,,! ,,condition ,,& ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,h5ry ,,*amb]la9 ,pr(essor ( ,education & ,pr9cipal ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ( ,manual ,tra9+1 ,art1 & ,dome/ic ,economy1 ,?roop ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia3 ,au?or ( ,educative ,h&-,"w ,manuals & ,a ,bibliography ( ,manual ,arts ,illu/ration ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,b>de51 ,,publi%] #aijh ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,,b>de5 ,,introduction ,! "q ( ! te*nical phases ( education is1 ) any nation1 a vital "o4 ,p]haps ?is is true ( ,g]many z x is ( no o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,?is may be ma9ly due to "o ( sev]al causes4 ,fir/1 z to ! l5g? ( "t te*nical education has _h a place 9 ! ,g]man s*ools4 ,9 "s =m or ano!r1 & 9 a great] or less] degree1 su* in/ruction has be5 9 vogue = _m ye>s1 & has 9 no small measure become "p & p>cel ( ! educational fabric ( ! nation4 ,aga91 ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,g]man ,/ates1 ! "w is r widely diff]5tiat$1 ?is ow+ 9 "p to ! fact t ! v>y+ l9es ( indu/ry 9 adjac5t localities ev51 give color & b5t to ! te*nical education ( any p>ticul> locality4 ,an ext5sive field is ?us compreh5d$ "u ! t]m te*nical education4 ,!n1 too1 ,g]many z a nation mu/ ne$s bett] h] condition 9 ord] t %e may prove self-su/a9+4 ,! c\ntry is n a weal?y "o1 & if 9 trade1 9 manufacture1 & 9 comm]ce1 %e is to compete1 & t successfully1 ) ! _w p[]s1 /r5g? mu/ be ga9$ along su* l9es z ^? op5+ ?r\gh te*nical education4 ,! hope is ent]ta9$ t ! foll[+ pages may prove ( value1 n alone to ! /ud5t ( te*nical education z x exi/s 9 ,g]many1 b p>ticul>ly to ^? :o are endeavor+ to in/itute & develop indu/rial & te*nical tra9+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! possibility along ^! l9es is exce$+ly great & ! int]e/ & att5tion ( ?9k+ p is focus$ "h4 ,!y look to ?is =m ( education z a p>tial solution ( "s ( ! mo/ ob/9ate problems n[ confront+ u4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction v ,,cont5ts vii ,,publi%]',s ,,note viii ,,section ,i4 ,classification ( ,s*ools #e ,,section ,,ii4 ,cont9uation ,s*ools 7,=tbildungss*ul57 #af ,,section ,,iii4 ,trade ,s*ools 7,fa*s*ul57 #da ,,section ,,iv4 ,second>y ,te*nical ,s*ools 7,gew]bli*e ,mittels*ul57 #fa ,s*ools = ! ,build+ ,trades 7,baugew]ks*ul57 #fa ,s*ools = ,=em5 7,w]kmei/]s*ul57 #fi ,s*ools = ! ,textile ,trades 7,gew]bes*ul57 #gd ,indu/rial ,s*ools ( ,bav>ia 7,indu/rie ,s*ul57 #hb ,,section ,v4 ,high] ,te*nical ,s*ools 7,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul57 #he ,,section ,,vi4 ,s*ools ( ,indu/rial ,arts or ,art ,trade ,s*ools 7,kun/gew]bes*ul57 #ih ,,section ,,vii4 ,bibliography #aje ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,ar?ur ,,h5ry ,,*amb]la9 ,i ,if "o 7 to po9t out ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! educational sy/em 9 ! ,fa!rl& to-day1 x w\ld p]haps be ! highly specializ$ condition ( ! te*nical s*ools4 ,9 approa*+ our problem we naturally ask ourselves ! "q z to h[ f> ! indu/rial progress ( a c\ntry is influ5c$ by te*nical education4 ,9 no "t z 9 our own has s mu* /ress be5 laid ^u ! comm]cial side ( our exi/5ce4 ,new trades1 new indu/ries are spr++ up2 specialization is becom+ m f>-rea*+ & m firmly e/abli%$ ?an ev] be=e2 competition is becom+ ke5]2 ! application ( sci5ce to ! arts is m v>i$4 ,9 ?is latt] field we f9d ,g]many 9 ! v =e front1 %e hav+ develop$ along ^! l9es to a great] ext5t ?an h _m ( our nations4 ,illu/rations ( ?is application lie all ab\t u1--9 ! bett]$ transportation facilities by railroad & by ocean vessel2 9 ! m improv$ bridge & build+ con/ruction2 9 ! me?ods ( wat] supply & dra9age2 9 modes ( heat1 light1 & v5tilation2 9 electric vehicles1 s\nd transmitt]s1 labor-sav+ ma*9]y2 9 f9ely adju/$ in/rum5ts t br+ f> away worlds almo/ )9 rea*+ di/ance2 9 ^! & a ?\s& o!r ways is made manife/ ! result ( ! application ( sci5ce to ! arts4 ,g]many is tak+ a prom95t "p 9 ?is w>f>e = indu/rial supremacy1 & t %e expects h] te*nical s*ools to be l>gely in/rum5tal 9 answ]+ _m ( ! problems ( ! pres5t & ! future _c be d\bt$1 especially :5 "o is made aw>e ( ! div]sity & ext5t ( ! s*ools ( a te*nical "* scatt]$ ov] ! ,empire4 ,x w be readily und]/ood f ! =ego+ h[ difficult a matt] x is to make any "o classification t w cov] 9 an adequate mann] ! v>i\s types ( exi/+ in/itutions4 ,frequ5tly a s*ool is f\nd :i* 9 "s respects is di/9ctive4 ,to place su* a s*ool 9 ?is or t category w\ld ( c\rse d viol5ce to ! classification1 :ile to =m a new class only s]ves to fur!r complicate & bewild]4 ,aga91 v>i\s ( ! in/itutions m5tion$ may (f] su* a diff]5tiat$ s*$ule or be made up ( s _m p>allel dep>tm5ts z to entitle !m to admission into two or m ( ! classes giv54 ,ano!r po9t ( difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ! t]m te*nical w\ld 9 ,g]many be some:at m sweep+ ?an ) u 9 ,am]ica4 ,we d n class te*nical tra9+ ) s-call$ manual tra9+ or h&work ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,9 our pres5t /udy h[ev]1 we %all f9d t :ile 9 ! ma9 we are deal+ ) ! te*nical tra9+ ( boys f f\rte5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age1--comp>able 9 a measure to our high or second>y s*ool c\rses1 we %all also include ! indu/rial1 vocational1 or trade tra9+ ( m5 & boys alike1 z well z "w 9 ! m simplifi$ =ms ( h&icraft1 z c>ri$ on 9 ! l[] or elem5t>y s*ool4 ,ref]5ce w also be made to ! in/ruction ( a high] ord]1--su* = example z makes = eng9e]s4 ,^! facts w be illum9at$ z ! /udy proce$s4 ,9 read+ into ^! s*ools _! real significance1 sev]al po9ts mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d4 ,at an e>ly age ! ,g]man y\? is suppos$ to h solv$ ! problem ( 8 likes & dislikes1 8 abilities & %ortcom+s2 to h ga9$ su* a p]spective ( 8 probable *ances = future success1 z to *oose ! l9e ( "w or occupation he %all foll[4 ,x is only fair to /ate1 h[ev]1 t circum/ances h mu* to d ) su* decision1 viz1--! occupation ( ! fa!r1 ! f9ancial outlook ( ! family1 ! indu/rial dem&s ( ! locality1 ! p>ticul> educational opportunities (f]$1--^! & l problems ent]+ 9 z vital elem5ts4 ,!n too1 ! f\nd+ & su/a9+ ( a te*nical s*ool is a matt] to be not$4 ,?is may be 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ( ! /ate1 ( ! municipality1 or may be look$ aft] by private ent]prise4 ,! ,guilds1 ,v]e9s or ,associations may organize1 equip & fo/] s*ools ( su* "* z tra9 directly = _! p>ticul> l9es ( "w4 ,x mu/ be /at$ h[ev] 9 ?is connection1 t !re seems to be a /rong t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t t[>d ! c5traliz+ ( control 9 ! /ates4 ,?is has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 l>ge measure ?r\gh ! ev]-increas+ will+ness on ! "p ( ! /ate to give f9ancial back+ to ! s*ools1 & ?us has q naturally aris5 ! desire & necessity on ! "p ( ! /ate1 t x h a controll+ voice 9 ! s*ool adm9i/ration4 ,h]e9 lies "o ( ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 su* education 9 ,g]many & t ( our own c\ntry4 ,conrad's ,h&wo]t]bu* d] ,/aatswiss5s*aft51 #aijj1 9 an article entitl$ ,gew]bli*] ,unt]ri*t1 gives ! foll[+ table on /ate exp5diture = trade & te*nical in/ruction 9 rec5t ye>s3 ,prussia3 ,m>ks #adb1jjj 7#cc1gif7 9 #ahgd2 ,m>ks #dge1jjj 7#aad1jej7 9 #ahhe2 ,m>ks #d1fgb1jjj 7#a1aaa1icf7 9 #ahii4 ,saxony3 ,m>ks #bce1jjj 7#fj1bad7 9 #ahgc2 ,m>ks #egj1jjj 7#ace1ffj7 9 #ahhe2 ,m>ks #a1ach1jjj 7#bgj1hdd7 9 #ahih4 ,wurttemburg indu/rial cont9uation s*ool3 ,m>ks1 #eh1jjj 7#ac1hjd7 9 #ahfi2 ,m>ks #abi1jjj 7#cj1gjb7 9 #ahgi2 ,m>ks #afd1jjj 7#ci1jcb7 9 #ahhi2 ,m>ks #bjh1jjj 7#di1ejd7 9 #ahig4 ,! co/ ( ! /ate p] capita ( ! population ( ! exp5ditures 0 z foll[s3 ,prussia1 ,pf5nigs #ae 7#c #a_/b cts47 9 #ahii2 ,saxony1 ,pf5nigs #bi 7#g cts47 9 #ahih2 ,hesse1 ,pf5nigs #bb 7#e cts47 9 #ahih4 ,! co/ p] ,m>ks #a1jjj 7#bcf7 ( ! entire /ate exp5ditures 0 ,m>ks #b4bg 7#ed cts47 9 ,prussia 9 #ahii1 & ,m>ks #e4hh 7#a4dj7 9 ,saxony 9 #ahih4 ,9 g5]al ! ,g]man s*ools are classifi$ ^u a basis ( ! grade ( in/ruction giv5 r ?an ^u ! "* ( ! subjects taught4 ,prim>y education is compulsory1 t is to say1 all *ildr5 are compell$ by law to att5d s*ool f _! six? to _! f\rte5? ye>4 ,x is at ?is po9t t we f9d our difficulty4 ,to quote ,dr4 ,alw9 ,pab/ ( ,leipzig 7:o speaks ( conditions gov]n+ te*nical s*ools73 ,! age ( admission1 l5g? ( c\rse1 fees & o!r conditions 7exam9ations7 ( ^! s*ools diff] widely4 ,ages range f f\rte5 to ?irty ye>s or ov]2 l5g? ( c\rse1 "o to f\r or five ye>s2 fees p]haps tw5ty to ?irty m>ks p] ye>4 ,! ,=tbildungss*ule is ! only in/itution 9 :i* no fee is *>g$4 7,tak5 f a p]sonal lett]47 ,sev]al classifications comm5d !mselves = use4 ,ea* has its weaknesses & breaks d[n at "s po9t1 ow+ to ! conditions previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to illu/rate ?is difficulty ,i %all give ^! v>i\s possible classifications4 ,! fir/ ref]s *iefly to ! s*eme ( second>y education & 0 ! "o fir/ *os5 & lat] disc>d$4 ,x 0 sugge/$ ma9ly by ,sir ,philip ,magnus's "w on ,indu/rial ,education & ! ,report ( ! ,indu/rial ,commission1 ,vol4 #a4 #a4 ,indu/ries*ul5 ,gew]bes*ul5 #b4 ,trade ,s*ools ,fa*s*ul5 #c4 ,build+ ,trade ,s*ools #d4 ,second>y ,te*nical ,s*ools ,high] ,te*nical ,=em5 ,build+ ,weav+ ,draw+ #e4 ,indu/rial ,art ,s*ools 7,kun/gew]be7 ,pure ,art ,appli$ ,art #f4 ,polyte*nics or ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 #g4 ,cont9uation ,s*ools--,=tbildungss*ul5 ,ano!r classification1 sugge/$ 9 mo/ "p by a ,g]man au?ority is z foll[s3 #a4 ,=tbildungss*ul5--,cont9uation s*ools #b4 ,indu/rie--or ,fa*s*ul5--,special ,trade ,s*ools #c4 ,gew]bes*ul5 #d4 ,te*nis*e ,s*ul5 #e4 ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 #f4 ,baugew]ks*ul5--,s*ool = ,ar*itects #g4 ,kun/gew]bes*ul5--,s*ools ( ,art ,9 ! ,sev5te5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,labor = #aijb we f9d ! foll[+3 #a4 ,te*nical ,colleges #b4 ,second>y or ,int]m$iate ,te*nical ,s*ools #c4 ,s*ools & ,museums ( ,indu/rial ,art #d4 ,s*ools = ,=em5 #e4 ,s*ools = ! ,textile ,trades #f4 ,trade & ,indu/rial ,cont9uation ,s*ools #g4 ,indu/rial ,draw+ ,c\rses #h4 ,o!r ,in/itutions = ,indu/rial ,education4 ,! ord] foll[$ 9 ! pres5t /udy is f9ally giv5 bel[4 ,x is "o n to be f\nd else:]e1 b m closely resembles t ( ,dr4 ,pab/ 7! second classification7 & t f\nd 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor4 ,x has und\bt$ly its weak po9ts1 b ,i feel x is ! be/ t c be made h[ev]1 z x is bas$ ^u data rec5tly publi%$1 & ! results ( correspond5ce ) ,g]man s*ool au?orities1 9 addition to a n v ext5d$ k ga9$ ?r\gh p]sonal contact ) ! ,g]man s*ools4 ,x may be tak5 !re=e1 z br++ ! "w d[n to ! pres5t "t3 #a4 ,cont9uation ,s*ools or ,=tbildungss*ul5 #b4 ,trade ,s*ools or ,fa*s*ul5 #c4 ,second>y or ,int]m$iate ,te*nical ,s*ools or ,gew]bli*e ,mittels*ul5 #d4 ,te*nical ,colleges or ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 #e4 ,s*ool & ,museums ( ,indu/rial ,art1 or ,kun/gew]bes*ul5 ,,ii ,,cont9uation ,,s*ools ,,=tbildungss*ul5 ,s9ce at ! age ( f\rte5 ye>s ! ,g]man y\? is no long] "u ! control ( ! compulsory s*ool law1 ! value ( ! sy/em ( cont9uation s*ools is realiz$4 ,( necessity ! great mass ( boys are at ?is age1 =c$ to ent] "s ga9ful pursuit4 ,x 0 cle>ly evid5t to ! ,g]man p t boys %\ld n be cut (f f s*ool education at ?is e>ly age4 ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,russell 9 8 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools says3 ,! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools are q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r--n "o boy 9 t5 ?\s& f9ds 8 way f ! highe/ class ( ! elem5t>y s*ool into ! ,gymnasium4 ,x is evid5t t ye> by ye> an increas+ly l>ge numb] ( boys discont9ue _! education at ! close ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 = a /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,n4 ,sadl]1 7,vol4 ,,iii ( ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,london71 "s ye>s prior to ! above writ+1 w\ld seem to indicate a less] p]c5tage ( dropp+ out ?an t propos$ by ,dr4 ,russell4 ,! desire !n = m ext5d$ educational advantages mu/ h be5 e>ly felt1 & !re sprang into exi/5ce :at has s9ce develop$ into "o ( ! mo/ significant features & f>-rea*+ factors 9 ! ,g]man s*eme1--! cont9uation s*ool4 ,i quote f ,mr4 ,h4 ,b]tram :o writes ( ! cont9uation s*ools 9 ,b]l91 ,decemb]1 #ahii3 ,amid ! developm5t ( civilization among ! nations ! idea ( ! cont9uation s*ool is mak+ its way ) increas+ /r5g?4 ,urg5tly requir$ by ! conditions ( social organization1 & 9 its turn act+ on !m1 ! new in/itution appe>s 9 _m =ms4 ,x claims its place side by side ) ! ,*ur* & ! ,s*ool4 ,among ! great numb] ( ^? :o ent] e>ly ^u ! practical bus9ess ( life1 to :om ! prim>y s*ool has (f]$ a />t !re awak5s1 soon] or lat]1 ! desire to %>e 9 ! /ores ( k :i* human intellig5ce has won1 9 ! insight into ! work+ ( ! =ces ( nature1 :i* x has acquir$ & appli$ to indu/ry1 9 ! arts :i* ennoble & support human action2 9 %ort to p>ticipate 9 ! spiritual treasures :i* are1 z x 71 ! bir?right ( ^? born "u a lucki] />4 ,?is desire1 :i* op5s to ! dilig5t ! way to mat]ial prosp]ity & inn] cont5tm5t1 seems = society z a :ole an important inc5tive to indu/rial progress1 & turns ! discont5t ( ! slaves ( ma*9]y into happ9ess ( m5 consci\s ( _! own success4 ,! m ! old ord] *anges :i* held ! "w p 9 ! n>r[ bonds ( tradition1 ! m is cu/om>y prescription replac$ by education & indep5d5t judgm5t1 by insight into exi/+ conditions1 by special excell5ce )9 a p>ticul> sph]e4 ,= ?is reason1 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 h[ev] effici5t & me?odically correct its action may be1 _c suffice = ! happ9ess ( ! masses1 nor = ! pres]vation ( society4 ,! in/ruction mu/ come into close contact ) ! life ( ! future citiz51 & mu/ be at ! comm& ( ev]yone desir\s to le>n1 z long z he seeks x4 ,b ! seek]1 born amid su* conditions z ^!1 ne$s guidance4 ,public libr>ies1 newspap]s1 magaz9es help him ! m he pu%es =w>d1 b )\t exp]t assi/ance he h>dly f9ds ! beg9n+ ( ! pa?4 ,?is is ! object ( ! ,cont9uation ,s*ool4 ,x is some:at difficult to def9e ! limits & scope ( ! cont9uation or ,=tbildungss*ul54 ,conditions v>y 9 ! diff]5t ,g]man /ates & especially d !y v>y 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( cont9uation s*ools4 ,def9ition is made ev5 m d\btful :5 we f9d t ! limits ( c]ta9 s*ools ov]lap4 ,x may be said t /ud5ts are regul>ly admitt$ f f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,n infrequ5tly h[ev]1 boys & m5 ( m mature ye>s take advantage ( ! c\rses (f]$4 ,in/ruction is c>ri$ on dur+ ! week-day ev5+s f six to eight o'clock & on ,sunday morn+s4 ,prussia leads ! o!r /ates 9 ! numb] & "* ( h] supplem5t>y s*ools1 ! sy/em hav+ its fulle/ expression 9 ,b]l94 ,! fact became e>ly app>5t t prep>ation1 :atev] l9e ! boy 0 to foll[1 0 necess>y1 & ?is ?\ght is confirm$ 9 ! _m skill$ labor]s 9 ,g]many to-day4 ,9 ,prussia1 z else:]e1 x 0 f\nd t boys _m times left ! common s*ool be=e !y became pr(ici5t 9 any l9e ( book "w4 ,! causes 7 v>i\s2 pov]ty1 indiff]5ce1 sickness1 ov]cr[d+1 poor en=cem5t ( ! compulsory att5dance laws1--all ^! conspir$ to make supplem5t>y s*ools necess>y4 ,9 ! old] prov9ces v little att5tion 0 giv5 ! cont9uation s*ool prior to #ahge1 & almo/ z mu* c\ld be said ( ^? prov9ces :i* 7 acquir$ 9 #ahff4 ,9 #ahdd a report issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction makes m5tion ( ! usefulness ( su* s*ools1 :ile two ye>s lat] a second report has only slightly m to say on ! subject4 ,?is lack ( int]e/ may be attribut$ 9 l>ge measure to ! non-f9ancial support ( ^! s*ools by ! gov]nm5t4 ,sev]al problems _h to be fac$ 9 work+ out ! s*eme4 ,c]ta9 def9ite relations betwe5 ! prim>y & cont9uation s*ools mu/ be obs]v$2 ^? com+ into ! latt] ) an inadequate und]s*ool k mu/ be look$ aft]2 provision mu/ be made = /ud5ts ( less] z well z ( m mature ye>s2 all classes ( occupation mu/ be giv5 att5tion2 ^! & _m o!r difficult que/ions 7 to be met & ov]come4 ,?ree pr9ciples1 says ,mr4 ,b]tram1 h contribut$ to ! solution ( ?is problem--free *oices betwe5 ! c\rses provid$1 free enjoym5t ( ! prep>atory c\rses )\t fee1 & ! selection ( ! tea*]s accord+ to _! atta9m5ts 9 a p>ticul> bran* & _! ability to adapt _! in/ruction to ! ne$s ( ! pupils or p>ticipants 9 ! c\rse4 ,9 c]ta9 sections1 ,nassau & ,hanov] = example1 /ate aid came e>ly to ! cont9uation s*ool4 ,9 #ahgd an increas$ appropriation result$ 9 ! bett]m5t ( ! s*ools !n exi/+ & 9 ! fur!r e/abli%m5t ( l in/itutions4 ,"h ! communities mu/ meet ! co/ ( build+1 heat+1 light+ etc41 & "o-half ( all ! exp5ses n cov]$ by ! actual tuition4 ,s9ce #ahgh !re is a fairly g5]al acceptance ?r\gh\t ! ,empire ( ! /atute provid+ t all employes "u eighte5 ye>s ( age mu/ be all[$ to att5d a cont9uation s*ool1 ! p]iod ( att5dance to be det]m9$ by compet5t au?ority4 ,?is naturally leads ! ,public ,in/ruction ,dep>tm5t to be free 9 its f9ancial support4 ,x w be und]/ood t 9 mo/ cases six h\rs p] week is ! att5dance requir$ & t only ^? :o h left ! ,volkss*ule or l[] s*ool & are n att5d+ any high] in/itution are admitt$4 ,9 ,saxony a some:at diff]5t condition exi/s4 ,*ildr5 :o h n made satisfactory progress 9 ! ,volkss*ule mu/1 p]=ce1 att5d ! cont9uation s*ool = two ye>s4 ,! writ] ( ?is pap] 0 ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! "w ( ! ,sunday classes z se5 9 ,leipzig1 ,saxony1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii4 ,8 fir/ introduction to su* "w 0 made1 :5 on jo9+ a gr\p ( boys1 sev]al ( !m c>ry+ draught+-bo>ds1 he 0 conduct$ by !m to _! s*ool4 ,! g5]al "* & deportm5t ( ! boys1 ! _s & en?usiasm manife/$ by !m1 & ! ?\ghtful & intellig5t quality ( ! "w produc$1 fully ju/ifi$ 9 8 own m9d1 ! validity & wor? ( ! ,sunday class in/ruction4 ,z betwe5 ! s*ools locat$ 9 ! cities & ^? 9 ! small] t[ns & c\ntry places1 !re is "s slight diff]5ce4 ,!y may be classifi$ z 7a7 rural or 7b7 city s*ools1 on acc\nt ( _! location4 ,! di/9ction lies r 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! curricula1 ! ne$s ( ! /ud5ts 9 ! p>ticul> locality be+ kept 9 m9d4 ,9 ! rural s*ools ! programme ( /udies is some:at g5]al1 compris+ ! ,g]man language1 ari?metic1 m5suration1 nature /udy2 & 9 "s in/ances may be add$ to ^!1 geography1 ,g]man hi/ory1 draw+1 gymna/ics & music4 ,?is programme is elective to ! ext5t t ! capacity & previ\s education ( ! pupil are consid]$1 & too1 ! ability ( ! tea*]1 local conditions & ! "t sp5t by ! individual /ud5t4 ,su* s*ools are admoni%$ n to take on ! "* ( te*nical in/itutions1 b r to cont9ue ! g5]al education begun 9 ! ,volkss*ul54 ,only "u c]ta9 conditions is less ?an f\r h\rs p] week ( in/ruction p]missible4 ,9 ,prussia ! city cont9uation s*ools are ( two grades1 ea* grade made up ( a numb] ( classes4 ,9 ! l[] grade s*ools1 in/ruction is giv5 9 accordance ) ! p>ticul> trade or call+ ! pupil is to foll[4 ,9 ! upp] grade1 "w is mu* ! same1 pr(ici5cy be+ ! *ief additional feature4 ,:5 six h\rs ( "w is ! m9imum1 language1 ari?metic1 elem5t>y geometry & draw+1 =m ! body ( ! c\rse2 :ile p5man%ip1 geography1 hi/ory1 gramm> & nature /udy all are tak5 up 9 connection ) ! read+ "w4 ,bus9ess =ms are n ov]look$4 ,9 ! m fully equipp$ s*ools :]e ! tea*]s are prep>$ = su* bran*es1 high] ma!matics1 me*anics1 physics & advanc$ draw+ are tak5 up4 ,if1 z be=e /at$1 ! v>i\s types ( cont9uation s*ools ov]lap1 ! same is true reg>d+ ! trade & indu/rial cont9uation s*ools4 ,:ile 9 _m in/ances ! "w 9 ! latt] s*ools is ( a g5]al "*1 aim+ to supplem5t or r\nd out ! education ( ! pupil1 we f9d t _m ( ! orig9al s*ools ( ?is class h develop$ into a =m ( special or trade s*ool4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh pressure f )\t1 z x 74 ,:5 a c]ta9 indu/ry pr$om9ates 9 a locality support+ a cont9uation s*ool1 x is only fair to suppose t ! "w done1 g5]al ?\gh x may be1 w be color$ to "s ext5t at lea/1 by ! dem&s ( su* indu/ry4 ,if ?is process ( m]g+ is c>ri$ suffici5tly f>1 z is 9 _m cases done1 ! s*ool may lose almo/ or entirely its orig9al tr5d1 & f a ,=tbildungss*ule1 fall into ! class ( trade or ,fa*s*ul54 ,9 ! ma9 !n1 ! in/ruction giv5 9 a cont9uation s*ool prop]1 is ei!r ( a !oretical nature or involves "s =m ( draw+ p]haps1 ?us r5d]+ any o!r ?an an ord9>y s*ool room unnecess>y = class use4 ,9 ! city ( ,leipzig ! situation is dissimil> to t 9 "s nor? ,g]man cities4 ,"h ! classes are arrang$ accord+ to ! v>i\s trades foll[$1 z bookb9d]s1 pr9t]s1 li?ograph]s1 bak]s1 metal work]s1 work]s 9 wood & /one1 etc4 ,!re are aga9 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many simply s*ools ( draw+ ) special ref]5ce to ! v>i\s trades & indu/ries4 ,9 addition to ^! are classes ( a g5]al nature = boys n foll[+ special trades4 ,su* s*ools h[ev]1 _c be f\nd 9 ! small] t[ns or 9 ! c\ntry4 ,c]ta9 o!r ,saxon cities h s*ools ( some:at simil> "*4 ,9 ! ,consul> ,report1 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #bjb1 page #ddg1 #ahih1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,monoghan says1 writ+ "u ! title ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many3 ,! supplem5t>y s*ools are = ! p :o h to "w1 :at ,*autauquas1 summ] s*ools1 & univ]sity ext5sion c\rses are = o!rs4--,p>ties 9 politico-economic circles h f\nd t ! sy/em ( common s*ool education "u :i* boys & girls 7 giv5 an ord9>y education 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic etc41 up to _! f\rte5? ye>1 0 inadequate1 p>tially if n :olly1 to ! ends aim$ at 9 su* a sy/em4 ,to supply ?is defect x 0 urg$1 & f9ally propos$ & favorably act$ ^u1 t graduates ( ! common s*ools1 boys especially1 9 "s few cases girls too1 %\ld cont9ue to get in/ruction a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs a week4 ,?is 0 made compulsory4 ,manufactur]s1 %opkeep]s1 & me*anics 9 ^: employ su* boys 7 f\nd1 & n ! p>5ts1 7 made responsible = ! boys' att5dance4 ,9 ^! s*ools1 z indicat$ 9 ! =ego+1 ! boys get z good an idea z possible ( ! trade or bran* ( bus9ess 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,z a rule1 ! h\rs ( att5dance are e>ly 9 ! morn+ or a c]ta9 numb] ( aft]noons 9 ! week4 ,sunday morn+s are n ?