,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s spell+ errors h be5 correct$4 ,i h n reconcil$ ! v>iety ( spell+s ( names & o!r words4 ,obvi\s factual errors1 typographical errors1 discov]ies made aft] #ahib1 & contempor>y 7#bjjh7 !ories & use ( words are not$ 9 ! text )9 squ>e brackets4 ,i h n rese>*$ & *eck$ e ass]tion by ! au?or4 ,?is book 0 publi%$ #e ye>s be=e discov]y ( ! electron4 ,see ! labor$ & completely inaccurate explanations ( aurora & en]gy1 atomic4 ,! au?or & 8 contempor>ies 7 l fifte5? c5tury sailors4 ,!y _h a good idea ( _! latitude & direction 7,amp]e1 ,kirk(f1 ,maxwell1 ,gauss1 ,f>aday1 ,edison1 '''71 b only ! vague/ notion ( _! longitude 7nucle> /ructure1 electrons1 ions74 ,altitude 7special relativity1 quantum !ory7 0 n ev5 imag9$4 ,"s relevant dates3 ,frankl9's ,kite--#ageb ,f>aday's ,law ( ,induction--#ahca ,maxwell's ,equations--#ahfa ,edison's ,phonograph--#ahgg ,edison's light bulb--#ahgi ,edison's fir/ ,,dc p[] /ation--#ahhb ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t disprov+ e!r--#ahhg ,h]tz demon/rates radio waves--#ahhh ,we/+h\se fir/ ,,ac p[] /ation--#ahia ,?is book--#ahib ,discov]y ( ! electron--#ahig ,m>coni radio signals cross ! ,engli% ,*annel--#ahig ,fir/ ,vacuum ,tube--#aijd ,special ,relativity1 photo-electric effect expla9$ ) photons--#aije ,g5]al ,relativity3 space-"t dilation & curvature--#aiae ,confirmation ( g5]al relativity's pr$iction ( ! deflection ( />light by ! ,sun--#aiai ,discov]y ( ! proton--#aibj ,quantum !ory--#aibf ,discov]y ( neutron--#aicb ,fir/ transi/or--#aidg ,soviet satellite ,luna measures sol> w9d--#aiei ,edw>d ,m4 ,purcell expla9s magnetism ) special relativity--#aifc ,purcell's explanation ( magnetism z a result ( ,lor5tz contraction ( space along ! direction ( a curr5t is a welcome relief f ! convolut$ descriptions 9 ?is book4 ,ma!matical notation is r5d]$ us+ programm+ notation4 ,p[]--,expon5tial2 ,a#c means ,a cub$ 99 ,multiply _/ ,divide ,add - ,subtract 7 7 ,prec$5ce--,p]=m be=e enclos+ expression #b;,e#f ,sci5tific ,notation 7#b1jjj1jjj7 ,a --------------------- #d4deb ,x #ajab ,x t is r5d]$ z ,a _/ 7 #d4deb;,e#ab 99 t 7 ,:]e ! r5d]+ ( a ma!matical expression is 9 d\bt1 an image ( ! orig9al text is includ$4 ,"h are "s def9itions abs5t f ! text4 ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,eddy curr5ts4 inspissate ,to ?ick51 z by evaporation4 rib& ,ribbon4 sapotace\s ,ord] ,sapotaceae ( trees & %rubs1 includ+ ! /> apple1 ! ,lucuma1 or natural m>malade tree1 ! gutta-p]*a tree 7,ison&ra71 & ! ,india mahwa1 z well z ! sapodilla1 or sapota1 aft] :i* ! ord] is nam$4 ,don ,ko/u*1 ,,ms1 ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 ,end ,transcrib]'s notes4 ,,works ,,( ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,e4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,ari?metic ,,( ,,electricity ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,electrical ,,calculations ,,by ,,ari?metical ,,me?ods4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4jj4 ,x is v useful to t class ( read]s to :om ,algebra is a comp>atively unkn[n quantity1 & w meet its wants admirably4--,electrical ,_w4 ,,electricity ,,simplifi$4 ,a ,,popul> ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4 #jj4 ,we especially recomm5d x to ^? :o w\ld l to acquire a popul> idea ( ! subject4--,electric ,age4 ,,electric ,,toy ,,mak+4 ,,= ,,amateurs4 ,,includ+ ,,batt]ies1 ,,magnets1 ,,motors1 ,,miscellane\s ,,toys1 ,,& ,,dynamo ,,con/ruction4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #a4jj4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a ,,popul> ,,diction>y ,,( ,,words ,,& ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 ,,by ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,e4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,new ,,york ,,george ,d4 ,,hur/ ,,publi%] ,copyright #ahib by ,,norman ,w4 ,,h5ley ,,co4 ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is "w is to pres5t ! public ) a concise & practical book ( ref]5ce1 :i* x is believ$ w be appreciat$ 9 ?is age ( electricity4 ,! sci5ce has exp&$ s mu* t ! limits ( :at may be t]m$ /rictly a diction>y ( ! pres5t day w\ld a few ye>s ago h suffic$ = an encyclop$ia4 ,x foll[s t an encyclop$ia ( electricity w\ld be a "w ( great size4 ,yet a diction>y ) adequate def9itions1 & kept )9 ! close/ limits by ! /atem5t ( synonyms1 & by ! consign+ ( all ! innum]able cross-ref]5ces to a concise index w be f> m ?an a m]e diction>y 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,duplication ( matt] is to be avoid$4 ,?is makes _m def9itions appe> %ort4 ,yet1 by ! assi/ance ( ! read]'s own g5]al k1 & by ref]r+ to ! v complete index1 almo/ any subject c be f\nd treat$ 9 all its aspects4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is /atem5t4 ,s mu* has be5 done 9 ! way ( me*anical detail1 s _m inv5tions 9 telegraphy & o!r bran*es h sprung into prom95ce only to disappe> aga91 or to be modifi$ out ( recognition1 t to embody descriptions ( _m +5i\s & complicat$ app>atus has be5 absolutely impossible = want ( space4 ,a ^w z to ! use ( ! book & ! sy/em ( its con/ruction may be giv5 "h4 ,ea* title or subject is def9$ once 9 ! text4 ,:]e a title is synonym\s ) "o or m o!rs ! def9ition is only giv5 "u "o title1 & ! o!rs appe> at ! foot ( ! article z synonyms4 ,x may be t ! read] is seek+ ! def9ition ( "o ( ^! synonyms4 ,if s a ref]5ce to ! index %[s him at once :at page conta9s ! in=mation s\ght =4 ,! use ( an index 9 a "w1 necess>ily ( an encyclop$ic =m1 w be appreciat$ by all us]s ( ?is book4 vi ,,preface4 ,:]e a title embraces sev]al words1 all ord]s ( ! words w be cit$ 9 ! index4 ,to make ! op]ation ( f9d+ ref]5ces easy ?is rule has be5 c>ri$ out v fully4 ,x is cu/om>y to reg>d electricity z a gr[+ sci5ce4 ,x is unque/ionably su*1 b ! multiplication ( t]ms & words is n[ n ne>ly s rapid z x has be51 & ! "t = ! compil+ ( a "w ( ?is "* seems mo/ propiti\s4 ,x is hop$ t ! public w indulg5tly appreciate ! labor x has entail$ on all conc]n$ 9 its production4 ,,symbols ,,& ,,abbreviations4 adj4 ,adjective4 v4 ,v]b4 q4v4 ,:i* see4' _/ ,a m>k ( division1 z ,a_/,b1 mean+ ,a divid$ by ,b4 4_/4 ,! same z above4 ,transcrib]'s note3 _/ w be sub/itut$ = ?is divide symbol4 ,a m>k ( equality1 mean+ is equal to4 ,x ,a m>k ( multiplication1 mean+ multipli$ by4 ,transcrib]'s note3 99 w be sub/itut$ = ?is divide symbol4 ,fractional expon5ts indicate ! roots express$ by _! d5om9ators & ! p[]s express$ by _! num]ators4 ,?us1 ,a#a_/b means ! squ>e root ( ,a2 ,a#a_/c means ! cube root ( ,a2 ,b#c_/b means ! squ>e root ( ! cube or ?ird p[] ( ,b4 ,! use ( p[]s ( t51 z #ajaj1 #ajaa1 z multipli]s1 w be f\nd expla9$ at l5g? 9 ! def9ition ,t51 ,p[]s (4 vii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,a4 ,abbreviation = anode1 employ$ 9 text relat+ to electro-!rapeutics4 ,x is sometimes writt5 ,an4 ,abscissa4 ,9 a sy/em ( plane co-ord9ates 7see ,co-ord9ates7 ! di/ance ( any po9t f ! axis ( ord9ates measur$ p>allel to ! axis ( abscissas4 ,9 ! cut ! abscissa ( ! po9t a is ! l9e or di/ance a c4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,axes ,,( ,,co-,,ord9ates4 ,absolute4 adj4 ,9 quantities x may be def9$ z ref]r+ to fix$ units ( quantity1 & x is oppos$ to relative1 :i* m]ely ref]s to ! relation ( sev]al ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,?us ! relative resi/ance ( "o wire may be n times t ( ano!r2 its absolute resi/ance might be #e ohms1 :5 ! absolute resi/ance ( ! second wire w\ld be #e_/n ohms4 ,a galvanomet] gives absolute read+s if x is graduat$ to read directly amp]es or volts2 if n s graduat$1 x may by calibration q4 v4 be made to d practically ! same ?+4 #h ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,absolute ,measurem5t4 ,measurem5t bas$ ^u ! c5timet]1 gram1 & second4 7,see ,c5timet]-,gram-,second ,sy/em47 ,absolute ,temp]ature4 ,temp]ature reckon$ f absolute z]o 7see ,z]o1 ,absolute74 ,x is obta9$ by add+ = ! c5tigrade scale #bgc1 & = ! ,fahr5heit scale #dei1 to ! degree read+s ( ! regul> scale4 ,absorption1 ,electric4 ,a prop]ty ( ! /atic *>ge4 ,:5 a ,leyd5 j> is be+ *>g$ x dilates a little & ! capacity increases1 s t x c take a little m *>ge = a giv5 pot5tial diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 its two coat+s4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs ) o!r /atic cond5s]s1 v>y+ 9 degree ) ! dielectric4 ,) %ellac1 p>aff91 sulphur & res91 = in/ance1 ! absorption is v slight2 ) gutta-p]*a1 /e>9e1 & glass1 ! absorption is relatively great4 ,! t]m is due to ,f>aday4 ,icel& sp> seems almo/ or q de/itute ( electric absorption4 ,a4 ,c4 ,c4 ,symbol ( or abbreviation = anodic closure contraction q4 v4 ,accel]ation4 ,! rate ( *ange ( velocity4 ,if ( increase ( velocity x is positive2 if ( decrease1 x is negative4 ,x c only be br\ght ab\t by ! ex]cise ( =ce & is us$ z ! measure ( or z det]m9+ ! unit ( =ce4 ,x is equal to velocity 7,l_/,t7 imp>t$1 divid$ by "t 7,t72 its dim5sions !re=e are ,l_/7,t#b74 ,! c4 g4 s4 unit ( accel]ation is "o c5timet] 9 "o second4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! unit ( accel]ation is c5timet]s p] second p] second4 ,accumulator4 7a7 ,a t]m sometimes appli$ to ! second>y or /orage batt]y4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,second>y47 7b7 ,see ,accumulator1 ,electro/atic 7c7 ,see ,accumulator1 ,wat] ,dropp+4 7d7 ,see ,:eel1 ,b>l['s ,accumulator1 ,electro/atic4 ,two conduct+ surfaces oppositely plac$1 & sep>at$ by a dielectric & arrang$ = ! opposite *>g+ ( ! two surfaces1 con/itute an accumulator1 sometimes t]m$ a cond5s]4 ,z ?is arrangem5t introduces ! elem5t ( a b\nd & ( a b9d+ *>ge1 ! electro/atic capacity ( su* is great] ?an t ( ei!r or ( bo? ( its compon5t surfaces4 ,! ?9n] ! dielectric :i* sep>ates ! conduct+ surfaces1 & ! l>g] ! surfaces ! great] is ! capacity2 or ! less w be ! pot5tial diff]5ce :i* a giv5 *>ge w e/abli% betwe5 its two coat+s4 ,! nature ( ! dielectric also det]m9es its capacity4 7,see ,capacity1 ,specific ,inductive47 #i ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #b4 ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson',s ,,wat]-,,dropp+ ,,accumulator4 ,accumulator1 ,wat] ,dropp+4 ,?is is also kn[n z ,sir ,william ,?omson's ,wat]-,gravity ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,x is an app>atus = conv]t+ ! pot5tial en]gy ( fall+ wat] drops1 due to gravity1 into electric en]gy4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ,g repres5ts a bifurcat$ wat] pipe ^: two faucets are adju/$ to p]mit a s]ies ( drops to fall f ea*4 ,c & ,f are two metallic tubes connect$ by a conductor2 ,e & ,d are ! same4 ,two ,leyd5 j>s1 ,a & ,b1 h _! inn] coat+s repres5t$ by /rong sulphuric acid1 connect$ ea* to its own pair ( cyl9d]s1 ,b to ,d & ,e1 & ,a to ,f & ,c4 ,! out] coat+s are connect$ to e>?1 z is also ! wat] supply4 ,"o ( ! j>s1 say ,a1 is *>g$ int]iorily ) positive electricity4 ,?is *>ge1 ,c & ,f1 %>e ) x1 be+ 9 electric contact !re)4 ,j be=e ! drops break (f f ! jet lead+ into ,c1 !y are inductively *>g$ ) negative electricity1 ! positive go+ to e>?4 ,?us a s]ies ( negatively excit$ drops fall into ! metal tube ,d1 ) its int]ior funnel or drop arre/]1 *>g+ x1 ! ,leyd5 j> ,b1 & ! tube ,e ) negative electricity4 ,?is excitation causes ! o!r /ream ( drops to "w 9 ! conv]se way1 rais+ ! positive pot5tial ( ,f & ,c & ,a1 ?us caus+ ! left-h& drops to acquire a high] pot5tial4 ,?is aga9 raises ! pot5tial ( ! "r-h& drops1 s t a con/ant accumulat+ action is kept up4 ,! out] coat+s ( ! ,leyd5 j>s are connect$ to e>? to make x possible to raise ! pot5tial ( _! inn] coat+s4 ,9 ea* case ! drops are drawn by gravity into contact ) objects simil>ly excit$ 9 opposition to ! electric repulsion4 ,?is ov]com+ ( ! electric repulsion is ! "w done by gravity1 & :i* results 9 ! developm5t ( electric en]gy4 #aj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,acidomet]4 ,a hydromet] or areomet] us$ to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( acid4 ,!y are employ$ 9 runn+ /orage batt]ies1 to det]m9e :5 ! *>g+ is complet$4 7,see ,areomet]47 ,acl9ic ,l9e4 ,a t]re/rial elem5t2 ! locus on ! e>?'s surface ( no incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le2 ! magnetic equator4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,ac\/ic ,telegraphy4 ,! sy/em ( s\nd-read+ 9 telegraphy1 univ]sally us$ 9 ! ,morse sy/em4 ,! direct /roke ( ! armature ( ! electro-magnet & its back /roke disclose to ! e> ! long & %ort /rokes1 dots & l9es1 & long & %ort spaces z produc$ by ! dispat*] ( ! message4 ,9 ! ,morse sy/em a special magnet & armature is us$ to produce ! s\nd call$ ! s\nd]2 9 o!r sy/ems1 e4 g41 ,/e9heil's & ,bright's app>atus1 bells are us$4 7,see ,alphabets1 ,telegraphic47 ,ac\temet]4 ,a ,hughes audiomet] or sonomet] appli$ to det]m9+ ! quality ( a p]son's he>+ 7,see ,hughes' ,induction ,balance1--,audiomet]74 ,! c5tral coil by means ( a tun+ =k & microphone ) batt]y receives a rapidly v>y+ curr5t t5d+ to induce curr5ts 9 ! o!r two coils4 ,telephones are put 9 circuit ) ! latt] & pick up s\nd f !m4 ,! telephones are appli$ to ! e>s ( ! p]son ^: he>+ is to be te/$4 ,by slid+ ! out] coils back & =? ! int5sity ( induction & consequ5t l\dness ( ! s\nds 9 ! telephones is v>i$4 ,! position :5 ! s\nds gr[ s fa9t z to be no long] audible1 gives ! degree ( delicacy ( ! p]son's he>+4 ,by us+ a s+le telephone ! same app>atus af=ds a means ( te/+ ! relative capacity ( ! "r & left e>s4 #aa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,act9ic ,rays4 ,! rays ( light at ! violet end ( ! spectrum2 also ! invisible rays beyond su* end1 or ! e!r waves ( %ort p]iods :i* mo/ /rongly induce *emical *ange4 ,act9ism4 ,! p[] possess$ by e!r waves ( induc+ *emical *ange1 ei!r ( decomposition or ( comb9ation4 ,! violet & ultra-violet end ( ! spectrum ( :ite light1 g5]ally speak+1 repres5t ! mo/ highly act9ic rays4 ,act9omet]1 ,electric4 ,prop]ly an app>atus = measur+ ! int5sity ( light by its action ^u ! resi/ance ( sel5ium4 ,a curr5t produc$ by fix$ electro-motive =ce pass+ ?r\gh ! sel5ium affects a galvanomet] m or less accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,x is m prop]ly an electric photomet]4 ,! t]m has also be5 appli$ to a comb9ation ( a !rmo-electric pile & galvanomet]1 ! light fall+ on ! pile affect+ ! motions ( ! galvanomet]4 ,action1 ,local4 7a7 ,! wa/eful oxydation ( ! z9c 9 a galvanic batt]y due to local impurities & v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! z9c4 ,^! act to con/itute local galvanic c\ples :i* cause ! z9c to dissolve or oxydize1 )\t any useful result4 ,amalgamation ( ! z9c prev5ts local action4 ,*emically pure z9c is also exempt f local action1 & c be us$ 9 an acid batt]y )\t amalgamation4 7,see ,amalgamation47 7b7 ,! same t]m has be5 employ$ to indicate ! eddy or f\cault curr5ts 9 dynamo electric ma*9es4 7,sec ,curr5t1 ,f\cault47 ,activity4 ,! rate ( do+ "w2 ! "w done p] second by any exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,! activity ( a horse-p[] is #eej foot lbs4 p] second1 or #gdf volt-c\lombs p] second4 ,! practical electric unit is ! volt-amp]e1 (t5 call$ ! watt4 7,sec ,en]gy1 ,electric47 ,adapt]4 ,a screw c\pl+ to engage ) a diff]5t siz$ screw on ea* end2 "o ( ! uses is to connect inc&esc5t lamps to gas-fixtures4 ,a4 ,d4 ,c4 ,abbreviation = ,anodic ,duration ,contraction1 q4 v42 a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,adh]5ce1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! adh]5ce betwe5 surfaces ( iron due to elcctro-magnetic attraction4 ,x has be5 appli$ to ! driv+-:eels ( an eng9e & rail1 ^: grip is increas$ by su* action4 ,9 "o me?od a deep groove 0 cut ar\nd ! :eel :i* 0 w\nd ) a magnetiz+ coil4 ,?us "o rim becomes a nor? & ! o!r a s\? pole1 & ! rail complet+ ! circuit acts z ! armature4 ,su* an arrangem5t prev5ts a :eel f slid+4 ,electro-magnetic adh]5ce has also be5 employ$ to drive friction ge> :eels4 ,9 "o arrangem5t ! two :eels are surr\nd$ by a magnetiz+ coil1 "u ^: induction ea* attracts ! o!r1 develop+ high adh]5ce betwe5 _! p]iph]ies4 #ab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #c4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,c> ,,:eel4 ,fig4 #d4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,friction ,,ge>4 ,admiralty ,rule ( ,heat+4 ,! ,briti% ,admiralty specifications = ! p]missible heat+ ( dynamos4 ,x holds t at ! end ( a run ( six h\rs no "p ( ! dynamo "u trial %all %[ a rise ( temp]ature great] ?an #aa ,c4 7#bj ,f47 above ! temp]ature ( ! air surr\nd+ x4 ,?is is ?\ght to be a v /r+5t & unnecess>ily high requirem5t4 ,a]ial ,conductor4 ,an electric conductor c>ri$ f h\setops1 poles1 or o!rwise s z to be susp5d$ 9 ! air1 z di/+ui%$ f an und]gr\nd or subm>9e conductor4 ,aff9ity4 ,! attraction ( atoms & 9 "s cases p]haps ( molecules = ea* o!r by ! =ce ( *emical attraction4 ,:5 ! aff9ity is all[$ to act or is c>ri$ out1 a *emical *ange1 z di/+ui%$ f a physical or me*anical *ange1 ensues4 ,?us if sulphur & iron are ea* f9ely p[d]$ & are mix$ ! *ange & mixture are me*anical4 ,if slightly heat$ ! sulphur w melt1 :i* is a physical *ange4 ,if heat$ to r$ness ! iron w comb9e ) ! sulphur =m+ a new sub/ance1 f]ric sulphide1 ( new prop]ties1 & especially *>act]iz$ by unv>y+ & inv>iable ratios ( sulphur to iron4 ,su* *ange is a *emical "o1 is due to *emical aff9ity1 is due to a comb9ation ( ! atoms1 & ! product is a *emical comp\nd4 #ac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,agir ,motor4 ,! ,&]son & ,girdle/one motor4 ,! t]m agir is made up f ! fir/ portions ( ea* "n4 ,agonic ,l9e4 ,! locus ( po9ts on ! e>?'s surface :]e ! magnetic ne$le po9ts to ! true nor?2 an imag9>y l9e det]m9$ by connect+ po9ts on ! e>?'s surface :]e ! ne$le lies 9 ! true geographical m]idian4 ,su* a l9e at pres5t1 />t+ f ! nor? pole goes ?r\gh ! we/ ( ,hudson's ,bay1 leaves ! ea/ coa/ ( ,am]ica ne> ,philadelphia1 passes along ! ea/]n ,we/ ,indies1 cuts (f ! ea/]n projection ( ,brazil & goes ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,atlantic to ! s\? pole4 ,!nce x passes ?r\gh ! we/ ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,arabia1 ! ,caspian sea1 ,russia & ! ,:ite sea to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,x crosses ! equator at #gj ,w4 & #ee ,e4 approximately4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,synonym--,agone4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! file ,e>?,decl9ation#aeijaiij4;gif provid$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 7http3_/_/www4usgs4gov7 is an animation ( ! decl9ation ( ! entire e>?4 ,air4 ,air is a dielectric ^: specific inductive capacity at atmosph]e pressure is tak5 z #a4 ,x is practically ( exactly ! same composition 9 all places & h5ce c be tak5 z a /&>d4 ,:5 dry x has high resi/ance1 betwe5 t ( ca\t*\c & dry pap]4 ,dampness increases its conductivity4 ,x is a mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 ) a little c>bonic acid gas & o!r impurities4 ,its ess5tial composition is3 ,oxyg53 7by weight7 #bc4ad 7by volume7 #ba ,nitrog53 #gf4hf #gi ,! specific inductive capacity v>ies = diff]5t pressures ?us3 ,approximate vacuum 74#jja mm41 4#jjjd in*7 #j4id 7,ayrton7 7 #e mm4 1 4#b in*es 7 #j4iihe 7,ayrton7 #j4iiida 7,boltzman47 ,! specific gravity ( air "u /&>d conditions #ae4e ,c 7#fj ,f47 & #gfj mm4 b>ometric pressure 7#cj in*es7 is tak5 z unity z a /&>d = gases4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,argon acc\nts = #j4icdj4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahid1 two ye>s aft] ?is book4 ,air-,bla/4 7a7 ,9 ! ,?omson-,h\/on dynamo an air-bla/ is us$ to bl[ away ! arc-produc+ sp>k liable to =m betwe5 ! bru%es & commutator4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson4 ,! air is suppli$ by a positive action rot>y bl[] connect$ to ! ma9 %aft1 & driv5 !reby4 ,! we>+ ( ! commutator by de/ructive sp>k+ is ?us prev5t$4 ,a drum ,h ,h is rotat$1 be+ m\nt$ on ! axis ,x ( ! dynamo4 ,z x rotates ! ?ree vanes are ?r[n out aga9/ ! irregul> %ap$ p]iph]y ( ! out] case ,t ,t4 ,! arr[ %[s ! direction ( rotation4 ,! air is ?us s5t out by ! ap]tures a a4 ,o is ! oil-cup4 7b7 ,! air-bla/ has also be5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,?omson 9 exp]im5ts ) high frequ5cy curr5ts ( high pot5tial4 ,by direct+ a bla/ ( air aga9/ a sp>k dis*>ge betwe5 ball t]m9als ( an alt]nat+ curr5t1 ! nature ( ! curr5t 0 *ang$ & x became capable ( produc+ mo/ extraord9>y effects by induction4 #ad ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #e4 ,,air ,,bl[] ,,= ,,?omson',s ,,dynamo4 ,air ,cond5s]4 ,a /atic cond5s] ^: dielectric is air4 ,! capacity ( an air cond5s] 9 f>ads is equal to ,a _/ 7 #d4deb;,e#ab 99 t 7 9 :i* ,a is ! area ( "o %eet or sum ( ! areas ( "o set ( connect$ %eets 9 squ>e in*es & t is ! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( air sep>at+ !m4 ,a conv5i5t con/ruction giv5 by ,ayrton consi/s 9 a pile ( glass plates ,p sep>at$ by little bits ( glass ,f ( kn[n ?ickness1 ?ree = ea* piece4 ,t9-foil ,t is pa/$ on bo? sides ( ea* piece ( glass & ! two coat+s are connect$4 ,! t9-foil on ea* second plate is small] 9 area ?an t on ! o!rs4 ,! plates are connect$ 9 two sets1 ea* set compris+ e second plate4 ,= ,a 9 ! =mula ! area ( ! set ( small] %eets ( t9-foil is tak54 ,by ?is con/ruction x w be se5 t ! glass does n act z ! dielectric1 b only z a plane surface = atta*m5t ( ! t9-foil4 ,po/s ,e ,e keep all 9 position4 ,"o set ( %eets connects ) ! b9d+ po/ ,a1 ! o!r ) ,b4 ,! capacity ( any cond5s] ) a dielectric ( specific inductive capacity i is giv5 by ! =mula3 7 i 99,a#a 7 _/ 7 #d4deb;,e#ab 99 t#a 7 ,! air cond5s] is us$ = det]m9+ ! value ( i = diff]5t dielectrics4 ,fig4 #f4 ,,air ,,cond5s]4 #ae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,air ,gaps4 ,9 a dynamo or motor ! space int]v5+ betwe5 ! poles ( ! field magnet & ! armature4 ,!y %\ld be ( z small ?ickness1 & ( z ext5d$ area z possible4 ,_! effect is to increase ! magnetic reluctance ( ! circuit1 !reby exact+ ! exp5diture ( m en]gy ^u ! field4 ,!y also1 by cr[d+ back ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! two limbs1 increase ! leakage ( l9es ( =ce f limb to limb ( ! magnet4 ,air ,l9e ,wire4 ,9 telegraphy ! portion ( ! l9e wire :i* is /rung on poles & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,air ,pump1 ,heat$4 ,x has be5 propos$ to heat portions ( a m]curial air pump to secure m p]fect vacua1 or to ha/5 ! action4 ,heat+ exp&s ! air & ?us produces ! above effects4 #af ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,air ,pump1 ,m]curial4 ,an air pump op]at$ by m]cury4 ,! m]cury acts virtually z ! pi/on1 & ! actuat+ =ce is ! weight ( ! column ( m]cury1 :i* mu/ exce$ ?irty in*es 9 height4 ,!re are _m types4 ,m]curial air pumps are l>gely us$ = exhau/+ inc&esc5t lamp *amb]s4 7,see ,geissl] ,air ,pump1--,spr5gel ,air ,pump47 ,air ,pumps1 ,%ort ,fall4 ,a m]curial air pump 9 :i* ! fall ( m]cury or ! height ( ! active column is comp>atively small4 ,x is effect$ by us+ sev]al columns1 "o act+ aft] ! o!r4 ,a height ( t5 in*es = ea* column suffices 9 "s =ms4 ,en\gh columns mu/ be us$ 9 succession to make up an aggregate height exce$+ #cj in*es4 ,fig4 #g4 ,,burgl> ,,al>m ,,swit* ,,or ,,circuit ,,break]4 ,fig4 #h4 ,,burgl> ,,al>m ,,swit* ,,or ,,circuit ,,break]4 ,al>m1 ,burgl>4 ,a sy/em ( circuits ) al>m bell ext5d+ ov] a h\se or ap>tm5ts design$ to give notice ( ! op5+ ( a w9d[ or door4 ,z adjuncts to ! sy/em ! treads ( ! /airs are sometimes arrang$ to r+ ! bell1 by complet+ a circuit :5 trod on4 ,door mats are also arrang$ to close circuits 9 l mann]4 #ag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,= doors & w9d[s swit*es are provid$ :i* are op5 z long z ! door or w9d[ is clos$1 b :i*1 on be+ releas$ by op5+ ! door or w9d[s1 automatically close ! circuit4 ,! circuit includes an al>m bell & batt]y1 & ! latt] beg9s to r+ & cont9ues until /opp$1 ei!r by ! clos+ ( ! door or by a swit* be+ turn$4 ,! connections are sometimes s contriv$ t ! reclos+ ( ! door or w9d[ w n /op ! bell f r++4 ,! cuts %[ v>i\s swit*es = atta*m5t to doors & w9d[s4 ,x w be se5 t !y normally keep ! circuit clos$1 & t x is only op5 :5 pressure1 z f a clos$ door1 is br\ght ^u !m4 ,9 ! case ( a door a usual place = !m is ^u ! jamb on ! h+e side1 :]e !y are set into ! wood1 ) ! /rik+ p9 project+1 s t z ! door is clos$ ! p9 is press$ 91 ?us break+ ! circuit4 ,sometimes ! connections are arrang$ s z to swit* on ! electric lights if ! h\se is ent]$4 ,special annunciators %[+ :]e ! h\se has be5 ent]$ are a "p ( ! sy/em4 ,a clock :i* turns ! al>m on & (f at pr$et]m9$ h\rs is also sometimes us$4 ,! circuits may be c>ri$ to a c5tral /ation or police /ation4 ,"o =m ( burgl> al>m device is ! ,yale lock swit*4 ,?is is a contact atta*$ to a ,yale lock :i* w be clos$ if ! wrong key is us$1 complet+ a circuit & r++ a bell4 ,fig4 #i4 ,,burgl> ,,al>m ,,swit* ,,or ,,circuit ,,break]4 ,al>m1 ,electric4 ,an appliance = call+ att5tion1 g5]ally by r++ a bell4 ,x is us$ to notify ( wat]-level 9 boil]s or tanks1 ( entrance ( a h\se1 or ( o!r ?+s z desir$4 ,x is evid5t t any numb] ( al>ms c\ld be contriv$4 #ah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,al>m1 ,fire & ,heat4 ,an al>m = giv+ notice ( ! exi/5ce ( a conflagration4 ,su* are sometimes op]at$ by a comp\nd b> !rmo/at 7see ,!rmo/at71 :i* on a giv5 elevation ( temp]ature closes a circuit & r+s an electric bell4 ,sometimes ! expansion ( a column ( m]cury :5 heat$ is us$4 ,?is1 by com+ 9 contact ) "o or two plat9um po9ts1 completes a circuit1 & r+s ! bell4 ,! id5tical app>atus may be us$ 9 liv+ rooms1 gre5h\ses4 factories & else:]e1 to give an al>m :5 ! temp]ature rises or falls beyond pr$et]m9$ limits4 ,al>m1 ,ov]fl[4 ,an al>m to indicate an ov]fl[ ( wat] has be5 sugge/$ on ! l9es ( a contact complet$ by wat]1 or ( ! elem5ts ( a batt]y :i* w\ld be made active by wat]4 ,?us two %eets ( metal might be sep>at$ by bibul\s pap] *>g$ ) salt4 ,if ^! %eets 7 t]m9als ( a circuit includ+ a bell & batt]y1 :5 wat] rea*$ !m ! circuit w\ld be clos$ & ! bell w\ld r+4 ,x 0 also propos$ to use "o copp] & "o z9c %eet s z to con/itute a batt]y 9 itself1 to be ?r[n into action by moi/ure4 ,^! contacts or inactive batt]ies c\ld be di/ribut$ :]e wat] f an ov]fl[ w\ld be mo/ likely to rea* !m4 ,al>m1 ,wat] ,level4 ,an al>m op]at$ by a *ange ( wat] level 9 a tank or boil]4 ,by a float a contact is made z x rises ) ! wat]4 ,ano!r float may be arrang$ to fall & close a contact z ! level falls4 ,! clos+ ( ! contacts r+s an electric bell to notify ! att5dant 9 *>ge4 ,alcohol1 ,electrical ,rectification (4 ,a curr5t ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh impure alcohol betwe5 z9c electrodes is f\nd to improve its quality4 ,?is x does by decompos+ ! wat] pres5t4 ,! nasc5t hydrog5 comb9es ) ! aldehydes1 conv]t+ !m into alcohols :ile ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! z9c electrode4 ,alignm5t4 ,! plac+ 9 or occupy+ ( ! same /raight l9e4 ,! be>+s ( a %aft 9 dynamos1 eng9es1 & o!r ma*9]y h to be 9 accurate alignm5t4 ,allotropy4 ,! p[] ( exi/+ 9 sev]al modifications possess$ by "s sub/ances1 notably by *emical elem5ts4 ,in/ances ( ! allotropic /ate are f\nd 9 c>bon :i* exi/s z *>coal1 z graphite 7plumbago or black lead71 & z ! diamond4 ,all ?ree are ! same elem5tal sub/ance1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 e physical & electrical prop]ty4 #ai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,alloy4 ,a mixture1 produc$ almo/ univ]sally by fusion1 ( two or m metals4 ,sometimes alloys seem to be *emical comp\nds1 z %[n by _! hav+ g5]ally a melt+ po9t l[] ?an ! av]age ( ^? ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,an alloy ( a metal ) m]cury is t]m$ an amalgam4 ,an important application 9 electricity is ! use ( fusible alloys = fire al>ms or = safety fuses4 ,g]man silv] is also ( importance = resi/ance coils1 & palladium alloys are us$ = unmagnetizable wat*es4 ,an alloy ( wr\ght iron ) manganese is almo/ unmagnetizable1 & has be5 propos$ = use 9 %ip build+ to avoid errors ( ! compass4 ,alloys or :at are practically su* c be deposit$ by electrolysis 9 ! electro- plat]'s ba?4 ,we give ! composition ( "s alloys int]e/+ to ! electrician4 ,sold]3 ,lead #a "p ,t9 #b p>ts #a #b ,g]man ,silv]3 ,copp]1 #b p>ts2 ,nickel1 #a "p2 ,z9c1 #a "p 7us$ = resi/ances74 ,plat9um1 ,silv] ,alloys3 ,plat9um1 #a "p2 silv]1 #b p>ts 7us$ = resi/ances47 ,palladium alloys = wat* spr+s4 7,see ,palladium47 ,alphabet1 ,telegraphic4 ,! comb9ations ( s\nds1 ( dots & da%es m>k$ on pap]1 ( "r-h& & left-h& deflections ( a ne$le1 ( bells ( diff]5t notes1 or ( o!r symbols by :i* a fix$ comb9ation is express$ = ea* "* ( ! alphabet1 = num]als1 & = punctuation4 ,:ile ! code is design$ = telegraphic uses x c be us$ n only = ! conveyance ( signals & messages by ! electrical telegraphs1 b also by any semaphoric or visual sy/em1 z by fla%es ( light1 movem5ts ( a flag or ev5 ( ! arms ( ! p]son signall+4 ,9 ! ,engli% & cont95tal ne$le telegraphy 9 :i* ! message is transmitt$ by ! movem5ts ( an index normally v]tical1 b oscillat+ to "o side or ! o!r "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 ! latt] be+ controll$ by ! transmitt] ( ! message1 ! left h& sw+s ( ! ne$le are int]pret$ z dots1 ! "r h& z da%es4 ,?is sy/em enables "o alphabet to be translat$ into ! o!r1 or virtually "o alphabet answ]s = bo? ,morse & ne$le transmitt]s4 ,!re are two pr9cipal telegraphic alphabets1 ! ,am]ican ,morse & ! ,int]national codes4 ,!y are v simil>1 _! ess5tial di/9ction be+ t spaces are us$ 9 ! ,am]ican code1 :ile !y are exclud$ f ! ,int]national code4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,morse sy/em ! message is n[ univ]sally receiv$ by s\nd4 7,see ,s\nd]--,s\nd ,read+47 #bj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! two codes or telegraphic alphabets are giv5 "h4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,alphabet4 ,p>5!sis1 - 4 - - 4 - ,und]/&1 444 - 4 ,i don't und]/&1 44-- 4444--44 ,wait1 4-4 4 4 ,erase1 444 444 444 ,call signal1 -4-4-4- ,end ( message1 4-4-4-4 ,cle>$ out all "r1 4-44-44-4 ,a 4- ,l 4-44 ,w 4-- ,b -444 ,m -- ,x -44- ,c -4-4 ,n -4 ,y -4-- ,d -44 ,o --- ,z --44 ,e 4 ,p 4--4 ,f 44-4 ,q --4- ,* ---- ,g --4 ,r 4-4 4-4- ,h 4444 ,s 444 ---4 ,i 44 ,t - 44-- ,j 4--- ,u 44- 44-44 ,k -4- ,v 444- --4-- ,,num]als #a 4---- #d 4444- #h ---44 #b 44--- #e 44444 #i ----4 #c 444-- #f -4444 #j ----- #g --444 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al image ( ! dot_/da% patt]n is some:at ambigu\s4 ,s9ce !re may be diff]5ces f contempor>y specifications1 ! orig9al image is includ$4 ,image ( page #bj3 ,,! ,,int]national ,,alphabet4 #ba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,,punctuation1 ,,etc41 ,p]iod 747 444 444 ,comma 717 4-4-4- ,qu]y787 44--44 ,exclamation 767 --44-- ,apo/rophe 7'7 4----4 ,hyph5 7-7 -4444- ,fre% p>agraph1 4-4-44 ,inv]t$ commas1 -44-4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,alphabet4 ,a 4- ,l ----7,cont9u\s7 ,w 4-- ,b -444 ,m -- ,x 4-44 ,c 44s4 ,n -4 ,y 44s44 ,d -44 ,o 4s4 ,z '''4 ,e 4 ,p 44444 ,f 4-4 ,q 44-4 ,* ---- ,g --4 ,r 4s44 4-4- ,h 4444 ,s 444 ---4 ,i 44 ,t - 44-- ,j - 4 - 4 ,u 44- 44-44 ,k -4- ,v 444- --4-- ,,num]als #a 4--4 #d 4444- #h -4444 #b 44-44 #e --- #i -44- #c 444-4 #f 444 444 #j -----7,cont9u\s7 #g --44 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! s 9 ! ,am]ican ,code indicates a space4 ,i leave ! foll[+ to ! read]'s imag9ation4 ,see ! orig9al image4 ,comma 717 ,semicolon 727 ,colon 737 ,colon ,da% 737 ,p]iod 747 ,int]rogation 787 ,exclamation 767 ,da% 7-7 ,hyph5 7-7 ,p\nd ,/]l+ 77 ,%ill+ ,m>k 7 7 ,image ( page #ba3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,alphabet4 #bb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,i leave ^! to ! read]'s imag9ation4 ,see ! foll[+ orig9al image4 ,doll>s 77 ,decimal ,po9t 747 ,c5ts 7c7 ,p>agraph 77 ,p5ce 7d47 ,fractional ,m>k 7--7 ,capitaliz$ ,lett] ,italics or ,und]l9e ,colon foll[$ by ,quotation 3 ,p>5!sis 7 7 ,brackets ,quotation ,m>ks ,quotation )9 a ,quotation ' ' ,image ( page #bb3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,alphabet4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces 9 ! two codes are ! use ( spaces 9 ! ,am]ican code1 su* be+ exclud$ f ! ,int]national code4 ,?is affects ! lett]s ,c1 ,r1 ,y1 ,z4 ,! foll[+ diagram1 due to ,comm&ant ,p]ian1 enables ! lett] correspond+ to an ,int]national code sign to be rapidly f\nd ) ! exception ( ,r4 - dot />t da% - _/ ,e ,t _/ _/ ,i ,a ,n ,m _/ _/ _/ _/ ,s ,u ,r ,w ,d ,k ,g ,o _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,h ,v ,f ,u ,l ,a ,p ,j ,b ,x ,c ,y ,z ,q ,,* ,fig4 #aj4 ,diagram = translat+ ! ,morse ,alphabet4 ,9 ord] to f9d :at lett] corresponds to a giv5 sign1 />t+ f ! top ( ! diagram1 ea* l9e is trac$ d[n to a bifurcation1 tak+ ! "r h& l9e ( ea* bifurcation = a da%1 & ! left h& l9e = a dot1 & /opp+ :5 ! dots & da%es are us$ up4 ,?us1 = example1 ! signal -4- - leads u to ! lett] d1 ! signal - - - - to ! lett] j & s on4 #bc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,alt]nat+4 adj4 ,t]m descriptive ( a curr5t *ang+ p]iodically 9 direction4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+47 ,synonyms--,oscillatory--p]iodic--undula tory--h>monic4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,arc4 ,! arc produc$ by ! alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,x pres5ts sev]al peculi>ities4 ,) an insuffici5t numb] ( alt]nations p] second x goes out4 ,z ! c>bons we> away equally x is adopt$ = su* lamps z ! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 7see ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f74 ,z no crat] is =m$ ! light is dissem9at$ equally bo? up & d[n4 ,= ?is reason to get full d[nw>d illum9ation a reflector is recomm5d$4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/em4 ,a sy/em ( electric di/ribution employ+ ! alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,= transmission 9 ! op5 air or 9 conduits a high pot5tial circuit is us$1 f #a1jjj to #aj1jjj volts be+ ma9ta9$ at ! c5tral /ation4 ,two leads unconnect$ at ! end lead f ! /ation4 ,:]e curr5t is desir$ a conv]t] or trans=m] 7see ,conv]t]7 is plac$1 ^: prim>y is connect$ to ! two leads bridg+ ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,f ! second>y ! h\se leads are tak5 ) an initial pot5tial 9 "s cases ( #ej volts4 ,! conv]t]s are ?us all plac$ 9 p>allel4 ,by law or insurance rules ! conv]t]s are g5]ally kept outside ( build+s4 ,:]e no second>y curr5t is tak5 f ! conv]t]s v little prim>y curr5t passes !m on acc\nt ( _! c\nt]-electromotive =ce4 ,z m second>y curr5t is tak5 ! prim>y increases & ?is accommodation ( "o to ! o!r is "o ( ! int]e/+ & valuable features4 ,/reet lamps are sometimes connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,ea* lamp 9 su* case is 9 p>allel ) a small coil ) iron core4 ,:ile ! lamp is intact little curr5t passes ?r\gh ! coil4 ,if ! lamp is brok51 !n ! conv]t] imp$es ! curr5t by its spuri\s resi/ance1 q4 v41 j en\gh to repres5t & replace ! resi/ance ( ! ext+ui%$ & brok5 lamp filam5t4 7,see ,met]1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t2 ,motor1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t47 ,alt]nation4 ,! *ange 9 direction ( a curr5t4 ,! numb] ( su* *anges is express$ z numb] ( alt]nations2 ?us a curr5t may h a frequ5cy ( #ejj or #bj1jjj alt]nations p] second4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,"o alt]nation p] second is n[ call$ "o h]tz4 ,alt]nation1 ,complete4 ,a d\ble alt]nation2 a *ange f "o direction to ! o!r & back aga9 to ! orig9al phase4 ,a symbol d]iv$ f its graphic repres5tation by a s9e curve is us$ to indicate x4 ,! symbol is #bd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,alt]native ,pa?4 ,a second pa? = a curr5t appe>+ z a disruptive dis*>ge4 ,:]e two pa?s are (f]$ ! dis*>ge1 z x is ( alt]nat+ or oscillatory type1 selects ! pa? ( lea/ self-induction4 ,?us a ?ick b> ( copp]1 ) no air gap1 may be ab&on$ by ! curr5t 9 favor ( a small iron wire ) an air gap1 b :i* has less self-induction4 ,! lightn+ arre/]s1 q4 v41 = ! protection ( telegraph (fices are sometimes bas$ on ^! pr9ciples4 ,a pa? ( v high resi/ance b ( small self-induction is (f]$ betwe5 ! l9e & ! e>?4 ,?is ! lightn+ dis*>ge selects 9 pref]5ce to ! in/rum5ts ) _! iron cores1 z ! latt] are ( v high self-induction4 ,alt]nator4 ,a dynamo electric g5]ator supply+ an alt]nat+ curr5t4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t47 ,synonym--,alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ator or dynamo4 ,alt]nator1 ,con/ant ,curr5t4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo supply+ a curr5t ( unv>y+ virtual amp]age4 ,alt]nators ( ?is type are con/ruct$ ) an armature ( high self-induction4 ,sometimes f9e w9d+ conta9$ 9 deep p]iph]al not*es 9 ! core-discs is employ$ to magnify ! self-induction4 ,su* g5]ators are employ$ = s]ies light+1 especially arc-light+4 ,alum9um4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol3 ,al4 ,atomic weight3 #bg4d4 ,equival5t3 #i4ac4 ,val5cy3 #c4 ,specific gravity3 #b4f4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative resi/ance anneal$1 7,silv] #a7 #a4ice ,specific resi/ance at #j;,c 7#cb;,f47 #b4iab microhms ,resi/ance ( a wire at #j;,c 7#cb;,f47 a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #j4ajgd ohms4 b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #ag4ec c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #j4jgdi d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick #j4jcgaj ,resi/ance ( a #a-;in* cube at #j;,c 7#cb;,f47 #a4adg microhms ,electro-*emical equival5t4 4#jieh 7hydrog5 4#jaje7 #be ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,amalgam4 7a7 ,a comb9ation or alloy 9 :i* "o ( ! con/itu5ts is m]cury4 ,usually ! t]m is appli$ to an alloy ( a s+le metal ) m]cury4 ,"s metals readily =m amalgams2 su* metals are3 ,gold1 z9c1 silv]1 lead & o!rs2 "s1 su* z plat9um & iron1 =m amalgams only "u exceptional circum/ances4 7b7 ,! ^w is also appli$ to compositions = application to ! cu%ions ( frictional electric ma*9e 9 :i* cases x is (t5 a misnom]4 ,true amalgams us$ = ?is purpose are made z foll[s3 7a7 ,t91 #a "p2 ,z9c1 #a "p2 ,m]cury1 #b p>ts 7,ki5may]74 7b7 ,t91 #b p>ts2 ,z9c1 #c p>ts4 7c7 ,t91 #c p>ts2 ,z9c1 #e p>ts2 ,m]cury1 #d p>ts4 7d7 ,z9c1 #a "p3 ,m]cury1 #d p>ts2 ,m]cury1 #i p>ts4 sic ,! t91 if su* is us$1 7=mula a1 b & c7 is fir/ melt$1 ! z9c is add$ 9 successive portions4 ,! m]cury1 :i* mu/ be heat$1 is sl[ly p\r$ into ! melt$ alloy aft] removal ( ! latt] f ! fire1 & ! mixture1 :ile mak+1 is con/antly /irr$4 ,x is kept /irr$ or rubb$ 9 a mort> until cold4 ,sometimes x is p\r$ into wat] & kept 9 con/ant agitation until cold4 ,x is ?us obta9$ 9 a granul> condition1 & is p\nd$ 9 a mort> until r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,x mu/ be dri$ & kept 9 tightly /opp$ bottles & is appli$ to ! cu%ions aft] !y h be5 greas$4 ,x is to be notic$ t x is said t alloy 7d7 requires no pulv]ization beyond con/ant rubb+ 9 a mort> z x cools4 ,sometimes ! amalgam is %ak5 ab\t 9 a wood5 tray ) *alk :ile cool+4 ,! action ( amalgams is n v cle>ly und]/ood4 ,"s claim t !re is a *emical action1 o!rs t !y simply act z conductors1 o!rs t !y are m highly negative to ! glass ?an ! lea!r ( ! cu%ions4 ,graphite or sulphide ( t9 7mosaic gold7 are sometimes us$ to coat ! cu%ions2 x is ^! t are sometimes incorrectly call$ amalgams4 ,amalgamation4 ,! application ( m]cury to a metal ) :i* x =ms an amalgam1 or ) :i* x amalgamates4 ,batt]y z9cs are amalgamat$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! imm]sion me?od1 ! plate is dipp$ into an acid solution ( m]curic *loride or nitrate4 ,! latt] is be/4 ,9 ! direct application me?od ! plate is fir/ wet all ov] ) dilute acid & a little m]cury is dropp$ ^u x & is rubb$ ov] ! surface ) a rag or1 :at is bett]1 ) a piece ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,a v little m]cury answ]s ! purpose4 ,! :ole surface ( ! plate %\ld be left z bright z silv]4 7,see ,action1 ,local47 ,amb]4 ,amb] is a fossil res91 suppos$ to be a product ( ! ext9ct ,p9ites ,succ9if] & o!r conif]\s trees4 ,mo/ ( x is ga!r$ on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic betwe5 ,ko5igsb]g & ,memel4 ,x is also f\nd 9 small pieces at ,gay ,head1 ,mass41 & 9 ,new ,j]sey gre5 s&4 ,x is f\nd among ! prehi/oric rema9s ( ! ,swiss ,lake dwell]s4 ,:5 rubb$ ) a clo? x becomes excit$ ) negative electricity4 ,! ,greek ^w = x is electron1 :i* gave ! "n electricity to ! mod]n sci5ce4 ,?ales ( ,miletus1 #fjj ,b4 ,c41 & ,!ophra/us1 ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 bo? m5tion its electric prop]ties or p[] ( attract+ small objects :5 rubb$4 #bf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ammet]4 ,! comm]cial "n = an amp]e-met]1 an in/rum5t design$ to %[ by direct read+ ! numb] ( amp]es ( curr5t :i* are pass+ ?r\gh a circuit4 ,a great v>iety ( ammet]s h be5 inv5t$1 bas$ on diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! def9itions foll[+ ?is "o give "s idea ( ! l9es ( con/ruction foll[$4 ,synonym--,amp]e met]4 ,ammet]1 ,ayrton's4 ,a direct read+ in/rum5t = measur+ curr5t int5sity4 ,a sol5oid receives ! curr5t4 ,9 ! axis ( ! sol5oid an iron tube is susp5d$ by a long spiral spr+ t passes d[n )9 x1 & ! upp] end ( :i* spr+ is fa/5$ to ! glass top ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! tube is provid$ ) prop] guides s z to ma9ta9 a v]tical position1 & is free to rotate4 ,its upp] end c>ries an index4 ,! :ole op]ates z a magnify+ device4 ,a slight longitud9al displacem5t ( ! tube causes x to rotate ?r\gh a consid]able angle by ! action ( ! spr+4 ,by prop]ly proportion+ ! p>ts1 ! angle ( displacem5t ( ! index is directly proportional to ! curr5t betwe5 #ae & #bgj angul> displacem5t4 ,! same in/rum5t is w\nd = use z a volt-met]4 ,its pr9cipal fault is its re/rict$ range4 ,ammet]1 ,commutator4 ,a commutator ammet] is "o ^: w9d+s consi/ ( sep>ate /r&s1 ea* ( any desir$ numb] ( turns1 & provid$ ) a commutat+ atta*m5t = ?r[+ !m into s]ies or into p>allel z desir$4 ,! ess5tial condition is t all ! wires %all be ( equal resi/ance & ( equal numb] ( turns4 ,su* an in/rum5t c be us$ = heavy or light curr5ts4 ,two sets ( graduations are m>k$ on its scale if x is a calibrat$ in/rum5t4 7,see ,calibration47 ,commutator volt-met]s are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,ammet]1 ,cunynghame's4 ,a modification ( ! ,siem5s' electro-dynamomet]4 7,see ,electro-dynamomet]1 ,siem5s'47 ,an electro-magnet ) v massive core is excit$ by ! curr5t4 ,z ! core is ( small reluctance ! /r5g? ( ! magnet is ne>ly proportional to ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet a s(t iron armature or induc$ magnet is pivot$4 ,x c>ries a po9t] s adju/$ t :5 ! axis ( ! s(t iron magnet is at an angle ( ab\t #cj ) ! l9e jo9+ ! poles ( ! electro-magnet ! po9t] w indicate z]o4 ,! s(t iron armature is s massive t ! magnetism induc$ 9 x is proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! electro-magnet4 ,h5ce ! c\ple ex]t$ by ! electro-magnet on ! pivot$ armature w be proportional to ! squ>e ( ! curr5t4 ,! armature is reta9$ 9 place by a spiral spr+ ly+ 9 l9e ) its axis ( rotation4 ,! in/rum5t is op]at$ z a z]o read+ in/rum5t4 ,! curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! ne$le is deflect$2 x is br\ght back to z]o by turn+ a mill$ head :i* twi/s ! spr+4 ,! curr5t w be proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! angle ( displacem5t ( ! mill$ head4 ,a scale ) index is provid$1 giv+ directly ! squ>e roots ( ! angle ov] :i* ! po9t] is mov$4 ,! same in/rum5t is w\nd = use z a volt-met]4 #bg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ammet]1 ,ecc5tric ,iron ,disc4 ,?is ammet] comprises a cyl9drical electro-magnet excit$ by ! curr5t to be measur$4 ,a disc ( iron free to rotate is susp5d$ on pivots bel[ x4 ,a piece is cut (f ! disc at "o "p ( its p]iph]y s z to give m metal to "o side ?an to ! o!r4 ,9 its z]o position ?is portion ( ! disc sw+s t[>ds ! magnet4 ,z ! latt] is m & m excit$ ! o!r or m project+ portion ( ! disc turns t[>ds x1 be+ attract$ l an armature1 & moves aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity1 ! disc rotat+4 ,an index atta*$ to ! disc sw+s ov] ! face ( a graduat$ scale4 ,! disc is s c\nt]pois$ t 9 its natural position ! index po9ts to z]o4 ,ammet]1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,an ammet] dep5d+ = its work+ ^u ! action ( an electro-magnet1 :i* is excit$ by ! curr5t to be measur$4 ,ammet]1 ,gravity4 ,an ammet] ^: h& or index is drawn into ! z]o position by gravity1 & ^: displacem5t !refrom is produc$ by ! action ( ! curr5t to be measur$4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,gravity ,,sol5oid ,,ammet]4 ,ammet]1 ,magnetic ,vane4 ,a fix$ plate ( s(t iron is plac$ )9 a coil4 ,fac+ x is a second disc free to move or sw+ on an axis4 ,:5 ! field is excit$ ! two repel ea* o!r because l pol>ity is induc$ 9 ea*1 & ! motion ( ! movable disc indicates ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,! same in/rum5t is w\nd = high resi/ance & con/itutes a ,magnetic ,vane ,voltmet]4 #bh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ammet]1 ,magnify+ ,spr+4 ,a sol5oid ammet] 9 :i* a spiral spr+ is us$ to conv]t ! longitud9al motion ( ! armature or movable core into a rot>y motion 7see ,ammet]1 ,ayrton's7 & magnify ! app>5t range ( motion4 ,ammet]1 ,p]man5t ,magnet4 ,an ammet] ) a magnetic field produc$ by a p]man5t magnet4 ,ammet]1 ,sol5oid4 ,an ammet] 9 :i* ! attraction1 :5 a curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh x1 ex]t$ by a holl[ coil ( wire ^u an iron b> or tube 9 l9e ) its axis1 is utiliz$ to indicate ! /r5g? ( curr5t4 ,! b> is drawn into ! coil to diff]5t ext5ts proportional to ! attraction4 ,z an example see ,ammet]1 ,ayrton's1 & cut ( ,gravity ,ammet]4 ,ammet]1 ,spr+4 ,an ammet] 9 :i* ! "p mov$ by ! curr5t is controll$ or br\ght to ! z]o position by a spr+4 ,ammet]1 ,/eel ,y>d4 ,a sol5oid ammet] 9 :i* ! sol5oid core is susp5d$ v]tically f ! %ort end ( a /eel y>d fitt$ ) a slid+ weight4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! sol5oid coil & attracts or draws d[nw>ds ! coil4 ,a slid+ weight is mov$ 9 & out on ! long /eel-y>d arm :i* is graduat$ = amp]es4 ,9 use ! weight is slid out until ! arm is 9 equipose2 ! divisions give ! amp]es4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,/eel ,,y>d ,,ammet]4 #bi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ammunition ,hoi/1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = use on %ips = hoi/+ ammunition to ! guns by an electric elevator4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( x is t a con/ant motion ( ! swit* or h&le is requir$ to keep x 9 action4 ,if ! op]ator is %ot s z to be incapacitat$ f tak+ *>ge ( ! swit*1 ! hoi/ /ops until ano!r is assign$ to x4 ,amp]age4 ,curr5t int5sity express$ 9 amp]es1 z an amp]age ( t5 amp]es4 ,amp]e4 ,! practical unit ( electric curr5t /r5g?4 ,x is ! measure ( ! curr5t produc$ by an electro-motive =ce ( "o volt ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,9 electric quantity x is ! rate ( "o c\lomb p] second4 ,x is "o-t5? ! absolute ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( curr5t /r5g?4 ,its be/ analogy is d]iv$ f wat]4 ,assum+ ! electric curr5t to be repres5t$ by a curr5t ( wat]1 ! pressure1 head1 or desc5t produc+ su* curr5t w\ld be ! electro-motive =ce4 ,! curr5t might be measur$ 9 gallons 7or o!r unit7 pass$ p] second4 ,9 ! analogy ^! gallons w\ld be c\lombs4 ,b x might be measur$ by ref]5ce to a /&>d /ream1 z = in/ance1 ! /ream :i* w\ld pass ?r\gh a hole an in* squ>e "u a giv5 head1 say six in*es ( wat]4 ,?is unit is ! m9]'s in*1 & is ! exact analogy ( ! amp]e4 ,a curr5t ( wat] may fl[ at ! rate ( s _m m9]'s in*es1 j z a curr5t ( electricity may fl[ at ! rate ( s _m amp]es4 ,9 nei!r case x w be not$ is !re any ref]5ce to "t4 ,an amp]e p] second is a r$undant expression1 & means no m ?an an amp]e2 an amp]e-second1 on ! o!r h&1 is a c\lomb4 ,! numb] ( c\lombs pass$ p] second gives ! amp]es ( curr5t4 ,= value ( amp]e1 see ,c\lomb4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,,si def9ition ( an amp]e3 ,a curr5t 9 two /raight p>allel conductors ( inf9ite l5g? & negligible cross-section1 #a metre ap>t 9 vacuum1 w\ld produce a =ce equal to #b;,e-#g newton p] metre ( l5g?4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,! ,,m9]',s ,,in* ,,z ,,an ,,analogy ,,= ,,! ,,amp]e4 #cj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,amp]e1 ,arc4 ,a conductor b5t into ! arc ( a circle1 & employ$ 9 measur+ ! electric curr5t by ! electric balance4 ,amp]e-curr5ts4 ,! curr5ts assum$ to be ! cause ( magnetism4 7,see ,magnetism1 ,amp]e's ,!ory (47 ,amp]e-feet4 ,! product ( amp]es ( curr5t by ! l5g?1 9 feet1 ( a conductor pass+ su* curr5t4 ,x may be 9 empiric calculations ( dynamo or motor con/ruction1 b is little us$4 ,"o amp]e-foot is a curr5t ( "o amp]e pass+ ?r\gh "o foot l5g? ( a conductor1 or "o-t5? amp]e ?r\gh t5 feet1 & s on4 ,amp]e-h\r4 ,! quantity ( electricity pass$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e 9 "o h\r4 ,x is us$ by electric p[] & light+ companies z ! unit ( en]gy suppli$ by !m1 because !y ma9ta9 a con/ant pot5tial diff]5ce 9 _! leads1 s t only ! amp]es & h\rs ne$ measur+ or record+ to give ! en]gy1 viz4 3 volt-amp]e-h\rs4 ,! same unit is appli$ to batt]ies to indicate _! pot5tial en]gy1 because !y also are assum$ to be ( con/ant voltage or electro-motive =ce4 ,amp]e-met]s4 ,! product ( amp]es ( curr5t by ! l5g?1 9 met]s1 ( a conductor c>ry+ su* curr5t4 ,"o amp]e-met] is a curr5t ( "o amp]e pass+ ?r\gh "o met] ( a conductor4 ,! t]m mu/ n be confus$ ) ! id5tically spell$ ,amp]e-met]1 a synonym = ,ammet]4 ,amp]e-m9ute4 ,! quantity ( electricity pass$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e 9 "o m9ute2 sixty c\lombs4 ,amp]e ,r+4 ,a conductor =m+ a r+ or circle us$ 9 electric balances = measur+ curr5ts4 7,see ,balance1 ,amp]e47 ,amp]e-second4 ,! quantity ( electricity pass$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e 9 "o second2 ! c\lomb1 q4 v4 ,amp]es1 ,lo/4 ,9 a %unt or comp\nd-w\nd dynamo1 "p ( ! total amp]es ( curr5t produc$ 9 ! armature coils g ?r\gh ! %unt1 & h5ce1 d n appe> 9 ! out] circuit4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson has propos$ ! t]m lo/ amp]es = ?is portion ( ! curr5t4 ,amp]e's ,memoria ,te*nica4 ,an expression ( ! effect ( a curr5t on a magnetic ne$le4 ,if we imag9e ! obs]v] 9 ! l9e ( ! curr5t & fac+ ! magnetic ne$le1 ! curr5t ent]+ by 8 feet & leav+ by 8 head1 ! nor? pole is deflect$ to 8 left4 #ca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,amp]e-turns4 ,! amp]es ( curr5t suppli$ to a magnet coil multipli$ by ! numb] ( turns ! curr5t makes 9 ! coil4 ,if ! coil is w\nd two or ?ree 9 p>allel1 ! virtual turns by :i* ! amp]es are multipli$ are "o-half or "o-?ird ! actual turns ( wire4 ,synonym--,amp]e ,w9d+s4 ,amp]e-turns1 ,prim>y4 ,! amp]e-turns 9 ! prim>y coil ( an induction coil or trans=m]4 ,amp]e-turns1 ,second>y4 ,! amp]e-turns 9 ! second>y coil ( an induction coil or trans=m]4 ,amplitude ( ,waves4 ,waves are di/+ui%$ by l5g? & amplitude4 ,! latt]1 9 ! case ( transv]se waves1 su* z ^? ( wat] & ( ! e!r1 correspond ) & measure ! height f l[e/ to highe/ po9t1 or f valley to summit ( ! waves 9 "q4 ,9 ! case ( longitud9al waves1 su* z ^? ( ! air1 due to s\nd+ bodies1 ! ratio ( degree ( r>efaction to degree ( cond5sation exi/+ 9 ! sy/em is ! amplitude4 ,! latt] c be graphically repres5t$ by a s9u\s l9e1 su* z w\ld repres5t ! section ( a transv]se wave4 ,e!r waves are produc$ by heat$ bodies & by electro-magnetic impulses1 z 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,! amplitude ( a wave1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is ! measure ( its int5sity4 ,?us1 ! l\d] a s\nd ! great] is ! amplitude ( ! sy/em ( waves to :i* x is due4 ,! same applies to e!r waves1 :e!r !y are p]ceiv$ 9 ! electro-magnetic1 light1 or heat-giv+ modification4 ,z ! amplitude ( e!r waves _c be accurately kn[n1 amplitude is a relative t]m & is n /at$ g5]ally 9 any absolute unit4 ,analog\s ,pole4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts ( a pyro-electric cry/all9e sub/ance1 su* z t\rmal9e4 ,:5 heat$1 su* bodies acquire electrical prop]ties4 ,if ( su* cry/all9e =m t !y are diff]5tly modifi$ at ! ends ( _! cry/all9e axis1 by hemih$ral modifications1 ! ends may be diff]5tly affect$4 ,"o end may %[ positive electricity :5 ! temp]ature is ris+1 & negative :5 fall+4 ,su* end is !n call$ ! analog\s pole4 ,! opposite end pres5ts1 9 su* cases1 ! opposite ph5om5a2 becom+ negative :5 ! temp]ature is ris+1 & becom+ positive :5 x is fall+2 su* end is call$ ! antilog\s pole4 ,analysis4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! elem5ts ( a case4 ,x may be *emical1 & consi/ 9 f9d+ :at a sub/ance consi/s (2 x may be ma!matical1 & consi/ 9 det]m9+ ! unkn[n quantities 9 a problem2 or x may belong to o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! t]m has a v ext5d$ application4 ,:]e ! con/itu5ts are only det]m9$ 9 k9d x is call$ qualitative analysis2 :]e _! quantity or p]c5tage is asc]ta9$ x is call$ quantitative analysis4 #cb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,analysis1 ,electric4 ,*emical analysis by electrolytic me?ods4 7,see ,electrolytic ,analysis47 ,analyz]1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 inve/igations on electric e!r waves4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( p>allel metallic wires4 ,:5 ! electric waves h be5 pol>iz$1 ! analyz] w only p]mit !m to g ?r\gh x intact1 :5 ! plane ( vibration ( ! waves is p>allel to its wires4 ,anelectrics4 7a7 ,bodies :i* d n become electrifi$ by friction2 a t]m introduc$ by ,gilb]t1 n[ little us$1 z all bodies develop electricity "u prop] conditions by contact action2 ! rev]se ( idioelectrtics4 7b7 ,also a conductor ( electricity1 ! rev]se ( a dielectric1 q4 v4 7,see ,conductor47 ,x w be se5 t ,gilb]t's anelectrics 71 aft] all1 ! same z ! mod]n anelectrics1 i4e41 conductors4 ,anelectrotonus4 ,a t]m us$ 9 m$ical electricity or electro-!rapeutics to indicate ! deceas$ functional activity induc$ 9 a n]ve by ! proximity ( ! anode ( an active electric circuit complet$ ?r\gh ! n]ve4 ,! conv]se ( ,ka!lectrotonus4 ,angle ( ,decl9ation4 ,! angle ( error ( ! magnetic ne$le or compass1 measur+ ! ext5t ( its deviation f ! m]idian 9 any locality4 ,x is ! angle betwe5 ! plane ( ! magnetic axis ( a magnetic ne$le free to take its natural position1 & ! geographical m]idian1 ! ne$le be+ c\nt]pois$ if necess>y1 s z to hold an absolutely horizontal position4 ,! deviation is express$ z be+ ea/ or we/1 ref]r+ always to ! nor? pole4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,synonym--,v>iation ( ! ,compass4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,see ,agonic ,l9e4 ,angle ( ! ,pol> ,span4 ,9 a dynamo or motor ! angle subt5d$ by ! portion ( a pole piece fac+ ! armature1 su* angle be+ ref]r$ to ! c5tre ( ! cross-section ( ! armature z its c5tre4 ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 #cc ,angul> ,velocity4 ,! velocity ( a body mov+ 9 a circul> pa?1 measur$ ) ref]5ce to ! angle x passes ov] 9 "o second multipli$ by ! radius & divid$ by ! "t4 ,a unit angle is tak5 7#eg4biegh #eg #ag' #dd4h ne>ly7 su* t x is subt5d$ by a portion ( ! circumf]5ce equal 9 l5g? to ! radius4 ,h5ce1 ! circumf]5ce1 :i* is #cfj1 is equal to #b99,,pi99unit angle1 ,,pi be+ equal to #c4adaf--4 ,unit angul> velocity is su* z w\ld 9 a circle ( radius #a repres5t a pa? #a1 trav]s$ 9 unit "t #a second4 ,if ! radius is r & ! angle pass$ ov] is !ta1 ! di/ance is proportional to r99!ta2 if ?is di/ance is trav]s$ 9 t seconds ! angul> velocity is !ta _/ t4 ,! angul> velocity1 if x is multipli$ by r1 !ta express+ a di/ance1 w give ! l9e> velocity4 ,! dim5sions ( angul> velocity are an angle 7 arc _/ radius7 _/ a ,"t 7,l_/,l7_/,t 7,t-#a74 ,! velocity express$ by ! rate ( an arc ( a circle ( unit radius1 :i* arc subt5ds an angle ( #eg #ag' #dd4h1 su* arc be+ trav]s$ 9 unit "t1 is unit angul> velocity4 ,animal ,electricity4 ,electricity1 notably ( high t5sion1 g5]at$ 9 ! animal sy/em1 9 ! ,torp$o1 ,gymnotus & ,silurus4 ,! %ocks giv5 by ^! fi% are sometimes v sev]e4 ,! gymnotus1 or electric eel1 0 elaborately inve/igat$ by ,f>aday4 ,x has ! p[] ( volunt>ily effect+ ?is dis*>ge4 ,!re is und\bt$ly "s electricity 9 all animals4 ,! contact ( ! sp9al column ( a rec5tly kill$ frog ) ! lumb> muscles produces contraction1 %[+ electric excitem5t4 ,curr5ts c be obta9$ f n]ve & muscle1 or f muscle sides & muscle cut transv]sely1 9 ea* case "o ?+ repres5t+ positive & ! o!r negative elem5ts ( a c\ple4 ,angle ( ,incl9ation or ,dip4 ,! angle :i* ! magnetic axis ( a magnet1 :i* magnet is free to move 9 ! v]tical plane ( ! magnetic m]idian1 makes ) a horizontal l9e int]sect+ su* axis4 ,to obs]ve x a special in/rum5t1 ! dipp+ compass1 incl9ation compass1 dipp+ ne$le1 or dipp+ circle1 z x is call$1 is us$4 7,see ,elem5ts1 ,magnetic1 --,dipp+ ,ne$le1--,compass1 ,incl9ation47 ,angle ( ,lag4 ,! angle express+ ! displacem5t ( ! magnetic axis ( ! armature core ( a dynamo 9 ! direction ( its rotation4 7,see ,lag47 ,lag is due to ! motion ( ! armature core4 ,angle ( ,lead4 ,! angle express+ ! displacem5t 9 ! direction ( rotation ( ! armature ( a dynamo :i* has to be giv5 ! bru%es to comp5sate = ! lag4 7,see ,lag47 ,?is is positive lead4 ,9 a motor ! bru%es are set ! o!r way1 giv+ a negative angle ( lead or angle ( negative lead4 ,anion4 ,! electro-negative elem5t or radical ( a molecule1 su* z oxyg51 *lor9e or ! radical sulphion4 7,see ,ions47 ,x is ! portion :i* goes to ! anode1 q4v41 9 electrolytic decomposition4 #cd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,anisotropic4 7adj47 ,unequal 9 physical prop]ties1 z 9 conduction & specific inductive capacity1 along v>i\s axes or directions4 ,an anisotropic conductor is "o ^: conductivity v>ies accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t1 ea* axis ( cry/allization 9 a cry/all9e body m>k+ a direction ( diff]5t conductivity4 ,an anisotropic m$ium is "o v>y+ 9 l mann] ) reg>d to its specific inductive capacity4 ,9 magnetism an anisotropic sub/ance is "o hav+ diff]5t susceptibilities to magnetism 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! t]m is applicable to o!r ?an electric or magnetic subjects4 ,synonym--,a,eolotropic4 ,anneal+1 ,electric4 ,anneal+ by ! heat produc$ by ! passage ( ! electric curr5t ?r\gh ! body to be anneal$4 ,! object is clamp$ or o!rwise br\ght into a circuit1 & a curr5t /rong en\gh to heat x to r$ness1 or to ! desir$ temp]ature is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,annunciator4 ,an app>atus = ann\nc+ a call f any place to ano!r1 z f a liv+-room to an (fice 9 a hotel1 or = ann\nc+ ! ent]+ ( any giv5 room or w9d[ 9 a build+ protect$ by a burgl> al>m4 ,a usual sy/em comprises = ea* annunciator an electro-magnet4 ,its armature is normally held away f its poles by a spr+1 & :5 9 t position a lat* connect$ to ! armature holds a little %utt]4 ,:5 by a pu%-button or o!r device a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh a circuit :i* includes ! electro-magnet ! armature is attract$1 ?is releases ! lat* & ! %utt] drops4 ,9 dropp+ x displays a numb]1 lett] or inscription :i* indicates ! locality ( ! pu%-button or o!r circuit-clos+ device4 ,(t5 annunciators are connect$ 9 circuit ) a bell4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,annunciator4 #ce ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,annunciator ,clock4 ,a clock op]at+ an annunciator by mak+ contact at det]m9$ times4 ,annunciator ,drop4 ,! little %utt] :i* is dropp$ by "s =ms ( annunciators1 & ^: fall discloses a numb]1 "* or inscription1 indicat+ :5ce ! call 0 s5t4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,drop ,,annunciator4 ,fig4 #af4 ,,annunciator ,,deta*+ ,,me*anism4 ,annunciator1 ,gravity ,drop4 ,an annunciator ^: op]ations release %utt]s :i* fall by gravity4 ,annunciator1 ,ne$le4 ,a ne$le annunciator is "o ^: indications are giv5 by ! movem5ts ( ne$les1 ( :i* !re is usually a sep>ate "o = ea* place ( call+4 ,annunciator1 ,sw++ or ,p5dulum4 ,an annunciator :i* gives its indications by displac+ f its v]tical position a p5dulum or v]tically susp5d$ arm4 #cf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,anodal ,diffusion4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! introduction ( a m$ic9e into ! animal sy/em by us+ a sponge-anode saturat$ ) ! solution ( ! drug 9 "q4 ,on pass+ a curr5t ! desir$ result is secur$ by cataphoresis1 q4 v4 ,anode4 ,! positive t]m9al 9 a brok5 metallic or true conduct+ circuit2 ! t]m9al connect$ to ! c>bon plate ( a galvanic batt]y or to its equival5t 9 case ( any o!r g5]ator4 ,9 g5]al practice x is re/rict$ to ! positive t]m9al 9 a decomposition or electrolytic cell1 su* z ! nickel anode 9 a nickel-plat+ ba? or ! anode ( plat9um 9 a gas voltamet]4 ,x is ! t]m9al out ( or f :i* ! curr5t is suppos$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! decomposition cell4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! t]m is us$ simply to indicate ! positive t]m9al4 ,9 an electrolytic cell ! electro-negative sub/ance or anion goes to ! anode4 ,h5ce1 x is ! "o dissolv$1 if ei!r are attack$4 ,! nickel1 copp] or silv] anodes ( ! electroplat] dissolve 9 use & keep up ! /r5g? ( ! ba?4 ,! plat9um anode 9 a gas voltamet] is unattack$ because ! anion _c act ^u x *emically4 ,anodic ,closure ,contraction4 ,a physiological *ange 9 a liv+ subject produc$ by ! clos+ ( ! electric curr5t2 ! muscul> contraction :i* takes place b5ea? ! anode appli$ to ! surface ( ! body :5 ! circuit is clos$1 ! ka?ode be+ appli$ else:]e2 x is due1 presumably1 to direct action on ! motor n]ve4 ,x is a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,x is ! conv]se ( anodic op5+ contraction1 q4 v4 ,an abbreviation ,a4 ,c4 ,c4 is (t5 us$ to designate x4 ,anodic ,duration ,contraction4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,on ! op5+ or clos+ ( an electric circuit1 ! anode ( :i* is plac$ ov] a muscle1 a contraction is obs]v$ 7see ,anodic ,closure ,contraction--,anodic ,op5+ ,contraction74 ,! above t]m is us$ to designate ! duration ( su* contraction4 ,an abbreviation ,a4 ,d4 ,c4 is (t5 us$ to designate x4 ,anodic ,op5+ ,contraction4 ,! conv]se ( ,anodic ,closure ,contraction1 q4 v42 x is ! contraction ( liv+ muscle b5ea? or ne> ! anode :]e ! circuit1 includ+ su* anode & ! body 9 its c\rse1 is clos$2 a physiological ph5om5on obs]v$ 9 electro-!rapeutics to :i* bran* ( sci5ce ! t]m belongs4 ,an abbreviation ,a4 ,o4 ,c4 is (t5 us$ to designate x4 ,anodic ,reactions4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! diagnosis ( disease by ! actions ( ! tissue ne> ! anode ( a circuit4 ,anti-,induction ,conductor4 ,a conductor con/ruct$ to avoid induction effects 9 ! conduct+ elem5t4 ,_m k9ds h be5 made4 ,a tubul> metal %ield or envelope :i* may be gr\nd$ w protect an enclos$ conductor to "s ext5t4 ,or ! conductor may be a d\ble wire twi/$ ar\nd itself1 "o bran* be+ us$ = ! regul> & ! o!r = ! return circuit1 ?us con/itut+ a clos$ metallic circuit4 ,! inductive effects are due to int]rupt$ or v>y+ curr5ts 9 neighbor+ wires & circuits4 ,_m anti-induction conductors h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$4 #cg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,anti-magnetic ,%ield4 ,9 g5]al t]ms a holl[ scre5 ( s(t iron design$ to protect any mass ( /eel beh9d or enclos$ by x f magnetization by any magnet ne> x1 su* z a dynamo field magnet4 ,?is x does by conc5trat+ ! l9es ( =ce )9 its own mass1 s t ! space )9 x or enclos$ by x is comp>atively free f l9es ( =ce4 ,x is (t5 appli$ to wat*es1 & is virtually an iron case 9 :i* !y are enclos$4 ,antimony4 ,a metal1 "o ( ! elem5ts1 atomic weight1 #abb3 equival5t1 #dj4f & #bd4d2 val5cy1 #c & #e2 specific gravity1 #f4h4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative resi/ance1 compress$ 7silv] #a71 #bc4fj ,specific resi/ance1 #ce4ej microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #c4dah ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #bac4f 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #b4chd 7d7 #a met] long4 #a millimet] ?ick1 #j4deba ,resi/ance ( a #a-;in* cube1 #ac4ih microhms4 ,approximate p]c5tage resi/ance p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f4 at #bj ,c4 #hh ,f47 #j4chi p] c5t4 ,elcctro-*emical equival5t 7hydrog5 4#jaje7 4#befj 7,see ,!rmo-,electric ,s]ies47 ,anvil4 ,an int]mitt5t contact1 or make & break ( ! curr5t is sometimes produc$ by directly press+ a key d[n ^u a metallic surface1 ! two be+ t]m9als ( ! circuit4 ,! surface or /ud on :i* su* pressure is produc$ is call$ ! anvil4 ,! ord9>y telegraph key1 :i* makes a contact by ! pressure ( ! op]ator's f+]s does x by mak+ a contact betwe5 a contact piece ^u ! front end ( ! key & ! anvil4 ,9 ! induction coil ! anvil is also f\nd4 ,?us 9 ! cut repres5t+ ! end ( an induction coil & its circuit break] 9 :i* ,o & ,o' & ,p & ,p' repres5t ! second>y circuit t]m9al connections ,a is ! core ( s(t iron wires1 h is ! anvil2 ! hamm] :5 re/+ ^u x s z to be 9 contact closes ! circuit4 ,:5 ! curr5t com+ f ! prim>y to ! po/ i1 passes ?r\gh ! hamm] & anvil h1 & em]ges by m1 x magnetizes ! core2 ?is attracts ! hamm]1 :i* is made ( or is arm$ ) a mass ( iron4 ,?is breaks ! circuit4 ,! hamm] falls at once on ! anvil1 aga9 mak+ ! circuit1 & ! action is repeat$ ) great rapidity4 ,hamm] & anvil or key & anvil connections %\ld be made ( plat9um4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,induction ,,coil ,,circuit ,,break]4 #ch ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a4 ,o4 ,c4 ,abbreviation = ,anodic ,op5+ ,contraction1 q4 v4 ,ap]iodic4 adj4 ,9 an oscillat+ app>atus1 or 9 ! oscillat+ memb] ( app>atus1 ! fact ( hav+ no ref]5ce to "t ( vibration2 dead-beat4 ,synonym4 ,dead-beat4 #ci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,arago',s ,,disc4 ,arago's ,disc4 ,an app>atus consi/+ ( a disc ( copp] m\nt$ horizontally1 or on a v]tical sp9dle1 & s arrang$ z to be susceptible ( rapid rotation4 ,imm$iately ov] x1 & be/ ) a pane ( glass int]v5+1 a magnetic ne$le is m\nt$ on a pivot directly ov] ! axis ( ! disc4 ,if ! disc is rotat$ ! l9es ( =ce ( ! magnet are cut by x1 & consequ5tly curr5ts are produc$ 9 ! copp]4 ,^! curr5ts act ^u ! ne$le & cause x to rotate1 al?\gh q disconnect$4 ,x is advisable = ! ne$le to be /rong & close to ! disc1 :i* %\ld rotate rapidly4 ,arc v4 ,to =m a voltaic arc4 ,arc1 ,comp\nd4 ,a voltaic arc spr++ across betwe5 m ?an two electrodes4 ,arc1 ,metallic4 ,! voltaic arc produc$ betwe5 t]m9als or electrodes ( metal4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( su* arc z contra/$ ) ! m usual arc betwe5 c>bon electrodes are its great] l5g? = ! same exp5diture ( en]gy1 its flam+ "* & *>act]i/ic colors due to ! metals employ$4 ,x is sometimes1 = ! latt] reason1 us$ 9 spectroscopic inve/igations4 ,arc ,micromet]4 ,a micromet] = measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! electrodes ( a voltaic arc4 ,arc1 ,simple4 ,a voltaic arc produc$1 z usual1 betwe5 only two electrodes4 #dj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,arc1 ,voltaic4 ,! voltaic arc is ! arc betwe5 two c>bon electrodes slightly sep>at$1 :i* is produc$ by a curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? & involv+ suffici5t pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,! p5cils ( c>bon are made t]m9als 9 a circuit4 ,!y are fir/ plac$ 9 contact & aft] ! curr5t is e/abli%$ !y are sep>at$ a little4 ,! curr5t n[ seems to jump across ! int]val 9 :at sometimes appe>s an ar* ( light4 ,at ! same "t ! c>bon ends become inc&esc5t4 ,z reg>ds ! di/ance ( sep>ation ) a /rong curr5t & high electro-motive =ce1 ! arc may be sev]al in*es long4 ,! voltaic arc is ! s\rce ( ! mo/ int5se heat & brighte/ light producible by man4 ,! light is due pr9cipally to ! inc&esc5ce ( ! ends ( ! c>bon p5cils4 ,^! are diff]5tly affect$4 ,! positive c>bon we>s away & becomes r\ghly cupp$ or holl[$2 ! negative also we>s away1 b 9 "s cases seems to h additions made to x by c>bon f ! positive pole4 ,all ?is is be/ se5 :5 ! rods are sl5d] comp>$ to ! l5g? ( ! arc4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! transf]r$ c>bon du/ :i* has mu* to d ) its =mation4 ,! conductivity ( ! int]v5+ air is due p>tly1 p]haps1 to ?is1 b und\bt$ly 9 great measure to ! int5se heat+ to :i* x is subject4 ,b ! coeffici5t ( resi/ance ( ! int]v5+ air is s mu* high] ?an t ( any o!r "p ( ! circuit t an int5se localization ( resi/ance occurs ) correspond+ localization ( heat+ effect4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! int5se light4 ,?us if ! c>bons are b #a_/cb ( an in* ap>t z 9 a comm]cial lamp ! resi/ance may be #a4e ohms4 ,! poor !rmal conductivity ( ! c>bon favors ! conc5tration ( heat also4 ,! app>5t resi/ance is too great to be acc\nt$ = by ! ohmic resi/ance ( ! int]pos$ air4 ,a k9d ( !rmoelectric effect is produc$4 ,! positive c>bon has a temp]ature ( ab\t #d1jjj ,c4 7#g1bcb ,f471 ! negative f #c1jjj ,c4 7#e1dcb ,f47 to #c1ejj ,c4 7#f1cbb ,f474 ,?is diff]5ce ( temp]ature produces a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce :i* acts to virtually increase ! resi/ance ( ! arc4 ,! c>bon ends ( an arc c be project$ ) ! lant]n4 ,globules are se5 ^u !m due to melt$ silica f ! arc ( ! c>bon4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,app>atus ,,= ,,produc+ ,,! ,,voltaic ,,arc4 #da ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,areomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( a fluid4 ,x consi/s ( an elongat$ body balla/$ s z to float v]tically & provid$ ) a m>k or a scale4 ,x floats deep] 9 a light ?an 9 a heavy liquid4 ,if x c>ries b "o m>k weights are add$ until t m>k is rea*$1 :5 ! weights requir$ give ! specific gravity4 ,or ! scale may give ! read+ directly bas$ ^u ! dep? to :i* x s9ks4 ,areomet]s are (t5 made ( glass1 balla/$ ) %ot or m]cury enclos$ 9 _! bottom bulb z %[n4 ,!y are us$ 9 regulat+ batt]y solutions1 & 9 wat*+ ! *>g+ & dis*>g+ ( /orage batt]ies4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,areomet] ,fig4 #ba4 ,,bead ,,areomet] ,areomet]1 ,bead4 ,a tube ( glass conta9+ beads ( diff]5t specific gravities4 ,x has ap]tures at top & bottom4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 a liquid1 ! same fills x1 & ! specific gravity )9 c]ta9 limits1 dep5d+ on ! factors ( ! beads1 is %[n by ! beads :i* float & ^? :i* s9k4 ,x is us$ = /orage batt]ies & o!r purposes :]e acids & solutions h to be te/$4 ,argyrometry4 ,! me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! weight & inf]5tially ! ?ickness ( an electroplat]'s deposit ( silv]4 ,x is done by weigh+ ! article be=e & aft] plat+4 ,arm4 ,! f\r memb]s ( a ,:eat/one bridge1 q4 v41 are t]m$ its arms4 ,ref]r+ to ! diagram ( a bridge1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 are ! arms4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,:eat/one',s ,,bridge4 ,armature4 7a47 ,a mass or piece ( iron or /eel1 or a collection ( pieces ( iron design$ to be act$ on by a magnet4 ,:ile nickel or cobalt might be us$1 !y r>ely or nev] are except 9 exp]im5tal app>atus4 ,! armature ( a p]man5t horse %oe magnet is simply a little b> ( s(t iron4 ,:5 ! magnet is n 9 use x is kept 9 contact ) ! poles ) ! idea ( reta9+ its magnetism4 ,x is !n said to be us$ z a keep]4 ,a b> magnet does n g5]ally h an armature4 ,! armature is also us$ to exhibit ! attraction ( ! magnet4 ,sometimes an armature is made ( /eel & is p]man5tly magnetiz$4 ,su* an armature1 t]m$ a pol>iz$ armature1 is repell$ :5 its l poles are oppos$ to l poles ( ! magnet & o!rwise is attract$ ) =ce due to ! sums ( ! magnetism4 ,if ! magnet is suffici5tly p[]ful depol>ization ( ! armature may ensue :5 l poles are oppos$ to l poles4 ,pol>iz$ armatures are us$ 9 v>i\s appliances1 magneto g5]ators1 telegraphic in/rum5ts & o!rs4 7b7 ,9 a dynamo or ,motor ! mass ( lam9at$ iron or ( wire :i* c>ries ! coils ( insulat$ wires :i* are caus$ to rotate 9 ! field ( =ce ( ! field magnets 9 ord] to e/abli% & ma9ta9 pot5tial diff]5ce ) its accompany+ curr5t1 or :i* rotates "u ! effects ( a curr5t 9 a motor4 7,see ,dynamo ,electric ,g5]ator47 ,! "w ( ! armature core is tw(old4 ,x acts z a portion ( ! magnetic circuit1 conduct+ ! l9es ( =ce1 & by virtue ( its high p]meability or multiply+ p[] conc5trat+ a numb] ( ! l9es ( =ce ?r\gh its own sub/ance4 ,to enable x to act ) effici5cy 9 ?is direction x %\ld be made ( iron ( ! highe/ p]meability1 & %\ld approa* z closely z possible to ! armature cores consi/5t ) leav+ space = ! wire w9d+4 ,x next acts z a support = ! wires :i* are to be swept ?r\gh ! field ( =ce4 ,?us x acts bo? to e/abli% a /rong field & !n acts z a c>ri] = ! wires :i* are to be cut by ! wires 9 "q4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ! diff]5t def9itions "u ,armature1 ,dynamo1 ,commutator1 ,induction & simil> topics may be consult$4 7c7 ,see ,armature ( ,influ5ce ,ma*9e4 7d7 ,see ,armature ( ,leyd5 ,j> or ,/atic ,cond5s]4 #db ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,b>4 ,an armature 9 a dynamo or motor ^: w9d+ is made up ( conductors 9 ! =m ( b>s1 r\nd1 rectangul> & ( o!r sections4 ,?is type ( armature conductor is objectionable z ,f\cault curr5ts are produc$ 9 x4 ,x is f\nd be/ to lam9ate or subdivide l[ resi/ance armature w9d+s4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,f\cault curr5ts are also call$ eddy curr5ts4 ,armature1 ,bipol>4 ,an armature 9 :i* two poles are induc$ by ! field4 ,a bipol> field magnet produces a bipol> armature4 ,armature ,bore4 ,! cyl9drical space def9$ by ! pole pieces ( a dynamo or motor )9 :i* ! armature rotates4 ,synonym--,armature ,*amb]4 #dc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,clos$ ,coil4 ,an armature = a motor or dynamo1 ! ends ( all ( ^: coils are unit$1 s z to be 9 "o clos$ circuit all ! way ar\nd4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,clos$ ,,coil ,,gramme ,,r+ ,,armature4 ,armature ,coil1 or ,coils4 ,! insulat$ wire w\nd ar\nd ! core ( ! armature ( an electric curr5t g5]ator or motor4 ,armature ,core4 ,! c5tral mass ( iron on :i* ! insulat$ wire1 to be rotat$ 9 ! field ( an electric curr5t g5]ator or motor1 is w\nd4 7,see ,dynamo-electric ,ma*9e & ,motor1 ,electric47 ,armature1 ,cyl9d]4 ,an armature ( ! ,gramme r+ type1 b long] 9 ! axial direction1 s t its core resembles a long holl[ cyl9d]1 ! wire be+ w\nd inside & outside z 9 ! ,gramme r+4 7,see ,gramme ,r+47 ,armature1 ,disc4 7a7 ,an armature ( a dynamo electric ma*9e or motor 9 :i* ! coils are w\nd s z to be flat & are c>ri$ on ! face ( a disc =m+ ! core or "p ( ! core ( ! armature4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson treats x z a modifi$ drum armature ext5d$ radially1 ! out] p]iph]y correspond+ to ! back end ( ! drum4 ,! poles ( ! field are g5]ally plac$ to face ! side or sides ( ! disc4 7b7 ,ano!r type ( disc armature has its wire w\nd on bobb9s arrang$ ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( a disc4 ,9 disc armatures !re is (t5 no iron core1 _! ?9ness enabl+ ?is to be disp5s$ )4 #dd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,disc ,,armature ,,( ,,frits*e ,,ma*9e4 ,fig4 #be4 ,,plan ,,( ,,w9d+ ,,pac9otti',s ,,disc ,,armature4 ,armature1 ,discoidal ,r+4 ,9 a dynamo an armature ( ! %ape ( a r+ ( consid]able radial dep? ( section z comp>$ to its axial dep?4 ,x is g5]ally made ( iron ribbon or ?9 b& w\nd to ! prop] size4 ,synonym--,flat ,r+ ,armature4 #de ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,drum4 ,an armature = a dynamo or motor1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] ( iron pref]ably made up ( discs insulat$ f ea* o!r by ?9 %ellack$ pap]1 or simply by _! oxidiz$ surfaces1 & w\nd ) wire p>allel to ! axis :]e x lies on ! cyl9drical p]iph]y & cross+ ! heads approximately p>allel to ! diamet]4 ,x op]ates practically on ! same pr9ciple z a ,gramme ,r+ ,armature4 7,see ,gramme ,r+47 ,synonym--,cyl9drical ,armature4 ,armature ,factor4 ,! numb] ( conductors on an armature1 c\nt$ or enum]at$ all ar\nd its ext]nal p]iph]y4 ,armature1 ,h+$4 ,an armature pivot$ to ! end ( "o ( ! legs ( an electro-magnet s z to be free to sw+ & br+ its o!r end d[n ^u ! o!r pole4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,h+$ ,,armatures ,,( ,,club-,,foot ,,electro ,,magnets4 ,armature1 ,hole4 ,an armature ^: core is p]=at$ to secure cool+4 ,synonym--p]=at$ ,armature4 ,armature1 ,int5sity4 ,an armature w\nd = high electro-motive =ce4 ,a t]m little us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,armature ,int]f]5ce4 ,a limit to ! amp]e turns p]missible on a giv5 armature is f\nd 9 ! increase ( cross magnetiz+ effect1 q4 v41 ! increas$ lead necessitat$1 & ! gr[? ( ! demagnetiz+ p[]4 ,all su* p]turb+ effects are sometimes express$ z armature int]f]5ce4 #df ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,load (4 ,! circumflux1 q4 v41 ( ! armature1 or ! amp]e turns ( ! same4 ,! maximum load :i* c be c>ri$ by an armature )\t sp>k+ is directly proportional to ! radial dep? ( core & to ! l5g? ( ! gap1 & inv]sely proportional to ! bread? ( ! pol> span4 ,armature1 ,multipol>4 ,an armature 9 :i* a numb] ( poles great] ?an two is det]m9$ by ! field4 ,a multipol> field is employ$ = its production4 ,armature1 ,neutral4 ,an armature ( a magnet or telegraph relay :i* is n pol>iz$ or magnetiz$4 ,synonym--,non-pol>iz$ ,armature--,neutral ,relay ,armature4 ,armature ( ,influ5ce ,ma*9e4 ,pieces ( pap] pa/$ on ! /ation>y plate ( an electric ma*9e ( ! ,holtz type4 ,armature ( ,leyd5 ,j> or ,/atic ,cond5s]4 ,! inn] & out] t9-foil coat+s ( a ,leyd5 j> or o!r cond5s]4 ,armature1 ,op5 ,coil4 ,an armature ( a dynamo or motor on :i* ! coils are n jo9$ 9 "o clos$ circuit1 b h _! ends or "s ( !m sep>at$1 & connect$ ea* to its own commutator b> or ea* set to _! own b>4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,op5 ,,coil ,,r+ ,,armature4 #dg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,pivot$4 ,an armature = an electro-magnet m\nt$ on a pivot1 :i* is at "r angles to ! yoke or p>allel ) ! legs ( ! magnet1 s z to be free to rotate4 ,:5 ! magnet is excit$ ! armature is drawn into l9e or approximately s ) its base or yoke4 ,! sy/em is us$ 9 "s telegraph app>atus4 ,armature ,pockets4 ,spaces or recesses 9 armatures provid$ = ! reception ( ! coils4 ,armature1 ,pol>iz$4 ,an armature made ( /eel or hav+ a /eel core to :i* p]man5t magnetism has be5 imp>t$4 ,su* are us$ 9 "s =ms ( magneto curr5t g5]ators1 & 9 telegraphic in/rum5ts4 7,see ,relay1 ,pol>iz$47 ,armature1 ,pole4 ,an armature hav+ coils w\nd on sep>ate poles project+ radially all ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( its c5tral hub or disc1 or project+ int]nally f a r+-l frame1 _! ends fac+ ! field magnet4 ,synonym--,radial ,armature4 ,armature1 ,quantity4 ,an armature ( a dynamo or motor w\nd = curr5t ( l>ge quantity4 ,! t]m is n[ b little us$4 ,armature-,reactions4 ,:5 an armature is runn+ 9 an active dynamo a s]ies ( reactions is e/abli%$1 ! m important ( :i* are3 ,i4 ,a t5d5cy to cross-magnetize ! armature4 ,,ii4 ,a t5d5cy to sp>k at ! bru%es4 ,,iii4 ,a t5d5cy = ! armature curr5t to demagnetize on acc\nt ( ! lead :i* has to be giv5 to ! bru%es4 ,,iv4 ,v>iations 9 ! neutral po9ts z m or less curr5t is tak5 f ! ma*9e4 ,v4 ,heat+ ( armature1 bo? core & conductors1 & ( pole pieces1 :i* heat+ is due to ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,armature1 ,revolv+1 ,page's4 ,an e>ly =m ( motor4 ,! field is produc$ by a p]man5t magnet4 ,above its poles is a s(t iron armature w\nd ) a coil ( insulat$ wire4 ,a two-"p commutator ) contact spr+s conveys ! curr5t to ! coil4 ,! :ole is s arrang$ t ! pol>ity ( ! armature1 z induc$ by ! coil1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass$1 is rev]s$ z its ends sweep by ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,!n x is repell$ f ! poles & sw+s ?r\gh #ahj to h its pol>ity rev]s$ & to g ?r\gh ! next #ahj1 & s on4 ,?us x rotates at a v high rate ( spe$4 ,9 ! cut %[+ ! elevation ,a1 ,b1 is ! armature2 f1 g1 ! spr+s or bru%es2 h1 ! commutator ) its sections o1 i4 ,9 ! section ( ! commutator ,w1 ,w1 designate ! spr+s or bru%es1 ,a1 ! v]tical sp9dle c>ry+ ! armature & commutator1 & ,s1 ,s1 ! commutator sections4 #dh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,,page',s ,,revolv+ ,,armature4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,section ,,( ,,commutator ,,( ,,page',s ,,revolv+ ,,armature4 ,w1 ,w1 ,bru%es2 ,a1 ,sp9dle2 ,s1 ,s1 ,armature ,segm5ts4 ,armature1 ,r+4 ,an armature ^: core is 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 z ! ,gramme ,r+ ,armature4 7,see ,figs4 #bc #bg47 #di ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,roll+4 7a7 ,an armature = a p]man5t horse%oe magnet consi/+ ( a /raight cyl9d] ( s(t iron on :i* a heavy :eel is m\nt$4 ,:5 ! legs ( ! magnet are incl9$ d[nw>d & ! b> is laid across !m x rolls d[n to ! poles1 across _! ends1 & back up ! "u side4 ,x is m]ely a magnetic toy or illu/rative exp]im5t4 ,synonym--,:eel ,armature4 7b7 ,ano!r =m consi/s ( little b>s ( iron ) brass discs atta*$ to ! ends4 ,on plac+ two ( ^! toge!r & br++ ! poles ( a magnet ne> !m1 z %[n1 !y become magnetiz$ ) l pol>ity by induction & repel ea* o!r1 roll+ away 9 opposite directions4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,roll+ ,,or ,,:eel ,,armature4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,roll+ ,,armatures4 ,armature1 ,%uttle4 ,! orig9al ,siem5s' armature1 n[ disc>d$4 ,! core 0 long & n>r[1 & its cross section 0 ne>ly ( ! section ( an ,h4 ,! grooves 7 w\nd full ( wire1 s t ! :ole =m$ almo/ a p]fect cyl9d]1 long & n>r[ comp>atively4 7,see ,w9d+ ,%uttle47 ,synonym--,siem5s' ,old ,armature--,gird] ,armature--,h ,armature4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,%uttle ,,or ,h ,,armature4 ,armature1 ,sph]ical4 ,an armature ( a dynamo :i* is w\nd on a sph]ical core1 s z to be almo/ a sph]e4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! ,?omson-,h\/on dynamo1 be+ enclos$ 9 a cavity ne>ly fitt+ x1 =m$ by ! pole pieces4 ,armature1 ,/r&$ ,conductor4 ,a sub/itute = b>-armatures 9 :i* /r&$ copp] wire conductors are sub/itut$ = ! solid b> conductors1 to avoid ,f\cault curr5ts4 7,see ,armature1 ,b>47 #ej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,armature1 ,unipol>4 ,an armature ( a unipol> dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo ,unipol>47 ,armor ( ,cable4 ,! metal cov]+1 (t5 ( heavy wire1 surr\nd+ a telegraph or electric cable subject$ to sev]e usage1 z 9 subm>9e cables4 ,synonym--,armature ( ,cable4 ,arm1 ,rock]4 ,an arm ext5d+ f a rock] ( a dynamo or motor1 to :i* arm "o ( ! bru%es is atta*$4 7,see ,rock]47 ,ord9>ily !re are two arms1 "o = ea* bru%4 ,articulate ,spee*4 ,spee* involv+ ! s\nds ( words4 ,x is a def9ition :i* has acquir$ importance 9 ! ,bell telephone litigations1 "o cont5tion1 conc]n+ ! ,bell telephone pat5t1 hold+ t ! pat5tee did n int5d 8 telephone to transmit articulations1 b only s\nd & music4 ,a/atic4 adj4 ,hav+ no magnetic directive t5d5cy due to ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,examples are giv5 "u ,a/atic ,ne$le2 ,circuit1 ,a/atic2 & ,galvanomet] ,a/atic4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,nobili',s ,,pair4 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,v]tical ,,pair ,,a/atic ,,comb9ation4 ,a/atic ,ne$le4 ,a comb9ation ( two magnetic ne$les s adju/$ z to h z slight directive t5d5cy z possible4 ,su* a pair ( ne$les :5 pois$ or susp5d$ w h>dly t5d to turn m to "o po9t ( ! compass ?an ano!r4 ,! comb9ation is g5]ally made up ( two ne$les arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 ) _! poles 9 opposite directions4 ,?is comb9ation is usually call$ ,nobili's pair4 ,if ( equal /r5g? & ) p>allel magnetic axes ( equal l5g? !y w\ld be a/atic4 ,9 practice ?is is v r>ely ! case4 ,a resultant axis is g5]ally to be f\nd :i* may ev5 be at "r angles to ! long axis ( ! magnets1 caus+ !m to po9t ea/ & we/4 ,su* a comp\nd ne$le requires v little =ce to turn x "o way or ! o!r4 ,if "o ( ! ne$les is plac$ )9 a coil ( insulat$ wire a feeble curr5t w act almo/ z /rongly to deflect ! sy/em z if ! o!r 0 abs5t1 & ! deflection w only be resi/$ by ! slight directive t5d5cy ( ! pair ( ne$les4 ,?is is ! basis ( con/ruction ( ! a/atic galvanomet]4 ,sometimes coils w\nd 9 opposite directions & connect$ 9 s]ies1 or "o foll[+ ! o!r1 surr\nd bo? ne$les1 ?us produc+ a /ill great] effect ( deflection4 ,o!r a/atic ne$les are %[n 9 ! cuts bel[4 ,figures #cc to #ce4 #ea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,simple ,,a/atic ,,ne$le4 ,asymptote4 ,a l9e cont9u\sly approa*$ by a curve1 b :i* ! curve1 ow+ to its con/ruction or nature ( curvature1 c nev] t\*1 be tang5t to1 or int]sect4 ,atmosph]e4 7a7 ,a t]m appli$ to ! atmosph]ic pressure z a practical unit ( pressure equal to #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in* z g5]ally tak54 ,x is really ab\t #ad4g lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 or #a1jcc grams p] squ>e c5timet]4 7b7 ,air1 q4 v4 ,atmosph]e ,residual4 ,! atmosph]e left 9 a vessel aft] exhau/ion4 ,! t]m may be appli$ to any gas4 ,9 an inc&esc5t lamp aft] fla%+ ! residual atmosph]e consi/s ( hydro-c>bons4 ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 ,! electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 r>ely abs5t1 b (t5 *ang+ 9 am\nt & sign4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 a memoir publi%$ 9 #agdi1 indicat$ ! me?od ( draw+ electricity f ! cl\ds by po9t$ conductors4 ,9 ,june1 #ageb1 he flew a kite & by its moi/5$ cord drew an electric sp>k f ! cl\ds1 confirm+ 8 hypo!sis t lightn+ 0 id5tical ) ! disruptive dis*>ge ( electricity4 ,to obs]ve electricity 9 f9e wea!r a gold-leaf or o!r electroscope may be connect$ to ! end ( a long po9t$ insulat$ conductor4 ,! electricity dur+ ?und]/orms c be %[n by a simil> arrangem5t1 or burn+ alcohol or t9d] gives an asc5d+ curr5t ( w>m air t acts z a conductor4 ,q elaborate app>atus = obs]v+ & record+ x h be5 devis$4 ,atmosph]ic electricity is usually positive1 b occasionally negative4 ,:5 ! sky is cl\dless x is always positive1 increas+ ) ! elevation & isolation ( ! place4 ,9 h\ses1 /reets1 & "u trees no positive electricity c be f\nd4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,arran1 ,scotl&1 a rise ( #bd to #dh volts p] foot ( increase 9 elevation 0 f\nd by ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,at sunrise ! electrification ( ! air is feeble1 x increases t[>ds noon & decreases aga9 to rea* a second maximum a few h\rs aft] sunset4 ,x increases ) ! b>ometric pressure g5]ally4 ,9 cl\dy wea!r x is sometimes negative & ! sign (t5 *anges sev]al times 9 ! same day4 ,9 a ?und]/orm ! *anges 9 sign & pot5tial are v rapid4 ,! cause ( atmosph]ic electricity is f> f cle>4 ,tait attributes x to a contact effect betwe5 air & wat] vapor1 ,solmeke to friction ( wat] vesicles aga9/ ice p>ticles 9 ! upp] atmosph]e1 he fir/ %[+ t ! two may coexi/4 ,! cause ( ! enorm\s increase ( pot5tial produc+ lightn+ is attribut$ to ! decreas$ capacity due to ! *ange ( wat] f cl\d vesicles to drops1 ?us dim9i%+ ! electro/atic capacity ( ! wat] 9 "q4 7,see ,lightn+47 #eb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,atom4 ,! ultimate p>ticle or division ( an elem5t>y sub/ance2 ! smalle/ "p t c exi/ 9 comb9ation1 & "o :i* _c exi/ alone4 ,an elem5t>y sub/ance is compos$ ( molecules j z truly z a comp\nd "o1 b ! atoms 9 ! molecule ( an elem5t>y sub/ance are all precisely alike4 ,h5ce atoms are ! units ( *emi/ry1 !y h to d ) comb9ations1 b ! physical unit1 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] t c h an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 is ! molecule4 ,! two are (t5 conf\nd$1 especially by writ]s ( a few ye>s ago1 s t by atom ! molecule is (t5 meant4 ,!re is no?+ to be said ( _! size or mass4 ,all su* calculations ref] to ! molecule1 q4 v41 (t5 spok5 ( & call$ ! atom4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,yet to be discov]$3 electron--#ahig 7#e ye>s71 proton--#aibj 7#bh ye>s71 neutron--#aicb 7#cj ye>s71 qu>k--#aifa 7#fi ye>s74 ,atomic ,attraction4 ,! attraction ( atoms = ea* o!r1 9 virtue ( :i* !y comb9e into molecules2 *emical aff9ity1 q4 v41 treats pr9cipally ( ?is1 al?\gh molecul> attraction also plays a "p 9 x4 ,atomic ,heat4 ,! product ( ! atomic weight ( a sub/ance by its specific heat4 ,?is product is approximately ! same1 #f4d2 ?is approximation is s close t x is ( use 9 det]m9+ ! val5cy & atomic weights ( sub/ances4 ,! atomic weight ( a sub/ance !re=e repres5ts ! approximate numb] ( gram-calories requir$ to raise "o gram-atom1 q4 v41 ( su* sub/ance ?r\gh #a ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 ,atomicity4 ,! quantival5ce or val5cy ( ! atoms2 ! numb] ( comb9ation bonds1 or bonds ( aff9ity1 possess$ by ! atoms ( any sub/ance4 ,?us two atoms ( hydrog5 comb9e ) "o atom ( oxyg51 & ?ree ( oxyg5 ) "o ( sulphur1 =m+ saturat$ comp\nds4 ,!re=e1 tak+ hydrog5 z ( s+le atomicity or a monad1 oxyg5 is ( d\ble atomicity or a dyad1 & sulphur is ( six-fold atomicity1 or a hexad4 ,! elem5ts are ?us classifi$ into sev5 ord]s ( atomicities1 ?us3 #a1 ,monads or ,unival5t elem5ts1 ,hydrog51 etc4 #b1 ,dyads or ,bival5t ,oxyg51 etc4 #c1 ,triads or ,trival5t ,nitrog51 etc4 #d1 ,tetrads or ,quadrival5t ,lead1 etc4 #e1 ,p5tads or ,qu9quival5t ,phosphor\s1 etc4 #f1 ,hexads or ,sexival5t ,*romium1 etc4 #g1 ,heptads or ,septival5t ,*romium1 etc4 ,! same elem5t (t5 possesses sev]al atomicities4 ,b>ium is g5]ally a dyad1 sometimes a tetrad2 nitrog5 acts z a monad1 dyad1 triad1 tetrad & p5tad4 ,! famili> electrolysis ( wat]1 giv+ two volumes ( hydrog5 to "o ( oxyg51 is "o ( ! illu/rations ( ! !ory indicat+ t two atoms ( hydrog5 are comb9$ ) "o ( oxyg54 #ec ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,atomic ,weight4 ,! numb] express+ ! relative weight ( ! atom ( any sub/ance1 t ( hydrog5 be+ g5]ally tak5 z unity4 ,?is is ! univ]sal sy/em1 al?\gh any o!r elem5t might be tak5 z ! basis ( ! sy/em4 ,! :ole !ory ( atomic weights is bas$ on ! indivisibility ( ! atom & on ! !ory ( atomicity1 q4 v4 7,see ,equival5ts47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! /&>d is n[ ! isotope c>bon-#ab z exactly #ab4 ,attraction4 ,! t5d5cy to approa* & adh]e or coh]e1 %[n by all =ms ( matt]4 ,x includes gravitation1 cohesion1 adhesion1 *emical aff9ity & o!r =ms1 & is oppos$ by repulsion1 & is sometimes ov]come by x1 al?\gh x may be assum$ to be always pres5t4 ,see ! diff]5t k9ds ( attractions "u _! titles3 ,atomic ,attraction1 ,electro-magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro ,/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro-dynamic ,attraction & ,repulsion2 ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion2 ,mol> ,attraction4 ,audiomet]4 ,an app>atus = obta9+ a balance ( induction f two coils act+ ^u a ?ird4 ,! ?ird is plac$ betwe5 ! o!r two & is free to move t[>ds ei!r4 ,a scale is provid$ to %[ ! ext5t ( its movem5t4 ,a v>y+ or int]rupt$ curr5t be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! two out] coils1 ! prepond]at+ curr5t w produce ! mo/ induction if ! c5tral coil is equidi/ant4 ,x c always be mov$ to su* a po9t t !re w be no inductive effect1 "o c\nt]act+ ! o!r4 ,?us its position measures ! relative induction4 ,a telephone is 9 circuit ) ! int]m$iate coil & is us$ to det]m9e :5 its position is su* t no curr5t is induc$ 9 x4 ,x is sometimes us$ z a direct te/ ( he>+4 7,see ,hughes' ,induction ,balance47 ,synonym--,ac\temet]4 ,aura1 ,electrical4 ,! bla/ ( air produc$ at highly electrifi$ po9ts4 ,aurora4 ,a lum9\s display se5 9 ! nor!rn heav5s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :]e x is ! ,aurora ,borealis1 & se5 9 ! s\!rn heav5s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e x is call$ ,aurora ,au/ralis1 or indiff]5tly = ei!r1 ! ,aurora ,pol>is4 ,x takes ! =m ( pale lum9\s b&s1 rays & curta9s v>y+ 9 color4 ,ne> ! poles !y are v num]\s4 ,a ,fr5* commission obs]v$ #aej auroras 9 #bjj days4 ,_! height is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #ij to #dfj miles2 !y are mo/ frequ5t at ! equ9oxes & lea/ s at ! sol/ices4 ,!re is a secul> v>iation also1 !y atta9 a maximum ( occurr5ce e #aa ye>s toge!r ) sun spots1 ) a m9imum #e or #f ye>s aft] ! maximum4 ,!re is also a p]iod ( #fj ye>s1 co9cid5t ) di/urbances 9 ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = !m4 ,!y h a con/ant direction ( arc ) ref]5ce to ! magnetic m]idian 7q4 v47 & act ^u ! magnetic ne$le2 9 high latitudes !y affect telegraph circuits viol5tly4 ,!re is a /rong probability t !y repres5t electric curr5ts or dis*>ges4 ,de la ,rive consid]s !m due to electric dis*>ges betwe5 ! e>? & atmosph]e1 :i* electricities are sep>at$ by ! action ( ! sun 9 equatorial regions4 ,accord+ to ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 auroras & e>? curr5ts47q4 v47 may be reg>d$ z second>y curr5ts due to small b rapid *anges 9 ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! subject is v obscure4 ,/ew>t treats ! e>? z repres5t+ ! magnetic core ( an induction coil1 ! l[] air is ! dielectric1 & ! upp] r>efi$ & !re=e conduct+ atmosph]e is ! second>y coil4 ,?is makes ! aurora a ph5om5on ( induc$ curr5ts4 ,!n ! sun may be reg>d$ z ! in/igator ( ! prim>y *anges 9 ! e>?'s l9es ( =ce repres5t+ ! prim>y ( an induction coil4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,sol> w9d1 /reams ( electrons & protons1 int]act+ ) ! e>?'s magnetic field causes aurora4 ,nei!r electrons 7#ahig7 nor protons 7#aibj7 7 kn[n 9 #ahib4 ,! ,soviet satellite ,luna fir/ measur$ ! sol> w9d 9 #aiei4 ,ev5 today increas$ und]/&+ ( sol> & auroral ph5om5on cont9ues4 #ed ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,au/ral ,pole4 ,! nor? pole ( ! magnet is ?us call$ sometimes 9 ,france2 ! au/ral pole ( a magnet is ! "o :i* po9ts t[>ds ! nor? pol> regions ,z unlike magnetic poles attract ea* o!r1 x is b rational to call ! nor?-seek+ pole ( ! magnet ! s\? or ,au/ral ,pole4 ,9 ! same nom5clature ! s\? pole ( a magnet1 or ! s\?-seek+ pole1 is call$ ! ,boreal ,pole4 ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 ,abbreviation = ,am]ican ,wire ,gauge1 q4 v4 ,axis1 ,electric4 ,! electric axis ( a pyroelectric cry/al1 su* z a t\rmal9e cry/al2 ! l9e connect+ ! po9ts ( greate/ pyroelectric excitability4 ,axis ( ,abscissa4 ,9 a sy/em ( rectil9e>1 or "r angle co-ord9ates1 ! horizontal axis4 7,see ,co-ord9ates47 ,synonym--,axis ( ,x4 ,axis ( ,ord9ates4 ,9 a sy/em ( rectil9e> "r angle co-ord9ates1 ! v]tical axis4 7,see ,co-ord9ates47 ,synonym--,axis ( ,y4 ,azimu?4 ,! angle betwe5 ! plane ( ! m]idian & ! plane ( an azimu? circle1 q4 v4 ,azimu? ,circle4 ,a great circle1 ^: plane passes ?r\gh ! z5i? or po9t ( ! heav5s directly ov]head2 any great circle 9 ^: plane ! v]tical at ! po9t ( obs]vation is includ$4 ,ea* cele/ial body has or det]m9es an azimu? circle4 #ee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,b4 7a7 ,abbreviation = ,baum1 a hydromet] scale4 7,see ,baum47 ,?us #aj ,b4 means t5 degrees ,baum4 7b7 ,symbol = ! coeffici5t ( induc$ magnetization1 or ! numb] ( l9es p] squ>e c5timet] induc$ 9 a magnetic circuit or 9 any specifi$ "p ( x4 ,b4 ,a4 ,abbreviation = ,briti% ,association4 ,x is prefix$ to /&>ds fix$ by ! committee ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,?us ! ,b4 ,a4 ohm means ! ,briti% ,association ohm1 a measure ( resi/ance :i* is equal to ! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury #ajd4i c5timet]s long & "o squ>e millimet] area ( cross-section4 7,see ,ohm47 ,back ,induction4 ,a demagnetiz+ =ce produc$ 9 a dynamo armature :5 a lead is giv5 ! bru%es4 ,! w9d+s by su* sett+ ( ! bru%es are virtually divid$ into two sets1 "o a direct magnetiz+ set1 ! o!r a cross magnetiz+ set4 ,! latt] h a compon5t due to ! obliqu5ess ( ! neutral l9e1 :i* compon5t is demagnetiz+ 9 its action4 ,back ,%ock or ,/roke ( ,lightn+4 ,a lightn+ /roke receiv$ aft] ! ma9 dis*>ge ( ! lightn+1 & caus$ by a *>ge induc$ 9 neighbor+ surfaces by ! ma9 dis*>ge4 ,! dis*>ge affects ! ev5ness ( di/ribution ( surr\nd+ surfaces s t a species ( second>y dis*>ge is requir$ to make ev5 ! di/ribution1 or to supply *>ge :]e ne$$ to b9d an opposite "o4 ,! effects are mu* lese sev]e z a rule ?an ^? ( ! ma9 *>ge1 al?\gh ! back /roke has caus$ dea?4 ,! back /roke is sometimes felt a consid]able di/ance f ! place ( ! orig9al lightn+ /roke4 ,synonym--,return ,/roke4 ,back ,/roke4 7a7 ,9 telegraphy ! return /roke ( ! lev] 9 a telegraph s\nd]1 /rik+ ! end ( ! regulat+ screw ) a s\nd di/9ct f t :i* x produces on ! =w>d /roke z x approa*es ! magnet poles4 ,x is an important factor 9 receiv+ by e> or s\nd read+4 7b7 ,see ,back ,%ock or ,/roke ( ,lightn+4 ,balance4 7a7 ,:eat/one's ,bridge1 q4 v41 is sometimes t]m$ ! ,electric ,balance4 7b7 ,a susp5sion or torsion balance is "o :i* includes a filam5t or pair ( filam5ts to ^: l[] end or ends are atta*$ a horizontal indicator (t5 call$ a ne$le1 or a magnetic ne$le4 7,see ,torsion ,balance47 7c7 ,see ,induction ,balance1 ,hughes'4 7d7 ,= ,!rmic ,balance1 see ,bolomet]4 7e7 ,see ,balance1 ,amp]e4 #ef ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,balance1 ,amp]e4 ,a class ( electrical measur+ in/rum5ts due to ,sir ,william ,?omson may be gr\p$ "u ?is head4 ,! in/rum5t is a true balance or scales su* z us$ = weigh+4 ,x is support$ by a torsional wire support 9 place ( knife edges4 ,at ea* end x c>ries a circle ( wire ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t to be te/$ is pass$4 ,! torsional wire support enables ! curr5t to be c>ri$ to ^! wire r+s4 ,above & bel[ ea* ( ^! r+s are two simil> r+s1 also connect$ s z to receive ! curr5t4 ,!y are s connect$ t ! curr5t %all g ?r\gh !m 9 opposite s5ses4 ,:5 a curr5t passes1 !re=e1 "o ( ^! r+s repels & "o attracts ! balanc$ r+4 ,! ext5t ( ?is action measures ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,a slid+ weight mov+ along a graduat$ scale on ! balance is us$ to br+ ! balance beam into equilibrium :5 ! curr5t is pass+4 ,! degree ( displacem5t ( ?is weight gives ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 amp]es4 ,^! balances are made = diff]5t curr5ts4 ,?us !re is a c5ti-amp]e balance1 deka-amp]e balance & o!rs1 z well z an amp]e balance4 ,balata4 ,a gum us$ z an insulat+ mat]ial4 ,x is ! inspissat$ juice ( a sapotace\s tree1 ! bullet tree1 ,mimusops globosa1 ( tropical ,am]ica1 f ! ,antilles to ,guiana4 ,x is int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ca\t*\c & gutta p]*a4 ,x is sup]ior to gutta p]*a 9 "s respects1 be+ v slightly act$ on by light4 ,synonym--,*icle4 ,b4 ,s44 ,w4 ,g4 ,abbreviation = ,br[n ,%>pe ,wire ,gauge2 ! regul> ,am]ican ,wire ,gauge4 7,see ,wire ,gauge1 ,am]ican47 ,b>ad4 ,an absolute or fundam5tal unit ( pressure1 equal to "o dyne p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,b>omet]4 ,an app>atus = measur+ ! pressure ex]t$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,x consi/s1 9 ! m]curial =m1 ( a glass tube1 ov] #ca in*es long1 clos$ at "o end1 fill$ ) m]cury & inv]t$1 ) its op5 end imm]s$ 9 a ci/]n ( m]cury4 ,! column falls to a height proportional to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e f #cj to #ca in*es at ! sea level4 ,! /&>d b>omet] is a height ( ! m]cury or ( ! b>ometric column ( #cj in*es or #gfj c5timet]s1 measur$ f ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,! column ( m]cury is t]m$ ! b>ometric column4 ,above x 9 ! tube is ! ,torricellian vacuum4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m accurately1 #bi4ib in*es ( m]cury or #ad4fif ,,psi4 ,b>s ( ,commutators4 ,! metal segm5ts ( a commutator ( a dynamo or motor4 ,!y are made ( b>s ( copp]1 brass or bronze insulat$ f "o ano!r4 7,see ,commutator47 ,synonyms--,segm5ts1 ,commutator ,segm5ts1 ,commutator ,b>s4 #eg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ba?4 7a7 ,9 electro-plat+ ! solution us$ = deposit+ metal z conta9$ 9 a vat or tank2 z a silv]1 copp]1 or nickel ba? us$ = plat+ articles ) silv]1 copp]1 or nickel respectively4 7b7 ,9 electro-!rapeutics a ba? ) suitable arrangem5ts1 electrodes & connections = treat+ pati5ts ) electricity4 ,x is t]m$ an electric ba? or electro-!rapeutic ba?4 ,ba?1 ,bipol> ,electric4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics a ba? 9 :i* ! electrodes are bo? imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! pati5t plac$ betwe5 !m receives "p ( ! dis*>ge4 ,! electrodes are l>ge copp] plates1 t]m$ %ovel electrodes4 ,ba?1 ,electric ,%[]4 ,an electro-m$ical %[] ba?4 ,! pati5t is plac$ on a metallic /ove or support connect$ to "o ( ! electric t]m9als4 ,wat] slightly alkal9e is %[]$ ^u him4 ,! o!r electrode is 9 connection ) ! wat]4 ,! ra9 ( drops & /reamlets is ! conductor ( ! curr5t or dis*>ge4 ,ba?1 ,multipol> ,electric4 ,an electro-m$ical ba? ) a numb] ( electrodes in/ead ( two4 ,ba?1 ,/ripp+4 ,9 electro-plat+ a solution us$ = dissolv+ & ?us remov+ ! plat+ f any object4 ,! /ripp+ ba? is ( ! same g5]al type z ! plat+ ba? = ! same metal z ! "o to be dissolv$4 ,! object to be /ripp$ is made ! anode ( a plat+ circuit1 & z ! curr5t acts ! old plat+ is attack$ & dissolves1 leav+ ! body ( ! article b>e4 ,x is simply ! op]ation ( plat+ rev]s$4 ,! same t]m is appli$ to ba?s act+ by simple solution4 ,/ripp+ ba?s are describ$ "u ! diff]5t metals z ,silv] ,ba?1 ,/ripp+--,gold ,ba?1 ,/ripp+4 ,ba?1 ,unipol> ,electric4 ,an electro-m$ical ba?1 9 :i* only "o electrode connects ) ! wat] ( ! ba?4 ,! second electrode is support$ above ! ba?4 ,! pati5t t\*es ?is :ile 9 ! wat] :5ev] electric action is desir$4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,?ree ,,wire ,,m\ld+ ,,or ,,batt54 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,two ,,wire ,,m\ld+ ,,or ,,batt54 #eh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt54 ,a /rip ( wood groov$ longitud9ally = hold+ wires 9 wir+ ap>tm5ts = electric light or p[]4 ,9 use !y are fa/5$ to ! wall1 grooves inw>d1 or else grooves outw>d1 ) ! wires ly+ 9 ! grooves & cov]$ ) ! cov]+ /rip4 ,= two wire "w ea* batt5 conta9s two grooves2 = ! ?ree wire sy/em x conta9s ?ree grooves4 ,synonym--,m\ld+4 ,batt]y4 ,a comb9ation ( p>ts or elem5ts = ! production ( electrical action4 ,! t]m is pr9cipally appli$ to voltaic batt]ies1 b !re are also magnetic batt]ies1 batt]ies ( ,leyd5 j>s1 & o!r comb9ations1 describ$ 9 _! places1 :i* come "u ?is category4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a gr\p ( simil> items su* z que/ions1 ma*9es1 p>ts1 guns1 or electric cells4 ,batt]y1 ,acetic ,acid4 ,a batt]y ^: active solution or excitant is acetic acid or v9eg>4 ,?is acid has be5 us$ by ,pulv]ma*] 9 8 m$ical batt]y1 z be+ a sub/ance f\nd 9 e h\sehold 9 ! =m ( v9eg>4 ,x is n[ b little us$4 ,batt]y1 ,alum4 ,a batt]y us+ z excitant a solution ( alum4 ,?is batt]y has _h "s application = electric clocks1 b only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,balloon ,,or ,,flask ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,alum9um4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* alum9um is ! negative plate & alum9um sulphate ! excitant4 ,x is m\nt$ l ! gravity batt]y4 ,its electro-motive =ce is #j4b volt4 #ei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,bagration4 ,a batt]y ) z9c & c>bon electrodes imm]s$ 9 e>? spr9kl$ ) sal ammoniac 7ammonium *loride74 ,! copp] is pref]ably fir/ imm]s$ 9 sal ammoniac solution & dri$1 until a gre5 lay] is =m$ on its surface4 ,! batt]y is highly prais$ = its con/ancy by ,de la ,rive1 b may be reg>d$ z obsolete4 ,batt]y1 ,balloon4 ,a =m ( gravity batt]y into ^: c5tre a globul> flask1 ,b1 is inv]t$1 :i* is fill$ be=e inv]sion ) copp] sulphate1 ( :i* #b lbs4 are us$1 & wat]1 s z to rema9 full4 ,?is acts z a res]voir ( copp] sulphate1 :i* x con/antly supplies4 ,! glass j> is clos$ ) a p]=at$ wood5 cov]4 ,batt]y1 ,bank$4 7a7 ,a batt]y arrang$ to fe$ a numb] ( sep>ate circuits4 7b7 ,a batt]y connect$ 9 p>allel or 9 multiple arc4 ,batt]y1 ,bi*romate4 ,a batt]y ) amalgamat$ z9c & c>bon plates1 ) an excit+ fluid compos$ ( sulphuric acid1 wat]1 & potassium bi*romate4 ,= =mula ( su* solutions see ,electropoion ,fluid--,kookogey's ,solution--,pogg5dorff's ,solution--,tr\v's ,solution--,delauri]'s ,solution1 & o!rs4 7,see ,index47 ,batt]y1 ,buns54 ,a two fluid por\s cell batt]y4 ,! negative plate is c>bon1 ! positive plate1 amalgamat$ z9c4 ,! depol>iz] is nitric acid or electropoion fluid1 q4v41 9 :i* ! c>bon is imm]s$4 ,! la/ nam$ depol>iz] or "s equival5t *romic acid depol>iz+ mixture is n[ univ]sally us$4 ,! excitant is a dilute solution ( sulphuric acid4 ,orig9ally ! c>bon 0 made cyl9drical 9 %ape & surr\nd$ ! por\s cups1 9 :i* ! z9c 0 plac$4 ,?is disposition is n[ g5]ally rev]s$4 ,! electro-motive =ce is #a4i volts4 ,! depol>iz+ solution is plac$ 9 ! comp>tm5t ) ! c>bon4 ,! excitant surr\nds ! z9c4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,buns5',s ,,batt]y4 #fj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,cadmium4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* cadmium is ! negative plate1 sulphate ( cadmium solution ! excitant & depol>iz]1 & z9c ! positive plate4 ,electro-motive =ce1 4#ca volt or ab\t "o ?ird ( a ,daniell cell4 ,x is m\nt$ l a gravity batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,callan4 ,a modification ( ,grove's batt]y4 ,plat9iz$ lead is us$ = ! negative plate1 & z a depol>iz] a mixture ( #d p>ts conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #b p>ts ( nitric acid1 & #b p>ts ( a saturat$ solution ( potassium nitrate4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,grove's47 ,batt]y1 ,cama*o's4 ,a batt]y ) c>bon negative & amalgamat$ z9c positive electrodes4 ,! c>bon is conta9$ 9 a por\s cup1 pack$ ) loose c>bon4 ,electropoion or o!r fluid ( t type s]ves z excitant & depol>iz]1 & is deliv]$ z %[n f cell to cell by syphons4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,cama*o',s ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,c>r's4 ,a ,daniell batt]y = ^: por\s cup a vessel or species ( sack made ( p>*m5t pap] is sub/itut$4 ,! batt]y has be5 us$ = electric light1 & has be5 run = #bjj successive h\rs1 by replac+ e #bd h\rs "p ( ! z9c sulphate solution by wat]4 #fa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,caut]y4 ,a batt]y us$ = heat+ a plat9um wire or o!r conductor us$ = caut]ization 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,! t]m is descriptive1 n g5]ic4 ,batt]y1 ,*loric ,acid4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,buns5 type 9 :i* an acidulat$ solution ( potassium *lorate is us$ z depol>iz]4 ,batt]y1 ,*loride ( ,lime4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* blea*+ p[d] is ! excitant4 ,! z9c electrode is imm]s$ 9 a /rong solution ( salt1 ! c>bon 9 a por\s vessel is surr\nd$ ) fragm5ts ( c>bon & is pack$ ) *loride ( lime 7blea*+ p[d]74 ,!re is no action on op5 circuit4 ,x has to be h]metically seal$ on acc\nt ( ! odor4 ,its electro-motive =ce is--initial1 #a4fe volts2 regul>1 #a4e volts4 ,synonym--,niaudet's ,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,*romic ,acid4 ,prop]ly a batt]y 9 :i* *romic acid is us$ z a depol>iz]4 ,x includes ! bi*romate batt]y4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,bi*romate47 ,batt]y1 ,clos$ ,circuit4 ,a batt]y adapt$ by its con/ruction to ma9ta9 a curr5t on a clos$ circuit = a long "t )\t s5sible pol>ization4 ,! t]m is m]ely "o ( degree1 = any batt]y becomes exhau/$ soon] or lat]4 ,z examples ! ,grove1 ,buns5 or ,daniell batt]ies may be cit$4 #fb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #da4 ,,column ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,column4 ,! orig9al ,volta's pile4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( comp\nd circul> plates1 ! upp] or l[] half1 ,a1 copp]2 ! o!r1 ,z1 ( z9c4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( plates "s flannel or clo?1 u1 u1 is laid1 :i* is saturat$ ) dilute acid4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ! p>ts are laid up 9 two piles1 connect$ at ! top ) a b>1 c1 c1 & ) vessels ( acidulat$ wat]1 b1 b1 z electrodes4 ,! great po9t 9 sett+ x up is to be sure t no acid runs f "o disc ( flannel to ! next ov] ! outside ( ! plates1 z ?is w\ld create a %ort circuit4 ,! plates are be/ comp\nd1 be+ made up ( a z9c & a copp] plate sold]$ toge!r4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be sep>ate1 & m]ely laid "o on ! o!r4 ,9 su* case great c>e mu/ be tak5 to admit no acid betwe5 !m4 ,volta's pile is no long] us$1 except occasionally4 ,tr\v's blott+ pap] batt]y 7see ,batt]y1 ,tr\v's7 is a relic ( x1 & ! same is to be said = ,zamboni's dry pile4 ,x rapidly pol>izes1 ! flannel reta9s b little acid1 s t x is soon sp5t1 & x is v tr\blesome to set up4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! clo? discs ?or\ghly saturat$1 & wrung out to avoid %ort circuit+ by squeez+ out ( ! acid4 ,batt]y1 ,d',arsonval's4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,buns5 type1 diff]+ !refrom 9 ! solutions4 ,z excitant 9 :i* ! z9c electrode is imm]s$1 ! foll[+ solution is us$3 ,wat]1 #bj volumes2 ,sulphuric ,acid 7purifi$ by %ak+ ) a little olive or simil> oil71 #a volume2 hydro*loric acid1 #a volume4 ,z pol>iz] 9 :i* ! c>bon is imm]s$ ! foll[+ is us$3 ,nitric acid1 #a volume2 hydro*loric acid1 #a volume2 wat] acidulat$ ) #a_/bj? sulphuric acid1 #b volumes4 ,batt]y1 de la ,rue4 ,a batt]y ) z9c positive & silv] negative electrode2 ! depol>iz] is silv] *loride2 ! excitant common salt or ammonium *loride4 ,! cut %[s "o ( its =ms ( con/ruction4 ,! "r h& portion ( ! cut1 ,fig4 #db1 %[s ! z9c p]=at$ at ,c = ! connection f ! next silv] plate4 ,! next to x is ! negative electrode ( silv] ar\nd :i* a mass ( silv] *loride is ca/ 9 cyl9drical =m4 ,a is a p>*m5t pap] cyl9d] ) two holes ne> its top1 ?r\gh :i* ! silv] wire ( ! negative electrode is ?read$1 z %[n 9 ,b4 ,a solution ( #bc p>ts ammonium *loride 9 #a1jjj p>ts ( wat] is ! approv$ excitant4 ,its electro-motive =ce is #a4jc volts4 ,! j>s are clos$ ) p>aff94 ,fig4 #db4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue',s ,,batt]y4 #fc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,dry4 7a7 ,a =m ( op5 circuit batt]y 9 :i* ! solutions by a mass ( z9c oxy*loride1 gypsum1 or by a gelat9\s mass su* z gelat9\s silica1 or glue jelly1 are made practically solid4 ,numb]s ( su* h be5 pat5t$1 & h met ) consid]able success4 7b7 ,zamboni's dry pile1 q4 v41 is sometimes t]m$ a dry batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,elem5t (4 ,a t]m appli$ sometimes to a s+le plate1 sometimes to ! pair ( plates1 positive & negative1 ( ! s+le c\ple4 ,batt]y1 ,f>adic4 ,a t]m appli$1 n v correctly h[ev]1 to app>atus = produc+ m$ical f>adic curr5ts4 ,x may be an induction coil ) batt]y1 or a magneto-g5]ator work$ by h&4 ,batt]y1 ,f]ric ,*loride4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,buns5 type1 9 :i* a solution ( p]*loride ( iron 7f]ric *loride7 is us$ = ! depol>iz+ ag5t4 ,a little brom9e is add$ ) advantage4 ,! depol>iz+ ag5t recup]ates on /&+1 by oxidation f ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,batt]y1 ,full]'s4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,buns5 type4 ,! z9c plate is %ort & conical1 & re/s 9 ! por\s j> into :i* "s m]cury is p\r$4 ,an insulat$ copp] wire connects ) ! z9c4 ,a plate ( c>bon is 9 ! out] j>4 ,! solutions are us$ z 9 ! ,buns5 batt]y4 ,synonym--,m]cury ,bi*romate ,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,gas4 7a7 ,a batt]y ^: action dep5ds on ! oxidation ( hydrog5 z its g5]at+ factor4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,grove4 ,plates ( plat9um are imm]s$ 9 cups ( dilute acid1 arrang$ z if !y 7 plates ( z9c & c>bon1 9 an ord9>y batt]y4 ,ea* plate is surr\nd$ by a glass tube seal$ at ! top4 ,! plates are fill$ ) acid to ! tops4 ,?r\gh ! top ! connection is made4 ,a curr5t f ano!r batt]y is !n pass$ ?r\gh x1 decompos+ ! wat] & surr\nd+ ! upp] "p ( "o set ( plates ) an atmosph]e ( oxyg5 & ( ! o!r ) hydrog54 ,consid]able quantities ( ^! gasses are also occlud$ by ! plates4 ,on n[ connect+ ! t]m9als ( ! batt]y1 x gives a curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction ( t ( ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,?is batt]y1 :i* is exp]im5tal only1 is int]e/+ z be+ ! fir/ ( ! /orage batt]ies4 7b7 ,upw>d's ,*lor9e ,batt]y & any batt]y ( t type 7see ,batt]y1 ,upw>d's17 is sometimes t]m$ a gas batt]y4 #fd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y ,gauge4 ,a pocket or portable galvanomet] = use 9 te/+ batt]ies & connections4 ,batt]y1 ,gravity4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,daniell type1 9 :i* ! por\s cup is suppress$ & ! sep>ation ( ! fluids is secur$ by _! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity4 ,a great _m =ms h be5 devis$1 v>y+ only 9 details4 ,! copp] plate1 :i* is sometimes disc %ap$1 b 9 any case ( inconsid]able height1 re/s at ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,ne> ! top ! z9c plate1 also flat or ( slight dep?1 is support$4 ,z excit+ liquid a /rong solution ( copp] sulphate lies at ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,?is is ov]laid by a solution ( z9c sulphate1 or sodium sulphate1 :i* mu/ be ( consid]ably less specific gravity ?an t ( ! copp] sulphate solution4 ,9 *>g+ ! j> "o-t5? ( a saturat$ solution ( z9c sulphate mix$ ) wat] is sometimes us$ z ! upp] fluid4 ,?is may be fir/ add$ s z to half fill ! j>4 ,! /rong solution ( copp] sulphate may !n be add$ ) a syphon or syr+e und]nea? ! o!r s z to raise x up4 ,f "t to "t copp] sulphate 9 cry/als are dropp$ into ! j>4 ,!y s9k to ! bottom & ma9ta9 ! copp] sulphate solution 9 a /ate ( saturation4 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,gravity ,,batt]y ,,( ,,! ,,tr\v-,,callaud ,,type4 ,if ! batt]y is left on op5 circuit ! liquids diffuse1 & metallic copp] precipitates ^u ! z9cs4 ,?is impairs its effici5cy & creates local action4 ,z long z ! batt]y is kept at "w on clos$ circuit "w b little deposition1 comp>atively speak+1 occurs4 ,f "t to "t1 9 any case1 ! z9c plates are remov$ & scrap$1 s z to remove ! copp] :i* inevitably =ms on _! surface4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! z9c sulphate solution1 :i* is con/antly increas+ 9 /r5g?1 does n get s /rong z to become ( z high specific gravity z ! copp] sulphate solution4 ,f "t to "t "s ( ! upp] solution is !re=e remov$ ) a syphon or syr+e & replac$ ) wat]4 ,an areomet] is useful 9 runn+ ?is batt]y4 #fe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,gr5et4 ,a plunge batt]y ) z9c positive & c>bon negative electrodes4 ,electropoion or o!r *romic acid or bi*romate solution is us$ z depol>iz] & excitant4 ,! z9c plate alone is plung$ into & )drawn f ! solution4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,gr5et',s ,,batt]y4 ,fig4 #de4 ,,grove',s ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,grove's4 ,a two fluid galvanic batt]y4 ,a por\s cup has )9 x a rib& ( plat9um1 :i* is ! negative plate2 amalgamat$ z9c 9 ! out] j> is ! positive plate4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 7#aj p] c5t4 solution7 is plac$ 9 ! out] j>1 & /rong nitric acid 7#dj ,b47 z a depol>iz] 9 ! por\s cups4 ,its ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is #a4if volts4 ,x is objectionable1 z x gives (f corrosive nitr\s fumes4 ,^! are produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! nasc5t hydrog5 by ! nitric acid1 by ! foll[+ reaction3 #c ,h ,h ,n ,o#c #b ,h#b ,o ,n ,o4 ,!re are o!r reactions1 "o ( :i* results 9 ! =mation ( ammonia by ! r$uction ( ! nitric acid radical by ! hydrog54 ,ammonium c be detect$ 9 ! sp5t liquids4 #ff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* hydro*loric acid is us$ z ! excitant4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to use ?is acid 9 batt]ies1 b ! volatile nature ( ! acid causes ! production ( s mu* odor ) corrosive fumes t x has nev] come into use4 ,batt]y1 ,lead ,*loride4 ,a batt]y ( ! lead sulphate type 9 :i* lead *loride is ! depol>iz]4 ,x has _h no ext5d$ use4 ,batt]y1 ,lead ,sulphate4 ,a batt]y simil> to ,m>i ,davy's batt]y or ! gravity batt]y1 b us+ lead sulphate z depol>iz] & excitant4 ,lead1 copp] or t9 is ! mat]ial ( ! negative plate4 ,becqu]el us$ ! lead sulphate z a solid cyl9drical mass surr\nd+ a lead rod #a_/e to #a_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,"o "p ( common salt may be mix$ ) #e p>ts ( ! lead sulphate4 ,! electro-motive =ce is ab\t #j4e volt4 ,! resi/ance is v high4 ,batt]y1 ,leclan*4 ,an op5 circuit batt]y ) por\s cup4 ,9 ! out] j> is a z9c rod2 a c>bon plate is plac$ 9 ! por\s cup4 ,! latt] is pack$ ) a mixture ( clean p[d]$ manganese b9oxide z depol>iz]1 & graphite 9 equal volumes4 ,a /rong solution ( ammonium *loride 7sal ammoniac7 is plac$ 9 ! out] j>4 ,x is only us$ on op5 circuit "w4 ,its electromotive =ce is #a4dh volts1 :5 n pol>iz$4 ,! reaction is suppos$ to be ab\t ! foll[+3 #b ,n ,h#d ,cl #b ,mn ,o#b ,zn ,zn ,cl#b #b ,n ,h#c ,h#b #j ,m#b ,o#c ,! batt]y rapidly weak5s on op5 circuit1 b quickly recup]ates4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( ?is batt]y1 t]m$ ! agglom]ate batt]y4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,leclan* ,agglom]ate47 ,fig4 #df4 ,,leclan* ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,leclan* ,agglom]ate4 ,a =m ( ! ,leclan* 9 :i* ! por\s j> is suppress$4 ,cakes made ( a mixture ( c>bon1 #eb p>ts2 manganese b9oxide1 #dj p>ts2 gum lac1 #e p>ts2 potassium bisulphate1 #c p>ts1 compress$ at #cjj atmosph]es1 at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 are fa/5$ by ,india rubb] b&s or o!rwise aga9/ ! c>bon plate4 ,^! con/itute ! depol>iz]4 ,v>i\s %apes are giv5 ! c>bon & depol>iz+ agglom]ates4 ,batt]y1 ,local4 ,a batt]y supply+ a local circuit 7see ,circuit4 ,local74 ,! curr5t is gov]n$ by ! relay situat$ on ! ma9 l9e & op]at$ by its curr5t4 ,batt]y1 ,ma94 ,! batt]y us$ 9 op]at+ ! ma9 l9e4 ,x is usually appli$ to telegraphy4 ,its function is !n to supply curr5t = work+ relays1 :i* 9 turn actuate ! local circuits4 ,ma9 & local circuits & batt]ies are also us$ 9 ! automatic block sy/em ( railroad signall+4 #fg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,m>i ,davy's4 ,a two fluid por\s cup batt]y ) c>bon negative plate1 z9c positive plate1 & m]cury sulphate1 a ne>ly insoluble salt1 z depol>iz] & excitant4 ,m]cur\s or m]curic sulphates h be5 us$ 9 x4 ,its electromotive =ce is #a4e volts4 ,! local action & wa/e1 ow+ to ! slight solubility ( ! m]cury comp\nds1 is v slight4 ,if us$ on close circuit x becomes pol>iz$4 ,x is also subject "u extreme circum/ances to rev]sal ( pol>ity1 z9c becom+ deposit$ ^u ! c>bon1 & !re =m+ a positive electrode4 ,9 us+ ! cells 9 s]ies ! level ( liquid 9 all mu/ be ! same1 o!rwise ! cell 9 :i* x is l[e/ w become pol>iz$ & exhau/$4 ,modifications ( ?is batt]y on ! l9es ( ! gravity batt]y h be5 con/ruct$4 ,synonym--,sulphate ( ,m]cury ,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,maynoo?'s4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,buns5 type1 ) ca/ iron negative plate4 ,! iron takes ! passive =m & is n attack$4 ,batt]y1 ,m$ical4 ,a t]m appli$ v indiscrim9ately to m$ical curr5t g5]ators1 & to m$ical induction coils1 or to any s\rce ( electricity1 /atic or curr5t1 = m$ical application4 #fh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,meid+]'s4 ,a v>iety ( ,daniell cell ( ! gravity type4 ,! plates are cyl9drical4 ,! z9c plate lies aga9/ ! upp] walls ( ! vessel4 ,! copp] plate ( small] diamet] re/s on ! bottom4 ,a l>ge tube1 ) an ap]ture 9 its bottom1 is support$ 9 ! c5tre & is *>g$ ) copp] sulphate cry/als4 ,! cup is fill$ ) a dilute solution ( ,epsom salts 7magnesium sulphate7 or ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,batt]y ,mud4 ,a deposit ( mud-l "* :i* =ms 9 gravity batt]ies & :i* consi/s ( metallic copp] precipitat$ by ! z9c4 ,x indicates wa/eful action4 ,batt]y1 ,multiple-connect$4 ,a batt]y connect$ 9 p>allel1 all ! positive plates be+ connect$ to "o electrode1 & all ! negative to ano!r4 ,batt]y1 ,nitric ,acid4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* nitric acid is us$ z ! excitant4 ,ow+ to its co/ & volatility ?is acid has be5 b little us$ 9 batt]ies1 o!r ?an z a depol>iz]4 ,9 ,grove's batt]y 7see ,batt]y1 ,grove's7 x has be5 ?us us$4 ,batt]y ( ,dynamos4 ,a numb] ( dynamos may be arrang$ to supply ! same circuit4 ,!y are !n sometimes t]m$ z above1 a ,dynamo ,batt]y4 ,!y may be arrang$ 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel or o!rwise comb9$4 ,batt]y ( ,leyd5 ,j>s4 ,to produce ! quantity effect ( a s+le l>ge ,leyd5 j> ) a numb] ( small ones !y are (t5 connect$ 9 p>allel & t]m$ a batt]y4 ,9 su* case ! inn] coat+s are all connect$ by regul> b> conductors1 & ! outside coat+s are also all 9 connection4 ,!y are conv5i5tly plac$ 9 a box or deep tray ^: inn] surface is l9$ ) t9foil1 ) an outside connection = gr\nd+1 etc4 ,! cascade1 q4 v41 arrangem5t is n s g5]ally t]m$ a batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,op5 ,circuit4 ,a batt]y adapt$ = use 9 op5 circuit "w4 ,its ma9 requirem5t is t x %all n run d[n1 or exhau/ itself :5 left on op5 circuit4 ,! ,leclan* batt]y is v ext5sively us$ = ?is "w4 ,its action is typical ( t ( mo/ op5 circuit batt]ies4 ,x is )\t any action on op5 circuit4 ,x is v quickly exhau/$ on clos$ circuit1 b recup]ates or depol>izes q soon :5 on op5 circuit4 ,x is always 9 condition = a mom5t>y connection1 b useless = /eady "w4 ,batt]y1 ,oxide ( ,copp]4 ,a batt]y ) z9c positive & iron negative electrodes4 ,! excitant is a #cj or #dj p] c5t4 solution ( sodium or potassium hydrate 7cau/ic soda or cau/ic pota%74 ,! depol>iz] is copp] oxide4 ,9 action ! copp] is gradually r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,! iron elem5t is (t5 ! conta9+ vessel4 ,! batt]y is practically inactive on op5 circuit4 ,its electro-motive =ce v>ies f 4#ge to 4#ij volt4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( sodium or potassium c>bonate ! cell %\ld be clos$1 or else ! liquid %\ld be cov]$ ) m9]al oil4 ,synonyms--,lal&e ,*ap]on ,batt]y--,lal&e-,edison ,batt]y4 #fi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,p]oxide ( ,lead4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* p]oxide ( lead 7lead b9oxide7 is ! depol>iz]4 ,x is a sort ( pr$ecessor ( ! pres5t second>y batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,plat9iz$ ,c>bon4 ,a modification ( ,smee's batt]y1 9 :i* plat9iz$ c>bon is us$ = ! negative plates4 ,be=e pol>ization ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is equal to t ( ,smee's batt]y4 ,pol>ization r$uces its electro-motive =ce "o-half4 ,batt]y1 ,plunge4 ,a batt]y ^: plates are m\nt$ s z to be imm]s$ 9 ! batt]y cups or cells1 :5 ! batt]y is to be us$1 & )drawn & support$ out ( ! cups :5 n 9 use4 ,! object is to prev5t wa/+ ( ! plates by /&+ 9 ! solution4 ,x is a con/ruction g5]ally us$ ) sulphuric acid--*romic acid solution & amalgamat$ z9c & c>bon plates4 ,batt]y1 ,pneumatic4 ,a batt]y arrang$ to h air bl[n ?r\gh ! solution to assi/ diffusion & depol>ization4 ,x is a con/ruction appli$ to *romic acid or bi*romate batt]ies4 ,batt]y1 ,prim>y4 ,a batt]y 9 :i* ! curr5t is suppli$ by ! solution ( "o ( ! plates by ! solution4 ,! t]m di/+ui%es x f a second>y or /orage batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,pulv]ma*]'s ,electro-,m$ical4 ,9 ?is batt]y1 ! electrodes 7 z9c & copp] wires w\nd ^u small pieces ( wood4 ,dilute v9eg> 0 us$ z ! excitant1 because x c\ld be f\nd 9 e h\sehold4 ,=m]ly ! batt]y _h great success4 ,x is n[ little us$4 ,batt]y1 ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,batt]ies 9 :i* a solution ( ammonium *loride is ! excitant2 !y are v ext5sively us$ on op5 circuit "w4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,leclan*47 ,! cry/als =m$ 9 ^! batt]ies h be5 analyz$ & f\nd to consi/ ( ammonium z9c *loride1 #c ,zn ,cl#b1 #h ,n ,h#c1 #d ,h#bj4 ,batt]y1 ,salt1 or ,sea ,salt4 ,batt]ies 9 :i* a solution ( sodium *loride or common salt is ! excitant1 h be5 l>gely us$1 especially = telegraphic purposes4 ,! ,swiss telegraphs use a c>bon-z9c comb9ation ) salt & wat] z ! excitant4 ,! batt]ies are sometimes m\nt$ z plunge batt]ies4 ,!y are exhau/$ by %ort circuit+ aft] "s h\rs1 b recup]ate on /&+4 ,! z9c is n amalgamat$4 #gj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,s&4 ,a batt]y ^: cells are *>g$ ) s& saturat$ ) dilute acid4 ,x prev5ts spill+ ( acid4 ,x is n[ practically obsolete4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,second>y ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,second>y4 ,a voltaic batt]y ^: positive & negative electrodes are =m$ or deposit$ by a curr5t f a sep>ate s\rce ( electricity by electrolysis4 ,on disconnection ! batt]y is ready to yield a curr5t1 9 ! rev]se direction ( t ( ! *>g+ curr5t4 ,! usual type has lead plates on "o ( :i* lead b9oxide & on ! o!r ( :i* spongy lead is =m$4 ,! lead b9oxide seems to be ! negative elem5t1 & x also acts z ! depol>iz]4 ,! spongy lead is ! positive electrode4 ,! solution is dilute sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4ag4 ,! action consi/s fir/ 9 ! oxidation ( ! spongy lead4 ,! hydrog5 set free by ! reaction1 & :i* by electrolytic transf] goes to ! o!r plate1 r$uces ! lead b9oxide to protoxide4 ,! sulphuric acid !n attacks ! oxides & conv]ts ! oxides into sulphates4 ,! *>g+ process consi/s 9 s5d+ a curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction ?r\gh ! batt]y4 ,if !re are sev]al cells !y are arrang$ 9 s]ies1 s t ea* "o receives ! same int5sity ( curr5t4 ,an electrolytic decomposition takes place1 ! lead sulphate on "o plate is r$uc$ to metallic lead1 & t on ! o!r plate is oxidiz$ to lead b9oxide4 ,x is !n ready = use4 #ga ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! plates 9 a lead plate batt]y are ( v l>ge area p] cell1 & are plac$ close toge!r4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,plant's batt]y1 l>ge flat plates are laid toge!r ) a sep>at+ insulator betwe5 !m1 & are !n roll$ into a spiral4 ,sometimes1 ! mo/ usual arrangem5t1 ! plates are 9 sets1 ! positive & negative ones alt]nat+1 & ea* cell conta9+ a numb] ( plates4 ,to secure a good quantity ( active mat]ial1 ! plates are sometimes p]=at$1 & ! p]=ations are fill$ ) oxide ( lead4 ,?is gives a good dep? ( mat]ial = ! *>g+ curr5t to act on1 & avoids ! necessity = a t$i\s =m+1 q4 v4 ,! electro-motive =ce ( su* a batt]y p] cell is #b volts4 ,its resi/ance may only be "o or two-hundr$?s ( an ohm4 ,an int5se curr5t ( _m amp]es c be suppli$ by x1 b to avoid injur+ ! cell a curr5t f> less ?an ! maximum is tak5 f x4 ,to *>ge x1 a slightly great] electro-motive =ce1 ! excess be+ t]m$ spuri\s voltage1 is requir$4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,,siem5s' ,,& ,,halske',s ,,pap] ,,pulp ,,batt]y4 #gb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,second>y1 ,plante's4 ,plante's second>y batt]y is "o ( ! e>li] =ms ( /orage batt]y1 b has _h mu* success4 ,two lead plates1 l>ge 9 area & close toge!r b n t\*+1 are =m$1 by exposure to an electrolyz+ curr5t ( electricity 9 "o direction1 :ile !y are imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,?is conv]ts ! surface ( "o plate into b9oxide4 ,! cell is !n all[$ to dis*>ge itself almo/ completely1 :5 ! *>g+ curr5t is aga9 turn$ on4 ,?is process is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 until ! surfaces ( ! plates are consid]ably attack$1 "o plate1 h[ev]1 be+ ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( oxidation4 ,aft] a few days ( ?is op]ation a p]iod ( re/ is all[$ betwe5 ! rev]sals1 :i* sets up a local action on ! oxidiz$ plate1 betwe5 ! metallic lead ( ! plate1 & its coat+ ( b9oxide4 ,?is causes ! lead to be attack$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! local c\ple1 & sulphate ( lead is =m$1 :i*1 ultimately1 by ! *>g+ curr5t is conv]t$ into p]oxide4 ,^! op]ations produce an exce$+ly good batt]y4 ,! process describ$ is t]m$ =m+4 ,! plates sep>at$ by /rips ( insulat+ mat]ial are g5]ally w\nd into a d\ble spiral4 ,batt]y1 ,siem5s' & ,halske's4 ,a ,daniell batt]y ( peculi> %ape4 ,! copp]1 ,c1 is at ! bottom ( ! glass j>1 ,a4 ,! inn] j>1 ,k1 has ! =m ( a bell1 & supports a mass ( pap] pulp1 :i* is damp5$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! z9c1 ,z1 re/s on top ( ! mass ( pulp4 ,! batt]y is v durable1 b ( high resi/ance4 ,batt]y1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's4 ,a =m ( ,daniell batt]y1 ( ! gravity type4 ,! receptacles are %all[ wood5 trays l9$ ) lead4 ,a ?9 plate ( copp] re/s on ! bottom4 ,! z9c plate is ( gridiron %ape1 & re/s on wood5 blocks :i* support x 9 a horizontal position above ! copp]4 ,"o tray is plac$ on top ( ! o!r1 ! upp] tray re/+ on ! corn]s ( ! z9c plate :i* rise above ! level ( ! top ( ! flat vessel4 ,?us connection is assur$ )\t wires or b9d+ po/s4 ,x is *>g$ l a gravity batt]y4 ,! d5sity ( ! z9c sulphate solution %\ld be betwe5 #a4aj & #a4cj4 ,! circuit mu/ be kept clos$ to prev5t deposition ( metallic copp] on ! z9c4 ,! entire disposition ( ! batt]y is design$ to r$uce resi/ance4 ,batt]y1 ,skrivan[4 ,a pocket batt]y ( ! ,de la ,rue type1 ) a solution ( #ge p>ts cau/ic pota% 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat] z ! excitant4 ,! silv] *loride is conta9$ 9 a p>*m5t pap] receptacle4 ,its electro-motive =ce is #a4de to #a4e volts4 ,batt]y1 ,smee's4 ,a s+le fluid comb9ation1 ) z9c positive plate1 & a plate ( silv]1 coat$ ) plat9um black1 = ! negative plate4 ,! f9ely divid$ plat9um af=ds a surface f :i* ! hydrog5 bubbles in/antly deta* !mselves1 ?us prev5t+ pol>ization4 ,! liquid is a mixture ( "o "p sulphuric acid to sev5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,= ! negative plate silv]-plat$ copp]1 coat$ ) plat9um black1 is us$4 ,electromotive =ce1 4#dg volt4 ,fig4 #di4 ,,smee',s ,,batt]y4 #gc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,spiral ,,batt]y1 ,,or ,,h>e',s ,,deflagrator4 ,batt]y1 ,spiral4 ,a batt]y ^: plates ( ?9 z9c & copp] are w\nd into a spiral s z to be v close1 b n t\*+4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is ! excitant4 ,x is n[ practically obsolete4 ,synonyms--,calorimet]--,h>e's ,deflagrator4 ,batt]y1 ,split4 ,a batt]y ( a numb] ( voltaic cells1 connect$ 9 s]ies1 ) _! c5tral portion gr\nd$ or connect$ to e>?4 ,?is gives ! ends ( opposite pot5tials f ! e>?1 & ( diff]5ce !refrom equal to ! product ( "o-half ( ! numb] ( cells employ$1 multipli$ by _! individual voltage4 ,batt]y ,solutions1 ,*romic ,acid4 ,a numb] ( =mulae h be5 propos$ = ^! solutions4 7,see ,electropoion ,fluid--,kookogey's ,solution--,pogg5dorff's ,solution-- ,tr\v's ,solution--,delauri]'s ,solution--,*utaux's ,solution--,droni]'s ,salt--,tiss&i]'s ,solution47 ,batt]y1 ,tr\gh4 ,a batt]y ^: elem5ts are conta9$ 9 a tr\gh1 :i* is divid$ by cross-p>titions s z to repres5t cups4 ,a favorite wood = ! tr\gh is teak1 :i* is divid$ by glass or slate p>titions4 ,m>9e glue or o!r =m ( cem5t is us$ to make ! jo9ts tight4 ,= por\s cup divisions plates ( por\s porcela9 or pott]y are plac$ across1 alt]nat+ ) ! imp]vi\s slate p>titions4 ,batt]y1 ,tr\v's ,blott+ ,pap]4 ,a batt]y ( ! ,daniell type 9 :i* ! solutions are reta9$ by blott+ pap]4 ,a consid]able ?ickness ( blott+ pap] lies betwe5 ! two plates4 ,! upp] half ( ! ?ickness ( ! blott+ pap] is saturat$ ) a solution ( z9c sulphate1 on :i* ! z9c plate re/s4 ,! l[] half ( ! pap] is saturat$ ) copp] sulphate solution1 & ?is re/s ^u ! copp] plate4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,tr\v',s ,,blott+ ,,pap] ,,batt]y4 #gd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,ty]'s4 ,a modification1 z reg>ds ! positive elem5t1 ( ,smee's batt]y1 q4 v4 ,! bottom ( ! batt]y j> conta9s a quantity ( m]cury 9 :i* pieces ( z9c are ?r[n1 & ?is con/itutes ! positive elem5t4 ,a ball ( z9c at ! end ( an insulat$ copp] wire af=ds ! connection ) ! z9c & m]cury4 ,its great advantage is t ! smalle/ scraps ( z9c c be us$ 9 x1 by be+ dropp$ into ! m]cury4 ,! negative plate is plat9iz$ silv]2 ! excit+ liquid1 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,ty]',s ,,batt]y4 #ge ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,section ,,( ,,upw>d',s ,,batt]y4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,upw>d',s ,,batt]y4 ,batt]y1 ,upw>d's4 ,a prim>y voltaic cell1 ! inv5tion ( ,a4 ,r5e ,upw>d4 ,ref]r+ to ! cuts1 ! positive plate4 ,z1 is ( ca/ z9c2 x is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 9 a por\s cup1 ,b4 ,outside ( ! por\s cup & conta9$ 9 ! batt]y j> are two c>bon plates1 ,c1 ,c1 connect$ toge!r4 ,! re/ ( ! space betwe5 ! por\s cup & batt]y j> is pack$ ) cru%$ c>bon1 & ! top is cem5t$4 ,*lor9e gas is l$ by a pipe1 ,d1 into ! out] cell4 ,x diffuses ?r\gh ! f9e c>bon1 dissolves 9 ! wat]1 & s f9ds its way to ! z9c1 :i* x attacks1 directly comb9+ !re)1 & =m+ z9c *loride 7,zn #b ,cl ,zn ,cl #b74 ,su* ( ! *lor9e z is n absorb$ f9ds its way by an outlet tube1 ,e1 to ! next cell4 ,arrangem5ts are provid$ = g5]at+ *lor9e gas z requir$4 ,! high specific gravity ( ! gas is utiliz$ 9 regulat+ its di/ribution ?r\gh ! cells4 ,! electro-motive =ce ( ! cell is #b4a volts4 ,a cell #aa4e by #e4e in*es & #ab4e in*es deep has a resi/ance ( #j4b ohm4 ,an ov]fl[ pipe1 ,f1 ) faucet1 ,t1 is suppli$ to )draw ! solution ( z9c *loride z x accumulates4 #gf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,v>ley's4 ,a ,daniell batt]y ( ! ,siem5s' & ,halske's type 7see ,batt]y1 ,siem5s' & ,halske's71 9 :i* z9c oxide is sub/itut$ = ! pap] pulp ( ! o!r batt]y4 ,x has be5 v little us$4 ,batt]y1 ,volta's4 ,! orig9al acid batt]y4 ,x has a negative electrode ( copp]1 a positive electrode ( z9c2 ! excitant is sulphuric acid dilut$ ) sixte5 times its volume ( wat]4 ,x rapidly pol>izes1 & is v little us$4 ,batt]y1 ,voltaic or ,galvanic4 ,an app>atus = conv]t+ *emical en]gy directly into electric en]gy4 ,?is is z broad a def9ition z c well be giv54 ,! g5]al conception ( a batt]y includes ! action ( electrolysis1 a solution 9 ! batt]y act+ ^u "o ( two conduct+ electrodes imm]s$ 9 su* fluid1 :i* dissolves "o ( !m only1 or "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,! be/ way to obta9 a fundam5tal idea ( a batt]y is to />t ) ! simple/4 ,dilute sulphuric acid dissolves nei!r pure z9c nor copp]4 ,b x has a f> /rong] aff9ity = ! fir/ nam$ metal4 ,if n[ we imm]se 9 dilute acid two plates1 "o ( pure z9c1 & "o ( copp]1 no action w be disc]nible4 ,b if ! plates are br\ght 9 contact ) ea* o!r a /ream ( bubbles ( hydrog5 gas w escape f ! surface ( ! copp] & ! z9c w dissolve4 ,by apply+ prop] te/s & d$uctions x w be f\nd t ! copp] & z9c are be+ con/antly *>g$ ) opposite electricities1 & t ^! are con/antly recomb9+4 ,?is recomb9ation produces :at is kn[n z an electric curr5t4 ,to con/itute a batt]y ! z9c & copp] plates mu/ be connect$ outside ( ! solution4 ,?is connection ne$ n be imm$iate4 ,any conductor :i* t\*es bo? plates w br+ ab\t ! action1 & ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh x4 ,! easie/ way to picture ! action ( a batt]y is to accept ! doctr9e ( contact action4 ,9 ! batt]y ! molecules ( wat] are pull$ ap>t4 ,! hydrog5 molecules g to ! copp]1 ! oxyg5 molecules g to ! z9c1 ea* "o1 leav+ its contact ) ! o!r1 comes (f *>g$ ) opposite electricity4 ,?is *>ges ! plates1 & ! cont9u\s supply ( *>ge & its cont9u\s dis*>ge e/abli%es ! curr5t4 ,! accumulation ( hydrog5 acts to /op ! action by pol>ization4 ,its own aff9ity = oxyg5 acts aga9/ or 9 opposition to ! aff9ity ( ! z9c = ! same elem5t1 & s cuts d[n ! action4 ,a depol>iz] ( "s k9d is us$ 9 acid batt]ies = ?is reason4 ,z su* depol>iz] has only to act ^u "o plate1 9 mo/ batt]ies x is usual to surr\nd su* plate only1 z f> z x is possible1 ) ! depol>iz]4 ,! solution :i* dissolves ! z9c is t]m$ ! excitant or excit+ solution4 ,to ?is concrete notion ( a voltaic batt]y ! diff]5t modifications describ$ "h may be ref]r$4 ,z9c1 x w be se51 =ms ! almo/ univ]sally us$ dissolv$ plate2 c>bon or copp] =ms ! mo/ usual undissolv$ plate2 sulphuric acid 9 "o =m or ano!r is ! mo/ usual excitant4 ,! solution 9 a voltaic batt]y is electrolyz$ 7see ,electrolysis74 ,h5ce ! solutions mu/ be electrolytes4 ,! sulphuric acid & o!r +r$i5ts play a second>y role z imp>t+ to ! batt]y fluids ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,x is n necess>y to h electrodes ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ! same metal maybe us$ = bo? if !y are imm]s$ 9 diff]5t solutions :i* act diff]5tially ^u !m1 or :i* act ) m en]gy on "o ?an on ! o!r4 ,su* are only ( !oretical int]e/4 #gg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,wat]4 ,a voltaic batt]y1 ^: excit+ fluid is wat]4 ,!y are us$ = *>g+ quadrant electromet] ne$les & simil> purposes4 ,!y pol>ize v quickly & are ( high resi/ance4 ,h5ce v small plates 9 l>ge numb] c be us$ )\t impair+ _! advantage4 ,r[l&'s wat] batt]y disp5ses ) cups & uses capill>ity in/ead4 ,! z9c & plat9um or copp] plates ( a c\ple are plac$ v close toge!r1 :ile ! c\ples are m di/ant4 ,on dipp+ into wat] ea* c\ple picks up & reta9s by capill>ity a little wat] betwe5 its plates1 :i* =ms ! excit+ fluid4 ,_m hundr$ c\ples c be m\nt$ on a bo>d1 & ! :ole is *>g$ by dipp+ into wat] & at once remov+ !refrom4 ,x !n develops its full pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,section ,,( ,,wolla/on ,,batt]y4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,plates ,,( ,,wolla/on',s ,,batt]y4 #gh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,batt]y1 ,wolla/on4 ,! orig9al plunge batt]y is attribut$ to ,wolla/on4 ,he also inv5t$ ! batt]y kn[n by 8 "n1 hav+ ! disposition %[n 9 ! cut1 ( z9c ,z1 surr\nd$ by a ?9 %eet ( copp] ,c2 o1 o'1 o1 are ! t]m9als & ,b1 ,b1 ! batt]y j>s4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is us$ = excit+ fluid4 ,b4 ,a4 ,u4 ,abbreviation = ,briti% ,association unit1 ref]r+ g5]ally to ! ,b4 ,a4 unit ( resi/ance4 ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance4 ,! orig9al ohm us$ "u t "n previ\s to #ahhd4 ,! ,p>is committee ( t ye> recomm5d$ z a practical unit :at is kn[n z ! legal ohm4 7,see ,ohm1 ,legal47 #a ,legal ,ohm #a4jaab ,b4 ,a4 ,units ( ,resi/ance4 #a ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance 4#ihhi ,legal ,ohms4 #a ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance 4#ihfea;,e#i ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 units4 ,b4 ,e4 adj4 ,briti% ,eng9e]+1 a qualification ( a set ( units1 ! ,b4 ,e4 units1 hav+ = base ! foot & p\nd4 ,! t]m is b little us$4 ,beaum ,hydromet]4 ,a hydromet] graduat$ on ! foll[+ pr9ciple3 ,! z]o po9t corresponds to ! specific gravity ( wat] = liquids heavi] ?an wat]4 ,a solution ( #ae p>ts ( salt 9 #he p>ts ( wat] corresponds 9 specific gravity to #ae ,b41 & betwe5 t & z]o fifte5 equal degrees are laid out4 ,! degrees are c>ri$ d[n bel[ ?is po9t4 ,! z]o po9ts = liquids light] ?an wat] correspond to ! specific gravity ( a solution ( #aj p>ts ( salt 9 #ij p>ts ( wat]4 ,! specific gravity ( wat] is tak5 z #aj ,b4 ,?is gives t5 degrees :i* are cont9u$ up ! scale4 ,becqu]el's ,laws ( ,!rmoelectricity4 ,^! are /at$ "u ! heads1 ,law ( ,int]m$iate ,metals & ,law ( ,successive ,temp]atures1 q4 v4 ,b$ ,piece4 ,9 a dynamo or motor ! frame c>ry+ x1 includ+ (t5 ! /&>ds 9 :i* ! armature %aft is j\rnal$1 & (t5 ! yoke or ev5 entire field magnet core4 ,bell1 ,automatic ,electric4 ,a bell :i* r+s z long z ! circuit is clos$1 hav+ a circuit break] op]at$ by its own motion4 7,see ,bell1 ,electric47 ,synonyms--,trembl+ ,bell--,vibrat+ ,bell4 ,bell1 ,call4 ,a bell op]at$ by electricity1 design$ to call att5tion1 z to a telephone or telegraphic receiv]4 7,see ,bell1 ,electric47 #gi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bell ,call4 ,a call+ device = attract+ ! att5tion ( any "o1 consi/+ ( "s type ( electric bell4 ,bell1 ,circul>4 ,a gong-%ap$ bell1 ^: clapp] & g5]al me*anism is )9 its cavity or beh9d x4 ,bell1 ,diff]5tially ,w\nd4 ,an electric bell1 ^: magnet is w\nd diff]5tially s z to prev5t sp>k+4 ,fig #eg4 ,,automatic ,,electric ,,bell4 ,bell1 ,electric4 ,a bell rung by electricity4 ,g5]ally x is work$ by a curr5t excit+ an electro-magnet1 attract+ or releas+ an armature :i* is atta*$ to ! vibrat+ or pivot$ tongue ( ! bell4 ,x may be work$ by a di/ant swit* or press-button1 q4 v41 r++ once = ea* movem5t ( ! di/ant swit*1 etc41 or x may be ( ! vibrat+ bell type z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,:5 ! curr5t is turn$ on 9 ?is case x attracts ! armature4 ,z ?is moves t[>ds ! poles ( ! magnet x breaks ! circuit by draw+ ! contact spr+1 q4 v41 away f ! contact po9t1 q4 v4 ,?is op5s ! circuit1 to ^: cont9uity ! contact ( ^! two p>ts is ess5tial4 ,! hamm]1 h[ev]1 by its mom5tum /rikes ! bell & at once spr+s back4 ,?is aga9 makes ! contact & ! hamm] is reattract$4 ,?is action cont9ues z long z ! circuit is clos$ at any di/ant po9t to :i* x may be c>ri$4 ,! ord9>y vibrat+ bell is a typical automatic circuit break]1 q4 v41 ?is type keep+ up ! r++ z long z ! circuit is clos$4 ,o!r bells h no electric contact & simply r+ once e "t ! circuit is clos$4 ,o!rs work$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t r+ once = ea* *ange ( direction ( curr5t4 #hj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bell1 ,electro-me*anical4 ,a bell :i* has its /rik+ tra9 op]at$ by a spr+ or desc5d+ weight1 & :i* tra9 is ?r[n into action by ! release ( a det5t or equival5t action by ! clos+ ( an electric circuit4 ,x r+s = any giv5 "t aft] be+ />t$4 ,bell1 ,indicat+4 ,a bell :i* by drop-%utt] or o!r indicator connect$ 9 circuit ) x1 indicates its numb] or o!r designation ( its call4 ,bell1 ,magneto4 ,an electric bell op]at$ by ! alt]nat+ curr5t f a magneto g5]ator4 ,x has a pol>iz$ armature & no circuit break]4 ,! armature is attract$ fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r1 z ! curr5t alt]nates & rev]ses ! pol>ity ( ! electro-magnet4 ,bell1 ,relay4 ,a bell op]at$ by a relay circuit4 ,bias4 ,9 pol>iz$ relay ! adju/m5t ( ! tongue to lie normally aga9/ "o or ! o!r contact4 7,see ,relay1 ,pol>iz$47 #ha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,resi/ance ,,coils ,,%[+ ,,bifil> ,,w9d+4 ,bifil> ,w9d+4 ,! me?od foll[$ 9 w9d+ resi/ance coils to prev5t !m f creat+ fields ( =ce4 ,! wire is d\bl$1 & ! d\bl$ wire />t+ ) ! b5d or bight is w\nd into a coil4 ,! curr5t go+ 9 opposite s5ses 9 ! two lays ( ! w9d+ produces no field ( =ce4 ,b9>y ,comp\nd4 ,a *emical comp\nd ^: molecule conta9s only two elem5ts1 su* z wat] 7,h#b #j71 lead oxide 7,pb #j71 & _m o!rs4 ,b9d+4 ,9 a dynamo or motor armature ! wire w\nd ar\nd ! coils to secure !m 9 place & prev5t _! di/urbance by c5trifugal action4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,,d\ble ,,b9d+ ,,po/4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,b9d+ ,,po/1 ,,engli% ,,patt]n4 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,wood ,,screw ,,b9d+ ,,po/4 ,b9d+ ,po/s or ,screws4 ,arrangem5ts = receiv+ ! loose end ( a wire ( an electric circuit1 & secur+ su* end by a screw4 ,sev]al con/ructions are us$1 z %[n "h4 ,sometimes ! wire is pass$ ?r\gh a hole1 & a screw tapp$ 9 at "r angles to ! hole is screw$ d[n ^u ! wire4 ,sometimes ! wire is clamp$ betwe5 two %\ld]s1 "o on ! screw1 ! o!r on ! po/4 ,! screw is (t5 a flat-head$ ?umb screw or has a mill$ edge4 ,sometimes ! screw has a slot & is turn$ by a screw-driv]4 ,sev]al op5+s are (t5 provid$ 9 ! same po/ = diff]5t wires4 ,b9nacle4 ,! case conta9+ a m>9]'s compass on %ipbo>d4 ,x is enclos$ completely2 x has a glass side or w9d[ ?r\gh :i* ! compass c be se51 & is provid$ ) "o or two lamps arrang$ to light ! c>d1 :ile %[+ z little light z possible outside4 #hb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bioscopy1 ,electric4 ,! diagnosis ( life & dea? by ! action ( ! animal sy/em :5 subject$ to an electric curr5t or electrification4 ,bismu?4 ,a metal1 "o ( ! elem5ts1 atomic weight1 #baj 2 equival5t1 #gj2 val5cy1 #c2 specific gravity1 #i4i4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative ,resi/ance1 compress$1 7silv] #a7 #hg4bc ,specific ,resi/ance1 #aca4b microhms ,resi/ance ( a wire 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #ah4dd ohms 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #ghi4c 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #ab4hh 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 #a4fgj ,resi/ance ( a #a-;in* cube #ea4fe microhms ,electro *emical equival5t1 4#gcej 7,hydrog5 4#jaje7 7,see ,!rmo-electric ,s]ies47 ,,figs4 #fb1 #fc4 ,,inc&esc5t ,,wire ,,fuse4 ,,abel',s ,,pat5t4 ,,fig #fd4 ,,von ,,ebn]',s ,,frictional ,,electric ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,explod+ ,,electric ,,fuses ,,or ,,detonators4 ,bi-telephone4 ,a pair ( telephones arrang$ ) a curv$ connect+ arm or spr+1 s t !y c be simultane\sly appli$ to bo? e>s4 ,!y are self-reta9+1 /ay+ 9 position )\t ! use ( ! h&s4 #hc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bla/+1 ,electric4 ,! ignition ( bla/+ *>ges ( p[d] or high explosives by ! electric sp>k1 or by ! ignition to inc&esc5ce 7r$ or :ite heat7 ( a ?9 wire imm]s$ 9 or surr\nd$ by p[d]4 ,special influ5ce or frictional electric ma*9es or induction coils are us$ to produce sp>ks1 if t me?od ( ignition is employ$4 ,= ! inc&esc5t wire a h& magneto is v g5]ally employ$4 7,see ,fuse1 ,electric47 ,! cuts1 ,figs4 #fb & #fc1 %[ "o =m ( inc&esc5t wire fuse4 ,! l>ge wires are secur$ to ! capsule1 s t no /r& c come ^u ! small wire )9 ! cavity4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #fd1 %[s a frictional electric ma*9e = ignit+ sp>k fuses4 ,blea*+1 ,electric4 ,blea*+ by ag5ts produc$ or made available by ! direct action ( electricity4 ,?us if a curr5t "u prop] conditions is s5t ?r\gh a solution ( common salt 7sodium *loride71 ! electrodes be+ close toge!r1 ! salt is decompos$1 *lor9e go+ to "o pole & sodium hydrate to ! o!r4 ,! two sub/ances react ^u ea* o!r & comb9e1 =m+ sodium hypo*lorite1 :i* blea*es ! tissue imm]s$ 9 its solution4 ,block ,sy/em4 ,a sy/em ( signall+ on railroads4 ,! ess5ce ( ! sy/em consi/s 9 hav+ signal po/s or /ations all along ! road at di/ances dep5d+ on ! traffic4 ,! space betwe5 ea* two signal po/s is t]m$ a block4 ,f ! signal po/s ! tra9s 9 day "t are signall$ by wood5 arms t]m$ semaphores1 & at night by lant]ns4 ,! arms may be mov$ by h& or by automatic me*anism dep5d+ 9 "p on electricity = c>ry+ out its functions4 ,?us 9 ! ,we/+h\se sy/em ! semaphores are mov$ by pneumatic cyl9d]s & pi/ons1 ^: air valves are op5$ & %ut by ! action ( sol5oid magnets1 q4 v4 ,! curr5t ( ^! magnets is %ort circuit$ by pass+ tra9s1 s z to let ! valves close z ! tra9 passes ! signal po/4 ,! block sy/em causes ! semaphore to be set at dang] or caution1 z ! tra9 ent]s ! next block4 ,!n ! foll[+ tra9 is n all[$ to ent] ! block until ! safety signal is %[n4 ,! ,we/+h\se sy/em provides = two semaphores on a po/1 "o indicat+ dang] z long z ! tra9 is on ! next block2 ! o!r indicat+ caution z long z ! tra9 is on ! next two blocks4 ,! rails =m "p ( ! circuit1 _! jo9ts be+ bridg$ by copp] wire ?r\gh\t ! block1 & be+ insulat$ :]e ! blocks meet4 ,block ,wire4 ,9 ! block sy/em a wire connect+ adjac5t block-signal t[]s or semaphore poles4 ,bl[-pipe4 ,a "n sometimes giv5 to an electric exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! repulsion ( electrifi$ air p>ticles f a po9t held at high relative pot5tial4 ,a metallic po9t1 plac$ on ! prime conductor ( an electric friction or influ5ce ma*9e1 becomes highly electrifi$1 & ! air becom+ excit$ is repell$ & acts ^u ! c&le flame4 ,if ! c&le is plac$ on ! conductor & a po9t held t[>ds x ! repulsion is /ill away f ! po9t4 #hd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bl[-pipe1 ,electric ,arc4 ,a "n sometimes giv5 to devices = us+ ! voltaic arc to produce local heat+ effects4 ,! directive action ( ! magnet may be us$ to =ce out ! arc l a bl[-pipe flame1 or a bla/ ( air may be directly appli$ = ! same purpose4 ,blue-/one4 ,a trade "n = cry/alliz$ copp] sulphate1 us$ 9 ,daniell's & gravity batt]ies4 ,boat1 ,electric4 ,a boat propell$ by electricity4 ,! electricity drives a motor :i* actuates a screw propell]4 ,! curr5t is g5]ally suppli$ by a /orage batt]y4 ,:5 us$ on riv]s *>g+ /ations are e/abli%$ at prop] places4 ,:5 ! boat is us$ z a t5d] or laun* = a /eam %ip1 su* z a w>-vessel1 ! batt]y is *>g$ by a plant on bo>d ! %ip4 ,f _! noiselessness electric boats are peculi>ly available = nocturnal torp$o op]ations1 & ! univ]sal equipm5t ( mod]n w>-%ips ) electric lightn+ & p[] plants makes _! use possible at all po9ts4 ,?is type is (t5 t]m$ an electric laun*1 & mo/ or all electric boats fall "u ?is category4 ,bobb9s4 ,a spool ( wood or o!r mat]ial w\nd ) insulat$ wire4 ,9 a tang5t galvanomet] ! bobb9 becomes a r+1 ) a *annel to receive ! w9d+4 ,z ! r+ is n inf9itely l>ge comp>$ to ! ne$le ! tang5t law is n absolutely fulfill$4 ,x is mo/ accurately fulfill$ 7,s4 ,p4 ,?omson7 :5 ! dep? ( ! groove or *annel 9 ! radial direction be>s to ! bread? 9 ! axial direction ! ratio ( squ>e root ( #c to ! squ>e root ( #b or approximately #aa 3 #i ,body ,protector4 ,a metallic %ort circuit connect$ ) ! wri/s & l[] legs ( ! human body1 s t if by accid5t an active circuit is gr\nd$ by ! h&s & body ( ! workman we>+ x1 mo/ ( ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! wire conductors1 ?us avoid+ ! vital organs ( ! body4 ,boil] ,fe$1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus by :i* an electric curr5t act+ on an electro-magnet1 or o!r equival5t device1 op5s ! wat] supply :5 ! wat] level 9 a boil] s9ks too l[1 & cuts (f ! wat] supply z ! wat] level rises4 ,boil+4 ,9 second>y batt]ies ! escape ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 gas :5 ! batt]y is *>g$4 ,! bubbl+ ( ! escap+ gases produces ! effect ( boil+4 #he ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,boll4 ,an absolute1 or c4 g4 s41 unit ( mom5tum2 a gram mov+ at ! rate ( "o c5timet] p] second2 a gram-k9e 7see ,k9e72 a unit propos$ by ! ,briti% ,association4 ,bolomet]4 ,an app>atus = detect+ small am\nts ( radiant en]gy 7radiant heat1 s call$74 ,a coil susp5d$ by a f9e wire or filam5t s z to be free to rotate "u ! effect ( =ce is made up ( two p>allel & equal wires1 insulat$ f ea* o!r1 b connect$ s t p>allel curr5ts s5t ?r\gh !m g 9 opposite direction ?r\gh ea*4 ,?is coil is hung 9 a /rong electro-magnetic field produc$ by a l>ge coil surr\nd+ x4 ,:5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! susp5d$ coil no effect w foll[1 because ! oppositely w\nd portions c\nt]act ea* o!r exactly4 ,9 ! circuit ) "o half ( ! susp5d$ coil is an exce$+ly ?9 /rip ( plat9um wire4 ,! o!r half ( ! coil has no /rips4 ,bo? halves unite aft] leav+ ! coil4 ,if n[ ! /rip ( plat9um is heat$ its conductivity is affect$ & its half ( ! coil receives less curr5t ?an ! o!r half4 ,?is di/urbs ! balance & ! coil sw+s ?r\gh a small arc4 ,?is app>atus may be made v s5sitive1 s t an increase ( temp]ature ( #a_/adjj ,f41 #i_/gjjjj;,c4 7#a_/adjjj ,f47 w be p]ceptible4 ,ano!r con/ruction takes ! =m ( a ,:eat/one ,bridge1 q4 v41 9 ^: arms are introduc$ resi/ances consi/+ ( b&s ( iron1 4#e ,millimet] wide 74#jb in*es71 4#jjd millimet] 74#jjjaf in*7 ?ick1 & fold$ on !mselves #ad times s z to make a rectangul> grat+1 #ag x #ab millimet]s 74#fh x 4#dh in*74 ,! lea/ diff]5ce ( heat appli$ to ! grat+ affects ! galvanomet]4 ,synonym-,!rmic ,balance4 ,boreal ,pole4 ,! s\? po9t+ pole ( ! magnet4 7,see ,au/ral ,pole47 ,bot4 ,a colloquial expression = ! ,engli% ,bo>d ( ,trade unit ( ,electrical ,supply4 ,x is =m$ ( ! initials ( ! words ,bo>d ( ,trade4 7,see ,unit1 ,bo>d ( ,trade47 ,box ,bridge4 ,a con/riction ( ,:eat/one's ,bridge 9 :i* ! necess>y resi/ance coils are conta9$ 9 a s+le box ) plugs = ?r[+ ! coils 9 & out ( circuit1 & connections to br+ ! coils into ! diff]5t arms ( ! sy/em4 ,! cut %[s a box bridge4 ,connections = ! galvanomet]1 batt]y wires1 & t]m9als ( ! unkn[n resi/ance are provid$1 by :i* its resi/ances & ! connections are br\ght into ! exact relations indicat$ 9 ! conv5tional diagram ( ,:eat/one's bridge4 7,see ,:eat/one's ,bridge47 ,ref]r+ to ! cut1 ! batt]y wire1 say f ! z9c plate1 connects at ,a#a1 !reby rea*+ ,a1 its true connect+ po9t4 ,to ,b#a "o end ( ! galvanomet] circuit or lead is atta*$1 !reby rea*+ ,b1 its true connect+ po9t4 ,to ,c are connect$ ! o!r end f ! galvanomet] & "o end ( ! unkn[n resi/ance4 ,! o!r end ( ! unkn[n resi/ance1 & ! o!r end ( ! batt]y wire1 9 ?is case f ! c>bon plate1 connect to ,d4 ,at ,g is an inf9ity plug1 z x is call$4 ,:5 out x breaks ! circuit4 ,9 use aft] ! connections are made ! key is depress$ & ! galvanomet] obs]v$4 ,! resi/ance is *ang$ until no action ( ! galvanomet] is produc$ by clos+ ! circuit :5 ! ratio ( ! resi/ances ( ! arms gives ! proportion = calculat+ ! unkn[n resi/ances4 ,synonym--,comm]cial ,:eat/one ,bridge1 or comm]cial =m ( same4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,top ,,( ,,box ,,bridge4 #hf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,box+ ! ,compass4 ,nam+ ! ?irty-two po9ts ( ! compass 9 ord]1 & 9 sequ5ce to any po9t call$ out at r&om4 ,!re are _m ex]cises 9 ! relative sail+ po9ts & be>+s t come "u ! same head4 ,?us ! direction ( two giv5 po9ts be+ giv5 by names ( ! compass po9ts1 x may be requir$ to /ate ! numb] ( po9ts int]v5+4 ,brake1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,a brake to /op a :eel f rotat+4 ,x comprises a %oe1 or sometimes a r+1 :i* by electro-magnetic attraction is drawn aga9/ ! rotat+ :eel1 ?us prev5t+ x f turn+1 or t5d+ to br+ x to re/4 7,see ,electro-magnet1 ,annul>47 ,fig4 #ff4 ,,electric ,,brake4 #hg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bran*4 ,a conductor bran*+ f a ma9 l9e4 ,sometimes ! t]m is re/rict$ to a pr9cipal conductor1 f :i* curr5t is di/ribut$4 ,bran* ,block4 ,9 electric wir+ ( build+s1 a block ( porcela9 or o!r mat]ial ) grooves1 holes & screws = ! connection ( bran* wires to a ma9 wire4 ,its functions are n only to af=d a basis = connect+ ! wires1 b also to conta9 safety fuses4 ,z :5 a bran* wire is tak5 (f1 fuses h to be put 9 its l9e1 ! bran* block c>ries ^! also4 ,"o end ( ea* fuse connects ) a ma9 wire1 ! o!r end connects ) "o ( ! wires ( ! bran* lead] or wire4 ,porcela9 is a favorite mat]ial = !m1 z ! fus+ or bl[+ out ( ! safety fuses _c set x on fire4 ,bran* ,conductor4 ,a p>allel or %unt conductor4 ,braz+1 ,electric4 ,braz+ 9 :i* ! spelt] is melt$ by means ( electricity2 ei!r curr5t inc&esc5ce or ! voltaic arc may be us$4 ,x is id5tical 9 g5]al ) electric weld+4 7,see ,weld+1 ,electric47 ,br&+1 ,electric4 ,a sy/em ( br&+ 9 :i* ! heat ( electrically ignit$ or inc&esc5t conductors is us$ to produce or burn 9 ! m>ks ^u ! surface4 ,= ! alt]nat+ curr5t a small trans=m] is connect$ to or =ms "p ( ! tool4 #hh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,brass+4 ,! deposition ( a coat+ ( brass by electrolysis4 ,! plat+ ba? conta9s bo? copp] & z9c4 ,z anode a plate ( brass is us$4 ,! op]ation mu/ be con/antly wat*$4 ,! deposition ( bo? metals goes on simultane\sly1 s t a virtual alloy is deposit$4 ,by *ang+ ! dep? ( imm]sion ( ! anode ! color ( ! deposit is v>i$4 ,z a =mula = a brass+ ba? ! foll[+ are typical4 ,!y are express$ 9 p>ts by weight4 7a7 ,= iron & /eel4 ,i4 ,sodium ,bisulphate1 #bjj ,potassium ,cyanide1 #gj p] c5t41 #ejj ,sodium ,c>bonate1 #a1jjj ,wat]1 #h1jjj ,,ii4 ,copp] ,acetate1 #abe ,z9c ,*loride1 #ajj ,wat]1 #b1jjj ,add ! second solution to ! fir/4 7b7 ,= z9c4 ,i4 ,sodium ,bisulphate1 #gjj ,potassium ,cyanide1 #gj p] c5t41 #a1jjj ,wat]1 #bj1jjj ,,ii4 ,copp] ,acetate1 #cej ,z9c ,*loride1 #cej ,aqua ,ammoniae1 #djj ,wat]1 #e1jjj ,add ! second solution to ! fir/4 ,use a brass anode2 add m z9c to produce a gre5i% color2 m copp] = a r$ color4 ,a weak curr5t gives a r$ color2 a /rong curr5t light5s ! color4 ,! batt]y p[] c be alt]$1 a l>g] or small] anode c be us$1 or a copp] or z9c anode c be us$ to *ange ! color ( ! deposit4 ,! ba? may v>y f #a4jcf to #a4ajj sp4 gr41 )\t h>m4 ,break4 ,a po9t :]e an electric conductor is cut1 brok51 or op5$ by a swit* or o!r device1 or simply by discont9uity ( ! wires4 ,break-d[n ,swit*4 ,a swit* us$ 9 ! ?ree-wire sy/em to provide = ! discont9uance ( ! runn+ ( "o ( ! dynamos4 ,by connect+ ! positive & negative bus wires to "o t]m9al ( ! active dynamo1 & ! neutral bus wire to ! o!r t]m9al1 "o dynamo w supply ! curr5t & ! sy/em op]ates l a two-wire sy/em1 b c only be us$ = half its normal capacity4 ,break+ ,weight4 ,! weight :i*1 appli$ 9 t5sion1 w break a prism or cyl9d]1 z an electric curr5t conductor4 #hi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,brea? ,figures1 ,electric4 ,if a conductor is electrifi$ & plac$ ^u a piece ( glass1 x w electrify ! glass 9 contact ) x by conduction or dis*>ge4 ,on remov+ ! conductor ! glass rema9s electrifi$4 ,! localiz$ electrification is %[n by brea?