,transcrib]'s ,notes3  #a7 ,!re are a   
numb] ( words 9 ! native language t     
appe> to mean     ! same ?+1 b h diff]5t
 acc5ts4 ,x is unkn[n if ?is is         
int5tional or a pr9t+ error - ^! h be5  
left z pr9t$4 eg3     ,nuleaga _/       
nuleaga 444 ,tak9aka _/ tak9aka _/      
,tak9aka 444 ,wahok _/ wahok  #b7       
,*>act]s ) diacritical m>ks are not$ z  
foll[s3     ,acute 'x  macron x  comb9$ 
'x     ,macron 7bel[7 x     ,dot above  
4x     ,breve 7x          99       99   
99       99       99      ,,univ]sity   
,,( ,,p5nsylvania  ,,! ,,univ]sity      
,,museum  ,,an?ropological              
,,publications  ,,vol4 ,,vi             
,no4 #b      ,,! ,,dance ,,fe/ivals ,,( 
,,!  ,,alaskan ,,eskimo   ,,by  ,e4 ,w4 
,,hawkes    ,,philadelphia  ,,publi%$   
,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,museum  #aiad    
,,cont5ts                               
,,page  ,,introduction                  
#e  ,,phonetic ,,key                    
#g  ,,! ,,dance ,,9 ,,g5]al             
#i      ,,! ,,*orus                     

#aj      ,,p>ticipation ,,( ,,! ,,sexes 
#aa  ,,! ,,kasgi ,,or ,,dance ,,h\se    
#ac      ,,p>aph]nalia                  
#ae  ,,! ,,dance ,,fe/ivals             
#ai      ,,! ,,ask+ ,,fe/ival           
#bb      ,,! ,,bladd] ,,fea/            
#bf      ,,! ,,fea/s ,,to ,,! ,,dead    
#bi  ,,! ,,annual ,,fea/1 ,,ail',i,,gi  
#ca  ,,! ,,great ,,fea/1                
,,ai?uk',a,,tukhtuk   #cc      ,,!      
,,fea/ ,,giv]s                  #cd     
,,! ,,ritual                        #ce 
,,! ,,clo?+ ,,( ,,! ,,namesakes     #ch 
,,! ,,invit+-,,9 ,,fe/ival              
#dj     ,,introduction   ,?is acc\nt ( !
 ,dance ,fe/ivals ( ! ,alaskan ,eskimo 0
 writt5 f mat]ial ga!r$ 9 ! ,b]+ ,/rait 
,di/rict dur+ ?ree ye>s' resid5ce3 two  
on ! ,diom$e ,isl&s1 & "o at ,/4 ,mi*ael
 at ! m\? ( ! ,yukon ,riv]4 ,?is pap] is
 bas$ on my obs]vations ( ! c]emonial   
dances ( ! ,eskimo ( ^! two localities4 
,,phonetic ,,key    a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 long 
v[els4   a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 %ort v[els4     
ae1 z 9 hat4   a1 z 9 law4   ai1 z 9    

aisle4   au1 z ow 9 h[4   h1 w1 y1      
semiv[els4   c1 z % 9 %\ld4   f1 a      
bilabial surd4   g1 z 9 get4   'g1 a    
po/-palatal sonant4   k1 z 9 pick4   l1 
z 9 lull4   m1 z 9 mum4   n1 z 9 nun4   
ng1 z ng 9 s+4   p1 z 9 pipe4   q1 a    
po/-palatal surd4   4r1 a uvul> sonant  
spirant4   s1 z 9 sauce4   t1 an alveol>
 /op4   tc1 z * 9 *apt]4   v1 a bilabial
 sonant4   z1 z 9 zone4          99     
99       99       99       99     ,,!   
,,dance ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,alaskan    
,,eskimo  ,,! ,,dance ,,9 ,,g5]al   ,!  
c]emonial dance ( ! ,alaskan ,eskimo is 
a rhy?mic pantomime--! /ory 9 ge/ure &  
song ( ! lives ( ! v>i\s ,arctic animals
 on :i* !y subsi/ & f :om !y believe _! 
anci5t clans are sprung4 ,! dances v>y 9
 complexity f ! ord9>y social dance1 9  
:i* all %>e promiscu\sly & 9 :i*        
individual action is subord9at$ to      
rhy?m1 to ! pantomime totem dances p]=m$
 by especially tra9$ actors :o hold _!  
positions f ye> to ye> accord+ to       
arti/ic m]it4#a ,yet ev5 9 ! totem      

dances ! pantomime is subord9ate to !   
rhy?m1 or r sup]impos$ ^u x1 s t nev] a 
ge/ure or /ep ( ! *>act]i/ic native "t  
is lo/4  ,?is is a primitive #b-d beat  
bas$ on ! d\ble roll ( ! *orus ( drums4 
,"t is kept1 9 ! m5's dances1 by /amp+ !
 foot & j]k+ ! arm 9 unison1 twice on ! 
"r1 !n twice on ! left side1 & s on1    
alt]nately4 ,vigor\s danc]s v>y !       
program by leap+ & jump+ at int]vals1 & 
! %amans are not$ = ! dizzy circles :i* 
!y run r\nd ! pugy>ok1 ! entrance hole (
 ! dance hall4 ,! wom5's dance has !    
same measure & c be p]=m$ sep>ately or 9
 conjunction ) ! m5's dance1 b has a    
diff]5t & di/9ctly fem99e movem5t4 ,!   
feet are kept on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! body   
sways back & =? 9 graceful undulations  
to ! music & ! h&s ) outspread palms "p 
! air ) ! graceful /roke ( a fly+ gull4 
,"s ( _! dances are p]=m$ seat$4 ,!n !y 
/rip to ! wai/ & =m "o long l9e ( wav+  
arms & sway+ %\ld]s1 all mov+ 9 p]fect  
unison4    #a ,?is *>act]ization applies
 to ! ,alaskan ,eskimo only2 s f>   z is

 n[ kn[n ! o!r ,eskimo bran*es d n h    
totemic dances4   ,,! ,,*orus  ,! *orus 
:i* furni%es ! music1 is compos$ ( f six
 to t5 m54 ,!y sit on ! 9'glak1 a rais$ 
%elf ext5d+ ar\nd ! dance hall ab\t five
 feet f ! floor1 & s+ _! dance songs    
keep+ "t on _! drums4 ,!y usually sit 9 
! re> ( ! room1 :i* is ! po/ ( honor4   
,among ! isl& tribes ( ,b]+ ,/rait ?is  
position is rev]s$ & !y occupy ! front (
 ! room4 ,"s old man1 ! keep] ( tribal  
tradition & song1 acts z ! lead]1 call+ 
out ! words ( ! dance songs a l9e ahead4
 ,he beg9s ! proce$+s by /rik+ up a l[  
*ant1 an invitation to ! p assembl$ to  
dance4 ,! *orus accompany him lightly on
 _! drums4 ,!n at ! prop] place1 he     
/rikes a cra%+ d\ble beat2 ! drums boom 
out 9 answ]2 ! song arises high & %rill2
 ! danc]s leap into _! places1 & ! dance
 beg9s4  ,! fir/ dances are usually     
simple ex]cises calculat$ to w>m ! blood
 & /ret* /iff5$ muscles4 ,!y beg9 )     
leap+ ar\nd ! pu'gy>ok1 jump+ into ! air
 ) bo? feet 9 ! ,eskimo high kick1      

settl+ d[n into ! conv5tional movem5ts (
 ! m5's dance4#b    #b ,:ile ! nor!rn & 
s\!rn tribes h ! same g5]al   movem5ts =
 _! ord9>y dances1 !y give a v diff]5t  
pres5tation ( ! fe/ival dance-songs4 ,! 
nor!rn]s leap &   /amp ab\t ! kasgi     
until ov]come ) exhau/ion2 :ile 9 !     
s\? ! p]=m]s sit or kneel on ! floor1   
adorn$ ) an   abundance ( /ream+ furs & 
fea!rs1 sweep _! h&s ?r\gh   ! air 9    
graceful unison4 ,x is a diff]5ce betwe5
 rude vigor   & dramatic art4  ,q (t5 a 
woman /eps into ! c5t] ( ! circle1 &    
goes ?r\gh h] own dance1 :ile ! m5 leap 
& dance ar\nd h]4 ,?is act has be5      
specializ$ 9 ! ,re9de] & ,wolf ,pack    
,dance ( ! ,ai?ukaguk1 ! ,invit+-,9     
,fe/ival1 :]e ! woman we>+ a re9de] cre/
 & belt is surr\nd$ by ! m5 danc]s1 girt
 9 armlets & fillets ( wolf sk94 ,!y    
imitate ! pack pull+ d[n a de]1 & ! d9  
caus$ by _! jump+ & h[l+ ar\nd h] %r9k+ 
=m is t]rific4   ,,p>ticipation ,,( ,,! 
,,sexes  ,!re appe>s to be no re/riction
 aga9/ ! wom5 tak+ "p 9 ! m5's dances4  

