file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bfdib-;h4htm or #bfdib-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/f_ /d_/i_/bfdib_/bfdib-;h_/#bfdib-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/f_ /d_/i_/bfdib_/bfdib-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ betwe5 equal signs 0 9 bold face 9 ! orig9al 7bold74 ,an em-da% or d\ble hyph5 7--7 is us$ 9 ?is e-text to indicate ranges4 ,9 *emical =mulas1 a subscrip$ numb] is prec$$ by & und]score 7,h#b,o74 ,a detail$ transcrib]'s note is at ! end ( ! text4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,am]ican ,,fungi1 ,,mu%rooms1 ,,edible1 ,,poison\s1 ,,etc4 by ,,george ,,francis ,,atk9son ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & ,botani/ ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,recipes = ,cook+ ,mu%rooms1 by ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,tyson ,ror] ,*emi/ry & ,toxicology ( ,mu%rooms1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,cl>k ,) #bcj ,illu/rations f ,photographs by ! ,au?or1 & ,color$ ,plates by ,f4 ,r4 ,ra?bun ,,second ,,edition ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,amanita musc>ia4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a4 fro/iana4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t]'s logo4 ,new ,york ,h5ry ,holt & ,company #aijc ,copyright1 #aijj1 #aija1 by ,geo4 ,f4 ,atk9son4 ,,introduction4 ,s9ce ! issue ( my ,/udies & ,illu/rations ( ,mu%rooms1 z ,bullet9s #ach & #afh ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 !re h be5 s _m inquiries = !m & = lit]ature deal+ ) a l>g] numb] ( species1 x seem$ desirable to publi% 9 book =m a selection f ! numb] ( illu/rations ( ^! plants :i* ,i h accumulat$ dur+ ! pa/ six or sev5 ye>s4 ,! selection has be5 made ( ^? species repres5t+ ! m important g5]a1 & also = ! purpose ( illu/rat+1 z f> z possible1 all ! g5]a ( ag>ics f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is has be5 accompli%$ except 9 a few cases ( ! m unimportant ones4 ,!re h be5 add$1 also1 illu/rative g5]a & species ( all ! o!r ord]s ( ! high] fungi1 9 :i* are includ$ _m ( ! edible =ms4 ,! photographs h be5 made ) great c>e aft] consid]able exp]i5ce 9 det]m9+ ! be/ means = reproduc+ individual1 specific1 & g5]ic *>act]s1 s important & difficult to pres]ve 9 ^! plants1 & s impossible 9 _m cases to accurately portray by =m] me?ods ( illu/ration4 ,"o is (t5 ask$ ! "q3 ,h[ d y tell ! mu%rooms f ! toad/ools8 ,?is implies t mu%rooms are edible & t toad/ools are poison\s1 & ?is belief is v widespread 9 ! public m9d4 ,! fact is t _m ( ! toad/ools are edible1 ! common belief t all ( !m are poison\s be+ due to unfamili>ity ) ! plants or _! *>act]i/ics4 ,"s apply ! t]m mu%room to a s+le species1 ! "o 9 cultivation1 & :i* gr[s also 9 fields 7,ag>icus campe/ris71 & call all o!rs toad/ools4 ,x is becom+ cu/om>y ) "s /ud5ts to apply ! t]m mu%room to ! entire gr\p ( high] fungi to :i* ! mu%room belongs 7,basidiomycetes71 & toad/ool is reg>d$ z a synonym\s t]m1 s9ce !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no di/9ction betwe5 a mu%room & a toad/ool4 ,!re are1 !n1 edible & poison\s mu%rooms1 or edible & poison\s toad/ools1 z "o *ooses to employ ! ^w4 ,a m p]t95t "q to ask is h[ to di/+ui% ! edible f ! poison\s mu%rooms4 ,!re is no s+le te/ or crit]ion1 l ! silv] spoon te/1 or ! crit]ion ( a scaly cap1 or ! pres5ce ( a poison cup or dea? cup1 :i* w s]ve 9 all cases to di/+ui% ! edible f ! poison\s4 ,two plants may possess id5tical *>act]s 9 ?is respect1 i4 e41 ea* may h ! dea? cup1 & "o is edible :ile ! o!r is poison\s1 z 9 ,amanita cs>ea1 edible1 & ,a4 phalloides1 poison\s4 ,!re are additional *>act]s1 h[ev]1 9 ^! two plants :i* %[ t ! two diff]1 & we recognize !m z two diff]5t species4 ,to "k sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( edible mu%rooms1 :i* occur 9 great] or less quantity ?r\gh ! diff]5t seasons1 w\ld enable ^? int]e/$ 9 ^! plants to provide a palatable food at ! exp5se only ( ! "t requir$ to collect !m4 ,to "k sev]al ( ! poison\s ones also is important1 9 ord] c]ta9ly to avoid !m4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to pres5t ! important *>act]s :i* x is necess>y to obs]ve1 9 an int]e/+ & intelligible way1 to pres5t life-size photographic reproductions accompani$ ) pla9 & accurate descriptions4 ,by c>eful obs]vation ( ! plant1 & comp>ison ) ! illu/rations & text1 "o w be able to add _m species to ! li/ ( edible ones1 :]e n[ p]haps is collect$ only ! "o :i* is p9k und]nea?4 ,! *apt]s #ag to #ba %\ld also be c>efully read4 ,! numb] ( p 9 ,am]ica :o int]e/ !mselves 9 ! collection ( mu%rooms = ! table is small comp>$ to ^? 9 "s ,european c\ntries4 ,! numb]1 h[ev]1 is increas+1 & if a little m att5tion 7 giv5 to ! obs]vation ( ^! plants & ! discrim9ation ( ! m common k9ds1 _m p]sons c\ld add greatly to ! v>iety ( _! foods & reli%es ) comp>atively no co/4 ,! que/ = ^! plants 9 ! fields & woods w\ld also af=d a mo/ delightful & ne$$ recreation to _m1 & !re is no subject 9 nature m fasc9at+ to engage "o's int]e/ & p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,!re are also _m important problems = ! /ud5t 9 ?is gr\p ( plants4 ,_m ( our species & ! names ( ! plants are /ill 9 great confusion1 ow+ to ! v c>eless way 9 :i* ^! plants h usually be5 pres]v$1 & ! meag]ness ( record$ obs]vations on ! *>act]s ( ! fre% plants1 or ( ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! /udy has also an important relation to agriculture & =e/ry1 = !re are num]\s species :i* cause decay ( valuable timb]1 or by caus+ he>t rot entail imm5se losses ?r\gh ! annual decretion occurr+ 9 /&+ timb]4 ,if ?is book contributes to ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ^! plants z objects ( nature wor?y ( obs]vation1 if x succe$s 9 aid+ ^? :o are seek+ in=mation ( ! edible k9ds1 & /imulates "s /ud5ts to und]take ! advancem5t ( our k ( ?is gr\p1 x w s]ve ! purpose ! au?or _h 9 m9d 9 its prep>ation4 ,i wi% "h to express my s9c]e ?anks to ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,tyson ,ror] = h] k9dness 9 writ+ a *apt] on recipes = cook+ mu%rooms1 especially = ?is book2 to ,pr(essor ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts1 ,director ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 = p]mission to use c]ta9 ( ! illu/rations 7,figs4 #a--g1 #ab--ad1 #ca--dc7 f ,bullet9s #ach & #afh1 ,/udies & ,illu/rations ( ,mu%rooms2 to ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,ra?bun1 = ! *>ts f :i* ! color$ plates 7 made2 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,cl>k & ,mr4 ,h4 ,hasselbr+1 = ! ,*apt]s on ,*emi/ry & ,toxicology ( ,mu%rooms1 & ,*>act]s ( ,mu%rooms1 to :i* _! names are app5d$1 & also to ,dr4 ,*as4 ,peck1 ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,bresadola1 ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 to :om "s ( ! specim5s h be5 submitt$4 ,,geo4 ,f4 ,,atk9son1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob]1 #aijj4 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ?is edition h be5 add$ #aj plates ( mu%rooms ( :i* ,i did n h photographs :5 ! fir/ edition 0 pr9t$4 ,x 0 possible to accompli% ?is )\t *ang+ ! pag+ ( any ( ! descriptive "p1 s t ref]5ces to all ( ! plants 9 ei!r edition w be ! same4 ,!re are also add$ a *apt] on ! ,uses ( ,mu%rooms1 & an ext5d$ *apt] on ! ,cultivation ( ,mu%rooms4 ,?is subject ,i h be5 giv+ "s att5tion to = sev]al ye>s1 & 9 view ( ! call = in=mation s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition1 x seem$ well to add ?is *apt]1 illu/rat$ by sev]al fla%light photographs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,a4 ,septemb]1 #aija4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i4 ,=m & ,*>act]s ( ! ,mu%rooms1 #a ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,developm5t ( ! ,mu%room1 #e ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,gill ,be>+ ,fungi2 ,ag>icace1 #ag ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,purple-,br[n-,spor$ ,ag>ics1 #ah ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,black-,spor$ ,ag>ics1 #cb ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,:ite-,spor$ ,ag>ics1 #eb ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,rosy-,spor$ ,ag>ics1 #ach ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,o*re-,spor$ ,ag>ics1 #aej ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,tube ,be>+ ,fungi2 ,polyporace1 #aga ,*apt] ,x4 ,h$gehog ,fungi2 ,hydnace1 #aie ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,coral ,fungi2 ,clav>iace1 #bjj ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,trembl+ ,fungi2 ,tremell9e1 #bjd ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,!lephorace1 #bjh ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,puff-,balls2 ,lycop]dace1 #bji ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,/9khorn ,fungi2 ,phalloide1 #bac ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,morels1 ,cup-,fungi1 ,helvellas1 etc41 ,discomycetes1 #baf ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,collection & ,pres]vation ( ! ,fle%y ,fungi1 #bbb ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,selection & ,prep>ation ( ,mu%rooms = ! ,table1 #bbi ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,uses ( ,mu%rooms1 #bca ,fungi 9 ! ,arts1 #bcd ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,cultivation ( ,mu%rooms1 #bcg ,! ,cave ,culture ( ,mu%rooms 9 ,am]ica1 #bci ,! ,h\se ,culture ( ,mu%rooms1 #bda ,cur+ ! ,manure1 #bdg ,mak+ up ! ,b$s1 #bej ,:at ,spawn ,is1 #bee ,spawn+ ! ,b$s1 #bfc ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,recipes = ,cook+ ,mu%rooms 7,mrs4 ,s>ah ,tyson ,ror]71 #bgg ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*emi/ry & ,toxicology ( ! ,fungi 7,j4 ,f4 #bhh ,cl>k71 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,description ( ,t]ms appli$ to ,c]ta9 ,/ructural ,*>act]s ( ,mu%rooms 7,h4 ,hasselbr+71 #bih ,,app5dix4 ,analytical ,keys 7,! ,au?or71 #cjg ,gloss>y ( ,te*nical ,t]ms 7,! ,au?or71 #cac ,index to ,g5]a & ,illu/rations1 #cae ,index to ,species1 #cba ,,corrections4 ,page #cc1 #aj? l9e1 = ,greek3 kornos read ,greek3 kopros4 ,page #bbj1 l9es #f & #i1 = ,gyromytra read ,gyromitra4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,=m ,,& ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,mu%room4 ,value ( ,=m & ,*>act]s4--,! diff]5t k9ds ( mu%rooms v>y 9 =m4 ,"s are q /rik+ly diff]5t f o!rs1 s t no "o w\ld h difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! diff]5ce 9 %ape4 ,= example1 an umbrella-%ap$ mu%room l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #a or #ha is easily di/+ui%$ f a %elv+ "o l t 9 ,fig4 #i or #ahh4 ,b 9 _m cases diff]5t species v>y only slightly 9 =m1 s t x becomes a m or less difficult matt] to di/+ui% !m4 ,9 ^? plants 7= ! mu%room is a plant7 :]e ! diff]5t k9ds are ne>ly alike 9 =m1 !re are o!r *>act]s ?an m]e g5]al =m :i* enable "o to tell !m ap>t4 ,^!1 x is true1 require close obs]vation on our "p1 z well z "s exp]i5ce 9 judg+ ( ! value ( su* *>act]s2 ! same habit ( obs]vation & discrim9ation we apply to ev]yday affairs & to all dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,b s few p give _! att5tion to ! discrim9ation ( ^! plants t few "k ! value ( _! *>act]s1 or c ev5 recognize !m4 ,x is by a /udy ( ^! especial *>act]s ( =m peculi> to ! mu%rooms t "o acquires ! p[] ( discrim9ation among ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,= ?is reason "o %\ld become famili> ) ! p>ts ( ! mu%room1 z well z ^? *>act]s & m>k+s peculi> to !m :i* h be5 f\nd to /amp !m specifically4 ,p>ts ( ! ,mu%room4--,to s]ve z a means ( comp>ison1 ! common pa/ure mu%room1 or cultivat$ =m 7,ag>icus campe/ris71 is fir/ describ$4 ,figure #a illu/rates well ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! plant2 ! cap1 ! radiat+ plates or gills on ! "u side1 ! /em1 & ! coll> or r+ ar\nd its upp] end4 ,! ,cap4--,! cap 7te*nically ! pileus7 is ! exp&$ "p ( ! mu%room4 ,x is q ?ick1 & fle%y 9 consi/5cy1 m or less r\nd$ or convex on ! upp] side1 & usually :ite 9 color4 ,x is f #a--b cm4 ?ick at ! c5t] & #e--aj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! surface is g5]ally smoo?1 b sometimes x is torn up m or less into triangul> scales4 ,:5 ^! scales are prom95t !y are (t5 ( a d>k color4 ,?is gives q a diff]5t aspect to ! plant1 & has l$ to ! enum]ation ( sev]al v>ieties1 or may be species1 among =ms accr$it$ by "s to ! "o species4 ,! ,gills4--,on ! "u side ( ! pileus are radiat+ plates1 ! gills1 or lamell 7s+4 lamella74 ,^! 9 %ape resemble some:at a knife blade4 ,!y are v ?9 & delicate4 ,:5 "y !y are p9k 9 color1 b 9 age *ange to a d>k purple br[n1 or ne>ly black color1 due to ! imm5se numb] ( spores t are borne on _! surfaces4 ,! gills d n q rea* ! /em1 b are r\nd$ at ?is end & s curve up to ! cap4 ,! triangul> spaces betwe5 ! long] ones are occupi$ by successively %ort] gills1 s t ! comb9$ surface ( all ! gills is v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure4 #a4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,view ( "u side %[+ /em1 annulus1 gills1 & m>g9 ( pileus4 7,natural size47 ,! ,/em or ,/ipe4--,! /em 9 ?is plant1 z 9 _m o!r k9ds1 is atta*$ to ! pileus 9 ! c5t]4 ,! purpose ( ! /em seems q surely to be t ( lift+ ! cap & ! gills up above ! gr\nd1 s t ! spores c float 9 ! curr5ts ( air & be readily scatt]$4 ,! /em v>ies 9 l5g? f #b--aj cm4 & is ab\t #a--a-a_/b cm4 9 diamet]4 ,x is cyl9drical 9 =m1 & ev51 q firm & compact1 ?\gh sometimes !re is a c5tral core :]e ! ?reads are loos]4 ,! /em is also :ite & fle%y1 & is usually smoo?4 ,! ,r+4--,!re is usually pres5t 9 ! mature plant ( ,ag>icus campe/ris a ?9 coll> 7annulus7 or r+ ar\nd ! upp] end ( ! /em4 ,x is n a movable r+1 b is jo9$ to ! /em4 ,x is v delicate1 easily rubb$ (f1 or may be ev5 wa%$ (f dur+ ra9s4 ,p>ts ,pres5t 9 ,o!r ,mu%rooms--,! ,volva4--,"s o!r mu%rooms1 l ! deadly ,amanita 7,amanita phalloides7 & o!r species ( ! g5us ,amanita1 h1 9 addition to ! cap1 gills1 /em1 & r+1 a m or less well =m$ cup-l /ructure atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ! /em1 & f :i* ! /em appe>s to spr+4 7,figs4 #ee1 #gb1 etc47 ,?is is ! volva1 sometimes popul>ly call$ ! dea? cup1 or poison cup4 ,?is /ructure is a v important "o to obs]ve1 ?\gh its pres5ce by no means indicates 9 all cases t ! plant is poison\s4 ,x w be describ$ m 9 detail 9 treat+ ( ! g5us ,amanita1 :]e ! illu/rations %\ld also be consult$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,buttons j appe>+ ?r\gh ! sod4 ,"s spawn at ! left l[] corn]4 ,soil remov$ f ! front4 7,natural size47 ,pres5ce or ,abs5ce ( ,r+ or ,volva4--,( ! mu%rooms :i* h /ems !re are f\r types ) respect to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! r+ & volva4 ,9 ! fir/ type bo? ! r+ & volva are abs5t1 z 9 ! common fairy r+ mu%room1 ,m>asmius oreades2 9 ! g5us ,lact>ius1 ,russula1 ,tri*oloma1 ,clitocybe1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! second type ! r+ is pres5t :ile ! volva is abs5t1 z 9 ! common mu%room1 ,ag>icus campe/ris1 & its close allies2 9 ! g5us ,lepiota1 ,armill>ia1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! ?ird type ! volva is pres5t1 b ! r+ is abs5t1 z 9 ! g5us ,volv>ia1 or ,amanitopsis4 ,9 ! f\r? type bo? ! r+ & volva are pres5t1 z 9 ! g5us ,amanita4 ,! ,/em is ,abs5t 9 ,"s ,mu%rooms4--,!re are also q a l>ge numb] ( mu%rooms :i* lack a /em4 ,^! usually gr[ on /umps1 logs1 or tree trunks1 etc41 & "o side ( ! cap is atta*$ directly to ! wood on :i* ! fungus is gr[+4 ,! pileus 9 su* cases is lat]al & %elv+1 t is1 x /&s out m or less l a %elf f ! trunk or log1 or 9 o!r cases is spread out flat on ! surface ( ! wood4 ,! %elv+ =m is well %[n 9 ! beautiful ,claudopus nidulans1 sometimes call$ ,pleurotus nidulans1 & 9 o!r species ( ! g5us ,pleurotus1 ,crepidotus1 etc4 ,^! plants w be describ$ lat]1 & no fur!r description ( ! peculi>ities 9 =m ( ! mu%rooms w be n[ attempt$1 s9ce ^! w be be/ dealt ) :5 discuss+ species fully "u _! appropriate g5us4 ,b ! brief g5]al description ( =m giv5 above w be f\nd useful m]ely z an introduction to ! m detail$ treatm5t4 ,*apt] ,,xxi %\ld also be /udi$4 ,= ^? :o wi% ! use ( a gloss>y1 "o is app5d$ at ! close ( ! book1 deal+ only ) ! m te*nical t]ms employ$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,soil wa%$ f ! spawn & buttons1 %[+ ! "y buttons atta*$ to ! /r&s ( mycelium4 7#a-a_/d natural size47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,mu%room4 ,:5 ! /ems ( ! mu%rooms are pull$ or dug f ! gr\nd1 :ite /r&s are (t5 cl++ to ! l[] end4 ,^! /r&s are (t5 se5 by remov+ "s ( ! e>? f ! "y plant1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is is kn[n among g>d5]s z spawn4 ,x is ?r\gh ! gr[? & increase ( ?is spawn t g>d5]s propagate ! cultivat$ mu%room4 ,f9e specim5s ( ! spawn ( ! cultivat$ mu%room c be se5 by digg+ up f a b$ a gr\p ( v "y plants1 su* a gr\p z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,"h ! :ite /r&s are m num]\s ?an c readily be f\nd 9 ! lawns & pa/ures :]e ! plant gr[s 9 ! f]al /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,sections ( buttons at diff]5t /ages1 %[+ =mation ( gills & veil cov]+ !m4 7,natural size47 ,nature ( ,mu%room ,spawn4--,?is spawn1 x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 is n spawn 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t ^w is us$ 9 fi% culture2 ?\gh x may be employ$ s readily 9 propagation ( mu%rooms4 ,! spawn is no?+ m ?an ! vegetative portion ( ! plant4 ,x is made up ( c\ntless numb]s ( delicate1 t9y1 :ite1 jo9t$ ?reads1 ! mycelium4 ,mycelium ( a ,mold4--,a good example ( mycelium :i* is famili> to ne>ly e "o occurs 9 ! =m ( a :ite mold on bread or on vegetables4 ,"o ( ! molds1 s common on bread1 =ms at fir/ a :ite cottony mass ( loosely int]wov5 ?reads4 ,lat] ! mold becomes black 9 color because ( num]\s small fruit cases conta9+ d>k spores4 ,?is la/ /age is ! fruit+ /age ( ! mold4 ,! e>li] /age is ! gr[+1 or vegetative1 /age4 ,! :ite mycelium ?reads gr[ 9 ! bread & absorb food sub/ances = ! mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,ne>ly mature plants1 %[+ veil /ret*$ across gill cavity4 7,natural size47 ,mu%room ,spawn is 9 ! ,=m ( ,/r&s ( ,mycelium4--,n[ 9 ! mu%rooms ! ?reads ( mycelium are usually int]lac$ into def9ite /r&s or cords1 especially :5 ! mycelium is well develop$4 ,9 "s species ^! /r&s become v long1 & are d>k br[n 9 color4 ,ea* ?read ( mycelium gr[s1 or increases 9 l5g?1 at ! end4 ,ea* "o ( ! ?reads gr[s indep5d5tly1 ?\gh all are int]tw9$ 9 ! /r&4 ,9 ?is way ! /r& ( mycelium increases 9 l5g?4 ,x ev5 bran*es z x ext5ds itself ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! ,button ,/age ( ! ,mu%room4--,! spawn /age1 or /r&s ( mycelium1 is ! vegetative or gr[+ /age ( ! mu%room4 ,^! /r&s gr[ ?r\gh ! sub/ance on :i* ! fungus fe$s4 ,:5 ! fruit+ /age1 or ! mu%room1 beg9s !re appe> small knobs or enl>gem5ts on ^! /r&s1 & ^! are ! beg9n+s ( ! button /age1 z x is prop]ly call$4 ,^! knobs or "y buttons are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,!y beg9 by ! ?reads ( mycelium gr[+ 9 great numb]s out f ! side ( ! cords4 ,^! enl>ge & elongate & make _! way t[>d ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y are at fir/ v m9ute & gr[ f ! size ( a p9head to t ( a pea1 & l>g]4 ,n[ !y beg9 to elongate some:at & ! end enl>ges z %[n 9 ! l>g] button 9 ! figure4 ,"h ! two ma9 p>ts ( ! mu%room are outl9$1 ! /em & ! cap4 ,at ?is /age also ! o!r p>ts ( ! mu%room beg9 to be outl9$4 ,! gills appe> on ! "u side ( ?is enl>gem5t at ! end ( ! button1 next ! /em4 ,!y =m by ! gr[? ( fungus ?reads d[nw>d 9 radiat+ l9es :i* correspond 9 position to ! position ( ! gills4 ,at ! same "t a veil is =m$ ov] ! gills by ?reads :i* gr[ f ! /em upw>d to ! side ( ! button1 & f ! side ( ! button d[n t[>d ! /em to meet !m4 ,?is cov]s ! gills up at an e>ly p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,"u view ( two plants j aft] rupture ( ! veil1 fragm5ts ( ! latt] cl++ bo? to m>g9 ( ! pileus & to /em4 7,natural size47 ,f ! ,button ,/age to ! ,mu%room4--,if we split sev]al ( ! buttons ( diff]5t sizes d[n ?r\gh ! middle1 we %all be able to see ! position ( ! gills cov]$ by ! veil dur+ _! =mation4 ,^! /ages are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,z ! cap gr[s 9 size ! gills elongate1 & ! veil becomes broad]4 ,b :5 ! plant is ne>ly gr[n ! veil ceases to gr[1 & !n ! exp&+ cap pulls s /rongly on x t x is torn4 ,figure #e %[s ! veil 9 a /ret*$ condition j be=e x is ruptur$1 & 9 ,fig4 #f ! veil has j be5 torn ap>t4 ,! veil ( ! common mu%room is v delicate & fragile1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 & :5 x is ruptur$ x (t5 breaks irregul>ly1 sometimes portions ( x cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap & portions cl++ to ! /em1 or all ( x may cl+ to ! cap at times2 b usually mo/ ( x rema9s cl++ = a %ort :ile on ! /em4 ,"h x =ms ! annulus or r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,plant 9 natural position j aft] rupture ( veil1 %[+ t5d5cy to d\ble annulus on ! /em4 ,portions ( ! veil also dripp+ f m>g9 ( pileus4 7,natural size47 ,! ,color ( ! ,gills4--,! color ( ! gills ( ! common mu%room v>ies 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,:5 v "y ! gills are :ite4 ,b v soon ! gills become p9k 9 color1 & dur+ ! button /age if ! veil is brok5 ?is p9k color is usually pres5t unless ! button is v small4 ,! p9k color soon *anges to d>k br[n aft] ! veil becomes ruptur$1 & :5 ! plants are q old !y are ne>ly black4 ,?is d>k color ( ! gills is due to ! d>k color ( ! spores1 :i* are =m$ 9 su* great numb]s on ! surface ( ! gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,section ( gill %[+ trtrama2 %sub-hym5ium2 bbasidium1 ! basidia make up ! hym5ium2 //]igma2 gspore4 7,magnifi$47 ,/ructure ( a ,gill4--,9 ,fig4 #h is %[n a portion ( a section across "o ( ! gills1 & x is easy to see 9 :at mann] ! spores are borne4 ,! gill is made up1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 ( mycelium ?reads4 ,! c5t] ( ! gill is call$ ! trama4 ,! trama 9 ! case ( ?is plant is made up ( ?reads ) r long cells4 ,t[>d ! outside ( ! trama ! cells bran* into %ort cells1 :i* make a ?9 lay]4 ,?is =ms ! sub-hym5ium4 ,! sub-hym5ium 9 turn gives rise to long club-%ap$ cells :i* /& p>allel to ea* o!r at "r angles to ! surface ( ! gill4 ,! entire surface ( ! gill is cov]$ ) ^! club-%ap$ cells call$ basidia 7s+4 basidium74 ,ea* ( ^! club-%ap$ cells be>s ei!r two or f\r sp9\s processes call$ /]gmata 7s+4 /]gma71 & ^! 9 turn ea* be> a spore4 ,all ^! po9ts are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! basidia toge!r make up ! hym5ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4--,polyporus borealis1 %[+ w\nd at base ( hemlock spruce caus$ by fall+ tree4 ,bracket fruit =m ( ,polyporus borealis gr[+ f w\nd4 7#a_/ae natural size47 ,wood ,de/roy+ ,fungi4--,_m ( ! mu%rooms1 & _! k9d1 gr[ on wood4 ,a visit to ! damp =e/ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 or dur+ ! autumn1 w reveal l>ge numb]s ( ^! plants gr[+ on logs1 /umps1 f buri$ roots or rott5 wood1 on /&+ dead trunks1 or ev5 on liv+ trees4 ,9 ! latt] case ! mu%room usually gr[s f "s kno?ole or w\nd 9 ! tree 7,fig4 #i74 ,_m ( ! =ms :i* appe> on ! trunks ( dead or liv+ trees are plants ( t\gh or woody consi/5cy4 ,!y are kn[n z %elv+ or bracket fungi1 or popul>ly z fungoids or fungos4 ,bo? ^! latt] words are v un=tunate & inappropriate4 ,_m ( ^! %elv+ or bracket fungi are p]5nial & live f ye> to ye>4 ,!y may !re=e be f\nd dur+ ! w9t] z well z 9 ! summ]4 ,! writ] has f\nd specim5s ov] eighty ye>s old4 ,! %elves or brackets are ! fruit bodies1 & consi/ ( ! pileus ) ! fruit+ surface bel[4 ,! fruit+ surface is ei!r 9 ! =m ( gills l ,ag>icus1 or x is honey-comb$1 or sp9\s1 or entirely smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4--,polyporus borealis4 ,/r&s ( mycelium ext5d+ radially 9 ! wood ( ! same liv+ hemlock spruce %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 7,natural size47 ,mycelium ( ! ,wood ,de/roy+ ,fungi4--,:ile ! fruit bodies are on ! outside ( ! trunk1 ! mycelium1 or vegetative "p ( ! fungus1 is )9 ! wood or b>k4 ,by /ripp+ (f ! b>k f decay+ logs :]e ^! fungi are gr[+1 ! mycelium is (t5 f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,by te>+ op5 ! rott+ wood x c be trac$ all ?r\gh ! decay+ p>ts4 ,9 fact1 ! mycelium is l>gely if n :olly responsible = ! rapid dis9tegration ( ! wood4 ,9 liv+ trees ! mycelium ( c]ta9 bracket fungi ent]s ?r\gh a w\nd & gr[s into ! he>t wood4 ,n[ ! he>t wood is dead & _c long resi/ ! entrance & de/ructive action ( ! mycelium4 ,! mycelium spreads ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! tree1 caus+ x to rot 7,fig4 #aj74 ,:5 x has spread ov] a l>ge fe$+ area x c !n gr[ out ?r\gh a w\nd or old kno?ole & =m ! bracket fruit body1 9 case ! kno?ole or w\nd has n completely heal$ ov] s z to imprison ! fungus mycelium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b1 ,,figure #aa4--,mycelium ( ,ag>icus melleus on l>ge door 9 passage coal m9e1 ,wilkesb>re1 ,pa4 7#a_/bj natural size47 ,fungi 9 ,ab&on$ ,coal ,m9es4--,mu%rooms & bracket fungi gr[ 9 great pr(usion on ! wood props or doors 9 ab&on$ coal m9es1 cem5t m9es1 etc4 ,!re is "h an abundance ( moi/ure1 & ! temp]ature conditions are m equable ! ye> ar\nd4 ,! conditions ( environm5t !n are v favorable = ! rapid gr[? ( ^! plants4 ,!y develop 9 midw9t] z well z 9 summ]4 ,mycelium ( ,coal ,m9e ,fungi4--,! mycelium ( ! mu%rooms & bracket fungi gr[s 9 wond]ful pr(usion 9 ^! ab&on$ coal m9es4 ,s f> d[n 9 ! moi/ e>? ! air 9 ! tunnels or passages :]e ! coal or rock has be5 remov$ is at all times ne>ly saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,?is abundance ( moi/ure1 ) ! favorable temp]ature1 p]mits ! mycelium to gr[ on ! surface ( ! wood /ructures z readily z )9 ! wood4 ,9 ! =e/1 :ile ! air is damp at times1 x soon dries out to su* a degree t ! mycelium c n exi/ to any great ext5t on ! out] surface ( ! trunks & /umps1 = x ne$s a great p]c5tage ( moi/ure = gr[?4 ,! moi/ure1 h[ev]1 is abundant )9 ! /umps or tree trunks1 & ! mycelium develops abundantly !re4 ,s "o c und]/& h[ x is t deep d[n 9 ^! ab&on$ m9es ! mycelium gr[s pr(usely on ! surface ( doors & wood props4 ,figure #aa is f a fla%light photograph1 tak5 by ! writ]1 ( a beautiful gr[? on ! surface ( "o ( ! doors 9 an ab&on$ coal m9e at ,wilkesb>re1 ,pa41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,! specim5 cov]$ an area eight by t5 feet on ! surface ( ! door4 ,! illu/ration %[s v well ! habit ( gr[? ( ! mycelium4 ,at ! "r is ! advanc+ zone ( gr[?1 m>k$ by sev]al fan-%ap$ areas4 ,at ! extreme edge ( gr[? ! mycelium pres5ts a delicate fr+e ( ! gr[+ ends :]e ! ?reads are int]lac$ uni=mly ov] ! entire area4 ,b a little di/ance back f ! edge1 :]e ! mycelium is old]1 ! ?reads are gr[+ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,!y are n[ unit+ into def9ite /r&s4 ,/ill fur!r back & cov]+ ! l>g] "p ( ! %eet ( mycelium ly+ on ! surface ( ! door1 are num]\s long1 delicate tassels hang+ d[nw>d4 ,^! 7 =m$ by ! attempt on ! "p ( ! mycelium at num]\s places to develop /r&s at "r angles to ! surface ( ! door4 ,!re be+ no?