+ g5tly on ! glass1 :5 a species ( image ( ! conductor is produc$ by ! cond5s$ moi/ure4 ,a co9 is (t5 us$ = conductor4 ,breeze1 ,electric4 ,a t]m 9 m$ical electricity1 us$ to designate ! sil5t or bru% dis*>ge ( high t5sion electricity4 ,z an in/ance ( its employm5t1 ! electric head ba? 7see ,ba?1 ,electric ,head17 may be cit$4 ,! pati5t =m+ "o electrode1 be+ insulat$ & connect$ to "o ( ! conductors1 ! o!r conductor1 on be+ br\ght ne> 8 p]son1 dis*>ges into 8 body4 ,bridge4 7a7 ,a special b> ( copp] connect+ ! dynamos to ! bus wire1 q4 v41 9 electric light+ or p[] /ations4 7b7 ,:eat/one's bridge1 q4 v41 & its _m modifications1 all ( :i* may be consult$ ?r\gh\t ^! pages4 ,briti% ,association ,bridge4 ,! type ( ,:eat/one bridge us$ by ! committee ( ! association 9 det]m9+ ! ,b4 ,a4 ohm2 ! met] bridge1 q4 v4 ,broadside ,me?od4 ,a me?od ( det]m9+ ! magnetic mom5t ( a magnet4 ,! magnet1 n1 s1 "u exam9ation is fix$ s t x is at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 ,m1 ,r1 :i* passes ?r\gh its own c5t] & t ( a compass ne$le4 ,f ! deflection ( ! latt] ! mom5t is calculat$4 ,,fig #fg4 ,,broadside ,,me?od4 ,bronz+4 ,9 electro-plat+ ! deposition ( a mixture or virtual alloy ( copp] & t94 ,9 g5]al manipulation x resembles ! op]ation ( deposit+ gold & silv] alloy1 or ( brass+4 ,= bronz+ ! foll[+ ba? is recomm5d$3 ,prep>e ea* by itself 7a7 a solution ( copp] phosphate & 7b7 a solution ( /ann\s *loride 9 a solution ( sodium pyrophosphate4 ,= a1 dissolve rec5tly precipitat$ copp] phosphate 9 conc5trat$ solution ( sodium pyrophosphate4 ,= b1 add to a saturat$ solution ( sodium pyrophosphate solution ( /ann\s *loride z long z ! precipitate :i* is =m$ dissolves4 ,( ^! two solutions add to a solution ( sodium pyrophosphate :i* conta9s ab\t #a4ge oz4 ( ! salt to ! qu>t1 until ! precipitate appe>s quickly & ( ! desir$ color4 ,= anodes use ca/ bronze plates4 ,sodium phosphate mu/ be add$ f "t to "t2 if ! deposit is too light add copp] solution1 if too d>k add t9 solution4 7,w4 ,t4 ,brannt47 #ij ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bru%4 ,9 electric curr5t g5]ators & motors1 ! pieces ( copp] or o!r mat]ial t be> aga9/ ! cyl9drical surface ( ! commutator are ?us t]m$4 ,_m diff]5t con/ructions h be5 employ$4 ,"s h employ$ little :eels or discs be>+ aga9/ & rotat+ on ! surface ( ! commutator4 ,a bundle ( copp] /rips is (t5 employ$1 plac$ flatwise4 ,sometimes ! same are us$1 b are plac$ edgewise4 ,wire 9 bundles1 sold]$ toge!r at _! di/ant ends h be5 employ$4 ,c>bon bru%es1 :i* are simply rods or slabs ( c>bon1 are us$ ) mu* success4 ,synonym--,collect+ ,bru%4 ,bru%1 ,c>bon4 ,a bru% = a dynamo or motor1 :i* consi/s ( a plate or rod ( c>bon1 held 9 a bru% hold] & press$ aga9/ ! commutator surface4 ,bru%es1 ,adju/m5t (4 ,9 electric curr5t g5]ators & motors1 ! bru%es :i* be> ^u ! commutator :5 ! ma*9e is 9 action ne$ occasional adju/m5t4 ,?is is effect$ by %ift+ !m until sp>k+ betwe5 !m & ! commutator is ne>ly or q suppress$4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,,bru% ,,hold]4 ,bru%es1 ,lead (4 ,9 a dynamo electric g5]ator1 ! lead or displacem5t 9 advance ( or beyond ! position at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! poles ( ! field magnet1 :i* is giv5 ! bru%es4 ,9 a motor ! bru%es are set back ( ! "r angle position1 or are giv5 a negative lead4 7,see ,lag47 #ia ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bru% ,hold]s4 ,! adju/able 7g5]ally7 clut* or clamps = hold+ ! commutator bru%es ( a dynamo1 :i* keep !m 9 contact ) ! commutator1 & admit ( adju/m5t by %ift+ backw>d & =w>d ( ! bru%es to comp5sate = we>4 ,!y are connect$ to & =m "p ( ! rock]1 q4 v4 ,by rotat+ ! latt] ! bru%-hold]s & bru%es are c>ri$ 9 "o direction or o!r ar\nd ! commutator1 s z to v>y ! lead z requir$4 ,bru%1 ,pilot4 ,a ?ird bru%1 us$ = application to diff]5t p>ts ( a revolv+ armature commutator to det]m9e ! di/ribution ( pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 its diff]5t memb]s4 7,see ,curve ( ,di/ribution ( ,pot5tial 9 ,armature47 ,"o t]m9al ( a volt-met] is connect$ to "o ( ! regul> bru%es1 ,a1 ( a dynamo2 ! o!r to a ?ird bru%1 p1 :i* is press$ aga9/ diff]5t portions ( ! commutator ( ! dynamo4 ,! read+s ( ! volt-met] are plott$ 9 a curve ( di/ribution ( pot5tial4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,pilot ,,bru%4 ,bru%1 ,rotat+4 ,bru%es = tak+ (f ! curr5t f dynamo commutators1 or giv+ curr5t connection to motors1 ^: ends are 9 ! =m ( roll]s :i* rotate l little :eels1 & press aga9/ ! commutator surface4 ,bru%1 ,?ird4 ,a ?ird bru% is sometimes provid$ 9 a dynamo = regulat+ purposes4 ,appli$ to a s]ies ma*9e x adjo9s "o ( ! regul> bru%es & deliv]s its curr5t to a resi/ance1 to ^: fur!r end ! regul> circuit is connect$4 ,by a slid+ connection ! resi/ance is divid$ betwe5 ! ?ird bru% circuit & ! regul> circuit1 & by v>y+ ! position ( ?is contact regulation is obta9$4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! pilot bru% us$ = det]m9+ ! *>act]i/ic ( ! commutator1 al?\gh bas$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,?ird ,,bru% ,,regulation4 #ib ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bru%1 ,wire ,gauze4 ,a collect+ or commutator bru% = a dynamo or motor1 :i* bru% is made ( wire gauze roll$ up & compress$ into %ape4 ,buckl+4 ,! b5d+ up & di/ortion ( second>y batt]y plates4 ,x is l>gely due to ov]-exhau/+ ! batt]ies4 ,:]e ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is nev] all[$ to fall bel[ #a4ij volt x is f> less liable to occur4 ,bug4 ,any fault or tr\ble 9 ! connections or work+ ( electric app>atus4 ,bug ,trap4 ,a connection or arrangem5t = ov]com+ a bug4 ,x is said t ! t]ms bug & bug trap orig9at$ 9 quadruplex telegraphy4 ,buns5 ,disc4 ,9 photometry1 ! ,buns5 ,disc is a piece ( pap] ^u ^: c5tre a spot is saturat$ ) melt$ p>aff91 or a r+ ( p>aff9$ surface surr\nds an unt\*$ c5tral spot4 ,if plac$ 9 su* a position t x receives an equal illum9ation on ea* side1 ! spot almo/ disappe>s4 ,x is us$ on ! b> photomet]4 7,see ,photomet]1 ,b>47 ,synonym--,grease ,spot4 #ic ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,buoy1 ,electric4 ,a buoy = use to indicate *annels or dang]s 9 h>bors & else:]e1 :i* c>ries an electric light1 ^: curr5t is suppli$ by cable f %ore4 ,x has be5 propos$ to use glass tubes exhau/$ ( air & conta9+ m]cury1 :i*1 z mov$ by ! waves1 w\ld produce a lum9\s effect4 ,a fifty-c&le p[] inc&esc5t lamp is an approv$ s\rce ( light4 ,burn]1 ,electric ,gas4 ,a gas burn] arrang$ = ! flame to be light$ by electricity4 ,x takes a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,9 "s cases a pair ( t]m9als are arrang$ ne> ! flame or a s+le t]m9al is plac$ ne> ! metal tip1 ! latt] =m+ "o ( ! t]m9als4 ,! sp>k is g5]ally produc$ by an induction coil1 or a sp>k coil4 ,! gas may fir/ be turn$ on & ! sp>k !n pass$4 ,sometimes ! turn+ ( ! gas cock ( an individual burn] makes & breaks a contact z x turns1 & !reby produces simultane\sly ) ! turn+ on ( ! gas a sp>k :i* lights x4 ,ano!r =m is :olly automatic4 ,a pair ( electro-magnets are atta*$ bel[ ! base ( ! burn]1 "o ( :i*1 :5 excit$1 turns on ! gas1 & ! o!r "o :5 x is excit$ turns x (f4 ,at ! same "t a sp>k is produc$ ) ! turn+ on ( ! gas s t x is light$4 ,?us1 by use ( a automatic burn]1 a di/ant gas burn] c be light$ by turn+ an electric swit*4 ,an out-door lamp may be light$ f )9 a h\se4 ,! increas+ use ( electric inc&esc5t lamps1 light$ by ! turn+ ( a swit*1 t5ds to displace electric gas burn]s4 ,! latt] h be5 classifi$ into a numb] ( types dep5d+ on _! con/ruction4 ,burn]s are sometimes connect$ 9 s]ies ) leads f an induction coil4 ,!n ! gas is turn$ on all at once1 & a succession ( sp>ks pass$ until ! gas is all light$4 ,! ignition is practically in/antane\s4 ,button1 ,pu%4 ,a species ( swit* :i* is actuat$ by ! pressure ( a button4 ,9 its normal position ! button is press$ outw>ds by a spr+1 & ! circuit is op54 ,:5 press$ inw>ds1 x closes ! circuit4 ,:5 releas$ x spr+s backw>d & op5s ! circuit aga94 ,!y are pr9cipally us$ = r++ bells4 ,if ! latt] are ( ! automatic type1 !y r+ z long z ! button is press$4 ,= door-bells & room-bells1 ! button (t5 occupies ! c5t] ( a rosette ( wood or bronze or o!r ornam5tal piece4 ,sometimes1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 !y are con/ruct$ = use on floors to be press$ by ! foot4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( _! con/ruction is %[n1 al?\gh ! me?od ( mak+ ! contact v>ies4 ,synonym--,press ,button4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,floor ,,pu% ,,button4 #id ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,burn+4 7a7 ,9 a dynamo1 ! production ( %ift+ & tempor>y arcs betwe5 ! commutator & bru%es1 :i* arcs produce heat en\gh to injure ! p>ts 9 "q4 7b7 ,9 electro-plat+1 a defect due to too /rong a curr5t 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( solution & area ( electrodes4 ,?is gives a black or badly-color$ deposit4 ,bus ,rod4 ,a copp] conductor us$ 9 electric light+ or p[] /ations1 to receive ! curr5t f all ! dynamos4 ,! di/ribut+ leads are connect$ to ! bus wires4 ,9 ! ?ree-wire sy/em !re are ?ree2 9 ! two-wire sy/em !re are two bus wires4 ,! "n is und\bt$ly d]iv$ f omnibus4 ,! bus wires may be divid$ into positive1 negative1 &1 9 ! ?ree-wire sy/em1 neutral bus wires4 ,synonyms--,omnibus ,rod1 ,wire1 or ,b>--,bus ,b>1 or ,wire4 ,buzz]4 ,an electric al>m or call produc$ by a rapid vibration ( electric make & break me*anism1 :i* is (t5 magnifi$ by enclosure 9 a resonat+ *amb]1 resembl+ a bell1 b :i* is n /ruck or t\*$ by ! vibrat+ p>ts4 ,sometimes a squ>e wood5 box is us$ z resonator4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,buzz]4 #ie ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 ,abbreviation = ,birm+ham ,wire ,gauge4 7,see ,wire ,gauge1 ,birm+ham47 ,c4 7a7 ,abbreviation = ,c5tigrade1 z #ajj ,c41 mean+ #ajj ,c5tigrade4 7,see ,c5tigrade ,scale47 7b7 ,a symbol ( curr5t or ( curr5t /r5g?4 ,?us 9 ! expression ( ,ohm's law ,c ,e_/,r4 ,c indicates curr5t /r5g? or int5sity1 n 9 any fix$ unit1 b only 9 a unit ( ! same ord] 9 :i* ,e & ,r are express$2 ,e ,indicat+ electro-motive =ce & ,r resi/ance4 ,cable4 7a7 ,abbreviation = ,cablegram1 q4 v4 7b7 v4 ,x is also us$ z a v]b1 mean+ to transmit a message by subm>9e cable4 7c74 ,an insulat$ electric conductor1 ( l>ge diamet]4 ,x (t5 is protect$ by armor or metallic %ea?+ & may be design$ = use z an a]ial1 subm>9e1 subt]ranean or conduit cable4 ,a cable (t5 conta9s a l>ge numb] ( sep>ately insulat$ conductors1 s z to supply a l>ge numb] ( circuits4 ,cable1 ,a]ial4 ,a cable usually conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( sep>ately insulat$ wires1 & itself insulat$4 ,x is susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,z its weight is sometimes s great t x c\ld n well su/a9 x1 a susp5d+ wire is 9 su* cases c>ri$ along ) x1 to :i* x is susp5d$ by cable hang]s1 q4 v4 ,cable ,box4 ,a box = receiv+ und]gr\nd cable ends & connect+ ! sep>ate wires ( ! cable to air-l9e wires4 ,x is (t5 m\nt$ on a pole1 :i* =ms ! />t+ po9t ( ! air-l9e portion ( ! sy/em4 ,cable1 ,bun*$4 ,a cable conta9+ a numb] ( sep>ate & individual conductors4 ,9 "s =ms x consi/s virtually ( two or m small cables laid tang5t to ea* o!r & !re secur$4 ,?us ea* 9 section repres5ts two or m tang5t circles ) ! int]/ice solidly fill$ ) ! metal %ea?+4 ,cable1 ,capacity (4 ,! electro/atic capacity ( a cable4 ,a cable repres5ts a ,leyd5 j> or /atic cond5s]4 ,! out] %ea?+ or armor1 or ev5 ! m or less moi/ coat+1 if x is un>mor$1 repres5ts "o coat+4 ,! wire conductors repres5t ! o!r coat+1 & ! insulator is ! dielectric4 ,! capacity ( a cable int]f]es ) its effici5cy z a conductor ( brok5 or int]rupt$ curr5ts1 su* z are us$ 9 telegraphy or telephon+4 ,z ea* impulse or mom5t>y curr5t is s5t into ! l9e1 x has to *>ge ! cable to at lea/ a c]ta9 ext5t be=e ! effects ( ! curr5t are p]ceptible at ! o!r end4 ,!n ! cable has to dis*>ge itself4 ,all ?is creates a drag or ret>dation4 ,! capacity ( a cable is us$ to det]m9e ! locality ( breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( ! conductors4 ,! capacity p] unit ( l5g? be+ accurately kn[n1 x is obvi\s t1 if ! conductor breaks )\t di/urbance ( ! insulator1 ! di/ance ( ! break f ! end c be asc]ta9$ by det]m9+ ! capacity ( ! cable f "o end4 ,?is capacity w be 9 proportion to ! capacity ( a mile1 a knot or any fix$ unit1 z ! di/ance to ! break is to ! l5g? us$ z /&>d4 #if ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cable ,core4 ,! conductors ( a cable4 ,!y are g5]ally copp] wire4 ,9 a telephone cable !y may be v num]\s & insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 ocean cables !y may be a gr\p ( b>e wires twi/$ or laid toge!r4 ,sometimes ! conductors are arrang$ = metallic circuits1 ea* pair be+ di/+ui%$ by special color$ w9d+s4 ,cable1 ,duplex4 ,a cable conta9+ two wires1 ea* ) sep>ate insulation1 s z to be virtually two cables1 laid & secur$ p>allel & side by side4 ,cable1 ,flat4 ,a cable1 flat 9 %ape1 s z to lie closely aga9/ a wall or ceil+4 ,cablegram4 ,a message :i* has be5 transmitt$ or is to be transmitt$ by a subm>9e cable4 ,x is sometimes call$ a cable4 ,cable ,grip4 ,a grip = hold+ ! end ( a cable1 :5 ! cable is to be drawn into a conduit 9 a subway4 ,x is an atta*m5t to provide ! cable ) an eye or loop4 ,its end is a split socket & embraces ! end ( ! cable1 & is secur$ !reto by bolts driv5 ?r\gh ! cable end4 ,9 draw+ a cable into a conduit a cap/an & rope are (t5 us$1 & ! rope is secur$ to ! cable end by ! grip4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,,cable ,,hang]1 ,,cable1 ,,& ,,susp5d+ ,,wire4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,,cable ,,hang]1 ,,op54 ,cable ,hang]4 ,:5 a heavy electric cable is susp5d$ f poles x (t5 w\ld be unsafe to tru/ to its longitud9al /r5g? to support or su/a9 its own weight unless ! poles 7 v ne> toge!r4 ,9 su* case an auxili>y or su/a9+ wire is run along ) x1 & by clips or hang]s ! cable is connect$ !reto at z frequ5t int]vals z seem desirable4 ,! contrivance may take ! =m ( a /rip ( metal surr\nd+ ! cable & c>ry+ a hook or eye ?r\gh :i* ! support+ wire passes4 ,synonym--,cable ,clip4 #ig ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,cable ,hang] ,tongs4 ,tongs = atta*+ cable hang]s1 q4v4 ,!y h long h&les s z to be work$ f ! gr\nd at ! middle ( a span4 ,cable1 ,susp5d+ ,wire (4 ,a wire by :i* an a]ial cable is 9 "p or entirely susp5d$4 ,! cable1 be+ incapable ( su/a9+ its own weight1 is secur$ by clips or hang]s to a wire1 /rong f pole to pole imm$iately above x4 7,see ,cable ,hang]47 ,cable ,tank4 ,a tank 9 :i* a subm>9e cable is coil$ away on bo>d a cable-lay+ %ip1 or 9 ! factory on %ore = ! purpose ( te/+ or wat*+ its insulation4 ,sometimes1 9 ord] to te/ x "u pressures approximat+ to ^? x w be subject$ to 9 practice1 ! tank is clos$ & ! portion ( cable )9 x is subject$ to hydraulic pressure4 ,?is repres5ts ! pressure x w be expos$ to 9 deep wat]4 ,calam9e4 ,a m9]al2 z9c silicate2 =mula ,zn#b ,si #jc1 cry/all9e sy/em1 ,or?orhombic2 specific gravity1 #c4af-c4i4 ,! cry/als (t5 %[ /rong pyroelectric prop]ties4 ,calibration4 ,! det]m9ation by exp]im5t or calculation ( ! value ( ! read+s ( an in/rum5t1 su* z a galvanomet] or eudiomet]4 ,?us if a tang5t galvanomet] has its circle graduat$ 9 degrees1 a table ( ! value ( tang5ts correspond+ to e read+ occurr+ 9 practice w\ld repres5t a calibration by calculation4 ,a det]m9ation ( ! curr5t requir$ to produce ea* deflection w\ld be a calibration 9 ! m usual s5se4 ,calibration is g5]ally absolute1 z ref]r+ to "s fix$ unit1 b x may be relative1 z betwe5 two ?+s bo? ( unkn[n absolute value4 ,calibration1 ,absolute4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! absolute value ( curr5ts produc+ giv5 deflections 9 a galvanomet]1 or 9 o!r in/rum5ts ! det]m9ation ( correspond+ values1 z ! in/rum5t may be a magnetomet]1 quadrant electromet]1 or o!r app>atus4 ,calibration1 ,inv>iable4 ,calibration applicable to specially con/ruct$ galvanomet]s1 :i* is unaffect$ by ! proximity ( masses ( iron or field magnets4 ,su* galvanomet]s mu/ h a con/ant controll+ field4 ,su* is giv5 by a p[]ful p]man5t magnet1 ^: field is practically unaffect$ by ! causes nam$4 ,or else1 9 place ( a controll+ field1 a spr+ maybe us$ to :i* ! ne$le is atta*$1 & :i* t5ds to hold x 9 "o position4 #ih ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,calibration1 ,relative4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! law connect+ ! v>i\s indications ( an in/rum5t1 su* z ! deflections ( ! ne$le ( a galvanomet]1 ) ! relative causes2 9 ! case ( a galvanomet]1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5ts or ! electro-motive =ces produc+ !m directly or indirectly4 ,call ,bell4 ,a bell rung by press+ a button or o!rwise to call ! att5tion ( a p]son 9 a di/ant place4 ,!y c be classifi$ into a great v>iety ( types accord+ to _! uses or con/ruction4 ,call ,button4 ,a pu% button us$ = r++ a call bell1 s\nd+ a buzz]1 work+ an annunciator & = simil> purposes4 7,see ,pu% ,button47 ,synonym--,pu% ,button4 ,call+ ,drop4 ,9 a telephone ex*ange or telegraph (fice a drop %utt] annunciator1 :i* falls to call ! att5tion ( ! op]ator1 notify+ him t ! l9e connect$ to su* drop is to be connect$ to "s o!r circuit4 ,calorie or ,calory4 ,a practical unit ( heat4 ,!re are two calories1 respectively call$ ! great & ! small calorie1 or ! kilogram & ! gram calorie4 ,! fir/ is ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o kilogram ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade4 ,! second is ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o gram ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade4 ,calorimet]4 ,an app>atus = measur+ ! quantity ( heat evolv$ or produc$ by or "u diff]5t conditions4 ,dulong's wat] calorimet] consi/s ( a wat] jacket1 & by ! increase ( temp]ature ( ! wat] & enclos+ vessels ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by any?+ 9 ! inn] vessels is det]m9$4 ,! am\nt ( ice a heat$ body w melt is sometimes made ! basis ( a calorimet]4 ,! expansion ( a fluid1 z wat]1 may be us$4 ,9 ! calorimet] %[n 9 ! cut ! heat produc$ 9 a conductor by ! passage ( an electric curr5t is caus$ to heat wat] ^: temp]ature is %[n by a !rmomet] imm]s$ !re94 ,! increase ( temp]ature & ! weight ( ! wat] give ! basis = a det]m9ation ( ! heat produc$ by ! curr5t4 ,kn[+ ! resi/ance ( ! conductor imm]s$1 ! watts c be calculat$4 ,?is gives ! bases = ! det]m9ation ( ! heat-equival5t ( electric en]gy4 ,?is is b an imp]fect calorimet]1 z x con/antly w\ld lose heat by ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & w\ld cease to op]ate z a calorimet] :5 ! wat] 0 z hot z ! wire normally w\ld be1 = !n x w\ld n absorb all ! heat4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,,calorimet]4 #ii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c&le4 ,! g5]ally accept$ unit ( illum9at+ p[]2 !re are ?ree k9ds 9 use z /&>ds4 7,see ,c&le1 ,decimal--,c&le1 ,g]man ,/&>d--,c&le1 ,/&>d47 ,c&le1 ,conc5tric4 ,an electric c&le ( ! ,jablo*k(f type1 hav+ a small solid c>bon inside ( an outside tubul> c>bon1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ ) refractory mat]ial correspond+ to ! colomb91 q4 v41 ( ! ord9>y type4 ,! arc spr+s across f "o c>bon to ! o!r4 ,c&le1 ,debrun4 ,an arc lamp ) approximately p>allel c>bons4 ,a transv]se prim+ connects _! bases1 & ! arc />t+ !re at once flies out to ! end4 ,c&le1 ,decimal4 ,a /&>d ( illum9at+ p[]1 propos$ to ! ,congress ( ,electricians ( #ahhi by ,pic\4 ,x is "o-tw5tie? ( a ,viole1 or almo/ exactly "o /&>d c&le4 7,see ,viole's ,/&>d ( ,illum9at+ ,p[]47 ,c&le1 ,electric4 ,an arc lamp regulat$ by simple gravity1 or )\t any fe$ ( ! c>bons or special fe$+ app>atus1 g5]ally = ! production ( an arc light ( l[ int5sity4 ,?is def9ition may be consid]$ too ela/ic1 & ! ^w may be re/rict$ to p>allel c>bon lamps 9 :i* ! arc spr+s across f c>bon to c>bon4 ,= ! latt] class an alt]nat+ curr5t is us$ to keep ! c>bons ( equal l5g?4 ,!y are b little us$ n[4 ,v>i\s k9ds h be5 inv5t$1 "s ( :i* are giv5 "h4 ,c&le1 ,g]man ,/&>d4 ,a /&>d ( illum9at+ p[] us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x is a p>aff9 c&le1 #f to ! p\nd1 #bj millimet]s diamet]2 flame1 #ef millimet]s high2 rate ( consumption1 #g4g grams p] h\r4 ,its value is ab\t two p] c5t4 l[] ?an ! ,engli% /&>d c&le4 #ajj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c&le ,hold]4 ,a clamp = hold+ electric c&les ( ! ,jablo*k(f type4 ,! ones %[n 9 ! cut design$ = ,jablo*k(f c&les comprise a pair ( metallic clamps1 ea* memb] insulat$ f ! o!r1 & connect$ z t]m9als ( ! circuit4 ,:5 ! c&le is plac$ 9 position ! metal pieces press aga9/ ! c>bons ( ! c&le & ?us convey ! curr5t4 ,bel[ ea* memb] ( ! clamps is a b9d+ screw = ! l9e wire t]m9als4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,jablo*k(f ,,c&le ,,hold]s4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,jablo*k(f ,,c&le4 ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f4 ,an arc lamp )\t regulat+ me*anism1 produc+ an arc betwe5 ! ends ( p>allel c>bons4 ,x consi/s ( two p>allel rods ( c>bon1 betwe5 :i* is an insulat+ lay] ( non-combu/ible mat]ial call$ ! colomb94 ,kaol9 0 orig9ally employ$ = ?is "p2 lat]1 z ! fusion ( ?is mat]ial 0 f\nd to %ort- circuit ! arc1 a mixture ( two p>ts ( calcium sulphate & "o ( b>ium sulphate 0 us$4 ,! c>bons are #d millimet]s 74#af in*7 ?ick1 & ! colomb9 is #c millimet]s 74#ab in*7 wide & two-?irds z ?ick4 ,a little slip ( c>bon is plac$ across ! top1 t\*+ bo? c>bons to />t ! arc4 ,once />t$ ! c&le burns to ! end1 & _c be re/>t$ aft] ignition1 except by plac+ a %ort conductor across ! ends1 z at fir/4 ,! ,jablo*k(f c&le may n[ be consid]$ z virtually ext9ct 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,france at "o "t a great numb] 7 9 use4 ,to keep ! c>bons ( equal l5g? an alt]nat+ curr5t mu/ always be us$ ) !m4 ,special alt]nat+ comb9ations 7 employ$ 9 "s cases :]e a direct curr5t _h to be drawn ^u4 ,c&le1 ,jam94 ,an arc lamp ) approximately p>allel c>bons1 "o ( :i* oscillates & is controll$ by an electro-magnet & armature4 ,a coil ( wire is c>ri$ ar\nd ! c>bons to keep ! arc /eady & 9 place4 ,! frame & wire coils h be5 f\nd unsatisfactory1 z caus+ a %ad[4 ,c&le ,p[]4 ,! am\nt ( light giv5 by ! /&>d c&le4 ,! legal ,engli% & /&>d ,am]ican c&le is a sp]m c&le burn+ two gra9s a m9ute4 ,x %\ld h burn$ "s t5 m9utes be=e use1 & ! wick %\ld be b5t ov] & h a r$ tip4 ,o!rwise its read+s or indications are useless4 ,a sixte5 c&le p[] lamp means a lamp giv+ ! light ( sixte5 c&les4 ,! c&le p[] is a univ]sal unit ( illum9at+ p[]4 #aja ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c&le ,p[]1 ,rat$4 ,! c&le p[] ( arc lamps is always /at$ 9 excess ( ! tru?1 & ?is may be t]m$ z above4 ,a #bjjj c&le p[] lamp really gives ab\t #hjj c&les illum9ation4 ,synonym--,nom9al ,c&le ,p[]4 ,c&le ,p[]1 ,sph]ical4 ,! av]age c&le p[] ( a s\rce ( light 9 all directions4 ,an arc lamp & an inc&esc5t lamp v>y greatly 9 ! int5sity ( light emitt$ by !m 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! av]age ( a numb] ( det]m9ations at v>i\s angles1 ! lamp be+ mov$ ab\t into diff]5t positions1 is tak5 = ! sph]ical c&le p[]4 ,c&le1 ,/&>d4 ,a /&>d ( illum9at+ p[]4 ,unless o!rwise express$ ! ,engli% /&>d sp]m c&le is indicat$ by ?is t]m4 7,see ,c&le ,p[]47 ,c&le1 ,wilde4 ,an arc lamp ) approximately p>allel c>bons4 ,"o ( ! c>bons c rotate ?r\gh a small arc be+ pivot$ at its base4 ,?is oscillation is regulat$ by an electro-magnet at its base1 & ! c>bons t\* :5 no curr5t is pass+4 ,!y sep>ate a little :5 ! curr5t passes1 e/abli%+ an arc4 ,! regulation is comp>able to t ( a regul> arc lamp4 ,fig4 #gh4 ,,wilde ,,c&le4 ,ca\t*\c4 ,india rubb]2 a sub/ance exi/+ 9 an emulsion or solution 9 ! juice ( c]ta9 trees & v9es ( ! tropics1 :5ce x is obta9$ by coagulation & dry+4 ,! "n rubb] is due to ! fact t "o ( its e>lie/ uses 0 = eras+ p5cil m>ks by rubb+4 ,x has a v high value z an insulator4 ,! unwork$ crude rubb] is call$ virg9 gum2 aft] work+ ov] by knead+1 x is t]m$ ma/icat$ or pure gum rubb]2 aft] mixture ) sulphur & heat+1 x is t]m$ vulcaniz$ rubb]4 ,if en\gh sulphur is add$ x becomes h>d1 & if black1 is t]m$ ebonite2 if v]milion or o!r pigm5t is also add$ to produce a r$di% color1 x is t]m$ vulcanite4 ,! ma/icat$ gum dissolves m or less completely 9 naph?a 7sp4 gr41 4#hej7 b5zole1 turp5t9e1 *lor(orm1 e!r & o!r simil> liquids44 ,! resi/ance p] c5timet] cube ( ,hoop]'s vulcaniz$ ,india rubb]1 su* z is us$ 9 subm>9e cables is #a4e;,e#af ohms4 ,! specific inductive capacity ( pure ,india rubb] is #b4cd--( vulcaniz$ #b4id 7,s*ill]74 ,synonyms--,india ,rubb]--,rubb]4 #ajb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,capacity1 ,dielectric4 ,! capacity ( a dielectric 9 reta9+ an electro/atic *>ge2 ! same z ,specific ,inductive ,capacity4 ',! numb] express+ x is sometimes call$ ! dielectric con/ant4 7,see ,capacity1 ,specific ,inductive47 ,capacity1 ,electric1 or ,electro/atic4 ,! relative capacity ( a conductor or sy/em to reta9 a *>ge ( electricity ) ! production ( a giv5 diff]5ce ( pot5tial4 ,! great] ! *>ge = a giv5 *ange ( pot5tial1 or ! less ! *ange ( pot5tial = a giv5 *>ge ! great] ! capacity4 ,! measure ( its capacity is ! am\nt ( electricity requir$ to raise ! pot5tial to a /at$ am\nt4 ,! unit ( capacity is ! f>ad1 q4 v4 ,electric capacity is comp>able to ! capacity ( a bottle = air4 ,a giv5 am\nt ( air w raise ! pressure m or less1 & ! am\nt requir$ to raise its pressure a /at$ am\nt might be tak5 z ! measure ( capacity1 & w\ld be /rictly comp>able to electro/atic *>ge & pot5tial *ange4 ,! capacity1 ,k1 is obvi\sly proportional to ! quantity1 ,q1 ( ! *>ge at a giv5 pot5tial1 ,e1 & inv]sely proportional to ! pot5tial1 ,e1 = a giv5 quantity1 ,q1 or1 7#a7 ,k ,q_/,e & 7#b7 ,q ,k 99 ,e1 or1 ! quantity requir$ to raise a conductor by a giv5 pot5tial is equal to ! capacity ( ! conductor or sy/em multipli$ by ! rise ( pot5tial4 ,! capacity ( a conductor dep5ds ^u its environm5ts1 su* z ! nature ( ! dielectric surr\nd+ x1 ! proximity ( oppositely *>g$ bodies & o!r simil> factors4 7,see ,dielectric-,cond5s]-,leyd5 j>47 ,! dim5sions ( capacity are f\nd by divid+ a quantity ( electricity by ! pot5tial produc$ 9 ! conductor by su* quantity4 ,quantity 7 77,m4#e7997,l#a4e77 _/ ,t 7 _/ pot5tial 7 77,m4#e7997,l4#e77 _/ ,t 7 ,l4 ,capacity1 ,in/antane\s4 ,! capacity ( a cond5s] :5 connect$ only = an in/ant to a s\rce ( electricity4 ,?is is 9 contra/ to electric absorption 7see ,absorption1 ,electric71 & is capacity )\t su* absorption tak+ "p 9 ! action4 #ajc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,capacity ( a ,telegraph ,conductor4 ,! electric capacity ( a telegraphic conductor is id5tical 9 quality ) t ( any o!r conductor4 ,x v>ies 9 quantity1 n only = diff]5t wires1 b = ! same wire "u diff]5t environm5ts1 z ! wire react+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ air or o!r dielectric ^u ! e>?1 repres5ts "o elem5t ( a cond5s]1 ! e>?1 9 g5]al1 repres5t+ ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 a wire plac$ ne> ! e>? has great] capacity ?an "o /rung ^u high poles1 al?\gh ! wires may be id5tical 9 l5g?1 mat]ial & diamet]4 ,! effect ( high capacity is to ret>d ! transmission ( int]mitt+ signals4 ,?us1 :5--z 9 ! ,morse sy/em--a key is depress$1 clos+ a long telegraph curr5t & s5d+ a signal into a l9e1 x is at lea/ v probable t a portion ( ! electricity travels to ! end ( ! wire ) ! velocity ( light4 ,b z ! wire has to be *>g$1 en\gh curr5t to move ! relay may n rea* ! end = "s seconds4 ,capacity ( ,pol>ization ( a ,voltaic ,cell4 ,! relative resi/ance to pol>ization ( a voltaic cell1 measur$ by ! quantity ( electricity x c supply be=e pol>ization4 ,a c\nt]-electromotive =ce may be develop$1 or ! acid or o!r solution may become exhau/$4 ,! quantity ( electricity deliv]$ be=e ?is happ5s dep5ds on ! size & type ( cell & o!r factors4 ,capacity1 ,residual4 ,:5 two insulat$ conductors are sep>at$ by a dielectric1 & are dis*>g$ disruptively by be+ connect$ or ne>ly connect$ electrically1 on remov+ ! dis*>g] x is f\nd t a slight *>ge is pres5t aft] a %ort int]val4 ,?is is ! residual *>ge4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,residual47 ,%ak+ or j>r+ ! dielectric facilitates ! complete dis*>ge4 ,?is reta9+ ( a *>ge is a ph5om5on ( ! dielectric1 & z su*1 is t]m$ residual capacity4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,9 qu>tz x is "o-n9? :at x is 9 air4 ,icel& sp> 7cry/all9e calcite7 seems to h no residual capacity4 ,! action ( %ak+ & j>r+ 9 facilitat+ a dis*>ge indicates a me*anical /ress into :i* ! electro/atic pol>ization ( ! conductor has ?r[n ! int]v5+ dielectric4 ,capacity1 ,specific ,inductive4 ,! ratio ( ! capacity ( a cond5s] :5 its plates are sep>at$ by any sub/ance to ! capacity ( ! same cond5s] :5 its plates are sep>at$ by air4 ,a /atic accumulator consi/s ( two conduct+ surfaces sep>at$ by an insulator4 ,x is f\nd t ! capacity ( an accumulator = an electric *>ge1 :i* v>ies ) or may be rat$ by ! pot5tial diff]5ce to :i* its conductors w be br\ght by ! giv5 *>ge1 v>ies ) ! nature ( ! int]pos$ dielectric1 & is proportional to a con/ant special to ea* sub/ance4 ,?is con/ant is ! specific inductive capacity ( ! dielectric4 ,! same cond5s] w h a high] capacity z ! dielectric is ?9n]1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,b diff]5t dielectrics hav+ diff]5t specific inductive capacities1 ! con/ant may be det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! relative ?icknesses ( lay]s hav+ ! same total inductive capacity4 ,! ?ick] ! lay]1 ! high] is its specific inductive capacity4 ,?us x is f\nd t #c4b units ?ickness ( sulphur h ! same total inductive capacity z #a unit ?ickness ( air4 ,9 o!r words1 if sulphur is int]pos$ betwe5 two conduct+ plates1 !y may be sep>at$ to ov] ?ree times ! di/ance t w\ld be requisite to reta9 ! same capacity 9 air4 ,h5ce1 sulphur is ! bett] dielectric1 & air be+ tak5 z unity1 ! specific inductive capacity ( sulphur is #c4b4 #ajd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! specific inductive capacity ( a dielectric v>ies ) ! "t & temp]ature4 ,t ( glass rises #b4e p] c5t4 betwe5 #ab ,c4 7#ec4f ,f47 & #hc ,c4 7#aha4d ,f474 ,if a cond5s] is dis*>g$ disruptively1 x reta9s a small residual *>ge :i* x c "p ) lat]4 ,if a metallic connection is made betwe5 ! plates1 ! dis*>ge is n in/antane\s4 ,vibration %ak+ & j>r+ facilitate ! complete dis*>ge4 ,all ?is %[s t ! *>ge is a phase ( ! dielectric itself1 & indicates a /ra9$ /ate into :i* x is br\ght4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! specific inductive capacity ( v>i\s sub/ances3 ,specific ,inductive ,capacity4 ,sub/ance ,specific ,inductive ,au?ority ,capacity4 ,vacuum1 air at ab\t #j4jja millimet]s pressure #j4id ab\t ,ayrton ,vacuum1 air at ab\t #e millimet]s #j4iihe ,ayrton #j4iiida ,boltzmann ,hydrog5 at ab\t #gfj millimet]s pressure #j4iiig ,boltzmann #j4iiih ,ayrton ,air at ab\t #gfj millimet]s pressure #a4j ,tak5 z ! /&>d ,c>bon ,dioxide at ab\t #gfj millimet]s pressure #a4jjjcef ,boltzmann #a4jjjh ,ayrton ,olefiant ,gas at ab\t #gfj millimet]s pressure #a4jjjgbb ,boltzmann ,sulphur ,dioxide at ab\t #gfj millimet]s pressure #a4jjcg ,ayrton ,p>aff9 ,wax1 ,cle> #a4ib ,s*ill] #a4if ,wlln] #a4igg ,gibson & ,b>clay #b4cb ,boltzmann ,p>aff9 ,wax1 ,milky #b4dg ,s*ill] ,india ,rubb]1 ,pure #b4cd ,s*ill] ,india ,rubb]1 ,vulcaniz$ #b4id ,s*ill] ,res9 #b4ee ,boltzmann ,ebonite #b4ef ,wlln] #b4gf ,s*ill] #c4ae ,boltzmann ,sulphur #b4hh to #c4ba ,wlln] #c4hd ,boltzmann ,%ellac #b4ie to #c4gc ,wlln] ,gutta p]*a #d4b ,mica #e ,fl9t ,glass1 ,v light #f4eg ,j4 ,hopk9son ,fl9t ,glass1 ,light #f4he ,j4 ,hopk9son ,fl9t ,glass1 ,d5se #g4d ,j4 ,hopk9son ,fl9t ,glass1 ,d\ble extra d5se #aj4a ,j4 ,hopk9son #aje ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,capacity1 ,unit (4 ,! unit ( capacity is ! capacity ( a surface :i* a unit quantity w raise to a unit pot5tial4 ,! practical unit is ! surface :i* a c\lomb w raise to "o volt1 & is call$ ! f>ad1 q4 v4 ,capacity1 ,/orage4 ,9 second>y batt]ies ! quantity ( electrical curr5t :i* !y c supply :5 *>g$1 )\t undue exhau/ion4 ,x is express$ 9 amp]e-h\rs4 ,! pot5tial v>ies s little dur+ ! dis*>ge t x is assum$ to be con/ant4 ,capill>ity4 ,! reaction betwe5 liquid surfaces ( diff]5t k9ds or betwe5 liquid & solid surfaces due to surface t5sion4 ,its ph5om5a are greatly modifi$ by electric *>g+1 :i* alt]s ! surface t5sion4 ,capill>ity is ! cause ( solutions creep+1 z x is t]m$4 ,?us 9 gravity batt]ies a cru/ ( z9c sulphate (t5 =m$ ov] ! edge ( ! j> due to ! solution creep+ & evaporat+4 ,z a liquid )draws f a surface :i* x does n wet1 creep+ z above is prev5t$ by coat+ ! edge ) p>aff9 wax1 some?+ :i* wat] does n moi/54 ,x also causes ! liquids ( a batt]y cell to rea* ! connections & injure !m by oxidation4 ,! solutions creep up 9 ! pores ( ! c>bons ( a batt]y & oxidize ! clamps4 ,to give good connections a disc ( plat9um or ( lead is us$ = ! contact z n be+ attack$4 ,ano!r way is to dip ! upp] ends ( ! dry & w>m c>bons into melt$ p>aff9 wax1 or to apply ! wax to ! hot c>bons at ! top1 & melt x 9 ) a hot iron4 #ajf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c>bon4 7a7 ,"o ( ! elem5ts2 atomic weight1 #ab4 ,x exi/s 9 ?ree allotropic modifications1 *>coal1 graphite & diamond4 ,9 ! graphitic =m x is us$ z an electric curr5t conductor1 z 9 batt]ies & = arc lamp1 electrodes & inc&esc5t lamp filam5ts4 ,x is ! only sub/ance :i* conducts electricity & :i* _c be melt$ ) comp>ative ease by increase ( curr5t4 7,see ,resi/ance47 7b7 ,! c>bon plate ( a batt]y or rod ( an arc lamp4 ,to secure great] conductivity 9 lamp c>bons1 !y are sometimes plat$ ) nickel or ) copp]4 7c7 v4 ,to place c>bons 9 arc lamps4 ,?is has g5]ally to be done once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 unless ! p]iod ( burn+ is v %ort4 ,c>bon1 ,artificial4 ,= lamps1 c>bons & batt]y plates c>bons are made by ignit+1 :ile protect$ f ! action ( ! air1 a mixture ( c>bon du/ & a cem5t+ & c>bonizable sub/ance4 ,lamp black may be add$ also4 ,p[d]$ coke or gas c>bon is mix$ ) molasses1 coal t>1 syrup1 or "s simil> c>bonace\s liquid4 ,x is m\ld$ into %ape4 ,= lamp c>bons ! mixture is =c$ f a vessel ?r\gh a r\nd ap]ture or die1 by heavy pressure1 & is cut into suitable l5g?s4 ,= batt]y plates x may be simply press$ into m\lds4 ,! c>bons are ignit$ 9 cov]$ vessels & also cov]$ ) *>coal du/1 lamp black or its equival5t4 ,!y are heat$ to full r$ness = "s h\rs4 ,aft] removal & cool+ !y are sometimes dipp$ aga9 into ! liquid us$ = cem5t+ & reignit$4 ,great c>e 9 secur+ pure c>bon is sometimes necess>y1 especially = lamps4 ,f9e bitum9\s coal is sometimes us$1 orig9ally by ,rob]t ,buns51 9 #ahch or #ahdj2 purification by diff]5t processes has s9ce be5 appli$2 c>bon f de/ructive di/illation ( coal t> has be5 us$4 ,! fam\s ,c>r c>bons are made1 x is said1 f #ae p>ts v pure coke du/1 five p>ts calc9$ lamp-black1 & sev5 or eight p>ts sug>--syrup mix$ ) a little gum4 ,five h\rs heat+1 ) subsequ5t treatm5t ) boil+ c>amel & reignition are appli$4 ,! latt] treatm5t is t]m$ n\ri%+4 ,napoli us$ ?ree p>ts ( coke to "o ( t>4 ,sometimes a core ( diff]5t c>bon ?an ! surr\nd+ tube is employ$4 #ajg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! foll[+ are ! resi/ances ( ,c>r's c>bons p] met] 7#ci4cg in*es73 ,diamet] 9 ,diamet] 9 ,resi/ance 9 ,ohms4 ,millimet]s4 ,in*es4 #bj ,c4 7#ih ,f47 #a 4#jci #ej4jjj #b 4#jgh #ab4e #c 4#aag #e4ee #d 4#aef #c4abe #e 4#aie #b4jjj #f 4#bcd #a4cij #h 4#cab 4#gha #aj 4#cij 4#e #ab 4#dfh 4#cdh #ae 4#ehe 4#bbb #ah 4#gjb 4#aed #bj 4#ghj 4#abe ,at high temp]atures ! resi/ance is ab\t "o-?ird ^! am\nts4 ,a lay] ( copp] may increase ! conductivity "o hundr$ times & prolong ! duration #ad p] c5t4 ,?us a lay] ( copp] #a_/fie millimet] 7#a_/agcjj in*7 ?ick increases ! conductivity #d4e times2 a coat+ #a_/fj millimet] 7#a_/aejj in*7 ?ick increases ! conductivity "o hundr$ & elev5 times4 ,c>bon1 ,cor$4 ,a c>bon = arc lamps ) a c5tral core ( s(t] c>bon ?an ! ext]ior zone4 ,x fixes ! position ( ! arc1 & is suppos$ to give a /eadi] light4 ,synonym--,conc5tric ,c>bon4 ,c>bon ,hold]s4 ,9 arc lamps1 ! fix$ clamps = hold+ ! ends ( ! c>bons4 ,c>bonization4 ,! ignit+ 9 a clos$ vessel1 protect$ f air1 ( an organic sub/ance s z to expel f x all ! con/itu5ts except "p ( ! c>bon2 de/ructive di/illation4 7,see ,c>boniz$ ,clo?47 ,c>boniz$ ,clo?4 ,clo? cut 9 discs & heat$ 9 vessels protect$ f ! air1 until r$uc$ to c>bon4 ,! heat+ is sometimes conduct$ 9 vacuo4 ,!y are plac$ 9 a pile 9 a glass or o!r insulat+ tube1 & (f] a resi/ance :i* c be v>i$ by pressure4 ,! great] ! pressure ! less w be ! resi/ance1 & vice v]sa4 ,c>bon ,dioxide4 ,a comp\nd gas1 ,,co#b4 ,x is compos$ ( ,c>bon1 #ab p>ts by weight4 ,oxyg54 #cb ,specific gravity1 #a4ebd 7,dulong & ,b]zel9s74 ,molecul> weight1 #dd4 ,x is a dielectric ( ab\t ! resi/ance ( air4 ,its specific inductive capacity at atmosph]ic pressures is #a4jjjcef 7,boltzmann74 #a4jjjh 7,ayrton74 ,synonyms--,c>bonic ,acid--,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4 #ajh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,c>bon1 ,volatilization (4 ,9 arc lamps ! heat is s int5se t x is believ$ t "p ( ! c>bon is volatiliz$ z vapor be=e be+ burn$ or oxidiz$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! same volatilization may take place 9 inc&esc5t lamps :i* are ov]heat$4 ,c>cel4 ,! /&>d ( artificial illum9ation us$ 9 ,france4 ,x is ! light yield$ by a /&>d lamp burn+ #db grams 7#fdh gra9s7 ( colza oil p] h\r1 ) a flame #dj millimet]s 7#a4eg in*7 9 height4 ,"o c>cel is equal to #i4e to #i4f c&les4 ,c>cel ,lamp4 ,! lamp giv+ ! /&>d ( illum9at+ p[]4 ,! wick is cyl9drical1 giv+ an ,arg& or c5tral draft flame4 ,x is wov5 ) #ge /r&s1 & weighs #c4f grams 7#ee4e gra9s7 p] decimet] 7#c4i in*es7 ( l5g?4 ,! *imney is #bi c5timet]s 7#aa4c in*es7 high1 #dg millimet]s 7#a4hh in*7 9 diamet] at ! bottom1 contract+ j above ! wick to #cd millimet]s 7#a4cf in*74 ,c>cel ,gas ,jet4 ,a /&>d ,arg& gas burn]1 made ) prop] rat+ to give ! light ( a def9ite numb] ( c>cels illum9at+ p[]4 ,cognizance mu/ be tak5 ( ! quality ( ! gas z well z ( ! burn] us$4 ,c>ry+ ,capacity4 ,9 a curr5t conductor1 its capacity = c>ry+ a curr5t )\t becom+ unduly heat$4 ,x is express$ 9 amp]es4 7,see ,wire ,gauge1 ,am]ican47 ,cascade4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,leyd5 j>s 9 s]ies on insulat+ supports1 z describ$ bel[4 ,cascade1 ,*>g+ & ,dis*>g+ ,leyd5 ,j>s ,94 ,an arrangem5t ( ,leyd5 j>s 9 s]ies = ! purpose ( *>g+ & dis*>g+4 ,!y are plac$ on insulat+ supports1 ! inn] coat+ ( "o connect$ ) ! out] coat+ ( ! next "o all ?r\gh ! s]ies4 ,! actual *>ge receiv$ by su* a s]ies1 ! out] coat+ ( "o end j> be+ gr\nd$1 & ! inn] coat+ ( ! o!r be+ connect$ to a s\rce ( high pot5tial1 or else ! same be+ connect$ to electrodes ( opposite pot5tials is no great] ?an t ( a s+le j>1 b a mu* high] pot5tial diff]5ce c be develop$ )\t risk ( p]=at+ ! glass ( a j>4 ,! diff]5ce ( pot5tial 9 ea* j> ( ! s]ies is equal to ! total pot5tial diff]5ce divid$ by ! numb] ( j>s4 ,! en]gy ( dis*>ge is equal to ! same fraction ( ! en]gy ( a s+le j> *>g$ ) ! same quantity4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! equal di/ribution ( pot5tial assumes all ! j>s h ! same capacity4 ,! *>ge on all j>s is ! same s9ce !y are 9 s]ies4 #aji ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,case-h>d5+1 ,electric4 ,! conv]sion ( ! surface ( iron into /eel by apply+ a prop] c>bonace\s mat]ial to x :ile x is heat$ by an electric curr5t4 ,x is a sup]ficial cem5tation process4 ,cataphoresis4 ,electric osmore2 ! transf] ( sub/ances 9 solution ?r\gh por\s membranes "u ! influ5ce probably ( electrolysis1 b )\t !mselves be+ decompos$4 ,caut]y1 ,electric4 ,an electro-surgical appliance = remov+ diseas$ p>ts1 or arre/+ hemorrhages1 tak+ ! place ( ! knife or o!r cutt+ in/rum5t4 ,! caut]y is a plat9um wire heat$ to :it5ess by an electric curr5t1 & :5 9 t condition us$ to cut (f tumors1 /op ! fl[ ( blood & p>allel op]ations4 ,! application is pa9ful1 b by ! use ( anae/hetics pa9 is avoid$1 & ! heal+ aft] ! op]ation is greatly accel]at$4 ,! heat$ wire ( ! caut]y c be us$ = cutt+ op]ations 9 _m cases :]e excision by a knife w\ld be almo/ impracticable4 ,synonyms--,galvano-caut]y--,galvano-cau /ry--,galvano-electric1 d4--,galvano-!rmal1 d4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a contraction ( cubic c5timet]4 ,x is (t5 writt5 9 small lett]s1 z #ajj c4c41 mean+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,cell1 ,con/ant4 ,a cell :i* yields a con/ant & uni=m curr5t "u unv>y+ conditions4 ,?is implies t nei!r ! electro-motive =ce or ! resi/ance ( ! cell %all v>y1 or else t z ! electro-motive =ces run d[n ! resi/ance %all dim9i% 9 prop] proportion to ma9ta9 a con/ant curr5t4 ,!re is really no con/ant cell4 ,! con/ancy is greate/ :5 ! ext]nal resi/ance is high 9 proportion to ! int]nal resi/ance4 ,cell1 ,electrolytic4 ,a vessel conta9+ ! electrolyte1 a liquid decomposable by ! curr5t1 & electrodes1 arrang$ = ! passage ( a decompos+ curr5t4 ,! voltamet]1 q4 v41 is an example4 ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic4 ,a cell design$ to be a /&>d ( electro-motive =ce2 "o 9 :i* ! same elem5ts %all always be pres5t "u ! same conditions1 s z to develop ! same electro-motive =ce4 ,9 use ! circuit is clos$ only = a v %ort "t1 s t x %all n become alt]$ by pol>ization or exhau/ion4 ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic1 ,daniell's4 ,a z9c-copp]-copp] sulphate c\ple4 ,_m =ms are us$4 ,sometimes a numb] ( pieces ( blott+ pap] are int]pos$ betwe5 two plates1 "o ( copp]--! o!r ( z9c4 ,! pap] next ! copp] is soak$ 9 copp] sulphate solution1 & ^? next ! z9c 9 z9c sulphate solution1 ( c\rse be=e be+ put toge!r4 ,sometimes ! ord9>y por\s cup comb9ation is employ$4 ,! cut %[s a modification due to ,dr4 ,flem+ 7,phil4 ,mag4 ,s4 #e1 vol4 xx1 p4 #abf71 :i* expla9s itself4 ,! ,u tube is #c_/d-;in* diamet]1 & #h in*es long4 ,/>t+ ) x empty ! tap ,a is op5$1 & ! :ole ,u tube fill$ ) z9c sulphate solution1 & ! tap ,a is clos$4 ,! z9c rod usually kept 9 ! tube ,l is put 9 place1 tightly cork+ up its end ( ! ,u tube4 ,! cock ,c is op5$1 :i* l[]s ! level ( ! solution 9 ! "r-h& limb ( ! ,u tube only4 ,! tap ,b is op5$ & ! copp] sulphate solution is run 91 pres]v+ ! l9e ( sep>ation ( ! two solutions4 ,! copp] rod is tak5 out ( its tube ,m1 & is put 9 place4 ,india rubb] corks are us$ = bo? rods4 ,z ! liquids beg9 to mix ! mixture c be drawn (f at ,c & ! %>p l9e ( dem>cation re-e/abli%$4 ,9 ,dr4 ,sloane's /&>d cell two te/ tubes are employ$ = ! solutions & a syphon is us$ to connect !m4 ,oxidation ( ! z9c l[]s ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f42 oxidation ( ! copp] raises x4 ,) solutions ( equal sp4 gr4 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is #a4ajd volts4 ,if ! copp] sulphate solution is #a4ajj sp4 gr4 & ! z9c sulphate solution #a4djj sp4 gr41 bo? at #ae ,c4 7#ei;,f471 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 w be #a4jgd volt4 ,clean pure z9c & fre%ly electrolyz$ copp] %\ld be us$4 ,fig4 #gi ,,/&>d ,,daniell ,,cell--,,flem+',s ,,=m4 #aaj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic1 ,latim] ,cl>k's4 ,a m]cury & z9c electrode c\ple ) m]cur\s sulphate z excitant & depol>iz]4 ,! positive elem5t is an amalgam ( z9c1 ! negative is pure m]cury4 ,ea* elem5t1 9 a repres5tative =m1 ! ,h =m1 is conta9$ 9 a sep>ate vessel :i* communicate by a tube4 ,ov] ! pure m]cury "s m]cur\s sulphate is plac$4 ,bo? vessels are fill$ to above ! level ( ! connect+ tube ) z9c sulphate solution1 & kept saturat$4 ,x is tightly clos$ or cork$4 ,! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 at #ae ,c 7#ei ,f47 is #a4dch4 ,temp]ature correction 7#a - 74#jjjgg 997t - #ae ,c7 7 7 t be+ express$ 9 degrees c5tigrade 7,rayleigh74 ,a dim9ution 9 specific gravity ( ! z9c solution increases ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! cell pol>izes rapidly & ! temp]ature coeffici5t is consid]$ too high4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,,latim] ,,cl>k',s ,,/&>d ,,cell4 #aaa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cem5ts1 ,electrical4 ,a few cem5ts f9d _! use 9 electrical "w4 ,m>9e glue1 ,*att]ton's comp\nd1 & seal+ wax may be cit$4 ,c5ti-4 ,employ$ z a prefix to indicate "o-hundr$?1 z c5timet]1 ! "o-hundr$? ( a met]2 c5ti-amp]e1 ! "o-hundr$? ( an amp]e4 ,c5tigrade-scale4 ,a !rmomet] scale 9 use by sci5ti/s ( all c\ntries & 9 g5]al use 9 _m4 ,! temp]ature ( melt+ ice is #j2 ! temp]ature ( cond5s+ /eam is #ajj 2 ! degrees are all ( equal l5g?4 ,to r$uce to ,fahr5heit degrees multiply by #i & divide by #e1 & add #cb algebraically1 treat+ all read+s bel[ #j z m9us quantities4 ,= its relations to ! ,reamur scale1 see ,reamur ,scale4 ,its abbreviation is ,c41 z #aj ,c41 mean+ t5 degrees c5tigrade4 ,c5timet]4 ,a metric sy/em unit ( l5g?2 "o-hundr$? ( a met]2 #j4cicg in*4 ,! absolute or c4 g4 s4 unit ( l5g?4 ,c5timet]-gram-second ,sy/em4 ,! accept$ fundam5tal or absolute sy/em ( units1 call$ ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em4 ,x embraces units ( size1 weight1 "t1 9 me*anics1 physics1 electricity & o!r bran*es4 ,x is also call$ ! absolute sy/em ( units4 ,x admits ( ! =mation ( new units z requir$ by increas$ scope or classification4 ,! foll[+ are basic units ( ! sy/em 3 ,( l5g?1 c5timet]2 ( mass1 gram2 ( "t1 second3 ( =ce1 dyne3 ( "w or en]gy1 erg4 ,see ,dyne1 ,erg41 & o!r units 9 g5]al4 #aab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c5tral ,/ation ,di/ribution or ,supply4 ,! sy/em ( supply+ electric en]gy 9 curr5t =m f a ma9 g5]at+ plant to a di/rict ( a numb] ( h\ses1 factories1 etc4 ,x is 9 contra/ ) ! isolat$ plant sy/em 9 :i* ea* h\se or factory has its own sep>ate g5]at+ in/allm5t1 batt]ies or dynamos4 ,c5tre ( ,gravity4 ,a po9t s situat$ ) respect to any p>ticul> body1 t ! resultant ( ! p>allel attract+ =ces betwe5 ! e>? & ! sev]al molecules ( ! body always passes ?r\gh x4 ,^! are resultants ( ! relative mom5ts ( ! molecules4 ,if a body is susp5d$1 z by a /r+1 ! c5tre ( gravity always lies v]tically "u its po9t ( susp5sion4 ,by two trials ! po9t ( int]section ( plumb l9es f ! po9t ( susp5sion be+ det]m9$ ! c5tre ( gravity is kn[n4 ,! v]tical f ! po9t ( support co9cides ) ! l9e ( direction4 ,c5tre ( ,gyration4 ,! c5tre ( gyration ) respect to ! axis ( a rotat+ body is a po9t at :i* if ! entire mass ( ! body 7 conc5trat$ its mom5t ( in]tia w\ld rema9 un*ang$4 ,! di/ance ( ?is po9t f ! axis is ! radius ( gyration4 ,c5tre ( ,oscillation4 ,! po9t ref]r$ to 9 a body1 susp5d$ or m\nt$ to sw+ l a p5dulum1 at :i* if all ! mass 7 conc5trat$1 #at w\ld complete its oscillations 9 ! same "t4 ,! di/ance f ! axis ( support to ?is po9t gives ! virtual l5g? ( ! p5dulum :i* ! body repres5ts4 ,c5tre ( ,p]cussion4 ,! po9t 9 a susp5d$ body1 "o free to sw+ l a p5dulum1 at :i* an impulse may be appli$1 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ?r\gh ! axis ( ! body & ?r\gh ! axis ( support )\t %ock to ! axis4 ,x is id5tical ) ! c5tre ( oscillation1 q4 v41 :5 su* lies )9 ! body4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,! =ce :i* draws a body con/ra9$ to move 9 a curv$ pa? away f ! c5tre ( rotation4 ,x is really due to a tang5tial impulse & by "s physici/s is call$ ! c5trifugal compon5t ( tang5tial velocity4 ,x has to be provid$ aga9/ 9 g5]ator & motor armatures1 by w9d+ !m ) wire or b&s to prev5t ! coils ( wire f spread+ or leav+ _! b$ ^u ! core4 #aac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c5trifugal ,gov]nor4 ,! usual type ( /eam-eng9e gov]nor4 ,! motion ( ! eng9e rotates a sy/em ( weights1 :i* are =c$ outw>d by c5trifugal =ce1 & are drawn inw>ds by gravity or by spr+s4 ,mov+ outw>ds !y %ut (f /eam1 & mov+ inw>ds !y admit x1 ?us keep+ ! eng9e at approximately a con/ant spe$4 ,! connections betwe5 !m & ! /eam supply & ! g5]al con/ruction v>y widely 9 diff]5t gov]nors4 ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 ,abbreviation or symbol = ,c5timet]-gram-second1 z ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em4 7,see ,c5timet]-gram-second ,sy/em47 ,x is sometimes express$ 9 capitals1 z above1 & sometimes 9 small lett]s1 z ! c4 g4 s4 unit ( resi/ance4 ,*amb] ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamp4 ,! int]ior ( ! bulb ( an inc&esc5t lamp4 7,see ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t47 ,fig4 #ha4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,curve ,,( ,a ,,dynamo4 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,droop+ ,,*>act]i/ic4 ,*>act]i/ic ,curve4 ,a curve indicat+ ! v>iations 9 electro-motive =ce develop$ dur+ ! rotations ( ! armature ( a dynamo or o!r g5]ator ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! t]m z us$ 9 ! electrical s5se is ?us appli$1 al?\gh ! indicator diagram ( a /eam eng9e may be t]m$ its *>act]i/ic curve1 & s 9 _m o!r cases4 ,z ! amp]es tak5 f a s]ies g5]ator are increas$ 9 numb]1 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 rises1 x may be v rapidly up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !reaft] m sl[ly4 ,to con/ruct ! curve coord9ates1 q4 v41 are employ$4 ,! resi/ance ( ! dynamo & ( ! out] circuit be+ kn[n1 ! curr5t int5sity is measur$4 ,to obta9 v>iations 9 electro-motive =ce ! ext]nal resi/ance is *ang$4 ,?us a numb] ( amp]e read+s ) v>y+ kn[n resi/ance are obta9$1 & = ea* "o an electro-motive =ce is calculat$ by ,ohm's law4 ,f ^! data a curve is plott$1 usually ) volts laid (f on ! ord9ate & amp]es on ! abscissa4 ,by o!r me?ods o!r *>act]i/ic curves may be obta9$1 = :i* ! titles "u ,curve may be consult$4 #aad ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*>act]i/ic1 ,droop+4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a dynamo :i* indicates a fall 9 voltage :5 an excessive curr5t is tak5 f ! dynamo 9 "q4 ,x is %[n /rongly 9 "s ,bru% ma*9es1 & is p>tly due to ! arrangem5ts = cutt+ out two ( ! coils z !y approa* ! neutral l9e4 ,x is an advantage1 z x protects f ov]heat+ on %ort circuit4 ,*>act]i/ic1 ,ext]nal4 ,9 a dynamo ! *>act]i/ic curve 9 :i* ! relations ( volts betwe5 t]m9als to amp]es 9 ! out] circuit are plott$4 7,see ,curve1 ,ext]nal ,*>act]i/ic47 ,*>act]i/ic1 ,int]nal4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a %unt dynamo1 9 :i* ! relations ( volts to amp]es 9 ! %unt circuit is plott$4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,s\nd4 ,( int]e/1 electrically1 z affect+ ! telephone1 !y comprise3 7#a7 ,pit*1 due to frequ5cy ( vibrations4 7#b7 ,int5sity or l\dness1 due to amplitude ( waves ( s\nd4 7#c7 ,quality or timbre1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( any specific s\nd due to ov]tones1 discords1 etc41 by :i* ! s\nd is recognizable f o!rs4 ,! telephone is held by ! ,u4 ,s4 c\rts to be capable ( reproduc+ ! voice by means ( ! undulatory curr5t4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,undulatory47 ,*>ge4 ,! quantity ( electricity t is pres5t on ! surface ( a body or conductor4 ,if no electricity is suppli$1 & ! conductor is connect$ to ! e>?1 x is quickly dis*>g$4 ,a *>ge is measur$ by ! units ( quantity1 su* z ! c\lomb4 ,! *>ge t a conductor c reta9 at a giv5 rise ( pot5tial gives its capacity1 expressible 9 units ( capacity1 su* z ! f>ad4 ,a *>ge implies ! /ret*+ or /ra9+ betwe5 ! surface ( ! *>g$ body1 & "s complim5t>y *>g$ surface or surfaces1 ne> or f>1 ( l>ge or small area1 ( ev5 or unev5 di/ribution4 ,*>ge4 v4 7a7 ,to introduce an electro/atic *>ge1 z to *>ge a cond5s]4 7b7 ,to decompose ! elem5ts ( a second>y batt]y1 q4 v41 s z to r5d] x capable ( produc+ a curr5t4 ,?us1 a sp5t batt]y is *>g$ or re*>g$ to enable x to d m "w4 ,synonyms--,r5ovate--,revivify--,re*>ge4 #aae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*>ge1 ,b\nd4 ,a *>ge ( electricity borne by ! surface ( a body s situat$ ) ref]5ce to ano!r oppositely *>g$ body1 t ! *>ge is imp]ceptible to ord9>y te/1 w n affect an electroscope nor leave ! surface if ! latt] is connect$ to ! e>?4 ,to dis*>ge su* a body x mu/ be connect$ to its complim5t>ily *>g$ body4 ,! b\nd *>ge 0 =m]ly call$ dissimulat$ or lat5t electricity4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,free47 ,! *>ge or portion ( a *>ge ( a surface :i* is neutraliz$ inductively by a neighbor+ *>ge ( opposite k9d4 ,! degree ( neutralization or ( b9d+ w dep5d on ! di/ance ( ! two *>g$ surfaces f "o ano!r & on ! electro-/atic nature ( ! m$ium int]v5+1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be a dielectric4 ,a *>ge n s held or neutraliz$ is t]m$ a free *>ge4 ,?us a surface may be *>g$ & by ! approa* ( a surface less highly *>g$ may h "p ( its *>ge b\nd4 ,!n if connect$ to e>?4 x w "p ) its unb\nd or free *>ge1 b w reta9 ! o!r until ! b9d+ surface is remov$1 or until ! electricity ( su* surface is itself b\nd1 or dis*>g$1 or until connection is made betwe5 ! two surfaces4 ,?us a body may h bo? a b\nd & a free *>ge at ! same "t4 ,*>ge1 ,d5sity (4 ,! relative quantity ( electricity ^u a giv5 surface4 ,?us a *>g$ surface may h an ev5ly di/ribut$ *>ge or "o ( ev5 d5sity1 or an unev5ly di/ribut$ *>ge or "o ( unev5 d5sity4 ,9 a ?und]/orm ! e>? has a d5s] *>ge "u ! cl\ds ?an else:]e4 ,synonym--,electrical ,d5sity4 ,*>ge1 ,dissipation (4 ,z e body kn[n conducts electricity1 x is impossible s to insulate a surface t x w n lose its *>ge by leakage4 ,an absolute vacuum might answ]1 & ,crookes 9 a high vacuum has reta9$ a *>ge aga9/ dissipation = ye>s4 ,! gradual loss is t]m$ z above4 ,*>ge1 ,di/ribution (4 ,! relation ( d5sities ( *>ge on diff]5t p>ts ( a *>g$ body4 ,on a sph]ical conductor ! *>ge is normally ( ev5 di/ribution2 on o!r conductors x is unev5ly di/ribut$1 be+ ( greate/ d5sity at po9ts1 edges1 & p>ts ( smalle/ radius ( curvature4 ,ev5 di/ribution c also be di/urb$ by local induction1 due to ! pres5ce ( oppositely *>g$ bodies4 #aaf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*>ge1 ,free4 ,! *>ge borne by an insulat$ body1 indep5d5t ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,!oretically x is an impossibility4 ,a *>ge always has its complim5t some:]e 9 surr\nd+ objects4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce & conv5tion1 :]e ! complim5t>y *>ge is s di/ribut$ t its influ5ce is n p]ceptible ! *>ge is call$ a free *>ge4 ,if connect$ to e>? ! free *>ge w leave ! body4 ,if ! body is connect$ ) an electroscope ! free *>ge w affect ! same4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,b\nd47 ,*>ge1 ,residual4 ,:5 a ,leyd5 j> or o!r cond5s] is dis*>g$ by ! ord9>y me?od1 aft] a few m9utes /&+ a second dis*>ge ( less am\nt c be obta9$ f x4 ,?is is due to :at is kn[n z ! residual *>ge4 ,x seems to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ! me*anical or molecul> di/ortion ( ! dielectric4 ,! j>r+ ( ! dielectric aft] dis*>ge favors ! rapidity ( ! action1 dim9i%+ ! "t requir$ = ! appe>ance ( ! residual *>ge4 ,! ph5om5on1 x w be se51 is analog\s to residual magnetism4 ,?is *>ge is ! reciprocal ( electric absorption & dep5ds = its am\nt ^u ! nature ( ! dielectric4 7,see ,absorption1 ,electric1 & ,capacity1 ,residual47 ,synonym--,electric ,residue4 ,*att]ton's ,comp\nd4 ,a cem5t us$ = cem5t+ toge!r lay]s or %eets ( gutta p]*a1 & = simil> purposes 9 splic+ telegraph cables4 ,its =mula is3 ,/ockholm ,t>1 #a "p4 ,res91 #a "p4 ,gutta ,p]*a1 #c p>ts4 ,all p>ts by weight4 ,*emical ,*ange4 ,:5 bodies unite 9 ! ratio ( _! *emical equival5ts1 s z to repres5t ! satisfy+ ( aff9ity or ! sett+ free ( !rmal or o!r en]gy1 :i* unit+ is g5]ally accompani$ by s5sible heat & (t5 by light1 z 9 ! ignition ( a mat*1 burn+ ( a c&le1 &1 :5 ! new comp\nd exhibits new prop]ties di/9ct f ^? ( its compon5ts1 a *emical comb9ation is indicat$4 ,m def9itely x is a *ange ( relation ( ! atoms4 ,ano!r =m ( *emical *ange is decomposition1 ! rev]se ( comb9ation1 & requir+ or absorb+ en]gy & produc+ sev]al bodies ( prop]ties di/9ct f ^? ( ! orig9al comp\nd4 ,?us 9 a voltaic batt]y *emical comb9ation & decomposition take place1 ) evolution ( electric in/ead ( !rmal en]gy4 ,*emical ,equival5t4 ,! quoti5t obta9$ by divid+ ! atomic weight1 q4 v41 ( an elem5t by its val5cy1 q4 v4 ,?us ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #af1 its val5cy is #b4 its *emical equival5t is #h4 ,x is ! weight ( ! elem5t correspond+ to a unit weight ( hydrog51 ei!r z replac+ x1 or comb9+ ) x4 ,9 electro-*emical calculations ! *emical equival5t is (t5 conv5i5tly us$ to avoid ! necessity ( divid+ by ! val5cy :5 atomic weights are us$4 ,! latt] is really ! bett] practice4 ,! atomic weights 9 ! old sy/em ( *emical nom5clature 7 *emical equival5ts4 #aag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*emical ,record]4 ,a =m ( telegraphic record] 9 :i* ! *>act]s1 (t5 ( ! ,morse alphabet or "s simil> "o1 are inscrib$ on *emically prep>$ pap] by decomposition affect+ ! comp\nd ) :i* ! pap] is *>g$4 ,9 ! orig9al *emical record] ( ,ba91 ! in/rum5t 0 some:at simil> to ! ,morse record]1 except t ! motionless /ylus1 ,s1 always press+ aga9/ ! pap] 0 incapable ( mak+ any m>k1 b be+ ( iron1 & ! pap] /rip be+ impregnat$ ) potassium f]rocyanide1 on ! passage ( a curr5t a /a9 ( ,prussian blue 0 produc$ :]e ! /ylus t\*$ ! pap]4 ,! curr5t passes f ! l9e by way ( ! iron /ylus1 ?r\gh ! pap]1 & by way ( a brass surface1 ,m1 aga9/ :i* ! pap] is held & is press$ by ! /ylus1 to ! e>?4 ,?is record] is extremely simple & has no "p to be mov$ by ! curr5t4 ,! solution 9 :i* ! pap] is dipp$ conta9s a mixture ( potassium f]rocyanide & ammonium nitrate4 ,! object ( ! latt] is to keep ! pap] moi/4 ,9 rec5t record]s a solution ( potassium iodide has be5 us$1 :i* gives a br[n /a9 ( free iod9e1 :5 ! curr5t passes4 ,?is /a9 disappe>s 9 a few days4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,ba9',s ,,telegraph ,,employ+ ,,*emical ,,record]4 ,9 ! cut1 ,r is ! roll ( pap]1 ,b is a tank ( solution ) roll1 ,w#a1 = moi/5+ ! pap]2 ,m is ! brass surface aga9/ :i* ! /ylus1 ,s1 presses ! pap]1 ,p ,p2 ,w1 ,w are fe$ roll]s2 ,t is ! transmitt+ key1 & zk ! batt]y2 ,pl1 ,pl are e>? plates4 ,! app>atus is %[n duplicat$ = ea* end4 #aah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*emi/ry4 ,! sci5ce treat+ ( atomic & molecul> relations ( ! elem5ts & ( *emical comp\nds ( ! same4 ,*imes1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus employ$ to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( ! electro/atic *>ge1 involv+ ! r++ ( bells by electro/atic attraction & repulsion4 ,x is us$ 9 connection ) a frictional1 or influ5ce electric ma*9e4 ,two bells are employ$ ) a button or clapp] susp5d$ betwe5 !m4 ,"o bell is connect$ to "o ( ! prime conductors1 q4 v41 ( ! ma*9e4 ,! o!r insulat$ !refrom is connect$ to e>?1 or if an influ5ce ma*9e is us$1 to ! o!r prime conductor4 ,! clapp]s are hung by a silk ?read1 s z to be entirely insulat$4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e ! bells become oppositely excit$4 ,a clapp] is attract$ to "o1 !n :5 *>g$ is repell$ & attract$ to ! o!r1 x gives up its *>ge & becom+ *>g$ ) simil> electricity to t ( ! bell x t\*es1 is repell$ & attract$ to ! o!r1 & ?is action is kept up z long z ! excitem5t cont9ues1 ! bells r++ cont9u\sly4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,,electric ,,*imes4 ,*ronograph1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = indicat+ electrically1 & !reby measur+1 ! lapse ( "t4 ,! p]iods measur$ may be exce$+ly %ort1 su* z ! "t a photographic %utt] takes to close1 ! "t requir$ by a projectile to g a c]ta9 di/ance1 & simil> p]iods4 ,a drum rotat$ ) ev5 & kn[n velocity may be m>k$ by a /ylus press$ ^u x by ! action ( an electro-magnet :5 a key is t\*$1 or o!r di/urbance4 ,!n ! space betwe5 two m>ks w\ld give ! p]iod elaps+ betwe5 ! two di/urbances ( ! circuit4 ,z x is practically impossible to secure ev5 rotation ( a drum1 x is necess>y to con/antly measure its rate ( rotation4 ,?is is effect$ by caus+ a tun+-=k ( kn[n rate ( vibration to be ma9ta9$ 9 vibration electrically4 ,a f9e po9t or bri/le atta*$ to "o ( its arms1 m>ks a s9u\s l9e ^u ! smok$ surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is gives ! basis = mo/ accurately det]m9+ ! smalle/ int]vals4 ,ea* wave drawn by ! =k corresponds to a kn[n fraction ( a second4 ,= projectiles1 ! cutt+ ( a wire op5s a circuit1 & ! op5+ is record$ in/ead ( ! clos+4 ,by fir+ s z to cut two wires at a kn[n di/ance ap>t ! rate is obta9$ by ! *ronograph4 ,synonym--,*ronoscope4 #aai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,*utaux's ,solution4 ,a solution = bi*romate batt]ies4 ,x is compos$ z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #a1ejj p>ts ,potassium bi*romate1 #ajj p>ts m]cury bisulphate1 #ajj p>ts #ff sulphuric acid1 #ej p>ts4 ,circle1 ,galvanic or ,voltaic4 ,a t]m = ! voltaic circuit2 obsolete4 ,fig4 #he4 ,,magic ,,circle4 ,circle1 ,magic4 ,a =m ( electro-magnet4 ,x is a ?ick circle ( r\nd iron & is us$ 9 connection ) a magnetiz+ coil1 z %[n1 to illu/rate electro-magnetic attraction4 #abj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit4 ,a conduct+ pa? = electric curr5ts prop]ly =m+ a complete pa? ) ends jo9$ & includ+ g5]ally a g5]at+ device ( "s k9d4 ,"p ( ! conduction may be true & "p electrolytic4 7,see ,electrolytic ,conduction47 ,! t]m has become ext5d$1 s t ! t]m is (t5 appli$ to any portion ( a circuit conv5i5tly consid]$ by itself4 ,! simple/ example ( a complete circuit w\ld be a circul> conductor4 ,if rotat$ 9 ! e>?'s field s z to cut its l9es ( =ce a curr5t w\ld g ?r\gh x1 & x w\ld be an electric circuit4 ,ano!r example is a galvanic batt]y ) its ends connect$ by a wire4 ,"h ! batt]y g5]ates ! curr5t :i*1 by electrolytic conduction1 goes ?r\gh ! batt]y & by true conduction ?r\gh ! wire4 ,= an example ( a portion ( a circuit spok5 ( z a circuit see ,circuit1 ,a/atic4 ,circuit1 ,a/atic4 ,a circuit s w\nd ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh x t ! t]re/rial or o!r l9es ( =ce h no directive effect ^u x1 "o memb] c\nt]act+ ! o!r4 ,x may be produc$ by mak+ ! wire lie 9 two clos$ curves1 ,a & ,b1 ea* enclos+ an equal area1 "o ( id5tical %ape & disposition ) ! o!r1 & ) ! curr5t circulat+ 9 opposite directions 9 ea* "o4 ,?us ea* circuit repres5ts a magnetiz+ turn ( opposite pol>ity & c\nt]act+ ea* o!r's directive t5d5cy exhibit$ 9 a field ( =ce ) ref]5ce to an axis a c4 ,ano!r =m ( a/atic circuit is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! portions ,c1 ,d1 ly+ on opposite sides ( ! axis ( rotation a c1 are oppositely act$ on by ! e>?'s directive =ce z reg>ds ! direction ( _! rotation4 ,figs4 #hf & #hg4 ,,a/atic ,,circuits4 ,circuit1 ,bran*4 ,a circuit divid+ into two or m p>ts 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r4 #aba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit ,break]4 ,any app>atus = op5+ & clos+ a circuit is ?us t]m$1 b x is g5]ally appli$ to automatic app>atus4 ,a typical circuit break] is ! hamm] & anvil ( ! induction coil4 7,see ,induction ,coil2 ,anvil47 ,aga9 a p5dulum connect$ to "o t]m9al ( a circuit may sw+ s z to c>ry a po9t on its l[] end ?r\gh a globule ( m]cury z x sw+s1 :i* globule is connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al4 ,a great _m arrangem5ts ( ?is "* h be5 devis$4 ,synonym4--,contact ,break]4 ,circuit ,break]1 ,automatic4 ,a circuit break] work$ by ! app>atus to :i* x is atta*$1 or o!rwise automatically4 7,see ,induction ,coil2 ,anvil2 ,bell1 ,electric47 ,circuit ,break]1 ,file4 ,a co>sely cut file1 =ms "o t]m9al ( an electric circuit1 ) a /raight piece ( copp] or /eel = ! o!r t]m9al4 ,! latt] t]m9al drawn along ! tee? makes & breaks ! contact once = e too?4 ,! movable piece %\ld h an insulat$ h&le4 ,circuit ,break]1 ,m]cury4 ,a circuit break] :i* may be id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 ) ! automatic circuit break] ( an induction coil1 b 9 :i* 9 place ( ! anvil1 q4 v41 a m]cury cup is us$1 into :i* ! end ( a wire dips & em]ges z x is actuat$ by ! impulses ( ! curr5t4 ,ea* dip makes ! contact1 :i* is brok5 z ! wire spr+s back4 ,! m]cury %\ld be cov]$ ) alcohol to protect x f oxidation4 ,circuit ,break]1 ,p5dulum4 ,a circuit break] 9 :i* a p5dulum 9 its sw+ makes & breaks a contact4 ,x may be kept 9 motion by clockwork1 or by an electro-magnet1 attract+ int]mitt5tly an armature atta*$ to its rod1 ! magnet circuit be+ op5$ & clos$ by ! p5dulum or circuit break] itself4 ,a m]cury contact may be us$ ) x4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,,p5dulum ,,circuit ,,break]4 #abb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit ,break]1 ,tun+ ,=k4 ,a circuit break] 9 :i* a tun+ =k makes & breaks ! circuit4 ,ea* vibration ( "o ( ! prongs 9 "o direction makes a contact1 & ! rev]se vibration breaks a contact4 ,! adju/m5t is necess>ily delicate1 ow+ to ! limit$ amplitude ( ! motion ( ! =k4 ,! =k is kept 9 vibration sometimes by an electro-magnet1 :i* is excit$ z ! circuit is clos$ by ! =k4 ,"o leg ( ! =k acts z ! armature ( ! magnet1 & is attract$ accord+ to its own natural p]iod4 ,circuit ,break]1 ,:eel4 ,a too!d :eel ) a spr+ be>+ aga9/ its tee?4 ,"o t]m9al ( a circuit connects ) ! :eel ?r\gh its axle1 ! o!r connects ) ! spr+4 ,:5 ! :eel is turn$ ! circuit is op5$ & clos$ once = ea* too?4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 tee? on su* a :eel may be fill$ ) insulat+ mat]ial1 giv+ a cyl9drical surface = ! contact spr+ to rub on4 ,fig4 #hi--,,too!d ,,:eel ,,circuit ,,break]4 ,circuit1 ,clos$4 ,a circuit ^: electric cont9uity is complete2 to make an op5 circuit complete by clos+ a swit* or o!rwise is to close1 complete1 or make a circuit4 ,synonyms--,complet$ ,circuit--,made ,circuit4 ,circuit1 ,comp\nd4 ,a circuit *>act]iz$ by comp\nd+ ( g5]at+ or receiv+ devices1 z includ+ sev]al sep>ate batt]ies1 or sev]al motors1 or o!r receiv+ devices4 ,x is sometimes us$ to indicate a circuit hav+ its batt]y arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,x %\ld be re/rict$ to ! fir/ def9ition4 #abc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit1 ,d]iv$4 ,a p>tial circuit connect$ to two po9ts ( ano!r circuit1 s z to be 9 p>allel ) ! portion !re( betwe5 su* two po9ts2 a %unt circuit4 ,synonyms--,%unt ,circuit--,d]ivative ,circuit--,p>allel ,circuit4 ,circuit1 ,electric1 ,active4 ,a circuit ?r\gh :i* a curr5t passes4 ,! circuit itself ne$ only be a conduct+ r+1 or endless wire4 ,g5]ally x includes1 z "p ( ! circuit1 a g5]ator ( electro-motive =ce1 & ?r\gh :i* g5]ator by conduction1 ord9>y or electrolytic1 ! same curr5t goes t passes ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! circuit4 ,"o & ! same curr5t passes ?r\gh all p>ts ( a s]ies circuit :5 su* curr5t is con/ant4 ,a curr5t be+ produc$ by electro-motive =ce1 & electromotive =ce disappe>+ 9 its production 9 an active circuit1 !re mu/ be "s s\rce ( en]gy :i* w ma9ta9 electromotive =ce aga9/ ! dra9 made ^u x by ! curr5t4 ,! simple/ conception ( an active electric circuit is a r+ or endless conductor swept ?r\gh a field ( =ce s z to cut l9es ( =ce4 ,a simple r+ dropp$ ov] a magnet pole repres5ts ! simplification ( ?is process4 ,9 su* a r+ a curr5t1 exce$+ly slight1 ( c\rse1 w be produc$4 ,9 ?is case !re is no g5]ator 9 ! circuit4 ,an e>? coil 7see ,coil1 ,e>?17 repres5ts su* a circuit1 ) ! addition1 :5 exp]im5t$ )1 ( a galvanomet] 9 ! circuit4 ,9 practice1 a circuit includes a g5]ator su* z a batt]y or dynamo1 & by conductors is l$ ?r\gh a cont9u\s pa?4 ,electric lamps1 electrolytic cells1 motors & ! l may be includ$ 9 x4 ,! t]m circuit is also appli$ to portions ( a true circuit1 z ! int]nal circuit1 or ext]nal circuit4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ela/icity is all[$ 9 its use4 ,x by no means necess>ily indicates a complete ?r\gh circuit4 ,circuit1 ,electro/atic4 7a7 ,a circuit ?r\gh :i* an electro/atic or high t5sion dis*>ge takes place4 ,x is virtually an electric circuit4 7b7 ,! t]m is appli$ also to ! clos$ pa?s ( electro/atic l9es ( =ce4 ,circuit1 ,ext]nal4 ,! portion ( a circuit n includ$ )9 ! g5]ator4 ,circuit1 ,gr\nd$4 ,a circuit1 "o ( ^: memb]s1 ! return circuit1 is repres5t$ by ! e>?1 s t ! e>? completes ! circuit4 ,9 telegraphy ea* end ( ! l9e is gr\nd$ or connect$ to an e>?-plate1 q4 v41 or to ! wat] or gas-pipes1 & ! curr5t is assum$ to g ?r\gh ! e>? on its return4 ,x really am\nts to a dis*>g+ at "o end1 & *>g+ at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,! resi/ance ( ! e>? is z]o1 b ! resi/ance ( ! gr\nd+ or connection ) ! e>? may be consid]able4 ,synonyms--,gr\nd ,circuit--,e>? ,circuit--,s+le ,wire ,circuit4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! resi/ance ( ! e>? is high en\gh t l>ge p[] sy/em return curr5ts may produce dang]\s voltage gradi5ts :5 a p[] l9e is %ort$ to ! gr\nd4 ,don't walk ne> d[n$ l9es6 #abd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit ,indicator4 ,a pocket compass1 decomposition app>atus1 galvanomet] or o!r device = indicat+ ! condition ( a wire1 :e!r c>ry+ a curr5t or n1 &1 if c>ry+ "o1 its direction1 & sometimes r\ghly indicat+ its /r5g?4 ,circuit1 ,int]nal4 ,! portion ( an electric circuit includ$ )9 ! g5]ator4 ,circuit1 ,l9e4 ,! portion ( a circuit embrac+ ! ma9 l9e or conductor1 z 9 a telegraph circuit ! l9e c>ri$ on ! poles2 di/+ui%$ f ! local circuit 7see ,circuit1 ,local17 9 telegraphy4 ,circuit1 ,local4 ,9 telegraphy1 a %ort circuit ) local g5]ator or batt]y includ$1 conta9$ )9 ! limits ( ! (fice or /ation & op]at$ by a relay1 q4 v4 ,?is 0 ! orig9al local circuit2 ! t]m is applicable to any simil> arrangem5t 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut1 ! ma9 l9e circuit includes ! ma9 batt]y1 ,e1 ,key1 ,p1 ,relay1 ,r1 gr\nd plates1 ,g1 ,g#a4 ,! relay magnet op5s & closes ! local circuit ) its local batt]y1 ,l1 & s\nd] magnet1 ,h1 ) its armature1 ,b4 ,! m9or p>ts1 su* z swit*es1 are omitt$4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,local ,,circuit ,,( ,,telegraph ,,sy/em4 ,circuit1 ,local ,batt]y4 ,a local circuit work$ by & includ+ a local batt]y 9 its c\rse4 #abe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,circuit1 ,loop4 ,a m9or circuit introduc$ 9 s]ies into ano!r circuit by a cut-out1 or o!r device1 s z to become a portion ( ! ma9 circuit4 ,circuit ,loop ,break4 ,a support] or bracket ) two arms = c>ry+ insulators4 ,its use is to enable a loop connection to be introduc$ into a l9e :i* is cut1 s z to enable ! connection ( ! ends ( ! loop to be made1 "o to ea* end ( ! ?r\gh wire1 :i* ends are atta*$1 "o to ea* ( ! two insulators4 ,circuit1 ,ma94 ,! circuit includ+ ! ma9 l9e & app>atus suppli$ by ! ma9 batt]y1 z di/+ui%$ f ! local circuit4 7,see ,circuit1 ,local47 ,circuit1 ,ma9 ,batt]y4 ,! ma9 circuit1 includ+ ! ma9 or pr9cipal batt]y 9 its c\rse4 ,circuit1 ,metallic4 ,a circuit 9 :i* ! curr5t outside ! g5]ator1 or simil> p>ts1 is c>ri$ on a metallic conductor2 a circuit )\t any gr\nd circuit4 ,! includ+ ( a galvanic batt]y or electro plat+ ba? w\ld n prev5t ! application ( ! t]m2 its ess5tial mean+ is ! omission ( ! e>? z ! return circuit4 ,circuit1 ,negative ,side (4 ,! side ( a circuit opposite to ! positive side4 7,see ,circuit1 ,positive ,side (7 ,x is def9$ z ! half ( a circuit lead+ to ! positive t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 ,circuit1 ,op54 ,a circuit ) its cont9uity brok51 z by disconnect+ a wire f ! batt]y1 or op5+ a swit*2 a brok5 circuit is its synonym4 ,to op5 a swit* or disconnect or cut ! wire is t]m$ op5+ or break+ ! circuit4 ,synonyms--,incomplete ,circuit--,brok5 ,circuit4 ,circuit1 ,positive ,side (4 ,?is side is su* t an obs]v] /&+ girdl$ by ! curr5t ) 8 head 9 ! positive side or region1 w\ld see ! curr5t pass ar\nd him f 8 "r t[>d 8 left h&4 ,x is also def9$ z ! half ( ! circuit lead+ to ! negative t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 ,circuit1 ,recoil4 ,! portion ( a p>allel circuit pres5t+ an alt]native pa?1 q4 v41 = a disruptive dis*>ge4 ,circuit1 ,return4 7a7 ,! "p ( a circuit ext5d+ f ! g5]ator to ! extreme po9t 9 g5]al1 ^u :i* no app>atus is plac$4 ,9 telegraph sy/ems ! gr\nd g5]ally =ms ! return circuit4 ,! di/9ction ( return & work+ circuit _c always be made4 7b7 ,x may also be def9$ z ! portion ( a circuit lead+ to ! negative t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 #abf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,circuits1 ,=k$4 ,circuits />t+ 9 diff]5t pa?s or directions f "o & ! same po9t4 ,circuit1 ,simple4 ,a circuit conta9+ a s+le g5]ator1 & s+le receiv] ( any k9d1 su* z a motor or s\nd]1 ) a s+le connect+ conductor4 ,x is also us$ to indicate arrangem5t 9 multiple arc1 b n g5]ally1 or ) approval4 ,circuits1 ,p>allel4 ,two or m conductors />t+ f a common po9t & end+ at ano!r common po9t are t]m$1 p>allel circuits1 al?\gh really b p>ts ( circuits4 ,if ( equal resi/ance _! jo9t resi/ance is obta9$ by divid+ ! resi/ance ( "o by ! numb] ( p>allel circuits4 ,if ( unequal resi/ance r1 r'1 r 1 etc41 ! =mula = jo9t resi/ance1 ,r1 ( two is ,r 7 r 99 r' 7 _/ 7 r r' 7 ,?is resi/ance may !n be comb9$ ) a ?ird "o by ! same =mula1 & ?us any numb] may be calculat$4 ,synonym--,%unt ,circuit4 ,circuit1 ,voltaic4 ,prop]ly a circuit includ+ a conductor & voltaic c\ple4 ,x is also appli$ to ! electric circuit1 q4 v41 or to any circuit consid]$ z a be>] ( curr5t electricity4 ,circul> ,units4 ,units ( area1 usually appli$ to cross sectional area ( conductors1 by ^: use area is express$ 9 t]ms ( circle ( unit diamet]1 usually a circul> mil1 :i* is ! area ( a circle ( "o-?\s&? ( an in* diamet]1 or a circul> millimet]1 :i* is ! area ( a circle ( "o millimet] diamet]4 ,?us a wire "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] has an area ( #bej circul> mils2 a b> "o c5timet] 9 diamet] has an area ( t5 circul> millimet]s4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,area is ! diamet] squ>$4 ,a #a_/d in* wire has #fbejj circul> mils ( area4 ,a "o c5timet] 7#aj millimet]7 wire has #ajj circul> millimet]s ( area4 ,actual area circul> mils 99 7,,pi_/#d74 ,circumflux4 ,! product ( ! total numb] ( conductor turns on ! armature ( a dynamo or motor1 into ! curr5t c>ri$ !reby4 ,= two pole ma*9es x is equal to twice ! armature amp]e-turns2 = f\r pole ma*9es to f\r times su* quantity1 & s on4 ,clamp4 ,! appliance = grasp+ & reta9+ ! end ( ! rod t holds a c>bon 9 ! arc lamp4 ,cl>k's ,comp\nd4 ,a cem5t us$ = ! outside ( ! %ea? ( telegraph cables4 ,its =mula is3 ,m9]al ,pit*1 #fe p>ts4 ,silica1 #cj p>ts4 ,t>1 #e p>ts4 ,all p>ts by weight4 #abg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cleats4 ,a support2 a %ort block ( wood1 groov$ transv]sely1 = hold+ electric wires aga9/ a wall4 ,= ! ?ree wire sy/em ?ree grooves are us$4 ,! entire wir+ ( ap>tm5ts is sometimes done by ! cleat sy/em1 us+ cleats in/ead ( batt5s1 q4 v41 or m\ld+s4 ,! cleats are secur$ aga9/ ! wall ) ! grooves fac+ x1 & ! wires are introduc$ !re94 ,fig4 #ia4 ,,two ,,wire ,,cleat4 ,fig4 #ib4 ,,?ree ,,wire ,,cleat4 ,cleat1 ,cross+4 ,a cleat ) grooves or ap]tures to support wires :i* cross ea* o!r4 ,two or ?ree grooves are transv]se1 & on ! "u side1 z above2 "o groove is longitud9al & on ! upp] side4 ,cleavage1 ,electrification by4 ,if a mass ( mica is rapidly split 9 ! d>k a slight fla% is p]ceiv$4 ,becqu]el f\nd t 9 su* sep>ation ! two pieces came away oppositely *>g$ ) electricity4 ,! splitt+ ( mica is its cleavage4 ,clock1 ,controll$4 ,9 a sy/em ( electric clocks1 ! clocks ^: movem5ts are controll$ by ! curr5t1 regulat$ by ! ma/] or controll+ clock4 ,synonym--,second>y ,clock4 ,clock1 ,controll+4 ,9 a sy/em ( electric clocks ! ma/] clock :i* controls ! movem5ts ( ! o!rs1 by regulat+ ! curr5t4 ,synonym--,ma/] ,clock4 ,clock1 ,electric ,annunciator4 ,a clock op]at+ any =m ( electric annunciator1 z dropp+ %utt]s1 r++ bells1 & ! l4 ,x op]ates by ! ma*9]y clos+ circuits z requir$ at any desir$ h\r or int]vals4 #abh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,clock1 ,electrolytic4 ,a clock work$ by ! electrolytic deposition & resolution ( a deposit ( metal ^u a disc4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,nikola ,tesla4 ,a metallic disc is m\nt$ on a transv]se axis1 s z to readily rotate4 ,x is imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( copp] sulphate4 ,a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! ba?1 ! t]m9als or electrodes be+ ne> to & fac+ ! opposite edges ( ! disc1 s t ! l9e connect+ ! electrodes lies 9 ! plane ( ! disc4 ,if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! solution by ! electrodes1 copp] is deposit$ on "o side ( ! disc1 & z x rotates "u ! influ5ce ( ! weight ?us accumulat$ on "o side1 ! same metal z x is br\ght to ! o!r side ( ! disc is r$issolv$4 ,?us a cont9u\s rotation is ma9ta9$4 ,! cause ( ! deposition & solution is ! position ( ! disc2 "o-half becomes negative & ! o!r positive 9 _! mutual relations4 ,clock1 ,self-w9d+ ,electric4 ,a clock :i* is w\nd p]iodically by an electric motor & batt]y4 ,clockwork1 ,fe$4 ,9 arc-lamps ! sy/em ( fe$+ ! c>bon or c>bons by clockwork ^: movem5ts are controll$ by ! resi/ance ( ! arc4 ,?is sy/em is employ$ 9 ! ,s]r91 & 9 ! ,gramme regulators1 among o!rs4 ,! c>bons1 if !y approa*1 move clockwork4 ,! movem5t ( ?is is /opp$ or fre$ by an electro-magnet plac$ 9 %unt ar\nd ! arc & c>bons4 ,cloisons4 ,p>titions or divisions2 appli$ to ! w9d+ ( electro-magnets & coils :]e ! w9d+ is put on to ! full dep?1 ov] s+le sections ( ! core1 "o section at a "t1 until ! :ole core is fill$ up4 ,closure4 ,! clos+ or completion ( a circuit by depress+ a key or mov+ a swit*4 ,clut*4 ,9 arc lamps a device = ! fe$ ( ! upp] c>bons4 ,9 its simple/ =m x is simply a plate or b> pi]c$ ) a hole ?r\gh :i* ! c>bon passes loosely4 ,! action ( ! me*anism raises or l[]s "o end ( ! plate or b>4 ,z x rises x b9ds & clut*es ! c>bon1 & if ! action cont9ues x lifts x a little4 ,:5 ! same end is l[]$ ! c>bon & clut* desc5d toge!r until ! opposite end ( ! clut* be+ prev5t$ f fur!r desc5t1 ! clut* approa*es ! horizontal position & ! rod drops bodily ?r\gh ! ap]ture4 ,! cut %[s ! clut*es ( ! ,bru% d\ble c>bon lamp4 ,9 practice ! lift+ & releas+ z regulat$ by an electro-magnet are s v slight t practically an almo/ absolutely /eady fe$ is secur$4 ,a simil> clut* is us$ 9 ! ,we/on lamp4 #abi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,clut*1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,a clut* or appliance = connect+ a %aft to a s\rce ( rot>y motion :ile ! latt] is 9 action4 ,9 "o =m a disc1 9 ^: face a groove has be5 =m$1 :i* groove is fill$ ) a coil ( wire1 is atta*$ to ! loose :eel1 :ile ! %aft c>ries a flat plate to act z armature4 ,on turn+ on ! curr5t ! flat plate is atta*$1 adh]es1 & causes its :eel to p>take ( ! motion ( ! %aft4 ,contact is made by bru%es & collect+ r+s4 ,9 ! cut1 ,a ,a is ! attract$ disc2 ! bru%es1 ,b ,b1 take curr5t to ! collect+ r+s1 ,c4 ,! magnetiz+ coil is emb$d$ 9 ! body ( ! pulley1 z %[n4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,,clut* ,,( ,,bru% ,,lamp4 ,fig4 #id4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,clut*4 #acj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,coat+s ( a ,cond5s] or ,prime ,conductor4 ,! ?9 conduct+ coat+s ( t9foil1 gold leaf or o!r conduct+ sub/ance1 enabl+ ! surface to receive & "p ) ! electric *>ge readily4 ,)\t su* a coat+ ! *>ge & dis*>ge w\ld be v sl[1 & w\ld op]ate by degrees only1 z "o "p ( a non-conduct+ surface might be d5sely *>g$ & ano!r "p be q devoid ( s5sible *>ge4 ,code1 ,ciph]4 ,a code ( arbitr>y words to designate pre>rang$ or pr$et]m9$ words1 figures or s5t5ces4 ,! sy/ems us$ 9 comm]ce h s+le words to repres5t :ole s5t5ces or a numb] ( words ( a s5t5ce4 ,?is n only imp>ts a degree ( secrecy1 b makes ! messages mu* %ort]4 ,codes are us$ a great deal 9 cable transmission4 ,code1 ,telegraphic4 ,a telegraphic alphabet4 7,see ,alphabets1 ,telegraphic47 ,coeffici5t4 ,9 algebra1 ! num]ical multipli] ( a symbol1 z 9 ! expression #ex1 #e is ! coeffici5t4 ,9 physics1 g5]ally a numb] express+ ! ratio or relation betwe5 quantities1 "o ( :i* is (t5 unity1 z a /&>d or base ( ! set ( coeffici5ts4 ,?us ! coeffici5t ( expansion by heat ( any sub/ance is obta9$ by divid+ its volume = a giv5 degree ( temp]ature by its volume at ! /&>d temp]ature z #j ,c41 or #cb ,f4 ,?is gives a fraction by :i* if any volume ( a sub/ance1 tak5 at #j ,c41 or at :atev] may be tak5 z ! basic temp]ature1 is multipli$1 ! exp&$ volume = ! giv5 *ange ( temp]ature w be obta9$ z ! product4 ,a coeffici5t always 9 "s =m implies ! idea ( a multipli]4 ,?us ! coeffici5t ( an in* ref]r$ to a foot w\ld be #a_/ab or 4#hcc1 because any numb] ( in*es multipli$ by t fraction w\ld give ! correspond+ numb] ( feet4 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a_/ab is #j4jhcc ,coeffici5t1 ,economic4 ,9 ma*9]y1 electric g5]ators1 prime motors & simil> /ructures1 ! numb] express+ ! ratio betwe5 en]gy absorb$ by ! device1 & useful1 n necess>ily available1 "w obta9$ f x4 ,x is equal to "w obta9$ divid$ by en]gy absorb$1 & is necess>ily a fraction4 ,if x exce$$ unity ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy w\ld n be true4 ,! economic coeffici5t expresses ! effici5cy1 q4 v41 ( any ma*9e1 & ( effici5cies !re are sev]al k9ds1 to express any "o ( :i* ! economic coeffici5t may be us$4 ,?us1 let ,w--en]gy absorb$1 & w "w produc$ 2 !n w_/,w is ! economic coeffici5t1 & = ea* case w\ld be express$ num]ically4 7,see ,effici5cy1 ,comm]cial--,effici5cy1 ,electrical--,effici5cy ( ,conv]sion47 ,! di/9ction betwe5 useful & available "w 9 a dynamo is z foll[s3 ,! useful "w w\ld include ! "w exp5d$ by ! field1 & ! "w tak5 f ! armature by ! belt or o!r me*anical connection4 ,only ! latt] w\ld be ! available "w4 #aca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,co]cive or ,co]citive ,=ce4 ,! prop]ty ( /eel or h>d iron1 9 virtue ( :i* x sl[ly takes up or p>ts ) magnetic =ce1 is ?us t]m$ 7traditionally2 ,daniell74 ,x seems to h to d ) ! positions ( ! molecules1 z j>r+ a b> ( /eel facilitates its magnetization or accel]ates its p>t+1 :5 n 9 a magnetic field1 ) its p]man5t or residual magnetism4 ,= ?is reason a p]man5t magnet %\ld nev] be j>r$1 & p]mitt+ ! armature to be sudd5ly attract$ & to /rike aga9/ x ) a j> injures its attract+ p[]4 ,co]cive =ce is def9$ also z ! am\nt ( negative magnetiz+ =ce requir$ to r$uce remnant magnetism to z]o4 ,by "s au?orities ! t]m is entirely reject$1 z ! ph5om5on does n seem directly a manife/ation ( =ce4 ,coil & ,coil ,plung]4 ,a device resembl+ ! coil & plunge1 q4 v41 except t = ! plung] ( iron !re is sub/itut$ a coil ( wire ( su* diamet] z to ent] ! axial ap]ture ( ! o!r1 & w\nd or excit$ 9 ! same or 9 ! opposite s5se1 accord+ to :e!r attraction or repulsion is desir$4 ,coil & ,plung]4 ,a coil provid$ ) a core :i* is free to ent] or leave ! c5tral ap]ture4 ,:5 ! coil is excit$1 ! core is drawn into x4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is device h be5 us$ 9 arc lamp regulators4 ,synonym--,suck+ coil4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,,coil ,,& ,,coil ,,plung] ,,( ,,m5gies ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,fig4 #if4 ,,coil ,,& ,,plung] ,,exp]im5t4 #acb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,coil & ,plung]1 ,diff]5tial4 ,an arrangem5t ( coil & plung] 9 :i* two plung]s or "o plung] are act$ on by two coils1 w\nd s z to act oppositely or diff]5tially on ! plung] or plung]s4 ,?us "o coil may be 9 p>allel ) ! o!r1 & ! action on ! plung] w !n dep5d on ! relative curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! coils4 ,coil1 ,*ok+4 ,a coil ( high self-induction1 us$ to resi/ ! int5sity ( or *oke alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,any coil ( insulat$ wire w\nd ar\nd ^u a lam9at$ or divid$ iron core =ms a *ok+ coil4 ,! iron coil is usually s %ap$ z to af=d a clos$ magnetic circuit4 ,a conv]t] or trans=m] acts z a *ok+ coil z long z its second>y is left op54 ,9 alt]nat+ curr5t "w special *ok+ coils are us$4 ,?us = !atrical "w1 a *ok+ coil ) a movable iron core is us$ to *ange ! int5sity ( ! lights4 ,x is 9 circuit ) ! lamp leads4 ,by ?ru/+ 9 ! core ! self-induction is increas$ & ! curr5t dim9i%es1 l[]+ ! lamps2 by )draw+ x ! self-induction dim9i%es1 & ! curr5t increases4 ,?us ! lamps c be made to gradually v>y 9 illum9at+ p[] l gas lights1 :5 turn$ up or d[n4 ,synonyms--,kick+ ,coil--,reaction ,coil4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,,diff]5tial ,,coils ,,& ,,plung]s4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,,bisect$ ,,coils4 #acc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,coils1 ,bisect$4 ,resi/ance coils ) connections at _! c5t]s1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,!y are us$ = comp>+ ! resi/ances ( two conductors4 ,! connections are arrang$ z %[n 9 ! coil1 ea* coil be+ bisect$4 ,= ! wires1 movable knife-edge contacts are employ$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,:eat/one bridge is us$ 9 ! me?od & calculations4 ,coil1 ,e>?4 ,a coil ( wire m\nt$ ) commutator to be rotat$ s z to cut ! l9es ( =ce ( ! e>?'s magnetic field1 !reby g5]at+ pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,! axis ( rotation may be horizontal1 :5 ! pot5tial w be due to ! v]tical compon5t ( ! e>?'s field1 or ! axis may be horizontal1 :5 ! pot5tial w be due to ! v]tical compon5t1 or x may be set at an int]m$iate angle4 ,synonym--,delez5ne's ,circle4 ,fig4 #ii4 ,,delez5ne',s ,,circle ,,or ,,e>? ,,coil4 ,coil1 ,electric4 ,a coil ( wire us$ to e/abli% a magnetic field by pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,! wire is ei!r insulat$1 or s spac$ t its convolutions d n t\*4 ,coil1 ,flat4 ,a coil ^: w9d+s all lie 9 "o plane1 mak+ a sort ( disc1 or an incomplete or p]=at$ disc4 ,coil1 ,induction4 ,a coil 9 :i* by mutual induction ! electromotive =ce ( a portion ( a circuit is made to produce high] or l[] electro-motive =ce1 9 an adjo9+ circuit1 or 9 a circuit1 "p ( :i* adjo9s ! orig9al circuit1 or adjo9s "p ( x4 ,an induction coil comprises ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 ! core1 ! prim>y coil & ! second>y coil4 ,if x is to be op]at$ by a /eady curr5t1 means mu/ be provid$ = v>y+ x or op5+ & clos+ ! prim>y circuit4 ,a typical coil w be describ$4 #acd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! core is a mass ( s(t iron pref]ably divid$ to prev5t ext5sive ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,a cyl9drical bundle ( s(t iron wires is g5]ally us$4 ,^u ?is ! prim>y coil ( reasonably heavy wire1 & ( "o or two lay]s 9 dep?1 is wrapp$1 all be+ c>efully insulat$ ) %ellac & pap] :]e necess>y4 ,! second>y coil is wrapp$ ^u or ov] ! prim>y4 ,x consi/s ( v f9e wire2 ,no4 #cj to #cf is ab\t ! ord9>y range4 ,a great _m turns ( ?is are made4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! electro-motive =ce develop$ by ! second>y /&s to t ( ! prim>y t]m9als 9 ! ratio ( ! w9d+s4 ,?is is only approximate4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ 9 ! insulat+4 ,! second>y is sometimes w\nd 9 sections s z to keep ^? p>ts diff]+ greatly 9 pot5tial f> f ea* o!r4 ,?is prev5ts sp>k+1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! insulation4 ,a make & break1 (t5 ( ! hamm] & anvil type1 is op]at$ by ! coil4 7,see ,circuit ,break]1 ,automatic47 ,z ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! prim>y x magnetizes ! core4 ,?is attracts a little hamm] :i* normally re/+ on an anvil completes ! circuit4 ,! hamm] z attract$ is lift$ f ! anvil & breaks ! circuit4 ,! s(t iron core at once p>ts ) its magnetism & ! hamm] falls ^u ! anvil aga9 complet+ ! circuit4 ,?is op]ation goes on rapidly1 ! circuit be+ op5$ & clos$ 9 quick succession4 ,e clos+ ( ! prim>y circuit t5ds to produce a rev]se curr5t 9 ! second>y1 & e op5+ ( ! prim>y circuit t5ds to produce a direct curr5t 9 ! second>y4 ,bo? are ( extremely %ort duration1 & ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! two t]m9als ( ! second>y may be v high if !re are _m times m turns 9 ! second>y ?an 9 ! prim>y4 ,! extra curr5ts int]f]e ) ! action ( an induction coil4 ,to avoid _! int]f]5ce a cond5s] is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( two s]ies ( %eets ( t9 foil4 ,leaves ( pap] alt]nate ) ! %eets ( t9-foil1 ! :ole be+ built up into a little book4 ,ea* %eet ( t9-foil connects electrically ) ! %eet next b "o to x4 ,?us ea* leaf ( a set is 9 connection ) all o!rs ( ! same set1 b is insulat$ f ! o!rs4 ,"o set ( leaves ( t9-foil connects ) ! hamm]1 ! o!r ) ! anvil4 ,9 l>ge coils !re may be #ge squ>e feet ( t9-foil 9 ! cond5s]4 ,! action ( ! cond5s] is to dispose ( ! direct extra curr5t4 ,:5 ! prim>y circuit is op5$ ?is curr5t passes into ! cond5s]1 :i* at once dis*>ges itself 9 ! o!r direction ?r\gh ! coil4 ,?is demagnetizes ! core1 & ! action int5sifies & %ort5s ! induc$ curr5t4 ,! cond5s] prev5ts sp>k+1 & 9 g5]al improves ! action ( ! coil4 ,_m details ent] into ! con/ruction ( coils1 & _m v>iations 9 _! con/ruction obta94 ,?us a m]cury cup into :i* a plung] dips (t5 replaces ! anvil & hamm]4 #ace ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! induction coil produces a rapid succession ( sp>ks1 :i* may spr+ across an int]val ( =ty in*es4 ,! second>y g5]ally ends 9 special t]m9als or electrodes betwe5 :i* ! sp>k+ takes place4 ,a plate ( glass1 two in*es 9 ?ickness1 c be pi]c$ by !m4 ,9 ! great ,spottiswoode coil !re are #bhj miles ( wire 9 ! second>y1 & ! wire is ab\t ,no4 #cf ,a4,w4,g4 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,induction ,,coil4 ,fig4 l#ja4 ,,plan ,,( ,,induction ,,coil ,,connections4 ,induction coils h q ext5d$ use 9 electrical "w4 ,!y are us$ 9 telephone transmitt]s1 _! prim>y be+ 9 circuit ) ! microphone1 & _! second>y ) ! l9e & receiv+ telephone4 ,9 electric weld+1 & 9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em !y h ext5d$ application4 ,9 all ^! cases !y h no automatic circuit break]1 ! actuat+ curr5t be+ ( int]mitt5t or alt]nat+ type4 #acf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! cuts ! g5]al con/ruction ( an induction coil is %[n4 ,9 ! sectional elevation1 ,fig4 #ajj1 ,a1 is ! iron core2 ,b is ! prim>y ( co>se wire2 ,c is a sep>at+ tube1 :i* may be ( pa/ebo>d2 ,d is ! second>y ( f9e wire2 ,e1 ,e are ! b9d+ po/s connect$ to ! second>y2 ,h1 ,h are ! heads or /&>ds2 ,k1 ,k are ! t]m9als ( ! prim>y2 ,f is ! vibrat+ contact spr+2 ,g1 a /&>d c>ry+ ! contact screw2 ,j is ! cond5s] ) wires1 ,l1 ,m1 lead+ to x4 ,ref]r+ to ! plan1 ,fig4 #aja1 ,h repres5ts ! prim>y coil2 ,b & ,a are two ( ! sep>ate %eets ( ! cond5s]1 ea* %eet ) project+ e>s2 ,g1 ,g are ! heads ( ! coil2 ! d>k l9es are connections to ! cond5s]4 ,"o set ( %eets connects ) ! prim>y coil at ,c1 & also ) ! vibrat+ spr+ %[n 9 plan & 9 ! elevation at ,f4 ,! o!r set ( %eets connects ) ! po/1 c>ry+ ! contact screw4 ,! o!r t]m9al ( ! prim>y runs to a b9d+ po/ ,e4 ,f1 9 ! plan is a b9d+ po/ 9 connection ) ! /&>d & contact screw4 ,coil1 ,induction1 ,inv]t$4 ,an induction coil arrang$ to h a l[] electro-motive =ce 9 ! second>y ?an 9 ! prim>y4 ,?is is effect$ by hav+ m convolutions 9 ! prim>y wire ?an 9 ! second>y4 ,su* coils 9 practice are us$ ) ! alt]nat+ curr5t & !n d n include a circuit break] or cond5s]4 ,!y are employ$ 9 alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em & 9 electric weld+4 7,see ,weld+1 ,electric--,conv]t]47 ,9 ! cut an inv]t$ coil1 z con/ruct$ = electric weld+ is %[n4 ,9 x ! prim>y coil is m>k$ ,p2 ! second>y1 m]ely a b> ( metal1 is m>k$ ,e1 ) t]m9als ,s1 ,s2 ! heavy coils1 ,i1 ( iron wire are ! core2 ,k is a screw = regulat+ ! clamps2 ,j1 ,z is a second "o = ! same purpose1 :ile betwe5 ,d & ,d' ! heat is produc$ = weld+ ! b>s1 ,b1 ,b'1 held 9 ! clamps1 ,c1 ,c'4 ,x w be se5 h[ great may be ! diff]5ce 9 turns betwe5 ! s+le circle ( heavy copp] rod or b> :i* is ! second>y ( ! coil1 & ! long coil ( wire =m+ ! prim>y4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,,inv]t$ ,,induction ,,coil ,,= ,,electric ,,weld+4 #acg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,coil1 ,induction1 ,telephone4 ,an induction coil us$ 9 telephone circuits4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! box or case ne> ! transmitt]4 ,! prim>y is 9 circuit ) ! microphone4 ,! second>y is 9 circuit ) ! l9e & receiv+ telephone4 ,9 ! ,bell telephone app>atus ! prim>y ( ! induction coil is w\nd ) ,no4 #ah to #bd ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 wire to a resi/ance ( #a_/b ohm2 ! second>y1 ) ,no4 #cf wire to a resi/ance ( #hj ohms4 ,! ,edison telephone induction coil 0 w\nd ) simil> wires to a resi/ance ( #c to #d ohms & ( #bej ohms respectively4 ,coil1 ,magnetiz+4 ,a coil ( insulat$ wire = mak+ magnets2 & = exp]im5tal uses2 x has a %ort axis & c5tral ap]ture ( z small size z consi/5t ) ! diamet] ( ! b> to be magnetiz$1 :i* has to pass ?r\gh x readily4 ,! wire may be q heavy1 #b or #c millimet]s 74#jh--4ab in*7 ?ick1 & is cem5t$ toge!r ) c>p5t]'s glue1 or ) %ellac or e!real solution ( gum copal4 ,9 use x is pass$ ov] ! b> a few times :ile a heavy curr5t is go+ ?r\gh x4 ,x is us$ = magic circles also4 7,see ,circle1 ,magic47 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,,magnetiz+ ,,coil4 ,coil1 ,resi/ance4 ,a coil con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( (f]+ a c]ta9 resi/ance to a /eady curr5t4 ,?is resi/ance may be = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out quantitative te/s1 z 9 ,:eat/one bridge "w 7see ,:eat/one's ,bridge71 or simply to r$uce ! int5sity ( a curr5t4 ,= ! fir/ class ( "w ! coils are w\nd s z to prev5t ! creation ( a magnetic field4 ,?is is effect$ by fir/ d\bl+ ! wire )\t break+ x1 & !n />t+ at ! b5d ! d\bl$ wire1 :i* is insulat$1 is w\nd on a bobb9 or o!rwise until a prop] resi/ance is %[n by actual measurem5t4 ,! coils are g5]ally conta9$ or set 9 clos$ boxes ) ebonite tops4 ,blocks ( brass are plac$ on ! top1 & "o end f "o coil & "o end f ! next connect ) ! same block4 ,by ins]t+ a plug1 ,p1 s z to connect any two blocks1 :i* h grooves ream$ out = ! purpose1 ! coil b5ea? w be %ort circuit$4 ,g]man silv]1 plat9oid or o!r alloy1 q4 v41 is g5]ally ! mat]ial ( ! wire4 ,a great object is to h a wire ^: resi/ance w be unaffect$ by heat4 #ach ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,,resi/ance ,,coils ,,& ,,connections1 ,,%[+ ,,plug4 ,coil1 ,rhumkorff4 ,! ord9>y induction coil ) circuit break]1 = use ) orig9al direct & con/ant curr5t1 is ?us t]m$4 7,see ,coil1 ,induction47 ,synonym--,inductorium4 ,coil1 ,ribbon4 ,a coil made ( copp] ribbon w\nd flatwise1 (t5 into a disc-l %ape1 & insulat$ by tape or /rips ( o!r mat]ial int]v5+ betwe5 ! successive turns4 ,coils1 ,comp5sat+4 ,extra coils on ! field magnets ( dynamos or motors1 :i* coils are 9 s]ies ) ! armature w9d+s = ! purpose ( keep+ ! voltage con/ant4 ,9 comp\nd w\nd ma*9es ! regul> s]ies-w\nd coil is ?us t]m$4 ,9 a sep>ately excit$ dynamo a coil ( ! same k9d 9 circuit ) ! armature may be us$ z a comp5sator4 ,coils1 ,h5ry's4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 repeat+ a classic exp]im5t 9 electro-magnetic induction1 due to ,pr(4 ,h5ry4 ,x consi/s 9 a numb] ( coils1 ! fir/ & la/ ones s+le1 ! int]m$iate ones connect$ 9 pairs1 & "o ( "o pair plac$ on ! top ( "o ( ! next pair4 ,on op5+ or clos+ ! circuit ( an end coil ! induc$ effect goes ?r\gh ! s]ies & is felt 9 ! circuit ( ! o!r end coil4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ext5d$ ! s]ies s z to include sev5 successive inductions1 sometimes call$ inductions ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & o!r ord]s4 ,frequ5tly ribbon coils 7see ,coil1 ,ribbon17 are us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,coils1 ,section$4 ,a device = prolong+ ! range ( magnetic attraction4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( magnetiz+ coils trav]s$ by an iron plung]4 ,z x passes ?r\gh !m1 ! curr5t is turn$ (f ! "o 9 ! re> or pass+ to ! re> & turn$ into ! next "o 9 advance4 ,! pr9ciple 0 utiliz$ 9 "o ( ,page's electric motors ab\t #ahej1 & lat] by o!rs4 ,! port-electric railroad1 q4 v41 utilizes ! same pr9ciple4 #aci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,collect+ ,r+4 ,9 "s k9ds ( g5]ators in/ead ( ! commutator a pair ( collect+ r+s ( metal1 insulat$ f ! ma*9e & f ea* o!r1 are c>ri$ on ! armature %aft4 ,a bru%1 q4 v41 presses on ea*1 & ! circuit t]m9als connect to ^! two bru%es4 ,su* r+s are employ$ (t5 on alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ators1 :]e ! curr5t does n h to be *ang$ or commut$4 ,collect+ r+s ) _! bru%es are us$ also :]e a curr5t has to be communicat$ to a revolv+ coil or circuit z 9 ! magnetic c> :eel1 ! cut ( :i* is repeat$ "h4 ,! coil ( wire surr\nd+ ! :eel & rotat+ ) x has to receive curr5t4 ,?is x receives ?r\gh ! two /ation>y bru%es :i* press ^u two insulat$ metallic r+s1 surr\nd+ ! %aft4 ,! t]m9als ( ! coil connect "o to ea* r+4 ,?us :ile ! coil rotates x con/antly receives curr5t1 ! bru%es be+ connect$ to ! actuat+ circuit4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,,magnetic ,,c> ,,:eel ,,%[+ ,,collect+ ,,r+s ,,& ,,bru%es4 ,collector4 7a7 ,a "n = ! bru%1 q4 v41 9 me*anical electric g5]ators1 su* z dynamos1 a pair ( :i* collectors or bru%es press on ! commutator or collect+ r+s1 & take (f ! curr5t4 7b7 ,! po9t$ connections lead+ to ! prime conductor on a /atic ma*9e = collect+ ! electricity2 (t5 call$ combs4 ,! po9ts ( ! combs or collectors face ! /atically *>g$ rotat+ glass plate or cyl9d] ( ! ma*9e4 ,colomb94 ,! insulat+ mat]ial betwe5 ! c>bons 9 a ,jablo*k(f c&le or o!r c&le ( t type4 ,kaol9 0 orig9ally us$4 ,lat] a mixture ( two p>ts calcium sulphate 7pla/] ( ,p>is7 & "o "p b>ium sulphate 7b>ytes7 0 sub/itut$4 ,! colomb9 0 ?ree millimet]s 74#ab in*7 wide1 & two millimet]s 74#jh in*7 ?ick4 7,see ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f47 ,column1 ,electric4 ,an old "n = ! voltaic pile1 made up ( a pile ( discs ( copp] & z9c1 ) flannel discs1 wet ) salt solution or dilute acid1 betwe5 ea* pair ( plates4 #adj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,comb4 ,a b> f :i* a numb] ( tee? project1 l ! tee? ( a comb4 ,x is us$ z a collector ( electricity f ! plate ( a frictional or influ5ce electric ma*9e2 x is also us$ 9 a lightn+ arre/] to def9e a pa? ( v high resi/ance b ( l[ self-induction1 = ! lightn+ to foll[ to e>?4 ,communicator4 ,! in/rum5t by :i* telegraph signals are transmitt$ is sometimes ?us t]m$4 ,commutator4 ,9 g5]al an app>atus = *ang+4 ,x is us$ on electric curr5t g5]ators1 & motors1 & on induction coils1 & else:]e1 = *ang+ ! direction ( curr5ts1 & is ( a great v>iety ( types4 ,synonym--,commut] 7b little us$74 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,,dynamo ,,or ,,motor ,,commutator4 ,commutator ,b>s4 ,! metallic segm5ts ( a dynamo or motor commutator4 ,commutator1 ,flats 94 ,a we>+ away or l[]+ 9 level ( "o or m metallic segm5ts ( a commutator4 ,!y are probably due 9 _m cases to sp>k+1 set up by p]iodic spr++ 9 ! armature m\nt+1 or by defective commutator connections4 ,commutator ( ,curr5t ,g5]ators & ,motors4 ,9 g5]al a cyl9d]1 =m$ ( alt]nate sections ( conduct+ & non-conduct+ mat]ial1 runn+ longitud9ally or p>allel ) ! axis4 ,its place is on ! %aft ( ! ma*9e1 s t x rotates !re)4 ,two bru%es1 q4 v41 or pieces ( conduct+ mat]ial1 press ^u its surface4 #ada ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,z a "p ( electric motors & g5]ators1 its function is to collect ! curr5ts produc$ by ! cutt+ ( l9es ( =ce s z to cause !m all to concur to a desir$ result4 ,! cut %[s ! simple/ =m ( commutator1 "o ) b two divisions4 ,its object may be to enable a curr5t ( con/ant direction to be tak5 f a rotat+ armature1 9 :i* ! curr5ts alt]nate or *ange direction once 9 ea* rotation4 ,x is c>ri$ by ! %aft ,a ( ! armature & rotates ) x4 ,x consi/s ( two leaves1 ,s ,s1 to :i* ! t]m9als ( ! armature are connect$4 ,two spr+s1 ,w ,w1 ! t]m9als ( ! out] circuit1 press aga9/ ! leaves4 ,! spr+s :i* d ?is take (f ! curr5t4 ,x is s plac$1 ) ref]5ce to ! spr+s & armature1 t j z ! curr5t *anges 9 direction1 ea* leaf *anges f "o spr+ to ! o!r4 ,?us ! spr+s receive con/ant direction curr5ts4 ,! *ang+ action ( ?is commutator appe>s 9 its *ang+ ! "* ( ! curr5t f alt]nat+ to con/ant4 ,7 two insulat$ collect+ r+s us$ in/ead ( a commutator1 ! curr5t 9 ! out] circuit w\ld be an alt]nat+ "o4 ,on "s dynamos ! commutator has a v l>ge numb] ( leaves4 ,tak+ ! ,gramme r+ armature1 !re mu/ be z _m divisions ( ! commutator z !re are connections to ! coils4 ,9 ?is case ! function ( ! commutator is simply to less5 friction1 = ! bru%es c\ld be made to take curr5t f ! coils directly outside ( ! p]iph]y ( ! r+4 ,commutator1 ,split ,r+4 ,a two-division commutator = a motor2 x consi/s ( two segm5ts ( brass or copp] plate1 b5t to arcs ( a circle1 & atta*$ to an insulat+ cyl9d]4 ,!y are m\nt$ on ! revolv+ sp9dle1 :i* c>ries ! armature1 & acts z a two "p commutator4 ,= an example ( its application1 see ,armature1 ,revolv+1 ,page's4 7,see also ,fig4 #ajg47 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,,section ,,( ,,split ,,r+ ,,commutator1 ,,) ,,bru%es4 ,compass4 ,an app>atus = utiliz+ ! directive =ce ( ! e>? ^u ! magnetic ne$le4 ,x consi/s ( a circul> case1 )9 :i* is pois$ a magnetiz$ b> ( /eel4 ,?is po9ts approximately to ! nor?1 & is us$ on %ips & else:]e to con/antly %[ ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,two g5]al types are us$4 ,9 "o ! ne$le is m\nt$ above a fix$ c>d or dial1 on :i* degrees or po9ts ( ! compass1 q4 v41 are inscrib$4 ,9 ! o!r ! c>d is atta*$ to ! ne$le & rotates ) x4 ,! latt] repres5ts especially ! type kn[n z ! m>9]'s compass4 7,see ,compass1 ,m>9]'s--,compass1 ,_s1 & o!r titles "u compass1 also ,magnetic ,axis--,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,! ne$le 9 good compasses c>ries = a be>+ at its c5tre1 a little agate cup1 & a %>p brass p9 is ! po9t ( support4 ,compass1 ,azimu?4 ,a compass ) sights on "o ( its diamet]s2 us$ 9 det]m9+ ! magnetic be>+ ( objects4 #adb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,compass ,c>d4 ,! c>d 9 a compass2 x is circul> 9 %ape1 & its c5tre co9cides ) ! axis ( rotation ( ! magnetic ne$le2 on x are m>k$ ! po9ts ( ! compass1 at ! ends g5]ally ( /> po9ts4 7,see ,compass1 ,po9ts ( !47 ,x may be fix$1 & ! ne$le may be pois$ above x1 or x may be atta*$ to ! ne$le & rotate ) x4 ,compass1 ,decl9ation4 ,an in/rum5t by :i* ! magnetic decl9ation ( any place may be det]m9$4 ,x is virtually a transit in/rum5t & compass comb9$1 ! telescope surm\nt+ ! latt]4 ,9 ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ! cut1 ,l is a telescope m\nt$ by its axis1 ,x1 9 rais$ j\rnals ) v]ni]1 ,k1 & arc x1 = read+ its v]tical angle1 ) level n4 ,! azimu? circle1 ,q1 ,r1 is fix$4 ,a v]ni]1 ,v is c>ri$ by ! box1 ,a1 ,e1 & bo? turn ) ! telescope4 ,a v light loz5ge-%ap$ magnetic ne$le1 a1 b1 is pivot$ 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! graduat$ circles1 ,q ,r1 & ,m4 ,! true m]idian is det]m9$ by any conv5i5t a/ronomical me?od1 & ! telescope is us$ = ! purpose4 ,! v>iation ( ! ne$le f ! m]idian ?us det]m9$ gives ! magnetic decl9ation4 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,decl9ation ,,compass4 ,compass1 ,incl9ation4 ,a magnetic ne$le m\nt$ on a horizontal axis at its c5tre ( gravity1 s z to be free to assume ! dip1 or magnetic incl9ation1 :5 plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,x moves ov] ! face ( a v]tical graduat$ circle1 & ! frame also c>ries a _s level & graduat$ horizontal circle4 ,9 use ! frame is turn$ until ! ne$le is v]tical4 ,!n ! axis ( susp5sion ( ! ne$le is 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! v]tical circle is !n turn$ ?r\gh #ij ( ! horizon1 :i* br+s ! plane ( rotation ( ! ne$le into ! magnetic m]idian1 :5 x assumes ! incl9ation ( ! place4 #adc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,compass1 ,m>9]'s4 ,a compass di/+ui%$ by ! c>d be+ atta*$ to & rotat+ ) ! ne$le4 ,a m>k1 ! lubb]'s m>k ( ! sailors is made ^u ! case4 ,?is is plac$ s t ! l9e connect+ x1 & ! axis ( rotation ( ! c>d is exactly 9 a plane1 pass+ ?r\gh ! keel ( ! %ip4 ,?us h[ev] ! %ip may be go+1 ! po9t ( ! c>d "u or 9 l9e ) ! lubb]'s m>k1 %[s h[ ! %ip is po9t+4 ,! case ( ! m>9]'s compass is (t5 b[l-%ap$ & m\nt$ 9 gimbals1 a species ( univ]sal jo9t1 s z to bc always horizontal4 7,see ,compass1 ,_s-,gimbals47 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,m>9]',s ,,compass4 ,compass1 ,po9ts ( !4 ,! circle ( ! horizon may bc & is be/ ref]r$ to angul> degrees4 ,x has also be5 divid$ into ?irty-two equiangul> & nam$ po9ts4 ,a po9t is #aa4be4 ,! names ( ! po9ts are z foll[s3 ,nor?1 ,nor? by ,ea/1 ,nor? ,nor?-ea/1 ,nor?-ea/ by ,nor?1 ,nor?-ea/1 ,nor?-ea/ by ,ea/1 ,ea/ ,nor?-ea/1 ,ea/ by ,nor?1 ,ea/1 ,ea/ by ,s\?1 ,ea/ ,s\?-ea/1 ,s\?-ea/ by ,ea/1 ,s\?-ea/1 ,s\?-ea/ by ,s\?1 ,s\? ,s\?-ea/1 ,s\? by ,ea/1 ,s\?1 ,s\? by ,we/1 ,s\? ,s\?-we/1 ,s\?-we/ by ,s\?1 ,s\?-we/1 ,s\?-we/ by ,we/1 ,we/ ,s\?-we/1 ,we/ by ,s\?1 ,we/1 ,we/ by ,nor?1 ,we/ ,nor?-we/1 ,nor?-we/ by ,we/1 ,nor?-we/1 ,nor? ,we/ by ,nor?1 ,nor? ,nor?-we/1 ,nor? by ,we/4 ,!y are indicat$ by _! initials z ,n4 ,n4 ,w41 ,nor? ,nor?-we/1 ,n4 by ,w41 ,nor? by ,we/4 ,compass1 ,_s4 ,a =m ( m>9]'s compass4 ,! b[l or case is h]metically seal$ & fill$ ) alcohol or o!r nonfreez+ liquid4 ,! compass c>d is made ) holl[ comp>tm5ts s z ne>ly to float4 ,9 ?is way ! friction ( ! pivot or po9t ( support is greatly dim9i%$1 & ! compass is f> m s5sitive4 ,compass1 ,surveyor's4 ,a species ( !odolite2 a telescope ) collimation l9es1 m\nt$ above a compass1 s z to be applicable = magnetic surveys4 ,its use is to be disc\rag$ on acc\nt ( ! inaccuracy & *anges 9 decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le4 #add ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,comp5sat+ ,resi/ances4 ,9 us+ a galvanomet] %unt ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit is dim9i%$ s t 9 "s cases too mu* curr5t fl[s ?r\gh x2 9 su* case additional resi/ance1 t]m$ z above1 is sometimes introduc$ 9 s]ies4 ,! %unt 9 p>allel ) ! galvanomet] is ?us comp5sat$ =1 & ! exp]im5tal or trial circuit does n take too mu* curr5t4 ,complem5t>y ,di/ribution4 ,e di/ribution ( electricity has some:]e a correspond+ di/ribution1 exactly equal to x ( opposite electricity2 ! latt] is ! complim5t>y di/ribution to ! fir/1 & ! fir/ di/ribution is also complim5t>y to x4 ,compon5t4 ,a =ce may always be repres5t$ diagrammatically by a /raight l9e1 t]m9at+ 9 an arr[-head to indicate ! direction1 & ( l5g? to repres5t ! int5sity ( ! =ce4 ,! l9e may always be assum$ to repres5t ! diagonal ( a p>allelogram1 two ( ^: sides are repres5t$ by l9es />t+ f ! base ( ! arr[1 & ( l5g? fix$ by ! condition t ! orig9al =ce %all be ! diagonal ( ! p>allelogram ( :i* !y are two contigu\s sides2 su* l9es are call$ compon5ts1 & actually repres5t =ces into :i* ! orig9al =ce may always be resolv$4 ,! compon5ts c h any direction4 ,?us ! v]tical compon5t ( a horizontal =ce is z]o2 its horizontal compon5t is equal to itself4 ,its #dej compon5t is equal to ! squ>e root ( "o-half ( its squ>e4 ,cond5s]4 ,an appliance = /or+ up electro/atic *>ges3 x is also call$ a /atic accumulator4 ,! telegraphic cond5s] consi/s ( a box pack$ full ( %eets ( t9foil4 ,betwe5 e two %eets is a %eet ( p>aff9$ pap]1 or ( mica4 ,! alt]nate %eets ( t9foil are connect$ toge!r1 & ea* set has its own b9d+ po/4 7,see ,accumulator1 ,electro/atic47 ,cond5s]1 ,slid+4 ,an app>atus repres5t+ a ,leyd5 j> ^: coat+s c be slid pa/ ea* o!r4 ,?is dim9i%es or increases ! fac+ area1 & consequ5tly 9 almo/ exactly simil> ratio dim9i%es or increases ! capacity ( ! cond5s]4 ,conductance4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( a giv5 mass ( specifi$ mat]ial ( specifi$ %ape & connections4 ,conductance v>ies 9 cyl9drical or prismatic conductors1 inv]sely z ! l5g?1 directly z ! cross-section1 & ) ! conductivity ( ! mat]ial4 ,conductance is an attribute ( any specifi$ conductor1 & ref]s to its %ape1 l5g? & o!r factors4 ,conductivity is an attribute ( any specifi$ mat]ial )\t direct ref]5ce to its %ape1 or o!r factors4 ,conduction4 ,! process or act ( conduct+ a curr5t4 #ade ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,conductivity4 ,! relative p[] ( conduct+ ! electric curr5t possess$ by diff]5t sub/ances4 ,a pa? = ! curr5t ?r\gh ! e!r is op5$ by ! pres5ce ( a body ( prop] quality1 & ?is quality1 probably correlat$ to opacity1 is t]m$ conductivity4 ,!re is no p]fect conductor1 all (f] "s resi/ance1 q4 v41 & !re is h>dly any p]fect non-conductor4 ,x is ! rev]se & reciprocal ( resi/ance4 ,conductivity1 ,specific4 ,! reciprocal ( specific resi/ance4 7,see ,resi/ance--,specific47 ,conductivity1 ,unit (4 ,! reciprocal ( ! ohm2 x is a m logical unit1 b has nev] be5 g5]ally adopt$2 z a "n ! title mho 7or ohm writt5 backw>ds7 has be5 sugge/$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 & provisionally adopt$4 ,conductivity1 ,v>iable4 ,! conductivity = electric curr5ts ( conductors v>ies ) _! temp]ature1 ) v>y+ magnetization1 t5sion1 torsion & compression4 ,conductor4 ,9 electricity1 any?+ t p]mits ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,any di/urbance 9 ! e!r takes ! =m ( waves because ! e!r has re/itutive =ce or ela/icity4 ,9 a conductor1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is =ce is want+2 x op5s a pa? ?r\gh ! e!r & a di/urbance advances ?r\gh x f end to end ) a wave front1 b ) no succession ( waves4 ,?is advance is ! beg9n+ ( :at is t]m$ a curr5t4 ,x is1 by "s !ori/s1 attribut$ to impulses giv5 at all po9ts along ! conductor ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ e!r1 s t a curr5t is n m]ely due to an end ?ru/4 ,if e!r waves preclude a curr5t on acc\nt ( _! re/itutive =ce1 e!r waves _c be ma9ta9$ 9 a conductor1 h5ce conductors %\ld be opaque to light1 = ! latt] is due to e!r waves4 ,?is is "o ( ! m practical e day facts br\ght out 9 ,cl]k ,maxwell's electromagnetic !ory ( light4 ,! t]m conductor is a relative "o1 z except a vacuum !re is probably no sub/ance t has n "s conduct+ p[]4 ,= relative conduct+ p[]1 tables ( conductivity1 q4 v41 %\ld be consult$4 ,! metals beg9n+ ) silv] are ! be/ conductors1 glass is "o ( ! wor/4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,see e!r = contempor>y comm5ts on ?is n[ disc>d$ concept4 ,conductor1 ,anti-,induction4 ,a curr5t conductor arrang$ to avoid induction f o!r l9es4 ,_m k9ds h be5 inv5t$ & made ! subject ( pat5ts4 ,a fair approximation may be atta9$ by us+ a ?r\gh metallic circuit & twi/+ ! wires compos+ x ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,sometimes conc5tric conductors1 "o a wire & ! o!r a tube1 are us$1 insulat$1 "o act+ z return circuit = ! o!r4 ,conductor1 ,conical4 ,a prime conductor ( approximately conical %ape1 b r\nd$ on all po9ts & angles4 ,its pot5tial is highe/ at ! po9t4 #adf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,conductor1 ,imbricat$4 ,a conductor us$ 9 dynamo armatures = avoid+ eddy curr5ts1 made by twi/+ toge!r two or m /rips ( copp]4 ,conductor1 ,prime4 ,a body (t5 cyl9drical or sph]ical 9 %ape1 9 any case ) no po9ts or angles1 b r\nd$ ev]y:]e1 ^: surface1 if ! conductor itself is n metallic1 is made conduct+ by t9foil or gold leaf pa/$ ov] x4 ,x is support$ on an insulat+ /& & is us$ to collect or receive & reta9 /atic *>ges ( electricity4 ,conductors1 ,equival5t4 ,conductors ( id5tical resi/ance4 ,! quoti5t ( ! l5g? divid$ by ! product ( ! conductivity & cross-section mu/ be ! same 9 ea*1 if ea* is ( uni=m diamet]4 ,conjugate4 adj4 ,conjugate coils or conductors are coils plac$ 9 su* relation t ! l9es ( =ce e/abli%$ by "o d n pass ?r\gh ! coils ( ! o!r4 ,h5ce v>iations ( curr5t 9 "o produce no induc$ curr5ts 9 ! o!r4 ,connect4 v4 ,to br+ two ends ( a conductor toge!r1 or to br+ "o end ( a conductor 9 connection ) ano!r1 or 9 any way to br+ ab\t an electrical connection4 ,connector4 ,a sleeve ) screws or o!r equival5t device = secur+ ! ends ( wires 9 electrical contact4 ,a b9d+-po/1 q4 v41 is an example4 ,sometimes wire spr+-cat*es are us$1 ! g5]al idea be+ a device t enables wires to be connect$ or releas$ at w )\t break+ (f or m>r+ _! ends4 ,! latt] tr\bles result f twi/+ wires toge!r4 ,consequ5t ,poles4 ,a b> magnet is (t5 purposely or accid5tally magnetiz$ s z to h bo? ends ( ! same pol>ity1 & ! c5t] ( opposite pol>ity4 ,! c5t] is said to comprise two consequ5t poles4 7,see ,magnet1 ,anomal\s47 ,cons]vation ( ,electricity4 ,z e *>ge ( electricity has its equal & opposite *>ge some:]e1 ne> or f>1 m or less di/ribut$1 ! sum ( negative is equal always to ! sum ( positive electrical *>ges4 ,= ?is doctr9e ! above title 0 propos$ by ,lippman4 ,contact ,break]4 ,any contrivance = clos+ a circuit1 & g5]ally = op5+ & clos+ 9 quick succession4 ,an old & primitive =m consi/$ ( a v co>sely cut file4 ,?is 0 connect$ to "o t]m9al1 & ! o!r t]m9al 0 drawn ov] its face1 mak+ & break+ contact z x jump$ f too? to too?4 7,see ,circuit ,break]--d4 ,automatic1 etc4--d4 ,:eel-d4 ,p5dulum47 #adg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,contact1 ,electric4 ,a contact betwe5 two conductors1 su* t a curr5t c fl[ ?r\gh x4 ,x may be br\ght ab\t by simple t\* or impact betwe5 ! ends or t]m9als ( a circuit1 sometimes call$ a dott+ contact1 or by a slid+ or rubb+ ( "o t]m9al on ano!r1 or by a :eel roll+ on a surface1 ! :eel & surface repres5t+ ! two t]m9als4 ,!re are v>i\s descriptions ( contact1 ^: names are self-explanatory4 ,! t]m is appli$ to telegraph l9e faults also1 & "u ?is1 includes diff]5t descriptions ( contact ) neighbor+ l9es1 or ) ! e>?4 ,contact ,electricity4 ,:5 two dissimil> sub/ances are t\*$ !y assume diff]5t electric pot5tials4 ,if conductors1 _! entire surfaces are affect$2 if dielectrics1 only ! surfaces :i* t\* ea* o!r4 7,see ,contact ,!ory47 ,contact ,faults4 ,a class ( faults (t5 call$ contacts1 due to contact ( ! conductor ( a circuit ) ano!r conductor4 ,a full or metallic contact is :]e practically p]fect contact is e/abli%$2 a p>tial contact & int]mitt5t contact are self-explanatory4 ,contact ,po9t4 ,a po9t1 p9 or /ud1 (t5 ( plat9um1 arrang$ to come 9 contact ) a contact spr+1 q4 v41 or ano!r contact po9t or surface1 "u any det]m9$ conditions4 ,contact ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce e/abli%$ by ! contact ( two dissimil> sub/ances accord+ to ! contact !ory1 q4 v4 ,contact ,s]ies4 ,an arrangem5t or tabulation ( sub/ances 9 pairs1 ea* int]m$iate sub/ance appe>+ 9 two pairs1 z ! la/ memb] ( ! fir/1 & fir/ memb] ( ! succe$+ pair1 ) ! /atem5t ( ! pot5tial diff]5ce due to _! contact1 ! positively electrifi$ sub/ance com+ fir/4 ,! foll[+ table ( "s contact pot5tials is due to ,ayrton & ,p]ry3 ,,contact ,,s]ies4 ,diff]5ce ( ,pot5tial 9 ,volts4 ,z9c--,lead 4#baj ,lead--,t9 4#jfi ,t9--,iron 4#cac ,iron--,copp] 4#adf ,copp]--,plat9um 4#bch ,plat9um-,c>bon 4#aac ,! sum ( ^! diff]5ces is #a4jhi1 :i* is ! contact pot5tial betwe5 z9c & c>bon4 ,volta's ,law ref]s to ?is & /ates t-- ,! diff]5ce ( pot5tial produc$ by ! contact ( any two sub/ances is equal to ! sum ( ! diff]5ces ( pot5tials betwe5 ! int]v5+ sub/ances 9 ! contact s]ies4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! law %\ld no long] be re/rict$ to or /at$ only = metals4 #adh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,contact-spr+4 ,a spr+ connect$ to "o lead ( an electric circuit1 arrang$ to press aga9/ ano!r spr+1 or contact po9t1 q4 v41 "u any conditions det]m9$ by ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus4 7,see ,bell1 ,electric--,coil1 ,induction47 ,contact ,!ory4 ,a !ory devis$ to expla9 electrification1 ! *>g+ ( bodies by friction1 or rubb+1 & ! production ( curr5t by ! voltaic batt]y4 ,x holds t two bodies1 by m]e contact become oppositely electrifi$4 ,if su* contact is increas$ 9 ext5t by rubb+ toge!r1 ! int5sity ( _! electrification is increas$4 ,?is electrification is acc\nt$ = by ! assumption ( diff]5t k9etic en]gy1 or en]gy ( molecul> motion1 possess$ by ! two bodies2 !re be+ a loss & ga9 ( en]gy1 on ! two sides respectively1 ! opposite electrifications are ! result4 ,!n :5 sep>at$1 ! two bodies come ap>t oppositely electrifi$4 ,! above acc\nts = ! frictional production ( electricity4 ,9 ! voltaic batt]y1 a sep>ation ( ! atoms ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 & _! consolidation into molecules occurs1 & to su* sep>ation & ! opposite electrification ( ! electrodes by ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! curr5t is attribut$1 because ! hydrog5 goes to "o electrode1 & ! oxyg5 to ! o!r1 ea* giv+ up or %>+ its own *>ge ) ! electrodes to :i* x goes4 ,if z9c is t\*$ to copp]1 ! z9c is positively & ! copp] negatively electrifi$4 ,9 ! sep>ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 ! hydrog5 is positively & ! oxyg5 negatively electrifi$4 ,9 ! batt]y1 ! curr5t is due to ! high] contact diff]5ce ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 comp>$ to t betwe5 z9c & copp]4 ,x w be se5 t ! two contact actions 9 a batt]y "w aga9/ ea* o!r1 & t ! curr5t is due to a diff]5tial contact action4 ,! z9c 9 a batt]y is electrifi$ negatively because ! negative electrification ( ! oxyg5 is great] 9 am\nt ?an its own positive electrification due to contact ) ! copp]4 ,contractures4 ,a muscul> spasm or tetanus due to ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity2 a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,controll+ ,field4 ,! magnetic or electro-magnetic field1 :i* is us$ 9 galvanomet]s to control ! magnetic ne$le1 t5d+ to re/ore x to a def9ite position :5ev] x is turn$ !refrom4 ,x may be ! e>?'s field or "o artificially produc$4 ,controll+ ,=ce4 ,9 galvanomet]s & simil> in/rum5ts1 ! =ce us$ to br+ ! ne$le or indicator back to z]o4 7,see ,controll+ ,field--,electro-,magnetic ,control--,gravity ,control--,magnetic ,control--,spr+ ,control47 #adi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,convection1 ,electric4 ,! production ( bla/s or curr5ts ( air 7convection /reams7 f po9ts connect$ to /atically *>g$ conductors4 ,! t]m is sometimes appli$ to electric convection ( heat4 7,see ,convection ( ,heat1 ,electric47 ,convection1 ,electrolytic4 ,! resi/ance ( acidulat$ wat] z a true conductor is kn[n to be v1 almo/ immeasurably1 high4 ,z an electrolytic1 its resi/ance is v mu* l[]4 ,h5ce ! curr5t produc$ betwe5 imm]s$ electrodes is !oretically almo/ null1 unless ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 !m is high en\gh to decompose ! liquid4 ,yet a feeble curr5t too great = a true conduction curr5t is sometimes obs]v$ :5 two electrodes ) pot5tial diff]5ce too l[ to cause decomposition are imm]s$ 9 x4 ,su* a curr5t is t]m$ an electrolytic convection curr5t4 ,x is suppos$ to be due to v>i\s causes4 ,"s attribute x to ! pres5ce ( free oxyg5 f ! air1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ) :i* ! hydrog5 comb9es4 ,o!rs attribute x to ! diffusion ( ! gases ( decomposition 9 ! solution2 o!rs assume a p>tial pol>ization ( ! molecules )\t decomposition4 ,o!r !ories are giv51 all ( :i* are unsatisfactory4 ,! t]m is due to ,helmholtz4 ,convection ( ,heat1 ,electric4 ,! effect ( a curr5t ^u ! di/ribution ( heat 9 an unev5ly heat$ conductor4 ,9 "s1 su* z copp]1 ! curr5t t5ds to equalize ! v>y+ temp]atures2 ! convection is !n said to be positive1 z comp>able to t ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh an unequally heat$ tube4 ,9 o!rs1 su* z plat9um or iron1 x is negative1 mak+ ! heat$ p>ts hott]1 & ! cool] p>ts relatively cool]4 ,! effect ( ! electric curr5t 9 affect+ ! di/ribution ( heat 9 unequally heat$ metal 7,?omson's effect4 q4 v471 is sometimes s t]m$4 ,if a curr5t passes ?r\gh unequally heat$ iron x t5ds to increase ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 & ! convection is negative2 9 copp] x t5ds to equalize ! temp]ature1 & ! convection is positive4 ,conv]t]4 ,an induction coil us$ ) ! alt]nat+ curr5t = *ang+ pot5tial diff]5ce & inv]sely !re) ! available curr5t4 ,!y g5]ally l[] ! pot5tial1 & increase ! curr5t1 & are plac$ betwe5 ! prim>y high pot5tial sy/em t connects ! h\ses ) ! c5tral /ation1 & ! second>y l[ pot5tial sy/em )9 ! h\ses4 ,a conv]t] consi/s ( a core ( ?9 iron %eets1 w\nd ) a f9e prim>y coil ( _m convolutions1 & a co>se second>y coil ( few convolutions4 ,! ratio ( convolutions gives ! ratio ( maximum pot5tial diff]5ces ( _! t]m9als betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y coils4 ,! coil may be jacket$ ) iron to increase ! p]meance4 7,see ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/em47 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,,f]ranti',s ,,conv]t] ,,or ,,trans=m]4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,,sw9burne',s ,,h$gehog ,,trans=m]4 #aej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,co-ord9ates1 ,sy/em (4 ,a sy/em = indicat+ ! position ( po9ts 9 space by ref]5ce to fix$ l9es1 int]sect+ at a det]m9$ & arbitr>y po9t #j1 t]m$ ! orig9 ( co-ord9ates4 ,9 plane rectangul> co-ord9ates two l9es are drawn ?r\gh ! orig91 "o horizontal1 t]m$ ! axis ( abscissas1 or axis ( ,x4 ,all di/ances measur$ p>allel to x1 if unkn[n1 are indicat$ by x1 & are t]m$ abscissas4 ,! o!r axis is v]tical1 & is t]m$ ! axis ( ord9ates1 or axis ( ,y4 ,all di/ances measur$ p>allel to x1 if unkn[n1 are indicat$ by y & are t]m$ ord9ates4 ,?us by nam+ its abscissa & ord9ate a po9t has its position ) ref]5ce to ! axes det]m9$1 & by indicat+ ! relation betwe5 a po9t1 l9e or curve1 & a sy/em ( abscissas & ord9ates1 ! prop]ties ( a l9e or curve c be express$ algebraically4 ,co-ord9ates may also be incl9$ to ea* o!r at any o!r angles1 =m+ oblique co-ord9ates2 relations may be express$ p>tly 9 angles ref]r$ to ! orig9 z a c5tre1 giv+ pol> co-ord9ates4 ,= solid geometry or calculations 9 ?ree dim5sions1 a ?ird axis1 or axis ( ,z1 is us$1 di/ances p>allel to :i* if unkn[n are indicat$ by z4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,,axes ,,( ,,co-,,ord9ates4 #aea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cool+ ,box4 ,9 a hydroelectric ma*9e1 q4 v41 a conduit or *e/ ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes on its way to ! nozzles4 ,its object is to p>tially cond5se ! /eam s z to *>ge x ) wat] vesicles ^: friction aga9/ ! sides ( ! nozzles produces ! electrification 4 #aeb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,copp]4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts4 ,symbol1 ,cu2 atomic weight1 #fc4e2 equival5t1 #fc4e & #ca4ge2 val5cy1 #a & #b2 specific gravity1 #h4if4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity1 ^: conductivity is liable to v>y greatly on acc\nt ( impurities4 ,anneal$4 ,h>d drawn4 ,relative resi/ance 7,silv] #a71 #a4jfc #a4jhf ,specific resi/ance1 #a4eih #a4fcd microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 ,anneal$4 ,h>d ,drawn4 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 4#bjda ohms 4#bjhc ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #i4fab #i4hca 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 4#adbd 4#adec 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#jbjcd 4#jbjha microhm4 microhm4 ,resi/ance ( #a in* cube at #j;,c4 7#cb ,f47 4#fbib 4#fdcc ,p]c5tage ( resi/ance *ange1 p] #a ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f47 #j4chh p] c5t4 ,electro-*emical ,equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje7 ,cupr\s 4#fffg ,cupric 4#cccd ,9 electricity x has be5 v ext5sively us$ z ! negative plate ( voltaic batt]ies4 ,x has its mo/ ext5sive application z conductors = all classes ( electrical leads4 ,copp] ,ba?4 ,a solution ( copp] us$ = deposit+ ! metal 9 ! electroplat+ process4 ,= "s metals1 su* z z9c or iron1 :i* decompose copp] sulphate solution1 special ba?s h to be us$4 ,! regul> ba? = copp] plat+ is ! foll[+3 ,to wat] acidulat$ ) #h to #aj p]c5t4 ( sulphuric acid z mu* copp] sulphate is add$ z x w take up at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,! saturat$ ba? %\ld h a d5sity ( #a4ba4 ,x is us$ cold & is kept 9 condition by ! use ( copp] anodes1 or fre% cry/als may be add$ f "t to "t4 ,= deposition on z9c1 iron1 t9 & o!r metals m electropositive ?an copp]1 ! foll[+ ba?s may be us$1 express$ 9 p>ts by weight3 ,t9 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,ca/ ,iron ,cold ,hot4 & ,z9c4 ,z9c4 ,sodium ,bisulphate1 #ejj #bjj #cjj #ajj ,potassium ,cyanide1 #ejj #gjj #ejj #gjj ,sodium ,c>bonate1 #ajjj #ejj --- --- ,copp] ,acetate1 #dge #ejj #cej #dej ,aqua ,ammoniae1 #cej #cjj #bjj #aej ,wat]1 #bejj #bejj #bejj #bejj ,^! are due to ,roseleur4 #aec ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,copp] ,/ripp+ ,ba?4 ,!re is g5]ally no object 9 /ripp+ copp] f objects4 ,x c be done ) any ( ! regul> copp] ba?s us+ ! objects to be /ripp$ z anode4 ,! dang] ( dissolv+ ! base itself & !reby injur+ ! article & spoil+ ! ba? is obvi\s4 ,cord ,adju/]4 ,a device = %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! flexible cord1 or flexible wire supply+ ! curr5t1 & by :i* an inc&esc5t lamp is susp5d$4 ,x (t5 is m]ely a little block ( wood p]=at$ ) two holes ?r\gh :i* ! wires pass1 & 9 :i* !y are reta9$ 9 any desir$ position by friction & _! own /iffness4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,,flexible ,,cord ,,adju/]4 ,cord1 ,flexible4 ,a pair ( flexible wire conductors1 insulat$ lightly1 twi/$ toge!r & =m+ app>5tly a cord4 ,!y are us$ = m9or s]vices1 su* z s+le lamps & ! l1 & are designat$ accord+ to ! s]vice !y p]=m1 su* z batt]y cords1 d5tal cords 7= supply+ d5tal app>atus7 & o!r titles4 ,core4 7a7 ,! conductor or conductors ( an electric cable4 7,see ,cable ,core47 7b7 ,! iron mass1 g5]ally c5tral 9 an electro-magnet or armature1 ar\nd :i* ! wire is coil$4 ,x acts by its high p]meance to conc5trate or multiply ! l9es ( =ce1 ?us ma9ta9+ a m int5se field4 7,see ,armature--,magnet1 ,electro--,magnet1 ,field--,core1 ,lam9at$74 ,9 conv]t]s or trans=m]s 7,see ,conv]t]7 x (t5 surr\nds ! wire coils4 ,core-discs4 ,discs ( ?9 wire1 = build+ up armature cores4 7,see ,lam9at$ ,core47 ,! usual =m ( core is a cyl9d]4 ,a numb] ( ?9 discs ( iron are /rung ^u ! c5tral %aft & press$ firmly toge!r by end nuts or keys4 ,?is arrangem5t1 x w be se51 gives a cyl9d] z basis = w9d+ ! wire on4 ,core-discs1 ,pi]c$4 ,core-discs = an armature ( dynamo or motor1 :i* are pi]c$ ar\nd ! p]iph]y4 ,tubes ( insulat+ mat]ial pass ?r\gh ! p]iph]al holes1 & ?r\gh ^! ! conductors or w9d+s are c>ri$4 ,! conductors are ?us emb$d$ 9 a mass ( iron & are protect$ f eddy curr5ts1 & !y act to r$uce ! reluctance ( ! air gaps4 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view !y are v good4 ,= voltages ov] #ajj !y are n advis$4 ,synonym--,p]=at$ ,core-discs4 #aed ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,core-discs1 ,segm5tal4 ,core-discs made 9 segm5ts1 :i* are bolt$ toge!r to =m a complete disc or section ( ! core4 ,! plan is adopt$ pr9cipally on l>ge cores4 ,! discs ?us made up are plac$ toge!r to =m ! core exactly z 9 ! case ( ord9>y "o piece discs4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,pi]c$ ,,or ,,p]=at$ ,,core-,,disc4 ,core-discs1 ,too!d4 ,core-discs ( an armature ( a dynamo or motor1 :i* discs are cut into not*es on ! p]iph]y4 ,^! are put toge!r to =m ! armature core1 ) ! not*es correspond+ s z to =m a s]ies ( grooves 9 :i* ! wire w9d+ is laid4 ,?is con/ruction r$uces ! actual air-gaps1 & keeps ! wires ev5ly spac$4 ,di/ance-pieces ( box-wood1 m1 m1 are sometimes us$ to lead ! wires at ! ends ( ! armature4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,,too!d ,,core-,,disc4 ,core1 ,lam9at$4 ,a core ( an armature1 induction coil or conv]t] or o!r simil> con/ruction1 :i* is made up ( plates insulat$ m or less p]fectly f ea* o!r4 ,! object ( lam9ation is to prev5t ! =mation ( ,f\cault curr5ts4 7,see ,curr5ts1 ,f\cault47 ,z insulation1 ?9 %ellack$ pap] may be us$1 or sometimes ! sup]ficial oxidation ( ! plates alone is reli$ on4 ,! plates1 9 g5]al1 are laid p]p5dicul> to ! pr9cipal convolutions ( ! wire1 or p>allel to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,! object is to break up curr5ts1 & su* curr5ts are induc$ by ! v>iation 9 int5sity ( ! field ( =ce1 & _! direction is p]p5dicul> to ! l9es ( =ce1 or p>allel to ! induc+ conductors4 ,a core built up ( core discs is sometimes t]m$ a tang5tially lam9at$ core4 ,made up ( ribbon or wire w\nd coil fa%ion1 x is t]m$ a radially lam9at$ core4 #aee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,core ,ratio4 ,9 a telegraph cable ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! conduct+ core & ! insulator4 ,to get a ratio approximately accurate 9 practical calculations1 ! diamet] ( ! core is tak5 at #e p] c5t4 less ?an its actual diamet]4 ,! calculations are ^? ref]r+ to ! electric con/ants ( ! cable1 su* z its /atic capacity & insulation resi/ance4 ,core1 ,ribbon4 ,= discoidal r+-%ap$ cores ( armatures1 iron ribbon is (t5 us$ to secure lam9ation & prev5t ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,synonym--,tang5tially ,lam9at$ ,core4 ,core1 ,r+4 ,a core = a dynamo or motor armature1 :i* core =ms a complete r+4 ,core1 ,/r&$4 ,9 an electric light cable1 a conduct+ core made up ( a gr\p ( wires laid or twi/$ toge!r4 ,core1 ,tubul>4 ,tubes us$ z cores = electro-magnets4 ,= v small magnetiz+ p[]1 tubul> cores are ne>ly z effici5t z solid ones 9 /raight magnets1 because ! pr9cipal reluctance is due to ! air-pa?4 ,on increas+ ! magnetization ! tubul> core becomes less effici5t ?an ! solid core1 z ! reluctance ( ! air-pa? becomes proportionately ( less importance 9 ! circuit4 ,corpusants4 ,! sailors' "n = ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire1 q4 v4 ,c\lomb4 ,! practical unit ( quantity ( electricity4 ,x is ! quantity pass$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e int5sity 9 "o second4 ,x is equal to #a_/aj ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 electro-magnetic unit ( quantity1 & to #c1jjj1jjj1jjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 electro/atic units ( quantity4 ,x corresponds to ! decomposition ( 4#jice milligrams ( wat]1 or to ! deposition ( #a4aahae milligrams ( silv]4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a c\lomb is approximately #f4bda;,e#ah electrons4 ,two po9t *>ges ( "o c\lomb ea*1 "o met] ap>t1 ex]ts a =ce ( #ijj1jjj metric tons4 ,c\lomb's ,laws ( ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 #a4 ,! repulsions or attractions betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies are 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( _! di/ance4 #b4 ,! di/ance rema9+ ! same1 ! =ce ( attraction or repulsion betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies is directly z ! product ( ! quantities ( electricity ) :i* !y are *>g$4 #aef ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,c\nt]1 ,electric4 ,a device = regi/]+ electrically1 or by electro-magnetic ma*9]y1 ! revolutions ( %afts1 or any o!r data or factors4 ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce4 ,a pot5tial diff]5ce 9 a circuit oppos$ to ! ma9 pot5tial diff]5ce1 & h5ce1 resi/+ ! op]ation ( ! latt]1 & dim9i%+ ! curr5t :i* w\ld be produc$ )\t x4 ,x appe>s 9 electric motors1 :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 op]ate z dynamos & r$uce ! effective electro-motive =ce t op]ates !m4 ,x appe>s 9 ! prim>y coils ( induction coils1 & :5 ! second>y circuit is op51 is almo/ equal to ! ma9 electro-motive =ce1 s t h>dly any curr5t c g ?r\gh !m "u su* conditions4 ,x appe>s 9 galvanic batt]ies1 :5 hydrog5 accumulates on ! copp] plate1 & 9 o!r *emical reactions4 ,a second>y batt]y is *>g$ by a curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction to t :i* x w\ld normally produce4 ,its own pot5tial diff]5ce !n appe>s z a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,synonym--,back ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce ( ,pol>ization4 ,to decompose a solution by electrolysis1 en\gh electro-motive =ce is requir$ to ov]come ! en]gy ( composition ( ! molecule decompos$4 ,a "p ( ?is takes ! =m ( a c\nt]-electromotive =ce1 "o :i*1 = a great] or less "t w\ld ma9ta9 a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction if ! orig9al s\rce ( curr5t 7 remov$4 ,?us 9 ! decomposition ( wat]1 ! electrodes become cov]$1 "o ) bubbles ( oxyg51 ! o!rs ) bubbles ( hydrog52 ?is creates a c\nt] ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( pol>ization4 ,9 a second>y batt]y1 ! work+ curr5t may be def9$ z due to ?is cause4 ,synonym--,back ,electro-motive ,=ce ( ,pol>ization4 ,c\ple4 ,two =ces appli$ to diff]5t po9ts ( a /raight l9e1 :5 oppos$ 9 direction or unequal 9 am\nt1 t5d to cause rotation ab\t a po9t int]m$iate betwe5 _! po9ts ( application & ly+ on ! /raight l9e4 ,su* a pair con/itute a c\ple4 ,c\ple1 ,voltaic or ,galvanic4 ,! comb9ation ( two electrodes1 & a liquid or liquids1 ! electrodes be+ imm]s$ !re91 & be+ act$ on diff]5tially by ! liquid or liquids4 ,! comb9ation con/itutes a s\rce ( electro-motive =ce & consequ5tly ( curr5t4 ,x is ! galvanic or voltaic cell or batt]y4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,voltaic--,contact ,!ory--,electro-motive ,=ce--,electro-motive ,s]ies47 ,c\pl+4 ,! jo9+ ( cells ( a galvanic batt]y1 ( dynamos or ( o!r devices1 s z to produce diff]5t effects z desir$4 #aeg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,c\ple1 ,a/atic4 ,an a/atic c\ple is a t]m sometimes appli$ to a/atic ne$les1 q4v4 ,c4 ,p4 7a7 ,an abbreviation ( or symbol = c&le p[]1 q4 v4 7b7 ,an abbreviation ( *emically pure4 ,x is us$ to indicate a high degree ( purity ( *emicals4 ,?us1 9 a /&>d ,daniell batt]y1 ! use ( ,c4 ,p4 *emicals may be prescrib$ or advis$4 ,crat]4 ,! depression t =ms 9 ! positive c>bon ( a voltaic arc4 7,see ,arc1 ,voltaic47 ,creep+4 ,a ph5om5on ( capill>ity1 (t5 annoy+ 9 batt]y j>s4 ,! solution1 by capill>ity1 rises a little di/ance up ! sides1 evaporates1 & z x dries m creeps up ?r\gh x1 & to a po9t a little above x4 ,?is action is repeat$ until a lay] ( ! salts may =m ov] ! top ( ! vessel4 ,to avoid x1 p>aff9e is (t5 appli$ to ! edges ( ! cup1 or a lay] ( oil1 (t5 l9se$ oil1 is p\r$ on ! batt]y solution1 ,cri?4 ,! weight ( a litre ( hydrog5 at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 & #gfj mm4 7#cj in*es7 b>ometric pressure4 ,x is 4#jhif grams4 ,! molecul> weight ( any gas divid$ by #b & multipli$ by ! value ( ! cri?1 gives ! weight ( a litre ( ! gas 9 "q4 ,?us a litre ( electrolytic gas1 a mixture ( two molecules ( hydrog5 = "o ( oxyg51 ) a mean molecul> weight ( #ab1 weighs 7#ab_/b7 99 4#jhif or 4#ecgf gram4 ,critical ,spe$4 7a7 ,! spe$ ( rotation at :i* a s]ies dynamo beg9s to excite its own field4 7b7 ,9 a comp\nd w\nd dynamo1 ! spe$ at :i* ! same pot5tial is g5]at$ ) ! full load be+ tak5 f ! ma*9e1 z w\ld be g5]at$ on op5 circuit1 9 :i* case ! %unt coil is ! only excit]4 ,! spe$ at :i* ! dynamo is self-regulat+4 7c7 ,9 a dynamo ! rate ( spe$ :5 a small *ange 9 ! spe$ ( rotation produces a comp>atively great *ange 9 ! electro-motive =ce4 ,x corresponds to ! same curr5t 7! critical curr5t7 9 any giv5 s]ies dynamo4 ,cross4 7a7 ,a contact betwe5 two electric conductors2 qualifi$ to express conditions z a wea!r cross1 due to ra91 a sw++ cross :5 a wire sw+s aga9/ ano!r1 etc4 7b7 vb4 ,to make su* contact4 ,cross-,connect+ ,bo>d4 ,a special swit* bo>d us$ 9 telephone ex*anges & c5tral telegraph (fices4 ,its function is1 by plugs & wires1 to connect ! l9e wires ) any desir$ section ( ! ma9 swit*bo>d4 ,! t]m9als ( ! l9es z !y ent] ! build+ are connect$ directly to ! cross-connect+ bo>d4 #aeh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cross ,connection4 ,a me?od ( dispos+ ( ! effects ( induction f neighbor+ circuits by alt]nately cross+ ! two wires ( a metallic telephone circuit1 s t = equal int]vals !y lie to "r & left1 or "o above1 & "o bel[4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,also us$ to cancel ! effect ( v>iations 9 ! ambi5t magnetic field1 su* z sol> activity4 ,cross+ ,wires4 ,! cutt+ out ( a defective section 9 a telegraph l9e1 by c>ry+ two wires f ea* side ( ! defective section across to a neighbor+ conductor1 press+ x = ! "t into s]vice & cutt+ ! o!r wire if necess>y4 ,cross-magnetiz+ ,effect4 ,a phase ( armature int]f]5ce4 ,! curr5t 9 an armature ( a dynamo or motor is su* z to develop l9es ( =ce approximately at "r angles to ^? ( ! field4 ,! net cross-magnetiz+ effect is su* compon5t ( ^! l9es1 z is at "r angles to ! l9es produc$ by ! field alone4 ,cross-ov] ,block4 ,a piece ( porcela9 or o!r mat]ial %ap$ to receive two wires :i* are to cross ea* o!r1 & hold !m s t !y _c come 9 contact4 ,x is us$ 9 wir+ build+s1 & simil> purposes4 7,see ,cleat1 ,cross+47 ,cross ,talk4 ,on telephone circuits by induction or by contact ) o!r wires s\nd effects ( talk+ are sometimes receiv$ f o!r circuits2 su* effects are t]m$ cross talk4 ,crucible1 ,electric4 ,a crucible = melt+ difficultly fusible sub/ances1 or = r$uc+ ores1 etc41 by ! electric arc produc$ )9 x4 ,sometimes ! heat+ is due m to curr5t inc&esc5ce ?an to ! action ( an arc4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,,electric ,,furnace ,,or ,,crucible4 ,cry/allization1 ,electric4 ,_m sub/ances "u prop] conditions take a cry/all9e =m4 ,! great condition is ! passage f ! fluid into ! solid /ate4 ,:5 su* is br\ght ab\t by electricity 9 any way1 ! t]m electric cry/allization may be appli$ to ! ph5om5on4 ,a solution ( silv] nitrate = in/ance1 decompos$ by a curr5t1 may give cry/als ( metallic silv]4 #aei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cup1 ,por\s4 ,a cup us$ 9 two-fluid voltaic batt]ies to keep ! solutions sep>ate to "s ext5t4 ,x =ms a diaphragm ?r\gh :i* diffusion inevitably takes place1 b :i* is consid]ably ret>d$1 :ile electrolysis & electrolytic convection take place freely ?r\gh its walls4 ,z mat]ial1 unglaz$ pott]y is v g5]ally us$4 ,9 "s batt]ies ! cup is m]ely a receptacle = ! solid depol>iz]4 ,?us1 9 ! ,leclan* batt]y1 ! cup conta9s ! manganese dioxide & graphite 9 :i* ! c>bon electrode is emb$d$1 b does n sep>ate two solutions1 z ! batt]y only uses "o4 ,nev]!less1 ! composition ( ! solution outside & inside may v>y1 b su* v>iation is incid5tal only1 & n an ess5tial ( ! op]ation4 ,curr5t4 ,! adju/m5t1 or effects ( a cont9u\s attempt at readju/m5t ( pot5tial diff]5ce by a conductor1 q4 v41 connect+ two po9ts ( diff]5t pot5tial4 ,a *>g$ p>ticle or body plac$ 9 a field ( =ce t5ds to move t[>d ! oppositely *>g$ end or portion ( ! field4 ,if a s]ies ( conduct+ p>ticles or a conduct+ body are held s z to be unable to move1 !n ! *>ge ( ! field t5ds1 z x 71 to move ?r\gh x1 & a curr5t results4 ,x is really a r$i/ribution ( ! field & z long z su* r$i/ribution cont9ues a curr5t exi/s4 ,a curr5t is assum$ to fl[ f a positive to a negative t]m9al2 z 9 ! case ( a batt]y1 ! curr5t 9 ! out] circuit is assum$ to fl[ f ! c>bon to ! z9c plate1 & 9 ! solution to cont9ue f z9c to c>bon4 ,z a memoria te*nica ! z9c may be ?\ght ( z g5]at+ ! curr5t deliv]+ x ?r\gh ! solution to ! c>bon1 :5ce x fl[s ?r\gh ! wire connect+ !m4 7,see ,ohm's ,law--,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light--,conductor-,int5sity47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,suppos+ electric curr5t to be ! motion ( positive *>ge causes no practical difficulty1 b ! curr5t is actually ! 7slight7 motion ( negative electrons4 ,curr5t1 ,aft]4 ,a curr5t produc$ by ! animal tissue aft] x has be5 subject$ to a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction = "s "t4 ,! tissue acts l a second>y batt]y4 ,! t]m is us$ 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+4 ,usually def9$ & spok5 ( z a curr5t fl[+ alt]nately 9 opposite directions4 ,x may be consid]$ z a succession ( curr5ts1 ea* ( %ort duration & ( direction opposite to t ( its pr$ecessor4 ,x is graphically repres5t$ by su* a curve z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! horizontal l9e may d5ote a z]o curr5t1 t is no curr5t at all1 or may be tak5 to indicate z]o electro-motive =ce4 ,! curve repres5ts ! curr5t1 or ! correspond+ electro-motive =ces4 ,! fur!r f ! horizontal l9e ! great] is ei!r1 & if above ! l9e ! direction is opposite to t correspond+ to ! positions bel[ ! l9e4 ,?us ! curr5t is alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 has p]iods ( maximum int5sity1 fir/ 9 "o & !n 9 ! opposite s5se1 & betwe5 ^!1 pass+ f "o direction to ! o!r1 is ( z]o int5sity4 ,x is obvi\s t ! curr5t may rise quickly 9 int5sity & fall sl[ly1 or ! rev]se1 or may rise & fall irregul>ly4 ,all su* phases may be %[n by ! curve1 & a curve drawn to correctly repres5t ^! v>iations is call$ ! *>act]i/ic curve ( su* curr5t4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! ord9ates ( ! curve be tak5 z repres5t+ curr5t /r5g? or electromotive =ce4 ,if int]pret$ z repres5t+ electro-motive =ce1 ! usual int]pretation & be/1 ! ord9ates above ! l9e are tak5 z positive & ^? bel[ z negative4 ,synonyms--,rev]s$ ,curr5t--,p]iodic ,curr5ts4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,curve ,,( ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t4 #afj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,atomic4 ,a unit ( curr5t /r5g? us$ 9 ,g]many2 ! /r5g? ( a curr5t :i* w lib]ate 9 #bd h\rs 7#hf1djj seconds7 "o gram ( hydrog5 gas1 9 a wat] voltamet]4 ,! atomic curr5t is equal to #a4aaa amp]es4 ,9 telegraphic "w ! milliatom is us$ z a unit1 comp>able to ! milliamp]e4 ,! latt] is n[ displac+ x4 ,curr5t1 ,*>ge4 ,if ! ext]nal coat+s ( a *>g$ & un*>g$ j> are plac$ 9 connection1 & if ! inn] coat+s are n[ connect$1 aft] sep>at+ !m !y are bo? f\nd to be *>g$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is process a curr5t has be5 produc$ betwe5 ! outside coat+s & "o betwe5 ! inn] ones1 to :i* ,dove has giv5 ! "n ,*>ge ,curr5t1 & :i* has all ! prop]ties ( ! ord9>y dis*>ge curr5t4 7,ganot47 ,curr5t1 ,circul>4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a circul> conductor2 a curr5t ^: pa? is 9 ! %ape ( a circle4 ,curr5t1 ,commut$4 ,a curr5t *ang$1 z reg>ds direction or directions1 by a commutator1 q4 v41 or its equival5t4 ,curr5t1 ,con/ant4 ,an unv>y+ curr5t4 ,a con/ant curr5t sy/em is "o ma9ta9+ su* a curr5t4 ,9 electric s]ies1 inc&esc5t light+1 a con/ant curr5t is employ$1 & ! sy/em is t]m$ z above4 ,9 arc light+ sy/ems1 ! con/ant curr5t s]ies arrangem5t is almo/ univ]sal4 #afa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,cont9u\s4 ,a curr5t ( "o direction only2 ! rev]se ( an alt]nat+ curr5t4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+47 ,curr5t1 ,critical4 ,! curr5t produc$ by a dynamo at its critical spe$2 at t spe$ :5 a slight diff]5ce 9 spe$ produces a great diff]5ce 9 electro-motive =ce4 ,on ! *>act]i/ic curve x corresponds to ! po9t :]e ! curve b5ds %>ply1 & :]e ! electro-motive =ce is ab\t two-?irds its maximum4 ,curr5t1 ,daniell_/,u4,s4 1 ,daniell_/,siem5s' ,unit4 ,a unit ( curr5t /r5g? us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x is ! /r5g? ( a curr5t produc$ by "o ,daniell cell 9 a circuit ( ! resi/ance ( "o ,siem5s' unit4 ,! curr5t deposits #a4ch grams ( copp] p] h\r4 ,x is equal to #a4af amp]es4 ,curr5t1 ,dem>cation4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 a curr5t :i* c be tak5 f an injur$ muscle1 ! injur$ portion act+ electro-negatively t[>d ! un9jur$ portion4 ,curr5t ,d5sity4 ,! curr5t int5sity p] unit ( cross-sectional area ( ! conductor4 ,! expression is m g5]ally us$ = electrolytic conduction1 :]e ! curr5t-d5sity is ref]r$ to ! mean fac+ areas ( ! electrodes1 or else to ! fac+ area ( ! ca?ode only4 ,! quality ( ! deposit$ metal is intimately relat$ to ! curr5t d5sity4 7,see ,burn+47 ,prop] ,curr5t ,d5sity = ,electroplat+ ,amp]es ,p] ,squ>e ,foot ( ,ca?ode4--7,urquh>t47 ,copp]1 ,acid ,ba?4 #e4j to #aj4j ,cyanide ,ba?1 #c4j #e4j ,silv]1 ,d\ble ,cyanide1 #b4j #e4j ,gold1 ,*loride dissolv$ 9 ,potassium ,cyanide1 #a4j #b4j ,nickel1 ,d\ble ,sulphate1 #f4f #h4j ,brass1 ,cyanide1 #b4j #c4j ,curr5t1 ,diacritical4 ,a curr5t1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh a helix surr\nd+ an iron core1 br+s x to "o-half its magnetic saturation1 q4 v4 ,curr5t1 ,diaphragm4 ,if a liquid is =c$ ?r\gh a diaphragm1 a pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! liquid on opposite sides ( ! diaphragm is ma9ta9$4 ,electrodes or t]m9als ( plat9um may be imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & a cont9u\s curr5t1 t]m$ a diaphragm curr5t1 may be tak5 z long z ! liquid is =c$ ?r\gh ! diaphragm4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce is proportional to ! pressure1 & also dep5ds on ! nature ( ! diaphragm & on ! liquid4 #afb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,direct4 ,a curr5t ( unv>y+ direction1 z di/+ui%$ f an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,x may be pulsatory or int]mitt5t 9 "*1 b mu/ be ( con/ant direction4 ,curr5t1 ,direct ,induc$4 ,on break+ a circuit1 if x is susceptible ( ex]cis+ self-induction1 q4 v41 an extra curr5t1 9 ! direction ( ! orig9al is induc$1 :i* is call$ direct because 9 ! same direction z ! orig9al4 ,! same is produc$ by a curr5t 9 "o circuit ^u a p>allel "o altoge!r sep>at$ f x4 7,see ,induction1 ,electro-,magnetic-,curr5t1 ,extra47 ,synonym--,break ,induc$ ,curr5t4 ,curr5t1 ,direction (4 ,! assum$ direction ( a curr5t is f positively *>g$ electrode to negatively *>g$ "o2 9 a galvanic batt]y f ! c>bon or copp] plate ?r\gh ! out] circuit to ! z9c plate & back ?r\gh ! electrolyte to ! c>bon or copp] plate4 7,see ,curr5t47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,curr5t is caus$ by ! motion ( negative electrons1 f ! negative pole to ! positive4 ,! electron 0 discov]$ five ye>s aft] ?is publication4 ,curr5t1 ,displacem5t4 ,! movem5t or curr5t ( electricity tak+ place 9 a dielectric dur+ displacem5t4 ,x is !oretical only & c only be assum$ to be ( inf9itely %ort duration4 7,see ,displacem5t1 ,electric47 ,curr5ts1 ,eddy ,displacem5t4 ,! analogues ( ,f\cault curr5ts1 hypo!tically produc$ 9 ! mass ( a dielectric by ! sep>ation ( ! electricity or by its electrification4 7,see ,displacem5t47 ,curr5t1 ,extra4 ,:5 a circuit is sudd5ly op5$ or clos$ a curr5t ( v brief duration1 9 ! fir/ case 9 ! same direction1 9 ! o!r case 9 ! opposite direction1 is produc$1 :i* exce$s ! ord9>y curr5t 9 int5sity4 ,a high pot5tial diff]5ce is produc$ = an in/ant only4 ,^! are call$ extra curr5ts4 ,z !y are produc$ by electro-magnetic induction1 any?+ :i* /r5g!ns ! field ( =ce increases ! pot5tial diff]5ce to :i* !y are due4 ,?us ! wire may be w\nd 9 a coil ar\nd an iron core1 9 :i* case ! extra curr5ts may be v /rong4 7,see ,induction1 ,self-,coil1 ,sp>k47 ,curr5t1 ,f>adic4 ,a t]m 9 m$ical electricity = ! induc$ or second>y alt]nat+ curr5t1 produc$ by comp>atively high electro-motive =ce1 su* z giv5 by an induction coil or magneto-g5]ator1 z di/+ui%$ f ! regul> batt]y curr5t4 #afc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,f\cault4 ,a curr5t produc$ 9 solid conductors1 & :i* is conv]t$ into heat 7,ganot74 ,^! curr5ts are produc$ by mov+ ! conductors ?r\gh a field1 or by alt]+ ! /r5g? ( a field 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,!y are ! s\rce ( mu* loss ( en]gy & o!r d]angem5t 9 dynamos & motors1 & to avoid !m ! armature cores are lam9at$1 ! plane ( ! lam9ations be+ p>allel to ! l9es ( =ce4 7,see ,core1 ,lam9at$47 ,! pres5ce ( ,f\cault curr5ts1 if ( long duration1 is %[n by ! heat+ ( ! metal 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,9 dynamo armatures !y are produc$ sometimes 9 ! metal ( ! w9d+s1 especially if ! latt] are ( l>ge diamet]4 ,synonyms--,eddy ,curr5ts--,local ,curr5ts--,p>asitical ,curr5ts4 ,curr5t1 ,frankl9ic4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! curr5t produc$ by a frictional electric ma*9e4 ,curr5t1 ,induc$4 ,! curr5t produc$ 9 a conductor by v>y+ ! conditions ( a field ( =ce 9 :i* x is plac$2 a curr5t produc$ by induction4 ,curr5t ,induction4 ,induction by "o curr5t on ano!r or by a portion ( a curr5t on ano!r portion ( itself4 7,see ,induction47 ,curr5t ,int5sity4 ,curr5t /r5g?1 dep5d5t on or def9$ by ! quantity ( electricity pass$ by su* curr5t 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! practical unit ( curr5t int5sity is ! amp]e1 equal to "o c\lomb ( quantity p] second ( "t4 ,curr5t1 ,inv]se ,induc$4 ,! curr5t induc$ 9 a conductor1 :5 9 a p>allel conductor or 9 "o hav+ a p>allel compon5t a curr5t is />t$1 or is increas$ 9 /r5g?4 ,x is opposite 9 direction to ! induc+ curr5t & h5ce is t]m$ inv]se4 7,see ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic47 ,! p>allel conductors may be 9 "o circuit or 9 two sep>ate circuits4 ,synonyms--,make-induc$ ,curr5t--,rev]se-induc$ ,curr5t4 ,curr5t1 ,jacobi's ,unit (4 ,a curr5t :i* w lib]ate "o cubic c5timet] ( mix$ gases 7hydrog5 & oxyg57 9 a wat] voltamet] p] m9ute1 ! gases be+ measur$ at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 & #gfj mm4 7#bi4ib in*es7 b>ometric pressure4 ,x is equal to 4#jifa amp]e4 ,curr5t1 ,jo9t4 ,! curr5t giv5 by sev]al s\rces act+ toge!r4 ,prop]ly1 x %\ld be re/rict$ to s\rces connect$ 9 s]ies1 ?us if two batt]y cells are connect$ 9 s]ies ! curr5t !y ma9ta9 is _! jo9t curr5t4 ,curr5t1 ,l9e>4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a /raight conductor2 a curr5t ^: pa? foll[s a /raight l9e4 #afd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,make & ,break4 ,a succession ( curr5ts ( %ort duration1 sep>at$ by absolute cessation ( curr5t4 ,su* curr5t is produc$ by a telegraph key1 or by a microphone badly adju/$1 s t ! circuit is brok5 at int]vals4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,c\rts h virtually decid$ t ! telephone op]ates by ! undulatory curr5ts1 & n by a make & break curr5t4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to produce a telephone op]at+ by a demon/rable make & break curr5t1 on acc\nt ( ! above di/9ction1 9 hopes ( produc+ a telephone outside ( ! scope ( ! ,bell telephone pat5t4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y long di/ance telephone s]vice is digital1 z ?is item describes4 ,curr5t-met]4 ,an app>atus = indicat+ ! /r5g? ( curr5t4 7,see ,ammet]47 ,curr5t1 ,negative4 ,9 ! s+le ne$le telegraph sy/em ! curr5t :i* deflects ! ne$le to ! left4 ,curr5t1 ,n]ve & ,muscle4 ,a curr5t ( electricity yield$ by n]ves or muscles4 ,"u prop] conditions feeble curr5ts c be tak5 f n]ves1 z ! same c be tak5 f muscles4 ,curr5t1 ,oppos$4 ,! curr5t giv5 by two or m s\rces connect$ 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,?us a two volt & a "o volt batt]y may be connect$ 9 opposition1 giv+ a net voltage ( only "o volt1 & a curr5t due to su* net voltage4 ,curr5t1 ,p>tial4 ,a divid$ or bran* curr5t4 ,a curr5t :i* goes ?r\gh a s+le conductor to a po9t :]e "o or m o!r conductors jo9 x 9 p>allel1 & !n divides itself betwe5 ! sev]al conductors1 :i* mu/ jo9 fur!r on1 produces p>tial curr5ts4 ,x produces z _m p>tial curr5ts z ! conductors among :i* x divides4 ,! po9t ( division is t]m$ ! po9t ( d]ivation4 ,synonym--,d]iv$ ,curr5t4 ,curr5t1 ,pol>iz+4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 a con/ant curr5t4 ,curr5t1 ,positive4 ,9 ! s+le ne$le telegraph sy/em ! curr5t :i* deflects ! ne$le to ! "r4 ,curr5t1 ,pulsatory4 ,a curr5t ( con/ant direction1 b ^: /r5g? is con/antly v>y+1 s t x is a s]ies ( pulsations ( curr5t in/ead ( a /eady fl[4 ,curr5t1 ,rectifi$4 ,a typical alt]nat+ curr5t is repres5t$ by a s9e curve1 ^: undulations ext5d above & bel[ ! z]o l9e4 ,if by a simple two memb] commutator ! curr5ts are caus$ to g 9 "o direction1 9 place ( ! s9e curve a s]ies ( %ort convex curves foll[+ "o ano!r & all ! same side ( ! z]o l9e results4 ,! curr5ts all 9 ! same direction1 become :at is kn[n z a pulsat+ curr5t4 ,synonym--,r$ress$ ,curr5t4 #afe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,rectil9e>4 ,a curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh a rectil9e> conductor4 ,! action ( curr5ts dep5d+ on _! di/ance f ! po9ts :]e !y act1 _! cont\r is a controll+ factor4 ,?is cont\r is det]m9$ by ! conductors ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,curr5t ,rev]s]4 ,a swit* or o!r contrivance = rev]s+ ! direction ( a curr5t 9 a conductor4 ,curr5ts1 ,amprian4 ,! curr5ts ( electricity assum$ by ,amp]e's !ory to circulate ar\nd a magnet4 ,z !y repres5t ! ma9t5ance ( a curr5t or ( curr5ts )\t ! exp5diture ( en]gy !y are (t5 assum$ to be ( molecul> dim5sions4 ,z !y all g 9 ! same s5se ( rotation & are p>allel to ea* o!r ! result is ! same z if a s+le set ( curr5ts circulat$ ar\nd ! body ( ! magnet4 ,m w be f\nd on ?is subject "u ,magnetism4 ,! ,amprian curr5ts are purely hypo!tical & are pr$icat$ on ! exi/5ce ( a field ( =ce ab\t a p]man5t magnet4 7,see ,magnetism1 ,ampre's ,!ory (47 ,if ! obs]v] faces ! nor? pole ( a magnet ! ,amprian curr5ts are assum$ to g 9 ! direction opposite to t ( a wat*1 & ! rev]se = ! s\? pole4 ,figs4 #aah-aai ,,direction ,,( ,,amp,,rian ,,curr5ts4 ,curr5ts1 ,angul>4 ,curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh conductors :i* =m an angle ) ea* o!r4 ,curr5ts1 ,angul>1 ,laws (4 #a4 ,two rectil9e> curr5ts1 ! directions ( :i* =m an angle ) ea* o!r1 attract "o ano!r :5 bo? approa* to or rec$e f ! apex ( ! angle4 #b4 ,!y repel "o ano!r1 if "o approa*es & ! o!r rec$es f ! apex ( ! angle4 #aff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y ,curr5ts1 ,e>?4 ,9 long telegraph l9es hav+ t]m9al gr\nds or connect$ to e>? only at _! ends1 pot5tial diff]5ces are sometimes obs]v$ t are suffici5t to int]f]e ) _! work+ & :i*1 ( c\rse1 c produce curr5ts4 ,^! are t]m$ e>?