,libr>ies47 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( corrections is f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lilly',s ,,hi]oglyphs 7,,publi%$ ,,9 #afea7 ,,my?s ,,& ,,m>vels ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor ,,au?or ,,( ,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo?1 ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav51 ,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities1 ,,pleasant ,,ways ,,9 ,,sci5ce1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,edition ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay #ahif ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press ,,preface4 ,! *ief *>m ( ,a/ronomy1 ) _m1 does n reside 9 ! wond]s reveal$ to u by ! sci5ce1 b 9 ! lore & leg5ds connect$ ) its hi/ory1 ! /range fancies ) :i* 9 old times x has be5 associat$1 ! half-=gott5 my?s to :i* x has giv5 bir?4 ,9 our own times also1 ,a/ronomy has _h its my?s & fancies1 its wild inv5tions1 & />tl+ p>adoxes4 ,my object 9 ! pres5t s]ies ( pap]s has be5 to collect toge!r ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! old & new ,a/ronomical my?s1 associat+ ) !m1 9 due proportion1 "s ( ! *ief m>vels :i* rec5t ,a/ronomy has reveal$ to u4 ,to ! =m] class belong ! subjects ( ! fir/ f\r & ! la/ five essays ( ! pres5t s]ies1 :ile ! rema9+ essays belong to ! latt] category4 ,?r\gh\t ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid te*nical expressions on ! "o h&1 & ambigu\s phraseology 7sometimes result+ f ! attempt to avoid te*nicality7 on ! o!r4 ,i h1 9 fact1 s\ght to pres5t my subjects z ,i %\ld wi% to h matt]s outside ! range ( my special bran* ( /udy pres5t$ = my own read+4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,a/rology #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid #ec ,,iii4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,! ,,pyramids #gh ,,iv4 ,,sw$5borg',s ,,visions ,,( ,,o!r ,,worlds #ajf ,v4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,& ,,o!r ,,univ]ses #ace ,,vi4 ,,suns ,,9 ,,flames #afj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,r+s ,,( ,,saturn #aia ,,viii4 ,,comets ,,z ,,port5ts #bab ,,ix4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,hoax #bdb ,x4 ,,on ,,"s ,,a/ronomical ,,p>adoxes #bfh ,,xi4 ,,on ,,"s ,,a/ronomical ,,my?s #bii ,,xii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellation-,,figures #ccb ,,my?s ,,& ,,m>vels ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,i4 ,,a/rology4 ,signs & planets1 9 aspects sextile1 qu>tile1 tr9e1 conjo9$1 or opposite2 h\ses ( heav51 ) _! cusps1 h\rs1 & m9utes2 ,almut51 ,almo*od51 ,anahibazon1 ,catahibazon2 a ?\s& t]ms ( equal s\nd & significance4--,guy ,mann]+4 444 ,come & see6 tru/ ?9e own eyes4 ,a fe>ful sign /&s 9 ! h\se ( life1 ,an enemy3 a fi5d lurks close beh9d ,! radiance ( ?y planet--oh6 be w>n$6--,,col]idge4 ,a/rology possesses a real int]e/ ev5 9 ^! days4 ,x is true t no importance atta*es n[ ev5 to ! discussion ( ! consid]ations :i* l$ to ! rejection ( judicial a/rology4 ,none b ! mo/ ignorant1 & !re=e sup]/iti\s1 believe at pres5t 9 div9ation ( any sort or k9d :atsoev]4 ,div9ation by ! />s holds no high] position ?an palmi/ry1 =tune-tell+ by c>ds1 or ! indications ( ! future :i* fooli% p]sons f9d 9 dreams1 tea-dregs1 salt-spill+1 & o!r absurdities4 ,b !re are two reasons :i* r5d] ! hi/ory ( a/rology int]e/+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 fai? 9 /ell> influ5ces 0 once s widespread t a/rological t]m9ology came to =m a "p ( ord9>y language1 insomu* t x is impossible rightly to und]/& _m passages ( anci5t & m$iaeval lit]ature1 or rightly to appreh5d ! =ce ( _m allusions & expressions1 unless ! significance ( a/rological tea*+s to ! m5 ( ^? times be recognis$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is int]e/+ to exam9e h[ ! errone\s tea*+s ( a/rology 7 gradually ab&on$1 to note ! way 9 :i* v>i\s ord]s ( m9d reject$ ^! false doctr9es or /ruggl$ to reta9 !m1 & to p]ceive h[1 ) a l>ge proportion ( ev5 ! mo/ civilis$ races1 ! sup]/itions ( judicial a/rology 7 long reta9$1 or are reta9$ ev5 to ?is v day4 ,! _w has /ill to see "s sup]/itions de/roy$ :i* are z widely receiv$ z a/rology ev] 01 & :i* w probably reta9 _! influ5ce ov] _m m9ds long aft] ! reason+ portion ( ! community h reject$ !m4 ,ev5 s f> back z ! "t ( ,eudoxus ! pret5sions ( a/rolog]s 7 reject$1 z ,cic]o in=ms u 7',de ,div4' ii4 #db74 ,& ?\gh ! ,romans 7 /rangely sup]/iti\s 9 su* matt]s1 ,cic]o reasons ) excell5t judgm5t aga9/ ! belief 9 a/rology4 ,gass5di quotes ! argum5t drawn by ,cic]o aga9/ a/rology1 f ! pr$ictions ( ! ,*aldaeans t ,caes>1 ,crassus1 & ,pompey w\ld die '9 a full old age1 9 _! own h\ses1 9 peace & hon\r1' ^: dea?s1 nev]!less1 7 'viol5t1 immature1 & tragical4' ,cic]o also us$ an argum5t ^: full =ce has only be5 recognis$ 9 mod]n times4 ',:at contagion1' he ask$1 'c rea* u f ! planets1 ^: di/ance is almo/ inf9ite8' ,x is s+ul> t ,s5eca1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! uni=m "* ( ! planet>y motions1 seems to h ent]ta9$ no d\bt respect+ _! influ5ce4 ,tacitus expresses "s d\bts1 b 0 on ! :ole incl9$ to believe 9 a/rology4 ',c]ta9ly1' he says1 '! majority ( mank9d _c be wean$ f ! op9ion t at ! bir? ( ea* man 8 future de/9y is fix$2 ?\gh "s ?+s may fall out diff]5tly f ! pr$ictions1 by ! ignorance ( ^? :o pr(ess ! art2 & ?us ! art is unju/ly blam$1 confirm$ z x is by not$ examples 9 all ages4'#a ,probably1 ! d\bt sugge/$ by ! diff]5t =tunes & *>act]s ( m5 born at ! same "t mu/ h occurr$ to _m be=e ,cic]o dwelt ^u x4 ,pl9y1 :o foll[$ ,cic]o 9 ?is1 does n employ ! argum5t q correctly1 = he says t1 '9 e h\r1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 are born lords & slaves1 k+s & begg>s4' ,b ( c\rse1 accord+ to a/rological pr9ciples1 x w\ld be necess>y t two p]sons1 ^: =tunes 7 to be alike1 %\ld be born1 n only 9 ! same h\r1 b 9 ! same place4 ,! =tunes & "* ( ,jacob & ,esau1 h[ev]1 %\ld manife/ly h be5 simil>1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n ! case1 if _! hi/ory has be5 correctly h&$ d[n to u4 ,an a/rolog] ( ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>1 nam$ ,publius ,nigidius ,figulus1 us$ a s+ul> argum5t aga9/ su* reason+4 ,:5 an oppon5t urg$ ! diff]5t =tunes ( m5 born ne>ly at ! same in/ant1 ,nigidius ask$ him to make two contigu\s m>ks on a pott]'s :eel :i* 0 revolv+ rapidly4 ,:5 ! :eel 0 /opp$1 ! two m>ks 7 f\nd to be f> ap>t4 ,nigidius is said to h receiv$ ! "n ( ,figulus 7! pott]71 9 remembrance ( ! /ory2 b m probably he 0 a pott] by trade1 & an a/rolog] only dur+ ^? leisure h\rs :i* he c\ld devote to *>latanry4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o relates ! /ory 7:i* ,i borr[ f ,:ewell's ',hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces'71 says1 ju/ly1 t ! argum5t ( ,nigidius 0 z fragile z ! w>e made on ! pott]'s :eel4 ,! belief mu/ h be5 all b univ]sal 9 ^? days t at ! bir? ( any p]son :o 0 to hold an important place 9 ! _w's hi/ory ! />s w\ld ei!r be om9\sly conjo9$1 or else "s blaz+ comet or new /> w\ld make its appe>ance4 ,= we "k t "s su* object hav+ appe>$1 or "s unusual conjunction ( planets hav+ occurr$1 ne> en\gh to ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir? to be associat$ 9 m5's m9ds ) t ev5t1 x came ev5tually to be reg>d$ z belong+ to 8 horoscope1 & z actually indicat+ to ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ 7,*aldaean a/rolog]s1 d\btless7 ! future greatness ( ! *ild !n born4 ,x is c]ta9 t t is :at ! /ory ( ! ,/> 9 ! ,ea/ means z x /&s4 ,!ologians diff] z to its int]pretation 9 po9ts ( detail4 ,"s ?9k ! ph5om5on 0 meteoric1 o!rs t a comet !n made its appe>ance1 o!rs t a new /> %one out1 & o!rs t ! acc\nt ref]r$ to a conjunction ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,m>s1 :i* occurr$ at ab\t t "t4 ,z a matt] ( detail x may be m5tion$1 t none ( ^! explanations 9 ! slighte/ degree corresponds ) ! acc\nt1 = nei!r meteor1 nor comet1 nor new />1 nor conjo9$ planets1 w\ld g be=e travell]s f ! ea/1 to %[ !m _! way to any place4 ,yet ! anci5ts sometimes reg>d$ comets z guides4 ,:i*ev] view we accept1 x is abundantly cle> t an a/rological significance 0 atta*$ by ! n>rator to ! ev5t4 ,& n s v long ago1 :5 a/rolog]s fir/ began to see t _! occupation 0 pass+ f !m1 ! ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ 7 appeal$ to aga9/ ! enemies ( a/rology1#b--v mu* z ,moses 0 appeal$ to aga9/ ,cop]nicus & ,galileo1 & m rec5tly to protect u aga9/ c]ta9 relation%ips :i* ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & ,huxley unk9dly indicate = ! human race div9e4 ,al?\gh a/ronom]s n[ reject altoge!r ! doctr9es ( judicial a/rology1 x is impossible = ! true lov] ( t sci5ce to reg>d a/rology altoge!r ) contempt4 ,a/ronomy1 inde$1 owes mu* m to ! notions ( believ]s 9 a/rology ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,a/rology be>s ! same relation to mod]n a/ronomy t al*emy be>s to mod]n *emi/ry4 ,z x is probable t no?+ b ! hope ( ga91 lit]ally 9 ?is case auri sacra fames1 w\ld h l$ to ^? labori\s rese>*es ( ! al*emi/s :i* fir/ taught m5 h[ to analyse matt] into its elem5t>y con/itu5ts1 & aft]w>ds to comb9e ^! con/itu5ts afre% into new =ms1 s ! belief t1 by c>efully /udy+ ! />s1 m5 might acquire ! p[] ( pr$ict+ future ev5ts1 fir/ direct$ att5tion to ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,kepl]'s say+1 t a/rology1 ?\gh a fool1 0 ! daught] ( a wise "m1#c does n by any means pres5t truly ! relation%ip betwe5 a/rology & a/ronomy4 ,r we may say t a/rology & al*emy1 ?\gh fooli% mo!rs1 gave bir? to ^? wise daught]s1 a/ronomy & *emi/ry4 ,ev5 ?is way ( speak+ sc>cely does ju/ice to ! a/rolog]s & al*emi/s ( old times4 ,_! views appe> fooli% 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5tific k1 b !y 7 n fooli% 9 relation to :at 0 kn[n :5 !y 7 ent]ta9$4 ,mod]n analysis goes f> to demon/rate ! immutability1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! non-transmutability ( ! metals1 ?\gh x is by no means s c]ta9 z _m suppose t ! pres5t position ( ! metals 9 ! li/ ( elem5ts is really correct4 ,c]ta9ly a *emi/ ( our day w\ld be ?\ght v unwise :o %\ld und]take a s]ies ( rese>*es ) ! object ( discov]+ a m9]al hav+ su* qualities z ! al*emi/s attribut$ to ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,b :5 z yet ! facts on :i* ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry is bas$ 7 unkn[n1 !re 0 no?+ unreasonable 9 suppos+ t su* a m9]al might exi/1 or ! means ( comp\nd+ x be discov]$4 ,nay1 _m argum5ts f analogy might be urg$ to %[ t ! supposition 0 altoge!r probable4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! kn[n facts ( a/ronomy oppose !mselves irresi/ibly to any belief 9 planet>y influ5ces ^u ! fates ( m5 & nations1 yet be=e ^? facts 7 discov]$ x 0 n only n unreasonable1 b 0 9 fact1 highly reasonable to believe 9 su* influ5ces1 or at lea/ t ! sun1 & moon1 & />s mov$ 9 ! heav5s 9 su* sort z to indicate :at w\ld happ54 ,if ! wise m5 ( old times reject$ ! belief t '! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght' = or aga9/ m51 !y yet c\ld n v readily ab&on ! belief t ! />s 7 = signs 9 ! heav5s ( :at 0 to befall mank9d4 ,if we consid] ! reason+ n[ commonly ?\ght valid 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t o!r orbs besides our e>? are inhabit$1 & comp>e x ) ! reason+ on :i* judicial a/rology 0 bas$1 we %all n f9d mu* to *oose betwe5 ! two1 s f> z logical weight is conc]n$4 ,because ! only memb] ( ! sol> sy/em :i* we c exam9e closely is inhabit$1 a/ronom]s inf] a c]ta9 degree ( probability = ! belief t ! o!r planets ( ! sy/em are also inhabit$4 ,& because ! only sun we "k mu* ab\t is ! c5tre ( a sy/em ( planets1 a/ronom]s inf] t probably ! />s1 ^? o!r suns :i* p space1 are also ! c5tres ( sy/ems2 al?\gh no telescope :i* man c make w\ld %[ ! memb]s ( a sy/em l ours1 att5d+ on ev5 ! ne>e/ ( all ! />s4 ,! a/rolog] _h a simil> argum5t = 8 belief4 ,! moon1 z %e circles ar\nd ! e>?1 ex]ts a manife/ influ5ce ^u t]re/rial matt]--! tidal wave ris+ & s9k+ syn*ron\sly ) ! movem5ts ( ! moon1 & o!r consequ5ces dep5d+ directly or indirectly ^u h] revolution ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! sun's influ5ce is /ill m manife/2 &1 ?\gh x may h requir$ ! g5ius ( a ,h]s*el or ( a ,/eph5son to p]ceive t almo/ e =m ( t]re/rial en]gy is d]iv$ f ! sun1 yet x mu/ h be5 manife/ f ! v e>lie/ times t ! great] light :i* rules ! day rules ! seasons also1 &1 9 rul+ !m1 provides ! annual supplies ( vegetable food1 on :i* ! v exi/5ce ( m5 & animals dep5ds4 ,if ^! two bodies1 ! sun & moon1 are ?us pot5t1 mu/ x n be suppos$1 reason$ ! a/ronom]s ( old1 t ! o!r cele/ial bodies ex]t correspond+ influ5ces8 ,we "k1 b !y did n "k1 t ! moon rules ! tides effectually because %e is ne> to u1 & t ! sun is second only to ! moon 9 tidal influ5ce because ( 8 enorm\s mass & attractive en]gy4 ,we "k also t 8 position z fire1 light1 & life ( ! e>? & its inhabitants1 is due directly to ! trem5d\s heat ) :i* ! :ole ( 8 mighty frame is in/9ct4 ,n kn[+ ?is1 ! a/ronom]s ( old times _h no suffici5t reason = di/+ui%+ ! sun & moon f ! o!r cele/ial bodies1 s f> at lea/ z ! g5]al "q ( cele/ial influ5ces 0 conc]n$4 ,s f> z p>ticul>s 7 conc]n$1 x 0 n altoge!r s cle> to !m z x is to u1 t ! influ5ce ( ! sun mu/ be p>am\nt 9 all respects save tidal action1 & t ( ! moon second only to ! sun's 9 o!r respects1 & sup]ior to 8 9 tidal sway alone4 ,_m writ]s on ! subject ( life 9 o!r worlds are prep>$ to %[ 7z ,brew/] attempts to d1 = example7 t ,jupit] & ,saturn are f> nobl] worlds ?an ! e>?1 because sup]ior 9 ?is or t circum/ance4 ,s ! anci5t a/ronom]s1 9 _! ignorance ( ! actual conditions on :i* cele/ial influ5ces dep5d1 f\nd abundant reasons = reg>d+ ! feeble influ5ces ex]t$ by ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s1 z really m pot5t ?an ^? ex]t$ by ! sun himself ^u ! e>?4 ,!y reason$1 z ,milton aft]w>ds made ,raphael reason1 t 'great or bright inf]s n excell5ce1' t ,saturn or ,jupit]1 ?\gh '9 comp>ison s small1 nor gli/'r+' to l degree1 may yet '( solid good conta9 m pl5ty ?an ! sun4' ,suppos+ ! influ5ce ( a cele/ial body to dep5d on ! magnitude ( its sph]e1 9 ! s5se ( ! old a/ronomy 7accord+ to :i* ea* planet _h its prop] sph]e1 ar\nd ! e>? z c5tre71 !n ! influ5ce ( ! sun w\ld be judg$ to be inf]ior to t ( ei!r ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 or ,m>s2 :ile ! influ5ces ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 w\ld /ill be held sup]ior to t ( ! moon4 ,= ! anci5ts measur$ ! sph]es ( ! sev5 planets ( _! sy/em by ! p]iods ( ! app>5t revolution ( ^? bodies ar\nd ! cele/ial dome1 & s set ! sph]e ( ! moon inn]mo/1 enclos$ by ! sph]e ( ,m]cury1 ar\nd :i* 9 turn 0 ! sph]e ( ,v5us1 next ! sun's1 !n1 9 ord]1 ^? ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,we c readily und]/& h[ !y might come to reg>d ! sl[ motions ( ! sph]e ( ,saturn & ,jupit]1 tak+ respectively "s ?irty & twelve ye>s to complete a revolution1 z indicat+ p[] sup]ior to ! sun's1 ^: sph]e seem$ to revolve once 9 a s+le ye>4 ,_m o!r consid]ations might h be5 urg$1 be=e ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 e/abli%$1 to %[ t1 possibly1 "s ( ! planets ex]t influ5ces m effective ?an ^? ( ! sun & moon4 ,x is1 inde$1 cle> t ! fir/ real %ock su/a9$ by a/rology came f ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus4 ,s long z ! e>? 0 reg>d$ z ! c5tre r\nd :i* all ! cele/ial bodies move1 x 0 hopeless to attempt to %ake m5's fai? 9 ! influ5ces ( ! />s4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re is n a s+le in/ance ( a believ] 9 ! old ,ptolemaic sy/em :o reject$ a/rology absolutely4 ,! views ( ,bacon--! la/ ( any note :o oppos$ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus#d--;indicate ! extreme limits to :i* a ,ptolemai/ c\ld g 9 opposition to a/rology4 ,x may be wor? :ile to quote ,bacon's op9ion 9 ?is place1 because x indicates at once v accurately ! position held by believ]s 9 a/rology 9 8 day1 & ! influ5ce :i* ! belief 9 a c5tral fix$ e>? c\ld n fail to ex]t on ! m9ds ( ev5 ! mo/ philosophical reason]s4 ',a/rology1' he beg9s1 'is s full ( sup]/ition t sc>ce any?+ s\nd c be discov]$ 9 x2 ?\gh we judge x %\ld r be purg$ ?an absolutely reject$4 ,yet if any "o %all pret5d t ?is sci5ce is f\nd$ n 9 reason & physical contemplations1 b 9 ! direct exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( pa/ ages1 & !re=e n to be exam9$ by physical reasons1 z ! ,*aldaeans boa/$1 he may at ! same "t br+ back div9ation1 auguries1 soo?say+1 & give 9 to all k9ds ( fables2 = ^! also 7 said to desc5d f long exp]i5ce4 ,b we receive a/rology z a "p ( physics1 )\t attribut+ m to x ?an reason & ! evid5ce ( ?+s all[1 & /rip x ( its sup]/ition & conceits4 ,?us we bani% t empty notion ab\t ! hor>y reign ( ! planets1 z if ea* resum$ ! ?rone ?rice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 s z to leave ?ree h\rs sup]num]>y2 & yet ?is fiction produc$ ! division ( ! week1#e a ?+ s anci5t & s univ]sally receiv$4 ,?us likewise we reject z an idle figm5t ! doctr9e ( horoscopes1 & ! di/ribution ( ! h\ses1 ?\gh ^! are ! d>l+ inv5tions ( a/rology1 :i* h kept revel1 z x 71 9 ! heav5s4 ,& la/ly1 = ! calculation ( nativities1 =tunes1 good or bad h\rs ( bus9ess1 & ! l fatalities1 !y are m]e levities1 t h little 9 !m ( c]ta9ty & solidity1 & may be pla9ly confut$ by physical reasons4 ,b "h we judge x prop] to lay d[n "s rules = ! exam9ation ( a/rological matt]s1 9 ord] to reta9 :at is useful !re91 & reject :at is insignificant4 ,?us1 #a4 ,let ! great] revolutions be reta9$1 b ! less]1 ( horoscopes & h\ses1 be reject$--! =m] be+ l ordnance :i* %oot to a great di/ance1 :il/ ! o!r are b l small b[s1 t d no execution4 #b4 ,! cele/ial op]ations affect n all k9ds ( bodies1 b only ! m s5sible1 z hum\rs1 air1 & spirits4 #c4 ,all ! cele/ial op]ations r ext5d to masses ( ?+s ?an to individuals1 ?\gh !y may obliquely rea* "s individuals also :i* are m s5sible ?an ! re/1 z a pe/il5t con/itution ( ! air affects ^? bodies :i* are lea/ able to resi/ x4 #d4 ,all ! cele/ial op]ations produce n _! effects in/antane\sly1 & 9 a n>r[ compass1 b ex]t !m 9 l>ge portions ( "t & space4 ,?us pr$ictions z to ! temp]ature ( a ye> may hold good1 b n ) reg>d to s+le days4 #e4 ,!re is no fatal necessity 9 ! />s2 & ?is ! m prud5t a/rolog]s h con/antly all[$4 #f4 ,we w add "o ?+ m1 :i*1 if am5d$ & improv$1 might make = a/rology--viz4 t we are c]ta9 ! cele/ial bodies h o!r influ5ces besides heat & light1 b ^! influ5ces act n o!rwise ?an by ! =ego+ rules1 ?\gh !y lie s deep 9 physics z to require a full] explanation4 ,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 we mu/ regi/] z ne$$1#f an a/rology writt5 9 con=mity ) ^! pr9ciples1 "u ! "n ( ,a/rologia ,sana4' ,he !n proce$s to %[ :at ?is j a/rology %\ld compreh5d--z1 #a1 ! doctr9e ( ! commixture ( rays2 #b1 ! effect ( ne>e/ approa*es & f>!/ removes ( planets to & f ! po9t ov]head 7! planets1 l ! sun1 hav+ _! summ] & w9t]72 #c1 ! effects ( di/ance1 ') a prop] enquiry into :at ! vig\r ( ! planets may p]=m ( itself1 & :at ?r\gh _! ne>ness to u2 =1' he adds1 b un=tunately )\t assign+ any reason = ! /atem5t1 'a planet is m brisk :5 mo/ remote1 b m communicative :5 ne>e/2' #d1 ! o!r accid5ts ( ! planet's motions z !y pursue ,_! w&'r+ c\rse1 n[ high1 n[ l[1 !n hid1 ,progressive1 retrograde1 or /&+ /ill2 #e1 all t c be discov]$ ( ! g5]al nature ( ! planets & fix$ />s1 consid]$ 9 _! own ess5ce & activity2 #f1 la/ly1 let ?is j a/rology1 he says1 'conta91 f tradition1 ! p>ticul> natures & alt]ations ( ! planets & fix$ />s2 =' 7"h is a reason inde$7 'z ^! are deliv]$ ) g5]al cons5t1 !y are n lightly to be reject$1 unless !y directly contradict physical consid]ations4 ,( su* obs]vations let a j a/rology be =m$2 & accord+ to ^! alone %\ld s*emes ( ! heav5s be made & int]pret$4' ,! a/rology ?us reg>d$ by ,bacon z sane & j did n diff]1 z to its prim>y object1 f ! false sy/ems :i* n[ seem to u s absurd4 ',let ?is a/rology be us$ ) great] confid5ce 9 pr$iction1' says ,bacon1 'b m cauti\sly 9 election1 & 9 bo? cases ) due mod]ation4 ,?us pr$ictions may be made ( comets1 & all k9ds ( meteors1 inundations1 dr\ghts1 heats1 fro/s1 e>?quakes1 fi]y eruptions1 w9ds1 great ra9s1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 plagues1 epidemic diseases1 pl5ty1 fam9e1 w>s1 s$itions1 sects1 transmigrations ( p1 & all commotions1 or great innovations ( ?+s1 natural & civil4 ,pr$ictions may possibly be made m p>ticul>1 ?\gh ) less c]ta9ty1 if1 :5 ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! times are f\nd1 a good philosophical or political judgm5t applies !m to su* ?+s z are mo/ liable to accid5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,= example1 f a =ekn[l$ge ( ! seasons ( any ye>1 !y might be appreh5d$ m de/ructive to olives ?an grapes1 m hurtful 9 di/emp]s ( ! lungs ?an ! liv]1 m p]nici\s to ! inhabitants ( hills ?an valleys1 &1 = want ( provisions1 to monks ?an c\rti]s1 etc4 ,or if any "o1 f a k ( ! influ5ce :i* ! cele/ial bodies h ^u ! spirits ( mank9d1 %\ld f9d x w\ld affect ! p m ?an _! rul]s1 le>n$ & inquisitive m5 m ?an ! milit>y1 etc4 ,= !re are innum]able ?+s ( ?is k9d t require n only a g5]al k ga9$ f ! />s :i* are ! ag5ts1 b also a p>ticul> "o ( ! passive subjects4 ,nor are elections to be :olly reject$1 ?\gh n s mu* to be tru/$ z pr$ictions2 = we f9d 9 plant+1 s[+1 & graft+1 obs]vations ( ! moon are n absolutely trifl+1 & !re are _m p>ticul>s ( ?is k9d4 ,b elections are m to be curb$ by our rules ?an pr$ictions2 & ?is mu/ always be rememb]$1 t election only holds 9 su* cases :]e ! virtue ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! action ( ! inf]ior bodies also1 is n transi5t1 z 9 ! examples j m5tion$2 = ! increases ( ! moon & planets are n sudd5 ?+s4 ,b punctuality ( "t %\ld "h be absolutely reject$4 ,& p]haps !re are m ( ^! in/ances to be f\nd 9 civil matt]s ?an "s w\ld imag9e4' ,! me?od ( inquiry sugge/$ by ,bacon z prop] = det]m9+ ! j rules ( ! a/rology he advocat$1 01 z might be expect$1 *iefly inductive4 ,!re are1 said he1 'b f\r ways ( arriv+ at ?is sci5ce1 viz4--#a1 by future exp]im5ts2 #b1 pa/ exp]im5ts2 #c1 traditions2 #d1 physical reasons4' ,b he 0 n v hopeful z to ! progress ( ! sugge/$ rese>*es4 ,x is va91 he said1 to ?9k at pres5t ( future exp]im5ts1 because _m ages are requir$ to procure a compet5t /ock ( !m4 ,z = ! pa/1 x is true t pa/ exp]im5ts are )9 our rea*1 'b x is a "w ( lab\r & mu* "t to procure !m4 ,?us a/rolog]s may1 if !y please1 draw f real hi/ory all great] accid5ts1 z inundations1 plagues1 w>s1 s$itions1 dea?s ( k+s1 etc41 z also ! positions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 n accord+ to fictiti\s horoscopes1 b ! above-m5tion$ rules ( _! revolutions1 or su* z !y really 7 at ! "t1 &1 :5 ! ev5t conspires1 erect a probable rule ( pr$iction4' ,traditions w\ld require to be c>efully sift$1 & ^? ?r[n out :i* manife/ly cla%$ ) physical consid]ations1 leav+ ^? 9 full =ce :i* compli$ ) su* consid]ations4 ,la/ly1 ! physical reasons wor?ie/ ( be+ enquir$ into are ^?1 said ,bacon1 ':i* se>* into ! univ]sal appetites & passions ( matt]1 & ! simple g5u9e motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4' ,x is evid5t !re 0 mu* :i*1 9 our "t at lea/1 w\ld be reg>d$ z wild & fanciful 9 ! 's\nd & j a/rology' advocat$ by ,bacon4 ,yet1 9 pass+1 x may be notic$ t ev5 9 our own "t we h se5 simil> ideas promulgat$1 n by common a/rolog]s & =tune-tell]s 7:o1 inde$1 "k no?+ ab\t su* matt]s71 b by p]sons suppos$ to be well-in=m$ 9 matt]s sci5tific4 ,9 a r\ndab\t way1 a new a/rology has be5 sugge/$1 :i* is n at all unlike ,bacon's 'a/rologia sana1' ?\gh n bas$1 z he propos$ t a/rology %\ld be1 on exp]im5t1 or tradition1 or physical reasons4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 fir/1 t ! seasons ( our e>? are affect$ by ! condition ( ! sun 9 ! matt] ( spots1 & v /rik+ evid5ce has be5 collect$ to %[ t ?is mu/ be ! case4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 f\nd t ye>s :5 ! sun has be5 free f spots h be5 w>m] ?an ! av]age2 & x has also be5 f\nd t su* ye>s h be5 cool] ?an ! av]age3 a d\ble-%ott$ argum5t :olly irresi/ible1 especially :5 x is also f\nd t :5 ! sun has _m spots ! wea!r has sometimes be5 exceptionally w>m & sometimes exceptionally cold4 ,if ?is be n consid]$ suffici5t1 !n note t 9 "o c\ntry or cont95t or hemisph]e ! wea!r1 :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$ 7or lea/1 z ! case may be71 may be s+ul>ly hot1 :ile 9 ano!r c\ntry1 cont95t1 or hemisph]e1 ! wea!r may be z s+ul>ly cold4 ,s ) w9d & calm1 ra9 & dr\ght1 & s =?4 ,always1 :e!r ! sun is v mu* spott$ or q free f spots1 some?+ unusual 9 ! way ( wea!r mu/ be go+ on some:]e1 demon/rat+ 9 ! mo/ significant way ! influ5ce ( sun-spots or ! want ( sun-spots on ! wea!r4 ,x is true t capti\s m9ds might say t ?is me?od ( reason+ prov$ too mu* 9 _m ways1 z1 = example1 ?us--always1 :e!r ! sun is v mu* spott$ or q free f spots1 "s rem>kable ev5t1 z a battle1 massacre1 dome/ic trag$y on a l>ge scale1 or ! l1 may be go+ on1 demon/rat+ 9 ! mo/ significant way ! influ5ce ( sun-spots or ! want ( sun-spots on ! passions ( m5--:i* s\nds absurd4 ,b ! answ] is tw(old4 ,fir/1 su* reason+ is capti\s1 & secondly1 x is n c]ta9 t sun-spots1 or ! want ( !m1 may n influ5ce human passions2 x may be wor? :ile to enquire into ?is possible sol> influ5ce z well z ! o!r1 :i* c be done by cross+ ! h&s ( ! new =tune-tell]s ) a suffici5t am\nt ( t preci\s metal :i* a/rolog]s h 9 all ages d$icat$ to ! sun4 ,t ! new sy/em ( div9ation is n solely sol>1 b p>tly planet>y also1 is se5 :5 we rememb] t ! sun-spots wax & wane 9 p]iods ( "t :i* are manife/ly ref]able to ! planet>y motions4 ,?us1 ! great sol> spot-p]iod la/s ab\t elev5 ye>s1 ! successive spotless epo*s be+ sep>at$ on ! av]age by ab\t t "t2 & s ne>ly does ?is p]iod agree ) ! p]iod ( ! planet ,jupit]'s revolution ar\nd ! sun1 t dur+ eight consecutive spot-p]iods ! spots 7 mo/ num]\s :5 ,jupit] 0 f>!/ f ! sun1 & x is only by go+ back to ! p]iods prec$+ ^! eight t we f9d a "t :5 ! rev]se happ5$1 ! spots be+ mo/ num]\s :5 ,jupit] 0 ne>e/ to ! sun4 ,s ) v>i\s o!r p]iods :i* ! +5uity ( ,messrs4 ,de la ,rue & ,balf\r ,/ew>t has detect$1 & :i*1 "u ! close/ scrut9y1 exhibit almo/ exact agreem5t = _m successive p]iods1 prec$$ & foll[$ by almo/ exact disagreem5t4 ,"h1 aga91 ! capti\s may argue t su* alt]nate agreem5ts & disagreem5ts may be not$ 9 e case :]e two p]iods are n v unequal1 :e!r !re be any connection betwe5 !m or n2 b mu* m frequ5tly :5 !re is no connection3 & t ! only evid5ce really prov+ a connection betwe5 planet>y motions & ! sol> spots w\ld be con/ant agreem5t betwe5 sol> spot p]iods & p>ticul> planet>y p]iods4 ,b ! progress ( sci5ce1 & especially ! possible erection ( a new obs]vatory = f9d+ out 7'= a consid]ation'7 h[ sun-spots affect ! wea!r1 etc41 ought n to be int]f]$ ) by capti\s reason]s 9 ?is objectionable mann]4 ,nor ne$ any o!r answ] be giv5 !m4 ,see+1 !n1 t sun-spots manife/ly affect ! wea!r & ! seasons1 :ile ! planets rule ! sun-spots1 x is cle> t ! planets really rule ! seasons4 ,& aga91 see+ t ! planets rule ! seasons1 :ile ! seasons l>gely affect ! well-be+ ( m5 & nations 7to say no?+ ( animals71 x foll[s t ! planets influ5ce ! fates ( m5 & nations 7& animals74 ,quod erat demon/r&um4 ,let u return1 h[ev]1 to ! m reasonable a/rology ( ! anci5ts1 & enquire into "s ( ! traditions :i* ,bacon consid]$ wor?y ( att5tion 9 fram+ ! precepts ( a s\nd & j a/rology4 ,x 0 natural t ! a/rolog]s ( old %\ld reg>d ! planet>y influ5ces z dep5d+ 9 ! ma9 on ! position ( ! cele/ial bodies on ! sky above ! p]son or place ^: =tunes 7 9 "q4 ,?us two m5 at ! same mom5t 9 ,rome & 9 ,p]sia w\ld by no means h ! same horoscope ca/ = _! nativities1 s t _! =tunes1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( judicial a/rology1 w\ld be q diff]5t4 ,9 fact x might happ5 t two m51 born at ! same in/ant ( "t1 w\ld h all ! pr9cipal circum/ances ( _! lives contra/$--planets rid+ high 9 ! heav5s ( "o be+ bel[ ! horizon ( ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,! cele/ial sph]e plac$ z at ! mom5t ( ! native's bir? 0 divid$ into twelve p>ts by great circles suppos$ to pass ?r\gh ! po9t ov]head1 & its opposite1 ! po9t v]tically b5ea? ! feet4 ,^! twelve divisions 7 call$ 'h\ses4' ,_! position is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ figure1 tak5 f ,raphael's ,a/rology4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>ticul> ,significations ,,( ,,! ,twelve ,cele/ial ,h\ses1 ,accord+ to v>i\s ,a/rological ,au?ors4 ,sun-rise4 ,cusp ( ! ,asc5dant4 ,,life & ,,heal? ,cusp ( ! ,second ,h\se4 ,,ri*es ,cusp ( ! ,?ird ,h\se4 ,,k9dr$ & ,,%ort ,,j\rneys ,cusp ( ! ,f\r? ,h\se4 ,,inh]itances ,mid-night4 ,cusp ( ! ,fif? ,h\se4 ,,*ildr5 ,cusp ( ! ,six? ,h\se4 ,,sickness ,cusp ( ! ,sev5? ,h\se4 ,,m>riage ,sun-set4 ,cusp ( ! ,eigh? ,h\se4 ,,dea? ,cusp ( ! ,n9? ,h\se4 ,,long ,,j\rneys ,cusp ( ! ,mid-heav54 ,,honor ,noon-day4 ,cusp ( ! ,elev5? ,h\se4 ,,fri5ds ,cusp ( ! ,twelf? ,h\se4 ,,enemies ,! fir/1 call$ ! ,asc5dant ,h\se1 0 ! portion ris+ above ! horizon at ! ea/4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z ! ,h\se ( ,life1 ! planets locat$ !re9 at ! mom5t ( bir? hav+ mo/ pot5t influ5ce on ! life & de/9y ( ! native4 ,su* planets 7 said to rule ! asc5dant1 be+ 9 ! asc5d+ h\se2 & x is f ?is usage t our famili> expression t su* & su* an influ5ce is '9 ! asc5dant' is d]iv$4 ,! next h\se 0 ! ,h\se ( ,ri*es1 & 0 "o-?ird ( ! way f ! ea/ bel[ ! horizon t[>ds ! place ( ! sun at midnight4 ,! ?ird 0 ! ,h\se ( ,k9dr$1 %ort j\rneys1 lett]s1 messages1 etc4 ,x 0 two-?irds ( ! way t[>ds ! place ( ! midnight sun4 ,! f\r? 0 ! ,h\se ( ,p>5ts1 & 0 ! h\se :i* ! sun rea*$ at midnight4 ,! fif? 0 ! ,h\se ( ,*ildr5 & ,wom51 also ( all sorts ( amusem5ts1 !atres1 banquets1 & m]ry-mak+4 ,! six? 0 ! ,h\se ( ,sickness4 ,! sev5? 0 ! ,h\se ( ,love & ,m>riage4 ,^! ?ree h\ses 7! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?7 foll[$ 9 ord] f ! f\r?1 s z to correspond to ! "p ( ! sun's pa? bel[ ! horizon1 betwe5 8 place at midnight & 8 place :5 desc5d+ 9 ! we/4 ,! sev5?1 opposite to ! fir/1 0 ! ,desc5dant4 ,! eigh? h\se 0 ! fir/ h\se above ! horizon1 ly+ to ! we/1 & 0 ! ,h\se ( ,dea?4 ,! n9? h\se1 next to ! mid-heav5 on ! we/1 0 ! ,h\se ( ,religion1 sci5ce1 le>n+1 books1 & long voyages4 ,! t5?1 :i* 0 9 ! mid-heav51 or region occupi$ by ! sun at midday1 0 ! ,h\se ( ,hon\r1 d5ot+ cr$it1 r5[n1 pr(ession or call+1 trade1 pref]m5t1 etc4 ,! elev5? h\se1 next to ! mid-heav5 on ! ea/1 0 ! ,h\se ( ,fri5ds4 ,la/ly1 ! twelf? h\se 0 ! ,h\se ( ,enemies4 ,! h\ses 7 n all ( equal pot5cy4 ,! angul> h\ses1 :i* are ! fir/1 ! f\r?1 ! sev5?1 & ! t5?--ly+ ea/1 nor?1 we/1 & s\?--7 fir/ 9 p[]1 :e!r = good or evil4 ,! second1 fif?1 eigh?1 & elev5? h\ses 7 call$ succ$5ts1 z foll[+ ! angul> h\ses1 & next to !m 9 p[]4 ,! rema9+ f\r h\ses--viz4 ! ?ird1 six?1 n9?1 & twelf? h\ses--7 call$ cad5ts1 & 7 reg>d$ z weake/ 9 influ5ce4 ,! h\ses 7 reg>d$ z alt]nately mascul9e & fem99e3 ! fir/1 ?ird1 fif?1 etc41 be+ mascul9e2 :ile ! second1 f\r?1 six?1 etc41 7 fem99e4 ,! m p>ticul> significations ( ! v>i\s h\ses are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure f ! same book4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cele/ial ,,diagram repres5t+ at "o view ! v>i\s symbolical significations ( ! ,twelve ,heav5ly ,h\ses2 accord+ to anci5t manuscript writ]s ( ! twelf? c5tury2 & n to be f\nd 9 ,au?ors4 ,bre?r5 ( fri5ds1 fa!rs ( k+s1 sickness ( public enemies1 wives ( enemies1 dea? ( s]vants1 long j\rneys ( *ildr51 fri5ds ( bre?r51 ?\ghts ( ! ask]4 ,! end ( y\?1 bre?r5 ( private enemies1 fa!rs & gr&sires ( fri5ds1 k+'s sons1 enemies ( wives1 magi/]y ( *ildr51 private enemies ( bre?r54 ,sects1 dreams1 *ur*es1 fa!rs ( private enemies1 sons ( fri5ds1 sickness ( k+s1 enemies ( ! religi\s1 trade ( s]vants1 private enemies ( fa!rs4 ,dead m5's goods1 ca/les1 treasure hid1 ! fate ( ! corpse 9 ! grave1 money ( bre?r51 *ildr5 ( private enemies1 sickness ( fri5ds1 k+'s enemies1 fri5ds ( s]vants4 ,c>ds1 dice1 bre?r5's bre?r51 fa!r's money1 sickness ( private enemies1 enemies ( fri5ds1 dea? ( k+s1 fri5ds ( enemies1 enemies ( s]vants4 ,vassals1 *ildr5's money1 bre?r5's fa!rs1 fa!r's bre?r51 enemies' enemies1 dea? ( fri5ds1 j\rneys & religion ( k+s1 lay dignities1 enemies ( wives4 ,f9es1 pleas1 laws1 nuptials1 dea? ( enemies1 fri5ds ( bre?r51 sons ( fri5ds1 si/]s ( bre?r51 dea? ( enemies & ( great bea/s1 religion ( fri5ds4 ,lab\r1 sorr[1 inh]itance ( ! dead1 money ( enemies1 bre?r5 ( s]vants1 sickness ( bre?r51 dignity ( fri5ds1 k+'s fri5ds1 enemies ( religi\s p]sons4 ,prophets1 pray]s1 visions1 om5s1 div9e wor%ip1 wife's bre?r51 fa!rs ( s]vants1 *ildr5's *ildr51 sickness ( fa!rs1 enemies ( bre?r51 fri5ds ( fri5ds1 enemies ( k+s4 ,judges1 bre?r5 ( enemies1 s]vants1 fa!rs ( enemies1 *ildr5 ( s]vants1 sickness ( sons1 dea? ( bre?r51 fri5ds ( enemies1 enemies ( fri5ds4 ,knights1 esquires1 *ildr5 ( enemies1 sickness ( s]vants1 enemies & wives ( (fspr+1 dea? ( fa!rs1 j\rneys ( bre?r51 enemies ( enemies4 ,envy1 sorr[1 guile1 long hidd5 wra?1 money ( fri5ds1 bre?r5 ( k+s1 sickness ( wives1 s]vants' enemies1 dea? ( *ildr51 trade ( bre?r51 a prison4 ,x w be easily und]/ood h[ ^! h\ses 7 dealt ) 9 erect+ a s*eme ( nativity4 ,! position ( ! planets at ! mom5t ( ! native's bir?1 9 ! sev]al h\ses1 det]m9$ 8 =tunes ) reg>d to ! v>i\s matt]s associat$ ) ^! h\ses4 ,?us planets ( good influ5ce 9 ! native's asc5dant1 or fir/ h\se1 signifi$ g5]ally a prosp]\s life2 b if at ! same epo* a planet ( malefic influ5ce 0 9 ! sev5? h\se1 !n ! native1 ?\gh on ! :ole prosp]\s1 w\ld be un=tunate 9 m>riage4 ,a good planet 9 ! t5? h\se signifi$ good =tune & hon\r 9 (fice or bus9ess1 & g5]ally a prosp]\s c>e] z di/+ui%$ f a happy life2 b evil planets 9 ! n9? h\se w\ld sugge/ to ! native caution 9 und]tak+ long voyages1 or ent]+ ^u religi\s or sci5tific controv]sies4 ,simil> consid]ations appli$ to que/ions relat+ to hor>y a/ronomy1 9 :i* ! position ( ! planets 9 ! v>i\s h\ses at "s epo* guid$ ! a/rolog]'s op9ion z to ! =tune ( t h\r1 ei!r 9 ! life ( a man or ! c>e] ( a ,/ate4 ,9 su* inquiries1 h[ev]1 n only ! position ( ! planets1 etc41 at ! "t _h to be consid]$1 b also ! orig9al horoscope ( ! p]son1 or ! special planets & signs associat$ ) p>ticul> ,/ates4 ,?us if ,jupit]1 ! mo/ =tunate ( all ! planets1 0 9 ! asc5dant1 or 9 ! ,h\se ( ,hon\r1 at ! "t ( ! native's bir?1 & at "s epo* ?is planet 0 ill-aspect$ or afflict$ by o!r planets pot5t = evil 9 ! native's horoscope1 !n t epo* w\ld be a ?reat5+ "o 9 ! native's c>e]4 ,! sign ,gem9i 0 reg>d$ by a/rolog]s z especially associat$ ) ! =tunes ( ,london1 & accord+ly !y tell u t ! great fire ( ,london1 ! plague1 ! build+ ( ,london ,bridge1 & o!r ev5ts int]e/+ to ,london1 all occurr$ :5 ?is sign 0 9 ! asc5dant1 or :5 special planets 7 9 ?is sign4#g ,! signs ( ! zodiac 9 ! v>i\s h\ses 7 9 ! fir/ place to be not$1 because n only _h ^! signs special p[]s 9 special h\ses1 b ! effects ( ! planets 9 p>ticul> h\ses v>i$ accord+ to ! signs 9 :i* ! planets 7 situat$4 ,if we 7 to foll[ ! description giv5 by ! a/rolog]s !mselves1 n mu* insight w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! mean+ ( ! zodiacal signs4 ,= in/ance1 a/rolog]s say t ,aries is a v]nal1 dry1 fi]y1 mascul9e1 c>d9al1 equ9octial1 diurnal1 movable1 comm&+1 ea/]n1 *ol]ic1 viol5t1 & quadrup$alian sign4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 inf] g5]ally f _! acc\nts ! influ5ces :i* !y assign$ to ! zodiacal signs4 ,aries is ! h\se & joy ( ,m>s1 signifies a dry con/itution1 long face & neck1 ?ick %\ld]s1 sw>?y complexion1 & a ha/y1 passionate temp]4 ,x gov]ns ! head & face1 & all diseases relat+ !reto4 ,x reigns ov] ,engl&1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,less] ,pol&1 ,syria1 ,naples1 ,capua1 ,v]ona1 etc4 ,x is a mascul9e sign1 & is reg>d$ z =tunate4 ,taurus gives to ! native born "u 8 auspices a /\t a?letic frame1 broad bull-l =ehead1 d>k curly hair1 %ort neck1 & s =?1 & a dull apa!tic temp]1 exce$+ly cruel & malici\s if once ar\s$4 ,x gov]ns ! neck & ?roat1 & reigns ov] ,irel&1 ,great ,pol&1 "p ( ,russia1 ,holl&1 ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,ar*ipelago1 ,mantua1 ,leipsic1 etc4 ,x is a fem99e sign1 & un=tunate4 ,gem9i is ! h\se ( ,m]cury4 ,! native ( ,gem9i w h a sangu9e complexion & tall1 /raight figure1 d>k eyes quick & pi]c+1 br[n hair1 active ways1 & w be ( exce$+ly +5i\s intellect4 ,x gov]ns ! arms & %\ld]s1 & rules ov] ! s\?-we/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 ,fl&]s1 ,lomb>dy1 ,s>d9ia1 ,arm5ia1 ,l[] ,egypt1 ,london1 ,v]sailles1 ,brabant1 etc4 ,x is a mascul9e sign1 & =tunate4 ,canc] is ! h\se ( ! ,moon & exaltation ( ,jupit]1 & its native w be ( fair b pale complexion1 r\nd face1 grey or mild blue eyes1 weak voice1 ! upp] "p ( ! body l>ge1 sl5d] arms1 small feet1 & an effem9ate con/itution4 ,x gov]ns ! brea/ & ! /oma*1 & reigns ov] ,scotl&1 ,holl&1 ,zeal&1 ,burgundy1 ,africa1 ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,new ,york1 etc4 ,x is a fem99e sign1 & un=tunate4 ,! native born "u ,leo w be ( l>ge body1 broad %\ld]s1 au/]e c\nt5ance1 ) d>k eyes & tawny hair1 /rong voice1 & leon9e "*1 resolute & ambiti\s1 b g5]\s1 free1 & c\rte\s4 ,leo gov]ns ! he>t & back1 & reigns ov] ,italy1 ,bohemia1 ,france1 ,sicily1 ,rome1 ,bri/ol1 ,ba?1 ,taunton1 ,philadelphia1 etc4 ,x is a mascul9e sign1 & =tunate4 ,virgo is ! joy ( ,m]cury4 ,its natives are ( mod]ate /ature1 seldom h&some1 sl5d] b compact1 ?rifty & +5i\s4 ,x gov]ns ! abdom51 & reigns ov] ,turkey bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia1 ,greece1 & ,mesopotamia1 ,crete1 ,j]usalem1 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 etc4 ,x is a fem99e sign1 & g5]ally un=tunate4 ,libra is ! h\se ( ,v5us4 ,! natives ( ,libra are tall & well made1 elegant 9 p]son1 r\nd-fac$ & ruddy1 b pla9-featur$ & 'incl9$ to eruptions t disfigure ! face :5 old2 !y' 7! natives7 'are ( sweet disposition1 j & upright 9 deal+4' ,x gov]ns ! lumb> regions1 & reigns ov] ,au/ria1 ,alsace1 ,savoy1 ,portugal1 ,livonia1 ,india1 ,e?iopia1 ,lisbon1 ,vi5na1 ,frank=t1 ,antw]p1 ,*>le/on1 etc4 ,x is a mascul9e sign1 & =tunate4 ,scorpio is1 l ,aries1 ! h\se ( ,m>s1 '& also 8 joy4' ,its natives are /rong1 corpul5t1 & robu/1 ) l>ge bones1 'd>k curly hair & eyes' 7presumably ! eyes d>k only1 n curly71 middle /ature1 dusky complexion1 active bodies2 !y are usually res]v$ 9 spee*4 ,x gov]ns ! region ( ! gro91 & reigns ov] ,judaea1 ,mauritania1 ,catalonia1 ,norway1 ,we/ ,silesia1 ,upp] ,batavia1 ,b>b>y1 ,morocco1 ,val5tia1 ,mess9a1 etc4 ,x is fem99e1 & un=tunate4 7,x w\ld appe> likely1 by ! way1 t a/rology 0 a purely mascul9e sci5ce47 ,sagitt>ius is ! h\se & joy ( ,jupit]4 ,its natives are well =m$ & tall1 ruddy1 h&some1 & jovial1 ) f9e cle> eyes1 *e/nut hair1 & oval fle%y face4 ,!y are 'g5]ally jolly fell[s at ei!r b9 or bo>d1' active1 intrepid1 g5]\s1 & oblig+4 ,x gov]ns ! legs & ?ighs1#h & reigns ov] ,arabia ,felix1 ,spa91 ,hung>y1 ,moravia1 ,liguria1 ,n>bonne1 ,cologne1 ,avignon1 etc4 ,x is mascul9e1 & ( c\rse =tunate4 ,capricorn is ! h\se ( ,saturn & exaltation ( ,m>s4 ,?is sign gives to its natives a dry con/itution & sl5d] make1 ) a long ?9 visage1 ?9 be>d 7a g5]ally goaty aspect1 9 fact71 d>k hair1 long neck1 n>r[ *91 & weak knees4 ,x gov]ns1 nev]!less1 ! knees & hams1 & reigns ov] ,india1 ,mac$onia1 ,?race & ,greece1 ,mexico1 ,saxony1 ,wilna1 ,meckl5burgh1 ,br&5burg1 & ,ox=d4 ,x is fem99e1 & un=tunate4 ,aqu>ius also is ! h\se ( ,saturn4 ,its natives are robu/1 /eady1 /rong1 heal?y1 & ( middle /ature2 delicate complexion1 cle> b n pale1 s&y hair1 hazel eyes1 & g5]ally an hone/ disposition4 ,x gov]ns ! legs & ankles1 & reigns ov] ,arabia1 ,petraea1 ,t>t>y1 ,russia1 ,d5m>k1 ,l[] ,sw$51 ,we/phalia1 ,hamburg1 & ,brem54 ,x is mascul9e1 & =tunate4 ,pisces is ! h\se ( ,jupit] & exaltation ( ,v5us4 ,its natives are %ort1 pale1 ?ick-set1 & r\nd-%\ld]$ 7l fi%71 its "* phlegmatic & effem9ate4 ,x gov]ns ! feet & toes1 & reigns ov] ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,egypt1 ,norm&y1 ,galicia1 ,ratisbon1 ,calabria1 etc4 ,x is fem99e1 & !re=e1 naturally1 un=tunate4 ,let u next consid] ! influ5ces assign$ to ! v>i\s planets & con/ellations4 ,?\gh we c und]/& t 9 old times ! planets & />s 7 reg>d$ z ex]cis+ v pot5t influ5ces ^u ! fates ( m5 & nations1#i x is by no means easy to und]/& h[ a/rolog]s came to assign to ea* planet its special influ5ce4 ,t is1 x is n easy to und]/& h[ !y c\ld h be5 l$ to su* a result by actual reason+1 /ill less by any process ( obs]vation4#aj ,!re 0 a c]ta9 sci5tific basis = ! belief 9 ! possibility ( det]m9+ ! special influ5ces ( ! />s2 & we %\ld h expect$ to f9d "s sci5tific process adopt$ = ! purpose4 ,yet1 s f> z c be judg$1 ! influ5ces assign$ to ! planets dep5d$ on entirely fanciful consid]ations4 ,9 "s cases we seem almo/ to see ! l9e along :i* ! fancies ( ! old a/rolog]s l$ !m1 j z 9 "s cases we c p]ceive h[ my?ological sup]/itions 7:i* are closely relat$ to a/rological ideas7 _h _! orig92 ?\gh x is n q cle> :e!r ! planets 7 fir/ reg>d$ z deities ) special qualities1 & ^! qualities aft]w>ds assign$ to ! planet>y influ5ces1 or :e!r ! planet>y influ5ces 7 fir/ assign$1 & came ev5tually to be reg>d$ z ! qualities ( ! deities associat$ ) ! sev]al planets4 ,x is easy1 = in/ance1 to und]/& :y a/rolog]s %\ld h reg>d$ ! sun z ! emblem ( k+ly p[] & dignity1 & equally easy to und]/& :y1 to ! sun reg>d$ z a deity1 correspond+ qualities %\ld h be5 ascrib$2 b x is n easy to det]m9e :e!r ! a/rological or ! ,sabai/ic sup]/itions 7 ! e>li]4 ,& 9 l mann] ( ! moon & planets4 ,!re seems to me no suffici5t evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,:ewell's op9ion1 t '9 :atev] mann] ! sun1 moon1 & planets came to be id5tifi$ ) gods & goddesses1 ! *>act]s ascrib$ to ^! gods & goddesses1 regulat$ ! virtues & p[]s ( ! />s :i* be> _! names4' ,z he himself v ju/ly rem>ks1 ',we d n possess any ( ! speculations ( ! e>li] a/rolog]s2 & we _c1 !re=e1 be c]ta9 t ! notions :i* op]at$ 9 m5's m9ds :5 ! art _h its bir?1 agre$ ) ! views on :i* x 0 aft]w>ds def5d$4' ,he does n say :y he inf]s t1 ?\gh at lat] p]iods support$ by physical analogies1 x 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by my?ological beliefs4 ,q z probably my?ological beliefs 7 sugge/$ by a/rological notions4 ,"s ( ^! beliefs1 inde$1 seem manife/ly to h be5 s sugge/$2 z ! "* ( ! deity ,m]cury1 f ! rapid motions ( ! planet ,m]cury1 & ! difficulty ( detect+ x2 ! "* ( ,m>s f ! blood-r$ hue ( ! planet :5 close to ! horizon1 & s =?4 ,let u exam9e1 h[ev]1 ! *>act]i/ics ascrib$ by a/rolog]s to v>i\s planets4 ,x is un=tunate = a/rology t1 despite ! ass]t$ c>eful comp>ison ( ev5ts ) ! planet>y positions prec$+ & indicat+ !m1 no?+ 0 ev] obs]v$ :i* seem$ to sugge/ ! possibility t !re may be an unkn[n planet rul+ v /rongly ! affairs ( m54 ,a/rolog]s tell u n[ t ,uranus is a v pot5t planet2 yet ! old a/rolog]s seem to h got on v well )\t him4 ,by ! way1 "o ( ! mod]ns1 ! grave ,raphael1 gives a v s+ul> acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,uranus1 9 a book publi%$ sixte5 ye>s be=e ,neptune 0 discov]$ by j su* a process z ,raphael imag9$ 9 ! case ( ,uranus4 ,he says t ,drs4 ,halley1 ,bradley1 & o!rs1 hav+ frequ5tly obs]v$ t ,saturn 0 di/urb$ 9 8 motion by "s =ce ex]t$ f beyond 8 orbit1 & be+ unable to acc\nt = ! di/urbance on ! kn[n pr9ciples ( gravitation1 pursu$ _! enquiry into ! matt]1 'till at l5g? ! discov]y ( ?is hi!rto unkn[n planet cov]$ _! lab\rs ) success1 & has enabl$ u to enl>ge our pres5t sol> sy/em to ne>ly d\ble its b\nds4' ,( c\rse !re is n a ^w ( tru? 9 ?is2 ,uranus hav+ be5 discov]$ by accid5t long aft] ,halley & ,bradley 7 9 ! grave4 ,b ! acc\nt sugge/s :at might h be51 & curi\sly anticipates ! actual mann] 9 :i* ,neptune 0 discov]$4 ,a/rolog]s agree 9 attribut+ evil effects to ,uranus4 ,b ! evil he does is always peculi>ly /range1 unacc\ntable1 & totally unexpect$4 ,he causes ! native born "u 8 influ5ce to be ( a v ecc5tric & orig9al disposition1 romantic1 unsettl$1 addict$ to *ange1 a seek] aft] novelty2 ?\gh1 if ! moon or ,m]cury h a good aspect t[>ds ,uranus1 ! native w be pr(\nd 9 ! secret sci5ces1 magnanim\s1 & l(ty ( m9d4 ,b let all bew>e ( m>riage :5 ,uranus is 9 ! sev5? h\se1 or afflict+ ! moon4 ,& 9 g5]al1 let ! fair sex rememb] t ,uranus is peculi>ly ho/ile to !m1 & v evil 9 love4 ,saturn is ! ,great] ,in=tune ( ! old sy/em ( a/rology1 & is by univ]sal exp]i5ce ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/ pot5t1 evil1 & malignant ( all ! planets4 ,^? born "u him are ( d>k & pale complexion1 ) small1 black1 le]+ eyes1 ?ick lips & no/rils1 l>ge e>s1 ?9 face1 l[]+ looks1 cl\dy aspect1 & seem+ly melan*oly & unhappy2 & ?\gh !y h broad %\ld]s1 !y h b %ort lips & a ?9 be>d1 ,!y are 9 "* au/]e & res]v$1 covet\s1 labori\s1 & rev5geful2 con/ant 9 fri5d%ip1 & good hat]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & c]ta9 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,saturn9e man is t1 z an old au?or obs]ves 'he w nev] look !e 9 ! face4' ',if !y h to love any "o1 ^! ,saturn9es1' says ano!r old au?or1 '!y love mo/ con/antly2 & if !y hate1 !y hate to ! dea?4' ,! p]sons signifi$ symbolically by ,saturn are gr&p>5ts1 & o!r old p]sons1 day lab\r]s1 paup]s1 begg>s1 cl[ns1 husb&m5 ( ! mean] sort1 & especially und]tak]s1 sextons1 & grav$igg]s4 ,*auc] ?us pres5ts ! *ief effects :i* ,saturn produces 9 ! =tunes ( m5 & nations--,saturn himself be+ ! speak]3-- 444 quod ,saturne ,my c\rs1 t ha? s wide = to turne1 ,ha? m p[] ?an wot any man4 ,m9 is ! dr5*+ 9 ! sea s wan1 ,m9 is ! prison 9 ! d]ke cote1 ,m9 is ! /rangel & hang+ by ! ?rote1 ,! murmure & ! *]les rebell+1 ,! groyn+1 & ! prive empoyson+1 ,i d v5gaunce & ple9e correction1 ,:ile ,i dwell 9 ! signe ( ! leon2 ,m9 is ! ru9e ( ! high halles1 ,! fall+ ( ! t\res & ( ! walles ,^u ! m9\r or ! c>p5t]3 ,i slew ,sampson 9 %ak+ ! pil]4 ,m9 b5 also ! maladies colde1 ,! d]ke tresons1 & ! ca/es olde3 ,my lok+ is ! fad] ( pe/il5ce4 ,jupit]1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh ,saturn's next neighb\r 9 ! sol> sy/em1 produces effects ( an entirely contr>y k9d4 ,he is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ propiti\s ( all ! planets1 & ! native born "u 8 influ5ce has e reason to be jovial 9 fact z he is by nature4 ,su* a native w be tall & fair1 h&some & erect1 robu/1 ruddy1 & altoge!r a good-look+ p]son1 :e!r male or female4 ,! native w also be religi\s1 or at lea/ a good moral hone/ man1 unless ,jupit] be afflict$ by ! aspects ( ,saturn1 ,m>s1 or ,uranus2 9 :i* case he may /ill be a jolly fell[1 no man's enemy b 8 own--only he w probably be 8 own enemy to a v consid]able ext5t1 squ&]+ 8 means & ru9+ 8 heal? by gluttony & intoxication4 ,! p]sons repres5t$ by ,jupit] 7:5 he is n afflict$7 are judges1 c\nsellors1 *ur* dignit>ies1 f c>d9als to curates1 s*ol>s1 *ancellors1 b>ri/]s1 & ! highe/ ord]s ( lawy]s1 wooll5drap]s 7possibly !re may be "s a/ral significance 9 ! woolsack71 & clo?i]s4 ,:5 ,jupit] is afflict$1 h[ev]1 he d5otes quacks & m\ntebanks1 knaves1 *eats1 & drunk>ds4 ,! influ5ce ( ! planet on ! =tunes is ne>ly always good4 ,a/rolog]s1 :o to a man rev]5ce dignities1 consid] ,great ,brita9 =tunate 9 t ! lady :om1 ) cu/om>y effusion1 !y t]m ',our ,mo/ ,graci\s ,que51' 0 born :5 ,jupit] 0 rid+ high 9 ! heav5s ne> 8 culm9ation1 ?is position promis+ a mo/ =tunate & happy c>e]4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 ! =tunes ( ?is c\ntry 7 likely to be affect$ by su* ?+s2 b we may hope1 = ! lady's own sake1 t ?is pr$iction has be5 fulfill$4 ,a/rolog]s ass]t ! same ab\t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 assign+ midnight1 ,may #a1 #agfi1 z ! h\r ( 8 bir?4 ,!re is "s d\bt bo? z to ! date & place ( ! great soldi]'s bir?2 b ! a/rolog] f9ds 9 ! facts ( 8 life ! means ( remov+ all su* d\bts4#aa ,next 9 ord] comes ,m>s1 inf]ior only 9 malefic influ5ce to ,saturn1 & call$ by ! old a/rolog]s ! ,less] ,in=tune4 ,! native born "u ! influ5ce ( ,m>s is usually ( fi]ce c\nt5ance1 8 eyes sp>kl+1 or %>p & d>t+1 8 complexion fi]y or yell[i%1 & 8 c\nt5ance sc>r$ or furr[$4 ,8 hair is r$di% or s&y1 unless ,m>s *ances to be 9 a wat]y sign1 9 :i* case ! hair w be flax52 or 9 an e>?ly sign1 9 :i* case ! hair w be *e/nut4 ,! ,m>tiali/ is broad-%\ld]$1 /eady1 & /rong1 b %ort1#ab & (t5 bony & lean4 ,9 "* ! ,m>tiali/ is fi]y & *ol]ic1 naturally delight+ 9 w> & cont5tion1 b g5]\s & magnanim\s4 ,?is :5 ,m>s is well aspect$2 %\ld ! planet be evil aspect$1 !n w ! native be trea*]\s1 ?ievi%1 treasonable1 cruel1 & wick$4 ,! p]sons signifi$ by ,m>s are g5]als1 soldi]s1 sailors 7if he is 9 a wat]y sign71 surgeons1 *emi/s1 doctors1 arm\r]s1 b>b]s1 curri]s1 smi?s1 c>p5t]s1 bricklay]s1 sculptors1 cooks1 & tailors4 ,:5 afflict$ ) ,m]cury or ! moon1 he d5otes ?ieves1 hangm51 & 'all cut ?roat p4' ,9 fact1 except ! pl\ghboy1 :o belongs to ,saturn1 all ! memb]s ( ! old septet1 't9k]1 tailor1 soldi]1 sailor1 apo!c>y1 pl\ghboy1 ?ief1' are fav\rites ) ,m>s4 ,! planet's influ5ce is n q s evil z ,saturn's1 nor are ! effects produc$ by x s long-la/+4 ',! influ5ce ( ,saturn1' says an a/rolog]1 'may be comp>$ to a l+]+ b fatal consumption2 t ( ,m>s to a burn+ fev]4' ,he is ! cause ( ang]1 qu>rels1 viol5ce1 w>1 & slaught]4 ,! sun comes next2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 accord+ to ! old sy/em ( a/ronomy1 ! sun 0 a planet4 ,p]sons born "u ! sun z ! planet rul+ _! asc5dant1 w\ld be m apt to be aw>e ( ! fact ?an ,saturn9e1 ,jovial1 ,m>tial1 or any o!r folk1 because ! h\r ( bir?1 if rememb]$1 at once det]m9es :e!r ! native is a sol> subject or n4 ,! sol> native has g5]ally a r\nd face 7l pictures ( ! sun 9 old books ( a/ronomy71 ) a %ort *92 8 complexion some:at sangu9e2 curl+ s&y hair1 & a :ite t5d] sk94 ,z to "*1 he is bold & resolute1 desir\s ( praise1 ( sl[ spee* & compos$ judgm5t2 outw>dly decor\s1 b privately n altoge!r virtu\s4 ,! sun1 9 fact1 accord+ to a/rolog]s1 is ! natural significator ( respectability2 = :i* ,i c discov] no reason1 unless x be t ! sun travell+ always 9 ! ecliptic has no latitude1 & s sol> folk are all[$ none4 ,:5 ! sun is ill aspect$1 ! native is bo? pr\d & mean1 tyrannical & sycophantic1 exce$+ly unamiable1 & g5]ally dislik$ because ( 8 arrogance & ignorant pomposity4 ,! p]sons signifi$ by ! sun are emp]ors1 k+s1 & titl$ folk g5]ally1 goldsmi?s1 jewell]s1 & co9]s4 ,:5 'afflict$1' ! sun signifies pret5d]s ei!r to p[] or k4 ,! sun's influ5ce is n 9 itself ei!r good or evil1 b is mo/ p[]ful = good :5 he is fav\rably aspect$1 & = evil :5 he is afflict$ by o!r planets4 ,v5us1 ! next 9 ord]1 bore ! same relation to ! ,great] ,=tune ,jupit] :i* ,m>s bore to ,saturn ! ,great] ,ill-=tune4 ,%e 0 ! ,less] ,=tune1 & h] influ5ce 0 9 ne>ly all respects b5evol5t4 ,! p]sons born "u ! influ5ce ( ?is planet are h&some1 ) beautiful sp>kl+ hazel or black eyes 7b ano!r au?ority assigns ! subject ( ,v5us1 'a full eye1 usually we say goggle-ey$1' by :i* we d n usually imply beauty71 ruddy lips1 ! upp] lip %ort1 s(t smoo? hair1 dimples 9 ! *eek & *91 an amor\s look & a sweet voice4 ,"o old a/rolog] puts ! matt] ?us pleasantly3--',! native ( ,v5us ha?1' quo? he1 'a love-dimple 9 ! *91 a lovely m\?1 *]ry lips1 & a "r m]ry c\nt5ance4' ,9 "* ! native ( ,v5us is m]ry 'to a fault1' b ( temp] engag+1 sweet & *e]ful1 unless %e be ill aspect$1 :5 h] native is apt to be too fond ( pleasure & amusem5t4 ,t h] influ5ce is good is %[n 79 ! op9ion ( ,raphael1 writ+ 9 #ahbh7 by ! "* ( ,george ,,iv41 'our pres5t belov$ mon>* & mo/ graci\s maje/y1 :o 0 born j z ?is b5evol5t />' 0 9 ! asc5dant2 '= x is well kn[n to all ,europe :at a ref9$ & poli%$ g5ius1 & :at exquisite ta/e1 ! ,k+ ( ,engl& possesses1 :i* !re=e may be cit$ z a mo/ illu/ri\s pro( ( ! cele/ial sci5ce2 a pro( likewise :i* is palpably demon/rable1 ev5 to ! mo/ casual obs]v]1 s9ce ! "t ( 8 nativity is tak5 f ! public j\rnals ( ! p]iod1 & _c be ga9said4' ',?is illu/ri\s & regal horoscope is replete ) wond]ful v]ifications ( planet>y influ5ce1 & ,engl& _c b prosp] :ile %e is bless$ ) ! mild & b5efic5t sway ( ?is pot5t mon>*4' ,/r5g!n$ 9 fai? by ?is conv9c+ pro( ( ! cele/ial sci5ce1 we proce$ to notice t ,v5us is ! protectrice ( musicians1 embroid]]s1 p]fum]s1 classic modell]s1 & all :o "w 9 elegant attire or adm9i/] to ! luxuries ( ! great2 b :5 %e is afflict$1 %e repres5ts '! l[] ord]s ( ! vot>ies ( voluptu\sness4' ,m]cury is consid]$ by a/rolog]s 'a cold1 dry1 melan*oly />4' ,! ,m]curial is nei!r d>k nor fair1 b betwe5 bo?1 long-fac$1 ) high =ehead & ?9 %>p nose1 '?9 be>d 7_m times none at all71 sl5d] ( body1 & ) small weak eyes2' long sl5d] h&s & f+]s are 'especial m>ks ( ,m]cury1' says ,raphael4 ,9 "* ! ,m]curial is busy & prattl+4 ,b :5 well affect$1 ,m]cury gives 8 subjects a /rong1 vigor\s1 active m9d1 se>*+ & exhau/ive1 a ret5tive memory1 a natural ?ir/ = k4#ac ,! p]sons signifi$ by ,m]cury are a/rolog]s1 philosoph]s1 ma!maticians1 politicians1 m]*ants1 travell]s1 tea*]s1 poets1 artific]s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 & all +5i\s1 clev] m54 ,:5 he is ill affect$1 h[ev]1 he repres5ts pettifogg]s1 cunn+ vile p]sons1 ?ieves1 mess5g]s1 footm51 & s]vants1 etc4 ,! moon comes la/ 9 planet>y sequ5ce1 z ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,%e is reg>d$ by a/rolog]s z a cold1 moi/1 wat]y1 phlegmatic planet1 v>iable to an extreme1 &1 l ! sun1 p>tak+ ( good or evil accord+ z %e is aspect$ fav\rably or ! rev]se4 ,h] natives are ( good /ature1 fair1 & pale1 moon-fac$1 ) grey eyes1 %ort arms1 ?ick h&s & feet1 smoo?1 corpul5t & phlegmatic body4 ,:5 %e is 9 wat]y signs1 ! native has freckles on ! face1 or1 says ,lilly1 'he or %e is blub-*eek$1 n a h&some body1 b a muddl+ creature4' ,unless ! moon is v well aspect$1 %e ev] signifies an ord9>y vulg> p]son4 ,%e signifies sailors 7n z ,m>s does1 ! fight+-m5 ( w>-%ips1 b nautical folk g5]ally7 & all p]sons connect$ ) wat] or any k9d ( fluid2 also all :o are engag$ 9 inf]ior & common (fices4 ,we may note1 9 pass+1 t to ea* planet a special metal is assign$1 z also p>ticul> col\rs4 ,*auc]1 9 ! ,*anones ,yemannes' ,tale1 succ9ctly describes ! di/ribution ( ! metals among ! planets3-- ,sol gold is1 & ,luna silv] we ?repe2 ,m>s ir51 ,m]curie silv] we clepe3 ,saturnus l$1 & ,jupit] is t91 ,& ,v5us cop]1 by my ! ,*anones ,yemannes' fad]k94 ,! col\rs are ?us assign$3--to ,saturn1 black2 to ,jupit]1 mix$ r$ & gre52 to ,m>s1 r$2 to ! sun1 yell[ or yell[-purple2 to ,v5us1 :ite or purple2 to ,m]cury1 azure blue2 to ! moon1 a col\r spott$ ) :ite & o!r mix$ col\rs4 ,aga91 ! planets 7 suppos$ to h special influ5ce on ! sev5 ages ( human life4 ,! infant1 'mewl+ & puk+ 9 ! nurse's arms1' 0 v appropriately d$icat$ to ! moi/ moon2 ! :9+ s*oolboy 7did s*oolboys :9e 9 ! days ( good ,que5 ,bess87 0 less appropriately assign$ to ,m]cury1 ! patron ( ^? :o eag]ly seek aft] k3 !n v naturally1 ! lov] sigh+ l furnace 0 reg>d$ z ! special fav\rite ( ,v5us4 ,?us f> ! ord] has be5 t ( ! sev5 planets ( ! anci5t a/rology1 9 suppos$ di/ance4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we h to pass ov] ! sun1 f9d+ ,m>s ! patron ( mid life1 appropriately 79 ?is respect7 presid+ ov] ! soldi] full ( /range oa?s1 & s =?2 ! 'ju/ice 9 fair r\nd belly ) good capon l9$' is wat*$ ov] by ! respectable sun2 matur] age by ,jupit]2 &1 la/ly1 old age by ,saturn4 ,col\rs 7 also assign$ to ! twelve zodiacal signs--to ,aries1 :ite & r$2 to ,taurus1 :ite & lemon2 to ,gem9i1 :ite & r$ 7! same z ,aries72 to ,canc]1 gre5 or russet2 to ,leo1 r$ or gre52 to ,virgo1 black speckl$ ) blue2 to ,libra1 black1 or d>k crimson1 or tawny col\r2 to ,scorpio1 br[n2 to ,sagitt>ius1 yell[1 or a gre5 sangu9e 7?is is z /range a col\r z ! gris r\ge ( ,moli]e's ,l',av>e72 ,capricorn1 black or russet1 or a sw>?y br[n2 to ,aqu>ius1 a sky-col\r$ blue2 to ,pisces1 :ite gli/5+ col\r 7l a fi% j tak5 out ( ! wat]74 ,! *ief fix$ />s _h v>i\s influ5ces assign$ to !m by a/rolog]s4 ,^! influ5ces 7 mo/ly associat$ ) ! imag9>y figures ( ! con/ellations4 ,?us ! bright /> 9 ! head ( ,aries1 call$ by "s ! ,ram's ,horn1 0 reg>d$ z dang]\s & evil1 d5ot+ bodily hurts4 ,! /> ,m5k> 9 ! ,:ale's jaw d5ot$ sickness1 disgrace1 & ill-=tune1 ) dang] f great bea/s4 ,betelgeux1 ! bright /> on ,orion's "r %\ld]1 d5ot$ m>tial hon\rs or weal?2 ,bellatrix1 ! /> on ,orion's left %\ld]1 d5ot$ milit>y or civic hon\rs2 ,rigel1 on ,orion's left foot1 d5ot$ hon\rs2 ,sirius & ,procyon1 ! great] & less] ,dog ,/>s1 bo? impli$ weal? & r5[n4 ,/> clu/]s seem to h port5d$ loss ( sight2 at lea/ we le>n t ! ,pleiades 7 'em95t />s1' b d5ot+ accid5ts to ! sight or bl9dness1 :ile ! clu/] ,praesepe or ! ,beehive 9 l mann] ?reat5$ bl9dness4 ,! clu/] 9 ,p]seus does n seem to h be5 notic$ by a/rolog]s4 ,! v>iable /> ,algol or ,caput ,m$usae1 :i* m>ks ! head ( ,gorgon1 0 acc\nt$ '! mo/ un=tunate1 viol5t1 & dang]\s /> 9 ! heav5s4' ,x is tol]ably cle> t ! v>iable "* ( ?is /> _h be5 detect$ long be=e ,montan>i 7to :om ! discov]y is commonly attribut$7 notic$ ! ph5om5on4 ,! "n ,algol is only a v>iation ( ,al-ghul1 ! mon/] or demon1 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! demoniac1 ,gorgonian "* assign$ to ?is /> 0 sugge/$ by its om9\s *ange1 z ?\gh x 7 ! eye ( "s fi]ce mon/] sl[ly w9k+ amid ! gloom ( space4 ,! two />s call$ ! ,aselli1 :i* lie on ei!r side ( ! clu/] ,praesepe1 'are said' 7by a/rolog]s7 'to be ( a burn+ nature1 & to give great indications ( a viol5t dea?1 or ( viol5t & sev]e accid5ts by fire4' ,! /> call$ ,cor ,hydrae1 or ! s]p5t's he>t1 d5otes tr\ble ?r\gh wom5 7said ,i n rightly t ,a/rology 0 a mascul9e sci5ce872 ! ,lion's he>t1 ,regulus1 impli$ glory & ri*es2 ,d5eb1 ! ,lion's tail1 mis=tune & disgrace4 ,! s\!rn scale ( ,libra meant bad =tune1 :ile ! nor!rn 0 em95tly =tunate4 ,a/rology 0 divid$ into ?ree di/9ct bran*es--! doctr9e ( nativities1 hor>y a/rology1 & /ate a/rology4 ,! fir/ assign$ ! rules = det]m9+ ! g5]al =tunes ( ! native1 by draw+ up 8 s*eme ( nativity or ca/+ 8 horoscope4 ,x took into acc\nt ! positions ( ! v>i\s planets1 signs1 />s1 etc41 at ! "t ( ! native's bir?2 & z ! a/rolog] c\ld calculate ! movem5ts ( ! planets !reaft]1 he c\ld f9d :5 ^? planets :i* 7 obs]v$ by ! horoscope to be mo/ closely associat$ ) ! native's =tunes w\ld be well aspect$ or ! rev]se4 ,?us ! auspici\s & unlucky epo*s ( ! native's life c\ld be pr$et]m9$4 ,! a/rolog] also claim$ "s degree ( p[] to rule ! planets1 n by modify+ _! movem5ts 9 any way1 b by indicat+ 9 :at way ! ill effects port5d$ by _! positions c\ld be prev5t$4 ,! ,arabian & ,p]sian a/rolog]s1 hav+ less skill ?an ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemy1 made use ( a diff]5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! =tunes ( m51 n calculat+ ! positions ( ! planets = _m ye>s foll[+ ! bir? ( ! native1 b assign+ to e day aft] 8 bir? a :ole ye> ( 8 life & = e two h\rs' motion ( ! moon "o mon?4 ,?us ! positions ( ! />s & planets1 tw5ty-"o days aft] ! bir? ( ! native1 w\ld indicate ! ev5ts correspond+ to ! "t :5 he w\ld h complet$ 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 ,!re 0 ano!r sy/em call$ ! ,placidian1 9 :i* ! effects ( ! positions ( ! planets 7 judg$ ) sole ref]5ce to ! motion ( ! e>? ^u h] axis4 ,x is satisfactory to f9d a/rolog]s 9 h>mony among/ ea* o!r z to ^! v>i\s me?ods1 :i* "o w\ld h suppos$ likely to give entirely diff]5t results4 ',ea* ( !m1' says a mod]n a/rolog]1 'is n only correct & approv$ by long-tri$ practice1 b may be said to defy ! lea/ contradiction f ^? :o w b take ! pa9s to exam9e !m 7& no "o else %\ld deliv] an op9ion ^u ! subject74 ,al?\gh ea* ( ! above me?ods are diff]5t1 yet !y by no means contradict ea* o!r1 b ea* leads to true results1 & 9 _m in/ances !y ea* lead to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! same ev5t2 9 :i* respect !y may be comp>$ to ! asc5t ( a m\nta9 by diff]5t pa?s1 :]e1 al?\gh "s pa?s are long] & m difficult ?an o!rs1 !y not)/&+ all lead to ! same object4' ,all :i*1 ?\gh plausible 9 tone lab\rs "u ! disadvantage ( be+ untrue4 ,ptolemy is c>eful to po9t out1 9 8 celebrat$ "w ! ',tetrabiblos1' t1 ( all ev5ts :atsoev] :i* take place aft] bir?1 ! mo/ ess5tial is ! cont9uance ( life4 ',x is useless1' he says1 'to consid] :at ev5ts might happ5 to ! native 9 lat] ye>s if 8 life does n ext5d1 = in/ance1 beyond "o ye>4 ,s t ! enquiry into ! duration ( life takes prec$5ce ( all o!rs4' ,9 ord] to deal prop]ly ) ?is "q1 x is necess>y to det]m9e :at planet %all be reg>d$ z ! ,hyleg1 ,apheta1 or ,"l ( ,life1 = ! native4 ,next ! ,an>eta1 or ,de/roy] ( ,life1 mu/ be asc]ta9$4 ,! ,an>etic planets are1 by nature1 ,saturn1 ,m>s1 & ,uranus1 ?\gh ! sun1 moon1 & ,m]cury may be end[$ ) ! same fatal influ5ce1 if suitably afflict$4 ,! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ,hyleg1 or ,giv] ( ,life1 may be afflict$ by ! ,an>eta1 correspond to ! v>i\s modes ( dea?4 ,b a/rolog]s h always be5 s+ul>ly c>eful1 9 ca/+ horoscopes1 to avoid def9ite ref]5ce to ! native's dea?4 ,!re are b few cases :]e ! actual day ( dea? is said to h be5 assign$4 ,"o is relat$ 9 ,cl>5don's ',hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion4' ,he tells u t ,william ,e>l ( ,pembroke di$ at ! age ( fifty1 on ! day ^u :i* 8 tutor ,s&=d _h pr$ict$ 8 decease4 ,burton1 ! au?or ( ! ',anatomy ( ,melan*oly1' hav+ ca/ 8 own horoscope1 & asc]ta9$ t he 0 to die on ,janu>y #bc1 #afci1 is said to h committ$ suicide 9 ord] t ! accuracy ( 8 calculations might n be call$ 9 "q4 ,a simil> /ory is relat$ ( ,c>dan by ,dr4 ,"y 7,sidrophel ,vapulans71 on ! au?ority ( ,gass5di1 :o1 h[ev]1 says only t ei!r ,c>dan />v$ himself1 or1 be+ confid5t 9 8 art1 took ! pr$ict$ day = a fatal "o1 & by 8 fe>s made x s4 ,gass5di adds t :ile ,c>dan pret5d$ to describe ! fates ( 8 *ildr5 9 8 volum9\s comm5t>ies1 he all ! :ile nev] suspect$1 f ! rules ( 8 great art1 t 8 de>e/ son w\ld be condemn$ 9 ! fl[] ( 8 y\? to be behead$ on a scaffold1 by an execution] ( ju/ice1 = de/roy+ 8 own wife by poison4 ,hor>y a/rology relates to p>ticul> que/ions1 & is a comp>atively easy bran* ( ! sci5ce4 ,! art ( ca/+ nativities requires _m ye>s ( /udy2 b hor>y a/rology 'may be well und]/ood1' says ,lilly1 '9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a ye>4' ',if a proposition ( any nature1' he adds1 'be made to any individual1 ab\t ! result ( :i* he is anxi\s1 & !re=e unc]ta9 :e!r to acc$e to x or n1 let him b note ! h\r & m9ute :5 x 0 fir/ made1 & erect a figure ( ! heav5s1 & 8 d\bts w be in/antly resolv$4 ,he may ?us 9 five m9utes le>n :e!r ! affair w succe$ or n3 & consequ5tly :e!r x is prud5t to accept ! (f] made or n4 ,if he exam9e ! sign on ! fir/ h\se ( ! figure1 ! planet !re91 or ! planet rul+ ! sign1 w exactly describe ! p>ty mak+ ! (f]1 bo? 9 p]son & "*1 & ?is may at once conv9ce ! enquir] = tru? ( ! reality ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! desc5d+ sign1 etc41 w describe 8 own p]son & "*--a f>!r pro( ( ! tru? ( ! sci5ce4' ,!re is "o feature ( hor>y a/rology :i* is probably almo/ z anci5t z any portion ( ! sci5ce1 yet :i* rema9s ev5 to ! pres5t day1 & w probably rema9 = _m ye>s to come4 ,i ref] to ! influ5ce :i* ! planets 7 suppos$ to ex]t on ! successive h\rs ( e day--a belief f :i* ! division ( "t into weeks ( sev5 days unque/ionably _h its orig9--?\gh we may conc$e t ! subdivision ( ! lun> mon? into f\r equal p>ts 0 also consid]$ 9 select+ ?is conv5i5t measure ( "t4 ,e h\r _h its planet4 ,n[ divid+ tw5ty-f\r by sev51 we get ?ree & ?ree ov]2 :5ce1 ea* day conta9+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x foll[s t 9 ea* day ! complete s]ies ( sev5 planets 0 run ?r\gh ?ree times1 & ?ree planets ( ! next s]ies 7 us$4 ,! ord] ( ! planets 0 t ( _! di/ances1 z indicat$ above4 ,saturn came fir/1 !n ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,sun1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ! ,moon4 ,beg9n+ ) ,saturn1 z rul+ ! fir/ h\r ( ,saturn's day 7,saturday71 we get ?r\gh ! above s]ies ?ree times1 & h = ! la/ ?ree h\rs ( ! day1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s4 ,?us ! next h\r1 ! fir/ h\r ( ! next day1 belongs to ! sun--,sunday foll[s ,saturday4 ,we aga9 run ?ree times ?r\gh ! s]ies1 & ! ?ree rema9+ h\rs are gov]n$ by ! sun1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1--giv+ ! moon z ! fir/ planet = ! next day4 ,monday ?us foll[s ,sunday4 ,! la/ ?ree h\rs ( ,monday are rul$ by ! moon1 ,saturn1 & ,jupit]2 leav+ ,m>s to gov]n ! next day--,m>tis dies1 ,m>di1 ,tuesday or ,tuisco's day4 ,proce$+ 9 ! same way1 we get ,m]cury = ! next day1 ,m]curii dies1 ,m]cr$i1 ,w$nesday or ,wod5's day2 ,jupit] = ! next day1 ,jovis dies1 ,jeudi1 ,?ursday or ,?or's day2 ,v5us = ! next day1 ,v5]is dies1 ,v5dr$i1 ,friday or ,freya's day2 & s we come to ,saturday aga94#ad ,! p]iod ( sev5 days1 :i* _h its orig9 91 & d]iv$ its nom5clature f a/rological ideas1 %[s by its wide preval5ce h[ widely a/rological sup]/itions 7 once spread among ! nations4 ,z ,:ewell rem>ks 7?\gh1 = reasons :i* w readily be und]/ood he 0 by no means anxi\s to dwell ^u ! true orig9 ( ! ,sabbatical week71 '! usage is f\nd ov] all ! ,ea/2 x exi/$ among ! ,arabians1 ,assyrians1 & ,egyptians4 ,! same week is f\nd 9 ,india1 among ! ,brahm9s2 x has !re also its days m>k$ by ! names ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! same day has1 9 t c\ntry1 ! "n correspond+ ) its designation 9 o!r nations4444 ,! p]iod has gone on )\t int]ruption or irregul>ity f ! e>lie/ record$ times to our own days1 trav]s+ ! ext5t ( ages & ! revolutions ( empires2 ! names ( anci5t deities1 :i* 7 associat$ ) ! />s1 7 replac$ by ^? ( ! objects ( ! wor%ip ( our ,teutonic ance/ors1 accord+ to _! views ( ! correspond5ce ( ! two my?ologies2 & ! ,quak]s1 9 reject+ ^! names ( days1 h ca/ aside ! mo/ anci5t exi/+ relic ( a/rological z well z idolatr\s sup]/ition4 ,n only d ! names rema91 b "s ( ! obs]vances connect$ ) ! old a/rological sy/ems rema9 ev5 to ?is day4 ,z c]emonies d]iv$ f ,pagan wor%ip are /ill cont9u$1 ?\gh modifi$ 9 =m1 & ) a diff]5t int]pretation1 9 ,*ri/ian & especially ,roman ,ca?olic obs]vances1 s among ! ,jews & among ,*ri/ians ! rites & c]emonies ( ! old ,egyptian & ,*aldaean a/rology are /ill cont9u$1 ?\gh no long] int]pret$ z ( yore4 ,! great ,jewi% ,lawgiv] & ^? :o foll[ him seem1 = example1 to h recognis$ ! value ( regul> p]iods ( re/ 7:e!r really requir$ by man or become a necessity ?r\gh long habit71 b to h be5 some:at 9 d\bt h[ be/ to cont9ue ! practice )\t sanction+ ! sup]/itions ) :i* x _h be5 connect$4 ,at any rate two diff]5t & inconsi/5t int]pretations 7 giv5 9 ! e>li] & lat] codes ( law4 ,b :e!r ! ,jews accept$ ! ,sabba? because !y believ$ t an ,all-p[]ful ,be+1 hav+ creat$ ! _w 9 six days1 requir$ & took re/ 7'& 0 refre%$'7 on ! sev5?1 z /at$ 9 ,exodus 7xx4 #aa & xxxi4 #ag71 or :e!r !y did s 9 remembrance ( _! dep>ture f ,egypt1 z /at$ 9 ,deut]onomy 7v4 #ae71 !re c be no "q t among ! ,egyptians ! ,sabba? or ,saturn's day 0 a day ( re/ because ( ! malignant nature ( ! p[]ful planet-deity :o presid$ ov] t day4 ,nor c x be s]i\sly d\bt$ t ! ,jews desc5d$ f ! old ,*aldaeans1 among :om 7z appe>s f /one inscriptions rec5tly discov]$7 ! v ^w ,sabba? 0 9 use = a sev5? day ( re/ connect$ ) a/rological obs]vances1 7 famili> ) ! practice ev5 be=e _! soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,!y _h !n probably reg>d$ x z a sup]/iti\s practice to be es*ew$ l ^? idolatr\s obs]vances :i* _h caus$ ,t]ah to remove ) ,abraham & ,lot f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,at any rate1 we f9d no m5tion ( ! sev5? day ( re/ z a religi\s obs]vance until aft] ! ,exodus4#ae ,x 0 n _! only religi\s obs]vance hav+ 9 reality an a/rological orig94 ,inde$1 if we exam9e ! ,jewi% sacrificial sy/em z describ$ 9 ,numb]s xxviii4 & else:]e1 we %all f9d ?r\gh\t a tacit ref]5ce to ! motions or influ5ces ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,!re 0 ! morn+ & ev5+ sacrifice guid$ by ! movem5ts ( ! sun2 ! ,sabba? (f]+1 det]m9$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,saturn2 ! (f]+ ( ! new moon1 dep5d+ on ! motions ( ! moon2 & la/ly1 ! ,pas*al sacrifice1 dep5d+ on ! comb9$ movem5ts ( ! sun & moon--made1 9 fact1 dur+ ! lunation foll[+ ! sun's asc5d+ passage ( ! equator at ! sign ( ,aries4 ,let u return1 h[ev]1 aft] ?is some:at long digression1 to a/rological matt]s4 ,hor>y a/rology is manife/ly mu* bett] fitt$ ?an ! ca/+ ( nativities = fill+ ! pocket ( ! a/rolog] himself2 because only "o nativity c be ca/1 b any numb] ( hor>y que/ions c be ask$4 ,x is on acc\nt ( _! skill 9 hor>y a/rology t ! ,zadkiels ( our own "t h occasionally f\nd _! way into ! twelf? h\se1 or ,h\se ( ,enemies4 ,ev5 ,lilly himself1 n devot+1 x w\ld seem1 five m9utes to inquire into ! probable success ( ! affair1 0 indict$ 9 #afee by a half-witt$ "y woman1 because he _h giv5 judgm5t respect+ /ol5 goods1 receiv+ two %ill+s & sixp5ce1 contr>y to an ,act made "u & provid$ by ! wise & virtu\s ,k+ ,james1 ,fir/ ( ,engl& & ,six? ( ,scotl&4 ,/ate a/rology relates to ! de/9ies ( k+doms1 ?rones1 empires1 & may be reg>d$ z a bran* ( hor>y sci5ce relat+ to subjects 7& rul]s7 ( m ?an ord9>y importance4 ,9 =m] ages all p]sons likely to occupy an important position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w _h _! horoscopes erect$2 b 9 ^! deg5]ate days nei!r ! ca/+ ( nativities nor ! art ( rul+ ! planets fl\ri%es z x %\ld d4 ,our ,zadkiels & ,raphaels publi%1 inde$1 ! horoscopes ( k+s & emp]ors1 pr9ces & pr9cesses1 & s =?2 b _! fate is z t ( ,b5$ict 7accord+ to ,beatrice7--m5 'wond] !y w /ill be talk+1 = nobody m>ks !m4' ,ev5 ^? ^: horoscopes h be5 erect$ %[ no prop] respect = ! pr$ictions made 9 _! behalf4 ,?us ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales be+ born :5 ,sagitt>ius 0 9 ! asc5dant %\ld h be51 accord+ to ,zadkiel1 a tall man1 ) oval face1 ruddy complexion1 some:at dusky1 & s =?2 b ,i und]/& he has by no means foll[$ ^! directions z to 8 appe>ance4 ,! sun1 be+ well aspect$1 progno/icat$ hon\rs--a mo/ rem>kable & unlook$-= circum/ance1 /rangely fulfill$ by ! ev5t2 b !n be+ 9 ,canc]1 9 sextile ) ,m>s1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 0 to be p>tial to m>itime affairs & atta9 naval glory1 :]eas z a field-m>%al he c only w9 milit>y glory4 7,i w\ld n be und]/ood to say t he is n q z compet5t to lead our fleets z our battalions into action47 ,! ,h\se ( ,weal? 0 occupi$ by ,jupit]1 aspect$ by ,saturn1 :i* betok5$ great weal? ?r\gh inh]itance--a progno/ication1 says ,pr(essor ,mill]1 :i* is n unlikely to come true4 ,! ,h\se ( ,m>riage 0 unsettl$ by ! conflict+ influ5ces ( ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,saturn2 b ! fir/ pr$om9at+1 ! ,pr9ce1 aft] "s tr\ble 9 8 matrimonial speculations1 0 to m>ry a ,pr9cess ( high bir?1 & "o n undes]v+ ( 8 k9de/ & mo/ affectionate att5tion1 probably 9 #ahfb4 ,z to ! date1 an almanack in=ms me t ! ,pr9ce m>ri$ a ,dani% ,pr9cess 9 ,m>* #ahfc1 :i* looks l a mo/ culpable neglect ( ! pr$ictions ( our national a/rolog]4 ,aga91 9 ,may #ahgj1 :5 ,saturn 0 /ation>y 9 ! asc5d+ degree1 ! ,pr9ce ought to h be5 injur$ by a horse1 & also to h receiv$ a bl[ on ! left side ( ! head1 ne> ! e>2 b repreh5sibly omitt$ bo? ^! c]emonies4 ,a pr$isposition to fev] & epileptic attacks 0 indicat$ by ! condition ( ! ,h\se ( ,sickness4 ,! newspap]s describ$1 a few ye>s s9ce1 a s]i\s attack ( fev]2 b z mo/ p]sons h "s exp]i5ce ( ! k9d1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction c h>dly be reg>d$ z v wond]ful4 ,epileptic attacks1 :i*1 z less common1 might h sav$ ! cr$it ( ! a/rolog]s1 h n visit$ '?is royal native4' ,! position ( ,saturn 9 ,capricorn betok5$ loss or disa/] 9 "o or o!r ( ! places rul$ ov] by ,capricorn--:i*1 z we h se51 are ,india1 ,mac$onia1 ,?race1 ,greece1 ,mexico1 ,saxony1 ,wilna1 ,meckl5burgh1 ,br&5burgh1 & ,ox=d4 ,pr(essor ,mill] expresses ! hope t ,ox=d 0 ! place indicat$1 & ! disa/] no?+ m s]i\s ?an "s slight scrape ) ! au?orities ( ,*ri/*ur*4 ,b pr9ces nev] get into scrapes ) college dons4 ,probably "s "o or o!r ( ! 'hair-bread? 'scapes' *ronicl$ by ! report]s ( 8 travels 9 ,india 0 ! ev5t indicat$ by ! om9\s position ( ,saturn 9 ,capricorn4 ,a rem>kable li/ ( *>act]i/ics 7 d]iv$ by ,zadkiel f ! positions ( ! v>i\s planets & signs 9 ! twelve h\ses ( ! 'royal native4' ,"s1 ( c\rse1 7 indicat$ 9 m ways ?an "o1 :i* w expla9 ! p>5!tical notes 9 ! foll[+ alphabetical table :i* ,pr(essor ,mill] has be5 at ! pa9s to draw up f ,zadkiel's pr$ictions4 ,! pr9ce 0 to be 'acute1 affectionate1 amiable1 amor\s1 au/]e1 av>ici\s1 b5efic5t1 b5evol5t1 brave1 brilliant1 calculat$ = gov]nm5t' 7a quality :i* may be und]/ood two ways71 'c&id1 c>eful ( 8 p]son1 c>eless1 compassionate1 c\rte\s 7twice ov]71 delight+ 9 eloqu5ce1 discreet1 envi\s1 fond ( glory1 fond ( le>n+1 fond ( music1 fond ( poetry1 fond ( sports1 fond ( ! arts & sci5ces1 frank1 full ( exp$i5ts1 g5]\s 7?ree times71 graci\s1 hon\rable1 ho/ile to crime1 imp]vi\s1 +5i\s1 in(f5sive1 joy\s1 j 7twice71 labori\s1 lib]al1 l(ty1 magnanim\s1 mode/1 noble1 n easy to be und]/ood 7671 p>simoni\s1 pi\s 7twice71 pr(\nd 9 op9ion1 prone to regret 8 acts1 prud5t1 ra%1 religi\s1 rev]5t1 self-confid5t1 s9c]e1 s+ul> 9 mode ( ?9k+1 /rong1 temp]ate1 unres]v$1 un/eady1 valuable 9 fri5d%ip1 v>iable1 v]satile1 viol5t1 volatile1 wily1 & wor?y4' ,zadkiel concludes ?us3--',! squ>e ( ,saturn to ! moon w add to ! gloomy side ( ! picture1 & give a t+e ( melan*oly at times to ! native's "*1 & also a disposition to look at ! d>k side ( ?+s1 & lead him to despond5cy2 nor w he be at all ( a sangu9e "*1 b cool & calculat+1 ?\gh occasionally ra%4 ,yet1 all ?+s consid]$1 ?\gh firm & sometimes positive 9 op9ion1 ?is royal native1 if he live to m\nt ! ?rone1 w sway ! sceptre ( ^! realms 9 mod]ation & ju/ice1 & be a pi\s & b5evol5t man1 & a m]ciful sov]eign4' ,=tunately1 ! "t has long s9ce pass$ :5 sway+ ! sceptre ( ^! realms _h any b a figurative mean+1 or :5 ,engli%m5 :o obey$ _! c\ntry's laws dep5d$ on ! m]cy ( any man1 or :5 ev5 bad citiz5s 7 judg$ by pr9ces4 ,b we /ill pref] t pr9ces %\ld be well-mann]$ g5tlem51 & !re=e x is s9c]ely to be hop$ t ,zadkiel's pr$iction1 s f> z x relates to piety & b5evol5ce1 may be fulfill$1 %\ld ?is 'royal native' live to m\nt ! ?rone4 ,z = m]cy1 x is a goodly quality ev5 9 ^! days & 9 ?is c\ntry2 = if ! law no long] tol]ates cruelty to m51 ev5 on ! "p ( pr9ces1 :o once _h prescrib$ rights 9 t direction1 !re are /ill "s cruel1 nay brutal sports 9 :i* 'royal natives' might sometimes be tempt$ to take "p4 ,:]e=e let u hope t1 ev5 9 reg>d to m]cy1 ! pr$ictions ( a/rolog]s respect+ ?is 'royal native' may be fulfill$4 ,pass+ h[ev]1 f trivialities1 let u consid] ! lessons :i* ! hi/ory ( a/rology tea*es u respect+ ! human m9d1 its p[]s & weaknesses4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,:ewell t = _m ages 'my/icism 9 its v>i\s =ms 0 a lead+ "* bo? ( ! common m9d & ! speculations ( ! mo/ intellig5t & pr(\nd reason]s4' ,?us my/icism 0 ! opposite ( t habit ( ?\ght :i* sci5ce requires1 'namely1 cle> ideas1 di/9ctly employ$ to connect well-asc]ta9$ facts2 inasmu* z ! ideas 9 :i* x dealt 7 vague & un/able1 & ! temp] 9 :i* !y 7 contemplat$ 0 an urg5t & aspir+ en?usiasm1 :i* c\ld n submit to a calm conf]5ce ) exp]i5ce ^u ev5 t]ms4' ,we h se5 :at has be5 ! hi/ory ( "o p>ticul> =m ( ! my/icism ( anci5t & m$iaeval ages4 ,if we _h foll[$ ! hi/ory ( al*emy1 magic1 & o!r =ms ( my/icism1 we %\ld h se5 simil> results4 ,true sci5ce has gradually dispossess$ sci5ce falsely s call$1 until n[ none b ! weak] m9ds hold by ! t5ets =m]ly almo/ univ]sally adopt$4 ,9 m]e numb]s1 believ]s 9 ! anci5t sup]/itions may be by no means insignificant2 b !y no long] h any influ5ce4 ,x has become a matt] ( %ame to pay any att5tion to :at ^? few say or d :o n m]ely hold b proclaim ! anci5t fai? 9 ^! matt]s4 ,we c also see :y ?is has be54 ,9 old times en?usiasm usurp$ ! place ( reason 9 ^! cases2 b op9ions s =m$ & s reta9$ c\ld n ma9ta9 _! gr\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( reason+ & exp]i5ce4 ,s soon z intellig5t & ?