+ to support !m 9 _! attempt$ a]ial flight1 !y dangle d[nw>d 9 exquisite fa%ion4 ,! mycelium 9 ?is condition is v s(t & p]i%able4 ,x disappe>s almo/ at t\*4 ,on ! po/s or wood props us$ to support ! rock ro( above1 ! mycelium gr[s 9 great pr(usion also1 (t5 cov]+ !m ) a ?ick :ite mantle1 or drap+ !m ) a fabric ( elegant texture4 ,f ! upp] ends ( ! props x spreads out ov] ! rock ro( above = sev]al feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & beautiful :ite p5dul\s tassels rem9d "o ( /alactites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,spore pr9t4 7,natural size47 ,direction 9 ,gr[? ( ,mu%rooms4--,! direction ( gr[? :i* ^! fungi take =ms an int]e/+ "q = /udy4 ,! common mu%room1 ! ,ag>icus1 ! amanitas1 & o!r c5tral /emm$ species gr[ usually 9 an upright fa%ion2 t is1 ! /em is erect4 ,! cap !n1 :5 x exp&s1 /&s s t x is p>allel ) ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:]e ! cap does n fully exp&1 z 9 ! campanulate =ms1 ! pileus is /ill ori5t$ horizontally1 t is1 ) ! gills d[nw>d4 ,ev5 9 su* species1 :]e ! /ems are asc5d+1 ! upp] end ( ! /em curves s t ! cap occupies ! usual position ) ref]5ce to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is is beautifully %[n 9 ! case ( ^? plants :i* gr[ on ! side ( trunks or /umps1 :]e ! /ems c\ld n well gr[ directly upw>d )\t hugg+ close to ! side ( ! trunk1 & !n !re w\ld n be room = ! expansion ( ! cap4 ,?is is well %[n 9 a numb] ( species ( ,myc5a4 ,9 ^? species :]e ! /em is sub-c5tral1 i4 e41 set t[>d "o side ( ! pileus1 or :]e x is def9itely lat]al1 ! pileus is also exp&$ 9 a horizontal direction4 ,f ^! lat]al /emm$ species !re is an easy transition to ! /emless =ms :i* are sessile1 t is1 ! %elv+ =ms :]e ! pileus is itself atta*$ to ! trunk1 or o!r object ( support on :i* x gr[s4 ,:]e !re is su* uni=mity 9 ! position ( a memb] or "p ( a plant "u a v>iety ( conditions1 x is an indication t !re is "s und]ly+ cause1 & also1 :at is m important1 t ?is position s]ves "s useful purpose 9 ! life & well be+ ( ! plant4 ,we may cut ! /em ( a mu%room1 say ( ! ,ag>icus campe/ris1 close to ! cap1 & place ! latt]1 gills d[nw>d1 on a piece ( :ite pap]4 ,x %\ld n[ be cov]$ securely ) a small bell j>1 or o!r vessel1 s t no curr5ts ( air c get und]nea?4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs myriads ( ! br[n spores w h fall5 f ! surface ( ! gills1 :]e !y are borne4 ,!y w pile up 9 long l9es along on ei!r side ( all ! gills & s give u an impression1 or spore pr9t1 ( ! arrangem5t ( ! gills on ! "u side ( ! cap z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a :ite spore pr9t f ! smoo? lepiota 7,l4 nauc9a7 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is horizontal position ( ! cap !n favors ! fall+ ( ! spores1 s t curr5ts ( air c scatt] !m & aid 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fungus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4--,lepiota nauc9a4 ,spore pr9t4 7,natural size47 ,b "s may enquire h[ we "k t !re is any design 9 ! horizontal position ( ! cap1 & t !re is "s cause :i* br+s ab\t ?is uni=mity ( position ) su* entire h>mony among su* dissimil> =ms4 ,:5 a mu%room ) a comp>atively long /em1 n q fully matur$ or exp&$1 is pull$ & laid on its side1 or held 9 a horizontal position = a "t1 ! upp] "p ( ! /em :]e gr[? is /ill tak+ place w curve upw>d s t ! pileus is aga9 br\ght m or less 9 a horizontal position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,plant turn$ to "o side by directive =ce ( gravity1 aft] hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a horizontal position4 7,natural size47 ,9 collect+ ^! plants !y are (t5 plac$ on _! side 9 ! collect+ basket1 or on a table :5 9 ! /udy4 ,9 a few h\rs ! y\ng]1 long /emm$ ones h turn$ upw>d aga94 ,! plant %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad 7,amanita phalloides7 0 plac$ on its side 9 a basket = ab\t an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ! h\r x _h n turn$4 ,x 0 !n /ood upright 9 a glass1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs _h turn$ ne>ly at "r angles4 ,! /imulus x receiv$ :ile ly+ 9 a horizontal position = only an h\r 0 suffici5t to produce ! *ange 9 direction ( gr[? ev5 aft] ! upright position _h be5 re/or$4 ,?is is (t5 ! case4 ,"s ( ! m s5sitive ( ! sl5d] species are di/urb$ if !y lie = only t5 or fifte5 m9utes on ! side4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 :5 collect+1 if "o wi%es to keep ! plants 9 ! natural position = photograph+1 to support !m 9 an upright position :5 !y are be+ c>ri$ home f ! woods4 ,! cause ( ?is turn+ ( ! /em f ! horizontal position1 s t ! pileus w be br\ght p>allel ) ! surface ( ! e>?1 is ! /imulus f ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* has be5 well demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! high] plants4 ,t is1 ! =ce :i* causes ! /ems ( ! high] plants to gr[ upw>d also regulates ! position ( ! cap ( ! pileat$ fungi4 ,! reason = ?is is to be se5 9 ! p]fection ) :i* ! spores are %$ f ! surfaces ( ! gills by fall+ d[nw>d & out f ! crevices betwe54 ,! same is true ) ! %elv+ fungi on trees1 etc41 :]e ! spores readily fall out f ! pores ( ! honey-comb$ surface or f betwe5 ! tee? ( ^? sorts ) a sp9y "u surface4 ,if ! caps 7 s arrang$ t ! fruit+ surface came to be on ! upp] side1 ! l>g] numb] ( ! spores w\ld lodge 9 ! crevices betwe5 ! ext5sions ( ! fruit+ surface4 ,s+ul>ly1 ?is position ( ! fruit+ surface does occur 9 ! case ( "o g5us ) a few small species4 ,int]e/+ examples ( ! op]ation ( ?is law are sometimes met ) 9 ab&on$ coal m9es1 or m frequ5tly 9 ! woods4 ,9 ab&on$ m9es ! mu%rooms sometimes gr[ f ! mycelium :i* spreads out on ! rock ro( ov]head4 ,! rock ro( prev5ts ! plant f gr[+ upright1 & 9 gr[+ lat]ally ! weight ( ! plant toge!r ) ! slight hold x c obta9 on ! solid rock causes x to hang d[nw>d4 ,! end ( ! /em !n curves upw>d s t ! pileus is br\ght 9 a horizontal position4 ,i h se5 ?is 9 ! case ( ,copr9us micaceus sev]al times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4--,polyporus applanatus4 ,f ?is view ! l>g] cap is 9 ! normal position 9 :i* x grew on ! /&+ tree4 ,turn "o f\r? way r\nd to ! "r = position ( ! plant aft] ! tree fell4 7#a_/f natural size47 ,9 ! woods1 especially 9 ! case ( ! p]5nial %elv+ fungi1 int]e/+ cases are met )4 ,figure #ae illu/rates "o ( ^! peculi> =ms ( ,polyporus 7,fomes7 applanatus4 ,?is is ! species s (t5 collect$ z a curio1 & on acc\nt ( its v :ite "u surface is mu* us$ = et*+ v>i\s figures4 ,9 ! figure ! l>g] cap :i* is horizontal repres5ts ! position ( ! plant :5 on ! /&+ maple trunk4 ,:5 ! tree fell ! %elf 0 br\ght into a p]p5dicul> position4 ,! fungus cont9u$ to gr[1 b its sub/ance be+ h>d & woody x _c turn z ! mu%room c4 ,in/ead1 x n[ gr[s 9 su* a way z to =m sev]al new caps1 all horizontal1 i4 e41 p>allel ) ! surface ( ! e>?1 b p]p5dicul> to ! old %elf4 ,if ! page is turn$ "o-f\r? way r\nd ! figure w be br\ght 9 ! position ( ! plant :5 x 0 gr[+ on ! fall5 log4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c1 ,,figure #af4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,upp] "r-h& %[s normal plant 9 normal position :5 on tree4 ,upp] left-h& %[s abnormal plant ) ! l>ge cap 9 normal position :5 gr[+ on /&+ tree4 ,l[] plant %[s same plant 9 position aft] ! tree fell1 ) new caps gr[+ out 9 horizontal direction4 7,l[] plant #a_/b natural size47 ,ano!r v int]e/+ case is %[n 9 ! ambigu\s trametes 7,trametes ambigua71 a :ite %elv+ fungus :i* occurs 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,at ! upp] "r h& is %[n ! normal plant 9 ! normal position4 ,at ! upp] left h& is %[n an abnormal "o ) ! l>ge & fir/ =m$ cap also 9 ! normal position z x grew :5 ! tree 0 /&+4 ,:5 ! tree fell ! %elf 0 on ! upp] side ( ! log4 ,n[ num]\s new caps grew out f ! edge z %[n 9 ! l[] figure1 =m+ a s]ies ( /eps1 z x 71 up "o side & d[n ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,gill ,,be>+ ,,fungi3 ,,ag>icaceae4,a ,! gill be>+ fungi are kn[n "u ! family ,ag>icace1 or popul>ly ! ag>ics4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! fruit+ area be+ di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( plate-l or knife-l ext5sions or folds1 usually f ! "u surface ( ! cap4 ,^! are kn[n z ! gills1 or lamell1 & !y usually radiate f a common po9t1 z f or ne> ! /em1 :5 ! /em is pres5t2 or f ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! pileus :5 ! /em is abs5t4 ,! plants v>y widely 9 =m & consi/5cy1 "s be+ v s(t & soon decay+1 o!rs turn+ into an inky fluid1 o!rs be+ t\gh & lea!ry1 & "s m or less woody or corky4 ,! spores :5 se5 9 mass possess c]ta9 colors1 :ite1 rosy1 br[n or purple br[n1 black or o*race\s4 ,:ile a m natural division ( ! ag>ics c be made on ! basis ( /ructure & consi/5cy1 ! treatm5t "h foll[$ is bas$ on ! color ( ! spores1 ! me?od 9 vogue ) ! old] botani/s4 ,:ile ?is me?od is m artificial1 x is believ$ to be bett] = ! beg9n]1 especially = a popul> treatm5t4 ,! sections w be treat$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a4 ,! purple-br[n-spor$ ag>ics4 #b4 ,! black-spor$ ag>ics4 #c4 ,! :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 #d4 ,! rosy-spor$ ag>ics4 #e4 ,! o*re-spor$ ag>ics4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,= analytical keys to ! families & g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,purple-,,br[n-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4,b ,! memb]s ( ?is subdivision are recogniz$ at maturity by ! purple-br[n1 d>k br[n or ne>ly black spores :5 se5 9 mass4 ,z !y rip5 on ! surface ( ! gills ! l>ge numb] give ! *>act]i/ic color to ! lamell4 ,ev5 on ! gills ! purple t+e ( ! br[n spores c (t5 be se54 ,! color is m satisfactorily obta9$ :5 ! spores are caught 9 mass by plac+ ! cap1 gills d[nw>d1 on :ite pap]4 ,,ag>icus ,l9n4 7,,psalliota ,fr47 ,9 ! g5us ,ag>icus ! spores at maturity are ei!r purple-br[n 9 mass or blacki% ) a purple t+e4 ,! annulus is pres5t on ! /em1 ?\gh disappe>+ soon 9 "s species1 & ! /em is easily sep>at$ f ! sub/ance ( ! pileus4 ,! gills are free f ! /em1 or only slightly adnex$4 ,! g5us is closely relat$ to ,/roph>ia & ! species ( ! two g5]a are by "s unit$ "u "o g5us 7,psalliota1 ,h5n+s74 ,peck1 #cf? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #da--di1 describes #g species4 ,lloyd ,mycol4 ,notes1 ,no4 #d1 describes #h species4 ,c4 ,o4 ,smi?1 ,rhodora1 ,i3 #afa--afd1 #ahii1 describes #h species4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 campe/ris ,l9n4 ,edible4--,?is plant has be5 q fully describ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! p>ts ( ! mu%room1 & a recapitulation w be suffici5t "h4 ,x gr[s 9 lawns1 pa/ures1 by roadsides1 & ev5 9 g>d5s & cultivat$ fields4 ,a few specim5s beg9 to appe> 9 ,july1 x is m pl5tiful 9 ,augu/1 & abundantly s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,x is #e--h cm4 high 7#b--c in*es71 ! cap is #e--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fir/ r\nd$1 !n convex & m or less exp&$4 ,! surface at fir/ is ne>ly smoo?1 pres5t+ a s(t1 silky appe>ance f num]\s loose fibrils4 ,! surface is sometimes m or less torn into triangul> scales1 especially z ! plants become old4 ,! color is usually :ite1 b v>ies m or less to light br[n1 especially 9 ! scaly =ms1 :]e ! scales may be q prom95t & d>k br[n 9 color4 ,sometimes ! color is br[ni% be=e ! scales appe>4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills 9 ! "y button /age are :ite4 ,!y soon become p9k 9 color & aft] ! cap is exp&$ !y quickly become purple br[n1 d>k br[n1 & ne>ly black f ! l>ge numb] ( spores on _! surfaces4 ,! gills are free f ! /em & r\nd$ beh9d 7ne> ! /em74 ,! /em is :ite1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 or x tap]s a little t[>d ! l[] end4 ,! fle% is solid1 ?\gh ! c5tral core is less firm4 ,! veil is ?91 :ite1 silky1 & v frail4 ,x is /ret*$ z ! cap exp&s & f9ally torn s t x cl+s ei!r z an annulus ar\nd ! /em1 or fragm5ts cl+ ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,s9ce ! annulus is s frail x %rivels z ! plant ages & becomes q inconspicu\s or disappe>s entirely 7see ,figs4 #a--g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4--;,ag>icus rodmani4 ,entirely :ite1 %[+ d\ble veil or r+4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,v>iations 9 ! surface *>act]s ( ! cap & /em h l$ "s to recognize sev]al v>ieties4 ,?is is kn[n z ! common mu%room & is m widely kn[n & collect$ = food ?an any o!r4 ,x is also cultivat$ 9 mu%room h\ses1 cell>s1 caves1 ab&on$ m9es1 etc4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 rodmani ,pk4 ,edible4--,rodman's mu%room1 ,ag>icus rodmani1 gr[s 9 grassy places along /reets ( cities1 ei!r betwe5 ! curb+ & ! walk1 or betwe5 ! curb+ & ! pavem5t4 ,x is entirely :ite or :iti% & sometimes t+$ ) yell[i% at ! c5t] ( ! pileus4 ,! plants are #d--h cm4 high1 ! cap #e--h cm4 broad & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ah4--;,ag>icus arv5sis1 fairy r+4 ,! pileus is r\nd$1 & !n convex1 v firm1 compact & ?ick1 ) :ite fle%4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 fir/ :ite1 !n p9k1 & 9 age blacki% br[n4 ,! /em is v %ort1 solid1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 n bulb\s4 ,! annulus is q *>act]i/ic1 be+ v ?ick1 ) a %ort limb1 & d\ble1 s t x (t5 appe>s z two di/9ct r+s on ! middle or l[] "p ( ! /em z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is =m ( ! annulus is probably due to ! fact t ! ?ick "p ( ! m>g9 ( ! pileus dur+ ! "y /age re/s betwe5 ! l[] & upp] "p ( ! annulus1 i4 e41 ! ?ick veil is atta*$ bo? to ! inn] & out] surface ( ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 & :5 x is fre$ by ! expansion ( ! pileus x rema9s z a d\ble r+4 ,x is eag]ly s\ght & mu* reli%$ by sev]al p]sons at ,i?aca famili> ) its edible qualities4 ,! plant closely resembles ,a4 campe/ris v>41 edulis1 ,vittad4 7,see ,plate #ed1 ,bresadola1 ,i ,funghi ,mang]ecci e ,vel5osi1 #ahii7 & is probably ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai4--;,ag>icus silvicola4 ,:ite to cream color1 or yell[ /a9s4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 arv5sis ,s*aeff4 ,edible4--,! field mu%room1 or horse mu%room1 ,ag>icus arv5sis1 gr[s 9 fields or pa/ures1 sometimes "u trees & 9 bord]s ( woods4 ,"o =m is (t5 :ite1 or yell[i% :ite1 & (t5 %[s ! yell[ color :5 dri$4 ,! plant sometimes occurs 9 ! =m ( a fairy r+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,x is #e--ab cm4 high1 ! cap f #e--ae cm4 broad & ! /em #h--ae mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is smoo?1 q ?ick & firm1 convex to exp&$4 ,! gills are fir/ :ite1 !n t+$ ) p9k & f9ally blacki% br[n4 ,! /em is /\t1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 holl[1 bulb\s4 ,! veil is d\ble l t ( ,ag>icus placomyces1 ! upp] or inn] lay] rema9+ z a membrane1 :ile ! l[] or out] lay] is split radially & rema9s 9 l>ge pat*es on ! l[] surface ( ! upp] membrane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bj4--;,ag>icus silvicola1 %[+ radiately torn l[] "p ( veil4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 silvicola ,vittad4 ,edible4--,! ,ag>icus silvicola gr[s 9 woods1 groves1 etc41 on ! gr\nd1 & has be5 f\nd also 9 a newly made g>d5 9 ! vic9ity ( trees ne> ! woods4 ,x is an attractive plant because ( its graceful habit & ! delicate %ades ( yell[ & :ite4 ,x ranges f #aj--bj cm4 high1 ! cap is #e--ab cm4 broad & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus becomes convex1 & exp&$ or ne>ly flat1 & (t5 ) an elevation or umbo 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is ?91 smoo?1 :iti% & (t5 t+$ m or less deeply ) yell[ 7sulfur or o*race\s7 & is sometimes t+$ ) p9k 9 ! c5t]4 ,! fle% is :iti% or t+$ ) p9k4 ,! gills :5 v "y are :iti%1 !n p9k1 & f9ally d>k br[n or blacki% br[n1 mu* cr[d$1 & di/ant f ! /em4 ,! /em is long1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 :iti%1 abruptly enl>g$ bel[ into a bulb4 ,x is (t5 yell[i% bel[1 & especially 9 dry+ becomes /a9$ ) yell[4 ,! r+ is ?91 membranace\s1 delicate1 sometimes ) broad1 s(t1 floccose pat*es on ! "u side4 ,! r+ usually appe>s s+le1 b sometimes ! veil is se5 to be d\ble1 & ! out] or l[] portion t5ds to split radially z 9 ,a4 arv5sis or ,a4 placomyces4 ,?is is well %[n 9 l>ge specim5s1 & especially z ! veil is /ret*$ ov] ! gills z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,f ! =m ( ! plant z well z ! peculi>ities ( ! veil 9 ! l>g] specim5s1 x is relat$ to ,a4 arv5sis & ,a4 placomyces1 m closely to ! =m]4 ,x occurs dur+ mid-summ] & e>ly autumn4 ,figure #aj is f plants 7,no4 #aihf ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 op5 woods at ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,,figure #bb4 ,,plate #d4--;,ag>icus placomyces4 ,figure #ba4--,upp] view ( cap1 side view ( /em4 ,figure #bb4--,"u view ( plant %[+ radiately torn "u side ( ! d\ble veil4 7#c_/d natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e1 ,,figure #bc4--;,ag>icus placomyces4 ,?ree diff]5t views1 see text = explanations4 ,d>k scales on cap4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 subrufesc5s ,pk4 ,edible4--,! ,ag>icus subrufesc5s 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck f specim5s collect$ on a compo/ heap compos$ *iefly ( leaves1 at ,gl5 ,cove1 ,long ,isl&4 ,x occurs sometimes 9 gre5h\ses4 ,9 "o case report$ by ,peck x appe>$ 9 soil prep>$ = =c+ cucumb]s 9 a gre5h\se 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,accord+ to ! description ! pileus becomes convex or broadly exp&$1 is cov]$ ) silky hairs & num]\s m9ute scales4 ,! color is :iti%1 grayi% or dull r$di% br[n1 ! c5t] be+ usually smoo? & d>k]1 :ile ! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills *ange f :ite to p9ki% & blacki% br[n 9 age4 ,! /em is long1 ne>ly cyl9drical or some:at enl>g$ or bulb\s at ! base1 fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[1 :ite4 ,! annulus is ?ick1 & ! "u side m>k$ by loose ?reads or scales4 ,?is plant is said to diff] f ! common mu%room 7,a4 campe/ris7 9 ! m deeply hemisph]ical cap ( ! "y plant1 ! holl[ & some:at bulb\s /em1 & 9 ! scales on ! "u side ( ! annulus4 ,9 fre% plants ! fle% has also a flavor ( almonds4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,a4 silvaticus ,s*aeff41 p4 #fb1 ,t4 #bdb1 ,icones ,fung4 ,bav4 etc41 #aggj1 if n id5tical ) x4 ,a4 silvaticus has light o*race\s or subrufesc5t scales on ! cap1 a /rong odor1 & occurs 9 g>d5s z well z 9 ! woods4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 fabaceus ,b]k41 0 describ$ 9 ,hook]'s ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #f3 #cad1 #ahdg1 f specim5s collect$ 9 ,ohio4 ,! plant is :ite & is said to h a /rong b n unpleasant odor4 ,ag>icus amygdal9us ,curt41 f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ( :i* no description 0 publi%$1 0 s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! almond-l flavor ( ! plant4 ,dr4 ,f>l[ sugge/s 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #bf3 #cef--ceh1 #ahid7 t ,a4 fabaceus1 amygdal9us1 & subrufesc5s are id5tical4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 placomyces ,pk4 ,edible4--,! flat-cap mu%room1 ,ag>icus placomyces ,pk41 occurs 9 bord]s ( woods or "u trees f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,accord+ to ,peck x occurs 9 bord]s ( hemlock woods1 or "u hemlock trees4 ,at ,i?aca x is n always associat$ ) hemlock trees4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s f\nd "h 7 9 ! bord] ( mix$ woods :]e hemlock 0 a con/itu5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd ne> & "u :ite p9e trees 9 lawns1 ar\nd ! ,norway spruce & "u ! ,norway spruce4 ,! plants are f #e--ae cm4 high1 ! cap f #e--ab cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em #f--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus :5 "y is broadly ovate1 !n becomes convex or fully exp&$ & flat 9 age1 & is q ?94 ,! gr\nd color is :iti%1 (t5 ) a yell[i% t+e1 :ile ! surface is ornam5t$ ) num]\s m9ute br[ni% scales :i* are scatt]$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! cap1 b cr[d$ or conjo9$ at ! c5t] into a l>ge circul> pat*4 ,?is gives to ! plant ) its %apely =m a beautiful appe>ance4 ,9 ! "y /age ! entire surface ( ! pileus is q ev5ly br[n4 ,z x exp&s ! out] br[n portion is torn asund] into num]\s scales because ! surface ?reads compos+ ?is br[n lay] cease to gr[4 ,^! scales are f>!r ap>t t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 because ?is portion ( ! cap always exp&s m ?an ! c5t]1 9 all mu%rooms4 ,! gills are at fir/ :ite1 or v soon p9k 9 color1 & 9 age are blacki% br[n4 ,spores #e--h #c--d 4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9drical1 holl[ or /uff$1 :ite or :iti%1 smoo?1 bulb\s1 & ! bulb is sometimes t+$ ) yell[4 ,! veil is v h&some1 & ! way 9 :i* ! annulus is =m$ f x is v int]e/+4 ,! veil is q broad1 & x is d\ble1 t is1 x consi/s ( two lay]s :i* are loosely jo9$ by ?reads4 ,9 ! "y /age ! veil lies betwe5 ! gills & ! l[] two-?irds ( ! /em4 ,z ! pileus exp&s ! l[] 7out] "p7 lay] ( ! veil is torn1 (t5 9 q regul> radiat+ portions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,an int]e/+ condition ( ! veil is %[n 9 ! middle plant 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,"h ! out] or l[] lay] ( ! veil did n split radially1 b rema9$ z a tube surr\nd+ ! /em1 :ile ! two lay]s 7 sep>at$1 ! inn] "o be+ /ill /ret*$ ov] ! gills4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( ! l[] "p ( ! veil z ! out] "p :5 ! cap is exp&$ & ! veil is /ill /ret*$ across ov] ! gills1 :ile ! upp] portion is spok5 ( z ! inn] lay] or "p4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,a4 arv5sis1 & may repres5t a wood inhabit+ v>iety ( t species4 ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 comtulus ,fr4--,?is pretty little ag>ic seems to be r r>e4 ,x 0 f\nd sp>+ly on sev]al occasions 9 op5 woods "u p9es at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 dur+ ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,lloyd reports x f ,ohio 7,mycolog4 ,notes1 ,no4 #ef1 ,nov4 #ahii71 & ,smi? f ,v]mont 7,rhodora ,i1 #ahii74 ,fries' description 7,epicrisis1 ,no4 #hgg7 runs z foll[s3 ,pileus slightly fle%y1 convex1 plane1 obtuse1 ne>ly smoo?1 ) appress$ silky hairs1 /em holl[1 sub-att5uate1 smoo?1 :ite to yell[i%1 annulus fugaci\s2 gills free1 cr[d$1 broad 9 front1 f fle% to rose color4 ,9 damp grassy places4 ,/em #b in*es by #b l9es1 at fir/ floccose /uff$4 ,pileus #a--a-a_/b in* diamet]4 ,color f :ite to yell[i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd4--;,ag>icus comtulus 7natural size1 sometimes l>g]74 ,cap creamy :ite ) egg-yell[ /a9s1 smoky :5 old]4 ,/em same color2 gills grayi%1 !n rose1 !n purple br[n4 ,copyright4 ,! plants collect$ at ,i?aca are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd f a photograph ( plants 7,no4 #bhgi ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,my notes on ^! specim5s run z foll[s3 ,plant #c--f cm4 high1 pileus #a4e--c cm4 broad1 /em #c--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,pileus convex to exp&$1 fle%y1 ?9 on ! m>g91 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 creamy :ite ) egg yell[ /a9s1 d>k] on ! c5t]1 9 age some:at d>k] to umb] or fulig9\s1 moi/ :5 fre%1 surface soon dry1 fle% t+$ ) yell[4 ,! gills are :ite :5 "y1 !n grayi% to pale rose1 & f9ally light purple br[n1 r\nd$ 9 front1 tap]+ beh9d 7next ! /em7 & r\nd$1 free f ! /em1 #d--e mm4 broad4 ,basidia clavate1 #be--cj #e--f 4 ,spores small1 oval1 #c--d #b--c 1 9 mass light purple br[n4 ,! /em tap]s above1 is sub-bulb\s bel[1 yell[i% & /a9$ ) d>k] yell[i% ?reads bel[ ! annulus1 holl[1 fibr\s1 fle%y4 ,! veil :iti% /a9$ ) yell[1 delicate1 ruptur+ irregul>ly1 portions ( x cl++ to m>g9 ( ! pileus & portions =m+ a delicate r+4 ,:5 p>ts ( ! plant come 9 contact ) :ite pap] a blue /a9 is apt to be imp>t$ to ! pap]1 resembl+ ! reaction ( iod9e on />*4 ,?is peculi>ity has be5 obs]v$ also 9 ! case ( ano!r species ( ,ag>icus4 ,! species is reg>d$ ) suspicion by "s4 ,i collect$ ! plant also at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! caps ( ^! specim5s measure #d cm4 9 diamet]4 ,ag>icus dim9utivus ,pk41 is a closely relat$ species4 ,x is di/+ui%$ *iefly by its some:at l>g] size1 & purpli% to r$di% br[n hairs on ! surface ( ! pileus1 & by ! some:at l>g] spores1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are small4 ,i h f\nd x at ,i?aca1 ! surface ( ! pileus hairy1 ) beautiful1 triangul>1 s(t1 appress$1 purpli% scales4 ,,hypholoma ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,hypholoma ! spores are purple br[n1 ! gills atta*$ to ! /em1 & ! veil :5 ruptur$ cl+s to ! m>g9 ( ! cap in/ead ( to ! /em1 s t a r+ is n =m$1 or only r>ely 9 "s specim5s4 ,! /em is said to be cont9u\s ) ! sub/ance ( ! cap1 t is1 x is n easily sep>at$ f x4 ,! g5us is closely relat$ to ,ag>icus 7,psalliota7 & ,/roph>ia1 f bo? ( :i* x diff]s 9 ! veil n =m+ a r+1 b cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,x fur!r diff]s f ,ag>icus 9 ! /em be+ cont9u\s ) ! sub/ance ( ! cap1 :ile ,/roph>ia seems to diff] 9 ?is respect 9 diff]5t species4 ,! plants gr[ bo? on ! gr\nd & on wood4 ,!re are sev]al species :i* are edible & are v common4 ,peck gives a synopsis ( six species 9 ! #di? ,report ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 page #fa1 #ahif1 & ,morgan describes #g species 9 ,j\r4 ,c9n4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #f3 #aac--aae4 ,hypholoma sublat]itium ,s*aeff4 ,edible1 bitt] sometimes4 ,! "n ( ?is species is d]iv$ f ! color ( ! cap1 :i* is ne>ly a brick r$ color1 sometimes tawny4 ,! m>g9 is light] 9 color4 ,! plants gr[ usually 9 l>ge clu/]s on old /umps or frequ5tly appe>+ on ! gr\nd f buri$ portions ( /umps or f roots4 ,!re are f six to t51 or tw5ty or m plants 9 a s+le clu/]4 ,a s+le plant is f #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap is #e--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 smoo?1 or sometimes ) loose ?reads f ! veil1 especially :5 "y1 ev51 dry4 ,! fle% is firm1 :iti%1 & 9 age becom+ some:at yell[i%4 ,! gills are adnate1 sometimes decurr5t by a little too?1 r cr[d$1 n>r[1 :iti%1 !n dull yell[1 & becom+ d>k f ! spores1 purpli% to olivace\s4 ,! /em usually tap]s d[nw>d1 is firm1 /uff$1 smoo?1 or ) remnants ( ! veil giv+ x a floccose scaly appe>ance1 usually asc5d+ because ( ! cr[d$ gr[?4 ,! veil is ?9 & only manife/$ 9 ! "y /age ( ! plant z a loose weft ( ?reads4 ,z ! cap exp&s ! veil is torn & adh]es to ! m>g91 b soon disappe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f1 ,,figure #be4--;,hypholoma sublat]itium4 ,cap brick-r$ or tawny4 7,natural size1 (t5 l>g]47 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g1 ,,figure #bf4--;,hypholoma app5diculatum 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,:ite floccose scales on cap 7v>4 coronif]um7 & app5diculate veil2 caps :iti% or br[n1 tawny1 or t+e ( o*re4 ,gills :ite1 !n purple-br[n4 ,copyright4 ,! fle% ( ?is plant is said by ,european writ]s to be bitt] to ! ta/e1 & x is reg>d$ !re z poison\s4 ,?is "* seems to be ! only di/+ui%+ "o betwe5 ! ,hypholoma sublat]itium ,s*aeff41 ( ,europe1 & ! ,hypholoma p]plexum ,pk41 ( ?is c\ntry :i* is edible1 & probably is id5tical ) ,h4 sublat]itium4 ,if ! plant 9 h& agrees ) ?is description 9 o!r respects1 & is n bitt]1 !re %\ld be no dang] 9 its use4 ,accord+ to ,bresadola1 ! bitt] ta/e is n pron\nc$ 9 ,h4 sublat]itium4 ,! ta/e probably v>ies z x does 9 o!r plants4 ,= example1 9 ,pholiota prcox1 an edible species1 ,i detect$ a decid$ bitt] ta/e 9 plants collect$ 9 ,june1 #aijj4 ,f\r o!r p]sons 7 reque/$ to ta/e ! plants4 ,two ( !m pron\nc$ !m bitt]1 :ile two did n detect ! bitt] ta/e4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ,hypholoma sublat]itium1 ) delicate floccose scales 9 conc5tric r[s ne> ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 call$ v>4 squamosum ,cooke4 ,?is is ! plant illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 f specim5s collect$ on rott+ wood 9 ! ,cascadilla woods1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x occurs f spr+ to autumn4 ,hypholoma epixan?um ,fr41 is ne> ! =m] species1 b has a yell[ pileus1 & ! light yell[ gills become gray1 n purple4 ,hypholoma app5diculatum ,bull4 ,edible4--,?is species is common dur+ late spr+ & 9 ! summ]4 ,x gr[s on old /umps & logs1 & (t5 on ! gr\nd1 especially :]e !re are dead roots4 ,x is scatt]$ or clu/]$1 b l>ge tufts are n =m$ z 9 ,h4 sublat]itium4 ,! plants are #f--h cm4 high1 ! cap #e--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is ovate1 convex to exp&$1 & (t5 ! m>g9 elevat$1 & !n ! cap appe>s depress$4 ,x is fle%y1 ?91 :iti% or br[n1 tawny1 or ) a t+e ( o*re1 & becom+ pale 9 age & :5 dry4 ,z ! plant becomes old ! pileus (t5 cracks 9 v>i\s ways1 sometimes splitt+ radially into sev]al lobes1 & !n 9 o!r cases crack+ into irregul> areas1 %[+ ! :ite fle% und]nea?4 ,! surface ( ! pileus :5 "y is sometimes spr9kl$ ) :iti% p>ticles giv+ x a mealy appe>ance4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 cr[d$1 becom+ m or less free by break+ away f ! /em1 especially 9 old plants4 ,!y are :ite1 !n fle% color$1 br[ni% ) a slight purple t+e4 ,! /em is :ite1 smoo?1 or ) num]\s small :ite p>ticles at ! apex1 becom+ holl[4 ,! veil is v delicate1 :ite1 & only se5 9 q "y plants :5 !y are fre%4 ,x cl+s to ! m>g9 ( ! cap = a %ort p]iod1 & !n soon disappe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg4--;,hypholoma app5diculatum 7natural size71 %[+ app5diculate veil4 ,copyright4 ,sometimes ! pileus is cov]$ ) num]\s :ite1 delicate floccose scales1 :i* give x a beautiful appe>ance1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf1 f specim5s 7,no4 #cahe ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium71 collect$ on ! campus ( ,cornell ,univ]sity among grass4 ,! entire plant is v brittle1 & easily brok54 ,x is t5d] & excell5t = food4 ,i (t5 eat ! caps raw4 ,hypholoma c&olleanum ,fr41 occurs 9 woods on ! gr\nd1 or on v rott5 wood4 ,x is n s fragile z ,h4 app5diculatum & ! gills are d>k violace\s1 n fle% color z !y are 9 ,h4 app5diculatum :5 !y beg9 to turn1 & ne>ly free f ! /em4 ,hypholoma lacrymabundum ,fr4--,?is plant 0 f\nd dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob] 9 wet grassy places 9 a %all[ dit* by ! roadside1 & 9 bord]s ( woods1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahih4 ,! plants are scatt]$ or clu/]$1 sev]al (t5 jo9$ at ! base ( ! /em4 ,!y are #d--h cm4 high1 ! cap #b--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bh4--;,hypholoma lacrymabundum 7natural size74 ,cap & /em tawny or light yell[i%1 ) int]m$iate %ades or %ades ( umb]1 surface ) s(t floccose scales4 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 sometimes broadly umbonate 9 age1 & usually ) radiat+ wr9kles ext5d+ irregul>ly4 ,on ! surface are silky or tom5tose ?reads n mu* elevat$ f ! surface1 & z ! plant ages ^! are drawn into triangul> scales :i* are easily wa%$ ap>t by ! ra9s4 ,! color is tawny or light yell[i% ) int]m$iate %ades1 d>k] on ! umbo & becom+ d>k] 9 age1 sometimes umb] color$1 & /a9$ ) black1 especially aft] ra9s :]e ! spores are wa%$ on ! pileus4 ,! fle% is t+$ ) light yell[1 or tawny1 or br[n1 s(t1 & easily brok54 ,! gills are s9uate1 adnate1 some:at v5tricose1 v r>ely 9 abnormal specim5s ana/omos+ ne> ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 at fir/ light yell[i%1 !n %ad+ to umb] & spott$ ) black & ru/y br[n z ! spores mature1 easily break+ away f ! /ipe1 :iti% on ! edge4 ,drops ( moi/ure sometimes are =m$ on ! gills4 ,basidia abruptly clavate1 #cj--ce #aj--ab 4 ,cy/idia hyal9e1 ?9 wall$1 project+ above ! hym5ium #dj 1 & #ad--ae broad4 ,spores black1 purple t+$1 broadly elliptical & some:at curv$1 #i--aa #g--h 4 ,! /em is fle%y to fibr\s1 ! same color z ! pileus1 floccose scaly m or less up to ! veil1 smoo? or :ite pru9ose above ! veil1 /raight or curv$1 some:at /riate bel[4 ,! veil 9 "y plants is hairy1 ( ! same texture z ! surface ( ! pileus1 torn & mo/ly cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 & disappe>+ ) age4 ,! g5]al habit & diff]5t /ages ( developm5t z well z "s ( ! *>act]s ( ! plant are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh 7,no4 #dfbj ,cornell ,univ]sity h]b>ium74 ,! edible qualities ( ?is plant h n be5 te/$4 ,hypholoma rugocephalum ,atk9son4--,?is int]e/+ species gr[s 9 damp places 9 woods4 ,! plants are tuft$ or occur s+ly4 ,!y are #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #f--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 & ! m>g9 at la/ revolute 7upturn$74 ,! surface is m>k$ by /rong wr9kles 7rug71 :i* radiate irregul>ly f ! c5t] t[>d ! m>g94 ,! pileus is broadly umbonate1 fle%y at ! c5t] & ?9n] t[>d ! m>g91 ! fle% t+$ ) yell[1 ! surface slightly viscid1 b n m>k$ly s ev5 :5 moi/1 smoo?1 n hairy or scaly1 ! ?9 m>g9 ext5d+ little beyond ends ( ! gills4 ,! color is tawny 7ne> fulvus74 ,! gills are adnate1 slightly s9uate1 #e--g mm4 broad1 9 age easily break+ away f ! /em & !n r\nd$ at ?is end1 spott$ ) ! black spores1 light] on ! edge4 ,! spores are black 9 mass 7) a sugge/ion ( a purple t+e71 oval to broadly elliptical1 inequilat]al1 po9t$ at ea* end1 e*9ulate1 or m9utely tub]culate1 #h--aa #f--h 4 ,! basidia are %ort1 cyl9drical2 cy/idia cyl9drical1 some:at enl>g$ at ! free end1 hyal9e1 delicate1 ?9-wall$1 9 gr\ps ( two to six or m 7p]haps ?is is p>tly responsible = ! black spott$ condition ( ! gills74 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 some:at bulb\s1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 b light] above ! annulus1 irregul>1 smoo?1 fle%y1 holl[1 cont9u\s ) ! sub/ance ( ! pileus4 ,! annulus is =m$ ( a few ?reads1 remnants ( ! veil1 :i* are /a9$ black by ! spores4 ,figure #bi is f plants 7,no4 #cbjb ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ ne> ,i?aca1 ,july #ah1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h1 ,,figure #bi4--;,hypholoma rugocephalum 7#g_/h natural size74 ,cap tawny1 gills purple black1 spott$4 ,copyright4 ,,/roph>ia ,fr4 ,! g5us ,/roph>ia has purple-br[n spores1 ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 & ! veil =ms a r+ on ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cj4--,/roph>ia semiglobata 7natural size74 ,cap & /em light yell[1 viscid1 gills br[ni% purple4 ,copyright4 ,/roph>ia semiglobata ,bats*4--,?is species is r common & widely di/ribut$1 occurr+ 9 grassy places rec5tly manur$1 or on dung4 ,! plants are scatt]$ or clu/]$1 r>ely two or ?ree jo9$ at ! base4 ,!y are #e--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #a--c cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #b--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! entire plant is light yell[1 & viscid :5 moi/1 ! gills becom+ purpli% br[n1 or ne>ly black4 ,/ev5son says x is reg>d$ z poison\s4 ,! pileus is r\nd$1 !n hemisph]ical 7semi-globate71 smoo?1 fle%y at ! c5t]1 ?9n] t[>d ! m>g91 ev51 v viscid or visc\s :5 moi/1 light yell[4 ,! gills are squ>ely set aga9/ ! /em 7adnate71 broad1 smoo?1 9 age purpli% br[n to blacki%1 ! color m or less cl\d$4 ,! spores 9 mass1 are br[ni% purple4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 becom+ holl[1 /raight1 ev5 or bulb\s bel[1 yell[i%1 b pal] at ! apex :]e !re are (t5 p>allel /ri1 m>ks f ! gills 9 ! "y /age4 ,! /em is (t5 viscid & sme>$ ) ! glut9\s sub/ance :i* envelopes ! plant :5 "y1 & f ! m or less glut9\s veil4 ,! r+ is glut9\s :5 moi/4 ,figure #cj is f plants 7,no4 #dfac ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ on "o ( ! /reets ( ,i?aca4 ,/roph>ia /]cor>ia ,fr41 is a closely relat$ plant1 ab\t ! same size1 b ! pileus1 fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n becom+ exp&$ & sometimes /riate on ! m>g91 :ile ! /em is /uff$4 ,! gills are said to be ( "o color & ! r+ floccose1 viscose1 & evanesc5t 9 dry+4 ,x occurs on dung1 or 9 grassy places rec5tly manur$4 ,/roph>ia rug9osa ,curt41 ! gre5i% ,/roph>ia1 is f #f--h cm4 high1 & ! pileus #e--g cm4 broad4 ,! gr\nd color is yell[i%1 b ! plant is cov]$ ) a gre5i% slime :i* t5ds to disappe> ) age4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods & op5 places dur+ late summ] & 9 autumn4 ,accord+ to ,/ev5son x is poison\s4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,= analytical key to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,black-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores are black 9 mass1 n purple t+$4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,copr9us ,p]s4 ,! species ( ,copr9us are readily recognis$ f ! black spores 9 addition to ! fact t ! gills1 at maturity1 dissolve into a black or inky fluid4 ,! l>g] species especially =m 9 ?is way an abundance ( ! black fluid1 s t x drops f ! pileus & black5s ! grass1 etc41 und]nea? ! plant4 ,9 "s ( ! small] species ! gills d n :olly deliquesce1 b ! cap splits on top along ! l9e ( ! long] gills1 ?is split pass+ d[n ?r\gh ! gill1 divid+ x into two ?9 lam91 :i*1 h[ev]1 rema9 unit$ at ! l[] edge4 ,?is gives a flut$ appe>ance to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 :i* is v ?9 & membranace\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ca4--;,copr9us comatus1 %aggy-mane1 9 lawn4 ,! plants v>y 9 size1 f t9y ones to ^? :i* are sev]al in*es high & m ?an an in* broad4 ,_! habitat 7t is1 ! place :]e !y gr[7 is peculi>4 ,a numb] ( ! species gr[ on dung or rec5tly manur$ gr\nd4 ,f ?is peculi>ity ! g5us receiv$ ! "n ,copr9us f ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 kopros1 mean+ dung4 ,"s ( ! species1 h[ev]1 gr[ on decay+ logs1 on ! gr\nd1 on leaves1 etc4 ,copr9us comatus ,fr4 ,edible4--,"o ( ! f9e/ species 9 ?is g5us is ! %aggy-mane1 or horse-tail mu%room1 z x is popul>ly call$4 ,x occurs 9 lawns & o!r grassy places1 especially 9 ri*ly manur$ gr\nd4 ,! plants sometimes occur s+ly1 or a few toge!r1 b (t5 q l>ge numb]s ( !m appe> 9 a small area4 ,!y occur mo/ abundantly dur+ q wet wea!r1 or aft] heavy ra9s1 9 late spr+ or dur+ ! autumn1 & also 9 ! summ]4 ,f ! rapid gr[? ( _m ( ! mu%rooms we are apt to be tak5 by surprise to see !m all up "s day1 :5 ! day be=e !re 7 none4 ,! %aggy-mane (t5 furni%es a surprise ( ?is k9d4 ,9 our lawns we are accu/om$ to a pretty bit ( gre5sw>d ) clumps ( %rubb]y1 & "h & !re ! ov]hang+ bran*es ( "s %ade tree4 ,on "s f9e morn+ :5 we f9d a :ole flock ( ^! %aggy-manes1 :i* h sprung up dur+ ! night1 we c imag9e t "s su* k9d ( a surprise mu/ h come to ,br[n+ :5 he wrote ^! words3 ,by ! rose fle% mu%room undivulg$ ,la/ ev5+4 ,nay1 9 to-day's fir/ dew ,yon sudd5 coral nipple bulg$1 ,:]e a freak$1 fawn color$1 flaky crew ,( toad/ools peep indulg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4--;,copr9us comatus4 ,buttons1 "s 9 section %[+ gill slits & holl[ /em2 colors :ite & black4 7,natural size47 ,! plant is call$ %aggy-mane because ( ! v %aggy appe>ance ( ! cap1 due to ! surface be+ torn up into long locks4 ,! illu/rations ( ! %aggy mane %[n "h repres5t ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 & ! acc\nt "h giv5 is l>gely tak5 f ! acc\nt writt5 by me 9 ,bullet9 #afh ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cc4--;,copr9us comatus 7natural size74 ,9 ,fig4 #cb are %[n two buttons ( ! size :5 !y are j ready to break ?r\gh ! soil4 ,!y appe> mottl$ ) d>k & :ite1 = ! out] lay] ( fungus ?reads1 :i* are d>k br[n1 is torn & sep>at$ into pat*es or scales1 %[+ betwe5 ! delicate me%es ( :ite ?reads :i* lie b5ea?4 ,! upp] "p ( ! button is already =m+ ! cap1 & ! slight con/riction ab\t midway %[s ! l[] b\nd>y or m>g9 ( ! pileus :]e x is /ill connect$ ) ! undevelop$ /em4 ,at ! "r ( ea* ( ^! buttons 9 ! figure is %[n a section ( a plant ( ! same age4 ,"h ! p>ts ( ! plant1 ?