-curr5ts4 ,x w be not$ t !y exi/ 9 ! wire1 n 9 ! e>?4 ,!y may be ( #dj milliamp]es /r5g?1 q en\gh to "w a telegraph l9e )\t any batt]y4 ,l9es runn+ ,n4 ,e4 & ,s4 ,w4 are mo/ affect$2 ^? runn+ ,n4,w4 & ,s4 ,e4 v mu* less s4 ,^! curr5ts only exi/ 9 l9es gr\nd$ at bo? ends1 & appe> 9 und]gr\nd wires4 ,h5ce !y are n attributable to atmosph]ic electricity4 ,accord+ to ,wilde !y are ! prim>y cause ( magnetic /orms1 q4 v41 b n ( ! p]iodical *anges 9 ! magnetic elem5ts4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,synonym--,natural ,curr5ts4 ,curr5t1 ,second>y4 7a7 ,a curr5t induc$ 9 "o conductor by a v>iation 9 ! curr5t 9 a neighbor+ "o2 ! curr5t produc$ 9 ! second>y circuit ( an induction coil or alt]nat+ curr5t conv]t]4 7b7 ,! curr5t giv5 by a second>y batt]y4 ,?is t]m9ology is n to be recomm5d$4 ,curr5t1 ,secretion4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 a curr5t due to /imulation ( ! secretory n]ves4 ,curr5t ,%eet4 7a7 ,if two t]m9als ( an active circuit are connect$ to two po9ts ( a ?9 metallic plate ! curr5t spreads ov] or occupies practically a consid]able area ( su* plate1 & ?is portion ( ! curr5t is a curr5t %eet4 ,! g5]al cont\r ( ! curr5t %eet c be laid out 9 l9es ( flux4 ,su* l9es resemble l9es ( =ce4 ,l ! latt]1 !y are purely an assumption1 z ! curr5t is n 9 any s5se compos$ ( l9es4 7b7 ,a condition ( curr5t !oretically br\ght ab\t by ! ,amprian curr5ts 9 a magnet4 ,ea* molecule hav+ its own curr5t1 ! contigu\s portions ( ! molecules c\nt]act ea* o!r & give a resultant z]o curr5t4 ,all t rema9s is ! out] %eet ( electric curr5t t surr\nds ! :ole4 ,curr5t1 ,s9u\s4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a s9u\s conductor4 ,curr5ts1 ,multiphase4 ,a t]m appli$ to gr\ps ( curr5ts ( alt]nat+ type :i* con/antly diff] f ea* o!r by a con/ant proportion ( p]iods ( alt]nation4 ,!y are produc$ on a s+le dynamo1 ! w9d+ be+ s contriv$ t two1 ?ree or m curr5ts diff]+ a con/ant am\nt 9 phase are collect$ f correspond+ contact r+s4 ,!re are virtually z _m w9d+s on ! armature z !re are curr5ts to be produc$4 ,sep>ate conductors = ! curr5ts mu/ be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,synonyms--,polyphase ,curr5ts--,rotatory ,curr5ts4 #afg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5ts ( ,motion4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 ! curr5ts produc$ 9 liv+ muscle or n]ves aft] sudd5 contraction or relaxation4 ,curr5ts ( ,re/4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 ! curr5ts trav]s+ muscul> or n]v\s tissue :5 at re/4 ,_! exi/5ce is disput$4 ,curr5ts1 ,ord]s (4 ,an int]mitt5t curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a conductor w induce second>y alt]nat+ curr5ts 9 a clos$ circuit ne> x4 ,?is second>y curr5t w induce a t]ti>y curr5t 9 a ?ird clos$ circuit ne> x1 & s on4 ,! induc$ curr5ts are t]m$ z ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & o!r ord]s4 ,! exp]im5t is c>ri$ out by ,h5ry's coils4 7,see ,coils1 ,h5ry's47 ,curr5ts1 ,!rmo-electric4 ,^! curr5ts1 z produc$ f exi/+ !rmo-electric batt]ies1 are g5]at$ by l[ pot5tial1 & are ( great con/ancy4 ,! opposite junctions ( ! plates c be kept at con/ant temp]atures1 z by melt+ ice & cond5s+ /eam1 s t an id5tical curr5t c be reproduc$ at w f a !rmopile4 ,!rmo-electric curr5ts 7 us$ by ,ohm 9 e/abli%+ 8 law4 7,see ,ohm's ,law47 ,curr5t1 ,swell+4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 a curr5t gradually increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,curr5t1 ,undulatory4 ,a curr5t v>y+ 9 /r5g? )\t any abrupt transition f action to inaction1 z 9 ! make & break curr5t4 ,! curr5t may be cont9ually *ang+ 9 direction 7see ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+71 & h5ce1 ( necessity1 may pass ?r\gh /ages ( z]o int5sity1 b su* transition mu/ be by a graduation1 n by an abrupt transition4 ,su* curr5t may be repres5t$ by a curve1 su* z ! curve ( s9es4 ,x is evid5t t ! curr5t may pass ?r\gh ! z]o po9t z x crosses ! l9e or *anges direction )\t be+ a make & break curr5t4 ,:5 su* a curr5t does alt]nate 9 direction x is sometimes call$ a %uttle curr5t4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial telephone curr5t & ! alt]nat+ curr5t is ( ?is type4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,make & ,break47 ,curr5t1 ,unit4 ,unit curr5t is "o :i* 9 a wire ( unit l5g?1 b5t s z to =m an arc ( a circle ( unit l5g? ( radius1 w\ld act ^u a unit pole 7see ,magnetic ,pole1 ,unit17 at ! c5t] ( ! circle ) unit =ce4 ,unit l5g? is ! c5timet]2 unit =ce is ! dyne4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,,si def9ition ( an amp]e3 ,a curr5t 9 two /raight p>allel conductors ( inf9ite l5g? & negligible cross-section1 #a metre ap>t 9 vacuum1 w\ld produce a =ce equal to #b;,e-#g newton p] metre ( l5g?4 #afh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curr5t1 ,wattless4 ,:5ev] !re is a great diff]5ce 9 phase 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo betwe5 volts & curr5t1 ! true watts are mu* less ?an ! product ( ! virtual volts & amp]es1 because ! ! watts are obta9$ by multiply+ ! product ( ! virtual volts & amp]es by ! cos9e ( ! angle ( lag 7or lead74 ,any alt]nat+ curr5t may be resolv$ into two compon5ts 9 quadrature ) ea* o!r1 "o 9 phase ) ! volts1 ! o!r 9 quadrature !re)1 ! =m] is t]m$ by ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson ! ,work+ ,curr5t1 ! latt] ! ,wattless ,curr5t4 ,! great] ! angle ( lag ! great] w be ! wattless curr5t4 ,curve1 ,arrival4 ,a curve repres5t+ ! rate ( rise ( int5sity ( curr5t at ! end ( a long conductor :5 ! circuit has be5 clos$ at ! o!r end4 ,9 ! ,atlantic cable1 = in/ance1 x w\ld require ab\t #ajh seconds = ! curr5t at ! di/ant end to atta9 #i_/aj ( its full value4 ,! curve is drawn ) its abscissa repres5t+ "t & its ord9ates curr5t /r5g?4 ,curve1 ,*>act]i/ic4 ,a curve indicat+1 graphically1 ! relations betwe5 any two factors1 :i* are int]dep5d5t1 or :i* v>y simultane\sly4 ,?us 9 a dynamo1 ! voltage increases ) ! spe$ ( rotation1 & a *>act]i/ic curve may be bas$ on ! relations betwe5 ! spe$ ( rotation & voltage develop$4 ,! curr5t produc$ by a dynamo v>ies ) ! electro-motive =ce1 & a curve c express ! relations betwe5 ! electro-motive =ce & ! curr5t produc$4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve is usually laid out by rectangul> co-ord9ates 7see ,co-ord9ates74 ,two l9es are drawn at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o v]tical1 & ! o!r horizontal4 ,"o set ( data are m>k$ (f on ! horizontal l9e1 say "o amp]e1 two amp]es1 & s on1 9 ! case ( a dynamo's *>act]i/ic curve4 ,= ea* amp]age ( curr5t !re is a correspond+ voltage 9 ! circuit4 ,!re=e on ea* amp]e m>k a v]tical is erect$1 & on t ! voltage correspond+ to su* amp]age is laid (f4 ,?is gives a s]ies ( po9ts1 & ^! po9ts may be connect$ by a curve4 ,su* curve w be a *>act]i/ic curve4 ,! m usual way ( lay+ out a curve is to "w directly ^u ! two axes4 ,on "o is laid (f ! s]ies ( values ( "o set ( data2 on ! o!r ! correspond+ s]ies ( values ( ! o!r dep5d5t data4 ,v]tical l9es or ord9ates1 q4 v41 are erect$ on ! horizontal l9e or axis ( abscissas at ! po9ts laid (f2 horizontal l9es or abscissas1 q4 v41 are drawn f ! po9ts laid (f on ! v]tical l9e or axis ( ord9ates4 ,! *>act]i/ic curve is det]m9$ by ! int]sections ( ea* correspond+ pair ( abscissa & ord9ate4 #afi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,v>iations exi/ 9 *>act]i/ic curve me?ods4 ,?us to get ! *>act]i/ic ( a commutator1 radial l9es may be drawn f a circle repres5t+ its p]imet]4 ,su* l9es may be ( l5g? proportional to ! voltage develop$ on ! commutator at ! po9ts :5ce ! l9es />t4 ,a cut giv+ an example ( su* a curve is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abe4 7,see ,curve ( ,di/ribution ( ,pot5tial 9 ,armature47 ,!re is no?+ absolute 9 ! use ( ord9ates or abscissas4 ,!y may be int]*ang$4 ,ord9>ily voltages are laid (f z ord9ates1 b ! practise may be rev]s$4 ,! same lib]ty holds good = all *>act]i/ic curves4 ,cu/om1 h[ev]1 %\ld be foll[$4 ,synonym--,*>act]i/ic4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,curve ,,( ,a ,,dynamo ,,) ,,horse ,,p[] ,,curves4 ,curve1 ,*>act]i/ic1 ( ,conv]t]4 ,! *>act]i/ic curve ( ! second>y circuit ( an alt]nat+ curr5t conv]t]4 ,x gives by ! usual me?ods 7see ,curve1 ,*>act]i/ic17 ! relations betwe5 ! electro-motive =ce & ! curr5t 9 ! second>y circuit at a fix$ resi/ance4 ,if connect$ 9 p>allel a con/ant electro-motive =ce is ma9ta9$1 & ! curve is virtually a /raight l9e4 ,if connect$ 9 s]ies an elliptical curve is produc$4 #agj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curve1 ,*>g+4 ,9 second>y batt]y manipulation1 a curve indicat+ ! increase ( voltage z ! *>g+ is prolong$4 ,! rise 9 voltage ) ! duration ( ! *>g+ curr5t is n uni=m4 ,9 "o case1 %[n 9 ! cut1 !re 0 a brief rapid rise ( ab\t #j4a volt2 !n a long sl[ rise = #j4ae volt2 !n a m rapid rise = ne>ly #j4dj volt1 & !n ! curve became a horizontal l9e indicat+ a cessation ( increase ( voltage4 ,! *>g+ rate %\ld be con/ant4 ,! horizontal l9e is laid (f 9 h\rs1 ! v]tical 9 volts1 s t ! "t is repres5t$ by abscissas & ! voltage by ord9ates ( ! curve4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,,*>g+ ,,curve ,,( ,a ,,second>y ,,batt]y4 ,curve1 ,dis*>g+4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a /orage batt]y1 indicat+ ! fall 9 voltage ) h\rs ( dis*>ge4 ,! volts may be laid (f on ! axis ( ord9ates1 & ! h\rs ( dis*>g+ on ! axis ( abscissas4 ,to give x mean+ ! rate ( dis*>ge mu/ be con/ant4 ,curve1 ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a dynamo4 ,x expresses ! relation betwe5 its entire electromotive =ce1 z calculat$ by ,ohm's ,law1 & ! curr5t int5sities correspond+ !reto4 ,to obta9 ! data ! dynamo is driv5 ) diff]5t resi/ances 9 ! ext]nal circuit & ! curr5t is measur$ = ea* resi/ance4 ,?is gives ! amp]es4 ,! total resi/ance ( ! circuit1 includ+ t ( ! dynamo1 is kn[n4 ,by ,ohm's ,law ! electro-motive =ce 9 volts is obta9$ = ea* case by multiply+ ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit 9 ohms by ! amp]es ( curr5t =c$ ?r\gh su* resi/ance4 ,tak+ ! voltages ?us calculat$ = ord9ates & ! correspond+ amp]ages = abscissas ! curve is plott$4 ,an example is %[n 9 ! cut4 #aga ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curve1 ,ext]nal ,*>act]i/ic4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a dynamo1 correspond+ to ! electro-motive =ce curve1 except t ! ord9ates repres5t ! voltages ( ! ext]nal circuit1 ! voltages z tak5 directly f ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e1 in/ead ( ! total electro-motive =ce ( ! circuit4 ,! dynamo is run at con/ant spe$4 ,! resi/ance ( ! ext]nal circuit is v>i$4 ,! voltages at ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e & ! amp]ages ( curr5t correspond+ !reto are det]m9$4 ,us+ ! voltages ?us det]m9$ z ord9ates & ! correspond+ amp]ages z abscissas ! ext]nal *>act]i/ic curve is plott$4 ,?is curve c be me*anically produc$4 ,a p5cil may be mov$ aga9/ a con/ant =ce by two electro-magnets pull+ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,"o mu/ be excit$ by ! ma9 curr5t ( ! ma*9e1 ! o!r by a %unt curr5t f ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e4 ,! po9t ( ! p5cil w describe ! curve4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,curve ,,( ,a ,,dynamo4 ,curve1 ,horse ,p[]4 ,curves indicat+ electric horse p[]4 ,!y are laid out ) co-ord9ates1 volts be+ laid (f on ! axis ( ord9ates1 & amp]es on ! axis ( abscissas g5]ally4 ,! curves are drawn ?r\gh po9ts :]e ! product ( amp]es by volts equals #gdf4 ,on ! same diagram #a1 #b1 #c 4444 & any o!r horse p[]s c be plott$ if )9 ! limits4 ,see ,fig4 #abj4 ,curve1 ,iso*asm54 ,a l9e drawn on ! map ( ! e>?'s surface indicat+ ! locus ( equal frequ5cy ( auroras4 #agb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curve1 ,life4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve %[+ ! relations betwe5 ! durability & conditions affect+ ! same 9 any appliance4 ,x is us$ mo/ = inc&esc5t lamps4 ,! h\rs ( burn+ be=e failure give ord9ates1 & ! rates ( burn+1 express$ indirectly 9 volts or 9 c&le-p[]1 give abscissas4 ,= ea* voltage or = ea* c&le-p[] an av]age duration is d$ucible f exp]i5ce1 s t two dep5d5t sets ( data are obta9$ = ! con/ruction ( ! curve4 ,curve1 ,load4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( a dynamo1 express+ ! relation betwe5 its voltage & ! am\nt ( excitation "u a def9ite condition ( amp]e load1 at a con/ant spe$4 ,! ord9ates repres5t voltage1 ! abscissas amp]e turns 9 ! field1 & ! curves may be con/ruct$ = a fl[ ( #j1 #ej1 #ajj1 or 44 1 or any o!r numb] ( amp]es4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,,load ,,curves4 ,curve1 ,magnetization4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ( an electromagnet1 indicat+ ! relation ( magnetization to excit+ curr5t4 ,lay+ (f on ! axis ( ord9ates ! quantities ( magnetism evok$1 & ! correspond+ /r5g?s ( ! excit+ curr5t on ! axis ( abscissas1 ! curve c be plott$4 ,x fir/ rises rapidly1 indicat+ a rapid increase ( magnetization1 b gr[s ne>ly horizontal z ! iron becomes m saturat$4 ,! effect due to ! coils alone1 or ! effect produc$ 9 ! abs5ce ( iron is a /raight l9e1 because air does n *ange 9 p]meability4 ,curve ( ,di/ribution ( ,pot5tial 9 ,armature4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve indicat+ ! di/ribution ( pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 adjo9+ sections ( ! commutator ( an armature 9 diff]5t positions all ar\nd x4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ces are tak5 by a volt-met] or pot5tial galvanomet]1 connection ) ! armature be+ made by two small metal bru%es1 held at a di/ance ap>t equal to ! di/ance f c5tre to c5tre ( two adjo9+ commutator b>s4 ,! curve is laid out z if by pol> co-ord9ates ext5d+ ar\nd ! cross-section ( ! commutator1 ) ! di/ances f ! commutator surface to ! curve proportional to ! pot5tial diff]5ces z det]m9$ by %ift+ ! pair ( bru%es all ar\nd ! commutator4 ,! above is ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson's me?od4 ,ano!r me?od ( ,w4 ,m4 ,mordey involves ! use ( a pilot bru%4 7,see ,bru%1 ,pilot47 ,o!rwise ! me?od is 9 g5]al t]ms id5tical ) ! above4 #agc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,,magnetization ,,curve4 ,fig4 #abe4 ,,armature3 ,,curve4 ,fig4 #abf4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,armature ,,curve4 ,curve ( ,dynamo4 ,! *>act]i/ic curve ( a dynamo4 7,see ,curve1 ,*>act]i/ic47 ,curve ( ,s9es4 ,an undulat+ curve repres5t+ wave motion4 ,x is produc$ by comp\nd+ a simple h>monic motion1 or a two & fro motion l t ( an inf9itely long p5dulum ) a rectil9e> motion4 ,along a horizontal l9e po9ts may be laid (f to repres5t equal p]iods ( "t4 ,!n on ea* po9t a p]p5dicul> mu/ be erect$4 ,! l5g? ( ea* mu/ be equal to ! l5g? ( pa? trav]s$ by ! po9t up to ! expiration ( ea* "o ( ! giv5 int]vals ( "t4 ,! abscissas are proportional to ! times & ! ord9ates to ! s9es ( angles proportional to ! times4 ,?us if a circle be drawn ^u ! l9e & divid$ into ?irty-two p>ts ( equal angul> value1 ! s9es ( ^! angles may be tak5 z ! ord9ates & ! absolute di/ance or l5g? ( arc ( ! angle w give ! abscissas4 ,synonyms--,s9e ,curve--,s9usoidal ,curve--,h>monic ,curve4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,curve ,,( ,,s9es4 #agd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,curve ( ,saturation ( ! ,magnetic ,circuit4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve ^: ord9ates may repres5t ! numb] ( magnetic l9es ( =ce induc$ 9 a magnetic circuit1 & ^: abscissas may repres5t ! amp]e turns ( excitation or o!r repres5tative ( ! induc+ =ce4 ,curve ( ,torque4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve %[+ ! relations betwe5 torque1 q4 v41 & curr5t 9 a dynamo or motor4 ,curve1 ,p]meability ,temp]ature4 ,a *>act]i/ic curve express+ ! *anges 9 p]meability ( a p>amagnetic sub/ance z ! temp]ature *anges4 ,! degrees ( temp]ature may be abscissas1 & ! p]meabilities correspond+ !reto ord9ates ( ! curve4 ,cut ,94 v4 ,to connect any electric appliance1 me*anism or conductor1 into a circuit4 ,cut ,out4 v4 ,! rev]se ( to cut 92 to remove f a circuit any conduct+ device1 & sometimes s arrang$ z to leave ! circuit complet$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,cut ,out4 ,an appliance = remov+ any app>atus f an electric circuit1 s t no m curr5t %all pass ?r\gh su* app>atus1 & sometimes provid+ means = clos+ ! circuit s z to leave x complete aft] ! removal ( ! app>atus4 #age ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,cut ,out1 ,automatic4 7a7 ,a me*anism = automatically %unt+ an arc or o!r lamp :5 x ceases to "w prop]ly4 ,x is g5]ally work$ by an electro-magnet ( high resi/ance plac$ 9 p>allel ) ! arc4 ,if ! arc gr[s too long ! magnet attracts its armature1 !reby complet+ a %unt ( approximately ! resi/ance ( ! arc1 & :i* replaces x until ! c>bons approa* aga9 to )9 a prop] di/ance4 ,sometimes a /rip or wire ( fusible metal is arrang$ 9 %unt ) ! arc4 ,:5 ! arc l5g!ns ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire increases1 melts x & a spr+ is releas$ :i* acts to complete or close a %unt circuit ( approximately arc-resi/ance4 7b7 ,see ,safety ,device--,safety ,fuse4 7c7 ,see bel[4 ,cut-out1 ,magnetic4 ,a magnetic cut-out is ess5tially a coil ( wire ) attract$ core or armature4 ,:5 ! coil is n excit$ ! core1 by press+ d[n a /rip ( metal or by "s analog\s arrangem5t1 completes ! circuit4 ,:5 ! curr5t exce$s a c]ta9 /r5g? ! core rises z x is attract$ & ! circuit is op5$4 ,cut-out1 ,safety4 ,a block ( porcela9 or o!r base c>ry+ a safety fuse1 :i* melts & breaks ! circuit be=e ! wire connect$ to x is dang]\sly heat$4 ,synonyms--,fuse ,block--,safety ,cat*--,safety ,fuse4 ,cut ,out1 ,w$ge4 ,a cut out op]at$ by a w$ge4 ,! l9e t]m9als consi/ ( a spr+ be>+ aga9/ a plate1 ! circuit be+ complet$ ?r\gh _! po9t ( contact4 ,a plug or w$ge compos$ ( two metallic faces insulat$ f ea* o!r is adapt$ to w$ge ! contact op54 ,t]m9als ( a loop circuit are connect$ to ! faces ( ! w$ge4 ,?us on slid+ x into place1 ! loop circuit is br\ght into s]ies 9 ! ma9 circuit4 ,synonym--,plug ,cut ,out--,spr+ ,jack4 ,cutt+ ( ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,a field ( =ce is pictur$ z made up ( l9es ( =ce2 a conductor swept ?r\gh ! field is pictur$ z cutt+ ^! l9es4 ,by s do+ x produces pot5tial diff]5ce or electro-motive =ce 9 itself ) a curr5t1 if ! conductor is "p ( a clos$ circuit4 ,cycle ( ,alt]nation4 ,a full p]iod ( alt]nation ( an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,x beg9s prop]ly at ! z]o l9e1 goes to a maximum value 9 "o s5se & returns to z]o1 goes to maximum 9 ! o!r s5se & returns to z]o4 ,cy/oscopy4 ,exam9ation ( ! human bladd] by ! introduction ( a special inc&esc5t electric lamp4 ,! me?od is due to ,hitze4 #agf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,damp]4 7a7 ,a copp] frame on :i* ! wire 9 a galvanomet] is sometimes coil$1 :i* acts to damp ! oscillations ( ! ne$le4 7b7 ,a tube ( brass or copp] plac$ betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y coils ( an induction coil4 ,x cuts (f induction & dim9i%es ! curr5t & pot5tial ( ! second>y circuit4 ,on pull+ x out1 ! latt] increases4 ,x is us$ on m$ical coils to adju/ _! /r5g? ( action4 ,damp+4 ,prev5t+ ! indicator ( an in/rum5t f oscillat+ 9 virtue ( its own in]tia or ela/icity4 ,9 a galvanomet] x is def9$ z resi/ance to quick vibrations ( ! ne$le1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x is rapidly br\ght to re/ :5 deflect$ 7,ayrton74 ,9 dead-beat galvanomet]s 7see ,galvanomet]1 ,dead-,beat17 damp+ is desirable 9 ord] to br+ ! ne$le to re/ quickly2 9 balli/ic galvanomet]s 7see ,galvanomet]1 ,balli/ic17 damp+ is avoid$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t4 ,damp+ may be me*anical1 ! frictional resi/ance ( air to an air-vane1 or ( a liquid to an imm]s$ diaphragm or loosely fitt+ pi/on1 be+ employ$4 ,a da%-pot1 q4 v41 is an example ( ! latt]4 ,x may be electro-magnetic4 ,a mass ( metal ne> a sw++ magnetic ne$le t5ds by induc$ curr5ts to arre/ ! oscillations !re(1 & is us$ = ?is purpose 9 dead-beat galvanomet]s4 ,?is is t]m$1 sometimes1 magnetic friction4 ,! ess5ce ( damp+ is to develop resi/ance to movem5t 9 "s ratio proportional to velocity1 s t no resi/ance is (f]$ to ! indicator sl[ly tak+ its true position4 7,see ,galvanomet]1 ,dead-,beat47 ,da%-,pot4 ,a cyl9d] & pi/on1 ! latt] loosely fitt+ or p]=at$1 or "s equival5t means be+ provid$ to p]mit movem5t4 ,! cyl9d] may conta9 a liquid su* z glyc]9e1 or air only4 ,?us ! pi/on is p]fectly free to move1 b any oscillations are damp$ 7see ,damp+74 ,9 "s arc lamps ! c>bon hold] is connect$ to a da%-pot to *eck too sudd5 movem5ts ( ! c>bon4 ,! atta*m5t may be ei!r to ! pi/on or to ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! ,bru% lamp ! top ( ! c>bon hold] =ms a cyl9d] conta9+ glyc]9e1 & 9 x a loosely fitt+ pi/on works4 ,?is acts z a da%-pot4 ,dead ,beat4 adj4 ,rea*+ its read+ quickly2 appli$ to in/rum5ts hav+ a mov+ indicator1 :i* normally w\ld oscillate back & =? a numb] ( times be=e rea*+ its read+ 7 x n prev5t$ by damp+4 7,see ,galvanomet]1 ,ap]iodic--,damp+47 ,dead ,e>?4 ,a fault 9 a telegraph l9e :i* consi/s 9 ! wire be+ ?or\ghly gr\nd$ or connect$ to ! e>?4 #agg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dead ,po9t ( an ,alt]nator4 ,a two-phase alt]nator ( ! ord9>y type connect$ z a motor to ano!r alt]nator _c />t itself1 z x has dead po9ts :]e ! relations & pol>ity ( field & armature are su* t !re is no torque or turn+ p[]4 ,dead-,turns4 ,9 ! w9d+ ( an armature1 a giv5 p]c5tage ( ! turns1 x may be #hj p] c5t41 m or less1 is assum$ to be active2 ! o!r #bj p] c5t4 or !reab\ts1 is call$ dead-turns4 ,?is portion repres5ts ! wire on su* portions ( ! armature z comes virtually outside ( ! magnetic field4 ,!y are t]m$ dead1 z n concurr+ to ! production ( electro-motive =ce4 ,dead ,wire4 7a7 ,! p]c5tage or portion ( wire on a dynamo or motor armature t does n concur 9 ! production ( electromotive =ce4 ,! dead-turns1 q4 v41 ( a drum armature or ! inside wire 9 a ,gramme r+ armature are dead wire4 7b7 ,a disus$ & ab&on$ electric conductor1 su* z a telegraph wire4 7c7 ,a wire 9 use1 b ?r\gh :i*1 at ! "t ( speak+1 no curr5t is pass+4 ,dea?1 ,electrical4 ,dea? result+ f electricity dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! animal sy/em4 ,! exact conditions requisite = fatal results h n be5 det]m9$4 ,high electro-motive =ce is absolutely ess5tial2 a *ang+ curr5t1 pulsatory or alt]nat+1 is mo/ fatal1 possibly because ( ! high electro-motive =ce ( a portion ( ea* p]iod4 ,amp]age probably has some?+ to d ) x1 al?\gh ! total quantity 9 c\lombs may be v small4 ,z appli$ to ! execution ( crim9als1 ! victim is seat$ 9 a *air & /rapp$ !reto4 ,"o electrode ) wet padd$ surface is plac$ aga9/ 8 head or "s adjac5t "p4 ,ano!r electrode is plac$ aga9/ "s ( ! l[] p>ts1 & a curr5t f an alt]nat+ dynamo pass$ = #ae seconds or m4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! electrodes is giv5 at #a1ejj to #b1jjj volts1 b ( c\rse ! maximum may be two or ?ree times ! measur$ am\nt1 ow+ to ! "* ( ! curr5t4 ,decalesc5ce4 ,! conv]se ( recalesc5ce1 q4 v4 ,:5 a mass ( /eel is be+ heat$ z x rea*es ! temp]ature ( recalesc5ce x sudd5ly absorbs a l>ge am\nt ( heat1 app>5tly gr[+ cool]4 ,deci4 ,prefix orig9ally us$ 9 ! metric sy/em to signify "o-t5? (1 n[ ext5d$ to g5]al sci5tific units4 ,?us decimet] means "o-t5? ( a met]2 decigram1 "o-t5? ( a gram4 ,decl9ation1 ,angle (4 ,! angle int]cept$ betwe5 ! true m]idian & ! axis ( a magnetic ne$le at any place4 ,! angle is measur$ to ea/ or we/1 />t+ f ! true m]idian z z]o4 #agh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,decl9ation ( ! ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,! deviation ( ! magnetic ne$le f ! plane ( ! e>?'s m]idian4 ,x is also call$ ! v>iation ( ! compass4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,decomposition4 ,! r$uction ( a comp\nd sub/ance into its con/itu5ts1 z 9 *emical analysis4 ,! con/itu5ts may !mselves be comp\nds or proximate con/itu5ts1 or may be elem5tal or ultimate con/itu5ts4 ,decomposition1 ,electrolytic4 ,! decomposition or sep>ation ( a comp\nd liquid into its con/itu5ts by electrolysis4 ,! liquid mu/ be an electrolyte1 q4 v41 & ! decomposition proce$s subject to ! laws ( electrolysis1 q4 v4 ,see also ,electrolytic ,analysis4 ,decrem5t4 ,:5 a susp5sion ne$le :i* has be5 di/urb$ is oscillat+ ! sw+s gradually decrease 9 amplitude if !re is any damp+1 z !re always is4 ,! decrem5t is ! ratio ( ! amplitude ( "o oscillation to ! succe$+ "o4 ,?is ratio is ! same = any successive sw+s4 ,de-en]gize4 ,to cut (f its supply ( electric en]gy f an electric motor1 or any device absorb+ & work$ by electric en]gy4 ,deflagration4 ,! explosive or viol5t volatiliz+ & dissipat+ ( a sub/ance by heat1 viol5t oxidation & simil> means4 ,x may be appli$ among o!r ?+s to ! de/roy+ ( a conductor by an int5se curr5t1 or ! volatilization ( any mat]ial by ! electric arc4 ,deflect+ ,field4 ,! field produc$ 9 a galvanomet] by ! curr5t :i* is be+ te/$1 & :i* field deflects ! ne$le1 su* deflection be+ ! measure ( ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,deflection4 ,9 magnetism ! movem5t out ( ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian ( a magnetic ne$le1 due to di/urbance by or attraction t[>ds a mass ( iron or ano!r magnet4 ,deflection ,me?od4 ,! me?od ( electrical measurem5ts 9 :i* ! deflection ( ! index ( ! measur+ in/rum5t is us$ z ! measure ( ! curr5t or o!r elem5t "u exam9ation4 ,x is ! opposite ( & is to be di/+ui%$ f ! z]o or null me?od1 q4 v4 ,9 ! latt] conditions are e/abli%$ :i* make ! index po9t to z]o & f ! conditions necess>y = ?is ! measurem5t is d$uc$4 ,! ,:eat/one ,bridge1 q4 v41 illu/rates a z]o me?od1 ! s9e or ! tang5t compass1 illu/rates a deflection me?od4 ,! use ( deflection me?ods involves calibration1 q4 v41 & ! comm]cial measur+ in/rum5ts1 su* z ammet]s & volt met]s1 :i* are frequ5tly calibrat$ galvanomet]s1 are also examples ( deflection in/rum5ts4 #agi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,deg5]ation1 ,reaction (4 ,! dim9i%$ s5sibility to electro-!rapeutic treatm5t exhibit$ by ! human sy/em ) cont9uance ( ! treatm5t 9 "q4 ,! g5]al l9es ( v>iation are /at$ 9 works on ! subject4 ,deka4 ,prefix orig9ally us$ 9 ! metric sy/em to signify multiply+ by t51 z dekamet]1 t5 met]s1 dekagram1 t5 grams2 n[ ext5d$ to _m sci5tific t]ms4 ,de la ,rive's ,float+ ,batt]y4 ,a small galvanic c\ple1 imm]s$ 9 a little float+ cell & connect$ ?r\gh a coil ( wire imm$iately above !m4 ,:5 ! excit+ batt]y solution is plac$ 9 ! cell ! :ole1 z x floats 9 a l>g] vessel1 turns until ! coil lies at "r angles to ! magnetic ne$le4 ,sometimes ! two plates are ?ru/ ?r\gh a cork & float$ ?us 9 a vessel ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a magnet acts to attract or repel ! coil 9 ob$i5ce to ,ampre's ,!ory1 7,see ,magnetism1 ,amp]e's ,!ory (47 ,delauri]'s ,solution4 ,a solution = batt]ies ( ! ,buns5 & ,gr5et type4 ,x is ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,wat]1 #b1jjj p>ts2 potassium bi*romate1 #ahd p>ts2 sulphuric acid1 #dbh p>ts4 ,demagnetization4 ,removal ( magnetism f a p>amagnetic sub/ance4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ = wat*es :i* h become magnetiz$ by exposure to ! magnetic field surr\nd+ dynamos or motors4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( mo/ me?ods are to rotate ! object1 z a wat*1 9 a /rong field1 & :ile x is rotat+ to gradually remove x f ! field1 or to gradually r$uce ! int5sity ( ! field itself to z]o4 ,a conical coil ( wire )9 :i* ! field is produc$ 9 :i* ! wat* is plac$ is sometimes us$1 ! idea be+ t ! field )9 su* a coil is /ronge/ at its base4 ,su* a coil suppli$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t is f\nd effectual 7,j4 ,j4 ,wright74 ,if a magnetiz$ wat* is made to turn rapidly at ! end ( a twi/$ /r+ & is gradually br\ght ne> to & )drawn f ! poles ( a p[]ful dynamo x may be consid]ably improv$4 ,a holl[ coil ( wire connect$ ) a pole *ang] & dip-batt]y has be5 us$4 ,! batt]y creates a /rong field )9 ! coil4 ,! wat* is plac$ !re & ! pole *ang] is work$ s z to rev]se ! pol>ity ( ! field v frequ5tly4 ,by ! same action ( ! pole *ang] ! plates ( ! batt]y are gradually )drawn f ! solution s z to gradually r$uce ! magnetic field to z]o :ile con/antly rev]s+ its pol>ity4 7,g4 ,m4 ,hopk9s47 ,/eel may be demagnetiz$ by j>r+ :5 held out ( ! magnetic m]idian1 or by heat+ to r$ness4 #ahj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,d5sity1 ,electric ,sup]ficial4 ,! relative quantity ( electricity resid+ z an electric *>ge ^u a unit area ( surface4 ,x may be positive or negative4 ,synonyms--,d5sity ( ,*>ge--,surface ,d5sity4 ,d5tal ,mallet1 ,electric4 ,a d5ti/'s in/rum5t = hamm]+ ! fill+s z ins]t$ into tee?4 ,x is a little hamm] held 9 a suitable h&le1 & :i* is made to /rike a rapid succession ( bl[s by electro-magnetic motor me*anism4 ,depol>ization4 7a7 ,! removal ( p]man5t magnetism4 7,see ,demagnetization47 7b7 ,! prev5tion ( ! pol>ization ( a galvanic cell4 ,x is effect$ 9 ! ,grove batt]y by ! r$uction ( nitric acid2 9 ! ,buns51 by ! r$uction ( *romic acid2 9 ! ,smee batt]y1 me*anically1 by ! plat9um coat$ or r plat9iz$ negative plate4 ,o!r examples w be f\nd "u ! description ( v>i\s cells & batt]ies4 ,a fluid :i* depol>izes is t]m$ a depol>iz] or depol>iz+ fluid or solution4 7,see ,electropoion ,fluid47 ,deposit1 ,electrolytic4 ,! metal or o!r sub/ance precipitat$ by ! action ( a batt]y or o!r curr5t g5]ator4 ,d]ivation1 ,po9t (4 ,a po9t :]e a circuit bran*es or divides into two or m leads4 ,! sep>ate bran*es !n receive d]iv$ or p>tial curr5ts4 ,desk ,pu%4 ,a press or pu% button1 ) small flu% rim1 = sett+ into ! woodwork ( a desk4 ,detector4 ,a portable galvanomet]1 (t5 ( simple con/ruction1 us$ = r\gh or approximate "w4 ,detector1 ,l9eman's4 ,a portable galvanomet] ) a high & a l[ resi/ance actuat+ coil1 con/ruct$ = ! use ( l9em5 & telegraph con/ructors :5 9 ! field1 & actually putt+ up1 repair+ or te/+ l9es4 ,deviation1 ,quadrantal4 ,deviation ( ! compass 9 iron or /eel %ips due to ! magnetization ( horizontal beams by ! e>?'s induction4 ,! effect ( ?is deviation disappe>s :5 ! %ip is 9 ! plane ( ! electric m]idian1 or at "r angles !reto2 its "n is tak5 f ! fact t a sw+ ( ! %ip ?r\gh a quadrant br+s ! ne$le f z]o deviation to a maximum & back to z]o4 #aha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,deviation1 ,semicircul>4 ,deviation ( ! compass 9 iron or /eel %ips due to v]tical induction4 7,see ,induction1 ,v]tical47 ,! effect ( ?is induction disappe>s :5 ! %ip is 9 ! electric m]idian4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t a sw+ ( ! %ip ?r\gh half ! circle br+s ! ne$le f z]o deviation to a maximum & back to z]o4 ,dextrotorsal4 adj4 ,w\nd 9 ! direction or s5se ( a "r-h&$ screw2 ! rev]se ( s9i/rotorsal1 q4 v4 ,fig4 #abh4 ,,dextrotorsal ,,helix4 ,diacritical4 adj4 7a7 ,! numb] ( amp]e turns1 q4 v41 requir$ to br+ an iron core to "o half its magnetic saturation1 q4 v41 is t]m$ ! diacritical numb]4 7b7 ,! diacritical po9t ( magnetic saturation is propos$ by ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson z a t]m = ! coeffici5t ( magnetic saturation :i* gives a magnet core "o-half its maximum magnetization4 ,diagnosis1 ,electro4 ,a m$ical diagnosis ( a pati5t's condition bas$ on ! action ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! body "u electric excitem5t4 ,diamagnetic4 adj4 ,possess+ a negative coeffici5t ( magnetic susceptibility2 hav+ p]meability inf]ior to t ( air4 ,su* sub/ances plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet are repell$2 if 9 ! =m ( b>s1 !y t5d to turn s z to h _! long axis at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! poles4 ,! reason is t ! l9es ( =ce always seek ! easie/ pa?1 & ^! bodies hav+ high] reluctance ?an air1 imp$e ! l9es ( =ce1 & h5ce are z f> z possible pu%$ out ( ! way4 ,! above is ! simple/ explanation ( a n well und]/ood set ( ph5om5a4 ,accord+ to ,tyndall1 ! diamagnetic =ce is a pol> =ce1 ! pol>ity ( diamagnetic bodies be+ oppos$ to t ( p>amagnetic ones "u ! same conditions ( excitem5t4 ,bismu? is ! mo/ /rongly diamagnetic body kn[n2 phosphorus1 antimony1 z9c1 & _m o!rs are diamagnetic4 7,see ,p>amagnetic47 #ahb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,diagomet]4 ,an app>atus = use 9 *emical analysis = te/+ ! purity ( sub/ances by ! "t requir$ = a *>g$ surface to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh !m to e>?4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,r\sseau4 ,an electromet] is *>g$ ) a dry pile4 ,"o ( its t]m9als is connect$ ) "o surface ( ! solution or sub/ance to be te/$1 & ! o!r ) ! o!r surface4 ,! "t ( dis*>ge gives ! index ( ! purity ( ! sub/ance4 ,diamagnetic ,pol>ity4 ,treat+ diamagnetism z due to a pol> =ce1 ! pol>ity ( a diamagnetic body is ! rev]se ( ! pol>ity ( iron or o!r p>amagnetic bodies4 ,a b>-%ap$ diamagnetic body 9 a field ( =ce t5ds to place itself at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,diamagnetism4 7a7 ,! sci5ce or /udy ( diamagnetic sub/ances & ph5om5a4 7b7 ,! magnetic prop]ty ( a diamagnetic sub/ance4 ,diamet] ( ,commutation4 ,! po9ts on ! commutator ( a clos$ circuit r+--or drum--armature1 :i* ! bru%es t\*1 & :5ce !y take ! curr5t1 m>k ! extremities ( ! diamet] ( commutation4 ,7 x n = ! lag ?is w\ld be ! diamet] at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! c5t]s ( ! opposite faces ( ! field4 ,x is always a little to "o side ( ?is position1 be+ displac$ 9 ! direction ( rotation4 ,9 op5 circuit armatures ! bru%es are plac$ on ! diamet] at "r angles to ?is "o1 & sometimes ! t]m diamet] ( commutation is appli$ to x4 ,all t has be5 said is on ! supposition t ! armature divisions correspond n only 9 connection b 9 position ) ^? ( ! armature coils4 ,( c\rse1 ! commutator c\ld be twi/$ s z to br+ ! diamet] ( commutation into any position desir$4 ,diapason1 ,electric4 ,a tun+-=k or diapason kept 9 vibration by electricity4 ,9 g5]al pr9ciple ! ends ( ! =k act z armatures = an electro-magnet1 & 9 _! motion by a m]cury cup or o!r =m ( contact !y make & break ! circuit z !y vibrate4 ,?us ! magnet alt]nately attracts & releases ! leg1 9 exact h>mony ) its natural p]iod ( vibration4 ,diaphragm4 7a7 ,9 telephones & microphones a disc ( iron ?r[n into motion by s\nd waves or by electric impulses1 accord+ to :e!r x acts z ! diaphragm ( a transmitt] or receiv]4 ,x is g5]ally a plate ( japann$ iron su* z us$ 9 mak+ f]rotype photographs4 7,see ,telephone & ,microphone47 7b7 ,a por\s diaphragm is (t5 us$ 9 electric decomposition cells & 9 batt]ies4 ,! por\s cup repres5ts ! latt] use4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,japann$--cov]$ ) heavy black lacqu]1 l enamel pa9t4 #ahc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dielectric4 ,a non-conductor2 a sub/ance1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* may1 aft] an electric di/urbance1 rema91 )\t any process ( readju/m5t1 & = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 at pot5tials diff]+ to any ext5t 7,daniell74 ,!re is no p]fect dielectric4 ,! t]m dielectric is g5]ally only us$ :5 an insulator acts to p]mit induction to take place ?r\gh x1 l ! glass ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,dielectric ,con/ant4 ,! numb] or coeffici5t express+ ! relative dielectric capacity ( a m$ium or sub/ance4 7,see ,capacity1 ,specific ,inductive47 ,dielectric1 ,en]gy (4 ,9 a cond5s]1 ! conduct+ coat+s are m]ely to conduct ! curr5t all ov] ! surface !y cov]2 ! keep+ ! electricities sep>at$ is ! "w ( ! dielectric1 & repres5ts pot5tial en]gy :i* appe>s 9 ! dis*>ge4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy is proportional to ! *>ge1 & to ! pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,z any electrifi$ body implies an opposite electrification some:]e1 & a sep>at+ dielectric1 ! exi/5ce ( a cond5s] is always impli$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! en]gy /or$ 9 a capacitor 7cond5s]7 is 7,q99,q7_/#b;,c 7,q99,v7_/#b 7,c99,v99,v7_/#b ,! en]gy is proportional to ! voltage ,,squ>$ or ! *>ge ,,squ>$4 ,dielectric ,pol>ization4 ,a t]m due to ,f>aday4 ,x expresses :at he conceiv$ to be ! condition ( a dielectric :5 its opposite faces are oppositely electrifi$4 ,! molecules are suppos$ to be arrang$ by ! electrification 9 a s]ies ( pol> *a9s1 possibly be+ orig9ally 9 !mselves seats ( opposite pol>ities1 or hav+ su* imp>t$ to !m by ! electricities4 ,! action is analog\s to t ( a magnet pole on a mass ( s(t iron1 or on a pile ( iron fil+s4 ,dielectric ,/ra94 ,! /ra9 a solid dielectric is subject$ to1 :5 its opposite surfaces are electrifi$4 ,a ,leyd5 j> dilates "u ! /ra91 & :5 dis*>g$ gives a dull s\nd4 ,! orig9al condition is n imm$iately recov]$4 ,j>r+1 %ak+1 etc41 assi/ ! recov]y f /ra94 ,! cause ( ! /ra9 is t]m$ ,electric ,/ress4 7,see ,/ress1 ,electric47 ,?is is id5tical ) ! ph5om5on ( residual *>ge4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,residual47 ,ea* loss ( *>ge is accompani$ ) a proportional return ( ! dielectric t[>ds its normal condition4 ,dielectric ,resi/ance4 ,! me*anical resi/ance a body (f]s to p]=ation or de/ruction by ! electric dis*>ge4 ,dielectric ,/r5g?4 ,! resi/ance to ! disruptive dis*>ge & dep5d+ on its me*anical resi/ance l>gely or entirely4 ,x is expressible 9 volts p] c5timet] ?ickness4 ,dry air requires #dj1jjj volts p] c5timet] = a dis*>ge4 #ahd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,diff]5tial ,w9d+ ,work+4 ,a me?od ( work+ an electro-magnet int]mitt5tly1 s z to avoid sp>k+4 ,! magnet is w\nd ) two coils4 ,"o is connect$ /raight into ! circuit1 ! o!r is connect$ 9 p>allel !re) ) a swit* ins]t$4 ,! coils are s connect$ t :5 ! swit* is clos$ ! two are 9 opposition1 ! curr5t go+ ?r\gh !m 9 opposite s5ses4 ,?us "o ov]comes ! effect ( ! o!r & ! magnet core %[s no magnetism1 provid$ ! two coils are ( equal resi/ance & equal numb] ( convolutions or turns4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,,diff]5tial ,,w9d+ ,,work+ ,,( ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,app>atus4 ,diffusion4 ,a t]m prop]ly appli$ to ! v>y+ curr5t d5sity f\nd 9 conductors ( unequal cross sectional area4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics x is appli$ to ! di/ribution ( curr5t z x passes ?r\gh ! human body4 ,its d5sity p] cross-sectional area v>ies ) ! area & ) ! o!r factors4 ,diffusion ,creep4 ,:5 electrodes ( an active circuit are imm]s$ 9 a solution ( an electrolyte1 a curr5t passes electrolytically if !re is a suffici5t pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! solution1 spread+ out ( ! direct prism connect+ or def9$ by ! electrodes4 ,to ?is portion ( ! curr5t ! above t]m is appli$4 ,if ! electrodes are small en\gh 9 proportion to ! di/ance betwe5 !m ! curr5t transmission or creep outside ( ! l9e becomes ! pr9cipal conveyor ( ! curr5t s t ! resi/ance rema9s ! same = all di/ances4 ,dim5sions & ,!ory ( ,dim5sions4 ,! expression ( ! unit>y value ( a physical quantity 9 "o or m ( ! units ( l5g? 7,l71 "t 7,t7 & mass 7,m7 is t]m$ ! dim5sions ( su* quantity4 ,?us ! dim5sion or dim5sions ( a di/ance is simply ,l2 ( an angle1 expressible by divid+ ! arc by ! radius is ,l_/,l2 ( a velocity1 expressible by di/ance divid$ by "t--,l_/,t2 ( accel]ation1 :i* is velocity acquir$ 9 a unit ( "t1 & is !re=e expressible by velocity divid$ by "t--,l_/,t_/,t or ,l_/,t#b2 ( mom5tum1 :i* is ! product ( mass into velocity--,m99,l_/,t2 ( k9etic en]gy tak5 z ! product ( mass into ! squ>e ( velocity--,m997,l#b_/,t#b72 ( pot5tial en]gy tak5 z ! product ( mass into accel]ation into space-,m997,l_/,t#b799,l r$uc+ to ,m997,l#b_/,t#b74 ,! !ory is bas$ on ?ree fundam5tal units & embraces all electric quantities4 ,! simple units g5]ally tak5 are ! gram1 c5timet] & second & ! dim5sions ( ! fundam5tal comp\nd units are express$ 9 t]ms ( ^! ?ree1 =m+ ! c5timet]-gram-second or ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em ( units4 ,unless o!rwise express$ or impli$ ! lett]s ,l1 ,m & ,t1 may be tak5 to indicate c5timet]1 gram & second respectively4 ,x is obvi\s t v complicat$ expressions ( dim5sions may be built up1 & t a ma!matical expression ( unnam$ quantities may be arriv$ at4 ,dim5sions 9 _! application by ^! symbols are subject to ! laws ( algebra4 ,!y 7 inv5t$ by ,f\ri] & 7 br\ght into prom95ce by ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,ano!r excell5t def9ition reads z foll[s3 ,by ! dim5sions ( a physical quantity we mean ! quantities & p[]s ( quantities1 involv$ 9 ! measurem5t ( x4 7,w4 ,t4 ,a4 ,emtage47 #ahe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dimm]4 ,an adju/able *ok+ coil us$ = regulat+ ! int5sity ( electric inc&esc5t lights4 ,"s op]ate by ! introduction & )drawal ( an iron core z describ$ = ! *ok+ coil 7see ,coil1 ,*ok+71 o!rs by a damp] ( copp]1 (t5 a copp] r+ surr\nd+ ! coil & :i* by mov+ on or (f ! coil *anges ! pot5tial ( ! second>y circuit4 ,dip ( ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,! incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le4 7,see ,elem5ts1 ,magnetic47 ,dipp+4 7a7 ,acid or o!r clean+ processes appli$ by dipp+ metals 9 clean+ or pickl+ solutions be=e plat+ 9 ! electroplat]'s ba?4 7b7 ,plat+ by dipp+ applies to electroplat+ )\t a batt]y by simple imm]sion4 ,copp] is deposit$ on iron f a solution ( copp] sulphate 9 ?is way4 ,synonym--,simple ,imm]sion4 ,dipp+ ,ne$le4 ,a magnet m\nt$ 9 horizontal be>+s at its c5tre ( gravity4 ,plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian x takes ! direction ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce ( ! e>? at t po9t4 ,x is act$ on by ! v]tical compon5t ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 z x has no fre$om ( horizontal movem5t4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts1 & ,compass1 ,incl9ation47 ,direct+ ,magnet4 ,9 a reflect+ galvanomet] ! magnet us$ = controll+ ! magnetic ne$le by e/abli%+ a field4 ,x is m\nt$ on ! sp9dle ( ! in/rum5t above ! coil & ne$le4 ,synonym--,controll+ ,magnet4 #ahf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,direction4 7a7 ,! direction ( an electric curr5t is assum$ to be f a positively *>g$ electrode or t]m9al to a negatively *>g$ "o 9 ! out] circuit4 7,see ,curr5t47 7b7 ,! direction ( magnetic & electro-magnetic l9es ( =ce is assum$ to be f nor? to s\? pole ( a magnet 9 ! out] circuit4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! positive direction4 ,_! g5]al c\rse is %[n 9 ! cuts diagrammatically4 ,! circles indicate a compass us$ 9 trac+ _! c\rse4 ,! magnetic ne$le t5ds to place itself 9 ! direction ( or tang5tial to ! l9es ( =ce pass+ ne>e/ x4 7c7 ,! direction ( electro/atic l9es ( =ce is assum$ to be out ( a positively *>g$ & to a negatively *>g$ surface4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,,direction ,,( ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce ,,( ,a ,,p]man5t ,,magnet4 ,fig4 #aca1 ,,direction ,,( ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce ,,( ,,an ,,electro-,,magnet4 #ahg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,directive ,p[]4 ,9 magnetism ! p[] ( ma9ta9+ itself 9 ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian1 possess$ by ! magnetic ne$le4 ,dis*>ge1 ,bru%4 ,! /atic dis*>ge ( electricity into or ?r\gh ! air may be ( ! bru% or sp>k =m4 ,! bru% indicates ! escape ( electricity 9 cont9u\s fl[2 ! sp>k indicates discont9uity4 ,! conditions necess>y to ! production ( "o or ! o!r ref] to ! nature ( ! conductor1 & ( o!r conductors 9 its vic9ity & to ! electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce2 small alt]ations may trans=m "o into ! o!r4 ,! bru% resembles a lum9\s core ^: apex t\*es ! conductor4 ,x is accompani$ by a slight hiss+ noise4 ,its lum9osity is v feeble4 ,! negative conductor gives a small] bru% ?an t ( ! positive conductor & dis*>ges x m readily4 ,:5 electricity issues f a conductor1 remote f an oppositely excit$ "o1 x gives an absolutely sil5t dis*>ge1 %[+ at ! po9t ( escape a pale blue lum9osity call$ electric gl[1 or if x escapes f po9ts x %[s a />-l c5tre ( light4 ,x c be se5 9 ! d>k by plac+ a po9t on ! excit$ conductor ( a /atic-electric ma*9e4 ,synonyms--,sil5t ,dis*>ge--,gl[ ,dis*>ge4 ,dis*>ge1 ,conductive4 ,a dis*>ge ( a /atic *>ge by conduction ?r\gh a conductor4 ,dis*>ge1 ,convective4 ,! dis*>ge ( /atic electricity f an excit$ conductor ?r\gh air or r>efi$ gas2 x is also call$ ! quiet or sil5t dis*>ge4 ,! lum9\s effect 9 air or gas at atmosph]ic pressures takes ! =m ( a little bru% f a small positive electrode2 ! negative %[s a />4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,gassiot's cascade1 ! philosoph]'s egg & ,geissl] tubes1 all ( :i* may be ref]r$ to1 are in/ances ( convective dis*>ge4 ,dis*>ge1 ,dead ,beat4 ,a dis*>ge t is n oscillatory 9 "*4 ,dis*>ge1 ,disruptive4 ,a dis*>ge ( a /atic *>ge ?r\gh a dielectric4 ,x involves me*anical p]=ation ( ! dielectric1 & h5ce ! m]e me*anical /r5g? ( ! latt] has mu* to d ) prev5t+ x4 ,a disruptive dis*>ge is (t5 oscillatory 9 "*2 ?is is always ! case ) ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 #ahh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dis*>ge1 ,duration (4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ ?is factor has be5 attack$ by v>i\s obs]v]s4 ,:eat/one ) 8 revolv+ mirror f\nd x to be #a_/bdjjj second4 ,f$d]son1 by int]pos+ resi/ance1 prolong$ x to #ad_/ajjjj & aga9 to #ach_/ajjjj second4 ,lucas ,caz9 made x f #bf to #dg million?s ( a second4 ,all ^! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ ) ,leyd5 j>s4 ,dis*>ge1 ,impulsive4 ,a disruptive dis*>ge produc$ betwe5 conductors by sudd5ly produc$ pot5tial diff]5ces4 ,! self-induction ( ! conductor plays an especially important "p 9 dis*>ges ?us produc$4 ,dis*>ge1 ,lat]al4 7a7 ,a lightn+ dis*>ge1 :i* sometimes takes place betwe5 a lightn+ rod & ! build+ on :i* x is4 7b7 ,9 ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> or cond5s] ! dis*>ge :i* takes ! alt]native pa?1 q4 v4 ,dis*>ge1 ,oscillatory4 ,! sudd5 or disruptive dis*>ge ( a /atic cond5s]1 su* z a ,leyd5 j>1 or ( _m o!r *>g$ conductors1 is oscillatory 9 "*4 ,! direction ( ! curr5ts rapidly *anges1 s t ! dis*>ge is really an alt]nat+ curr5t ( excessively %ort total duration4 ,! dis*>ge s5ds electro-magnetic waves ?r\gh ! e!r1 :i* are exactly analog\s to ^? ( light b ( too long p]iod to affect ! eye4 ,synonym--,surg+ ,dis*>ge4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m>coni's transmission across ! ,engli% *annel occurs 9 #ahig1 five ye>s aft] ! publication ( ?is book4 ,fig4 #acb4 ,,dis*>g]4 ,dis*>g]4 ,an app>atus = dis*>g+ ,leyd5 j>s4 ,x consi/s ( a conductor t]m9at+ 9 balls1 & ei!r jo9t$ l a tongs or b5t ) a spr+-action1 s t ! balls c be set at di/ances adapt$ to diff]5t siz$ j>s4 ,x has an insulat+ h&le or a pair ( su*4 ,9 use "o ball is br\ght ne> to ! coat+ & ! o!r to ! sp9dle ball ( ! j>4 ,:5 ne>ly or q 9 contact ! j> dis*>ges4 ,synonyms--,dis*>g+ ,rod--,dis*>g+ ,tongs4 #ahi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dis*>g]1 ,univ]sal4 ,an app>atus = expos+ sub/ances to ! /atic dis*>ge sp>k4 ,x consi/s ( a base ) ?ree insulat+ po/s4 ,! c5tral po/ c>ries an ivory table to support ! object4 ,! two side po/s c>ry conduct+ rods1 t]m9at+ 9 metal balls1 & m\nt$ ) univ]sal jo9ts4 ,a viol5t %ock c be giv5 to any object plac$ on ! table4 ,synonym--,h5ley's ,univ]sal ,dis*>g]4 ,dis*>ge1 ,sil5t4 ,?is t]m is sometimes appli$ to ! gl[ or bru% dis*>ge & sometimes to ! condition ( electric effluvium4 7,see ,dis*>ge1 ,bru%--,effluvium1 ,electric47 ,dis*>ge1 ,sp>k4 ,! discont9u\s dis*>ge ( high t5sion electricity ?r\gh a dielectric or into ! air produces electric sp>ks4 ,^! are q /rongly lum9\s1 ( bran*+ s9u\s %ape1 & 9 long sp>ks ! lum9osity v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same sp>k4 ,a %>p noise accompanies ea* sp>k4 ,high d5sity ( *>ge is requisite = ! =mation ( long sp>ks4 ,disconnection4 ,! sep>ation ( two p>ts (1 or op5+ a circuit1 z by turn+ a swit*1 unscrew+ a b9d+ screw1 or ! l4 ,! t]m is sometimes us$ to indicate a class ( faults 9 telegraph circuits4 ,disconnections may be total1 p>tial or int]mitt5t1 & due to _m causes1 su* z op5 or p>tially replac$ swit*es1 oxidiz$ or dirty contact po9ts1 or loose jo9ts4 ,displacem5t1 ,electric4 ,a conception ( ! action ( *>g+ a dielectric4 ,! *>ge is all on ! surface4 ,?is fact be+ grant$1 ! !ory ( displacem5t holds t *>g+ a body is ! displac+ ( electricity1 =c+ x f ! int]ior on to ! surface1 or vice v]sa1 produc+ a positive or negative *>ge by displacem5t ( electricity4 ,:ile displacem5t is tak+ place 9 a dielectric !re is assum$ to be a movem5t or curr5t ( electricity call$ a displacem5t curr5t4 ,disruptive ,t5sion4 ,:5 ! surface ( a body is electrifi$1 x t5ds to exp&1 all portions ( ! surface repell+ ea* o!r4 ,! film ( air surr\nd+ su* a body is electrifi$ too1 & is subject$ to a disruptive t5sion1 v>y+ 9 int5sity ) ! squ>e ( ! d5sity4 ,dissimulat$ ,electricity4 ,! electricity ( a b\nd *>ge4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,b\nd47 ,dissociation4 ,! sep>ation ( a *emical comp\nd into its elem5ts by a suffici5tly high degree ( heat4 ,all comp\nds are susceptible ( dissociation1 s t x foll[s t combu/ion is impossible at high temp]atures4 #aij ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,di/ance1 ,critical1 ( ,alt]native ,pa?4 ,! l5g? ( air gap 9 an alt]native pa? ^: resi/ance jo9$ to ! imp$ance ( ! re/ ( ! conductors ( ! pa? j balances ! imp$ance ( ! o!r pa?4 ,di/ance1 ,sp>k+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 electrodes1 :i* a sp>k f a giv5 ,leyd5 j> or o!r s\rce w pass across4 ,synonym--,explosive ,di/ance4 ,di/illation4 ,! evaporation ( a liquid by heat1 & sometimes 9 a vacuum1 foll[$ by cond5sation ( ! vapors1 :i* di/il or drop f ! end ( ! cond5s]4 ,x is claim$ t ! process is accel]at$ by ! liquid be+ electrifi$4 ,di/ribut+ ,box4 ,9 an electric conduit sy/em1 a small iron box provid$ = giv+ access to ! cable = ! purpose ( mak+ h\se & m9or connections4 ,synonym--,h& ,hole4 ,di/ribut+ ,swit*es4 ,swit* sy/ems = enabl+ diff]5t dynamos to supply diff]5t l9es ( a sy/em z requir$4 ,spr+ jacks1 q4 v41 are us$ = ! l9es1 & plug swit*es = ! dynamo leads4 ,?us1 dynamos c be ?r[n 9 or out z desir$1 )\t putt+ out ! lights4 ,di/ribution ( ,electric ,en]gy1 ,sy/ems (4 ,! sy/ems ( electric curr5t di/ribution f c5tral /ations or f private g5]at+ plants1 me*anical or batt]y1 ! latt] prim>y or second>y4 ,!y include 9 g5]al ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em & direct curr5t sy/ems4 ,aga91 ^! may be subdivid$ into s]ies & multiple arc1 multiple-s]ies & s]ies-multiple di/ribution1 & ! ?ree1 f\r1 or five wire sy/em may be appli$ to multiple arc or multiple s]ies sy/ems4 7,see ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t--,curr5t ,sy/em--,multiple ,arc--,multiple ,s]ies--,s]ies ,multiple--,?ree ,wire ,sy/em47 ,door ,op5]1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = op5+ a door by pu%+ back ! lat*4 ,a spr+ !n draws ! door op51 & x is clos$ aga9/ ! =ce ( ! spr+ by ! p]son ent]+4 ,electro-magnetic me*anism actuates ! lat*1 & is op]at$ by a swit* or press-button4 ,?us a p]son on ! upp] floor c op5 ! hall door )\t desc5d+4 ,dosage1 ,galvanic4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! am\nt ( electric curr5t or dis*>ge1 & duration ( treatm5t giv5 to pati5ts4 ,d\ble ,c>bon ,arc ,lamp4 ,an arc lamp design$ to burn all night1 usually con/ruct$ ) two p>allel sets ( c>bons1 "o set replac+ ! o!r automatically1 ! curr5t be+ swit*$ f ! burnt out pair to ! o!r by ! action ( ! me*anism ( ! lamp4 #aia ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,d\ble ,fluid ,!ory4 ,a !ory ( electricity4 ,electricity is conv5i5tly treat$ z a fluid or fluids4 ,accord+ to ! d\ble fluid hypo!sis negative electricity is due to a prepond]ance ( negative fluid & vice v]sa4 ,l fluid repels l1 & unlike attracts unlike2 ei!r fluid is attract$ by matt]2 ! pres5ce 9 a body ( "o or ! o!r induces electrification2 unit$ 9 equal proportions !y neutralize ea* o!r1 & friction1 *emical decomposition & o!r causes effect _! sep>ation4 ,! hypo!sis1 :ile conv5i5t1 is ov]%ad[$ by ! c]ta9ty t electricity is n really a fluid at all4 7,see ,s+le ,fluid ,!ory--,fluid1 ,electric47 ,synonym--,symm]'s ,!ory4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,curr5t is ! motion ( negative electrons 9 a conductor or plasma4 ,unequal di/ribution ( electrons is /atic electricity4 ,! relatively immobile nuclei ( atoms are positive :5 "o or m ( its electrons is abs5t & acc\nts = "p ( ! curr5t 9 electrolysis & plasmas4 ,d\ble ,fluid ,voltaic ,cell4 ,a cell 9 :i* two fluids are us$1 "o g5]ally z depol>iz] surr\nd+ ! negative plate1 ! o!r z excitant surr\nd+ ! positive plate4 ,a por\s diaphragm or diff]5ce 9 specific gravities is us$ to keep ! solutions sep>ate & yet p]mit ! ess5tial electrolytic diffusion4 ,grove's ,cell1 ,buns5's ,cell1 & ,daniell's ,cell1 all ( :i* may be ref]r$ to1 are ( ?is type1 z are _m o!rs4 ,d\ble ,w$ge4 ,a plug = use ) a spr+-jack4 ,x has connection /rips at its end & ano!r pair a little di/ance back !refrom1 s t x c make two loop connections at once4 ,synonym--,d\ble ,plug4 ,d\bl]4 ,a cont9u\sly act+ electrophor\s1 q4v42 an e>ly pr$ecessor ( ! mod]n electric ma*9es4 ,x is n[ no long] us$4 ,d4 ,p4 ,abbreviation = ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce4 ,drag4 ,! pull ex]cis$ by a magnetic field ^u a conductor mov+ ?r\gh x or ^u ! motion ( an armature 9 x4 ,dreh-/rom4 7,g]man7 ,rotatory curr5ts2 a sy/em ( curr5ts alt]nat+ 9 p]iodic succession ( phases & produc+ a rotatory field4 7,see ,field1 ,rotatory--,multiphase ,curr5ts47 ,drill ,electric4 ,a drill = metals or rock work$ by an electro-magnetic motor4 ,= metals a rot>y motion1 = rocks a reciprocat+ or p]cussion action is imp>t$4 ,x is us$ by %ipbuild]s = drill+ holes 9 plates :i* are 9 place 9 %ips1 z its flexible conductors enable x to be plac$ any:]e4 ,= rock-drill+ a sol5oid type ( con/ruction is adopt$1 produc+ rapid p]cussion4 #aib ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,drip ,loop4 ,a loop+ d[nw>d ( wires ent]+ a build+1 s t ra9 wat]1 z x runs along ! wire1 w drip f ! l[e/ "p ( ! loop in/ead ( foll[+ ! wire into or aga9/ ! side ( ! build+4 ,driv+ ,horns4 ,projections on ! p]iph]y ( an armature ( a dynamo = hold+ ! w9d+ 9 place & prev5t+ its displacem5t4 ,v>i\s arrangem5ts h be5 adopt$4 ,!y are sometimes w$ges or p9s & are sometimes driv5 into spaces left 9 ! drum core4 ,! too!d disc armature cores make up an armature 9 :i* ! ridges =m$ by ! tee? =m practically driv+ horns4 ,droni]'s ,salt4 ,a sub/ance = solution = use 9 bi*romate batt]ies4 ,x is a mixture ( "o-?ird potassium bi*romate & two-?irds potassium bisulphate4 ,x is dissolv$ 9 wat] to make ! excit+ fluid4 ,drop1 ,automatic4 ,a swit* or circuit break]1 op]at+ to close a circuit by dropp+ "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,x is held up by a lat*1 ! circuit rema9+ op51 until ! lat* is releas$ by a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh an electro-magnet4 ,?is attract+ an armature lets ! drop fall4 ,z x falls x closes a local or second circuit1 & ?us may keep a bell r++ until x is replac$ by h&4 ,x is us$ 9 burgl> al>ms1 its function be+ to keep a bell r++ ev5 ?\gh ! w9d[s or door by :i* entrance 0 made is reclos$4 #aic ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #acc4 ,,! ,,magic ,,drum4 ,drum1 ,electric4 ,a drum ) a me*anism )9 = /rik+ ! head ) a hamm] or "s equival5t me?od s z to be us$ z a piece ( magical app>atus4 ,9 ! "o %[n 9 ! cut a sort ( telephone action is us$ to produce ! s\nd1 ! electro-magnet ,d & armature be+ q scre5$ f obs]vation ?r\gh ! hole4 7,see ,fig4 #acc7 ,a r+1 ,c1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc1 ) two t]m9als1 ! latt] %[n by ! un%ad$ portions a a1 & a susp5d+ hook ,e1 also ) two t]m9als1 & two susp5d+ conductors ,a1 ,b1 c>ry ! curr5t to ! magnet4 ,a sudd5 op5+ or clos+ ( ! circuit produces a s\nd4 ,dub's ,laws4 #a4 ,! magnetism excit$ at any transv]se section ( a magnet is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! giv5 section & ! end4 #b4 ,! free magnetism at any giv5 transv]se section ( a magnet is proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! squ>e root ( half ! l5g? ( ! magnet & ! squ>e root ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! giv5 section & ! ne>e/ end4 ,duct4 ,! tube or comp>tm5t 9 an electric subway = ! reception ( a cable4 7,see ,conduit1 ,electric ,subway47 ,dyad4 ,a *emical t]m2 an elem5t :i* 9 comb9ation replaces two monoval5t elem5ts2 "o :i* has two bonds or is bival5t4 ,dye+1 ,electric4 ,! produc+ mordant+ or o!r dye+ effects on goods 9 dye+ by ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,dynamic ,electricity4 ,electricity ( relatively l[ pot5tial & l>ge quantity2 curr5t electricity z di/+ui%$ f /atic electricity2 electricity 9 motion4 #aid ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamo1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,a dynamo-electric ma*9e = produc+ an alt]nat+ curr5t2 an alt]nator4 ,!y are classifi$ by ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson into ?ree classes--,i4 ,^? ) /ation>y field-magnet & rotat+ armature4 ,,ii4 ,^? ) rotat+ field magnet & /ation>y armature4 ,,iii4 ,^? ) bo? field magnet "p & armature "p /ation>y1 ! am\nt ( magnetic induction f ! latt] ?r\gh ! =m] be+ caus$ to v>y or alt]nate 9 direction by ! revolution ( appropriate pieces ( iron1 call$ inductors4 ,ano!r division re/s on :e!r !y give "o simple alt]nat+ curr5t1 a two phase curr5t1 or :e!r !y give multi phase curr5ts4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+--,curr5ts1 ,multiphase47 ,a great _m k9ds ( alt]nators h be5 con/ruct$4 ,only an outl9e ( ! g5]al !ory c be giv5 "h4 ,!y are g5]ally multipol>1 ) nor? & s\? poles alt]nat+ ar\nd ! field4 ,! armature coils1 equal 9 numb] 9 simple curr5t ma*9es1 to ! poles1 are w\nd 9 opposite s5ses1 s t ! curr5t %all be 9 "o direction1 ?\gh 9 opposite s5ses1 9 all ( !m at anyone "t4 ,z ! armature rotates ! coils are all approa*+ _! poles at "o "t & a curr5t 9 "o s5se is induc$ 9 e second coil1 & "o 9 ! o!r s5se 9 ! o!r coils4 ,!y are all 9 cont9u\s circuit ) two op5 t]m9als1 ea* connect$ to its own insulat$ connect+ r+ on ! %aft4 ,z ! coils pass ! poles & beg9 to rec$e f !m ! direction *anges1 & ! curr5t goes 9 ! o!r direction until ! next poles are rea*$ & pass$4 ,?us !re are z _m *anges ( direction ( curr5t p] rotation z !re are coils 9 ! armature or poles 9 ! field4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,dynamo ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,excit] ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,ma9 ,,%aft4 #aie ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! field-magnets ^: w9d+s may be 9 s]ies are (t5 excit$ by a sep>ate direct curr5t g5]ation4 ,"s are self-excit+1 "o or m ( ! armature coils be+ sep>at$ f ! re/1 & connect$ to a special commutator1 :i* rectifies its curr5t4 ,by prop]ly spac+ ! coils ) respect to ! poles ( ! field1 & connect+ ea* set ( coils by itself to sep>ate connect+ r+s1 sev]al curr5ts c be tak5 f ! same ma*9e1 :i* curr5ts %all h a con/ant diff]5ce 9 phase4 ,x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t ! same result c\ld be atta9$ by us+ z _m sep>ate alt]nators z !re 7 curr5ts to be produc$4 ,b x w\ld be almo/ impossible to pres]ve ! exact relation ( curr5ts & curr5t phase :]e ea* 0 produc$ by its own ma*9e4 ,! curr5ts w\ld ov]run ea* o!r or w\ld lag beh9d4 ,9 a s+le ma*9e ) sep>ate sets ( coils ! relation is fix$ & inv>iable4 ,fig4 ,i#ce4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,armature ,,coils ,,& ,,collect+ ,,r+s ,,9 ,,an ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t1 ,regulation (4 ,trans=m]s1 conv]t]s1 or induction coils are us$ to regulate alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos1 some:at z comp\nd w9d+ is appli$ 9 ! case ( direct-curr5t dynamos4 ,! arrangem5t consi/s 9 connect+ ! prim>y ( an induction coil or trans=m] into ! ext]nal circuit ) its second>y connect$ to ! field circuit4 ,?us ! trans=m] conveys curr5t to ! field pick$ up f ! ma9 circuit1 & repres5ts to "s ext5t ! %unt ( a direct-curr5t ma*9e4 ,dynamo1 ,comm]cial ,effici5cy (4 ,! coeffici5t1 q4 v41 obta9$ by divid+ ! me*anically useful or available "w ( a dynamo by ! me*anical en]gy absorb$ by x4 ,?is only includes ! en]gy available 9 ! out] circuit1 = do+ useful "w4 #aif ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #acf4 ,,comp\nd ,,w\nd ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo4 ,comp\nd4 ,a comp\nd w\nd dynamo2 "o :i* has two coils on its field magnet2 "o w9d+ is 9 s]ies ) ! ext]nal circuit & armature2 ! o!r w9d+ is 9 p>allel ) ! armature w9d+1 or else ) ! armature w9d+ & field w9d+1 bo? 9 s]ies4 7,see ,w9d+1 ,long ,%unt--,w9d+1 ,%ort ,%unt47 ,su* a dynamo is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 self-regulat+1 ! two coils c\nt]act+ ea* o!r1 & br++ ab\t a m regul> action = v>y+ curr5ts ?an t ( ! ord9>y %unt or s]ies dynamo4 ,! ext5t ( ! regulation ( su* a ma*9e dep5ds on ! proportions giv5 its diff]5t p>ts4 ,h[ev] good ! self-regulat+ may be 9 a comp\nd w\nd ma*9e1 x c only be p]fect at "o p>ticul> spe$4 ,to illu/rate ! pr9ciple on :i* ! approximate regulation is obta9$ ! *>act]i/ic curve diagram may be consult$4 ,fig4 #acg4 ,,curves ,,( ,,s]ies ,,& ,,%unt ,,w9d+s ,,sup]impos$4 ,"o curve is ! curve ( a s]ies w9d+1 ! o!r t ( a %unt w9d+1 & %[s ! v>iation ( voltage 9 ea* ) resi/ance 9 ! ext]nal or work+ circuit4 ,! v>iation is opposite 9 ea* case4 ,x is evid5t t ! two w9d+s c\ld be s proportion$ on a comp\nd ma*9e t ! resultant ( ! two curves w\ld be a /raight l9e4 ,?is regulation w\ld !n be p]fect & automatic1 b only = ! "o spe$4 #aig ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamo1 ,direct ,curr5t4 ,a dynamo giv+ a curr5t ( unv>y+ direction1 z di/+ui%$ f an alt]nator or alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo4 ,dynamo1 ,disc4 ,a dynamo ) a disc armature1 su* z ,pac9otti's disc1 q4 v4 7,see also ,disc1 ,armature47 ,! field magnets are dispos$ s t ! disc rotates close to _! poles1 & ! poles face or are opposite to ! side or sides ( ! disc4 ,! active leads ( wire are ^? situat$ on ! face or faces ( ! disc4 ,fig4 #ach4 ,,pole*ko',s ,,disc ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo-electric ,ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e driv5 by p[]1 g5]ally /eam p[]1 & conv]t+ ! me*anical en]gy exp5d$ on driv+ x into electrical en]gy ( ! curr5t =m4 ,! p>ts ( ! ord9>y dynamo may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ,a circuit z complete z possible ( iron4 ,su* circuit is compos$ p>tly ( ! cores ( an electro-magnet or ( sev]al electro-magnets1 & p>tly ( ! cyl9drical or r+-%ap$ core ( an armature :i* fits z closely z practicable betwe5 ! magnet ends or poles :i* are %ap$ s z to p>tly embrace x4 ,second1 ( coils ( insulat$ wire w\nd ^u ! field-magnet cores4 ,:5 ^! coils are excit$ ! field-magnets develop pol>ity & ! circuit j spok5 ( becomes a magnetic circuit1 int]rupt$ only by ! air gaps betwe5 ! poles & armatures4 ,?irdly1 ( coils ( insulat$ wire ^u ! armature core4 ,^! coils :5 rotat$ 9 ! magnetic field cut magnetic l9es ( =ce & develop electro-motive =ce4 #aih ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,f\r?ly1 ( collect+ me*anism1 ! commutator 9 direct curr5t dynamos1 atta*$ to ! armature %aft & rotat+ ) x4 ,?is consi/s ( insulat$ r+s1 or segm5ts ( r+s to :i* ! wire coils ( ! armature are connect$1 & on :i* two spr+s ( copp] or plates ( c>bon or "s o!r conductor presses4 ,! electro-motive =ce develop$ by ! cutt+ ( l9es ( =ce1 by ! wires ( ! armature1 %[s itself z pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two spr+s4 ,if ! ends ( a conductor are atta*$1 "o to ea* ( ^! bru%es1 ! pot5tial diff]5ce w e/abli% a curr5t ?r\gh ! wire4 ,by us+ prop]ly divid$ & connect$ segm5ts on ! commutator ! pot5tial diff]5ce & consequ5t direction ( ! curr5t may be kept always 9 ! same s5se or direction4 ,x is n[ cle> t ! ext]nal wire may be connect$ ) ! w9d+s ( ! field-magnet4 ,9 su* case ! excitem5t ( ! field-magnets is d]iv$ f ! armature & ! ma*9e is self-excit$ & entirely self-conta9$4 ,! above is a g5]al description ( a dynamo4 ,sometimes ! coils ( ! field-magnets are n connect$ ) ! armature1 b d]ive _! curr5t f an outside s\rce4 ,su* are t]m$ sep>ately excit$ dynamos4 ,"s g5]al features ( dynamo g5]ators may be se5 9 ! def9itions "u ?is head & else:]e4 ,! g5]al conception is to cut l9es ( =ce ) a conductor & ?us g5]ate electromotive =ce1 or 9 "s way to *ange ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce )9 a loop or circuit ) ! same effect4 ,dynamo1 ,electroplat+4 ,a dynamo design$ = l[ pot5tial & high curr5t int5sity4 ,!y are w\nd = l[ resi/ance1 frequ5tly sev]al wires be+ us$ 9 p>allel1 or ribbon1 b> or rectangul> conductors be+ employ$4 ,!y are ( ! direct curr5t type4 ,!y %\ld be %unt w\nd or !y are liable to rev]se4 ,!y are sometimes provid$ ) resi/ance 9 ! %unt1 :i* is *ang$ z desir$ to alt] ! electro-motive =ce4 ,dynamo1 ,equaliz+4 ,a comb9ation = ?ree & five-wire sy/ems4 ,a numb] ( armatures or ( w9d+s on ! same %aft are connect$ across ! leads4 ,if ! pot5tial drops at any pair ( ma9s1 ! armature w beg9 to be driv5 by ! o!r ma9s1 act+ to an ext5t z an elem5t ( a motor1 & w raise ! pot5tial 9 ! fir/ pair4 ,dynamo1 ,f> ,lead+4 ,a motor dynamo1 us$ to comp5sate ! drop ( pot5tial 9 long ma9s4 ,into ! ma9s at a di/ant po9t a s]ies motor is connect$1 driv+ a dynamo plac$ 9 %unt across ! ma9s4 ,! dynamo ?us driv5 raises ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ma9s4 #aii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamograph4 ,a pr9t+ telegraph 9 :i* ! message is pr9t$ at bo? transmitt+ & receiv+ ends4 ,dynamo1 ,inductor4 ,a g5]ator 9 :i* ! armature or curr5t-g5]at+ w9d+s are all compris$ ^u ! poles ( ! field magnets4 ,masses ( iron1 :i* %\ld be lam9at$ & are ! inductors1 are c>ri$ pa/ ! field magnet poles conc5trat+ 9 _! passage ! l9es ( =ce1 ?us induc+ curr5ts 9 ! coils4 ,9 "o con/ruction %[n 9 ! cut ! field magnets a1 a 44 are ,u %ap$ & are arrang$ 9 a circle1 _! poles po9t+ inw>ds4 ,a s+le excit+ coil c1 c 444 is w\nd ar\nd ! circle 9 ! b5d ( ! ,v-%ap$ segm5ts4 ,! poles c>ry ! armature coils e1 e 444 ,! lam9at$ inductors i1 i 444 are m\nt$ on a %aft ,s1 by spid]s h1 to be rotat$ inside ! circle ( magnets1 ?us g5]at+ an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,synonym--,inductor ,g5]ator4 ,fig4 #aci4 ,,inductor ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo1 ,int]ior ,pole4 ,a dynamo ) a r+ armature1 ) field magnet pole pieces :i* ext5d )9 ! r+4 #bjj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamo1 ,iron ,clad4 ,a dynamo 9 :i* ! iron ( ! field magnet is ( su* %ape z to enclose ! field magnet coils z well z ! armature4 ,dynamomet]4 ,a device or app>atus = measur+ =ce appli$1 or rate ( exp5diture ( en]gy by1 or "w done 9 a giv5 "t by a ma*9e4 ,a common spr+ balance c be us$ z a =ce dynamomet]1 viz3 to det]m9e h[ h>d a man is pull+ & ! l4 ,! /eam eng9e indicator repres5ts an en]gy-dynamomet] ( ! graphic type1 ! in/rum5t m>k+ an area :5ce1 ) ! aid ( ! fix$ factors ( ! eng9e1 ! "w done may be det]m9$4 ,prony's ,brake1 q4 v41 is a type ( ! friction dynamomet]1 also ( ! en]gy type4 ,9 ! latt] type dur+ ! exp]im5t ! :ole p[] mu/ be turn$ on or be exp5d$ on ! dynamomet]4 ,dynamo1 ,motor4 ,a motor dynamo is a ma*9e = 7a7 conv]t+ a cont9u\s curr5t at any voltage to a cont9u\s curr5t ( diff]5t /r5g? at a diff]5t voltage or = 7b7 trans=m+ a cont9u\s curr5t into an alt]nat+ "o1 & vice v]sa4 ,= ! fir/ type see ,trans=m]1 ,cont9u\s ,curr5t2 = ! second type see ,trans=m]1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,dynamo1 ,multipol>4 ,a dynamo hav+ a numb] ( field magnet poles1 n m]ely a s+le nor? & a s+le s\? pole4 ,! field magnet is sometimes ( a g5]ally circul> %ape ) ! poles arrang$ radially )9 x1 ! armature revolv+ betwe5 ! ends4 ,dynamo1 ,non-pol>4 ,a "n giv5 by ,pr(4 ,george ,=bes to a dynamo inv5t$ by him4 ,9 x a cyl9d] ( iron rotates )9 a p]fectly self-conta9$ iron-clad field magnet4 ,! curr5t is tak5 (f by bru%es be>+ ne> ! p]iph]y1 at two extremities ( a diamet]4 ,a ma*9e ) a disc #ah in*es 9 diamet] 0 said to give #c1aag amp]es1 ) #e4h volts ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 runn+ at #a1ejj revolutions p] second4 ,! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( su* ma*9es v>ies ) ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! disc or cyl9d]4 ,dynamo1 ,op5 ,coil4 ,a dynamo ! w9d+s ( ^: armatures may be gr\p$ 9 coils1 :i* are n connect$ 9 s]ies1 b :i* h indep5d5t t]m9als4 ,^! t]m9als are sep>ate divisions ( ! commutator & s spac$ t ! collect+ bru%es t\* ea* pair belong+ to ! same coil simultane\sly4 ,z ! bru%es come 9 contact ) ! sections =m+ ! t]m9als !y take curr5t f ! coil 9 "q4 ,?is coil is next succe$$ by ano!r "o1 & s on accord+ to ! numb] ( coils employ$4 ,dynamo1 ,r+4 ,a dynamo ! base ( ^: field magnets is a r+ 9 g5]al %ape1 or p]haps an octagon1 & ) poles project+ inw>dly !refrom4 #bja ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamo1 ,c\pl+ (4 ,dynamos c be c\pl$ exactly l batt]ies & ) ab\t ! same g5]al results4 ,an in/ance ( s]ies c\pl+ w\ld be giv5 by ! dynamos 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em :5 no curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! neutral wire1 & :5 ! lamps on ea* side ( x are light$ 9 equal numb]4 ,dynamo1 ,self-excit+4 ,a dynamo :i* excites its own field4 ,! majority ( dynamos are ( ?is con/ruction4 ,o!rs1 especially alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9es1 are sep>ately excit$1 ! field magnets be+ suppli$ ) curr5t f a sep>ate dynamo or curr5t g5]ator4 ,dynamo1 ,sep>ate ,circuit4 ,a dynamo 9 :i* ! field magnet coils are entirely disconnect$ f ! ma9 circuit1 & 9 :i* curr5t = ! field is suppli$ by special coils c>ri$ = ! purpose by ! same armature1 or by a special "o1 9 ei!r case a special commutator be+ provid$ to collect ! curr5t4 ,dynamo1 ,sep>ately ,excit$4 ,a dynamo ^: field magnets are excit$ by a sep>ate curr5t g5]ator1 su* z a dynamo or ev5 a batt]y4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos are (t5 ( ?is con/ruction4 ,direct curr5t dynamos are n g5]ally s4 ,! t]m is ! opposite ( self-excit+4 ,fig4 #adj4 ,,s]ies ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo1 ,s]ies4 ,a dynamo ^: armature1 field w9d+1 & ext]nal circuit are all 9 s]ies4 ,9 su* a dynamo %ort circuit+ or l[]+ ! resi/ance ( ! ext]nal circuit /r5g!ns ! field1 increases ! electro-motive =ce & curr5t /r5g? & may injure ! w9d+ by heat+ ! wire1 & melt+ ! insulation4 #bjb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dynamo1 ,%unt4 ,a dynamo ^: field is w\nd 9 %unt ) ! ext]nal circuit4 ,two leads are tak5 f ! bru%es2 "o goes ar\nd ! field magnets to excite !m2 ! o!r is ! ext]nal circuit4 ,9 su* a dynamo ! l[]+ ( resi/ance on ! out] circuit takes curr5t f ! field & l[]s ! electro-motive =ce ( ! ma*9e4 ,%ort circuit+ has no heat+ effect4 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,%unt ,,dynamo4 ,dynamo1 ,s+le ,coil4 ,a dynamo ^: field magnet is excit$ by a s+le coil4 ,sev]al su* h be5 con/ruct$1 ) diff]5t %apes ( field magnet cores1 9 ord] to obta9 a prop] di/ribution ( poles4 ,dynamo1 ,tun+ ,=k4 ,a dynamo 9 :i* ! inductive or armature coils 7 c>ri$ at ! ends ( ! prongs ( a gigantic tun+ =k1 & 7 !re ma9ta9$ 9 vibration opposite ! field magnets4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,t4 ,a4 ,edison1 b nev] 0 us$4 ,dynamo1 ,uni-pol>4 ,a dynamo 9 :i* ! rotation ( a conductor effects a cont9u\s increase 9 ! numb] ( l9es cut1 by ! device ( arrang+ "o "p ( ! conductor to slide on or ar\nd ! magnet4 7,s4 ,p4 ,?omson47 ,f>aday's disc is ! e>lie/ ma*9e ( ?is type4 #bjc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dyne4 ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 or fundam5tal unit ( =ce4 ,x is ! =ce :i* c imp>t an accel]ation ( "o c5timet] p] second to a mass ( "o gram 9 "o second4 ,x is equal to ab\t #a_/iha ! weight ( a gram1 ?is weight v>y+ ) ! latitude4 ,e>?4 7a7 ,! e>? is arbitr>ily tak5 z ( z]o electro/atic pot5tial4 ,surfaces 9 su* condition t _! pot5tial is un*ang$ :5 connect$ to ! e>? are said to be ( z]o pot5tial4 ,all o!r surfaces are dis*>g$ :5 connect$ to ! e>?1 ^: pot5tial1 = ! purposes ( man at lea/1 nev] *anges4 7b7 ,z a magnetic field ( =ce ! int5sity ( ! e>?'s field is ab\t "o-half a l9e ( =ce p] squ>e c5timet]4 7c7 ,! accid5tal gr\nd+ ( a telegraph l9e is t]m$ an e>?1 z a dead1 total1 p>tial1 or int]mitt5t e>?1 describ+ ! ext5t & "* ( ! tr\ble4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,fall5 p[] l9es c produce voltage gradi5ts on ! e>?'s surface t make walk+ 9 ! area dang]\s1 z 9 hundr$s ( volts p] foot4 ,lightn+ may be associat$ ) sub/antial *anges 9 ! /atic gr\nd pot5tial4 ,e>?1 ,dead4 ,a fault1 :5 a telegraph or o!r conductor is fully connect$ to e>? or gr\nd$ at "s int]m$iate po9t4 ,synonyms--,solid ,e>?--,total ,e>?4 ,e>?1 ,p>tial4 ,a fault1 :5 a telegraph or o!r conductor is imp]fectly connect$ to e>? or gr\nd$ at "s int]m$iate po9t4 ,e>? ,plate4 ,a plate buri$ 9 ! e>? to receive ! ends ( telegraph l9es or o!r circuits to give a gr\nd1 q4 v4 ,a copp] plate is (t5 us$4 ,a connection to a wat] or gas ma9 gives an excell5t gr\nd1 f> bett] ?an any plate4 ,:5 ! plate oxidizes x is apt to introduce resi/ance4 ,e>? ,return4 ,! gr\nd+ ( a wire ( a circuit at bo? ends gives ! circuit an e>? return4 ,e>?1 ,sw++4 ,a fault1 :5 a telegraph or o!r conductor makes int]mitt5t connection ) ! e>?4 ,x is g5]ally attributable to w9d action sw++ ! wire1 :5ce ! "n4 ,ebonite4 ,h>d vulcaniz$ ,india rubb]1 black 9 color4 ,specific resi/ance 9 ohms p] cubic c5timet] at #df ,c4 7#aae ,f473 #cd;,e#ae 7,ayrton72 specific inductive capacity1 7air #a73 #b4ef 7,wlln]72 #b4gf 7,s*ill]72 #c4ae 7,boltzmann74 ,x is us$ 9 electrical app>atus = support+ memb]s su* z pill>s1 & is an excell5t mat]ial = frictional g5]ation ( pot5tial4 ,its black color gives x its "n1 & is sometimes made a po9t ( di/9ction f ,vulcanite1 q4 v4 #bjd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,economic ,coeffici5t4 ,! coeffici5t ( electric effici5cy4 7,see ,effici5cy1 ,electric47 ,edison ,effect4 ,a cont9u\s dis*>ge result+ 9 a true curr5t :i* takes place betwe5 a t]m9al ( an inc&esc5t lamp filam5t & a plate plac$ ne> x4 ,! lamp mu/ be run at a def9itely high voltage to obta9 x4 ,ediswan4 ,an abbreviation = ,edison-,swan2 ! trade "n ( ! inc&esc5t lamp us$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & ( o!r inc&esc5t sy/em app>atus4 ,fig4 #adb4 ,,gymnotus ,,electricus4 ,eel1 ,electric 7,gymnotus ,electricus74 ,an eel capable ( effect+ ! dis*>ge ( v high pot5tial electricity1 giv+ pa9ful or dang]\s %ocks4 ,its habitat is ! fre% wat]1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f>aday inve/igat$ x & e/imat$ its %ock z equal to t f fifte5 ,leyd5 j>s1 ea* ( #a4ff squ>e feet ( coat+4 7,see ,animal ,electricity & ,ray1 ,electric47 ,effect1 ,c\nt]-inductive4 ,a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce due to induction1 & oppos+ a curr5t4 ,effici5cy4 ,! relation ( "w done to en]gy absorb$4 ,a !oretically p]fect ma*9e w\ld h ! maximum effici5cy 9 :i* ! two qualities nam$ w\ld be equal to ea* o!r4 ,express$ by a coeffici5t1 q4 v41 ! effici5cy 9 su* case w\ld be equal to #a4 ,if a ma*9e produc$ b half ! "w repres5t$ by ! en]gy x absorb$1 ! re/ disappe>+ 9 wa/eful exp5diture1 9 heat+ ! be>+s1 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! air & 9 o!r ways1 its effici5cy w\ld be express$ by ! coeffici5t #a_/b or 4#e1 or if "o hundr$ 0 ! basis1 by fifty p] c5tum4 ,!re are a numb] ( k9ds ( effici5cies ( an electric g5]ator :i* are giv5 bel[4 ,effici5cy1 ,comm]cial4 ,practical effici5cy ( a ma*9e1 obta9$ by divid+ ! available output ( "w or en]gy ( a ma*9e by ! en]gy absorb$ by ! same ma*9e4 ,?us 9 a dynamo "p ( ! en]gy is usefully exp5d$ 9 excit+ ! field magnet1 b ?is en]gy is n available = use 9 ! out] circuit1 is n a "p ( ! output1 & is n "p ( ! divid5d4 ,if ,m repres5ts ! en]gy absorb$1 & ,w ! useful or available en]gy1 ! coeffici5t ( comm]cial effici5cy is equal to ,w_/,m4 ,m is made up ( available1 unavailable & wa/$ 7by ,f\cault curr5ts1 etc417 en]gy4 ,call+ available en]gy ,w1 unavailable b utiliz$ en]gy w1 & wa/$ en]gy m1 ! expression = ! coeffici5t ( comm]cial effici5cy becomes ,w _/ 7 ,w w m 7 :5 ,m ,w w m ,synonym--,net effici5cy4 #bje ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,effici5cy1 ,electrical4 ,9 a dynamo or g5]ator ! relation ( total electric en]gy produc$1 bo? wa/$ & useful or available to ! useful or available electrical en]gy4 ,if we call ,w ! useful electric & w ! wa/$ electric en]gy1 ! coeffici5t ( electrical effici5cy is equal to ,w _/ 7 ,w w 7 ,synonyms--,intr9sic ,effici5cy--,economic ,coeffici5t--,coeffici5t ( ,electrical ,effici5cy4 ,effici5cy ( ,conv]sion4 ,9 a dynamo or g5]ator ! relation ( en]gy absorb$ to total electric en]gy produc$4 ,"p ( ! electric en]gy is exp5d$ 9 produc+ ! field & 9 o!r ways4 ,?us a g5]ator ) high effici5cy ( conv]sion may be a v poor "o1 ow+ to ! unavailable electric en]gy :i* x produces4 ,! coeffici5t ( ,effici5cy ( ,conv]sion is obta9$ by divid+ ! total electric en]gy produc$ by ! en]gy absorb$ 9 work+ ! dynamo4 ,if ,m repres5ts ! en]gy absorb$1 or "w done 9 driv+ ! dynamo or g5]ator1 ,w ! useful electric1 & w ! wa/$ electrical en]gy1 !n ! coeffici5t ( effici5cy ( conv]sion is equal to 7,w w 7 _/ ,m ,9 ! quantity ,m are includ$ besides available 7,w7 & unavailable 7w7 electric en]gy1 ! totally wa/$ en]gy due to ,f\cault curr5ts1 etc41 call+ ! latt] m1 ! above =mula may be giv5 7 ,w w 7 _/ 7,w w m 7 ,?is coeffici5t may ref] to ! action ( a conv]t]1 q4 v41 9 ! alt]nat+ sy/em4 ,synonym--,gross ,effici5cy4 ,effici5cy ( ,second>y ,batt]y1 ,quantity4 ,! coeffici5t obta9$ by divid+ ! amp]e-h\rs obta9able f a second>y batt]y by ! amp]e h\rs requir$ to *>ge x4 ,effici5cy ( ,second>y ,batt]y1 ,real4 ,! coeffici5t obta9$ by divid+ ! en]gy obta9able f a second>y batt]y by ! en]gy absorb$ 9 *>g+ x4 ,! en]gy is conv5i5tly tak5 9 watt-h\rs & includes ! consid]ation ( ! spuri\s voltage4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,second>y47 #bjf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,effloresc5ce4 ,! appe>ance ( a dry salt ^u ! walls ( a vessel conta9+ a solution above ! normal wat]-l9e f evaporation ( a liquid4 ,x appe>s 9 batt]y j>s & 9 batt]y c>bons1 9 ! latt] int]f]+ ) ! electrical connections1 & oxidiz+ or ru/+ !m4 7,see ,creep+47 ,effluvium1 ,electric4 ,:5 a gas is made to occupy ! position ( dielectric betwe5 two oppositely electrifi$ surfaces a peculi> /ra9 or condition ( ! dielectric is produc$1 :i* promotes *emical *ange4 ,! condition is t]m$ electrical effluvium or ! sil5t dis*>ge4 ,by an app>atus specially con/ruct$ to utilize ! condition l>ge am\nts ( ozone are produc$4 ,synonym--,sil5t ,dis*>ge4 ,ela/ic ,curve4 ,a crude expression = a curve )\t projections or sudd5 s9uosities2 su* a curve z c be obta9$ by b5d+ an ela/ic /rip ( wood4 ,electrepet]4 ,an obsolete "n = a key1 swit* or pole *ang] ( any k9d4 ,ela/icity1 ,electric4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! dielectric is describ$ "u ?is t]m4 ,:5 a pot5tial diff]5ce is e/abli%$ betwe5 two p>ts ( ! dielectric1 a fl[ ( electricity displacem5t curr5t />ts ?r\gh ! dielectric1 :i* curr5t is due to ! electric /ress1 b is in/antly arre/$ by :at has be5 t]m$ ! electric ela/icity ( ! dielectric4 ,?is is express$ by 7 electric /ress 7 _/ 7 electric /ra9 7 & 9 any sub/ance is inv]sely proportional to ! specific inductive capacity4 ,electricity4 ,x is impossible 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( human k to give a satisfactory def9ition ( electricity4 ,! views ( v>i\s au?orities are giv5 "h to af=d a basis = arriv+ at ! g5]al cons5sus ( electricians4 ,we h z yet no conception ( electricity ap>t f ! electrifi$ body2 we h no exp]i5ce ( its indep5d5t exi/5ce4 7,j4 ,e4 ,h4 ,gordon47 ,:at is ,electricity8 ,we d n "k1 & = practical purposes x is n necess>y t we %\ld "k4 7,sydney ,f4 ,walk]47 ,electricity ''' is "o ( ^? hidd5 & my/]i\s p[]s ( nature :i* has ?us become kn[n to u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( effects4 7,weale's ,diction>y ( ,t]ms47 ,?is ^w ,electricity is us$ to express m p>ticul>ly ! cause1 :i* ev5 today rema9s unkn[n1 ( ! ph5om5a t we are ab\t to expla94 7,amde ,guillem947 #bjg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electricity is a p[]ful physical ag5t :i* manife/s itself ma9ly by attractions & repulsions1 b also by lum9\s & heat+ effects1 by viol5t commotions1 by *emical decompositions1 & _m o!r ph5om5a4 ,unlike gravity1 x is n inh]5t 9 bodies1 b x is evok$ 9 !m by a v>iety ( causes ''' 7,ganot's ,physics47 ,electricity & magnetism are n =ms ( en]gy2 nei!r are !y =ms ( matt]4 ,!y may1 p]haps1 be provisionally def9$ z prop]ties or conditions ( matt]2 b :e!r ?is matt] be ! ord9>y matt]1 or :e!r x be1 on ! o!r h&1 t all-p]vad+ e!r by :i* ord9>y matt] is surr\nd$1 is a "q :i* has be5 "u discussion1 & :i* n[ may be fairly held to be settl$ 9 favor ( ! latt] view4 7,daniell's ,physics47 ,! "n us$ 9 connection ) an ext5sive & important class ( ph5om5a1 & usually d5ot+ ! unkn[n cause ( ! ph5om5a or ! sci5ce t treats ( !m4 7,imp]ial ,diction>y47 ,electricity4 4 4 is ! impond]able physical ag5t1 cause1 =ce or ! molecul> movem5t1 by :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 c]ta9 ph5om5a1 *iefly ^? ( attraction & repulsion1 4 4 4 are produc$4 7,john ,angell47 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if any?+ c rightly be call$ electricity1 ?is mu/ be ! e!r itself2 & t all electrical & magnetic ph5om5a are simply due to *anges1 /ra9s & motions 9 ! e!r4 ,p]haps negative electrification4 4 4means an excess ( e!r1 & positive electrification a defect ( e!r1 z comp>$ ) ! normal d5sity4 7,w4 ,l>d547 ,electricity is ! "n giv5 to ! suppos$ ag5t produc+ ! describ$ condition 7i4 e4 electrification7 ( bodies4 7,fleem+ ,j5k947 ,!re are c]ta9 bodies :i*1 :5 w>m & dry1 acquire by friction1 ! prop]ty ( attract+ fea!rs1 filam5ts ( silk or inde$ any light body t[>ds !m4 ,?is prop]ty is call$ ,electricity1 & bodies :i* possess x are said to be electrifi$4 7,l9naeus ,cumm+47 ,:at electricity is x is impossible to say1 b = ! pres5t x is conv5i5t to look ^u x z a k9d ( invisible some?+ :i* p]vades all bodies4 7,w4 ,p]r5 ,maycock47 ,:at is electricity8 ,no "o kn[s4 ,x seems to be "o manife/ation ( ! en]gy :i* fills ! univ]se & :i* appe>s 9 a v>iety ( o!r =ms1 su* z heat1 light1 magnetism1 *emical aff9ity1 me*anical motion1 etc4 7,p>k ,b5jam947 #bjh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! !ory ( electricity adopt$ ?r\gh\t ^! lessons is1 t electricity1 :atev] its true nature1 is "o1 n two2 t ?is ,electricity1 :atev] x may prove to be1 is n matt]1 & is n en]gy2 t x resembles bo? matt] & en]gy 9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 9 t x c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$4 7,sylvanus ,p4 ,?omson47 ,9 ,physics a "n d5ot+ ! cause ( an important class ( ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion1 *emical decomposition1 etc41 or1 collectively1 ^! ph5om5a !mselves4 7,c5tury ,diction>y47 ,a p[] 9 nature1 (t5 /yl$ ! electric fluid1 exhibit+ itself1 :5 9 di/urb$ equilibrium or 9 activity1 by a circuit movem5t1 ! fact ( direction 9 :i* involves pol>ity1 or opposition ( prop]ties 9 opposite directions2 also1 by attraction = _m sub/ances1 by a law involv+ attraction betwe5 sub/ances ( unlike pol>ity1 & repulsion betwe5 ^? ( l2 by exhibit+ accumulat$ pol> t5sion :5 ! circuit is brok52 & by produc+ heat1 light1 concussion1 & (t5 *emical *anges :5 ! circuit passes betwe5 ! poles1 or ?r\gh any imp]fectly conduct+ sub/ance or space4 ,x is evolv$ 9 any di/urbance ( molecul> equilibrium1 :e!r f a *emical1 physical1 or me*anical cause4 7,web/]'s ,diction>y47 ,9 po9t ( fact electricity is n a fluid at all1 & only 9 a few ( its attributes is x at all comp>able to a fluid4 ,let u r consid] electricity to be a condition into :i* mat]ial sub/ances are ?r[n4 4 47,sl+o ,brook]47 ,transcrib]'s note3 #bjjh ,diction>y3 ,ph5om5a aris+ f ! behavior ( electrons & protons caus$ by ! attraction ( p>ticles ) opposite *>ges & ! repulsion ( p>ticles ) ! same *>ge4 ,electricity1 ,cal4 ,! electricity produc$ 9 ! second>y ( a trans=m] by *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! core4 ,?is is 9 addition to ! regul>ly induc$ curr5t4 ,synonym--,a*eson ,effect4 ,electrics4 ,sub/ances develop+ electrification by rubb+ or friction2 z ,gilb]t1 ! orig9ator ( ! t]m1 appli$ x1 x w\ld indicate dielectrics4 ,he did n "k t1 if insulat$1 any sub/ance 0 "o ( 8 electrics4 ,a piece ( copp] held by a glass h&le becomes electrifi$ by friction4 ,electrification4 ,! receiv+ or imp>t+ an electric *>ge to a surface2 a t]m usually appli$ to electro/atic ph5om5a4 ,electrization4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! subjection ( ! human sy/em to electric treatm5t = curative1 tonic or diagno/ic purposes4 ,electro-biology4 ,! sci5ce ( electricity 9 its relation to ! liv+ organism1 :e!r z electricity is develop$ by ! organism1 or z x affects ! same :5 appli$ f an ext]nal s\rce4 #bji ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-capill>ity4 ,! relations betwe5 surface t5sion1 ! pot5tial diff]5ce & ! electro/atic capacity ( fluids 9 contact4 ,al?\gh nom9ally 9 contact su* surfaces are sep>at$ by ab\t "o-tw5ty-million? ( a c5timet] 7#a_/ejjjjjjj in*7 2 ?us a globule ( m]cury & wat] 9 :i* x is imm]s$ con/itute an electro/atic accumulator ( def9ite electro/atic capacity4 ,aga9 ! m]cury & wat] be+ 9 electric connection diff] 9 pot5tial by contact 7see ,contact ,!ory74 ,a def9ite surface t5sion is also e/abli%$4 ,any *ange 9 "o ( ^! factors *anges ! o!r also4 ,a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! contact surfaces w *ange ! surface t5sion & h5ce ! %ape ( ! m]cury globule4 ,%ak+ ! globule w *ange its %ape & capacity & produce a curr5t4 ,heat+ w d ! same4 7,see ,electromet]1 ,capill>y2 & ,telephone1 ,capill>y47 ,m]cury & wat] are nam$ z liquids 9 :i* ! ph5om5a are mo/ conv5i5tly obs]v$4 ,!y are obs]vable 9 o!r p>allel cases4 ,electro-*emical ,equival5t4 ,! quantity ( an elem5t or comp\nd lib]at$ f or br\ght into comb9ation1 electrolytically1 by "o c\lomb ( electricity4 ,! electro-*emical equival5t ( hydrog5 is f\nd by exp]im5t to be 4#jjjjaje gram4 ,t ( any o!r sub/ance is f\nd by multiply+ ?is weight by its *emical equival5t ref]r$ to hydrog51 :i* is its atomic or molecul> weight divid$ by its val5cy4 ,?us ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #af1 its val5cy is #b1 its equival5t is #af_/b #h2 its electro-*emical equival5t is equal to 4#jjjjaje ,x #h 4#jjjhdj gram4 ,electro-*emical ,s]ies4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! relative electrical aff9ities s t ea* elem5t is electro-negative to all ! elem5ts foll[+ x1 & electro-positive to ! elem5ts prec$+ x4 ,! usual s]ies beg9s ) oxyg5 z ! mo/ electro-negative & ends ) potassium z ! mo/ electro-positive elem5t4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no reason :y o!r s]ies ( comp\nd radicals1 su* z sulphion 7,,s#d71 etc41 %\ld n also be con/ruct$4 ,= ea* liquid act+ on sub/ances a sep>ate s]ies ( ! sub/ances act$ on may be con/ruct$4 ,?us = dilute sulphuric acid ! s]ies beg9n+ ) ! negatively *>g$ or mo/ attack$ "o is z9c1 amalgamat$ or pure1 cadmium1 iron1 t91 lead1 alum9um1 nickel1 antimony1 bismu?1 copp]1 silv]1 plat9um4 ,9 o!r liquids ! s]ies is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,electro--*emi/ry4 ,! bran* ( electricity or ( *emi/ry treat+ ( ! relations betwe5 electric & *emical =ce 9 diff]5t comp\nds & reactions4 7,see ,electrolysis--,electro*emical s]ies--,electro-*emical ,equival5t 47 #baj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-culture4 ,! application ( electricity to ! cultivation ( plants4 ,9 "o sy/em wires are /ret*$ or c>ri$ across ! b$ "u ! surface1 & "s are connect$ to "o pole & o!rs to ! o!r pole ( a galvanic batt]y ( two or m elem5ts4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts improv$ results h ?us be5 obta9$4 ,ano!r bran* ref]s to ! action ( ! electric arc light on vegetation4 ,?is has an effect on vegetation v>y+ 9 results4 ,electrode4 7a7 ,! t]m9al ( an op5 electric circuit4 7b7 ,! t]m9als ( ! metallic or solid conductors ( an electric circuit1 imm]s$ 9 an electrolytic solution4 7c7 ,! t]m9als betwe5 :i* a voltaic arc is =m$1 always 9 practice made ( c>bon1 are t]m$ electrodes4 7d7 ,9 electro-!rapeutics _m diff]5t electrodes are us$ ^: names are g5]ally descriptive ( _! %ape1 "*1 or uses to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,su* are aural electrodes = ! e>s1 & _m o!rs4 7e7 ,! plates ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,electrode1 ,indiff]5t4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,an electrode to :i* no !rapeutic action is attribut$ b :i* m]ely provides a second contact ) ! body to complete ! circuit ?r\gh ! same4 ,! o!r electrode is t]m$ ! !rapeutic electrode4 ,electrodes1 ,erb's ,/&>ds (4 ,propos$ /&>d sizes = m$ical electrodes z foll[s3 ,"n4 ,diamet]4 ,f9e ,electrode1 #a_/b c5timet] 4#b in* ,small #b 4#h ,m$ium #g4e #c4j ,l>ge #f,x#b #b4d ,x 4#h ,v l>ge #afx#h #f4d x #c4b ,electrodes1 ,non-pol>izable4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics electrodes ^: contact surface is virtually por\s clay saturat$ ) z9c *loride solution4 ,! s]ies t]m9ate 9 amalgamat$ z9c ends1 enclos$ ea* 9 a glass tube1 & clos$ ) clay4 ,contact ( metal ) ! tissues is ?us avoid$4 ,electrode1 ,!rapeutic4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,an electrode appli$ to ! body = ! purpose ( induc+ !rapeutic action1 or = giv+ ! basis = an electric diagnosis ( ! case4 ,! o!r electrode is appli$ to complete ! circuit only2 x is t]m$ ! indiff]5t electrode4 ,electro-diagnosis4 ,! /udy ( ! condition ( a pati5t by ! reactions :i* occur at ! t]m9als or ka?ode & anode ( an electric circuit appli$ to ! p]son4 ,! reactions are divid$ into ka?odic & anodic reactions4 #baa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-dynamic4 adj4 ,! opposite ( electro/atic2 a qualification ( ph5om5a due to curr5t electricity4 ,synonym--,electro-k9etic4 ,electro-dynamic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,! mutual attraction & repulsion ex]cis$ by curr5ts ( electricity ^u ea* o!r4 ,! !ory ( ! cause is bas$ ^u /ress ( ! lum9if]\s e!r & ^u ! reaction ( l9es ( =ce ^u ea* o!r4 ,= a resum ( ! !ory see ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,electro-dynamics4 ,! laws ( electricity 9 a /ate ( motion2 ! int]-reaction ( electric curr5ts4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f electro-magnetic induction z ! latt] ref]s to ! production ( curr5ts by induction4 ,! g5]al laws ( electro-dynamics are /at$ "u ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic1 q4 v4 ,synonym--,electro-k9etics4 ,fig4 #adc4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,connections ,,( ,,siem5s' ,,electro-,,dynamomet]4 #bab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-dynamomet]1 ,siem5s'4 ,an app>atus = measur+ curr5ts by ! reaction betwe5 two coils1 "o fix$ & "o movable1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t to be measur$ passes4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ comm]cial ammet]s or curr5t measur]s4 ,x comprises a fix$ coil ( a numb] ( convolutions & a movable coil (t5 ( only "o convolution surr\nd+ ! o!r4 ,! movable coil is susp5d$ by a filam5t or ?read f a spiral spr+4 ,! spr+ is ! controll+ factor4 ,connection is e/abli%$ ?r\gh m]cury cups s z to br+ ! two coils 9 s]ies4 ,9 use ! spr+ & filam5t are adju/$ by turn+ a mill$ head to :i* !y are connect$ until ! coils are at "r angles4 ,!n ! curr5t is turn$ on & deflects ! movable coil4 ,! mill$ head is turn$ until ! deflection is ov]come4 ,! angle ?r\gh :i* ! head is turn$ is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! curr5t4 ,! movable coil mu/ 9 its position at "r angles to ! fix$ "o lie at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,?us 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #adc ,a ,b ,c ,d is ! fix$ coil2 ,e ,f ,g ,h is ! movable coil2 ,s is ! spiral spr+ atta*$ at ,k to ! movable coil4 ,! arr[s %[ ! c\rse ( ! curr5t z x goes ?r\gh ! coils4 ,electroli]4 ,a fixture = support+ electric lamps2 ! analogue 9 electric light+ ( ! gasoli] or gas *&eli]4 ,(t5 bo? are comb9$1 ! same fixture be+ pip$ & c>ry+ gas burn]s1 z well z be+ wir$ & c>ry+ electric lamps4 ,electrolysis4 ,! sep>ation ( a *emical comp\nd into its con/itu5t p>ts or elem5ts by ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 ,! comp\nd may be decompos$ into its elem5ts1 z wat] into hydrog5 & oxyg51 or into con/itu5t radicals1 z sodium sulphate into sodium & sulphion1 :i* by second>y reactions at once give sodium hydrate & sulphuric acid4 ,! decomposition proce$s subject to ! laws ( electrolysis4 7,see ,electrolysis1 ,laws (47 ,= decomposition to be produc$ !re is = ea* comp\nd a m9imum electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce requir$4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! electrolyte or sub/ance und]go+ decomposition entirely by ,electrolytic ,conduction1 q4 v4 9 accordance ) ,gro?ss' ,hypo!sis1 q4 v4 ,! electrolyte !re=e mu/ be susceptible ( diffusion & mu/ be a fluid4 ,! g5]al !ory holds t "u ! influ5ce ( a pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 electrodes imm]s$ 9 an electrolyte1 ! molecules t\*+ ! electrodes are pol>iz$1 9 ! opposite s5se = ea* electrode4 ,if ! pot5tial diff]5ce is suffici5t ! molecules w give up "o ( _! b9>y con/itu5ts to ! electrode1 & ! o!r con/itu5t w decompose ! adjo9+ molecule1 & t "o be+ sep>at$ into ! same two con/itu5ts w decompose its neighbor1 & s on ?r\gh ! mass until ! o!r electrode is rea*$4 ,?is "o sep>ates def9itely ! second b9>y con/itu5t f ! molecules t\*+ x4 #bac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,?us !re is an exact balance pres]v$4 ,j z _m molecules are decompos$ at "o electrode z at ! o!r1 & ! exact *a9 ( decomposition runs ?r\gh ! mass4 ,ea* comp\nd electrolyz$ develops a b9>y or two-fold composition1 & gives up "o con/itu5t to "o electrode & ! o!r to ! o!r4 ,fig4 #add4 ,,action ,,( ,,molecules ,,9 ,a ,,solution ,,be=e ,,& ,,dur+ ,,electrolysis4 ,! cut %[s ! assum$ pol>ization ( an electrolyte4 ,! upp] r[ %[s ! molecules 9 irregul> ord] be=e any pot5tial diff]5ce has be5 produc$1 9 o!r words1 be=e ! circuit is clos$4 ,! next r[ %[s ! fir/ effects ( clos+ ! circuit1 & also indicates ! pol>ization ( ! mass1 :5 ! pot5tial diff]5ce is insuffici5t = decomposition4 ,! ?ird r[ indicates ! decomposition ( a *a9 ( molecules1 "o con/itu5t sep>at+ at ea* pole4 #bad ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electrolysis1 ,laws (4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal laws1 orig9ally discov]$ by ,f>aday1 & sometimes call$ ,f>aday's ,laws ( ,electrolysis3 #a4 ,electrolysis _c take place unless ! electrolyte is a conductor4 ,conductor "h means an electrolytic conductor1 "o t conducts by its own molecules travel+1 & be+ decompos$4 7,see ,gro?ss' ,hypo!sis47 ,,ii4 ,! en]gy ( ! electrolytic action ( ! curr5t is ! same :]ev] ex]cis$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! circuit4 ,,iii4 ,! same quantity ( electricity--t is ! same curr5t = ! same p]iod----- decomposes *emically equival5t quantities ( ! bodies x decomposes1 or ! weights ( elem5ts sep>at$ 9 electrolytes by ! same quantity ( electricity 79 c\lombs or "s equival5t unit7 are to ea* o!r z _! *emical equival5t4 ,,iv4 ,! quantity ( a body decompos$ 9 a giv5 "t is proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! foll[+3 ,v4 ,a def9ite & fix$ electro-motive =ce is requir$ = ! decomposition ( ea* comp\nd1 great] = "s & less = o!rs4 ,)\t suffici5t electro-motive =ce exp5d$ on ! molecule no decomposition w take place4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,convective47 ,electrolyte4 ,a body susceptible ( decomposition by ! electric curr5t1 & capable ( electrolytic conduction4 ,x mu/ be a fluid body & !re=e capable ( diffusion1 & composite 9 composition4 ,an elem5tal body _c be an electrolyte4 ,electrolytic ,analysis4 ,*emical analysis by electrolysis4 ,! quantitative sep>ation ( a numb] ( metals c be v effectively execut$4 ,?us1 suppose t a solution ( copp] sulphate 0 to be analyz$4 ,a measur$ portion ( ! solution w\ld be introduc$ into a weigh$ plat9um vessel4 ,! vessel w\ld be connect$ to ! z9c plate t]m9al ( a batt]y4 ,f ! o!r t]m9al ( ! batt]y a wire w\ld be br\ght & w\ld t]m9ate 9 a plate ( plat9um4 ,?is w\ld be imm]s$ 9 ! solution 9 ! vessel4 ,z ! curr5t w\ld pass ! copp] sulphate w\ld be decompos$ & ev5tually all ! copp] w\ld be deposit$ 9 a firm coat+ on ! plat9um4 ,! next op]ations w\ld be to wa% ! metal ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ev5tually ) alcohol1 to dry & to weigh ! di% ) ! adh]5t copp]4 ,on subtract+ ! weight ( ! di% alone f ! weight ( ! di% & copp]1 ! weight ( ! metallic copp] 9 ! solution w\ld be obta9$4 ,9 simil> ways _m o!r det]m9ations are effect$4 ,! processes ( analysis include solution ( ! ores or o!r sub/ances to be analyz$ & _! conv]sion into prop] =m = electrolysis4 ,copp] z j describ$ c be precipitat$ f ! solution ( its sulphate4 ,= iron & _m o!r metals solutions ( _! d\ble alkal9e oxalates are especially available =ms = analysis4 ,! entire subject has be5 work$ out 9 consid]able detail by ,class51 to ^: works ref]5ce %\ld be made = details ( processes4 ,electrolytic ,convection4 ,x is sometimes obs]v$ t a s+le cell ( ,daniell batt]y1 = in/ance1 or o!r s\rce ( electric curr5t e/abli%+ too l[ a pot5tial diff]5ce = ! decomposition ( wat] seems to produce a feeble b cont9u\s decomposition4 ,?is is v unsatisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! hydrog5 z lib]at$ comb9+ ) dissolv$ oxyg54 7,ganot47 ,! :ole matt] is obscure4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,convection47 #bae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electrolytic ,conduction4 ,conduction by ! travel ( atoms or radicals f molecule to molecule ( a sub/ance ) ev5tual sett+ free at ! electrodes ( ! atoms or radicals z elem5t>y molecules or con/itu5t radicals4 ,a sub/ance to be capable ( act+ z an electrolytic conductor mu/ be capable ( diffusion1 & mu/ also h electrolytic conductivity4 ,su* a body is call$ an electrolyte4 7,see ,gro?ss' ,hypo!sis--,electrolysis-- ,electrolysis1 ,laws (--,electro-*emical ,equival5t47 ,electro-magnet4 ,a mass1 9 practice always ( iron1 ar\nd :i* an electric circuit is c>ri$1 insulat$ f ! iron4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! circuit ! iron pres5ts ! *>act]i/ics ( a magnet4 7,see ,magnetism1 ,ampre's ,!ory (--,sol5oid--,l9es ( ,=ce47 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! action ( a circul> curr5t is to e/abli% l9es ( =ce t run ?r\gh ! axis ( ! circuit approximately p>allel !reto1 & curv+ out ( & ov] ! circuit1 return into !mselves outside ( ! circuit4 ,if a mass ( iron is ins]t$ 9 ! axis or else:]e ne> su* curr5t1 x multiplies )9 itself ! l9es ( =ce1 q4 v4 7,see also ,magnetic ,p]meability--,p]meance--,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,magnetic ,susceptibility--,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$47 ,^! l9es ( =ce make x a magnet4 ,on _! direction1 :i* aga9 dep5ds on ! direction ( ! magnetiz+ curr5t1 dep5ds ! pol>ity ( ! iron4 ,! /r5g? ( an electro-magnet1 bel[ saturation ( ! core 7see ,magnetic ,saturation71 is proportional ne>ly to ! amp]e-turns1 q4 v4 ,m turns = ! same curr5t or m curr5t = ! same turns increase its /r5g?4 ,9 ! cut is %[n ! g5]al relation ( curr5t1 coils1 core & l9e ( =ce4 ,assume t ! magnet is look$ at endwise1 ! obs]v] fac+ "o ( ! poles2 !n if ! curr5t goes ar\nd ! core 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! h&s ( a clock1 su* pole w be ! nor? pole4 ,if ! curr5t is 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a clock ! pole fac+ ! obs]v] w be ! s\? pole4 ,! :ole relation is exactly t ( ! !oretical ,amprian curr5ts1 already expla9$4 ,! direction & c\rse ( ! l9es ( =ce creat$ are %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! %apes ( electro-magnets v>y greatly4 ,! cuts %[ sev]al =ms ( electro-magnets4 ,a m usual =m is ! horse%oe or d\ble limb magnet1 consi/+ g5]ally ( two /raight cores1 w\nd ) wire & connect$ & held p>allel to ea* o!r by a b> across "o end1 :i* b> is call$ ! yoke4 ,9 w9d+ su* a magnet ! wire coils mu/ con=m1 z reg>ds direction ( ! curr5t 9 !m to ! rule = pol>ity already cit$4 ,if bo? poles are nor? or bo? are s\? poles1 !n ! magnet _c be t]m$ a horse%oe magnet1 b is m]ely an anomal\s magnet4 ,9 ! field magnets ( dynamos ! mo/ v>i$ types ( electro-magnets h be5 us$4 ,consequ5t poles are (t5 produc$ 9 !m by ! direction ( ! w9d+s & connections4 ,to obta9 ! mo/ p[]ful magnet ! iron core %\ld be z %ort & ?ick z possible 9 ord] to dim9i% ! reluctance ( ! magnetic circuit4 ,to obta9 a great] range ( action a long ?9 %ape is bett]1 al?\gh x involves wa/e ( en]gy 9 its excitation4 #baf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ade ,,diagram ,,( ,,an ,,electro-,,magnet ,,%[+ ,,relation ,,( ,,curr5t ,,& ,,w9d+ ,,to ,,its ,,pol>ity ,,& ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce4 ,fig4 #adf4 ,,annul> ,,electro-,,magnet ,electro-magnet1 ,annul>4 ,an electro-magnet consi/+ ( a cyl9d] ) a circul> groove cut 9 its face1 9 :i* groove a coil ( insulat$ wire is plac$4 ,on ! passage ( a curr5t ! iron becomes pol>iz$ & attracts an armature t[>ds or aga9/ its groov$ face4 ,! cut %[s ! con/ruction ( an exp]im5tal "o4 ,x is 9 practice appli$ to brakes & clut*es4 ,9 ! cut ( ! electro-magnetic brake 7see ,brake1 ,electro-magnetic71 ,c is ! annul> magnet receiv+ its curr5t ?r\gh ! bru%es1 & press$ :5 brak+ action is requir$ aga9/ ! face ( ! mov+ :eel4 ,! same arrangem5t1 x c be se51 may apply to a clut*4 #bag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #adg4 ,,b> ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,electro-magnet1 ,b>4 ,a /raight b> ( iron surr\nd$ ) a magnetiz+ coil ( wire4 ,b> electromagnets are n mu* us$1 ! horse%oe type be+ by f> ! m usual4 ,electro-magnet1 ,club-foot4 ,an electro-magnet1 "o ( ^: legs only is w\nd ) wire1 ! o!r be+ b>e4 ,fig4 #adh4 ,,club-,,foot ,,electro-,,magnets ,,) ,,h+$ ,,armatures4 ,electro-magnet1 ,h+$4 ,an electro-magnet ^: limbs are h+$ at ! yoke4 ,on excitation by a curr5t ! poles t5d to approa* ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,electro-,,magnet1 ,,h+$ ,electro-magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,! attraction & repulsion due to electromagnetic l9es ( =ce1 :i* l9es always t5d to take z %ort a c\rse z possible & also seek ! m$ium ( ! highe/ p]meance4 ,?is causes !m to conc5trate 9 iron & /eel or o!r p>amagnetic sub/ance & to draw !m t[>ds a magnet by %ort5+ ! l9es ( =ce connect+ ! two4 ,x is exactly ! same attraction z t ( ! p]man5t magnet = its armature1 ,ampre's !ory br++ ! latt] "u ! same title4 ,9 ! case ( two magnets l poles repel & unlike attract4 ,9 ! case ( simple curr5ts1 ^? 9 ! same direction attract & ^? 9 opposite directions repel ea* o!r4 ,?is ref]s to con/ant curr5t reactions4 ,?us ! attraction ( unlike poles ( two magnets is1 by ! ,amprian !ory1 ! attraction ( two sets ( curr5ts ( simil> direction1 z is evid5t f ! diagram4 ,! repulsion ( l poles is ! repulsion ( unlike curr5ts & ! same applies to sol5oids1 q4 v4 7,see ,magnetism & d4 ,ampre's ,!ory (--,induction1 ,electro-dynamic--,electro-magnetic ,induction47 #bah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-magnetic ,control4 ,control ( a magnet1 iron armature1 or magnetic ne$le 9 a galvanomet]1 ammet]1 voltmet] or simil> in/rum5t by an electro-magnetic field1 ! re/itutive =ce be+ d]iv$ f an electro-magnet4 ,! re/itutive =ce is ! =ce t5d+ to br+ ! index to z]o4 ,electro-magnetic ,field ( ,=ce4 ,a field ( electro-magnetic l9es ( =ce1 q4 v41 e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an electric curr5t4 ,a wire c>ry+ a curr5t is surr\nd$ by circul> conc5tric l9es ( =ce :i* h ! axis ( ! wire z ! locus ( _! c5tres4 ,electro-magnets produce l9es ( =ce id5tical ) ^? produc$ by p]man5t magnets4 7,see ,field ( ,=ce--,magnetic ,field ( ,=ce--,controll+ ,field--,deflect+ ,field47 ,electro-magnetic ,induction4 ,:5 two curr5ts ( unlike direction are br\ght t[>ds ea* o!r1 aga9/ _! natural repulsive t5d5cy "w is done1 & ! consequ5t en]gy takes ! =m ( a tempor>y increase 9 bo? curr5ts4 ,:5 )drawn1 9 compliance ) ! natural t5d5cy ( repulsion1 ! curr5ts are dim9i%$ 9 int5sity1 because en]gy is n exp5d$ on ! )drawal1 b ! )drawal is at ! exp5se ( ! en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,! v>iations ?us tempor>ily produc$ 9 ! curr5ts are examples ( electro-magnetic induction4 ,! curr5ts h only ! duration 9 ea* case ( ! motion ( ! circuits4 ,"o circuit is consid]$ z c>ry+ ! induc] curr5t & is t]m$ ! prim>y circuit & its curr5t ! prim>y curr5t1 ! o!rs are t]m$ ! second>y circuit & curr5t respectively4 ,we may assume a second>y circuit 9 :i* !re is no curr5t4 ,x is probable t !re is always an inf9itely small curr5t at lea/1 9 e clos$ circuit4 ,!n an approa* ( ! circuits w induce 9 ! second>y an in/antane\s curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,on sep>at+ ! two circuits a tempor>y curr5t 9 ! same direction is produc$ 9 ! second>y4 #bai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a curr5t is surr\nd$ by l9es ( =ce4 ,! approa* ( two circuits1 "o active1 involves a *ange 9 ! l9es ( =ce ab\t ! second>y circuit4 ,l9es ( =ce & curr5t are s intimately connect$ t a *ange 9 "o compels a *ange 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! induc$ curr5t 9 ! second>y may be attribut$ to ! *ange 9 ! field ( =ce 9 :i* x lies1 a field ma9ta9$ by ! prim>y circuit & curr5t4 ,any *ange 9 a field ( =ce induces a curr5t or *ange ( curr5t 9 any clos$ circuit 9 su* field1 la/+ z long z ! *ange is tak+ place4 ,! new curr5t w be ( su* direction z to oppose ! *ange4 7,see ,l5z's ,law47 ,! action z ref]r$ to l9es ( =ce may be figur$ z ! cutt+ ( su* l9es by ! second>y circuit1 & su* cutt+ may be br\ght ab\t by mov+ ! second>y 9 ! field4 7,see ,l9es ( ,=ce--,field ( ,=ce47 ,! cutt+ ( #a;,e#h l9es ( =ce p] second by a clos$ circuit induces an electro-motive =ce ( "o volt4 7,see ,induction1 ,mutual1 ,coeffici5t (47 ,electro-magnet1 ,iron ,clad4 ,a magnet ^: coil & core are encas$ 9 a iron jacket1 g5]ally connect$ to "o end ( ! core4 ,?is gives at "o end two poles1 "o tubul>1 ! o!r solid1 & conc5tric ) ea* o!r4 ,x is sometimes call$ a tubul> magnet4 ,electro-magnet1 ,"o ,coil4 ,an electro-magnet excit$ by "o coil4 ,9 "s dynamos ! field magnets are ( ?is con/ruction1 a s+le coil1 situat$ ab\t midway betwe5 ! poles1 produc+ ! excitation4 ,electro-magnetic ,leakage4 ,! leakage ( l9es ( =ce 9 an electro-magnet2 ! same z magnetic leakage4 7,see ,magnetic ,leakage47 ,electro-magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,! l9es ( =ce produc$ 9 an electro-magnetic field4 ,!y are id5tical ) ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce1 q4 v4 7,see also ,field ( ,=ce-,l9e ( ,=ce47 ,electro-magnetic ,/ress4 ,! /ress 9 an electro-magnetic field ( =ce1 %[+ itself 9 ! pol>ization ( light pass+ ?r\gh a transp>5t m$ium 9 su* a field4 7,see ,magnetic ,rot>y ,pol>ization47 ,electro-magnetic ,!ory ( ,light4 ,?is !ory is due to ,j4 ,cl>k ,maxwell1 & ! rec5t ,h]tz exp]im5ts h gone f> to prove x4 ,x holds t ! ph5om5a ( light are due to e!r waves1 id5tical 9 g5]al factors ) ^? produc$ by electro-magnetic induction ( alt]nat+ curr5ts act+ on ! e!r4 ,9 a non-conductor any di/urbance sets an e!r wave 9 motion ow+ to its re/itutive =ce2 electricity does n travel ?r\gh su* a m$ium1 b c create e!r waves 9 x4 ,!re=e a non-conductor ( electricity is p]meable to waves ( e!r or %\ld transmit light1 or %\ld be transp>5t4 ,a conductor on ! o!r h& transmits electrical di/urbances because x has no re/itutive =ce & _c support an e!r wave4 ,h5ce a conductor %\ld n transmit light1 or %\ld be opaque4 ,) few exceptions dielectrics or non-conductors are transp>5t1 & conductors are opaque4 #bbj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,aga91 ! relation betwe5 ! electro/atic & electro-magnet units ( quantity is express$ by #a 3 #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj2 ! latt] figure 9 c5timet]s gives approximately ! velocity ( light4 ,! electro-magnetic unit dep5d+ on electricity 9 motion %\ld h ?is precise relation if an electro-magnetic di/urbance 0 propagat$ ) ! velocity ( light4 ,if an electrically *>g$ body 7 :irl$ ar\nd a magnetic ne$le ) ! velocity ( light1 x %\ld act 9 ! same way z a curr5t circulat+ ar\nd x4 ,?is effect to "s ext5t has be5 %[n exp]im5tally by ,r[l&4 ,a consequ5ce ( ^! conclusions is 7,maxwell7 t ! specific inductive capacity ( a non-conductor or dielectric %\ld be equal to ! squ>e ( its index ( refraction = waves ( inf9ite l5g?4 ,?is is true = "s sub/ances--sulphur1 turp5t9e1 petroleum & b5zole4 ,9 o!rs ! specific inductive capacity is too high1 e4 g41 vegetable & animal oils1 glass1 ,icel& sp>1 fluor sp>1 & qu>tz4 ,electro-magnetic ,unit ( ,en]gy4 ,a rate ( transf]5ce ( en]gy equal to t5 meg-ergs p] second4 ,electro-magnetism4 ,! bran* ( electrical sci5ce treat+ ( ! magnetic relations ( a field ( =ce produc$ by a curr5t1 ( ! reactions ( electro-magnetic l9es ( =ce1 ( ! electromagnetic field ( =ce1 ( ! susceptibility1 p]meability1 & reluctance ( diamagnetic & p>amagnetic sub/ances1 & ( electro-magnets 9 g5]al4 ,electro-magnet1 ,long ,range4 ,an electro-magnet s con/ruct$ ) ext5d$ pole pieces or o!rwise1 z to attract its armature ) reasonably con/ant =ce ov] a consid]able di/ance4 ,! coil & plung]1 q4 v41 me*anisms illu/rate "o me?od ( gett+ an ext5d$ range ( action4 ,:5 a true electro-magnet is us$1 "o ) an iron core1 only a v limit$ range is atta9able at ! be/4 7,see ,electro-magnet1 ,/opp$ ,coil--d4 ,plung]47 ,electro-magnet1 ,plung]4 ,an electro-magnet ) holl[ coils1 into :i* ! armature ent]s z a plung]4 ,to make x a true electro-magnet x mu/ h ei!r a yoke1 incomplete core1 or "s pol>iz$ mass ( iron4 ,electro-magnet1 ,pol>iz$4 ,an electro-magnet consi/+ ( a pol>iz$ or p]man5tly magnetiz$ core w\nd ) magnetiz+ coils1 or ) su* coils on s(t iron cores m\nt$ on its ends4 ,! coils may be w\nd & connect$ s z to coop]ate ) or "w aga9/ ! p]man5t magnet on :i* x is m\nt$4 ,9 ,hughes' magnet %[n 9 ! cut x is m\nt$ 9 opposition1 s t an exce$+ly feeble curr5t w act to displace ! armature1 a1 :i* is pull$ away f ! magnet by a spr+1 s4 #bba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #aej ,,hughes' ,,pol>iz$ ,,electro-,,magnet ,electro-magnets1 ,int]lock+4 ,electro-magnets s arrang$ t _! armatures int]lock4 ,?us two magnets1 ,a ,a & ,b ,b1 may be plac$ ) _! armatures1 ,m & ,n1 at "r angles & bo? normally pull$ away f ! poles4 ,:5 ! armature ,m is attract$ a cat* on its end is reta9$ by a hole 9 ! end ( ! o!r armature ,n1 & :5 ! latt] armature ,n is attract$ by its magnet ! armature ,m is releas$4 ,9 ! me*anism %[n 9 ! cut ! movem5ts ( ! :eel ,r are controll$4 ,normally x is held motionless by ! cat* ^u ! bottom ( ! armature ,m1 com+ aga9/ ! too? project+ f its p]iph]y4 ,a mom5t>y curr5t ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnet ,a ,a releases x1 by attract+ ,m1 :i* is caught & reta9$ by ,n1 & leaves x free to rotate4 ,a mom5t>y curr5t ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnet ,b ,b aga9 releases ,m1 :i* drops d[n & engages ! too? ^u ,r & arre/s its motion4 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,int]lock+ ,,electro-,,magnets4 #bbb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-magnet1 ,/opp$ ,coil4 ,an electro-magnet consi/+ ( a tubul> coil1 9 :i* a %ort fix$ core is conta9$1 /opp+ up ! ap]ture to a c]ta9 di/ance1 :ile ! armature is a plung] ent]+ ! ap]ture4 ,?is gives a long] range ( action ?an usual4 ,electro-magnet1 ,surgical4 ,an electro-magnet1 g5]ally ( /raight or b> =m1 fitt$ ) diff]5t %ap$ pole pieces1 us$ = ! extraction ( fragm5ts ( iron or /eel f ! eyes4 ,"s v curi\s cases ( successful op]ations on ! eyes ( workm51 into ^: eyes fragm5ts ( /eel or iron _h p5etrat$1 are on record4 ,electro-m$ical ,ba?s4 ,a ba? = ! p]son provid$ ) connections & electrodes = caus+ a curr5t ( electricity ( any desir$ type to pass ?r\gh ! body ( ! ba!r4 ,l all electro-!rapeutical treatm5t1 x %\ld be adm9i/]$ "u ! direction ( a physician only4 ,electro-metallurgy4 7a7 ,9 ! r$uction ( ores ! electric curr5t has be5 propos$ b nev] ext5sively us$1 except 9 ! r$uction ( alum9um & its alloys4 7,see ,r$uction ( ,ores1 ,electric47 7b7 ,electro-plat+ & deposition ( metal f solutions is ano!r bran*4 7,see ,electroplat+ & ,electrotyp+47 7c7 ,! conc5tration ( iron ores by magnetic attraction may come "u ?is head4 7,see ,magnetic ,conc5tration ( ,ores47 ,electromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = use 9 ! measurem5t ( pot5tial diff]5ce1 by ! attraction or repulsion ( /atically *>g$ bodies4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f galvanomet]s z ! latt] are really curr5t measur]s1 ev5 if w\nd = use z voltmet]s1 dep5d+ = _! action ^u ! action ( ! curr5t circulat+ 9 _! coils4 ,electromet]1 ,absolute4 ,an electromet] design$ to give directly ! value ( a *>ge 9 absolute units4 ,9 "o =m a plate1 a b1 ( conduct+ surface is support$ or pois$ horizontally bel[ a second l>g] plate ,c1 also ( conduct+ surface4 ,! pois$ plate is surr\nd$ by a deta*$ gu>d r+--an annul> or p]=at$ plate1 r g r' g'--exactly level & ev5 ) x z reg>ds ! upp] surface4 ,! inn] plate is c>ri$ by a delicate balance4 ,9 use x is connect$ to "o ( ! conductors & ! l[] plate to e>? or to ! o!r4 ,! attraction betwe5 !m is det]m9$ by weigh+4 ,by calculation ! results c be made absolute1 z !y dep5d on actual size ( ! plates & _! di/ance1 outside ( ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( :i* ( c\rse no?+ c be said4 ,if ,s is ! area ( ! disc1 d ! di/ance ( ! plates1 ,v-,v#a ! diff]5ce ( _! pot5tial1 :i* is to be measur$1 & ,f ! =ce requir$ to balance _! attraction1 we h3 ,f 7 7 ,v - ,v#a 7#b 99 ,s 7 _/ 7 #h 99 ,,pi 99 d#b 7 #bbc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ,v #j ?is r$uces to ,f 7 ,v#b 99 ,s 7 _/ 7 #h 99 ,,pi 99 d#b 7 7#b7 or ,v d 99 ,square,root7 7#h 99 ,,pi 99 ,f 7 _/ ,s 7 7#c7 ,z ,f is express$ z a weight1 & ,s & a z measures ( area & l5g?1 ?is gives a means ( directly obta9+ pot5tial values 9 absolute measure4 7,see ,idio/atic ,me?od--,het]o/atic ,me?od47 ,synonyms--,attract$ ,disc ,electromet]--,weight ,electromet]4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,,section ,,( ,,base ,,( ,,portable ,,electromet]4 ,9 "s =ms ! movable disc is above ! o!r1 & support$ at ! end ( a balance beam4 ,9 o!rs a spr+ support1 arrang$ s z to enable ! attraction to be det]m9$ 9 weight units1 is adopt$4 ,! cuts1 ,figs4 #aeb & #aed1 %[ "o ( ! latt] type1 ! portable electromet]4 ,! disc portion is conta9$ )9 a cyl9drical vessel4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,!ory ,,( ,,absolute ,,electromet]4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #aeb g is ! /ation>y disc1 *>g$ ?r\gh ! wire connection r2 f is ! movable disc1 c>ri$ by a balance beam pois$ at i on a horizontal & transv]se /ret*$ plat9um wire1 act+ z a torsional spr+4 ,! position ( ! end k ( ! balance beam %[s :5 ! disc f is 9 ! plane ( ! gu>d r+ h h4 ,! end k is =k$ horizontally & a horizontal sight+ wire or hair is fa/5$ across ! op5+ ( ! =k4 ,:5 ! hair is midway betwe5 two dots on a v]tical scale ! lev] is 9 ! sight$ position1 z x is call$1 & ! disc is 9 ! plane ( ! gu>d r+4 #bbd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #aed4 ,,portable ,,electromet]4 ,! g5]al con/ruction is se5 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,!re ! fix$ disc ,d is c>ri$ by insulat+ /em g#a4 ,! *>g+ electrode is support$ by an insulat+ /em g#b1 & )\t contact ) ! box passes out ( its cov] ?r\gh a gu>d tube ,e1 ) cov]1 sometimes call$ umbrella1 ,v4 ,! umbrella is to protect ! app>atus f air curr5ts4 ,at m is ! sight+ l5s4 ,h is a lead box pack$ ) pumice /one1 moi/5$ ) oil ( vitriol or conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 to pres]ve ! atmosph]e dry4 ,be=e use ! acid is boil$ ) "s ammonium sulphate to expel any corrosive nitrog5 oxides1 :i* might corrode ! brass4 ,9 use ! upp] disc is *>g$ by its insulat$ electrode )9 ! tube ,e2 ! movable disc is *>g$ if desir$ directly ?r\gh ! case ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! upp] disc is screw$ up or d[n by ! micromet] head ,m1 until ! sight$ position is rea*$4 ,! read+s ( ! micromet] on ! top ( ! case give ! data = calculation4 #bbe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #aee4 ,,lippman',s ,,capill>y ,,electromet]4 ,electromet]1 ,capill>y4 ,an electromet] = measur+ pot5tial diff]5ce by capill>y action1 :i* latt] is affect$ by electro/atic excitem5t4 ,a tube ,a conta9s m]cury2 its end drawn out to a f9e ap]ture dips into a vessel ,b :i* conta9s dilute sulphuric acid ) m]cury "u x1 z %[n4 ,wires runn+ f ! b9d+-po/s a & b connect "o ) ! m]cury 9 ,a1 ! o!r ) t 9 ,b4 ,! upp] end ( ! tube ,a connects ) a ?ick rubb] m]cury res]voir ,t1 & manomet] ,h4 ,! surface t5sion ( ! m]cury-acid film at ! l[] end ( ! tube ,a keeps all 9 equilibrium4 ,if n[ a pot5tial diff]5ce is e/abli%$ betwe5 a & b1 z by connect+ a batt]y !reto1 ! surface t5sion is increas$ & ! m]cury rises 9 ! tube ,b4 ,by screw+ d[n ! compress+ clamp ,e1 ! m]cury is br\ght back to its orig9al position4 ,! microscope ,m is us$ to det]m9e ?is position ) accuracy4 ,! *ange 9 read+ ( ! manomet] gives ! relation ( *ange ( surface t5sion & !re=e ( pot5tial4 ,ea* electromet] ne$s special graduation or calibration1 b is exce$+ly s5sitive & accurate4 ,x _c be us$ = great] pot5tial diff]5ces ?an 4#f volt1 b c measure 4#jjjf volt4 ,its electro/atic capacity is s small t x c indicate rapid *anges4 ,ano!r =m indicates pot5tial diff]5ce by ! movem5t ( a drop ( sulphuric acid 9 a horizontal glass tube1 o!rwise fill$ ) m]cury1 & ^: ends lead into two m]cury cups or res]voirs4 ,! pair ( electrodes to be te/$ are connect$ to ! m]cury vessels4 ,! drop moves t[>ds ! negative pole1 & its movem5t = small pot5tial diff]5ces 7less ?an "o volt7 is proportional to ! electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce4 #bbf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electromet] ,gauge4 ,an absolute electromet] 7see ,electromet]1 ,absolute7 =m+ an atta*m5t to a ,?omson quadrant electromet]4 ,x is us$ to te/ ! pot5tial ( ! flat ne$le connect$ ) ! inn] surface ( ! ,leyd5 j> cond5s] ( ! app>atus4 ,?is x does by measur+ ! attraction betwe5 itself & an attract+ disc1 ! latt] connect$ by a conductor ) ! int]ior ( ! j>4 ,electromet]1 ,lane's4 ,a ,leyd5 j> ) m\nt$ dis*>g]1 s t :5 *>g$ to a c]ta9 po9t x dis*>ges itself4 ,x is connect$ ) "o coat+ ( any j> ^: *>ge is to be measur$1 :i* j> is !n *>g$ by ! o!r coat+4 ,z ! j> "u trial becomes *>g$ to a c]ta9 po9t ! electromet] j> dis*>ges itself1 & ! numb] ( dis*>ges is ! measure ( ! *>ge ( ! o!r j>4 ,x is really a unit j>1 q4 v4 ,fig4 #aef4 ,,?omson',s ,,quadrant ,,electromet]4 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,,h5ley',s ,,quadrant ,,electroscope4 #bbg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electromet]1 ,quadrant4 7a7 ,sir ,william ,?omson's electromet]1 a simple =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ! cut1 consi/s ( f\r quadrants ( metal plac$ horizontally2 above ^! a broad flat alum9um ne$le hangs by a v f9e wire1 act+ z torsional susp5sion4 ,! quadrants are insulat$ f ea* o!r1 b ! opposite ones connect ) ea* o!r by wires4 ,! app>atus is adju/$ s t1 :5 ! quadrants are 9 an unexcit$ condition ! ne$le is at re/ ov] "o ( ! diametrical divisions betwe5 quadrants4 ,! ne$le by its susp5sion wire is 9 communication ) ! int]ior ( a ,leyd5 j> :i* is *>g$4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a glass %ade1 & ! air )9 is kept dry by a di% ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid s t ! j> reta9s its *>ge = a long "t & keeps ! ne$le at approximately a con/ant pot5tial4 ,if n[ two pairs ( quadrants are excit$ ) opposite electricities1 z :5 connect$ ) ! opposite poles ( an insulat$ galvanic cell1 ! ne$le is repell$ by "o pair & attract$ by ! o!r1 & !re=e rotates ?r\gh an arc ( great] or less ext5t4 ,a small concave mirror is atta*$ above ! ne$le & its image is reflect$ on a graduat$ scre54 ,?is makes ! smalle/ movem5t visible4 ,sometimes ! quadrants are d\ble1 =m+ almo/ a complete box1 )9 :i* ! ne$le moves4 7b7 ,h5ley's quadrant electromet] is = use on ! prime conductor ( an electric ma*9e1 = r\ghly indicat+ ! relative pot5tial !re(4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 /&>d atta*$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! conductor4 ,ne> "o end is atta*$ a semi-circul> or quadrant arc ( a circle graduat$ into degrees or angul> divisions4 ,an index1 consi/+ ( a /raw ) a pi?-bell atta*$ to its end hangs f ! c5t] ( curvature ( ! arc4 ,:5 ! prime conductor is *>g$ ! index moves up ov] ! scale & its ext5t ( motion indicates ! pot5tial relatively4 ,:5 ! quadrant electromet] is spok5 ( x may always be assum$ t ,sir ,william ,?omson's in/rum5t is allud$ to4 ,h5ley's in/rum5t is prop]ly t]m$ a quadrant electroscope4 7,see ,electroscope47 ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,! cause :i* produces curr5ts ( electricity4 ,9 g5]al x c be express$ 9 diff]5ce ( pot5tials1 al?\gh ! t]m electro-motive =ce %\ld be re/rict$ to pot5tial diff]5ce caus+ a curr5t4 ,x is (t5 a su/a9$ *>g+ ( ! g5]ator t]m9als :5ce ! curr5t is tak54 ,its dim5sions are 7"w done_/! quantity ( electricity involv$71 or 7 ,m 99 7,l#b7 _/7,t#b 7 7 _/ 77,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e77 7 7,m4#e7 99 7,l#a4e7 7 _/7,t#b7 ,! practical unit ( electro-motive =ce is ! volt1 q4 v4 ,x is (t5 express$ 9 abbreviat$ =m1 z ,e4 ,m4 ,d4 ,p41 or simply z ,d4 ,p41 i4 e41 pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,electro-motive =ce & pot5tial diff]5ce are 9 _m cases virtually id5tical1 & di/9ctions drawn betwe5 !m v>y ) diff]5t au?ors4 ,if we consid] a clos$ electric circuit c>ry+ a curr5t1 a def9ite electro-motive =ce det]m9$ by ,ohm's law f ! resi/ance & curr5t obta9s 9 x4 ,b if we attempt to def9e pot5tial diff]5ce z prop] to ! circuit we may q fail4 ,pot5tial diff]5ce 9 a circuit is ! diff]5ce 9 pot5tial betwe5 def9$ po9ts ( su* circuit4 ,b no po9ts 9 a clos$ circuit c be f\nd :i* diff] 9 pot5tial by an am\nt equal to ! entire electro-motive =ce ( ! circuit4 ,pot5tial diff]5ce is prop]ly ! measure ( electro-motive =ce exp5d$ on ! portion ( a circuit betwe5 any giv5 po9ts4 ,electro-motive =ce ( an entire circuit1 z x is measur$1 z x 71 betwe5 two consecutive po9ts b ar\nd ! long portion ( ! circuit1 is n conceivable z m]ely pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,tak+ ! circle divid$ 9 to degrees z an analogy1 ! electro-motive =ce ( ! entire circuit might be express$ z #cfj1 :i* are ! degrees int]v5+ betwe5 two consecutive po9ts1 measur$ ! long way ar\nd ! circle4 ,b ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! same two po9ts w\ld be only #a1 = x w\ld be measur$ by ! ne>e/ pa?4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,if #cfj is ! long way1 #j is ! %ort4 ,a =mal re/atem5t ( ! above def9ition ( ,,emf3 ,if a *>ge ,q passes ?r\gh a device & ga9s en]gy ,u1 ! net ,,emf = t device is ! en]gy ga9$ p] unit *>ge1 or ,u_/,q4 ,! unit ( ,,emf is a volt1 or newton-met] p] c\lomb4 #bbh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,c\nt]4 ,a curr5t go+ ?r\gh a circuit (t5 has n only true or ohmic resi/ance to ov]come1 b meets an oppos+ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,?is is t]m$ c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,x is (t5 treat$ 9 calculations z resi/ance1 & is t]m$ spuri\s resi/ance4 ,x may be a "p ( ! imp$ance ( a circuit4 ,9 a prim>y batt]y hydrog5 accumulat+ on ! negative plate develops c\nt] ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,9 ! voltaic arc ! diff]5tial heat+ ( ! two c>bons does ! same4 ,! /orage batt]y is *ang$ by a curr5t pass+ 9 ! opposite direction to its own natural curr5t2 ! pol>ity ( su* a batt]y is c\nt] ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,unit4 ,unit electro-motive =ce is t :i* is creat$ 9 a conductor mov+ ?r\gh a magnetic field at su* a rate z to cut "o unit l9e ( =ce p] second4 ,x is t :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 a circuit ( unit resi/ance to ma9ta9 a curr5t ( unit quantity !re94 ,x is t :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ends ( a conductor 9 ord] t unit curr5t may d unit "w 9 a second4 ,electro-motive ,int5sity4 ,! =ce act+ ^u a unit *>ge ( electricity4 ,! mean =ce is equal to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 two po9ts )9 ! field situat$ "o c5timet] ap>t1 su* di/ance be+ measur$ along ! l9es ( =ce4 ,! t]m is due to ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,electro-motive ,s]ies4 ,arrangem5t ( ! metals & c>bon 9 s]ies ) ! mo/ electro-positive at "o end1 & electronegative at ! o!r end4 ,! foll[+ are examples = diff]5t excit+ liquids3 ,dilute ,sulphuric ,dilute ,hydro*loric ,cau/ic ,potassium ,acid ,acid4 ,pota%4 ,sulphide4 ,z9c ,z9c ,z9c ,z9c ,cadmium ,cadmium ,t9 ,copp] ,t9 ,t9 ,cadmium ,cadmium ,lead ,lead ,antimony ,t9 ,iron ,iron ,lead ,silv] ,nickel ,copp] ,bismu? ,antimony ,bismu? ,bismu? ,iron ,lead ,antimony ,nickel ,copp] ,bismu? ,copp] ,silv] ,nickel ,nickel ,silv] ,antimony ,silv] ,iron ,gold ,plat9um ,c>bon ,9 ea* s]ies ! upp] metal is ! positive1 dissolv$ or attack$ elem5t4 #bbi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-motograph4 ,an inv5tion ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,a cyl9d] ( *alk1 moi/5$ ) solution ( cau/ic soda1 is m\nt$ s z to be rotat$ by a h&le4 ,a diaphragm has an arm connect$ to its c5t]4 ,?is arm is press$ aga9/ ! surface ( ! cyl9d] by a spr+4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is rotat$1 a con/ant t5sion is ex]t$ on ! diaphragm4 ,if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! junction ( arm & cyl9d] ! electrolytic action alt]s ! friction s z to *ange ! /ress ^u ! diaphragm4 ,if ! curr5t produc+ ?is effect is ( ! type produc$ by ! human voice ?r\gh a microphone ! successive v>iations 9 /ra9 ^u ! diaphragm w cause x to emit articulate s\nds4 ,^! are produc$ directly by ! movem5t ( ! cyl9d]1 ! electrolytic action be+ r ! regulat+ portion ( ! op]ation4 ,h5ce v l\d s\nds c be produc$ by x4 ,?is has giv5 x ! "n ( ! l\d- speak+ telephone4 ,! same pr9ciple may be appli$ 9 o!r ways4 ,b ! practical application ( ! motograph is 9 ! telephone describ$4 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,,electro-,,motograph ,,telephone ,electro-motor4 ,?is t]m is sometimes appli$ to a curr5t g5]ator1 su* z a voltaic batt]y4 ,electro-muscul> ,excitation4 ,a t]m 9 m$ical electricity indicat+ ! excitation ( muscle z ! effect ( electric curr5ts ( any k9d4 ,electro-negative4 adj4 ,app]ta9+ to negative electrification2 ?us ( ! elem5ts oxyg5 is ! mo/ electro-negative1 because if sep>at$ by electrolytic action f any comb9ation1 x w be *>g$ ) negative electricity4 #bcj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-optics4 ,! bran* ( natural sci5ce treat+ ( ! relations betwe5 light & electricity4 ,bo? are suppos$ to be ph5om5a ( or due to ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,to x may be ref]r$ ! foll[+3 7a7 ,electro-magnetic ,/ress & ,magnetic ,rot>y ,pol>ization2 7b7 ,dielectric ,/ra92 all ( :i* may be ref]r$ to 9 ?is book2 7c7 ,*ange 9 ! resi/ance ( a conductor by *anges 9 light to :i* x is expos$ 7see ,sel5ium72 7d7 ,! relation ( ! index ( refraction ( a dielectric to ! dielectric con/ant 7see ,electro-magnetic ,!ory ( ,light72 7e7 ,! id5tity 7approximate7 ( ! velocity ( light 9 c5timet]s & ! relative values ( ! electro/atic & electro-magnet units ( int5sity1 ! latt] be+ #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj times great] ?an ! =m]1 :ile ! velocity ( light is #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj c5timet]s p] second4 ,electrophoric ,action4 ,! action ( an electrophor\s2 utiliz$ 9 influ5ce ma*9es4 7,see ,electrophor\s47 ,fig4 #aei4 ,,electrophor\s4 ,electrophor\s4 ,an app>atus = ! production ( electric *>ges ( high pot5tial by electro/atic induction1 q4 v4 ,x consi/s ( a disc ( insulat+ mat]ial ,b1 su* z res9 or gutta p]*a1 :i* is held 9 a %all[ metal-l9$ box or =m4 ,! disc may be half an in* ?ick & a foot or m 9 diamet]1 or may be mu* small] & ?9n]4 ,a metal disc ,a1 small] 9 diamet] is provid$ ) an insulat+ h&le :i* may be ( glass1 or simply silk susp5sion /r+s4 ,to use x ! disc ,b is excit$ by friction ) a cat-sk9 or o!r suitable sub/ance4 ,! metallic disc is !n plac$ on ! cake ( res9 exactly 9 its c5tre1 s t ! latt] disc or cake projects on all sides4 ,ow+ to r\ghness !re is little real electric contact betwe5 ! metal & dielectric4 ,on t\*+ ! metal disc a quantity ( negative electricity escapes to ! e>?4 ,on rais+ x f ! cake x comes (f excit$ positively1 & gives a sp>k & is dis*>g$4 ,x c be replac$1 t\*$1 remov$ & ano!r sp>k c be tak5 f x1 & s on z long z ! cake /ays *>g$4 ,! successive dis*>ges repres5t electrical en]gy exp5d$4 ,?is is d]iv$ f ! muscul> en]gy exp5d$ by ! op]ator 9 sep>at+ ! two discs :5 oppositely excit$4 ,z g5]ally us$ x is !re=e an app>atus = conv]t+ muscul> or me*anical en]gy into electric en]gy4 #bca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro-physiology4 ,! sci5ce ( ! electric ph5om5a ( ! animal sy/em4 ,x may also be ext5d$ to include plants4 ,! great discov]y ( ,galvani ) ! frog's body fell into ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! electric fi%es1 gymnotus1 etc41 pres5t int5se ph5om5a 9 ! same4 ,electroplat+4 ,! deposition by electrolysis ( a coat+ ( metal ^u a conduct+ surface4 ,! simple/ sy/em makes ! object to be plat$ ! negative electrode or plate 9 a galvanic c\ple4 ,?us a spoon or o!r object may be connect$ by a wire to a plate ( z9c4 ,a por\s cup is plac$ inside a batt]y j>4 ,! spoon is plac$ 9 ! por\s cup & ! z9c outside x4 ,a solution ( copp] sulphate is plac$ 9 ! por\s cup1 & wat] ) a little sodium or z9c sulphate dissolv$ 9 x1 outside4 ,a curr5t />ts ?r\gh ! c\ple1 & copp] is deposit$ on ! spoon4 ,a less primitive way is to use a sep>ate batt]y z ! s\rce ( curr5t2 to connect to ! positive plate by a wire ! object to be plat$1 & a plate ( copp]1 silv]1 nickel or o!r metal to ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y4 ,on imm]s+ bo? object & plate 7anode7 9 a ba? ( prop] solution ! object w become plat$4 ,9 g5]al ! anode is ( ! same mat]ial z ! metal to be deposit$1 & dissolv+ keeps up ! /r5g? ( ! ba?4 ,!re are a great _m po9ts ( te*nicality involv$ :i* _c be giv5 "h4 ,! surface ( ! imm]s$ object mu/ be conductive4 ,if n a f9e wire network /ret*$ ov] x w gradually fill up 9 ! ba? & give a matrix4 ,m g5]ally ! surface is made conductive by be+ bru%$ ov] ) plumbago4 ,?is may be foll[$ by a du/+ ( iron du/1 foll[$ by imm]sion 9 solution ot copp] sulphate4 ,?is has ! effect ( deposit+ metallic copp] ov] ! surface z a />t] = ! f9al coat4 ,att5tion mu/ be paid to ! p]fect cleanl9ess ( ! objects1 to ! condition ( ! ba?1 purity ( anodes & curr5t d5sity4 ,voltaic batt]ies are l>gely us$ = ! curr5t z well z special l[ resi/ance dynamos4 ,!rmo-electric batt]ies are also us$ to "s ext5t b n g5]ally4 ,electro-pneumatic ,signals4 ,signals1 su* z railroad signals or semaphores1 mov$ by compress$ air1 :i* is controll$ by valves op]at$ by electricity4 ,! ,h\se telegraph1 :i* 0 work$ by air controll$ by electricity1 might come "u ?is t]m1 b x is always und]/ood z appli$ to railroad signals1 or _! equival5t4 #bcb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electropoion ,fluid4 ,an acid depol>iz+ solution = use 9 z9c-c>bon c\ples1 su* z ! ,gr5et batt]y4 ,! foll[+ are =mulae = its prep>ation3 7a7 ,dissolve "o p\nd ( potassium bi*romate 9 t5 p\nds ( wat]1 to :i* two & "o-half p\nds ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid h be5 gradually add$4 ,! bett] way is to use p[d]$ potassium bi*romate1 add x to ! wat] fir/1 & !n gradually add ! sulphuric acid ) con/ant /irr+4 7b7 ,to ?ree p9ts ( wat] add five fluid ounces ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 add six ounces pulv]iz$ potassium bi*romate4 7c7 ,mix "o gallon conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & ?ree gallons ( wat]4 ,9 a sep>ate vessel dissolve six p\nds potassium bi*romate 9 two gallons ( boil+ wat]4 ,mix ! two4 ,! la/ is ! be/ =mula4 ,always use electropoion fluid cold4 7,see ,tr\v's ,solution--,pogg5dorff's ,solution--,kakogey's ,solution-- ,tiss&ri]'s ,solution--,*utaux's ,solution47 ,electro-positive4 adj4 ,app]ta9+ to positive electrification2 ?us potassium is ! mo/ electro-positive ( ! elem5ts4 7,see ,electro-negative47 ,electro-puncture4 ,! introduction into ! sy/em ( a plat9um po9t or ne$le1 insulat$ ) vulcanite1 except ne> its po9t1 & connect$ z ! anode ( a galvanic batt]y4 ,! ka?ode is a metal "o1 cov]$ ) a wet sponge & appli$ on ! surface ne> ! place ( puncture4 ,x is us$ = treatm5t ( aneurisms or diseas$ gr[?s1 & also = removal ( hair by electrolysis4 7,see ,hair1 ,removal ( by ,electrolysis47 ,synonym--,galvano-puncture4 ,electro-receptive4 adj4 ,a t]m appli$ to any device or app>atus design$ to receive & absorb electric en]gy4 ,a motor is an example ( an electro-receptive me*anism4 ,electroscope4 ,an app>atus = indicat+ ! pres5ce ( an electric *>ge1 & also = det]m9+ ! sign1 or :e!r ! *>ge is positive or negative4 ,! simple/ =m consi/s ( a ?read d\bl$ at its c5tre & hung !refrom4 ,on be+ *>g$1 or on be+ connect$ to a *>g$ body ! ?reads div]ge4 ,a pair ( pi? balls may be susp5d$ 9 a simil> way1 or a c\ple ( /rips ( gold leaf )9 a flask 7! gold leaf electroscope74 ,to use an electroscope to det]m9e ! sign ( ! *>ge x is fir/ slightly *>g$4 ,! body to be te/$ is !n appli$ to ! po9t ( susp5sion1 or o!r *>g+ po9t4 ,if at once fur!r repell$ ! *>ge ( ! body is ( ! same sign z ! slight *>ge fir/ imp>t$ to ! electroscope leaves2 ! leaves z !y become m excit$ w at once div]ge m4 ,if ( diff]5t sign !y w at fir/ approa* z _! *>ge is neutraliz$ & w aft]w>ds div]ge4 ,! gold-leaf electroscope is g5]ally enclos$ 9 a glass bell j> or flask4 ,sometimes a pair ( po/s rise1 "o on ea* side1 to supply po9ts ( induction f ! e>? to int5sify ! action4 7,see ,electromet]1 ,quadrant--,electroscope1 ,gold leaf1 & o!rs47 #bcc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electroscope1 ,b5nett's4 ,a gold-leaf electroscope1 ! susp5d$ leaves ( :i* are conta9$ 9 a glass %ade or vessel ( dry air4 ,on ! inside ( ! glass %ade are two /rips ( gold leaf1 :i* rise f ! l[] edge a %ort di/ance1 be+ pa/$ to ! glass1 & connect$ to ! gr\nd4 ,^! act by induction to increase ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,electroscope1 ,boh5b]g]'s4 ,a cond5s+ electroscope 7see ,electroscope1 ,cond5s+7 ) a s+le /rip ( gold leaf susp5d$ )9 ! glass bell4 ,?is is at an equal di/ance f ! opposite poles ( two dry piles 7see ,zamboni's ,dry ,pile7 /&+ on end1 "o on ea* side ( x4 ,z soon z ! leaf is excit$ x moves t[>d "o & away f ! o!r pile1 & ! sign ( its electrification is %[n by ! direction ( its motion4 ,electroscope1 ,cond5s+4 ,a gold leaf electroscope1 ! glass bell ( :i* is surm\nt$ by an electrophor\s or /atic cond5s]1 to ! l[] plate ( :i* ! leaves ( gold are susp5d$ or connect$4 ,9 use ! object to be te/$ is t\*$ to ! l[] plate1 & ! upp] plate at ! same "t is t\*$ by ! f+]4 ,! plates are n[ sep>at$4 ,?is r$uces ! capacity ( ! l[] plate greatly & its *>ge acquires suffici5t pot5tial to affect ! leaves1 al?\gh ! simple t\*+ may n h affect$ !m at all4 ,electroscope1 ,gold ,leaf4 ,an electroscope consi/+ ( two leaves ( gold leaf hung 9 contact ) ea* o!r f ! end ( a conductor4 ,:5 excit$ !y div]ge4 ,! leaves are enclos$ 9 a glass vessel4 ,fig4 #afj4 ,,gold ,,leaf ,,electroscope4 #bcd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electroscope1 ,pi? ,ball4 ,two pi? balls susp5d$ at opposite ends ( a silk ?read d\bl$ 9 ! middle4 ,:5 *>g$ ) l electricity !y repel ea* o!r4 ,! ext5t ( _! repulsion indicates ! pot5tial ( _! *>ge4 ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,! attraction & repulsion ( electro/atically *>g$ bodies = ea* o!r1 %[n :5 *>g$ ) electricity4 ,if *>g$ ) electricity ( ! same sign !y repel ea* o!r4 ,if ) opposite !y attract ea* o!r4 ,! classic attraction & subsequ5t repulsion ( bits ( /raw & *aff by ! excit$ piece ( amb] is a case ( electro/atic attraction & repulsion4 7,see ,electricity1 ,/atic--,electro/atics--,c\lomb's ,laws ( ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion47 ,electro/atic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t (4 ,! coeffici5t express+ ! ratio ( ! *>ge or *ange ( *>ge develop$ 9 "o body to ! pot5tial ( ! induc+ body4 ,electro/atic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,l9es ( =ce assum$ to exi/ 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce1 & to con/itute ! same4 ,9 g5]al !y correspond 9 action & attributes ) elcctro-magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,!y involve 9 almo/ all cases ei!r a cont9u\s circuit1 or a t]m9ation at bo? ends 9 oppositely *>g$ surfaces4 ,fig4 #afa4 ,,electro/atic ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce ,,betwe5 ,,ne> ,,surfaces4 ,fig4 #afb4 ,,electro/atic ,,l9ks ,,( ,,=ce ,,betwe5 ,,di/ant ,,surfaces4 #bce ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #afa1 %[s ! g5]al c\rse tak5 by l9es ( =ce betwe5 two excit$ surfaces :5 ne> toge!r4 ,"h mo/ ( !m are /raight l9es rea*+ /raight across f surface to surface1 :ile a few ( !m ar* across f ne> ! edges1 t5d+ to spread4 ,if ! bodies are drawn ap>t ! spread+ t5d5cy increases & ! condition ( ?+s %[n 9 ! next cut1 ,fig4 #afb1 obta9s4 ,!re is an axial l9e ^: prolongations may be suppos$ to ext5d indef9itely1 z occupy+ a position ( un/able equilibrium4 ,"h ! exi/5ce ( a /raight & unt]m9at$ l9e ( =ce may be assum$4 ,a direction is pr$icat$ to l9es ( =ce correspond+ ) ! direction ( an electric curr5t4 ,!y are assum$ to />t f a positively *>g$ & to g t[>ds a negatively *>g$ surface4 ,a positively *>g$ body plac$ 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce w be repell$ f ! region ( positive into or t[>ds ! region ( negative pot5tial foll[+ ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 n mov+ transv]sely to !m1 & hav+ no transv]se compon5t 9 its motion4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m precisely1 ,a positively *>g$ body plac$ 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce w be repell$ f ! region ( positive into or t[>ds ! region ( negative pot5tial ,,accel]at+ 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 n ,,accel]at+ transv]sely to !m1 & hav+ no transv]se compon5t 9 its ,,accel]ation4 ,previ\sly acquir$ mom5tum c produce a transv]se compon5t ( ,,velocity4 ,electro/atics4 ,! division ( electric sci5ce treat+ ( ! ph5om5a ( electric *>ge1 or ( electricity 9 repose1 z contra/$ ) electro-dynamics or electricity 9 motion or 9 curr5t =m4 ,*>ges ( l sign repel1 & ( unlike sign attract ea* o!r4 ,! g5]al inductive action is expla9$ by ! use ( ! electro/atic field ( =ce & electro/atic l9es ( =ce1 q4 v4 ,! =ce ( attraction & repulsion ( small bodies or virtual po9ts1 :i* are ne> en\gh to ea* o!r1 v>y z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ne>ly1 & ) ! product ( ! quantities ( ! *>ges ( ! two bodies4 ,electro/atic ,refraction4 ,dr4 ,k]r f\nd t c]ta9 dielectrics expos$ to electric /ra9 by be+ plac$ betwe5 two oppositely excit$ poles ( a ,holtz ma*9e or o!r s\rce ( v high t5sion possess d\ble refract+ p[]s1 9 o!r words c rotate a beam ( pol>iz$ light1 or c develop two complim5t>y beams f common light4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon %[s ! ph5om5on well1 act+ z glass w\ld if ! glass 7 /ret*$ 9 ! direction ( ! electro/atic l9es ( =ce4 ,to try x ) glass1 holes are drill$ 9 a plate & wires f an influ5ce ma*9e are ins]t$ !re94 ,! dis*>ge be+ ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! glass x pol>izes light4 ,synonym--,k]r ,effect4 ,electro/atic ,s]ies4 ,a table ( sub/ances arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are electro/atically *>g$ by contact1 g5]ally by rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ s]ies is due to ,f>aday4 ,! fir/ memb]s become positively excit$ :5 rubb$ ) any ( ! foll[+ memb]s1 & vice v]sa4 ,! fir/ elem5ts correspond to ! c>bon plate 9 a galvanic batt]y1 ! succe$+ elem5ts to ! z9c plate4 ,cat1 & ,be>-sk9--,flannel--,ivory--,fea!rs--,ro ck ,cry/al--,fl9t ,glass--,cotton--,l95--,canvas--,:ite ,silk--! ,h&--,wood--,%ellac--! ,metals 7,iron-,copp]-,brass-,t9-,silv]-,plat9um 7--,sulphur4 ,!re are "s irregul>ities4 ,a fea!r lightly drawn ov] canvas is negatively electrifi$2 if drawn ?r\gh folds press$ aga9/ x x is positively excit$4 ,_m o!r exceptions exi/1 s t ! table is ( little value4 #bcf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,electro/atic ,/ress4 ,! /ress produc$ ^u a transp>5t m$ium 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce by :i* x acquires d\ble refract+ or pol>iz+ prop]ties z reg>ds ! action ( su* m$ium ^u light4 7,see ,electro/atic ,refraction47 ,electro-!rapeutics or ,!rapy4 ,! sci5ce treat+ ( ! effects ( electricity ^u ! animal sy/em 9 ! treatm5t & diagnosis ( disease4 ,electrotonus4 ,an alt]$ condition ( functional activity occurr+ 9 a n]ve subject$ to ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,if ! activity is decreas$1 :i* occurs ne> ! anode1 ! /ate is "o ( anelectrotonus1 if ! activity is increas$ :i* occurs ne> ! ka?ode ! condition is "o ( ka!lectrotonus4 ,electrotype4 ,! reproduction ( a =m ( type or ( an engrav+ or ( ! l by electroplat+1 = pr9t+ purposes4 ,! =m ( type is press$ ^u a surface ( wax conta9$ 9 a %all[ box4 ,! wax is mix$ ) plumbago1 & if necess>y "s m is du/$ & bru%$ ov] its surface & "s iron du/ is spr9kl$ ov] x also4 ,a matrix or impression ( ! type is ?us obta9$1 on :i* copp] is deposit$ by electroplat+1 q4 v4 ,elem5t1 ,*emical4 ,! orig9al =ms ( matt] t _c be sep>at$ into con/itu5ts by any kn[n process4 ,!y are ab\t sev5ty 9 numb]4 ,"s ( ! r>] ones are be+ add$ to or cancell$ ) ! progress ( *emical discov]y4 ,= _! electric relations see ,electro-*emical ,equival5ts--,electro-*emical ,s]ies4 ,! elem5ts 9 ent]+ into comb9ation satisfy *emical aff9ity & lib]ate en]gy1 :i* may take ! =m ( electric en]gy z 9 ! galvanic batt]y1 or ( heat en]gy1 z 9 ! combu/ion ( c>bon or magnesium4 ,!re=e an uncomb9$ elem5t is ! seat ( pot5tial en]gy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,pot5tial47 ,9 comb9+ ! elem5ts always comb9e 9 def9ite proportions4 ,a s]ies ( numb]s1 "o be+ prop] to ea* elem5t :i* d5ote ! smalle/ common multipli]s ( ^! proportions1 are call$ equival5ts4 ,tak+ ! !ory ( val5cy into consid]ation ! product ( ! equival5ts by ! val5cies gives ! atomic weights4 #bcg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,elem5t1 ,ma!matical4 ,a v small "p ( any?+1 correspond+ 9 a g5]al way to a diff]5tial1 z ! elem5t ( a curr5t4 ,elem5t ( a ,batt]y ,cell4 ,! plates 9 a galvanic c\ple are t]m$ elem5ts1 z ! c>bon & z9c plates 9 a ,buns5 cell4 ,! plate unattack$ by ! solution1 z ! c>bon plate 9 ! above batt]y1 is t]m$ ! negative plate or elem5t2 ! "o attack$1 z ! z9c plate1 is t]m$ ! positive plate or elem5t4 ,synonym--,voltaic ,elem5t4 ,elem5ts1 ,electrical ,classification (4 ,?is may ref] to ,electro-*emical ,s]ies1 ,electro/atic ,s]ies1 or ,!rmo-electric ,s]ies1 all ( :i* may be ref]r$ to4 ,elem5t1 ,!rmo-electric4 ,"o ( ! metals or o!r conductors mak+ a !rmo-electric c\ple1 ! heat+ ( ^: junction produces electro-motive =ce & a curr5t1 if on clos$ circuit4 ,! elem5ts ( a c\ple are respectively positive & negative1 & mo/ conductors c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies accord+ to _! relative pol>ity4 7,see ,!rmo-electric ,s]ies47 ,elongation4 ,! ?r[ ( ! magnetic ne$le4 7,see ,?r[47 ,synonym--,?r[4 ,emboss]1 ,telegraph4 ,a telegraphic receiv] giv+ rais$ *>act]s on a piece ( pap]4 ,x g5]ally ref]s to an app>atus ( ! old ,morse receiv] type1 "o us+ a dry po9t /ylus1 :i* press+ ! pap] into a groove 9 ! roll] above ! pap]1 gave rais$ *>act]s 9 dots & l9es4 ,fig4 #afc4 ,,morse ,,receiv]4 #bch ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,e4 ,m4 ,d4 ,p4 ,abbreviation = electro-motive diff]5ce ( pot5tial or = electro-motive =ce produc+ a curr5t z di/+ui%$ f m]e in]t pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,abbreviation = electro-motive =ce4 ,fig4 #afd4 ,,end-,,on ,,me?od4 ,end-on ,me?od4 ,a me?od ( det]m9+ ! magnetic mom5t ( a magnet4 ,! magnet "u exam9ation1 ,n ,s1 is plac$ at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 ,m ,o ,r1 & po9t+ directly at or end on to ! c5tre ( a compass ne$le1 n s4 ,f ! deflection a ( ! latt] ! mom5t is calculat$4 ,endosmose1 ,electric4 ,! infl[+ curr5t ( electric osmose4 7,see ,osmose1 ,electric47 ,end ,play4 ,! p[] to move horizontally 9 its be>+s sometimes giv5 to armature %afts4 ,?is secures a m ev5 we>+ ( ! commutator faces4 ,end play is n p]missible 9 disc armatures1 z ! attraction ( ! field ^u ! face ( ! armature core w\ld displace x endwise4 ,= su* armatures ?ru/-be>+s prev5t+ end play h to be provid$4 ,en]gy4 ,! capacity = do+ "w4 ,x is measur$ by "w units :i* involve ! ex]cise ( =ce along a pa? ( "s l5g?4 ,a foot-p\nd1 c5timet]-gram1 & c5timet]-dyne are units ( en]gy & "w4 ,! absolute unit ( en]gy is ! erg1 a =ce ( "o dyne ex]cis$ ov] "o c5timet] ( space4 7,see ,dyne47 ,! dim5sions ( en]gy are =ce 7,m 99 ,l _/ ,t#b7 99 space 7,l7 ,m 99 7,l#b _/ ,t#b74 ,en]gy may be *emical 7atomic or molecul>71 me*anical1 electrical1 !rmal1 physical1 pot5tial1 k9etic1 or actual1 & o!r divisions c\ld be =mulat$4 #bci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,en]gy1 ,atomic4 ,! pot5tial en]gy due to atomic relations set free by atomic *ange2 a =m ( *emical en]gy1 because *emi/ry ref]s to molecul> z well z to atomic *anges4 ,:5 atomic en]gy loses ! pot5tial =m x imm$iately manife/s itself 9 "s o!r =m1 su* z heat or electric en]gy4 ,x may be consid]$ z always be+ pot5tial en]gy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,*emical47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is item ref]s to *emical en]gy1 t is manife/ 9 "w done by electric =ces dur+ re-arrangem5t ( electrons4 ,atomic en]gy n[ ref]s to re-arrangem5t ( nucleons 7protons & neutrons7 & ! result+ conv]sion ( mass into en]gy4 ,en]gy1 ,*emical4 ,a =m ( pot5tial en]gy 7see ,en]gy1 ,pot5tial7 possess$ by elem5ts 9 virtue ( _! p[] ( comb9+ ) lib]ation ( en]gy1 z 9 ! comb9ation ( c>bon ) oxyg5 9 a furnace2 or by comp\nds 9 virtue ( _! p[] ( ent]+ into o!r comb9ations m satisfy+ to ! aff9ities ( _! respective elem5ts or to _! own molecul> aff9ity4 ,?us 9 a galvanic c\ple wat] is decompos$ ) absorption ( en]gy1 b its oxyg5 comb9es ) z9c ) evolution ( great] am\nt ( en]gy1 s t 9 a voltaic c\ple ! net result is ! sett+ free ( *emical en]gy1 :i* is at once conv]t$ into electrical en]gy 9 curr5t =m1 if ! batt]y is on a clos$ circuit4 ,en]gy1 ,cons]vation (4 ,a doctr9e accept$ z true t ! sum ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se is fix$ & inv>iable4 ,?is precludes ! possibility ( p]petual motion4 ,en]gy may be unavailable to man1 & 9 ! univ]se ! available en]gy is cont9ually decreas+1 b ! total en]gy is ! same & nev] *anges4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,if mass is c\nt$ a en]gy 7,em997c#b77 !n en]gy is /rictly cons]v$4 ,en]gy1 ,degradation (4 ,! r$uction ( en]gy to =ms 9 :i* x _c be utiliz$ by man4 ,x involves ! r$uction ( pot5tial en]gy to k9etic en]gy1 & ! r$uction ( k9etic en]gy ( diff]5t degrees to en]gy ( ! same degree4 ,?us :5 ! :ole univ]se %all h atta9$ ! same temp]ature its en]gy w h become degrad$ or non-available4 ,at pres5t 9 ! sun we h a s\rce ( k9etic en]gy ( high degree1 9 coal a s\rce ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,! burn+ ( all ! coal w be an example ( ! r$uction ( pot5tial to k9etic en]gy1 & ! cool+ ( ! sun w illu/rate ! l[]+ 9 degree ( k9etic en]gy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,cons]vation (--,en]gy1 ,pot5tial--,en]gy1 ,k9etic47 ,en]gy1 ,electric4 ,! capacity = do+ "w possess$ by electricity "u prop] conditions4 ,electric en]gy may be ei!r k9etic or pot5tial4 ,z ord9>y me*anical en]gy is a product ( =ce & space1 s electric en]gy is a product ( pot5tial diff]5ce & quantity4 ,?us a giv5 numb] ( c\lombs ( electricity 9 fall+ a giv5 numb] ( volts develop electric en]gy4 ,! dim5sions are f\nd !re=e by multiply+ electric curr5t int5sity quantity 77,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e771 by electric pot5tial 77,m4#e7997,l#a4e7 _/ 7,t#b771 giv+ 7,m 99 7,l#b7_/7,t#b771 ! dim5sions ( en]gy 9 g5]al z x %\ld be4 ,! absolute unit ( electric en]gy 9 electro-magnetic measure is 7#a;,e-#g7 volt c\lombs4 #bdj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! practical unit is ! volt-c\lomb4 ,z ! volt is equal to #a;,e#h absolute units ( pot5tial & ! c\lomb to #j4a absolute units ( quantity1 ! volt-c\lomb is equal to #a;,e#g absolute units ( en]gy4 ,! volt-c\lomb is v seldom us$1 & ! unit ( ,electric ,activity or ,p[] 7see ,p[]1 ,electric71 ! volt-amp]e1 is univ]sally us$4 ,?is unit is sometimes call$ ! ,watt1 q4 v41 & x indicates ! rate ( exp5diture or ( production ( electric en]gy4 ,! /or+ up 9 a /atic accumulator or cond5s] ( a giv5 *>ge ( electricity1 available = use ) a giv5 *ange ( pot5tial repres5ts pot5tial electric en]gy4 ,! pass+ ( a giv5 quantity ?r\gh a conductor ) a giv5 fall ( pot5tial repres5ts k9etic electric en]gy4 ,9 a second>y batt]y !re is no /orage ( en]gy1 b ! *>g+ curr5t simply accumulates pot5tial *emical en]gy 9 ! batt]y1 :i* *emical en]gy is conv]t$ into electric en]gy 9 ! dis*>ge or deliv]y ( ! batt]y4 ,x is cu/om>y to discuss ,ohm's law 9 ?is connection2 x is prop]ly treat$ "u ,electric ,p[]1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 7,see ,p[]1 ,electric47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a volt-amp]e or watt is a unit ( p[]4 ,a volt-c\lomb second or watt-second is a unit ( en]gy4 ,p[] multipli$ by "t yields en]gy4 ,en]gy1 ,electric ,transmission (4 ,if an electric curr5t passes ?r\gh a conductor all its en]gy is exp5d$ 9 ! full circuit4 ,"p ( ! circuit may be an electrical g5]ator t supplies en]gy z fa/ z exp5d$4 ,"p ( ! circuit may be a motor :i* absorbs "p ( ! en]gy1 ! re/ be+ exp5d$ 9 =c+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! connect+ wires & ?r\gh ! g5]ator4 ,! electric en]gy 9 ! g5]ator & connect+ wires is uselessly exp5d$ by conv]sion into heat4 ,t 9 ! motor 9 great "p is utiliz$ by conv]sion into me*anical en]gy :i* c d useful "w4 ,?is repres5ts ! transmission ( en]gy4 ,e electric curr5t sy/em repres5ts ?is op]ation1 b ! t]m is usually re/rict$ to ! transmission ( comp>atively l>ge quantities ( en]gy4 ,a typical in/allation might be repres5t$ ?us4 ,at a wat]fall a turb9e wat] :eel is e/abli%$ :i* drives a dynamo4 ,f ! dynamo wires are c>ri$ to a di/ant factory1 :]e a motor or sev]al motors are e/abli%$1 :i* receive curr5t f ! dynamo & drive ! ma*9]y4 ,! same curr5t1 if !re is en\gh en]gy1 may be us$ = runn+ lamps or electroplat+4 ,z electric en]gy 7see ,en]gy1 ,electric17 is measur$ by ! product ( pot5tial diff]5ce by quantity1 a v small wire w suffice = ! transmission ( a small curr5t at a high pot5tial1 giv+ a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( en]gy4 ,x is calculat$ t ! en]gy ( ,niag>a ,falls c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh a circuit ( iron telegraph wire a di/ance ( ov] #a1jjj miles1 b a pot5tial diff]5ce ( #ace1jjj1jjj volts w\ld be requir$1 some?+ q impossible to obta9 or manage4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y long di/ance p[] transmission l9es use #aae1jjj to #a1bjj1jjj volts4 ,at high] voltages corona dis*>ges 7arc+7 create unacceptable losses4 #bda ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,en]gy1 ,k9etic4 ,en]gy due to matt] be+ actually 9 motion4 ,x is sometimes call$ actual en]gy4 ,! en]gy v>ies directly ) ! mass & ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 =mula by 4#e 99,m 99 7v#b74 ,synonyms--,actual ,en]gy--,en]gy ( ,motion--,dynamic ,en]gy4 ,en]gy1 ,me*anical4 ,! en]gy due to me*anical *ange or motion1 virtually ! same z mol> en]gy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,mol>47 ,en]gy1 ,mol>4 ,! en]gy ( masses ( matt] due to movem5ts ( or positions ( matt] 9 masses2 su* z ! k9etic en]gy ( a p\nd or ( a ton 9 motion1 or ! pot5tial en]gy ( a p\nd at an elevation ( "o hundr$ feet4 ,en]gy1 ,molecul>4 ,! pot5tial en]gy due to ! relations ( molecules & set free by _! *ange 9 ! way ( comb9ation4 ,x is pot5tial = ! same reason t applies to atomic & *emical en]gy1 ( :i* latt] x is (t5 a =m1 al?\gh x is (t5 physical en]gy4 ,! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 vaporization is physical & molecul> en]gy2 ! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 uncomb9$ potassium oxide & wat]1 or calcium oxide 7quicklime7 & wat] is molecul>1 & :5 ei!r two sub/ances are br\ght toge!r k9etic1 !rmal or heat en]gy is set free1 z 9 slak+ lime = mort>4 ,en]gy ( an ,electrifi$ ,body4 ,an electrifi$ body implies ! o!r two elem5ts ( a cond5s]4 ,x is ! seat ( en]gy set free :5 dis*>g$4 7,see ,dielectric1 ,en]gy (47 ,! two oppositely *>g$ bodies t5d to approa*4 ,?is t5d5cy1 toge!r ) ! di/ances sep>at+ !m1 repres5ts a pot5tial en]gy4 ,en]gy ( ,/ress4 ,pot5tial en]gy due to /ress1 z ! /ret*+ ( a spr+4 ,?is is h>dly a =m ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,a /ress$ spr+ is m]ely 9 a position to d "w at ! exp5se ( its own !rmal or k9etic en]gy because x is cool$ 9 do+ "w4 ,if x possess$ true pot5tial en]gy ( /ress x w\ld n be s cool$4 ,en]gy ( ,position4 ,pot5tial en]gy due to position1 z ! pot5tial en]gy ( a p\nd weight rais$ t5 feet 7t5 foot lbs474 7,see ,en]gy1 ,pot5tial47 ,en]gy1 ,physical4 ,! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 physical position or set free 9 physical *ange4 ,?us a vapor or gas absorbs en]gy 9 its vaporization1 :i* is pot5tial en]gy1 & appe>s z heat en]gy :5 ! vapor liquefies4 #bdb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,en]gy1 ,pot5tial1 or ,/atic ,en]gy4 ,! capacity = do+ "w 9 a sy/em due to advantage ( position or o!r cause1 su* z ! /ress ( a spr+4 ,a p\nd weight support$ t5 feet above a plane has t5 foot lbs4 ( pot5tial en]gy ( position ref]r$ to t plane4 ,a giv5 weight ( an elem5t>y sub/ance repres5ts pot5tial *emical en]gy1 :i* w be lib]at$ z actual en]gy 9 its comb9ation ) "s o!r elem5t = :i* x has an aff9ity4 ,?us a ton ( coal repres5ts a quantity ( pot5tial *emical en]gy :i* appe>s 9 ! k9etic =m ( !rmal en]gy :5 ! coal is burn+ 9 a furnace4 ,a *>g$ ,leyd5 j> repres5ts a s\rce ( pot5tial electric en]gy1 :i* becomes k9etic heat en]gy z ! same is dis*>g$4 ,en]gy1 ,!rmal4 ,a =m ( k9etic molecul> en]gy due to ! molecul> motion ( bodies caus$ by heat4 ,entropy4 ,non-available en]gy4 ,z en]gy may 9 "s way or o!r be g5]ally r$uc$ to heat1 x w be f\nd t ! equaliz+ ( temp]ature1 actual & pot5tial1 9 a sy/em1 :ile x leaves ! total en]gy un*ang$1 makes x all unavailable1 because all "w repres5ts a fall 9 degree ( en]gy or a fall 9 temp]ature4 ,b 9 a sy/em su* z describ$ no su* fall c\ld occur1 !re=e no "w c\ld be done4 ,! univ]se is obvi\sly t5d+ 9 t direction4 ,on ! e>? ! exhau/ion ( coal is 9 ! direction ( degradation ( its high pot5tial en]gy1 s t ! entropy ( ! univ]se t5ds to z]o4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,degradation (47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,entropy 7disord]7 ,,increases1 :ile ,,available ,,en]gy t5ds to z]o4 ,entropy1 ,electric4 ,cl]k ,maxwell ?\ght x possible to recognize 9 ! ,pelti] effect1 q4 v41 a *ange 9 entropy1 a ga9 or loss accord+ to :e!r ! !rmo-electric junction 0 heat$ or cool$4 ,?is is t]m$ ,electric ,entropy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,degradation (47 #bdc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #afe4 ,,ep9us' ,,cond5s]1 ,ep9us' ,cond5s]4 ,two circul> brass plates1 ,a & ,b1 are m\nt$ on insulat+ supports1 & arrang$ to be mov$ t[>ds or away f ea* o!r z desir$4 ,betwe5 !m is a plate ( glass1 ,c1 or o!r dielectric4 ,pi? balls may be susp5d$ back ( ea* brass plate z %[n4 ,! app>atus is *>g$ by connect+ "o plate to an electric ma*9e & ! o!r to ! e>?4 ,! capacity ( ! plate connect$ to ! ma*9e is increas$ by br++ ne> to x ! gr\nd$ plate1 by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( b\nd *>ges4 ,?is app>atus is us$ to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( ! electric cond5s]4 ,x 0 inv5t$ aft] ! ,leyd5 j> 0 inv5t$4 ,fig4 #aff4 ,,ep9us' ,,cond5s]4 ,e4 ,p4 ,s4 ,initials ( ,electrical ,p[] ,/orage2 appli$ to a type ( second>y batt]y made by a company be>+ t title4 ,fig4 #afg4 ,,cam ,,equaliz]4 #bdd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,equaliz]4 ,9 electro-magnetic me*anism an arrangem5t = conv]t+ ! pull ( ! electro-magnet v>y+ 9 int5sity greatly ov] its range ( action1 into a pull ( s5sibly equal /r5g? ?r\gh\t4 ,! use ( a rock+ lev] act+ z a cam1 ) lev]age v>y+ z ! armature approa*es or rec$es f ! magnet core is "o me?od ( effect+ ! result4 ,su* is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,e is an electro-magnet1 ) armature a4 ,a & ,b are ! equaliz] cams4 ,! pull on ! %ort end ( ! cam ,b is s5sibly equal = its :ole l5g?4 ,_m o!r me?ods h be5 devis$1 involv+ diff]5t %apes ( pole pieces1 armatures or me*anical devices o!r ?an ! "o j %[n4 ,equipot5tial4 adj4 ,equal 9 pot5tial2 g5]ally appli$ to surfaces4 ,?us e magnetic field is assum$ to be made up ( l9es ( =ce & int]sect+ ^? l9es1 surfaces1 plane1 or m or less curv$ 9 cont\r1 c be det]m9$1 ov] all p>ts ( ea* "o ( :i* ! magnetic int5sity w be id5tical4 ,ea* surface is ! locus ( equal int5sity4 ,! same type ( surface c be con/ruct$ = any field ( =ce1 su* z an electro/atic field1 & is t]m$ an equipot5tial surface4 ,equipot5tial ,surface1 ,electro/atic4 ,a surface 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce1 :i* is ! locus ( all po9ts ( a giv5 pot5tial 9 su* field2 a surface cutt+ all ! l9es ( =ce at a po9t ( id5tical pot5tial4 ,l9es ( =ce are cut p]p5dicul>ly by an equipot5tial surface1 or are normal !reto4 ,equipot5tial ,surface1 ,magnetic & ,electro-magnetic4 ,a surface be>+ ! same relation to a magnetic or electro-magnetic field ( =ce t an electro/atic equipot5tial surface 7see ,equipot5tial ,surface1 ,electro/atic17 does to an electro/atic field ( =ce4 ,equival5t1 ,*emical4 ,! quoti5t obta9$ by divid+ ! atomic weight ( an elem5t by its val5cy4 ,equival5ts1 ,electro-*emical4 ,! weight ( any sub/ance set free by "o c\lomb ( electricity4 ,! foll[+ give "s equival5ts express$ 9 milligrams3 ,hydrog5 4#jaje ,m]cury 7m]cur\s7 #b4aj ,gold 4#fhgg ,iron 7f]ric7 4#aifd ,silv] #a4acd ,iron 7f]r\s7 4#bid ,copp] 7cupric7 4#ccjg ,nickel 4#cjih ,m]cury 7m]curic7 #a4je ,z9c 4#cdac ,lead #a4jhfh ,*lor9e 4#cgbh ,oxyg5 4#hi #bde ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,equival5t1 ,electro-me*anical4 ,! "w or en]gy equival5t to unit quantities ( electric en]gy1 q4 v42 or equival5t to a unit curr5t 9 a conductor ^: ends diff] "o unit ( pot5tial4 ,! unit ( electric en]gy tak5 is ! watt-second or volt-c\lomb4 ,"o volt-c\lomb is equal to ,ergs #a;,e#g #ajjjjjjj ,foot ,p\nd 4#gcgccg ,gram-degree ,c4 4#bdjfh ,horse ,p[] ,second 4#jjacdjf ,p\nd-degree ,f4 4#jjjiee ,"o horse p[] is equal to #gde4idc volt c\lombs p] second4 ,equival5t1 ,electro-!rmal4 ,! heat produc$ by a unit curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a conductor ) unit diff]5ce ( pot5tial at its ends2 ! heat equival5t ( a volt-c\lomb or watt-second4 ,x is equal to ,gram-degree ,c4 4#bdjfh ,p\nd-degree ,f4 4#jjjiee ,equival5t1 ,!rmo-*emical4 ,! calories evolv$ by ! comb9ation ( "o gram ( any sub/ance ) its equival5t ( ano!r sub/ance be+ det]m9$1 ! product obta9$ by multiply+ ?is numb] by ! equival5t 7atomic or molecul> weight _/ val5cy7 ( ! fir/ elem5t or sub/ance is ! !rmo-*emical equival5t4 ,if express$ 9 kilogram calories1 ! product ( ! !rmo-*emical equival5t by #j4dc gives ! voltage requir$ to effect su* decomposition4 ,! foll[+ are !rmo-*emical equival5ts ( a few comb9ations3 ,wat] #cd4e ,z9c oxide #dc4b ,iron protoxide #cd4e ,iron ,sesquioxide #ca4i ,x #c ,copp] oxide #ai4b ,equivolt4 ,! me*anical en]gy ( "o volt electro-motive =ce ex]t$ "u unit conditions ?r\gh "o equival5t ( *emical action 9 gra9s4 7,j4 ,t4 ,sprague47 ,?is unit is n 9 g5]al use z ! unit ( electric en]gy1 ! volt-c\lomb & 7= rate ( electric en]gy7 ! volt-amp]e be+ always us$4 ,erg4 ,! absolute or fundam5tal ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( "w or en]gy4 ,! "w done or en]gy exp5d$ 9 mov+ a body ?r\gh "o c5timet] aga9/ a resi/ance ( "o dyne4 ,erg-t54 ,t5 millions ( ergs1 or t5 meg-ergs4 ,escape4 ,a t]m appli$ to leakage ( curr5t4 ,et*+1 ,electric4 ,a process ( produc+ an et*$ plate4 ,! plate is coat$ ) wax1 & ! design trac$ ?r\gh z 9 common et*+4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a ba? & is connect$ to ! positive t]m9al f a g5]ator1 ^: negative is imm]s$ 9 ! same ba?1 s t ! metal is dissolv$ by electrolytic action4 ,by atta*+ to ! o!r t]m9al & us+ a plat+ ba?1 a r\gh relief plate may be secur$1 by deposition 9 ! l9es ( metal by electroplat+4 ,synonym--,electric ,engrav+4 #bdf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,e!r4 ,! e!r is a hypo!tical ?