\ghtful m5 p]ceiv$ t facts 7 aga9/ ! suppos$ my/]i\s influ5ces ( ! />s1 ! ass]t$ p[]s ( magicians1 ! pret5d$ k ( al*emi/s1 ! false tea*+s ( magic1 al*emy1 & a/rology1 7 reject$4 ,! lesson ?us le>n$ respect+ errone\s doctr9es :i* 7 once widely preval5t has its application 9 our "t1 :51 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( ^? tea*+s has pass$ away1 o!r doctr9es =m]ly associat$ ) !m /ill hold _! gr\nd4 ,m5 9 old times1 influ5c$ by errone\s tea*+s1 wa/$ _! "t & en]gies 9 idle que/ion+s ( ! />s1 va9 ef=ts to f9d ,arcana ( my/]i\s p[]1 & to acquire magical au?ority ov] ! elem5ts4 ,is x altoge!r cle> t 9 ^! our times m5 are n hamp]$1 prev5t$ to "s degree f do+ all ! good !y might d 9 ! %ort life-"t allott$ to !m1 by doctr9es ( ano!r k9d8 ,is !re 9 our day no undue sacrifice ( pres5t good 9 idle que/ion+s8 is !re no t5d5cy to tru/ 9 a va9 feti%ism to prev5t or remove evils :i* en]gy c\ld av]t or rem$y8 ,! "t w come1 9 my belief1 :5 ! wa/e ( ^? en]gies :i* 9 ^! days are devot$ 7n m]ely ) ! sanction1 b ! high approval1 ( "s ( ! be/ among u7 to idle aims1 w be deplor$ z regretfully--b1 alas1 z idly--z ! wa/$ speculations & lab\rs ( ^? :om ,:ewell has ju/ly call$ ! mo/ intellig5t & pr(\nd reason]s ( ! '/ation>y age' ( sci5ce4 ,! words ) :i* ,:ewell closes 8 *apt] on ! ',my/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages' h _! application to ! my/icism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3--',exp]i5ce collects h] /ores 9 va91 or ceases to collect !m1 :5 %e c only p\r !m into ! flimsy folds ( ! lap ( ,my/icism1 :o is1 9 tru?1 s mu* absorb$ 9 look+ = ! treasures :i* are to fall f ! skies1 t %e he$s little h[ scantily %e obta9s1 or h[ loosely %e holds1 su* ri*es z %e might f9d beside h]4' ,,ii4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a new sect has appe>$ :i*1 ?\gh z yet small 9 numb]s1 is full ( zeal & f]v\r4 ,! fai? pr(ess$ by ?is sect may be call$ ! religion ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 ! *ief article ( _! cre$ be+ ! doctr9e t t rem>kable edifice 0 built = ! purpose ( reveal+--9 ! fulness ( "t1 n[ ne>ly accompli%$--c]ta9 notewor?y tru?s to ! human race4 ,! f\nd] ( ! pyramid religion is describ$ by "o ( ! pres5t lead]s ( ! sect z '! late wor?y ,john ,taylor1 ( ,g[] ,/reet1 ,london2' b hi!rto ! *ief prophets ( ! new fai? h be5 9 ?is c\ntry ,pr(essor ,smy?1 ,a/ronom] ,royal = ,scotl&1 & 9 ,france ! ,abbe ,moigno4 ,i propose to exam9e "h "s ( ! facts mo/ confid5tly urg$ by pyramidali/s 9 support ( _! views4 ,b x w be well fir/ to indicate briefly ! doctr9es ( ! new fai?4 ,!y may be ?us pres5t$3 ,! great pyramid 0 erect$1 x w\ld seem1 "u ! in/ructions ( a c]ta9 ,semitic k+1 probably no o!r ?an ,mel*iz$ek4 ,by sup]natural means1 ! ar*itects 7 in/ruct$ to place ! pyramid 9 latitude #cj deg4 nor?2 to select = its figure t ( a squ>e pyramid1 c>efully ori5t$2 to employ = _! unit ( l5g? ! sacr$ cubit correspond+ to ! #bj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s pol> axis2 & to make ! side ( ! squ>e base equal to j s _m ( ^! sacr$ cubits z !re are days & p>ts ( a day 9 a ye>4 ,!y 7 fur!r1 by sup]natural help1 enabl$ to squ>e ! circle1 & symbolis$ _! victory ov] ?is problem by mak+ ! pyramid's height be> to ! p]imet] ( ! base ! ratio :i* ! radius ( a circle be>s to ! circumf]5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! great precessional p]iod1 9 :i* ! e>?'s axis gyrates l t ( "s mighty top ar\nd ! p]p5dicul> to ! ecliptic1 0 communicat$ to ! build]s ) a degree ( accuracy f> exce$+ t ( ! be/ mod]n det]m9ations1 & !y 7 in/ruct$ to symbolise t relation 9 ! dim5sions ( ! pyramid's base4 ,a value ( ! sun's di/ance m accurate by f> ?an mod]n a/ronom]s h obta9$ 7ev5 s9ce ! rec5t transit7 0 imp>t$ to !m1 & !y embodi$ t dim5sion 9 ! height ( ! pyramid4 ,o!r results :i* mod]n sci5ce has a*iev$1 b :i* by m]ely human means ! ar*itects ( ! pyramid c\ld n h obta9$1 7 also sup]naturally communicat$ to !m2 s t ! true mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 h] true %ape1 ! configuration ( l& & wat]1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! e>?'s surface1 & s =?1 7 ei!r symbolis$ 9 ! great pyramid's position1 or 9 ! %ape & dim5sions ( its ext]ior & int]ior4 ,9 ! pyramid also 7 pres]v$ ! true1 because sup]naturally communicat$1 /&>ds ( l5g?1 area1 capacity1 weight1 d5sity1 heat1 "t1 & money4 ,! pyramid also indicat$1 by c]ta9 features ( its int]ior /ructure1 t :5 x 0 built ! holy influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades 7 ex]t$ f a mo/ effective position--! m]idian1 ?r\gh ! po9ts :]e ! ecliptic & equator int]sect4 ,& z ! pyramid ?us significantly ref]s to ! pa/1 s also x indicates ! future hi/ory ( ! e>?1 especially 9 %[+ :5 & :]e ! mill5nium is to beg94 ,la/ly1 ! apex or cr[n+ /one ( ! pyramid 0 no o!r ?an ! antitype ( t /one ( /umbl+ & rock ( (f5ce1 reject$ by build]s :o knew n its true use1 until x 0 f9ally plac$ z ! *ief /one ( ! corn]4 ,:5ce naturally1 ':osoev] %all fall ^u x'--t is1 ^u ! pyramid religion--'%all be brok52 b on :omsoev] x %all fall x w gr9d him to p[d]4' ,if we exam9e ! relations actually pres5t$ by ! great pyramid--its geographical position1 dim5sions1 %ape1 & int]nal /ructure--)\t hamp]+ ourselves ) ! t5ets ( ! new fai? on ! "o h&1 or on ! o!r ) any s]i\s anxiety to disprove !m1 we %all f9d mu* to sugge/ t ! build]s ( ! pyramid 7 +5i\s ma!maticians1 :o _h made "s progress 9 a/ronomy1 ?\gh n s mu* z !y _h made 9 ! ma/]y ( me*anical & sci5tific difficulties4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$ is ! geographical position ( ! great pyramid1 s f>1 at lea/1 z ?is position affects ! aspect ( ! heav5s1 view$ f ! pyramid z f an obs]vatory4 ,little importance1 ,i conceive1 c be atta*$ to purely geographical relations 9 consid]+ ! pyramid's position4 ,pr(essor ,smy? notes t ! pyramid is peculi>ly plac$ ) respect to ! m\? ( ! ,nile1 /&+ 'at ! s\!rn apex ( ! ,delta-l& ( ,egypt4' ,?is region be+ %ap$ l a fan1 ! pyramid1 set at ! "p correspond+ to ! h&le1 01 he consid]s1 't monum5t pure & undefil$ 9 its religion ?r\gh an idolatr\s l&1 allud$ to by ,isaiah2 ! monum5t :i* 0 bo? an alt> to ! ,"l 9 ! mid/ ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & a pill> at ! bord] !re(1 & de/9$ )al to become a witness 9 ! latt] days1 & be=e ! consummation ( all ?+s1 to ! same ,"l1 & to :at ,he ha? purpos$ ^u man k9d4' ,/ill m fanciful are "s o!r notes ^u ! pyramid's geographical position3 z 7i47 t !re is m l& along ! m]idian ( ! pyramid ?an on any o!r all ! _w r\nd2 7ii47 t !re is m l& 9 ! latitude ( ! pyramid ?an 9 any o!r2 & 7iii47 t ! pyramid t]ritory ( ,l[] ,egypt is at ! c5tre ( ! dry l& habitable by man all ! _w ov]4 ,x does n seem to be notic$ by ^? :o call our att5tion to ^! po9ts t su* co9cid5ces prove too mu*4 ,x might be reg>d$ z n a m]e accid5t t ! great pyramid /&s at ! c5tre ( ! arc ( %ore-l9e along :i* lie ! outlets ( ! ,nile2 or x might be reg>d$ z n a m]e co9cid5ce t ! great pyramid /&s at ! c5tral po9t ( all ! habitable l&-surface ( ! globe2 or1 aga91 any "o ( ! o!r relations above m5tion$ might be reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,b if1 in/ead ( tak+ only "o or o!r ( ^! f\r relations1 we take all f\r ( !m1 or ev5 any two ( !m1 toge!r1 we mu/ reg>d peculi>ities ( ! e>?'s configuration z ! result ( special design :i* c]ta9ly h n hi!rto be5 s reg>d$ by geograph]s4 ,= in/ance1 if x 0 by a special design t ! pyramid 0 plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! ,nile delta1 & also by special design t ! pyramid 0 plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! l&-surface ( ! e>?1 if ^! two relations are ea* s exactly fulfill$ z to r5d] ! idea ( m]e accid5tal co9cid5ce inadmissible1 !n x foll[s1 ( necessity1 t x is ?r\gh no m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ce t ! c5tre ( ! ,nile delta lies at ! c5tre ( ! l&-surface ( ! e>?2 9 o!r words1 ! %ore-l9e along :i* lie ! m\?s ( ! ,nile has be5 design$ly curv$ s z to h its c5tre s plac$4 ,& s ( ! o!r relations4 ,! v fact t ! f\r conditions c be fulfill$ simultane\sly is evid5ce t a co9cid5ce ( ! sort may result f m]e accid5t4#af ,inde$1 ! peculi>ity ( geographical position :i* really seems to h be5 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! pyramid ar*itects1 introduces yet a fif? condition :i* by accid5t c\ld be fulfill$ along ) ! f\r o!rs4 ,x w\ld seem t ! build]s ( ! pyramid 7 anxi\s to place x 9 latitude #cj deg41 z closely z _! means ( obs]vation p]mitt$4 ,let u consid] :at result !y a*iev$1 & ! evid5ce ?us af=d$ respect+ _! skill & sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,9 our own "t1 ( c\rse1 ! a/ronom] has no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ) great exactness ! position ( any giv5 latitude-p>allel4 ,b at ! "t :5 ! great pyramid 0 built x mu/ h be5 a matt] ( v s]i\s difficulty to det]m9e ! position ( any requir$ latitude-p>allel ) a great degree ( exactitude4 ,! mo/ obvi\s way ( deal+ ) ! difficulty w\ld h be5 by obs]v+ ! l5g? ( %ad[s ?r[n by upright po/s at noon 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,9 latitude #cj deg4 nor?1 ! sun at noon 9 spr+ 7or1 to speak precisely1 on ! day ( ! v]nal equ9ox7 is j twice z f> f ! horizon z he is f ! po9t v]tically ov]head2 & if a po9t$ po/ 7 set exactly upright at true noon 7suppos$ to occur at ! mom5t ( ! v]nal or autumnal equ9ox71 ! %ad[ ( ! po/ w\ld be exactly half z long z a l9e drawn f ! top ( ! pole to ! end ( ! %ad[4 ,b obs]vations bas$ on ?is pr9ciple w\ld h pres5t$ _m difficulties to ! ar*itects ( ! pyramid4 ,! sun n be+ a po9t ( light1 b a globe1 ! %ad[ ( a po9t$ rod does n end 9 a well-def9$ po9t4 ,! mom5t ( true noon1 :i* is n ! same z ord9>y or civil noon1 nev] does agree exactly ) ! "t ( ! v]nal or autumnal equ9ox1 & may be remov$ f x by any int]val ( "t n exce$+ twelve h\rs4 ,& !re are _m o!r circum/ances :i* w\ld lead a/ronom]s1 l ^? :o d\btless presid$ ov] ! sci5tific prep>ations = build+ ! great pyramid1 to pref] a means ( det]m9+ ! latitude dep5d+ on ano!r pr9ciple4 ,! /ell> heav5s w\ld af=d practically un*ang+ indications = _! purpose4 ,! />s be+ all c>ri$ r\nd ! pole ( ! heav5s1 z if !y 7 fix$ po9ts 9 ! int]ior ( a holl[ revolv+ sph]e1 x becomes possible to det]m9e ! position ( ! pole ( ! /> sph]e1 ev5 ?\gh no bright conspicu\s /> actually occupies t po9t4 ,any bright /> close by ! pole is se5 to revolve 9 a v small circle1 ^: c5tre is ! pole itself4 ,su* a /> is our pres5t s-call$ pole-/>2 &1 ?\gh 9 ! days :5 ! great pyramid 0 built1 t /> 0 n ne> ! pole1 ano!r1 & probably a bright] /> lay ne> en\gh to ! pole#ag to s]ve z a pole-/>1 & to indicate by its circl+ motion ! position ( ! actual pole ( ! heav5s4 ,?is 0 at t "t1 & = _m subsequ5t c5turies1 ! lead+ /> ( ! great con/ellation call$ ! ,dragon4 ,! pole ( ! heav5s1 we "k1 v>ies 9 position accord+ to ! latitude ( ! obs]v]4 ,at ! nor? pole x is exactly ov]head2 at ! equator ! poles ( ! heav5s are bo? on ! horizon2 &1 z ! obs]v] travels f ! equator t[>ds ! nor? or s\? pole ( ! e>?1 ! correspond+ pole ( ! heav5s rises high] & high] above ! horizon4 ,9 latitude #cj deg4 nor?1 or "o-?ird ( ! way f ! equator to ! pole1 ! pole ( ! heav5s is rais$ "o-?ird ( ! way f ! horizon to ! po9t v]tically ov]head2 & :5 ?is is ! case ! obs]v] kn[s t he is 9 latitude #cj deg4 ,! build]s ( ! great pyramid1 ) ! almo/ con/antly cle> skies ( ,egypt1 may reasonably be suppos$ to h adopt$ ?is means ( det]m9+ ! true position ( t ?irtie? p>allel on :i* !y appe> to h design$ to place ! great build+ !y 7 ab\t to erect4 ,x s happ5s t we h ! means ( =m+ an op9ion on ! "q :e!r !y us$ "o me?od or ! o!r2 :e!r !y employ$ ! sun or ! />s to guide !m to ! geographical position !y requir$4 ,9 fact1 7 x n = ?is circum/ance1 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x wor? :ile to discuss ! qualities ( ei!r me?od4 ,x w pres5tly be se5 t ! discussion be>s importantly on ! op9ion we are to =m ( ! skill & atta9m5ts ( ! pyramid ar*itects4 ,e cele/ial object is app>5tly rais$ some:at above its true position by ! refractive p[] ( our atmosph]e1 be+ mo/ rais$ :5 ne>e/ ! horizon & lea/ :5 ne>e/ ! po9t v]tically ov]head4 ,?is effect is1 inde$1 s m>k$ on bodies close to ! horizon t if ! a/ronom]s ( ! pyramid times _h obs]v$ ! sun1 moon1 & />s att5tively :5 s plac$1 !y c\ld n h fail$ to discov] ! peculi>ity4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y not$ ! "t ( ris+ & sett+ ( ! cele/ial bodies1 !y only made in/rum5tal obs]vations ^u !m :5 ^! bodies 7 high 9 ! heav5s4 ,?us !y rema9$ ignorant ( ! refractive p[]s ( ! air4#ah ,n[1 if !y _h det]m9$ ! position ( ! ?irtie? p>allel ( latitude by obs]vations ( ! noonday sun 79 spr+ or autumn71 !n s9ce1 ow+ to refraction1 !y w\ld h judg$ ! sun to be high] ?an he really 01 x foll[s t !y w\ld h suppos$ ! latitude ( any /ation f :i* !y obs]v$ to be l[] ?an x really 04 ,= ! l[] ! latitude ! high] is ! noonday sun at any giv5 season4 ,?us1 :5 really 9 latitude #cj deg4 !y w\ld h suppos$ !mselves 9 a latitude l[] ?an #cj deg41 & w\ld h travell$ a little fur!r nor? to f9d ! prop] place1 z !y w\ld h suppos$1 = erect+ ! great pyramid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y det]m9$ ! place f obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( />s ne> ! pole ( ! heav5s1 !y w\ld make an error ( a precisely opposite nature4 ,= ! high] ! latitude ! high] is ! pole ( ! heav5s2 & refraction1 !re=e1 :i* app>5tly raises ! pole ( ! heav5s1 gives to a /ation ! appe>ance ( be+ 9 a high] latitude ?an x really is1 s t ! obs]v] w\ld consid] he 0 9 latitude #cj nor? :5 9 reality some:at s\? ( t latitude4 ,we h only !n to inquire :e!r ! great pyramid 0 set nor? or s\? ( latitude #cj deg41 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! pyramid ar*itects obs]v$ ! noonday sun or circumpol> />s to det]m9e _! latitude2 always assum+ 7z we reasonably may7 t ^? ar*itects did propose to set ! pyramid 9 t p>ticul> latitude1 & t !y 7 able to make v accurate obs]vations ( ! app>5t positions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 b t !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! refractive effects ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! answ] comes 9 no d\btful t]ms4 ,! c5tre ( ! great pyramid's base lies ab\t "o mile & a ?ird s\? ( ! ?irtie? p>allel ( latitude2 & f ?is position ! pole ( ! heav5s1 z rais$ by refraction1 w\ld appe> to be v ne> inde$ to ! requir$ position4 ,9 fact1 if ! pyramid _h be5 set ab\t half a mile /ill f>!r s\? ! pole w\ld h seem$ j "r4 ,( c\rse1 su* an explanation z ,i h "h sugge/$ appe>s altoge!r h]etical to ! pyramidali/s4 ,accord+ to !m ! pyramid ar*itects knew p]fectly well :]e ! true ?irtie? p>allel lay1 & knew also all t mod]n sci5ce has discov]$ ab\t refraction2 b set ! pyramid s\? ( ! true p>allel & nor? ( ! position :]e refraction w\ld j h made ! app>5t elevation ( ! pole correct1 simply 9 ord] t ! pyramid might correspond z ne>ly z possible to ea* ( two conditions1 :]e( bo? c\ld n be fulfill$ at once4 ,! pyramid w\ld inde$1 !y say1 h be5 set ev5 m closely midway betwe5 ! true & ! app>5t p>allels ( #cj deg4 nor?1 b t ! ,jeezeh hill on :i* x is set does n af=d a rock f\ndation any f>!r nor?4 ',s v close1' says ,pr(essor ,smy?1 '0 ! great pyramid plac$ to ! nor!rn br9k ( its hill1 t ! edges ( ! cliff might h brok5 (f "u ! t]rible pressure _h n ! build]s bank$ up !re mo/ firmly ! imm5se m\nds ( rubbi% :i* came f _! "w1 & :i* ,/rabo look$ s p>ticul>ly = #ahjj ye>s ago1 b c\ld n f9d4 ,"h !y 71 h[ev]1 & /ill are1 utilis$ 9 enabl+ ! great pyramid to /& on ! v utmo/ v]ge ( its comm&+ hill1 )9 ! limits ( ! two requir$ latitudes1 z well z ov] ! c5tre ( ! l&'s physical & radial =mation1 & at ! same "t on ! sure & prov]bially wise f\ndation ( rock4' ,! next circum/ance to be not$ 9 ! position ( ! great pyramid 7z ( all ! pyramids7 is t ! sides are c>efully ori5t$4 ,?is1 l ! approximation to a p>ticul> latitude1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an a/ronomical r ?an a geographical relation4 ,! accuracy ) :i* ! ori5tation has be5 effect$ w s]ve to %[ h[ f> ! build]s _h ma/]$ ! me?ods ( a/ronomical obs]vation by :i* ori5tation 0 to be secur$4 ,! problem 0 n s simple z might be suppos$ by ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! way 9 :i* ! c>d9al po9ts are correctly det]m9$4 ,by sol> obs]vations1 or r by ! obs]vations ( %ad[s ca/ by v]tical %afts be=e & aft] noon1 ! direction ( ! m]idian1 or nor? & s\? l9e1 c !oretically be asc]ta9$4 ,b probably 9 ?is case1 z 9 det]m9+ ! latitude1 ! build]s took ! />s = _! guide4 ,! pole ( ! heav5s w\ld m>k ! true nor?2 & equally ! pole-/>1 :5 bel[ or above ! pole1 w\ld give ! true nor?1 b1 ( c\rse1 mo/ conv5i5tly :5 bel[ ! pole4 ,nor is x difficult to see h[ ! build]s w\ld make use ( ! pole-/> = ?is purpose4 ,f ! middle ( ! nor!rn side ( ! int5d$ base !y w\ld bore a slant passage t5d+ always f ! position ( ! pole-/> at its l[] m]idional passage1 t /> at ea* successive return to t position s]v+ to direct _! progress2 :ile its small range1 ea/ & we/ ( ! pole1 w\ld enable !m mo/ accurately to det]m9e ! />'s true mid-po9t bel[ ! pole2 t is1 ! true nor?4 ,:5 !y _h ?us obta9$ a slant tunnel po9t+ truly to ! m]idian1 & _h c>ri$ x d[n to a po9t ne>ly bel[ ! middle ( ! propos$ squ>e base1 !y c\ld1 f ! middle ( ! base1 bore v]tically d[nw>ds1 until by r\gh calculation !y 7 ne> ! l[] end ( ! slant tunnel2 or bo? tunnels c\ld be made at ! same "t4 ,!n a subt]ranean *amb] w\ld be op5$ out f ! slant tunnel4 ,! v]tical bor+1 :i* ne$ n be wid] ?an necess>y to all[ a plumb-l9e to be susp5d$ d[n x1 w\ld enable ! ar*itects to det]m9e ! po9t v]tically bel[ ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,! slant tunnel w\ld give ! direction ( ! true nor?1 ei!r f t po9t or f a po9t at "s kn[n small di/ance ea/ or we/ ( t po9t4#ai ,?us1 a l9e f "s asc]ta9$ po9t ne> ! m\? ( ! v]tical bor+ to ! m\? ( ! slant tunnel w\ld lie due nor? & s\?1 & s]ve z ! requir$ guide = ! ori5tation ( ! pyramid's base4 ,if ?is base ext5d$ beyond ! op5+ ( ! slant tunnel1 !n1 by cont9u+ ?is tunnell+ ?r\gh ! base ti]s ( ! pyramid1 ! means w\ld be obta9$ ( correct+ ! ori5tation4 ,?is1 ,i say1 w\ld be ! c\rse naturally sugge/$ to a/ronomical ar*itects :o _h det]m9$ ! latitude 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,x may ev5 be describ$ z ! only v accurate me?od available be=e ! telescope _h be5 inv5t$4 ,s t if ! accuracy ( ! ori5tation appe>s to be great] ?an c\ld be obta9$ by ! %ad[ me?od1 ! natural inf]5ce1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce1 w\ld be t ! /ell> me?od1 & no o!r1 _h be5 employ$4 ,n[1 9 #aggi1 ,n\et1 by ref9$ obs]vations1 f\nd ! error ( ori5tation measur$ by less ?an #bj m9utes ( arc1 correspond+ r\ghly to a displacem5t ( ! corn]s by ab\t #cg-a_/b in*es f _! true position1 z suppos$ to be det]m9$ f ! c5tre2 or to a displacem5t ( a s\!rn corn] by #ec in*es on an ea/ & we/ l9e f a po9t due s\? ( ! correspond+ nor!rn corn]4 ,?is error1 = a base l5g? ( #iadj in*es1 w\ld n be s]i\s1 be+ only "o in* 9 ab\t five y>ds 7:5 e/imat$ 9 ! second way74 ,yet ! result is n q wor?y ( ! praise giv5 to x by ,pr(essor ,smy?4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 by mu* m exact obs]vations1 ) an excell5t altazimu?1 r$uc$ ! alleg$ error f #bj m9utes to only #d-a_/b1 or to #i-dj?s ( its =m]ly suppos$ value4 ,?is made ! total displacem5t ( a s\!rn corn] f ! true m]idian ?r\gh ! correspond+ nor!rn corn]1 almo/ exactly "o foot1 or "o in* 9 ab\t tw5ty-"o y>ds--a degree ( accuracy r5d]+ x practically c]ta9 t "s /ell> me?od 0 us$ 9 ori5t+ ! base4 ,n[ !re is a slant+ tunnel occupy+ precisely ! position ( ! tunnel :i* %\ld1 accord+ to ?is view1 h be5 =m$ 9 ord] accurately to ori5t ! pyramid's base1 assum+ t ! "t ( ! build+ ( ! pyramid correspond$ ) "o ( ! epo*s :5 ! /> ,alpha ,draconis 0 di/ant #c deg4 #db' f ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a slant tunnel direct$ nor?w>ds & upw>ds f a po9t deep d[n bel[ ! middle ( ! pyramid's base1 & incl9$ #bf deg4 #ag' to ! horizon1 ! elevation ( ,alpha ,draconis at its l[] culm9ation :5 #c deg4 #db' f ! pole4 ,! la/ epo* :5 ! /> 0 ?us plac$ 0 circit] #bafj ,b4,c42 ! epo* next be=e t 0 #cddj ,b4,c4 ,betwe5 ^! two we %\ld h to *oose1 on ! hypo!sis t ! slant tunnel 0 really direct$ to t /> :5 ! f\ndations ( ! pyramid 7 laid4 ,= ! next epo* be=e ! e>li] ( ! two nam$ 0 ab\t #bh1jjj ,b4,c41 & ! pyramid's date _c h be5 m remote ?an #djjj ,b4,c4 ,! slant tunnel1 :ile admirably fulfill+ ! requirem5ts sugge/$1 seems altoge!r unsuit$ = any o!r4 ,its transv]se height 7t is1 its wid? 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its upp] & l[] faces7 did n am\nt to q f\r feet2 its bread? 0 n q ?ree feet & a half4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n well fitt$ = an entrance passage to ! subt]ranean *amb] imm$iately "u ! apex ( ! pyramid 7) :i* *amb] x communicates 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ! above !ory74 ,x c\ld n h be5 int5d$ to be us$ = obs]v+ m]idian transits ( ! />s 9 ord] to det]m9e sid]eal "t2 = close circumpol> />s1 by reason ( _! sl[ motion1 are ! lea/ suit$ ( all = su* a purpose4 ,z ,pr(essor ,smy? says1 9 argu+ aga9/ ?is sugge/$ use ( ! />1 'no obs]v] 9 8 s5ses1 9 any exi/+ obs]vatory1 :5 seek+ to obta9 ! "t1 w\ld obs]ve ! transit ( a circumpol> /> = any?+ else ?an to get ! direction ( ! m]idian to adju/ 8 in/rum5t by4' 7,! italics are 847 ,x is precisely su* a purpose 7! adju/m5t1 h[ev]1 n ( an in/rum5t1 b ( ! entire /ructure ( ! pyramid itself71 t ,i h sugge/$ = ?is rem>kable passage--?is 'cream-:ite1 /one-l9$1 long tube1' :]e x trav]ses ! masonry ( ! pyramid1 & bel[ t dug ?r\gh ! solid rock to a di/ance ( m ?an #cej feet4 ,let u next consid] ! dim5sions ( ! squ>e base ?us c>efully plac$ 9 latitude #cj deg4 nor? to ! be/ ( ! build]s' p[]1 ) sides c>efully ori5t$4 ,x seems highly probable t1 :atev] special purpose ! pyramid 0 int5d$ to fulfil1 a subord9ate idea ( ! build]s w\ld h be5 to repres5t symbolically 9 ! proportions ( ! build+ su* ma!matical & a/ronomical relations z !y 7 acqua9t$ )4 ,f :at we "k by tradition ( ! m5 ( ! remote "t :5 ! pyramid 0 built1 & :at we c inf] f ! ideas ( ^? :o inh]it$1 h[ev] remotely1 ! modes ( ?\ght ( ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 we c well believe t !y w\ld look ) sup]/iti\s rev]5ce on special figures1 proportions1 numb]s1 & s =?4 ,ap>t f ?is1 !y may h _h a quasi-sci5tific desire to make a la/+ record ( _! discov]ies1 & ( ! collect$ k ( _! "t4 ,x seems altoge!r probable1 !n1 t ! small] unit ( measurem5t us$ by ! build]s ( ! great ,pyramid 0 int5d$1 z ,pr(essor ,smy? ?9ks1 to be equal to ! #ejj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 det]m9$ f _! geodetical obs]vations4 ,x 0 p]fectly )9 ! p[] ( me*anicians & ma!maticians s exp]i5c$ z !y und\bt$ly 7--! pyramid atte/s s mu*--to measure ) consid]able accuracy ! l5g? ( a degree ( latitude4 ,!y c\ld n possibly 7always sett+ aside ! !ory ( div9e inspiration7 h kn[n any?+ ab\t ! compression ( ! e>?'s globe1 & !re=e c\ld n h int5d$1 z ,pr(essor ,smy? supposes1 to h _h ! #ejj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s pol> axis1 z di/+ui%$ f any o!r1 = _! unit ( l5g?4 ,b if !y made obs]vations 9 or ne> latitude #cj deg4 nor? on ! supposition t ! e>? is a globe1 _! probable error w\ld exce$ ! diff]5ce ev5 betwe5 ! e>?'s pol> & equatorial diamet]s4 ,bo? diff]5ces are l>gely exce$$ by ! range ( diff]5ce among ! e/imates ( ! actual l5g? ( ! sacr$ cubit1 suppos$ to h conta9$ tw5ty-five ( ^! small] units4 ,&1 aga91 ! l5g? ( ! pyramid base-side1 on :i* ,smy? bases 8 own e/imate ( ! sacr$ cubit1 has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$1 ! l>ge/ measure be+ #iafh in*es1 & ! l[e/ #iaaj in*es4 ,! fundam5tal !ory ( ! pyramidali/s1 t ! sacr$ cubit 0 exactly "o #bj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s pol> diamet]1 & t ! side ( ! base conta9$ z _m cubits & p>ts ( a cubit z !re are days & p>ts ( a day 9 ! tropical ye> 7or ye> ( seasons71 requires t ! l5g? ( ! side %\ld be #iadj in*es1 ly+ betwe5 ! limits indicat$1 b /ill s widely remov$ f ei!r t x w\ld appe> v unsafe to base a !ory on ! supposition t ! exact l5g? is or 0 #iadj in*es4 ,if ! measures #iafh in*es & #iaaj in*es 7 inf]ior1 & sev]al excell5t measures made by practis$ obs]v]s rang$ ar\nd ! l5g? #iadj in*es1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t4 ,b ! be/ rec5t measures gave respectively #iaaj & #iacj in*es2 & ,smy? exclaims aga9/ ! unfairness ( ,sir ,h4 ,james 9 tak+ #iabj z '!re=e ! probable true l5g? ( ! side ( ! great pyramid :5 p]fect1' call+ ?is 'a di%on\rable %elv+ ( ! hon\rable old] obs]v]s ) _! l>g] results4' ,! only o!r measures1 besides ^! two1 are two by ,colonel ,h[>d ,vyse & by ! ,fr5* savants1 giv+ respectively #iafh & #iafc4dd in*es4 ,! pyramidali/s consid] #iadj in*es a fair mean value f ^! f\r4 ,! natural inf]5ce1 h[ev]1 is1 t ! pyramid base is n n[ 9 a condition to be satisfactorily measur$2 & assur$ly no su* reliance c be plac$ on ! mean value #iadj in*es t1 on ! /r5g? ( x1 we %\ld believe :at o!rwise w\ld be utt]ly incr$ible1 viz4 t ! build]s ( ! great pyramid knew 'bo? ! size & %ape ( ! e>? exactly4' ',humanly1 or by human sci5ce1 f9d+ x out 9 t age 01 ( c\rse1 utt]ly impossible1' says ,pr(essor ,smy?4 ,b he is s confid5t ( ! av]age value d]iv$ f widely conflict+ base measures z to assume t ?is value1 n be+ humanly discov]able1 0 ( necessity 'attributable to ,god & to ,8 ,div9e inspiration4' ,we may agree1 9 f9e1 ) ,smy?1 t ! build]s ( ! pyramid knew ! e>? to be a globe2 t !y took = _! measure ( l5g? ! sacr$ cubit1 :i*1 by _! e>? measures1 !y made v fairly approximate to ! #bj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s mean diamet]2 b !re seems no reason :atev] = suppos+ 7ev5 if ! supposition 7 n antec$5tly ( its v nature inadmissible7 t !y knew any?+ ab\t ! compression ( ! e>?1 or t !y _h measur$ a degree ( latitude 9 _! own place ) v wond]ful accuracy4#bj ,b "h a v s+ul> co9cid5ce may be notic$1 or1 r1 is =c$ ^u our notice by ! pyramidali/s1 :o /rangely en\gh recognise 9 x fre% evid5ce ( design1 :ile ! unbeliev] f9ds 9 x pro( t co9cid5ces are no sure evid5ce ( design4 ,! side ( ! pyramid conta9+ #cfe-a_/d times ! sacr$ cubit ( #be pyramid in*es1 x foll[s t ! diagonal ( ! base conta9s #ab1iab su* in*es1 & ! two diagonals toge!r conta9 #be1hbd pyramid in*es1 or almo/ exactly z _m in*es z !re are ye>s 9 ! great precessional p]iod4 ',no "o :atev] among/ m51' says ,pr(essor ,smy? aft] record+ v>i\s e/imates ( ! precessional p]iod1 'f 8 own or s*ool k1 knew any?+ ab\t su* a ph5om5on1 until ,hipp>*us1 "s #aijj ye>s aft] ! great pyramid's f\ndation1 _h a glimpse ( ! fact2 & yet x _h be5 rul+ ! heav5s = ages1 & 0 record$ 9 ,jeezeh's anci5t /ructure4' ,to m9ds n mov$ to mo/ en]getic =getfulness by ! _s ( fai?1 x w\ld appe> t :5 a squ>e base _h be5 decid$ ^u1 & its dim5sions fix$1 ) ref]5ce to ! e>?'s diamet] & ! ye>1 ! diagonals ( ! squ>e base 7 det]m9$ also2 &1 if x s *anc$ t !y correspond$ ) "s o!r p]fectly indep5d5t relation1 ! fact 0 n to be cr$it$ to ! ar*itects4 ,moreov] x is manife/ t ! clos5ess ( su* a co9cid5ce sugge/s grave d\bts h[ f> o!r co9cid5ces c be reli$ ^u z evid5ce ( design4 ,x seems1 = in/ance1 altoge!r likely t ! ar*itects ( ! pyramid took ! sacr$ cubit equal to "o #bj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet] = _! *ief unit ( l5g?1 & int5tionally assign$ to ! side ( ! pyramid's squ>e base a l5g? ( j s _m cubits z !re are days 9 ! ye>2 & ! clos5ess ( ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! measur$ l5g? & t indicat$ by ?is !ory /r5g!ns ! idea t ?is 0 ! build]'s purpose4 ,b :5 we f9d t an ev5 clos] co9cid5ce imm$iately pres5ts itself1 :i* manife/ly is a co9cid5ce only1 ! =ce ( ! evid5ce be=e d]iv$ f m]e co9cid5ce is pro tanto %ak54 ,= consid] :at ?is new co9cid5ce really means4 ,its nature may be ?us indicat$3 ,take ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye>1 multiply t numb] by #ej1 & increase ! result 9 ! same degree t ! diagonal ( a squ>e exce$s ! side--!n ! result+ numb] repres5ts v approximately ! numb] ( ye>s 9 ! great precessional p]iod4 ,! error1 accord+ to ! be/ mod]n e/imates1 is ab\t "o #ege? "p ( ! true p]iod4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ce1 = !re is no connection :atev] 9 nature betwe5 ! e>?'s p]iod ( rotation1 ! %ape ( a squ>e1 & ! e>?'s p]iod ( gyration4 ,yet ?is m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ce is v mu* clos] ?an ! o!r suppos$ to be design$ c\ld be prov$ to be4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t m]e co9cid5ce is a v unsafe evid5ce ( design4 ,( c\rse ! pyramidali/s f9d a ready reply to su* reason+4 ,!y argue t1 9 ! fir/ place1 x may h be5 by express design t ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s rotation 0 made to be> ?is p>ticul> relation to ! p]iod ( gyration 9 ! mighty precessional movem5t3 :i* is mu* z ?\gh "o %\ld say t by express design ! height ( ,monte ,rosa conta9s z _m feet z !re are miles 9 ! #fjjj? "p ( ! sun's di/ance4#ba ,!n1 !y urge1 ! ar*itects 7 n b\nd to h a squ>e base = ! pyramid2 !y might h _h an oblong or a triangul> base1 & s =?--all :i* accords v ill ) ! en?usia/ic language 9 :i* ! selection ( a squ>e base _h on o!r acc\nts be5 applaud$4 ,next let u consid] ! height ( ! pyramid4 ,accord+ to ! be/ mod]n measurem5ts1 x w\ld seem t ! height :5 7if ev]7 ! pyramid t]m9at$ above 9 a po9t$ apex1 mu/ h be5 ab\t #dhf feet4 ,& f ! comp>ison ( ! be/ e/imates ( ! base side ) ! be/ e/imates ( ! height1 x seems v likely inde$ t ! int5tion ( ! build]s 0 to make ! height be> to ! p]imet] ( ! base ! same ratio :i* ! radius ( a circle be>s to ! circumf]5ce4 ,rememb]+ ! range ( diff]5ce 9 ! base measures x might be suppos$ t ! exactness ( ! approximation to ?is ratio c\ld n be det]m9$ v satisfactorily4 ,b z c]ta9 cas+ /ones h be5 discov]$ :i* indicate ) consid]able exactness ! slope ( ! orig9al plane-surfaces ( ! pyramid1 ! ratio ( ! height to ! side ( ! base may be reg>d$ z mu* m satisfactorily det]m9$ ?an ! actual value ( ei!r dim5sion4 ,( c\rse ! pyramidali/s claim a degree ( precision indicat+ a mo/ accurate k ( ! ratio betwe5 ! diamet] & ! circumf]5ce ( a circle2 & ! angle ( ! only cas+ /one measur$ be+ div]sely e/imat$ at #ea deg4 #ej' & #ea deg4 #eb-a_/d'1 !y consid] #ej deg4 #ea' #ad4c ! true value1 & inf] t ! build]s reg>d$ ! ratio z #c4adaei to #a4 ,! real fact is1 t ! mod]n e/imates ( ! dim5sions ( ! cas+ /ones 7:i*1 by ! way1 ought to agree bett] if ^! /ones are z well made z /at$7 indicate ! values #c4adcibbh & #c4acifgdj = ! ratio2 & all we c say is1 t ! ratio really us$ lay probably betwe5 ^! limits1 ?\gh x may h be5 outside ei!r4 ,n[ ! approximation ( ei!r is n rem>kably close4 ,x requires no ma!matical k at all to det]m9e ! circumf]5ce ( a circle mu* m exactly4 ',i ?\ght x v /range1' wrote a circle-squ>] once to ,de ,morgan 7,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 p4 #chi71 't s _m great s*ol>s 9 all ages %\ld h fail$ 9 f9d+ ! true ratio1 & h be5 det]m9$ to try myself4' ',i h be5 in=m$1' proce$s ,de ,morgan1 't ?is trial makes ! diamet] to ! circumf]5ce z #fd to #bja1 giv+ ! ratio equal to #c4adajfbe exactly4 ,! result 0 obta9$ by ! discov]] 9 ?ree weeks aft] he fir/ he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( ! difficulty4 ,?is quadrator has s9ce publi%$ a little slip & ent]$ x at ,/ation]s' ,hall4 ,he says he has done x by actual measurem5t2 & ,i he> f a private s\rce t he uses a disc ( twelve in*es diamet] :i* he rolls ^u a /raight rail4' ,! 'roll+ is a v cr$itable "o2 x is z mu* bel[ ! m>k z ,ar*im$es 0 above x4 ,its p]=m] is a jo9] :o evid5tly kn[s well :at he is ab\t :5 he measures2 he is n wrong by #a 9 #cjjj4' ,su* skilful me*anicians z ! build]s ( ! pyramid c\ld h obta9$ a clos] approximation /ill by m]e measurem5t4 ,besides1 z !y 7 manife/ly ma!maticians1 su* an approximation z 0 obta9$ by ,ar*im$es mu/ h be5 well )9 _! p[]2 & t approximation lies well )9 ! limits above indicat$4 ,pr(essor ,smy? rem>ks t ! ratio 0 'a quantity :i* m5 9 g5]al1 & all human sci5ce too1 did n beg9 to tr\ble !mselves ab\t until long1 long ages1 languages1 & nations _h pass$ away aft] ! build+ ( ! great pyramid2 & aft] ! seal+ up1 too1 ( t gr& primeval & prehi/oric monum5t ( ! patri>*al age ( ! e>? accord+ to ,scripture4' ,i d n "k :]e ! ,scripture records ! seal+ up ( ! great pyramid2 b x is all b c]ta9 t dur+ ! v "t :5 ! pyramid 0 be+ built a/ronomical obs]vations 7 9 progress :i*1 = _! int]pretation1 involv$ ( necessity a cont9ual ref]5ce to ! ratio 9 "q4 ,no "o :o consid]s ! wond]ful accuracy ) :i*1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,*aldaeans _h det]m9$ ! fam\s cycle ( ! ,s>os1 c d\bt t !y mu/ h obs]v$ ! heav5ly bodies = sev]al c5turies be=e !y c\ld h a*iev$ su* a success2 & ! /udy ( ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies compels 'm5 to tr\ble !mselves' ab\t ! fam\s ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet]4 ,we n[ come ^u a new relation 7conta9$ 9 ! dim5sions ( ! pyramid z ?us det]m9$7 :i*1 by a /range co9cid5ce1 causes ! height ( ! pyramid to appe> to symbolise ! di/ance ( ! sun4 ,!re 7 #ehac pyramid in*es1 or #ehai ,briti% in*es1 9 ! height ( ! pyramid accord+ to ! relations already indicat$4 ,n[1 9 ! sun's di/ance1 accord+ to an e/imate rec5tly adopt$ & freely us$1#bb !re are #ia1djj1jjj miles or #egia ?\s& millions ( in*es--t is1 !re are approximately z _m ?\s& millions ( in*es 9 ! sun's di/ance z !re are in*es 9 ! height ( ! pyramid4 ,if we take ! relation z exact we %\ld inf] = ! sun's di/ance #ehai ?\s& millions ( in*es1 or #ia1hdj1jjj miles--an imm5se improvem5t on ! e/imate :i* = s _m ye>s occupi$ a place ( hon\r 9 our books ( a/ronomy4 ,besides1 !re is /rong reason = believ+ t1 :5 ! results ( rec5t obs]vations are work$ out1 ! e/imat$ sun di/ance w be mu* ne>] ?is pyramid value ?an ev5 to ! value #ia1djj1jjj rec5tly adopt$4 ,?is result1 :i* "o w\ld h ?\ght s damag+ to fai? 9 ! evid5ce f co9cid5ce--nay1 q fatal aft] ! o!r case 9 :i* a close co9cid5ce _h appe>$ by m]e/ accid5t--is reg>d$ by ! pyramidali/ z a p]fect triumph = _! fai?4 ,!y connect x ) ano!r co9cid5ce1 viz4 t1 assum+ ! height det]m9$ 9 ! way already indicat$1 !n x s happ5s t ! height be>s to half a diagonal ( ! base ! ratio #i to #aj4 ,see+ t ! p]imet] ( ! base symbolises ! annual motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 :ile ! height repres5ts ! radius ( a circle ) t p]imet]1 x foll[s t ! height %\ld symbolise ! sun's di/ance4 ',t l9e1 fur!r1' says ,pr(essor ,smy? 7speak+ on behalf ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,petrie1 ! discov]] ( ?is relation71 'mu/ repres5t' ?is radius '9 ! proportion ( #a to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj' 7or t5 rais$ to p[] n9e71 'because among/ o!r reasons #aj to #i is practically ! %ape ( ! great pyramid4' ,= ?is build+ 'has su* an angle at ! corn]s1 t = e t5 units its /ructure advances inw>ds on ! diagonal ( ! base1 x practically rises upw>ds1 or po9ts to sun%9e' 7sic7 'by n9e4 ,n9e1 too1 out ( ! t5 *>act]i/ic p>ts 7viz4 five angles & five sides7 be+ ! numb] ( ^? p>ts :i* ! sun %9es on 9 su* a %ap$ pyramid1 9 su* a latitude ne> ! equator1 out ( a high sky1 or1 z ! ,p]uvians say1 :5 ! sun sets on ! pyramid ) all its rays4' ,! co9cid5ce itself on :i* ?is p]v]se reason+ re/s is a s+ul> "o--s+ul>1 t is1 z %[+ h[ close an accid5tal co9cid5ce may run4 ,x am\nts to ?is1 t if ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye> be multipli$ by #ajj1 & a circle be drawn ) a circumf]5ce conta9+ #ajj times z _m in*es z !re are days 9 ! ye>1 ! radius ( ! circle w be v ne>ly "o #a1jjj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,rememb]+ t ! pyramid in* is assum$ to be "o #ejj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 we %all n be f> f ! tru? 9 say+ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! e>? by h] orbital motion trav]ses ea* day a di/ance equal to two hundr$ times h] own diamet]4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ?is relation is altoge!r accid5tal4 ,x has no real cause 9 nature4#bc ,su* relations %[ t m]e num]ical co9cid5ces1 h[ev] close1 h little weight z evid5ce1 except :]e !y occur 9 s]ies4 ,ev5 !n !y require to be v cauti\sly reg>d$1 see+ t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce records _m in/ances :]e ! app>5t law ( a s]ies has be5 f\nd to be falsifi$ :5 ! !ory has be5 ext5d$4 ,( c\rse ?is reason is n quot$ 9 ord] to ?r[ d\bt on ! supposition t ! height ( ! pyramid 0 int5d$ to symbolise ! sun's di/ance4 ,t supposition is simply inadmissible if ! hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* ! height 0 already indep5d5tly det]m9$ 9 ano!r way1 is admitt$4 ,ei!r hypo!sis might be admitt$ 7 we n c]ta9 t ! sun's di/ance c\ld n possibly h be5 kn[n to ! build]s ( ! pyramid2 or bo? hypo!ses may be reject$3 b to admit bo? is out ( ! "q4 ,consid]+ ! multitude ( dim5sions ( l5g?1 surface1 capacity1 & position1 ! great numb] ( %apes1 & ! v>iety ( mat]ial exi/+ )9 ! pyramid1 & consid]+1 fur!r1 ! enorm\s numb] ( relations 7pres5t$ by mod]n sci5ce7 f among :i* to *oose1 c x be wond]$ at if fre% co9cid5ces are be+ cont9ually recognis$8 ,if a dim5sion w n s]ve 9 "o way1 use c be f\nd = x 9 ano!r2 = in/ance1 if "s measure ( l5g? does n correspond closely ) any kn[n dim5sion ( ! e>? or ( ! sol> sy/em 7an unlikely supposition71 !n x c be und]/ood to typify an int]val ( "t4 ,if1 ev5 aft] try+ all possible *anges ( t k9d1 no co9cid5ce %[s itself 7:i* is all b impossible71 !n all t is ne$$ to secure a co9cid5ce is t ! dim5sions %\ld be manipulat$ a little4 ,let a s+le in/ance suffice to %[ h[ ! pyramidali/s 7) p]fect hone/y ( purpose7 hunt d[n a co9cid5ce4 ,! slant tunnel already describ$ has a transv]se height1 once no d\bt uni=m1 n[ giv+ v>i\s measures f #dg4ad pyramid in*es to #dg4cb in*es1 s t ! v]tical height f ! kn[n incl9ation ( ! tunnel w\ld be e/imat$ at some:]e betwe5 #eb4fd in*es & #eb4he4 ,nei!r dim5sion corresponds v obvi\sly ) any measur$ di/ance 9 ! e>? or sol> sy/em4 ,nor :5 we try p]iods1 areas1 etc41 does any v satisfactory co9cid5ce pres5t itself4 ,b ! difficulty is easily turn$ into a new pro( ( design4 ,putt+ all ! obs]vations toge!r 7says ,pr(essor ,smy?71 ',i d$uc$ #dg4bd pyramid in*es to be ! transv]se height ( ! entrance passage2 & comput+ f !nce ) ! obs]v$ angle ( incl9ation ! v]tical height1 t came out #eb4gf ( ! same in*es4 ,b ! sum ( ^? two heights1 or ! height tak5 up & d[n1 equals #ajj in*es1 :i* l5g?1 z else:]e %[n1 is ! g5]al pyramid l9e> repres5tation ( a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,& ! mean ( ! two heights1 or ! height tak5 "o way only1 & imp>tially to ! middle po9t betwe5 !m1 equals fifty in*es2 :i* quantity is1 !re=e1 ! g5]al pyramid l9e> repres5tation ( only half a day4 ,9 :i* case1 let u ask :at ! entrance passage has to d ) half r ?an a :ole day8' ,on relations su* z ^!1 :i*1 if really int5d$ by ! ar*itect1 w\ld imply an utt]ly fatu\s habit ( conceal+ elaborately :at he desir$ to symbolise1 ! pyramidali/s base _! belief t 'a ,mighty ,intellig5ce did bo? ?9k out ! plans = x1 & compel unwill+ & ignorant idolators1 9 a primal age ( ! _w1 to "w mightily bo? = ! future glory ( ! "o true ,god ( ,revelation1 & to e/abli% la/+ prophetic te/imony t\*+ a fur!r developm5t1 /ill to take place1 ( ! absolutely ,div9e ,*ri/ian disp5sation4' ,,iii4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,! ,,pyramids4 ,few subjects ( inquiry h prov$ m p]plex+ ?an ! "q ( ! purpose = :i* ! pyramids ( ,egypt 7 built4 ,ev5 9 ! remote/ ages ( :i* we h hi/orical record1 no?+ seems to h be5 kn[n c]ta9ly on ?is po9t4 ,= "s reason or o!r1 ! build]s ( ! pyramids conceal$ ! object ( ^! /ructures1 & ?is s successfully t n ev5 a tradition has rea*$ u :i* purports to h be5 h&$ d[n f ! epo* ( ! pyramids' con/ruction4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 "s explanations giv5 by ! e>lie/ hi/orians2 b !y 7 pr(ess$ly only hypo!tical1 l ^? advanc$ 9 m rec5t times4 ,includ+ anci5t & mod]n !ories1 we f9d a wide range ( *oice4 ,"s h ?\ght t ^! build+s 7 associat$ ) ! religion ( ! e>ly ,egyptians2 o!rs h sugge/$ t !y 7 tombs2 o!rs1 t !y comb9$ ! purposes ( tombs & temples1 t !y 7 a/ronomical obs]vatories1 def5ces aga9/ ! s&s ( ! ,great ,des]t1 gran>ies l ^? made "u ,joseph's direction1 places ( resort dur+ excessive ov]fl[s ( ! ,nile2 & _m o!r uses h be5 sugge/$ = !m4 ,b none ( ^! ideas are f\nd on close exam9ation to be t5able z repres5t+ ! sole purpose ( ! pyramids1 & few ( !m h /rong claims to be reg>d$ z pres5t+ ev5 a *ief object ( ^! rem>kable /ructures4 ,! significant & p]plex+ hi/ory ( ! ?ree olde/ pyramids--! ,great ,pyramid ( ,*eops1 ,%(o1 or ,suphis1 ! pyramid ( ,*ephr51 & ! pyramid ( ,myc]9us2 & ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! facts kn[n respect+ ! pyramids g5]ally1 viz41 ! circum/ance t "o pyramid aft] ano!r 0 built z ?\gh ea* _h become useless soon aft] x 0 f9i%$1 are left entirely unexpla9$ by all ! !ories above m5tion$1 save "o only1 ! tomb !ory1 & t does n af=d by any means a satisfactory explanation ( ! circum/ances4 ,i propose to give "h a brief acc\nt ( "s ( ! mo/ sugge/ive facts kn[n respect+ ! pyramids1 &1 aft] consid]+ ! difficulties :i* beset ! !ories h]et(ore advanc$1 to indicate a !ory 7new s f> z ,i "k7 :i* seems to me to correspond bett] ) ! facts ?an any h]et(ore advanc$2 ,i sugge/ x1 h[ev]1 r = consid]ation ?an because ,i reg>d x z v conv9c+ly support$ by ! evid5ce4 ,9 fact1 to advance any !ory at pres5t ) confid5t assurance ( its correctness1 w\ld be simply to indicate a v limit$ acqua9tance ) ! difficulties surr\nd+ ! subject4 ,let u fir/ consid] a few ( ! m /rik+ facts record$ by hi/ory or tradition1 not+1 z we proce$1 :atev] ideas !y may sugge/ z to ! int5d$ "* ( ^! /ructures4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 p]haps1 t ! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,pyramid is ( p>am\nt importance 9 ?is inquiry4 ,:atev] purpose pyramids 7 orig9ally int5d$ to subs]ve1 mu/ h be5 conceiv$ by ! build]s ( t pyramid4 ,new ideas may h be5 sup]add$ by ! build]s ( lat] pyramids1 b x is unlikely t ! orig9al purpose c h be5 entirely ab&on$4 ,"s great purpose !re 01 :i* ! rul]s ( anci5t ,egypt propos$ to fulfil by build+ v massive pyramidal /ructures on a p>ticul> plan4 ,x is by inquir+ into ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ & mo/ massive ( ^! /ructures1 & by exam9+ its con/ruction1 t we %all h ! be/ *ance ( f9d+ out :at t great purpose 04 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! k+s :o built ! pyramids reign$ n m ?an tw5ty-eight c5turies ago2 b !re c be little d\bt t ,h]odotus misund]/ood ! ,egyptian prie/s f :om he d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 & t ! real antiquity ( ! pyramid-k+s 0 f> great]4 ,he tells u t1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian prie/s1 ,*eops 'on asc5d+ ! ?rone plung$ into all mann] ( wick$ness4 ,he clos$ ! temples1 & =bade ! ,egyptians to (f] sacrifice1 compell+ !m in/ead to lab\r "o & all 9 8 s]vice1 viz41 9 build+ ! ,great ,pyramid4' ,/ill foll[+ 8 int]pretation ( ! ,egyptian acc\nt1 we le>n t "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 employ$ = tw5ty ye>s 9 build+ ! ,great ,pyramid1 & t t5 ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ a causeway by :i* to convey ! /ones to ! place & 9 convey+ !m !re4 ',*eops reign$ fifty ye>s2 & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,*ephr51 :o imitat$ ! conduct ( 8 pr$ecessor1 built a pyramid--b small] ?an 8 bro!r's--& reign$ fifty-six ye>s4 ,?us dur+ "o hundr$ & six ye>s1 ! temples 7 %ut & nev] op5$4' ,moreov]1 ,h]odotus tells u t '! ,egyptians s dete/$ ! memory ( ^! k+s1 t !y d n mu* l ev5 to m5tion _! names4 ,h5ce !y commonly call ! pyramids aft] ,philition1 a %eph]d :o at t "t f$ 8 flocks ab\t ! place4' ',aft] ,*ephr51 ,myc]9us1 son ( ,*eops1 asc5d$ ! ?rone1 he reop5$ ! temples1 & all[$ ! p to resume ! practice ( sacrifice4 ,he1 too1 left a pyramid1 b mu* inf]ior 9 size to 8 fa!r's4 ,x is built1 = half ( its height1 ( ! /one ( ,e?iopia1' or1 z ,pr(essor ,smy? 7^: extracts f ,rawl9son's translation ,i h "h foll[$7 adds 'exp5sive r$ granite4' ',aft] ,myc]9us1 ,asy*is asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,he built ! ea/]n gateway ( ! ,temple ( ,vulcan 7,ph?a72 &1 be+ desir\s ( eclips+ all 8 pr$ecessors on ! ?rone1 left z a monum5t ( 8 reign a pyramid ( brick4' ,?is acc\nt is s sugge/ive1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 t x may be well to inquire :e!r x c be reli$ on4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re c be no d\bt t ,h]odotus misund]/ood ! ,egyptians 9 "s matt]s1 & 9 p>ticul> z to ! *ronological ord] ( ! dyna/ies1 plac+ ! pyramid k+s f> too late1 yet 9 o!r respects he seems n only to h und]/ood !m correctly1 b also to h receiv$ a correct acc\nt f !m4 ,! ord] ( ! k+s above nam$ corresponds ) ! sequ5ce giv5 by ,mane?o1 & also f\nd 9 monum5tal & hi]oglyphic records4 ,mane?o gives ! names ,suphis ,i41 ,suphis ,,ii41 & ,m5*]es1 in/ead ( ,*eops1 ,*ephr51 & ,myc]9us2 :ile1 accord+ to ! mod]n ,egyptologi/s1 ,h]odotus's ,*eops 0 ,%(o1 ,%ufu1 or ,k\f\2 ,*ephr5 0 ,%afre1 :ile he 0 also call$ ,n\-,%(o or ,n\m-,%ufu z ! bro!r ( ,%(o2 & ,myc]9us 0 ,m5h]e or ,m5k]re4 ,b ! id5tity ( ^! k+s is n que/ion$4 ,z to ! true dates !re is mu* d\bt1 & x is probable t ! "q w long cont9ue op52 b ! det]m9ation ( ! exact epo*s :5 ! sev]al pyramids 7 built is n v important 9 connection ) our pres5t inquiry4 ,we may1 on ! :ole1 fairly take ! po9ts quot$ above f ,h]odotus1 & proce$ to consid] ! significance ( ! n>rative1 ) suffici5t confid5ce t 9 all ess5tial respects x is tru/wor?y4 ,!re are sev]al v /range features 9 ! acc\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is manife/ t ,*eops 7to call ! fir/ k+ by ! "n mo/ famili> to ! g5]al read]7 atta*$ great importance to ! build+ ( 8 pyramid4 ,x has be5 said1 & p]haps ju/ly1 t x w\ld be m int]e/+ to "k ! plan ( ! ar*itect :o devis$ ! pyramid ?an ! purpose ( ! k+ :o built x4 ,b ! two ?+s are closely connect$4 ,! ar*itect mu/ h satisfi$ ! k+ t "s highly important purpose 9 :i* ! k+ himself 0 int]e/$1 w\ld be subs]v$ by ! /ructure4 ,:e!r ! k+ 0 p]suad$ to und]take ! "w z a matt] ( duty1 or only to advance 8 own int]e/s1 may n be s cle>4 ,b t ! k+ 0 mo/ ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/ ab\t ! "w is c]ta94 ,a mon>* 9 ^? times w\ld assur$ly n h devot$ an enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r & mat]ial to su* a s*eme unless he 0 ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( its great importance4 ,t ! welf>e ( 8 p 0 n consid]$ by ,*eops 9 build+ ! ,great ,pyramid is almo/ equally c]ta94 ,he might1 inde$1 h _h a s*eme = _! good :i* ei!r he did n c>e to expla9 to !m or :i* !y c\ld n und]/&4 ,b ! mo/ natural inf]5ce f ! n>rative is t 8 purpose _h no ref]5ce :atev] to _! welf>e4 ,= ?\gh "o c\ld und]/& 8 own subjects hat+ him :ile he 0 all ! "t work+ = _! good1 x is obvi\s t 8 memory w\ld n h be5 hat$ if "s important good _h ev5tually be5 ga9$ f 8 s*eme4 ,_m a f>-see+ rul] has be5 hat$ :ile liv+ on acc\nt ( ! v "w = :i* 8 memory has be5 rev]$4 ,b ! memory ( ,*eops & 8 successors 0 held 9 dete/ation4 ,may we1 h[ev]1 suppose t1 ?\gh ,*eops _h n ! welf>e ( 8 own p 9 8 ?\ghts1 8 purpose 0 nev]!less n selfi%1 b int5d$ 9 "s way to promote ! welf>e ( ! human race8 ,i say 8 purpose1 because1 :oev] orig9at$ ! s*eme1 ,*eops c>ri$ x out2 x 0 by means ( 8 weal? & ?r\gh 8 p[] t ! pyramid 0 built4 ,?is is ! view adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy? & o!rs1 9 our own "t1 & fir/ sugge/$ by ,john ,taylor4 ',:]eas o!r writ]s1' says ,smy?1 'h g5]ally e/eem$ t ! my/]i\s p]sons :o direct$ ! build+ ( ! ,great ,pyramid 7& to :om ! ,egyptians1 9 _! traditions1 & = ages aft]w>ds1 gave an immoral & ev5 abom9able "*7 mu/ !re=e h be5 v bad inde$1 s t ! _w at l>ge has always be5 fond ( /&+ on1 kick+1 & insult+ t dead lion1 :om !y really knew n2 he1 ,mr4 ,john ,taylor1 see+ h[ religi\sly bad ! ,egyptians !mselves 71 0 l$ to conclude1 on ! contr>y1 t ^? !y hat$ 7& c\ld nev] suffici5tly abuse7 might1 p]haps1 h be5 pre-em95tly good2 or 71 at all ev5ts1 ( diff]5t religi\s fai? f !mselves4' ',comb9+ ?is ) c]ta9 unmi/akable hi/orical facts1' ,mr4 ,taylor d$uc$ reasons = believ+ t ! directors ( ! build+ design$ to record 9 its proportions1 & 9 its int]ior features1 c]ta9 important religi\s & sci5tific tru?s1 n = ! p !n liv+1 b = m5 :o 7 to come #djjj ye>s or s aft]4 ,i h already consid]$ at l5g? 7see ! prec$+ ,essay7 ! evid5ce on :i* ?is /range !ory re/s4 ,b !re are c]ta9 matt]s connect+ x ) ! above n>rative :i* mu/ "h be notic$4 ,! m5tion ( ! %eph]d ,philition1 :o f$ 8 flocks ab\t ! place :]e ! ,great ,pyramid 0 built1 is a s+ul> feature ( ,h]odotus's n>rative4 ,x reads l "s /range mis9t]pretation ( ! /ory relat$ to him by ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! ^w ,philition did n repres5t a p1 b a p]son1 ?is p]son mu/ h be5 v em95t & di/+ui%$--a %eph]d-k+1 n a m]e %eph]d4 ,rawl9son1 9 a note on ?is portion ( ! n>rative ( ,h]odotus1 sugge/s t ,philitis 0 probably a %eph]d-pr9ce f ,pale/9e1 p]haps ( ,phili/9e desc5t1 'b s p[]ful & dom9e]+1 t x may be traditions ( 8 oppressions 9 t e>li] age :i*1 mix$ up aft]w>ds 9 ! m9ds ( lat] ,egyptians ) ! evils inflict$ on _! c\ntry by ! subsequ5t %eph]ds ( bett] kn[n dyna/ies1 l5t s mu* fe> to _! religi\s hate ( ,%eph]d times & t "n4' ,smy?1 some:at modify+ ?is view1 & consid]+ c]ta9 rem>ks ( ,mane?o respect+ an alleg$ invasion ( ,egypt by %eph]d-k+s1 'm5 ( an ignoble race 7f ! ,egyptian po9t ( view7 :o _h ! confid5ce to invade our c\ntry1 & easily subdu$ x to _! p[] )\t a battle1' comes to ! conclusion t "s ,%emite pr9ce1 'a contempor>y (1 b r old] ?an1 ! ,patri>* ,abraham1' visit$ ,egypt at ?is "t1 & obta9$ su* influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( ,*eops z to p]suade him to erect ! pyramid4 ,accord+ to ,smy?1 ! pr9ce 0 no o!r ?an ,mel*iz$ek1 k+ ( ,salem1 & ! influ5ce he ex]t$ 0 sup]natural4 ,) su* developm5ts ( ! !ory we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves4 ,x seems tol]ably cle> t c]ta9 %eph]d-*iefs :o came to ,egypt dur+ ,*eops' reign 7 connect$ 9 "s way ) ! design+ ( ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,x is cle> also t !y 7 m5 ( a diff]5t religion f ! ,egyptians1 & p]suad$ ,*eops to ab&on ! religion ( 8 p4 ,taylor1 ,smy?1 & ! ,pyramidali/s g5]ally1 consid] ?is suffici5t to prove t ! pyramid 0 erect$ = "s purpose connect$ ) religion4 ',! pyramid1' 9 f9e1 says ,smy?1 '0 *>g$ by ,god's inspir$ %eph]d-pr9ce1 9 ! beg9n+ ( human "t1 to keep a c]ta9 message secret & inviolable = #djjj ye>s1 & x has done s2 & 9 ! next ?\s& ye>s x 0 to enunciate t message to all m51 ) m ?an traditional =ce1 m ?an all ! au!nticity ( copi$ manuscripts or reput$ hi/ory2 & t "p ( ! pyramid's usefulness is n[ beg9n+4' ,!re are _m v obvi\s difficulties surr\nd+ ?is !ory2 z1 = example 7i47 ! absurd wa/e ( p[] 9 sett+ sup]natural ma*9]y at "w #djjj ye>s ago ) cumbr\s devices to record its object1 :5 ! same ma*9]y1 mu* m simply employ$ n[1 w\ld effect ! alleg$ purpose f> m ?or\ghly2 7ii47 ! enorm\s am\nt ( human mis]y & its att5dant hatr$s br\ght ab\t by ?is alleg$ div9e s*eme2 & 7iii47 ! futility ( an arrangem5t by :i* ! pyramid 0 only to subs]ve its purpose :5 x _h lo/ t p]fection ( %ape on :i* its entire significance dep5d$1 accord+ to ! !ory itself4 ,b1 ap>t f ^!1 !re is a difficulty1 n[h]e notic$ by ,smy? or 8 foll[]s1 :i* is fatal1 ,i conceive1 to ?is !ory ( ! pyramid's purpose4 ,! second pyramid1 ?\gh slightly inf]ior to ! fir/ 9 size1 & probably f> inf]ior 9 quality ( masonry1 is /ill a /ructure ( enorm\s dim5sions1 :i* mu/ h requir$ _m ye>s ( lab\r f t5s ( ?\s&s ( workm54 ,n[1 x seems impossible to expla9 :y ,*ephr5 built ?is second pyramid1 if we adopt ,smy?'s !ory respect+ ! fir/ pyramid4 ,= ei!r ,*ephr5 knew ! purpose = :i* ! ,great ,pyramid 0 built1 or he did n "k x4 ,if he knew t purpose1 & x 0 t indicat$ by ,smy?1 !n he also knew t no second pyramid 0 want$4 ,on t hypo!sis1 all ! lab\r be/[$ on ! second pyramid 0 witt+ly & wilfully wa/$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse is incr$ible4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,*ephr5 did n "k :at 0 ! purpose = :i* ! ,great ,pyramid 0 built1 :at reason c\ld ,*ephr5 h _h = build+ a pyramid at all8 ,! only answ] to ?is "q seems to be t ,*ephr5 built ! second pyramid 9 hopes ( f9d+ out :y 8 bro!r _h built ! fir/1 & ?is answ] is simply absurd4 ,x is cle> en\gh t :atev] purpose ,*eops _h 9 build+ ! fir/ pyramid1 ,*ephr5 mu/ h _h a simil> purpose 9 build+ ! second2 & we require a !ory :i* %all at lea/ expla9 :y ! fir/ pyramid did n subs]ve = ,*ephr5 ! purpose :i* x subs]v$ or 0 meant to subs]ve = ,*eops4 ,! same reason+ may be ext5d$ to ! ?ird pyramid1 to ! f\r?1 & 9 f9e to all ! pyramids1 =ty or s 9 numb]1 includ$ "u ! g5]al designation ( ! ,pyramids ( ,ghizeh or ,jeezeh4 ,! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple to pyramids lat] ?an ! second is especially important z %[+ t ! diff]5ce ( religion insi/$ on by ,smy? has no direct be>+ on ! "q ( ! purpose = :i* ! ,great ,pyramid itself 0 con/ruct$4 ,= ,myc]9us ei!r nev] left or else return$ to ! religion ( ! ,egyptians4 ,yet he also built a pyramid1 :i*1 ?\gh f> inf]ior 9 size to ! pyramids built by 8 fa!r & uncle1 0 /ill a massive /ructure1 & relatively m co/ly ev5 ?an !irs1 because built ( exp5sive granite4 ,! pyramid built by ,asy*is1 ?\gh small] /ill1 0 rem>kable z built ( brick2 9 fact1 we are expressly told t ,asy*is desir$ to eclipse all 8 pr$ecessors 9 su* lab\rs1 & accord+ly left ?is brick pyramid z a monum5t ( 8 reign4 ,we are =c$1 9 fact1 to believe t !re 0 "s special relation betwe5 ! pyramid & its build]1 see+ t ea* "o ( ^! k+s want$ a pyramid ( 8 own4 ,?is applies to ! ,great ,pyramid q z mu* z to ! o!rs1 despite ! sup]ior excell5ce ( t /ructure4 ,or r1 ! argum5t d]ives its *ief =ce f ! sup]iority ( ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,if ,*ephr51 no long] p]haps hav+ ! assi/ance ( ! %eph]d-ar*itects 9 plann+ & sup]9t5d+ ! "w1 0 unable to con/ruct a pyramid s p]fect & s /ately z 8 bro!r's1 ! v fact t he nev]!less built a pyramid %[s t ! ,great ,pyramid did n fulfil = ,*ephr5 ! purpose :i* x fulfill$ = ,*eops4 ,b1 if ,smy?'s !ory 7 true1 ! ,great ,pyramid w\ld h fulfill$ f9ally & = all m5 ! purpose = :i* x 0 built4 ,s9ce ?is 0 manife/ly n ! case1 t !ory is1 ,i submit1 demon/rably errone\s4 ,x 0 probably ! consid]ation ( ?is po9t1 viz4 t ea* k+ _h a pyramid con/ruct$ = himself1 :i* l$ to ! !ory t ! pyramids 7 int5d$ to s]ve z tombs4 ,?is !ory 0 once v g5]ally ent]ta9$4 ,?us we f9d ,humboldt1 9 8 rem>ks on ,am]ican pyramids1 ref]r+ to ! tomb !ory ( ! ,egyptian pyramids z ?\gh x 7 op5 to no "q4 ',:5 we consid]1' he says1 '! pyramidical monum5ts ( ,egypt1 ( ,asia1 & ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 f ! same po9t ( view1 we see t1 ?\gh _! =m is alike1 _! de/9ation 0 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! gr\p ( pyramids ( ,ghizeh & at ,sakh>a 9 ,egypt2 ! triangul> pyramid ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,scy?ians1 ,z>9a1 :i* 0 a /adium high & ?ree 9 circumf]5ce1 & :i* 0 decorat$ ) a colossal figure2 ! f\rte5 ,etruscan pyramids1 :i* are said to h be5 enclos$ 9 ! labyr9? ( ! k+ ,pors5na1 at ,clusium--7 re>$ to s]ve z ! sepul*res ( ! illu/ri\s dead4 ,no?+ is m natural to m5 ?an to commemorate ! spot :]e re/ ! a%es ( ^? ^: memory !y *]i% :e!r x be1 z 9 ! infancy ( ! race1 by simple m\nds ( e>?1 or1 9 lat] p]iods1 by ! t[]+ height ( ! tumulus4 ,^? ( ! ,*9ese & ( ,?ibet h only a few metres ( elevation4 ,f>!r to ! we/ ! dim5sions increase2 ! tumulus ( ! k+ ,alyattes1 fa!r ( ,croesus1 9 ,lydia1 0 six /adia1 & t ( ,n9us 0 m ?an t5 /adia 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe ! sepul*re ( ! ,sc&9avian k+ ,gormus & ! que5 ,daneboda1 cov]$ ) m\nds ( e>?1 are ?ree hundr$ metres broad1 & m ?an ?irty high4' ,b :ile we h abundant reason = believ+ t 9 ,egypt1 ev5 9 ! days ( ,*eops & ,*ephr51 extreme importance 0 atta*$ to ! "* ( ! place ( burial = di/+ui%$ p]sons1 !re is no?+ 9 :at is kn[n respect+ e>li] ,egyptian ideas to sugge/ ! probability t any mon>* w\ld h devot$ _m ye>s ( 8 subjects' lab\r1 & va/ /ores ( mat]ial1 to erect a mass ( masonry l ! ,great ,pyramid1 solely to receive 8 own body aft] dea?4 ,f> less h we any reason = suppos+ t _m mon>*s 9 succession w\ld d ?is1 ea* hav+ a sep>ate tomb built = him4 ,x might h be5 conceivable1 _h only ! ,great ,pyramid be5 erect$1 t ! /ructure _h be5 rais$ z a mausoleum = all ! k+s & pr9ces ( ! dyna/y4 ,b x seems utt]ly incr$ible t su* a build+ z ! ,great ,pyramid %\ld h be5 erect$ = "o k+'s body only--& t1 n 9 ! way describ$ by ,humboldt1 :5 he speaks ( m5 commemorat+ ! spot :]e re/ ! rema9s ( ^? ^: memory !y *]i%1 b at ! exp5se ( ! k+ himself ^: body 0 to be !re deposit$4 ,besides1 ! fir/ pyramid1 ! "o ^: hi/ory mu/ be reg>d$ z mo/ significant ( ! true purpose ( ^! build+s1 0 n built by an ,egyptian hold+ 9 great fav\r ! special religi\s ideas ( 8 p1 b by "o :o _h adopt$ o!r views & ^? n belong+1 s f> z c be se51 to a p among :om sepul*ral rites 7 held 9 exceptional reg>d4 ,a /ill /rong] objection aga9/ ! exclusively tombic !ory resides 9 ! fact t ?is !ory gives no acc\nt :atev] ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! pyramids !mselves4 ,^! build+s are all1 )\t exception1 built on special a/ronomical pr9ciples4 ,_! squ>e bases are s plac$ z to h two sides ly+ ea/ & we/1 & two ly+ nor? & s\?1 or1 9 o!r words1 s t _! f\r faces front ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,"o c imag9e no reason :y a tomb %\ld h su* a position4 ,x is n1 inde$1 easy to und]/& :y any build+ at all1 except an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 %\ld h su* a position4 ,a temple p]haps devot$ to sun-wor%ip1 & g5]ally to ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies1 might be built 9 t way4 ,= x is to be notic$ t ! peculi> figure & position ( ! pyramids w\ld br+ ab\t ! foll[+ relations3--,:5 ! sun rose & set s\? ( ! ea/ & we/ po9ts1 or 7speak+ g5]ally7 betwe5 ! autumn & ! spr+ equ9oxes1 ! rays ( ! ris+ & sett+ sun illum9at$ ! s\!rn face ( ! pyramid2 :]eas dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 t is1 dur+ ! six mon?s betwe5 ! spr+ & autumn equ9oxes1 ! rays ( ! ris+ & sett+ sun illum9at$ ! nor!rn face4 ,aga91 all ! ye> r\nd ! sun's rays pass$ f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n face at sol> noon4 ,& la/ly1 dur+ sev5 mon?s & a half ( ea* ye>1 namely1 = ?ree mon?s & ?ree qu>t]s be=e & aft] midsumm]1 ! noon rays ( ! sun fell on all f\r faces ( ! pyramid1 or1 accord+ to a ,p]uvian expression 7s ,smy? av]s71 ! sun %one on ! pyramid ') all 8 rays4' ,su* conditions z ^! might h be5 reg>d$ z v suitable = a temple devot$ to sun-wor%ip4 ,yet ! temple !ory is z unt5able z ! tomb !ory4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pyramid =m--z ! pyramids 7 orig9ally built1 ) p]fectly smoo? slant-faces1 n t]rac$ into /eps z n[ ?r\gh ! loss ( ! cas+-/ones--0 entirely unsuit$ = all ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( a temple ( wor%ip4 ,& fur!r1 ?is !ory gives no explanation ( ! fact t ea* k+ built a pyramid1 & ea* k+ only "o4 ,simil> difficulties oppose ! !ory t ! pyramids 7 int5d$ to s]ve z a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,= :ile _! orig9al figure1 h[ev] manife/ly a/ronomical 9 its relations1 0 q unsuit$ = obs]vatory "w1 x is manife/ t if su* _h be5 ! purpose ( pyramid-build+1 s soon z ! ,great ,pyramid _h once be5 built1 no o!r w\ld be ne$$4 ,c]ta9ly none ( ! pyramids built aft]w>ds c\ld h subs]v$ any a/ronomical purpose :i* ! fir/ did n subs]ve1 or h subs]v$ ne>ly s well z ! ,great ,pyramid ^? purposes 7& !y are b few7 :i* t build+ may be suppos$ to h fulfill$ z an a/ronomical obs]vatory4 ,( ! o!r !ories m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap] none seem to m]it special notice1 except p]haps ! !ory t ! pyramids 7 made to receive ! royal treasures1 & ?is !ory r because ( ! att5tion x receiv$ f ,arabian lit]ati1 dur+ ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 ?an because ( any /rong reasons :i* c be sugge/$ 9 its fav\r4 ',emulat+1' says ,pr(essor ,smy?1 '! en*ant$ tales ( ,bagdad1' ! c\rt poets ( ,al ,mam\n 7son ( ! f>-fam$ ,h>\n al ,ras*id7 'drew gorge\s pictures ( ! cont5ts ( ! pyramid's int]ior4444 ,all ! treasures ( ,%$dad ,b5 ,ad ! great ,ant$iluvian k+ ( ! e>?1 ) all 8 m$ic9es & all 8 sci5ces1 !y decl>$ 7 !re1 told ov] & ov] aga94 ,o!rs1 ?\gh1 7 positive t ! f\nd]-k+ 0 no o!r ?an ,saurid ,ibn ,salh\k1 a f> great] "o ?an ! o!r2 & ^! la/ gave _m m m9ute p>ticul>s1 "s ( :i* are at lea/ int]e/+ to u 9 ! pres5t day1 z prov+ t1 among/ ! ,egypto-,arabians ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! ,jeezeh pyramids1 head$ by ! gr& "o1 enjoy$ a pre-em95ce ( fame va/ly be=e all ! o!r pyramids ( ,egypt put toge!r2 & t if any o!r is allud$ to aft] ! ,great ,pyramid 7:i* has always be5 ! notable & fav\rite "o1 & *iefly 0 kn[n !n z ! ,ea/ pyramid71 x is ei!r ! second "o at ,jeezeh1 "u ! "n ( ! ,we/ pyramid2 or ! ?ird "o1 di/+ui%$ z ! ,col\r$ pyramid1 9 allusion to its r$ granite1 comp>$ ) ! :ite lime/one cas+s ( ! o!r two 7:i*1 moreov]1 f _! m ne>1 b by no means exact1 equality ( size1 w5t frequ5tly "u ! affectionate designation ( ! pair74' ,! report ( ,ibn ,abd ,alkohm1 z to :at 0 to be f\nd 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree pyramids1 or r ( :at1 accord+ to him1 0 put into !m orig9ally by ,k+ ,saurid1 runs z foll[s3 ',9 ! ,we/]n pyramid1 ?irty treasuries fill$ ) /ore ( ri*es & ut5sils1 & ) signatures made ( preci\s /ones1 & ) in/rum5ts ( iron & vessels ( e>?1 & ) arms :i* ru/ n1 & ) glass :i* might be b5d$ & yet n brok51 & ) /range spells1 & ) sev]al k9ds ( alakakirs 7magical preci\s /ones7 s+le & d\ble1 & ) deadly poisons1 & ) o!r ?+s besides4 ,he made also 9 ! ,ea/' 7! ,great ,pyramid7 'div]s cele/ial sph]es & />s1 & :at !y sev]ally op]ate 9 _! aspects1 & ! p]fumes :i* are to be us$ to !m1 & ! books :i* treat ( ^! matt]s4 ,he put also into ! col\r$ pyramid ! comm5t>ies ( ! prie/s 9 *e/s ( black m>ble1 & ) e prie/ a book1 9 :i* ! wond]s ( 8 pr(ession & ( 8 actions & ( 8 nature 7 writt51 & :at 0 done 9 8 "t1 & :at is & :at %all be f ! beg9n+ ( "t to ! end ( x4' ,! re/ ( ?is wor?y's report relates to c]ta9 treasur]s plac$ )9 ^! ?ree pyramids to gu>d _! cont5ts1 & 7l all or mo/ ( :at ,i h already quot$7 0 a "w ( imag9ation4 ,ibn ,abd ,alkohm1 9 fact1 0 a romanci/ ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,p]haps ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ ! !ory t ! pyramids 7 int5d$ z /rongholds = ! concealm5t ( treasure1 resides 9 ! fact t1 se>* be+ made1 no treasure has be5 discov]$4 ,:5 ! workm5 employ$ by ,caliph ,al ,mam\n1 aft] enc\nt]+ manifold difficulties1 at l5g? broke _! way into ! great asc5d+ passage lead+ to ! s-call$ ,k+'s ,*amb]1 !y f\nd 'a "r noble ap>tm5t1 ?irty-f\r feet long1 sev5te5 broad1 & n9ete5 high1 ( poli%$ r$ granite ?r\gh\t1 walls1 floor1 & ceil+1 9 blocks squ>$ & true1 & put toge!r ) su* exquisite skill t ! jo9ts are b>ely disc]nible to ! close/ inspection4 ,b :]e is ! treasure--! silv] & ! gold1 ! jewels1 m$ic9es1 & arms8--,^! fanatics look wildly ar\nd !m1 b c see no?+1 n a s+le dirhem any:]e4 ,!y trim _! tor*es1 & c>ry !m aga9 & aga9 to e "p ( t r$-wall$1 fl9ty hall1 b )\t any bett] success4 ,n\ght b pure poli%$ r$ granite1 9 mighty slabs1 looks ^u !m f e side4 ,! room is clean1 g>ni%$ too1 z x 71 &1 accord+ to ! ideas ( its f\nd]s1 complete & p]fectly ready = its visitors s long expect$1 s long delay$4 ,b ! gross m9ds :o occupy x n[1 f9d x all b>r51 & decl>e t !re is no?+ :atev] = !m 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! ap>tm5t f "o end to ano!r2 no?+ except an empty /one *e/ )\t a lid4' ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be not$ t we h no means ( le>n+ :at _h happ5$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ! pyramid 0 built & :5 ,caliph ,al ,mam\n's workm5 broke _! way into ! ,k+'s ,*amb]4 ,! place may1 aft] all1 h conta9$ treasures ( "s k9d2 nor1 inde$1 is x incompatible ) o!r !ories ( ! pyramid to suppose t x 0 us$ z a safe receptacle = treasures4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is _c h be5 ! special purpose = :i* ! pyramids 7 design$4 ,we %\ld f9d 9 su* a purpose no explanation :atev] ( any ( ! mo/ /r+5t difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 deal+ ) o!r !ories4 ,!re c\ld be no reason :y /rang]s f ! ,ea/ %\ld be at special pa9s to in/ruct an ,egyptian mon>* h[ to hide & gu>d 8 treasures4 ,nor1 if ! ,great ,pyramid _h be5 int5d$ to receive ! treasures ( ,*eops1 w\ld ,*ephr5 h built ano!r = 8 own treasures1 :i* mu/ h includ$ ^? ga!r$ by ,*eops4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 h[ inconceivably va/ mu/ a treasure-ho>d be suppos$ to be1 ! safe gu>d+ ( :i* w\ld h repaid ! enorm\s co/ ( ! great ,pyramid 9 lab\r & mat]ial6 ,& !n1 :y %\ld a m]e treasure-h\se h ! *>act]i/ics ( an a/ronomical obs]vatory8 ,manife/ly1 if ! pyramids 7 us$ at all to receive treasures1 x c only h be5 z an entirely subord9ate ?\gh p]haps conv5i5t means ( utilis+ ^! gigantic /ructures4 ,hav+ ?us gone ?r\gh all ! sugge/$ purposes ( ! pyramids save two or ?ree :i* cle>ly d n possess any claim to s]i\s consid]ation1 & hav+ f\nd none :i* appe> to give any suffici5t acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & pr9cipal features ( ^! build+s1 we mu/ ei!r ab&on ! inquiry or seek = "s explanation q diff]5t f any yet sugge/$4 ,let u consid] :at are ! pr9cipal po9ts ( :i* ! true !ory ( ! pyramids %\ld give an acc\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! hi/ory ( ! pyramids %[s t ! erection ( ! fir/ great pyramid 0 9 all probability ei!r sugge/$ to ,*eops by wise m5 :o visit$ ,egypt f ! ,ea/1 or else "s important in=mation convey$ to him by su* visitors caus$ him to conceive ! idea ( build+ ! pyramid4 ,9 ei!r case we may suppose1 z ! hi/ory inde$ sugge/s1 t ^! le>n$ m51 :oev] !y may h be51 rema9$ 9 ,egypt to sup]9t5d ! erection ( ! /ructure4 ,x may be t ! ar*itectural "w 0 n "u _! sup]vision2 9 fact1 x seems altoge!r unlikely t %eph]d-rul]s w\ld h mu* to tea* ! ,egyptians 9 ! matt] ( ar*itecture4 ,b ! a/ronomical peculi>ities :i* =m s significant a feature ( ! ,great ,pyramid 7 probably provid$ = entirely "u ! in/ructions ( ! %eph]d *iefs :o _h ex]t$ s /range an influ5ce ^u ! m9d ( ,k+ ,*eops4 ,next1 x seems cle> t self-int]e/ mu/ h be5 ! pr$om9ant reason 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian k+ = und]tak+ ?is /up5d\s "w4 ,x is true t 8 *ange ( religion implies t "s high] cause influ5c$ him4 ,b a rul] :o c\ld inflict su* griev\s burd5s on 8 p 9 c>ry+ out 8 purpose t = ages aft]w>ds 8 "n 0 held 9 utt] dete/ation1 _c h be5 solely or ev5 *iefly influ5c$ by religi\s motives4 ,x af=ds an ample explanation ( ! behavi\r ( ,*eops1 9 clos+ ! temples & =sak+ ! religion ( 8 c\ntry1 to suppose t ! advantages :i* he hop$ to secure by build+ ! pyramid dep5d$ 9 "s way on 8 adopt+ ?is c\rse4 ,! visitors f ! ,ea/ may h refus$ to give _! assi/ance on any o!r t]ms1 or may h assur$ him t ! expect$ b5efit c\ld n be obta9$ if ! pyramid 7 erect$ by idolat]s4 ,x is c]ta91 9 any case1 t !y 7 oppos$ to idolatry2 & we h ?us "s means ( inf]r+ :o !y 7 & :5ce !y came4 ,we "k t "o p>ticul> bran* ( "o p>ticul> race 9 ! ,ea/ 0 *>act]is$ by a mo/ m>k$ hatr$ ( idolatry 9 all its =ms4 ,t]ah & 8 family1 or1 probably1 a sect or division ( ! ,*aldaean p1 w5t =? f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 to g into ! l& ( ,canaan--& ! reason :y !y w5t =? we le>n f a book ( consid]able hi/orical int]e/ 7! book ( ,judi?7 to h be5 because '!y w\ld n wor%ip ! gods ( _! fa!rs :o 7 9 ! l& ( ! ,*aldaeans4' ,! ,bible record %[s t memb]s ( ?is bran* ( ! ,*aldaean p visit$ ,egypt f "t to "t4 ,!y 7 %eph]ds1 too1 :i* accords well ) ! acc\nt ( ,h]odotus above quot$4 ,we c well und]/& t p]sons ( ?is family w\ld h resi/$ all endeav\rs to secure _! acquiesc5ce 9 any s*eme associat$ ) idolatr\s rites4 ,nei!r promises nor ?reats w\ld h _h mu* influ5ce on !m4 ,x 0 a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! family1 ! patri>* ,abraham1 :o said3 ',i h lift up m9e h& unto ! ,"l1 ! mo/ high ,god1 ! possessor ( heav5 & e>?1 t ,i w n take f a ?read ev5 to a %oe-lat*et1 & t ,i w n take any?+ t is ?9e1 le/ ?\ %\lde/ say1 ,i h made ,abram ri*4' ,va9 w\ld all ! promises & all ! ?reats ( ,*eops h be5 to m5 ( ?is _s4 ,su* m5 might help him 9 8 plans1 sugge/$1 z ! hi/ory %[s1 by tea*+s ( _! own1 b x mu/ be on _! own conditions1 & ^? conditions w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly include ! utt] rejection ( idolatr\s wor%ip by ! k+ 9 ^: behalf !y work$1 z well z by all :o %>$ 9 _! lab\rs4 ,x seems probable t !y conv9c$ bo? ,*eops & ,*ephr51 t unless ^! k+s gave up idolatry1 ! purpose1 :atev] x 01 :i* ! pyramid 0 erect$ to promote1 w\ld n be fulfill$4 ,! m]e fact t ! ,great ,pyramid 0 built ei!r directly at ! sugge/ion ( ^! visitors1 or because !y _h p]suad$ ,*eops ( ! tru? ( "s important doctr9e1 %[s t !y mu/ h ga9$ great influ5ce ov] 8 m9d4 ,r we may say t he mu/ h be5 s conv9c$ ( _! k & p[] z to h accept$ ) unque/ion+ confid5ce all t !y told him respect+ ! p>ticul> subject ov] :i* !y seem$ to possess s p]fect a ma/]y4 ,b hav+ =m$ ! op9ion1 on gr\nds suffici5tly assur$1 t ! /rang]s :o visit$ ,egypt & sup]9t5d$ ! build+ ( ! ,great ,pyramid 7 k9sm5 ( ! patri>* ,abraham1 x is n v difficult to decide :at 0 ! subject respect+ :i* !y _h su* exact in=mation4 ,!y or _! p>5ts _h come f ! l& ( ! ,*aldaeans1 & !y 7 d\btless le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( _! ,*aldaean k9sm54 ,!y 7 ma/]s1 9 fact1 ( ! a/ronomy ( _! day1 a sci5ce = :i* ! ,*aldaeans _h %[n f ! e>lie/ ages ! mo/ rem>kable aptitude4 ,:at ! actual ext5t ( _! a/ronomical k may h be5 x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,b x is c]ta91 f ! exact k :i* lat] ,*aldaeans possess$ respect+ long a/ronomical cycles1 t a/ronomical obs]vations mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly by t p = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x is highly probable t ! a/ronomical k ( ! ,*aldaeans 9 ! days ( ,t]ah & ,abraham 0 mu* m accurate ?an t possess$ by ! ,greeks ev5 aft] ! "t ( ,hipp>*us4#bd ,we see inde$1 9 ! accurate a/ronomical adju/m5t ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 t ! ar*itects mu/ h be5 skilful a/ronom]s & ma!maticians2 & ,i may note "h1 9 pass+1 h[ /rongly ?is circum/ance confirms ! op9ion t ! visitors 7 k9sm5 ( ,t]ah & ,abraham4 ,all we "k f ,h]odotus & ,mane?o1 all ! evid5ce f ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! religion ( ! pyramid-k+s1 & ! a/ronomical evid5ce giv5 by ! pyramids !mselves1 t5ds to assure u t memb]s ( t p>ticul> bran* ( ! ,*aldaean family :i* w5t out f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees because !y w\ld n wor%ip ! gods ( ! ,*aldaeans1 ext5d$ _! w&]+s to ,egypt1 & ev5tually sup]9t5d$ ! erection ( ! ,great ,pyramid s f> z a/ronomical & ma!matical relations 7 conc]n$4 ,b n only h we already decid$ t ! pyramids 7 n int5d$ solely or *iefly to sub s]ve ! purpose ( a/ronomical obs]vatories1 b x is c]ta9 t ,*eops w\ld n h be5 p]sonally mu* int]e/$ 9 any a/ronomical in=mation :i* ^! visitors might be able to communicate4 ,unless he saw cle>ly t some?+ 0 to be ga9$ f ! lore ( 8 visitors1 he w\ld n h und]tak5 to erect any a/ronomical build+s at _! sugge/ion1 ev5 if he _h c>$ en\gh = _! k to pay any att5tion to !m :atev]4 ,mo/ probably ! reply ,*eops w\ld h made to any communications respect+ m]e a/ronomy1 w\ld h run mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! reply made by ! ,turki% ,cadi1 ,imaum ,ali ,zade to a fri5d ( ,lay>d's :o _h app>5tly bor$ him ab\t d\ble />s & comets3 ',oh my s\l6 oh my lamb6' said ,ali ,zade1 'seek n aft] ! ?+s :i* conc]n !e n4 ,?\ came/ unto u1 & we welcom$ !e3 g 9 peace4 ,( a tru? ?\ ha/ spok5 _m words2 & !re is no h>m done1 = ! speak] is "o & ! li/5] is ano!r4 ,aft] ! fa%ion ( ?y p ?\ ha/ w&]$ f "o place to ano!r until ?\ art happy & cont5t 9 none4 ,li/51 oh my son6 ,!re is no wisdom equal unto ! belief 9 ,god6 ,he creat$ ! _w1 & %all we lik5 ourselves unto ,him 9 seek+ to p5etrate into ! my/]ies ( ,8 creation8 ,%all we say1 ,behold ?is /> sp9ne? r\nd t />1 & ?is o!r /> ) a tail goe? & come? 9 s _m ye>s6 ,let x g6 ,he f ^: h& x came w guide & direct x4 ,b ?\ wilt say unto me1 ,/& aside1 oh man1 = ,i am m le>n$ ?an ?\ art1 & h se5 m ?+s4 ,if ?\ ?9ke/ t ?\ art 9 ?is respect bett] ?an ,i am1 ?\ art welcome4 ,i praise ,god t ,i seek n t :i* ,i require n4 ,?\ art le>n$ 9 ! ?+s ,i c>e n =2 & z = t :i* ?\ ha/ se51 ,i defile x4 ,w mu* k create !e a d\ble belly1 or wilt ?\ seek p>adise ) ?9e eyes8' ,su*1 omitt+ ! ref]5ces to ! ,creator1 w\ld probably h be5 ! reply ( ,*eops to 8 visitors1 _h !y only _h a/ronomical facts to pres5t him )4 ,or1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 k+ly p[]1 he might h m decisively reject$ _! tea*+ by remov+ _! heads4 ,b ! %eph]d-a/ronom]s _h k m attractive to (f] ?an a m]e s]ies ( a/ronomical discov]ies4 ,_! ance/ors _h ,wat*$ f ! c5tres ( _! sleep+ flocks ,^? radiant ,m]curies1 t seem$ to move ,c>ry+ ?r\gh ae!r 9 p]petual r\nd ,decrees & resolutions ( ! gods2 & ?\gh ! visitors ( ,k+ ,*eops _h !mselves reject$ ! ,sabai/ic poly!ism ( _! k9sm51 !y _h n reject$ ! doctr9e t ! />s 9 _! c\rses affect ! =tunes ( m54 ,we "k t among ! ,jews1 probably ! direct desc5dants ( ! %eph]d-*iefs :o visit$ ,*eops1 & c]ta9ly close k9sm5 ( !irs1 & ak9 to !m also 9 _! mono!ism1 ! belief 9 a/rology 0 nev] reg>d$ z a sup]/ition4 ,9 fact1 we c trace v cle>ly 9 ! books relat+ to ?is p t !y believ$ confid5tly 9 ! influ5ces ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,d\btless ! visitors ( ,k+ ,*eops %>$ ! belief ( _! ,*aldaean k9sm5 t a/rology is a true sci5ce1 'f\nd$' inde$ 7z ,bacon expresses _! views7 'n 9 reason & physical contemplations1 b 9 ! direct exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( pa/ ages4' ,josephus records ! ,jewi% tradition 7?\gh n z a tradition b z a fact7 t 'our fir/ fa!r1 ,adam1 0 in/ruct$ 9 a/rology by div9e inspiration1' & t ,se? s excell$ 9 ! sci5ce1 t1 '=esee+ ! ,flood & ! de/ruction ( ! _w !reby1 he engrav$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 art 7a/rology7 9 hi]oglyphical emblems1 = ! b5efit ( aft] ages1 on two pill>s ( brick & /one4' ,he says f>!r on t ! ,patri>* ,abraham1 'hav+ le>n$ ! art 9 ,*aldaea1 :5 he j\rney$ into ,egypt taught ! ,egyptians ! sci5ces ( ari?metic & a/rology4' ,inde$1 ! /rang] call$ ,philitis by ,h]odotus may1 = aught t appe>s1 h be5 ,abraham himself2 = x is g5]ally agre$ t ! ^w ,philitis indicat$ ! race & c\ntry ( ! visitors1 reg>d$ by ! ,egyptians z ( ,phili/9e desc5t & arriv+ f ,pale/9e4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am 9 no way conc]n$ to %[ t ! %eph]d-a/ronom]s :o induc$ ,*eops to build ! ,great ,pyramid 7 ev5 contempor>ies ( ,abraham & ,mel*iz$ek4 ,:at seems suffici5tly obvi\s is all t ,i c>e to ma9ta91 namely1 t ^! %eph]d-a/ronom]s 7 ( ,*aldaean bir? & tra9+1 & !re=e a/rolog]s1 ?\gh1 unlike _! ,*aldaean k9sm51 !y reject$ ,sabaism or />-wor%ip1 & taught ! belief 9 "o only ,deity4 ,n[1 if ^! visitors 7 a/rolog]s1 :o p]suad$ ,*eops1 & 7 hone/ly conv9c$ !mselves1 t !y c\ld pr$ict ! ev5ts ( any man's life by ! ,*aldaean me?od ( ca/+ nativities1 we c readily und]/& _m circum/ances connect$ ) ! pyramids :i* h hi!rto seem$ inexplicable4 ,! pyramid built by a k+ w\ld no long] be reg>d$ z hav+ ref]5ce to 8 dea? & burial1 b to 8 bir? & life1 ?