\gh /ill undevelop$1 are q well m>k$ out4 ,j und]nea? ! pileus lay] are ! gills4 ,9 ! section "o gill is expos$ to view on ei!r side4 ,9 ! section ( ! l>g] button ! free edge ( ! gill is /ill closely appli$ to ! /em1 :ile 9 ! small "o ! gills are sep>at$ a %ort di/ance f ! /ems %[+ gill slits4 ,"h1 too1 ! connection ( ! m>g9 ( ! pileus ) ! /em is /ill %[n1 & =ms ! veil4 ,?is k9d ( a veil is a m>g9al veil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd4--;,copr9us comatus 7natural size74 ,?is "o entirely :ite1 none ( ! scales black tipp$4 ,! /em is holl[ ev5 at ?is "y /age1 & a sl5d] cord ( mycelium ext5ds d[n ! c5t] ( ! tube ?us =m$1 z is %[n 9 ! sections4 ,! plants are ne>ly all :ite :5 full gr[n4 ,! br[n scales1 s close toge!r on ! buttons1 are widely sep>at$ except at ! top or c5t] ( ! pileus1 :]e !y rema9 close toge!r & =m a broad cap4 ,a /udy ( ! diff]5t /ages1 :i* appe> f ! button /age to ! mature plant1 reveals ! cause ( ?is *ange 9 color & ! wide sep>ation ( ! d>k br[n scales4 ,! ?reads ( ! out] lay] ( ! pileus1 & especially ^? 9 ! br[n pat*es se5 on ! buttons1 soon cease to gr[1 ?\gh !y are firmly entangl$ ) ! inn] lay]s4 ,n[ ! ?reads und]nea? & all ?r\gh ! plant1 9 ! gills & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 gr[ & elongate rapidly4 ,?is pulls on ! out] lay]1 te>+ x 9 ! fir/ place into small pat*es1 & caus+ !m lat] to be m widely sep>at$ on ! mature plant4 ,"s ( ^! scales rema9 q l>ge1 :ile o!rs are torn up into q small tufts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce4--;,copr9us comatus1 sections ( ! plants 9 ,fig4 #cc 7natural size74 ,z ! plant ages1 ! next inn] lay]s ( ! pileus gr[ less rapidly1 s t ! :ite lay] b5ea? ! br[n is torn up into an intricate tangle ( locks & tufts1 or is frazzl$ into a delicate pile :i* exi/s "h & !re betwe5 well =m$ tufts4 ,:ile all pres5t ! same g5]al *>act]s !re is consid]able individual v>iation1 z "o c see by comp>+ a numb] ( diff]5t plants4 ,figure #cd %[s "o ( ! int]e/+ conditions4 ,!re is little ( ! br[n color1 & ! out] portion ( ! pileus is torn into long locks1 q ev5ly di/ribut$ & curl$ up at ! ends 9 an int]e/+ fa%ion :i* m]its well ! t]m %aggy4 ,9 o!rs ! ?reads are loop$ up q regul>ly into triangul> tresses :i* appe> to be knott$ at ! ends :]e ! tangle ( br[n ?reads holds !m toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cf4--;,copr9us comatus1 e>ly /ages ( deliquesc5ce2 ! r+ is ly+ on ! sod 7natural size74 ,!re is "o curi\s feature ab\t ! expansion ( ! pileus ( ! %aggy-mane :i* c\ld n escape our att5tion4 ,! pileus has become v long :ile comp>atively little lat]al expansion has tak5 place4 ,! pileus has rema9$ cyl9drical or b>rel-%ap$1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! common mu%room ! pileus exp&s into ! =m ( an umbrella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cg4--;,copr9us comatus1 lat] /age ( deliquesc5ce1 pileus becom+ m exp&$ 7natural size74 ,! cyl9drical or b>rel-%ap$ pileus is *>act]i/ic ( ! %aggy-mane mu%room4 ,z ! pileus elongates ! /em does also1 b m rapidly4 ,?is te>s ap>t ! connection ( ! m>g9 ( ! pileus ) ! base ( ! /em1 z is pla9ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 break+ away1 ! connect+ portion or veil is fre$ bo? f ! /em & f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 & is left z a free1 or loose1 r+ ar\nd ! /em4 ,9 ! %aggy-mane ! veil does n =m a ?91 exp&$ curta94 ,x is really an annul> out] lay] ( ! button ly+ betwe5 ! m>g9 ( ! cap & ! base ( ! /em4 ,x becomes free f ! /em4 ,z ! /em elongates m rapidly ?an ! cap1 ! latt] is lift$ up away f ! base ( ! /em4 ,sometimes ! free r+ is left z a coll> ar\nd ! base ( ! /em1 /ill loosely adh]5t to ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! same1 or x rema9s = a "t m or less adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus z %[n 9 ! plant at ! left h& 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,x is (t5 lift$ high] up on ! /em be=e x becomes free f ! cap1 & is !n left dangl+ some:]e on ! /em1 or x may break & fall d[n on ! sod4 ,9 o!r in/ances x may rema9 q firmly adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus s t x breaks ap>t z ! pileus 9 age exp&s some:at4 ,9 su* cases "o (t5 se>*es = "s "t to discov] x cl++ z a /]ile m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve a section ( ! plants at ?is /age4 ,^! sections c be made by splitt+ ! pileus & /em l5g?wise ?r\gh ! middle l9e ) a %>p knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,"h1 9 ! plant at ! "r h&1 ! cord ( mycelium is pla9ly se5 runn+ ?r\gh ! holl[ /em4 ,! gills =m a l>ge portion ( ! plant1 = !y are v broad & lie closely pack$ side by side4 ,!y are n[h]e atta*$ to ! /em1 b at ! upp] end r\nd (f to ! cap1 leav+ a well def9$ space betwe5 _! ends & ! /em4 ,! cap1 :ile x is r ?ick at ! c5t]1 i4 e41 :]e x jo9s ! /em1 becomes comp>atively ?9 :]e x spreads out ov] ! gills4 ,at ?is age ( ! plant ! gills are ( a ri* salmon color1 i4 e41 be=e ! spores are ripe1 & ! ta/e :5 raw is a pleasant nutty flavor1 rem9d+ "o ( ! meat ( fre% gre5 hickory nuts4 ,9 a some:at e>li] /age ! edges ( all ! gills are closely appli$ to ! /em :i* !y surr\nd4 ,s closely are !y appli$ to ! /em 9 mo/ cases t ?reads ( mycelium pass f ! /em to ! edge ( ! gills4 ,z ! cap exp&s slightly 9 age+1 ^! ?reads are torn asund] & ! /em is cov]$ ) a v delicate d[n or ) floccul5t p>ticles :i* easily disappe> on h&l+ or by ! wa%+ ( ! ra9s4 ,! edges ( ! gills are also left 9 a frazzl$ condition1 z "o c see by exam9+ !m ) a good h& l5s4 ,! spores n[ beg9 to rip5 & z !y become black ! color ( ! gills *anges4 ,at ! same "t ! gills & ! cap beg9 to dissolve into an inky fluid1 fir/ becom+ d>k & !n melt+ into a black liquid4 ,z ?is accumulates x =ms into drops :i* dangle f ! cap until !y fall away4 ,?is *ange takes place on ! m>g9 ( ! cap fir/1 & advances t[>d ! c5t]1 & ! contra/ ( color1 z ! black5+ invades ! ri* salmon1 is v /rik+4 ,! cap n[ beg9s to exp& outw>d m1 s t x becomes some:at umbrella %ap$4 ,! extreme out] surface does n dissolve s freely1 & ! ?9 remnant curls upw>d & becomes enroll$ on ! upp] side z ! cap ) wa/$ gills becomes ne>ly flat4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,! ink-cap 7,copr9us atram5t>ius7 occurs "u mu* ! same conditions z ! %aggy-mane1 & is sometimes f\nd accompany+ x4 ,x is usually m common & m abundant4 ,x spr+s up 9 old or newly made lawns :i* h be5 ri*ly manur$1 or x occurs 9 o!r grassy places4 ,sometimes ! plants are scatt]$1 sometimes two or ?ree 9 a clu/]1 b usually l>ge clu/]s are =m$ :]e t5 to tw5ty or m are cr[d$ closely toge!r 7,fig4 #ci74 ,! /ems are %ort] ?an ^? ( ! %aggy-mane & ! cap is diff]5t 9 %ape & color4 ,! cap is egg-%ap$ or oval4 ,x v>ies 9 color f a silv]y grey1 9 "s =ms1 to a d>k a%5 grey1 or smoky br[n color 9 o!rs4 ,sometimes ! cap is entirely smoo?1 z ,i h se5 x 9 "s ( ! silv]y grey =ms1 :]e ! delicate fibres c\rs+ d[n 9 l9es on ! out] surface ca/ a beautiful silv]y %e5 9 ! light4 ,o!r =ms pres5t num]\s small scales on ! top or c5t] ( ! cap :i* are =m$ by ! cleavage ( ! out] surface "h into l>ge numb]s ( po9t$ tufts4 ,9 o!rs1 ! delicate tufts cov] m or less ! entire surface1 giv+ ! plant a co>sely granul> aspect4 ,?is is p]haps ! m common appe>ance1 at lea/ s f> z my obs]vation goes4 ,b n infrequ5tly "o f9ds =ms :i* h ! entire out] surface ( ! cap torn into q a l>ge numb] ( co>se scales1 & ^! are (t5 m prom95t ov] ! upp] portion4 ,f9e l9es or /riations m>k also ! entire surface ( all ! =ms1 especially t[>d ! m>g91 :]e ! scales are n s prom95t4 ,! m>g9al half ( ! cap is also frequ5tly furr[$ m or less irregul>ly1 & ?is =ms a cr5ate or unev5 edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i1 ,,figure #ch4 ,copr9us comatus1 drops ( inky fluid ab\t to fall f wa/$ pileus 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj1 ,,figure #ci4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius1 ne>ly smoo? =m1 gray color 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dj4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius1 scaly =m 7natural size74 ,! annulus or r+ on ! /em ( ! ink-cap is v diff]5t f t ( ! %aggy-mane4 ,x =ms an irregul>ly zigzag elevat$ l9e ( ?reads :i* ext5d ar\nd ! /em ne> ! base4 ,x is well %[n 9 ,fig4 #da z a bord] l9e betwe5 ! l[] scaly end ( ! /em & ! smoo? :ite upp] "p4 ,x is =m$ at ! "t ( ! sep>ation ( ! m>g9 ( ! cap f ! /em1 ! connect+ fibres be+ pull$ outw>d & left to m>k ! l9e ( junction1 :ile o!rs bel[ give ! scaly appe>ance4 ,x is easily effac$ by r\gh h&l+ or by ! wa%+ ( ! ra9s4 ,a section ( a plant is illu/rat$ by a photograph 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,on ei!r side ( ! /em is %[n ! lay] ( fibres :i* =m ! annulus1 & ?is lay] is ( a diff]5t texture f t ( ! /em4 ,! /em is holl[ z se5 "h also4 ,9 ?is figure "o c see ! *ange 9 color ( ! gills j at ! "t :5 !y beg9 to deliquesce4 ,?is deliquesc5ce proce$s mu* 9 ! same way z 9 ! %aggy-mane1 & sometimes ! ?9 remnant ( ! cap exp&s & ! m>g9 is enroll$ ov] ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #da4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius1 %[+ annulus z bord] l9e betwe5 scaly & smoo? "p ( ! /em 7natural size74 ,copr9us micaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,! gli/5+ copr9us receiv$ its "n because ( ! v delicate scales :i* (t5 cov] ! surface ( ! cap1 & gli/5 9 ! light l p>ticles ( mica4 ,?is plant is v common dur+ ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 ?\gh x does appe> dur+ ! autumn4 ,x occurs ab\t ! bases ( /umps or trees or 9 grassy or d5ud$ places1 f dead roots1 etc41 buri$ 9 ! soil4 ,x occurs 9 d5se tufts ( t5 to ?irty or m individuals2 sometimes z _m z sev]al hundr$ spr+ up f ! roots ( a dead tree or /ump along ! /reets or 9 lawns1 =m+ l>ge masses4 ,m r>ely x occurs on logs 9 ! woods1 & sometimes ! plants are scatt]$ 9 lawns4 ,f ! diff]5t habits ( ! plant x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e1 especially :]e ! individuals are m or less scatt]$4 ,h[ev]1 ! color1 & ! m>k+s on ! cap1 especially ! pres5ce ( ! small %9+ scales :5 n effac$1 *>act]ize ! plant s t little difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 det]m9+ x :5 "o has once c>efully not$ ^! peculi>ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #db4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius1 section ( "o ( ! plants 9 ,fig4 #da 7natural size74 ,figure #dc is f a gr\p ( ?ree "y individuals photograph$ j z ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is break+ away f ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 %[+ ! delicate fibr\s r+ :i* is =m$ 9 ! same way z 9 ,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,! r+ is mu* m delicate & is r>ely se5 except 9 v "y specim5s :i* are c>efully collect$ & :i* h n be5 wa%$ by ra9s4 ,! mature plants are #h--aj cm4 high 7#c--d in*es71 & ! cap v>ies f #b--d cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is q sl5d] & ! cap & gills q ?9 z comp>$ ) ! %aggy-mane & ink-cap4 ,! gills are n ne>ly s cr[d$ z !y are 9 ! two o!r species4 ,! cap is tan color1 or light buff1 or yell[i% br[n4 ,except ne> ! c5t] x is m>k$ ) q prom95t /riations :i* radiate to ! m>g94 ,^! /riations are m9ute furr[s or depress$ l9es1 & =m "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! species1 be+ mu* m prom95t ?an on ! cap ( ! ink-cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dc4--;,copr9us micaceus1 "y /age %[+ annulus1 on ! cap ! mica p>ticles 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dd4--;,copr9us micaceus1 plants natural size1 f floor ( coal m9e at ,wilkesb>re4 ,caps tan color4 ,copyright4 ,9 wet wea!r ?is copr9us melts d[n into an inky fluid also1 b 9 q dry wea!r x rema9s m or less firm1 & sometimes x does n deliquesce at all1 b dries ) all p>ts well pres]v$1 ?\gh mu* %runk5 ( c\rse1 z is ! case ) all ! v fle%y fungi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa1 ,,figure #de4--,panolus retirugis1 gr\p ( plants f lawn along /reet1 %[+ veil 9 "y plants at ! left1 :i* breaks into ,v-%ap$ loops & cl+s to m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,cap d>k smoky color at fir/1 becom+ grayi% 9 age 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,panaeolus ,fr4 ,9 ,panolus1 ! pileus is some:at fle%y1 or ?91 ! m>g9 ev51 t is1 n /riate4 ,! m>g9 ext5ds beyond ! gills1 & ! gills are n uni=m 9 color1 be+ cl\d$ or spott$ ) black & br[n colors1 ! edge ( ! gills (t5 :ite 9 contra/4 ,! spores are black4 ,! /em is usually smoo?1 sometimes floccose scaly1 (t5 long1 firm1 g5]ally holl[4 ,! veil is ( int]wov5 ?reads1 sometimes q compact1 especially :5 ! plants are "y4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #aj et seq41 gives a synopsis ( five species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #df4--,panolus retirugis1 section ( caps %[+ =m & position ( gills 7natural size74 ,panolus retirugis ,fr4--,! color ( ?is plant is n attractive1 b x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful species ,i h /udi$1 if "o reg>ds =m & ! g5]al features 9 its developm5t4 ,x is said to occur on dung4 ,i h f\nd x 9 lawns or grassy places1 especially fre%ly made lawns or gre5sw>ds :i* h be5 heavily manur$4 ,! illu/rations 9 ,figs4 #de--dh 7 made f photographs ( plants :i* grew 9 a newly made b\lev>d along ,buffalo /reet1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,no4 #bcef ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,! plants are f #g--ae cm4 high1 ! cap f #a--c cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #c--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! size ( ! plants v>ies greatly accord+ to ! environm5t1 be+ l>g] 9 moi/ soil & wet wea!r & small] 9 dry soil & dry wea!r4 ,x occurs 9 late spr+ & dur+ ! summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dg4--,panolus retirugis1 %[+ rugose "* ( cap 9 left-h& plant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is oval to ovate & conic1 & 9 "s cases x becomes m or less exp&$1 b nev]1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 does x become depress$ or ev5 plane4 ,9 wet wea!r x is usually at fir/ d>k smoky 9 color1 viscid1 becom+ grayi% 9 age1 & z ! pileus dries x becomes %9+4 ,9 light] color$ =ms ! pileus is at fir/ light lea!r color to cream color4 ,t[>d ! c5t] ( ! pileus are irregul> wr9kles or %all[ pits1 ! wr9kles ana/omos+ m or less1 & x is because ( ?is "* ( ! surface ( ! pileus t ! plant receives its specific "n4 ,dur+ dry wea!r !re is a t5d5cy = ! pileus to crack1 sep>at+ ! d>k color ( ! surface into pat*es %[+ ! :ite fle% b5ea?4 ,! pileus is (t5 umbonate or gibb\s1 & ! c5t] is (t5 d>k] ?an ! m>g94 ,! pileus 9 r>e cases is entirely :ite4 ,! gills are adnate1 broad 9 ! middle1 & 9 ! m exp&$ =ms z ! gills sep>ate m & m f ! /em !re is a t5d5cy = !m to become some:at triangul>4 ,! spores are black 9 mass1 are elliptical or %ort fusi=m1 & measure f #aj--ab #ae--ah 4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 sometimes tortu\s1 smoky gray1 light r$di% br[n1 or pal]1 sometimes entirely :ite1 ! light] =ms ( ! /em accompany+ ! light =ms ( ! pileus2 c>tilag9\s 9 texture1 becom+ holl[1 always d>k] bel[ & pal] above1 smoo?1 granulate ) m9ute d>k] po9ts1 bulb\s4 ,! veil is v prom95t & /\t :5 ! plant is "y1 & ext5ds f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus to ! /em :5 ! plant is v "y & ! /em has n elongat$4 ,z ! /ipe elongates ! veil sep>ates f ! /ipe z a r+1 & !n1 z ! pileus exp&s1 x is brok5 q regul>ly into %ort segm5ts :i* become arrang$ regul>ly ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! pileus 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,v1 :i* gives a beautiful appe>ance to ?is /age ( ! plant4 ,x is only :5 ! plants are fre% & moi/ t ?is condition ( ! veil c be se51 = on dry+ ! veil collapses4 ,wat] is sometimes caught "u ! veil be=e ! pileus sep>ates f> f ! /em1 & ! spores fall+ ?us float aga9/ ! /em at ?is po9t & make a d>k r+ ar\nd ! /em1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be mi/ak5 = ! annulus4 ,9 no case 0 ! veil obs]v$ to cl+ to ! /em1 & _m plants h be5 obs]v$ to see if ?is v>iation might pres5t itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dh4--,panolus retirugis1 %[+ crack$ surface ( cap 9 ! left-h& plant1 also 9 same plant ! r+ m>k ( black spores :i* lodg$ be=e veil ruptur$1 9 o!r plants %[+ well ! ,v-%ap$ loops ( veil on m>g9 ( cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! veil 9 cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus has l$ ,h5n+s to place ! plant 9 ,k>/5's g5us 7,engl] & ,prantl1 ,pflanz5famili57 ,*alymotta1 z ,*alymotta retirugis4 ,! plants h sev]al times be5 eat5 raw by me1 & :ile !y h a nutty flavor & odor1 ! ta/e is n entirely agreeable 9 ?is condition1 because ( ! accompany+ slimy s5sation4 ,a numb] ( small] species1 among !m ,p4 fimicola ,fr41 & ,p4 papilionaceus ,fr41 occur 9 simil> places4 ,panolus solidipes ,pk41 is a l>ge species ) a long1 solid /em1 gr[+ on dung4 ,psilocybe fo5isecii1 abundant 9 lawns & grassy places dur+ late spr+ & summ]1 resembles a ,panolus4 ,! cap %[s zones ( light & d>k color1 due to diff]5t am\nts ( wat]1 :i* disappe> z ! plant matures4 ,x belongs to ! purple-br[n-spor$ ag>ics4 ,,psa?yrella ,fr4 ,! pileus is ?91 membranace\s1 /riate1 ! m>g9 n ext5d+ beyond ! edge ( ! gills1 & :5 "y ! m>g9 ( ! pileus lies /raight aga9/ ! /em4 ,! gills are black to fulig9\s1 ( a uni=m color1 i4 e41 n spott$ z 9 ,panolus & ,anell>ia4 ,! spores are black4 ,! plants are all fragile4 ,only "o species is m5tion$ "h4 ,9 appe>ance ! species are l ,psa?yra ( ! purple-br[n-spor$ ag>ics1 b mu* ?9n]4 ,peck describes ?ree species 9 ! #bc;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ajb et seq4 ,only "o species is describ$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #di4--,psa?yrella dissem9ata 7natural size71 caps :iti%1 grayi%1 or grayi%-br[n4 ,copyright4 ,psa?yrella dissem9ata ,p]s4--,?is is a v common & widely di/ribut$ species1 appe>+ f late spr+ until late autumn4 ,x sometimes appe>s 9 gre5h\ses ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! plants are #b--c cm4 high1 & ! caps #f--aj mm4 broad4 ,! plants are cr[d$ 9 l>ge tufts1 (t5 gr[+ on decay+ wood1 b also on ! gr\nd1 especially ab\t mu* decay$ /umps1 b also 9 lawns & simil> places1 :]e buri$ roots1 etc41 are decay+4 ,!y resemble small specim5s ( a ,copr9us4 ,! pileus is :iti% or gray1 or grayi% br[n1 v ?91 oval1 !n bell-%ap$1 m9utely scaly1 becom+ smoo?1 prom95tly silicate or plicate1 plait$4 ,! gills are adnate1 broad1 :ite1 gray1 !n black4 ,! spores are black1 oblong1 #h #f 4 ,! /em is v sl5d]1 becom+ holl[1 (t5 curv$4 ,! entire plant is v fragile1 & 9 age becomes s s(t z to sugge/ a ,copr9us 9 addition to ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,figure #di is f plants collect$ on decay+ logs at ,i?aca4 ,,gomphidius ,fr4 ,! g5us ,gomphidius has a slimy or glut9\s univ]sal veil envelop+ ! entire plant :5 "y1 & = a "t is /ret*$ ov] ! gills z ! pileus is exp&+4 ,! gills are some:at mucilag9\s 9 consi/5cy1 are di/ant & decurr5t on ! /em4 ,! gills are easily remov$ f ! "u surface ( ! pileus 9 "s species by peel+ (f 9 /rips1 %[+ ! impr9t ( ! gills b5ea? ! project+ portions ( ! pileus1 :i* ext5d$ "p way betwe5 ! lam9 ( ! gills4 ,! spores 9 "s species are blacki%1 & = ?is reason ! g5us has be5 plac$ by _m ) ! black-spor$ ag>ics1 :ile its true relation%ip is probably ) ! g5us ,hygrophorus or ,paxillus4 ,gomphidius nigricans ,pk4--,! description giv5 by ,peck = ?is plant 9 ! #dh? ,report1 p4 #ab1 #ahie1 reads z foll[s3 ,pileus convex1 or ne>ly plane1 pale1 br[ni% r$1 cov]$ ) a t\gh glut51 :i* becomes black 9 dry+1 fle% firm1 :iti%2 lamell di/ant1 decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$1 :ite1 becom+ smoky br[n1 black 9 ! dri$ plant2 /em subequal1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pileus1 glut9\s1 solid1 at fir/ :iti%1 especially at ! top1 soon blacki% by ! dry+ ( ! glut51 :iti% )91 slightly t+$ ) r$ t[>d ! base2 spores oblong fusoid1 #ae--be long1 #f--g broad4 ,pileus #a--b in*es broad2 /em #a4e--b4e in*es long1 #b--d l9es ?ick4 ,?is species is easily kn[n by ! black5+ glut5 :i* sme>s bo? pileus & /em1 & ev5 =ms a veil by :i* ! lamell 9 ! "y plant are conceal$4 ,9 ! dri$ /ate ! :ole plant is black4 ,"u p9e trees1 ,we/port1 ,septemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ej4--;,gomphidius nigricans4 ,side & "u view %[+ =k$ gills1 & reticulate collaps$ pat*es ( d>k slime on /em4 ,cap fle% color1 gills d>k gray2 entire plant black :5 dri$ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,:at appe>s to be ! same plant 0 collect$ by me at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 "u a p9e tree1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii 7,no4 #cigi ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,! notes tak5 on ! fre% plant are z foll[s3 ,v viscid1 ) a ?ick1 t\gh viscid cuticle1 cort9a or veil viscid1 & collaps+ on ! /em1 =m+ co>se1 walnut-br[n or d>k v9ace\s reticulations1 t]m9at+ abruptly ne> ! gills1 or rea*+ !m4 ,! /em is :ite und]nea? ! slimy veil cov]+1 t\gh1 fibr\s1 cont9u\s1 & n sep>able f ! hym5ophore1 tap]+ bel[4 ,! pileus is convex1 ! v ?9 m>g9 some:at incurv$1 disk exp&$1 unev51 ne> ! c5t] crack$ into num]\s small viscid br[ni% areoles2 pileus fle% color1 fle% same color except t[>d ! gills4 ,gills d>k drab gray1 arcuate1 di/ant1 decurr5t1 _m ( !m =k$1 sep>at+ easily f ! hym5ophore1 peel+ (f 9 broad %eets1 & leav+ beh9d correspond+ elevations ( ! hym5ophore :i* ext5d$ betwe5 ! lam9 ( ! lamell4 ,pileus #g cm4 9 diamet]2 /em #d--e cm4 long by #b cm4 diamet]4 ,9 dry+1 ! entire plant z well z ! glut5 becomes black1 on ! pileus a %9+ black4 ,! spores are ru/y to d>k br[n1 or ne>ly black1 fusoid or oblong1 & measure #ae--bb #e--f 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ea4--;,gomphidius nigricans4 ,"u view ) portion ( gills /ripp$ (f f hym5ophore1 %[+ =k$ "* ( gills 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,9 ,fig4 #ej a side & "u view ( ! plant are giv51 & 9 ,fig4 #ea a view aft] a portion ( ! lamell h be5 peel$ (f1 %[+ h[ nicely ! sep>ation takes place1 z well z %[+ ! =k$ "* ( ! lamell & ! processes ( ! pileus1 :i* ext5d betwe5 ! lam9 ( ! lamell4 ,?is plant seems to be v ne> ,gomphidius glut9osus 7,s*aeff471 ,fr41 if n id5tical ) x1 ?\gh ! illu/rations cit$ 9 ,s*aeff] & 9 ,krombholz seem to indicate a /\t] plant4 ,! descriptions say no?+ z to ! appe>ance ( ! dri$ plant4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores are :ite 9 mass1 or sometimes ) a fa9t yell[i% or lilac t+e4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,amanita ,p]s4 ,! g5us ,amanita has bo? a volva & a veil2 ! spores are :ite1 & ! /em is easily sep>able f ! cap4 ,9 ! "y /age ! volva =ms a univ]sal veil1 t is1 a lay] ( fungus tissue :i* entirely envelops ! "y plant4 ,9 ! button /age1 :]e ?is envelope runs ov] ! cap1 x is m or less free f x1 t is1 x is n concrete ) ! surface ( ! pileus4 ,z ! pileus exp&s & ! /em elongates1 ! volva is ruptur$ 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to ! species4 ,9 "s ! volva splits at ! apex & is left z a cup at ! base ( ! /em4 ,9 o!rs x splits circul>ly1 t is1 transv]sely across ! middle1 ! l[] half =m+ a %all[ cup ) a v n>r[ rim1 or 9 o!r cases x is closely fitt$ aga9/ ! /em1 :ile ! upp] half rema9s on ! cap & is brok5 up into pat*es or w>ts4 ,9 /ill o!r cases ! volva breaks irregul>ly1 & only remnants ( x may be f\nd on ei!r ! base ( ! /em or on ! pileus4 ,= ! v>i\s conditions "o mu/ consult ! descriptions ( ! species4 ,! g5us is closely relat$ to ,lepiota1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! volva be+ sep>ate f ! pileus4 ,?is g5us conta9s "s ( ! mo/ deadly poison\s mu%rooms1 & also "s ( ! species are edible4 ,morgan1 ,j\r4 ,mycol4 #c3 #be--cc1 describes #bh species4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #ch--di1 describes #ad species4 ,lloyd1 ,a ,compilation ( ! ,volv ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,c9c9nati1 #ahih1 gives a brief synopsis ( our species4 ,amanita musc>ia ,l9n4 ,poison\s4--,?is plant 9 "s places is popul>ly kn[n z ! fly ag>ic1 s9ce infusions ( x are us$ z a fly poison4 ,x occurs dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn4 ,x gr[s along roadsides ne> trees1 or 9 groves1 & 9 woods1 accord+ to "s pref]r+ a r poor gravelly soil4 ,x atta9s its typical =m usually "u ^! conditions 9 groves or r op5 woods :]e ! soil is poor4 ,x is a h&some & /rik+ plant because ( ! usually brilliant color+ ( ! cap 9 contra/ ) ! :ite /ems & gills1 & ! usually :ite scales on ! surface4 ,x usually ranges f #aj--ae cm4 high1 & ! cap f #h--ab cm4 broad1 :ile ! /em is #a--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness1 or ! plant may be consid]ably l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab1 ,,figure #eb4--;,amanita musc>ia1 buttons1 %[+ diff]5t /ages ( rupture ( ! volva or univ]sal veil1 & =mation ( inn] veil 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac1 ,,figure #ec4--;,amanita musc>ia4 ,fur!r /ages 9 op5+ ( plant1 =mation ( veil & r+4 ,cap yell[i%1 or orange4 ,scales on cap & at base ( /em :ite2 /em & gills :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus passes f convex to exp&$ & ne>ly flat 9 age1 ! m>g9 :5 mature is m>k$ by depress$ l9es =m+ p>allel /riations1 & on ! surface are numb]s ( scatt]$ floccose or r compact scales1 =m$ f ! fragm5ts ( ! upp] "p ( ! volva or out] veil4 ,^! scales are usually :ite 9 color & are q easily remov$1 s t old plants are sometimes q free f !m4 ,! scales are sometimes yell[i% 9 color4 ,! color ( ! pileus v>ies f yell[ to orange1 or ev5 r$1 ! yell[ color be+ m common4 ,late 9 ! season ! color is pal]1 & 9 old plants also ! color fades out1 s t :ite =ms are sometimes f\nd4 ,! fle% is :ite1 sometimes yell[i% und]nea? ! cuticle4 ,! gills 9 typical =ms are :ite1 9 "s =ms accr$it$ to ?is species !y are yell[i%4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 holl[1 or /uff$ :5 "y1 & enl>g$ bel[ into a prom95t bulb4 ,x is :ite1 cov]$ ) loose floccose scales1 or m or less lac]ate or torn1 & ! l[] "p ( ! /em & upp] "p ( ! bulb are m>k$ usually by prom95t conc5tric scales =m+ int]rupt$ r+s4 ,^! are =m$ by ! splitt+ ( ! out] veil or volva1 & =m ! remnants ( ! volva pres5t on ! base ( ! /em4 ,! ma9 features 9 ! developm5t ( ! plant are %[n 9 ,figs4 #eb--ed1 :]e a s]ies f ! button /age to ! mature plant is repres5t$4 ,9 ! y\nge/ specim5s ! outl9e ( ! bulb & ! "y convex or ne>ly globose cap are only se51 & ^! are cov]$ ) ! m or less floccose out] veil or volva4 ,! fungus ?reads compos+ ?is lay] cease to gr[1 & ) ! expansion ( ! cap & ! elongation ( ! /em1 ! volva is torn into pat*es4 ,! upp] & l[] surface ( ! inn] veil is atta*$ to ! edge ( ! gills & to ! out] surface ( ! /em by loose ?reads1 :i* are torn asund] z ! pileus exp&s4 ,floccose scales are ?us left on ! surface ( ! /em bel[ ! annulus1 z 9 ! left h& plant ( ,fig4 #ec4 ,! veil rema9s atta*$ long] to ! gills & is fir/ sep>at$ f ! /em4 ,aga91 z 9 ! "r h& plant1 x may fir/ be sep>at$ f ! gills :5 x is lat] ripp$ up f ! /em4 ,! fly ag>ic is "o ( ! well kn[n poison\s species & is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 well develop$ =ms !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ x f ! common mu%room by ev5 a novice4 ,nor %\ld !re be difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ x f ! royal ag>ic1 or ,cs>'s ag>ic 7,amanita cs>ea71 by "o :o has become reasonably famili> ) ! *>act]s & appe>ance ( ! two4 ,b small & depaup]ate specim5s ( ! two species run s ne>ly toge!r 9 =m1 color1 & surface *>act]s1 t x becomes a matt] ( "s difficulty = ev5 an exp]t to di/+ui% !