/ gov]n ! composition4 ,if ) ! s5tim5t ( ,repose z subjective1 ! pr9cipal object expresses action1 !re mu/ necess>ily be conflict betwe5 ! idea & ! reality4 ,action1 h[ev]1 may v appropriately be introduc$ into a conception ( repose1 its contra/ height5+ ?is emotion2 ! creep+ baby1 ! frolick+ kitt51 ! sw++ p5dulum1 ! di/ant toil]s obs]v$ by a ne>] gr\p at re/4 ,! po9t :]e a c\nt] emotion weak5s & :]e x /r5g!ns ! idea is det]m9$ on a scale ( degree1 _m necess>y p>ts tak+ prec$5ce !reto be=e ! oppos$ s5tim5t %all attract u4 ,^! ideas1 correlative to _! pr9cipal1 h also _! scale ( attraction1 & only 9 ! =mal arrangem5t ( allegory & decoration may two units be all[$ ! same degree ( attraction4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t =ms 9 :i* weak composition develops1 leav+ ! m9d unc]ta9 z to ! sequ5ce1 & ! eye wav]+ betwe5 ! equal claims ( sep>at$ p>ts4 ,! neglect ( lead+ l9es1 or ( =c+ a logical proc$ure f "p to "p1 s t no "p may escape ! cont9u\s inspection ( all1 produces decomposition4 ,! avoidance ( inh>mony mu/ ( c\rse yield h>mony4 ,h>mony ,h>mony1 !re=e1 ?\gh a necess>y pr9ciple 9 all art1 does n pu% h]self to ! front z does ,pr9cipality4 ,%e foll[s naturally1 if all[$ to4 ,! ,mu/ ,be's & ,may ,be's ( ,composition ,( ! o!r pr9ciples1 ,consi/5cy or bread?1 ,cont9uity & its complem5t1 ,contra/1 associate !mselves 9 great] or less degree ) ,pr9cipality & ,h>mony1 :i* are ! mu/ be's2 :ile ,repetition1 ,radiation1 ,curvature & ,int]*ange are reckon$ z ! may be's ( composition4 ,p]spective ,! basis ( all plane pres5tation is f\nd$ on p]spective1 an absolute sci5ce giv+ absolute satisfaction to all :o w\ld h x4 ,kn[+ t a figure mu/ be ( a c]ta9 height if x occupy a giv5 space is (t5 a %ort] road to ! fact ev5 ?\gh x dem& a p]spective work+ plan ?an feel+ = x ) ! be/ ( arti/ic int5tions4 ,"o may feel all ar\nd ! spot be=e f9d+ x1 & mean:ile ! sci5ti/ has be5 sav+ 8 temp]4 ,9 all compositions dem&+ ar*itectural environm5t or _m figures1 p]spective becomes ess5tial1 at lea/ z a "t sav]4 ,yet if ! sci5ce nev] exi/$ su* art z embraces _m figures & ar*itecture c\ld f9d adequate expression at ! h&s ( ! disc]n+ arti/4 ,! sci5ce ( p]spective does no m ?an acqua9t ! arti/ ) any giv5 angle4 ,8 k ( cause & effect 9 ! univ]se1 ) an add$ art in/9ct1 are equipm5t suffici5t to obta9 ?is4 ,no "p ( art expression comm&s m ( ! my/]i\s rev]5ce ( ! ate*nic ?an p]spective4 ,x is t univ]sal art t]m t includes v mu* to _m p4 ,:51 aft] writ+ a ?or\gh treatise on ! subject1 ,mr4 ,rusk9 rem>k$ ! ess5ce ( ! :ole ?+ c be kn[n 9 tw5ty m9utes1 x 0 d\btless 9 rebuke ( ! unqualifi$ suppositions ( ! artless public4 ,balance ,! conception ( balance cle>ly und]/ood 9 ! l5g?1 ! height & ! dep? ( a picture conta9s ! :ole tru? ( pictorial composition4 ,! elem5ts :i* w> aga9/ unity & :i* we seek to extract1 reveal !mselves z ! di/urb]s ( balance & are to be f\nd :5 ! pr9ciples ( balance are put into motion4 ,does divid$ int]e/ vex u1 ! =egr\nd absorb+ s mu* int]e/ t ! backgr\nd1 :]e ! real subject may lie1 /ruggles 9 va9 = its "r2 !n we may "k t ! balance ?r\gh ! dep? ( ! picture has be5 di/urb$4 ,does ! middle di/ance attract u too mu* 9 pass+ to ! di/ance :]e ! real subject may lie2 !n we may "k t its atta*m5t to ! =egr\nd or its sacrifice to ! backgr\nd is insuffici5t & t its %ift 9 ! "r direction w re/ore balance4 ,d we feel