\ght too sacr$ = su* "w4 ,x seems to be an ackn[l$gem5t t ! ye>s hi!rto giv5 to a boy 9 :i* to get an education1 viz41 f 8 six? to 8 f\rte5? ye>1 are n en\gh to prep>e him = ! /ruggle = life t he has to ent] ^u4 ,m5 h told me1 successful m]*ants & ag5ts "h1 t !y owe m to ! h\rs sp5t 9 ! develop+ or supplem5t>y s*ools f ! practical "* ( ! in/ruction giv5 & ! in=mation imp>t$1 ?an to ! _m ye>s sp5t 9 ! common s*ools4 ,:ile "o is h>dly will+ to believe ?is1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! good "w done1 & be+ done1 by ! s*ools ref]r$ to4 ,! ,h&w]ks*ul5 9 ,b]l9 are v simil> to ,=tbildungss*ul5 9 ,leipzig = example4 ,^! s*ools h se5 a m>vel\s developm5t dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,!y h a te*nical quality1 giv+ mu* att5tion to draw+4 ,! sessions are 9 ! ev5+1 eight h\rs p] week1 ! fee be+ six m>ks ! half ye>4 ,!y are att5d$ by j\rneym5 & appr5tices :o come recomm5d$ by _! employ]s4 ,9 connection ) ^! s*ools v>i\s ,sunday classes are conduct$ ?r\gh\t ! city1 ea* c5t] specializ+ along c]ta9 trade l9es4 ,! ,b]l9 ,h&w]k] ,v]e9 is a type ( cont9uation s*ool1 su/a9$ n by ! /ate b by an association4 ,! ,v]e91 f\nd$ 9 #ahei1 has = its object ! promotion ( g5]al culture1 a p>tial k at lea/ ( ! sev]al call+s repres5t$1 & good mann]s 7gute ,sitt574 ,! moral & e?ical elem5ts are n lack+4 ,"h public lectures ( real m]it are giv51 toge!r ) music1 gymna/ics1 & in/ruction 9 g5]al & te*nical subjects4 ,boys ( good "*1 ov] sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 are admitt$4 ,! families ( ! boys 9 att5dance are also all[$ to avail !mselves ( su* g5]al ex]cises1 lectures1 music1 etc41 z ! s*ool (f]s4 ,:at may also be /yl$ z belong+ 9 a s5se 9 ! cont9uation s*ool category is ! ,g]man ,association = ! ,diffusion ( ,popul> ,education1 ) headqu>t]s 9 ,b]l94 ,bran*es ( ?is association are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfi1 ! indu/rial code provid$ t all boys "u eighte5 ye>s ( age might1 at ! discretion ( ! local au?orities1 be compell$ to att5d s*ool4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! local or ,/ate au?ority 0 "h consult$1 r ?an ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t h[ev]1 :5 ! adju/m5t ( ?is matt] is n 9 ! h&s ( local au?ority1 ! employ] mu/1 if ^? engag$ ) him desire s to d1 all[ su* boys to att5d s*ool at _! option4 ,9 "s ,/ates h[ev]1 ,saxony1 ,bav>ia1 ,hesse & ,bad51 compulsory s*ool laws are 9 =ce among all boys f\rte5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,at pres5t ! law ( #ahia is active & ! portion t\*+ our problem is "h giv53 ,employ]s are requir$ to give ! necess>y "t1 to be det]m9$ ev5tually by ! compet5t au?orities1 to _! work+m5 "u eighte5 ye>s ( age :o att5d an educational e/abli%m5t recogniz$ by ! communal adm9i/ration or by ! ,/ate z an adult's s*ool4 ,in/ruction %all n be giv5 on ,sunday except :]e ! h\rs are s fix$ t ! pupils are n prev5t$ f att5d+ ! pr9cipal religi\s ex]cise or a religi\s ex]cise ( _! fai? especially conduct$ = !m ) ! cons5t ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,! c5tral adm9i/ration may1 until ,octob] #a1 #ahid1 accord exemptions f ! la/ provision to adult s*ools already 9 exi/5ce1 att5dance ^u :i* is n obligatory4 ,= purposes ( ?is law s*ools giv+ in/ruction 9 manual "w & dome/ic duties to wom5 %all be consid]$ z adult s*ools4 ,?is citation po9ts out t ! ,sunday class "w mu/ n conflict ) ! religi\s s]vices4 ,!re is a /rong s5tim5t 9 _m places 9 favor ( a repeal ( su* laws z prohibit ,sunday classes at su* times z *ur* s]vices are held4 ,_m ( ! cl]gy are oppos$ to ! ext5d+ ( ,sunday cont9uation s*ools1 :ile = ! mo/ "p ! gov]nm5t au?orities are favorable to su* ext5sion4 ,z reg>ds ! compulsory age limit1 ,prussia ( all ! ,g]man /ates is foll[+ out ! option giv5 ! individual ,/ates4 ,x is wor?y ( note t %e decl>es 7:ile decl9+ to accept ! law7 t :]e fre$om is all[$1 boys are m likely to cont9ue 9 s*ool aft] _! eighte5? ye>4 ,x is insi/$ also t ) ! re/rictions remov$1 a deep] int]e/ is excit$ 9 ! s*ool /udies4 ,! /atem5t is made h[ev] t 9 ,prussia two ?irds ( ! indu/rial cont9uation s*ools h compulsory att5dance laws 9 =ce z ! local au?orities may det]m9e4 ,c]ta9 x is t mu* /ress is laid ^u ! e?ical side ( in/ruction 9 ! cont9uation s*ools & x is agre$ t ! compulsory s*ool %\ld n transplant ! regul> cont9uation s*ool1 except :]e x seems absolutely necess>y to d s4 ,9 ,bav>ia = example1 :]e ! age limit by law is ?irte51 ! compulsory s*ool has a place = ! "t be+ at lea/4 ,9 ,b]l91 a c5tury ago1 ,sunday aft]noon classes 7 inaugurat$1 ) a programme no m v>i$ ?an t furni%$ by ! ?ree ,r's4 ,appr5tices n equipp$ ) suffici5t s*ool tra9+ 7 =c$ to att5d ! s*ools4 ,9 #ahfi ! p[] 0 wre/$ f ! trade guilds & ! elective sy/em result$1 lat] produc+ ! ,elem5t>y ,cont9uation ,s*ool4 ,! local city gov]nm5t f\nd$ at a lat] date ?ree su* s*ools1 & 9 ^! a m div]sifi$ curriculum 0 op]at$1 add+ to ! ?ree ,r's1 ,g]man composition & lit]ature1 mod]n languages1 natural sci5ce1 political sci5ce1 law1 bookkeep+ & draw+4 ,= v>i\s reasons ^! s*ools 7 n att5d$ by a full measure ( success & ! city au?orities =mulat$ ! plan ( plac+ ! cont9uation s*ools 9 "s ( ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 c\rses to be op]ative 9 w9t] only4 ,lat]1 f ! prep>atory s*ool1 :i* fitt$ = ! cont9uation s*ool prop]1 grew up ! te*nical cont9uation s*ool4 ,!re are at ! pres5t twelve s*ools ( ! cont9uation type 9 ,b]l94 ,a l>ge att5dance is desir$1 = ) l>ge classes gr\ps ( v>i\s intellectual /&>ds may be =m$4 ,! /ud5t is free to elect subjects--z betwe5 c]ta9 languages1 ma!matics or art /udies4 ,! ,director ( ! s*ool1 by keep+ 9 t\* ) ! employ]s 9 ! v>i\s trades & %ops1 c ?us control ! att5dance & %ape ! c\rse ( ! l9es ( "w (f]$4 ,"s t5 ye>s s9ce1 two special l9es ( in/ruction 7 )drawn f ! cont9uation s*ool prop]--! c>p5t]s' s*ool & ! ,gew]besaal1 compris+ "w 9 draw+ & !ory involv$ 9 ma*9e con/ruction & ! l4 ,c\rses = turn]s are (f]$ 9 ! c>p5t]s' s*ools4 ,9 ,b]l9 !re are 9 excess ( n9e c5t]s = ! la/ nam$ s*ool & t5 c5t]s = ! ,gew]besaal1 ! w9t] classes runn+ up to #bjjj & #hej pupils respectively4 ,?is example s]ves to illu/rate ! fact m5tion$ 9 a previ\s connection1 viz41 t ! ,=tbildungss*ule 0 9 "s cases m]g$ into a special s*ool1 = "h 9 reality a ,fa* or trade in/itution has develop$ f ! orig9al cont9uation s*ool4 ,?is practice has be5 go+ on m or less ext5sively among ! v>i\s s*ools2 & 9 ,b]l9 especially1 ! cont9uation s*ool has be5 ! f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! ,fa*s*ul54 ,some?+ m w be said 9 ?is connection 9 ! section "u trade s*ools4 ,reg>d+ ! cont9uation s*ools = girls & wom5 a ^w may be add$4 ,z ) ! boys' s*ools1 s ^! design$ = girls 7 put on foot1 p>tly at lea/1 f an e?ical /&po9t4 ,girls sp5d+ _! days 9 ! factory & %op 7 9 ne$ ( a ref9+ influ5ce1 & ?is ! cont9uation s*ool af=d$4 ,c\rses 7 (f]$ 9 ! ,g]man language1 ari?metic1 sew+ & dressmak+4 ,! ef=ts made to give girls ?is tra9+ 7 n entirely successful4 ,s _m objections to ,sunday "w 7 br\ght =w>d t x 0 discont9u$4 ,! burd5s ( ! day fell s heavily ^u ! girls t !y 7 n ambiti\s to att5d ev5+ classes4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! s*ools are m l>gely att5d$ by girls :o1 dur+ ! day1 rema9 9 ! family1 & 9 ! s*ool take up ! h\sehold arts1 sew+1 cutt+ out1 & ! l1 & also languages1 ma!matics1 geography1 etc41 gymna/ics & music1 %or?& & typewrit+4 ,x is hop$ soon to introduce cook]y 9 all girls' s*ools4 ,draw+ is giv5 mu* att5tion4 ,!re are 9 ,b]l91 n9e municipal cont9uation s*ools = girls1 :i* are1 z ! "n indicates1 ma9ta9$ by ! city4 ,,iii ,,trade ,,s*ools#a ,z has be5 indicat$ 9 ano!r connection1 ! classification ( trade s*ools z su*1 is some:at unc]ta94 ,x has be5 %[n t _m ( ! pres5t s*ools = special trades h evolv$ f ! cont9uation s*ools ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! transition /ate x is sometimes q difficult to def9itely place a c]ta9 s*ool1 :e!r 9 ! trade cont9uation1 or trade gr\p prop]1 or to class x ) ! ,indu/ries*ul54 ,! trade cont9uation s*ools h l>gely sup]s$$ ! regul> trade s*ools1 9 _m localities at lea/1 & :]e ?is condition exi/s1 trade in/ruction seems to be los+ gr\nd1 "h ! ,=tbildungss*ul5 on ! "o h&1 & regul> appr5tice%ips on ! o!r1 com+ 9 to supplant trade tea*+4 ,footnote #a3 ,! two previ\s articles 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,s*ool ,bullet9 = ,july & ,augu/1 #aijf4 ,! seem+ contradictory /atem5ts made "h mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! _s r ?an 9 ! lett]1 if ! full mean+ & significance ( ! trade s*ool is to be grasp$4 ,trades are taught z =m]ly4 ,! po9t made is t :ile ! trade s*ool1 p] se1 is do+ its "w1 boys are1 m & m1 be+ tra9$ = _! trades 9 ! s-call$ trades cont9uation s*ools & z appr5tices 9 ! %ops4 ,! latt] =m ( tra9+ w be spok5 ( else:]e 9 ?is section ( ! pap]4 ,we h not$ 9 foll[+ ! "w ( ! cont9uation s*ool1 t ! attempt has be5 ma9ly t[>d ! tea*+ ( !oretical subjects1 ! practical l9es be+ c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! regul> daily occupations ( ! individuals4 ,h5ce ! trade is n held specifically 9 m9d1 al?