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ed4--;,amanita musc>ia4 ,view ( upp] side ( cap 7natural size74 ,colors z 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,copyright4 ,figures #eb--ed are f plants 7,no4 #bjfe ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 an op5 woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,= ! poison\s prop]ty ( ! plant see ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,amanita fro/iana ,pk4 ,poison\s4--,accord+ to ,dr4 ,peck1 :o publi%$ ! fir/ description ( ?is plant1 x gr[s 9 company ) ,amanita musc>ia1 b seems to pref] m d5se woods1 especially mix$ or hemlock woods1 & occurs f ,june to ,octob]4 ,! plant is #e--h cm4 high1 ! caps #b--e cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 bright orange or yell[1 w>ty1 sometimes ne>ly or q smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g92 lamell :ite or t+$ ) yell[2 /em :ite or yell[i%1 /uff$1 be>+ a slight1 sometimes evanesc5t annulus1 bulb\s at ! base1 ! bulb slightly m>g9$ by ! volva2 spores globose1 #g4e--aj 9 diamet]4 ,he notes t x appe>s l a small =m ( ,a4 musc>ia1 to :i* x 0 fir/ ref]r$ z v>4 m9or1--,! only *>act]s = di/+ui%+ x are its small size & its globose spores4 ,x is ne> ,a4 musc>ia v>4 puella ,p]s4 ,i h sev]al times f\nd ?is plant 9 ! ,adirondack m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,i?aca1 & also at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,! volva is (t5 yell[i%1 s t ! w>ts on ! pileus are also yell[1 & sometimes ! only remnants ( ! volva on ! base ( ! /em are yell[ or orange p>ticles4 ,! annulus is also frequ5tly yell[4 ,9 our plants1 :i* seem to be typical1 ! spores are ne>ly globose1 v>y+ to oval1 & ) ! m9ute po9t :]e ! spore 0 atta*$ to ! /]igma at ! small] end1 ! spores usually be+ f9ely granul>1 #f--i 9 diamet]1 & r>ely v>y+ t[>ds %ort elliptical1 %[+ a t5d5cy to approa* ! %ape ( ! spores ( ,a4 musc>ia4 ,! species z ,i h se5 x is a v v>iable "o1 l>ge =ms be+ difficult to sep>ate f ,a4 musc>ia1 on ! "o h&1 & o!rs difficult to sep>ate f ! depaup]ate =ms ( ,a4 cs>ea4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! /ri are co>s]1 ?\gh ! yell[ color may be pres5t only on portions ( ! pileus4 ,! spores ( ,a4 cs>ea are f globose to oval1 ovate or %ort elliptical1 ! globose ones (t5 agree+ 9 size ) ! spores ( ,a4 fro/iana1 b !y usually conta9 a prom95t oil drop or nucleus1 (t5 ne>ly fill+ ! spore4 ,9 "s specim5s ( ,a4 fro/iana ! spores are q v>iable1 be+ ne>ly globose1 ovate to elliptical1 approa*+ ! spores ( ,a4 musc>ia4 ,^! int]m$iate =ms %\ld n 9 !mselves lead "o to reg>d all ^! ?ree species z repres5t+ v>iations 9 a s+le v>iable species4 ,) obs]vations 9 ! field ,i %\ld ?9k x possible to sep>ate !m4 ,amanita phalloides ,fr4 ,deadly ,poison\s4--,! ,amanita phalloides & its v>i\s =ms1 or closely relat$ species1 are ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! poison\s mu%rooms4 ,= ?is reason ! ,a4 phalloides is kn[n z ! deadly ag>ic1 or deadly amanita4 ,! plant is v v>iable 9 color1 ! =ms be+ pure :ite1 or yell[i%1 gre51 or olive to umb]4 ,v>iations also occur 9 ! way 9 :i* ! volva ruptures1 z well z 9 ! surface *>act]s ( ! /em1 & ?us x is (t5 a difficult matt] to det]m9e :e!r all ^! =ms repres5t a s+le v>iable species or :e!r !re are sev]al species1 & if s1 :at are ! limits ( ^! species4 ,:e!r ^! are recogniz$ z diff]5t =ms ( "o species or z diff]5t species1 !y are all v poison\s4 ,! plant usually occurs 9 woods or along ! bord]s ( woods4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 sometimes occur 9 lawns4 ,x v>ies f #f--bj cm4 high1 ! cap f #c--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ee4--;,amanita phalloides1 :ite =m1 %[+ cap1 /em1 r+1 & cup-l volva ) a free1 prom95t limb 7natural size74 ,! pileus is fle%y1 viscid or slimy :5 moi/1 smoo?1 t is1 n /riate1 orbicul> to bell-%ap$1 convex & f9ally exp&$1 & 9 old specim5s m or less depress$ by ! elevation ( ! m>g94 ,! cap is (t5 free f any remnants ( ! volva1 :ile 9 o!r cases portions ( ! volva or out] veil appe> on ! surface ( ! cap 9 r broad pat*es1 or x may be brok5 up into a numb] ( small] ones q ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! cap4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ^! scales on ! cap dep5ds entirely on ! way 9 :i* ! volva ruptures4 ,:5 !re is a clean rupture at ! apex ! pileus is free f scales1 b if portions ( ! apex ( ! volva are torn away !y are apt to rema9 on ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad1 ,,figure #ef4--;,amanita phalloides1 br[ni%1 umb]1 or olive-br[n =m 7natural size74 ,caps br[ni% or :iti%1 & /reak$ ) br[n1 scales :ite1 gills & /em :ite1 /em sl[ly turn+ dull br[n :]e bruis$4 ,copyright4 ,! :ite =m is common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & s is ! olive or umb] =m4 ,! yell[ =m is r>]4 ,sometimes !re is only a t+e ( yell[ at ! c5t] ( ! :ite pileus1 :ile 9 o!r cases a l>ge "p ( ! pileus may be yell[1 a deep] %ade usually on ! c5t]4 ,! gre5 =m is probably m common 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! olive =m v>ies consid]ably also 9 ! dep? ( ! color1 usually d>k] on ! c5t] & fad+ out to light olive or gray1 or :iti%1 on ! m>g94 ,9 o!r cases ! entire pileus may be d>k olive or umb] color4 ,! gills 9 all ! =ms are :ite1 & free f ! /em or only jo9$ by a n>r[ l9e4 ,! /em is /uff$ :5 "y1 b 9 age is ne>ly or q holl[4 ,x is cyl9drical1 #f--bj cm4 long #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! l>g] specim5s ! bulb is q prom95t & abrupt1 :ile 9 ! small] specim5s x is n always proportionally s l>ge4 ,! /em is usually smoo? & ! color is :ite1 except 9 ! d>k =ms1 :5 x is d+y or p>takes m or less ( ! color ( ! pileus1 ?\gh mu* light] 9 %ade4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ^! =ms to a discoloration ( ! /em :]e h&l$ or bruis$1 & ?is %\ld caution "o 9 comp>+ su* =ms ) ! edible ,a4 rubesc5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eg4--;,amanita phalloides1 volva circumscissile1 cap scaly1 limb ( volva n prom95t1 cap d>k1 scales :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,p]haps no "p ( ! plant is m v>iable ?an ! out] veil or volva4 ,:]e ! volva is q ?ick & /\t x usually splits at ! apex1 & !re is a prom95t free limb1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,sometimes ?9 portions ( ! volva are caught1 & rema9 on ! surface ( ! pileus4 ,b :5 ! volva is ?9n] & ( a loos] texture1 x splits transv]sely ab\t ! middle1 circumscissile1 & all or a l>ge "p ( ! upp] half ( ! volva !n cl+s to ! cap1 & is sep>at$ into pat*es4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! =m] condition !re seem to be all gradations4 ,"s ( ^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 :i* is f a photograph ( d>k olive & umb] =ms1 f plants collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,9 ! v "y plant ! volva split transv]sely 79 a circumscissile fa%ion7 q cle>ly1 & ! free limb is q %ort & di/ant f ! /em on ! m>g9 ( ! sauc]-l bulb4 ,9 ! l>ge & fully exp&$ plant at ! c5t]1 ! volva ruptur$ irregul>ly at ! apex1 & portions ( ! ?9 upp] half rema9 z pat*es on ! cap :ile ! l>g] "p rema9s z ! free limb1 atta*$ at ! m>g9 ( ! broad sauc]-%ap$ bulb1 & collaps$ up aga9/ ! base ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eh4--;,amanita phalloides1 volva circumscissile1 concave bulb m>g9$ by def9ite %ort limb ( volva2 upp] "p ( volva has disappe>$ f cap2 cap :iti%1 t+$ ) br[n4 ,figure #eh & ! small plant 9 ,fig4 #ef1 bo? f photographs ( ! sooty =m ( ,amanita phalloides1 %[ 9 a /rik+ mann] ! typical condition ( ! circumscissile volva m>g9+ ! broad sauc]-l bulb z describ$ = ,amanita mappa4 ,! color ( ,a4 mappa is usually said to be /raw color1 b ,fries ev5 says t ! color is z 9 ,a4 phalloides1 n[ :ite1 n[ gre51 n[ yell[1 n[ d>k br[n 7,epicrisis1 page #f74 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,fig4 #eh w\ld repres5t ,a4 mappa4 ,! v>iable condition 9 ?is "o species ,a4 phalloides1 n[ splitt+ at ! apex1 n[ te>+ up irregul>ly1 n[ splitt+ 9 a def9itely circumscissile mann]1 seems to bid defiance to any attempt to sep>ate ! species ( ,amanita into gr\ps bas$ on ! mann] 9 :i* ! volva ruptures4 ,:ile x seems to be q fix$ & *>act]i/ic 9 c]ta9 species1 x is s extremely v>iable 9 o!rs z to lead to ! suspicion t x is responsible 9 "s cases = ! multiplication & confusion ( species4 ,at ! same "t1 ! occurr5ce ( "s ( ^! =ms at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> sugge/s ! desirability ( prolong$ & c>eful /udy ( fre% mat]ial1 & ! se>* = additional evid5ce ( ! unity ( ^! =ms1 or ( _! def9ite segregation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ei4--;,amanita v]na1 :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,s9ce ! ,amanita phalloides occurs usually 9 woods1 or along bord]s ( woods1 !re is little dang] ( conf\nd+ x ) edible mu%rooms collect$ 9 lawns di/ant f ! woods1 & 9 op5 fields4 ,h[ev]1 x does occur 9 lawns bord]+ on woods1 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahii ,i f\nd sev]al ( ! :ite =ms ( ?is species 9 a lawn di/ant f ! woods4 ,?is %\ld cause beg9n]s & ^? n ?or\ghly famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! plant to be extremely cauti\s aga9/ eat+ mu%rooms simply because !y 7 n collect$ 9 or ne> ! woods4 ,fur!rmore1 sometimes ! :ite =m ( ! deadly amanita possesses a fa9t t+e ( p9k 9 ! gills1 :i* might lead ! novice to mi/ake x = ! common mu%room4 ,! bulb ( ! deadly amanita is usually ins]t$ q deep 9 ! soil or leaf mold1 & specim5s are (t5 pick$ leav+ ! v important "* ( ! volva 9 ! gr\nd1 & !n ! plant might easily be tak5 = ! common mu%room1 or m likely = ! smoo? lepiota1 ,lepiota nauc9a1 :i* is entirely :ite1 ! gills only 9 age %[+ a fa9t p9k t+e4 ,x is v important1 !re=e1 t1 until "o has su* famili>ity ) ^! plants t !y are easily recogniz$ 9 ! abs5ce ( "s ( ^! *>act]s1 ! /em %\ld be c>efully dug f ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( ! specim5s ( ! deadly amanita gr[+ 9 ! lawn on ! campus ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ! /ems 7 sunk to ?ree to f\r in*es 9 ! q h>d gr\nd4 ,amanita v]na ,bull4 ,deadly ,poison\s4--,! ,amanita v]na is by "s consid]$ z only a :ite =m ( ! ,amanita phalloides4 ,x is ( a pure :ite color1 & ?is 9 addition to its v poison\s prop]ty has l$ to its designation z ! de/roy+ angel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fj4--;,amanita v]na1 buttons1 cap bur/+ ?r\gh ! volva2 left h& plant 9 section 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is smoo? & viscid :5 moi/2 ! gills free2 ! /em /uff$ or holl[ 9 age2 ! annulus =ms a broad coll>1 & ! volva is split at ! apex1 & be+ q /\t1 ! free limb is prom95t1 & x hugs m or less closely to ! base ( ! /em4 ,figure #ei repres5ts ! =m ( ! plant :i* ,gillet recognizes z ,a4 v]na2 ! pileus convex1 ! annulus broad & entire1 & ! /em scaly4 ,^! floccose scales are =m$ z a result ( ! sep>ation ( ! annulus f ! out] lay] ( ! /em4 ,! *>act]s pres5t$ 9 ! =mation ( ! veil & annulus 9 ?is species are v int]e/+1 & sometimes pres5t two ( ! types 9 ! =mation ( ! veil & annulus f\nd 9 ! g5us ,amanita4 ,9 ! v "y plant1 9 ! button /age1 z ! "y gills lie ) _! edges close aga9/ ! side ( ! /em1 loose ?reads ext5d f ! edges ( ! gills to ! out] lay] ( ! /em4 ,?is out] lay] ( ! /em =ms ! veil1 & is m or less loosely connect$ ) ! firm] portion ( ! /em by loose ?reads4 ,z ! pileus exp&s1 ! ?reads connect+ ! edges ( ! gills ) ! veil are /rong] ?an ^? :i* unite ! veil ) ! surface ( ! /em4 ,! veil is sep>at$ f ! /em !n1 simultane\sly1 or ne>ly s1 ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t1 & is n ripp$ up f bel[ z 9 ,amanita velatipes4 ,z ! pileus exp&s1 !n1 ! veil lies closely ov] ! edges ( ! gills until f9ally x is fre$ f !m & f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,z ! veil is split (f f ! surface ( ! /em1 ! latt] is torn into num]\s floccose scales1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,9 o!r cases1 9 addition to ! prim>y veil :i* is sep>at$ f ! /em 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 !re is a second>y veil =m$ 9 exactly ! same way z t describ$ = ,amanita velatipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fa4--;,amanita v]na1 small =m1 :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,9 su* cases !re are two veils1 or a d\ble veil1 ea* atta*$ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 ! upp] "o asc5d+ ov] ! edges ( ! gills & atta*$ above on ! /em1 :ile ! l[] "o desc5ds & is atta*$ bel[ z x is be+ ripp$ up f a second lay] ( ! /em4 ,figures #ei--fa are f plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,amanita virosa ,fr4 ,deadly ,poison\s4--,?is plant also by "s is reg>d$ z only a =m ( ,amanita phalloides4 ,x is a pure :ite plant & ! pileus is viscid z 9 ! ,a4 v]na & ,a4 phalloides4 ,! volva splits at ! apex z 9 ,a4 v]na1 b ! veil is v fragile & torn into %r$s z ! pileus exp&s1 portions ( x cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap z well z to ! /em1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,! /em is also adorn$ ) s(t floccose scales4 ,gillet fur!r /ates t ! pileus is conic to campanulate1 n becom+ convex z 9 ,a4 v]na & ,a4 phalloides4 ,! v>iability pres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ! veil & 9 ! %ape ( ! pileus sugge/s1 z "s believe1 t all ^! are b =ms ( a s+le v>iable species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we ne$ a m c>eful & ext5d$ field /udy ( ^! v>iations4 ,d\btless diff]5t int]pretations ( ! specific limits by diff]5t /ud5ts w lead "s to recognize sev]al species :]e o!rs w\ld recognize b "o4 ,s9ce species are n di/9ct creations !re may be tol]ably good gr\nds = bo? ( ^! views4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fb4--;,amanita virosa1 :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita floccocephala ,atk9son4 ,probably ,poison\s4--,?is species occurs 9 woods & groves at ,i?aca dur+ ! autumn4 ,! plants are m$ium siz$1 #f--h cm4 high1 ! cap #c--f cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is hemisph]ical to convex1 & exp&$1 smoo?1 :iti%1 ) a t+e ( /raw color1 & cov]$ ) torn1 ?9 floccose pat*es ( ! upp] half ( ! circumscissile volva4 ,! gills are :ite & adnex$4 ,! spores are globose1 #g--aj 4 ,! /em is cyl9drical or slightly tap]+ above1 holl[ or /uff$1 floccose scaly & abruptly bulb\s bel[4 ,! annulus is sup]ior1 t is1 ne> ! upp] end ( ! /em1 membranace\s1 ?91 sometimes te>+1 z 9 ,a4 virosa4 ,! volva is circumscissile1 ! m>g9 ( ! bulb n be+ cle> cut & prom95t1 because !re is mu* refuse matt] & soil int]wov5 ) ! l[] portion ( ! volva4 ,! bulb closely resembles ^? 9 ,cooke's figure 7,illu/rations1 #d7 ( ,a4 mappa4 ,figure #fc %[s ^! *>act]s well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fc4--;,amanita floccocephala 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita velatipes ,atk9son4 ,prop]ties ,unkn[n4--,?is plant is v int]e/+ s9ce x %[s 9 a /rik+ mann] ! peculi> way 9 :i* ! veil is =m$ 9 "s ( ! species ( ,amanita4 ,?\gh n possess+ brilliant colors1 x is h&some 9 its =m & 9 ! peculi> sett+ ( ! volva fragm5ts on ! ri* br[n or fa9t yell[ ( ! pileus4 ,x has be5 f\nd on sev]al occasions dur+ ! mon? ( ,july 9 a bee* woods on "o ( ! old flood pla9s ( ,six-mile creek1 "o ( ! gorges 9 ! vic9ity ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! mature plant is f #ae--bj cm4 high1 ! cap f #h--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is viscid :5 moi/1 r\nd$1 !n broadly oval & convex to exp&$1 /riate on ! m>g91 sometimes 9 old plants ! m>g9 is elevat$4 ,x is smoo? ?r\gh\t1 & ( a s(t1 ri* hair br[n1 or umb] br[n color1 d>k] 9 ! c5t]4 ,sometimes !re is a decid$ b dull maize yell[ t+e ov] ! l>g] "p ( ! pileus1 b ev5 !n ! c5t] is (t5 br[n 9 color1 %ad+ into ! yell[ color t[>d ! m>g92 ! light yell[ =ms 9 age1 (t5 ?9n+ out to a cream color4 ,! fle% ( ! pileus is r ?91 ev5 9 ! c5t]1 & becomes v ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! scales on ! pileus are m or less flatt5$1 r ?91 cle>ly sep>at$ f ! pileus1 & easily remov$4 ,!y are m or less angul>1 & :ile elongat$ transv]sely at fir/1 become ne>ly isodiametric z ! pileus becomes fully exp&$1 pass+ f an elongat$ =m to rectangul>1 or s9u\s 9 outl9e1 ! m>g9 m or less upturn$1 especially 9 age1 :5 !y beg9 to loos5 & peel f ! surface ( ! cap4 ,!y are light] 9 color ?an ! pileus & ,i h nev] obs]v$ ! yell[ t9t 9 !m4 ,! gills are :ite1 broad at ! middle1 ab\t #a cm41 & tap] gradually t[>d ea* end4 ,! spores are usually inequilat]ally oval1 #h--aj #f--g 1 granul> :5 "y1 :5 mature ) a l>ge oil drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae1 ,,figure #fd4--;,amanita velatipes 7#c_/d natural size74 ,cap hair-br[n1 or umb]-br[n1 sometimes ) t+e ( lemon yell[1 or entirely maize-yell[4 ,scales1 gills1 & /em :ite4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fe4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,diff]5t /ages ( buttons1 9 ! "r-h& plant ! upp] "p ( ! volva sep>at+ to =m ! scales 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 some:at bulb\s1 ! bulb (t5 tap]+ abruptly1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #fd1 #ff4 ,! /em is :ite1 smoo?1 or floccose scaly :]e ! veil has be5 ripp$ (f f x4 ,x is holl[ & /uff$ ) loose cottony ?reads1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! veil is =m$ by ! ripp+ up ( ! out] lay] ( ! /em z ! latt] elongates & z ! pileus exp&s4 ,:5 x is fre$ f ! m>g9 ( ! cap x collapses & hangs d[nw>d z a broad coll> 7,fig4 #fd74 ,! annulus is inf]ior1 its position on ! /em be+ due to ! peculi> way 9 :i* x is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ff4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,?ree plants natural size1 ! left-h& "o section$1 %[+ /uff$ c5t] ( /em4 ,o!rs %[ h[ veil is ripp$ up f ! /em4 ,= o!r details see text4 ,copyright4 ,"s ( ! /ages ( developm5t are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #fd--fg4 ,! buttons are que] look+ objects1 ! bulb be+ ! mo/ prom95t "p4 ,x tap]s abruptly bel[1 & on ! upp] side is ! small r\nd$ "y cap seat$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! volva is pres5t z a r\gh floccose lay]1 cov]+ ! upp] "p ( ! bulb & ! "y cap4 ,z ! /em elongates & ! pileus enl>ges & exp&s1 ! volva is torn into areolate pat*es4 ,! l[] pat*es1 ^? adjo9+ ! m>g9 ( ! cap & ! upp] "p ( ! bulb1 are sep>at$ 9 a m or less conc5tric mann]4 ,"o or m ( !m lie on ! upp] "p ( ! bulb1 =m+ ! limb ( ! ocreate volva4 ,o!rs lie ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,sometimes an annul> "o bord]+ ! pileus & bulb is left cl++ "p way up on ! /em1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! conc5tric arrangem5t on ! pileus is sometimes %[n = a consid]able "t1 z 9 ,fig4 #fg1 ! elongat$ areas be+ pres5t 9 great] numb] at ?is age ( ! pileus4 ,h[ev]1 z ! pileus exp&s m1 ^! are sep>at$ into small] areas & _! connection ) ! surface ( ! pileus becomes less firm4 ,! =mation ( ! veil & annulus c be easily foll[$ 9 ^! figures4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap 9 ! button /age is firmly connect$ ) ! out] lay] ( ! /em at its l[] end4 ,?is probably occurs by ! int]m+l+ gr[? ( ! ?reads f ! l[] end ( ! /em & ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 :ile ! edges ( ! gills are q free f ! /em4 ,n[ z ! /em elongates & ! cap exp&s ! veil is ripp$ up f ! out] "p ( ! /em4 ,?is is v cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 especially :]e two /rips on ! /em h become disconnect$ f ! m>g9 ( ! cap & are !re=e left 9 position on ! outside ( ! /em4 ,?is species is relat$ to ,a4 excelsa ,fr41 :i* is said to h a sup]ior r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af1 ,,figure #fg4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,! "r-h& plant %[s h[ ! veil is ripp$ up f ! /em & also %[s ! transv]sely elongate scales on ! cap4 ,= details see text 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita co?urnata ,atk9son4 ,probably ,poison\s4--,! boot$ amanita1 ,amanita co?urnata1 ,i h f\nd 9 two diff]5t ye>s 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 once 9 #ahhh1 dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,septemb]1 & aga9 dur+ ! ?ree fir/ weeks 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,x occurs sp>+ly dur+ ! fir/ week or s ( ,septemb]1 & dur+ ! middle ( ! mon? is v abundant4 ,! species seems to be cle>ly di/9ct f o!r species ( ,amanita1 & !re are c]ta9 *>act]s s p]si/5t z to make x easily recognizable4 ,x ranges 9 height f #g--ab cm4 & ! caps are #c--g cm4 or m broad1 :ile ! /ems are #d--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! entire plant is usually :ite1 b 9 "s specim5s ! cap has a t+e ( citron yell[1 or 9 o!rs tawny olive1 9 ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag1 ,,figure #fh4--;,amanita co?urnata4 ,diff]5t /ages ( developm5t2 = details see text4 ,entire plant :ite1 sometimes t+e ( umb] at c5t] ( cap1 & r>ely slight t+e ( lemon-yell[ at c5t] 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 & passes1 9 its developm5t1 f ne>ly globose to hemisph]ical1 convex1 exp&$1 & :5 specim5s are v old sometimes ! m>g9 is elevat$4 ,x is usually :ite1 ?\gh specim5s are f\nd ) a t+e ( citron yell[ 9 ! c5t]1 or ( tawny olive 9 ! c5t] ( o!r specim5s4 ,! pileus is viscid1 /rongly s :5 moi/4 ,x is f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 & cov]$ ) num]\s1 :ite1 floccose scales f ! upp] half ( ! volva1 =m+ m or less d5se pat*es1 :i* may wa% (f 9 heavy ra9s4 ,! gills are r\nd$ next ! /em1 & q remote f x4 ,! edge ( ! gills is (t5 erod$ or frazzly f ! torn out ?reads ) :i* !y 7 loosely connect$ to ! upp] side ( ! veil 9 ! "y or button /age4 ,! spores are globose or ne>ly s1 ) a l>ge nucleus ne>ly fill+ ! spore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fi4--;,amanita co?urnata4 ,diff]5t /ages op5+ up ( plant1 ! two c5t] ones %[+ veil be+ ripp$ f /em1 b veil n>r[4 ,! "r-h& illu/ration has be5 scrat*$ transv]sely1 ^! m>ks n be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! plant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 & exp&$ bel[ into q a l>ge oval bulb1 ! /em j above ! bulb be+ m>g9$ by a close fitt+ roll ( ! volva1 & ! upp] edge ( ?is pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 sew$ at ! top l ! roll$ edge ( a g>m5t or busk94 ,! surface ( ! /em is m9utely floccose scaly or /rongly s1 & decid$ly holl[ ev5 f a v "y /age1 or sometimes :5 "y ) loose ?reads 9 ! cavity4 ,figures #fh--gj1 f plants 7,no4 #cgae1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 illu/rate c]ta9 ( ! features 9 ! =m & developm5t ( ?is plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gj4--;,amanita co?urnata4 ,two plants 9 section %[+ cle>ly holl[ /em1 veil atta*m5t1 etc4 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,9 ,amanita fro/iana ! rema9s ( ! volva sometimes =m a simil> coll>1 b n s /\t1 on ! base ( ! /em4 ,! v>iations 9 ,a4 fro/iana :]e ! /em1 annulus & gills are :ite might sugge/ t !re is a close relation%ip betwe5 ,a4 fro/iana & ,a4 co?urnata1 & t ! latt] is only a =m ( ! =m]4 ,f a c>eful /udy ( ! two plants gr[+ side by side ! evid5ce is conv9c+ t ! two are di/9ct4 ,amanita fro/iana occurs also at ,bl[+ ,rock1 appe>+ e>li] 9 ! season ?an ,a4 co?urnata1 & also be+ contempor>y ) x4 ,a4 fro/iana is m v>iable1 n ne>ly s viscid1 nor ne>ly s abundant1 ! /em is solid or /uff$1 ! annulus is m frail & evolv$ f ! /em 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! volva does n leave su* a con/ant & well def9$ roll :]e x sep>at$ on ! /em transv]sely1 & ! pileus is yell[ or orange4 ,:5 ,a4 co?urnata is yell[i% at all x is a diff]5t t9t ( yell[ & !n only a t+e ( yell[ at ! c5t]4 ,alb9o or fad$ =ms ( ,a4 fro/iana might occur1 b we w\ld n expect !m to appe> at a def9ite season ( ! ye> 9 great abundance :ile ! normal =m1 %[+ no int]grad+ specim5s 9 ! same locality1 cont9u$ to appe> 9 ! same abundance & ) ! same *>act]s z be=e4 ,! dri$ plants ( ,a4 co?urnata are apt to become t+$ ) yell[ on ! gills1 ! upp] "p ( ! /em & upp] "p ( ! annulus dur+ ! processes ( dry+1 b ! pileus does n *ange 9 l mann]1 nor d ^! plants %[ traces ( yell[ on ^! p>ts :5 fre%4 ,! spores are also decid$ly diff]5t1 ?\gh ! %ape & size d n diff] to any great ext5t4 ,9 ,a4 fro/iana & ! pale =ms ( ! species ! spores are ne>ly globose or oval1 r>ely ) a t5d5cy to become elliptical1 b ! cont5t is q con/antly f9ely granul>1 :ile ! spores ( ,a4 co?urnata are p]haps m con/antly globose or ne>ly s1 b ! spore is ne>ly fill$ ) a highly refractive oil globule or nucleus4 ,! pileus ( ,a4 fro/iana is also ?9n] ?an t ( ,a4 co?urnata4 ,x is ne>]1 9 "s respects1 to specim5s ( ,amanita pan!r9a receiv$ f ,bresadola1 ( ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ga4--;,amanita spreta4 ,! two outside plants %[ ! free limb ( ! volva ly+ close aga9/ ! /em 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,amanita spreta ,pk4 ,said to be ,poison\s4--,accord+ to ,peck ?is species gr[s 9 op5 or bu%y places4 ,! specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ga grew 9 s&y gr\nd by ! roadside ne> trees 9 ! edge ( an op5 field at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 & o!rs 7 f\nd 9 a grove4 ,! plants are #aj--ae cm4 high1 ! caps #f--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 gray or light drab1 & d>k] on ! c5t]1 or accord+ to ,dr4 ,peck x may be :ite4 ,x is smoo?1 or ) only a few remnants ( ! volva1 /riate on ! m>g91 & #a--4e cm4 ?ick at ! c5t]4 ,! gills are :ite1 adnex$1 t is !y rea* ! /em by _! upp] angle4 ,! /em is ( ! same color z ! pileus1 b some:at light]1 :ite to light gray or light drab1 cyl9drical1 n bulb\s1 holl[ or /uff$4 ,! annulus is ?9 & atta*$ above ! middle ( ! /em4 ,! volva is sordid :ite1 & %ea!s ! /em ) a long free limb ( #c--e lobes4 ,x splits at ! apex1 b portions sometimes cl+ to ! surface ( ! pileus4 ,figure #ga is f plants 7,no4 #cgjg1 ,c4 ,u47 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,amanita cs>ea ,scop4 ,edible1 b use great caution4--,?is plant is kn[n z ! orange amanita1 royal ag>ic1 ,cs>'s ag>ic1 etc4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! ag>ics1 & is well di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?4 ,) u x is m common 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x occurs 9 ! summ] & e>ly autumn 9 ! woods4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by its usually l>ge size1 yell[ or orange color ( ! cap1 gills1 /em & r+1 & ! prom95t1 :ite1 sac-l volva at ! base ( ! /em4 ,x is usually #ab--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness1 ?\gh x may exce$ ?is size1 & depaup]ate =ms are met ) :i* are mu* small]4 ,! pileus is ovate to bell-%ap$1 convex1 & f9ally m or less exp&$1 :5 ! surface may be ne>ly flat or ! c5t] may be some:at elevat$ or umbonate & ! m>g9 curv$ d[nw>d4 ,! surface is smoo? except at ! m>g91 :]e x is prom95tly /riate4 ,! color v>ies f orange to r$di% or yell[1 usually ! well develop$ & l>g] specim5s h ! deep] & ri*] colors1 :ile ! small] specim5s h ! light] colors1 & ! color is usually deep] on ! c5t] ( ! pileus4 ,! gills are yell[1 & free f ! /em4 ,! /em is holl[1 ev5 9 "y plants1 :5 x may be /uff$ ) loose ?reads4 ,x is (t5 v floccose scaly bel[ ! annulus4 ,x is cyl9drical1 only slightly enl>g$ bel[1 :]e x is cov]$ by ! l>ge1 fle%y1 sac-l :ite volva4 ,! annulus is membranace\s1 l>ge1 & hangs l a broad coll> f ! upp] "p ( ! /em4 ,! /em & r+ are orange or yell[1 ! dep? ( ! color v>y+ m ) ! size ( ! plant ?an is ! case ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,9 small specim5s ! /em is (t5 :ite1 especially 9 depaup]ate specim5s are ! /em & annulus :ite1 & ev5 ! gills are :ite :5 ! volva may be s r$uc$ z to make x difficult to di/+ui% ! specim5s f simil> specim5s ( ! poison\s fly ag>ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah1 ,,figure #gb4--;,amanita cs>ea4 ,diff]5t /ages ( developm5t 7#b_/c natural size74 ,cap1 /em1 gills1 veil orange or yell[4 ,volva :ite4 ,copyright4 ,9 ! button /age ! plant is ovate & ! :ite color ( ! volva1 :i* at ?is "t entirely surr\nds ! plants1 pres5ts an appe>ance n unlike t ( an egg4 ,! volva splits op5 at ! apex z ! /em elongates4 ,! veil is (t5 connect$ by loose ?reads ) ! out] portion ( ! /em & z ! pileus exp&s ?is is torn away1 leav+ co>se floccose scales on ! /em4 ,"s ( ! diff]5t /ages 9 ! op5+ ( ! plant are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,?is illu/ration is tak5 f a photograph ( plants 7,no4 #cgbf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! plant is said to be "o ( ! be/ escul5ts1 & has be5 priz$ z an article ( food f anci5t times4 ,great caution %\ld be us$ 9 di/+ui%+ x f ! fly ag>ic & f o!r amanitas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,amanita rubesc5s ,,fig4 #b4--;,a4 cs>ea4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,amanita rubesc5s ,fr4 ,edible1 b use great caution4--,! r$di% amanita1 ,amanita rubesc5s1 is s call$ because ( ! sordid r$di% color diffus$ ov] ! entire plant1 & especially because bruis$ portions quickly *ange to a r$di% color4 ,! plant is (t5 q l>ge1 f #ab--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #h--ab cm4 broad & ! /em #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness1 b x is sometimes mu* small]4 ,x occurs dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! summ] & 9 e>ly autumn1 9 woods & op5 places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gc4--;,amanita rubesc5s4 ,plant p>tly exp&$4 ,dull r$di% br[n1 /a9s r$di% :5 bruis$2 = o!r details see text 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is oval to convex1 & becom+ exp&$ :5 old4 ,x is smoo? or fa9tly /riate on ! m>g91 & cov]$ ) num]\s scatt]$1 ?91 floccose1 grayi% scales1 =m+ remnants ( ! l>g] "p ( ! volva or out] veil4 ,! color ( ! cap v>ies correspond+ly1 b is always t+$ m or less di/9ctly ) p9k1 r$1 or br[ni% r$ hues4 ,! gills are :ite or :iti% & free f ! /em4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9drical1 tap]+ "s above1 & ) a prom95t bulb :i* (t5 tap]s abruptly bel[4 ,9 addition to ! suffus$ dull r$di% color ! /em is (t5 /a9$ ) r$1 especially :]e h&l$ or t\*$ by "s object4 ,!re are v few evid5ces ( ! volva on ! /em s9ce ! volva is s floccose & torn into loose fragm5ts1 mo/ ( :i* rema9 on ! surface ( ! cap4 ,sometimes a few ( ^! loose fragm5ts are se5 on ! upp] portion ( ! bulb1 b !y are easily remov$ by h&l+ or by ra9s4 ,! annulus is membran\s1 broad1 & fragile4 ,s9ce ! plant has become well kn[n x is reg>d$ z excell5t & :olesome = food & pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,9 case ( ! l>g] specim5s !