t "o side ( ! picture attracts our entire att5tion & ! o!r side plays no "p 9 ! pictorial s*eme1 !n we may "k t ! items ( ! lat]al balance are want+4 ,x is r>e to f9d ap>t f =mality a composition :i* develops to a f9i% 9 an ord]ly proc$ure4 ,once sep>at$ f ! ev5 balance ! picture becomes a sequ5ce ( compromises1 ! conciliation ( ea* new elem5t by ! recon/ruction ( :at is already !re or ! introduction ( ! add$ item :i* unity necessitates4 ,! argum5t rem9ds ! picture mak] t he is 9 l case ) ! voyageur :o loads 8 canoe1 s5sible ( ! exquisite poise :i* 8 craft dem&s4 ,along its keelson he lays ! items ( 8 draught1 c>eful = in/ance t 8 light & bulky blanket on "o side is balanc$ by ! small] items ( heavi] weight 9 oppos$ position4 ,! b[ "u its load may be almo/ subm]g$ & ! onlook] v5tures a w>n+4 ,b aga9 balance is re/or$ :5 ! seat at ! o!r end is occupi$ z a f9al act 9 ! calculation47#bj7 ,! degree ( attraction ( objects 9 ! balanc$ s*eme mu/ be a matt] ( individual decision z are _m o!r appli$ pr9ciples 9 temp]am5tal art4 ,color repres5t+ ! natural aspect ( objects1 color conta9+ 8tone10 & color conta9+ tone quality or 8tonal quality10 are ?ree aspects ( color to be met ) 9 accept$ art4 ,color ,z ) ! s5tim5t ( ! art idea1 :e!r x incl9e t[>d ! real or ! ideal1 s ! di/9ction applies betwe5 :at is reflective only ( nature & :at is reflective also ( ! arti/'s temp]am5t4 ,x is a simple proposition 9 ! scale ( value & x works z truly :5 appli$ to color z to ! art concept3 ! m ( ! man ! bett] ! art4 ,7 x n s ! color-photograph w\ld h preem95ce4 ,! fir/ degree 9 ! scale ( color is repres5t$ by t sort :i* appli$ to canvas to imitate a surface seems satisfy+ to ! arti/ z nature-color4 ,! second degree is t 9 :i* ! color is made to h>monize ) all o!r colors ( ! picture on ! basis ( a giv5 hue4 ,?is tonal h>mony may fail to reveal itself 9 _m subjects 9 nature or 9 su* arrangem5ts ( objects z ! /ill-life pa9t] might & (t5 does collect1 & is !re=e cle>ly a quality ) :i* ! arti/ end[s 8 "w4 ,su* pa9t]s z ,:i/l] & 8 foll[+ see to x t ?is tonality inh]es 9 all subjects :i* may be gov]n$ 9 ! composition ( color 7su* z 8 8arrangem5ts0 9 ! /udio71 s t ! production ( ?is h>mony results naturally by foll[+ ! subject4 ,tone ,! color key is giv5 9 t select$ hue :i* influ5ces to a great] or less degree all ! colors1 ev5 :5 ^! make viol5t dep>tures 9 ! s*eme ( h>mony4 ,solicit\s only ( ! quality ( unifi$ color1 ! majority ( ^! pa9t]s 7?\gh ?is frequ5tly does n include ,mr4 ,:i/l] himself7 conc]n !mselves :olly ) t ?\ght1 employ+ _! pigm5t s directly t ! vibration ( color is sacrific$4 ,! production ( ?is vibration is by agreem5t on ! "p ( all great colori/s impossible ?r\gh impa/$ color or t appli$ flatly to ! surface1 :i* !y decl>e _c be z p[]ful1 z significant or z beautiful z t :i* vibrates1 ei!r by reason ( ! juxtaposition ( color pla9ly se51 z ) ! impressioni/s1 or ( its brok5 tone1 or by virtue ( ! influ5ce ( a transp>5t glaze ( color :i* enables two colors to be se5 at once4 ,! la/ me?od is t ( ,titian1 ! second 9 comb9ation ) ! la/ t ( ,rembr&t 9 8 late/ & be/ p]iod1 ! fir/ t ( ,monet1 :i* conta9s ! pr9ciple ( coloration 9 its sci5tific analysis4 ,! *asm betwe5 ^! m5 is n kn[n 9 any su* degree z a sup]ficial notion ( _! respective arts might presuppose4 ,! real disp>ity 9 color pres5tation exi/s betwe5 all su* pa9t]s & ^? :o pa9t directly on :ite canvas1 neglect+ ! influ5ce ( ! und]tone & ! enri*m5t :i* ent]s into color by glazes 7transp>5t color74 ,su* pa9t]s may be able to repres5t mo/ fai?fully ! true t9ts ( ,nature b n ! true impression1 = ,nature is always expressive ( t dep? & /r5g? :i* lies f> 9 & :i* ! pa9t] ( 8quality0 insi/s to r5d]4 ,to him x is t some?