\gh ! desir$ end is always kept 9 view4 ,9 ! trade s*ools on ! o!r h&1 ! "w is l>gely ( a practical nature1 deal+ ) "s p>ticul> occupation4 ,! =ego+ /atem5t may be tak5 z fairly repres5t+ ! ,fa*s*ule po9t ( view1 b x %\ld be obs]v$ t :ile ^! s*ools are special trade s*ools1 tra9+ = example iron work]s1 or jo9]s1 or tailors1 !re is a diff]5tiation )9 ! g5]al class4 ,i ref] to ! ,gew]bes*ul51 :]e !oretical lessons are sometimes taught4 ,^! s*ools w be giv5 m5tion 9 ! second>y gr\p4 ,admission to ! trade s*ools is ga9$ usually at f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ! l5g? ( ea* c\rse cov]+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,! s*ools are 9 receipt ( f9ancial aid f bo? /ate & local gov]nm5ts4 ,to simplify our /udy1 we %all consid] only su* in/itutions z deal ) a s+le trade ea*1 leav+ ! s*ools = ! build+ trades & ! l1 & ^? deal+ ) indu/rial art & draw+ to be treat$ else:]e4 ,specialization has be5 c>ri$ s f> t ! foll[+ li/s ( s*ools1 ea* tra9+ = its own p>ticul> trade or call+1 may be giv54 ,! li/ is arrang$ alphabetically & )\t ref]5ce to ! relative importance ( ! v>i\s vocations1 or to ! numb] ( s*ools4 ,su* s*ools are n[ f\nd pretty g5]ally 9 ! l>g] cities ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,"s ( ^! are day s*ools2 "s ev5+ s*ools1 & o!rs aga9 (f] bo? day & ev5+ c\rses & ,sunday in/ruction4 ,,s+le ,,trade ,,s*ools ,s*ools = ,bak]s ,b>b]s & ,hairdress]s ,basketmak]s1 ,wick]work]s1 & ,/rawplait]s ,blacksmi?s ,bookb9d]s ,c>p5t]s & ,cab9etmak]s ,*imney ,sweeps ,confection]s ,coop]s ,g>d5]s ,glazi]s ,jo9]s ,m>9e ,ma*9i/s ,masons ,pa9t]s ,pap]hang]s & ,decorators ,plumb]s ,photograph]s ,pott]s ,pr9t]s ,saddl]s1 ,trimm]s & ,trunkmak]s ,%oemak]s ,tailors ,t9smi?s ,toymak]s ,uphol/]]s ,wagonmak]s & ,:eelwrights ,wat* & ,clockmak]s ,woodc>v]s ,"s ( ! above nam$ in/itutions are 9 c]ta9 localities /yl$ appr5tice%ip s*ools4 ,^! tra9 workm5 & =em5 ( a m9or degree4 ,%op "w is (f]$1 & 9 "s cases pure & appli$ art z well4 ,! ev5+ "w ( ! s-call$ ,artisans' ,s*ools ( ,b]l91 are des]v+ ( special m5tion4 ,!re are two su* in/itutions1 call$ respectively s*ool numb] "o & s*ool numb] two4 ,! fir/ 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhj2 ! second 9 #ahib4 ,! aim ( ^! s*ools is to give to tradesm5 & appr5tices 9 _! leisure h\rs su* a k ( draw+1 ! arts & sci5ces1 z w f9d an application 9 _! own l9es ( "w4 ,! grade ( in/ruction v>ies f q elem5t>y "w to t = advanc$ /ud5ts1 ! latt] be+ oblig$ to pres5t evid5ce ( fitness be=e ent]+4 ,! foll[+ c\rses are (f]$1 ! figures indicat+ ! numb] ( h\rs p] week devot$ to ea*4 ,ari?metic #b ,algebra #b ,geometry #b ,trigonometry #b ,analytical geometry & calculus #a ,ma!matical problems involv+ physics & me*anics #b ,descriptive geometry #d ,bookkeep+ #b ,physics #d ,me*anics #b ,electro-te*nics #d ,*emi/ry #d ,*emi/ry & ph>macy #d ,free-h& draw+ #b-d ,aqu>elle #d ,projection #d ,ornam5t #d ,trade draw+ accord+ to occupation #d ,model+ 9 wax & clay #d ,decorative pa9t+ #d ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 s*ool numb] two (f]s3 ,*as+ #d ,practical wr\ght-iron "w #d ,sket*+ & calculat+ ! elem5ts ( ma*9]y #b ,! c\rses cont9ue = two ye>s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :]eas c]ta9 enactm5ts are 9 =ce reg>d+ ! ,sunday sessions ( ! ,=tbildungss*ul51 !re are no su* re/rictions plac$ ^u ! ,fa*s*ul51 ,sunday morn+ classes be+ held at ! discretion ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,let u ref] to our table ( s+le trade s*ools z giv5 above4 ,! /atem5ts :i* foll[ h 9 mo/ cases be5 tak5 f data relat+ to ! s*ools ( ,b]l91 & may be said to fairly repres5t ! g5]al exi/+ conditions ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,9 ! s*ool = bak]s1 in/ruction is giv5 "o day weekly = two & "o half h\rs4 ,! !oretical "w 7:i* 9 common ) all su* "w 9 ! regul> trade s*ools1 is relat$ directly to ! p>ticul> trade "u discussion7 is made up ( *emi/ry & bookkeep+4 ,9 ! b>b]s' & hairdress]s' s*ools1 in/ruction is c>ri$ on six days ea* week1 f\r h\rs daily1 ! s*ool cont9u+ six mon?s ( ! ye>1 cov]+ ! w9t] p]iod4 ,ea* class receives f\rte5 h\rs in/ruction p] week4 ,:ile ! bak]s' s*ool is support$ by ! guild1 ! b>b]s' s*ool is jo9tly ma9ta9$ by /ate1 city & guild4 ,! curriculum includes %av+1 hair cutt+1 & hair dress+1 wig mak+1 & ladies' hair dress+4 ,a tuition ( ?ree m>ks is *>g$ = ! t]m1 9 ! case ( appr5tices1 & six m>ks = j\rneym52 a *>ge five times z great is made = ladies' hair dress+1 & = ! surgical lectures1 t5 m>ks4 ,! guild1 /ate & municipality ma9ta9 ! s*ool = basketmak]s & wick]work]s4 ,appr5tices receive in/ruction free1 f\r m>ks ea* seme/] be+ *>g$ ! j\rneym5 & adults4 ,att5dance is compulsory on ! "p ( appr5tices ( guild memb]s4 ,f\r h\rs "w p] week are giv51 on ,saturdays4 ,! annual exp5ses ( ! s*ool1 are ab\t five hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,f\r c\rses are (f]$1 z foll[s3 fir/1 g5]al basket mak+ & wick] furniture2 second1 mak+ ( small wick] furniture2 ?ird1 l>ge wick] furniture2 f\r?1 f9e & arti/ic wick] work+4 ,9 ! blacksmi?s' s*ool ! in/ruction is = two h\rs1 "o day ea* week4 ,!oretical "w 9 horse%oe+1 & draw+ relat$ to ! c\rse are taught4 ,! city & guild support ! s*ool = bookb9d]s4 ,! /ud5ts are bo? appr5tices & j\rneym54 ,!y "w week day ev5+s & ,sunday morn+s4 ,! purpose is n to produce tradesm51 b r to make m pr(ici5t ^? engag$ 9 "s =m ( bookb9d+1 & to ?is end applicants mu/ h _h exp]i5ce am\nt+ to two ye>s "w be=e ent]+ ! s*ool4 ,all /ud5ts mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 ! g5]al elem5ts und]ly+ ! trade be=e !y are all[$ to take up any phase z a specialty4 ,no fee is *>g$ ! appr5tices ( guild memb]s2 o!rs pay five m>ks p] t]m2 j\rneym5 pay n9e m>ks p] t]m4 ,9 ! cab9etmak]s' s*ool1 all l9es ( "w p]ta9+ to ! trade are tak5 up1 draw+ & design+ = trade purposes2 free-h& draw+2 model+1 c>v+2 prop]ties ( woods1 etc4 ,in/ruction is giv5 week day ev5+s & ,sunday =5oons4 ,f\r m>ks are *>g$ = ! fir/ t]m 9 ! draw+ c\rse & = ea* subsequ5t t]m1 two m>ks4 ,! subjects tak5 up are3 *emi/ry1 free-h& draw+1 projection1 trade draw+1 p]spective & %ad[s1 draw+ f ca/1 model+ & wood c>v+1 jo9]y4 ,! s*ool is "u public control4 ,9 mo/ ( ! rema9+ trade s*ools1 in/ruction is pretty g5]ally giv5 on week day ev5+s & ,sunday morn+s1 ! appr5tices ( guild memb]s pay+ no fee1 a small *>ge be+ made = outsid]s4 ,! support comes f city1 /ate & guild 9 mo/ cases4 ,9 ! s*ool = masons h[ev]1 !re is a prep>atory c\rse & also a c>p5t]s' c\rse1 ! :ole cov]+ a ?ree ye>s t]m4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! in/ruction is ?or\gh1 cov]+ plans1 draw+s & specifications2 /one1 brick1 & wood con/ruction2 f\ndations1 ar*es1 /aircases1 ro(s1 & ! l4 ,almo/ )\t exception 9 all ^! s*ools ! w9t] att5dance is great] ?an t 9 ! summ]4 ,c]ta9 individual s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,empire des]ve special m5tion1 ! ,royal ,fa*s*ule ( ,is]lohn1 ! fir/ 9 ,prussia1 be+ a notable example4 ,"h h&work is comb9$ ) indu/rial art adapt$ to metal "w4 ,boys :o ent]$ ! trade 71 9 ! e>ly days ( ! s*ool1 f\nd to be 9 ne$ ( bo? !oretical & practical "w1 s ea* has a place 9 ! curriculum4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rse is ?ree ye>s1 cov]+ ! trades ( design]s1 wood c>v]s1 m\ld]s1 f\nd]s1 turn]s1 *as]s1 engrav]s1 gild]s1 & et*]s4 ,"h are taught draw+ 9 all its bran*es2 model+ 9 wax & clay2 hi/ory ( art & metal "w2 elem5ts ( *emi/ry & physics2 ma!matics2 ,g]man4 ,practical "w 9 ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! /ud5t is engag$1 is giv51 ! /ud5t /at+ on entrance :at subject he desires to take up4 ,! "t ( in/ruction is f eight to twelve1 9 ! w9t] season1 & f sev5 to elev5 9 ! summ]4 ,! aft]noon session is f two to six4 ,9 ! eng9e]+ trade s*ool1 ?ree h\rs p] day are devot$ to ornam5tal draw+1 ,g]man1 physics & ari?metic4 ,z ! in/ruction is plann$ = work+ p x is l>gely !oretical4 ,! ,reims*eid s*ool is ( ! appr5tice%ip ord]4 ,att5tion is giv5 ! mak+ ( edge tools & su* o!r implem5ts z are manufactur$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,all /ud5ts take draw+ & design z appli$ to iron "w4 ,!y are made acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( iron "w t c be c>ri$ on 9 ! home2 are s*ool$ 9 ! use ( ! tools made2 le>n reg>d+ ! m>kets at :i* !y are sold1 & ! v>i\s me?ods ( _! manufacture4 ,?us a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ 8 trade is giv5 ! boy & he becomes acqua9t$ ) ! comm]cial side ( 8 call+ :ile und]go+ ! necess>y prep>ation 9 manipulation4 ,! !oretical "w is giv5 9 ! morn+ & :at %op practice is (f]$ is 9 ! aft]noon f two to sev54 ,! tuition is tw5ty doll>s p] ye>4 ,! ,pott]y ,trade ,s*ool at ,hohr ,gr5zhaus51 ,prussia1 is "u ,/ate control4 ,!re are day & ev5+ classes1 ! =m] att5d$ = ! mo/ "p by ! sons ( manufactur]s2 ! ev5+ classes by m5 & wom5 :o are employ$ o!rwise dur+ ! day4 ,!re are ,sunday classes also4 ,decorat$ /onew>e is giv5 mu* att5tion4 ,! day class boys ent] ) a fairly good k ( draw+ & h p]haps att5d$ ! ,=tbildungss*ule4 ,draw+1 descriptive geometry1 model+ 9 clay & wax1 new =ms ( vessels & orig9al ornam5tation1 pa9t+1 design+ & decorative art1 manufacture ( e>!nw>e1 lectures & /udy ( collections1 make up ! curriculum4 ,any orig9al model made becomes ! prop]ty ( ! fa!r ( ! boy1 or ( ! p]son f9ancially support+ su* boy dur+ 8 att5dance at s*ool4 ,two duplicates ( ! model mu/ be left at ! s*ool4 ,! c\rses are ?ree ye>s1 daily sessions1 ,saturdays except$4 ,! fees are nom9al1 be+ only five doll>s p] ye> = ! day classes1 ?irty h\rs weekly1 & "o doll> = ev5+ "w1 two h\rs weekly4 ,pupils liv+ outside ! municipality pay six doll>s p] ye> = day in/ruction4 ,! ,furtwang51 or ,black ,=e/ s*ools are made up ( sev]al divisions1 giv+ r a high class ( in/ruction4 ,clock mak+1 wood c>v+1 & /raw plait+1 are l>gely c>ri$ on4 ,?is pap] w\ld n be complete )\t "s m5tion ( ! sy/em ( appr5tice%ip 9 vogue 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,lehrw]k/aett5 or appr5tice %ops play a consid]able "p 9 ! indu/rial life ( ! ,empire4 ,9 "s in/ances !y are ma9ta9$ 9 connection ) ! trade s*ools1 or aga91 are semi-private or sep>ate %ops4 ,! appr5tice%ip %ops on ! "o h&1 & ! cont9uation s*ools ^u ! o!r1 are do+ mu* ( ! "w =m]ly und]tak5 by ! trade s*ools prop]4 ,:ile manufactur+ ^u a l>g] scale is recogniz$ z possess+ advantages ov] ! small] productive plants1 x has seem$ wise to hold to ! h&icrafts1 9 a measure at lea/4 ,! appr5tice sy/em helps to pres]ve ! traditions & s5tim5ts ( ! ,g]man p1 by h&+ d[n ^! h&icrafts4 ,! associations1 v]e9s1 & guilds ( pa/ "t1 are to-day1 ?r\gh ! aid ( legislation1 com+ to ! =e1 & br++ ) !m _m boys tra9$ 9 ! %ops "u ! ma/]s4 ,to %[ ! p[] & scope ( ! guild1 & 9 "s cases x is incumb5t ^u a community to =m a guild :e!r or no1 let me give ! foll[+ quotation3 ,p]sons c>ry+ on trades on _! own acc\nt c =m guilds = ! advancem5t ( _! common trade int]e/s4 ,! object ( ! guild %all be3 #a4 ! cultivation ( an esprit de corps & pr(essional pride among ! memb]s ( a trade2 #b4 ! ma9t5ance ( amicable relations betwe5 employ]s & _! employes1 & ! secur+ ( "w = unemploy$ j\rneym5 & _! %elt] dur+ ! p]iod ( _! nonemploym5t2 #c4 ! detail$ regulations ( ! conditions ( appr5tice%ip & ! c>e = ! te*nical & moral education ( appr5tices2 #d4 ! adju/m5t ( disputes betwe5 guild memb]s & _! appr5tices1 z contemplat$ by ! law ( ,july #bj1 #ahij1 conc]n+ indu/rial arbitration4 ,! %ops (f] ab\t ! same l9es ( "w z d ! private conc]ns1 aim+ h[ev] to be m sy/ematic & to cov] a wid] scope4 ,x is ass]t$ by "s t ! in/ruction ga9$ 9 ! %op is sup]ficial1 & n to be comp>$ ) t obta9$ f ! travel+ ma/]-workm54 ,:5 ! %op is connect$ ) "s ent]prise or manufactur+ int]e/1 a ma/]-workman has "o appr5tice only "u 8 *>ge1 = :i* he receives f ! /ate "s ?irty-five doll>s ye>ly1 ! boy be+ giv5 bo>d1 lodg+ & prop] tra9+4 ,! ma/] mu/ h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 & mu/ fulfil c]ta9 te*nical qualifications4 ,! in/ruction is practical 9 ! highe/ degree & ?us foll[s ! lead ( ! trade s*ools 9 lett] & _s4 ,! fees are ma9ly paid 9 by guild memb]s1 & ^? n memb]s ev51 provid$ su* reside 9 ! di/rict & are connect$ ) ! trade = :i* ! s*ool /&s4 ,local & /ate aid is furni%$4 ,:ile ! p]iod ( appr5tice%ip may ext5d ov] f\r ye>s1 ?ree ye>s is ! usual t]m4 ,,iv ,,art ,,trade ,,s*ools ,! v>i\s types ( in/itutions tak5 up "u ?is head are ( an int]m$iate grade1 /&+ half way betwe5 ! trade s*ool on ! "o h& & ! high] te*nical in/itutions ^u ! o!r4 ,inde$1 !y conta9 _m elem5ts 9 common ) ! l[] gr\p1 _! scope h[ev] be+ broad] & m g5]al or indirect1 !oretical "w f9d+ a place 9 _! curricula4 ,ow+ to a simil>ity 9 ! in/ruction giv51 sev]al classes ( s*ools seem to dem& a he>+ "u ?is section4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! m g5]al trade s*ools omitt$ f our previ\s /udy4 ,,s*ools ,,= ,,! ,,build+ ,,trades 7,baugew]ks*ul57 ,! s*ools = ! build+ trades1 ( :i* !re are a half hundr$ 9 ! ,empire1 are v simil> 9 "* ?r\gh\t4 ,! ,muni* s*ool1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbc1 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,_! aim1 z indicat$ 9 ! title1 is ! giv+ ( tra9+ 9 ! trades connect$ ) ! v>i\s build+ op]ations4 ,! majority ( ^! s*ools (f] a c\rse two ye>s 9 l5g?4 ,! age ( admission is f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s4 ,x is a requisite "u "s bo>ds1 t applicants h _h practical exp]i5ce 9 ! l9e to be foll[$1 at lea/ two half-ye>s & 9 "s cases two full ye>s1 be=e entrance to ! s*ool4 ,!y mu/ h also a fair g5]al k ( _! own language1 & ( read+ & writ+ z well4 ,! c&idate mu/ be a graduate ( ! ,volkss*ule or mu/ subject himself to an exam9ation4 ,! fees 9 ^! s*ools v>y f fifty to two hundr$ m>ks p] ye>4 ,^! are day sessions only4 ,! gov]n+ p[] is 9 "s cases ve/$ 9 ! municipality1 frequ5tly 9 ! ,/ate1 & aga9 9 private ent]prise4 ,:ile ^? :o g out f ^! s*ools may1 "s ( !m at lea/1 foll[ ! trades z regul> labor]s1 o!rs aga9 are qualifi$ z ma/]-workm5 & lead]s 9 _! craft4 ,con/ruction 9 wood1 /one1 iron & metals2 laws ( build+2 modes ( heat1 light & v5tilation2 plumb+2 int]ior fitt+s2 ^! & o!r occupations are tak5 up4 ,! sessions ( mo/ s*ools ext5d ov] ! w9t] mon?s only1 ! /ud5ts be+ actively engag$ 9 _! sev]al trades dur+ ! summ] season4 ,^! s*ools hold+ cont9u\s sessions1 are sp>sely att5d$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,:5 !oretical "w is giv51 su* subjects are includ$ z bookkeep+1 descriptive geometry1 physics & me*anics1 ,g]man1 free-h& & me*anical draw+1 design1 pr9ciples ( ar*itecture4 ,! practical programme compreh5ds a /udy ( build+ mat]ials & ! procur+ & work+ ( ! same2 relative /r5g?s & adaptability to purpose2 models ( con/ruction2 ornam5tation2 ar*itecture & design2 e/imates2 *emical prop]ties ( mat]ials2 supports1 trusses1 ar*es & ! l4 ,9 ! m advanc$ in/itutions1 algebra1 survey+1 me*anics1 /udy ( ma*9es & *emi/ry may be add$ to ! !oretical li/ giv51 :ile ! practical /udies are m int5sive1 & ( a some:at high] ord]4 ,special dep>tm5ts = eng9e]+1 7,tiefbauabteilung57 prep>+ m5 to occupy positions z sup]9t5d5ts1 manag]s ( public works1 con/ruction directors1 etc41 are su/a9$ 9 "s in/ances4 ,su* s*ools are ( an inf]ior eng9e]+ type1 & deal ) problems ( advanc$ "w z relat$ to ! con/ruction ( roads1 wat] works & railroads2 municipal eng9e]+2 bridge con/ruction2 electro-te*nics4 ,! !oretical l9es are simil> to ^? pursu$ 9 o!r c\rses4 ,! s*ools to :i* we h j ref]r$ illu/rate well ! /atem5t made 9 a previ\s connection1 t ! grade ( in/ruction r ?an ! "* ( ! subjects taught1 det]m9es ! classification ( s*ools into gr\ps4 ,?ree classes ( trade in/ruction h j be5 m5tion$1 & might well be /yl$ l[]1 middle & upp] s*ools = trade tea*+4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ lies 9 ! fact1 t :ile we h be5 speak+ ( !oretical & practical subjects z =m+ ! curricula ( ! s*ools = ! build+ trades1 ! di/9ction %\ld r be drawn on ! l9e ( traditional book subjects & appli$ or laboratory practice4 ,practical "w1 p] se1 is n c>ri$ on 9 ! s*ool4 ,?us we h a close connection betwe5 !ory & practice2 m closely p]haps ?an is f\nd to exi/ 9 o!r trades4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! di/ribution ( build+ trade s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 ! cities 9 :i* su* s*ools are locat$ be+ giv54 ,anhalt ,z]b/ ,bad5 ,c>lsruhe ,kais]slaut]n ,muni* ,bav>ia ,nuremburg ,ratisbon ,wu]zburg ,brunswick ,holzm9d5 ,hamburg ,hesse ,luebeck ,neu/adt ,meckl5burg-,s*w]9 ,/]nb]g ,meckl5burg-,/relitz ,/relitz ,old5burg ,v>el ,aix-la-,*appelle ,b]l9 ,breslau ,buxtehude ,cassel ,cologne ,deuts*-,krone ,eck]nfo]de ,erfurt ,frank=t-on-!-,od] ,prussia ,go]litz ,hilde%eim ,hoext] ,id/e9 ,katt[itz ,ko5igsb]g ,magdeburg ,mu5/] ,ni5burg ,pos5 ,/ett9 ,reuss-,s*leitz ,g]a ,saxe-,coburg-,go?a ,coburg ,weim> ,saxe-,weim>-,eis5a* ,/adt-,sulza ,*emnitz ,dresd5 ,gross5ha9 ,saxony ,leipzig ,os*atz ,plau5 ,rosswe9 ,zittau ,s*w>zburg-,sond]%aus5 ,arn/adt ,wurttemb]g ,/uttg>t ,,s*ools ,,= ,,=em5 7,w]kmei/]s*ul57 ,! ,w]kmei/]s*ul5 or s*ools = =em51 are q prom95t 9 ! s*eme ( second>y in/ruction4 ,! c\rses giv5 9 ^! s*ools are ( a g5]al "*1 = ! mo/ "p practical1 & ! in/itution1 z ! "n implies1 fits m5 to occupy positions z =em5 & ov]se]s4 ,ma*9e con/ruction is ! *ief indu/ry = :i* ^! s*ools tra94 ,! fir/ s*ool ( ?is "* 0 op5$ 9 #ahee at ,*emnitz1 ,saxony4 ,!re are at pres5t tw5ty-"o s*ools ( ?is class 9 ! ,empire4 ,sixte5 is ! regul> age ( admission4 ,c&idates mu/ h an elem5t>y education on pres5t+ !mselves4 ,two ye>s is ! av]age l5g? ( c\rse1 includ+ bo? w9t] & summ] t]ms4 ,a requisite = admission also is practical exp]i5ce 9 ! trade1 h5ce little o!r ?an !oretical in/ruction is giv54 ,to ! objection made by "s1 to ext5d+ ! c\rse ov] two ye>s ( resid5ce & ( includ+ ! elem5t>y bran*es 9 ! curriculum 7su* opposition favor+ a r$uction 9 "t giv5 to prep>ation7 ! answ] comes t ! s*ool %\ld give a well gr\nd$ education1 su* z w fit ! p>ticipant = all ! functions ( 8 social & indu/rial life4 ,fifty to sixty m>ks is *>g$ ye>ly = tuition fees4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! s*ools h bo? ev5+ & ,sunday classes1 ! tuition be+ tw5ty m>ks ye>ly = week day ev5+s1 eight to n9e =ty-five1 & ,sundays1 eight to t5 9 ! =5oon4 ,table %[+ location ( s*ools = =em53 ,anhalt ,dessau ,bad5 ,mannheim ,bav>ia ,f\r ,me*anis*e ,fa*s*ul5 ,hamburg ,altona ,cologne ,dortmund ,duisburg ,elb]feld-,b>m5 ,prussia ,gleiwitz ,gorlitz ,hanov] ,magdeburg ,is]lohn ,reims*eid ,*emnitz ,saxony ,mittweida ,leipzig ,! foll[+ data 7 compil$ f tables appe>+ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = #aijb4 ,! h\rs p] week all[$ ea* subject taught 9 ! s*ools ( ma*9]y con/ruction1 at ,duisburg & ,dortmund1 ,prussia1 are giv54 ,,duisburg ,,dortmund ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,second ,,ye> ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,second ,,ye> ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fir/,second,fir/,second,fir/,second,fir /,second ,half ,half ,half ,half ,half ,half ,half ,half ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,g]man language & law #d #d #b #b #e #c #b -- ,ari?metic #d #a -- -- #e #b -- -- ,bookkeep+ -- -- -- #b -- -- -- #c ,descriptive ,geometry -- #c -- -- -- -- -- -- ,ma!matics #h #f #d #b #g #f #e #b ,exp]im5tal ,physics -- -- -- -- #d #b -- -- ,physics & ,electricity #d #c #b #b -- #d #c #c ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry #b -- -- -- #b -- -- -- ,p5man%ip #b -- -- -- #a -- -- -- ,draw+ #ab -- -- -- #ag -- -- -- ,ma*9e ,draw+ -- #f #h #h -- #aj #h #ad ,projection -- -- -- -- -- #b -- -- ,me*anics -- #d #d #d -- #e #e #b ,te*nology ( me*anics1 smelt+ & ref9+ -- -- #f #d -- #b #f #d ,!ory ( ma*9es -- #f -- -- -- #f -- -- ,/eam boil]s & hoi/ ma*9es -- -- #f -- -- -- #g -- ,/eam eng9es & hydraulics & small motors -- -- -- #f -- -- -- #h ,heat+ -- #c -- -- -- -- -- -- ,!ory ( build+ con/ruction -- -- #d -- -- -- #b #b ,practice 9 ! "w %op = ma*9]y con/ruction -- -- -- -- -- -- #d #d ,e/imat$ wages -- -- -- #f -- -- -- -- ,fir/ aid to ! injur$ -- -- #a -- -- #a -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #cf #cf #cg #cf #da #dc #db #db ,! foll[+ table %[+ ! occupations ( "o "t /ud5ts at ?ree ( ! ,prussian s*ools 0 compil$ 9 ,april1 #ahih4 ,?is table may be f\nd on page #hhc ( ! ,sev5te5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,columns3 ,a ,duisburg3 ,graduates f ,sept4 #bi1 #ahhc to ,april #aj1 #ahih ,b ,dortmund3 ,graduates f ,sept4 #bi1 #ahib to ,april #aj1 #ahih ,c ,magdeburg3 ,graduates f ,sept4 #bi1 #ahic to ,april #aj1 #ahih ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,occupation ,a ,b ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,heads ( e/abli%m5ts #ed #a #a ,o!r (fic]s ( e/abli%m5ts #bcg #ajg #aa ,ma*9e build]s & =em5 #ci #ah #a ,wage-work]s #cd #i ,own]s ( e/abli%m5ts or %ops #aj #c ,draftsm5 & te*nical exp]ts 9 (fices #hf #ee #hc ,assi/ant ,*emi/s #c ,/ud5ts at o!r s*ools #aa #a #b ,o!r ?an te*nical "w #d #a ,milit>y s]vice #af #bc ,deceas$ #aa ,unkn[n #bf #ba #e --- --- --- ,total #eca #bci #ajc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,s*ools ,,= ,,! ,,textile ,,trades ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ gr\ps ( trade s*ools are ^? = ! promotion ( ! textile indu/ry 9 its v>i\s aspects1 !re exi/+ at ! pres5t "t no less ?an sev5ty-n9e su* in/itutions4 ,! f\rfold classification ( ^! s*ools :i* foll[1 seems to be 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! "w