,!y also act z assi/ants to ! *ief      
actors 9 ! ,totem ,dances1 ?ree         
p>ticul>ly exp]t & ri*ly dress$ wom5    
danc]s rang+ !mselves beh9d ! mask danc]
 z a pleas+ backgr\nd ( /ream+ furs &   
gli/5+ fea!rs4 ,! only "t !y are =bidd5 
to ent] ! kasgi is :5 ! %aman is p]=m+  
c]ta9 secret rites4 ,!y also h secret   
meet+s ( _! own :5 all m5 are bani%$4#c 
,i happ5$ to /umble on to "o ( ^! "o "t 
:5 !y 7 p]=m+ c]ta9 rites ov] a pregnant
 woman1 b be+ a :ite man1 & !re=e       
unacc\ntable1 ,i 0 greet$ ) a           
good-natur$ laugh & s5t ab\t my bus9ess4
    #c ,?is cu/om appe>s to be          
widespread4 ,l[ writes ( ! ,hudson ,bay 
,eskimo3 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! m5 on hunt+ 
exp$itions1 !   wom5 sometimes amuse    
!mselves by a sort ( female angekok+4   
,?is amusem5t is accompani$ by a numb] (
 v obsc5e rites4444   ,l[1 ,! ,cruise ( 
! ,neptune1 p4 #agg4  ,on ! o!r h&1 m5  
are nev] all[$ to take "p 9 ! /rictly   
wom5's dances1 al?\gh no?+ pleases an   
,eskimo cr[d m ?an an exagg]at$         

imitation by "o ( _! cl[ns ( ! movem5ts 
( ! wom5's dance4 ,! wom5's dances are  
practic$ dur+ ! e>ly w9t] & giv5 at !   
,aiyaguk1 or ,ask+ ,fe/ival1 :5 ! m5 are
 invit$ to att5d z spectators4 ,!y      
result 9 (f]s ( tempor>y m>riage to !   
unm>ri$ wom51 :i* is obvi\sly ! reason =
 ?is rite4 ,su* dances1 conf9$ to !     
wom51 h n be5 obs]v$ 9 ,alaska outside !
 isl&s ( ,b]+ ,sea1 & ,i h reason to    
believe are peculi> to ?is di/rict1 :i*1
 on acc\nt ( its isolation1 reta9s ! old
 =ms :i* h di$ out or be5 modifi$ on !  
ma9l&4 ,b ?r\gh\t ,alaska ! wom5 are    
all[$ ! utmo/ fre$om 9 p>ticipat+ 9 !   
fe/ivals1 ei!r z naskuks#d or fea/      
giv]s1 z p>ticipants or z spectators4   
#d ,lit]ally ,heads or directors ( !    
fea/s4  ,9 fact1 ! social position ( !  
,eskimo woman has be5 misrepres5t$ &    
misund]/ood4 ,at fir/ sight %e appe>s to
 be ! slave ( h] husb&1 b a bett]       
acqua9tance w reveal ! fact t %e is !   
manag] ( ! h\sehold & ! *ildr51 !       
bus9ess p>tn] 9 all 8 trades1 & (t5 !   

oomialik1 or capta9 ( ! conc]n z well4  
,h] husb& is =bidd5 by tribal cu/om to  
maltreat h]1 & if %e owns ! h\se1 %e c  
ord] him out at any "t4 ,i h nev] kn[n a
 woman be+ head ( a tribe1 b sometimes a
 woman is ! mo/ influ5tial memb] ( a    
tribe4     ,,! ,,kasgi ,,or ,,dance     
,,h\se   ,) few exceptions1 all dances  
take place 9 ! village kasgi or dance   
hall4 ,?is is ! public meet+ place :]e !
 old m5 ga!r to sit & smoke :ile !y     
discuss ! village welf>e1 :]e ! m>ri$ m5
 br+ _! "w & take _! sweat ba?s1 & :]e !
 ba*elors & "y m51 t]m$ kasgimiut1 h _! 
sleep+ qu>t]s4 ,! kasgi is built &      
ma9ta9$ at public exp5se1 ea* villag]   
consid]+ x an honor to contribute       
some?+4 ,any tools or furni%+s br\ght   
into ! kasgi are consid]$ public        
prop]ty1 & us$ z su*4  ,:5 a kasgi is to
 be built1 ann\ncem5t is made ?r\gh     
mess5g]s to neighbor+ villages1 & all   
ga!r to assi/ 9 ! build+ & to help      
celebrate ! ev5t4 ,fir/ a tr5* sev]al   
feet deep is dug 9 :i* to plant ! timb]s

 =m+ ! sides4 ,^! are usually (         
driftwood1 :i* is br\ght by ! ocean     
curr5ts f ! ,yukon4 ,! ice breaks up    
fir/ at ! head ( t great /ream1 & !     
debris dams up ! riv]1 :i* ov]fl[s its  
banks1 te>+ d[n trees1 build+s & :atev] 
bord]s its c\rse z x breaks its way out 
to ! sea4 ,! wreckage is scatt]$ along !
 coa/ = ov] a hundr$ miles1 & ! isl&s ( 
,b]+ ,sea get a small %>e4 ,! isl&]s are
 con/antly on ! look\t = ! drift+ timb]1
 & put out to sea 9 ! /ormie/ wea!r = a 
di/ant piece1 be x l>ge or small4 ,!y   
also patrol ! coa/ aft] a high tide =   
/ray bits ( wood4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! toil
 & pa9 ) :i* mat]ial is ga!r$1 ! build+ 
( a kasgi becomes an important matt]4   
,aft] ! timb]s h be5 r\gh hewn ) ! adze 
7ulimon7 !y are set upright 9 ! tr5* to 
a height ( sev5 to eight feet & firmly  
b$d$ ) rock4 ,?is is to prev5t ! fi]ce  
,pol> w9ds :i* prevail 9 midw9t] f te>+ 
! h\ses to pieces4 ,9 ! old] build+s a  
protect+ /one wall 0 built on ! sides4  
,mo/ ( ! h\ses are set 9 a side hill1 or

 p>tly und]gr\nd1 = additional security1
 z well z = w>m?4 ,! ro( is laid on top 
( ! uprights1 ! logs be+ drawn 9        
gradually 9 pyramid %ape to a flat top4 
,9 ! middle ( ! top is ! 4ralok or smoke
 hole1 an op5+ ab\t two feet squ>e4 ,9 a
 kasgi ?irty feet squ>e ! ralok is tw5ty
 feet above ! floor4 ,x is cov]$ ) a    
transluc5t curta9 ( walrus gut4 ,! dead 
are always tak5 out ?r\gh ?is op5+1 &   
nev] by ! entrance4 ,! mo/ important    
feature ( ! room is ! 9'glak1 a wide    
%elf support$ by po/s at int]vals4 ,x   
/&s ab\t five feet high ext5d+ ar\nd !  
room4 ,?is s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( a    
seat & b$ = ! inmates ( ! kasgi4 ,! re>1
 ! kaan1 is ! mo/ desirable position1   
be+ ! w>me/1 & is giv5 to headm5 &      
honor$ gue/s4#e ,! side portions1       
kaaklim1 are giv5 to ! less] lights & ! 
wom5 & *ildr52 & ! front1 ! oaklim1 be+ 
ne>e/ ! entrance & !re=e cold &         
uncom=table is left = ! orphans &       
wor?less m54    #e ,! ord] ( ! seat+ on 
! 9'glak ( invit$ gue/s is a   matt] (  

great conc]n to ! ,eskimo1 z x is an    
indication (   wor?4    ,*ildr5 pur*ase 
_! "r to a seat 9 ! kasgi by mak+       
pres5ts1 ?r\gh _! p>5ts1 to all !       
inmates1 kasgimiut4    ,until !y d s !y 
h no "r to ent]4 ,= ! same reason       
/rang]s on ent]+ ! kasgi (f] a small    
pres5t to ! headman1   :o divides x     
among ! p4  ,! floor ( ! kasgi is made (
 r\gh plank+1 & ! bo>ds 9 ! c5t] are    
left loose s t !y may be easily remov$4 
,^! cov] ! kene?luk or fireplace1 an    
excavation f\r feet squ>e1 & f\r feet   
deep1 us$ 9 ! sweat ba?s4 ,x is ?\ght to
 be ! place :]e ! spirits sit1 :5 !y    
visit ! kasgi1 dur+ fe/ivals held 9 _!  
honor4 ,(f]+s are p\r$ to !m ?r\gh !    
cracks 9 ! planks4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! floor  
is a r\nd hole ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 
call$ ! entrance hole or pugy>ok4 ,?is  
connects ) a long tunnel1 ! a'gveak1 :i*
 leads outside4 ,! tunnel is usually s  
l[ t x is necess>y to ent] 9 a /oop+    
position1 :i* ! ,eskimo does by plac+   
bo? h&s on ! sides ( ! pugy>ok1 & draw+ 

himself ?r\gh4 ,"s dance-h\ses h ano!r  
entrance directly into ! room on a level
 ) ! gr\nd1 ! und]gr\nd passage be+ us$ 
only 9 w9t]4 ,! diagram 7,plate ,,xi7   
gives an idea ( ?is arrangem5t4         
,,p>aph]nalia  ,! drum 7sauyit7#f is !  
only in/rum5t employ$ 9 ! dances4 ,x is 
made ( a circul> hoop ab\t eighte5 in*es
 9 wid? ov] :i* is /ret*$ a resonant    
cov]+ made f ! bladd] ( ! walrus or     
seal4 ,x is held 9 place by a cord (    
ra:ide 7o'kl9ok7#g :i* fits into a      
groove on ! out] rim4 ,! cov] c !re=e be
 tight5$ at w4 ,x is cu/om>y dur+ !     
int]missions betwe5 ! dances = ! drumm]s
 to rub a h&ful ( sn[ ov] ! sk9s to     
prev5t !m f crack+ "u ! heavy bl[s4 ,!  
drum is held al(t & /ruck ) a ?9 /ick   
7mumwa74#h ,x gives a deep boom 9 answ]4
 ,! %aman uses a small] baton ) :i* he  
beats a cont9u\s tattoo z an            
accompanim5t to 8 songs4 ,! nor!rn]s    
/rike ! back ( ! rim ) _! /icks1 :ile ! 
,yukon p belabor ! face ( ! drum4    #f 
,tcauyak1 ,yukon dialect4    #g ,l(tak1 