+ t 0 inv5t$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,light is !oretically due to transv]se vibrations ( ! e!r4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,"y ! conception ( ! e!r has ext5d$1 & n[ light1 radiant heat1 & electricity are all treat$ z ph5om5a ( ! e!r4 ,electrical attraction & repulsion are expla9$ by consid]+ !m due to local /resses 9 ! e!r2 magnetic ph5om5a z due to local :irlpools !re94 ,! e!r 0 orig9ally call$ ! lum9if]\s e!r1 b ! adjective %\ld n[ be dropp$4 ,its d5sity is put at #icf;,e-#ba t ( wat]1 or equal to t ( ! atmosph]e at #baj miles above ! e>?'s surface4 ,its rigidity is ab\t #a;,e-#i t ( /eel 7see ,t51 ,p[]s (72 z a :ole x is comp>able to an all-p]vad+ jelly1 ) almo/ p]fect ela/icity4 ,! mo/ complete vacuum is fill$ ) e!r4 ,all ?is is a hypo!sis1 = ! e!r has nev] be5 prov$ to exi/4 ,:e!r gravitation w ev] be expla9$ by ,x rema9s to be se54 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t 9 #ahhg 7five ye>s be=e ?is book7 ca/ s]i\s d\bt on ! e!r4 ,9 #aije ,e9/e9 expla9$ electromagnetic ph5om5on ) photons4 ,9 #aifc ,edw>d ,m4 ,purcell us$ special relativity to d]ive ! exi/5ce ( magnetism & radiation4 ,eudiomet]4 ,a graduat$ glass tube = measur+ ! volumes ( gases4 ,9 its simple/ =m x is simply a cyl9drical tube1 ) a scale et*$ or engrav$ ^u x1 clos$ at "o end & op5 at ! o!r4 ,! gas to be measur$ is collect$ 9 x ov] a liquid1 g5]ally wat]1 dilute sulphuric acid 9 ! gas voltamet]1 or m]cury4 ,_m diff]5t %apes h be5 giv5 !m by ,h(fmann1 ,ure1 ,buns5 & o!rs4 ,evaporation1 ,electric4 ,! sup]ficial sublimation or evaporation ( a sub/ance "u ! influ5ce ( negative electricity4 ,x is "o ( ! effects inve/igat$ by ,crookes 9 8 exp]im5ts ) high vacua4 ,he f\nd t :5 a metal1 ev5 s infusible z plat9um1 0 expos$ to negative electrification 9 "o ( 8 high vacuum tubes1 t x 0 volatiliz$ p]ceptibly4 ,a cadmium electrode heat$ & electrifi$ negatively 0 f\nd to give a /rong coat+ ( metal on ! walls ( ! tube4 ,ev5 9 ! op5 air ! evaporation ( wat] 0 f\nd to be accel]at$ by negative electrification4 ,ex*ange1 ,telephone4 ,! (fice to :i* telephone wires lead 9 a g5]al telephone sy/em4 ,9 ! (fice by a multiple swit* bo>d1 or o!r means1 ! diff]5t telephones are int]connect$ by ! (fice att5dants1 s t any cu/om]s :o desire x may be put into communication ) ea* o!r4 ,! ex*ange is (t5 t]m$ ! ,c5tral ,(fice1 al?\gh x may be only a bran* (fice4 ,excitability1 ,f>adic4 ,! action produc$ 9 n]ve or muscle ( ! animal sy/em by an alt]nat+ or int]mitt+ high pot5tial dis*>ge f an induction coil4 #bdg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,excitability1 ,galvanic4 ,! same z ,f>adic excitability1 except t x ref]s to ! effects ( ! curr5t f a galvanic batt]y4 ,excitability ( ,animal ,sy/em1 ,electric4 ,! susceptibility ( a n]ve or muscle to electric curr5t %[n by ! effect produc$ by its application4 ,excit]4 ,a g5]ator us$ = excit+ ! field magnet ( a dynamo4 ,9 alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos1 e4 g41 ( ! ,we/+h\se type1 a special dynamo is us$ simply to excite ! field magnet4 ,9 c5tral /ation di/ribution ! same is (t5 done = direct curr5t dynamos4 ,exosmose1 ,electric4 ,! outfl[+ curr5t ( electric osmose4 7,see ,osmose1 ,electric47 ,expansion1 ,coeffici5t (4 ,! numb] express+ ! proportional increase 9 size1 ei!r l5g?1 area or volume1 ( a sub/ance "u ! influ5ce g5]ally ( heat4 ,!re are ?ree sets ( coeffici5ts1 7#a7 ( l9e> expansion1 7#b7 ( sup]ficial expansion1 7#c7 ( cubic expansion or expansion ( volume4 ,! fir/ & ?ird are ! only ones mu* us$4 ,!y v>y = diff]5t sub/ances1 & = ! same sub/ance at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,!y are usually express$ z decimals indicat+ ! mix$ numb] ref]r$ to ! l5g? or volume ( ! body at ! freez+ po9t z unity4 ,expansion1 ,electric4 7a7 ,! increase 9 volume ( a cond5s]1 :5 *>g$ electro/atically4 ,a ,leyd5 j> exp&s :5 *>g$1 & contracts :5 dis*>g$4 7b7 ,! increase 9 l5g? ( a b> ( iron :5 magnetiz$4 ,?is is m prop]ly call$ magnetic expansion or magnetic elongation4 ,explod]4 7a7 ,a small magneto-g5]ator = produc+ a curr5t = heat+ ! wire 9 an electric fuse ( ! ,abel type 7see ,fuse1 ,electric71 & !reby det]m9+ an explosion4 7b7 ,! t]m may also be appli$ to a small frictional or influ5ce ma*9e = produc+ a sp>k = explod+ a sp>k fuse4 ,explor]4 ,a coil1 simil> to a magnetiz+ coil 7see ,coil1 ,magnetiz+71 us$ = inve/igat+ ! electro-magnetic circuit & = simil> purposes4 ,if plac$ ar\nd an electro-magnet & connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 x w produce a deflection1 ow+ to a mom5t>y induc$ curr5t1 ^u any *ange 9 ! magnet1 su* z remov+ or replac+ ! armature4 ,x is useful 9 det]m9+ ! leakage ( l9es ( =ce & = g5]al inve/igations ( t nature4 ,x is (t5 call$ an explor+ coil4 ,hughes' ,induction ,balance 7see ,induction ,balance1 ,hughes'7 is sometimes call$ a ,magnetic ,explor]4 ,! explor+ coil may be put 9 circuit ) a galvanomet] = quantitative measurem5ts or ) a telephone = qualitative ones4 #bdh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ext5sion ,bell ,call4 ,a sy/em ( relay connection1 q4 v41 by :i* a bell is made to cont9ue r++ aft] ! curr5t has ceas$ com+ ov] ! ma9 l9e4 ,x is design$ to prolong ! al>m giv5 by a magneto call bell1 q4 v41 :i* latt] only r+s z long z ! magneto h&le is turn$4 ,a vibrat+ electric bell 7see ,bell1 ,electric17 is connect$ 9 circuit ) a local batt]y & a swit* normally op51 b s con/ruct$ z to close ! circuit :5 a curr5t is pass$ & cont9ue to d s indef9itely4 ,! di/ant circuit is connect$ to ?is swit*4 ,:5 ! magneto is work$ x acts ^u ! swit*1 closes ! local batt]y circuit & leaves x clos$1 :ile ! bell goes on r++ until ! batt]y is exhau/$ or ! swit* is op5$ by h&4 ,eye1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 explor+ a field ( electro-magnetic radiations4 ,x is a piece ( copp] wire #b millimet]s 74#jh in*7 9 diamet]1 b5t into an almo/ complete circle #gj millimet]s 74#bh in*7 9 diamet]1 ) t]m9als sep>at$ by an air gap4 ,?is is mov$ ab\t 9 ! region "u exam9ation1 & by ! production ( a sp>k indicates ! locality ( ! loops or v5t]s 9 sy/ems ( /ation>y waves4 ,f4 ,abbreviation = ,fahr5heit1 z #aj ,f41 mean+ #aj ,fahr5heit4 7,see ,fahr5heit ,scale47 ,fahr5heit ,scale4 ,a !rmomet] scale 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,on ?is scale ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice is #cb2 t ( cond5s+ /eam is #bab2 ! degrees are all ( equal l5g?4 ,its use is indicat$ by ! lett] ,f41 z #ahj ,f4 ,to conv]t its read+s into c5tigrade1 subtract #cb & multiply by #e_/i4 7b7 ,to conv]t c5tigrade into ,f4 multiply by #i_/e & add #cb4 ,?us #ahj ,f4 77#ahj-cb7 99 #e_/i7 ,c4 #hb4b ,c4 ,aga9 #ahj ,c4 7#ahj 99 #i_/e7 #cb #cbd ,f4 ,transcrib]s note3 #ahj ,c4 7#ahj 99 #i_/e7 #cb #cef ,f4 ,! additions & subtractions mu/ be algebraic 9 all cases4 ,?us :5 ! degrees are m9us or bel[ z]o ! rules = conv]sion might be put ?us3 ,to conv]t degrees ,f4 bel[ z]o into c5tigrade to ! numb] ( degrees ,f4 add #cb1 multiply by #e_/i & place a m9us sign 7-7 be=e x4 7b7 ,to conv]t degrees c5tigrade bel[ z]o into ,fahr5heit1 multiply ! numb] ( degrees by #i_/e1 subtract f #cb if small]2 if great] ?an #cb subtract #cb !refrom1 & prefix a m9us sign1 ?us3 -#aj ,c4 #cb - 7#aj 99 #i_/e7 #ad4 ,aga91 -#cj;,c4 7#cj 99 #i_/e7 - #cb #bb -#bb ,f4 #bdi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,f>ad4 ,! practical unit ( electric capacity2 ! capacity ( a conductor :i* c reta9 "o c\lomb ( electricity at a pot5tial ( "o volt4 ,! quantity ( electricity *>g$ ^u a conduct+ surface raises its pot5tial2 !re=e a conductor ( "o f>ad capacity c hold two c\lombs at two volts pot5tial1 & ?ree c\lombs at ?ree volts1 & s on4 ,! electric capacity ( a conductor1 !re=e1 is relative comp>$ to o!rs z reg>ds its *>ge1 = ! latt] may be z great z compatible ) abs5ce ( sp>k+ & disruptive dis*>ge4 ,9 o!r words1 a "o f>ad or two f>ad conductor may hold a great _m c\lombs4 ,*>g+ a conductor ) electricity is comp>able to pump+ air into a receiv]4 ,su* a vessel may hold "o cubic foot ( air at atmosph]ic pressure & two at two atmosph]es1 & yet be ( "o cubic foot capacity h[ev] mu* air is pump$ into x4 ,! f>ad is equal to "o fundam5tal electro/atic unit ( capacity multipli$ by #i;,e#aa & to "o electro-magnetic unit multipli$ by #a;,e-#i4 ,! f>ad al?\gh "o ( ! practical units is f> too l>ge1 s ! micro-f>ad is us$ 9 its place4 ,! capacity ( a sph]e ! size ( ! e>? is only 4#jjjfcf ( a f>ad4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y calculations give ab\t 4#jjjgbj f>ad4 ,f>aday1 ,effect4 ,! effect ( rotation ( its plane produc$ ^u a pol>iz$ beam ( light by passage ?r\gh a magnetic field4 7,see ,magnetic ,rot>y ,pol>ization47 ,f>aday's ,cube4 ,to det]m9e ! surface action ( a *>ge1 ,f>aday con/ruct$ a room1 twelve feet cube1 insulat$1 & l9$ ) t9foil4 ,?is room he *>g$ to a high pot5tial1 b )9 x he c\ld detect no excitem5t :atev]4 ,! reason 0 because ! electricity induc$ 9 ! bodies )9 ! room 0 exactly equal to ! *>ge ( ! room-surface1 & 0 b\nd exactly by x4 ,! room is t]m$ ,f>aday's cube4 ,f>aday's ,d>k ,space4 ,a non-lum9\s space betwe5 ! negative & positive gl[s1 produc$ 9 an incompletely exhau/$ tube ?r\gh :i* a /atic dis*>ge1 z f an induction coil1 is produc$4 ,x is p]ceptible 9 a r>efaction ( #f millimet]s 74#bd in*7 & upw>ds4 ,if ! exhau/ion is v high a d>k space appe>s betwe5 ! negative electrode & its dis*>ge4 ,?is is kn[n z ,crookes' d>k space4 ,f>aday's ,disc4 ,a disc ( any metal1 m\nt$ s z to be susceptible ( rotation 9 a magnetic field ( =ce1 ) its axis p>allel to ! g5]al direction ( ! l9es ( =ce4 ,a spr+ be>s aga9/ its p]iph]y & ano!r spr+ aga9/ its axle4 ,:5 rotat$1 if ! spr+s are connect$ by a conductor1 a curr5t is e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! circuit includ+ ! disc & conductor4 ,! radius ( ! disc betwe5 ! spr+ contacts repres5ts a conductor cutt+ l9es ( =ce & g5]at+ a pot5tial diff]5ce1 produc+ a curr5t4 ,if a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! motionless :eel f c5tre to p]iph]y x rotates1 illu/rat+ ! doctr9e ( rev]sibility4 ,z a motor x is call$ ,b>l['s or ,/urgeon's ,:eel4 ,if ! disc )\t connections is rapidly rotat$ x produces ,f\cault curr5ts1 q4 v41 )9 its mass1 :i* resi/ its rotation & heat ! disc4 #bej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #afh4 ,,f>aday',s ,,net4 ,f>aday's ,net4 ,an app>atus = %[+ t ! electric *>ge resides on ! surface4 ,x consi/s ( a net1 conical 9 %ape & r deep1 to ^: apex two ?reads1 "o on ea* side1 are atta*$4 ,its m\? is fa/5$ to a v]tical r+ & ! :ole is m\nt$ on an insulat+ support4 ,x is pull$ out to its full ext5t & is electrifi$4 ,no *>ge c be detect$ inside x4 ,by pull+ "o ( ! ?reads x is turn$ ) ! o!r side out4 ,n[ all ! *>ge is f\nd on ! outside j z be=e1 except t x is ( c\rse on ! =m] inside surface ( ! bag4 ,! int]ior %[s no *>ge4 ,f>aday's ,trans=m]4 ,! fir/ trans=m]4 ,x 0 made by ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,x 0 a r+ ( s(t iron #g_/h in* ?ick1 & #f in*es 9 ext]nal diamet]4 ,x 0 w\nd ) b>e wire1 calico be+ us$ to prev5t contact ( ! wire ) ! r+ & ( ! lay]s ( wire ) ea* o!r1 :ile tw9e 0 w\nd betwe5 ! convolutions to prev5t ! wires f t\*+4 ,sev5ty-two feet ( copp] wire1 #a_/bj in* diamet]1 7 w\nd 9 ?ree sup]impos$ coils1 cov]+ ab\t "o-half ( ! r+4 ,on ! o!r half sixty feet ( copp] wire 7 w\nd 9 two sup]impos$ coils4 ,f>aday connect$ 8 coils 9 diff]5t ways & us$ a galvanomet] to measure ! curr5t produc$ by mak+ & break+ "o ( ! circuits us$ z a prim>y4 ,! coil is ( hi/oric int]e/4 ,f>aday's ,voltamet]4 ,a voltamet]1 9 :i* ! c\lombs ( curr5t are measur$ by ! volume ( ! gas evolv$ f acidulat$ wat]4 7,see ,voltamet]1 ,gas47 ,f>adic4 adj4 ,ref]r+ to induc$ curr5ts1 produc$ f induction coils4 ,z ,f>aday 0 ! orig9al inve/igator ( ! ph5om5a ( electro-magnetic induction1 ! second>y or induc$ electro-magnetic curr5ts & _! ph5om5a & app>atus are (t5 qualifi$ by ! adjective ,f>adic1 especially 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,a s]ies ( alt]nat+ electro/atic dis*>ges1 z f an influ5ce ma*9e 7,holtz71 are sometimes call$ ,frankl9ic curr5ts4 ,!y are virtually ,f>adic1 except z reg>ds _! production4 #bea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,f>adic ,bru%4 ,a bru% = application ( electricity to ! p]son4 ,x is connect$ z "o ( ! electrodes ( an induction coil or magneto g5]ator4 ,= bri/les wire ( nickel plat$ copp] is g5]ally employ$4 ,f>adization4 ,9 m$ical electricity ! analogue ( galvanization2 ! effects due to second>y or induc$ curr5ts2 galvanization ref]r+ to curr5ts f a galvanic batt]y2 also ! process ( application ( su* curr5ts4 ,faults4 ,s\rces ( loss ( curr5t or ( increas$ resi/ance or o!r tr\bles 9 electric circuits4 ,fe$]4 ,a lead 9 an electric c5tral /ation di/ribution sy/em1 :i* lead runs f ! /ation to "s po9t 9 ! di/rict to supply curr5t4 ,x is n us$ = any side connections1 b runs direct to ! po9t :]e curr5t is requir$1 ?us fe$+ ! di/rict directly4 ,9 ! two wire sy/em a fe$] may be positive or negative2 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em !re is also a neutral fe$]4 ,(t5 ! t]m fe$] includes ! gr\p ( two or ( ?ree p>allel l9es4 ,fe$] ,equaliz]4 ,an adju/able resi/ance connect$ 9 circuit ) a fe$] at ! c5tral /ation4 ,! object ( ! fe$] be+ to ma9ta9 a def9ite pot5tial diff]5ce at its t]m9ation1 ! resi/ance has to be v>i$ accord+ to ! curr5t x is call$ on to c>ry4 ,fe$]1 ,ma9 or ,/&>d4 ,! ma9 fe$] ( a di/rict4 ,! /&>d regulation ( pressure 7pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 leads7 9 ! di/rict is (t5 det]m9$ by ! pressure at ! end ( ! fe$]4 ,fe$]1 ,negative4 ,! lead or wire 9 a set ( fe$]s1 :i* is connect$ to ! negative t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 ,fe$]1 ,neutral4 ,9 ! ?ree wire sy/em ! neutral wire 9 a set ( fe$]s4 ,x is (t5 made ( less diamet] ?an ! positive & negative leads4 ,fe$]1 ,positive4 ,! lead or wire 9 a set ( fe$]s1 :i* wire is connect$ to ! positive t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 ,f]ranti ,effect4 ,an effect z yet n def9itely expla9$1 obs]v$ 9 ! ma9s ( ! ,dept=d1 ,eng41 alt]nat+ curr5t plant4 ,x is obs]v$ t ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! memb]s ( a pair ( ma9s rises or increases ) ! di/ance ! place ( trial is f ! /ation4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is effect is due to ! voltage drop across ! l9e inductance 7due to *>g+ curr5t7 be+ 9 phase ) ! s5d+ end voltages4 ,bo? capacitance & inductance are responsible = produc+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,! effect is m pron\nc$ 9 und]gr\nd cables & ) v light loads4 #beb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,f]ro-magnetic4 adj4 ,p>amagnetic2 possess+ ! magnetic pol>ity ( iron4 ,fibre & ,spr+ ,susp5sion4 ,a susp5sion ( ! galvanomet] ne$le us$ 9 m>9e galvanomet]s4 ,! ne$le is support$ at its c5tre ( gravity by a v]tically /ret*$ fibre atta*$ at bo? its ends1 b ) a spr+ int]calat$ betwe5 ! ne$le & "o section ( ! fibre4 ,fibre ,susp5sion4 ,susp5sion1 z ( a galvanomet] ne$le1 by a v]tical or hang+ fibre ( silk or cocoon fibre1 or a qu>tz fibre4 7,see ,qu>tz47 ,?is susp5sion1 :ile ! mo/ delicate & reliable kn[n1 is v subject to di/urbance & exacts accurate levell+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,fibre susp5sion is always *>act]iz$ by a re/itutive =ce4 ,pivot susp5sion1 q4 v41 on ! o!r h&1 has no su* =ce4 ,field1 ,air4 ,a field ! l9es ( =ce ( :i* pass ?r\gh air2 ! position ( a field compris$ )9 a volume ( air4 ,field1 ,alt]nat+4 ,pol>ity or direction be+ attribut$ to l9es ( =ce1 if su* pol>ity is rapidly rev]s$1 an alt]nat+ field results4 ,su* field may be ( any k9d1 electro-magnetic or electro/atic4 ,9 "o in/ance ! latt] is ( int]e/4 ,x is suppos$ to be produc$ by high frequ5cy dis*>ges ( ! second>y ( an induction coil1 exi/+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! dis*>g+ t]m9als4 ,field ,d5sity4 ,field d5sity or d5sity ( field is express$ 9 l9es ( =ce p] unit area ( cross-section p]p5dicul> to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,field1 ,di/ortion (4 ,! l9es ( =ce rea*+ f pole to pole ( an excit$ field magnet ( a dynamo are normally symmetrical ) respect to "s axis & (t5 ) respect to sev]al4 ,!y g across f pole to pole1 sometimes b5t out ( _! c\rse by ! armature core1 b /ill symmetrical4 ,! pres5ce ( a mass ( iron 9 ! space betwe5 ! pole pieces conc5trates ! l9es ( =ce1 b does n de/roy ! symmetry ( ! field4 ,:5 ! armature ( ! dynamo is rotat$ ! field becomes di/ort$1 & ! l9es ( =ce are b5t out ( _! natural %ape4 ,! new directions ( ! l9es ( =ce are a resultant ( ! l9es ( =ce ( ! armature prop] & ( ! field magnet4 ,= :5 ! dynamo is />t$ ! armature itself becomes a magnet1 & plays its "p 9 =m+ ! field4 ,ow+ to ! lead ( ! bru%es ! pol>ity ( ! armature is n symmetrical ) t ( ! field magnets4 ,h5ce ! comp\nd field %[s di/ortion4 ,9 ! cut is %[n diagrammatically ! di/ortion ( field 9 a dynamo ) a r+ armature4 ,! arr[ d5otes ! direction ( rotation1 & n n 99 99 99 & s s 99 99 99 indicate po9ts ( nor? & s\? pol>ity respectively4 #bec ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! di/ort$ l9es mu/ be reg>d$ z resultants ( ! two induc$ pol>ities ( ! armature1 "o pol>ity due to ! induction ( ! field1 ! o!r to ! induction f its own w9d+s4 ,! positions ( ! bru%es h mu* to d ) det]m9+ ! am\nt & degree ( di/ortion4 ,9 ! case ( ! r+ armature x w be se5 t "s ( ! l9es ( =ce )9 ! armature p]si/ 9 _! pol>ity & direction1 almo/ z induc$ by ! armature w9d+s alone1 & leak across )\t contribut+ _! quota to ! field4 ,two su* l9es are %[n 9 dott$ l9es4 ,9 motors !re is a simil> b a rev]s$ di/ortion4 ,fig4 #afi4 ,,di/ortion ,,( ,,field ,,9 ,a ,,r+ ,,armature ,,( ,,an ,,active ,,dynamo4 ,fig4 #agj4 ,,di/ortion ,,( ,,field ,,9 ,a ,,r+ ,,armature ,,( ,,an ,,active ,,motor4 #bed ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,field1 ,drag (4 ,:5 a conductor is mov$ ?r\gh a field s t a curr5t is g5]at$ 9 x1 ! field due to t curr5t bl5ds ) ! o!r field & ) its l9es ( =ce1 di/ort+ ! field1 !reby produc+ a drag ^u its own motion1 because l9es ( =ce always t5d to /raight5 !mselves1 & ! /raight5+ w\ld repres5t cessation ( motion 9 ! conductor4 ,?is t5d5cy to /raight5+ !re=e resi/s ! motion ( ! conductor & acts a drag ^u x4 ,field ( ,=ce4 ,! space 9 ! neighborhood ( an attract+ or repell+ mass or sy/em4 ,( electric fields ( =ce !re are two k9ds1 ! ,electro/atic & ! ,magnetic ,fields ( ,=ce1 bo? ( :i* may be ref]r$ to4 ,a field ( =ce may be laid out z a collection ( elem5ts t]m$ ,l9es ( ,=ce1 & ?is nom5clature is univ]sally adopt$ 9 electricity4 ,! sy/em ( l9es may be s con/ruct$ t 7a7 ! "w done 9 pass+ f "o equipot5tial surface to ! next is always ! same2 or 7b7 ! l9es ( =ce are s laid out & di/ribut$ t at a place 9 :i* unit =ce is ex]cis$ !re is a s+le l9e ( =ce pass+ ?r\gh ! correspond+ equipot5tial surface 9 ea* unit ( area ( t surface4 ,! latt] is ! univ]sal me?od 9 describ+ electric fields4 ,x secures ! foll[+ advantages3--,fir/3 ,! pot5tial at any po9t 9 ! field ( space surr\nd+ ! attract+ or repell+ mass or masses is f\nd by det]m9+ on :i* imag9>y equipot5tial surface t po9t lies4 ,second3 ,if unit l5g? ( a l9e ( =ce cross n equipot5tial surfaces1 ! mean =ce along t l9e along ! c\rse ( t "p ( x is equal to n units2 = ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ! two ends ( t "p ( ! l9e ( =ce n2 x is also equal to ,f s 7,f =ce71 because x repres5ts num]ically a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w2 b s ,i1 :5ce n ,f4 ,?ird3 ,! =ce at any "p ( ! field corresponds to ! ext5t to :i* ! l9es ( =ce are cr[d$ toge!r2 & !nce x may be det]m9$ by ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce :i* pass ?r\gh a unit ( area ( ! correspond+ equipot5tial surface1 t area be+ s *os5 z to comprise ! po9t 9 "q4 7,daniell47 ,field ( ,=ce1 ,electro/atic4 ,! field e/abli%$ by ! attract+1 repell+ & /ress+ influ5ce ( an electro/atically *>g$ body4 ,x is (t5 t]m$ an ,electro/atic ,field4 7,see ,field ( ,=ce47 #bee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,field ( ,=ce ( a ,curr5t4 ,a curr5t e/abli%es a field ( =ce ar\nd itself1 ^: l9es ( =ce =m circles ) _! c5tres on ! axis ( ! curr5t4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #agb1 %[s ! relation ( l9es ( =ce to curr5t4 ,fig4 #aga4 ,,exp]im5t ,,%[+ ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce ,,surr\nd+ ,,an ,,active ,,conductor4 ,fig4 #agb4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,field ,,( ,,=ce ,,surr\nd+ ,,an ,,active ,,conductor4 ,fig4 #agc4 ,,l9k ,,( ,,=ce ,,induc$ ,,by ,a ,,curr5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,magnetic ,,:irls4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! field is easily %[n by pass+ a conductor v]tically ?r\gh a horizontal c>d4 ,on caus+ a curr5t to g ?r\gh ! wire ! field is =m$1 & iron fil+s dropp$ ^u ! c>d1 t5d1 :5 ! latt] is g5tly tapp$1 to take ! =m ( circles4 ,! exp]im5t gives a v]sion ( ! well-kn[n magnetic figures1 q4 v4 ,see ,fig4 #aga4 ,! cut %[s by ! arr[s ! relation ( directions ( curr5t to ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 bo? be+ assumptions1 & m]ely indicat+ c]ta9 fix$ relations1 correspond+ exactly to ! relations express$ by ! directions ( electro-magnetic or magnetic l9es ( =ce #bef ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,field1 ,pulsatory4 ,a field produc$ by pulsatory curr5ts4 ,by induction su* field c produce an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,field1 ,rotat+4 ,9 a dynamo ! field magnets are sometimes rotat$ in/ead ( ! armature1 ! latt] be+ /ation>y4 ,9 ,mordey's alt]nator ! armature1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 surr\nds ! field1 & ! latt] rotates )9 x1 ! arrangem5t be+ ne>ly ! exact rev]se ( ! ord9>y "o4 ,?is produces a rotat+ field4 ,field1 ,rotatory4 ,a magnetic field ^: virtual poles keep rotat+ ar\nd its c5tre ( figure4 ,if two alt]nat+ curr5ts diff]+ "o qu>t] p]iod 9 phase are c>ri$ ar\nd f\r magnetiz+ coils plac$ & connect$ 9 sets ( two on ! same diamet] & at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! pol>ity ( ! sy/em w be a resultant ( ! comb9ation ( _! pol>ity1 & ! resultant poles w travel r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle4 ,9 su* a field1 ow+ to eddy curr5ts1 masses ( metal1 j\rnal$ l an armature1 w rotate1 ) ! spe$ ( rotation ( ! field4 ,field1 ,/ray4 ,! portion ( a field ( =ce outside ( ! regul> circuit2 especially appli$ to ! magnetic field ( =ce ( dynamos express+ ! portion :i* contributes no?+ to ! curr5t g5]ation4 ,synonym--,wa/e ,field4 ,field1 ,uni=m4 ,a field ( =ce ( uni=m d5sity4 7,see ,field ,d5sity47 ,figure ( ,m]it4 ,9 ! case ( a galvanomet]1 a coeffici5t express+ its delicacy4 ,x is ! reciprocal ( ! curr5t requir$ to deflect ! ne$le ?r\gh "o degree4 ,by us+ ! reciprocal ! small] ! curr5t requir$ ! l>g] is ! figure ( m]it4 ,! same t]m may be appli$ to o!r in/rum5ts4 ,x is (t5 def9$ z ! resi/ance ( a circuit ?r\gh :i* "o ,daniell's elem5t w produce a deflection ( "o degree on ! scale ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! circuit includes a ,daniell's cell ( resi/ance r1 a rheo/at ,r1 galvanomet] ,g & %unt ,s4 ,assume t ) ! %unt 9 p>allel a deflection ( a divisions is obta9$4 ,! resi/ance ( ! %unt$ galvanomet] is 7,,gs_/,g,s 2 ! multiply+ p[] m ( ! %unt is ,s,g_/,s2 ! =mula or figure ( m]it is m d 7r,r ,g ,s_/,g,s74 ,! figure ( m]it is l>g] z ! in/rum5t is m s5sitive4 ,synonym--,=mula ( ,m]it4 #beg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,filam5t4 ,a ?9 long piece ( a solid sub/ance4 ,9 g5]al x is s ?9 z to act almo/ l a ?read1 to be capable ( /&+ consid]able flexure4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 filam5t & rod has be5 ( mu* importance 9 "s pat5t cases conc]n+ inc&esc5t lamps4 ,z us$ by electricians ! t]m g5]ally applies to ! c>bon filam5t ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,?is z n[ made has n necess>ily any fibres1 b is entitl$ to ! "n ( filam5t1 p>tly by conv5tion1 p>tly by its relative ?9ness & want ( /iffness4 7,see ,inc&esc5t ,lamps--,magnetic ,filam5t47 ,fire ,al>m1 ,electric1 ,automatic4 ,a sy/em ( telegraph circuits1 at int]vals suppli$ ) !rmo/ats or o!r app>atus affect$ by a *ange ( temp]ature1 :i* on be+ heat$ closes ! circuit & causes a bell to r+4 7,see ,!rmo/at47 ,fire ,al>m ,telegraph ,sy/em4 ,a sy/em ( telegraphic l9es = communicat+ ! approximate location ( a fire to a c5tral /ation & !nce to ! sep>ate fire-eng9e h\ses 9 a city or di/rict4 ,x includes al>m boxes1 di/ribut$ at frequ5t int]vals1 lock$1 ) ! place :]e ! key is kept designat$1 or 9 "s sy/ems left unlock$4 ,on op5+ ! door ( ! box & pull+ ! h&le or o!rwise op]at+ ! al>m1 a designat$ signal is s5t to ! c5tral /ation4 ,f ?is x is telegraph$ by app>atus work$ by ! c5tral /ation op]ator to ! eng9e h\ses4 ,! eng9es respond accord+ to ! discipl9e ( ! s]vice4 ,fire ,cleans+4 ,free+ ! surface ( an article to be plat$ f grease by heat+4 ,fire ,ext+ui%]1 ,electric1 ,automatic4 ,a modification ( ! electric fire al>m 7see ,fire ,al>m1 ,electric1 ,automatic71 9 :i* ! !rmo/ats complet+ ! circuits turn on wat] :i*1 escap+ ?r\gh ! build+1 is suppos$ to rea* & ext+ui% a fire4 ,fla%+ 9 a ,dynamo or ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator4 ,bad adju/m5t ( ! bru%es at ! commutator1 or o!r fault ( con/ruction causes ! production ( voltaic arcs at ! commutator ( a g5]ator1 to :i* ! t]m fla%+ is appli$4 ,fla%+ ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamp ,c>bons4 ,a process ( treatm5t = ! filam5ts ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,! *amb] be=e seal+ up is fill$ ) a hydro-c>bon vapor or gas1 su* z ! vapor ( a v light naph?a 7rhigol5e74 ,a curr5t is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! filam5t heat+ x to r$ness4 ,! m att5uat$ p>ts or ^? ( highe/ resi/ance are heat$ ! highe/1 & decompose mo/ rapidly ! hydro-c>bon vapor1 graphitic c>bon be+ deposit$ ^u ^! p>ts1 :ile hydrog5 is set free4 ,?is goes on until ! filam5t is ( uni=m resi/ance ?r\gh\t4 ,x gives also a way ( mak+ ! resi/ance ( ! filam5t equal to any desir$ numb] ( ohms1 provid$ x is orig9ally ( high en\gh resi/ance4 ,! process increases ! conductivity ( ! filam5t4 ,aft] fla%+ ! *amb]s are pump$ out & seal$ up4 #beh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fla%+ ,ov]4 ,a ph5om5on obs]v$ 9 high pot5tial dynamos4 ,on a sudd5 alt]ation ( ! resi/ance ( ! circuit a long blue sp>k w be drawn out ar\nd ! surface ( ! commutator f bru% to bru%4 ,! sp>k is some:at ( ! nature ( an arc1 & may s]i\sly injure commutators ^: sections are only sep>at$ by mica1 or o!r ?9 insulation4 ,9 ! case ( commutators ^: sections are sep>at$ by air spaces x is n s injuri\s4 ,flats4 ,9 a commutator ( a dynamo1 ! burn+ or we>+ away ( a commutator segm5t to a l[] level ?an ! re/4 ,sometimes two adjac5t b>s w be ?us affect$1 caus+ a flat place on ! commutator4 ,x is n always easy to acc\nt = ! =mation ( flats4 ,!y may h _! orig9 9 p]iodic vibrations due to bad m\nt+1 or to sp>k+ at ! p>ticul> po9t4 ,floor ,pu%4 ,a press or pu% button con/ruct$ to be set into ! floor to be op]at$ by press+ ) ! foot4 ,x is us$ to r+ an al>m bell1 s\nd a buzz] or = simil> s]vice4 ,fluid1 ,depol>iz+4 ,a fluid us$ 9 voltaic batt]ies to dispose ( ! hydrog51 :i* goes to ! negative plate4 ,?is x does by oxidiz+ x4 ,*romic acid1 nitric acid1 & *loric acids are among ! con/itu5ts ( liquid depol>iz]s4 7,see ,electropoion ,fluid47 ,fluid1 ,electric4 ,! electric curr5t & *>ge h sometimes be5 attribut$ to a fluid4 ,! !ory1 :i* nev] 0 mu* m ?an hypo!tical1 survives to "s ext5t 9 ! s+le & d\ble fluid !ory4 7,see ,s+le ,fluid ,!ory-,d\ble ,fluid ,!ory47 ,fluoresc5ce4 ,! prop]ty ( conv]t+ e!r waves ( "o l5g?1 sometimes ( invisible l5g?1 into waves ( ano!r l5g? 7visible74 ,a,esculin1 qu99e salts1 uranium glass & o!r sub/ances exhibit ?is ph5om5on4 ,! ph5om5on is utiliz$ 9 ! production ( ,geissl] tubes4 ,flu% ,boxes4 ,a heavy iron box cov]$ ) a heavy h& plate & laid flu% 7:5ce ! "n71 or ev5 ) ! surface ( a roadway4 ,into x conductors ( an und]gr\nd sy/em lead1 & x is us$ to make connections !re) & = exam9+ ! leakage ( ! conductors & = simil> purposes4 ,x is a man-hole 7q4 v47 9 m9iature4 ,fluviograph4 ,an electric regi/]+ tide gauge or wat] level gauge4 #bei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fly or ,fly]1 ,electric4 ,a little :eel1 ord9>ily pois$ on a po9t1 l a compass ne$le4 ,x c>ries sev]al tang5tially direct$ po9ts1 all po9t+ 9 ! same s5se4 ,:5 connect$ ) a s\rce ( electricity ( high pot5tial x revolves by reaction4 ,! t5sion ( its *>ge is highe/ at ! po9ts1 ! air !re is highly electrifi$ & repell$1 ! reaction pu%+ ! :eel ar\nd l a ,b>k]'s mill or ,h]o's /eam eng9e4 ,sometimes ! fly] is m\nt$ ) its axis horizontal & across ! rails on a railroad along :i* x travels4 ,synonym--,reaction ,:eel4 ,foci ,magnetic4 ,! two po9ts on ! e>?'s surface :]e ! magnetic int5sity is greate/4 ,!y ne>ly co9cide 9 position ) ! magnetic poles4 ,fog1 ,electric4 ,fogs occurr+ :5 ! atmosph]e is at unusually high pot5tial & accompani$ by frequ5t *ange ( su* pol>ity4 ,foll[+ ,horns4 ,9 dynamo-electric ma*9es ! project+ ends ( ! pole pieces t[>ds :i* ! out] uncov]$ p]imet] ( ! armature turns 9 its regul> op]ations4 ,! lead+ horns are ^? away f :i* ! armature rotates4 ,9 consid]+ rotation ! expos$ portion ( ! sup]ficies ( ! armature is consid]$4 ,! def9ition w\ld h to be rev]s$ if ! "p fac+ ! pole pieces 7 consid]$4 ,synonym--,trail+ ,horns4 ,foot-c&le4 ,a unit ( illum9at+ p[]2 ! light giv5 by "o /&>d c&le at a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,! ord9>y units ( illum9at+ p[] are entirely relative2 ?is is def9ite4 ,x is due to ,c>l ,h]r+4 ,foot-p\nd4 ,a practical unit ( "w or en]gy4 ,! quantity ( "w requir$ to raise a p\nd "o foot1 or "o hundr$ p\nds "o-hundr$? ( a foot1 & s on2 or ! pot5tial en]gy repres5t$ by a weight at an elevation "u ^! conditions4 ,foot-/ep4 ,9 a dynamo ) armature at ! l[] end ( its field magnets1 ! plate g5]ally ( z9c1 int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! iron base plate to prev5t ! leakage ( l9es ( =ce outside ( ! circuit4 ,any diamagnetic mat]ial :i* is me*anically suitable may be us$4 ,=ce4 ,=ce may be v>i\sly def9$4 7a7 ,any cause ( *ange ( ! condition ( matt] ) respect to motion or re/4 7b7 ,a measurable action ^u a body "u :i* ! /ate ( re/ ( t body1 or its /ate ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 suff]s *ange4 7c7 ,x may be def9$ by its measurem5t z ! rate ( *ange ( mom5tum1 or 7d7 z ! rate at :i* "w is done p] unit ( space trav]s$4 ,=ce is measur$ by ! accel]ation or *ange ( motion x c imp>t to a body ( unit mass 9 a unit ( "t1 or1 call+ =ce1 ,f1 mass1 m accel]ation p] second a we h ,f m a4 ,! dim5sions ( =ce are mass 7,m7 99 accel]ation 7,l_/7,t#b77 7,m99,l7_/7,t#b74 #bfj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,=ce de ,*eval4 ,horse p[] 7,fr5*74 ,x is ! ,fr5* or metric horse p[]4 ,x is equal to3 #edb4dif ,foot lbs4 p] second4 4#ihfd ,engli% ,horse ,p[]4 #ge4j ,kilogram-met]s p] second4 ,=ce1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! me*anical =ce ( attraction or repulsion act+ on ! electro-magnetic unit ( quantity4 ,its int5sity v>ies ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,x may also be def9$ z electric =ce 9 ! electro-magnetic sy/em4 ,its dim5sions are equal to me*anical =ce 77,m99,l7_/7,t#b77 divid$ by quantity 77,m4#e7997,l4#e77 77,m4#e7997,l4#e77_/7,t#b74 ,=ce1 ,electro/atic4 ,! =ce by :i* electric matt] or electrifi$ surfaces attract or repel ea* o!r4 ,x is also t]m$ electric =ce 7n good7 & electro-motive int5sity4 ,x is ! me*anical =ce act+ ^u a unit quantity ( electricity4 ,its int5sity v>ies ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,its dim5sions are !re=e equal to 7quantity 99 unity _/ 7squ>e ( di/ance7 ,q4 99 #a _/ 7,l#b7 77,m4#e7 99 7,l#a4e7 7_/ ,t99#a _/ 7,l#b7 77,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e77 _/ ,t ,^! dim5sions are also ^? ( pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! image ( ! prec$+ p>agraph is includ$ = cl>ity4 ,! objection to ! t]m electric =ce is t x may be appli$ also to electro-magnetic =ce1 & h5ce be a s\rce ( confusion4 ,=ces1 ,p>allelogram (4 ,! usual me?od ( compos+ =ces or resolv+ a =ce4 ,! sides ( a p>allelogram ( =ces repres5t compon5t =ces & ! diagonal repres5ts ! resultant4 ,see ,compon5t--,resultant--,=ces1 ,composition (--,=ces1 ,resolution (4 ,=ces1 ,composition (4 ,:5 sev]al =ces act 9 a diff]5t direction ^u a po9t !y may be drawn or graphically repres5t$ z arr[s or l9es emanat+ f ! po9t 9 ! prop] direction & ( l5g?s proportional to ! =ce !y ex]cise4 ,any two c be treat$ z contigu\s sides ( a p>allelogram & ! p>allelogram c be complet$4 ,!n its diagonal1 call$ ! resultant1 w repres5t ! comb9$ action ( ! two =ces1 bo? z reg>ds direction & int5sity4 ,?is is ! composition ( two =ces4 ,if m ?an two =ces act ^u ! giv5 po9t ! resultant c be compos$ ) any ( ! o!rs & a new =ce develop$4 ,! new resultant c be comb9$ ) ano!r =ce1 & ! process kept up1 elim9at+ ! compon5ts "o by "o until a f9al resultant ( all is obta9$4 ,?is w give ! exact direction & int5sity ( ! =ces1 h[ev] _m or v>i$4 #bfa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,=ces1 ,resolution (4 ,! develop+ f a s+le =ce treat$ z a resultant1 two o!r =ces 9 any desir$ direction4 ,! rev]se ( composition ( =ces4 7,see ,=ces1 ,composition (--,=ces1 ,p>allelogram (--,compon5ts--,resultant47 ,=ce1 ,tubes (4 ,aggregations ( l9es ( =ce1 ei!r electro/atic or magnetic4 ,!y g5]ally h a truncat$1 conical or pyramidal %ape & are n holl[4 ,e cross-section conta9s ! same numb] ( l9es4 ,! "n x w seem is n v expressive4 ,=ce1 ,unit (4 ,! fundam5tal or ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit or =ce is ! dyne1 q4 v4 ,! ,briti% unit ( =ce is ! p\ndal 7! =ce :i* w produce an accel]ation ( "o foot p] second 9 a mass ( "o p\nd74 ,x is equal to ab\t #aj_/cbb p\nd4 ,a =ce _c be express$ accurately 9 weight units1 because weight v>ies ) ! latitude4 ,=m+4 ,! process ( produc+ second>y batt]y plates f lead plates by alt]nately pass+ a *>g+ curr5t ?r\gh ! cell & !n all[+ x to dis*>ge itself & repeat+ ! op]ation4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,second>y1 ,plant's47 ,f\ndation ,r+4 ,9 a dynamo armature ! r+-%ap$ core on :i* ,gramme r+ armatures & o!r r+ armatures are w\nd4 ,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt]4 ,gas s r>efi$ t its molecules d n collide1 or r>ely d s2 radiant matt]1 q4 v4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is t]m n[ ref]s to plasma1 an ioniz$ gas1 :i* conta9s free electrons4 ,! ions & electrons move some:at indep5d5tly mak+ plasma electrically conductive4 ,x responds /rongly to electromagnetic fields4 ,frame4 ,9 a dynamo ! b$-piece is sometimes call$ ! frame4 ,frankl9's ,exp]im5t4 ,frankl9 prov$ ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity by fly+ a kite 9 a ?und] /orm4 ,! kite 0 ( silk s z to endure ! wett+4 ,:5 ! /r+ became wet sp>ks c\ld be tak5 f a key atta*$ to its end4 ,! ma9 /r+ 0 ( hemp2 at ! l[] end 0 a l5g? ( silk to insulate x4 ,! key 0 atta*$ ne> ! end ( & to ! hemp /r+4 ,frankl9's ,plate4 ,a simple =m ( cond5s]4 ,x consi/s ( a plate ( glass coat$ on ea* side ) t9foil ) a m>g9 ( ab\t an in* ( cle> glass4 ,"o coat+ may be gr\nd$ z indicat$ 9 ! cut1 & ! plate *>g$ l a ,leyd5 j>4 ,or "o side may be connect$ ) "o t]m9al1 & ! o!r ) ! o!r t]m9al ( an influ5ce ma*9e & ! pane w be ?us *>g$4 ,synonym--,fulm9at+ ,pane4 #bfb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #agd4 ,,frankl9',s ,,plate4 ,frankl9's ,!ory4 ,! s+le fluid !ory1 q4 v41 ( electricity4 ,frequ5cy4 ,! numb] ( d\ble rev]sals or complete alt]nations p] second 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,synonym--,p]iodicity4 ,frictional ,electricity4 ,electricity produc$ by friction ( dissimil> sub/ances4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 ,! contact !ory holds t friction plays only a second>y rle 9 ?is process2 t x increases ! ?or\ghness ( contact1 & t5ds to dry ! rubb+ surfaces1 b t ! *>ges induc$ are due to contact ( dissimil> sub/ances1 n to friction ( "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,frictional ,heat+4 ,! heat+ ( a conductor by ! passage ( a curr5t2 ! ,j\le effect1 q4 v4 ,fr+e4 ,! outly+ edge ( a magnetic field4 ,frog1 ,galvani's ,exp]im5t ,)4 ,a classic exp]im5t 9 electricity1 lead+ to ! discov]y ( curr5t or dynamic electricity4 ,if a pair ( legs ( a rec5tly kill$ frog are prep>$ ) ! lumb> n]ves expos$ ne> ! base ( ! sp9al column1 & if a metallic conductor1 "o half-l5g? z9c & ! o!r half-l5g? copp]1 is held1 "o end betwe5 ! lumb> n]ves & ! sp9e1 & ! o!r end aga9/ "o ( ! muscles ( ! ?igh or l[] legs1 ! mom5t contact occurs & ! circuit is complet$ ?r\gh ! animal sub/ance ! muscles contract & ! leg is viol5tly drawn upw>ds4 ,galvani1 9 #aghf1 fir/ p]=m$1 by accid5t1 ?is fam\s exp]im5t1 x is said1 ) a scalpel ) :i* he 0 dissect+ ! animal4 ,he gave 8 att5tion to ! n]ves & muscles4 ,volta1 m happily1 gave 8 att5tion to ! metals & inv5t$ ! voltaic batt]y1 describ$ by him 9 a lett] to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 dat$ #ahjj4 ,frog1 ,rheoscopic4 ,if ! n]ve or liv+ muscle ( a frog is sudd5ly dropp$ ^u ano!r liv+ muscle s z to come 9 contact ) its longitud9al & transv]se sections1 ! fir/ muscle w contract on acc\nt ( ! /imulation ( its n]ve due to ! passage ( a curr5t d]iv$ f ! second muscle 7,ganot74 ,! exp]im5t goes "u ! above title4 #bfc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fry+4 ,a t]m appli$ to a noise sometimes produc$ 9 a voltaic arc due to too close approa* ( ! c>bons to ea* o!r4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x may be due to volatilization ( ! c>bon4 7,elihu ,?omson47 ,fulgurite4 ,an irregul> & tubul> mass ( vitrifi$ qu>tz1 believ$ to be =m$ by melt+ "u ! lightn+ /roke4 ,fig4 #age4 ,,crucible1 ,,electric4 ,furnace1 ,electric4 ,a furnace 9 :i* ! heat is produc$ by ! electric curr5t4 ,x has hi!rto be5 practically us$ only 9 ! extraction ( alum9um & silicium f _! ores4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple involves ! =mation ( an arc betwe5 c>bon electrodes4 ,! sub/ances to be treat$ are expos$ to ! heat ?us produc$4 ,sometimes ! sub/ances 9 ! arc =m imp]fect conductors1 & inc&esc5ce takes a "p 9 ! action4 ,sometimes ! sub/ances are m]ely dropp$ ?r\gh ! arc4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,silicium is silicon4 ,fuse ,bo>d4 ,a tablet on :i* a numb] ( safety fuses are m\nt$4 ,slate is excell5t mat]ial = ! tablet1 z x is incombu/ible1 & is easily drill$ & work$4 ,fuse ,box4 ,a box conta9+ a safety fuse4 ,porcela9 is an excell5t mat]ial = its base4 ,no combu/ible mat]ial %\ld ent] into its composition4 ,fuse1 ,cockburn4 ,a safety fuse or cut (f :i* consi/s ( a wire ( pure t9 runn+ f t]m9al to t]m9al1 to ^: c5tre a lead5 ball is secur$ by be+ ca/ into position4 ,! connection ) ! t]m9als is made by r+s at ! ends ( ! wire ?r\gh :i* ! t]m9al screws are pass$ & screw$ home4 ,:5 ! t9 s(t5s "u too heavy a curr5t ! weight ( ! %ot pulls x ap>t4 ,fig4 #agf ,,cockburn ,,safety ,,fuse4 #bfd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,,electric ,,fuse4 ,fuse1 ,electric4 ,a fuse = ignit+ an explosive by electricity4 ,!re are two k9ds4 ,9 "o a ?9 wire unites ! ends ( ! two conduct+ wires z !y ent] ! case ( ! fuse4 ,! l>g] wires are secur$ to ! case1 s t no /ra9 comes on ! f9e wire4 ,on pass+ a curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? ! small wire is heat$4 ,9 use ! fuse is b$d$ 9 p[d]1 :i* aga9 may be surr\nd$ by fulm9at+ p[d]1 all conta9$ 9 a copp] or o!r metallic case4 ,su* a detonator is us$ = explod+ guncotton & o!r high explosives4 ,! o!r k9d ( fuse is simil>1 b has no ?9 connect+ wire4 ,! ends ( ! conductors are br\ght ne>] toge!r )\t t\*+4 ,9 use a /atic dis*>ge is produc$ across f end to end ( ! conductors1 ignit+ a prop] explosive plac$ !re z 9 ! o!r case4 ,! fir/ k9d ( fuse is g5]ally op]at$ by a batt]y or small me*anical g5]ator--! latt] by a sp>k coil1 frictional or influ5ce ma*9e or by a ,leyd5 j>4 ,galvanic4 adj4 ,voltaic2 relat+ to curr5t electricity or ! electrolytic & electro-*emical relations ( metals4 7,= titles 9 g5]al "u ?is head see ,voltaic--or ! ma9 title47 ,galvanic ,elem5t4 ,a galvanic c\ple ) excit+ fluid & adjuncts2 a galvanic cell4 ,! ^w elem5t is sometimes appli$ to ! electrodes ( a cell1 z ! c>bon elem5t or z9c elem5t4 #bfe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,galvanic ,pol>ization4 ,! pol>ization ( a voltaic c\ple4 7,see ,pol>ization47 ,galvanism4 ,! sci5ce ( voltaic or curr5t electricity4 ,galvanization4 7a7 ,electroplat+ or deposit+ a metal ov] ! surface ( ano!r by electrolysis4 7b7 ,9 m$ical electricity ! effects produc$ on any "p ( ! sy/em by ! curr5t ( voltaic batt]y4 ,v>i\s descriptive qualifications are prefix$1 su* z g5]al galvanization1 indicat+ its application z appli$ to ! :ole body1 local = ! rev]se case1 & s on4 ,galvanization1 ,labile4 ,application ( ! galvanic curr5t 9 electro-!rapeutics :]e "o sponge electrode is employ$ :i* is rubb$ or mov$ ov] ! body1 ! o!r be+ 9 con/ant contact ) ! body4 ,galvaniz$ ,iron4 ,iron coat$ ) z9c by clean+ & imm]sion 9 melt$ z9c4 ,! iron is prev5t$ f ru/+ by galvanic action4 ,x =ms ! negative elem5t 9 a c\ple ( :i* ! z9c is ! positive elem5t4 ,f ?is electric protective action ! "n is d]iv$4 ,galvano-caut]y1 ,*emical4 ,electro-!rapeutic treatm5t ) %>p electrodes1 "o ( :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! tissue & a curr5t pass$ by complet+ ! circuit ?r\gh ! tissue s z to electrolyze or decompose ! fluids ( ! tissue4 ,x is appli$ 9 ! removal ( hair or extirpation ( ! follicle4 ,! process is n "o ( heat+1 & is improp]ly nam$ caut]y4 ,galvano-f>adization4 ,9 m$ical electricity ! application ( ! voltaic & induc$ or second>y curr5t simultane\sly to any "p ( ! sy/em4 ,galvanomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ curr5t /r5g? & sometimes = measur+ inf]5tially pot5tial diff]5ce1 dep5d+ on ! action ( a magnetic field e/abli%$ by ! curr5t1 su* action be+ ex]t$ on a magnetic ne$le or its equival5t4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a conductor e/abli%es circul> l9es ( =ce4 ,a magnetic ne$le plac$ 9 _! field is act$ on & t5ds to place itself p>allel ) ! l9es1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( curr5t induction4 7,see ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic47 ,a common compass held ne> a conductor ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+ t5ds to place itself at "r angles to su* conductor4 ,= a maximum effect ! conductor or ! "p ne>e/ ! ne$le %\ld lie 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,if at "r angles !reto its action w only /r5g!n ! directive =ce ( ! e>?'s induction or magnetic field1 z ! ne$le naturally po9ts nor? & s\?4 ,su* comb9ation is virtually a galvanomet]4 #bff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a typical galvanomet] comprises a flat coil ( wire plac$ horizontally )9 :i* a magnetic ne$le is delicately pois$1 s z to be free to rotate ) ! lea/ possible friction4 ,! ne$le may be support$ on a %>p po9t l a compass ne$le1 or may be susp5d$ by a long f9e filam5t4 ,x %\ld be cov]$ by a glass plate & box1 or by a glass %ade4 ,f9ally a graduat$ disc may be arrang$ to %[ ! am\nt ( deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,9 use ! app>atus is turn$ ab\t until ! ne$le1 z act$ on by ! e>?'s magnetic field1 lies p>allel to ! direction ( ! coils ( wire4 ,on pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! coil ! ne$le is deflect$1 m or less1 accord+ to its /r5g?4 ,by us+ exce$+ly f9e wire1 long en\gh to give high resi/ance1 ! in/rum5t c be us$ = v high pot5tials1 or is 9 condition = use 9 det]m9+ voltage4 ,by us+ a coil ( l>ge wire & l[ resi/ance x c be employ$ 9 det]m9+ amp]age4 ,9 ei!r case ! deflection is produc$ by ! curr5t4 ,! ne$le is (t5 plac$ above or bel[ ! coil s z only to receive a portion ( its effect1 en\gh = all practical purposes 9 ! common] class ( in/rum5ts4 ,! galvanomet] 0 inv5t$ by ,s*weigg] a %ort "t aft] ,o]/$'s discov]y1 q4 v4 ,galvanomet]1 ,absolute4 ,a galvanomet] giv+ absolute read+s2 prop]ly "o ^: law ( calibration c be d$uc$ f its con/ruction4 ,?us ! diamet] ( ! coil1 & ! con/ants & position ( a magnetic ne$le susp5d$ 9 its field be+ kn[n1 ! curr5t int5sity requir$ to deflect ! ne$le a giv5 numb] ( degrees c\ld be calculat$4 ,galvanomet]1 ,ap]iodic4 ,a galvanomet] ^: ne$le is damp$ 7see ,damp+7 z1 = in/ance1 by ! proximity ( a plate ( metal1 by an air vane or o!rwise1 s t x rea*es its read+ ) h>dly any oscillation4 ,a v light ne$le & a /rong magnetic field also conduce to vibrations ( %ort p]iod dy+ out v quickly4 ,su* galvanomet]s are t]m$ dead-beat4 ,no in/rum5t is absolutely dead-beat1 only relatively s4 #bfg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #agh4 ,,a/atic ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,a/atic4 ,a galvanomet] ) a pair ( magnetic ne$les connect$ a/atically1 or p>allel ) _! poles 9 opposition4 7,see ,a/atic ,ne$le47 ,ea* ne$le has its own coil1 ! coils be+ w\nd 9 opposite directions s z to unite 9 produc+ deflections 9 ! same s5se4 ,z !re %\ld be "s directive t5d5cy ?is is obta9$ by "o ( ! magnets be+ slightly /rong] ?an ! o!r or by ! proximity ( a fix$ & adju/able controll+ magnet1 plac$ ne>] "o ne$le ?an ! o!r4 ,= small deflections ! curr5ts produc+ !m are proportional to _! ext5t4 ,galvanomet]1 ,balli/ic4 ,a galvanomet] ^: deflect$ elem5t has consid]able mom5t ( in]tia2 ! exact opposite ( an ap]iodic or dead beat galvanomet]4 7,see ,galvanomet]1 ,ap]iodic47 ,all damp+ by air vanes or o!rwise mu/ be c>efully done away )4 ,fig4 #agi4 ,,siem5s ,,halske',s ,,galvanomet]4 ,siem5s ,halske's galvanomet] is ( ! reflect+ or mirror type 7see ,galvanomet]1 ,reflect+7 ) susp5d$1 bell-%ap$ magnet1 9 place ( ! ord9>y magnetic ne$le1 or a/atic comb9ation ( ! lighte/ possible weight 9 ! regul> in/rum5t4 ,a copp] ball drill$ out to admit ! magnet is us$ z damp] 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,to conv]t x into a balli/ic galvanomet] ! copp] ball is remov$4 ,! heavy susp5d$ magnet !n by its in]tia introduces ! desir$ elem5t into ! in/rum5t4 #bfh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut1 ,fig4 #agi1 ,m is ! susp5d$ magnet1 ) nor? & s\? poles n & s2 ,s is ! reflect+ mirror2 r is ! tube conta9+ ! susp5d+ ?read2 ,r is ! damp] remov$ = balli/ic "w4 ,! balli/ic galvanomet] is us$ to measure quantities ( electricity 9 an in/antane\s dis*>ge1 :i* dis*>ge %\ld be complet$ be=e ! heavy ne$le beg9s to move4 ,! extreme elongation or ?r[ ( ! ne$le is obs]v$1 & dep5ds 7#a7 on ! numb] ( c\lombs 7,k7 t pass dur+ ! dis*>ge2 7#b7 on ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! ne$le & atta*$ p>ts2 7#c7 on ! mom5t ( ! controll+ =ces1 i4 e41 ! =ces t5d+ to pull ! ne$le back to z]o2 7#d7 on ! mom5t ( ! damp+ =ces2 7#e7 on ! mom5t ( ! deflect+ =ces due to a giv5 con/ant curr5t4 ,! =mula is ?us express$3 ,k 7,p _/ ,,pi 7 99 ,a 99 s97 k _/ #b 7 _/ tan7 a 7 9 :i* ,k c\lombs dis*>g$2 ,p p]iodic "t ( vibration ( ne$le2 ,a amp]es produc+ a /eady deflection equal to a 2 k fir/ angul> deflection ( ne$le4 ,= accuracy k & a %\ld bo? be small & ! damp+ s slight z to be negligible4 ,o!rwise a correction = ! latt] mu/ be appli$4 ,= approximate "w = k & a ! deflections read on ! scale may be us$ ) ! foll[+ =mula3 ,k 7,p _/ ,,pi 7 99 7 ,a _/ #b 7 99 7 k _/ a 7 ,galvanomet] ,con/ant4 ,assume a galvanomet] ) a v %ort ne$le & s plac$ ) respect to its coils t ! magnetic field produc$ by a curr5t circulat+ 9 !m is s5sibly uni=m 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ne$le1 ) its l9es ( =ce at "r angles !reto4 ,! field is proportional to ! curr5t i1 s t x may be d5ot$ by ,g i4 ,!n ,g is ! galvanomet] con/ant4 ,if n[ ! angle ( deflection ( ! ne$le is 8 aga9/ ! e>?'s field ,h1 ,m be+ ! magnetic mom5t ( ! ne$le we h ,g i ,m cos 8 ,h ,m s9 8 or i 7,h_/,g799 tan 84 ,h_/,g is ! r$uction factor2 v>iable z ,h v>ies = diff]5t places4 ,= a tang5t galvanomet] ! con/ant ,g is equal to #b99,,pi997n_/a71 9 :i* n d5otes ! numb] ( turns ( wire1 & a d5otes ! radius ( ! circle4 ,galvanomet]1 ,diff]5tial4 ,a galvanomet] 9 :i* ! ne$le is act$ on by two coils w\nd 9 opposition1 ea* ( equal deflect+ action & ( equal resi/ance4 ,if a curr5t is divid$ betwe5 two bran*es or p>allel conductors1 ea* includ+ "o ( ! coils1 :5 ! ne$le po9ts to z]o ! resi/ances ( ! two bran*es w bc equal4 ,9 ! cut1 ,c ,c' repres5t ! coils1 & ,a & ,b ! two leads into :i* ! circuit1 ,p ,q1 is divid$4 #bfi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,diff]5tial ,,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #aha4 ,,diff]5tial ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,direct ,read+4 ,a calibrat$ galvanomet]1 ^: scale is graduat$ by volts or amp]es1 in/ead ( degrees4 ,galvanomet]1 ,m>9e4 7,sir ,william ,?omson's47 ,a galvanomet] ( ! reflect+ type1 = use on %ipbo>d4 ,a fibre susp5sion is adopt$ = ! ne$le4 ,! fibre is atta*$ to a fix$ support at "o end & to a spr+ at ! o!r1 & ! ne$le is susp5d$ by its c5tre ( gravity4 ,?is secures x to a consid]able ext5t f di/urbance due to ! roll+ ( ! %ip4 ,a ?ick iron box encloses ! ne$le1 etc41 to cut (f any magnetic action f ! %ip4 7,see ,galvanomet]1 ,reflect+47 ,galvanomet]1 ,pot5tial4 ,a galvanomet] w\nd ) f9e ,g]man silv] wire to secure high resi/ance us$ = det]m9ation ( pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,galvanomet]1 ,proportional4 ,a galvanomet] s con/ruct$ t ! deflections ( its index are proportional to ! curr5t pass+4 ,x is made by caus+ ! deflect+ =ce to increase z ! ne$le is deflect$1 m & m1 or by caus+ ! re/itutive =ce to dim9i% "u l conditions1 or by bo?4 ,! condition is obta9$ 9 "s cases by ! %ape & position ( ! deflect+ coils4 ,galvanomet]1 ,quantity4 ,a galvanomet] = det]m9+ quantities ( electricity1 by ! deflections produc$ by dis*>g+ ! quantities ?r\gh _! coils4 ,x is a balli/ic galvanomet] ) v little or no damp+4 #bgj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,reflect+ ,,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,,reflect+ ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,reflect+4 ,a galvanomet] ! deflections ( ^: ne$le are read by an image project$ by light reflect$ f a mirror atta*$ to ! ne$le or to a v]tical wire c>ry+ ! ne$le4 ,a lamp is plac$ 9 front ( ! in/rum5t fac+ ! mirror4 ,! light ( ! lamp is reflect$ by ! mirror ^u a horizontal scale above ! lamp4 ,an image ( a slit or ( a wire may be caus$ ?us to fall ^u ! scale1 ! mirror be+ slightly convex1 or a l5s be+ us$ to produce ! projection4 #bga ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ! mirror sw+s ?r\gh a horizontal arc1 ! reflect$ image w move1 9 virtue ( a simple geometrical pr9ciple1 ?r\gh an arc ( twice z _m degrees4 ,! scale c be plac$ f> f ! mirror1 s t ! ray ( light w repres5t a weightless index ( v great l5g?1 & m9ute deflections ( ! ne$le w be %[n di/9ctly ^u ! scale4 ,9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #ahb1 ! ray ( light f ! lamp passes ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 m m1 & is made p>allel by ! l5s1 ,l4 ,at s is ! mirror atta*$ to ! ne$le & mov+ ) x4 ,a scale plac$ at t receives ! reflection f ! mirror4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #ahc1 %[s "o =m ( ! in/rum5t set up = use4 ,synonym--,mirror ,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet] ,%unt4 ,to prev5t too mu* curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a galvanomet] 7= fe> ( injury to its insulation7 a %unt is sometimes plac$ 9 p>allel ) x4 ,! total curr5t w be di/ribut$ betwe5 galvanomet] & %unt 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! respective resi/ances4 7,see ,multiply+ ,p[] ( a ,%unt47 #bgb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,,s9e ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,s9e4 ,a galvanomet] ^: measurem5ts dep5d ^u ! s9e ( ! angle ( deflection produc$ :5 ! coil & ne$le lie 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,! ne$le1 :i* may be a long "o1 is surr\nd$ by a coil1 :i* c be rotat$ ab\t a v]tical axis pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! ne$le4 ,/>t+ ) ! ne$le at re/ 9 ! plane ( ! coil1 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! coil deflect+ ! ne$le1 ! coil is swung ar\nd deflect+ ! ne$le /ill m1 until ! ne$le lies 9 ! plane ( ! coil2 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t w !n be 9 proportion to ! s9e ( ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! coil & ne$le move4 ,9 ! galvanomet] ,m is a circle c>ry+ ! coil1 ,n is a scale ov] :i* ! ne$les1 m & n1 move1 ! =m] be+ a magnetic ne$le1 ! latt] an index at "r angles & atta*$ !reto2 a & b are wires c>ry+ ! curr5t to be measur$4 ,! circles1 ,m & ,n1 are c>ri$ by a base1 ,o1 ar\nd :i* !y rotate4 ,h is a fix$ horizontal graduat$ circle4 ,9 use ! circle1 ,m1 is plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 ! curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! coil1 ,m2 ! ne$le is deflect$2 ,m is turn$ until its plane co9cides ) ! direction ( ! ne$le1 m4 ,! curr5t /r5g? is proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle ( deflection4 ,?is angle is measur$ by ! v]ni]1 ,c1 on ! circle1 ,h4 ,! knob1 ,a1 is us$ to turn ! circle1 ,m4 #bgc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,,tang5t ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,tang5t4 ,a galvanomet] 9 :i* ! tang5ts ( ! angles ( deflection are proportional to ! curr5ts produc+ su* deflections4 ,= ?is law to apply ! in/rum5t 9 g5]al mu/ fulfill ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,! ne$le mu/ be controll$ by a uni=m magnetic field su* z t ( ! e>?2 7#b7 ! diamet] ( ! coil mu/ be l>ge comp>$ to ! l5g? ( ! ne$le2 7#c7 ! c5tre ( susp5sion ( ! ne$le mu/ be at ! c5tre ( ! coil2 7#d7 ! magnetic axis ( ! ne$le mu/ lie 9 ! plane ( ! coil :5 no curr5t is pass+4 ,if a s+le curr5t /r5g? is to be measur$ ! be/ results w be atta9$ :5 ! deflection is #de2 9 comp>+ two curr5ts ! be/ results w be atta9$ :5 ! deflections z ne>ly z possible are at equal di/ances on bo? sides ( #de4 ,! ne$le %\ld n exce$ 9 l5g? "o-t5? ! diamet] ( ! coil4 ,= v small deflections any galvanomet] foll[s ! law ( tang5tial deflection4 ,z = v small deflections ! tang5ts are practically equal to ! arcs subt5d$1 = su* deflections ! curr5ts are proportional to ! deflections !y produce4 ,! s5sibility is directly proportional to ! numb] ( convolutions ( wire & inv]sely proportional to _! diamet]4 ,! tang5t law is mo/ accurately fulfill$ :5 ! dep? ( ! coil 9 ! radial direction is to ! bread? 9 ! axial direction z square,root7#c73square,root7#b71 or ab\t z #aa3i4 ,galvanomet]1 ,torsion4 ,a galvanomet] ^: ne$le is susp5d$ by a long filam5t or by a ?read & spiral spr+ aga9/ ^: =ce ( torsion ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le are produc$4 ,! curr5t /r5g? is det]m9$ by br++ ! ne$le back to its position ( re/ by turn+ a h&-button or o!r arrangem5t4 ,! angle ?r\gh :i* ?is is turn$ gives ! angle ( torsion4 ,f ?is ! curr5t /r5g? is calculat$ on ! g5]al basis t x is proportional to ! angle ( torsion4 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,,torsion ,,galvanomet]4 #bgd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,galvanomet]1 ,v]tical4 ,a galvanomet] ^: ne$le is m\nt$ on a horizontal axis & is deflect$ 9 a v]tical plane4 ,"o ( ! poles is weight$ to keep x normally v]tical1 repres5t+ ! control4 ,x is n us$ = accurate "w4 ,synonym--,upright ,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,,v]tical ,,galvanomet]4 ,galvanomet]1 ,volt- & ,amp]e-met]4 ,a galvanomet] ( ,sir ,william ,?omson's inv5tion embody+ ! tang5t pr9ciple1 & hav+ its s5sibility adju/able by mov+ ! magnetic ne$le horizontally along a scale 7! met]7 t[>ds or away f ! coil4 ,a curv$ magnet is us$ to adju/ ! control4 ,! leads are twi/$ to prev5t induction4 ,! in/rum5t is made ) a high resi/ance coil = voltage det]m9ations1 & ) a l[ resi/ance coil = amp]age det]m9ations4 ,at "o end ( a long base bo>d a v]tical coil ) its plane at "r angles to ! axis ( ! bo>d is m\nt$4 ,a scale 7! met] ( ! "n7 runs d[n ! c5tre ( ! bo>d4 ,a groove also runs d[n ! c5tre4 ,! magnetic ne$le is conta9$ 9 a quadrant-%ap$ glass-cov]$ box :i* slides up & d[n ! groove4 ,a numb] ( %ort p>allel ne$les m\nt$ toge!r1 ) an alum9um po9t] are us$4 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson',s ,,amp]e-,,met] ,,galvanomet]4 #bge ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! cut ,p is ! base bo>d1 ,m is a glass cov]$ case conta9+ ! magnetic ne$le1 & slid+ along ! base bo>d1 be+ guid$ by ! c5tral groove1 ,c1 is ! coil4 ,betwe5 ! coil & ! ne$le is ! ar*$ or b5t controll+ magnet4 ,! long twi/$ connect+ wires are se5 on ! "r h&4 ,galvano-pla/ics4 ,! deposition ( metals by electrolysis1 a disus$ t]m replac$ by electro-deposition1 electroplat+1 & electro-metallurgy4 ,galvano-puncture4 ,an op]ation 9 m$ical electricity4 7,see ,electro-puncture47 ,galvanoscope4 ,an in/rum5t1 g5]ally ( ! galvanomet] type1 us$ = asc]ta9+ :e!r a curr5t is fl[+ or n4 ,any galvanoscope1 :5 calibrat$1 if susceptible !re(1 becomes a galvanomet]4 ,gas1 ,electrolytic4 ,gas produc$ by ! decomposition1 g5]ally ( wat]1 by electrolysis4 ,x may be hydrog5 or oxyg51 or a mixture ( ! two1 accord+ to h[ x is collect$4 7,see ,gases1 ,mix$47 ,gases1 ,mix$4 ,! mixture ( approximately "o volume ( oxyg5 & two volumes ( hydrog5 collect$ 9 ! eudiomet] ( a gas voltamet] or o!r electrolytic app>atus4 ,gass+4 ,! evolution ( gas f ! plates ( a /orage batt]y 9 ! *>g+ process1 due to too high voltage 9 ! circuit ( ! *>g+ dynamo4 ,ga/roscope4 ,an app>atus = illum9at+ by an inc&esc5t lamp ! int]ior ( ! /oma*1 & ) prisms to refract ! rays ( light s t ! "p c be se54 ,! /oma* is inflat$ ) air1 if desirable1 to give a bett] view4 ,an inc&esc5t plat9um spiral 9 a wat] jacket has be5 employ$ = ! illum9ation4 ,gassiot's ,cascade4 ,a goblet l9$ = half its int]ior surface ) t9foil4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! receiv] ( an air pump f ! top ( ^: bell a conductor desc5ds into x1 n t\*+ ! foil4 ,on produc+ a good r>efaction1 & dis*>g+ high t5sion electricity f betwe5 ! conductor j m5tion$ & ! metal ( ! ma*9e1 a lum9\s effect is produc$1 z if ! electricity1 pale blue 9 color1 0 ov]fl[+ ! goblet4 ,gauss4 ,a "n sugge/$ = unit int5sity ( magnetic field4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?omson propos$ = its value ! int5sity ( a field ( #a;,e#h ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 electro-magnetic units4 ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+ propos$ ! /r5g? ( field :i* w\ld develop "o volt pot5tial diff]5ce 9 a wire #a;,e#f c5timet]s long1 mov+ ?r\gh su* field ) a velocity ( "o c5timet] p] second4 ,?is is "o hundr$ times great] ?an ,?omson's /&>d4 ,sir ,william ,?omson sugge/$ ! int5sity ( field produc$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e at a di/ance ( "o c5timet] ,! gauss is n us$ to any ext5t2 practical calculations are bas$ on electro-magnetic l9es ( =ce4 #bgf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gauss' ,pr9ciple4 ,an electric circuit acts ^u a magnetic pole 9 su* a way z to make ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce t pass ?r\gh ! circuit a maximum4 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,,gauss' ,,tang5t ,,position4 ,gauss1 ,tang5t ,positions (4 ,! end on & broadside me?ods ( det]m9+ magnetization involve positions :i* h be5 ?us t]m$4 7,see ,broadside ,me?od & ,end on ,me?od47 ,ge>1 ,magnetic ,friction4 ,friction ge> 9 :i* ! compon5t :eels are press$ aga9/ ea* o!r by electromagnetic action4 ,9 ! cut1 repeat$ f ,adh]5ce1 ,electro-magnetic1 ! magnetiz+ coil makes ! :eels1 :i* are ( iron1 press /rongly toge!r4 ,fig4 #aij4 ,,magnetic ,,friction ,,ge>4 #bgg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,geissl] ,tubes4 ,seal$ tubes ( glass conta9+ highly r>efi$ gases1 & provid$ ) plat9um electrodes ext5d+ ?r\gh ! glass tightly seal$ z !y pass ?r\gh x1 & (t5 ext5d+ a %ort di/ance beyond its int]ior surface4 ,on pass+ ?r\gh !m ! /atic dis*>ge lum9\s effects are produc$ v>y+ ) ! degree ( exhau/ion1 ! cont5ts 7gas71 ! glass itself1 or solutions surr\nd+ x4 ,! two latt] conditions involve fluoresc5ce ph5om5a (t5 ( a v beautiful description4 ,! pressure ( ! gas is less ?an "o-half ( a millimet] ( m]cury4 ,if a complete vacuum is produc$ ! dis*>ge w n pass4 ,if too high r>efaction is produc$ radiant matt] ph5om5a 7see ,radiant ,/ate7 occur4 ,geissl] tubes h be5 us$ = light+ purposes z 9 m9es1 or = illum9at+ ! int]ior cavities ( ! body 9 surgical or m$ical op]ations4 ,g5]at+ ,plate4 ,! positive plate 9 a voltaic c\ple1 or ! plate :i* is dissolv$2 g5]ally a plate ( z9c4 ,synonyms--,positive ,plate--,positive ,elem5t4 ,g5]ator1 ,curr5t4 ,any app>atus = ma9ta9+ an electric curr5t4 ,x may be z reg>ds ! =m ( en]gy x conv]ts into electrical en]gy1 me*anical1 z a magneto or dynamo electric ma*9e or g5]ator2 !rmal1 z a !rmo-electric batt]y2 or *emical1 z a voltaic batt]y2 all ( :i* may be consult$4 ,g5]ator1 ,second>y4 ,a second>y or /orage batt]y4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,second>y47 ,g]man ,silv]4 ,an alloy ( copp]1 #b p>ts1 nickel1 #a "p1 & z9c1 #a "p4 ,ow+ to its high resi/ance & mod]ate co/ & small v>iation 9 resi/ance ) *ange ( temp]ature1 x is mu* us$ = resi/ances4 ,f ,dr4 ,ma?iess5's exp]im5t ! foll[+ con/ants are d$uc$ 9 legal ohms3 ,relative ,resi/ance 7,silv] #a71 #ac4ib ,specific ,resi/ance at #j ,c4 7#cb;,f471 #bj4ic microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #b4fbb ohms4 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #abe4ia #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #a4hcj #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 #j4bfff ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube at #j;,c4 7#cb ,f471 #h4bdj microhms4 ,approximate p]c5tage increase ( resi/ance p] #a ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 #j4jdd p] c5t4 ,gild+1 ,electro-4 ,! deposition ( gold by an electric curr5t1 or electrolytically 9 ! electroplat+ ba?4 ,gild+ ,metal4 ,a special k9d ( brass1 ) a high p]c5tage ( copp]1 us$ to make objects :i* are to be gild$ by electrolysis4 #bgh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gimbals4 ,a susp5sion us$ = %ips' compasses & sometimes = o!r app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a r+ held by two j\rnals1 s z to bc free to sw+ 9 "o plane4 ,! compass is swung ^u ?is r+1 be+ plac$ conc5trically !re)4 ,its j\rnals are at "r angles to ^? ( ! r+4 ,?is gives a univ]sal jo9t by :i* ! compass1 weight$ bel[ its l9e ( support1 is always kept horizontal4 ,fig4 #aia4 ,,compass ,,susp5d$ ,,9 ,,gimbals4 ,glass4 ,a fus$ mixture ( silicates ( v>i\s oxides4 ,x is ( extremely v>i$ composition & its electric con/ants v>y greatly4 ,_m det]m9ations ( its specific resi/ance h be5 made4 ,= fl9t glass at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 ab\t 7#b4jf;,e#ad7 ohms --at #fj ,c 7#adj ,f47 7#a4jbj;,e#ae7 7,?omas ,gray7 is giv51 :ile ano!r obs]v] 7,beetz7 gives = glass at ord9>y temp]atures an immeasurably high resi/ance4 ,x is !re=e a non-conductor ( v high ord] if dry4 ,z a dielectric ! specific inductive capacity ( diff]5t samples ( fl9t glass is giv5 z #f4eg--f4he--g4d--aj4a 7,hopk9son71 ?us exce$+ all o!r ord9>y dielectrics4 ,! d5se/ glass1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 has ! highe/ specific inductive capacity4 ,gold4 ,a metal1 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol ,au4 c 42 atomic weight1 #aif4h2 equival5t1 #fe4f2 val5cy1 #c2 specific gravity #ai4e4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,anneal$4 ,h>d drawn4 ,relative ,resi/ance 7,anneal$ ,silv] #a71 #a4cfi #a4cic ,specific ,resi/ance1 #b4jeh #b4jid ,resi/ance ( a wire at #j ,c4 7#cb;,f47 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #eg4he #eh4hd ohms 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #ab4ch #ab4fj 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 4#djce 4#dajd 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#jbfbj 4#jbffh ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube at #j ,c47#cb ,f47 4#hajb 4#hbdg ,approximate increase 9 resi/ance p] #j ,c41 7#a4h ,f7 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 #j4cfe p] c5t4 ,electro-*emical equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje71 4#fhhh #bgi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gold ,ba?4 ,a solution ( gold us$ = deposit+ ! metal 9 ! electroplat+ process4 ,a great numb] ( =mulae h be5 devis$1 ( :i* a few repres5tative ones are giv5 "h4 ,,cold ,,ba?s4 ,,hot ,,ba?s4 ,wat]1 #aj1jjj #aj1jjj #aj1jjj #aj1jjj #e1jjj #c1jjj ,potassium ,cyanide1 #bjj -- #bjj #aj -- #ej ,gold1 #ajj #ae #ajj #aj #aj #aj ,potassium ,f]rocyanide1 -- #bjj -- -- #aej -- ,potassium ,c>bonate1 -- #aej -- -- #ej -- ,ammonium ,*loride1 -- #cj -- -- #bj -- ,aqua ,ammoniae1 -- -- #ejj -- -- -- ,sodium ,phosphate1 -- -- -- #fjj -- -- ,sodium ,bisulphite1 -- -- -- #ajj -- -- 7,roseleur47 ,9 ! ba?s ! gold is add$ 9 ! =m ( neutral *loride1 ,auric *loride 7,au ,cl#f74 ,gold ,/ripp+ ,ba?4 ,a ba? = remov+ gold f plat$ articles )\t dissolv+ ! base 9 ord] to save ! preci\s metal4 ,a ba? ( #aj p>ts ( potassium cyanide & #ajj p>ts ( wat] may be us$1 ! articles to be /ripp$ be+ imm]s$ !re9 z ! anode ( an active circuit4 ,if ! gild+ is on a silv] or copp] basis1 or on an alloy ( ^! metals ! same solution attacks ! base & dissolves x1 :i* is objectionable4 ,= silv] articles x is en\gh to heat to *]ry r$ & ?r[ into dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! gold scales (f 9 metallic spangles4 ,= copp] articles1 a mixture ( #aj volumes conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #a volume nitric acid1 & #b volumes hydro*loric acid may be us$ by imm]sion only1 or ) a batt]y4 ,! sulphuric acid 9 su* l>ge excess is suppos$ to protect ! copp]4 ,= copp] articles conc5trat$ sulphuric acid alone ) ! batt]y may be us$4 ,?is does n s5sibly attack ! copp] if x is n all[$ to become dilut$4 ,ev5 ! dampness ( ! air may act to dilute x4 ,graduator4 ,app>atus = enabl+ ! same l9e to be us$ = telegraph signals & telephon+4 ,"o type consi/s 9 coils ) iron cores or simply electromagnets4 ,^! act to ret>d ! curr5t 9 rea*+ its full p[] & also prolong x4 ,?is gives a graduat$ effect to ! signals1 s t ! telephone diaphragm is n audibly affect$ by ! impulses4 ,! telephon+ curr5t is s slight & s rapid 9 its *>act]i/ic *anges t x is )\t effect ^u ! ord9>y telegraph4 #bhj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gram4 ,! unit ( weight 9 ! metric sy/em2 accept$ z ! unit ( mass 9 ! absolute ( ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em ( units4 ,x is ! "o-?\s&? "p ( mass ( a /&>d weight pres]v$ "u prop] conditions 9 ,p>is1 & suppos$ to be ! mass ( a cubic decimet] ( di/ill$ wat] at ! temp]ature ( ! maximum d5sity ( wat]4 ,! /&>d is ! kilogram2 ! temp]ature is #c4i ,c4 7#ci ,f474 ,! /&>d kilogram is f\nd to be n exactly ! weight ( a cubic decimet] ( wat]1 ! latt] weigh+ #a4jjjjac kilogram4 ,if !re=e ! def9$ gram on ! wat] basis is tak5 z ! unit x v>ies v slightly f ! accept$ gram4 #a gram is equal to #ae4dcbcdhgd gra9s4 7,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,mill]47 ,gram-atom4 ,! numb] ( grams ( an elem5t equal num]ically to ! atomic weight1 z #af grams ( oxyg51 #a gram ( hydrog51 #ce4e grams ( *lor9e2 all :i* might be express$ z gram-atoms ( oxyg51 hydrog5 & *lor9e respectively4 ,! gram-atom approximately expresses ! numb] ( gram-calories requir$ to heat "o gram ( ! sub/ance #a ,c4 7#a4h ,f474 ,?is is 9 virtue ( ,dulong & ,petit's discov]y t ! atomic weight ( an elem5t multipli$ by its specific heat gives approximately a con/ant = all elem5ts4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a gram-atom is ! mass1 9 grams1 ( "o mole ( atoms 9 a monatomic elem5t4 ,a mole consi/s ( ,avogadro's numb] ( atoms1 approximately #f4jbbad;,e#bc4 ,gram-molecule4 ,! numb] ( grams ( a sub/ance equal num]ically to its molecul> weight4 ,graphite4 ,c>bon2 "o ( ?ree allotropic modifications ( ?is elem5t4 ,x occurs 9 nature z a m9]al4 ,x is us$ z a lubricant = ma*9]y2 = commutator bru%es2 = mak+ surfaces to be plat$ conductive1 & = mix+ ) manganese b9oxide 9 ,leclan* cells4 ,gravitation4 ,a natural =ce :i* causes all masses ( matt] to attract ea* o!r4 ,its cause is unkn[n2 x is (t5 suppos$ to be due to ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,e9/e9's explanation ( gravity1 ,g5]al ,relativity & ! curvature ( space-"t1 came #bc ye>s lat]1 #aiae4 #bha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gravity1 ,accel]ation (4 ,! velocity imp>t$ to a body 9 "o second by ! action ( gravitation at any /&>d po9t ^u ! e>?'s surface 9 a vacuum4 ,?is w v>y at diff]5t places1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! v>iation 9 c5trifugal =ce due to ! e>?'s rotation4 ,= /&>d valuation x mu/ be r$uc$ to sea level4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( its v>iation3 ,equator1 #igh4ajbh c5timet]s p] second ,p>is1 #ihj4id ,gre5wi* #iha4;,i#g ,ed9burgh1 #iha4ed ,pole 7,n4 or ,s471 #ihc4ajhd 7!oretical7 ,z r\nd numb]s = approximate calculations #iha c5timet]s or #cb4b feet may be employ$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! accel]ation ( gravity at ! equator is also r$uc$ by ! increas$ di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! e>? 7equatorial bulge74 ,increas$ altitude r$uces gravity4 ,r$uc$ air d5sity at altitude r$uces buoyancy & increases app>5t weight4 ,local v>iations ( rock d5sity affects gravity4 ,gravity1 ,control4 ,control by weight4 ,9 "s ammet]s & voltmet]s gravity is ! controll+ =ce4 ,grid4 ,a lead plate p]=at$ or ridg$ = use 9 a /orage batt]y z ! support] ( ! active mat]ials & 9 "p z contribut+ !reto f its own sub/ance4 ,gr\nd4 ,! contact ( a conductor ( an electric circuit ) ! e>?1 p]mitt+ ! escape ( curr5t if ano!r gr\nd exi/s4 ,gr\nd-wire4 ,a metaphorical t]m appli$ to ! e>? :5 us$ z a return circuit4 ,fig4 #aib4 ,,grove',s ,,gas ,,batt]y4 ,grove's ,gas ,batt]y4 ,a voltaic batt]y dep5d+ = its action on ! oxidation ( hydrog5 in/ead ( ! oxidation ( z9c4 ,its action is m p>ticul>ly describ$ "u ,batt]y1 ,gas4 ,9 ! cut ,b1 ,b#a 99 99 99 are ! t]m9als ( ! positive or hydrog5 electrodes1 m>k$ ,h1 & ,a1 ,al 99 99 99 are ! t]m9als ( ! negative or oxyg5 electrodes m>k$ ,o1 :ile ,m1 ,m#a 99 99 99 is dilute sulphuric acid4 #bhb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,gu>d ,r+4 ,an annul> horizontal surface surr\nd+ ! balanc$ disc 9 ! absolute electromet]4 7,see ,electromet]1 ,absolute47 ,gu>d ,tube4 ,a metal tube surr\nd+ a dry pile us$ ) a quadrant electromet]1 or o!r electromet]s ( t type4 ,x prev5ts ! capacity ( ! l[] brass end ( ! pile 7:i* brass end closes ! glass tube conta9+ ! discs7 f mom5t>y *ange by approa* ( "s conductor connect$ to ! e>?4 ,!re are o!r gu>d tubes also4 ,gun1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,an electro-magnet ) tubul> core4 ,if1 :5 x is excit$ a piece ( an iron rod is pu%$ into ! c5tral ap]ture ( ! core & is releas$1 ! magnetic circle w try to complete itself by pu%+ ! rod out s t x c ?us be dis*>g$1 z if f a popgun4 ,synonym--,electric ,popgun4 ,fig4 #aic4 ,,electric ,,popgun4 ,gutta ,p]*a4 ,! h>d5$ milky juice ( a tree1 ! ,ison&ra gutta1 gr[+ 9 ,malacca & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is mu* us$ z an insulator or con/itu5t ( insulators4 ,resi/ance aft] sev]al m9utes electrification p] #a c5timet] cube at #ed ,c4 7#ge ,f471 #d4ej;,e#ad ohms4 ,! specific resi/ance v>ies--f #b4e;,e#ac to #e4j;,e#ad ohms4 ,a usual specification is #b4j;,e#ad ohms4 ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature on its resi/ance is giv5 9 ,cl>k ,bright's empirical =mula1 ,r ,r#j at1 9 :i* ,r is ! resi/ance at temp]ature t ,c--,ro ! resi/ance at #j ,c 7#cb ,f71 a is ! coeffici5t 4#hidd4 ,! resi/ance increases ) ! "t ( passage ( ! curr5t1 ! v>iation be+ less ! high] ! temp]ature4 #bhc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,"t ( ,relative ,resi/ance ,relative ,resi/ance ,electrification4 at #j ,c 7#cb ,f47 at #bd ,c 7#ge ,f47 #a m9ute #ajj #e4ea #b #abg4i #f4 #e #afc4a #f4ff #aj #aij4i #f4id #bj #bcj4h #g4ch #cj #bej4f #g4dd #fj #bij4d #g4f #ij #cah4c #g4ff ,9 cable te/+ "o m9ute is g5]ally tak5 z ! "t ( electrification4 ,pressure increases ! resi/ance by ! =mula ,rp,r 7#a 4#jjcbg ,p7 9 :i* ,rp is ! resi/ance at pressure p--,r resi/ance at atmosph]ic pressure--p pressure 9 atmosph]es4 ,?us 9 ! ocean at a dep? ( #d1jjj met]s 7#b4dhee miles71 ! resi/ance is m ?an d\bl$4 ,! long] ! pressure is appli$1 ! great] is ! resi/ance4 ,! specific inductive capacity ( gutta p]*a is #d4b4 ,good gutta p]*a %\ld n break :5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 %\ld recov] its %ape sl[ly1 & x %\ld support mu* m ?an #cjj times its own weight4 ,gyro/atic ,action ( ,armatures4 ,ow+ to gyro/atic action a rotat+ armature resi/s any *ange ( direction ( its axis4 ,on %ips & 9 railway motors :i* h to turn curves ?is action occurs4 ,a #adh lb4 armature runn+ at #a1cjj revolutions p] m9ute may press ) #cj lbs4 on ea* j\rnal z ! %ip rolls ?r\gh an angle ( #bj 9 #af seconds4 ,h4 7a7 ,! symbol = ! horizontal compon5t ( ! e>?'s magnetization4 7b7 ,! symbol = ! int5sity ( a magnetiz+ =ce or field4 ,! symbol ,h1 z x is g5]ally us$1 may mean ei!r ! numb] ( dynes :i* act ^u a unit pole1 or ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce p] c5timet]4 7c7 ,! symbol = ! unit ( self-induction4 ,hair1 ,removal (1 by ,electrolysis4 ,a me?od ( depilation by de/ruction ( individual hair follicles by electrolysis4 ,a f9e plat9um electrode is ?ru/ into a hair follicle4 ,x is ! negative electrode4 ,! positive electrode is 9 contact ) ! body ( ! p]son "u treatm5t2 x is (t5 a sponge electrode simply held 9 8 h&4 ,a curr5t ( two to f\r milliamp]es f an ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( #ae to #bj volts1 is pass$4 ,?is de/roys ! follicle1 ! hair is remov$ & nev] gr[s aga94 ,a gradual increase ( curr5t is advis$ = ! face4 ,z only "o hair is remov$ at once1 b a small numb] are tak5 out at a sitt+4 #bhd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,haldat's ,figures4 ,) a pole ( a /rong b> magnet1 us$ l a p5cil1 imag9>y figures are drawn ^u a h>d /eel plate1 su* z a saw-blade4 ,! patt]n is gone ov] sev]al times4 ,by du/+ iron fil+s on a %eet ( pap] laid ov] ! /eel plate1 :ile horizontal1 v complicat$ magnetic figures are produc$4 ,hall's ,exp]im5t4 ,a cross ( ?9 metal1 su* z gold leaf1 is secur$ ^u a pane ( glass4 ,to two opposite arms a batt]y is connect$ 9 circuit ) !m4 ,to ! o!r two arms a galvanomet] is connect$ 9 circuit4 ,if ! cross is put into a field ( =ce ^: l9es are p]p5dicul> !reto1 ! galvanomet] w disclose a con/ant curr5t4 ,! curr5t is pu%$1 z x 71 into ! galvanomet] circuit4 ,o!r metals h be5 us$ ) simil> results4 ,!y mu/ be ?9 or ! exp]im5t fails4 ,if ! arm receiv+ ! batt]y curr5t is horizontal1 & if x fl[s f left to "r1 & if ! l9es ( =ce g f d[nw>d ?r\gh ! cross1 ! curr5t 9 ! galvanomet] circuit w fl[ f ! obs]v] ?r\gh ! o!r arms ( ! cross1 if ! cross is ( gold1 silv]1 plat9um or t91 & ! rev]se if ( iron4 ,! exp]im5t has indicat$ a possible way ( rea*+ ! velocity ( electricity 9 absolute measure4 ,hall ,effect4 ,! effect obs]v$ 9 ,hall's exp]im5t1 q4 v4 ,hall ,effect1 ,real4 ,a transv]se electro-motive =ce 9 a conductor ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+ produc$ by a magnetic field4 ,hall ,effect1 ,spuri\s4 ,a spuri\s electro-motive =ce produc$ 9 a conductor1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+ by *anges 9 conductivity ( ! conductor br\ght ab\t by a magnetic field4 ,hang] ,bo>d4 ,a bo>d conta9+ two t]m9als1 a susp5d+ hook1 & a swit*1 s t an arc lamp c be introduc$ into a circuit !reby1 or c be remov$ z desir$4 ,h>monic ,receiv]4 ,a receiv] conta9+ a vibrat+ re$1 act$ on by an electro-magnet4 ,su* a re$ answ]s only to impulses tun$ to its own pit*4 ,if su* are receiv$ f ! magnet x w vibrate4 ,impulses n 9 tune ) x w n affect x4 7,see ,telegraph1 ,h>monic47 ,head ,ba?1 ,electric4 ,a fanciful "n = an electro-m$ical treatm5t ( ! head4 ,! pati5t is insulat$ by an insulat+ /ool or o!rwise4 ,8 p]son is connect$ ) "o t]m9al ( an influ5ce ma*9e4 ,an insulat$ metallic circle1 ) po9ts ( metal project+ inw>d or d[nw>d1 is plac$ ab\t ! head4 ,! circle is connect$ ) ! o!r pole ( ! ma*9e4 ,on work+ x a sil5t or bru% dis*>ge ) air convection /reams occurs betwe5 ! pati5t's head & ! circle ( po9ts4 #bhe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,head-light1 ,electric4 ,an electric head-light = locomotives has be5 exp]im5t$ )4 ,x includes ! p>abolic reflection ( ! regul> light ) an arc-lamp 9 place ( ! oil lamp4 ,an inc&esc5t lamp may be us$ 9 ! same place1 b has no great advantage ov] oil z reg>ds illum9at+ p[]4 ,heat4 ,a =m ( k9etic en]gy1 due to a confus$ oscillatory movem5t ( ! molecules ( a body4 ,heat is n motion1 z a heat$ body does n *ange its place2 x is n mom5tum1 b x is ! en]gy ( motion4 ,if ! quantity ( molecul> motion is d\bl$ ! mom5tum ( ! molecules is also d\bl$1 b ! molecul> me*anical en]gy or heat is quadrupl$4 ,z a =m ( en]gy x is measur$ by !rmal units4 ,! calorie is ! mo/ important1 & un=tunately ! same t]m applies to two units1 ! gram-degree ,c4 & ! kilogram-degree ,c4 7,see ,calorie47 ,calories are det]m9$ by a calorimet]1 q4 v4 ,indep5d5t ( quantity ( heat a body may be hott] or cold]4 ,!rmomet]s are us$ to det]m9e its temp]ature4 ,heat is transmitt$ by conduction1 a body conduct+ x sl[ly = "s di/ance ?r\gh its own sub/ance4 ,bodies v>y greatly 9 _! conductivity = heat4 ,x is also transmitt$ by convection ( gases or liquids1 :5 ! heat$ molecules travel+ ?r\gh ! mass imp>t _! heat to o!r p>ts4 ,f9ally x is transmitt$ by e!r waves ) probably ! spe$ ( light4 ,?is mode ( transmission & ! ph5om5a ( x 7 attribut$ to radiant heat4 ,z a sci5tific t]m ?is is n[ dropp$ by _m sci5ti/s4 ,?is practice v prop]ly re/ricts ! t]m heat to k9etic molecul> motion4 ,! me*anical equival5t ( heat is ! numb] ( units ( "w :i* ! en]gy ( "o unit quantity ( heat repres5ts4 7,see ,equival5ts1 ,me*anical & ,physical47 ,heat1 ,atomic4 ,! product ( ! specific heat ( an elem5t by its atomic weight4 ,! product is approximately ! same = all ! elem5ts1 & v>ies z det]m9$ betwe5 #e4ci & #f4hg4 ,! v>iations are by "s attribut$ pr9cipally to imp]fection ( ! "w 9 det]m9+ !m4 ,! atomic heat repres5ts ! numb] ( gram calories requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( a gram atom 7a numb] ( grams equal num]ically to ! atomic weight7 "o degree c5tigrade4 #bhf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,heat1 ,electric4 ,?is t]m has be5 giv5 to ! heat produc$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh a conductor4 ,x is really electrically produc$ heat1 ! above t]m be+ a misnom]4 ,! rise ( temp]ature produc$ 9 a cyl9drical conductor by a curr5t dep5ds ^u ! diamet] ( ! conductor & on ! curr5t4 ,! l5g? ( ! wire has only ! indirect connection t ! curr5t w dep5d ^u ! resi/ance & consequ5tly ^u its l5g?4 ,! quantity ( heat produc$ 9 a conductor by a curr5t is 9 gram-degree ,c4 units equal to ! product ( ! curr5t1 by ! electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! wire1 by 4#bd4 ,! cube ( ! diamet] ( a wire = a giv5 rise ( temp]ature produc$ 9 su* conductor by a curr5t is equal approximately to ! product ( ! squ>e ( ! curr5t1 by ! specific resi/ance 7q4 v47 ( ! mat]ial ( ! conductor1 by 4#jjjcia1 ! :ole divid$ by ! desir$ temp]ature 9 c5tigrade units4 ,heat1 ,electrical ,convection (4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! ph5om5a includ$ "u ! ,?omson effect1 q4 v41 ! unequal or diff]5tial heat+ effect produc$ by a curr5t ( electricity 9 conductors ^: diff]5t p>ts are ma9ta9$ at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,heat]1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = conv]t+ electrical en]gy into !rmal en]gy4 ,an inc&esc5t lamp repres5ts ! pr9ciple1 & 9 ! ,edison met] has be5 us$ z su* to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! solutions4 ,heat]s = w>m+ wat] & o!r purposes h be5 con/ruct$1 utiliz+ conductors heat$ by ! passage ( ! curr5t z a s\rce ( heat4 7,see also ,heat+ ,magnet47 ,heat+ ,error4 ,9 voltmet]s ! error due to alt]ation ( resi/ance ( ! coil by heat+4 ,if too /rong a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! in/rum5t1 ! coils become heat$ & _! resi/ance increas$4 ,!y !n d n pass z mu* curr5t z !y %\ld = ! pot5tial diff]5ce to :i* !y may be expos$4 ,_! read+s !n w be too l[4 ,"o way ( avoid+ ! tr\ble is to h a key 9 circuit1 & to pass only an in/antane\s or v brief curr5t ?r\gh ! in/rum5t & ?us get ! read+ be=e ! coils h "t to heat4 ,! heat+ error does n exi/ = ammet]s1 z !y are con/ruct$ to receive ! entire curr5t1 & any heat+ error )9 _! range is all[$ = 9 ! divid+ ( ! scale4 ,heat+ ,magnet4 ,an electro-magnet design$ to be heat$ by ,f\cault curr5ts induc$ 9 its core by v>y+ curr5ts 9 ! w9d+s4 ,x has be5 propos$ z a s\rce ( artificial heat1 a species ( electric heat+ app>atus = w>m+ wat]1 or o!r purposes4 #bhg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,heat1 ,irrev]sible4 ,! heat produc$ by an electric curr5t 9 a conductor ( id5tical qualities & temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,su* heat is ! same :atev] ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! heat+ effect is irrev]sible because ( ! abs5ce ( ! ,?omson effect1 q4 v47 or ,pelti] effect1 q4 v4 ,heat1 ,me*anical ,equival5t (4 ,! me*anical en]gy correspond+ to a giv5 quantity ( heat en]gy4 ,me*anical en]gy is g5]ally repres5t$ by "s unit ( weight & height1 su* z ! foot-p\nd2 & heat en]gy is repres5t$ by a giv5 weight ( wat] heat$ a giv5 am\nt1 su* z a p\nd-degree c5tigrade4 ,j\le's equival5t is usually accept$2 x /ates t #ggb4ee foot p\nds ( me*anical en]gy are equival5t to #a p\nd-degree ,f4 7"o p\nd avds4 ( wat] rais$ 9 temp]ature "o degree ,fahr5heit74 ,o!r equival5cies h also be5 d$uc$4 ,heat1 ,molecul>4 ,! product ( a specific heat ( ! comp\nd by its molecul> weight4 ,x is approximately equal to ! sum ( ! atomic heats ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! molecul> heat repres5ts ! numb] ( gram calories requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( a gram-molecule 7a numb] ( grams equal num]ically to ! molecul> weight7 "o degree c5tigrade4 ,! molecul> heat is approximately equal = all sub/ances4 ,heat1 ,specific4 ,! capacity ( a body = heat2 a coeffici5t repres5t+ ! relative quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( an id5tical weight ( a giv5 body a def9$ & id5tical am\nt4 ,! /&>d ( comp>ison is wat]2 its specific heat is tak5 z unity4 ,! specific heats by weight ( o!r sub/ances are less ?an unity4 ,! specific heat v>ies ) ! temp]ature4 ,?us ! specific heat ( wat] is m /rictly #a4jjjae t ,c4 ,specific heat is great] :5 a sub/ance is 9 ! liquid ?an :5 x is 9 ! solid /ate4 ,?us ! specific heat ( ice is #j4dhi2 less ?an half t ( wat]4 ,x diff]s ) ! allotropic modifications ( bodies2 ! specific heat ( graphite is 4#bjb2 ( diamond1 4#adg4 ,! product ( ! specific heat by ! atomic weight ( elem5ts gives a figure approximately ! same4 ,a simil> law applies 9 ! case ( molecules4 7,see ,heat1 ,atomic-,heat1 ,molecul>47 ,! true specific heat ( a sub/ance %\ld be sep>at$ f ! heat exp5d$ 9 exp&+ a body aga9/ molecul> & atomic =ces1 & aga9/ ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,s f> ?is sep>ation has n be5 possible to introduce 9 any calculations4 #bhh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,heat1 ,specific1 ( ,electricity4 ,a propos$ t]m to acc\nt = ! heat absorb$ or giv5 out 9 unhomog5e\s conductors1 by ! ,?omson effect1 or ,pelti] effect 7see ,effect1 ,?omson--,effect1 ,pelti]47 ,if a curr5t ( electricity be assum$ to exi/1 !n "u ! action ( ^! effects x may be reg>d$ z absorb+ or giv+ out s _m c\lombs ( heat1 & ?us e/abli%+ a basis = specific heat4 ,heat ,units4 ,! ,briti% unit ( heat is ! p\nd degree ,f--! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( wat] f #cb to #cc ,f4 ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit is ! gram-degree ,c42 ano!r metric unit is ! kilogram-degree ,c4 ,! latt] is ! calorie2 ! =m] is sometimes call$ ! small calorie or ! j\le2 ! latt] is sometimes call$ ! l>ge calorie4 ,! t]m j\le is also appli$ to a quantity ( heat equival5t to ! en]gy ( a watt-second or volt-c\lomb4 ,?is is equal to 4#bdl gram degree calorie4 ,hecto4 ,a prefix to t]ms ( measurem5t--mean+ "o hundr$ times1 z hectomet]1 "o hundr$ met]s4 ,heliograph4 ,an app>atus = reflect+ fla%es ( light to a di/ant obs]v]4 ,by us+ ! ,morse telegraph code messages may ?us be transmitt$ long di/ances4 ,:5 possible ! sun's light is us$4 ,helix4 ,a coil ( wire2 prop]ly a coil w\nd s z to foll[ ! outl9es ( a screw )\t ov]lay+ itself4 ,fig4 #aid4 ,,left-,,h&$ ,,helix4 ,fig4 #aie4 ,,"r-,,h&$ ,,helix4 ,h5ry4 ,! practical unit ( electro-magnetic or magnetic inductance4 ,x is equal to #a;,e#i ,c4 ,g4 ,s41 or absolute units ( inductance4 ,z ! dim5sions ( inductance are a l5g? ! h5ry is equal to #a;,e#i c5timet]s1 or approximately to "o quadrant ( ! e>? measur$ on ! m]idian4 ,synonyms--,secohm--,quadrant--,quad4 #bhi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,h]metically ,seal$4 ,clos$ absolutely tight4 ,glass vessels1 su* z ! bulbs ( inc&esc5t lamps1 are h]metically seal$ (t5 by melt+ ! glass toge!r ov] any op5+ into _! int]ior4 ,het]o/atic ,me?od4 ,a me?od ( us+ ! absolute or attract$ disc electromet]4 7,see ,electromet] ,absolute47 ,! =mula = its idio/atic use1 q4 v41 involves ! det]m9ation ( d1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! susp5d$ & fix$ discs4 ,z ?is is difficult to det]m9e ! susp5d$ disc & gu>d r+ may be kept at "o pot5tial & ! l[] fix$ disc is !n connect$ successively ) ! two po9ts ^: pot5tial diff]5ce is to be det]m9$4 ,_! diff]5ce is det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 d & d'1 ! two di/ances betwe5 ! discs4 ,?is diff]5ce is ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! micromet] screw is mov$4 ,! het]o/atic =mula is3 ,v' - ,v 7d' - d799 square,root7 #h99,,pi99,f _/ ,s 7 9 :i* ,v & ,v' are pot5tials ( ! two po9ts2 d' & d ! two di/ances betwe5 ! discs necess>y = equilibrium2 ,s ! area ( ! disc & ,f ! =ce ( attraction 9 dynes4 7,see ,idio/atic ,me?od47 ,high ,b>s ( ,commutator4 ,commutator b>s1 :i* 9 ! natural we> ( ! commutator1 project beyond ! o!rs4 ,! surface !n requires turn+ d[n1 z x %\ld be q cyl9drical4 ,high ,frequ5cy4 ,a t]m us$ z a n\n or z an adjective to indicate 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t1 ! production ( a v great numb] ( alt]nations p] unit ( "t--usually express$ z alt]nations p] second4 ,hiss+4 ,a t]m appli$ to a noise sometimes produc$ by a voltaic arc2 probably due to ! same cause z fry+1 q4 v4 ,hittorf's ,solution4 ,a solution us$ z a resi/ance4 ,x is a solution ( cadmium iodide 9 amylic alcohol4 ,t5 p] c5t4 ( ! salt is us$4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a tube ) metallic cadmium electrodes4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,hittorf' s47 ,fig4 #aif4 ,,hittorf',s ,,resi/ance ,,tube4 #bij ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,hold]s4 7a7 ,! adju/able clamps = hold+ ! armature bru%es ( dynamos & motors4 7b7 ,! clamps = hold+ ! c>bons ( arc lamps4 7c7 ,! clamps = hold+ safety fuses1 q4 v4 7d7 ,hold]s = ,jablo*k(f c&les & o!r electric c&les4 7,see ,c&le ,hold]s47 7e7 ,a box or block ( porcela9 = hold+ safety fuses4 ,hood4 ,a t9 hood plac$ ov] an arc-lamp4 ,su* hoods are (t5 truncat$ cones 9 %ape1 ) ! small end upw>ds4 ,!y reflect a c]ta9 am\nt ( light besides protect+ ! lamp to "s ext5t f ra94 ,horns4 ,! ext5sions ( ! pole pieces ( a dynamo or motor4 7,see ,foll[+ ,horns-,lead+ ,horns47 ,synonym--,pole ,tips4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,a unit ( rate ( "w or activity4 ,!re are two horse p[]s4 ,! ,briti% horse p[] is equal to #cc1jjj p\nds rais$ "o foot p] m9ute1 or #eej foot p\nds p] second1 or #a4jach metric horse p[]4 ,! metric horse p[] 7,fr5*7 is equal to #ge kilogram-met]s1 or #edb foot p\nds p] second1 or 4#ihfcef ,briti% horse p[]4 ,h4 ,p4 is ! abbreviation = horse p[]4 7,see ,horse ,p[]1 ,electric47 ,horse ,p[]1 ,actual4 ,! rate ( activity ( a ma*9e1 z actually develop$ 9 condition = use4 ,x is less ?an ! indicat$ or total horse p[]1 because dim9i%$ by ! hurtful resi/ances ( friction1 & o!r s\rces ( wa/e4 ,x is ! horse p[] t c be us$ 9 practise1 & :i* 9 ! case ( a motor c be tak5 f ! fly-:eel4 ,horse ,p[]1 ,electric4 ,! equival5t ( a me*anical horse p[] 9 electric units1 g5]ally 9 volt-amp]es or watts2 #gde4idc watts are equival5t to ! activity ( "o ,briti% horse p[]2 #gce4ge are equival5t to "o metric horse p[]4 ,! numb] #gdf is usually tak5 9 practical calculations to give ! equival5cy4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y values are3 ,me*anical 7,briti%7 horsep[] #gde4fiii ,watts2 ,metric horsep[] #gce4dihge ,watts ,horse ,p[]1 ,indicat$4 ,! horse p[] ( an eng9e z indicat$ by its /eam pressure1 l5g? ( /roke1 & pi/on area1 & vacuum1 )\t mak+ any d$uction = friction or hurtful resi/ances4 ,! /eam pressure is 9 accurate "w d$uc$ f indicator diagrams4 ,horse ,p[]1 ,h\r4 ,a horse p[] ex]t$ = "o h\r1 or ! equival5t !re(4 ,z ! horse p[] is a unit ( activity1 ! horse p[] h\r is a unit ( "w or ( en]gy4 ,x is equal to #a1ihj1jjj foot p\nds4 ,h4 ,p4 ,abbreviation = horse p[]4 #bia ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,hughes' ,electro-magnet4 ,a horse%oe electro-magnet ) pol>iz$ core4 ,x is made by m\nt+ two bobb9s ( insulat$ wire on ! ends ( a p]man5t horse%oe magnet4 ,x 0 devis$ = use 9 ,hughes' pr9t+ telegraph1 :]e v quick action is requir$4 ,! contact la/s only 4#jec second1 #ahe lett]s be+ transmitt$ p] m9ute4 ,fig4 #aig ,,hughes' ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,fig4 #aih4 ,,hughes' ,,induction ,,balance4 ,hughes' ,induction ,balance4 ,an app>atus = det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( a conceal$ mass ( metal4 ,! app>atus is v>i\sly connect$4 ,! cut %[s a repres5tative =m2 a & a' are two prim>y coils1 ea* consi/+ ( #ajj met]s 7#cbh feet7 ( ,no4 #cb silk cov]$ copp] wire 7#j4jji in* diamet]7 w\nd on a boxwood spool t5 in*es 9 dep?2 b & b' are second>y coils4 ,all coils are suppos$ to be alike4 ,! prim>y coils are jo9$ 9 s]ies ) a batt]y ( ?ree or f\r ,daniell cells4 ,a microphone m is includ$ 9 ! same circuit4 ,! second>y coils are jo9$ 9 s]ies ) a telephone & 9 opposition ) ea* o!r4 ,! clock is us$ to produce a s\nd affect+ ! microphone4 ,if all is exactly balanc$ !re w be no s\nd produc$ 9 ! telephone4 ,?is balance is br\ght ab\t by slightly v>y+ ! di/ance ( "o ( ! second>ies f ! prim>y1 until !re is no s\nd 9 ! telephone4 ,if n[ a piece ( metal is plac$ )9 ei!r ( ! coils1 x di/urbs ! balance & ! telephone s\nds4 #bib ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,to measure ! =ces act+ a sonomet] or audiomet] is us$4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cut4 ,two fix$ coils1 c & e are m\nt$ at ! ends ( a graduat$ b>4 ,a movable coil d is connect$ 9 ! telephone circuit2 c & e by a swit* c be connect$ ) ! batt]y & microphone circuit1 leav+ out ! induction balance coils4 ,! ends ( ! coils c & e1 fac+ ea* o!r are ( ! same pol>ity4 ,if ^! coils1 c & e1 7 equal 9 all respects1 no s\nd w\ld be produc$ :5 d 0 midway betwe5 !m4 ,b !y are s w\nd t ! z]o position = d is v ne> "o ( !m1 c4 ,assume t a balance has be5 obta9$ 9 ! induction balance ) ! coil d at z]o4 ,no s\nd is he>d :e!r ! swit* is mov$ to ?r[ ! curr5t into "o or ! o!r circuit4 ,a piece ( metal plac$ 9 "o ( ! balance coils w cause ! production ( a s\nd4 ,! curr5t is turn$ into ! sonomet] & d is mov$ until ! same s\nd1 z te/$ by rapid movem5ts ( ! swit*1 is he>d 9 bo? circuits4 ,! displacem5t ( d gives ! value ( ! s\nd4 ,a milligram ( copp] is en\gh to produce a l\d s\nd4 ,two co9s c be balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & by rubb+ "o ( !m1 or by brea?+ on "o ( !m1 ! balance w be di/urb$ & a s\nd w be produc$4 ,pr(4 ,hughes has also disp5s$ ) ! audiomet]4 ,he has us$ a /rip ( z9c tap]+ f a wid? ( #d mm4 74#af in*7 at "o end to a %>p edge or po9t at ! o!r4 ,! piece to be te/$ be+ 9 place 9 "o coil1 ! /rip is mov$ across ! face ( ! o!r until a balance is obta9$4 ,z possible uses ! detection ( c\nt]feit co9s1 ! te/+ ( metals = simil>ity ( composition & ! location ( bullets 9 ! body h be5 sugge/$4 ,c>e has to be tak5 t no masses ( metal int]f]e4 ,?us 9 te/s ( ! p]son ( a w\nd$ man1 ! pres5ce ( an iron truss1 or ( metallic b$ spr+s may invalidate all conclusions4 ,! same pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 an app>atus 9 :i* ! p>ts are arrang$ l ! memb]s ( a ,:eat/one bridge4 ,"o pair ( coils is us$1 :i* react on ea* o!r z prim>y & second>y coils4 ,"o ( ! coils is 9 s]ies ) a telephone 9 ! memb] ( ! bridge correspond+ to t conta9+ ! galvanomet] ( ! ,:eat/one bridge4 ,! latt] is m prop]ly t]m$ an induction bridge4 ,synonyms--,inductance ,bridge--,inductance ,balance--,induction ,bridge4 #bic ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,hydro-electric4 adj4 7a7 ,a curr5t produc$ by a voltaic c\ple or ! c\ple itself is sometimes ?us *>act]iz$ or designat$ z a hydro-electric curr5t or a hydro-electric c\ple4 ,x di/+ui%es !m f !rmo-electric4 7b7 ,arm/rong's /eam boil] electric ma*9e 7see ,hydroelectric ,ma*9e7 is also t]m$ a hydro-electric ma*9e4 ,hydro-electric ,ma*9e4 ,an app>atus = g5]at+ high pot5tial diff]5ce by ! escape ( /eam ?r\gh prop] nozzles4 ,x consi/s ( a boil] m\nt$ on f\r glass legs or o!rwise insulat$4 ,an escape pipe t]m9ates 9 a s]ies ( outlets s %ap$ z to imp$e ! escape ( ! /eam by =c+ x out ( ! direct c\rse4 ,^! jets are l9$ ) h>d wood4 ,!y are enclos$ 9 or l$ ?r\gh a box :i* is fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,fig4 #aii4 ,,arm/rong',s ,,hydro-,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,?is is to p>tly cond5se ! /eam s z to get x into ! vesicul> /ate1 :i* is f\nd ess5tial to its action4 ,dry /eam produces no excitation4 ,if ! boil] is fir$ & ! /eam is p]mitt$ to escape "u ! above conditions ! vesicles presumably1 or ! /eam is f\nd to be electrifi$4 ,a collect+ comb held aga9/ ! jet becomes *>g$ & *>ges any connect$ surface4 #bid ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! boil] 9 ! above case is negatively & ! escap+ /eam is positively *>g$4 ,by *ang+ ! mat]ial ( ! l9+s ( ! jets1 or by add+ turp5t9e ! sign ( ! electricity is rev]s$4 ,if ! wat] conta9s acid or salts no electricity is produc$4 ,! regul> hydro-electric ma*9e is due to ,sir ,william ,arm/rong4 ,f>aday obta9$ simil> results ) moi/ air curr5ts4 ,hydrog54 ,an elem5t exi/+ "u all except ! mo/ extreme artificial conditions ( pressure & cold z a gas4 ,x is ! lighte/ ( kn[n sub/ances4 ,atomic weight1 #a2 molecul> weight1 #b2 equival5t1 #a2 val5cy1 #a2 specific gravity1 4#jfia-4jfie4 7,dumas ,b\ss+ault47 ,x is a dielectric ( ab\t ! same resi/ance z air4 ,its specific inductive capacity at atmosph]ic pressure is3 4#iiig 7,baltzman7 4#iiih 7,ayrton7 ,electro-*emical equival5t1 4#jaje milligram4 ,! above is usually tak5 z correct4 ,o!r values are z foll[s3 4#jajeba 7,kohllraus*7 4#jajdae 7,masc>t7 ,! electro-*emical equival5t ( any elem5t is obta9$ by multiply+ its equival5t by ! electro-*emical equival5t ( hydrog54 ,! value 4#jaje has be5 us$ ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,hygromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,"o =m consi/s ( a pair ( !rmomet]s1 "o ( :i* has its bulb wrapp$ 9 clo? :i* is kept moi/ dur+ ! obs]vation4 ,! evaporation is m or less rapid accord+ to ! dryness or moi/ure ( ! air1 & z ! temp]ature v>ies ) ?is evaporation ! relative read+s ( ! two !rmomet]s give ! basis = calculat+ ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air4 ,ano!r =m det]m9es ! temp]ature at :i* dew is deposit$ on a silv] surface1 :5ce ! calculations are made4 ,hy/]esis1 ,magnetic4 ,a ph5om5on ( magnetization ( iron4 ,x may be attribut$ to a sort ( int]nal or molecul> friction1 caus+ en]gy to be absorb$ :5 iron is magnetiz$4 ,:5ev] !re=e ! pol>ity or direction ( magnetization ( a mass ( iron is rapidly *ang$ a consid]able exp5diture ( en]gy is requir$4 ,x is attribut$ to ! "w done 9 br++ ! molecules into ! position ( pol>ity4 #bie ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! electric en]gy lo/ by hy/]esis may be r$uc$ by vibrations or j>r+ imp>t$ to ! iron1 ?us virtually sub/itut+ me*anical = electrical "w4 ,on acc\nt ( hy/]esis ! induc$ magnetization ( a piece ( iron or /eel = fields ( l[ int5sity w dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ial has be5 already magnetiz$4 ,let ! int5sity ( field increase1 ! magnetization increas+ also2 !n l[] ! int5sity2 ! sub/ance t5ds to & does reta9 "s ( its magnetism4 ,!n on aga9 /r5g!n+ ! field x w h some?+ to build on1 s t :5 x atta9s its =m] int5sity ! magnetization w exce$ its =m] value4 ,= a mod]ate value ( int5sity ( field ! magnetization c h _m values )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,synonym--,hy/]esis--,hy/]esis1 ,/atic--,magnetic ,friction4 ,hy/]esis1 ,visc\s4 ,! gradual increase or creep+ up ( magnetization :5 a magnetic =ce is appli$ ) absolute /ead9ess to a piece ( iron4 ,x may la/ = half an h\r or m & am\nt to sev]al p] c5t4 ( ! total magnetization4 ,x is a true magnetic lag4 ,i4 ,a symbol sometimes us$ to indicate curr5t int5sity4 ,?us ,ohm's law is (t5 express$ ,i ,e_/,r1 mean+ curr5t int5sity is equal to electro-motive =ce divid$ by resi/ance4 ,c is ! m g5]al symbol = curr5t int5sity4 ,ideoelectrics or ,idioelectrics4 ,bodies :i* become electric by friction4 ,?is 0 ! old def9ition1 ! t]m orig9at+ ) ,gilb]t4 ,x 0 bas$ on a misconception1 z insulation is all t is requisite = frictional electrification1 metals be+ ?us electrifi$ if held by insulat+ h&les4 ,! t]m is virtually obsolete2 z f> z x means any?+ x means insulat+ sub/ances su* z scal+ wax1 sulphur1 or glass4 ,idle ,coils4 ,coils 9 a dynamo1 9 :i* coils no electro-motive =ce is be+ g5]at$4 ,?is may occur :51 z a coil breaks connection ) ! commutator bru%1 x ent]s a region void ( l9es ( magnetic =ce1 or :]e ! l9es are tang5tial to ! circle ( ! armature4 ,idio/atic ,me?od4 ,a me?od ( us+ ! absolute or attract$ disc electromet]4 7,see ,electromet]1 ,absolute47 ,! susp5d$ disc & gu>d r+ are kept at ! same pot5tial1 :i* is t ( "o ( ! po9ts ^: pot5tial diff]5ce is to be det]m9$2 ! l[] fix$ disc is connect$ to ! o!r ( ! po9ts ^: pot5tial diff]5ce is to be det]m9$4 ,!n we h ! =mula ,v d 99 ,square,root7 #h 99 ,,pi 99 ,f 7 _/ ,s 9 :i* d is ! di/ance betwe5 ! discs1 ,v is ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ! two po9ts1 ,f ! =ce ( attraction betwe5 ! discs 9 dynes1 & ,s ! area ( ! susp5d$ disc4 7,see ,het]o/atic ,me?od47 #bif ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,idle ,poles4 ,poles ( wire seal$ into ,crookes' tubes1 n us$ = ! dis*>ge connections1 b = exp]im5tal connections to te/ ! effect ( diff]5t excitation on ! dis*>ge4 ,idle ,wire4 ,9 a dynamo ! wire :i* plays no "p 9 g5]at+ electro-motive =ce4 ,9 a ,gramme r+ ! wire on ! inside ( ! r+ is idle wire4 ,ignit]4 ,9 arc lamps ) fix$ p>allel c>bons ( ! ,jablo*k(f type 7see ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f7 a /rip ( c>bon connects ! ends ( ! c>bons 9 ! unus$ c&le4 ,?is is necess>y to />t ! curr5t4 ,su* /rip is call$ an ignit]4 ,x burns away 9 a v %ort "t :5 an arc =ms produc+ ! light1 & la/s1 if all goes well1 until ! c&le burns d[n to its end4 ,)\t ! ignit] ! curr5t w\ld n />t & no arc w\ld =m4 ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ,symbol = indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,illum9at+ ,p[]4 ,! relative light giv5 by any s\rce comp>$ ) a /&>d light1 & /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! same1 z a burn] giv+ an illum9at+ p[] ( sixte5 c&les4 ,= /&>ds see ,c&le1 ,c>cel--,me?v5 ,/&>d--,p5tane ,/&>d4 ,illum9at+ ,p[]1 ,sph]ical4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( a lamp or s\rce ( light may v>y 9 diff]5t directions1 z 9 ! case ( a gas burn] or inc&esc5t lamp4 ,! av]age illum9at+ p[] det]m9$ by photometric te/ or by calculation 9 all directions f ! s\rce ( light is call$ ! sph]ical illum9at+ p[]1 or if /at$ 9 c&les is call$ ! sph]ical c&le p[]4 ,illum9ation1 ,unit (4 ,an absolute /&>d ( light receiv$ by a surface4 ,preece propos$ z su* ! light receiv$ f a /&>d c&le 7see ,c&le1 ,/&>d7 at a di/ance ( #ab4g in*es4 ,! object ( select+ ?is di/ance 0 to make x equal to ! ,c>cel ,/&>d 7see ,c>cel71 :i* is ! light giv5 by a ,c>cel lamp at a di/ance ( "o met]4 ,f "o-t5? to "o-fiftie? ?is degree ( illum9ation 0 f\nd 9 gas-light$ /reets by ,preece1 dep5d+ on ! proximity ( ! gas lamps4 ,image1 ,electric4 ,an electrifi$ po9t or sy/em ( po9ts on "o side ( a surface :i* w\ld produce on ! o!r side ( t surface ! same electrical action :i* ! actual electrification ( t surface really does produce4 7,maxwell47 ,! me?od ( inve/igat+ ! di/ribution ( electricity by electric images is due to ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,! conception is purely a !oretical "o1 & is ( ma!matical value & int]e/4 #big ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,imp$ance4 ,! ratio ( any impress$ electro-motive =ce to ! curr5t :i* x produces 9 a conductor4 ,= /eady curr5ts x is only ! resi/ance4 ,= v>iable curr5ts x may include besides resi/ance inductance & p]mittance4 ,x is ! sum ( all factors oppos+ a curr5t1 bo? ohmic & spuri\s resi/ances4 ,x is (t5 det]m9$ & express$ z ohms4 ,synonym--,app>5t ,resi/ance--,virtual ,resi/ance4 ,imp$ance1 ,oscillatory4 ,! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce (f]$ to an oscillatory dis*>ge1 z t ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,x v>ies ) ! frequ5cy ( ! dis*>ge curr5t4 ,synonym--,impulsive ,imp$ance4 ,impress$ ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,! electro-motive =ce exp5d+ itself 9 produc+ curr5t induction 9 a neighbor+ circuit4 ,impulse4 7a7 ,an electro-magnetic impulse is ! impulse produc$ ^u ! lum9if]\s e!r by an oscillatory dis*>ge or o!r v>y+ type ( curr5t2 ! impulse is suppos$ to be id5tical1 except z reg>ds wave-l5g?1 ) a light wave4 7b7 ,an electro-motive impulse is ! electro-motive =ce :i* rises s high z to produce an impulsive or oscillatory dis*>ge1 su* z t ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,inc&esc5ce1 ,electric4 ,! heat+ or a conductor to r$1 or1 m etymologically1 to :ite heat by ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,! practical conditions are a high int5sity ( curr5t & a l[ degree ( conductance ( ! conductor relatively speak+4 ,incl9ation ,map4 ,a map %[+ ! locus ( equal incl9ation or dips ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,! map %[s a s]ies ( l9es1 ea* "o ( :i* foll[s ! places at :i* ! dip ( ! magnetic ne$le is id5tical4 ,! map *anges f ye> to ye>4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,indep5d5ce ( ,curr5ts 9 ,p>allel ,circuits4 ,if a numb] ( p>allel circuits ( comp>atively high resi/ance are suppli$ by a s+le g5]ator ( comp>atively l[ resi/ance1 ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ea* "o w be almo/ ! same :e!r a s+le "o or all are connect$4 ,"u ! conditions nam$ ! curr5ts are practically indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! curr5t 9 ea* p>allel bran* dep5ds on ! resi/ance_/imp$ance ( t bran*4 ,only if !y all h ! same imp$ance w ! curr5t be ! same4 ,indicat+ ,bell4 ,an electric bell arrang$ to drop a %utt] or disclose 9 "s o!r way a designat+ numb] or "* :5 rung4 #bih ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,indicator4 7a7 ,an app>atus = indicat+ ! condition ( a di/ant elem5t1 su* z ! wat] level 9 a res]voir1 ! temp]ature ( a dry+ room or cold /orage room or any o!r datum4 ,!y are ( ! mo/ v>i$ con/ructions4 7b7 ,! receiv+ in/rum5t 9 a telegraph sy/em is sometimes ?us t]m$4 ,indicator1 ,circuit4 ,a galvanomet] us$ to %[ :5 a circuit is active1 & to give an approximate measurem5t ( its /r5g?4 ,x is a less accurate & delicate =m ( in/rum5t ?an ! laboratory appliance4 ,inductance4 ,! prop]ty ( a circuit 9 virtue ( :i* x ex]cises induction & develops l9es ( =ce4 ,x is def9$ v>i\sly4 ,z cle> & satisfactory a def9ition z any is ! foll[+1 due to ,sumpn] & ,flem+3 ,inductance is ! ratio betwe5 ! total induction ?r\gh a circuit to ! curr5t produc+ x4 ,?us tak+ a simple helix ( five turns c>ry+ a curr5t ( two units1 & assum+ t #a1jjj l9es ( =ce pass$ ?r\gh ! c5tral turn1 ( :i* ow+ to leakage only #ijj ?read ! next adjac5t on ea* side1 & aga9 only #hjj ?r\gh ! end turns1 !re w\ld be #hjj #ijj #ajjj #ijj #hjj1 or #d1djj l9kages ( l9es ) ! wire1 & ?is be+ ) #b units ( curr5t1 !re w\ld be #b1bjj l9kages ) unit curr5t1 & consequ5tly ! self-inductance ( ! helix w\ld be #b1bjj c5timetres4 7,k5nelly47 ,inductance1 z reg>ds its dim5sions is usually r$uc$ to a l5g?1 h5ce ! la/ ^w ( ! prec$+ quotation4 ,! practical unit ( inductance is t]m$ ! h5ry1 f ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry2 ! secohm1 or ! quad or quadrant4 ,! latt] alludes to ! quadrant ( ! e>?1 ! value 9 l5g? ( ! unit 9 "q4 ,transcrib]'s note3 7,l 7di_/dt7 ,v74 ,a curr5t *ang+ at ! rate ( "o amp]e p] second ?r\gh a "o h5ry inductance produces "o volt4 ,a s9usoidal curr5t produces a voltage #ij degrees ahead ( ! curr5t1 a cos9e 7! d]ivative ( s9e is cos9e74 ,"o volt across "o h5ry causes ! curr5t to increase at "o amp]e p] second4 ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,self4 ,! coeffici5t ( self-induction ( a circuit is ! quantity ( induction pass+ ?r\gh x p] unit curr5t 9 x4 ,if a giv5 circuit is c>ry+ a v>y+ curr5t x is produc+ a v>y+ quantity ( magnetic induction ?r\gh itself4 ,! quantity ( induction ?r\gh ! circuit due to its curr5t is g5]ally proportional to its curr5t4 ,! quantity = unit curr5t is ! coeffici5t ( self-induction4 7,emtage47 ,induction1 ,cross4 ,! induction ( magnetic l9es ( =ce 9 a dynamo armature core by ! curr5t pass+ ar\nd su* armature4 ,^! l9es 9 a symmetrical two pole ma*9e are at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce :i* w\ld normally ext5d across ! space betwe5 ! two magnet poles4 ,! jo9t magnetiz+ effect ( ! field & ( ! cross induction produces a di/ort$ field betwe5 ! poles 4 ,synonym--,cross-magnetiz+ ,effect4 #bii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! int]-reaction ( electromagnetic l9es ( =ce ) ! production ( curr5ts !reby4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a conductor e/abli%es ar\nd x a field ( =ce repres5t+ a s]ies ( circul> l9es ( =ce conc5tric ) ! axis ( ! conductor & p]p5dicul> !reto4 ,^! l9es ( =ce h attribut$ to !m1 z a repres5tative ( _! pol>ity1 direction4 ,?is is ( c\rse purely conv5tional4 ,if "o is suppos$ to be look+ at ! end ( a section ( conductor1 assum+ a curr5t be pass+ ?r\gh x t[>ds ! obs]v]1 ! l9es ( =ce w h a direction opposite to ! motion ( ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,! idea ( direction may be ref]r$ to a magnet4 ,9 x ! l9es ( =ce are assum$ to g f ! nor? pole ?r\gh ! air or o!r surr\nd+ dielectric to ! s\? pole4 ,two p>allel wires hav+ curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh !m 9 ! same direction w attract ea* o!r4 ,?is is because ! oppositely direct$ segm5ts ( l9es ( =ce betwe5 ! conductors de/roy ea* o!r1 & ! resultant ( ! two circles is an approximation to an ellipse4 ,z l9es ( =ce t5d to be z %ort z possible ! conductors t5d to approa* ea* o!r to make ! ellipse become ( z small area z possible1 9 o!r words to become a circle4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! curr5ts 9 ! conductors are 9 opposite directions ! segm5ts ( ! l9es ( =ce betwe5 !m w h simil> directions1 w1 z x 71 cr[d ! int]v5+ e!r & ! wires w be repell$4 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,,attraction ,,( ,,conductors ,,c>ry+ ,,simil> ,,curr5ts4 ,by ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism1 7see ,magnetism1 ,ampre's ,!ory (17 a magnet is assum$ to be encircl$ by curr5ts mov+ 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! h&s ( a wat* z ! obs]v] faces ! nor? pole4 ,a magnet ne> a wire t5ds to place ! ,amprian curr5ts p>allel to ! wire1 & s t ! portion ( ! ,amprian curr5ts ne>e/ !reto w correspond 9 direction ) ! curr5t 9 ! wire4 #cjj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! galvanomet]4 ,a numb] ( me?ods ( memoria te*nica h be5 propos$ to rememb] x by4 ,?us if we imag9e a p]son swimm+ ) ! curr5t & always fac+ ! axis ( ! conductor1 a magnetic ne$le held :]e ! p]son is suppos$ to be w h its nor? pole deflect$ to ! "r h& ( ! p]son4 ,fig4 #bja4 ,,repulsion ,,( ,,conductors ,,c>ry+ ,,opposite ,,curr5ts4 ,aga9 if we ?9k ( a corkscrew1 :i* z x is turn$ screws itself along ) ! curr5t1 ! motion ( ! h&le %[s ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce & ! direction 9 :i* ! nor? pole ( a ne$le is deflect$4 ,?is mu* is p]haps m prop]ly electro-dynamics1 b is necess>y z a basis = ! expression ( induction4 ,if a curr5t is v>i$ 9 int5sity 9 "o conductor x w induce a tempor>y curr5t 9 ano!r conductor1 "p ( :i* is p>allel to ! induc+ curr5t & :i* conductor is clos$ s z to =m a circuit4 ,if ! induc+ curr5t is decreas$ ! induc$ curr5t 9 ! ne> & p>allel portion ( ! o!r circuit w be ( id5tical direction2 if increas$ ! induc$ curr5t w be ( opposite direction4 ,?is is easie/ figur$ by ?9k+ ( ! l9es ( =ce surr\nd+ ! induc+ conductor4 ,if ! curr5t is decreas$ ^! c be imag9$ z receiv+ a twi/ or turn contr>y to _! normal direction1 z !reby e/abli%+ a turn or twi/ 9 ! e!r surr\nd+ ! o!r wire correspond+ 9 direction ) ! direction ( ! orig9al l9es ( =ce1 or :at is ! same ?+1 opposite 9 direction to ! orig9al twi/4 ,b we may assume t ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a di/urbance causes a curr5t1 :i* mu/ be gov]n$ 9 direction ) ! requirem5ts ( ! new l9es ( =ce4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! opposite case4 #cja ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! g5]al /atem5t ( a v>iable curr5t act+ on a neighbor+ circuit also applies to ! approa* or recession ( an unv>y+ curr5t1 & to ! cutt+ ( l9es ( =ce by a conductor at "r angles !reto4 ,= x is evid5t t ! case ( a v>y+ curr5t is ! case ( a v>y+ numb] ( l9es ( =ce cutt+ or be+ cut by ! neighbor+ conductor4 ,z l9es ( =ce always imply a curr5t1 !y always imply a direction ( su* curr5t4 ,! cutt+ ( any l9es ( =ce by a clos$ conductor always implies a *ange ( position ) ref]5ce to all portions ( su* conductor & to ! curr5t & consequ5tly an induc$ curr5t or curr5ts 9 "o or ! o!r direction 9 ! mov+ conductor4 ,z ! induc+ ( a curr5t repres5ts en]gy ab/ract$ f t ( ! induc+ circuit1 ! direction ( ! induc$ curr5t is det]m9$ by 7,l5z's ,law7 ! rule t ! new curr5t w increase already exi/+ resi/ances or develop new ones to ! di/urbance ( ! induc+ field4 ,9 say+ t a conductor cutt+ l9es ( =ce at "r angles to itself has a curr5t induc$ 9 x1 x mu/ be und]/ood t if n at "r angles ! "r angle compon5t ( ! direction ( ! wire acts 9 g5]at+ ! curr5t4 ,! case resolves itself into ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce cut at any angle by ! mov+ wire4 ,! l9es ( =ce may be produc$ by a magnet1 p]man5t or electro4 ,?is introduces no new elem5t4 ,! magnet may be ref]r$1 z reg>ds direction ( its l9es ( =ce1 to its encircl+ curr5ts1 actual or ,amprian1 & ! application ( ! laws j cit$ w cov] all cases4 ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,mutual4 ,! coeffici5t ( mutual induction ( two circuits is ! quantity ( magnetic induction pass+ ?r\gh ei!r ( !m p] unit curr5t 9 ! o!r4 7,emtage47 ,x is also def9$ z ! "w :i* mu/ be done on ei!r circuit1 aga9/ ! action ( unit curr5t 9 ea*1 to take x away f its giv5 position to an inf9ite di/ance f ! o!r2 & also z ! "w :i* w\ld be done by ei!r circuit on ! o!r 9 consequ5ce ( unit curr5t 9 ea*1 z ! o!r moves f an inf9ite di/ance to its giv5 position ) respect to ! o!r conductor4 ,x dep5ds on ! =m1 size1 & relative position ( ! two circuits2 & on ! magnetic susceptibilities ( neighbor+ sub/ances4 ,! e!r surr\nd+ two circuits ( int5sity i' & i mu/ possess en]gy1 expressible 7,maxwell7 z #a_/b ,l i#b ,m i i #a_/b ,n i#ab4 ,x c be %[n t ,m i i#a 9 any giv5 position ( ! two circuits is num]ically equal 7#a7 to ! mutual pot5tial en]gy ( ! two circuits 7#b7 to ! numb] ( l9es ( induction1 :i* be+ due to ,a1 pass f ,a ?r\gh ,b1 or equally be+ due to ,b1 pass f ,b ?r\gh ,a1 & ,m is /yl$ ! coeffici5t ( mutual induction4 7,daniell47 #cjb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,induction1 ,electro/atic4 ,an electro/atic *>ge has always an opposite & b\nd *>ge4 ,?is may be s di/ribut$ z n to be di/+ui%able1 9 :i* case ! *>ge is t]m$1 incorrectly b conv5tionally1 a free *>ge4 ,b :5 a *>ge is produc$ an opposite & equal "o always is =m$1 :i* is ! b\nd *>ge4 ,! region betwe5 ! two *>ges & p]meat$ by _! l9es ( =ce1 (t5 curv+ out s z to embrace a volume ( cross-sectional area l>g] ?an ! mean fac+ area ( ! excit$ surfaces1 is an electro/atic field ( =ce4 ,! e/abli%+ ( an electro/atic field1 & ! production ( a b\nd *>ge are electro/atic induction4 ,an insulat$ conductor br\ght into su* a field suff]s a r$i/ribution ( its electricity1 or und]goes electro/atic induction4 ,! p>ts ne>e/ respectively1 ! two loci ( ! orig9al & ! b\nd *>ges1 are excit$ oppositely to su* *>ges4 ,! conductor pres5ts two new b\nd *>ges1 "o ref]r$ to ! orig9al *>ge1 ! o!r to ! fir/ b\nd *>ge4 ,induction1 ,horizontal4 ,9 an iron or /eel %ip ! induction ex]cis$ ^u ! compass ne$le by ! horizontal memb]s ( ! /ructure1 su* z deck-beams1 :5 !y are pol>iz$ by ! e>?'s magnetic induction4 ,?is induction disappe>s f\r times 9 sw++ a %ip ?r\gh a circle2 deviation due to x is t]m$ quadrantal deviation4 7,see ,deviation1 ,quadrantal47 ,induction1 ,lat]al4 ,a t]m =m]ly us$ to express ! ph5om5on ( ! alt]native dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> or o!r oscillatory dis*>ge ( electricity4 7,see ,dis*>ge1 ,alt]native47 ,induction1 ,magnetic4 ,! magnetization ( iron or o!r p>amagnetic sub/ance by a magnetic field4 ,on acc\nt ( its p]meability or multiply+ p[] = l9es ( =ce1 a p>amagnetic body always conc5trates l9es ( =ce 9 itself if plac$ 9 a magnetic field1 & h5ce becomes = ! "t be+ a magnet1 or is said to be pol>iz$4 ,z ! t5d5cy ( l9es ( =ce is to foll[ ! mo/ p]meable pa?1 a p>amagnetic b> places itself l5g?wise or p>allel ) ! prevail+ direction ( ! l9es ( =ce s z to c>ry !m z f> on _! way z possible4 ,e o!r position ( ! b> is "o ( un/able equilibrium or ( no equilibrium4 ,! end ( ! b> :]e ! l9es ( =ce ent] 7see ,l9es ( ,=ce7 is a s\? pole & is attract$ t[>ds ! nor? pole ( ! magnet4 ,! production ( magnetic poles "u ^! conditions 9 ! b> is %[n by ?r[+ iron fil+s ^u x4 ,!y adh]e to bo? ends b n to ! middle4 ,induction1 ,mutual1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! induction due to two electric curr5ts react+ on ea* o!r4 #cjc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,induction1 ,mutual1 ,electro/atic4 ,a *>g$ body always induces a *>ge ^u any o!r body ne> x2 & ! same *>ge 9 ! second body w induce ! o!r *>ge 9 ! fir/ body if ! latt] is unexcit$4 ,9 o!r words ! second body's induction f ! fir/ is ! measure ( ! *>ge ! second w\ld require to induce 9 ! fir/ its own 7! second's7 induc$ *>ge4 ,?is is ! law ( mutual electro/atic induction4 ,induction1 ,op5 ,circuit4 ,inductive effects produc$ 9 op5 circuits4 ,by oscillatory dis*>ges a dis*>ge c be produc$ across a break 9 a circuit o!rwise complete4 ,! requirem5ts = its production involve a correspond5ce or relation ( its dim5sions to ! induc+ dis*>ge4 ,! :ole is analog\s to ! ph5om5a ( s\nd resonators & sympa!tic vibrations4 ,synonym--,oscillatory induction4 ,induction1 ,self-4 7a7 ,a ph5om5on ( electric curr5ts analog\s to ! in]tia ( matt]4 ,j z wat] :i* fills a pipe w\ld resi/ a sudd5 *ange 9 its rate ( motion1 :e!r to />t f re/1 to cease or decrease its motion1 s an electric curr5t requires an appreciable "t to />t & /op4 ,x is produc$ mo/ /rongly 9 a coil$ conductor1 especially if a core ( iron is conta9$ )9 x4 ,z 9 ! case ( two p>allel wires1 "o be>+ curr5ts :i* v>y1 mom5t>y curr5ts are induc$ 9 ! o!r wire1 s 9 a s+le conductor a species ( in]tia is f\nd :i* ret>ds & prolongs ! curr5t4 ,if a s+le conductor is twi/$ into a helix or correspond+ %ape1 its sep>ate turns react "o on ! o!r 9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( electromagnetic induction4 7,see ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic47 ,?us :5 a curr5t is sudd5ly =m$ ! coils act+ ^u ea* o!r ret>d = an in/ant its passage1 produc+ ! effect ( a rev]se induc$ curr5t or extra curr5t oppos+ ! pr9cipal curr5t4 ,( c\rse no extra curr5t is p]ceptible1 b only ! dim9ution4 ,:5 ! curr5t is pass+ regul>ly & ! curr5t is brok51 ! correspond+ action prolongs ! curr5t or r int5sifies x = an in/ant1 produc+ ! true extra curr5t4 ,?is is curr5t self-induction4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,see inductance4 ,synonyms--,electric ,in]tia--,electro-dynamic ,capacity4 7b7 ,a p]man5t magnet is said to t5d to repel its own magnetism1 & ?us to weak5 itself2 ! t5d5cy is due to magnetic self-induction4 ,induction ,%ea?4 ,9 ! bru% dynamo a ?9 %eet ( copp] surr\nd+ ! magnet cores ) edges sold]$ toge!r4 ,! w9d+ is outside ( x4 ,its object is to absorb extra curr5ts set up by v>iations 9 magnetic int5sity 9 ! cores4 ,^! curr5ts o!rwise w\ld circulate 9 ! cores4 #cjd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,induction1 ,unit ( ,self-4 ,! unit ( self-induction is ! same z t ( induction 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! h5ry1 q4 v4 ,induction1 ,unipol>4 ,induction produc$ 9 a conductor :i* cont9u\sly cuts ! l9es ( =ce issu+ f "o pole ( a magnet4 ,z ! l9es ( =ce are always cut 9 ! same s5se a cont9u\s & con/ant direction curr5t is produc$4 ,induction1 ,v]tical4 ,9 an iron or /eel %ip ! induction or attraction ex]cis$ 9 ! compass by v]tical elem5ts ( ! /ructure4 ,su* v]tical masses ( iron 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e w\ld h _! upp] ends pol>iz$ z s\? poles1 & w\ld affect ! magnet z soon z ! vessel swung out ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,?us ?is induction disappe>s twice 9 sw++ a %ip ?r\gh a complete circle2 deviation due to x is t]m$ semi-circul> deviation4 7,see ,deviation1 ,semi-circul>47 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,,inductor ,,dynamo4 ,inductophone4 ,a me?od ( tra9 telegraphy4 ,! tra9 c>ries a circuit includ+ a coil1 & messages are pick$ up by x f coils along ! l9e into :i* an alt]nat+ curr5t is pass$4 ,a telephone is us$ z a receiv] 9 place ( a s\nd] or relay4 ,! inv5tion1 nev] practically us$1 is due to ,will\ghby ,smi?4 #cje ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,inductor4 7a7 ,9 a curr5t g5]ator a mass ( iron1 g5]ally lam9at$1 :i* is mov$ pa/ a magnet pole to increase ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce issu+ !refrom4 ,x is us$ 9 inductor dynamos4 7,see ,dynamo ,inductor47 ,9 ! cut ,fig4 #bjb1 ( an inductor dynamo i1 i1 are ! lam9at$ inductors4 7b7 ,9 influ5ce ma*9es ! pap] or t9foil armatures on :i* ! electrification is induc$4 ,in]tia4 ,a =ce 9 virtue ( :i* e body p]si/s 9 its /ate ( motion or re/ except s f> z x is act$ on by "s =ce4 ,in]tia1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,?is t]m is sometimes appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( self-induction1 or r to ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,inf9ity ,plug4 ,a plug 9 a resi/ance box1 :i* on be+ pull$ out ( its seat op5s ! circuit or makes x ( inf9ite resi/ance4 ,! plug seats itself betwe5 two brass plates :i* are n connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 any way4 ,! o!r plates are connect$ by resi/ance coils ( v>y+ resi/ance4 ,influ5ce1 ,electric4 ,electric induction1 :i* may be ei!r electro/atic1 curr5t1 or electro-magnetic4 ,insolation1 ,electric4 ,exposure to p[]ful arc-light produces effects resembl+ ^? ( sun-/roke4 ,! above t]m or ! t]m electric sun-/roke has be5 appli$ to !m4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,op]ators ( arc weld]s are prone to sk9 canc] f ultra violet rays if n prop]ly protect$4 ,in/allation4 ,! entire app>atus1 build+s & appurt5ances ( a te*nical or manufactur+ e/abli%m5t4 ,an electric light in/allation1 = in/ance1 w\ld include ! g5]at+ plant1 any special build+s1 ! ma9s & lamps4 ,insulat+ ,/ool4 ,a support = a p]son1 us$ 9 exp]im5ts ) /atic g5]ators4 ,x has ord9>ily a wood5 top & glass legs4 ,x sep>ates "o /&+ on x f ! e>? & enables 8 surface to receive an electro/atic *>ge4 ,?is t5ds to make 8 hair /& on end1 & anyone on ! floor :o t\*es him w receive a %ock4 ,insulat+ ,tape4 ,prep>$ tape us$ 9 cov]+ ! ends ( wire :]e /ripp$ = mak+ jo9ts4 ,aft] ! /ripp$ ends ( two pieces are twi/$ toge!r1 & if necess>y sold]$ & c>efully clean$ ( sold]+ fluid1 !y may be insulat$ by be+ w\nd ) insulat+ tape4 ,! tape is v>i\sly prep>$4 ,x may be common cotton or o!r tape saturat$ ) any insulat+ comp\nd1 or may be a /rip ( gutta p]*a or ( "s flexible cem5t-l composition4 #cjf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,insulat+ ,v>ni%4 ,v>ni% us$ to coat ! surface ( glass electrical app>atus1 to prev5t ! deposition ( hygrometric moi/ure1 & also 9 ! con/ruction ( magnetiz+ & induction coils & ! l4 ,%ellac dissolv$ 9 alcohol is mu* us$4 ,gum copal dissolv$ 9 e!r is ano!r4 ,a solution ( seal+ wax 9 alcohol is also us$4 ,if appli$ 9 quantities ^! may ne$ bak+ to br+ ab\t ! la/ dry+4 7,see ,%ellac ,v>ni%47 ,insulator4 7a7 ,any insulat+ sub/ance4 7b7 ,a telegraph or l9e insulator = telegraph wires4 7,see ,insulator1 ,l9e or ,telegraph47 ,synonyms--,dielectric--,non-conductor4 ,insulator ,cap4 ,a cov]+ or hood1 g5]ally ( iron1 plac$ ov] an insulator to protect x f injury by fracture ) /ones or missiles4 ,insulator1 ,fluid4 7a7 ,= v high pot5tials1 z 9 induction coils or alt]nat+ circuits1 fluid insulators1 su* z petroleum or res9 oil1 h be5 us$4 ,_! pr9cipal m]it is t if a dis*>ge does take place ?r\gh !m ! op5+ at once closes1 s t !y are self-heal+4 7b7 ,also a =m ( telegraph or l9e insulator 9 :i* ! l[] rim is turn$ up & inw>ds1 s z to =m an annul> cup :i* is fill$ ) oil4 ,insulator1 ,l9e or ,telegraph4 ,a support (t5 9 ! %ape ( a coll> or cap1 = a telegraph or o!r wire1 made ( insulat+ mat]ial4 ,glass is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 porcela9 is adopt$ = special cases2 pott]y or /one w>e insulators h be5 us$ a great deal 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,sometimes ! insulator is an iron hook set into a glass screw1 :i* is ins]t$ into a hole 9 a telegraph bracket4 ,sometimes a hook is caus$ to dep5d f ! int]ior ( an inv]t$ cup & ! space betwe5 ! %ank ( ! hook & cup is fill$ ) p>aff9e run 9 :ile melt$4 ,insulators are te/$ by measur+ _! resi/ance :ile imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,int5sity4 ,/r5g?4 ,! int5sity ( a curr5t or its amp]age or /r5g?2 ! int5sity or /r5g? ( a magnetic field or its magnetic d5sity2 ! int5sity or /r5g? ( a light are examples ( its use4 ,9 ! case ( dynamic electricity x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f t5sion4 ,! latt] corresponds to pot5tial diff]5ce or voltage & is n an attribute ( curr5t2 int5sity has no ref]5ce to pot5tial & is a *>act]i/ic ( curr5t4 ,int5sity ( a ,magnetic ,field4 ,! int5sity ( a magnetic field at any po9t is measur$ by ! =ce ) :i* x acts on a unit magnet pole plac$ at t po9t4 ,h5ce unit int5sity ( field is t int5sity ( field :i* acts on a unit pole ) a =ce ( "o dyne4 7,s4 ,p4 ,?omson47 7,see ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce47 #cjg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,int]cross+4 ,cross+ a pair ( conductors ( a metallic circuit f side to side to avoid induction f outside s\rces4 ,int]mitt5t4 ,act+ at int]vals1 z an int]mitt5t contact1 e>?1 or gr\nd+ ( a telegraph wire4 ,int]pol> ,conductor4 ,a conductor connect+ ! two poles ( a batt]y or curr5t g5]ator2 ! ext]nal circuit 9 a galvanic circuit4 ,int]polation4 ,a process us$ 9 gett+ a clos] approximation to ! tru? f two v>y+ obs]vations1 z ( a galvanomet]4 ,! process v>ies = diff]5t cases1 b am\nts to det]m9+ an av]age or d$uc+ a proportional read+ f ! discrepant obs]v$ ones4 ,int]rupt]4 ,a circuit break]4 ,x may be op]at$ by h& or be automatic4 7,see ,circuit ,break]--,circuit ,break]1 ,automatic--& o!rs47 ,int]rupt]1 ,electro-magnetic1 = a ,tun+ ,=k4 ,an app>atus = int]rupt+ a curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh an electromagnet ne> & fac+ "o ( ! limbs ( a tun+ =k4 ,! circuit is made & brok5 by ! vibrations ( ano!r tun+ =k ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes4 ,! second "o is ?us made to vibrate1 al?\gh x may be v f> (f & may n be 9 exact unison ) ! fir/4 ,! fir/ tun+ =k has a contact po9t on "o ( its limbs1 to close ! circuit2 x may be "o :i* dips into a m]cury cup4 ,intrapol> ,region4 ,a t]m 9 m$ical electricity1 d5ot+ ! "p ( a n]ve ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+4 ,ions4 ,! products ( decomposition produc$ 9 any giv5 electrolysis are t]m$ ions1 ! "o :i* appe>s at ! anode or negative electrode is ! anion4 ,! electrode connect$ to ! c>bon or copp] plate ( a wet batt]y is an anode4 ,?us 9 ! electrolysis ( wat] oxyg5 is ! anion & hydrog5 is t]m$ ! kation4 ,9 ?is case bo? anion & kation are elem5ts4 ,9 ! decomposition ( copp] sulphate ! anion is prop]ly speak+ sulphion 7,s ,o#d71 a radical1 & ! kation is copp]1 an elem5t4 ,electro-negative elem5ts or radicals are anions1 su* z oxyg51 sulphion1 etc41 :ile electro-positive ones are kations1 su* z potassium4 ,aga9 "o sub/ance may be an anion ref]r$ to "o bel[ x & a kation ref]r$ to "o above x1 9 ! electro-*emical s]ies1 q4 v4 ,anion means ! ion :i* goes to ! anode or positive electrode2 kation1 ! ion :i* goes to ! ka?ode or negative electrode4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,an ion is an atom or molecule t has lo/ or ga9$ "o or m val5ce electrons1 giv+ x a positive or negative electrical *>ge4 ,a negatively *>g$ ion1 ) m electrons ?an protons 9 its nuclei1 is an anion4 ,a positively *>g$ ion1 ) few] electrons ?an protons1 is a cation4 ,! electron 0 discov]$ five ye>s aft] ?is publication4 #cjh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,iron4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol1 ,fe2 atomic weight1 #ef2 equival5t1 #bh & #ad1 2 val5cy1 #d & #b4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,! foll[+ data are at #j ,c4 #cb ,f41 ) anneal$ metal4 ,specific ,resi/ance1 #i4gaf microhms4 ,relative ,resi/ance4 #f4dfj ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long weigh+ #a gra91 #a4jhe ohms4 7b7 #a foot long #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #eh4de 7c7 #a met] long weigh+ #a gram1 4#gegj 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#abcg ,p]c5tage increase 9 resi/ance p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh;,f471 ab\t #j4e p] c5t4 ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube1 #c4hbe microhms4 ,electro-*emical equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje71 4#adg & 4#bid ,iron1 ,electrolytic4 ,iron deposit$ by electrolytic action4 ,v>i\s ba?s are employ$ = its =mation4 7,see ,/eel+47 ,x has v l[ co]cive p[]1 only sev5 to t5 times t ( nickel4 ,ironwork ,fault ( a ,dynamo4 ,a %ort circuit+ ( a dynamo by1 or any connection ( its coils )1 ! iron magnet cores or o!r iron p>ts4 ,iso*ronism4 ,equality ( p]iodic "t2 z ( ! times ( successive beats ( a tun+ =k1 or ( ! times ( oscillations ( a p5dulum4 ,isocl9ic ,l9es4 ,! l9es d5ot+ ! locus ( sets ( equal dips or incl9ations ( ! magnetic ne$le ^u ! e>?'s surface1 ! magnetic p>allels1 q4 v4 ,^! l9es are v irregul>4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,isocl9ic ,map4 ,a map %[+ ! position ( isocl9ic l9es4 ,isodynamic ,l9es4 ,l9es m>k+ ! locus ( places ( equal magnetic int5sity on ! e>?'s surface4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts1 ,poles ( ,int5sity47 ,isodynamic ,map4 ,a map %[+ ! position ( isodynamic l9es4 7,see ,poles ( ,int5sity47 ,isogonic ,l9es4 ,l9es on a map m>k+ ! locus ( or connect+ ^? po9ts :]e ! decl9ation or v>iation ( ! magnetic ne$le is ! same4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts--,decl9ation ( ,magnetic ,ne$le47 ,synonyms--,isogonal ,l9es--,halleyan ,l9es4 #cji ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,isogonic ,map4 ,a map %[+ ! isogonic l9es4 ,on su* a map ea* l9e is *>act]iz$ & m>k$ ) ! degrees & direction ( v>iation ( ! compass ^u itself4 ,synonym--,decl9ation ,map4 ,isolat$ ,plant1 ,di/ribution or ,supply4 ,! sy/em ( supply+ electric en]gy by indep5d5t g5]at+ sy/ems1 dynamo or batt]y1 = ea* h\se1 factory or o!r place1 z contra-di/+ui%$ f ,c5tral ,/ation ,di/ribution or ,supply4 ,isotropic4 7,greek1 equal 9 mann]47 ,hav+ equal prop]ties 9 all directions2 ! rev]se ( anisotropic1 q4 v4 ,?us a homog5e\s mass ( copp] or silv] has ! same specific resi/ance 9 all directions & is an isotropic conductor4 ,glass has ! same specific inductive capacity 9 all directions & is an isotropic m$ium or dielectric4 ,! same applies to magnetism4 ,iron is an isotropic p>amagnetic sub/ance4 7,see ,anisotropic47 ,! t]m applies to o!r bran*es ( physics also4 ,i4 ,w4 ,g4 ,contraction = ,indian ,wire ,gauge--! gauge adopt$ 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,j4 ,symbol = ! unit j\le1 ! unit ( electric en]gy4 ,jacobi's ,law4 ,a law ( electric motors4 ,x /ates t ! maximum "w ( a motor is p]=m$ :5 ! c\nt]-electromotive =ce is equal to "o-half ! electro-motive =ce exp5d$ on ! motor4 ,jewelry4 ,small inc&esc5t lamps are sometimes m\nt$ z articles ( jewelry 9 sc>f-p9s or 9 ! hair4 ,!y may be suppli$ ) curr5t f /orage or f portable batt]ies c>ri$ on ! p]son4 ,jo9t1 ,am]ican ,twi/4 ,a jo9t = connect+ telegraph wires1 especially a]ial l9es4 ,its con/ruction is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! end ( ea* wire is closely w\nd ar\nd ! /raight portion ( ! o!r wire = a few turns4 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,,am]ican ,,twi/ ,,jo9t4 #caj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,jo9t1 ,britannia4 ,a jo9t = unit+ ! ends ( telegraph & electric wires4 ,! ends ( ! wires are scrap$ clean & laid alongside ea* o!r = two in*es1 ! extreme ends be+ b5t up at ab\t "r angles to ! wire4 ,a ?9 wire is w\nd f\r or five times ar\nd "o ( ! wires1 back ( ! jo9t1 ! w9d+ is !n cont9u$ ov] ! lapp$ portion1 & a few m turns are tak5 ar\nd ! o!r s+le wire4 ,! :ole is !n sold]$4 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,,britannia ,,jo9t4 ,jo9t1 ,butt4 ,a jo9t 9 belt+ or 9 wire 9 :i* ! ends to be jo9$ are cut (f squ>e across1 plac$ 9 contact & secur$4 ,x ensures ev5 runn+ :5 us$ 9 belt+4 ,any irregul>ity 9 ?ickness ( a belt affects ! spe$ ( ! driv5 pulley4 ,z dynamos are g5]ally driv5 by belts1 & x is important to drive !m at an ev5 spe$ to prev5t v>iations 9 ! electro-motive =ce1 butt jo9ts %\ld be us$ on belt+ = !m1 unless a v p]fect lap jo9t is made1 :i* does n affect ei!r ! ?ickness or ! /iffness ( ! belt4 ,:5 a butt jo9t is us$ 9 wire a sleeve may be us$ to receive ! abutt+ ends1 :i* may be secur$ !re9 by sold]+4 ,?is species ( jo9t has be5 us$ on lightn+ rods & may m prop]ly be t]m$ a sleeve jo9t4 ,jo9t1 ,lap4 7a7 ,9 belt+ a jo9t 9 :i* ! ends are ov]lapp$1 & rivet$ or o!rwise secur$ 9 place4 ,if made )\t r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! ends x is a bad jo9t = electrical "w1 z x prev5ts ev5 runn+ ( ma*9]y to :i* x is appli$4 ,h5ce dynamo belts %\ld be jo9$ by butt jo9ts1 or if by lap jo9ts ! ends %\ld be %av$ (f s t :5 jo9$ & rivet$1 !re w be no v>iation 9 ! ?ickness ( ! belt4 7b7 ,9 wire lap jo9ts are made by ov]lapp+ ! ends ( ! wire & sold]+ or o!rwise secur+4 ,! ,britannia jo9t 7see ,jo9t1 ,britannia17 may be consid]$ a lap-jo9t4 ,jo9t1 ,m>riage4 ,a jo9t = /r&$ conductors us$ = ,gal5de's cables4 ,x is made some:at l a sailor's long splice4 ,ea* "o ( ! /r&s is w\nd sep>ately into ! place :5ce ! opposite /r& is unw\nd & ! ends are cut (f s z to abutt4 ,9 ?is way all are smoo?ly laid 9 place & sold]+ is next appli$4 ,fig4 #bje4 ,,m>riage ,,jo9t4 #caa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,jo9t1 ,sleeve4 ,a jo9t 9 electric conductors1 9 :i* ! ends ( ! wires are ins]t$ into & secur$ 9 a metallic sleeve or tube1 ^: int]nal diamet] is j suffici5t to admit !m4 ,jo9t1 ,splay$4 ,! me?od ( jo9+ ! ends ( /r&$ conductors4 ,! insulat+ cov]+ is remov$1 ! wires are op5$ out1 & ! c5t] wire1 he>t or core ( ! cable is cut (f %ort4 ,! two ends are br\ght toge!r1 ! op5$ out wires are int]lac$ or crot*$ l ! f+]s ( ! two h&s1 & ! ends are w\nd ar\nd ! body ( ! cable 9 opposite directions4 ,! jo9t is trimm$ & well sold]$4 ,t9n$ wire ) ros9 flux = ! sold]+ is to be recomm5d$4 ,insulat+ mat]ial is f9ally appli$ by h&1 ) heat if necess>y4 ,jo9ts 9 ,belts4 ,belt-jo9ts = electric plants :]e ! belts drive dynamos %\ld be made ) special c>e4 ,! lea/ inequality affects ! electro-motive =ce4 ,butt jo9ts are1 g5]ally speak+1 ! be/1 :]e ! ends ( ! belt are plac$ 9 contact & lac$4 ,lap-jo9ts are made by ov]lapp+ ! belt1 & unless ! belt is c>efully tap]$ s z to pres]ve uni=m /r5g?1 ! spe$ ( ! dynamo w v>y & also ! electromotive =ce4 ,j\lad4 ,a "n propos$ to be sub/itut$ = j\le1 q4 v4 ,x has n be5 adopt$4 ,j\le4 ,?is t]m has be5 appli$ to sev]al units4 7a7 ,! practical ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( electric en]gy & "w--! volt-c\lomb4 ,x is equal to #a;,e#g ergs--#j4gcgcd foot p\nd4--4#jjacd horse p[] seconds4 ,a volt-amp]e repres5ts "o j\le p] second4 7b7 ,x has also be5 us$ z ! "n ( ! gram-degree ,c4 !rmal unit--! small calorie4 ,synonym--,j\lad4 ,j\le ,effect4 ,! heat+ effect ( a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a conductor4 ,x v>ies ) ! product ( ! resi/ance by ! squ>e ( ! curr5t1 or ) 7,c#b799,r4 ,j\le's ,equival5t4 ,! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 :i* if /at$ 9 foot-p\nds p] p\nd-degree ,f4 units1 is #ggb 7#ggb4ee74 7,see ,equival5ts47 ,junction ,box4 ,9 und]gr\nd di/ribution sy/ems1 an iron cas+ or box 9 :i* ! fe$]s & ma9s are jo9$1 & :]e o!r junctions are made4 ,synonym--,fi%+ ,box4 ,k4 ,! symbol = electro/atic capacity4 ,kaol94 ,a product ( decomposition ( feldsp>1 consi/+ approximately ( silica1 #de1 alum9a1 #dj1 wat]1 #ae4 ,x 0 us$ 9 electric c&les ( ! ,jablo*k(f type z a con/itu5t ( ! insulat+ lay] or colomb94 ,lat] x 0 ab&on$ = ano!r sub/ance1 z x 0 f\nd t x melt$ & act$ z a conductor4 #cab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,kapp ,l9e ( ,=ce4 ,a l9e ( =ce propos$ by ,kapp4 ,x is equal to #f1jjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 l9es ( =ce1 & ! unit ( area is ! squ>e in*4 ,un=tunately x has be5 adopt$ by _m manufactur]s1 b its use %\ld be disc\rag$1 z x is a dep>ture f ! uni=m sy/em ( units4 ,"o ,kapp l9e p] squ>e in* #icj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 l9es p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,ka!lectrotonus4 ,a t]m us$ 9 m$ical electricity or electro-!rapeutics to indicate ! increas$ functional activity induc$ 9 a n]ve by ! proximity ( ! ka?ode ( an active circuit :i* is complet$ ?r\gh ! n]ve4 ,! conv]se ( anelectrotonus4 ,ka?ode4 ,! t]m9al ( an electric circuit :5ce an electrolyz+ curr5t passes f a solution4 ,x is ! t]m9al connect$ to ! z9c plate ( a prim>y batt]y4 ,ka?odic ,closure ,contraction4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! contractions ne> :]e ! ka?ode ( an active circuit is appli$ to ! body1 :i* are obs]v$ at ! in/ant :5 ! circuit is clos$4 ,ka?odic ,duration ,contraction4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! contraction ne> :]e ! ka?ode ( an active circuit is appli$ to ! body = a p]iod ( "t4 ,k4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbreviation = ,ka?odic ,closure ,contraction1 q4 v4 ,k4 ,d4 ,c4 ,abbreviation = ,ka?odic ,duration ,contraction1 q4 v4 ,keep]4 ,a b> ( s(t iron us$ to connect ! opposite poles ( a horse%oe magnet or ! opposite poles ( two b> magnets plac$ side by side4 ,x is design$ to prev5t loss ( magnetism4 ,! armature ( a horse%oe magnet is g5]ally us$ z its keep]4 ,= b> magnets a keep] is us$ = ea* end1 ! magnets be+ laid side by side1 ) _! poles 9 opposite direction b n t\*+1 & a keep] laid across at ea* end connect+ ! opposite poles4 ,k]r ,effect4 ,! effect ( an electro/atic field ^u pol>iz$ light trav]s+ a dielectric conta9$ )9 ! field4 7,see ,electro/atic ,refraction47 ,k]r's ,exp]im5t4 ,pol>iz$ light reflect$ f ! poli%$ face ( a magnet pole has its plane ( pol>ization rotat$2 :5 x is reflect$ f ! nor? pole ! rotation is f left to "r4 #cac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,key4 ,a swit* adapt$ = mak+ & break+ contact easily :5 work$ by h&1 z a ,morse telegraph key4 ,key ,bo>d4 ,a bo>d or tablet on :i* keys or swit*es are m\nt$4 ,key-bo>d4 7a7 ,a swit* bo>d1 q4 v4 7b7 ,a set ( lett]$ keys simil> to ^? ( a typewrit] employ$ 9 "s telegraph in/rum5ts4 ,z ea* key is depress$ x produces ! contact or break requisite = ! s5d+ ( ! signal correspond+ to ! lett] m>k$ ^u ! key4 ,! signal 9 pr9t+ telegraphs1 on :i* su* key-bo>ds are us$1 is ! repr9t+ ( ! lett] at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e4 ,key1 ,bridge4 ,a key = use ) a ,:eat/one ,bridge1 q4v4 ,x is desirable to fir/ s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! f\r arms ( ! bridge 9 us+ x = te/+ resi/ances & !n ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 because x takes a def9ite "t = ! curr5t to rea* its full /r5g?4 ,?is is especially ! case if ! elem5t be+ measur$ has high /atic capacity1 z a long ocean cable4 ,if ! galvanomet] connections 7 complet$ simultane\sly ) ! bridge connections a mom5t>y sw+ w\ld be produc$ ev5 if ! arms bore ! prop] relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is w\ld cause delay 9 ! te/+4 ,a bridge key avoids ?is by fir/ connect+ ! batt]y circuit ?r\gh ! arms ( ! bridge1 & !n z x is /ill fur!r depress$ ! galvanomet] circuit is complet$4 #cad ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,,*>ge ,,& ,,dis*>ge ,,key ,key1 ,*>ge & ,dis*>ge4 ,a key = use 9 obs]v+ ! dis*>ge ( a cond5s] imm$iately aft] remov+ ! batt]y4 ,9 "o typical =m x has two contacts1 "o bel[ & "o above1 & be+ a spr+ 9 itself is press$ up aga9/ ! upp] "o4 ,connections are s made t :5 9 its upp] position x br+s ! two coat+s ( ! cond5s] 9 circuit ) ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 depress$ x does ! same = a batt]y4 ,9 use x is depress$ & sudd5ly releas$ :5 ! galvanomet] receives ! full *>ge1 be=e !re has be5 "t = leakage4 ,?is is "o me?od ( connection illu/rat+ its pr9ciple4 ,9 ! cut ,l is ! spr+-key prop]4 ,s#b1 is ! upp] contact screw aga9/ :i* ! spr+ normally presses4 ,9 ?is position ! galvanomet] ,g is 9 circuit ) ! opposite coat+s ( ! cond5s] ,c4 ,on depress+ ! contact ,s#b1 is brok5 & ,s#a1 is made4 ,?is br+s ! batt]y ,b 9 circuit ) ! cond5s] coat+s4 ,on releas+ ! key x spr+s up & ! galvanomet] receives ! effect ( ! *>ge ( ! cond5s] z d]iv$ f ! batt]y4 ,key1 ,d\ble ,contact4 ,a key arrang$ to close two di/9ct circuits1 hold+ ! fir/ clos$ until ! second is complet$4 ,x is us$ = ,:eat/one bridge "w4 ,key1 ,d\ble ,tapp]4 ,a telegraph key giv+ contacts alt]nately = curr5ts 9 opposite directions1 us$ 9 ne$le telegraphy4 ,key1 ,increm5t4 ,a key = use 9 duplex & quadruplex telegraphy4 ,its action is to increase ! l9e curr5t1 n m]ely to sudd5ly turn curr5t into x4 #cae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,,kempe',s ,,dis*>ge ,,key4 ,key1 ,kempe's ,dis*>ge4 ,a key giv+ a *>g+1 dis*>g+ & insulat+ connection1 = /atic cond5s] "w4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut l is a lev] or spr+ ) upp] dis*>g+ contact s1 & l[] *>g+ contact s'4 ,9 use x is press$ d[n by ! insulat+ h&le or f+] piece ,c1 until caught by ! hook atta*$ to ! key ,i4 ,?is hook is l[] d[n ?an t on ! key ,d1 & holds x 9 contact ) ! *>g+ contact piece ,s'4 ,on press+ ! key ,i1 m>k$ or designat$ ,insulate1 x spr+s up1 breaks contact at ,s'1 & cat*+ aga9/ ! hook on ,d1 :i* key is designat$ ,dis*>ge1 rema9s insulat$ f bo? contacts2 next on press+ ,d x is releas$ & spr+s up & closes ! dis*>ge contact ,s4 ,x is a =m ( *>ge & dis*>ge key4 7,see ,key1 ,*>ge & ,dis*>ge47 ,key1 ,magneto-electric4 ,a telegraph key ^: movem5ts op]ate :at is virtually a small magneto-g5]ator1 s z to produce curr5ts ( alt]nat+ direction1 "o impulse = ea* motion ( ! key4 ,x is employ$ = telegraph+ )\t a l9e batt]y1 a pol>iz$ relay be+ us$4 ,9 "o v simple =m a key is m\nt$ on a base ) a p]man5t magnet & connect$ to ! armature1 s t :5 ! key is press$ d[nw>ds x draws ! armature away f ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,if ! magnet or its armature is w\nd ) insulat$ wire ?is action ( ! key w cause in/antane\s curr5ts to g ?r\gh a circuit connect$ to ! magnet or armature coils4 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,,siem5s' ,,magneto-,,electric ,,key4 ,9 ,siem5s ,halske's key an ,h armature ,e is pivot$ betwe5 ! poles ,n ,s1 ( a p[]ful comp\nd horse%oe magnet1 ,g ,g4 ,x is w\nd ) f9e wire & a key h&le ,h is provid$ = work+ x4 ,9 its normal position ! h&le is drawn upw>d1 & ! end ,s ,s ( ! armature core is 9 contact ) ! s\? pole ,s ( ! p]man5t magnet1 & ! end ,d ,d ) ! nor? pole4 ,?is e/abli%es ! pol>ity ( ! armature4 ,on depress+ ! key ! contacts are brok5 & 9 _! place ! end ,d ,d comes 9 contact ) ! s\? pole & ! end ,s ,s ) ! nor? pole4 ,?is sudd5ly rev]ses ! pol>ity ( ! armature & s5ds a mom5t>y curr5t ?r\gh ! armature coil :i* is 9 circuit ) ! l9e4 ,! cut only %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! key1 ^: con/ruction is q complicat$4 #caf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,key1 ,make & ,break4 ,an ord9>y electric key1 usually mak+ a contact :5 depress$1 & ris+ by spr+ action :5 releas$1 & 9 its rise break+ ! contact4 ,fig4 #bji4 ,,plug ,,key ,key1 ,plug4 ,an appliance = clos+ a circuit4 ,two brass blocks are connect$ to ! t]m9als1 b are disconnect$ f ea* o!r4 ,a brass plug slightly con$ or ) its end split s z to give x spr+ action is ?ru/ betwe5 ! blocks to complete ! circuit4 ,x is us$ 9 ,resi/ance coils & else:]e4 7,see ,coil1 ,resi/ance47 ,grooves are =m$ 9 ! blocks to receive ! plug4 ,key1 ,rev]s+4 7a7 ,a d\ble key1 arrang$ s t by depress+ "o key a curr5t fl[s 9 "o direction1 & by depress+ ! o!r a curr5t fl[s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is us$ 9 connection ) a galvanomet] 9 exp]im5tal1 te/+ or measur+ op]ations4 7b7 ,a key effect+ ! same result us$ 9 quadruplex telegraphy4 ,key1 ,slid+-,contact4 ,a "n giv5 to ! key us$ = mak+ in/antane\s contacts ) ! metre wire ( a metre bridge1 q4 v4 ,! "n is n /rictly correct1 because x is important t !re %\ld be no slid+ contact made1 z x w\ld we> out ! wire & make x ( unev5 resi/ance4 ,x is a key :i* slides along ov] ! wire & :i*1 :5 depress$1 presses a plat9um tipp$ knife edge ^u ! wire4 ,on be+ releas$ f pressure ! key h&le spr+s up & takes ! knife edge (f ! wire4 ,?is removal is ess5tial to avoid we>+ ! wire1 ^: resi/ance p] unit ( l5g? mu/ be absolutely uni=m4 ,key1 ,telegraph4 ,! key us$ 9 telegraphy = s5d+ curr5ts z desir$ ov] ! l9e4 ,x consi/s ( a pivot$ lev] ) f+] piece1 :i* lev] :5 depress$ makes contact betwe5 a contact po9t on its end & a /ation>y contact po9t on ! base4 ,?is closes ! circuit ?r\gh ! l9e4 ,:5 releas$ x spr+s up & op5s ! l9e circuit4 ,kilo4 ,a prefix to ! names ( units2 x indicates "o ?\s& times1 z kilogram1 "o ?\s& grams4 ,a few su* units are giv5 bel[4 ,kilodyne4 ,a comp\nd unit2 "o ?\s& dynes4 7,see ,dyne47 ,kilogram4 ,a comp\nd unit2 "o ?\s& grams2 #b4bjdf p\nds avds4 #cag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,kiloj\le4 ,a comp\nd unit2 "o ?\s& j\les1 q4 v4 ,kilomet]4 ,a comp\nd unit2 "o ?\s& met]s2 #cbhj4hii feet2 #j4fbachb /atute miles4 7,see ,met]47 ,kil[att4 ,a comp\nd unit2 "o ?\s& watts1 q4 v4 ,k9e4 ,an absolute or ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( velocity or rate ( motion2 "o c5timet] p] second2 propos$ by ! ,briti% ,association4 ,kir*(f's ,laws4 ,^! relate to divid$ circuits4 ,i4 ,:5 a /eady curr5t bran*es1 ! quantity ( electricity arriv+ by ! s+le wire is equal to ! quantity leav+ ! junction by ! bran*es4 ,! algebraical sum ( ! int5sities ( ! curr5ts pass+ t[>ds 7or pass+ f7 ! junction is equal to z]o2 ,summation7,c7 #j 7,daniell47 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce curr5ts fl[+ t[>ds ! po9t are consid]$ ( "o sign & ^? fl[+ away f x ( ! o!r4 ,,ii4 ,9 a metallic circuit compris+ )9 x a s\rce ( p]man5t diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 ,e1 ! products ( ! int5sity ( ! curr5t )9 ea* "p ( ! circuit into ! correspond+ resi/ance are1 if ! elem5ts ( curr5t be all tak5 9 cyclical ord] toge!r1 equal to ,e2 ,summation7,c 99 r7 ,e4 ,9 a metallic circuit 9 :i* !re is no s\rce ( p]man5t diff]5ce ( pot5tial ,e #j1 & ,summation7,c 99 r7 #j4 ,?is law applies to ea* sev]al me% ( a wire network z well z to a s+le metallic loop1 & x holds good ev5 :5 an extrane\s curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! loop4 7,daniell47 ,9 ?is /atem5t ( ! two laws ,e /&s = electro-motive =ce1 ,c = curr5t int5sity2 & r = resi/ance ( a s+le memb] ( ! circuit4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,^! laws may be re/at$ z3 ,at any po9t 9 an /eady-/ate electrical circuit1 ! direct$ sum ( curr5ts fl[+ t[>ds t po9t is z]o4 ,! direct$ sum ( ! electrical pot5tial diff]5ces ar\nd any clos$ circuit is z]o4 ,knife-edge ,susp5sion4 ,! susp5sion ( an object on a %>p edge ( /eel or agate4 ,! knife edge %\ld abut aga9/ a plane4 ,! knife edge is g5]ally c>ri$ by ! pois$ object4 ,its edge !n faces d[nw>d & on ! support "o or m plane or approximately plane surfaces are provid$ on :i* x re/s4 ,9 ! ord9>y balance ?is susp5sion c be se54 ,x is sometimes us$ 9 ! dipp+ ne$le4 ,x is appli$ 9 cases :]e v]tical oscillations are to be provid$ =4 ,knot4 ,! geographical mile2 a t]m d]iv$ f ! knots on ! log l9e1 us$ by navigators4 ,x is equal to #f1jhg feet4 ,synonyms--,nautical ,mile--,geographical ,mile4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a knot is a velocity1 #a nautical mile p] h\r1 n a di/ance4 ,! contempor>y def9ition is3 #a int]national knot #a nautical mile p] h\r #a4heb kilometres p] h\r #a4aejggid miles p] h\r #j4eadddddd met]s p] second #fjgf4aaeb feet p] h\r4 #cah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,kohlraus*'s ,law4 ,a law ( ! rate ( travel ( ! elem5ts & radicals 9 solutions "u ! effects ( electrolysis4 ,x /ates t ea* elem5t "u ! effects ( electrolysis has a rate ( travel = a giv5 liquid1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! elem5t ) :i* x 0 comb9$4 ,! rates ( travel are /at$ = diff]5t elem5ts 9 c5timet]s p] h\r = a pot5tial diff]5ce ( "o or m volts p] c5timet] ( pa?4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,georg ,kohlraus* 7#ahdj-aiaj7 ,kookogey's ,solution4 ,an acid excit+ & depol>iz+ solution = a z9c-c>bon c\ple1 su* z a ,buns5 batt]y4 ,its =mula is3 ,potassium bi*romate1 #bbg p>ts2 wat]1 boil+1 #a1acd p>ts2 :ile boil+ add v c>efully & sl[ly #a1eeh p>ts conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,all p>ts are by weight4 ,use cold4 ,krizik's ,cores4 ,cores ( iron = use ) magnetiz+ coils1 q4 v4 ,!y are s %ap$1 ! metal increas+ 9 quantity p] unit ( l5g?1 z ! c5tre is approa*$1 t ! pull ( ! excit$ coil ^u !m w z f> z possible be equal 9 all positions4 ,a uni=m cyl9d] is attract$ ) v>y+ =ce accord+ to its position2 ! ,krizik b>s or cores are attract$ approximately uni=mly ?r\gh a consid]able range4 ,l4 ,symbol = l5g? & also = ! unit ( inductance or coeffici5t ( induction1 because ! dim5sions ( inductance are l5g?4 ,lag1 ,angle (4 7a7 ,! angle ( displacem5t ( ! magnetic axis ( an armature ( a dynamo1 due to its magnetic lag4 ,! axis ( magnetism is displac$ 9 ! direction ( rotation4 7,see ,magnetic ,lag47 7b7 ,! angle express+ ! lag ( alt]nat+ curr5t & electro-motive =ce phases4 ,lam9at$4 adj4 ,made up ( ?9 plates1 z a lam9at$ armature core or conv]t] core4 ,lam9ation4 ,! build+ up ( an armature core or o!r ?+ out ( plates4 ,! cores ( dynamo armatures or ( alt]nat+ curr5t conv]t]s are (t5 lam9at$4 ,?us a drum armature core may consi/ ( a quantity ( ?9 iron discs1 /rung ^u a rod & rigidly secur$1 ei!r ) or )\t pap] insulation betwe5 ! discs4 ,if no pap] is us$ ! film ( oxide on ! iron is reli$ on = insulation4 ,! object ( lam9ation is to break up ! electrical cont9uity ( ! core1 s z to avoid ,f\cault curr5ts4 7,see ,curr5ts1 ,f\cault47 ,! lam9ations %\ld be at "r angles to ! direction ( ! ,f\cault curr5ts :i* w\ld be produc$1 or 9 mo/ cases %\ld be at "r angles to ! active p>ts ( ! wire w9d+s4 #cai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lam9ation ( ,armature ,conductors4 ,^! are sometimes lam9at$ to prev5t ! =mation ( eddy curr5ts4 ,! lam9ation %\ld be radial1 & ! /rips compos+ x %\ld be insulat$ f ea* o!r by sup]ficial oxidation1 oil+ or enamell+1 & %\ld be unit$ only at _! ends4 ,fig4 #baj4 ,,pils5 ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,lamp1 ,arc4 ,a lamp 9 :i* ! light is produc$ by a voltaic arc4 ,c>bon electrodes are almo/ univ]sally employ$4 ,special me*anism1 op]at+ p>tly by spr+ or gravity & p>tly by electricity1 is employ$ to regulate ! di/ance ap>t ( ! c>bons1 to let !m t\* :5 no curr5t passes1 & to sep>ate !m :5 curr5t is fir/ turn$ on4 ,! mo/ v>i$ con/ructions h be5 employ$1 examples ( :i* w be f\nd 9 _! places4 ,lamps may 9 g5]al be divid$ into classes z foll[s1 accord+ to _! regulat+ me*anism & o!r features3 7a7 ,s+le light regulators or monophotes4 ,lamps ?r\gh ^: regulat+ me*anism ! :ole curr5t passes4 ,^! are only adapt$ to "w s+ly2 if sev]al are plac$ 9 s]ies on ! same circuit1 ! action ( "o regulator int]f]es ) t ( ! next "o4 7b7 ,multiple light regulators or polyphotes4 ,9 ^! ! regulat+ me*anism & ! c>bons ) _! arc are 9 p>allel2 ! regulat+ device may be a s+le magnet or sol5oid con/itut+ a d]iv$ or %unt-circuit lamp1 or x may include two magnets work+ diff]5tially aga9/ or 9 opposition to ea* o!r con/itut+ a diff]5tial lamp4 #cbj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 7c7 ,lamps ) fix$ p>allel c>bons t]m$ c&les 7q4 v41 ( v>i\s types74 7d7 ,lamps )\t regulat+ me*anism4 ,^! include lamps ) conv]g+ c>bons1 ^: object 0 to disp5se ) ! regulat+ me*anism1 b :i* 9 "s cases h ab\t z mu* regulat+ me*anism z any ( ! ord9>y arc lamps4 ,lamp1 ,contact4 ,a lamp dep5d+ = its action on loose contact betwe5 two c>bon electrodes4 ,at ! contact a species ( inc&esc5ce ) incipi5t arcs is produc$4 ,"o ( ! electrodes is usually flat or ne>ly s1 & ! o!r "o ( p5cil %ape re/s ^u x4 ,lamp1 ,diff]5tial ,arc4 ,an arc lamp1 ! regulation ( ! di/ance betwe5 ^: c>bons dep5ds on ! diff]5tial action ( two sep>ate electrical coils4 ,! diagram illu/rates ! pr9ciple4 ,! two c>bons are se5 9 black2 ! upp] "o is movable1 ,! curr5t arrives at ,a4 ,x divides1 & ! great] "p goes ?r\gh ! l[ resi/ance coil ,m to a contact roll] r1 & !nce by ! frame to ! upp] c>bon1 & ?r\gh ! arc & l[] c>bon to ,b1 :]e x leaves ! lamp4 ,a small] portion ( ! curr5t goes ?r\gh ! coil ,m#a ( high] resi/ance & leaves ! lamp also at ,b4 ,a d\ble conical iron core is se51 to :i* ! upp] c>bon hold] is atta*$4 ,?is is attract$ 9 opposite directions by ! two coils4 ,if ! arc gr[s too long its resi/ance increases & ! coil ,m#a receiv+ m curr5t draws x d[n & ?us %ort5s ! arc4 ,if ! arc gr[s too %ort1 its resi/ance falls1 & ! coil ,m receives m curr5t & draws ! core upw>ds1 ?us l5g!n+ ! arc4 ,?is diff]5tial action ( ! two cores gives ! lamp its "n4 ,r is a pulley ov] :i* a cord passes1 "o end atta*$ to ! core & ! o!r to a c\nt]poise weight1 ,w4 ,fig4 #baa4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,pils5 ,,diff]5tial ,,arc ,,lamp4 #cba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lamp1 ,holophote4 ,a lamp design$ = use alone ^u its own circuit4 ,^! h ! regulat+ me*anism 9 s]ies ) ! c>bon & arc1 s t ! :ole curr5t goes ?r\gh bo?4 7,see ,lamp1 ,arc47 ,synonym--,monophote ,lamp4 ,lamp-h\r4 ,a unit ( comm]cial supply ( electric en]gy2 ! volt-c\lombs requir$ to ma9ta9 an electric lamp = "o h\r4 ,a sixte5-c&le p[] inc&esc5t lamp is practically ! lamp allud$ to1 & requires ab\t half an amp]e curr5t at #aaj volts1 mak+ a lamp-h\r equal to ab\t #aih1jjj volt-c\lombs4 ,transcrib]'s note3 #j4ee ,,kw h\rs4 ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t4 ,an electric lamp 9 :i* ! light is produc$ by heat+ to :it5ess a refractory conductor by ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f an arc lamp 7:i* etymologically is also an inc&esc5t lamp7 by ! abs5ce ( any break 9 ! cont9uity ( its refractory conductor4 ,_m diff]5t =ms & me?ods ( con/ruction h be5 tri$1 b n[ all h settl$ into approximately ! same type4 ,! inc&esc5t lamp consi/s ( a small glass bulb1 call$ ! lamp-*amb]1 :i* is exhau/$ ( air & h]metically seal$4 ,x conta9s a filam5t ( c>bon1 b5t into a loop ( m or less simple %ape4 ,?is %ape prev5ts any t5sile /ra9 ^u ! loop & also approximates to ! outl9e ( a regul> flame4 ,fig4 #bab4 ,,inc&esc5t ,,electric ,,lamp4 #cbb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! loop is atta*$ at its ends to two %ort pieces ( plat9um wire1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! glass ( ! bulb & ar\nd :i* ! glass is fus$4 ,z plat9um has almo/ exactly ! same coeffici5t ( heat-expansion z glass1 ! wires d n cause ! glass to crack4 ,! process ( manufacture includes ! prep>ation ( ! filam5t4 ,?is is made f pap]1 silk1 bamboo fibre1 tamid9e1 q4 v41 or o!r mat]ial4 ,aft] %ap+ into ! =m ( ! filam5t ! mat]ial is c>boniz$ at a high heat1 :ile emb$d$ 9 *>coal1 or o!rwise protect$ f ! air4 ,! fla%+ process 7see ,fla%+ ( inc&esc5t ,lamp ,c>bons7 may also be appli$4 ,! atta*m5t to ! plat9um wires is effect$ by a m9ute clamp or by electric sold]+4 ,! loop is ins]t$ & secur$ )9 ! op5 globe1 :i* ! glass bl[] ne>ly closes1 leav+ "o op5+ = exhau/ion4 ,! air is pump$ out1 p]haps fir/ by a pi/on pump1 b always at ! end by a m]curial air pump4 7,see ,pump1 ,geissl]--& o!rs47 ,z ! exhau/ion becomes high a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! c>bons heat+ !m ev5tually to :ite heat s z to expel occlud$ gas4 ,! occlud$ gases are exhau/$ by ! pump & ! lamp is seal$ by melt+ ! glass ) a bl[pipe or bla/-lamp flame4 ,= ! exhau/ion sev]al lamps are usually fa/5$ toge!r by bran*+ glass tubes1 & are seal$ (f "o by "o4 ,! inc&esc5t lamps require ab\t #c4e watts to ! c&le p[]1 or give ab\t #ab sixte5-c&le lamps to ! horse p[] exp5d$ on !m4 ,g5]ally inc&esc5t lamps are run 9 p>allel or on multiple arc circuits4 ,all t is necess>y 9 su* di/ribution sy/ems is to ma9ta9 a prop] pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two leads across :i* ! lamps are connect$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( lamps !y are br\ght to an ev5 resi/ance & ! prop] voltage at :i* !y %\ld be run is (t5 m>k$ ^u !m4 ,?is may be fifty volts & upw>d4 ,"o hundr$ & t5 volts is a v usual figure4 ,z curr5t "o amp]e = a fifty-volt1 or ab\t "o-half an amp]e = a "o hundr$ & t5 volt lamp is employ$4 ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t1 ,?ree ,filam5t4 ,a ?ree filam5t lamp is us$ = ?ree phase curr5ts4 ,x has ?ree filam5ts ^: inn] ends are connect$1 & ea* ( :i* has "o lead+-9 wire4 ,! ?ree wires are connect$ to ! ?ree wires ( ! circuit4 ,ea* filam5t receives a curr5t v>y+ 9 int5sity1 s t !re is always "o filam5t pass+ a curr5t equal to ! sum ( ! curr5ts 9 ! o!r two filam5ts4 ,lamp1 ,ligh?