\gh aft] 8 dea? x might receive 8 body4 ,ea* k+ w\ld require to h 8 own nativity-pyramid1 built ) due symbolical ref]5ce to ! special cele/ial influ5ces affect+ 8 =tunes4 ,e portion ( ! "w w\ld h to be c>ri$ out "u special conditions1 det]m9$ accord+ to ! my/]i\s influ5ces ascrib$ to ! diff]5t planets & _! v>y+ positions-- n[ high1 n[ l[1 !n hid4 ,progressive1 retrograde1 or /&+ /ill4 ,if ! "w _h be5 int5d$ only to af=d ! means ( pr$ict+ ! k+'s future1 ! lab\r w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by ! mon>* z well be/[$4 ,b a/rology involv$ mu* m ?an ! m]e pr$iction ( future ev5ts4 ,a/rolog]s claim$ ! p[] ( rul+ ! planets--t is1 ( c\rse1 n ( rul+ ! motions ( ^? bodies1 b ( provid+ aga9/ evil influ5ces or /r5g!n+ good influ5ces :i* !y suppos$ ! cele/ial orbs to ex]t 9 p>ticul> aspects4 ,?us we c und]/& t :ile ! m]e basem5t lay]s ( ! pyramid w\ld h s]v$ = ! process ( ca/+ ! royal nativity1 ) due my/ic obs]vances1 ! fur!r progress ( build+ ! pyramid w\ld supply ! necess>y means & indications = rul+ ! planets mo/ pot5t 9 _! influ5ce ^u ! royal c>e]4 ,rememb]+ ! my/]i\s influ5ce :i* a/rolog]s ascrib$ to special numb]s1 figures1 positions1 & s =?1 ! c>e ) :i* ! ,great ,pyramid 0 s proportion$ z to indicate p>ticul> a/ronomical & ma!matical relations is at once expla9$4 ,! f\r sides ( ! squ>e base 7 c>efully plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! c>d9al po9ts1 precisely l ! f\r sides ( ! ord9>y squ>e s*eme ( nativity4#be ,! ea/]n side fac$ ! ,asc5dant1 ! s\!rn fac$ ! ,mid-heav51 ! we/]n fac$ ! ,desc5dant1 & ! nor!rn fac$ ! ,imum ,coeli4 ,aga91 we c und]/& t ! ar*itects w\ld h made a circuit ( ! base correspond 9 l5g? ) ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye>--a relation :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,p4 ,smy?1 is fulfill$ 9 ?is mann]1 t ! f\r sides conta9 "o hundr$ times z _m pyramid in*es z !re are days 9 ! ye>4 ,! pyramid in*1 aga91 is itself my/ically connect$ ) a/ronomical relations1 = its l5g? is equal to ! five hundr$ million? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 to a degree ( exactness correspond+ well ) :at we might expect ,*aldaean a/ronom]s to atta94 ,pr(4 ,smy?1 inde$1 believes t x 0 exactly equal to t proportion ( ! e>?'s pol> diamet]--a view :i* w\ld correspond ) 8 !ory t ! ar*itects ( ! ,great ,pyramid 7 assi/$ by div9e inspiration2 b :at is c]ta9ly kn[n ab\t ! sacr$ cubit1 :i* conta9$ tw5ty-five ( ^! in*es1 corresponds bett] ) ! diamet] :i* ! ,*aldaean a/ronom]s1 if !y work$ v c>efully1 w\ld h d$uc$ f obs]vations made 9 _! own c\ntry1 on ! supposition :i* !y w\ld naturally h made t ! e>? is a p]fect globe1 n compress$ at ! poles4 ,x is n inde$ at all c]ta9 t ! sacr$ cubit bore any ref]5ce to ! e>?'s dim5sions2 b ?is seems tol]ably well made out--t ! sacr$ cubit 0 ab\t #be in*es 9 l5g?1 & t ! circuit ( ! pyramid's base conta9$ a hundr$ in*es = e day ( ! ye>4 ,relations su* z ^! are precisely :at we might expect to f9d 9 build+s hav+ an a/rological significance4 ,simil>ly1 x w\ld correspond well ) ! my/icism ( a/rology t ! pyramid %\ld be s proportion$ z to make ! height be ! radius ( a circle ^: circumf]5ce w\ld equal ! circuit ( ! pyramid's base4 ,aga91 t long slant tunnel1 lead+ d[nw>ds f ! pyramid's nor!rn face1 w\ld at once f9d a mean+ 9 ?is a/rological !ory4 ,! slant tunnel po9t$ to ! pole-/> ( ,*eops' "t1 :5 due nor? bel[ ! true pole ( ! heav5s4 ,?is circum/ance _h no obs]vational utility4 ,x c\ld af=d no indication ( "t1 because a pole-/> moves v sl[ly1 & ! pole-/> ( ,*eops' day mu/ h be5 9 view ?r\gh t tunnel = m ?an an h\r at a "t4 ,b1 ap>t f ! my/ical significance :i* an a/rolog] w\ld attribute to su* a relation1 x may be %[n t ?is slant tunnel is precisely :at ! a/rolog] w\ld require 9 ord] to get ! horoscope correctly4 ,ano!r consid]ation rema9s to be m5tion$ :i*1 :ile /r5g!n+ ! a/rological !ory ( ! pyramids1 may br+ u ev5 ne>] to ! true aim ( ^? :o plann$ & built ^! /ructures4 ,x is kn[n also t ! ,*aldaeans f ! e>lie/ times pursu$ ! /udy ( al*emy 9 connection ) a/rology1 n hop+ to discov] ! philosoph]'s /one by *emical inve/igations alone1 b by c>ry+ out su* inve/igations "u special cele/ial influ5ce4 ,! hope ( a*iev+ ?is discov]y1 by :i* he w\ld at once h _h ! means ( acquir+ illimitable weal?1 w\ld ( itself acc\nt = ! fact t ,*eops exp5d$ s mu* lab\r & mat]ial 9 ! erection ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 see+ t1 ( necessity1 success 9 ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one w\ld be a ma9 feature ( 8 =tunes1 & w\ld !re=e be a/rologically indicat$ 9 8 nativity-pyramid1 or p]haps ev5 be secur$ by foll[+ my/ical obs]vances prop] = rul+ 8 planets4 ,! elixir ( life may also h be5 among ! objects :i* ! build]s ( ! pyramids hop$ to discov]4 ,x may be notic$1 z a some:at significant circum/ance1 t1 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,ibn ,abd ,alkohm ( ! cont5ts ( ! v>i\s pyramids1 ^? assign$ to ! ,great ,pyramid relate entirely to a/rology & associat$ my/]ies4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 cle> t ,abd ,alkohm drew l>gely on 8 imag9ation4 ,yet x seems probable t !re 0 also "s basis ( tradition = 8 ideas4 ,& c]ta9ly "o w\ld suppose t1 z he assign$ a treasur] to ! ,ea/ pyramid 7'a /atue ( black agate1 8 eyes op5 & %9+1 sitt+ on a ?rone ) a lance'71 he w\ld h cr$it$ ! build+ ) treasure also1 _h n "s tradition taught o!rwise4 ,b he says t ,k+ ,saurid plac$ 9 ! ,ea/ pyramid1 n treasures1 b 'div]s cele/ial sph]es & />s1 & :at !y sev]ally op]ate 9 _! aspects1 & ! p]fumes :i* are to be us$ to !m1 & ! books :i* treat ( ^! matt]s4'#bf ,b1 aft] all1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! a/rological 7& al*emical7 !ory ( ! pyramids is to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t all o!r !ories seem unt5able4 ,! pyramids 7 und\bt$ly erect$ = "s purpose :i* 0 reg>d$ by _! build]s z mo/ important4 ,?is purpose c]ta9ly relat$ to ! p]sonal =tunes ( ! k+ly build]s4 ,x 0 wor? an enorm\s outlay ( money1 lab\r1 & mat]ial4 ,?is purpose 0 su*1 fur!rmore1 t ea* k+ requir$ to h 8 own pyramid4 ,x 0 9 "s way associat$ ) a/ronomy1 = ! pyramids are built ) mo/ accurate ref]5ce to cele/ial aspects4 ,x also _h its ma!matical & my/ical be>+s1 see+ t ! pyramids exhibit ma!matical & symbolical peculi>ities n belong+ to _! ess5tially /ructural requirem5ts4 ,& la/ly1 ! erection ( ! pyramids 0 9 "s way connect$ ) ! arrival ( c]ta9 le>n$ p]sons f ,pale/9e1 & presumably ( ,*aldaean orig94 ,all ^! circum/ances accord well ) ! !ory ,i h advanc$2 :ile only "s ( !m1 & ^! n ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 accord ) any ( ! o!r !ories4 ,moreov]1 no fact kn[n respect+ ! pyramids or _! build]s is inconsi/5t ) ! a/rological 7& al*emical7 !ory4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 if x _c be reg>d$ z demon/rat$ 79 its g5]al be>+1 ( c\rse1 = we _c expect any !ory ab\t ! pyramids to be e/abli%$ 9 m9ute details71 ! a/rological !ory may fairly be describ$ z hav+ a great] degree ( probability 9 its fav\r ?an any hi!rto advanc$4 ,,iv4 ,,sw$5borg',s ,,visions ,,( ,,o!r ,,worlds4 ,if x 7 p]mitt$ to m5 to select a sign :]eby !y %\ld "k t a message came f ! ,supreme ,be+1 probably ! man ( sci5ce w\ld select = ! sign ! communication ( "s sci5tific fact beyond ! k ( ! day1 b admitt+ ( be+ readily put to ! te/4 ,! evid5ce ?us obta9$ 9 fav\r ( a revelation w\ld correspond 9 "s s5se to t dep5d+ on prophecies2 b x w\ld be m satisfactory to m5 hav+ t p>ticul> m5tal b5t :i* is call$ ! sci5tific4 ,:e!r ?is turn ( m9d is inh]5t or ! result ( tra9+1 x c]ta9ly leads m5 ( sci5ce to be m exact+ 9 consid]+ ! value ( evid5ce ?an any m51 except p]haps lawy]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! /ud5t ( sci5ce1 ,/4 ,paul's /atem5t t 'prophecies' '%all fail' has be5 fulfill$1 :]eas x may be d\bt$ :e!r evid5ce f 'k' w\ld 9 l mann] 'vani% away4' ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld gr[ /rong] & /rong]1 z k f obs]vation1 f exp]im5t1 & f calculation cont9ually increas$4 ,x c sc>cely be said t ?is has happ5$ ) su* quasi-sci5tific /atem5ts z h actually be5 associat$ ) revelation4 ,if we reg>d ,/4 ,paul's ref]5ce to k z relat+ to su* /atem5ts z ^!1 !n no?+ c\ld be m complete ?an ! fulfilm5t ( 8 own pr$iction1 ',:e!r !re be prophecies1 !y %all fail2 :e!r !re be tongues1 !y %all cease2 :e!r !re be k1 x %all vani% away4' ,! evid5ce f prophecies fails = ! exact inquir]1 :o p]ceives ! d\bts :i* exi/ 7among ! mo/ e>ne/ believ]s7 z to ! exact mean+ ( ! prophetic words1 & ev5 9 "s cases z to :e!r prophecies h be5 long s9ce fulfill$ or relate to ev5ts /ill to come4 ,! evid5ce f 'tongues' has ceas$1 & ^? are du/ :o are said to h spok5 9 /range tongues4 ,! k :i* 0 once ?\ght sup]natural has utt]ly vani%$ away4 ,b if1 9 ! ages ( fai?1 "s ( ! results ( mod]n sci5tific rese>* _h be5 reveal$1 z ! laws ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! great pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 or ! wave !ory ( light1 or if "s ( ! que/ions :i* /ill rema9 = m5 ( sci5ce to solve _h be5 answ]$ 9 ^? times1 ! evid5ce = ! /ud5t ( sci5ce w\ld h be5 irresi/ible4 ,( c\rse he w be told t ev5 !n he w\ld h h>d5$ 8 he>t2 t ! inquiry aft] tru? t5d+ naturally to depravity ( m9d1 he w\ld reject ev5 evid5ce bas$ on 8 belov$ laws ( probability2 t 8 'wick$ & adult]\s g5]ation seeke? 9 va9 aft] a sign1' & t if he w n accept ,moses & ! prophets1 nei!r w\ld he believe ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 ,/ill ! desire ( ! /ud5t ( sci5ce to base 8 fai? on conv9c+ evid5ce 79 a matt] z important to him z to ^? :o abuse him7 does seem to h some?+ reasonable 9 x aft] all4 ,! m5tal qualities :i* cause him to be less easily satisfi$ ?an o!rs1 came to him 9 ! same way z 8 bodily qualities2 & ev5 if ! result to :i* 8 m5tal tra9+ leads him is z un=tunate z "s suppose1 t tra9+ is n /rictly speak+ s he9\sly s9ful t no?+ %ort ( ! et]nal reprobation met$ out to him by e>?ly judges c satisfy div9e ju/ice4 ,s t x may be ?\ght n a :olly unp>donable s9 to speak ( a sign :i*1 _h x be5 accord$1 w\ld h satisfi$ ev5 ! mo/ exact+ /ud5t ( sci5ce4 ,ap>t1 too1 f all "q ( fai?1 ! m]e sci5tific int]e/ ( div9ely inspir$ communications respect+ natural laws & processes w\ld ju/ify a /ud5t ( sci5ce 9 reg>d+ !m z mo/ desirable messages f a be+ ( sup]ior wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,if prophecies & tongues1 :y n k1 z evid5ce ( a div9e mission8 ,su* ?\ghts are sugge/$ by ! claim ( "s religi\s tea*]s to ! possession ( k o!r ?an t :i* !y c\ld h ga9$ by natural means4 ,! claim has usually be5 q hone/4 ,! tea*] ( religion te/s ! reality ( 8 mission 9 simple a priori confid5ce t he has su* a mission1 & t !re=e "s "o or o!r ( ! te/s he applies w af=d ! requir$ evid5ce4 ,to "o1 says ,/4 ,paul1 is giv5 ! ^w ( wisdom2 to ano!r1 ! ^w ( k2 to ano!r1 fai?2 to ano!r1 ! gift ( heal+2 to ano!r1 ! work+ ( miracles2 to ano!r1 prophecy2 to ano!r1 ! disc]n+ ( spirits2 to ano!r1 div]s k9ds ( tongues3 & s =?4 ,if a man l ,mahomet1 :o believes 9 8 mission to tea*1 f9ds t he _c satisfactorily "w miracles--t m\nta9s w n be remov$ at 8 bidd+--!n "s o!r evid5ce satisfies him ( ! reality ( 8 mission4 ,sw$5borg1 ?an :om1 p]haps1 no m hone/ man ev] liv$1 said & believ$ t to him _h be5 grant$ ! disc]n+ ( spirits4 ',x is to be obs]v$1' he said1 't a man may be in/ruct$ by spirits & angels if 8 int]iors be s op5 z to enable him to speak & be 9 company ) !m1 = man 9 8 ess5ce is a _s1 & is ) spirits z to 8 int]iors2 s t he ^: int]iors are op5$ by ! ,"l may conv]se ) !m1 z man ) man4 ,?is privilege ,i h enjoy$ daily n[ = twelve ye>s4' ,x indicates ! fulness ( ,sw$5borg's belief 9 ?is privilege t he did n hesitate to describe :at ! spirits taught him respect+ matt]s :i* belong r to sci5ce ?an to fai?2 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t probably he suppos$ !re 0 small reason = believ+ t 8 /atem5ts c\ld ev] be te/$ by ! results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! objects to :i* 8 spiritual communications relat$ 7 conv5i5tly remote4 ,i d n say ?is z desir+ = "o mom5t to sugge/ t he purposely select$ ^? objects1 & n o!rs :i* might be m readily exam9$4 ,he c]ta9ly believ$ 9 ! reality ( ! communications he describ$4 ,b possibly !re is "s law 9 ?+s vision>y1 correspond+ to ! law ( m5tal op]ation ) reg>d to sci5tific !ories2 & z ! m9d !orises freely ab\t a subject little und]/ood1 b cauti\sly :]e _m facts h be5 asc]ta9$1 s probably exact k ( a subject prev5ts ! op]ation ( ^? illusions :i* are reg>d$ z sup]natural communications4 ,x is 9 a dim light only t ! active imag9ation pictures objects :i* d n really exi/2 9 ! cle> light ( day !y c no long] be imag9$4 ,s x is ) m5tal processes4 ,probably !re is no subject m suitable 9 ?is s5se = ! vision>y ?an t ( life 9 o!r worlds4 ,x has always _h an attraction = imag9ative m9ds1 simply because x is enwrapp$ 9 s pr(\nd a my/]y2 & !re has be5 little to re/ra9 ! fancy1 because s little is c]ta9ly kn[n ( ! physical condition ( o!r worlds4 ,rec5tly1 inde$1 a some:at sudd5 & sev]e *eck has be5 plac$ on ! livel9ess ( imag9ation :i* _h enabl$ m5 =m]ly to picture to !mselves ! inhabitants ( o!r orbs 9 space4 ,spectroscopic analysis & exact telescopic scrut9y w n p]mit "s speculations to be ent]ta9$ :i* =m]ly met ) fav\r4 ,yet ev5 n[ !re has be5 b a slight *ange ( sc5e & "t4 ,if m5 c no long] imag9e inhabitants ( "o planet because x is too hot1 or ( ano!r because x is too cold1 ( "o body because x is too deeply imm]s$ 9 vapor\s masses1 or ( ano!r because x has nei!r atmosph]e nor wat]1 we h only to speculate ab\t ! unse5 worlds :i* circle r\nd ^? o!r suns1 ! />s2 or1 in/ead ( *ang+ ! region ( space :]e we imag9e worlds1 we c look backw>d to ! "t :5 planets n[ cold & dead 7 w>m ) life1 or =w>d to ! di/ant future :5 planets n[ gl[+ ) fi]y heat %all h cool$ d[n to a habitable condition4 ,sw$5borg's imag9ative m9d seems to h fully felt ! *>m ( ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,x 01 inde$1 because ( ! *>m :i* he f\nd 9 x1 t he 0 readily p]suad$ into ! belief t k _h be5 sup]naturally communicat$ to him respect+ x4 ',because ,i _h a desire1' he says1 'to "k if !re are o!r e>?s1 & to le>n _! nature & ! "* ( _! inhabitants1 x 0 grant$ me by ! ,"l to conv]se & h int]c\rse ) spirits & angels :o _h come f o!r e>?s1 ) "s = a day1 ) "s = a week1 & ) "s = mon?s4 ,f !m ,i h receiv$ in=mation respect+ ! e>?s f & ne> :i* !y are1 ! modes ( life1 cu/oms & wor%ip ( _! inhabitants1 besides v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s ( int]e/1 all :i*1 hav+ come to my k 9 ?is way1 ,i c describe z ?+s :i* ,i h se5 & he>d4' ,x is int]e/+ 7psy*ologically7 to notice h[ ! reason+ :i* _h conv9c$ ,sw$5borg ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r inhabit$ worlds is attribut$ by him to ! spirits4 ',x is well kn[n 9 ! o!r life1' he says1 't !re are _m e>?s ) m5 ^u !m2 = !re 7t is1 9 ! spiritual life7 e "o :o1 f a love ( tru? & consequ5t use1 desires x1 is all[$ to conv]se ) ! spirits ( o!r e>?s1 s z to be assur$ t !re is a plurality ( worlds1 & be in=m$ t ! human race is n conf9$ to "o e>? only1 b ext5ds to numb]less e>?s4444 ,i h occasionally conv]s$ on ?is subject ) ! spirits ( our e>?1 & ! result ( our conv]sation 0 t a man ( enl>g$ und]/&+ may conclude f v>i\s consid]ations t !re are _m e>?s ) human inhabitants ^u !m4 ,= x is an inf]5ce ( reason t masses s great z ! planets are1 "s ( :i* exce$ ?is e>? 9 magnitude1 are n empty bodies1 creat$ only to be c>ri$ 9 _! motion r\nd ! sun1 & to %9e ) _! scanty light = ! b5efit ( "o e>? only2 b t !y mu/ h a nobl] use4 ,he :o believes1 z e "o ought to believe1 t ! ,deity creat$ ! univ]se = no o!r end ?an ! exi/5ce ( ! human race1 & ( heav5 f x 7= ! human race is ! sem9>y ( heav571 mu/ also believe t :]ev] !re is an e>? !re are human inhabitants4 ,t ! planets :i* are visible to u1 be+ )9 ! b\nd>y ( our sol> sy/em1 are e>?s1 may appe> f v>i\s consid]ations4 ,!y are bodies ( e>?y matt]1 because !y reflect ! sun's light1 & :5 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope appe>1 n z />s %9+ ) a flam+ lu/re1 b z e>?s1 v>iegat$ ) obscure spots4 ,l our e>?1 !y are c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by a progressive motion1 ?r\gh ! pa? ( ! ,zodiac1 :5ce !y h ye>s & seasons ( ! ye>1 :i* are spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]2 & !y rotate ^u _! axes1 :i* makes days1 & times ( ! day1 z morn+1 midday1 ev5+1 & night4 ,"s ( !m also h satellites1 :i* p]=m _! revolutions ab\t _! globes1 z ! moon does ab\t ours4 ,! planet ,saturn1 z be+ f>!/ f ! sun1 has besides an imm5se lum9\s r+1 :i* supplies t e>? ) mu*1 ?\gh reflect$1 light4 ,h[ is x possible = anyone acqua9t$ ) ^! facts1 & :o ?9ks f reason1 to ass]t t su* bodies are un9habit$8' ,rememb]+ t ?is reason+ 0 urg$ by ! spirits1 & t dur+ twelve ye>s ,sw$5borg's int]iors _h be5 op5$ 9 su* sort t he c\ld conv]se ) spirits f o!r worlds1 x is surpris+ t he %\ld h he>d no?+ ab\t ,uranus or ,neptune1 to say no?+ ( ! zone ( a/]oids1 or aga91 ( planets z yet unkn[n :i* may exi/ outside ! pa? ( ,neptune4 ,he def9itely commits himself1 x w be obs]v$1 to ! /atem5t t ,saturn is ! planet f>!/ f ! sun4 ,& else:]e1 9 /at+ :]e 9 ^! spiritual communications ! 'idea' ( ea* planet 0 conceiv$ to be situat$1 he leaves no room :atev] = ,uranus & ,neptune1 & makes no m5tion ( o!r bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em ?an ^? kn[n 9 8 day4 ,?is _c h be5 because ! spirits f !n unkn[n planets did n feel !mselves call$ ^u to communicate ) ! _s ( "o :o knew no?+ ( _! home1 = he receiv$ visitors f worlds 9 ! />ry heav5s f> beyond human k54 ,x w\ld almo/ seem1 ?\gh to ! fai?ful ,sw$5borgian ! ?\ght w d\btless appe> v wick$1 t ! sy/em ( ,sw$5borg gave no place to ,uranus & ,neptune1 simply because he knew no?+ ab\t ^? planets4 ,o!rwise1 :at a noble opportunity !re w\ld h be5 = e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ,sw$5borgian doctr9es by reveal+ to ! _w ! exi/5ce ( planets hi!rto unkn[n4 ,be=e ! read] pron\nces ?is a task b5ea? ! dignity ( ! spirits & angels :o taught ,sw$5borg x w be well = him to exam9e ! news :i* !y actually imp>t$4 ,i may z well premise1 h[ev]1 t x does n seem to me wor? :ile to ent] "h at any l5g? into ,sw$5borg's descriptions ( ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds1 because :at he has to say on ?is subject is entirely imag9ative4 ,!re is a real int]e/ = u 9 8 ideas respect+ ! condition ( ! planets1 because ^? ideas 7 bas$ 7?\gh unconsci\sly7 ^u ! sci5ce ( 8 day1 9 :i* he 0 no mean pr(ici5t4 ,& ev5 :]e 8 my/icism w5t beyond :at 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts sugge/$1 a psy*ological int]e/ atta*es to ! work+s ( 8 imag9ation4 ,x is z curi\s a problem to trace 8 ideas to _! orig9 z x sometimes is to acc\nt = ! v>i\s phases ( a fanta/ic dream1 su* a dream1 = in/ance1 z t :i* ,armadale1 ! doctor1 & ,midw9t]1 9 ',armadale1' endeav\r to connect ) prec$+ ev5ts4 ,b ,sw$5borg's visions ( ! behavi\r & appe>ance ( ! inhabitants ( o!r e>?s h little int]e/1 because x is hopeless to attempt to acc\nt = ev5 _! lead+ features4 ,= in/ance1 :at c we make ( su* a passage z ! foll[+1 relat+ to ! spirits :o came f ,m]cury8--',"s ( !m are desir\s to appe>1 n l ! spirits ( o!r e>?s z m51 b z cry/all9e globes4 ,_! desire to appe> s1 al?\gh !y d n1 arises f ! circum/ance t ! kn[l$ges ( ?+s immat]ial are 9 ! o!r life repres5t$ by cry/als4' ,yet "s ev5 ( ^! m fanciful visions significantly indicate ! nature ( ,sw$5borg's philosophy4 ,"o c recognise 8 disciples & 8 oppon5ts among ! inhabitants ( v>i\s fav\r$ & unhappy worlds1 & "o p]ceives h[ ! wis] & m dignifi$ ( 8 spiritual visitors are made to advocate 8 own views1 & to d]ide ^? ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,"s ( ! tea*+s ?us circuit\sly advanc$ are excell5t4 ,= in/ance1 ,sw$5borg's description ( ! inhabitants ( ,m]cury & _! love ( ab/ract k conta9s an in/ructive lesson4 ',! spirits ( ,m]cury imag9e1' he says1 't !y "k s mu*1 t x is almo/ impossible to "k m4 ,b x has be5 told !m by ! spirits ( our e>?1 t !y d n "k _m ?+s1 b few1 & t ! ?+s :i* !y "k n are comp>atively inf9ite1 & 9 relation to ^? !y d "k are z ! wat]s ( ! l>ge/ ocean to ^? ( ! smalle/ f\nta92 & fur!r1 t ! fir/ advance to wisdom is to "k1 ackn[l$ge1 & p]ceive t :at we d "k1 comp>$ ) :at we d n "k1 is s little z h>dly to am\nt to any?+4'#bg ,s f> we may suppose t ,sw$5borg pres5ts 8 own ideas1 see+ t he is describ+ :at has be5 told ! ,m]curial spirits by ! spirits ( our e>?1 ( :om 7dur+ ^! spiritual conv]sations7 he 0 "o4 ,b he proce$s to describe h[ angels 7 all[$ to conv]se ) ! ,m]curial spirits 9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( _! error4 ',i saw ano!r angel1' says he1 aft] describ+ "o su* conv]sation1 'conv]s+ ) !m2 he appe>$ at "s altitude to ! "r2 he 0 f our e>?1 & he enum]at$ v _m ?+s ( :i* !y 7 ignorant4444 ,z !y _h be5 pr\d on acc\nt ( _! kn[l$ges1 on he>+ ?is !y began to humble !mselves4 ,_! humiliation 0 repres5t$ by ! s9k+ ( ! company :i* !y =m$1 = t company !n appe>$ z a volume or roll1 444 z if holl[$ 9 ! middle & rais$ at ! sides4444 ,!y 7 told :at t signifi$1 t is1 :at !y ?\ght 9 _! humiliation1 & t ^? :o appe>$ elevat$ at ! sides 7 n z yet 9 any humiliation4 ,!n ,i saw t ! volume 0 sep>at$1 & t ^? :o 7 n 9 humiliation 7 rem&$ back t[>ds _! e>?1 ! re/ rema9+4' ,little be+ kn[n to ,sw$5borg1 z inde$ little is kn[n to ! a/ronom]s ( our own "t1 ab\t ,m]cury1 we f9d little 9 ! visions relat+ to t planet :i* possesses any sci5tific int]e/4 ,he ask$ ! inhabitants :o 7 br\ght to him 9 visions ab\t ! sun ( ! sy/em1 & !y repli$ t x looks l>g] f ,m]cury ?an z se5 f o!r worlds4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 no news to ,sw$5borg4 ,!y expla9$ fur!r1 t ! inhabitants enjoy a mod]ate temp]ature1 )\t extremes ( heat or cold4 ',x 0 giv5 to me1' proce$s ,sw$5borg1 'to tell !m t x 0 s provid$ by ! ,"l1 t !y might n be expos$ to excessive heat f _! great] proximity to ! sun1 s9ce heat does n arise f ! sun's ne>ness1 b f ! height & d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 z appe>s f ! cold on high m\nta9s ev5 9 hot climates2 also t heat is v>i$ accord+ to ! direct or oblique incid5ce ( ! sun's rays1 z is pla9 f ! seasons ( w9t] & summ] 9 e region4' ,x is curi\s to f9d ?us advanc$1 9 a sort ( lecture address$ to vision>y ,m]curials1 a !ory :i* crops up repeat$ly 9 ! pres5t day1 because ! difficulty :i* sugge/s x is dealt ) s unsatisfactorily = ! mo/ "p 9 our text-books ( sci5ce4 ,cont9ually we he> ( "s new p>adoxi/ :o prop\nds z a novel doctr9e ! tea*+ t ! atmosph]e1 & n ! sun1 is ! cause ( heat4 ,! mi/ake 0 excusable 9 ,sw$5borg's "t4 ,9 fact x s *anc$ t1 ap>t f ! obvi\s fact on :i* ! mi/ake is usually bas$--! cont9u$ pres5ce1 namely1 ( sn[ on ! summits ( high m\nta9s ev5 9 ! torrid zone--x _h be5 %[n %ortly be=e by ,newton1 t ! light fleecy cl\ds se5 sometimes ev5 9 ! hotte/ wea!r above ! wool-pack or cumulus cl\ds are compos$ ( m9ute cry/als ( ice4 ,see+ t ^! t9y cry/als c exi/ "u ! direct rays ( ! sun 9 hot summ] wea!r1 _m f9d x difficult to und]/& h[ ^? rays c ( !mselves h any heat+ p[]4 ,yet 9 reality ! reason+ address$ by ,sw$5borg to 8 ,m]curial fri5ds 0 entirely errone\s4 ,if he c\ld h adv5tur$ z f> =? into "t z he did into space1 & c\ld h att5d$ 9 ! _s ! lectures ( "o ,john ,tyndall1 a _s ( our e>?1 he w\ld h _h ?is matt] rightly expla9$ to him4 ,9 reality ! sun's heat is z effective directly at ! summit ( ! highe/ m\nta9 z at ! sea-level4 ,a !rmomet] expos$ to ! sun 9 ! =m] position indicates inde$ a slightly high] temp]ature ?an "o simil>ly expos$ to ! sun 7:5 at ! same altitude7 at ! sea-level4 ,b ! air does n get w>m$ to ! same degree1 simply because1 ow+ to its r>ity & relative dryness1 x fails to reta9 any portion ( ! heat :i* passes ?r\gh x4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice h[ ,sw$5borg's sci5tific conceptions ( ! result ( ! 7relatively7 airless condition ( our moon sugge/$ peculi> fancies respect+ ! lun> inhabitants4 ,int]e/+1 ,i mean1 psy*ologically3 = x is curi\s to see sci5tific & fanciful conceptions ?us unconsci\sly int]m+l$4 ,( ! consci\s int]m+l+ ( su* conceptions in/ances are common en\gh4 ,! effects ( ! moon's airless condition h be5 (t5 made ! subject ( fanciful speculations4 ,! read] w rememb] h[ ,s*eh]azade1 9 ',! ,poet at ! ,breakfa/ ,table1' runs on ab\t ! moon4 ',h] delight 0 unb\nd$1 & h] curiosity insatiable4 ,if !re 7 any liv+ creatures !re1 :at odd ?+s !y mu/ be4 ,!y c\ldn't h any lungs nor any he>ts4 ,:at a pity6 ,did !y ev] die8 ,h[ c\ld !y expire if !y didn't brea!8 ,burn up8 ,no air to burn 94 ,tumble into "s ( ^? horrid pits1 p]haps1 & break all to bits4 ,%e wond]$ h[ ! "y p !re lik$ x1 or :e!r !re 7 any "y p !re4 ,p]haps nobody 0 "y & nobody 0 old1 b !y 7 l mummies all ( !m--:at an idea6--two mummies mak+ love to ea* o!r6 ,s %e w5t on 9 a rattl+1 giddy k9d ( way1 = %e 0 excit$ by ! /range sc5e 9 :i* %e f\nd h]self1 & q a/oni%$ ! "y a/ronom] ) h] vivacity4' ,b ,sw$5borg's firm belief t ! fancies eng5d]$ 9 8 m9d 7 sci5tific realities is v diff]5t f ! consci\s play ( fancy 9 ! passage j quot$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,sw$5borg reg>d$ 8 visions ) z mu* confid5ce z ?\gh !y 7 revelations made by means ( sci5tific in/rum5ts2 nay1 ) ev5 m confid5ce1 = he knew t sci5tific obs]vations may be misund]/ood1 :]eas he 0 fully p]suad$ t 8 visions 7 miracul\sly provid$ = 8 enlight5m5t1 & t !re=e he w\ld n be all[$ to misund]/& aught t 0 ?us reveal$ to him4 ',x is well kn[n to spirits & angels1' he says1 't !re are inhabitants 9 ! moon1 & 9 ! moons or satellites :i* revolve ab\t ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,ev5 ^? :o h n se5 & conv]s$ ) spirits :o are f !m ent]ta9 no d\bt ( _! be+ inhabit$1 = !y1 too1 are e>?s1 & :]e !re is an e>? !re is man2 man be+ ! end = :i* e e>? exi/s1 & )\t an end no?+ 0 made by ! ,great ,creator4 ,e "o :o ?9ks f reason 9 any degree enlight5$1 mu/ see t ! human race is ! f9al cause ( creation4' ,! moon be+ inhabit$ !n by human be+s1 b be+ v insuffici5tly suppli$ ) air1 x necess>ily foll[s t ^! human be+s mu/ be provid$ 9 "s way ) ! means ( exi/+ 9 t r>e & t5u\s atmosph]e4 ,trem5d\s p[]s ( inspiration & expiration w\ld be requir$ to make t air support ! life ( ! human body4 ,al?\gh ,sw$5borg c\ld h _h no k ( ! exact way 9 :i* brea?+ supports life 7= ,prie/ley 0 8 junior by ne>ly half a c5tury71 yet he mu/ cle>ly h p]ceiv$ t ! quantity ( air inspir$ has mu* to d ) ! vitalis+ p[] ( ! indraught4 ,no ord9>y human lungs c\ld draw 9 an adequate supply ( air f su* an atmosph]e z ! moon's2 b by "s great increase ( brea?+ p[] x might be possible to live !re3 at lea/1 9 ,sw$5borg's "t !re 0 no reason = suppos+ o!rwise4 ,reason1 !n1 hav+ conv9c$ him t ! lun> inhabitants mu/ possess extraord9>y brea?+ app>atus1 & presumably mo/ p[]ful voices1 imag9ation pres5t$ !m to him accord+ly4 ',"s spirits appe>$ ov]head1' he says1 '& !nce 7 he>d voices l ?und]2 = _! voices s\nd$ precisely l ?und] f ! cl\ds aft] lightn+4 ,i suppos$ x 0 a great multitude ( spirits :o _h ! art ( giv+ voices ) su* a s\nd4 ,! m simple spirits :o 7 ) me d]id$ !m1 :i* greatly surpris$ me4 ,b ! cause ( _! d]ision 0 soon discov]$1 :i* 01 t ! spirits :o ?und]$ 7 n _m1 b few1 & 7 z little z *ildr51 & t on =m] occasions !y 7! ?und]]s7 _h t]rifi$ !m by su* s\nds1 & yet 7 unable to d !m ! lea/ h>m4 ,t ,i might "k _! "*1 "s ( !m desc5d$ f on high1 :]e !y ?und]$2 &1 :at surpris$ me1 "o c>ri$ ano!r on 8 back1 & ! two ?us approa*$ me4 ,_! faces appe>$ n unh&some1 b long] ?an ^? ( o!r spirits4 ,9 /ature !y 7 l *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s old1 b ! frame 0 m robu/1 s t !y 7 l m54 ,x 0 told me by ! angels t !y 7 f ! moon4 ,he :o 0 c>ri$ by ! o!r came to me1 apply+ himself to my left side "u ! elb[1 & !nce spoke4 ,he said1 t :5 !y utt] _! voices !y ?und] 9 ?is way1'--& x seems likely en\gh t if !re are any liv+ speak+ be+s 9 ! moon1 _! voice1 c\ld !y visit ! e>?1 w\ld be f\nd to diff] v m>k$ly f ! ord9>y human voice4 ',9 ! spiritual _w _! ?und]\s voices h _! use4 ,= by _! ?und]+ ! spirits f ! moon t]rify spirits :o are incl9$ to injure !m1 s t ! lun> spirits g 9 safety :]e !y w4 ,to conv9ce me ! s\nd !y make 0 ( ?is k9d1 he 7! _s :o 0 c>ri$ by ! o!r7 retir$1 b n out ( sight1 & ?und]$ 9 l mann]4 ,!y %[$1 moreov]1 t ! voice 0 ?und]$ by be+ utt]$ f ! abdom5 l an eructation4 ,x 0 p]ceiv$ t ?is arose f ! circum/ance t ! inhabitants ( ! moon d n1 l ! inhabitants ( o!r e>?s1 speak f ! lungs1 b f ! abdom51 & ?us f air collect$ !re1 ! reason ( :i* is t ! atmosph]e ) :i* ! moon is surr\nd$ is n l t ( o!r e>?s4' ,9 8 int]c\rse ) spirits f ,jupit]1 ,sw$5borg he>d ( animals l>g] ?an ^? t live on ! e>?4 ,x has be5 a fav\rite idea ( _m believ]s 9 o!r worlds ?an ours1 t ?\gh 9 ea* _w ! same races ( animals exi/1 !y w\ld be diff]5tly proportion$2 & !re has be5 mu* speculation z to ! probable size ( m5 & o!r animals 9 worlds mu* l>g] or mu* small] ?an ! e>?4 ,:5 z yet ideas ab\t o!r worlds 7 crude1 ! idea prevail$ t giants exi/ 9 ! l>g] orbs1 & pygmies 9 ! small]4 ,:e!r ?is idea _h its orig9 9 conceptions z to ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s or n1 does n cle>ly appe>4 ,x seems c]ta9ly at fir/ view natural en\gh to suppose t ! l>g] be+s w\ld want m room & s inhabit ! l>g] dwell+-places4 ,x 0 a pleas+ ?\ght t1 if we c\ld visit ,jupit] or ,saturn1 we %\ld f9d ! human inhabitants !re ,9 bigness to surpass e>?'s giant sons2 b t if we c\ld visit our moon or ,m]cury1 or :atev] small] worlds !re are1 we %\ld f9d m5 ,n[ less ?an smalle/ dw>fs1 9 n>r[ room ,?rong numb]less1 l t pygmaean race ,beyond ! ,indian m\nt2 or fairy elves1 ,^: midnight revels1 by a =e/ side ,or f\nta91 "s belat$ peasant sees1 ,or dreams he sees4 ,lat] ! !ory 0 />t$ t ! size ( be+s 9 v>i\s worlds dep5ds on ! am\nt ( light receiv$ f ! c5tral sun4 ,?us ,wolfius ass]t$ t ! inhabitants ( ,jupit] are ne>ly f\rte5 feet high1 :i* he prov$ by comp>+ ! quantity ( sunlight :i* rea*es ! ,jovians ) t :i* we ,t]r5es receive4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 x has be5 not$ t ! l>g] ! planet1 ! small] 9 all probability mu/ be ! inhabitants1 if any4 ,= if !re are two planets ( ! same d5sity b unequal size1 gravity mu/ be great] at ! surface ( ! l>g] planet1 & :]e gravity is great l>ge animals are cumb]$ by _! weight4 ,x is easy to see ?is by comp>+ ! muscul> /r5g? ( two m5 simil>ly proportion$1 b unequal 9 height4 ,suppose "o man five feet 9 height1 ! o!r six2 !n ! cross section ( any giv5 muscle w be less = ! =m] ?an = ! latt] 9 ! proportion ( tw5ty-five 7five times five7 to ?irty-six 7six times six74 ,r\ghly1 ! muscul> /r5g? ( ! bigg] man w be half z great aga9 z t ( ! small]4 ,b ! weights ( ! m5 w be proportion$ z #abe 7five times five times five7 to #baf 7six times six times six71 s t ! weight ( ! bigg] man exce$s t ( ! small] ne>ly z sev5 exce$s f\r1 or by ?ree-f\r?s4 ,! tall] man exce$s ! small]1 !n1 mu* m 9 weight ?an he does 9 /r5g?2 he is accord+ly less active 9 proportion to 8 size4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ( c\rse1 size increases a man's effective z well z 8 real /r5g?4 ,= in/ance1 our tall man 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration _c lift 8 own weight z readily z ! small man c lift 82 b he c lift a weight ( ?ree hundr$ p\nds z easily z ! small man c lift a weight ( two hundr$ p\nds4 ,:5 we get beyond c]ta9 limits ( height1 h[ev]1 we get absolute weakness z ! result ( ! increase ( weight4 ,swift's ,brobd+nags1 = in/ance1 w\ld h be5 unable to /& upright2 = !y 7 six times z tall z m51 & !re=e ea* ,brobd+nag w\ld h weigh$ #baf times z mu* z a man1 b w\ld h possess$ only ?irty-six times ! muscul> p[]4 ,_! weight w\ld h be5 great]1 !n1 9 a sixfold great] degree ?an _! /r5g?1 &1 s f> z _! m]e weight 0 conc]n$1 _! condition w\ld h resembl$ t ( an ord9>y man "u a load five times exce$+ 8 own weight4 ,z no man c\ld walk or /& upright "u su* a load1 s ! ,brobd+nags w\ld h be5 p[]less to move1 despite1 or r because (1 _! enorm\s /ature4 ,apply+ ! g5]al consid]ations "h enunciat$ to ! "q ( ! probable size ( creatures l ourselves 9 o!r planets1 we see t m5 9 ,jupit] %\ld be mu* small]1 m5 9 ,m]cury mu* l>g]1 ?an m5 on ! e>?4 ,s also ) o!r animals4 ,b ,sw$5borg's _s visitors f ^! planets taught diff]5tly4 ',! horses ( our e>?1' he says1 ':5 se5 by ! spirits ( ,jupit]1 appe>$ to me small] ?an usual1 ?\gh r robu/2 :i* arose f ! idea ^? spirits _h respect+ !m4 ,!y in=m$ me t among !m !re are animals simil>1 ?\gh mu* l>g]2 b t !y are wild1 & 9 ! woods1 & t :5 !y come 9 sight !y cause t]ror ?\gh !y are h>mless2 !y add$ t _! t]ror ( !m is natural or innate4'#bh ,on ! o!r h& ! inhabitants ( ,m]cury1 :o might be ?irte5 feet high yet z active z our m51 appe>$ sl5d]] ?an ,t]r5e m54 ',i 0 desir\s to "k1' says ,sw$5borg1 ':at k9d ( face & p]son ! p 9 ,m]cury h1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! p on our e>?4 ,!re !re=e /ood be=e me a female exactly resembl+ ! wom5 on t e>?4 ,h] face 0 beautiful1 b x 0 small] ?an t ( a woman ( our e>?2 %e 0 m sl5d]1 b ( equal height2 %e wore a l95 head-dress1 n artfully yet gracefully dispos$4 ,a man also 0 pres5t$4 ,he1 too1 0 m sl5d] ?an ! m5 ( our e>?2 he wore a g>m5t ( deep blue1 closely fitt$ to 8 body )\t folds or fl[+ skirts4 ,su*1 ,i le>n1 7 ! p]sonal =m & co/ume ( ! humans ( t e>?4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0 %[n me a species ( ! ox5 & c[s1 :i* did n inde$ diff] mu* f ^? on our e>?1 except t !y 7 small]1 & made "s approa* to ! /ag & h9d species4' ,we h se51 too1 t ! lun> spirits 7 no l>g] ?an *ildr5 sev5 ye>s old4 ,"o passage ( ,sw$5borg's description ( ,jupit] is curi\s4 ',al?\gh on t e>?1' he says1 'spirits speak ) m5' 7i4e4 ) ,jovian m57 'man 9 8 turn does n speak ) spirits1 except to say1 :5 in/ruct$1 t he w d s no m1'--:i* we %\ld reg>d z a bull if x 7 n news f ! ,jovian _s _w4 ',nor is man all[$ to tell anyone t a _s has spok5 to him2 if he does s1 he is puni%$4 ,^? spirits ( ,jupit] :5 !y 7 ) me1 at fir/ suppos$ !y 7 ) a man ( _! own e>?2 b :5 9 my turn ,i spoke ) !m1 & ?\ght ( publi%+ :at pass$ betwe5 u & s relat+ x to o!rs1 !n1 because !y 7 n all[$ to *a/ise me1 !y discov]$ !y 7 ) a /rang]4' ,x has be5 a fav\rite idea ) ^? :o delight 9 ! argum5t f design1 t ! moons ( ! remot] planets h be5 provid$ = ! express purpose ( mak+ up = ! small am\nt ( sunlight :i* rea*es ^? planets4 ,jupit] receives only ab\t "o tw5ty-sev5? "p ( ! light :i* we receive f ! sun2 b !n1 has he n f\r moons to make 8 nights glori\s8 ,saturn is yet f>!r away f ! sun1 & receives only ! n9etie? "p ( ! light we get f ! sun2 b !n he has eight moons & 8 r+s1 & ! nocturnal glory ( 8 skies mu/ g f> to comp5sate ! ,saturnians = ! small quantity ( sunlight !y receive4 ,! ,saturnian spirits :o visit$ ,sw$5borg 7 manife/ly indoctr9at$ ) ^! ideas4 ,= !y in=m$ him t ! nocturnal light ( ,saturn is s great t "s ,saturnians wor%ip x1 call+ x ! ,"l4 ,^! wick$ spirits are sep>at$ f ! re/1 & are n tol]at$ by !m4 ',! nocturnal light1' say ! spirits1 'comes f ! imm5se r+ :i* at a di/ance encircles t e>?1 & f ! moons :i* are call$ ! satellites ( ,saturn4' ,& aga91 be+ que/ion$ fur!r 'conc]n+ ! great r+ :i* appe>s f our e>? to rise above ! horizon ( t planet1 & to v>y its situations1 !y said t x does n appe> to !m z a r+1 b only z a sn[-:ite sub/ance 9 heav5 9 v>i\s directions4' ,un=tunately = our fai? 9 ! v]acity ( ^! spirits1 x is c]ta9 t ! moons ( ,saturn _c give ne>ly s mu* light z ours1 :ile ! r+s are mu* m effective z d>k5]s ?an z illum9ators4 ,"o c readily calculate ! app>5t size ( ea* ( ! moons z se5 f ,saturn1 & !nce %[ t ! eight discs ( ! moons toge!r are l>g] ?an our moon's disc 9 ab\t ! proportion ( =ty-five to eight4 ,s t if !y 7 all %9+ z brightly z our full moon & all full at ! same "t1 _! comb9$ light w\ld exce$ h]s 9 t degree4 ,b !y are n illum9at$ z our moon is4 ,!y are illum9at$ by ! same remote sun :i* illum9ates ,saturn1 :ile our moon is illum9at$ by a sun giv+ h] z mu* light z we ourselves receive4 ,our moon !n is illum9at$ n9ety times m brightly ?an ! moons ( ,saturn1 & z h] disc is less ?an all !irs toge!r1 n z "o to n9ety1 b z sixte5 to n9ety1 x foll[s t all ! ,saturnian moons1 if full at ! same "t1 w\ld reflect to ,saturn "o-sixte5? "p ( ! light :i* we receive f ! full moon4#bi ,z reg>ds ! r+s ( ,saturn1 no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t !y t5d mu* m to deprive ,saturn ( light !n to make up by reflection = ! small am\nt ( light :i* ,saturn receives directly f ! sun4 ,! "p ( ! r+ :i* lies betwe5 ! planet & ! sun ca/s a black %ad[ ^u ,saturn1 ?is %ad[ sometimes cov]+ an ext5t ( surface _m times exce$+ ! entire surface ( our e>?4 ,! %ad[ ?us ?r[n ^u ! planet creeps sl[ly1 fir/ "o way1 !n ano!r1 nor?w>ds & s\?w>ds ov] ! illum9at$ hemisph]e ( ! planet 7z pictur$ 9 ! #ac? plate ( my treatise on ,saturn71 requir+ = its passage f ! arctic to ! ant>ctic regions & back aga9 to ! arctic regions ( ! planet1 a p]iod ne>ly equal to t ( a g5]ation ( t]re/rial m54 ,ne>ly ?irty ( our ye>s ! process la/s1 dur+ half ( :i* "t ! nor!rn hemisph]e suff]s1 & dur+ ! o!r half ! s\!rn4 ,! %ad[ b&1 :i* be x rememb]$ /ret*es "r a?w>t ! planet f ! extreme ea/]n to ! extreme we/]n side ( ! illum9at$ hemisph]e1 is s broad dur+ ! great] "p ( ! "t t 9 "s regions 7^? correspond+ to our temp]ate zones7 ! %ad[ takes two ye>s 9 pass+1 dur+ :i* "t ! sun _c be se5 at all1 unless = a few mom5ts ?r\gh "s *9ks 9 ! r+s1 :i* are kn[n to be n solid bodies1 b made up ( closely cr[d$ small moons4 ,& ! sl[ passage ( ?is fe>ful %ad[1 :i* advances at ! av]age rate ( "s tw5ty miles a day1 b yet hangs = ye>s ov] ! regions a?w>t :i* x sweeps1 occurs 9 ! v season :5 ! sun's small direct supply ( heat w\ld require to be mo/ freely comp5sat$ by nocturnal light--9 ! w9t] season1 namely1 ( ! planet4 ,moreov]1 n only dur+ ! "t ( ! %ad['s passage1 b dur+ ! entire w9t] half ( ! ,saturnian ye>1 ! r+ reflects no light dur+ ! night "t1 ! sun be+ on ! o!r or summ] side ( ! r+'s plane4#cj ,! only nocturnal effect :i* w\ld be obs]vable w\ld be ! oblit]ation ( ! />s cov]$ by ! r+ sy/em4 ,x is /range t1 ?is be+ s1 ! spirits f ,saturn %\ld h made no m5tion ( ! circum/ance2 & ev5 m /range t ^! spirits & o!rs %\ld h ass]t$ t ! moons & r+s ( ,saturn comp5sate = ! small am\nt ( light directly receiv$ f ! sun4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly a ,sw$5borg ( our own "t w\ld f9d ! spirits f ,saturn m v]aci\s & m communicative ab\t ^! matt]s1 ?\gh ev5 :at he w\ld he> f ! spirits w\ld d\btless appe> to sceptics ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury to be no m ?an he c\ld h inf]r$ f ! kn[n facts ( ! sci5ce ( 8 day4 ,b ,sw$5borg 0 n cont5t m]ely to receive visits f ! inhabitants ( o!r planets 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,he 0 visit$ also by ! spirits ( e>?s 9 ! />ry heav52 nay1 he 0 enabl$ to visit ^? e>?s himself4 ,= man1 ev5 :ile liv+ 9 ! _w1 'is a _s z to 8 int]iors1 ! body :i* he c>ries ab\t 9 ! _w only s]v+ him = p]=m+ functions 9 ?is natural or t]re/rial sph]e1 :i* is ! l[e/4' ,& to c]ta9 m5 x is grant$ n only to conv]se z a _s ) angels & spirits1 b to trav]se 9 a spiritual way ! va/ di/ances :i* sep>ate _w f _w & sy/em f sy/em1 all ! :ile rema9+ 9 ! body4 ,sw$5borg 0 "o ( ^!4 ',! int]iors ( my _s1' he says1 'are op5$ by ! ,"l1 s t :ile ,i am 9 ! body ,i c at ! same "t be ) angels 9 heav51 & n only conv]se ) !m1 b behold ! wond]ful ?+s :i* are !re & describe !m1 t h5ce=? x may no m be said1 ,:o ev] came f heav5 to assure u x exi/s & tell u :at is !re8 ,he :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! arcana ( heav5 _c believe t man c see e>?s s remote1 & give any acc\nt ( !m f s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,b let him "k t spaces & di/ances1 & consequ5tly progressions1 exi/+ 9 ! natural _w1 9 _! orig9 & fir/ causes are *anges ( ! /ate ( ! int]iors2 t ) angels & spirits progressions appe> accord+ to *anges ( /ate2 & t by *anges ( /ate !y may be app>5tly translat$ f "o place to ano!r1 & f "o e>? to ano!r1 ev5 to e>?s at ! b\nd>ies ( ! univ]se2 s likewise may man z to 8 _s1 8 body /ill rema9+ 9 its place4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) me4' ,be=e describ+ 8 visits to e>?s 9 ! />ry heav5s1 ,sw$5borg is c>eful to indicate ! probability t su* e>?s exi/4 ',x is well kn[n to ! le>n$ _w1' he says1 't e /> is a sun 9 its place1 rema9+ fix$ l ! sun ( our e>?4' ,! prop] motions ( ! />s _h1 alas6 n be5 discov]$ 9 ,sw$5borg's day1 nor does he seem to h be5 aw>e :at a wild *ase he 0 really ent]+ ^u 9 8 spiritual progressions4 ,conceive ! pursuit ( ,sirius or ,vega z ei!r sun ru%$ ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( ?irty or =ty miles 9 e second ( "t6 ,to resume1 h[ev]1 ! acc\nt :i* ,sw$5borg gives ( ! ideas ( ! le>n$ _w ( 8 day4 ',x is ! di/ance :i* makes a /> appe> 9 a small =m2 consequ5tly' 7! logical necessity is n manife/1 h[ev]7 'ea* />1 l ! sun ( our sy/em1 has ar\nd x planets :i* are e>?s2 & ! reason ^! are n visible to u is because ( _! imm5se di/ance & _! hav+ no light b f _! own />1 :i* light _c be reflect$ s f> z to rea* u4' ',to :at o!r end1' proce$s ?is mo/ conv9c+ reason+1 'c be s imm5se a heav5 ) su* a multitude ( />s8 ,= man is ! end = :i* ! univ]se 0 creat$4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by calculation t suppos+ !re 7 9 ! univ]se a million e>?s1 & on e e>? ?ree hundr$ millions ( m5 & two hundr$ g5]ations )9 six ?\s& ye>s1 & t to e man or _s 0 allott$ a space ( ?ree cubic ells1 ! collective numb] ( m5 or spirits c\ld n occupy a space equal to a ?\s&? "p ( ?is e>?1 ?us n m ?an t occupi$ by "o ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] or ,saturn2 a space on ! univ]se almo/ undisc]nible1 = a satellite is h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,:at w\ld ?is be = ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 to :om ! :ole univ]se fill$ ) e>?s c\ld n be en\gh' 7= :at871 'see+ t he is inf9ite4' ,h[ev]1 x is n on ?is reason+ alone t ,sw$5borg relies4 ,he tells u1 hone/ly beyond all d\bt1 t he kn[s ! tru? ( :at he relates4 ',! in=mation ,i am ab\t to give1' he says1 'respect+ ! e>?s 9 ! />ry heav5 is f exp]im5tal te/imony2 f :i* x w likewise appe> h[ ,i 0 translat$ ?i!r z to my _s1 ! body rema9+ 9 its place4' ,8 progress 9 8 fir/ />-hunt 0 to ! "r1 & cont9u$ = ab\t two h\rs4 ,he f\nd ! b\nd>y ( our sol> sy/em m>k$ fir/ by a :ite b ?ick cl\d1 next by a fi]y smoke asc5d+ f a great *asm4 ,"h "s gu>ds appe>$1 :o /opp$ "s ( ! company1 because ^! _h n1 l ,sw$5borg & ! re/1 receiv$ p]mission to pass4 ,!y n only /opp$ ^? un=tunates1 b tortur$ !m1 conduct = :i* t]re/rial analogues might possibly be discov]$4 ,hav+ rea*$ ano!r sy/em1 he ask$ ! spirits ( "o ( ! e>?s !re h[ l>ge _! sun 0 & h[ x appe>$4 ,!y said x 0 less ?an ! sun ( our e>?1 & has a flam+ appe>ance4 ,our sun1 9 fact1 is l>g] ?an o!r suns 9 space1 = f t e>? />ry heav5s are se51 & a /> l>g] ?an ! re/ appe>s1 :i*1 say ^? spirits1 '0 decl>$ f heav5' to be ! sun ( ,sw$5borg's e>?ly home4 ,:at ,sw$5borg saw ^u t e>? has no special int]e/4 ,! m5 !re1 ?\gh haughty1 are lov$ by _! respective wives because !y1 ! m51 are good4 ,b _! goodness does n appe> v manife/ f any?+ 9 ! n>rative4 ,! only man se5 by ,sw$5borg took f 8 wife '! g>m5t :i* %e wore1 & ?rew x ov] 8 own %\ld]s2 loos5+ ! l[] "p1 :i* fl[$ d[n to 8 feet l a robe 7mu* z a man ( our e>? might be expect$ to loos5 ! tie-back ( ! p]iod1 if he borr[$ x 9 l mann]7 he ?us walk$ ab\t clad4' ,he next visit$ an e>? circl+ r\nd a />1 :i* he le>n$ 0 "o ( ! small] sort1 n f> f ! equator4 ,its great] di/ance 0 pla9 f ! circum/ance t ,sw$5borg 0 two days 9 rea*+ x4 ,9 ?is e>? he v ne>ly fell into a qu>rel ) ! spirits4 ,= he>+ t !y possess rem>kable ke5ness ( vision1 he 'comp>$ !m ) eagles :i* fly al(t1 & enjoy a cle> & ext5sive view ( objects b5ea?4' ,at ?is !y 7 indignant1 suppos+1 poor spirits1 't he comp>$ !m to eagles z to _! rapacity1 & consequ5tly ?\ght !m wick$4' ,he ha/5$ to expla91 h[ev]1 t he 'did n lik5 !m to eagles z to _! rapacity1 b z to %>psight$ness4' ,sw$5borg's acc\nt ( a ?ird e>? 9 ! />-dep?s conta9s a v pretty idea = temples & *ur*es4 ,! temples 9 t e>? 'are con/ruct$1' he says1 ( trees1 n cut d[n1 b gr[+ 9 ! place :]e !y 7 fir/ plant$4 ,on t e>?1 x seems1 !re are trees ( an extraord9>y size & height2 ^! !y set 9 r[s :5 "y1 & arrange 9 su* an ord] t !y may s]ve :5 !y gr[ up to =m porticoes & colonnades4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 by cutt+ & prun+1 !y fit & prep>e ! t5d] %oots to entw9e "o ) ano!r1 & jo9 toge!r s z to =m ! gr\ndwork & floor ( ! temple to be con/ruct$1 & to rise at ! sides z walls1 & above to b5d into ar*es to =m ! ro(4 ,9 ?is mann] !y con/ruct ! temple ) admirable art1 elevat+ x high above ! gr\nd4 ,!y prep>e also an asc5t into x1 by cont9u\s bran*es ( ! trees1 ext5d$ f ! trunk & firmly connect$ toge!r4 ,moreov]1 !y adorn ! temple )\t & )9 9 v>i\s ways1 by dispos+ ! foliage into p>ticul> =ms2 ?us !y build entire groves4 ,b x 0 n p]mitt$ me to see ! nature ( ^! temples1 only ,i 0 in=m$ t ! light ( _! sun is let 9 by ap]tures among/ ! bran*es1 & is ev]y:]e transmitt$ ?r\gh cry/als2 :]eby ! light fall+ on ! walls is refract$ 9 col\rs l ^? ( ! ra9b[1 p>ticul>ly blue & orange1 ( :i* !y are fonde/4 ,su* is _! ar*itecture1 :i* !y pref] to ! mo/ magnific5t palaces ( our e>?4' ,o!r e>?s 9 ! />ry heav5s 7 visit$ by ,sw$5borg1 b ! above w s]ve suffici5tly to illu/rate ! nature ( 8 obs]vations4 ,"o /atem5t1 by ! way1 0 made to him :i* mu/ h seem$ unlikely ev] to be contrav5$1 b :i* has be5 %[n 9 our "t to be altoge!r errone\s4 ,9 ! f\r? />-_w he visit$1 he 0 told t t e>?1 :i* travels r\nd its sun 9 #bjj days ( fifte5 h\rs ea*1 is "o ( ! lea/ 9 ! univ]se1 be+ sc>cely #ejj ,g]man miles1 say #bjjj ,engli% miles1 9 circumf]5ce4 ,?is w\ld make its diamet] ab\t #fdj ,engli% miles4 ,b !re is n "o ( ! :ole family ( planetoids :i* has a diamet] s great z ?is1 & _m ( ^! e>?s mu/ be less ?an fifty miles 9 diamet]4 ,n[ ,sw$5borg rem>ks t he _h 8 in=mation f ! angels1 ':o made a comp>ison 9 all ^! p>ticul>s ) ?+s ( a l nature on our e>?1 accord+ to :at !y saw 9 me or 9 my memory4 ,_! conclusions 7 =m$ by angelic ideas1 :]eby are in/antly kn[n ! measure ( space & "t 9 a j proportion ) respect to space & "t else:]e4 ,angelic ideas1 :i* are spiritual1 9 su* calculations inf9itely excel human ideas1 :i* are natural4' ,he mu/ !re=e h met1 un=tunately1 ) untru?ful angels4 ,! real s\rce ( ,sw$5borg's inspirations w be tol]ably obvi\s--to all1 at lea/1 :o are n ,sw$5borgians4 ,b our acc\nt ( 8 visions w\ld n be complete 9 a psy*ological s5se )\t a brief ref]5ce to ! p]sonal allusions :i* ! spirits & angels made dur+ _! visits or 8 w&]+s4 ,8 di/+ui%$ rival1 ,*ri/ian ,wolf1 0 enc\nt]$ z a _s by spirits f ,m]cury1 :o 'p]ceiv$ t :at he said did n rise above ! s5sual ?+s ( ! natural man1 because 9 speak+ he ?\ght ( hon\r1 & 0 desir\s1 z 9 ! _w 7= 9 ! o!r _w e "o is l 8 =m] self71 to connect v>i\s ?+s into s]ies1 & f ^! aga9 cont9ually to d$uce o!rs1 & s =m sev]al *a9s ( su*1 :i* !y did n see or ackn[l$ge to be true1 & :i*1 !re=e1 !y decl>$ to be *a9s :i* nei!r coh]$ 9 !mselves nor ) ! conclusions1 call+ !m ! obscurity ( au?ority2' s !y ceas$ to "q him fur!r1 & pres5tly left him4 ,simil>ly1 a _s :o 9 ?is _w _h be5 a 'prelate & a prea*]1' & 'v pa!tic1 s t he c\ld deeply move 8 he>]s1' got no he>+ among ! spirits ( a c]ta9 e>? 9 ! />ry heav5s2 = !y said !y c\ld tell 'f ! tone ( ! voice :e!r a disc\rse came f ! he>t or n2' & z 8 disc\rse came n f ! he>t1 'he 0 unable to tea* !m1 :]eupon he 0 sil5t4' ,conv5i5t ?us to h spirits & angels to confirm our impressions ( o!r m51 liv+ or dead4 ,ap>t f ! psy*ological int]e/ atta*+ to ,sw$5borg's /range vision1 "o _c b be /rongly impress$ by ! idea p]vad+ !m1 t to be+s suitably con/itut$ all t takes place 9 o!r worlds might be kn[n4 ,mod]n sci5ce recognises a tru? "h2 = 9 t my/]i\s e!r :i* occupies all space1 messages are at all times travell+ by :i* ! hi/ory ( e orb is con/antly record$4 ,no _w1 h[ev] remote or insignificant2 no p]iod1 h[ev] di/ant--b has its hi/ory ?us cont9ually proclaim$ 9 ev] wid5+ waves4 ,nay1 by ^! waves also 7to be+s :o c\ld read _! tea*+s aright7 ! future is con/antly indicat$4 ,=1 z ! waves :i* p]meate ! e!r c\ld only be situat$ z !y actually are1 at any mom5t1 ?r\gh pa/ processes1 ea* "o ( :i* is consequ5tly indicat$ by ^? e!real waves1 s also !re c be b "o s]ies ( ev5ts 9 ! future1 z ! sequel ( ! relations actually indicat$ by ! e!real undulations4 ,^!1 !re=e1 speak z def9itely & di/9ctly ( ! future z ( ! pa/4 ,c\ld we b rid u ( ! gross habilim5ts ( fle%1 & by "s new s5ses be enabl$ to feel ea* ord] ( e!real undulations1 ev5 ( ^? only :i* rea* our e>?1 all k ( ! pa/ & future w\ld be )9 our p[]4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is und]lies ! fancies ( ,sw$5borg1 j z x und]lies ! ?\ght ( him :o sang-- ,!re's n an orb :i* ?\ behold'/ ,b 9 8 motion l an angel s+s1 ,/ill quir+ to ! "y-ey$ *]ubim4 ,b :ile ?is muddy ve/ure ( decay ,do? grossly close u 91 we _c he> x4 ,v4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,& ,,o!r ,,univ]ses4 ,if any "o %all gravely tell me t ,i h sp5t my "t idly 9 a va9 & fruitless inquiry aft] :at ,i c nev] become sure (1 ! answ] is t at ?is rate he w\ld put d[n all natural philosophy1 z f> z x conc]ns itself 9 se>*+ into ! nature ( su* ?+s4 ,9 su* noble & sublime /udies z ^!1 'tis a glory to arrive at probability1 & ! se>* itself rew>ds ! pa9s4 ,b !re are _m degrees ( probable1 "s ne>] to ! tru? ?an o!rs1 9 ! det]m9+ ( :i* lies ! *ief ex]cise ( our judgm5t4 ,& besides ! nobl5ess & pleasure ( ! /udies1 may we n be s bold z to say t !y are no small help to ! advancem5t ( wisdom & morality8--,,huygh5s1 ,conjectures conc]n+ ! ,planet>y ,worlds4 ,! int]e/ ) :i* a/ronomy is /udi$ by _m :o c>e little or no?+ = o!r sci5ces is due *iefly to ! ?\ghts :i* ! cele/ial bodies sugge/ respect+ life 9 o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,!re is no feel+ m deeply seat$ 9 ! human he>t--n ! belief 9 high] ?an human p[]s1 n ! hope ( immortality1 n ev5 ! fe> ( dea?--?an ! fai? 9 realms ( life :]e o!r conditions are exp]i5c$ ?an ^? we are acqua9t$ ) "h4 ,x is n vulg> curiosity or idle fancy t sugge/s ! possibilities ( life 9 o!r worlds4 ,x has be5 ! conviction ( ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s1 ( m5 ( highe/ imag9ation4 ,! my/]y ( ! />-dep?s has _h its *>m = ! ma!matician z well z = ! poet2 = ! exact obs]v] z = ! mo/ fruitful !oris]2 nay1 = ! man ( bus9ess z = him ^: life is pass$ 9 commun+ ) nature4 ,if we analyse ! int]e/ ) :i* ! g5]ality ( m5 inquire into a/ronomical matt]s app>5tly n connect$ ) ! "q ( life 9 o!r worlds1 we f9d 9 e case t x has be5 out ( ?is "q alone or *iefly t t int]e/ has sprung4 ,! great discov]ies made dur+ ! la/ few ye>s respect+ ! sun = example1 might seem remote f ! subject ( life 9 o!r worlds4 ,x is true t ,sir ,william ,h]s*el ?\ght ! sun might be ! abode ( liv+ creatures2 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ev5 sugge/$ ! possibility t ! va/ /reaks ( light call$ ! sol> will[-leaves1 objects v>y+ f two hundr$ to a ?\s& miles 9 l5g?1 might be liv+ creatures ^: int5se lu/re 0 ! measure ( _! int5se vitality4 ,b mod]n discov]ies _h r5d]$ all su* !ories unt5able4 ,! sun is pres5t$ to u z a mighty furnace1 9 ^: fires ! mo/ /ubborn elem5ts are n m]ely melt$ b vaporis$4 ,! mat]ial ( ! sun has be5 analys$1 ! motions & *anges tak+ place on 8 surface exam9$1 ! laws ( 8 be+ det]m9$4 ,h[1 x might be ask$1 is ! "q ( life 9 o!r worlds involv$ 9 ^! rese>*es8 ,! fai? ( ,sir ,david ,brew/] 9 ! sun z ! abode ( life be+ dispell$1 h[ c\ld discov]ies respect+ ! sun int]e/ ^? :o c>e ab\t ! subject ( ! plurality ( worlds8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is easily f\nd4 ,! real int]e/ :i* sol> rese>*es h possess$ = ^? :o are n a/ronom]s has resid$ 9 ! evid5ce af=d$ respect+ ! sun's position z ! fire1 light1 & life ( ! sy/em ( worlds :]e( our _w is "o4 ,! m]e facts discov]$ respect+ ! sun w\ld be reg>d$ z s mu* dry detail 7 !y n br\ght directly into relation ) our e>? & its wants1 & !re=e ) ! wants ( ! o!r e>?s :i* circle r\nd ! sun2 b :5 ?us dealt ) !y imm$iately excite att5tion & int]e/4 ,i d n speak at r&om 9 ass]t+ ?is1 b describe ! result ( widely rang+ obs]vation4 ,i h address$ hundr$s ( audi5ces 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica on ! subject ( rec5t sol> discov]ies1 & ,i h conv]s$ ) _m hundr$s ( p]sons ( v>i\s capacity & education1 f m5 almo/ uncultur$ to m5 ( ! highe/ intellectual p[]2 & my inv>iable exp]i5ce has be5 t sol> rese>* d]ives its *ief int]e/ :5 view$ 9 relation to ! sun's position z ! mighty rul]1 ! /eadfa/ su/a9]1 ! b5efic5t almon] ( ! sy/em ( worlds to :i* our e>? belongs4 ,x is ! same ) o!r a/ronomical subjects4 ,few c>e = ! record ( lun> obs]vations1 save 9 relation to ! "q :e!r ! moon is or has be5 ! abode ( liv+ creatures4 ,! movem5ts ( comets & meteors1 & ! discov]ies rec5tly made respect+ _! condition1 h no int]e/ except 9 relation to ! position ( ^! bodies 9 ! economy ( sol> sy/ems1 or to ! possible "p :i* !y may at "o "t h p]=m$ 9 build+ up worlds & suns4 ,none save a/ronom]s1 & few only ( ^!1 c>e = rese>*es into ! />-dep?s1 except 9 connection ) ! ?\ght t e /> is a sun & !re=e probably ! light & fire ( a sy/em ( worlds l ^? :i* circle ar\nd our own sun4 ,x is s+ul> h[ v>i\sly ?is "q ( life 9 o!r worlds has be5 view$ at v>i\s /ages ( a/ronomical progress4 ,f ! "t ( ,py?agoras1 :o fir/1 s f> z is kn[n1 prop\nd$ ! g5]al !ory ( ! plurality ( worlds1 d[n to our own "t1 :5 ,brew/] & ,*alm]s on ! "o h&1 & ,:ewell on ! o!r1 h advocat$ rival !ories probably to be bo? set aside = a !ory at once int]m$iate to & m widely rang+ 9 "t & space ?an ei!r1 ! aspect ( ! subject has con/antly v>i$1 z new lights h be5 ?r[n ^u x f diff]5t directions4 ,x may be int]e/+ briefly to consid] :at has be5 ?\ght 9 ! pa/ on ?is /rangely attractive "q1 & !n to indicate ! view t[>ds :i* mod]n discov]ies seem manife/ly to po9t--a view n likely to und]go o!r *ange ?an t result+ f cle>] vision & clos] approa*4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ t ! !ory to :i* we are n[ l$ by all ! kn[n facts is correct 9 g5]al1 ?\gh1 z fre% k is obta9$1 x may und]go modification 9 details4 ,we n[ see ! subject f ! "r po9t ( view1 ?\gh z sci5ce progresses we may come to see x m cle>ly & def9$ly4 ,:5 m5 believ$ ! e>? to be a flat surface above :i* ! heav5s 7 ar*$ z a t5t or canopy1 !y 7 n likely to ent]ta9 ! belief 9 o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ages ( mank9d ideas su* z ^! prevail$4 ,! e>? _h be5 fa%ion$ into its pres5t =m & condition1 ! heav5s _h be5 spread ov] x1 ! sun1 & moon1 & />s _h be5 set 9 ! heav5s = its use & adornm5t1 & !re 0 no ?\ght ( any o!r _w4 ,b :ile ?is 0 ! g5]al belief1 !re 0 already a s*ool ( philosophy :]e ano!r doctr9e _h be5 taught4 ,py?agoras _h adopt$ ! belief ( ,apollonius ,p]gaeus t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y pa?s1 ! e>? "o among ! planets--a belief insep>able f ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds4 ,mu* argum5t has be5 advanc$ to %[ t ?is belief nev] 0 adopt$ be=e ! "t ( ,cop]nicus1 & unque/ionably x mu/ be admitt$ t ! !ory 0 n pres5t$ 9 ! cle> & simple =m to :i* we h become accu/om$4 ,b x is n necess>y to weigh ! conflict+ argum5ts = & aga9/ ! op9ion t ,py?agoras & o!rs reg>d$ ! e>? z n ! fix$ c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,! c]ta9 fact t ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds 0 ent]ta9$ 7,i d n say adopt$7 by !m1 proves suffici5tly t !y _c h believ$ ! e>? to be fix$ & c5tral4 ,! idea ( o!r worlds l our e>? is manife/ly inconsi/5t ) ! belief t ! e>? is ! c5tral body ar\nd :i* ! :ole univ]se revolves4 ,t ?is is s is well illu/rat$ by ! fate ( ! un=tunate ,giordano ,bruno4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ disciples ( ,cop]nicus1 &1 hav+ accept$ ! doctr9e t ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun z "o among 8 family ( planets1 0 l$ v naturally to ! belief t ! o!r planets are inhabit$4 ,he w5t f>!r1 & ma9ta9$ t z ! e>? is n ! only inhabit$ _w 9 ! sol> sy/em1 s ! sun is n ! only c5tre ( a sy/em ( inhabit$ worlds1 b ea* /> a sun l him1 ab\t :i* _m planets revolve4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! _m h]esies = :i* ,bruno 0 burn$ at ! /ake4 ,x is easy1 also1 to recognise 9 ! doctr9e ( _m worlds z ! natural sequel ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 r ?an 9 ! features ( ?is !ory itself1 ! cause ( ! ho/ility ) :i* !ologians reg>d$ x1 until1 f9d+ x prov$1 !y discov]$ t x is directly taught 9 ! books :i* !y int]pret = u s v>i\sly4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory 0 n reject$--nay1 x 0 ev5 c\nt5anc$--until ?is p>ticul> consequ5ce ( ! !ory 0 recognis$4 ,b )9 a few ye>s f ! p]secution ( ,bruno1 ,galileo 0 imprison$1 & ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life made mis]able1 because x _h become cle> t 9 sett+ ! e>? adrift f its position z c5tre ( ! univ]se1 he & 8 bro!r ,cop]nicans 7 sanction+ ! belief 9 o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 ! attacks made by cl]icals & !ologians ^u ! ,cop]nican !ory1 ?is lam5table consequ5ce 0 insi/$ ^u4 ,unconsci\s t !y 7 advanc+ ! mo/ damag+ argum5t :i* c\ld be conceiv$ = ! cause !y _h at he>t1 !y ma9ta9$1 hone/ly b un=tunately1 t ) ! new !ory came ! manife/ inf]5ce t our e>? is n ! only & by no means ! mo/ important _w 9 ! univ]se--a doctr9e manife/ly inconsi/5t 7s !y said7 ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,scriptures4 ,x 0 naturally only by a sl[ progression t m5 7 able to advance into ! doma9 spread be=e !m by ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & to recognise ! real m9ut5ess ( ! e>? bo? 9 space & "t4 ,!y m quickly recognis$ ! e>?'s insignificance 9 space1 because ! new !ory absolutely =c$ ?is fact ^u !m4 ,if ! e>?1 ^: globe !y knew to be m9ute comp>$ ) h] di/ance f ! sun1 is really circl+ ar\nd ! sun 9 a mighty orbit _m millions ( miles 9 diamet]1 x foll[s ( necessity t ! fix$ />s mu/ lie s f> away t ev5 ! span ( ! e>?'s orbit is r$uc$ to no?+ by comp>ison ) ! va/ dep?s beyond :i* lie ev5 ! ne>e/ ( ^? suns4 ,?is 0 ,ty*o ,brahe's fam\s & p]fectly s\nd argum5t aga9/ ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ',! />s rema9 fix$ 9 app>5t position all ! "t1 yet ! ,cop]nicans tell u t ! e>? f :i* we view ! />s is circl+ once a ye> 9 an orbit _m millions ( miles 9 diamet]2 h[ is x t f s widely rang+ a po9t ( view we d n see widely diff]5t cele/ial sc5]y8 ,:o c believe t ! />s are s remote t by comp>ison ! span ( ! e>?'s pa? is a m]e po9t8' ,ty*o's argum5t 0 ( c\rse valid4#ca ,( two ?+s "o4 ,ei!r ! e>? does n travel r\nd ! sun1 or ! />s are mu* f>!r away ?an m5 _h conceiv$ possible 9 ,ty*o's "t4 ,8 mi/ake lay 9 reject+ ! correct conclusion because simply x made ! visible univ]se seem _m millions ( times va/] ?an he _h suppos$4 ,yet ! univ]se1 ev5 z ?us enl>g$1 0 b a po9t to ! univ]se visible 9 our day1 :i* 9 turn w dw9dle to a po9t comp>$ ) ! univ]se z m5 w see x a few c5turies h5ce2 :ile t or ! utmo/ range ( space ov] :i* m5 c ev] ext5d _! survey is d\btless z no?+ to ! real univ]se ( occupi$ space4 ,su* has be5 ! progression ( our ideas z to ! position ( ! e>? 9 space4 ,=c$ by ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus to reg>d our e>? z a m]e po9t comp>$ ) ! di/ances ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />s1 m5 gradually le>n$ to recognise ^? di/ances :i* at fir/ _h seem$ inf9ite z 9 _! turn evanesc5t ev5 by comp>ison ) t m]e po9t ( space ov] :i* man is able by in/rum5tal means to ext5d 8 survey4 ,?\gh !re has be5 a simil> progression 9 m5's ideas z to ! e>?'s position 9 "t1 t progression has n be5 c>ri$ to a correspond+ ext5t4 ,m5 h n be5 s bold 9 wid5+ _! conceptions ( "t z 9 wid5+ _! conceptions ( space4 ,x is "h & ?us t1 9 my judgm5t1 ! subject ( life 9 o!r worlds has be5 hi!rto incorrectly dealt )4 ,m5 h giv5 up z utt]ly idle ! idea t ! exi/5ce ( worlds is to be limit$ to ! special doma9 ( space to :i* our e>? belongs2 b !y are cont5t to reta9 ! conception t ! doma9 ( "t to :i* our e>?'s hi/ory belongs1 '?is bank & %oal ( "t' on :i* ! life ( ! e>? is ca/1 is ! p]iod to :i* ! exi/5ce ( o!r worlds ?an ours %\ld be ref]r$4 ,?is1 :i* is to be notic$ 9 ne>ly all our ord9>y treatises on a/ronomy1 appe>s z a *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( works advocat+ ! !ory ( ! plurality ( worlds4 ,brew/] & ,dick & ,*alm]s1 all 9 fact :o h tak5 t doctr9e "u _! special protection1 reason respect+ o!r worlds z ?\gh1 if !y fail$ to prove t o!r orbs are inhabit$ n[1 or are at lea/ n[ support+ life 9 "s way or o!r1 !y fail$ ( _! purpose altoge!r4 ,! idea does n seem to h occurr$ to !m t !re is room & v]ge en\gh 9 et]nity ( "t n only = activity b = re/4 ,!y mu/ h all ! orbs ( space busy at once 9 ! "o "w :i* !y seem able to conceive z ! possible purpose ( ^? bodies--! support ( life4 ,! argum5t f analogy1 :i* !y _h f\nd effective 9 e/abli%+ ! g5]al !ory ( ! plurality ( worlds1 is =gott5 :5 its application to details w\ld sugge/ t n all orbs are at all times ei!r ! abode ( life or 9 "s way subs]v+ ! purposes ( life4 ,we f9d1 9 all ! =ms ( life ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 ?ree *>act]i/ic p]iods--fir/ ! "t ( prep>ation = ! purposes ( life2 next1 ! "t ( fitness = ^? purposes2 & ?irdly1 ! "t ( decad5ce t5d+ gradually to dea?4 ,we see among all objects :i* exi/ 9 numb]s1 examples ( all ^! /ages exi/+ at ! same "t4 ,9 e race ( liv+ creatures !re are ! "y z yet unfit = "w1 ! work]s1 & ^? pa/ "w2 9 e =e/ !re are sapl+s1 se$-be>+ trees1 & trees long pa/ ! se$-be>+ p]iod4 ,we "k t planets1 or r1 speak+ m g5]ally1 ! orbs :i* p space1 pass ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 dur+ "s only ( :i* !y c reasonably be reg>d$ z ! abode ( life or support+ life2 yet ! eag] *ampion ( ! !ory ( _m worlds w h !m all 9 ^! life-be>+ or life-support+ /ages1 none 9 any ( ! /ages ( prep>ation1 none 9 any ( ! /ages ( decrepitude or dea?4 ,?is has probably _h its orig9 9 no small degree f ! disfav\r ) :i* 9 =m] ye>s ! !ory ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( planets & sy/ems ( planets 0 reg>d$4 ,until ! evid5ce became too /rong to be resi/$1 ! doctr9e t our e>? 0 once a baby _w1 ) _m millions ( ye>s to pass ?r\gh be=e x c\ld be ! abode ( life1 0 "o :i* only ! pr(ess$ a!i/ 7s said too _m div9es7 c\ld = a mom5t ent]ta92 :ile ! doctr9e t n ! e>? alone1 b ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em1 _h develop$ f a condition utt]ly unlike t ?r\gh :i* x is n[ pass+1 c\ld h _h its orig9 only 9 ! sugge/ions ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,bo? doctr9es 7 pron\nc$ to be s manife/ly oppos$ to ! tea*+s ( ,moses1 & n only s1 b s manife/ly inconsi/5t ) ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 t--t fur!r argum5t 0 unnecess>y1 & d5unciation only 0 requir$4 ,s confid5t 7 div9es on ^! po9ts1 t x w\ld n h be5 v wond]ful if "s few /ud5ts ( sci5ce _h mi/ak5 ass]tion = pro(1 & s conclud$ t ! doctr9es t[>ds :i* sci5ce 0 unmi/akably lead+ !m really 7 inconsi/5t ) :at !y _h be5 taught to reg>d z ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,:e!r multipli$ exp]i5ces taught m5 ( sci5ce to wait be=e ?us decid+1 or h[ev] matt]s fell out1 x c]ta9ly befell be=e v long t ! t]rible doctr9e ( cosmical developm5t 0 support$ by su* p[]ful evid5ce1 a/ronomical & t]re/rial1 z to appe> :olly irresi/ible4 ,!n1 n only 0 ! doctr9e accept$ by div9es1 b %[n to be manife/ly impli$ 9 ! sacr$ n>rative ( ! =mation ( ! e>? & heav5s1 sun1 & moon1 & />s2 :ile ^u ^? un=tunate /ud5ts ( sci5ce :o _h n *ang$ front 9 good "t1 & 7 f\nd /ill argu+ on ! mi/ak5 assumption t ! developm5t ( our sy/em 0 n accordant ) t anci5t n>rative1 fre%ly =g$ bolts 7 flung f ! ,olympus ( or?odoxy4 ,s f> z ! o!r argum5t--f ! inconsi/5cy ( ! developm5t !ory ) belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+--0 conc]n$1 ! /ud5t ( sci5ce 0 indep5d5t ( ! int]pretations :i* div9es claim ! sole "r ( assign+ to ! anci5t books4 ,sci5ce has done s mu* m ?an div9ity 7:i* 9 fact has done no?+7 to wid5 our conceptions ( space & "t1 t %e may ju/ly claim full "r to deal ) any difficulties aris+ f su* enl>gem5t ( our ideas4 ,) ! !ological difficulty sci5ce w\ld n c>e to deal at all1 7 %e n urg$ to d s by ! d5unciations ( div9es2 & :51 s urg$1 %e t\*es t difficulty1 %e is quickly told t ! difficulty is insup]able1 & n long aft] t x has no exi/5ce1 & 7on bo? acc\nts7 t x %\ld h be5 left alone4 ,b ) ! difficulty aris+ f ! wid5+ ( our ideas respect+ space & "t1 sci5ce may claim good1 almo/ sole1 "r to deal4 ,! pa? to a solution ( ! problem is n difficult to f9d4 ,at a fir/ view1 x does seem to ^? ^: vision _h be5 limit$ to a contract$ field1 t ! wide doma9 ( "t & space 9 :i* processes ( developm5t are f\nd to take place is ! univ]se itself1 t to d5y ! =mation ( our e>? by a special creative act is to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 t to reg>d ! beg9n+ ( our e>? z a process ( developm5t is to ass]t t developm5t has be5 9 op]ation f ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,b :5 we recognise cle>ly t va/ness & m9ut5ess1 prolong$ & brief duration1 are m]ely relative1 we p]ceive t 9 consid]+ our e>?'s hi/ory we h to deal only ) small p>ts ( space & brief p]iods ( "t1 by comp>ison ) all space & all "t4 ,our e>? is v l>ge comp>$ ) a tree or an animal1 b v small comp>$ ) ! sol> sy/em1 a m]e po9t comp>$ ) ! sy/em ( />s to :i* ! sun belongs1 & absolutely z no?+ comp>$ ) ! univ]se ( space2 & 9 l mann]1 :ile ! p]iods ( h] gr[? & developm5t occupy p]iods v long-la/+ comp>$ ) ^? requir$ = ! gr[? & developm5t ( a tree or an animal1 !y are d\btless b brief comp>$ ) ! eras ( ! developm5t ( our sol> sy/em1 a m]e in/ant comp>$ ) ! eras ( ! developm5t ( />-sy/ems1 & absolutely evanesc5t comp>$ ) et]nity4 ,we h no m reason = reject+ ! belief 9 a ,creator because our e>? or ! sol> sy/em is f\nd to h develop$ to its pres5t condition f an embryonic primordial /ate1 ?an we h _h ev] s9ce m5 fir/ f\nd t animals & trees are develop$ f ! g]m4 ,! region ( developm5t is l>g]1 ! p]iod ( developm5t la/s long]1 b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is inf9ite2 & be+ f9ite1 bo? "o & ! o!r are simply no?+ by comp>ison ) inf9ity4 ,x is a />tl+ ?\ght1 d\btless1 t p]iods ( "t comp>$ ) :i* ! life ( a man1 ! exi/5ce ( a nation1 nay1 ! duration ( ! human race itself1 s9k into insignificance1 %\ld !mselves 9 turn be dw>f$ into no?+ness by comp>ison ) p]iods ( a /ill high] ord]4 ,b ! ?\ght is n m />tl+ ?an t o!r ?\ght :i* we h be5 compell$ to admit--! ?\ght t ! e>? on :i* we live1 & ! sol> sy/em to :i* x belongs1 ?\gh ea* s va/ t all kn[n mat]ial objects are z no?+ by comp>ison1 are 9 turn z no?+ comp>$ ) ! dep?s ( space sep>at+ u f ev5 ! ne>e/ among ! fix$ />s4 ,"o ?\ght1 z ,i h said1 we h be5 compell$ to admit1 ! o!r has n z yet be5 absolutely =c$ ^u u4 ,?\gh m5 h long s9ce giv5 up ! idea t ! e>? & heav5s h endur$ b a few ?\s& ye>s1 x is /ill possible to believe t ! bir? ( our sol> sy/em1 :e!r by creative act or by ! beg9n+ ( processes ( developm5t1 belongs to ! beg9n+ ( all "t4 ,b ?is view _c be reg>d$ z ev5 probable4 ,al?\gh x has nev] be5 prov$ t any def9ite relation mu/ subsi/ betwe5 "t 7occupi$ by ev5ts7 & space 7occupi$ by matt]71 ! m9d naturally accepts ! belief t su* a relation exi/s4 ,z we f9d ! univ]se enl>g+ "u ! survey ( sci5ce1 our conceptions ( ! duration ( ! univ]se enl>ge also4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 suppos$ to be ! mo/ important object 9 creation1 m5 might reasonably assign to "t itself 7reg>d$ z ! int]val betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! e>? & ! consummation ( all ?+s :5 ! e>? %\ld p]i%7 a mod]ate duration2 b x is equally reasonable t1 z ! insignificance ( ! e>?'s doma9 9 space is recognis$1 m5 %\ld recognise also ! presumable insignificance ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce 9 "t4 ,9 ?is respect1 al?\gh we h no?+ l ! direct evid5ce af=d$ by ! measurem5t ( space1 we yet h evid5ce :i* c sc>cely be call$ 9 "q4 ,we f9d 9 ! /ructure ( our e>? ! signs ( its =m] condition4 ,we see cle>ly t x 0 once int5sely hot6 & we "k f exp]im5tal rese>*es on ! cool+ ( v>i\s e>?s t _m millions ( ye>s mu/ h be5 requir$ by ! e>? 9 cool+ d[n f its =m] igne\s condition4 ,we may d\bt :e!r ,bis*(f's rese>*es c be reli$ ^u 9 details1 & s be unwill+ to assign ) him a p]iod ( #cej millions ( ye>s to a s+le /age ( ! process ( cool+4 ,b t ! entire process la/$ t5s ( millions & probably hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s _c be d\bt$4 ,recognis+ su* enorm\s p]iods z ^! 9 ! developm5t ( "o ( ! smalle/ fruits ( ! great sol> tree ( life1 we _c b admit at lea/ ! reasonabl5ess ( believ+ t ! l>g] fruits 7,jupit]1 = in/ance1 ) #cdj times z mu* matt]1 & ,saturn ) #ajj times7 mu/ require p]iods /ill va/]1 probably _m times l>g]4 ,inde$1 sci5ce %[s n only t ?is view is reasonable1 b t no o!r view is possible4 ,= ! mighty root ( ! tree ( life1 ! great orb ( ! sun1 conta9+ #cdj ?\s& times z mu* matt] z ! e>?1 yet mighti] p]iods w\ld be ne$$4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( ^!1 ! p>ts ( ! great sy/em1 mu/ ( necessity require mu* %ort] "t-int]vals ?an ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! sy/em reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,! enorm\s p]iod :5 ! g]ms only ( ! sun & planets exi/$ z yet1 :5 ! *aotic sub/ance ( ! sy/em _h n yet blossom$ into worlds1 ! mighty p]iod :i* is to foll[ ! dea? ( ! la/ surviv+ memb] ( ! sy/em1 :5 ! :ole s*eme w rema9 z ! dead trunk ( a tree rema9s aft] ! la/ leaf has fall51 aft] ! la/ movem5t ( sap )9 ! trunk--^! p]iods mu/ be inf9ite comp>$ ) ^? :i* measure ! duration ( ev5 ! mightie/ sep>ate memb]s ( ! sy/em4 ,b all ?is has be5 left unnotic$ by ^? :o h argu$ 9 support ( ! ,brew/]ian doctr9e ( a plurality ( worlds4 ,!y argue z if x _h nev] be5 %[n t e memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 z ( all o!r su* sy/ems 9 space1 has to pass ?r\gh an enorm\sly long p]iod ( prep>ation be=e becom+ fit to be ! abode ( life1 & t aft] be+ fit = life 7= a p]iod v long to our conceptions1 b by comp>ison ) ! o!r exce$+ly %ort7 x mu/ = c\ntless ages rema9 z an ext9ct _w4 ,or else !y reason z ?\gh x _h be5 prov$ t ! relatively %ort life-be>+ p]iods 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! sev]al planets mu/ ( necessity syn*ronise1 in/ead ( all ! probabilities ly+ ov]:elm+ly ! o!r way4 ,:ile ?is has be5 79 my judgm5t7 a defect 9 :at may be call$ ! ,brew/]ian !ory ( o!r worlds1 a defect n altoge!r dissimil> has *>act]is$ ! opposite or ,:ewellite !ory4 ,v useful s]vice 0 r5d]$ to a/ronomy by ,:ewell's treatise ^u1 or r aga9/1 ! plurality ( worlds1 call+ att5tion z x did to ! utt] feebl5ess ( ! argum5ts on :i* m5 _h be5 cont5t to accept ! belief t o!r planets & o!r sy/ems are inhabit$4 ,b "s among ! mo/ p[]fully urg$ argum5ts aga9/ t belief tacitly reli$ on ! assumption ( a simil>ity ( g5]al condition among ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 ! small mean d5sity ( ,jupit] & ,saturn _h1 on ! ,brew/]ian !ory1 be5 expla9$ z probably due to va/ holl[ spaces 9 ^? planets' int]iors--an explanation :i* 7if x c\ld be admitt$7 w\ld leave u free to believe t ,jupit] & ,saturn may be made ( ! same mat]ials z our own e>?4 ,) ?is 0 pleasantly int]mix$ ! conception t ! inhabitant ( ^! planets may h 8 'home 9 subt]ranean cities w>m$ by c5tral fires1 or 9 cry/al caves cool$ by ocean tides1 or may float ) ! ,n]eids ^u ! deep1 or m\nt ^u w+s z eagles1 or rise ^u ! p9ions ( ! dove1 t he may flee away & be at re/1' ) mu* m 9 ! same fanciful ve94 ,we n[ "k t !re c be no cavities m ?an a few miles bel[ ! cru/ ( a planet1 simply because1 "u ! enorm\s pressures :i* w\ld exi/1 ! mo/ solid matt] w\ld be p]fectly pla/ic4 ,b :ile ,:ewell's g5]al objection to ! !ory t ,jupit] or ,saturn is 9 ! same condition z our e>? ?us acquires new =ce1 ! p>ticul> explanation :i* he gave ( ! planet's small d5sity is op5 to precisely ! same g5]al objection4 ,= he assumes t1 because ! planet's mean d5sity is little great] ?an t ( wat]1 ! planet is probably a _w ( wat] & ice ) a c9d]y nucleus1 or 9 fact j su* a _w z w\ld be =m$ if a suffici5t quantity ( wat] 9 ! same condition z ! wat] ( our seas 7 plac$ at ,jupit]'s great] di/ance f ! sun1 ar\nd a nucleus ( e>?y or c9d]y matt] l>ge en\gh to make ! d5sity ( ! entire planet ?us =m$ equal to t ( ,jupit]1 or ab\t "o-?ird great] ?an ! d5sity ( wat]4 ,9 ?is argum5t !re are 9 reality two assumptions1 ( precisely ! same nature z ^? :i* ,:ewell set himself to combat4 ,x is fir/ assum$ t "s mat]ial exi/+ on a l>ge scale 9 our e>?1 & ne>ly ( ! same d5sity z ,jupit]1 mu/ con/itute ! *ief bulk ( t planet1 & secondly t ! temp]ature ( ,jupit]'s globe mu/ be t :i* a globe ( su* mat]ial w\ld h if plac$ :]e ,jupit] is4 ,! possibility t ,jupit] may be 9 an entirely diff]5t /age ( planet>y life--or1 9 o!r words1 t ! y\?1 middle life1 & old age ( t planet may belong to q diff]5t eras f ! correspond+ p]iods ( our e>?'s life--is entirely ov]look$4 ,r1 inde$1 x may be said t ! extreme probability ( ?is1 on any hypo!sis respect+ ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 & its absolute c]ta9ty on ! hypo!sis ( ! developm5t ( t sy/em1 are entirely ov]look$4 ,a fair illu/ration ( ! errone\s nature ( ! argum5ts :i* h be5 us$1 n only 9 advocat+ rival !ories respect+ ! plurality ( worlds1 b also 9 deal+ ) subord9ate po9ts1 may be pres5t$ z foll[s3 ,imag9e a wide ext5t ( c\ntry cov]$ ) scatt]$ trees ( v>i\s size1 & ) plants & %rubs1 fl[]s & h]bs1 d[n to ! m9ute/ kn[n4 ,let u suppose a race ( t9y creatures to subsi/ on "o ( ! fruits ( a tree ( mod]ate size1 _! exi/5ce z a race dep5d+ entirely on ! exi/5ce ( ! fruit on :i* !y subsi/1 :ile ! exi/5ce ( ! individuals ( _! race la/s b = a few m9utes4 ,fur!rmore1 let !re be no regul> fruit season ei!r on _! tree or 9 _! region ( vegetable life1 b fruits =m+1 gr[+1 & decay+ all ! "t4 ,let u next conceive ^! creatures to be possess$ ( a p[] ( reason+ respect+ !mselves1 _! fruit _w1 ! tree on :i* x hangs1 & to "s degree ev5 respect+ su* o!r trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 & s =?1 z ! limit$ range ( _! vision might be suppos$ to include4 ,x w\ld be a natural ?