,yukon dialect4    #h ,mumra1 ,yukon    
dialect4  ,! lead] ( ! *orus frequ5tly  
fl\ri%es a baton1 made f a fox tail or !
 sk9 ( ! erm9e :i* is m\nt$ on a /ick4  
,) ?is he m>ks ! "t ( ! dance4 ,9 ,plate
 ,,xiv1 ! :ite blur is ! erm9e at ! end 
( 8 /ick4 ,x is v difficult to obta9 a  
good picture 9 ! ill light$ kasgi1 & n  
(t5 t ! natives w all[ "o tak5 !re4  ,"o
 indisp5sable "p ( a male danc]'s outfit
 is 8 gloves4 ,i h nev] se5 a man danc+ 
)\t !m4 ,^! are usually ( wolv]9e1 or ( 
re9de] ) elaborate trimm+s1 b on ord9>y 
occasions any k9d w d4 ,! wom5 d n %>e  
?is peculi>ity4 ,9 place ( gloves !y we>
 h&lets ( grass decorat$ ) fea!rs ( duck
 or ( pt>migan4 ,! m5 9 ! ,totem ,dances
 also we> h&lets :i* are c>v$ & pa9t$ to
 repres5t ! p>ticul> totem !y seek to   
honor4 ,^! too are fanta/ically decorat$
 ) fea!rs1 usually ( ! loon4 ,! c5tral  
fea!r is /ripp$1 & cr[n$ ) a tuft ( :ite
 d[n4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 we> armlets &      
fillets ( sk9 or fea!rs accord+ to !    
animal "* !y repres5t4 ,:5 9 ! full sw+ 

( ! dance ) fur & fea!rs /ream+ !y      
pres5t a pleas+ spectacle1 a picture    
full ( ! same wild grace & poetic motion
 :i* *>act]izes ! animal =be>s f :i* !y 
claim desc5t4  ,! *ief *>act]s 9 !      
,totem & ,comic ,dances we> masks & c>ry
 /aves decorat$ ) fea!rs4 ,occasionally 
! wom5 assi/ants c>ry fea!r$ w&s        
7,kelizruk74  ,( ! masks !re is a great 
v>iety rang+ f ! pla9 wood5 masks to ^? 
( su* great size t !y are susp5d$ f !   
ceil+ ( ! kasgi by a cord :ile ! danc]  
p]=ms beh9d !m4  ,! ,cape ,pr9ce (      
,wales 7,k9igumiut7 ,eskimo con/ruct    
complete figures ( _! totems4 ,^! are   
work$ by means ( conceal$ /r+s by !     
p]=m]s1 a climax ( art :i* is suppos$ to
 be p>ticul>ly pleas+ to ! spirits      
address$4 ,!n ! %aman 7,tungalik7#i has 
8 own set ( masks1 hide\s en\gh to /rike
 t]ror to ev5 ! initiat$4 ,ea* "o ( ^!  
repres5ts a famili> _s 7tunghat7#aj :i* 
assi/s him 9 8 op]ations4    #i         
,tungralik1 ,yukon dialect4    #aj      
,tungraniyak1 ,yukon dialect4  ,ord9>y  

dance masks may be made by anyone1 b !  
masks = ! c]emonial dances are made by  
"s r5[n$ %aman1 engag$ = ! occasion4 ,^!
 masks are burn$ at ! close ( ! fe/ival1
 b may be sold by ! actors if !y supply 
an equal am\nt ( wood = ! sacrificial   
fire4  ,_m ( ! masks are v complicat$1  
hav+ app5dages ( wood1 fur & fea!rs4 ,!y
 are all fa%ion$ ) an idea ( repres5t+  
"s feature 9 ! my?ology ( ! _s 7,inua7  
or animal %ade 7,tunghat7 :i* !y        
repres5t4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are ne>ly  
always made d\ble1 ! my?ical be+s :o    
inhabit$ ! e>ly _w be+ reg>d$ z able to 
*ange f animal to human %ape1 by m]ely  
pu%+ up or pull+ d[n ! upp] "p ( ! face 
z a mask4 ,su* masks are (t5 h+$ to     
complete ! illusion1 ! actor *ang+ !    
face at w4  ,x might be m5tion$ "h t :5 
! actor puts on ! mask he is suppos$ to 
become imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! be+ repres5t$4  
,?is acc\nts1 to ! native m9d1 = ! v    
lifelike imitation :i* he gives4  ,!    
masks are pa9t$ along conv5tional l9es2 
! favorite colors = ! inua masks are r$ 

7,k>ekteoak71#aa black 7,auktoak71 gre5 
7,cungokyoak71 :ite 7,katektoak71 & blue
 7,taukrektoak71 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,^!     
colors#ab may hold a sacr$ or symbolic  
significance4 ,! inua masks are decorat$
 ) "s reg>d to ! natural colors ( !     
human face1 b 9 ! masks ( ! tunghat !   
imag9ation ( ! arti/ runs riot4 ,! same 
is true ( ! comic masks1 :i* are r5d]$ z
 grotesque & horrible z possible4 ,a    
mask ) di/ort$ features1 a pale gre5    
complexion1 surr\nd$ by a bri/l+ mass ( 
hair1 amuses !m greatly4 ,! ,eskimo also
 c>icature _! neighbors1 ! ,d5e1 9 ?is  
same mann]1 repres5t+ !m by masks ) v   
l>ge noses & sull5 features4    #aa ,^! 
are ! nor!rn names4 ,9 ! s\!rn or ,yukon
 dialect   black is ,tunguli2 :ite      
,katughuli2 r$1 ,kauiguli2 gre51        
,tcununguli4    ,! end+s & pronunciation
 ( simil> ,eskimo words are some:at     
diff]5t 9 ,arctic ,alaska & on ! ,yukon 
,riv]2 suffici5tly s z   to produce two 
di/9ct dialects4 ,= ?is reason ,i h giv5
 !   =ms f bo? sections4    #ab ,r$ is  

obta9$ f r$ o*re2 :ite f :ite clay2     
black f   soot or a%es2 gre5 f oxide (  
copp]4     ,,! ,,dance ,,fe/ivals   ,!  
,dance ,fe/ivals ( ! ,alaskan ,eskimo   
are held dur+ t cold1 /ormy p]iod ( !   
w9t] :5 ! "w ( ! ye> is ov] & hunt+ is  
tempor>ily at an end4 ,at ?is season ! p
 ga!r 9 ! kasgi to celebrate ! local    
rites1 & at c]ta9 int]vals invite       
neighbor+ tribes to jo9 9 ! great       
int]-tribal fe/ivals4 ,?is season ( mir?
 & song is t]m$ ,tcauyavik ! drum dance 
season1 f ,tcauyak mean+ drum4 ,x la/s f
 ,novemb] to ,m>*1 & is a cont9u\s      
succession ( fea/s & dances1 :i* makes  
glad ! he>t ( ! ,eskimo & s]ves to      
light5 ! natural depression caus$ by day
 aft] day ( int]m9able w9d & d>kness4 ,a
 brisk ex*ange ( pres5ts at ! local     
fe/ivals promotes good feel+1 & an      
int]*ange ( commodities betwe5 ! tribes 
at ! great fea/s /imulates trade &      
results 9 ea* be+ suppli$ ) !           
necessities ( life4 ,= in/ance1 nor!rn  
tribes visit+ ! s\? br+ pres5ts ( re9de]

 sk9s or mukluk to eke out ! scanty     
supply ( ! s\?1 :ile ! latt] 9 return   
give _! visitors loads ( dri$ salmon :i*
 ! nor!rn]s fe$ to _! dogs4  ,! fe/ivals
 also s]ve to keep alive ! religi\s     
feel+ ( ! p1 z evid5c$ 9 ! ,dance to !  
,dead1 :i* all[s free play to ! nobl]   
s5tim5ts ( filial fai? & pat]nal love4  
,! recital ( ! de$s ( anci5t h]oes      
pres]ves ! be/ traditions ( ! race &    
inspires ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,to my m9d1  
!re is no?+ :i* civilization c supply   
:i* c take ! place ( ! heal?y ex]cise1  
social enjoym5t1 comm]cial advantages1 &
 spiritual uplift ( ^! dances4 ,:]e     
mission>y s5tim5t is ov]:elm+ !y are    
gradually be+ ab&on$2 :]e !re is a      
mi/ak5 op9ion 9 reg>d to _! use1 !y h   
be5 giv5 up altoge!r2 b ! t5acity ) :i* 
! ,eskimo cl+s to ^! anci5t obs]vances1 
ev5 9 places :]e !y h be5 nom9al        
*ri/ians = ye>s1 is an evid5ce ( !      
vitality ( ^! anci5t rites & _!         
adaptation to ! native m9d4  ,! fe/ivals
 v>y consid]ably accord+ to locality1 b 