\se4 ,a special type ( arc light4 ,x is adapt$ = use 9 a ligh?\se dioptric lant]n1 & h5ce its arc has to be ma9ta9$ 9 ! same position1 9 ! focus ( ! l5ses4 ,! lamps are s con/ruct$ z to fe$ bo? c>bons in/ead ( only "o1 !reby secur+ ! above object4 #cbc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lamp1 ,pilot4 ,a lamp connect$ to a dynamo1 & us$ by its degree ( illum9ation to %[ :5 ! dynamo on />t+ becomes excit$1 or builds itself up4 ,lamp1 ,polyphote4 ,an arc lamp adapt$ to be us$1 a numb] 9 s]ies1 ^u ! same circuit4 ,! electric regulat+ me*anism is plac$ 9 %unt or 9 p>allel ) ! c>bons & arc4 7,see ,lamp1 ,arc47 ,lamps1 ,bank (4 ,a numb] ( lamps m\nt$ on a bo>d or o!r base1 & connect$ to s]ve z voltage indicator or to %[ ! exi/5ce ( gr\nds1 or = o!r purposes4 ,lamp1 ,semi-inc&esc5t4 ,a lamp p>tak+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? arc & inc&esc5ce2 a lamp 9 :i* ! imp]fect contact ( two c>bon electrodes produces a "p ( or all ( ! resi/ance to ! curr5t :i* causes inc&esc5ce4 ,! usual type ( ^! lamps includes a ?9 c>bon rod :i* re/s aga9/ a block ( c>bon4 ,! species ( arc =m$ at ! junction ( ! two heats ! c>bons4 ,sometimes ! upp] c>bon or at lea/ its end is heat$ also by true inc&esc5ce1 ! curr5t be+ convey$ ne> to its end be=e ent]+ x4 ,semi-inc&esc5t lamps are n us$ to any ext5t n[4 ,lamp ,socket4 ,a receptacle = an inc&esc5t lamp2 ! lamp be+ ins]t$ ! necess>y connections ) ! two leads are automatically made 9 mo/ sockets4 ,! lamps may be screw$ or simply ?ru/ into ! socket & diff]5t ones are con/ruct$ = diff]5t types ( lamps4 ,a key = turn+ ! curr5t on & (f is (t5 a "p ( ! socket4 ,lat5t ,electricity4 ,! b\nd *>ge ( /atic electricity4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,b\nd47 ,law ( ,int]m$iate ,metals4 ,a law ( !rmo-electricity4 ,! electro-motive =ce betwe5 any two metals is equal to ! sum ( electro-motive =ces betwe5 ea* ( ! two metals & any int]m$iate metal 9 ! !rmo-electric s]ies1 or ! electro-motive =ce betwe5 any two metals is equal to ! sum ( ! electromotive =ces betwe5 all ! int]m$iate ones & ! orig9al two metals2 x is ! analogue ( ,volta's ,law1 q4 v4 ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es4 ,:5 =ce is ex]cis$ ?r\gh space f a po9t1 its int5sity v>ies inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?us ! int5sity ( light radiat$ by a lum9\s po9t at twice a giv5 di/ance !refrom is ( "o-f\r? ! int5sity x _h at ! di/ance 9 "q4 ,gravitation1 electric & magnetic attraction & repulsion & o!r radiant =ces are subject to ! same law4 #cbd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,law ( ,successive ,temp]atures4 ,a law ( !rmo-electricity4 ,! electro-motive =ce due to a giv5 diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! opposite junctions ( ! metals is equal to ! sum ( ! electro-motive =ces produc$ by fractional diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 ^: sum is equal to ! giv5 diff]5ce & ^: sum exactly fills ! giv5 range ( temp]ature4 ,law1 ,"r-h&$ ,screw4 ,?is r crude "n is giv5 by ,emtage to a law express+ ! relation ( direction ( curr5t 9 a circuit to ! positive direction ( ! axis ( a magnet act$ on by su* curr5t4 ,x is ?us express$3 ,a "r-h&$ screw plac$ along ! axis ( ! magnet & turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t w move 9 ! positive direction1 i4 e41 t[>ds ! nor? pole ( ! axis ( ! magnet4 ,lead4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol ,pb4 ,atomic weight1 #bjg2 equival5t1 #ajc-a_/b2 val5cy1 #b4 ,lead may also be a tetrad1 :5 its equival5t is #ea4ge4 ,! foll[+ data are at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ) compress$ metal3 ,relative ,resi/ance1 7,silv] l7 #ac4je ,specific ,resi/ance1 #ai4fc microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a ft4 long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #c4bjj ohms4 7b7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #b4bcb 7c7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#bdih ,resi/ance ( #a in* cube1 #g4gbh microhms4 ,electro-,*emical ,equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje7 #a4jhf mgs4 ,lead+ ,horns4 ,! tips ( pole pieces 9 a dynamo1 :i* ext5d 9 ! direction ( movem5t ( ! armature4 ,lead+-9 ,wires4 ,! plat9um wires pass+ ?r\gh ! glass ( an inc&esc5t lamp-*amb]1 to effect ! connection ( ! c>bon filam5t ) ! wires ( ! circuit4 ,lead ( ,bru%es1 ,negative4 ,9 a motor ! bru%es are set backw>ds f _! normal position1 or 9 a position t[>ds ! direction ( armature rotation or giv5 a negative lead in/ead ( a positive "o1 su* z is giv5 to dynamo bru%es4 ,leak4 ,a loss or escape ( electricity by accid5tal connection ei!r ) ! gr\nd or ) "s conductor4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( leak to :i* descriptive t]ms are appli$4 ,leakage4 ,! loss ( curr5t f conductors2 due to gr\nd+ at lea/ at two places1 or to v slight gr\nd+ at a great _m places1 or all along a l9e ow+ to poor insulation4 ,9 a]ial or pole telegraph l9es 9 wet wea!r !re is (t5 a v l>ge leakage d[n ! wet poles f ! wire4 7,see ,surface ,leakage--,magnetic ,leakage47 #cbe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,leakage ,conductor4 ,a conductor plac$ on telegraph poles to conduct directly to e>? any leakage f a wire & ?us prev5t any b a v small portion f9d+ its way into ! o!r wires on ! same pole4 ,x pres5ts a *oice ( evils1 z x increases ! electro/atic capacity ( ! l9e1 & ?us does h>m z well z good4 ,x consi/s simply ( a wire gr\nd$ & secur$ to ! pole4 ,leg ( ,circuit4 ,"o lead or side ( a complete metallic circuit4 ,l5z's ,law4 ,a law express+ ! relations ( direction ( an induc+ curr5t or field ( =ce to ! curr5t induc$ by any di/urbance 9 ! relations betwe5 su* field & any clos$ conductor )9 its influ5ce4 ,x may be v>i\sly express$4 7a7 ,if ! relative position ( two conductors1 ,a & ,b1 be *ang$1 ( :i* ,a is trav]s$ by a curr5t1 a curr5t is induc$ 9 ,b 9 su* a direction t1 by its electro-dynamic action on ! curr5t 9 ,a1 x w\ld h imp>t$ to ! conductors a motion ( ! contr>y k9d to t by :i* ! induc+ action 0 produc$4 7,ganot47 7b7 ,! new 7induc$7 curr5t w increase ! already exi/+ resi/ances1 or develop new resi/ance to t di/urbance ( ! field :i* is ! cause ( induction4 7,daniell47 7c7 ,:5 a conductor is mov+ 9 a magnetic field a curr5t is induc$ 9 ! conductor 9 su* a direction z by its me*anical action to oppose ! motion4 7,emtage47 7d7 ,! induc$ curr5ts are su* z to develop resi/ance to ! *ange br\ght ab\t4 ,lett] ,boxes1 ,electric4 ,lett] boxes ) electrical connections to a bell or indicator ( "s sort1 :i* is caus$ to act by putt+ a lett] into ! box4 ,leyd5 ,j>4 ,a =m ( /atic cond5s]4 ,9 its usual =m x consi/s ( a glass j>4 ,t9foil is pa/$ ar\nd ! l[] portions ( its ext]ior & int]ior surfaces1 cov]+ f "o-qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! walls 9 ord9>y examples4 ,! re/ ( ! glass is pref]ably %ellack$ or pa9t$ ov] ) insulat+ v>ni%1 q4 v4 ,! m\? is clos$ ) a wood5 or cork /opp] & ?r\gh its c5tre a brass rod passes :i* by a %ort *a9 or wire is 9 connection ) ! int]ior coat+ ( ! j>4 ,! top ( ! rod c>ries a brass knob or ball4 ,if su* a j> is held by ! t9foil-cov]$ surface 9 "o h& & its knob is held aga9/ ! excit$ prime conductor ( a /atic ma*9e its int]ior becomes *>g$2 an equival5t quantity ( ! same electricity is repell$ ?r\gh ! p]son ( ! exp]im5t] to ! e>? & :5 remov$ f ! conductor x w be f\nd to hold a b\nd *>ge4 ,if ! out] coat+ & knob are bo? t\*$ or ne>ly t\*$ by a conductor a disruptive dis*>ge ?r\gh x takes place4 #cbf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bac4 ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,) ,,dis*>g]4 ,if "o or m p]sons act z dis*>g+ conductors !y w receive a %ock4 ,?is is done by _! jo9+ h&s1 a p]son at "o end t\*+ ! out] coat+ & ano!r p]son at ! o!r end t\*+ ! knob4 ,f an influ5ce ma*9e a *>ge c be tak5 by connect+ ! coat+ to "o electrode & ! knob to ! o!r4 ,fig4 #bad4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,leyd5 ,,j>4 #cbg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,leyd5 ,j>1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's4 ,an especially effici5t =m ( ,leyd5 j>4 ,x consi/s ( a j> ) out] t9foil coat+ only4 ,= ! int]ior coat+ is sub/itut$ a quantity ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! c5tral rod is ( lead ) a foot1 :i* is imm]s$ 9 ! acid & f :i* ! rod rises4 ,a wood5 cov] p>tly closes ! j>1 z ! c5tral tube ?r\gh :i* ! rod passes is s l>ge z n to all[ ! wood to t\* x4 ,?us any leakage f inn] to out] coat+ has to pass ov] ! inside & outside glass surfaces4 ,9 ! common =m ( j> ! wood5 cov] may %ort circuit ! uncoat$ portion ( ! inn] glass surface4 ,9 ! cut a simplifi$ =m ( ,?omson's ,leyd5 j> is %[n1 adapt$ = sci5tific "w4 ,li*t5b]g's ,figures4 ,if ! knob ( a ,leyd5 j> or o!r exit$ electrode is rubb$ ov] ! surface ( ebonite1 %ellac1 res9 or o!r non-conduct+ surface x leaves x electrifi$ 9 ! pa? ( ! knob4 ,if f9e p[d] su* z fl[]s ( sulphur or lycopodium is du/$ ov] ! surface & ! excess is bl[n away1 ! p[d] w adh]e :]e ! surface 0 electrifi$1 =m+ :at are call$ ,li*t5b]g's ,figures1 ,lycopodium & sulphur %[ bo? positive & negative figures1 t is to say1 figures produc$ by a positively or negatively *>g$ conductor4 ,r$ lead adh]es only to negative figures4 ,if bo? positive & negative figures are made & ! surface is spr9kl$ ) bo? r$ lead & fl[]s ( sulphur ea* picks out its own figure1 ! sulphur go+ pr9cipally to ! positive "o4 ,! r$ lead takes ! =m ( small circul> heaps1 ! sulphur arranges itself 9 tufts ) num]\s div]g+ bran*es4 ,?is indicates ! diff]5ce 9 ! two electricities4 ,! figures h be5 describ$ z a v s5sitive electrosope = inve/igat+ ! di/ribution ( electricity on an insulat+ surface4 7,ganot47 ,life ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamps4 ,! p]iod ( "t a lamp rema9s 9 action be=e ! c>bon filam5t is de/roy$4 ,! cause ( a lamp fail+ may be ! volatilization ( ! c>bon ( ! filam5t1 caus+ x to become ?9 & to break2 or ! *amb] may leak4 ,! life ( ! lamp v>ies2 #fjj h\rs is a fair e/imate4 ,sometimes !y la/ sev]al times ?is p]iod4 ,! high] ! int5sity at :i* !y are us$ ! %ort] is _! life4 ,f _! prime co/ & ! co/ ( curr5t ! mo/ economical way to run !m c be approximately calculat$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y inc&ec5t buls are rat$ = #ajjj h\rs2 fl\resc5t bulbs up to #bdjjj h\rs2 ,,l$ lamps up to #ajjjjj h\rs4 ,lightn+4 ,! electro/atic dis*>ge to ! e>? or among !mselves ( cl\ds float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! dis*>ge is accompani$ by a sp>k or o!r lum9\s effect1 :i* may be v bright & ! effects1 !rmal & me*anical1 are (t5 ( enorm\s int5sity4 ,! lightn+ fla% is :ite ne> ! e>?1 b 9 ! upp] regions :]e ! air is r>efi$ x is ( a blue t9t1 l ! sp>k ( ! electric ma*9e4 ,! fla%es are (t5 ov] a mile 9 l5g?1 & sometimes are f\r or five miles long4 ,!y h sometimes a curi\s s9u\s & (t5 a bran*+ %ape1 :i* has be5 det]m9$ by photography only rec5tly4 ,to ! eye ! %ape seems zigzag4 #cbh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! case ( a mile-long fla% x has be5 e/imat$ t #c1eaf1dhj ,de la ,rue cells1 q4 v41 w\ld be requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! pot5tial1 giv+ ! fla% ov] ?ree & "o-half millions ( volts4 ,b z x is unc]ta9 h[ f> ! dis*>ge is help$ on its c\rse by ! ra9 drops ?is e/imate may be too high4 ,!re are two g5]al types ( fla%4 ,! s-call$ zigzag fla% resembles ! sp>k ( an electric ma*9e1 & is und\bt$ly due to ! disruptive dis*>ge f cl\d to e>?4 ,%eet lightn+ has no %ape1 simply is a sudd5 gl[1 & f exam9ation ( ! spectrum appe>s to be bru% dis*>ges 7see ,dis*>ge1 ,bru%7 betwe5 cl\ds4 ,heat lightn+ is attribut$ to fla%es bel[ ! horizon ^: light only is se5 by u4 ,globe or ball lightn+ takes ! =m ( globes ( fire1 sometimes visible = t5 seconds1 desc5d+ f ! cl\ds4 ,on rea*+ ! e>? !y sometimes reb\nd1 & sometimes explode ) a l\d detonation4 ,no adequate explanation has be5 f\nd = !m4 ,! fla% does n exce$ "o-million? ( a second 9 duration2 its absolute light is believ$ to be comp>able to t ( ! sun1 b its brief duration makes its total light f> less ?an t ( ! sun = any p]iod ( "t4 ,if ! disruptive dis*>ge passes ?r\gh a liv+ animal x is (t5 fatal4 ,z x rea*es ! e>? x (t5 has p[] en\gh to fuse s&1 produc+ fulgurites1 q4 v4 7,see also ,back ,%ock or ,/roke ( ,lightn+47 ,volcanic lightn+1 :i* accompanies ! eruptions ( volcanoes1 is attribut$ to friction ( ! volcanic du/ & to vapor cond5sation4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9 ( lightn+ is /ill 7#bjjh7 n fully und]/ood1 b is ?\ght to relate to *>ge sep>ation 9 ! v]tical motion ( wat] droplets & ice cry/als 9 cl\d updrafts4 ,a lightn+ bolt c>ries a curr5t ( #dj1jjj to #abj1jjj amp]es1 & transf]s a *>ge ( ab\t five c\lombs4 ,ne>by air is heat$ to ab\t #aj1jjj ,c 7#ah1jjj ,f71 almo/ twice ! temp]ature ( ! ,sun's surface4 ,lightn+ ,arre/]4 ,an app>atus = use ) electric l9es to c>ry (f to e>? any lightn+ dis*>ge su* l9es may pick up4 ,su* dis*>ge w\ld imp]il life z well z prop]ty 9 telegraph (fices & ! l4 ,arre/]s are g5]ally con/ruct$ on ! foll[+ l9es4 ,! l9e wires h connect$ to !m a plate ) tee?2 a second simil> plate is plac$ ne> ?is ) its tee? opposite to ^? ( ! fir/ plate & ne>ly t\*+ x4 ,! second plate is connect$ by a l[ resi/ance conductor to gr\nd4 ,any lightn+ dis*>ge is apt to jump across ! int]val1 ( a small fraction ( an in*1 betwe5 ! oppositely plac$ po9ts & g to e>?4 ,ano!r type consi/s ( two plates1 plac$ face to face1 & press+ betwe5 !m a piece ( pap] or mica4 ,! lightn+ is suppos$ to p]=ate ?is & g to e>?4 ,"o plate is connect$ to ! l9e1 ! o!r "o is gr\nd$4 ,! lightn+ arre/] is plac$ ne> ! end ( ! l9e be=e x rea*es any in/rum5t4 7,see ,alt]native ,pa?s47 #cbi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bae4 ,,comb ,,or ,,too!d ,,lightn+ ,,arre/]4 ,fig4 #baf4 ,,film ,,or ,,plate ,,lightn+ ,,arre/]4 ,lightn+ ,arre/]1 ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce4 ,an inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?ompson4 ,a lightn+ arre/] 9 :i* ! lightn+ dis*>ge sets up a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce oppos$ to its own4 ,?is x does by an induction coil4 ,if a dis*>ge to e>? takes place x selects ! prim>y ( ! coil z x has l[ self-induction4 ,9 its dis*>ge x induces 9 ! second>y a rev]se electro-motive =ce :i* protects ! l9e4 ,lightn+ ,arre/] ,plates4 ,! too!d plates ne>ly 9 contact1 too? = too?1 or ! flat plates ( a film lightn+ arre/]1 :i* con/itute a lightn+ arre/]4 ,"s advocate re/rict+ ! t]m to ! plate connect$ to ! l9e4 ,lightn+ ,arre/]1 ,vacuum4 ,a glass tube1 almo/ completely exhau/$1 into :i* ! l9e wire is fus$1 :ile a wire lead+ to an e>? connection has its end fus$ 9 also4 ,a high t5sion dis*>ge1 su* z t ( lightn+1 goes to e>? across ! p>tial vacuum 9 pref]5ce to go+ ?r\gh ! l9e1 :i* by its capacity & self-induction opposes ! passage ?r\gh x ( a lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,x is especially adapt$ = und]gr\nd & subm>9e l9es4 #ccj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lightn+1 ,asc5d+4 ,lightn+ is sometimes obs]v$ :i* seems to asc5d4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is may be due to positive electrification ( ! e>? & negative electrification ( ! cl\ds4 ,lightn+1 ,globe or ,globul>4 ,a v unusual =m ( lightn+ dis*>ge1 9 :i* ! fla%es appe> z globes or balls ( light4 ,!y are sometimes visible = t5 seconds1 mov+ s sl[ly t ! eye c foll[ !m4 ,!y (t5 reb\nd on /rik+ ! gr\nd1 & sometimes explode ) a noise l a cannon4 ,!y h nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,sometimes ! ph5om5on is probably subjective & due to p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,lightn+ ,j>4 ,a ,leyd5 j> ^: coat+s are ( metallic fil+s du/$ on to ! surface :ile %ellack$1 & be=e ! v>ni% has _h "t to dry4 ,9 its dis*>ge a sc9tillation ( sp>ks appe>s all ov] ! surface4 ,l9e ( ,contact4 ,! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts ( contact ( ! commutator bru%es 9 a dynamo or motor4 ,synonym--,diamet] ( ,commutation4 ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,imag9>y l9es d5ot+ ! direction ( repulsion or attraction 9 a field ( =ce1 q4 v4 ,!y may also be s di/ribut$ z to indicate ! relative int5sity ( all diff]5t p>ts ( ! field4 ,!y are normal to equipot5tial surfaces4 7,see ,electro-magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce--,electro/atic ,l9es ( ,=ce--,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce47 ,l9es ( ,induction4 ,imag9>y l9es )9 a body m>k+ ! direction tak5 )9 x by magnetic induction4 ,^! are n necess>ily p>allel to l9es ( =ce1 b may1 9 bodies ( uni=m agglom]ation1 or 9 cry/all9e bodies1 take v>i\s directions4 ,synonym--,l9es ( ,magnetic ,induction4 ,l9es ( ,slope4 ,l9es 9 a field ( =ce :i* m>k ! directions 9 :i* ! int5sity ( =ce 9 ! field mo/ rapidly falls away4 ,l9ks1 ,fuse4 ,l9ks made ( m or less easily fusible metal1 = use z safety fuses4 ,li/5+ ,cam4 ,9 a telephone ex*ange a cam or species ( swit* us$ to connect ! op]ator's telephone ) a subscrib]'s l9e4 #cca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,li?anode4 ,a block ( compress$ lead b9oxide1 ) plat9um connect+ foils = use z an electrode 9 a /orage batt]y4 ,x has consid]able capacity1 ov] #e amp]e-h\rs p] p\nd ( plates1 b has n met ) any ext5d$ adoption4 ,load4 ,9 a dynamo ! amp]es ( curr5t deliv]$ by x "u any giv5 conditions4 ,local ,action4 7a7 ,9 its mo/ usual s5se ! electric curr5ts )9 a batt]y1 due to impurities 9 ! z9c1 :i* curr5ts may circulate 9 exce$+ly m9ute circuits1 & :i* wa/e z9c & *emicals & contribute no?+ to ! regul> curr5t ( ! batt]y4 ,amalgamat$ or *emically pure z9c develops no local action4 7b7 ,! t]m is sometimes appli$ to curr5ts set up )9 ! armature core or pole pieces ( a dynamo4 7,see ,curr5ts1 ,f\cault47 ,local ,batt]y4 ,a batt]y supply+ a local circuit 7q4 v472 9 telegraphy1 :]e x is pr9cipally us$1 ! batt]y is ?r[n 9 & out ( action by a relay1 & its curr5t does ! "w ( actuat+ ! s\nd] & any o!r local or /ation in/rum5ts4 7,see ,relay47 ,local ,circuit4 ,a %ort circuit on :i* are plac$ local app>atus or in/rum5ts4 ,su* circuit is ( l[ resi/ance & its curr5t is suppli$ by a local batt]y1 q4 v4 ,its action is det]m9$ by ! curr5t f ! ma9 l9e ?r[+ its batt]y 9 & out ( circuit by a relay1 q4 v41 or "s equival5t4 ,local ,curr5ts4 ,curr5ts )9 ! metal p>ts ( a dynamo4 7,see ,curr5ts1 ,f\cault47 ,9 a galvanic batt]y4 :]e !re is local action1 q4 v41 !re are also local curr5ts1 ?\gh !y are n (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,localization4 ,det]m9+ ! position ( any?+1 su* z a break 9 a cable1 or a gr\nd+ 9 a telegraph l9e4 ,9 ocean cables two typical cases are ! localization ( a break 9 ! conductor & ( a defect 9 ! insulation admitt+ wat]4 ,! fir/ is done by det]m9+ ! /atic capacity ( ! portion ( ! l9e :i* includes ! unbrok5 portion ( ! conductor2 ! o!r by det]m9+ ! resi/ance ( ! l9e on a gr\nd$ circuit4 ,locus4 ,a place4 ,! ^w is us$ to designate ! locality or position (1 or s]ies ( positions ( def9ite conditions & ! l4 ,?us an isogonic l9e is ! locus ( equal decl9ations ( ! magnetic ne$le2 x is a l9e pass+ ?r\gh all places on ! e>?'s surface :]e ! condition ( a giv5 decl9ation is f\nd to exi/4 #ccb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lode/one4 ,magnetic magnetite2 magnetite is an ore ( iron1 ,fe#c #jd :i* is attract$ by ! magnet4 ,"s samples possess pol>ity & attract iron4 ,! latt] are lode/ones4 ,synonym--,h]cules ,/one ,log>i?m4 ,! expon5t ( ! p[] to :i* x is necess>y to raise a fix$ numb] to produce a giv5 numb]4 ,! fix$ numb] is ! base ( ! sy/em4 ,!re are two sy/ems2 "o1 call$ ! ord9>y sy/em1 has #aj = its base1 ! o!r1 call$ ! ,nap]ian sy/em1 has #b4gahbh = its base4 ,! latt] are also t]m$ hyp]bolic log>i?ms1 & are only us$ 9 special calculations4 ,log1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = measur+ ! spe$ ( a %ip4 ,a rotat+ helical vane ( kn[n pit* is dragg$ beh9d ! vessel4 ,z ! helix rotates its movem5ts may actuate electric ma*9]y = regi/]+ its rotations4 ,! numb] ( ^! 9 a giv5 "t1 multipli$ by ! pit* ( ! vane1 gives ! di/ance trav]s$ 9 su* "t4 ,loop4 ,a portion ( a circuit introduc$ 9 s]ies into ano!r circuit4 ,! latt] circuit is op5$ by a spr+-jack1 q4 v4 or o!r device1 & ! loop ins]t$4 ,by loops any numb] ( connections c be ins]t$ into a circuit 9 s]ies !re)1 & 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel ) "o ano!r4 ,loop ,break4 ,a d\ble bracket or simil> arrangem5t = hold+ on insulators ! ends ( a conductor :i* is cut betwe5 !m1 & to :i* are connect$ ! ends ( a loop4 ,! space betwe5 ! insulators may be ab\t a foot4 ,luces4 ,?is may be us$ z ! plural ( lux1 q4 v4 ,x is ! ,lat9 plural4 ,lum9\s ,j>4 ,a ,leyd5 j> ^: coat+s are ( loz5ge-%ap$ pieces ( t9foil betwe5 :i* are v %ort int]vals4 ,:5 dis*>g$1 sp>ks appe> all ov] ! surface :]e ! loz5ges ne>ly jo94 ,lux4 ,a /&>d ( illum9ation1 q4 v41 z di/+ui%$ f illum9at+ p[]4 ,x is ! light giv5 by "o c&le at a di/ance ( #ab4g in*es--by a c>cel1 q4 v41 at a di/ance ( "o met]---or by #aj1jjj c&les at #aje4h feet4 ,x 0 propos$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,preece4 ,all ! above valuations are id5tical4 ,m4 7a7 ,symbol ( gase\s pressure equal to "o-million? ( an atmosph]e4 7b7 ,! ,greek m1 1 is us$ z ! symbol ( magnetic p]meability4 #ccc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ma*9e1 ,cyl9d] ,electric4 ,a frictional electric ma*9e ^: rotat+ glass is 9 ! %ape ( a cyl9d] in/ead ( a disc z 9 ! m rec5t ma*9es4 ,fig4 #bag4 ,,plate ,,frictional ,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,ma*9e1 ,frictional ,electric4 ,an app>atus = developm5t ( high t5sion electricity by contact action1 br\ght ab\t by friction4 ,x consi/s ( a plate or cyl9d] ( glass m\nt$ on insulat+ /&>ds & provid$ ) a h&le = turn+ x4 ,"o or m cu%ions ( lea!r are held on an insulat$ support1 s z to rub aga9/ ! plate or cyl9d] z x is turn$4 ,a metal comb or combs are held on ano!r insulat+ support s z to be ne>ly 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! glass plate at a po9t z f> remov$ z possible f ! rubb]s4 ,! combs are atta*$ to a brass ball or r\nd-end$ cyl9d]1 :i* is t]m$ ! prime conductor4 ,9 use ei!r ! prime conductor or cu%ions are connect$ by a *a9 or o!rwise ) ! e>?4 ,assume x to be ! cu%ions4 ,z ! ma*9e is work$ by turn+ ! plate1 ! glass & cu%ion be+ 9 contact develop opposite electricities4 ,! glass is *>g$ ) positive electricity1 & z x turns c>ries x (f & z x rea*es ! prime conductor by induction & conduction robs x ( its negative electricity4 ,mean:ile ! cu%ions negatively excit$ deliv] _! *>ge to ! e>?4 ,! action ?us goes on1 ! prime conductor be+ *>g$ ) positive electricity4 #ccd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ! prime conductor is connect$ to ! e>? & ! cu%ions are left insulat$1 negative electricity c be collect$ f ! cu%ions4 ,9 "s ma*9es bo? prime conductor & cu%ions are kept insulat$ & )\t gr\nd contact4 ,electrodes connect+ ) ea* are br\ght ) _! ends close en\gh to ma9ta9 a sp>k+ dis*>ge4 ,ma*9e ,influ5ce4 ,a /atic electric ma*9e work+ by induction to build up *>ges ( opposite nature on two sep>ate prime conductors4 ,9 g5]al !y are bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! electrophor\s4 ,"w is done by ! op]ator turn+ ! h&le4 ,?is rotates a disc & draws excit$ p>ts ( x away f _! b\nd *>ges4 ,?is repres5ts a resi/ance to me*anical motion4 ,! "w absorb$ 9 ov]com+ ?is me*anical resi/ance appe>s z electric en]gy4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( influ5ce ma*9es1 ! ,holtz1 ,toeppl]-,holtz & ,wim%ur/ be+ ! mo/ us$4 ,! electrophor\s1 q4 v41 is a type ( influ5ce ma*9e4 ,ma*9e1 ,holtz ,influ5ce4 ,a /atic electric ma*9e4 ,x includes two plates1 "o ( :i* is rapidly rotat$ 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,two armatures ( pap] are secur$ to ! back ( ! /ation>y plate at opposite ends ( a diamet]4 ,to />t x "o ( ^! is *>g$ ) electricity4 ,?is *>ge by induction acts ?r\gh ! two ?icknesses ( glass ^u a metal b> c>ry+ combs1 :i* lies 9 front ( ! fur!r side ( ! movable plate4 ,! po9ts opposite ! armature repel electrifi$ air1 :i* /rikes ! movable disc & *>ges x4 ,a second rod ) comb at ! opposite end ( ! same diamet] acts 9 ! rev]se way4 ,?us opposite sections ( ! disc are oppositely *>g$ & ! combs ) !m4 ,by induction ^! portions ( ! disc react ^u ! two armatures4 ,! opposite electricities escape f ! armatures by pap] tongues :i* are atta*$ !reto & press aga9/ ! back ( ! movable plate4 ,z ! plate rotates ! opposite electricities on its face neutralize ! electricity repell$ f ! combs4 ,! *>ges on ! back /r5g!n ! *>ges ( ! armatures & brass combs4 ,?us ! ma*9e builds up1 & ev5tually a dis*>ge ( sp>ks takes place f ! poles ( ! brass combs4 #cce ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ma*9e1 ,toeppl]-,holtz4 ,a modification ( ! ,holtz ma*9e4 ,! prim+ *>ge ( ! armatures is produc$ by friction ( metallic bru%es aga9/ metallic buttons on ! face ( ! rotat+ plate4 7,see ,ma*9e1 ,holtz47 ,ma*9e1 ,wim%ur/4 ,a =m ( /atic influ5ce ma*9e4 ,x consi/s ( two plates ( glass1 on :i* radial sectors ( t9foil are pa/$4 ,bo? plates are rotat$ 9 opposite directions4 ,! sectors ( ! two plates react "o ^u ! o!r1 & electric *>ges ( opposite sign accumulate on ! opposite sides ( ! plates & are collect$ !refrom by collect+ combs4 ,mack4 ,a "n1 d]iv$ f ,maxwell1 & sugge/$ = ! unit ( inductance4 ,x is due to ,oliv] ,heaviside1 b has nev] be5 adopt$4 7,see ,h5ry47 ,magne-,cry/allic ,action4 ,! action ( a suppos$ =ce ( ! same "n1 propos$ by ,f>aday4 ,x relates to ! diff]5t action ( a magnetic field ^u cry/all9e bodies1 accord+ to ! position ( _! axes ( cry/allization4 ,a ne$le ( t\rmal9e1 normally p>amagnetic1 if pois$ ) its axis horizontal1 is diamagnetic4 ,bismu? illu/rates ! same ph5om5on4 ,! subject is obscure4 ,f>aday ?\ght t he saw 9 x ! action ( a specific =ce4 ,magnet4 ,a body :i* t5ds :5 susp5d$ by its c5tre ( gravity to lay itself 9 a def9ite direction1 & to place a def9ite l9e )9 x1 its magnetic axis1 q4 v41 9 a def9ite direction1 :i*1 r\ghly speak+1 lies nor? & s\?4 ,! same bodies h ! p[] ( attract+ iron 7,daniell71 also nickel & cobalt4 ,magnets are sub/ances :i* possess ! p[] ( attract+ iron4 7,ganot47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,edw>d ,purcell & o!rs h expla9$ magnetic & electromagnetic ph5om5on z relativi/ic effects relat$ to electro/atic attraction4 ,magnetism is caus$ by ,lor5tz contraction ( space along ! direction ( a curr5t4 ,electromagnetic waves are caus$ by *>ge accel]ation & ! result+ di/urbance ( ! electro/atic field4 7,electricity & ,magnetism3 ,b]keley ,physics ,c\rse ,volume #b1 #aifj7 ,magnet1 ,anomal\s4 ,a magnet possess+ m ?an ! normal numb] 7two7 ( poles4 ,if two /raight magnets are plac$ end to end ) _! s\? poles 9 juxtaposition ! comp\nd b> w seem to possess ?ree poles1 "o at ea* end & "o 9 ! middle4 ,! app>5t pole 9 ! middle is really made up ( two consequ5t poles1 q4 v4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 a s+le long ?9 b> is magnetiz$ consequ5t poles are produc$1 al?\gh su* magnet is 9 "o piece4 ,?is may be accid5tal1 z 9 su* case x is q h>d to avoid anomal\s poles1 or1 z 9 ! field magnets ( "s =ms ( dynamos1 anomal\s poles may be purposely produc$4 ,magnet1 ,artificial4 ,a magnet =m$ artificially by any me?od ( magnetization 7see ,magnetism7 applicable to p]man5t magnets1 electro-magnets & sol5oids4 ,x expresses ! di/9ction f ! natural magnets or lode/one1 q4 v4 ,x is made ( /eel 9 practice magnetiz$ by "s ( ! me?ods describ$ "u ,magnetization4 #ccf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnet1 ,axial4 ,a /raight-sol5oid ) axial core4 ,magnet1 ,b>4 ,a b> magnet is "o 9 ! %ape ( a b>1 i4 c41 /raight ) p>allel sides & consid]ably long] ?an wide or deep4 ,magnet1 ,bell-%ap$4 ,a =m ( p]man5t magnet us$ 9 "s galvanomet]s4 ,9 %ape x is a ?ick-sid$ cyl9drical box ) two slots cut out ( opposite sides1 s z to make x repres5t a horse%oe magnet4 ,its %ape enables x to be surr\nd$ closely by a mass ( copp]1 = damp+ its motion1 to r5d] ! in/rum5t dead-beat4 ,su* a magnet is us$ 9 ,siem5s ,halske's galvanomet]4 ,magnet ,coil4 ,a coil to be ?ru/ ov] an iron core1 to make an electro-magnet4 ,!y are (t5 w\nd ^u pap] or wood5 bobb9s or spools1 s z to be removable f ! core if desir$4 ,magnet1 ,comp5sat+4 7a7 ,a magnet fa/5$ ne> a compass on an iron or /eel %ip to comp5sate ! action ( ! metal ( ! %ip ^u ! magnetic ne$le4 ,! %ip itself always has "s pol>ity & ?is is neutraliz$ by "o or m comp5sat+ magnets4 7b7 ,see bel[4 ,magnet1 ,controll+4 ,a magnet atta*$ to a galvanomet] by :i* ! directive t5d5cy ( its magnetic ne$le is adju/$4 ,9 ! reflect+ galvanomet] x (t5 is a slightly curv$ magnet c>ri$ by a v]tical brass sp9dle ris+ f ! c5t] ( ! in/rum5t1 & :i* magnet may be slid up & d[n on ! sp9dle to regulate or adju/ its action4 ,synonym--,comp5sat+ ,magnet4 ,magnet1 ,comp\nd4 ,a p]man5t magnet1 built up ( a numb] ( magnets4 ,small b>s c be m /rongly magnetiz$ ?an l>ge4 ,h5ce a comp\nd magnet may be made m p[]ful ?an a simple "o4 ,magnet ,core4 ,! iron b> or o!r mass ( iron ar\nd :i* insulat$ wire is w\nd = ! production ( an electro-magnet4 ,! %apes v>y greatly1 especially = field magnets ( dynamos & motors4 ,= ^! !y are usually made ( ca/ iron1 al?\gh wr\ght iron is pref]able f ! po9t ( view ( p]meability4 ,magnet1 ,damp+4 ,a damp+ magnet is "o us$ = br++ an oscillat+ body to re/4 ,! body may be a metallic disc or ne$le1 & ! action ( ! magnet dep5ds on its l9es ( =ce :i* x e/abli%es1 s t ! body has to cut !m1 & h5ce has its motion resi/$4 #ccg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnet1 ,deflection (4 ,! *ange ( position ( a magnet f ! plane ( ! e>?'s m]idian 9 :i* x normally is at re/ into ano!r position at "s angle !reto1 by ! effect ( an artificial magnetic field1 z ! deflection ( a galvanomet] ne$le4 ,magnet1 ,electro-4 ,a magnet consi/+ ( a b> ( iron1 bundle ( iron wires1 iron tube or "s equival5t1 ar\nd :i* a coil ( insulat$ wire is w\nd4 ,su* comb9ation becomes pol>iz$ :5 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x & is an active magnet4 ,on ! cessation ( ! curr5t its magnetism 9 "p or almo/ completely disappe>s4 7,see ,electro-magnet47 ,magnet1 ,equator (4 ,9 a magnet ! locus ( po9ts ( no attractive p[] & ( no pol>ity4 ,9 a symmetrical1 ev5ly pol>iz$ magnet x is ! imag9>y l9e girdl+ ! c5tre4 ,! t]ms ,neutral ,po9t or ,neutral ,l9e h displac$ x4 ,synonyms--,neutral ,l9e--,neutral ,po9t4 ,magnet1 ,field4 ,a magnet1 g5]ally an electro-magnet1 us$ to produce ! field 9 a dynamo or motor4 ,magnet1 ,ha>lem4 ,celebrat$ magnets made 9 ,ha>lem1 ,holl&4 ,logeman1 ,van ,wett]51 ,funckl] & ,van d] ,willig5 7 ! mak]s :o gave ! celebrity to ! magnets4 ,!y 7 g5]ally horse%oe magnets1 & w\ld c>ry ab\t tw5ty times _! own weight4 ,magnet1 ,horse%oe4 ,a magnet ( ,u %ape--prop]ly "o ) ! poles br\ght a little clos] toge!r ?an ! re/ ( ! limbs4 ,= direct lift+ & attractive effects x is ! mo/ g5]ally adopt$ type4 ,its advantage z reg>ds lift+ effect is due to small reluctance1 q4 v41 (f]$ by a complete iron circuit1 su* z ! armature & magnet toge!r produce4 ,z ! t]m is n[ us$ x is appli$ to any ,u %ap$ magnet4 ,fig4 #bah4 ,,j\le',s ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,magnet1 ,j\le's ,electro4 ,an electro-magnet ( ! %ape ( a cyl9d] ) a longitud9al segm5t cut-(f4 ,x is w\nd ) wire z %[n4 ,! segm5t cut-(f is a piece ( ! same %ape z ! armature4 ,x is ( high p[]4 #cch ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,adh]5ce4 ,! t5d5cy ( a mass ( iron to adh]e to ! poles ( a magnet4 ,x is be/ figur$ z due to ! virtual %ort5+ ( l9es ( =ce1 z ! m p]meable iron gives a bett] pa? = !m ?an ! air c af=d1 & consequ5tly a virtually %ort] "o4 ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,! attraction ( a magnet = iron1 /eel1 nickel & cobalt & ( unlike poles ( magnets = ea* o!r4 ,x is id5tical ) electro-magnetic attraction1 q4v4 7,also see ,electro-magnetism47 ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,c\lomb's ,law (4 ,magnetic attraction & repulsion are inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 7,ganot47 ,:ile !oretically true 9 ! case ( isolat$ poles1 9 practise x does n g5]ally apply on acc\nt ( ! l>ge diamet] & relative %ortness ( magnets4 ,magnetic ,axis4 ,! l9e connect+ ! poles ( a magnet4 ,x does n g5]ally co9cide exactly ) any symmetrical axis ( figure4 ,9 su* cases an error is introduc$ into ! indications ( ! ne$le :i* mu/ be det]m9$ & all[$ = 9 compasses4 ,to det]m9e x ) a magnetic ne$le ! susp5sion cup is made removable1 s t ! ne$le c be rev]s$4 ,read+s are tak5 ) "o side ( ! ne$le & !n ) ! o!r side ( ! ne$le up1 & ! av]age corresponds ) ! position ( ! magnetic axis 9 bo? positions ( ! ne$le4 ,magnetic ,azimu?4 ,! angle1 measur$ on a horizontal circle1 betwe5 ! magnetic m]idian & a great circle ( ! e>? pass+ ?r\gh ! obs]v] & any obs]v$ body4 ,x is ! a/ronomical azimu? ( a body ref]r$ to ! magnetic m]idian & !re=e subject to ! v>iation ( ! compass4 ,! angle is ! magnetic azimu? ( ! obs]v$ body4 ,magnetic ,batt]y4 ,a "n = a comp\nd p]man5t magnet2 "o made up by bolt+ or clamp+ toge!r1 or to s+le s(t iron pole pieces1 a numb] ( s+le p]man5t magnets4 ,!re are a numb] ( =ms ( comp\nd magnets4 ,9 mak+ !m c>e has to be tak5 to h !m ( ev5 /r5g?4 ,x is also well to h !m slightly sep>at$4 ,! object ( bo? ^! precautions is to prev5t a /rong] elem5t or magnet f depol>iz+ its neighbor4 ,synonym--,comp\nd ,magnet4 ,magnetic ,bridge4 ,an app>atus = te/+ ! relative p]meability ( iron4 ,x consi/s ( a rectangul> sy/em ( iron cores4 ,?ree ( ! sides are w\nd ) wire z %[n4 ,! o!r side is built up ( d\ble b>s1 & f ! c5tre two curv$ arms rise1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! arms d n t\*4 ,betwe5 !m a %ort magnet is susp5d$ by a filam5t1 :i* also c>ries a mirror & an index4 #cci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bai4 ,,magnetic ,,bridge4 ,a lamp & scale are provid$ z 9 ! reflect+ galvanomet]4 ,:5 adju/$ ! magnetic ne$le hangs z %[n 9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #bai1 )\t any t5d5cy to turn t[>ds ei!r curv$ pole piece4 ,if all iron p>ts are symmetrical & ( simil> metal1 a curr5t ?r\gh ! coils w make no diff]5ce4 ,x w "w 9 magnetic opposition ^u ! two arms1 or1 9 o!r words1 w ma9ta9 bo? arms at id5tical pot5tial4 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,,pole ,,pieces1 ,,magnetic ,,ne$le ,,& ,,mirror ,,( ,,magnetic ,,bridge4 ,if !re is ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 p]meability1 l5g? or ?ickness betwe5 any ( ! iron b>s ! magnetic pot5tial ( ! two curv$ arms w diff]1 & ! magnetic ne$le w turn "o way or ! o!r4 ,9 practical use diff]5t samples ( iron are sub/itut$ = ! unw\nd memb]s ( ! f\r? side ( ! p>allelogram1 & ! ne$le by its motions indicates ! p]meability4 ,9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #bbj1 ,d ,d are ! ends ( ! curv$ pole pieces2 ,a ! wire c>ry+ ! mirror ,b & magnetic ne$le ,n1 & ,e is ! index :i* %[s ! l>g] deflections4 #cdj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,circuit4 ,a magnetic field ( =ce is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( l9es ( =ce1 :i*1 :ile approximately p>allel1 curve ar\nd & t5d to =m clos$ curves4 ,! pol>ity ( a field ( =ce is ref]r$ to an imag9>y direction ( ! l9es ( =ce f ! nor? pole ?r\gh space to ! s\? pole1 & 9 ! "p ( ! field correspond+ to ! body ( ! magnet1 f ! s\? to ! nor? pole4 ,! cut indicates ^! features4 ,h5ce ! magnetic field ( =ce is t]m$ ! magnetic circuit1 & to x are attribut$ a species ( resi/ance t]m$ reluctance1 q4 v41 & ! produc+ cause ( ! field or l9es ( =ce is t]m$ sometimes magneto-motive =ce1 q4 v47 correspond+ to ! electro-motive =ce4 ,! mod]n treatm5t ( ! magnetic circuit is simil> to ! application ( ,ohm's law & ! laws ( resi/ance & conductivity to ! electric circuit4 ,magnetic ,circuit1 ,d\ble4 ,a magnetic circuit :i* virtually repres5ts two horse%oe magnets plac$ ) _! l poles 9 contact4 ,x is us$ = field magnets1 ! armatures occupy+ a place betwe5 ! consequ5t poles4 ,fig4 #bba4 ,,"o-,,half ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,d\ble ,,magnetic ,,circuit4 ,magnetic ,conc5tration ( ,ores4 ,! conc5tration ( ores or ! free+ !m f _! gangue by magnetic attraction4 ,x is only applicable to ^? cases 9 :i* ei!r ! ore itself or ! gangue is attract$ by ! magnet4 ,its pr9cipal application is to ! conc5tration ( magnetic iron s&s4 7,see ,magnetic ,conc5tration47 ,magnetic ,conc5trator4 ,an app>atus simil> to a magnetic sep>ator1 q4 v41 b us$ to conc5trate magnetic iron s&s4 ,by ! action ( electro-magnets ! magnetic iron s& 7magnetite7 is sep>at$ f ! s& ) :i* x is mix$4 ,magnetic ,conductivity & ,conductance4 ,! fir/ notion ( p]meance & ( ! magnetic circuit includ$ ! idea ( magnetic conductivity1 :i* conduct$ l9es ( =ce urg$ by magneto-motive =ce ?r\gh a magnetic circuit4 ,! t]ms are displac$ by p]meability & p]meance4 #cda ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,cont9uity4 ,! complet5ess ( a magnetic circuit1 z :5 ! armature ( a horse%oe magnet is 9 contact ) bo? poles4 ,x is an attribute ( a p>amagnetic sub/ance only & is id5tical = p]man5t magnets or = electro-magnets4 ,an air space int]v5+ betwe5 armature & magnet poles1 or a space fill$ ) any diamagnetic sub/ance prev5ts cont9uity1 al?\gh ! l9es ( =ce to "s ext5t /ill f9d _! way ar\nd4 ,! leakage is increas$ by discont9uity4 ,magnetic ,control4 ,control ( a magnetic ne$le1 magnet1 iron index or armature1 9 a galvanomet]1 ammet] or voltmet] by a magnetic field2 ! re/itutive =ce be+ d]iv$ f a p]man5t magnet4 ,magnetic ,c\ple4 ,! c\ple ( magnetic =ce :i* t5ds to br+ ! magnetic ne$le into ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,"o =ce is repres5t$ by ! imag9>y pull ^u ! nor? pole1 & ! o!r by ! opposite pull ^u ! s\? pole ( ! ne$le4 ,! mom5t ( ! c\ple v>ies f a maximum :5 ! ne$le is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian to z]o :5 x is 9 su* plane4 ,magnetic ,creep+4 ,visc\s hy/]esis2 ! sl[ increase ( magnetism 9 a p>amagnetic body :5 expos$ to induction4 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,,magnetic ,,curves ,,or ,,figures4 ,magnetic ,curves4 ,! pictorial repres5tation ( magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,x is g5]ally produc$ by scatt]+ fil+s on a %eet ( pap] or pane ( glass held ov] a magnet4 ,! fil+s arrange !mselves 9 *>act]i/ic curves4 ,tapp+ ! pap] or pane ( glass facilitates ! arrangem5t1 or j>r+ ! fil+s (f a small] magnet1 s t !y fall pol>iz$ ^u ! pap]1 is ?\ght by "s to improve ! effect4 ,! gr\p ( curves =ms :at are t]m$ magnetic figures1 q4 v4 #cdb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,decl9ation4 ,! angul> deviation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 caus+ x to re/ at an angle ) ! true m]idian2 ! v>iation ( ! compass4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,magnetic ,d5sity4 ,! int5sity ( magnetization express$ 9 l9es ( =ce p] /at$ area ( cross-section 9 a plane at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,magnetic ,dip4 ,! incl9ation f ! horizontal assum$ by a magnetic ne$le free to move 9 ! v]tical plane4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,! angle ( dip or incl9ation is entirely a function ( ! e>?1 n ( ! ne$le4 ,magnetic ,discont9uity4 ,a break or gap 9 a magnetic circuit4 ,to make a complete circuit ! iron or o!r core mu/ be cont9u\s4 ,if ! armature ( a horse%oe magnet is 9 contact ) bo? poles ! cont9uity is complete4 ,if ! armature is n 9 contact magnetic cont9uity gives place to discont9uity4 ,x is an attribute ( a p>amagnetic sub/ance only1 & is id5tical = p]man5t magnets1 or = electro-magnets4 ,magnetic ,elem5ts4 ,! qualities ( ! t]re/rial magnetism at any place z express$ 9 its action ^u ! magnetic ne$le4 ,?ree data are involv$4 ,i4 ,! ,decl9ation or ,v>iation4 ,,ii4 ,! ,incl9ation or ,dip4 ,,iii4 ,! ,=ce or ,int5sity4 ,i4 ,! ,decl9ation is ! v>iation express$ 9 angul> degrees ( ! magnetic ne$le f ! true nor? & s\?1 or is ! angle :i* ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian makes ) t ( ! geographical m]idian4 ,x is express$ z ea/ or we/ v>iation accord+ to ! position ( ! nor? pole2 ea/ :5 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le is to ! ea/ ( ! true m]idian1 & vice v]sa4 ,decl9ation is diff]5t = diff]5t places2 x is at pres5t we/ 9 ,europe & ,africa1 & ea/ 9 ,asia & ! great] "p ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! decl9ation is subject to 7a7 secul>1 7b7 annual & 7c7 diurnal v>iations4 ,^! are class$ z regul>2 o!rs due to magnetic /orms are transitory & are class$ z irregul>1 7a7 ,secul> v>iations4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! secul> v>iations dur+ "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s at ,p>is4 ,^! *anges are t]m$ secul>1 because !y require c5turies = _! completion4 #cdc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,table ( ,decl9ation or ,v>iation at ,p>is4 ,ye>4 ,decl9ation4 #aehj #aa #cj' ,e4 #affc #j #agjj #h #aj' ,w4 #aghj #ai #ee' ,w4 #aghe #bb #jj' ,w4 #ahje #bb #e' ,w4 #ahad #bb #cd' ,w4 #ahbe #bb #bb' ,w4 #ahcj #bb #ab' ,w4 #ahce #bb #d' ,w4 #ahej #bj #cj' ,w4 #ahee #ai #eg' ,w4 #ahfj #ai #cb' ,w4 #ahfe #ah #dd' ,w4 #ahge #ag #ba' ,w4 #ahgh #ag #jj' ,w4 ,transcrib]'s note ,! value = #bjjh is ab\t #j #dh' ,w1 *ang+ by #j #g' ,e_/ye>4 ,on scrut9iz+ ^! figures x w be se5 t !re is "p ( a cycle repres5t$ & t ! decl9ation is sl[ly return+ to ! z]o po9t aft] hav+ rea*$ its maximum we/]n v>iation 9 #ahad4 ,upw>ds ( #cjj ye>s w\ld be requir$ = its completion on ! basis ( :at is kn[n4 ,9 o!r places1 notably ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,gulf ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! re/ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican seabo>d & 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 ! secul> v>iations are mu* m rapid 9 progress4 7b7 ,annual v>iations--,^! 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 #aghj by ,cass9i4 ,!y repres5t a cycle ( annual *ange ( small ext5t1 f #ae' to #ah' only4 ,9 ,p>is & ,london ! annual v>iation is greate/ ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox1 or ,m>* #ba/1 & dim9i%es = ! next ?ree mon?s1 & sl[ly increases aga9 dur+ ! n9e foll[+ mon?s4 ,x v>ies dur+ diff]5t epo*s4 7c7 ,diurnal v>iations 7 discov]$ 9 #agbb by ,graham4 ,a long ne$le has to be employ$1 or ! reflection ( a ray ( light1 z 9 ! reflect+ galvanomet]1 has to be us$ to obs]ve !m4 ,9 ,engl& ! nor? pole ( ! magnetic ne$le moves e day f ea/ to we/ f sunrise until #a or #b ,p4 ,m42 x !n t5ds t[>ds ! ea/ & recov]s its orig9al position by #aj ,p4 ,m4 ,dur+ ! night ! ne$le is almo/ /ation>y4 ,z reg>ds range ! mean amplitude ( diurnal v>iations at ,p>is is f ,april to ,septemb] #ac' to #ae'2 = ! o!r mon?s f #h' to #aj'4 ,on "s days x am\nts to #be' & sometimes is no m ?an #e'4 ,! amplitude ( diurnal v>iations decreases f ! poles to ! equator4 ,irregul> v>iations accompany e>?quakes1 ! aurora borealis & volcanic eruptions4 ,9 ,pol> regions ! auroral v>iations may be v great2 ev5 at #dj latitude !y may be #a or #b4 ,simultane\s irregul>ities sometimes ext5d ov] l>ge areas4 ,su* are attribut$ to magnetic /orms4 ,,ii4 ,! ,incl9ation is ! angle :i* ! magnetic ne$le makes ) ! horizon1 :5 ! v]tical plane 9 :i* ! ne$le is assum$ to be free to move co9cides ) ! magnetic m]idian4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! dip ( ! ne$le4 ,x v>ies z does ! decl9ation1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table ( incl9ations ( ,london4 #cdd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,table ( ,incl9ation or ,dip at ,london ,ye>4 ,incl9ation4 #aegf #ga #ej' #afjj #gb #afgf #gc #cj' #agbc #gd #db' #aggc #gb #ai' #aghj #gb #h' #agij #ga #cc' #ahjj #gj #ce' #ahba #gj #ca' #ahbh #fi #dg' #ahch #fi #ag' #ahed #fh #ca' #ahei #fh #ba' #ahgd #fg #dc' #ahgf #fg #ci' #ahgh #fg #cf' #ahhj #fg #ce' #ahha #fg #ce' ,,iii4 ,=ce or ,int5sity is ! directive =ce ( ! e>?4 ,x v>ies ) ! squ>es ( ! numb] ( oscillations ! magnetic ne$le w make if caus$ to oscillate f a det]m9$ initial range4 ,! int5sity is suppos$ to be subject to secul> *ange4 ,accord+ to ,gauss ! total magnetic int5sity ( ! e>? is equal to t :i* w\ld be ex]t$ if 9 ea* cubic y>d !re 7 eight b> magnets1 ea* weigh+ "o p\nd4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a r\gh way ( express+ ! degree ( int5sity4 ,int5sity is lea/ ne> ! magnetic equator & greate/ ne> ! magnetic poles2 ! places ( maximum int5sity are t]m$ ! magnetic foci4 ,x v>ies ) ! "t ( day & possibly ) *anges 9 altitude4 ,magnetic ,elongation4 ,! elongation a b> ( iron or /eel und]goes :5 magnetiz$4 ,by magnetization x becomes a little long] & ?9n]1 !re be+ no p]ceptible *ange 9 volume4 ,! *ange is accompani$ by a slight s\nd--! magnetic tick4 ,an exce$+ly delicate adju/m5t ( app>atus is requir$ = its obs]vation4 ,magnetic ,equator4 ,a locus ( ! e>?'s surface :]e ! magnet has no t5d5cy to dip4 ,x is1 approximately speak+1 a l9e equally di/ant f ! magnetic poles1 & is call$ also ! acl9ic l9e4 ,x is n a great circle ( ! e>?4 #cde ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,field ( ,=ce4 ,! field ( =ce e/abli%$ by a magnet pole4 ,! attractions & repulsions ex]cis$ by su* a field foll[ ! c\rse ( ! electro- magnetic l9es ( =ce4 7,see also ,field ( ,=ce47 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( a pol>iz$ ne$le attract$ or repell$ is to foll[1 always keep+ tang5tial to curv$ l9es1 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 h[ev] sweep+ !y may be4 ,! direction ( magnetic l9es ( =ce is assum$ to be ! direction 9 :i* a positive pole is repell$ or a negative "o attract$2 9 o!r words1 f ! nor? pole ( a magnet to its s\? pole 9 ! out] circuit4 ,! direction ( l9es ( =ce at any po9t1 & ! int5sity or /r5g? ( ! field at t po9t1 express ! conditions !re4 ,! int5sity may bc express$ 9 t]ms ( t :i* a unit pole at unit di/ance w\ld produce4 ,?is int5sity z unit>y x has be5 propos$ to t]m a ,gauss4 7,see ,web]47 ,! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce 9 a magnetic field are %[n by ! "t-honor$ exp]im5t ( spr9kl+ fil+s ( iron ^u a %eet ( pap] held ov] a magnet pole or poles4 ,!y arrange !mselves1 if ! pap] is tapp$1 9 m or less curv$ l9es t5d+ to rea* f "o pole ( ! magnet to ! o!r4 ,_m figures may be produc$ by diff]5t conditions4 ,two ne> poles ( l "n produce l9es ( =ce :i* repel ea* o!r4 7,see ,magnetic ,curves47 ,a magnetic & an electro-magnetic field are id5tical 9 all ess5tial respects2 ! magnetic field may be reg>d$ z a special =m ( ! electro-magnetic field1 b only special z reg>ds its production & its def9$ nor? & s\? pol> regions4 ,synonyms--,magnetic ,sp9 7n mu* us$74 ,magnetic ,field1 ,uni=m4 ,a field ( id5tical /r5g? 9 all p>ts1 su* z ! e>?'s magnetic field4 ,if artificially produc$1 :i* c only be approximately done1 x implies l>ge cross-section ( magnet pole 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! magnetic ne$le affect$ by x1 :i* is us$ 9 det]m9+ its uni=mity4 ,magnetic ,figures4 ,! figures produc$ by iron fil+s ^u pap] or glass held ne> magnetic poles4 ,by ^! figures ! direction ( l9es ( =ce is approximately giv51 & a species ( map ( ! field is %[n4 7,see ,magnetic ,field ( ,=ce--,magnetic ,curves47 ,magnetic ,filam5t4 ,! successive r[s ( pol>iz$ molecules assum$ to exi/ 9 magnetiz$ iron4 ,ea* molecule repres5ts an inf9itely small magnet1 & its nor? pole po9ts to ! s\? pole ( ! next molecule4 ,su* a /r+ or r[ is a !oretical conception bas$ on ! idea t ! molecules 9 a magnet are all swung 9 to p>allelism 9 ! magnetiz+ process4 ,a magnetic filam5t may be t]m$ ! longitud9al elem5t ( a magnet4 7,see ,magnetism1 ,hughes' ,!ory (47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is description p>allels ! mod]n notion ( electron sp9 z ! basis ( magnetism 9 mat]ials4 ,magnetic ,fluids4 ,a two-fluid !ory ( magnetism has be5 evolv$1 analog\s to ! two-fluid !ory ( electricity4 ,x assumes nor? fluid or r$ magnetism & a s\? fluid or blue magnetism4 ,ea* magnetism is suppos$ to pr$om9ate at its own pole & to attract its opposite4 ,be=e magnetization ! fluids are suppos$ to neutralize ea* o!r ab\t ea* molecule2 magnetization is assum$ to sep>ate !m1 accumulat+ quantities ( !m at ! poles4 ,magnetic ,flux4 ,magnetic induction2 ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce t pass ?r\gh a magnetic circuit4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,fl[4 #cdf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,=ce4 ,! =ces ( attraction & repulsion ex]cis$ by a magnet4 ,by ,amp]e's !ory x is id5tical ) ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion ( electric curr5ts4 ,magnetic ,friction4 ,! damp+ effect produc$ on ! movem5ts ( a mass ( metal by proximity to a magnet2 ! ph5om5on illu/rat$ 9 ,arago's :eel1 q4 v4 ,:5 a mass ( metal moves 9 ! vic9ity ( a magnet x cuts ! l9es ( =ce emanat+ f its poles1 !reby produc+ curr5ts 9 its mass2 z ! production ( ^! curr5ts absorbs en]gy a damp+ effect is produc$ ^u ! movem5ts ( ! mass4 ,magnetic ,ge>4 ,friction ge> 9 :i* electro-magnetic adh]5ce is employ$ to draw ! :eels toge!r4 7,see ,adh]5ce1 ,electro-magnetic--,electro-magnetic ,friction ,ge>47 ,magnetic ,incl9ation4 ,! incl9ation f ! horizontal ( a magnetic ne$le plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5t--,incl9ation ,map47 ,synonym--,magnetic ,dip4 ,magnetic ,induction4 ,! =ce ( magnetization )9 an induc$ magnet4 ,x is 9 "p due to ! action ( ! surr\nd+ p>ticles ( pol>iz$ mat]ial2 9 "p to ! magnetic field4 7,see ,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t (47 ,9 a m g5]al way x is ! action ( a magnet ^u bodies 9 its field ( =ce4 ,9 "s cases ! magnetism induc$ causes ! nor? pole ( ! induc$ magnet to place itself z f> z possible f ! nor? pole ( ! induc+ magnet & ! same = ! s\? poles4 ,su* sub/ances are call$ p>amagnetic or f]romagnetic4 ,!y lie p>allel or tang5tial to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,9 o!r cases ! bodies lie at "r angles or normal to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,su* bodies are call$ diamagnetic4 ,"s bodies are cry/all9e or n homog5e\s 9 /ructure1 & 9 !m ! l9es ( magnetic induction may take irregul> or ecc5tric pa?s4 7,see ,a,eolotropic47 ,synonym--,magnetic ,influ5ce4 ,magnetic ,induction1 ,app>5t ,coeffici5t (4 ,! app>5t p]meability ( a p>amagnetic body z affect$ by ! pres5ce ( ,f\cault curr5ts 9 ! mat]ial itself4 ,^! curr5ts act exactly z d ! curr5ts 9 ! coils surr\nd+ ! cores ( electro-magnets4 ,!y produce l9es ( =ce :i* may exhau/ ! p]meability ( ! iron1 or may1 if 9 an opposite direction1 add to its app>5t p]meability4 ,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t (4 ,! numb]1 obta9$ by divid+ ! magnetization ( a body1 express$ 9 l9es ( =ce produc$ 9 x1 by ! magnetiz+ =ce :i* has produc$ su* magnetization1 express$ 9 l9es ( =ce producible by ! =ce 9 "q 9 air4 ,x always exce$s unity = iron1 nickel & cobalt4 ,x is also obta9$ by multiply+ ! coeffici5t ( induc$ magnetization by #d ,,pi 7#d 99 #c4adaei7 & add+ #a4 7,see ,magnetic ,susceptibility--,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$47 #cdg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! coeffici5t ( magnetic induction v>ies ) ! mat]ial ( ! induc$ mass1 & v>ies ) ! int5sity ( ! magnetiz+ =ce4 ,?is v>iation is due to ! fact t z ! induc$ magnetism 9 a body increases1 ! magnetiz+ =ce requir$ to ma9ta9 su* induction1 increases 9 a m rapid ratio4 ,! coeffici5t ( magnetic induction is ! same z magnetic p]meability1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se is ! analogue ( conductivity4 ,x is also t]m$ ! multiply+ p[] ( ! body or core magnetiz$4 ,x is ! coeffici5t ( induc$ magnetization 7see ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$7 ref]r$ to a mass ( matt]4 ,= diamagnetic bodies ! coeffici5t has a negative sign2 = p>amagnetic bodies x has a positive sign4 ,synonyms--,p]meability--,multiply+ ,p[]--,magnetic ,inductive ,capacity4 ,magnetic ,induction1 ,dynamic4 ,! induction produc$ by a magnetic field :i* moves ) respect to a body1 or :]e ! body if mov+ moves at a diff]5t rate1 or :]e ! body moves & ! field is /ation>y4 ,9 ! case :]e bo? move1 "p ( ! induction may be dynamic & "p /atic4 7,see ,magnetic ,induction1 ,/atic47 ,magnetic ,induction1 ,/atic4 ,magnetic induction produc$ by a /ation>y field act+ ^u a /ation>y body4 ,magnetic ,induction1 ,tube (4 ,an approximate cyl9d] or fru/rum ( a cone ^: sides are =m$ ( l9es ( magnetic induction4 7,see ,magnetic ,induction1 ,l9es (47 ,! t]m tube is v curi\sly appli$ 9 ?is case1 because ! elem5t or portion ( a magnetic field ?us designat$ is 9 no s5se holl[ or tubul>4 ,magnetic ,in]tia4 ,a s5sible "t is requir$ to magnetize iron1 or = x to "p ) its magnetism1 h[ev] s(t x may be4 ,?is is due to its magnetic in]tia & is t]m$ ! lag4 ,p]man5t or residual magnetism is a phase ( x4 ,x is analog\s to self-induction ( an electric circuit1 or to ! residual capacity ( a dielectric4 ,magnetic ,insulation4 ,only approximate insulation ( magnetism is possible4 ,!re is no p]fect insulator4 ,! be/ ones are only #aj1jjj times less p]meable ?an iron4 ,h5ce l9es ( =ce f9d _! way ?r\gh air & all o!r sub/ance1 be+ simply cr[d$ toge!r m 9 pa?s ( iron or o!r p>amagnetic sub/ance4 #cdh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,int5sity4 ,! int5sity ( ! magnetization ( a body4 ,x is measur$ by ! magnetic l9es ( =ce pass+ ?r\gh a unit area ( ! body1 su* area be+ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce4 ,magnetic ,lag4 ,9 magnetism ! t5d5cy ( h>d iron or /eel especially to take up magnetism sl[ly1 & to "p ) x sl[ly4 7,see ,magnetic ,in]tia47 ,! lag affects ! action ( a dynamo1 & is a m9or cause ( ^? necessitat+ ! lead ( ! bru%es4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,ret>dation4 ,magnetic ,latitude4 ,latitude ref]r$ to ! magnetic equator & isocl9ic l9es4 ,magnetic ,leakage4 ,! l9es ( =ce 9 a field magnet :i* pass ?r\gh ! air & n ?r\gh ! armature are useless & repres5t a wa/e ( field4 ,su* l9es con/itute magnetic leakage4 ,magnetic ,limit4 ,! temp]ature beyond :i* a p>amagnetic metal _c be magnetiz$4 ,! magnetic limit ( iron is f a r$ to a :ite heat2 ( cobalt1 f> beyond a :ite heat2 ( *romium1 bel[ a r$ heat2 ( nickel at ab\t #cej ,c4 7#ffb;,f47 ( manganese1 f #ae ,c4 to #bj ,c4 7#ei to #fh ,f47 ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,l9es ( =ce indicat+ ! di/ribution ( magnetic =ce1 :i* is due presumably to :irls ( ! e!r4 ,a wire or conductor ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+ is surr\nd$ by an electro-magnetic field ( =ce1 q4 v41 ^: l9es ( =ce =m circles surr\nd+ ! conductor 9 "q4 ,a magnet m>ks ! exi/5ce ( a simil> electro-magnetic field ( =ce ^: l9es =m circuits compris+ "p ( & 9 "s places all ( ! body ( ! magnet1 & :i* are complet$ ?r\gh ! air or any surr\nd+ p>amagnetic or diamagnetic body4 ,!y may be ?\ght ( z =m$ by ! ,amprian %eet ( curr5t1 & analog\s to ^? j m5tion$ z surr\nd+ a conductor4 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,,magnetic ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce1 ,,direction ,,(4 ,a magnetic l9e ( =ce may be ?\ght ( z a set ( vortices or :irls1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 & /rung along ! l9e ( =ce :i* is ! locus ( _! c5tres4 ,if z _m l9es are drawn p] squ>e c5timet] z !re are dynes 7p] unit pole7 ( =ce at ! po9t 9 "q1 ea* su* l9e w be a unit>y c4 g4 s4 l9e ( =ce4 #cdi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,mass4 ,a t]m = a quantity ( magnetism4 ,unit mass is ! quantity :i* at unit di/ance ex]cises unit =ce4 ,magnetic ,matt]4 ,imag9>y matt] assum$ z a cause ( magnetism4 ,two k9ds1 "o positive & "o negative1 may be assum$ z 9 ! two fluid !ory ( electricity1 or only "o k9d1 z 9 ! s+le fluid !ory ( electricity4 ,v>i\s !ories ( magnetic matt] h be5 pres5t$ ^: value is only 9 _! conv5i5ce4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,see magnet & ,edw>d ,purcell's explanation ( magnetism us+ g5]al relativity4 ,magnetic ,memory4 ,! prop]ty ( reta9+ magnetism2 co]cive =ce2 magnetic in]tia2 residual magnetism4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,small f]rite magnetic donuts 7 us$ z comput] ma9 memory f #aiej to #aigj4 ,magnetic ,m]idian4 ,a l9e =m$ on ! e>?'s surface by ! int]section !re) ( a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! magnetic axis4 ,x is a l9e det]m9$ by ! direction ( ! compass ne$le4 ,! m]idians con/antly *ange 9 direction & correspond 9 a g5]al way to ! geographical m]idians4 ,magnetic ,mom5t4 ,! /atical c\ple ) :i* a magnet w\ld be act$ on by a uni=m magnetic field ( unit int5sity if plac$ ) its magnetic axis at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce ( ! field4 7,emtage47 ,a uni=mly & longitud9ally magnetiz$ b> has a magnetic mom5t equal to ! product ( its l5g? by ! /r5g? ( its positive pole4 ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,a magnet ) a cup or small depression at its c5tre & pois$ ^u a %>p p9 s z to be free to rotate or oscillate 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! cup is (t5 made ( agate4 ,left free to take any position1 x places its magnetic axis 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,magnetic ,p>allels4 ,l9es r\ghly p>allel to ! magnetic equator on all p>ts ( ea* ( :i* ! dip ( ! magnetic ne$le is ! same2 also call$ ,isocl9ic ,l9es4 ,^! l9es m>k ! places ( ! int]section ( equipot5tial surfaces ) ! e>?'s surface4 ,!y are n true circles1 & ne> ! poles are irregul> ellipses2 ! magnet !re po9ts t[>d _! c5tres ( curvature4 ,!y correspond 9 a g5]al way ) ! ,geographical ,p>allels ( ,latitude4 ,magnetic ,p]meability4 ,! specific susceptibility ( any sub/ance1 exi/+ 9 a mass1 = magnetic induction4 7,see ,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t (1 synonym = ,magnetic ,p]meability & ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$47 ,synonyms--,magnetic ,inductive ,capacity--,multiply+ ,p[]--,coeffici5t ( ,magnetic ,induction4 #cej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,p]turbations4 ,irregul> di/urbances ( ! t]re/rial magnetism1 z by ! aurora & 9 electric /orms4 ,magnetic ,poles4 ,! po9ts :]e ! equipot5tial surfaces ( ! t]re/rial field ( =ce graze ! e>?'s surface2 ! po9ts t[>d :i* ! nor? or s\? poles ( ! magnetic ne$le is attract$4 ,ov] a magnetic pole ! magnetic ne$le t5ds to /& 9 a v]tical position4 ,!re are two poles1 ,arctic or negative1 & ,ant>ctic or positive4 ,magnetic ne$les surr\nd+ !m d n necess>ily po9t t[>d !m1 z !y po9t to ! c5tres ( curvature ( _! respective magnetic p>allels4 ,! poles con/antly *ange 9 position4 ,! l9e jo9+ !m does n co9cide ) any?+ :i* may be t]m$ ! magnetic axis ( ! e>?4 ,magnetic ,poles1 ,false4 ,poles on ! e>?'s surface o!r ?an ! two regul> magnetic poles4 ,!re seem by obs]vation to be sev]al su* poles1 :ile analogy w\ld limit true magnetic poles to two 9 numb]4 ,magnetic ,pot5tial4 ,! pot5tial at any po9t ( a magnetic field is ! "w :i* w\ld be done by ! magnetic =ces ( ! field ^u a positive unit ( magnetism z x moves f t po9t to an inf9ite di/ance4 7,emtage47 ,magnetic ,pro( ,piece4 ,a piece ( iron us$ = te/+ magnets & ! di/ribution ( magnetism 9 b>s1 by susp5d+ or support+ above or ne> ! magnet1 by deta*+ aft] adh]5ce1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,magnetic ,pro( ,plane4 ,an explor+ coil us$ = te/+ ! di/ribution ( magnetism4 ,x is connect$ 9 circuit ) a galvanomet]1 & expos$ to alt]nation ( curr5t1 or to o!r di/urb+ action produc$ by ! magnet or field "u exam9ation4 ,?is affects ! galvanomet]1 & f its movem5ts ! curr5t produc$ 9 ! coil1 & !nce ! magnetic induction to :i* x 0 expos$1 are calculat$4 ,synonym--,explor+ ,coil4 ,magnetic ,quantity4 ,! magnetism possess$ by a body2 x is proportional to ! action ( simil> poles ^u ea* o!r1 or to ! field produc$ by ! pole 9 "q4 ,x is also call$ ! /r5g? ( a pole4 ,! =ce ex]cis$ by two simil> poles ^u ea* o!r v>ies ) _! product & inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance sep>at+ !m2 or x may be express$ ?us 7m 99 m7 _/ 7,l#b74 ,?is is a =ce1 & ! dim5sions ( a =ce are ,,ml_/7,t#b74 ,!re=e1 7m#b7_/7,l#b7 ,,ml_/7,t#b7 or m 7,m4#e7997,l#a4e7_/,t4 #cea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,reluctance4 ,! reciprocal ( p]meance2 magnetic resi/ance2 ! relative resi/ance to ! passage ( l9es ( =ce (f]$ by diff]5t sub/ances4 ,! idea is d]iv$ f treat+ ! magnetic circuit l an electric "o1 & bas+ its action on magneto-motive =ce act+ ?r\gh a circuit possess+ magnetic reluctance4 ,magnetic ,reluctivity4 ,! reciprocal ( magnetic p]meability1 q4 v4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,resi/ance4 ,magnetic ,ret5tivity4 ,! prop]ty ( /eel or h>d iron by :i* x sl[ly takes up & sl[ly p>ts ) a magnetic condition--traditionally 7,daniell7 call$ co]citive =ce4 ,magnetic ,rot>y ,pol>ization4 ,if a plane pol>iz$ beam ( light is s5t ?r\gh a transp>5t m$ium 9 a magnetic field its plane ( pol>ization is rotat$1 & ?is ph5om5on is d5ot$ z above4 7,comp>e ,refraction1 ,electric1 & see ,electro-magnetic ,/ress47 ,?is has be5 made ! basis ( a me?od = measur+ curr5t4 ,a field ( =ce v>ies ) ! curr5t2 ! pol>ization produc$ by su* field is !re=e proportional to ! curr5t4 7,becqu]el ,rayleigh47 ,a plane pol>iz$ beam ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! transp>5t m$ium 9 ! magnetic field by ! ret>dation or accel]ation ( "o ( its circul> compon5ts has its plane ( pol>ization rotat$ z describ$4 ,! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce & ! nature ( ! m$ium det]m9e ! s5se ( ! rotation2 ! am\nt dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! field resolv$ 9 ! direction ( ! ray1 & on ! ?ickness & nature ( ! m$ium4 ,magnetic ,saturation4 ,! maximum magnetic =ce :i* c be p]man5tly imp>t$ to a /eel b>4 ,a b> may be magnetiz$ beyond ?is po9t1 b soon s9ks to x4 ,! magnetism produc$ 9 a b> is prev5t$ f depol>ization by ! ret5tivity or co]cive =ce ( ! b>4 ,! high] ! degree ( magnetization ! great] ! t5d5cy to depol>ization4 ,x is also def9$ z ! maximum int5sity ( magnetism produc$ 9 a p>amagnetic sub/ance by a magnetic field z f> z affect$ by ! p]meability ( ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,! m l9es ( =ce pass$ ?r\gh su* a sub/ance ! l[] is its residual p]meability4 ,x is assum$ t ?is becomes z]o aft] a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n ! po9t ( saturation is rea*$4 ,aft] ?is po9t is rea*$ ! addition ( any l9es ( =ce is ref]r$ entirely to ! field & n at all to ! p]meability ( ! sub/ance4 ,b su* a z]o is only def9able approximately4 ,magnetic ,scre54 ,a box or case ( s(t iron1 z ?ick z practicable1 = protect+ bodies )9 x f ! action ( a magnetic field4 ,! l9es ( =ce to a great ext5t keep )9 ! metal ( ! box on acc\nt ( its p]meability1 & b a comp>atively few ( !m cross ! space )9 x4 ,su* scre5s are us$ to prev5t wat*es f be+ magnetiz$1 & are a "p ( ,sir ,william ,?omson's ,m>9e galvanomet]4 ,a magnetic scre5 may be a sph]e1 an inf9ite or v l>ge plane1 or ( ! %ape ( any equipot5tial surface4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,%ield4 #ceb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,self-induction4 ,! cause ( a magnet weak5+ is on acc\nt ( ?is quality1 :i* is due to ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce )9 a magnet f ! positive t[>ds ! negative pole4 ,a magnet ?us t5ds to repel its own magnetism & to weak5 itself by self-induction4 7,daniell47 ,magnetic ,sep>ator4 ,an app>atus = sep>at+ magnetic sub/ances f mixtures4 ,su* sep>ators dep5d on ! action ( electro-magnets4 ,9 "o =m ! mat]ial falls ^u an iron drum1 magnetiz$ by coils4 ,any magnetic sub/ance adh]es to ! drum & is !reby sep>at$4 ,!y are us$ by porcela9 mak]s = )draw+ iron p>ticles f clay1 by ma*9i/s to sep>ate iron fil+s & *ips f brass1 & = simil> purposes4 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,,magnetic ,,sep>ator4 ,magnetic ,%ell4 ,a !oretical conception ( a cause ( a magnetic field or ( a di/ribution ( magnetism4 ,if we imag9e a quantity ( v %ort magnets arrang$ 9 contact ) _! l poles all po9t+ 9 ! same direction s z to make a metal %eet1 we h a magnetic %ell4 ,its magnetic mom5t is equal to ! sum ( ! magnetic mom5t ( all its p>ts4 ,if ! %ell is ( uni=m /r5g? ! magnetic mom5t ( a unit area gives ! /r5g? ( ! %ell2 x is equal to ! magnetic quantity p] unit ( area1 multipli$ by ! ?ickness ( ! %ell4 ,if its /r5g? is uni=m ?r\gh\t a magnetic %ell is call$ simple2 if its /r5g? v>ies x is t]m$ complex4 ,emtage ?us def9es x3 ,a magnetic %ell is an indef9itely ?9 %eet magnetiz$ ev]y:]e 9 ! direction normal to itself4 ,magnetic ,%ell1 ,/r5g? (4 ,! magnetic quantity p] unit ( area ( ! %ell multipli$ by ! ?ickness ( ! %ell4 #cec ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,%ield4 ,9 g5]al a magnetic scre51 q4 v4 ,sometimes a /rong local field is made to act z a %ield1 by its pr$om9ance ov]com+ any local or t]re/rial field to :i* ! ne$le to be protect$ may be expos$4 ,magnetic ,%unt4 ,! conception ( a magnetic circuit be+ =m$1 ! %unt is a coroll>y ( ! !ory4 ,x is any piece ( iron :i* connects po9ts ( a magnet diff]+ 9 pol>ity1 s z to div]t "p ( ! l9es ( =ce f ! armature or yoke4 ,! %unt is especially applicable 9 ! case ( horse%oe magnets4 ,?us a b> ( iron plac$ across f limb to limb a %ort di/ance back f ! poles w\ld act z a %unt to ! armature & w\ld div]t to itself "p ( ! l9es ( =ce :i* w\ld o!rwise g ?r\gh ! armature & w\ld weak5 ! attraction ( ! magnet = ! latt]4 ,9 dynamos a b> ( iron us$ z a magnetic %unt has be5 us$ to dim9i% ! l9es ( =ce go+ ?r\gh ! armature & h5ce to weak5 ! field & dim9i% ! electro-motive =ce4 ,by mov+ ! %unt ne>] or fur!r f ! poles ! dynamo is regulat$4 ,9 ! cut ! projections betwe5 ! yoke & poles ( ! magnet %[n act z a %unt to ! yoke1 tak+ "s l9es ( =ce !refrom4 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,,magnetic ,,%unt4 ,magnetic ,/orms4 ,t]re/rial magnetic di/urbances sometimes cov]+ v wide areas1 & affect+ ! magnetic decl9ation & incl9ation4 ,"o su* di/urbance 0 felt simultane\sly at ,toronto1 ,canada1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,prague & ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 7,sab9e47 #ced ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,/ra94 ,! /ra9 produc$ by magnetic l9es ( =ce 9 sub/ances expos$ to _! action4 ,x is obs]v$ 9 sub/ances plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a /rong electro-magnet1 & ev9ces itself 9 ! alt]ation ( ! optical prop]ties ( transp>5t sub/ances4 ,magnetic ,/ress4 ,! /ress produc$ by magnetic l9es ( =ce on sub/ances ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 evid5c$ 9 alt]ation ( ! optical prop]ties ( transp>5t bodies ?us treat$4 ,magnetic ,susceptibility4 ,! specific intr9sic susceptibility ( any mat]ial = magnetic induction4 ,x ref]s to ! p>ticle ( matt]1 & n to ! mass1 z 9 ! latt] its own p>ticles react on ea* o!r & br+ ab\t :at is t]m$ p]meability1 q4 v4 7,see also ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$1 & ,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t (47 ,synonym--,coeffici5t ( ,induc$ ,magnetization4 ,magnetic ,tick4 ,:5 a b> ( iron is sudd5ly magnetiz$ or demagnetiz$ x emits a slight s\nd1 call$ ! ,page s\nd1 or ! magnetic tick4 ,?is has be5 utiliz$ 9 a telephone by ,reiss4 ,! telephone w receive s\nd1 b is v weak4 ,x consi/s ( a b> surr\nd$ ) a coil ( insulat$ wire4 ,v>iations 9 curr5t produce s\nds1 :i* may be articulate if ! curr5ts are produc$ by a telephonic transmitt]4 ,magnetic ,twi/4 ,a b> ( iron held 9 ! magnetic m]idian & po9t+ to ! pole & twi/$ becomes to "s ext5t p]man5tly magnetiz$4 ,conv]sely a b> :5 magnetiz$ seems to h a twi/ set up 9 x4 ,! latt] is magnetic twi/4 ,magnetic ,v>iations4 ,*anges 9 ! value ( magnetic decl9ation or incl9ation4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,magnetism1 ,ampre's ,!ory (4 ,a !ory acc\nt+ = magnetic ph5om5a by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts circulat+ ar\nd ! molecules ( p]man5t magnets4 ,if su* curr5ts s circulate & all 9 ! same direction1 ! result is ! same z if ! body ( ! magnet 0 envelop$ 9 curr5ts repres5t+ ^? ( an electro-magnet or sol5oid4 ,?is is because 9 ! int]ior ! curr5t ar\nd "o molecule w\ld c\nt]act ! curr5t ar\nd its neighbor+ ones 9 "p1 s t ! only virtual curr5ts left w\ld be repres5t$ by ^? on ! out] surfaces ( ! out] %ell ( molecules1 & ^! virtually resolve !mselves into "o g5]al curr5t %eet1 surr\nd+ ! magnet & co9cid+ ) its surface4 ,! !ory assumes t su* curr5ts p]man5tly circulate ar\nd ! molecules ( p>amagnetic sub/ances4 ,"u ord9>y conditions !re is no co9cid5ce 9 _! direction & no resultant curr5t is produc$4 ,:5 magnetiz$ or pol>iz$ ! molecules are br\ght into ord]1 s t ! direction ( _! curr5t co9cides & ! body becomes a magnet4 #cee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,,amp,,rian ,,curr5ts ,,9 ,,magnets4 ,at ! nor? pole ( ! magnet ! direction ( ! ,amprian curr5ts is ! rev]se ( t ( a wat* :5 ! obs]v] faces ! pole2 ! rev]se obta9s = ! s\? pole4 ,! attraction ( opposite & repulsion ( simil> poles is expla9$ by ! actions ( ! ,amprian curr5ts ^u ea* o!r4 ,if nor? & s\? pole are plac$ toge!r ^! curr5ts w co9cide 9 direction & h5ce w attract ea* o!r4 ,if two l poles are put toge!r ! curr5ts w h opposite directions & w repel ea* o!r4 ,no en]gy is suppos$ to be requir$ to ma9ta9 curr5ts ar\nd or 9 a s+le molecule4 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,poles ,,( ,a ,,magnet ,,%[+ ,,direction ,,( ,,amp,,rian ,,curr5ts4 ,magnetism1 ,blue4 ,a t]m aris+ f ! two fluid !ory ( magnetism2 ! magnetism ( ! s\? pole ( a magnet4 7,see ,magnetic ,fluids47 ,! magnetism ( ! nor? pole is t]m$ r$ magnetism4 ,bo? t]ms orig9at$ presumably 9 ! pa9t+ ( magnets1 & are little us$4 ,synonym--,s\? ,magnetic ,fluid4 #cef ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetism1 ,compon5ts ( ,e>?'s4 ,! magnetic =ce ( ! e>? acts 9 ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian & 9 direction g5]ally lies oblique to ! plane ( ! horizon4 ,x c be resolv$ into two compon5ts1 "o v]tical1 :i* has no directive effect ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 ! o!r horizontal1 :i* repres5ts ! directive elem5t = ! usual compass ne$le4 ,= ! dipp+ ne$le1 q4 v41 ! v]tical compon5t is ! only active "o4 ,a magnetic ne$le m\nt$ on a univ]sal jo9t at its c5tre ( gravity w\ld be act$ on by bo? compon5ts4 ,magnetism1 ,creep+ (4 ,! gradual increase ( magnetism :5 a magnetic =ce is appli$ ) absolute /ead9ess to a piece ( iron4 ,x is a =m ( magnetic lag4 ,x may la/ = half an h\r & involve an increase ( sev]al p] c5t4 ( ! total magnetism4 ,synonym--,visc\s ,hy/]esis4 ,magnet1 ,iron ,clad4 ,a magnet ) a cas+ ( iron connect$ at "o end to ! core4 ,! t]m is g5]ally appli$ to electromagnets ( ?is =m4 ,synonyms--,tubul> ,magnet--,jacket$ ,magnet4 ,magnetism1 ,decay (4 ,! gradual loss ( magnetism by p]man5t magnets1 due to accid5tal %ocks1 *anges ( temp]ature1 sl[ spontane\s anneal+ ( ! iron & o!r simil> causes4 ,magnetism1 ,dis*>ge (4 ,! loos+ ( magnetization4 ,?us 9 a %unt-w\nd dynamo !re is a critical resi/ance = ! out] circuit1 bel[ :i* ! field ceases to be magnetiz$1 z en\gh curr5t ceases to be %unt$ into x to magnetize x4 ,! ma*9e is said to unbuild itself1 & a dis*>ge ( magnetism occurs f ! field magnet4 ,magnetism1 ,ew+'s ,!ory (4 ,ew+ f\nd by a model consi/+ ( a numb] ( pivot$ magnetic ne$les t ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( magnetization c\ld be repres5t$ !reby4 ,?us !re w\ld be no ne$ ( assum+ int]nal frictional =ces ( ,maxwell1 nor ! clos$ r+s or *a9s ( ,hughes4 ,! !ory reta9s ! notion1 h[ev]1 ( p>amagnetic matt]1 consi/+ ( an assemblage ( molecul> magnets4 ,! loss ( en]gy by hy/]esis is repres5t$ 9 ! model by ! en]gy lo/ by ! ne$les 9 beat+ aga9/ ! air4 #ceg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetism1 ,free4 ,! magnetism or magnetic field outside ( a magnetic circuit4 ,x is due to escape ( l9es ( =ce & to ! magnetic leakage ?r\gh ! air4 ,! l9es ( =ce are nev]1 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 conf9$ to ! metallic circuit ( ! magnet & armature4 ,9 a simple magnet )\t armature all ! l9es ( =ce h to foll[ an air pa?1 & ! field is at its /ronge/4 ,z ! magnetism is /ronge/ at ! surface ne> ! poles1 ! t]m is sometimes und]/ood z apply+ to ! surface attraction4 ,9 su* case x is def9$ z ! di/ribution1 on a magnetiz$ b> or mass1 ( magnetic l9es ( =ce z !y em]ge f its surface4 ,synonym--,surface ,magnetization4 ,magnetism1 ,hughes' ,!ory (4 ,a !ory acc\nt+ = magnetic ph5om5a by assum+ t ea* molecule is a magnet1 & t 9 a pol>iz$ or magnetiz$ body !y are all arrang$ ) _! poles 9 ! same direction1 :ile 9 an unmagnetiz$ body _! poles1 alt]nat+ 9 direction1 neutralize ea* o!r4 ,magnetization consi/s 9 a p>tial rotation ( ! molecules s z to make !m agree 9 position1 ?us1 z a resultant develop+ nor? & s\? poles at ! ends ( ! b>4 ,! !ory is 9 a c]ta9 s5se simpl] ?an ,amp]e's !ory1 b is n s g5]ally adopt$4 ,magnetism1 ,lamell> ,di/ribution (4 ,! di/ribution ( magnetism 9 ?9 & uni=m or simple magnetic %ells1 q4 v4 ,a giv5 di/ribution is t]m$ lamell> if ! sub/ance 9 :i* x exi/s c be divid$ into simple magnetic %ells1 :i* ei!r =m clos$ surfaces1 or h _! edges 9 ! surface ( ! sub/ance4 ,9 lamell> di/ribution ! pol> area is v l>ge comp>$ ) ! di/ance betwe5 opposite poles4 ,magnetism ( ,gases4 ,f>aday exp]im5t$ on ?is po9t by color+ gases ) a little vapor ( iod9e or o!r color$ gas1 & lett+ !m fl[ betwe5 ! two poles ( a p[]ful electromagnet4 ,9 ?is way he f\nd "s are repell$1 "s attract$1 & 9 ! case ( oxyg51 x is attract$ at "o temp]ature & repell$ at ano!r4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures a cubic y>d ( oxyg5 possesses ! magnetism ( #e4e gra9s ( iron & :5 liquefi$ x is /rongly attract$4 ,magnetism or ,magnetization1 ,tempor>y4 ,:5 a mass ( iron is magnetiz$ by a curr5t1 :5 ! curr5t ceases ! portion ( its magnetism :i* disappe>s is ! tempor>y magnetism2 ! portion reta9$ is ! residual or p]man5t magnetism4 ,magnetism1 ,r$4 ,a t]m aris+ f ! two fluid !ory ( magnetism2 ! magnetism ( ! nor? pole ( a magnet4 7,see ,magnetic ,fluids47 ,! magnetism ( ! s\? pole is t]m$ blue magnetism4 ,bo? t]ms orig9at$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( magnets4 ,!y are b little us$4 ,synonym--,nor? ,magnetic ,fluid4 #ceh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetic ,reman5ce4 ,! residual magnetism left 9 a b> ( /eel or o!r p>amagnetic mat]ial aft] ! application ( a p[]ful magnet4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f co]cive =ce1 z ! latt] is ! am\nt ( negative magnetiz+ or ( demagnetiz+ =ce requir$ to r$uce ! reman5t magnetism to z]o4 ,synonym--,reman5ce--,residual ,magnetism4 ,magnetism1 ,sol5oidal ,di/ribution (4 ,! di/ribution ( magnetism 9 su* a way t ! poles are v f> ap>t 9 proportion to _! area4 ,! magnetization ( a long ?9 b> ( /eel illu/rates sol5oidal di/ribution4 ,magnetism ,sub-p]man5t4 ,! magnetism ( a p>amagnetic sub/ance :i* pres5ts a consid]able degree ( p]man5cy1 b :i* gradually disappe>s1 leav+ ! p]man5t magnetism pres5t4 ,x is noticeable 9 iron or /eel %ips ^: magnetism gradually r$uc$ 9 quantity1 ev5tually becomes fully p]man5t4 ,magnetism1 ,web]'s ,!ory (4 ,! molecules ( a magnetizable mat]ial by ?is !ory are suppos$ to be magnets ) _! poles ly+ 9 e direction1 & h5ce neutraliz+ ea* o!r4 ,by magnetization ^! are suppos$ to be turn$ ) _! simil> poles 9 ! same direction1 & _! axis p>allel1 h5ce act+ l a gr\p ( magnets4 ,x is practically id5tical ) ,hughes' !ory4 ,magnetism1 ,t]re/rial4 ,! magnetism ( ! e>?4 7,see ,magnetic ,elem5ts47 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,,magnetization ,,by ,,d\ble ,,t\*4 ,magnetization by ,d\ble ,t\*4 ,! process ( magnetiz+ a /eel b> by simultane\sly /rok+ x ) two poles ( a horse%oe magnet or ) two opposite poles ( two b> magnets4 ,! poles mu/ be close b n t\*+4 ,a block ( wood may be plac$ betwe5 ! ends if s+le magnets are us$4 ,! poles are plac$ on ! middle ( ! b> & c>ri$ back & =? to "o end1 !n to ! o!r1 & s on1 end+ at ! middle ( ! b> 9 su* direction z to give ea* end ! same numb] ( /rokes4 ,! poles mu/ be close toge!r or consequ5t poles w be produc$4 ,if b> magnets are us$ !y may be held incl9$ at an angle ( #ae to #bj ) ! horizontal b> to be magnetiz$4 ,! ends ( ! latt] may re/ on poles ( two o!r magnets1 ea* end on a pole ( ! same "n z t ( ! magnetiz+ magnet on its side4 7,see ,magnetization1 ,h(f]'s ,me?od47 #cei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetization by ,sep>ate ,t\*4 ,a me?od ( magnetization4 ,two magnets are us$4 ,held 9 an incl9$ position two opposite poles are t\*$ to ! b> ne> its c5tre1 & are drawn (f to ! two ends4 ,!y are return$ ?r\gh ! air & ! process is repeat$4 ,magnetization by ,s+le ,t\*4 ,a me?od ( pol>iz+ or magnetiz+ /eel b>s1 by /rok+ !m always 9 "o direction ) "o pole ( a magnet1 return+ x ?r\gh ! air4 ,! /rok+ is be/ done on bo? sides4 ,! /rok+ may beg9 at "o end & end at ! o!r1 or x may be comm5c$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! b> & be c>ri$ to "o end ) "o pole1 & ! same done = ! o!r half ) ! o!r pole4 ,magnetization by ! ,e>?4 ,! e>? imp>ts magnetism to iron masses4 ,if a rod ( /eel is held p>allel to ! incl9ation & 9 ! magnetic m]idian x exhibits pol>ity1 :i* by j>r+ or hamm]+1 c be made to "s ext5t p]man5t4 ,a piece ( s(t iron held v]tically1 or /ill bett] 9 ! l9e ( ! dip z above1 & :i* is twi/$ :5 9 t position1 becomes magnetiz$ ) "s degree ( p]man5ce4 ,_m o!r in/ances are cit$1 su* z fire-irons1 lamp-po/s1 iron gates1 la! turn+s1 all ( :i* (t5 exhibit pol>ity1 hav+ be5 magnetiz$ by ! e>?'s field4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! e>?'s magnetic field is believ$ to orig9ate x electric curr5ts 9 ! mov+ molt5 core4 ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$4 ,! coeffici5t 7q4 v47 express+ ! relation betwe5 ! specific int5sity ( magnetization ( a p>ticle & ! magnetiz+ =ce4 ,! magnetiz+ =ce is measur$ by ! l9es ( =ce x c produce 9 a field ( air4 ,! coeffici5t ( induc$ magnetization is ! factor by :i* ! int5sity ( a magnetiz+ field mu/ be multipli$ to produce ! magnetization imp>t$ by x to a p>ticle ( any sub/ance4 ,?is coeffici5t v>ies = diff]5t sub/ances1 & is also call$ magnetic susceptibility4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f p]meability z ref]r+ only to a p>ticle isolat$ f influ5ce ( a mass ( surr\nd+ p>ticles ( its own k9d4 ,x is def9able z ! int5sity ( ! magnetization assum$ by an exce$+ly long & exce$+ly ?9 b> plac$ 9 a unit field4 ,if a mass ( metal 7 plac$ 9 su* a field all its p>ticles w\ld become affect$ & )9 ! mass no unit field c\ld exi/4 ,h5ce magnetic susceptibility 7ano!r "n = ?is coeffici5t7 does n apply to ! case ( l>ge cores ( electro-magnets & dynamo-armatures1 b is really a !oretical r ?an a practical figure4 ,! sign ( ! coeffici5t ( diamagnetic bodies is negative2 ( p>amagnetic bodies is positive4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,susceptibility4 #cfj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetization1 ,cycle (4 ,a cycle ( positive or ( positive & negative magnetization repres5ts ! application ( a magnetiz+ =ce beg9n+ at a fix$ value1 g5]ally z]o1 ris+ to a maximum1 or to a value ( maximum di/ance f ! initial & !n return+ to ! orig9al basis4 ,x is virtually a full wave ( magnetization & may ext5d on bo? sides ( a z]o l9e giv+ positive & negative values4 ,cycles ( magnetization apply especially to trans=m]s & o!r app>atus ( t "* us$ ) ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em4 ,magnetization1 ,h(f]'s ,me?od4 ,= horse%oe b>s an armature is plac$ aga9/ ! poles ( ! magnet b> to be treat$4 ,! poles ( a /rong horse%oe magnet are /rok$ ov] x f poles to b5d & return$ ?r\gh ! air1 or vice v]sa4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! poles w be ! same z ^? ( ! induc+ magnet2 9 ! second case !y w be opposite4 ,a maximum effect is produc$ 9 t5 /rokes4 ,! /rok+ %\ld be appli$ to bo? sides4 ,an electro-magnet may be us$ z induc] z %[n1 b an armature %\ld be us$2 9 ! cut x is omitt$4 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,,magnetiz+ ,a ,,horse%oe ,,magnet4 ,magnetization1 ,int5sity (4 ,! am\nt ( magnetism induc$ 9 or pres5t 9 a body4 ,x is express$ 9 ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce1 q4 v41 p] cross-sectional area4 ,magnetization1 ,i/hmus ,me?od (4 ,a me?od us$ by ,ew+ 9 a rese>* on ! magnetization ( iron 9 v /rong fields4 ,he us$ samples ( iron turn$ d[n 9 ! c5tre to a n>r[ neck1 & ?us conc5trat$ ! l9es ( =ce greatly4 ,magnetization1 ,elias' ,me?od4 ,! b> to be magnetiz$ is surr\nd$ by a magnetiz+ coil1 q4 v4 ,a /rong curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x1 & ! coil is mov$ back & =? a few times4 ,magnetization1 ,jacobi's ,me?od4 ,= horse%oe b>s4 ,! b> is plac$ ) its poles aga9/ ^? ( a horse%oe magnet4 ,a b> ( s(t iron1 long en\gh to rea* f outside to outside ( ! legs1 is laid across ne> ! junction & is drawn along t[>ds ! b5d ( ! new b> & away f x4 ,?is is repeat$ a few times on bo? sides4 #cfa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetization1 ,limit (4 ,z ! induction ( magnetiz+ =ce increases1 magnetization ( p>amagnetic metals t5ds t[>ds a limit1 ! increase 9 magnetization be+ cont9ually less & less z ! metal becomes m highly magnetiz$4 ,9 diamagnetic sub/ances no limit is disc]nible4 ,synonym--,maximum ,magnetization4 ,magnetization1 ,specific4 ,! magnetic mom5t p] gram ( a sub/ance4 ,magnet-keep]4 ,a b> ( iron connect+ ! two poles ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,(t5 ! same b> s]ves z armature & keep]4 ,magnet1 ,lam9ation (4 ,x is advantage\s to make magnets ( lam9at$ con/ruction1 or ( ?9 plates ( /eel4 ,! ?9 metal c be bett] temp]$ or h>d5$ ?an ?ick metal4 ,a slight sep>ation ( ! plates is advantage\s f "s po9ts ( view4 ,if 9 actual contact !re is "s dang] t ! weak] memb]s w h _! pol>ity rev]s$ by ! /rong] ones4 ,?is is c\nt]act$ to "s ext5t by sep>ation4 ,magnet1 ,long ,coil4 ,a high resi/ance electro-magnet2 "o ^: coil is ( ?9 wire ( consid]able l5g?4 ,magnet1 ,natural4 ,! lode/one1 q4 v42 a v>iety ( magnetite or magnetic oxide ( iron1 exhibit+ p]man5t magnetism1 attract+ iron1 & possess+ nor? & s\? poles4 ,magnet1 ,neutral ,l9e (4 ,a l9e at "r angles to ! magnetic axis ( a magnet1 q4v41 & ne>ly or q at ! c5tre1 s situat$ ) ref]5ce to ! poles on ei!r end t x m>ks ! locus ( no pol>ity4 ,x has be5 call$ ! equator ( ! magnet4 ,x is def9$ by ! int]section ( ! plane ( no magnetism ) ! surface ( ! b>4 ,synonym--,magnetic ,equator4 ,magnet1 ,normal4 ,a b> or comp\nd b> magnet1 magnetiz$ to su* an ext5t t ! curves ( ! l9es ( =ce run into ea* o!r 9 ! middle1 is ?us t]m$ by ,jam94 ,magneto4 ,abbreviation = ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator4 7,see ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator47 ,magneto ,call ,bell4 ,a call op]at$ by curr5t f a magneto-electric g5]ator4 ,x is v g5]ally us$ 9 telephone sy/ems4 #cfb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magneto-electric4 adj4 ,relat+ to induc$ electric effects due to ! cutt+ ( true magnetic l9es ( =ce by1 or equival5t action ( or ^u a conductor4 ,^! effects are id5tical ) electro-magnetic effects & are only di/+ui%$ f !m by ! field be+ due to a p]man5t magnet in/ead ( an electromagnet4 ,magneto-electric ,brake4 ,a device = br++ to re/ an oscillat+ galvanomet] ne$le4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a coil 9 circuit ) a key & ) ! galvanomet]4 ,on op5+ ! circuit an inv]se curr5t is e/abli%$ by induction1 t5d+ to br+ ! ne$le to re/4 ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator4 ,a curr5t g5]ator op]at+ by ma9ta9+ a pot5tial diff]5ce at its t]m9als1 by reactions 9 a field ( =ce1 :i* field is e/abli%$ by a p]man5t magnet4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bcj1 %[s ! g5]al pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( a direct curr5t g5]ator4 ,! armature is rotat$ betwe5 ! poles ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,any ( ! regul> types ( dynamo armature c be us$4 ,f its commutator ! curr5t is tak5 by bru%es4 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,,magneto-,,electric ,,g5]ator4 ,fig4 #bca4 ,,magneto-,,electric ,,g5]ator4 #cfc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bca1 %[s an alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e4 ,9 x a pair ( bobb9s1 w\nd 9 s]ies1 & bo? ei!r "r-h&$ or left-h&$1 are rotat$ betwe5 p]man5t magnet poles4 ,! curr5t may be tak5 (f by two bru%es be>+ on two collect+ r+s on ! axis ( ! bobb9s1 ! ends ( ! wire be+ connect$ !reto4 ,or if a %ock+ curr5t is desir$1 "o ( ! bru%es or spr+s may /rike a s]ies ( p9s =m+ virtually a brok5 or int]rupt$ collect+ r+4 ,?is gives a curr5t = m$ical purposes4 ,synonyms--,magneto-dynamo--,magneto-ele ctric ,ma*9e4 ,magnetograph4 ,an app>atus = record+ v>iations 9 magnetic elem5ts4 ,"o type includes a magnetic ne$le to :i* a concave mirror is atta*$4 ,! light ray f ! mirror is reflect$ ^u s5sitiz$ pap] :]e its movem5ts are photographically reproduc$4 ,! movem5ts ( ! spot are due to ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le & act z ! record ( ! same4 ,magneto-,inductor4 ,an in/rum5t = use ) a balli/ic galvanomet] to reproduce a def9ite curr5t impulse4 ,two magnets are fa/5$ toge!r 9 "o /raight l9e1 ! nor? poles almo/ t\*+4 ,?is is m\nt$ at ! end ( a rod l a p5dulum1 ! axis ( ! magnets transv]se to ! rod4 ,! magnets are c>ri$ by a frame & oscillate at ! end ( ! rod1 back & =? )9 a fix$ coil1 :i* is "o-half ! l5g? ( ! d\ble magnet4 ,a bob is atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! frame by :i* ! :ole c be swung4 ,z ! magnets are ( fix$ value1 _! "t ( oscillation con/ant1 & ! coil fix$ 9 size1 ! app>atus provides a means ( gett+ a def9ite in/antane\s curr5t ( id5tical value :5ev] ne$$4 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,,magneto-,,inductor4 #cfd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnetomet]4 7a7 ,a reflect+ galvanomet]1 ) heavy magnetic ne$le1 damp5$ by a copp] frame4 ,x 0 devis$ by ,web]4 7b7 ,an app>atus = measur+ ! int5sity ( magnetic =ce4 ,x may consi/ ( a magnet susp5d$ by bifil> or by torsion susp5sion4 ,a reflect+ mirror & scale z 9 ! reflect+ galvanomet] may be us$ to act z indicator ( its motions4 ,x is us$ 9 inve/igations ( ! int5sity ( ! e>?'s field4 ,if ! motions ( ! spot ( light are receiv$ on a mov+ /rip ( s5sitiz$ pap] & are !reby reproduc$ photographically1 ! in/rum5t is self-record+4 ,su* an app>atus is us$ 9 ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 ,eng41 = record+ ! t]re/rial magnetic elem5ts4 ,magnetometry4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! magnetic mom5t ( a magnet4 ,x involves ! det]m9ation by exp]im5t (--7 a7 ! product ( ! magnetic mom5t1 ,m1 ( ! magnet by ! horizontal compon5t1 ,h1 ( ! e>?'s magnetism2 7b7 ! quoti5t ( ,m divid$ by ,h4 ,kn[+ ^! two quantities1 ,m is giv5 by ! =mula ,m ,square,root7 7,m 99 ,h7 99 7,m_/,h7 7 & if desir$ ,h is giv5 by ! =mula ,h ,square,root7 7,m99,h7 _/ 7,m_/,h774 ,m99,h is det]m9$ by ! me?od ( vibrations4 ,a v long1 ?9 magnet susp5d$ by a torsion filam5t is caus$ to oscillate1 & its p]iod is det]m9$4 ,call+ su* p]iod ,t & ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! magnet ,i1 we h ! =mula ,t #b99 ,,pi 99 ,square,root7 ,i _/ 7,h99,m7 7 7a71 :5ce ,h99,m is calculat$1 ,i ( c\rse be+ kn[n or sep>ately det]m9$4 ,fig4 #bcc ,,end-,,on ,,me?od4 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,,broadside ,,me?od4 ,m_/,h is det]m9$ by ! ,end-on deflection me?od1 or ! ,broadside deflection me?od4 ,9 bo? cases ! deflection ( a compass ne$le by ! magnet 9 "q is ! basis ( ! "w4 ,9 ! end-on me?od ,,ab is ! magnet "u exam9ation2 ,,de ! compass ne$le2 a ! angle ( deflection2 d ! di/ance betwe5 ,c & ! middle ( ,,ab1 :i* %\ld be consid]able comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( ,,de2 #bl1 ! l5g? ( ,,ab4 ,we !n h ! =mula tan a 7,m_/,h7 99 7#b;d _/ 7d#b - l#b7b71 :i* if #bl is small comp>$ to d r$uces to tan a ,m_/,hd #c 7b71 :i* gives ,m_/,h1 a & d be+ kn[n4 #cfe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! broadside me?od ! l9e d is ! magnetic m]idian1 & ! diagram %[s ! relative positions4 ,we !n h ! =mula tan a 7,m_/,h7 _/ 7d#b l#b7a4e2 :i* if #a is relatively small r$uces to tan a ,m_/7,h 99 d#c 77,c47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! image ( ! above p>agraphs is includ$ "h4 a & c or a & b c be comb9$ giv+ ,m & ,h 9 ,c4,g4,s4 measurem5t4 ,magnetomet]1 ,diff]5tial4 ,an app>atus1 inv5t$ by ,eickemey]1 = te/+ ! magnetic qualities ( diff]5t samples ( iron4 ,x is v simil> 9 con/ruction & pr9ciple to ! magnetic bridge1 q4 v4 ,magneto-motive ,=ce4 ,! =ce produc+ a magnetic field or =c+ l9es ( =ce ar\nd a magnetic circuit4 ,x is usually appli$ only to electro-magnets & is expressible 9 turns ( ! wire w9d+ multipli$ by amp]es ( curr5t1 or 9 amp]e-turns4 ,magnet ,op]ation4 ,a t]m 9 surg]y2 ! use ( ! electro-magnet or p]man5t magnet = remov+ p>ticles ( iron f ! eye4 ,magnetoscope4 ,an app>atus = detect+ ! pres5ce ( magnetism1 )\t measur+ its int5sity4 ,a simple magneto-scope consi/s ( a magnetiz$ bit ( wat*-spr+ susp5d$ 9 a v]tical glass tube by a f9e filam5t4 ,a bit ( unmagnetiz$ s(t iron wire may be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! fir/ has ! advantage ( indicat+ pol>ity2 ! latt] m]ely %[s magnetic attraction4 ,a cork may be us$ z base ( ! in/rum5t4 ,fig4 #bce4 ,,magnetoscope4 #cff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnet1 ,p]man5t4 ,a b> ( /eel *>g$ ) residual magnetism4 ,/eel possesses high co]cive =ce 9 virtue ( :i* :5 once magnetiz$ x reta9s "p ( ! magnetization4 ,p]man5t magnets are g5]ally /raight b>s or ,u %ap$2 !y are t]m$ b> magnets1 magnetic ne$les1 horse%oe magnets1 ma*9e magnets & o!rwise1 accord+ to _! %ape or uses4 ,magnet ,pole4 ,! "p ( a magnet %[+ /ronge/ pol>ity2 ! "p :i* attracts iron ! mo/ p[]fully1 & acts z ! />t+ po9t = l9es ( =ce4 ,magnet ,poles1 ,second>y4 ,magnet poles are (t5 n situat$ at ! ends4 ,ow+ to inequality ( ! mat]ial or o!r causes !y may occupy int]m$iate positions on ! magnet4 ,su* poles are call$ second>y poles4 ,magnet ,pole1 ,unit4 ,a unit magnet pole is "o :i* ex]ts unit =ce on ano!r unit pole plac$ at unit di/ance f x4 ,unit =ce is ! dyne2 unit di/ance is "o c5timet]4 ,magnet1 ,portative ,p[] (4 ,! p[] ( su/a9+ a weight by attraction ( its armature possess$ by a magnet4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! adh]5ce ( ! armature ( a magnet to ! pole v>ies ) ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce :i* pass ?r\gh ! po9t ( contact4 ,h5ce an increas$ adh]5ce ( ! armature to a horse%oe electro-magnet is sometimes obta9$ by dim9i%+ ! area ( contact ( "o pole :i* conc5trates ! l9es ( =ce4 ,/eel magnets 7 frequ5tly made ) r\nd$ ends to increase ! portative p[]4 ,magnet1 ,simple4 ,a magnet made ( "o piece ( metal1 or at lea/ magnetiz$ z su*2 ! rev]se ( a comp\nd magnet1 :i* is magnetiz$ piece by piece & !n fa/5$ toge!r4 ,magnet1 ,sol5oidal4 ,a magnet :i* is s uni=mly magnetiz$ & is s long 9 proportion to its o!r dim5sions t x virtually e/abli%es two magnetic poles1 "o at ei!r end4 ,x is a long ?9 b> s magnetiz$ t all its molecules w\ld1 consid]$ z magnets1 be absolutely equal4 7,daniell47 ,x acts l a sol5oid1 except t x is long] 9 proportion ?an ! sol5oid g5]ally is con/ruct$4 ,magnet1 ,suck+4 ,a magnet coil ) movable or loose axial b> ( s(t iron4 ,! :ole is usually m\nt$ v]tically4 ,:5 a /rong en\gh curr5t is pass$ ! b> is drawn up into ! coil z if by suction1 :5ce ! "n4 #cfg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,magnet1 ,unipol>4 ,no su* ?+ z a unipol> magnet is possible4 ,! "n is giv5 to pois$ or susp5d$ magnets1 "o ( ^: poles lies 9 ! axis ( susp5sion4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a magnet w act1 z f> z its directive t5d5cy & rotatory movem5ts are conc]n$1 z if x _h only "o pole4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ! pole s 9 bo? magnets lies 9 ! axis ( susp5sion or directly "u ! filam5t by :i* !y are susp5d$1 :ile ! o!r pole n is ! active pole 9 caus+ rotation or directive t5d5cy2 c c are c\nt]weights or c\nt]poises4 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,,unipol> ,,magnets4 ,magnetophone4 ,an app>atus = produc+ a l\d s\nd1 involv+ ! pr9ciples ( ! telephone4 ,a rapidly alt]nat+ or make & break curr5t be+ produc$ by any means & be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! telephone gives a l\d note ( pit* dep5d5t on ! curr5t produc+ x4 ,sometimes a p]=at$ metallic disc is rotat$ 9 a magnetic field1 & produces ! requisite type ( curr5t4 ,magnus' ,law4 ,a law ( !rmo-electricity4 ,9 a homog5e\s circuit1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature v>ies f po9t to po9t2 !re is no curr5t4 ,:atev] pot5tial diff]5ces may be e/abli%$ by ! v>iations 9 temp]ature x is evid5t t !y mu/ c\nt]act ea* o!r & r$uce to z]o4 ,ma9s1 ,electric4 ,! l>g] conductors 9 a sy/em ( electric light or p[] di/ribution4 ,make4 v4 ,to complete a circuit1 z by clos+ a swit*4 ,make & ,break ,curr5t4 ,a curr5t :i* is cont9ually brok5 or int]rupt$ & />t$ aga94 ,x is appli$ only :]e ! makes & breaks succe$ ea* o!r ) great rapidity1 z 9 ! action ( an induction coil or pole *ang]1 etc4 ,x has _h consid]able importance 9 litigation affect+ ! ,bell telephone pat5ts1 ! c\rts hold+ t ! orig9al ,bell pat5t 7,no4 #agd1dfe1 ( #ahgf17 cov]$ ! undulat+ curr5t1 = ! transmission ( spee*4 ,_m ef=ts h be5 made by litigants to prove t specific telephones h transmitt$ articulate spee* by ! make & break curr5t1 b )\t success4 ,if ?is c\ld h be5 prov$ ! assumption is t ! c\rts w\ld h su/a9$ ! use ( su* device z n infr++ ^u ! claims ( ! ,bell pat5t4 ,malapt]urus4 ,a fi%1 sometimes call$ ! ?und] fi%1 an inhabitant ( ,african riv]s1 occurr+ 9 ! ,nile & ,s5egal4 ,x possesses consid]able electric p[]1 simil> to t ( ! gymnotus & torp$o1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 am\nt4 #cfh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,,malapt]urus4 ,man-hole4 ,! ci/]n-l depression 9 ! gr\nd = giv+ access to ! ends ( tubes 9 electric conduits4 7,see ,conduit1 ,electric ,subway47 ,m>k$ ,end or ,pole4 ,! nor? pole or nor? seek+ pole ( a magnet1 s call$ because x is usually m>k$ ) a not* or scrat* by ! mak]4 ,! s\? pole is call$ ! unm>k$ end4 ,mass4 ,! quantity ( matt] 9 a body4 ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( mass is ! quantity ( matt] 9 a gram4 ,:ile weight v>ies ) latitude & o!r circum/ances1 mass is inv>iable4 ,! unit ( mass is also def9$ z ! quantity ( matt] :i* 9 a balance w c\nt]poise a /&>d mass1 ! gram or p\nd4 ,z ! gram is int5d$ to be ! mass ( "o cubic c5timet] ( wat] at #c4ji ,c4 7#ci ,f471 ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( mass is really #a4jjjjac gram4 ,z a prim>y unit its dim5sions are indicat$ by ,m4 ,mass1 ,electric4 ,a t]m = quantity ( electricity4 ,! unit mass is su* a quantity z at unit di/ance w act ) unit =ce4 ,matt]1 ,electric4 ,! imag9>y sub/ance con/itut+ electricity2 a conception us$ purely z a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! electron 0 discov]$ five ye>s aft] ?is publication4 ,matt]1 ,radiant4 ,matt] 9 ! ultra-gase\s or s-call$ f\r? /ate4 ,9 ! gase\s /ate ! molecules ( a gas are 9 p]petual k9etic motion1 collid+ actually or virtually ) ea* o!r1 reb\nd+ f su* approa*1 & /rik+ also ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,b except = ^! deflections1 :i* are ( enorm\s frequ5cy1 ! pa?s ( ! molecules w\ld be p]fectly /raight4 ,9 ! radiant /ate matt] exi/s 9 s high a vacuum t collisions ( ! molecules r>ely occur1 & ! molecules simply beat back & =? 9 /raight l9es f side to side ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,a lay] ( gas 9 ?is condition is t]m$ a ,crookes' lay]1 f ,pr(4 ,william ,crookes1 :o discov]$ & inve/igat$ ^! ph5om5a4 #cfi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,lum9\s /reams ( ! molecules are produc$ by electric high pot5tial dis*>ges betwe5 electrodes4 ,! c\rse ( ! dis*>ge is normal1 9 g5]al t]ms1 to ! surfaces ( ! electrodes1 & rea*es f "o to ! o!r 9 a curve or /raight l9e1 z ! case may be4 ,^! lum9\s /reams are deflect$ by a magnetic field2 if br\ght to a focus c heat refractory mat]ial 9 t focus to a full :ite heat1 & c develop phosphoresc5ce4 ,! latt] is t]m$ electric phosphoresc5ce4 ,a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts h be5 devis$ to illu/rate ! ph5om5a ( radiant matt]4 ,! vacuum is g5]ally produc$ 9 a h]metically seal$ glass vessel into :i* ! electrodes are seal$1 & :i* conta9 ! phosphoresc5t sub/ances or o!r ess5tials = ! exp]im5ts4 ,! vessels are t]m$ ,crookes' ,tubes4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,crookes report$ on radiant matt] 9 #ahgi4 ,x is actually electrons1 b he fail$ to di/+ui% !m f ord9>y atoms4 ,?ompson prop]ly describ$ electrons 9 #ahig4 ,matteueci's ,exp]im5t4 ,an exp]im5t = %[+ ! inductive effect ( ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,two glass plates are support$ on /&>ds 9 a v]tical position4 ,flat coils ( wire are w\nd or coil$ & secur$ to "o surface ( ea* plate4 ,"o plate has mu* f9] & long] wire ?an ! o!r4 ,metal h&les are connect$ to ! ends ( ! co>s] wire coil4 ,! plates are plac$ ) _! coils fac+ ea* o!r4 ,a ,leyd5 j> is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! co>s] coil1 :ile ! h&les are grasp$ by a p]son4 ,! %ock ( ! dis*>ge is felt by him4 ,matt+1 ,electric ,floor4 ,matt+ or floor cov]+ und]laid ) burgl> al>m contacts1 s arrang$ z to be clos$ by anyone walk+ on ! matt+4 ,! contacts are connect$ to a burgl> al>m sy/em4 ,! object is to provide an al>m if a burgl> ent]s a h\se1 9 case he %\ld ent] a door or w9d[ )\t s\nd+ ! bell4 ,! latt] c be done by cutt+ out ! w9d[ or "p ( ! door in/ead ( op5+ x4 ,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light4 ,a !ory ( light4 ,x is due to ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,x supposes ! ph5om5a ( electric induction to be due to ! e!r1 q4 v4 ,x supposes ! condition ( ! e!r :5 convey+ light to be ! same z if expos$ to ! induction ( rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts or dis*>ges 79 ?is case synonym\s74 ,x !re=e is an electro-magnetic effect if ! !ory is correct4 ,an electric /ress su* z "o due to ! induction ( an electro/atically *>g$ body is n a wave-creat+ elem5t or factor1 b is a simple /ress4 ,b let ?is /ress be /opp$ & r5ew$ & at once x appe>s z a wave-=m+ ag5cy4 ,?is /oppage & r5ewal repres5ts evid5tly a dis*>ge succe$$ by a *>ge1 or if repeat$ is equival5t to an int]mitt5t curr5t or an alt]nat+ "o4 #cgj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,aga9 ! electro/atic /ress kept con/ant may by be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh space c>ry ) x a wave1 j z a mov+ projectile c>ries a wave ( air 9 advance ( itself4 ,admitt+ ?is mu* ! foll[+ consequ5ces foll[3 ,s9ce 9 non-conductors ! displacem5t produces a re/itution =ce1 :i* v>ies z ! displacem5t :i* is requisite or is a crit]ion = ! propagation ( waves1 :ile 9 conductors no su* =ce is manife/$ & ! electric en]gy appe>s z heat1 x foll[s t light vibrations are n possible 9 conductors1 because electro-magnetic waves d n exi/ 9 !m :5 !y are 9 circuit1 & conductors %\ld be opaque1 :ile ! rev]se is true = non-conductors4 7,daniell47 ,?is is c>ri$ out (t5 en\gh to make a /rik+ evid5ce 9 favor ( ,maxwell's !ory4 ,! velocity ( propagation ( an electro-magnetic di/urbance 9 a non-conductor %\ld be equal to t ( light4 ,?is con/ant is prov$ by ma!matical consid]ations1 to be approximately ! same z ! ratio ( ! electro/atic to ! electromagnetic unit ( int5sity or quantity4 ,?is ratio is #c;,e#aj 7#cj1jjj1jjj1jjj71 :i* is almo/ exactly ! velocity ( light4 ,x also foll[s f :at has be5 said t if an electro/atically *>g$ body 7 :irl$ ar\nd a galvanomet] ne$le at ! rate ( #c;,e#aj revolutions p] second x %\ld affect x l a circulat+ curr5t4 ,?is rate ( rotation _c be atta9$1 b ,r[l& has made manife/ ! effect ( a rotat+ /atically *>g$ body ^u a magnetic ne$le4 ,! above is ! m]e/ outl9e ( ,maxwell's !ory4 ,! full developm5t mu/ be /udi$ 9 8 own & succe$+ works4 ,may]'s ,float+ ,magnets4 ,an exp]im5t due to ,pr(4 ,may]4 ,a numb] ( sew+ ne$les are magnetiz$ & ?ru/ into bits ( cork1 almo/ all ! way ?r\gh1 ) _! l poles project+4 ,!y are float$ 9 a bas9 ( wat] & take1 "u ! effects ( attraction & repulsion1 :5 approa*$ by a magnet pole1 regul> geometric positions1 m>k+ out ! positions ( angles ( polygons4 ,measurem5ts4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! value ( quantities2 det]m9ation ( ! factor by :i* ! unit>y value mu/ be multipli$ to produce ! quantity "u exam9ation4 ,su* are ! measurem5t ( ! voltage ( a galvanic batt]y1 or ( ! ohms ( resi/ance ( a conductor4 ,electricity has be5 t]m$ ! sci5ce ( measurem5t4 ,meg or ,mega4 ,a prefix1 mean+ "o million times4 ,a megohm is "o million ohms2 a meg]g is "o million ergs2 a megadyne is "o million dynes4 #cga ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bch4 ,,may]',s ,,float+ ,,magnets4 ,m]cury4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol1 ,hg2 atomic weight1 #bjj 2 equival5t1 #bjj or #ajj2 val5cy1 #a & #b4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,! foll[+ data are #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,relative ,resi/ance1 #fb4gc ,specific ,resi/ance1 #id4cb microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #ah4ea ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #egb4c 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #ab4ia 7d7 ,i met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick #a4baa ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube1 #cg4ae microhms4 ,p]c5tage increase ( resi/ance p] degree ,c4 #a4h ,f4 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 4#gb p] c5t4 ,electro-*emical equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje71 #b4aj mgs4 #a4je #cgb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,m]cury ,cup4 ,a cup ( iron1 wood or "s mat]ial t does n amalgamate or is unattack$ by m]cury1 :i* is fill$ ) m]cury & made an electrode ( a circuit4 ,by dipp+ ! o!r t]m9al ( ! circuit into ! m]cury a v good contact is obta9$4 ,x is well to cov] ! m]cury ) alcohol4 ,! cup may be fill$ s t ! m]cury rises 9 a m5iscus or semi-globule above its edges4 ,= "s purposes ?is =m is useful1 z = contacts ) ! end ( a sw++ wire or p5dulum1 because 9 su* cases ! contact c be made )\t ! contact po9t ent]+ ! cup4 ,! po9t sw+s ?r\gh ! project+ m5iscus )\t t\*+ ! edges ( ! cup4 ,a m]cury cup & contact con/itute a m]cury break4 ,m]idian1 ,a/ronomical4 ,! great circle pass+ ?r\gh ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,x lies 9 a plane ) ! correspond+ geographical or t]re/rial m]idian4 ,m]idian1 ,geographic4 ,! true nor? & s\? m]idian2 ! approximate great circle =m$ by ! int]section ( a plane pass+ ?r\gh nor? & s\? poles ( ! e>? ) ! e>?'s surface4 #cgc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bci4 ,,s*all5b]g',s ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,met]4 ,met]1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t4 ,a met] = measur+ alt]nat+ curr5t1 z suppli$ to consum]s1 f an alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em4 ,l mo/ comm]cial met]s its only function is ! measurem5t ( quantity2 ! pot5tial diff]5ce is ma9ta9$ at a con/ant figure by ! g5]at+ plant4 ,! cut %[s ! ,s*all5b]g met]4 ,x is simply an alt]nat+ curr5t motor 7see ,motor1 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t71 ) air vanes m\nt$ on its sp9dle4 ,a ma9 coil passes all ! curr5t4 ,)9 ?is is a second coil complete 9 itself1 & n t\*+ or connect+ ) ! o!r4 ,! latt] is built up ( copp] r+s4 ,)9 ! two coils1 & conc5tric ) bo? is a disc ( copp] c>ri$ by a v]tical sp9dle4 ,! same sp9dle c>ries air vanes1 & is free to rotate4 ,z x does s x moves ! indicat+ ma*9]y4 ,! curr5t 9 ! out] coil induces "o 9 ! inn] coil4 ,ow+ to lag1 ! curr5t 9 ! inn] "o diff]s 9 phase f t 9 ! out] "o1 & a rotatory field is produc$4 ,! copp] disc acquires induc$ pol>ity1 & rotates ) spe$ :i* normally w\ld be 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! curr5t4 ,b ! object ( ! met] is to regi/] ! curr5t only4 ,! air vanes effect ?is4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air to _! motion causes ! rate ( rotation to v>y directly z ! spe$4 ,met] ,bridge4 ,a =m ( ,:eat/one's bridge 9 :i* "o lat]al pair ( arms is repres5t$ by a /raight wire4 ,! o!r pair comprise a kn[n resi/ance1 & ! resi/ance to be det]m9$4 ,! galvanomet] is connect$ on "o side betwe5 ! kn[n & unkn[n resi/ance4 ,on ! o!r side its connection is mov$ back & =? along ! /raight wire until ! balance is secur$ & ! galvanomet] reads z]o4 ,! relative l5g?s ( wire int]cept$ betwe5 ! two ends !re( & ! movable galvanomet] connection are proportional to ! resi/ance ( ^! p>ts & give ! necess>y data ) ! "o kn[n resi/ance = det]m9+ ! unkn[n resi/ance4 #cgd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! orig9al met] bridge ! wire 0 "o met] long1 :5ce its "n1 & 0 /ret*$ /raight4 ,9 m rec5t examples ! wire v>ies 9 l5g? & 9 "o =m is b5t into a circle or spiral1 s z to make ! in/rum5t m compact4 ,! contact is n a slid+ "o1 b is adju/$ by trial4 ,! contact piece is slid along1 b n t\*+ ! wire1 & f "t to "t is press$ d[n aga9/ ! wire4 ,?is prev5ts we> ( ! wire4 ,! wire may be made ( plat9um or ( plat9um-iridium alloy4 ,! latt] is v h>d & n easily worn out4 ,sometimes1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 ?ree p>allel wires are /ret*$ along ! basebo>d ( ! in/rum5t1 & arrang$ s t a s+le wire1 two wires or ?ree wires 9 s]ies c be us$ = ! proportional sides ( ! bridge1 ?us mak+ x a two-met] or ?ree-met] bridge z desir$4 ,on ! o!r h& "s are made ( re/rict$ l5g?1 z a half or qu>t] met] only4 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,,met] ,,bridge4 ,9 ! cut ,j ,k is ! wire1 trav]s$ by ! contact key4 ,by mov+ ! contact ,c back & =? 9 ! slot x c be br\ght ov] any ( ! ?ree divisions ( ! wire4 ,h is ! h&le = depress+ ! key4 ,s is a flat spr+1 c>ry+ ! contact piece & hold+ x up f ! wires1 except :5 press$ d[nw>ds4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 x is 9 use = calibrat+ a voltmet] ,v1 by ,pogg5dorff's me?od1 ,g be+ ! galvanomet] & r#a & r#b be+ resi/ances4 ,synonyms--,slide ,bridge--,slide ,balance4 ,met] ,c&le4 ,a unit ( illum9at+ p[]2 ! light giv5 by "o /&>d c&le at a di/ance ( "o met]4 ,! ord9>y units ( illum9at+ p[] are altoge!r relative2 ?is "o is def9ite4 #cge ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,met]1 ,*emical ,electric4 ,a curr5t met] 9 :i* ! curr5t is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( *emical decomposition :i* x c effect4 ,9 ! ,edison met] ! solution is "o ( z9c sulphate4 ,two electrodes ( z9c are imm]s$ 9 x1 & a fractional "p ( ! curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! ga9 9 weight ( "o electrode & ! loss 9 ! o!r are proportional to ! curr5t4 ,bo? electrodes are weigh$ p]iodically1 "o act+ z *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,met]1 ,curr5t4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! quantity ( electricity 9 curr5t =m suppli$ to consum]s4 ,x may be ( v>i\s types4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple involv$ is t 9 comm]cial in/allations = inc&esc5t light & p[] supply a fix$ pot5tial is usually ma9ta9$1 ! multiple arc sy/em be+ employ$4 ,h5ce all t is requisite is to measure ! c\lombs or ! amp]e-h\rs to "k :at quantity ( en]gy has be5 suppli$4 ,met]1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,a curr5t met] 9 :i* ! curr5t is measur$ by its electro-magnetic effects4 ,met]-millimet]4 ,a unit ( resi/ance4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,met]-millimet]47 ,met]1 ,!rmal ,electric4 ,a curr5t met] 9 :i* ! curr5t is measur$ by ! heat x imp>ts to a conductor4 ,9 "o met] a v light helix ( mica is pois$ horizontally ov] a conductor1 & ! :ole is enclos$ 9 a case4 ,z ! wire is heat$ x causes an asc5d+ curr5t ( air :i* rotates ! vane1 & ! latt] moves delicate clockwork :i* moves indicat+ h&s4 ,! hott] ! wire ! m rapidly ! air asc5ds1 & consequ5tly ! spe$ ( ! vane is proportional to ! curr5t1 because ! heat ( ! conductor is proportional !reto4 ,met]1 ,"t ,electric4 ,an electric met] :i* measures ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* curr5t is us$4 ,x assumes a con/ant curr5t & pot5tial4 ,x is virtually a clock1 :i* is turn$ on :5 ! curr5t passes1 & is turn$ (f ) ! curr5t4 ,met]1 ,watt4 ,a comb9$ curr5t & pot5tial met]4 ,x is con/ruct$ on ! g5]al l9es ( a ,siem5s' ,electro ,dynamomet]4 ,if 9 x "o coil is made ( co>se wire & is plac$ 9 s]ies ) ! curr5t conductor1 & if ! o!r is w\nd ) f9e wire & is connect$ z a %unt f po9t to po9t ^: pot5tial diff]5ce is to be det]m9$1 ! in/rum5t becomes a watt met]4 ,synonym--,en]gy ,met]4 ,me?v5 ,/&>d or ,scre54 ,a /&>d ( illum9at+ p[]4 ,x is ! light emitt$ by a ?ree-in* ,arg& gas flame ?r\gh a rectangul> ap]ture 9 a silv] plate c>ri$ by a scre54 ,! ap]ture is ( su* size & s f> di/ant f ! flame z to p]mit ! passage ( exactly two c&les illum9at+ p[]4 ,fig4 #bda4 ,,me?v5 ,,scre5 #cgf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,mho4 ,a unit ( conductance1 n 9 v g5]al use4 ,x is ! reciprocal ( ! ohm4 ,?us a resi/ance ( t5 ohms is a conductance ( "o-t5? mho4 ,mica4 ,a natural m9]al1 a silicate ( sev]al oxides2 muscovite4 ,x is us$ z an insulator & dielectric4 ,its resi/ance p] c5timet] cube aft] sev]al m9utes electrification at #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f47 is #h4d;,e#ac ohms 7,ayrton74 ,its specific inductive capacity is #e1 air be+ tak5 at #a4 ,mica1 ,m\ld$4 ,an insulat+ mat]ial1 ^: body is made ( mica pulv]iz$ & cem5t$ toge!r ) heat & pressure & "s suitable cem5t4 ,%ellac is (t5 us$ z ! cem5t4 ,micro4 ,a prefix mean+ "o-million? (2 a micro-f>ad is "o-million? ( a f>ad4 ,micromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ small di/ances or small diff]5ces4 ,x g5]ally is bas$ ^u an accurate screw :i* may h a worm :eel = head1 actuat$ by a worm or helix ) graduat$ head1 s t exce$+ly small advances ( ! screw may be produc$4 ,! pit* ( ! screw be+ kn[n its actual advance is kn[n4 ,micromet]1 ,arc4 ,a micromet] = measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 voltaic arc electrodes4 ,micron4 ,a unit ( l5g?4 ,x is "o-million? ( a met] or f\r "o-hundr$-?\s&?s ( an in*4 #cgg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,microphone4 ,an app>atus :i* includes a contact ( v>iable resi/ance2 su* resi/ance c be v>i$ 9 am\nt by slight vibrations1 su* z ^? produc$ by s\nd waves4 ,! app>atus 9 use =ms "p ( a circuit includ+ a telephone & curr5t g5]ator4 ,z ! contact is v>i$ ! resi/ance ( ! circuit & consequ5tly ! curr5t int5sity *anges & s\nds are emitt$ by ! telephone correspond+ to su* *anges4 ,if ! microphone is spok5 to1 ! telephone w emit correspond+ s\nds1 reproduc+ ! voice4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t c>bon gives ! be/ microphone contact4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & e>lie/ =ms is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,a %ort rod or p5cil ( c>bon1 ,a1 su* z us$ 9 batt]ies1 is %>p5$ at ! ends & re/s loosely 9 a v]tical position betwe5 two blocks ( c>bon1 ,c ,c1 9 ea* ( :i* a hole is drill$ to receive "o ( ! po9ts4 ,! blocks are c>ri$ on a /&>d & base ,d4 ,! blocks are connect$ ) two t]m9als x1 y1 ( a circuit1 includ+ a telephone & batt]y4 ,!re are two contacts to be di/urb$4 ,if delicately adju/$ a fly walk+ ov] ! base-bo>d w di/urb ! contacts en\gh to produce s\nds 9 ! telephone4 ,^! s\nds are possibly n due only to s\nd waves1 b 9 "p to absolute me*anical di/urbances4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( telephone transmitt] are g5]ally microphones4 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,,microphone4 ,microphone ,relay4 ,a comb9$ microphone & telephone4 ,a microphone is plac$ close to ! diaphragm ( a telephone4 ,! slight s\nd waves emitt$ by ! telephone affect ! microphone & are repeat$ 9 its circuit4 ,! microphone circuit includes a local batt]y & telephone4 ,microtasimet]4 ,an app>atus = indicat+ m9ute *anges 9 temp]ature or atmosph]ic moi/ure4 #cgh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a button ( compress$ lampblack is plac$ 9 s]ies ) a batt]y & galvanomet]4 ,a /rip ( "s sub/ance1 affect$ 9 its l5g? ei!r by heat or by moi/ure1 is held press+ aga9/ ! button4 ,a slight *ange 9 l5g? ( ! /rip v>ies ! resi/ance ( ! button & h5ce affects ! galvanomet]4 ,9 ?is way exce$+ly slight *anges 9 heat or moi/ure may be indicat$4 ,= heat indications vulcanite may be us$4 ,! heat ( ! h& held ne> x is en\gh to affect ! galvanomet]4 ,= moi/ure a slip ( gelat9e is us$4 ,! moi/ure ( a damp slip ( pap] two or ?ree in*es di/ant is suffici5t to affect ! galvanomet]4 ,9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #b1 %[s ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! app>atus 9 circuit ) a batt]y & galvanomet]4 ,c is ! base ( ! app>atus1 f :i* ! /&>d1 ,b1 ) adju/+ screw1 ,h1 rises4 ,! /rip ( vulcanite is held betwe5 ,i & ,g4 ,)9 ,d is ! c>bon button 7,f 9 ,fig4 #c7 press$ betwe5 ,g & ,e2 ,a is a /&>d to c>ry ! p>ts la/ describ$4 ,9 ,fig4 ,i x is %[n z "p ( a ,:eat/one bridge1 a1 b & c be+ resi/ance coils2 l ! tasimet]1 & g ! galvanomet]4 ,if a balance is secur$1 any v>iation 9 ! resi/ance ( ! tasimet] w di/urb ! galvanomet]4 ,synonym--,tasimet]4 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,,microtasimet]4 #cgi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,mil4 ,a unit ( l5g?2 "o-?\s&? "p ( a l9eal in*4 ,x is equal to 4#jbecii millimet]2 4#jjjjhc foot2 4#jjajjj in*4 ,mil1 ,circul>4 ,a unit ( area2 employ$ 9 designat+ ! cross-sectional area ( wires & o!r circul> conductors4 ,x is equal to 4#ghedj squ>e mil2 4#jjjejg squ>e millimet]2 #g4h;,e-#g 74#jjjjjjgh7 squ>e in*4 ,if ! diamet] ( a wire is giv5 9 mils1 ! squ>e ( its diamet] gives its cross-sectional area 9 circul> mils4 ,mil-foot4 ,a unit ( resi/ance4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,mil-foot1 ,unit (74 ,mil1 ,squ>e4 ,a unit ( area2 "o-million? ( a squ>e in*4 ,x is equal to 4#jjjfde squ>e millimet]2 #a4bgcc circul> mil2 4#jjjjja squ>e in*4 ,milli4 ,a prefix2 "o-?\s&?4 ,?us a milligram is "o-?\s&? ( a gram2 a millimet] is "o ?\s&? ( a met]4 ,milligram4 ,a unit ( weight 2 "o-?\s&? ( a gram1 q4 v4 ,x is equal to 4#jaedcb gra92 4#jjjjcb troy ounce4 ,millimet]4 ,a unit ( l5g?2 "o-?\s&? ( a met]4 ,x is equal to #ci4cgjgi mils2 4#jcicg in*2 4#jjaji y>d4 #chj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,milli-o]/$t4 ,a propos$ b n adopt$ unit ( curr5t2 "o-?\s&? ( an o]/$t4 ,x is equal to "o-?\s&? ( an amp]e4 ,transcrib]'s note3 o]/$3 #a4 ,,cgs unit ( magnetic int5sity1 equal to ! magnetic pole ( unit /r5g? :5 und]go+ a =ce ( "o dyne 9 a vacuum4 #b4 ,=m]ly1 ! unit ( magnetic reluctance equal to ! reluctance ( a c5timet] cube ( vacuum betwe5 p>allel surfaces4 mm4 ,contraction = millimet]s4 ,mol>4 ,ref]r+ to ph5om5a ( mass z gravitation4 ,me*anics g5]ally treats ( mol> laws & ph5om5a4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,mol>1 or mole1 (t5 ref]s to a quantity ( a sub/ance conta9+ an ,avagadro numb] 7#f4jb;,e#bc7 ( molecules--a weight equal to ! atomic weight ( ! molecule4 ,= example1 a mole ( hydrog5 7,h#b7 is #b4jae grams2 sodium *loride 7,na,cl7 is #eh4ddc grams4 ,mol> ,attraction4 ,! attraction ( mass = mass2 gravitation4 ,synonyms--,mass ,attraction--,gravitation4 ,molecul> ,aff9ity4 ,! attraction ( molecules = ea* o!r z se5 9 ! =mation ( d\ble salts1 ! comb9+ ( wat] ( cry/allization ) a salt1 & 9 o!r cases2 a phase ( aff9ity belong+ to *emi/ry1 al?\gh outside ( true atomic attraction4 ,molecul> ,attraction4 ,! attraction ( molecules2 physical aff9ity4 ,cohesion1 ! attraction ( simil> molecules = ea* o!r1 & adhesion1 t ( dissimil> molecules1 are examples4 ,?is %\ld be di/+ui%$ f molecul> aff9ity1 a phase ( *emical =ce4 ,molecul> ,bomb>dm5t4 ,:5 a gas conta9$ 9 a vessel is br\ght to a suffici5t /ate ( r>efaction ! molecules cease to be subject to ! laws ( diffusion1 b move back & =? 9 /raight l9es f side to side ( ! vessel4 ,_! c\rses c be affect$ by electric dis*>ge1 :i* c cause !m to all imp+e ^u "o ( ! electrodes1 ! positive "o1 produc+ lum9\s effects4 ,! pa?1 if ref]r$ to ! negative electrode1 t5ds to be normal to its surface1 s t ! resultant pa? may be curv$1 z ! /ream ( molecules g to ! positive electrode4 ,! fanciful "n ( molecul> bomb>dm5t is giv5 to ! ph5om5on1 ! lum9\s effect be+ attribut$ to ! imp++ ( ! molecules aga9/ ! positive electrode z !y are project$ f ! positive4 ,! c\rse ( ! molecules is comp>able to ! /ream ( c>bon p>ticles f ! positive to ! negative electrode 9 an arc lamp4 7,see ,matt]1 ,radiant47 ,molecul> ,*a94 ,! !oretical r[s ( molecules suppos$ to ext5d f anode to ca?ode 9 an electrolytic cell 7see ,cell1 ,electric--,gro?ss' ,hypo!sis7 are call$ molecul> *a9s4 #cha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,molecul> ,rigidity4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! molecules ( a mass to reta9 _! position 9 a mass 9 resi/ance to pol>iz+ or depol>iz+ =ce1 ! fir/ be+ ! effect ( a magnetic field4 ,x is ! !oretical cause ( co]cive =ce1 q4 v41 & ( residual magnetism4 7,see ,magnetism1 ,residual47 ,molecule4 ,! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] t c exi/ alone4 ,x is made up ( atoms1 b an atom c nev] exi/ alone1 b only1 ) "o or two possible exceptions1 comb9$ ) "o or m o!r atoms z a molecule4 ,! molecules "u pres5t conditions are n 9 con/ant contact ) ea* o!r1 b are p]petually vibrat+ ?r\gh pa?s1 9 solids probably 9 def9$ pa?s1 9 liquids & gases 9 p]petually new pa?s4 ,! molecules collide ) ea* o!r & reb\nd4 ,?is motion is ! k9etic motion t]m$ heat4 ,at ! absolute z]o--m9us #bgc4gb ,c4 7-#dfj4g ,f47 ! molecules w\ld be 9 contact & quiesc5t4 ,9 ! gase\s /ate ! molecules ( mo/ sub/ances occupy ! same volume2 ^? ( a few elem5ts occupy "o-half & ( o!rs twice ! normal volume4 ,! mean free pa? ( ! molecule ( hydrog5 is ab\t #a_/bj1jjj mm4 7#a_/ejh1jjj in*7 7,maxwell7 or twice ?is l5g? 7,crookes71 ! collisions 9 hydrog5 are ab\t #ag1gej millions p] second2 ! diamet] is ab\t #h_/aj1jjj1jjj mm4 7#h_/bed1jjj1jjj in*7 2 ,a p>ticle ( matt] #a_/d1jjj mm4 7#a_/ajb1jjj in*7 conta9s1 x is suppos$1 ab\t #dj1jjj molecules4 ,! results ( diff]5t au?orities v>y s widely z to deprive ! subject ( mu* ( its int]e/4 ,a ,spr5gel pump1 su* z us$ = exhau/+ ,geissl] tubes1 or inc&esc5t lamp bulbs1 may leave only "o hundr$-million? 7#a_/ajj1jjj1jjj17 ( an atmosph]e pres5t1 giv+ ! molecules a capability ( an av]age free pa? ( vibration #cc feet long4 ,mom5t4 ,:5 a =ce is appli$ s z to t5d to produce rotation ar\nd a po9t1 ! product ( ! =ce by ! %orte/ di/ance f ! po9t ( rotation to ! ext5sion ( ! l9e ( ! =ce4 ,su* di/ance is ! p]p5dicul> to ! ext5sion ( ! l9e ?r\gh ! po9t ( rotation4 ,mordey ,effect4 ,a ph5om5on obs]v$ 9 dynamo armatures4 ,at full loads ! hy/]esis decreases4 ,! effect is ?us express$ by ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson4 ,:5 an armature core is rotat$ 9 a /rong magnetic field1 ! magnetization ( ! iron is be+ cont9ually c>ri$ ?r\gh a cycle1 b 9 a mann] q diff]5t f t 9 :i* x is c>ri$ :5 ! magnetiz+ =ce is p]iodically rev]s$1 z 9 ! core ( a trans=m]4 ,mordey has f\nd ! losses by hy/]esis to be some:at small] 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,morse ,receiv]4 ,! receiv+ in/rum5t =m]ly univ]sally us$ 9 ! ,morse sy/em4 ,x is n[ b little employ$1 ! s\nd] hav+ displac$ x4 ,sev]al types 7 inv5t$4 ,x consi/s ( ma*9]y :i* c>ries a reel ( pap] ribbon arrang$ to be f$ ov] a roll] by clockwork4 ,a p5cil1 ink+ roll]1 or emboss+ /ylus 7= ! latt] ! roll] mu/ h a groove7 is c>ri$ by an arm ) re/rict$ range ( vibration j ov] ! pap] & roll]4 ,! armature ( an electro-magnet is atta*$ to ! arm4 ,:5 ! magnet is excit$ ! armature is attract$ & ! m>k+ device is press$ on ! pap]4 ,if ! clockwork is 9 op]ation ! m>k] w make a l9e z long z ! armature is attract$4 ,:5 releas$ no m>k w be produc$4 ,9 ?is way ! dots & da%es ( ! ,morse code are made on a ribbon ( pap]4 ,z an ink+ arrangem5t a small roll] is c>ri$ by ! end ( ! vibrat+ arm4 ,! emboss]1 or dry po9t /ylus1 0 v ext5sively us$4 ,! clockwork 0 g5]ally driv5 by desc5d+ weights4 ,synonym--,morse ,record]4 #chb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,mort>1 ,electric4 ,an electric toy :i* may h v>i\s modifications4 ,9 ! cut a wood5 mort> ) recess to receive a ball is %[n4 ,two wires ent] ! base b d n t\*4 ,on plac+ ! ball 9 position & pass+ a sp>k f a ,leyd5 j> across ! int]val betwe5 ! wires1 ! heat & di/urbance are en\gh to project ! ball4 ,gunp[d] may be us$1 ! dis*>ge be+ pass$ ?r\gh a wet /r+ to prolong ! sp>k4 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,,electric ,,mort>4 ,motor1 ,comp\nd or ,comp\nd ,w\nd4 ,a motor :i* has two w9d+s on ! field magnets1 "o 9 p>allel ) t on ! armature1 ! o!r 9 s]ies !re)1 exactly z 9 a comp\nd dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,comp\nd47 ,motor1 ,diff]5tial4 ,a diff]5tially w\nd motor2 ) a comp\nd w\nd field1 ^: s]ies coil & %unt coil are w\nd 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,x is virtually a comp\nd w\nd dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,comp\nd ,w\nd47 ,motor1 ,electric4 ,a ma*9e or app>atus = conv]t+ electric en]gy into me*anical k9etic en]gy4 ,! electric en]gy is g5]ally ( ! dynamic or curr5t type1 t is to say1 ( comp>atively l[ pot5tial & cont9u\s or virtually cont9u\s fl[4 ,"s electro/atic motors h1 h[ev]1 be5 made1 & an influ5ce ma*9e c (t5 be op]at$ z a /atic motor4 ,electric motors ( ! curr5t type may be divid$ into two classes--direct curr5t & alt]nat+ curr5t motors4 ,direct curr5t motors are g5]ally bas$ on ! same l9es ( con/ruction z dynamos4 ,"o ( ! great discov]ies 9 mod]n electricity 0 t if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh a dynamo1 ! armature w rotate4 ,?is fact con/itutes ! pr9ciple ( ! rev]sibility ( ! dynamo4 #chc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,motors built on ! dynamo model may be s]ies w\nd1 %unt w\nd1 or comp\nd w\nd1 or ( ! magneto type1 9 ! latt] case hav+ a fix$ field irrespective ( any curr5t s5t ?r\gh !m4 ,! field may be produc$ by an electro-magnet sep>ately excit$ & unaffect$ by ! curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! motor4 ,a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a magneto or motor ) sep>ately excit$ field w turn x 9 ! direction opposite to t requir$ to produce ! same curr5t f x 7 x work$ z a g5]ator4 ,a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies w\nd motor acts exactly z above4 ,bo? ^! facts foll[ f ,l5z's law1 q4 v4 ,a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a %unt w\nd motor acts oppositely to ! above4 ,! direction ( rotation is ! same z t requir$ to produce a curr5t ( ! same direction4 ,?is is because ! field be+ 9 p>allel ) ! armature ! motor curr5t goes ?r\gh ! magnet coils 9 ! direction ! rev]se ( t ( ! curr5t produc$ 9 ! armature :5 x is us$ z a dynamo4 ,h5ce ?is also c>ries out ,l5z's law4 ,! comp\nd w\nd motor acts "o way or ! o!r accord+ z its %unt or s]ies w9d+ prepond]ates4 ,! two may exactly balance ea* o!r1 :5 !re w be no motion at all4 ,! s]ies connections ( a comp\nd w\nd dynamo %\ld !re=e be rev]s$1 mak+ bo? s]ies & %unt "w 9 unison1 if ! dynamo is to be us$ z a motor4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! electric motor ( ! dynamo1 or cont9u\s rotation type1 c only be outl9$ "h4 ,! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! field magnets pol>izes !m & creates a field4 ,ent]+ ! armature by ! bru%es & commutators x pol>izes its core1 b 9 su* a way t ! nor? pole is away f ! s\? pole ( ! field magnet1 & ! same = ! s\? pole4 ,h5ce ! armature rotates4 ,z x does ?is ! bru%es connect ) o!r commutator sections1 & ! poles ( ! armature are %ift$ back4 ,?is action cont9ues indef9itely4 ,ano!r class ( motors is ( ! reciprocat+ type4 ,^! are n[ v little us$4 7,see ,motor1 ,reciprocat+47 ,"o valuable feature ( cont9u\s rotation electric motors is ! fact t !y absorb en]gy1 to a great ext5t proportional 9 am\nt to ! "w !y h to d4 ,! rotation ( ! armature 9 ! field ( ! motor involves ! cutt+ ( l9es ( =ce by its coils4 ,?is g5]ates an electro-motive =ce contr>y 9 direction to t produc+ ! actuat+ curr5t4 ,! m rapid ! rotation ! great] is ?is c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,! motor armature naturally revolves fa/] ) dim9i%$ resi/ance to ! motion ( ! armature4 ,?is increases ! c\nt]-electromotive =ce1 s t less en]gy is absorb$4 ,:5 ! motor is call$ on to d "w1 ! armature rotates m sl[ly1 & ! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce dim9i%es1 s t ! ma*9e absorbs m en]gy4 7,see ,jacobi's ,law47 #chd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,motor ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce ( a motor4 7,f4 ,j4 ,sprague47 ,a motor rotates 9 virtue ( ! pull ( ! field magnet ^u ! poles ( ! core ( its armature4 ,9 respond+ to ?is pull ! w9d+s ( ! armature cuts l9es ( =ce & h5ce g5]ates a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce1 = :i* ! above t]m 0 sugge/$4 ,motor-,g5]ator4 ,a comb9$ motor & g5]ator us$ to l[] ! pot5tial diff]5ce 9 a portion ( a circuit1 e4 g41 t "p )9 a build+4 ,a motor-g5]ator is a dynamo ^: armature c>ries two commutators1 ) two sep>ate w9d+s1 "o ( f9e wire ( _m turns1 ! o!r ( co>se wire ( few turns4 ,if ! pot5tial ( ! sy/em is to be l[]$1 ! ma9 curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! f9e w9d+4 ,?is causes ! armature to turn motor-fa%ion1 & a pot5tial diff]5ce is g5]at$ by ! rotation ( ! l>ge coils 9 ! field4 ,?is pot5tial diff]5ce is comp>atively l[ & by prop]ly proportion+ ! w9d+s may be l[]$ to z great a degree z requir$4 ,! same app>atus may be inv]t$ s z to raise pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,x acts = cont9u\s curr5t sy/ems z ! induction coil trans=m] does = alt]nat+ curr5t sy/ems4 ,synonym--,cont9u\s ,curr5t ,trans=m]4 ,motor1 ,multiphase4 ,a motor driv5 by multiphase curr5ts4 ,x is arrang$ 9 g5]al t]ms = di/ribution ( ! multi phase curr5ts 9 coils symmetrically arrang$ ar\nd ! circle ( ! field4 ,^! coils are w\nd on cores ( s(t iron4 ,a rotat+ field is ?us produc$1 & a p]man5t magnet or a pol>iz$ armature pivot$ 9 su* a field w rotate ) ! field1 its poles foll[+ ! poles ( ! rotatory field4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bde1 illu/rates ! pr9ciples ( action ( a f\r phase curr5t motor1 connect$ to a f\r phase curr5t dynamo or g5]ator4 ,! g5]ator is %[n on ! left h& ( ! cut & ! motor on ! "r h&4 ,9 ! g5]ator ! armature ,n ,s is suppos$ to be turn$ by p[] 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[4 ,ea* "o ( ! pair ( coils is w\nd 9 ! rev]se s5se ( ! "o opposite to x1 & ! two are connect$ 9 s]ies ) ea* o!r1 & ) a correspond+ pair 9 ! motor4 ,! connection c be readily trac$ by ! lett]s ,a ,a'1 a a' = "o set ( coils & ,b ,b' b b' = ! o!r set4 #che ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,= ea* rotation ( ! armature two curr5ts1 ea* 9 opposite direction1 are produc$ 9 ,a ,a'1 & ! same is ! case = ,b ,b'4 ,^! curr5ts :i* h an absolutely con/ant relation ( phase1 & :i* x w be se5 alt]nate f\r times = ea* rotation ( ! armature1 regulate ! pol>ity ( ! field ( ! motor4 ,! resultant ( _! action is to keep ! poles ( ! field magnet ( ! motor con/antly travel+ ar\nd its circle4 ,h5ce ! armature ,n ,s ( ! motor1 se5 on ! "r h& ( ! cut1 t5ds to travel ar\nd also its nor? & s\? poles1 foll[+ ! s\? & nor? poles ( ! rotatory field respectively4 ,fig4 #bde4 ,,f\r-,,phase ,,curr5t ,,g5]ator ,,& ,,motor4 ,x is n ess5tial t ! armature %\ld be a magnet or pol>iz$4 ,any mass ( s(t iron w by induction be pol>iz$ & w be rotat$1 al?\gh n necess>ily syn*ron\sly1 ) ! rotatory field4 ,any mass ( copp]1 su* z a disc or cyl9d]1 w h ,f\cault curr5ts induc$ 9 x & w also rotate4 ,! only compon5ts ( su* curr5ts :i* are useful 9 driv+ ! motor are ^? :i* are at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce & to ! direction ( motion4 ,a v good type ( armature bas$ on ^! consid]ations is a core ( s(t iron w\nd ) insulat$ copp] wire 9 "o or m clos$ coils2 & s w\nd z to develop ! curr5ts ( prop] direction4 ,su* an armature is us$ 9 ! ,tesla alt]nat+ curr5t motor4 ,an effici5cy ( #he p] c5t4 has be5 atta9$ ) "s ( ! ,tesla motors4 ,motor1 ,prime4 ,a ma*9e us$ = produc+ me*anical motion aga9/ resi/ance4 ,x may op]ate by conv]t+ heat or any o!r =m ( k9etic or pot5tial en]gy into me*anical en]gy ( ! mov+ type4 ,a /eam-eng9e & a wat]-:eel are examples ( prime motors4 ,motor1 ,reciprocat+4 ,! e>ly type ( motor dep5d+ ^u reciprocat+ motion1 su* z ! motion ( a coil 9 a sol5oid4 ,^! 7 bas$ ^u ! l9es ( a /eam eng9e1 & h be5 ab&on$ except = special purposes :]e reciprocat+ motion is especially requir$1 z 9 ! case ( rock drills4 #chf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,,ricordon',s ,,reciprocat+ ,,motor4 ,9 ! cut1 ,b is an electro-magnet2 ,a is an armature2 ,e a pole piece4 ,! curr5t ent]s by ! spr+s1 b b1 & by commutation is suppli$ & cut (f alt]nately1 ?us ma9ta9+ a reciprocat+ movem5t ( ! armature & rotation ( ! fly-:eel4 ,synonym--,pulsat+ ,motor4 ,motor1 ,s]ies4 ,a motor ^: w9d+ on ! armature is 9 s]ies ) ! w9d+ on ! field4 ,x is simil> to a s]ies dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,s]ies47 ,motor1 ,%unt4 ,a motor ^: w9d+ on ! armature is 9 p>allel ) ! w9d+ on ! field magnets4 ,x is simil> to a %unt w\nd dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,%unt47 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,,multiple ,,arc ,,connection4 ,multiple4 ,a t]m express+ connection ( electric app>atus su* z batt]y c\ples1 or lamps 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp circuits ! lamps are connect$ 9 multiple4 ,synonym--,multiple ,arc4 #chg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,multiple ,arc ,box4 ,a resi/ance box arrang$ s t ! coils may be plugg$ 9 multiple in/ead ( 9 s]ies4 ,su* c be us$ z a rheo/at1 z ! resi/ance c be v gradually *ang$ by putt+ ! coils "o by "o into p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,?us by add+ 9 p>allel ) a #aj ohm coil a #aj1jjj ohm coil ! resi/ance is decreas$ to #i4iiijja ohms1 & ?us ! resi/ance c be v sl[ly *ang$ )\t sudd5 /ops or abrupt *anges4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! correct value is #i4iijja ,multiple ,s]ies4 ,arrangem5ts ( electric app>atus 9 a circuit 9 a numb] ( s]ies1 :i* m9or s]ies are !n arrang$ 9 p>allel4 ,! t]m may be us$ z a n\n1 z arrang$ 9 multiple-s]ies1 or z an adjective1 z a multiple-s]ies circuit4 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,,multiple ,,s]ies ,,connection4 ,multiple ,swit* ,bo>d4 ,a swit* bo>d on ^: face connect+ spr+ jacks or o!r devices are repeat$ = ! same circuits1 s t diff]5t op]ators h ea* ! entire set ( connections repeat$ on ! section ( ! bo>d imm$iately 9 front ( & )9 _! rea*4 ,?is multiplication ( ! same set ( connections1 giv+ "o complete set to ea* op]ator1 gives ! title multiple to ! type ( swit* bo>d 9 "q4 ,! typical multiple swit* bo>d us$ 9 telephone ex*anges is ! be/ example ( ?is con/ruction4 ,! call+ annunciators ( ! subscrib]s are di/ribut$ along ! bottom ( ! bo>d ext5d+ its full l5g?4 ,to ea* op]ator a giv5 numb] is assign$1 all )9 rea* ( ! "r or left h&4 ,?is gives five or six feet l5g? ( bo>d to ea*1 & an op]ator only responds to ^? subscrib]s )9 8 range4 ,b anyone ( 8 subscrib]s may want to connect ) any ( ! o!rs 9 ! entire c5tral /ation4 ,accord+ly 9 front ( ea* op]ator spr+ jacks are arrang$1 "o = ea* ( ! entire set ( subscrib]s connect$ 9 t (fice4 ,! op]ator connects z requir$ any ( ! call+ subscrib]s1 :o are comp>atively few1 to any "o ( ! l>ge numb] s]v$ by ! c5tral /ation4 ,?us ! entire set ( subscrib]s' spr+ jacks are multipli$ ov] & ov] aga9 s z to give "o set to ea* op]ator4 #chh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,multiple ,wire ,me?od = ,work+ ,electro-magnets4 ,a me?od = suppress+ sp>k+ 9 work+ electro-magnets int]mitt5tly4 ,! magnet core is w\nd ) a numb] 7f f\r to tw5ty7 ( sep>ate lay]s ( f9e wire4 ,a sep>ate wire is tak5 = ea* lay] & all are w\nd 9 ! same direction1 f "o end to ! o!r ( ! space or bobb9 )\t return+4 ,! ends are !n jo9$ s z to br+ all ! wires 9 p>allel4 ,! effect ( ?is is t z ! coils v>y 9 diamet] ! "t con/ants ( ea* is diff]5t f t ( ! o!rs1 ! coeffici5t ( self-induction be+ less1 & ! resi/ance be+ great] = ! coils f>!/ f ! c5tral axis4 ,?us ! extra curr5ts run diff]5tly 9 ! diff]5t coils1 & only a comp>atively small sp>k c be produc$ ow+ to ! division ( =ces ?us br\ght ab\t4 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,multiple ,,wire ,,work+4 ,multiplex ,telegraphy4 ,any sy/em ( telegraphy transmitt+ m ?an f\r messages simultane\sly ov] a s+le wire4 ,prop]ly x %\ld apply to all transmitt+ m ?an "o1 b conv5tionally has ! above re/rict$ mean+1 di/+ui%+ x f duplex & quadruplex telegraphy4 ,multiply+ ,p[] ( a ,%unt4 ,:5 a resi/ance is plac$ 9 p>allel ) a galvanomet] on a circuit ! foll[+ relation obta9s4 ,let s & g equal ! resi/ances ( ! %unt & galvanomet] respectively1 ,s & ,g ! curr5ts 9 amp]es pass+ ?r\gh !m1 ,v ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 _! common t]m9als1 & ,a ! :ole curr5t 9 amp]es4 ,!n we h ,a 7 7s g 7 _/ s 7 99 ,g & 7 7s g 7 _/ s 7 is t]m$ ! multiply+ p[] ( ! %unt1 z x is ! factor by :i* ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! galvanomet] mu/ be multipli$ by to produce ! total curr5t4 ,muscul> ,pile4 ,a species ( voltaic batt]y1 (t5 t]m$ ,matteueci's pile1 made up ( alt]nate pieces ( muscle cut longitud9ally & transv]sely respectively4 ,! diff]5t pieces repres5t ! elem5ts ( a batt]y1 & _! diff]5ce ( pot5tial is naturally possess$ by ! pieces4 ,myria4 ,a prefix2 "o million times4 ,?us myriavolt means "o million volts4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,contempor>y usage is mega1 z 9 megavolt4 #chi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,n4 7a7 ,symbol = nor? pole or nor?-seek+ pole ( a magnet4 7b7 ,symbol = ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce 9 a magnetic circuit4 ,nairne's ,electrical ,ma*9e4 ,! cyl9d] electrical ma*9e1 q4v4 ,napi]ian ,log>i?ms4 ,a s]ies ( log>i?ms ! base ( ^: sy/em is #b4gbhah4 ,!y are also call$ hyp]bolic log>i?ms4 ,nasc5t ,/ate4 ,an elem5t j sep>at+ f a comb9ation possesses at t "t high] aff9ities ?an aft] sep>ation1 & c effect m p[]ful *emical *anges4 ,x is sometimes attribut$ to a diff]5tial "t ( exi/5ce 9 ! atomic modification1 be=e ! fre$ atoms h unit$ to =m molecules4 ,natural ,curr5ts4 ,a t]m = e>? curr5ts4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,e>?47 ,ne$le4 7a7 ,a t]m appli$ to a b> magnet pois$ horizontally ^u a v]tical po9t1 or susp5d$ 9 a horizontal position by a filam5t4 ,?us ! magnet 9 a m>9]'s compass1 :i* may be a sub/antial b> magnet1 is call$ a magnetic ne$le4 7b7 ,an indicator 9 g5]al %ape l ! h& ( a clock4 7,sec ,annunciator1 ,ne$le- ,telegraph1 ,ne$le47 ,ne$le ( ,oscillation4 ,! magnetic ne$le pois$ horizontally1 & us$ = measur+ ! int5sity ( ! e>?'s magnetic field1 or ( an artificial magnetic field1 by ! me?od ( oscillations4 ,! int5sities ( ! field is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( oscillations p]=m$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,ne$le1 ,telegraphic4 ,! index 9 ne$le telegraphy 7see ,telegraph1 ,ne$le71 ^: motions indicate ! *>act]s x is desir$ to transmit4 ,negative ,*>ge4 ,"o ( ! two k9ds ( electric *>ges4 ,! o!r is ! positive4 ,by ! d\ble fluid hypo!sis ?is is assum$ to be a *>ge ( a p>ticul> k9d ( electricity--negative electricity4 ,by ! s+le fluid hypo!sis x is suppos$ to be caus$ by ! abs5ce ( "p ( ! normal electricity ( a surface4 ,! rev]se is held by "s !ori/s4 ,! subject is s purely !oretical t nei!r ( ! two hypo!ses is accept$ z f9al4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,curr5t is a wire is ! motion ( negative electrons4 ,curr5t 9 a electrolyte is ! motion ( positive ions & negative ions4 ,curr5t 9 a plasma is ! motion ( electrons & positive ions4 #cij ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,negative ,electricity4 ,! k9d ( electricity ) :i* a piece ( amb] is *>g$ by friction ) flannel2 res9\s electricity4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 ,9 a galvanic batt]y ! surface ( ! z9c plate is *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,accord+ to ! s+le fluid !ory negative electrification consi/s 9 a defici5cy ( electricity4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,negative electrification is an excess ( electrons4 ,negative ,elem5t4 ,9 a voltaic cell ! plate n dissolv$ by ! solution2 ! "o :i* is positively *>g$2 ! copp]1 plat9um1 or c>bon plate 9 ! usual type ( batt]y4 ,! curr5t is assum$ to fl[ f negative elem5t to positive elem5t 7! z9c plate7 ?r\gh ! wire or o!r ext]nal conductor4 ,n]ve ,curr5ts4 ,curr5ts ( electricity obta9$ f n]ves4 ,!y are mu* m feeble ?an ^? obta9$ f muscle1 b are produc$ 9 ! same g5]al ways4 ,network4 ,conductors 9 p>allel & cross+ ea* o!r1 ) connections at ! junctions4 ,! t]m is sometimes s loosely appli$ z to include p>allel conductors4 ,neutral ,l9e ( ,commutator4 ,! diamet] ( a commutator :i* connects its ,neutral ,po9ts1 q4 v42 sometimes t]m$ ! diamet] ( commutation2 ! diamet] approximately at "r angles ) ! l9es ( =ce4 ,! commutator bru%es are appli$ at ! extremities ( ?is diamet]4 ,neutral ,po9t ( a ,commutator4 ,! po9ts ( a commutator at :i* no l9es ( =ce are cut2 ! po9ts at ! extremities ( a diamet] :i*1 except = ! lag1 w\ld be at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce2 ! po9ts at :i* ! bru%es t\* ! commutator4 ,neutral ,po9t1 ,!rmo-electric4 ,a temp]ature m>k+ a po9t ( no !rmo-electric diff]5ce ( pot5tial4 ,if ! junctions ( a !rmo-electric c\ple are at temp]atures1 "o a little ov] & ! o!r an equal am\nt "u ! neutral po9t1 no curr5t w be develop$4 ,at ! neutral po9t ! !rmo-electric pol>ities are rev]s$4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature above x give curr5ts ( rev]se direction to ^? giv5 by correspond+ diff]5ces bel[ x4 ,= an iron-copp] c\ple ! neutral po9t is #bgd4e ,c4 7#ebf ,f47 ,synonym--,neutral ,temp]ature4 ,neutral ,relay ,armature4 ,an unpol>izable armature = use ) a relay2 an armature ( s(t iron or iron wire2 z di/+ui%$ f a pol>iz$ armature4 #cia ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,neutral ,wire4 ,! c5tral wire 9 ! ?ree wire sy/em1 q4 v41 ( electric di/ribution2 ! wire connect$ to a po9t betwe5 ! two dynamos1 or o!rwise to ! c5tral po9t ( ! curr5t g5]ator4 ,fig4 #bej4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,?ree ,,wire ,,sy/em ,,%[+ ,,neutral ,,wire4 ,neutral ,wire ,amp]e ,met]4 ,an amp]e met] connect$ 9 ! circuit ( ! neutral wire to det]m9e ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,su* det]m9ation is = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* m "w is be+ done by "o ( ! lat]al leads ?an by ! o!r4 ,synonym--,balance ,amp]e ,met]4 ,n4 ,h4 ,p4 ,symbol or contraction = nom9al horse p[]4 ,?is is a basis = rat+ ! size ( an eng9e4 ,nickel4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 atomic weight1 #eh4h 2 equival5t1 #bi4d2 val5cy1 #b2 specific gravity1 #h4h4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative resi/ance1 anneal$ 7,silv] #a71 #h4bhe ,specific ,resi/ance1 #ab4dg microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #ae4bjf ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #gd4ifc 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #a4jfj 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#aehg ,resi/ance ( a #a-;in* cube1 #d4ijg microhms4 ,electro-*emical equival5t1 7,hydrog5 4#jaje7 4#cjhg mgs4 ,x is /rongly p>amagnetic1 b loses ?is quality at #cej ,c4 7#ffb ,f47 ,x is important z a con/itu5t ( ,g]man silv]1 an alloy mu* us$ = resi/ance coils4 ,nickel1 ,ba?4 ,a ba? = ! electro-deposition ( nickel4 ,a great _m =mulae h be5 giv54 ,metallic nickel is dissolv$ 9 #a vol4 sulphuric acid mix$ ) #b vols4 wat]4 ,neutralize ) ammonia1 & add ( ammonium sulphate "o-half ! weight ( metallic nickel orig9ally us$2 #ace p>ts ( nickel w be en\gh = a ba? ( #aj1jjj p>ts4 #cib ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,o!r =mulae are z foll[s3 ,d\ble nickel-ammonium sulphate1 #d p>ts4 ,ammonium c>bonate1 #c ,wat] #ajj ,nickel sulphate1 nitrate or *loride1 #a ,sodium bisulphate1 #a ,wat]1 #bj ,nickel anodes are us$ 9 ! ba? to ma9ta9 ! /r5g?4 ,too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 ! absolute cleanl9ess ( ! articles to be plat$4 ,a too alkal9e ba? gives a disagreeable yell[ color to ! deposit2 too acid a ba? gives badly adh]+ deposits4 ,night ,bell4 ,an al>m bell 9 a telegraph (fice1 :i* bell is connect$ at night to give a l\d signal to attract ! op]ator's att5tion4 ,x is us$ 9 telephone ex*anges & is connect$ s z to r+ z long z a subscrib] rema9s unansw]$ aft] call+4 ,nobili's ,r+s4 ,:5 a dilute solution ( copp] acetate is plac$ on a bright silv] plate & a /rip ( z9c is t\*$ to ! silv] b5ea? ! copp]1 a s]ies ( r+s ( copp] are =m$ by electrolysis ar\nd ! z9c4 ,^! are ,nobili's r+s4 ,if = ! copp] acetate a solution ( lead oxide 9 potassium hydrate solution is sub/itut$1 & if ! poli%$ plate :i* may be ,g]man silv] is connect$ to ! positive electrode ( a batt]y1 & a plat9um wire connect$ to ! negative pole is imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 x det]m9es ! =mation ( beautiful iridesc5t r+s ( lead b9oxide4 ,! plat9um wire is sometimes seal$ 9 glass s t only its po9t projects4 ,! colors are due to int]f]5ce ( light1 ! lay]s ( lead oxide be+ extremely ?94 ,! lead b9oxide is =m$ by second>y reaction4 ,metallic lead is fir/ deposit$ on ! negative pole4 ,! oxyg5 :i* goes to ! positive pole =m$ by ! poli%$ plate produces lead b9oxide :i* is deposit$ !re 9 r+s4 ,! reaction is comp>able to t ( a /orage batt]y4 ,synonyms--,metallo*romes--,electric ,r+s4 ,nodul> ,deposit4 ,a deposit obta9$ 9 electroplat+1 *>act]iz$ by irregul> ?ickness2 due to too l[ d5sity ( curr5t4 ,non-conductor4 ,a mat]ial t does n conduct electricity except ) great difficulty2 a sub/ance ( v high resi/ance4 ,synonym--,insulator--,dielectric4 ,nor? ,pole4 7a7 ,! nor?-seek+ pole ( a magnet2 ! pole ( a magnet :i* t5ds to po9t to ! nor?1 & :5ce l9es ( =ce are assum$ to issue on _! c\rse to ! o!r pole ( ! magnet4 7b7 ,! ,nor? ,pole ( ! e>?4 ,treat+ ! e>? z a magnet1 & accept+ ! above nom5clature ! nor? pole %\ld be t]m$ ! s\? pole4 7,see ,au/ral ,pole--,boreal ,pole47 #cic ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,nor?-seek+ ,pole4 ,! pole ( a magnet :i* t5ds to po9t to ! nor?2 ! nor? pole ( a magnet4 ,null ,me?od4 ,any me?od ( obta9+ measurem5ts or comp>isons1 9 :i* ! measurem5t is correct :5 ! deflection ( ! galvanomet] or o!r indicator is z]o1 n\ght or null4 ,! ,:eat/one ,bridge 7see ,bridge1 ,:eat/one7 is an example ( a null me?od4 ,two obvi\s advantages atta* to null me?ods 9 electric galvanomet] "w4 ,"o is t an uncalibrat$ galvanomet] c be employ$4 ,! o!r is t a galvanomet] ( any high degree ( s5sitiv5ess c be employ$1 !re be+ no re/riction z to its f95ess ( w9d+ or highness ( resi/ance4 ,upp] case ,omega ,graphic4 7,greek capital ,omega7 symbol = megohm4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,n[ us$ = ohms4 ,l[] case ,omega ,graphic4 7,greek omega7 symbol = ohm4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,n[ us$ = angul> velocity1 #b99,,pi99frequ5cy4 ,occlusion4 ,an absorption ( gases by metals4 ,palladium w1 if us$ z ! hydrog5 evolv+ electrode 9 decompos+ wat]1 absorb #ihj times its volume ( hydrog51 :i* is said to be occlud$4 ,! metal may also be heat$ 9 hydrog5 & all[$ to cool !re91 :5 occlusion occurs4 ,plat9um w occlude #d times its volume ( hydrog52 iron1 #d4ae times its volume ( c>bon-monoxide2 silv]1 #g times its volume ( oxyg54 ,metals ) occlud$ gases may s]ve z elem5ts 9 a galvanic c\ple4 7,see ,gas ,batt]y47 ,a metal exp&s 9 occlud+ a gas4 ,9 ! /orage batt]y x is believ$ t occlusion plays a "p1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 be+ respectively absorb$ by ! two sets ( plates1 & act+ z !y d 9 ,groves' gas batt]y4 ,o]/$t4 ,"n propos$ = ! unit ( curr5t /r5g?1 b n adopt$4 ,! amp]e is ! accept$ "n4 #cid ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,o]/$t's ,discov]y4 ,o]/$t discov]$ 9 #ahbj t a magnetic ne$le t5d$ to place itself at "r angles to a curr5t ( electricity4 ,?is fundam5tal exp]im5t is ! basis ( ! galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #bea4 ,,o]/$t',s ,,discov]y4 ,ohm4 ,! practical unit ( resi/ance2 #a;,e#i ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 electro-magnetic units4 ,! legal ohm is ! resi/ance ( a m]cury column #a squ>e millimet] 9 cross-sectional area & #ajf c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,!re has be5 consid]able confusion1 ow+ to inaccuracy 9 e>ly det]m9ations1 9 ! valuation ( ! ohm4 ,9 ?is "w ! legal ohm is us$4 ,! diff]5t ohms w be f\nd def9$ 9 _! place4 ,resi/ance units ( v>i\s names may also be consult$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! relative values ( ! diff]5t ohms4 ,l5g? ( ,m]cury ,bo>d ( ,column 9 ,true ,b4 ,a4 ,trade ,legal ,c5timetre4 ,ohm4 ,ohm4 ,ohm4 ,ohm4 ,true ,ohm1 #ajf4bd #a4 #a4jabh 4#iiid #a4jjbb ,b4 ,a4 ,ohm1 #ajd4i 4#ihgd #a4 4#ihfh 4#ihhi ,bo>d ( ,trade ,ohm #ajf4c #a4jjjej #a4jacc #a4 #a4jjbh ,legal ,ohm1 #ajf4j 4#iigg #a4jaab 4#iiga #a4 ,ohmage4 ,! ,resi/ance ( a circuit express$ 9 ohms4 ,ohm1 ,b4 ,a4 ,! ,briti% ,association unit ( resi/ance2 ! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury #a squ>e millimet] 9 cross sectional area & #ajd4i c5timet]s long2 ! ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance4 ,ohm1 ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,! approximate ohm z recomm5d$ by ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade on ! advice ( a committee 7,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hopk9son1 ,"l ,rayleigh & o!rs74 ,x is ! resi/ance ( a m]cury column "o squ>e millimet] 9 section1 & #ajf4c c5timet]s long at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,synonym--,new ,ohm4 #cie ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ohmic ,resi/ance4 ,true resi/ance z di/+ui%$ f spuri\s resi/ance1 or c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,ohm1 ,legal4 ,! practical unit ( resi/ance4 ,! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury "o squ>e millimet] 9 cross-sectional area & #ajf c5timetres long at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,! ohm us$ previ\sly to #ahhd is ! ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 q4 v4 ,"o legal ohm #a4jaab ,b4 ,a4 ,units1 & ,i ,b4 ,a4 ,unit #j4ihhi legal ohm4 ,! resi/ance ( a copp] wire #a foot long & #a_/ajjj in* 9 diamet] is ab\t #aj ohms4 ,! resi/ance ( #a mile ( iron wire #a_/c in* 9 diamet] is ab\t #aj ohms4 ,synonym--,congress ,ohm4 #cif ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #beb4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,ohmmet]4 ,fig4 #bec4 ,,ohmmet]4 ,ohmmet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ directly ! resi/ance ( a conductor or ( any "p ( a circuit ?r\gh :i* a /rong curr5t is pass+4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton4 ,x conta9s two fix$ coils at "r angles to ea* o!r act+ on ! same ne$le ( s(t iron4 ,"o coil is ( ?ick wire & is plac$ 9 s]ies ) ! resi/ance to be measur$4 ,! o!r is ( v ?9 wire & is plac$ 9 p>allel ) ! same resi/ance4 ,"o wire acts by ! total curr5t1 ! o!r by ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ends ( ! resi/ance4 ,! action on ! s(t iron ne$le is due to ! ratio ( pot5tial diff]5ce to total curr5ts1 or to ! resi/ance itself4 ,by prop]ly design+ & proportion+ ! coils ! angul> deflections ( ! ne$le are made proportional to ! resi/ance4 ,9 use ! ?ick wire may be kept p]man5tly 9 circuit4 ,on connect+ ! b9d+ po/s ( ! ?9 wire coil to any two p>ts ( ! circuit its resi/ance is at once giv5 by ! deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,:5 no curr5t is pass+ ! ne$le re/s 9 any position4 ,a curr5t 9 ! ?ick coil br+s x to z]o4 ,a curr5t simultane\sly pass+ ?r\gh ! ?9 high resi/ance coil br+s ab\t ! deflection4 ,! in/rum5t is a comm]cial r ?an a sci5tific "o4 ,ohm's ,law4 ,! fundam5tal law express+ ! relations betwe5 curr5t1 electro-motive =ce & resi/ance 9 an active electric circuit4 ,x may be express$ ?us3 7a7 ,! curr5t /r5g? is equal to ! electro-motive =ce divid$ by ! resi/ance4 7b7 ,! electro-motive =ce is equal to ! curr5t /r5g? multipli$ by ! resi/ance4 7c7 ,! resi/ance is equal to ! electro-motive =ce divid$ by ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,all ^! are diff]5t =ms ( ! same /atem5t4 ,algebraically ! law is usually express$ ?us1 7a7 ,c ,e_/,r4 ,x may also be express$ ?us3 7b7 ,e ,c99,r & 7c7 ,r ,e_/,c1 9 :i* ,r d5otes resi/ance1 ,c d5otes curr5t /r5g?1 & ,e d5otes electro-motive =ce4 ,ohm1 ,true4 ,! true ohm is ! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury #a squ>e millimet] 9 cross-sectional area1 & #ajf4bd c5timet]s long4 7,see ,ohm47 ,synonym-,rayleigh ,ohm4 ,oil ,insulation4 ,oil insulation has receiv$ sev]al applications 9 electrical "w4 ,x has be5 propos$ = use 9 und]gr\nd conduits4 ,^! x 0 propos$ to fill ) oil aft] ! ins]tion ( ! conductors1 ! latt] prop]ly wrapp$ ) cotton or o!r cov]+4 ,= induction coils x has be5 v successfully us$4 ,its pr9cipal utility dep5ds on ! fact t x is liquid1 s t if pi]c$ by a sp>k x at once closes aga94 ,a solid insulator if pi]c$ is p]man5tly injur$4 ,x is also us$ 9 telegraph insulators 7see ,insulator1 ,liquid7 to prev5t surface leakage4 #cig ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,olefiant ,gas4 ,a comp\nd gas2 ,c#b;,h#d2 compos$ ( c>bon1 #bd2 hydrog51 #d2 molecul> weight1 #bh2 specific gravity1 4#iha4 ,x is a dielectric ( ab\t ! resi/ance ( air4 ,its specific inductive capacity at atmosph]ic pressure is #a4jjjgbb 7,boltzman47 ,synonym--,e!ne2 heavy c>burett$ hydrog54 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,also call$ e?yl5e4 ,a prim>y use is polye?yl5e pla/ic4 ,op54 adj4 ,an electric circuit is said to be op5 :5 x is cut or brok5 s t no curr5t c pass ?r\gh x4 ,! t]m may be recollect$ by ?9k+ ( a swit*2 :5 op5 no curr5t c pass ?r\gh x4 ,! same adjective is appli$ to magnetic circuits1 an air gap imply+ an op5 circuit4 ,op5 ,circuit ,oscillation4 ,an oscillation ( curr5t 9 op5 circuit s t a sp>k dis*>ge accompanies x4 ,x is produc$ by electric resonance 9 a simple circle or loop ( wire ) ends plac$ ne> toge!r b n t\*+1 if ! circuit is ( su* size t its p]iod ( oscillation corresponds ) t ( ! induc+ dis*>ge4 7,see ,resonance1 ,electric47 ,its p]iod dep5ds entirely on ! self-induction ( ! circuit4 ,ord9ate4 ,9 a sy/em ( plane co-ord9ates 7see ,co-ord9ates71 ! di/ance ( any po9t f ! axis ( abscissas measur$ p>allel to ! axis ( ord9ates4 ,ord9ates1 ,axis (4 ,! v]tical axis 9 a sy/em ( co-ord9ates1 q4 v4 ,synonym--,axis ( ,y4 ,organ1 ,electric4 ,an organ 9 :i* ! air bla/ is admitt$ or exclud$ f ! diff]5t pipes by electric me*anism4 ,! outl9es ( ! sy/em are a s]ies ( contacts work$ by ! keys & /ops1 :i* cause1 :5 op]at$ by ! organi/1 a curr5t to pass ?r\gh electro-magnets1 op5+ ! valves ( ! diff]5t pipes4 ,?us ! manual may be at any di/ance f ! organ1 & a numb] ( organs may be work$ ^u ! same manual4 ,z _m z five 9 a s+le ca!dral are ?us connect$ to a manual 9 ! *ancel4 ,ori5tation ( a ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,! acquirem5t by a magnetic ne$le ( its position ( re/1 ) its magnetic axis 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,orig9 ( ,co-ord9ates4 ,9 a sy/em ( l9e> co-ord9ates ! po9t ( int]section ( ! axes2 ! po9t ^: co-ord9ates are bo? z]o4 #cih ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,oscillat+ ,ne$le4 ,a small light b> magnet susp5d$ by a filam5t & employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! int5sity ( a magnetic field by ! oscillations x completes 9 a giv5 "t aft] a giv5 di/urbance4 ,oscillations1 ,electric4 ,9 /atic electricity ! sudd5 & v rapid alt]nations 9 ! dis*>ge ( a /atic cond5s]4 ,?is dis*>ge ( ! disruptive ord] seems a s+le "o1 b is really compos$ ( a numb] ( dis*>ges alt]nat+ 9 direction & produc+ electro-magnetic e!r waves1 probably id5tical ) light waves except t !y are long] & f> less rapid4 ,oscillatory ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,electro-motive =ce rapidly *ang+ 9 s5se or 9 direction1 s t x pres5ts an oscillatory "*4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t & ! telephone curr5t z us$ 9 practice are actuat$ by ?is type ( electro-motive =ce4 ,osmose1 ,electric4 ,:5 two liquids are sep>at$ by a por\s diaphragm1 & a /rong curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh f ! liquid on "o side1 ?r\gh ! diaphragm1 to ! liquid on ! o!r side1 ! liquid on ! side t[>ds :i* ! curr5t is pass+ rises 9 level4 ,! process is t]m$ electric osmose4 ,:5 a liquid is =c$ ?r\gh a diaphragm a curr5t is produc$2 9 o!r words electric osmose is rev]sible4 ,! curr5t ?us produc$ is t]m$ a diaphragm curr5t4 ,oscillation1 ,electric4 ,! phase ( dis*>ge ( a /atic cond5s] 9 "o direction4 ,x is usually foll[$ by a dis*>ge 9 ! opposite direction con/itut+ a second oscillation1 & s on1 s t a great numb] ( exce$+ly %ort oscillations are compris$4 ,?us1 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j> a l>ge numb] ( oscillations ( curr5t back & =? are produc$1 ! curr5t alt]nat+ l ! sw+s ( a p5dulum4 ,^! oscillations are suppos$ to affect ! e!r1 produc+ waves 9 x id5tical ) light waves1 except t we h n be5 able yet to produce !m %ort en\gh to affect ! visual organs4 ,! waves ?us produc$ c be reflect$ or refract$2 "s sub/ances are transp>5t = !m & o!rs opaque4 ,!re is a possibility t man may yet succe$ 9 produc+ electric oscillations ( suffici5t frequ5cy to br+ ab\t ! direct production ( light4 ,oscillatory ,displacem5t4 ,hypo!tical displacem5t curr5ts ( rapidly alt]nat+ direction produc$ 9 ! oscillatory dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> or /atic cond5s]4 ,oscillatory ,induction4 ,induction produc$ by sympa!tic action ( an oscillatory dis*>ge or by electric resonance4 7,see ,oscillations1 ,electric--,resonance1 ,electric--,resonator1 ,electric47 #cii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,outlet4 ,! "p ( an electroli] or electric light fixture out ( :i* ! wires are l$ = atta*m5t ( an inc&esc5t light socket4 ,output4 ,! rate ( en]gy deliv]$ or ( "w done by a ma*9e4 ,9 ! case ( a curr5t g5]ator x is ! volt-c\lombs p] giv5 second1 or bett] ! volt-amp]es deliv]$ at its out] circuit t]m9als4 ,output1 ,magnetic4 ,! analogue 9 a magnetic circuit ( ! output ( an electric circuit4 ,x is ! product ( ! magnetiz+ =ce by ! induc$ magnetism4 ,output1 ,unit (4 ,z a unit ( output ( a dynamo ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson has propos$ #a1jjj watts1 or "o kil[att4 ,?is unit is n[ frequ5tly us$4 ,to completely def9e ! dynamo1 h[ev]1 ! amp]age or ! voltage mu/ also be giv51 z a #aj kil[att--#aaj volt ma*9e1 or a #aj kil[att--#ii amp]e ma*9e4 ,transcrib]'s note3 #aj kil[att at #aaj volts is #ia amp]es4 ,ov]-,comp\nd+4 ,a proportion+ ( ! s]ies & %unt w9d+s ( a comp\nd dynamo1 s t ! voltage ( ! t]m9als rises ) ! load or output en\gh to all[ = ! drop 9 ma9s1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! pot5tial = full load at di/ant po9ts 9 a di/rict4 ,x is c>ri$ out by an increase ( amp]e-turns 9 ! s]ies w9d+4 ,ov]load4 ,9 an electric motor a me*anical load put ^u x s great z to prev5t economical work+4 ,"o effect ( su* a load is to make ! armature run s sl[ly z to unduly r$uce ! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce & h5ce to p]mit s mu* curr5t to pass ?r\gh ! coils z to heat !m1 p]haps injuri\sly4 ,9 ?is case ! production ( heat implies ! wa/e ( en]gy4 ,ov]type ,dynamo or ,motor4 ,a dynamo or motor ^: armature is plac$ above or 9 ! upp] "p ( ! field magnets1 ! yoke piece ( ! magnets be+ 9 or re/+ ^u ! base ( ! ma*9e4 ,ozone4 ,an allotropic =m ( oxyg54 ,x possesses mu* m en]getic *emical prop]ties ?an oxyg54 ,x is suppos$ to conta9 ?ree atoms ( oxyg5 9 its molecule1 repres5t$ ?us3 ,o _/ ,o---,o ,x is produc$ by electric dis*>ges & x is its peculi> odor :i* is notic$ ab\t an electric ma*9e1 & sometimes 9 a ?und]/orm ne> ! pa? ( a lightn+ fla%4 ,9 ! electrolysis ( wat] "s ozone may be produc$1 ?us dim9i%+ ! volume ( ! oxyg5 or ( ! mix$ gases giv5 (f4 ,?is is a s\rce ( inaccuracy 9 a gas voltamet]4 #djj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pac9otti's ,inductor4 ,! ,pac9otti or ,gramme ,r+4 7,see ,pac9otti's ,r+47 ,pac9otti's ,r+4 ,a r+ ( iron wire w\nd ) coils ( insulat$ wire at "r angles to its circul> axis1 & us$ z ! armature ( a dynamo or motor4 ,a numb] ( connections are tak5 f ! coils to a c5tral commutator4 ,fig4 #bed4 ,,pac9otti',s ,,ma*9e1 ,,) ,,r+ ,,armature4 ,if su* a r+ ) its coils is rotat$ 9 a field1 curr5t c be tak5 f po9ts ( ! commutator on a l9e at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce ent]+ ! r+4 ,! r+ 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfb by ,pac9otti1 & lat] 0 indep5d5tly discov]$ by ,gramme4 ,x is (t5 kn[n z ! ,gramme r+4 ,pac9otti ,tee?4 ,projections on a cyl9drical or drum armature1 betwe5 :i* 9 ! grooves =m$ !reby1 ! wire is w\nd4 ,! tee? be+ ( iron t5d to dim9i% ! reluctance or magnetic resi/ance ( ! int]pol> space1 or int]val betwe5 ! poles ( ! field magnet4 ,synonym--,pac9otti ,projections4 ,paill>d ,alloys4 ,non-magnetic palladium alloys1 inv5t$ by ,paill>d1 ( ,switz]l&1 us$ 9 anti-magnetic wat*es4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z ! compositions ( sev]al su* alloys3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,palladium1 #fj to #ge p>ts #ej to #ge p>ts ,copp]1 ,i#e to #be #bj to #cj ,iron4 #a to #e #e to #bj #dja ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! foll[+ are m complex3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,palladium1 #fe to #ge p>ts #de to #ej p>ts ,copp]1 #ae to #be #ae to #be ,nickel1 #a to #e #b to #e ,silv]1 #c to #aj #bj to #be ,gold1 #a to #b-a_/b #b to #e ,plat9um1 #a_/b to #b #b to #e ,/eel1 #a to #e #b to #e ,^! alloys are us$ = balance spr+s1 z well z = ! balance :eels & escapem5t p>ts ( wat*es4 ,! ela/icity ( rec5tly produc$ spr+s has be5 f\nd to be v satisfactory4 ,page ,effect4 ,! s\nds produc$ by magnetiz+ & demagnetiz+ a b> ( iron or /eel2 ! magnetic tick4 ,! s\nds are /rong en\gh to produce a telephonic effect4 7,see ,magnetic ,tick47 ,palladium4 ,a metal ( ! plat9um s]ies4 ,x has ! highe/ p[] ( occlusion1 q4v41 ( all metals4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5t ( non-magnetic wat* alloys4 ,palladium us$ z an electrode 9 ! electrolysis ( wat] w occlude #icf volumes ( hydrog51 & ! hydrog5-palladium alloy w exce$ 9 size ! orig9al electrode4 ,fig4 #bee4 ,,lum9\s ,,pane4 ,pane1 ,lum9\s4 ,a pane ( glass1 "o side ( :i* has pa/$ to x a long zigzag /rip ( t9foil4 ,a design is made by cutt+ ?r\gh ! /rip4 ,on dis*>g+ a ,leyd5 j> or an electric ma*9e ?r\gh ! /rip sp>ks appe> :]e ! t9foil is sev]$1 ?us produc+ ! design 9 a lum9\s effect4 ,_m v>iations c be employ$ 9 _! con/ruction4 #djb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pantelegraphy4 ,a sy/em ( telegraphy = transmitt+ designs1 maps1 draw+1 & ! l by telegraphy4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,facsimile47 ,pap] ,filam5ts4 ,filam5ts ( c>bon = inc&esc5t lamps made f pap]4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ mat]ials practically us$4 ,! pap] is cut out ( prop] %ape1 & is c>boniz$ 9 a close vessel1 :ile emb$d$ 9 p[d]$ *>coal or "s o!r =m ( c>bon to absolutely cut (f access ( air4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! lamp *amb] & fla%$ or subject$ to ! regul> treatm5t4 ,p>abola4 ,a curve2 "o ( ! conic sections4 ,x is approximately repres5t$ by a small arc ( a circle1 b if ext5d$ becomes rapidly deep] ?an a half circle4 ,if1 f a po9t )9 call$ ! focus1 l9es are drawn to ! curve & !n o!r l9es are drawn f ^! po9ts p>allel to ! axis1 ! angles ( incid5ce w he equal to ! angles ( reflection z ref]r$ to tang5ts at ! po9ts :]e ! l9es t\* ! curve4 ,transcrib]'s note2 ,! g5]al equation ( a p>abola is ,a99x#b ,b99x99y ,c99y#b ,d99x ,e99y ,f #j su* t ,b#b #d99;,a99,c1 all ( ! coeffici5ts are real1 & ,a & ,c are n z]o4 ,a p>abola position$ at ! orig9 & symmetrical on ! y axis is simplifi$ to y a99x#b ,p>abolic ,reflector4 ,a reflector = a light1 a p>aboloid or surface ( revolution ^: section is a p>abola4 ,a light plac$ at its focus has its rays reflect$ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,examples ( p>abolic reflectors are se5 9 electric se>* lights & 9 locomotive head-lights4 ,!y are employ$ 9 electric se>* lights4 ,! arc light mu/ be ( su* con/ruction z to ma9ta9 its ignit$ po9ts always at ! same po9t1 ! focus ( ! p>aboloid4 ,p>aff9e4 v4 ,to coat or saturate ) p>aff9e wax4 ,pap] may be p>aff9$ by dipp+ 9 ! wax1 or by be+ spr9kl$ ) fragm5ts ( wax1 subsequ5tly melt$ 9 ) a hot iron or o!rwise4 ,! tops ( batt]y c>bons are (t5 p>aff9$ to prev5t ! acid f ris+ 9 ! pores by capill>y attraction & ru/+ ! connections4 #djc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,p>aff9e ,wax4 ,a hydro-c>bon compos$ pr9cipally ( mixtures ( ! high] memb]s ( ! p>aff9e s]ies ,c n ,h#b n #b4 ,x is made f cannel coal1 coal t>1 or petroleum by di/illation4 ,x is an insulator4 ,its resi/ance at #df ,c4 7#aad4h ,f47 p] c5timet] cube is #c4d;,e#af ohms1 or ab\t ! highe/ resi/ance kn[n4 ,its specific inductive capacity 7= milky wax7 is #b4dg 7,s*ill]74 ,= cle> wax x is giv5 z foll[s by diff]5t au?orities3 #a4ib ,ayrton4 #a4if ,wlln]4 #a4igg ,gibson ,b>clay4 #b4cb ,baltzmann4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 cond5s]s & o!r electric app>atus z a dielectric & insulator4 ,p>agrles4 ,protectors aga9/ hail2 lightn+ rods us$ to gu>d fields aga9/ hail2 ( little or no real utility4 ,p>allax4 ,! app>5t *ange 9 position ( an object :5 look$ at f two po9ts ( view4 ,by look+ at an object a few feet di/ant fir/ ) "o eye & !n ) ! o!r1 ! %ift+ 9 app>5t position is se54 ,9 read+ ! position ( an indicator or ne$le ov] a scale p>allax introduces an error unless ! eye is held v]tically ov] ! ne$le4 ,by mak+ ! dial ( look+- glass & hold+ ! eye s t ! reflection ( its pupil is bisect$ by ! ne$le ?is v]ticality is ensur$4 ,p>allel4 7a7 ,9 ! nom5clature ( electric circuits two or m conductors lead+ f "o po9t to ano!r1 are said to be 9 p>allel4 7b7 ,:5 two or m conductors connect two ma9 leads ( comp>atively l>ge size & l[ resi/ance !y are said to be 9 p>allel or 9 multiple arc4 ,?is ord] is easie/ pictur$ z ! rungs ( a ladd] 9 p>allel connect+ its two sides repres5t+ ! ma9 leads4 ,x may be us$ z a n\n z arrang$ 9 p>allel1 or z an adjective z a p>allel circuit1 ! opposite ( s]ies1 q4 v4 ,p>amagnetic4 adj4 ,possess+ p>amagnetic prop]ties2 t5d+ to occupy a position ) ! long] axis p>allel to ! l9es ( =ce ( a magnetic field2 hav+ magnetism2 attract$ by a magnet4 ,if a homog5e\s isotropic sub/ance is plac$ 9 a magnetic field x becomes magnetiz$ at e po9t 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic int5sity at t po9t1 & ) an int5sity ( magnetization proportional to ! magnetic int5sity4 ,:5 ! positive direction ( ! induc$ magnetization is ! same z t ( ! magnetic int5sity ! sub/ance is call$ ,magnetic or ,p>amagnetic2 :5 x is opposite1 ! sub/ance is call$ ,diamagnetic4 7,emtage47 ,a p>amagnetic sub/ance has high p]meability or multiply+ p[] = l9es ( =ce1 h5ce 9 a magnetic field a b> ( iron1 etc41 is 9 un/able equilibrium unless its long] axis is p>allel ) ! l9es ( =ce 9 ord] to r$uce z mu* z possible ! reluctance ( ! circuit4 #djd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,iron is ! mo/ p>amagnetic ( all sub/ances4 ,o!r p>amagnetic metals are3 ,nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1 plat9um1 c]ium1 osmium1 palladium4 ,diamagnetic metals are bismu?1 antimony1 z9c1 t91 m]cury1 lead1 silv]1 copp]1 gold1 ars5ic4 ,bismu? is ! mo/ diamagnetic ( all metals4 ,( gases oxyg5 is mo/ p>amagnetic4 ,becqu]el calculat$ t a cubic y>d ( oxyg5 cond5s$ w\ld act on a magnetic ne$le z p[]fully z #e4e gra9s ( metallic iron4 ,liquefi$ oxyg5 w adh]e to ! poles ( a magnet4 ,*anges ( temp]ature & ( o!r conditions may affect a body's magnetism4 ,?us hot oxyg5 is diamagnetic1 & a sub/ance p>amagnetic 9 a vacuum may be diamagnetic 9 air4 ,( liquids1 solutions ( iron or cobalt are p>amagnetic2 wat]1 blood1 milk1 alcohol1 e!r1 oil ( turp5t9e & mo/ sal9e solutions are diamagnetic4 ,p>amagnetism4 7a7 ,! sci5ce or /udy ( p>amagnetic sub/ances & ph5om5a4 7b7 ,! magnetic prop]ty ( a p>amagnetic sub/ance2 t ( be+ attract$ by a magnet1 & ( arrang+ itself ) its long] axis p>allel ) ! l9es ( =ce ( a magnetic field4 ,p>*m5tiz+4 ,if cellulose is treat$ ) a mixture ( two p>ts ( sulphuric acid & "o "p ( wat] p]fectly cold1 x becomes l p>*m5t4 ,x %\ld at once be wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n ) ammonia & wat]4 ,! ,swan inc&esc5t light fibres are made ( p>*m5tiz$ cotton ?read1 :i* is aft]w>d c>boniz$4 ,p>tial ,e>?4 ,a fault 9 a conductor caus$ by imp]fect connection ) ! e>?1 :]e insulation f ! e>? is desir$4 ,passive ,/ate4 ,a /ate ( a sub/ance 9 virtue ( :i* x is unattack$ by a solv5t :i* ord9>ily w\ld dissolve or attack x4 ,iron 9 /rong nitric acid is unattack$ or assumes ! passive /ate4 ,?is p>ticul> case is suppos$ to be due to a coat+ ( magnetic oxide1 s t !re w\ld be prop]ly speak+ no "q ( a passive /ate1 b only "o ( sup]ficial protection4 ,! exi/5ce ( a true passive /ate ( any sub/ance is v d\btful4 ,p4 ,d4 ,abbreviation = pot5tial diff]5ce or diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 or = electro-motive =ce4 #dje ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pelti] ,effect4 ,! !rmal effect produc$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh ! junction ( two unlike conductors4 ,su* junction is g5]ally ! seat ( !rmo-electric effects1 & a curr5t is g5]ally produc$ by heat+ su* a junction4 ,if an indep5d5t curr5t is pass$ 9 ! same direction z t ( ! !rmoelectric curr5t1 x cools ! junction1 & w>ms x if pass$ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 ref]r+ to !rmo-electric c\ples1 if pass$ ?r\gh !m x t5ds to cool ! hot & heat ! cool junction4 ,! ph5om5on does n occur 9 z9c-copp] junctions4 ,pelti]'s ,cross4 ,a b> ( bismu? & a b> ( antimony sold]$ c5tre to c5tre at "r angles1 be+ not*$ or halv$ !re to receive or to set into ea* o!r4 ,x is us$ to demon/rate ! ,pelti] effect1 q4 v4 ,to "o pair ( ends are connect$ ! t]m9als ( a batt]y circuit2 to ! o!r pair are connect$ ! t]m9als ( a galvanomet]4 ,! galvanomet] by its deflections 9 "o & !n 9 ! o!r direction indicates t ! junction is heat$ :5 ! curr5t passes f antimony to bismu? & vice v]sa4 ,x ?us illu/rates ! heat+ & cool+ ( a !rmo-electric junction by a curr5t ( electricity4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y by ! ,pelti] effect ei!r heats or cools ! junction1 z ! case may be4 ,?is heat+ or cool+ !m produces a !rmo-electric curr5t 9 ! galvanomet] circuit4 ,! batt]y has no direct influ5ce on ! galvanomet]4 ,p5dant ,cord4 ,a d\ble conductor or pair ( conductors1 insulat$ f ea* o!r & cov]$ ) a wor/$1 silk1 or cotton cov]+ & us$ to susp5d inc&esc5t lamps & at ! same "t to conduct ! curr5t to !m4 ,x is also us$ = o!r simil> s]vice1 su* z act+ z conductors = small motors4 ,(t5 ea* conductor is compos$ ( a numb] ( ?9 wires laid toge!r4 ,?is gives flexibility to ! cord4 ,synonym--,flexible ,cord4 ,p5dulum1 ,electric4 7a7 ,a p5dulum op]at$ by ! int]mitt5t action ( an electro-magnet1 ^: circuit is op5$ & clos$ by ! p5dulum itself4 ,a po9t at ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum sw++ ?r\gh a globule ( m]cury may close & op5 ! circuit4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods ( accompli%+ ! same end are employ$ 44 7b7 ,a pi? ball susp5d$ by a ?read f an insulat+ /&4 ,x is us$ to %[ ! attraction ex]cis$ by a piece ( seal+ wax or o!r sub/ance excit$ by rubb+4 #djf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,p51 ,electric4 ,a /ylus = produc+ a s]ies ( p]=ations 9 pap]1 s t ! pap] may act z a /5cil = ! reproduction ( a great numb] ( copies ( ! orig9al matt]4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( electric p5s h be5 inv5t$4 ,"o k9d1 inv5t$ by ,edison1 consi/s ( a h&le c>ry+ an electric motor actuat+ a ne$le1 :i* is driv5 9 & out ( ! o!r end ( ! h&le ) high rapidity4 ,x is us$ by be+ held v]tically on ! pap] ) ! ne$le end d[nw>d1 & is mov$ s z to describe p]=at$ lett]s or designs4 ,! pap] is !n us$ z a /5cil ) an ink roll] to reproduce ! writ+ or design ad libitum4 ,a simpl] k9d disp5ses ) ! motor & dep5ds on ! p]=ations produc$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut ! /ylus is "o t]m9al ( an induction coil circuit4 ,! support on :i* ! pap] re/s is ! o!r t]m9al & mu/ be a conductor4 ,9 use ! induction coil is />t$1 & ! /ylus is mov$ ov] ! pap]2 a s]ies ( sp>ks pass ?r\gh ! pap] f /ylus to ! support+ tablet1 p]=at+ ! pap] & produc+ a /5cil to be us$ = reproduction4 ,fig4 #bef4 ,,electric ,,p54 ,p5tane ,/&>d1 ,h>c\rt's4 ,a /&>d ( illum9at+ p[]2 9 x ! combu/ible sub/ance is a gas made by mix+ "o cubic foot ( air ) ?ree cubic in*es ( liquid p5tane1 measur$ at #fj ,f4 or1 if measur$ z gases1 #bj volumes ( air to #g ( p5tane4 ,x is burn$ at ! rate ( #j4e cubic foot p] h\r f a cyl9drical tube "o in* 9 diamet]1 clos$ at ! top by a disc #j4e in* ?ick ) a hole #j4be in* 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas issues4 ,x gives a flame #b4e in*es high4 ,! p5tane us$ is ! di/illate ( petroleum :i* boils at #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f47 2 x has a specific gravity at #ae ,c4 7#fj ,f47 ( f #j4fbh to #j4fca4 ,x is almo/ pure p5tane 7,c#e;,h#ab74 ,z long z ! rate ( consumption is betwe5 #j4dh & #j4eb cubic foot p] h\r ! flame gives practically ! same light4 #djg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,p]=ator4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 automatic high spe$ telegraphy = p]=at+ /rips ( pap]4 ,^! are !n us$ by draw+ betwe5 a roll] & contact spr+ = mak+ & break+ ! telegraphic circuit = ! production ( a record1 su* z ! ,morse record1 at ! di/ant receiv+ /ation4 ,! p]=at$ /rip has diff]5t classes ( holes pun*$ 9 x to repres5t dots or da%es4 ,x is f$ by ma*9]y v rapidly1 s t ! message is transmitt$ ) ! highe/ spe$4 ,sev]al op]ators may simultane\sly prep>e ! pap] /rips1 & ?us 9 conjunction ) its rapid fe$+ 9 ! transmitt]1 f> surpass ! "t ( ord9>y direct transmission4 ,fig4 #beg4 ,,p]=ator ,,= ,,:eat/one',s ,,automatic ,,telegraph4 ,p]=ators may be entirely me*anical b are sometimes pneumatic1 compress$ air be+ us$ to op]ate !m4 ,! holes !y make are on diff]5t levels ( ! pap] /rip1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,p]iod4 ,! "t requir$ = ! completion ( "o complete elem5t ( p]iodic motion4 ,?is may be a complete alt]nation 7,see ,alt]nation1 ,complete7 ( an alt]nat+ curr5t1 or ( an oscillatory dis*>ge4 ,p]iodicity4 ,! rate ( succession ( alt]nations or ( o!r fix$ phases2 ! rate ( recurr5ce ( ph5om5a4 #djh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,p]man5cy4 ,9 electric curr5t conductors ! prop]ty ( possess+ conductivity unaffect$ by lapse ( "t4 ,g5]ally ! p]man5cy ( conductors is v high4 ,9 "s cases a sl[ anneal+ takes place :i* causes a gradual *ange ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,anneal$ ,g]man silv] wire has be5 f\nd to increase 9 conductivity at ab\t 4#jb p] c5t4 9 a ye>4 7,mat?iess547 ,wire1 :e!r anneal$ or n1 is left 9 a /ra9$ condition aft] ! draw+ op]ations1 & su* a *ange is consonant ) ?is fact4 ,! figure only applies to ! samples te/$ by ,mat?iess54 ,p]man5t ,/ate4 ,9 a telegraph l9e or o!r curr5t conductor1 ! condition :5 a uni=m curr5t /r5g? obta9s ov] ! :ole l9e4 ,:5 a curr5t is />t$ x advances ?r\gh ! l9e ) a sort ( wave front gradually increas+ 9 /r5g?4 ,at ! fur!r end "s "t may elapse be=e x atta9s its full int5sity4 ,:5 its does ! p]man5t /ate prevails4 ,until !n ! v>iable /ate1 q4 v41 exi/s 9 ! l9e4 ,p]meamet]4 ,an app>atus = det]m9+ ! p]meability ( samples ( iron4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge slott$ block ( iron4 ,a coil is plac$ )9 ! slot4 ,a hole is drill$ ?r\gh "o end1 & a rod ( ! iron to be te/$ is pass$ ?r\gh ?is hole & ?r\gh ! coil to ! bottom ( ! slot4 ,! l[] end ( ! rod mu/ be accurately fac$ (f4 ,! curr5t is turn$ on1 ^u :i* ! rod adh]es to ! bottom ( ! slot4 ,! =ce requir$ to deta* x is det]m9$ ) a spr+ balance4 ,! p]meation ?r\gh its face is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! =ce requir$4 ,fig4 #beh4 ,,p]meamet]4 ,p]meance4 ,! multiply+ or ! conduct+ p[] = magnetic l9es ( =ce possess$ by a giv5 mass ( mat]ial4 ,x v>ies ) ! %ape & size ( ! sub/ance z well z ) ! induc+ =ce4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f p]meability1 z ! latt] is a specific quality prop] to ! mat]ial1 & express$ z su*2 ! p]meance is ! p]meability z affect$ by size & %ape ( ! object z well z by its mat]ial4 #dji ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pflg]'s ,law4 ,a law ( electro-!rapeutics4 ,x /ates t /imulation ( a n]ve is only produc$ by successive appe>ance ( ! ka!lectrotonic /ate1 & disappe>ance ( ! anelectrotonic /ate4 ,phantom ,wires4 ,! extra transmission circuits obta9$ 9 multiplex telegraph sy/ems4 ,a s+le l9e arrang$ = f\r sep>ate simultane\s transmissions by quadruplex app>atus is said to e/abli% ?ree phantom wires4 ,phase4 ,9 wave motion1 oscillat+ motion1 simple h>monic motion1 or simil> p]iodic ph5om5a1 ! int]val ( "t pass$ f ! "t ! mov+ p>ticle mov$ ?r\gh ! middle po9t ( its c\rse to ! in/ant :5 ! phase is to be /at$4 ,ph]ope4 ,an app>atus = ! electric transmission ( pictures4 7,see ,telephote47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,precursor ( ! contempor>y ,fax & scann]4 ,philosoph]'s ,egg4 ,an ellipsoidal vessel m\nt$ ) its long axis v]tical & ) two v]tical electrodes1 ! upp] "o slid+1 & arrang$ to be atta*$ to an air pump4 ,a dis*>ge ?r\gh x :5 ! air is exhau/$ takes ! g5]al %ape ( an egg4 ,phonautograph4 ,an app>atus = regi/]+ ! vibrations ( a /ylus1 :i* is m\nt$ on a diaphragm & is act$ on by s\nd waves4 ,x is virtually a resonat+ *amb]1 ov] "o ( ^: ends a p>*m5t diaphragm is /ret*$4 ,to ! c5tre ( ! p>*m5t a ne$le or /ylus is atta*$4 ,a cyl9d] cov]$ ) soot is rotat$ 9 contact ) ! po9t ( ! /ylus4 ,z ! *amb] is spok5 into ! diaphragm & /ylus vibrate & ! vibrations are m>k$ on ! cyl9d]4 ,x is ( "s electric int]e/ 9 connection ) telephony4 ,phone4 ,colloquial abbreviation = telephone4 ,phonic ,:eel4 ,a =m ( small motor ( v simple con/ruction4 ,x consi/s ( a too!d :eel ( s(t iron4 ,a b> electro-magnet is fix$ ) "o pole fac+ ! tee? ( ! :eel4 ,by a tun+ =k make & break a succession ( impulses ( rapid frequ5cy & %ort duration are s5t ?r\gh ! magnet4 ,! tee? act z armatures & are successively attract$ by ! magnet4 ,! regulat$ spe$ is "o too? = ea* impulse1 b x may rotate at "o-half ! spe$1 giv+ two tee? = ea* impulse1 or at c]ta9 o!r sub-multiples ( its regul> spe$4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,paul ,lec\r4 #daj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,phonograph4 ,an app>atus = reproduc+ articulate spee*4 ,x is n electric1 except z x may be driv5 by electricity4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( wax-l mat]ial :i* is rotat$ & mov$ sl[ly1 longitud9ally1 screw fa%ion1 at an ev5 spe$4 ,a glass diaphragm c>ry+ a ne$le po9t is support$ ) ! po9t b>ely t\*+ ! wax4 ,if ! diaphragm is agitat$1 z by be+ spok5 aga9/1 ! ne$le is driv5 back & =w>ds cutt+ a brok5 l9e or groove foll[+ ! direction ( ! ?read ( a screw 9 ! wax1 ! dep? ( :i* l9e or groove cont9ually v>ies4 ,?is impr9ts ! message4 ,if ! ne$le is set back & ! cyl9d] is rotat$ s z to c>ry ! ne$le po9t ov] ! l9e ?us impress$1 ! v>y+ dep? ?r[s ! ne$le & diaphragm into motion & ! s\nd is reproduc$4 ,! cyl9d] is rotat$ (t5 by an electric motor1 ) a c5trifugal gov]nor4 ,transcrib]'s note2 ,due to ,t4 ,a4 ,edison1 #ahgg1 fifte5 ye>s be=e ?is book4 ,phonoz5ograph4 ,an app>atus = indicat+ ! direction ( ! po9t :]e a s\nd is produc$4 ,x op]ates by a microphone & telephone 9 conjunction ) a ,:eat/one bridge to det]m9e ! locality4 ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,! emission ( light rays by a sub/ance n heat$1 b ^: lum9osity is due to ! p]si/5ce ( lum9\s vibration aft] light has fall5 ^u x4 ,a phosphoresc5t body1 aft] exposure to light1 is lum9\s itself4 ,phosphoresc5ce may be induc$ by rubb+ or friction1 by heat1 by molecul> bomb>dm5t1 z 9 ,crookes' tubes1 & by /atic dis*>ge ( electricity1 z well z by simple exposure to light4 ,ano!r =m ( phosphoresc5ce may be due to sl[ *emical combu/ion4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! lum9osity ( phosphor\s4 ,phosphor\s1 ,electrical ,r$uction (4 ,phosphor\s is r$uc$ f bone phosphate by ! heat ( ! electric arc4 ,! phosphate mix$ ) *>coal is expos$ to ! heat ( ! voltaic are1 & r$uction ( ! phosphor\s ) its volatilization at once ensues4 ,! phosphor\s z x volatilizes is cond5s$ & collect$4 ,photo-electricity4 ,! developm5t ( electrical prop]ties by exposure to light4 ,cry/als ( fluor sp> are electrifi$ n only by heat 7see ,pyro-electricity7 b also by exposure to sunlight or to ! light ( ! voltaic arc4 ,transcrib]s note3 ,al?\gh fir/ obs]v$ 9 #ahci by ,becqu]el1 x 0 n expla9$ until #aije by ,alb]t ,e9/e9 ) ! introduction ( photons4 ,photo-electric ,microscope4 ,a projection1 sol> or magic-lant]n microscope work$ by ! electric light4 ,photo-electro-motive ,=ce4 ,electro-motive =ce produc$ 9 a sub/ance by ! action ( light4 #daa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,photomet]4 ,an app>atus = measur+ ! int5sity ( light emitt$ by a giv5 lamp or o!r s\rce ( illum9at+ p[]4 ,!y may be classifi$ into sev]al types4 ,calorimetric or ,heat ,photomet]s act by measur+ relatively ! heat produc$ by ! e!r waves 7s-call$ radiant heat7 emitt$ by ! s\rce4 ,! accuracy ( ! in/rum5t is increas$ by pass+ ! rays ?r\gh an alum solution4 ,a !rmopile1 or an air !rmomet]1 may be us$ to receive ! rays4 ,*emical ,photomet]s4 ,9 ^! ! light falls ^u s5sitiz$ photographic pap]4 ,! dep? ( coloration is us$ z ! index ( illum9at+ p[]4 ,direct ,visual ,photomet]s4 ,^! include ,rum=d's ,%ad[ ,photomet]1 ,buns5's ,b> ,photomet]1 & ,:eat/one's ,bead ,photomet]1 9 :i* ! light is e/imat$ by direct visual comp>ison ( its effects4 ,optical ,photomet]s4 ,^! include ,pol>ization ,photomet]s1 9 :i* ! light is pol>iz$2 ,disp]sion ,photomet]s1 9 :i* a div]g+ l5s is plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! rays ( light s z to r$uce ! illum9at+ p[] 9 m rapid ratio ?an t ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,sel5ium ,photomet]s1 9 :i* ! v>iations 9 resi/ance ( sel5ium z light ( v>y+ int5sity falls ^u x is us$ z ! indicator ( ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,jet ,photomet]s1 = gas only1 9 :i* ! height ( a flame "u giv5 conditions1 or ! conditions requisite to ma9ta9 a flame ( giv5 height1 is us$ to indicate ! illum9at+ p[]4 ,! subject ( photomet]s has acquir$ m importance ?an ev] 9 view ( ! ext5sive introduction ( ! electric light4 7,see ,c&le1 ,/&>d--,c>cel--,viol's ,/&>d--& ,photomet]s ( v>i\s k9ds47 ,photomet]1 ,act9ic4 ,a photomet] ^: regi/rations are produc$ by ! action ( ! light be+ te/$ ^u s5sitiz$ pap] or plates1 su* z us$ 9 photography4 ,"s ef=ts at self-regi/]+ photomet]s h be5 bas$ on act9ic regi/ration ( ! height ( a flame ( ! gas to be te/$4 ,photomet]1 ,b>4 ,a photomet] 9 :i* ! two lights to be comp>$ are fix$ at or opposite to ! ends ( a b> or scale ( kn[n l5g?1 g5]ally #fj or #ajj in*es4 ,! b> is divid$ by ! rule ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ances1 s t if a scre5 is plac$ on any "p ( ! b> :]e x receives an equal am\nt ( light f bo? s\rces1 ! figure on ! b> w indicate ! relative illum9at+ p[] ( ! l>g] lamp or light 9 t]ms ( ! small]4 ,! divisions ( ! b> are laid out on ! pr9ciple t ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! two s\rces ( light w v>y inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( _! di/ance f ! scre54 #dab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! scre5 us$ is sometimes ! ,buns5 disc4 ,?is is a disc ( pap] ) a spot ( p>aff9e wax 9 ! c5tre melt$ ?or\ghly into ! pap] or ) a r+ ( p>aff9e wax surr\nd+ ! unt\*$ c5tre4 ,:5 ?is disc is equally illum9at$ on bo? sides ! spot is ne>ly invisible4 ,inequality ( illum9ation br+s x out m visibly4 ,sometimes a ,leeson disc is us$4 ,?is consi/s ( ?ree pieces ( pap]1 two ?9 ones betwe5 :i* a ?ick] piece1 out ( :i* a /> is cut1 is laid4 ,:5 equally illum9at$ on bo? sides ! /> appe>s equally bright on bo? sides4 ,! b> photomet] is ! /&>d =m4 ,a c&le or pair ( c&les may be burn$ at "o end & an inc&esc5t lamp at ! o!r1 or a gas flame may fir/ be rat$ by c&les & us$ z a /&>d4 ,synonyms--,buns5's ,photomet]--,transluc5t ,disc ,photomet]4 ,fig4 #bei4 ,,b> ,,photomet]4 ,photomet]4 ,calorimetric4 ,a photomet] 9 :i* ! radiant en]gy1 s call$ radiant heat1 is us$ z ! measur] ( ! light4 ,9 "o type a diff]5tial air !rmomet] is us$1 "o ( ^: bulbs is black5$4 ,on expos+ ?is bulb to a s\rce ( light x w become heat$1 & if lights ( ! same "* are us$ ! heat+ w be 9 proportion to _! illum9at+ p[] q closely4 ,! heat+ is %[n by ! movem5ts ( ! index4 ,by c>eful calibration ! in/rum5t may be made q reliable4 ,photomet]1 ,disp]sion4 ,a photomet] 9 :i* ! rays f "o ( ! lights "u comp>ison are made m div]g5t by a concave l5s4 ,9 ?is way a /rong light1 su* z all arc lamp c be photomet]$ m readily ?an :]e only ! natural div]g5ce ( ! beam exi/s4 ,! law ( ! v>iation ( ! int5sity ( light ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance is abrogat$ = a law ( m rapid v>iation by ! use ( a concave l5s4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #bfj1 illu/rates ! pr9ciple4 ,e repres5ts a p[]ful light1 an arc light1 to be te/$4 ,its di/ance f ! scre5 is e4 ,its light goes ?r\gh ! concave l5s ,l & is disp]s$ z %[n ov] an area ,a#a1 in/ead ( ! mu* small] area ,a1 :i* ! same rays w\ld o!rwise cov]4 ,call+ l ! di/ance ( ! l5s f ! scre51 f its focus1 & c ! di/ance ( ! /&>d c&le f ! scre5 :5 ! %ad[s are ( equal int5sity1 we h ! proportion4 ,illum9at+ p[] ( lamps3 ditto ( /&>d c&le33 7l 7e-l7 fe7#b 3 7c f7#b #dac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,disp]sion ,,photomet]4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bfa1 gives a p]spective view ( ,ayrton's ,disp]sion ,photomet]4 ,c is ! /&>d c&le1 ,l ! concave l5s1 ,r ! rod = produc+ ! two %ad[s on ! scre5 ,s4 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,,ayrton',s ,,disp]sion ,,photomet]4 ,! mirror ,m is fix$ at an angle ( #de ) ! /em on :i* x rotates4 ,! light ( ! arc lamp is receiv$ by ! mirror & is reflect$ ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,! c&le hold] slides along a graduat$ b> ,c1 & at ,d is an index plate to %[ ! angle at :i* ! sp9dle c>ry+ ! mirror is set4 #dad ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hopk9son 9 8 disp]sion photomet] uses a d\ble convex l5s4 ,?is gives a focal image ( ! arc-lamp betwe5 ! l5s & scre51 :5ce ! rays div]ge v rapidly1 ?us giv+ ! desir$ disp]sion effect4 ,x is pr9cipally = arc lamps t disp]sion photomet]s are us$4 ,photomet]1 ,%ad[4 ,a photomet] 9 :i* ! relative int5sity ( ! two lights is e/imat$ by ! int5sity or /r5g? ( %ad[s ( ! same object :i* !y respectively ca/4 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,,rum=d',s ,,%ad[ ,,photomet]4 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,,rum=d',s ,,%ad[ ,,photomet] ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,te/+ ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamps4 #dae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a rod is support$ 9 a v]tical position4 ,back ( x is a scre5 ( :ite pap]4 ,! two lights to be comp>$ are arrang$ 9 front ( ! rod & at a little di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,!y are %ift$ ab\t until ! two %ad[s appe> ( equal d>kness4 ,! relative int5sity ( ! lights v>ies inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( _! di/ances f ! %ad[s ca/ respectively by !m on ! scre54 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bfb1 %[s ! simple/ type ( ! %ad[ photomet]4 ,9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #bfc1 a %ad[ photomet] = te/+ inc&esc5t lamps is %[n4 ,9 x ,e is ! lamp "u trial support$ by a clamp ,h4 ,a is an amp]e met] 9 circuit ) ! lamp1 & ,v is a voltmet]4 ,a c&le ,c c be mov$ along a graduat$ scale ,g ,g4 ,r is ! v]tical rod1 & ,s is ! scre5 on :i* ! %ad[s fall4 ,photophore4 ,an in/rum5t = m$ical exam9ation ( ! cavities ( ! body4 ,x includes an inc&esc5t lamp m\nt$ 9 a tube ) a concave mirror & convex l5s4 ,photo-voltaic ,effect4 ,! *ange 9 resi/ance ( "s sub/ances effect$ by light4 ,sel5ium1 ( all sub/ances1 is mo/ susceptible to ?is effect4 7,see ,sel5ium47 ,piano1 ,electric4 ,a piano ^: manual or key-bo>d op]ates to close electric circuits1 :]eby electro-magnets are caus$ to op]ate to drive ! hamm]s aga9/ ! /r+s4 ,pickle4 ,an acid solution = clean+ metal surfaces be=e electro-plat+1 galvaniz+ or o!r deposition ( metal ^u !m4 ,picture1 ,electric4 ,a picture produc$ by pass+ a /rong dis*>ge ?r\gh a piece ( gold leaf clamp$ or firmly press$ ^u a %eet ( pap]4 ,! gold leaf is cut out ( ! desir$ %ape1 or else a /5cil ( pap] ov]lays x4 ,! dis*>ge dissipates ! gold1 & produces a purple color$ reproduction ( ! design ^u ! pap]4 ,! design is due to ! deposition ( an exce$+ly ?9 film ( metallic gold4 ,synonym--,electric ,portrait4 ,pile4 ,a galvanic or voltaic batt]y4 ,x is sometimes re/rict$ to a numb] ( voltaic c\ples connect$4 ,x %\ld be only appli$ to batt]ies ) sup]impos$ plates & no conta9+ vessel su* z ! ,dry ,pile1 q4 v41 or ,volta's ,pile1 q4 v4 ,pilot ,trans=m]4 ,9 alt]nat+ curr5t di/ribution a small trans=m] plac$ at any "p ( ! sy/em & connect$ to a voltmet] 9 ! c5tral /ation1 to indicate ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! leads4 ,pilot ,wires4 ,wires br\ght f di/ant p>ts ( electric light or p[] ma9s1 & lead+ to voltmet]s at ! c5tral /ation1 s t ! pot5tial ( di/ant p>ts ( ! sy/em c be wat*$4 ,! wires c be v small1 z !y h b little curr5t to transmit4 #daf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pi/ol1 ,electric4 ,an exp]im5tal app>atus = exhibit+ ! p[] ( electric inc&esc5ce or ( ! electric sp>k4 ,a tube is m\nt$ ) a h&le l a pi/ol4 ,a plug is provid$ to screw 9 & out ( its side4 ,! plug c>ries two wires connect$ on its inn] side by a f9e plat9um wire1 or else disconnect$ b ) _! ends br\ght ne> toge!r to act z t]m9als = ! production ( a sp>k4 ,to use x ! tube is fill$ ) a mixture ( air & gas1 ! latt] ei!r hydrog51 hydro-c>bon or o!r combu/ible gas4 ,! tube :5 full is cork$4 ,! wire is heat$ to inc&esc5ce by a curr5t1 or a sp>k is pass$ f a ,leyd5 j> or o!r s\rce ( electro/atic excitation4 ,! mixture1 if prop]ly proportion$1 explodes & expels ! cork viol5tly4 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,,electric ,,pi/ol4 ,pi?4 ,a light & s(t cellul> tissue =m+ ! c5tral core ( exog5\s trees & plants4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ( ! tree ! woody tissue (t5 encroa*es 9 & p>tly oblit]ates x4 ,= electrical pi?-balls1 ! pi? ( ! eld]1 ( corn1 or1 be/ ( all1 ( sun-fl[] /ems is us$4 ,pi?-balls4 ,ball made ( pi?4 ,!y are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( electroscopes & = o!r exp]im5ts 9 /atic electricity4 ,!y are cut out ) a %>p knife & _! %ape may be improv$ by g5tle roll+ 9 ! h& or betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,pivot ,susp5sion4 ,susp5sion pois+ or support+ ( an object on a %>p pivot4 ,?is is us$ = ! ne$le 9 ! ord9>y compass4 ,a cavity or inv]t$ cup1 :i* may be made ( agate1 is atta*$ to ! middle ( ! ne$le :i* has a hole = its reception4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ne$le comes bel[ ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,pivot susp5sion is n p]fect1 z x has consid]able friction4 ,!re is no re/itution =ce1 z ) torsion filam5ts4 #dag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,plant4 ,! app>atus = comm]cial manufactur+ or te*nical works4 ,an electric light+ plant includes ! boil]s1 eng9es & dynamos = produc+ ! curr5t1 & ! electric ma9s & subsidi>y app>atus4 ,plant ,electricity4 ,electricity manife/$ by plant life4 ,by means ( a galvanomet] pot5tial diff]5ces are f\nd to exi/ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( trees or fruits4 ,! roots & int]ior portions are negative1 & ! fl[]s1 small] bran*es & fruit are positive4 ,9 "s cases a contraction ( ! tissue ( plants c be produc$ by an electric curr5t4 ,! s5sitive plant & o!rs exhibit ?is ph5om5on1 exactly analog\s to ! action ( muscul> tissue4 ,plate1 ,arre/]4 ,9 a lightn+ arre/] ! plate connect$ to ! circuit4 ,sometimes bo? plates are designat$ arre/] plates4 ,plate ,cond5s]4 ,a /atic cond5s] hav+ a flat plate ( glass = dielectric4 7,see ,ep9us' ,cond5s]47 ,plate ,electrical ,ma*9e4 ,a frictional electric ma*9e1 9 :i* a circul> plate ( glass is excit$ by friction ) ! cu%ions4 ,x is ! mo/ rec5t type ( frictional ma*9e & has sup]s$$ ! old cyl9d] ma*9es4 ,9 its turn x is sup]s$$ by influ5ce ma*9es1 really plate ma*9es1 b n s t]m$ 9 practice4 ,plate1 ,gr\nd4 ,9 a lightn+ arre/]1 ! plate connect$ to ! e>?4 ,plate1 ,negative4 ,9 a voltaic batt]y1 ei!r prim>y or second>y1 ! plate :i* is unattack$ by ! oxyg5 or negative radical or elem5t ( ! fluid4 ,x corresponds to ! c>bon plate 9 ! ord9>y voltaic batt]y1 & is ! "o *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,plate1 ,positive4 ,9 a voltaic batt]y1 ei!r prim>y or second>y1 ! plate :i* is dissolv$ or attack$ by ! oxyg5 or negative radical or elem5t ( ! fluid4 ,x is ! plate correspond+ to ! z9c plate 9 ! ord9>y voltaic batt]y1 & is ! "o *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,plat+ ,balance4 ,a balance or scales to :i* articles 9 an electroplat]'s ba? are susp5d$4 ,a weight exce$+ by a kn[n am\nt t ( ! article z imm]s$ ov]balances ! article4 ,:5 ! plat+ is be+ deposit$ z soon z x exce$s ! excess ( weight ( ! c\nt]poise ! balance tips1 ! article desc5ds a little1 ! electric circuit is brok5 & ! plat+ ceases4 ,?us ! plat+ is automatically /opp$ :5 a pr$et]m9$ am\nt ( metal is deposit$4 #dah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,plat+ ,ba?4 ,a vessel ( solution = ! deposition ( metal by electrolysis z us$ 9 electro-plat+4 ,plat+1 ,electro-4 ,! deposition ( metal by electrolysis s z to coat ! conduct+ surface ( objects !re)4 ,! full details ( ! _m processes are v l5g?y & _c be giv5 "h4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple includes a batt]y or s\rce ( electric curr5t4 ,! object to be plat$ is connect$ to ! negative t]m9al & is imm]s$ 9 ! solution4 ,?us ) a batt]y ! object is 9 electrical connection ) ! z9c plate4 ,to ! o!r t]m9al a metallic plate is connect$4 ,! object & ! plate t]m$ ! anode be+ introduc$ into a suitable ba?1 ! metal ^: solution is 9 ! ba? is deposit$ ^u ! surface ( ! object4 ,! ba? is a solution ( ! metal 9 "s =m t w l5d itself to ! electrolytic action4 ,! anode is (t5 a plate ( ! metal ( ! ba?1 s t x dissolves z fa/ z metal is deposit$ on ! object1 ?us keep+ up ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,! objects to be plat$ mu/ be scrupul\sly clean1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! ba? uncontam9at$4 ,:5 ! object has a non-conduct+ surface1 x is made conduct+ by be+ bru%$ ov] ) plumbago q4v4 ,9 addition iron du/ is sometimes du/$ ov] x4 ,?is acts by precipitat+ ! metal ( ! ba? directly & ?us giv+ a conduct+ basis = ! metal to deposit on4 ,to avoid gett+ iron 9 a ba? ! object may be dipp$ 9 copp] sulphate solution4 ,?is precipitates copp] 9 place ( ! iron & leaves ! article 9 good %ape = silv] or o!r plat+4 ,electro-plat+1 if made ?ick en\gh1 gives a rev]se ( ! article :5 sep>at$ !refrom4 ,a direct copy c be got by a second plat+1 on ! fir/ plat+ aft] sep>ation1 or a wax impression c be employ$4 ,"u ! diff]5t metals1 =mulae = ! ba?s w be f\nd4 7,see also ,quick+-- ,/eel+--,plat+ ,balance47 ,plat9oid4 ,an alloy ( copp]1 nickel1 z9c 9 ! proportions ( ,g]man silv] ) #a or #b p] c5t ( tung/54 ,x is us$ = resi/ances4 ,x has a specific resi/ance 7or resi/ance p] c5timet] cube7 ( ab\t #cd microhms4 ,its p]c5tage v>iation 9 resi/ance p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 is only ab\t 4#jba p] c5t41 or less ?an half t ( ,g]man silv]4 ,?is is its mo/ valuable feature4 #dai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,plat9um4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol1 ,pt2 atomic weight1 #aig4d2 equival5t1 #di4ce2 val5cy1 #d2 specific gravity1 #ba4e4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,! foll[+ data ref] to ! anneal$ metal at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,relative ,resi/ance 7,silv] anneal$ #a71 #f4jbb ,specific ,resi/ance1 #i4jeg microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #b4ggi ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #ed4di 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 #a4ich 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#aaec ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube1 #c4efe ,electro-*emical equival5t 7,hydrog5 4#jaje71 #j4eaha4 ,! coeffici5t ( expansion by heat is almo/ ! same z t ( glass4 ,x c be pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 glass & ! latt] c be melt$ ab\t x s z to h]metically seal its place ( passage ?r\gh ! glass4 ,x is us$ 9 inc&esc5t lamps = lead+-9 wires & o!r simil> uses4 ,plat9um ,black4 ,f9ely divid$ plat9um4 ,x is made by boil+ a solution ( plat9ic *loride ) excess ( sodium c>bonate & a quantity ( sug>1 until ! precipitate is p]fectly black & ! sup]natant liquid is colorless4 ,x seems to possess a great p[] ( occlud+ oxyg5 gas4 ,:5 heat$ to r$ness x becomes spongy plat9um4 ,! negative plates ( a ,smee batt]y are coat$ ) plat9um black4 ,plat9um-silv] ,alloy4 ,an alloy ( #a "p plat9um & #b p>ts silv]1 us$ = resi/ance coils4 ,relative ,resi/ance 7silv] anneal$ #a 71 #af4ba microhms4 ,specific ,resi/ance at #j;,c4 7#cb ,f471 #bd4ci ,resi/ance ( a wire1 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #d4aig ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* diamet]1 #adf4gj 7c7 #a met] long weigh+ #a gram1 #b4ibd 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] diamet]1 #j4cajf ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube1 #i4fjc microhms4 ,p]c5tage ,v>iation p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 #j4jca p] c5t4 ,synonym--,plat9um ,alloy4 ,plat9um ,sponge4 ,f9ely divid$ plat9um obta9$ by ignit+ plat9um black1 q4v41 & also by ignit+ salts ( plat9um4 ,x has consid]able p[] ( cond5s+ or occlud+ oxyg54 ,x w1 if 9 good condition1 set fire to a jet ( hydrog5 imp++ ^u x4 ,pl[4 ,contact arms project+ d[nw>ds f ! motors1 trucks1 or bodies ( electric /reet c>s1 :i* ent] ! und]gr\nd conduit ?r\gh ! slot & c>ry contact pieces or bru%es1 to take ! curr5t = driv+ ! motors f ! leads )9 ! conduit4 #dbj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,plck] ,tubes4 ,a special =m ( ,geissl] tube design$ = ! production ( /ratification & = obs]v+ ! effects produc$ 9 ! space surr\nd+ ! negative electrode4 ,plug4 7a7 ,a piece ( metal ) a h&le & a some:at tap]$ end1 us$ to make connections by ins]tions betwe5 two plates or blocks ( metal slightly sep>at$ & ) grooves to receive x4 7b7 ,a plug or w$ge ) two metallic faces1 insulat$ f ea* o!r ) a sep>ate wire connect$ to ea* "o4 ,x is us$ 9 spr+-jacks q4 v41 to introduce a loop 9 a circuit4 ,synonym--,w$ge4 ,plug4 v4 ,to connect by ins]t+ a plug1 z 9 a resi/ance box4 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,,plugs ,,= ,,resi/ance ,,coil ,,box4 ,fig4 #bff4 ,,plug ,,swit*4 ,plug1 ,d\ble4 ,a spr+-jack plug or w$ge ) two pairs ( insulat$ faces1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 s z to simultane\sly introduce two loops into a circuit4 ,plug1 ,grid4 ,a piece or mass ( lead oxide1 ins]t$ into ! holes 9 ! lead plates ( /orage batt]ies4 ,! holes are (t5 dovetail$ or ( unev5 section to bett] reta9 ! plugs4 ,plug ,inf9ity4 ,9 a box-bridge or resi/ance box1 a plug ^: removal f betwe5 two disconnect$ discs op5s ! circuit4 ,all ! o!r discs are connect$ by resi/ance coils ( v>i\s resi/ance4 ,plug ,swit*4 ,a swit* compos$ ( two contact blocks1 n t\*+ ea* o!r & br\ght into electrical connection by ! ins]tion ( a metallic plug4 ,! latt] is usually provid$ ) an insulat+ h&le1 & a seat is ream$ out = x 9 ! two faces ( ! contact blocks4 #dba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,plumbago4 ,s(t lu/r\s graphite1 a native =m ( c>bon2 sometimes *emically purifi$4 ,x is us$ 9 electro-plat+ to give a conduct+ surface to non-conduct+ objects1 su* z wax m\lds4 ,! surface1 aft] coat+ ) plumbago1 is sometimes du/$ ov] ) iron du/1 :i* precipitates ! metal ( ! ba? & />ts ! plat+4 ,x is sometimes plat$ ) copp]1 silv] or gold1 & is !n t]m$ copp]$1 silv]$1 or gilt plumbago4 ,x is gild$ by moi/5+ ) e!rial solution ( gold *loride & expos+ to ! air1 & dry+ & ignit+4 ,plung]4 ,a movable core :i* is us$ 9 connection ) a s-call$ sol5oid coil1 to be drawn 9 :5 ! coil is excit$4 7,see ,coil & ,plung]47 ,fig4 #bfg ,,coil ,,& ,,plung] ,,) ,,scales ,,to ,,%[ ,,attraction4 ,p4 ,o4 ,abbreviation = ,po/ ,(fice1 q4v4 ,pogg5dorf's ,solution4 ,an acid depol>iz+ & excit+ fluid = z9c-c>bon batt]ies4 ,! foll[+ is its =mula3 ,wat]1 #ajj p>ts2 potassium bi*romate1 #ab p>ts2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #be p>ts4 ,all p>ts by weight4 ,use cold4 ,po9t1 ,neutral4 7a7 ,on a commutator ( a dynamo ! po9ts at ! ends ( ! diamet] ( commutation1 or :]e ! bru%es re/ ^u ! surface ( ! commutator1 are t]m$ neutral po9ts4 ,at ^! po9ts !re is no g5]ation ( pot5tial1 !y m>k+ ! union ( curr5ts ( opposite direction fl[+ f ! two sides ( ! armature into ! bru%es4 7b7 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 a place 9 ! intra-pol> region ( a n]ve s situat$ ) ref]5ce to ! ka?ode & electrode z appli$ 9 treatm5t1 t its condition is unaffect$4 ,synonym--,indiff]5t ,po9t4 7c7 ,9 a magnet ! po9t ( no attraction1 situat$ betwe5 ! two poles1 at ab\t an equal di/ance f ea*1 s z to m>k ! c5tre ( a magnet ( ev5 di/ribution ( pol>ity4 7d7 ,9 !rmo-electricity ! po9t ( temp]ature :]e ! !rmo-electric p[]s ( two metals are z]o2 9 a diagram ! po9t :]e ! l9es repres5t+ _! !rmo-electric relations cross ea* o!r2 if ! metals are arrang$ 9 a !rmo-electric c\ple1 "o end at a temp]ature a giv5 am\nt above1 ! o!r at a temp]ature ! same am\nt bel[ ! neutral po9t1 no curr5t or pot5tial diff]5ce w be produc$4 #dbb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,po9t1 ,null4 ,a nodal po9t 9 electrical resonators2 a po9t :]e 9 a sy/em ( waves or oscillations1 !re is re/1 ! z]o ( motion be+ ! resultant ( oppositely direct$ & equal =ces4 ,9 electrical resonators x is to be s\ght = 9 a po9t symmetrically situat$1 ) ref]5ce to ! sp>k gap1 or 9 a pair ( po9ts1 :i* pair is symmetrically plac$4 ,! null po9t 9 resonators is f\nd by connect+ a lead f "o ( ! second>y t]m9als ( an induction coil to diff]5t p>ts ( ! resonator4 ,! null po9t is "o :]e ! connection does n give rise to any sp>ks betwe5 ! micromet] knobs or sp>k gap1 or :]e ! sp>ks are ( dim9i%$ size4 ,! :ole is exactly comp>able to loops & nodes 9 a vibrat+ /r+ or 9 a ,*ladni plate z describ$ 9 treatises on s\nd & ac\/ics4 7,see ,resonance1 ,electrical--,resonator1 ,electrical47 ,synonym--,nodal ,po9t4 ,po9t ,poles4 ,magnet poles t are virtually po9ts1 or ( no magnitude4 ,a long ?9 magnet ) little leakage except close to ! ends may be suppos$ to h po9t poles )9 itself a %ort di/ance back f ! ends4 ,po9ts1 ,consequ5t4 ,9 a magnet ) consequ5t poles1 ! po9ts :]e su* poles are situat$4 ,po9ts1 ,correspond+4 ,9 b\nd electro/atic *>ges ! po9ts ( equal *>ges ( opposite pot5tials2 ! po9ts at opposite extremities ( electro/atic l9es ( =ce4 ,?is def9ition implies t ! b\nd *>ges %all be on equal fac+ areas ( conductors1 z o!rwise ! spread or conc5tration ( ! l9es ( =ce w\ld necessitate ! use ( areas ( size proportionate to ! spread+ or conc5trat+ ( ! l9es ( =ce4 ,at ! same "t x may figuratively be appli$ to ^! cases1 ! p5etration ( ! surface by a s+le l9e ( =ce includ+ ! area fix$ by its relation to ! surr\nd+ l9es4 ,po9ts1 ,isoelectric4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics1 po9ts ( equal pot5tial 9 a circuit4 #dbc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,po9ts ( ,d]ivation4 ,! po9t :]e a s+le conductor bran*es into two or m conductors1 op]at+ or act+ 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,pol> ,angle4 ,! angle subt5d$ by "o ( ! faces ( ! pole pieces ( ! field- magnet ( a dynamo or motor4 ,! c5tre ( ! circle ( ! angle lies 9 ! axis ( ! armature4 ,synonym--,angle ( ,pol> ,span4 ,pol> ,ext5sion4 ,an addition made ( iron to ! poles ( magnets4 ,v>i\s =ms h be5 exp]im5t$ )4 ,! pole pieces ( dynamo field magnets are pol> ext5sions4 ,synonyms--,pole ,piece--,pol> ,tips4 ,pol>ity1 ,diamagnetic4 ,! induc$ pol>ity ( diamagnetic sub/ances2 x is ! rev]se ( p>amagnetic pol>ity1 or ( ! pol>ity ( iron4 ,a b> ( diamagnetic mat]ial held p>allel ) ! l9es ( =ce 9 a magnetic field has a l pole induc$ 9 ! end ne>e/ a giv5 pole ( ! field magnet1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is !ory acc\nts = ! repulsion by a magnet ( a diamagnetic sub/ance4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is pol>ity is r an assumption4 ,x orig9at$ ) ,f>aday4 ,pol>ity1 ,p>amagnetic4 ,! induc$ pol>ity ( p>amagnetic sub/ances1 su* z iron1 nickel1 or cobalt4 ,:5 su* a sub/ance is br\ght into a magnetic field ! "p ne>e/ a specific pole ( a magnet acquires pol>ity opposite to t ( su* pole & is !reby attract$4 ,ano!r way ( express+ x1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( a pole 9 or ne> to ! field is n impli$1 is f\nd$ on ! conv5tional direction ( l9es ( =ce4 ,:]e ^! ent] ! sub/ance a s\? pole is =m$ & :]e !y em]ge a nor? pole is =m$4 ,su* pol>ity t5ds always to be e/abli%$ 9 ! direction ( greate/ l5g?1 if ! body is free to rotate4 #dbd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pol>ization4 7a7 ,! depriv+ ( a voltaic cell ( its prop] electro-motive =ce4 ,pol>ization may be due to v>i\s causes4 ,! solution may become exhau/$1 z 9 a ,smee batt]y1 :5 ! acid is saturat$ ) z9c & ?us a species ( pol>ization foll[s4 ,b ! be/ def9ition ( pol>ization re/ricts x to ! developm5t ( c\nt]-electro-motive =ce 9 ! batt]y by ! accumulation ( hydrog5 on ! negative 7c>bon or copp]7 plate4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty _m me?ods are employ$4 ,oxidiz+ solutions or solids are us$1 su* z solution ( *romic acid or p[d]$ manganese dioxide1 z 9 ! ,buns5 & ,leclan* batt]ies respectively2 a r\gh5$ surface ( plat9um black is us$1 z 9 ! ,smee batt]y2 air is bl[n ?r\gh ! solution to c>ry (f ! hydrog51 or ! plates !mselves are mov$ ab\t 9 ! solution4 7b7 ,imp>t+ magnetization to a b> ( iron or /eel1 ?us mak+ a p]man5t magnet1 is ! pol>ization ( ! /eel ( :i* x is made4 ,pol>ization may be p]man5t1 z 9 /eel1 or only tempor>y1 z 9 s(t iron4 7c7 ,! /ra9 ^u a dielectric :5 x sep>ates two oppositely *>g$ surfaces4 ,! second>y dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 & its alt]ation 9 volume te/ify to ! /ra9 put ^u x by *>g+4 7d7 ,! alt]ation ( arrangem5t ( ! molecules ( an electrolyte by a decompos+ curr5t4 ,all ! molecules are suppos$ to be arrang$ ) l ends po9t+ 9 ! same direction1 positive ends fac+ ! positively-*>g$ plate & negative ends ! negatively-*>g$ "o4 7e7 ,! production ( c\nt]-electro-motive =ce 9 a second>y batt]y1 or 9 any comb9ation capable ( act+ z ! seat ( su* c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 7,see ,batt]y1 ,second>y--,batt]y1 ,gas47 ,! same c be f\nd (t5 9 organiz$ cellul> tissue su* z t ( muscles1 n]ves1 or ( plants4 ,if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ?is 9 "o direction1 x (t5 e/abli%es a pol>ization or pot5tial diff]5ce t is susceptible ( giv+ a return curr5t 9 ! opposite direction :5 ! *>g+ batt]y is replac$ by a conductor4 ,pol>ization ,capacity4 ,a voltaic cell 9 use becomes pol>iz$ by its negative plate accumulat+ hydrog51 or o!r cause4 ,?is gradually gives ! plate a positive value1 or goes to set up a c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,! quantity ( electricity requir$ to produce ! pol>ization ( a batt]y is t]m$ its ,pol>ization ,capacity or ,capacity ( ,pol>ization4 ,pol>ization ( ! ,m$ium4 ,! dielectric pol>ization1 q4 v41 ( a dielectric1 imply+ ! arrangem5t ( its molecules 9 *a9s or filam5ts2 a t]m due to ,f>aday4 ,he illu/rat$ x by plac+ filam5ts ( silk 9 spirits ( turp5t9e1 & introduc$ into ! liquid two conductors4 ,on electrify+ "o & gr\nd+ 7or connect+ to e>?7 ! o!r "o1 ! silk filam5ts arrang$ !mselves 9 a *a9 or /r+ connect+ ! po9ts ( ! conductors4 ,pol> ,region4 ,t "p ( ! surface ( a magnet :5ce ! int]nal magnetic l9es em]ge into ! air4 7,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson47 ,z su* l9es may em]ge f virtually all p>ts ( its surface1 ! pol> regions are indef9ite areas1 & are prop]ly re/rict$ to ! p>ts :5ce ! l9es em]ge 9 greate/ quantity4 ,pol> ,span4 ,a proportion ( ! circle :i* repres5ts ! transv]se section ( ! armature space betwe5 ! pole pieces ( ! field magnet 9 a dynamo or motor2 x is ! proportion :i* is fill$ by ! faces ( ! pole pieces4 #dbe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pole1 ,analog\s4 ,! end ( a cry/al ( a pyroelectric sub/ance1 su* z t\rmal9e1 :i* end :5 heat$ become positively electrifi$4 ,on r$uction ( temp]ature ! rev]se effect obta9s4 ,pole1 ,antilog\s4 ,! end ( a cry/al ( a pyroelectric sub/ance1 su* z t\rmal9e1 :i* end1 :ile increas+ 9 temp]ature1 becomes negatively electrifi$4 ,dur+ r$uction ( its temp]ature ! rev]se effect obta9s4 ,pole ,*ang]4 7a7 ,an automatic oscillat+ or vibrat+ swit* or contact-break] :i* 9 ea* movem5t rev]ses ! direction ( a curr5t f a batt]y or o!r s\rce ( curr5t ( fix$ direction1 z su* curr5t goes ?r\gh a conductor4 7b7 ,a swit* mov$ by h& :i* = ea* movem5t effects ! above result4 ,pole1 ,negative4 7a7 ,9 a magnet ! s\? pole2 ! pole into :i* ! l9es ( =ce are assum$ to ent] f ! air or out] circuit4 7b7 ,9 a curr5t g5]ator ! pole or t]m9al into :i* ! curr5t is assum$ to fl[ f ! ext]nal circuit4 ,x is ! negatively *>g$ t]m9al & 9 ! ord9>y voltaic batt]y is ! t]m9al connect$ to ! z9c or positive plate4 ,pole ,pieces4 ,! t]m9ations ( ! cores ( field or o!r electro-magnets1 or ( p]man5t magnets4 ,^! t]m9ations are v>i\sly %ap$1 sometimes be+ q l>ge comp>$ to ! core prop] ( ! magnet4 ,!y are calculat$ s z to produce a prop] di/ribution ( & direction ( ! l9es ( =ce f pole to pole4 ,z a g5]al rule ! active field %\ld be ( uni=m /r5g? & ! pole pieces may be ( cont\r calculat$ to atta9 ?is end4 ,pole1 ,positive4 7a7 ,9 a magnet ! nor? pole2 ! pole f :i* l9es ( =ce are assum$ to em]ge into ! air4 7b7 ,9 a curr5t g5]ator ! pole or t]m9al :5ce ! curr5t is assum$ to issue into ! out] circuit4 ,x is ! positively *>g$ t]m9al1 & 9 ! ord9>y voltaic batt]y is ! t]m9al connect$ to ! copp] or c>bon plate1 t]m$ ! negative plate4 ,poles4 7a7 ,! t]m9als ( an op5 electric circuit1 at :i* !re necess>ily exi/s a pot5tial diff]5ce1 produc$ by ! g5]ator or s\rce ( electro-motive =ce 9 ! circuit4 7b7 ,! t]m9als ( an op5 magnetic circuit2 ! ends ( a magnetiz$ mass ( /eel1 iron or o!r p>amagnetic sub/ance4 7c7 ,! ends 9 g5]al ( any body or mass :i* %[ electric or magnetic prop]ties m develop$ ?an ^? ( ! c5tral sections ( ! body4 #dbf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pole1 ,sali5t4 ,9 dynamo & motor field magnets1 sali5t poles are ^? project+ f ! base or ma9 body ( ! field magnet1 z di/+ui%$ f consequ5t poles =m$ by coils w\nd on ! ma9 body itself4 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,,sali5t ,,poles ,,( ,,field ,,magnet4 ,poles1 ,comp5sat+4 ,a device = avoid+ ! cross-magnetiz+ effect on ! commutator core due to ! lead ( ! bru%es4 ,x consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ a small b> electro-magnet p]p5dicul>ly betwe5 ! pole pieces4 ,?is comp5sates ! cross-magnetiz+ effect4 ,poles ( ,int5sity4 ,! locus ( highe/ magnetic =ce on ! e>?'s surface4 ,"o su* pole is 9 ,sib]ia1 ano!r is ab\t lat4 #eb ,n41 long4 #ib ,w4 ,transcrib]'s note3 #eb ,n41 long4 #ib ,w is ab\t #bej miles ,nor!a/ ( ,w9nipeg4 ,poles ( ,v]ticity4 ,! magnetic poles ( ! e>?4 7,see ,magnetic ,poles47 ,pole ,tips4 ,! extreme ends ( ! exp&$ poles ( a field magnet4 ,9 "s ma*9es "s ( ! pole tips are made ( ca/ iron1 to alt] ! di/ribution ( ! l9es ( =ce & result+ magnetic pull ^u ! armatures4 ,?is is done to take (f ! weight ( ! armature f its be>+s4 ,pole1 ,travel+4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! poles produc$ 9 ! action ( a rotatory field1 ^: poles con/antly rotate ar\nd ! circle ( ! field4 7,see ,field1 ,rotatory47 #dag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,por\s ,cup4 ,a cup ( pipe clay1 unglaz$ e>!nw>e or o!r equival5t mat]ial us$ 9 voltaic cells to keep two liquids sep>ate & yet to p]mit electrolysis & electrolytic conduction4 ,!y are necess>ily only an exp$i5t1 z _! por\s nature p]mits consid]able diffusion1 & 7 !y n por\s electrolytic action w\ld be impossible4 ,synonym--,por\s ,cell4 ,porret's ,ph5om5on4 ,9 electro-physiology1 an increase 9 ! diamet] ( a n]ve produc$ by ! positive pole ( a voltaic circuit1 :5 plac$ 9 contact ) ! tissue & ne> to ! n]ve 9 "q1 ! o!r pole be+ connect$ to a m or less remote "p ( ! body4 ,portelectric ,railroad4 ,a railroad work$ by sol5oidal attraction1 ! c> =m+ ! core ( ! sol5oids4 ,x includes a s]ies ( sol5oids or holl[ coils ( copp] wire di/ribut$ all along ! road & inclos+ )9 !mselves ! track4 ,on ?is a cyl9drical c> ) po9t$ ends moves on :eels4 ,curr5t is suppli$ to ! sol5oid 9 advance ( ! c>1 & attracts x4 ,z x advances x breaks ! contacts ( ! attract+ sol5oid & turns ! curr5t into ! "o next 9 advance4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ z ! c> advances4 ,! sol5oids are plac$ close toge!r1 ea* includ+ 9 ! trial track #fcj turns ( ,no4 #ad copp] wire4 ,! c> 0 ( wr\ght iron1 #ab feet long1 #aj in*es 9 diamet] & weigh+ #ejj lbs4 ,x 0 propos$ to employ ! sy/em = transportation ( mail matt] & simil> uses4 ,position ,f9d]4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! position ( objects :i* are to be fir$ at f =ts4 ,x is design$ = use f =ts situat$ on ! wat]4 ,fiske's position f9d] may be ?us g5]ally describ$4 ,on a *>t ! *annel is divid$ into squ>es1 & ! position f9d] det]m9es ! squ>e 9 :i* a vessel lies4 ,= ea* squ>e ! direction & elevation ( ! guns is calculat$ be=eh&4 ,! enemy c !re=e be cont9u\sly locat$ & fir$ at1 al?\gh f smoke or o!r cause ! object may be q invisible to ! gunn]4 ,x comprises two telescopes situat$ at di/ant extremities ( z long a base l9e z is obta9able4 ,^! telescopes are kept direct$ ^u ! object by two obs]v]s simultane\sly4 ,! obs]v]s are 9 con/ant telephonic communication4 ,z ea* telescope moves1 x c>ries a contact ov] an arc ( conduct+ mat]ial4 ,bel[ ea* telescope is an arm also mov+ ov] an arc ( conduct+ mat]ial4 ,^! arcs ent] into a ,:eat/one bridge & are s connect$ t :5 ! arm & ! di/ant telescope are at ! same angle or p>allel a balance is obta9$4 ,?us ea* obs]v] has ! p[] ( e/abli%+ a balance4 ,a *>t is provid$ = ea* ( !m1 & ov] x ! arm connect$ ) ! di/ant telescope & an arm or indicator atta*$ to ! telescope at t /ation move s t z long z bo? telescopes po9t at ! object & ea* obs]v] ma9ta9s ! electric balance1 ! int]section ( ! arms %[s ! position on ! *>t4 ,! ,position ,f9d] is a simplification & amplification ( ! ,range ,f9d]1 q4 v4 ,9 practice ! obs]v]s may be plac$ f> f ! =ts1 & may telephone _! obs]vations !reto4 ,x has be5 f\nd accurate )9 "o-?ird ( "o p] c5t4 #dbh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,positive ,direction4 ,! direction :i* l9es ( =ce are assum$ to take 9 ! air or out] circuit f a positive to a negative region4 ,x applies to electro/atic1 to magnetic & to electro-magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,positive ,electricity4 ,! k9d ( electricity ) :i* a piece ( glass is *>g$ :5 rubb$ ) silk2 vitre\s electricity4 ,9 a galvanic cell ! surface ( ! copp] or c>bon plate is *>g$ ) positive electricity4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 ,accord+ to ! s+le fluid !ory positive electrification consi/s 9 a surplus ( electricity4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,positive electricity is a defici5cy ( electrons4 ,po/ ,(fice4 adj4 ,_m pieces ( electric app>atus ( ,engli% manufacture are ?us qualifi$1 indicat+ t !y are ( ! patt]n ( ! app>atus us$ by ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice 9 its telegraph dep>tm5t4 ,pot5tial4 ,pot5tial 9 g5]al may be treat$ z an attribute ( a po9t 9 space1 & may express ! pot5tial en]gy :i* a unit mass w\ld h if plac$ at t po9t4 ,?is conception ( pot5tial is t ( a prop]ty attributable to a po9t 9 space1 su* t if a unit mass 7 plac$ !re ! =ces act+ ^u x w\ld supply ! =ce factor ( en]gy1 :ile ! body w\ld supply ! mass factor4 ,?is prop]ty is expressible 9 units1 :i* produce1 if ! suppos$ mass is a unit mass1 units ( "w or en]gy1 b pot5tial itself is nei!r4 ,?us tak+ gravitation1 a p\nd mass on ! surface ( ! e>? 7assum+ x to be a sph]e ( #d1jjj miles radius7 w\ld require ! exp5diture ( #ba1abj1jjj foot p\nds to remove x to an inf9ite di/ance aga9/ gravity4 ,! pot5tial ( a po9t 9 space ^u ! surface ( ! e>? is !re=e negative & is repres5t$ by -#ba1abj1jjj99cb4b foot p\ndals 7#cb4b accel]ation ( gravity74 7,see ,p\ndal47 ,9 practice & conv5tionally all po9ts on ! e>?'s surface are tak5 z ( z]o pot5tial4 ,transcrib]'s note2 #ba1abj1jjj foot p\nds is ab\t #h ,k,wh4 #dbi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pot5tial1 ,absolute4 ,! absolute electrical pot5tial at a po9t possesses a num]ical value & measures ! t5d5cy :i* ! exi/+ electric =ces w\ld h to drive an electrifi$ p>ticle away f or prev5t its approa* to ! po9t1 if su* a p>ticle1 "o unit 9 quantity1 7 br\ght up to or 7 situat$ at t po9t4 ,x is num]ically equal to ! numb] ( ergs ( "w :i* mu/ be done to br+ a positive unit ( electricity f a region :]e !re is absolutely no electric =ce up to ! po9t 9 "q4 7,daniell47 ,two suppositions are includ$ 9 ?is4 ,! region :]e !re is an electric =ce has to be & only c be at an inf9ite di/ance f all electrifi$ bodies4 ,! mov+ ( ! p>ticle mu/ take place )\t any effect ^u ! di/ribution ( electricity on o!r p>ticles4 ,pot5tial1 ,con/ant4 ,un*ang+ pot5tial or pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,! ord9>y sy/em ( inc&esc5t light+ is a con/ant pot5tial sy/em1 an unv>y+ pot5tial diff]5ce be+ ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two leads1 & ! curr5t v>y+ accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce1 ,electric4 ,if ( any two po9ts ! absolute pot5tials are det]m9$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* two expresses ! pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,num]ically x expresses ! quantity ( "w :i* mu/ be done to remove a unit ( electricity f "o to ! o!r aga9/ electric repulsion1 or ! en]gy :i* w\ld be accumulat$ 9 mov+ x ! o!r way4 ,a positively *>g$ p>ticle is driv5 t[>ds ! po9t ( l[] pot5tial4 ,a negatively *>g$ body is driv5 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce1 ,electro-motive4 ,a diff]5ce ( pot5tial 9 a circuit1 or 9 "p ( a circuit1 :i* diff]5ce produces or is capable ( produc+ a curr5t1 or is due to ! fl[ ( su* curr5t4 ,x may be express$ z ! fall 9 pot5tial or ! electro-motive =ce includ$ betwe5 any two po9ts on a circuit4 ,! curr5t 9 an active circuit is due to ! total electro-motive =ce 9 ! circuit4 ,?is is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! circuit 9 proportion to ! resi/ance ( its p>ts4 ,ow+ to ! di/ribution ( electro-motive =ce ?r\gh\t a circuit includ+ ! g5]ator1 ! t]m9als ( a g5]ator on clos$ circuit may %[ a diff]5ce ( pot5tial f> l[] ?an ! electro-motive =ce ( ! g5]ator on clos$ circuit4 ,h5ce pot5tial diff]5ce 9 su* a case has be5 t]m$ available electro-motive =ce4 ,pot5tial1 ,electric ,absolute4 ,! ma!matical expression ( a prop]ty ( a po9t 9 space1 measur+ ! t5d5cy :i* exi/+ electric =ces w\ld h to drive an electrifi$ unit p>ticle away f or prev5t its approa* to ! po9t 9 "q1 accord+ to :e!r ! po9t 0 situat$ at or 0 at a di/ance f ! po9t 9 "q4 ,pot5tial is n ! p[] ( do+ "w1 al?\gh1 z x is express$ always ) ref]5ce to a unit body1 x is num]ically equal to ! numb] ( ergs ( "w :i* mu/ be done 9 ord] to br+ a positive unit ( electricity f a region :]e !re is no electric =ce--:i* is a region at an inf9ite di/ance f all electrifi$ bodies--up to ! po9t 9 "q4 ,?is includes ! assumption t !re is no alt]ation 9 ! g5]al di/ribution ( electricity on neighbor+ bodies4 7,daniell47 ,9 practice ! e>? is arbitr>ily tak5 z ( z]o electric pot5tial4 #dcj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pot5tial1 ,fall (4 ,! *ange 9 pot5tial betwe5 any two po9ts on an active circuit4 ,! *ange 9 pot5tial due to ! ma9t5ance ( a curr5t ?r\gh a conductor4 ,! fall 9 pot5tial multipli$ by ! curr5t gives "w or en]gy units4 ,! fall ( pot5tial 9 a circuit & its subsequ5t rais+ by ! action ( ! g5]ator is illu/rat$ by ! diagram ( a helix4 ,9 x ! pot5tial fall 9 ! out] circuit is %[n by ! desc5t ( ! helix4 ,?is repres5ts at once ! out] circuit & ! fall ( pot5tial 9 x4 ,! v]tical axis repres5ts ! portion ( ! circuit )9 ! batt]y or g5]ator 9 :i* ! pot5tial by ! action ( ! g5]ator is aga9 rais$ to its orig9al height4 ,9 a circuit ( ev5 resi/ance ! pot5tial falls ev5ly ?r\gh\t x4 ,a me*anical illu/ration ( ! relation ( fall ( pot5tial to curr5t is %[n 9 ! cut ,fig4 #bfi4 ,a v]tical wire is suppos$ to be fix$ at its upp] end & a lev] arm & cord at its l[] end1 ) weight & pulley imp>ts a torsional /ra9 to x4 ,! dials & indexes %[ a uni=m twi/+ correspond+ to fall ( pot5tial4 ,= ea* unit ( l5g? !re is a def9ite loss ( twi/+1 correspond+ to fall ( pot5tial 9 a unit ( l5g? ( a conductor ( uni=m resi/ance4 ,! total twi/+ repres5ts ! total pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,! weight su/a9$ by ! twi/+ repres5ts ! curr5t ma9ta9$ by ! pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,= a %ort] wire less twi/+ w\ld be ne$$ to su/a9 ! weight1 z 9 a %ort] piece ( ! conductor less pot5tial diff]5ce w\ld be ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! same curr5t4 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,,me*anical ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,fall ,,( ,,pot5tial ,,& ,,curr5t ,,/r5g?4 #dca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,& ,,r$evelopm5t ,,( ,,pot5tial ,,9 ,,an ,,electric ,,circuit4 ,! fall ( pot5tial 9 a circuit 9 portions ( x is proportional to ! resi/ance ( ! portions 9 "q4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! n>r[ l9es indicate high & ! broad l9es l[ resi/ance4 ,! fall 9 diff]5t portions is %[n z proportional to ! resi/ance ( ea* portion4 ,fig4 #bga4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,fall ,,( ,,pot5tial ,,9 ,a ,,conductor ,,( ,,unev5 ,,resi/ance4 ,pot5tial1 ,magnetic4 ,! magnetic pot5tial at any po9t ( a magnetic field expresses ! "w :i* w\ld be done by ! magnetic =ces ( ! field on a positive unit ( magnetism z x moves f t po9t to an inf9ite di/ance !refrom4 ,! conv]se applies to a negative unit4 ,x is ! exact analogue ( absolute electric pot5tial4 ,! pot5tial at any po9t due to a positive pole m at a di/ance r is m_/r24 t due to a negative pole - m at a di/ance r' is equal to -m_/r'24 t due to bo? is equal to m_/r - m_/r' or m7#a_/r - #a_/r'74 ,l electric pot5tial & pot5tial 9 g5]al1 magnetic pot5tial :ile num]ically express+ "w or en]gy is nei!r1 al?\gh (t5 def9$ z su*4 #dcb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pot5tial1 ,negative4 ,! rev]se ( positive pot5tial4 7,see ,pot5tial1 ,positive47 ,pot5tial1 ,positive4 ,9 g5]al ! high] pot5tial4 ,tak+ ! assum$ direction ( l9es ( =ce1 !y are assum$ to be direct$ or to move f regions ( positive to regions ( negative pot5tial4 ,! copp] or c>bon plate ( a voltaic batt]y is at positive pot5tial comp>$ to ! z9c plate4 ,pot5tial1 ,unit ( ,electric4 ,! arbitr>y or conv5tional pot5tial--or briefly1 ! pot5tial ( a po9t 9 an electric field ( =ce--is1 num]ically1 ! numb] ( ergs ( "w necess>y to br+ a unit ( electricity up to ! po9t 9 "q f a region ( nom9al z]o pot5tial--i4 e41 f ! surface ( ! e>?4 7,daniell47 ,?is w\ld give ! erg z ! unit ( pot5tial4 ,pot5tial1 ,z]o4 ,! pot5tial ( ! e>? is arbitr>ily tak5 z ! z]o ( electric pot5tial4 ,! !oretical z]o is ! pot5tial ( a po9t inf9itely di/ant f all electrifi$ bodies4 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,pot5tiomet] ,,connections4 ,pot5tiomet]4 ,an arrangem5t some:at simil> to ! ,:eat/one ,bridge = det]m9+ pot5tial diff]5ce1 or ! electro-motive =ce ( a batt]y4 ,9 g5]al pr9ciple connection is made s t ! cell "u trial w\ld s5d a curr5t 9 "o direction ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 ,ano!r batt]y is connect$1 & 9 %unt ) its circuit ! batt]y "u trial & its galvanomet] are connect$1 b s t its curr5t is 9 opposition4 ,by a graduat$ wire1 l t ( a met] bridge1 ! pot5tial ( ! ma9 batt]y %unt c be v>i$ until no curr5t passes4 ,?is gives ! outl9e ( ! me?od only4 #dcc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 ! cut ,a ,b is ! graduat$ pot5tiomet] wire ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,e is ! batt]y "u trial1 plac$ 9 opposition to ! o!r curr5t1 ) a galvanomet] next x4 ,"u ! conditions %[n1 if ! galvanomet] %[$ no deflection1 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( ! batt]y w\ld be to ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 betwe5 ! ends ( ! pot5tiomet] wire1 #a 4 4 4 4 4#aj1 z #a4e ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( connection1 ,a & ,d ( ! batt]y circuit1 is to #aj1 ! full l5g? ( ! pot5tiomet] wire4 ,p\ndal4 ,! ,briti% unit ( =ce2 ! =ce :i* act+ on a mass ( "o p\nd = "o second produces an accel]ation ( "o foot4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! =ce :i* act+ on a mass ( "o p\nd produces an accel]ation ( ,,"o ,,foot ,,p] ,,second ,,p] ,,second4 ,p[]4 ,activity2 ! rate ( activity1 ( do+ "w1 or ( exp5d+ en]gy4 ,! practical unit ( electric p[] is ! volt-amp]e or watt1 equal to #a;,e#g ergs p] second4 ,! kil[att1 "o ?\s& watts or volt-amp]es1 is a frequ5tly adopt$ unit4 ,p[]1 ,electric4 ,z en]gy is ! capacity = do+ "w1 electric en]gy is repres5t$ by electricity 9 motion aga9/ a resi/ance4 ,?is possesses a species ( in]tia1 :i* gives x a species ( k9etic en]gy4 ,to produce su* motion1 electro- motive =ce is requir$4 ,! product ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 by quantity is !re=e electric en]gy4 7,see ,en]gy1 ,electric47 ,g5]ally ! rate ( en]gy or p[] is us$4 ,its dim5sions are 7 7 7,m4#e7997,l4#e7 7 _/ ,t 7 99 7 7 7,m4#e7 997,l#a4e7 7_/7 ,t#b7 7 7int5sity or curr5t rate7 99 7electro-motive =ce or pot5tial7 7,m 99 7,l#b7 7 _/ 7,t#c71 :i* are ! dim5sions ( rate ( "w or activity4 ,! practical unit ( electric rate ( en]gy or activity is ! volt-amp]e or watt4 ,by ,ohm's law1 q4 v41 we h ,c ,e_/,r 7,c curr5t2 ,e pot5tial diff]5ce or electro-motive =ce2 ,r resi/ance47 ,! watt by def9ition ,c99,e4 ,by sub/itution f ,ohm's =mula we d$uce = x ! foll[+ values3 77,c#b7 99 ,r7 & 77,e#b7 _/,r74 ,f ^! ?ree expressions ! relations ( electric en]gy to ,e4,m4,f41 ,resi/ance1 & ,curr5t c be d$uc$4 ,p[] ( ,p]iodic ,curr5t4 ,! rate ( en]gy 9 a circuit c>ry+ a p]iodic curr5t4 ,9 su* a circuit ! electro-motive =ce travels 9 advance ( ! curr5t x produces on ! circuit4 ,consequ5tly at phases or int]vals :]e1 ow+ to ! alt]nations ( ! curr5t1 ! curr5t is at z]o1 ! electro-motive =ce may be q high4 ,at any "t ! en]gy rate is ! product ( ! electro-motive =ce by ! amp]age4 ,to obta9 ! p[] or av]age rate ( en]gy1 ! product ( ! maximum electro-motive =ce & maximum curr5t mu/ be divid$ by two & multipli$ by ! cos9e ( ! angle ( lag1 :i* is ! angle express+ ! diff]5ce ( phase4 ,transcrib]'s note2 ,! voltage phase w lead if ! load is inductive4 ,! curr5t phase w lead if ! load is capacitive4 ,capacitors or inductors may be introduc$ into p[] l9es to correct ! phase (fset introduc$ by cu/om] loads4 #dcd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pressel4 ,a press-button (t5 conta9$ 9 a pe>-%ap$ h&le1 arrang$ = atta*m5t to ! end ( a flexible conductor1 s z to hang !reby4 ,by press+ ! button a bell may be rung1 or a di/ant lamp may be light$4 ,pressure4 ,=ce or /ress ex]t$ directly aga9/ any surface4 ,its dim5sions are =ce_/area or 77,m99,l7_/7,t#b77 _/ 7,l#b7 ,m_/7,l99 7,t#b774 ,pressure1 ,electric4 ,electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce2 voltage4 ,an expression ( metaphorical nature1 z ! t]m is n accurate4 ,pressure1 ,electrification by4 ,a cry/al ( ,icel& sp> 7calcium c>bonate7 press$ betwe5 ! f+]s becomes positively electrifi$ & rema9s s = "s "t4 ,o!r m9]als act 9 a simil> way4 ,dissimil> sub/ances press$ toge!r & sudd5ly sep>at$ c>ry (f opposite *>ges4 ,?is is really contact action1 n pressure action4 ,prim>y4 ,a t]m us$ to designate ! induc+ coil 9 an induction coil or trans=m]2 x is probably an abbreviation = prim>y coil4 ,prim>y ,batt]y4 ,a voltaic cell or batt]y g5]at+ electric en]gy by direct consumption ( mat]ial1 & n reg5]at$ by an electrolytic process4 ,! ord9>y voltaic cell or galvanic batt]y is a prim>y batt]y4 ,prime4 vb4 ,to imp>t ! fir/ *>ge to "o ( ! armatures ( a ,holtz or o!r influ5ce ma*9e4 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,,prime ,,conductor ,,& ,,pro( ,,plane4 #dce ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,prime ,conductor4 ,a metal or metal coat$ sph]e or cyl9d] or o!r solid ) r\nd$ ends m\nt$ on insulat+ supports & us$ to collect electricity z g5]at$ by a frictional electric ma*9e4 ,accord+ to :e!r ! prime conductor or ! cu%ions are gr\nd$ positive or negative electricity is tak5 f ! ungr\nd$ "p4 ,g5]ally ! cu%ions are gr\nd$1 & ! prime conductor yields positive electricity4 ,probe1 ,electric4 ,a surgeon's probe1 design$ to indicate by ! clos+ ( an electric circuit ! pres5ce ( a bullet or metallic body 9 ! body ( a pati5t4 ,two insulat$ wires are c>ri$ to ! end :]e _! ends are expos$1 /ill insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 prob+ a w\nd = a bullet if ! two ends t\* x ! circuit is clos$ & a bell r+s4 ,if a bone is t\*$ no su* effect is produc$4 ,! wires are 9 circuit ) an electric bell & batt]y4 ,project+ ,p[] ( a ,magnet4 ,! p[] ( project+ its l9es ( =ce /raight out f ! poles4 ,?is is really a matt] ( magnetic p[]1 r ?an ( %ape ( ! magnet4 ,9 electromagnets ! cu/om 0 foll[$ by mak+ !m long to get ?is effect4 ,su* l5g? 0 really useful 9 ! reg>d ( gett+ room = a suffici5t numb] ( amp]e turns4 #dcf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,,prony ,,brake4 ,prony ,brake4 ,a device = measur+ ! p[] appli$ to a rotat+ %aft4 ,x consi/s ( a clamp+ device to be appli$ m or less rigidly to ! %aft or to a pulley ^u x4 ,to ! clamp is atta*$ a lev] c>ry+ a weight4 ,! cut %[s a simple arrangem5t1 ! %aft ,a c>ries a pulley ,b to :i* ! clamp ,b#a ,b#b is appli$4 ,! nuts ,c#a ,c#b are us$ = adju/m5t4 ,a weight is plac$ 9 ! pan ,e atta*$ to ! end ( ! lev] ,d4 ,! weight & clamp are s adju/$ t ! lev] %all /& horizontally z %[n by ! index ,e4 ,if we call r ! radius ( ! pulley & ,f ! friction betwe5 its surface & ! clamp1 x is evid5t t r ,f1 ! mom5t ( resi/ance to ! motion ( ! pulley1 is equal to ! weight multipli$ by its lev] arm or to ,w99,r1 :]e ,w indicates ! weight & ,r ! di/ance ( its po9t ( application f ! c5tre ( ! pulley or r99,f ,r99,w4 ,! "w repres5t$ by ?is friction is equal to ! di/ance travel$ by ! surface ( ! :eel multipli$ by ! frictional resi/ance1 or is #b99,,pi99r99n99,f1 9 :i* n is ! numb] ( turns p] m9ute4 ,b ?is is equal to #b99,,pi99,r99,w4 ,^! data be+ kn[n1 ! p[] is directly calculat$ !refrom 9 t]ms ( weight & feet p] m9ute4 ,pro(-plane4 ,a small conductor1 usually disc %ap$1 c>ri$ at ! end ( an insulat+ h&le4 ,x is us$ to collect electricity by contact1 f objects electro/atically *>g$4 ,! *>ge x has receiv$ is !n measur$ 7see ,torsion ,balance7 or o!rwise te/$4 7,see ,prime ,conductor47 ,pro(-sph]e4 ,a small sph]e1 coat$ ) gold-leaf or o!r conductor1 & m\nt$ on an insulat$ h&le4 ,x is us$ in/ead ( a pro(-plane1 = te/+ bodies ^: curvature is small4 ,fig4 #bge4 ,,box ,,bridge4 #dcg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,proportionate ,arms4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! arms ( a ,:eat/one bridge ^: proportion has to be kn[n to complete ! measurem5t4 ,!re is a diff]5t sy/em ( nam+ !m4 ,"s designate by ?is title ! two arms 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r bran*+ at & runn+ f "o end ( ! bridge to ! two galvanomet] connections4 ,9 ! cut ( ! ,box ,bridge1 ,a ,c & ,a ,b are ! proportionate arms4 ,! ?ird arm is !n t]m$ ! ,rheo/at arm4 7,/ew>t ,gee47 ,o!rs treat z proportionate arms ! two side memb]s ( ! bridge 9 p>allel ) ! unkn[n resi/ance & ?ird or rheo/at arm4 ,synonym--,ratio ,arms4 ,pro/ration1 ,electric4 ,too great exposure to ! voltaic arc 9 its m p[]ful =ms causes symptoms resembl+ ^? ( sun/roke4 ,! sk9 is sometimes affect$ to su* a degree z to come (f aft] a few days4 ,! ?roat1 =ehead & face suff] pa9s & ! eyes are irritat$4 ,^! effects only foll[ exposure to v int5se s\rces ( light1 or = v long times4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,arcs emit ultraviolet rays4 ,protector1 ,comb4 ,a lightn+ arre/]1 q4 v41 compris+ two too!d plates ne>ly t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,protector1 ,electric4 ,a protective device = gu>d+ ! human body aga9/ de/ructive or injuri\s electric %ocks4 ,9 "o sy/em1 ,delany's1 ! wri/s & ankles are encircl$ by conduct+ b&s :i* by wires runn+ along ! arms1 back & legs are connect$4 ,a dis*>ge x is assum$ receiv$ by ! h&s w ?us be %ort circuit$ ar\nd ! body & its vital organs4 ,india rubb] gloves & %oe soles h also be5 sugge/$2 ! gloves are /ill us$ to "s ext5t4 ,pull4 ,a swit* = clos+ a circuit :5 pull$4 ,x is us$ in/ead ( a pu% button1 q4v41 9 expos$ situations1 z its contacts are bett] protect$ ?an ^? ( ! ord9>y pu% button4 ,pump1 ,geissl]4 ,a =m ( m]curial air pump4 ,x is us$ = exhau/+ ,geissl] tubes1 inc&esc5t lamp bulbs & simil> purposes4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut1 ,a is a res]voir ( m]cury ) flexible tube ,c connect$ to a tube at its bottom1 & rais$ & l[]$ by a w9dlass b1 ! cord f :i* passes ov] a pulley a4 ,:5 rais$ ! m]cury t5ds to ent] ! *amb] ,b1 ?r\gh ! tube ,t4 ,an arrangem5t ( /opcocks surm\nts ?is *amb]1 :i* arrangem5t is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 ! ?ree figures ,x1 ,y & ,z4 ,to fill ! bulb ,b1 ! cocks are set 9 ! position ,z2 n is a two way cock & :ile x p]mits ! escape ( air bel[1 x cuts (f ! tube1 ris+ v]tically f x4 ,?is tube1 d 9 ! full figure connects ) a vessel o1 pressure gauge p1 & tube c1 ! latt] connect+ ) ! object to be exhau/$4 ,! bulb ,b be+ fill$1 ! cock m is clos$1 giv+ ! position ,y & ! vessel ,a is l[]$ until x is ov] #cj in*es bel[ ,b4 #dch ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,?is e/abli%es a ,torricellian vacuum 9 ,b4 ,! cock n is n[ turn$1 giv+ ! position ,x1 :5 air is at once exhau/$ f ! vessel connect$ to ,c4 ,?is process is repeat$ until full exhau/ion is obta9$4 ,9 practice ! fir/ exhau/ion is (t5 effect$ by a me*anical pump4 ,by clos+ ! cock on ! outlet tube c b little air ne$ ev] f9d its way to ! *amb]s o & ,b4 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,,geissl] ,,air ,,pump4 #dci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pump+4 ,9 inc&esc5t lamps a p]iodical recurr+ *ange 9 int5sity due to bad runn+ ( ! dynamos1 or 9 arc lamps to bad fe$+ ( ! c>bons4 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,,spr5gel ,,air ,,pump4 ,pump1 ,spr5gel4 ,a =m ( m]curial air pump4 ,a simple =m is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,m]cury is caus$ to fl[ f ! funnel ,a1 ?r\gh c d to a vessel ,b4 ,a side connection x leads to ! vessel ,r to be exhau/$4 ,z ! m]cury passes x x breaks into %ort columns1 & c>ries air d[n betwe5 !m1 9 ?is way exhau/+ ! vessel ,r4 ,9 practice x is m complicat$4 ,x is said to give a bett] vacuum ?an ! ,spr5gel pump1 b to be sl[] 9 action4 #ddj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pump1 ,sw9burne4 ,a =m ( me*anical air pump = exhau/+ inc&esc5t lamp bulbs4 ,ref]r+ to ! cut1 ,a is a bulb on ! upp] "p ( a tube ,g2 above ,a are two o!r bulbs ,c & ,d4 ,f ! upp] end a tube runs to ! bulb ,e4 ,?r\gh ! cock ,l1 & tube ,f connection is made ) a me*anical air pump4 ,! tube ,h leads to a dry+ *amb] ,i1 & by ! tube ,j connects ) ! lamp bulbs or o!r objects to be exhau/$4 ,! tube ,g ent]s ! bottle ,b ?r\gh an airtight /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* a second tube ) /opcock ,k passes4 ,9 use a vacuum is produc$ by ! me*anical pumps1 exhau/+ ! lamp bulbs to a half in* & draw+ up ! m]cury 9 ,g4 ,! b5t neck 9 ! bulb ,e1 acts ) ! bulb z a trap to exclude m]cury f ,f4 ,:5 ! me*anical pumps h produc$ a vacuum equal to "o half in* ( m]cury1 ! cock ,l is clos$ & ,k is op5$1 & air at high pressure ent]s4 ,?is =ces ! m]cury up to ! vessel ,d1 half fill+ x4 ,! high pressure is n[ remov$ & ! m]cury desc5ds4 ,! valve 9 ,d closes x z ! m]cury falls to ! level ,g4 ,fur!r air f ! lamps ent]s ,a1 & by repetition ( ! asc5t ( ! m]cury1 is expell$1 ?r\gh ,d4 ,! m]cury is aga9 l[]$1 produc+ a fur!r exhau/ion1 & ! process is repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,,sw9burne',s ,,air ,,pump4 ,pu%-,button4 ,a swit* = clos+ a circuit by means ( pressure appli$ to a button4 ,! button is provid$ ) a spr+1 s t :5 pu%$ 9 & releas$ x spr+s back4 ,?us ! circuit is clos$ only z long z ! button is press$4 ,! electric connection may be made by press+ toge!r two flat spr+s1 ea* connect$ to "o ( ! wires1 or by ! /em ( ! button go+ betwe5 two spr+s1 n 9 contact1 =c+ !m a little ap>t to secure good contact1 & !reby bridg+ ov] ! space betwe5 !m4 #dda ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pyro-electricity4 ,a ph5om5on by :i* c]ta9 m9]als :5 w>m$ acquire electrical prop]ties4 7,ganot47 ,! m9]al t\rmal9e exhibits x /rongly4 ,x 0 orig9ally obs]v$ 9 ?is m9]al :i* 0 f\nd to fir/ attract & !n to repel hot a%es4 ,! ph5om5on la/s :ile any *ange ( temp]ature )9 c]ta9 limits is tak+ place4 ,9 ! case ( t\rmal9e ! range is f ab\t #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f47 to #aej ,c4 7#cjb ,f47 ,above or bel[ ?is range x %[s no electrification4 ,! effect ( a *ang+ ( temp]ature is to develop poles1 "o positive & ! o!r negative4 ,z ! temp]ature rises "o end is positive & ! o!r negative2 z ! temp]ature becomes con/ant ! pol>ity disappe>s2 z ! temp]ature falls ! poles are rev]s$4 ,if a piece ( t\rmal9e excit$ by pyro-electricity is brok51 its brok5 ends develop new poles exactly l a magnet :5 brok54 ,! foll[+ m9]als are pyro-electric3 ,boracite1 topaz1 prehnite1 z9c silicate1 scolezite1 ax5ite4 ,! foll[+ comp\nd sub/ances are also s3 ,cane sug>1 sodium- ammonium racemate & potassium t>trate4 ,! li/ might be greatly ext5d$4 ,! ph5om5on c be illu/rat$ by sift+ ?r\gh a cotton sieve ^u ! excit$ cry/al1 a mixture ( r$ lead & fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,by ! friction ( ! sift+ ^! become oppositely electrifi$2 ! sulphur adh]es to ! positively electrifi$ end1 & ! r$ lead to ! negatively electrifi$ end4 7,see ,analog\s ,pole-,antilog\s ,pole47 ,pyromagnetic ,motor4 ,a motor driv5 by ! alt]nation ( attraction & release ( an armature or o!r mov+ "p1 z su* "p or a section ( x is r5d]$ m or less p>amagnetic by heat4 ,?us imag9e a cyl9d] ( nickel at ! end ( a susp5sion rod1 s m\nt$ t x c sw+ l a p5dulum4 ,a magnet pole is plac$ to "o side to :i* x is attract$4 ,a flame is plac$ s z to heat x :5 9 contact ) ! magnet pole4 ,?is de/roys its p>amagnetism & x sw+s away f ! magnet & out ( ! flame4 ,x cools1 becomes p>amagnetic1 & z x sw+s back is reattract$1 to be aga9 releas$ z x gets hot en\gh4 ,?is con/itutes a simple motor4 ,a rot>y motor may be made on ! same l9es4 ,nickel is p>ticul>ly available z los+ its p>amagnetic prop]ty easily4 #ddb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,v>i\s motors h be5 con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 b none h atta9$ any practical importance4 ,ow+ to ! l[ temp]ature at :i* x loses its p>amagnetic prop]ties nickel is ! be/ metal = p>amagnetic motors4 ,9 ,edison's motor1 betwe5 ! pole pieces ( an electro-magnet a cyl9d] made up ( a bundle ( nickel tubes is m\nt$1 s z to be free to rotate4 ,a scre5 is plac$ s z to close or ob/ruct ! tubes f>!/ f ! poles4 ,on pass+ hot air or products ( combu/ion ( a fire or gas flame ?r\gh ! tubes1 ! unscre5$ ones are heat$ mo/ & lose _! p>amagnetism4 ,! scre5$ tubes are !n attract$ & ! armature rotates1 br++ o!r tubes "u ! scre51 :i* is /ation>y4 ,!n ! attract$ tubes are heat$ :ile ! o!rs cool1 & a cont9u\s rotation is ! result4 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,,edison',s ,,pyromagnetic ,,motor4 ,pyromagnetic ,g5]ator4 ,a curr5t g5]ator produc+ electric en]gy directly f !rmal en]gy by pyromagnetism4 ,edison's pyromagnetic g5]ator has eight electro-magnets1 ly+ on eight radii ( a circle1 _! poles fac+ inw>d & _! yokes v]tical4 ,only two are %[n 9 ! cut4 ,on a horizontal iron disc are m\nt$ eight v]tical rolls ( corrugat$ nickel repres5t+ armatures4 ,on ea* armature a coil ( wire1 insulat$ f ! nickel by asbe/us is w\nd4 ,! coils are all 9 s]ies1 & h eight connections ) a commutator z 9 a drum armature4 ,!re are two ma9 divisions to ! commutator4 ,ea* connects ) an insulat$ collect+ r+1 & ! commutator & collect+ r+s are m\nt$ on a sp9dle rotat$ by p[]4 ,bel[ ! circle ( v]tical coils is a horizontal scre51 m\nt$ on ! sp9dle & rotat+ ) x4 ,a s\rce ( heat1 or a coal /ove is directly bel[ ! ma*9e & its hot products ( combu/ion pass up ?r\gh ! coils1 "s ( :i* are scre5$ by ! rotat+ scre54 ,! effect is t ! coils are subject+ to induction ow+ to ! *ange 9 p]meability ( ! nickel cores1 accord+ z !y are heat$1 or z !y cool :5 ! scre5 is int]pos$4 ,! two commutator segm5ts are 9 con/ant relation to ! scre51 & curr5t is collect$ !refrom & by ! collect+ r+s is tak5 to ! outside circuit4 #ddc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,pyromagnetism4 ,! developm5t ( new magnetic prop]ties or alt]ation ( magnetic s5sibility 9 a body by heat4 ,nickel & iron are mu* affect$ z reg>ds _! p>amagnetic p[] by rise ( temp]ature4 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,,pyromagnetic ,,g5]ator4 ,pyromet]1 ,siem5s' ,electric4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ high temp]atures by ! v>iations 9 electric resi/ance 9 a plat9um wire expos$ to ! heat :i* is to be measur$4 ,q4 ,symbol = electric quantity4 ,quad4 7a7 ,a contraction = quadrant1 us$ z ! unit ( inductance2 ! h5ry4 7b7 ,a contraction = quadruplex 9 telegraphy4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a mod]n use ( quad is a unit ( en]gy equal to #a;,e#ae 7"o quadrillion7 ,,btu1 or #a4jee;,e#ah j\les4 ,global en]gy production 9 #bjjd 0 #ddf quad4 ,quadrant4 ,a l5g? equal to an approximate e>? quadrant1 equal to #a;,e#i c5timet]s4 ,x has be5 us$ z ! "n = ! unit ( inductance1 ! h5ry1 q4 v4 ,synonym--,/&>d ,quadrant4 #ddd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,quadrant1 ,legal4 ,! accept$ l5g? ( ! quadrant ( ! e>?1 #i4igh;,e#h in/ead ( #a;,e#i c5timet]s2 or to #i1igh kilomet]s in/ead ( #aj1jjj kilomet]s4 ,quadrature4 ,waves or p]iodic motions ! angle ( lag ( "o ( :i*1 ) ref]5ce to "o 9 advance ( x1 is #ij1 are said to be 9 quadrature ) ea* o!r4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,if ! voltage & curr5t ( a p[] l9e are 9 quadrature1 ! p[] factor is z]o 7cos7#ij7 #j7 & no real p[] is deliv]$ to ! load4 ,qualitative4 ,involv+ ! det]m9ation only ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a sub/ance or condition1 )\t reg>d to quantity4 ,?us a compass held ne> a wire might det]m9e qualitatively :e!r a curr5t 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! wire1 b w\ld n be suffici5t to det]m9e its quantity4 7,see ,quantitative47 ,quality ( ,s\nd4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a s\nd o!r ?an its pit*2 ! timbre4 ,x is due to ! pres5ce ) ! ma9 or fundam5tal s\nd ( o!r m9or s\nds call$ ov]tones1 ! fundam5tal note prevail+ & ! o!r ones be+ sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,! human voice is v ri* 9 ov]tones2 ! telephone reproduces ^!1 ?us giv+ ! p]sonal peculi>ities ( e voice4 ,synonym--,timbre4 ,quantitative4 ,involv+ ! det]m9ation ( quantities4 ,?us a simple te/ w\ld indicate t a curr5t 0 pass+ ?r\gh a wire4 ,?is w\ld be a qualitative te/4 ,if by prop] app>atus ! exact int5sity ( ! curr5t 0 det]m9$1 x w\ld be a quantitative det]m9ation4 7,see ,qualitative47 ,quantity4 ,?is t]m is us$ to express arrangem5ts ( electrical connections = giv+ ! l>ge/ quantity ( curr5t1 z a quantity armature1 mean+ "o w\nd = l[ resi/ance4 ,a batt]y is connect$ 9 quantity :5 ! cells are all 9 p>allel4 ,x is ! arrangem5t giv+ ! l>ge/ curr5t ?r\gh a v small ext]nal resi/ance4 ,! t]m is n[ virtually obsolete 7,daniell72 9 surface1 9 p>allel1 or 9 multiple arc is us$4 ,quantity1 ,electric4 ,electricity may be measur$ z if x 7 a compressible gas1 by det]m9+ ! pot5tial x produces :5 /or$ 9 a def9$ recipi5t4 ,9 ?is way ! conception ( a species ( quantity is rea*$4 ,x is also measur$ z ! quantity ( curr5t pass$ by a conductor4 ,?us a body ^: surface is m or less highly *>g$ ) electricity1 is said to hold a great] or less quantity ( electricity4 ,x may be def9$ 9 electro/atic or electro-magnetic t]ms4 7,see ,quantity1 ,electro/atic--,quantity1 ,electro-magnetic47 #dde ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,quantity4 ,electro-magnetic4 ,quantity is det]m9$ electro-magnetically by ! measurem5t ( curr5t int5sity = a second ( "t3 its dim5sions are !re=e giv5 by multiply+ int5sity or curr5t /r5g? by "t4 ,! dim5sions ( int5sity are 7 7,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e7 7 _/ ,t !re=e ! dim5sions ( electro-magnetic quantity are 7 7 7,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e7 7 _/ ,t 7 99 ,t 7 7,m4#e7 99 7,l4#e7 7 ,quantity1 ,electro-magnetic1 ,practical ,unit (4 ,! quantity ( electricity pass$ by a unit curr5t 9 unit "t2 ! quantity pass$ by "o amp]e 9 "o second2 ! c\lomb4 ,x is equal to #c;,e#i electro/atic absolute units ( quantity & to #j4a ( ! electro- magnetic absolute unit ( quantity4 ,"o c\lomb is repres5t$ by ! deposit ( 4#jjaaahae gram1 or 4#jagbec gra9 ( silv]1 4#jjjcbiei gram1 or 4#jjehjd gra9 ( copp]1 4#jjjccib gram1 or 4#jjebcb gra9 ( z9c4 ,if wat] is decompos$ by a curr5t ea* c\lomb is repres5t$ by ! cubic c5timet]s ( ! mix$ gases 7hydrog5 & oxyg57 giv5 by ! foll[+ =mula4 7 #j4agch 99 #gf 99 7#bgc ,c 7 7 _/ 7 h 99 #bgc 7 9 :i* ,c is ! temp]ature ( ! mix$ gases 9 degree c5tigrade & h is ! pressure 9 c5timet]s ( m]cury column2 or by 7 #j4jajeh 99 #cj 7#dia ,f - #cb7 7 _/ 7h 99 #dia 7 = degrees ,fahr5heit & in*es ( b>omet]4 ,transcrib]'s note3 #f4bdaejifbiaebfe;,e#ah electrons is "o c\lomb4 ,quantity1 ,electro/atic4 ,quantity is det]m9$ electro-/atically by ! repulsion a *>ge ( giv5 quantity ex]cises ^u an id5tical *>ge at a kn[n di/ance4 ,! =ce evid5tly v>ies ) ! product ( ! two quantities1 & by ! law ( radiant =ces also inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! dim5sions giv5 by ^! consid]ations is ,q 99 ,q_/7,l99,l74 ,?is is ! =ce ( repulsion4 ,! dim5sions ( a =ce are 7,m 99 ,l7 _/7,t#b74 ,equat+ ^! two expressions we h3 7,q#b7_/7,l#b7 7,m99,l7_/7,t#b7 or ,q 77,m4#e7997,l#a4e77 _/ ,t :i* are ! dim5sions ( electro/atic quantity4 ,quantity1 ,met]4 ,an electric met] = det]m9+ ! quantity ( electricity :i* passes ?r\gh x1 expressible 9 c\lombs or amp]e h\rs4 ,all comm]cial met]s are quantity met]s4 #ddf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,qu>tz4 ,a m9]al1 silica1 ,si,o#b4 ,x has rec5tly be5 us$ by ,c4 ,v4 ,boys & s9ce by o!rs 9 ! mak+ ( filam5ts = torsion susp5sions4 ,! m9]al is melt$1 :ile atta*$ to an arr[ or o!r projectile4 ,x is t\*$ to ano!r piece ( qu>tz or "s sub/ance to :i* x adh]es & ! arr[ is fir$ (f f ! b[4 ,a v f9e filam5t ( surpass+ly good qualities = galvanomet] susp5sion filam5ts is produc$4 ,z a dielectric x is rem>kable 9 possess+ b "o-n9? ! residual capacity ( glass4 ,quick+4 ,! amalgamat+ ( a surface ( a metallic object be=e silv] plat+4 ,x secures bett] adhesion ( ! deposit4 ,x is execut$ by dipp+ ! article into a solution ( a salt ( m]cury4 ,a solution ( m]curic nitrate #a "p1 9 wat] #ajj p>ts1 bo? by weight1 is us$4 ,r4 7a7 ,abbreviation & symbol = ,reamur1 z #aj ,r41 mean+ #aj by ! ,reamur !rmomet]4 7,see ,reamur ,scale47 7b7 ,symbol = resi/ance1 z 9 ! expression ( ,ohm's ,law ,c,e_/,r4 7rho1 ,greek r7 ,symbol = specific resi/ance4 ,rac+ ( ,motors4 ,! rapid accel]ation ( spe$ ( a motor :5 ! load ^u x is remov$4 ,x is quickly *eck$ by c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 7,see ,motor1 ,electric47 ,radian4 ,! angle ^: arc is equal 9 l5g? to ! radius2 ! unit angle4 ,radiant ,en]gy4 ,en]gy1 g5]ally exi/+ 9 ! lum9if]\s e!r1 k9etic & ex]cis$ 9 wave transmission1 & r5d]$ s5sible by conv]sion ( its en]gy into "s o!r =m ( en]gy1 su* z !rmal en]gy4 ,if ! e!r waves are suffici5tly %ort & n too %ort1 !y directly affect ! optic n]ve & are kn[n z light waves2 !y may be s %ort z to be inappreciable by ! eye1 yet possess ! p[] ( det]m9+ *emical *ange1 :5 !y are kn[n z act9ic waves2 !y may be also s long z to be inappreciable by ! eye1 :5 !y may be heat-produc+ waves1 or obscure waves4 ,o!r =ms ( en]gy may be radiant1 z s\nd en]gy disp]s$ by ! air1 & gravitational en]gy1 ^: connection ) ! e!r has n yet be5 demon/rat$4 ,radiation4 ,! travel+ or motion ( e!r waves ?r\gh space4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! mod]n t]m correspond+ to ?is def9ition is photons4 ,! mod]n concept ( radiation also includes p>ticles-- neutrons1 protons1 alpha 7helium7 & beta 7electrons7 rays & o!r exotic items4 ,radicals4 ,a portion ( a molecule1 possess+ a free bond & h5ce free to comb9e directly4 ,a radical nev] c exi/ alone1 b is only hypo!tical4 ,an atom is a simple radical1 an unsaturat$ gr\p ( atoms is a comp\nd radical4 #ddg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,radiomet]4 ,an in/rum5t consi/+ ( f\r vanes pois$ on an axis s z to be free to rotate1 & conta9$ 9 a seal$ glass vessel almo/ p]fectly exhau/$4 ,! vanes ( mica are black5$ on "o side4 ,on exposure to light or a s\rce ( heat 7e!r waves7 ! vanes rotate4 ,! rotation is due to ! beat+ back & =? ( air molecules f ! surface ( ! vanes to ! inn] surface ( ! glass globe4 ,radiomet]1 ,electric4 ,a radiomet] 9 :i* ! motion ( ! molecules ( air necess>y = rotation ( ! vane is produc$ by electrification & n by heat+4 ,radio-micromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = detect+ radiant en]gy ( heat or light =m4 ,x consi/s ( a m9ute !rmopile ) its t]m9als connect$ by a wire1 ! :ole susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet4 ,a m9ute quantity ( heat produces a curr5t 9 ! !rmopile circuit1 :i*1 react$ on by ! field1 produces a deflection4 ,a convex mirror reflect+ light is atta*$ s z to move ) ! !rmopile4 ,! in/rum5t is ( extraord9>y s5sitiv5ess4 ,x responds to 4#e;,e-#f ( a degree ,c5tigrade or ab\t #a;,e-#f degree ,fahr5heit4 ,radiophony4 ,! production ( s\nd by int]mitt5t action ( a beam ( light ^u a body4 ,) possibly a few exceptions all matt] may produce s\nd by radioph\y4 ,range ,f9d]4 ,an app>atus = use on %ipbo>d to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ano!r %ip or object4 ,x is design$ = %ips ( w>1 to give ! range ( fire1 s z to set ! guns at ! prop] elevation4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple involv$ is ! use ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip if possible1 if n ( its wid?1 z a base l9e4 ,two telescopes are tra9$ ^u ! object & kept tra9$ cont9u\sly !reon4 ,! foll[+ describes ! ,fiske range f9d]4 ,! range f9d] comprises two fairly p[]ful telescopes1 ea* m\nt$ on a /&>d1 :i* c be rotat$ r\nd a v]tical axis1 correspond+ ) ! c5t] ( ! l>ge disc %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,"o-half ( ! edge ( ?is disc is graduat$ to #ijj on ei!r side ( a z]o po9t1 & bel[ ! graduation is fix$ a l5g? ( plat9um silv] wire4 ,?is wire only ext5ds to a di/ance ( #ha4aj on ei!r side ( z]o1 & is int5d$ to =m two arms ( a ,:eat/one bridge4 ,! slid+ contact is c>ri$ by ! same arm z ! telescope /&>ds1 s t x moves ) ! telescope4 ,! two in/rum5ts are m\nt$ at a kn[n di/ance ap>t on ! %ip1 z %[n diagrammatically 9 ! cut4 ,"h ,a & ,b are ! c5t]s ( ! two discs1 ,c & ,d ! arms c>ry+ ! telescopes1 & ,e & ,f ! plat9um silv] wires4 ,suppose ! object is at ,t1 su* t ,a ,b ,t is a "r angle1 !n ,,at,,ab_/s97,,atb74 #ddh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ! two sectors are c\pl$ up z %[n1 ) a batt]y1 h1 & a galvanomet]1 by ! wires1 a b & c d1 !n s9ce ! arm1 e1 on be+ align$ on ! object takes ! position c#a :ile d rema9s at z]o1 ! ,:eat/one bridge =m$ by ^! segm5ts & _! connections w be out ( balance1 & a curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 :i* may be s graduat$ z to give ! range by direct read+1 s9ce ! curr5t ?r\gh x w increase ) ! angle ,a ,t ,b4 ,fig4 #bha4 ,,range ,,f9d]4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! angle ,a ,b ,t w n be a "r angle1 b "s o!r angle4 ,9 ?is case ,,at ,,ab _/ s97,a ,t ,b7 99 s97 ,a ,b ,t71 & h5ce x w only be necess>y to multiply ! range read+ on ! galvanomet] by ! s9e ( ! angle ,a ,b ,t1 :i* c be read directly by ! obs]v] at ,b4 ,?is multiplication is n difficult1 b by suitably arrang+ 8 electrical appliances ,lieut5ant ,fiske has succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( x1 s t ! read+ ( ! galvanomet] always gives ! range by direct read+1 no matt] :at ! angle at ,b may be4 ,to expla9 ?is1 consid] ! two telescopes %[n 9 ! cut 9 ! positions ,c & ,d2 ! :ole curr5t !n has a c]ta9 resi/ance4 #ddi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,next suppose !m1 /ill rema9+ p>allel1 9 ! positions ,c#a & ,d#a4 ,! total resi/ance ( ! circuit is n[ less ?an be=e1 & h5ce if ,c#a1 "o ( ! telescopes1 is mov$ out ( p>allel to ! o!r1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 angle1 ! curr5t ?r\gh ! galvanomet] w be great] ?an if x 7 mov$ ?r\gh an equal angle out ( a p>allel :5 ! telescopes 7 9 ! positions ,c & ,d4 ,! range indicat$ is1 !re=e1 decreas$1 & by prop]ly proportion+ ! v>i\s p>ts x is f\nd t ! range c always be read direct f ! galvanomet]1 or 9 o!r words ! multiplication ( ,a ,b_/s97 ,a ,t ,b 7 by s97 ,a ,b ,t 7 is to all int5ts & purposes p]=m$ automatically4 ,!re is1 x is true1 a slight !oretical error2 b by us+ a small /orage batt]y & mak+ ! cont5ts c>efully x is said to be inappreciable4 ,ea* telescope is fitt$ ) a telephone receiv] & transmitt]1 s t bo? obs]v]s c )\t difficulty decide on :at po9t to align _! telescopes4 ,x w be se5 t x is necess>y t ! l9es ( sight ( two telescopes %\ld be p>allel :5 ! galvanomet] indicates no curr5t4 ,x has be5 propos$ to accompli% ?is by sight+ bo? telescopes on a /> ne> ! horizon1 :i* be+ practically an inf9ite di/ance away insures ! p>allelism ( ! l9es ( sight4 ,rate ,gov]nor4 ,an app>atus = secur+ a fix$ rate ( vibration ( a vibrat+ re$4 ,x is appli$ 9 simultane\s telegraphy & telephon+ ov] "o wire4 ,! pr9ciple is t ( ! regul> make & break me*anism1 ) ! feature t ! contact is ma9ta9$ dur+ exactly "o-half ( ! sw+ ( ! re$4 ,! contact exi/s dur+ ! f>!/ half ( ! sw+ ( ! re$ away f ! attract+ pole4 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,,langdon ,,davirs' ,,rate ,,gov]nor4 ,9 ! left h& figure ( ! cut1 ,k is ! key = clos+ ! circuit4 ,a is ! base = atta*m5t ( ! re$4 ,v is ! contact-spr+ limit$ 9 its play to ! "r by ! screw ,s4 ,c is ! actuat+ magnet4 ,by trac+ ! movem5ts ( ! re$1 %[n on an exagg]at$ scale 9 ! ?ree "r h& figures1 x w be se5 t ! re$ is 9 electric contact ) ! spr+ dur+ ab\t "o-half its movem5t4 ,! "t ( ?is connection is adju/able by ! screw ,s4 ,synonym--,langdon ,davies' ,rate ,gov]nor or ,phonophone4 #dej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ray1 ,electric4 ,raia torp$o4 ,! torp$o1 a fi% hav+ ! same p[] ( giv+ electric %ocks z t possess$ by ! electric eel1 q4 v4 7,see also ,animal ,electricity47 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,,torp$o ,,or ,,electric ,,ray ,reaction ( ,dynamo1 ,field & ,armature4 ,a pr9ciple ( ! dynamo curr5t g5]ator1 discov]$ by ,sor5 ,hjor? ( ,d5m>k4 ,:5 ! armature is fir/ rotat$ x moves 9 a field due to ! residual magnetism ( ! field magnet core4 ,?is field is v weak1 & a slight curr5t only is produc$4 ,?is pass+ 9 "p or 9 :ole ?r\gh ! field magnet cores slightly /r5g!ns ! field1 ^: increas$ /r5g? reacts on ! armature increas+ its curr5t1 :i* aga9 /r5g!ns ! field4 ,9 ?is way ! curr5t v soon rea*es its full /r5g? z due to its spe$ ( rotation4 ,! op]ation is sometimes t]m$ build+ up4 ,sometimes1 :5 !re is b a trace ( residual magnetism1 x is v h>d to />t a dynamo4 ,read+ ,telescope4 ,a telescope = read+ ! deflections ( a reflect+ galvanomet]4 ,a long horizontal scale is m\nt$ at a di/ance f ! galvanomet] & directly bel[ or above ! c5tre ( ! scale a telescope is m\nt$4 ,! telescope is s direct$ t ! mirror ( ! galvanomet] is 9 its field ( view1 & ! relative positions ( mirror1 scale & telescope are su* t ! image ( ! scale 9 ! galvanomet] mirror is se5 by ! obs]v] look+ ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,"u ^! conditions x is obvi\s t ! graduation ( ! scale reflect$ by ! mirror corresponds to ! deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 ,! scale may be /raight or curv$1 ) ! galvanomet] 9 ! latt] case1 at its c5tre ( curvature4 ,reamur ,scale4 ,a !rmomet] scale 9 use 9 "s c\ntries ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,! temp]ature ( melt+ ice is #j2 ! temp]ature ( cond5s+ /eam is #hj2 ! degrees are all equal 9 l5g?4 ,= conv]sion to c5tigrade degrees multiply degrees ,reamur by #e_/d4 ,= conv]sion to ,fahr5heit degrees multiply by #i_/d & add #cb if above #j ,r41 & if bel[ subtract #cb4 ,its symbol is ,r41 z #aj ,r4 #dea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,recalesc5ce4 ,a ph5om5on occurr+ dur+ ! cool+ ( a mass ( /eel1 :5 x sudd5ly emits heat & gr[s m lum9\s = an in/ant4 ,x is a phase ( lat5t heat1 & m>ks app>5tly ! transition f a non-magnetizable to a magnetiz able condition4 ,receiv]4 ,9 telephony & telegraphy1 an in/rum5t = receiv+ a message z di/+ui%$ f "o us$ = s5d+ or transmitt+ "o4 ,?us ! ,bell telephone appli$ to ! e> is a receiv]1 :ile ! microphone :i* is spok5 into or aga9/ is ! transmitt]4 ,receiv]1 ,h>monic4 ,a receiv] includ+ an electro-magnet ^: armature is an ela/ic /eel re$1 vibrat+ to a p>ticul> note4 ,su* a re$ responds to a s]ies ( impulses succe$+ ea* o!r ) ! exact frequ5cy ( its own natural vibrations1 & does n respond to any o!r rapid s]ies ( impulses4 7,see ,telegraph ,h>monic47 ,reciprocal4 ,! reciprocal ( a numb] is ! quoti5t obta9$ by divid+ "o by ! numb]4 ,?us ! reciprocal ( #h is #a_/h4 ,appli$ to fractions ! above op]ation is c>ri$ out by simply inv]t+ ! fraction4 ,?us ! reciprocal ( #c_/d is #d_/c or #a-a_/c4 ,record1 ,telephone4 ,attempts h be5 made to produce a record f ! vibrations ( a telephone disc1 :i* c\ld be int]pret$ by phonograph or o!rwise4 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,,morse ,,record] ,,or ,,emboss]4 #deb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,record]1 ,morse4 ,a telegraphic receiv+ app>atus = record+ on a /rip ( pap] ! dots & l9es =m+ ,morse *>act]s z receiv$ ov] a telegraph l9e4 ,its g5]al features are z foll[s3 ,a rib& or /rip ( pap] is drawn ov] a roll] :i* is slightly ind5t$ ar\nd its c5tre4 ,a /ylus or blunt po9t c>ri$ by a vibrat+ arm ne>ly t\*es ! pap]4 ,! arm normally is motionless & makes no m>k on ! pap]4 ,an armature is c>ri$ by ! arm & an electro-magnet faces ! armature4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! magnet ! armature is attract$ & ! /ylus is =c$ aga9/ ! pap]1 depress+ x into ! groove1 ?us produc+ a m>k4 ,:5 ! curr5t ceases ! /ylus is drawn back by a spr+4 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,,ink+ ,,roll] ,,me*anism ,,( ,,morse ,,record]4 ,9 "s in/rum5ts a small ink+ roll] takes ! place ( ! /ylus1 & ! roll] is smoo?4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #bhe1 %[s ! plan view ( ! ink-roll] me*anism4 ,j is ! roll]1 ,l is ! ink well1 ,cl is ! arm by :i* x is rais$ or l[]$ by ! electro-magnet1 z 9 ! emboss]4 ,s ,s is ! frame ( ! in/rum5t1 & ,b ! arbor to :i* ! arm c>ry+ ! armature is secur$1 project+ to ! "r4 ,a spr+ is arrang$ to rub aga9/ ! edge ( ! ink+ roll] & remove ! ink f x4 ,! pap] is f$ ?r\gh ! app>atus by clockwork4 ,at ! pres5t day s\nd read+ has almo/ entirely replac$ ! sight read+ ( ! record]4 ,record]1 ,siphon4 ,a record+ app>atus 9 :i* ! ink$ m>ks are made on a /rip ( pap]1 ! ink be+ suppli$ by a siphon t]m9at+ 9 a capill>y orifice4 ,9 ! cut ,n ,s repres5ts ! poles ( a p[]ful electro-magnet4 ,a rectangul> coil bb ( wire is susp5d$ betwe5 ! coils4 ,a /ation>y iron core a int5sifies ! field4 ,! susp5sion wire f f #a has its t5sion adju/$ at h4 ,?is wire acts z conductor = ! curr5t4 #dec ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! curr5t is s5t 9 "o or ! o!r direction or is cut (f 9 practice to produce ! desir$ oscillations ( ! coil b b4 ,a glass siphon n l works ^u a v]tical axis l4 ,"o end l is imm]s$ 9 an ink well m4 ,its long] end n t\*es a rib& ( pap] o o4 ,! ?read k atta*$ to "o side ( ! coil pulls ! siphon back & =? accord+ to ! direction ( curr5t go+ ?r\gh ! electro-magnet cores4 ,a spiral spr+ adju/$ by a h&-screw controls ! siphon4 ,9 op]ation ! siphon is drawn back & =? produc+ a zigzag l9e4 ,! upw>d m>ks repres5t dots1 ! d[nw>d ones da%es4 ,?us ! ,telegraphic ,code c be transmitt$ on x4 ,to cause ! ink to issue prop]ly1 electrification by a /atic ma*9e has be5 us$1 :5 ! /ylus does n actually t\* ! pap]1 b ! ink is eject$ 9 a s]ies ( dots4 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,,siphon ,,record]4 ,r$ucteur = ,ammet]4 ,a resi/ance arrang$ z a %unt to dim9i% ! total curr5t pass+ ?r\gh an ammet]4 ,x is analog\s to a galvanomet] %unt4 7,see ,multiply+ ,p[] ( ,%unt47 ,r$ucteur = ,voltmet]4 ,a resi/ance coil connect$ 9 s]ies ) a ,voltmet] to dim9i% ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,its resi/ance be+ kn[n 9 t]ms ( ! resi/ance ( ! voltmet] x increases ! range ( ! in/rum5t s t its read+s may cov] d\ble or m ?an d\ble _! normal range4 ,r$uction ( ,ores1 ,electric4 ,treatm5t ( ores by ! electric furnace 7see ,furnace1 ,electric47 ,! ore mix$ ) c>bon & flux is melt$ by ! comb9$ arc & inc&esc5t effects ( ! curr5t & ! metal sep>ates4 ,9 ano!r type ! metal is br\ght into a fusible comp\nd :i* is electrolyz$ :ile fus$ 9 a crucible4 ,f9ally processes 9 :i* a solution ( a salt ( ! metal is obta9$1 f :i* ! metal is obta9$ by electrolysis1 may be includ$4 ,alum9um is ! metal to ^: extraction ! fir/ describ$ processes are appli$4 #ded ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,refraction1 ,electric ,d\ble4 ,d\ble refraction induc$ 9 "s mat]ials by ! action ( ei!r an electro/atic1 magnetic or an electro-magnetic field4 ,! int5sity or degree ( refract+ p[] is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! /r5g? ( field4 ,refre%+ ,action4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! re/oration ( /r5g? or ( n]ve =ce by ! use ( voltaic alt]natives1 q4 v4 ,region1 ,extra-pol>4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! area or region ( ! body remote f ! !rapeutic electrode4 ,region1 ,pol>4 ,9 electro-!rapeutics ! area or region ( ! body ne> ! !rapeutic electrode4 ,regi/]1 ,electric4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( electric regi/]s1 = regi/]+ ! movem5ts ( wat*m5 & o!r s]vice4 ,contact or press buttons may be di/ribut$ ?r\gh a factory4 ,ea* "o is connect$ s t :5 ! circuit is clos$ !reby a m>k is produc$ by ! depression ( a p5cil ^u a %eet or disc ( pap] by electro-magnetic me*anism4 ,! pap] is mov$ by clockwork1 & is graduat$ into h\rs4 ,= ea* pu%-button a special m>k may be made on ! pap]4 ,! wat*man is requir$ to press ! button at specifi$ times4 ,?is indicates 8 movem5ts on ! pap]1 & acts z a "t detector to %[ :e!r he has be5 att5d+ to 8 duty4 ,regi/]1 ,telegraphic4 ,a t]m (t5 appli$ to telegraph record]s1 in/rum5ts = produc+ on pap] ! *>act]s ( ! ,morse or o!r alphabet4 ,regulation1 ,con/ant ,curr5t4 ,! regulation ( a dynamo s t x %all give a con/ant curr5t aga9/ any resi/ance 9 ! out] circuits1 )9 practical limits4 ,x is c>ri$ out 9 direct curr5t ma*9es g5]ally by indep5d5t regulators embody+ a controll+ coil ) plung] or "s equival5t electro-magnetic device ins]t$ 9 ! ma9 circuit & necess>ily ( l[ resi/ance4 ,9 "s regulators ! "w ( mov+ ! regulator is execut$ me*anically1 b "u electrical control2 9 o!rs ! entire "w is done by ! curr5t4 ,a typical regulator or gov]nor 7,gold5's7 ( ! fir/ class comprises two driv5 friction :eels betwe5 :i* is a driv+ friction :eel1 :i* c engage ) "o driv5 :eel only at once4 ,x is br\ght into engagem5t ) "o or ! o!r by a sol5oid & plung]4 #dee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,z x t\*es "o :eel x turns x 9 "o direction4 ,?is moves a slid+ contact 9 "o direction s z to increase a resi/ance4 ,?is corresponds to a motion ( ! plung] 9 "o direction4 ,z ! driv+ :eel moves 9 ! opposite direction by a rev]se action x dim9i%es ! resi/ance4 ,?us ! increase & decrease ( resi/ance correspond to opposite movem5ts ( ! sol5oid plung]1 & consequ5tly to opposite v>iations 9 ! curr5t4 ,! :ole is s adju/$ t ! v>iations 9 resi/ance ma9ta9 a con/ant amp]age4 ,! resi/ance is 9 ! excit+ circuit ( ! dynamo4 ,9 ,bru%'s regulator1 :i* is purely me*anical1 a s]ies dynamo is made to give a con/ant curr5t by introduc+ across ! field magnets a %unt ( v>iable resi/ance1 ^: resi/ance is *ang$ by an electro-magnet1 ^: coils are 9 circuit ) ! ma9 curr5t4 ,c>bon resi/ance discs are us$ :i* ! electro-magnet by its attraction = its armature1 presses ) v>y+ int5sity4 ,?is alt]s ! resi/ance1 decreas+ x z ! curr5t increases & ! rev]se4 ,z ! connection is 9 %unt ?is action goes to ma9ta9 a con/ant curr5t4 ,regulation1 ,con/ant ,pot5tial4 ,! regulation ( con/ant pot5tial dynamos is execut$ on ! same l9es z t ( con/ant curr5t dynamos4 ,if done by a controll+ coil1 x mu/ = con/ant pot5tial regulation be w\nd ) f9e wire & connect$ z a %unt = "s "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,regulation ( ,dynamos4 ,! regulation ( dynamos s t !y %all ma9ta9 a con/ant pot5tial diff]5ce 9 ! leads ( _! circuit = multiple arc sy/ems or %all deliv] a con/ant curr5t 9 s]ies sy/ems4 ,h5ce two diff]5t sy/ems ( regulation are requir$1 7a7 con/ant pot5tial regulation--7b7 con/ant curr5t regulation4 ,! fir/ nam$ is by f> ! m important1 z x conc]ns multiple arc light+1 :i* is ! sy/em univ]sally us$ = inc&esc5t light+4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson ?us summ>izes ! me?ods ( gov]n+ or regulat+ dynamos4 ,premis+ t alt]ation ( ! magnetic flux is ! almo/ univ]sal way ( control1 x c be done 9 two ways2 fir/1 by v>y+ ! excitation or amp]e turns ( ! field1 & second by v>y+ ! reluctance ( ! magnetic circuit4 ,! excitation or magnetic flux may be v>i$ 7a7 by h&1 ) ! aid ( rheo/ats & commutators 9 ! excit+ circuit2 7b7 automatically1 by gov]nors1 tak+ ! place ( ! h&2 7c7 by comp\nd w9d+s4 ,! magnetic circuit may h its reluctance caus$ to v>y 9 sev]al ways2 7d7 by mov+ ! pole pieces ne>] to or fur!r f ! armature2 7e7 by op5+ or clos+ "s gap 9 ! magnetic circuit 7field-magnet core72 7f7 by draw+ ! armature endways f betwe5 ! pole pieces2 7g7 by %unt+ "s ( ! magnetic l9es away f ! armature by a magnetic %unt4 ,! latt] magnetic circuit me?ods d1 e1 f1 & g1 h nev] met ) mu* success except on small ma*9es or motors4 ,me?od e is adopt$ 9 ! ,edison motor1 ! yoke be+ )drawn or br\ght ne>] ! cores ( ! coils4 7,see ,regulation1 ,con/ant ,curr5t-,regulation1 con/ant ,pot5tial47 #def ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,regul9e4 adj4 ,hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( a piece ( metal1 be+ flexible1 adh]5t1 cont9u\s1 & coh]5t4 ,appli$ to electrolytic deposits4 ,relative4 ,indicat+ ! relation betwe5 two or m ?+s )\t ref]5ce to absolute value ( any "o ( !m4 ,?us "o lamp may be ( relatively d\ble resi/ance comp>$ to ano!r1 b ?is /ates no?+ ( ! resi/ance 9 ohms ( ei!r lamp4 ,relay4 ,a receiv+ in/rum5t :i* moves 9 accordance ) impulses ( curr5ts receiv$1 & 9 s mov+ op5s & closes a local circuit1 :i* circuit may include z p[]ful a batt]y z requir$ or desirable1 :ile ! relay may be on ! o!r h& s delicate z to "w ) a v weak curr5t4 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,,relay4 ,! typical relay includes an electro-magnet & armature4 ,to ! latt] an arm is atta*$ & ! l[] end ( ! arm works 9 pivots4 ,z ! armature is attract$ ! arm sw+s t[>ds ! magnet4 ,:5 ! curr5t is cut (f1 ! armature & arm are drawn back by a spr+4 ,:5 ! arm sw+s t[>ds ! magnet its upp] end t\*+ a contact screw closes ! local circuit4 ,:5 x sw+s back x comes 9 contact ) a second screw1 ) insulat$ po9t1 & op5s ! circuit z x leaves ! fir/ nam$ screw4 ,"o t]m9al connects ) ! arm ?r\gh ! pivots & frame4 ,! o!r connects ) ! contact screw ?r\gh ! frame c>ry+ x4 ,synonym--,relay ,magnet4 #deg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,relay ,bells4 ,bells connect$ by relay connection to a ma9 l9e = ac\/ic telegraphy4 ,a /roke on "o bell indicates a dot & on ! o!r a da%4 ,! sy/em is n[ ne>ly ext9ct4 ,relay1 ,box-s\nd+4 ,a relay :i* is surr\nd$ by or m\nt$ on a resonator or wood5 box ( su* proportions & size z to re9=ce ! s\nd4 ,?is enables a relay to act z a s\nd]1 its weak s\nds be+ virtually magnifi$ s z to be audible4 ,relay ,connection4 ,a connection us$ 9 telegraphy1 includ+ a local batt]y1 ) a %ort circuit normally op51 b clos$ by a swit* & a s\nd] or o!r appliance4 ,! latt] is made v s5sitive s z to be work$ by a feeble curr5t1 & is connect$ to ! ma9 l9e4 ,a v slight curr5t closes ! swit* & ! local batt]y comes into op]ation to "w a s\nd]1 etc4 ,:5 ! curr5t ceases on ! ma9 l9e ! swit* op5s & ?r[s ! local batt]y out ( action4 ,! swit* is t]m$ a relay1 q4 v4 ,a long ma9 l9e may ?us produce /rong effects at di/ant /ations1 ! int5sity ( action dep5d+ on ! local batt]y4 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,,relay ,,or ,,local ,,circuit4 ,relay1 ,diff]5tial4 ,a relay conta9+ two coils w\nd diff]5tially1 & ( ! same numb] ( turns & resi/ance4 ,if two equal curr5ts pass ?r\gh ! coils !y c\nt]act ea* o!r & no action takes place4 ,if !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! curr5ts ! relay acts z "o coil prepond]ates4 ,! coils may be w\nd = unev5 curr5ts ) diff]5t resi/ance & numb] ( turns4 ,relay1 ,microphone4 ,a relay connection appli$ to a telephone circuit4 ,x consi/s ( a microphone m\nt$ 9 front ( ! diaphragm ( a telephone receiv]4 ,9 circuit ) ! microphone is a batt]y & second telephone receiv]4 ,! microphone is suppos$ to int5sify ! s\nds ( ! fir/ telephone4 #deh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,relay1 ,pol>iz$4 ,a relay ^: armature is ( /eel1 & pol>iz$ or p]man5tly magnetiz$1 or 9 :i* a p]man5t magnet is us$ z ! basis = ! electro-magnets4 ,9 ! relay %[n 9 ! cut ! coils %[n are m\nt$ on cores c>ri$ on ! end ( a p[]ful b5t p]man5t magnet4 ,?us :5 no curr5t passes _! upp] poles are bo? ( ! same sign1 & ! horizontally vibrat+ tongue is held by ! magnetic attraction aga9/ "o or ! o!r pole piece4 ,if a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! electro-magnet x gives opposite pol>ity to ! two pol> ext5sions4 ,z ! end ( ! vibrat+ tongue is ( pol>ity det]m9$ by ! p]man5t magnet x is attract$ to "o pole & repell$ f ! o!r4 ,on cessation ( curr5t x rema9s atta*$ by ! p]man5t magnetism4 ,if n[ a curr5t is s5t 9 ! opposite direction ! two poles aga9 acquire opposite pol>ity1 ! rev]se ( ! =m]1 & ! tongue flies across to ! opposite side4 ,on cessation ( curr5t x rema9s atta*$ z be=e by ! p]man5t magnetism4 ,9 its movem5ts to & fro ! relay tongue op5s & closes a contact1 s z to "w a s\nd] or o!r app>atus4 ,! pol>iz$ relay is ( high s5sibility1 & requires little or no *ange ( adju/m5t4 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,,pol>iz$ ,,relay ,reluctance4 ,9 a magnetic circuit or portion !re(1 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! fl[ ( l9es ( =ce4 ,! magnetic circuit z has already be5 /at$ is treat$ l an electric circuit1 & 9 x reluctance occupies ! place ( resi/ance 9 ! electric circuit4 ,x is ! reciprocal ( p]meance4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson expresses ! law ?us3 ,total numb] ( magnetic l9es 7magneto-motive =ce7 _/ 7magnetic reluctance7 ,synonyms--,magnetic ,reluctance-,magnetic ,resi/ance4 ,reluctance1 ,unit (4 ,! reluctance ( a circuit ?r\gh :i* unit magnetiz+ p[] 7magneto-motive =ce7 c produce a unit ( induction or "o l9e ( =ce4 ,?is value is v high2 ! reluctance ( ord9>y magnetic circuits ranges f #a;,e-#e to #a;,e-#h unit ( reluctance4 ,reluctivity4 ,specific reluctance2 ! reluctance ( a cube ( mat]ial ^: edge measures "o c5timet] 9 l5g?4 ,x is a quality be>+ ! same relation to reluctance t p]meability does to p]meance4 ,x is def9$ z ! reciprocal ( magnetic p]meability4 7,k5elly47 ,if plott$ z a curve = diff]5t values ( ! magnetiz+ =ce x is f\nd to be ne>ly a /raight l9e1 a l9e> function ( ! magnetiz+ =ce1 ,h ) ! equation a b ,h4 ,reluctivity is ! prop]ty ( a sub/ance2 reluctance is ! prop]ty ( a circuit4 #dei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,reman5ce4 ,! residual magnetism left aft] magnetic induction1 express$ 9 l9es ( =ce p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,repeat]4 ,9 telegraphy an in/rum5t = repeat+ ! signals ?r\gh a second l9e4 ,x is virtually a relay :i* is op]at$ by ! s5d]1 & :i* 9 turn op]ates ! re/ ( ! ma9 l9e1 be+ situat$ itself at ab\t ! middle po9t ( ! di/ance cov]$4 ,9 ! simpl] =ms ( repeat] two relays are us$1 "o = transmission 9 "o direction ! o!r = transmission 9 ! o!r4 ,an att5dant swit*es "o or ! o!r 9 z requir$4 ,?us a common relay is virtually a repeat] = its local circuit4 ,if su* a relay is plac$ half way d[n a l9e1 & if ! l9e beyond x is connect$ z its local1 x becomes a repeat]4 ,"s =ms ( repeat]s are automatic1 & repeat bo? ways )\t ! ne$ ( an att5dant4 ,x is ! practice to some:at prolong ! signals s5t ?r\gh a repeat]4 ,repl5i%]1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's4 ,a /atic accumulat+ influ5ce ma*9e conta9$ 9 ,?omson's quadrant electromet] & us$ to *ange ! quadrants4 ,! cut %[s ! horizontal section & con/ruction ( ! app>atus4 ,x conta9s two gilt brass inductors ,a ,b1 & two ecc5tric sectors or c>ri]s1 ,c1 ,d1 :i* are m\nt$ on an ebonite sp9dle1 :i* is spun ar\nd by ! f+]s4 ,! spr+s s s#a connect ea* ) its inductor2 ! spr+s ,s ,s#a connect only ea* o!r1 & t\* ! sectors z !y turn ar\nd4 ,"o ( ! inductors may be always assum$ to be ( slightly high] pot5tial ?an t ( ! o!r "o4 ,:5 ! c>ri]s are 9 contact ) ! spr+s ,s ,s#a !y are ea* *>g$ by induction ) electricity opposite 9 sign to t ( ! ne>e/ quadrant4 ,z !y leave ! spr+s ,s ,s#a 9 _! rotation1 !y next t\* ! spr+s s s#a1 b ( ! rec5tly opposite inductor4 ,!y %>e ea* a portion ( its *>ge ) ! inductors build+ up _! *>ges4 ,! action is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 z !y rotate4 ,fig4 #bij4 ,,?omson',s ,,repl5i%]4 #dfj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,res]voir1 ,common4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! e>?1 because all electrifi$ bodies dis*>ge into x if connect$ !reto4 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,?omson',s ,,repl5i%]4 ,residual ,atmosph]e4 ,! air left 9 a receiv] aft] exhau/ion by an air pump4 ,! quantity1 :]e good air pumps are us$1 is v m9ute4 ,residue1 ,electric4 ,! residual *>ge ( a cond5s]4 7,see ,*>ge1 ,residual47 ,res94 7a7 ,! product obta9$ by non-de/ructive di/illation ( ! juice ( ! pit* p9e4 ,x is ! solid residue left aft] ! turp5t9e has be5 evaporat$ or di/ill$4 ,x is a mixture ( abietic acid ,c#dd ,h#fd ,o#e & p9ic acid ,c#bj ,h#cj ,o#b4 ,x is an insulator2 its specific inductive capacity is #b4ee4 7,baltzmann47 ,synonyms--,colophony--,ros94 7b7 ,! "n is also g5]ally appli$ to simil> sub/ances obta9$ f ! sap ( o!r trees2 ?us %ellac is a res94 ,! res9s are a family ( vegetable products2 ! solid portions ( ! sap ( c]ta9 trees4 ,common res91 lac1 dragons blood1 are examples4 ,!y are all dielectrics & s\rces ( res9\s or negative electricity :5 rubb$ ) cotton1 flannel1 or silk4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 #dfa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,res9\s ,electricity4 ,negative electricity2 ! electricity produc$ ^u ! surface ( a res9\s body by rubb+ x2 su* a body is %ellac or seal+ wax2 flannel & o!r sub/ances may be us$ z ! rubb+ mat]ial4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 ,resi/ance4 7a7 ,! quality ( an electric conductor1 9 virtue ( :i* x opposes ! passage ( an electric curr5t1 caus+ ! disappe>ance ( electro-motive =ce if a curr5t passes ?r\gh x1 & conv]t+ electric en]gy into heat en]gy 9 ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,if a curr5t passes ?r\gh a conductor ( uni=m resi/ance !re is a uni=m fall ( pot5tial all along its l5g?4 ,if ( unev5 resi/ance ! fall 9 pot5tial v>ies ) ! resi/ance4 7,see ,pot5tial1 ,fall (47 ,! fall ( pot5tial is ?us express$ by ,daniell4 ,9 a conductor1 say a wire1 along :i* a curr5t is /eadily & uni=mly pass+1 !re is no int]nal accumulation ( electricity1 no d5sity ( int]nal di/ribution2 !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 an unequally di/ribut$ *>ge ( electricity on ! surface ( ! wire1 :i* results 9 a pot5tial dim9i%+ )9 ! wire f "o end ( ! wire to ! o!r4 ,resi/ance v>ies inv]sely ) ! cross section ( a cyl9drical or prismatic conductor1 9 g5]al ) ! av]age cross-section ( any conductor1 & 9 ! same s5se directly ) its true or av]age or virtual l5g?4 ,x v>ies = diff]5t sub/ances1 & = diff]5t conditions z ( temp]ature & pressure = ! same sub/ance4 ,a rise ( temp]ature 9 metals increases ! resi/ance1 9 "s bad conductors a rise ( temp]ature decreases ! resi/ance4 #dfb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,approximately1 ) ! exception ( iron & m]cury1 ! resi/ance ( a metallic conductor v>ies ) ! absolute temp]ature4 ,?is is v r\ghly approximate4 ,except = resi/ance en]gy w\ld n be exp5d$ 9 ma9ta9+ a curr5t ?r\gh a circuit4 ,! resi/ance ( a conductor may be suppos$ to h its seat & cause 9 ! jumps f molecule to molecule1 :i* ! curr5t has to take 9 go+ ?r\gh x4 ,if s a curr5t conf9$ to a molecule w\ld1 if once />t$1 p]si/ because !re w\ld be no resi/ance 9 a molecule4 ,h5ce on ?is !ory ! ,amprian curr5ts 7see ,magnetism1 ,amp]e's ,!ory (7 w\ld require no en]gy = _! ma9t5ance & ,ampre's !ory w\ld become a possible tru?4 ,:5 metals melt _! resi/ance sudd5ly increases4 ,light rays fall+ on "s sub/ances1 notably sel5ium1 q4 v41 v>y ! resi/ance4 ,longitud9al /ret*+ ( a conductor decreases x1 x increases ) longitud9al compression1 & increases 9 iron & dim9i%es 9 t9 & z9c :5 a transv]se /ress t5ds to wid5 ! conductor4 7b7 ,! t]m resi/ance is us$ to express any object or conductor us$ 9 circuit to develop resi/ance4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,at room temp]atures1 ! !rmal motion ( ions 9 ! conductor's cry/al lattice scatt]s ! electrons ( ! curr5t4 ,imp]fections ( ! lattice contribute slightly4 ,at l[ temp]atures sup]conductivity 7z]o resi/ance7 c occur because an en]gy gap betwe5 ! electrons & ! cry/al lattice prev5ts any int]action4 ,at ! "t ( ?is book1 none ( ?is 0 kn[n4 ,jumps f molecule to molecule is a good guess4 ,resi/ance1 ,app>5t4 ,imp$ance2 ! virtual resi/ance ( a circuit includ+ ! spuri\s resi/ance due to c\nt]-electromotive =ce4 ,x may be made up ( true resi/ance & p>tly ( an inductive reaction1 z x repres5ts ! net factor1 ! entire ob/ruction to ! passage ( a curr5t1 & n m]ely a sup]add$ resi/ance or c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,synonym--,imp$ance4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,imp$ance c also h a compon5t due to capacitance4 ,resi/ance1 ,asymmetrical4 ,resi/ance :i* v>ies 9 am\nt 9 diff]5t directions ?r\gh a conductor4 ,x implies a comp\nd or composite conductor su* z ! human sy/em4 ,! pres5ce ( c\nt]-electro-motive =ce 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a conductor may br+ ab\t asymmetrical resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,b4 ,a4 ,unit (4 ,! ,briti% ,association ,ohm4 7,see ,ohm1 ,b4 ,a47 #dfc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,resi/ance ,box4 ,a box fill$ ) resi/ance coils4 ,! coils are connect$ 9 s]ies s t a circuit includ+ any giv5 numb] has _! aggregate resi/ance add$ to its own4 ,! t]m9als ( consecutive coils are connect$ to %ort blocks ( brass :i* are secur$ to ! top ( ! box1 ly+ flatwise ^u x1 ne>ly b n q 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,plugs ( brass are suppli$ :i* c g 9 betwe5 pairs ( blocks1 :i* h a pair ( grooves ream$ out to receive !m4 ,su* plugs %ort circuit ! coil bel[ !m :5 9 position4 ,! cut %[s h[ su* coils are connect$ & ! use ( plugs to %ort circuit !m4 ,! diagram %[s ! top ( a ,:eat/one bridge1 q4 v41 resi/ance box ) connections = det]m9+ resi/ances4 ,fig4 #bia4 ,,resi/ance ,,box4 ,resi/ance ,box1 ,slid+4 ,a resi/ance box ^: coils are set 9 a circle4 ,two metal arms ) h&les are pivot$ at ! c5tre ( ! circle & by mov+ !m ar\nd !y make & break contacts s z to ?r[ ! coils 9 & out ( circuit4 ,! object is to p]mit an op]ator to adju/ resi/ance )\t look+ at ! box--an ess5tial 9 duplex telegraphy4 ,resi/ance1 ,breguet ,unit (4 ,! same 9 orig9 z ! ,digney ,unit4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,digney ,unit (47 ,x is equal to #i4feb ,legal ,ohms4 ,resi/ance1 ,c>bon4 ,a resi/ance1 a sub/itute = a resi/ance coil2 x is made ( c>bon1 & is ( v>i\s con/ruction4 ,9 ! ,bru% dynamo regulator a set ( f\r v]tical piles ( plates ( retort c>bon1 q4 v41 is us$ z a resi/ance1 ^: resi/ance is made to v>y by *ang+ ! pressure4 ,?is pressure automatically increases z ! curr5t /r5g? increases1 ?us r$uc+ ! resi/ance4 #dfd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,resi/ance ,coil1 ,/&>d4 ,a /&>d or resi/ance issu$ by ! ,electric ,/&>d ,committee ( ,great ,brita94 ,! cut %[s ! /&>d ohm4 ,x is =m$ ei!r ( ,g]man silv]1 or ( an alloy ( silv]1 #ff4f p] c5t4 & plat9um1 #cc4d p] c5t4 ,! wire is insulat$ & d\bl$ be=e w9d+ z describ$ be=e4 7,see ,coil1 ,resi/ance47 ,! two ends ( ! wire are sold]$1 ea* "o to a heavy copp] wire or rod r4 ,! :ole coil is enclos$ 9 a brass case1 & is enclos$ ) p>aff9e melt$ 9 at ,a4 ,a place = a !rmomet] is provid$ at t4 ,by imm]s+ ! l[] "p ( ! case ,b 9 wat] ( diff]5t degrees ( heat any desir$ temp]ature c be atta9$4 ,fig4 #bib4 ,,/&>d ,,ohm ,,coil4 ,resi/ance1 ,comb9$4 ,! actual resi/ance ( sev]al p>allel conductors />t+ f ! same po9t & end+ at ! same po9t4 ,if ! individual resi/ance be a b c d 44 & ! comb9$ resi/ance be x !n we h x #a _/ 77 #a_/;a7 7#a_/;b7 7#a_/;c7 7#a_/;d7 '''7 ,synonym--,jo9t ,resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,critical4 ,9 a s]ies w\nd dynamo ! resi/ance ( ! out] circuit above :i* ! ma*9e w refuse to excite itself4 ,resi/ance1 ,dielectric4 ,! me*anical resi/ance ( a dielectric to ! t5d5cy to p]=ation or to ! /ra9s due to electrification4 ,?is is a phase ( me*anical resi/ance1 & is di/9ct f ! electrical or ohmic resi/ance ( ! same sub/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,digney ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( an iron wire1 #a kilomet] long1 #d millimet]s diamet]1 temp]ature unkn[n4 ,x is equal to #i4afc legal ohms4 ,resi/ance1 ,electrolytic4 ,! resi/ance ( an electrolyte to ! passage ( a curr5t decompos+ x4 ,x is almo/ entirely due to electrolysis & is add$ to by c\nt]- electro-motive =ce1 yet x is n treat$ specifically z su*1 b z an actual resi/ance4 ,:5 a curr5t ( a circuit ( too l[ voltage to decompose an electrolyte is caus$ by way ( imm]s$ t]m9als to pass ?r\gh an electrolyte ! resi/ance appe>s v high & sometimes almo/ inf9ite4 ,if ! voltage is increas$ until ! electrolyte is decompos$ ! resi/ance sudd5ly drops1 & :at %\ld be t]m$ electrolytic resi/ance1 f> l[] ?an ! true resi/ance1 appe>s4 #dfe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,resi/ance1 ,engli% ,absolute or ,foot-,second ,unit (4 ,a unit bas$ on ! foot & second4 ,x is equal to 77 foot _/ second 7 99 #a;,e#g7 1 be+ bas$ on ^! dim5sions4 ,x is equal to #j4cjadj legal ohm4 ,resi/ance1 ,equival5t4 ,a resi/ance equival5t to o!r resi/ances1 :i* may include c\nt]-electro-motive =ce4 ,resi/ance1 ,ess5tial4 ,! resi/ance ( ! g5]ator 9 an electric circuit2 ! same z int]nal resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,ext]nal4 ,9 an electric circuit ! resi/ance ( ! circuit outside ( ! g5]ator1 or batt]y4 ,synonym--,non-ess5tial ,resi/ance4 ,fig4 #bic4 ,,resi/ance ,,frame4 ,resi/ance ,frame4 ,an op5 frame fill$ ) resi/ance coils ( iron1 or ,g]man silv] wire4 ,x is us$ z a resi/ance = dynamos & ! l>g] or work+ class ( plant4 ,! coils are sometimes connect$ s t by a swit* mov+ ov] a r[ ( /uds "o or m c be ?r[n into s]ies accord+ to ! /ud ! swit* is 9 contact )4 ,resi/ance1 ,g]man ,mile ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( #h1bch y>ds ( iron wire #a_/f in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is equal to #ef4ha legal ohms4 #dff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,resi/ance1 ,hittorf's4 ,a high resi/ance1 (t5 a megohm1 compos$ ( ,hittorf's solution1 q4 v4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a v]tical glass tube ne> ^: upp] & l[] ends are electrodes ( metallic cadmium atta*$ to plat9um wires4 ,! cadmium is melt$ 9 glass tubes1 ! plat9um wire is ins]t$ into ! melt$ metal & ! tube is brok5 aft] all is solid4 ,! resi/ance %\ld %[ no pol>ization curr5t4 ,fig4 #bid4 ,,hittorf',s ,,resi/ance ,resi/ance1 ,inductive4 ,a resi/ance 9 :i* self-induction is pres5t2 su* z a coil ( insulat$ wire w\nd ar\nd an iron core4 ,resi/ance1 ,insulation4 ,! resi/ance ( ! insulation ( an insulat$ conductor4 ,x is /at$ 9 ohms p] mile4 ,x is det]m9$ by imm]s+ a section ( ! l9e 9 wat] & measur+ ! resi/ance betwe5 its conductor & ! wat]4 ,! section mu/ be ( kn[n l5g?1 & its ends mu/ bo? be above ! liquid4 ,resi/ance1 ,int]nal4 ,! resi/ance ( a batt]y1 or g5]ator 9 an electric circuit z di/+ui%$ f ! resi/ance ( ! re/ ( ! circuit1 or ! ext]nal resi/ance4 ,synonym--,ess5tial ,resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,jacobi's ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a c]ta9 copp] wire #be feet long & weigh+ #cde gra9s4 ,x is equal to #j4fbif legal ohm4 ,resi/ance1 ,mat?iess5's ,met]-gram ,/&>d4 ,! resi/ance ( a pure h>d drawn copp] wire ( su* diamet] t "o met] ( x weighs "o gram4 ,x is equal to 4#adcd ,legal ,ohms at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,resi/ance1 ,mat?iess5's ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a /&>d mile ( pure anneal$ copp] wire #a_/af in* diamet]1 at a temp]ature ( #ae4e ,c4 7#fj ,f474 ,x is equal to #ac4dd legal ohms4 #dfg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,resi/ance1 ,met]-millimet] ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a wire ( copp] "o met] long & "o squ>e millimet] 9 section4 ,x is equal to 4#jbjeg ohms at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,! t]m may also be appli$ to ! resi/ance ( simil> siz$ wire ( o!r metals4 ,resi/ance1 ,mil-foot ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a foot ( copp] wire "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is equal to #i4hca ohms at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,! t]m may also be appli$ to ! resi/ance ( simil> siz$ wire ( o!r metals4 ,resi/ance1 ,non-ess5tial4 ,! resi/ance ( ! portion ( an electric circuit n )9 ! g5]ator2 ! same z ext]nal resi/ance4 ,synonym--,ext]nal ,resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,non-inductive4 ,a resi/ance ) comp>atively little or negligible self-induction4 ,resi/ance ( ,human ,body4 ,! resi/ance ( ! human body is l>gely a matt] ( p]fection ( ! contacts betwe5 its surface & ! electrodes4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t x is affect$ by disease4 ,f #cej to #h1jjj ohms h be5 det]m9$ z resi/ances1 b s mu* dep5ds on ! contacts t little value atta*es to ! results4 ,resi/ance1 ,ohmic4 ,true resi/ance measur$ 9 ohms z di/+ui%$ f c\nt]-electro-motive =ce1 q4 v4 ,! latt] is call$ (t5 spuri\s resi/ance4 ,synonym--,true ,resi/ance4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,true vs4 spuri\s are int]e/+ t]ms1 consid]+ t today we def9e imp$ance z a comb9ation ( real resi/ance & imag9>y capacitive & inductive reactance4 ,resi/ance1 ,r$uc$4 ,! resi/ance ( a conductor r$uc$ to ohms1 or to equival5t l5g?s ( a column ( m]cury1 #a squ>e millimet] 9 cross area4 ,resi/ance1 ,siem5's ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury #a met] long & #a squ>e millimet] cross-sectional area at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 ,x is equal to 4#idca legal ohm4 ,resi/ance1 ,specific4 ,! relative resi/ance ( a sub/ance4 ,x is express$ z ! actual resi/ance ( a cube ( ! sub/ance :i* is "o c5timet] on ea* edge4 ,= metals x is usually express$ 9 microhms1 = liquids 9 ohms4 ,! resi/ances ( a specifi$ l5g? ( wire ( specifi$ diamet] ( diff]5t sub/ances is (t5 giv51 & is really a p>ticul> way ( /at+ specific resi/ances4 ,synonym--,specific ,conduction ,resi/ance4 ,resi/ance1 ,spuri\s4 ,! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce1 q4 v41 op]at+ to prev5t a curr5t be+ produc$ ( :at %\ld be its full /r5g? 7 ! true resi/ance & actuat+ electro-motive =ce only conc]n$4 ,su* c\nt]-electro-motive =ce may be treat$ z a spuri\s resi/ance & su* a value 9 ohms assign$ to x z w\ld correspond to its prop] effect4 #dfh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 its effect on oppos+ a curr5t & 9 resi/+ its =mation x diff]s f true resi/ance4 ,! latt] 9 dim9i%+ curr5t /r5g? absorbs en]gy & develops heat2 spuri\s resi/ance opposes & dim9i%es a curr5t )\t absorption ( en]gy or production ( heat4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,spuri\s resi/ance is n[ call$ reactance1 consi/+ ( capacitive reactance & inductive reactance4 ,! comb9ation ( reactance & 7,ohmic_/true7 resi/ance is call$ imp$ance4 ,! calculation ( imp$ance requires complex algebra1 n j real values us$ 9 ,,dc circuit analysis4 ,resi/ance1 ,/eady+4 ,:5 arc lamps are connect$ 9 p>allel or multiple arc a small resi/ance coil is sometimes plac$ 9 s]ies ) ea* lamp = /eady+ purposes4 ,x r$uces ! p]c5tage ( v>iation ( resi/ance 9 ea* lamp1 :i* may be caus$ by a *ange 9 ! position ( ! c>bons4 ,resi/ance1 ,swiss ,unit (4 ,a unit con/ruct$ by ! ,adm9i/ration ,suisse1 bas$ on ! same data z ! ,breguet & ! ,digney ,units4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,digney ,unit (7 ,x is equal to #aj4cj legal ohms4 ,resi/ance1 ,?omson's ,unit (4 ,a unit ( resi/ance bas$ on ! foot & second4 ,x is equal to #j4caff legal ohm4 ,resi/ance1 ,unit4 ,unit resi/ance is t ( a conductor 9 :i* unit curr5t is produc$ by unit electro-motive =ce4 ,resi/ance1 ,v>ley's ,unit (4 ,! resi/ance ( a /&>d mile ( a special copp] wire #a_/af in* diamet]4 ,x is equal to #be4cc ohms4 ,resi/ance1 ,web]'s ,absolute ,unit4 ,a metric sy/em unit2 7met] _/ second7 99 #a;,e#g ,x is equal to #j4ijhi legal ohm4 ,resonance1 ,electric4 ,a set ( ph5om5a kn[n z ! ,h]tz exp]im5ts are gr\p$ "u ?is title1 :i* ph5om5a are incid5ts ( & dep5d on ! propagation ( electric waves ?r\gh wires or curr5t conductors1 z well z ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,ord9>ily a wire is only a seat ( curr5t1 & is 9 its nature inconsi/5t ) wave propagation ?r\gh its mass4 ,su* waves are virtually conf9$ to ! ext]ior ( ! wire4 ,! po9t is t ! curr5t-produc+ =ce is suppos$ to ent] ! wire at all po9ts f )\t1 ! curr5t n be+ produc$ by an end-pu%4 ,h5ce 9 rapidly recurr+ waves :i* are produc$ by a rapidly pulsatory or alt]nat+ curr5t1 no "t is af=d$ = ! curr5t-produc+ =ce1 9 ?is case ! wave-produc+ =ce1 to p5etrate into ! sub/ance ( ! wire4 ,9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,h]tz surr\nd$ a wire by a glass tube *emically silv]$4 ,! coat+ 0 s ?9 z to be transluc5t4 ,?r\gh ?is metallic lay] a curr5t c\ld be induc$ 9 ! wire 9 its int]ior4 ,any me*anical lay] ( metal took up ! induction itself1 & protect$ ! c5tral wire4 ,?is gave a clue to ! ?ickness ( metal p5etrat$ by ! rapid induc$ waves us$ by ,dr4 ,h]tz4 #dfi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bie4 ,,electrical ,,resonance ,,excit]4 ,! me?od us$ = ! production ( rapid oscillations is ! foll[+4 ,to ! t]m9als ( an induction coil two metal sph]es ,,aa#a are connect$ z %[n4 ,?is app>atus is t]m$ ! excit]2 9 its dis*>ge a s]ies ( iso*ron\s dis*>ges takes place1 alt]nat+ 9 direction4 ,! p]iod ( duration ,t ( a s+le "o is giv5 by ! =mula ,t #b99 ,,pi 99 square,root7 ,,lc 71 9 :i* ,c is ! capacity & ,l is ! self-induction4 ,! sph]es may be #cj c5timet]s 7#aa4h in*es7 9 diamet]1 connect$ ea* to conductors #j4e c5timet] 74#b in*7 9 diamet] & #dj c5timet]s 7#ae4g in*es7 long ea*4 ,= ! l5g? ( an undulation ! =mula gives = ?is app>atus #d4h met]s 7#ae4ge feet7 z ! l5g? ( a wave1 assum+ = !m ! velocity ( propagation equal to t ( light4 ,! excit] may h #aj1jjj times ! rate ( oscillation possess$ by ! pla9 induction coil4 ,:5 ?is app>atus is work$ x produces induc$ waves 9 e neighbor+ conductor4 ,! resonance effects appe> 9 ! size ( ! sp>k induc$4 ,?us a wire b5t into a circle ) its ends ne>ly t\*+ w give a sp>k1 b if made ( prop] electro/atic capacity1 correspond+ ) ! p>ticul> waves employ$1 ! sp>k w be v mu* l>g]4 ,! r+1 ) its sp>k gap is t]m$ a resonator4 ,x is us$ z an explor] to trace ! waves4 ,waves ?us produc$ are transmitt$ by /one walls & nonconductors 9 g5]al4 ,a plate ( z9c reflects "p & transmits "p4 ,! reflect$ waves c be trac$ by ! resonator1 _! angle ( reflection be+ equal to _! angle ( incid5ce4 ,!y c be receiv$ by "o p>abolic reflector1 reflect$ to ano!r & br\ght to a focus4 ,!y c be reflect$ s z to produce int]f]5ce or loops & nodes1 & ! loops & nodes c be trac$ by ! resonator4 ,by a prism ( asphalt !y are refract$ exactly l light4 ,f all ?is x is conclud$ t an additional pro( is furni%$ ( ! id5tity ( light & electro-magnetic waves1 & a v /rong exp]im5tal pro( ( ,maxwell's !ory ( light is furni%$4 ,synonym--,h]tz's ,exp]im5ts4 #dgj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #bif4 ,,electrical ,,resonator4 ,resonator1 ,electric4 ,a small op5 electric circuit1 ) ends ne>ly t\*+4 ,:5 expos$ to electric resonance1 or to a sympa!tic electric oscillatory dis*>ge1 a sp>k passes f across ! gap4 ,! production ( ?is sp>k is altoge!r a matt] ( ! inductance ( ! resonator4 ,! simple/ =m is a circle ( copp] wire ) its ends ne>ly t\*+4 ,! l5g? ( ! gap is adju/able by b5d+4 ,a screw adju/m5t may also be provid$4 ,ano!r =m is %[n 9 ! cut1 ,fig4 #bif4 ,"h %eets ( t9foil are us$ to regulate ! electro/atic capacity1 :ile at m is %[n ! f+] piece = regulat+ ! size ( ! sp>k gap a4 ,synonym--,sp>k ,micromet]4 ,resultant4 ,! l9e indicat+ ! result ( ! application ( two or m =ces to a po9t4 ,its direction & l5g? give ! elem5ts ( direction & int5sity4 7,see ,=ces1 ,resolution ( ,=ces1 ,composition ( ,compon5ts47 ,resultant ,pol>ity4 ,! magnetic pol>ity imp>t$ to a mass ( iron act$ on by two or m sep>ate induc+ =ces or curr5ts4 ,x appe>s 9 dynamos & motors4 ,! f9al pol>ity is ! resultant ( ! induc+ effect ( ! field magnet poles & ( ! w9d+s4 ,ret>dation4 ,9 telegraphy a ret>dation ( ! rate ( transmission ( signals4 ,x is due to sev]al causes4 7a7 ,! self-induction ( ! circuit1 especially if x includes _m electro-magnets1 produces extra curr5ts 7see ,curr5ts1 ,extra47 ,^! are oppos$ to ! ma9 curr5t on clos+ x & h5ce ret>d ! action4 ,!y are 9 ! same direction on op5+ x & h5ce aga9 ret>d ! action4 7b7 ,e l9e has a c]ta9 /atic capacity4 ,?is is affect$ by ! proximity ( ! l9es to ! e>?4 ,= ea* signal electricity has to be *>g$ ^u ! l9e until ! l9e is *>g$ to its end ) a c]ta9 proportion ( ! initial d5sity4 ,?is *>g+ takes "t & h5ce introduces ret>dation4 7c7 ,! cores ( ! electro-magnets ( ! relays or s\nd]s are n in/antly magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$4 ,?is magnetic lag1 q4 v41 introduces ret>dation4 #dga ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,ret>dation ( ,phase4 ,! fractional lagg+ beh9d ( waves or alt]nat+ curr5ts2 by lagg+ beh9d a portion ( a wave l5g? ! correspond+ phases1 z ( full amplitude1 are kept back or ret>d$4 ,! phase ( curr5t int5sity may be ret>d$ ) ref]5ce to ! electro-motive =ce by ! introduction ( trans=m]s ( high capacity ) high resi/ance on op5 second>y circuits4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,capacitors are us$ to correct curr5t phase lag4 ,ret5tivity4 ,co]citive or co]cive =ce2 by virtue ( :i* /eel reta9s its magnetism4 ,x is ! m mod]n "n1 co]cive =ce z a t]m be+ reject$ by _m4 ,synonyms--,co]cive ,=ce--,co]citive ,=ce4 ,retort ,c>bon4 ,c>bon deposit$ 9 coal gas retorts f decomposition ( ! hydroc>bons4 ,x is a v h>d1 pure =m1 & is ( graphitic modification4 ,ow+ to its great h>dness x is little us$ = electrical purposes1 ! mold$ c>bons be+ easi] to make4 ,! deposition occurs 9 ! regul> gas-mak+ process1 & is a disadvantage to ! work+4 ,return4 ,a l9e or conductor :i* is suppos$ to c>ry curr5t back to its />t+ po9t1 aft] x has trav]s$ a l9e4 ,x may be a wire or ! gr\nd+ ( ! ends ( a l9e or may make ! e>? act z a return1 t]m$ gr\nd- or e>?-return4 ,! be/ di/9ction ( a return is to s t]m ! portion ( a circuit on :i* no app>atus is plac$4 ,rev]sibility4 ,! pr9cipal 9 virtue ( :i* a device = produc+ a giv5 =m ( en]gy c absorb ! same & d "w4 ,! rev]sibility ( ! dynamo is its quality 9 virtue ( :i* x c act z a curr5t g5]ator1 !reby conv]t+ me*anical en]gy into electric en]gy1 or if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x1 x rotates1 do+ "w1 & !reby conv]t+ electric en]gy into me*anical en]gy4 ,! k ( ?is pr9ciple c be trac$ back to ,jacobi 9 #ahej4 ,rev]sible ,bridge4 ,a =m ( ,:eat/one's ,bridge adapt$ = rev]sal ( ! positions or int]*ange ( ! proportionate arms1 v41 s t ! accuracy ( ! coils c be te/$4 ,rheo*ord4 ,an app>atus by means ( :i* v>iable quantities ( wire are ?r[n into ! circuit2 a rheo/at us+ wire4 7,see ,rheo/at1 ,:eat/one's47 ,rheomet]4 ,a galvanomet]4 7,obsolete47 #dgb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,rheomotor4 ,a s\rce ( curr5t2 a curr5t g5]ator2 a produc] ( pot5tial diff]5ce4 7,obsolete47 ,rheophore4 ,! portion ( an active circuit capable ( deflect+ a magnetic ne$le4 ,?is prop]ly includes all ( ! metallic conductor ( a circuit4 7,obsolete47 ,rheoscope4 ,a galvanoscope2 an in/rum5t = qualitatively detect+ pot5tial diff]5ce1 fall or rise4 7,see ,galvanoscope47 ,rheo/at4 ,an adju/able resi/ance2 an app>atus = *ang+ ! resi/ance )\t op5+ ! circuit4 ,its action may dep5d on ! introduction ( v>iable l5g?s ( m]cury column1 ( "s o!r liquid1 or ( wire into a circuit4 7,see ,rheo/at1 ,:eat/one's47 ,rheo/at ,arm4 ,! ?ird arm ( kn[n resi/ance 9 a ,:eat/one bridge4 7,see ,proportionate ,arms47 ,rheo/atic ,ma*9e4 ,an app>atus = increas+ pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( /atic cond5s]s4 ,!y are *>g$ 9 multiple arc or 9 p>allel1 & are dis*>g$ 9 s]ies4 ,second>y batt]ies may be us$ = ! *>g+2 ?us a /atic effect is produc$ f a galvanic batt]y4 ,rheo/at1 ,:eat/one's4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 "o1 ,a1 made ( brass1 ! o!r1 ,b1 ( wood1 ) a spiral groove4 ,at its end is a copp] r+ a4 ,a f9e brass wire has "o end atta*$ to ?is r+4 ,its o!r end is fa/5$ at e1 & x is w\nd z %[n2 n & o are b9d+ screws connect$1 "o ) ! cyl9d]-r+ a1 ! o!r ) ! brass cyl9d]1 ,a4 ,! curr5t ent]+ at o1 trav]ses ! wire on ,b1 z !re ! w9d+s are insulat$ by ! grooves1 !nce x passes to m & by ,a1 ^: metal %ort circuits all ! wire on x1 to ! b9d+-po/ n4 ,! h&le1 d1 is turn$ "o way or ! o!r to regulate ! l5g? ( ! wire ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t mu/ pass4 ,on ea* cyl9d] !re is a squ>e head1 "o ( :i* is %[n at c1 s t ! h&le c be %ift$ f "o to ! o!r z requir$2 to ,a if ! wire is to be w\nd on t cyl9d]1 to ,b if ! rev]se is desir$4 ,fig4 #big4 ,,:eat/one',s ,,rheo/at4 #dgc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,rheotome4 ,an automatic circuit break]1 "o :i* rapidly op5s & closes a circuit1 z 9 ! case ( ! prim>y ( an induction coil an int]rupt]4 7,obsolete47 ,rheotrope4 ,a pole *ang]1 curr5t rev]s]1 or commutator1 g41 su* z ! commutator ( an induction coil4 7,obsolete47 ,rhigol5e4 ,a petroleum product2 a hydroc>bon ( l[ boil+ po9t4 ,its vapor is us$ 9 fla%+ 7q4 v47 c>bon filam5ts = inc&esc5t lamps4 ,rhumbs4 ,9 a m>9]s' compass1 ! ?irty-two po9ts1 designat$1 nor?1 nor? by ea/1 nor? nor? ea/1 etc4 7,see ,compass ,m>9]'s-,compass1 ,po9ts ( !47 ,rhumkorff ,coil4 ,! induction coil1 q4 v4 ,rigidity1 ,molecul>4 ,! t5d5cy ( molecules to resi/ rotation or *ange ( position2 ! assum$ cause ( magnetic co]cive =ce1 or ret5tivity4 ,r+ ,contact4 ,a contact =m$ by a t]m9al clip 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 split or cut at "o po9t s t its ends t5d to spr+ toge!r4 ,! o!r t]m9al is a b> :i* passes into ! cut & is tightly press$ by ! ela/ic r+4 ,fig4 #bih4 ,,swit* ,,) ,,r+ ,,contacts4 #dgd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,r+1 ,f>aday4 ,a clos$ r+ ( iron us$ z ! core ( a trans=m] or induction coil4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ,f>aday's classic exp]im5t ) su* an app>atus :5 he produc$ a sp>k by induction 9 a second>y circuit4 ,ro>+4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! noise sometimes produc$ 9 a voltaic arc1 :5 ! electrodes are close toge!r & a heavy curr5t is pass+4 ,rock]4 ,9 a dynamo ! movable piece1 m\nt$ conc5trically ) ! commutator1 & c>ry+ ! rock]-arms & bru%-hold]s4 ,by mov+ x ! bru%es are adju/$ = prop] lead4 ,rock] ,arms4 ,! arms project+ f a rock] & ea* c>ry+ "o ( ! bru%-hold]s4 ,roget's ,spiral4 ,an exp]im5tal app>atus = illu/rat+ ! mutual attraction ( curr5ts go+ 9 l direction4 ,a cyl9drical helix or spiral ( wire is susp5d$ by "o end4 ,its l[] end j dips into a m]cury cup4 ,an active circuit is connect$1 "o t]m9al to ! upp] end1 ! o!r t]m9al to ! m]cury cup1 br++ ! app>atus 9 s]ies into ! circuit4 ,! curr5t z x passes causes ! coil to %ort51 ea* spiral attract+ its neighbors4 ,?is breaks ! circuit by draw+ ! l[] end out ( ! m]cury cup4 ,! curr5t be+ cut (f ! coils cease to attract ea* o!r1 & ! end dips into ! m]cury cup aga94 ,?is closes ! circuit1 ! coils aga9 attract ea* o!r & ! same sequ5ce foll[s & is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,a bright sp>k is produc$ at ea* break ( ! m]cury contact4 ,rotation ( ,liquids1 ,electro-dynamic4 ,by pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh a liquid1 su* z dilute sulphuric acid1 x rotates if expos$ to ! induction ( a curr5t fl[+ at "r angles to x4 ,! condition resolves itself into a liquid trav]s$ by horizontal curr5ts f c5tre to circumf]5ce or vice v]sa1 rotat$ by a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a circul> conductor bel[ x4 #dge ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,rotation ( ,liquids1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! rotation produc$ 9 a liquid c>ry+ c5tripetal or c5trifugal curr5ts by an electromagnet4 ,x is practically an int5sification ( electro-dynamic rotation4 7,see ,rotation ( ,liquids1 ,electro-dynamic47 ,rubb]4 ,9 a frictional electric ma*9e ! cu%ion ( lea!r :i* is press$ aga9/ ! plate z x rotates4 ,s4 7a7 ,symbol = second4 7b7 ,symbol = space1 or l5g?2 ,l is pref]able4 7c7 ,symbol = s\?-seek+ pole ( a magnet4 ,saddle ,bracket4 ,a bracket c>ri$ on ! top ( telegraph poles1 c>ry+ an insulator = ! upp] wire4 ,safety ,device4 7a7 ,a device to prev5t ov]heat+ ( any portion ( a circuit by excess ( curr5t4 ,x g5]ally consi/s ( a slip ( fusible metal :i* if ! curr5t atta9s too mu* /r5g? melts & op5s ! circuit4 ,to ensure its break+ a weight is sometimes susp5d$ f ! /rip4 ,9 "o =m an insulat$ ,g]man silv] wire is wrapp$ ar\nd ! end ( ! fusible /rip a numb] ( times & its end is connect$ to x4 ,! o!r end ( ! ,g]man silv] wire connects ) ! ma9 lead1 s t all ! curr5t goes ?r\gh bo? 9 s]ies4 ,if ! ,g]man silv] wire becomes heat$ f excess ( curr5t ! coil wrapp$ tightly ar\nd ! end ( ! fusible /rip melts x & op5s ! circuit4 7b7 ,lightn+ arre/]s1 q4 v41 may be cit$ "u ?is head+4 ,synonyms--,automatic ,cut ,out--,safety ,fuse1 ,plug1 or ,/rip4 ,fig4 #bii4 ,,cockburn ,,safety ,,fuse4 ,safety ,fuse4 ,a /rip ( metal ins]t$ s z to =m "p ( a circuit & ( su* size t a small] curr5t ?an w\ld heat ! regul> wire ( ! circuit dang]\sly1 s z to cause a conflagration = in/ance1 w\ld melt ! fuse & op5 ! circuit4 ,z x sometimes happ5s t a safety fuse melts )\t p>t+ a weight is sometimes hung ^u x1 s z to break x z x s(t5s4 ,salt4 ,a salt is a *emical comp\nd conta9+ two atoms ( two radicals14 :i* saturate ea* o!r4 ,"o atom or radical is electro-positive ref]r$ to ! o!r1 :i* is electro-negative4 ,by electrolysis salts are decompos$1 ! atoms or radicals sep>at+ & unit+ to =m new molecules4 #dgf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,saturat$4 adj4 ,a liquid is saturat$ ) a sub/ance :5 x has dissolv$ all t x c1 :ile an excess is pres5t 9 ! liquid4 ,x is possible1 by dissolv+ "s salts 9 hot wat] & all[+ ! solution to cool )\t access ( air1 to obta9 a sup]saturat$ solution4 ,on introduction ( a cry/al ( ! salt1 or (t5 on m]e access ( air1 ! solution =ms cry/als & ! liquid left is saturat$4 ,saw1 ,electric4 ,a plat9um coat$ /eel wire m\nt$ & connect$ to be rais$ to inc&esc5ce = cutt+ purposes4 ,s*weigg]'s ,multipli]4 ,an old t]m = ! galvanomet] z inv5t$ by ,s*weigg] soon aft] ,o]/$t's discov]y4 ,scrat* ,bru%es4 ,bru%es = clean+ ! surface ( articles to be electroplat$ to give a good metallic surface suitable = deposition4 ,!y h (t5 wire in/ead ( bri/les4 #dgg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,,wire ,,gauze ,,electric ,,scre54 ,scre51 ,electric4 ,a l>ge plate or a holl[ case or cage ( conduct+ mat]ial connect$ ) ! e>?1 & us$ to protect any body plac$ )9 x f electro/atic influ5ces4 ,if )9 a holl[ conduct+ sph]e an electrifi$ body is plac$1 ! inn] surface ( ! sph]e w be *>g$ ) electricity ( opposite k9d to t ( ! sph]e1 & ! out] surface ) ! same k9d z t ( ! sph]e4 ,?us ! sum ( ! electricities call$ into action by induction is z]o4 ,! two inn] *>ges are b\nd to ea* o!r4 ,! induc$ *>ge on ! out] surface ( ! sph]e is all t has any effect on objects 9 ! out] air4 ,if ! out] surface is connect$ to ! e>? x becomes dis*>g$1 & h[ev] highly electrifi$ ! body introduc$ into ! sph]e & ! inn] surface ( su* sph]e may be1 !y produce no ext]nal effects1 z !y are b\nd "o to ! o!r4 ,if ! sph]e is connect$ to ! e>? & an unelectrifi$ object is plac$ )9 x1 su* object w be p]fectly %ield$ f ! effects ( an out] electro/atic field4 ,p]=at$ t9foil or wire gauze has j z good a result4 ,a l>ge plate ( metal connect$ to ! e>? has ! same effect4 ,! scre5 :e!r plane or holl[ simply reta9s a b\nd *>ge due to ! field ( =ce1 !reby neutraliz+ x1 & ! electricity ( ! opposite sign escapes to ! e>?4 ,?us a true %ield+ or scre5+ effect is produc$4 ,9 ! cut an exp]im5t is %[n 9 :i* an electric scre5 is c>ri$ by a ,leyd5 j>4 ,pi? balls are susp5d$ outside & inside ( x4 ,by ! approa* ( an electrifi$ body ! out] pi? balls w div]ge1 :ile no effect is produc$ ^u ! inn] ones4 ,second>y ,actions4 ,9 electrolysis ! direct products ( ! electrical decomposition are n always obta9$ at ! electrodes1 b products due to _! reaction on ! wat] & o!r *emicals may appe>4 ,^! con/itute second>y actions4 ,?us if a solution ( copp] sulphate is electrolyz$ ) plat9um electrodes1 metallic copp] appe>s at "o pole & sulphuric acid & oxyg5 gas at ! o!r4 ,b ! products ( electrolysis by ! curr5t are copp] 7,cu7 & sulphion 7,,s#d74 ,! latt] react+ on wat] sets free oxyg5 gas & =ms sulphuric acid4 ,! latt] is a second>y action4 ,second>y ,g5]ator4 7a7 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t conv]t] g5]at+ a s-call$ second>y curr5t4 7b7 ,a second>y batt]y1 q4 v41 may be ?us t]m$4 ,second>y1 ,movable4 ,! t]m movable second>ies has be5 appli$ to r+s1 sph]es & discs ( conduct+ mat]ial1 su* z copp]1 ^: behavior :5 ne> ! pole ( an electro-magnet trav]s$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t1 h be5 /udi$ by ,elihu ,?omson4 ,su* masses are subject$ to v peculi> movem5ts & mutual reactions4 ,z ! ph5om5a are due to induc$ curr5ts ! above t]m has be5 appli$ to ! masses 9 :i* ! curr5ts are induc$4 #dgh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,second>y ,plates1 ,colors (4 ,9 a second>y batt]y ( ! lead plate type1 ! color ( ! plates is a good indication ( ! condition ( ! batt]y4 ,! negative plate %\ld be br[n or deep-r$di%1 ! o!r %\ld be slate-color$4 ,second>y ,poles4 ,poles sometimes f\nd 9 magnets exi/+ 9 positions int]m$iate betwe5 ! end or true poles4 ,synonym--,consequ5t ,poles4 ,seebeck ,effect4 ,! production ( a curr5t by heat+ ! junction ( two diff]5t metals =m+ "p ( a circuit1 or ! !rmo-electric production ( curr5t1 is /at$ z ! ,seebeck effect1 hav+ be5 discov]$ by t inve/igator4 ,sel5ium4 ,a non-metallic elem5t4 ,x is int]e/+ electrically on acc\nt ( ! *anges its electric resi/ance und]goes :5 x is subject$ to light4 ,9 "o set ( exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t diffus$ light caus$ ! resi/ance to fall 9 ! ratio ( #aa to #i4 ,full sunlight r$uc$ x to "o-half4 ,( ! spectrum colors r$ 0 mo/ p[]ful & ! ultra r$ region /ill m /rongly affect$ its resi/ance4 ,! effect produc$ by exposure to light is in/antane\s1 b on removal to ! d>k only sl[ly disappe>s4 ,a vessel ( hot wat] 0 f\nd to h no effect1 %[+ t %ort e!r waves are ess5tial to ! effect4 ,sel5ium ,cell4 ,a sel5ium resi/ance box4 ,vitre\s sel5ium is made by keep+ ord9>y sel5ium = "s h\rs at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bbj ,c4 7#dbh ,f47 aft] fus+4 ,x is plac$ 9 an electric circuit z "p ( ! conductor4 ,its resi/ance c !n be det]m9$4 ,x decreases 9 sunlight to ab\t "o-half its resi/ance 9 ! d>k4 ,! sel5ium cell is us$ 9 ! ,photophone1 q4 v4 ,o!rwise x is little m ?an a subject ( exp]im5t4 ,sel5ium ,eye4 ,a model eye 9 :i* sel5ium 9 circuit ) a batt]y & galvanomet] takes ! place ( ! ret9a ( ! human eye4 ,self-repulsion4 ,:5 a body is electrifi$ ea* molecule repels its neighbor & ! condition 9 "q is ?us designat$4 ,an electrifi$ soap-bubble exp&s 9 virtue ( self-repulsion4 ,semi-conductors4 ,sub/ances :i* conduct /atic electricity poorly1 b q appreciably & beyond ! ext5t ( leakage4 ,! foll[+ are examples3 ,alcohol & e!r1 p[d]$ glass1 fl[]s ( sulphur1 dry wood1 pap]1 ice at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 #dgi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,s5sibility4 ,! measure ( ! effect ( a curr5t ^u a galvanomet]1 or any simil> case4 ,s5sitiv5ess1 ,angle ( ,maximum4 ,e galvanomet] has its angle ( maximum s5sitiv5ess1 :i* is ! angle ( deflection at :i* a small increm5t ( curr5t w produce ! greate/ deflection4 ,= e tang5t galvanomet] #de is ! angle 9 "q4 ,9 us+ a galvanomet] = direct read+ me?ods x is an object to h x "w at its angle ( maximum s5sitiv5ess4 ,sep>ately ,excit$ ,dynamo4 ,a dynamo-electric ma*9e ^: field magnet is excit$ f an outside s\rce1 :i* may be ano!r dynamo or a batt]y4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos are (t5 ( ?is description4 ,sep>ate ,t\*4 ,9 magnetism a me?od ( induc+ magnetism 9 a /eel b>4 ,! opposite poles ( two magnets are appli$ at ! c5t] ( ! b> to be magnetiz$1 b )\t t\*+ ea* o!r1 & are drawn ap>t to its ends4 ,!y are return$ ?r\gh ! air & ! process is repeat$ a numb] ( times & on bo? sides ( ! b> if necess>y4 ,sep>ation ( ,electricities4 ,"u ! d\ble fluid !ory ( electricity ! action ( electrification 9 accumulat+ positive electricity 9 "o conductor & negative on ! o!r ( ! excit$ surfaces ( two conductors4 ,sep>ator4 ,india rubb] b&s or o!r =ms us$ 9 batt]ies to keep ! plates f t\*+ 9 ! cell2 especially appli$ to second>y batt]ies1 :]e ! plates are s ne> toge!r z to require sep>ators to prev5t %ort circuit+4 ,fig4 #cja4 ,,s]ies ,,connection4 ,s]ies4 7a7 ,arrang$ 9 succession z oppos$ to p>allel4 ,?us if a set ( batt]y j>s are arrang$ ) ! z9c ( "o connect$ to ! c>bon ( ! next "o = ! entire numb]1 x is said to be arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,:5 inc&esc5t lamps are arrang$ 9 succession s t ! curr5t goes ?r\gh "o aft] ! o!r !y are arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,! opposite ( p>allel1 q4 v41 or multiple arc1 q4 v42 x may be us$ z a n\n or z an adjective4 7b7 ,see ,electro-,*emical ,s]ies2 7c7 ,!rmo-,electric ,s]ies 7d7 ,electro/atic ,s]ies2 7e7 ,electro-motive ,s]ies4 ,synonym--,cascade ,connection 7b little us$47 #dhj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,s]ies-multiple4 ,arrangem5t ( electric app>atus1 9 :i* ! p>ts are gr\p$ 9 sets 9 p>allel & ^! sets are connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,x is us$ z a n\n1 z arrang$ 9 s]ies-multiple1 or z an adjective1 z a s]ies-multiple circuit or sy/em4 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,,s]ies-,,multiple ,,connection4 ,s]vice ,conductors4 ,9 electric di/ribution ! equival5ts ( s]vice pipes 9 ! di/ribution ( gas2 wires lead+ f ! /reet ma9s to ! h\ses1 :]e curr5t is to be suppli$4 ,s]v+4 ,! wrapp+ or w9d+ ( a cable compos$ ( small size wire1 laid closely & smoo?ly ) a tool call$ a s]v+ mallet1 or s]v+ block1 or by ma*9]y4 ,x s]ves to protect ! cable f we>4 ,%ackle4 ,9 telegraph l9es a sw++ insulator bracket = use :]e wires make an angle ) ! pole4 ,a j\rnal box is atta*$ to ! pole1 l half ( a gate h+e4 ,to ?is a %ort iron arm is pivot$ s z to be free to sw+ ?r\gh a consid]able angle4 ,at its end an insulator is c>ri$ to :i* ! wire is atta*$4 ,! %ackle sw+s into l9e ) ! wire1 or takes a position = two wires correspond+ to ! resultant ( _! directions ( pull4 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,,d\ble ,,%ackle ,%ad[4 ,electric4 ,a t]m appli$ to a ph5om5on ( high vacua4 ,if an electric dis*>ge is ma9ta9$ 9 a ,crookes' tube ! glass opposite ! negative electrode t5ds to phosphoresce4 ,a plate ( alum9um1 us$ also z ! positive electrode1 protects ! glass directly beh9d x s z to produce ! effect ( a %ad[4 ,synonym--,molecul> ,%ad[4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! effect is due to ! %ad[+ ( ! electrons /ream+ pa/ ! plate4 #dha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,%ea? = ,magnet ,coils4 ,9 #ahfg ,c4 ,e4 ,v>ley propos$ ! use ( a copp] %ea? surr\nd+ a magnet core to dim9i% self-induction4 ,x has s9ce be5 us$ by ,bru% & o!rs4 ,sometimes metallic foil is laid betwe5 ! successive coils ( wire4 ,synonym--,mutual ,induction ,protector4 ,%ea? = ,trans=m]s4 ,a protective %ea? ( copp]1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y circuits ( an alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]4 ,x is connect$ to ! e>?4 ,if ! prim>y coil loses its insulation be=e x c leak to ! second>y x is gr\nd$4 ,?is protects ! second>y circuit f ! high electro-motive =ce ( ! prim>y circuit4 ,%ellac4 ,a res92 produc$ z an exudation ^u ! bran*es ( c]ta9 ,asiatic trees1 su* z ! banyan 7,ficus religiosa74 ,x is due to punctures 9 ! b>k ( ! trees 9 "q1 :i* punctures are made by ! female ( ! insect coccus ficus or c4 lacca4 ,comm]cial %ellac conta9s ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( res9\s mat]ial1 ! re/ is made up ( wax1 glut51 color+ matt] & o!r sub/ances4 ,%ellac is soluble 9 alcohol1 & 9 aque\s solutions ( ammonium *loride1 ( borax & 9 /rong ammonia solution4 ,long /&+ is requir$ 9 ! case ( ! la/ nam$ solv5t4 ,dilute hydro*loric & acetic acids dissolve x readily2 nitric acid sl[ly2 /rong sulphuric acid is )\t action on x4 ,alkalies dissolve x4 ,9 electric "w x is us$ z an insulator & dielectric4 ,its alcoholic solution is us$ to v>ni% glass plates ( influ5ce ma*9es1 = ! coils ( induction coils & simil> purposes4 ,resi/ance 9 ohms p] c5timet] cube at #bh ,c4 7#hb4d ,f47--7,ayrton71 #i4j;,e#ae ,specific ,inductive ,capacity 7,wlln]71 #b4ie to #c4gc ,! same sub/ance 9 less pure =ms occurs 9 comm]ce1 z /ick lac1 lump lac1 se$ lac1 button lac4 ,%ellac ,v>ni%4 ,solution ( %ellac 9 alcohol2 me?ylic alcohol 7wood alcohol or wood naph?a7 is (t5 us$ z solv5t4 ,dr4 ,muirhead recomm5ds button lac1 dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol1 & ! top lay]s decant$4 ,= highe/ insulation he dissolves ! lac 9 ord9>y alcohol1 precipitates by dropp+ into wat]1 collects ! precipitate1 dries & dissolves 9 absolute alcohol4 ,%ield$4 adj4 ,an electric measur+ in/rum5t ( ! galvanomet] type is %ield$ :5 x is s con/ruct$ t its indications are n s]i\sly affect$ by ! pres5ce ( neighbor+ magnets or by fields ( =ce4 ,%ield+ c be effect$ by us+ a v /rong p]man5t magnet to produce a field )9 :i* ! magnetic ne$le moves & :i* reacts ^u x1 or by enclos+ ! in/rum5t 9 a ?ick iron box4 #dhb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,m4 ,symbol or abbreviation = simple h>monic motion4 ,%ock1 ,break4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! %ock receiv$ :5 an electric circuit1 includ+ ! pati5t 9 s]ies1 is brok5 or op5$4 ,synonym--,op5+ ,%ock4 ,%ock1 ,electric4 ,! effect ^u ! animal sy/em ( ! dis*>ge ?r\gh x ( electricity ) high pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,pa91 n]v\s %ock1 viol5t muscul> contortions accompany x4 ,( curr5ts1 an alt]nat+ curr5t is reput$ worse ?an a direct curr5t2 int]m$iate is ! pulsatory curr5t4 ,! voltage is ! ma9 elem5t ( %ock1 amp]age has also "s direct influ5ce4 ,%ock1 ,/atic4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,! application ( /atic dis*>ges f small cond5s]s or ,leyd5 j>s to a pati5t :o is insulat$ f ! gr\nd ) "o electrode appli$ to ! conduct+ surface on :i* he re/s1 :ile ! o!r1 a sph]ical electrode1 is br\ght ne> ! body s z to produce a disruptive or sp>k dis*>ge4 ,%ort ,circuit4 ,a connection betwe5 two p>ts ( a circuit1 :i* connection is ( l[ resi/ance comp>$ to ! int]cept$ portion4 ,! t]m is us$ also z a v]b1 z to %ort circuit a lamp4 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,%ort ,,circuit ,,work+4 ,%ort ,circuit ,work+4 ,a me?od ( work+ int]mitt5tly an electro-magnet s z to avoid sp>k+4 ,x consi/s 9 provid+ a %ort circuit 9 p>allel ) ! magnetic coils4 ,?is %ort circuit is ( v l[ resi/ance4 ,to ?r[ ! magnet into action ! %ort circuit is op5$2 to ?r[ x out ( action ! %ort circuit is clos$4 ,! %unt or %ort circuit mu/ be ( negligibly small resi/ance & inductance4 #dhc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,%ovel ,electrodes4 ,l>ge plate electrodes us$ 9 a m$ical bipol> ba?4 7,see ,ba?1 ,bipol>47 ,%unt4 ,9 a curr5t circuit a connection 9 p>allel ) a portion ( ! circuit4 ,?us 9 a dynamo a special w9d+ = ! field may h its ends connect$ to ! bu%es1 f :i* ! regul> ext]nal circuit also />ts4 ,! field is !n w\nd 9 %unt ) ! armature4 ,9 ! case ( a galvanomet] a resi/ance coil may be put 9 p>allel ) x to prev5t too mu* curr5t go+ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]2 ?is connection is a %unt4 ,! ^w is us$ z a n\n1 z a %unt1 or a connection or app>atus 9 %unt ) ano!r1 & z an adjective1 z a %unt connection1 or z a v]b1 z to %unt a batt]y4 ,%unt ,box4 ,a resi/ance box design$ = use z a galvanomet] %unt4 7,see ,%unt1 ,galvanomet]47 ,! box conta9s a s]ies ( resi/ance coils :i* c be plugg$ 9 or out z requir$4 ,%unt1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,9 telegraphy a %unt = ! receiv+ relay consi/+ ( ! coils ( an electro-magnet4 ,x is plac$ 9 p>allel ) ! relay4 ,its poles are p]man5tly connect$ by an armature4 ,?us x has high self-induction4 ,on op5+ & clos+ ! circuit by ! s5d+ key1 extra curr5ts are produc$ 9 ! %unt4 ,! connections are s arrang$ t on mak+ ! circuit ! extra curr5t goes ?r\gh ! relay 9 ! same direction z ! pr9cipal curr5t1 :ile on break+ ! circuit ! induc$ curr5t goes 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?us ! extra curr5ts accel]ate ! production & also ! cessation ( signall+ curr5ts1 t5d+ to facilitate ! op]ations ( s5d+ despat*es4 ,%unt1 ,galvanomet]4 ,a resi/ance plac$ 9 p>allel ) a galvanomet]1 s z to %ort circuit its coils & prev5t en\gh curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x to injure x4 ,by kn[+ ! resi/ance ( ! %unt & ( ! galvanomet] coils1 ! proportion ( curr5t affect+ ! galvanomet] is kn[n4 ,?is gives ! requisite factor = calculation4 7,see ,multiply+ ,p[] ( ,%unt47 ,%unt ,ratio4 ,! coeffici5t express+ ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! curr5t 9 a %unt & 9 ! app>atus or conductor 9 p>allel ) x4 7,see ,multiply+ ,p[] (_/ ,%unt47 ,%unt ,w9d+4 ,a dynamo or motor is %unt-w\nd :5 ! field magnet w9d+ is 9 %unt or 9 p>allel ) ! w9d+ ( ! armature4 ,%uttle ,curr5t4 ,a curr5t alt]nat+ 9 direction2 an alt]nat+ curr5t4 #dhd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,side-,fla%4 ,a bright fla%+ lat]al dis*>ge f a conductor convey+ a curr5t due to a /atic dis*>ge4 ,sight$ ,position4 ,9 an absolute electromet] 7see ,electromet]1 ,absolute7 ! position ( ! balanc$ arm c>ry+ ! movable disc or plate1 :5 ! disc & gu>d plate are 9 "o plane4 ,! cross-hair on ! lev]-end is !n se5 midway betwe5 two /ops1 or "s o!r equival5t position is rea*$ :i* is disc]n$ by sight+ ?r\gh a magnify+ glass or telescope4 ,silv]4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol ,ag42 atomic weight1 #ajh2 val5cy1 #a2 equival5t1 #ajh2 specific gravity1 #aj4e4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative resi/ance1 anneal$1 #a4j ,specific ,resi/ance1 anneal$1 at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 #a4ejd microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 ,anneal$4 ,h>d ,drawn4 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 4#baij ohms 4#bchi ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #i4jdh #i4hbf 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 4#aebg 4#affb 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#jaiaf 4#jbjhj ,resi/ance anneal$ ( a #a-;in* cube1 at #j ,c4 7#cb;,f47 4#eiba microhms4 ,p]c5tage increase 9 resi/ance p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 anneal$1 #j4cgg p] c5t4 ,electro-*emical equival5t1 7,hydrog5 4#jaje7 4#aacd mgs4 ,silv] ,ba?4 ,a solution ( a salt ( silv] = deposition 9 ! electroplat+ process4 ,! foll[+ is a typical =mula3 ,wat]1 #aj4j p>ts by weight4 ,potassium ,cyanide1 #e ,metallic ,silv]1 #b4e ,! silv] is fir/ dissolv$ z nitrate & conv]t$ into cyanide & add$ 9 t =m1 or = #b4e p>ts metallic silv] we may read3 ,silv] cyanide1 #c p>ts by weight4 ,:ile _m o!r =mulas h be5 publi%$ ! above is repres5tative ( ! majority4 ,o!r solv5ts = ! silv] ?an potassium cyanide h be5 sugge/$1 su* z sodium hyposulphite1 b ! cyanide solution rema9s ! /&>d4 ,silv] ,/ripp+ ,ba?4 ,v>i\s ba?s are us$ to remove silv] f old electroplat$ articles4 ,_! composition dep5ds ^u ! base on :i* ! metal is deposit$4 ,silv]$ iron articles are plac$ z anodes 9 a solution ( #a "p potassium cyanide 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]4 ,z ka?ode a silv] anode or a copp] "o lightly oil$ may be us$4 ,f ! latt] ! silv] easily rubs (f4 ,= copp] articles a mixture ( fum+ sulphuric acid & nitric acid 7#dj ,beaum7 may be us$4 ,! pres5ce ( any wat] 9 ?is mixture w br+ ab\t ! solution ( ! copp]4 ,or fum+ sulphuric acid may be heat$ to betwe5 #cjj & #djj ,f41 "s p9*es ( dry pulv]iz$ potassium nitrate may be ?r[n 9 & ! articles at once dipp$4 ,^! me?ods effect ! solution ( ! silv]1 leav+ ! copp] unattack$4 #dhe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,simple ,sub/itution4 ,a me?od ( obta9+ a resi/ance equal to t ( a /&>d4 ,! /&>d is put 9 circuit ) a galvanomet] & ! deflection is not$4 ,= ! /&>d ano!r wire is sub/itut$ & its l5g? alt]$ until ! same deflection is produc$4 ,! two resi/ances are !n evid5tly id5tical4 ,! /&>d c be aga9 sub/itut$ to confirm ! result4 ,s9e ,curve4 ,if we imag9e a po9t mov$ back & =? syn*ron\sly ) a p5dulum1 & if su* po9t made a m>k ^u pap]1 x w\ld trace ! same l9e ov] & ov] aga94 ,if n[ ! pap] 7 drawn /eadily along at "r angles to ! l9e ( motion ( ! po9t1 !n ! po9t w\ld trace ^u x a l9e l ! pr(ile ( a wave4 ,su* l9e is a s9e curve4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! foll[+ con/ruction4 ,let a /raight l9e be drawn1 & laid (f 9 fractions1 su* z degrees1 ( ! p]imet] ( a circle ( giv5 diamet]4 ,!n on ea* division ( ! l9e let a p]p5dicul> be erect$ equal 9 height to ! s9e ( ! angle ( ! circle correspond+ to t division2 !n if ! extremities ( su* l9es be unit$ by a curve su* curve w be a s9e curve4 ,9 su* a curve ! abscissas are proportional to ! times1 :ile ! ord9ates are proportional to ! s9es ( angles1 :i* angles are !mselves proportional to ! times4 ,! ord9ates pass ?r\gh positive & negative values alt]nately1 :ile ! abscissas are always positive4 ,any numb] ( s9e curves c be con/ruct$ by v>y+ ! diamet] ( ! orig9al circle1 or by giv+ to ! abscissas a value :i* is a multiple ( ! true l5g? ( ! divisions ( circle4 ,if ! p5dulum me?od ( con/ruction 7 us$ ?is w\ld be atta9$ by giv+ a great] or less velocity to ! pap] z drawn "u ! p5dulum4 ,a species ( equation = ! curve is giv5 z foll[s3 y s97 x 7 ,9 ?is x really indicates ! arc ^: l5g? is x1 & ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! value ( ! radius ( ! circle f :i* ! curve is describ$4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! equation only cov]s ! case 9 :i* ! true divisions ( ! circle are laid (f on ! l9e4 ,if a multiple ( su* divisions are us$1 say n times1 or #a-n times1 !n ! equation %\ld read y n s97 x 7 or y s97 x 7 _/ n ,synonyms--,curve ( ,s9es--,s9usoidal ,curve--,h>monic ,curve4 #dhf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,s9e ,law4 ,! =ce act+ on a body is directly proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle ( deflection :5-- ,i4 ,! controll+ =ce is con/ant 9 magnitude & direction2 & ,,ii4 ,! deflect+ =ce1 al?