\ght ) !m1 :5 fir/ !y began to ex]cise ?is p[] ( reason+1 t _! fruit home 0 ! mo/ important object 9 exi/5ce1 & !mselves ! *ief & noble/ ( liv+ be+s4 ,x w\ld also be v natural t !y %\ld suppose ! =mation ( _! _w to correspond ) ! beg9n+ ( "t1 & ! =mation ( _! race to h foll[$ ! =mation ( _! _w by b a few seconds4 ,!y w\ld conclude t a ,supreme ,be+ _h fa%ion$ _! _w & !mselves by special creative acts1 & t :at !y saw outside _! fruit _w _h be5 also specially creat$1 d\btless to subs]ve _! wants4 ,let u n[ imag9e t gradually1 by becom+ m closely obs]vant ?an !y _h be51 by comb9+ toge!r to make m complete obs]vations1 & above all by pres]v+ ! records ( obs]vations made by successive g5]ations1 ^! creatures began to obta9 cle>] ideas respect+ _! _w & ! surr\nd+ regions ( space4 ,!y w\ld f9d evid5ce t ! fruit on :i* !y liv$ _h n be5 =m$ precisely z !y knew x1 b _h und]gone processes ( developm5t4 ,! di/ress+ discov]y w\ld be made t ?is developm5t c\ld n possibly h tak5 place 9 a few seconds1 b mu/ h requir$ _m h\rs1 nay1 ev5 sev]al ( ^? enorm\s p]iods call$ by u days4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld only be ! beg9n+ ( _! tr\bles4 ,gradually ! m advanc$ ?9k]s & ! close/ obs]v]s w\ld p]ceive t n only _h _! _w und]gone processes ( developm5t1 b t its entire mass _h be5 =m$ by su* processes--t 9 fact x _h n be5 creat$ at all1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y _h und]/ood ! ^w1 b _h gr[n4 ,?is w\ld be v dreadful to ^! creatures1 because !y w\ld n readily be able to dispossess _! m9ds ( ! notion t !y 7 ! mo/ important be+s 9 ! univ]se1 _! doma9 ( space coext5sive ) ! univ]se1 ! duration ( _! _w coext5sive ) "t4 ,b pass+ ov] ! difficulties ?us aris+1 & ! p]secution & abuse to :i* ^? w\ld be subject$ :o ma9ta9$ ! dang]\s doctr9e t _! fruit home _h be5 develop$1 n creat$1 let u consid] h[ ^! creatures w\ld reg>d ! "q ( o!r worlds ?an _! own4 ,at fir/ !y w\ld naturally be unwill+ to admit ! possibility t o!r worlds z important z _! own c\ld exi/4 ,b if aft] a "t !y f\nd reason to believe t _! _w 0 only "o ( sev]al belong+ to a c]ta9 tree sy/em1 ! idea w\ld occur to !m1 & w\ld gradually come to be reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an probable1 t ^? o!r fruit worlds1 l _! own1 might be ! abode ( liv+ creatures4 ,& probably at fir/1 :ile z yet ! developm5t ( _! own _w 0 little und]/ood1 !y w\ld conceive ! notion t all ! fruits1 l>ge or small1 ^u _! tree sy/em 7 9 ! same condition z _! own1 & ei!r inhabit$ by simil> races or at lea/ 9 ! same full vig\r ( life-be>+ exi/5ce4 ,b s soon z !y recognis$ ! law ( developm5t ( _! own _w1 & ! relation betwe5 su* developm5t & _! own requirem5ts1 !y w\ld =m a diff]5t op9ion1 if !y f\nd t only dur+ c]ta9 /ages ( _! _w's exi/5ce life c\ld exi/ ^u x4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !y p]ceiv$ t _! fruit _w mu/ once h be5 s bitt] & h>% 9 texture t no creatures 9 ! lea/ degree l !mselves c\ld h liv$ ^u x1 & t x 0 pass+ sl[ly b surely ?r\gh processes by :i* x w\ld become "o day dry & %rivell$ & unable to support liv+ creatures1 !y w\ld be apt1 if _! reason+ p[]s 7 fairly develop$1 to inquire :e!r o!r fruits :i* !y saw ar\nd !m on _! tree sy/em 7 ei!r 9 ! =m] or 9 ! latt] condition4 ,if !y f\nd reason to believe c]ta9 fruits 7 9 "o or o!r ( ^! /ages1 !y w\ld reg>d su* fruits z n yet ! abode ( life or z pa/ ! life-support+ era4 ,x seems probable ev5 t ano!r idea w\ld sugge/ itself to "s among _! bold] ?9k]s4 ,recognis+ 9 _! own _w 9 sev]al in/ances :at to _! ideas resembl$ absolute wa/e ( mat]ial or ( =ce1 x might appe> to !m q possible t "s1 p]haps ev5 a l>ge proportion1 ( ! fruits ^u _! tree 7 n only n support+ life at ! p>ticul> epo* ( obs]vation1 b nev] _h support$ life & nev] w\ld--t1 ?r\gh "s cause or o!r1 life w\ld nev] appe> ^u su* fruits ev5 :5 !y 7 excell5tly fitt$ = ! support ( life4 ,!y might ev5 conceive t "s among ! fruits ( _! tree _h fail$ or w\ld fail to come to ! full p]fection ( fruit life4 ,look+ beyond _! own tree--t is1 ! tree to :i* _! own fruit _w belong$--!y w\ld p]ceive o!r trees1 ?\gh _! visual p[]s might n enable !m to "k :e!r su* trees bore fruit1 :e!r !y 7 9 o!r respects l _! own1 :e!r ^? :i* seem$ l>g] or small] 7 really s1 or ow$ _! app>5t l>g5ess to ne>ness1 or _! app>5t smallness to great di/ance4 ,!y w\ld be apt p]haps to g5]alise a little too d>+ly respect+ ^! remote tree sy/ems1 conclud+ too confid5tly t a %rub or a fl[] 0 a tree sy/em l _! own1 or t a great tree1 e bran* ( :i* 0 f> l>g] ?an _! entire tree sy/em1 belong$ to ! same ord] & bore simil> fruit4 ,!y might mi/ake1 also1 9 =gett+ ! probable fact t z e fruit 9 _! own tree sy/em _h its own p]iod ( life1 v brief comp>$ ) ! entire exi/5ce ( ! fruit1 s e tree might h its own fruit-be>+ season4 ,?us1 contemplat+ a tree :i* !y suppos$ to be l _! own 9 its nature1 !y might say1 ',yond] is a tree sy/em cr[d$ ) fruits1 ea* ! abode ( _m myriads ( creatures l ourselves3' :]eas 9 reality ! tree might be utt]ly unlike _! own1 might n yet h rea*$ or might long s9ce h pass$ ! fruit-be>+ /age1 might :5 9 t /age be> fruit utt]ly unlike any !y c\ld ev5 imag9e1 & ea* su* fruit dur+ its brief life-be>+ condition might be inhabit$ by liv+ be+s utt]ly unlike any creatures !y c\ld conceive4 ,yet aga91 we c v well imag9e t ! inhabitants ( our fruit _w1 ?\gh !y might d>+ly ov]leap ! n>r[ limits ( space & "t )9 :i* _! actual life or ! life ( _! race 0 ca/1 ?\gh !y might le>n to recognise ! developm5t ( _! own _w & ( o!rs l x1 ev5 f ! v blossom1 w\ld be utt]ly unable to conceive ! possibility t ! tree itself to :i* _! _w belong$ _h develop$ by sl[ processes ( gr[? f a "t :5 x 0 less ev5 ?an _! own relatively m9ute home4 ,/ill less w\ld x seem cr$ible to !m1 or ev5 conceivable1 t ! :ole =e/ region to :i* !y belong$1 conta9+ _m ord]s ( trees diff]+ altoge!r f _! own tree sy/em1 besides plants & %rubs1 & fl[]s & h]bs 7=ms ( vegetation ( ^: use !y c\ld =m no j conception :atev]71 _h itself gr[n2 t once ! entire =e/ doma9 _h be5 "u va/ masses ( wat]--! sub/ance :i* occasionally visit$ _! _w 9 ! =m ( small drops2 t su* *anges 7 b m9ute local ph5om5a ( a _w inf9itely high] 9 ord] ?an _! own2 t t _w 9 turn 0 b "o ( ! lea/ ( ! worlds =m+ a yet high] sy/em2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,su* ideas w\ld seem to !m n m]ely inconceivable1 b _m degrees beyond ! wide/ conceptions ( space & "t :i* !y c\ld reg>d z admissible4 ,our position diff]s only 9 degree1 n 9 k9d1 f t ( ^! imag9$ creatures1 & ! reason+ :i* we p]ceive 7?\gh !y c\ld n7 to be j = su* creatures is j = u also4 ,x 0 p]fectly natural t be=e m5 recognis$ ! evid5ces ( developm5t 9 ! /ructure ( our e>? !y %\ld reg>d ! e>? & all ?+s ^u ! e>? & visible f ! e>? z =m$ by special creative acts precisely z we see !m n[4 ,b s soon z !y p]ceiv$ t ! e>? is und]go+ processes ( developm5t & has und]gone su* processes 9 ! pa/1 x 0 reasonable1 ?\gh at fir/ pa9ful1 to conclude t on ?is po9t !y _h be5 mi/ak54 ,yet z we recognise ! absurdity ( ! supposition t1 because fruits & trees gr[1 & 7 n made 9 a s+le in/ant z we "k !m1 !re=e !re is no ,supreme ,be+1 s may we ju/ly reject z absurd ! same argum5t1 enl>g$ 9 scale1 employ$ to induce ! conclusion t because planets & sol> sy/ems h be5 develop$ to _! pres5t condition1 & 7 n creat$ 9 _! pres5t =m1 !re=e !re is no ,creator1 no ,god4 ,i d n "k t ! argum5t ev] has be5 us$ 9 ?is =m2 b x has be5 us$ to %[ t ^? :o believe 9 ! developm5t ( worlds & sy/ems mu/ ( necessity be a!i/s1 an ev5 m mis*iev\s conclusion ?an ! o!r2 = none :o _h n exam9$ ! subject w\ld be likely to adopt ! =m] conclusion1 b _m might be will+ to believe t a numb] ( _! fell[-m5 hold obnoxi\s t5ets1 )\t inquir+ closely or at all into ! reason+ on :i* ! ass]tion _h be5 bas$4 ,b x is m important to notice h[ our views respect+ o!r worlds %\ld be affect$ by ^? circum/ances 9 ! evid5ce we h1 :i* correspond ) ! features ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! imag9$ inhabitants ( ! fruit _w w\ld =m _! op9ion4 ,x 0 natural t :5 m5 fir/ began to reason ab\t !mselves & _! home !y %\ld reject ! idea ( o!r worlds l ours1 & p]haps x 0 equally natural t :5 fir/ ! idea 0 ent]ta9$ t ! planets may be worlds l ours1 m5 %\ld conceive t all ^? worlds are 9 ! same condition z ours4 ,b x w\ld be1 or r x is1 z unreasonable = m5 to ma9ta9 su* an op9ion n[1 :5 ! laws ( planet>y developm5t are und]/ood1 :5 ! v>i\s dim5sions ( ! planets are kn[n1 & :5 ! %ortness ( ! life-support+ p]iod ( a planet's exi/5ce comp>$ ) ! entire duration ( ! planet has be5 cle>ly recognis$1 z x w\ld be = ! imag9$ inhabitants ( a small fruit on a tree to suppose t all ! o!r fruits on ! tree1 ?\gh "s manife/ly f> less advanc$ 9 developm5t & o!rs f> m advanc$ ?an _! own1 7 ! abode ( ! same =ms ( life1 ?\gh ^! =ms 7 se5 to require ^? conditions1 & no o!r1 correspond+ to ! /age ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* _! own _w 0 pass+4 ,view+ ! univ]se ( suns & worlds 9 ! mann] "h sugge/$1 we %\ld adopt a !ory ( o!r worlds :i* w\ld hold a position int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,brew/]ian & ! ,:ewellite !ories4 7,x is n on ?is acc\nt t ,i advocate x1 let me rem>k 9 pass+1 b simply because x accords ) ! evid5ce1 :i* is n ! case ) ! o!rs47 ,reject+ on ! "o h& ! !ory ( ! plurality ( worlds 9 ! s5se imply+ t all exi/+ worlds are inhabit$1 & on ! o!r h& ! !ory ( b "o _w1 we %\ld accept a !ory :i* might be entitl$ ! ,paucity ( ,worlds1 only t relative n absolute paucity mu/ be und]/ood4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t ?is !ory is ! correct "o1 if we admit two po/ulates1 nei!r ( :i* c be reasonably que/ion$--viz41 fir/1 t ! life-be>+ era ( any _w is %ort comp>$ ) ! entire duration ( t _w2 & secondly1 t !re c h be5 no cause :i* set all ! worlds 9 exi/5ce1 n simultane\sly1 :i* w\ld be amaz+ en\gh1 b 7:i* w\ld be inf9itely m surpris+7 9 su* a way t aft] pass+ ea* ?r\gh its "t ( prep>ation1 long] = ! l>ge worlds & %ort] = ! small worlds1 !y all rea*$ at ! same "t ! life-be>+ era4 ,b q ap>t f ?is antec$5t probability1 am\nt+ z x does to absolute c]ta9ty if ^! two highly probably po/ulates are admitt$1 we h ! actual evid5ce ( ! planets we c exam9e--t evid5ce prov+ inconte/ably1 z ,i h %[n else:]e1 t su* planets z ,jupit] & ,saturn are /ill 9 ! /ate ( prep>ation1 /ill s int5sely hot t no =m ( life c\ld possibly exi/ ^u !m1 & t su* bodies z our moon h long s9ce pass$ ! life-be>+ /age1 & are to all int5ts & purposes defunct4 ,b may we n g f>!r8 ,recognis+ 9 our own _w1 9 _m in/ances1 :at to our ideas resembles wa/e--wa/e se$s1 wa/e lives1 wa/e races1 wa/e regions1 wa/e =ces--recognis+ sup]fluity & sup]abundance 9 all ! processes & 9 all ! works ( nature1 %\ld x n appe> at lea/ possible t "s1 p]haps ev5 a l>ge proportion1 ( ! worlds 9 ! multitud9\s sy/ems peopl+ space1 are n only n n[ support+ life1 b nev] h support$ life & nev] w8 ,does ?is idea diff] 9 k9d1 h[ev] l>gely to our feeble conceptions x may seem to diff] 9 degree1 f ! idea ( ! imag9$ creatures on a fruit1 t "s or ev5 _m fruits excell5tly fitt$ = ! support ( life might n subs]ve t purpose8 ,& z ^? creatures might conceive 7z we "k7 t "s fruits1 ev5 _m1 fail to come to ! full p]fection ( fruit life1 may n we )\t irrev]5ce conceive 7z high] be+s ?an ourselves may "k7 t a planet or a sun may fail 9 ! mak+8 ,we _c say t 9 su* a case !re w\ld be a wa/e or loss ( mat]ial1 ?\gh we may be unable to conceive h[ ! lo/ sun or planet c\ld be utilis$4 ,our imag9$ insect reason]s w\ld be unable to imag9e t fruits pluck$ f _! tree sy/em 7 o!rwise ?an wa/$1 = !y w\ld conceive t _! idea ( ! purpose ( fruits 0 ! only true "o2 yet !y w\ld be altoge!r mi/ak51 z we may be 9 suppos+ ! ma9 purpose ( planet>y exi/5ce is ! support ( life4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we pass 9 imag9ation beyond ! limits ( our own sy/em1 we may le>n a useful lesson f ! imag9$ creatures' reason+ ab\t o!r tree sy/ems ?an t to :i* _! _w belong$4 ,a/ronom]s h be5 apt to g5]alise too d>+ly respect+ remote />s & /> sy/ems1 z ?\gh our sol> sy/em 7 a true picture ( all sol> sy/ems1 ! sy/em ( />s to :i* our sun belongs a true picture ( all /> sy/ems4 ,!y h be5 apt to =get t1 z e _w 9 our own sy/em has its p]iod ( life1 %ort by comp>ison ) ! entire duration ( ! _w1 s ea* sol> sy/em1 ea* sy/em ( su* sy/ems1 may h its own life-be>+ season1 inf9itely long accord+ to our conceptions1 b v %ort inde$ comp>$ ) ! entire duration ( :i* ! life-be>+ season w\ld be only a s+le era4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh m5 may d>+ly ov]leap ! limits ( "t & space )9 :i* _! lives are ca/1 ?\gh !y may le>n to recognise ! developm5t ( _! own _w & ( o!rs l x ev5 f ! blossom ( nebulosity1 !y seem unable to rise to ! conception t ! mighty tree :i* dur+ remote aeons bore ^? nebul\s blossoms sprang itself f cosmical g]ms4 ,we are unable to conceive ! nature ( su* g]ms2 ! processes ( developm5t affect+ !m belong to o!r ord]s ?an any processes we "k (1 & requir$ p]iods comp>$ ) :i* ! inconceivable1 nay1 ! inexpressible p]iods requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! p>ts ( our univ]se1 are z m]e in/ants4 ,yet h we e reason :i* analogy c af=d to believe t ev5 ! developm5t ( a :ole univ]se su* z ours %\ld be reg>d$ z b a m9ute local ph5om5on ( a univ]se inf9itely high] 9 ord]1 t univ]se 9 turn b a s+le memb] ( a sy/em ( su* univ]ses1 & s on1 ev5 ad inf9itum4 ,to reject ! belief t ?is is possible is to %>e ! folly ( be+s su* z we h conceiv$ reg>d+ _! t9y _w z a fit c5tre :5ce to measure ! univ]se1 :ile yet1 f su* a /&-po9t1 ?is little e>? on :i* we live w\ld be _m degrees beyond ! limits :]e = !m ! inconceivable w\ld beg94 ,to reject ! belief t ?is is n only possible1 b real1 is to reg>d ! few %ort /eps by :i* man has advanc$ t[>ds ! unkn[n z a measurable approa* t[>ds limits ( space1 t[>ds ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all ?+s4 ,until x c be %[n t space is b\nd$ by limits beyond :i* nei!r matt] nor void exi/s1 t "t _h a beg9n+ be=e :i* x 0 n & t5ds to an end aft] :i* x w exi/ no m1 we may confid5tly accept ! belief t ! hi/ory ( our e>? is z evanesc5t 9 "t z ! e>? itself is evanesc5t 9 space1 & t no?+ we c possibly le>n ab\t our e>?1 or ab\t ! sy/em x belongs to1 or ab\t sy/ems ( su* sy/ems1 c ei!r prove or disprove aught respect+ ! s*eme & mode ( gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se itself4 ,x is true n[ z x 0 9 days ( yore1 & x w rema9 true z long z ! e>? & ^? :o dwell on x endure1 t :at m5 "k is no?+1 ! unkn[n inf9ite4 ,,vi4 ,,suns ,,9 ,,flames4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahgf news arriv$ ( a cata/rophe ! effects ( :i* mu/ 9 all probability h be5 disa/r\s1 n to a di/rict1 or a c\ntry1 or a cont95t1 or ev5 a _w1 b to a :ole sy/em ( worlds4 ,! cata/rophe happ5$ _m ye>s ago--probably at lea/ a hundr$--yet ! mess5g] :o br\ght ! news has n be5 idle on 8 way1 b has sp$ along at a rate :i* w\ld suffice to circle ?is e>? eight times 9 ! c\rse ( a second4 ,t mess5g] has _h1 h[ev]1 to trav]se millions ( millions ( miles1 & only rea*$ our e>? ,novemb] #ahgf4 ,! news he br\ght 0 t a sun l our own 0 9 conflagration2 & on a clos] /udy ( 8 message some?+ 0 le>n$ z to ! nature ( ! conflagration1 & a few facts t5d+ to ?r[ light on ! "q 7some:at int]e/+ to ourselves7 :e!r our own sun is likely to und]go a simil> mi%ap at any "t4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if he did1 we "k already4 ,! sun :i* has j met ) ?is disa/]--t is1 :i* s suff]$ a few g5]ations ago--blaz$ out = a "t ) sev]al hundr$ times its =m] lu/re4 ,if our sun 7 to increase z greatly 9 light & heat1 ! creatures on ! side ( our e>? turn$ t[>ds him at ! "t w\ld be de/roy$ 9 an in/ant4 ,^? on ! d>k or night hemisph]e w\ld n h to wait = _! turn till ! e>?1 by rotat+1 c>ri$ !m into view ( ! de/roy+ sun4 ,9 mu* brief] space ! effect ( 8 new fires w\ld be felt all ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,! heav5s w\ld be dissolv$ & ! elem5ts w\ld melt ) f]v5t heat4 ,9 fact no description ( su* a cata/rophe1 z affect+ ! night half ( ! e>?1 c\ld possibly be m effective & poetical ?an ,/4 ,pet]'s acc\nt ( ! day ( ! ,"l1 com+ 'z a ?ief 9 ! night2 9 ! :i* ! heav5s %all pass away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat1 ! e>? also & ! works t are !re9 be+ burn$ up2' ?\gh ,i imag9e ! apo/le w\ld h be5 sc>ce prep>$ to admit t ! e>? 0 9 dang] f a sol> conflagration4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! sun 0 to be turn$ into d>kness & ! moon into blood1 be=e t great & notable day ( ! ,"l came--a description correspond+ well ) sol> & lun> eclipses1 ! mo/ notewor?y 'signs 9 ! heav5s1' b agree+ v ill ) ! outbur/ ( a great sol> conflagration4 ,be=e proce$+ to inquire into ! s+ul> & significant circum/ances ( ! rec5t outbur/1 x may be f\nd int]e/+ to exam9e briefly ! records :i* a/ronomy has pres]v$ ( simil> cata/rophes 9 =m] ye>s4 ,^! may be comp>$ to ! records ( accid5ts on ! v>i\s railway l9es 9 a c\ntry or cont95t4 ,^? o!r suns :i* we c />s are eng9es work+ ! mighty me*anism ( planet>y sy/ems1 z our sun ma9ta9s ! en]gies ( our own sy/em2 & x is a matt] ( "s int]e/ to u to inquire 9 h[ _m cases1 among ! _m suns )9 ! range ( vision1 de/ructive explosions occur4 ,we may take ! opportunity1 lat]1 to inquire into ! numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! ma*9]y ( sol> sy/ems appe>s to h brok5 d[n4 ,! fir/ case ( a sol> conflagration on record is t ( ! new /> obs]v$ by ,hipp>*us "s #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,9 8 "t1 & inde$ until q rec5tly1 an object ( ?is k9d 0 call$ a new />1 or a tempor>y />4 ,b we n[ "k t :5 a /> makes its appe>ance :]e none _h be=e be5 visible1 :at has really happ5$ has be5 t a /> too remote to be se5 has become visible ?r\gh "s rapid increase ( spl5d\r4 ,:5 ! new spl5d\r dies out aga91 x is n t a /> has ceas$ to exi/2 b simply t a fa9t /> :i* _h increas$ greatly 9 lu/re has resum$ its orig9al condition4 ,hipp>*us's /> mu/ h be5 a rem>kable object1 = x 0 visible 9 full daylight1 :5ce we may inf] t x 0 _m times bright] ?an ! blaz+ ,dog-/>4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 z hav+ l$ ,hipp>*us to draw up a catalogue ( />s1 ! fir/ on record4 ,"s mod]ns1 be+ sceptical1 reject$ ?is /ory z a fiction2 b ,biot exam9+ ,*9ese ,*ronicles#cb relat+ to ! times ( ,hipp>*us1 f9ds t 9 #acd ,b4,c4 7ab\t n9e ye>s be=e ! date ( ,hipp>*us's catalogue7 a new /> 0 record$ z hav+ appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,scorpio4 ,! next new /> 7t is1 /ell> conflagration7 on record is /ill m int]e/+1 z !re appe>s "s reason = believ+ t be=e long we may see ano!r outbur/ ( ! same />4 ,9 ! ye>s #ide1 #abfd1 & #aegb1 brilliant />s appe>$ 9 ! region ( ! heav5s betwe5 ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el rem>ks1 t1 'f ! imp]fect acc\nt we h ( ! places ( ! two e>li]1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! la/1 :i* 0 well det]m9$1 z well z f ! tol]ably ne> co9cid5ce ( ! int]vals ( _! appe>ance1 we may suspect !m1 ) ,goodricke1 to be "o & ! same />1 ) a p]iod ( #cab or p]haps ( #aef ye>s4' ,! latt] p]iod may v reasonably be reject$1 z "o c p]ceive no reason :y ! int]m$iate returns ( ! /> to visibility %\ld h be5 ov]look$1 ! /> hav+ appe>$ 9 a region :i* nev] sets4 ,x is to be not$ t1 ! p]iod f #ide to #abfd be+ #cai ye>s1 & t f #abfd to #aegb only #cjh ye>s1 ! p]iod ( ?is /> 7if ,goodricke is correct 9 suppos+ ! ?ree outbur/s to h occurr$ 9 ! same />7 w\ld seem to be dim9i%+4 ,at any "t1 !n1 ?is /> might n[ blaze out 9 ! region betwe5 ,cassiopeia & ,cepheus1 = m ?an #cjd ye>s h already pass$ s9ce its la/ outbur/4 ,z ! appe>ance ( a new /> l$ ,hipp>*us to und]take ! =mation ( 8 fam\s catalogue1 s did ! appe>ance ( ! /> 9 ,cassiopeia1 9 #aegb1 lead ! ,dani% a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brahe to con/ruct a new & enl>g$ catalogue4 7,?is1 be x rememb]$1 0 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope47 ,return+ "o ev5+ 7,novemb] #aa1 #aegb1 old /yle7 f 8 laboratory to 8 dwell+-h\se1 he f\nd1 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 'a gr\p ( c\ntry p gaz+ at a />1 :i* he 0 sure did n exi/ an h\r be=e4 ,?is 0 ! /> 9 "q4' ,! description ( ! /> & its v>i\s *anges is m int]e/+ at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! true nature ( ^! ph5om5a is und]/ood1 ?an x 0 ev5 9 ! "t :5 ! /> 0 blaz+ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,x w be ga!r$ f t description & f :at ,i %all h to say f>!r on ab\t ! results ( rec5t obs]vations on less spl5did new />s1 t1 if ?is /> %\ld reappe> 9 ! next few ye>s1 our obs]v]s w probably be able to obta9 v important in=mation f x4 ,! message f x w be mu* full] & m di/9ct ?an any we h yet receiv$ f su* />s1 ?\gh we h le>n$ q en\gh to rema9 9 no sort ( d\bt z to _! g5]al nature4 ,! /> rema9$ visible1 we le>n1 ab\t sixte5 mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t x kept its place 9 ! heav5s )\t ! lea/ v>iation4 ',x _h all ! radiance ( ! fix$ />s1 & tw9kl$ l !m2 & 0 9 all respects l ,sirius1 except t x surpass$ ,sirius 9 brightness & magnitude4' ,x appe>$ l>g] ?an ,jupit]1 :i* 0 at t "t at 8 brighte/1 & 0 sc>cely inf]ior to ,v5us4 ,x did n acquire ?is lu/re gradually1 b %one =? at once ( its full size & brightness1 'z if1' said ! *ronicl]s ( ! "t1 'x _h be5 ( in/antane\s creation4' ,= ?ree weeks x %one ) full spl5d\r1 dur+ :i* "t x c\ld be se5 at noonday 'by ^? :o _h good eyes1 & knew :]e to look = x4' ,b be=e x _h be5 se5 a mon?1 x became visibly small]1 & f ! middle ( ,decemb] #aegb till ,m>* #aegd1 :5 x entirely disappe>$1 x cont9ually dim9i%$ 9 magnitude4 ',z x decreas$ 9 size1 x v>i$ 9 col\r3 at fir/ its light 0 :ite & extremely bright2 x !n became yell[i%2 aft]w>ds ( a ruddy col\r l ,m>s2 & f9i%$ ) a pale livid :ite resembl+ ! col\r ( ,saturn4' ,all ! details ( ?is acc\nt %\ld be v c>efully not$4 ,x w pres5tly be se5 t !y are highly *>act]i/ic4 ,^? :o c>e to look occasionally at ! heav5s to "k :e!r ?is /> has return$ to view may be int]e/$ to le>n :]eab\ts x %\ld be look$ =4 ,! place may be describ$ z close to ! back ( ! />-gemm$ *air 9 :i* ,cassiopeia is suppos$ to sit--a little to ! left ( ! seat ( ! *air1 suppos+ ! *air to be look$ at 9 its normal position4 ,b z ,cassiopeia's *air is always inv]t$ :5 ! con/ellation is mo/ conv5i5tly plac$ = obs]vation1 & inde$ z n9e-t5?s ( ^? :o "k ! con/ellation suppose ! *air's legs to be ! back1 & vice v]sa1 x may be useful to m5tion t ! /> 0 plac$ some:at ?us ) respect to ! /raggl+ ,w =m$ by ! five *ief />s ( ,cassiopeia4 ,!re is a /> n v f> f ! place "h indicat$1 b r ne>] to ! middle angle ( ! ,w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a bright />2 & _c possibly be mi/ak5 = ! expect$ visitant4 7,! place ( ,ty*o's /> is indicat$ 9 my ,s*ool ,/>-,atlas & also 9 my l>g] ,libr>y ,atlas4 ,! same rem>k applies to bo? ! new />s 9 ! ,s]p5t-,be>]1 pres5tly to be describ$47 ,illu/ration ,9 ,augu/ #aeif ! a/ronom] ,fabricius obs]v$ a new /> 9 ! neck ( ! ,:ale1 :i* also aft] a "t disappe>$4 ,x 0 n notic$ aga9 till ! ye> #afcg1 :5 an obs]v] rejoic+ 9 ! "n ( ,phocyllides ,holw>da obs]v$ x1 &1 keep+ a wat*1 aft] x _h vani%$1 ^u ! place :]e x _h appe>$1 saw x aga9 come into view n9e mon?s aft] its disappe>ance4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 kn[n z a v>iable /> ) a p]iod ( ab\t #cca days #h h\rs4 ,:5 brighte/ ?is /> is ( ! second magnitude4 ,x indicates a some:at s+ul> remissness on ! "p ( ! a/ronom]s ( =m] days1 t a /> %9+ s conspicu\sly = a =tnight1 once 9 ea* p]iod ( #cca-a_/c days1 %\ld = s _m ye>s h rema9$ undetect$4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t1 not+ ?is1 ,i %\ld )draw ! objection rais$ above aga9/ ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's idea t ! /> 9 ,cassiopeia may return to view once 9 #aef ye>s1 in/ead ( once 9 #cab ye>s4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a /> :i* at its brighte/ %9es only z a second-magnitude />1 s t x has tw5ty or ?irty companions ( equal or great] lu/re above ! horizon along ) x1 & a /> :i* surpasses ?ree-fold ! spl5did ,sirius4 ,we h se5 t ev5 9 ,ty*o ,brahe's day1 :5 probably ! />s 7 n ne>ly s well kn[n by ! community at l>ge1 ! new /> 9 ,cassiopeia _h n %one an h\r be=e ! c\ntry p 7 gaz+ at x ) wond]4 ,besides1 ,cassiopeia & ! ,:ale are con/ellations v diff]5t 9 position4 ,! famili> />s ( ,cassiopeia are visible on e cle> night1 = !y nev] set4 ,! />s ( ! ,:ale1 at lea/ ( ! "p to :i* ! wond]ful v>iable /> belongs1 are bel[ ! horizon dur+ r m ?an half ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & a new /> !re w\ld only be notic$1 probably 7unless ( exce$+ spl5d\r71 if x *anc$ to appe> dur+ t "p ( ! ye> :5 ! ,:ale is high above ! horizon betwe5 ev5tide & midnight1 or 9 ! autumn & e>ly w9t]4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance ab\t ! v>iable /> 9 ! ,:ale1 des]v$ly call$ ,mira1 or ,! ,wond]ful1 t x does n always return to ! same degree ( brightness4 ,sometimes x has be5 a v bright second-magnitude /> :5 at its brighte/1 at o!rs x has b>ely exce$$ ! ?ird magnitude4 ,hevelius relates t dur+ ! f\r ye>s betwe5 ,octob] #afgb & ,decemb] #afgf1 ,mira did n %[ h]self at all6 ,z ?is /> fades out1 x *anges 9 col\r f :ite to r$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb] #afjd1 a new /> made its appe>ance 9 ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us1 or ! ,s]p5t-,be>]4 ,its place 0 ne> ! heel ( ! "r foot ( ',ophiu*us huge4' ,kepl] tells u t x _h no hair or tail1 & 0 c]ta9ly n a comet4 ,moreov]1 l ! o!r fix$ />s1 x kept its place un*ang$1 %[+ unmi/akably t x belong$ to ! />-dep?s1 n to ne>] regions4 ',x 0 exactly l "o ( ! />s1 except t 9 ! vividness ( its lu/re1 & ! quickness ( its sp>kl+1 x exce$$ any?+ t he _h ev] se5 be=e4 ,x 0 e mom5t *ang+ into "s ( ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 z yell[1 orange1 purple1 & r$2 ?\gh x 0 g5]ally :ite :5 x 0 at "s di/ance f ! vap\rs ( ! horizon4' ,9 fact1 ^! *anges ( col\r mu/ n be reg>d$ z indicat+ aught b ! />'s sup]ior brightness4 ,e v bright />1 :5 close to ! horizon1 %[s ^! col\rs1 & s mu* ! m di/9ctly z ! /> is ! bright]4 ,sirius1 :i* surpasses ! brighte/ />s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e full f\r times 9 lu/re1 %[s ^! *anges ( col\r s conspicu\sly t !y 7 reg>d$ z specially *>act]i/ic ( ?is />1 insomu* t ,hom] speaks ( ,sirius 7n by "n1 b z ! '/> ( autumn'7 %9+ mo/ beautifully ':5 lav$ ( ocean's wave'--t is1 :5 close to ! horizon4 ,& our own poet1 ,t5nyson1 foll[+ ! old] poet1 s+s h[ ! fi]y ,sirius alt]s hue1 ,& bick]s into r$ & em]ald4 ,! new /> 0 bright] ?an ,sirius1 & 0 ab\t five degrees l[] d[n1 :5 at its highe/ above ! horizon1 ?an ,sirius :5 he culm9ates4 ,five degrees be+ equal to ne>ly t5 times ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 x w be se5 h[ mu* m fav\rable ! conditions 7 9 ! case ( ,kepl]'s /> = ^? col\r$ sc9tillations :i* *>act]is$ t orb4 ,sirius nev] rises v high above ! horizon4 ,9 fact1 at 8 highe/ 7ne> midnight 9 w9t]1 &1 ( c\rse1 ne> midday 9 summ]7 he is ab\t z high above ! horizon z ! sun at midday 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,febru>y4 ,kepl]'s />'s greate/ height above ! horizon 0 little m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is1 or equal to ab\t ! sun's elevation at midday on ,janu>y #ac or #ad 9 any ye>4 ,l ,ty*o ,brahe's />1 ,kepl]'s 0 bright] ev5 ?an ,jupit]1 & only fell %ort ( ,v5us 9 spl5d\r4 ,x pres]v$ its lu/re = ab\t ?ree weeks1 aft] :i* "t x gradually grew fa9t] & fa9t] until "s "t betwe5 ,octob] #afje & ,febru>y #afjf1 :5 x disappe>$4 ,! exact day is unkn[n1 z dur+ t int]val ! con/ellation ( ! ,s]p5t-,be>] is above ! horizon 9 ! day-"t only4 ,b 9 ,febru>y #afjf1 :5 x aga9 became possible to look = ! new /> 9 ! night-"t1 x _h vani%$4 ,x probably cont9u$ to gl[ ) suffici5t lu/re to h rema9$ visible1 b = ! veil ( light "u :i* ! sun conceal$ x1 = ab\t sixte5 mon?s altoge!r4 ,9 fact1 x seems v closely to h resembl$ ,ty*o's />1 n only 9 appe>ance & 9 ! degree ( its greate/ brightness1 b 9 ! duration ( its visibility4 ,9 ! ye> #afgj a new /> appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,cygnus1 atta9+ ! ?ird magnitude4 ,x rema9$ visible1 b n ) ?is lu/re1 = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,aft] x _h fad$ almo/ out ( view1 x flick]$ up aga9 = a:ile1 b soon aft] x di$ out1 s z to be entirely invisible4 ,:e!r a p[]ful telescope w\ld /ill h %[n x is unc]ta91 b x seems extremely probable4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t ?is new /> 9 ! ,swan is ! same :i* has made its appe>ance )9 ! la/ few weeks2 b on ?is po9t ! evid5ce is unc]ta94 ,on ,april #bj1 #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,h9d 7,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 & discov]] ( t5 new memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em7 notic$ a new /> ( ! fif? magnitude 9 ! ,s]p5t-,be>]1 b 9 q ano!r "p ( t l>ge con/ellation ?an _h be5 occupi$ by ,kepl]'s />4 ,a few weeks lat]1 x rose to ! f\r? magnitude4 ,b aft]w>ds its light dim9i%$ until x became invisible to ord9>y eyesight4 ,x did n vani% utt]ly1 h[ev]4 ,x is /ill visible ) telescopic p[]1 %9+ z a /> ( ! elev5? magnitude1 t is five magnitudes bel[ ! fa9te/ /> disc]nible ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,?is is ! fir/ new /> :i* has be5 kept 9 view s9ce its app>5t creation4 ,b we are n[ approa*+ ! "t :5 x 0 f\nd t z s-call$ new />s cont9ue 9 exi/5ce long aft] !y h disappe>$ f view1 s also !y are n 9 reality new1 b 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e !y became visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,on ,may #ab1 #ahff1 %ortly be=e midnight1 ,mr4 ,birm+ham1 ( ,tuam1 notic$ a /> ( ! second magnitude 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 :]e hi!rto no /> visible to ! nak$ eye _h be5 kn[n4 ,dr4 ,s*midt1 ( ,a!ns1 :o _h be5 obs]v+ t region ( ! heav5s ! same night1 0 c]ta9 t up to #aa ,p4,m41 ,a!ns local "t1 !re 0 no /> above ! f\r? magnitude 9 ! place occupi$ by ! new />4 ,s t1 if ?is negative evid5ce c be implicitly reli$ on1 ! new /> mu/ h sprung at lea/ f ! f\r?1 & probably f a mu* l[] magnitude1 to ! second1 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs--elev5 o'clock at ,a!ns correspond+ to ab\t n9e o'clock by ,iri% railway "t4 ,a ,mr4 ,b>k]1 ( ,london1 ,canada1 put =w>d a claim to hav+ se5 ! new /> z e>ly z ,may #d--;a claim n 9 ! lea/ wor? inve/igat+1 s f> z ! cr$it ( fir/ see+ ! new /> is conc]n$1 b exce$+ly important 9 its be>+ on ! nature ( ! outbur/ affect+ ! /> 9 ,corona4 ,x is unpleasant to h to ?r[ discr$it on any def9ite ass]tion ( facts2 un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,b>k]1 :5 8 claim 0 *all5g$1 laid be=e ,mr4 ,/one1 ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 su* v def9ite records ( obs]vations made on ,may #d1 #h1 #i1 & #aj1 t we h no *oice b ei!r to admit ^! obs]vations1 or to inf] t he exp]i5c$ ! delusive effects ( a v s+ul> trick ( memory4 ,he m5tions 9 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,/one t he _h s5t full p>ticul>s ( 8 obs]vations on ^? e>ly dates to ,pr(essor ,watson1 ( ,ann ,arbor ,univ]sity1 on ,may #ag2 b 7aga9 un=tunately7 in/ead ( leav+ t lett] to tell its own /ory 9 ,pr(essor ,watson's h&s1 he ask$ ,pr(essor ,watson to return x to him3 s t :5 ,mr4 ,/one v naturally ask$ ,pr(essor ,watson to furni% a copy ( ?is important lett]1 ,pr(essor ,watson _h to reply1 ',ab\t a mon? ago1 ,mr4 ,b>k] appli$ to me = ?is lett]1 & ,i return$ x to him1 z reque/$1 )\t pres]v+ a copy4 ,i c1 h[ev]1' he proce$$1 '/ate positively t he did n m5tion any actual obs]vation e>li] ?an ,may #ad4 ,he said he ?\ght he _h notic$ a /range /> 9 ! ,cr[n ab\t two weeks be=e ! date ( 8 fir/ obs]vation--,may #ad--;b n p>ticul>ly1 & t he did n recognise x until ! #ad?4 ,he did n give any date1 & did n ev5 seem positive z to id5tity4444 ,:5 ,i return$ ! lett] ( ,may #ag1 ,i made an endorsem5t across ! fir/ page1 9 reg>d to its g5u95ess1 & atta*$ my signature4 ,i regret t ,i did n pres]ve a copy ( ! lett] 9 "q2 b if ! orig9al is produc$1 x w appe> t my recollection ( its cont5ts is correct4' ,i ?9k no "o c blame ,mr4 ,/one1 if1 on ! receipt ( ?is lett]1 he /at$ t he _h n ! 'slighte/ hesitation' 9 reg>d+ ,mr4 ,b>k]'s e>li] obs]vations z 'n entitl$ to ! slighte/ cr$it4'#cc ,x may be fairly tak5 = grant$ t ! new /> leapt v quickly1 if n q sudd5ly1 to its full spl5d\r4 ,birm+ham1 z we h se51 0 ! fir/ to notice x1 on ,may #ab4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,may #ac1 ,s*midt ( ,a!ns discov]$ x indep5d5tly1 & a few h\rs lat] x 0 notic$ by a ,fr5* eng9e] nam$ ,c\rbebaisse4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,bax5dell ( ,man*e/]1 & o!rs indep5d5tly saw ! />4 ,s*midt1 exam9+ ,argel&]'s *>ts ( #cbd1jjj />s 7*>ts :i* ,i h _h ! pleasure ( mapp+ 9 a s+le %eet71 f\nd t ! /> 0 n a new "o1 b _h be5 set d[n by ,argel&] z betwe5 ! n9? & t5? magnitudes4 ,ref]r+ to ,argel&]'s li/1 we f9d t ! /> _h be5 twice obs]v$--viz41 on ,may #ah1 #ahee1 & on ,m>* #ca1 #ahef4 ,birm+ham wrote at once to ,mr4 ,hugg9s1 :o1 9 conjunction ) ! late ,dr4 ,mill]1 _h be5 = "s "t engag$ 9 obs]v+ />s & o!r cele/ial objects ) ! spectroscope4 ,^! two obs]v]s at once direct$ _! telescope arm$ ) spectroscopic adjuncts--! telespectroscope is ! pleas+ "n ( ! comp\nd in/rum5t--to ! new-com]4 ,! result 0 r />tl+4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 be=e describ+ x1 to indicate 9 a few words ! mean+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( spectroscopic evid5ce4 ,! light ( ! sun1 sift$ out by ! spectroscope1 %[s all ! col\rs b n all ! t9ts ( ! ra9b[4 ,x is spread out into a l>ge ra9b[-t9t$ /reak1 b at v>i\s places 7a few ?\s&7 along ! /reak !re are miss+ t9ts2 s t 9 fact ! /reak is cross$ by a multitude ( d>k l9es4 ,we "k t ^! l9es are due to ! absorptive action ( vap\rs exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 & f ! position ( ! l9es we c tell :at ! vap\rs are4 ,?us1 hydrog5 by its absorptive action produces f\r ( ! bright l9es4 ,! vap\r ( iron is !re1 ! vap\r ( sodium1 magnesium1 & s on4 ,aga91 we "k t ^! same vap\rs1 :i*1 by _! absorptive action1 cut (f rays ( c]ta9 t9ts1 emit light ( j ^? t9ts4 ,9 fact1 if ! gl[+ mass ( ! sun c\ld be sudd5ly ext+ui%$1 leav+ 8 atmosph]e 9 its pres5t int5sely heat$ condition1 ! light ( ! fa9t sun :i* w\ld ?us be left u w\ld give 7"u spectroscopic scrut9y7 ^? v rays :i* n[ seem want+4 ,!re w\ld be a spectrum ( multitud9\s bright l9es1 in/ead ( a ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum cross$ by multitud9\s d>k l9es4 ,x is1 inde$1 only by contra/ t ! d>k l9es appe> d>k1 j z x is only by contra/ t ! sol> spots seem d>k4 ,n only ! p5umbra b ! umbra ( a sun-spot1 n only ! umbra b ! nucleus1 n only ! nucleus b ! deep] black :i* seems to lie at ! core ( ! nucleus1 %9e really ) a lu/re f> exce$+ t ( ! electric light1 ?\gh by contra/ ) ! re/ ( ! sun's surface ! p5umbra looks d>k1 ! umbra d>k] /ill1 ! nucleus deep black1 & ! core ( ! nucleus jet black4 ,s ! d>k l9es across ! sol> spectrum m>k :]e c]ta9 rays are relatively fa9t1 ?\gh 9 reality int5sely lu/r\s4 ,conceive ano!r *ange ?an t j imag9$4 ,conceive ! sun's globe to rema9 z at pres5t1 b ! atmosph]e to be excit$ to _m times its pres5t degree ( light & spl5d\r3 !n w\ld all ^! d>k l9es become bright1 & ! ra9b[-t9t$ backgr\nd w\ld be dull or ev5 q d>k by contra/4 ,?is is n a m]e fancy4 ,at times1 local di/urbances take place 9 ! sun :i* produce j su* a *ange 9 c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( ! sun's atmosph]e1 caus+ ! hydrog51 = example1 to gl[ ) s int5se a heat t1 in/ead ( its l9es appe>+ d>k1 !y /& out z bright l9es4 ,occasionally1 too1 ! magnesium 9 ! sol> atmosph]e 7ov] c]ta9 limit$ regions only1 be x rememb]$7 has be5 kn[n to behave 9 ?is mann]4 ,x 0 s dur+ ! int5sely hot summ] ( #ahgb1 insomu* t ! ,italian obs]v] ,tac*9i1 :o notic$ ! ph5om5on1 attribut$ to su* local ov]heat+ ( ! sun's magnesium vap\r ! rem>kable heat f :i* we !n = a "t suff]$4 ,n[1 ! />s are suns1 & ! spectrum ( a /> is simply a m9iature ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,( c\rse1 !re are *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,"o /> has m hydrog51 at lea/ m hydrog5 at "w absorb+ its rays1 & ?us has ! hydrog5 l9es m /rongly m>k$ ?an !y are 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,ano!r /> %[s ! l9es ( v>i\s metals m conspicu\sly1 indicat+ t ! gl[+ vap\rs ( su* elem5ts1 iron1 copp]1 m]cury1 t91 & s =?1 ei!r hang m d5sely 9 ! />'s atmosph]e ?an 9 our sun's1 or1 be+ cool]1 absorb _! special t9ts m effectively4 ,b speak+ g5]ally1 a /ell> spectrum is l ! sol> spectrum4 ,!re is ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak1 :i* implies t ! s\rce ( light is gl[+ solid1 liquid1 or highly compress$ vapor\s matt]1 & a?w>t ! /reak !re are ! multitud9\s d>k l9es :i* imply t ar\nd ! gl[+ he>t ( ! /> !re are envelopes ( relatively cool vap\rs4 ,we c und]/&1 !n1 ! mean+ ( ! evid5ce obta9$ f ! new /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! new /> %[$ ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak cross$ by d>k l9es1 :i* indicat$ its sun-l nature4 ,b1 /&+ out on t ra9b[-t9t$ /reak z on a d>k backgr\nd1 7 f\r exce$+ly bright l9es--l9es s bright1 ?\gh f9e1 t cle>ly mo/ ( ! />'s light came f ! gl[+ vap\rs to :i* ^! l9es belong$4 ,?ree ( ! l9es belong$ to hydrog51 ! f\r? 0 n id5tifi$ ) any kn[n l9e4 ,let u di/+ui% betwe5 :at c c]ta9ly be conclud$ f ?is rem>kable obs]vation1 & :at c only be inf]r$ ) a great] or less degree ( probability4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t :5 ,messrs4 ,hugg9s & ,mill] made _! obs]vation 7by :i* "t ! new /> _h fad$ f ! second to ! ?ird magnitude71 enorm\s masses ( hydrog5 ar\nd ! /> 7 gl[+ ) a heat f> m int5se ?an t ( ! /> itself )9 ! hydrog5 envelope4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! increase 9 ! />'s light1 r5d]+ ! /> visible :i* be=e _h be5 f> beyond ! range ( ord9>y eyesight1 0 due to ! abnormal heat ( ! hydrog5 surr\nd+ t remote sun4 ,b x is n s cle> :e!r ! int5se gl[ ( ! hydrog5 0 caus$ by combu/ion or by int5se heat )\t combu/ion4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two causes ( increas$ light is important2 because on ! op9ion we =m on ?is po9t mu/ dep5d our op9ion z to ! probability t our sun may "o day exp]i5ce a simil> cata/rophe1 & also our op9ion z to ! /ate ( ! sun 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n aft] ! outbur/4 ,to illu/rate ! di/9ction 9 "q1 let u take two famili> cases ( ! emission ( light4 ,a burn+ coal gl[s ) r$ light1 & s does a piece ( iron plac$ 9 a coal fire4 ,b ! coal & ! iron are und]go+ v diff]5t processes4 ,! coal is burn+1 & w pres5tly be consum$2 ! iron is n burn+ 7except 9 ! s5se t x is burn+ hot1 :i* means only t x w make any combu/ible sub/ance burn :i* is br\ght into contact ) x71 & x w n be consum$ ?\gh ! coal fire be ma9ta9$ ar\nd x = days & weeks & mon?s4 ,s ) ! hydrog5 flames :i* play at all times ov] ! surface ( our own sun4 ,!y are n burn+ l ! hydrog5 flames :i* are us$ = ! oxy-hydrog5 lant]n4 ,7 ! sol> hydrog5 s burn+1 ! sun w\ld quickly be ext+ui%$4 ,!y are simply agl[ ) int5sity ( heat1 z a mass ( r$-hot iron is agl[2 &1 s long z ! sun's en]gies are ma9ta9$1 ! hydrog5 ar\nd him w gl[ 9 ?is way )\t be+ consum$4 ,z ! new fires ( ! /> 9 ! ,cr[n di$ out rapidly1 x is possible t 9 _! case !re 0 actual combu/ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also possible1 & p]haps on ! :ole m probable1 t ! hydrog5 surr\nd+ ! /> 0 simply set gl[+ ) increas$ lu/re ow+ to "s cause n z yet asc]ta9$4 ,let u see h[ ^! two !ories h be5 actually word$ by ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce !mselves :o h ma9ta9$ !m4 ',! sudd5 blaz+ =? ( ?is />1' says ,mr4 ,hugg9s1 '& !n ! rapid fad+ away ( its light1 sugge/ ! r bold speculation t 9 consequ5ce ( "s great int]nal convulsion1 a l>ge volume ( hydrog5 & o!r gases 0 evolv$ f x1 ! hydrog51 by its comb9ation ) "s o!r elem5t1' 9 o!r words1 by burn+1 'giv+ out ! light repres5t$ by ! bright l9es1 & at ! same "t heat+ to ! po9t ( vivid inc&esc5ce ! solid matt] ( ! />'s surface4' ',z ! lib]at$ hydrog5 gas became exhau/$' 7,i n[ quote n ,hugg9s's own words1 b words describ+ 8 !ory 9 a book :i* he has edit$7 '! flame gradually abat$1 &1 ) ! consequ5t cool+1 ! />'s surface became less vivid1 & ! /> return$ to its orig9al condition4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]man physici/s1 ,mey] & ,kle91 consid] ! sudd5 developm5t ( hydrog51 9 quantities suffici5t to expla9 su* an outbur/1 exce$+ly unlikely4 ,!y h !re=e adopt$ ! op9ion1 t ! sudd5 blaz+ out ( ! /> 0 occasion$ by ! viol5t precipitation ( "s mighty mass1 p]haps a planet1 ^u ! globe ( t remote sun1 'by :i* ! mom5tum ( ! fall+ mass w\ld be *ang$ into molecul> motion1 or 9 o!r words into heat & light4' ,x might ev5 be suppos$1 !y urge1 t ! /> 9 ! ,cr[n1 by its swift motion1 may h come 9 contact ) "o ( ! /> cl\ds :i* exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! realms ( space4 ',su* a collision w\ld necess>ily set ! /> 9 a blaze & occasion ! mo/ vehem5t ignition ( its hydrog54' ,=tunately1 our sun is safe = _m millions ( ye>s to come f contact f any "o ( its planets4 ,! read] mu/ n1 h[ev]1 run away ) ! idea t ! dang] consi/s only 9 ! gradual contraction ( planet>y orbits sometimes spok5 (4 ,t contraction1 if x is tak+ place at all1 ( :i* we h n a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 w\ld n draw ,m]cury to ! sun's surface = at lea/ t5 million millions ( ye>s4 ,! real dang] w\ld be 9 ! effects :i* ! p]turb+ action ( ! l>g] planets might produce on ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,t orbit is ev5 n[ v ecc5tric1 & mu/ at times become /ill m s4 ,x might1 b = ! actual adju/m5t ( ! planet>y sy/em1 become s ecc5tric t ,m]cury c\ld n keep cle> ( ! sun2 & a bl[ f ev5 small ,m]cury 7only weigh+1 9 fact1 #cij millions ( millions ( millions ( tons71 ) a velocity ( "s #cjj miles p] second1 w\ld w>m our sun consid]ably4 ,b !re is no risk ( ?is happ5+ 9 ,m]cury's case--?\gh ! unse5 & mu* m %ifty ,vulcan 79 :i* planet ,i beg to express "h my utt] disbelief7 might1 p]*ance1 "w mis*ief if he really exi/$4 ,z = /> cl\ds ly+ 9 ! sun's c\rse1 we may feel equally confid5t4 ,! telescope assures u t !re are none imm$iately on ! track1 & we "k1 also1 t1 swiftly ?\gh ! sun is c>ry+ u onw>ds ?r\gh space1#cd _m millions ( ye>s mu/ pass be=e he is among ! /> families t[>ds :i* he is ru%+4 ,( ! dang] f combu/ion1 or f o!r causes ( ignition ?an ^? consid]$ by ,mey] & ,kle91 x /ill rema9s to speak4 ,b fir/1 let u consid] :at new evid5ce has be5 ?r[n ^u ! subject by ! obs]vations made on ! /> :i* flam$ out la/ ,novemb]4 ,! new /> 0 fir/ se5 by ,pr(essor ,s*midt1 :o has _h ! good =tune ( ann\nc+ to a/ronom]s m ?an "o rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,x 0 he :o discov]$ 9 ,novemb] #ahff t a lun> crat] _h disappe>$1 an ann\ncem5t q 9 accordance ) ! facts ( ! case4 ,we h se5 t he 0 "o ( ! indep5d5t discov]]s ( ! outbur/ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,on ,novemb] #bd1 at ! e>ly h\r ( #e4da 9 ! ev5+ 7%[+ t ,s*midt takes "t by ! =elock at 8 obs]vatory71 he notic$ a /> ( ! ?ird magnitude 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan1 n f> f ! tail ( t s\?w>d-fly+ cele/ial bird4 ,he is q sure t on ,novemb] #bj1 ! la/ prec$+ cle> ev5+1 ! /> 0 n !re4 ,at midnight its light 0 v yell[1 & x 0 some:at bright] ?an ! neighb\r+ /> ,eta ,pegasi1 on ! ,fly+ ,horse's s\!rnmo/ knee 7if anatomi/s w excuse my foll[+ ! ord9>y usage :i* calls ! wri/ ( ! horse's =e-arm ! knee74 ,he s5t news ( ! discov]y =?) to ,lev]ri]1 ! *ief ( ! ,p>is obs]vatory2 & ! obs]v]s !re set to "w to analyse ! light ( ! /rang]4 ,un=tunately ! />'s sudd5ly acquir$ brilliancy rapidly fad$4 ,m4 ,paul ,h5ry e/imat$ ! />'s brightness on ,decemb] #b z equal only to t ( a fif?-magnitude />4 ,moreov]1 ! col\r1 :i* _h be5 v yell[ on ,novemb] #bd1 0 by ?is "t 'gre5i%1 almo/ blue4' ,on ,decemb] #b1 ,m4 ,cornu1 obs]v+ dur+ a %ort "t :5 ! /> 0 visible ?r\gh a break betwe5 cl\ds1 f\nd t ! />'s spectrum consi/$ almo/ entirely ( bright l9es4 ,on ,decemb] #e1 he 0 able to det]m9e ! position ( ^! l9es1 ?\gh /ill mu* int]rupt$ by cl\ds4 ,he f\nd ?ree bright l9es ( hydrog51 ! /rong 7really d\ble7 l9e ( sodium1 ! 7really triple7 l9e ( magnesium1 & two o!r l9es4 ,"o ( ^! la/ seem$ to agree exactly 9 position ) a bright l9e belong+ to ! corona se5 ar\nd ! sun dur+ total eclipse4#ce ,! /> has s9ce fad$ gradually 9 lu/re until1 at pres5t1 x is q invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,we _c d\bt t ! cata/rophe :i* befell ?is /> is ( ! same g5]al nature z is t :i* befell ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,x is extremely significant t all ! elem5ts :i* manife/$ signs ( int5se heat 9 ! case ( ! /> 9 ! ,swan1 are *>act]i/ic ( our sun's out] app5dages4 ,we "k t ! col\r$ flames se5 ar\nd ! sun dur+ total sol> eclipse consi/ ( gl[+ hydrog51 & ( gl[+ matt] giv+ a l9e s ne> ! sodium l9e t 9 ! case ( a /ell> spectrum x w\ld1 probably1 n be possible to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,into ! prom95ces !re are ?r[n f "t to "t masses ( gl[+ sodium1 magnesium1 & 79 less degree7 iron & o!r metallic vap\rs4 ,la/ly1 9 t glori\s app5dage1 ! sol> corona1 :i* ext5ds = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles f ! sun's surface1 !re are enorm\s quantities ( "s elem5t1 ^: nature is z yet unkn[n1 %[+ "u spectroscopic analysis ! bright l9e :i* seems to h appe>$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! flam+ sun 9 ! ,swan4 ,?is evid5ce seems to me to sugge/ t ! int5se heat :i* sudd5ly affect$ ?is /> _h its orig9 f )\t4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i _c agree ) ,mey] & ,kle9 9 consid]+ t ! cause ( ! heat 0 ei!r ! d[nfall ( a planet>y mass on ! />1 or ! collision ( ! /> ) a />-cl\dlet1 or nebula1 trav]s+ space 9 "o direction :ile ! /> swept onw>ds 9 ano!r4 ,a planet c\ld n v well come into f9al conflict ) its sun at "o fell swoop4 ,x w\ld gradually draw ne>] & ne>]1 n by ! n>r[+ ( its pa?1 b by ! *ange ( ! pa?'s %ape4 ,! pa? w\ld1 9 fact1 become m & m ecc5tric2 until1 at l5g?1 at its po9t ( ne>e/ approa*1 ! planet w\ld graze its prim>y1 excit+ an int5se heat :]e x /ruck1 b escap+ actual de/ruction t "t4 ,! planet w\ld make ano!r circuit1 & aga9 graze its sun1 at or ne> ! same "p ( ! planet's pa?4 ,= sev]al circuits ?is w\ld cont9ue1 ! grazes n becom+ m effective ea* "t1 b r less4 ,! int]val betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 w\ld gr[ cont9ually less & less4 ,at la/ ! "t w\ld come :5 ! planet's pa? w\ld be r$uc$ to ! circul> =m1 its globe t\*+ its sun's all ! way r\nd1 & !n ! planet w\ld v quickly be r$uc$ to vap\r1 & p>tly burn$ up1 its sub/ance be+ absorb$ by its sun4 ,b all ! successive grazes w\ld be indicat$ to u by accessions 9 ! />'s lu/re1 ! p]iod betwe5 ea* seem+ outbur/ be+ only a few mon?s at fir/1 & becom+ gradually less & less 7dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s1 p]haps ev5 ( c5turies71 until ! planet 0 f9ally de/roy$4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort has happ5$ 9 ! case ( any s-call$ new />4 ,z = ! ru% ( a /> ?r\gh a nebul\s mass1 t is a !ory :i* w\ld sc>cely be ent]ta9$ by any "o acqua9t$ ) ! enorm\s di/ances sep>at+ ! gase\s />-cl\ds prop]ly call$ nebulae4 ,!re may be small cl\ds ( ! same sort scatt]$ mu* m d5sely ?r\gh space2 b we h n a p>ticle ( evid5ce t ?is actually is ! case4 ,all we c]ta9ly "k ab\t />-cl\dlets sugge/ t ! di/ances sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r are comp>able ) ^? :i* sep>ate /> f />1 9 :i* case ! idea ( a /> com+ into collision ) a />-cl\dlet1 & /ill m ! idea ( ?is occurr+ sev]al times 9 a c5tury1 is wild 9 ! extreme4 ,on ! :ole1 ! !ory seems m probable ?an any ( ^!1 t enorm\s flights ( l>ge meteoric masses travel ar\nd ^? />s :i* ?us occasionally break =? 9 conflagration1 su* flights travell+ on exce$+ly ecc5tric pa?s1 & requir+ enorm\sly long p]iods to complete ea* circuit ( _! va/ orbits4 ,9 conceiv+ ?is1 we are n imag9+ any?+ new4 ,su* a meteoric flight w\ld diff] only 9 degree n k9d f meteoric flights :i* are kn[n to circle ar\nd our own sun4 ,i am n sure1 inde$1 t x c be def9itely ass]t$ t our sun has no meteoric app5dages ( ! same nature z ^? :i*1 if ?is !ory be true1 excite to int5se p]iodic activity ! sun r\nd :i* !y circle4 ,we "k t comets & meteors are closely connect$1 e comet be+ probably 7_m c]ta9ly7 att5d$ by flights ( meteoric masses4 ,! meteors :i* produce ! celebrat$ ,novemb] %[]s ( fall+ />s foll[ 9 ! track ( a comet invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,may we n reasonably suppose1 !n1 t ^? glori\s comets :i* h n only be5 visible b conspicu\s1 %9+ ev5 9 ! day-"t1 & br&i%+ r\nd tails :i*1 l t ( ! 'wond] 9 heav51 ! great dragon1' seem$ to 'draw ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav51' are foll[$ by mu* d5s] flights ( mu* m massive meteors8 ,n[ "s among ^! giant comets h pa?s :i* c>ry !m v close to our sun4 ,newton's comet1 ) its tail a hundr$ millions ( miles 9 l5g?1 all b graz$ ! sun's globe4 ,! comet ( #ahdc1 ^: tail1 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 '/ret*$ half-way across ! sky1' mu/ actually h graz$ ! sun1 ?\gh b lightly1 = its nucleus 0 )9 #hj1jjj miles ( 8 surface1 & its head 0 m ?an #afj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,& ^! are only two among ! few comets ^: pa?s are kn[n4 ,at any "t we might be visit$ by a comet mighti] ?an ei!r1 travell+ on an orbit int]sect+ ! sun's surface1 foll[$ by flights ( meteoric masses enorm\s 9 size & _m 9 numb]1 :i*1 fall+ on ! sun's globe ) ! enorm\s velocity correspond+ to _! va/ orbital range & _! ne> approa* to ! sun--a velocity ( "s #cfj miles p] second--w\ld1 beyond all d\bt1 excite 8 :ole frame1 & especially 8 surface regions1 to a degree ( heat f> exce$+ :at he n[ emits4 ,we h _h evid5ce ( ! trem5d\s heat to :i* ! sun's surface w\ld be excit$ by ! d[nfall ( a %[] ( l>ge meteoric masses4 ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson1 on ,septemb] #a1 #ahei1 obs]v$ 7indep5d5tly7 ! passage ( two int5sely bright bodies across a small "p ( ! sun's surface--! bodies fir/ increas+ 9 brightness1 !n dim9i%+1 !n fad+ away4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ^! 7 meteoric masses rais$ to fi]ce heat by frictional resi/ance4 ,n[ s mu* bright] did !y appe>1 or r did t "p ( ! sun's surface appe> ?r\gh :i* !y _h ru%$1 t ,c>r+ton suppos$ ! d>k glass scre5 us$ to protect ! eye _h brok51 & ,hodgson describ$ ! brightness ( ?is "p ( ! sun z su* t ! "p %one l a brilliant /> on ! backgr\nd ( ! gl[+ sol> surface4 ,m>k1 also1 ! consequ5ces ( ! d[nfall ( ^? two bodies only4 ,a magnetic di/urbance affect$ ! :ole frame ( ! e>? at ! v "t :5 ! sun _h be5 ?us di/urb$4 ,vivid auroras 7 se5 n only 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b 9 latitudes :]e auroras are v seldom witness$4 ',by degrees1' says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 'acc\nts began to p\r 9 ( great auroras se5 n only 9 ^! latitudes1 b at ,rome1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ! tropics )9 eighte5 degrees ( ! equator 7:]e !y h>dly ev] appe>72 nay1 :at is /ill m /rik+1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia--:]e1 at ,melb\rne1 on ! night ( ,septemb] #b1 ! greate/ aurora ev] se5 !re made its appe>ance4 ,^! auroras 7 accompani$ ) unusually great electro-magnetic di/urbances 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,9 _m places ! telegraph wires /ruck "w4 ,!y _h too _m private messages ( _! own to convey4 ,at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia1 9 ,am]ica1 ! electric signal-m5 receiv$ sev]e electric %ocks4 ,at a /ation 9 ,norway ! telegraphic app>atus 0 set fire to2 & at ,bo/on1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a flame ( fire foll[$ ! p5 ( ,ba9's electric telegraph1 :i* writes d[n ! message ^u *emically prep>$ pap]4' ,see+ t :]e ! two meteors fell ! sun's surface gl[$ ?us int5sely1 & t ! effect ( ?is accession ( en]gy ^u our e>? 0 ?us well m>k$1 c x be d\bt$ t a comet1 be>+ 9 its tra9 a flight ( _m millions ( meteoric masses1 & fall+ directly ^u ! sun1 w\ld produce an accession ( light & heat ^: consequ5ces w\ld be disa/r\s8 ,:5 ! e>? has pass$ ?r\gh ! ri*] portions 7n ! actual nuclei1 be x rememb]$7 ( meteor sy/ems1 ! meteors visible f ev5 a s+le /ation h be5 c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 & x has be5 comput$ t millions mu/ h fall5 ^u ! :ole e>?4 ,^! 7 meteors foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( v small comets4 ,if a v l>ge comet foll[$ by no d5s] a flight ( meteors1 b ea* meteoric mass mu* l>g]1 fell directly ^u ! sun1 x w\ld n be ! outskirts b ! nucleus ( ! meteoric tra9 :i* w\ld imp+e ^u him4 ,!y w\ld numb] ?\s&s ( millions4 ,! velocity ( d[nfall ( ea* mass w\ld be m ?an #cfj miles p] second4 ,& !y w\ld cont9ue to p\r 9 ^u him = sev]al days 9 succession1 millions fall+ e h\r4 ,x seems n improbable t1 "u ?is trem5d\s & long-cont9u$ meteoric hail1 8 :ole surface w\ld be caus$ to gl[ z int5sely z t small "p ^: brilliancy 0 s surpris+ 9 ! obs]vation made by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson4 ,9 t case1 our sun1 se5 f "s remote /> :5ce ord9>ily he is invisible1 w\ld %9e out z a new sun1 = a few days1 :ile all ?+s liv+ on our e>?1 & :atev] o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em are ! abode ( life1 w\ld inevitably be de/roy$4 ,! read] mu/ n suppose t ?is idea has be5 sugge/$ m]ely 9 ! attempt to expla9 outbur/s ( />s4 ,! foll[+ passage f a pap] ( consid]able sci5tific int]e/ by ,pr(essor ,kirkwood1 ( ,bloom+ton1 ,indiana1 a well-kn[n ,am]ican a/ronom]1 %[s t ! idea _h occurr$ to him = a v diff]5t reason4 ,he speaks "h ( a probable connection betwe5 ! comet ( #ahdc & ! great sun-spot :i* appe>$ 9 ,june #ahdc4 ,i am n sure1 h[ev]1 b t we may reg>d ! v meteors :i* seem to h fall5 on ! sun on ,septemb] #a1 #ahei1 z bodies travell+ 9 ! track ( ! comet ( #ahdc--;j z ! ,novemb] meteors se5 9 #ahfg-h1 #i1 etc41 until #ahgb1 7 bodies c]ta9ly foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! telescopic comet ( #ahff4 ',! op9ion has be5 express$ by m ?an "o a/ronom]1' he says1 speak+ ( ,c>r+ton's obs]vation1 't ?is ph5om5on 0 produc$ by ! fall ( meteoric matt] ^u ! sun's surface4 ,n[1 ! fact may be wor?y ( note t ! comet ( #ahdc actually graz$ ! sun's atmosph]e ab\t ?ree mon?s be=e ! appe>ance ( ! great sun-spot ( ! same ye>4 ,_h x approa*$ b little ne>]1 ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e w\ld probably h br\ght its entire mass to ! sol> surface4 ,ev5 at its actual di/ance x mu/ h produc$ consid]able atmosph]ic di/urbance4 ,b ! rec5t discov]y t a numb] ( comets are associat$ ) meteoric matt]1 travell+ 9 ne>ly ! same orbits1 sugge/s ! inquiry :e!r an enorm\s meteorite foll[+ 9 ! comet's tra91 & hav+ a some:at less p]ihelion di/ance1 may n h be5 precipitat$ ^u ! sun1 ?us produc+ ! great di/urbance obs]v$ s %ortly aft] ! comet's p]ihelion passage4' ,!re are ^?1 myself among ! numb]1 :o consid] ! p]iodicity ( ! sol> spots1 t tide ( spots :i* fl[s to its maximum & !n ebbs to its m9imum 9 a little m ?an elev5 ye>s1 z only explicable on ! !ory t a small comet hav+ ?is p]iod1 & foll[$ by a meteor tra91 has a pa? int]sect+ ! sun's surface4 ,9 an article entitl$ ',! ,sun a ,bubble1' :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',cornhill ,magaz9e' = ,octob] #ahgd1 ,i rem>k$ t f ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( sun-spots we might be l$ to suspect ! exi/5ce ( "s z yet undetect$ comet ) a tra9 ( exceptionally l>ge meteoric masses1 travell+ 9 a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s r\nd ! sun1 & hav+ its place ( ne>e/ approa* to t orb s close to ! sol> surface t1 :5 ! ma9 flight is pass+1 ! /raggl]s fall ^u ! sun's surface4 ,9 ?is case1 we c\ld readily und]/& t1 z ?is small comet unque/ionably causes our sun to be v>iable to "s slight degree 9 brilliancy1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1 s "s mu* l>g] comet circl+ ar\nd ,mira1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t #cca days1 may occasion ^? alt]nations ( brightness :i* h be5 describ$ above4 ,x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 t x is by no means c]ta9 t ! "t :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$ is ! "t :5 he gives out lea/ light4 ,?\gh at su* times 8 surface is d>k :]e ! spots are1 yet else:]e x is probably bright] ?an usual2 at any rate1 all ! evid5ce we h t5ds to %[ t :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$1 8 en]gies are mo/ active4 ,x is !n t ! col\r$ flames leap to _! greate/ height & %[ _! greate/ brilliancy1 !n also t !y %[ ! mo/ rapid & rem>kable *anges ( %ape4 ,suppos+ !re really is1 ,i w n say dang]1 b a possibility1 t our sun may "o day1 ?r\gh ! arrival ( "s v l>ge comet travell+ directly t[>ds him1 %>e ! fate ( ! suns ^: outbur/s ,i h describ$ above1 we might be de/roy$ unaw>es1 or we might be aw>e = sev]al weeks ( ! approa* ( ! de/roy+ comet4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! comet1 :i* might arrive f any "p ( ! heav5s1 came f out t "p ( ! />-dep?s :i* is occupi$ by ! con/ellation ,taurus--!n1 if ! arrival 7 s tim$ t ! comet1 :i* might rea* ! sun at any "t1 fell ^u him 9 ,may or ,june1 we %\ld "k no?+ ( t comet's approa*3 = x w\ld approa* 9 t "p ( ! heav5s :i* 0 occupi$ by ! sun1 & 8 spl5d\r w\ld hide z ) a veil ! de/roy+ enemy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! comet1 arriv+ f ! same region ( ! heav5s1 s approa*$ z to fall ^u ! sun 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 we %\ld see x = sev]al weeks4 ,= x w\ld !n approa* f ! "p ( ! heav5s high above ! s\!rn horizon at midnight4 ,a/ronom]s w\ld be able 9 a few days aft] x 0 discov]$ to det]m9e its pa? & pr$ict its d[nfall ^u ! sun1 precisely z ,newton calculat$ ! pa? ( 8 comet & pr$ict$ its ne> approa* to ! sun4 ,x w\ld be kn[n = weeks !n t ! ev5t :i* ,newton contemplat$ z likely to cause a trem5d\s outbur/ ( sol> heat1 compet5t to de/roy all life ^u ! surface ( our e>?1 0 ab\t to take place2 &1 d\btless1 ! m9ds ( _m /ud5ts ( sci5ce w\ld be ex]cis$ dur+ t int]val 9 det]m9+ :e!r ,newton 0 "r or wrong4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h v little d\bt t1 ?\gh ! *ange 9 ! sun's condition 9 consequ5ce ( ! direct d[nfall ^u 8 surface ( a v l>ge comet w\ld be b tempor>y1 & 9 t s5se slight--= :at are a few weeks 9 ! hi/ory ( an orb :i* has already exi/$ dur+ ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s8--yet ! effect ^u ! inhabitants ( ! e>? w\ld be by no means slight4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t any /ud5ts ( sci5ce w\ld rema91 aft] ! cata/rophe1 to e/imate or to record its effects4 ,=tunately1 all t we h le>n$ hi!rto f ! />s fav\rs ! belief t1 :ile a cata/rophe ( ?is sort may be possible1 x is exce$+ly unlikely4 ,we may e/imate ! probabilities precisely 9 ! same way t an insurance company e/imates ! *ance ( a railway accid5t4 ,su* a company consid]s ! numb] ( accid5ts :i* occur among a giv5 numb] ( railway j\rneys1 & f ! smallness ( ! numb] ( accid5ts comp>$ ) ! l>g5ess ( ! numb] ( j\rneys e/imates ! safety ( railway travell+4 ,our sun is "o among _m millions ( suns1 any "o ( :i* 7?\gh all b a few ?\s&s are actually invisible7 w\ld become visible to ! nak$ eye1 if expos$ to ! same conditions z h affect$ ! suns 9 flames describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,see+1 !n1 t dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s or !reab\ts1 only a few in/ances ( ! k9d1 c]ta9ly n s _m z tw5ty1 h be5 record$1 :ile !re is reason to believe t "s ( ^! relate to ! same /> :i* has blaz$ out m ?an once1 we may fairly consid] ! *ance exce$+ly small t dur+ ! next two ?\s&1 or ev5 ! next tw5ty ?\s& ye>s1 our sun w be expos$ to a cata/rophe ( ! k9d4 ,we might arrive at ?is conclusion indep5d5tly ( any consid]ations t5d+ to %[ t our sun belongs to a safe class ( sy/em-rul]s1 & t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! great sol> cata/rophes h occurr$ among suns ( a p>ticul> class4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al consid]ations ( ! k9d :i* are wor? not+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may dismiss z altoge!r unlikely ! visit ( a comet f ! />-dep?s to our sun1 on a c\rse c>ry+ ! comet directly ^u ! sun's surface4 ,b if1 among ! comets travell+ 9 regul> att5dance ^u ! sun1 !re be "o ^: orbit int]sects ! sun's globe1 !n t comet mu/ sev]al times ere ?is h /ruck ! sun1 rais+ him tempor>ily to a de/ructive degree ( heat4 ,n[1 su* a comet mu/ h a p]iod ( enorm\s l5g?1 = ! races ( animals n[ exi/+ ^u ! e>? mu/ all h be5 =m$ s9ce t comet's la/ visit--on ! assumption1 be x rememb]$1 t ! fall ( a l>ge comet ^u ! sun1 or r ! direct passage ( ! sun ?r\gh ! meteoric nucleus ( a l>ge comet1 w\ld excite ! sun to de/ructive heat4 ,if all liv+ creatures on ! e>? are to be de/roy$ :5 "s comet belong+ to ! sol> sy/em makes its next return to ! sun1 t same comet at its la/ visit mu/ h rais$ ! sun to an equal1 or ev5 great] int5sity ( heat1 s t ei!r no su* races z at pres5t exi/ _h !n come into be+1 or1 if any su* exi/$1 !y mu/ at t "t h be5 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,we may fairly believe t all comets ( ! de/ructive sort h be5 elim9at$4 ,judg+ f ! evid5ce we h on ! subject1 ! process ( ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em 0 "o :i* involv$ ! utilisation ( cometic & meteoric matt]2 & x =tunately s *anc$ t ! comets likely o!rwise to h be5 mo/ mis*iev\s--^?1 namely1 :i* cross$ ! track ( planets1 & /ill m ^? ^: pa?s int]sect$ ! globe ( ! sun--7 precisely ^? :i* w\ld be e>lie/ & mo/ ?or\ghly us$ up 9 ?is way4 ,secondly1 x is notewor?y t all ! />s :i* h blaz$ out sudd5ly1 except "o1 h appe>$ 9 a p>ticul> region ( ! heav5s--! zone ( ! ,milky ,way 7all1 too1 on "o half ( t zone74 ,! s+le exception is ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 & t /> appe>$ 9 a region :i* ,i h f\nd to be connect$ ) ! ,milky ,way by a well-m>k$ /ream ( />s1 n a /ream ( a few />s scatt]$ "h & !re1 b a /ream :]e ?\s&s ( />s are closely aggregat$ toge!r1 ?\gh n q s closely z to =m a visible ext5sion ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,9 my map ( #cbd1jjj />s ?is /ream c be q cle>ly recognis$2 b1 inde$1 ! bright] />s scatt]$ along x =m a /ream recognisable ) ! nak$ eye1 & h long s9ce be5 reg>d$ by a/ronom]s z su*1 =m+ ! />s ( ! ,s]p5t & ! ,cr[n1 or a s]p5t9e /reak foll[$ by a loop ( />s %ap$ l a coronet4 ,n[ ! ,milky ,way1 & ! outly+ /reams ( />s connect$ ) x1 seem to =m a region ( ! /ell> univ]se :]e fa%ion+ processes are /ill at "w4 ,z ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el long s9ce po9t$ out1 we c recognise 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 & *ief among ! regions :]e z yet ,nature's "w seems incomplete1 is ! ,galactic zone--especially t half ( x :]e ! ,milky ,way consi/s ( irregul> /reams & cl\ds ( /ell> light4 ,z !re is no reason = believ+ t our sun belongs to ?is "p ( ! galaxy1 b on ! contr>y good gr\nd = consid]+ t he belongs to ! class ( insulat$ />s1 few ( :i* h %[n signs ( irregul> v>iation1 :ile none h ev] blaz$ sudd5ly out ) _m hundr$ times _! =m] lu/re1 we may fairly inf] a v high degree ( probability 9 fav\r ( ! belief t1 = _m ages /ill to come1 ! sun w cont9ue /eadily to dis*>ge 8 duties z fire1 light1 & life ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,r+s ,,( ,,saturn4 ,! r+s ( ,saturn1 always among ! mo/ int]e/+ objects ( a/ronomical rese>*1 h rec5tly be5 subject$ to close scrut9y "u high telescopic p[]s by ,mr4 ,tr\velot1 ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 ,cambridge1 ,u4,s4 ,! results :i* he has obta9$ af=d v significant evid5ce respect+ ^! /range app5dages1 & ev5 ?r[ "s degree ( light on ! subject ( cosmical evolution4 ,! pres5t "t1 :5 ,saturn is ! rul+ planet ( ! night1 seems fav\rable = giv+ a brief acc\nt ( rec5t speculations respect+ ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em1 especially z ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,tr\velot appe> to remove all d\bt z to ! true nature ( ! r+s1 if inde$ any d\bt c\ld reasonably be ent]ta9$ aft] ! inve/igations made by ,european & ,am]ican a/ronom]s :5 ! d>k inn] r+ _h b rec5tly be5 recognis$4 ,x may be well to give a brief acc\nt ( ! progress ( obs]vation f ! "t :5 ! r+s 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,9 pass+1 ,i may rem>k t ! failure ( ,galileo to asc]ta9 ! real %ape ( ^! app5dages has always seem$ to me to af=d /rik+ evid5ce ( ! importance ( c>eful reason+ ^u all obs]vations ^: actual significance is n at once app>5t4 ,if ,galileo _h be5 ?us c>eful to analyse 8 obs]vations ( ,saturn1 he c\ld n h fail$ to asc]ta9 _! real mean+4 ,he _h se5 ! planet app>5tly att5d$ by two l>ge satellites1 "o on ei!r side1 'z ?\gh support+ ! ag$ ,saturn ^u 8 sl[ c\rse ar\nd ! sun4' ,night aft] night he _h se5 ^! att5dants1 always simil>ly plac$1 "o on ei!r side ( ! planet1 & at equal di/ances f x4 ,!n 9 #afab he _h aga9 exam9$ ! planet1 & lo1 ! att5dants _h vani%$1 'z ?\gh ,saturn _h be5 at 8 old tricks1 & _h dev\r$ 8 *ildr54' ,b aft] a :ile ! att5dant orbs _h reappe>$ 9 _! =m] positions1 _h seem$ sl[ly to gr[ l>g]1 until at l5g? !y _h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( two pairs ( mighty arms encompass+ ! planet4 ,if ,galileo _h reason$ ^u ^! *anges ( appe>ance1 he c\ld n h fail$1 z x seems to me1 to int]pret _! true mean+4 ,! ?ree =ms "u :i* ! r+s _h be5 se5 by him suffic$ to indicate ! true %ape ( ! app5dage4 ,because ,saturn 0 se5 ) two att5dants ( app>5tly equal size & always equi-di/ant f him1 x 0 c]ta9 t !re mu/ be "s app5dage surr\nd+ him1 & ext5d+ to t di/ance f 8 globe4 ,because ?is app5dage disappe>$1 x 0 c]ta9 t x mu/ be ?9 & flat4 ,because x appe>$ at ano!r "t ) a d>k space betwe5 ! arms & ! planet1 x 0 c]ta9 t ! app5dage is sep>at$ by a wide gap f ! body ( ! planet4 ,s t ,galileo might h conclud$--n d\btfully1 b ) assur$ confid5ce--t ! app5dage is a ?9 flat r+ n[h]e atta*$ to ! planet1 or1 z ,huygh5s said "s =ty ye>s lat]1 ,saturn 'annulo c+itur t5ui1 plano1 nusquam coha]5te4' ,:e!r su* reason+ w\ld h be5 accept$ by ! contempor>ies ( ,galileo may be d\btful4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 are n cont5t ) reason+ :i* is logically s\nd1 b require evid5ce :i* !y c easily und]/&4 ,v likely ,huygh5s' pro( f direct obs]vation1 ?\gh 9 reality n a :it m complete & f> r\gh]1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z ! fir/ true pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,saturn's r+1 j z ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's obs]vation ( "o /> actually mov+ r\nd ano!r 0 reg>d$ z ! fir/ true pro( ( ! physical association ( c]ta9 />s1 a fact :i* ,mi*ell _h prov$ z completely & f> m neatly half a c5tury e>li]1 by a me?od1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 'cavi>e to ! g5]al4' ,h[ev]1 z matt]s *anc$1 ! sci5tific _w 0 n call$ ^u to decide betwe5 ! m]its ( a discov]y made by direct obs]vation & "o effect$ by means ( ab/ract reason+4 ,x 0 n until ,saturn _h be5 exam9$ ) mu* high] telescopic p[] ?an ,galileo c\ld employ1 t ! app5dage :i* _h s p]plex$ ! ,flor5t9e a/ronom] 0 se5 to be a ?9 flat r+1 n[h]e t\*+ ! planet1 & consid]ably incl9$ to ! plane 9 :i* ,saturn travels4 ,we _c wond] t ! discov]y 0 reg>d$ z a mo/ int]e/+ "o4 ,a/ronom]s _h h]et(ore _h to deal ) solid masses1 ei!r kn[n to be sph]oidal1 l ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ,jupit]1 & ,v5us1 or presum$ to be s1 l ! />s4 ,! comets might be judg$ to be vapor\s masses ( v>i\s =ms2 b ev5 ^! 7 suppos$ to surr\nd or to att5d ^u globe-%ap$ nucle> masses4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ,saturn's r+1 0 a quoit-%ap$ body travell+ ar\nd ! sun 9 cont9ual att5dance ^u ,saturn1 ^: motions1 no matt] h[ !y v>i$ 9 velocity or direction1 7 s closely foll[$ by ?is /range att5dant t ! planet rema9$ always c5trally pois$ )9 ! span ( its r+-girdle4 ,to appreciate ! int]e/ ) :i* ?is /range ph5om5on 0 reg>d$1 we mu/ rememb] t z yet ! law ( gravity _h n be5 recognis$4 ,huygh5s discov]$ ! r+ 7or r p]ceiv$ its nature7 9 #afei1 b x 0 n till #afff t ,newton fir/ ent]ta9$ ! idea t ! moon is reta9$ 9 its orbit ab\t ! e>? by ! attractive en]gy :i* causes unsupport$ bodies to fall e>?w>ds2 & he 0 unable to demon/rate ! law ( gravity be=e #afhd4 ,n[1 9 a g5]al s5se1 we c readily und]/& 9 ^! days h[ a r+ ar\nd a planet cont9ues to travel along ) ! planet despite all *anges ( velocity or direction ( motion4 ,= ! law ( gravity tea*es t ! same causes :i* t5d to *ange ! direction & velocity ( ! planet's motion t5d 9 precisely ! same degree to *ange ! direction & velocity ( ! r+'s motion4 ,b :5 ,huygh5s made 8 discov]y x mu/ h appe>$ a mo/ my/]i\s circum/ance t a r+ & planet %\ld be ?us con/antly associat$--t dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s no collision %\ld h occurr$ :]eby ! relatively delicate /ructure ( ! r+ _h be5 de/roy$4 ,only six ye>s lat] a discov]y 0 made by two ,engli% obs]v]s1 ,william & ,?omas ,ball1 :i* enhanc$ ! my/]y4 ,obs]v+ ! nor!rn face ( ! r+1 :i* 0 at t "t turn$ e>?w>ds1 !y p]ceiv$ a black /ripe ( consid]able bread? divid+ ! r+ into two conc5tric portions4 ,! discov]y did n attract s mu* att5tion z x des]v$1 insomu* t :5 ,cass9i1 t5 ye>s lat]1 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( a correspond+ d>k division on ! s\!rn surface1 none recall$ ! obs]vation made by ! bro!rs ,ball4 ,cass9i express$ ! op9ion t ! r+ is really divid$ into two1 n m]ely m>k$ by a d>k /ripe on its s\!rn face4 ,?is conclusion w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 an assur$ "o1 _h ! previ\s obs]vation ( a d>k division on ! nor!rn face be5 rememb]$4 ,) ! k :i* we n[ possess1 inde$1 ! d>kness ( ! seem+ /ripe w\ld be suffici5t evid5ce t !re mu/ be a real division !re betwe5 ! r+s2 = we "k t no m]e d>kness ( ! r+'s sub/ance c\ld acc\nt = ! app>5t d>kness ( ! /ripe4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 t if ! moon's :ole surface c\ld be cov]$ ) black velvet1 %e w\ld yet appe> :ite :5 se5 on ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! sky4 ,& x may be d\bt$ :e!r a circul> /rip ( black velvet #bjjj miles wide1 plac$ :]e we see ! d>k division betwe5 ! r+s1 w\ld appe> ne>ly z d>k z t division4 ,s9ce we c\ld only admit ! possibility ( "s sub/ance resembl+ our d>k] rocks occupy+ ?is position 7= we "k ( no?+ to ju/ify ! supposition t a sub/ance z d>k z lampblack or black velvet c\ld be !re71 we are manife/ly preclud$ f suppos+ t ! d>k space is o!r ?an a division betwe5 two di/9ct r+s4 ,yet ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 9 exam9+ ! r+s ( ,saturn ) 8 p[]ful telescopes1 = a long "t fav\r$ ! !ory t !re is no real division4 ,he call$ x ! 'broad black m>k1' & argu$ t x c nei!r indicate ! exi/5ce ( a zone ( hills ^u ! r+1 nor ( a va/ cav]n\s groove1 = 9 ei!r case x w\ld pres5t *anges ( appe>ance 7accord+ to ! r+'s *anges ( position7 su* z he 0 unable to detect4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #agij1 elev5 ye>s aft] 8 obs]vations _h comm5c$1 t1 p]ceiv+ a correspond+ broad black m>k ^u ! r+'s s\!rn face1 ,h]s*el express$ a 'suspicion' t ! r+ is divid$ into two conc5tric portions by a circul> gap ne>ly #bjjj miles 9 wid?4 ,he express$ at ! same "t1 v /rongly1 8 belief t ?is division 0 ! only "o 9 ,saturn's r+-sy/em4 ,a special int]e/ atta*$ at t "t to ! "q :e!r ! r+ is divid$ or n1 = ,laplace _h !n rec5tly publi%$ ! results ( 8 ma!matical inquiry into ! movem5ts ( su* a r+ z ,saturn's1 &1 hav+ prov$ t a s+le solid r+ ( su* enorm\s wid? c\ld n cont9ue to move ar\nd ! planet1 _h express$ ! op9ion t ,saturn's r+ consi/s 9 reality ( _m conc5tric r+s1 ea* turn+1 ) its own prop] rotation rate1 ar\nd ! c5tral planet4 ,x is s+ul> t ,h]s*el1 :o1 ?\gh n v]s$ 9 ! me?ods ( ! high] ma!matics1 _h consid]able native p[] z a ma!matician1 0 unable to p]ceive ! =ce ( ,laplace's reason+4 ,inde$1 ?is is "o ( ^? cases :]e cle>ness ( p]ception r ?an pr(undity ( ma!matical insight 0 requir$4 ,laplace's equations ( motion did n express all ! relations involv$1 nor 0 x possible to judge1 f ! results he d$uc$1 h[ f> ! /ability ( ! ,saturnian r+s dep5d$ on ! real /ructure ( ^! app5dages4 ,"o :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) me*anical matt]s1 & suffici5tly v]s$ 9 ma!matics to und]/& h[ to e/imate g5]ally ! =ces act+ ^u ! r+-sy/em1 c\ld h p]ceiv$ z readily ! g5]al conditions ( ! problem z ! mo/ pr(\nd ma!matician4 ,"o may comp>e ! case to ! problem ( det]m9+ :e!r ! action ( ! moon 9 caus+ ! tidal wave modifies 9 any mann] ! e>?'s motion ( rotation4 ,we "k t z a ma!matical "q ?is is a v difficult "o4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 = example1 n long ago dealt ) x analytically1 & d$uc$ ! conclusion t !re is no effect on ! e>?'s rotation1 pres5tly h[ev]1 discov]+ by a lucky *ance a t]m 9 ! result :i* indicates an effect ( t k9d4 ,b if we look at ! matt] 9 its me*anical aspect1 we p]ceive at once1 )\t any pr(\nd ma!matical rese>*1 t ! ret>dation s h>d to detect ma!matically mu/ necess>ily take place4 ,z ,sir ,e4 ,beckett says 9 8 ma/]ly "w1 ,a/ronomy )\t ,ma!matics1 '! conclusion is z evid5t )\t ma!matics z ) !m1 :5 once x has be5 sugge/$4' ,s :5 we consid] ! case ( a wide flat r+ surr\nd+ a mighty planet l ,saturn1 we p]ceive t no?+ c\ld possibly save su* a r+ f de/ruction if x 7 really "o solid /ructure4 ,to recognise ?is ! m cle>ly1 let u fir/ notice ! dim5sions ( ! planet & r+s4 ,we h 9 ,saturn a globe ab\t #gj1jjj miles 9 mean diamet]1 an equatorial diamet] be+ ab\t #gc1jjj miles1 ! pol> diamet] #ff1jjj miles4 ,! attractive =ce ( ?is mighty mass ^u bodies plac$ on its surface is equal to ab\t "o-fif? m ?an t]re/rial gravity if ! body is ne> ! pole ( ,saturn1 & is almo/ exactly ! same z t]re/rial gravity if ! body is at ! planet's equator4 ,its action on ! matt] ( ! r+ is1 ( c\rse1 v mu* less1 because ( ! increas$ di/ance1 b /ill a =ce is ex]t$ on e "p ( ! r+ :i* is comp>able ) ! famili> =ce ( t]re/rial gravity4 ,! out] edge ( ! out] r+ lies ab\t #hc1ejj miles f ! planet's c5tre1 ! inn] edge ( ! inn] r+ 7,i speak ?r\gh\t ( ! r+-sy/em z kn[n to ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el & ,laplace7 ab\t #ed1ejj miles f ! c5tre1 ! bread? ( ! sy/em ( bright r+s be+ ab\t #bi1jjj miles4 ,betwe5 ! planet's equator & ! inn] edge ( ! inn]mo/ bright r+ !re int]v5es a space ( ab\t #bj1jjj miles4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x may be said t ! attraction ( ! planet on ! sub/ance ( ! r+'s inn] edge is less ?an gravity at ,saturn's equator 7or1 :i* is almo/ exactly ! same ?+1 is less ?an t]re/rial gravity7 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #i to #bj2 or1 /ill m r\ghly1 ! inn] edge ( ,saturn's inn] bright r+ is drawn inw>ds by ab\t half ! =ce ( gravity at ! e>?'s surface4 ,! out] edge is drawn t[>ds ,saturn by a =ce less ?an t]re/rial gravity 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #c to #af--say r\ghly t ! =ce ?us ex]t$ by ,saturn on ! matt] ( ! out] edge ( ! r+-sy/em is equival5t to ab\t "o-fif? ( ! =ce ( gravity at ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is cle>1 fir/1 t if ! r+-sy/em did n rotate1 ! =ces ?us act+ on ! mat]ial ( ! r+s w\ld imm$iately break !m into fragm5ts1 &1 dragg+ ^! d[n to ! planet's equator1 w\ld leave !m scatt]$ 9 heaps ^u t portion ( ,saturn's surface4 ,! r+ w\ld 9 fact be 9 t case l a mighty ar*1 ea* portion ( :i* w\ld be drawn t[>ds ,saturn's c5tre by its own weight4 ,?is weight w\ld be enorm\s if ,bessel's e/imate ( ! mass ( ! r+-sy/em is correct4 ,he made ! mass ( ! r+ r great] ?an ! mass ( ! e>?--an e/imate :i* ,i believe to be greatly 9 excess ( ! tru?4 ,probably ! r+s d n am\nt 9 mass to m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! e>?'s mass4 ,b ev5 t is enorm\s1 & subject$ z is ! mat]ial ( ! r+s to =ces v>y+ f "o-half to a fif? ( t]re/rial gravity1 ! /ra9s & pressures ^u ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em w\ld exce$ ?\s&s ( times ^? :i* ev5 ! /ronge/ mat]ial built up into _! %ape c\ld resi/4 ,! sy/em w\ld no m be able to resi/ su* /ra9s & pressures ?an an ar* ( iron spann+ ! ,atlantic w\ld be able to su/a9 its own weight aga9/ ! e>?'s attraction4 ,x w\ld be necess>y !n t ! r+-sy/em %\ld rotate ar\nd ! planet4 ,b x is cle> t ! prop] rate ( rotation = ! out] portion w\ld be v diff]5t f ! rate suit$ = ! inn] portion4 ,9 ord] t ! inn] portion %\ld travel ar\nd ,saturn entirely reliev$ ( its weight1 x %\ld complete a revolution 9 ab\t sev5 h\rs tw5ty-?ree m9utes4 ,! out] portion1 h[ev]1 %\ld revolve 9 ab\t ?irte5 h\rs fifty-eight m9utes1 or ne>ly f\rte5 h\rs4 ,?us ! inn] "p %\ld rotate 9 little m ?an half ! "t requir$ by ! out] "p4 ,! result w\ld necess>ily be t ! r+-sy/em w\ld be affect$ by trem5d\s /ra9s1 :i* x w\ld be q unable to resi/4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! great division w\ld manife/ly g f> to dim9i% ! /ra9s4 ,x is easily %[n t ! rate ( turn+ :]e ! division is1 w\ld be once 9 ab\t elev5 h\rs & tw5ty-five m9utes1 n diff]+ greatly f ! mean betwe5 ! rotation-p]iods = ! outside & = ! inside edges ( ! sy/em4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! /ra9s w\ld be hundr$s ( times great] ?an ! mat]ial ( ! r+ c\ld resi/4 ,a mass comp>able 9 weight to our e>?1 compell$ to rotate 9 7say7 n9e h\rs :5 x ought to rotate 9 elev5 or 9 sev51 w\ld be subject$ to /ra9s exce$+ _m times ! resi/ances :i* ! cohesive p[] ( its sub/ance c\ld af=d4 ,t w\ld be ! condition ( ! inn] r+4 ,& 9 l mann] ! out] r+1 if x rotat$ 9 ab\t twelve h\rs & ?ree-qu>t]s1 w\ld h its out] portions rotat+ too fa/ & its inn] portions too sl[ly1 because _! prop] p]iods w\ld be f\rte5 h\rs & elev5 h\rs & a half respectively4 ,no?