_! ess5tial features are ! same4 ,tak5 9
 ord] ( celebration !y are z foll[s     
,local ,fe/ivals4      #a4 ,! ,aiyaguk  
or ,ask+ ,fe/ival4     #b4 ,! ,tcauiyuk 
or ,bladd] ,fea/4     #c4 ,! ,ail'igi or
 ,annual ,fea/ to ! ,dead4  ,int]-tribal
 ,fe/ivals4      #d4 ,! ,ai?uk'atukhtuk 
or ,great ,fea/ to ! ,dead4     #e4 ,!  
,ai?ukaguk or ,invit+-,9 ,fea/4  ,!     
,ask+ ,fe/ival1 :i* beg9s ! r\nd ( fea/+
 & danc+1 takes place dur+ ! ,novemb]   
moon4 ,x is a local c]emony 9 :i* gifts 
are ex*ang$ betwe5 ! m5 & wom5 ( !      
village1 :i* result 9 (f]s ( tempor>y   
m>riage4 ,x takes its "n f ! ,aiyaguk or
 ,ask+ ,/ick1#ac :i* is ! w& ( (fice ( !
 mess5g] or g-betwe54 ,! ,annual ,fea/  
to ! ,dead is held dur+ ! ,decemb] moon1
 & may be repeat$ aga9 9 spr+ aft] !    
,bladd] ,fea/1 if a l>ge numb] (        
,eskimos h di$ 9 ! int]im4 ,x consi/s ( 
songs & dances accompani$ by (f]+s (    
food & dr9k to ! dead4 ,x is a tempor>y 
arrangem5t = keep+ ! dead suppli$ )     
su/5ance 7!y are ?\ght to imbibe !      

spiritual ess5ce ( ! (f]+s7 until !     
great ,fea/ to ! ,dead takes place4     
#ac ,! ,ask+ ,/ick is also us$ 9 !      
,invit+-,9 ,fea/   7,ai?ukaguk74  ,?is  
is held :5ev] ! relatives ( ! deceas$ h 
accumulat$ suffici5t food1 sk9s & o!r   
goods to ent]ta9 ! c\ntryside & are able
 to prop]ly honor ! deceas$4 ,at ! same 
"t ! namesakes ( ! dead are ri*ly clo!d 
f head to foot & %[]$ ) pres5ts4 ,z ?is 
prodigal g5]osity entails ! sav+s ( ye>s
 on ! "p ( ! fea/ giv]s 7naskut71 ! fea/
 occurs only at irregul> int]vals (     
sev]al ye>s4 ,x has be5 t]m$ ! ,t5 ,ye> 
,fea/ by ! trad]s 7,kagruska71 b s f> z 
,i h be5 able to inquire1 x has no fix$ 
date among ! ,eskimo4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ 
important ev5t 9 ! life ( ! ,alaskan    
native4 ,by x he dis*>ges all debts (   
honor to ! dead1 pa/1 pres5t & future4  
,he is n oblig$ to take "p 9 ano!r      
fe/ival ( ! k9d unless ano!r ne>        
relative dies4 ,he pays (f all old      
scores ( hospitality & lays 8 fri5ds "u 
future obligations by 8 pres5ts4 ,he is 

(t5 begg>$ by ?is prodigality1 b he c be
 sure ( welcome & ent]ta9m5t :]ev] he   
goes1 = he is a man :o has dis*>g$ all 8
 debts to society & is !re=e des]v+ (   
honor = ! re/ ( 8 days4  ,9 ! ,bladd]   
,fea/ :i* takes place 9 ,janu>y1 !      
bladd]s ( ! animals sla9 dur+ ! pa/     
season1 9 :i* ! spirits ( ! animals are 
suppos$ to reside1 are return$ to ! sea1
 aft] appropriate c]emonies 9 ! kasgi4  
,!re !y are ?\ght to attract o!rs ( _!  
k9d & br+ an increase to ! village4 ,?is
 is ess5tially a coa/ fe/ival4 ,among ! 
tribes ( ! isl&s ( ,b]+ ,sea & !        
,sib]ian ,coa/ ?is fe/ival is repeat$ 9 
,m>*1 9 conjunction ) a :al+ c]emony    
p]=m$ at ! tak+ d[n ( ! umiaks4  ,!     
dance conte/s 9 ! ,invit+-,9 ,fea/      
resemble ! ni? songs ( ,gre5l&4 ,!y are 
,comic & ,totem ,dances 9 :i* ! be/     
p]=m]s ( sev]al tribes conte/ s+ly or 9 
gr\ps = supremacy4 ,! co/umes worn are  
rem>kably f9e & ! act+ v reali/ic4 ,?is 
is ess5tially a s\!rn fe/ival = x gives 
an opportunity to ! ,eskimo liv+ ne> !  

riv]s to display _! +5i\s tal5t =       
mimicry & = ! arrangem5t ( fea!rs4  ,!re
 are a few purely local c]emonies1 !    
outgr[? ( practices ( local %amans4 ,an 
example ( ?is is ! ,aitekatah or ,doll  
,fe/ival ( ! ,igomiut1 :i* has also     
spread to ! neighbor+ ,d5e4 ,su* local  
outgr[?s1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to spread    
among ! cons]vative ,eskimo1 :o res5t ! 
lea/ infr+em5t ( ! anci5t practices h&$ 
d[n f dim ance/ors ( ! race4  ,x is n   
(t5 t !y w all[ a :ite man to witness ! 
fe/ival dances1 b1 ow+ to ! fri5dl9ess (
 ! *ief ( ! ,diom$e tribes1 :o always   
res]v$ a seat = me next to him 9 !      
kasgi1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( see+ !     
local rites & ! ,great ,dance to !      
,dead4 ,! same favor cont9u+ ) ! *ief ( 
! ,unalit1 dur+ my resid5ce on ! ,yukon1
 ,i witness$ ! ,invit+-,9 ,fea/ z       
celebrat$ by ! s\!rn tribes4 ,hav+      
describ$ ! dances 9 g5]al1 ,i w proce$  
to a detail$ acc\nt ( ea*4   ,,! ,,ask+ 
,,fe/ival  ,! ,aiyaguk or ,ask+ ,fe/ival
 is ! fir/ ( ! local fea/s4 ,x occurs   

ab\t ! middle ( ,novemb] :5 ! ,eskimo h 
all return$ f _! summ] travels & made _!
 iglus secure aga9/ ! /orms ( ! com+    
w9t]4 ,s1 ) ca*es full ( fi%1 & h\ses   
pack$ ) trade goods aft] a successful   
season at ! s\!rn camps1 !y mu/ wait    
until ! %ift+ ice pack settles & ! w9t] 
hunt+ beg9s4 ,su* en=c$ inaction is     
irksome to ! ,eskimo1 :o does n p>take (
 ! /olidity ( ! ,indian1 b l a n]v\s    
*ild mu/ be cont9ually employ$ or amus$4
 ,s ?is fe/ival1 :i* is ( a purely      
social "*1 has gr[n up4  ,my fir/       
intimation t !re 0 a celebration tak+   
place 0 be+ attract$ by a trem5d\s upro>
 9 ! native village j z d>kness _h      
fall54 ,suspect+ t ! ,eskimo 7 mak+ m]ry
 ov] a native brew1 call$ hoos*1#ad ,i  
slipp$ d[n to ! village to see :at 0 !  
matt]4 ,i 0 met by ! que]e/ procession  
,i h ev] se54 ,a long l9e ( m5 & boys1  
entirely nak$ & daub$ ov] ) dots &      
figures ( m+l$ oil & *>coal1#ae 7       
proce$+ f h\se to h\se ) b[ls 9 _! h&s4 
,at ea* entrance !y fil$ 91 h[l+1 /amp+ 

& grunt+1 hold+ out _! di%es until !y 7 
fill$ by ! wom5 ( ! h\se4  ,all ?is "t  
!y 7 c>eful to keep _! faces av]t$ s t  
!y w\ld n be recogniz$4 ,?is is t]m$ !  
,tutuuk or go+ ar\nd4 ,return+ to !     
kasgi !y wa%$ (f _! m>ks ) ur9e1 & sat  
d[n to fea/ on _! plund]4    #ad ,?is is
 a liquor di/ill$ f fl\r & molasses4 ,9 
!   op]ation an old cask & a gun b>rel  
are us$4 ,! liquid is   f]m5t$ ) s\r    
d\gh & all[$ to di/ill ?r\gh ! b>rel4   
,! ,eskimo _h no liquor prior to ! adv5t
 ( ! :al]s1 :o   suppli$ !m ) ! mat]ials
 & probably taught !m ! art (   di/ill+4
 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,rev5ue ,cutt] ,be> has be5 
active 9   break+ up ! practice4 ,9     
#aiji1 six illicit /ills 7 seiz$ on   ! 
,diom$e ,isl&s4    #ae ,! fir/ night ( !
 fea/ ! m5 & old] boys meet 9 !   kasgi1
 & two boys nam$ ! ,rav5 7,tulukauguk7 &
 ! ,hawk   7,teiburiak7 mix ! pa9t &    
assi/ ! m5 9 ornam5t+   !mselves4  ,!   
next day ! m5 ga!r$ aga9 9 ! kasgi & !  
,aiyaguk or ,ask+ ,/ick 0 con/ruct$4 ,x 
0 made by a man especially *os5 = !     