+ conta9+ ! la/ ^w ( a ?or\gh /atem5t1 & )\t x ! /atem5t is a surface "o4 ,te*nically1 x may mean ! labor ( _m repa9t+s1 ( color glazes1 & ( proc$ure f "o process to ano!r1 s t ! fir/ /atem5t on ! canvas becomes ! g5]al b n ! f9al dictum4 ,?r\gh ^! ! "w takes on t unctu\sness ( dep? & /r5g? by :i* "o exp]i5ces ! same ?rill z ?r\gh ! deep rev]b]ations ( a musical tone f _m in/rum5ts1 simple tone be+ producible by "o in/rum5t4 ,practically1 x is ! pulsation ( color 9 e "p ( ! picture felt by ei!r ! play ( "o color ?r\gh ano!r or by su* brok5 color z may be adm9i/]$ by a s+le bru% /roke load$ ) sev]al colors or by a s+le color s dragg$ across ano!r z to leave "s ( ! "u color exi/5t4 ,quality ,su* te*nique produces ! highe/ tonal quality4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ,rembr&t glaz$ & repa9t$ on 8 portraits = a less] reason ?an to supply !m ) a quality :i* direct pa9t+ d5i$1 nor t ,frank ,holl1 ( our own times1 employ$ a l me?od = ! sake ( be+ l ,rembr&t4 ,natural ,color2 ,tonal ,color1 repres5t+ nature2 & ,tonality plus 8,quality0 7! la/ a vague t]m d5ot+ dep? & fullness ( color7 are ?ree grades repres5t$1 ! fir/ by ,meissoni] 9 8 8#ahjg01 a picture devoid ( tone2 ! second by ! portraits ( ,alice1 by ,*ase1 & ,lady ,ar*ibald ,campbell1 by ,:i/l]2 & ! la/ or tonal quality1 by ! lat] works ( ,george ,full] & ,alb]t ,ryd]4 ,"u ^! specifi$ classes ! li/s ( names 9 art are n[ l5g!n+ & %ort5+1 ! indications ( our pres5t art po9t+ to a revival ( ! color quality ( a =m] age4 ,alice--,w4,m4 ,*ase 7,v]ticals ,div]t$72 ,lady ,ar*ibald ,campbell--,:i/l] 7,v]ticals ,oblit]at$72 ,! ,crucifixion--,amie ,morot 7,v]ticals ,oppos$7 ,don'ts ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! introduction t ! comm&m5ts ( ?is book w\ld be ! 8mu/ nots10 yet = him :o appreh5ds pr9ciples1 comm&m5ts d n exi/4 ,a few conclusions f ! =ego+ argum5ts may1 h[ev]1 be ( s]vice to beg9n]s 9 ! practice ( composition4 ,/ructures to be avoid$ are3-- ,^? 9 :i* ! l9es all run "o way )\t opposition3 ,^? especially 9 :i* ! bottom ( ! frame is p>allel$3 ,^? 9 :i* ! p]spective ( a l9e or ! edge ( a mass happ5s to be a v]tical3 ,^? 9 :i* an oppos+ plane or attractive mass b>ricades ! entrance ( ! picture3 ,^? 9 :i* two masses 9 diff]5t planes happ5 to be ! same size3 ,^? 9 :i* objects ( equal int]e/ occur 9 ! same picture3 ,^? 9 :i* an object awkw>dly prolongs a l9e3 ,^? 9 :i* ! l9e ( ! backgr\nd duplicates ! l9es ( ! subject3 ,^? 9 :i* ! picture is cut by l9es too long cont9u$ 9 any direction3 ,^? 9 :i* radial l9es fail to lead to a focal object3 ,^? 9 :i* ! items ( a picture fail to pres5t a natural sequ5ce3 ,^? 9 :i* ! subject prop] is n dignifi$ by a conspicu\s placem5t or is swamp$ by too attractive surr\nd+s3 ,^? 9 :i* ! mo/ en]getic =ms ( con/ruction are n alli$ to ! pr9cipal b to second>y p>ts ( ! picture3 ,^? =mal compositions 9 :i* great] int]e/ is %[n at ! sides ?an 9 ! c5tre3 ,^? 9 :i* ! ae/hetic pr9ciple ( ! con/ructive =m is antagoni/ic to ! s5tim5t ( ! subject4