+ b ! division ( ! r+ into a numb] ( n>r[ hoops c\ld possibly save x f de/ruction ?r\gh ! int]nal /ra9s & pressures to :i* its mat]ial w\ld be subject$4 ,ev5 ?is complicat$ arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld n save ! r+-sy/em4 ,if we suppose a f9e hoop to turn ar\nd a c5tral attract+ body z ! r+s ( ,saturn rotate ar\nd ! planet1 x may be %[n t unless ! hoop is s weight$ t its c5tre ( gravity is f> f ! planet1 !re w be no /ability 9 ! result+ motions2 ! hoop w be=e long be made to rotate ecc5trically1 & ev5tually be br\ght into de/ructive collision ) ! c5tral planet4 ,x 0 "h t ,laplace left ! problem4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m unsatisfactory ?an 8 result1 ?\gh x 0 accept$ = ne>ly half a c5tury unque/ion$4 ,he _h %[n t a weight$ f9e hoop may possibly turn ar\nd a c5tral attract+ mass )\t de/ructive *anges ( position1 b he _h n prov$ m ?an ! b>e possibility ( ?is1 :ile no?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ,saturn's r+s sugge/s t any su* arrangem5t exi/s4 ,aga91 manife/ly a multitude ( n>r[ hoops1 s comb9$ z to =m a broad flat sy/em ( r+s1 w\ld be con/antly 9 collision int] se4 ,besides1 ea* "o ( !m w\ld be subject$ to de/ructive /ra9s4 ,= ?\gh a f9e uni=m hoop set rotat+ at a prop] rate ar\nd an attract+ mass at its c5tre w\ld be fre$ f all /ra9s1 ! case is v diff]5t ) a hoop s weight$ z to h its c5tre ( gravity greatly displac$4 ,laplace _h sav$ ! !oretical /ability ( ! motions ( a f9e r+ at ! exp5se ( ! r+'s p[] ( resi/+ ! /ra9s to :i* x w\ld be expos$4 ,x seems incr$ible t su* a result 7express$1 too1 v d\bt+ly by ! di/+ui%$ ma!matician :o _h obta9$ x7 %\ld h be5 accept$ s long almo/ )\t "q4 ,!re is no?+ 9 nature 9 ! remote/ degree resembl+ ! arrangem5t imag9$ by ,laplace1 :i* inde$ appe>s on a priori gr\nds impossible4 ,x 0 n claim$ = x t x remov$ ! orig9al difficulties ( ! problem2 & x introduc$ o!rs fully z s]i\s4 ,s /rong1 h[ev]1 is au?ority 9 ! sci5tific _w t none v5tur$ to express any d\bts except ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 :o simply d5i$ t ! two r+s 7 divid$ into _m1 z ,laplace's !ory requir$4 ,z "t w5t on & ! signs ( _m divisions 7 at times recognis$1 x 0 suppos$ t ,laplace's reason+ _h be5 ju/ifi$2 & despite ! utt] impossibility ( ! arrangem5t he _h sugge/$1 t arrangem5t 0 ord9>ily describ$ z probably exi/+4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 a discov]y 0 made :i* caus$ ! :ole "q to be reop5$4 ,on ,novemb] #aj1 #ahej1 ,w4 ,bond1 obs]v+ ! planet ) ! telescope ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 p]ceiv$ )9 ! inn] bright r+ a feeble illum9ation :i* he 0 at a loss to und]/&4 ,on ! next night ! fa9t light 0 bett] se54 ,on ! #ae?1 ,tuttle1 :o 0 obs]v+ ) ,bond1 sugge/$ ! idea t ! light )9 ! inn] bright r+ 0 due to a dusky r+ inside ! sy/em ( bright r+s4 ,on ,novemb] #be1 ,mr4 ,dawes 9 ,engl& p]ceiv$ ?is dusky r+1 & ann\nc$ ! discov]y be=e ! news _h rea*$ ,engl& t ,bond _h already se5 ! d>k r+4 ,! cr$it ( ! discov]y is usually %>$ betwe5 ,bond & ,dawes1 ?\gh ! usual rule 9 su* matt]s w\ld assign ! discov]y to ,bond alone4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! d>k r+ _h already be5 se5 at ,rome s f> back z #ahbh1 & aga9 by ,galle at ,b]l9 9 ,may #ahch4 ,! ,roman obs]vations 7 n satisfactory4 ,^? by ,galle1 h[ev]1 7 suffici5t to h e/abli%$ ! fact ( ! r+'s exi/5ce2 inde$1 9 #ahci ,galle measur$ ! d>k r+4 ,b v little att5tion 0 attract$ to ?is int]e/+ discov]y1 insomu* t :5 ,bond & ,dawes ann\nc$ _! obs]vation ( ! d>k r+ 9 #ahej1 ! news 0 receiv$ by a/ronom]s ) all ! int]e/ atta*+ to ! detection ( be=e unnot$ ph5om5a4 ,x may be well to notice "u :at conditions ! d>k r+ 0 detect$ 9 #ahej4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahdh ! r+ _h be5 turn$ edgewise t[>ds ! sun1 & z r m ?an sev5 ye>s are occupi$ 9 ! app>5t gradual op5+ out ( ! r+ f t edge view to its mo/ op5 appe>ance 7:5 ! outl9e ( ! r+-sy/em is an eclipse ^: less] axis is ne>ly equal to half ! great]71 x w be se5 t 9 ,novemb] #ahej ! r+s 7 b slightly op5$4 ,?us ! recognition ( ! d>k r+ )9 ! bright sy/em 0 made "u unfav\rable conditions4 ,= f\r prec$+ ye>s--t is1 f ! ye> #ahdf--! r+s _h be5 z little or less op5$2 & aga9 = sev]al ye>s prec$+ #ahdf1 ?\gh ! r+s _h be5 m op51 ! planet _h be5 unfav\rably plac$ = obs]vation 9 nor!rn latitudes1 cross+ ! m]idian at l[ altitudes4 ,/ill1 9 #ahch & #ahci1 :5 ! r+s 7 mo/ op51 al?\gh ! planet 0 nev] se5 "u fav\rable conditions1 ! op5+ ( ! r+s1 !n ne>ly at its greate/1 made ! recognition ( ! d>k r+ possible2 & we h se5 t ,galle !n made ! discov]y4 ,:5 ,bond r$iscov]$ ! d>k r+1 ev]y?+ promis$ t be=e long ! app5dage w\ld be visible ) telescopes f> inf]ior 9 p[] to ! great ,h>v>d refractor4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! planet 0 becom+ m fav\rably plac$ = obs]vation1 :ile all ! "t ! r+s 7 op5+ out4 ,accord+ly x ne$ n surprise u to le>n t 9 #ahec ! d>k r+ 0 se5 ) a telescope less ?an ?ree in*es & a half 9 ap]ture4 ,ev5 s e>ly z #ahea1 ,mr4 ,h>tnup1 obs]v+ ! planet ) a telescope eight in*es & a half 9 ap]ture1 f\nd t '! d>k r+ c\ld n be ov]look$ = an in/ant4' ,b :ile ?is increase 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! d>k r+ 0 to be expect$1 f ! m]e fact t ! r+ 0 discov]$ "u relatively unfav\rable conditions1 yet ! fact t ,saturn 0 ?us f\nd to h an app5dage ( a rem>kable "*1 p]fectly obvi\s ev5 ) mod]ate telescopic p[]1 0 manife/ly mo/ surpris+4 ,! planet _h be5 /udi$ = ne>ly two c5turies ) telescopes exce$+ 9 p[] ^? ) :i* ! d>k r+ 0 n[ p]ceiv$4 ,"s among ^! telescopes 7 n only ( great p[]1 b employ$ by obs]v]s ( ! utmo/ skill4 ,! eld] ,h]s*el _h = a qu>t] ( a c5tury /udi$ ,saturn ) 8 great reflectors eighte5 in*es 9 ap]ture1 & _h at times turn$ on ! planet 8 mon/r\s 7?\gh n mighty7 f\r-feet mirror4 ,s*roet] _h exam9$ ! d>k space )9 ! inn] bright r+ = ! special purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r ! r+-sy/em is really disconnect$ f ! globe4 ,he _h us$ a mirror n9ete5 in*es 9 ap]ture1 & he _h obs]v$ t ! d>k space se5 on ei!r side ( ,saturn inside ! r+-sy/em n only appe>$ d>k1 b actually d>k] ?an ! surr\nd+ sky4 ,?is 0 presumably 7?\gh n q c]ta9ly7 an effect ( contra/ only1 ! d>k space be+ b\nd$ all r\nd by bright surfaces4 ,if real1 ! ph5om5on signifi$ t :]eas ! space outside ! r+1 :]e ! satellites ( ! planet travel1 0 occupi$ by "s sort ( cosmical du/1 ! space )9 ! r+-sy/em 01 z x 71 swept & g>ni%$1 z ?\gh all ! scatt]$ matt] :i* might o!rwise h occupi$ t region _h be5 ei!r attract$ to ! body ( ! planet or to ! r+s4#cf ,b manife/ly ! obs]vation 0 entirely inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t !re exi/$ 9 ,s*roet]'s "t a d>k or dusky r+ )9 ! bright sy/em4 ,aga91 ! eld] ,/ruve made ! mo/ c>eful measurem5t ( ! :ole ( ! r+-sy/em 9 #ahbf1 :5 ! sy/em 0 z well plac$ = obs]vation z 9 #ahef 7or1 9 o!r words1 z well plac$ z x c possibly be72 b ?\gh he us$ a telescope n9e in*es & a half 9 ap]ture1 & ?\gh 8 att5tion 0 specially attract$ to ! inn] edge ( ! inn] bright r+ 7:i* seem$ to him indi/9ct71 he did n detect ! d>k r+4 ,yet we h se5 t 9 #ahea1 "u mu* less fav\rable conditions1 a less practis$ obs]v]1 us+ a telescope ( less ap]ture1 f\nd t ! d>k r+ c\ld n be ov]look$ = an in/ant4 ,x is manife/ t all ^! consid]ations po9t to ! conclusion t ! d>k r+ is a new =mation1 or1 at ! lea/1 t x has *ang$ notably 9 condition dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,i h hi!rto only consid]$ ! appe>ance ( ! dusky r+ z se5 on ei!r side ( ! planet's globe )9 ! bright r+s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! app5dage rema9s /ill to be m5tion$--! fact1 namely1 t ! bright body ( ! planet c be se5 ?r\gh ?is dusky r+4 ,:]e ! d>k r+ crosses ! planet1 x appe>s z a r d>k belt1 :i* might readily be mi/ak5 = a belt ^u ! planet's surface2 = ! outl9e ( ! planet c be se5 ?r\gh ! r+ z ?r\gh a film ( smoke or a crape veil4 ,n[ x is wor?y ( notice t :]eas ! d>k r+ 0 n detect$ outside ! planet's body until #ahch1 nor g5]ally recognis$ by a/ronom]s until #ahej1 ! d>k belt across ! planet1 really caus$ by ! dusky r+1 0 obs]v$ m ?an a c5tury e>li]4 ,9 #agae ! y\ng] ,cass9i saw x1 & p]ceiv$ t x 0 n curv$ en\gh = a belt really belong+ to ! planet4 ,hadley aga9 obs]v$ t ! belt att5d$ ! r+ z ?is op5$ out & clos$1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! d>k belt belong$ to ! r+1 n to ! body ( ! planet4 ,& 9 _m pictures ( ,saturn's sy/em a d>k b& is %[n along ! inn] edge ( ! inn] bright r+ :]e x crosses ! body ( ! planet4 ,x seems to me t we h "h a mo/ important piece ( evid5ce respect+ ! r+s4 ,x is cle> t ! inn] "p ( ! inn] bright r+ has = m ?an a c5tury & a half 7h[ mu* m we d n "k7 be5 p>tially transp>5t1 & x is probable t )9 its inn] edge !re has be5 all ! "t a r+ ( matt]2 b ?is r+ has only )9 ! la/ half-c5tury ga!r$ consi/5cy en\gh to be disc]nible4 ,x is manife/ t ! exi/5ce ( ! d>k belt %[n 9 ! old] pictures w\ld h l$ directly to ! detection ( ! d>k r+1 _h n ?is app5dage be5 exce$+ly fa9t4 ,?us1 :ile ! obs]vation ( ! d>k belt across ! planet's face proves ! dusky r+ to h exi/$ 9 "s =m long be=e x 0 p]ceiv$1 ! same fact only helps to r5d] u c]ta9 t ! d>k r+ has *ang$ notably 9 condition dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! discov]y ( ?is s+ul> app5dage1 an object unique 9 ! sol> sy/em1 naturally attract$ fre% att5tion to ! "q ( ! /ability ( ! r+s4 ,! idea 0 ?r[n out by ! eld] ,bond t ! new r+ may be fluid1 or ev5 t ! :ole r+-sy/em may be fluid1 & ! d>k r+ simply ?9n] ?an ! re/4 ,x 0 ?\ght possible t ! r+-sy/em is ( ! nature ( a va/ ocean1 ^: waves are /eadily advanc+ ^u ! planet's globe4 ,! ma!matical inve/igation ( ! subject 0 also resum$ by ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,pi]ce1 ( ,h>v>d1 & x 0 satisfactorily demon/rat$ t ! /ability ( a sy/em ( actual r+s ( solid matt] requir$ s nice an adju/m5t ( s _m n>r[ r+s z to r5d] ! sy/em f> m complex ?an ev5 ,laplace _h suppos$4 ',a /able =mation c1' he said1 'be no?+ o!r ?an a v great numb] ( sep>ate n>r[ rigid r+s1 ea* revolv+ ) its prop] relative velocity4' ,z 0 well rem>k$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 ',if ?is arrangem5t or any?+ l x 7 real1 h[ _m new conditions ( in/ability d we introduce4 ,obs]vation tells u t ! division betwe5 su* r+s mu/ be extremely n>r[1 s t ! slighte/ di/urbance by ext]nal or int]nal causes w\ld cause "o r+ to imp+e ^u ano!r2 & we %\ld ?us h ! se$ ( p]petual cata/rophes4' ,nor w\ld su* a con/itution protect ! sy/em aga9/ dissolution4 ',!re is no escape f ! difficulties1 !re=e1 b ?r\gh ! f9al rejection ( ! idea t ,saturn's r+s are rigid or 9 any s5se a solid =mation4' ,! idea t ! r+-sy/em may be fluid came naturally next "u ma!matical scrut9y4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! physical objections to ! !ory ( fluidity appe> to h be5 entirely ov]look$4 ,be=e we c\ld accept su* a !ory1 we mu/ admit ! exi/5ce ( elem5ts diff]+ entirely f ^? ) :i* we are famili>4 ,no fluid kn[n to u c\ld reta9 ! =m ( ! r+s ( ,saturn "u ! conditions to :i* !y are expos$4 ,b ! ma!matical exam9ation ( ! subject dispos$ s ?or\ghly ( ! !ory t ! r+s c consi/ ( cont9u\s fluid masses1 t we ne$ n n[ discuss ! physical objections to ! !ory4 ,!re rema9s only ! !ory t ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em consi/s ( discrete masses analog\s to ! /reams ( meteors kn[n to exi/ 9 great numb]s )9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,! masses may be solid or fluid1 may be /rewn 9 relatively vacant space1 or may be surr\nd$ by vapor\s envelopes2 b t !y are discrete1 ea* free to travel on its own c\rse1 seem$ z completely demon/rat$ by ,pi]ce's calculations z any?+ n actually admitt+ ( direct obs]vation c\ld possibly be4 ,! matt] 0 plac$ beyond dispute by ! indep5d5t analysis to :i* ,cl]k ,maxwell subject$ ! ma!matical problem4 ,x _h be5 select$ 9 #ahee z ! subject = ! ,adams ,prize ,essay at ,cambridge1 & ,cl]k ,maxwell's essay1 :i* obta9$ ! prize1 %[$ conclusively t only a sy/em ( _m small bodies1 ea* free to travel ^u its c\rse "u ! v>y+ attractions to :i* x 0 subject$ by ,saturn itself1 & by ! ,saturnian satellites1 c\ld possibly cont9ue to girdle a planet z ! r+s ( ,saturn girdle him4 ,x is cle> t all ! peculi>ities hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em are explicable s soon z we reg>d t sy/em z made up ( multitudes ( small bodies4 ,v>ieties ( brightness simply indicate v>i\s degrees ( cond5sation ( ^! small satellites4 ,?us ! out] r+ _h long be5 obs]v$ to be less bright ?an ! inn]4 ,( c\rse x did n seem impossible t ! out] r+ might be made ( diff]5t mat]ials2 yet !re 0 some?+ biz>re 9 ! supposition t two r+s =m+ ! same sy/em 7 ?us diff]5t 9 sub/ance4 ,x w\ld n h be5 at all notewor?y if diff]5t p>ts ( ! same r+ diff]$ 9 lum9osity--9 fact1 x 0 mu* m rem>kable t ea* zone ( ! sy/em seem$ uni=mly bright all r\nd4 ,b t "o zone %\ld be ( "o t9t1 ano!r ( an entirely diff]5t t9t1 0 a /range circum/ance s long z ! only available int]pretation seem$ to be t "o zone 0 made 7?r\gh\t7 ( "o sub/ance1 ! o!r ( ano!r4 ,if ?is 0 /range :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inn] & out] bright r+s 0 alone consid]$1 h[ mu* /rang] did x seem :5 ! multitud9\s divisions 9 ! r+s 7 tak5 into acc\nt6 ,:y %\ld ! r+-sy/em1 #cj1jjj miles 9 wid?1 be ?us divid$ into zones ( diff]5t mat]ial8 ,an arrangem5t s artificial is q unlike all t is else:]e se5 among ! subjects ( ! a/ronom]'s rese>*es4 ,b :5 ! r+s are reg>d$ z made up ( multitudes ( small bodies1 we c q readily und]/& h[ ! ne>ly circul> movem5ts ( all ( ^!1 at diff]5t rates1 %\ld result 9 ! =mation ( r+s ( aggregation & r+s ( segregation1 appe>+ at ! e>?'s di/ance z bright r+s & fa9t r+s4 ,! d>k r+ cle>ly corresponds 9 appe>ance ) a r+ ( ?9ly scatt]$ satellites4 ,inde$1 x seems impossible o!rwise to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( a dusky belt across ! globe ( ! planet :]e ! d>k r+ crosses ! disc4 ,if ! mat]ial ( ! d>k r+ 7 "s p>tly transp>5t solid or fluid sub/ance1 ! light ( ! planet receiv$ ?r\gh ! d>k r+ add$ to ! light reflect$ by ! d>k r+ itself1 w\ld be s ne>ly equival5t to ! light receiv$ f ! re/ ( ! planet's disc1 t ei!r no d>k belt w\ld be se51 or ! d>k5+ w\ld be b>ely disc]nible4 ,9 "s positions a bright belt w\ld be se51 n a d>k "o4 ,b a r+ ( scatt]$ satellites w\ld ca/ z its %ad[ a multitude ( black spots1 :i* w\ld give to ! belt 9 %ad[ a d>k grey aspect4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ^! spots w\ld be hidd5 by ! satellites =m+ ! d>k r+1 & 9 e case :]e a spot 0 :olly or p>tially hidd5 by a satellite1 ! effect 7at our di/ant /ation :]e ! sep>ate satellites ( ! d>k r+ are n disc]nible7 w\ld simply be to r$uce pro tanto ! d>kness ( ! grey belt ( %ad[4 ,b c]ta9ly m ?an half ! %ad[s ( ! satellites w\ld rema9 9 sight2 = ! d>kness ( ! r+ at ! "t ( its discov]y %[$ t ! satellites 7 v sp>sely /rewn4 ,& ^! %ad[s w\ld be suffici5t to give to ! belt a dusky hue1 su* z x pres5t$ :5 fir/ discov]$4#cg ,! obs]vations :i* h rec5tly be5 made by ,mr4 ,tr\velot indicate *anges 9 ! r+-sy/em1 & especially 9 ! d>k r+1 :i* place e o!r !ory save t to :i* we h ?us be5 l$ entirely out ( ! "q4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,mr4 ,tr\velot has employ$ telescopes ( unque/ionable excell5ce & v>y+ 9 ap]ture f six in*es to tw5ty-six in*es1 ! latt] ap]ture be+ t ( ! great telescope ( ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory 7! l>ge/ refractor 9 ! _w74 ,he has not$ 9 ! fir/ place t ! int]ior edge ( ! out] bright r+1 :i* m>ks ! out] limit ( ! great division1 is irregul>1 b :e!r ! irregul>ity is p]man5t or n he does n "k4 ,! great division itself is f\nd n to be actually black1 b1 z 0 long s9ce not$ by ,capta9 ,jacob1 ( ! ,madras ,obs]vatory1 a v d>k br[n1 z ?\gh a few scatt]$ satellites travell$ along ?is relatively vacant zone ( ! sy/em4 ,mr4 ,tr\velot has fur!r notic$ t ! %ad[ ( ! planet ^u ! r+s1 & especially ^u ! out] r+1 *anges cont9ually 9 %ape1 a circum/ance :i* he attributes to irregul>ities 9 ! surface ( ! r+s4 ,= my own "p1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to attribute ^! *anges 9 ! %ape ( ! planet's %ad[ 7not$ by o!r obs]v]s also7 to rapid *anges 9 ! deep cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e ( ! planet4 ,pass+ on1 h[ev]1 to less d\btful obs]vations1 we f9d t ! :ole sy/em ( r+s has pres5t$ a cl\d$ & spott$ aspect dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,mr4 ,tr\velot specially describes ?is appe>ance z obs]v$ on ! p>ts ( ! r+ outside ! disc1 call$ by a/ronom]s ! ansae 7because ( _! resemblance to h&les71 & x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! spott$ & cl\dy portions are se5 only :]e ! backgr\nd on :i* ! r+s are project$ is black4 ,?is circum/ance cle>ly sugge/s t ! d>kness ( ^! p>ts is due to ! backgr\nd1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! sky is 9 reality se5 ?r\gh ^? p>ts ( ! r+-sy/em1 j z ! d>kness ( ! slate-col\r$ int]ior r+ is attribut$1 on ! satellite !ory1 to ! backgr\nd ( sky visible ?r\gh ! scatt]$ flight ( satellites =m+ ! d>k r+4 ,! matt] compos+ ! d>k r+ has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,tr\velot to be ga!r$ 9 places into compact masses1 :i* prev5t ! light ( ! planet f be+ se5 ?r\gh ^? portions ( ! d>k r+ :]e ! matt] is ?us mass$ toge!r4 ,x is cle> t su* peculi>ities c\ld n possibly pres5t !mselves 9 ! case ( a cont9u\s solid or fluid r+-sy/em1 :]eas !y w\ld naturally occur 9 a r+ =m$ ( multitudes ( m9ute bodies travell+ freely ar\nd ! planet4 ,! po9t next to be m5tion$ is /ill m decisive4 ,:5 ! d>k r+ 0 c>efully exam9$ ) p[]ful telescopes dur+ ! t5 ye>s foll[+ its discov]y by ,bond1 at :i* "t x 0 mo/ fav\rably plac$ = obs]vation1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! outl9e ( ! planet c\ld be se5 across ! entire bread? ( ! d>k r+4 ,all ! obs]vations agre$ 9 ?is respect4 ,x 01 inde$1 notic$ by ,dawes t outside ! planet's disc ! d>k r+ %[$ v>ieties ( t9t1 its inn] half be+ d>k] ?an its out] portion4 ,lassell1 obs]v+ ! planet "u mo/ fav\rable conditions ) 8 two-feet mirror at ,malta1 c\ld n p]ceive ^! v>ieties ( t9t1 :i* !re=e we may judge to h be5 ei!r n p]man5t or v slightly m>k$4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 all obs]v]s agre$ t ! outl9e ( ! planet c\ld be se5 a?w>t ! entire wid? ( ! d>k r+4 ,mr4 ,tr\velot1 h[ev]1 has f\nd t dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s ! planet has n be5 visible ?r\gh ! :ole wid? ( ! d>k r+1 b only ?r\gh ! inn] half ( ! r+'s bread?4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ei!r ! inn] portion is gett+ cont9ually ?9n] & ?9n]--t is1 ! satellites compos+ x are becom+ cont9ually m sp>sely /rewn--or t ! out] portion is becom+ m compact1 d\btless by receiv+ /ray satellites f ! int]ior ( ! inn] bright r+4 ,x is cle> t 9 ,saturn's r+-sy/em1 if n 9 ! planet itself1 mighty *anges are /ill tak+ place4 ,x may be t ! r+s are be+ s fa%ion$ "u ! =ces to :i* !y are subject$ z to be on _! way to becom+ *ang$ into sep>ate satellites1 inn] memb]s ( t sy/em :i* at pres5t consi/s ( eight second>y planets4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! end t[>ds :i* ^! *anges are t5d+1 we see processes ( evolution tak+ place :i* may be reg>d$ z typify+ ! m ext5sive & probably m en]getic processes :]eby ! sol> sy/em itself rea*$ its pres5t condition4 ,i v5tur$ m ?an t5 ye>s ago1 9 ! preface to my treatise ^u ! planet ,saturn1 to sugge/ ! possibility 't 9 ! v>iations p]ceptibly proce$+ 9 ! ,saturnian r+-sy/em a key may "o day be f\nd to ! law ( developm5t "u :i* ! sol> sy/em has rea*$ its pres5t condition4' ,?is sugge/ion seems to me /rik+ly confirm$ by ! rec5t discov]ies4 ,! planet ,saturn & its app5dages1 always int]e/+ to a/ronom]s1 are f\nd m ?an ev] wor?y ( close inve/igation & scrut9y4 ,we may "h1 z x 71 seize nature 9 ! act1 & trace out ! actual progress ( developm5ts :i* at pres5t are matt]s r ( !ory ?an ( obs]vation4 ,,viii4 ,,comets ,,z ,,port5ts ,! blaz+ />1 ,?reat'n+ ! _w ) fam9e1 plague1 & w>2 ,to pr9ces dea?2 to k+doms _m curses2 ,to all e/ates inevitable losses2 ,to h]dsm5 rot2 to pl\ghm5 hapless seasons2 ,to sailors /orms2 to cities civil treasons4 ,al?\gh comets are no long] reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s awe z 9 old times1 my/]y /ill cl+s to !m4 ,a/ronom]s c tell :at pa? a comet is travell+ ^u1 & say :5ce x has come & :i!r x w g1 c ev5 9 _m cases pr$ict ! p]iodic returns ( a comet1 c analyse ! sub/ance ( ^! /range w&]]s1 & h rec5tly discov]$ a s+ul> bond ( relation%ip betwe5 comets & ^? o!r /range visitants f ! cele/ial dep?s1 ! %oot+ />s4 ,b a/ronomy has hi!rto prov$ unable to det]m9e ! orig9 ( comets1 ! "p !y p]=m 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se1 _! real /ructure1 ! causes ( ! m>vell\s *anges ( %ape :i* !y und]go z !y approa* ! sun1 ru% r\nd him1 & !n retreat4 ,z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has rem>k$3 ',no "o1 hi!rto1 has be5 able to assign any s+le po9t 9 :i* we %\ld be a bit bett] or worse (f1 mat]ially speak+1 if !re 7 no su* ?+ z a comet4 ,p]sons1 ev5 ?9k+ p]sons1 h busi$ !mselves ) conjectures2 su* z t !y may s]ve = fuel = ! sun 7into :i*1 h[ev]1 !y nev] fall71 or t !y may cause w>m summ]s1 :i* is a m]e fancy1 or t !y may give rise to epidemics1 or potato-blights1 & s =?4' ,& ?\gh1 z he ju/ly says1 '?is is all wild talk+1' yet x w probably cont9ue until a/ronom]s h be5 able to ma/] ! problems respect+ comets :i* hi!rto h foil$ _! be/ ef=ts4 ,! unexpla9$ has ev] be5 & w ev] be m>vell\s to ! g5]al m9d4 ,j z unexplor$ regions ( ! e>? h be5 t5ant$ 9 imag9ation by an?ropophagi & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s1 s d wondr\s possibilities exi/ 9 ! unkn[n & ! ill-und]/ood ph5om5a ( nature4 ,9 old times1 :5 ! appe>ance & movem5ts ( comets 7 suppos$ to be altoge!r uncontroll$ by physical laws1 x 0 natural t comets %\ld be reg>d$ z signs f heav51 tok5s ( ,div9e wra? t[>ds "s1 & ( ! int]position ( ,div9e provid5ce 9 fav\r ( o!rs4 ,z ,s5eca well rem>k$3 ',!re is no man s dull1 s obtuse1 s turn$ to e>?ly ?+s1 :o does n direct all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d t[>ds ?+s ,div9e :5 "s novel ph5om5on appe>s 9 ! heav5s4 ,:ile all foll[s its usual c\rse up yond]1 famili>ity robs ! spectacle ( its gr&eur4 ,= s is man made4 ,h[ev] wond]ful may be :at he sees day aft] day1 he looks on x ) indiff]5ce2 :ile matt]s ( v little importance attract & int]e/ him if !y dep>t f ! accu/om$ ord]4 ,! ho/ ( heav5ly con/ellations b5ea? ! vault ( heav51 ^: beauty !y adorn1 attract no att5tion2 b if any unusual appe>ance be notic$ among !m1 at once all eyes are turn$ heav5w>ds4 ,! sun is only look$ on ) int]e/ :5 he is und]go+ eclipse4 ,m5 obs]ve ! moon only "u l conditions4444 ,s ?or\ghly is x a "p ( our nature to admire ! new r ?an ! great4 ,! same is true ( comets4 ,:5 "o ( ^! fi]y bodies ( unusual =m appe>s1 e "o is eag] to "k :at x means2 m5 =get o!r objects to inquire ab\t ! new arrival2 !y "k n :e!r to wond] or to tremble2 = _m spread fe> on all sides1 draw+ f ! ph5om5on mo/ grave progno/ics4' ,!re is no direct ref]5ce to comets 9 ! ,bible1 ei!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! ,new4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! signs f heav5 record$ 9 ! ,bible pages 7 ei!r comets or meteors1 & t ev5 :]e 9 "s places an angel or mess5g] f ,god is said to h appe>$ & deliv]$ a message1 :at really happ5$ 0 t "s rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! heav5s 0 int]pret$ 9 a p>ticul> mann] by ! prie/s1 & ! int]pretation aft]w>ds describ$ z ! message ( an angel4 ,! image ( ! 'flam+ sword :i* turn$ e way' may h be5 d]iv$ f a comet2 b we c =m no safe conclusion ab\t ?is1 any m ?an we c ^u ! "q :e!r ! 'horror ( great d>kness' :i* fell ^u ,abraham 7,g5esis xv4 #ab7 :5 ! sun 0 go+ d[n1 0 caus$ by an eclipse2#ch or :e!r ! go+ back ( ! %ad[ ^u ! dial ( ,ahaz 0 caus$ by a mock sun4 ,! /> se5 by ! wise m5 f ! ea/ may h be5 a comet1 s9ce ! ^w translat$ '/>' signifies any bright object se5 9 ! heav5s1 & is 9 fact ! same ^w :i* ,hom]1 9 a passage frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 uses to signify ei!r a comet or a meteor4 ,! way 9 :i* x appe>$ to g be=e !m1 :5 7direct$ by ,h]od1 be x notic$7 !y w5t to ,be?lehem1 almo/ due s\? ( ,j]usalem1 w\ld correspond to a m]idian culm9ation l[ d[n--= ! /> _h manife/ly n be5 visible 9 ! e>li] ev5+1 s9ce we are told t !y rejoic$ :5 !y saw ! /> aga94 ,x 0 probably a comet travell+ s\?w>ds2 &1 z ! wise m5 _h travell$ f ! ea/1 x _h v likely be5 fir/ se5 9 ! we/ z an ev5+ />1 :]e=e its c\rse 0 retrograde--t is1 suppos+ x 0 a comet4#ci ,x may possibly h be5 an app>ition ( ,halley's comet1 foll[+ a c\rse some:at simil> to t :i* x foll[$ 9 ! ye> #ahce1 :5 ! p]ihelion passage 0 made on ,novemb] #ae1 & ! comet runn+ s\?w>ds disappe>$ f nor!rn a/ronom]s1 ?\gh 9 ,janu>y x 0 'receiv$' by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 to use 8 own expression1 '9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4' ,!re 0 an app>ition ( ,halley's comet 9 ! ye> #ff1 or sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ,nativity2 & ! p]iod ( ! comet v>ies1 accord+ to ! p]turb+ influ5ces affect+ ! comet's motion1 f sixty-n9e to eighty ye>s4 ,hom] does n1 to ! be/ ( my recollection1 ref] any:]e directly to comets4 ,pope1 inde$1 :o made v free ) ,hom]'s ref]5ces to ! heav5ly bodies1#dj introduces a comet--& a r$ "o1 too6--into ! simile ( ! heav5ly port5t 9 ,book ,,iv43-- ,z ! r$ comet f ,saturnius s5t ,to fright ! nations ) a dire port5t 7,a fatal sign to armies 9 ! pla91 ,or trembl+ sailors on ! w9try ma971 ,) sweep+ glories glides along 9 air1 ,& %akes ! sp>kles f its blaz+ hair3 ,betwe5 two armies ?us1 9 op5 sight1 ,%ot ! bright goddess 9 a trail ( light4 ,b ,hom] says no?+ ( ?is comet4 ,if ,hom] _h introduc$ a comet1 we may be sure x w\ld n h %ak5 sp>kles f its blaz+ tail4 ,hom] said simply t ',pallas ru%$ f ! peaks ( heav51 l ! bright /> s5t by ! son ( crafty-c\nsell$ ,kronus 7z a sign ei!r to sailors1 or ! broad array ( ! nations71 f :i* _m sp>ks proce$4' ,/rangely en\gh1 ,p+re & ,lal&e1 ! =m] not$ = 8 rese>*es into anci5t comets1 ! latt] a skilful a/ronom]1 agree 9 consid]+ t ,hom] really ref]r$ to a comet1 & !y ev5 reg>d ?is comet z an app>ition ( ! comet ( #afhj4 ,!y cite 9 support ( ?is op9ion ! port5t :i* foll[$ ! pray] ( ,an*ises1 ',a,eneid1' ,book ,,ii4 #fib1 etc43 ',sc>ce _h ! old man ceas$ f pray+1 :5 a peal ( ?und] 0 he>d on ! left1 & a />1 glid+ f ! heav5s amid ! d>kness1 ru%$ ?r\gh space foll[$ by a long tra9 ( light2 we saw ! />1' says ,a,eneas1 'susp5d$ = a mom5t above ! ro(1 bright5 our home ) its fires1 !n1 trac+ out a brilliant c\rse1 disappe> 9 ! =e/s ( ,ida2 !n a long tra9 ( flame illum9at$ u1 & ! place ar\nd reek$ ) ! smell ( sulphur4 ,ov]come by ^! />tl+ port5ts1 my fa!r arose1 invok$ ! gods1 & wor%ipp$ ! holy />4' ,x is impossible to recognise "h ! description ( a comet4 ,! noise1 ! trail ( light1 ! visible motion1 ! smell ( sulphur1 all correspond ) ! fall ( a meteorite close by2 & d\btless ,virgil simply introduc$ into ! n>rative ! circum/ances ( "s su* ph5om5on :i* _h be5 witness$ 9 8 own "t4 ,to base on su* a po9t ! !ory t ! comet ( #afhj 0 visible at ! "t ( ! fall ( ,troy1 ! date ( :i* is unkn[n1 is v5turesome 9 ! extreme4 ,true1 ! p]iod calculat$ = ! comet ( #afhj1 :5 ,p+re & ,lal&e agre$ 9 ?is unhappy guess1 0 #ege ye>s2 & if we multiply ?is p]iod by five we obta9 #bhge ye>s1 tak+ #afhj f :i* leaves #aaie ye>s ,b4,c41 ne> en\gh to ! suppos$ date ( ! capture ( ,troy4 ,un=tunately1 ,encke 7! em95t a/ronom] to :om we owe t det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance :i* = ne>ly half a c5tury held its place 9 our books1 b has )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s be5 replac$ by a di/ance ?ree millions ( miles less7 w5t ov] afre% ! calculations ( ! motions ( t fam\s comet1 & f\nd t1 in/ead ( #ege ye>s1 ! mo/ probable p]iod is ab\t #hhad ye>s4 ,! diff]5ce am\nts only to #hbci ye>s2 b ev5 ?is small diff]5ce r impairs ! !ory ( ,lal&e & ,p+re4#da ,?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-"o ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 a comet appe>$ :i* ,ari/otle 7:o 0 a boy at ! "t7 has describ$4 ,diodorus ,siculus writes ?us respect+ x3 ',9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! #ajb;d ,olympiad1 ,alci/h5es be+ ,ar*on ( ,a!ns1 sev]al prodigies ann\nc$ ! approa*+ humiliation ( ! ,lac$aemonians2 a blaz+ tor* ( extraord9>y size1 :i* 0 comp>$ to a flam+ beam1 0 se5 dur+ sev]al nights4' ,guillem91 f ^: int]e/+ "w on ,comets ,i h translat$ ! above passage1 rem>ks t ?is same comet 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z hav+ n m]ely presag$ b produc$ ! e>?quakes :i* caus$ ! t[ns ( ,helice & ,bura to be subm]g$4 ,?is 0 cle>ly 9 ! ?\ghts ( ,s5eca :5 he said ( ?is comet t z soon z x appe>$ x br\ght ab\t ! subm]g5ce ( ,bura & ,helice4 ,9 ^? times1 h[ev]1 comets 7 n reg>d$ solely z signs ( disa/]4 ,z ! mis=tunes ( "o nation 7 commonly held to be ( advantage to o!r nations1 s ! same comet might be reg>d$ v diff]5tly by diff]5t nations or diff]5t rul]s4 ,?us ! comet ( ! ye> #cdd ,b4,c4 0 reg>d$ by ,timoleon ( ,cor9? z presag+ ! success ( 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,cor9?4 ',! gods ann\nc$1' said ,diodorus ,siculus1 'by a rem>kable port5t1 8 success & future greatness2 a blaz+ tor* appe>$ 9 ! heav5s at night1 & w5t be=e ! fleet ( ,timoleon until he arriv$ 9 ,sicily4' ,! comets ( ! ye>s #acd ,b4,c4 & #aah ,b4,c4 7 n reg>d$ z port5ts ( dea?1 b z signalis+1 ! =m] ! bir?1 ! latt] ! accession1 ( ,mi?ridates4 ,! comet ( #dc ,b4,c4 0 held by "s to be ! s\l ( ,julius ,caes> on its way to ! abode ( ! gods4 ,bod91 a ,fr5* lawy] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 reg>d$ ?is z ! usual significance ( comets4 ,he 01 inde$1 suffici5tly mode/ to attribute ! op9ion to ,democritus1 b ! :ole cr$it ( ! discov]y belong$ to himself4 ,he ma9ta9$ t comets only indicate approa*+ mis=tunes because !y are ! spirits or s\ls ( illu/ri\s m51 :o = _m ye>s h act$ ! "p ( gu>dian angels1 &1 be+ at la/ ready to die1 celebrate _! la/ triumph by voyag+ to ! firmam5t z flam+ />s4 ',naturally1' he says1 '! appe>ance ( a comet is foll[$ by plague1 pe/il5ce1 & civil w>2 = ! nations are depriv$ ( ! guidance ( _! wor?y rul]s1 :o1 :ile !y 7 alive1 gave all _! ef=ts to prev5t inte/9e disord]s4' ,p+re comm5ts ju/ly on ?is1 say+ t 'x mu/ be class$ among base & %ameful flatt]ies1 n among philosophic op9ions4' ,usually1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! anci5ts1 l ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 reg>d$ comets z h>b+]s ( evil4 ',a fe>ful /> is ! comet1' says ,pl9y1 '& n easily appeas$1 z appe>$ 9 ! late civil tr\bles :5 ,octavius 0 consul2 a second "t by ! inte/9e w> ( ,pompey & ,caes>2 &1 9 our own "t1 :51 ,claudius ,caes> hav+ be5 poison$1 ! empire 0 left to ,domitian1 9 ^: reign !re appe>$ a blaz+ comet4' ,lucan tells u ( ! second ev5t "h ref]r$ to1 t dur+ ! w> '! d>ke/ nights 7 lit up by unkn[n />s' 7a r s+ul> way ( say+ t !re 7 no d>k nights72 '! heav5s appe>$ on fire1 flam+ tor*es trav]s$ 9 all directions ! dep?s ( space2 a comet1 t fe>ful /> :i* ov]?r[s ! p[]s ( ! e>?1 %[$ its horrid hair4' ,s5eca also express$ ! op9ion t "s comets port5d mis*ief3 ',"s comets1' he said1 'are v cruel & port5d ! wor/ mis=tunes2 !y br+ ) !m & leave beh9d !m ! se$s ( blood & slaught]4' ,x 0 held1 inde$1 by _m 9 ^? times a subject = reproa* t "s 7 too h>d ( he>t to believe :5 ^! signs 7 s5t4 ,x 0 a po9t ( religi\s fai? t ',god worke?' ^! 'signs & wond]s 9 heav54' ,:5 tr\bles 7 ab\t to befall m51 'nation ris+ aga9/ nation1 & k+dom aga9/ k+dom1 ) great e>?quakes 9 div]s places1 & fam9es1 & pe/il5ces1 & fe>ful sights1' !n 'great signs %all !re be f heav54' ,says ,josephus1 comm5t+ on ! ob/9acy ( ! ,jews 9 su* matt]s1 ':5 !y 7 at any "t premoni%$ f ! lips ( tru? itself1 by prodigies & o!r premonitory signs ( _! approa*+ ru91 !y _h nei!r eyes nor e>s nor und]/&+ to make a "r use ( !m1 b pass$ !m ov] )\t he$+ or s mu* z ?9k+ ( !m2 z1 = example1 :at %all we say ( ! comet 9 ! =m ( a sword t hung ov] ,j]usalem = a :ole ye> toge!r8' ,?is 0 probably ! comet describ$ by ,dion ,cassius 7,hi/4 ,roman4 lxv4 #h7 z hav+ be5 visible betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,decemb] 9 ! ye> #fi ,a4,d4 ,?is or ! comet ( #ff ,a4,d4 might h be5 ,halley's comet4 ,! acc\nt ( ,josephus z to ! "t dur+ :i* x 0 visible w\ld n apply to ,halley's1 or1 inde$1 to any kn[n comet :atev]2 d\btless he exagg]at$4 ,he says3 ',! comet 0 ( ! k9d call$ ,xiphias1 because _! tail resembles ! blade ( a sword1' & ?is w\ld apply fairly well to ,halley's comet z se5 9 #afhb1 #agei1 & #ahce2 ?\gh x is to be rememb]$ t comets v>y v mu* ev5 at successive app>itions1 & x w\ld be q unsafe to judge f ! appe>ance ( a comet se5 eighte5 c5turies ago t x ei!r 0 or 0 n ! same z "s comet n[ kn[n to be p]iodic4 ,! comet ( #gi ,a4,d4 is int]e/+ z hav+ giv5 rise to a happy retort f ,vespasian1 ^: dea? ! comet 0 held to port5d4 ,see+ "s ( 8 c\rti]s :isp]+ ab\t ! comet1 ',t hairy />1' he said1 'does n port5d evil to me4 ,x m5aces r ! k+ ( ! ,p>?ians4 ,he is a hairy man1 b ,i am bald4' ,anna ,comn5a goes ev5 beyond ,josephus4 ,he only rebuk$ o!r m5 = n believ+ s /rongly z he did himself 9 ! significance ( comets--a rebuke little ne$$1 inde$1 if we c judge f :at hi/ory tells u ( ! t]rors excit$ by comets4 ,b ! judici\s daught] ( ,alexius 0 good en\gh to approve ( ! wisdom :i* provid$ ^! port5ts4 ,speak+ ( a rem>kable comet :i* appe>$ be=e ! irruption ( ! ,gauls into ! ,roman empire1 %e says3 ',?is happ5$ by ! usual adm9i/ration ( ,provid5ce 9 su* cases2 = x is n fit t s great & /range an alt]ation ( ?+s z 0 br\ght to pass by t irruption ( !irs %\ld be )\t "s previ\s d5unciation & admoni%m5t f heav54' ,socrates1 ! hi/orian 7b4 #f1 c4 #f71 says t :5 ,ga9as besieg$ ,con/ant9ople1 's great 0 ! dang] :i* hung ov] ! city1 t x 0 presignifi$ & port5d$ by a huge blaz+ comet :i* rea*$ f heav5 to ! e>?1 ! l :]e( no man _h ev] se5 be=e4' ,& ,c$r5us1 9 8 ',comp5dium ( ,hi/ory1' /ates t a comet appe>$ be=e ! dea? ( ,johannes ,tzimicas1 ! emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 :i* =e%ad[$ n alone 8 dea?1 b ! great calamities :i* 7 to befall ! ,roman empire by reason ( _! civil w>s4 ,9 l mann]1 ! comet ( #dea ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ,attila1 t ( #dee ! dea? ( ,val5t9ian4 ,! dea? ( ,m]ov+ius 0 ann\nc$ by ! comet ( #egg1 ( ,*ilp]ic by t ( #ehd1 ( ! ,emp]or ,maurice by t ( #fjb1 ( ,mahomet by t ( #fcb1 ( ,l\is ! ,debonair by t ( #hcg1 & ( ! ,emp]or ,l\is ,,ii4 by t ( #hge4 ,nay1 s confid5tly did m5 believe t comets indicat$ ! approa*+ dea? ( great m51 t !y did n believe a v great man c\ld die )\t a comet4 ,s !y inf]r$ t ! dea? ( a v great man indicat$ ! arrival ( a comet2 & if ! comet *anc$ n to be visible1 s mu* ! worse--n = ! !ory1 b--= ! comet4 ',a comet ( ?is k9d1' says ,p+re1 '0 t ( ! ye> #had1 presag+ ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne4' ,s ,guillem9 quotes ,p+re2 b he %\ld r h said1 su* 0 ! comet ^: arrival 0 ann\nc$ by ,*>lemagne's dea?--& 9 no o!r way1 = x 0 n se5 by mortal man4 ,! read] :o *ances to be /rong z to 8 dates may h obs]v$ t "s ( ! dates above m5tion$ = comets d n accord exactly ) ! dates ( ! ev5ts associat$ ) ^? comets4 ,?us ,l\is ! ,debonair did n die 9 #hcg1 b 9 #hdj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( v little importance4 ,if "s m51 aft] _! comet has call$ = !m1 are 'an unconscionable "t 9 dy+1' z ,*>les ,,ii4 said ( himself1 x surely mu/ n be consid]$ ! fault ( ! comet4 ,l\is himself reg>d$ ! comet ( #hcg z 8 dea?-w>rant2 ! a/rolog]s admitt$ z mu*3 :at m c\ld be desir$8 ,! acc\nt ( ! matt] giv5 9 a *ronicle ( ! "t1 by a writ] :o call$ himself ',! ,a/ronom]1' is curi\s en\gh3 ',dur+ ! holy season ( ,ea/]1 a ph5om5on1 ev] fatal & ( gloomy =ebod+1 appe>$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,z soon z ! emp]or1 :o paid att5tion to su* ph5om5a1 receiv$ ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( x1 he gave himself no re/ until he _h call$ a c]ta9 le>n$ man & myself be=e him4 ,z soon z ,i arriv$1 he anxi\sly ask$ me :at ,i ?\ght ( su* a sign4 ,i ask$ "t ( him1 9 ord] to consid] ! aspect ( ! />s1 & to discov] ! tru? by _! means1 promis+ to acqua9t him on ! morr[2 b ! emp]or1 p]suad$ t ,i wi%$ to ga9 "t1 :i* 0 true1 9 ord] n to be oblig$ to ann\nce any?+ fatal to him1 said to me3 ,g on ! t]race ( ! palace1 & return at once to tell me :at y h se51 = ,i did n see ?is /> la/ ev5+1 & y did n po9t x out to me2 b ,i "k t x is a comet2 tell me :at y ?9k x ann\nces to me4 ,!n1 sc>cely all[+ me "t to say a ^w1 he add$3 ,!re is /ill ano!r ?+ y keep back3 x is t a *ange ( reign & ! dea? ( a pr9ce are ann\nc$ by ?is sign4 ,& z ,i advanc$ ! te/imony ( ! prophet1 :o said3 ,fe> n ! signs ( ! heav5s z ! nations fe> !m1 ! pr9ce1 ) 8 gr& nature & ! wisdom :i* nev] =sook him1 said3 ,we mu/ only fe> ,him :o has creat$ bo? u & ?is />4 ,b1 z ?is ph5om5on may ref] to u1 let u ackn[l$ge x z a w>n+ f heav54' ,accord+ly1 ,l\is himself & all 8 c\rt fa/$ & pray$1 & he built *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,b all 0 ( no avail4 ,9 little m ?an ?ree ye>s he di$2 %[+1 z ! hi/orian ,ra\l ,glab] rem>k$1 t '^! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are nev] pres5t$ to man )\t surely ann\nc+ "s wond]ful & t]rible ev5t4' ,) a range ( ?ree ye>s 9 advance1 & s _m k+s & pr9ces z !re 7 ab\t 9 ^? days1 & are /ill1 x w\ld be r difficult = a comet to appe> )\t ann\nc+ "s su* wond]ful & t]rible ev5t z a royal dea?4 ,! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 0 by all b common cons5t reg>d$ z ! date assign$ = ! end ( ! _w4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s ,satan _h be5 *a9$1 & n[ he 0 to be loos5$ = a :ile4 ,s t :5 a comet made its appe>ance1 &1 t]rible to relate1 cont9u$ visible = n9e days1 ! ph5om5on 0 reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an a n9e days' wond]4 ,besides ! comet1 a v wond]ful meteor 0 se54 ',! heav5s op5$1 & a k9d ( flam+ tor* fell ^u ! e>?1 leav+ beh9d a long track ( light l ! pa? ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,its brightness 0 s great t x fright5$ n only ^? :o 7 9 ! fields1 b ev5 ^? :o 7 9 _! h\ses4 ,z ?is op5+ 9 ! sky sl[ly clos$ m5 saw ) horror ! figure ( a dragon1 ^: feet 7 blue1 & ^: head' l t ( ,dick5s's dw>f 'seem$ to gr[ l>g] & l>g]4' ,a picture ( ?is dreadful meteor accompanies ! acc\nt giv5 by ! old *ronicl]4 ,= fe> ! exact lik5ess ( ! dragon might n be recognis$ 7&1 inde$1 to see x "o mu/ 'make believe a good deal'71 !re is plac$ beside x a picture ( a dragon to correspond1 :i* picture is 9 turn labell$ ',s]p5s cum c]uleis p$ibus4' ,x 0 consid]$ v wick$ 9 ! ye> #ajjj to d\bt t ! end ( all ?+s 0 at h&4 ,b someh[ ! _w escap$ t "t4 ,9 ! ye> #ajff ,halley's comet appe>$ to ann\nce to ! ,saxons ! approa*+ conque/ ( ,engl& by ,william ! ,norman4 ,a contempor>y poet made a s+ul> rem>k1 :i* may h "s pr(\nd poetical mean+1 b c]ta9ly seems a little indi/9ct on ! surface4 ,he said t '! comet _h be5 m fav\rable to ,william ?an nature _h be5 to ,caes>2 ! latt] _h no hair1 b ,william _h receiv$ "s f ! comet4' ,?is is ! only in/ance1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 :i* a comet has be5 reg>d$ z a p]ruqui]4 ,a monk ( ,malmesbury spoke m to ! purpose1 accord+ to !n receiv$ ideas1 9 ?us apo/rophis+ ! comet3 ',"h art ?\ aga91 cause ( te>s to _m mo!rs6 ,x is long s9ce ,i saw !e la/1 b ,i see !e n[ m t]rible ?an ev]2 ?\ ?reat5e/ my c\ntry ) complete ru94' ,halley's comet1 ) its inconv5i5tly %ort p]iod ( ab\t sev5ty-sev5 ye>s1 has repeat$ly tr\bl$ ! nations & be5 reg>d$ z a sign s5t f ,heav53 ,t5 million cubic miles ( head1 ,t5 billion leagues ( tail1 all provid$ = ! sole purpose ( w>n+ "o petty race ( e>?-folks aga9/ ! evils likely to be br\ght aga9/ !m by ano!r4 ,?is comet has appe>$ tw5ty-f\r times s9ce ! date ( its fir/ record$ appe>ance1 :i* "s consid] to h be5 #ab ,b4,c41 & o!rs ref] to a few ye>s lat]4 ,x may be int]e/+ to quote "h ,bab9et's description ( ! effects ascrib$ 9 #adee to ?is comet1 (t5 ! t]ror ( nations1 b ! triumph ( ma!maticians1 z ! fir/ ^: motions 7 br\ght into recognisable ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravity4#db ',! ,mussulmans1 ) ,mahomet ,,ii4 at _! head1 7 besieg+ ,belgrade1 :i* 0 def5d$ by ,huniade1 surnam$ ! ,ext]m9ator ( ! ,turks4 ,halley's comet appe>$ & ! two armies 7 seiz$ ) equal fe>4 ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii41 himself seiz$ by ! g5]al t]ror1 ord]$ public pray]s & timidly ana!matis$ ! comet & ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he e/abli%$ ! pray] call$ ! noon ,angelus1 ! use ( :i* is cont9u$ 9 all ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,! ,franciscans 7,fr]es ,m9eurs7 br\ght #dj1jjj def5d]s to ,belgrade1 besieg$ by ! conqu]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! de/roy] ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,at la/ ! battle began2 x cont9u$ two days )\t ceas+4 ,a conte/ ( two days caus$ #dj1jjj combatants to bite ! du/4 ,! ,franciscans1 un>m$1 crucifix 9 h&1 7 9 ! front rank1 invok+ ! papal exorcism aga9/ ! comet1 & turn+ ^u ! enemy t heav5ly wra? ( :i* none 9 ^? times d>$ d\bt4' ,! great comet ( #aeef has be5 reg>d$ z ! occasion ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4's abdication ( ! imp]ial ?rone2 a circum/ance :i* seems r5d]$ a little d\btful by ! fact t he _h already abdicat$ :5 ! comet appe>$--a m]e detail1 p]haps1 b sugge/+ ! possibility t cause & effect may h be5 int]*ang$ by mi/ake1 & t x 0 ,*>les's abdication :i* occasion$ ! appe>ance ( ! comet4 ,accord+ to ,gemma's acc\nt ! comet 0 conspicu\s r f its great light ?an f ! l5g? ( its tail or ! /rang5ess ( its appe>ance4 ',its head equall$ ,jupit] 9 brightness1 & 0 equal 9 diamet] to ne>ly half ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4' ,x appe>$ ab\t ! end ( ,febru>y1 & 9 ,m>* pres5t$ a t]rible appe>ance1 accord+ to ,ripamonte4 ',t]rific inde$1' says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 'x might well h be5 to ! m9d ( a pr9ce prep>$ by ! mo/ abject sup]/ition to receive its appe>ance z a w>n+ ( approa*+ dea?1 & z specially s5t1 :e!r 9 ang] or 9 m]cy1 to deta* 8 ?\ghts f e>?ly ?+s1 & fix !m on 8 et]nal int]e/s4 ,su* 0 its effect on ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 ^: abdication is di/9ctly ascrib$ by _m hi/orians to ?is cause1 & ^: words on ! occasion ( 8 fir/ behold+ x h ev5 be5 record$-- ,8 ergo indiciis me mea fata vocant-- ! language & ! metrical =m ( :i* exclamation af=d no gr\nd = disput+ its au!nticity1 :5 ! habits & education ( ^? times are fairly consid]$4' ,x is q likely t1 hav+ already abdicat$ ! ?rone1 ,*>les reg>d$ ! comet z signall+ 8 retirem5t f p[]--an ev5t :i* he d\btless consid]$ a great deal too important to be left )\t "s cele/ial record4 ,b ! words attribut$ to him are 9 all probability apocryphal4 ,! comet ( #aegg 0 rem>kable = ! /rang5ess ( its aspect1 :i* 9 "s respects resembl$ t ( ! comet ( #aheh1 call$ ,donati's4 ,x requir$ only ! t]ror ) :i* su* port5t\s objects 7 witness$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to trans=m ! v>i\s /ream]s1 curv$ & /raight1 ext5d+ f su* an object1 into swords & spe>s1 & o!r signs ( w> & tr\ble4 ,d\btless1 we owe to ! fe>s ( ! ,middle ,ages ! /range pictures claim+ to pres5t ! actual aspect ( "s ( ! l>g] comets4 ,halley's comet did n escape4 ,x 0 comp>$ to a /raight sword at "o visit1 to a curv$ scimit> 9 #adef1 & ev5 at its la/ return 9 #ahce !re 7 "s :o recognis$ 9 ! comet a resemblance to a mi/y head4 ,o!r comets h be5 comp>$ to swords ( fire1 bloody crosses1 flam+ dagg]s1 spe>s1 s]p5ts1 fi]y dragons1 fi%1 & s =?4 ,b 9 ?is respect no comet w\ld seem to h be5 comp>able ) t ( #aebh1 ( :i* ,&rew ,p>e writes z foll[s3 ',?is comet 0 s horrible & dreadful1 & eng5d]$ su* t]ror 9 ! m9ds ( m51 t !y di$1 "s f fe> alone1 o!rs f illness eng5d]$ by fe>4 ,x 0 ( imm5se l5g? & blood-r$ col\r2 at its head 0 se5 ! figure ( a curv$ arm1 hold+ a l>ge sword 9 ! h& z if prep>+ to /rike4 ,at ! po9t ( ?is sword 7 ?ree />s2 & on ei!r side a numb] ( axes1 knives1 & swords cov]$ ) blood1 among/ :i* 7 _m hide\s human faces ) bri/l+ be>ds & hair4' ,su* peculi>ities ( %ape1 & also ^? affect+ ! position & movem5ts ( comets1 7 held to be full ( mean+4 ,z ,bayle po9t$ out 9 8 ',?\ghts ab\t ! ,comet ( #afhj1' ^! fancies are ( great antiquity4 ,pl9y tells u t 9 8 "t a/rolog]s claim$ to int]pret ! mean+ ( a comet's position & appe>ance1 & t also ( ! direction t[>ds :i* its rays po9t$4 ,!y c\ld1 moreov]1 expla9 ! effects produc$ by ! fix$ />s ^: rays 7 conjo9$ ) ! comet's4 ,if a comet resembles a flute1 !n musicians are aim$ at2 :5 comets are 9 ! less dignifi$ p>ts ( ! con/ellations1 !y presage evil to immode/ p]sons2 if ! head ( a comet =ms an equilat]al triangle or a squ>e ) fix$ />s1 !n x is "t = ma!maticians & m5 ( sci5ce to tremble4 ,:5 !y are 9 ! sign ( ! ,ram1 !y port5d great w>s & widespread mortality1 ! abasem5t ( ! great & ! elevation ( ! small1 besides fe>ful dr\ghts 9 regions ov] :i* t sign pr$om9ates2 9 ! ,virg91 !y imply _m griev\s ills to ! female portion ( ! population2 9 ! ,scorpion1 !y port5d a plague ( reptiles1 especially locu/s2 9 ! ,fi%es1 !y indicate great tr\bles f religi\s diff]5ces1 besides w> & pe/il5ce4 ,:51 l ! "o describ$ by ,milton1 !y 'fire ! l5g? ( ,ophiu*us huge1' !y %[ t !re w be mu* mortality caus$ by poison+4 ,! comet ( #afhj1 :i* l$ ,bayle to write ! treatise to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 0 "o well calculat$ to inspire t]ror4 ,inde$1 if ! tru? 7 kn[n1 t comet probably br\ght great] dang] to ! inhabitants ( ! e>? ?an any o!r except ! comet ( #ahdc--! dang] n1 h[ev]1 be+ t d]iv$ f possible collision betwe5 ! e>? & a comet1 b t aris+ f ! possible d[nfall ( a l>ge comet ^u ! sun1 & ! consequ5t enorm\s increase ( ! sun's heat4 ,t1 accord+ to ,newton1 is ! great dang] m5 h to fe> f comets2 & ! comet ( #afhj 0 "o :i* 9 t s5se 0 a v dang]\s "o4 ,!re is no reason :y a comet f out] space %\ld n fall /raight t[>ds ! sun1 z at "o "t ! comet ( #afhj 0 suppos$ to be do+4 ,all ! com=t t sci5ce c give ! _w on t po9t is t su* a c\rse = a comet is only "o out ( _m millions ( possible c\rses1 all fully z likely2 & t1 !re=e1 ! *ance ( a comet fall+ ^u ! sun is only z "o 9 _m millions4 ,/ill1 ! comet ( #afhj made a v fair %ot at ! sun1 & a v slight modification ( its c\rse by ,jupit] or ,saturn might h br\ght ab\t ! cata/rophe :i* ,newton fe>$4 ,:e!r1 if a comet actually fell ^u ! sun1 any?+ v dreadful w\ld happ51 is n s cle>4 ,newton's ideas respect+ comets 7 =m$ 9 ignorance ( _m physical facts & laws :i* 9 our day r5d] reason+ ^u ! subject comp>atively easy4 ,yet1 ev5 9 our "t1 x is n possible to ass]t confid5tly t su* fe>s are idle4 ,dur+ ! sol> outbur/ witness$ by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson 9 ,septemb] #ahei1 x is suppos$ t ! sun swall[$ a l>ge meteoric mass2 &1 z great cornets are probably foll[$ by _m su* masses1 x seems reasonable to inf] t if su* a comet fell ^u ! sun1 8 surface be+ pelt$ ) su* exceptionally l>ge masses1 /on$ ) ^! mighty meteoric balls1 w\ld gl[ all ov] 7or ne>ly s7 z brightly z a small spot ( t surface gl[$ ^u t occasion4 ,n[ t portion 0 s bright t ,c>r+ton ?\ght 't by "s *ance a ray ( light _h p5etrat$ a hole 9 ! scre5 atta*$ to ! object-glass by :i* ! g5]al image is ?r[n 9 %ade1 = ! brilliancy 0 fully equal to t ( direct sunlight4' ,manife/ly1 if ! :ole surface ( ! sun1 or any l>ge portion ( ! surface1 7 caus$ to gl[ ) t exce$+ brilliancy1 surpass+ ord9>y sunlight 9 ! same degree t ord9>y sunlight surpass$ ! %ad$ sol> image 9 ,c>r+ton's obs]vations1 ! result w\ld be disa/r\s 9 ! extreme = ! inhabitants ( t half ( ! e>? :i* *anc$ to be 9 sunlight at ! "t2 & if 7z c\ld sc>cely fail to happ57 ! duration ( t abnormal spl5d\r 7 m ?an half a day1 !n ! :ole e>? w\ld probably be depopulat$ by ! int5se heat4 ,! dang]1 z ,i h said1 is slight--p>tly because !re is small *ance ( a collision betwe5 ! sun & a comet1 p>tly because we h no c]ta9 reasons = assum+ t a collision w\ld be foll[$ by ! heat+ ( ! sun = a :ile to a v high temp]ature4 ,look+ ar\nd at ! suns :i* p space1 & consid]+ _! hi/ory1 s f> z x has be5 made kn[n to u1 = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 we f9d small occasion = fe>4 ,^? suns seem to h be5 = ! mo/ "p safe f any sudd5 or rapid accessions ( heat2 & if !y travel ?us safely 9 _! mighty j\rneys ?r\gh space1 we may well believe t our sun also is safe4 ,nev]!less1 !re h be5 cata/rophes "h & !re4 ,n[ "o sun & n[ ano!r has blaz$ out ) a hundr$ times its usual lu/re1 gradually los+ its new fires & return+ to its cu/om>y brightness2 b aft] :at de/ruction among ^? peopl+ its sy/em ( worlds :o %all say8 ,spectroscopic analysis1 t p[]ful help to ! mod]n a/ronomical inquir]1 has %[n 9 "o ( ^! cases t j su* *anges _h tak5 place z we might fairly expect w\ld foll[ if a mighty comet fell into ! sun4 ,if ?is int]pretation be correct1 !n we are n :olly safe4 ,any day might br+ u news ( a comet sail+ full ^u our sun f out ! dep?s ( space4 ,!n a/ronom]s w\ld p]haps h ! opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! h>mlessness ( a collision betwe5 ! rul] ( our sy/em & "o ( ! long-tail$ visitors f ! cele/ial spaces4 ,or possibly1 a/ronom]s & ! e>?'s inhabitants g5]ally might f9d out ! rev]se1 ?\gh ! k w\ld n avail !m mu*1 see+ t ! mess5g] :o w\ld br+ x w\ld be ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors himself4 ,x 0 well1 p]haps1 t ,newton's discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation1 & ! application ( ?is law to ! comets ( #afhj & #afhb 7! latt] our old fri5d ,halley's comet1 !n prop]ly s call$ z /udi$ by him71 came 9 "t to aid 9 remov+ to "s slight degree ! old sup]/itions respect+ comets4 ,= 9 ,engl& _m rememb]$ ! comets ( ! ,great ,plague & ( ! ,great ,fire ( ,london4 ,^! comets came s closely ^u ! "t ( ! ,plague & ! ,fire respectively1 t x 0 n wond]ful if ev5 ! wis] sort 7 /ruck by ! co9cid5ce & c\ld sc>cely reg>d x z accid5tal4 ,x is n easy = ! /ud5t ( sci5ce 9 our own times1 :5 ! movem5ts ( comets are z well und]/ood z ^? ( ! mo/ ord]ly planets1 to place himself 9 ! position ( m5 9 ! times :5 no "o knew on :at pa?s comets came1 or :i!r !y retreat$ aft] !y _h visit$ our sun4 ,taught z m5 71 on ! "o h&1 t x 0 wick$ to "q :at seem$ to be ! tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures1 t *anges or new appe>ances 9 ! heav5s 7 s5t to w>n mank9d ( approa*+ tr\bles1 & p]plex$ z !y 71 on ! o!r1 by ! abs5ce ( any real k respect+ comets & meteors1 x 0 n s easy z we might imag9e f our own way ( view+ ^! matt]s1 to %ake (f a sup]/ition :i* _h rul$ ov] m5's m9ds = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,no sect _h be5 free f ?is sup]/ition4 ,popes & prie/s _h taught _! foll[]s to pray aga9/ ! evil influ5ces ( comets & o!r cele/ial port5ts2 ,lu!r & ,melan*?on _h condemn$ 9 no measur$ t]ms ! ra%ness & impiety ( ^? :o _h /riv5 to %[ t ! heav5ly bodies & ! e>? move 9 concordance ) law--^? 'fools :o wi% to rev]se ! entire sci5ce ( a/ronomy4' ,a long int]val _h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 /ruggl+ = exi/5ce--:51 b t m s]i\s h]esies engag$ m5's att5tion & kept religi\s folk by ! e>s1 t a/ronomical h]esy w\ld probably h be5 qu5*$ 9 blood--& ! =g+ by ,newton ( ! f9al l9k ( ! *a9 ( reason+ on :i* mod]n a/ronomy is bas$2 b 9 ^? times ! m9ds ( m5 mov$ m sl[ly ?an 9 ours4 ,! masses /ill held to ! old beliefs ab\t ! heav5ly bodies4 ,defoe1 inde$1 speak+ ( ! t]ror ( m5 at ! "t ( ! ,great ,plague1 says t !y '7 m addict$ to prophecies & a/rological conjurations1 dreams1 & old wives' tales1 ?an ev] !y 7 be=e or s9ce4' ,b 9 reality1 x 0 only because ( ! great mis]y !n prevail+ t m5 seem$ m sup]/iti\s ?an usual2 = mis]y br+s out ! sup]/itions--! feti%isms1 if we may s speak--:i* are inh]5t 9 _m m9ds1 b conceal$ f o!rs 9 prosp]\s times1 out ( %ame1 or p]haps a wor?i] feel+4 ,ev5 9 our own times great national calamities w\ld %[ t _m sup]/itions exi/ :i* _h be5 ?\ght ext9ct1 & we %\ld see excit$ among ! ill-educat$ t p>ticul> =m ( p]secution :i* arises1 n f zeal = religion & n f intol]ance1 b f ! belief t ! tr\bles h be5 s5t because ( unbelief & ! fe> t unless "s expiation be made ! evil w n pass away f ! mid/ ( ! p4 ,x is at su* times ( g5]al affliction t m9ds ( ! mean] sort h prov$ 'zeal\s ev5 to slay+4' ,! influ5ce ( /range appe>ances 9 ! heav5s on ev5 ?\ghtful & reason+ m9ds1 at su* times ( univ]sal calamity1 is well %[n by ,defoe's rem>ks on ! comets ( ! ye>s #affd & #afff4 ',! old wom51' he says1 '& ! phlegmatic1 hypo*ondriacal "p ( ! o!r sex1 :om ,i c\ld almo/ call old wom5 too1 rem>k$ t ^? two comets pass$ directly ov] ! city' ?\gh t appe>ance mu/ h dep5d$ on ! position :5ce ^! old wom51 male & female1 obs]v$ ! comet1 '& t s v ne> ! h\ses1 t x 0 pla9 !y import$ some?+ peculi> to ! city alone2 & t ! comet be=e ! ,pe/il5ce 0 ( a fa9t1 dull1 languid col\r1 & its motion v heavy1 solemn1 & sl[2 b t ! comet be=e ! ,fire 0 bright & sp>kl+1 or1 z o!rs said1 flam+1 & its motion swift & furi\s3 & t accord+ly "o =etold a heavy judgm5t1 sl[ b sev]e1 t]rible & frightful1 z 0 ! ,plague2 b ! o!r =etold a /roke1 sudd51 swift1 & fi]y1 z 0 ! ,conflagration4 ,nay1 s p>ticul> "s p 71 t1 z !y look$ ^u t comet prec$+ ! ,fire1 !y fanci$ t !y n only saw x pass swiftly & fi]cely1 & c\ld p]ceive ! motion ) _! eye1 b ev5 t !y he>d x2 t x made a mighty ru%+ noise1 fi]ce & t]rible1 ?\gh at a di/ance & b j p]ceivable4 ,i saw bo? ^! />s1 & mu/ confess _h ,i _h s mu* ! common notion ( su* ?+s 9 my head1 t ,i 0 apt to look ^u !m z ! =]unn]s & w>n+s ( ,god's judgm5ts1 & especially :51 ! ,plague hav+ foll[$ ! fir/1 ,i yet saw ano!r ( ! same k9d1 ,i c\ld n b say1 ,god _h n yet suffici5tly sc\rg$ ! city' ,london4 ,! comets ( #afhj & #afhb1 ?\gh !y did n br+ plagues or conflagrations imm$iately1 yet 7 n suppos$ to h be5 altoge!r )\t influ5ce4 ,! conv5i5t fiction1 inde$1 t "s comets op]ate quickly & o!rs sl[ly1 made x v difficult = a comet to appe> to :i* "s evil effects c\ld n be ascrib$4 ,if any "o c f9d a s+le date1 s9ce ! records ( hi/ory h be5 c>efully kept1 :i* 0 s =tunately plac$ t1 dur+ no "t foll[+ x )9 five ye>s1 no pr9ce1 k+1 emp]or1 or pope di$1 no w> 0 begun1 or end$ disa/r\sly = "o side or ! o!r engag$ 9 x1 no revolution 0 effect$1 nei!r plague nor pe/il5ce occurr$1 nei!r dr\ghts nor floods afflict$ any nation1 no great hurricanes1 e>?quakes1 volcanic outbur/s1 or o!r tr\ble 0 record$1 he w !n h %[n ! b>e possibility t a comet might h appe>$ :i* seem$ to presage nei!r abrupt nor sl[-mov+ calamities4 ,b x is n possible to "n su* a date1 nor ev5 a date :i* 0 n foll[$ )9 two ye>s at ! utmo/ by a calamity su* z sup]/ition might assign to a comet4 ,& s closely h su* calamities usually foll[$1 t sc>ce a comet c\ld appe> :i* might n be reg>d$ z ! precursor ( v quickly approa*+ calamity4 ,ev5 if a comet _h come :i* seem$ to br+ no tr\ble1 nay1 if _m su* comets _h come1 m5 w\ld /ill h ov]look$ ! abs5ce ( any app>5t fulfilm5t ( ! pr$ict$ tr\bles4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 well rem>k$1 :5 he 0 told t a/rolog]s pr$ict$ 8 dea? because a c]ta9 comet _h be5 obs]v$3 ',"o ( ^! days !y w pr$ict x truly1 & p w rememb] bett] ! s+le occasion :5 ! pr$iction w be fulfill$ ?an ! _m o!r occasions :5 x has be5 falsifi$ by ! ev5t4' ,! tr\bles connect$ ) ! comets ( #afhj & #afhb 7 remov$ f>!r f ! dates ( ! ev5ts !mselves ?an usual1 at lea/ s f> z ! ,engli% int]pretation ( ! comets 0 conc]n$4 ',! great comet 9 #afhj1' says "o1 'foll[$ by a less] comet 9 #afhb1 0 evid5tly ! =]unn] ( all ^? rem>kable & disa/r\s ev5ts t end$ 9 ! revolution ( #afhh4 ,x also evid5tly presag$ ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes1 & ! cruel p]secution ( ! ,prote/ants1 by ! ,fr5* k+ ,l\is ,,xiv41 aft]w>ds foll[$ by ^? t]rible w>s :i*1 ) little int]mission1 cont9u$ to ravage ! f9e/ p>ts ( ,europe = ne>ly tw5ty-f\r ye>s4' ,if 9 "s respects ! fe>s inspir$ by comets h be5 r$uc$ by mod]n sci5tific discov]ies respect+ ^! bodies1 yet 9 o!r respects ! v confid5ce eng5d]$ by ! exactness ( mod]n a/ronomical computations has prov$ a s\rce ( t]ror4 ,!re is no?+ m rem>kable1 = in/ance1 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( comet>y sup]/ition1 ?an ! panic :i* spread ov] ,france 9 ! ye> #aggc1 9 consequ5ce ( a rum\r t ! ma!matician ,lal&e _h pr$ict$ ! occurr5ce ( a collision betwe5 a comet & ! e>?1 & t disa/r\s effects w\ld inevitably foll[4 ,! f\ndation ( ! rum\r 0 slight en\gh 9 all consci5ce4 ,x _h simply be5 ann\nc$ t ,lal&e w\ld read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces a pap] entitl$ ',reflections on ^? ,comets :i* c approa* ! ,e>?4' ,t 0 absolutely all2 yet1 f t "o fact1 n only 7 vague rum\rs ( approa*+ cometic tr\bles spread abroad1 b ! /atem5t 0 def9itely made t on ,may #bj or #ba1 #aggc1 'a comet w\ld enc\nt] ! e>?4'#dc ,s great 0 ! fe> ?us excit$1 t1 9 ord] to calm x1 ,lal&e ins]t$ 9 ! ',gazette de ,france' ( ,may #g1 #aggc1 ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t3--',m4 ,lal&e _h n "t to read 8 memoir ^u comets :i* may approa* ! e>? & cause *anges 9 h] motions2 b he w\ld obs]ve t x is impossible to assign ! epo*s ( su* ev5ts4 ,! next comet ^: return is expect$ is ! "o :i* %\ld return 9 eighte5 ye>s2 b x is n "o ( ^? :i* c hurt ! e>?4' ,?is note _h n ! slighte/ effect 9 re/or+ peace to ! m9ds ( unsci5tific ,fr5*m54 ,m4 ,lal&e's /udy 0 cr[d$ ) anxi\s p]sons :o came to inquire ab\t 8 memoir4 ,c]ta9 dev\t folk1 'z ignorant z !y 7 imbecile1' says a contempor>y j\rnal1 begg$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is to appo9t =ty h\rs' pray] to av]t ! dang] & prev5t ! t]rible deluge4 ,= ?is 0 ! p>ticul> =m mo/ m5 agre$ t ! dang] w\ld take4 ,t prelate 0 on ! po9t1 inde$1 ( comply+ ) _! reque/1 & w\ld h done s1 b t "s memb]s ( ! ,academy expla9$ to him t by s do+ he w\ld excite ridicule4 ,f> m effective1 &1 to say tru?1 f> bett] judg$1 0 ! irony ( ,voltaire1 9 8 des]v$ly celebrat$ ',lett] on ! ,pret5d$ ,comet4' ,x ran z foll[s3-- ',gr5oble1 ,may #ag1 #aggc4 ',c]ta9 ,p>isians :o are n philosoph]s1 & :o1 if we are to believe !m1 w n h "t to become su*1 h in=m$ me t ! end ( ! _w approa*es1 & w occur )\t fail on ! #bj? ( ?is pres5t mon? ( ,may4 ,!y expect1 t day1 a comet1 :i* is to take our little globe f beh9d & r$uce x to impalpable p[d]1 accord+ to a c]ta9 pr$iction ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces :i* has n yet be5 made4 ',no?+ is m likely ?an ?is ev5t2 = ,james ,b]n\illi1 9 8 ,treatise ^u ! ,comet ( #afhj1 pr$ict$ expressly t ! fam\s comet ( #afhj w\ld return ) t]rible upro> 7fracas7 on ,may #ai1 #agai2 he assur$ u t 9 tru? its p]ruque w\ld signify no?+ mis*iev\s1 b t its tail w\ld be an infallible sign ( ! wra? ( heav54 ,if ,james ,b]n\illi mi/ook1 x is1 aft] all1 b a matt] ( fifty-f\r ye>s & ?ree days4 ',n[1 s small an error z ?is be+ reg>d$ by all geometricians z ( little mom5t 9 ! imm5sity ( ages1 x is manife/ t no?+ c be m reasonable ?an to hope 7sic1 esp]]7 = ! end ( ! _w on ! #bj? ( ?is pres5t mon? ( ,may #aggc1 or 9 "s o!r ye>4 ,if ! ?+ %\ld n come to pass1 omittance is no quittance 7ce qui e/ diff]e1 n'e/ pas p]du74 ',!re is c]ta9ly no reason = laugh+ at ,m4 ,trissot91 triple idiot ?\gh he is 7t\t ,trissot9 qu'il e/71 :5 he says to ,madame ,philam9te 7,moli]e's ,femmes ,savantes1 acte iv4 sc5e #c71 ',n\s l'avons en dormant1 madame1 e*appe belle2 ,un monde pres de n\s a passe t\t du long1 ,e/ *u t\t au trav]s de notre t\rbillon2 ,et1 s'il eut en *em9 r5contre notre t]re1 ,elle eut ete brisee en morceaux comme v]re4 ',a comet c\rs+ along its p>abolic orbit may come full tilt aga9/ our e>?4 ,b !n1 :at w happ58 ,ei!r t comet w h a =ce equal to t ( our e>?1 or great]1 or less4 ,if equal1 we %all d ! comet z mu* h>m z x w d u1 action & reaction be+ equal2 if great]1 ! comet w be> u away ) x2 if less1 we %all be> away ! comet4 ',?is great ev5t may occur 9 a ?\s& ways1 & no "o c affirm t our e>? & ! o!r planets h n exp]i5c$ m ?an "o revolution1 ?r\gh ! mis*ance ( enc\nt]+ a comet on _! pa?4 ',! ,p>isians w n des]t _! city on ! #bj? in/42 !y w s+ songs1 & ! play ( ,! ,comet & ! ,_w's ,end w be p]=m$ at ! ,op]a ,comique4' ,! la/ t\* is z f9e 9 its way z ,sydney ,smi?'s rem>k t1 if ,london 7 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 ! surviv+ citiz5s w\ld celebrate ! ev5t by a public d9n] among ! ru9s4 ,voltaire's pr$iction 0 n fulfill$ exactly to ! lett]1 b :at actually happ5$ 0 ev5 funni] ?an :at 8 lively imag9ation _h sugge/$4 ,x 0 /at$ by a ,p>isian ,pr(essor 9 #ahcb 7z a reason :y ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces %\ld refute an ass]tion !n rife to ! effect t ,biela's comet w\ld enc\nt] ! e>? t ye>7 t dur+ ! cometic panic ( #aggc '!re 7 n want+ p :o knew too well ! art ( turn+ to _! advantage ! al>m inspir$ by ! approa*+ comet1 & places 9 ,p>adise 7 sold at a v high rate4#dd ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! comet ( #ahcb may produce simil> effects1' he said1 'unless ! au?ority ( ! ,academy apply a prompt rem$y2 & ?is salut>y int]v5tion is at ?is mom5t implor$ by _m b5evol5t p]sons4' ,9 rec5t ye>s ! effects produc$ on ! m9ds ( m5 by comets h be5 less m>k$ ?an ( yore1 & appe> to h dep5d$ a good deal on circum/ances4 ,! comet ( ! ye> #aheh 7call$ ,donati's71 = example1 occasion$ no special fe>s1 at lea/ until ,napoleon ,,iii4 made 8 fam\s ,new-,ye>'s day spee*1 aft] :i* _m began to ?9k ! comet _h meant mis*ief4 ,b ! comet ( #ahfa1 ?\gh less conspicu\s1 occasion$ m s]i\s fe>s4 ,x 0 held by _m 9 ,italy to presage a v great mis=tune inde$1 viz4 ! re/oration ( ,francis ,,ii4 to ! ?rone ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,o!rs ?\ght t ! d[nfall ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,papacy & ! dea? ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 7 signifi$4 ,i h n he>d t any v s]i\s consequ5ces 7 expect$ to foll[ ! appe>ance ( ,coggia's comet 9 #ahgd4 ,! great heat :i* prevail$ dur+ p>ts ( ! summ] ( #ahgf 0 held by _m to be connect$ 9 "s way ) a comet :i* "s v unskilful telescopi/ con/ruct$ 9 8 imag9ation out ( ! gl>e ( ,jupit] 9 ! object-glass ( 8 telescope4 ,ano!r b5ight$ p]son1 see+ ! ,pleiades l[ d[n ?r\gh a fog1 turn$ !m into a comet1 ab\t ! same "t4 ,possibly ! idea 01 t s9ce comets are suppos$ to cause great heats1 great heats may be suppos$ to indicate a comet some:]e2 & ) m9ds ?us prep>$1 x 0 n wond]ful1 p]haps1 t telescopic gl>e1 or an imp]fect view ( our old fri5ds ! ,pleiades1 %\ld h be5 mi/ak5 = a vision ( ! heat-produc+ comet4 ,x %\ld be a notewor?y circum/ance to ^? :o /ill cont9ue to look on comets z signs ( great cata/rophes1 t a w> m rem>kable 9 _m respects ?an any :i* has ev] yet be5 wag$ betwe5 two great nations--a w> swift 9 its op]ations & decisive 9 its effects--a w> 9 :i* ?ree armies1 ea* l>g] ?an all ! =ces comm&$ by ,napoleon ,i4 dur+ ! campaign ( #ahac1 7 captur$ bodily--%\ld h be5 begun & c>ri$ on to its t]m9ation )\t ! appe>ance ( any great comet4 ,! civil w> 9 ,am]ica1 a /ill m t]rible calamity to t great nation ?an ! success ( ,moltke's op]ations to ! ,fr5*1 may be reg>d$ by believ]s z presignifi$ by ! great comet ( #ahfa4 ,b x s *ances t ! w> betwe5 ,france & ,g]many occurr$ ne> ! middle ( "o ( ! longe/ int]vals record$ 9 a/ronomical annals z unm>k$ by a s+le conspicu\s comet--! int]val betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfb & #ahgd4 ,if ! progress ( j ideas respect+ comets has be5 sl[1 x mu/ nev]!less be reg>d$ z on ! :ole satisfactory4 ,:5 we rememb] t x 0 n a m]e idle fancy :i* _h to be oppos$1 n m]e t]rors :i* _h to be calm$1 b t ! idea ( ! significance ( *anges 9 ! heav5s _h come to be reg>d$ by mank9d z a "p ( _! religion1 x _c b be ?\ght a hopeful sign t all reason+ m5 9 our "t h ab&on$ ! idea t comets are s5t to w>n ! inhabitants ( ?is small e>?4 ,obey+ 9 _! movem5ts ! same law ( gravitation :i* guides ! planets 9 _! c\rses1 ! comets are track$ by ! skilful ma!matician along ^? remote p>ts ( _! c\rse :]e ev5 ! telescope fails to keep !m 9 view4 ,n only are !y no long] reg>d$ z presag+ ! =tunes ( m5 on ?is e>?1 b m5 on ?is e>? are able to pr$ict ! =tunes ( comets4 ,n only is x se5 t !y _c influ5ce ! fates ( ! e>? or o!r planets1 b we p]ceive t ! e>? & planets by _! attractive en]gies influ5ce1 & 9 no unimportant degree1 ! fates ( ^! visitants f out] space4 ,enc\rag+1 truly1 is ! lesson taught u by ! success ( e>ne/ /udy & c>eful inquiry 9 det]m9+ "s at lea/ among ! laws :i* gov]n bodies once ?\ght ! wilde/ & mo/ erratic creatures 9 ! :ole ( ,god's univ]se4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,lun> ,,hoax4 ,!n he gave !m an acc\nt ( ! fam\s moon hoax1 :i* came out 9 #ahce4 ,x 0 full ( ! mo/ b>efac$ absurdities1 yet p swall[$ x all2 & ev5 ,arago is said to h treat$ x s]i\sly z a ?+ t c\ld n well be true1 = ,mr4 ,h]s*el w\ld h c]ta9ly notifi$ him ( ^! m>vell\s discov]ies4 ,! writ] ( x _h n tr\bl$ himself to inv5t probabilities1 b _h borr[$ 8 sc5]y f ! ',arabian ,nights' & 8 lun> inhabitants f ',pet] ,wilk9s4'--,,oliv] ,,w5dell ,,holmes 79 ,! ,poet at ! ,breakfa/-,table74 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ numb]s ( ',macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ! late ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan1 9 an article on ,sci5tific ,hoax+1 gave a brief acc\nt ( ! s-call$ 'lun> hoax'--an in/ance ( sci5tific trick]y frequ5tly m5tion$1 ?\gh probably few are famili> ) ! real facts4 ,de ,morgan himself possess$ a copy ( ! second ,engli% edition ( ! pamphlet1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahcf4 ,b ! orig9al pamphlet edition1 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ,septemb] #ahce1 is n easily to be obta9$4 ,! proprietors ( ! ,new ,york ',sun1' 9 :i* ! fictiti\s n>rative fir/ appe>$1 publi%$ an edition ( #fj1jjj copies1 & e copy 0 sold 9 less ?an a mon?4 ,lately a s+le copy ( t edition 0 sold = ?ree doll>s sev5ty-five c5ts4#de ,! pamphlet is int]e/+ 9 _m respects1 & ,i propose to give "h a brief acc\nt ( x4 ,b fir/ x may be well to describe briefly ! orig9 ( ! hoax4 ,x is said t aft] ! ,fr5* revolution ( #ahcj ,nicollet1 a ,fr5* a/ronom] ( "s repute1 especially = c]ta9 lun> obs]vations ( a v delicate & difficult k9d1 left ,france 9 debt & also 9 bad od\r ) ! republican p>ty4 ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 ,arago ! a/ronom] 0 especially obnoxi\s to ,nicollet1 & x 0 z mu* ) ! view ( rev5g+ himself on 8 foe z f a wi% to raise a little money t ,nicollet wrote ! moon-fable4 ,x is said fur!r t ,arago 0 entrapp$1 z ,nicollet desir$1 & circulat$ all ov] ,p>is ! wond]s relat$ 9 ! pamphlet1 until ,nicollet wrote to 8 fri5d ,b\v>d expla9+ ! trick4 ,s runs ! /ory1 b ! /ory _c be altoge!r true4 ,nicollet may h prep>$ ! n>rative & p>tly writt5 x1 b !re are passages 9 ! pamphlet z publi%$ 9 ,am]ica :i* no a/ronom] c\ld h writt54 ,possibly !re is "s tru? 9 ,de ,morgan's supposition t ! orig9al "w 0 ,fr5*4 ,?is may h be5 ,nicollet's3 & ! ,am]ican edition 0 probably enl>g$ by ! translator1 :o1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 0 ,ri*>d ,alton ,locke1#df to :om 9 ,am]ica ! :ole cr$it1 or discr$it1 ( ! hoax is commonly attribut$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ei!r ! ,fr5* v]sion 0 mu* m c>efully design$ ?an ! ,am]ican1 or !re 0 no tru? 9 ! /ory t ,arago 0 deceiv$ by ! n>rative2 = 9 its pres5t =m ! /ory1 ?\gh clev]1 c\ld n = an in/ant h deceiv$ any "o acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ elem5t>y laws ( optics4 ,! :ole /ory turns on optical r ?an on a/ronomical consid]ations2 b e a/ronom] ( ! lea/ skill is acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples on :i* ! con/ruction ( optical in/rum5ts dep5ds4 ,?\gh ! success ( ! deception rec5tly practis$ on ,m4 ,*asles by ! =g] ( ! ,pascal pap]s has be5 reg>d$ z %[+ h[ easily ma!maticians may be entrapp$1 yet ev5 ,m4 ,*asles w\ld n h be5 deceiv$ by bad ma!matics2 & ,arago1 a ma/] ( ! sci5ce ( optics1 c\ld n b h detect$ optical blund]s :i* w\ld be gl>+ to ! av]age ,cambridge und]graduate4 ,b let u turn to ! /ory itself4 ,! acc\nt op5s ) a passage unmi/akably f an ,am]ican h&1 ?\gh purport+1 be x rememb]$1 to be quot$ f ! ',supplem5t to ! ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4' ',9 ?is unusual addition to our j\rnal1 we h ! happ9ess ( mak+ kn[n to ! ,briti% public1 & !nce to ! :ole civilis$ _w1 rec5t discov]ies 9 a/ronomy :i* w build an imp]i%able monum5t to ! age 9 :i* we live1 & conf] ^u ! pres5t g5]ation ( ! human race a pr\d di/9ction ?r\gh all future "t4 ,x has be5 poetically said' :]e & by :om8 't ! />s ( heav5 are ! h]$it>y regalia ( man1 z ! intellectual sov]eign ( ! animal creation4 ,he may n[ fold ! zodiac ar\nd him ) a l(ti] consci\sness ( 8 m5tal supremacy4' ,to ! ,am]ican m9d enwrapm5t 9 ! />-jewell$ zodiac may appe> z natural z _! ord9>y oratorical ref]5ces to ! />-spangl$ bann]2 b ! idea is ess5tially transatlantic1 & n ev5 ! mo/ poetical ,european a/ronom] c\ld h ris5 to su* a height ( imag]y4 ,pass+ ov] sev]al pages ( introductory matt]1 we come to ! description ( ! me?od by :i* a telescope ( suffici5t magnify+ p[] to %[ liv+ creatures 9 ! moon 0 con/ruct$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,x _h occurr$1 x w\ld seem1 to ! eld] ,h]s*el to con/ruct an improv$ s]ies ( p>abolic & sph]ical reflectors 'unit+ all ! m]itori\s po9ts 9 ! ,gregorian & ,newtonian in/rum5ts1 ) ! highly int]e/+ a*romatic discov]y ( ,doll&'7sic74 ,?is is mu* z ?\gh "o %\ld say t a clev] eng9e] _h conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ an improv$ s]ies ( railway eng9es1 comb9+ all ! m]itori\s po9ts 9 /ation>y & locomotive eng9es1 ) ,isaac ,watts' highly +5i\s discov]y ( screw propulsion4 ,= ! ,gregorian & ,newtonian in/rum5ts simply diff] 9 s5d+ ! rays receiv$ f ! great mirror 9 diff]5t directions1 & ,doll&'s discov]y relates to ! ord9>y =ms ( telescopes ) l>ge l5s1 n ) l>ge mirror4 ,h[ev]1 accumulat+ infirmities & ev5tually dea? prev5t$ ,sir ,william ,h]s*el f apply+ 8 plan1 :i* 'ev9c$ ! mo/ pr(\nd rese>* 9 optical sci5ce1 & ! mo/ dext]\s +5uity 9 me*anical contrivance4 ,b 8 son1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 nurs$ & cradl$ 9 ! obs]vatory1 & a practical a/ronom] f 8 boyhood1 det]m9$ ^u te/+ x at :atev] co/4 ,)9 two ye>s ( 8 fa!r's dea? he complet$ 8 new app>atus1 & adapt$ x to ! old telescope ) ne>ly p]fect success4' ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! obs]vations made ) ?is in/rum5t1 n[ magnify+ six ?\s& times1 foll[s1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! a/ronomical /atem5ts are v correctly & ju/ly word$1 be+1 9 fact1 borr[$ f a pap] by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el on obs]vation ( ! moon ) precisely t p[]4 ,b ?is great improvem5t ^u all =m] telescopes /ill left ! obs]v] at a di/ance ( =ty miles f ! moon2 & at t di/ance no object less ?an ab\t tw5ty y>ds 9 diamet] c\ld be di/+ui%$1 & ev5 objects ( t size 'w\ld appe> only z feeble1 %apeless po9ts4' ,sir ,john '_h ! satisfaction to "k t if he c\ld leap a/ride a cannon-ball1 & travel ^u its w+s ( fury = ! respectable p]iod ( sev]al millions ( ye>s1 he w\ld n obta9 a m enl>g$ view ( ! m di/ant />s ?an he c\ld n[ possess 9 a few m9utes ( "t2 & t x w\ld require an ultra-railroad spe$ ( fifty miles an h\r = ne>ly ! livelong ye>1 to secure him a m fav\rable inspection ( ! g5tle lum9>y ( ! night2' b '! excit+ "q :e!r ?is obs]v$ ( all ! sons ( m51 f ! days ( ,ed5 to ^? ( ,ed9burgh1 be inhabit$ by be+s1 l ourselves1 ( consci\sness & curiosity1 0 left to ! b5evol5t index ( natural analogy1 or to ! sev]e tradition t ! moon is t5ant$ only by ! ho>y solitaire1 :om ! crim9al code ( ! nurs]y _h bani%$ ?i!r = collect+ fuel on ! ,sabba?-day4'#dg ,b ! "t _h arriv$ :5 ! great discov]y 0 to be made1 by :i* at l5g? ! moon c\ld be br\ght ne> en\gh1 by telescopic p[]1 = liv+ creatures on h] surface to be se5 if any exi/4 ,! acc\nt ( ! sudd5 discov]y ( ! new me?od1 dur+ a conv]sation betwe5 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 is "o ( ! mo/ clev]ly conceiv$ 7?\gh also "o ( ! absurde/7 passages 9 ! pamphlet4 ',ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 9 ! c\rse ( a conv]sational discussion ) ,sir ,david ,brew/] ^u ! m]its ( "s +5i\s sugge/ions by ! latt]1 9 8 article on ,optics 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopa$ia1 p4 #fdd1 = improvem5ts 9 ,newtonian reflectors1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el adv]t$ to ! conv5i5t simplicity ( ! old a/ronomical telescopes t 7 )\t tubes1 & ! object-glass ( :i*1 plac$ ^u a high pole1 ?rew ! focal image to a di/ance ( #aej & ev5 #bjj feet4 ,dr4 ,brew/] readily admitt$ t a tube 0 n necess>y1 provid$ ! focal image 7 convey$ into a d>k ap>tm5t & !re prop]ly receiv$ by reflectors4444 ,! conv]sation !n became direct$ to t all-inv9cible enemy1 ! paucity ( light 9 p[]ful magnifi]s4 ,aft] a few mom5ts' sil5t ?\ght1 ,sir ,john diffid5tly enquir$ :e!r x w\ld n be possible to effect a transfusion ( artificial light ?r\gh ! focal object ( vision6 ,sir ,david1 some:at />tl$ at ! orig9ality ( ! idea1 paus$ a:ile1 & !n hesitat+ly ref]r$ to ! refrangibility ( rays1 & ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,sir ,john1 gr[n m confid5t1 adduc$ ! example ( ! ,newtonian reflector1 9 :i* ! refrangibility 0 correct$ by ! second speculum1 & ! angle ( incid5ce re/or$ by ! ?ird4' ,all ?is "p ( ! n>rative is simply spl5did 9 absurdity4 ,hesitat+ ref]5ces to refrangibility & ! angle ( incid5ce w\ld h be5 %e]ly idiotic "u ! suppos$ circum/ances2 & 9 ! ,newtonian reflector 7:i* has only two specula or mirrors7 !re is no refrangibility to be correct$2 ap>t f :i*1 'correct+ refrangibility' has no m mean+ ?an 're/or+ ! angle ( incid5ce4' ',&1 cont9u$ ,sir ,john1 :y _c ! illum9at+ microscope1 say ! hydro-oxyg51 be appli$ to r5d] di/9ct1 &1 if necess>y1 ev5 to magnify1 ! focal object8 ,sir ,david sprung f 8 *air' & well he might1 ?\gh n '9 an ec/asy ( conviction1 &1 leap+ half-way to ! ceil+1 exclaim$1 ,?\ art ! man6 ,ea* philosoph] anticipat$ ! o!r 9 pres5t+ ! prompt illu/ration t if ! rays ( ! hydro-oxyg5 microscope1 pass$ ?r\gh a drop ( wat] conta9+ ! l>vae ( a gnat & o!r objects invisible to ! nak$ eye1 r5d]$ !m n only ke5ly b firmly magnifi$ to dim5sions ( _m feet2 s c\ld ! same artificial light1 pass$ ?r\gh ! fa9te/ focal object ( a telescope1 bo? di/9ctify 7to co9 a new ^w = an extraord9>y occasion7 & magnify its feeble/ compon5t memb]s4 ,! only app>5t desid]atum 0 a recipi5t = ! focal image :i* %\ld transf] x1 )\t refrang+ x1 to ! surface on :i* x 0 to be view$ "u ! revivify+ light ( ! microscopic reflectors4' ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! idea "h m5tion$ does n appe> to _m s absurd z x is 9 reality4 ,x is kn[n t ! image =m$ by ! l>ge l5s ( an ord9>y telescope or ! l>ge mirror ( a reflect+ telescope is a real image2 n a m]ely virtual image l t :i* is se5 9 a look+-glass4 ,x c be receiv$ on a %eet ( pap] or o!r :ite surface j z ! image ( surr\nd+ objects c be ?r[n ^u ! :ite table ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,x is ?is real image1 9 fact1 :i* we look at 9 us+ a telescope ( any sort1 ! portion ( su* a telescope ne>e/ to ! eye be+ 9 reality a microscope = view+ ! image =m$ by ! great l5s or mirror1 z ! case may be4 ,& x does n seem to "s altoge!r absurd to speak ( illum9at+ ?is image by transfus$ light1 or ( ca/+ by means ( an illum9at+ microscope a va/ly enl>g$ picture ( ?is image ^u a scre54 ,b ( c\rse ! image be+ simply =m$ by ! passage ( rays 7:i* orig9ally came f ! object ^: image !y =m7 ?r\gh a c]ta9 small space1 to s5d o!r rays 7com+ f "s o!r lum9\s object7 ?r\gh ! same small space1 is n to improve1 b1 s f> z any effect is produc$ at all1 to impair1 ! di/9ctness ( ! image4 ,9 fact1 if ^! illum9at+ rays rea*$ ! eye1 !y w\ld s]i\sly impair ! di/9ctness ( ! image4 ,_! effect may be comp>$ exactly ) ! effect ( rays ( light ca/ ^u ! image 9 a cam]a obscura2 &1 to see :at ! effect ( su* rays w\ld be1 we ne$ only consid] :y x is t ! cam]a is made 'obscura1' or d>k4 ,! effect ( ! transfusion ( light ?r\gh a telescopic image may be easily tri$ by any "o :o c>es to make ! exp]im5t4 ,he has only to d away ) ! tube ( 8 telescope 7sub/itut+ two or ?ree /raight rods to hold ! glass 9 its place71 & !n 9 ! blaze ( a /rong sun to direct ! telescope on "s object ly+ ne>ly t[>ds ! sun4 ,or if he pref] artificial light = ! exp]im5t1 !n at night let him direct ! telescope s prep>$ ^u ! moon1 :ile a /rong electric light is direct$ ^u ! place :]e ! focal image is =m$ 7close 9 front ( ! eye74 ,! exp]im5t w n sugge/ v sangu9e hopes ( good result f ! transfusion ( artificial light4 ,yet1 to my own k1 n a few :o 7 p]fectly well aw>e t ! lun> hoax 0 n bas$ on facts1 h gravely reason$ t ! pr9ciple sugge/$ might be s\nd1 &1 9 fact1 t !y c\ld see no reason :y a/ronom]s %\ld n try x1 ev5 ?