purpose4 ,x 0 a sl5d] w& ab\t ?ree feet 
long ) ?ree globes made ( ?9 /rips (    
wood hang+ by a /rip ( o'kl9ok f !      
small] end4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by ! mess5g]     
betwe5 ! m5 & wom5 dur+ ! fea/1 & 0 !   
visible sign ( 8 au?ority4 ,x 0 treat$ )
 scrupul\s respect by ! ,eskimo & to    
disreg>d ! wi%es convey$ by means ( x   
dur+ ! fea/ w\ld h be5 consid]$ a la/+  
disgrace4 ,:5 n 9 use x 0 hung ov] !    
entrance to ! kasgi4  ,! w& mak]1 hav+  
f9i%$ ! ,ask+ ,/ick1 took 8 /& 9 ! c5t] 
( ! room1 & sway+ ! globes1 to & fro1   
ask$ ! m5 to /ate _! wi%es4 ,!n any man 
pres5t _h ! privilege ( tell+ him ( an  
article he wi%$ & ! "n ( ! woman f :om  
he wi%$ x4 7,among ! s\!rn tribes ! m5  
made small wood5 models ( ! objects !y  
wi%$ :i* 7 hung on ! end ( ! ,ask+      
,/ick47 ,! mess5g] !n proce$$ to ! h\se 
( ! woman 9 "q1 sw++ ! globes 9 front ( 
h]1 repeat$ ! wi% & /ood wait+ = h]     
answ]4 ,%e 9 turn recollect$ some?+ t %e
 desir$ & told x to ! mess5g]4 ,!reupon 
he return$ to ! kasgi1 & /&+ 9 front ( !

 fir/ p>ty1 swung ! globes1 & told him  
:at 0 desir$ 9 return4 ,9 ?is way he    
made ! r\nd ( ! village4 ,! m5 !n       
return$ to _! homes = ! article desir$1 
:ile ! mess5g] black5$ 8 face ) *>coal &
 donn$ a co/ume betok+ humility4 ,?is 0 
consid]$ ! only prop] attitude 9 pres5t+
 gifts4 ,! co/ume consi/$ ( worn\t      
clo?+1 ( :i* a disreputable ra9coat     
7,kamleika7 & a dogsk9 belt ) ! tail    
beh9d 7 indisp5sable p>ts4  ,!n ! m5 &  
wom5 ga!r$ 9 ! kasgi :]e ! ex*anges 7   
made ?r\gh ! mess5g]4 ,if anyone did n h
 ! gift reque/$ he 0 9 honor b\nd to    
secure x z soon z possible & pres5t x to
 8 p>tn]4 ,^? ex*ang+ gifts ent]$ a     
relation%ip t]m$ oilo'guk1 & among !    
nor!rn tribes :]e ! anci5t =ms p]sev]e1 
!y cont9u$ to ex*ange pres5ts ?r\gh\t   
succe$+ fe/ivals4  ,aft] ?is ex*ange1 a 
dance 0 p]=m$ by ! wom54 ,!y /ripp$ to !
 wai/1 & tak+ _! places on ! i'nglak1   
w5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( motions 9 unison4   
,^! v>i$ consid]ably 9 "t & movem5t f ! 
conv5tional wom5's dance4  ,accord+ to  

cu/om at ! conclusion ( ! dance any man 
has ! privilege ( ask+ any unm>ri$ woman
 ?r\gh ! mess5g]1 if he might %>e h] b$ 
t night4 ,if favorably incl9$1 %e       
replies t he mu/ br+ a de]sk9 = b$d+4   
,he procures ! de]sk91 & pres5ts x to   
h]1 & aft] ! fea/ is ov] rema9s ) h] = !
 night4  ,:e!r ^! tempor>y unions lead  
to p]man5t m>riage ,i 0 unable to f9d   
out4 ,! gift ( re9de] sk9 is v l ! suit 
( clo?+ giv5 9 betro?al & w\ld furni%   
mat]ial = ! p>ka :i* ! husb& pres5ts to 
8 bride4 ,! fact t ! privilege is limit$
 to unm>ri$ wom5 might be also urg$ 9   
turn4 ,z ! sy/em ( ex*ang+ wives 0 =m]ly
 common among ! ,alaskan ,eskimo1 & z !y
 di/ribute _! favors at w1 x is r       
rem>kable t ! m>ri$ wom5 are n includ$1 
z 9 ! lic5ti\s fea/s record$ ( !        
,gre5l&]s4#af ,f talks ) "s ( ! old]    
,eskimo ,i am l$ to reg>d ?is z a relic 
( an anci5t cu/om simil> to ^? :i* h be5
 obs]v$ among _m nations ( antiquity1 9 
:i* a woman is op5 to violation at c]ta9
 fea/s4 ,?is privilege is tak5 advantage

 (1 & may become a prelim9>y to m>riage4
    #af ,see ,hans ,eg$e1 ,det ,gamle   
,gro5l&s ,nye ,p]lu/ration1 p4 #gh4     
,,! ,,bladd] ,,fea/  ,! ,bladd] ,fea/   
7,tcauiyuk7 is held 9 ,decemb] at ! full
 ( ! moon4 ,! object ( ?is fea/ is !    
propitiation ( ! inua ( ! animals sla9  
dur+ ! season pa/4 ,^! are believ$ to   
reside 9 ! bladd]s1 :i* ! ,eskimo       
c>efully pres]ve4 ,! c]emony consi/s 9 !
 purification ( ! bladd]s by ! flame ( !
 wild p>snip 7,aikituk74 ,! hunt]s are  
also requir$ to pass ?r\gh ! flame4 ,!y 
return ! bladd]s !n to ! sea1 :]e ent]+ 
! bodies ( _! k9d1 !y are reborn &      
return aga91 br++ cont9u$ success to !  
hunt]4  ,! fir/ ?ree days are sp5t 9    
prep>ation4 ,!y ?or\ghly clean ! kasgi1 
p>ticul>ly ! k5e?luk or fireplace1 !    
recogniz$ abode ( all spirits visit+ !  
kasgi4 ,!n ! m5 br+ 9 _! h>ve/ (        
bladd]s4#ag ,!y tie !m by ! necks 9     
bun*es ( eight to ! end ( _! spe>s4 ,^! 
!y ?ru/ into ! walls at ! re> ( ! room  
leav+ ample room = ! danc]s to pass "u !

 sway+ bladd]s 9 ! rites ( purification4
 ,(f]+s ( food & wat] are made to !     
inua1 & !y are con/antly att5d$4 ,"o old
 man told me t !y w\ld be (f5d$ & take  
_! dep>ture if left alone = a mom5t4    
,dogs1 be+ unclean1 are n all[$ to ent] 
! kasgi4 ,nei!r is anyone p]mitt$ to d  
any "w dur+ ! c]emony4    #ag ,! mo!rs  
also pres]ve ) greate/ c>e ! bladd]s ( !
   mice1 gr\nd squirrels1 & o!r small   
animals kill$ by !   *ildr54 ,^! are    
purifi$ at ! same "t4  ,mean:ile f\r    
m51#ah especially *os5 = ! purpose1 sc\r
 ! adjo9+ c\ntry = p>snip /alks4 ,!y b9d
 ^! into small bundles1 & place !m on   
top ( ! latorak1 ! out] ve/ibule to !   
entrance ( ! kasgi4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y take ^!
 into ! kasgi1 op5 ! bundles & spread   
out ! /alks on ! floor4 ,!n ea* hunt]   
takes a /alk1 & !y unite 9 a song to !  
p>snip1 ! burd5 ( :i* is a reque/ t !   
/alks may become dry & useful =         
purification4 ,! heat ( ! seal oil lamps
 soon dries !m1 & !y are ti$ into "o    
l>ge bundle4 ,! ?ird day ! %eaf is op5$1

 & two bundles made4 ,! l>g] "o is = !  
use ( ! danc]s2 ! small] is plac$ on a  
spe> & /uck 9 front ( ! bladd]s4  ,!    
f\r? day ! bladd]s are tak5 d[n & pa9t$4
 ,a grayi% mixture is us$ :i* is obta9$ 
by burn+ a few p>snip /alks & mix+ !    
a%es ) oil4 ,! designs are ! s]ies ( b&s
 & dots gr\p$ to repres5t ! totems ( !  
hunt]s4 ,:5 ! pa9t is dry ! bladd]s are 
return$ to _! places4  ,9 ! ev5+ ! m5   
ga!r aga9 9 ! kasgi1 & ! danc]s proce$  
to /rip (f e ve/ige ( clo?+4 ,snat*+ a  
h&ful ( /alks at ! common pile !y light 
!m at ! lamps1 & jo9 9 a wild dance ab\t
 ! room4 ,! res9\s /alks %oot into flame
 ) a frightful gl>e1 light+ up ! nak$   
bodies ( ! danc]s1 & dusky int]ior ( !  
kasgi4 ,wav+ ! flam+ tor*es ov] _!      
heads1 leap+1 jump+1 & scream+ l madm5  
!y ru% ar\nd ! room1 ?ru/+ ! flame among
 ! bladd]s & !n into ! faces ( ! hunt]s4
 ,:5 ! mad sc5e is at its height1 !y    
seize "o ano!r1 & /ruggle t[>d ! pugy>ok
 7entrance hole74 ,"h ea* is ?ru/ d[n 9 
succession until all ! danc]s h pass$   