\gh v>iable 9 its direction 9 space1 is fix$ 9 direction relatively to ! deflect+ body4 ,s+le ,fluid ,!ory4 ,a !ory ( electricity4 ,electricity1 z has be5 said1 be+ conv5i5tly treat$ z a fluid or fluids1 ! s+le fluid !ory attributes electrical ph5om5a to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a s+le fluid4 ,! fluid repels itself b attracts matt]2 an excess creates positive1 a defici5cy1 negative electrification2 friction1 contact action or o!r g5]at+ cause alt]+ ! di/ribution creates pot5tial diff]5ce or electrification4 ,! assum$ direction 7see ,direction7 ( ! curr5t & ( l9es ( =ce are bas$ on ! s+le fluid !ory4 ,l ! d\ble fluid !ory1 q4 v41 x is m]ely a conv5i5ce & n ! expression ( a tru?4 7,see ,fluid1 ,electric1 & ,d\ble ,fluid ,!ory47 ,synonym--,frankl9's ,!ory4 ,s+le ,fluid ,voltaic ,cell4 ,a galvanic c\ple us+ only a s+le fluid1 su* z ! ,smee or ,volta cell4 ,simple ,h>monic ,motion4 ,motion ( a po9t or body back & =? along a l9e2 ! motion ( a p5dulum1 z reg>ds its successive sw+s back & =?1 is an example ( h>monic motion4 ,s9i/rotorsal4 adj4 ,! rev]se ( dextrotorsal1 q4 v4 ,a helix ) left-h&$ w9d+1 ! rev]se ( an ord9>y screw1 su* z a wood-screw or corkscrew4 ,sk9 ,effect4 ,a curr5t ( v brief duration does n p5etrate ! mass ( a conductor4 ,alt]nat+ curr5ts = ?is reason are ma9ly conduct$ by ! out] lay]s ( a conductor4 ,! above is sometimes call$ ! sk9 effect4 ,sl$4 ,a contact = electric c>s ( ! conduit sy/em4 ,x is id5tical ) ! pl[1 q4v41 b is drawn aft] ! c>s in/ead ( be+ pu%$ along ) !m4 ,slide ,met] ,bridge4 ,a "n = a ,slide ,bridge "o met] long4 ,!re are also slide half met] & slide qu>t] met] bridges & o!rs4 7,see ,met] ,bridge47 ,s4 ,n4 ,code4 ,abbreviation = s+le ne$le code1 ! telegraphic alphabet us$ ) ! s+le ne$le sy/em4 ,soak+-9-&-out4 ,a t]m = ! ph5om5a ( ! residual electro/atic *>ge2 ! gradual acquirem5t or loss by a cond5s] ( a portion ( its electro/atic *>ge4 #dhg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,sold]+1 ,electric4 7a7 ,sold]+ 9 :i* ! sold] is melt$ by means ( electricity2 ei!r curr5t inc&esc5ce or ! voltaic arc may be us$4 ,x is id5tical 9 g5]al ) electric weld+4 7,see ,weld+1 ,electric47 7b7 ,! deposition by electric plat+ ( a metal ov] ! ends ( two conductors held 9 contact4 ,?is secures !m z if by sold]+4 ,x is us$ 9 connect+ ! c>bon filam5t ( an inc&esc5t lamp ) ! plat9um wires t pass ?r\gh ! glass4 ,copp] is ! metal usually deposit$4 ,sol5oid4 ,! ideal sol5oid is a sy/em ( circul> curr5ts ( uni=m direction1 equal1 p>allel1 ( equal diamet] ( circle1 & ) _! c5t]s ly+ on ! same /raight l9e1 :i* l9e is p]p5dicul> to _! planes4 ,fig4 #cje4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,sol5oid4 ,! simple sol5oid z con/ruct$ ( wire1 is a helical coil1 ( uni=m diamet]1 s z to repres5t a cyl9d]4 ,aft] complet+ ! coil "o end ( ! wire is b5t back & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! coil1 br++ ?us bo? ends out at ! same end4 ,! object ( do+ ?is is to cause ?is /raight return memb] to neutralize ! longitud9al compon5t ( ! helical turns4 ,?is x does approximately s z to cause ! sol5oid = its practical action to correspond ) ! ideal sol5oid4 ,in/ead ( c>ry+ "o end ( ! wire ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! coil z j describ$1 bo? ends may be b5t back & br\ght toge!r at ! c5tre4 ,a sol5oid %\ld always h ?is neutralization ( ! longitud9al compon5t ( ! helices provid$ =2 o!rwise x is n a true sol5oid4 ,sol5oids are us$ 9 exp]im5ts to repres5t magnets & to /udy & illu/rate _! laws4 ,:5 a curr5t goes ?r\gh !m !y acquire pol>ity1 attract iron1 develop l9es ( =ce & act 9 g5]al l magnets4 ,a sol5oid is also def9$ z a coil ( insulat$ wire ^: l5g? is n small z comp>$ ) its diamet]4 #dhh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,sonomet]1 ,hughes'4 ,a s\nd measur]2 a modification ( a portion ( ,hughes' induction balance1 us$ = te/+ ! delicacy ( ! e> or = det]m9+ ! relative int5sity ( s\nds4 7,see ,hughes' ,induction ,balance47 ,x is ! arrangem5t ( ?ree coils1 two m\nt$ "o at ea* ( ! ends ( a graduat$ b>1 & ! ?ird "o betwe5 !m & free to slide back & =? !reon4 ,sonoresc5ce4 ,! prop]ty ( produc+ s\nds "u ! influ5ce ( mom5t>y light radiations rapidly succe$+ ea* o!r4 ,x is ! prop]ty utiliz$ 9 ! photophone1 q4 v4 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,,morse ,,s\nd]4 ,s\nd]4 ,9 telegraphy an in/rum5t consi/+ ( an electromagnet ) armature atta*$ to an oscillat+ b>1 ! range ( ^: movem5ts is re/rict$ by adju/+ screws4 ,! armature is drawn away f ! magnet by a spr+4 ,:5 a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! magnet ! armature is drawn t[>ds ! poles & produces a s\nd z ! b> /rikes a /rik+ piece or second adju/+ screw4 ,:5 ! curr5t ceases ! b> & armature are drawn back1 /rik+ ! fir/ m5tion$ screw ) a di/9ct s\nd1 ! back /roke4 ,! s\nd] is us$ to receive ,morse & analog\s "* messages4 ,! =w>d /rokes correspond to ! beg9n+s ( ! dots or da%es ( ! code1 ! back /rokes to beg9n+s ( ! int]vals4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 dots & da%es is made by obs]v+ ! int]val betwe5 =w>d & back /roke4 ,v>i\s devices are us$ to increase ! s\nd4 ,sometimes a resonance box is us$ on :i* ! s\nd] is m\nt$4 ,9 practice s\nd]s are g5]ally plac$ on local circuits & are actuat$ by relays4 #dhi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,s\nd ,read+4 ,! art or me?od ( receiv+ telegraph messages by e>4 ,x is n[ univ]sally us$ by all exp]t ,morse op]ators4 ,x c only be appli$ to telegraph sy/ems produc+ audible s\nds2 9 "s cases1 z 9 ne$le telegraphy1 x may be q inapplicable4 ,space1 ,cle>ance4 ,! space betwe5 faces ( ! pole pieces & ! surface ( ! armature 9 a dynamo4 ,x is really ! air gap1 b 9 calculat+ dynamo dim5sions ! ?ickness ( ! insulat$ copp] wire w9d+s ( ! commutator are c\nt$ 9 z "p ( ! air gap1 because copp] is almo/ ! same z air 9 imp]meability4 ,cle>ance space is a me*anical factor2 ! air gap is an electric or magnetic factor4 ,synonym--,int]-air ,space4 ,space1 ,crookes' ,d>k4 ,9 an exhau/$ tube1 ?r\gh :i* an electric dis*>ge is caus$ to pass1 ! space surr\nd+ ! negative electrode ( ! tube4 ,?is space is free f any lum9\s effect1 & by contra/ ) ! light ( ! dis*>ge appe>s d>k4 ,! vacuum may be made s high t ! d>k space fills ! :ole space betwe5 ! electrodes4 ,x is less = a less vacuum & v>ies = o!r factors1 su* z ! temp]ature ( ! negative electrode f :i* x orig9ates1 ! k9d ( residual gas pres5t1 & ! quality ( ! sp>k4 ,space1 ,f>aday's ,d>k4 ,! space 9 an exhau/$ tube betwe5 ! lum9\s gl[s ab\t ! two electrodes4 ,space1 ,int]f]ric4 ,a t]m = ! air-gap 9 a magnetic circuit4 ,x is etymologically m correct ?an air-gap1 = ! latt] is (t5 two-?irds or m fill$ ) ! insulat+ mat]ial & copp] wire ( ! armature w9d+s4 7,see ,space1 ,cle>ance47 ,sp>k ,arre/]4 ,a scre5 ( wire nett+ fitt+ ar\nd ! c>bons ( an arc lamp above ! globe to prev5t ! escape ( sp>ks f ! c>bons4 ,sp>k ,coil4 ,a coil = produc+ a sp>k f a s\rce ( comp>atively l[ electro-motive =ce4 ,x consi/s ( insulat$ wire w\nd r\nd a core ( s(t iron1 be/ a bundle ( %ort pieces ( wire4 ,su* a coil may be eight in*es long & ?ree in*es ?ick1 & made ( ,no4 #ah-bj copp] wire1 ) a core "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,on connect+ a batt]y !re) & op5+ or clos+ ! circuit1 a sp>k is produc$ by self-induction1 q4 v4 ,x is us$ = light+ gas4 #dij ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,sp>k1 ,duration ( ,electric4 ,:eat/one det]m9$ ! duration ( ! sp>k giv5 by a ,leyd5 j> z #a_/bdjjj second4 ,f$d]s5 by int]pos+ a tube ( wat] #i millimet]s 74#cf in*7 long 9 its pa? f\nd t x la/$ #ad_/ajjjj second1 & ) "o #ahj millimet]s 7#g4b in*es7 long1 #ahh_/ajjjj second4 ,lucas & ,caz9 = a #e millimet] 74#b in*7 sp>k1 ) diff]5t numb]s ( ,leyd5 j>s1 f\nd ! foll[+3 ,numb] ( j>s4 ,duration ( ,sp>k4 #b 4#jjjjbf second #d 4#jjjjda #f 4#jjjjde #h 4#jjjjdg ,! duration increases ) ! /rik+ di/ance1 & is indep5d5t ( ! diamet] ( ! balls betwe5 :i* x is produc$4 ,sp>k ,gap4 ,! space left betwe5 ! ends ( an electric resonator 7see ,resonator1 ,electric7 across :i* ! sp>k spr+s4 ,its size may be adju/able by a screw1 some?+ l ! arrangem5t ( screw calip]s4 ,sp>k+4 ,9 dynamo-electric ma*9es1 ! production ( sp>ks at ! commutator betwe5 ! bru%es & commutator sections4 ,! sp>ks are (t5 true voltaic arcs1 & 9 all cases are injuri\s if 9 any quantity1 we>+ out ! commutator & bru%es4 ,sp>k+1 ,l9e or ,po9ts ( ,lea/4 ,9 a dynamo or electric motor ! diamet] ( ! commutator det]m9+1 or ! po9ts on ! commutator m>k+ ! position ( ! bru%es :]e ! sp>k+ is a m9imum4 ,field magnets p[]ful 9 proportion to ! armature are a prev5tative cause4 ,! direction ( ! l9e fixes ! angle ( lead to be giv5 to ! bru%es4 ,sp>k+1 ,resi/ance to4 ,! resi/ance to disruptive dis*>ge ?r\gh its sub/ance (f]$ by a dielectric or insulator4 ,x does n dep5d on its insulat+ qualities1 b on its rigidity & /r5g?4 ,sp>k1 ,l5g? (4 ,! l5g? ( ! sp>k accompany+ ! disruptive dis*>ge is c\nt$ z ! di/ance f "o electrode to ! o!r 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x is long] = an increas$ pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two electrodes4 ,if ! gas or air betwe5 ! electrodes is exhau/$ ! l5g? increases1 until ! vacuum becomes too high1 :5 ! l5g? beg9s to decrease1 & = a p]fect vacuum no sp>k h[ev] small c be produc$4 ,! %ape ( ! conductor :i* is dis*>g$1 ! mat]ial ( ! electrodes1 & ! direction ( ! curr5t are all factors affect+ ! l5g? ( sp>k producible4 #dia ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,sp>k ,tube4 ,a tube us$ z a gauge or te/ to det]m9e :5 ! exhau/ion ( ! vacuum *amb] or bulb ( an inc&esc5t lamp is suffici5tly high4 ,! int]ior ( ! tube is connect$ ) ! int]ior ( ! bulb or *amb] ( ! lamps 9 process ( exhau/ion1 & h5ce %>es _! degree ( exhau/ion4 ,f "t to "t connections ) an induction coil are made4 ,:5 ! exhau/ion is c>ri$ f> en\gh no dis*>ge w take place ?r\gh ! vacuum4 ,z long z ! tube acts l a ,geissl] tube ! exhau/ion is n consid]$ p]fect4 ,specific ,heat ( ,electricity4 ,! heat absorb$ or giv5 out by a fluid 9 pass+ f "o temp]ature to ano!r dep5ds on its specific heat4 ,9 ! ,pelti] & ! ,?omson effects4 q4 v41 ! electric curr5t acts z ! produc] ( a *ange ( temp]ature1 ei!r an increase or decrease z ! case may be4 ,?is sugge/s an absorption ( & giv+ out ( heat :i* am\nt ( heat correspond+ to a curr5t ( kn[n am\nt is det]m9able1 & may be ref]r$ to any unit ( quantity su* z ! c\lomb4 ,?is or "s equival5t def9ite quantity ( heat x has be5 propos$ 7,sir ,william ,?omson7 to t]m ! ,specific ,heat ( ,electricity4 ,sp5t ,acid4 ,acid :i* has become exhau/$4 ,9 a batt]y ! acid becomes sp5t f comb9ation ) z9c4 ,x also loses its depol>iz+ p[]1 if x is a *romic acid solution or ( t type1 & !n may be said to be sp5t4 ,sp5t ,liquor4 ,! liquor ( a plat+ ba? :i* has become exhau/$ f use1 ! metal x conta9$ be+ all or p>tly deposit$4 ,sphygmograph1 ,electric4 ,an electric app>atus = record+ ! beat ( ! pulse1 bo? z reg>ds its rate & /r5g?4 ,sphygmophone4 ,an app>atus = exam9ation ( ! pulse by ! microphone & telephone4 ,spid]s4 ,core-discs ( a dynamo or motor armature are sometimes p]=at$ ) a l>ge c5tral ap]ture1 are fa/5$ toge!r ) insulat$ bolts1 & ! :ole mass is secur$ to ! %aft by ?ree- or f\r-arm$ spid]s4 ,^! are l rimless :eels1 ! ends ( _! arms be+ secur$ to ! holl[ cyl9d] con/itut+ ! armature core1 & a c5tral ap]ture 9 _! hub receiv+ ! %aft4 #dib ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,spiral4 ,?is t]m is sometimes us$ in/ead ( coil1 z ! prim>y spiral or second>y spiral ( an induction coil or trans=m]4 ,spiral ,w9d+4 ,! w9d+ us$ on r+ armatures4 ,?is may diagrammatically be repres5t$ by a spiral c>ri$ ar\nd ! r+ %ap$ core4 ,) two field poles x gives two collect+ po9ts1 positive & negative1 ) f\r field poles x gives f\r collect+ po9ts1 alt]nately positive & negative4 ,splice ,box4 ,a box 9 :i* ! splices 9 und]gr\nd cables & electric l9es are conta9$4 ,! splic+ is g5]ally done 9 ! boxes ) ! cables 9 place4 ,!y may be two-way = /raight l9es1 or be f\r-way = two side or lat]al connections4 ,splutt]+4 ,a t]m appli$ to a s\nd sometimes produc$ 9 a voltaic arc1 p]haps caus$ by impure or insuffici5tly bak$ electrodes4 7,elihu ,?omson47 ,spr+ ,control4 ,control ( or giv+ ! re/itutive =ce to ! ne$le ( a galvanomet]1 core ( a sol5oid ammet] or mov+ "p ( any simil> in/rum5t by a spr+4 ,z an example see ,ammet]1 ,ayrton's4 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,,spr+ ,,jacks4 ,spr+ ,jack4 ,an arrangem5t = effect+1 at "o ins]tion ( a species ( plug1 ! op5+ or break+ ( a circuit & = ! simultane\s connection to ! t]m9als =m$ by ! break+ ( two t]m9als ( ano!r sy/em or loop4 ,?us let a l9e include 9 its circuit two spr+s press+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !reby complet+ ! circuit4 ,if a plug or w$ge ( insulat+ mat]ial 7 ins]t$ betwe5 ! spr+s s z to press !m ap>t x w\ld break ! circuit & ! :ole w\ld con/itute a spr+ jack cut-out4 ,if ea* side ( ! plug _h a /rip ( brass or copp] atta*$ to x1 & if ! ends ( ano!r circuit 7 connect$ to ^! /rips1 !n ! ins]tion ( ! plug w\ld ?r[ ! new l9e into ! circuit ( ! o!r l9e4 #dic ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,spr+ ,jack ,cut-out4 ,a cut-out1 ( ! g5]al con/ruction ( a spr+ jack1 q4 v41 except t a simple insulat+ plug or w$ge is us$ 9 place ( ! metal-fac$ w$ge ) its connections ( ! regul> spr+ jack4 ,! ins]tion ( an insulat+ w$ge op5s ! circuit1 :i* on its removal is clos$4 ,! regul> spr+ jack w$ge w op]ate 9 ! same way1 if its connections are kept op54 ,spuri\s ,voltage4 ,! voltage 9 excess ( t develop$ by a second>y batt]y :i* is requir$ 9 ! *>g+ process4 ,x is ab\t 4#be volt4 ,squ>e ,wire4 ,wire ^: cross-section is a squ>e4 ,x has be5 us$ ( iron = build+ up ! cores ( armatures = dynamos or motors1 = :i* x is peculi>ly suitable1 & also ( copp] z a w9d+ = armatures4 ,/agg]+4 adj4 ,:5 ! bru%es ( a dynamo are set1 "o a little 9 advance ( ! o!r on ! surface ( ! commutator1 !y are said to be set /agg]+4 ,x is us$ to get ov] a break 9 ! armature circuit4 ,/ate1 ,electrotonic4 ,a t]m express+ an ab&on$ !ory4 ,f>aday at "o "t propos$ ! !ory t a wire _h to be 9 ! electrotonic /ate to produce electro-motive =ce by movem5t ?r\gh an electric field4 ,any su* idea 0 ultimately ab&on$ by ,f>aday4 ,/atic ,breeze4 ,! electric breeze obta9$ by ! sil5t dis*>ge ( high t5sion electricity4 ,/atic ,electricity4 ,electricity at re/ or n 9 ! curr5t =m ord9>ily speak+4 ,! t]m is n v def9ite & at any rate only expresses a diff]5ce 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,! recognition ( ! diff]5ce 9 degree has n[ to a great ext5t also disappe>$4 ,/ation1 ,c5tral4 ,! build+ or place 9 :i* are plac$ electrical app>atus1 /eam eng9es & plant supply+ a di/rict ) electric en]gy4 ,/ation1 ,di/ant4 ,! place at ! fur!r end ( a telegraph l9e1 z ref]r$ to ! home /ation4 ,/ation1 ,home4 ,! end ( a telegraph l9e :]e ! op]ators us+ ! expression are work+4 #did ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,/ation1 ,trans=m+4 ,9 alt]nat+ curr5t di/ribution1 a build+ or place :]e a numb] ( trans=m]s are work$1 s t l[ pot5tial or second>y circuits are di/ribut$ !refrom4 ,/eel4 ,a comp\nd ( iron ) c>bon4 ,! c>bon may range f a few hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t4 up to two p] c5t4 ,= magnets1 tool /eel drawn to a /raw color or a little l[] is good4 ,all %ap+ & fil+ %\ld be done be=e magnetization4 ,/eel+4 ,! deposition ( iron on copp] plates by electrolysis4 ,9 electrotyp+ a ?9 deposit ( iron is ?us giv5 ! relief plates be=e pr9t+ f !m4 ,! deposit is v h>d & exce$+ly ?91 s t x does n int]f]e ) ! p]fection ( ! impression 9 ! pr9t+ process4 ,z ! iron becomes worn x c be dissolv$ (f ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* does n dissolve ! copp]1 & a new deposit c be giv5 x4 ,?us ! plate may la/ = an indef9ite numb] ( impressions4 ,! iron ba? may be prep>$ by imm]s+ 9 a solution ( ammonium *loride1 two plates ( iron1 connect$ z anode & ka?ode 9 a circuit4 ,"o plate dissolves :ile hydrog5 is giv5 (f f ! o!r4 ,! solution ?us produc$ is us$ = a ba?4 ,! h>dness ( ! deposit1 :i* is really pure iron1 gives ! "n ( /eel+4 ,synonym--,aci]age4 ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire4 ,lum9\s /atic dis*>ge effects sometimes se5 on objects elevat$ 9 ! air4 ,!y are especially notic$ on %ips' ma/s4 ,! sailors t]m !m corpusants 7holy bodies74 ,!y resemble tongues or globes ( fire4 ,/ep-by-/ep ,telegraphy4 ,a sy/em ( telegraphy 9 :i* 9 ! receiv+ in/rum5t a h& is made to move /ep-by-/ep1 ) an escape movem5t ar\nd a dial4 ,= ea* /ep !re is a lett] & ! h& is made to /op at "o or ! o!r lett] until ! message is spell$ out4 7,see ,dial ,telegraph47 ,/ep-d[n4 adj4 ,a qualification appli$ to a conv]t] or trans=m] 9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t di/ribution1 indicat+ t x l[]s pot5tial diff]5ce & increases curr5t f ! second>y4 ,/ep-up4 adj4 ,! rev]se ( /ep-d[n2 a qualification ( a trans=m] or conv]t] indicat+ t x raises ! pot5tial & decreases ! curr5t 9 ! second>y4 ,/ick+4 ,! adh]5ce1 aft] ! curr5t is cut (f1 ( ! armature to ! poles ( a magnet4 ,9 telegraphy x is a cause ( annoyance & ob/ructs ! work+4 ,x may1 9 telegraphy1 be due to too weak a spr+ = draw+ back ! armature1 or to imp]fect break+ ( ! contact by ! despat*]'s key or by ! receiv]'s relay4 #die ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,/opp+ ,(f4 ,9 electroplat+ ! prev5tion ( deposition ( ! plat+ metal on any desir$ portions ( ! object4 ,x is effect$ by v>ni%+ ! places :]e no coat+ is desir$4 ,an article c be plat$ ) silv]1 /opp$ (f 9 any desir$ design1 & ! unv>ni%$ portions may !n be plat$ ) gold 9 ano!r ba?4 ,v>i\s effects c be produc$ by su* means4 ,/orage ,capacity4 ,a t]m = ! amp]e-h\rs ( electricity1 :i* c be tak5 9 curr5t =m f a /orage batt]y4 ,/orage ( ,electricity4 ,prop]ly speak+ electricity c only be /or$ /atically or 9 /atic cond5s]s1 su* z ,leyd5 j>s4 ,! t]m has be5 popul>ly appli$ to ! *>g+ ( second>y or /orage batt]ies1 9 :i* !re is really no su* ?+ z a /orage ( electricity1 b only a decomposition & opposite comb9ation br\ght ab\t1 :i* leave ! batt]y 9 a condition to give a curr5t4 ,/orms1 ,electric4 ,wide-spread magnetic & electric di/urbances1 involv+ ! di/urbance ( ! magnetic elem5ts & o!r simil> ph5om5a4 7,see ,magnetic ,/orms47 ,/ra94 ,! condition ( a body :5 subject$ to a /ress4 ,v>i\s consequ5ces may ensue f /ra9 9 ! way ( di/urbance ( electric & o!r qualities ( ! body /ra9$4 ,/ratification ,tube4 ,a ,geissl] tube1 q4 v41 = %[+ ! /ratification ( ! electric dis*>ge ?r\gh a high vacuum4 ,! /ratifications are greatly int5sifi$ by ! pres5ce ( a little vapor ( turp5t9e1 alcohol1 bisulphide ( c>bon & o!r sub/ances4 ,/ray ,field4 ,9 a dynamo or motor ! portion ( ! field ^: l9es ( =ce are n cut by ! armature w9d+s4 ,/ray ,p[]4 ,! proportion ( ! en]gy wa/$ 9 driv+ a dynamo1 lo/ ?r\gh friction & o!r hurtful resi/ances4 ,/reamlets1 ,curr5t4 ,a conception be>+ ! same relation to an electric curr5t t l9es ( =ce d to a field ( =ce2 elem5t>y curr5ts4 ,if ev5ly di/ribut$ ! curr5t is ( uni=m d5sity2 if unev5ly di/ribut$1 z 9 alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ! curr5t d5sity v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cross section ( ! conductor4 ,?is ev5ness or unev5ness may be ref]r$ to ! numb] ( /reamlets p] unit ( area ( cross-section4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,/reamlets p] unit ( area is r$undant ) curr5t d5sity4 ,/ress4 ,=ce ex]cis$ ^u a solid t5d+ to di/ort x1 or to produce a /ra94 #dif ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,/ress1 ,dielectric4 ,! condition ( a dielectric :5 ma9ta9+ a *>ge2 its two extremities are 9 opposite /ates ( pol>ity1 or are "u p]man5t pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,z ! two opposite pol>ities t5d to unite a condition ( /ress is impli$ 9 ! m$ium :i* sep>ates !m4 ,/ress1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! /ress produc$ ^u transp>5t sub/ances 9 an electro-magnetic field ( =ce4 ,x is %[n 9 ! modifi$ optical prop]ties ( glass & simil> sub/ances plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a /rong electro-magnet4 ,/ress1 ,electro/atic4 ,! /ress produc$ ^u sub/ances 9 an electro/atic field ( =ce2 ! exact analogue ( electro-magnetic /ress1 & affect+ transp>5t sub/ances 9 ! same g5]al way4 ,/riae1 ,electric4 ,9 ,geissl] tubes ! light produc$ by ! electric dis*>ge is fill$ ) /riae1 bright b&s alt]nat+ ) d>k spaces2 ^! may be t]m$ electric /riae4 ,/rik+ ,di/ance4 ,! di/ance t sep>ates two conductors *>g$ ) electricity ( diff]5t pot5tial1 :5 a sp>k />ts betwe5 !m4 ,/rik+ ,solution4 ,9 silv]-plat+ a ba? compos$ ( a weak solution ( silv] cyanide-) a l>ge proportion ( free potassium cyanide4 ,x is us$ ) a /rong curr5t & a l>ge silv] anode4 ,?is gives an in/antane\s deposition ( metallic silv] ov] ! surface ( ! article :i* goes to insure a p]fect coat+ 9 ! silv] ba? prop]4 ,aft] a few seconds 9 ! /rik+ solution1 ! article is at once remov$ to ! plat+ ba?4 ,/ripp+4 ,! removal ( electroplat+ f an object4 ,x may be effect$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,an object ^: plat+ is to be remov$ is plac$ 9 a plat+ ba? ( ! solution ( ! metal ) :i* x is coat$4 ,x is connect$ z ! anode to ! positive plate ( ! batt]y or correspond+ t]m9al ( ! g5]ator4 ,a ka?ode connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al be+ plac$ 9 ! ba?1 ! coat+ is dissolv$ by electrolytic action4 ,sometimes simple treatm5t ) acid is employ$4 ,diff]5t /ripp+ ba?s are describ$ "u ! heads ( ! diff]5t metals4 ,s4 ,u4 ,symbol or abbreviation = ,siem5s' ,unit ( ,resi/ance4 7,see ,resi/ance1 ,siem5s' ,unit (47 ,sub-bran*4 ,a bran* or lead ( wire tak5 f a bran* lead3 a t]m us$ 9 electric di/ribution4 ,sub-ma94 ,9 electric di/ribution a conductor connect$ directly to a ma92 a bran*4 #dig ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,subway1 ,electric4 ,a subt]ranean sy/em ( conduits = electric cables4 ,z g5]ally con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry x includes manholes1 q4 v41 at ! /reet corn]s connect$ by ducts or pipes4 ,^! pipes are l>ge en\gh to hold a cable4 ,to introduce a cable into a duct1 :i* latt] may be two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & f two hundr$ to six or sev5 hundr$ feet long1 a wire or rope is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! duct4 ,?is is done by a set ( %ort wood5 rods ) screws at ! end s z to be screw$ toge!r4 ,ea* rod mu/ be %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! manhole4 ,a rod is ?ru/ 91 ano!r is screw$ to x & ?ru/ 91 & ?us a set ( rods is made to ext5d z f> z desir$4 ,9 pull+ !m out a rope is atta*$ & drawn ?r\gh4 ,?is rope or a l>g] "o is us$ 9 draw+ ! cable ?r\gh ! duct4 ,a w9dlass is employ$ to draw ! rope ) cable atta*$ ?r\gh ! ducts4 ,sulphat+4 ,9 /orage batt]y cells1 ! =mation ( a h>d :ite basic lead sulphate1 ,pb#b ,s#je4 ,its =mation is due to ov]-exhau/ion ( ! cells4 ,z long z ! voltage is n all[$ to fall bel[ #a4ij volts p] cell little ( x =ms4 ,z x accumulates x is apt to drop (f ! plate & fall to ! bottom1 ?us weak5+ ! plate possibly1 & depriv+ x ( active mat]ial1 & clogg+ up ! cell4 ,if x c>ries a film ( metallic lead ) x1 !re is dang] ( %ort circuit+ ! cell4 ,! pres5ce ( "s sodium sulphate 9 ! solution is said to t5d to prev5t sulphat+1 or to dim9i% x4 ,sulphur ,dioxide4 ,a comp\nd gas1 ,s ,o#b2 compos$ ( ,sulphur1 #cb ,oxyg51 #cb ,molecul> weight1 #fd ,specific gravity1 #b4ba4 ,x is a dielectric ( ab\t ! same resi/ance z air4 ,its specific inductive capacity at atmosph]ic pressure is3 #a4jjcg 7,ayrton74 ,synonyms--,sulphur\s ,acid--,sulphur\s ,acid ,gas4 ,sun/roke1 ,electric4 ,exposure to ! arc light sometimes produces ! effects obs]v$ 9 cases ( sun/roke4 ,x is said t1 9 ! case ( workm5 at electric furnaces1 ^! effects are v noticeable4 7,see ,pro/ration1 ,electric47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,effects are due to ultraviolet light4 ,sup]saturat$4 adj4 ,a liquid is sup]saturat$ :5 x has dissolv$ a sub/ance at a temp]ature favorable to its solubility & its temp]ature has be5 all[$ to *ange1 ! liquid be+ kept free f agitation or access ( air1 provid$ cry/allization or precipitation has n tak5 place4 ,x expresses ! /ate ( a liquid :5 x holds 9 solution m ?an ! normal quantity ( any sub/ance soluble 9 x4 ,surface4 ,a galvanic batt]y is arrang$ 9 surface :5 all ! positive plates are connect$ toge!r & all ! negative plates are also connect$4 ,?is makes x equival5t to "o l>ge cell1 ! surface ( ^: plates w\ld be equal to ! aggregate surface ( ! plates ( ! batt]y4 ,x is also us$ z an adjective1 z a surface arrangem5t ( batt]y4 #dih ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,surface ,d5sity4 ,! relative quantity ( an electric *>ge ^u a surface4 ,surface1 ,equipot5tial4 ,a surface ov] all ( :i* ! pot5tial is ! same4 ,9 a g5]al s5se equipot5tial surfaces are giv5 by planes or surfaces :i* cut l9es ( =ce at "r angles !reto1 or :i* are normal to l9es ( =ce4 ,! conception applies to electro/atic & electro-magnetic fields ( =ce1 & = curr5t conductors ! planes normal to ! direction ( ! curr5t are equipot5tial surfaces4 ,! cont\r ( an equipot5tial surface ( a field ( =ce :i* is drawn or repres5t$ by del9eations ( its l9es ( =ce c be obta9$ by draw+ a l9e normal !reto4 ,?is l9e w ord9>ily be m or less curv$1 & w be a locus ( id5tical pot5tials4 ,an electric equipot5tial surface may be describ$ z electro-/atic1 electro- magnetic1 or magnetic2 or may be an equipot5tial surface ( a curr5t conductor4 ,besides ^! !re are me*anical & physical equipot5tial surfaces1 su* z ^? ( gravitation4 ,surface ,leakage4 ,leakage ( curr5t f "o "p ( an insulat+ mat]ial to ano!r by ! film ( moi/ure or dirt on ! surface4 ,susp5sion4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to me?ods ( support+ galvanomet] ne$les1 balance beams1 magnetic compass ne$les & simil> objects :i* mu/ be free to rotate4 7,see ,susp5sion1 ,bifil>--,fibre & ,spr+ ,susp5sion--,fibre ,susp5sion--,knife ,edge ,susp5sion--,pivot ,susp5sion--,susp5sion1 ,torsion47 #cjh4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,bifil> ,,susp5sion4 ,susp5sion1 ,bifil>4 ,susp5sion by two v]tical p>allel fibres1 z ( a galvanomet] ne$le4 ,! re/itution =ce is gravity1 ! torsion be+ comp>atively slight & negligible4 ,leav+ torsion out ( acc\nt ! re/itution =ce is 7a7 proportional to ! di/ance betwe5 ! ?reads24 7b7 inv]sely proportional to _! l5g?2 7c7 proportional to weight ( ! ne$le or o!r object susp5d$2 7d7 proportional to ! angle ( displacem5t4 #dii ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,assume two masses ,a & ,b at ! end ( a weightless rod1 susp5d$ by ! p>allel cords a ,a1 b ,b4 ,let ! rod be rotat$ ?r\gh an angle !ta4 ,consid] ! cord a ,a4 ,its l[] end is swung ?r\gh ! angle !ta1 z ref]r$ to ! c5t] ,o2 ! cord is deflect$ f ! v]tical by an angle psi1 su* t a ,a tang7psi7 ,o ,a #b s9 7!ta_/#b74 ,! compon5t ( gravitation t5d+ to re/ore ,a to ,a1 act+ t[>ds ,a is equal to m g tan7psi74 ,its mom5t ar\nd ,o is equal to 7m g tan7psi77 99 7,o ,a cos7!ta_/#b74 ,! :ole mom5t ( ! c\ple is #b m g tan7psi74 #j ,a4 cos7!ta_/#b7 #b m g 7,o ,a#b_/ a ,a7 #b s97!ta_/#b74 ,cos7!ta_/#b7 #bmgl7,,oa#b_/;a,a7 s97!ta74 ,! mom5t ( ! re/or+ =ce is ?us proportional to ! s9e ( ! angle ( deflection1 & ! oscillations ( su* a sy/em are approximately simple h>monic4 7,daniell47 ,if ! twi/+ is c>ri$ s f> z to cause ! ?reads to cross & come 9 contact ) ea* o!r ! susp5sion ceases to be a bifil> susp5sion1 b assumes ! nature ( a torsional susp5sion4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is is ! image ( ! fir/ p>agraph4 ,swag+1 ,electric4 ,me*anical swag+ 9 :i* ! objects to be swag$ are heat$ by an electric curr5t z 9 electric weld+4 ,s4 ,w4 ,g4 ,abbreviation = ,/&>d ,wire ,gauge4 ,fig4 #cji4 ,,simple ,,swit*4 ,swit*4 ,a device = op5+ & clos+ an electric circuit4 ,a simple type is ! ord9>y telegraph]'s swit*4 ,a b> ( metal is m\nt$ horizontally by a pivot at "o end1 s z to be free to rotate ?r\gh an arc ( a circle4 ,9 "o position its free end re/s ^u a /ud ( metal4 ,"o t]m9al ( a circuit is atta*$ to its j\rnal1 ! o!r to ! /ud4 ,re/+ on ! /ud x closes ! circuit1 9 o!r positions x op5s ! circuit4 #ejj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,swit*1 ,automatic4 ,a swit* op5$ & clos$ by ! electric curr5t4 ,x is us$ = light+ di/ant inc&esc5t lamps4 ,x includes "o or two electro-magnets op]at$ by two pu% buttons4 ,9 ! usual arrangem5t "o button is black & ! o!r :ite1 = ext+ui%+ & light+ respectively4 ,:5 ! :ite button is pu%$ x causes a curr5t to pass ?r\gh "o ( ! electro-magnets4 ,?is attracts its armature1 !reby mak+ a contact & ?r[+ ! lamps into ! light+ circuit4 ,!n !y rema9 light$ until ! black button is press$4 ,?is excites ! o!r magnet1 :i* attracts its armature1 breaks ! contact & ext+ui%es ! lights4 ,! object ( ! automatic swit* is to enable di/ant lamps to be light$ )\t ! necessity ( c>ry+ ! electric leads or wires to ! place :5ce ! light+ is to be done4 ,a v small wire w c>ry en\gh curr5t to op]ate ! magnets1 & op5 circuit batt]ies1 su* z ,leclan* batt]ies1 may be us$ z ! s\rce ( curr5t = ! swit*1 b g5]ally ! light+ curr5t is us$ = ! purpose4 ,a s+le magnet may d ! "w4 ,:5 ! light+ button is press$ ! magnet is excit$1 attracts its armature & holds x attract$1 until by press+ ! black button ! curr5t is turn$ (f f x4 ,9 ?is case ! light+ curr5t is us$ to excite ! magnet4 ,swit* ,bo>d4 ,a bo>d or tablet to :i* wires are l$ connect+ ) cross b>s or o!r swit*+ devices1 s z to enable connections among !mselves or ) o!r circuits to be made4 ,swit*1 ,circuit ,*ang+4 ,a swit* ^: arm 9 its sw+ breaks "o contact & sw++ ov] makes ano!r4 ,x is employ$ to *ange ! connections ( circuits f "o dynamo to ano!r4 ,synonyms--,*ang+ ,swit*--,*ang+ ,ov] ,swit*4 ,swit*1 ,d\ble ,break4 ,a =m ( swit* 9 :i* d\ble contact pieces are provid$ to give a bett] contact4 ,"o =m consi/s ( a h+$ b> ^: end sw+s d[n betwe5 two pairs ( spr+s4 ,bo? pairs are connect$ to "o t]m9al1 & ! b> to ! o!r t]m9al ( a circuit4 ,swit*1 ,d\ble ,pole4 ,a heavy swit* = c5tral /ation "w1 t connects & disconnects two leads simultane\sly4 ,swit*1 ,fe$]4 ,a heavy swit*1 (t5 ( d\ble contact type1 = connect+ & disconnect+ fe$]s f bus b>s 9 c5tral /ations4 #eja ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,swit*1 ,knife4 ,a swit* ^: movable arm is a n>r[1 deep b> ( copp] or brass1 & :i* 9 mak+ contact is =c$ 9 edgeways betwe5 two spr+s connect$ to "o t]m9al4 ,! b> is connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al4 ,synonyms--,knife ,break ,swit*--,knife ,edge ,swit*4 ,swit*1 ,multiple4 ,a swit* :i* 9 ! sw+ ( its b> connects "o by "o ) a numb] ( contacts s t ultimately ! end ( its b> is 9 contact ) all at once4 ,x is us$ to ?r[ lights 9 & out 9 succession1 & x c1 if ! multiple contacts connect ) resi/ances1 make !m op]ate z a rheo/at4 ,swit*1 ,pole ,*ang+4 ,a swit* = *ang+ ! direction ( ! curr5t 9 a circuit4 ,swit*1 ,rev]s+4 ,a swit*1 (t5 ( ! plug type 7see ,plug ,swit*7 = *ang+ ! direction ( curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a galvanomet]4 ,swit*1 ,snap4 ,a swit* con/ruct$ to give a quick1 %>p break4 ,x has a spiral spr+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! h&le & arm4 ,z ! h&le is drawn back to op5 x ! spr+ is fir/ ext5d$1 ! b> be+ held by ! friction ( ! contacts1 until ! spr+ sudd5ly j]ks x up1 ?us break+ ! contact4 ,swit*1 ,/orage ,batt]y ,*ang+4 ,a swit* = *ang+ /orage batt]y connections f s]ies to multiple & back aga94 ,swit*1 ,?ree ,way4 ,a swit*1 s con/ruct$ t by turn+ its h&le connection c be made f "o lead to ei!r ( two o!r leads1 & also s t connection c be completely cut (f4 ,sympa!tic ,vibration4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( p]iodic movem5t 9 "o body by impulses ( ! same p]iod communicat$ to x f ano!r body 9 motion4 ,?us if two tun+ =ks are ( ! same pit* & "o is s\nd$ ! o!r w beg9 to s\nd by sympa?y1 ! s\nd waves communicat+ ! necess>y p]iodic impulses to x4 ,sympa!tic vibrations are utiliz$ 9 h>monic telegraphy4 7,see ,h>monic ,receiv]--,telegraph1 ,h>monic47 ,t4 ,symbol ( "t4 ,tail+s4 7a7 ,9 high spe$ transmission ( telegraph signals by ! automatic sy/em1 ! def9it5ess ( ! signal m>ks is sometimes int]f]$ ) by ret>dation4 ,wrong m>ks are ?us produc$ call$ tail+s4 7b7 ,! prolongation ( ! curr5t at ! di/ant receiv+ /ation ( a telegraph l9e due to ! dis*>ge ( ! l9e & to self-induction4 ,synonyms--,tail+--,tail+ ,curr5t4 #ejb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,tamid9e4 ,r$uc$ nitro-cellulose4 ,nitro-cellulose is dissolv$ 9 a prop] solv5t & is obta9$ by evaporation z a transluc5t solid mass4 ,by ammonium sulphide or o!r reag5t x is r$uc$ s z to be virtually cellulose4 ,x is cut into %ape = filam5ts ( inc&esc5t lamps1 :i* %apes are c>boniz$ & fla%$4 ,tang5t ,law4 ,9 a galvanomet] ! tang5ts ( ! angles ( deflection ( ! ne$le are proportional to ! deflect+ =ce-- ,i4 ,:5 ! controll+ =ce is unalt]$ 9 absolute magnitude & direction by ! motion ( ! ne$le4 ,,ii4 ,:5 ! deflect+ =ce acts at "r angles always to ! controll+ =ce4 ,^! conditions are usually secur$ by hav+ ! actuat+ coil ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes flat & ( l>ge diamet] comp>$ to ! l5g? ( ! ne$le2 by us+ ! uni=m field ( ! e>? z ! control2 by hav+ a %ort ne$le2 by plac+ ! coil ) its plane 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,= be/ proportions ( tang5t galvanomet] coils see ,bobb9s4 ,fig4 #caj4 ,,graphic ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,tang5t ,,scale4 ,tang5t ,scale4 ,an arc ( a circle 9 :i* ! numb] ( graduations 9 any arc />t+ f z]o are proportional to ! tang5t ( ! angle subt5d$ by su* arc4 ,! sy/em is = use ) tang5t galvanomet]s4 ,?us if = #de a value ( #ajj is tak5 & m>k$ on ! scale !n = ! arc #bf #cc' a value ( #ej %\ld be m>k$ on ! scale because su* are ! relative values ( ! tang5ts4 ,?us ! scale in/ead ( be+ divid$ into degrees is divid$ into arcs ( v>y+ l5g?1 gr[+ %ort] z !y are m di/ant f ! z]o po9t1 ( su* l5g? t ! fir/ division be+ subt5d$ by a tang5t ( l5g? #a1 ! fir/ & second divisions add$ or tak5 toge!r z "o arc are subt5d$ by a tang5t ( l5g? #b1 & s on4 ,9 ! cut a simple me?od ( graphically lay+ out a tang5t scale is %[n4 ,9 x ,c is ! c5tre ( ! arc1 & ,h ! radius runn+ to ! z]o ( ! in/rum5t4 ,f ,c a circle is describ$ & on ,h a v]tical l9e tang5t to ! arc is erect$4 ,tak+ any "p ( ! tang5t1 z ! l5g? %[n end+ at ,d1 x is divid$ into any numb] ( equal p>ts4 ,radii ( ! circle are n[ drawn ^: prolongations pass ?r\gh ! divisions on ! tang5t4 ,^! radii1 :]e !y int]sect ! arc ( ! circle1 det]m9e equal divisions ( ! tang5t scale1 :i*1 z is evid5t f ! con/ruction1 are unequal angul> divisions ( ! arc4 #ejc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,tann+1 ,electric4 ,! tann+ ( hides 9 ! manufacture ( lea!r by ! aid ( electrolysis4 ,a curr5t ( electricity is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! tann+ vats 9 :i* regul> tann+ liquor is conta9$4 ,v extraord9>y claims are made = ! sav+ ( "t 9 ! tann+ process4 ,:at is ord9>ily a process ( sev]al mon?s1 & sometimes ( a ye>1 is said to be r$uc$ to "o occupy+ a few days only4 ,! action ( electrolysis is ! "o reli$ on to expla9 ! results4 ,tapp]4 ,! key us$ 9 s+le ne$le telegraph transmitt]s4 ,x comprises two flat spr+s ,l1 ,e1 ea* ) a h&le1 normally press$ upw>d aga9/ "o contact b> ,z1 & :5 press$ d[n by ! op]ator mak+ contact aga9/ a l[] b> ,c :5 messages are to be transmitt$4 ,a d\ble tapp]1 su* z %[n1 is us$ = ea* in/rum5t4 ,synonyms--,d\ble ,tapp] ,key--,p$al ,key4 ,fig4 #caa4 ,,tapp]4 ,t>get1 ,electric4 ,a t>get regi/]+ or indicat+ electrically ^u an annunciator ! po9t ( impact ( ea* bullet4 ,ta/e1 ,galvanic4 ,! effect produc$ ^u ! gu/atory n]ves by ! passage ( an electric curr5t1 or by ! ma9t5ance ( pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 two portions ( ! tongue4 ,x is v simply produc$ by plac+ a silv] co9 above1 & a piece ( z9c bel[ ! tongue1 or ! rev]se1 & t\*+ _! edges4 ,a s\r1 peculi> ta/e is at once p]ceiv$4 ,x _c be due to any measurable quantity ( curr5t or ( electrolytic decomposition1 because ! c\ple c d little m ?an e/abli% a pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,) a /rong curr5t ! ta/e becomes too /rong = com=t1 & if on a telegraph l9e ! extra curr5ts produc$ by ! signal+ make ! op]ation ( ta/+ ! curr5t a v unpleasant "o4 ,x is said t messages h be5 receiv$ 9 ?is way1 ! receiv] plac+ "o t]m9al ( ! l9e on 8 tongue1 & a t]m9al atta*$ to a gr\nd$ wire bel[ x1 & !n receiv+ ! ,morse *>act]s by ta/e4 #ejd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,teaz]4 ,orig9ally a f9e wire coil w\nd on ! field magnets ( a dynamo 9 %unt ) ! regul> w9d+ to ma9ta9 ! magnetism4 ,x 0 orig9ally us$ 9 electroplat+ ma*9es to prev5t inv]sion ( ! magnetism1 b has s9ce develop$ into a compon5t "p ( ! w9d+ ( ! comp\nd dynamo4 7,see ,dynamo1 ,comp\nd47 ,tee1 ,lead4 ,a lead pipe ( ,t %ape us$ = connect+ bran*es to electric cables4 ,! tee is sold]$ by wip$ jo9ts to ! lead %ea?+s ( ! cable & bran*es aft] ! wires h be5 connect$1 & ! junctions coat$ ) insulat+ tape or cem5t1 or bo?4 ,x is sometimes made 9 two halves1 & is kn[n z a split tee4 ,tel-autograph4 ,a telegraph = reproduc+ ! h&-writ+ ( ! s5d] at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e4 ,to save "t a special spell+ is sometimes us$4 ,teleautograph4 ,! special spell+ us$ ) ! ,tel-,autograph telegraph4 ,tele-b>omet]1 ,electric4 ,a b>omet] ) electric atta*m5t = indicat+ or record+ at a di/ance ! b>ometric read+s4 ,telegraph1 ,,abc4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to alphabet telegraphs indicat+ ! message by ! movem5ts ( a po9t] on a dial m>k$ ) ! *>act]s to be s5t4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,:eat/one ,,abc sy/em is mu* employ$4 ,telegraph1 ,automatic4 ,a telegraph sy/em bas$ on ! op]ation ( ! transmitt+ in/rum5t by a p]=at$ /rip ( pap] drawn ?r\gh x4 ,! p]=ations made by an app>atus t]m$ a p]=ator1 are s arrang$ z to give telegraphic *>act]s ( ! ,morse or ,int]national ,code 9 ! transmitt+ in/rum5t4 7,see ,p]=ator47 ,ba9 9 ! ye> #ahdf 0 ! orig9ator ( ! sy/em4 ,he pun*$ a fillet ( pap] ) dots & da%es1 & drew x betwe5 two t]m9als ( ! l9e1 ?us s5d+ ov] ! l9e a correspond+ s]ies ( %ort & long curr5ts :i* 7 receiv$ by 8 *emical receiv]4 7,see ,*emical ,receiv]47 ,! me?od 0 n successful4 ,its mod]n developm5t1 ! ,:eat/one ,automatic ,telegraph1 is highly s4 ,! p]=at$ pap] by its p]=ations controls ! reciprocat+ movem5t ( two rods1 :i* pass ?r\gh ea* hole 9 two r[s1 correspond+ to ! two rods respectively z ! holes come opposite to ! ends ( ! rods4 ,! rods are kept con/antly mov+ up & d[n4 ,if unp]=at$ pap] is above !m _! upw>d motion is limit$4 ,?is gives ?ree positions = ! rods1 7a7 bo? d[n1 7b7 "o up & ! o!r d[n1 7c7 bo? up4 ,^! positions ( ! rods "w a pole *ang+ key by :i* dots1 spaces1 & da%es are transmitt$ to ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 :i* is an exce$+ly delicate ink-pr9t]4 ,! latt] c h its spe$ adju/$ to receive f #bjj to #dej words p] m9ute4 #eje ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,dial4 ,a telegraph 9 :i* z receiv] a dial in/rum5t is us$4 ,a po9t] or index h& moves ar\nd a dial4 ,! dial is m>k$ ) lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! movem5ts ( ! po9t] are controll$ by ! transmitt+ op]ator at a di/ant /ation4 ,he by ! same actions moves a po9t] on a duplicate in/rum5t be=e him & ! two are syn*roniz$ to give id5tical indications4 ,?us a message is spell$ out lett] by lett] on bo? dials simultane\sly4 ,! motions ( ! index are g5]ally produc$ by :at is virtually a recoil escapem5t4 ,! scape :eel is c>ri$ by ! axle ( ! index1 & a pallet or an*or is vibrat$ by an electro-magnet ^: armature is atta*$ to ! /em ( ! pallet4 ,z ! pallet is vibrat$ x turns ! :eel & index "o too? = ea* s+le movem5t4 ,!re are z _m tee? 9 ! :eel z !re are *>act]s on ! dial4 ,! two in/rum5ts be+ 9 duplicate & syn*roniz$1 ! pallets move exactly 9 unison1 s t id5tical read+s ( ! dials are giv54 ,! pallets may be mov$ by any k9d ( make & break me*anism1 su* z an ord9>y telegraph key4 ,! index moves by /eps or j]ks1 s t ! sy/em is sometimes call$ /ep-by-/ep telegraphy4 ,fig4 #cab4 ,,dial ,,telegraph4 ,9 ! cut ! make & break transmitt] is %[n at v v1 ) its h&le & contacts g & t4 ,?is me*anism s5ds impulses ( curr5t by ,f & ,z to ! receiv+ magnet l4 ,?is attracts & releases its armature ,k f contact into ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,?is works ! rock] n on ! p9 o1 & actuates ! d\ble or an*or pawl s r1 :i* turns ! pallet or scrape :eel m4 ,! sy/em is dropp+ into disuse1 be+ supplant$ by ! telephone4 ,synonym--,/ep-by-/ep ,telegraph4 #ejf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,d\ble ,ne$le4 ,a telegraph sy/em 9 :i* ! message is read by ! motions ( two v]tical ne$les on ! face ( ! in/rum5t 9 front ( ! receiv+ op]ator4 ,an id5tical in/rum5t faces ! transmitt+ op]ator4 ,by two h&les1 "o = ea* h&1 ! ne$les are caus$ by electric impulses to sw+ to "r & to left s z to give a telegraphic code4 ,x has be5 g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! s+le ne$le telegraph4 ,telegraph1 ,duplex4 ,a telegraph capable ( transmitt+ simultane\sly two messages ov] "o wire4 ,! me?ods ( effect+ x are di/9ct f ^? ( multiplex telegraphy4 ,?is t]m is us$ z a di/9ction f diode multiplex telegraphy1 9 :i* ! "w is done on o!r pr9ciples4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( duplex telegraphy1 ! diff]5tial & ! bridge sy/ems4 ,telegraph1 ,duplex ,bridge4 ,a sy/em ( duplex telegraphy employ+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,:eat/one bridge4 ,! o!r or diff]5tial sy/em dep5ds on equality or diff]5ce ( curr5ts2 ! bridge me?od on equality or diff]5ce ( pot5tials4 ,! cut %[s ! sy/em kn[n z ,/eam's ,plan4 ,at ! ends ( ! l9e wire are two cross connections l duplicate galvanomet] connections 9 a ,:eat/one bridge1 ea* includ+ a receiv+ relay4 ,! re/ ( ! connections are self-explanatory4 ,:5 ,a depresses 8 key ! curr5t splits at ! po9t indicat+ ! beg9n+ ( ! bridge4 ,"o portion goes ?r\gh ! l9e to ,b & to e>?1 ! o!r goes to e>? at ,a ?r\gh ! rheo/ats indicat$ by ! corrugat$ l9es4 ,on rea*+ ,b's end ! curr5t divides at ! cross-connection & "p goes ?r\gh ! receiv+ relay %[n 9 ! c5t] ( t cross-connection4 ,?us if ,a s5ds to ,b or ,b to ,a x is )\t effect on ! home receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,n[ suppose t bo? simultane\sly are s5d+ 9 opposite directions4 ,if ! connections be /udi$ x w be se5 t e movem5t ( ! transmitt+ key w affect ! balance ( ! di/ant or receiv+ end ( ! bridge & s its in/rum5t w record ! signals z !y are s5t4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut ! s5d+ keys are on local circuits1 & "w :at are kn[n z duplex transmitt]s4 ,^! are in/rum5ts :i* s5d l9e signals )\t break+ ! connection4 ,fig4 #cac4 ,,/e>n',s ,,plan ,,( ,,duplex ,,bridge ,,telegraphy4 ,9 ,/e>n's plan cond5s]s are introduc$ z %[n4 ,by ?is plan diff]5t receiv+ in/rum5ts c be us$4 ,! inv5tor once work$ a ,morse in/rum5t at "o end ( ! l9e1 & a ,hughes' in/rum5t at ! o!r end4 #ejg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,duplex1 ,diff]5tial4 ,a sy/em ( duplex telegraphy employ+ ! diff]5tial action ( two excit+ or magnetiz+ coils4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples are ! foll[+4 ,suppose t at ea* ( two /ations1 !re is a magnet work+ z a s\nd] or relay4 ,ea* magnet is diff]5tially w\nd1 ) two coils ( opposite direction1 ( id5tical numb] ( turns4 ,:5 ! s5d+ key at a /ation ,a is depress$ two exactly equal curr5ts g ?r\gh ! magnet 9 opposite directions4 ,"o call$ ! comp5sation curr5t goes to ! e>? at ! /ations4 ,! o!r call$ ! l9e curr5t goes ?r\gh ! l9e1 ?r\gh ! l9e coil ( ! di/ant /ation ,e1 !reby actuat+ ! relay or s\nd] armature4 ,! in/rum5t ( ! s5d] ,a is unaffect$ because he is s5d+ opposite & equal curr5ts ?r\gh its two coils4 ,a special resi/ance is provid$ on ! comp5sation circuit = keep+ ! curr5ts exactly equal 9 effect4 ,no?+ ! s5d] at ,a does affects 8 own in/rum5t4 ,n[ suppose ,e desires to telegraph back at ! same "t t ,a is telegraph+ to 8 /ation4 ,he works 8 key4 ,?is does n affect 8 own in/rum5t except by s5d+ ! equal & opposite curr5ts ?r\gh its coils4 ,:5 8 key is depress$ & ,a's key is unt\*$1 he works ,a's receiv+ in/rum5t4 #ejh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,:5 ,a's key is depress$ simultane\sly ) ,b's key1 ! two l9e curr5ts are 9 opposition & neutralize ea* o!r4 ,?is ?r[s out ! balance 9 ! in/rum5ts & bo? armatures are attract$ by ! comp5sation curr5ts left free to act by ! neutralization ( ! l9e curr5ts4 ,fig4 #cad4 ,,duplex ,,telegraph1 ,,diff]5tial ,,sy/em ,suppose t ,b is s5d+ a da%1 & x beg9s :ile ,a's key is rais$4 ,! l9e & comp5sation curr5ts 9 ,b's receiv+ in/rum5t neutralize ea* o!r & no effect is produc$1 :ile ,a's receiv+ in/rum5t beg9s to regi/] or indicate a da%4 ,n[ suppose ,a />ts to s5d a da% :ile ,b's is half ov]4 ,he depresses 8 key4 ,?is s5ds ! two opposite curr5ts ?r\gh 8 magnet4 ,8 l9e curr5t neutralizes ,b's work+ curr5t s t ! comp5sation curr5ts 9 bo? receiv+ in/rum5ts hold ! armatures attract$ = ! two da%es4 ,mean:ile ,a's da% ends & he releases 8 key4 ,at once 8 l9e curr5t ceases to neutralize ,b's l9e curr5t1 8 receiv+ in/rum5t is actuat$ n[ by ,b's l9e curr5t1 :ile ,b's receiv+ in/rum5t ceases to be actuat$ by ! comp5sation curr5t4 ,two assumptions are made 9 ! above description4 ,! l9e curr5ts are assum$ to be equal 9 /r5g? & opposite 9 direction at ea* /ation4 ,nei!r ( ^! is necess>y4 ,! l9e curr5t receiv$ at a /ation is always weak] ?an ! outgo+ l9e curr5t1 & x is ! prepond]ance ( ! comp5sation curr5t ov] ! p>tly neutraliz$ l9e curr5t t does ! "w4 ,z ?is prepond]ance is v ne>ly equal to ! l9e curr5t receiv$ f ! di/ant /ation1 ! signals are actuat$ by almo/ ! same curr5t1 :e!r x is comp5sation or l9e curr5t4 #eji ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,bo? l9e curr5ts may co9cide 9 direction4 ,!n :5 ! two keys are depress$1 a l9e curr5t ( d\ble /r5g? goes ?r\gh bo? receiv+ in/rum5ts & bo? "w by prepond]ance ( ! d\ble l9e curr5t ov] ! comp5sation curr5t4 ,9 o!r respects ! op]ation is ! same z be=e describ$4 ,fig4 #cae4 ,,duplex ,,telegraph1 ,,diff]5tial ,,sy/em4 ,fig4 #caf4 ,,diff]5tial ,,duplex ,,telegraph ,,connections4 ,! cut %[s a diagram ( ! op]ation ( "o end ( ! l9e4 ,r & ,r are resi/ances1 ,e & ,e are e>? contacts1 & ! two circles %[ ! magnet ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t w\nd ) two coils 9 opposition4 ,! batt]y & key are also %[n4 ,x also illu/rates :at happ5s if ! key ( ! receiv] is 9 ! int]m$iate position break+ contact at bo? #a & #b4 ,! s5d]'s l9e curr5t !n goes ?r\gh bo? coils ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t magnet1 b ?is "t 9 s]ies1 & 9 co9cid5t direction4 ,?is actuates ! in/rum5t z be=e4 ,ow+ to ! resi/ance only half ! normal curr5t passes1 b ?is half goes ?r\gh twice z _m coils or turns z if ! receiv]'s key 0 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two positions4 ,9 actual practice !re are _m ref9em5ts4 ,to comp5sate = ! v>y+ resi/ance ( ! l9e a rheo/at or resi/ance ) slid+ connection arm is connect$ 9 ! comp5sation circuit s t ! resi/ance c be in/antly *ang$4 ,z ! electro-/atic capacity ( ! l9e v>ies sectional cond5s]s are also connect$ 9 ! comp5sation circuits4 #eaj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,facsimile4 ,a telegraph = transmitt+ facsimiles ( draw+ or writ+4 ,! me?ods employ$ involve ! syn*ron\s rotation ( two metallic cyl9d]s1 "o at ! transmitt+ end1 ! o!r at ! receiv+ end4 ,on ! transmitt] ! design is drawn ) non-conduct+ ink4 ,a trac] presses ^u ! surface ( ea* cyl9d] & a circuit is complet$ ?r\gh ! two contacts4 ,9 op]ation a %eet ( *emically prep>$ pap] is plac$ ov] ! surface ( ! receiv+ cyl9d]4 ,! two cyl9d]s are rotat$ 9 exact syn*ronism & ! trac]s are trav]s$ longitud9ally z ! cyl9d]s rotate4 ,?us a numb] ( makes & breaks are produc$ by ! transmitt+ cyl9d]1 & on ! receiv+ cyl9d] ! *emicals 9 ! pap] are decompos$1 produc+ m>ks on ! pap] exactly correspond+ to ^? on ! transmitt+ cyl9d]4 ,synonyms--,autographic ,telegraph--,pantelegraphy4 ,telegraph1 ,h>monic ,multiplex4 ,a telegraph utiliz+ sympa!tic vibration = ! transmission ( sev]al messages at once ov] ! same l9e4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,eli%a ,gray4 ,! transmitt+ in/rum5t comprises a s]ies ( vibrat+ re$s or tun+-=ks1 ea* "o ( a diff]5t note1 kept 9 vibration ea* by its own electro-magnet4 ,ea* =k is 9 its own circuit1 & all unite ) ! ma9 l9e s z to s5d ov] x a make & break curr5t conta9+ z _m notes sup]impos$ z !re are tun+ =ks4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! l9e !re are correspond+ tun+ =ks1 ea* ) its own magnet4 ,ea* =k at ?is end picks up its own note f ! makes & breaks on ! ma9 l9e1 by ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic vibration4 ,to ea* pair ( op]ators a pair ( =ks ( id5tical notes are assign$4 ,z _m messages c be transmitt$ simultane\sly z !re are pairs ( =ks or re$s4 ,! movem5ts ( a telegraph key 9 circuit ) "o ( ! transmitt+ re$s s5ds signals ( ! ,morse alphabet1 :i* are pick$ out by ! tun+ =k ( id5tical note at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 #eaa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,hughes'4 ,a pr9t+ telegraph 9 v ext5sive use 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,its g5]al features are z foll[s3 ,! in/rum5ts at ea* end ( ! l9e are id5tical4 ,ea* includes a keybo>d l a piano manual1 ) a key = ea* lett] or "*4 ,on ea* ma*9e is a type :eel1 :i* has ! *>act]s engrav$ 9 relief ^u its face4 ,) ! :eel a *>iot z x is t]m$ also rotates4 ,! type :eels at bo? /ations are syn*roniz$4 ,:5 a key is depress$1 a p9 is ?r[n up :i* arre/s ! *>iot1 & s5ds a curr5t to ! di/ant /ation4 ,?is curr5t causes a rib& ( pap] to be press$ up aga9/ ! face ( bo? type :eels s z to receive ! impr9t ( ! "* correspond+ to ! key4 ,! faces ( ! :eels are ink$ by an ink+ roll]4 ,fig4 #cag4 ,,electro-,,magnet ,,( ,,hughes' ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is ! fact t ! curr5t s5t by depress+ a key does n attract an armature1 b releases "o1 :i* is !n pull$ back by a spr+4 ,! armature is re/or$ to its position by ! me*anical op]ation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! magnet us$ is a pol>iz$ electro-magnet4 ,coils are c>ri$ on ! ends ( a /rong p[]ful magnet4 ,! coils are s connect$ t a curr5t s5t ?r\gh !m by depress+ a key is 9 opposition to ! magnetism ( ! p]man5t magnet s t x t5ds to release ! armature1 & 9 practice does s4 ,?is release p]mits ! pr9t+ me*anism to act4 ,! latt] is driv5 by a desc5d+ weight1 s t v slight electric curr5ts c actuate ! in/rum5ts4 ,synonym--,hughes' ,type ,pr9t]4 ,telegraphic ,code4 7a7 ,! telegraphic alphabet1 z ( ! ,morse ,sy/em4 7,see ,alphabet1 ,telegraphic47 7b7 ,a code = use 9 transmitt+ messages ei!r secretly1 or compris+ sev]al words or %ort s5t5ces 9 "o ^w1 9 ord] to economize 9 transmission4 ,su* codes are ext5sively us$ 9 comm]cial cable messages4 #eab ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,magneto-electric4 ,a telegraph 9 :i* ! curr5t is produc$ by magneto-electric g5]ators4 ,x has be5 appli$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,:eat/one ,,abc or dial telegraph is op]at$ by a magneto-g5]ator turn$ by h&4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! magneto-electric g5]ator by :i* ! call+ bell ( a telephone is rung is an example4 ,! magneto-electric key 7,see ,key1 ,magneto-electric7 is = use 9 "o k9d ( magneto-electric telegraph+4 ,telegraph1 ,morse4 ,a telegraph1 *>act]iz$ by ! use ( a relay1 work+ a local circuit1 :i* circuit conta9s a s\nd]1 or record] = giv+ dot & da% signals con/itut+ ! ,morse alphabet4 ,! signals are s5t by a telegraph key1 :i* :5 depress$ closes ! circuit1 & :5 releas$ op5s x4 ,! two und]ly+ conceptions ( ! ,morse ,telegraph sy/em are ! use ( ! dot & da% alphabet1 & ! use ( ! local circuit1 :i* circuit includes a receiv+ in/rum5t1 & is work$ by a relay1 actuat+ a local batt]y4 ,x w\ld be difficult to indicate any inv5tion 9 telegraphy :i* has _h su* f>-rea*+ consequ5ces z ! "o kn[n z ! ,morse telegraph4 ,9 o!r places ! pr9cipal app>atus ( ! sy/em w be f\nd describ$4 ,! cut ,fig4 #cah1 repeat$ "h gives ! g5]al disposition ( a ,morse sy/em4 7,see ,circuit1 ,local47 ,fig4 #cah4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,morse ,,sy/em4 #eac ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! key by :i* ! messages are transmitt$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cai4 ,m is a base plate ( brass4 ,a is a brass lev]1 m\nt$ on an arbor ,g c>ri$ betwe5 adju/able set screws ,d4 ,c is ! anvil :]e contact is made by depress+ ! key by ! f+] piece ,b ( ebonite4 ,e1 ,fl are adju/+ screws = regulat+ ! v]tical play ( ! lev]4 ,h is ! swit* = op5+ or clos+ ! circuit4 ,x is op5$ = transmission1 & clos$ = receiv+4 ,by screws1 ,l ,l1 ) w+ nuts1 ,k ,k1 ! :ole is screw$ d[n to a table4 ,fig4 #cai4 ,,morse ,,telegraph ,,key4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! simple/ disposition ( app>atus is g5]ally us$4 ,! ma9 l9e is kept on clos$ circuit4 ,9 x may be includ$ a l>ge numb] ( relays at /ations all along ! l9e1 ea* ) its own local circuit4 ,!re may be fifty ( su* /ations4 ,batt]y is g5]ally plac$ at ea* end ( ! l9e4 ,v g5]ally gravity batt]ies are us$1 al?\gh dynamos n[ t5d to supplant !m 9 important /ations4 ,z relays ! ord9>y relay is us$4 ,its local circuit includes a s\nd] & local batt]y4 ,! latt] is v g5]ally ( ! gravity type1 b oxide ( copp] batt]ies 7,see ,batt]y1 ,oxide ( ,copp]7 are n[ be+ introduc$4 ,at ma9 or c5tral (fices1 ! t]m9als ( ! l9es rea* swit* bo>ds1 :]e by spr+-jacks & plugs1 any desir$ circuits c be loop$ into ! ma9 circuit 9 s]ies !re)4 ,9 ,european practise ! ma9 l9e is kept on op5 circuit4 ,pol>iz$ relays are us$ to "w ! local circuits4 ,! curr5ts = ^! h to be alt]nat+ 9 direction4 ,:5 ! l9e is n 9 use its ends are connect$ to e>? at bo? ends1 leav+ ! batt]y out ( circuit4 ,ea* int]m$iate /ation has its own ma91 or l9e batt]y = use :5 x desires to s5d a message4 ,9 ! ,am]ican sy/em z fir/ describ$1 x w be se5 t ! ma9 batt]ies are at mo/ two 9 numb]4 ,= ! details ( ! diff]5t app>atus1 ! foll[+ def9itions may be consult$3 ,emboss]1 ,telegraphic--,record]1 ,morse--,relay--,relay ,connection--,s\nd]4 #ead ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,multiplex4 ,a sy/em ( telegraphy by :i* a numb] ( messages c be transmitt$ 9 bo? directions ov] a s+le wire4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! sy/ems are ! foll[+3 ,suppose t at ! two extremities ( a telegraph l9e two arms are kept 9 absolute syn*ron\s rotation4 ,let ! arms 9 _! rotation1 press ^u z _m conduct+ segm5ts z !re are to be transmissions ov] ! l9e4 ,a transmitt+ & receiv+ set ( in/rum5ts may be connect$ to "o segm5t at "o end ( ! l9e1 & ano!r set to ! correspond+ segm5t at ! di/ant /ation4 ,= ea* pair ( segm5ts two sets c be ?us connect$4 ,!n if ! arm rotates s rapidly t ! contacts succe$ ea* o!r rapidly en\gh ea* pair ( sets ( in/rum5ts c be work$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,9 practice ?is rapid succession is effect$ by hav+ a numb] ( contacts made = ea* pair dur+ a s+le rotation ( ! arm or equival5t4 ,! multiplex sy/em has be5 p]fect$ by ! use ( ,la ,c\r's phonic :eel 7see ,phonic ,:eel71 & br\ght into a practical success by ,patrick ,b4 ,delany1 ( ,new ,york4 ,two phonic :eels rotate at ea* end ( ! l9e4 ,!y are kept 9 syn*ron\s motion by two vibrat+ /eel re$s ( exactly ! same fundam5tal note1 & ! axle ( ea* :eel c>ries an arm ^: end trails ov] ! contacts or di/ributor segm5ts already spok5 (4 ,! re$s are adju/$ to vibrate at su* spe$ t ! trail] is 9 contact ) ea* segm5t ab\t #a_/ejj second4 ,! numb] ( gr\ps ( segm5ts requir$ = ea* work+ is det]m9$ by ! ret>dation ( ! signals ow+ to ! /atic capacity ( ! l9e4 ,to conv]t ! rapidly recurr+ impulses ( curr5t into practically a s+le curr5t1 cond5s]s are connect$ across ! coils ( ! relay4 ,"o batt]y s]ves = all ! arms4 ,multiplex telegraphy c effect f two to six simultane\s transmissions ov] "o wire4 ,= two or f\r transmissions ! me?od only di/+ui%es x f duplex or quadruplex telegraphy4 ,! t]ms diode1 triode1 tetrode1 p5tode & hexode work+ are us$ to indicate respectively ! simultane\s transmission ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six messages ov] "o wire4 ,x w be se5 t ! multiplex process really assigns to ea* transmission sep>ate times1 b divides ^! times into su* %ort & quickly recurr+ int]vals t ! "w is execut$ z if !re 0 cont9u\s contact4 ,9 no case is !re ! popul> conception ( ! s5d+ ( sev]al messages actually simultane\sly ov] "o wire4 ,ea* signal 9 reality has its own "t assign$ x1 divid$ into %ort p]iods ( high frequ5cy1 & only utilizes ! l9e :5 x is free4 #eae ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,ov]-h\se4 ,an ,engli% t]m = telegraph l9es l$ ov] h\ses & support$ on /&>ds on ! ro(s4 ,telegraph ,pole ,brackets4 ,arms = c>ry+ insulators1 :i* arms are atta*$ to telegraph poles or o!r support4 ,!y v>y 9 /yle2 sometimes !y are /raight b>s ( wood ga9$ into & bolt$ or spik$ 9 place2 sometimes !y are ( iron4 ,telegraph1 ,pr9t+4 ,v>i\s telegraphs h be5 inv5t$ = pr9t+ 9 ! ord9>y alphabet ! messages at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e4 ,repres5tative in/rum5ts ( ?is class are us$ = transmitt+ diff]5t m>ket & /ock reports to bus9ess (fices f ! ex*anges4 ,! type faces are c>ri$ on ! p]iph]y ( a pr9t+ :eel1 :i* is rotat$ l ! h& ( a dial telegraph1 & aga9/ ^: face a pap] rib& is press$ :5ev] ! prop] lett] comes opposite to x4 ,z ea* lett] is pr9t$ ! pap] moves =w>d ! space ( "o lett]4 ,spac+ betwe5 words is also provid$ =4 ,9 ! rec5t in/rum5ts two l9es ( lett]s are pr9t$ on ! pap] "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 & on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 pr9t+ in/rum5ts h receiv$ consid]able use = ord9>y telegraphic "w4 ,hughes' type pr9t] & ,:eat/one's ,,abc telegraph meet ) ext5sive use !re = ord9>y transmission4 ,telegraph1 ,quadruplex4 ,duplex telegraphy is ! s5d+ ( two messages 9 opposite directions simultane\sly ?r\gh ! same wire4 ,duplex telegraphy is ! s5d+ ( two messages simultane\sly 9 ! same direction4 ,! two comb9$ con/itute quadruplex telegraphy4 ,,sic ,! sy/em 0 sugge/$ by ,/>k ( ,vi5na & ,boss*a ( ,leyd5 9 #ahee2 ! successful problem 0 solv$ by ,edison 9 #ahgd4 ,! pr9ciple is bas$ on ! two ord]s ( diff]5ce 9 electric curr5ts2 !y may v>y 9 /r5g? or 9 direction4 ,?us we may h "o in/rum5t :i* works ) *ange ( /r5g? ( curr5t only1 ! o!r ) *ange ( direction only4 ,! two c be work$ toge!r if ! direction ( ! curr5t c be alt]$ )\t alt]ation ( /r5g?1 & if /r5g? c be alt]$ )\t alt]ation ( direction4 ,d\ble curr5t & s+le curr5t work+ are s comb9$ t "o relay works by "o sy/em ( curr5ts & ano!r relay by ! o!r sy/em4 ,a curr5t is con/antly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! l9e4 ,! relay op]at$ by *ange 9 direction is a simple pol>iz$ relay :i* works by *ange ( direction ( curr5t4 ,! relay op]at$ by *ange 9 /r5g? is ! ord9>y unpol>iz$ relay4 #eaf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,= ! foll[+ description & ! cuts illu/rat+ x we are indebt$ to ,preece & ,sivewright4 ,! cut %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus & connections = t]m9al (fices4 ,suffici5t table room is provid$ to seat f\r cl]ks4 ,! app>atus is arrang$ = ! two s5d]s to sit toge!r 9 ! c5tre1 ! messages to be =w>d$ be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,! section on ! left ( ! swit* ,q is kn[n z ! ',a' side1 t on ! "r z ! ',b' side ( ! app>atus4 ,k#a ! rev]s+ key1 rev]ses ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,k#b is a simple key1 kn[n z ! increm5t key2 x is us$ simply to increase ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,,quadruplex ,,telegraph ,,connections4 ,! way 9 :i* ! keys ,k#a & ,k#b comb9e _! action is %[n by ,fig4 #cba4 ,e#a & ,e#b are ! l9e batt]ies1 ! "o hav+ two & "o-?ird 7#b-a_/c7 ! numb] ( cells ( ! o!r1 s t if ,e#a be ! electro-motive =ce ( ! small]1 t ( ! :ole comb9$ batt]y w be #c4c ,e#a4 ,! negative pole ( ,e#a is connect$ to z & z#a ( ,k#a & ! positive pole ( ,e#b to a ( ,k#b ?r\gh a resi/ance coil s4 ,a wire1 call$ ! 'tap' wire1 connects ! positive pole ( ,e#a & ! negative pole ( ,e#b to b ( ,k#b4 ,?is wire has 9 x a resi/ance coil r#b4 ,! spr+s c & c#a ( ,kl are connect$ to ! lev] ,l ( ,k#b4 ,n[1 :5 bo? keys are at re/1 ! negative pole ( ,e#a is to l9e ?r\gh z1 & ! positive pole ( ,e#a to e>? ?r\gh b ( ,k#b & c ( ,k#a2 ! positive pole ( ,e#b be+ insulat$ at a ( ,k#b4 #eag ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!re is ?us a weak negative curr5t fl[+ to l9e4 ,:5 ,k#a alone is work$1 ! curr5t ( ,e#a is rev]s$4 ,:5 ,k#b is work$ alone1 c ( ,k#a is transf]r$ f b to a1 & ! /r5g? ( ! negative curr5t go+ to l9e is increas$ ?r\gh ! increase ( ! electro-motive =ce f ,e#a to #c4c ,e#a = ! :ole batt]y is br\ght into play4 ,:5 ,k#a & ,k#b are depress$ toge!r1 !n ! negative pole ( ,e#a goes to e>? ?r\gh ,z#a2 & ! positive pole ( ,e#b to l9e ?r\gh a ( ,k#b & c#a ( ,k#a & a positive curr5t1 due to ! :ole electro-motive =ce #c4c ,e#a goes to l9e4 ,h5ce ! effect ( work+ ,k#a is simply to rev]se ! curr5t1 :atev] its /r5g?1 :ile t ( ,k#b is to /r5g!n x1 :atev] its direction4 ,! resi/ance coil s1 ( #ajj resi/ance1 is call$ a sp>k coil1 because x prev5ts ! high electro-motive =ce ( ! :ole batt]y f damag+ ! po9ts ( contact by sp>k+ or =m+ an arc across :5 signals are s5t2 & ! resi/ance r#b is made approximately equal to ! comb9$ resi/ance ( ,e#b & ! sp>k coil1 s t ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit may n be alt]$ by ! work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,fig4 #cba4 ,,quadruplex ,,telegraph4 ,a#a & ,b#a 7,fig4 #cbj7 are ! relays :i* are us$ to respond to ! *anges 9 ! curr5ts s5t by ! keys ,k#a & ,k#b at ! di/ant /ation4 ,a1 is a simple pol>iz$ relay w\nd diff]5tially1 ea* wire hav+ a resi/ance ( #bjj omega1 & s connect$ up z to respond to ! work+ ( ! rev]s+ key ,k#a ( ! di/ant /ation4 ,x acts indep5d5tly ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & is !re=e n affect$ by ! work+ ( ! increm5t key ,k#b4 ,x is connect$ up s z to complete ! local circuit ( ! s\nd] ,s#a & ! local batt]y l#a & =ms ! receiv+ portion ( ! ',a' side4 ,b1 is a non-pol>iz$ relay also w\nd diff]5tially1 ea* coil hav+ a resi/ance ( #bjj omega4 ,x responds only to an increase 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & !re=e only to ! work+ ( ! increm5t key ,k#b ( ! di/ant /ation4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 curr5t usage upp] case omega indicates ohms & l[] case omega d5otes angul> frequ5cy1 #b99,,pi99f4 #eah ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! relay spr+ is s adju/$ t ! armatures are n actuat$ by ! weak curr5t s5t f ,e by ! key ,k#a4 ,9 its normal position ?is relay completes ! circuit ( ! local batt]y ?r\gh ! s\nd] ,s4 ,?is s\nd] ,s1 call$ ! upright+ s\nd]1 acts z a relay to a second s\nd]1 ,s#b1 call$ ! read+ s\nd]1 :i* is work$ by ano!r local batt]y1 l#b4 ,( c\rse1 normally1 ! armature ( ,s is held d[n & t ( ,s#b is up1 b :5 ! tongue t moves1 z x does :5 ! increm5t key ,k#b is depress$ s z to s5d ! :ole curr5t to l9e1 !n ! curr5t f l is int]rupt$1 & ! circuit ( l#b is complet$ by ! ris+ ( ! armature ( ,s1 caus+ ! read+ s\nd] ,s#b to "w4 ,?is is ! ',b' side4 ,r is a rheo/at = balanc+ ! resi/ance ( ! l9e1 z us$ 9 duplex work+4 ,c is a cond5s] us$ = comp5sat+ ! /atic *>ge ( ! l9e4 ,x is provid$ ) an adju/able ret>dation coil1 ,r#a1 to prolong ! effect ( ! comp5sat+ curr5t f ! cond5s]4 ,g is a diff]5tial galvanomet]1 us$ = te/+1 & = facilitat+ adju/m5t & balanc+4 ,q is a swit* = putt+ ! l9e to e>?1 ei!r = balanc+1 or = any o!r purpose4 ,!re is on ! e>? wire lead+ f ,q a resi/ance coil1 r#a1 equall+ approximately ! resi/ance ( ! :ole batt]y1 #c4c ,e#a1 & ! resi/ance s4 ,! connections %[n 9 ,fig4 #cba1 are = an 'up' (fice4 ,at a 'd[n' (fice x is necess>y to rev]se ! wires on ! two l[] t]m9als ( ! galvanomet] & ! two batt]y wires on ! rev]s+ key ,k#a4 ,! keys ,k#a & ,k#b are1 = repeat]s1 replac$ by transmitt]s4 ,! adju/m5t ( ?is app>atus requires great c>e & great accuracy4 ,its good work+ dep5ds ess5tially on te*nical skill t c only be acquir$ by pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,faults 9 work+ g5]ally arise f c>eless adju/m5ts1 dirty contacts1 loose connections1 batt]y failures1 & ! ord9>y l9e int]ruptions1 b !re are no tr\bles t are beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y skill1 & x c be safely said t1 )9 mod]ate di/ances1 :]ev] & :5ev] duplex work+ is practicable1 !n quadruplex work+ is s too4 ,! above is a typical quadruplex bridge sy/em4 ,!re is also a diff]5tial sy/em1 ! full description ( :i*1 9 addition to :at has be5 giv51 is outside ( ! scope ( ?is "w4 #eai ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph ,repeat]4 ,an ext5sion ( ! relay sy/em1 adopt$ = long l9es4 ,a repeat+ /ation comprises 9 g5]al t]ms duplicate repeat+ app>atus4 ,"o set is connect$ = messages 9 "o direction1 ! o!r = messages 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! g5]al op]ation ( a repeat+ set is z foll[s4 ,! signals z receiv$ actuate a relay :i* by its local circuit actuates a key1 :i* 9 ord9>y practise w\ld be ! s\nd]1 b 9 ! repeat] its lev] op5s & closes a circuit compris+ a batt]y & a fur!r section ( ! l9e4 ,repeat]s are plac$ at int]vals along ! l9e4 ,ea* repeat] repeats ! signals receiv$ = ! next section ( l9e ) a new batt]y4 ,x repres5ts an op]ator :o w\ld receive & repeat ! message1 except t x works automatically4 ,! ,indo-,european l9e f ,london to ,teh]an1 #c1hjj miles long1 is work$ directly )\t any h& retransmission1 x be+ c>ri$ out by five repeat]s4 ,?is gives an av]age ( ov] #ejj miles = ea* repeat]4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ''' #fej miles = ea* repeat]4 ,repeat]s introduce ret>dation1 & ea* repeat] involves a r$uction 9 ! rate ( work+4 ,yet 9 _m cases !y increase ! spe$ ( a l9e greatly1 z its spe$ is ab\t equal to t ( its wor/ section1 :i* may be f> great] ?an t ( ! :ole l9e 9 "o4 ,synonym--,translat]4 ,telegraph ,signal4 ,9 ! telegraph alphabet1 a dot1 or da%2 ! signal or effect produc$ by "o clos+ ( ! circuit4 ,a da% is equal 9 l5g? to ?ree dots4 ,! space betwe5 signals is equal to "o dot2 ! space betwe5 lett]s to ?ree dots2 & ! space betwe5 words to six dots4 ,telegraph1 ,s+le ,ne$le4 ,a telegraph sy/em 9 :i* ! code is transmitt$ by ! movem5ts ( a ne$le %ap$ index :i* oscillates to "r & left1 ! left h& deflection correspond+ to dots1 ! "r h& deflection to da%es4 ,! in/rum5ts = s5d+ & receiv+ are comb9$ into "o4 ,! ne$les are virtually ! indexes ( v]tical galvanomet]s4 ,9 "o =m by a tapp] key 7see ,tapp]71 9 ano!r =m by a key work$ by a drop-h&le 7! drop h&le in/rum5t71 curr5ts ( opposite directions are s5t d[n ! l9e4 ,^! pass ?r\gh bo? in/rum5ts1 affect+ bo? ne$les & caus+ !m to sw+ to "r or left1 z ! op]ator moves 8 key4 ,z galvanomet] ne$le or actuat+ ne$le a s(t iron ne$le is employ$1 :i* is pol>iz$ by ! proximity ( two p]man5t magnets4 ,?is avoids dang] ( rev]sal ( pol>ity f lightn+1 a tr\ble incid5t to ! old sy/em4 #ebj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! cut1 ,fig4 #cbb1 %[s a s+le ne$le telegraph in/rum5t ( ! tapp] =m4 ,! action ( ! tapp] c be und]/ood f ! next cut4 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,,s+le ,,ne$le ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5t1 ,,d\ble ,,tapp] ,,=m4 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,,d\ble ,,tapp] ,,key ,,= ,,s+le ,,ne$le ,,telegraph4 ,c & ,z are two /rips ( metal to :i* ! positive & negative poles ( ! batt]y are respectively connect$4 ,e & ,l are two metallic spr+s2 ,e is connect$ to e>?1 ,l is connect$ to ! l9e2 at re/ bo? press aga9/ ,z4 ,if ,l is depress$ s z to t\* ,c1 ! curr5t f ! batt]y goes to ! l9e by ! key ,l1 goes ?r\gh ! coils ( ! di/ant in/rum5t & deflects ! ne$le to "o side1 & !n goes to ! e>?4 ,if ! key ,e is depress$1 ,l reta9+ its normal position1 ! direction ( ! curr5t is rev]s$1 = ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y is connect$ to ! e>? & ! rev]se curr5t go+ ?r\gh ! coils ( ! di/ant in/rum5t deflects ! galvanomet] ne$le to ! o!r side4 ,9 ! drop-h&le type an analog\s =m ( commutator work$ by a s+le h&le produces ! same effects4 #eba ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telegraph1 ,:eat/one1 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,a magneto-electric telegraph ( ! dial sy/em4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t magneto-g5]ator is turn$ by h& & by depress+ keys its curr5t is admitt$ to or cut (f f ! l9e & receiv]'s in/rum5t4 ,! message is receiv$ by a dial in/rum5t work+ by ! escapem5t motion describ$ "u ,telegraph1 ,dial4 ,telegraph1 ,writ+4 ,a telegraph 9 :i* ! message is receiv$ 9 writt5 *>act]s4 ,! transmitt] includes a /ylus :i* is held 9 ! h& & ^: po9t be>s aga9/ ! upp] end ( a v]tical rod4 ,! rod is susceptible ( oscillation 9 all directions1 hav+ at its base a spr+ support equival5t to a univ]sal jo9t4 ,! /ylus is mov$ ab\t 9 ! %ape ( lett]s4 ,z x does ?is x ?r[s a s]ies ( resi/ances 9 & out ( ! circuit4 ,at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e ! in/rum5t = record+ ! message includes two electro-magnets ) _! cores at "r angles to ea* o!r & _! faces ne> toge!r at ! po9t ( ! angle4 ,an armature is support$ betwe5 ! faces & ?r\gh x a v]tical rod c>ri$ by a spr+ at its bottom rises4 ,^! magnets receive curr5t proportional to ! resi/ances cut 9 & out by ! motions ( ! o!r rod at ! transmitt+ end ( ! l9e4 ,^! resi/ances are arrang$ 9 two s]ies at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o = ea* magnet4 ,?us ! movem5ts ( ! transmitt+ /ylus & rod are repeat$ by ! end ( ! rod 9 ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,a species ( p5 is c>ri$ at ! end ( ! rod ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 :i* m>ks ! lett]s ^u a rib& ( pap] :i* is f$ b5ea? x4 ,telemanomet]4 ,electric4 ,a pressure gauge ) electric atta*m5t = indicat+ or record+ its indications at a di/ance4 ,x is applicable to /eam boil]s1 s z to give ! /eam pressure 9 any desir$ place4 ,telemet]1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus = electrically indicat+ or record+ at a di/ance ! indications ( any in/rum5t su* z a pressure gauge1 b>omet] or !rmomet]1 or = simil> "w4 ,! telemanomet] appli$ to a boil] comes into ?is class ( in/rum5t4 ,telephotography4 ,! transmission ( pictures by ! electric curr5t1 ! requisite *anges 9 ! curr5t be+ effect$ by ! action ( light ^u sel5ium4 ,! picture is project$ by a magic lant]n4 ,its projection is trav]s$ by a sel5ium resi/ance ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes4 ,?is is mov$ sy/ematically ov] its entire area1 ?us con/itut+ ! transmitt]1 & syn*ron\sly ) ! motion ( ! sel5ium a contact po9t at ! o!r end ( ! l9e moves sy/ematically ov] a %eet ( *emically prep>$ pap]4 ,! pap]1 :i* may be saturat$ ) a solution ( potassium f]rocyanide & ammonium nitrate1 is /a9$ by ! passage ( ! curr5t1 & by ! v>iation 9 int5sity ( /a9+1 :i* v>iation is due to v>iations 9 ! curr5t1 produc$ by ! effects ( ! light ^u ! sel5ium1 ! picture is reproduc$4 #ebb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,teleph]age4 ,an electric transportation sy/em1 hi!rto only us$ = ! c>ry+ ( ore1 freight1 etc4 ,its *>act]i/ic feature is t ! electric conductors1 susp5d$ f poles1 supply ! way on :i* c>riages provid$ ) electric motors run4 ,! motors take _! curr5t directly f ! conductors4 ,!re are two conduct+ l9es1 runn+ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 support$ at ! opposite ends ( transv]se brackets on a r[ ( support+ poles4 ,at ea* pole ! l9es cross ov] s t "r l9e alt]nates ) left1 betwe5 consecutive pairs ( poles4 ,! c>s are susp5d$ f pulleys runn+ on "o or ! o!r ( ! conductors4 ,a tra9 ( su* c>s are connect$ & ! curr5t is tak5 9 ne> "o end & leaves ne> ! o!r end ( ! tra94 ,^! curr5t connections are s di/ant1 _! di/ance be+ regulat$ by ! l5g? ( ! tra91 t !y are1 = all b an in/ant at ! "t ( pass+ ea* ( ! poles1 9 connection ) segm5ts ( ! l9e :i* are ( opposite pot5tial4 ,to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple ! di/ance betwe5 contacts is equal to ! di/ance betwe5 poles4 ,ow+ to ! cross+ ov] ( ! l9es ! contacts are 9 connection z describ$ & !reby ! actuat+ curr5t is caus$ to g ?r\gh ! motors4 ,c>s runn+ 9 "o direction g on ! electric conductors on ! "o side1 ^? runn+ 9 ! o!r direction g on ! o!r conductor4 ,a great _m ref9em5ts h be5 introduc$1 b ! sy/em has be5 v little us$4 ,telephone4 ,an in/rum5t = ! transmission ( articulate spee* by ! electric curr5t4 ,! curr5t is def9$ z ( ! undulatory type4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,undulatory47 ,! cut %[s :at may be t]m$ ! fundam5tal telephone circuit4 ,a l9e wire is %[n t]m9at+ 9 gr\nd plates & ) a telephone 9 circuit at ea* end4 ,! latt] consi/s ( a magnet ,n ,s ) a coil ( insulat$ wire ,h surr\nd+ "o end4 ,fac+ ! pole ( ! magnet is a s(t iron diaphragm ,d1 held 9 a frame or m\?piece ,t4 ,any *ange ( curr5t 9 ! l9e affects ! magnetism ( ! magnet1 caus+ x to attract ! diaphragm m or less4 ,! magnet & diaphragm really con/itute a little electric motor1 ! diaphragm vibrat+ back & =? ?r\gh an exce$+ly %ort range1 = *anges 9 ! magnetic attraction4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! rev]sibility ( ! dynamo applies "h4 ,if ! magnet is subject$ to no *ange 9 magnetism1 & if ! diaphragm is mov$ or vibrat$ 9 front ( its poles1 curr5ts w be induc$ 9 ! wire bobb9 :i* surr\nds its end4 ,if two su* magnets ) bobb9s & diaphragms are arrang$ z %[n1 vibrations imp>t$ to "o diaphragm w s5d curr5ts ?r\gh ! l9e :i*1 affect+ ! magnetism ( ! di/ant magnet1 w cause its diaphragm to vibrate 9 exact accordance ) ! motions ( ! fir/ or motor diaphragm4 ,9 ! comb9ation "o telephone repres5ts a dynamo1 ! o!r a motor4 ,if ! vibrations ( ! diaphragm are imp>t$ by ! voice1 ! voice ) all its modulations w be reproduc$ by ! telephone at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e4 #ebc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,bell ,,telephones ,,& ,,l9e ,,) ,,e>? ,,connections4 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,,section ,,( ,,bell ,,telephone4 ,! above gives ! ess5tial features ( ! ,bell telephone4 ,9 practice ! telephone is us$ only z ! receiv]4 ,z transmitt] a microphone is employ$4 ,to give ! curr5t a batt]y1 g5]ally ( ! op5 circuit type1 is us$1 & ! curr5t 9 ! l9e is an induc$ or second>y "o4 ,! microphone :i* is talk$ to1 & :i* is ! seat ( ! curr5t v>iations :i* reproduce orig9al s\nd1 is t]m$ ! transmitt]1 ! telephone 9 :i* ! s\nds are produc$ at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e is t]m$ ! receiv]4 ,fig4 #cbe %[s ! con/ruction ( ! ,bell telephone 9 univ]sal use 9 ?is c\ntry z ! receiv]4 ,m is a b> magnet1 9 a case ,l ,l4 ,b ,b is a bobb9 or coil ( insulat$ wire surr\nd+ "o end ( ! magnet4 ,d is ! diaphragm ( s(t iron plate 7f]rotype metal71 & ,e is ! m\?piece4 ,! t]m9als ( ! coil ,b ,b connect ) ! b9d+ screws ,c ,c4 ,! wire 9 ! coil is ,no4 #cf1 ,a4 ,w4 ,g41 & is w\nd to a resi/ance ( ab\t #hj ohms4 #ebd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,z typical transmitt] ! ,blake in/rum5t may be cit$4 ,x is a c>bon microphone4 ,x is %[n 9 section 9 ! cut2 a is ! m\?piece & e is a diaphragm ( iron plate1 al?\gh o!r sub/ances c\ld be us$2 f is a /eel spr+1 ) a plat9um contact piece at its end4 ,"o end be>s aga9/ ! diaphragm1 ! o!r aga9/ a c>bon block k4 ,! latt] is c>ri$ by a brass block p1 & pressure is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ^! contacts by ! spr+ g & weight ( ! piece c1 :i* by gravity t5ds to press all toge!r4 ,! curr5t passes by way ( ! spr+ f1 c>bon button k & spr+ g ?r\gh ! circuit indicat$4 ,a batt]y is 9 circuit ) ^! p>ts4 ,if a telephone is also 9 circuit1 & ! transmitt] is spok5 aga9/1 ! diaphragm vibrat+ affects ! resi/ance ( ! c>bon-plat9um contact1 )\t ev5 break+ ! contact1 & ! telephone reproduces ! s\nd4 ,! heavy piece ( metal ,c acts by its in]tia to prev5t break+ ( ! contact4 ,! position ( ?is piece c1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! brass plate m1 is adju/$ by ! screw n4 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,,section ,,( ,,blake ,,transmitt]4 ,9 practice ! transmitt] & batt]y are usually on a local circuit1 :i* includes ! prim>y ( an induction coil4 ,! l9e & di/ant receiv+ telephone are 9 circuit ) ! second>y ( ! induction coil1 )\t any batt]y4 ,telephone1 ,bi-4 ,a pair ( telephones c>ri$ at ! ends ( a curv$ b> or spr+ s t !y fit ! head ( a p]son us+ !m4 ,"o telephone is held aga9/ ea* e> )\t ! use ( ! h&s4 #ebe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telephone1 ,capill>y4 ,a telephone utiliz+ electro-capill>ity = ! production ( telephonic effects4 ,! foll[+ describes ! inv5tion ( ,anto9e ,breguet4 ,! po9t ( a glass tube1 drawn out at its l[] end to a capill>y op5+ dips v]tically into a vessel4 ,?is vessel is p>tly fill$ ) m]cury1 ov] :i* is a lay] ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! end ( ! imm]s$ tube dips into ! acid1 b does n rea* ! m]cury4 ,"o l9e contact is ) m]cury 9 ! tube1 ! o!r ) ! m]cury 9 ! vessel4 ,! arrangem5t ( tube & vessel is duplicat$1 giv+ "o set = ea* end ( ! l9e4 ,on introduc+ a batt]y 9 ! circuit ! level ( ! m]cury is affect$ by electro-capill>ity4 ,! tubes are clos$ by plates or diaphragms at _! tops1 s z to enclose a column ( air4 ,x is evid5t t ! pressure ( ?is air w dep5d ^u ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 & ?is dep5ds on ! electro-motive =ce4 ,on speak+ aga9/ ! diaphragm ! s\nd waves affect ! air pressure1 & consequ5tly ! level1 en\gh to cause pot5tial diff]5ces :i* reproduce ! s\nd 9 ! o!r in/rum5t4 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,,bregurt',s ,,capill>y ,,telephone4 ,telephone1 ,c>bon4 ,a telephone transmitt] bas$ on ! use ( c>bon z a mat]ial ^: resi/ance is v>i$ by ! degree ( pressure br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,und\bt$ly ! surface contact betwe5 ! c>bon & ! o!r conduct+ mat]ial has mu* to d ) ! action4 ,_m c>bon telephones h be5 inv5t$4 ,"u ,telephone ! ,blake transmitt] is describ$1 :i* is a c>bon telephone transmitt]4 ,! ,edison c>bon transmitt] is %[n 9 section 9 ! cut4 ,e is ! m\? piece & ,d ! diaphragm4 ,i is a c>bon disc ) adju/+ screw ,v4 ,a plat9um plate ,b ,b1 ) ivory button b1 is atta*$ to ! upp] surface ( ! c>bon disc4 ,c ,c is an insulat+ r+4 ,! wire connections %[n br+ ! disc into circuit4 ,x is connect$ l a ,blake transmitt]4 ,x is n[ b little us$4 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,,section ,,( ,,edison ,,c>bon ,,transmitt]4 #ebf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telephone1 ,*emical4 ,a telephone utiliz+ *emical or electrolytic action 9 transmitt+ or receiv+4 ,! electro-motograph is an example ( a *emical receiv]4 7,see ,electro-motograph47 ,telephone1 ,electro/atic4 ,a telephone utiliz+ electro/atic di/urbances = reproduction ( ! voice4 ,9 ! cut ,d & ,c are highly *>g$ electrophori4 ,! diaphragms ,a & ,b :5 spok5 to affect ! pot5tial ( ! electrophorus s z to produce curr5t v>iations :i* w reproduce ! s\nd4 ,dolbe> & o!rs h inv5t$ o!r =ms ( transmitt]s bas$ on electro/atic action4 ,receiv]s h also be5 con/ruct$4 ,a simple cond5s] may be made to reproduce s\nd by be+ connect$ ) a p[]ful telephone curr5t4 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,edison',s ,,electro/atic ,,telephone4 ,telephone ,induction ,coil4 ,! induction coil us$ 9 telephone circuits = induc+ curr5t on ! ma9 l9e4 ,x is simply a small coil w\nd ) two sep>ate circuits ( insulat$ wire4 ,9 ! ,edison telephone ! prim>y coil1 9 circuit ) ! transmitt]1 is ( ,no4 #ah to #bd wire & ( #c to #d ohms resi/ance4 ,! second>y 9 circuit ) ! l9e & receiv+ in/rum5t is ( ,no4 #cf wire & ( #bej ohms resi/ance4 ,! ,bell telephone induction coil has its prim>y ( ,no4 #ah to #bd wire w\nd to a resi/ance ( #a_/b ohm1 & its second>y ( ,no4 #cf wire1 & ( #hj ohms resi/ance4 #ebg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,telephone1 ,reaction4 ,a =m ( telephone conta9+ two coils ( insulat$ wire1 "o ( :i* is m\nt$ on ! disc1 & ! o!r on ! magnet pole 9 ! usual way4 ,^! coils react ^u ea* o!r s z to /r5g!n ! effect4 ,telephone1 ,!rmo-electric4 ,a telephone transmitt] includ+ a !rmo-electric batt]y1 plac$ 9 circuit ) ! l9e4 ,a plate ( vulcanite faces x4 ,:5 ! s\nd waves /rike ! vulcanite !y move x backw>d & =w>d4 ,^! movem5ts1 ow+ to ! ela/icity ( ! vulcanite1 produce m9ute *anges ( temp]ature 9 x1 :i* affect+ ! !rmo-electric pile produce 9 ! circuit curr5ts1 :i* pass+ ?r\gh a ,bell telephone cause x to speak4 ,?is type ( in/rum5t has nev] be5 adopt$ 9 practice4 ,telephote4 ,an app>atus = transmitt+ pictures electrically1 ! prop]ties ( sel5ium be+ utiliz$ = ! purpose4 ,synonym--,ph]ope4 ,teleseme4 ,an annunciator1 display+ on a dial ! object want$ by ! p]son us+ x4 ,x is employ$ to transmit messages f rooms 9 a hotel to ! (fice1 or = simil> functions4 ,tele-!rmomet]4 ,a !rmomet] ) electric atta*m5t = indicat+ or record+ its indications at a di/ance4 ,temp]+1 ,electric4 ,a process ( temp]+ metals by electrically produc$ heat4 ,! article is made "p ( an electric circuit4 ,! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x heats x1 !reby temp]+ x4 ,= wire ! process c be made cont9u\s4 ,! wire is f$ f "o roll to ano!r1 & if requir$ "o roll may be imm]s$ 9 a liquid ba? or ! wire betwe5 ! rolls may be l$ !re94 ,! curr5t is br\ght to "o roll & goes ?r\gh ! wire to ! o!r4 ,z x does ?is ! wire is con/antly f$ f "o roll to ano!r4 ,! ba? may be us$ z describ$ to cool x aft] ! heat+4 ,! am\nt ( heat+ may be regulat$ by ! rate ( motion ( ! wire4 #ebh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,t51 ,p[]s (4 ,?is adjunct to calculations has become almo/ indisp5sable 9 work+ ) units ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em4 ,x consi/s 9 us+ "s p[] ( #aj z a multipli] :i* may be call$ ! factor4 ,! numb] multipli$ may be call$ ! *>act]i/ic4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! p[] ( #aj is %[n by an expon5t :i* indicates ! numb] ( ciph]s 9 ! multipli]4 ,?us #ajb indicates #ajj2 #ajc indicates #a1jjj & s on4 ,! expon5t1 if positive1 d5otes an integral numb]1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! expon5t1 if negative1 d5otes ! reciprocal ( ! indicat$ p[] ( #aj4 ,?us #aj-b indicates #a_/ajj2 #aj-c indicates #a_/ajjj & s on4 ,! comp\nd numb]s bas$ on ^! are r$uc$ by multiplication or division to simple expressions4 ,?us3 #c4ad ,x #ajg #c4ad ,x #aj1jjj1jjj #ca1djj1jjj4 #c4ad ,x #aj-g #c4ad_/aj1jjj1jjj or #cad_/ajjjjjjjjj4 ,reg>d mu/ be paid to ! decimal po9t z is done "h4 ,to add two or m expressions 9 ?is notation if ! expon5ts ( ! factors are alike 9 all respects1 add ! *>act]i/ics & pres]ve ! same factor4 ,?us3 7#ea,x #ajf7 7#ed ,x #ajf7 #aje ,x #ajf4 7#i4a ,x #aj-i7 7#h4g ,x #aj-i7 #ag4h ,x #aj-i4 ,to subtract "o su* expression f ano!r1 subtract ! *>act]i/ics & pres]ve ! same factor4 ,?us3 7#ed ,x #ajf7 - 7#ea ,x #ajf7 #c ,x #ajf4 ,if ! factors h diff]5t expon5ts ( ! same sign ! factor or factors ( l>g] expon5t mu/ be r$uc$ to ! small] expon5t1 by factor+4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! expression ?us treat$ is multipli$ by ! odd factor4 ,?is gives a new expression ^: *>act]i/ic is add$ to ! o!r1 & ! factor ( small] expon5t is pres]v$ = bo?1 ,?us3 7#e ,x #ajg7 7#e ,x#aji7 7#e ,x #ajg7 7#e ,x #ajj ,x #ajg7 #eje ,x #ajg4 ,! same applies to subtraction4 ,?us3 7#e ,x #aji7 - 7#e ,x #ajg7 7#e ,x #ajj ,x #ajg7 - 7#e ,x #ajg7 #die ,x #ajg4 ,if ! factors diff] 9 sign1 x is g5]ally be/ to leave ! addition or subtraction to be simply express$4 ,h[ev]1 by foll[+ ! above rule1 x c be done4 ,?us3 ,add #e ,x #aj-b & #e ,x #ajc4 #e ,x #ajc #e ,x #aje ,x #aj-b 7#e ,x #aje ,x #aj-b7 7#e ,x #aj-b7 #ejjjje ,x #aj-b ,?is may be r$uc$ to a fraction #ejjjjj_/ajj #ejjj4je4 ,to multiply add ! expon5ts ( ! factors1 = ! new factor1 & multiply ! *>act]i/ics = a new *>act]i/ic4 ,! expon5ts mu/ be add$ algebraically2 t is1 if ( diff]5t signs ! num]ically small] "o is subtract$ f ! o!r "o1 & its sign is giv5 ! new expon5t4 ,?us2 7#be ,x #ajf7 ,x 7#i ,x #ajh7 #bbe ,x #ajad4 7#bi ,x #aj -#h7 ,x 7#aa ,x #ajg7 #cai ,x #aj-a 7#i ,x #ajh7 ,x 7#ih ,x #ajb7 #hhb ,x #aja #ebi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,to divide1 subtract 7algebraically7 ! expon5t ( ! divisor f t ( ! divid5d = ! expon5t ( ! new factor1 & divide ! *>act]i/ics "o by ! o!r = ! new *>act]i/ic4 ,algebraic subtraction is effect$ by *ang+ ! sign ( ! subtrah5d1 subtract+ ! num]ically small] numb] f ! l>g]1 & giv+ ! result ! sign ( ! l>g] numb]4 7,?us to subtract #g f #e proce$ ?us2 #e - #g -#b47 ,?us2 7#be ,x #ajf7 _/ 7#e ,x #ajh7 #e ,x #aj-b 7#bh ,x #aj-h7 _/ 7#e ,x #ajc7 #e4f ,x #aj-aa ,transcrib]'s note3 ,i h replac$ ord9>y expon5tial notation by ! m compact & simpl] programm+ repres5tation4 ,! la/ two example w\ld be3 #be;,e#f _/ #e;,e#h #e;,e-#b #bh;,e-#h _/ #e;,e#c #e4f;,e-#aa ,t5sion4 ,electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce 9 a curr5t sy/em is (t5 ?us t]m$4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f int5sity or curr5t /r5g?1 :i* ^w x too greatly resembles4 ,t5sion1 ,electric4 7a7 ,! condition an electrifi$ body is br\ght into by electrification1 :5 ea* molecule repels its neighbor4 ,! condition is describ$ z "o ( self-repulsion4 7b7 ,! voltage or pot5tial diff]5ce ( a circuit is also ?us t]m$4 ,t]m9al4 ,! end ( any op5 electric circuit1 or ( any electric app>atus2 z ! t]m9als ( a circuit1 dynamo1 or batt]y4 ,t]m9al ,pole4 ,9 telegraph l9e con/ruction ! la/ pole ( a s]ies2 "o beyond :i* ! l9e is n c>ri$4 ,su* pole1 z ! pull ( ! wires is all 9 "o direction1 requires special /ay+ or support4 ,! regul> l9e poles are free f ?is /ra91 z ! wire pulls 9 bo? directions4 ,tetanus1 ,ac\/ic4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics4 ,an effect produc$ on a n]ve by v rapidly alt]nat+ induc$ curr5ts4 ,! curr5ts are produc$ by an induction coil ) a vibrator giv+ a musical note4 ,?is is a species ( gauge ( prop] frequ5cy ( alt]nations4 ,!atrophone4 ,an app>atus work$ by automatic pay+ ma*9]y by :i* a telephone connection is made ) a !atre or op]a by ! deposition ( a co9 9 a slot4 ,!rm4 ,a unit ( heat4 ,x has be5 propos$ by ! ,briti% ,association & am\nts to a r$ef9ition ( ! small] calorie4 ,x is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o gram ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade1 />t+ at ! temp]ature ( maximum d5sity ( wat]4 #ecj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmae/hesiomet]4 ,an electro-!rapeutic in/rum5t = te/+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! surface ( ! body to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,vessels ( m]cury are provid$ ) !rmomet]s to indicate _! temp]ature4 ,"o vessel is surr\nd$ by an electric conductor w\nd 9 a numb] ( turns4 ,! temp]ature is rais$ by pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh ?is4 ,by successive applications ( ! vessels to ! same spot ^u ! sk9 ! p[] ( diff]5tiat+ temp]atures is det]m9$4 ,!rmo ,call4 7a7 ,an electric al>m or call bell op]at$ by !rmo-electric curr5ts4 ,x may s]ve z a fire al>m or heat indicator1 always be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t diff]5tial heat is ! requisite 9 a !rmo-electric c\ple4 7b7 ,see ,!rmo-electric ,call4 ,!rmo-*emical ,batt]y4 ,a voltaic batt]y 9 :i* ! electro-motive =ce is g5]at$ by *emical action induc$ by heat4 ,! *emical us$ g5]ally is sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate4 ,! positive plate is c>bon4 ,on heat+ ! batt]y ! nitrate attacks ! c>bon1 burn+ x & produces pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,= negative plate "s metal unattack$ by ! nitrate may be employ$4 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,,p\illet',s ,,!rmo-,,electric ,,batt]y4 ,!rmo-electric ,batt]y or ,pile4 ,a numb] ( !rmo-electric c\ples q4 v41 connect$ g5]ally 9 s]ies4 ,9 ,nobili's pile ! metals are bismu? & antimony2 pap] b&s cov]$ ) v>ni% are us$ to insulate :]e requir$4 ,9 ,becqu]el's pile copp] sulphide 7artificial7 & ,g]man silv]1 7#ij copp]1 #aj nickel7 are ! two elem5ts4 ,! artificial copp] sulphide is made into slabs #d in*es long1 #c_/d in* wide1 & #a_/b in* ?ick 7ab\t74 ,wat] is us$ to keep "o set ( junctions cool1 & gas flames to heat ! o!r set4 ,9 ,fig4 #cca1 c1 d repres5t ! b9d+ screws4 ,! c\ples are m\nt$ on a v]tical /&>d1 ) adju/+ socket & screw ,b1 s t its l[] end c be imm]s$ 9 cold wat]1 or rais$ !refrom z desir$4 #eca ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,,fig4 #cca4 ,,becqu]el',s ,,!rmo-,,electric ,,batt]ies4 ,fig4 #ccb %[s "o c\ple ( ! batt]y4 ,s is artificial antimony sulphide2 ,m is ,g]man silv]2 m is a protect+ plate ( ,g]man silv] to save ! sulphide f wa/+ 9 ! flame4 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,becqu]el',s ,,!rmoelectric ,,batt]ies4 ,clamond's pile has be5 us$ 9 practical "w4 ,! negative elem5t is an alloy ( antimony1 #b p>ts1 z9c1 #a "p4 ,! positive elem5t is t9 plate4 ,mica 9 "s p>ts1 & a pa/e ( soluble glass & asbe/us 9 o!r p>ts are us$ z insulators4 ,!y are built up s z to =m a cyl9d] )9 :i* ! fire is ma9ta9$4 ,! air is reli$ on to keep ! out] junctions cool4 ,! temp]ature does n exce$ #bjj ,c4 7#cib ,f47 ,sixty su* elem5ts h an electro-motive =ce ( #cjj volts & an int]nal resi/ance ( #a4e ohms4 ,su* a batt]y requires ! consumption ( ?ree cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 7,see ,curr5ts1 ,!rmo-electric4 7 #ecb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmo-electric ,call4 ,a !rmo/at arrang$ to r+ a bell or to give "s indication :5 ! temp]ature rises or falls beyond c]ta9 po9ts4 ,x may be a comp\nd b> ( brass & /eel fix$ at "o end & free = ! re/ ( its l5g?4 ,its end comes betwe5 two adju/able contacts4 ,z ! temp]ature rises x b5ds "o way 7away f ! brass side7 &1 if hot en\gh1 t\*+ a contact gives "o signal4 ,if ! temp]ature falls x curves ! o!r way1 & if cold en\gh t\*es ! o!r contact1 giv+ ano!r signal4 7,see ,!rmo/at1 ,electric47 ,!rmo-electric ,c\ple4 ,if two dissimil> conductors =m adjac5t p>ts ( a clos$ circuit1 & _! junction is at a diff]5t temp]ature ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! circuit1 a curr5t w result4 ,su* pair ( conductors are call$ a !rmo-electric c\ple4 ,!y may be jo9$ 9 s]ies s z to produce consid]able electro-motive =ce4 7,see ,!rmo-electricity & o!r titles 9 !rmo-electricity47 ,! effici5cy ( a !rmo-electric c\ple accord+ to ! second law ( !rmo-dynamics is necess>ily l[--n ov] #aj p] c5t4 ,!rmo-electric ,diagram4 ,a diagram indicat+ ! *ange 9 pot5tial diff]5ce = a fix$ diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 diff]5t metals at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,x is laid out ) rectangul> co-ord9ates4 ,on "o axis temp]atures are laid (f1 g5]ally on ! axis ( abscissas4 ,on ! o!r axis pot5tial diff]5ces are m>k$4 ,diff]5t l9es are !n drawn1 "o = ea* metal1 :i* %[ ! pot5tial diff]5ce1 say = "o degree c5tigrade diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 _! junctions1 produc$ at ! diff]5t temp]atures m>k$ on ! axis ( abscissas4 ,fig4 #ccc ,,!rmo-,,electric ,,diagram1 ,,giv+ ,,pot5tial ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,units4 ,?us tak+ copp] & iron we f9d at ! temp]ature #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 a diff]5ce ( "o degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 9 _! junctions w produce a pot5tial diff]5ce ( #ae4ih micro volts1 :ile at #bgd4e ,c4 7#ebf4a ,f47 ! l9es cross1 & z]o diff]5ce ( pot5tial is indicat$4 ,tak+ ! lead l9e on ! same diagram x crosses ! iron l9e a little above #cej ,c4 7#ffb ,f471 indicat+ t if "o junction is heat$ slightly above & ! o!r is heat$ slightly bel[ ?is temp]ature no pot5tial diff]5ce w be produc$4 ,lead & copp] l9es1 on ! o!r h&1 div]ge m & m z ! temp]ature rises4 #ecc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmo-electric ,inv]sion4 ,! !rmo-electric relations ( two conductors v>y at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,sometimes at a def9ite po9t !y h no electro-motive =ce & aft] pass+ ?is po9t ! positive plate becomes a negative "o & vice v]sa4 ,?is is inv]sion1 or rev]sal4 7,see ,!rmo-electric ,diagram47 ,synonym-- ,!rmo-electric ,rev]sal4 ,!rmo-electricity4 ,electric en]gy1 electro-motive =ce or electrification produc$ f heat en]gy by direct conv]sion4 ,x is g5]ally produc$ 9 a circuit compos$ ( two electric conductors ( unlike mat]ial1 :i* circuit mu/ possess at lea/ two junctions ( ! unlike sub/ances4 ,by heat+ "o ( ^! to a high] temp]ature ?an t ( ! o!r1 or by ma9ta9+ "o junction at a diff]5t temp]ature f t ( ! o!r a pot5tial diff]5ce is creat$ accompani$ by an electric curr5t4 ,9 _m cases diff]5tial application ( heat to an id5tical mat]ial w develop pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,?is effect1 ! conv]se ( ! ,?omson effect1 is n us$ to produce curr5ts1 z 9 a clos$ circuit ! pot5tial diff]5ces due to diff]5tial heat+ w\ld neutralize ea* o!r4 ,!rmo-electric ,junction4 ,a junction betwe5 two dissimil> conductors1 :i* :5 heat$ or cool$ s z to e/abli% a diff]5tial temp]ature1 z ref]r$ to ! temp]ature ( ! o!r junction1 produces pot5tial diff]5ce & an electric curr5t4 ,!rmo-electric ,pile1 ,diff]5tial4 ,a !rmo-electric pile arrang$ to h opposite faces subject$ to diff]5t s\rces ( heat to det]m9e ! id5tity or diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! two s\rces ( heat4 ,x corresponds 9 use to a diff]5tial air !rmomet]4 ,!rmo-electric ,p[]4 ,! coeffici5t :i*1 multiply+ ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! ends ( a !rmo-electric c\ple1 gives ! pot5tial diff]5ce1 express$ 9 micro-volts4 ,x has always to be assign$ to a mean or av]age temp]ature ( ! junctions1 because ! pot5tial diff]5ce due to a fix$ diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 two metals v>ies ) ! av]age temp]ature ( ! two junctions4 7,see ,!rmo-electric ,diagram47 ,= bismu? & antimony at #ai4e ,c4 7#fg4a ,f47 x is #ajc microvolts p] degree ,c5tigrade 7#a4h ,f474 ,?is means t if "o junction is heat$ to #ai ,c4 & ! o!r to #bj ,c4 7#ff4b ,f4 & #fh4j ,f47 a pot5tial diff]5ce ( #ajc micro-volts w be produc$4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce is approximately proportional to ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! two junctions if su* diff]5ce is small4 ,h5ce = l>ge diff]5ces ( pot5tial ! !rmo-electric p[] coeffici5t does n apply4 ,z a diff]5tial function x is ?us d$uc$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 = express+ ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 9 a !rmo-electric circuit3 ,if a circuit is =m$ ( two metals ) ! junctions at indef9itely ne> temp]atures1 t & t dt1 & d,e is ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( ! circuit1 !n ! diff]5tial coeffici5t d,e_/dt is call$ ! !rmo-electric p[] ( ! two metals = ! temp]ature t4 #ecd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmo-electric ,s]ies4 ,! arrangem5t ( possible !rmoelectric elem5ts1 q4 v41 9 a table 9 ! ord] ( _! relative pol>ity4 ,bismu? & antimony =m a c\ple 9 :i* :5 _! junction is heat$ ! bismu? acts z ! positive or negatively *>g$ elem5t & antimony z ! negative or positively *>g$4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes accord+ to ,seebeck ! s]ies runs z foll[s3 ,antimony1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,ars5ic1 ,gold1 ,plat9um1 ,iron1 ,molybd5um1 ,palladium1 ,/eel1 ,t91 ,cobalt1 ,cadmium1 ,lead1 ,nickel1 ,tung/51 ,m]cury1 ,bismu?4 ,z9c1 ,manganese1 ,a diff]5tial temp]ature ( #a ,c4 7#a4h ,f47 9 a bismu?-antimony c\ple ma9ta9s a pot5tial diff]5ce ( #ajc micro-volts4 ,mat?iess5 gives a diff]5t s]ies2 x is arrang$ 9 two columns2 ! fir/ column has positive coeffici5ts annex$ ! second has negative4 ,on subtract+ ! great] "o f ! less]1 :i*1 if ! two elem5ts are 9 diff]5t columns1 ( c\rse am\nts to add+ aft] *ang+ ! negative sign1 ! relative pot5tial diff]5ce due to ! comb9ation is obta9$4 - ,bismu? #be ,gas ,coke #j4a ,cobalt #i ,z9c #j4b ,potassium #e4e ,cadmium #j4c ,nickel #e ,/rontium #b4j ,sodium #c4 ,ars5ic #c4h ,lead #a4jc ,iron #e4b ,t9 #a ,r$ ,phosphor\s #i4f ,copp] #a ,antimony #i4h ,silv] #a ,tellurium #agi4i ,plat9um #j4g ,sel5ium #bij ,?us ! relative ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( a bismu?-nickel c\ple1 z bo? are 9 ! column1 w\ld be #be - #e #bj2 t ( a cobalt-iron c\ple1 "o be+ 9 ! column ! o!r 9 ! - column1 w\ld be #i #e4b #ad4b4 ,alloys are n always int]m$iate to _! con/itu5ts1 & small am\nts ( impurities affect ! results l>gely4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! discrepancies ( diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,o!r comp\nds c\ld be introduc$ into ! s]ies4 ,artificial silv] sulphide has be5 us$ by ,becqu]el 9 a !rmo-electric batt]y4 #ece ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmo-electric ,!rmomet]4 ,a species ( diff]5tial !rmomet]4 ,x consi/s ( two !rmo-electric junctions connect$ 9 opposition ) a galvanomet] 9 ! circuit4 ,any inequality ( temp]ature 9 ! two ends or junctions produces a curr5t %[n by ! galvanomet]4 ,x may be us$ to det]m9e ! temp]ature ( a di/ant place1 "o ( ! junctions be+ locat$ !re & ! o!r be+ "u control ( ! op]ator4 ,if ! latt] junction is heat$ until no curr5t is produc$ its temp]ature is evid5tly equal to t ( ! di/ant c\ple or junction4 ,! heat+ may be done ) hot wat] or m]cury1 or o!r melt$ metal4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 or o!r sub/ance1 gives ! temp]ature ( ! di/ant place4 ,!rmolysis4 ,decomposition by heat2 dissociation4 ,all comp\nd bodies are decomposable by heat if x is int5se en\gh4 ,h5ce at v elevat$ temp]atures !re c be no combu/ion4 ,synonym--,dissociation4 ,!rmomet]4 ,an in/rum5t = indicat+ ! int5sity ( heat4 ,?ree scales ( degrees ( heat are us$ 9 practise1 ! ,fahr5heit1 ,ramur1 & ,c5tigrade1 ea* ( :i* is describ$ "u its own title4 7,see ,z]o1 ,!rmometric-,z]o1 ,absolute47 ,! ord9>y !rmomet] dep5ds on ! expansion ( m]cury2 9 "s cases alcohol is us$4 ,besides ^! ! comp\nd b> pr9ciple z us$ 9 ! !rmo/at 7see ,!rmo/at1 ,electric7 is employ$4 ,!rmomet]1 ,electric4 7a7 ,a !rmomet] ^: indications are due to ! *ange ( resi/ance 9 conductors ) *ange ( temp]ature4 ,two exactly simil> resi/ance coils maybe electrically balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,on expos+ "o to a s\rce ( heat1 its resi/ance w *ange & x w di/urb ! balance4 ,! balance is re/or$ by heat+ ! o!r coil 9 a vessel ( wat] :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] gives ! temp]ature ( bo? coils4 ,! coils are enclos$ 9 wat]-tight metallic cases4 ,synonym--,electric ,resi/ance ,!rmomet]4 7b7 ,a diff]5tial !rmomet] may be made by connect+ ) a pair ( conductors1 two !rmo-electric c\ples 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 & includ+ a galvanomet] 9 s]ies4 ,on heat+ ! junction ( "o c\ple m ?an t ( ! o!r a curr5t at once goes ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 7c7 7,see ,!rmomet]1 ,k9n]sley's47 ,synonym--,!rmo-electromet]4 #ecf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,,k9n]sley',s ,,!rmomet]4 ,!rmomet]1 ,k9n]sley's4 ,a !rmo-electromet]4 ,a l>ge glass tube is m\nt$ on a /&>d & communicates ) a small tube p>allel to x4 ,wat] is p\r$ 9 s z to rise 9 ! small tube4 ,two wires t]m9at+ 9 bulbs ent] ! l>ge tube by its top & bottom4 ,! upp] wire c be adju/$ by mov+ up & d[n ?r\gh a /uff+ box4 ,on dis*>g+ a ,leyd5 j> ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ! knobs on ! two wires ! wat] = a mom5t rises 9 ! small tube4 ,!re is little or no accuracy 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,x is alli$ to ! electric mort> 7see ,mort>1 ,electric7 z a demon/rative app>atus4 ,synonyms--,electric ,!rmomet]--,!rmo-electromet]4 ,!rmo-multipli]4 ,a !rmo-electric batt]y includ+ a numb] ( c\ples4 ,! t]m is g5]ally appli$ to a small batt]y ) its simil> junctions fac+ 9 "o direction & us$ = repeat+ ,melloni's exp]im5ts on radiant en]gy1 or s-call$ radiant heat4 #ecg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,!rmophone4 ,an app>atus = reproduc+ s\nds telephonically by ! ag5cy ( heat2 a receiv+ telephone actuat$ by heat4 ,?us a wire may be atta*$ to ! c5tre ( a diaphragm & kept 9 t5sion !refrom1 & ! transmitt+ telephone curr5t may be caus$ to pass ?r\gh x4 ,! wire *anges 9 temp]ature & consequ5tly 9 l5g? ) ! pulses ( curr5t go+ ?r\gh x & vibrates ! diaphragm1 reproduc+ ! s\nd4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! !rmo-electric telephone :i* involves ! action ( pot5tial diff]5ce produc$ by !rmo-electric action4 ,!rmo/at1 ,electric4 ,a !rmo/at or app>atus1 simil> to a !rmomet] 9 "s cases1 = clos+ an electric circuit :5 heat$4 ,x is us$ 9 connection ) automatic fire al>ms to give w>n+ ( fire4 ,= ?is use a temp]ature ( #eb ,c4 7#abe ,f47 is an approv$ "o = sett+ "o at1 to complete ! circuit4 ,x is also appli$ to regulation ( temp]ature1 z 9 incubators4 7a7 ,"o k9d ( !rmo/at consi/s ( a comp\nd b> w\nd into a spiral & fa/5$ at "o end1 to :i* a t]m9al ( a circuit is connect$4 ,! b> may be made ( two /rips ( brass & iron rivet$ toge!r1 & w\nd into a spiral4 ,:5 su* a b> is submitt$ to *anges ( temp]ature x b5ds 9 diff]5t directions1 because brass exp&s & contracts m "u *anges ( temp]ature ?an does iron4 ,a contact po9t1 to :i* ! o!r t]m9al is connect$1 is arrang$ to make contact ) ! spiral at any desir$ degree ( temp]ature1 ?us clos+ an electric circuit & r++ a bell1 op5+ or clos+ a damp]1 or do+ any?+ else to notify an att5dant or to directly *ange ! temp]ature4 ,if ! brass =ms ! outside ( ! spiral1 increase ( temp]ature makes ! b5d+ ( ! spiral br+ ! coils /ill clos]4 ,if ! brass =ms ! inside1 increase ( temp]ature makes ! spiral t5d to become less close4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ! brass %\ld lie along ! inside ( ! spiral4 ,sometimes a /raight comp\nd b> is us$1 "o ( ^: ends is fa/5$ & ! o!r is free4 ,z ! temp]ature *anges su* a b> curves m or less1 its free end mov+ to & fro4 ,two contact screws are provid$1 "o on ea* side ( its free end4 ,if ! temp]ature falls x makes contact ) "o ( ^!2 if ! temp]ature rises1 x makes contact ) ! o!r4 ,?us x may close "o ( two circuits1 "o = a fall & ! o!r = a rise 9 temp]ature4 ,x is well to introduce a ?ird b> betwe5 ! brass & iron ones1 made ( "s mat]ial ( int]m$iate coeffici5t ( expansion4 7b7 ,ano!r k9d ( !rmo/at comprises a vessel ( air or o!r gas1 :i*1 exp&+ by heat1 actuates a pi/on or o!r device & closes an electric circuit4 ,synonym--,electro-pneumatic ,!rmo/at4 7c7 ,ano!r =m utilizes ! expansion ( m]cury4 ,! m]cury is made "p ( an op5 electric circuit4 ,z x exp&s x comes 9 contact ) ! o!r t]m9al ( ! circuit1 ?us complet+ x1 :5 ! curr5t gives an al>m or does z is provid$ = 9 ! app>atus employ$4 ,!rmo/ats may be work$ on ei!r op5 or clos$ circuits2 normally ! circuit may be op5 z describ$ & may close on rise ( temp]ature1 or x may be normally clos$ & op5 z ! temp]ature rises4 ,fig4 #cce4 ,,electric ,,!rmo/at4 #ech ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,?omson ,effect4 ,9 an unequally heat$ conductor ! diff]5tial heat+ is ei!r increas$ z 9 iron1 or dim9i%$ z 9 copp] by a curr5t4 ,9 lead ! ph5om5on does n occur4 ,x is t]m$ ! ,?omson effect4 ,x is intimately relat$ to ! ,pelti] effect4 ,9 a !rmo-electric c\ple a heat$ junction is ! s\rce ( electro-motive =ce1 if heat$ m ?an o!r p>ts ( ! circuit4 ,! curr5t 9 a copp]-iron junction fl[s f ! copp] to ! iron across ! heat$ junction4 ,a hot section ( an iron conductor next to a cold section ( ! same is a s\rce ( !rmoelectricity1 9 ! s5se t ! hot section is negative to ! cold]4 ,a curr5t pass+ f ! hot to ! cold iron travels aga9/ ris+ pot5tials1 & cools ! iron 9 ! cool] p>ts4 ,z x passes to ! hott] p>ts x travels aga9/ fall+ pot5tials & h5ce heats ! iron 9 ^! p>ts4 ,9 ?is way a curr5t int5sifies diff]5tial heat+ 9 an iron conductor4 ,9 copp] ! rev]se obta9s4 ,9 x ! !rmo-electric relations ( hot & cold copp] are ! rev]se ( ^? ( iron1 & a curr5t t5ds to br+ all p>ts ( a diff]5tially heat$ copp] conductor to an id5tical temp]ature4 ,z a curr5t travels 9 iron f hot to cold x absorbs heat2 9 copp] travel+ f cold to hot x absorbs heat4 ,! convection ( heat by a curr5t ( electricity 9 unequally heat$ iron is negative1 = x is oppos$ to t convection ( heat :i* w\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh an unequally heat$ tube4 ,9 copp]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! electric convection ( heat is positive4 7,daniell47 ,! above effects ( ! electric curr5t ^u an unequally heat$ conductor are t]m$ ! ,?omson effects4 ,9 iron1 at l[ r$ heat1 !y are rev]s$ & are probably aga9 rev]s$ at high] temp]atures4 #eci ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em4 ,a sy/em ( di/ribution ( electric curr5t = multiple arc or con/ant pot5tial s]vice4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,x includes ?ree ma9 wires :i* />t f ! c5tral /ation or g5]at+ plant1 & ramify ) correspond+ r$uction 9 size1 ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! di/rict or build+ to be light$4 ,z ord9>ily c>ri$ out :5 dynamos are us$1 ! dynamos are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( two4 ,"o lat]al lead />ts f ! negative b9d+ po/ ( "o dynamo4 ,! positive t]m9al ( ?is dynamo connects to ! negative ( ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! two dynamos ! c5tral or neutral lead is connect$4 ,! o!r lat]al lead />ts f ! positive b9d+ po/ ( ! second dynamo4 ,! lamps or o!r appliances are calculat$ = ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( a s+le dynamo4 ,!y are arrang$ betwe5 ! neutral wire & ! lat]als1 giv+ z ev5 a disposition z possible to ! two lat]als4 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,?ree ,,wire ,,sy/em ,,%[+ ,,neutral ,,wire4 ,if ev5ly arrang$ & all burn+ or us+ curr5t1 no curr5t goes ?r\gh ! neutral wire4 ,if all ! lamps situat$ on "o lat]al are on op5 circuit all ! curr5t goes ?r\gh ! neutral wire4 ,9 o!r cases ! neutral wire receives ! excess ( curr5t only4 ,! advantages ( ! sy/em are t x uses small] wire ?an ! two wire sy/em = lamps ( ! same voltage4 ,if lamps ( d\ble ! voltage 7 us$ ! two wire sy/em w\ld be mo/ economical4 #edj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,f\r wire & five wire sy/ems h be5 m or less us$1 bas$ on id5tical consid]ations1 & involv+ 9 ea* case ! c\pl+ ( ?ree or ( f\r dynamos respectively1 or else employ+ a dynamo ) special armature connections to give ! requisite ?ree-fold or f\r-fold division ( total pot5tial4 ,9 ! five wire sy/em ! total voltage is f\r times t ( a s+le lamp1 ! lamps are arrang$ f\r 9 s]ies across ! leads & ! c5tral wire is ! only "o t c be consid]$ a neutral wire4 ,:5 lamps are burn+ entirely f ?ree side-leads !y con/itute a sort ( ?ree wire sy/em by !mselves1 & _! c5tral wire may = ! "t be a neutral wire4 ,9 "s ( ! ?ree wire ma9s1 especially 9 ! l>g] sizes1 ! neutral wire is made ( mu* small] section ?an t ( a lat]al conductor1 because 9 ext5sive di/ricts x is practically impossible t ! curr5t %\ld be conc5trat$ 9 ! neutral wire4 ,?r[4 ,9 a galvanomet] ! in/antane\s deflection ( ! ne$le :5 ! contact or clos+ ( ! circuit is in/antane\s1 or :5 ! dis*>ge is complet$ be=e ! ne$le beg9s to move4 ,! ?r[ ( ! ne$le is ! datum s\ght :5 ! balli/ic galvanomet] is us$4 ,synonym--,elongation4 ,?r[-back ,indicator4 ,a drop annunciator1 ^: %utt] or drop is electrically replac$4 ,?ru/-be>+s4 ,be>+s to support ! end-?ru/ or pu% ( a %aft4 ,9 disc armatures :]e ! field-magnets attract ! armatures 9 ! direction ( _! axis ( rotation1 ?ru/-be>+s h to be provid$4 ,9 ord9>y cyl9d] or drum armatures end-?ru/ is n appli$1 z a little end motion to & fro is consid]$ advantage\s z caus+ m ev5 we> ( ! commutator surface4 ,?und]4 ,! viol5t report :i*1 z we he> x1 succe$s ! lightn+ fla% 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,x is really produc$ simultane\sly ) ! lightn+ & is suppos$ to arise f di/urbance ( ! air by ! dis*>ge4 ,! roll+ noise has be5 attribut$ to successive reflections betwe5 cl\ds & e>?1 & to s]ies ( dis*>ges rea*+ ! e> f diff]5t di/ances & ?r\gh air ( v>y+ d5sity4 ,! subject is obscure4 ,by tim+ ! int]val f lightn+ fla% to ! report ( ! ?und] an approximate e/imate ( ! di/ance ( ! seat ( dis*>ge c be made4 ,! fir/ s\nd ( ! ?und] %\ld be tim$4 ,an almo/ concurr5ce ( ?und] & lightn+ indicates imm$iate proximity ( ! dis*>ge4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! spe$ ( s\nd at sea level is ab\t #e seconds p] mile4 ,tick]4 ,a colloquial "n = a /ock or m>ket report automatic pr9t+ telegraph1 :i* pr9ts its quotations & messages on a long tape4 #eda ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,"t ,con/ant4 7a7 ,:5 curr5t is fir/ turn$ into a circuit ( consid]able self-induction x is resi/$ r by ! inductance ?an by ! resi/ance4 ,x is gov]n$ by ! ratio ( resi/ance & self-induction & ?is factor repres5ts ! "t :i* x takes = ! curr5t to rea* a def9ite fraction ( its f9al /r5g?4 ,?is fraction is 7#b4gahc - #a7_/b4gahc or #j4fc4 #b4gahc is ! base ( ! ,napi]ian sy/em ( log>i?ms4 ,?us if 9 any circuit we divide ! inductance 9 h5ries by ! resi/ance 9 ohms1 ! ratio gives ! "t-con/ant ( ! circuit1 or x expresses ! "t :i* x w take = ! curr5t to rea* #j4fc ( its f9al value4 7b7 ,9 a /atic cond5s] ! "t requir$ = ! *>ge to fall to #a_/b4gahc? "p ( its orig9al value4 ,"t ,cut-outs4 ,cut-outs :i* automatically cut /orage batt]ies out ( ! *>g+ circuit :5 !y are suffici5tly *>g$4 ,"t-fall4 ,9 a second>y batt]y ! decrease ) use ( electromotive =ce ma9ta9$ by a prim>y or second>y batt]y4 ,z ! batt]y becomes sp5t its voltage falls4 ,! conditions ( ! fall are repres5t$ by its dis*>g+ curve4 7,see ,curve1 ,dis*>g+47 ,"t-reaction4 ,a t]m 9 electro-!rapeutics2 ! p]iod ( "t occupi$ 9 ! passage ( ! effects ( an electric curr5t f n]ve to muscle4 ,"t-rise4 ,9 a second>y batt]y ! increase ( electromotive =ce produc$ dur+ ! *>g+ process4 ,its rate & conditions are graphically %[n 9 ! *>g+ curve4 7,see ,curve1 ,*>g+47 ,t94 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 symbol1 ,sn2 atomic weight1 #aag4h2 equival5t1 #eh4i & #bi4e2 val5cy1 #b & #d2 specific gravity1 #g4c4 ,x is a conductor ( electricity4 ,relative resi/ance1 compress$1 7,silv] #a7 #h4ghd ,specific resi/ance at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 #ac4ba microhms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 7a7 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 #a4chj ohms4 7b7 #a foot long1 #a_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #gi4dg 7c7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 4#ifcb 7d7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] ?ick1 4#afhb ,resi/ance ( a #a in* cube at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 #e4bjb microhms4 ,p]c5tage ( v>iation 9 resi/ance p] degree ,c4 7#a4h ,f471 at ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 4#jcfe ,electro-*emical equival5t 7hydrog5 4#jaje71 4#fai mgs4 4#caj #edb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,t9nitus1 ,telephone4 ,a n]v\s affection ( ! e>1 ( ! ord] ( pr(essional cramp2 x is attribut$ to too mu* use ( ! telephone4 ,t9 ,s\nd]s4 ,a rec5t addition to ! s+le ne$le telegraph4 7,see ,telegraph1 ,s+le ,ne$le47 ,x consi/s ( small t9 plates1 cut & b5t1 & s fitt$ 9 pairs to ! in/rum5t1 t ! ne$le z deflect$ /rikes "o or ! o!r on its "r & left h& movem5ts4 ,! s\nd]s c be made to give suffici5tly di/9ctive s\nds to make s\nd-read+1 q4 v41 possible4 ,comm]cial t9 plate1 :i* is really t9n$ iron1 seems to give ! be/ results4 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,,t9 ,,s\nd]s4 ,tiss&i]'s ,solution4 ,a solution = bi*romate batt]ies4 ,x is compos$ z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #ajj p>ts by weight potassium bi*romate1 #af p>ts #ff sulphuric acid1 #cg p>ts4 ,tongue ( ,pol>iz$ ,relay4 ,! ,g]man silv] ext5sion ( ! vibrat+ or oscillat+ memb] ( a pol>iz$ relay1 correspond+ to ! armature ( an ord9>y relay4 ,tongue ( ,pol>iz$ ,relay1 ,bias (4 ,9 a ,siem5s' pol>iz$ relay ! pole pieces are adju/able s t !y may be br\ght ne>] to or )drawn f ! tongue4 ,"o ( ! poles is adju/$ s z to be ne>] ! tongue4 ,?is "o-sid$ adju/m5t is ! bias4 ,its effect is t :5 ! relay is unexcit$ ?is pole attracts ! armature s t x normally is drawn t[>ds x4 ,?is ensures ! normal contact ( ! tongue ei!r ) ! contact po9t1 or ) ! insulat$ /op piece or adju/m5t screw4 ,)\t bias ! armature rema9s 9 contact ) or drawn t[>ds :i*ev] pole x 0 la/ attract$ to4 ,9 its usual use a bias is giv5 x4 ,top1 ,magnetic4 ,a toy illu/rat+ magnetic attraction4 ,x consi/s ( a disc or body ( lead or o!r mat]ial1 ?r\gh :i* a magnetiz$ /eel sp9dle po9t$ at its l[] end is ?ru/4 ,a numb] ( %ort pieces ( iron wire are us$ ) x4 ,x is spun l an ord9>y top ^u ! po9t ( ! sp9dle & "o ( ! pieces ( iron wire is laid by ! side ( its po9t4 ,z x turns ! magnetic adh]5ce causes ! piece ( wire to be c>ri$ along 9 "o direction by ! rotation ( ! sp9dle1 until ! end is rea*$1 :5 x goes ov] to ! o!r side ( ! sp9dle & travels back aga94 ,by us+ b5t pieces ( wire ( v>i\s %apes ! mo/ curi\s effects are produc$4 ,circles & ,s %ap$ pieces give good effects4 ,to increase ! my/]i\s effect cov]$ iron wire 7bonnet wire7 may be employ$4 ,fig4 #cch4 ,,magnetic ,,top4 #edc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,torp$o1 ,electric4 7a7 ,a fi%1 ! ,raia ,torp$o1 :i* possesses ! p[] ( giv+ electric %ocks4 7,see ,ray1 ,electric47 7b7 ,an in/rum5t ( w>2 a torp$o ^: op]ations include electrical dis*>ge or o!r electric function or factor ( op]ation4 ,torp$o1 ,sims-,edison4 ,a torp$o driv5 by an electric motor1 & also /e]$ by electricity4 ,its motions are all controll$ f ! %ore4 ,! torp$o prop] is c>ri$ "s di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] by a vessel imm$iately above x1 f :i* x is susp5d$ by two rigid b>s4 ,9 ! torp$o is a cable reel on :i* ! conduct+ cable is dispos$4 ,an electric motor & controll+ ge> are also conta9$ )9 ! torp$o4 ,9 its front ! explosive is plac$4 ,x is driv5 by a screw propell] actuat$ by ! electric motor4 ,z x moves x pays out cable s t x has no cable to draw aft] x ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! cable ly+ /ation>y 9 ! wat] beh9d x4 ,?is avoids frictional resi/ance to its motion4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! torp$o at a prop] dep? is "o ( ! advantages ( ! sy/em4 #edd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,torque4 ,a =ce t5d+ to produce torsion ar\nd an axis4 ,an example is ! pull+ or turn+ mom5t ( an armature ( an electric motor ^u its %aft4 ,x is (t5 express$ z p\nds ( pull excit$ at ! end ( a lev] arm "o foot long4 ,! expression is due to ,pr(4 ,james ,?ompson1 !n ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,j z ! ,newtonian def9ition ( =ce is t :i* produces or t5ds to produce motion 7along a l9e71 s torque may be def9$ z t :i* produces or t5ds to produce torsion 7ar\nd an axis74 ,x is bett] to use a t]m :i* treats ?is action z a s+le def9ite entity ?an to use t]ms l 'c\ple' & 'mom5t1' :i* sugge/ m complex ideas4 7,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson47 ,a =ce1 act+ ) radius r gives a torque equal to f ,x r 2 f & r may be express$ 9 any units4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson gives ! foll[+ equival5ts 3 ,to r$uce dyne-c5timet]s to gram c5timet]s1 divide by #iha dyne-c5timet]s to met]-kilograms divide by #iha;,e#e dyne-c5timet]1 to p\nd-feet divide by #ac4ef;,e#f p\nd-feet to met]-kilograms divide by #g4bc ,9 ea* ( ^! comp\nd units ! fir/ unit is ! =ce & ! second unit is ! radius or lev] arm ( ! torque4 ,synonyms--,turn+ ,mom5t--,mom5t ( ,c\ple--,axial ,c\ple--,angul> ,=ce--,axial ,=ce4 ,torsion ,balance1 ,c\lomb's4 ,orig9ally an app>atus 9 :i* electro/atic attraction or repulsion is measur$ aga9/ ! torsion ( a filam5t1 (t5 ( silk-worm cocoon fibre4 ,x consi/s 9 "o =m ( a cyl9drical glass vessel 9 :i* a light %ellac ne$le is susp5d$ horizontally by a fibre4 ,?is ne$le c>ries at "o end a gild$ disc or sph]e & is susp5d$ by a f9e wire1 or filam5t4 ,a pro( plane1 q4 v41 is excit$ by t\*+ x to ! body "u trial2 x is !n ins]t$ 9 ! case4 ,! disc on ! ne$le is fir/ attract$ & !n repell$4 ,! position f9ally tak5 by ! ne$le is not$4 ,! =ce ( torsion ?us produc$ is det]m9$ by twi/+ ! filam5t by ! torsion head on ! top ( ! app>atus s z to move ! ne$le a c]ta9 di/ance t[>ds ! pro( plane4 ,! m ! torsion-head has to be turn$ to c>ry ! ne$le ?r\gh a specifi$ arc ! great] is ! torsion effect$ or ! great] is ! repulsion ex]t$1 ,! torsional =ce ( a wire is proportional to ! angle ( torsion2 ?is gives ! basis = ! measurem5t4 ,) magnetic ne$le x is us$ to measure magnetic repulsion & attraction4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ! filam5t is qu>tz1 b ! in/rum5t is n v mu* us$4 ,torsion ,galvanomet]4 ,a galvanomet] 9 :i* ! torsion requir$ to br+ ! index back to z]o1 :5 ! curr5t t5ds to displace x1 is made ! measure ( ! curr5t /r5g? or ( ! electro-motive =ce4 ,x involves ! use ( a torsion head1 q4 v41 or its equival5t4 #ede ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,torsion ,head4 ,! h&le & disc f ^: und]surface ! filam5t dep5ds to :i* ! ne$le or magnet is atta*$4 ,x is turn$ to measure ! torsional effect1 ! edge ( ! disc be+ m>k$ or graduat$ s z to give ! angle ( deflection requir$ to ov]come ! effect ( ! torque ( ! ne$le4 ,torsion ,susp5sion4 ,susp5sion by "o or m wires1 fibres1 or rib&s1 involv+ ! re/itutive =ce ( torsion4 ,?us fibre susp5sion1 q4 v41 is a v>iety ( torsion susp5sion4 ,(t5 a s+le rib& ( /eel /ret*$ horizontally & secur$ at bo? ends is us$1 ! susp5d$ object1 e4 g41 a balance beam1 be+ atta*$ at its own c5tre to ! c5tre ( ! /ret*$ rib&4 ,q s5sitive balances are con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is peculi>ly available :]e an electric curr5t is to be transmitt$1 z absolute contact is secur$1 z 9 ,william ,?omson's amp]e balances4 ,t\*4 ,a t]m appli$ to me?ods ( magnetization1 z s+le t\*1 d\ble t\*1 or sep>ate t\*1 indicat+ h[ ! poles ( ! induc+ magnet or magnets are appli$ to ! b> to be magnetiz$4 ,"u ! titles ( ,magnetization ! diff]5t me?ods are describ$4 ,t\rmal9e4 ,a m9]al2 a subsilicate2 *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( boric trioxide1 :i* replaces alum9um oxide4 ,x is notable = possess+ pyro-electric prop]ties4 7,see ,pyro-electricity47 ,t[]1 ,electric4 ,! t[] us$ 9 ! t[] sy/em1 q4 v41 ( arc light illum9ation4 ,t[] ,sy/em4 ,9 electric light+ ! sy/em ( light+ ext5d$ areas by p[]ful arc lamps plac$ on high t[]s1 g5]ally ( iron or /eel frame-"w4 ,! lights are ?us ma9ta9$ at a high elevation1 giv+ great] uni=mity ( illum9ation ?an if !y 7 l[]1 b at ! exp5se ( consid]able light :i* is lo/4 ,sometimes wood5 ma/s are employ$ in/ead ( t[]s4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is t ! int5sity ( light at any place giv5 by a s\rce ( illum9ation v>ies ) ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! place 9 "q4 ,h5ce 9 us+ /rong arc lights x is an object to h ! di/ances ( all p>ts ( ! area illum9at$ at z ne>ly uni=m di/ances f ! light z possible4 ,an approximation to uni=mity is secur$ by plac+ ! lamps at a v high elevation4 #edf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,trans=m]4 ,9 alt]nate curr5t light+ ! induction coil by :i* ! prim>y curr5t ) high initial electro-motive =ce is caus$ to produce a second>y curr5t ) l[ initial electromotive =ce4 ,a typical trans=m] consi/s ( a core ( ?9 iron %eets4 ,! prim>y is ( comp>atively ?9 wire & (t5 ( t5 or m times z _m turns z ! second>y4 ,! latt] is ( ?ick] wire4 ,:]e ! ratio ( #aj to #a z reg>ds numb] ( turns 9 ! prim>y & second>y obta9s1 ! initial ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( ! second>y is "o-t5? t ( ! prim>y circuit4 ,! cores are lam9at$1 z describ$1 to avoid ! =mation ( ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce ( ! trans=m] :5 ! second>y circuit is op51 prev5ts any b ! slighte/ curr5t f pass+ ?r\gh ! prim>y4 ,9 proportion z ! second>y is clos$ & its resi/ance dim9i%$1 z by light+ m lamps 9 p>allel1 ! c\nt]-electro-motive =ce ( ! trans=m] falls & m curr5t passes ?r\gh ! prim>y4 ,fig4 #cci4 ,,f]ranti',s ,,trans=m]4 ,! economy ( ! app>atus is 9 ! fact t c\nt]-electromotive =ce r$uces curr5t ?r\gh a conductor )\t absorb+ any en]gy4 ,a resi/ance coil cuts d[n a curr5t1 b absorbs en]gy equal to ! curr5t multipli$ by ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! coil4 ,?is electric en]gy is conv]t$ into heat en]gy & is wa/$4 ,b ! c\nt]-electromotive =ce ( a trans=m] is ex]t$ to r$uce curr5t )\t production ( heat & ) little wa/e ( en]gy4 ,?is is "o ( ! advantages ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em ( di/ribution ( electric en]gy4 ,! object ( a trans=m] be+ to secure safety to ! p]son or to life by ! sep>ation ( ! high pot5tial prim>y or /reet circuit1 & ! l[ pot5tial h\se circuit1 any contact ( ! two circuits 9 ! conv]t] is a s\rce ( dang]4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to ensure abs5ce ( leakage1 z x is t]m$4 ,mica or o!r insulation is sometimes employ$ to prev5t ! wires f com+ 9 contact by pi]c+ or sp>k+ ) ! core & ) ea* o!r4 #edg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,trans=m]1 ,commut+4 ,a type ( cont9u\s curr5t trans=m]1 resembl+ a dynamo ) armature & field bo? /ation>y1 b ) revolv+ commutator1 by :i* ! magnetic pol>ity ( a d\ble w\nd armature is made to rotate4 ,?is secures ! desir$ action1 ( a *ange or l[]+ ( pot5tial4 ,trans=m]1 ,cont9u\s ,alt]nat+4 ,an app>atus = trans=m+ a cont9u\s into an alt]nat+ curr5t or ! rev]se4 ,! comb9ation ( a cont9u\s curr5t dynamo ) an alt]nat+ curr5t "o is sometimes employ$4 ,x is a =m ( motor dynamo4 ,ano!r type is a regul> dynamo ) ord9>y commutator & )1 9 addition !reto1 two1 ?ree or f\r contact r+s1 connect+ to z _m symmetrically dispos$ po9ts 9 ! w9d+ ( ! armature4 ,?is w give out or receive alt]nat+ curr5ts ( two1 ?ree or f\r phases accord+ to ! numb] ( collect+ r+s4 ,"o w9d+ s]ves = bo? alt]nat+ & cont9u\s curr5ts4 ,trans=m]1 ,cont9u\s ,curr5t4 ,a ma*9e ( ! dynamo type = *ang+ ! pot5tial ( a circuit4 ,9 "o =m two armatures are m\nt$ on "o %aft 9 a s+le field or 9 sep>ate fields2 "o is a motor armature driv5 by ! orig9al curr5t2 ! o!r g5]ates ! new curr5t4 ,?is is a motor dynamo4 ,9 #ahgd ,gramme con/ruct$ a ma*9e ) r+ armature ) two w9d+s1 ( co>se & f9e wire respectively1 & ) indep5d5t commutators4 ,su* dynamo c\ld trans=m curr5ts up or d[n4 ,cont9u\s curr5t trans=m]s h atta9$ an effici5cy ( #hc p] c5t4 at full load1 & ( #ge p] c5t4 at half load4 ,ow+ to ! balanc+ ( ! self-inductions ( ! two w9d+s ^! ma*9es d n sp>k4 ,z ! driv5 & driv+ p>ts are conta9$ 9 "o rotat+ "p _! friction is v slight4 ,trans=m]1 ,core4 ,a trans=m] w\nd ^u an enclos$ core1 su* z ! h$gehog trans=m] 7see ,trans=m]1 ,h$gehog71 or common induction coil4 #edh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,trans=m]1 ,h$gehog4 ,an induction coil trans=m] ^: iron core is compos$ ( a bundle ( iron wires1 :i* aft] ! wire w9d+s are 9 place h _! ends spread out to r$uce to "s ext5t ! reluctance ( ! circuit1 :i* at ! be/ is high1 z ! air acts z ! return circuit4 ,?is trans=m] has a l[ degree ( hy/]esis2 & its effici5cy = v small loads or = no load is sup]ior to t ( ! clos$ magnetic circuit trans=m]4 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,,sw9burne',s ,,h$gehog ,,trans=m]4 ,trans=m]1 ,multiple4 ,a trans=m] connect$ 9 p>allel ) o!rs betwe5 ! two leads ( ! prim>y circuit4 ,! t]m ref]s to ! connection only & n to any peculi>ity ( ! trans=m] itself4 ,trans=m]1 ,oil4 ,a trans=m] ) oil insulation4 ,! advantage ( ?is insulation is t if pi]c$ x at once closes1 s t no p]man5t injury ensues4 ,x is a self-heal+ =m ( insulation4 ,trans=m]1 ,s]ies4 ,trans=m]s connect$ 9 s]ies ^u ! prim>y circuits4 ,! t]m1 l multiple trans=m]s1 only applies to ! connection1 n to ! trans=m]4 ,s]ies trans=m]s are b little us$4 ,trans=m]1 ,%ell4 ,a trans=m] ) its iron core entirely outside ( & enclos+ ! prim>y & second>y w9d+4 ,x may be made by ! use ( out] iron wire w9d+s z core4 ,trans=m]1 ,weld+4 ,! trans=m] us$ = electric weld+4 7,see ,weld+1 ,electric47 ,x is a trans=m] ) v long prim>y & exce$+ly %ort & ?ick second>y4 ,x is us$ ) ! alt]nat+ curr5t 9 ! prim>y1 & produces 9 ! second>y circuit :i* includes ! b>s to be weld$ a v l[ pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,ow+ to ! v l[ resi/ance ( ! second>y circuit ?is l[ electro-motive =ce produces a v /rong curr5t1 :i* develops ! requisite heat4 ,! same type ( trans=m] is us$ = braz+ & simil> purposes4 #edi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,transmitt]4 ,9 g5]al electric phraseology1 any in/rum5t :i* produces signals to be transmitt$ ?r\gh a l9e or circuit is a transmitt]4 ,?us ! ,morse key 9 telegraphy or ! ,blake transmitt] 9 telephony are examples ( su*4 ,transmitt]1 ,c>bon4 ,a =m ( microphone us$ z a telephone transmitt]4 7,see ,c>bon ,telephone47 ,transpos+4 ,a me?od ( lay+ metallic circuits = telephon+4 ,! wires at %ort int]vals are cross$ s t alt]nate sections lie on opposite sides ( ea* o!r4 ,x is done to avoid induction4 ,transv]se ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,electro-motive =ce 9 a sub/ance 9 :i* electric displacem5t is tak+ place1 produc$ by a magnetic field4 ,x is sometimes assign$ z ! cause ( ! ,hall effect1 q4 v4 ,trimm]1 ,bru%4 ,a %e>s = cutt+ (f ev5ly & squ>ely ! ends ( copp] dynamo bru%es4 ,! bru%es :5 unev5 f we> are remov$ f ! bru% hold]s1 & _! ends are %e>$ (f 9 ! trimm]4 ,trolley4 ,a groov$ metallic pulley or set ( pulleys :i* runs along an active wire ( a circuit1 a lead f :i* trolley goes to e>? or connects ) ano!r wire1 s t ! trolley takes curr5t g5]ally = op]at+ a /reet c> motor plac$ ^u ! circuit lead+ f x2 a roll+ contact ) an electric lead4 ,trolleys are pr9cipally us$ on electric railroads1 & are n[ univ]sally ( ! sub-wire sy/em1 be+ at ! end ( a pole :i* is incl9$ backw>d & =c$ upw>d by spr+s1 s z to press ! trolley aga9/ ! bottom ( ! wire4 ,?us ! trolley does n increase ! sagg+ ( ! wire1 b t5ds to pu% x up a little 9 its passage4 ,trolley1 ,d\ble4 ,a trolley ) two roll]s or groov$ :eels1 plac$ side by side1 & runn+ on two p>allel leads ( wire4 ,x is adapt$ to sy/ems employ+ ?r\gh metallic trolley l9es ) ! motors 9 multiple arc1 connect+ or across ! two leads4 ,trolley ,section4 ,an unbrok5 or cont9u\s section ( trolley wire4 ,tr\v's ,solution4 ,an acid excit+ & depol>iz+ solution = a z9c-c>bon batt]y4 ,its =mula is z foll[s3 ,wat]1 #hj p>ts2 pulv]iz$ potassium bi*romate1 #ab p>ts2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #cf p>ts2 all p>ts by weight4 ,! pulv]iz$ potassium bi*romate is add$ to ! wat]1 & ! acid is add$ sl[ly ) con/ant /irr+4 ,z mu* z #be p>ts potassium bi*romate may be add$ to #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! heat+ produc$ by ! acid & wat] dissolves ne>ly all ! potassium salt4 ,use cold4 #eej ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,true ,contact ,=ce4 ,a species ( electro-motive =ce ^: exi/5ce is suppos$ to be prov$ by ! ,pelti] effect4 ,! l[]+ 9 temp]ature ( a contact ( dissimil> metals is attribut$ to a =ce t helps ! curr5t on its way if 9 ! direction ( !rmo-curr5t prop] to ! junction & oppos+ x if 9 ! rev]se4 ,! true contact =ce is tak5 to expla9 ?is ph5om5on2 !rmo-electric =ce _c1 z !re is no heat or cold appli$ to ! junction4 ,trumpet1 ,electric4 ,an app>atus consi/+ ( a vibrat+ tongue1 kept 9 motion by electricity z 9 ! buzz]1 q4 v41 plac$ 9 ! small end ( a trumpet-%ap$ tube4 ,trunk+ ,swit*bo>d4 ,a telephone swit*bo>d arrang$ 9 sections1 :i* sections are connect$ by trunk l9es1 ?r\gh :i* trunk l9es ! desir$ connections are made4 ,trunk ,l9es4 ,9 telephone di/ribution sy/ems1 ! l9es connect+ diff]5t /ations1 or diff]5t sections ( a swit*-bo>d & us$ by anyone requir+ su* connections2 "o trunk l9e answ]s = a numb] ( subscrib]s4 ,tube1 ,electric4 ,a tube ( glass ar\nd :i* is pa/$ a s]ies ( t9foil circles1 diamonds1 or little squ>es1 or o!r =m ( int]rupt$ conductor4 ,! pieces g5]ally are plac$ 9 ! l9e ( a spiral4 ,:5 a /atic dis*>ge ( electricity takes place along ! conductor a r[ ( bright sp>ks is produc$ at ! breaks 9 ! conductor4 ,^! by reflection are multipli$ app>5tly1 & a beautiful effect ( int]sect+ or cross+ spirals ( sp>ks is pres5t$4 ,! exp]im5t is 9 l9e ) ! lum9\s pane & lightn+ j>1 & is us$ m]ely z a demon/ration1 or lecture exp]im5t4 ,synonym--,lum9\s ,tube4 ,tubul> ,braid4 ,a braid wov5 ( tissue or wor/$1 & tubul> or holl[4 ,its object is to provide a cov]+ :i* c be drawn ov] jo9ts 9 cov]$ wires4 ,9 mak+ ! jo9t ! ends ( ! wires are necess>ily b>$1 & a %ort piece ( tubul> braid is us$ = cov]+ !m4 ,x is drawn by h& ov] ! jo9t4 ,turns4 ,an expression appli$ to ! convolutions ( wire 9 a sol5oid1 electro-magnet1 or o!r app>atus or con/ruction ( t k9d4 ,a turn indicates a complete encircl+ ( ! core or axis ( ! object4 ,?us a wire w\nd five times ar\nd a b> gives five turns4 ,:ile ?is is its prim>y mean+ ! t]m if comp\nd$ may ref] to virtual turns4 ,?us an amp]e-turn means "o amp]e pass+ ?r\gh "o turn4 ,b t5 amp]e-turns may mean t5 amp]es pass+ ?r\gh t5 turns1 five amp]es pass+ ?r\gh two turns1 & s on4 ,?is use is analog\s to a dim5sion ( l5g? 9 a comp\nd ^w1 z foot-p\nd4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,b t5 amp]e-turns may mean t5 amp]es pass+ ?r\gh ,,"o turn or "o amp]e ?r\gh t5 turns1 & s on4 ,!re may be a numb] ( k9ds ( turns qualifi$ by descriptive adjectives1 z s]ies-turns1 ! turns ( wire 9 a s]ies circuit ( a comp\nd dynamo4 ,9 ! same way !re are %unt-turns4 ,if s]ies amp]e-turns or %unt amp]e-turns are meant ! ^w amp]e %\ld be includ$4 #eea ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,turns1 ,dead1 ( a ,dynamo4 ,! rotations ( a dynamo armature :ile x is build+ itself up or excit+ itself4 ,! expression is a bad "o1 z x is likely to be conf\nd$ ) ! dead turns ( armature wire4 ,turns1 ,prim>y ,amp]e-4 ,! amp]e-turns 9 a prim>y circuit ( an induction coil or trans=m]4 ,9 an electric weld+ trans=m]1 or 9 ! trans=m] us$ 9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em1 :]e effici5cy is an important elem5t1 ! amp]e-turns 9 prim>y & second>y = an effici5cy ( #ajj p] c5t4 %\ld be equal4 ,9 ! case ( an exp]im5tal induction coil o!r consid]ations outweigh t ( m]e effici5cy4 ,insulation1 includ+ security f pi]c+1 & ! production ( z long a sp>k z possible1 are1 9 ^! cases1 ! controll+ consid]ation4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a #ajj p] c5t effici5t trans=m] is impossible1 b ov] #ii p] c5t is common4 ,at room temp]ature !re is always "s lo/ flux1 eddy curr5ts & resi/ive losses4 ,turns1 ,second>y ,amp]e-4 ,! amp]e-turns on ! second>y circuit ( an induction coil or trans=m]4 ,^! dep5d on ! pa? provid$ = ! curr5t4 ,if ( negligible inductance1 su* z a numb] ( inc&esc5t lamps w\ld provide1 ! amp]e-turns %\ld be equal to ^? ( ! prim>y coil4 7,see ,turns1 ,prim>y ,amp]e47 ,typewrit]1 ,electric4 ,a typewrit] 9 :i* ! "w ( pr9t+ or ( press+ ! type faces aga9/ ! pap]1 or pr9t+ ribbon1 is done by electro-magnetic attraction4 ,! keys close electric circuits1 ?r[+ ! electro-magnetic action into play4 ,?is involves ! use ( electricity = :at is ord9>ily only a me*anical process4 ,! /r5g? ( ! impression1 h[ev]1 is indep5d5t ( ! t\* ( ! op]ator4 ,x has n come into v ext5sive use4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,,ibm introduc$ widely us$ electric typewrit]s 9 #aice4 ,ultra-gase\s ,matt]4 ,gas s r>efi$ t its molecules d n collide or v r>ely d s4 ,exp]im5ts ( v /rik+ nature h be5 devis$ by ,crookes & o!rs to illu/rate ! peculi> ph5om5a t ?is matt] pres5ts4 ,! g5]al l9es ( ?is "w are simil> to ! me?ods us$ 9 ,geissl] tube exp]im5ts1 except t ! vacua us$ are v mu* high]4 ,:5 ! vacuum is increas$ s t b "o-million? ( ! orig9al gas is left ! radiant /ate is rea*$4 ,! molecules 9 _! k9etic movem5ts beat back & =? 9 /raight l9es )\t collid+1 or ) v r>e collisions4 ,_! motions c be guid$ & r5d]$ visible by electrification4 ,a tube or small glass bulb ) plat9um electrodes seal$ 9 x1 is exhau/$ to ! requisite degree & is h]metically seal$ by melt+ ! glass4 ,! electrodes are connect$ to ! t]m9als ( an induction coil or o!r s\rce ( high t5sion electrification4 ,! molecules :i* come 9 contact ) a negatively electrifi$ pole are repell$ f x 9 directions normal to its surface4 ,!y produce diff]5t phosphoresc5t or lum9\s effects 9 _! mutual collisions4 ,?us if !y are made to imp+e ^u glass1 diamond or ruby1 int5se phosphoresc5ce is produc$4 ,a piece ( plat9um subject$ to molecul> bomb>dm5t is br\ght to :ite heat4 ,a movable body c be made to move "u _! effects4 ,two /reams proce$+ f "o negative pole repel ea* o!r4 ,! /ream ( molecules c be drawn out ( _! c\rse by a magnet4 ,! exp]im5ts are all done on a small scale 9 tubes & bulbs1 resembl+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ,geissl] tubes4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,^! effects are caus$ by plasma--ioniz$ gas & electrons4 #eeb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,unbuild+4 ,! loss ( its *>ge or excitation by a self-excit+ dynamo4 ,x is ! rev]se ( build+-up4 ,! latt] indicates ! excit+ ( ! field by ! action ( ! ma*9e itself2 ! =m] ! spontane\s loss ( *>ge on op5 circuit or f o!r cause4 ,und]gr\nd ,conductor4 ,an electric conductor insulat$ & plac$ "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 z di/+ui%$ f a]ial conductors4 ,und]gr\nd ,electric ,subway4 ,a subway = ! enclos+ ( electric telegraph & o!r conductors "u ! surface1 g5]ally 9 ! l9e ( /reets1 to d away ) telegraph poles & a]ial l9es ( wire4 ,_m sy/ems h be5 devis$4 ,! g5]al type includes tubes call$ ducts 9 sets1 call$ conduits1 b$d$ 9 concrete or o!rwise protect$4 ,e two or ?ree hundr$ feet ! sets lead into a ci/]n-l cavity call$ a manhole4 ,! insulat$ wires or cables1 g5]ally %ea!d ) a lead alloy are introduc$ into ! tubes ?r\gh ! man-holes4 ,a rope is fir/ f$ ?r\gh ! tube4 ,to d ?is %ort rods :i* screw toge!r are g5]ally employ$4 ,"o by "o !y are introduc$1 & ea* end "o is screw$ to ! s]ies ( rods already 9 ! duct4 ,:5 ! end ( ! duct is rea*$ ! rope is fa/5$ to ! la/ rod1 & ! rods are !n drawn ?r\gh1 unscrew$ "o by "o & remov$1 ! rope foll[+ !m4 ,by means ( ! rope a w9dlass or cap/an may be appli$ to draw ! cable into ! duct4 ,at lea/ at e second man-hole ! cables h to be splic$4 ,ea* cable may conta9 a l>ge numb] ( conductors ( small size = telephon+1 or a small] numb] = electric light & p[]4 ,! t5d5cy is n[ to sep>ate ! diff]5t classes ( wires 9 important l9es1 plac+ ! heavi] wires on "o side ( ! /reet & ! telephone & telegraph wires on ! o!r4 ,?is ( c\rse necessitates two sep>ate conduits4 ,! advantage ( und]gr\nd di/ribution affects n only ! appe>ance ( /reets 9 do+ away ) unsightly telegraph poles1 b x also removes an elem5t ( dang] at fires4 ,a]ial wires int]f]e greatly ) ! h&l+ ( ladd]s at fires1 & expose ! firem5 :o attempt to cut !m to dang] to _! lives f %ock4 #ecc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,unidirectional4 adj4 ,hav+ "o direction z a unidirectional curr5t or unidirectional leak4 ,! t]m is descriptive1 & applicable to _m cases4 ,uni=m4 adj4 ,unv>y+2 z a uni=m pot5tial diff]5ce1 uni=m curr5t or conductor ( uni=m resi/ance p] unit ( l5g?4 ,! t]m is descriptive1 & its application & mean+ are obvi\s4 ,uni=m ,field ( ,=ce4 ,a field ( ev5ly di/ribut$ =ce2 "o 9 :i* ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce p] unit ( area ( any equipot5tial surface is ! same4 ,unipol>4 adj4 ,/rictly speak+ ?is t]m means hav+ only "o pole1 & is appli$ to magnets1 armatures & ! l4 ,9 its use a solecism is involv$1 = !re is no su* condition possible z unipol> magnetism or di/ribution ( magnetism4 ,an example ( its use is %[n 9 unipol> magnets4 7,see ,magnet1 ,unipol>47 ,unipol> ,armature4 ,an armature ( a unipol> dynamo2 an armature ^: w9d+s cont9u\sly cut ! l9es ( =ce ab\t ! "o pole1 & h5ce ^: pol>ity is un*ang$ 9 its rotation4 ,unipol> ,curr5t ,induction4 ,curr5t induction produc$ by mov+ a conductor ?r\gh a magnetic field ( =ce s t x always cuts ! l9es 9 simil> relation to itself4 ,?us x produces a con/ant curr5t ?r\gh its own circuit1 if a clos$ "o1 & no commutator is requir$4 ,z ?is case always 9 practice am\nts to ! cutt+ ( l9es ( =ce 9 ! neighborhood ( a s+le pole ! t]m unipol> is employ$ to designate ! action4 ,! simple/ repres5tation ( unipol> induction is ! rotat+ ( a conductor ar\nd ! end ( a b> magnet1 its axis ( rotation correspond+ ) ! axis ( ! magnet4 ,unipol> ,dynamo4 ,a dynamo 9 :i* "o "p ( ! conductor slides on or ar\nd ! magnet1 s z always to cut l9es ( =ce ne> ! same pole ( ! magnet4 ,unit4 ,a directly or indirectly conv5tional & arbitr>y quantity1 9 t]ms ( :i* measurem5ts ( ?+s ) dim5sions expressible 9 ! *os5 units are execut$4 ,?us = l5g? ! c4 g4 s4 unit is ! c5timet]2 ! ,b4 ,e4 unit is ! foot4 #eed ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,unit1 ,absolute4 ,a unit bas$ on ! ?ree fundam5tal units ( l5g?1 mass & "t4 ,^! units are ! c5timet]1 gram & second4 ,ea* "o 9 itself may be t]m$ a fundam5tal absolute unit4 ,! sy/em ( su* units is t]m$ ! c5timet]-gram-second sy/em4 ,unit1 ,angle4 ,a factor or datum 9 angul> velocity1 q4 v4 ,x is ! angle subt5d$ by a portion ( ! circumf]5ce equal 9 l5g? to ! radius ( ! circle4 ,x is equal v ne>ly to #eg4biegh or #eg #ag' #dd4h4 ,unit1 ,b4 ,a4 ,?is t]m1 :ile logically applicable to any ( ! ,briti% ,association units1 is (t5 re/rict$ to ! ohm z =m]ly def9$ by ! ,briti% ,association1 ! ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 q4 v4 ,unit1 ,fundam5tal4 ,! ?ree units ( l5g?1 mass & "t1 ! c5timet]1 gram & second1 are t]m$ fundam5tal units4 ,on !m is bas$ ! absolute sy/em ( units1 & on multiples ( !m ! practical sy/em ( units4 ,unit ,j>4 ,a ,leyd5 j> :i* is us$ z a unit ( measure ( *>ge4 ,x consi/s ( a ,leyd5 j> ab\t #d in*es long & #c_/d in* diamet]1 ) ab\t #f squ>e in*es ( its out] & ! same ( its inn] surface coat$ ) t9foil4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 a s\rce ( electricity & a l>g] j> or batt]y ( j>s :i* is to be *>g$4 ,! inn] coat+ connects ) ! ma*9e2 ! out] coat+ ) ! j>s to be *>g$4 ,%ort conductors t]m9at+ 9 knobs connect ) inn] & out] coat+s1 & ! knobs are adju/$ at any desir$ di/ance ap>t4 ,by ! *>g+ op]ation ! l>ge j> or batt]y ( j>s receives a *>ge by induction1 & ! *>ge ( ! small j> is at fir/ equal to ?is quantity4 ,aft] a :ile a sp>k passes f knob to knob1 dis*>g+ ! small j>4 ,?is indicates ! reception by ! l>ge j>s ( ! quantity ( electricity repres5t$ by ! *>ge ( ! small j>4 ,! *>g+ goes on1 & = e sp>k approximately ! same quantity ( electricity is receiv$ by ! l>g] j>s4 ,! sp>k+ di/ance m is directly proportional to ! quantity ( electricity1 & inv]sely proportional to ! area ( coat$ surface1 or is proportional to ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! two coats4 ,?is is only true = %ort sp>k+ di/ance1 h5ce = accuracy ! knobs %\ld be adju/$ n too f> f ea* o!r4 #eee ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,unit ( ,supply4 ,a comm]cial unit = ! sale ( electric en]gy1 z def9$ provisionally by ! ,engli% ,bo>d ( ,trade2 #a1jjj amp]es fl[+ = "o h\r "u an ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( #a volt2 #c1fjj1jjj volt-c\lombs1 or #a1jjj watt-h\rs1 are its equival5t4 ,x is equal to #ajjj_/gdf #a4cd electric horse p[]4 ,synonym--,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,n[ call$ a kil[att-h\r4 ,units1 ,circul>4 ,a sy/em ( units ( cross-sectional area1 design$ especially = use 9 describ+ wire conductors4 ,! cross-sectional area ( su* is univ]sally a circle1 & ! areas ( two wires ( diff]5t sizes v>y ) ! squ>e ( _! radii or diamet]s4 ,h5ce if ! area ( a circle ( kn[n diamet] is det]m9$ x may be us$ z a unit = ! dim5sions ( o!r circles4 ,any o!r circle w h an area proportion$ to ! area ( ! unit circle1 z ! squ>es ( ! diamet]s are to ea* o!r4 ,9 practise ! commone/ circul> unit is ! circul> mil4 ,?is is ! area ( a circle "o mil1 #a_/ajjj in*1 9 diamet] & is equal to 4#jjjjjjghed squ>e in*4 ,a wire two mils 9 diamet] has an area ( f\r circul> mils2 "o t5 mils 9 diamet] has an area ( "o hundr$ circul> mils4 ,?us if ! resi/ance ( a giv5 l5g? ( wire #a mil 9 diamet] is /at$1 ! correspond+ resi/ance ( ! same l5g? ( wire ( ! same mat]ial1 b ( o!r diamet]1 is giv5 by divid+ ! fir/ wire's resi/ance by ! squ>e ( ! diamet] 9 mils ( ! wire 9 "q4 ,z x is a basic unit1 mo/ conv5i5tly appli$ by multiplication1 ! small] units are us$2 ^! are ! circul> mil1 & circul> millimet]4 ,units1 ,d]iv$4 ,units d]iv$ by comp\nd+ or o!r processes1 f ! ?ree fundam5tal units4 ,su* are ! units ( area1 volume1 en]gy & "w1 mom5tum & electric units g5]ally4 ,9 "s cases ! dim5sions ( ! d]iv$ unit may r$uce to ^? ( a simple unit z inductance r$uces to l5g?1 b ! unit1 z d$uc$ f ! fundam5tal ones1 is /ill a d]iv$ unit4 ,units1 ,practical4 ,a sy/em ( units employ$ 9 practical computation4 ,! absolute units1 especially 9 electricity1 h be5 f\nd too l>ge or too small1 & ! attempt to make !m m conv5i5t has result$ 9 ?is sy/em4 ,x is bas$ on exactly ! same consid]ations z ! absolute sy/em ( units1 except t multiples ( ! orig9al fundam5tal units ( l5g?1 mass1 & "t h be5 tak5 z ! base ( ! new sy/em4 ,^! basic units are multiples ( ! fundam5tal units4 ,!y are ! foll[+3 ,! unit ( l5g? is #a;,e#i c5timet]s2 ! unit ( mass is #a;,e-#aa gram2 ! unit ( "t rema9s #a second4 ,:ile ?is has conduc$ to conv5i5ce 9 giv+ bett] siz$ units1 micro- & mega-units & o!r multiples or fractions h to be us$4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal practical electric units3 ,electro/atic ,electromagnetic ,c4 ,g4 ,s ,units4 ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 ,units4 ,int5sity-,amp]e equal to #c;,e#i #a;,e-#a ,quantity-,c\lomb #c;,e#i #a;,e-#a ,pot5tial-,volt 7#a_/c799 ,e-#b #a;,e#h ,resi/ance-,ohm 7#a_/i799 ,e-#aa #a;,e#i ,capacity-,f>ad #i;,e#aa #a;,e-#i #eef ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,sy/em4 ,a t]m 9 telegraphy4 ,if sev]al equal & high resi/ance telegraphic circuits are connect$ 9 p>allel ) ea* o!r f t]m9al to t]m9al ( a batt]y ( comp>atively l[ resi/ance ea* circuit w receive ! same curr5t1 & ( practically ! same /r5g? z if only "o circuit 0 connect$4 ,?is is t]m$ ! univ]sal batt]y sy/em4 ,x is a practical coroll>y ( ,ohm's law4 ,! batt]y be+ ( v l[ resi/ance comp>$ to ! l9es ! jo9+ ( sev]al l9es 9 p>allel practically dim9i%es ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit 9 proportion to _! own numb]4 ,?us suppose a batt]y ( t5 ohms resi/ance & t5 volts ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is work+ a s+le l9e ( "o hundr$ ohms resi/ance4 ,! total resi/ance ( ! circuit is !n "o hundr$ & t5 ohms4 ,! total curr5t ( ! circuit1 all ( :i* is receiv$ by ! "o l9e is #aj_/aaj 4#ji amp]e1 or #ij milliamp]es4 ,n[ suppose t a second l9e ( id5tical resi/ance is connect$ to ! batt]y 9 p>allel ) ! fir/4 ,?is r$uces ! ext]nal resi/ance to fifty ohms1 giv+ a total resi/ance ( ! circuit ( sixty ohms4 ,! total curr5t ( ! circuit1 all ( :i* is receiv$ by ! two l9es 9 equal p>ts1 is #aj_/fj 4#aff amp]es4 ,b ?is is equally divid$ betwe5 two l9es1 s t ea* "o receives 4#jhc amp]e or #hc milliamp]es2 practically ! same curr5t z t giv5 by ! same batt]y to ! s+le l9e4 ,x w be se5 t high l9e resi/ance & l[ batt]y resi/ance1 relatively speak+1 are requir$ = ! sy/em4 ,= ?is reason ! /orage batt]y is p>ticul>ly available4 ,! rule is t ! resi/ance ( ! batt]y %all be less ?an ! comb9$ resi/ance ( all ! circuits work$ by x4 ,unm>k$ ,end4 ,! s\?-seek+ pole ( a magnet1 s call$ because ! o!r end1 call$ ! m>k$ end1 is usually m>k$ ) a scrat* or not* by ! mak]1 :ile ! s\? pole is unm>k$4 ,v4 7a7 ,symbol = velocity4 7b7 ,symbol or abbreviation = volume4 7c7 ,symbol or abbreviation = volt4 #eeg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,v4 ,a4 ,symbol or abbreviation = voltaic alt]natives1 q4 v4 ,vacuum4 ,a space de/itute ( any sub/ance4 ,! great p]vad+ sub/ance is 9 g5]al s5se ! atmosph]e4 ,x is ! gase\s mixture :i* surr\nds & envelopes ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,x consi/s ( a simple mixture ( oxyg51 #a "p1 nitrog51 #d p>ts1 ) #d to #f volumes ( c>bonic acid gas 9 #aj1jjj volumes ( air1 or ab\t "o cubic in* to "o cubic foot4 ,x presses ) a =ce ( ab\t #ad4g lbs4 p] squ>e in* "u ! influ5ce ( ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! t]m vacuum 9 practise ref]s to any space f :i* air has be5 remov$4 ,x may be produc$ *emically4 ,air may be displac$ by c>bonic acid gas & ! latt] may be absorb$ by cau/ic alkali or o!r *emical4 ,! air may be expell$ & ! space may be fill$ ) /eam :i* is cond5s$ to produce ! vacuum4 ,( c\rse 9 all cases ! space mu/ be includ$ 9 an h]metically seal$ vessel1 su* z ! bulb ( an inc&esc5t lamp4 ,b ! univ]sal me?od ( produc+ a vacuum is by air pumps4 ,an absolute vacuum means ! entire abs5ce ( gas or air1 some?+ almo/ impossible to produce4 ,a high vacuum is sometimes und]/ood to mean "o 9 :i* ! pa? ( ! molecules is equal 9 l5g? to ! diamet] ( ! conta9+ vessels1 z 9 ,crookes' ,radiomet] & o!r app>atus = illu/rat+ ! radiant condition ( matt]4 ,! air left aft] exhau/ion is t]m$ residual air or residual atmosph]e4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,dry air is ab\t 4#gh nitrog51 4#ba oxyg51 4#ja argon1 4#jjjch c>bon dioxide1 & trace am\nts ( o!r gases4 ,argon 0 suspect$ by ,h5ry ,cav5di% 9 #aghe4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahid by ,"l ,rayleigh & ,sir ,william ,ramsay4 ,vacuum1 ,absolute4 ,a space free ( all mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x is d\btful :e!r an absolute vacuum has ev] be5 produc$4 ,vacuum1 ,high4 ,an approximate vacuum1 s ne>ly p]fect t ! molecules ( ! residual gas 9 _! k9etic motions r>ely collide1 & beat back & =? betwe5 ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 or betwe5 any solid object conta9$ 9 ! vessel & ! walls ( ! vessel4 ,! gas 9 su* a vacuum is 9 ! radiant or ultra-gase\s /ate4 7,see ,ultra-gase\s ,matt]47 ,vacuum1 ,l[4 ,a vacuum inf]ior to a high vacuum2 a vacuum 9 :i* ! molecules collide ) ea* o!r & d n move directly f side to side ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,vacuum1 ,p>tial4 ,a space p>tially exhau/$ ( air s z to conta9 less ?an an equal volume ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,x really %\ld come bel[ a l[ vacuum1 b is (t5 treat$ z synonym\s !re)4 ,vacuum1 ,torricellian4 ,! vacuum exi/+ above ! m]curial column 9 a b>omet] tube4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is vacuum is appli$ 9 ! ,geissl] & o!r air pumps4 7,see ,pump1 ,geissl]--,pump1 ,spr5gel--,pump1 ,sw9burne47 #eeh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,val5cy4 ,! relative p[] ( replac+ hydrog5 or comb9+ !re) possess$ by diff]5t elem5ts2 ! numb] ( atomic bonds belong+ to any elem5t4 ,?us oxyg5 has a tw(old val5cy1 is bival5t or is a dyad1 & comb9es ) two atoms ( hydrog5 because ! latt] has a unit>y atomicity1 is monoval5t or is a monad4 ,valve1 ,electrically ,controll$4 ,a valve :i* is mov$ by or ^: movem5ts are regulat$ by electricity4 ,9 ! block sy/em ( railroad signal+ ! semaphores are work$ by weights & pneumatic cyl9d]s & pi/ons4 ,! valves = admitt+ or releas+ ! compress$ air are op]at$ by coil & plung] me*anism4 ,!re are _m o!r in/ances ( ! control ( valves by ! electric curr5t4 ,vapor ,globe4 ,a protect+ glass globe surr\nd+ an inc&esc5t lamp1 :5 ! lamp is to be us$ 9 an atmosph]e ( explosive vapor1 z 9 m9es or simil> places2 or :5 9 a place :]e x is expos$ to dripp+ wat] :i* w\ld break ! hot lamp bulb if x fell ^u x4 ,v>iable ,p]iod4 ,! p]iod ( adju/m5t :5 a curr5t is />t$ ?r\gh a conductor ( "s capacity4 ,x is ! p]iod ( duration ( ! v>iable /ate1 q4 v41 9 a conductor4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! next def9ition 9 a cable ( high electro/atic capacity a v>iable p]iod ( ne>ly two m9utes may exi/4 ,?is indicates ! ret>dation 9 signal+ to be anticipat$ 9 cables & o!r l9es ( high capacity4 ,v>iable ,/ate4 ,:5 an electric circuit is clos$ ! curr5t />ts ?r\gh ! conductor ) its full /r5g? f ! po9t ( closure1 & advances ) a species ( wave front s t "s "t elapses be=e x atta9s its full /r5g? 