\gh x _h be5 fir/ sugge/$ z a joke4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! n>rative4 ',! co-op]ative philosoph]s1 hav+ hit ^u _! me?od1 det]m9$ to te/ x practically4 ,!y decid$ t a m$ium ( ! pure/ plate-glass 7:i* x is said !y obta9$1 by cons5t1 be x obs]v$1 f ! %op-w9d[ ( ,m4 ,desanges1 ! jewell] to 8 ex-maje/y ,*>les ,x41 9 ,high ,/reet7 0 ! mo/ eligible !y c\ld discov]4 ,x answ]$ p]fectly ) a telescope :i* magnifi$ a hundr$ times1 & a microscope ( ab\t ?rice t p[]4' ,?us =tifi$ by exp]im5t1 & 'fully sanction$ by ! high optical au?ority ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,sir ,john laid 8 plan be=e ! ,royal ,society1 & p>ticul>ly direct$ to x ! att5tion ( 8 ,royal ,highness ! ,duke ( ,sussex1 ! ev] munific5t patron ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,x 0 imm$iately & en?usia/ically approv$ by ! committee *os5 to inve/igate x1 & ! *airman1 :o 0 ! ,royal ,presid5t' 7?is cont9ual ref]5ce to royalty is manife/ly int5d$ to give a ,briti% tone to ! n>rative71 'subscrib$ 8 "n = a contribution ( ,l#aj1jjj1 ) a promise t he w\ld zeal\sly submit ! propos$ in/rum5t z a fit object = ! patronage ( ! privy purse4 ,he did s )\t delay2 & 8 ,maje/y1 on be+ in=m$ t ! e/imat$ exp5se 0 ,l#gj1jjj1 naively enquir$ if ! co/ly in/rum5t w\ld conduce to any improvem5t 9 navigation4 ,on be+ in=m$ t x und\btly w\ld1 ! sailor k+ promis$ a c>te blan*e = any am\nt :i* might be requir$4' ,all ?is is v clev]4 ,! 'sailor k+' comes 9 z effectively to give vraisemblance to ! n>rative z ',crabtree's little bronze ,%akspe>e t /ood ov] ! fireplace1' & ! 'po/man j come to ! door ) a d\ble lett] f ,nor?ampton%ire4' ,!n comes a description ( ! con/ruction ( ! object-glass1 tw5ty-f\r feet 9 diamet]1 'j six times ! size ( ! eld] ,h]s*el's2' :o1 by ! way1 nev] made a telescope ) an object-glass4 ,! acc\nt ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's j\rney f ,engl&1 & ev5 "s details ( ! con/ruction ( ! obs]vatory1 7 bas$ on facts1 inde$1 s _m p]sons 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,engl& 7 acqua9t$ ) "s ( ^! circum/ances1 t x 0 ess5tial to foll[ ! facts z closely z possible4 ,( c\rse1 also1 "s explanation _h to be giv5 ( ! circum/ance t no?+ _h be=e be5 he>d respect+ ! gigantic in/rum5t tak5 out by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ',:e!r1' says ! /ory1 '! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 7 sceptical conc]n+ ! promis$ spl5d\r ( ! discov]ies1 or wi%$ !m to be scrupul\sly veil$ until !y _h accumulat$ a full-orb$ glory = ! nation & reign 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 is a "q :i* we c only conjecturally solve4 ,b c]ta9 x is t ! a/ronom]'s royal patrons enjo9$ a masonic taciturnity ^u him & 8 fri5ds until he %\ld h (ficially communicat$ ! results ( 8 great exp]im5t4' ,x 0 n till ! night ( ,janu>y #aj1 #ahce1 t ! mighty telescope 0 at l5g? direct$ t[>ds our satellite4 ,! "p ( ! moon select$ 0 on ! ea/]n "p ( h] disc4 ',! :ole imm5se p[] ( ! telescope 0 appli$1 & to its focal image ab\t "o half ( ! p[] ( ! microscope4 ,on remov+ ! scre5 ( ! latt]1 ! field ( view 0 cov]$ ?r\gh\t its entire area ) a beautifully di/9ct & ev5 vivid repres5tation ( basaltic rock4 ,its col\r 0 a gre5i% br[n2 & ! wid? ( ! columns1 z def9$ by _! int]/ices on ! canvas1 0 inv>iably tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,no fracture :atev] appe>$ 9 ! mass fir/ pres5t$2 b 9 a few seconds a %elv+ pile appe>$1 ( five or six columns' wid?1 :i* %[$ _! figure to be hexagonal1 & _! articulations simil> to ^? ( ! basaltic =mation at ,/affa4 ,?is precipit\s cliff 0 pr(usely cov]$ ) a d>k r$ fl[]1 precisely simil>1 says ,dr4 ,grant1 to ! ,papav] ,rhoeus1 or ,rose ,poppy1 ( our sublun>y cornfields2 & ?is 0 ! fir/ organic production ( nature 9 a =eign _w ev] reveal$ to ! eyes ( m54' ,x w\ld be we>isome to g ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( obs]vations ?us fabl$1 & only a few ( ! m /rik+ features ne$ be indicat$4 ,! discov]ies are c>efully graduat$ 9 int]e/4 ,?us we h se5 h[1 aft] recognis+ basaltic =mations1 ! obs]v]s discov]$ fl[]s3 !y next see a lun> =e/1 ^: 'trees 7 ( "o unv>i$ k9d1 & unlike any on e>? except ! l>ge/ k9d ( yews 9 ! ,engli% *ur*y>ds4' 7,!re is an ,am]ican r+ 9 ?is s5t5ce1 by ! way1 z !re is 9 "o1 a few l9es f>!r on1 :]e ! n>rator hav+ /at$ t by mi/ake ! obs]v]s _h ! ,sea ( ,cl\ds in/ead ( a m ea/]ly spot 9 ! field ( view1 proce$s to say3 ',h[ev]1 ! moon 0 a free c\ntry1 & we n z yet atta*$ to any p>ticul> prov9ce4'7 ,next a lun> ocean is describ$1 '! wat] ne>ly z blue z t ( ! deep sea1 & break+ 9 l>ge :ite bill[s ^u ! /r&1 :ile ! action ( v high tides 0 q manife/ ^u ! face ( ! cliffs = m ?an a hundr$ miles4' ,aft] a description ( sev]al valleys1 hills1 m\nta9s & =e/s1 we come to ! discov]y ( animal life4 ,an oval valley surr\nd$ by hills1 r$ z ! pure/ v]milion1 is select$ z ! sc5e4 ',small collections ( trees1 ( e imag9able k9d1 7 scatt]$ ab\t ! :ole ( ?is luxuriant area2 & "h our magnifi]s bless$ our pant+ hopes ) specim5s ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,9 ! %ade ( ! woods we beheld br[n quadrup$s hav+ all ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! bison1 b m dim9utive ?an any species ( ! bos g5us 9 our natural hi/ory4' ,!n h]ds ( agile creatures l antelopes are describ$1 'ab\nd+ on ! acclivit\s glades ( ! woods4' ,9 ! contemplation ( ^! sprightly animals ! n>rator becomes q lively4 ',?is beautiful creature1' says he1 'af=d$ u ! mo/ exquisite amusem5t4 ,! mimicry ( its movem5ts ^u our :ite pa9t$ canvas 0 z fai?ful & lum9\s z t ( animals )9 a few y>ds ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 attempt+ to put our f+]s ^u its be>d1 x w\ld sudd5ly b\nd away z if consci\s ( our e>?ly imp]t95ce2 b !n o!rs w\ld appe>1 :om we c\ld n prev5t nibbl+ ! h]bage1 say or d to !m :at we w\ld4' ,a /range amphibi\s creature1 ( a sph]ical =m1 roll+ ) great velocity along a pebbly bea*1 is ! next object ( int]e/1 b is pres5tly lo/ sight ( 9 a /rong curr5t sett+ (f f ! angle ( an isl&4 ,aft] ?is !re are ?ree or f\r pages descriptive ( v>i\s lun> sc5es & animals1 ! latt] %[+ a t5d5cy1 s+ul> consid]+ ! circum/ances1 ?\gh v conv5i5t = ! n>rator1 to become high] & high] 9 type z ! discov]ies proce$1 until an animal some:at ( ! nature ( ! miss+ l9k is discov]$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,endymion 7a circul> wall$ pla97 9 company ) a small k9d ( re9de]1 ! elk1 ! moose1 & ! horn$ be>1 & is describ$ z ! bip$ beav]4 ,x 'resembles ! beav] ( ! e>? 9 e o!r respect ?an 9 its de/itution ( a tail1 & its inv>iable habit ( walk+ ^u only two feet4 ,x c>ries its "y 9 its arms l a human be+1 & moves ) an easy glid+ motion4 ,its huts are con/ruct$ bett] & high] ?an ^? ( _m tribes ( human savages1 &1 f ! appe>ance ( smoke 9 ne>ly all ( !m1 !re is no d\bt ( its be+ acqua9t$ ) ! use ( fire4 ,/ill1 its head & body diff] only 9 ! po9ts /at$ f t ( ! beav]2 & x 0 nev] se5 except on ! bord]s ( lakes & riv]s1 9 :i* x has be5 obs]v$ to imm]se = a p]iod ( sev]al seconds4' ,! next /ep t[>ds ! climax br+s u to dome/ic animals1 'good l>ge %eep1 :i* w\ld n h disgrac$ ! f>ms ( ,leice/]%ire or ! %ambles ( ,lead5hall ,m>ket2 we fairly laugh$ at ! recognition ( s famili> an acqua9tance 9 s di/ant a l&4 ,pres5tly !y appe>$ 9 great numb]s1 &1 on r$uc+ ! l5ses1 we f\nd !m 9 flocks ov] a great "p ( ! valley4 ,i ne$ n say h[ desir\s we 7 ( f9d+ %eph]ds to ^! flocks1 & ev5 a man ) blue apron & roll$-up sleeves w\ld h be5 a welcome sight to u1 if n to ! %eep2 b !y f$ 9 peace1 lords ( _! own pa/ures1 )\t ei!r protector or de/roy] 9 human %ape4' ,9 ! meantime1 discussion _h aris5 z to ! lun> locality :]e m51 or creatures resembl+ !m1 w\ld mo/ likely be f\nd4 ,h]s*el _h a !ory on ! subject--viz41 t j :]e ! balanc+ or libratory sw+ ( ! moon br+s into view ! greate/ ext5t beyond ! ea/]n or we/]n p>ts ( t hemisph]e :i* is turn$ e>?w>ds 9 ! moon's mean or av]age position1 lun> inhabitants w\ld probably be f\nd1 & n[h]e else4 ,?is1 by ! way 7speak+ s]i\sly71 is a r curi\s anticipation ( a view long subsequ5tly advanc$ by ,hans51 & = a "t adopt$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 t possibly ! remote hemisph]e ( ! moon may be a fit abode = liv+ creatures1 ! oceans & atmosph]e :i* are want+ on ! ne>] hemisph]e hav+ be5 7on ?is hypo!sis7 drawn ov] to ! remot] because ( a displacem5t ( ! moon's c5tre ( gravity4 ,i v5tur$ 9 "o ( my fir/ books on a/ronomy to indicate objections to ?is !ory1 ! =ce ( :i* ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el admitt$ 9 a lett] address$ to me on ! subject4 ,tak+1 !n1 an opportunity :5 ! moon _h j swung to ! extreme limit ( h] balanc+1 or1 to use te*nical t]ms1 :5 %e _h atta9$ h] maximum libration 9 longitude1 ! obs]v]s approa*$ ! level op5+ to ,lake ,langr5us1 z ! n>rator calls ?is f9e wall$ pla91 :i*1 by ! way1 is fully ?irty degrees ( lun> longitude )9 ! av]age we/]n limit ( ! moon's visible hemisph]e4 ',"h ! valley n>r[s to a mile 9 wid?1 & displays sc5]y on bo? sides picturesque & romantic beyond ! p[]s ( a prose description4 ,imag9ation1 borne on ! w+s ( poetry1 c\ld alone ga!r similes to portray ! wild sublimity ( ?is l&scape1 :]e d>k behemo? crags /ood ov] ! br[s ( l(ty precipices1 z if a ramp>t 9 ! sky2 & =e/s seem$ susp5d$ 9 mid-air4 ,on ! ea/]n side !re 0 "o so>+ crag1 cre/$ ) trees1 :i* hung ov] 9 a curve l ?ree-f\r?s ( a ,go?ic ar*1 & be+ ( a ri* crimson col\r1 its effect 0 mo/ /range ^u m9ds unaccu/om$ to ! association ( su* gr&eur ) su* beauty4 ,b1 :il/ gaz+ ^u !m 9 a p]spective ( ab\t half a mile1 we 7 ?rill$ ) a/oni%m5t to p]ceive f\r successive flocks ( l>ge w+$ creatures1 :olly unlike any k9d ( birds1 desc5d ) a sl[ ev5 motion f ! cliffs on ! we/]n side & alight ^u ! pla94 ,!y 7 fir/ notic$ by ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 :o exclaim$3 ,n[1 g5tlem51 my !ories aga9/ y\r pro(s1 :i* y h (t5 f\nd a pretty ev5 bet1 we h "h some?+ wor? look+ at4 ,i 0 confid5t t if ev] we f\nd be+s 9 human %ape x w\ld be 9 ?is longitude1 & t !y w\ld be provid$ by _! ,creator ) "s extraord9>y p[]s ( locomotion4 444 ,we c\nt$ ?ree p>ties ( ^! creatures1 ( twelve1 n9e1 & fifte5 9 ea*1 walk+ erect t[>ds a small wood ne> ! base ( ! ea/]n precipices4 ,c]ta9ly !y 7 l human be+s1 = _! w+s _h n[ disappe>$1 & _! attitude 9 walk+ 0 bo? erect & dignifi$4444 ,!y av]ag$ f\r feet 9 height1 7 cov]$1 except on ! face1 ) %ort & glossy copp]-col\r$ hair1 ly+ snugly ^u _! backs1 f ! top ( ! %\ld]s to ! calves ( ! legs4 ,! face1 :i* 0 ( a yell[i% fle% col\r1 0 a slight improvem5t ^u t ( ! l>ge orang outang1 be+ m op5 & intellig5t 9 its expression1 & hav+ a mu* great] expansion ( =ehead4 ,! m\?1 h[ev]1 0 v prom95t1 ?\gh some:at reliev$ by a ?ick be>d ^u ! l[] jaw1 & by lips f> m human ?an ^? ( any species ( ! simia g5us4 ,9 g5]al symmetry ( body & limbs !y 7 inf9itely sup]ior to ! orang outang2 s mu* s1 t1 b = _! long w+s1 ,lieut5ant ,drummond said !y w\ld look z well on a p>ade gr\nd z "s ( ! old ,cockney militia4444 ,^! creatures 7 evid5tly engag$ 9 conv]sation2 _! ge/iculation1 m p>ticul>ly ! v>i$ action ( _! h&s & arms1 appe>$ impassion$ & emphatic4 ,we h5ce inf]r$ t !y 7 rational be+s1 &1 al?\gh n p]haps ( s high an ord] z o!rs :i* we discov]$ ! next mon? on ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,ra9b[s1 t !y 7 capable ( produc+ works ( art & contrivance4444 ,!y possess$ w+s ( great expansion1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ^? ( ! bat1 be+ a semi-transp>5t membrane unit$ 9 curvil9e> divisions by means ( /raight radii1 unit$ at ! back by ! dorsal integum5ts4 ,b :at a/oni%$ u v mu* 0 ! circum/ance ( ?is membrane be+ cont9u$ f ! %\ld]s to ! legs1 unit$ all ! way d[n1 ?\gh gradually decreas+ 9 wid?' 7v mu* z ,fuseli depict$ ! w+s ( 8 ,satanic ,maje/y1 ?\gh ,h4,s4,m4 w\ld seem to h ! advantage ( ! lun> ,bat-m5 9 n be+ influ5c$ by gravity#dh74 ',! w+s seem$ completely "u ! comm& ( volition1 = ^? ( ! creatures :om we saw ba?+ 9 ! wat] spread !m in/antly to _! full wid?1 wav$ !m z ducks d !irs to %ake (f ! wat]1 & !n z in/antly clos$ !m aga9 9 a compact =m4 ,our fur!r obs]vation ( ! habits ( ^! creatures1 :o 7 ( bo? sexes1 l$ to results s v rem>kable1 t ,i pref] !y %\ld be fir/ laid be=e ! public 9 ,dr4 ,h]s*el's own "w1 :]e ,i h reason to "k !y are fully & fai?fully /at$1 h[ev] incr$ul\sly !y may be receiv$4444 ,we sci5tifically d5om9at$ !m ! ,vesp]tilio-homo or ,bat-man2 & !y are d\btless innoc5t & happy creatures1 not)/&+ t "s ( _! amusem5ts w\ld b ill comport ) our t]re/rial notions ( decorum4' ,! omitt$ passages 7 suppress$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,dr4 ,grant's private injunction4 ',^!1 h[ev]1 & o!r prohibit$ passages1' 7 to be pres5tly 'publi%$ by ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 ) ! c]tificates ( ! civil & milit>y au?orities ( ! colony1 & ( sev]al ,episcopal1 ,wesleyan1 & o!r m9i/]s1 :o 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* la/ 7 p]mitt$1 "u /ipulation ( tempor>y secrecy1 to visit ! obs]vatory1 & become eye-witnesses ( ! wond]s :i* !y 7 reque/$ to atte/4 ,we are confid5t t 8 =?com+ volumes w be at once ! mo/ sublime 9 sci5ce1 & ! mo/ int5se 9 g5]al int]e/1 t ev] issu$ f ! press4' ,! actual climax ( ! n>rative1 h[ev]1 is n yet rea*$4 ,! inhabitants ( ,langr5us1 ?\gh rational1 d n belong to ! highe/ ord]s ( intellig5t ,lun>ians4 ,h]s*el1 ev] ready ) !ories1 _h po9t$ out t probably ! mo/ cultivat$ races w\ld be f\nd resid+ on ! slopes ( "s active volcano1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! proximity ( ! flam+ m\nta9 ,bullialdus 7ab\t tw5ty degrees s\? & t5 ea/ ( ! va/ crat] ,ty*o1 ! c5tre :5ce ext5d ^? great radiations :i* give to ! moon some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( a peel$ orange7 'mu/ be s great a local conv5i5ce to dwell]s 9 ?is valley dur+ ! long p]iodical abs5ce ( sol> light1 z to r5d] x a place ( popul> resort = ! inhabitants ( all ! adjac5t regions1 m especially z its bulw>k ( hills af=d$ an infallible security aga9/ any volcanic eruption t c\ld occur4' ,our obs]v]s !re=e appli$ _! full p[] to explore x4 ',ri*1 inde$1 0 our rew>d4 ,! v fir/ object 9 ?is valley t appe>$ ^u our canvas 0 a magnific5t "w ( art4 ,x 0 a temple--a fane ( devotion or ( sci5ce1 :i*1 :5 consecrat$ to ! ,creator1 is devotion ( ! l(tie/ ord]1 = x exhibits ,8 attributes purely1 free f ! masqu]ade attire & blasphem\s c>icature ( controv]sial cre$s1 & has ! seal & signature ( ,8 own h& to sanction its aspirations4 ,x 0 an equi-angul> temple1 built ( poli%$ sapphire1 or ( "s respl5d5t blue /one1 :i*1 l x1 display$ a myriad po9t ( gold5 light tw9kl+ & sc9tillat+ 9 ! sunbeams4444 ,! ro( 0 compos$ ( yell[ metal1 & divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 :i* 7 n triangul> planes incl9+ to ! c5tre1 b subdivid$1 curv$1 & sep>at$ s z to pres5t a mass ( viol5tly agitat$ flames ris+ f a common s\rce ( conflagration1 & t]m9at+ 9 wildly wav+ po9ts4 ,?is design 0 too manife/ & too skilfully execut$ to be mi/ak5 = a s+le mom5t4 ,?r\gh a few op5+s 9 ^! metallic flames we p]ceiv$ a l>ge sph]e ( a d>k] k9d ( metal ne>ly ( a cl\d$ copp] col\r1 :i* !y enclos$ & seem+ly rag$ ar\nd1 z if hi]oglyphically consum+ x4444 ,:at did ! +5i\s build]s mean by ! globe surr\nd$ by flames8 ,did !y1 by ?is1 record any pa/ calamity ( _! _w1 or pr$ict any future "o ( ours8' 7,:y1 by ! way1 %\ld ! pa/ !ory be assign$ to ! moon & ! future "o to our e>?87 ',i by no means despair ( ultimately solv+ n only ^! b a ?\s& o!r que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves respect+ ! objects 9 ?is planet2 = n ! million? "p ( h] surface has yet be5 explor$1 & we h be5 m desir\s ( collect+ ! greate/ possible numb] ( new facts ?an ( indulg+ 9 speculative !ories1 h[ev] s$uctive to ! imag9ation4' ,aft] ?is we h an acc\nt ( ! behavi\r ( ! ,vesp]tilio-homo at meals4 ',!y seem$ em95tly happy1 & ev5 polite2 = individuals w\ld select l>ge & bright specim5s ( fruit1 & ?r[ !m ar*wise across to "s fri5d :o _h extract$ ! nutrim5t f ^? scatt]$ ar\nd him4' ,h[ev]1 ! lun> m5 are n on ! :ole p>ticul>ly int]e/+ be+s accord+ to ?is acc\nt4 ',s f> z we c\ld judge1 !y sp5t _! happy h\rs 9 collect+ v>i\s fruits 9 ! woods1 9 eat+1 fly+1 ba?+1 & loit]+ ab\t ! summits ( precipices4' ,"o may say ( !m :at ,huxley is report$ to h said ( ! spirits z describ$ by spirituali/s1 t no /ud5t ( sci5ce w\ld c>e to wa/e 8 "t inquir+ ab\t su* a /upid set ( p4 ,su* are ! m int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic portions ( a n>rative1 runn+ 9 ! orig9al to =ty or fifty l>ge octavo pages4 ,9 its day ! /ory attract$ a good deal ( notice1 &1 ev5 :5 e "o _h le>n$ ! trick1 _m 7 /ill int]e/$ 9 a bro*ure :i* 0 s clev]ly conceiv$ & _h deceiv$ s _m4 ,to ?is day ! lun> hoax is talk$ ( 9 ,am]ica1 :]e orig9ally x _h its *ief--or1 "o may r say1 its only real--success z a hoax4 ,x rea*$ ,engl& too late to deceive any b ^? :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ,h]s*el's real do+s1 & no editors ( public j\rnals1 ,i believe1 gave c\nt5ance to x at all4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 _m editors gave ! n>rative a di/+ui%$ place 9 _! columns4 ,"s inde$ express$ d\bts1 & o!rs foll[$ ! safe c\rse ( ! ',philadelphia ,inquir]1' :i* in=m$ its read]s t 'aft] an att5tive p]usal ( ! :ole /ory !y c\ld decide = !mselves2' add+ t1 ':e!r true or false1 ! n>rative is writt5 ) consummate ability & possesses int5se int]e/4' ,b o!rs 7 m cr$ul\s4 ,accord+ to ! ',m]cantile ,adv]tis]' ! /ory c>ri$ 'intr9sic evid5ce ( be+ an au!ntic docum5t4' ,! ',albany ,daily ,adv]tis]' _h read ! article ') unspeakable emotions ( pleasure & a/oni%m5t4' ,! ',new ,york ,times' ann\nc$ t '! writ] 7,dr4 ,&rew ,grant7 displays ! mo/ ext5sive & accurate k ( a/ronomy2 & ! description ( ,sir ,john's rec5tly improv$ in/rum5ts1 ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ine/imable improvem5ts 7 f\nd$1 ! acc\nt ( ! wond]ful discov]ies 9 ! moon1 etc41 all are probable & plausible1 & h an air ( int5se v]isimilitude4' ,! ',new ,york]' consid]$ ! discov]ies '( a/\nd+ int]e/1 creat+ a new era 9 a/ronomy & sci5ce g5]ally4'#di ,9 our "t a trick ( ! k9d c\ld h>dly be expect$ to succe$ s well1 ev5 if z clev]ly devis$ & z well execut$4 ,! facts ( popul> a/ronomy & ( g5]al popul> sci5ce h be5 m widely dissem9at$4 ,am]ica1 too1 m ?an any o!r great nation1 has advanc$ 9 ! int]val4 ,x 0 ab\t two ye>s aft] ?is pamphlet _h appe>$1 t ,j4 ,qu9cy ,adams us$ ! foll[+ significant language 9 advocat+ ! erection ( an a/ronomical obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton3 ',x is ) no feel+ ( pride z an ,am]ican t ! rem>k may be made1 t on ! comp>atively small t]ritorial surface ( ,europe !re are exi/+ m ?an #acj ( ^! ligh?\ses ( ! skies2 :ile ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,am]ican hemisph]e !re is b "o4' ,at pres5t1 "s ( ! f9e/ obs]vatories 9 ! _w belong to ,am]ican cities1 or are atta*$ to ,am]ican colleges2 & mu* ( ! mo/ int]e/+ a/ronomical "w ( ?is c\ntry has be5 a*iev$ by ,am]ican obs]v]s4 ,yet we /ill he> f "t to "t ( ! attempt$ publication ( hoaxes ( great] or less +5uity4 ,x is s+ul> 7& ,i ?9k significant7 h[ (t5 ^! relate to ! moon4 ,!re w\ld seem to be "s *>m ab\t our satellite = ! m9ds ( p>adoxi/s & hoax]s g5]ally4 ,nor are ^! tricks inv>iably detect$ at once by ! g5]al public1 or ev5 by p]sons ( "s culture4 ,i rememb] be+ gravely ask$ 79 ,janu>y #ahgd7 :e!r an acc\nt giv5 9 ! ',new ,york ,_w1' purport+ to describe h[ ! moon's frame 0 gradually crack+1 ?reat5+ ev5tually to fall into sev]al sep>ate fragm5ts1 0 9 reality bas$ on fact4 ,9 ! f> ,we/1 at ,l9coln1 ,nebraska1 a lawy] ask$ me1 n long s9ce1 :y ,i _h n describ$ ! great discov]ies rec5tly made by means ( a p[]ful reflector erect$ ne> ,p>is4 ,accord+ to ! ',*icago ,times1' ?is p[]ful in/rum5t _h %[n build+s 9 ! moon1 & b&s ( work]s c\ld be se5 ) x :o manife/ly 7 und]go+ "s k9d ( p5al s]vitude1 = !y 7 *a9$ toge!r4 ,x 0 cle>1 f ! pres5ce ( ^! & ! abs5ce ( o!r inhabitants1 t ! side ( ! moon turn$ e>?w>ds is a dre>y & unpleasant place ( abode1 ! real 'happy hunt+ gr\nds' ( ! moon ly+ on h] remote & unse5 hemisph]e4 ,z gauges ( g5]al k1 sci5tific hoaxes h _! uses1 j z p>adoxical works h4 ,no "o1 c]ta9ly no /ud5t ( sci5ce1 c ?or\ghly und]/& h[ little "s p]sons "k ab\t sci5ce1 until he has obs]v$ h[ mu* w be believ$1 if only publi%$ ) ! app>5t au?ority ( a few kn[n names1 & ann\nc$ ) a suffici5t p>ade ( te*nical v]biage2 nor is x s easy z might be ?\ght1 ev5 = ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! facts1 to disprove ei!r a hoax or a p>adox4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c mu* m ?or\ghly p]plex & conf\nd a /ud5t ( sci5ce ?an to be ask$ to prove1 = example1 t ! e>? is n flat1 or ! moon n inhabit$ by creatures l ourselves2 = ! circum/ance t su* a "q is ask$ implies ignorance s ?or\gh ( ! v facts on :i* ! pro( mu/ be bas$1 z to r5d] argum5t all b hopeless f ! outset4 ,i h _h a some:at wide exp]i5ce ( p>adoxi/s1 & h not$ ! exp]i5ce ( ,de ,morgan & o!rs :o1 l him1 h tri$ to conv9ce !m ( _! folly4 ,! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$ is1 t to make a rope ( s& 7 an easy task comp>$ ) ! attempt to in/il ! simpl] facts ( sci5ce into p>adoxical heads4 ,i w\ld make "s rem>ks1 9 conclusion1 ^u sci5tific or quasi-sci5tific pap]s n int5d$ to deceive1 b yet pres5t+ imag9>y sc5es1 ev5ts1 & s =?1 describ$ m or less 9 accordance ) sci5tific facts4 ,imag9>y j\rneys to ! sun1 moon1 planets1 & />s2 travels ov] regions on ! e>? z yet unexplor$2 voyages "u ! sea1 ?r\gh ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & o!r su* n>ratives1 may1 p]haps1 be sometimes usefully writt5 & read1 s long z c]ta9 conditions are fulfill$ by ! n>rator4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :ile adopt+1 to pres]ve ! unities1 ! tone ( "o relat+ facts :i* actually occurr$1 he %\ld n suff] ev5 ! simple/ among 8 read]s to lie "u ! lea/ misappreh5sion z to ! true nature ( ! n>rative4 ,aga91 s9ce ( necessity e/abli%$ facts mu/ 9 su* a n>rative appe> 9 company ) ! results ( m or less probable surmise1 ! read] %\ld h "s means ( di/+ui%+ :]e fact ends & surmise beg9s4 ,= example1 9 a pap] ,i once wrote1 entitl$ ',a ,j\rney to ,saturn1' ,i 0 n suffici5tly c>eful to note t :ile ! appe>ances describ$ 9 ! approa* t[>ds ! planet 7 9 reality bas$ on ! obs]v$ appe>ances z high] & high] telescopic p[]s are appli$ to ! planet1 o!rs suppos$ to h be5 se5 by ! visitors to ,saturn :5 actually )9 8 sy/em1 7 only su* z might possibly or probably be se51 b = :i* we h no real evid5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is omission1 ,i receiv$ sev]al inquiries ab\t ^! matt]s4 ',is x true1' "s wrote1 't ! small satellite ,hyp]ion' 7sc>ce disc]nible 9 p[]ful telescopes1 :ile ,titan & ,japetus on ei!r side are l>ge7 'is only "o ( a r+ ( small satellites travell+ betwe5 ! orbits ( ! l>g] moons8'--z ! same planets travel betwe5 ! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,o!rs ask$ on :at gr\nds x 0 said t ! voyag]s f\nd small moons circl+ ab\t ,titan1 ! giant moon ( ! ,saturnian sy/em1 z ! moons ( ,jupit] & ,saturn circle ar\nd ^? giant memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 ea* case1 ,i 0 r$uc$ to ! abject necessity ( expla9+ t !re 0 no evid5ce = ! alleg$ /ate ( ?+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 might nev]!less exi/4 ,sci5tific fiction :i* has to be int]pret$ 9 t way is z bad z a joke t has to be expla9$4 ,9 my ',j\rney to ! ,sun' ,i 0 m successful 7x 0 ! e>li] essay1 h[ev]72 insomu* t ,pr(essor ,"y1 ( ,d>tm\? ,college 7,hanov]1 ,n4,h471 "o ( ! mo/ skilful sol> obs]v]s liv+1 assur$ me t1 ) sc>cely a s+le exception1 ! v>i\s ph5om5a describ$ correspond$ exactly ) ! ideas he _h =m$ respect+ ! probable condition ( our lum9>y4#ej ,b ,i mu/ confess t my own exp]i5ce has n be51 on ! :ole1 fav\rable to t k9d ( popul> sci5ce writ+4 ,x appe>s to me t ! m ?or\ghly ! writ] ( su* an essay has /udi$ any p>ticul> sci5tific subject1 ! less able mu/ he be to write a fictiti\s n>rative respect+ x4 ,j z ^? ignorant ( any subject are (t5 ! readie/ to !orise ab\t x1 because lea/ hamp]$ by exact k1 s ,i ?9k t ! c>eful avoidance ( any exact /udy ( ! details ( a sci5tific subject mu/ greatly facilitate ! writ+ ( a fictiti\s n>rative respect+ x4 ,b un=tunately a n>rative writt5 "u su* conditions1 h[ev] int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]1 c sc>cely =w>d ! propagation ( sci5tific k1 "o ( ! qualities claim$ = fables ( ! k9d4 ,z an in/ance 9 po9t1 ,i may cite ,jules ,v]ne's ',voyage to ! ,moon1' :]e 7ap>t1 ( c\rse1 f ! inh]5t & int5tional absurdity ( ! s*eme itself71 ! circum/ances :i* are describ$ are calculat$ to give entirely errone\s ideas ab\t ! laws ( motion4 ,no?+ c\ld be m amus+1 b at ! same "t no?+ m sci5tifically absurd1 ?an ! /ory ( ! dead dog ,satellite1 :i*1 flung out ( ! travell+ projectile1 becomes a v]itable satellite1 mov+ always beside ! voyag]s2 =1 ) :atev] velocity ! dog _h be5 expell$ by !m1 ) t same velocity w\ld he h retreat$ cont9ually f _! projectile abode1 ^: own attraction on ! dog w\ld h _h no appreciable effect 9 *eck+ 8 dep>ture4 ,aga91 ! sc5e :5 ! projectile rea*es ! neutral po9t betwe5 ! e>? & moon1 s t !re is no long] any gravity to keep ! travell]s on ! floor ( _! travell+ c>1 is well conceiv$ 7?\gh1 9 "p1 some:at pr(ane72 b 9 reality ! /ate ( ?+s describ$ z occurr+ !re w\ld h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! j\rney4 ,! travell]s w\ld no m be drawn e>?w>ds 7z comp>$ ) ! projectile itself7 ?an we travell]s on ! e>? are drawn sunw>ds ) ref]5ce to ! e>?4 ,! e>?'s attract+ =ce on ! projectile & on ! travell]s w\ld be equal all ?r\gh ! j\rney1 n solely :5 ! projectile rea*$ ! neutral po9t2 & be+ equal on bo?1 w\ld n draw !m toge!r4 ,x may be argu$ t ! attractions 7 equal be=e ! projectile set out on its j\rney1 & !re=e1 if ! reason+ j giv5 7 correct1 ! travell]s ought n to h _h any weight keep+ !m on ! floor ( ! projectile be=e x />t$1 ':i* is absurd4' ,b ! pressure ^u ! floor ( ! projectile at re/ is caus$ by ! floor be+ kept f mov+2 let x be free to obey gravity1 & !re w no long] be any pressure3 & ?r\gh\t ! j\rney to ! moon1 ! projectile1 l ! travell]s x conta9s1 is obey+ ! action ( gravity4 ,un=tunately1 ^? :o are able to foll[ ! correct reason+ 9 su* matt]s are n ^? to :om ,jules ,v]ne's acc\nt w\ld sugge/ wrong ideas ab\t matt]s dynamical2 ! "y le>n] :o is misl$ by su* n>ratives is nei!r able to reason out ! matt] = himself1 nor to und]/& ! true reason+ respect+ x4 ,he is1 !re=e1 apt to be set q at sea by /ories ( ! k9d1 & especially by ! speci\s reason+ introduc$ to expla9 ! ev5ts describ$4 ,9 f9e1 x w\ld seem t su* n>ratives mu/ be valu$ = _! intr9sic int]e/1 j l o!r novels or romances1 n = ! quality sometimes claim$ = !m ( comb9+ in/ruction ) amusem5t4 ,x4 ,,on ,,"s ,,a/ronomical ,,p>adoxes4 ,= _m ye>s ! late ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan contribut$ to ! columns ( ! ',a!naeum' a s]ies ( pap]s 9 :i* he dealt ) ! /range treatises 9 :i* ! e>? is flatt5$1 ! circle squ>$1 ! angle divid$ into ?ree1 ! cube d\bl$ 7! fam\s problem :i* ! ,delphic oracle set a/ronom]s71 & ! :ole ( mod]n a/ronomy %[n to be a delusion & a sn>e4 ,he treat$ ^! works 9 a qua9t fa%ion3 n unk9dly1 = 8 0 a k9dly nature2 n ev5 e>ne/ly1 ?\gh he 0 ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/2 yet 9 su* sort z to r\se ! indignation ( ! un=tunate p>adoxi/s4 ,he 0 abus$ r\ndly = :at he said1 b mu* m r\ndly :5 he decl9$ fur!r controv]sy4 ,p>adoxi/s ( ! ignorant sort 7= x mu/ be rememb]$ t n all are ignorant7 are1 inde$1 well practis$ 9 abuse1 & h long le>n$ to call ma!maticians & a/ronom]s *eats & *>latans4 ,!y freely us$ _! vocabul>y = ! b5efit ( ,de ,morgan1 :om !y d5\nc$ z a scurril\s scribbl]1 a defamatory1 di%one/1 abusive1 ung5tlemanly1 & libell\s trick/]4 ,he bore ?is %[] ( abuse ) exce$+ pati5ce & good nature4 ,he _h n be5 :olly unprep>$ = x1 9 fact2 &1 z he _h a purpose 9 deal+ ) ! p>adoxi/s1 he 0 satisfi$ to cont9ue t quiet analysis ( _! "w :i* s r\s$ _! indignation4 ,he f\nd 9 !m a curi\s subject ( /udy2 & he f\nd an equally curi\s subject ( /udy 9 _! disciples4 ,! simpl]--n to say m fooli%--p>adoxi/s1 ^: wond]ful discov]ies are m]ely amaz+ misappreh5sions1 7 ev5 m int]e/+ to ,de ,morgan ?an ! crafti] sort :o make a liv+1 or try to make a liv+1 out ( _! pret5d$ !ories4 ,inde$1 ^! la/ he treat$1 z !y des]v$1 ) a sca?+ satire q diff]5t f 8 humor\s & n ung5ial comm5ts on ! wond]ful !ories ( ! hone/ p>adoxi/s4 ,!re is "o special use to :i* ! /udy ( p>adox-lit]ature may be appli$1 :i*--s f> z ,i "k--has n hi!rto be5 mu* att5d$ to4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r half ! /range notions into :i* p>adoxi/s fall mu/ n be ascrib$ to ! vagu5ess ( too _m ( our sci5tific treatises4 ,a half-und]/ood explanation1 or a c>elessly word$ acc\nt ( "s natural ph5om5on1 leads ! p>adoxi/1 ^: nature is comp\nd$ ( conceit & simplicity1 to orig9ate a !ory ( 8 own on ! subject4 ,once su* a !ory has be5 devis$1 x takes complete possession ( ! p>adoxi/'s m9d4 ,all ! facts ( :i* he !nce=w>d he>s1 :i* be> 9 ! lea/ on 8 fav\rite craze1 appe> to give evid5ce 9 its fav\r1 ev5 ?\gh 9 reality !y are mo/ obvi\sly oppos$ to x4 ,he le>ns to look ^u himself z an unappreciat$ ,newton1 & to see ! bitt]e/ malevol5ce 9 ^? :o v5ture to "q 8 prepo/]\s notions4 ,he is =tunate if he d n suff] 8 !ories to )draw him f 8 means ( e>n+ a livelihood1 or if he d n wa/e 8 sub/ance 9 prop\nd+ & def5d+ !m4 ,"o ( ! fav\rite subjects = p>adox-=m+ is ! accept$ !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,our books on a/ronomy too (t5 pres5t ?is !ory 9 su* sort t x seems only a successor ( ,ptolemy's2 & ! impression is convey$ t1 l ,ptolemy's1 x may be "o day sup]s$$ by "s o!r !ory4 ,?is is q en\gh = ! p>adoxi/4 ,if a new !ory is to replace ! "o n[ accept$1 :y %\ld n he be ! new ,cop]nicus8 ,he />ts ^u ! road )\t a ti! ( ! k t old ,ptolemy possess$1 unaw>e ( ! difficulties :i* ,ptolemy met & dealt )--free1 !re=e1 because ( 8 p]fect ignorance1 to =m !ories at :i* ,ptolemy w\ld h smil$4 ,he has probably he>d ( ! c5trics & ecc5trics scribbl$ o'er ,cycle & epicycle1 orb 9 orb1 :i* disfigur$ ! !ories ( ! anci5ts2 b he is q unconsci\s t e "o ( ^? scribbl+s _h a real mean+1 ea* be+ int5d$ to acc\nt = "s obs]v$ peculi>ity ( planet>y motion1 :i* mu/ be acc\nt$ = by any !ory :i* is to claim acceptance4 ,9 ?is happy unconsci\sness t !re are any peculi>ities requir+ explanation1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! /range pa?s :i* ! planets are se5 to foll[ on ! heav5ly vault1 ,_! w&'r+ c\rse n[ high1 n[ l[1 !n hid1 ,progressive1 retrograde1 or /&+ /ill1 he placidly puts =w>d--& pres5tly v vehem5tly urges--a !ory :i* acc\nts = none ( ^! ?+s4 ,x has (t5 seem$ to me t a l>ge "p ( ! mis*ief--= let x be rememb]$ t ! publi%$ errors ( ! p>adoxi/ are indicative ( mu* unpubli%$ misappreh5sion--arises f ! undes]v$ contempt ) :i* our books ( a/ronomy too (t5 treat ! lab\rs ( ,ptolemy1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 & o!rs :o advocat$ errone\s !ories4 ,if ! simple tru? 7 told1 t ! !ory ( ,ptolemy 0 a ma/]piece ( +5uity & t x 0 work$ out by 8 foll[]s 9 a way :i* m]its ! highe/ possible praise1 :ile ! !ory ( ,ty*o ,brahe 0 plac$ 9 reality on a s\nd] basis ?an t ( ,cop]nicus1 & acc\nt$ z well & z simply = obs]v$ appe>ances1 ! /ud5t w\ld beg9 to realise ! noble nature ( ! problem :i* ^? great a/ronom]s dealt )4 ,& aga91 if /ress 7 laid ^u ! fact t ,ty*o ,brahe devot$ ye>s ^u ye>s ( 8 life to secure su* obs]vations ( ! planets z might settle ! que/ions at issue1 ! /ud5t w\ld le>n some?+ ( ! _s 9 :i* ! true lov] ( sci5ce proce$s4 ,x seems to me1 also1 t f> too little is said ab\t ! k9d ( "w by :i* ,kepl] & ,newton f9ally e/abli%$ ! accept$ !ories4 ,!re is a /range *>m 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? tw5ty ye>s ( ,kepl]'s life dur+ :i* he 0 analys+ ! obs]vations made by ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,surr\nd$ ) dome/ic trials & anxieties1 :i* might well h claim$ 8 :ole att5tion1 tri$ griev\sly by ill-heal? & bodily angui%1 he lab\r$ all ^? ye>s ^u errone\s !ories4 ,! v wor/ ( ^! _h inf9itely m evid5ce 9 its fav\r ?an ! be/ :i* ! p>adoxi/s h br\ght =?4 ,!re 0 n "o ( ^? !ories :i* n9e out ( t5 ( 8 sci5tific contempor>ies w\ld n h accept$ ungrudg+ly4 ,yet he wr\ght ^! !ories "o aft] ano!r to _! own dispro(4 ,n9ete5 ( !m he tri$ & reject$--! tw5tie? 0 ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,p]haps no?+ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( a/ronomy af=ds a nobl] lesson to ! /ud5t ( sci5ce--unless1 inde$1 x be ! calm philosophy ) :i* ,newton = eighte5 ye>s suff]$ ! !ory ( ! univ]se to rema9 9 abeyance1 because faulty measurem5ts ( ! e>? prev5t$ 8 calculations f agree+ ) obs]v$ facts4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,tyndall has well rem>k$--& ! p>adoxi/ %\ld lay ! lesson well to he>t--',newton's action 9 ?is matt] 0 ! normal action ( ! sci5tific m9d4 ,if x 7 o!rwise--if sci5tific m5 7 n accu/om$ to dem& v]ification1 if !y 7 satisfi$ ) ! imp]fect :ile ! p]fect is atta9able--_! sci5ce1 in/ead ( be+1 z x is1 a =tress ( adamant1 w\ld be a h\se ( clay1 ill fitt$ to be> ! buffet+s ( ! !ologic /orms to :i* x has be5 f "t to "t1 & is at pres5t1 expos$4' ,! fame ( ,newton has prov$ to _m p>adoxi/s an irresi/ible attraction2 x has be5 to ^! un=tunates z ! c&le to ! flutt]+ mo?4 ,circle-squ>+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 has _h its attractions1 nor h e>?-fix+ & e>?-flatt5+ be5 neglect$2 b attack+ ! law ( gravitation has be5 ! fav\rite "w ( p>adoxi/s4 ,newton has be5 prais$ z surpass+ ! :ole human race 9 g5ius2 ma!maticians & a/ronom]s h agre$ to laud him z unequall$2 :y %\ld n ,p>adoxus displace him & be prais$ 9 l mann]8 ,x w\ld be unfair1 p]haps1 to say t ! p>adoxi/ consci\sly argues ?us4 ,he d\btless 9 mo/ in/ances conv9ces himself t he has really detect$ "s flaw 9 ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,yet x is impossible n to recognise1 z ! real motive ( e p>adox-mong]1 ! desire to h t said ( him :i* has be5 said ( ,newton3 ',g5us humanum +5io sup]avit4' ,i rememb] a curi\s in/ance ( ?is :i* occurr$ soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ! comet ( #aheh4 ,x *anc$ t1 :ile t object 0 "u discussion1 ref]5ce 0 made to ! action ( a repulsive =ce ex]t$ by ! sun ^u ! matt] ( ! comet's tail4 ,on ?is1 "s "o address$ a long lett] to a ,glasg[ newspap]1 ann\nc+ t he _h long ago prov$ t ! sun's attraction alone is insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! planet>y motions4 ,8 reason+ 0 amaz+ly simple4 ,if ! sun's attraction is p[]ful en\gh to keep ! out] planets 9 _! c\rse1 x mu/ be too p[]ful = ,v5us & ,m]cury close by ! sun2 if x only j suffices to keep ^! 9 _! c\rse1 x _c possibly be p[]ful en\gh to re/ra9 ! out] planets4 ,! writ] ( ?is lett] said t he _h be5 v badly treat$ by sci5tific bodies4 ,he _h ann\nc$ 8 discov]y to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,imp]ial ,academy at ,p>is1 & o!r sci5tific bodies2 b !y _h "o & all refus$ to li/5 to him4 ,he _h =sak5 or neglect$ 8 trade = sev]al ye>s 9 ord] to give att5tion to ! new & 7z he ?\ght7 ! true !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,he compla9$ 9 a specially bitt] mann] ( ! unfav\rable comm5ts :i* m5 ( sci5ce _h made ^u 8 views 9 private lett]s address$ to him 9 reply to 8 communications4 ,!re is some?+ melan*oly ev5 9 :at is mo/ ridicul\s 9 cases ( ?is sort4 ,! simplicity :i* supposes t consid]ations s obvi\s z ^? adduc$ c\ld escape ! scrut9y1 n ( ,newton only1 b ( all :o h foll[$ 9 ! same track dur+ two c5turies1 is c]ta9ly /up5d\s2 nor c "o fail to smile at see+ a difficulty1 su* z might naturally sugge/ itself to a beg9n]1 & su* z half-a-doz5 words f an exp]t w\ld cle> up1 reg>d$ gravely z a discov]y calculat$ to make its au?or fam\s = all "t4 ,yet1 :5 "o consid]s ! probable consequ5ces ( ! blund] to ! unhappy en?usia/1 & p]*ance to 8 family1 x is difficult n to feel a s5se ( pity1 q ap>t f t pity alli$ to contempt :i* is excit$ by 8 mi/ake4 ,a few words add$ to ! acc\nt ( ,newton's !ory1 :i* ! p>adoxi/ _h probably read 9 "s a/ronomical treatise1 w\ld h prev5t$ all ?is mis*ief4 ,inde$1 ?is difficulty1 :i*1 z we h said1 is a natural "o1 %\ld be dealt ) & remov$ 9 any acc\nt ( ! planet>y sy/em int5d$ = beg9n]s4 ,! simple /atem5t t ! out] planets move m sl[ly ?an ! inn]1 & s require a small] =ce to keep !m 9 _! c\rse1 w\ld h suffic$1 n1 p]haps1 altoge!r to remove ! difficulty1 b to %[ ! beg9n] :]e ! explanation 0 to be look$ =4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ?is subject ( gravitation t "o ( ! mo/ well-mean+ ( ! p>adoxi/s--! late ,mr4 ,james ,r$die--came "u ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's criticism4 ,mr4 ,r$die 0 some?+ m ?an well-mean+4 ,he 0 e>ne/ly desir\s ( advanc+ ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 z well z ( def5d+ religion f :at he mi/ak5ly suppos$ to be ! dang]\s tea*+s ( ! ,newtonians4 ,he f\nd$ = ^! purposes ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 ( :i* society he 0 ! secret>y f ! "t ( its in/itution until 8 decease1 "s ye>s s9ce2 &1 probably1 _m :o decl9$ to jo9 t society because ( ! ,anti-,newtonian proclivities ( its secret>y1 7 unaw>e t to t secret>y ! in/itute ow$ its exi/5ce4 ,x s *anc$ t ,i _h myself a good deal ( correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,r$die 7:o 01 h[ev]1 p]sonally unkn[n to me74 ,?is correspond5ce s]v$ to ?r[ q a new light on ! m5tal habitudes & ways ( ?9k+ ( ! hone/ p>adoxi/4 ,i believe t ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan h>dly gave ,mr4 ,r$die cr$it = ! p]fect hone/y :i* he really possess$4 ,x may h be5 t a cle> reason] l ,de ,morgan c\ld h>dly 7despite 8 wide exp]i5ce7 appreciate ! confusion ( m9d :i* is ! normal *>act]i/ic ( ! p>adoxi/4 ,b c]ta9ly ! v c&id way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,r$die admitt$1 9 ! correspond5ce above nam$1 t he _h n kn[n "s facts & _h misund]/ood o!rs1 af=d$ to my m9d ! mo/ satisfactory pro(s ( 8 /raight=w>dness4 ,x may be in/ructive to consid] a few ( ^? p>adoxes ( ,mr4 ,r$die's :i* ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan f\nd *ief occasion to pulv]ise4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,a/ronom]-,royal ,mr4 ,r$die ann\nc$ t he 0 ab\t to write 'a pap] int5d$ to be h]eaft] publi%$1 elaborat+ m m9utely & discuss+ m rigidly ?an be=e ! gl>+ fallacies1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,newton1 relat+ to ! motion ( ! moon4' ,he proce$$ to 'indicate ! nature ( ! issues he int5d$ to raise4' ,he _h discov]$ t ! moon does n1 z a matt] ( fact1 g r\nd ! e>? at ! rate ( #bbhh miles an h\r1 z a/ronom]s say1 b foll[s an undulatory pa? r\nd ! sun at a rate v>y+ betwe5 #fe1jjj & #gj1jjj miles an h\r2 because1 :ile ! moon seems to g r\nd ! e>?1 ! latt] is travell+ onw>ds at ! rate ( #fg1ejj miles an h\r r\nd ! sun4 ,( c\rse he 0 q "r 9 8 facts1 & q wrong 9 8 inf]5ces2 z ! ,a/ronom]-,royal po9t$ out 9 a brief lett]1 clos+ ) ! rem>k t1 'z a v closely occupi$ man1' ,mr4 ,airy c\ld 'n ent] fur!r into ! matt]4' ,b fur!r ,mr4 ,r$die p]si/$ 9 go+1 ?\gh he receiv$ no m lett]s f ,gre5wi*4 ,8 reply to ,sir ,g4 ,airy conta9$1 9 fact1 matt] en\gh = a small pamphlet4 ,n[ "h 0 c]ta9ly an amaz+ fact4 ,a well-kn[n a/ronomical relation1 :i* a/ronom]s h ov] & ov] aga9 describ$ & expla9$1 is treat$ z ?\gh x 7 some?+ :i* _h ?r\gh\t all ages escap$ att5tion4 ,x is n "h ! failure to compreh5d ! rationale ( a simple explanation :i* is />tl+1 b ! notion t an obvi\s fact _h be5 :olly ov]look$4 ,( l nature 0 ! mi/ake :i* br\ght ,mr4 ,r$die m especially "u ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's notice4 ,x is kn[n t ! sun1 c>ry+ ) him 8 family ( planets1 is spe$+ swiftly ?r\gh space--8 velocity be+ e/imat$ z probably n fall+ %ort ( #bj1jjj miles p] h\r4 ,x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! real pa?s ( ! planets 9 space are n clos$ curves1 b spirals ( diff]5t ord]s4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! !ory ( ,cop]nicus be "r1 accord+ to :i* ! planets circle 9 clos$ orbits r\nd ! sun8 ,"h 0 ,mr4 ,r$die's difficulty2 & l ! o!r1 x appe>$ to 8 m9d z a great discov]y4 ,he 0 no :it conc]n$ by ! ?\ght t a/ronom]s ought surely to h notic$ ! difficulty be=e4 ,x did n seem 9 ! lea/ wond]ful t he1 lightly read+ a book or two ( popul> a/ronomy1 %\ld discov] t :i* ,laplace1 ! ,h]s*els1 ,lev]ri]1 ,airy1 ,adams1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 :o h giv5 _! :ole lives to a/ronomy1 _h fail$ to notice4 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4 ,r$die =w>d$ to ! ,briti% ,association 79 session at ,newca/le7 a pap] controv]t+ ! !ory ( ! sun's motion4 ,! pap] 0 decl9$ ) ?anks by t bigot$ body 'z oppos$ to ,newtonian a/ronomy4' ',t pap] ,i publi%$1' says ,mr4 ,r$die1 '9 ,septemb] #ahfc1 ) an app5dix1 9 bo? ?or\ghly exhibit+ ! illogical reason+ & absurdities involv$ 9 ! !ory2 & ) :at result8 ,! memb]s ( ,section ,a ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society & ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 to :om ,i s5t copies ( my pap]1 71 )\t exception1 dumb4' ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan1 h[ev]1 hav+ occasion to exam9e ,mr4 ,r$die's publications "s "t aft]1 0 9 no sort dumb1 b 9 v pla9 & def9ite t]ms exhibit$ _! absurdity4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! real absurdity consi/$1 n 9 ! /atem5ts :i* ,mr4 ,r$die made1 nor ev5 9 ! conclusions :i* he drew f !m1 b 9 ! a/\nd+ simplicity :i* c\ld suppose t a/ronom]s 7 unaw>e ( ! facts :i* _! own lab\rs _h reveal$4 ,9 my correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,r$die ,i recognis$ ! real s\rce ( ! amaz+ self-complac5cy display$ by ! true p>adoxi/4 ,! v insuffici5cy ( ! k :i* a p>adoxi/ possesses ( 8 subject1 af=ds ! measure ( 8 e/imate ( ! c>e ) :i* o!r m5 h /udi$ t subject4 ,because ! p>adoxi/ is ready to pron\nce an op9ion ab\t matt]s he has n /udi$1 x does n seem /range to him t ,newton & 8 foll[]s %\ld be equally ready to discuss subjects !y _h n inquir$ into4 ,ano!r v rem>kable in/ance 0 af=d$ by ,mr4 ,r$die's treatm5t ( ! subject ( comets4 ,& "h1 by ! way1 ,i %all quote a rem>k made by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ! comet ( #ahfa4 ',i h receiv$ lett]s1' he said1 'ab\t ! comets ( ! la/ few ye>s1 en\gh to make "o's hair /& on end at ! absurdity ( ! !ories !y propose1 & at ! ignorance ( ! commone/ laws ( optics1 ( motion1 ( heat1 & ( g5]al physics1 !y betray 9 _! writ]s4' ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! correspond5ce %[$ t ! p>adoxi/ suppos$ ! p>abolic pa?s ( "s comets to be reg>d$ by a/ronom]s z analog\s to ! p>abolic pa?s trav]s$ by projectiles4 ,he express$ consid]able a/oni%m5t :5 ,i in=m$ him t1 9 ! fir/ place1 projectiles d n travel on truly p>abolic pa?s2 & secondly1 t 9 all respects _! motion diff]s ess5tially f t :i* a/ronom]s ascribe to comets4 ,^! la/ move m & m quickly until !y rea* :at is call$ ! v]tex ( ! p>abola 7! po9t ( su* a pa? :i* lies ne>e/ to ! sun73 projectiles1 on ! contr>y1 move m & m sl[ly z !y approa* ! correspond+ po9t ( _! pa?2 & fur!r1 ! comet fir/ approa*es & !n rec$es f ! c5tre ( attraction--! projectile fir/ rec$es f & !n approa*es ! attract+ c5tre4 ,! e>?-flatt5]s =m a consid]able section ( ! p>adoxical family4 ,!y exp]i5c$ a practical rebuff1 a few ye>s s9ce1 :i* %\ld to "s degree h %ak5 _! fai? 9 ! pres5t *ief ( _! ord]4 ,to d ?is *ief ju/ice1 he is probably f> less confid5t ab\t ! flatness ( ! e>? ?an any ( 8 disciples4 ,"u ! assum$ "n ( ,p>allax he visit$ mo/ ( ! *ief t[ns ( ,engl&1 prop\nd+ :at he calls 8 sy/em ( zetetic a/ronomy4 ,:y he %\ld call himself ,p>allax x w\ld be h>d to say2 unless x be t ! v]b f :i* ! ^w is d]iv$ signifies prim>ily to %ift ab\t or dodge1 & second>ily to alt] a little1 especially = ! worse4 ,8 employm5t ( ! ^w zetetic is less d\btful1 z he claims = 8 sy/em t x alone is f\nd$ on ! true seek+ out ( ,nature's secrets4 ,! exp]im5tal basis ( ! !ory ( ,p>allax is ma9ly ?is3 ,hav+ betak5 himself to a "p ( ! ,b$=d ,canal1 :]e !re is an un9t]rupt$ wat]-l9e ( ab\t six miles1 he te/$ ! wat] surface = signs ( curvature1 & 7z he said7 f\nd none4 ,x *anc$1 un=tunately1 t a disciple--,mr4 ,john ,hampd51 ( ,sw9don--accept$ ! n>rative ( ?is obs]vation 9 an unque/ion+ _s2 & 0 s confid5t t ! ,b$=d ,canal has a truly plane surface1 t he wag]$ five hundr$ p\nds on 8 op9ion1 *all5g+ ! believ]s 9 ! e>?'s rotundity to repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,! *all5ge 0 accept$ by ,mr4 ,wallace1 ! em95t naturali/2 & ! result may be anticipat$4 ,?ree boats 7 to be moor$ 9 a l9e1 ?ree miles or s betwe5 ea*4 ,ea* c>ri$ a ma/ ( giv5 l5g?4 ,if1 :5 ! summits ( ! fir/ & la/ ma/s 7 se5 9 a l9e ?r\gh a telescope1 ! summit ( ! middle ma/ 0 n f\nd to be above ! l9e1 !n ,mr4 ,hampd5 0 to receive five hundr$ p\nds f ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! top ( ! middle ma/ 0 f\nd1 z ! accept$ !ory said x %\ld be1 to be sev]al feet above ! l9e jo9+ ! tops ( ! two out] ma/s1 !n ,mr4 ,hampd5 0 to lose ! five hundr$ p\nds he _h s ra%ly v5tur$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! arrangem5ts agre$ ^u4 ,! editor ( a well-kn[n sport+ pap] act$ z /akehold]1 & unprejudic$ umpires 7 to decide z to :at actually 0 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t ! accept$ !ory held its own1 & t ,mr4 ,hampd5 lo/ 8 money4 ,he sc>cely bore ! loss ) s good a grace z 0 to h be5 expect$ f a philosoph] m]ely desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?4 ,8 wra? 0 n exp5d$ on ,p>allax1 :om he might h suspect$ ( hav+ l$ him a/ray2 nor does he seem to h be5 angry ) himself1 z w\ld h seem$ natural4 ,all 8 ang] 0 res]v$ = ^? :o /ill cont9u$ to believe 9 ! e>?'s rotundity4 ,:e!r he believ$ t ! ,b$=d wat] _h ris5 "u ! middle boat to oblige ,mr4 ,wallace1 or h[ x came to pass t 8 own *os5 exp]im5t _h fail$ him1 does n appe>4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is matt] has be5 unpleasant4 ,x illu/rates1 un=tunately b too well1 ! mis*ief :i* may ensue f ! tricks ( ^? :o make a trade ( p>adox--tricks :i* w\ld be sc>ce possible1 h[ev]1 if text-books ( sci5ce 7 m c>efully writt51 & by ^? only :o are really acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( :i* !y treat4 ,! book :i* orig9ally l$ to ,mr4 ,hampd5's mis=tunes1 & has misl$ n a few1 ought to h deceiv$ none4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! /atem5t on :i* ,p>allax 7^: true "n is ,r[bo?am7 re/$ 8 !ory4 ,( c\rse1 if t /atem5t _h be5 true--if he _h1 ) 8 eye a few in*es f ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! ,b$=d ,canal1 se5 an object close to ! surface six miles f him--!re manife/ly w\ld h be5 some?+ wrong 9 ! accept$ !ory ab\t ! e>?'s rotundity4 ,s1 also1 if a writ] 7 to ann\nce a new !ory ( gravity1 /at+ z ! basis ( 8 !ory t a heavy missile :i* he _h ?r[n into ! air _h gone upw>ds on a s]p5t9e c\rse to ! moon1 any "o :o accept$ ! /atem5t w\ld be logically b\nd to admit at lea/ t ! fact describ$ 0 inconsi/5t ) ! accept$ !ory4 ,b no "o w\ld accept su* a /atem5t2 & no "o %\ld h accept$ ,mr4 ,r[bo?am's /atem5t4 ,8 /atem5t 0 believ$1 h[ev]1 & p]haps is /ill believ$ by _m4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,de ,morgan wrote t '! f\nd] ( ! zetetic a/ronomy ga9$ great praise f prov9cial newspap]s = 8 +5uity 9 prov+ t ! e>? is a flat1 surr\nd$ by ice1' ) ! nor? pol> ice 9 ! middle4 ',"s ( ! j\rnals r incl9e to ?is view2 b ! ,leice/] ,adv]tis] ?9ks t ! /atem5t w\ld seem to invalidate "s ( ! mo/ important conclusions ( mod]n a/ronomy2 :ile ! ,norfolk ,h]ald is cle> t !re mu/ be great error on "o side or ! o!r4 444 ,! fact is wor? not+ t f #ahdi-aheg argum5ts on ! r\ndness or flatness ( ! e>? did it9]ate4 ,i h no d\bt !y did mu* good1 = v few p]sons h any di/9ct idea ( ! evid5ce = ! rotundity ( ! e>?4 ,! ,blackburn ,/&>d & ,pre/on ,gu>dian 7,decemb] #ab & #af1 #ahdi7 unite 9 /at+ t ! lectur] ran away f 8 second lecture at ,burnley1 hav+ be5 r too h>d press$1 at ! end ( 8 fir/ lecture1 to expla9 :y ! l>ge hull ( a %ip disappe>$ be=e ! ma/s4 ,! p]sons pres5t & wait+ = ! second lecture assuag$ _! disappo9tm5t by conclud+ t ! lectur] _h slipp$ (f ! ice edge ( 8 flat disc1 & t he w\ld n be se5 aga9 till he peep$ up on ! opposite side4' 444 ',! zetetic sy/em1' proce$s ,de ,morgan1 '/ill lives 9 lectures & books2 z x ought to d1 = !re is no way ( tea*+ a tru? comp>able to opposition4 ,! la/ ,i he>d ( x 0 9 lectures at ,plym\?1 9 ,octob] #ahfd4 ,s9ce ?is "t a prospectus has be5 issu$ ( a "w entitl$ ,! ,e>? n a ,globe2 b :e!r x has be5 publi%$ ,i d n "k4' ,! book 0 publi%$ soon aft] ! above 0 writt51 & ,de ,morgan gives ! foll[+ qua9t acc\nt ( x3 ',augu/ #bh1 #ahfe4 ,! zetetic a/ronomy has come into my h&s4 ,:5 9 #ahea ,i w5t to see ! ,great ,exhibition ,i he>d an organ play$ by a p]=m] :o seem$ v desir\s ( exhibit+ "o p>ticul> /op4 ,:at d y ?9k ( t /op8 ,i 0 ask$4 ,t dep5ds on ! "n ( x1 said ,i ,oh6 :at c ! "n ( x h to d ) ! s\nd8 't :i* we call a rose1' etc4 ,! "n has ev]y?+ to d ) x3 if x be a flute /op ,i ?9k x v h>%2 b if x be a railway-:i/le /op1 ,i ?9k x v sweet4 ,s z to ?is book3 if x be *ildi%1 x is clev]2 if x be manni%1 x is unusually fooli%4 ,! flat e>? float+ tremul\sly on ! sea2 ! sun mov+ always ov] ! flat1 giv+ day :5 ne> en\gh1 & night :5 too f> (f2 ! self-lum9\s moon1 ) a semi-transp>5t invisible moon creat$ to give h] an eclipse n[ & !n2 ! new law ( p]spective1 by :i* ! vani%+ ( ! hull be=e ! ma/s1 usually ?\ght to prove ! e>? globul>1 really proves x flat2--all ^! & o!r ?+s are well fitt$ to =m ex]cises = a p]son :o is le>n+ ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! sun dips into ! sea1 especially 9 tropical climates1 upsets ! :ole4 ,mungo ,p>k1 ,i ?9k1 gives an ,african hypo!sis :i* expla9s ph5om5a bett] ?an ?is4 ,! sun dips into ! ,we/]n ocean1 & ! p !re cut him 9 pieces1 fry him 9 a pan1 & !n jo9 him toge!r aga92 take him r\nd ! "u way1 & set him up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,i hope ?is book w be read1 & t _m w be puzzl$ by x2 = !re are _m ^: notions ( a/ronomy des]ve no bett] fate4 ,!re is no subject on :i* !re is s little accurate conception z on t ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4#ea ,! au?or1 ?\gh confid5t 9 ! extreme1 nei!r impea*es ! hone/y ( ^? ^: op9ion he assails1 nor allots !m any future inconv5i5ce3 9 ^! po9ts he is wor?y to live on a globe & to rotate 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4' ,i *anc$ to reside ne> ,plym\? :5 ,mr4 ,r[bo?am lectur$ !re 9 ,octob] #ahfd4 ,x w readily be und]/ood t1 9 a t[n :]e !re are s _m naval m51 8 lectures 7 n altoge!r s successful z !y h sometimes be5 9 small inl& t[ns4 ,numb]s ( naval (fic]s1 h[ev]1 :o 7 ?or\ghly well assur$ ( ! fact t ! e>? is a globe1 7 n able to demoli% ! crafty argum5ts ( ,p>allax publicly1 dur+ ! discussions :i* he *all5g$ at ! close ( ea* lecture4 ,he 0 too skill$ 9 t sort ( evasion :i* 8 assum$ "n 7z int]pret$ by ,liddell & ,scott7 sugge/s1 to be readily corn]$4 ,:5 an argum5t 0 us$ :i* he c\ld n easily meet1 or seem to meet1 he w\ld say simply3 ',well1 sir1 y h n[ _h y\r fair %>e ( ! discussion2 let "s "o else h 8 turn4' ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! newspap]s t "o ( 8 audi5ce 0 s wra?ful ) ! lectur] on acc\nt ( ^! evasions1 t he endeav\r$ to /rike ,p>allax ) a knobb$ /ick at ! close ( ! second lecture2 b probably !re 0 no real f\ndation = ! /ory4 ,mr4 ,r[bo?am did a v bold ?+1 h[ev]1 at ,plym\?4 ,he und]took to prove1 by obs]vations made ) a telescope ^u ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se f ! ,hoe & f ! bea*1 t ! surface ( ! wat] is flat4 ,f ! bea* usually only ! lant]n c be se54 ,f ! ,hoe ! :ole ( ! ligh?\se is visible "u fav\rable conditions4 ,duly on ! morn+ appo9t$1 ,mr4 ,r[bo?am appe>$4 ,f ! ,hoe a telescope 0 direct$ t[>ds ! ligh?\se1 :i* 0 well se51 ! morn+ be+ calm & /ill1 & tol]ably cle>4 ,on desc5d+ to ! bea* x 0 f\nd t1 in/ead ( ! :ole lant]n be+ visible z usual1 only half c\ld be se5--a circum/ance d\btless due to ! fact t ! air's refractive p[]1 :i* usually dim9i%es ! dip due to ! e>?'s curvature by ab\t "o-six? "p1 0 less effici5t t morn+ ?an usual4 ,! effect ( ! peculi>ity 0 manife/ly unfav\rable to ,mr4 ,r[bo?am's !ory4 ,! curvature ( ! e>? produc$ a great] diff]5ce ?an usual betwe5 ! appe>ance ( a di/ant object z se5 f a c]ta9 high /ation & f a c]ta9 l[ /ation 7?\gh /ill ! diff]5ce fell %ort ( t :i* w\ld be %[n if !re 7 no air74 ,b ,p>allax claim$ ! peculi>ity obs]vable t morn+ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 flat e>?4 ,x is manife/1 he said1 t !re is some?+ wrong ab\t ! accept$ !ory2 = x tells u t s mu* less ( ! ligh?\se %\ld be se5 f ! bea* ?an f ! ,hoe1 :]eas less /ill 0 se54 ,& _m ( ! ,plym\? folk w5t away f ! ,hoe t morn+1 & f ! second lecture1 9 :i* ,p>allax triumphantly quot$ ! results ( ! obs]vation1 ) ! feel+ :i* _h be5 express$ sev5 ye>s be=e 9 ! ',leice/] ,adv]tis]1' t '"s ( ! mo/ important conclusions ( mod]n a/ronomy _h be5 s]i\sly invalidat$4' ,if our books ( a/ronomy1 9 ref]r+ to ! effects ( ! e>?'s curvature1 _h only be5 c>eful to po9t out h[ surveyors & sailors & ^? :o build ligh?\ses take into acc\nt ! modify+ effects ( atmosph]ic refraction1 & h[ ^! effects h long be5 kn[n to v>y ) ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! air1 ?is mis*ief w\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,x w\ld n be fair to say ( ! p]sons misl$ on t occasion by ,p>allax t !y des]v$ no bett]2 s9ce ! fault is n !irs z read]s1 b t ( c>eless or ill-in=m$ writ]s4 ,ano!r exp]im5t conduct$ by ,p>allax ! same morn+ 0 cr$itable to 8 +5uity4 ,no?+ bett]1 p]haps1 0 ev] devis$ to deceive p1 app>5tly by ocul> evid5ce1 into ! belief t ! e>? is flat--nor is !re any cle>] evid5ce ( ! l>g5ess ( ! e>?'s globe comp>$ ) our ord9>y measures4 ,on ! ,hoe1 "s n9ety or a hundr$ feet above ! sea-level1 he _h a mirror susp5d$ 9 a v]tical position fac+ ! sea1 & invit$ ! by/&]s to look 9 t mirror at ! sea-horizon4 ,to all appe>ance ! l9e ( ! horizon correspond$ exactly ) ! level ( ! eye-pupils ( ! obs]v]4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 :5 we look into a mirror ^: surface is exactly v]tical1 ! l9e ( sight to ! eye-pupils ( our image 9 ! mirror is exactly horizontal2 :]eas ! l9e ( sight f ! eyes to ! image ( ! sea-horizon is depress$ exactly z mu* z ! l9e f ! eyes to ! real sea-horizon4 ,"h1 !n1 seem$ to be pro( positive t !re is no depression ( ! sea-horizon2 = ! horizontal l9e to ! image ( ! eye-pupil seem$ to co9cide exactly ) ! l9e to ! image ( ! sea-horizon4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose "h t ! mirror 0 wrongly adju/$1 ?\gh ! slighte/ error ( adju/m5t w\ld affect ! result ei!r fav\rably or unfav\rably = ,p>allax's flat-e>? !ory4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t1 if ! mirror 7 p]fectly v]tical1 only v acute vision c\ld detect ! depression ( ! image ( ! sea-horizon bel[ ! image ( ! eye-pupil4 ,! depression c easily be calculat$ = any giv5 circum/ances4 ,p>allax enc\rag$ obs]v]s to note v closely ! position ( ! eye-pupil 9 ! image1 s t mo/ ( !m approa*$ ! image )9 ab\t t5 in*es1 or ! glass )9 ab\t five4 ,n[1 9 su* a case1 = a height ( "o hundr$ feet above ! sea-level ! image ( ! sea-horizon w\ld be depress$ bel[ ! image ( ! eye-pupil by less ?an ?ree hundr$?s ( an in*--an am\nt :i* c\ld n be detect$ by "o eye 9 a hundr$4 ,! av]age diamet] ( ! pupil itself is "o-fif? ( an in*1 or ab\t sev5 times z great z ! depression ( ! sea-horizon 9 ! case suppos$4 ,x w\ld require v close obs]vation & a good eye to det]m9e :e!r a horizontal l9e se5 on ei!r side ( ! head 7 on ! level ( ! c5tres ( ! eye-pupils1 or l[] by ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! bread? ( ei!r pupil4 ,! exp]im5t is a pretty "o1 h[ev]1 & well wor? try+ by any "o :o lives ne> to ! sea-%ore & sea-cliffs4 ,b !re is a mu* m effective exp]im5t :i* c be mu* m easily tri$--only x is op5 to ! disadvantage t x at once demoli%es ! argum5t ( our fri5d ,p>allax4 ,x occurr$ to me :ile ,i 0 writ+ ! above p>agraph4 ,let a v small mirror 7x ne$ n be l>g] ?an a sixp5ce7 be s susp5d$ to a small support & s weight$ t :5 left to itself x hangs ) its face p]fectly v]tical--an arrangem5t :i* any compet5t optician w easily secure--& let a f9e horizontal l9e or sev]al horizontal l9es be m>k$ on ! mirror2 :i*1 by ! way1 %\ld be a metallic "o1 z its indications w !n be altoge!r m tru/wor?y4 ,?is mirror c be put into ! wai/coat pocket & conv5i5tly c>ri$ to mu* great] height ?an ! mirror us$ by ,p>allax4 ,n[1 at "s consid]able height--say five or six hundr$ feet above ! sea-level1 b a hundr$ or ev5 fifty w suffice--look into ?is small mirror :ile fac+ ! sea4 ,! true horizon w !n be se5 to be visibly bel[ ! c5tre ( ! eye-pupil--visibly 9 ?is case because ! horizontal l9e trac$ on ! mirror c be made to co9cide ) ! sea-horizon exactly1 & w !n be f\nd n to co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! eye-pupil4 ,su* an in/rum5t c\ld be readily made to %[ ! di/ance ( ! sea-horizon1 :i* at once det]m9es ! height ( ! obs]v] above ! sea-level4 ,= ?is purpose all t w\ld be necess>y w\ld be a means ( plac+ ! eye at "s def9ite di/ance f ! small mirror1 & a f9e v]tical scale on ! mirror to %[ ! exact depression ( ! sea-horizon4 ,= ballooni/s su* an in/rum5t w\ld sometimes be useful1 z %[+ ! elevation indep5d5tly ( ! b>omet]1 :5ev] any portion ( ! sea-horizon 0 9 view4 ,! m5tion ( balloon exp]i5ces leads me to ano!r delusive argum5t ( ! e>?-flatt5]s4#eb ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( all a]onauts t1 z ! balloon rises1 ! appe>ance ( ! e>? is by no means :at w\ld be expect$ f ! famili> tea*+s 9 our books ( a/ronomy4 ,!re is a picture 9 mo/ ( ^! books repres5t+ ! effect ( asc5t above ! sea-level 9 depress+ ! l9e ( sight to ! horizon1 & br++ m & m into view ! convexity ( ! e>?'s globe4 ,"o w\ld suppose1 f ! picture1 t :5 an obs]v] is at a great height ! e>? w\ld appe> to rise "u him1 l "s great r\nd & well-curv$ %ield ^: convexity 0 t[>ds him4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! a]onaut f9ds ! e>? pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a great holl[ bas91 or ( ! concave side ( a well-curv$ %ield4 ,! horizon seems to rise z he rises1 :ile ! e>? b5ea? him s9ks l[] & l[]4 ,a some:at simil> ph5om5on may be not$ :51 aft] asc5d+ ! l&w>d side ( a high cliff1 we come sudd5ly ^u a view ( ! sea--inv>iably ! sea-horizon is high] ?an we expect$ to f9d x4 ,only1 9 ?is case1 ! surface ( ! sea seems to rise f ! bea* bel[ t[>ds ! di/ant horizon convexly n concavely2 ! reason ( :i* ,i take to be ?is1 t ! waves1 & especially long roll]s or uni=m l>ge ripples1 tea* ! eye to =m true conceptions ( ! %ape ( ! sea-surface ev5 :5 ! eye is deceiv$ z to ! position ( ! sea-horizon4 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld mu* l to "k :at w\ld be ! appe>ance ( ! sea f a balloon :5 no l& 0 9 sight 7?\gh ,i d n p>ticul>ly wi% to make ! obs]vation myself73 ! convexity disc]nible1 = ! reason j nam$1 w\ld cont5d /rangely ) ! concavity imag9$1 = ! reason n[ to be indicat$4 ,! deception arises f ! circum/ance t ! sc5e display$ bel[ & ar\nd ! balloon is judg$ by ! eye f ! exp]i5ce ( m famili> sc5es4 ,! horizon is depress$1 b s little t ! eye _c detect ! depression1 especially :]e ! b\nd>y ( ! horizon is irregul>4 ,x is "h t ! text-book pictures mislead2 = !y %[ ! depression z f> too great to be ov]look$1 sett+ ! obs]v] sometimes ab\t two ?\s& miles above ! sea-level4 ,! eye1 !n1 judges ! horizon to be :]e x usually is--on ! same level z ! obs]v]2 b look+ d[nw>ds1 ! eye p]ceives1 & at once appreciates if x does n ev5 exagg]ate1 ! great dep? at :i* ! e>? lies bel[ ! balloon4 ,! appe>ance1 !n1 z judg$ by ! eye1 is t ( a mighty bas9 ^: edge rises up all r\nd to ! level ( ! balloon1 :ile its bottom lies two or ?ree miles or m bel[ ! balloon4 ,! zetetic fai?ful reason ab\t ?is matt] z ?\gh ! impressions ( ! s5ses 7 tru/wor?y "u all conditions1 famili> or o!rwise2 :]eas1 9 po9t ( fact1 we "k t ! s5ses (t5 deceive1 ev5 "u famili> conditions1 & almo/ always deceive "u conditions1 :i* are n famili>4 ,a p]son1 = example1 accu/om$ to ! mi/ & haze ( our ,briti% air1 is told by ! s5se ( sight1 :5 he is travell+ :]e a cle>] atmosph]e prevails1 t a m\nta9 =ty miles f him is a hill a few miles away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ,italian travell+ ?r\gh ! ,highl&s is impress$ ) ! belief t all ! features ( ! sc5]y are mu* l>g] 7because he supposes !m mu* m remote7 ?an !y really are4 ,a hundr$ su* in/ances ( deception might easily be cit$4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! a]onaut obs]ves ! e>? are c]ta9ly less famili> ?an ^? "u :i* ! ,briton views ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 or ! ,italian views ,b5 ,lomond or ,b5 ,law]s4 ,x w\ld be ra%1 !re=e1 ev5 if no o!r evid5ce 7 available1 to reject ! fai? t ! e>? is a globe because1 z se5 f a balloon1 x looks l a bas94 ,inde$1 to be /rictly logical1 ! foll[]s ( ,p>allax ought on ?is acc\nt to adopt ! fai? t ! e>? is n flat1 b bas9-%ap$1 :i* hi!rto !y h n be5 ready to d4 ,we h se5 t ,p>allax describes a c]ta9 exp]im5t on ! ,b$=d ,level1 :i*1 if made z he /ates1 w\ld h %[n c]ta9ly t some?+ 0 wrong 9 ! accept$ sy/em--= a six-mile /raight-edge along wat] w\ld be z sev]e a bl[ to ! belief 9 a r\nd e>?1 z a /raight l9e on ! sea-surface f ,que5/[n to ,new ,york4 ,ano!r curi\s exp]im5t adorns 8 little book1 :i*1 if x c\ld be repeat$ successfully be=e a doz5 tru/wor?y witnesses1 w\ld r a/oni% m5 ( sci5ce4 ,hav+1 he says1 by c]ta9 reason+--altoge!r errone\s1 b t is a detail--conv9c$ himself t1 on ! accept$ !ory1 a bullet fir$ v]tically upw>ds ought to fall f> to ! we/ ( ! place :5ce x 0 fir$1 he c>efully fix$ an air-gun 9 a v]tical position1 & fir$ =ty bullets v]tically upw>ds4 ,all ^! fell close to ! gun--:i* is n surpris+1 ?\gh x mu/ h made su* an exp]im5t r dang]\s2 b two fell back into ! b>rel itself--:i* c]ta9ly 0 v surpris+ inde$4 ,"o might fairly *all5ge ! mo/ exp]i5c$ gunn] 9 ! _w to a*ieve "o su* v]tical %ot 9 a ?\s& trials2 two 9 =ty bord]$ on ! miracul\s4 ,! e>?-flatt5]s ,i h be5 speak+ ( claim1 z "o ( _! objects1 ! def5ce ( ,scripture4 ,b "s ( ! e>?-flatt5]s ( ! la/ g5]ation 7or a little f>!r back7 took q ano!r view ( ! matt]4 ,= in/ance1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,phillips1 a m vehem5t e>?-flatt5] ?an ,p>allax1 0 s little int]e/$ 9 def5d+ ! ,scriptures1 t 9 #agic he 0 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t = sell+ a book reg>d$ z a!i/ic4 ,9 #ahcf he attempt$ ! conv]sion ( ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan1 op5+ ! correspond5ce ) ! rem>k t he _h 'an invet]ate abhorr5ce ( all ! pret5d$ wisdom ( philosophy d]iv$ f ! monks & doctors ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & n less ^? ( high] "n :o m]ely s\ght to make ! monki% philosophy m plausible1 or s to disguise x z to my/ify ! mob ( small ?9k]s4' ,he seems himself to h succe$$ 9 my/ify+ _m ( ^? :om he int5d$ to conv]t4 ,admiral ,smy? gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an int]view he _h ) ,phillips3 ',?is pseudo-ma!matical knight once call$ ^u me at ,b$=d1 )\t any previ\s acqua9tance1 to discuss ^? errors ( ,newton1 :i* he almo/ blu%$ to "n1 & :i* 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia to puzzle ! vulg>4 ,he sne]$ ) sov]eign contempt at ! ,tr9ity ( ,gravitat+ ,=ce1 ,projectile ,=ce1 & ,void ,space1 & prov$ t all *ange ( place is acc\nt$ = by motion4' ,/>tl+ hypo!sis6 ',he !n exemplifi$ ! conditions by plac+ "s pieces ( pap] on a table1 & slapp+ 8 h& d[n close to !m1 ?us mak+ !m fly (f1 :i* he t]m$ apply+ ! mom5tum4 ,all motion1 he said1 is 9 ! direction ( ! =ces2 & atoms seek ! c5tre by t]re/rial c5tripetation--a prop]ty :i* causes univ]sal pressure2 b 9 :at ^! attributes ( pu%+ & pull+ diff] f gravitation & attraction 0 n exp\nd$4 ,_m ( 8 tru?s 7 z my/ifi$ z ! conundrums ( ,rabelais2 s no?+ 0 made ( ! motion4' ,a fav\rite subject ( p>adoxical ideas has be5 ! moon's motion ( rotation4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ,de ,morgan1 :o knew m ab\t pa/ p>adoxi/s ?an any man ( 8 "t1 seems n to h he>d ( ! dispute betwe5 ,keill & ,b5tley ov] ?is matt] 9 #afij4 ,he says1 '!re 0 a dispute on ! subject1 9 #agdh1 betwe5 ,james ,f]guson & an anonym\s oppon5t2 & ,i ?9k !re h be5 o!rs2' b ! old] & m int]e/+ dispute he does n m5tion4 ,b5tley1 :o 0 no ma!matician1 po9t$ out 9 a lecture c]ta9 reasons = believ+ t ! moon does n turn on h] axis1 or has no axis on :i* %e turns4 ,keill1 !n only n9ete5 ye>s old1 po9t$ out t ! argum5ts us$ by ,b5tley prov$ t ! moon does rotate in/ead ( %[+ t %e does n4 7,tw5ty ye>s lat] ,keill 0 appo9t$ ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d4 ,he 0 ! fir/ hold] ( t (fice to tea* ! ,newtonian a/ronomy47 ,9 rec5t times1 z mo/ ( my read]s "k1 ! p>adox t ! moon does n rotate has be5 reviv$ m ?an once4 ,9 #ahee x 0 su/a9$ by ,mr4 ,jell+] ,symons1 "o ( ^: /aun*e/ support]s1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p]igal1 _h comm5c$ ! attack a few ye>s e>li]4 ,( c\rse1 ! gi/ ( ! argum5t aga9/ ! moon's rotation lies 9 ! fact t ! moon always keeps ! same face turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 or v ne>ly s4 ,if %e did s exactly1 & if h] di/ance f ! e>? 7 con/antly ! same1 !n h] motion w\ld be exactly ! same z ?\gh %e 7 rigidly connect$ ) ! e>?1 & turn$ r\nd an axis at ! e>?4 ,! case may be ?us illu/rat$3 ,?r\gh ! middle ( a l>ge orange ?ru/ "o %ort rod v]tically1 & ano!r long rod horizontally2 ?ru/ ! fur!r end ( ! latt] ?r\gh a small apple1 & n[ turn ! :ole affair r\nd ! %ort v]tical rod z an axis4 ,!n ! apple w move ) respect to ! orange z ! moon w\ld move ) respect to ! e>? on ! suppositions j made4 ,no "o 9 ?is case w\ld say t ! apple 0 turn+ r\nd on its axis1 s9ce its motion w\ld be "o ( rotation r\nd ! upright axis ?r\gh ! orange4 ,!re=e1 say ! oppon5ts ( ! moon's rotation1 no "o %\ld say t ! moon turns r\nd on h] axis4 ,( c\rse1 ! answ] w\ld be obvi\s ev5 if ! moon's motions 7 z suppos$4 ,! moon is n connect$ ) ! e>? z ! apple is ) ! orange 9 ! illu/rative case4 ,if ! apple1 )\t rigid connection ) ! orange1 7 c>ri$ r\nd ! orange s z to move precisely z if x 7 s connect$1 x w\ld unque/ionably h to rotate on its axis1 z any "o w f9d :o may try ! exp]im5t4 ,?us = ! /raight rod ?ru/ ?r\gh ! apple sub/itute a /raight horizontal b> c>ry+ a small bas9 ( wat] 9 :i* ! apple floats4 ,sway ! b> /eadily & sl[ly r\nd1 & x w be f\nd 7if a m>k is plac$ on ! apple7 t ! apple no long] keeps ! same face t[>ds ! c5tre ( motion2 b t1 to cause x to d s1 a sl[ motion ( rotation mu/ be communicat$ to ! apple 9 ! same direction & at ! same rate 7neglect+ ! effects ( ! friction ( ! wat] aga9/ ! sides ( ! bas97 z ! b> is rotat+4 ,9 my ',treatise on ! ,moon' ,i h describ$ & pictur$ a simple app>atus by :i* ?is exp]im5t may easily be made4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 su* exp]im5ts are n ess5tial to ! argum5t by :i* ! p>adox is ov]?r[n4 ,?is argum5t simply is1 t ! moon z %e travels on h] orbit r\nd ! sun--! real c5tre ( h] motion--turns e "p ( h] equator 9 succession t[>ds him once 9 a lun> mon?4 ,at ! "t ( new moon ! sun illum9ates ! face ( ! moon turn$ f u2 at ! "t ( full moon he illum9ates ! face :i* has be5 gradually br\ght r\nd to him z ! moon has pass$ ?r\gh h] fir/ two qu>t]s4 ,z %e passes onw>ds to new moon aga91 ! face we see is gradually turn$ f him until he %9es full ^u ! o!r face4 ,& s on dur+ successive lunations4 ,?is c\ld n happ5 unless ! moon rotat$4 ,aga91 if we liv$ on ! moon we %\ld f9d ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s turn+ r\nd f ea/ to we/ once 9 r m ?an tw5ty-sev5 days2 & unless we suppos$1 z we %\ld probably d = a long "t1 t our small _w 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t ! />s turn$ r\nd x1 we %\ld be compell$ to admit t x 0 turn+ on its own axis f we/ to ea/ once 9 ! "t j nam$4 ,!re w\ld be no escape4 ,! m]e fact t all ! "t ! />s ?us seem$ to be turn+ r\nd ! moon1 ! e>? w\ld n s seem to move1 b w\ld lie always 9 ! same direction1 w\ld 9 no sort help to remove ! difficulty4 ,lun>ian p>adoxi/s w\ld probably argue t %e 0 9 "s way rigidly connect$ ) ! moon2 b ev5 !y w\ld nev] ?9k ( argu+ t _! _w did n turn on its axis1 unless !y ma9ta9$ t x 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 !y w\ld v probably d2 b z yet t]re/rial p>adoxi/s h n1 ,i believe1 ma9ta9$ ?is hypo!sis4 ,i once ask$ ,mr4 ,p]igal :e!r t 0 ! true !ory ( ! univ]se--! moon c5tral1 ! e>?1 sun1 & heav5s c>ri$ r\nd h]4 ,he admitt$ t 8 objections to accept$ views 7 by no means limit$ to ! moon's rotation2 &1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 he said t ! idea ,i _h ?r[n out 9 je/ 0 ne>] ! tru? ?an ,i ?\ght1 or us$ words to t effect4 ,b z yet ! !ory has n be5 def9itely enunciat$ t ! moon is ! boss ( ! univ]se4 ,comets1 z already m5tion$1 h be5 ! subjects ( p>adoxes innum]able2 b z yet comets h be5 s little und]/ood1 ev5 by a/ronom]s1 t p>adoxes respect+ !m _c be s readily dealt ) z ^? relat+ to well-e/abli%$ facts4 ,among ?or\ghly p>adoxical ideas respect+ comets1 h[ev]1 may be m5tion$ "o ^: au?or is a ma!matician ( well-des]v$ repute--,pr(essor ,tait's ',sea-,bird ,!ory' ( ,comets' ,tails4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! rapid =mation ( long tails & ! rapid *anges ( _! position may be expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple t we expla9 ! rapid *ange ( appe>ance ( a flight ( sea-birds1 :51 f hav+ be5 9 a position :]e ! eye looks a?w>t x1 ! flight assumes a position :]e ! eye looks at x edgewise4 ,9 ! =m] position x is sc>cely visible 7:5 at a di/ance71 9 ! latt] x is se5 z a well-def9$ /reak2 & z a v slight *ange ( position ( ea* bird may (t5 suffice to r5d] an ext5sive flight ?us visible ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 :i* b a few mom5ts be=e _h be5 invisible1 s ! entire l5g? ( a comet's tail may be br\ght into view1 & app>5tly be =m$ 9 a few h\rs1 ?r\gh "s comp>atively slight displacem5t ( ! individual meteorites compos+ x4 ,?is p>adox--= p>adox x unque/ionably is--af=ds a curi\s illu/ration ( ! influ5ce :i* ma!matical p[] has on ! m9ds ( m54 ,e "o kn[s t ,pr(essor ,tait has pot5tial ma!matical en]gy compet5t to dispose1 9 a v %ort "t1 ( all ! difficulties involv$ 9 8 !ory2 !re=e few seem to inquire :e!r ?is pot5tial en]gy has ev] be5 call$ into action4 ,x is s+ul>1 too1 t o!r ma!maticians ( great em95ce h be5 cont5t to take ! !ory on tru/4 ,?us ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ed9burgh1 describ$ ! !ory z dispos+ easily ( ! difficulties pres5t$ by ,newton's comet 9 #afhj4 ,gla%i]1 9 8 translation ( ,guillem9's ',les ,cometes1' speaks ( ! !ory z "o n improbably correct1 ?\gh only to be e/abli%$ by rigid inve/igation ( ! ma!matical problems involv$4 ,9 reality1 n five m9utes' inquiry is ne$$ to %[ any "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( long-tail$ comets t ,tait's !ory is q unt5able4 ,take ,newton's comet4 ,x _h a tail n9ety millions ( miles long1 ext5d+ directly f ! sun z ! comet approa*$ him1 & se51 f\r days lat]1 ext5d+ to ! same di/ance1 & /ill directly f ! sun1 z ! comet rec$$ f him 9 an entirely diff]5t direction4 ,accord+ to ,tait's sea-bird !ory1 ! e>? 0 at bo? ^! epo*s 9 ! plane ( a %eet ( meteorites =m+ ! tail2 b on ea* occasion ! sun also 0 9 ! same plane1 = ! edge ( ! %eet ( meteorites 0 se5 to be directly 9 a l9e ) ! sun4 ,! comet's head1 ( c\rse1 0 9 ! same plane2 b ?ree po9ts1 n 9 a /raight l9e1 det]m9e a plane4 ,h5ce we h1 z ! def9ite result ( ! sea-bird !ory1 t ! lay] or /ratum ( meteorites1 =m+ ! tail ( ,newton's comet1 lay 9 ! same plane :i* conta9$ ! sun1 ! e>?1 & ! comet4 ,b ! comet cross$ ! ecliptic 7! plane 9 :i* ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun7 betwe5 ! epo*s nam$1 cross+ x at a great angle4 ,:5 cross+ x1 !n1 ! great lay] ( meteorites 0 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 be=e cross+ x ! lay] 0 greatly incl9$ to t plane "o way1 & aft] cross+ x ! lay] 0 greatly incl9$ to t plane ano!r way4 ,s t we h 9 no way escap$ ! difficulty :i* ! sea-bird !ory 0 int5d$ to remove4 ,if x 0 a />tl+ &1 inde$1 incr$ible ?+ t ! p>ticles along a comet's tail %\ld h got r\nd 9 f\r days f ! fir/ to ! second position ( ! tail consid]$ above1 x is z />tl+ & incr$ible t a mighty lay] ( meteorites %\ld h %ift$ bodily 9 ! way requir$ by ! sea-bird !ory4 ,nay1 !re is an elem5t 9 our result :i* is /ill m />tl+ ?an any ( ! difficulties yet m5tion$2 & t is1 ! s+ul> c>e :i* ! great lay] ( meteorites w\ld seem to h %[n to keep its plane always pass+ ?r\gh ! e>?1 ) :i* x 0 9 no way connect$4 ,:y %\ld ?is pref]5ce h be5 %[n by ! meteor flock = our e>? above all ! o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em8--see+ t ! sea-bird !ory requires t ?is comet1 & n ,newton's comet alone b all o!rs hav+ tails1 %\ld n only be ?us complaisant ) respect to our little e>?1 b %\ld behave 9 a totally diff]5t way ) respect to e o!r memb] ( ! sun's family4 ,we c und]/& t1 :ile sev]al h be5 f\nd :o h applaud$ ! sea-bird p>adox = :at x might d 9 expla9+ comets' tails1 its advocates h z yet n done mu* to reconcile x ) cometic obs]vation4 ,! late/ a/ronomical p>adox publi%$ is p]haps /ill m />tl+4 ,x relates to ! planet ,v5us1 & is int5d$ to expla9 ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ?is planet :5 cross+ ! sun's face1 or1 te*nically1 :5 9 transit4 ,at ?is "t %e is surr\nd$ by a r+ ( light1 :i* appe>s some:at bright] ?an ! disc ( ! sun itself4 ,be=e fully ent]+ on ! sun's face1 also1 ! "p ( ,v5us's globe z yet outside ! sun's disc is se5 to be girt r\nd by a r+ ( exce$+ly bright light--s bright1 inde$1 t x has left its record 9 photographs :]e ! exposure 0 only = ! small fraction ( a second all[able 9 ! case ( s int5sely brilliant a body z ! sun4 ,a/ronom]s h n f\nd x difficult to expla9 ei!r peculi>ity4 ,x has be5 prov$ cle>ly 9 o!r ways t ,v5us has an atmosph]e l our own1 b probably d5s]4 ,z ! sun is rais$ into view above ! horizon 7aft] he has really pass$ bel[ ! horizon plane7 by ! b5d+ p[] ( our air ^u 8 rays1 s ! b5d+ p[] ( ,v5us's air br+s ! sun into our view r\nd ! d>k body ( ! planet4 ,b ! new p>adox advances a mu* bold] !ory4 ,in/ead ( an atmosph]e su* z ours1 ,v5us has a glass envelope2 & in/ead ( a surface ( e>? & wat]1 9 "s cases cov]$ ) cl\ds1 ,v5us has a surface %9+ ) metallic lu/re4#ec ,! au?or ( ?is !ory1 ,mr4 ,jos4 ,brett1 />tl$ a/ronom]s by ann\nc+1 a few ye>s ago1 t ) an ord9>y telescope he c\ld see ! light ( ! sun's corona )\t ! aid ( an eclipse1 ?