attempt$4 ,fir/2 ! sup]ior weav+ s*ool 7,hoeh]e ,webs*ul574 ,second2 ! second>y weav+ s*ools 7,webs*ul574 ,?ird2 ! appr5tice %ops = weav+ & knitt+ 7,web]eilehrw]k/aett574 ,f\r?2 in/ruction by travel+ or it9]ant ma/]s4 7,w&]lehr]7 ,n only does ,g]many rank high 9 ! "* ( h] textile s*ools1 b in/ruction is exce$+ly wide spread4 ,!n aga9 all l9es ( ! indu/ry are tak5 up1 f ! mo/ elem5t>y to ! mo/ te*nical processes kn[n4 ,x w ?us be se5 t m5 are tra9$ = ! l[] z well z = ! high] bran*es ( ! art4 ,9 ! highe/ classes ( in/itutions weav+ is almo/ exclusively c>ri$ on4 ,! g5]al ,gov]nm5t assumes ! control ( ^! s*ools not)/&+ t 9 ! beg9n+1 _m su* in/itutions 7 put on foot ?r\gh ! initiative ( associations & guilds4 ,9 ea* ( ! sev]al classes ! "w is bo? !oretical & practical4 ,! age ( admission is usually f\rte5 ye>s & ! c\rse ( two ye>s duration4 ,! ,webs*ul5 tra91 n = speciali/s z d ! s*ools j m5tion$1 b r aim to turn out =em5 & bosses4 ,! appr5tice%ip %ops come m closely 9 t\* ) ! workm5 ( small means & ^? us+ h& ma*9]y1 :ile ! ,w&]lehr] s*ools are moveable4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! home becomes ! s*ool :5 ! tea*] is pres5t2 t is a compet5t in/ructor is employ$ to travel f place to place1 visit+ ! small factories or home manufactur]s1 & giv+ su* in/ruction z he deems wise & necess>y4 ,mu* good "w is /ill done 9 ! rural homes ( ,g]many1 & ?r\gh ! means m5tion$ ! /&>ds are kept up4 ,! "w ( ^! textile s*ools is l>gely specializ$1 dep5d+ ^u ! ! location ( ! s*ool4 ,9 "s localities wool1 9 o!rs l95 or cotton1 or aga9 9 o!rs silk w be giv5 ! *ief att5tion4 ,bo? !ory & practice h a place 9 ! s*ool in/ruction4 ,"w 9 ! v>i\s c\rses includes a /udy at fir/ h& ( ! mat]ials us$1 co/ ( production1 relative values1 v>i\s processes ( manipulation1 *emi/ry1 draw+1 design+1 pa9t+1 lectures on fabrics1 elem5ts ( weav+ & ma*9]y us$1 & orig9al design & practical "w4 ,! di/ribution ( textile s*ools is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sup]ior ,textile ,second>y ,weav+ ,prim>y ,weav+ ,weav+1 ,knitt+ & ,trimm+ ,sp9n+1 ,weav+ & ,knitt+ ,,/ate ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ ,prim>y ,knitt+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,alsace-,lorra9e #a ,bav>ia #c ,hesse #a ,prussia #h #h #bb ,reuss-,greitz #a ,reuss-,s*leitz #a ,saxe-,weim>-,eis5a* #a ,saxony #bg ,wurttemb]g #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! ,prussian sup]ior textile s*ools are locat$ z foll[s3 ,aix-la-,*appelle ,brem5 ,b]l9 ,crefeld ,cottbus ,muelheim-on-,rh9e ,mu5*5-,gladba* ,sorau ,! ,b]l9 textile s*ools may be tak5 z fairly repres5t+ ! high] & m completely equipp$ in/itutions ( ?is class4 ,! age ( admission is sixte5 ye>s1 a second>y education be+ necess>y to entrance4 ,sev]al c\rses are (f]$ z foll[s3 knitt+1 "o ye>2 weav+1 "o & "o-half ye>s2 design+1 two ye>s2 passem5t]ie mak+1 "o ye>2 dye+1 "o ye>2 embroid]y1 "o-f\r? ye>4 ,!re are day1 ev5+ & ,sunday classes4 ,! accompany+ table %[s ! subjects taught 9 ea* c\rse & ! numb] ( h\rs giv5 to ea* subject1 reckon$ on ! basis ( ! entire l5g? ( c\rse4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,= manufactur]s & sup]9t5d5ts1 #a #a_/b yrs4 ,design+1 #b yrs4 ,knitt+1 #a yr4 ,,subjects ,passem5t]ie mak+1 #a yr4 ,dye+1 #a yr4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,!ory ( weav+ #d #c #f #f #b ,design transf] #ac #i #c #h ,mat]ials #a #a_/b #a #a ,h& & p[] looms #c #b ,motors #a ,prep>+ app>atus #a ,f9i%+ app>atus #a ,practical ex]cises #h #f #ah #ab #cc ,dye+ #b #b #b ,analysis & production ( knitt+ goods #d ,*emi/ry ( fib]s #b ,*emi/ry & physics #d ,draw+ #h #bc #b #e ,ari?metic & bookkeep+ #b #c #c ,jurisprud5ce #b #a #a ,lecture #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 _m in/ances ! weav+ s*ools h 9 connection ) !m dep>tm5ts = dye+ & f9i%+4 ,9 su* cases mu* att5tion is giv5 to color bl5d+ & h>mony & to *emi/ry z well4 ,,gew]bes*ul5 ,ext5d$ m5tion w n be made ( ! ,gew]bes*ul51 z ! po9t ( di/9ction betwe5 su* s*ools & ! ,fa*s*ul5 0 set =? "u ! la/ section4 ,!y p>take ( ! "* ( trade s*ools1 b are m g5]al 9 _! t5d5cies4 ,:ile bo? !oretical & practical "w are giv51 ! =m] is n always appli$ !ory1 ! ,gew]bes*ul5 be+ bas$ ^u1 :at we 9 ,am]ica speak (1 z ! educational side ( trade in/ruction4 ,^! s*ools are att5d$ by boys & m5 f\rte5 to tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1--individuals repres5t+ ! v>i\s trades4 ,! c\rses cov] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,bo? ,/ate & local moneys g to ! support ( ^! s*ools4 ,! ,gew]bli*e ,fa*s*ule ( ,cologne is some:at di/9ctive4 ,x in/ructs *iefly ! sons ( tradesm5 & sup]ior artisans4 ,!re are ?ree dep>tm5ts 9 ! s*ool3 ,fir/--t ( eng9e]+ & ar*itectural draw+4 ,second--model+ dep>tm5t4 ,?ird--! dep>tm5t ( decoration1 h\sepa9t+1 etc4 ,! session cov]s bo? w9t] & summ] mon?s1 ! w9t] t]m1 z 9 o!r cases1 be+ ! bett] att5d$4 ,o!r typical ,gew]bes*ul5 are locat$ at ,gr5zhaus5 & at ,reims*eid4 ,applicants = admission mu/ h prep>$ 9 ! ,volkss*ule or elem5t>y s*ool4 ,! programme comprises ! ,g]man language1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 lit]ature1 plane & descriptive geometry1 physics1 *emi/ry1 draw+1 me*anics1 ma*9e con/ruction4 ,! prep>ation "h obta9$ fits ! p>ticipants to ent] ! high] s*ools1 or to act z =em5 & ma/]s4 ,^! s*ools also lead up to ! indu/rial s*ools ( ,bav>ia1 ( :i* we %all n[ speak4 ,,indu/rial ,,s*ools ,,( ,,bav>ia 7,indu/ries*ul57 ,! indu/rial s*ools ( ! ,bav>ian ,k+dom /& out z a di/9ct class ( educational in/itutions4 ,"h1 s9ce #ahgb1 !re has be5 a clean cut sy/em1 presid$ ov] by a ,m9i/] ( ,education4 ,:ile ! quality & "* ( ! "w done are q simil> to t tak5 up 9 ! second>y s*ools else:]e1 ! in/itutions are 9 "s respects m exactly def9$ & sup]vision & in/ruction 9 ! s*ools ( weav+1 woodc>v+1 basketmak+1 pott]y1 viol9 mak+1 etc41 is frequ5tly sup]ior to t 9 "s o!r locality4 ,! age ( admission is sixte5 ye>s1 two ye>s be+ ! usual l5g? ( c\rse2 ! education ( ! ,real-,s*ule is a requisite1 or fail+ ?is1 an exam9ation mu/ be tak54 ,9 #aija-aijb ! ,muni* s*ools _h an enrollm5t ( #bda /ud5ts1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 me*anical eng9e]+ #abd2 *emical eng9e]+ #bg2 ar*itecture #fb2 comm]cial #bh4 ,! graduates are fitt$ to occupy positions ( tru/ & prom95ce 9 ! v>i\s indu/rial pursuits ( ! c\ntry & to ent] ! te*nical colleges4 ,! ,indu/ries*ul5 ( ,bav>ia are f\r 9 numb]1 locat$ at ,augsburg ,kais]slaut]n ,muni* ,nuremb]g !y hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfh4 ,advanc$ c\rses are (f]$ 9 me*anical eng9e]+1 *emical eng9e]+1 build+ con/ruction1 & comm]cial education4 ,! s*ool at ,wu]zburg is ( a some:at sup]ior ord]1 al?\gh second>y 9 its t5d5cies1 ma*9]y con/ruction & electro-te*nics be+ giv5 att5tion4 ,9 ! me*anical eng9e]+ c\rse ! foll[+ subjects are /udi$3 elem5t>y ma!matics descriptive geometry calculus survey+ physics ,g]man ,fr5* ,engli% me*anics ma*9e "w ma*9e con/ruction me*anical draw+ practical "w4 ,9 ! *emi/ry c\rse ! curriculum is made up ( ma!matics physics *emi/ry m9]alogy ,g]man ,fr5* ,engli% ma*9e con/ruction laboratory "w4 ,! build+ con/ruction c\rse (f]s language1 me*anical draw+ & ar*itecture4 ,v ,,high] ,,te*nical ,,s*ools ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 ,we h at ?is po9t 9 our /udy rea*$ ! s*ools ( highe/ rank (f]+ tra9+ ( a te*nical "*1 call$ v>i\sly te*nical high s*ools1 te*nical colleges1 or polyte*nics1 ! ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul54 ,^! s*ools are n high s*ools 9 ! s5se t ! t]m w\ld be appli$ to our ,am]ican in/itutions1 b are r s*ools ( collegiate grade1 rank+ 9 fact1 z ! title indicates 9 ! univ]sity class4 ,:ile n exactly comp>able to our eng9e]+ s*ools1 !y approa* m ne>ly ^! ?an !y d any o!r ( our ,am]ican educational in/itutions4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury j clos$ x 0 app>5t to "s ,g]man m9ds m f> see+ ?an ! re/1 t s*ools ( a high] ?an second>y rank mu/ be inaugurat$ to (f] tra9+ 9 ! sci5ces2 give opportunity to %[ ! application ( sci5ce to ! arts2 & prep>e "y m5 to grapple ) sci5tific indu/rial problems su* z 7 con/antly spr++ up4 ,%\ld ! univ]sity attempt su* "w8 ,an ef=t 0 made look+ t[>d ?is end4 ,x 0 at once evid5t t "h 0 n ! place to beg94 ,! univ]sity 0 an in/itution 9 & ( itself4 ,its me?ods1 curriculum & aim 7 fix$1 ow+ to long e/abli%$ cu/oms4 ,x _h a c]ta9 "w to p]=m1 its own peculi> function to fulfill1 & traditional & classical t5d5cy 7 too /rong to be *eck$ 9 _! movem5t1 or to all[ a bran* /ream to fl[ 9 & ?us add to or modify ! exi/+ cont5t4 ,! w> = indu/rial supremacy1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many p>ticul>ly1 0 a prom95t factor lead+ up to ! e/abli%m5t ( te*nical s*ools 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,g]many saw ! necessity = h]oic action1 & h] p1 anxi\s to improve f ! /&po9t ( h] indu/ries at home n only1 b t !y might rival & surpass _! neighbors across ! ,silv] ,/reak readily took up ! cry = advanc$ sci5tific tra9+4 ,?is !n 0 ! object ( ! ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul53#b ,!y 7 int5d$ to secure = sci5ce a foo?old 9 ! work%op1 to assi/ ) ! light ( reason$ !ory ! progress ( arts & indu/ry1 till !n fett]$ by _m a prejudice & h9d]$ ?r\gh lack ( k2 on ! o!r h&1 !y s\ght to raise t "p ( ! nation engag$ 9 indu/ry to su* a love ( culture z w\ld secure to x its due measure ( public respect4 ,footnote #b3 ,note on ! e>li] ,hi/ory ( ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool 9 ,g]many by ,a4 ,e4 ,tw5tyman 9 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,london1 ,vol #i1 page #dfh4 ,! dates ( ! f\nd+ ( ! n[ exi/+ ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 v>y some:at1 c]ta9 ( ! s*ools gr[+ out ( a f\ndation :i* at ! beg9n+ 0 ( a l[ or int]m$iate grade4 ,sev]al ( ! s*ools h pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( transition or reorganization /ate dur+ ! c\rse ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! in/itution1 & "t ( e/abli%m5t ( ea* are z foll[s4 ,b]l91 #agii ,c>lsruhe1 #ahbe ,muni*1 #ahbg ,dresd51 #ahbh ,/uttg>t1 #ahbi ,brunswick1 #ahce ,d>m/adt1 #ahfh ,aa*51 #ahgj ,hannov]1 #ahgi ,9 #agii 0 in/itut$ 9 ,b]l9 ! ,bauakademie1 a ,/ate in/itution ^: purpose 0 set =? 