?r\gh4 ,i am in=m$ t ?is is a pantomime 
enactm5t1 an indication to ! inua x is  
"t = !m to dep>t4    #ah ,! numb] f\r   
appe>s to h a sacr$ significance among !
   ,alaskan ,eskimo4 ,! ,rav5 ,fa!r     
7,tulukauguk7 waves 8 w+s f\r   times   
ov] ! objects ( 8 creation2 ! h]oes (   
anci5t leg5ds   take f\r /eps & are     
transport$ great di/ances2 & important  
ev5ts occur on ! f\r? night4 ,i und]/& t
 ! f\r m5 :o   ga!r ! wild p>snips      
repres5t ! f\r clans ( ! tribe4  ,! next
 day a hole is made 9 ! ice ne> ! kasgi1
 & ea* hunt] dips 8 spe> 9 ! wat]1 &1   
runn+ back to ! kasgi1 /irs up ! bladd]s
 ) x4 ,! pres5ce ( ! sea wat] rem9ds !  
inua ( _! =m] home1 & !y make ready to  
dep>t4 ,! bladd]s are !n ti$ into "o    
l>ge bundle1 & ! p await ! full moon4   
,at sunrise ! morn+ aft] ! full moon ea*
 hunt] takes 8 load ( bladd]s1 & fil+   
out ( ! kasgi />ts = ! hole 9 ! ice on a
 dead run4 ,arriv+ !re1 he te>s (f !    
bladd]s "o by "o1 & ?ru/s !m "u ! wat]4 
,?is signifies ! return ( ! inua to !   

sea4  ,z ! bladd]s float or s9k success 
is prophesi$ = ! hunt] by ! %aman 9     
att5dance4  ,9 ! meantime ! old m5 build
 a fire ( driftwood on ! ice 9 front ( !
 kasgi4 ,! small bundle ( p>snip /alks  
:i* /ood 9 front ( ! bladd]s is br\ght  
out & ?r[n on ! fire1 & z ! /alks k9dle 
to ! flame1 ea* hunt] utt]s a %\t1 takes
 a %ort run1 & leaps ?r\gh 9 turn4 ,?is 
p]=mance purifies ! hunt] ( any matt]   
(f5sive to ! inua1 & concludes !        
c]emony4  ,dur+ ! ,bladd] ,fea/ all     
int]c\rse betwe5 ! m>ri$ m5 & _! wives  
is taboo$4 ,!y are requir$ to sleep 9 ! 
kasgi ) ! ba*elors4 ,nei!r is any girl  
:o has atta9$ pub]ty 7,w+iktoak7 all[$  
ne> ! bladd]s4 ,%e is unclean 7,wahok74 
,,! ,,fea/s ,,to ,,! ,,dead  ,! ,eskimo 
idea ( ! life aft] dea? & ! rationale = 
_! mo/ important ritual1 ! ,fea/ to !   
,dead1 is n[h]e bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 a 
qua9t tale curr5t along ! ,yukon1 9 :i* 
! h]o9e1 prematurely buri$ dur+ a       
trancelike sleep1 visit$ ! ,l& ( !      
,dead4 ,%e 0 rudely awak5$ f h] dea?like

 slumb] by ! _s ( h] gr&mo!r %ak+ h] &  
exclaim+1 ,wake up4 ,d n sleep ! h\rs   
away4 ,y are dead6 ,aris+ f h] grave    
box1 ! maid5 0 conduct$ by h] guide to !
 _w b5ea?1 :]e ! dead _h _! dwell+s 9   
l>ge villages gr\p$ accord+ to !        
localities f :i* !y came4 ,ev5 ! animal 
%ades 7 n =gott51 b inhabit$ sep>ate    
communities 9 human %ape4#ai ,aft] "s   
travel ! girl f\nd ! village allott$ to 
h] tribe1 & 0 reclaim$ by h] dep>t$     
relatives4 ,%e 0 recogniz$ by ! totem   
m>ks on h] clo?+1 :i* 9 anci5t times !  
,eskimo always wore4 ,%e f\nd ! inmates 
( ?is region lead+ a pleasant b some:at 
monoton\s life1 free f h>d%ips & f !    
sleet & cold ( _! e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,!y    
return$ to ! upp] _w dur+ ! fea/s to !  
dead1 :5 !y receiv$ ! spiritual ess5ce (
 ! food & clo?+ (f]$ to _! namesakes#bj 
by relatives4 ,accord+ to ! g5]osity or 
/+9ess ( ! fea/ giv]s !re 0 a fea/ or a 
fam9e 9 _s l&1 & ^? :o 7 s un=tunate z  
to h no namesake1 ei!r ?r\gh _! own     
c>elessness#ba or ! neglect ( !         

community1#bb w5t hungry & nak$4 ,?is 0 
! wor/ calamity t c\ld befall an        
,eskimo1 h5ce ! necessity ( provid+ a   
namesake & ( regul>ly fe$+ & clo?+ !    
same1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! belov$ dead4    #ai
 ,! %apes ( animals are ?\ght by !      
,alaskan ,eskimo to be   l ^? ( m51 & 9 
anci5t times animals possess$ ! p[] (   
*ang+ _! =ms at w4 ,?is 0 effect$ by    
pull+ ! muzzle   up ov] ! head to become
 p or ( pull+ x d[n aga9 to   rega9 _!  
orig9al =m4    #bj ,! fir/ *ild born 9 !
 village aft] 8 dea? becomes !          
deceas$'s namesake4 ,h[ev]1 if born 9   
camp1 its "m gives x !   "n ( ! fir/    
natural object to cat* h] eye4    #ba   
,*ildless p provide = ?is cont+5cy by   
adoption4    #bb ,"o :o has made himself
 odi\s to 8 fell[ villag]s is           
purposely neglect$ 9 ! fea/s to ! dead4 
,,! ,,annual ,,fea/1 ,,ail',i,,gi   ,!  
,annual ,fea/ to ! ,dead is a tempor>y  
arrangem5t1 :]eby ! %ades ( ^? rec5tly  
dep>t$ are su/a9$ until ! adv5t ( !     
,great ,fea/ to ! ,dead4 ,! ess5ce ( !  

(f]+s ( food & dr9k are suppos$ to      
satisfy ! wants ( ! dead until !y c be  
prop]ly honor$ 9 ! ,great ,fe/ival4 ,9 !
 latt] ev5t ! relative dis*>ges all 8   
social obligations to ! dead1 & ! gho/  
is furni%$ ) su* an abundance t x c nev]
 want 9 ! _w bel[4  ,! mak]s ( ! fea/   
7n'aeskut7 are ! ne>e/ relatives ( ^? :o
 h di$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 toge!r ) ^?      
villag]s :o h n yet giv5 ! great]       
fe/ival4 ,! day be=e ! fe/ival ! male   
m\rn]s g to ! village burial gr\nd &    
plant a newly made /ake be=e ! grave (  
_! relative4 ,! /ake is surm\nt$ by a   
wood5 model ( a spe>1 if ! deceas$ be a 
man2 or a wood5 di%1 if x be a woman4 ,!
 totem m>k ( ! deceas$ is c>v$ ^u x4 ,9 
! nor? simple models ( kayak paddles    
suffice4 ,! /icks are a notification to 
! spirits 9 ! l& ( ! dead t ! "t = !    
fe/ival is at h&4 ,accord+ly !y j\rney  
to ! grave boxes1 :]e !y wait1 ready to 
ent] ! kasgi at ! song ( invocation4 ,to
 light _! way f ! o!r _w lamps are      
br\ght into ! kasgi & set be=e _!       

accu/om$ places4 ,:5 ! invitation song  
arises !y leave _! graves & take _!     
places 9 ! fireplace 7,k5e?luk71 :]e !y 
enjoy ! songs & dances1 & receive !     
(f]+s ( _! relatives4  ,! ,annual ,fea/ 
is celebrat$ aft] ! ,bladd] ,fea/ dur+ !
 ,decemb] moon4 ,by ! ,yukon tribes x is
 repeat$ j be=e ! op5+ ( spr+4 ,dur+ !  
day ( ! fe/ival a taboo is plac$ on all 
"w 9 ! village1 p>ticul>ly t done ) any 
%>p po9t$ tool :i* might w\nd "s w&]+   
gho/ & br+ retribution on ! p4  ,at     
midday ! :ole village ga!rs 9 ! kasgi1 &
 ! c]emony beg9s4 ,soon ! m\rn]s ent]   
be>+ great b[ls ( food & dr9k :i* !y    
deposit 9 ! doorway4 ,!n ! *orus lead]  
arises & beg9s ! song ( invitation      
accompani$ by ! relatives ( ! dead4 ,x  
is a long m9or *ant1 a con/ant          
reit]ation ( a few well worn phrases4   
,tukomalra-a-1 tung lik-a1   tis-ka-a   
a-a-yung-a-a-yung-a1 etc4      ,dead    
ones1 next ( k91        come hi!r1      
,tuntum komuga !tamtatuk1     moqkapik  
!tamtatuk moqsul?ka4      ,re9de] meat  

we br+ y1    wat] we br+ y = y\r ?ir/4  
,:5 ! song is complet$ ! m\rn]s arise1 &
 go+ to ! food 9 ! doorway set x on !   
planks ov] ! fireplace1 aft] :i* !y take
 a ladleful f ea* di% p\r+ x ?r\gh !    
cracks 9 ! floor1 & ! ess5ce ( ?is (f]+ 
supplies ! %ades bel[ ) food until !    
next fe/ival4 ,! rema9d] ( ! food is    
di/ribut$ among ^? pres5t4 ,:5 ! fea/ is
 ov]1 ! balance ( ! day is giv5 ov] to  
songs & dances4 ,!n ! spirits are s5t   
back to _! homes by ! simple exp$i5t (  
/amp+ on ! floor4     ,,! ,,great       
,,fea/1 ,,ai?uk',a,,tukhtuk   ,aft] mak+
 (f]+s to 8 relative at ! annual fea/ ! 
*ief m\rn] beg9s sav+ up 8 sk9s1 froz5  
meat1 & o!r delicacies priz$ by !       
,eskimo1 until1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 he has
 accumulat$ an enorm\s am\nt ( food &   
clo?+4 ,!n he is prep>$ to give ! great 
fea/ 9 honor ( 8 k9sman4 ,o!rs 9 !      
village1 :o are b]eav$1 h be5 do+ ! same
 ?+4 ,!y meet & agree on a c]ta9 "t to  
celebrate ! fea/ toge!r dur+ ! ensu+    
ye>4 ,! "t *os5 is usually 9 ,janu>y    