\gh a/ronom]s _h obs]v$ t ! delicate light ( ! corona fades out ( view ) ! fir/ return+ rays ( ! sun aft] total eclipse4 ,! late/ p>adoxi/1 misl$ by ! incorrect t]m 'c5trifugal =ce1' proposes to 'modify1 if n bani%1' ! old-fa%ion$ a/ronomy4 ,:at is call$ c5trifugal =ce is 9 tru? only in]tia4 ,9 ! famili> in/ance ( a body :irl$ r\nd by a /r+1 ! break+ ( ! /r+ no m implies t an active =ce has pull$ away ! body1 ?an ! break+ ( a rope by :i* a weight is pull$ implies t ! weight has ex]t$ an active resi/ance4 ,( c\rse1 "h aga9 ! text-books are *iefly 9 fault4 ,su* are a few among ! p>adoxes ( v>i\s ord]s by :i* a/ronom]s1 l ! /ud5ts ( o!r sci5ces1 h be5 f "t to "t amus$4 ,x is n altoge!r1 z x may seem at fir/ sight1 'a s9 aga9/ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs' to consid] su* matt]s2 = mu* may be le>n$ n only f ! /udy ( ! "r road 9 sci5ce1 b f obs]v+ :]e & h[ m5 may g a/ray4 ,i "k1 inde$1 few m useful ex]cises = ! le>n] ?an to exam9e a few p>adoxes1 :5 leisure s]ves1 & to consid] h[1 if left to 8 own guidance1 he w\ld confute !m4 ,,xi4 ,,on ,,"s ,,a/ronomical ,,my?s4 ,! expression 'a/ronomical my?' has rec5tly be5 us$1 on ! title-page ( a translation f ! ,fr5*1 z synonym\s ) false sy/ems ( a/ronomy4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 t s5se t ,i "h use x4 ,! hi/ory ( a/ronomy pres5ts ! records ( "s r p]plex+ obs]vations1 n confirm$ by lat] rese>*es1 b yet n easily to be expla9$ away or acc\nt$ =4 ,su* obs]vations ,humboldt describ$ z belong+ to ! my?s ( an uncritical p]iod2 & x is 9 t s5se t ,i employ ! t]m 'a/ronomical my?' 9 ?is essay4 ,i propose briefly to describe & comm5t on "s ( ! m int]e/+ ( ^! obs]vations1 :i*1 9 :atev] s5se !y are to be int]pret$1 w be f\nd to af=d a useful lesson4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 p]haps1 to po9t out t ! cases :i* ,i include "h ,i reg>d z really cases 9 :i* a/ronom]s h be5 deceiv$ by illusory obs]vations4 ,o!r /ud5ts ( a/ronomy may diff] f me z respects "s ( ^! in/ances4 ,i d n wi% to dogmatise1 b simply to describe ! facts z ,i see !m1 & ! impressions :i* ,i draw f !m4 ,^? :o view ! facts diff]5tly w n1 ,i ?9k1 h to compla9 t ,i h incorrectly describ$ !m4 ,at ! outset1 let me po9t out t "s obs]vations :i* 7 = a long "t reg>d$ z my?ical h prov$ to be exact4 ,= in/ance1 :5 z yet v few telescopes exi/$1 & ^? v feeble1 ,galileo's discov]y ( moons travell+ r\nd ,jupit] 0 reject$ z an illusion = :i* ,satan receiv$ ! *ief %>e ( cr$it4 ,!re is an amus+ & yet 9 "o aspect almo/ pa!tic ref]5ce to ?is 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 e>li] obs]vations ( ,saturn4 ,he _h se5 ! planet app>5tly att5d$ on ei!r side by two small] planets1 z if help+ old ,saturn along4 ,b on ,decemb] #d1 #afab1ed turn+ 8 telescope on ! planet1 he f\nd to 8 inf9ite amazem5t n a trace ( ! companion planets c\ld be se52 !re 9 ! field ( view ( 8 telescope 0 ! gold5-t9t$ disc ( ! planet z smoo?ly r\nd$ z ! disc ( ,m>s or ,jupit]4 ',:at1' he wrote1 'is to be said conc]n+ s /range a metamorphosis8 ,are ! two less] />s consum$ aft] ! mann] ( ! sol> spots8 ,h !y vani%$ or sudd5ly fl$8 ,has ,saturn1 p]haps1 dev\r$ 8 *ildr58 ,or 7 ! appe>ances1 inde$1 illusion or fraud ) :i* ! glasses h s long deceiv$ me z well z _m o!rs to :om ,i h %[n !m8 ,n[1 p]haps1 is ! "t come to revive ! well-nigh )]$ hopes ( ^? :o1 guid$ by m pr(\nd contemplations1 h discov]$ ! fallacy ( ! new obs]vations1 & demon/rat$ ! utt] impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? ?+s :i* ! telescope appe>s to %[4 ,i d n "k :at to say 9 a case s surpris+1 s unlook$ =1 & s novel4 ,! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! unexpect$ nature ( ! ev5t1 ! weakness ( my und]/&+1 & ! fe> ( be+ mi/ak51 h greatly conf\nd$ me4' ,we n[ "k t ^! obs]vations1 z well z ^? made soon aft] by ,hevelius1 ?\gh wrongly int]pret$1 7 correct en\gh4 ,nay1 we "k t if ei!r ,galileo or ,hevelius _h be5 at ! pa9s to reason out ! mean+ ( ! alt]nate visibility & disappe>ance ( objects look+ l att5dant planets1 !y mu/ h anticipat$ ! discov]y made 9 #afef by ,huygh5s1 t ,saturn's globe is girdl$ ab\t by a ?9 flat r+ s va/ t1 if a score ( globes l our e>? 7 set side by side1 ! range ( t r[ ( worlds w\ld be less ?an ! span ( ! ,saturnian r+ sy/em4 ,!re is a ref]5ce 9 ,galileo's lett] to ! sol> spots2 ',are ! two less] />s1' he says1 'consum$ aft] ! mann] ( ! sol> spots8' ,:5 he ?us wrote ! spots 7 among ! my?s or fables ( a/ronomy1 & an explanation 0 (f]$1 by ^? :o did n reject !m utt]ly1 :i* has tak5 its place among =sak5 doctr9es1 ^? brok5 toys ( a/ronom]s4 ,x is said t :5 ,s*e9]1 himself a ,jesuit1 communicat$ to ! ,prov9cial ( ! ,jesuits 8 discov]y ( ! spots on ! sun1 ! latt]1 a /aun* ,ari/otelian1 caution$ him n to see ^! ?+s4 ',i h read ,ari/otle's writ+s f beg9n+ to end _m times1' he said1 '& ,i c assure y ,i h n[h]e f\nd 9 !m any?+ simil> to :at y m5tion' amaz+ circum/ances6 ',g1 !re=e1 my son1 tranquillise y\rself2 be assur$ t :at y take = spots on ! sun are ! faults ( y\r glasses or y\r eyes4' ,z ! idea 0 obvi\sly inadmissible t a cele/ial body c\ld be m>k$ by spots1 ! !ory 0 />t$ t ! d>k objects app>5tly se5 on ! sun's body 7 9 reality small planets revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 & a conte/ arose = ! possession ( ^! my?ical planets4 ,t>de ma9ta9$ t !y %\ld be call$ ,a/ra ,borbonia1 9 hon\r ( ! royal family ( ,france2 b ,c4 ,malap]t insi/$ t !y %\ld be call$ ,sid]a ,au/riaca4 ,meantime ! outside _w laugh$ at ! spots1 & _! names1 & ! a/ronom]s :o 7 ?\ght to h inv5t$ bo?4 ',fabritius puts only ?ree spots1' wrote ,burton 9 8 ',anatomy ( ,melan*oly1' '& ^? 9 ! sun2 ,apelles #ae1 & ^? )\t ! sun1 float+ l ! ,cyanean ,isles 9 ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,t>de ! ,fr5*man ha? obs]v$ #cc1 & ^? nei!r spots nor cl\ds z ,galileus suppos$1 b planets conc5tric ) ! sun1 & n f> f him1 ) regul> motions4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*em]' a significant way ( spell+ ,s*e9]'s "n1 'a ,g]man ,suiss] ,jesuit1 divides !m 9 maculas et faculas1 & w h !m to be fix$ 9 solis sup]ficie & to absolve _! p]iodical & regul> motions 9 #bg or #bh dayes2 hold+ )all ! rotation ( ! sun ^u 8 c5tre1 & are all s confid5t t !y h made s*emes & tables ( _! motions4 ,! ,holl&] c5sures all2 & ?us !y disagree among !mselves1 old & new1 irreconcilable 9 _! op9ions2 ?us ,ari/>*us1 ?us ,hipp>*us1 ?us ,ptolomaeus1 ?us ,albategnius1 etc41 ) _! foll[]s1 v>y & det]m9e ( ^! cele/ial orbs & bodies2 & s :il/ ^! m5 cont5d ab\t ! sun & moon1 l ! philosoph]s 9 ,lucian1 x is to be fe>$ ! sun & moon w hide !mselves1 & be z mu* (f5d$ z %e 0 ) ^?1 & s5d ano!r message to ,jupit]1 by "s new-fangl$ ,ic>om5ippus1 to make an end ( all ^! curi\s controv]sies1 & scatt] !m abroad4' ,x is well to notice h[ 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 ! v circum/ance :i* makes sci5tific rese>* tru/wor?y caus$ ! unsci5tific to ent]ta9 d\bt4 ,if m5 ( sci5ce 7 to arrange be=eh& ) ea* o!r :at obs]vations !y %\ld publi%1 h[ _! acc\nts %\ld be end$1 :at !ories !y w\ld endeav\r to e/abli%1 _! results w\ld seem f> m tru/wor?y1 _! !ories f> m probable1 ?an accord+ to ! me?od actually adopt$4 ,sci5ce1 :i* %\ld be exact1 seems altoge!r inexact1 because "o obs]v] seems to obta9 "o result1 ano!r a diff]5t result4 ,sci5tific !ories seem unwor?y ( reliance because sci5tific m5 ent]ta9 = a long "t rival doctr9es4 ,b 9 ano!r & a wor?i] s5se ?an z ! words are us$ 9 ! ',critic1' :5 m5 ( sci5ce d agree _! agreem5t is wond]ful4 ,x is wond]ful1 wor?y ( all admiration1 because be=e x has be5 atta9$ errors long ent]ta9$ h _h to be hone/ly admitt$2 because ! taunt ( inconsi/5cy is n m pleasant to ! /ud5t ( sci5ce ?an to o!rs1 & ! man :o hav+ a long "t held "o doctr9e adopts & en=ces ano!r 7"o p]haps :i* he _h long resi/$71 is sure to be accus$ by ! _m ( inconsi/5cy1 ! truly sci5tific nature ( 8 proc$ure be+ only recognis$ by ! few4 ,! agreem5t ( m5 ( sci5ce ought to be reg>d$ also z mo/ significant 9 ano!r s5se4 ,s long z !re is room = refus+ to admit an important !ory advanc$ by a /ud5t ( sci5ce1 x is natural t o!r /ud5ts ( sci5ce %\ld refuse to d s2 = 9 admitt+ ! new !ory !y are aw>d+ ! palm to a rival4 ,9 /rict pr9ciple1 ( c\rse1 ?is consid]ation ought to h no influ5ce :atev]2 z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 m5 ( sci5ce1 be+ always m5 & n necess>ily /r5g!n$ by sci5tific lab\rs aga9/ ! faults ( humanity1 ! consid]ation has & mu/ always h influ5ce4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! fell[-writ]s & rivals ( ,newton or ( 8 foll[]s gave 9 _! adhesion to ! ,newtonian !ory2 :5 9 our own "t--b let u leave our own "t alone1 9 ?is respect--:51 speak+ g5]ally1 a novel doctr9e1 or "s new g5]alisation1 or "s great & />tl+ discov]y1 is admitt$ by rival /ud5ts ( ! bran* ( a/ronomy to :i* x belongs1 ! probability is great t ! weight ( evid5ce has be5 f\nd altoge!r ov]:elm+4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 turn to cases 9 :i*1 :ile _m obs]vations seem to po9t to "s result1 x has appe>$ t1 aft] all1 ^? obs]vations mu/ h be5 illusory4 ,a /rik+ in/ance 9 po9t is f\nd 9 ! p]plex+ hi/ory ( ! suppos$ satellite ( ,v5us4 ,on ,janu>y #be1 #afgb1 ! celebrat$ a/ronom]1 ,j4,d4 ,cass9i saw a cresc5t %ap$ & posit$ l ,v5us1 b small]1 on ! we/]n side ( ! planet4 ,m ?an f\rte5 ye>s lat]1 he saw a cresc5t ea/ ( ! planet4 ,! object cont9u$ visible 9 ! latt] case = half an h\r1 :5 ! approa* ( daylight oblit]at$ ! planet & ?is phantom moon f view4 ,! app>5t di/ance ( ! moon f ,v5us 0 9 bo? cases small1 viz41 only "o diamet] ( ! planet 9 ! =m] case1 & only ?ree-fif?s ( t diamet] 9 ! latt]4 ,next1 on ,octob] #bc1 #agdj1 old /yle1 ! optician ,%ort1 :o _h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 obs]vation1 saw a small /> p]fectly def9$ b less lum9\s ?an ,v5us1 at a di/ance f ! planet equal to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! app>5t diamet] ( our moon4 ,?is is a long di/ance1 & w\ld correspond to a di/ance f ,v5us c]ta9ly n less ?an ! moon's di/ance f ! e>?4 ,%ort 0 aw>e ( ! risk ( optical illusion 9 su* matt]s1 & !re=e obs]v$ ,v5us ) a second telescope2 he also us$ f\r eye-pieces ( diff]5t magnify+ p[]4 ,he says t ,v5us 0 v di/9ct1 ! air v pure1 insomu* t he 0 able to use a p[] ( #bdj4 ,! seem+ moon _h a diamet] less ?an a ?ird ( ,v5us's1 & %[$ ! same phase z ! planet4 ,its disc 0 exce$+ly well def9$4 ,he obs]v$ x sev]al times dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t "o h\r4 ,/ill m conv9c+1 to all appe>ance1 is ! acc\nt ( ! obs]vations made by ,m4 ,montaigne1 z pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is by ,m4 ,baud\9 9 #agfa4 ,! transit ( ,v5us :i* 0 to take place on ,june #f 9 t ye> l$ to "s inquiry z to ! satellite suppos$ to h be5 se5 by ,cass9i & ,%ort1 = ( c\rse a transit w\ld be a fav\rable occasion = obs]v+ ! satellite4 ,m4 ,montaigne1 :o _h no fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* an att5dant1 0 p]suad$ to look = x e>ly 9 #agfa4 ,on ,may #c he saw a little cresc5t moon ab\t tw5ty m9utes ( arc 7ne>ly two-?irds ! app>5t diamet] ( our moon7 f ! planet4 ,he repeat$ 8 obs]vation sev]al times t night1 always see+ ! small body1 b n q c]ta91 despite its cresc5t %ape1 :e!r x might n be a small />4 ,on ! next ev5+1 & aga9 on ,may #g & #aj1 he saw ! small companion app>5tly some:at f>!r f ,v5us & 9 a diff]5t position4 ,he f\nd t x c\ld be se5 :5 ,v5us 0 n 9 ! field ( view4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks 7 made respect+ ^! obs]vations 9 a ,fr5* "w1 ',dictionnaire de ,physique1' publi%$ 9 #aghi3--',! ye> #agfa w be celebrat$ 9 a/ronomy 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y t 0 made on ,may #c ( a satellite circulat+ r\nd ,v5us4 ,we owe x to ,m4 ,montaigne1 memb] ( ! ,society ( ,limoges4 ,m4 ,baud\9 read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is a v int]e/+ memoir1 9 :i* he gave a det]m9ation ( ! revolution & di/ance ( ! satellite4 ,f ! calculations ( ?is exp]t a/ronom] we le>n t ! new /> has a diamet] ab\t "o-f\r? t ( ,v5us1 is di/ant f ,v5us almo/ z f> z ! moon f our e>?1 has a p]iod ( n9e days sev5 h\rs' mu* too %ort1 by ! way1 to be true1 exp]t ?\gh ,m4 ,baud\9 is said to h be51 '& its asc5d+ node'--b we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ab\t its asc5d+ node4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,ro$ki]1 at ,cop5hag51 ,m>* #c & #d1 #agfd1 saw ! satellite ( ,v5us ) a refract+ telescope #ch feet long1 :i* %\ld h be5 effective if longitude has any virtue4 ,he c\ld n see ! satellite ) ano!r telescope :i* he tri$4 ,b sev]al ( 8 fri5ds saw x ) ! long telescope4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,horreb[1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 saw ! satellite on ,m>* #aj & #aa1 aft] tak+ sev]al precautions to prev5t optical illusion4 ,a few days lat] ,montb>on1 at ,aux]re1 :o _h he>d no?+ ( ^! obs]vations1 saw a satellite1 & aga9 on ,m>* #bh & #bi x appe>$1 always 9 a diff]5t position4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,s*eut5 ass]t$ t dur+ ! transit ( #agfa ,v5us 0 accompani$ by a small satellite 9 h] motion across ! sun's face4 ,s confid5tly did _m believe 9 ?is satellite ( ,v5us t ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o = "s reason imag9$ t he 0 entitl$ to dispose z he pleas$ ( ! newly discov]$ body1 propos$ to assign x away to ! ma!matician ,d',alemb]t1 :o excus$ himself f accept+ ! que/ionable hon\r 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ',y\r ,maje/y does me too mu* hon\r 9 wi%+ to baptize ?is new planet ) my "n4 ,i am nei!r great en\gh to become ! satellite ( ,v5us 9 ! heav5s1 nor well en\gh 7assez bi5 portant7 to be s on ! e>?1 & ,i am too well cont5t ) ! small place ,i occupy 9 ?is l[] _w to be ambiti\s ( a place 9 ! firmam5t4' ,x is n at all easy to expla9 h[ ?is phantom satellite came to be se54 ,fa!r ,hell1 ( ,vi5na--! same a/ronom] :om ,sir ,g4 ,airy suspects ( fall+ asleep dur+ ! progress ( ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #agfi--made "s exp]im5ts %[+ h[ a false image ( ! planet might be se5 beside ! true "o1 ! false image be+ small] & fa9t]1 l ! moons se5 by ,s*ort 7z ,hell call$ ,%ort71 ,cass9i1 & ! re/4 ,& m rec5tly ,sir ,david ,brew/] /at$ t ,w>g5t9 '_h 9 8 possession a good a*romatic telescope1 :i* always %[$ ,v5us ) su* a satellite4' ,b ,hell admitt$ t ! falsehood ( ! unreal ,v5us 0 easily detect$1 & ,brew/] adds to 8 acc\nt ( ,w>g5t9's phantom moon1 t '! deception 0 discov]$ by turn+ ! telescope ab\t its axis4' ,z ,admiral ,smy? well rem>ks1 to endeav\r to expla9 away 9 ?is mann] ! obs]vations made by ,cass9i & ,%ort 'mu/ be a m]e pleasantry1 = x is impossible su* accurate obs]v]s c\ld h be5 deceiv$ by s gross a neglect4' ,smy?1 by ! way1 0 a believ] 9 ! moon ( ,v5us4 ',! conte/$ satellite is p]haps extremely m9ute1' he says1 ':ile "s p>ts ( its body may be less capable ( reflect+ light ?an o!rs2 & :5 ! spl5d\r ( its prim>y & our inconv5i5t /ation = wat*+ x are consid]$1 x mu/ be conc$$ t1 h[ev] slight ! hope may be1 se>* ought n to be rel9qui%$4' ,sett+ aside ,s*eut5's ass]t$ recognition ( a d>k body ne> ,v5us dur+ ! transit ( #agfa1 ,v5us has always appe>$ )\t any att5dant :5 9 transit4 ,z no "o else claim$ to h se5 :at ,s*eut5 saw 9 #agfa1 ?\gh ! transit 0 obs]v$ by hundr$s1 ( :om _m us$ f> f9] telescopes ?an he1 we mu/ consid] t he all[$ 8 imag9ation to deceive him4 ,dur+ ! transit ( #agfi1 & aga9 on ,decemb] #h-i1 #ahgd1 ,v5us c]ta9ly _h no companion dur+ h] transit4 ,:at1 !n1 0 x t ,cass9i1 ,%ort1 ,montaigne1 & ! re/ suppos$ !y saw8 ,! idea has be5 ?r[n out by ,mr4 ,webb t mirage caus$ ! illusion4 ,b he appe>s to h ov]look$ ! fact t ?\gh an image ( ,v5us =m$ by mirage w\ld be fa9t] ?an ! planet1 x w\ld n be small]4 ,x might1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 be above ,v5us or bel[1 or ev5 some:at t[>ds ei!r side1 & x might be ei!r a direct or an inv]t$ image1 b x c\ld n possibly be a dim9i%$ image4 ,s+le obs]vations l ,cass9i's or ,%ort's might be expla9$ z subjective ph5om5a1 b ?is explanation w n avail 9 ! case ( ! ,cop5hag5 obs]vations4 ,i reject1 z e /ud5t ( a/ronomy w reject1 ! idea ( wilful deception4 ,occasionally an obs]v] may pret5d to see :at he has n se51 ?\gh ,i believe ?is v seldom happ5s4 ,b ev5 if ,cass9i & ! re/ _h be5 notori\sly untru/wor?y p]sons in/ead ( be+ "s ( !m di/+ui%$ = ! c>e & accuracy ) :i* _! obs]vations 7 made & record$1 ^! occasional views ( a phantom satellite are by no means su* obs]vations z !y w\ld h inv5t$4 ,no di/9ction 0 to be ga9$ by obs]vations :i* c\ld n be confirm$ by a/ronom]s possess+ m p[]ful telescopes4 ,cass9i1 = example1 knew well t no?+ b 8 well-e>n$ reputation c\ld h sav$ him f suspicion or ridicule :5 he ann\nc$ t he _h se5 ,v5us att5d$ by a satellite4 ,x seems to me probable t ! false satellite 0 an optical illusion br\ght ab\t 9 a diff]5t way f ^? ref]r$ to by ,hell & ,brew/]1 ?\gh among ! v>i\s circum/ances :i* 9 an imp]fect in/rum5t might cause su* a result ,i d n und]take to make a selection4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,v5us's satellite has vani%$ ) ! improvem5t ( telescopes1 :ile x is equally c]ta9 t ev5 ) ! be/ mod]n in/rum5ts illusions occasionally appe> :i* deceive ev5 ! sci5tific elect4 ,?ree ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,i he>d ! em95t obs]v] ,otto ,/ruve1 ( ,pulk[a1 give an elaborate acc\nt ( a companion to ! /> ,procyon1 describ+ ! app>5t brightness1 di/ance1 & motions ( ?is companion body1 = ! edification ( ! ,a/ronom]-,royal & _m o!r obs]v]s4 ,i _h visit$ b a few mon?s be=e ! ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 :]e1 ) a mu* m p[]ful telescope1 t companion to ,procyon _h be5 sy/ematically b fruitlessly s\ght =1 & ,i ent]ta9$ a v /rong op9ion1 not)/&+ ! circum/antial nature ( ,/ruve's acc\nt & 8 confid5ce 7%>$ 9 unque/ion+ly by ! obs]v]s pres5t71 t he _h be5 9 "s way deceiv$4 ,b ,i c\ld n !n see1 nor has any "o yet expla9$1 h[ ?is c\ld be4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t he _h be5 deceiv$ is n[ und\bt$4 ,subsequ5t rese>* has %[n t ! ,pulk[a telescope1 ?\gh a v f9e in/rum5t1 possesses ! undesirable quality ( mak+ a companion orb = all fir/-class />s 9 ! position :]e ,o4 ,/ruve & 8 assi/ant ,l9d5au saw ! suppos$ companion ( ,procyon4 ,i may z well po9t out1 h[ev]1 t !ories s wild h rec5tly be5 broa*$ respect+ ,v5us1 t f> m int]e/+ explanations ( ! enigma ?an ?is optical "o may be look$ = pres5tly4 ,x has be5 gravely sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,jos4 ,brett1 ! arti/1 t ,v5us has a surface ( metallic brilliancy1 ) a vitre\s atmosph]e1--:i* c only be und]/ood to signify a glass case4 ,?is /up5d\s !ory has _h its orig9 9 an obs]vation ( consid]able int]e/ :i* a/ronom]s 7x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to say7 expla9 some:at diff]5tly4 ,:5 ,v5us has made h] entry 9 "p ^u ! sun's face at ! beg9n+ ( transit1 !re is se5 all r\nd ! portion ( h] disc :i* /ill rema9s outside ! sun an arc ( light s brilliant t x records its photographic trace dur+ ! in/antane\s exposure requir$ 9 sol> photography4 ,x is ma!matically demon/rable t ?is arc ( light is precisely :at %\ld be se5 if ,v5us has an atmosph]e l our e>?'s4 ,b ma!matical demon/ration is n suffici5t 7or p]haps we may say x is too mu*7 = "s m9ds4 ,!re=e1 to simplify matt]s1 ,v5us has be5 provid$ ) a mirror surface & a glass case4 7,see prec$+ essay1 on ,a/ronomical ,p>adoxes1 = fur!r details47 ,! enigma next to be consid]$ is ( a m d\btful "* ?an ! my? relat+ to ! satellite ( ,v5us4 ,a/ronom]s are pretty well agre$ t ,v5us has no moon1 b _m1 includ+ "s des]v$ly em95t1 reta9 full belief 9 ! /ory ( ! planet ,vulcan4 ,m ?an sev5te5 ye>s ago ! a/ronomical _w 0 />tl$ by ! ann\ncem5t t a new planet _h be5 discov]$1 "u circum/ances unlike any :i* _h h]et(ore att5d$ ! discov]y ( fre% memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,at t "t a/ronom]s _h already become accu/om$ to ! discov]y1 ye> aft] ye>1 ( sev]al a/]oids1 :i* are 9 reality planets1 ?\gh small ones4 ,9 fact1 no less ?an fifty-six ( ^! bodies 7 !n kn[n1 :]e( fifty-"o _h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahdg-aheh inclusive1 n "o ( ^! ye>s hav+ pass$ )\t ! detection ( an a/]oid4 ,b all ^! planets belong$ to "o family1 & z !re 0 e reason to believe t ?\s&s m travel 9 ! same region ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! detection ( a few m among ! numb] _h no long] any special int]e/ = a/ronom]s4 ,! discov]y ( ! fir/ kn[n memb] ( ! family _h inde$ be5 full ( int]e/1 & _h wor?ily inaugurat$ ! pres5t c5tury1 on ! fir/ day ( :i* x 0 made4 ,= x _h be5 effect$ 9 pursuance ( a set s*eme1 & a/ronom]s _h almo/ giv5 up all hopes ( success 9 t s*eme :5 ,piazzi ann\nc$ 8 detection ( little ,c]es4 ,aga9 ! discov]y ( ! next few memb]s ( ! family _h be5 int]e/+ z reveal+ ! exi/5ce ( a new ord] ( bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,no "o _h suspect$ ! possibility t besides ! l>ge bodies :i* travel r\nd ! sun1 ei!r s+ly or att5d$ by subord9ate families ( moons1 !re might be a r+ ( _m planets4 ,?is 0 :at ! discov]y ( ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a seem$ to sugge/1 unless--/ill /rang] ?\ght--^! 7 b fragm5ts ( a mighty planet :i* _h be5 %att]$ 9 long-pa/ ages by "s trem5d\s explosion4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ?is />tl+ !ory has be5 7itself7 explod$4 ,ye> aft] ye> new memb]s ( ! r+ ( multitud9\s planets are discov]$1 & t1 n z 0 rec5tly pr$ict$1 9 numb]s gradually decreas+1 b s rapidly t m h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ?an dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty4 ,! discov]y ( ! giant planet ,uranus1 an orb exce$+ our e>? twelve & a half times 9 mass & sev5ty-f\r times 9 volume1 0 a matt] ( mu* great] importance1 s f> z ! dignity ( ! planet>y sy/em 0 conc]n$1 = x is kn[n t ! :ole r+ ( a/]oids toge!r does n equal "o-t5? "p ( ! e>? 9 mass1 :ile ,uranus exce$s _m times 9 volume ! entire family ( t]re/rial planets--,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s4 ,! detection ( ,uranus1 unlike t ( ,c]es1 0 effect$ by accid5t4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 look+ = d\ble />s ( a p>ticul> k9d 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i :5 by good =tune ! /rang] 0 obs]v$4 ,! int]e/ ) :i* a/ronom]s receiv$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ,uranus1 ?\gh great1 0 n to be comp>$ ) t ) :i* !y des]v$ly welcom$ ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 a l>g] & m massive planet1 revolv+ at a di/ance "o-half great] ev5 ?an ! mighty space :i* sep>ates ,uranus f ! sun1 a space s great t by comp>ison ) x ! range ( #ahd1jjj1jjj ( miles1 :i* =ms ! diamet] ( our e>?'s orbit1 seems q insignificant4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! va/ness ( ,neptune's mass or volume1 or ! awful remot5ess ( ! pa? along :i* he pursues 8 gloomy c\rse1 :i* attract$ ! int]e/ ( a/ronom]s1 b ! /rang5ess ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! planet _h be5 detect$4 ,8 influ5ce _h be5 felt = _m ye>s be=e a/ronom]s ?\ght ( look+ = him1 & ev5 :5 ! idea _h occurr$ to "o or two1 x 0 consid]$1 & t1 too1 by an a/ronom] z des]v$ly em95t z ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 too *im]ical to be reasonably ent]ta9$4 ,all ! _w n[ kn[s h[ ,lev]ri]1 ! greate/ liv+ ma/] ( physical a/ronomy1 & ,adams1 !n sc>ce kn[n outside ,cambridge1 bo? conceiv$ ! idea ( f9d+ ! planet1 n by ! simple me?od ( look+ = x ) a telescope1 b by ! ma!matical analysis ( ! planet's di/urb+ influ5ce ^u kn[n memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,all "k1 too1 t ^! ma!maticians succe$$ 9 _! calculations1 & t ! planet 0 f\nd 9 ! v region & close to ! v po9t indicat$ fir/ by ,adams1 & lat]1 b indep5d5tly1 & 7=tunately = him m publicly7 by ,lev]ri]4 ,none ( ^! in/ances ( ! discov]y ( memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em resembl$ 9 me?od or details ! discov]y ann\nc$ e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahei4 ,x 0 n amid ! />-dep?s & 9 ! d>kness ( night t ! new planet 0 look$ =1 b 9 broad day1 & on ! face ( ! sun himself4 ,x 0 n on ! outskirts ( ! sol> sy/em t ! planet 0 suppos$ to be travell+1 b )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 hi!rto reg>d$ z ( all planets ! ne>e/ to ! sun4 ,x 0 n hop$ t any calculation ( ! p]turbations ( o!r planets w\ld %[ ! place ( ! /rang]1 ?\gh c]ta9 *anges 9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury seem$ cle>ly en\gh to indicate ! /rang]'s exi/5ce4 ,e>ly 9 #ahfj ,lev]ri] _h ann\nc$ t ! position ( ,m]cury's pa? 0 n precisely 9 agreem5t ) calculations bas$ on ! adopt$ e/imates ( ! masses ( ^? planets :i* *iefly di/urb ! motions ( ,m]cury4 ,! "p ( ! pa? :]e ,m]cury is ne>e/ to ! sun1 & :]e1 !re=e1 he travels fa/e/1 _h slightly %ift$ f its calculat$ place4 ,?is "p ( ! pa? 0 expect$ to move1 b x _h mov$ m ?an 0 expect$2 & ( c\rse ,m]cury hav+ 8 region ( swifte/ motion some:at diff]5tly plac$ ?an 0 anticipat$1 himself mov$ some:at diff]5tly4 ,lev]ri] f\nd t to expla9 ?is feature ( ,m]cury's motion ei!r ! mass ( ,v5us mu/ be reg>d$ z "o-t5? great] ?an _h be5 suppos$1 or "s unkn[n cause mu/ be reg>d$ z affect+ ! motion ( ,m]cury4 ,a planet z l>ge z ,m]cury1 ab\t midway betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun1 w\ld acc\nt = ! obs]v$ di/urbance2 b ,lev]ri] reject$ ! belief t su* a planet exi/s1 simply because he c\ld n 'believe t x w\ld be invisible dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun4' ',all difficulties disappe>1' he add$1 'if we admit1 9 place ( a s+le planet1 small bodies circulat+ betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun4' ,consid]+ _! exi/5ce z n at all improbable1 he advis$ a/ronom]s to wat* = !m4 ,x 0 on ,janu>y #b1 #ahfj1 t ,lev]ri] ?us wrote4 ,on ,decemb] #bb1 #ahei1 a lett] _h be5 address$ by a ,m4 ,lesc>bault ( ,org]es to ,lev]ri]1 ?r\gh ,m4 ,vallee1 hon4 inspector-g5]al ( roads & bridges1 ann\nc+ t on ,m>* #bf1 #ahei1 ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 ,lesc>bault _h se5 a r\nd black spot on ! face ( ! sun1 & _h wat*$ x z x pass$ across l a planet 9 transit--n ) ! sl[ motion ( an ord9>y sun-spot4 ,! actual "t dur+ :i* ! r\nd spot 0 visible 0 "o h\r1 sev5te5 m9utes1 n9e seconds1 ! rate ( motion be+ su* t1 _h ! spot cross$ ! middle ( ! sun's disc1 at ! same rate1 ! transit w\ld h la/$ m ?an f\r h\rs4 ,! spot ?us m]ely skirt$ ! sun's disc1 be+ at no "t m ?an ab\t "o =ty-six? "p ( ! sun's app>5t diamet] f ! edge ( ! sun4 ,lesc>bault express$ 8 conviction t on a future day1 a black spot1 p]fectly r\nd & v small1 w be se5 pass+ ov] ! sun1 & '?is po9t w v probably be ! planet ^: pa? ,i obs]v$ on ,m>* #bf1 #ahei4' ',i am p]suad$1' he add$1 't ?is body is ! planet1 or "o ( ! planets1 ^: exi/5ce 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sun ,m4 ,lev]ri] _h made kn[n a few mon?s ago' 7ref]r+ to ! prelim9>y ann\ncem5t ( results :i* ,lev]ri] publi%$ aft]w>ds m def9itely74 ,lev]ri]1 :5 ! news ( ,lesc>bault's obs]vation fir/ rea*$ him1 0 surpris$ t ! obs]vation %\ld n h be5 ann\nc$ e>li]4 ,he did n consid] ! delay suffici5tly ju/ifi$ by ,lesc>bault's /atem5t t he wi%$ to see ! spot aga94 ,he !re=e set out = ,org]es1 accompani$ by ,m4 ,vallee4 ',! pr$om9ant feel+ 9 ,lev]ri]'s m9d1' says ,abbe ,moigno1 '0 ! wi% to unmask an attempt to impose ^u him1 z ! p]son m likely ?an any o!r a/ronom] to li/5 to ! allegation t 8 prophecy _h be5 fulfill$4' ',"o %\ld h se5 ,m4 ,lesc>bault1' says ,moigno1 's small1 s simple1 s mode/1 & s timid1 9 ord] to und]/& ! emotion ) :i* he 0 seiz$1 :5 ,lev]ri]1 f 8 great height1 & ) t blunt intonation :i* he c comm&1 ?us address$ him3 ,x is !n y1 sir1 :o pret5d to h obs]v$ ! intra-m]curial planet1 & :o h committ$ ! grave (f5ce ( keep+ y\r obs]vation secret = n9e mon?s4 ,i w>n y t ,i h come "h ) ! int5tion ( do+ ju/ice to y\r pret5sions1 & ( demon/rat+ ei!r t y h be5 di%one/ or deceiv$4 ,tell me1 !n1 unequivocally1 :at y h se54' ,?is s+ul> address did n br+ ! int]view1 z "o might h expect$1 to an abrupt end4 ,! lamb1 z ! ,abbe calls ! doctor1 trembl+1 /amm]$ out an acc\nt ( :at he _h se54 ,he expla9$ h[ he _h tim$ ! passage ( ! black spot4 ',:]e is y\r *ronomet]8' ask$ ,lev]ri]4 ',x is ?is wat*1 ! fai?ful companion ( my pr(essional j\rneys4' ',:at6 ) t old wat*1 %[+ only m9utes1 d>e y talk ( e/imat+ seconds4 ,my suspicions are already too well confirm$4' ',p>don me1 ,i h a p5dulum :i* beats seconds4' ',%[ x me4' ,! doctor br+s d[n a silk ?read to :i* an ivory ball is atta*$4 ,fix+ ! upp] end to a nail1 he draws ! ball a little f ! v]tical1 c\nts ! numb] ( oscillations1 & %[s t 8 p5dulum beats seconds2 he expla9s also h[ 8 pr(ession1 requir+ him to feel pulses & c\nt pulsations1 he has no difficulty 9 m5tally keep+ record ( successive seconds4 ,hav+ be5 %[n ! telescope ) :i* ! obs]vation 0 made1 ! record ( ! obs]vation 7on a piece ( pap] cov]$ ) grease & laudanum1 & do+ s]vice z a m>k] 9 ! ',connaissance des ,temps1' or ,fr5* ,nautical ,almanac71 ,lev]ri] pres5tly inquir$ if ,lesc>bault _h attempt$ to d$uce ! planet's di/ance f ! sun f ! p]iod ( its transit4 ,! doctor admitt$ t he _h attempt$ ?is1 b1 be+ no ma!matician1 _h fail$ to a*ieve success ) ! problem4 ,he %[$ ! r\gh draughts ( 8 futile attempts at calculation on a bo>d 9 8 work%op1 '=1' said he naively1 ',i am a jo9] z well z an a/ronom]4' ,! int]view satisfi$ ,lev]ri] t a new planet1 travell+ )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 _h really be5 discov]$4 ',) a grace & dignity full ( k9dness1' says a contempor>y n>rative ( ^! ev5ts1#ee 'he congratulat$ ,lesc>bault on ! important discov]y :i* he _h made4' ,anxi\s to obta9 "s m>k ( respect = ! discov]] ( ,vulcan1 ,lev]ri] made inquiry conc]n+ 8 private "*1 & le>n$ f ! village cure1 ! juge de paix1 & o!r function>ies1 t he 0 a skilful physician & a wor?y man4 ,) su* high recomm5dations1 ,m4 ,lev]ri] reque/$ f ,m4 ,r\l&1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ! decoration ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r = ,m4 ,lesc>bault4 ,! ,m9i/]1 9 a brief b int]e/+ /atem5t ( 8 claim1 communicat$ ?is reque/ to ! ,emp]or1 :o1 by a decree dat$ ,janu>y #be1 conf]r$ ^u ! village a/ronom] ! hon\rs s ju/ly due to him4 ,8 pr(essional bre?r5 9 ,p>is 7 equally solicit\s to te/ify _! reg>d2 & ,,mm4 ,felix ,r\baud1 ,legr&e1 & ,caffe1 z delegates ( ! sci5tific press1 propos$ to ! m$ical body1 & to ! sci5tific _w 9 ,p>is1 to invite ,lesc>bault to a banquet 9 ! ,hotel du ,l\vre on ,janu>y #ah4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! suppos$ discov]y caus$ a/ronom]s to re-exam9e records ( =m] obs]vations ( black spots mov+ across ! sun4 ,sev]al su* records exi/$1 b !y _h gradually come to be reg>d$ z ( no real importance4 ,wolff ( ,zuri* publi%$ a li/ ( no few] ?an tw5ty su* obs]vations made s9ce #agfb4 ,c>r+ton add$ _m o!r cases4 ,comp>+ toge!r ?ree ( ^! obs]vations1 ,wolff f\nd t !y w\ld be satisfi$ by a planet hav+ a p]iod ( revolution ( #ai days1 agree+ fairly ) ! p]iod ( r m ?an #ai-a_/c days inf]r$ by ,lev]ri] = ,lesc>bault's planet4 ,b ! entire set ( obs]vations ( black spots require t !re %\ld be at lea/ ?ree new planets travell+ betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun4 ,_m obs]v]s also set !mselves ! task ( se>*+ = ,vulcan1 z ! suppos$ new planet 0 call$4 ,!y h cont9u$ fruitlessly to obs]ve ! sun = ?is purpose until ! pres5t "t4 ,:ile ! excitem5t ov] ,lesc>bault's discov]y 0 at its height1 ano!r obs]v] impugn$ n only ! discov]y b ! hone/y ( ! discov]]4 ,m4 ,liais1 a ,fr5* a/ronom] ( consid]able skill1 =m]ly ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 b at ! "t ( ,lesc>bault's a*ievem5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,brazilian ,gov]nm5t1 publi%$ a pap]1 ',sur la ,n\velle ,planete annoncee p> ,m4 ,lesc>bault1' 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! f\r foll[+ po9ts3-- ,fir/1 ! obs]vation ( ,lesc>bault 0 nev] made4 ,secondly1 ,lev]ri] 0 mi/ak5 9 consid]+ t a planet su* z ,vulcan might h escap$ detection :5 (f ! sun's face4 ,?irdly1 t ,vulcan w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 se5 dur+ total sol> eclipses1 if ! planet _h a real objective exi/5ce4 ,f\r?ly1 ,m4 ,lev]ri]'s reasons = believ+ t ! planet exi/s are bas$ on ! supposition t a/ronomical obs]vations are m precise ?an !y really are4 ,probably1 ,liais's objections w\ld h _h m weight ) ,lev]ri] _h ! f\r? po9t be5 omitt$4 ,x 0 ra% 9 a =m] subord9ate to impugn ! v]dict ( ! *ief ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory on a matt] belong+ to t special dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy :i* an obs]vatory *ief might be expect$ to und]/& ?or\ghly4 ,x is ?\ght d>+ 9 ! extreme = "o outside ! circles ( (ficial a/ronomy 7z ,newton 9 ,flam/ead's "t1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 9 ,maskelyne's1 & ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el 9 ! pres5t c5tury71 to advance or ma9ta9 an op9ion adv]se to t ( "s (ficial *ief1 b = a subord9ate 7ev5 ?\gh no long] s71 to be guilty ( su* ra% proc$ure 'is mo/ tol]able & n to be endur$1' z a typical (ficial has said4 ,accord+ly1 v little att5tion 0 paid by ,lev]ri] to ,liais's objections4 ,yet1 9 "s respects1 :at ,m4 ,liais _h to say 0 v mu* to ! po9t4 ,at ! v "t :5 ,lesc>bault 0 wat*+ ! black spot on ! sun's face1 ,liais 0 exam9+ ! sun ) a telescope ( mu* great] magnify+ p[]1 & saw no su* spot4 ,8 att5tion 0 specially direct$ to ! edge ( ! sun 7:]e ,lesc>bault saw ! spot7 because he 0 engag$ 9 det]m9+ ! decrease ( ! sun's brightness ne> ! edge4 ,moreov]1 he 0 exam9+ ! v "p ( ! sun's edge :]e ,lesc>bault saw ! planet ent]1 at a "t :5 x mu/ h be5 twelve m9utes 9 "t ^u ! face ( ! sun1 & well )9 ! m>g9 ( ! sol> disc4 ,! negative evid5ce "h is /rong2 ?\gh x mu/ always be rememb]$ t negative evid5ce requires to be ov]:elm+ly /rong be=e x c be admitt$ z effective aga9/ positive evid5ce4 ,x seems at a fir/ view utt]ly impossible t ,liais1 exam9+ ) a m p[]ful telescope ! region :]e ,lesc>bault saw ! spot1 c\ld h fail$ to see x _h x be5 !re2 b exp]i5ce %[s t x is n impossible = an obs]v] engag$ 9 exam9+ ph5om5a ( "o class to ov]look a ph5om5on ( ano!r class1 ev5 :5 gl>+ly obvi\s4 ,all we c say is t ,liais 0 n likely to h ov]look$ ,lesc>bault's planet _h x be5 !re2 & we mu/ comb9e ?is probability aga9/ ,vulcan's exi/5ce ) argum5ts d]iv$ f o!r consid]ations4 ,!re is also ! possibility ( an error 9 "t4 ,z ! writ] 9 ! ',nor? ,briti% ,review' rem>ks1 'twelve m9utes is s %ort a "t t x is j possible t ! planet may n h ent]$ ^u ! sun dur+ ! "t t ,liais obs]v$ x4' ,! second & ?ird argum5ts are /rong]4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n see h[ !y c be resi/$4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 cle> f ,lesc>bault's acc\nt t ,vulcan mu/ h a consid]able diamet]--c]ta9ly if ,vulcan's diamet] 9 miles 7 only half ! diamet] ( ,m]cury1 x w\ld h be5 all b impossible = ,lesc>bault ) 8 small telescope to see ,vulcan at all1 :]eas he saw ! black spot v di/9ctly4 ,say ,vulcan has half ! diamet] ( ,m]cury1 & let u comp>e ! brightness ( ^! two planets :5 at _! greate/ app>5t di/ances f ! sun1 t is1 :5 ea* looks l a half-moon4 ,! di/ance ( ,m]cury exce$s ! e/imat$ di/ance ( ,vulcan f ! sun z #bg exce$s #aj1 s t ,vulcan is m /rongly illum9at$ 9 ! proportion ( #bg times #bg to #aj times #aj1 or #gbi to #ajj--say at lea/ #g to #a4 ,b hav+ a diamet] b half z l>ge ! disc ( ,vulcan c\ld be b ab\t a f\r? ( ,m]cury's at ! same di/ance f u 7& !y w\ld be at ab\t ! same di/ance f u :5 se5 z half-moons74 ,h5ce ,vulcan w\ld be bright] ?an ,m]cury 9 ! proportion ( #g to #d4 ,( c\rse be+ s ne> ! sun he w\ld n be s easily se52 & we c\ld nev] expect to see him at all1 p]haps1 ) ! nak$ eye--?\gh ev5 ?is is n c]ta94 ,b ,m]cury1 :5 at ! same app>5t di/ance f ! sun1 & giv+ less light ?an at 8 greate/ seem+ di/ance1 is q easily se5 9 ! telescope4 ,mu* m easily1 !n1 %\ld ,vulcan be se51 if a telescope 7 rightly direct$ at su* a "t1 or :5 ,vulcan 0 any:]e ne> 8 greate/ seem+ di/ance f ! sun4 ,n[ x is true a/ronom]s d n "k precisely :5 or :]e to look = him4 ,b he passes f 8 greate/ di/ance on "o side ( ! sun to 8 greate/ di/ance on ! o!r 9 less ?an t5 days1 accord+ to ! comput$ p]iod1 & c]ta9ly 7t is1 if ! planet exi/s7 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! a/ronom] has !n only to exam9e day aft] day a region ( small ext5t on ei!r side ( ! sun1 = t5 or twelve days 9 succession 7an h\r's obs]vation ea* day w\ld suffice71 to be sure ( see+ ,vulcan4 ,yet _m a/ronom]s h made su* se>* _m times ov]1 )\t see+ any trace ( ! planet4 ,dur+ total sol> eclipses1 aga91 ! planet has be5 repeat$ly look$ = unsuccessfully--?\gh x %\ld at su* a "t be a v conspicu\s object1 :5 fav\rably plac$1 & c\ld sc>cely fail ( be+ v di/9ctly se5 :]ev] plac$4 ,! f\r? argum5t ( ,lesc>bault's is n s effective1 & 9 fact he gets beyond 8 dep? 9 deal+ ) x4 ,b x is to be notic$ t a consid]able portion ( ! discrepancy betwe5 ,m]cury's obs]v$ & calculat$ motions has long s9ce be5 acc\nt$ = by ! *ang$ e/imate ( ! e>?'s mass z comp>$ ) ! sun's1 result+ f ! new det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,h[ev]1 ! argum5ts dep5d+ on ?is consid]ation w\ld n be suit$ to ^! pages4 ,!re 0 "o feature 9 ,liais's pap] :i* 0 a little un=tunate4 ,he que/ion$ ,lesc>bault's hone/y4 ,he said ',lesc>bault contradicts himself 9 hav+ fir/ ass]t$ t he saw ! planet ent] ^u ! sun's disc1 & hav+ aft]w>ds admitt$ to ,lev]ri] t x _h be5 on ! disc "s seconds be=e he saw x1 & t he _h m]ely inf]r$ ! "t ( its entry f ! rate ( its motion aft]w>ds4 ,if ?is "o ass]tion be fabricat$1 ! :ole may be s4' ',he consid]s ^! argum5ts to be /r5g!n$1' says ! ',nor? ,briti% ,review1' 'by ! ass]tion :i*1 z we h se51 p]plex$ ,lev]ri] himself1 t if ,m4 ,lesc>bault _h actually se5 a planet on ! sun1 he c\ld n h kept x secret = n9e mon?s4' ,?is *>ge ( di%one/y1 un=tunate 9 itself1 _h ! un=tunate effect ( prev5t+ ,lesc>bault or ! ,abbe ,moigno f reply+4 ,! latt] simply rem>k$ t ! accusation 0 ( su* a nature z to disp5se him f any obligation to refute x4 ,?is 0 an error ( judgm5t1 ,i _c b ?9k1 if an effective reply 0 really available4 ,! ,rem>ks ) :i* ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review] closes 8 acc\nt may be repeat$ n[1 s f> z !y relate to ! =ce ( ! negative evid5ce1 ) t5fold effect4 ',s9ce ! fir/ notice ( ! discov]y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y #ahfj ! sun has be5 anxi\sly obs]v$ by a/ronom]s2 & ! limit$ area ar\nd him 9 :i* ! planet mu/ be1 if he is n ^u ! sun1 has d\btless be5 explor$ ) equal c>e by telescopes ( high p[]1 & processes by :i* ! sun's direct light has be5 exclud$ f ! tube ( ! telescope z well z ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & yet no planet has be5 f\nd4 ,?is fact w\ld entitle u to conclude t no su* planet exi/s if its exi/5ce _h be5 m]ely conjectur$1 or if x _h be5 d$uc$ f any ( ! laws ( planet>y di/ance1 or ev5 if ,lev]ri] or ,adams _h ann\nc$ x z ! probable result ( planet>y p]turbations4 ,if ! f9e/ telescopes _c r$iscov] a planet :i* ) ! small p[] us$ by ,lesc>bault has a visible disc1 )9 s limit$ an area ( :i* ! sun is ! c5tre1 or r )9 a n>r[ belt ( t circle1 we %\ld unhesitat+ly decl>e t no su* planet exi/s4 ,b ! "q assumes a v diff]5t aspect :5 x involves moral consid]ations4 ,if1' proce$s ! ,review]1 writ+ 9 ,augu/ #ahfj1 'aft] ! sev]e scrut9y :i* ! sun & its vic9ity w und]go be=e & aft] & dur+ 8 total eclipse 9 ,july1 no planet %all be se52 & if no r\nd black spot di/9ctly sep>able f ! usual sol> spots %all be se5 on ! sol> spots' 7sic1 presumably sol> disc 0 int5d$71 'we w n d>e to say t x does n exi/4 ,we _c d\bt ! hone/y ( ,m4 ,lesc>bault1 & we c h>dly believe t he 0 mi/ak54 ,no sol> spot1 no float+ scoria1 c\ld ma9ta9 9 its passage ov] ! sun a circul> & uni=m %ape1 & we are confid5t t no o!r hypo!sis b t ( an intra-m]curial planet c expla9 ! ph5om5a se5 & measur$ by ,m4 ,lesc>bault1 a man ( high "*1 possess+ excell5t in/rum5ts1 & 9 e way compet5t to use !m well1 & to describe cle>ly & correctly ! results ( 8 obs]vations4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 tries facts z well z speculations4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$ by ! ,fr5* a/ronom] may nev] be aga9 se51 & ! di/urbance ( ,m]cury :i* r5d]$ x probable may be o!rwise expla9$4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 we mu/ ref] ! r\nd spot on ! sun to "s ( ^? illusions ( ! eye or ( ! bra9 :i* h sometimes di/urb$ ! tranquillity ( sci5ce4' ,! evid5ce :i* has accumulat$ aga9/ ,vulcan 9 ! int]val s9ce ?is 0 writt5 is n negative only1 b p>tly positive1 z ! foll[+ in/ance1 :i* ,i take f my own n>rative at ! "t 9 a weekly j\rnal1 s]ves to %[3--,aft] m ?an sixte5 ye>s ( fruitless wat*+1 a/ronom]s le>n$ la/ ,augu/ 7#ahgf7 t 9 ! mon? ( ,april ,vulcan _h be5 se5 on ! sun's disc 9 ,*9a4 ,on ,april #d1 x appe>$1 ,h]r ,web]1 an obs]v] ( consid]able skill1 /ation$ at ,pe*eli1 _h se5 a small r\nd spot on ! sun1 look+ v mu* z a small planet might be expect$ to look4 ,a few h\rs lat] he turn$ 8 telescope ^u ! sun1 & lo6 ! spot _h vani%$1 precisely z ?\gh ! planet _h pass$ away aft] ! mann] ( planets 9 transit4 ,he =w>d$ ! news ( 8 obs]vation to ,europe4 ,! a/ronom] ,wolff1 well kn[n = 8 sun-spot /udies1 c>efully calculat$ ! int]val :i* _h pass$ s9ce ,lesc>bault saw ,vulcan on ,m>* #bf1 #ahei1 & to 8 int5se satisfaction 0 enabl$ to ann\nce t ?is int]val conta9$ ! calculat$ p]iod ( ! planet an exact numb] ( times4 ,lev]ri] at ,p>is receiv$ ! ann\ncem5t /ill m joyfully2 :ile ! ,abbe ,moigno1 :o gave ,vulcan its "n1 & has always /aun*ly believ$ 9 ! planet's exi/5ce1 congratulat$ ,lesc>bault w>mly ^u ?is new view ( ! %amefac$ ,vulcan4 ,n "o ( ^? :o already believ$ 9 ! planet _h ! lea/ d\bt z to ! reality ( ,web]'s obs]vations1 & ( ^! only ,lesc>bault himself receiv$ ! news )\t pleasure4 ,he1 x seems1 has nev] =giv5 ! ,g]mans = de/roy+ 8 obs]vatory & libr>y dur+ ! invasion ( ,france 9 #ahgj1 & app>5tly w\ld pref] t 8 planet %\ld nev] be se5 aga9 r ?an t a ,g]man a/ronom] %\ld h se5 x4 ,b ! joy ( ! re/ & ,lesc>bault's sorr[ 7 alike premature4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! spot se5 by ,web] _h n only be5 obs]v$ at ! ,madrid obs]vatory1 :]e c>eful wat* is kept ^u ! sun1 b _h be5 photograph$ at ,gre5wi*2 & :5 ! description ( its appe>ance1 z se5 9 a p[]ful telescope at "o /ation1 & its picture z photograph$ by a f9e telescope at ! o!r1 came to be exam9$1 x 0 prov$ unmi/akably t ! spot 0 an ord9>y sun-spot 7n ev5 q r\nd71 :i* _h aft] a few h\rs disappe>$1 z ev5 l>g] sun-spots h be5 kn[n to d 9 ev5 a %ort] "t4 ,x is cle> t _h n ,web]'s spot be5 =tunately se5 at ,madrid & photograph$ at ,gre5wi*1 8 obs]vation w\ld h be5 add$ to ! li/ ( record$ app>itions ( ,vulcan 9 transit1 = x fitt$ 9 p]fectly ) ! !ory ( ,vulcan's real exi/5ce4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 = my own "p1 t ! good =tune 0 ,web]'s4 ,_h x s *anc$ t ?ick wea!r 9 ,madrid & at ,gre5wi* _h de/roy$ ! evid5ce actually obta9$ to %[ t :at ,web] describ$ he really saw1 al?\gh x 0 n :at he ?\ght1 "s ( ! m suspici\s w\ld h que/ion$ :e!r1 9 ! euphoni\s language ( ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review]1 '! r\nd spot on ! sun' 0 n due 'to "o ( ^? illusions ( ! eye or ( ! bra9 :i* h sometimes di/urb$ ! tranquillity ( sci5ce4' ,( c\rse no "o acqua9t$ ) ,m4 ,web]'s antec$5ts w\ld imag9e = a mom5t t he _h inv5t$ ! obs]vation1 ev5 ?\gh ! objective reality ( 8 spot _h n be5 e/abli%$4 ,b if a p]son :o is entirely unkn[n1 /ates t he has se5 ,vulcan1 !re is antec$5tly "s degree ( probability 9 fav\r ( ! belief t ! obs]vation is z mu* a my? z ! planet itself4 ,"s obs]vations ( ,vulcan h c]ta9ly be5 inv5t$4 ,i h receiv$ sev]al lett]s purport+ to describe obs]vations ( bodies 9 transit ov] ! sun's face1 ei!r ! rate ( transit1 ! size ( ! body1 or ! pa? along :i* x 0 said to move1 be+ utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t x 0 an intra-m]curial planet1 :ile yet 7h]e9 is ! suspici\s circum/ance ( su* n>ratives7 ! epo* ( transit accord$ 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann] ) ! p]iod assign$ to ,vulcan4 ,a p>adoxi/ 9 ,am]ica 7( ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky7 :o _h inv5t$ a !ory ( ! wea!r1 9 :i* ! planets1 by _! influ5ce on ! sun1 7 suppos$ to produce all wea!r-*anges1 ! ne>] planets be+ ! mo/ effective1 f\nd 8 !ory want$ ,vulcan v mu*4 ,accord+ly1 he saw ,vulcan cross+ ! sun's face 9 ,septemb]1 :i*1 be+ half a ye> f ,m>*1 is a mon? :]e91 accord+ to ,lesc>bault's obs]vation1 ,vulcan may be se5 9 transit1 & by a /range co9cid5ce ! int]val betwe5 our p>adoxi/'s obs]vation & ,lesc>bault's exactly conta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times ! p]iod calculat$ by ,lev]ri] = ,vulcan4 ,?is 0 a noble a*ievem5t on ! "p ( our p>adoxi/4 ,at "o /roke x e/abli%$ 8 !ory ( ! wea!r1 & promis$ to ensure him text-book immortality z "o ( ! obs]v]s ( ,vulcan4 ,b1 un=tunately1 a /ud5t ( sci5ce resid+ 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 aft] leav+ ! ,l\isville p>adoxi/ full "t to p>ade 8 discov]y1 he>tlessly po9t$ out t an exact numb] ( revolutions ( ,vulcan aft] ,lesc>bault's ,m>* obs]vation1 mu/ ( necessity h br\ght ! planet on t side ( ! sun on :i* ! e>? lies 9 ,m>*1 s t to see ,vulcan s plac$ on ! sun's face 9 ,septemb] 0 to see ,vulcan ?r\gh ! sun1 a v rem>kable a*ievem5t inde$4 ,! p>adoxi/ 0 aba%$1 ! read] p]haps imag9es4 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,! planet's p]iod mu/ h be5 wrongly calculat$ by ,lev]ri]--t 0 all3 ! real p]iod 0 less ?an half z long z ,lev]ri] _h suppos$2 & in/ead ( hav+ gone a c]ta9 numb] ( times r\nd s9ce ,lesc>bault _h se5 x1 ,vulcan _h gone twice z _m times r\nd & half once r\nd aga94 ,! circum/ance t if ,vulcan's p]iod _h be5 ?us %ort1 ! "t ( cross+ ! sun's face w\ld h be5 mu* less ?an1 accord+ to ,lesc>bault's acc\nt1 x actually 01 _h n occurr$ to ! ,l\isville wea!r-prophet4#ef ,lev]ri]'s fai? 9 ,vulcan1 h[ev]1 has rema9$ un%ak54 ,he has us$ all ! obs]vations ( spots :i*1 l ,web]'s1 h be5 se5 only = a %ort "t4 ,at lea/ he has us$ all :i* h n1 l ,web]'s1 be5 prov$ to be only transi5t sun-spots4 ,select+ ^? :i* fit 9 well ) ,lesc>bault's obs]vation1 he has po9t$ out h[ rem>kable x is t !y %[ ?is accord4 ,! possibility t "s ( !m might be explicable z ,web]'s prov$ to be1 & t "s ev5 may h be5 explicable z completely1 b less satisfactorily1 9 ano!r way1 seems to h be5 ?\ght sc>cely wor? consid]+4 ,us+ ! imp]fect mat]ials available1 b ) exquisite skill--z a ,phidias might model an exquisite figure ( mat]ials t w\ld pres5tly crumble into du/--,lev]ri] came to ! conclusion t ,vulcan w\ld cross ! sun's disc on or ab\t ,m>* #bb1 #ahgf4 ',he1 !re=e1' said ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 address+ ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 'circulat$ a despat* among 8 fri5ds1 ask+ !m c>efully to obs]ve ! sun on ,m>* #bb4' ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 hum\r+ 8 hon\r$ fri5d1 s5t telegrams to ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&1 reque/+ t obs]vations might be made e two h\rs or (t5]4 ,lev]ri] himself wrote to ,santiago de ,*ili & o!r places1 s t1 includ+ ,am]ican & ,european obs]vations1 ! sun c\ld be wat*$ all ?r\gh ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs on ,m>* #ba1 #bb1 & #bc4 ',)\t say+ positively t he believ$ or disbeliev$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! planet1' proce$s ! report1 ',sir ,g4 ,airy ?\ght1 s9ce ,m4 ,lev]ri] 0 s confid5t1 t ! opportunity ought n to be neglect$ by anybody :o pr(ess$ to take an int]e/ 9 ! progress ( planet>y a/ronomy4' ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to add t obs]vations 7 made z reque/$4 ,_m photographs ( ! sun also 7 tak5 dur+ ! h\rs :5 ,vulcan1 if he exi/s at all1 might be expect$ to cross ! sun's face4 ,b ! 'planet ( romance1' z ,abbe ,moigno has call$ ,vulcan1 fail$ to appe>1 & ! op9ion ,i _h express$ la/ ,octob] 7',engli% ,me*anic & ,_w ( ,sci5ce1' = ,octob] #bg1 #ahgf1 p4 #afj71 t ,vulcan might p]haps bett] be call$ ! 'planet ( fiction' 0 pro tanto confirm$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean by ! ^w 'fiction' aught sav\r+ ( fraud s f> z ,lesc>bault is conc]n$--,i pref] ! ,nor? ,briton's view ( ,lesc>bault's spot1 t s to speak1 x 0 444 ! blot ^u 8 bra91 ,t w\ld %[ itself )\t4 ,i h left small space to treat ( o!r fanci$ discov]ies among ! orbs ( heav54 ,yet !re are "s :i* are n only int]e/+ b in/ructive1 z %[+ h[ ev5 ! mo/ c>eful obs]v]s may be l$ a/ray4 ,9 ?is respect ! mi/akes into :i* obs]v]s ( great & well des]v$ em95ce h fall5 are specially wor?y ( att5tion4 ,) ! description ( ?ree su* mi/akes1 made by no less an a/ronom] ?an ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,i %all br+ ?is pap] to a close4 ,:5 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el exam9$ ! planet ,uranus ) 8 mo/ p[]ful telescope he saw ! planet to all appe>ance girt ab\t by two r+s at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! illusion 0 s complete t ,h]s*el = sev]al ye>s rema9$ 9 ! belief t ! r+s 7 real4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 m]e optical illusions1 due to ! imp]fect def9+ qualities ( ! telescope ) :i* he obs]v$ ! planet4 ,lat] he wrote t '! obs]vations :i* t5d to asc]ta9' 7indicate87 '! exi/5ce ( r+s n be+ satisfactorily support$1 x w be prop] t surmises ( !m %\ld ei!r be giv5 up1 z ill-f\nd$1 or at lea/ res]v$ till sup]ior in/rum5ts c be provid$4' ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 m completely misl$ by ! false ,uranian satellites4 ,he _h se51 z he suppos$1 no less ?an six ( ^! bodies4 ,z only two ( ^! _h be5 se5 aga91 :ile two m 7 discov]$ by ,lassell1 ! inf]5ce 0 t ,uranus has eight satellites 9 all4 ,^! = a long "t fl\ri%$ 9 our text-books ( a/ronomy2 & _m writ]s1 confid5t 9 ! c>e & skill ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 7 unable = a long "t to believe t he _h be5 deceiv$4 ,?us ,admiral ,smy?1 9 8 ',cele/ial ,cycle1' wrote ( ^? :o d\bt$ ! extra satellites3--',!y mu/ h b a meagre notion ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's p[]ful means1 8 skill 9 _! application1 & 8 me?od ( delib]ate proc$ure4 ,s f> f d\bt+ !re be+ six satellites' 7?is 0 be=e ,lassell _h discov]$ ! o!r two7 'x is highly probable t !re are /ill m4' ,:ewell1 also1 9 8 ',bridgewat] ,treatise1' says1 't ?\gh x no long] appe>s probable t ,uranus has a r+ l ,saturn1 he has at lea/ five satellites :i* are visible to u1 & we believe t ! a/ronom] w h>dly d5y t he' 7,uranus1 n ! a/ronom]71 'may possibly h ?\s&s ( small] ones circulat+ ab\t him4' ,b 9 ?is case ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 anxi\sly ?\gh he endeav\r$ to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( error1 0 c]ta9ly mi/ak54 ,uranus may1 = any?+ t is kn[n to ! contr>y1 h _m small satellites circulat+ ab\t him1 b he c]ta9ly has n f\r satellites 7besides ^? kn[n7 :i* c\ld h be5 se5 by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el ) ! telescope he employ$4 ,= ! neighb\rhood ( ! planet has be5 c>efully exam9$ ) telescopes ( mu* great] p[] by obs]v]s :o ) ^? telescopes h se5 objects f> fa9t] ?an ! satellites suppos$ to h be5 se5 by ! eld] ,h]s*el4 ,! ?ird ( ! ,h]s*elian my?s 0 ! lun> volcano 9 eruption1 :i* he suppos$ he _h se5 9 progress 9 t "p ( ! moon :i* 0 n at ! "t illum9at$ by ! sun's rays4 ,he saw a bright />-l po9t ( light1 :i* correspond$ 9 position ) ! crat] ( ! lun> m\nta9 ,ari/>*us4 ,he inf]r$ t a volcano 0 9 active eruption because ! brightness ( ! po9t ( light v>i$ f "t to "t1 & also because he did n rememb] to h se5 x be=e "u ! same conditions4 ,!re is no d\bt some?+ v rem>kable 9 ! way 9 :i* ?is "p ( ! moon's surface %9es :5 n illum9$ by ! sun4 ,if x 7 always bright we %\ld conclude at once t ! e>?-light %9+ ^u x r5d]$ x visible4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! "p ( ! moon :i* looks d>k 7or seems want+ to ! full disc7 is illum9at$ by our e>?1 %9+ 9 ! sky ( ! moon z a disc ?irte5 times z l>ge z t ( ! moon we see1 & ) ! same proportion ( its disc sunlit z is d>k 9 ! moon's disc4 ,?us :5 ! moon is ne>ly new our e>? is %9+ 9 ! lun> skies z a ne>ly full moon ?irte5 times z l>ge z ours4 ,! light ( ?is noble moon mu/ illum9e ! moon's surface mu* m brightly ?an a t]re/rial l&scape is illum9$ by ! full moon1 & if any p>ts ( h] surface are v :ite !y w %9e out f ! surface ar\nd1 j z ! sn[-cov]$ peak ( a m\nta9 %9es out ^u a moonlit night f among ! d>k] hills & dales & rocks & =e/s ( ! l&scape4 ,b ,h]s*el consid]$ t ! occasional brightness ( ! crat] ,ari/>*us c\ld n be ?us expla9$4 ,! spot _h be5 se5 be=e ! "t ( ,h]s*el's obs]vations by ,cass9i & o!rs4 ,x has be5 se5 s9ce by ,capta9 ,kat]1 ,francis ,baily1 & _m o!rs4 ,dr4 ,maskelyne tells u t 9 ,m>* #agid x 0 se5 by ! nak$ eye by two p]sons4 ,baily ?us describes ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ?is lun> crat] on ,decemb] #bb1 #ahce3 ',direct$ telescope to ! moon1 & po9t+ x to ! d>k "p 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ari/>*us1 soon saw ! outl9e ( t m\nta9 v di/9ctly1 =m$ l an irregul> nebula4 ,ne>ly 9 ! c5tre 0 a light resembl+ t ( a /> ( ! n9? or t5? magnitude4 ,x appe>$ by glimpses1 b at times 0 brilliant1 & visible = sev]al seconds toge!r4' ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! app>5t brightness ( ?is lun> crat]1 or r ( its summit1 is due to "s peculi> quality 9 ! surface1 :i* may p]haps be cov]$ by "s cry/all9e or vitre\s matt] p\r$ out 9 ! f> di/ant "t :5 ! crat] 0 an active "o4 ,pr(4 ,%al]1 :o exam9$ ! crat] :5 x 0 illum9at$ only by e>?%9e1 ) ! f9e #ae-;in* telescope ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory 7,cambridge ,u4,s471 says t he has be5 able to recognise ne>ly all ! crat]s ov] #ae miles 9 diamet] 9 ! d>k "p4 ',!re are sev]al degrees ( brightness1' he says1 'obs]vable 9 ! diff]5t objects :i* %9e out by ! e>?-light4 ,?is fact probably expla9s ! great] "p ( ! p]plex+ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! illum9ation ( c]ta9 crat]s4 ,x c]ta9ly acc\nts = ! volcanic activity :i* has s (t5 be5 suppos$ to be manife/$ by ,ari/>*us4 ,"u ! illum9ation by ! e>?-light ?is is by f> ! brighte/ object on ! d>k "p ( ! moon's face1 & is visible mu* long] & ) poor] glasses ?an any o!r object !re4' ,"h my record ( a/ronomical my?s mu/ be br\ght to a close4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 e in/ance ei!r ! illusion has affect$ ! actual obs]vations ( em95t & skilful a/ronom]s1 or has caus$ su* a/ronom]s to put fai? = a :ile 9 illusory obs]vations4 ,_h ,i c>$ to include ! mi/akes :i* h be5 made by or h misl$ obs]v]s ( less exp]i5ce1 ,i c\ld h fill$ _m %eets = ea* page ( ! pres5t article4 ,b x has seem$ to me m in/ructive to %[ h[ error may affect ! obs]vations ev5 ( ! mo/ c>eful & des]v$ly em95t a/ronom]s1 h[ ev5 ! mo/ cauti\s may be = a "t misl$ by ! mi/akes ( inf]ior obs]v]s1 especially :5 ! fact suppos$ to h be5 obs]v$ accords ) preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellation-,,figures4 ,al?\gh ! /range figures :i* a/ronom]s /ill all[ to /raggle ov] _! /> maps no long] h any real sci5tific int]e/1 !y /ill possess a c]ta9 *>m1 n only = ! /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 b = _m :o c>e little or no?+ ab\t a/ronomy z a sci5ce4 ,:5 ,i 0 giv+ a c\rse ( twelve lectures 9 ,bo/on1 ,am]ica1 a p]son ( consid]able culture said to me1 ',i wi% y w\ld lecture ab\t ! con/ellations2 ,i c>e little ab\t ! sun & moon & ! planets1 & n mu* m ab\t comets2 b ,i h always felt great int]e/ 9 ! ,be>s & ,lions1 ! ,*a9$ & ,*air$ ,ladies1 ,k+ ,cepheus & ! ,rescu] ,p]seus1 ,orion1 ,ophiu*us1 ,h]cules1 & ! re/ ( ! my?ical & fanciful be+s ) :i* ! old a/ronom]s peopl$ ! heav5s4 ,i say ) ,c>lyle1 ,:y does n "s "o tea* me ! con/ellations1 & make me at home 9 ! />ry heav5s1 :i* are always ov]head1 & :i* ,i don't half "k to ?is day4' ,we may notice1 too1 t ! poets by almo/ unanim\s cons5t h recognis$ ! poetical aspect ( ! con/ellations1 :ile !y h f\nd little to say ab\t subjects :i* belong especially to a/ronomy z a sci5ce4 ,milton has inde$ made an ,ar*angel reason 7n unskilfully = ,milton's day7 ab\t ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican sy/ems1 :ile ,t5nyson makes frequ5t ref]5ce to a/ronomical !ories4 ',!re s9ks ! nebul\s /> we call ! ,sun1 if t hypo!sis ( !irs be s\nd1' said ,ida2 b %e said no m1 save 'let u d[n & re/1' z ?\gh ! subject 7 we>isome to h]4 ,aga91 9 ! ,palace ( ,art ! s\l ( ! poet hav+ built h]self t 'great h\se s royal1 ri*1 & wide1' ?i!r-- 444 :5 all ! deep uns\nd$ skies ,%udd]$ ) sil5t />s1 %e clomb1 ,& z ) optic glasses h] ke5 eyes ,pi]c$ ?r\gh ! my/ic dome1 ,regions ( lucid matt] tak+ =ms1 ,bru%es ( fire1 hazy gleams1 ,clu/]s & b$s ( worlds & beelike sw>ms ,( suns1 & />ry /reams3 ,%e saw ! sn[y poles ( moonless ,m>s1 ,t m>vell\s r\nd ( milky light ,bel[ ,orion1 & ^? d\ble />s ,:]e( ! "o m bright ,is circl$ by ! o!r4 ,b ! poet's s\l s we>i$ ( ^! a/ronomical rese>*es t ! beautiful l9es ,i h quot$ disappe>$ 7m's ! pity7 f ! second & all lat] editions4 ,su* exceptions1 inde$1 prove ! rule4 ,poets h be5 *>y 9 ref]r+ to a/ronomical rese>*es & results1 full ?\gh ^! h be5 ( unspeakable poetry2 :ile f ! days ( ,hom] to ^? ( ,t5nyson1 ! con/ellations :i* 'g>l& ! heav5s' h always be5 fav\rite subjects ( poetic imag]y4 ,x is n my pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 to discuss ! poetic aspect ( ! con/ellations4 ,i propose to inquire h[ ^! s+ul> figures fir/ f\nd _! way to ! heav5s1 &1 s f> z facts are available = ! purpose1 to det]m9e ! hi/ory & antiquity ( "s ( ! m celebrat$ con/ellations4 ,long be=e a/ronomy _h any exi/5ce z a sci5ce m5 wat*$ ! />s ) wond] & rev]5ce4 ,^? orbs1 seem+ly c\ntless--:i* bespangle ! d>k robe ( night--h a *>m & beauty ( _! own ap>t f ! significance ) :i* ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy has inve/$ !m4 ,! lea/ fanciful m9d is l$ to recognise on ! cele/ial concave ! emblems ( t]re/rial objects1 pictur$ ) m or less di/9ctness among ! my/]i\s />-gr\p+s4 ,we c imag9e t long be=e ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! />s 0 recognis$1 m5 _h begun to associate ) c]ta9 />-gr\ps ! names ( famili> objects animate or inanimate4 ,! flocks & h]ds :i* ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ( ! heav5s t5d$ w\ld sugge/ names = c]ta9 sets ( />s1 & ?us ! ,bull1 ! ,ram1 ! ,kids1 w\ld appe> 9 ! heav5s4 ,o!r gr\ps w\ld rem9d ^? e>ly obs]v]s ( ! animals f :om !y _h to gu>d _! flocks1 or ( ! animals to ^: vigilance !y tru/$ = protection1 & ?us ! ,be>1 ! ,lion1 & ! ,dogs w\ld f9d _! place among ! />s4 ,! figures ( m5 & horses1 & ( birds & fi%es1 w\ld naturally en\gh be recognis$1 nor w\ld ei!r ! implem5ts ( husb&ry1 or ! weapons by :i* ! huntsman secur$ 8 prey1 rema9 unrepres5t$ among ! />-gr\p+s4 ,& la/ly1 ! alt> on :i* ! fir/-fruits ( h>ve/ & v9tage 7 pres5t$1 or ! fle% ( lambs & goats consum$1 w\ld be figur$ among ! innum]able comb9ations :i* a fanciful eye c recognise among ! orbs ( heav54 ,9 ?us sugge/+ t ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! heav5s 7 %eph]ds1 huntsm51 & husb&m51 ,i am n advanc+ a !ory on ! difficult que/ions connect$ ) ! orig9 ( exact a/ronomy4 ,! fir/ obs]vations ( ! heav5s 7 ( necessity made by m5 :o dep5d$ = _! subsi/5ce on a famili>ity ) ! progress & vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 & d\btless prec$$ by _m ages ! /udy ( a/ronomy z a sci5ce4 ,& yet ! obs]vations made by ^? e>ly %eph]ds & hunt]s1 unsci5tific ?\gh !y mu/ h be5 9 !mselves1 are full ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( mod]n exact a/ronomy4 ,! ass]tion may seem /range at fir/ sight1 b is nev]!less /rictly true1 t if we c\ld b le>n ) c]ta9ty ! names assign$ to c]ta9 />-gr\ps1 be=e a/ronomy _h any real exi/5ce1 we c\ld d$uce lessons ( extreme importance f ! r\gh obs]vations :i* sugge/$ ^? old names4 ,9 ^! days1 :5 obs]vations ( su* m>vell\s exactness are daily & nightly made1 :5 in/rum5ts capable ( reveal+ ! actual con/itution ( ! />s are employ$1 & obs]v]s are s num]\s1 x may seem /range to atta* any int]e/ to ! "q :e!r half-savage races recognis$ 9 su* & su* a />-gr\p ! lik5ess ( a be>1 or 9 ano!r gr\p ! semblance ( a %ip4 ,b ?\gh we c\ld le>n m1 ( c\rse1 f exact] obs]vations1 yet ev5 su* r\gh & imp]fect records w\ld h _! value4 ,if we c\ld be c]ta9 t 9 long-pa/ ages a />-gr\p really resembl$ "s kn[n object1 we %\ld h 9 ! pres5t resemblance ( t gr\p to ! same object evid5ce ( ! g5]al con/ancy ( /ell> lu/re1 or if no resemblance c\ld be recognis$ we %\ld h reason to d\bt :e!r o!r suns 7& !re=e our own sun7 may n be liable to great *anges4 ,! subject ( ! con/ellation-figures z fir/ kn[n is int]e/+ 9 o!r ways4 ,= in/ance1 x is full ( int]e/ to ! antiqu>ian 7& mo/ ( u are to "s degree antiqu>ians7 z relat+ to ! mo/ anci5t ( all human sci5ces4 ,! same m5tal quality :i* causes u to look ) int]e/ on ! build+s rais$ 9 long-pa/ ages1 or on ! implem5ts & weapons ( antiquity1 r5d]s ! ?\ght impressive t ! />s :i* we see 7 gaz$ on p]haps n less wond]+ly 9 ! v infancy ( ! human race4 ,x is1 aga91 a subject full ( int]e/ to ! *ronologi/ to inquire 9 :at era ( ! _w's hi/ory exact a/ronomy began1 ! moon 0 assign$ h] tw5ty-eight zodiacal mansions1 ! sun 8 twelve zodiacal signs4 ,x is well kn[n1 inde$1 t ,newton himself did n disda9 to /udy ! que/ions ?us sugge/$2 & ! speculations ( ! +5i\s ,dupuis f\nd fav\r ) ! great ma!matician ,laplace4 ,un=tunately1 ! evid5ce is n suffici5tly exact to be v tru/wor?y4 ,9 consid]+1 = in/ance1 ! *ronological inquiries ( ,newton1 "o _c b feel t ! reliance plac$ by him on ! /atem5ts made by diff]5t writ]s is n ju/ifi$ by ! nature ( ^? /atem5ts1 :i* 7 = ! mo/ "p vague 9 ! extreme4 ,we owe _m ( !m to poets :o1 kn[+ little ( a/ronomy1 mix$ up ! ph5om5a ( _! own "t ) ^? :i* !y f\nd record$ 9 ! writ+s ( a/ronom]s4 ,"s ( ! /atem5ts left by anci5t writ]s are inde$ ludicr\sly incongru\s2 insomu* t ,grotius n unju/ly said ( ! acc\nt ( ! con/ellations giv5 by ! poet ,aratus1 t x c\ld be assign$ to no fix$ epo* & to no fix$ place4 ,h[ev]1 ?is w\ld n be ! place to discuss details su* z are involv$ 9 exact inquiries4 ,i h indicat$ "s ( ^! 9 an app5dix to my treatise on ',saturn1' & o!rs 9 ! preface to my ',gnomonic ,/> ,atlas'2 b = ! mo/ "p !y d n admit v readily ( famili> description4 ,let u turn to less te*nical consid]ations1 :i* =tunately are 9 ?is case fully z mu* to ! po9t z exact inquiries1 see+ t !re is no real f\ndation = su* inquiries 9 any ( ! available evid5ce4 ,! fir/ obvi\s feature ( ! old con/ellations is "o :i* someh[ has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,x is z in/ructive z any ( ^? :i* h be5 made ! subject ( pr(\nd rese>*4 ,!re is a great space 9 ! heav5s ov] :i* none ( ! old con/ellations ext5d1 except ! ,riv] ,eridanus z n[ pictur$1 b we d n "k :]e ?is w9d+ /ream ( />s 0 suppos$ by ! old obs]v]s to come to an end4 ,?is great space surr\nds ! s\!rn pole ( ! heav5s1 & ?us %[s t ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ! />s 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! con/ellations :i* c be se5 only f places f> s\? ( ,*aldaea1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & inde$ ( all ! regions to :i* ! inv5tion ( a/ronomy has be5 assign$4 ,:atev] ! fir/ a/ronom]s 71 h[ev] pr(\nd _! k ( a/ronomy may h be5 7z "s imag9e71 !y _h c]ta9ly n travell$ f> en\gh t[>ds ! s\? to "k ! con/ellations ar\nd ! s\!rn pole4 ,if !y _h be5 z well acqua9t$ ) geography z "s ass]t1 if ev5 any a/ronom] _h travell$ z f> s\? z ! equator1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h _h pictur$ 9 ! old /> *>ts "s con/ellations 9 t region ( ! heav5s :]e9 mod]n a/ronom]s h plac$ ! ,octant1 ! ,bird ( ,p>adise1 ! ,sword-fi%1 ! ,fly+-fi%1 ,t\can1 ! ,net1 & o!r uncele/ial objects4 ,9 pass+ ,i may note t ?is fact disposes mo/ completely ( a !ory lately advanc$ t ! con/ellations 7 inv5t$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & t ?us is to be expla9$ ! anci5t tradition t ! sun & />s h *ang$ _! c\rses4 ,= ?\gh all ! nor!rn con/ellations w\ld h be5 m or less visible f p>ts ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ne> ! equator1 x is absurd to suppose t a s\!rn obs]v] w\ld leave unt5ant$ a full f\r? ( ! heav5s r\nd ! s\!rn or visible pole1 :ile c>efully fill+ up ! space ar\nd ! nor!rn or unse5 pole ) incomplete con/ellations ^: nor!rn unkn[n portions w\ld include t pole4 ,suppos+ x = a mom5t to be true1 z a mod]n advocate ( ! s\!rn !ory rem>ks1 t '"o ( ! race migrat+ f "o side to ! o!r ( ! equator w\ld take 8 position f ! sun1 & fancy he 0 fac+ ! same way :5 he look$ at x at noon1 & s w\ld ?9k ! motion ( ! />s to h alt]$ in/ead ( 8 hav+ turn$ r\nd1' ! !ory t a/ronomy 0 br\ght to u f s\? ( ! equator _c possibly be admitt$ 9 pres5ce ( t enorm\s vacant region ar\nd ! s\!rn pole4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t1 ap>t f ?is1 a race s pr(\ndly ignorant z to suppose any su* ?+1 to imag9e !y 7 look+ nor? :5 9 reality !y 7 look+ s\?1 c h>dly be reg>d$ z ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,! great gap ,i h spok5 ( has long be5 recognis$4 ,b "o rem>kable feature 9 its position has n1 to ! be/ ( my remembrance1 be5 consid]$--! vacant space is ecc5tric ) reg>d to ! s\!rn pole ( ! heav5s4 ,! old con/ellations1 ! ,alt>1 ! ,c5taur1 & ! %ip ,argo1 ext5d )9 tw5ty degrees ( ! pole1 :ile ! ,s\!rn ,fi% & ! great sea-mon/] ,cetus1 :i* are ! s\!rnmo/ con/ellations on ! o!r side1 d n rea* )9 "s sixty degrees ( ! pole4 ,( c\rse1 9 say+ t ?is peculi>ity has n be5 consid]$1 ,i am n sugge/+ t x has n be5 notic$1 or t its cause is 9 any way d\btful or unkn[n4 ,we "k t ! e>?1 besides :irl+ once a day on its axis1 & ru%+ on its mighty orbit ar\nd ! sun 7spann+ "s #ahd1jjj1jjj ( miles7 reels l a gigantic top1 ) a motion s sl[ t #be1hfh ye>s are requir$ = a s+le circuit ( ! sway+ axis ar\nd an imag9>y l9e upright to ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? travels4 ,& we "k t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is reel+ motion ! po9ts ( ! heav5s opposite ! e>?'s poles necess>ily *ange4 ,s t ! s\!rn pole1 n[ ecc5trically plac$ amid ! region :]e !re 7 no con/ellations 9 old times1 0 once diff]5tly situat$4 ,b ! circum/ance :i* seems to h be5 ov]look$ is ?is1 t by calculat+ backw>ds to ! "t :5 ! s\!rn pole 0 9 ! c5tre ( t vacant region1 we h a mu* bett] *ance ( f9d+ ! date 7let u r say ! c5tury7 :5 ! old] con/ellations 7 =m$1 ?an by any o!r process4 ,we may be sure n to be l$ v f> a/ray2 = we are n guid$ by "o con/ellation b by sev]al1 :]eas all ! o!r indications :i* h be5 foll[$ dep5d on ! suppos$ anci5t position ( s+le con/ellations4 ,& !n mo/ ( ! o!r indications are su* z might v well h belong$ to p]iods foll[+ long aft] ! inv5tion ( ! con/ellations !mselves4 ,an a/ronom] might h asc]ta9$1 = in/ance1 t ! sun 9 spr+ 0 9 "s p>ticul> "p ( ! ,ram or ( ! ,fi%es1 & lat] a poet l ,aratus might describe t relation 7errone\sly = 8 own epo*7 z *>act]i/ic ( "o or o!r con/ellation2 b :o is to assure u t ! a/ronom] :o not$ ! relation correctly may n h made 8 obs]vation _m hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ^? con/ellations 7 inv5t$8 ,:]eas1 !re 0 "o p]iod1 & only "o p]iod1 :5 ! mo/ s\!rnmo/ ( ! old con/ellations c\ld h m>k$ ! limits ( ! region ( sky visible f "s nor!rn region4 ,?us1 too1 may we =m "s idea ( ! latitude 9 :i* ! fir/ obs]v]s liv$4 ,= 9 high latitudes ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! old con/ellations w\ld n h be5 visible at all1 & 9 latitudes mu* l[] ?an a c]ta9 latitude1 pres5tly to be not$1 ^! con/ellations w\ld h ridd5 high above ! s\!rn horizon1 o!r />-gr\ps %[+ bel[ !m :i* 7 n includ$ among ! old con/ellations4 ,i h be=e me z ,i write a picture ( ! s\!rn heav5s1 drawn by myself1 9 :i* ?is vacant space--ecc5tric 9 position b circul> 9 %ape--is %[n4 ,! c5tre lies close by ! ,less] ,magellanic cl\d--betwe5 ! />s ,kappa ,t\cani & ,eta ,hydri ( our mod]n maps1 b mu* ne>] to ! la/ nam$4 ,ne> ?is spot1 !n1 we may be sure1 lay ! s\!rn pole ( ! />-sph]e :5 ! old con/ellations1 or at lea/ ! s\!rn ones1 7 inv5t$4 7,if !re _h be5 a/ronom]s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ,eta ,hydri w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 _! pole-/>47 ,n[ x is a matt] ( no difficulty :atev] to det]m9e ! epo* :5 ! s\!rn pole ( ! heav5s 0 ?us plac$4#eg ,betwe5 #bajj & #bbjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! s\!rn con/ellations _h ! position describ$1 ! invisible s\!rn pole ly+ at ! c5tre ( ! vacant space ( ! />-sph]e--or r ( ! space free f con/ellations4 ,x is notewor?y t = o!r reasons ?is p]iod1 or r a def9ite epo* )9 x1 is indicat$ z t to :i* mu/ be ref]r$ ! beg9n+ ( exact a/ronomy4 ,among/ o!rs mu/ be m5tion$ ?is--t 9 ! ye> #bagj ,b4,c4 quam proxime1 ! ,pleiades rose to _! highe/ above ! horizon at noon 7or te*nically made _! noon culm9ation71 at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,we c readily und]/& t to m9ds possess$ ) full fai? 9 ! influ5ce ( ! />s on ! e>?1 ?is fact w\ld h great significance4 ,! *anges :i* are br\ght ab\t at t season ( ! ye>1 9 reality1 ( c\rse1 because ( ! gradual increase 9 ! effect ( ! sun's rays z he rises high] & high] above ! cele/ial equator1 w\ld be attribut$1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! rem>kable />-clu/] com+ !n close by ! sun on ! heav5s1 ?\gh unse54 ,?us we c readily und]/& ! ref]5ce 9 ,job to ! 'sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades4' ,aga9 at t same "t1 #bagj ,b4,c4 :5 ! sun & ! ,pleiades op5$ ! ye> 7) comm5c+ spr+7 toge!r1 ! /> ,alpha ( ! ,dragon1 :i* 0 ! pole-/> ( ! p]iod1 _h t precise position ) respect to ! true pole ( ! heav5s :i* is indicat$ by ! slope ( ! long passage ext5d+ d[nw>ds aslant f ! nor!rn face ( ! ,great ,pyramid2 t is to say1 :5 due nor? bel[ ! pole 7or at :at is te*nically call$ its sub-pol> m]idional passage7 ! pole-/> ( ! p]iod %one directly d[n t long passage1 & ,i d\bt n c\ld be se5 n only :5 x came to t position dur+ ! night1 b also :5 x came !re dur+ ! day-"t4 ,b "s o!r s+ul> relations are to be not$ 9 connection ) ! p>ticul> epo* ,i h indicat$4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t 9 imag9+ figures ( c]ta9 objects 9 ! heav5s1 ! e>ly obs]v]s w\ld n be apt to picture ^! objects 9 unusual positions4 ,a gr\p ( />s may =m a figure s closely resembl+ t ( a famili> object t ev5 a wrong position w\ld n prev5t ! resemblance f be+ notic$1 z = in/ance ! ',*air1' ! ',pl\gh1' & s =?4 ,b su* cases are n num]\s2 inde$1 to say ! tru?1 "o mu/ 'make believe a good deal' to see resemblance betwe5 ! />-gr\ps & mo/ ( ! con/ellation-figures1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,:5 !re is no v close resemblance1 z is ! case ) all ! l>ge con/ellations1 position mu/ h c\nt$ = some?+ 9 det]m9+ ! association betwe5 a />-gr\p & a kn[n object4 ,n[ ! con/ellations nor? ( ! equator assume s _m & su* v>i\s positions t ?is special consid]ation does n apply v =cibly to !m4 ,b ^? s\? ( ! equator are only se5 above ! s\!rn horizon1 & *ange little 9 position dur+ _! progress f ea/ to we/ ( ! s\? po9t4 ,! l[] d[n !y are ! less !y *ange 9 position4 ,& ! v l[e/--su* z ^? 71 = in/ance1 :i* ,i h be5 consid]+ 9 det]m9+ ! position ( ! s\!rn pole--are only fully visible :5 due s\?4 ,!y mu/1 !n1 9 all probability1 h /ood upright or 9 _! natural position :5 s plac$1 = if !y 7 n rightly plac$ !n !y only 7 s :5 bel[ ! horizon & consequ5tly invisible4 ,let u1 !n1 inquire :at 0 ! position ( ! s\!rnmo/ con/ellations :5 fully se5 above ! s\!rn horizon at midnight4 ,! ,c5taur /ood !n z he does n[1 upright2 only--:]eas n[ 9 ,egypt1 ,*aldaea1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,*9a1 only ! upp] portions ( 8 figure rise above ! horizon1 he !n /ood1 ! noble/ save ,orion ( all ! con/ellations1 ) 8 feet 7m>k$ by ! bright ,alpha & ,beta /ill belong+ to ! con/ellation1 & by ! />s ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross :i* h be5 tak5 f x7 ^u ! horizon itself4 ,9 latitude tw5ty degrees or s nor? he may /ill be se5 ?us plac$ :5 due s\?4 ,! ,c5taur 0 repres5t$ 9 old times z plac+ an (f]+ ^u ! alt>1 :i* 0 pictur$1 says ,manilius1 z be>+ a fire ( inc5se repres5t$ by />s4 ,?is to a /ud5t ( our mod]n *>ts seems altoge!r p]plex+4 ,! ,c5taur c>ries ! wolf on ! end ( 8 spe>2 b in/ead ( plac+ ! wolf 7n a v acceptable meat (f]+1 "o w\ld suppose7 ^u ! alt>1 he is direct+ ?is animal t[>ds ! base ( ! alt>1 ^: top is d[nw>ds1 ! flames repres5t$ !re t5d+ 7naturally7 d[nw>ds also4 ,x is q c]ta9 ! anci5t obs]v]s did n imag9e any?+ ( ?is sort4 ,z ,i h said1 ,aratus tells u ! cele/ial ,c5taur 0 plac+ an (f]+ ^u ! alt>1 :i* 0 !re=e upright1 & ,manilius describes ! alt> z ,f]5s ?uris1 /ellis imitantibus1 ignem1 s t ! fire 0 :]e x %\ld be1 on ! top ( an upright alt>1 :]e also on ! sky itself 7 />s look+ l ! smoke f inc5se fires4 ,n[ t 0 precisely ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! />s =m+ ! con/ellation at ! "t ,i h indicat$1 "s #bagj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,sett+ ! alt> upright above ! s\!rn horizon 7t is1 inv]t+ ! absurd picture at pres5t giv5 ( x7 we see x j :]e x %\ld be plac$ to receive ! ,c5taur's (f]+4 ,a mo/ rem>kable portion ( ! ,milky ,way is !n se5 to be directly above ! alt> 9 su* a way z to =m a v good imitation ( smoke asc5d+ f x4 ,?is "p ( ! ,milky ,way is describ$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 :o /udi$ x c>efully dur+ 8 /ay at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 z =m+ a complicat$ sy/em ( int]lac$ /reaks & masses :i* cov]s ! tail ( ,scorpio 7ext5d+ f ! alt> :i* lies imm$iately s\? ( ! ,scorpion's ,tail74 ,! ,milky ,way divides1 9 fact1 j above ! alt> z ! con/ellation 0 se5 #djjj ye>s ago above ! s\!rn horizon1 "o bran* be+ t j describ$1 ! o!r 7l ano!r /ream ( smoke7 'pass+1' says ,h]s*el1 'ov] ! />s ,iota ( ! ,alt>1 ,!ta & ,iota ( ! ,scorpion1 etc41 to ,gamma ( ! ,ar*]1 :]e x sudd5ly collects into a vivid oval mass1 s v ri* 9 />s t a v mod]ate calculation makes _! numb] exce$ #ajj1jjj4' ,no?+ c\ld accord bett] ) ! descriptions ( ,aratus & ,manilius4 ,b !re is ano!r con/ellation :i* %[s 9 a m m>k$ way ?an ei!r ! ,c5taur or ! ,alt> t ! date :5 ! con/ellations 7 inv5t$ mu/ h be5 ne> t :i* ,i h nam$4 ,bo? ,ara & ,c5taurus look n[ 9 suitable latitudes 7ab\t tw5ty degrees nor?7 z !y look$ 9 high] latitudes 7ab\t =ty degrees nor?7 #djjj ye>s ago4 ,=1 ! reel+ motion ( our e>? has *ang$ ! place ( ! cele/ial pole 9 su* a way z only to depress ^! con/ellations s\?w>ds )\t mu* *ang+ _! position2 !y are ne>ly upright :5 due s\? n[ z !y 7 #djjj ye>s ago1 only l[] d[n4 ,b ! great %ip ,argo has suff]$ a mu* m s]i\s displacem5t4 ,"o _c n[ see ?is %ip l a %ip at any "t or f any place on ! e>?'s surface4 ,if we travel s\? till ! :ole con/ellation comes into visibility above ! s\!rn horizon at ! prop] season 7,janu>y & ,febru>y = ! midnight h\rs7 ! keel ( ! %ip is aslant1 ! /]n be+ high above ! wai/ 7! =e "p is want+74 ,if we travel /ill fur!r s\?1 we c inde$ rea* places :]e ! c\rse ( ! %ip is s wid5$1 & ! *anges ( position s increas$1 t %e appe>s along "p ( h] j\rney on an ev5 keel1 b !n %e is high above ! horizon4 ,n[ #djjj ye>s ago %e /ood on ! horizon itself at h] s\!rn culm9ation1 ) level keel & upright ma/4 ,9 pass+ ,i may note t = my own "p ,i imag9e t ?is great %ip repres5t$ ! ,ark1 its =e "p be+ orig9ally ! portion ( ! ,c5taur n[ =m+ ! horse1 s t ! ,c5taur 0 repres5t$ z a man 7n z a man-horse7 (f]+ a gift on ! ,alt>4 ,?us 9 ?is gr\p ( con/ellations ,i recognise ! ,ark1 & ,noah go+ up f ! ,ark t[>ds ! alt> ':i* he build$ unto ! ,"l2 & took ( e clean bea/1 & ( e clean f[l1 & (f]$ burnt (f]+s on ! alt>4' ,i consid] fur!r t ! con/ellation-figures ( ! ,%ip1 ! ,man ) an (f]+1 & ! ,alt>1 pa9t$ or sculptur$ 9 "s anci5t a/rological temple1 came at a lat] "t to be und]/ood z pictur+ a c]ta9 s]ies ( ev5ts1 int]pret$ & exp&$ by a poetical writ] into a complete n>rative4 ,)\t v5tur+ to insi/ on s het]odox a notion1 ,i may rem>k z an odd co9cid5ce t probably su* a picture or sculpture w\ld h %[n ! smoke asc5d+ f ! ,alt> :i* ,i h already describ$1 & 9 ?is smoke !re w\ld be %[n ! b[ ( ,sagitt>ius2 :i*1 int]pret$ & exp&$ 9 ! way ,i h m5tion$1 might h acc\nt$ = ! 