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! conductor1 ow+ to its hav+ to *>ge ! conductor to its full capacity at ! giv5 pot5tial4 ,! /ate ( ! l9e :ile ! curr5t ?us v>ies is call$ ! v>iable /ate4 ,a long telegraph l9e :5 a message is be+ transmitt$ may be always 9 ! v>iable /ate4 ,! curr5t at ! receiv+ end may nev] atta9 its full /r5g?4 ,9 ! case ( su* a conductor z ! ,atlantic cable1 #ajh seconds w\ld be requir$ = a curr5t to atta9 #i_/aj ( its full /r5g? at ! di/ant end1 & b #a_/e second to atta9 #a_/ajj ( its f9al value4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( increase ( curr5t ! v>iable /ate exi/s4 ,v>iation ( ! ,compass4 ,! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le4 7,see ,elem5ts1 ,magnetic47 ,z ! decl9ation is subject to daily1 annual & secul> v>iations1 x is un=tunate t ?is t]m is synonym\s ) decl9ation4 ,?us ! v>iation ( ! compass means its decl9ation1 :ile !re is also ! v>iation ( ! decl9ation & ( o!r elem5ts4 ,! t]m v>iation ( ! compass is m colloquial ?an ! m def9ite expression decl9ation1 or magnetic decl9ation4 #eei ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,v>iomet]4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 det]m9+ ! relative values ( ! horizontal compon5t ( ! e>?'s magnetic field 9 diff]5t places4 ,v>ley's ,cond5s]4 ,a /atic cond5s] ^: conduct+ surfaces are plat9um electrodes imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! pot5tial diff]5ce is #a_/ej? t ( a ,daniell's cell1 two squ>e in*es ( plat9um h a capacity equal to t ( an air cond5s] ^: plates h an area ( #hj1jjj1jjj squ>e in*es1 & sep>at$ #a_/h? ( an in* f ea* o!r4 ,z ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 increases ! capacity also increases4 ,v>ley's ,resi/ances4 ,v>iable resi/ances =m$ ( discs ( c>boniz$ clo?1 q4 v41 pil$ up1 & press$ toge!r m or less firmly to v>y ! resi/ance z desir$4 ,v>ni%4 ,a glossy transp>5t coat+ ( ! nature ( pa9t1 appli$ z a protective1 or ornam5tal coat+ to objects4 ,v>ni%1 ,electric4 ,alcoholic or e!rial v>ni%es are ! be/ = electrical app>atus4 ,!y dry quickly & p]fectly1 & t5d to =m surfaces unfavorable to ! hygroscopic collection ( wat]4 ,seal+ wax dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 or %ellac dissolv$ 9 ! same solv5t are us$ = electrical app>atus1 al?\gh ! fir/ is r a lacqu] ?an a v>ni%4 ,e!rial solution ( gum-copal is us$ to agglom]ate coils ( wire4 ,x is well to bake v>ni%$ objects to h>d5 ! coat+4 ,v>ni%1 ,r$4 ,a solution ( seal+ wax 9 #ij p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,x is be/ made ?9 & appli$ 9 sev]al coats1 ea* coat be+ all[$ to dry p]fectly be=e ! next is appli$4 ,x is (t5 se5 on ,leyd5 j>s4 ,x is a protector f surface leakage4 ,vat4 ,a vessel = *emical or o!r solutions4 ,a deposit+ vat is "o 9 :i* a plat+ solution is work$1 = ! deposition ( electroplate ^u articles imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & electrolyz$ by an electric curr5t4 ,velocity4 ,! rate ( motion ( a body4 ,x is usually express$ 9 di/ance trav]s$ p] second ( "t4 ,! absolute unit is "o c5timet] p] second or k9e4 ,! foot p] second is v l>gely us$ also4 ,! dim5sions ( velocity are l5g? 7,l7 divid$ by "t 7,t7 or ,l_/,t4 ,velocity1 ,angul>4 ,velocity 9 a circle def9$ by ! unit angle1 or ! angle :i* subt5ds a circul> arc equal 9 l5g? to itself4 ,! radius ( ! circle trav]s$ by ! mov+ body does n ent] into ?is def9ition1 z ! real velocity ( ! object is n /at$4 ,if its angul> velocity & ! radius ( ! pa? x travels are giv5 its actual velocity c be d$uc$4 #efj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,velocity ( ,signal+4 ,! spe$ ( transmission ( electric signals is affect$ by ! nature ( ! l9e1 z reg>ds its /atic capacity1 & by ! delicacy ( ! receiv+ in/rum5ts1 :i* may ne$ a m or less /rong curr5t to be affect$4 ,?us ( an orig9al curr5t "o p] c5t4 may suffice to op]ate a s5sitive in/rum5t4 ,?is might give almo/ ! velocity ( light1 :ile if ! in/rum5t w\ld only respond to ! full curr5t ne>ly two m9utes 7see ,v>iable ,/ate7 might be requir$ = ! production ( a signal4 ,velocity ,ratio4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! ratios exi/+ betwe5 ! electro/atic & electro-magnetic units4 ,if we take z num]ators ! dim5sions ( ! diff]5t qualities 9 ! electro/atic sy/em1 & _! dim5sions 9 ! electro-magnetic sy/em z d5om9ators1 ! fractions ?us obta9$ r$uce to expressions conta9+ only velocity or ,v 9 "s =m4 ,?us if we divide ! dim5sions ( ! electro/atic quantity by ! dim5sions ( electro-magnetic quantity ! quoti5t is simply ,v or velocity4 ,a l division = pot5tial1 electro/atic & electro-magnetic gives 7#a_/,v71 & s on4 ,! value ( ! velocity ratio is v ne>ly #c;,e#aj 7sometimes giv5 z #b4ih;,e#aj7 c5timet]s p] second4 ,?is is almo/ exactly t ( light 7#b4iiib;,e#aj c5timet]s p] second47 ,?is is "o ( ! pro(s ( ,cl]k ,maxwell's magnetic !ory ( light4 7,see ,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,,si metre 0 def9$ 9 #aihc su* t ! spe$ ( light 9 a vacuum is exactly #bii1gib1deh metres p] second or ab\t #ahf1bhb4cig miles p] second4 ,v5tilation ( ,armature4 ,9 a dynamo or motor v5tilation ( ! armature is (t5 provid$ = by ap]tures ?r\gh x 9 ord] to prev5t heat+4 ,?is heat+ is caus$ by ,f\cault curr5ts4 ,by prop] disposition ( ! int]ior ( ! armature ) prop]ly dispos$ vanes & orifices an action l t ( a fan bl[] c be produc$1 :i* by creat+ a curr5t ( air cools ! ma*9e v effici5tly4 ,v]ticity1 ,poles (4 ,po9ts ^u ! e>?'s surface :]e ! horizontal compon5t ( magnetic =ce disappe>s1 leav+ only ! v]tical compon5t active4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ! v]ticity ( ! dipp+ ne$le :5 ov] ei!r ( !m4 #efa ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,vibration ,p]iod4 ,9 electrical resonance ! p]iod ( a vibration 9 an electrical resonator4 ,! l5g? ( ?is p]iod indicates ! quality ( ! resonator 9 respond+ to electrical oscillations by sympa!tic vibration4 ,= conductors ( small resi/ance ! p]iod is ?us calculat$4 ,let ,t be ! p]iod ( "o-half a full vibration2 ,l ! absolute coeffici5t ( self-induction express$ 9 c5timet]s or 9 h5ries ,x #aj-i2 ,c ! electro/atic capacity ( ! t]m9als1 also express$ 9 ! same unit2 v ! velocity ( light 9 c5timet]s p] second4 ,!n we h ! =mula ,t ,,pi 99 ,square,root7 ,l 99 ,c 7 _/ v ,transcrib]'s note3 ,if ! inductance is 9 h5ries & ! capacitance 9 f>ads1 frequ5cy 9 h]tz #a_/7b 99 ,,pi 99 square,root7 ,l 99 ,c 7 7 ,vibration1 ,sympa!tic4 ,a vibration 9 a cord or o!r body susceptible ( ela/ic vibration produc$ by ! vibrations ( exactly ! same p]iod 9 a neighbor+ vibrat+ body4 ,?us if two tun+ =ks are tun$ to precisely ! same pit*1 & are plac$ ne> ea* o!r1 if "o is s\nd$ x w />t ! o!r into vibration by sympa?y4 ,9 electricity its application is f\nd 9 electric resonance exp]im5ts4 ,! resonator has a def9ite p]iod ( electric resonance1 & is made to give a sp>k by ! excit] ( id5tical p]iod4 ,?is is by :at may be call$ electric sympa!tic vibration1 & is exactly analog\s to ! action ( ! tun+ =ks ^u ea* o!r4 ,vibrator1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,! make & break me*anism us$ on induction coils1 or o!r simil> app>atus 9 :i* by alt]nate attractions by & releases f an electro-magnet an arm or spr+ is kept 9 motion4 ,9 mo/ cases ! "w is done by a s+le magnet1 ^: armature is attract$ to ! magnet1 :5 ! latt] is excit$1 b aga9/ ! action ( a spr+ :i* t5ds to pull x away f ! magnet4 ,9 its motions a make & break action is produc$1 to give ! requisite alt]nations ( attraction & release4 ,two electro-magnets may be connect$ s z alt]nately to be excit$ & keep an arm c>ry+ a mutual armature 9 vibration1 or ! same result may be atta9$ by a pol>iz$ relay4 ,! make & break is illu/rat$ "u ,bell1 ,electric--,coil1 ,induction-- ,anvil4 ,vill>i's ,critical ,value4 ,magnetization induc$ or residual 9 a wire is dim9i%$ on /ret*+1 provid$ t ! magnetization corresponds to an induc+ =ce above a c]ta9 critical value1 kn[n z above2 ?is be+ 7,sir ,wm4 ,?omson7 ab\t #bd times ! t]re/rial int5sity4 ,bel[ t critical value t5sion increases ! magnetization ( a magnetiz$ wire4 ,! effects ( transv]se expansive /ress are oppos$ to ^? ( longitud9al /ret*+4 7,daniell47 ,viole's ,/&>d ( ,illum9at+ ,p[]4 ,a /&>d au?oriz$ by ! ,int]national ,congress ( #ahha4 ,x is ! light giv5 by "o squ>e c5timet] ( plat9um1 melt$1 b j at ! po9t ( solidification4 ,x is equal to #bj ,engli% /&>d c&les almo/ exactly4 ,x has n be5 v widely accept$1 ! t5d5cy among photometri/s be+ to adh]e to ! old /&>ds1 c>cel or c&le4 ,x is obvi\s t actual use ( ! ,viole w\ld be v inconv5i5t & w\ld involve exp5sive app>atus1 difficult to "w )4 ,synonym--,viole4 #efb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,vis ,viva4 ,! k9etic en]gy ( a body 9 motion2 me*anical en]gy4 ,vitre\s ,electricity4 ,positive electricity2 ! electricity produc$ on ! surface ( glass by rubb+ x ) silk & o!r sub/ances4 7,see ,electro/atic ,s]ies47 ,! t]m positive electricity %\ld be all[$ to supplant x4 ,x is ! analogue & opposite ( res9\s electricity4 ,vitriol1 ,blue4 ,a colloquial or trade "n = copp] sulphate 7,cu ,,s#d74 ,vitriol1 ,gre54 ,a colloquial or trade "n = f]r\s sulphate 7,fe ,,s#d74 ,vitriol1 ,:ite4 ,a colloquial or trade "n = z9c sulphate 7,zn ,,s#d74 ,volt4 ,! practical unit ( electro-motive =ce or pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,x may be ref]r$ to v>i\s data4 ,an electro-motive =ce ( "o volt w cause a curr5t ( "o amp]e to fl[ ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,a cond5s] ( "o f>ad capacity *>g$ ) "o c\lomb w h a rise ( pot5tial ( "o volt4 ,! cutt+ ( #ajj1jjj1jjj l9es ( =ce p] second by a conductor induces "o volt ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,a ,daniell's batt]y gives an ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( #a4jg volts2 ab\t ! mo/ famili> approximate /&>d t c be cit$4 ,x is equal to #a_/cjj absolute electro/atic unit4 ,x is equal to #a;,e#h absolute electro-magnetic units4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,,si def9ition ( a volt3 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce across a conductor :5 a curr5t ( "o amp]e dissipates "o watt ( p[]4 ,voltage4 ,pot5tial diff]5ce or electro-motive =ce express$ 9 volts2 z a voltage ( #ajj volts4 ,?us voltage may express ! electro-motive =ce absorb$ 9 a conductor1 :ile electro-motive =ce is a t]m g5]ally appli$ :]e x is produc$1 evolv$ or pres5t 9 ! object4 ,! t]m voltage ( a lamp expresses simply ! volts requir$1 b does n sugge/ ! possession ( electromotive =ce4 #efc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,voltage1 ,t]m9al4 ,! voltage or pot5tial diff]5ce at ! t]m9als ( an electric curr5t g5]ator1 su* z a dynamo1 z di/+ui%$ f ! total electro-motive =ce ( ! dynamo or g5]ator4 ,9 batt]ies ! di/9ction is n g5]ally made 9 practice2 ! total electro-motive =ce ( ! batt]y is made ! basis ( calculations4 ,voltaic4 adj4 ,?is adjective is us$ to qualify a great _m ?+s app]ta9+ to or connect$ ) curr5t electricity4 ,x is d]iv$ f ,volta1 ! inv5tor ( ! voltaic batt]y1 & n[ t5ds to displace ! t]m galvanic1 =m]ly 9 g5]al use4 ,voltaic ,alt]natives4 ,a t]m us$ 9 electro-!rapeutics or m$ical electricity to indicate an alt]nat+ batt]y curr5t4 ,synonym--,alt]native curr5t4 ,voltaic ,effect4 ,! pot5tial diff]5ce develop$ by contact ( diff]5t conductors4 ,x is ! basis ( ! contact !ory1 q4 v41 ( electricity1 al?\gh x may be accept$ z ! expression = a condition ( ?+s by ^? :o reject ! above !ory4 ,?is pot5tial diff]5ce is slight :5 ! conductors are sep>at$1 b x is calculat$ t x w\ld be enorm\s c\ld ! metals be s quickly sep>at$ z to hold ea* its own *>ge4 ,?us if a copp] & a z9c plate are assum$ to be 9 contact1 really #a_/bjjjjjjj c5timet] or #a_/ejjjjjjj in* ap>t1 !y may be treat$ z a pair ( cond5s] plates4 ,be+ s ne>1 _! d5sity ( *>ge1 :i* is a /rongly b\nd *>ge1 is enorm\s4 ,if x 7 possible to sep>ate !m )\t p]mitt+ any dis*>ge1 _! pot5tial w\ld rise by ! sep>ation1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,ep9us' cond5s]1 q4 v41 to su* an ext5t t !y w\ld sp>k ?r\gh tw5ty feet ( air4 7,see ,volta's ,fundam5tal ,exp]im5t47 ,voltaic ,electricity4 ,electricity ( l[ pot5tial diff]5ce & l>ge curr5t int5sity2 electricity su* z produc$ by a voltaic batt]y2 curr5t or dynamic electricity z oppos$ to /atic electricity4 ,voltamet]4 ,9 g5]al an app>atus = det]m9+ ! quantity ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh a conductor by measur+ ! electrolytic action x c p]=m4 ,voltamet]1 ,copp]4 ,an app>atus :i* may be ( simil> con/ruction ) ! silv] voltamet] 7see ,voltamet]1 ,silv]71 b 9 :i* a copp] anode & a solution ( copp] sulphate are sub/itut$ = ! silv] anode & silv] nitrate solution4 ,"o c\lomb corresponds to 4#cbi milligram or 4#jjejhd gra9 ( copp] deposit$4 ,x is n accept$ z ( z high a /&>d z ! silv] voltamet]4 ,! electrodes %\ld be plac$ half an in* f ea* o!r4 ,two squ>e plate electrodes may conv5i5tly be us$1 & n less ?an two squ>e in*es on ea* plate %\ld be ! area p] amp]e ( curr5t4 #efd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,voltamet]1 ,diff]5tial1 ,siem5s'4 ,a volume or gas voltamet] ) duplicate eudiomet]s & pairs ( electrodes4 ,x is us$ = det]m9+ ! resi/ance ( ! plat9um conductor us$ 9 8 pyromet]4 ,a curr5t divides betwe5 ! two voltamet]s2 9 "o bran* ( ! circuit ! plat9um conductor is plac$1 9 ! o!r a kn[n resi/ance4 ,! curr5t /r5g? v>y+ inv]sely ) ! resi/ance1 ! resi/ances ( ! two conductors are inv]sely proportional to ! gas evolv$4 ,voltamet]1 ,gas4 ,a voltamet] ^: indications are bas$ on ! electrolysis ( wat]1 made an electrolyte by ! addition ( sulphuric acid4 ,! gases evolv$ are measur$4 ,x may take sev]al =ms4 ,9 "o =m x is an app>atus consi/+ ( a s+le eudiomet] or graduat$ glass tube ) upp] end clos$ & its l[] end or m\? op51 collect+ ! mixture ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,9 ! =m %[n 9 ! cut ?ree tubes are connect$1 ! side tubes repres5t+ eudiomet]s4 ,= ea* side tube !re is a plat9um electrode4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 are connect$ 9 opposite tubes4 ,a is an op5 tube fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,by op5+ ! cocks on ,b & ,c !y c bo? be completely fill$ ) acid4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ?is op]ation is n yet complet$4 ,! hydrog5 alone may 9 ?is case be measur$4 ,! mix$ gas voltamet] has only "o eudiomet]4 ,! exact equival5ts are only approximately kn[n4 ,! volume ( mix$ gases p] c\lomb is giv5 z 4#agch cubic c5timet]s 7,ayrton72 4#agb cubic c5timet]s 7,hospitali]72 & o!r values by o!r au?orities4 ,! hydrog5 is equal to #a_/c ( ! mix$ gases almo/ exactly4 ,synonyms--,volume ,voltamet]--,sulphuric ,acid ,voltamet]4 ,! gas is measur$ at #j 7#cb ,f47 & #gf c5timet]s1 or #cj in*es b>omet]4 ,fig4 #cda4 ,,gas ,,voltamet]4 #efe ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ! gas is measur$ 9 cubic in*es1 ! temp]ature 9 degrees ,f41 & ! b>ometric height 9 in*es1 ! foll[+ =mula may be us$ = r$uction to /&>d pressure & temp]ature4 ,x is ! volume correspond+ to "o c\lomb4 7 4#jajeh 99 #cj 99 7#dia ,f - #cb7 7 _/ 7h99 #dia7 ,= ! metric measurem5ts & degrees ,c4 74#agch 99 #gf 99 7#bgc ,c77 _/ 7h ,x #bgc7 ,voltamet]1 ,silv]4 ,an app>atus consi/+ ( a plat9um vessel conta9+ a solution ( silv] nitrate into :i* solution a silv] anode dips1 ^: end is wrapp$ 9 musl9 to prev5t ! deta*m5t ( any p>ticles4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass$ by connect+ "o t]m9al to ! di% & ! o!r to ! rod1 secur+ a prop] direction ( curr5t1 silv] w be deposit$ on ! di% & ! same am\nt w be dissolv$ f ! rod4 ,! di% is weigh$ be=e & aft] ! te/4 ,its increase 9 weight gives ! silv] deposit$4 ,,fig4 #cdb4 ,,silv] ,,voltamet]4 ,9 ! cut ,ag is ! silv] anode1 ,pt is ! plat9um di%1 r is ! conduct+ rod1 p is a wood5 /&>d1 ,cu is a copp] plate on :i* ! di% re/s & :i* also s]ves z a conductor & contact surface1 b is a musl9 clo? to place ov] ! silv] plate to prev5t deta*$ p>ticles fall+ 9 ! di%2 s s' are ! b9d+ screws4 ,! weight ( silv] correspond+ to a c\lomb is giv5 v>i\sly by diff]5t au?orities4 ,ayrton & ,daniell take #a4aahae milligrams or 4#jagbec gra9 ( metallic silv]4 ,o!r det]m9ations are z foll[s3 #a4aahc milligrams 7,kohlraus*74 #a4abd 7,m]sc>t74 ,! solution ( silv] nitrate %\ld be f #ae to #cj p] c5t4 ( /r5g?4 ,! curr5t %\ld n exce$ "o amp]e p] six squ>e in*es2 or 9 o!r words n m ?an ab\t #c_/ajjj gra9 ( silv] %\ld be deposit$ p] second on a squ>e in* area ( ! di%4 ,! edge ( ! silv] disc or anode %\ld be ab\t equidi/ant f ! side & bottom ( ! di%4 ,! latt] notes are due to ,"l ,rayleigh4 #eff ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,voltamet]1 ,weight4 ,a voltamet] 9 :i* ! am\nt ( decomposition is det]m9$ by weigh+ ! products1 or "o ( ! products ( ! electrolysis4 ,! titles ,voltamet]1 ,copp]1 & ,voltamet]1 ,silv]1 may be cit$4 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,,weight ,,voltamet]s4 ,9 ! cuts are %[n examples ( weight gas voltamet]s4 ,^! are tubes light en\gh to be weigh$ :5 *>g$4 ,ea* conta9s a decomposition cell ,t1 ) its plat9um electrodes1 & *>g$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 :ile t is calcium *loride or o!r dry+ ag5t to collect any wat] c>ri$ (f z vapor or z spray by ! escap+ gases2 c are corks plac$ 9 position :5 ! weigh+ is be+ execut$1 s z to prev5t ! calcium *loride f absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,9 use ! tubes are weigh$4 ,!y are !n connect$ to ! circuit1 aft] removal ( ! corks1 & ! decomposition proce$s4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t !y are remov$1 ! corks put 9 place1 & !y are weigh$ aga94 ,! loss gives ! wat] decompos$4 ,! wat] correspond+ to "o c\lomb is 4#jicbf milligram 4#jjadcj gra91 ,ayrton1 4#jib ,hospitali]1 4#jice ,daniell4 #efg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,voltametric ,law4 ,! law on :i* voltamet]s are bas$4 ,! am\nt ( *emical decomposition produc$ by an electric curr5t 9 a giv5 electrolyte is proportional to ! quantity ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh ! solution4 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,,volta',s ,,fundam5tal ,,exp]im5t4 ,volta's ,fundam5tal ,exp]im5t4 ,! moi/5$ f+] is plac$ on ! upp] plate ( a cond5s+ or electrophor\s electroscope4 ,! o!r h& holds a plate ( z9c z1 sold]$ to a plate ( copp] c4 ,! l[] plate is t\*$ ) ! copp]4 ,on remov+ ! cov] ! gold leaves l div]ge & ) negative electricity4 ,h5ce z9c is suppos$ to be positively electrifi$ :5 9 contact ) copp]4 ,! exp]im5t is us$ to demon/rate ! contact !ory ( electricity4 #efh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,volta's ,law ( ,galvanic ,action4 ,! electro-motive =ce betwe5 any two metals 9 an electro-*emical s]ies 7see ,electro-,*emical ,s]ies7 is equal to ! sum ( ! electro-motive =ces betwe5 all ! int]v5+ metals4 ,volta's ,law ( ,!rmo-electricity4 ,9 a comp\nd circuit1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( diff]5t metals1 all po9ts ( :i* are at ! same temp]ature1 !re is no curr5t4 ,volt1 ,b4 ,a4 ,! volt bas$ on ! ,b4 ,a4 ohm4 ,x is equal to 4#ihhi legal volt4 ,volt1 ,congress4 ,! volt bas$ ^u ! congress or legal ohm2 ! legal volt4 ,volt-c\lomb4 ,! unit ( electric "w2 ! watt-second2 x is equival5t to #a4j;,e#g ergs4 4#bdjfh gram degree ,c4 7calorie7 4#gcgccg foot lbs41 4#jjacd horse p[] seconds4 ,volt ,indicator4 ,a =m ( easily read voltamet] = use 9 electric light /ations & = simil> "w4 ,volt1 ,legal4 ,! legal volt bas$ ^u ! legal ohm4 ,x is equal to #a4jjaab ,b4 ,a4 volt4 ,voltmet]4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! pot5tial diff]5ce ( any two po9ts4 ,9 _m cases x is a calibrat$ galvanomet] w\nd ) a coil ( high resi/ance4 ,! object to be atta9$ is t x %all receive only an insignificant portion ( curr5t & t su* portion %all suffice to actuate x4 ,if connect$ 9 p>allel ) any portion ( a circuit1 x %\ld n noticeably dim9i% its resi/ance4 ,! divisions into :i* ammet]s range !mselves answ] = voltmet]s4 ,9 practice ! same con/ruction is adopt$ = bo?4 ,! diff]5t def9itions ( ammet]s 9 disclos+ ! g5]al l9es ( ^! in/rum5ts are 9 g5]al applicable to voltmet]s1 except t ! wire w9d+ ( ! coils mu/ be ( ?9 wire ( great l5g?4 ,! def9itions ( ammet]s may be consult$ ) ! above und]/&+ = voltmet]s4 ,9 ! use made ( voltmet]s !re is a di/9ction f ammet]s4 ,an ammet] is a curr5t measur] & all ! curr5t measur$ mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,b :ile a voltmet] is 9 fact a curr5t measur]1 x is s graduat$ & s us$ t x gives 9 its read+s ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial exi/+ betwe5 two places on a circuit1 & :ile measur+ ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh its own coils1 x is by calibration made to give n ! curr5t int5sity1 b ! electro-motive =ce produc+ su* curr5t4 ,9 use x may be connect$ to two t]m9als ( an op5 circuit1 :5 z x only p]mits an inconsid]able curr5t to pass1 x indicates ! pot5tial diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 su* po9ts on op5 circuit4 ,or x may be connect$ to any two p>ts ( a clos$ circuit4 ,ow+ to its high resi/ance1 al?\gh x is 9 p>allel ) ! int]v5+ portion ( ! circuit1 z x is (t5 connect$ 9 practice1 x is )\t any appreciable effect ^u ! curr5t4 ,x w !n indicate ! pot5tial diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! two po9ts4 #efi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,voltmet]1 ,batt]y4 ,a voltmet] = use 9 runn+ batt]ies4 ,9 "o =m 7,wirt's7 x is con/ruct$ = a l[ range ( voltage1 read+ up to two & a half volts & hav+ exactly "o ohm resi/ance1 ?us giv+ ! batt]y "s "w to d4 ,voltmet]1 ,c>dew4 ,a voltmet] 9 :i* ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh its conductor heats su* conductor1 caus+ x to exp&4 ,its expansion is caus$ to move an index ne$le4 ,by calibration ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le are made to correspond to ! pot5tial diff]5ces produc+ ! actuat+ curr5ts ?r\gh x4 ,! magnetic action ( ! curr5t plays no "p 9 its op]ation4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,capt4 ,c>dew1 ,r4 ,e4 ,! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t 9 "o ( its mo/ rec5t =ms is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,on ea* side ( ! drum-l case ( ! in/rum5t are ! b9d+ screws4 ,^! connect ) ! blocks m & n4 ,to ^! ! f9e wire conductor is connect$ & is c>ri$ d[n & up ov] ! two pulleys se5 at ! l[e/ extremity1 its c5tre be+ atta*$ to c4 ,f c a wire is c>ri$ to ! drum p1 %[n on an enl>g$ scale on ! left ( ! cut4 ,a second wire f ! same drum or pulley connects to ! spr+ ,s4 ,! w9d+ ( ! two wires is %[n 9 ! sep>ate figure ( c1 :]e x is se5 t !y are screw$ fa/ to ! p]iph]y ( ! little drum1 & are virtually cont9uations ( ea* o!r4 ,by ! screw ,a ! t5sion ( ! spr+ ,s is adju/$4 ,on ! %aft ( ! little drum p is a p9ion1 :i* works into ! tee? ( ! cog-:eel r4 ,! %aft ( r is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! dial ( ! in/rum5t1 & c>ries an index4 ,! dial is m>k$ (f = volts2 g g & h h are /&>ds = c>ry+ ! pulleys4 #egj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! action ( ! in/rum5t is z foll[s4 ,! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! wire heats x4 ,?is curr5t by ,ohm's law is proportional to ! electro-motive =ce betwe5 ! t]m9als4 ,z x is heat$ x exp&s & z x cools contracts1 def9ite exp&+ & contract+ correspond+ to def9ite pot5tial diff]5ces4 ,z ! wire exp&s & contracts ! block or p9 c moves back & =?1 ?us turn+ ! drum p & cog:eel r "o way or p]mitt+ x to turn ! o!r way "u ! pull ( ! spr+ ,s4 ,fig4 #cde4 ,,c>dew ,,voltmet]4 ,9 ?is con/ruction = a giv5 expansion ( ! wire ! piece c only moves "o half z mu*4 ,! advantage ( us+ a wire twice z long z w\ld be requir$ = ! same degree ( movem5t 7 ! full expansion utiliz$ is t a v ?9 wire c be employ$4 ,su* a wire heats & cools m readily1 & h5ce ! in/rum5t rea*es its read+ m quickly or is m deadbeat1 if we borr[ a phraseology prop]ly applicable only to in/rum5ts ) oscillat+ indexes4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t in/rum5ts ab\t ?irte5 feet ( wire 4#jjbe in* 9 diamet]1 & made ( plat9um-silv] alloy is us$4 #ega ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,if ! pot5tial diff]5ce to be measur$ lies betwe5 #cj & #abj volts ! wire z describ$ suffices4 ,b to ext5d ! range ( ! in/rum5t a resi/ance 9 s]ies is requir$4 ,if su* resi/ance is d\ble t ( ! in/rum5t wire1 & rema9s d\ble :e!r ! latt] is hot or cold ! read+s on ! scale w correspond to exactly twice ! numb] ( volts4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t 9 "s in/rum5ts by ! introduction 9 s]ies ( a duplicate wire1 precisely simil> to ! o!r wire1 & l x1 c>ri$ ar\nd pulleys & kept /ret*$ by a spr+4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,if ! s]ies resi/ance is twice t ( ! voltmet]1 ! indicat$ voltage w be ,,"o ,,?ird ( ! total voltage4 ,?us :atev] ratio ( resi/ance exi/s betwe5 ! two wires cold1 x is always ! same at any temp]ature1 z !y bo? increase 9 temp]ature at exactly ! same rate4 ,tubes are provid$ to enclose ! /ret*$ wires & pulleys1 :i* tubes are black5$4 ,! voltmet] is unaffect$ by magnetic fields1 &1 z its self-induction is v slight1 x is mu* us$ = alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! tubes conta9+ ! wire may be ?ree feet long4 ,its disadvantages are ?us summ>iz$ by ,ayrton4 ,x absorbs a good deal ( en]gy2 x _c be con/ruct$ = small pot5tial diff]5ces1 z ! wire _c be made ?ick]1 z x w\ld make x m sluggi%2 !re is vagu5ess 9 ! read+s ne> ! z]o po9t & sometimes inaccuracy 9 ! upp] "p ( ! scale4 ,volts1 ,lo/4 ,! volts at ! t]m9als ( a dynamo at full load fall %ort ( _! value on op5 circuit4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two values are t]m$ lo/ volts4 ,voltmet]1 ,electro/atic4 ,a voltmet] bas$ on ! l9es ( ! quadrant electromet]4 ,x includes two sets ( quadrants1 ea* oppositely excit$ by "o ( ! two p>ts1 ^: pot5tial diff]5ce is to be det]m9$4 ,!y attract ea* o!r aga9/ a controll+ =ce z ( gravity4 ,"o =m has ! two sets pois$ on horizontal axes1 br++ ! p>ts s t ! flat quadrants move 9 v]tical planes4 ,9 ano!r =m a numb] ( quadrants are us$ 9 ea* set1 ! memb]s ( ! two sets alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r4 ,"o set is fix$1 ! o!rs move & c>ry ! index4 ,vulcanite4 ,vulcaniz$ india rubb] :i* by high proportion ( sulphur & prop] vulcanization has be5 made h>d4 ,x is sometimes di/+ui%$ f ebonite z be+ comp>atively light 9 color1 (t5 a dull r$1 :ile ebonite is black4 ,= its electrical prop]ties see ,ebonite4 ,bo? sub/ances h _! defects1 9 produc+ surface leakage4 ,wa%+ ) weak ammonia1 or ) dilute soda solution1 foll[$ by di/ill$ wat]1 is recomm5d$ = ! surface1 if !re is any tr\ble ) surface leakage4 ,x may also be rubb$ ov] ) melt$ p>aff9e wax4 #egb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,w4 7a7 ,a symbol or abbreviation = watt4 7b7 ,a symbol or abbreviation = "w4 7c7 ,a symbol or abbreviation = weight4 ,wall ,bracket4 ,a telegraph bracket to be atta*$ to ! ext]nal walls ( build+s to :i* wires are atta*$ z !y come f ! poles to rea* conv]t]s1 or = direct introduction into a build+4 ,wall ,sockets4 ,sockets = inc&esc5t lamps con/ruct$ to be atta*$ to a wall4 ,w>d4 ,direction 9 a /raight l9e2 a t]m propos$ by ,pr(4 ,james ,?ompson4 ,! words backw>d & =w>d indicate its scope4 ,wat]4 ,a comp\nd ^: molecule consi/s ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o atom ( oxyg52 =mula1 ,h#b ,o4 ,its specific gravity is #a1 x be+ ! base ( ! sy/em ( specific gravities ( solids & liquids4 ,if pure1 x is almo/ a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,if any impurity is pres5t x /ill pres5ts an exce$+ly high1 almo/ immeasurable true resi/ance1 b becomes by ! pres5ce ( any impurity an electrolyte4 ,wat] ,equival5t4 ,9 a calorimet] ( any k9d ! weight ( wat] :i* w\ld be rais$ z mu* z is ! calorimet] ) its cont5ts by ! addition ( any giv5 am\nt ( heat receiv$ by ! calorimet]4 ,wat]pro( ,lamp ,globe4 ,an out] globe = inc&esc5t lamps1 to protect !m f wat]4 ,watt4 7a7 ,! practical unit ( electric activity1 rate ( "w1 or rate ( en]gy4 ,x is ! rate ( en]gy or ( "w repres5t$ by a curr5t ( "o amp]e urg$ by "o volt electro-motive =ce2 ! volt-amp]e4 ,x is ! analogue 9 electricity ( ! horse p[] 9 me*anics2 approximately1 #gdf watts repres5t "o electric horse p[]4 ,ohm's law1 tak5 z ,c ,e_/,r1 gives z values = curr5t1 ,c & ,e_/,r1 & = electro- motive =ce ,c ,r4 ,9 ^! =mulas1 ,c repres5ts curr5t /r5g?1 ,r repres5ts resi/ance & ,e repres5ts electro-motive =ce4 ,!n a watt be+ ! product ( electro-motive =ce by curr5t /r5g?1 we get ! foll[+ values = rate ( electric en]gy1 ( :i* ! watt is ! practical unit3 7#a7 ,e#b_/,r -- 7#b7 ,c99,e -- 7#c7 ,c#b 99 ,r4 ,! equival5ts ( ! watt v>y a little accord+ to diff]5t au?orities4 ,ayrton gives ! foll[+ equival5ts3 #dd4be foot p\nds p] m9ute--4#gcge foot p\nds p] second--#a_/gdf horse p[]4 ,^! values are practically accurate4 ,hospitali] gives 4#gcgg foot p\nds p] second4 ,h]+ gives 4#gcgcbd foot p\nds p] second1 & #ajjj_/gdeida horse p[]4 #egc ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,x is equal to #a;,e#g ergs p] second4 ,synonym--,volt-amp]e4 7c7 ,x has be5 propos$ to use ! t]m z ! unit ( en]gy1 in/ead ( activity or rate ( en]gy 7,sir ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s1 ,briti% ,association1 #ahhb72 ?is use has n be5 adopt$ & may be reg>d$ z ab&on$4 ,transcrib]'s note2 ,watt is a unit ( ,,p[]--en]gy p] unit ( "t4 ,watt-h\r4 ,a unit ( electric en]gy or "w2 "o watt ex]t$ or exp5d$ = "o h\r4 ,x is equival5t to 3 #hff4ddh gram-degrees ,c4 7calories7 #bfed4d foot lbs4 #cfjj watt-seconds or volt-c\lombs4 #fj watt-m9utes4 ,watt-m9ute4 ,a unit ( electric en]gy or "w2 "o watt ex]t$ or exp5d$ = "o m9ute4 ,x is equival5t to #ad4ddjh gram-degrees ,c4 7calories71 #dd4bdj foot p\nds1 #fj watt seconds or volt-c\lombs1 #a_/fj watt h\r4 ,watts1 ,app>5t4 ,! product 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ( ! virtual amp]es by ! virtual volts4 ,to give ! true watts ?is product mu/ be multipli$ by ! cos9e ( ! angle ( lead or lag4 7,see ,curr5t1 ,wattless47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is is n[ call$ a volt-amp4 ,! usual usage is ,,kva1 or kilovolt-amp]e4 ,watt-second4 ,a unit ( electric en]gy or "w4 ,"o watt ex]t$ or exp5d$ = "o second4 ,x is equival5t to 4#bdjfh gram degree ,c4 7calorie71 4#jjjiee lb4 degree ,f41 4#gcgccg foot lbs41 4#jjacdjf horse p[] second 7,engli%71 4#jjaceib horse p[] second 7metric74 ,synonym--,volt-c\lomb4 ,waves1 ,electro-magnetic4 ,e!r waves caus$ by electromagnetic di/urbances affect+ ! lum9if]\s e!r4 7,see ,dis*>ge1 ,oscillatory--,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light--,resonance4 ,electric47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ,mi*aelson-,morley exp]im5t 7#ahhg7 _h already call$ e!r into "q1 b quantum !ory & photons are decades 9 ! future4 #egd ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,web]4 7a47 ,a "n sugge/$ by ,clausius & ,siem5s to d5ote a magnet pole ( unit /r5g?4 ,?is use is ab&on$4 7b47 ,x has be5 us$ to designate ! unit ( quantity--! c\lomb4 ,?is use is ab&on$4 7c47 ,x has be5 us$ to designate ! unit ( curr5t /r5g? ! amp]e4 ,?is use is ab&on$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,def9ition 7a7 is n[ us$4 ,"o web] ( magnetic flux l9k$ to a circuit ( "o turn produces an electromotive =ce ( #a volt if x is r$uc$ to z]o at a uni=m rate 9 #a second4 ,web]-met]4 ,an amp]e-met] or ammet]4 ,! t]m is n us$ s9ce ! t]m web]1 indicat+ ! amp]e or c\lomb1 has be5 ab&on$4 ,weld+1 ,electric4 ,weld+ metals by heat produc$ by electricity4 ,! heat may be produc$ by a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( junction 7,elihu ,?omson7 or by ! voltaic arc4 7,b5>dos ,olzewski47 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,,electric ,,weld+ ,,induction ,,coil4 ,! curr5t process is c>ri$ out by press+ toge!r ! objects to be unit$1 :ile hold+ !m 9 conduct+ clamps4 ,a heavy curr5t is turn$ on by way ( ! clamps & rapidly heats ! metals at ! junction1 :i* is ( c\rse ! po9t ( highe/ resi/ance4 ,z ! metal s(t5s1 x is press$ toge!r1 "o ( ! clamps be+ m\nt$ ) fe$ motion1 flux is dropp$ on if necess>y1 & ! metal pieces unite4 ,! mo/ rem>kable results are ?us atta9$2 almo/ all common metals c be weld$1 & diff]5t metals c be weld$ toge!r4 ,tubes & o!r %apes c also be unit$4 ,9 _m cases ! weld is ! /ronge/ "p4 #ege ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t is employ$4 ,a special dynamo is sometimes us$ to produce x4 ,?is dynamo has two w9d+s on ! armature4 ,"o is ( f9e wire & is 9 s]ies ) ! field magnets & excites !m4 ,! o!r is ( copp] b>s1 & connects ) ! weld+ app>atus1 giv+ a curr5t ( high int5sity b actuat$ by l[ pot5tial4 ,:]e ! special dynamo is n us$1 an induction coil or trans=m] is us$4 ,! prim>y includes a l>ge numb] ( convolutions ( relatively f9e wire2 ! second>y may only be "o turn ( a l>ge copp] b>4 ,! cut %[s 9 diagram an electric weld+ coil4 ,p is ! prim>y coil ( a numb] ( turns ( wire2 ,s ,s is ! second>y1 a s+le copp] b> b5t into an almo/ complete circle4 ,x t]m9ates 9 clamps ,d ,d = hold+ ! b>s to be weld$4 ,b ,c1 ,b' ,c are ! b>s to be weld$4 ,!y are press$ toge!r by ! screw ,j4 ,! l>ge coil ,i ( iron wire surr\nd+ ! coils repres5ts ! iron core4 ,! real app>atus z at pres5t con/ruct$ involves _m modifications4 ,! diagram only illu/rates ! pr9ciple ( ! app>atus4 ,9 weld+ by ! voltaic arc ! place to be heat$ is made an electrode ( an arc by connection ) "o t]m9al ( an electric circuit4 ,a c>bon is connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al4 ,an arc is />t$ by t\*+ & )drawal ( ! c>bon4 ,! heat may be us$ = weld+1 sold]+1 braz+1 or ev5 = p]=at+ or divid+ metal %eets4 ,weld+ ,trans=m]4 ,! induction coil or trans=m] us$ 9 electric weld+4 ,= its g5]al pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 see ,weld+1 ,electric4 ,:eat/one's ,bridge4 ,a sy/em ( connections appli$ to p>allel circuits1 includ+ resi/ance coils = ! purpose ( measur+ an unkn[n resi/ance4 ,a s+le curr5t is made to pass f ,a ?r\gh two p>allel connect$ bran*es1 jo9+ toge!r aga9 at ,c4 ,a cross connection ,b ,d has a galvanomet] or o!r curr5t indicator 9 circuit4 ,9 any conductor ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is pass+1 ! fall ( pot5tial at giv5 po9ts is proportional to ! resi/ance betwe5 su* po9ts4 ,ref]r+ to ! diagram a giv5 fall ( pot5tial exi/s betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,! fall betwe5 ,a & ,b is to ! fall betwe5 ,a & ,c z ! resi/ance r betwe5 ,a & ,b is to ! resi/ance r r' betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,! same applies to ! o!r bran*1 ) ! sub/itution ( ! resi/ances s & ,s' & ! po9t ,d = r r' & ,b4 ,!re=e1 if ?is proportion holds1 r 3 r' 3 3 s 3 ,s'4 ,no curr5t w g ?r\gh ,b ,d 1 & ! galvanomet] w be unaffect$4 ,assume s' to be ( unkn[n resi/ance1 ! above proportion w give x1 if r1 r' & s are kn[n1 or if ! ratio ( r to r' & ! absolute value ( s is kn[n4 #egf ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,9 use ! resi/ances r1 r'1 & s are made to v>y z desir$4 ,to measure an unkn[n resi/ance x is introduc$ at ,s'1 & "o ( ! o!r resi/ances is v>i$ until ! galvanomet] is unaffect$4 ,!n ! resi/ance ( ,s' is det]m9$ by calculation z j expla9$4 ,! artificial resi/ances may be resi/ance coils1 q4 v41 or x is en\gh to h "o unkn[n resi/ance at s4 ,!n if ! l5g? ( wire ,,abc is accurately kn[n1 ! po9t ,b c be %ift$ along x until ! balance is atta9$4 ,! relative l5g?s ,a ,b1 & ,b ,c1 w !n give ! ratio r 3 r' ne$$ = ! calculation4 ,?is assumes ! wire ,,abc to be ( absolutely uni=m resi/ance4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! met]-bridge describ$ bel[4 ,! use ( coils is ! m common me?od & is c>ri$ out by special resi/ance boxes1 ) ! connections arrang$ to c>ry out ! exact pr9ciple z expla9$4 ,! pr9ciple ( con/ruction & use ( a resi/ance box ( ! ,:eat/one bridge type1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 is describ$ "u ,box ,bridge1 q4 v4 ,,fig4 #cdg4 ,,:eat/one ,,bridge ,,connections4 ,,fig4 #cdh4 ,,top ,,( ,,box ,,bridge4 #egg ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,! next cut %[s ! slid+ =m ( bridge call$ ! met] bridge1 if ! slide wire is a met] long or a half- or a qu>t]-met] bridge1 etc41 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ?is wire4 ,x is describ$ "u ,met] ,bridge1 q4 v4 ,_m ref9em5ts 9 con/ruction & 9 prop] proportion ( resi/ances = giv5 "w apply to ^! con/ructions4 ,synonyms--,electric ,balance--,resi/ance ,bridge--,:eat/one's ,balance4 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,,met] ,,bridge4 ,:irl1 ,electric4 7a7 ,a conductor c>ry+ an electric curr5t is surr\nd$ by circul> l9es ( =ce1 :i* are sometimes t]m$ an electric :irl4 7b7 ,! ,electric ,fly]4 7,see ,fly]1 ,electric47 ,wim%ur/ ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,an influ5ce ma*9e = produc+ high pot5tial or /atic electricity4 ,two circul> discs ( ?9 glass are m\nt$ on p]=at$ hubs or bosses ( wood or ebonite4 ,ea* hub has a groove turn$ ^u x to receive a cord4 ,ea* disc is %ellack$4 ,!y are m\nt$ on a horizontal /eel sp9dle s z to face & to be )9 "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ea* o!r4 ,on ! outside ( ea* disc sixte5 or eighte5 sectors ( t9foil or ?9 metal are cem5t$4 #egh ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,two curv$ brass rods t]m9at+ 9 wire bru%es curv$ into a semi-ellipse j graze ! out] surfaces ( ! plates ) _! bru%es4 ,!y lie 9 imag9>y planes1 pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! sp9dle & at "r angles f ea* o!r4 ,f\r collect+ combs are arrang$ horizontally on insulat+ supports to collect electricity f ! horizontal diamet]s ( ! discs4 ,^! lie at an angle ( ab\t #de ) ! o!r equaliz+ rods4 ,dis*>g+ rods connect ) ! collect+ combs4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e is t "o set ( sector plates act z inductors = ! o!r set4 ,its action is n p]fectly und]/ood4 ,x works well 9 damp wea!r1 f> surpass+ o!r influ5ce ma*9es 9 ?is respect4 ,on turn+ ! h&le a con/ant succession or /ream ( sp>ks is produc$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! dis*>g+ rods4 ,w9dage4 ,9 a dynamo ! real air gap betwe5 ! armature w9d+s & pole pieces is sometimes ?us t]m$4 ,w9d1 ,electric4 ,! ru% ( air p>ticles f a po9t connect$ to a /atically *>g$ cond5s]4 ,w9d+1 ,comp\nd4 ,a me?od ( w9d+ a g5]ator or motor 9 :i* a %unt w9d+ is us$ = ! field magnets & 9 :i* also a second w9d+ ( ! magnet is plac$ 9 s]ies ) ! out] circuit4 7,see ,w9d+1 ,s]ies--,w9d+1 ,%unt47 ,fig4 #cej4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,curves ,,( ,,%unt ,,& ,,s]ies ,,w9d+4 ,! object ( comp\nd w9d+ is to make a self-regulat+ dynamo & ?is object is p>tly atta9$ = a con/ant spe$4 ,! *>act]i/ic curves ( %unt & s]ies w9d+ are ( opposite natures4 ,! fir/ increases 9 electro-motive =ce = resi/ance 9 ! out] circuit1 ! latt] decreases "u ! same conditions4 ,if ! w9d+s are s proportion$ t ^! conditions = ea* "o ( ! two w9d+s are equal & opposite1 x is evid5t t ! *>act]i/ic may be a /raight l9e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x w only be at a s+le spe$ ( rotation4 #egi ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,w9d+1 ,disc4 ,a w9d+ :i* 7,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson7 may be treat$ z a drum w9d+ ext5d$ radially1 ! p]iph]y correspond+ to ! back end ( ! drum4 ,! magnet poles are g5]ally plac$ s z to face ! side or sides ( ! disc4 ,w9d+1 ,lap4 ,a me?od ( w9d+ disc & drum armatures4 ,x consi/s 9 lapp+ back ea* lead ( wire t[>ds ! prec$+ lead ^u ! commutator end ( ! armature4 ,?us tak+ ! lett] ,u z ! diagrammatical repres5tation ( a turn ( wire 9 connect+ its ends to ! commutator b>s !y are br\ght t[>ds ea* o!r s z to connect ) contigu\s commutator b>s4 ,?is c>ries out ! pr9ciple ( keep+ ! two memb]s ( ! ,u mov+ 9 regions ( opposite pol>ity ( field1 s t ! curr5ts induc$ 9 !m %all h opposite directions1 ?us produc+ a total curr5t 9 "o s5se ?r\gh ! b5t wire4 ,w9d+1 ,long ,%unt4 ,a sy/em ( comp\nd w9d+ = dynamos & motors4 ,! field is w\nd 9 s]ies &1 9 addition !reto1 !re is a %unt w9d+ connect$ across f t]m9al to t]m9al ( ! ma*9e1 & :i* may be reg>d$ ei!r z a %unt to ! out] circuit1 or z a %unt to ! s]ies-field & armature w9d+4 7,see ,w9d+1 ,%ort ,%unt47 ,synonyms--,s]ies & ,long ,%unt ,w9d+4 ,w9d+1 ,multiple4 ,a w9d+ ( an electro-magnet1 9 :i* sep>ate coils are w\nd on ! core1 s t "o or any numb] may be us$ z desir$ 9 p>allel or 9 s]ies4 ,= ea* coil a sep>ate b9d+ po/ %\ld be provid$4 ,w9d+1 ,multipol>4 ,w9d+ adapt$ = armatures ( multi-pol> dynamos or motors4 ,w9d+1 ,s]ies4 ,a me?od ( w9d+ a g5]ator or motor1 9 :i* "o ( ! commutator-bru% connections is connect$ to ! field-magnet w9d+2 ! o!r end ( ! magnet w9d+ connects ) ! out] circuit4 ,! o!r armature-bru% connects ) ! o!r t]m9al ( ! out] circuit4 ,w9d+1 ,s]ies & ,sep>ate ,coil4 ,a me?od ( automatic regulation appli$ to alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos4 ,w9d+1 ,%ort ,%unt4 ,a me?od ( comp\nd w9d+ = dynamos & motors4 ,! field is w\nd 9 s]ies1 & 9 addition !reto !re is a %unt w9d+ connect$ f bru% to bru% only1 ?us p>allel+ ! armature4 7,see ,w9d+1 ,long ,%unt47 ,synonyms--,s]ies & ,%ort ,%unt ,w9d+4 #ehj ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,w9d+1 ,%unt4 ,a me?od ( w9d+ a g5]ator or motor4 ,ea* commutator-bru% has two connections4 ,"o set are ! t]m9als ( ! out] circuit1 ! o!r set are ! t]m9als ( ! field-magnet w9d+s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! field-magnet w9d+s are 9 %unt or 9 p>allel ) ! out] circuit4 ,w9d+1 ,%uttle4 ,a me?od ( dynamo or motor-armature w9d+4 ,a s+le groove passes longitud9ally ar\nd ! core & 9 ?is ! wire is cont9u\sly w\nd4 ,! sy/em is n n[ us$4 ,! old ,siem5s' ,h armature illu/rates ! pr9ciple4 ,w9d+1 ,wave4 ,a me?od ( w9d+ disc & drum armatures4 ,x consi/s 9 advanc+ ! commutator ends ( ! ,u %ap$ turns progressively1 s t z _m commutator b>s int]v5e betwe5 any two consecutive commutator connections ( ! wire z !re are leads ( wire on ! drum betwe5 consecutive leads ( ! wire4 ,?is is c>ri$ out ) due reg>d to ! pr9ciple t tak+ ! lett] ,u z ! diagrammatical repres5tation ( a turn ( wire1 its two memb]s mu/ move ?r\gh regions ( ! field ( opposite pol>ity4 ,wire ,f9d]4 ,a galvanomet] or o!r in/rum5t us$ = id5tify+ ! ends ( a giv5 wire 9 a cable conta9+ sev]al4 ,"w4 ,:5 a =ce acts ^u a body & ! body moves 9 ! direction ( ! =ce1 ! =ce does "w4 ,h5ce1 "w is ! action ( a =ce ?r\gh space aga9/ resi/ance4 ,x is g5]ally express$ 9 comp\nd units ( l5g? & weight1 z foot-p\nds1 mean+ a p\nd rais$ "o foot4 ,"w1 ,electric1 ,unit (4 ,! volt-c\lomb1 q4 v41 or watt-second1 z x is (t5 t]m$4 ,work+1 ,diode4 ,9 multiplex telegraphy ! transmission ( two messages1 simultane\sly1 ov] "o wire4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,multiple47 ,work+1 ,contraplex4 ,a v>iety ( duplex telegraphy 9 :i* ! messages are s5t f opposite ends ( ! l9e1 simultane\sly1 s z to be transmitt$ 9 opposite directions4 7,see ,work+1 ,diplex47 ,work+1 ,diplex4 ,9 duplex telegraphy ! s5d+ ( two indep5d5t messages f ! same end ( ! l9e 9 ! same direction4 #eha ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,work+1 ,d\ble ,curb4 ,a me?od ( work+ telegraph l9es4 ,:5 a signal is s5t ! l9e is *>g$4 ,?is has to be got rid (1 & is an elem5t ( ret>dation4 ,9 d\ble curb work+ x is dispos$ ( by s5d+ a mom5t>y curr5t fir/ 9 ! rev]se1 & !n 9 ! same1 & f9ally 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,?is is f\nd to r$uce ! *>ge to a v l[ po9t4 ,work+1 ,hexode4 ,9 multiplex telegraphy ! transmission ( six messages simultane\sly ov] "o wire4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,multiplex47 ,work+1 ,p5tode4 ,9 multiplex telegraphy ! transmission ( five messages simultane\sly ov] "o wire4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,multiplex47 ,work+1 ,rev]se ,curr5t4 ,a me?od ( telegraphy1 9 :i* ! curr5ts are rev]s$ or alt]nat$ 9 direction4 ,work+1 ,s+le ,curb4 ,a simpl] =m ( telegraph signal+ ?an d\ble curb work+4 ,x consi/s 9 s5d+ a rev]se curr5t ?r\gh ! l9e = ea* signal by rev]s+ ! batt]y connection4 ,work+1 ,tetrode4 ,9 multiplex telegraphy ! transmission ( f\r messages simultane\sly ov] ! same l9e4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,multiplex47 ,work+1 ,triode4 ,9 multiplex telegraphy ! transmission ( ?ree messages simultane\sly ov] ! same wire4 7,see ,telegraphy1 ,multiplex47 ,"w1 ,unit (4 ,! erg1 q4 v4 ,x is ! same z ! unit ( en]gy1 ( :i* "w is ! corelative1 be+ equal & opposite to ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 do+ x4 ,!re are _m o!r eng9e]+ units ( "w1 z ! foot-p\nd & foot-ton4 ,yoke4 ,9 an electro-magnet1 ! piece ( iron :i* connects ! ends fur!/ f ! poles ( ! two portions ( ! core on :i* ! wire is w\nd4 ,zamboni's ,dry ,pile4 ,a voltaic pile or batt]y4 ,x is made ( discs ( pap]1 silv]$ or t9n$ on "o side & spr9kl$ on ! o!r ) b9oxide ( manganese4 ,sometimes z _m z #b1jjj ( su* c\ples are pil$ up 9 a glass tube & press$ toge!r ) two rods :i* =m ! t]m9als4 ,!y ma9ta9 a high pot5tial diff]5ce1 b hav+ v high resi/ance & slight pol>ization capacity1 give exce$+ly small quantities4 ,z]o4 7a7 ,! orig9 ( any scale ( measurem5t4 7b7 ,an inf9itely small quantity or measurem5t4 #ehb ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,z]o1 ,absolute4 ,f sev]al consid]ations x is believ$ t at a c]ta9 temp]ature ! molecules ( all bodies w\ld t\* ea* o!r1 _! k9etic motion w\ld cease1 & !re w\ld be no heat4 ,?is temp]ature is ! absolute z]o4 ,x is put at -#bgc ,c4 7-#dei ,f47 ,transcrib]'s note2 ,! mod]n value is #j ,kelv91 -#bgc4ae ,c1 or -#dei4fg ,f4 ,! l[e/ report$ temp]ature obs]v$ is #a;,e-#aj ,k4 ,z]o1 ,pot5tial4 ,conv5tionally1 ! pot5tial ( ! e>?4 ,true z]o pot5tial c\ld only exi/ 9 ! surface ( a body inf9itely di/ant f o!r electrifi$ bodies4 ,z]o1 ,!rmometric4 ,!re are ?ree !rmometric z]os4 ,9 ! ,raumur & c5tigrade scales1 x is at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice2 9 ! ,fahr5heit scale1 x is #cb ,f4 bel[ t temp]ature1 or corresponds to -#ag4gh ,c4 ,! ?ird is ! absolute z]o4 7,see ,z]o1 ,absolute47 ,z9c4 ,a metal2 "o ( ! elem5ts2 atomic weight1 #fe4a2 specific gravity1 #f4h to #g4b4 microhms4 ,resi/ance at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 p] c5timet] cube1 #e4fbf ,resi/ance at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f471 p] in* cube1 #b4bae ,relative resi/ance 7silv] #a71 #c4gda ohms4 ,resi/ance ( a wire1 #a foot long1 weigh+ #a gra91 4#egff 7a7 #a foot long1 #a millimet] diamet]1 #cc4he 7b7 #a met] long1 weigh+ #a gram1 4#djbc 7c7 #a met] long1 #a millimet] diamet]1 4#jgafc ,z9c is pr9cipally us$ 9 electrical "w z ! positive plate 9 voltaic batt]ies4 ,z9code4 ,! t]m9al connect+ ) ! z9c plate1 or its equival5t 9 an electric circuit2 ! negative electrode2 ! ka?ode4 ,a t]m n[ little us$4 ,z9c ,s5d]4 ,an app>atus us$ 9 telegraphy = s5d+ a mom5t>y rev]se curr5t into ! l9e aft] ea* signal1 ?us c\nt]act+ ret>dation4 ,zone1 ,p]ipol>4 ,9 m$ical electricity1 ! region surr\nd+ ! pol> zone1 q4 v4 ,zone1 ,pol>4 ,9 m$ical electricity1 ! region surr\nd+ ! electrode appli$ to ! human body4 #ehc-fbd ,,index4 ,page ,a #g ,absolute #g ,absolute ,calibration #ig ,absolute ,electric ,pot5tial #dbi ,absolute ,electromet] #bbb ,absolute ,galvanomet] #bff ,absolute ,measurem5t #h ,absolute ,pot5tial #dbh ,absolute ,temp]ature #h ,absolute ,unit #eed ,absolute ,unit ,resi/ance1 ,web]'s #dfh ,absolute ,vacuum #eeg ,absolute ,z]o #eha ,abscissa #g ,abscissas1 ,axis ( #ed ,absorption1 ,electric #h ,a4 ,c4 ,c4 #h ,accel]ation #h ,accumulator #h ,accumulator1 ,electro/atic #h ,accumulator1 ,wat] ,dropp+ #i ,acetic ,acid ,batt]y #eh ,a*eson ,effect #bjh ,acid1 ,c>bonic #ajh ,acid1 ,*romic1 ,batt]y #fa ,acid1 ,hydro*loric1 ,batt]y #ff ,acid1 ,sp5t #dia ,acid1 ,sulphuric #dig ,acidomet] #aj ,aci]age #did ,acl9ic ,l9e #aj ,ac\/ic ,telegraphy #aj ,ac\temet] #aj1 #ec ,action1 ,electrophoric #bcj ,action1 ,local #cca ,action1 ,magne-cry/allic #cce ,action1 ,refre%+ #ded ,action1 ,second>y #dgg ,act9ic ,photomet] #daa ,act9ic ,rays4 #aa ,act9ism #aa ,act9omet]1 ,electric #aa ,active ,electric ,circuit1 #abc ,activity #aa ,actual ,horse ,p[] #bij ,adapt] #aa ,a4 ,d4 ,c41 #aa ,adh]5ce1 ,electro-magnetic #aa ,adh]5ce1 ,magnetic #cch ,adju/]1 ,cord #aeb ,adju/m5t ( ,bru%es #ij ,admiralty ,rules ( ,heat+ #ab ,a,eolotropic #cd ,a]ial ,cable #ie ,a]ial ,conductor #ab ,aff9ity #ab ,aff9ity1 ,molecul> #chj ,aft] ,curr5t14 #aei ,agglom]ate ,leclan* ,batt]y #ff ,agir ,motor #ac ,agone #ac ,agonic ,l9e1 #ac ,air #ac ,air ,bla/ #ac ,air ,cond5s] #ad ,air ,field #beb ,air ,gaps #ae ,air ,l9e ,wire #ae ,air ,pump1 ,heat$ #ae ,air ,pump1 ,m]curial #af ,air ,pumps1 ,%ort ,fall #af ,al>m1 ,burgl> #af ,al>m1 ,electric #ag ,al>m1 ,fire1 ,electric ,automatic #beg ,al>m1 ,fire & ,heat #ag ,al>m1 ,ov]fl[ #ah ,al>m1 ,wat] ,level #ah ,alcohol1 ,electric ,rectification ( #ah ,alignm5t1 #ah ,allotropy #ah ,alloy #ah ,alloy1 ,plat9um #dai ,alloy1 ,plat9um-,silv] #dai ,alloys1 ,paill>d #djj ,alphabet1 ,telegraphic #ai ,alt]nat+ #bc ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t #aei ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,arc #bc ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,dynamo #aic ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,g5]ator or ,dynamo #bd ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,met] #cgc ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/em #bc ,alt]nat+ ,field #beb ,alt]native ,curr5t #efc ,alt]native ,pa? #bd ,alt]natives1 ,voltaic #efc ,alt]nator #bd ,alt]nator1 ,con/ant ,curr5t #bd ,alt]nator1 ,dead ,po9t ( an #agg ,alt]nation #bc ,alt]nation1 ,complete #bc ,alt]nation1 ,cycle ( #age ,alum ,batt]y #eh ,alum9um #bd ,alum9um ,batt]y #eh ,amalgam #bd ,amalgamation #be ,amb] #be ,am]ican ,twi/ ,jo9t #cji ,ammet] #bf ,ammet]1 ,ayrton #bf ,ammet]1 ,commutator #bf ,ammet]1 ,cunynghame's #bf ,ammet]1 ,ecc5tric ,iron ,disc #bg ,ammet]1 ,electro-magnetic #bg ,ammet]1 ,gravity #bg ,ammet]1 ,magnetic ,vane #bg ,ammet]1 ,magnify+ ,spr+ #bh ,ammet]1 ,p]man5t ,magnet #bh ,ammet]1 ,r$ucteur = #dec ,ammet]1 ,sol5oid #bh ,ammet]1 ,spr+ #bh ,ammet]1 ,/eel ,y>d #bh ,ammunition ,hoi/1 ,electric #bi ,amp]age #bi ,amp]e #bi ,amp]e- & ,volt-met] ,galvanomet] #bgd ,amp]e ,arc #cj ,amp]e ,balance #ef ,amp]e ,curr5ts #cj ,amp]e ,feet #cj ,amp]e-h\r #cj ,amp]es1 ,lo/ #cj ,ampre's ,memoria ,te*nica #cj ,amp]e ,met]s #bf1 #cj ,amp]e ,met]1 ,balance #cia ,amp]e ,met]1 ,neutral ,wire #cia ,amp]e-m9ute #cj ,amp]e ,r+ #cj ,amp]e-second #cj ,amp]e's ,!ory ( ,magnetism #ced ,amp]e-turns #ca ,amp]e-turns1 ,prim>y #ca ,amp]e-turns1 ,second>y #ca1 #eea ,amp]e ,w9d+s #ca ,amprian ,curr5ts #afe ,amplitude ( ,waves #ca ,analog\s ,pole #ca1 #dbe ,analysis #ca ,analysis1 ,electric #cb ,analysis1 ,electrolytic #bad ,analyz]1 ,electric #cb ,anelectrics #cb ,anelectrotonus #cb ,angle ( ,decl9ation #cb1 #agg ,angle ( ! ,pol> ,span #cb ,angle ( ,incl9ation or ,dip #cc ,angle ( ,lag #cc-cah ,angle ( ,lead #cc ,angle ( ,maximum ,s5sitiv5ess #dgi ,angle ( ,pol> ,span #dbc ,angle1 ,pol> #dbc ,angle1 ,unit #eed ,angul> ,curr5ts #afe ,angul> ,curr5ts1 ,laws ( #afe ,angul> ,=ce #edd ,angul> ,velocity #cb1 #eei ,animal ,electricity #cc ,animal ,sy/em1 ,electric ,excitability ( #bdg ,anion #cc ,anisotropic #cd ,anneal+1 ,electric #cd ,annul> ,electro-magnet #baf ,annunciator #cd ,annunciator ,clock #ce ,annunciator ,clock1 ,electric #abg ,annunciator ,drop #ce ,annunciator1 ,gravity ,drop #ce ,annunciator1 ,ne$le #ce ,annunciator1 ,sw++ or ,p5dulum #ce ,anodal ,diffusion #ce ,anode #cf ,anodic ,closure ,contraction #cf ,anodic ,duration ,contraction #cf ,anodic ,op5+ ,contraction #cf ,anodic ,reactions #cf ,anomal\s ,magnet #cce ,anti-induction ,conductor #cf1 #ade ,anti-magnetic ,%ield #cg ,antilog\s ,pole1 #dbe ,antimony #cg ,anvil #cg ,a4 ,o4 ,c4 #ch ,ap]iodic #ch ,ap]iodic ,galvanomet] #bff ,app>5t ,coeffici5t ( ,magnetic ,induction #cdf ,app>5t ,resi/ance #big1 #dfb ,app>5t ,watts #egc ,arago's ,disc #hh ,arc #ci ,arc1 ,amp]e #cj ,arc1 ,comp\nd4 #ci ,arc1 ,electric ,bl[-pipe #hd ,arc1 ,metallic #ci ,arc1 ,micromet] #ci1 #cgf ,arc1 ,multiple #chg ,arc1 ,simple #ci ,arc1 ,voltaic #ci ,arc ,box1 ,multiple #chg ,arc ,lamp #cai ,arc ,lamp1 ,diff]5tial #cbj ,arc ,lamp1 ,d\ble ,c>bon #aia ,areomet] #da ,areomet]1 ,bead #da ,argyrometry #da ,arm #da ,armature #da ,armature1 ,b> #db ,armature1 ,bipol> #db ,armature ,bore #db ,armature ,*amb] #db ,armature1 ,clos$ ,coil #dc ,armature ,coil1 or ,coils #dc ,armature ,conductors1 ,lam9ation ( #cai ,armature ,core #dc ,armature1 ,cyl9d] #dc ,armature1 ,cyl9drical #de ,armature1 ,disc #dc ,armature1 ,drum #de ,armature ,factor #de ,armature1 ,flat ,r+ #de ,armature1 ,gird] #di ,armature1 ,h #di ,armature1 ,h+$ #de ,armature1 ,hole #de ,armature1 ,int5sity #de ,armature ,int]f]5ce #de ,armature1 ,load ( #df ,armature1 ,multipol> #df ,armature1 ,neutral #df ,armature1 ,neutral ,relay #df1 #cij ,armature1 ,non-pol>iz$ #df ,armature ( ,influ5ce ,ma*9e #df ,armature ( ,leyd5 ,j> or ,/atic ,cond5s] #df ,armature1 ,op5 ,coil #df ,armature1 ,p]=at$ #de ,armature1 ,pivot$ #dg ,armature ,pockets #dg ,armature1 ,pol>iz$ #dg ,armature1 ,pole #dg ,armature1 ,quantity #dg ,armature1 ,radial #dg ,armature ,reactions #da ,armature1 ,revolv+1 ,page's #dg ,armature1 ,r+ #dh ,armature1 ,roll+ #di ,armatures1 ,gyro/atic ,action ( #bhh ,armature1 ,%uttle #di ,armature1 ,siem5s' ,old #di ,armature1 ,sph]ical #di ,armature1 ,/r&$ ,conductor #di ,armature1 ,unipol> #ej1 #eec ,armature1 ,v5tilation ( #efj ,armor ( ,cable #ej ,arm1 ,rheo/at #dgb ,arms1 ,proportionate #dcf ,arms1 ,ratio #dcg ,arms1 ,rock] #ej-dgd ,arre/]1 ,lightn+ #cbh ,arre/]1 ,lightn+1 ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce #cbi ,arre/]1 ,lightn+1 ,plates #cbi ,arre/]1 ,lightn+1 ,vacuum4 #cbi ,arre/] ,plate #dag ,arre/]1 ,sp>k #dhi ,arrival ,curve #afh ,articulate ,spee* #ej ,artificial ,c>bon #ajf ,artificial ,magnet #cce ,asc5d+ ,lightn+ #ccj ,assymmetrical ,resi/ance #dfb ,a/atic #ej ,a/atic ,circuit #ab ,a/atic ,c\ple #aeg ,a/atic ,galvanomet] #bff ,a/atic ,ne$le #ej ,a/ronomical ,m]idian1 #cgb ,asymptote #ea ,atmosph]e #ea ,atmosph]e1 ,residual #ea1 #dfj ,atmosph]ic ,electricity #ea ,atom #eb ,atomic ,attraction #eb ,atomic ,curr5t #afj ,atomic ,en]gy #bch ,atomic ,heat #eb-bhe ,atomic ,weight #ec ,atomicity #eb ,attract$ ,disc ,electromet] #bbc ,attraction #ec ,attraction1 ,atomic #eb ,attraction1 ,magnetic #cch ,attraction1 ,mol> #chj ,attraction1 ,molecul> #chj ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro-dynamic #baa ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro-magnetic #bag ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro-/atic #bcd ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,electro-/atic1 ,c\lomb's ,law ( #aee ,audiomet] #ec ,aura1 ,electrical #ec ,aurora #ec ,au/ral ,pole #ed ,autographic ,telegraph #eaj ,automatic ,circuit ,break] #aba ,automatic ,cut ,out #age1 #dge ,automatic ,drop #aib ,automatic ,electric ,bell #gh ,automatic ,electric ,fire ,al>m #beg ,automatic ,swit* #ejj ,automatic ,telegraph #ejd ,a4 ,w4 ,g41 #ed ,axial ,c\ple #ead ,axial ,=ce #edd ,axial ,magnet #ccf ,axis1 ,electric #ed ,axis1 ,magnetic #cch ,axis ( ,abscissas #ed ,axis ( ,ord9ates #ed1 #cig ,axis ( ,x #ed ,axis ( ,y #ed1 #cig ,ayrton's ,ammet] #bf ,azimu? #ed ,azimu? ,circle #ed ,azimu? ,compass #ada ,azimu?1 ,magnetic #cch ,b #ee ,b4 ,a4 #ee ,back ,electro-motive ,=ce ( ,pol>ization #aef ,back ,induction #ee ,back ,%ock or ,/roke ( ,lightn+ #ee ,back ,/roke #ee ,bagration ,batt]y #ei ,balance #ee ,balance1 ,amp]e #ef ,balance ,amp]e ,met] #cia ,balance1 ,electric #egg ,balance1 ,inductance #bic ,balance1 ,plat+ #dag ,balance1 ,slide #cgd ,balance1 ,!rmic #he ,balance1 ,torsion1 ,c\lomb's #edd ,balance1 ,:eat/one's #egg ,balata #ef ,balli/ic ,galvanomet] #efg ,balloon ,batt]y #ei ,b4 & ,s4 ,w4 ,g4 #ef ,bank$ ,batt]y #ei ,bank ( ,lamps #cbc ,b4 ,a4 ,ohm #cid ,b>ad #ef ,b>1 ,armature #db ,b>1 ,bus #id ,b> ,electro-magnet #bag ,b> ,magnet #ccf ,b>omet] #ef ,b>1 ,omnibus #id ,b> ,photomet] #daa ,b>s1 ,commutator #ef1 #adj ,ba? #eg ,ba?1 ,bipol> ,electric #eg ,ba?1 ,copp] #aeb ,ba?1 ,copp] ,/ripp+ #aeb ,ba?1 ,electric ,head #bhd ,ba?1 ,electric ,%[] #eg ,ba?1 ,gold #bgi ,ba?1 ,gold ,/ripp+ #bgi ,ba?1 ,multipol> ,electric #eg ,ba?1 ,nickel #cia ,ba?1 ,plat+ #dah ,ba?s1 ,electro-m$ical #bbb ,ba?1 ,silv] #dhd ,ba?1 ,silv] ,/ripp+ #dhd ,ba?1 ,/ripp+ #eg ,ba?1 ,unipol> ,electric #eg ,batt5 #eg-eh ,batt]y1 ,acetic ,acid #eh ,batt]y1 ,alum #eh ,batt]y1 ,alum9um #eh ,batt]y1 ,bagration #ei ,batt]y1 ,balloon #ei ,batt]y1 ,bank$ #ei ,batt]y1 ,bi*romate #ei ,batt]y1 ,buns5 #ei ,batt]y1 ,cadmium #fj ,batt]y1 ,callan #fj ,batt]y1 ,cama*o's #fj ,batt]y1 ,c>r's #fj ,batt]y1 ,caut]y #fa ,batt]y ,cell1 ,elem5t ( a #bcg ,batt]y1 ,*loric ,acid #fa ,batt]y1 ,*loride ( ,lime #fa ,batt]y1 ,*romic ,acid #fa ,batt]y1 ,clos$ ,circuit #fa ,batt]y1 ,column #fa ,batt]y1 d',arsonval's #fb ,batt]y1 de la ,rue 4#fb ,batt]y1 de la ,rive's ,float+ #agi ,batt]y1 ,dry #fc ,batt]y1 ,elem5ts ( #fc ,batt]y1 ,f>adic #fc ,batt]y1 ,f]ric ,*loride #fc ,batt]y1 ,full]'s #fc ,batt]y1 ,gas #fc ,batt]y1 ,gas1 ,grove's #bha ,batt]y ,gauge #fd ,batt]y1 ,gravity #fd ,batt]y1 ,gr5et #fe ,batt]y1 ,grove's #fe ,batt]y1 ,hydro*loric ,acid #ff ,batt]y1 ,lal&e ,*ap]on #fi ,batt]y1 ,lal&e-,edison #fi ,batt]y1 ,lead ,*loride #ff ,batt]y1 ,lead ,sulphate #ff ,batt]y1 ,leclan* #ff ,batt]y1 ,leclan* ,agglom]ate #ff ,batt]y1 ,local #ff1 #hca ,batt]y1 ,magnetic #cch ,batt]y1 ,ma9 #ff ,batt]y1 ,m>i ,davy's #fg ,batt]y1 ,maynoo?'s #fg ,batt]y1 ,m$ical #fg ,batt]y1 ,meid+]'s #fh ,batt]y1 ,m]cury ,bi*romate #fc ,batt]y ,mud #fh ,batt]y1 ,multiple ,connect$ #fh ,batt]y1 ,niaudet's #fa ,batt]y1 ,nitric ,acid #fh ,batt]y ( ,dynamos #f,s ,batt]y ( ,leyd5 ,j>s1 #fh ,batt]y1 ,op5 ,circuit #fh ,batt]y or ,pile1 ,!rmo-electric #ecj ,batt]y1 ,oxide ( ,copp] #fh ,batt]y1 ,p]oxide ( ,lead #fi ,batt]y1 ,plat9iz$ ,c>bon #fi ,batt]y1 ,plunge #fi ,batt]y1 ,pneumatic #fi ,batt]y1 ,prim>y #fi1 #dcd ,batt]y1 ,pulv]ma*]'s ,electro-m$ical #fi ,batt]y1 ,sal ,ammoniac #fi ,batt]y1 ,salt1 or ,sea ,salt #fi ,batt]y1 ,s& #gj ,batt]y1 ,second>y #gj ,batt]y1 ,second>y1 ,plant's #gb ,batt]y1 ,second>y1 ,real ,effici5cy ( #bje ,batt]y1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's #gb ,batt]y1 ,siem5s & ,halske's #gb ,batt]y1 ,skrivan[ #gb ,batt]y1 ,smee's #gc ,batt]y ,solutions1 ,*romic ,acid #gc #aai1 #agh1 #aib1 #bcb1 #cah1 #dba1 #edb1 #edi ,batt]y1 ,spiral #gc ,batt]y1 ,split #gc ,batt]y1 ,sulphate ( ,m]cury #fg ,batt]y ,sy/em1 ,univ]sal #eef ,batt]y1 ,!rmo-*emical #ecj ,batt]y1 ,tr\gh #gc ,batt]y1 ,tr\v's ,blott+ ,pap] #gc ,batt]y1 ,ty]'s #gd ,batt]y1 ,upw>d's #ge ,batt]y1 ,v>ley's #gf ,batt]y1 ,volta's #gf ,batt]y1 ,voltaic or ,galvanic #gf ,batt]y ,voltmet] #efi ,batt]y1 ,wat] #gg ,batt]y1 ,wolla/on #gh ,b4 ,a4 ,unit1 #eed ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( ,resi/ance #gh1 #dfb ,b4 ,a4 ,volt #efh ,b4 ,e4 #gh ,bead ,areomet] #da ,becqu]el's ,laws ( ,!rmo-electricity #gh ,beaum ,hydromet] #gh ,b$-piece #gh ,bell1 ,automatic ,electric #gh ,bell1 ,call #gh1 #ih ,bell ,call #gi ,bell ,call1 ,ext5sion #bdh ,bell1 ,circul> #gi ,bell1 ,diff]5tially ,w\nd #gi ,bell1 ,electric #gi ,bell1 ,electro-me*anical #hj ,bell1 ,indicat+ #hj1 #big ,bell1 ,magneto #hj ,bell1 ,magneto ,call #cfa ,bell1 ,night #cib ,bell-%ap$ ,magnet1 #ccf ,bells1 ,relay #hj1 #deg ,bell1 ,trembl+ #gh ,bell1 ,vibrat+4 #gh ,belts1 ,jo9ts 9 #caa ,b5nett's ,electroscope #bcc ,bias #hj ,bias ( ,tongue ( ,pol>iz$ ,relay #edb ,bi*romate ,batt]y #ei ,bi*romate ,m]cury ,batt]y #fc ,bifil> ,susp5sion #dih ,bifil> ,w9d+ #ha ,b9>y ,comp\nd #ha ,b9d+ #ha ,b9d+ ,po/s or ,screws #ha ,b9nacle #ha ,biology1 ,electro- #bjh ,bioscopy1 ,electric #hb ,bipol> ,armature #db ,bipol> ,electric ,ba? #eg ,bisect$ ,coils #acb ,bismu? #hb ,bi-telephone #hb1 #ebd ,black1 ,plat9um #dai ,bla/+1 ,electric #hc ,blea*+1 ,electric #hc ,block1 ,bran* #hg ,block1 ,cross-ov] #aeh ,block ,sy/em #hc ,block ,wire #hc ,blott+ ,pap] ,batt]y1 ,tr\v's #gc ,bl[-pipe #hc ,bl[-pipe1 ,electric ,arc #hd ,blue ,magnetism #cee ,blue/one #hd ,blue ,vitriol #efb ,bo>d1 ,cross-connect+ #aeg ,bo>d1 ,fuse #bfc ,bo>d1 ,hang] #bhd ,bo>d1 ,key #cac ,bo>d1 ,multiple ,swit* #chg ,bo>d ( ,trade ,ohm #cid ,bo>d ( ,trade ,unit #eee ,bo>d1 ,swit* #ejj ,boat1 ,electric #hd ,bobb9s #hd ,body ,protector #hd ,boh5b]g]'s ,electroscope #bcc ,boil] ,fe$1 ,electric #hd ,boil+ #hd ,boll #he ,bolomet] #he ,bomb>dm5t1 ,molecul> #chj ,bore1 ,armature #db ,boreal ,pole #he ,bot #he ,b\nd ,*>ge #aae ,box ,bridge #he ,box1 ,cable #ie ,box1 ,cool+ #aea ,box1 ,di/ribut+ #aij ,boxes1 ,flu% #beh ,box1 ,fi%+ #caa ,box1 ,fuse #bfc ,box+ ! ,compass #hf ,box1 ,junction #caa ,box1 ,multiple ,arc #chg ,box1 ,resi/ance #dfb ,box1 ,resi/ance1 ,slid+ #dfc ,box ,s\nd+ ,relay #deg ,box1 ,splice #dib ,bracket1 ,saddle #dge ,bracket1 ,wall #egb ,braid1 ,tubul> #eej ,brake1 ,electro-magnetic #hf ,brake1 ,magneto-electric #cfb ,brake1 ,prony #dce ,bran* #hg ,bran* ,block #hg ,bran* ,circuit #aba ,bran* ,conductor #hg ,br&+1 ,electric #hg ,brass+ #hg ,braz+1 ,electric #hg ,break #hh ,break1 ,circuit ,loop #abe ,break-d[n ,swit* #hh ,break]1 ,automatic ,circuit #aba ,break]1 ,circuit #aba ,break]1 ,circuit1 ,file #aba ,break]1 ,contact #aba1 #adf ,break ,induc$ ,curr5t #afb ,break+ ,weight #hi ,break1 ,loop #ccb ,break ,%ock #dhb ,brea? ,figures1 ,electric #hi ,breeze1 ,electric #hi ,breeze1 ,/atic #dic ,breguet ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfc ,bridge #hi ,bridge1 ,box #hi ,bridge1 ,inductance #bic ,bridge1 ,induction #bic ,bridge ,key #cac ,bridge1 ,magnetic #cch ,bridge1 ,met] #cgc ,bridge1 ,resi/ance #egg ,bridge1 ,rev]sible #dgb ,bridge1 ,slide #cgd ,bridge1 ,:eat/one 4 #ege ,bridge1 ,:eat/one1 ,comm]cial #cf ,briti% ,association ,bridge #hi ,britannia ,jo9t #cji ,broadside ,me?od #hi ,brok5 ,circuit #abe ,bronz+ #hi ,bru% #ij ,bru%1 ,c>bon #ij ,bru%1 ,collect+ #ij ,bru%1 ,dis*>ge #ahg ,bru%es1 ,adju/m5t ( #ij ,bru%es1 ,lead ( #ij ,bru%es1 ,negative ,lead ( #cbd ,bru%es1 ,scrat* #dgf ,bru%1 ,f>adic #bea ,bru% ,hold]s #ia 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,call ,bell1 ,magneto #cfa ,call ,button #ih ,call1 ,!rmo #ecj ,call1 ,!rmo-electric #eca ,callan ,batt]y #fj ,call+ ,drop #ih ,calorie or ,calory #ih ,calorimet] #ih ,calorimetric ,photomet] #dab ,calory or ,calorie #ih ,cam1 ,li/5+ #ccj ,cama*o's ,batt]y #fj ,c&le #ii ,c&le1 ,conc5tric #ii ,c&le1 ,debrun #ii ,c&le1 ,decimal #ii ,c&le1 ,electric #ii ,c&le-foot #bei ,c&le1 ,g]man ,/&>d #ii ,c&le ,hold] #ii ,c&le1 ,jablo*k(f #ajj ,c&le1 ,jam9 #ajj ,c&le1 ,met] #cgd ,c&le ,p[] #ajj ,c&le ,p[]1 ,nom9al #aja ,c&le ,p[]1 ,rat$ #aja ,c&le ,p[]1 ,sph]ical #aja ,c&le1 ,/&>d #aja ,c&le1 ,wilde #aja ,ca\t*\c #aja ,cap1 ,insulator #cjf ,capacity1 ,c>ry+ #ajh ,capacity1 ,dielectric #ajb ,capacity1 ,electric or ,electro/atic #ajb ,capacity1 ,in/antane\s #ajb ,capacity1 ,magnetic ,inductive #cdf1 #cdi ,capill>ity1 ,electro- #bji ,capill>y ,electromet] #bbd ,capacity ( a ,telegraph ,conductor #ajc ,capacity ( ,cable #ie ,capacity ( ,pol>ization ( a ,voltaic ,cell #ajc ,capacity1 ,pol>ization #dbd ,capacity1 ,residual #ajc ,capacity1 ,specific ,inductive #ajc ,capacity1 ,/orage #aje1 #die ,capacity1 ,unit ( #aje ,capill>ity #aje ,capill>y ,telephone #ebe ,c>bon #ajf ,c>bon1 ,artificial #ajf ,c>bon ,bru% #ij ,c>bon1 ,conc5tric #ajg ,c>bon1 ,cor$ #ajg ,c>bon ,dioxide #ajg ,c>bon ,hold]s #ajg ,c>bonic ,acid1 #ajh ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas #ajh ,c>bonization #ajg ,c>boniz$ ,clo? #ajg ,c>bon1 ,plat9iz$1 ,batt]y #fi ,c>bon ,resi/ance #dfc ,c>bon1 ,retort #dga ,c>bons1 ,lamp1 ,fla%+ ( ,inc&esc5t #beg ,c>bon1 ,telephone #ebe ,c>bon ,transmitt] #edi ,c>bon1 ,volatilization ( #ajh ,c>burett$ ,hydrog51 ,heavy #cig ,c>cel #ajh ,c>cel ,gas ,jet #ajh ,c>cel ,lamp #ajh ,c>d1 ,compass #adb ,c>dew ,voltmet] #efi ,c>r's ,batt]y #fj ,c>ry+ ,capacity #ajh ,cascade #ajh ,cascade1 ,*>g+ & ,dis*>g+ ,leyd5 ,j>s 9 #ajh ,cascade1 ,gassiot's #bge ,case-h>d5+1 ,electric #aji ,cataphoresis #aji ,cat*1 ,safety #age ,ca?ode1 etc4 ,see ,ka?ode #cab ,cau/ry1 ,galvano #aji ,caut]y ,batt]y #fa ,caut]y1 ,electric #aji ,caut]y1 ,galvano #aji ,caut]y1 ,galvano-electric #aji ,caut]y1 ,galvano-!rmal #aji ,cell1 ,batt]y1 ,elem5t ( a #bcg ,cell1 ,con/ant #aji ,cell1 ,electrolytic #aji ,cell1 ,por\s #dbg ,cell1 ,sel5ium #dgh ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic #aji ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic1 ,daniells' #aji ,cell1 ,/&>d ,voltaic1 ,latim] ,cl>k's #aaj ,c5tral ,/ation #dic ,c5tral ,/ation ,di/ribution or ,supply #aab ,c5tre ( ,gravity #aab ,c5tre ( ,gyration #aab ,c5tre ( ,oscillation #aab ,c5tre ( ,p]cussion #aab ,c5trifugal ,=ce #aab ,c5trifugal ,gov]nor #aac ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 #aac ,*a91 ,molecul> #chj ,*amb]1 ,armature #db ,*amb] ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamp #aac ,*ange1 ,*emical #aaf ,*ang]1 ,pole #dbe ,*ang+ ,ov] ,swit* #ejj ,*ang+ ,swit* #ejj ,*ap]on1 ,lal&e 1 ,batt]y #fi ,*>act]i/ic #afi ,*>act]i/ic ,curve #aac1 #afh ,*>act]i/ic ,curve1 ,ext]nal #aga ,*>act]i/ic ,curve ( ,conv]t] #afi ,*>act]i/ic1 ,droop+ #aad ,*>act]i/ic1 ,ext]nal #aad ,*>act]i/ic1 ,int]nal #aad ,*>act]i/ics ( ,s\nd #aad ,*>ge #aad ,*>ge & ,dis*>ge ,key #cac ,*>ge1 ,b\nd #aae ,*>ge ,curr5t #afj ,*>ge1 ,d5sity ( #aae1 #ahj ,*>ge1 ,dissipation ( #aae ,*>ge1 ,di/ribution ( #aae ,*>ge1 ,free #aae ,*>ge1 ,negative #chi ,*>ge1 ,residual #aaf ,*>g+ ,curve #agj ,*att]ton's ,comp\nd #aaf ,*emical ,*ange #aaf ,*emical ,electric ,met] #cge ,*emical1 ,electro-1 ,equival5ts #bdd ,*emical ,elem5t #bcf ,*emical ,en]gy #bci ,*emical ,equival5t #bdd ,*emical1 ,caut]y ,galvano #bfe ,*emical ,record] #aag ,*emical ,telephone #ebf ,*emical ,equival5t1 ,!rmo- #bde ,*emi/ry #aah ,*emi/ry1 ,electro- #bji ,*eval1 ,=ce de #bfj ,*icle #ef ,*imes1 ,electric #aah ,*loric ,acid ,batt]y #fa ,*loride1 ,f]ric1 ,batt]y #fc ,*loride1 ,lead1 ,batt]y #ff ,*loride ( ,lime ,batt]y #fa ,*lorimet] #gc ,*ok+ ,coil #acb ,*ronograph1 ,electric #aah ,*romic ,acid ,batt]y #fa ,*romic ,acid ,batt]y ,solutions #gc ,*romoscope #aai ,*utaux's ,solution #aai ,ciph] ,code #acj ,circle1 ,azimu? #ed ,circle1 ,delez5ne's #acc ,circle1 ,galvanic or ,voltaic #aai ,circle1 ,magic #aai ,circuit #abj ,circuit1 ,a/atic #abj ,circuit1 ,bran* #aba ,circuit ,break] #aba ,circuit ,break]1 ,automatic #aba ,circuit ,break]1 ,file #aba ,circuit ,break]1 ,m]cury #aba ,circuit ,break]1 ,p5dulum #aba ,circuit ,break]1 ,tun+-=k #aba ,circuit1 ,brok5 #abe ,circuit ,*ang+ ,swit* #ejj ,circuit1 ,clos$1 ,batt]y #fa ,circuit1 ,d]ivative #abc ,circuit1 ,d]iv$ #abc ,circuit1 ,electro/atic #abc ,circuit1 ,electric1 ,active #abc ,circuit1 ,ext]nal #abc ,circuit1 ,gr\nd$ #abc ,circuit1 ,incomplete #abe ,circuit ,indicator #bih ,circuit ,induction1 ,op5 #cjc ,circuit1 ,leg ( #cbe ,circuit1 ,local #cca ,circuit1 ,loop #abe ,circuit1 ,loop ,break #abe ,circuit1 ,magnetic #cdj ,circuit1 ,magnetic ,d\ble #cdj ,circuit1 ,ma9 #abe ,circuit1 ,ma9 ,batt]y #abe ,circuit1 ,metallic #abe ,circuit1 ,negative ,side ( #abe ,circuit1 ,op5 #abe ,circuit1 ,positive ,side ( #abe ,circuit1 ,recoil #abe ,circuit1 ,return #abe ,circuits1 ,=k$ #abf ,circuit1 ,%ort #dhb ,circuit1 ,%unt #abc1 #abf ,circuit1 ,simple #abf ,circuits1 ,p>allel #abc1 #abf ,circuit1 ,voltaic #abf ,circuit ,work+1 ,%ort #dhb ,circul> ,bell1 #gi ,circul> ,curr5t1 #afj ,circul>1 ,mil #cgi ,circul> ,units #abf1 #eee ,circumflux #abf ,clamp #abf ,cl>k's ,comp\nd #abf ,cleans+1 ,fire #beg ,cle>ance ,space1 #dhi ,cleat1 ,cross+ #abg ,cleats #abg ,cleavage1 ,electrification by #abg ,clip1 ,cable #ig ,clock1 ,annunciator #ce ,clock1 ,controll$ #abg ,clock1 ,controll+ #abg ,clock1 ,electric ,annunciator #abg ,clock1 ,electrolytic #abh ,clock1 ,ma/] #abg ,clock1 ,second>y #abg ,clock1 ,self-w9d+1 ,electric #abh ,clockwork ,fe$ #abh ,cloisons #abh ,clos$ ,circuit ,batt]y #fa ,clos$ ,coil ,armature #dc ,closure #abh ,closure ,contraction1 ,ka?odic #cab ,clo?1 ,c>boniz$ #ajg ,club-foot ,electro-magnet #bag ,clut* #abh ,clut*1 ,electro-magnetic #abh ,coat+s ( a ,cond5s]1 or ,prime ,conductor #abi ,cockburn ,fuse #bfc ,code1 ,ciph] #acj ,code1 ,s4 ,n4 #dhf ,code1 ,telegraphic #acj1 #eaa ,coeffici5t #acj ,coeffici5t1 ,app>5t1 ( ,magnetic ,induction #cdf ,coeffici5t1 ,economic #acj1 #bjd1 #bje ,coeffici5t ( ,electrical ,en]gy #bje ,coeffici5t ( ,expansion #bdg ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$ ,magnetization #cei1 #ced ,coeffici5t ( ,magnetic ,induction #cdf1 #cdi ,coeffici5t ( ,mutual ,induction #cja ,coeffici5t ( ,self-induction #bih ,co]citive ,=ce #dga ,co]cive ,=ce #dga ,co]cive or ,co]citive ,=ce #aca ,coil & ,plung] #aca ,coil & ,coil ,plung] #aca ,coil & ,plung]1 ,diff]5tial #acb ,coil1 ,armature #dc ,coil1 ,*ok+ #acb ,coil1 ,e>? #acc ,coil1 ,electric #acc ,coil1 ,explor+ #cej ,coil1 ,flat #acc ,coil1 ,induction #acc ,coil1 ,induction1 ,inv]t$ #acf ,coil1 ,induction1 ,telephone #acg ,coil4 ,kick+ #acb ,coil1 ,magnet #ccf ,coil1 ,magnetiz+ #acg ,coil1 ,reaction #acb ,coil1 ,resi/ance #acg ,coil1 ,resi/ance1 ,/&>d #dfd ,coil1 ,rhumkorff #ach ,coil1 ,ribbon #ach ,coils1 ,bisect$ #acb ,coils1 ,comp5sat+ #ach ,coils1 ,section$ #ach ,coils1 ,h5ry's #ach ,coils1 ,idle #bie ,coil1 ,s+le1 ,dynamo #bjb ,coil1 ,sp>k #dhi ,coil1 ,suck+ #acb ,collect+ ,bru% #ij ,collect+ ,r+ #aci ,collector #aci ,colomb91 #aci ,colophony #dfj ,colors ( ,second>y ,plates #dgh ,column ,batt]y #fa ,column1 ,electric #aci ,comb #adj ,comb9$ ,resi/ance #dfd ,comb ,protector #dcg ,comm]cial ,effici5cy #bjd ,comm]cial ,effici5cy ( ,dynamo #aie ,comm]cial ,:eat/one ,bridge #hf ,common ,res]voir #dfj ,communicator #adj ,commutation1 ,diamet] ( #ahb ,commutator #adj ,commutator ,ammet] #bf ,commutator ,b>s #adj1 #ef ,commutator1 ,flats 9 #adj ,commutator1 ,high ,b>s ( #bhi ,commutator1 ,neutral ,l9e ( #cij ,commutator1 ,neutral ,po9t ( #cij ,commutator ( ,curr5t ,g5]ators & ,motors #adj ,commutators1 ,b>s ( #ef ,commutator ,segm5ts #ef ,commutator1 ,split ,r+ #ada ,commut$ ,curr5t #afj ,commut] #adj ,commut+ ,trans=m] #edg ,compass #ada ,compass1 ,azimu? #ada ,compass1 ,box+ ! #hf ,compass ,c>d1 #adb ,compass1 ,decl9ation #adb ,compass1 ,incl9ation #adb ,compass1 ,m>9]s' #adb ,compass1 ,po9ts ( ! #adc ,compass1 ,_s #adc ,compass1 ,surveyors #adc ,compass1 ,v>iation ( ! #cb1 #eeh ,comp5sat+ ,coils #ach ,comp5sat+ ,magnet #ccf ,comp5sat+ ,poles #dbf ,comp5sat+ ,resi/ance #add ,complem5t>y ,di/ribution #add ,complete ,alt]nation #bc ,compon5t #add ,compon5ts ( ,e>?'s ,magnetism #cef ,composition ( ,=ces #bfj ,comp\nd ,arc #ci ,comp\nd1 ,b9>y #ha ,comp\nd1 ,*att]ton's #aaf ,comp\nd1 ,cl>k's #abf ,comp\nd ,dynamo #aie ,comp\nd+1 ,ov]- #cii ,comp\nd ,magnet #ccf ,comp\nd or ,comp\nd ,w\nd ,motor #chb ,comp\nd ,w9d+ #egh ,conc5tration ( ,ores1 ,magnetic #cdj ,conc5trator1 ,magnetic #cdj ,conc5tric ,c&le #ii ,conc5tric ,c>bon #ajg ,cond5s] #add ,cond5s]1 ,coat+s ( a1 or ,prime ,conductor #abi ,cond5s]1 ,ep9us' #bdb ,cond5s]1 ,plate #dag ,cond5s]1 ,slid+ #add ,cond5s]1 ,v>ley's #eei ,cond5s+ ,electroscope #bcc ,conductance #add ,conductance1 ,magnetic #cdj ,conduction #add ,conduction1 ,electrolytic #bae ,conductive ,dis*>ge #ahg ,conductivity #add ,conductivity1 ,magnetic #cdj ,conductivity1 ,specific #ade ,conductivity1 ,unit ( #ade ,conductivity1 ,v>iable #ade ,conductor #ade ,conductor1 ,anti-induction #ade ,conductor1 ,bran* #hg ,conductor1 ,capacity ( a ,telegraph #ajc ,conductor1 ,conical #ade ,conductor1 ,imbricat$ #adf ,conductor1 ,int]pol> #cjg ,conductor1 ,leakage #cbe ,conductor1 ,prime #adf1 #dcd ,conductors1 ,equival5t #adf ,conductors1 ,lam9ation ( ,armature #cai ,conductors1 ,s]vice #dha ,conductor1 ,und]gr\nd #eeb ,congress ,ohm #cie ,congress ,volt #efh ,conical ,conductor #ade ,conjugate #adf ,connect #adf ,connection1 ,cross #aeh ,connection1 ,relay #deg ,connector #adf ,consequ5t ,po9ts #dbb ,consequ5t ,poles #adf1 #dgh ,cons]vation ( ,electricity #adf ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy #bci ,con/ant ,curr5t #afj ,con/ant ,curr5t ,alt]nator #bd ,con/ant ,curr5t ,regulation #ded ,con/ant1 ,dielectric #ahc ,con/ant1 ,galvanomet] #bfh ,con/ant ,pot5tial #dbi ,con/ant ,pot5tial ,regulation #dee ,con/ant1 ,"t #edl ,contact ,break] #aba1 #adf ,contact1 ,electric #adg ,contact ,electricity #adg ,contact ,faults #adg ,contact ,key1 ,d\ble #cad ,contact ,key1 ,slid+ #caf ,contact ,lamp #cbj ,contact1 ,l9e ( #ccj ,contact ,po9t #adg ,contact ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce #adg ,contact ,r+ #dgc ,contact ,spr+ #adh ,contact ,s]ies #adg ,contact ,!ory #adh ,cont9uity1 ,magnetic #cdj ,cont9u\s ,alt]nat+ ,trans=m] #edg ,cont9u\s ,curr5t #afa ,cont9u\s ,curr5t ,trans=m] #chd1 #edg ,contraction1 ,anodic ,closure #cf ,contraction1 ,anodic ,duration #cf ,contraction1 ,anodic ,op5+ #cf ,contraction1 ,ka?odic ,closure #cab ,contraction1 ,ka?odic ,duration #cab ,contractures #adh ,contraplex ,work+ #ehj ,control1 ,electro-magnetic #bah ,control1 ,gravity #bha ,controll$ ,clock1 #abg ,controll+ ,clock #abg ,controll+ ,field #adh ,controll+ ,=ce #adh ,controll+ ,magnet #ahe1 #ccf ,control1 ,magnetic #cda ,control1 ,spr+ #dib ,convection1 ,electric #adi ,convection1 ,electrolytic #adi1 #bad ,convection ( ,heat1 ,electric #adi ,convective ,dis*>ge #ahg ,conv]sion1 ,effici5cy ( #bje ,conv]t] #adi ,cool+ ,box #aea ,co-ord9ates1 ,orig9 ( #cia ,co-ord9ates1 ,sy/em ( #aej ,copp] #aea ,copp] ,ba? #aeb ,copp] ,/ripp+ ,ba? #aeb ,copp] ,voltamet] #efc ,cord ,adju/] #aeb ,cord1 ,flexible #aeb ,cord1 ,p5dant #dje ,core #aeb ,core1 ,armature #dc ,core1 ,cable #if ,cor$ ,c>bon #ajg ,core-discs #aeb ,core-discs1 ,p]=at$ #aed ,core-discs1 ,pi]c$ #aeb ,core-discs1 ,too!d #aed ,core1 ,lam9at$ #aed ,core1 ,magnet #ccf ,core ,ratio #aed ,core1 ,ribbon #aed ,core1 ,r+ #aee ,cores1 ,krizik's #cah ,core1 ,/r&$ #aee ,core1 ,tang5tially ,lam9at$ #aee ,core ,trans=m] #aee ,core1 ,tubul> #aee ,corpusants #aee ,correspond+ ,po9ts #dbb ,c\lomb #aee ,c\lomb's ,law ( ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion #aee ,c\lomb's ,law ( ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion #cch ,c\lomb's ,torsion ,balance #edd ,c\lomb1 ,volt- #efh ,c\nt]1 ,electric #aef ,c\nt] ,electro-motive ,=ce #aef1 #bbh ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce ,lightn+ ,arre/] #cbi ,c\nt] ,inductive ,effect #bjd ,c\ple #aef ,c\ple1 ,a/atic #aeg ,c\ple1 ,axial #edd ,c\ple1 ,magnetic #cda ,c\ple1 ,mom5t ( #edd ,c\ple1 ,!rmo-electric #ecb ,c\ple1 ,voltaic or ,galvanic #aef ,c\pl+ #bei ,c\pl+ ( ,dynamo #bja ,c4 ,p4 #aeg ,crat] #aeg ,creep1 ,diffusion #ahd ,creep+ #aeg ,creep+1 ,magnetic #cda ,creep+ ( ,magnetism #cef ,cri? #aeg ,critical ,curr5t #afa ,critical ,di/ance ( ,alt]native ,pa? #aij ,critical ,resi/ance #dfd ,critical ,spe$ #aeg ,critical ,value1 ,vill>i's #efa ,crookes' ,d>k ,space #dhi ,cross #aeg ,cross-connect+ ,bo>d #aeg ,cross ,connection #aeh ,cross ,induction #bih ,cross+ ,cleat #abg ,cross+ ,wires #aeh ,cross-magnetiz+ ,effect #aeh1 #bih ,cross-ov] ,block #aeh ,cross1 ,pelti]'s #dje ,cross ,talk #aeh ,crucible1 ,electric #aeh ,cry/allization1 ,electric #aeh ,cube1 ,f>aday's #bdi ,culture4 ,electro- #bji ,cunynghame's ,ammet] #bf ,cup1 ,m]cury #cga ,cup1 ,por\s #aei1 #dbf ,curr5t #aei ,curr5t1 ,aft] #aei ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+ #aei ,curr5t1 ,alt]nat+ ,sy/em #bc ,curr5t1 ,alt]native #efc ,curr5t ,arc1 ,alt]nat+ #bc ,curr5t1 ,atomic #afj ,curr5t1 ,break ,induc$ #afb ,curr5t1 ,*>ge #afj ,curr5t1 ,circul> #afj ,curr5t1 ,commut$ #afj ,curr5t1 ,con/ant #afj ,curr5t1 ,cont9u\s #afa ,curr5t1 ,cont9u\s1 ,trans=m] #chd ,curr5t1 ,critical #afa ,curr5t1 ,daniel #afa ,curr5t1 ,u4 ,s4 or ,siem5s' ,unit #afa ,curr5t1 ,dem>cation #afa ,curr5t ,d5sity #afa ,curr5t1 ,d]iv$ #afd ,curr5t1 ,diacritical #afa ,curr5t1 ,diaphragm #afa ,curr5t1 ,direct #afb ,curr5t1 ,direct ,induc$ #afb ,curr5t1 ,direction ( #afb ,curr5t1 ,displacem5t #afb ,curr5t1 ,extra #afb ,curr5t1 ,f>adic #afb ,curr5t1 ,field ( ,=ce ( a #bee ,curr5t1 ,f\cault #afc ,curr5t1 ,frankl9ic #afc ,curr5t ,g5]ator #bgg ,curr5t1 ,induc$ #afc ,curr5t ,induction #afc ,curr5t ,induction1 ,unipol> #eec ,curr5t ,int5sity #afc ,curr5t1 ,inv]se ,induc$ #afc ,curr5t1 ,jacobi's ,unit ( #afc ,curr5t1 ,jo9t #afc ,curr5t1 ,l9e> #afd ,curr5t1 ,make & ,break #afd1 #cfg ,curr5t1 ,make ,induc$ #afc ,curr5t ,met] #afd1 #cge ,curr5t ,met]1 ,alt]nat+ #cgc ,curr5t1 ,negative #afd ,curr5t1 ,n]ve & ,muscle #afd ,curr5t1 ,oppos$ #afd ,curr5t1 ,p>tial #afd ,curr5t1 ,pol>iz+ #afd ,curr5t1 ,positive #afd ,curr5t1 ,p[] ( ,p]iodic #dcc ,curr5t1 ,pulsatory #afd ,curr5t1 ,rectifi$ #afd ,curr5t1 ,rectil9e> #afe ,curr5t1 ,r$ress$ #afe ,curr5t ,regulation1 ,con/ant #ded ,curr5t1 ,rev]se ,induc$ #afc ,curr5t ,rev]s] #afe ,curr5ts1 ,amp]e #cj ,curr5ts1 ,amprian #afe ,curr5ts1 ,angul>4 #afe ,curr5ts1 ,angul>1 ,laws ( #afe ,curr5ts1 ,e>? #aff ,curr5t1 ,second>y #aff ,curr5t1 ,secretion #aff ,curr5ts1 ,eddy #afc ,curr5ts1 ,eddy ,displacem5t #afb ,curr5ts 9 ,p>allel ,circuits1 ,indep5d5ce ( #big ,curr5t1 ,s9u\s #aff ,curr5t1 ,%eet #aff ,curr5t1 ,%uttle #dhc ,curr5ts1 ,local #afc ,curr5ts1 ,local #cca ,curr5ts1 ,multiphase #aff ,curr5ts1 ,natural #aff1 #chi ,curr5ts1 ,n]ve #cij ,curr5ts ( ,motion #afg ,curr5ts ( ,re/ #afg ,curr5ts1 ,ord]s ( #afg ,curr5ts1 ,p>asitical #afc ,curr5ts1 ,polyphase #afg ,curr5ts1 ,rotatory #afg ,curr5ts1 ,!rmo-electric #afg ,curr5t ,/reamlets #die ,curr5t1 ,swell+ #afg 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,%ock #dhb ,electric ,%[] ,ba? #eg ,electric ,sold]+ #dhg ,electric ,sp>k1 ,duration ( #dij ,electric ,sphygmophone #dia ,electric ,/orms #die ,electric ,/riae #dif ,electric ,subway #dif ,electric ,subway1 ,und]gr\nd #eeb ,electric ,sun/roke #dig ,electric ,sup]ficial ,d5sity #ahj ,electric ,swag+ #dii ,electric ,tele-b>omet] #ejd ,electric ,telemanomet] #eba ,electric ,telemet] #eba ,electric ,temp]+ #ebg ,electric ,t5sion #ebi ,electric ,!rmomet] #ece ,electric ,!rmo/at #ecg ,electric ,torp$o #edc ,electric ,t[] #ede ,electric ,transmission ( ,en]gy #bdj ,electric ,trumpet #eej ,electric ,tube #eej ,electric ,typewrit] #eea ,electric ,unit ( ,"w #ehj ,electric ,v>ni% #eei ,electric ,weld+ #egd ,electric ,:irl #egg ,electric ,w9d #egh ,electrification #bjh ,electrification by ,cleavage #abg ,electrification by ,pressure #dcd ,electrifi$ ,body1 ,en]gy ( an 4 #bda ,electrization #bjh ,electro-biology #bjh ,electro-capill>ity #bji ,electro-*emical ,equival5ts #bji1 #bdd ,electro-*emical 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,surface #bdd ,electro-magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion #bag ,electro-magnetic ,brake #hf ,electro-magnetic ,clut* #abh ,electro-magnetic ,control #bah ,electro-magnetic ,eye #bdh ,electro-magnetic ,field ( ,=ce #bah ,electro-magnetic ,=ce #bfj ,electro-magnetic ,gun #bhb ,electro-magnetic ,induction #bah1 #bii ,electro-magnetic ,in]tia #cje ,electro-magnetic ,induction1 ,mutual #cjb ,electro-magnetic ,int]rupt] = ,tun+ ,=k #cjg ,electro-magnetic ,leakage #bai ,electro-magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce #bai ,electro-magnetic ,liquids1 ,rotation ( #dge ,electro-magnetic ,met] #cge ,electro-magnetic ,quantity #dde ,electro-magnetic ,quantity1 ,practical ,unit ( #dde ,electro-magnetic ,%unt 4#dhc ,electro-magnetic ,/ress #bai1 #dif ,electro-magnetic ,!ory ( ,light #bai ,electro-magnetic ,unit ( ,en]gy #bbj ,electro-magnetic ,vibrator #efa ,electro-magnetic ,waves1 #egc ,electro-magnet1 ,ironclad #bai ,electro-magnetism #bbj ,electro-magnet1 ,j\le's #ccg ,electro-magnet1 ,long ,range #bbj ,electro-magnet1 ,"o ,coil #bai ,electro-magnet1 ,plung] #bbj ,electro-magnet1 ,pol>iz$ #bbj ,electro-magnets1 ,int]lock+ #bba ,electro-magnets1 ,multiple ,wire ,me?od ( ,work+ #chh ,electro-magnet1 ,/opp$ ,coil #bba ,electro-magnets1 ,surgical #bbb ,electro-me*anical ,bell #hj ,electro-me*anical ,equival5t #bdd ,electro-m$ical ,ba?s #bbb ,electro-m$ical ,batt]y1 ,pulv]ma*]'s #fi ,electro-metallurgy #bbb ,electromet] #bbb ,electromet]1 ,absolute #bbb ,electromet]4 ,attract$ ,disc #bbc ,electromet]1 ,capill>y #bbd ,electromet] ,gauge #bbf ,electromet]1 ,lane's #bbf ,electromet]1 ,quadrant #bbf ,electromet]1 ,!rmo- #ecf ,electromet]1 ,weight #bbc ,electro-motive ,=ce #bbg ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,c\nt]- #bbh ,electro-motive ,=ce ,curve #agj ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,impress$ #big ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,motor #chd ,electro-motive ,=ce4 ,oscillatory #cih ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,transv]se #edi ,electro-motive ,=ce1 ,unit #bbh ,electro-motive ,int5sity #bbh ,electro-motive ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce #dbi ,electro-motive ,s]ies #bbh ,electro-motograph #bbi ,electro-motor #bbi ,electro-muscul> ,excitation #bbi ,electro-negative #bbi ,electro-optics #bbi ,electrophoric ,action #bcj ,electrophorus #bcj ,electro-physiology #bca ,electroplat+ #bca1 #dah ,electroplat+ ,dynamo #aih ,electro-pneumatic ,signals #bca ,electropoion ,fluid #bcb ,electro-positive #bcb ,electro-puncture #bcb ,electro-receptive #bcb ,electroscope #bcb ,electroscope1 ,b5nett's #bcc ,electroscope1 ,boh5b]g]'s #bcc ,electroscope1 ,cond5s+ #bcc ,electroscope1 ,gold ,leaf #bcc ,electroscope1 ,pi? ,ball #bcd ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion #bcd ,electro/atic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,c\lomb's ,law ( #aee ,electro/atic ,circuit #abc ,electro/atic ,equipot5tial ,surface #bdd ,electro/atic ,field ( ,=ce #bed ,electro/atic ,=ce #bfj ,electro/atic ,induction #cjb ,electro/atic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( #bcd ,electro/atic ,induction1 ,mutual #cjc ,electro/atic ,l9es ( ,=ce #bcd ,electro/atic ,quantity #dde ,electro/atic ,refraction #bce ,electro/atics #bce ,electro/atic ,s]ies #bce ,electro/atic ,/ress #bcf1 #dif ,electro/atic ,telephone #ebf ,electro/atic ,voltmet] #ega ,electro-!rmal ,equival5t #bde ,electro-!rapeutics or ,!rapy #bcf ,electrotonic ,/ate #dic ,electrotonus #bcf ,electrotype #bcf ,elem5t1 ,*emical #bcf ,elem5t1 ,galvanic #bfd ,elem5t1 ,ma!matical #bcg ,elem5t1 ,negative #cij ,elem5t ( a ,batt]y ,cell #bcg ,elem5t1 ,positive #bgg ,elem5ts1 ,electrical ,classification ( #bcg ,elem5ts1 ,magnetic #cdb ,elem5ts ( ,batt]y #fc ,elem5ts1 ,!rmo-electric #bcg ,elem5t1 ,voltaic #bcg ,elias' ,me?od ( ,magnetization #cfj ,elongation #bcg1 #edj ,elongation1 ,magnetic #cdd ,emboss]1 ,telegraph #bcg ,e4 ,m4 ,d4 ,p4 #bch ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 #bch ,en]gy #bch ,en]gy1 ,atomic #bch ,en]gy1 ,*emical #bci ,en]gy1 ,cons]vation ( #bci ,en]gy1 ,degradation ( #bci ,en]gy1 ,electric #bci ,en]gy1 ,electrical1 ,coeffici5t ( #bje ,en]gy1 ,electric ,transmission ( #bdj ,en]gy1 ,electro-magnetic1 ,unit ( #bbj ,en]gy1 ,k9etic #bda ,en]gy1 ,me*anical #bda ,en]gy ,met] #cge ,en]gy1 ,mol> #bda ,en]gy1 ,molecul> #bda ,en]gy ( an ,electrifi$ ,body #bda ,en]gy ( ,dielectric #ahc ,en]gy ( ,position #baa ,en]gy ( ,/ress #bda ,en]gy1 ,physical #bda ,en]gy1 ,pot5tial1 or ,/atic #bda ,en]gy1 ,radiant #ddf ,en]gy1 ,!rmal #bdb ,end-on ,me?od #bch ,end or ,pole1 ,m>k$ #cfh ,endosmose1 ,electric #bch ,end ,play #bch ,end1 ,unm>k$ #eef ,engli% ,absolute or ,foot ,second ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfe ,engrav+1 ,electric #bde ,entropy #bdb ,entropy1 ,electric #bdb ,ep9us ,cond5s] #bdb ,e4 ,p4 ,s4 #bdc ,equator1 ,magnetic #cdd ,equator ( ,magnet #ccg ,equipot5tial #bdd ,equipot5tial ,surface #dih ,equipot5tial ,surface1 ,electro/atic #bdd ,equipot5tial ,surface1 ,magnetic & ,electro-magnetic #bdd ,equaliz] #bdc ,equaliz]1 ,fe$] #bea ,equaliz+ ,dynamo #aih ,equival5t1 ,*emical #aaf1 #bdd ,equival5t ,conductors #adf ,equival5t1 ,electro-!rmal #bde ,equival5t1 ,j\le's #caa ,equival5t ,resi/ance #dfe ,equival5ts1 ,electro-*emical #bji1 #bdd ,equival5t1 ,!rmo-*emical #bde ,equival5t1 ,wat] #egb ,equivolt #bde ,erb's ,/&>d ( ,electrodes #baj ,erg #bde ,erg-t5 #bde ,error1 ,heat+ #bhf ,escape #bde ,ess5tial ,resi/ance #dfe1 #dff ,et*+1 ,electric #bde ,e!ne #cig ,e!r #bdf ,eudiomet] #bdf ,evaporation1 ,electric #bdf ,ew+'s ,!ory ( ,magnetism #cef ,ex*ange1 ,telephone #bdf ,excitation1 ,electro-muscul> #bbi ,excitability1 ,f>adic #bdf ,excitability1 ,galvanic #bdg ,excitability ( ,animal ,sy/em1 ,electric #bdg ,excit] #bdg ,exosmose1 ,electric #bdg ,expansion1 ,coeffici5t ( #bdg ,expansion1 ,electric #bdg ,exp]im5t1 ,frankl9's #bfa ,exp]im5t1 ,hall's #bhd ,exp]im5t1 ,k]r's #cab ,exp]im5t1 ,matteueci's #cfi ,exp]im5ts1 ,h]tz's #dgj ,exp]im5t1 ,volta's ,fundam5tal #efg ,exp]im5t ) ,frog1 ,galvani's #bfb ,explod] #bdg ,explor] #bdg ,explor+ ,coil #cej ,explosive ,di/ance #aij ,ext5sion ,bell ,call #bdh ,ext5sion1 ,pol> #dbc ,ext]nal ,*>act]i/ic #aad ,ext]nal ,*>act]i/ic ,curve #aga ,ext]nal ,circuit #abc ,ext]nal ,resi/ance #dfe1 #dfg ,ext+ui%]1 ,automatic ,electric ,fire #beg ,extra ,curr5t #afb ,extra-pol> ,region #ded ,eye1 ,electro-magnetic #bdh ,eye1 ,sel5ium #dgh ,facsimile ,telegraph #eaj ,factor1 ,armature #de ,fahr5heit ,scale #bdh ,fall ( ,pot5tial #dcj ,false ,poles1 ,magnetic #cej ,f>ad #bdh ,f>aday1 ,effect #bdi ,f>aday's ,cube #bdi ,f>aday's ,d>k ,space #bdi1 #dhi ,f>aday's ,disc #bdi ,f>aday's ,net #bej ,f>aday's ,r+ #dgc ,f>aday's ,trans=m] #bej ,f>aday's ,voltamet] #bej ,f>adic #bej ,f>adic ,batt]y #fc ,f>adic ,bru% #bea ,f>adic ,curr5t #afb ,f>adic ,excitability #bdf ,f>adization #bea ,f>adization1 ,galvano- #bfe ,f> ,lead+ ,dynamo #aih ,fault ( a ,dynamo1 ,ironwork #cjh ,faults #bea ,faults1 ,contact #adg ,fe$ ,clockwork #abh ,fe$] #bea ,fe$]1 ,equaliz] #bea ,fe$]1 ,ma9 or ,/&>d #bea ,fe$]1 ,negative #bea ,fe$]1 ,neutral #bea ,fe$]1 ,positive #bea ,fe$]1 ,swit* #ejj ,feet1 ,amp]e #cj ,f]ranti ,effect #bea ,f]ric ,*loride ,batt]y #fc ,f]ro-magnetic #beb ,fibre & ,spr+ ,susp5sion #beb ,fibre ,susp5sion #beb ,field1 ,air #beb ,field1 ,alt]nat+ #beb ,field & ,armature ,reaction ( ,dynamo1 #dej ,field1 ,controll+ #adh ,field1 ,deflect+ #agh ,field ,d5sity #beb ,field1 ,di/ortion ( #beb ,field1 ,drag ( #bed ,field1 ,int5sity ( a ,magnetic #cjf ,field ,magnet #ccg ,field ( ,=ce 4 #bed ,field ( ,=ce1 ,electro-magnetic #bah ,field ( ,=ce1 ,electro/atic #bed ,field ( ,=ce1 ,magnetic #cdd ,field ( ,=ce ( a ,curr5t #bee ,field ( ,=ce1 ,uni=m #eec ,field1 ,pulsatory #bef ,field1 ,rotat+ #bef ,field1 ,/ray #bef1 #die ,field1 ,uni=m #bef ,field1 ,uni=m ,magnetic #cde ,field1 ,wa/e #bef ,figure ( ,m]it #bef ,figures1 ,haldat's #bhd ,figures1 ,li*t5b]g's #cbg ,figures1 ,magnetic #cde ,filam5t #bef ,filam5t1 ,magnetic #cde ,filam5ts1 ,pap] #djb ,file1 ,circuit ,break] #aba ,f9d]1 ,position #dbg ,f9d]1 ,range #ddg ,f9d]1 ,wire #ehj ,fire ,al>m1 ,electric ,automatic #beg ,fire & ,heat ,al>m #ag ,fire ,ext+ui%]1 ,electric ,automatic #beg ,fire ,cleans+ #beg ,fire1 ,/4 ,elmo's #did ,fi%+ ,box #caa ,fla%+ 9 a ,dynamo or ,magneto-,electric ,g5]ator #beg ,fla%+ ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamp ,c>bons #beg ,fla%+ ,ov] #beh ,fla%1 ,side #dhd ,flat ,cable #if ,flat ,coil #acc ,flat ,r+ ,armature #de ,flats #beh ,flats 9 ,commutator #adj ,flexible ,cord #aeb ,float+ ,batt]y1 ,de la ,rive's #agi ,float+ ,magnets1 ,mey]'s #cgj ,floor ,matt+1 ,electric #cfi ,floor ,pu% #beh ,fluid1 ,depol>iz+ #beh ,fluid1 ,electric #beh ,fluid1 ,electropoion #bcb ,fluid1 ,insulator4 #cjf ,fluid1 ,nor? ,magnetic #ceg ,fluids1 ,magnetic #cde ,fluid1 ,s\? ,magnetic #cef ,fluid ,!ory1 ,s+le #dhf ,fluoresc5ce #beh ,flu% ,boxes #beh ,fluviograph #bei ,flux1 ,magnetic #cde ,fly or ,fly]1 ,electric #bei ,foci ,magnetic #bei ,fog1 ,electric #bei ,foll[+ ,horns #bei ,foot-c&le #bei ,foot1 ,mil- #cgi ,foot-p\nd #bei ,foot-/ep #bei ,=ce #bei ,=ce1 ,annul> #edd ,=ce1 ,axial #edd ,=ce1 ,c5trifugal #aab ,=ce1 ,co]cive or ,co]citive #aca-dga ,=ce1 ,controll+ #adh ,=ce1 ,c\nt]-electro-motive #aef ,=ce de ,*eval #bfj ,=ce1 ,electro-magnetic #bfj ,=ce1 ,electro-motive #bbg ,=ce1 ,electro-motive1 ,transv]se #edi ,=ce1 ,electro/atic #bfj ,=ce1 ,field ( #bed ,=ce1 ,field (1 ( a ,curr5t #bee ,=ce1 ,field (1 ,electro/atic #bed ,=ce1 ,kapp ,l9e ( #cab ,=ce1 ,l9es ( #ccj ,=ce1 ,magnetic #cdf ,=ce1 ,magnetic ,field ( #cdd ,=ce1 ,magnetic ,l9es ( #cdh ,=ce1 ,magneto-motive #cfe ,=ce1 ,motor ,electro-motive #chd ,=ce ( ,pol>ization1 ,back ,electro-motive #aef ,=ce1 ,oscillatory1 ,electro-motive #cih ,=ce1 ,photo-electro-motive #daj ,=ces1 ,composition ( #bfj ,=ces1 ,p>allelogram ( #bfj ,=ces1 ,resolution ( #bfa ,=ce1 ,true ,contact #edi ,=ce1 ,tubes ( #bfa ,=ce1 ,unit ( #bfa ,=k$ ,circuits #abf ,=k1 ,tun+1 ,dynamo #bjb ,=m+ #bfa ,=mula ( ,m]it #bef ,f\cault ,curr5t #afc ,f\ndation ,r+ #bfa ,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt] #bfa ,frame #bfa ,frame1 ,resi/ance #dfe ,frankl9ic ,curr5t #afc ,frankl9's ,exp]im5t #bfa ,frankl9's ,plate #bfb ,frankl9's ,!ory #bfb-dhf ,free ,*>ge #aae ,free ,magnetism #cef ,frequ5cy #bfb ,frequ5cy1 ,high #bhi ,frictional ,electricity #bfb ,frictional ,electric ,ma*9e #ccc ,frictional ,heat+ #bfb ,friction ,ge>1 ,magnetic #bgf ,friction1 ,magnetic #bie-cdf ,fr+e #bfb ,frog1 ,galvani's ,exp]im5t ) #bfb ,frog1 ,rheoscopic #bfb ,fry+ #bfc ,fulgurite #bfc ,full]'s ,batt]y #fc ,fulm9at+ ,pane #bfb ,fundam5tal ,unit #eed ,furnace1 ,electric #bfc ,fuse ,block #age ,fuse ,bo>d #bfc ,fuse ,box #bfc ,fuse1 ,cockburn #bfc ,fuse1 ,electric #bfd ,fuse ,l9ks #ccj ,fuse1 ,safety #age-dge ,galvanic #bfd ,galvanic ,action1 ,volta's ,law ( #efh ,galvanic ,dosage #aij ,galvanic ,elem5t #bfd ,galvanic ,excitability #bdg ,galvanic or ,voltaic ,batt]y #gf ,galvanic or ,voltaic ,circle #aai ,galvanic or ,voltaic ,c\ple #aef ,galvanic ,pol>ization #bfe ,galvani's ,exp]im5t ) ,frog #bfb ,galvanism #bfe ,galvanization #bfe ,galvanization1 ,labile #bfe ,galvaniz$ ,iron #bfe ,galvano-caut]y #aji ,galvano-caut]y1 ,*emical #bfe ,galvano-electric ,caut]y #aji ,galvano-f>adization #bfe ,galvanomet] #bfe ,galvanomet]1 ,absolute #bff ,galvanomet]1 ,ap]iodic #bff ,galvanomet]1 ,a/atic #bff ,galvanomet]1 ,balli/ic #bfg ,galvanomet] ,con/ant #bfh ,galvanomet]1 ,diff]5tial #bfh ,galvanomet]1 ,direct ,read+ #bfi ,galvanomet]1 ,m>9e #bfi ,galvanomet]1 ,mirror #bga ,galvanomet]1 ,pot5tial #bfi ,galvanomet]1 ,proportional #bfi ,galvanomet]1 ,quantity #bfi ,galvanomet]1 ,reflect+ #bgj ,galvanomet]1 ,%unt #bga-dhc ,galvanomet]1 ,s9e #bga ,galvanomet]1 ,tang5t #bgb ,galvanomet]1 ,torsion #bgc-edd ,galvanomet]1 ,upright #bgd ,galvanomet]1 ,v]tical #bgd ,galvanomet]1 ,volt & ,amp]e ,met] #bgd ,galvano-pla/ics #bge ,galvano-puncture #bcb-bge ,galvanoscope #bge ,galvano-!rmal ,caut]y #ajj ,gap1 ,sp>k #dij ,gas ,batt]y #fc ,gas ,batt]y1 ,grove's #bha ,gas ,burn]1 ,electric #ic ,gas1 ,c>bonic ,acid #ajh ,gas1 ,electrolytic #bge ,gases1 ,magnetism ( #ceg ,gases1 ,mix$ #bge ,gas ,jet1 ,c>cel #ajh ,gas1 ,olefiant #cig ,gass+ #bge ,gassiot s ,cascade #bge ,ga/roscope #bge ,gas ,voltamet] #efd ,gauge1 ,batt]y #fd ,gauge1 ,electromet] #bbf ,gauss #bge ,gauss' ,pr9ciple #bgf ,gauss1 ,tang5t ,positions ( #bgf ,gauze ,bru%1 ,wire #ib ,ge>1 ,magnetic #cdf ,ge>1 ,magnetic ,friction #bgf ,geissl] ,pump #dcg ,geissl] ,tubes #bgf ,g5]at+ ,plate #bgg ,g5]ator1 ,curr5t #bgg ,g5]ator ,inductor #aii ,g5]ator1 ,magneto-electric #cfb ,g5]ator1 ,magneto-electric1 ,fla%+ 9 a ,dynamo or #beg ,g5]ator1 ,motor #chd ,g5]ator1 ,pyromagnetic4 #ddb ,g5]ators & ,motors1 ,commutator ( ,curr5t #adj ,g5]ator1 ,second>y #bgg-dgg ,geographic ,m]idian #cgb ,g]man ,mile ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dff ,g]man ,silv] #bgg ,g]man ,/&>d ,c&le #ii ,gild+1 ,electro- #bgg ,gild+ ,metal #bgg ,gimbals #bgh ,gird] ,armature #di ,glass #bgh ,globe or ,globul> ,lightn+ #ccj ,gl[ ,dis*>ge #ahg ,gold #bgh ,gold ,ba? #bgi ,gold ,leaf ,electroscope #bcc ,gold ,/ripp+ ,ba? #bgi ,gov]nor1 ,c5trifugal #aac ,gov]nor1 ,rate #ddi ,graduator #bgi ,gram #bhj ,gram-atom #bhj ,gram-molecule #bhj ,graphite #bhj ,gravitation #bhj ,gravity1 ,accel]ation ( #bhj ,gravity ,ammet] #bg ,gravity ,batt]y #fd ,gravity1 ,c5tre ( #aab ,gravity ,control #bha ,gravity ,drop ,annunciator #ce ,grease ,spot #ib ,gre5 ,vitriol #efb ,gr5et ,batt]y #fe ,grid #bha ,grid ,plug #dbj ,grip1 ,cable #if ,gross ,effici5cy #bje ,gr\nd #bha ,gr\nd$ ,circuit #abc ,gr\nd ,plate #dag ,gr\nd ,wire #bha ,grove's ,batt]y #fe ,grove's ,gas ,batt]y #bha ,gu>d ,r+ #bhb ,gu>d ,tube #bhb ,gun1 ,electro-magnetic #bhb ,gutta ,p]*a #bhb ,gyration1 ,c5tre ( #aab ,gyro/atic ,action ( ,armatures #bhc ,h #bhc ,h ,armature #di ,ha>lem ,magnet #ccg ,hair1 ,removal (1 by ,electrolysis #bhc ,haldat's ,figures #bhd ,hall ,effect #bhd ,hall ,effect1 ,real #bhd ,hall ,effect1 ,spuri\s #bhd ,halleyan ,l9es #cjh ,hall's ,exp]im5t #bhd ,halske's & ,siem5s' ,batt]y #gb ,h& ,hole #aij ,hang] ,bo>d #bhd ,hang]1 ,cable #if ,hang]1 ,cable1 ,tongs #ig ,h>c\rt's ,p5tane ,/&>d #djf ,h>e's ,deflagrator #gc ,h>monic #bc ,h>monic ,curve #agd1 #dhe ,h>monic ,motion1 ,simple #dhf ,h>monic ,receiv] #bhd1 #dea ,head ,ba?1 ,electric #bhd ,head-light1 ,electric #bhe ,head1 ,torsion #edd ,heat #bhe ,heat & ,fire ,al>m #ag ,heat1 ,atomic #eb1 #bhe ,heat1 ,electric #bhe ,heat1 ,electric1 ,convection ( #adi1 #bhf ,heat1 ,irrev]sible4 #bhf ,heat1 ,me*anical ,equival5t ( #bhf ,heat1 ,molecul> #bhf ,heat1 ,specific #bhf ,heat1 ,specific1 ( ,electricity #bhh ,heat ,units #bhh ,heat]1 ,electric #bhf ,heat+1 ,admiralty ,rules ( #ab ,heat+ ,error #bhf ,heat+1 ,frictional #bfb ,heat+ ,magnet #bhf ,heavy ,c>burett$ ,hydrog51 #cig ,hecto #bhh ,h$gehog ,trans=m] #edh ,heliograph #bhh ,helix #bhh ,h5ley's ,univ]sal ,dis*>g] #ahi ,h5ry #bhh ,h5ry's ,coils #ach ,h]metically ,seal$ #bhi ,h]tz's ,exp]im5ts #dgj ,het]o/atic ,me?od #bhj ,hexode ,work+ #eha ,high ,b>s ( ,commutator #bhi ,high ,frequ5cy #bhi ,high ,vacuum #eeg ,h+$ ,armature #de ,h+$ ,electro-magnet #bag ,hiss+ #bhi ,hittorf's ,resi/ance #dff ,hittorf's ,solution #bhi ,h(f]'s ,me?od ( ,magnetization #cfj ,hole ,armature #de ,hole1 ,h& #aij ,hold]s #bhi ,hold]1 ,bru% #ia ,hold]1 ,c&le #ii ,hold]s1 ,c>bon #ajg ,holophote ,lamp #cba ,holtz's ,influ5ce ,ma*9e #ccd ,home ,/ation #dic ,hood #bij ,horizontal ,induction #cjb ,horns #bij ,horns1 ,driv+ #acb ,horns1 ,foll[+ #bei ,horns1 ,lead+ #cbd ,horns1 ,trail+ #bei ,horse ,p[] #bij ,horse ,p[]1 ,actual #bij ,horse ,p[] ,curve #aga ,horse ,p[]1 ,electric #bij ,horse ,p[] ,h\r #bij ,horse ,p[]1 ,indicat$ #bij ,horse%oe ,magnet #ccg ,h\r1 ,amp]e- #cj ,h\r1 ,horse ,p[] #bij ,h4 ,p4 #bij ,hughes' ,electro-magnet #bia ,hughes' ,induction ,balance #bia ,hughes' ,sonomet] #dhh ,hughes' ,telegraph #eaa ,hughes' ,!ory ( ,magnetism #ceg ,hughes' ,type ,pr9t] #eaa ,human ,body1 ,resi/ance ( #dfg ,hydro*loric ,acid ,batt]y #ff ,hydro-electric #bic ,hydro-electric ,ma*9e #bic ,hydrog5 #bid ,hydrog51 ,c>burett$1 ,heavy #cig ,hydromet]1 ,beaum #gh ,hygromet] #bid ,hyp]bolic ,log>i?ms #chi ,hy/]esis #bie ,hy/]esis1 ,magnetic #bid ,hy/]esis1 ,/atic #bie ,hy/]esis1 ,visc\s #bie1 #cef ,idioelectrics #bie ,idio/atic ,me?od #bie ,idle ,coils #bie ,idle ,poles #bif ,idle ,wire #bia ,ignit] #bif ,i4 ,h ,p4 #bif ,illum9at+ ,p[] #bif ,illum9at+ ,p[]1 ,sph]ical #bif ,illum9at+ ,p[]1 ,/&>d (1 ,viole's #efa ,illum9ation1 ,unit ( #bif ,image1 ,electric #bif ,imbricat$ ,conductor #adf ,imm]sion1 ,simple #ahe ,imp$ance #big1 #dfb ,imp$ance1 ,impulsive #big ,imp$ance1 ,oscillatory #big ,impress$ ,electro-motive ,=ce #big ,impulse #big ,impulsive ,dis*>ge #ahh ,impulsive ,imp$ance #big ,9-&-out1 ,soak+ #dhf ,inc&esc5ce1 ,electric #big ,inc&esc5t ,lamp #cba ,inc&esc5t ,lamp ,c>bons1 ,fla%+ ( #beg ,inc&esc5t ,lamp1 ,*amb] ( #aac ,inc&esc5t ,lamp1 ,life ( #cbg ,inc&esc5t ,lamp1 ,?ree ,filam5t #cbb ,incl9ation ,compass #adb ,incl9ation1 ,magnetic #cdf ,incl9ation ,map #big ,incl9ation or ,dip1 ,angle ( #cc ,incomplete ,circuit #abe ,increm5t ,key #cad ,indep5d5ce ( ,curr5ts 9 ,p>allel ,circuits #big ,india ,rubb] #ajb ,indicat$ ,horse ,p[] #bij ,indicat+ ,bell #hj1 #big ,indicator #bih ,indicator1 ,circuit #bih ,indicator1 ,?r[-back #edj ,indicator1 ,volt #efh ,indiff]5t ,electrode #baj ,indiff]5t ,po9t #dba ,induc$ ,curr5t #afc ,induc$ ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( #ced1 #cei ,inductance #bih ,inductance ,balance #bic ,inductance ,bridge #bic ,induction1 ,anti-1 ,conductor #cf ,induction1 ,back #ee ,induction ,balance1 ,hughes #bia ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,magnetic #cdi ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,mutual #cja ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( ,self- #bih ,induction ,coil #acc ,induction ,coil1 ,inv]t$ #acf ,induction ,coil1 ,telephone #acg1 #ebf ,induction1 ,cross #bih ,induction ,curr5t #afc ,induction1 ,electro-magnetic #bah1 #bii ,induction1 ,electro/atic #cjb ,induction1 ,electro/atic1 ,coeffici5t ( #bcd ,induction1 ,horizontal #cjb ,induction1 ,lat]al #cjb ,induction1 ,l9es ( #ccj ,induction1 ,magnetic #cjb1 #cdf ,induction1 ,magnetic1 ,app>5t ,coeffici5t ( #cdf ,induction1 ,magnetic1 ,coeffici5t ( #cdf ,induction1 ,magnetic ,dynamic #cdg ,induction1 ,magnetic1 ,self- #ceb ,induction1 ,magnetic ,/atic #cdg ,induction1 ,magnetic1 ,tube ( #cdg ,induction1 ,mutual1 ,electro-magnetic #cjb ,induction1 ,mutual1 ,electro/atic #cjc ,induction1 ,op5 ,circuit #cjc ,induction1 ,oscillatory #cih ,induction ,protector1 ,mutual #dha ,induction1 ,self- #cjc ,induction ,%ea? #cjc ,induction4 ,unipol> #cjd ,induction1 ,unit ( ,self- #cjd ,induction1 ,v]tical #cjd ,inductive ,capacity1 ,magnetic #cdf1 #cdi ,inductive ,effect1 ,c\nt]- #bjd ,inductive ,resi/ance #dff ,inductophone #cjd ,inductor #cje ,inductor ,dynamo #aii ,inductor ,g5]ator #aii ,inductor1 ,magneto- #cfc ,inductor1 ,pac9otti's #djj ,inductorium #ach ,in]tia #cje ,in]tia1 ,electro-magnetic #cje ,in]tia1 ,magnetic #cdg ,inf9ity ,plug #cje1 #dbj ,influ5ce1 ,electric #cje ,influ5ce ,ma*9e #ccd ,influ5ce ,ma*9e1 ,armature ( #df ,influ5ce ,ma*9e1 ,holtz #ccd ,influ5ce1 ,magnetic #cdf ,in/allation #cje ,in/antane\s ,capacity #ajb ,insulat+ ,/ool #cje ,insulat+ ,tape #cje ,insulat+ ,v>ni% #cjf ,insulation1 ,electric #cje ,insulation1 ,magnetic #cdg ,insulation1 ,oil #cif ,insulation ,resi/ance #dff ,insulator #cjf ,insulator ,caps #cjf ,insulator1 ,fluid #cjf ,insulator1 ,l9e or ,telegraph #cjf ,int5sity #cjf ,int5sity ,armature #de ,int5sity ,curr5t #afc ,int5sity1 ,electro-motive #bbh ,int5sity1 ,magnetic #cdh ,int5sity ( a ,magnetic ,field #cjf ,int5sity ( ,magnetization #cfj ,int5sity1 ,poles ( #dbf ,int]-air ,space #dhi ,int]cross+ #cjg ,int]f]5ce1 ,armature #de ,int]f]ric ,space #dhi ,int]ior ,pole ,dynamo #aia ,int]lock+- ,electro-magnets4 #bbi ,int]m$iate ,metals1 ,law ( #cbc ,int]mitt5t1 #cjg ,int]nal ,*>act]i/ic #aad ,int]nal ,resi/ance #dff lnt]pol> ,conductor #cjg ,int]pol> ,region #cjg ,int]polation #cjg ,int]rupt]1 ,electro-magnetic1 = ,tun+ ,=k #cjg ,intr9sic ,effici5cy #bje ,inv>iable ,calibration #ig ,inv]se ,induc$ ,curr5t #afc ,inv]se ,squ>es1 ,law ( #cbc ,inv]sion1 ,!rmo-electric #ecc ,ions #cjg ,iron #cjh ,ironclad ,dynamo #bjj ,ironclad ,electro-magnet1 #bai ,ironclad ,magnet #cef ,iron ,disc ,ammet]1 ,ecc5tric #bg ,iron1 ,electrolytic #cjh ,iron1 ,galvaniz$ #bfe ,ironwork ,fault ( a ,dynamo #cjh ,irrev]sible ,heat #bhf ,iso*asm5 ,curve #aga ,iso*ronism #cjh ,isocl9ic ,l9es #cjh ,isocl9ic ,map #cjh ,isodynamic ,l9es #cjh ,isodynamic ,map #cjh ,isoelectric ,po9ts #dbb ,isogonal ,l9es #cjh ,isogonic ,map #cji ,isolat$ ,di/ribution #cji ,isolat$ ,plant #cji ,isolat$ ,supply #cji ,isotropic #cji ,i/hmus ,me?od ( ,magnetization #cfj ,i4 ,w4 ,g41 #cji ,j #cji ,jablo*k(f ,c&le #afj ,jack4 ,spr+- #dib ,jacket$ ,magnet #cef ,jacobi's ,law #cji ,jacobi's ,me?od ( ,magnetization #cfj ,jacobi's ,unit ( ,curr5t #afc ,jacobi's ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dff ,jam9 ,c&le #ajj ,j>1 ,leyd5 #cbe ,j>1 ,lightn+ #ccj ,j>1 ,lum9\s #ccb ,j>s1 ,leyd51 ,*>g+ & ,dis*>g+ #ajh ,j>1 ,unit #eed ,jewelry #cji ,j\lad #caa ,j\le #caa ,j\le ,effect #caa ,j\le's ,electro-magnet #ccg ,j\le's ,equival5t1 #caa ,jo9t1 ,am]ican ,twi/ #cji ,jo9t1 ,britannia #cji ,jo9t1 ,butt #caj ,jo9t ,curr5t #afj ,jo9t1 ,lap #caj ,jo9t1 ,m>riage #caj ,jo9t1 ,resi/ance #dfd ,jo9ts 9 ,belts #caa ,jo9t1 ,sleeve #caj ,jo9t1 ,splay$ #caa ,junction ,box #caa ,junction1 ,!rmo-electric #ecc ,k4 #caa ,kaol9 #caa ,kapp4 ,l9e ( ,=ce #cab ,ka!lectrotonus #cab ,ka?ode #cab ,ka?odic ,closure ,contraction #cab ,ka?odic ,duration ,contraction #cab ,k4 ,c4 ,c4 #cab ,k4 ,d4 ,c4 #cab ,kempe's ,dis*>ge ,key #cae ,keep] #cab ,k]r ,effect #bce1 #cab ,k]r's ,exp]im5t #cab ,key #cac ,key ,bo>d #cac ,key1 ,bridge #cac ,key1 ,d\ble ,contact #cad ,key1 ,d\ble ,tapp] #cad ,key1 ,*>ge & ,dis*>ge #cac ,key1 ,increm5t #cad ,key1 ,kempe's ,dis*>ge #cae ,key1 ,magneto-electric #cae ,key1 ,make & ,break #caf ,key1 ,plug #caf ,key1 ,rev]s+ #caf ,key1 ,slid+-contact #caf ,key1 ,telegraph #caf ,kick+ ,coil #acb ,kilo #caf ,kilodyne #caf ,kilogram #cag ,kiloj\le #cag ,kilomet] #cag ,kil[att #cag ,k9e #cag ,k9n]sley's ,!rmomet] #ecf ,k9etics1 ,electro- #baa ,k9etic ,en]gy #bda ,kir*(f's ,laws #cag ,knife ,break ,swit* #eja ,knife ,edge ,susp5sion #cag ,knife ,edge ,swit* #eja ,knife ,swit* #eja ,knot #cag ,kohlraus*'s ,law #cag ,kookogey's ,solution #cah ,krizik's ,cores #cah ,l #cah ,lag1 ,angle ( #cc1 #cah ,lag1 ,electric #ccb ,lag1 ,magnetic #cdh ,lal&e ,*ap]on ,batt]y #fi ,lal&e-,edison ,batt]y #fi ,lamell> ,di/ribution ( ,magnetism #ceg ,lam9at$ #cah ,lam9at$ ,core #aed ,lam9at$ ,core1 ,tang5tially #aee ,lam9ation #cah ,lam9ation ( ,armature ,conductors #cai ,lam9ation ( ,magnet #cfa ,lamp1 ,arc #cai ,lamp1 ,arc1 ,d\ble ,c>bon #aia ,lamp ,c>bons1 ,fla%+ ( ,inc&esc5t #beg ,lamp1 ,c>cel #ajh ,lamp1 ,contact #cbj ,lamp1 ,diff]5tial ,arc #cbj ,lamp ,globe1 ,wat]pro( #egb ,lamp1 ,holophote #cba ,lamp-h\r #cba ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t #cba ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t1 ,*amb] ( #aac ,lamp1 ,inc&esc5t1 ,?ree ,filam5t #cbb ,lamp1 ,life ( ,inc&esc5t #cbg ,lamp1 ,ligh?\se #cbb ,lamp1 ,monophote #cba ,lamp1 ,pilot #cbc ,lamp1 ,polyphote #cbc ,lamp1 ,semi-,inc&esc5t #cbc ,lamp-socket #cbc ,lamps1 ,bank ( #cbc ,lane's ,electromet] #bbf ,langdon ,davies' ,rate ,gov]nor or ,phonophone #dej ,l5z's ,law #cbe ,lap ,jo9t #caj ,lap ,w9d+ #egj ,lat5t ,electricity #cbc ,lat]al ,dis*>ge #ahh ,lat]al ,induction #cjb ,latitude1 ,magnetic #cdh ,law1 ,jacobi's #cji ,law1 ,kohlraus*'s #cag ,law1 ,l5z's #cbe ,law ( ,angul> ,curr5ts #afe ,law ( ,electrolysis #bac ,law ( ,int]m$iate ,metals #cbc ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es #cbc ,law ( ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,c\lomb's #cch ,law ( ,successive ,temp]atures #cbd ,law1 ,magnus' #cfg ,law1 ,ohm's #cif ,law1 ,pflg]'s4 #dji ,law1 ,"r ,h&$ ,screw #cbd ,law1 ,s9e #dhf ,laws1 ,kir*(f's #cag ,laws ( ,!rmo-electricity1 ,becqu]el's #gh ,law1 ,tang5t #ejb ,law1 ,voltametric #efg ,lead #cbd ,lead1 ,angle ( #cc ,lead ,*loride ,batt]y #ff ,lead ( ,bru%es #ij ,lead ( ,bru%es1 ,negative #cbd ,lead1 ,p]oxide (1 ,batt]y #fi ,lead ,sulphate ,batt]y #ff ,lead ,tee #ejd ,lead+ ,horns #cbd ,lead+-9 ,wires #cbd ,leak #cbd ,leakage #cbd ,leakage ,conductor #cbe ,leakage1 ,electro-magnetic #bai ,leakage1 ,magnetic4 #cdh ,leakage1 ,surface #dih ,leclan* ,agglom]ate ,batt]y #ff ,leclan* ,batt]y #ff ,leg ( ,circuit #cbe ,legal ,ohm #cie ,legal ,quadrant #ddd ,legal ,volt #efh ,l5g? ( ,sp>k #dij ,lett] ,boxes1 ,electric #cbe ,leyd5 ,j> #cbe ,leyd5 ,j>1 ,armature ( #df ,leyd5 ,j>s1 ,batt]y ( #fh ,leyd5 ,j>s1 ,*>g+ & ,dis*>g+ #ajh ,leyd5 ,j>s1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's #cbf ,li*t5b]g's ,figures #cbg ,life ,curve #aga ,life ( ,inc&esc5t ,lamp #cbg ,light1 ,electro-magnetic1 ,!ory ( #bai ,light1 ,maxwell's ,!ory ( #cfi ,ligh?\se ,lamp #cbb ,lightn+ #cbg ,lightn+ ,arre/] #cbh ,lightn+ ,arre/]1 ,c\nt]-electro-motive ,=ce #cbi ,lightn+ ,arre/] ,plates #cbi ,lightn+ ,arre/]1 ,vacuum #cbi ,lightn+1 ,asc5d+ #ccj ,lightn+1 ,globe or ,globul> #ccj ,lightn+ ,j> #ccj ,lightn+1 ,back ,/roke or ,%ock ( #ee ,lime1 ,*loride (1 ,batt]y #fa ,limit1 ,magnetic #cdh ,limit ( ,magnetization #cfa ,l9e> ,curr5t #afd ,l9eman's ,detector #ahj ,l9e ( ,commutator1 ,neutral #cjj ,l9e ( ,contact #ccj ,l9e ( ,=ce1 ,kapp #cab ,l9e ( ,magnet1 ,neutral #cfa ,l9e or ,telegraph ,insulator #cjf ,l9es1 ,halleyan #cjh ,l9es1 ,isocl9ic #cjh ,l9es1 ,isodynamic #cjh ,l9es1 ,isogonal #cjh ,l9es1 ,isogonic #cjh ,l9es ( ,=ce #ccj ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,cutt+ ( #age ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,electro-magnetic #bai ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,electro/atic #bcd ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,magnetic #cdh ,l9es ( ,induction #ccj ,l9es ( ,slope #ccj ,l9es or ,po9ts ( ,lea/ ,sp>k+ #dij ,l9es1 ,trunk #eej ,l9ks1 ,fuse #ccj ,liquids1 ,electro-dynamic ,rotation ( #dgd ,liquids1 ,electro-magnetic ,rotation ( #dge ,liquor1 ,sp5t #dia ,li/5+ ,cam #ccj ,li?anode #cca ,load #cca ,load ,curve #agb ,load ( ,armature #df ,local ,action #cca ,local ,batt]y #cca ,local ,circuit #cca ,local ,curr5ts #afc1 #cca ,localization #cca ,locus #cca ,lode/one #ccb ,log>i?m #ccb ,log>i?ms1 ,hyp]bolic #chi ,log>i?ms1 ,napi]ian #chi ,local ,batt]y #ff ,long ,coil ,magnet #cfa ,long ,range ,electro-magnet #bbj ,long ,%unt & ,s]ies ,w9d+ #egi ,long ,%unt ,w9d+ #egi ,loop #ccb ,loop ,break #ccb ,loop1 ,circuit #abe ,loop1 ,drip #aib ,lo/ ,amp]es #cj ,lo/ ,volts #ega ,l[ ,vacuum #eeg ,luces #ccb ,lum9\s ,j> #ccb ,lum9\s ,pane #dja ,lum9\s ,tube #eej ,lux #ccb ,m #ccb ,ma*9e1 ,cyl9d] ,electric #ccc ,ma*9e1 ,electric1 ,wim%ur/ #egg ,ma*9e1 ,frictional ,electric #ccc ,ma*9e1 ,holtz ,influ5ce #ccd ,ma*9e1 ,hydro-electric #bic ,ma*9e1 ,influ5ce #ccd ,ma*9e1 ,nairne's ,electrical #chi ,ma*9e1 ,plate ,electrical #dag ,ma*9e1 ,rheo/atic #dgb ,ma*9e1 ,toeppl]-,holtz #ccd ,ma*9e1 ,wim%ur/ #cce ,mack #cce ,magic ,circle #aai ,magne-cry/allic ,action #cce ,magnet #cce ,magnet1 ,anomal\s #cce ,magnet1 ,artificial #cce ,magnet1 ,axial #ccf ,magnet1 ,b> #ccf ,magnet1 ,bell ,%ap$ #ccf ,magnet ,coils1 ,%ea? = #dha ,magnet1 ,comp5sat+ #ccf ,magnet1 ,comp\nd #ccf ,magnet1 ,controll+ #ahe1 #ccf ,magnet1 ,damp+ #ccf ,magnet1 ,deflection ( #ccg ,magnet1 ,direct+ #ahe ,magnet1 ,electro- #bae1 #ccg ,magnet1 ,equator ( #ccg ,magnet1 ,field #ccg ,magnet1 ,ha>lem #ccg ,magnet1 ,heat+ #bhf ,magnet1 ,horse%oe #ccg ,magnet1 ,ironclad #cef ,magnet1 ,j\le's ,electro- #ccg ,magnet-keep] #cfa ,magnet1 ,lam9ation ( #cfa ,magnet1 ,long ,coil #cfa ,magnet1 ,natural #cfa ,magnet1 ,neutral ,l9e ( #cfa ,magnet1 ,normal #cfa ,magnet ,op]ation #cfe ,magnet1 ,p]man5t #cfe ,magnet ,pole #cfe ,magnet1 ,portative ,p[] ( #cff ,magnet1 ,project+ ,p[] ( a #dce ,magnet1 ,relay #deg ,magnet1 ,simple #cff ,magnet1 ,sol5oidal #cff ,magnet1 ,suck+ #cff ,magnet1 ,unipol> #cff ,magnet ,coil #ccf ,magnet ,core #ccf ,magnet ,poles1 ,second>y #cff ,magnet ,pole1 ,unit #cff ,magnetic ,adh]5ce #cch ,magnetic & ,electro-magnetic ,equipot5tial ,surface #bdd ,magnetic ,attraction #cch ,magnetic ,attraction & ,repulsion1 ,c\lomb's ,law ( #cch ,magnetic ,axis #cch ,magnetic ,azimu? #cch ,magnetic ,batt]y #cch ,magnetic ,bridge #cch ,magnetic ,circuit #cdj ,magnetic ,circuit1 ,curve ( ,saturation ( #agd ,magnetic ,conc5tration ( ,ores #cdj ,magnetic ,conc5trator #cdj ,magnetic ,cont9uity #cdj ,magnetic ,conductance & ,conductivity #cdj ,magnetic ,control #cda ,magnetic ,c\ple #cda ,magnetic ,creep+ #cda ,magnetic ,curves #cda ,magnetic ,cut ,out #age ,magnetic ,decl9ation #cdb ,magnetic ,d5sity #cdb ,magnetic ,dip #cdb1 #cdf ,magnetic ,discont9uity #cdb ,magnetic ,d\ble ,circuit #cdj ,magnetic ,eye1 ,electro- #bdh ,magnetic ,elem5ts #cdb ,magnetic ,elongation #cdd ,magnetic ,equator #cdd ,magnetic ,false ,poles #cej ,magnetic1 ,f]ro- #beb ,magnetic ,field1 ,int5sity ( a #cjf ,magnetic ,field ( ,=ce #cdd ,magnetic ,field1 ,uni=m #cde ,magnetic ,figures #cde ,magnetic ,filam5t #cde ,magnetic ,fluid1 ,nor? #ceg ,magnetic ,fluids #cde ,magnetic ,flux #cde ,magnetic ,=ce #cdf ,magnetic ,friction #bie1 #cdf ,magnetic ,friction ,ge> #bgf ,magnetic ,fluid1 ,s\? #cef ,magnetic ,foci #bei ,magnetic ,ge> #cdf ,magnetic ,hy/]esis #bid ,magnetic ,incl9ation #cdf ,magnetic ,induction #cjb ,magnetic ,induction1 ,app>5t ,coeffici5t ( #cdf ,magnetic ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( #cdf-cdi ,magnetic ,induction1 ,dynamic #cdg ,magnetic ,induction1 ,/atic #cdg ,magnetic ,induction1 ,tube ( #cdg ,magnetic ,inductive ,capacity #cdi ,magnetic ,in]tia #cdg ,magnetic ,influ5ce #cdf ,magnetic ,insulation #cdg ,magnetic ,int5sity #cdh ,magnetic ,lag #cdh ,magnetic ,latitude #cdh ,magnetic ,leakage #cdh ',magnetic ,limit #cdh ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce #cdh ,magnetic ,mass #cdi ,magnetic ,matt] #cdi ,magnetic ,memory #cdi ,magnetic ,m]idian #cdi ,magnetic ,mom5t #cdi ,magnetic ,ne$le #cdi ,magnetic ,ne$le1 ,decl9ation ( ! #agh ,magnetic ,ne$le1 ,dip ( #ahe ,magnetic ,ne$le1 ,oscillation ( a #cig ,magnetic ,output #cii ,magnetic ,p>allels #cdi ,magnetic ,p]meability #cdi ,magnetic ,p]turbations #cej ,magnetic ,poles #cej ,magnetic ,pot5tial #cej1 #dca ,magnetic ,pro( ,piece #cej ,magnetic ,pro( ,plane #cej ,magnetic ,quantity #cej ,magnetic ,reluctance #cea1 #deh ,magnetic ,reluctivity #cea ,magnetic ,reman5ce #ceh ,magnetic ,repulsion #cch ,magnetic ,resi/ance #deh ,magnetic ,ret5tivity #cea ,magnetic ,rotatory ,pol>ization #cea ,magnetic ,saturation #bea ,magnetic ,scre5 #cea ,magnetic ,self-induction #ceb ,magnetic ,sep>ator #ceb ,magnetic ,%ell #ceb ,magnetic ,%ell1 ,/r5g? ( #ceb ,magnetic ,%ield #cec ,magnetic ,%unt #cec ,magnetic ,/orms #cec ,magnetic ,/ra9 #ced ,magnetic ,/ress #ced ,magnetic ,susceptibility #bed1 #cei ,magnetic ,tick #ced ,magnetic ,top #edb ,magnetic ,twi/ #ced ,magnetic ,vane ,ammet] #bg ,magnetic ,v>iations #ced ,magnetism1 ,amp]e's ,!ory ( #ced ,magnetism1 ,blue #cee ,magnetism1 ,compon5ts ( ,e>?'s #cef ,magnetism1 ,creep+ ( #cef ,magnetism1 ,decay ( #cef ,magnetism1 ,dis*>ge ( #cef ,magnetism1 ,electro #bbj ,magnetism1 ,ew+'s ,!ory ( #cef ,magnetism1 ,free #cef ,magnetism1 ,hughes' ,!ory ( #ceg ,magnetism1 ,lamell> ,di/ribution ( #ceg ,magnetism ( ,gases #ceg ,magnetism1 ,r$ #ceg ,magnetism1 ,residual #ceh ,magnetism1 ,sol5oidal ,di/ribution ( #ceh ,magnetism1 ,sub-p]man5t #ceh ,magnetism1 ,t]re/rial #ceh ,magnetism1 ,web]'s ,!ory ( #ceh ,magnetization by ! ,e>? #cei ,magnetization by ,d\ble ,t\* #ceh ,magnetization by ,sep>ate ,t\* #cei ,magnetization by ,s+le ,t\* #cei ,magnetization1 ,coeffici5t ( ,induc$ #cei ,magnetization ,curve #agb ,magnetization1 ,cycle ( #cfj ,magnetization1 ,elias' ,me?od ( #cfj ,magnetization1 ,h(f]'s ,me?od ( #cfj ,magnetization1 ,int5sity ( #cfj ,magnetization1 ,i/hmus ,me?od ( #cfj ,magnetization1 ,jacobi's ,me?od #cfj ,magnetization1 ,limit ( #cfa ,magnetization1 ,maximum #cfa ,magnetization1 ,specific #cfa ,magnetization1 ,surface #cef ,magnetiz+ ,coil #abg ,magneto #cfa ,magneto ,bell #hj ,magneto ,call ,bell #cfa ,magneto-electric #cfa ,magneto-electric ,brake #cfb ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator #cfb ,magneto-electric ,g5]ator1 or ,dynamo1 ,fla%+ 9 a #beg ,magneto-electric ,key #cae ,magneto-electric ,telegraph #eab ,magnetograph #cfc ,magneto-inductor #cfc ,magnetomet] #cfc ,magnetomet]1 ,diff]5tial #cfe ,magnetometry #cfd ,magneto-motive ,=ce #cfe ,magnetophone #cfg ,magnetoscope #cfe ,magnify+ ,spr+ ,ammet] #bh ,magnus' ,law #cfg ,ma9 ,batt]y #ff ,ma9 ,batt]y ,circuit #abe ,ma9 ,circuit #abe ,ma9 or ,/&>d ,fe$] #bea ,ma9s1 ,electric #cfg ,make #cfg ,make & ,break ,curr5t #afd1 #cfg ,make & ,break ,key #caf ,make-induc$ ,curr5t #afc ,malapt]urus #cfg ,map1 ,decl9ation #cji ,map1 ,incl9ation #big ,map1 ,isocl9ic #cjh ,map1 ,isodynamic #cjh ,map1 ,isogonic #cji ,m>i ,davy's ,batt]y #fg ,m>9e ,galvanomet] #bfi ,m>9]'s ,compass #adb ,m>k$ ,end or ,pole #cfh ,m>riage ,jo9t #caj ,mass1 ,electric #cfh ,mass1 ,magnetic #cdi ,ma/] ,clock #abg ,ma!matical ,elem5t #bcg ,matteueci's ,exp]im5t #cfi ,matt]1 ,electric #cfh ,matt]1 ,f\r? ,/ate ( #bfa ,matt]1 ,magnetic #cdi ,matt]1 ,radiant #cfh ,matt]1 ,ultra ,gase\s #eea ,mat?iess5's ,met]-gram ,/&>d ,resi/ance14 #dff ,mat?iess5's ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dff ,matt+1 ,electric ,floor #cfi ,maximum ,magnetization #cfa ,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light #cfi ,may]'s ,float+ ,magnet #cgj ,maynoo?'s ,batt]y #fg ,measurem5t1 ,absolute #h ,measurem5ts #cgj ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat #bhf ,me*anical ,en]gy #bda ,me*anical ,equival5t1 ,electro- #bdd ,m$ical ,batt]y #fg ,m$ium1 ,pol>ization ( ! #dbd ,meg or ,mega #cgj ,meid+]'s ,batt]y #fh ,memoria ,te*nica1 ,ampre's #cj ,memory1 ,magnetic #cdi ,m]cury #cga ,m]cury ,bi*romate1 ,batt]y #fc ,m]cury ,circuit ,break] #aba ,m]cury ,cups #cga ,m]cury1 ,sulphate (1 ,batt]y #fg ,m]curial ,air ,pump #af ,m]idian1 ,a/ronomical #cgb ,m]idian1 ,geographic #cgb ,m]idian1 ,magnetic4 #cdi ,m]it1 ,figure ( #bef ,m]it1 ,=mula ( #bef ,metal1 ,gild+ #bgg ,metallic ,arc #ci ,metallic ,circuit #abe ,metallo*romes #cib ,metallurgy1 ,electro- #bbb ,metals1 ,law ( ,int]m$iate #cbc ,met]4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t #cgc ,met]1 ,amp]e & ,volt1 ,galvanomet] 4 #bgd ,met]1 ,balance ,amp]e #cia ,met] ,bridge #cgc ,met] ,bridge1 ,slide #dhf ,met] ,c&le #cgd ,met]1 ,*emical ,electric #cge ,met]1 ,curr5t #cge ,met]1 ,electro-magnetic #cge ,met]1 ,en]gy #cge ,met] ,gram ,/&>d ,resi/ance1 ,mat?ies5's #dff ,met]-millimet] #cge ,met]-millimet] ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dff ,met]1 ,neutral ,wire ,amp]e4 #cia ,met]1 ,quantity #dde ,met]s4 ,amp]e #ci ,met]1 ,!rmal-,electric #cge ,met]1 ,"t ,electric #cge ,met]1 ,watt #cge ,me?od1 ,broadside #hi ,me?od1 ,deflection #agh ,me?od1 ,end on #bch ,me?od1 ,idio/atic #bie ,me?od1 ,multiple ,wire #chh ,me?od1 ,null #cic ,me?od ( ,magnetization1 ,elias' #cfj ,me?od ( ,magnetization1 ,i/hmus #cfj ,me?od ( ,magnetization1 ,jacobi's #cfj ,me?v5 ,/&>d or ,scre5 #cgf ,mho1 #cgf ,mica #cgf ,mica1 ,m\ld$ #cgf ,micro #cgf ,micromet] #cgf ,micromet]1 ,arc #ci1 #cgf ,micromet]1 ,sp>k #dgj ,micron #cgf ,microphone #cgf ,microphone ,relay #cgg1 #deg ,microscope4 ,photo-electric #daj ,microtasimet] #cgg ,mil #cgi ,mil1 ,circul> #cgi ,mil-foot #cgi ,mil-foot ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfg ,milli #cgi ,milligram #cgi ,millimet] #cgi ,milli-o]/$t #chj ,mil1 ,squ>e #cgi ,m9ute1 ,amp]e- #cj ,mirror ,galvanomet]4 #bga ,mix$ ,gases #bge mm4 #chj ,mol> #chj ,mol> ,en]gy #bda ,molecul> ,aff9ity #chj ,molecul> ,attraction #chj ,molecul> ,bomb>dm5t #chj ,molecul> ,*a9 #chj ,molecul> ,en]gy #bda ,molecul> ,heat #bhf ,molecul> ,rigidity #chj1 #dgc ,molecul> ,%ad[ #dhj ,molecule #chj ,mom5t #cha ,mom5t1 ,magnetic #cdi ,mom5t ( ,c\ple #edd ,mom5t1 ,turn+ #edd ,monophote ,lamp #cba ,mordey ,effect #cha ,morse ,receiv] #cha ,morse ,record] #dea ,morse ,telegraph #eab ,mort>1 ,electric #chb ,motion1 ,curr5ts ( #afg ,motograph1 ,electro- #bbi ,motor4 ,comp\nd or ,comp\nd ,w\nd14 #chb ,motor1 ,diff]5tial #chb ,motor1 ,dynamo #bjj ,motor1 ,electric #chb ,motor1 ,electro- #bbi ,motor1 ,electro-motive ,=ce #chd ,motor-g5]ator #chd ,motor1 ,multiphase #chd ,motor1 ,ov]type #cii ,motor1 ,prime #che ,motor1 ,pulsat+ #chf ,motor1 ,pyromagnetic #ddb ,motor1 ,reciprocat+ #che ,motor1 ,s]ies #chf ,motor1 ,%unt #chf ,m\ld$ ,mica #cgf ,m\ld+ #eh ,movable ,second>y #dgg ,mud1 ,batt]y #fh ,multiphase ,curr5ts #aff ,multiphase ,motor #chd ,multiple #chf ,multiple ,arc #chg ,multiple ,arc ,box #chg ,multiple ,connect$ ,batt]y #fh ,multiple-s]ies #chg1 #dhj ,multiple ,swit* #eja ,multiple ,swit* ,bo>d #chg ,multiple ,trans=m] #edh ,multiple ,w9d+ #egi ,multiple ,wire ,me?od #chh ,multiplex ,h>monic ,telegraph #eaj ,multiplex ,telegraph #ead ,multiplex ,telegraphy #chh ,multipli]1 ,s*weigg]'s #dgf ,multiply+ ,p[] #cdg1 #cdi ,multiply+ ,p[] ( a ,%unt #chh ,multipol> ,armature #df ,multipol> ,dynamo #bjj ,multipol> ,electric ,ba? #eg ,multipol> ,w9d+ #egi ,muscul> ,pile #chh ,mutual ,electro-magnetic ,induction #cjb ,mutual ,electro/atic ,induction #cjc ,mutual ,induction1 ,coeffici5t ( #cja ,mutual ,induction ,protector #dha ,myria #chh ,nairne's ,electrical ,ma*9e #chi ,napi]ian ,log>i?ms #chi ,nasc5t ,/ate #chi ,natural ,curr5ts #aff1 #chi ,natural ,magnet #cfa ,ne$le #chi ,ne$le ,annunciator #ce ,ne$le1 ,a/atic #ej ,ne$le1 ,dipp+ #ahe ,ne$le1 ,magnetic #cdi ,ne$le1 ,ori5tation ( a ,magnetic #cig ,ne$le ( ,oscillation #chi ,ne$le ,telegraph1 ,s+le #eai ,ne$le1 ,telegraphic #chi ,negative ,*>ge #chi ,negative ,curr5t #afd ,negative ,electricity #chi ,negative1 ,electro- #bbi ,negative ,elem5t #cij ,negative ,fe$] #bea ,negative ,lead ( ,bru%es #cbd ,negative ,plate #dag ,negative ,pole #dbe ,negative ,pot5tial #dcb ,negative ,side ( ,circuit #abe ,n]ve & ,muscle ,curr5t #afd ,n]ve ,curr5ts #cij ,net ,effici5cy #bje ,net1 ,f>aday's #bej ,network #cij ,neutral ,armature #df ,neutral ,fe$] #bea ,neutral ,l9e ( ,commutator #cij ,neutral ,l9e ( ,magnet #cfa ,neutral ,po9t #dba ,neutral ,po9t ( ,commutator #cij ,neutral ,po9t1 ,!rmo-electric #cij ,neutral ,relay ,armature #df1 #cij ,neutral ,temp]ature #cij ,neutral ,wire #cij ,neutral ,wire ,amp]e ,met] #cia ,n4 ,h4 ,p4 #cia ,niaudet's ,batt]y #fa ,nickel #cia ,nickel ,ba? #cia ,night ,bell #cib ,nitric ,acid ,batt]y #fh ,nobili's ,r+s #cib ,nodal ,po9t #dbb ,nodul> ,deposit #cib ,nom9al ,c&le ,p[] #aja ,non-conductor #cib ,non-ess5tial ,resi/ance #dfe-dfg ,non-inductive ,resi/ance #dfg ,non-pol> ,dynamo #bjj ,non-pol>izable ,electrodes #baj ,non-,pol>iz$ ,armature #df ,normal ,magnet #cfa ,nor? ,magnetic ,fluid #ceg ,nor? ,pole #cib ,nor? ,seek+ ,pole #cic ,null ,me?od #cic ,null ,po9t #dbb ,occlusion #cic ,o]/$t #cid ,o]/$t's ,discov]y #cid ,o]/$t1 ,milli- #chj ,ohm #cid ,ohmage #cid ,ohm1 ,b4 ,a4 #cid ,ohm1 ,bo>d ( ,trade #cid ,ohm1 ,congress #cie ,ohmic ,resi/ance #cid1 #dfg ,ohm1 ,legal #cie ,ohmmet] #cie ,ohm1 ,rayleigh #cif ,ohm's ,law #cif ,ohm1 ,true #cif ,oil ,insulation #cif ,oil ,trans=m] #edh ,old ,armature1 ,siem5s' #di ,olefiant ,gas #cig ,omnibus ,b> #id ,omnibus ,rod #id ,omnibus ,wire #id ,"o ,coil ,electro-magnet #bai ,op5 #cig ,op5 ,circuit #abe ,op5 ,circuit ,batt]y #fh ,op5 ,circuit ,induction #cjc ,op5 ,circuit ,oscillation #cig ,op5 ,coil ,armature #df ,op5 ,coil ,dynamo #bjj ,op5+ ,%ock #dhb ,op]ation1 ,magnet #cfe ,oppos$ ,curr5t #afd ,optics1 ,electro- #bbi ,ord]s ( ,curr5ts #afg ,ord9ate #cig ,ord9ates1 ,axis ( #ed1 #cig ,ores1 ,electric ,r$uction ( #dec ,ores1 ,magnetic ,conc5tration ( #cdj ,organ1 ,electric #cig ,ori5tation ( a ,magnetic ,ne$le #cig ,orig9 ( ,co-ord9ates #cig ,oscillation1 ,c5tre ( #aab ,oscillation1 ,electric #cih ,oscillation1 ,ne$le ( #chi ,oscillation1 ,op5 ,circuit #cig ,oscillatory #bc ,oscillatory ,dis*>ge #ahh ,oscillatory ,displacem5t #cih ,oscillatory ,electro-motive ,=ce #cih ,oscillatory ,imp$ance #big ,oscillatory ,induction #cih ,osmose1 ,electric #cih ,outlet #cii ,output #cii ,output1 ,magnetic #cii ,output1 ,unit ( #cii ,ov]-comp\nd+ #cii ,ov]1 ,fla%+ #beh ,ov]fl[ ,al>m #ah ,ov]-h\se ,telegraph #eae ,ov]load #cii ,ov]type ,dynamo or ,motor #cii ,oxide ( ,copp] ,batt]y #fh ,ozone #cii ,pac9otti's ,inductor #djj ,pac9otti's ,r+ #djj ,pac9otti ,tee? #djj ,page ,effect #dja ,page's ,revolv+ ,armature #dg ,paill>d ,alloys #djj ,palladium #dja ,pane1 ,fulm9at+ #bfb ,pane1 ,lum9\s #dja ,pantelegraphy #djb1 #eaj ,pap] ,filam5ts #djb ,p>abola #djb ,p>abolic ,reflector #djb ,p>aff9e #djb ,p>aff9e ,wax #djb ,p>agrles #djc ,p>allax #djc ,p>allel #djc ,p>allel ,circuits #abc-abf ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces #bfj ,p>allels1 ,magnetic #cdi ,p>amagnetic #djc ,p>amagnetism #djd ,p>asitical ,curr5ts #afc ,p>*m5tiz+ #djd ,p>tial ,curr5t #afd ,p>tial ,e>? #bjc1 #djd ,p>tial ,vacuum #eeg ,passive ,/ate #djd ,pa?1 ,alt]native #bd ,p4 ,d4 #djd ,pelti]'s ,cross #dje ,pelti] ,effect #djd ,p51 ,electric #dje ,p5dant ,cord #dje ,p5dulum ,circuit ,break] #aba ,p5dulum1 ,electric #dje ,p5dulum or ,sw++ ,annunciator #ce ,p5tane ,/&>d1 ,h>c\rt's #djf ,p5tode ,work+ #eha ,p]cussion1 ,c5tre ( #aab ,p]=at$ ,armature #de ,p]=at$ ,core ,discs #aed ,p]=ator #djg ,p]iod #djg ,p]iod1 ,vibration #efj ,p]iodic #bc ,p]iodic ,curr5t1 ,p[] ( #dcc ,p]iodicity #bfb1 #djh ,p]ipol> ,zone #ehb ,p]man5cy #djh ,p]man5t ,magnet #cfe ,p]man5t ,magnet ,ammet] #bh ,p]man5t ,/ate #djh ,p]meability #cdf-cdi ,p]meability-temp]ature ,curve1 #agd ,p]meamet] #djh ,p]meance #djh ,p]oxide ( ,lead ,batt]y #fi ,p]turbations1 ,magnetic #cej ,pflg]'s ,law #dji ,phantom ,wires #dji ,phase #dji ,phase1 ,ret>dation ( #dga ,ph5om5on1 ,porret's #dbg ,ph]ope #dji1 #ebg ,philosoph]'s ,egg #dji ,phonautograph1 #dji ,phone #dji ,phonic ,:eel #dji ,phonograph #daj ,phonophone or ,rate ,gov]nor1 ,langdon ,davies' #dej ,phonoz5ograph #daj ,phosphoresc5ce #daj ,phosphor\s1 ,electrical ,r$uction ( #daj ,photo-electric ,microscope #daj ,photo-electricity #daj ,photo-electro-motive ,=ce #daj ,photomet] #daa ,photomet]1 ,act9ic #daa ,photomet]1 ,b> #daa ,photomet]1 ,buns5's #dab ,photomet]1 ,calorimetric #dab ,photomet]1 ,disp]sion #dab ,photomet]1 ,%ad[ #dad ,photomet]1 ,transluc5t ,disc #dab ,photophore #dae ,photo-voltaic ,effect #dae ,physical ,en]gy #bda ,physiology1 ,electro- #bca ,piano1 ,electric #dae ,pickle #dae ,picture1 ,electric #dae ,piece1 ,b$ #gh ,piece1 ,magnetic ,pro( #cej ,piece1 ,pole #dbc ,pi]c$ ,core-discs1 #aeb ,pile #dae ,pile1 ,diff]5tial ,!rmo-electric #ecc ,pile1 ,muscul> #chh ,pile or ,batt]y1 ,!rmo-electric #ecj ,pilot ,bru% #ia ,pilot ,lamp #cbc ,pilot ,trans=m] #dae ,pilot ,wires #dae ,pi/ol1 ,electric #daf ,pi? #daf ,pi? ,ball ,electroscope #bcd ,pi?-balls #daf ,pivot$ ,armature #dg ,pivot ,susp5sion #daf ,plane1 ,magnetic ,pro( #cej ,plant #dag ,plant ,electricity #dag ,plant1 ,isolat$ #cji ,plant's ,second>y ,batt]y1 #gb ,plate1 ,arre/] #dag ,plate ,cond5s] #dag ,plate1 ,e>? #bjc ,plate ,electrical ,ma*9e #dag ,plate1 ,frankl9's #bfb ,plate1 ,g5]at+ #bgg ,plate1 ,gr\nd #dag ,plate1 ,negative #dag ,plate1 ,positive #bgg1 #dag ,plat+ ,balance #dag ,plat+ ,ba? #dah ,plat+1 ,electro- #dah ,plat9iz$ ,c>bon ,batt]y #fi ,plat9oid #dah ,plat9um #dai ,plat9um ,alloy #dai ,plat9um ,black #dai ,plat9um ,silv] ,alloy #dai ,plat9um ,sponge #dai ,play1 ,end #bch ,pl[ #dbj ,plck] ,tubes #dbj ,plug #dbj ,plug ,cut ,out #age ,plug1 ,d\ble #aia ,plug1 ,grid #dbj ,plug1 ,inf9ity #cje1 #dbj ,plug ,key #caf ,plug ,swit* #dbj ,plumbago #dba ,plunge ,batt]y #fi ,plunge #dba ,plung] & ,coil #aca ,plung] & ,coil1 ,diff]5tial #acb ,plung]1 ,coil & #aca ,plung] ,electro-magnet #bbj ,pneumatic ,batt]y #fi ,pneumatic ,signals1 ,electro- #bca ,p4,o4 #dba ,pockets1 ,armature #dg ,pogg5dorf's ,solution #dba ,po9t1 ,contact #adg ,po9t1 ,indiff]5t #dba ,po9t1 ,neutral #dba ,po9t4 ,nodal #dbb ,po9t1 ,null #dbb ,po9t ( ,commutator1 ,neutral #cij ,po9t ,poles #dbb ,po9ts1 ,consequ5t #dbb ,po9ts1 ,correspond+ #dbb ,po9ts1 ,iso-electric #dbb ,po9ts ( ,d]ivation #ahj1 #dbc ,po9t1 ,!rmo-electric ,neutral #cij ,pol> ,angle #dbc ,pol> ,ext5sion #dbc ,pol>ity1 ,diamagnetic #aha1 #dbc ,pol>ity1 ,resultant #dgj ,pol>ization #dbc ,pol>ization1 ,back ,electro-motive =ce ( #aef ,pol>ization ,capacity #dbd ,pol>ization1 ,dielectric #ahc ,pol>ization1 ,galvanic #bfe ,pol>ization1 ,magnetic ,rot>y #cea ,pol>ization ( ! ,m$ium #dbd ,pol>iz$ ,armature #dg ,pol>iz$ ,electro-magnet #bbj ,pol>iz$ ,relay #deh ,pol>iz$ ,relay1 ,tongue ( #edb ,pol>iz+ ,curr5t #afd ,pol> ,region #dbd ,pol> ,span #dbd ,pol> ,span1 ,angle ( #cb1 #dbc ,pol> ,tips #dbc ,pol> ,zone #ehb ,pole1 ,analog\s #ca1 #dbe ,pole1 ,antilog\s #dbe ,pole1 ,armature #dg ,pole1 ,au/ral #ed ,pole1 ,boreal #he ,pole ,brackets1 ,telegraph #eae ,pole ,*ang] #dbe ,pole ,*ang+ ,swit*1 #eja ,pole ,dynamo1 ,int]ior #aii ,pole1 ,magnet #cff ,pole1 ,negative #dbe ,pole1 ,nor? #cib ,pole1 ,nor?-seek+ #cic ,pole or ,end1 ,m>k$ #cfh ,pole ,piece #dbc ,pole ,pieces #dbe ,pole1 ,positive #dbe ,pole1 ,sali5t #dbf ,pole1 ,t]m9al #ebi ,pole ,tips #bij1 #dbf ,pole1 ,travel+ #dbf ,pole1 ,unit ,magnet #cff ,poles #dbe ,poles1 ,comp5sat+ #dbf ,poles1 ,consequ5t #adf ,poles1 ,idle #bif ,poles1 ,magnetic #cej ,poles1 ,magnetic1 ,false #cej ,poles ( ,int5sity #dbf ,poles ( ,v]ticity #dbf1 #efj ,poles1 ,po9t #dbb ,poles1 ,second>y #dgh ,poles1 ,second>y ,magnet #cff ,polyphase ,curr5ts #afg ,polyphote ,lamp #cbc ,popgun1 ,electric #bhb ,por\s ,cell #dbg ,por\s ,cup #aei1 #dbf ,porret's ,ph5om5on #dbg ,portative ,p[] ( ,magnet #cff ,portelectric ,railroad #dbg ,portrait1 ,electric #dae ,position1 ,en]gy ( #bda ,position ,f9d] #dbg ,position1 ,sight$ #dhd ,positive ,curr5t #afd ,positive ,direction #dbh ,positive ,electricity #dbh ,positive ,elem5t #bgg ,positive ,fe$] #bea ,positive ,plate #bgg1 #dag ,positive ,pole #dbe ,positive ,pot5tial #dcb ,positive ,side ( ,circuit #abe ,po/ ,(fice #dbh ,po/s1 ,b9d+1 or ,screws #ha ,pot5tial #dbh ,pot5tial1 ,absolute #dbh ,pot5tial1 ,con/ant #dbi ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce1 ,contact #adg ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce1 ,electric #dbi ,pot5tial ,diff]5ce1 ,electro-motive #dbi ,pot5tial1 ,electric ,absolute #dbi ,pot5tial1 ,fall ( #dcj ,pot5tial ,galvanomet] #bfi ,pot5tial 9 ,armature1 ,curve ( ,di/ribution ( #agb ,pot5tial1 ,magnetic #cej1 #dca ,pot5tial1 ,negative #dcb ,pot5tial or ,/atic ,en]gy #bda ,pot5tial1 ,positive #dcb ,pot5tial ,regulation1 ,con/ant #dee ,pot5tial1 ,unit ( ,electric #dcb ,pot5tial1 ,z]o #dcb1 #ehb ,pot5tiomet] #dcb ,p\ndal #dcc ,p\nd-foot #bei ,p[] #dch ,p[]1 ,c&le #ajj ,p[]1 ,directive #ahg ,p[]1 ,electric #dcc ,p[]1 ,horse #bij ,p[]1 ,illum9at+ #bif ,p[]1 ,multiply+ #cdi ,p[] ( ,magnet1 ,portative #cff ,p[] ( ,p]iodic ,curr5t #dcc ,p[]s ( ,t5 #ebg ,p[]1 ,/ray #die ,p[]1 ,!rmo-electric #ecc ,press ,button #id ,pressel #dcd ,pressure #dcd ,pressure1 ,electric #dcd ,pressure1 ,electrification by #dcd ,prim>y #dcd ,prim>y ,amp]e-turns #ca1 #eea ,prim>y ,batt]y #fi1 #dcd ,prime #dcd ,prime ,conductor #adf1 #dcd ,prime ,conductor1 ,coat+s ( a #abi ,prime ,motor #che ,pr9ciple1 ,gauss' #bgf ,pr9t+ ,telegraph #eae ,probe1 ,electric #dce ,project+ ,p[] ( a ,magnet #dce ,prony ,brake #dce ,pro( ,piece1 ,magnetic #cej ,pro(-plane #dcf ,pro( ,plane1 ,magnetic #cej ,pro(-sph]e #dcf ,proportional ,galvanomet] #bfi ,proportionate ,arms #dcf ,pro/ration1 ,electric #dcg ,protector1 ,body #hd ,protector1 ,comb #dcg ,protector1 ,electric #dcg ,pull #dcg ,pulsatory ,curr5t #afd ,pulsatory ,field #bef ,pulsat+ ,motor #chf ,pulv]ma*]'s ,electro-m$ical ,batt]y #fi ,pump1 ,geissl] #dcg ,pump1 ,spr5gel #dci ,pump1 ,sw9burne #ddj ,pump+ #dci ,puncture-electro #bcb ,puncture-galvano #bcb ,pu% ,button #ic4 #ih1 #ddj ,pu%1 ,desk #ahj ,pu%1 ,floor #beh ,pyro-electricity #dda ,pyromagnetic ,g5]ator #ddb ,pyromagnetic ,motor #dda ,pyromagnetism #ddc ,pyromet]1 ,siem5s' ,electric #ddc ,q #ddc ,quad #bhh1 #ddc ,quadrant #bhh1 #ddc ,quadrantal ,deviation #ahj ,quadrant1 ,legal #ddd ,quadrant1 ,/&>d #ddd ,quadrature #ddd ,quadruplex ,telegraph #eae ,qualitative #ddd ,quality ( ,s\nd #ddd ,quantitative #ddd ,quantity #ddd ,quantity ,armature #dg ,quantity1 ,electric #ddd ,quantity1 ,electro-magnetic #dde ,quantity1 ,electro-magnetic1 ,practical ,unit ( #dde ,quantity1 ,electro/atic #dde ,quantity ,galvanomet] #bfi ,quantity1 ,magnetic #cej ,quantity ,met] #dde ,qu>tz #dde ,quick+ #ddf ,r #ddf ,rac+ ( ,motors #ddf ,radial ,armature #dg ,radian #ddf ,radiant ,en]gy #ddf ,radiant ,matt] #cfh ,radiation #ddf ,radicals #ddf ,radiomet] #ddg ,radiomet]1 ,electric #ddg ,radio-micromet] #ddg ,radiophony #ddg ,railroad1 ,portelectric #dbg ,range ,f9d] #ddg ,rate ,gov]nor #ddi ,rate ,gov]nor or ,phonophone1 ,langdon ,davies' #dej ,rat$ ,c&le ,p[] #aja ,ratio ,arms #dcg ,ratio1 ,core #aed ,ratio1 ,%unt #dhc ,ratio1 ,velocity #efj ,ray1 ,electric #dej ,rayleigh ,ohm #cif ,reaction ,coil #acb ,reaction ( a ,dynamo ,field & ,armature #dej ,reaction ( ,deg5]ation #agi ,reactions1 ,anodic #cf ,reactions1 ,armature #dg ,reaction ,telephone #ebg ,reaction ,:eel #bei ,read+ ,galvanomet]1 ,direct #bfi ,read+1 ,s\nd #dhi ,read+ ,telescope #dej ,real ,effici5cy ( ,second>y ,batt]y #bje ,real ,hall ,effect #bhd ,raumur ,scale #dej ,recalesc5ce #dea ,receiv] #dea ,receiv]1 ,h>monic #bhd1 #dea ,receiv]1 ,morse #cha ,receptive1 ,electro- #bcb ,re*>ge #aae ,reciprocal #dea ,reciprocat+ ,motor #che ,recoil ,circuit #abe ,record]1 ,*emical #aag ,record]1 ,morse #dea ,record]1 ,siphon #deb ,record1 ,telephone #dea ,rectification ( ,alcohol1 ,electric #ah ,rectifi$ ,curr5t #afd ,rectil9e> ,curr5t #afe ,r$ ,v>ni% #eei ,r$ ,magnetism #ceg ,r$ress$ ,curr5t #afe ,r$uc$ ,resi/ance #dfg ,r$ucteur = ,ammet] #dec ,r$ucteur = ,voltmet] #dec ,r$uction ( ,ores1 ,electric #dec ,r$uction ( ,phosphor\s1 ,electrical #daj ,reflect+ ,galvanomet] #bgj ,reflector1 ,p>abolic #djb ,refraction1 ,electric ,d\ble #ded ,refraction1 ,electro/atic #bce ,refre%+ ,action #ded ,region1 ,extra-pol> #ded ,region1 ,intrapol> #cjg ,region1 ,pol> #dbd ,regi/]1 ,electric #ded ,regi/]1 ,telegraphic #ded ,regulation1 ,con/ant ,curr5t #ded ,regulation1 ,con/ant ,pot5tial #dee ,regulation ( ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,dynamo #aie ,regulation ( ,dynamos #dee ,regul9e #def ,relative #def ,relative ,calibration #ih ,relay #def ,relay ,bell #hj ,relay ,bells #deg ,relay1 ,box ,s\nd+ #deg ,relay ,connection #deg ,relay1 ,diff]5tial #deg ,relay ,magnet #deg ,relay1 ,microphone #cgg1 #deg ,relay1 ,neutral1 ,armature #cij ,relay1 ,pol>iz$ #deg ,reluctance #deh ,reluctance1 ,magnetic #cea1 #deh ,reluctance1 ,unit ( #dch ,reluctivity #dei ,reluctivity1 ,magnetic #cea ,reman5ce #dei ,reman5ce1 ,magnetic #ceh ,removal ( ,hair by ,electrolysis #bhc ,r5ovate #aae ,repeat] #dei ,repeat]1 ,telegraph #eah ,repl5i%]1 ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson's #dei ,repulsion1 ,magnetic #cch ,repulsion & ,attraction1 ,electro/atic #bcd ,repulsion & ,attraction1 ,electro-magnetic #bag ,res]voir1 ,common #dfj ,residual ,atmosph]e #dfj ,residual ,capacity #ajc ,residual ,*>ge #aaf ,residual ,magnetism #ceh ,residue1 ,electric #aaf1 #dfj ,res9 #dfj ,res9\s ,electricity #dfa ,resi/ance #dfa ,resi/ance1 ,app>5t #big1 #dfb ,resi/ance1 ,assymmetrical #dfb ,resi/ance ,box #dfb ,resi/ance1 ,b4 ,a4 ,unit ( #dfb ,resi/ance ,box1 ,slid+ #dfc ,resi/ance1 ,breguet ,unit ( #dfc ,resi/ance ,bridge #egg ,resi/ance ,coil #acg ,resi/ance ,coil1 ,/&>d #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,c>bon #dfc ,resi/ance1 ,comb9$ #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,comp5sat+ #add ,resi/ance1 ,critical #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,dielectric #ahc1 #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,digney ,unit ( #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,electrolytic #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,engli% ,absolute or ,foot-second ,unit ( #dfe ,resi/ance1 ,equival5t #dfe ,resi/ance1 ,ess5tial #dfe ,resi/ance1 ,ext]nal #dfe ,resi/ance ,frame #dfe ,resi/ance1 ,g]man ,mile ,unit ( #dff ,resi/ance1 ,hittorf's #dff ,resi/ance1 ,inductive #dff ,resi/ance1 ,insulation #dff ,resi/ance1 ,int]nal #dff ,resi/ance1 ,jacobi's ,unit ( #dff ,resi/ance1 ,jo9t #dfd ,resi/ance1 ,magnetic #cea1 #deh ,resi/ance1 ,mat?iess5's ,met]-gram ,/&>d ( #dff ,resi/ance1 ,mat?iess5's ,unit ( #dff ,resi/ance1 ,met]-millimet] ,unit ( #dff ,resi/ance1 ,mil-foot ,unit ( #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,non-ess5tial #dfe1 #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,non-inductive #dfg ,resi/ance ( ,human ,body #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,ohmic #cid1 #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,r$uc$ #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,siem5s' ,unit ( #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,specific #dfg ,resi/ance4 ,specific ,conduction #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,spuri\s #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,/eady+ #dfh ,resi/ance1 ,swiss ,unit ( #dfh ,resi/ance1 ,?omson's ,unit ( #dfh ,resi/ance to ,sp>k+ #dij ,resi/ance1 ,true #dfg ,resi/ance1 ,unit #dfh ,resi/ance1 ,unit (1 ,b4 ,a4 #gh ,resi/ance1 ,v>ley's #eei ,resi/ance1 ,v>ley's ,unit ( #dfh ,resi/ance1 ,virtual #big ,resi/ance1 ,web]'s ,absolute ,unit #dfh ,resolution ( ,=ces #bfa ,resonator1 ,electric #dfh-dgj ,re/1 ,curr5ts ( #afg ,resultant #dgj ,resultant ,pol>ity #dgj ,ret>dation #dgj ,ret>dation ( ,phase #dga ,ret5tivity #dga ,ret5tivity1 ,magnetic #cea ,retort ,c>bon #dga ,return #dga ,return ,circuit #abe ,return1 ,e>? #bjc ,return ,/roke #ee ,rev]sal1 ,!rmo-,electric #ecc ,rev]se ,curr5t ,work+ #eha ,rev]se-induc$ ,curr5t #afc ,rev]s]1 ,curr5t #afe ,rev]sibility #dga ,rev]sible ,bridge #dgb ,rev]s+ ,key #caf ,rev]s+ ,swit* #eja ,revivify #aae ,revolv+ ,armature1 ,page's #dg ,rheo*ord #dgb ,rheomet] #dgb ,rheomotor #dgb ,rheophore #dgb ,rheoscope #dgb ,rheoscopic ,frog #bfb ,rheo/at #dgb ,rheo/at ,arm #dgb ,rheo/atic ,ma*9e #dgb ,rheo/at1 ,:eat/one's #dgb ,rheotome #dgc ,rheotrope #dgc ,rhigol5e #dgc ,rhumbs #dgc ,rhumkorff ,coil #ach1 #dgc ,ribbon ,coil #ach ,ribbon ,core #aed ,"r-h&$ ,screw ,law #cbd ,rigidity1 ,molecul> #chj1 #dgc ,r+1 ,amp]e #cj ,r+ ,armature #dh ,r+4 ,collect+ #aci ,r+ ,contact #dgc ,r+ ,core #aee ,r+1 ,dynamo #bjj ,r+1 ,f>aday's #dgc ,r+1 ,f\ndation #bfa ,r+1 ,gu>d #bhb ,r+1 ,pac9otti's #djj ,r+s1 ,electric #cib ,r+s1 ,nobili's #cib ,r+1 ,split1 ,commutator #ada ,ro>+ #dgd ,rock] #dgd ,rock] ,arms #ej1 #dgd ,rod1 ,bus #id ,rod1 ,dis*>g+ #ahi ,rod1 ,omnibus #id ,roget's ,spiral #dgd ,roll+ ,armature #di ,ros9 #dfj ,rot>y ,pol>ization1 ,magnetic #cea ,rotat+ ,bru% #ia ,rotat+ ,field #bef ,rotation ( ,liquids1 ,electro-dynamic #dgd ,rotation ( ,liquids1 ,electro-magnetic #dge ,rotatory ,curr5ts #afg ,rubb] #ajb1 #dge ,rubb]1 ,india #ajb ,saddle ,bracket #dge ,safety ,cat* #age ,safety ,cut ,out #age ,safety ,device #dge ,safety ,fuse #age1 #dge ,safety ,fuse1 ,plug1 or ,/rip #dge ,sal ,ammoniac ,batt]y #fi ,sali5t ,pole #dbf ,salt #dge ,salt1 ,droni]'s #aib ,salt or ,sea-salt ,batt]y #fi ,s& ,batt]y #ij ,saturat$ #dgf ,saturation1 ,magnetic #cea ,saw1 ,electric #dgf ,scale1 ,fahr5heit #bdh ,scale1 ,raumur #dej ,scale1 ,tang5t #ejb ,s*weigg]'s ,multipli] #dgf ,scrat* ,bru%es #dgf ,scre51 ,electric #dgf ,scre51 ,magnetic #cea ,scre51 ,me?v5 #cgf ,screws or ,po/s1 ,b9d+ #ha ,seal$1 ,h]metically #bhi ,sea ,salt or ,salt ,batt]y #fi ,secohm #bhh ,second1 ,amp]e- #cj ,second>y ,actions #dgg ,second>y ,amp]e-turns #ca1 #eea ,second>y ,batt]y #gj ,second>y ,batt]y1 ,effici5cy (1 ,quantity #bje ,second>y ,batt]y1 ,plant's #gb ,second>y ,clock #abg ,second>y ,curr5t #aff ,second>y ,g5]ator #bgg1 #dgg ,second>y ,magnet ,poles #cff ,second>y1 ,movable #dgg ,second>y ,plates1 ,colors ( #dgh ,second>y ,poles #dgh ,secretion ,curr5t #aff ,section ,trolley #edi ,section$ ,coils #ach ,seebeck ,effect #dgh ,segm5ts #ef ,segm5ts1 ,commutator #ef ,sel5ium #dgh ,sel5ium ,cell #dgh ,sel5ium ,eye #dgh ,self-excit+ ,dynamo #bja ,self-induction #cjc ,self-induction1 ,magnetic #ceb ,self-induction1 ,unit ( #cjd ,self-repulsion #dgh ,self-w9d+ ,electric ,clock #abh ,semi-circul> ,deviation #aha ,semi-conductors #dgh ,semi-inc&esc5t ,lamp #cbc ,s5d]1 ,z9c #ehb ,s5sibility #dgi ,s5sitiv5ess1 ,angle ( ,maximum #dgi ,sep>ate ,circuit ,dynamo #bja ,sep>ate ,t\* #cei1 #dgi ,sep>ate ,t\*1 ,magnetization by #cei ,sep>ately ,excit$ ,dynamo #bja1 #dgi ,sep>ation ( ,electricities #dgi ,sep>ator #dgi ,sep>ator1 ,magnetic #ceb ,s]ies #dgi ,s]ies & ,long ,%unt ,w9d+ #egi ,s]ies & ,sep>ate ,coil ,w9d+ #egi ,s]ies & ,%ort ,%unt ,w9d+ #ehj ,s]ies1 ,contact #adg ,s]ies ,dynamo #bja ,s]ies1 ,electro-*emical #bji ,s]ies1 ,electro motive #bbh ,s]ies1 ,electro/atic #bce ,s]ies ,motor #chf ,s]ies1 ,multiple- #chg ,s]ies-multiple #dhj ,s]ies1 ,!rmo-electric #ecd ,s]ies ,trans=m] #edh ,s]ies ,w9d+ #egi ,s]vice ,conductors #dhj ,s]v+ #dhj ,%ackle #dhj ,%ad[1 ,electric #dhj ,%ad[1 ,molecul> #dhj ,%ad[ ,photomet] #dad ,%ea? = ,magnet ,coils #dha ,%ea? = ,trans=m]s #dha ,%ea?1 ,induction #cjc ,%eet ,curr5t #aff ,%ell1 ,magnetic #ceb ,%ell1 ,/r5g? ( ,magnetic #ceb ,%ellac #dha ,%ellac ,v>ni% #dha ,%ield1 ,anti-magnetic #cg ,%ield1 ,magnetic #cea1 #cec ,%ield$ #dha ,s4 ,h4 ,m4 #dhb ,%ock1 ,back1 or ,/roke ( ,lightn+ #ee ,%ock1 ,break #dhb ,%ock1 ,electric #dhb ,%ock1 ,op5+ #dhb ,%ock1 ,/atic #dhb ,%ort ,circuit #dhb ,%ort ,circuit ,work+ #dhb ,%ort ,fall ,air ,pumps #af ,%ort ,%unt ,w9d+ #egi ,%ovel ,electrodes #dhc ,%[] ,ba?1 ,electric #eg ,%unt #dhc ,%unt ,box #dhc ,%unt ,circuit #abc1 #abf ,%unt ,dynamo #bjb ,%unt1 ,electro-magnetic #dhc ,%unt1 ,galvanomet] #bga1 #dhc ,%unt1 ,magnetic #cec ,%unt ,motor #chf ,%unt4 ,multiply+ ,p[] ( a #chh ,%unt ,ratio #dhc ,%unt ,w9d+ #ehj ,%uttle ,armature #di ,%uttle ,curr5t #dhc ,%uttle ,w9d+ #dhc1 #ehj ,side ,fla% #dhd ,siem5s & ,halske's ,batt]y #gb ,siem5s' ,diff]5tial ,voltamet] #efd ,siem5s' ,electro-dynamomet] #bab ,siem5s' ,old ,armature #di ,siem5s' ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfg ,sight$ ,position #dhd ,signal+1 ,velocity ( #efj ,signals1 ,electro-pneumatic #bca ,signal1 ,telegraph #eai ,sil5t ,dis*>ge #ahg1 #ahi1 #bjf ,silv] #dhd ,silv] ,ba? #dhd ,silv]1 ,g]man #bgg ,silv] ,/ripp+ ,ba? #dhd ,silv] ,voltamet] #efe ,simple ,arc #ci ,simple ,circuit #abf ,simple ,h>monic ,motion #dhf ,simple ,imm]sion #ahe ,simple ,magnet #cff ,simple ,sub/itution #dhe ,sims-,edison ,torp$o #edc ,s9e ,curve #agd1 #dhe ,s9e ,galvanomet] #bga ,s9e ,law #dhf ,s9es1 ,curve ( #agc1 #dhe ,s+le ,coil ,dynamo #bjb ,s+le ,curb ,work+ #eha ,s+le ,fluid ,!ory #dhf ,s+le ,fluid ,voltaic ,cell #dhf ,s+le ,ne$le ,telegraph #eai ,s+le ,t\*1 ,magnetization by #cei ,s9i/rotorsal #dhf ,s9u\s ,curr5t #aff ,s9usoidal ,curve #agd1 #dhe ,siphon ,record] #deb ,sir ,william ,?omson's ,batt]y #gb ,sk9 ,effect #dhf ,skrivan[ ,batt]y #gb ,sl$ #dhf ,sleeve1 ,jo9t #caj ,slide1 ,balance #cgd ,slide ,bridge #cgd ,slide ,met] ,bridge #dhf ,slid+ ,cond5s] #add ,slid+-contact ,key #caf ,slid+ ,resi/ance ,box #dfc ,slope1 ,l9es ( #ccj ,smee's ,batt]y #gc ,s4 ,n4 ,code #dhf ,snap ,swit* #eja ,soak+-9-&-out #dhf ,socket1 ,lamp #cbc ,socket1 ,wall #egb ,sold]+1 ,electric #dhg ,sol5oid #dhg ,sol5oid ,ammet] #bh ,sol5oidal ,di/ribution ( ,magnetism #ceh ,sol5oidal ,magnet #cff ,solid ,e>? #bjc ,solutions1 ,batt]y1 ,*romic ,acid #gc ,solution1 ,*utaux's #aai ,solution1 ,delauri]'s #agi ,solution1 ,hittorf's #bhi ,solution1 ,kookogey's #cah ,solution1 ,pogg5dorf's #dba ,solution1 ,/rik+ #dif ,solution1 ,tiss&i]'s #edb ,solution1 ,tr\v's #edi ,sonomet]1 ,hughes' #dhh ,sonoresc5ce #dhh ,s\nd1 ,*>act]i/ics ( #aad ,s\nd] #dhh ,s\nd]s1 ,t9 #edb ,s\nd1 ,quality ( #ddd ,s\nd ,read+ #dhi ,s\? ,magnetic ,fluid #cef ,space1 ,cle>ance #dhi ,space1 ,crookes' ,d>k #dhi ,space1 ,d>k1 ,f>aday's #bdi1 #dhi ,space1 ,f>aday's ,d>k #bdi1 #dhi ,space1 ,int]-air #dhi ,space1 ,int]f]ric #dhi ,span1 ,pol> #dbd ,span1 ,pol>1 ,angle ( ! #cb ,sp>k ,arre/] #dhi ,sp>k ,coil #dhi ,sp>k ,dis*>ge #ahi ,sp>k1 ,duration ( ,electric #dij ,sp>k ,gap #dij ,sp>k1 ,l5g? ( #dij ,sp>k ,micromet] #dgj ,sp>k ,tube #dia ,sp>k+ #dij ,sp>k+ ,di/ance #aij ,sp>k+1 ,l9es or ,po9ts ( ,lea/ #dij ,sp>k+1 ,resi/ance to #dij ,specific ,conduction ,resi/ance #dfg ,specific ,conductivity #ade ,specific ,heat #bhf ,specific ,heat ( ,electricity #dia ,specific ,inductive ,capacity #ajc ,specific ,magnetization #cfa ,specific ,resi/ance #dfg ,spee*1 ,articulate #ej ,spe$1 ,critical #aeg ,sp5t ,acid #dia ,sp5t ,liquor #dia ,sph]ical ,armature #di ,sph]ical ,c&le ,p[] #aja ,sph]ical ,illum9at+ ,p[] #bif ,sphygmophone #dia ,sphygmophone1 ,electric #dia ,spid]s #dia ,spiral #dib ,spiral ,batt]y #gc ,spiral1 ,roget's #dgd ,spiral ,w9d+ #dib ,_s ,compass #adc ,splay$ ,jo9t #caa ,splice ,box #dib ,split ,batt]y #gc ,split ,r+ ,commutator #ada ,splutt]+ #dib ,sponge1 ,plat9um #dai ,spot1 ,grease #ib ,spr5gel ,pump #dci ,spr+ ,ammet] #bh ,spr+ & ,fibre ,susp5sion #beb ,spr+-contact #adh ,spr+ ,control #dib ,spr+ ,jack ,cut-out #dic ,spuri\s ,hall ,effect #bhd ,spuri\s ,resi/ance #dfg ,spuri\s ,voltage #dic ,squ>e ,mil #cgi ,squ>e ,wire #dic ,squ>es1 ,law ( ,inv]se #cbc ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire #did ,/agg]+ #dic ,/&>d ,c&le #aja ,/&>d ,c&le1 ,g]man #ii ,/&>d1 ,h>c\rt's ,p5tane #djf ,/&>d1 ,me?v5 #cgf ,/&>d ( ,illum9at+ ,p[]1 ,viole's #efa ,/&>d or ,ma9 ,fe$] #bea ,/&>d ,quadrant #ddd ,/&>d ,resi/ance ,coil #dfd ,/&>d ,voltaic ,cell #aji ,/&>d ,voltaic ,cell1 ,daniell's #aji ,/&>d ,voltaic ,cell1 ,latim] ,cl>k's4 #aaj ,/ate1 ,electrotonic #dic ,/ate1 ,nasc5t #chi ,/ate ( ,matt]1 ,f\r? #bfa ,/ate1 ,passive #djd ,/ate1 ,p]man5t #djh ,/atic ,breeze #dic ,/atic ,cond5s]1 ,armature ( #df ,/atic ,electricity #dic ,/atic ,hy/]esis #bie ,/atic ,induction1 ,magnetic #cdg ,/atic ,%ock #dhb ,/ation1 ,c5tral #dic ,/ation1 ,di/ant #dic ,/ation1 ,home #dic ,/ation1 ,trans=m+ #did ,/eady+ ,resi/ance #dfh ,/eel #did ,/eel+ #did ,/eel ,y>d ,ammet] #bh ,/ep-by-/ep ,telegraph #ejf ,/ep-by-/ep ,telegraphy #did ,/ep-d[n #did ,/ep1 ,foot- #bei ,/ick+ #did ,/ool1 ,insulat+ #cje ,/opp$ ,coil ,electro-magnets #bba ,/opp+ ,(f #die ,/orage ,batt]y #gj ,/orage ,batt]y ,*ang+ ,swit* #eja ,/orage ,batt]y1 ,plant's #gb ,/orage ,capacity #aje1 #die ,/orage ( ,electricity #die ,/orms1 ,electric #die ,/orms4 ,magnetic #cec ,/ra9 #die ,/ra91 ,dielectric #ahc ,/ra91 ,magnetic #ced ,/r&$ ,conductor ,armature #di ,/r&$ ,core #aee ,/ray ,field #bef1 #die ,/ray ,p[] #die ,/reamlets4 ,curr5t #die ,/r5g?1 ,dielectric #ahc ,/r5g? ( ,magnetic ,%ell #ceb ,/ress #die ,/ress1 ,dielectric #dif ,/ress1 ,electro-magnetic #bai1 #dif ,/ress1 ,electro/atic #bcf1 #dif ,/ress1 ,en]gy ( #bda ,/ress1 ,magnetic #ced ,/riae1 ,electric #dif ,/rik+ ,di/ance #dif ,/rik+ ,solution #dif ,/ripp+ #dif ,/ripp+ ,ba? #eg ,/ripp+ ,ba?1 ,gold #bgi ,/ripp+ ,ba?1 ,silv] #dhd ,/roke1 ,back #ee ,/roke or ,%ock ( ,lightn+1 ,back #ee ,/roke1 ,return #ee ,sub-bran* #dif ,sub-ma9 #dif ,sub-p]man5t ,magnetism #ceh ,sub/itution1 ,simple #dhe ,subway1 ,electric #dif ,successive ,temp]atures1 ,law ( #cbd ,suck+ ,coil #ahb ,suck+ ,magnet #cff ,sulphate ( ,lead ,batt]y #ff ,sulphate ( ,m]cury ,batt]y #fg ,sulphat+ #dig ,sulphur ,dioxide #dig ,sulphuric ,acid #dig ,sulphuric ,acid ,voltamet] #efd ,sulphur\s ,acid ,gas #dig ,sun/roke1 ,electric #dig ,sup]ficial ,d5sity1 ,electric #ahj ,sup]saturat$1 #dig ,supply1 ,isolat$ #cji ,surface #dig ,surface ,d5sity #dih ,surface1 ,equipot5tial #dih ,surface ,leakage #dih ,surface ,magnetization #cef ,surgical ,electro-magnet #bbb ,surg+ ,dis*>ge #ahh ,surveyors' ,compass #adc ,susceptibility1 ,magnetic #ced1 #cei ,susp5sion #dih ,susp5sion1 ,bifil> #dih ,susp5sion1 ,fibre #beb ,susp5sion1 ,knife ,edge #cag ,susp5sion1 ,pivot #daf ,susp5sion1 ,spr+ & ,fibre #beb ,susp5sion1 ,torsion #ede ,susp5sion ,wire ( ,cable #ig ,swag+4 ,electric #dii ,swell+ ,curr5t #afg ,s4 ,w4 ,g4 #dii ,sw9burne ,pump #ddj ,sw++ ,e>? #bjc ,sw++ or ,p5dulum ,annunciator #ce ,swiss ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfh ,swit* #dii ,swit*1 ,automatic #ejj ,swit* ,bo>d #ejj ,swit* ,bo>d1 ,multiple #chg ,swit* ,bo>d1 ,trunk+ #eej ,swit*1 ,break-d[n #hh ,swit*1 ,*ang+ #ejj ,swit*1 ,*ang+ ,ov] #ejj ,swit*1 ,circuit ,*ang+ #ejj ,swit*1 ,d\ble ,break #ejj ,swit*1 ,d\ble ,pole #ejj ,swit* ,fe$] #ejj ,swit*1 ,knife #eja ,swit*1 ,knife ,break #eja ,swit*1 ,knife ,edge #eja ,swit*1 ,multiple #eja ,swit*1 ,plug #dbj ,swit*1 ,pole ,*ang+ #eja ,swit*1 ,rev]s+ #eja ,swit*1 ,snap #eja ,swit*1 ,/orage ,batt]y ,*ang+ #eja ,swit*1 ,?ree ,way #eja ,swit*es1 ,di/ribut+ #aij ,symm]'s ,!ory #aia ,sympa!tic ,vibration #eja1 #efa ,sy/em1 ,block #hc ,sy/em ( ,co-ord9ates #aej ,sy/em1 ,t[] #ede ,t #eja ,tail+ ,curr5t #eja ,tail+s #eja ,talk1 ,cross #aeh ,tamid9e #ejb ,tang5t ,galvanomet] #bgb ,tang5t ,law #ejb ,tang5t ,positions (1 ,gauss #bgf ,tang5t ,scale #ejb ,tang5tially ,lam9at$ ,core #aee ,tank1 ,cable #ig ,tape1 ,insulat+ #cje ,tapp] ,key1 ,d\ble #cad ,teaz] #ejd ,te*nica1 ,memoria1 ,ampre's #cj ,tee1 ,lead #ejd ,tee?1 ,pac9otti #djj ,tel-autograph #ejd ,tele-b>omet]1 ,electric #ejd ,telegraph1 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 #ejd ,telegraph1 ,autographic #eaj ,telegraph1 ,automatic #ejd ,telegraph1 ,dial #eje ,telegraph1 ,d\ble ,ne$le #ejf ,telegraph1 ,duplex #ejf ,telegraph1 ,duplex1 ,bridge #ejf ,telegraph1 ,duplex1 ,diff]5tial #ejg ,telegraph ,emboss] #bcg ,telegraph1 ,facsimile #eaj ,telegraph1 ,h>monic ,multiplex #eaj ,telegraph4 ,hughes' #eaa ,telegraph ,insulator #cjf ,telegraph ,key #caf ,telegraph1 ,magneto-electric #eab ,telegraph1 ,morse #eab ,telegraph1 ,multiplex #ead ,telegraph1 ,s+le ,ne$le #eai ,telegraph1 ,ov]h\se #eae ,telegraph ,pole ,brackets #eae ,telegraph1 ,pr9t+ #eae ,telegraph1 ,quadruplex #eae ,telegraph ,repeat] #eah ,telegraph ,signal #eai ,telegraph1 ,/ep-by-/ep #ejf ,telegraph1 ,:eat/one's1 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 #eba ,telegraph4 ,writ+ #eba ,telegraphic ,alphabet #ai ,telegraphic ,code #acj1 #eaa ,telegraphic ,ne$le #chi ,telegraphic ,regi/] #ded ,telegraphy1 ,multiplex #chh ,telegraphy1 ,/ep-by-/ep #did ,telemanomet]1 ,electric #eba ,telemet]1 ,electric #eba ,teleph]age #ebb ,telephone #ebb ,telephone1 ,bi- #ebd ,telephone1 ,capill>y #ebe ,telephone1 ,c>bon #ebe ,telephone1 ,*emical #ebf ,telephone1 ,electro/atic #ebf ,telephone ,ex*ange #bdf ,telephone ,induction ,coil #acg1 #ebf ,telephone1 ,reaction #ebg ,telephone ,record #dea ,telephone1 ,!rmo-electric #ebg ,telephone ,t9nitus #edb ,telephotography #eba ,telephote #ebg ,telescope1 ,read+ #dej ,teleseme #ebg ,tele-!rmomet] #ebg ,t]m9al #ebi ,t]m9al ,pole #ebi ,t]m9al ,voltage #efb ,temp]ature1 ,absolute #h ,temp]ature1 ,neutral #cij ,temp]atures1 ,laws ( ,successive #cbd ,temp]+1 ,electric #ebg ,tempor>y ,magnetism or ,magnetization #ceg ,t51 ,p[]s ( #ebg ,t5sion #ebi ,t5sion1 ,disruptive #ahi ,t5sion1 ,electric #ebi ,t]re/rial ,magnetism #ceh ,tetanus1 ,ac\/ic #ebi ,tetrode ,work+ #eha ,!atrophone #ebi ,!ory1 ,contact #adh ,!ory1 ,d\ble ,fluid #aia ,!ory1 ,frankl9's #bfb ,!ory ( ,dim5sions #ahd ,!ory ( ,light1 ,electro-magnetic #bai ,!ory ( ,light1 ,maxwell's #cfi ,!ory ( ,magnetism1 ,ampre's #ced ,!ory ( ,magnetism1 ,ew+'s #cef ,!ory ( ,magnetism1 ,hughes' #ceg ,!ory ( ,magnetism1 ,web]'s #ceh ,!ory1 ,symm]'s #aia ,!rapeutic ,electrode #baj ,!rapeutics1 ,electro- #bcf ,!rm #ebi ,!rmae/hesiomet] #ecj ,!rmal ,electric ,met] #cge ,!rmal ,equival5t1 ,electro- #bde ,!rmal ,en]gy #bdb ,!rmic ,balance #he ,!rmo ,call #ecj ,!rmo-*emical ,batt]y #ecj ,!rmo-*emical ,equival5t #bde ,!rmo-electric ,batt]y or ,pile #ecj ,!rmo-electric ,call #eca ,!rmo-electric ,c\ple #ecb ,!rmo-electric ,curr5t #afg ,!rmo-electric ,diagram #ecb ,!rmo-electric ,elem5t #bcg ,!rmo-electric ,inv]sion #ecc ,!rmo-electric ,junction #ecc ,!rmo-electric ,neutral ,po9t #cij ,!rmo-electric ,pile1 ,diff]5tial #ecc ,!rmo-electric ,p[] #ecc ,!rmo-electric ,rev]sal #ecc ,!rmo-electric ,s]ies #ecd ,!rmo-electric ,telephone #ebg ,!rmo-electric ,!rmomet] #ece ,!rmo-electricity #ecc ,!rmo-electricity1 ,laws (1 ,becqu]el's #gh ,!rmo-electricity1 ,volta's ,law ( #efh ,!rmo-electromet] #ecf ,!rmolysis #ece ,!rmo-multipli] #ecf ,!rmomet] #ece ,!rmomet]1 ,electric #ece ,!rmomet]1 ,k9n]sley's #ecf ,!rmomet]1 ,tele- #ebg ,!rmomet]1 ,!rmo-electric #ece ,!rmophone #ecg ,!rmo/at1 ,electric #ecg ,?ird ,bru% #ia ,?omson ,effect #ech ,?omson's ,repl5i%]1 ,sir ,william #dei ,?omson's ,batt]y1 ,sir ,william #gb ,?omson's ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfh ,?ree ,filam5t ,inc&esc5t ,lamp #cbb ,?ree ,way ,swit* #eja ,?ree ,wire ,sy/em #eci ,?r[ #bcg1 #edj ,?r[-back ,indicator #edj ,?ru/ ,be>+s #edj ,?und] #edj ,tick] #edj ,tick1 ,magnetic #ced ,timbre #ddd ,"t ,con/ant #eda ,"t ,cut-outs #eda ,"t ,electric ,met] #cge ,"t-fall #eda ,"t-reaction #eda ,"t-rise #eda ,t9 #eda ,t9 ,s\nd]s #edb ,t9nitus1 ,telephone #edb ,tips1 ,pol> #dbc ,tips1 ,pole #bij1 #dbf ,tiss&i]'s ,solution #edb ,toeppl]-,holtz ,ma*9e #ccd ,tongs1 ,cable ,hang] #ig ,tongs1 ,dis*>g+ #ahi ,tongue ( ,pol>iz$ ,relay #edb ,tongue ( ,pol>iz$ ,relay1 ,bias ( #edb ,too!d ,core-discs #aed ,top1 ,magnetic #edb ,torp$o1 ,electric #edc ,torp$o1 ,sims-,edison #edc ,torque #edc ,torque1 ,curve ( #agd ,torricellian ,vacuum #eeg ,torsion ,balance1 ,c\lomb's #edd ,torsion ,galvanomet] #bgc1 #edd ,torsion ,head #edd ,torsion ,susp5sion #ede ,total ,e>? #bjc ,t\* #ede ,t\*1 ,sep>ate #dgi ,t\rmal9e #ede ,t[]1 ,electric #ede ,t[] ,sy/em #ede ,trail+ ,horns #bei ,trans=m] #ede ,trans=m]1 ,commut+ #edg ,trans=m]1 ,cont9u\s ,alt]nat+ #edg ,trans=m]1 ,cont9u\s ,curr5t #chd1 #edg ,trans=m]1 ,core #edg ,trans=m]1 ,f>aday's #bej ,trans=m]1 ,h$gehog #edh ,trans=m]1 ,multiple #edh ,trans=m]1 ,oil #edh ,trans=m]1 ,pilot #dae ,trans=m]1 ,s]ies #edh ,trans=m]4 ,%ea? = #dha ,trans=m+ ,/ation #did ,trans=m]1 ,weld+ #edh1 #ege ,translator #eai ,transluc5t ,disc ,photomet] #dab ,transmitt] #edh ,transmitt]1 ,c>bon #edi ,transmission ( ,en]gy1 ,electric #bdj ,transpos+ #edi ,transv]se ,electro-motive ,=ce #edi ,trap1 ,bug #ib ,travel+ ,pole #dbf ,trembl+ ,bell #gh ,trolley #edi ,trolley1 ,d\ble #edi ,trolley ,section #edi ,tr\gh ,batt]y #gc ,tr\v's ,blott+ ,pap] ,batt]y #gc ,tr\v's ,solution #edi ,true ,contact ,=ce #edi ,true ,ohm #cif ,true ,resi/ance #dfg ,trimm]1 ,bru% #edi ,trumpet1 ,electric #eej ,trunk ,l9es #eej ,trunk+ ,swit* ,bo>d #eej ,tube1 ,electric #eej ,tube1 ,gu>d #bhb ,tube1 ,lum9\s #eej ,tube ( ,magnetic ,induction #cdg ,tube1 ,sp>k #dia ,tube1 ,/ratification #die ,tubes1 ,geissl] #bgf ,tubes ( ,=ce #bfa ,tubes1 ,plck] #dbj ,tubul> ,braid #eej ,tubul> ,core #aee ,tubul> ,magnet #cef ,tun+ ,=k ,circuit ,break] #aba ,tun+ ,=k ,dynamo #bjb ,tun+ ,=k1 ,int]rupt] = #cjg ,turn+ ,mom5t #edd ,turns #eej ,turns1 ,amp]e- #ca ,turns1 ,dead1 ( a ,dynamo #eea ,turns1 ,prim>y ,amp]e- #eea ,turns1 ,second>y ,amp]e- #eea ,twi/ ,jo9t1 ,am]ican #cji ,twi/1 ,magnetic #ced ,ty]'s ,batt]y #gd ,typewrit]1 ,electric #eea ,type ,pr9t]1 ,hughes' #eaa ,ultra-gase\s ,matt] #eea ,unbuild+ #eeb ,und]gr\nd ,conductor #eeb ,und]gr\nd ,electric ,subway #eeb ,undulatory #bc ,undulatory ,curr5t #afg ,unidirectional #eec ,uni=m ,field #bef ,uni=m ,field ( ,=ce #eec ,uni=m ,magnetic ,field #cde ,unipol> #eec ,unipol> ,armature #ej1 #eec ,unipol> ,curr5t ,induction #eec ,unipol> ,dynamo #bjb-eec ,unipol> ,electric ,ba? #eg ,unipol> ,induction #cjd ,unipol> ,magnet #cff ,unit #eec ,unit1 ,absolute #eed ,unit ,angle #eed ,unit4 ,b4 ,a4 #eed ,unit1 ,b4 ,a41 ( ,resi/ance #dfb ,unit ,curr5t #afg ,unit ,electro-motive ,=ce #bbh ,unit1 ,fundam5tal #eed ,unit ,j> #eed ,unit ,magnet ,pole #cff ,unit ( ,capacity #aje ,unit ( ,conductivity #ade ,unit ( ,electric ,pot5tial #dcb ,unit ( ,en]gy1 ,electro-magnetic #bbj ,unit ( ,=ce #bfa ,unit ( ,illum9ation #bif ,unit ( ,output #cii ,unit ( ,reluctance #deh ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,b4 ,a4 #gh ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,breguet #dfc ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,digney #dfd ,u nit ( ,resi/ance1 ,engli% ,absolute or ,foot-second #dfe ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,g]man ,mile #dff ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,jacobi's #dff ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,met]-millimet]4 #dff ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,mil-foot #dfg ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,siem5s' #dfg ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,swiss #dfh ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,?omson's #dfh ,unit ( ,resi/ance1 ,v>ley's #dfh ,unit ( ,self-induction #cjd ,unit ( ,supply #eed ,unit ( ,"w #eha ,unit ,resi/ance #dfh ,units1 ,circul> #abf1 #eee ,units1 ,d]iv$ #eee ,units1 ,heat #bhh ,units1 ,practical #eee ,univ]sal ,batt]y ,sy/em #eef ,univ]sal ,dis*>g] #ahi ,unm>k$ ,end #eef ,upright ,galvanomet] #bgd ,upw>d's ,batt]y #ge ,v #eef ,v4 ,a4 #eeg ,vacuum #eeg ,vacuum1 ,absolute #eeg ,vacuum1 ,high #eeg ,vacuum ,lightn+ ,arre/] #cbi ,vacuum1 ,l[ #eeg ,vacuum1 ,p>tial #eeg ,vacuum1 ,torricellian #eeg ,val5cy #eeg ,valve1 ,electrically ,controll$ #eeh ,vapor ,globe #eeh ,v>iable ,conductivity #ade ,v>iable ,p]iod #eeh ,v>iable ,/ate #eeh ,v>iation ( ! ,compass #cb1 #eeh ,v>iations1 ,magnetic #ced ,v>iomet] #eei ,v>ley's ,batt]y #gf ,v>ley's ,cond5s] #eei ,v>ley's ,resi/ance #eei ,v>ley's ,unit ( ,resi/ance #dfh ,v>ni% #eei ,v>ni%1 ,electric #eei ,v>ni%1 ,insulat+ #cjf ,v>ni%1 ,r$ #eei ,v>ni%1 ,%ellac #dha ,vat #eei ,velocity #eei ,velocity1 ,angul> #cb1 #eei ,velocity ( ,signal+ #efj ,velocity ,ratio #efj ,v5tilation ( ,armature #efj ,v]tical ,galvanomet] #bgd ,v]tical ,induction #cjd ,v]ticity1 ,poles ( #dbf1 #efj ,vibrat+ ,bell #gh ,vibration ,p]iod #efj ,vibration1 ,sympa!tic #eja1 #efa ,vibrator1 ,electro-magnetic #efa ,vill>i's ,critical ,value #efa ,viole #efb ,viole's ,/&>d ( ,illum9at+ ,p[] #efa ,virtual ,resi/ance #big ,visc\s ,hy/]esis #bie1 #cef ,vis 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#efe ,voltamet]1 ,sulphuric ,acid #efd ,voltamet]1 ,volume #efd ,voltamet]1 ,weight #eff ,voltametric ,law #efg ,volta's ,batt]y #gf ,volta's ,fundam5tal ,exp]im5ts #efg ,volta's ,law ( ,galvanic ,action #efh ,volta's ,law ( ,!rmo-electricity #efh ,voltmet] #efh ,voltmet]1 ,batt]y #efi ,voltmet]1 ,c>dew #efi ,voltmet]1 ,electro/atic #ega ,voltmet]1 ,r$ucteur = #dec ,volts1 ,lo/ #ega ,volume ,voltamet] #efd ,vulcanite #ega ,w #egb ,wall ,bracket #egb ,wall ,socket #egb ,w>d #egb ,wa/e ,field #bef ,wat] #egb ,wat] ,batt]y #gg ,wat] ,equival5t #egb ,wat] ,level ,al>m #ah ,wat]pro( ,lamp ,globe #egb ,wattless ,curr5t #afh ,watt #egb ,watt-h\r #egc ,watt ,met] #cge ,watt-m9ute #egc ,watt-second #egc ,watts1 ,app>5t #egc ,wave ,w9d+ #ehj ,waves1 ,amplitude ( #ca ,waves4 ,electro-magnetic #egc ,wax1 ,p>aff9e #djb ,web] #egd ,web] s ,absolute ,unit ,resi/ance #dfh ,web]-met] #egd ,web]'s ,!ory ( ,magnetism #ceh ,w$ge ,cut-out #age ,w$ge4 ,d\ble #aia ,weight1 ,atomic #ec ,weight1 ,break+ #hi ,weight ,electromet] #bbc ,weight ,voltamet] #eff ,weld+1 ,electric #egd ,weld+ ,trans=m] #edh1 #ege ,:eat/one's ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,telegraph #eba ,:eat/one's ,balance #egg ,:eat/one's ,bridge #ege ,:eat/one's ,bridge1 ,comm]cial #hf ,:eat/one's ,rheo/at #dgb ,:eel1 ,phonic #dji ,:eel1 ,reaction #bei ,:irl1 ,electric #egg ,:ite ,vitriol #efb ,wilde ,c&le #aja ,wim%ur/ ,electric ,ma*9e #cce1 #egg ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9e #cce1 #egg ,w9d1 ,electric #egh ,w9dage #egh ,w9d+s1 ,amp]e #ca ,w9d+1 ,bifil> #ha ,w9d+1 ,comp\nd #egh ,w9d+1 ,disc #egi ,w9d+1 ,lap #egi ,w9d+1 ,long ,%unt #egi ,w9d+1 ,long ,%unt & ,s]ies #egi ,w9d+1 ,multiple #egi ,w9d+1 ,multipol> #egi ,w9d+1 ,s]ies #egi ,w9d+1 ,s]ies & ,sep>ate ,coil #egi ,w9d+1 ,s]ies & ,%ort ,%unt #ehj ,w9d+1 ,%ort ,%unt #egi ,w9d+1 ,%unt #dhc1 #ehj ,w9d+ ,%uttle #ehj ,w9d+1 ,wave #ehj ,w9d+ ,work+1 ,diff]5tial #ahc ,wire1 ,block #hc ,wire1 ,bus #id ,wire1 ,dead #agg ,wire ,f9d] #ehj ,wire ,gauze ,bru% #ib ,wire1 ,idle #bif ,wire1 ,neutral #cij ,wire1 ,omnibus #id ,wire1 ,squ>e #dic ,wire ,sy/em1 ,?ree #eci ,wires1 ,cross+ #aeh ,wires1 ,lead+-9 #cbd ,wires1 ,phantom #dji ,wires1 ,pilot #dae ,wolla/on ,batt]y #gh ,"w #ehj ,"w1 ,electric1 ,unit ( #ehj ,"w1 ,unit ( #eha ,work+1 ,contraplex #ehj ,work+1 ,diode #ehj ,work+1 ,diplex #ehj ,work+1 ,d\ble ,curb #eha ,work+1 ,hexode #eha ,work+1 ,p5tode #eha ,work+1 ,rev]se ,curr5t #eha ,work+1 ,s+le ,curb #eha ,work+ ,tetrode #eha ,writ+ ,telegraph #eba ,x1 ,axis ( #ed ,y1 ,axis ( #ed1 #cig ,yoke #eha ,zamboni's ,dry ,pile #eha ,z]o #eha ,z]o1 ,absolute #eha ,z]o ,pot5tial #dcb1 #ehb ,z]o1 ,!rmometric #ehb ,z9c #ehb ,z9c ,s5d] #ehb ,z9code #ehb ,zone1 ,p]ipol> #ehb ,zone1 ,pol> #ehb