aft] ! local fea/s are ov]1 & visitors f
 neighbor+ tribes are free to att5d4    
,!re are no set int]vals betwe5 ^! fea/s
 z has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,!y are     
celebrat$ at irregul> int]vals accord+  
to ! conv5i5ce ( ! giv]s4  ,at ! m9or   
fe/ival prec$+ ! ,great ,fea/1 ! usual  
invitation /akes plant$ be=e ! dead are 
supplem5t$ by o!rs plac$ be=e ! graves (
 ^? 9 ^: honor ! fe/ival is to be giv54 
,on ^! is a pa9t$ model ( ! totemic     
animals ( ! deceas$4 ,! fea/ giv] s+s an
 especial song ( invitation1 reque/+ !  
dead k9sman to be pres5t at ! approa*+  
fea/4  ,on ! fir/ day ( ! ,great ,fea/ !
 villag]s welcome ! gue/s4 ,e>ly 9 !    
morn+ !y beg9 to arrive4 ,! mess5g] goes
 out on ! ice & leads !m into ! village1
 %[+ ea* :]e to tie 8 team4 ,dur+ ! fir/
 day ! gue/s are f$ 9 ! kasgi4 ,!y h !  
privilege ( dem&+ any delicacy !y wi%4  
,aft] ?is !y are qu>t]$ on v>i\s homes 9
 ! village4 ,salmon or meat mu/ also be 
provid$ = _! dogs4 ,?is is no small     
item1 & (t5 taxes ! res\rces ( a village

 to ! utmo/4 ,i h kn[n ( a village s    
poor aft] a p]iod ( prolong$ hospitality
 t x 0 r$uc$ to />vation rations = ! re/
 ( ! w9t]4  ,imm$iately on ty+ up _!    
dogs1 ! gue/s g to ! kasgi4 ,on ent]+   
ea* "o cries 9 set phraseology1         
,ah-ka-ka- ,piat91 ,pikeyutum4 ,oh1 ho6 
,look "h6 ,a trifl+ pres5t4 ,he ?r[s 8  
pres5t on a common pile 9 front ( !     
headman1 :o di/ributes !m among !       
villag]s4 ,x is cu/om>y to make !       
pres5ts appe> z l>ge z possible4 ,"o    
fell[ has a bolt ( calico :i* he unw9ds 
?r\gh ! entrance hole1 mak+ a great     
display4 ,x may be ?irty y>ds long4     
,sometimes !y accompany ! gift ) a %ort 
dance4 ,x is consid]$ bad =m = "o com+ f
 a di/ance#bc n to make ! usual pres5t1 
z 9 ?is way he pur*ases ! "r to jo9 9 ! 
fe/ival dances4    #bc ,dur+ !          
int]-tribal fe/ivals1 gue/s are giv5    
seats (   honor next to ! headman ( !   
village accord+ to ! di/ance   f :i* !y 
h come4 ,! back ( ! room 7kaan71 ! place
 (   honor1 is res]v$ = ?is purpose4  ,z

 soon z all are ga!r$ 9 ! kasgi1 a fea/ 
is br\ght 9 = ! tir$ travel]s4 ,kantags 
( sealmeat1 ! blacksk9 ( ! b[head1      
salmon b]ries swimm+ 9 oil1 gre5s f !   
hillsides1 & pot aft] pot ( tea take (f 
! edge ( hung]4 ,aft] gorg+ !mselves1 ! 
gue/s seem incapable ( fur!r ex]tion1 & 
! rema9d] ( ! day is sp5t 9 visit+4     
,,! ,,fea/ ,,giv]s  ,! fea/ giv]s or    
n'aeskut assemble 9 ! kasgi ! second    
day1 & ! c]emony prop] beg9s4 ,!y range 
!mselves ar\nd ! pugy>ok or entrance1 ! 
*orus & gue/s occupy+ ! back ( ! room & 
! spectators pack+ !mselves aga9/ !     
walls4  ,ea* fea/ giv] is g>b$ accord+  
to ! sex ( 8 dead relative1 n 8 own1 s t
 "s m5 we> wom5's clo!s & vice v]sa4    
,ea* be>s 9 8 "r h& a w& ab\t two feet  
long 7,kelezruk74#bd ,?is is a small    
/ick ( wood surm\nt$ ) tufts ( d[n f    
pt>migan 7,okozregewik74 ,all are dress$
 to repres5t ! totem to :i* ! deceas$   
belongs4 ,"o we>s a fillet & armlet (   
wolfsk9 7,egoalik72 o!rs we> armlets (  
erm9e 7,t>eak72 /ill o!rs are cr[n$ )   

fea!rs ( ! rav5 7,tulua7 or ! hawk      
7,tciakauret74#be ,aft] a %ort dance !y 
)draw & ! day's c]emony is f9i%$4    #bd
 ,! same arrangem5t *>act]izes ! f+]    
masks ( !   ,invit+-,9 ,dance4          
7,kiggilunok71 mean+ w&1 9 s\!rn        
dialect4    #be ,s\!rn dialect4         
,akkizhzhigik1 ,pt>migan4 ,teibuviak1   
hawk2   ,tulukauguk1 mean+ rav54  ,!    
foll[+ day ! n'aeskut assemble aga91 b  
!y h d(f$ _! f9e fea!rs1 & are dress$ 9 
_! olde/ clo!s4 ,! suits ( ! day be=e !y
 c>ry 9 a grass sack4 ,!y we> ra9coats (
 sealgut ti$ ab\t ! wai/ ) a belt (     
dogsk91 & ent] ! kasgi ) eyes ca/ on !  
floor4 ,ev5 9 ! dances !y keep _! faces 
f ! audi5ce4  ,?is attitude ( humility  
is 9 accord ) ,eskimo e?ics4 ,!y say t  
if !y adopt a boa/ful air & fail to give
 z _m pres5ts z ! o!r n'aeskut !y w be  
a%am$4 ,s !y safegu>d !mselves 9        
advance4   ,,! ,,ritual  ,advanc+ )     
d[nca/ eyes1 ! n'aeskut creep s(tly     
across ! kasgi & take _! places be=e !  
fun]al lamps4 ,!n tak+ out _! fe/ival   

g>m5ts1 !y slip !m on4 ,imm$iately !    
drumm]s />t tapp+ lightly on _! drums1 &
 at a signal f _! lead] ! song (        
invitation beg9s4 ,ea* n'aeskuk advances
 9 turn1 invok+ ! pres5ce ( 8 dead 9 a  
sad m9or /ra94      ,toakora ilyuga     
tak9a     ,dead bro!r1 come hi!r        
,a-yunga-ayunga-a-yunga4  ,or3          
,nuleaga awunga toakora     ,si/] m9e1  
dead "o1     ,tak9a1 nuleaga1 tak9a1    
,come hi!r1 si/]1 come hi!r4  ,or3      
,akaga awunga tak9a     ,"m m9e1 come   
hi!r4     ,nanaktuk1 tak9a1     ,we wait
 = y1 come hi!r4  ,to :i* ! *orus answ]3
      ,ilyuga awunga tak9a1     ,our    
bro!r1 come hi!r1     ,tak9aka1 ilyuga1 
tak9aka1     ,return1 dead bro!r1       
return4  ,! wom5 advance 9 l9e1 hold+ _!
 w&s 9 ! "r h&1 & s++ 9 unison2 !n ! m5 
advance 9 _! turn1 !n bo? n'aeskut &    
*orus s+ toge!r3      ,tak9aka1 awunga1 
tungalika1     ,return to u1 our dead   
k9sm51     ,nanakatuk1 k9eaktuk         
tungalika     ,we wait y\r home com+1   
our dead k9sm54  ,sudd5ly ! drumm]s     

cease & rap %>ply on ! 9'glak ) _!      
drum/icks4 ,! danc]s /op 9 ! mid/ ( _!  
movem5ts & /amp on ! floor1 fir/ ) "o   
foot !n ) ! o!r1 plac+ _! h&s on _!     
%\ld]s1 br++ !m d[n ov] _! bodies z ?\gh
 wip+ (f "s unse5 ?+4 ,!n !y slap _!    
?ighs & sit d[n4 ,i am in=m$ t ?is is to
 wipe (f any uncleanness 7wahok7 t might
 (f5d ! %ades ( ! dead4  ,!n ! namesakes
 ( ! dead troop into ! kasgi1 & take _! 
places 9 ! c5t] ( ! room betwe5 ! two   
l9es4 ,to ea*1 ! n'aeskuk h&s a b[l (   
wat] & a kantag ( froz5 re9de] meat cut 
into small pieces4 ,! namesakes drop a  
small portion ( ! meat on ! floor4 ,!   
ess5ce is evid5tly ?\ght to pass bel[ to
 ! wait+ inua4 ,!n !y f9i% ! rema9d]4   
,at ! same "t a l>ge am\nt ( froz5 meat 
& fi% is br\ght 9 & di/ribut$ among !   
gue/s4 ,?is is done at ! end ( ea* day4 
,! f\r? day ! *orus lead] m\nts ! top ( 
! kasgi & beg9s aga9 ! invitation song4 
,! p scatt] to ! bury+ gr\nd or to ! ice
 along ! %ore accord+ to ! spot :]e !y h
 la9 _! dead4 ,!y dance among ! grave   