'b[ set 9 ! cl\ds1 = a tok5 ( a cov5ant4' ,x is notewor?y t all ! rema9+ con/ellations =m+ ! s\!rn limit ( ! old />-domes or *>ts1 7 wat]y ones--! ,s\!rn ,fi%1 ov] :i* ,aqu>ius is p\r+ a q unnecess>y /ream ( wat]1 ! ,great ,sea ,mon/] t[>ds :i* 9 turn fl[ ! /reams ( ! ,riv] ,eridanus4 ,! equator1 too1 0 !n occupi$ along a great "p ( its l5g? by ! great sea s]p5t ,hydra1 :i* re>$ its head above ! equator1 v probably indicat$ !n by a wat] horizon1 = ne>ly all ! signs bel[ x 7 !n wat]y4 ,at any rate1 z ! l5g? ( ,hydra !n lay horizontally above ! ,%ip1 ^: ma/s rea*$ x1 we may well believe t ?is "p ( ! picture ( ! heav5s %[$ a sea-horizon & a %ip1 ! great sea s]p5t ly+ along ! horizon4 ,on ! back ( ,hydra is ! ,rav51 :i* aga9 may be suppos$ by ^? :o accept ! !ory m5tion$ above to h sugge/$ ! rav5 :i* w5t =? to & fro f ! ark4 ,he is close en\gh to ! rigg+ ( ,argo to make an easy j\rney ( x4 ,! dove1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! mod]n con/ellation ,columba1 ?\gh ?is is plac$ 7suitably en\gh7 ne> ! ,ark4 ,we mu/ suppose ! idea ( ! dove 0 sugge/$ by a bird pictur$ 9 ! rigg+ ( ! cele/ial %ip4 ,! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! con/ellations came above ! horizon z ! ye> w5t r\nd correspond$ v satisfactorily ) ! !ory1 fanciful ?\gh ?is seem to "s4 ,fir/ ,aqu>ius p\r+ /reams ( wat]1 ! ?ree fi%es 7,pisces & ,piscis au/ralis71 & ! great sea mon/] ,cetus1 %[+ h[ ! wat]s prevail$ ov] ! highe/ hills1 !n ! ,ark sail+ on ! wat]s1 a little lat] ! ,rav5 7,corvus71 ! man desc5d+ f ! ark & (f]+ a gift on ! ,alt>1 & la/ ! ,b[ set amid ! cl\ds4 ,! !ory j describ$ may n meet ) mu* fav\r4 ,b wild] !ories ( ! /ory ( ! deluge h be5 adopt$ & advocat$ ) consid]able confid5ce4 ,"o ( ! wilde/1 ,i fe>1 is ! ,a/ronom]-,royal's1 t ! deluge 0 simply a great ris+ ( ! ,nile2 & ,sir ,g4 ,airy is s confid5t respect+ ?is t he says1 ',i _c ent]ta9 ! smalle/ d\bt t ! flood ( ,noah 0 a flood ( ! ,nile2' precisely z he might say1 ',i _c ent]ta9 ! smalle/ d\bt t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun4' ,on "o po9t we c ent]ta9 v little d\bt inde$4 ,if x ev] ra9$ be=e ! flood1 :i* seems probable1 & if ! sun ev] %one on fall+ ra91 :i* aga9 seems likely1 no?+ %ort ( a miracle c\ld h prev5t$ ! ra9b[ f mak+ its appe>ance be=e ! flood4 ,! wilde/ !ory t c be inv5t$ to expla9 ! /ory ( ! deluge _c be wild] ?an ! supposition t ! rays ( sunlight %9+ on fall+ ra9drops c\ld h ev] fail$ to %[ ! prismatic col\rs4 ,! !ory ,i h sugge/$ above1 )\t go+ s f> z /rongly to advocate x1 f> less insi/ ^u x1 is free at any rate f objection on ?is p>ticul> score1 :i* _c be said ( ! ord9>y !ory4 ,i am n yet able1 h[ev]1 to say t ',i _c ent]ta9 ! smalle/ d\bt' ab\t my !ory4 ,we may feel tol]ably sure t ! p]iod :5 ! old s\!rn con/ellations 7 =m$ mu/ h be5 betwe5 #bdjj & #bjjj ye>s be=e ! pres5t era1 a p]iod1 by ! way1 includ+ ! date usually assign$ to ! deluge1--:i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ really occupy our att5tion no fur!r4 ,9 fact1 let u leave ! wat]y con/ellations ly+ bel[ ! equator ( ^? remote times & seek at once ! highe/ heav5s above !m4 ,"h1 at ! nor!rn pole ( ^! days1 we f9d ! great ,dragon1 :i* 9 any a/rological temple ( ! "t mu/ h =m$ ! highe/ or cr[n+ con/ellation1 surr\nd+ ! v key-/one ( ! dome4 ,he has fall5 away f t pr\d position s9ce4 ,9 fact1 ev5 #djjj ye>s ago he only held to ! pole1 s to speak1 by 8 tail1 & we h to travel back #bjjj ye>s or s to f9d ! pole situate 9 a portion ( ! l5g? ( ! ,dragon :i* c be reg>d$ z c5tral4 ,"o might almo/1 if fancifully dispos$1 recognise ! gradual displacem5t ( ! ,dragon f 8 old place ( hon\r1 9 c]ta9 traditions ( ! d[nfall ( ! great ,dragon ^: 'tail drew ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav54' ,! c5tral position ( ! ,dragon1 = ev5 :5 ! pole-/> _h drawn ne> to ! ,dragon's tail ! con/ellation 0 /ill c5tral1 w rem9d ! classical read] ( ,hom]'s description ( ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules-- ,! scaly horror ( a dragon1 coil'd ,full 9 ! c5tral field1 unspeakable1 ,) eyes oblique retort$1 t ascant ,%ot gleam+ fire4 7,elton's translation47 ,i say ,hom]'s description1 = ,i _c und]/& h[ any "o :o comp>es toge!r ! description ( ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,iliad & t ( ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules 9 ! fragm5t>y =m 9 :i* we h x1 c d\bt = a mom5t t bo? descriptions came f ! same h&4 7,! !ory t ,hesiod compos$ ! latt] poem c sc>cely be ent]ta9$ by any s*ol>47 ,z ,i long s9ce po9t$ out 9 my essay ',a ,new ,!ory ( ,a*illes' ,%ield' 7',light ,sci5ce1' fir/ s]ies71 no poet s inf]ior z actually to borr[ ,hom]'s words 9 "p ( ! description ( ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules c\ld h writt5 ! o!r p>ts n f\nd 9 ! ,%ield ( ,a*illes4 ',i _c = my own "p ent]ta9 ! slighte/ d\bt'--t is to say1 ,i ?9k x altoge!r probable--t ,hom] compos$ ! l9es suppos$ to describe ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules long be=e he introduc$ ! description1 prun$ & /r5g!n$1 into t p>ticul> "p ( ! ,iliad :]e x s]v$ 8 purpose be/4 ,& ,i h z little d\bt t ! orig9al description1 ( :i* we only get fragm5ts 9 ei!r poem1 relat$ to some?+ f> m important ?an a %ield4 ,! con/ellations are n suitable adornm5ts = ! %ield ( fight+ man1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 "u ! special c>e ( a cele/ial "m & _h arm\r made = him by a cele/ial smi?4 ,yet we le>n t ,a*illes' %ield display$-- ,! />ry lights t heav'n's high convex cr[n'd ,! ,pleiads1 ,hyads1 & ! nor!rn beam1 ,& great ,orion's m refulg5t beam1-- ,to :i*1 ar\nd ! cycle ( ! sky1 ,! be> revolv+1 po9ts 8 gold5 eye1-- ,/ill %9es exalt$4 ,& s =?4 ,! ,%ield ( ,h]cules display$ at its c5tre ! pol> con/ellation ! ,dragon4 ,we read also t-- ,!re 0 ! knight ( fair-hair'd ,danae born1 ,p]seus4 ,orion is n specially m5tion$1 b ,orion1 ,lepus1 & ! ,dogs seem ref]r$ to3-- ,m5 ( *ase ,7 tak+ ! fleet h>es2 two ke5-too!d dogs ,b\nd$ beside4 ,hom] w\ld f9d no difficulty 9 pluralis+ ! mighty ,hunt] & ! h>e into huntsm5 & h>es :5 utilis+ a description orig9ally ref]r+ to ! con/ellation4 ,i conceive t ! orig9al description relat$ to "o ( ^? zodiac temples ^: rema9s are /ill f\nd 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh ! ,egyptian temples ( ?is k9d 7 probably only copies ( m anci5t ,*aldaean temples4 ,we "k f ,assyrian sculptures t repres5tations ( ! con/ellations 7& especially ! zodiacal con/ellations7 7 common among ! ,babylonians2 &1 z ,i po9t out 9 ! essay above ref]r$ to1 'x seems probable t 9 a c\ntry :]e ,sabaeanism or />-wor%ip 0 ! prevail+ =m ( religion1 yet m impos+ proportions w\ld be giv5 to zodiac temples ?an 9 ,egypt4' ,my !ory1 !n1 respect+ ! two fam\s ',%ields' is t ,hom] 9 8 ea/]n travels visit$ impos+ temples devot$ to a/ronomical obs]vation & />-wor%ip1 & t ne>ly e l9e 9 bo? descriptions is borr[$ f a poem 9 :i* he describ$ a temple ( ?is sort1 its dom$ zodiac1 & ^? illu/rations ( ! lab\rs ( diff]5t seasons & ( milit>y or judicial proc$ures :i* ! a/rological proclivities ( />-wor%ipp]s l$ !m to associate ) ! diff]5t con/ellations4 ,= ! argum5ts on :i* ?is !ory is bas$ ,i h n "h space4 ,!y are dealt ) 9 ! essay f :i* ,i h quot$4 ,"o po9t only ,i ne$ t\* ^u "h1 besides ^? ,i h m5tion$ already4 ,x may be object$ t ! description ( a zodiac temple has no?+ to connect x ) ! subject ( ! ,iliad4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true2 b no "o :o is famili> ) ,hom]'s mann] c d\bt t he w\ld "w 91 if he saw ! opportunity1 a poem on "s subject outside t ( ! ,iliad1 s modify+ ! language t ! description w\ld correspond ) ! subject 9 h&4 ,!re are _m passages1 ?\gh none ( su* l5g?1 9 bo? ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 :i* seem ?us to h be5 br\ght into ! poem2 & o!r passages n exactly ( ?is k9d yet %[ t ,hom] 0 n ins5sible to ! advantage ( occasionally us+ memory in/ead ( inv5tion4 ,any "o :o consid]s att5tively ! aspect ( ! con/ellation ,draco 9 ! heav5s1 w p]ceive t ! draw+ ( ! head 9 ! maps is n correct2 ! head is no long] pictur$ z x mu/ h be5 conceiv$ by ^? :o fir/ =m$ ! con/ellation4 ,! two bright />s ,beta & ,gamma are n[ plac$ on a head 9 pr(ile4 ,=m]ly !y m>k$ ! two eyes4 ,i w\ld n lay /ress on ! description ( ! ,dragon 9 ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules1 ') eyes oblique retort$1 t askant %ot gleam+ fire2' = all read]s may n be prep>$ to accept my op9ion t t description relat$ to ! con/ellation ,draco4 ,b ! description ( ! con/ellation itself by ,aratus suffices to %[ t ! two bright />s ,i h nam$ m>k$ ! eyes ( ! imag9$ mon/]--9 fact1 ,aratus's acc\nt s+ul>ly resembles t giv5 9 ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules4 ',swol'n is 8 neck1' says ,aratus ( ! ,dragon-- 444 ,eyes *>g'd ) sp>kl+ fire ,8 cre/$ head illume4 ,z if 9 ire1 ,to ,helice he turns 8 foam+ jaw1 ,& d>ts 8 tongue1 b>b'd ) a blaz+ />4 ,& ! dragon's head ) sp>kl+ eyes c be recognis$ to ?is day1 s soon z ?is *ange is made 9 its configuration1 :]eas no "o c recognise ! remote/ resemblance to a dragon's head 9 pr(ile4 ,! /> b>b+ ! ,dragon's tongue w\ld be ,xi ( ! ,dragon accord+ to ,aratus's acc\nt1 = s only w\ld ! eyes be turn$ t[>ds ,helice ! ,be>4 ,b :5 ,aratus wrote1 ! practice ( sep>at+ ! con/ellations f ea* o!r _h be5 adopt$2 9 fact1 he d]iv$ 8 k ( !m *iefly f ,eudoxus1 ! a/ronom] & ma!matician1 :o c]ta9ly w\ld n h all[$ ! con/ellations to be int]mix$4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 !re are reasons = believ+ x 0 diff]5t1 & if a gr\p ( />s resembl$ any kn[n object x w\ld be call$ aft] t object1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! />s necess>y to make up ! figure belong$ already to "s o!r figure4 ,?is be+ rememb]$1 we c h no difficulty 9 retort+ ! ,dragon's head m naturally--n to ! /> ,xi ( ! ,dragon1 b to ! /> ,iota ( ,h]cules4 ,! f\r />s are situat$ ?us1 ,illu/ration ! l>g] ones repres5t+ ! eyes2 & s f> z ! head is conc]n$ x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! l[] or ! upp] small /> be tak5 to repres5t ! tongue4 ,b1 z any "o w see :o looks at ^! />s :5 ! ,dragon is be/ plac$ = ord9>y 7non-telescopic7 obs]vation1 ! attitude ( ! animal is f> m natural :5 ! /> ,iota ( ,h]cules m>ks ! tongue1 = !n ! creature is situat$ l a w+$ s]p5t hov]+ above ! horizon & look+ d[nw>ds1 :]eas :5 ! /> ,xi m>ks ! tongue1 ! hov]+ ,dragon is look+ upw>ds & is 9 an unnaturally con/ra9$ position4 7,i w\ld n1 inde$1 claim to und]/& p]fectly all ! ways ( dragons2 /ill x may be assum$ t a dragon hov]+ above ! horizon w\ld r look d[nw>ds 9 a natural position ?an upw>ds 9 an awkw>d "o47 ,! /> ,iota ( ,h]cules m>ks ! heel ( ?is giant1 call$ ! ,kneel] 7,engonas97 f "t immemorial4 ,he mu/ h be5 an important figure on ! old zodiac temples1 & n improbably 8 pres5ce !re z "o ( ! l>ge/ & highe/ ( ! human figures may h caus$ a zodiac-dome to be nam$ aft] ,h]cules4 ,! ,dome ( ,h]cules w\ld come ne> en\gh to ! title1 ',! ,%ield ( ,h]cules1' borne by ! fragm5t>y poem dealt ) above4 ,! foot ( ! kneel+ man 0 repres5t$ on ! head ( ! dragon1 ! dragon hav+ hold ( ! heel4 ,& "h1 aga91 "s imag9e t a sculptur$ repres5tation ( ^! imag9$ figures 9 ! heav5s may h be5 int]pret$ & exp&$ into ! n>rative ( a conte/ betwe5 ! man & ! old s]p5t ! dragon1 ,ophiu*us ! s]p5t-be>] be+ suppos$ to typify ! ev5tual defeat ( ! dragon4 ,?is fancy might be foll[$ out l t relat+ to ! deluge2 b ! pres5t place w\ld be unsuitable = fur!r inquiries 9 t p>ticul> direction4 ,"s int]e/ atta*es to ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us1 to my m9d1 9 ! evid5ce x af=ds respect+ ! way 9 :i* ! con/ellations 7 at fir/ int]mix$4 ,i h m5tion$ "o in/ance 9 :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 ! lat] a/ronom]s sep>at$ two con/ellations :i* _h once be5 conjo9$4 ,_m o!rs c be recognis$ :5 we comp>e ! actual />-gr\ps ) ! con/ellation-figures z at pres5t depict$4 ,no "o c recognise ! poop ( a %ip 9 ! gr\p ( />s n[ assign$ to ! /]n ( ,argo1 b if we include ! />s ( ! ,great] ,dog1 & o!rs close by1 a well-%ap$ poop c be cle>ly se54 ,! head ( ! ,lion ( our maps is z ! head ( a dog1 s f> z />s are conc]n$2 b if />s f ! ,crab on "o side & f ,virgo on ! o!r be includ$ 9 ! figure1 & especially ,b]5ice's hair to =m ! tuft ( ! lion's tail1 a v f9e lion ) wav+ mane c be disc]n$1 ) a slight ef=t ( ! imag9ation4 ,s ) ,bootes ! h]dsman4 ,he 0 ( old 'a f9e figure ( a man1' wav+ al(t 8 arms1 &1 z 8 "n implies1 %\t+ lu/ily at ! retreat+ be>4 ,n[1 & f "s "t c]ta9ly prec$+ t ( ,eudoxus1 "o arm has be5 lopp$ (f to fa%ion ! nor!rn cr[n1 & ! h]dsman holds 8 club z close to 8 side z a soldi] holds 8 %\ld]$ musket4 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>1 once ,i conceive ! only be> 7?\gh ! less] be> is a v old con/ellation71 has suff]$ w(ully4 ,orig9ally x mu/ h be5 a mu* l>g] be>1 ! />s n[ =m+ ! tail m>k+ "p ( ! outl9e ( ! back2 b fir/ "s folks :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( be>s turn$ ! ?ree />s 7! horses ( ! pl\gh7 into a long tail1 ab/ract+ f ! animal all ! correspond+ portion ( 8 body1 & !n mod]n a/ronom]s f9d+ a great vacant space :]e =m]ly ! be>'s l>ge frame ext5d$1 incont95tly =m$ ! />s ( ?is space into a new con/ellation1 ! ,hunt+ ,dogs4 ,no "o c recognise a be> 9 ! con/ellation z at pres5t %ap$1 b any "o :o looks att5tively at ! "p ( ! skies occupi$ by ! con/ellation w recognise 7always 'mak+ believe a good deal'7 a mon/r\s be>1 ) ! prop] small head ( creatures ( ! be> family1 & ) exce$+ly well-develop$ plantigrade feet4 ,( c\rse ?is figure _c at all times be recognis$ ) equal facility2 b be=e midnight dur+ ! la/ f\r or five mon?s 9 ! ye>1 ! be> occupies positions fav\r+ 8 recognition1 be+ ei!r upright on 8 feet1 or z if desc5d+ a slope1 or squatt+ on 8 great haun*es4 ,z a long-tail$ animal ! creature is m l "o ( ^? wood5 toy-monkeys :i* us$ to be made = *ildr51 & may be n[1 9 :i* ! slid+ motion ( a r+$ rod c>ri$ ! monkey ov] ! top ( a /ick4 ,! little be> has ,i ?9k be5 borr[$ f ! dragon1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly a w+$ mon/] orig9ally4 ,n[ ! a/ronom]s :o sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & 9 s do+ spoil$ ! old con/ellation-figures1 seem to h despair$ ( free+ ,ophiu*us f 8 entanglem5ts4 ,! ,s]p5t is tw9$ ar\nd 8 body1 ! ,scorpion is claw+ at "o leg4 ,! con/ellation mak]s h p] fas et nefas sep>at$ ,scorpio f ! ,s]p5t ,hold]1 spoil+ bo? figures4 ,b ! ,s]p5t has be5 too mu* = !m1 insomu* t !y h be5 r$uc$ to ! abject necessity ( leav+ "o "p ( ! ,s]p5t on "o side ( ! region !y all[ to ,ophiu*us1 & ! o!r "p ( ! ,s]p5t to ! o!r4 ,a gr\p ( con/ellations ^: orig9 & mean+ are little und]/ood rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,close by ! ,dragon is ,k+ ,cepheus1 beside him 8 wife ,cassiopeia 7! ,seat$ ,lady71 ne> :om is ,&rom$a ! ,*a9$ ,lady4 ,! ,sea ,mon/] ,cetus is n f> away1 ?\gh n ne> en\gh to ?reat5 h] safety1 ! ,ram & ,triangle be+ betwe5 ! mon/]'s head & h] feet1 ! ,fi%es int]v5+ betwe5 ! body ( ! mon/] & h] fair =m4 ,close at h& is ,p]seus1 ! ,rescu]1 ) a sword 7look+ v mu* l a reap+-hook 9 all ! old pictures7 9 8 "r h&1 & be>+ 9 8 left ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! g5]al way ( acc\nt+ = ! figures ?us associat$ has be5 by suppos+ t1 hav+ a c]ta9 tradition ab\t ,cepheus & 8 family1 m5 imag9$ 9 ! heav5s ! pictorial repres5tation ( ! ev5ts ( ! tradition4 ,i h long believ$ t ! actual ord] 9 ?is & o!r cases 0 ! rev]se ( ?is1 t m5 imag9$ c]ta9 figures 9 ! heav5s1 pictur$ ^! figures 9 _! a/ronomical temples or obs]vatories1 & made /ories to fit ! pictures aft]w>ds1 probably _m g5]ations aft]w>ds4 ,be ?is z x may1 we c at pres5t give no satisfactory explanation ( ! gr\p ( con/ellations4 ,wil=d gives an acc\nt1 9 8 ',asiatic ,rese>*es1' ( a conv]sation ) a pundit or a/ronom] respect+ ! names ( ! ,indian con/ellations4 ',ask+ him1' he says1 'to %[ me 9 ! heav5s ! con/ellation ,ant>mada1 he imm$iately po9t$ to ,&rom$a1 ?\gh ,i _h n giv5 him any in=mation ab\t x be=eh&4 ,he aft]w>ds br\ght me a v r>e & curi\s "w 9 ,sanscrit1 :i* conta9$ a *apt] devot$ to ,upana*atras1 or extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 ) draw+s ( ,capuja 7,cepheus7 & ( ,casyapi 7,cassiopeia7 seat$ & hold+ a lotus-fl[] 9 h] h&1 ( ,ant>mada *>m$ ) ! ,fi% beside h]1 & la/ ( ,p>aseia 7,p]seus71 :o1 accord+ to ! explanation ( ! book1 held ! head ( a mon/] :i* he _h sla9 9 combat2 blood 0 dropp+ f x1 & = hair x _h snakes4' ,"s h inf]r$ f ! circum/ance t ! ,indian *>ts ?us %[$ ! ,cassiopeian set ( con/ellations1 t ! orig9 ( ^! figures is to be s\ght 9 ,india4 ,b probably bo? ! ,indian & ! ,greek con/ellation-figures 7 d]iv$ f a mu* old] s\rce4 ,! zodiacal twelve are 9 "s respects ! mo/ important & int]e/+ ( all ! anci5t con/ellations4 ,if we c\ld det]m9e ! orig9 ( ^! figures1 _! exact configuration z at fir/ devis$1 & ! precise influ5ces assign$ to !m 9 ! old a/rological sy/ems1 we %\ld h obta9$ important evid5ce z to ! orig9 ( a/ronomy itself4 ,n inde$ t ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac 7 =m$ at ! beg9n+ or ev5 9 ! e>ly infancy ( a/ronomy4 ,x seems abundantly cle> t ! division ( ! zodiac 7:i* includes ! moon's track z well z ! sun's7 _h ref]5ce orig9ally to ! moon's motions4 ,%e circuits ! />-sph]e 9 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 days & a ?ird1 :ile ! lunation or int]val f new moon to new moon is1 z we all "k1 ab\t tw5ty-n9e days & a half 9 l5g?4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s1 :o 7 ( c\rse a/rolog]s also1 ( all nations--! ,indian1 ,egyptian1 ,*9ese1 ,p]sian1 & ,*aldaean a/ronom]s--adopt$ tw5ty-eight days 7probably z a r\gh mean betwe5 ! two p]iods j nam$7 = _! *ief lun> p]iod1 & divid$ ! moon's track r\nd ! ecliptic into tw5ty-eight portions or mansions4 ,h[ !y manag$ ab\t ! fractions ( days out/&+--:e!r ! common lunation 0 consid]$ or ! moon's motion r\nd ! />-sph]e--is n kn[n4 ,! v circum/ance1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 = a long "t cont5t ) _! tw5ty-eight lun> mansions %[s t !y did n seek great precision at fir/4 ,d\btless !y employ$ "s r\gh sy/em ( 'leap-mon?s' by :i*1 z occasion requir$1 ! progress ( ! mon? 0 reconcil$ ) ! progress ( ! moon1 j z by our leap-ye>s ! progress ( ! ye> is reconcil$ ) ! progress ( ! sun or seasons4 ,! use ( ! tw5ty-eight-day p]iod naturally sugge/$ ! division ( "t into weeks ( sev5 days ea*4 ,! ord9>y lun> mon? is divid$ 9 a v obvi\s mann] into f\r equal p>ts by ! lun> aspects4 ,e "o c recognise r\ghly ! "t ( full moon & ! times ( half moon be=e & aft] full1 :ile ! "t ( new moon is recognis$ f ^! two la/ epo*s4 ,?us ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! mon?1 or r\ghly ! f\r weeks ( ! mon?1 w\ld be ! fir/ "t-measure ?\ght (2--aft] ! day1 :i* is ! necess>y f\ndation ( all "t measures4 ,! ne>e/ approa* :i* c be made to a qu>t]-mon? 9 days is ! week ( sev5 days2 & al?\gh "s little awkw>dness arose f ! fact t f\r weeks diff] appreciably f a lun> mon?1 ?is w\ld n long prev5t ! adoption ( ! week z a measure ( "t4 ,9 fact1 j z our ye>s beg9 on diff]5t days ( ! week )\t caus+ any inconv5i5ce1 s ! anci5t mon?s might be made to beg9 ) diff]5t week-days4 ,all t w\ld be necess>y to make ! week measure fairly well ! qu>t]s ( ! mon?1 w\ld be to />t ea* mon? on ! prop] or ne>e/ week-day4 ,to in=m p ab\t ?is1 "s c]emony c\ld be appo9t$ = ! day ( ! new moon1 & "s signal employ$ to indicate ! "t :5 ?is c]emony 0 to take place4 ,?is--! natural & obvi\s c\rse--we f9d 0 ! means actually adopt$1 ! fe/ival ( ! new moon & ! bl[+ ( trumpets 9 ! new moon be+ an ess5tial "p ( ! arrangem5ts adopt$ by nations :o us$ ! week z a *ief measure ( "t4 ,! sev5 days 7 n affect$ by ! new moons s f> z ! nom5clature ( ^! days1 or special duties connect$ ) any "o ( !m1 might be conc]n$4 ,orig9ally ! idea may h be5 to h fe/ivals & sacrifices at ! "t ( new moon1 fir/ qu>t]1 full moon1 & ?ird qu>t]2 b ?is arrangem5t w\ld naturally 7& did1 z we "k1 actually7 give way be=e long to a new moon fe/ival regulat+ ! mon? & sev5?-day fe/ivals1 ea* class ( fe/ival hav+ its appropriate sacrifices & duties4 ,?is1 ,i say1 0 ! natural c\rse4 ,its adoption may h be5 aid$ by ! recognition ( ! fact t ! sev5 planets ( ! old sy/em ( a/ronomy might conv5i5tly be tak5 to rule ! days & ! h\rs 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! essay on a/rology4 ,t t nom5clature & t sy/em ( association betwe5 ! planets & ! h\rs1 days1 & weeks ( "t-measurem5t 0 ev5tually adopt$1 is c]ta92 b :e!r ! conv5i5ce & app>5t my/ical fitness ( ?is arrangem5t l$ to ! use ( weekly fe/ivals 9 conjunction ) mon?ly ones1 or :e!r ^? weekly fe/ivals 7 fir/ adopt$ 9 ! way describ$ above1 or :e!r 7:i* seems altoge!r m likely7 bo? sets ( consid]ations l$ to ! arrangem5t1 we _c c]ta9ly tell4 ,! arrangem5t 0 9 e way a natural "o2 & "o may say1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 t x 0 almo/ an inevitable "o4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r possible arrangem5t1 viz41 ! division ( "t into t5-day p]iods1 ?ree to ea* mon?1 ) correspond+ new moon fe/ivals4 ,b z ! arrival ( ! moon at ! ?irds ( h] progress are n at all s well m>k$ z h] arrival at ! qu>t]s1 & z !re is no connection betwe5 ! numb] t5 & ! planets1 ?is arrangem5t 0 f> less likely to be adopt$ ?an ! o!r4 ,accord+ly we f9d t only "o or two nations adopt$ x4 ,six sets ( five days w\ld be practically ! same arrangem5t2 five sets ( six = ea* mon? w\ld sc>cely be ?\ght (1 z ) t division ! use ( simple direct obs]vations ( ! moon = "t measurem5t1 :i* 0 ! real aim ( all su* divisions1 w\ld n be conv5i5t or inde$ ev5 possible = ! g5]ality ( p]sons4 ,few c\ld tell easily :5 ! moon is two-fif?s or f\r-fif?s full1 :]eas e "o c tell :5 %e is half-full or q full 7! requisite = weekly measurem5t72 & x w\ld be possible to guess pretty ne>ly :5 %e is "o-?ird or two-?irds full1 ! requisite = ! tridec5nial division4 ,my object 9 ! above discussion ( ! orig9 ( ! week 7z di/+ui%$ f ! orig9 ( ! ,sabba?1 :i* ,i consid]$ 9 ! essay on a/rology71 has be5 to %[ t ! use ( ! twelve zodiacal signs 0 9 e case prec$$ by ! use ( ! tw5ty-eight lun> mansions4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ^? nations 9 ^: a/ronomy ! tw5ty-eight mansions /ill appe>1 adopt$ "o sy/em1 :ile ! use ( ! twelve signs implies t ano!r sy/em _h be5 adopt$4 ,?us ! foll[+ passage occurs 9 ,mr4 ,blake's v]sion ( ,flamm>ion's ',hi/ory ( ! ,heav5s3'--'! ,*9ese h tw5ty-eight con/ellations1 ?\gh ! ^w sion does n mean a gr\p ( />s1 b simply a mansion or hotel4 ,9 ! ,coptic & anci5t ,egyptian ! ^w = con/ellations has ! same mean+4 ,!y also h tw5ty-eight1 & ! same numb] is f\nd among ! ,arabians1 ,p]sians1 & ,indians4 ,among ! ,*aldaeans or ,accadians we f9d no sign ( ! numb] tw5ty-eight4 ,! ecliptic1 or yoke ( ! sky1 ) !m1 z we see 9 ! newly-discov]$ tablet1 0 divid$ into twelve divisions1 z n[1 & ! only connection t c be imag9$ betwe5 ?is & ! tw5ty-eight is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,biot1 :o ?9ks t ! ,*9ese _h orig9ally only tw5ty-f\r mansions1 f\r m be+ add$ by ,*5kung1 #aajj ,b4,c41 & t !y correspond$ ) ! tw5ty-f\r />s1 twelve to ! nor? & twelve to ! s\?1 t m>k$ ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac among/ ! ,*aldaeans4 ,b "u ?is supposition ! tw5ty-eight has no ref]5ce to ! moon1 :]eas we h e reason to believe x has4' ,! la/ obs]vation is und\bt$ly correct--! tw5ty-eight mansions h be5 mansions ( ! moon f ! beg9n+4 ,b 9 ?is v circum/ance1 z also 9 ! v tablets ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ passage1 we f9d all ! evid5ce ne$$ to %[ t orig9ally ! ,*aldaeans divid$ ! zodiac into tw5ty-eight p>ts4 ,= we f9d f ! tablets t1 l ! o!r nations :o _h tw5ty-eight zodiacal mansions1 ! ,*aldaeans us$ a sev5-day p]iod1 d]iv$ f ! moon's motions1 e sev5? day be+ call$ sabbatu1 & held z a day ( re/4 ,we may safely inf] t ! ,*aldaean a/ronom]s1 advanc+ beyond ^? ( o!r nations1 recognis$ ! necessity ( divid+ ! zodiac ) ref]5ce to ! sun's motions in/ead ( ! moon's4 ,!y !re=e disc>d$ ! tw5ty-eight lun> mansions1 & adopt$ in/ead twelve sol> signs2 ?is numb] twelve1 l ! numb] tw5ty-eight itself1 be+ select$ m]ely z ! mo/ conv5i5t approximation to ! numb] ( p>ts into :i* ! zodiac 0 naturally divid$ by ano!r p]iod4 ,?us ! tw5ty-eigh? "p ( ! zodiac corresponds r\ghly ) ! moon's daily motion1 & ! twelf? "p ( ! zodiac corresponds r\ghly ) ! moon's mon?ly motion2 & bo? ! numb]s tw5ty-eight & twelve admit ( be+ subdivid$1 :ile tw5ty-n9e 7a ne>] approa* ?an tw5ty-eight to ! numb] ( days 9 a lunation7 & ?irte5 7almo/ z ne> an approa* z twelve to ! numb] ( mon?s 9 a ye>7 d n4 ,x seems to me highly probable t ! date to :i* all inquiries into ! orig9 ( ! con/ellations & ! zodiacal signs seems to po9t--viz4 #bagj ,b4,c4--0 ! date at :i* ! ,*aldaean a/ronom]s def9itely adopt$ ! new sy/em1 ! lunisol> in/ead ( lun> division ( ! zodiac & ( "t4 ,"o ( ! objects :i* ! ar*itects ( ! ,great ,pyramid 7n ! k+ :o built x7 may h _h 0 n improbably ?is--! erection ( a build+ indicat+ ! epo* :5 ! new sy/em 0 ent]$ ^u1 & def9+ 9 its proportions1 its int]ior passages1 & o!r features1 fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! new sy/em4 ,! great difficulty1 an ov]:elm+ difficulty x has always seem$ to me1 9 accept+ ! belief t ! ye> #bagj ,b4,c4 def9$ ! beg9n+ ( exact a/ronomy1 has be5 ?is1 t sev]al ( ! circum/ances insi/$ ^u z det]m9+ t date imply a consid]able k ( a/ronomy4 ,?us a/ronom]s mu/ h made great progress 9 _! sci5ce be=e !y c\ld select z a day = c\nt+ f1 ! epo* :5 ! sl[ reel+ motion ( ! e>? 7! s-call$ precessional motion7 br\ght ! ,pleiades c5trally s\?1 at noon1 at ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 aga91 9 all its a/ronomical features1 implies consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,?us ! ye> #bagj ,b4,c4 may v well be reg>d$ z def9+ ! introduction ( a new sy/em ( a/ronomy1 b c]ta9ly n ! beg9n+ ( a/ronomy itself4 ,( c\rse we may cut ! knot ( ?is difficulty1 z ,pr(4 ,smy? & ,abbe ,moigno d1 by say+ t a/ronomy began #bagj ,b4,c41 ! fir/ a/ronom]s be+ in/ruct$ sup]naturally1 s t ! a/ronomical ,m9]va came into full-gr[n be+4 ,b ,i appreh5d t argum5t aga9/ su* a belief is z unnecess>y z x w\ld c]ta9ly be useless4 ,& n[ let u consid] h[ ?is !ory accords ) ! result to :i* we 7 l$ by ! position ( ! great vacant space ar\nd ! s\!rn pole4 ,s f> z ! date is conc]n$1 we h already se5 t ! epo* #bagj ,b4,c4 accords excell5tly ) ! evid5ce ( ! vacant space4 ,b ?is evid5ce1 z ,i m5tion$ at ! outset1 e/abli%es m ?an ! date2 x indicates ! latitude ( ! place :]e ! mo/ anci5t ( ,ptolemy's =ty-eight con/ellations 7 fir/ def9itely adopt$ by a/ronom]s4 ,if we assume t at ?is place ! s\!rnmo/ con/ellations 7 j fully se5 :5 due s\?1 we f9d = ! latitude ab\t ?irty-eight degrees nor?4 7,! /ud5t ( a/ronomy :o may c>e to te/ my results may be rem9d$ "h t x is n en\gh to %[ t e /> ( a con/ellation w\ld :5 due s\? be above ! horizon ( ! place--:at is want$ is1 t ! :ole con/ellation :5 t[>ds ! s\? %\ld be visible at a s+le view4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole con/ellation may n h includ$ all ! />s n[ belong+ to x47 ,! /ation ( ! a/ronom]s :o f\nd$ ! new sy/em c sc>cely h be5 m ?an a degree or two nor? ( ?is latitude4 ,on ! o!r side1 we may g a little fur!r1 = by s do+ we only raise ! con/ellations some:at high] above ! s\!rn horizon1 to :i* !re is less objection ?an to a *ange ?ru/+ "p ( ! con/ellations bel[ ! horizon4 ,/ill x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! place :]e ! con/ellations 7 fir/ =m$ 0 less ?an #cb or #cc degrees nor? ( ! equator4 ,! ,great ,pyramid1 z we "k1 is ab\t #cj degrees nor? ( ! equator2 b we also "k t its ar*itects travell$ s\?w>ds to f9d a suitable place = x4 ,"o ( _! objects may well h be5 to obta9 a full] view ( ! />-sph]e s\? ( _! con/ellations4 ,i ?9k f #ce to #ci degrees nor? w\ld be ab\t ! mo/ probable limits1 & f #cb to #da degrees nor? ! c]ta9 limits ( ! /ation ( ! fir/ f\nd]s ( sol> zodiacal a/ronomy4 ,:at _! actual /ation may h be5 is n s easily e/abli%$4 ,"s ?9k ! region lay betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,oxus 7,amoor7 & ,indus1 o!rs t ! /ation ( ^! a/ronom]s 0 n v f> f ,m\nt ,ar>at--a view to :i* ,i 0 l$ long ago by o!r consid]ations discuss$ 9 ! fir/ app5dix to my treatise on ',saturn & its ,sy/em4' ,at ! epo* indicat$1 ! fir/ con/ellation ( ! zodiac 0 n1 z n[1 ! ,fi%es1 nor1 z :5 a fre% dep>ture 0 made by ,hipp>*us1 ! ,ram1 b ! ,bull1 a trace ( :i* is f\nd 9 ,virgil's words-- ,c&idus auratis ap]it cum cornibus annum ,taurus4 ,! ,bull !n 0 ! spr+ sign1 ! ,pleiades & ruddy ,aldeb>an jo9+ _! rays ) ! sun's at ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! midsumm] sign 0 ! ,lion 7! bright ,cor ,leonis ne>ly m>k+ ! sun's highe/ place74 ,! autumn sign 0 ! ,scorpion1 ! ruddy ,ant>es & ! />s clu/]+ 9 ! head ( ! ,scorpion jo9+ _! rays ) ! sun's at ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,& la/ly ! w9t] sign 0 ! ,wat] ,be>]1 ! bright ,fomalhaut conjo9+ 8 rays ) ! sun's at midw9t]4 ,x is notewor?y t all ^! f\r con/ellations really pres5t "s resemblance to ! objects aft] :i* !y are nam$4 ,! ,scorpion is 9 ! be/ draw+1 b ! ,bull's head is well m>k$1 &1 z already m5tion$1 a leap+ lion c be recognis$4 ,! /reams ( />s f ! ,urn ( ,aqu>ius & ! ,urn itself are mu* bett] def9$ ?an ! ,urn ,be>]4 ,i h n left myself mu* space to speak ( ! f9e/ ( all ! con/ellations1 ! glori\s ,orion--! ,giant 9 8 might1 z he 0 call$ ( old4 ,9 ?is noble a/]ism ! figure ( a giant asc5d+ a slope c be readily disc]n$ :5 ! con/ellation is due s\?4 ,at ! "t to :i* ,i h ref]r$ ! con/ellation ,orion 0 consid]ably bel[ ! equator1 & in/ead ( /&+ ne>ly upright :5 due s\? high above ! horizon1 z n[ 9 our nor!rn latitudes1 he rose upright above ! s\?-ea/]n horizon4 ,! resemblance to a giant figure mu/ !n h be5 ev5 m /rik+ ?an x is at pres5t 7except 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 :]e ,orion1 :5 due s\?1 is j fully above ! horizon74 ,! giant ,orion has long be5 id5tifi$ ) ,nimrod2 & ^? :o recognise ! antitypes ( ! ,ark 9 ,argo1 ( ! old dragon 9 ,draco1 & ( ! fir/ & second ,adams 9 ! kneel+ ,h]cules defeat$ by ! s]p5t & ! upright ,ophiu*us triumphant ov] ! s]p5t1 may1 if !y s please1 f9d 9 ! giant ,orion1 ! ,two ,dogs1 ! ,h>e1 & ! ,bull 7:om ,orion is m directly deal+ )71 ! repres5tations ( ,nimrod1 t mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l1 8 hunt+ dogs1 & ! animals he hunt$4 ,pegasus1 =m]ly call$ ! ,horse1 0 reg>d$ 9 v anci5t times z ! ,/e$ ( ,nimrod4 ,9 mod]n a/ronomy ! con/ellations no long] h ! importance :i* once atta*$ to !m4 ,!y af=d conv5i5t means = nam+ ! />s1 ?\gh ,i ?9k _m obs]v]s w\ld pref] ! less attractive b m bus9ess-l me?ods adopt$ by ,piazzi & o!rs1 accord+ to :i* a /> rejoices 9 no m /rik+ title ?an ',piazzi ,x,i,i,ih4 #bgc1' or ',/ruve1 #bhai4' ,!y /ill s]ve1 h[ev]1 to tea* beg9n]s ! />s1 & probably _m ye>s w pass be=e ev5 exact a/ronomy dismisses !m altoge!r to ! limbo ( disc>d$ symbolisms4 ,x is1 inde$1 some:at s+ul> t a/ronom]s f9d x easi] to introduce new absurdities among ! con/ellations ?an to get rid ( ^! old ones4 ,! new & utt]ly absurd figures introduc$ by ,bode /ill rema9 9 _m *>ts despite su* inconv5i5t names z ,honores ,fr$]ici1 ,globum ,a,erostaticum & ,ma*9a ,pneumatica2 & ,i h v little d\bt t a new con/ellation1 if x only _h a specially inconv5i5t title1 w\ld be accept$4 ,b :5 ,francis ,baily tri$ to simplify ! heav5s by remov+ _m ( ,bode's absurd con/ellations1 he 0 abus$ by _m z viol5tly z ?\gh he _h propos$ ! rejection ( ! ,newtonian sy/em4 ,i myself tri$ a small measure ( re=m 9 ! ?ree fir/ editions ( my ',libr>y ,atlas1' b h f\nd x desirable to return to ! old nom5clature 9 ! f\r?4 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh & ,london ,,footnotes3 #a ,^! reflections 7 sugge/$ to ,tacitus by ! conduct ( ,?rasyllus 7*ief a/rolog] ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius71 :5 8 skill 0 te/$ by 8 imp]ial employ] aft] a mann] *>act]i/ic ( t agreeable mon>*4 ,! /ory runs ?us 7,i foll[ ,:ewell's v]sion73 ',^? :o 7 br\ght to ,tib]ius on any important matt]1 7 admitt$ to an int]view 9 an ap>tm5t situat$ on a l(ty cliff 9 ! isl& ( ,capreae4 ,!y rea*$ ?is place by a n>r[ pa?1 accompani$ by a s+le fre$man ( great bodily /r5g?2 & on _! return1 if ! emp]or _h conceiv$ any d\bts ( _! tru/wor?9ess1 a s+le bl[ buri$ ! secret & its victim 9 ! ocean bel[4 ,aft] ,?rasyllus _h1 9 ?is retreat1 /at$ ! results ( 8 art z !y conc]n$ ! emp]or1 ,tib]ius ask$ him :e!r he _h calculat$ h[ long he himself _h to live4 ,! a/rolog] exam9$ ! aspect ( ! />s1 & :ile he did ?is %[$ hesitation1 al>m1 increas+ t]ror1 & at la/ decl>$ t ,! pres5t h\r 0 = him critical1 p]haps fatal4 ,tib]ius embrac$ him1 & told him he 0 "r 9 suppos+ he _h be5 9 dang]1 b t he %\ld escape x1 & made him h5ce=w>d 8 confid5tial c\nsellor4' ,x is evid5t1 assum+ ! /ory to be true 7z seems suffici5tly probable71 t ! emp]or 0 no mat* = ! *>latan 9 craft4 ,x 0 a natural ?\ght on ! =m]'s "p to te/ ! skill ( 8 a/rolog] by lay+ = him a trap su* z ! /ory indicates--a ?\ght s natural1 inde$1 t x probably occurr$ to ,?rasyllus himself long be=e ,tib]ius put ! plan into practice4 ,ev5 if ,?rasyllus _h n be5 already on ! wat* = su* a trick1 he w\ld h be5 b a poor trick/] himself if he _h n detect$ x ! mom5t x 0 attempt$1 or fail$ to see ! sole safe c\rse :i* 0 left op5 to him4 ,probably1 ) a man ( ! temp] ( ,tib]ius1 su* a c\nt]-trick z ,galeotti's 9 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d w\ld h be5 unsafe4 #b ,! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! />s & ! planets on ! =tunes ( ! new-born *ild 0 /ill rife :5 ,%akespe>e made ,gl5d[] boa/3 ,at my nativity ,! front ( heav5 0 full ( fi]y %apes ,( burn+ cressets2 "k1 t at my bir? ,! frame & huge f\ndation ( ! e>? ,%ook l a c[>d4 ,& ,%akespe>e %[$ himself dang]\sly ta9t$ ) free?\ght 9 assign+ 7ev5 to ! fi]y ,hotspur7 ! reply3 ,s x w\ld h done ,at ! same season1 if y\r "m's cat ,_h kitt5$1 ?\gh y\rself _h ne'er be5 born4 ,9 a simil> ve9 ,butl]1 9 ,hudibras ridicul$ ! folly ( ^? :o believe 9 horoscopes & nativities3 ,z if ! planet's fir/ aspect ,! t5d] infant did infect ,9 s\l & body1 & in/il ,all future good & future ill2 ,:i* 9 _! d>k fatalities lurk+1 ,at de/9$ p]iods fall a-work+1 ,& break out1 l ! hidd5 se$s ,( long diseases1 into de$s1 ,9 fri5d%ips1 enmities1 & /rife4 ,& all ?' em]g5cies ( life4 #c ,preface to ! ,rudolph9e ,tables4 #d ,x is commonly /at$ t ,bacon oppos$ ! ,cop]nican !ory because he dislik$ ,gilb]t1 :o _h advocat$ x4 ',bacon1' says "o ( 8 editors1 '0 too jeal\s ( ,gilb]t to ent]ta9 "o mom5t any doctr9e t he advanc$4' ,b1 ap>t f ! incr$ible littl5ess ( m9d :i* ?is explanation imputes to ,bacon1 x w\ld also h be5 an incr$ible piece ( folly on ,bacon's "p to advocate an inf]ior !ory :ile a rival 0 left to support a bett] !ory4 ,bacon saw cle>ly en\gh t m5 7 on _! way to ! discov]y ( ! true !ory1 &1 s f> z 9 him lay1 he indicat$ h[ !y %\ld proce$ 9 ord] mo/ readily to rea* ! tru?4 ,x mu/1 !n1 h be5 f conviction1 n out ( m]e contradiction1 t ,bacon decl>$ himself 9 fav\r ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,9 fact1 he speaks ( ! diurnal motion ( ! e>? z 'an op9ion :i* we c demon/rate to be mo/ false2' d\btless hav+ 9 8 ?\ghts "s su* argum5ts z misl$ ,ty*o ,brahe4 #e ,to ,bacon's !ological contempor>ies ?is mu/ h seem$ a dreadful h]esy1 & possibly 9 our own days ! ass]tion w\ld be judg$ sc>cely less h>%ly1 see+ t ! obs]vance ( ! 7s-call$7 ,sabba? dep5ds directly ^u ! belief 9 q ano!r orig9 ( ! week4 ,yet !re c be little "q t ! week really _h its orig9 9 a/rological =mulae4 #f ,9 ,bohn's edition ! ^w 'defective' is "h us$1 entirely *ang+ ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,bacon regi/]s an ,a/rologia ,sana among/ ! ?+s ne$$ = ! advancem5t ( le>n+1 :]eas he is made to say t su* an a/rology mu/ be regi/]$ z defective4 #g ,! a/rolog]s 7 exce$+ly +5i\s 9 %[+ t _! art _h giv5 w>n+ ( ! great plague & fire ( ,london4 ,?us1 ! /> :i* m>ks ! ,bull's nor!rn horn--& :i* is describ$ by ,ptolemy z l ,m>s--01 !y say1 exactly 9 t "p ( ! sign ,gem9i :i* is ! asc5dant ( ,london1 9 #afff4 ,lilly1 h[ev]1 = :om !y claim ! cr$it ( pr$ict+ ! ye> ( ?is calamity1 laid no claim himself to t a*ievem5t2 nay1 specially d5i$ t he knew :5 ! fire 0 to happ54 ,! /ory is r curi\s4 ,9 #afea ,lilly _h publi%$ 8 ,mon>*y or no ,mon>*y1 :i* conta9$ a numb] ( curi\s hi]oglyphics4 ,among/ ^! 7 two 7see frontispiece7 :i* appe>$ to port5d plague & fire respectively4 ,! hi]oglyphic ( ! plague repres5ts ?ree dead bodies wrapp$ 9 dea?-clo!s1 & = ^! bodies two c(f9s lie ready & two graves are be+ dug2 :5ce x 0 to be inf]r$ t ! numb] ( dea?s w\ld exce$ ! supply ( c(f9s & graves4 ,! hi]oglyphic ( ! fire repres5ts sev]al p]sons1 g5tlefolk on "o side & commonfolk on ! o!r1 empty+ wat] vessels on a furi\s fire into :i* two *ildr5 are fall+ headlong4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! plague 9 #affe attract$ no special notice to ,lilly's suppos$ pr$iction ( t ev5t1 ?\gh probably _m talk$ ( ! co9cid5ce z rem>kable4 ,b :5 9 #afff ! great fire occurr$1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons summon$ ,lilly to att5d ! committee appo9t$ to enquire into ! cause ( ! fire4 ',at two ( ! clock on ,friday1 ! #be? ( ,octob] #afff1' he att5d$ 9 ! ,speak]'s *amb]1 'to answ] su* que/ions z %\ld !n & !re be ask$ him4' ,sir ,rob]t ,brooke spoke to ?is effect3 ',mr4 ,lilly1 ?is committee ?\ght fit to summon y to appe> be=e !m ?is day1 to "k if y c say any?+ z to ! cause ( ! late fire1 or :e!r !re might be any design !re94 ,y are call$ ! r hi!r1 because 9 a book ( y\rs long s9ce pr9t$1 y h9t$ "s su* ?+ by "o ( y\r hi]oglyphics4' ,unto :i* he repli$3 ',may x please y\r hon\rs1 aft] ! behead+ ( ! late k+1 consid]+ t 9 ! ?ree subsequ5t ye>s ! ,p>liam5t act$ no?+ :i* conc]n$ ! settlem5t ( ! nation's peace1 & see+ ! g5]ality ( ! p dissatisfi$1 ! citiz5s ( ,london discont5t$1 & ! soldi]y prone to mut9y1 ,i 0 desir\s1 accord+ to ! be/ k ,god _h giv5 me1 to make enquiry by ! art ,i /udi$1 :at might1 f t "t1 happ5 unto ! ,p>liam5t & nation 9 g5]al4 ,at la/1 hav+ satisfi$ myself z well z ,i c\ld1 & p]fect$ my judgm5t !re91 ,i ?\ght x mo/ conv5i5t to signify my int5tions & conceptions !re( 9 =ms1 %apes1 types1 hi]oglyphics1 etc41 )\t any comm5t>y1 t s my judgm5t might be conceal$ f ! vulg>1 & made manife/ only unto ! wise2 ,i h]e9 imitat+ ! examples ( _m wise philosoph]s :o _h done ! l4 ,hav+ f\nd1 sir1 t ! great city ( ,london %\ld be sadly afflict$ ) a great plague1 & n long aft] ) an exorbitant fire1 ,i fram$ ^! two hi]oglyphics1 z repres5t$ 9 ! book1 :i* 9 effect h prov$ v true4' ',did y =esee ! ye>8' said "o4 ',i did n1' said ,lilly2 'nor 0 desir\s2 ( t ,i made no scrut9y4 ,n[1 sir1 :e!r !re 0 any design ( burn+ ! city1 or any employ$ to t purpose1 ,i mu/ deal +5u\sly ) y1 t s9ce ! fire ,i h tak5 mu* pa9s 9 ! se>* !re(1 b _c or c\ld n give myself ! lea/ satisfaction !re94 ,i conclude t x 0 ! f+] ( ,god only2 b :at in/rum5ts ,he us$ !reunto ,i am ignorant4' #h ,sir ,toby ,bel* & ,sir ,&rew ,ague*eek 7 evid5tly n well taught 9 a/rology4 ',%all we set ab\t "s revels8' says ! latt]4 ',:at %all we d else8' says ,toby2 '7 we n born "u ,taurus8' ',taurus1 t's sides & he>t1' says sapi5t ,&rew4 ',no1 sir1' responds ,toby1 'x's legs & ?ighs4 ,let me see !e cap]4' #i ',?is is ! excell5t fopp]y ( ! _w1 t1 :5 we are sick 9 =tune 7(t5 ! surfeit ( our own behavi\r71 we make guilty ( our disa/]s ! sun1 moon1 & />s3 z if we 7 villa9s on necessity2 fools by heav5ly compulsion2 knaves1 ?ieves1 & trea*]\s by sph]ical pr$om9ance2 drunk>ds1 li>s1 & adult]]s1 by in=c$ ob$i5ce ( planet>y influ5ce2 & all t we are1 evil1 by a div9e ?ru/+ on4'--,,%akespe>e 7,k+ ,le>74 #aj ,!re are few ?+s m rem>kable1 or to reason+ m9ds m inexplicable1 ?an ! read9ess ) :i* m5 und]took 9 old times1 & ev5 n[ und]take1 to int]pret om5s & assign prophetic significance to casual ev5ts4 ,"o c und]/& t fooli% p]sons %\ld believe 9 om5s1 & act ^u ! ideas sugge/$ by _! sup]/itions4 ,! difficulty is to compreh5d h[ ^! sup]/itions came into exi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea t a p>ticul> l9e 9 ! palm ( ! h& is ! l9e ( life2 & :at c possibly h sugge/$ s absurd a notion8 ,to :om did ! ?\ght fir/ pres5t itself t ! pips on play+-c>ds are significant ( future ev5ts2 & :y did he ?9k s8 ,h[ did ! 'gr\nds' ( a teacup come to acquire t deep significance :i* !y n[ possess = ,mrs4 ,gamp & ,betsy ,prig8 ,if ! believ]s 9 ^! absurdities be ask$ :y !y believe1 !y answ] readily en\gh ei!r t !y !mselves or _! fri5ds h kn[n rem>kable fulfilm5ts ( ! om9\s indications ( c>ds or tea-dregs1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be ! case :]e millions ( =eca/s are daily made by ^! in/ructive me?ods4 ,b ! p]sons :o fir/ inv5t$ ^? means ( div9ation c h _h no su* reasons4 ,!y mu/ h possess$ imag9ations ( s+ul> livel9ess & n want+ 9 +5uity4 ,x is a pity t we "k s little ( !m4 #aa ,well+ton liv$ too long = ! a/rolog]s1 8 dea? )9 ! ye> hav+ un=tunately be5 pr$ict$ by !m _m times dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,"s a/rolog]s 7 m cauti\s1 h[ev]4 ,i h be=e me 8 horoscope1 c>efully calculat$1 secundum artem1 by ,raphael 9 #ahbh1 ) results 'suffici5tly ev9c+ ! surpris+ v]ity & s+ul> accuracy ( a/rological calculations1 :5 f\nd$ on ! correct "t ( bir?1 & ma!matically calculat$4 ,i h *os51' he proce$s1 '! nativity ( ?is illu/ri\s native1 9 pref]5ce to o!rs1 z ! subject is n[ liv+1 &1 consequ5tly1 all possibility ( mak+ up any fictiti\s horoscope is at once set aside2 ?us af=d+ me a mo/ p[]ful %ield aga9/ ! insidi\s repres5tations ( ! envi\s & ignorant traduc] ( my sublime sci5ce4' ,by "s /range ov]sight1 h[ev]1 ,raphael omits to m5tion any?+ respect+ ! future =tunes ( ,well+ton1 %[+ only h[ wond]fully ,well+ton's pa/ c>e] _h correspond$ ) 8 horoscope4 #ab ',i h /ill obs]v$1' says an old au?or1 't y\r "r ,m>tiali/ do? seldom exce$ 9 height1 or be at ! mo/ above a y>d or a y>d & a half 9 height' 7:i* is surely /9t measure74 ',x ha? be5 always ?us1' said t "r ,m>tiali/ ,sir ,ge(frey ,hudson to ,julian ,pev]il2 '& 9 ! hi/ory ( all ages1 ! clean tight dapp] little fell[ ha? prov$ an ov]mat* = 8 burly antagoni/4 ,i ne$ only in/ance1 out ( ,holy ,writ1 ! celebrat$ d[nfall ( ,golia? & ( ano!r lubb>d1 :o _h m f+]s 9 8 h&1 & m in*es to 8 /ature1 ?an ought to belong to an hone/ man1 & :o 0 sla9 by a nephew ( good ,k+ ,david2 & ( _m o!rs :om ,i d n rememb]2 nev]!less1 !y 7 all ,phili/9es ( gigantic /ature4 ,9 ! classics1 also1 y h ,tydeus1 & o!r tight compact h]oes1 ^: dim9utive bodies 7 ! abode ( l>ge m9ds4' #ac ,x is likely t ,sw$5borg 9 8 y\? /udi$ a/rology1 = 9 8 visions ! ,m]curial folk h ?is desire ( k z _! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic4 #ad ,x is s+ul> t1 :5 !re is ?is p]fectly simple explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! nom5clature ( ! days ( ! week1 an explanation giv5 by anci5t hi/orians & g5]ally receiv$1 ,:ewell %\ld h /at$ t 'v>i\s acc\nts are giv51 all ! me?ods proce$+ ^u c]ta9 arbitr>y ari?metical processes connect$ 9 "s way ) a/rological views4' ,speak+ ( ! arrangem5t ( ! planets 9 ! ord] ( _! suppos$ di/ances1 & ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! planets appe> 9 ! days ( ! week1 he says1 ',x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :y ! =m] ord] 0 adopt$1 & h[ & :y ! latt] 0 d]iv$ f x4' ,b1 9 reality1 !re is no difficulty ab\t ei!r po9t4 ,! =m] arrangem5t correspond$ precisely ) ! p]iodic times ( ! sev5 planets ( ! old ,egyptian sy/em 7unque/ionably f> m anci5t ?an ! sy/em adopt$ by ! ,greeks71 :ile ! latt] spr+s directly f ! =m]4 ,assign to ! h\rs ( ! day1 successively1 ! sev5 planets 9 ! =m] ord]1 cont9u+ ! sequ5ce )\t int]ruption day aft] day1 & 9 ! c\rse ( sev5 days ea* "o ( ! planets w h rul$ ! fir/ h\r ( a day1 9 ! ord]1--,saturn1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 & ,v5us4 ,:at arbitr>y ari?metical process !re is 9 ?is x w\ld be difficult to conceive4 ,ari?metic does n rule ! me?od at all4 ,nor has any o!r me?od ev] be5 sugge/$2 ?\gh ?is me?od has be5 pres5t$ 9 sev]al ways1 "s ari?metical & "s geometrical4 ,we ne$ !n h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :at seems s p]plex+ to ,:ewell1 ! univ]sality1 namely1 ( ! notions ':i* h produc$ ?is result1' = ! notions 7 n fanta/ic1 b su* z naturally sprang f ! ideas on :i* a/rology itself dep5ds4 #ae ,! foll[+ rem>ks by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal on ?is subject seem to me j1 9 ! ma94 ,!y accord ) :at ,i _h said e>li] 9 my essay on ,saturn & ! ,sabba? ( ! ,jews 7',our ,place among ,inf9ities1' #aa? essay74 ',! importance :i* ,moses atta*$ to x ! hebdomadal re/ is evid5t2 &1 ) all rev]5ce1 ,i recognise to ! utmo/ degree ! ju/ice ( 8 views4 ,no direction 0 giv5 = religi\s c]emonial' 7he seems to h ov]look$ ,numb]s xxviii4 #i1 & cognate passages71 'b x 0 probably se5 t ! heal? giv5 to ! m9d by a re/ f ord9>y c>es1 & by ! opportunity ( m$itation1 c\ld n fail to h a mo/ b5eficial religi\s effect4 ,b1 to give sanction to ?is precept1 ! au?ority ( at lea/ a my? 0 requisite4 ,i believe x 0 simply = ?is reason t ! my? ( ! six days ( creation 0 pres]v$4 ,x is expressly cit$ 9 ! fir/ deliv]y ( ! comm&m5ts1 z ! solemn au?ority 7,exodus xxxi4 #ag7 = ! comm&4 ,x is rem>kable t at ! second m5tion ( ! comm&m5t 7,deut]onomy v47 no ref]5ce is made to ! creation2 p]haps1 aft] ! complete e/abli%m5t ( ,jehovi/ic ideas 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,israelites1 !y _h ne>ly lo/ ! recollection ( ! ,elohi/ic acc\nt1 & x 0 n ?\ght desirable to ref] to x' 7,airy1 ',on ! ,e>ly ,hebrew ,scriptures1' p4 #ag74 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z a s+ul> in/ance ( ! p]si/5cy ( my?s1 if ?is view be correct1 t a my? :i* _h become obsolete = ! ,jews betwe5 ! "t ( ,moses & t ( ! writ] 7:oev] he may h be57 :o produc$ ! s-call$ ,mosaic book ( ,deut]onomy1 %\ld !reaft] h be5 reviv$1 & h come to be reg>d$ by ! ,jews !mselves & by ,*ri/ians z ! ,^w ( ,god4 #af ,( c\rse x may be argu$ t no?+ 9 ! _w is ! result ( m]e accid5t1 & "s may ass]t t ev5 matt]s :i* are commonly reg>d$ z entirely casual h be5 specially design$4 ,x w\ld n be easy to draw ! precise l9e divid+ ev5ts :i* all m5 w\ld reg>d z to all int5ts & purposes accid5tal f ^? :i* "s m5 w\ld reg>d z results ( special provid5ce4 ,b common s5se draws a suffici5t di/9ction1 at lea/ = our pres5t purpose4 #ag ,?is />1 call$ ,?uban f ! ,arabian al-,?uban1 ! ,dragon1 is n[ n v bright1 be+ rat$ at b>ely above ! f\r? magnitude1 b x 0 =m]ly ! brighte/ /> ( ! con/ellation1 z its "n indicates4 ,bay] also assign$ to x ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet2 ?\gh ?is is n absolutely decisive evid5ce t s late z 8 day x reta9$ its sup]iority ov] ! second magnitude />s to :i* ,bay] assign$ ! second & ?ird ,greek lett]s4 ,9 ! ye> #bgij ,b4,c41 or !reab\ts1 ! /> 0 at its ne>e/ to ! true nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 ! diamet] ( ! little circle 9 :i* x !n mov$ be+ consid]ably less ?an "o-f\r? ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4 ,at t "t ! /> mu/ h seem$ to all ord9>y obs]vation an absolutely fix$ c5tre1 r\nd :i* all ! o!r />s revolv$4 ,at ! "t :5 ! pyramid 0 built ?is /> 0 ab\t sixty times f>!r remov$ f ! true pole1 revolv+ 9 a circle ^: app>5t diamet] 0 ab\t sev5 times z great z ! moon's4 ,yet x w\ld /ill be reg>d$ z a v useful pole-/>1 especially z !re are v few conspicu\s />s 9 ! neighb\rhood4 #ah ,ev5 t skilful a/ronom] ,hipp>*us1 :o may be ju/ly call$ ! fa!r ( obs]vational a/ronomy1 ov]look$ ?is peculi>ity1 :i* ,ptolemy w\ld seem to h be5 ! fir/ to recognise4 #ai ,x w\ld only be by a lucky accid5t1 ( c\rse1 t ! direction ( ! slant tunnel's axis & t ( ! v]tical f ! select$ c5tral po9t w\ld lie 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,! object ( ! tunnell+ w\ld1 9 fact1 be to det]m9e h[ f> ap>t ! v]tical planes ?r\gh ^! po9ts lay1 & ! odds w\ld be great aga9/ ! result prov+ to be z]o4 #bj ,x may1 p]haps1 occur to ! read] to inquire :at diamet] ( ! e>?1 suppos$ to be a p]fect sph]e1 w\ld be d]iv$ f a degree ( latitude measur$ ) absolute accuracy ne> latitude #cj deg4 ,a degree ( latitude measur$ 9 pol> regions w\ld indicate a diamet] great] ev5 ?an ! equatorial2 "o measur$ 9 equatorial regions w\ld indicate a diamet] less ev5 ?an ! pol>4 ,ne> latitude #cj deg4 ! measurem5t ( a degree ( latitude w\ld indicate a diamet] v ne>ly equal to ! true pol> diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,9 fact1 if x c\ld be prov$ t ! build]s ( ! pyramid us$ = _! unit ( l5g? an exact subdivision ( ! pol> diamet]1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be t1 :ile ! co9cid5ce itself 0 m]ely accid5tal1 _! measurem5t ( a degree ( latitude 9 _! own c\ntry _h be5 s+ul>ly accurate4 ,by an approximate calculation ,i f9d t1 tak+ ! e>?'s compression at #a-cjj1 ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 e/imat$ f ! accurate measurem5t ( a degree ( latitude 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! great pyramid1 w\ld h made ! sacr$ cubit--tak5 at "o #bj1jjj1jjj? ( ! diamet]--equal to #bd4ih ,briti% in*es2 a clos] approximation ?an ,pr(essor ,smy?'s to ! e/imat$ mean probable value ( ! sacr$ cubit4 #ba ,x is1 h[ev]1 almo/ impossible to m>k any limits to :at may be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( design by a co9cid5ce-hunt]4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f ! late ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's ,budget ( ,p>adoxes4 ,hav+ m5tion$ t #g occurs less frequ5tly ?an any o!r digit 9 ! numb] express+ ! ratio ( circumf]5ce to diamet] ( a circle1 he proce$s3 ',a correspond5t ( my fri5d ,piazzi ,smy? notices t #c is ! numb] ( mo/ frequ5cy1 & t #c-a_/g is ! ne>e/ approximation to x 9 simple digits4 ,pr(essor ,smy?1 ^: "w on ,egypt is p>adox ( a v high ord]1 back$ by a great quantity ( useful lab\r1 ! results ( :i* w be made available by ^? :o d n receive ! p>adoxes1 is incl9$ to see confirmation = "s ( 8 !ory 9 ^! ph5om5a4' ,9 pass+1 ,i may m5tion z ! mo/ s+ul> ( ^! accid5tal digit relations :i* ,i h yet notic$1 t 9 ! fir/ #aaj digits ( ! squ>e root ( #b1 ! numb] #g occurs m ?an twice z (t5 z ei!r #e or #i1 :i* ea* occur eight times1 #a & #b occurr+ ea* n9e times1 & #g occurr+ no less ?an eighte5 times4 #bb ,i h sub/itut$ ?is value 9 ! article ',a/ronomy1' ( ! ,briti% ,encyclopa$ia1 = ! e/imate =m]ly us$1 viz4 #ie1bcc1jee miles4 ,b !re is good reason = believ+ t ! actual di/ance is ne>ly #ib1jjj1jjj miles4 #bc ,x may be mat*$ by o!r co9cid5ces z rem>kable & z little ! result ( ! op]ation ( any natural law4 ,= in/ance1 ! foll[+ /range relation1 introduc+ ! dim5sions ( ! sun himself1 n[h]e1 s f> z ,i h yet se51 introduc$ among pyramid relations1 ev5 by pyramidali/s3 ',if ! plane ( ! ecliptic 7 a true surface1 & ! sun 7 to comm5ce roll+ along t surface t[>ds ! "p ( ! e>?'s orbit :]e %e is at h] mean di/ance1 :ile ! e>? comm5c$ roll+ ^u ! sun 7r\nd "o ( 8 great circles71 ea* globe turn+ r\nd 9 ! same "t1--!n1 by ! "t ! e>? _h roll$ its way once r\nd ! sun1 ! sun w\ld h almo/ exactly rea*$ ! e>?'s orbit4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! sun's diamet] exce$s ! e>?'s 9 almo/ exactly ! same degree t ! sun's di/ance exce$s ! sun's diamet]4' #bd ,x has be5 rem>k$ t1 ?\gh ,hipp>*us _h ! enorm\s advantage ( be+ able to comp>e 8 own obs]vations ) ^? record$ by ! ,*aldaeans1 he e/imat$ ! l5g? ( ! ye> less correctly ?an ! ,*aldaeans4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ! ,*aldaeans 7 acqua9t$ ) ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se1 b ,i d n "k t !re are suffici5t gr\nds = ?is supposition4 ,diodorus ,siculus & ,apollonius ,myndius m5tion1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 able to pr$ict ! return ( comets1 & ?is implies t _! obs]vations _h be5 cont9u$ = _m c5turies ) great c>e & exactness4 #be ,! language ( ! mod]n ,zadkiels & ,raphaels1 ?\gh mean+less & absurd 9 itself1 yet1 z assur$ly d]iv$ f ! a/rology ( ! olde/ times1 may "h be quot$4 7,x c]ta9ly 0 n inv5t$ to give support to ! !ory ,i am at pres5t advocat+47 ,?us runs ! j>gon ( ! tribe3 ',9 ord] to illu/rate pla9ly to ! read] :at a/rolog]s mean by ! h\ses ( heav51 x is prop] = him to be> 9 m9d ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! ea/]n1 fac+ ! ris+ sun1 has at its c5tre ! fir/ gr& angle or fir/ h\se1 t]m$ ! ,horoscope or asc5dant4 ,! nor!rn1 opposite ! region :]e ! sun is at midnight1 or ! cusp ( ! l[] heav5 or nadir1 is ! ,imum ,coeli1 & has at its c5tre ! f\r? h\se4 ,! we/]n1 fac+ ! sett+ sun1 has at its c5tre ! ?ird gr& angle or sev5? h\se or desc5dant4 ,& la/ly1 ! s\!rn1 fac+ ! noonday sun1 has at its c5tre ! a/rolog]'s t5? h\se1 or ,mid-heav51 ! mo/ p[]ful angle or h\se ( hon\r4' ',& al?\gh1' proce$s ! mod]n a/rolog]1 'we _c 9 ! e!real blue disc]n ^! l9es or t]m9at+ divisions1 bo? reason & exp]i5ce assure u t !y c]ta9ly exi/2 !re=e ! a/rolog] has c]ta9 gr\nds = ! *oice ( 8 f\r angul> h\ses' 7out ( twelve 9 all7 ':i*1 resembl+ ! palpable demon/ration !y af=d1 are 9 ! a/ral sci5ce e/eem$ ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! :ole4 '--,raphael's ,manual ( ,a/rology4 #bf ,arabian writ]s give ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,egyptian progress 9 a/rology & ! my/ical arts3 ,nacrawas*1 ! prog5itor ( ,misraim1 0 ! fir/ ,egyptian pr9ce1 & ! fir/ ( ! magicians :o excell$ 9 a/rology & en*antm5t4 ,retir+ into ,egypt ) 8 family ( eighty p]sons1 he built ,ess\s1 ! mo/ anci5t city ( ,egypt1 & comm5c$ ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,misraimiti% pr9ces1 :o excell$ z cabali/s1 div9]s1 & 9 ! my/ic arts g5]ally4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! race 7 ,na]as*1 :o fir/ repres5t$ by images ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac2 ,gh>nak1 :o op5ly describ$ ! arts be=e kept secret2 ,h]sall1 :o fir/ wor%ipp$ idols2 ,sehl\k1 :o wor%ipp$ ! sun2 ,saurid 7,k+ ,saurid ( ,ibn ,abd ,alkohm's acc\nt71 :o erect$ ! fir/ pyramids & inv5t$ ! magic mirror2 & ,ph>aoh1 ! la/ k+ ( ! dyna/y1 ^: "n 0 aft]w>ds tak5 z a k+ly title1 z ,caes> lat] became a g5]al imp]ial title4 #bg ,x is notewor?y h[ ,sw$5borg "h anticipates a say+ ( ,laplace1 ! greate/ ma!matician ! _w has kn[n1 save ,newton alone4 ,newton's rem>k t he seem$ b z a *ild :o _h ga!r$ a few %ells on ! %ores ( ocean1 is well kn[n4 ,laplace's words1 ',ce que n\s connaissons e/ peu de *ose2 ce que n\s ignorons e/ imm5se1' 7 n1 z is commonly /at$1 8 la/4 ,de ,morgan gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,laplace's la/ mom5ts1 on ! au?ority ( ,laplace's fri5d & pupil1 ! well-kn[n ma!matician ,poisson3 ',aft] ! publication 79 #ahbe7 ( ! fif? volume ( ! ,mecanique ,cele/e1 ,laplace became gradually weak]1 & ) x mus+ & ab/ract$4 ,he ?\ght mu* on ! great problems ( exi/5ce1 & (t5 mutt]$ to himself1 ,qu'e/-ce que c'e/ que t\t cela6 ,aft] _m alt]nations he appe>$ at la/ s p]man5tly pro/rat$ t 8 family appli$ to 8 fav\rite pupil1 ,m4 ,poisson1 to try to get a ^w f him4 ,poisson paid a visit1 & aft] a few words ( salutation1 said1 ,j'ai une bonne n\velle a v\s annonc]3 on a recu au ,bureau des ,longitudes une lettre d',allemagne annoncant que ,m4 ,bessel a v]ifie p> l'obs]vation vos dec\v]tes !oriques sur les satellites de ,jupit]4 ,laplace op5$ 8 eyes & answ]$ ) deep gravity4 ,l'homme ne p\rsuit que des *im]es4 ,he nev] spoke aga94 ,8 dea? took place ,m>* #e1 #ahbg4' #bh ,! reason assign$ by ,sw$5borg is fanciful en\gh4 ',9 ! spiritual s5se1' he says1 'a horse signifies ! intellectual pr9ciple =m$ f sci5tifics1 & z !y are afraid ( cultivat+ ! intellectual faculties by worldly sci5ces1 f ?is comes an influx ( fe>4 ,!y c>e no?+ = sci5tifics :i* are ( human erudition4' #bi ,simil> reason+ applies to ! moons ( ,jupit]1 & x s *ances t ! result 9 _! case comes out exactly ! same z 9 ! case ( ,saturn2 all ! ,jovian moons1 if full toge!r1 w\ld reflect only ! sixte5? "p ( ! light :i* we receive f ! full moon4 ,x is /range t sci5tific m5 ( consid]able ma!matical p[] h us$ ! argum5t f design app>5tly suppli$ by ! satellites1 )\t be+ at ! pa9s to te/ its validity by ! simple ma!matical calculations necess>y to det]m9e ! quantity ( light :i* ^! bodies c reflect to ! planets r\nd :i* !y travel4 ,brew/] & ,:ewell1 ?\gh !y took opposite sides 9 ! controv]sy ab\t o!r inhabit$ worlds1 agre$ 9 ?is4 ,brew/]1 ( c\rse1 hold+ ! !ory t all ! planets are inhabit$1 v naturally accept$ ! argum5t f design 9 ?is case4 ,:ewell1 9 oppos+ t !ory1 did n dwell at all ^u ! subjects ( ! satellites4 ,b 9 8 ',bridgewat] ,treatise on ,a/ronomy & ,g5]al ,physics1' he says1 ',tak+ only ! asc]ta9$ cases ( ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 we conceive t a p]son ( common und]/&+ w be /rongly impress$ ) ! p]suasion t ! satellites are plac$ 9 ! sy/em ) a view to comp5sate = ! dim9i%$ light ( ! sun at great] di/ances4 ,m>s is an exception2 "s p]sons might conjecture f ?is case t ! arrangem5t itself1 l o!r useful arrangem5ts1 has be5 br\ght ab\t by "s wid] law :i* we h n yet detect$4 ,b :e!r or n we ent]ta9 su* a guess 7x c be no?+ m71 we see 9 o!r p>ts ( creation s _m examples ( app>5t exceptions to rules1 :i* are aft]w>ds f\nd to be capable ( explanation1 or to be provid$ = by p>ticul> contrivances1 t no "o famili> ) su* contemplations w1 by "o anomaly1 be driv5 f ! p]suasion t ! end :i* ! arrangem5ts ( ! satellites seem suit$ to answ] is really "o ( ! ends ( _! creation4' #cj ,! read] :o c>es en\gh ab\t su* subjects to take ! necess>y tr\ble1 c easily make a little model ( ,saturn & 8 r+ sy/em1 :i* w v prettily illu/rate ! effect ( ! r+s bo? 9 reflect+ light to ! planet's d>k5$ hemisph]e & 9 cutt+ (f light f ! planet's illum9at$ hemisph]e4 ,take a ball1 say an ord9>y h&-ball1 & pi]ce x ?r\gh ! c5tre ) a f9e knitt+-ne$le4 ,cut out a flat r+ ( c>d1 proportion$ to ! ball z ! r+ sy/em ( ,saturn to 8 ball4 7,if ! ball is two in*es 9 diamet]1 /rike out on a %eet ( c>dbo>d two conc5tric circles1 "o ( !m ) a radius ( a little m ?an an in* & a half1 ! o!r ) a radius ( ab\t two in*es & ?ree-eights1 & cut out ! r+ betwe5 ^! two circles47 ,?ru/ ! knitt+-ne$le ?r\gh ?is r+ 9 su* a way t ! ball %all lie 9 ! middle ( ! r+1 z ! globe ( ,saturn hangs 7)\t knitt+-ne$le connections7 9 ! middle ( 8 r+ sy/em4 ,?ru/ ano!r knitt+-ne$le c5trally ?r\gh ! ball squ>e to ! plane ( ! r+1 & use ?is second ne$le1 :i* we may call ! pol> "o1 z a h&le4 ,n[ take ! ball & r+ into sunlight1 or ! light ( a lamp or c&le1 hold+ !m s t ! %ad[ ( ! r+ is z ?9 z possible4 ,?is repres5ts ! position ( ! %ad[ at ! "t ( ,saturnian spr+ or autumn4 ,cause ! %ad[ sl[ly to %ift until x surr\nds ! "p ( ! ball ?r\gh :i* ! pol> ne$le passes on "o side4 ,?is w repres5t ! position ( ! %ad[ at ! "t ( midw9t] = ! hemisph]e correspond+ to t side ( ! ball4 ,notice t :ile ! %ad[ is trav]s+ ?is half ( ! ball1 ! side ( ! r+ :i* lies t[>ds t half is 9 %ad[1 s t a fly or o!r small insect on t half ( ! ball w\ld see ! d>k5$ side ( ! r+4 ,a ,saturnian correspond+ly plac$ w\ld get no reflect$ sunlight f ! r+ sy/em4 ,move ! ball & r+ s t ! %ad[ sl[ly returns to its fir/ position4 ,y w !n h illu/rat$ ! *anges tak+ place dur+ "o half ( a ,saturnian ye>4 ,cont9ue ! motion s t ! %ad[ passes to ! o!r half ( ! ball1 & f9ally surr\nds ! o!r po9t ?r\gh :i* ! pol> ne$le passes4 ,! pol> po9t :i* ! %ad[ be=e surr\nd$ w n[ be se5 to be 9 ! light1 & ?is half ( ! ball w illu/rate ! hemisph]e ( ,saturn :]e x is midsumm]4 ,x w also be se5 t ! side ( ! r+ t[>ds ?is half ( ! ball is n[ 9 ! light1 s t a small insect on ?is half ( ! ball w\ld see ! bright side ( ! r+4 ,a ,saturnian correspond+ly plac$ w\ld get reflect$ sunlight f ! r+ sy/em bo? by day & by night4 ,mov+ ! ball & r+ s t ! %ad[ returns to its fir/ position1 an entire ,saturnian ye> w h be5 illu/rat$4 ,^! *anges c be /ill bett] %[n ) a ,saturnian orr]y 7see plate viii4 ( my ,saturn71 :i* c be v easily con/ruct$4 #ca ,n '( c\rse' because ,ty*o us$ x1 =1 l o!r able /ud5ts ( sci5ce1 he made mi/akes f "t to "t4 ,?us he argu$ t ! e>? _c rotate on h] axis1 because if %e did bodies rais$ above h] surface w\ld be left beh9d--an argum5t :i* ev5 ! me*anical k ( 8 own "t %\ld h suffic$ to invalidate1 ?\gh x is /ill us$ f "t to "t by p>adox]s ( our own day4 #cb ,*9ese *ronicles conta9 o!r ref]5ces to new />s4 ,! annals ( ,ma-t\an-l91 :i* conta9 ! (ficial records ( rem>kable appe>ances 9 ! heav5s1 include "s ph5om5a :i* manife/ly belong to ?is class4 ,?us !y record t 9 ! ye> #agc a /> appe>$ betwe5 ! />s :i* m>k ! h9d feet ( ! ,c5taur4 ,?is /> rema9$ visible f ,decemb] 9 t ye> until ,july 9 ! next 7ab\t ! same "t z ,ty*o ,brahe's & ,kepl]'s new />s1 pres5tly to be describ$74 ,ano!r />1 assign$ by ^! annals to ! ye> #ajaa1 seems to be ! same z a /> ref]r$ to by ,hepidannus z appe>+ ,a4,d4 #ajab4 ,x 0 ( extraord9>y brilliancy1 & rema9$ visible 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! heav5s dur+ ?ree mon?s4 ,! annals ( ,ma-t\an-l9 assign to x a position l[ d[n 9 ,sagitt>ius4 #cc ,/ill a circum/ance mu/ be m5tion$ :i* t5ds to %[ t ! /> may h be5 visible a few h\rs e>li] ?an ,dr4 ,s*midt suppos$4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,walt]1 surgeon ( ! #d? regim5t1 !n /ation$ 9 ,nor? ,india1 wrote 7oddly en\gh1 on ,may #ab1 #ahfg1 ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( ,mr4 ,birm+ham's discov]y7 z foll[s to ,mr4 ,/one3--',i am c]ta9 t ?is same conflagration 0 di/9ctly p]ceptible "h at lea/ six h\rs e>li]4 ,my k ( ! fact came ab\t 9 ?is wise4 ,! night ( ! #ab? ( ,may la/ ye> 0 exce$+ly sultry1 & ab\t eight o'clock on t ev5+ ,i got up f ! tea-table & ru%$ into my g>d5 to seek a cool] atmosph]e4 ,z my door op5s t[>ds ! ea/1 ! fir/ object t met my view 0 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,my att5tion 0 at once arre/$ by ! sight ( a /range /> outside ! cr[n' 7t is1 outside ! circlet ( />s =m+ ! diadem1 n outside ! con/ellation itself74 ,! new /> '0 !n c]ta9ly q z bright--,i r ?\ght m s--z its neighb\r ,alphecca1' ! *ief gem ( ! cr[n4 ',i 0 s mu* /ruck ) its appe>ance1 t ,i exclaim$ to ^? indoors1 ,:y1 "h is a new comet6' ,he made a diagram ( ! con/ellation1 %[+ ! place ( ! new /> correctly4 ,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,walt] does n /ate :y he is s confid5t1 a ye> aft] ! ev5t1 t x 0 on ! #ab? ( ,may1 & n on ! #ac?1 t he notic$ ! new />4 ,if he fix$ ! date only by ! />'s appe>ance z a second-magnitude />1 8 lett] proves no?+2 = we "k t on ! #ac? x 0 /ill %9+ z brightly z ,alphecca1 ?\gh on ! #ad? x 0 p]ceptibly fa9t]4 #cd ,! velocity ( ?ree or f\r miles p] second inf]r$ by ! eld] ,/ruve mu/ n[ be reg>d$ 7z ,i long s9ce po9t$ out w\ld prove to be ! case7 z v f> %ort ( ! real velocity ( our sy/em's motion ?r\gh /ell> space4 #ce ,m4 ,cornu's obs]vations are full ( int]e/1 & he des]ves consid]able cr$it = 8 en]gy 9 avail+ himself ( ! few fav\rable opportunities he _h = mak+ !m4 ,b he goes beyond 8 prov9ce 9 add+ to 8 acc\nt ( !m "s rem>ks1 int5d$ app>5tly z a reflection on ,mr4 ,hugg9s's speculations respect+ ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ',i1' says ,m4 ,cornu1 'w n try to =m any hypo!sis ab\t ! cause ( ! outbur/4 ,to d s w\ld be unsci5tific1 & su* speculations1 ?\gh int]e/+1 cumb] sci5ce w(ully4' ,?is is %e] nons5se1 & comes v ill f an obs]v] ^: successes 9 sci5ce h be5 due entirely to ! employm5t ( me?ods ( obs]vation :i* w\ld h _h no exi/5ce _h o!rs be5 z unready to ?9k out ! mean+ ( obs]v$ facts z he appe>s to be himself4 #cf ,! same peculi>ity has be5 notic$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ! d>k r+1 ! space )9 t r+ be+ obs]v$ by ,coolidge & ,g4 ,bond at ,h>v>d 9 #ahef to be app>5tly d>k] ?an ! surr\nd+ sky4 #cg ,i _c und]/& :y ,mr4 ,webb1 9 8 int]e/+ little "w1 ,cele/ial ,objects = ,common ,telescopes1 says t ! satellite !ory ( ! r+s c]ta9ly seems insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! d>k r+4 ,x seems1 on ! contr>y1 manife/ t ! d>k r+ c sc>cely be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! obs]vations rec5tly made are altoge!r inexplicable on any o!r !ory4 #ch ,a g5tleman1 ^: acqua9tance ,i made 9 return+ f ,am]ica la/ spr+1 assur$ me t he _h f\nd demon/rative evid5ce %[+ t a total eclipse ( ! moon !n occurr$2 = he c\ld prove t ,abraham's vision occurr$ at ! "t ( full moon1 s t x c\ld n o!rwise h be5 d>k :5 ! sun w5t d[n 7v4 #ag74 ,b ! horror ( great d>kness occurr$ :5 ! sun 0 go+ d[n1 & total eclipses ( ! moon d n behave t way--at lea/1 9 our "t4 #ci ,x is n easy to und]/& :at else x c\ld h be54 ,! notion t a conjunction ( ?ree planets1 :i* took place %ortly be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 gave rise to ! tradition ( ! /> 9 ! ea/1 ?\gh prop\nd$ by a =m] presid5t ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 c\ld h>dly be ent]ta9$ by an a/ronom]1 unless he entirely reject$ ,mat!w's acc\nt1 :i* ! au?or ( ?is !ory1 be+ a cl]gyman1 c sc>cely h done4 #dj ,z1 = in/ance1 :5 he makes ,hom] say ( ! moon t ,ar\nd h] ?rone ! vivid planets roll1 ,& />s unnumb]$ gild ! gl[+ pole4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to und]/& h[ s ?or\gh an a/ronom] z ! late ,admiral ,smy? c\ld h call$ ! passage 9 :i* ^! l9es occur "o ( ! f9e/ bur/s ( poetry 9 our language1 except on ! pr9ciple clev]ly cit$ by ,wall] :5 ,*>les ,,ii4 upbraid$ him = ! w>m? ( 8 panegyric on ,cromwell1 t 'poets succe$ bett] ) fiction ?an ) tru?4' ,macaulay1 ?\gh n an a/ronom]1 speaks m ju/ly ( ! passage 9 say+ t ?is s+le passage conta9s m inaccuracies ?an c be f\nd 9 all ,wordswor?'s ',excursion4' #da ,x may be necess>y to ?r[ 9 "h a few words ( explanation1 le/ ! non-a/ronomical read] %\ld run away ) ! idea t ! s-call$ exact sci5ce is a v inexact sci5ce inde$1 s f> z comets are conc]n$4 ,! comet ( #afhj 0 "o ( ^? :i* travel on a v ecc5tric orbit4 ,com+1 inde$1 f out dep?s _m times m remote ?an ! pa? ev5 ( ! remote/ planet1 ,neptune1 ?is comet approa*$ ne>] to ! sun ?an any :i* a/ronom]s h ev] se51 except only ! comet ( #ahdc4 ,:5 at its ne>e/ its nucleus 0 only a six? "p ( ! sun's diamet] f 8 surface4 ,?us ! "p ( ! comet's orbit along :i* a/ronom]s trac$ its motion 0 only a small "p at "o end ( an enorm\sly long oval1 & v slight errors ( obs]vation 7 suffici5t to produce v l>ge errors 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ! comet's orbit4 ,encke admitt$ t ! p]iod might1 s f> z ! comp>atively imp]fect obs]vations made 9 #afhj 7 conc]n$1 be any :atev]1 f #hje ye>s to _m millions ( ye>s1 or ev5 to inf9ity--t is1 ! comet might h a pa? n re-ent]+ into itself1 b c>ry+ ! comet = ev] away f ! sun aft] its "o visit to our sy/em4 #db ,= a portion ( ! passages :i* ,i h quot$ 9 ?is essay ,i am indebt$ to ,guillem9's ',treatise on ,comets1' a useful contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ?\gh some:at inadequate s f> z exposition is conc]n$4 #dc ,some?+ v simil> happ5$ only a few ye>s ago1 s t we _c af=d to laugh too freely at ! t]rors ( ,france 9 #aggc4 ,x 0 report$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahga-ahgb1 t ,plantam\r1 ! ,swiss a/ronom]1 _h pr$ict$ ! e>?'s de/ruction by a comet on ,augu/ #ab1 #ahgb4 ,yet !re 0 no o!r f\ndation = ?is rum\r ?an ! fact t ,plantam\r1 9 a lecture ^u comets & meteors1 _h /at$ t ! meteors se5 on ,augu/ #aj1 #aa1 & #ab are bodies foll[+ 9 ! track ( a comet ^: orbit passes v ne> to ! e>?'s4 ,x 0 v c]ta9ly kn[n to a/ronom]s t !re c\ld be no pres5t dang] ( a collision ) ?is comet1 = ! comet has a p]iod ( at lea/ #aej ye>s1 & _h la/ pass$ close to ! e>?'s orbit 7n to ! e>? h]self1 be x und]/ood7 9 #ahfb4 ,b x 0 useless to po9t ?is out4 ,_m p insi/$ on believ+ t on ,augu/ #ab1 #ahgb1 ! e>? w\ld come into collision1 possibly disa/r\s1 ) a mighty comet1 :i* ,plantam\r 0 said to h detect$ & to h %[n by a pr(\nd calculation to be ru%+ directly ^u our un=tunate e>?4 #dd ,a r amus+ mi/ake 0 made by ! /5ograph]s ( a ,new ,york pap] 9 report+ ! above s5t5ce1 :i* ,i happ5$ to quote 9 a lecture ^u ,comets & ,meteors4 ,in/ead ( ,p>adise !y wrote ,p>is4 ,^? acqua9t$ ) ,pitman's sy/em ( %ort-h&1 ! "o mo/ commonly employ$ by report]s1 w easily und]/& h[ ! mi/ake 0 made1 ! m>ks made to repres5t ! consonants p1 r1 d1 & s diff]+ little f ^? made to repres5t ! consonants p1 r1 & s 7! 'd' or 't' s\nd is repres5t$1 or may be repres5t$1 by simply %ort5+ ! l5g? ( ! sign = ! prec$+ consonant74 ,! mi/ake l$ naturally to my rem>k+ 9 my next lecture t ,i _h n be=e kn[n h[ ?or\ghly synonym\s ! words are 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,i _h he>d x said t ',good ,am]icans1 :5 !y die1 g to ,p>is4' #de ,on ! occasion ( my fir/ visit to ,am]ica1 9 #ahgc1 ,i = ! fir/ "t succe$$ 9 obta9+ a copy ( ?is curi\s pamphlet4 ,x _h be5 m5tion$ to me 7by ,em]son1 ,i ?9k7 z an amus+ piece ( trick]y play$ (f by a sci5tific man on 8 bre?r52 & ,dr4 ,w5dell ,holmes1 :o 0 pres5t1 rem>k$ t he _h a copy 9 8 possession4 ,?is he 0 good en\gh to l5d me4 ,soon aft]1 a valu$ fri5d 9 ,new ,york pres5t$ me ) a copy4 #df ,?is ,locke mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,ri*>d ,lock1 ! circle-squ>] & g5]al p>adoxi/1 :o fl\ri%$ a c5tury e>li]4 #dg ,! nurses' tale is1 t ! man 0 s5t to ! moon by ,moses = ga!r+ /icks on ! ,sabba?1 & !y ref] to ! *e]ful /ory 9 ,numb]s xv4 #cb-cf4 ,accord+ to ,g]man nurses ! day 0 n ! ,sabba?1 b ,sunday4 ,_! tale runs z foll[s3 ',ages ago !re w5t "o ,sunday an old man into ! woods to hew /icks4 ,he cut a faggot & slung x on a /\t /aff1 ca/ x ov] 8 %\ld]1 & began to trudge home ) 8 bur!n4 ,on 8 way he met a h&some man 9 ,sunday suit1 walk+ t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,! man /opp$1 & ask$ ! faggot-be>]2 ,d y "k t ?is is ,sunday on e>?1 :5 all mu/ re/ f _! lab\rs8 ,sunday on e>? or ,monday 9 heav51 x's all "o to me8 laugh$ ! wood-cutt]4 ,!n be> y\r bundle = ev]6 answ]$ ! /rang]4 ,& z y value n ,sunday on e>?1 y\rs %all be a p]petual ,moon-day 9 heav52 y %all /& = et]nity 9 ! moon1 a w>n+ to all ,sabba?-break]s4 ,!reupon ! /rang] vani%$2 & ! man 0 caught up ) 8 /aff & faggot into ! moon1 :]e he /&s yet4' ,accord+ to "s n>rators ! /rang] 0 ,*ri/2 b :e!r f ,g]man laxity 9 su* matt]s or = "s o!r reason1 no text is quot$ 9 evid5ce1 z by ! m or?odox ,briti% nurses4 ,luke vi4 #a-e might s]ve4 #dh ,milton's op9ion may be quot$ aga9/ me "h2 & z receiv$ ideas respect+ angels1 good & bad1 ! fall ( man1 & _m o!r su* matt]s1 are due q z mu* to ,milton z to any o!r au?ority1 8 op9ion mu/ n be lightly disreg>d$4 ,b ?\gh1 :5 ,milton's ,satan 'meets a va/ vacuity' :]e 8 w+s are ( no fur!r s]vice to him1 ',all unaw>es ,flutt'r+ 8 p5nons va91 plumb d[n he drops ,t5 ?\s& fa?oms deep1 & to ?is h\r ,d[n _h be5 fall+1 _h n by ill *ance ,! /rong rebuff ( "s tumultu\s cl\d1 ,in/9ct ) fire & nitre1 hurri$ him ,z _m miles al(t1' yet ?is 0 writt5 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ,newton _h e/abli%$ ! law ( gravity4 ,moreov]1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ 9 :at direction ,satan fell2 'above is bel[ & bel[ above1' says ,ri*t]1 'to "o /ripp$ ( gravitat+ body2' & :e!r ,satan 0 "u ! influ5ce ( gravity or n1 he w\ld be practically exempt f its action :5 9 ! mid/ ( t 'd>k1 illimitable ocean' ( space1 ',)\t b\nd1 ,)\t dim5sions1 :]e l5g?1 bread?1 & height1 ,& "t & place are lo/4' ,8 light+ 'on ,niphates' top1' & ov]leap+ ! gate ( ,p>adise1 may be us$ z argum5ts ei!r way4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i mu/ 7accord+ to my pres5t lights7 claim = ,satan a fre$om f all sci5tific re/ra9ts4 ,?is fre$om is exemplifi$ by 8 %[+ all ! k+doms ( ! _w f an exce$+ high m\nta91 ?us af=d+ ! fir/ practical demon/ration ( ! flat-e>? !ory1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i* l$ to poor ,mr4 ,hampd5's inc>c]ation4 #di ,! ,sun itself claim$ to h e/abli%$ ! v]acity ( ! acc\nt 9 a mann] /rongly recall+ a well-kn[n argum5t us$ by or?odox believ]s 9 ! ,bible acc\nt ( ! cosmogony4 ,ei!r1 say ^!1 ,moses discov]$ h[ ! _w 0 made1 or ! facts 7 reveal$ to him by "s "o :o _h made ! discov]y3 b ,moses c\ld n h made ! discov]y1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! high] dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce2 !re=e1 ! acc\nt came f ! only ,be+ :o c\ld rationally be suppos$ to "k any?+ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ',ei!r1' said ! ,new ,york ,sun1 speak+ ( a ma!matical problem discuss$ 9 ! article1 't problem 0 pr$icat$ by u or "s o!r p]son1 :o has !reby made ! greate/ ( all mod]n discov]ies 9 ma!matical a/ronomy4 ,we did n make x1 = we "k no?+ ( ma!matics :atev]2 !re=e1 x 0 made by ! only p]son to :om x c rationally be ascrib$1 namely ,h]s*el ! a/ronom]1 its only av[$ & und5iable au?or4' ,9 reality1 not)/&+ ?is conv9c+ argum5t1 ! problem 0 /ol5 by ,locke f a pap] by ,olb]s1 %ortly be=e publi%$1 & gave ! me?od foll[$ by ,be] & ,ma$l] ?r\gh\t _! sel5ographical rese>*es 9 #ahcc-cg4 #ej ,i _h at ! same "t ! good =tune to satisfy 9 equal degree1 ?\gh q unexpect$ly1 an ,engli% /ud5t ( ! sun1 :o at t "t bore me no great good-w4 ,some?+ 9 ! article *anc$ to sugge/ t x came f ano!r1 presumably a rival1 h&2 :ile an essay :i* appe>$ ab\t ! same "t 7! spr+ ( #ahgb7 0 commonly b errone\sly attribut$ to me4 ,accord+ly1 a lead+ article 9 ,nature 0 devot$ to ! annihilation ( ! writ] suppos$ to be myself1 & to ! lavi% & q undes]v$ laudation ( ! article ,i _h writt51 :i* 0 select$ z typify+ all ! good qualities :i* an article ( ! k9d %\ld possess4 ,^? acqua9t$ ) ! facts 7 n a little amus$ by ! mi/ake4 #ea ,! ,a/ronom]-,royal once told me t he _h f\nd t few p]sons h a cle> conception ( ! fact t ! />s rise & set4 ,/ill few] "k h[ ! />s move1 :i* />s rise & set1 :i* are always above ! horizon1 :i* move on l>ge circles1 :i* on small ones2 ?\gh a few h\rs' obs]vation on half-a-doz5 nights 9 ! ye> 7su* obs]vations be+ cont9u\s1 b made only at h\rly int]vals7 w\ld %[ de>ly h[ ! />s move4 ,x is odd to f9d ev5 "s :o write ab\t a/ronomy mak+ mi/akes on matt]s s elem5t>y4 ,= in/ance1 9 a prim] ( a/ronomy rec5tly publi%$1 x is /at$ t ! />s :i* pass ov]head 9 ,london rise & set on a slant--! real fact be+ t ^? />s nev] rise or set at all1 nev] com+ )9 "s two doz5 moon-bread?s ( ! horizon4 #eb ,9 pass+ let me note t1 ( c\rse1 ,i am n discuss+ ! argum5ts ( p>adoxi/s ) ! remote/ idea ( disprov+ !m4 ,!y are n1 9 reality1 wor? ! tr\ble4 ,b !y %[ :]e ! g5]al read] ( a/ronomical text-books1 & o!r su* works1 is likely to g a/ray1 & ?us conv5i5tly indicate matt]s ^: explanation may be useful or int]e/+4 #ec ,/]ne anticipat$ ?is p>adoxi/ 9 7je/+ly7 attribut+ glass9ess to an inf]ior planet4 ,he made ! inhabitants1 h[ev]1 n ! air1 glassy4 ',! int5se heat ( ! c\ntry1' he says1 speak+ ( ! planet ,m]cury1 'mu/1 ,i ?9k1 long ago h vitrifi$ ! bodies ( ! inhabitants to suit !m = ! climate2 s t all ! t5em5ts ( _! s\ls may be no?+ else1 = aught ! s\nde/ philosophy c %[ to ! contr>y1 b "o f9e transp>5t body ( cle> glass2 s t till ! inhabitant gr[s old & tol]ably wr9kl$1 :]eby ! rays ( light become mon/r\sly refract$1 or return reflect$ f ! surface1 etc41 8 s\l might z well play ! fool out o' doors z 9 h] own h\se4' #ed ,x w be se5 f ,table ,x4 ( my treatise on ,saturn t ! r+ disappe>$ on ,decemb] #ab1 rema9+ invisible 7because turn+ its d>k side e>?w>ds7 till ! spr+ ( #afac4 ,b on ,decemb] #d1 ! r+ mu/ h be5 q invisible 9 a telescope s feeble z ,galileo's4 ,! r+ !n w\ld h be5 little m ?an a f9e l9e ( light z se5 ) "o ( our p[]ful mod]n telescopes4 #ee ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,augu/ #ahfj4 #ef ,he _h1 inde$1 at an e>li] /age1 %[n a m>vell\s ignorance ( a/ronomy by ! rem>k1 :i* d\btless appe>$ to him a safe "o1 t :5 he saw a planet on ! sun 9 ,septemb] he suppos$ x 0 ,m]cury2 a ,septemb] transit ( ,m]cury be+ z impossible z an eclipse ( ! sun dur+ ! moon's ?ird qu>t]4 #eg ,x is1 by ! way1 some:at amus+ to f9d ,b>on ,humboldt ref]r+ a "q ( ?is sort to ! great ma!matician ,gauss1 & describ+ ! problem z ?\gh x involv$ ! mo/ pr(\nd calculations4 ,t5 m9utes %\ld suffice to deal ) any problem ( ! k9d4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,page ,error ,correction #d ,julias ,julius #ce g5uis g5ius #cf artfic]s artific]s #cg signfies signifies footnote #ad preplex+ p]plex+ #de ,*aldean ,*aldaean #df ,*aldeans ,*aldaeans #bbe p]uqui] p]ruqui] #bcg p]uque p]ruque #bha ,nor?folk ,norfolk #cej ascant askant