9 ! royal decree ?us3 ,to tra9 9 !oretical & practical k capable surveyors1 ar*itects1 civil eng9e]s1 & masons1 pr9cipally = ! ,k+'s dom9ions1 b =eign]s may f9d admittance if no disadvantage accrue !reby to ! ,k+'s subjects4 ,lat]1 9 #ahba1 ,gew]bes*ule came into exi/5ce1 & 9 #ahgi ! union ( ^! two =m$ ! ,b]l9 ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule :i* is locat$ 9 ,*>lott5burg1 a suburb ( ! city4 ,ow+ to ! high /&>ds ( ?is in/itution1 x is /yl$ ! ,ko5igli*e ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule4 ,s9ce its reorganization ! plans ( ! o!r s*ools ( l "* h be5 modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! ,b]l9 s*eme4 ,! prep>ation necess>y = admission to ! ,ho*s*ul5 is equival5t to t dem&$ by ! univ]sity prop]4 ,! age ( admission probably nev] drops bel[ sev5te51 ! av]age age be+ consid]ably great]4 ,m5 ( mature ye>s & ( wide exp]i5ce & tra9+ avail !mselves to ! privileges (f]$4 ,! c\rses are f ?ree to f\r ye>s 9 l5g?4 #c ,! new univ]sities ?us develop$ h ! purpose ( af=d+ high] in/ruction = ! te*nical positions 9 /ate & community s]vice1 z well z 9 indu/rial life1 & ( cultivat+ sci5ces & arts :i* are intimately connect$ ) ! field ( te*nology 7,b]l9 provisory /atute1 #ahgi74 ,!y prove !mselves equal to univ]sities 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 !y claim = _! matriculat$ /ud5ts ! same prep>atory education requir$ by ! old univ]sities1 namely1 n9e ye>s at a classical high s*ool2 !y grant & insi/ ^u p]fect fre$om 9 tea*+ & le>n+2 & are "u ! direction ( rectors elect$ = "o ye>1 in/ead ( hav+ pr9cipals *os5 = life z 9 second>y s*ools4 ,footnote #c3 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahig-ahih1 page #gj4 ,x may be said "h t an exception to ! rule ( ! annual election ( ! adm9i/rative (fic]s1 is furni%$ 9 ! example ( ! ,muni* s*ool1 :i* reta9s a p]man5t ,director z ! cu/om prevail$ 9 times pa/4 ,unless o!rwise qualifi$1 /ud5ts mu/ h prep>$ 9 ! ,indu/ries*ule1 ! ,gymnasium1 ! ,real-,gymnasium or 9 ! trade or build+ s*ools4 ,9 lieu ( ?is an exam9ation is dem&$4 ,tw5ty-f\r is ! m9imum age ( graduation4 ,9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ^! s*ools f unpret5ti\s beg9n+s to _! pres5t high /&>ds ( excell5ce1 we see t m & m !y h become unifi$ 9 purpose & simil> 9 curricula4 ,9 ! e>ly days too1 ! qualifications = admission1 _! dynamic gov]nm5t1 & educational /&>ds 7 l[] & m div]sifi$ ?an we f9d !m to-day4 ,su/a9$ by ! ,/ate & ea* adm9i/]$ by its bo>d or c\ncil1 !y are do+ a "w :i* _c be excell$ by ! univ]sities !mselves4 ,! organization ( dep>tm5ts ( "w (f]$ is approximately ! same 9 all s*ools4 ,9 ,b]l9 !re are six dep>tm5ts3 fir/1 g5]al s*ool ( appli$ sci5ce2 second1 g5]al con/ruction eng9e]+2 ?ird1 ma*9e con/ruction2 f\r?1 naval eng9e]+2 fif?1 *emi/ry & m9+ eng9e]+2 six?1 ar*itecture4 ,special att5tion is giv5 c]ta9 subjects 9 "o or ano!r ( ^! s*ools2 civil or me*anical eng9e]+1 build+ con/ruction1 indu/rial *emi/ry1 etc4 ,an agricultural dep>tm5t is ma9ta9$ at ,muni*1 & a =e/ry dep>tm5t at ,c>lsruhe4 ,t a k ( ! application ( electricity is consid]$ ess5tial 9 our mod]n me?ods is %[n 9 ! fact t all /ud5ts 9 dep>tm5ts ( ma*9e con/ruction engage 9 ! /udy ( electro-te*nics4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are to-day ^u m ( an elective basis ?an =m]ly al?\gh ev5 n[ ! results ( ! "w ( ,neb5ius are cle>ly se54 ,! success ( ! ,ho*s*ul5 is due to ! ef=ts ( ,neb5ius m ?an to any o!r "o man4 ,8 ideas 7 work$ out at ,c>lsruhe & 9 great] or less] degree incorporat$ into all ! s*ools4 ,x 0 insi/$ by him t a prop] f\ndation mu/ be laid be=e any successful special te*nical tra9+ c be _h4 ,prelim9>y "w mu/ be ma/]$ & a natural sequ5ce ( /udies foll[$4 ,to ?is end a fix$ graduat$ c\rse is recomm5d$1 ! /ud5t to be promot$ z ability may det]m9e4 ,! "o c\rse plan h[ev] has be5 sub/itut$ = ! sev]al4#d ,footnote #d3 ,programm d] ,ko5igl4 ,te*nis*5 ,ho*s*ule zu ,hannov]1 #aija-aijb1 page #ij4 ,d5 ,ho]]n bleibt die ,wahl d] ,lehrfae*] frei ueb]lass51 fu] e9 geordnetes ,/udium empfiehlt si* ab] die ,bea*tung d] folg5d5 ,/udi5 und ,/und5pla5e4 ,! foll[+ table compil$ f v>i\s s\rces w give "s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! "w z c>ri$ on 9 ,b]l94 ,! s*ool has a libr>y ( #ed1jjj volumes2 a /ud5t body ( upw>ds ( #d1ejj & a mod]n equipm5t ?r\gh\t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dep>tm5ts ,no4 ,,subjects ,no4 ( ( ,pr(essors c\rses & ,in/ructors ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,g5]al #eh ,me*anics1 ,physics & g5]al #cc ,sci5ce sci5ce /udies2 lit]ature1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,italian1 law1 political sci5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,civil #cd ,me*anics1 railway con/ruction1 #ac ,eng9e]+ bridges1 canals1 h>bors1 hydraulics1 dra9age1 l& survey+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,me*anical #ed ,k9ematics1 ma*9e con/ruction1 #bc ,eng9e]+ me*anical te*nology1 ma*9e design1 wat]1 /eam & electrical ma*9es1 electro-te*nics1 electro-me*anics1 electrical & railway works4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,naval #ai ,!ory ( %ip build+1 #f ,eng9e]+ classification ( %ips1 design+ ( w>%ips1 boil]s1 ma*9e con/ruction1 practical %ip build+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,*emi/ry #ea ,organic & inorganic *emi/ry #bg & includ+ physical1 electro & ,metallurgy te*nological *emi/ry1 cry/allography1 metallurgy1 f\ndry "w1 cem5ts1 botany1 *emi/ry ( plants & foods4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,ar*itecture #fe ,hi/ory ( art1 ar*itecture & #cf ornam5t2 build+ con/ruction1 design+ ( build+s 9 diff]5t mat]ials & = v>i\s purposes1 prep>ation ( e/imates1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! rivalry exi/+ among ! v>i\s s*ools is 9 "s respects a po9t to be comm5d$4 ,!n1 too1 ! idea tak+ =m 9 ! ,ho*s*ul5 & be+ m fully appreciat$ by ! educationali/s ( our own c\ntry1 t ea* s*ool %\ld specialize along "s p>ticul> l9e1 is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,en]gy is sav$ !reby1 & /ud5ts may h ! advantage ( increas$ facilities 9 equipm5t & in/ruction4 ,_m ,am]icans are /udy+ 9 ^! s*ools1 possibly m 9 ,muni* ?an else:]e4 ,:ile ?or\gh 9 _! treatm5t ( subjects1 ! practical side ( ! "w is too mu* lo/ sight ( 9 ! !oretical treatm5t4 ,te/+ & appli$ "w are c]ta9ly giv5 consid]able att5tion h[ev]4 ,to quote ,dean ,victor ,c4 ,ald]son ( ! ,arm\r ,in/itute1 ,*icago1 :o says 9 ref]5ce to te/+3 ,pr(essors reg>d ?is "w z pr(essional practice1 j z doctors1 :o are pr(essors 9 m$ical s*ools1 h an outside practice4 ,! te*nical s*ool all[s ! pr(essors free use ( ! laboratories1 b assumes no responsibility = ! accuracy ( ! results or op9ions express$4 ,! degree ( ,doctor ( ,eng9e]+ is conf]r$ by ^! in/itutions1 & t _! "w has be5 highly in/rum5tal 9 develop+ ! c\ntry _c be d\bt$1 especially 9 ! l9e ( appli$ *emi/ry 9 :i* bran* ( eng9e]+ ,g]many leads ! nations4 ,h[ closely ! developm5t ( ! indu/ries ( ,g]many are relat$ to ! "w ( ! ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ul5 x is difficult to say1 b t ^! s*ools h %[n ?r\gh ! accompli%m5ts ( _! graduates t high /&>ds ( moral & intellectual tra9+ c be _h 9 o!r ?an ! traditional univ]sities1 & t z effici5t social s]vice c be r5d]$ ?r\gh ! application ( sci5ce to ! arts & indu/ries z by means ( ! languages1 _c be d\bt$4 ,,vi ,,s*ools ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,art ,,or ,,art ,,trade ,,s*ools ,! ,kun/gew]bes*ul5 are s*ools ( art4 ,! causes lead+ to _! inception are cle>ly set =? 9 a p>agraph conta9$ 9 ! #aijb ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor4 ,x reads3 ,! int]national museums ( #ahea1 #ahee & #ahfb1 9 ,engl&1 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 respectively call$ att5tion to ! fact t ) all _! te*nical excell5ce ! indu/rial products ( ,g]many possess$ few qualities ( arti/ic f9i% & design4 ,france %[$ :at c\ld be done 9 ?is direction4 ,h] products easily held fir/ rank 9 ?is respect1 h] em95ce be+ ! result ( c5turies ( tra9+ 9 ?is field4 ,s9ce ,colb]t's "t indu/rial art education has be5 emphasiz$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ,fr5* workm51 & ! accumulat$ skill & ta/e due to ?is tra9+1 has left its impress on ,fr5* products4 ,! ,g]man /ates at once set ab\t to rem$y ?is weakness 9 ?is respect1 & s9ce t "t h s p]si/5tly e/abli%$ museums & s*ools = indu/rial art tra9+ t n[ !re is no important city 9 ! ,empire :i* does n possess "o or m ( ^! in/itutions4 ,consid]able v>iety exi/s among ! v>i\s types ( art s*ools & ev5 among ^? belong+ 9 ! same class & sep>at$ z to location we f9d diff]5ces4 ,9 ,leipzig1 ,saxony1 = example ! ,kun/gew]bes*ule aims at ! graphic arts ma9ly4 ,9 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,c>lsruhe1 & c]ta9 o!r cities ^! s*ools tra9 = sculptors & pa9t]s1 & ! t]m ,akademie is frequ5tly appli$ to ^! in/itutions4 ,!y are 9 fact1 art trade s*ools ^: ma9 purpose1 :ile yet indu/rial1 is also ! in/ill+ ( an arti/ic feel+ into indu/rial "w4 ,!y rea* on & out f ! trade s*ool & up to ! in/itutions = ! tea*+ ( ! f9e arts4 ,!y are !n a middle grade ( appli$ art s*ools4 ,! g5esis ( ! indu/rial art s*ools really lies 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( museums ( indu/rial art4 ,! museums 7 an inspir+ & en]giz+ =ce1 = "h ! be/ "w c\ld be exhibit$ & /udi$4 ,! municipality & g5]al gov]nm5t f9anc$ ! movem5t = ! museums4 ,s*ools sprang up 9 connection ) ! museums & lat]1 indep5d5t art s*ools 7 e/abli%$4 ,a mod]ate fee is *>g$ ^? :o pursue "w "h1 tw5ty to =ty m>ks ye>ly4 ,c&idates mu/ h _h practical exp]i5ce 9 ! l9e ( "w !y propose to take up1 & bo? ^! s*ools & ! s-call$ indu/rial draw+ c\rses assume a c]ta9 pr(ici5cy on ! "p ( ! c&idates2 a pr(ici5cy 9 g5]al subjects & 9 draw+ p>ticul>ly4 ,an exam9ation is giv5 ^? :o _c pres5t ! desir$ cr$5tials4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rses 9 ^! s*ools is usually ?ree ye>s4 ,! classes are bo? day & ev5+1 #h ,a4 ,m4 to #d ,p4 ,m4 & f #e to #aj ,p4 ,m4 ,9 "s in/ances ,sunday sessions are held also4 ,! c\rses consi/ ( ar*itectural design+ 9 wood & metal1 metal engrav+ & *as+1 model+1 /eel engrav+ & et*+1 design = fabrics1 patt]n design+1 arti/ic embroid]y1 decorative pa9t+1 enamel pa9t+1 design+ & pa9t+ figures & plants4 ,! "w ?r\gh\t is bo? !oretical & practical 9 its nature1 ! in/ruction ga9$ 9 ! class be+ appli$ 9 ! %op4 ,! subjects ( in/ruction & "t devot$ to ea* diff] accord+ to ! c\rse pursu$4 ,z an example ( ! programme (f]$1 ! foll[+1 tak5 f ! ar*itectural draftsman's c\rse 9 ! ,muni* s*ool is giv52 ! figures %[ ! numb] ( h\rs p] week devot$ to ea* subject4 ,fir/ ye>1 l9e> draw+ #g ornam5t draw+ #i modell+ ( ornam5t & ( ! human figure #ba hi/ory ( art #a /yle #a geometry & projections #c ,second ye>1 ar*itectural draw+ #g draw+ & model+ ( ! human figure & model+ ( ornam5ts #bj hi/ory ( art #a /yle #a p]spective & %ad[s #b anatomy1 xylography1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 or *as+ #aj ,?ird ye>1 ar*itectural draw+ #g draw+ & model+ ( ! human figure & model+ ( ornam5ts #aj anatomy #a xylography1 ar*itecture1 sculpture or *as+ #bd ,! ,baus*ule are only = ^? :o wi% pr(ici5cy 9 ar*itectural /udies4 ,:at ! ,indu/rial ,hall at ,c>lsruhe1 ! ,indu/rial ,art ,museum at ,b]l91 & ! ,national ,museum at ,muni* are to ! art s*ools prop]1 ! op5 draw+ halls are to ! indu/rial draw+ c\rses4 ,"h1 z 9 ! museums1 are kept models & designs ( r>e m]it & /ud5ts may pursue "w "u compet5t in/ruction4 ,su* halls are e/abli%$ 9 ,bav>ia1 ,hesse1 ,prussia1 ,saxony & ,wurttemb]g4 ,9 ^! art c\rses skill & orig9ality are aim$ at equally4 ,! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! art "w & ! trade or indu/ry ) :i* x is connect$ is su* z to make m valuable ! latt]4 ,x is ne$less to speak fur!r ( ! museums4 ,! art products !re exhibit$ give mu* inc5tive to /ud5ts1 z well z a feel+ = ! be/ f ! /&po9t ( ! beautiful & arti/ic1 & all :o visit !m are consci\sly or unconsci\sly influ5c$ = ! bett]4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! di/ribution ( indu/rial art s*ools ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,/ates4 ,alsace-,lorra9e1 ,muelhaus51 ,/rasburg4 ,anhalt1 ,dessau4 ,bad51 ,c>lsruhe1 ,p=zheim4 ,brem51 ,bav>ia1 ,kais]slaut]n1 ,muni*1 ,nuremb]g4 ,hamburg1 ,hesse1 ,m5tz1 ,(f5ba*4 ,prussia1 ,aix-la-,*appelle1 ,b>m51 ,b]l91 ,breslau1 ,cassel1 ,cologne1 ,duesseldorf1 ,elb]feld1 ,frank=t-on !-,ma91 ,hanau1 ,hanov]1 ,is]lohn1 ,ko5igsb]g1 ,magdeburg4 ,saxony1 ,dresd51 ,leipzig1 ,plau54 ,wurttemb]g1 ,/uttg>t4 ,,vii ,,bibliography ,beoba*tung5 und ,v]glei*e ueb] ,e9ri*tung5 fu] ,gew]bli*e ,erziehung1 #aija4--;,dr4 ,g4 ,k]s*5/e9]4 ,das ,gew]bes*ulwes54--,c>l ,mel*ior4 ,d5ks*rift5 ueb] die ,entwickelung d] ,gew]bli*5 ,fa*s*ul5 und d] ,=tbildungss*ul5 9 ,preuss54--,lu$]s4 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik4--,w4 ,re94 ,engli% ,te*nical ,in/ruction ,commission1 #ahif4 ,report on ! ,rec5t ,progress ( ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many4 ,=tbildungss*ule 9 uns]] ,zeit4--,j4 ,b4 ,mey]4 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools4--,james ,e4 ,russell4 ,g]man ,te*nical ,s*ools1 #aija4--,victor ,c4 ,ald]son4 ,gew]bli*e ,=tbildungss*ul5 ,deuts*l&s4--,r4 ,nagel4 ,h&wo]t]bu* d] ,/aatswiss5s*aft51 #aijj4--;,conrad4 ,hoeh]] ,polyte*nis*] ,unt]ri*t 9 ,deuts*l&1 etc4--,c>l ,kori/ka4 ,indu/rial ,education4--,philip ,magnus4 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,ko5igli*5 ,indu/ries*ule und ,baugew]ks*ule zu ,mu5*51 #ahih-ahii4 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,te*nis*5 ,/aatslehran/alt5 zu ,*emnitz1 #ahij4 ,jahresb]i*t ueb] die ,b]l9] ,=tbildungss*ule1 #ahij-ahia4 ,kun/gew]be als ,b]uf1 #aija4 ,note on ! ,e>li] ,hi/ory ( ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ools 9 ,g]many4--,a4 ,e4 ,tw5tyman4 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,london1 #aijb1 ,vol4 #i1 page #dfe4 ,pa*es' ,h&book1 #ahii4 ,problems 9 ,prussian ,second>y ,education = ,boys4--,mi*ael ,e4 ,sadl]4 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,london1 #ahih1 ,vol4 #c4 ,programm d] ,ko5igli*5 ,fa*s*ule zu ,is]lohn ,metal ,indu/rie4 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahhi-ahij1 page #abji-abab4 ,same1 #ahid-ahie1 ,vol4 #a1 page #cde-chj4 ,supplem5t>y & ,indu/rial ,s*ools 9 ,g]many4 ,same1 #ahie-ahif1 ,vol4 #a1 page #ach4 ,same1 #ahig-ahih1 ,vol4 #a1 page #fi4 ,g]man ,te*nical ,colleges4 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor1 #ahib1 ,eigh? ,annual4 ,indu/rial ,education 9 ,g]many4 ,same1 #aijb1 ,sev5te5? ,annual4 ,trade & ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many1 page #hga4 ,second ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,te*nical ,education1 ,london1 #ahhd1 ,vol4 #a4 ,! ,educational ,f\ndations ( ,trade & ,indu/ry1 #aijb4--;,fabian ,w>e4 ,! ,cont9uation ,s*ools 9 ,b]l94--,dr4 ,h4 ,b]tram4 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,london1 #aijb1 ,vol4 #i1 page #dea4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports4 ,description ( ! ,s*ool ( ,c>p5try & ,cab9etmak+ 9 ,magdeburg1 ,prussia1 ,no4 #bch1 ,july1 #aijj4--,wm4 ,di$]i*4 ,same4 ,s*ool ( ,m>9e ,ma*9i/s1 ,fl5sburg1 ,prussia4 ,no4 #agd1 ,m>*1 #ahie4 ,same4 ,te*nical & ,m]*ant ,s*ools #ef3bjh1 page #gh4--;,j4 ,c4 ,monoghan4 ,same4 ,te*nical ,education 9 ,g]many4 #ed3bjb1 page #ddg4--;,j4 ,c4 ,monoghan4 ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,?is book 0 publi%$ "u "s disadvantages1 z x 0 delay$ by ! removal ( our (fice to a l>g] place ( bus9ess1 & by a pr9t]s' /rike1 :i* result$ 9 f\r *anges 9 =em54 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! au?or 0 ^u ! ,pacific coa/ & pro( 0 delay$ & sometimes lo/ has l$ to errors = :i* he is n responsible4 ,besides typographical blund]s easily recogniz$ ! foll[+ are not$3 ,page #ac1 next l9e to la/ = ,air read ,art4 #ai1 #e? l9e1 = enable read ennoble4 #bc1 #d? l9e f bel[1 = committee read communities4 #be1 #e? l9e1 = developm5t read deportm5t4 #fc1 #g? l9e1 = models read modes4 #gb1 next to la/ l9e1 ! #a %\ld be 9 second half ( fir/ ye>1 mak+ ! totals #da & #dc in/ead ( #db & #db4 #gi1 9 table1 ,knitt+ %\ld h #a yr4 in/ead ( #b yrs41 & ! l9e beg9n+ ,ma*9]y is to be omitt$4 #ha1 #d? l9e f bel[1 ins]t to be=e ent]4 #ic1 la/ "p ( p>agraph1 read ,! "o c\rse plan h[ev] has be5 sub/itut$ = ! sev]al4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! table bel[ li/s all corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4 p4 viii3 = developm5t read dep>tm5t - deportm5t p4 #jjg3 make any "o clasification - classification p4 #jaj3 ,conrad's ,h&wort]bu* - ,h&wo]t]bu* p4 #jaa3 ,wurtemburg indu/rial - ,wurttemburg p4 #jab3 o!r conditions 7exam9ations7 or ^! s*ools - ( p4 #jab3 ,ages ranges f f\rte5 to ?irty - range p4 #jab3 ! only in/ition - in/itution p4 #jac3 errata ,pure ,air - ,art p4 #jad3 ,te*nis*es*ul5 - ,te*nis*e ,s*ul5 p4 #jaf3 ,cont9uation ,s*ools or ,=tbilbungss*ul5 - ,=tbildungss*ul5 p4 #jaf3 ,=tbildtngs%ul5 - ,=tbildungss*ul5 p4 #jag3 extra comma at ?is age1 =c$ to - age =c$ p4 #jag3 a /atsm5t made by ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,n4 ,sadl]- /atem5t p4 #jah3 quote add$ ,among ! great numb] p4 #jai3 errata 9 ! arts :i* enable - ennoble p4 #jai3 born "u a luckl] /> - lucki] p4 #jbj3 cont9uation ( ,=tbildungss*ul5 - or p4 #jbc3 adapt _! in/rnction - in/ruction p4 #jbc3 errata ,"h ! committee mu/ meet - communities p4 #jbe3 errata "* & developm5t ( ! boys - deportm5t p4 #jbg3 high] ma!mematics1 me*anics1 physics - ma!matics p4 #jbh3 is c>ri$ suffci5tly f> - suffici5tly p4 #jbh3 classes are arrang$ acord+ to - accord+ p4 #jbi3 small] t[ns or 9 ! conntry - c\ntry p4 #jbi3 univ]sity ext5tion c\rses - ext5sion p4 #jca3 simil> to ,=tbildungss*ul5 9 ,leipsig - ,leipzig p4 #jca3 s*ools h se5 a m>vel\s developem5t - developm5t p4 #jcb3 att5d$ by j\rneyman & appr5tices - j\rneym5 p4 #jcb3 good mann]s 7gute sitt57 - ,sitt5 p4 #jcc3 normaliz$ ?r\gh\t v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire - ,empire p4 #jcc3 extra comma "u eighte5 ye>s ( age1 might - age might p4 #jcc3 extra comma ! employ]1 mu/ - employ] mu/ p4 #jcc3 ,bad54 compulsory s*ool laws - ,bad51 compulsory p4 #jcd3 to be det]m9$ ev5tually be - by p4 #jce3 wor?y ( note t %e del>es - decl>es p4 #jci3 t ! ,=?ildungss*ule - ,=tbildungss*ule p4 #jci3 f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! ,faces*ul5 - ,fa*s*ul5 p4 #jdf3 ,wagonmak]s & ,:eelrights - ,:eelwrights p4 #jdg3 ,free h& draw+ - ,free-h& p4 #jef3 becomes ! prop]ty ot ! fa!r - ( p4 #jeg3 ,! ,lehrw]k/att5 or appr5tice %ops - ,lehrw]k/aett5 p4 #jei3 fulfil c]ta9 teohnical qualifications - te*nical p4 #jei3 practical iu ! highe/ degree - 9 p4 #jfb3 miss+ lett] ,! gov]n+ p[] is 9 ome cases - "s p4 #jfc3 errata laws ( build+2 models ( heat - modes p4 #jfg3 ,buxteh$e - ,buxtehude p4 #jfg3 ,magdeb]g - ,magdeburg p4 #jfh3 ,or*atz - ,os*atz p4 #jfh3 ,zitteau - ,zittau p4 #jfi3 normaliz$ s*ools ( ?is class 9 ! empire - ,empire p4 #jgj3 ! elem5t>y ran*es 9 ! curriculm - curriculum p4 #jga3 ,ins]lohn - ,is]lohn p4 #jga3 ,mlttweida - ,mittweida p4 #jga3 compil$ f tables appe>+ ! ,report - appe>+ 9 ! p4 #jgd3 miss+ lett]s ,web]eilehrw]k/ae en - ,web]eilehrw]k/aett5 p4 #jgd3 it9]ant ma/]s4 7,w5d]lehr]7 - ,w&]lehr] p4 #jgd3 l9es ( ! indn/ry - indu/ry p4 #jge3 ,9 ea* ( ! sev]al classses - classes p4 #jgg3 ,grefeld - ,crefeld p4 #jgi3 errata ,knitt+1 #b yrs4 - ,knitt+1 #ayr4 p4 #jgi3 errata1 remov$ l9e ,ma*9]y #c #f #b p4 #jha3 sup]ior artizans - artisans p4 #jha3 prep>$ 9 ! ,volks*ule - ,volkss*ule p4 #jha3 errata ! p>ticipants ent] - p>ticipants to ent] p4 #jhe3 add$ *apt] numb] ,v p4 #jhf3 %[ ! aplication ( sci5ce - application p4 #jhg3 9 ! att] c\ntry - latt] p4 #jhg3 ! necessity or h]oic action - = h]oic p4 #jhg3 due measure ( public respsct - respect p4 #jhg3 by ,a4 ,e4 ,tw5tym5 - by ,a4 ,e4 ,tw5tyman p4 #jhh3 ,dresd51 #ahbf - #ahbh p4 #jhh3 pr9cipally = ! ,kiugs dom9ions - ,k+'s p4 #jhi3 /yl$ ! ,ko5iglis*e ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule - ,ko5igli*e p4 #jij3 ,b]l9 provisory /atue - /atute p4 #jia3 ,/ate & & ea* adm9i/]$ - ,/ate & ea* p4 #jib3 ,! organization ( dep>m5ts ( "w - dep>tm5ts p4 #jic3 errata ,= ! "o c\rse plan h[ev] - ,! "o p4 #jic3 errata h be5 sub/itut$ - has p4 #jic3 errata sub/itut$ ! sev]al - sub/itut$ = ! p4 #jic3 ,program d] ,ko5igl4 ,te*nis*5 ,ho*s*ule - ,programm p4 #jic3 ,d5 ,hor]n bleibt die ,wahl - ,ho]]n p4 #jic3 frei ueb]lass51 ,fu] e9 geordnetes - ueb]lass51 fu] p4 #jih3 ,kun/gew]bse*ul5 are s*ools ( art - ,kun/gew]bes*ul5 p4 #ajd3 ,alcace-,lorra9e1 ,muelhaus51 ,/rasburg - ,alsace p4 #ajd3 ,prussia1 ,aix-la ,*apelle - ,aix-la-,*appelle p4 #aje3 ,enri*tung5 fu] - ,e9ri*tung5 p4 #aje3 ,gew]bli*e ,erzi*nung - ,erziehung p4 #aje3 ,dr4 ,g4 ,k]s*5teu] - ,k]s*5/e9] p4 #aje3 ,d5ks*rift5 ueb] die ,entiwickelung - ,entwickelung p4 #aje3 ,=tbildungs*ul5 9 ,pruss5 - ,=tbildungss*ul5 9 ,preuss5 p4 #aje3 ,encyklopa$is*] ,h&bu* - ,encyklopa$is*es p4 #aje3 ,h&bu* d] ,pa$ogik - ,pa$agogik p4 #aje3 9 uns]] zeit - ,zeit p4 #aje3 remov$ 9 ,=tbildungss*ul5 9 ,deuts*l&s p4 #ajf3 remov$ comma ,jahresb]i*t d] ,ko5igli*51 ,indu/ries*ule p4 #ajf3 ,te*nis*5 ,/attslehran/alt5 - ,/aatslehran/alt5 p4 #ajg3 ,program d] ,ko5igli*5 ,fa*s*ule - ,programm p4 #ajh3 ,s*ool ( ,m>9e ,ma*9i/s1 ,fleusburg1 ,prussia - ,fl5sburg