boxes s t ! %ades :o h return$ to !m1 :5
 n 9 ! kasgi1 may see t !y are do+ !m   
honor4  ,dur+ ! danc+ ! *ildr5 ( !      
village ga!r 9 ! kasgi1 c>ry+ little    
kantags & sealsk9 sacks4 ,! wom5 on     
return+ br+ great bags ( froz5          
blueb]ries & re9de] fat1 commonly call$ 
,eskimo ,ice ,cream1 ) :i* !y fill !    
b[ls ( ! *ildr51 b ! "y rogues          
imm$iately slip _! portions into _!     
sacks 7poksrut7 & hold out _! di%es = m1
 cry+ 9 a deaf5+ *orus1 ,wunga-,t'uk    
7,me too74 ,?is "p ( ! fe/ival is       
?or\ghly enjoy$ by ! ,eskimo1 :o idolize
 _! *ildr54  ,at ! conclusion ( ! day's 
fea/ _m pres5ts are giv5 away by !      
n'aeskut1 ! husb&s ( ! female fea/ giv]s
 di/ribut+ !m = ! ladies1 :o assume a   
ba%ful air4 ,dur+ ! di/ribution !       
n'aeskut ma9ta9 _! deprecatory attitude 
& pass disp>ag+ rem>ks on _! gifts4     
,sometimes ! pres5ts are atta*$ to a    
long l9e ( okl9ok 7seal ?ong7 :i* !     
n'aeskut haul d[n ?r\gh ! smokehole1    
mak+ ! l9e appe> z long z possible4 ,at 

! same "t !y s+ 9 a m\rnful key bewail+ 
_! relative3      ,ah-ka- ilyuga        
toakora1 tak91     ,oh6 oh6 dead bro!r1 
return1     ,utiktutatuk1 ilyuga awunga1
     ,return to u1 our bro!r1           
,ille>uqtutuk1 ilyuga1     ,we miss y1  
de> bro!r1     ,pikeyutum1 kokitutuk1   
,a trifl+ pres5t we br+ y4   ,,! ,,clo?+
 ,,( ,,! ,,namesakes  ,! foll[+ day     
occurs ! clo?+ ( ! namesakes4 ,?is is   
symbolical ( clo?+ ! dead1 :o asc5d into
 ! bodies ( _! namesakes dur+ ! c]emony 
& take on ! spiritual c\nt]p>t ( !      
clo?+4  ,aft] a gr& di/ribution (       
pres5ts by ! n'aeskut1 bags ( f9e clo?+ 
are l[]$ to ! fea/ giv]s & ! namesakes  
take ! c5t] ( ! floor1 9 front ( _!     
relatives1 ! fea/ giv]s4 ,!n ea*        
n'aeskuk calls out to ! p>ticul>        
namesake ( 8 dead k9sman3 ,itak91       
illorahug-naka1 ,come hi!r1 my belov$1 &
 proce$s to remove ! clo?+ ( ! namesake 
& put on an entirely new suit ( mukluks1
 tr\s]s1 & p>ka1 made ( ! f9e/ furs4 ,!n
 ! fea/ giv] ga!rs up ! disc>d$ clo?+1 &

 /amps vigor\sly on ! floor1 bidd+ !    
gho/ begone to its re/+ place4 ,x goes1 
well satisfi$1 & ! danc]s disp]se until 
ano!r great fe/ival4 ,until ! fea/ is   
conclud$ no "o c leave ! village4       
,,! ,,invit+-,,9 ,,fe/ival   ,!         
,invit+-,9 ,fe/ival 7,ai?ukaguk7 is a   
great int]-tribal fea/1 second 9        
importance to ! ,great ,fea/ to ! ,dead4
 ,x is a celebration on invitation f "o 
tribe to h] neighbors :5 suffici5t      
provisions h be5 collect$4 ,x takes     
place late 9 ! season1 aft] ! o!r       
fe/ivals are ov]4 ,neighbor+ tribes act 
z ho/s 9 rotation1 ea* /riv+ to outdo ! 
o!r 9 ! quality & quantity ( ent]ta9m5t 
(f]$4 ,dur+ ?is fe/ival ! dramatic      
pantomime dances = :i* ! ,alaskan       
,eskimo are ju/ly fam\s1 are p]=m$ by   
especially tra9$ actors4 ,= sev]al days 
! dances cont9ue1 ea* side pay+ ! =feit 
z !y lose 9 ! danc+ conte/s4 ,9 ?is     
respect ! repres5tations are some:at    
simil> to ! ni? conte/s ( ! ,gre5l&]s4  
,z ,i h notic$ ! dances at l5g?         

else:]e1#bf ,i %all only give a brief   
survey "h1 suffici5t to %[ _! place 9 ! 
,eskimo fe/ival dances4    #bf ,canadian
 ,geological ,survey4 ,memoir #de4 ,!   
,invit+-,9 ,fea/   ( ! ,alaskan ,eskimo4
  ,! ma9 dances ( ! ,invit+-,9 ,fe/ival 
are totemic 9 "*1 p]=m$ by tra9$ actors 
to appease ! totems ( ! hunt]s1 & insure
 success = ! com+ season4 ,^! are danc$ 
9 pantomime & depict ! life ( arctic    
animals1 ! walrus1 rav51 be>1 pt>migan1 
& o!rs4 ,!n !re are gr\p dances :i*     
illu/rate hunt+ sc5es1 l ! ,re9de] &    
,wolf ,pack dance already describ$1 also
 dances ( a purely comic "*1 design$ = !
 ent]ta9m5t ( ! gue/s4 ,dur+ ! latt]    
p]=mances ! side :i* laughs has to pay a
 =feit4  ,elaborate masks are worn 9 all
 ( ! dances4 ,! full p>aph]nalia1 masks1
 h&masks1 fillets1 & armlets1 are worn  
by ! *ief actors4 ,!y are support$ by   
ri*ly g>b$ assi/ants4 ,an old %aman acts
 z ma/] ( c]emonies4 ,!re is an         
int]*ange ( pres5ts betwe5 ! tribes dur+
 ! int]vals b n betwe5 individuals1 z 9 

! ,ask+ ,fe/ival4 ,at ! close ( !       
fe/ival ! masks are burn$4     ,,key    
,,to ,,plate ,,xi      ,a--,out]        
,ve/ibule4 7,la'tor7ak47     ,b--,summ] 
,entrance4 7,amek'47     ,c--,front     
,plat=m4 7',oaklim47 ,seat ( ,orphans & 
,wor?less4     ,d--,plank ,floor4       
7,na'tuk47     ,e--,re> ,plat=m4        
7,ka'an47 ,seat ( ,honor$ ,gue/s4       
,f--,smoke ,hole4 74,ra'l7ok47 ,entrance
 = ,gift-l9es4     ,g--,entrance ,hole4 
7,pug'y7ar7ak47     ,h--,fireplace4     
7,kene'?luk47 ,seat ( ,_s-,gue/s4       
,i--,und]gr\nd ,tunnel4 7,ag'veak47     
,j--,side ,plat=ms4 7,k'aaklim47 ,seats 
= ,spectators4     ,k--,*orus (         
,drumm]s4     ,l--,fea/ ,giv]s4         
7,nae'skut47     ,m--,namesakes ( ,dead4
   ,illu/ration3 ,,an?r4 ,,pub4 ,,univ4 
,,museum ,,vol4 ,,vi ,,plate ,,xi       
,arrangem5t ( ,kasgi dur+ ! ,great ,fea/
 to ! ,dead4                 ,,! ,,kasgi
 ,,or ,,dance ,,h\se4     ,,key ,,to    
,,plate ,,xii      ,a--,fir/ ,movem5t4  
,! ,*ief's ,son1 ,okvaiok is danc+4     

,b--,second ,movem5t4   ,illu/ration3   
,,an?r4 ,,pub4 ,,univ4 ,,museum ,,vol4  
,,vi ,,plate ,,xii                 ,a   
,b                 ,,m5',s ,,dance      
,,key ,,to ,,plate ,,xiii      ,c--,?ird
 ,movem5t4      ,d--,f\r? ,movem5t4     
,illu/ration3 ,,an?r4 ,,pub4 ,,univ4    
,,museum ,,vol4 ,,vi ,,plate ,,xiii     
,c                 ,d                   
,,m5',s ,,dance     ,,key ,,to ,,plate  
,,xiv      ,*ildr5's ,dance4      ,!    
,*orus4 ,lead] 9 ,c5t] ,beat+ ,"t ,) an 
,erm9e ,/ick4   ,illu/ration3 ,,an?r4   
,,pub4 ,,univ4 ,,museum ,,vol4 ,,vi     
,,plate ,,xiv                           
,,*ildr5',s ,,dance                 ,,! 
,,*orus     ,,key ,,to ,,plate ,,xv     
,wom5's ,dance4   ,illu/ration3 ,,an?r4 
,,pub4 ,,univ4 ,,museum ,,vol4 ,,vi     
,,plate ,,xv                 ,,wom5',s  
,,dance