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ x f o!rs by ^? :o c>e to comp>e ! descriptions closely ) ! fre% specim5s4 ,b z 9 all cases beg9n]s %\ld use extreme caution 9 eat+ plants !y h n become ?or\ghly famili> )4 ,small specim5s ( ?is species sometimes %[ b little ( ! r$di% color1 & are !re=e difficult to det]m9e4 ,figures #gc & #gd are f plants 7,no4 #cgbg ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,amanita solit>ia ,bull4 ,edible1 b use caution4--,! solit>y amanita1 l _m o!r plants1 is n always true to its "n4 ,:ile x (t5 occurs solit>y1 x does occur sometimes 9 gr\ps4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! amanitas4 ,its l>ge size1 toge!r ) its *alky :ite or grayi% :ite color1 & ragg$ or %aggy appe>ance1 makes x a /rik+ object 9 ! woods1 or along roadsides 9 woods :]e x gr[s4 ,frequ5tly p>ts ( ! cap1 ! entire /em & ! gills are cov]$ ) a :ite1 crumbly1 floccose sub/ance ( a mealy consi/5cy :i* (t5 /icks to ! h&s or o!r objects4 ,! plant ranges f #ae--bj cm4 or m high1 ! cap f #h--ae cm4 broad1 & ! /ems are #a--b cm4 or m 9 ?ickness4 ,9 =m ! pileus ranges f ne>ly globose 9 ! button /age1 to hemisph]ical1 convex & exp&$1 :5 q old ! m>g9 becom+ m or less elevat$4 ,x is cov]$ ei!r ) flaky or floccose portions ( ! volva1 or ) m or less di/9ct conic :ite scales1 especially t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! conic scales are easily rubb$ (f 9 h&l+ or are easily wa%$ (f by ra9s4 ,_m ( !m are loos5$ & fall because ( ! t5sion produc$ by ! exp&+ pileus on ! surface ( :i* !y re/4 ,^! scales v>y 9 size f q small ones1 appe>+ l granules1 to ^? few] 9 numb] & l>g]1 #c mm4 high & ne>ly z broad at ! base4 ,9 o!r cases ! scales are h>d] & /\t] & d>k color$4 ,^! =ms w be discuss$ aft] ! description ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj1 ,,figure #gd4--;,amanita rubesc5s4 ,"u & side view4 ,dull r$di% br[n1 /a9s r$di% :]e bruis$ 7#c_/d natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba1 ,,figure #ge4--;,amanita solit>ia4 ,entirely :ite1 or cap & scales sordid buff1 dull br[n1 or grayi% 9 "s plants4 ,= details see text 7#a_/b natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! gills are free1 or are only atta*$ by ! upp] inn] angle2 ! edges are (t5 floccose :]e !y are torn f ! slight union ) ! upp] surface ( ! veil4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 solid or /uff$ :5 old1 enl>g$ usually bel[ into a prom95t bulb :i* !n tap]s into a m or less elongat$ root-l process1 sometimes ext5d+ #e--aj cm4 9 ! gr\nd bel[ ! bulb4 ,9 r>e cases ! bulb is n pres5t1 b ! cyl9drical /em ext5ds = a consid]able di/ance into ! gr\nd4 ,! veil is a v int]e/+ "p ( ! plant & ! mann] 9 :i* x =ms & disappe>s z ! cap exp&s is wor? a c>eful /udy4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 f photographs ( plants 7,no4 #cgca ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 made at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & ! fir/ ?ree weeks ( ,septemb] ! plants 7 q common 9 ! m\nta9 woods at ,bl[+ ,rock4 ,9 c]ta9 features !re 0 close agreem5t 9 ! case ( all ! specim5s exam9$1 especially 9 ! long root+ "* ( ! base ( ! /em4 ,! veil & annulus 7 also q con/ant 9 _! *>act]s1 ?\gh sometimes a t5d5cy 0 manife/$ to split up m irregul>ly ?an at o!r times4 ,9 ! "* ( ! w>ts ( ! pileus !re 0 great v>iation1 %[+ typical =ms ( ,amanita solit>ia & grad+ into =ms :i* might be tak5 = typical ,amanita /robili=mis4 ,especially is ?is s 9 ! case ( "s ( my specim5s 7,no4 #cgcc71 :]e ! scales are pyramidal1 d>k br[n1 surr\nd$ by a sordid buff or grayi% area1 & ^! latt] areas sep>at$ by n>r[ *9ks :iti% 9 color4 ,! scales 9 ?is specim5 are fix$ q firmly to ! surface ( ! pileus4 ,9 o!r specim5s 7,no4 #cgcb7 ^! h>d scales remove q easily1 :ile 9 /ill ano!r ! pileus is almo/ smoo?1 ev5 ! floccose scales hav+ be5 oblit]at$1 :ile a v few ( ! h>d angul> w>ts are /ill pres5t4 ,9 ano!r half exp&$ plant 7( ,no4 #cgcb7 ! w>ts are pyramidal1 #d--f mm4 long at ! c5t] ( ! pileus & r closely imbricat$1 h>d1 & firmly jo9$ to ! surface ( ! cap4 ,9 ,nos4 #cgcc & #cgca ! spores measure #g--i #d--f 4 ,9 #cgcb !y are long]1 v>y+ f #g--aa 4 ,! specim5s ) ! long h>d scales sugge/ ,amanita /robili=mis ,vittad41 b ! long root+ base ( ! /em does n agree ) ! description ( t plant1 b does cle>ly agree ) ,amanita solit>ia ,bull4 ,a /udy ( ! v>iations 9 ^! plants sugge/s t ,amanita solit>ia & /robili=mis ,vittad41 repres5t only v>iations 9 a s+le species z ,bulli>d int]pret$ ! species m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,=ms ( ! plant are also f\nd :i* sugge/ t ,a4 polypyramis ,b4 ,c41 collect$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 is b "o ( ! v>iations ( ,a4 solit>ia4 ,figures #ge1 #gf %[ well c]ta9 /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ?is plant4 ,! conical or pyramidal w>ts are =m$ 9 a v "y /age ( ! plant by ! prim>y sep>ation ( ! out] "p ( ! volva1 & z ! pileus exp&s m1 & ! cessation ( gr[? ( ! out] veil proce$s inw>d1 ! scales become m widely sep>at$ at ! apex & broad] at ! base4 ,9 "s cases ! volva is probably ?9n] ?an 9 o!rs1 & ) ! rapid expansion ( ! pileus 9 wet wea!r ! scales w\ld be small]1 or m floccose4 ,b ) diff]5t conditions1 :5 x is n s wet1 ! plant exp&s less rapidly1 ! surface ( ! pileus becomes dri]1 ! volva lay] does n sep>ate s readily & ! fissures betwe5 ! scales proce$ deep]1 & sometimes probably ent] ! surface ( ! pileus1 s t ! size ( ! w>ts is augm5t$4 ,a simil> /ate ( ?+s sometimes takes place on ! base ( ! /em at ! upp] m>g9 ( ! bulb1 :]e ! conc5tric fissures may ext5d to "s di/ance 9 ! /em1 mak+ ! scales "h m prom95t 9 "s specim5s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,a simil> v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! scales on ! bulb ( ,amanita musc>ia is sometimes pres5t$4 ,! veil is (t5 loosely atta*$ to ! edges ( ! gills1 & s is /ripp$ (f f ! /em q e>ly4 ,sometimes x is m /rongly adh]5t to ! /em1 or portions ( x may be1 :5 x is v irregul>ly ruptur$ z x is peel$ (f f ! /em1 z %[n 9 ! plant ne> ! left side 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! veil is v fragile & (t5 te>s a little di/ance f ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 :ile ! portion atta*$ to ! /em =ms ! annulus4 ,?is condition is %[n 9 ! case ( ?ree plants 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! plant is said to be edible4 ,,amanitopsis ,roze4 ,?is g5us has :ite spores1 & a volva1 b ! annulus & inn] veil are want+4 ,9 o!r respects x agrees ) ,amanita4 ,x is consid]$ z a sub-g5us ( ,amanita by "s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb1 ,,figure #gf4--;,amanita solit>ia4 ,?ree plants1 #c_/d natural size4 ,copyright4 ,amanitopsis vag9ata 7,bull47 ,roz4 ,edible4--,! %ea!d amanitopsis1 ,a4 vag9ata1 is a q common & widely di/ribut$ plant 9 woods4 ,x is well nam$ s9ce ! prom95t volva =ms a l>ge %ea? to ! cyl9drical base ( ! /em4 ,! plant occurs 9 sev]al =ms1 a gray or m\se color$ =m1 & a br[ni% or fulv\s =m1 & sometimes ne>ly :ite4 ,^! =ms are recogniz$ by "s z v>ieties1 & by o!rs z species4 ,! plants are #h--ae cm4 high1 ! caps #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #e--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc1 ,,figure #gg4--;,amanitopsis vag9ata4 ,tawny =m 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is f ovate to bell-%ap$1 !n convex & exp&$1 smoo?1 r>ely ) fragm5ts ( ! volva on ! surface4 ,! m>g9 is ?9 & m>k$ by deep furr[s & ridges1 s t x is deeply /riate1 or ! t]ms sulcate or pect9ate sulcate are us$ to express ! "* ( ! m>g94 ,! t]m pect9ate sulcate is employ$ on acc\nt ( a s]ies ( small elevations on ! ridges1 giv+ !m a pect9ate1 or comb-l1 appe>ance4 ,! color v>ies f gray to m\se color1 br[n1 or o*race\s br[n4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills are :ite or ne>ly s1 & free4 ,! spores are globose1 #g--aj 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[ or /uff$1 n bulb\s1 smoo?1 or ) mealy p>ticles or prom95t floccose scales4 ,^! scales are =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! edges ( ! gills f ! surface ( ! /em1 to :i* !y are closely appli$ be=e ! pileus beg9s to exp&4 ,?reads ( mycelium gr[+ f ! edge ( ! lamell & f ! /em int]m+le4 ,:5 ! pileus exp&s ^! are torn asund]1 or by _! pull te> up ! out] surface ( ! /em4 ,! volva =ms a prom95t %ea? :i* is usually q s(t & easily collapses 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! entire plant is v brittle & fragile4 ,x is consid]$ an excell5t "o = food4 ,i (t5 eat x raw :5 collect+4 ,au?ors diff] z to ! numb] ( species recogniz$ 9 ! plant z describ$ above4 ,secretan recogniz$ z _m z t5 species4 ,! two prom95t color =ms are q (t5 recogniz$ z two species1 or by o!rs z v>ieties2 ! gray or m\se color$ =m z ,a4 livida ,p]s41 & ! tawny =m z ,a4 spadicea ,p]s4 ,accord+ to ,fries & o!rs ! livida appe>s e>li] 9 ! season ?an spadicea1 & ?is fact is recogniz$ by "s z entitl+ ! two to specific rank4 ,pl[right 7,trans4 ,brit4 ,mycol4 ,soc41 p4 #dj1 #ahig--ih7 po9ts out t 9 ,european =ms ( spadicea !re is a second volva inside ! out]1 & 9 livida !re are folds or wr9kles ( consid]able size on ! inn] surface ( ! volva4 ,he ?9ks ! two entitl$ to specific rank4 ,at ,i?aca & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,i h f\nd bo? =ms appe>+ at ! same season1 & ?us f> h be5 unable to detect ! diff]5ces not$ by ,pl[right 9 ! volva4 ,b ,i h nev] f\nd int]grad+ color =ms1 & h n yet satisfi$ myself z to :e!r or n ! two %\ld be entitl$ to specific rank4 ,"s ( ! o!r species ( ,amanitopsis f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry are ,a4 nivalis ,grev41 an entirely :ite plant reg>d$ by "s z only a :ite =m ( ,a4 vag9ata4 ,ano!r :ite plant is ,a4 volvata ,pk41 :i* has elliptical spores1 & is /riate on ! m>g9 in/ead ( sulcate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gh4--;,amanitopsis f>9osa4 ,cap grayi% 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanitopsis f>9osa ,s*w4--,! mealy ag>ic1 or p[d]y amanita1 is a pretty little species4 ,x 0 fir/ collect$ & describ$ f ,nor? ,c>ol9a by de ,s*we9itz 7,synop4 fung4 ,c>4 ,no4 #eeb1 #ahbb71 & ! specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gh 7 collect$ by me at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,peck has giv5 9 ! #ccrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #di1 an excell5t description ( ! plant1 ?\gh x (t5 exce$s some:at ! height giv5 by him4 ,x ranges f #e--h or #aj cm4 high1 ! cap f #b--c cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is f subglobose to convex & exp&$1 becom+ ne>ly plane or ev5 depress$ by ! elevation ( ! m>g9 9 old specim5s4 ,! color is gray or grayi% br[n1 or m\se color$4 ,! pileus is ?91 & deeply /riate on ! m>g91 cov]$ ) a grayi% floccose1 p[d]y or mealy sub/ance1 ! remnant ( ! evanesc5t volva4 ,?is sub/ance is d5s] at ! c5t] & is easily rubb$ (f4 ,! gills are :ite & free f ! /em4 ,! spores are subglobose & ovate to elliptical1 #f--g long4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 holl[ or /uff$1 :iti% or gray & v slightly enl>g$ at ! base into a small r\nd$ bulb :i* is q con/ant & *>act]i/ic1 & at fir/ is cov]$ on its upp] m>g9 by ! floccose matt] f ! volva4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd1 ,,figure #gi4--,lepiota nauc9a4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size74 ,at ,bl[+ ,rock ! plants occurr$ 9 s&y soil by roadsides or 9 op5 woods4 ,9 habit x resembles /rik+ly =ms ( ,amanitopsis vag9ata1 b ! volva is entirely diff]5t 7,fig4 #gh74 ,al?\gh ,a4 vag9ata 0 common 9 ! same locality1 ,i se>*$ 9 va9 = int]m$iate =ms :i* ,i ?\ght might be f\nd4 ,sometimes ! floccose matt] w\ld cl+ toge!r m or less1 & portions ( x rema9$ z pat*es on ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 :ile depaup]ate =ms ( ,a4 vag9ata w\ld h a some:at r$uc$ volva1 b 9 no case did ,i f9d int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! two k9ds ( volva4 ,,lepiota ,fr4 ,! g5us ,lepiota lacks a volva1 b ! veil is pres5t =m+ a r+ on ! /em4 ,! g5us is closely relat$ to ,amanita1 f :i* x diff]s 9 ! abs5ce ( ! volva1 or p]haps m prop]ly speak+ 9 ! fact t ! univ]sal veil is firmly connect$ 7concrete )7 ) ! pileus1 & ) ! base ( ! /em1 s t a volva is n =m$4 ,! gills are usually free f ! /em1 "s be+ simply adnex$1 b 9 "s species connect$ ) a coll> ne> ! /em4 ,! /em is fle%y & is easily sep>able f ! cap4 ,a numb] ( ! species are edible4 ,peck1 #ce? ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #aej--afd1 describes #ah species4 ,lloyd1 ,mycol4 ,notes1 ,novemb]1 #ahih1 describes #i species4 ,lepiota nauc9a ,fr4 7,lepiota nauc9oides ,pk41 ,annul>ia lvis ,krombh47 ,edible4--,! smoo? lepiota1 ,l4 nauc9a1 gr[s 9 lawns1 9 pa/ures & by roadsides1 etc4 ,x occurs dur+ ! latt] "p ( summ] & dur+ autumn1 be+ m abundant 9 ,septemb] & e>ly ,octob]4 ,x is entirely :ite1 or ! cap is sometimes buff1 & 9 age ! gills become dirty p9k 9 color4 ,x is f #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #h--ae mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is v fle%y1 ne>ly globose1 !n convex to ne>ly exp&$1 smoo?1 or r>ely ! surface is brok5 into m9ute scales4 ,! gills are fir/ :ite1 free f ! /em1 & 9 age assume a dull p9k t+e4 ,! spores are usually :ite 9 mass1 b r>ely :5 caught on :ite pap] !y %[ a fa9t p9k t+e4 ,! spores are elliptical to oval4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9drical1 gradually enl>g+ bel[ s t x is clavate1 ne>ly holl[ or /uff$ ) loose ?reads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hj4--,lepiota nauc9a4--,section ( ?ree plants1 diff]5t ages4 ,s9ce ! plant occurs 9 ! same situations z ! ,ag>icus campe/ris x might be mi/ak5 = x1 especially = :ite =ms4 ,b ( c\rse no h>m c\ld come by eat+ x by mi/ake = ! common mu%room1 = x is valu$ j z highly = food by "s :o h eat5 x4 ,if "o %\ld look at ! gills1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld n likely mi/ake x = ! common mu%room because ! gills become p9k only :5 ! plant is well exp&$ & q old4 ,!re is mu* m dang] 9 mi/ak+ x = ! :ite amanitas1 ,a4 phalloides1 ,a4 v]na1 or ,a4 virosa1 s9ce ! gills ( ^! deadly plants are :ite1 & !y d sometimes gr[ 9 lawns & o!r grassy places :]e ! smoo? lepiota & ! common mu%room gr[4 ,= ?is reason "o %\ld /udy ! descriptions & illu/rations ( ^! amanitas giv5 on prec$+ pages1 & especially %\ld ! sugge/ions giv5 !re ab\t c>e 9 collect+ plants be foll[$1 until "o is s c]ta9ly famili> ) ! *>act]s t ! plants w\ld be kn[n on sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be1 ,,figure #ha4--,lepiota proc]a4 ,grayi% br[n to r$di% br[n1 gills & fle% :ite 7#c_/d natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! p9k color ( ! gills ( ?is lepiota has l$ c]ta9 /ud5ts ( ! fungi into mi/akes ( ano!r k9d4 ,?is p9k color ( ! gills has l$ "s to place ! plant among ! rosy spor$ ag>ics 9 ! g5us ,annul>ia1 :]e x 0 nam$ ,annul>ia lvis by ,krombholtz 7vide ,bresadola ,funghi ,mang]ecci e vel5osi1 p4 #bi1 #ahii74 ,x fits ! description ( t plant exactly4 ,! p9k color ( ! gills1 z well z ! fact t ! gills turn br[ni% :5 dry1 has l$ to a confusion 9 "s cases ( ! ,lepiota nauc9a ) ! *alky ag>ic1 ,ag>icus cretaceus4 ,! ext]nal resemblance ( ! plants1 z %[n 9 v>i\s illu/rations1 is v /rik+1 & 9 ! *alky ag>ic ! gills rema9 p9k v late1 only becom+ br[n :5 v old4 ,lepiota proc]a ,scop4 ,edible4--,! p>asol mu%room1 ,lepiota proc]a1 gr[s 9 pa/ures1 lawns1 g>d5s1 along roadsides1 or 9 ?9 woods1 or 9 g>d5s4 ,x is a l>ge & h&some plant & :5 exp&$ seems n inappropriately nam$4 ,x is f #ab--bj cm4 or m high1 ! cap exp&s f #e--ab cm41 :ile ! /em is #d--g mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs dur+ summ] & 9 e>ly autumn4 ,! pileus is oval1 !n bell-%ap$1 convex & ne>ly exp&$1 ) usually a m or less prom95t elevation 7umbo7 at ! c5t]4 ,sometimes x is depress$ at ! c5t]4 ,x is grayi% br[n or r$di% br[n 9 color on ! surface & ! fle% is :iti%4 ,z ! cap exp&s ! surface lay] ceases to gr[ & is !re=e crack$1 fir/ n>r[ *9ks appe>+1 %[+ :ite or grayi% ?reads und]nea?4 ,z ! cap becomes m exp&$ ! br[n surface is torn into scales1 :i* give ! cap a m or less %aggy appe>ance except on ! umbo1 :]e ! color is m uni=m4 ,! torn surface ( ! pileus %[s num]\s radiat+ fibres1 & x is s(t & yield+ to ! t\*4 ,! gills are remote f ! /em1 broad & cr[d$4 ,! spores are long1 elliptical1 #ab--ag long4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 holl[1 or /uff$1 ev51 enl>g$ bel[ into a prom95t bulb1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 ?\gh pal]1 especially above ! annulus4 ,! surface is usually crack$ into num]\s small scales1 ! *9ks betwe5 %[+ ! :ite inn] portion ( ! /em4 ,! r+ is /\t1 n>r[1 usually q free f ! /em1 s t x c be mov$ up & d[n on ! /em1 & is call$ a movable r+4 ,figure #ha is f plants 7,no4 #chdb1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 a g>d5 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,a closely relat$ plant1 ,lepiota ra*odes ,vitt41 has small] spores1 #i--ab #g--i 4 ,x is also edible1 & by "s consid]$ only a v>iety ( ,l4 proc]a4 ,x is r>e 9 ?is c\ntry1 b appe>s ab\t ,bo/on 9 consid]able quantities 9 or ne> gre5h\ses or 9 enri*$ soil out ( doors1 :]e x has ! appe>ance ( an introduc$ plant 7,web/]1 ,rhodora1 #a3 #bbf1 #ahii74 ,x is a mu* /\t] plant ?an ,l4 proc]a1 ! pileus usually depress$1 mu* m co>sely scaly1 & usually gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s1 :ile ,l4 proc]a usually occurs s+ly or scatt]$1 is m sl5d]1 (t5 umbonate4 ,l4 ra*odes has a veil ) a d\ble edge1 ! edges m or less fr+$4 ,! veil is fix$ to ! /em until ! plant is q mature1 :5 x becomes movable4 ,! fle% ( ! plant on exposure to ! air becomes a br[ni% orange t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hb4--,lepiota am]icana4 ,scales & c5t] ( cap r$di% or r$di% br[n4 ,entire plant turns r$di% on dry+ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lepiota morgani ,pk4--,?is plant occurs f ,ohio1 s\?w>d & we/4 ,x gr[s 9 grassy places1 especially 9 wet pa/ures4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! lepiotas1 rang+ f #bj--dj cm4 high1 ! cap #bj--cj cm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus1 :5 fully exp&$1 is :iti%1 ) l>ge d>k scales1 especially t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! r+ is l>ge1 sometimes movable1 & ! gills & spores are gre5i%4 ,"s report ! plant z edible1 :ile o!rs say illness results f eat+ x4 ,lepiota am]icana ,pk4 ,edible4--,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plants occur s+ly or are clu/]$1 #f--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #d--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! cap is adorn$ ) r$di% or r$di% br[n scales except on ! c5t]1 :]e ! color is uni=m because ! surface is n brok5 up into scales4 ,! fle% is :ite1 b *anges to r$di% :5 cut or bruis$1 & ! :ole plant becomes r$di% on dry+4 ,figure #hb is f plants 7,no4 #bgah1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,! ,european plant1 ,l4 badhami1 also report$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 *anges to a br[ni% r$4 ,x is believ$ by "s to be id5tical ) ,l4 am]icana4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hc4--,lepiota cri/ata4 ,entirely :ite1 b scales grayi% or p9ki% br[n1 /em (t5 fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lepiota acutesquamosa ,we9m4--,?is is a m$ium or small siz$ plant ) a floccose pileus adorn$ ) small1 acute1 erect scales1 & has a loose1 hairy or wooly veil :i* is (t5 torn irregul>ly4 ,! erect scales fall away f ! pileus & leave little sc>s :]e !y 7 atta*$4 ,lepiota cri/ata ,a4 ,s4 ,edible4--,! cre/$ lepiota1 ,lepiota cri/ata1 occurs 9 grassy places & bord]s ( woods1 9 groves1 etc41 f ,may to ,septemb]1 & is widely di/ribut$4 ,! plant is small1 #c--e cm4 high1 ! cap #a--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--e mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s 9 clu/]s or is scatt]$4 ,! pileus is ovate1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex & exp&$1 & ?94 ,! surface is at fir/ entirely dull r$di% or r$di% br[n1 b soon cracks into num]\s scales ( ! same color arrang$ 9 a cre/$ mann]1 m num]\s betwe5 ! m>g9 & ! c5t]1 & (t5 arrang$ 9 a conc5tric mann]4 ,! c5t] ( ! cap (t5 pres]ves ! uni=m r$di% br[n color because ! pileus at ?is po9t does n exp& s mu* & !re=e ! surface does n crack1 :ile ! m>g9 (t5 becomes :ite because ( ! disappe>ance ( ! br[n cov]+ "h4 ,! gills are free f ! /em1 n>r[1 cr[d$1 & close to ! /em4 ,! spores are m or less angul>1 elongat$1 m n>r[$ at "o end1 & measure #e--h #c--d 4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 holl[1 :iti%1 smoo?4 ,! r+ is small1 :ite1 & easily breaks up & disappe>s4 ,! *>act]s ( ! plant are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,lepiota angu/ana ,britz4 is id5tical1 & accord+ to ,morgan ,l4 miam5sis ,morgan is a :ite =m ( ,l4 angu/ana4 ,lepiota asp]ula ,atk9son4--,?is lepiota resembles ,a4 asp] 9 "s respects1 b x is small] & ! spores are mu* small]1 be+ v m9ute4 ,! plant is #e--h cm4 high1 ! pileus #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s 9 leaf m\ld 9 ! woods & has be5 f\nd at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 twice dur+ ,july & ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,! pileus is convex & bell-%ap$1 becom+ ne>ly or q exp&$4 ,x is hair br[n to olive br[n 9 color4 ,! surface is dry1 made up ( int]wov5 ?reads1 & is adorn$ ) num]\s small1 erect1 po9t$ scales resembl+ 9 ?is respect ,a4 asp] ,fr4 ,! gills are :ite or yell[i%1 free1 b r close to ! /em1 n>r[1 (t5 erod$ on ! edge1 sometimes =k$ ne> ! /em1 & "s ( !m arrang$ 9 pairs4 ,! spores are oblong1 smoo?1 & v m9ute1 measur+ #e #b 4 ,! /em is ! same color z ! pileus1 cyl9drical1 holl[1 ) loose ?reads 9 ! cavity1 enl>g$ into a r\nd$ bulb bel[1 m9utely d[ny to pubesc5t4 ,! out] portion ( ! bulb is =m$ ( intricately int]wov5 ?reads1 among :i* are entangl$ soil & humus p>ticles4 ,! veil is :ite1 silky1 hairy1 sep>at+ f ! /em l a d5se cort9a1 ! ?reads /ret*$ bo? above & bel[ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd f plants 7,no4 #caeg ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium71 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,9 "s specim5s1 z ! pileus exp&s1 ! spaces betwe5 ! po9t$ scales are torn1 ?us =m+ q co>se scales :i* are (t5 arrang$ 9 m or less conc5tric r[s1 %[+ ! yell[-t+$ fle% 9 ! cracks1 & ! co>se scales be>+ ! f9e po9t at ! c5t]4 ,a lay] connect+ ! m>g9 ( ! pileus ) ! base ( ! /em & cov]$ ) f9e br[n po9ts1 sometimes sep>ates f ! edge ( ! cap & ! base ( ! /em1 & cl+s p>tly to ! cort9a & p>tly to ! /em 9 mu* ! same way t portions ( ! volva cl+ to ! /em ( c]ta9 species ( ,amanita1 z se5 9 ,a4 velatipes 7,fig4 #ff74 ,sometimes ?is is left on ! base ( ! /em & !n resembles a %ort1 free limb ( a volva1 & sugge/s a species ( ,amanita4 ,! scales1 h[ev]1 are concrete ) ! pileus1 & ! species appe>s to %[ a clos] relation%ip ) ,lepiota4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf1 ,,figure #hd4--,lepiota asp]ula4 ,cap hair-br[n to olive-br[n1 scales m9ute1 po9t$1 gills & /em :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,armill>ia ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,armill>ia ! inn] veil :i* =ms a r+ on ! /em is pres5t4 ,! /em is fibr\s1 or ! out] portion c>tilag9\s 9 "s species1 & n easily sep>able f ! sub/ance ( ! pileus 7cont9u\s ) ! hym5ophore71 & ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 s9uate1 or decurr5t1 spores :ite4 ,peck1 #dcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #dj--de1 describes #f species4 ,"s ( ! species resemble v closely c]ta9 species ( ,amanita or ,lepiota1 b c be di/+ui%$ by ! firm cont9uity ( ! sub/ance ( ! /em & cap4 ,armill>ia mellea ,vahl4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common ( ! late summ] & autumn fungi1 & is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w4 ,x gr[s ab\t ! bases ( old /umps or dead trees1 or f buri$ roots4 ,sometimes x is f\nd atta*$ to ! liv+ roots ( trees4 ,! plant occurs 9 tufts or clu/]s1 sev]al to _m individuals gr[+ toge!r1 ! bases ( _! /ems connect$ ) a black rope-l /r& f :i* !y arise4 ,! entire plant is (t5 m or less honey color$1 f :i* ! plant gets its specific "n4 ,its clu/]$ habit1 ! usually prom95t r+ on ! /ems1 & ! %>p1 blacki%1 erect scales :i* usually adorn ! c5t] ( ! cap1 m>k x z an easy plant to det]m9e 9 mo/ cases4 ,! colors & m>k+s1 h[ev]1 v>y greatly1 s t "s ( ! =ms are v puzzl+4 ,! plant v>ies 9 height f #aj--ae cm41 ! cap f #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is oval to convex & exp&$1 sometimes ) a slight umbo or elevation at ! c5t]4 ,! color v>ies f honey color to ne>ly :ite1 or yell[i% br[n to dull r$di% br[n1 usually d>k] on ! c5t]4 ,9 typical =ms ! pileus is adorn$ ) po9t$ d>k br[n1 or blacki%1 erect1 scales especially abundant ov] ! c5t]1 :ile ! m>g9 is (t5 free f !m1 b may be m>k$ ) loos] floccose1 br[ni%1 or yell[i% scales4 ,sometimes !re are no blacki% po9t$ scales any:]e on ! cap1 only loose floccose color$ scales1 or 9 "s =ms ! cap is entirely smoo?4 ,! m>g9 9 old specim5s is (t5 /riate4 ,! pileus is usually dry1 b ,web/] cites an in/ance 9 :i* x 0 viscid 9 wet wea!r4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em squ>ely 7adnate7 or !y are decurr5t 7ext5d d[nw>d on ! /em71 are :ite1 or :iti%1 becom+ 9 age m or less d+y or /a9$4 ,! spores are r\nd$ or elliptical1 #f--i 4 ,! /em is ela/ic1 spongy )9 & sometimes holl[4 ,x is smoo? or (t5 floccose scaly bel[ ! r+1 sometimes ) prom95t transv]se b&s ( a hairy sub/ance4 ,x is usually :iti% ne> ! upp] end1 b dull br[n or r$di% br[n bel[ ! annulus1 sometimes di/9ctly yell[i%4 ,! veil v>ies greatly also4 ,x may be membranace\s & ?91 or q ?ick1 or 9 o!r cases may be abs5t entirely4 ,! r+ ( c\rse v>ies 9 a correspond+ mann]4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #he x is q ?ick1 s t x appe>s d\ble on ! edge1 :]e x broke away f ! inn] & out] surfaces ( ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,x is frequ5tly fix$ to ! /em1 t is1 n movable1 b :5 v ?9 & frail x (t5 disappe>s4 ,! honey color$ ag>ic is said by ne>ly all writ]s to be edible1 ?\gh "s condemn x4 ,x is n "o ( ! be/ s9ce x is ( r t\gh consi/5cy4 ,x is a species ( consid]able economic importance & int]e/1 s9ce x is a p>asite on c]ta9 conif]\s trees1 & p]haps also on c]ta9 ( ! broad-leav$ trees4 ,x attacks ! roots ( ^! trees1 ! mycelium mak+ its way ?r\gh ! out] lay]1 & !n x gr[s b5ea? ! b>k4 ,"h x =ms fan-l %eets ( mycelium :i* advance along bo? away f ! tree & t[>ds ! trunk4 ,x disorganizes & breaks d[n ! tissues ( ! root "h1 provid+ a space = a ?ick] gr[? ( ! mycelium z x becomes old]4 ,9 places ! mycelium =ms rope-l /r&s1 at fir/ :ite 9 color1 b lat] becom+ d>k br[n & %9+4 ,^! cords or /r&s1 kn[n z rhizomorphs1 ext5d = long di/ances und]nea? ! b>k ( ! root4 ,!y are also f\nd gr[+ 9 ! holl[ trunks ( trees sometimes4 ,9 "t en\gh ( ! roots are injur$ to kill ! tree1 or ! roots are s weak5$ t heavy w9ds w bl[ ! trees ov]4 ,! fruit+ plants always arise f ^! rhizomorphs1 & by digg+ c>efully ar\nd ! bases ( ! /ems "o c f9d ^! cords ) ! /ems atta*$1 ?\gh ! atta*m5t is frail & ! /ems are easily sep>at$ f ! cords4 ,(t5 ^! cords gr[ = ye>s )\t =m+ any fruit bodies4 ,9 ?is condition !y are (t5 f\nd by /ripp+ (f ! b>k f dead & rott+ logs 9 ! woods4 ,^! cords 7 once suppos$ to be sep>ate fungi1 & !y 7 kn[n "u ! "n ,rhizomorpha subcorticalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg1 ,,figure #he4--;,armill>ia mellea4 ,%[+ d\ble r+ pres5t 9 "s l>ge specim5s2 cap honey color$1 scales m9ute1 m num]\s at c5t]1 blacki%1 (t5 floccose1 & sometimes want+ 7#c_/d natural size1 (t5 small]74 ,copyright4 ,armill>ia aurantia ,s*aeff4 7,tri*oloma peckii ,h[e7 ,suspect$4--,?is is a v pretty species & r>e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plants are #f--h cm4 high1 ! cap #d--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs 9 woods4 ,x is kn[n by its viscid pileus1 ! orange br[n or o*race\s rufus color ( ! pileus & /em1 & ! color ( ! /em be+ conf9$ to ! sup]ficial lay]1 :i* becomes torn into conc5tric floccose scales1 =m+ num]\s m9ute floccose irregul> r+s ( color ar\nd ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hf4--;,armill>ia aurantia ,s*aeff4 7,tri*oloma peckii ,h[e74 ,cap orange-br[n or o*race\s rufus1 viscid2 floccose scales on /em same color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 ) an umbo1 & ! edge inroll$1 fle%y1 ?91 viscid1 o*race\s rufus 79 specim5s collect$ by myself71 d>k] on ! umbo1 & m9utely scaly f tufts ( hairs1 & ! viscid cuticle easily peel+ (f4 ,! gills are n>r[1 cr[d$1 slightly adnex$1 or _m free1 :ite1 becom+ br[n discolor$ :]e bruis$1 & 9 dry+ br[ni% or rufus4 ,! spores are m9ute1 globose to ovoid1 or r>ely sub-elliptical :5 a little long]1 ) a prom95t oil globule usually1 #c--c4e #c--e 1 sometimes a little long] :5 ! elliptical =ms are pres5t$4 ,! /em is /raight or asc5d+1 ev51 v floccose scaly z ! pileus is unroll$ f x1 scales same color z ! pileus1 ! scales runn+ transv]sely1 be+ sep>at$ p]haps by ! elongation ( ! /em s t num]\s floccose r+s are =m$1 %[+ ! :ite fle% ( ! /em betwe54 ,! upp] "p ( ! /em1 t above ! annulus1 is :ite1 b ! upp] "p floccose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hg4--,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,entire plant grayi% br[n1 t+$ ) lilac or purple1 spores light o*race\s 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,?is plant has be5 long kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,!re is a r poor figure ( x 9 ,s*aeff] ,table #cg1 & a bett] "o 9 ,gillet ,*ampignons de ,france1 ,hym5omycetes1 #a1 opposite page #gf1 b a v good "o 9 ,bresadola ,funghi ,mang]ecci e ,vel5osi1 ,tavel #ah1 #ahii4 ,a good figure is also giv5 by ,b>la1 ,les ,*ampignons des ,alpes--,m>itimes1 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #a--f4 ,! plant 0 fir/ report$ f ,am]ica 9 ! #da/ ,report1 ,/ate ,museum1 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #hb1 #ahhh1 "u ! "n ,tri*oloma peckii ,h[e1 f ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,y4 ,figure #hf is f plants 7,no4 #ciia1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! ,european & ,am]ican description bo? ascribe a bitt] ta/e to ! fle% ( ! pileus1 & x is reg>d$ z suspici\s4 ,!re does n seem to be a well =m$ annulus1 ! veil only be+ pres5t 9 a r "y /age1 z ! inroll$ m>g9 ( ! pileus is unroll+ f ! surface ( ! /em4 ,x seems to be m 9 ! =m ( a univ]sal veil resembl+ ! veil ( "s ( ! lepiotas4 ,x %[s a relation%ip ) ,tri*oloma :i* possesses 9 typical =ms a delicate veil pres5t only 9 ! "y /age4 ,p]haps = ?is reason x 0 ref]r$ by ,h[e to ,tri*oloma z an undescrib$ species :5 x 0 nam$ ,t4 peckii4 ,if its aff9ities %\ld prove to be ) ,tri*oloma r ?an ) ,armill>ia1 x w\ld !n be kn[n z ,tri*oloma aurantium4 ,,tri*oloma ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,tri*oloma ! volva & annulus are bo? want+1 ! spores are :ite1 & ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 b are m or less /rongly not*$ or s9uate at ! /em4 ,sometimes ! not* is v slight4 ,! /em is fle%y-fibr\s1 atta*$ to ! c5t] ( ! pileus1 & is usually %ort & /\t4 ,9 "s specim5s :5 "y !re is a slight cobwebby veil :i* v soon disappe>s4 ,! g5us is a v l>ge "o4 ,"s species are said to be poison\s & a few are kn[n to be edible4 ,peck1 #dd? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #ch--fd1 describes #df species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hh4--,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,section 7natural size74 ,tri*oloma p]sonatum ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant occurs dur+ ! autumn & p]si/s up to ! w9t] mon?s4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 op5 places & 9 woods4 ,! /em is %ort1 usually #c--g cm4 long #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness1 & ! cap is f #e--aj cm4 or m broad4 ,! entire plant (t5 has a lilac or purple t9t4 ,! pileus is convex1 exp&$1 moi/1 smoo?1 grayi% to br[ni% t+$ ) lilac or purple1 especially :5 "y1 fad+ out 9 age4 ,:5 "y ! pileus is sometimes adorn$ ) :ite mealy p>ticles1 & :5 old ! m>g9 may be m or less upturn$ & wavy4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 r\nd$ next ! /em1 & ne>ly free b close to ! /em1 violet or lilac :5 "y1 *ang+ to dull r$di% br[n :5 old4 ,! spores :5 caught 9 mass are dull p9k or salmon color4 ,!y measure #g--i long4 ,! /em is solid1 fibr\s1 smoo?1 deep lilac :5 "y & reta9+ ! lilac color long] ?an ! pileus4 ,sometimes ! base is bulb\s z 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,?is plant is reg>d$ by all writ]s z "o ( ! be/ ( ! edible fungi4 ,sometimes ! pileus is wat] soak$ & !n ! flavor is n s f9e4 ,! position ( ! plant is reg>d$ z d\btful by "s because ( ! m or less russety p9k color ( ! spores :5 se5 9 mass1 & ! ease ) :i* ! gills sep>ate f ! pileus1 *>act]s :i* %[ its relation%ip to ! g5us ,paxillus4 ,tri*oloma sejunctum ,s[]b4 ,edible4--,?is plant occurs on ! gr\nd 9 r op5 woods dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,x is #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #e--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #aj--ae mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hi4--,tri*oloma sejunctum4 ,cap light yell[1 /reak$ ) d>k ?reads on ! surface1 viscid4 ,/em & gills :ite 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 umbonate1 viscid :5 moi/1 light yell[ 9 color & /reak$ ) d>k ?reads 9 ! surface4 ,! fle% is :ite1 & v fragile1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ,t4 eque/re1 :i* x resembles 9 g5]al =m4 ,! gills are broad1 r di/ant1 broadly not*$ ne> ! /em1 & easily sep>at+ f ! /em4 ,! /em is solid1 smoo? & %9+ :ite4 ,figure #hi is f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,x is said to be edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh1 ,,figure #ij4--;,clitocybe c&ida4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi1 ,,figure #ia4--;,clitocybe c&ida4 ,"u view ( ne>ly lat]al /emm$ individual 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,clitocybe ,fr4 ,! volva & annulus are want+ 9 ?is g5us1 & ! spores are :ite4 ,! /em is ela/ic1 spongy )91 ! outside be+ ela/ic or fibr\s1 s t ! fibres hold toge!r well :5 ! /em is twi/$ or brok51 z 9 ,tri*oloma4 ,! /em does n sep>ate readily f ! pileus1 b ! r /rong fibres are cont9u\s ) ! sub/ance ( ! pileus4 ,! gills are n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 jo9$ squ>ely or decurr5t 7runn+ d[n on ! /em71 v r>ely "s ( !m not*$ at ! /em :ile o!rs ( ! same plant are decurr5t4 ,9 "o species at lea/ 7,c4 laccata1 by "s plac$ 9 ! g5us ,lacc>ia7 ! gills are (t5 /rongly not*$ or s9uate4 ,! cap is usually plane1 depress$1 or funnel-%ap$1 _m ( ! species hav+ ! latt] =m4 ,! plants gr[ *iefly on ! gr\nd1 ?\gh a numb] ( species occur on dead wood4 ,! g5us conta9s a v l>ge numb] ( species4 ,peck describes t5 species 9 ! #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #gf1 et4 seq41 also #dh? ,report1 p4 #agb1 sev]al species4 ,morgan1 ,j\r4 ,c9n4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #f3 #gj--gc1 describes #ab species4 ,clitocybe c&ida ,bres4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! l>ge species ( ! g5us4 ,x occurs 9 late autumn 9 ,europe4 ,x has be5 f\nd on sev]al occasions dur+ late autumn at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 on ! gr\nd 9 op5 woods1 dur+ wet wea!r4 ,x occurs 9 clu/]s1 ?\gh ! specim5s are usually n cr[d$4 ,! /em is usually v %ort1 #b--d cm4 long1 & #b--c cm4 9 ?ickness1 :ile ! cap is up to #aj--ah cm4 broad4 ,! pileus is sometimes regul>1 b (t5 v irregul>1 & produc$ mu* m /rongly on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,x is convex1 !n exp&$1 ! m>g9 fir/ incurv$ & f9ally wavy & (t5 some:at lob$4 ,! color is :ite or light buff 9 age4 ,! fle% is ?ick & :ite4 ,! gills are :ite1 /\t1 broad1 some:at decurr5t1 "s adnate4 ,! ta/e is n unpleasant :5 raw1 & :5 cook$ x is agreeable4 ,i h eat5 x on sev]al occasions4 ,figures #ij1 #ia are f plants 7,no4 #dfab ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,clitocybe laccata ,scop4 ,edible4--,?is plant is a v common & widely di/ribut$ "o1 gr[+ 9 woods1 fields1 roadsides & o!r wa/e places4 ,x is usually q easily recogniz$ f ! :iti% scurfy cap1 ! p9k or purpli% gills1 ?\gh ! spores are :ite1 f ! gills be+ ei!r decurr5t1 adnate1 or m or less /rongly not*$1 & ! /em fibr\s & :iti% or ( a pale p9k color4 ,:5 ! plants are mature ! pale r$ or p9k gills appe> mealy f be+ cov]$ ) ! num]\s :ite spores4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex or lat] exp&$1 ( a wat]y appe>ance1 ne>ly smoo? or scurfy or slightly squamulose4 ,! spores are r\nd$1 & possess sp9e-l processes1 or are prom95tly r\gh5$4 ,9 ! w>ty "* ( ! spores ?is species diff]s f mo/ ( ! species ( ! g5us ,clitocybe1 & "s writ]s place x 9 a diff]5t g5us erect$ to accommodate ! species ( ,clitocybe :i* h w>ty or sp9y spores4 ,! species ) sp9y spores are few4 ,! g5us 9 :i* ?is plant is plac$ by "s is ,lacc>ia1 & !n ! plant is call$ ,lacc>ia laccata4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( ,clitocybe :i* are common & :i* "o is apt to run across (t51 especially 9 ! woods4 ,^! are ( ! funnel =m type1 ! cap be+ m or less funnel-%ap$4 ,clitocybe infundibuli=mis ,s*aeff] is "o ( ^!4 ,! cap1 :5 mature1 is pale r$ or tan color1 fad+ out 9 age4 ,x is #e--g cm4 high1 & ! cap #b--d cm4 broad4 ,x is consid]$ delici\s4 ,clitocybe cya?i=mis1 z its "n indicates1 is simil> 9 =m1 & occurs 9 woods4 ,! pileus is ( a d>k] color1 d>k br[n or smoky 9 color4 ,clitocybe illud5s ,s*w4 ,n ,edible4--,?is species is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & sometimes is v abundant4 ,x occurs f ,july to ,octob] ab\t ! bases ( old /umps1 dead trees1 or f und]gr\nd roots4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge species1 ! cap be+ #ae--bj cm4 broad1 ! /em #ab--bj cm4 long1 & #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs 9 l>ge clu/]s1 sev]al or _m jo9$ at _! bases4 ,f ! ri* saffron yell[ color ( all p>ts ( ! plant1 & especially by its /rong phosphoresc5ce1 s evid5t 9 ! d>k1 x is an easy plant to recognize4 ,because ( its phosphoresc5ce x is sometimes call$ ,jack-my-lant]n4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 & depress$1 sometimes ) a small umbo1 smoo?1 (t5 irregul> or ecc5tric f its cr[d$ habit1 & 9 age ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is wavy4 ,! fle% is ?ick at ! c5t] & ?9 t[>d ! m>g94 ,9 old plants ! color becomes sordid or br[ni%4 ,! gills are broad1 n cr[d$1 decurr5t1 "s ext5d+ = a consid]able di/ance d[n on ! /em :ile o!rs = a less di/ance4 ,! /em is solid1 firm1 smoo?1 & tap]s t[>d ! base4 ,:ile ! plant is n a dang]\sly poison\s "o1 x has occasion$ s]i\s cases ( illness1 act+ z a viol5t emetic1 & ( c\rse %\ld be avoid$4 ,its phosphoresc5ce has (t5 be5 obs]v$4 ,ano!r & mu* small] plant1 widely di/ribut$ 9 ?is c\ntry z well z ,europe1 & belong+ to ano!r g5us1 is also phosphoresc5t4 ,x is ,panus /ipticus1 a small :ite plant ) a %ort lat]al /em1 gr[+ on bran*es1 /umps1 trunks1 etc4 ,:5 fre%ly develop$ ! phosphoresc5ce is m>k$1 b :5 ! plants become old !y (t5 fail to %[ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ib4--;,clitocybe illud5s4 ,entire plant ri* saffron yell[1 old plants become sordid br[n sometimes2 :5 fre% %[s phosphoresc5ce at night 7#b_/c natural size1 (t5 mu* l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,clitocybe multiceps ,peck4 ,edible4--,?is plant is n uncommon dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,x usually gr[s 9 l>ge tufts ( #aj to #cj or m individuals4 ,! caps 9 su* l>ge clu/]s are (t5 irregul> f pressure4 ,! plants are #f--ab cm4 high1 ! caps #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #h--ae mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is :ite or gray1 br[ni% gray or buff1 smoo?1 dry1 ! fle% :ite4 ,! gills are :ite1 cr[d$1 n>r[ at ea* end4 ,! spores are smoo?1 globose1 #e--g 9 diamet]4 ,! /ems are t\gh1 fibr\s1 solid1 t+$ ) ! same color z cap4 ,fig4 #ic is f plants 7,no4 #edfg1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,octob] #ad1 #aijj4 ,,collybia ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,collybia ! annulus & volva are bo? want+1 ! spores are :ite1 ! gills are free or not*$1 or s9uate4 ,! /em is ei!r entirely c>tilag9\s or has a c>tilag9\s r9d1 :ile ! c5tral portion ( ! /em is fibr\s1 or fle%y1 /uff$ or fi/ulose4 ,! pileus is fle%y & :5 ! plants are "y ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is incurv$ or inroll$1 i4 e41 x does n lie /raight aga9/ ! /em z 9 ,myc5a4 ,_m ( ! species ( ,collybia are q firm & w revive some:at aft] dry+ :5 moi/5$1 b !y are n coriace\s z 9 ,m>asmius1 nor d !y revive s ?or\ghly4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! two g5]a4 ,tw5ty-five ( ! ,new ,york species ( ,collybia are describ$ by ,peck 9 ! #di? ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #cb et seq4 ,morgan describes twelve species 9 ,j\r4 ,c9n4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #f3 #gj--gc4 ,collybia radicata ,rehl4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! common & widely di/ribut$ species ( ! g5us4 ,x occurs on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods or groves or bord]s ( woods4 ,x is q easily recogniz$ by ! m or less flatt5$ cap1 ! long /riate /em some:at enl>g$ bel[ & !n tap]+ (f into a long1 sl5d] root-l process 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is f ?is root+ "* t ! plant gets its specific "n4 ,x is #aj--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?91 convex to ne>ly plane1 or ev5 ) ! m>g9 upturn$ 9 old plants1 & ! c5t] sometimes umbonate4 ,x is smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 & (t5 ) wr9kles on ! surface :i* ext5d radially4 ,! color v>ies f ne>ly :ite 9 "s small specim5s to grayi%1 grayi% br[n or umb]4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills are :ite1 broad1 r di/ant1 adnex$1 i4 e41 jo9$ to ! /em by ! upp] angle4 ,! spores are elliptical & ab\t #ae #aj 4 ,! /em is ! same color z ! pileus ?\gh pal]1 & usually :ite above1 tap]s gradually above1 is (t5 /riate or groov$1 or sometimes only mealy4 ,! long tap]+ root is (t5 atta*$ to "s und]gr\nd dead root4 ,fig4 #id is f plants 7,no4 #efda1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,augu/1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj1 ,,figure #ic4--;,clitocybe multiceps4 ,plants :ite or gray to buff or grayi% br[n4 7,?ree-f\r?s natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca1 ,,fig4 #id4--;,collybia radicata4 ,caps grayi%-br[n to grayi% & :ite 9 "s small =ms4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb1 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,collybia velutipes4 ,cap yell[i% or r$di% yell[1 viscid1 gills :ite1 /em d>k br[n1 velvety hairy 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,collybia velutipes ,curt4 ,edible4--,?is is v common 9 woods or groves dur+ ! autumn1 on dead limbs or trunks1 or f dead places 9 liv+ ones4 ,! plants are v viscid1 & ! /em1 except 9 "y plants1 is velvety hairy ) d>k hairs4 ,figure #ie is f plants 7,no4 #edcj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,octob]1 #aijj4 ,collybia longipes ,bull41 is a closely relat$ plant4 ,x is mu* l>g]1 has a velvety1 to hairy1 /em1 & a mu* long] root-l process to ! /em4 ,x has be5 sometimes consid]$ to be m]ely a v>iety ( ,c4 radicata1 & may be only a l>ge =m ( t species4 ,i h f\nd a few specim5s 9 ! ,adirondack m\nta9s1 & "o 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 :i* seem to belong to ?is species4 ,collybia platyphylla ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is is a mu* l>g] & /\t] plant ?an ,collybia radicata1 ?\gh x is n s tall z ! l>g] specim5s ( t species4 ,x occurs on rott5 logs or on ! gr\nd ab\t rott5 logs & /umps 9 ! woods f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,x is #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #aj--ae cm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex becom+ exp&$1 plane1 & ev5 ! m>g9 upturn$ 9 age4 ,x is :iti%1 v>y+ to grayi% br[n or d>k br[n1 ! c5t] sometimes d>k] ?an ! m>g91 z is usual 9 _m plants4 ,! surface ( ! pileus is (t5 m>k$ 9 radiat+ /reaks by f9e d>k hairs4 ,! gills are :ite1 v broad1 adnex$1 & usually deeply & broadly not*$ next ! /em4 ,9 age !y are m or less brok5 & crack$4 ,! spores are :ite1 elliptical1 #g--aj #f--g 4 ,! plant resembles some:at c]ta9 species ( ,tri*oloma & c>e %\ld be us$ 9 select+ x 9 ord] to avoid ! suspect$ species ( ,tri*oloma4 ,,myc5a ,fr4 ,! g5us ,myc5a is closely relat$ to ,collybia4 ,! plants are usually small]1 _m ( !m be+ ( small size1 ! cap is usually bell-%ap$1 r>ely umbilicate1 b :at is a m important "* ! m>g9 ( ! cap 9 ! "y /age is /raight z x is appli$ aga9/ ! /em1 & n at fir/ incurv$ z x is 9 ,collybia1 :5 ! gills & m>g9 ( ! pileus lie aga9/ ! /em4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s z 9 ,collybia1 & is usually holl[ or fi/ulose4 ,! gills are n decurr5t1 or only slightly s by a too?-l process4 ,"s ( ! species are apt to be confus$ ) c]ta9 species ( ,omphalia 9 :i* ! gills are b slightly decurr5t1 b 9 ,omphalia ! pileus is umbilicate 9 su* species1 :ile 9 ,myc5a x is blunt or umbonate4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! plants gr[ on leaves & wood1 few on ! gr\nd4 ,"s ( ^? :i* gr[ on leaves might be mi/ak5 = species ( ,m>asmius1 b 9 ,m>asmius ! plants are ( a t\gh consi/5cy1 & :5 dri$ w revive aga9 if moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,"s ( ! plants h di/9ct odors1 z alkal9e1 or ! odor ( radi%es1 & 9 collect+ !m notes %\ld be made on all ^! *>act]s :i* usually disappe> 9 dry+4 ,a few ( ! plants exude a color$ or wat]y juice :5 bruis$1 & %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) species ( ,lact>ius4 ,myc5a gal]iculata ,scop4 ,edible4--,myc5a gal]iculata gr[s on dead logs1 /umps1 bran*es1 etc41 9 woods4 ,x is a v common & v widely di/ribut$ species4 ,x occurs f late spr+ to autumn4 ,! plants are clu/]$1 _m gr[+ 9 a compact gr\p1 ! hairy bases closely jo9$ & ! /ems usually asc5d+4 ,! plants are f #e--ab cm4 high1 ! caps f #a--c cm4 broad1 & ! sl5d] /ems #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is conic to bell-%ap$1 sometimes umbonate1 /riate to ne> ! c5t]1 & 9 color "s %ade ( br[n or gray1 b v>iable4 ,! gills are decurr5t by a too?1 n cr[d$1 connect$ by ve9s ov] ! int]spaces1 :ite or fle% color$4 ,! sl5d] /ems are firm1 holl[1 & hairy at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #if4--,myc5a polygramma1 long-/emm$ =m gr[+ on gr\nd 7 ,m4 prlonga ,pk474 ,cap d>k br[n ) a lead5 t9t1 /riate on m>g92 /em f9ely & beautifully longitud9ally /riate 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,myc5a polygramma ,bull4--,?is plant is v closely relat$ to ,m4 gal]iculata1 & has ! same habit4 ,x might be easily mi/ak5 = x4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by its peculi> bright1 %9+1 longitud9ally /riate to sulcate /em4 ,x usually gr[s on wood1 b does occur on ! gr\nd1 :5 x (t5 has a v long /em4 ,9 ?is condition x 0 describ$ by ,peck 9 ! #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ha1 z ,myc5a prlonga1 f plants collect$ 9 a sphagnum moor dur+ ! mon? ( ,june4 ,?is =m 0 also collect$ at ,i?aca sev]al times dur+ late autumn 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca1 9 #ahih4 ,! plants are f #ab--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #a--b cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fir/ ne>ly cyl9drical1 !n conic1 becom+ bell-%ap$ & f9ally ne>ly exp&$1 :5 x is umbonate4 ,x is smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g91 ( a d>k br[n color ) a lead5 t9t4 ,! gills are n>r[1 :ite1 adnate & slightly decurr5t on ! /em by a too?4 ,! v long /em is smoo?1 b m>k$ ) p>allel grooves too f9e to %[ 9 ! photograph1 firm1 holl[1 some:at pal] ?an ! pileus1 usually t+$ ) r$1 & hairy at ! base4 ,figure #if is f plants 7,no4 #caac ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium71 collect$ 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca 9 damp places among leaves4 ,a numb] ( ! specim5s collect$ 7 attack$ by a p>asitic mucor ( ! g5us ,sp9ellus4 ,two species1 ,s4 fusig] 7,l9k47 van ,tiegh41 & ,s4 macroc>pus 7,corda7 ,k>/41 7 f\nd1 sometimes bo? on ! same plant4 ,! long-/alk$ sporangia bri/le 9 all directions f ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ig4--,myc5a pura4 ,entire plant rose1 rose purple1 violet1 or lilac4 ,/riate on m>g9 ( pileus 7natural size1 (t5 mu* l>g]74 ,myc5a pura ,p]s4--,?is plant is q common & v widely di/ribut$1 & occurs 9 woods & grassy op5 places1 dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,! entire plant is ne>ly ( a uni=m color1 & ! color v>ies f rose1 to rose purple1 violet1 or lilac4 ,plants f ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7 *iefly rose purple1 v "y plants ( a mu* deep] color 7auricula purple ( ,ridgeway71 :ile ^? collect$ at ,i?aca 7 violet4 ,! plants v>y f #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #b--c cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--d mm4 /\t4 ,! plants are scatt]$ or some:at clu/]$1 sometimes occurr+ s+ly1 & aga9 _m cov]+ a small area ( gr\nd4 ,! pileus is ?91 conic1 bell-%ap$ to convex & ne>ly exp&$1 sometimes ) a small umbo1 smoo?1 & f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 9 age ! /ri sometimes rugulose f ! upturn+ ( ! m>g94 ,sometimes ! pileus is rugose on ! c5t]4 ,! gills v>y f :ite to violet1 rose1 etc41 !y are adnate to s9uate1 & 9 age sometimes become free by break+ away f ! /em4 ,!y are broad 9 ! middle1 connect$ by ve9-l elevations ov] ! surface1 & sometimes wavy & cr5ate on ! edge1 ! edge ( ! gills sometimes :ite4 ,! spores are :ite1 oblong1 #b4e--c4e #f--g 1 smoo?4 ,! basidia are cyl9drical1 #bj--be #c--d 1 f\r-spor$4 ,!re are a few cy/idia 9 ! hym5ium1 colorless1 ?9 wall$1 clavate1 ! portion above ! hym5ium cyl9drical1 & #cj--dj #aj--ab 4 ,! /em is sometimes :ite :5 "y1 b lat] becomes ( ! same color z ! pileus1 (t5 a light] %ade above4 ,x is /raight1 or asc5d+1 cyl9drical1 ev51 smoo?1 holl[1 ) a few :ite ?reads at ! base4 ,sometimes on dry+ ! pileus becomes deep] 9 color ?an :5 fre%4 ,! gills also become deep] 9 color 9 dry+1 ?\gh ! edge rema9s :ite if :ite :5 fre%4 ,figure #ig is f plants 7,no4 #cidf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,! plants are (t5 consid]ably l>g] ?an %[n 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ih4--,myc5a epipt]ygia4 ,cap viscid1 grayi%1 (t5 t+$ ) yell[i% or r$di% 9 age1 gills :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) blue or r$1 /em yell[i%1 or same color z cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,myc5a epipt]ygia ,scop4--,?is pretty little species is q readily di/+ui%$ by ! gray1 conic or bell-%ap$ cap1 ! long1 holl[1 sl5d] /em1 & ! viscid pellicle or sk9 :i* is q easily peel$ (f f ! /em or cap :5 moi/4 ,x gr[s 9 woods or grassy places1 or among moss1 etc41 on ! gr\nd or on v rott5 wood4 ,! plants are f #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #a--b cm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #b mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & o!r ,nor? temp]ate c\ntries4 ,! pileus is viscid :5 moi/1 ovate to conic or campanulate1 & lat] m or less exp&$1 obtuse1 ! m>g9 /riate1 & sometimes m9utely too!d4 ,! usual color is grayi%1 b 9 age x (t5 becomes r$di%4 ,! gills are decurr5t by a small too?1 & q v>iable 9 color1 :iti%1 !n gray1 or t+$ ) blue or r$4 ,! /em is v sl5d]1 flexu\s1 or /raight1 fi/ulose1 t\gh1 ) s(t hairs at ! base1 usually yell[i%1 sometimes ! same color z ! cap1 & viscid l ! cap :5 moi/4 ,figure #ih is f plants 7,no4 #dedg1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca 9 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,myc5a vulg>is ,p]s4--,?is common & pretty species is easily recogniz$ by its smoky or grayi% color1 ! umbilicate pileus & v slimy /em4 ,x gr[s on decay+ leaves1 /icks1 etc41 9 woods4 ,x occurs 9 clu/]s4 ,! plants are small1 #c--e cm4 high1 ! cap #d--g mm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #a4e mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is ?91 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 & depress$ at ! c5t]1 ) a papilla usually 9 ! c5t]1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 & slightly viscid4 ,! gills are :ite1 ?91 & f9ally decurr5t1 s t f ! =m ( ! cap & ! decurr5t gills ! plant has mu* ! appe>ance ( an ,omphalia4 ,! /em is v viscid1 grayi% 9 color1 (t5 root+ at ! base1 & ) :ite fibrils at ! base1 becom+ holl[4 ,figure #ii is f plants collect$ 9 woods ne> ,i?aca1 dur+ ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ii4--,myc5a vulg>is4 ,entirely :ite1 c5t] ( cap grayi%1 entire plant v slimy :5 moi/ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,myc5a acicula ,s*aeff4--,?is is "o ( ! v small myc5as1 & ) ! brilliant r$ pileus & yell[ gills & /em x makes a v pretty object gr[+ on leaves1 twigs1 or rott5 wood 9 ! =e/4 ,x occurs dur+ summ] & autumn4 ,x is #b--e cm4 high1 ! cap #b--d mm4 broad1 & ! /em is ?read-l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ajj4--,myc5a acicula4 ,cap brilliant r$1 gills & /em yell[i% 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is v ?91 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 :5 ! po9t$ apex appe>s z a small umbo4 ,x is smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g91 & ( a ri* v]milion or orange color4 ,! gills are r\nd$ at ! /em & adnex$1 r broad 9 ! middle1 di/ant1 yell[1 ! edge :ite1 or sometimes ! gills are entirely :ite4 ,! /em is v sl5d]1 ) a root-l process ent]+ ! rott5 wood1 smoo? except ! hairs on ! root-l process1 yell[4 ,figure #ajj is f plants 7,no4 #bghj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,x has be5 f\nd "h sev]al times4 ,myc5a cyano?rix ,atk9son4--,?is is a v pretty plant gr[+ on rott+ wood 9 clu/]s1 (t5 two or ?ree jo9$ at ! base1 ! base ( ! /em ins]t$ 9 ! rott5 wood = #a--b cm41 & ! base is clo!d ) blue1 hair-l ?reads4 ,! plants are #f--i cm4 high1 ! cap #a--b cm4 broad1 & ! /em n q #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! pileus is ovate to convex1 viscid :5 "y4 ,! color is bright blue :5 "y1 becom+ pale & :iti% 9 age1 ) a t5d5cy to fusc\s on ! c5t]4 ,! cap is smoo? & ! m>g9 f9ely /riate4 ,aft] ! plants h dri$ ! color is ne>ly uni=m o*race\s or tawny4 ,! gills are close1 free1 n>r[1 :ite1 !n grayi% :ite1 ! edge f9ely too!d or fimbriate4 ,! spores are globose1 smoo?1 #f--i 4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 holl[1 fa9tly purple :5 "y1 becom+ :iti% or fle% color1 flexu\s1 or ne>ly /raight1 ev51 (t5 two unit$ at ! base into a root-l ext5sion :i* ent]s ! rott5 wood4 ,! base ( ! /em is cov]$ ) deep blue mycelium :i* reta9s its color 9 age1 b disappe>s on dry+ aft] a "t4 ,figure #aja is f plants 7,no4 #bchb1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 9 woods1 ,june #af1 #ahih4 ,myc5a hmatopa ,p]s4--,?is is "o ( ! species ( ,myc5a ) a r$ juice :i* exudes 9 drops :]e w\nds occur on ! plant4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by its d5se cespitose habit1 ! deep blood r$ juice1 ! holl[ /em1 & ! cr5ate or d5ticulate /]ile m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,numb]s ( ! plant occur usually 9 a s+le clu/]1 & _! bases are closely jo9$ & hairy4 ,! /ems are m or less asc5d+ accord+ to ! position ( ! plant on ! wood4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap is #a--b4e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aja4--,myc5a cyano?rix4 ,cap viscid :5 "y1 blue1 becom+ pale & :iti% 9 age1 & fusc\s 9 c5t]2 gills :ite2 /em fa9tly purple :5 "y1 !n fle% color or :ite1 blue1 clo!d ) blue hairs at base 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is conic1 !n bell-%ap$1 & z ! m>g9 ( ! cap exp&s m appe>s umbonate1 obtuse1 smoo?1 ev5 or some:at /riate on ! m>g94 ,! color v>ies f :iti% to fle% color1 or dull r$1 & appe>s m or less saturat$ ) a r$ juice4 ,! ?9 m>g9 ext5ds a %ort di/ance beyond ! ends ( ! gills1 & ! m>g9 is !n beautifully cr5ate4 ,! gills are adnate1 & (t5 ext5d d[n on ! /em a %ort di/ance by a little too?4 ,! /em is firm1 sometimes smoo?1 sometimes ) m9ute hairs1 at ! base ) long hairs1 holl[1 9 color ! same z t ( ! pileus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ajb4--,myc5a hmatopa4 ,dull r$ or fle% color1 or :iti%1 a dull r$ juice exudes :]e brok5 or cut1 m>g9 ( cap s]rate ) ?9 /]ile flaps 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! color v>ies some:at1 be+ d>k] 9 "s plants ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 "s plants ! juice is m abundant & !y ble$ pr(usely :5 w\nd$1 :ile 9 o!r cases !re is b little ( ! juice1 sometimes w\nds only %[+ a *ange 9 color to a deep r$ )\t any free drops exud+4 ,figure #ajb is f plants collect$ at ,i?aca1 9 ,augu/1 #ahii4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,myc5a succosa ,pk41 ano!r species ( ,myc5a ) a juice1 occurs on v rott5 wood 9 ! woods4 ,x is a small plant1 dull :ite at fir/1 b soon spott$ ) black1 & turn+ black 9 h&l+ or :]e bruis$1 & :5 dri$4 ,w\nds exude a s]um-l juice1 & ! w\nds soon become black4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,peck "u ,collybia 9 ! #be? ,report1 p4 #gd4 ,,omphalia ,fr4 ,! g5us ,omphalia is closely relat$ to ,myc5a & ,collybia4 ,x diff]s f ^! ma9ly 9 ! decurr5t gills4 ,9 ! small species ( ,myc5a :]e ! gills are slightly decurr5t1 ! pileus is n umbilicate z x is 9 correspond+ species ( ,omphalia4 ,9 "s ( ! species ( ,omphalia ! pileus is n umbilicate1 b "h ! gills are pla9ly decurr5t4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc1 ,,figure #ajc4--,omphalia campanella4 ,watk9's ,gl51 ,n4 ,y41 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,caps dull r$di%-yell[4 ,gills yell[4 ,/em br[ni%1 hairy at base4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,omphalia campanella ,bats*4--,"o ( ! mo/ common & widely di/ribut$ species ( ! g5us is ! little bell-omphalia1 ,omphalia campanella4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ! summ] & autumn on dead or rott5 logs1 /umps1 bran*es1 etc41 9 woods4 ,x is (t5 clu/]$1 l>ge numb]s cov]+ a consid]able surface ( ! decay+ log4 ,x is #a--c cm4 high1 ! cap #h--bj mm4 broad1 & ! /em v sl5d]4 ,! pileus is convex1 umbilicate1 fa9tly /riate1 dull r$di% yell[1 9 damp wea!r ) a wat]y appe>ance4 ,! gills are n>r[1 yell[1 connect$ by ve9s1 /rongly curv$ because ( ! =m ( ! pileus1 & !n be+ decurr5t on ! /em4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 (t5 asc5d+1 br[ni% hairy t[>d ! base1 & pal] above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ajd4--,omphalia epi*ysium4 ,entire plant smoky or dull gray 9 color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,omphalia epi*ysium ,p]s4--,?is plant occurs dur+ ! autumn 9 woods1 gr[+ usually on mu* decay$ wood1 or sometimes app>5tly on ! gr\nd4 ,! smoky1 or dull gray color ( ! entire plant1 ! depress$ or funnel-%ap$ pileus1 & %ort1 sl5d] /em s]ve to di/+ui% x4 ,! cap is #b--d cm4 broad1 ! plant is #c--e cm4 high1 & ! /em #b--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ exp&$1 umbilicate or depress$ at ! c5t] or ne>ly funnel-%ap$1 smoo?1 smoky or gray ) a saturat$ wat]y appe>ance1 light gray or ne>ly :ite :5 dry4 ,! gills are n>r[1 cr[d$1 or a little decurr5t4 ,! sl5d] /em is smoo?1 holl[1 equal4 ,figure #ajd is f plants 7,no4 #ccgc1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 woods ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ! autumn ( #ahii4 ,,pleurotus ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aje4--,pleurotus ulm>ius4 ,cap :ite1 or ) %ades ( yell[ or br[n ne> ! c5t] 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! g5us ,pleurotus is usually recogniz$ )\t difficulty among ! fle%y1 :ite-spor$ ag>ics1 because ( ! ecc5tric 7n q 9 ! c5t] ( ! pileus7 or lat]al /em1 or by ! pileus be+ atta*$ at "o side 9 a m or less %elv+ position1 or 9 "s species :]e ! upp] side ( ! pileus lies directly aga9/ ! wood on :i* ! plant is gr[+1 & is !n said to be resup9ate4 ,! gills are ei!r decurr5t 7ext5d+ d[nw>d7 on ! /em1 or 9 "s species !y are r\nd$ or not*$ at ! junction ) ! /em4 ,!re is no annulus1 ?\gh sometimes a veil1 & ! g5us resembles bo? ,tri*oloma & ,clitocybe1 except = ! position ( ! /em on ! pileus4 ,9 ,tri*oloma & ,clitocybe ! /em is usually atta*$ at ! c5t]1 & ! majority ( ! species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! species ( ,pleurotus are especially *>act]iz$ by gr[+ on wood4 ,"s species1 at lea/1 appe> to gr[ f ! gr\nd1 z 9 ,pleurotus petaloides1 :i* is sometimes f\nd gr[+ on buri$ roots or portions ( decay$ /umps :i* no long] %[ above gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h& species ( ,clitocybe1 z 9 ,c4 c&ida 7,fig4 #ia71 (t5 h an ecc5tric /em4 ,?is pres5ts to u "o ( ! _m difficulties :i* /ud5ts1 especially beg9n]s1 ( ?is gr\p ( fungi meet1 & also sugge/s h[ unsatisfactory any arrangem5t ( g5]a z yet propos$ is4 ,pleurotus ulm>ius ,bull4 ,edible4--,! elm pleurotus is s call$ because x is (t5 f\nd gr[+ on dead elm bran*es or trunks1 or f w\nds 9 liv+ trees1 b x is n conf9$ to ! elm4 ,x is a l>ge species1 easily di/+ui%$ f ! oy/] ag>ic & ! o!r relat$ species by its long /em atta*$ usually ne> ! c5t] ( ! cap1 & by ! gills be+ r\nd$ or not*$ at _! inn] extremity4 ,! cap is #e--ab cm4 broad1 ! /em #e--aj cm4 long1 & #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ajf4--,pleurotus ulm>ius4 ,"u view & section 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 ! m>g9 incurv$1 !n ne>ly exp&$1 smoo?1 firm1 :ite or :iti%1 or ) %ades ( yell[ or br[n on ! c5t]1 & ! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills are broad1 r di/ant1 s9uate1 :ite or ne>ly s4 ,! spores are globose1 #e--h 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is firm1 ecc5tric1 usually curv$ because ( its lat]al atta*m5t on ! side ( ! tree1 & ! horizontal position ( ! pileus4 ,! elm pleurotus has be5 long kn[n z an edible fungus1 & is reg>d$ z an excell5t "o = food on acc\nt ( its flavor & because ( its l>ge size4 ,x occurs abundantly dur+ ! late autumn1 & at ?is season ( ! ye> is usually well protect$ f ! attacks ( insects4 ,x occurs 9 ! woods1 or fields1 m frequ5tly on dead trees4 ,on %ade trees :i* h be5 sev]ely prun$1 & are ne>ly or q dead1 x sometimes appe>s at ! w\nds1 :]e limbs h be5 remov$1 9 great abundance4 ,9 ! plants %[n 9 ,fig4 #aje ! /ems are /rongly curv$ because ! weight ( ! cap bore ! plant d[nw>d4 ,sometimes :5 ! plant is gr[+ directly on ! upp] side ( a bran* or log1 ! /em may be c5tral4 ,pleurotus o/reatus ,jacq4 ,edible4--,?is plant is kn[n z ! oy/] ag>ic1 because ! =m ( ! plant sometimes sugge/s ! outl9e ( an oy/] %ell1 z is se5 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,x gr[s on dead trunks & bran*es1 usually 9 cr[d$ clu/]s1 ! caps (t5 ov]lapp+ or imbricat$4 ,x is l>ge1 measur+ #h--bj cm4 or m broad4 ,! pileus is elongat$ & atta*$ at "o side by be+ sessile1 or x is n>r[$ into a v %ort /em4 ,x is broade/ at ! out] extremity1 :]e x becomes q ?9 t[>d ! m>g94 ,x is m or less curv$ 9 outl9e z se5 f ! side1 be+ depress$ usually on ! upp] side ne> ! po9t ( atta*m5t1 & t[>d ! m>g9 convex & ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,! color is :ite1 light gray1 buff or d>k gray1 (t5 becom+ yell[i% on dry+4 ,! gills are :ite1 broad1 n mu* cr[d$1 & run d[n on ! /em 9 long elevat$ l9es resembl+ ve9s1 :i* ana/omose (t5 9 a reticulate fa%ion4 ,! spores are :ite1 oblong1 #g--aj long4 ,! /em :5 pres5t is v %ort1 & (t5 hairy at ! base4 ,! oy/] ag>ic has long be5 kn[n z an edible mu%room1 b x is n rank$ among ! be/1 because1 l mo/ ,pleuroti1 x is r t\gh1 especially 9 age4 ,x is well to select "y plants4 ,figure #ajg is f plants 7,no4 #bjig1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd1 ,,figure #ajg4--,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,"u view %[+ decurr5t & ana/omos+ gills on ! /em4 ,cap :ite1 light gray1 buff1 or d>k gray 9 color4 ,spores :ite 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus sapidus ,kal*b4 ,edible4--,?is plant usually gr[s 9 l>ge clu/]s f dead trunks or bran*es or f dead portions ( liv+ trees4 ,x gr[s on a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,! /ems are (t5 jo9$ at ! base1 b sometimes ! plants are scatt]$ ov] a portion ( ! bran* or trunk4 ,! cap is f #e--aj cm4 broad4 ,! plants occur f ,june to ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce1 ,,figure #ajh4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,color ( cap :ite1 yell[i%1 gray1 or br[ni%1 ) lilac t9ts sometimes4 ,spores lilac t9t$ 9 mass 7#a_/b natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 ! m>g9 incurv$ :5 "y1 & m or less depress$ 9 age1 smoo?1 broad5$ t[>d ! m>g9 & tap]+ into ! %ort /em1 :i* is v %ort 9 "s cases & elongat$ 9 o!rs4 ,(t5 ! caps are q irregul> & ! m>g9 wavy1 especially :5 old4 ,x is q firm1 b ! m>g9 splits q readily on be+ h&l$4 ,! color v>ies greatly1 :ite1 yell[i%1 gray1 or br[ni% & lilac t9ts4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,! /ems are usually atta*$ to ! pileus1 at or ne> "o edge4 ,! gills are :ite1 broad1 n at all cr[d$1 & ext5d d[n on ! /em z 9 ! oy/] ag>ic4 ,!y are :ite or :iti%1 & z 9 ! o!r relat$ species are sometimes crack$1 due probably to ! t5sion br\ght to be> because ( ! exp&+ pileus4 ,! spores are t+$ ) lilac :5 se5 9 mass1 z :5 caught on pap]4 ,! color seems to be int5sifi$ aft] ! spores h la9 on ! pap] = a day or two4 ,x is v difficult to di/+ui% ?is species f ! oy/] ag>ic4 ,! color ( ! spores seems to be ! only di/+ui%+ "*1 & ?is may n be con/ant4 ,peck sugge/s t x may only be a v>iety ( ! oy/] ag>ic4 ,i h f\nd ! plant gr[+ f a dead spot on ! base ( a liv+ oak tree4 ,!re 0 = sev]al ye>s a drive ne> ?is tree1 & ! :eels ( vehicles cut into ! roots ( ! tree on ?is side1 & probably s injur$ x z to kill a portion & give ?is fungus & ano!r "o 7,poly/ictus p]gam5us7 a />t1 & lat] !y h sl[ly encroa*$ on ! side ( ! tree4 ,figure #ajh repres5ts ! plant 7,no4 #ccjg1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 f a dead maple trunk 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca1 collect$ dur+ ! autumn ( #ahii4 ,?is plant comp>es favorably ) ! oy/] ag>ic z an edible "o4 ,nei!r ( ^! plants pres]ve z well z ! elm pleurotus4 ,pleurotus dry9us ,p]s4 ,edible4--,pleurotus dry9us repres5ts a section ( ! g5us 9 :i* ! species are provid$ ) a veil :5 "y1 b :i* disappe>s z ! pileus exp&s4 ,?is species has be5 long kn[n 9 ,europe on trunks ( oak1 a%1 will[1 etc41 & occurs !re f ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,x 0 collect$ ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 9 a bee* woods along ,six-mile creek1 on ,octob] #bd?1 #ahih1 gr[+ f a decay$ kno?ole 9 ! trunk ( a liv+ hickory tree1 & aga9 9 a few days f a decay$ /ump4 ,! pileus v>ies f #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! lat]al or ecc5tric /em is #b--ab cm4 long by #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness1 ! l5g? ( ! /em dep5d+ on ! dep? ( ! ins]tion ( ! /em 9 a holl[ portion ( ! trunk4 ,! plant is :ite or :iti%1 & ! sub/ance is q firm1 dry+ q h>d4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 m or less depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ! m>g9 involute1 & ! surface at fir/ floccose1 becom+ 9 age floccose scaly1 s9ce ! surface breaks up into triangul> scales m prom95t 9 & ne> ! c5t]1 small] & inconspicu\s t[>d ! m>g94 ,! prevail+ color is :ite1 b 9 age ! scales become cream color or buff 79 ,european plants said to become fusc\s74 ,! pileus is ei!r def9itely lat]al 7,fig4 #aji7 or ecc5tric :5 ! /em is atta*$ ne> ! c5t] z 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,! gills are :ite1 becom+ t+$ ) yell[ 9 age1 decurr5t 7runn+ d[n on ! /em7 9 /ri = %ort di/ances1 #d--e mm4 broad1 n cr[d$4 ,! /em is ne>ly c5tral 7,fig4 #aaj71 or def9itely lat]al 7,fig4 #aji71 ! l5g? v>y+ accord+ to conditions z /at$ above4 ,x is firm1 t\gh1 fibr\s4 ,! veil is prom95t 9 "y & m$ium plants1 floccose1 te>+ irregul>ly z ! pileus exp&s4 ,figure #aaj is f plants 7,no4 #bdgh;a ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 gr[+ f kno?ole 9 liv+ hickory tree1 & ,fig4 #aji f plants 7,no4 #bdgh;b7 gr[+ on a dead /ump1 ne> ,i?aca4 ,accord+ to ! descriptions ( ,p4 dry9us z giv5 by ,p]soon1 & z foll[$ by ,fries & mo/ lat] writ]s1 ! pileus is def9itely lat]al1 & m or less dimidiate1 :ile 9 ,p4 corticatus ,fr41 ! pileus is entire & ! /em r long & ecc5tric4 ,/ev5son sugge/s 7p4 #aff7 t corticatus is p]haps too closely alli$ to dry9us4 ,! plants 9 our ,fig4 #aaj agree 9 all respects ) ,p4 corticatus1 except t possibly ! lamell d n ana/omose on ! /em z !y are said to 9 corticatus4 ,accord+ to ! usual descriptions corticatus is giv5 z ! l>g] species1 :ile ,fig4 #aji ( our plant1 possess+ ! typical *>act]s ( dry9us1 is ! l>g]4 ,! =m ( ! pileus1 ! l5g? & position ( ! /em1 dep5ds1 z we "k1 to a l>ge ext5t on ! position ( ! plant on ! tree4 ,:5 gr[+ f ! upp] side1 s t !re is room above = ! expansion ( ! cap1 ! pileus is apt to be m regul>1 j z is ! case 9 ,pleurotus ulm>ius1 & ! /em m ne>ly c5tral4 ,:5 ! plant gr[s f a holl[ place 9 ! trunk z ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj did1 !n !re is an opportunity = !m to gr[ m or less erect1 at lea/ until !y em]ge f ! holl[1 & !n ! pileus is m ne>ly equal 9 its expansion & ! /em is long]4 ,b]keley describes specim5s ( ,p4 dry9us ) long /ems gr[+ f a holl[ 9 an a%1 & ,/ev5son 7p4 #afg7 reports ! same condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf1 ,,figure #aji4--,pleurotus dry9us4 ,side & upp] view4 ,plant entirely :ite1 scales sometimes buff or cream color$ 9 age 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus sulfureoides ,pk4--,?is r>e species1 fir/ collect$ 9 ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s #ahfi1 & describ$ by ,peck 9 ! #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #hf1 #ahgj1 0 f\nd by me on two diff]5t occasions at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 dur+ ! autumn ( #ahih1 on rott+ logs1 ,i?aca ,flats1 & aga9 9 ,enfield ,gorge1 six miles f ,i?aca4 ,! plants are f #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #c--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #e--g mm4 9 ?ickness1 & ! entire plant is ( a dull1 or pale1 yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg1 ,,figure #aaj4--,pleurotus dry9us1 =m corticatus4 ,entire plant :ite1 scales cream or buff 9 age sometimes4 ,! ruptur$ veil %[s 9 ! small plant bel[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is ne>ly regul>1 fle%y1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 convex1 umbonate1 smoo? or ) a few small scales4 ,! gills are r cr[d$1 broad1 r\nd$ or not*$ at ! /em1 pale yell[4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #g--i #e--f 4 ,! /em is asc5d+ & curv$1 ne>ly or q c5tral 9 "s specim5s 9 its atta*m5t to ! pileus1 :iti% or yell[i%1 mealy or slightly tom5tose at ! apex4 ,figure #aaa is f plants 7,no4 #biec1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 on rott+ log1 ,i?aca ,flats1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aaa4--,pleurotus sulfureoides4 ,entire plant dull or pale yell[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus petaloides ,bull4 ,edible4--,! petal-l ag>ic is s call$ f ! fanci$ resemblance ( ! plant to ! petal ( a fl[]4 ,! plant usually gr[s 9 a ne>ly upright or m or less asc5d+ position1 or :5 x gr[s f ! side ( a trunk x is some:at %elv+4 ,x is some:at spa?ulate 9 =m1 i4 e41 broad at ! free end & tap]+ d[nw>d into ! %ort /em 9 a w$ge-%ap$ mann]1 & v>ies f #b--aj cm4 long & #a--e cm4 9 bread?4 ,x gr[s on fall5 bran*es or trunks1 on /umps1 & (t5 app>5tly f ! gr\nd1 b 9 reality f und]gr\nd roots or buri$ portions ( decay$ /umps1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aab4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,color pale r$di% br[n or br[n1 sometimes entirely :ite2 gills :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aac4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,m irregul> =m ?an t %[n 9 figure #aab2 color same z !re describ$ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus v>ies f a regul> w$ge-%ape to spa?ulate1 or m or less irregul>ly petaloid1 or con*oid =ms1 ! extremes ( size & =m be+ %[n 9 ,figs4 #aab1 #aac4 ,! m>g9 is at fir/ involute1 f9ally fully exp&$1 & ! upp] surface is ne>ly plane or some:at depress$4 ,! color is (t5 a pale r$di% br[n1 or br[n1 & sometimes pure :ite4 ,! m>g9 is sometimes m>k$ ) f9e /riations :5 moi/4 ,! upp] portion ne> ! union ) ! /em is sometimes tom5tose1 sometimes smoo?4 ,! gills are n>r[1 :ite1 or yell[i%1 cr[d$ & /rongly decurr5t4 ,:ile ! plant v>ies greatly 9 =m & size1 x is easily recogniz$ by ! pres5ce ( num]\s %ort :iti% cy/idia 9 ! hym5ium1 :i* bri/le ov] ! surface ( ! hym5ium & "u a pocket l5s pres5t a fuzzy appe>ance to ! lamell4 ,!y are #gj--hj #aj--ab 4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,figures #aab1 #aac are f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,pleurotus s]ot9us ,s*rad4 ,?is is an int]e/+ plant & occurs dur+ ! autumn on dead trunks1 bran*es1 etc41 9 ! woods4 ,! /em is want+1 & ! cap is %elv+1 dimidiate1 r5i=m or suborbicul>4 ,! plants occur s+ly or are clu/]$ & ov]lapp+1 ab\t ! same size & position z ,claudopus nidulans1 f :i* x is readily told by its :ite gills & spores4 ,! color v>ies f dull yell[ to br[ni%1 (t5 ) %ades ( olive or gre54 ,pleurotus applicatus ,bats*4--,?is is a pretty little species & usually occurs on mu* decay$ wood1 ly+ close to ! gr\nd s t x is usually directly on ! "u side ( ! log or bran*4 ,x does occur1 h[ev]1 on ! side ( ! log :5 x is m or less %elv+1 because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! pileus always to be m or less horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aad4--,pleurotus applicatus4 ,color gray to d>k blui% gray1 or black ) a blui% t+e 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is #d--f mm4 broad1 its upp] surface closely appli$ to ! wood or b>k on :i* x is gr[+ :5 x appe>s directly on ! "u side4 ,! m>g9 is sometimes free & involute4 ,sometimes x is atta*$ only by ! c5t] ( ! pileus4 ,!re is !n (t5 a %ort process4 ,:5 x gr[s on ! side ( ! log x is atta*$ lat]ally1 or on ! upp] side ( "o m>g91 :ile ! great] portion ( ! pileus is free & %elv+4 ,! surface is smoo? or some:at hairy4 ,! color v>ies f gray to d>k blui% gray1 or black ) a blui% t+e4 ,! gills are ?ick1 broad 9 proportion to ! size ( ! cap1 di/ant1 & are said by "s to be pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,9 plants collect$ at ,i?aca1 ! gills are (t5 z d>k z ! pileus4 ,! entire plant is r t\gh1 & revives aft] be+ dri$ if plac$ 9 wat]1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ,m>asmius1 ,panus1 or ,trogia1 & x may be m ne>ly relat$ to "o ( ^!4 ,figure #aad is f plants 7,no4 #deii1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,,hygrophorus ,fries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aae4--;,hygrophorus *rysodon4 ,entirely :ite ) gold5 yell[ granules on cap & /em 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! g5us ,hygrophorus is "o :i* pres5ts "s difficulties 9 ! case ( "s ( ! species1 especially to beg9n]s1 & plants ne$ to be /udi$ 9 ! fre% condition to und]/& ! mo/ important "* :i* sep>ates x f c]ta9 ( ! o!r :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 ,! sub/ance ( ! pileus is cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em1 t is1 ! /em is n easily sep>at$ f ! cap at ! po9t ( junction1 b is m or less t5aci\s4 ,! gills may be adnex$1 adnate1 s9uate1 or decurr5t1 b :at is important !y are usually r di/ant1 ! edge is acute or %>p1 & gradually ?ick5$ t[>d ! junction ) ! cap1 s t a section ( ! gill is m or less triangul>4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! fact t ! sub/ance ( ! cap ext5ds d[nw>d into ! gill betwe5 ! lam9 or surfaces ( ! gill4 ,b ! mo/ important "* = det]m9+ ! g5us is ! fact t ! surfaces ( ! gills become r ( a waxy consi/5cy at maturity1 s t !y appe> to be full ( a wat]y sub/ance ?\gh !y d n ble$1 & ! surface ( ! gill c be r easily remov$1 leav+ ! project+ l9e ( ! trama4 ,?is is m m>k$ 9 "s species ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! waxy consi/5cy ( ! gills !n1 ) ! gills acute at ! edge1 broad at ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! pileus1 & ! gills be+ r widely sep>at$ are ! important *>act]s 9 det]m9+ ! species :i* belong to ?is g5us4 ,! ne>e/ relat$ g5us is ,can?>ellus1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has blunt & =k$ gills4 ,a numb] ( ! plants are brilliantly color$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch1 ,,figure #aaf4--;,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,entirely :ite1 slimy 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hygrophorus *rysodon 7,bats*47 ,fries4 ,edible4--,?is plant has ab\t ! same range z ,hygrophorus eburneus1 ?\gh x is said to be r>e4 ,x is a v pretty plant & "o q easily recognis$ because ( ! uni=m :ite gr\nd color ( ! entire plant :5 fre%1 & ! num]\s gold5 floccules or squamules scatt]$ ov] ! cap & ! /em4 ,! "n *rysodon means gold5 too?1 & ref]s to ^! num]\s gold5 flecks on ! plant4 ,a =m ( ! plant1 v>iety leucodon1 is said to occur 9 :i* ^! granules are :ite4 ,! plant is #d--g cm4 high1 ! cap #d--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants gr[ on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 or r op5 places1 dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 ! m>g9 /rongly involute :5 "y1 & unroll+ z ! cap exp&s1 v viscid1 s t p>ticles ( dirt & portions ( leaves1 etc41 cl+ to x 9 dry+4 ,! gold5 or light yell[ granules on ! surface are r num]\s ne> ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 b are scatt]$ ov] ! entire surface4 ,on ! m>g9 !y sometimes /& 9 conc5tric r[s close toge!r4 ,! gills are :ite1 di/ant1 decurr5t1 #c--f mm4 broad1 :ite1 some:at yell[i% 9 age & 9 dry+1 & connect$ by ve9s4 ,! spores :ite1 oval to ovate1 ! long] ones approa*+ elliptical1 #f--aj #e--f 4 ,! /em is s(t1 spongy )91 ne>ly equal1 :ite1 ! yell[i% granules scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 b m num]\s t[>d ! apex1 :]e !y are (t5 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a r+4 ,:5 ! plant is "y ^! yell[ granules or squamules on ! /em & ! upp] surface ( ! inroll$ m>g9 ( ! pileus meet1 =m+ a cont9u\s lay] 9 ! =m ( a veil1 :i* becomes spread out 9 ! =m ( sep>at$ granules z ! pileus exp&s1 & no free coll> is left on ! /em4 ,figure #aae is f plants 7,no4 #cajh1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 9 woods1 & by roadsides1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hygrophorus eburneus 7,bulli>d7 ,fries4 ,edible4--,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is entirely :ite1 ( m$ium size1 v viscid or glut9\s1 be+ entirely cov]$ ) a coat+ ( glut51 :i* makes x v slipp]y 9 h&l+4 ,! odor is mild & n unpleasant l t ( a closely relat$ species1 ,h4 cossus4 ,! plants are #f--ae cm4 high1 ! cap is f #c--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 or 9 op5 grassy places4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 mod]ately ?ick1 sometimes ?91 convex to exp&$1 ! m>g9 unev5 or sometimes wavy1 smoo?1 & %9+4 ,:5 "y ! m>g9 ( ! cap is incurv$4 ,! gills are /rongly decurr5t1 di/ant1 ) ve9-l elevations ne> ! /em4 ,spores r long1 oval1 #f--aj #e--f 1 granul>4 ,! /em v>ies 9 l5g?1 x is spongy to /uff$ )91 sometimes holl[ & tap]s bel[4 ,! slime :i* envelops ! plant is sometimes s abundant z to =m a veil cov]+ ! entire plant & ext5d+ across f ! m>g9 ( ! cap to ! /em1 cov]+ ! gills4 ,z ! plant dries ?is disappe>s1 & does n leave an annulus on ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aag4--;,hygrophorus fulig9eus4 ,cap & /em dull r$di% br[n or smoky br[n1 v viscid :5 moi/2 gills :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #aaf is f a photograph ( plants 7,no4 #becd1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ,enfield ,gorge ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,nov4 #e?1 #ahih4 ,hygrophorus fulig9eus ,fro/4 ,edible4--,! smoky hygrophorus 0 describ$ 9 ! #ce? ,report ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,museum1 p4 #acd4 ,x is an ,am]ican plant1 & 0 fir/ collect$ at ,we/ ,albany1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us1 & gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 9 late autumn4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap f #c--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! l>ge size ( ! plant toge!r ) ! smoky1 br[n1 viscid cap aid 9 ! recognition ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ exp&$1 smoo?1 v viscid1 dull r$di% br[n or smoky br[n1 d>k] on ! c5t]2 ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is ev5 9 "y specim5s1 becom+ irregul> 9 o!rs2 & 9 age (t5 elevat$ m or less4 ,! gills are broad1 di/ant1 usually decurr5t1 (t5 connect$ by ve9s1 :ite1 ) yell[i% t+e 9 dry+4 ,! spores oval to elliptical1 #h--ab #e--g 4 ,! /em is /\t1 sometimes asc5d+1 equal1 or enl>g$ 9 ! middle1 or tap]+ t[>d ! base1 solid1 viscid l ! pileus1 usually :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) ! same color z pileus1 some:at yell[i% t+$ 9 dry+4 ,figure #aag is f plants 7,no4 #bedf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ,enfield ,gorge ne> ,i?aca1 ,nov4 #e1 #ahih4 ,hygrophorus prat5sis 7,p]s47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is hygrophorus gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures1 old fields1 or 9 wa/e places1 or 9 ?9 & op5 woods1 f mid-summ] to late autumn4 ,! plants are #c--e cm4 high1 ! cap #b--e cm4 or m broad1 & ! /em #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! cap be+ ?ick at ! c5t]1 & ! /em be+ usually /\t] at ! apex1 (t5 gives to ! plant a %ape l t ( a top4 ,! pileus is hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 !n ne>ly or q exp&$1 :ite1 or ) v>i\s %ades ( yell[ or tawny1 or buff1 n viscid1 (t5 crack+ 9 dry wea!r4 ,fle% v ?ick at ! c5t]1 ?9n] at ! m>g94 ,! fle% is firm & :ite4 ,! gills are /\t1 di/ant1 long decurr5t1 :ite or yell[i%1 & arcuate :5 ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is incurv$ 9 ! "y /ate1 !n asc5d+ z ! pileus takes ! %ape ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,! gills are connect$ across ! int]spaces by ve9-l folds1 or elevations4 ,! spores are ne>ly globose to ovate or ne>ly elliptical1 :ite1 #f--h #e--f 4 ,! /em is smoo?1 firm outside & spongy )91 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,hygrophorus m9iatus ,fr4 ,! v]milion hygrophorus is a v common plant 9 ! woods dur+ ! summ]4 ,! cap & /em are bright r$1 sometimes v]milion4 ,! gills are yell[ & (t5 t+$ ) r$4 ,! gills are adnate or s9uate4 ,! plant is a small "o b (t5 abundant1 & measures f #c--e cm4 high1 & ! cap #b--d cm4 broad4 ,hygrophorus cocc9eus 7,s*aeff47 ,fr41 is a some:at l>g] plant & ) a sc>let cap1 :i* becomes yell[i% 9 age1 & ! gills are adnate4 ,hygrophorus conicus 7,scop47 ,fr41 is ano!r bright r$ plant ) a rem>kable conical pileus1 & ! gills are annex$ to free4 ,hygrophorus psittac9us ,fr41 is a rem>kably pretty plant1 ! cap be+ f bell-%ap$ to exp&$1 umbilicate1 /riate1 & cov]$ ) a gre5i% slime4 ,x occurs 9 woods & op5 places4 ,! prevail+ color is yell[1 t+$ ) gre51 b x v>ies greatly1 sometimes yell[1 r$1 :ite1 etc41 b ne>ly always is m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( ! gre5i% slime1 ! color ( ?is disappe>+ z ! plant dries4 ,x occurs 9 pa/ures1 op5 woods1 etc41 f mid-summ] to autumn4 ,hygrophorus hypo!jus ,fr41 is ano!r v v>iable plant 9 color z well z 9 size1 v>y+ f yell[1 orange1 r$di%1 sometimes pal]1 usually fir/ grayi% :5 cov]$ ) ! olive color$ slime4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 :ite1 !n yell[4 ,x occurs 9 autumn4 ,,lact>ius ,fr4 ,! g5us ,lact>ius is easily di/+ui%$ f ne>ly all ! o!r ag>ics by ! pres5ce ( a milky or color$ juice :i* exudes f w\nd$1 cut1 or brok5 places on ! fre% plant4 ,!re are a few ( ! species ( ! g5us ,myc5a :i* exude a wat]y or color$ juice :]e w\nd$1 b ^! are easily told f ,lact>ius because ( _! small size1 m sl5d] habit1 & bell-%ap$ cap4 ,by c>eful obs]vation ( ^! *>act]s x is q an easy matt] to tell :e!r or n ! plant at h& is a ,lact>ius4 ,9 addition to ! pres5ce ( ?is juice or milk z x is commonly t]m$1 ! entire plant :ile firm is q brittle1 especially ! gills4 ,!re are gr\ps ( r\nd$ or vesiculose cells int]m+l$ ) ?read-l cells 9 ! sub/ance ( ! cap4 ,?is latt] "* c only be se5 on exam9ation ) ! microscope4 ,! brittl5ess ( ! plant z well z ! pres5ce ( ^! gr\ps ( vesiculose cells is %>$ by ! g5us ,russula1 :i* is at once sep>at$ f ,lact>ius by ! abs5ce ( a juice :i* exudes 9 drops4 ,9 det]m9+ ! species x is a v important ?+ to "k ! ta/e ( ! juice or ( ! fre% plant1 :e!r x is pepp]y1 or bitt]1 or mild1 t is1 ta/eless4 ,if "o is c>eful n to swall[ any ( ! juice or fle% ( ! plant no h>m results f ta/+ any ( ! plants1 provid$ !y are n ta/$ too (t5 dur+ a %ort "t1 beyond ! unpleasant s5sation result+ f ta/+ "s ( ! v hot k9ds4 ,x is important also to "k ! color ( ! milk :5 x fir/ exudes f w\nds & if x *anges color on exposure to ! air4 ,^! te/s ( ! plant %\ld be made ( c\rse :ile x is fre%4 ,! spores are :ite1 globose or ne>ly s 9 all species1 & usually cov]$ ) m9ute sp9y processes4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( species4 ,peck1 #ch? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 pp4 #aaa--acc1 describes #dj ,am]ican species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aah4--,lact>ius corrugis4 ,%[+ corrugat$ cap1 & :ite milk exud+4 ,d>k tawny br[n1 gills orange br[n 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,lact>ius volemus ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is species is by "s t]m$ ! orange br[n lact>ius because ( its usual color4 ,x 0 probably t]m$ ,lact>ius volemus because ( ! volum9\s quantity ( milk :i* exudes :]e ! plant is brok5 or bruis$1 ?\gh x is n ! only species hav+ ?is "*4 ,9 fre%1 "y plants1 a m]e crack or bruise w set loose quantities ( ! milky juice :i* drops rapidly f ! plant4 ,! plant is ab\t ! size ( ,lact>ius deliciosus & occurs 9 damp woods1 :]e x gr[s 9 consid]able abundance f ,july to ,septemb]1 sev]al usually gr[+ ne> ea* o!r4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 (t5 ) a small elevation 7umbo7 at ! c5t]1 or sometimes plane1 & :5 old a little depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 smoo? or some:at wr9kl$4 ,! cap is dull orange or tawny1 ! %ade ( color be+ light] 9 "s plants & d>k] 9 o!rs4 ,! fle% is :ite & q firm4 ,! gills are :ite1 (t5 t+$ ) ! same color z ! pileus1 b mu* light]2 !y are adnate or slightly decurr5t4 ,! /em is usually %ort1 b v>ies f #c--aj #a--b cm4 ,x is color$ l ! pileus1 b a light] %ade4 ,! milk is :ite1 abundant1 mild1 n unpleasant to ! ta/e1 b /icky z x dries4 ,?is plant has also long be5 kn[n z "o ( ! excell5t mu%rooms = food bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,peck /ates t !re are sev]al plants :i* resemble ,lact>ius volemus 9 color & 9 ! milk1 b t no h>m c\ld come f eat+ !m4 ,!re is "o ) a m r$di% br[n pileus1 ,lact>ius rufus1 f\nd sp>+ly 9 ! woods1 b :i* has a v pepp]y ta/e4 ,x is said by "s to be poison\s4 ,lact>ius corrugis ,pk4 ,edible4--,?is species occurs ) ,lact>ius volemus & v closely resembles x1 b x is ( a d>k] color1 & ! pileus is m (t5 m>k$ by prom95t wr9kles1 f :i* "* ! plant has d]iv$ its specific "n4 ,x is p]haps a little /\t] plant ?an ,l4 volemus1 & ) a ?ick] cap4 ,! surface ( ! pileus seems to be cov]$ ) a v f9e velvety tom5tum :i* gli/5s z ! cap is turn$ 9 ! light4 ,! gills are mu* d>k] ?an 9 ,l4 volemus4 ,! plants are usually cle>ly sep>at$ on acc\nt ( ^! *>act]s1 yet !re are occasionally light color$ =ms ( ,l4 corrugis :i* are difficult to di/+ui% f d>k =ms ( ,l4 volemus1 & ?is fact has ar\s$ ! suspicion t corrugis is only a =m ( volemus4 ,! milk is v abundant & 9 e respect agrees ) t ( ,l4 volemus4 ,i d n "k t any "o has te/$ ,l4 corrugis = food4 ,b s9ce x is s closely relat$ to ,l4 volemus ,i te/$ x dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii 9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a m\nta9s4 ,i consid] x excell5t4 ,! me?ods ( cook+ !re 7 r primitive4 ,x 0 slic$ & fri$ ) butt] & salt4 ,x %\ld be well cook$1 = :5 n well done ! p>tially raw ta/e is n pleasant4 ,! plant 0 v abundant 9 ! woods1 & = ?ree weeks an abundance 0 s]v$ twice a day = a table ( twelve p]sons4 ,! only disagreeable feature ab\t x is ! /icky "* ( ! milk1 :i* adh]es 9 quantity to ! h&s & becomes black4 ,?is makes ! prep>ation ( ! plant = ! broil] a r unpleasant task4 ,figure #aah is f plants 7,no4 #ciaj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ! woods at ,bl[+ ,rock1 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,j be=e ! exposure 0 made to get ! photograph sev]al ( ! plants 7 w\nd$ ) a p9 to cause ! drops ( milk to exude1 z is well %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! d>k color ( ! lamell 9 ,l4 corrugis is due to ! numb] ( br[n cy/idia or set1 9 ! hym5ium1 :i* project above ! surface ( ! gills1 & !y are especially abundant on ! edge ( ! gills4 ,^! set are long fusoid1 #hj--abj #aj--ab 4 ,! v>iations 9 ! color ( ! gills1 9 "s plants ! gills be+ mu* d>k] ?an 9 o!rs1 is due to ! v>iations ei!r 9 ! numb] ( ^! set or to ! v>iation 9 _! color4 ,:]e ! cy/idia are few] 9 numb] or are light] 9 color ! lamell are light] color$4 ,typical =ms ( ,lact>ius volemus h simil> set1 b !y are v pale 9 color & n s abundant ov] ! surface ( ! gills4 ,9 ! d>k] =ms ( ,l4 volemus ! set are m abundant & d>k] 9 color1 approa*+ ^? f\nd 9 ,l4 corrugis4 ,^! facts1 support$ by ! v>iation 9 ! color ( ! pileus 9 ! two species & ! v>iations 9 ! rugosities ( ! pileus1 seem to indicate t ! two species are v closely relat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aai4--,lact>ius lignyotus4 ,cap & /em sooty1 cap wr9kl$1 gills :ite1 !n t+$ ) o*re 7natural size1 sometimes l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,lact>ius lignyotus ,fr4--,?is is kn[n z ! sooty lact>ius & occurs 9 woods along ) ! smoky lact>ius4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by ! d>k br[n color ( ! pileus & by ! pres5ce usually ( rugose wr9kles ov] ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,9 size x agrees ) ! smoky lact>ius4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n plane1 or some:at depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 dry1 sometimes ) a small umbo1 d>k br[n or sooty 7*ocolate to seal br[n z giv5 9 ,ridgeway's nom5clature ( colors71 cov]$ ) a v f9e tom5tum :i* has ! appe>ance ( a bloom4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap1 especially 9 old plants1 is some:at wavy or plicate z 9 ,lact>ius fulig9osus4 ,! gills are mod]ately cr[d$ :5 "y1 becom+ di/ant 9 old] plants1 :ite1 !n cream color or yell[1 *ang+ to r$di% or salmon color :]e bruis$4 ,! spores are yell[i% 9 mass1 fa9tly s "u ! microscope1 globose1 /rongly e*9ulate1 #f--aj 4 ,! ta/e is mild1 or sometimes sl[ly & slightly acrid4 ,! plants f ,nor? ,c>ol9a %[$ di/9ctly ! *ange to r$di% or salmon color :5 ! gills 7 bruis$1 & ! ta/e 0 not$ z mild4 ,figure #aai is f plants 7,no4 #chfd1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s1 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,lact>ius fulig9osus ,fr4--,! smoky or d+y lact>ius occurs 9 woods & op5 grassy places4 ,x is widely di/ribut$4 ,! plants are #d--g cm4 high1 ! cap #c--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! light smoky color ( ! cap & /em1 ! dull yell[i% :ite color ( ! gills1 & 9 old plants ! wavy m>g9 ( ! cap make x comp>atively easy to recognize ! species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abj4--,lact>ius fulig9osus4 ,cap & /em smoky1 cap usually n wr9kl$2 gills :ite1 !n light o*re1 di/ant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is ?91 at fir/ firm1 becom+ s(t1 convex1 !n plane & (t5 some:at depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 usually ev51 dry1 ! m>g9 9 old plants cr5ately wavy1 dull gray or smoky gray 9 color1 ) a f9e d[n or tom5tum4 ,! gills are adnate1 di/ant1 m s 9 old plants1 :ite1 !n yell[i%1 sometimes *ang+ to salmon color or r$di% :]e bruis$4 ,! spores are yell[i% 9 mass1 fa9tly yell[ "u ! microscope1 /rongly e*9ulate or tub]culate1 globose1 #f--aj 4 ,! /em is usually pal] ?an ! pileus1 firm1 /uff$4 ,! milk is :ite1 sl[ly acrid to ! ta/e4 ,figure #abj is f plants 7,no4 #chfg1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,lact>ius g]>dii ,pk4--,?is plant 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck 9 ! #bf? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fe1 & 9 ! #bh? ,rept4 p4 #abi4 ,accord+ to ! descriptions x diff]s f ,lact>ius fulig9osus only 9 ! spores be+ :ite1 ! gills m di/ant1 & ! ta/e be+ con/antly mild4 ,s9ce ! ta/e 9 ,l4 fulig9osus is sometimes mild1 or sl[ly acrid1 & ! lamell 9 ! old] plants are m di/ant1 ! spores sometimes only t+$ ) yell[1 !re does n seem to be a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two species4 ,9 fact all ?ree ( ^! species1 fulig9osus1 lignyotus & g]>dii1 seem to be v closely relat$4 ,=ms ( fulig9osus approa* lignyotus 9 color1 & ! pileus sometimes is rugose wr9kl$1 :ile 9 lignyotus pale =ms occur1 & ! pileus is n always rugose wr9kl$4 ,! color ( ! bruis$ lamell is ! same 9 ! two la/ species & sometimes ! *ange 9 color is n m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aba4--,lact>ius torm9osus4 ,cap o*race\s & p9k hues1 ) zones ( d>k] color1 m>g9 ( cap wooly 7natural size1 (t5 mu* l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,lact>ius torm9osus 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! unev5 mixture ( p9k & o*race\s colors1 & ! v hairy or tom5tose m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap ab\t ! same bread?1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs 9 woods on ! gr\nd dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,! pileus is convex1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 & ! m>g9 /rongly incurv$ :5 "y1 ! abundant hairs on ! m>g9 =m+ an app>5t veil at ?is "t :i* cov]s up ! gills4 ,! upp] surface ( ! pileus is smoo?1 or sometimes m or less cov]$ ) a tom5tum simil> to t on ! m>g94 ,! color is an admixture ( o*race\s & p9k hues1 sometimes ) conc5tric zones ( d>k] %ades4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 n>r[1 :iti%1 ) a t+e ( yell[i% fle% color4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 holl[1 :iti%4 ,! milk is :ite1 un*angeable1 acrid to ! ta/e4 ,figure #aba1 left h& plants1 is f plants 7,no4 #ciaa1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 & ! "r h& plant 7,no4 #bifj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abb4--,lact>ius pip]atus4 ,entirely :ite1 milk v pepp]y 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,lact>ius pip]atus 7,scop47 ,fr4--,?is species is v hot & pepp]y to ! ta/e1 is ( m$ium size1 entirely :ite1 depress$ at ! c5t]1 or funnel-%ap$1 ) a %ort /em1 & v n>r[ & cr[d$ gills1 & abundant :ite milk4 ,! plants are #c--g cm4 high1 ! cap #h--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s 9 woods on ! gr\nd & is q common1 sometimes v common 9 late summ] & autumn4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?ick1 firm1 convex1 umbilicate1 & !n depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 becom+ f9ally m or less funnel-%ap$ by ! elevation ( ! m>g94 ,x is :ite1 smoo? :5 "y1 9 age sometimes becom+ sordid & some:at r\gh5$4 ,! gills are :ite1 v n>r[1 v mu* cr[d$1 & "s ( !m =k$1 arcuate & !n asc5d+ because ( ! funnel-%ap$ pileus4 ,! spores are smoo?1 oval1 ) a small po9t1 #e--g #d--e 4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ bel[1 %ort1 solid4 ,! milk is :ite1 un*angeable1 v acrid to ! ta/e & abundant4 ,! plant is report$ z edible4 ,a closely relat$ species is ,l4 p]gam5us 7,sw>tz7 ,fr41 :i* resembles x v closely1 b has a long]1 /uff$ /em1 & ?9n]1 m pliant pileus1 :i* is m frequ5tly irregul> & ecc5tric1 & n at fir/ umbilicate4 ,figure #abb is f plants 7,no4 #chhg1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abc4--,lact>ius resimus4 ,entire plant :ite1 9 age scales on cap dull o*race\s 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lact>ius resimus ,fr48--,?is plant is v common 9 ! woods bord]+ a sphagnum moor at ,malloryville1 ,n4 ,y41 t5 miles f ,i?aca1 dur+ ,july to ,septemb]4 ,i h f\nd x at ?is place e summ] = ! pa/ ?ree ye>s4 ,x occurs also 9 ! woods ( ! damp rav9es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,i?aca4 ,x 0 also abundant 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! plants are l>ge1 ! caps #aj--ae cm4 broad1 ! /em #e--h cm4 long1 & #b--c cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 umbilicate1 !n depress$ & m or less funnel-%ap$ 9 age1 :ite1 9 ! c5t] r\gh5$ ) fibr\s scales z ! plant ages1 ! scales becom+ q /\t 9 old plants4 ,! scales are t+$ ) dull o*race\s or are light br[ni% 9 ! old] plants4 ,! o*re color$ scales are sometimes evid5t ov] ! entire cap1 ev5 9 "y plants4 ,9 "y plants ! m>g9 is /rongly involute or inroll$1 & a loose b ?ick veil ( int]wov5 ?reads ext5ds f ! surface ( ! roll to ! /em4 ,?is disappe>s z ! m>g9 ( ! cap unrolls ) ! exp&+ pileus4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is (t5 /]ile1 t is1 x ext5ds beyond ! ends ( ! gills4 ,! gills are :ite1 /\t1 & broad1 decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$ ne> ! /em4 ,:5 bruis$1 ! gills aft] sev]al h\rs become o*race\s br[n4 ,! spores are subglobose1 m9utely sp9y1 #h--ab 4 ,! /em is solid1 cyl9drical1 m9utely tom5tose1 spongy )9 :5 old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abd4--,lact>ius resimus4 ,section ( "y plant %[+ inroll$ m>g9 ( cap1 & ! veil 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! ta/e is v acrid1 & ! :ite milk n *ang+ to yell[4 ,:ile ! milk does n *ange to yell[1 brok5 portions ( ! plant sl[ly *ange to fle% color1 !n o*race\s br[n4 ,figures #abc1 #abd are f plants collect$ 9 "o ( ! damp gorges ne> ,i?aca1 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,! =k$ gills1 ! /rongly inroll$ m>g9 ( ! cap & veil ( ! "y plants are well %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,lact>ius *rysorrheus ,fr4--,?is is a common & widely di/ribut$ species1 f small to m$ium size4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & groves dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ( m$ium ?ickness1 convex & depress$ 9 ! c5t] f ! "y condition1 & z ! pileus exp&s ! m>g9 becomes m & m upturn$ & ! depression deep]1 s t ev5tually x is m or less broadly funnel-=m4 ,! color v>ies f :ite to fle% color1 t+$ ) yell[ sometimes 9 spots1 & m>k$ usually ) fa9t zones ( bright] yell[4 ,! zones are sometimes v indi/9ct or entirely want+4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 :ite !n yell[1 :]e bruis$ becom+ yell[i%1 !n dull r$di%4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ bel[1 holl[ or /uff$1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 smoo? 7sometimes pitt$ z %[n 9 ! ,fig4 #abe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abe4--,lact>ius *rysorrheus4 ,cap :ite or fle% color1 (t5 t+$ ) yell[i%1 & ) d>k] zones 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! plant is acrid to ! ta/e1 ! milk :ite *ang+ to citron yell[ on exposure4 ,figure #abe is f plants 7,no4 #chge1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! species 0 q abundant 9 ?is locality dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 9 *e/nut groves1 mix$ woods1 & bord]s ( woods4 ,lact>ius deliciosus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,lact>ius deliciosus gr[s 9 damp woods1 is widely di/ribut$ & sometimes is q common4 ,x occurs f ,july to ,octob]4 ,x is "o ( ! m$ium or l>ge siz$ species1 be+ #c--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by its orange color & ! conc5tric zones ( light & d>k orange ar\nd on ! pileus1 & by ! orange milk :i* is exud$ :]e w\nd$4 ,! pileus is fir/ convex1 !n slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 becom+ m exp&$1 & f9ally m or less funnel-%ap$ by ! elevation ( ! m>g94 ,x is usually m or less orange 9 color or mottl$ ) v>y+ %ades1 & ) conc5tric b&s ( a deep] color4 ,! gills are yell[i% orange (t5 ) d>k] spots4 ,! /em is ( ! same color z ! pileus b pal]1 sometimes ) d>k] spots4 ,! fle% ( ! plant is :ite1 %ad$ ) orange4 ,9 old plants ! color fades out some:at & becomes unev5ly t+$ ) gre51 & bruis$ places become gre54 ,peck /ates t :5 fre% ! plant (t5 has a slight acrid ta/e4 ,be+ a widely di/ribut$ & n uncommon plant1 & "o s readily recogniz$1 x has long be5 kn[n 9 ! old _w z well z "h4 ,all writ]s on ^! subjects concur 9 recomm5d+ x = food1 "s pron\nc+ x excell5t1 "s ! mo/ delici\s kn[n4 ,its "n sugge/s ! e/imation 9 :i* x 0 held :5 *ri/5$4 ,lact>ius *elidonium ,pk4 ,edible4--,?is pretty little ,lact>ius 0 describ$ by ,peck 9 ! #bd? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #gd4 ,x is closely alli$ to ,lact>ius deliciosus1 f :i* x is said to diff] 9 its m n>r[ lamell1 diff]5tly color$ milk1 small] spores4 ,! plant is ab\t #e cm4 high1 ! cap ab\t #e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 firm1 convex & depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 smoo?1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 ( a grayi% gre5 color ) blue & yell[ t9ts1 & a few n>r[ zones on ! m>g94 ,! gills are cr[d$1 n>r[1 "s ( !m =k$ at ! base1 & sometimes jo9+ to =m reticulations4 ,! spores are yell[i%4 ,! %ort /em is ne>ly equal1 smoo?1 holl[1 & ! same color z ! pileus4 ,! ta/e is mild1 ! milk n abundant1 & ( a yell[i% color1 resembl+ ! juice ( ,cel&9e or ! liquid secret$ f ! m\? ( gras%opp]s4 ,w\nds on ! plant are fir/ ( ! color ( ! milk1 *ang+ on exposure to blue1 & f9ally to gre54 ,! plant occurs dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn 9 woods4 ,peck report$ x fir/ f ,s>atoga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x has be5 f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,/ate1 & x has probably q a wide di/ribution4 ,i f\nd x dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s ( ,n4 ,c4 ,figure #a1 plate #ci1 is f "s ( ! wat] color draw+s made by ,mr4 ,frankl9 ,r4 ,ra?bun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,fig4 #a4--,lact>ius deliciosus4 ,,fig4 #b4--,l4 *elidonium4 ,,fig4 #c4--,l4 indigo4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,lact>ius indigo 7,s*w47 ,fr4--,! indigo blue lact>ius is a v /rik+ & easily recogniz$ plant because ( ! ri* indigo blue color s pr$om9ant 9 ! entire plant4 ,x is n v abundant1 b is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! plant is #e--g cm4 high1 ! cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants occur dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,! pileus :5 "y is umbilicate1 ! m>g9 involute1 & 9 age ! m>g9 becomes elevat$ & !n ! pileus is m or less funnel-%ap$4 ,! indigo blue color is deeply seat$1 & ! surface ( ! pileus has a silv]y gray appe>ance ?r\gh :i* ! indigo blue color is se54 ,! surface is m>k$ by conc5tric zones ( a d>k] %ade4 ,9 age ! color is apt to be less uni=mly di/ribut$1 x is pal]1 & ! zones are fa9t]4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 & :5 bruis$1 or 9 age1 ! indigo blue color *anges some:at to gre5i%4 ,! milk is d>k blue4 ,,russula ,p]s4 ,! species ( ,russula are v *>act]i/ic1 & ! g5us is easily recogniz$ 9 mo/ cases aft] a little exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! v brittle texture ( ! plants ! g5us resembles ,lact>ius1 & _m ( !m are m brittle ?an ! species ( ?is g5us4 ,a section ( ! pileus %[s "u ! microscope a simil> vesicul> condition1 t is ! gr\p+ ( l>ge r\nd$ cells toge!r1 ) ?reads betwe54 ,b ! species ( ,russula are at once sep>at$ f ^? ( ,lact>ius by ! abs5ce ( a juice :i* exudes 9 drops f bruis$ p>ts ( ,lact>ius4 ,:ile "s ( ! species are :ite & o!rs h dull or sombre colors1 _m ( ! species ( ,russula h bright1 or ev5 brilliant colors1 z r$1 purple1 violet1 p9k1 blue1 yell[1 gre54 ,9 det]m9+ _m ( ! species1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to "k ! ta/e1 :e!r mild1 bitt]1 acrid1 etc41 & 9 ?is respect ! g5us aga9 resembles ,lact>ius4 ,! color ( ! gills z well z ! color ( ! spores 9 mass %\ld also be det]m9$4 ,! g5us is q a l>ge "o1 & ! ,am]ican species are n well kn[n1 ! g5us be+ a difficult "o4 ,9 ,j\r4 ,mycolog41 #e3 #eh--fd1 #ahhi1 ! *>act]s ( ! tribes ( ,russula ) descriptions ( #be species are quot$ f ,/ev5son1 ) notes on _! di/ribution 9 ,n4 ,a4 by ,mac,adam4 ,russula alutacea ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is h&some ,russula diff]s f ! o!rs describ$ "h 9 ! color ( ! gills & spores4 ,! plant is common & occurs 9 mix$ woods dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn4 ,x is #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a4e--b4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 oval to bell-%ap$1 becom+ plane1 & sometimes umbilicate4 ,x is r$ or blood r$ 9 color1 sometimes purple1 & becom+ pale 9 age1 especially at ! c5t]4 ,x is viscid :5 moi/1 ! m>g9 ?9 & /riate-tub]culate4 ,! gills are free f ! /em1 /\t1 broad1 fir/ :ite1 becom+ yell[1 & 9 age o*race\s4 ,! gills are all ( ! same l5g?1 n cr[d$1 & !y are connect$ by ve9-l elevations ov] ! surface4 ,! /em is /\t1 solid1 ev51 :ite1 portions ( ! /em are r$1 sometimes purple4 ,! ta/e is mild1 & ! plant is reg>d$ z "o ( ! v good ones = food4 ,russula lepida ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is elegant ,russula occurs 9 bir* woods or 9 mix$ woods dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,x is #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #f--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 n %9+1 deep r$1 becom+ pale 9 age1 (t5 :iti% at ! c5t]1 silky1 9 age ! surface crack+1 ! m>g9 blunt & n /riate4 ,! gills are r\nd$ next ! /em1 ?ick1 r cr[d$1 & sometimes =k$1 :ite1 sometimes r$ on ! edge ne> ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,! gills are (t5 connect$ by ve9-l elevations ov] ! surface4 ,! /em is equal1 :ite or rose color4 ,! ta/e is mild4 ,russula viresc5s 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods or 9 grassy places 9 groves f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,! /em is %ort1 #b--g cm4 long #a--b cm4 ?ick1 & ! cap is #e--aj cm4 broad4 ,! plant is well kn[n by ! gre5 color ( ! pileus & by ! surface ( ! pileus be+ sep>at$ into num]\s1 q regul>1 some:at angul> areas or pat*es1 :]e ! gre5 color is m pron\nc$4 ,! pileus is fir/ r\nd$1 !n convex & exp&$1 & :5 old some:at depress$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is q firm1 dry1 gre5i%1 & ! surface ) num]\s angul> floccose areas or pat*es ( usually a deep] gre54 ,sometimes ! pileus is said to be t+$ ) yell[4 ,! gills are adnate1 ne>ly free f ! /em1 & cr[d$4 ,! /em is :ite & firm4 ,! gre5i% ,russula1 ,russula viresc5s1 l a numb] ( o!r plants1 has long be5 recomm5d$ = food1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,russula 9 :i* ! pileus is gre51 b ?is species is readily di/+ui%$ f !m by ! gre5i% floccose pat*es on ! surface ( ! pileus4 ,russula furcata is a common species 9 simil> situations1 ) =k$ gills1 & ! cap v v>iable 9 color1 sometimes r$di%1 purple1 purple br[n1 or 9 "o =m gre54 ,i "k ( ! ,russula furcata hav+ be5 eat5 9 r small quantities1 & :ile 9 ?is case no h>m result$ ! ta/e 0 n agreeable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj4 ,,fig4 #a4--,russula viresc5s4 ,,fig4 #b4--,r4 alutacea4 ,,fig4 #c4--,r4 lepida4 ,,fig4 #d4--,r4 emetica4 ,,fig4 #e4--,yell[ ,russula4 ,,fig4 #f4--,r4 adu/a4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,russula fragilis 7,p]s47 ,fr4--,?is plant is v common 9 damp woods1 or dur+ wet wea!r f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x is a small plant & v fragile1 z its "n sugge/s1 mu* m s ?an mo/ o!r species4 ,x is #b--d cm4 high1 ! cap #b--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #a cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 !n plane1 & 9 age some:at depress$4 ,! cuticle peels (f v easily4 ,! color is (t5 a bright r$1 or p9k1 sometimes purple or violet1 & becomes pal] 9 age4 ,x is some:at viscid :5 moi/1 & ! m>g9 is v ?9 & /rongly /riate & tub]culate1 i4 e41 ! ridges betwe5 ! m>g9al furr[s are tub]culate4 ,! gills are lightly adnex$1 ?91 cr[d$1 broad1 all ( ! same l5g?1 :ite4 ,! /em is usually :ite1 sometimes m or less p9k color$1 spongy )91 becom+ holl[4 ,! ta/e is v acrid4 ,russula emetica ,fr4 ,poison\s4--,?is ,russula has a v wide di/ribution & occurs on ! gr\nd 9 woods or op5 places dur+ summ] & autumn4 ,x is a beautiful species & v fragile4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is oval to bell-%ap$ :5 "y1 becom+ plane1 & 9 age depress$4 ,x is smoo?1 %9+1 ! m>g9 furr[$ & tub]culate4 ,! color is f p9k or rosy :5 "y to d>k r$ :5 old]1 & fad+ to tawny or sometimes yell[i% 9 age4 ,! cuticle is easily sep>able z 9 ,r4 fragilis1 ! fle% :ite1 b r$di% j b5ea? ! cuticle4 ,! gills are ne>ly free1 broad1 n cr[d$1 :ite4 ,! /em is /\t1 spongy )91 :ite or r$di%1 fragile :5 old4 ,! plant is v acrid to ! ta/e & is said to be poison\s1 & to act z an emetic4 ,russula adu/a 7,p]s47 ,fr4--,?is plant occurs on ! gr\nd 9 woods dur+ late summ] & 9 autumn4 ,x is #c--f cm4 high1 ! cap #e--ae cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #a--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 firm1 convex1 depress$ at ! c5t]1 & :5 old m or less funnel-%ap$ f ! upturn+ ( ! m>g91 :i* is at fir/ incurv$ & smoo?4 ,x v>ies f :ite to gray & smoky color4 ,! gills are adnate1 or decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 ( unequal l5g?s1 :ite1 !n becom+ d>k4 ,! /em is color$ l ! pileus4 ,! entire plant becomes d>k] 9 dry+1 sometimes almo/ black4 ,x is ne> ,russula nigricans1 b is small]1 & does n h a r$ juice z ,r4 nigricans has4 ,,can?>ellus ,adanson4 ,f ! o!r :ite-spor$ ag>ics ( a fle%y consi/5cy ,can?>ellus is di/+ui%$ by ! =m ( ! gills4 ,! gills are g5]ally =k$1 once or sev]al times1 9 a di*otom\s mann]1 ?\gh sometimes irregul>ly4 ,!y are blunt on ! edge1 n acute z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r g5]a4 ,! gills are usually n>r[ & 9 _m species look l ve9s1 folds1 or wr9kles1 b 9 "s species1 z 9 ,can?>ellus aurantiacus1 !y are r ?9 & broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abf4--;,can?>ellus cib>ius4 ,"u view %[+ =k$ gills ) ve9s connect+ !m4 ,entire plant ri* *rome yell[ 7natural size74 ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant is kn[n z ! *ant]elle4 ,x has a v wide di/ribution & has long be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ ( ! edible mu%rooms4 ,_m ( ! writ]s on fungi speak ( x 9 t]ms ( high praise4 ,! entire plant is a uni=m ri* *rome yell[4 ,sometimes x is symmetrical 9 =m1 b usually x is m or less irregul> & unsymmetrical 9 =m4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #d--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em %ort & r ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da1 ,,figure #abg4--;,can?>ellus aurantiacus4 ,color orange yell[1 & cap v>ies o*re1 raw si5na1 tawny1 9 diff]5t specim5s 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 r ?ick1 ! m>g9 ?ick & blunt & at fir/ inroll$4 ,x is convex1 becom+ exp&$ or sometimes depress$ by ! m>g9 ( ! cap becom+ elevat$4 ,! m>g9 is (t5 wavy or rep&1 & 9 irregul> =ms x is only produc$ at "o side1 or m at "o side ?an at ! o!r1 or ! cap is irregul>ly lob$4 ,! gills are v n>r[1 /\t1 di/ant1 m or less s9u\s1 =k$ or ana/omos+ irregul>ly1 & because ( ! pileus be+ some?+ l an inv]t$ cone ! gills appe> to run d[n on ! /em4 ,! spores are fa9tly yell[i%1 elliptical1 #g--aj 4 ,figure #abf repres5ts b a s+le specim51 & ?is "o ) a ne>ly lat]al pileus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abh4--;,can?>ellus aurantiacus1 "u view1 enl>g$ ne>ly twice1 %[+ regul>ly =k$ gills4 ,can?>ellus aurantiacus ,fr4--,?is orange can?>ellus is v common1 & occurs on ! gr\nd or on v rott5 wood1 logs1 bran*es1 etc41 f summ] to v late autumn4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is easily kn[n by its dull orange or br[ni% pileus1 yell[ gills1 :i* are ?9 & regul>ly =k$1 & by ! pileus be+ m or less depress$ or funnel-%ap$4 ,! plants are f #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap f #b--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em ab\t #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 s(t1 flexible1 convex1 to exp&$1 or obconic1 plane or depress$1 or funnel-%ap$1 ! m>g9 /rongly inroll$ :5 "y1 9 age simply incurv$1 ! m>g9 plane or rep& & undulate4 ,! color v>ies f o*re yell[ to dull orange1 or orange o*race\s1 raw si5na1 & tawny1 9 diff]5t specim5s4 ,x is (t5 br[ni% at ! c5t]4 ,! surface ( ! pileus is m9utely tom5tose ) silky hairs1 especially t[>d ! c5t]1 & sometimes smoo? t[>d ! m>g94 ,! fle% is #c--e mm4 at ! c5t]1 & ?9 t[>d ! m>g94 ,! gills are arcuate1 decurr5t1 ?91 ! edge blunt1 b n s mu* s z 9 a numb] ( o!r species1 cr[d$1 regul>ly =k$ sev]al times1 at l5g? asc5d+ :5 ! pileus is elevat$ at ! m>g94 ,! color ( ! gills is orange to cadmium orange1 or sometimes pal]1 cadmium yell[ or deep *rome4 ,! /em is clay color to o*re yell[1 enl>g$ bel[1 spongy1 /uff$1 fi/ulose1 s(t1 fibr\s1 m or less asc5d+ at ! base4 ,! ta/e is some:at nutty1 sometimes bitt]i%4 ,! plants 9 ,fig4 #abg 7,no4 #cbgb1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 7 collect$ ne> ,i?aca1 ,octob] #g1 #ahii4 ,,m>asmius ,fr4 ,9 ?is g5us ! plants are t\gh & fle%y or membranace\s1 lea!ry & dry4 ,!y d n easily decay1 b %rivel up 9 dry wea!r1 & revive 9 wet wea!r1 or :5 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,?is is an important "* 9 di/+ui%+ ! g5us4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,collybia1 f :i* x is difficult to sep>ate c]ta9 species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is closely relat$ to ,l5t9us & ,panus1 bo? ( :i* are t\gh & pliant4 ,9 ,m>asmius1 h[ev]1 ! sub/ance ( ! pileus is sep>ate f t ( ! /em1 :ile 9 ,l5t9us & ,panus x is cont9u\s1 a "* r difficult = ! beg9n] to und]/&4 ,! species ( ,m>asmius1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally mu* small] ?an ^? ( ,l5t9us & ,panus1 especially ^? :i* gr[ on wood4 ,! /em 9 ,m>asmius is 9 ne>ly all species c5tral1 :ile 9 ,l5t9us & ,panus x is g5]ally m or less ecc5tric4 ,_m ( ! species ( ! g5us ,m>asmius h an odor ( g>lic :5 fre%4 ,besides ! fairy r+ 7,m4 oreades7 :i* gr[s on ! gr\nd1 ,m4 rotula is a v common species on wood & leaves4 ,x has a sl5d]1 black1 %9+ /em1 & a br[ni% pileus usually ) a black spot 9 ! depression 9 ! c5t]4 ,! species are v num]\s4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #abd--abf1 describes #h species4 ,morgan ,j\r4 ,c9n4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #f3 #ahi--aid1 describes #ag species4 ,m>asmius oreades ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is is ! well kn[n fairy r+ mu%room4 ,x gr[s dur+ ! summ] & autumn 9 grassy places1 z 9 lawns1 by roadsides1 9 pa/ures1 etc4 ,x appe>s mo/ abundantly dur+ wet wea!r or foll[+ heavy ra9s4 ,x is f\nd usually 9 circles1 or 9 ! arc ( a circle1 ?\gh few scatt]$ plants n arrang$ 9 ?is way (t5 occur4 ,! plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #abi4--,m>asmius oreades4 ,caps buff1 tawny1 or r$di%4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 sometimes ! c5t] elevat$1 fle%y1 r ?91 t\gh1 smoo?1 buff color1 or tawny or r$di%1 9 age1 or 9 dry+1 pal]4 ,:5 moi/ ! pileus may be /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are broad1 free or adnex$1 r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 :ite or dull yell[i%4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #g--h long4 ,! /em is t\gh1 solid1 :iti%4 ,?is widely di/ribut$ fungus is mu* priz$ ev]y:]e by ^? :o "k x4 ,x is n ! only fungus :i* appe>s 9 r+s1 s t ?is habit is n peculi> to ?is plant4 ,sev]al diff]5t k9ds are kn[n to appe> 9 r+s at times4 ,! appe>ance ( ! fungus 9 r+s is due to ! mode ( gr[? ( ! mycelium or spawn 9 ! soil4 ,hav+ />t$ at a giv5 spot ! mycelium consumes ! food mat]ial 9 ! soil suitable = x1 & ! plants = ! fir/ ye> appe> 9 a gr\p4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is spot ! mycelium1 hav+ consum$ all ! available food1 probably dies aft] produc+ ! crop ( mu%rooms4 ,b ar\nd ! edge ( ! spot ! mycelium or spawn /ill exi/s1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! next season x />ts into gr[? & fe$s on ! available food 9 a zone surr\nd+ ! spot :]e x grew ! previ\s ye>4 ,?is second ye>1 !n1 ! plants appe> 9 a small r+4 ,s 9 succe$+ ye>s x advances outw>d1 ! r+ ea* ye> becom+ l>g]4 ,:]e ! plants appe> only 9 ! arc ( a circle1 some?+ has happ5$ to *eck or de/roy ! mycelium 9 ! rema9+ arc ( ! circle4 ,x has be5 not$ by sev]al obs]v]s t ! grass 9 ! r+ occupi$ by ! mu%rooms is (t5 gre5] ?an t adjo9+4 ,?is is p]haps due to "s /imulus ex]t$ by ! mycelium ( ! fungus on ! grass1 or possibly ! mycelium may 9 "s way make c]ta9 foods available = ! grass :i* gives an additional supply to x at ?is po9t4 ,fig4 #abi is f plants 7,no4 #eejc1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 a lawn1 ,octob] #be1 #aijj1 ,i?aca4 ,illu/rations ( "s f9e l>ge r+s =m$ by ?is fungus appe>$ 9 circul> ,no4 #ac by ,mr4 ,coville1 ( ! ,division ( ,botany 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,m>asmius cohr5s 7,fr47 ,bres4 7,myc5a cohr5s ,fr4 ,collybia la*nophylla ,b]k4 ,collybia sp9ulif]a ,pk47--,?is plant gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s1 t5 to tw5ty individuals ) _! /ems closely jo9$ bel[ & fa/5$ toge!r by ! abundant gr[? ( ?reads f ! l[] ends4 ,f ?is "* ! "n cohr5s 0 d]iv$4 ,! plants gr[ on ! gr\nd or on v rott5 wood 9 woods dur+ late spr+ & 9 ! summ]4 ,! plant is n v common 9 ?is c\ntry1 b appe>s to be widely di/ribut$ bo? 9 ,europe & "h1 hav+ be5 collect$ 9 ,c>ol9a1 ,ohio1 ,v]mont1 ,new ,york1 etc4 ,! plants are #ab--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #b--b4e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--g mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 t\gh1 convex or bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 sometimes umbonate1 or 9 age sometimes ! m>g9 upturn$ & m or less wavy1 n viscid1 b f9ely /riate :5 damp1 ?94 ,! color v>ies f v9ace\s c9namon to *e/nut or light lea!r color1 or tawny1 pal] 9 age1 & sometimes d>k] on ! c5t]4 ,! gills are sometimes m or less cr[d$1 n>r[1 #e--f mm4 broad1 adnate1 b not*$1 & sometimes becom+ free f ! /em4 ,! color is light lea!r color1 brick r$ or bay1 ! color & color v>iations be+ due to numb]s ( color$ cy/idia or spicules scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! gills & on ! edge4 ,! cy/idia are fulv\s1 fusoid1 #ge--ij long4 ,! spores are oval1 :ite1 small1 #f #c 4 ,! /em is long & sl5d]1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 tap]+ some:at above1 slightly enl>g$ bel[1 & root+4 ,! color is ! same z t ( ! pileus or d>k bay br[n1 & %9+1 & seems to be due to l>ge numb]s ( spicules simil> to ^? on ! gills4 ,! color is pal] bel[ 9 "s cases1 or gradually d>k] bel[ 9 o!rs4 ,! /ems are b\nd toge!r bel[ by num]\s ?reads4 ,figure #acj is f plants 7,no4 #bcgc1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 woods ne> ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! plants h be5 collect$ ne> ,i?aca on ?ree diff]5t occasions1 twice ne> ,freeville ab\t n9e miles f ,i?aca1 & once 9 ! woods at ,i?aca4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by its color & ! pres5ce ( ! peculi> set or cy/idia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #acj4--,m>asmius coha]5s 7,fr47 ,bres4 7 ,myc5a coha]5s ,fr4 ,collybia la*nophylla ,b]k4 ,c4 sp9ulif]a ,pk47 ,color *e/nut1 light lea!r color1 tawny or v9ace\s c9namon1 d>k] 9 c5t]1 /ems d>k1 %9+1 gills lea!r color1 or fulv\s1 or w9e color1 brick r$ or bay1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t specim5s 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,al?\gh ! plant has be5 collect$ on sev]al diff]5t occasions 9 ,am]ica1 x does n seem to h be5 recogniz$ "u ?is "n until rec5tly1 save ! record ( x f ,c>ol9a by de ,s*we9itz 7,synop4 fung4 ,c>4 ,no4 #fjf4 p4 #ha74 ,,l5t9us ,fr4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us are t\gh & pliant1 becom+ h>d :5 old1 unless v wat]y1 & :5 dry4 ,! g5us diff]s f ! o!r t\gh & pliant ones by ! peculi>ity ( ! gills1 ! gills be+ not*$ or s]rate on ! edges4 ,sometimes ?is appe>ance is int5sifi$ by ! crack+ ( ! gills 9 age or 9 dry+4 ,! ne>e/ ally ( ! g5us is ,panus1 :i* is only sep>at$ f ,l5t9us by ! edge ( ! gills be+ plane4 ,?is does n seem a v good "* on :i* to sep>ate ! species ( ! two g5]a1 s9ce x is (t5 difficult to tell :e!r ! gills are naturally s]rate or :e!r !y h become s by c]ta9 t5sions :i* exi/ on ! lamell dur+ ! expansion & dry+ ( ! pileus4 ,s*roet] unites ,panus ) ,l5t9us 7,cohn's ,krypt4 ,flora1 ,s*lesi51 #c1 #a2 #eed1 #ahhi74 ,! plants are usually v irregul> & _m ( !m %elv+1 only a few gr[ upright & h regul> caps4 ,l5t9us vulp9us ,fr4--,?is is a l>ge & h&some species1 hav+ a wide di/ribution 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x does n seem to be common4 ,x gr[s on trunks1 logs1 /umps1 etc41 9 ! woods4 ,x 0 q abundant dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn on fall5 logs1 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,! caps are %elv+1 closely ov]lapp+ 9 %+l$ fa%ion 7imbricat$71 & jo9$ at ! n>r[$ base4 ,! surface is convex1 & ! m>g9 is /rongly incurv$1 s t ea* ( ! individual caps is %ell-%ap$ 7con*ate74 ,! surface ( ! pileus is co>sely hairy or hispid1 ! surface becom+ m r\gh ) age4 ,_m co>se hairs unite to =m co>se tufts :i* are /\t] & ne>ly erect t[>d ! base ( ! cap1 & give ! surface a tub]culate appe>ance4 ,t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! cap ^! co>se hairs are arrang$ 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es1 mak+ r[s or ridges1 :i* are v r\gh4 ,! hairs & tub]cles are d>k 9 color1 be+ ne>ly black t[>d ! base1 especially 9 old plants1 & sometimes pale or ( a smoky hue1 especially 9 "y plants4 ,! pileus is fle% color :5 "y1 becom+ d>k] :5 old1 & ! fle% is q ?91 :iti% t[>d ! gills & d>k] t[>d ! surface4 ,! gills are broad1 ne>ly :ite1 fle% color ne> ! base1 co>sely s]rate1 becom+ crack$ 9 age & 9 dry+1 n>r[$ t[>d ! base ( ! pileus1 n =k$1 cr[d$1 #d--f mm4 broad4 ,! cap & gills are t\gh ev5 :5 fre%4 ,! plant has an int5sely pung5t ta/e4 ,figures #aca1 #acb repres5t an upp]1 front1 & "u view ( ! pilei 7,no4 #ccae1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #db1 ,,figure #aca4--,l5t9us vulp9us4 ,! co>se1 hairy scales are black 9 old plants1 pal]1 ( a smoky hue1 9 y\ng] ones 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,l5t9us lecomtei ,fr41 is a v common & widely di/ribut$ species gr[+ on wood4 ,:5 x gr[s on ! upp] side ( logs ! pileus is sometimes regul> & funnel-%ap$ 7cya?i=m71 b x is (t5 irregul> & produc$ on "o side1 especially if x gr[s on ! side ( ! sub/ratum4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !re is a funnel-%ap$ depression above ! atta*m5t ( ! /em4 ,! pileus is t\gh1 r$di% or r$di% br[n or lea!r color1 hairy or sometimes /rigose1 ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,! /em is usually %ort1 hairy1 or 9 age x may become m or less smoo?4 ,! gills are n>r[1 cr[d$1 ! spores small1 ovate to elliptical #e--f #b--c 4 ,accord+ to ,bresadola ?is is ! same z ,panus rudis ,fr4 ,x resembles v closely also ,panus cya?i=mis 7,s*aeff47 ,fr41 & ,p4 /rigosus ,b4 ,c4 ,l5t9us lepideus ,fr41 ,l4 squamosus 7,s*aeff47 ,s*roet4 is ano!r common & widely di/ribut$ species4 ,x is mu* l>g] ?an ,l4 lecomtei1 :iti% ) co>se br[n scales on ! cap4 ,x is #ab--bj cm4 high1 & ! cap is (t5 z broad4 ,! /em is #b--h cm4 long & #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x gr[s on wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #acb4--,l5t9us vulp9us1 front & "u view 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,l5t9us /ipticus 7,bull47 ,s*roet4 7,panus /ipticus ,bull47 is a v small species comp>$ ) ! ?ree nam$ above4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v common & widely di/ribut$ "o1 gr[+ on wood1 & may be f\nd ! ye> ar\nd4 ,! pileus is #a--c cm4 9 diamet]1 :iti% or grayi%1 v t\gh1 exp&$ 9 wet wea!r1 & curl$ up 9 dry wea!r4 ,! /em is v %ort1 & atta*$ to "o side ( ! cap4 ,:5 fre%ly develop$ ! plant is phosphoresc5t4 ,,s*izophyllum ,fr4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ g5us1 b ! species are v few4 ,! plants are t\gh1 pliant :5 fre%1 & dry4 ,! gills are v *>act]i/ic1 be+ split along ! edge & g5]ally /rongly revolute1 t is1 ! split edges curve ar\nd aga9/ ! side ( ! gill4 ,?is "* c be se5 sometimes ) ! aid ( a h& l5s1 b is v evid5t :5 a section ( ! cap & gills is made & !n exam9$ ) a microscope4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #acc4--,s*izophyllum alneum 7,s4 commune74 ,view ( "u side 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,s*izophyllum alneum 7,l47 ,s*roet4--,?is species usually goes by ! "n ( ,s*izophyllum commune1 b ! e>li] "n is ,s4 alneum4 ,x is a v common plant & is _w wide 9 its di/ribution1 gr[+ on wood1 z on bran*es1 trunks1 etc4 ,x is :ite1 & ! pileus is v hairy or tom5tose1 ) co>se :ite hairs4 ,x is #a--c cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! cap is sessile1 ei!r atta*$ at "o side :5 ! cap is m produc$ on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 or x may be atta*$ at or ne> ! c5t] ( ! top1 :5 ! cap is m ev5ly develop$ on all sides4 ,x is (t5 cr5ate or lob$ on ! m>g91 ! l>g] plants %[+ ?is "* m prom95tly4 ,! m>g9 is incurv$4 ,! gills are :ite1 wooly1 bran*$ & ext5d out t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! cap l ! radiations ( a fan4 ,! gills are deeply split along ! edge1 & /rongly revolute4 ,x is a v pretty plant1 b "o becomes r tir$ ( collect+ x because x is s common4 ,x may be f\nd at all seasons ( ! ye> on dead /icks & bran*es1 ei!r 9 ! woods or else:]e1 if ! bran*es are pres5t4 ,x is v coriace\s1 & t\gh4 ,dur+ dry wea!r x is mu* %runk5 & curl$ up1 b dur+ ra9s x exp&s quickly & !n x is se5 9 its beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dc1 ,,figure #acd4--,trogia crispa4 ,l>ge clu/] ( caps1 view ( und]side 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #acc %[s ! plant 9 ! exp&$ condition1 f ! "u side4 ,! plants 7 gr[+ on a hickory bran*1 & 7 dry & %runk5 :5 br\ght 9 ! laboratory4 ,! bran* & ! fungus 7 plac$ 9 wat] = a few h\rs1 :5 ! fungus exp&$1 & 0 !n photograph$ 9 ?is condition4 ,,trogia ,fr4 ,?is g5us is *>act]iz$1 accord+ to ,fries1 by ! gills be+ *annel$ along ! edge1 b s+ul>ly ! only species attribut$ to ! g5us 9 ,europe & 9 our c\ntry has n *annel$ gills1 b only some:at crisp$ along ! edges4 ,x is usually1 !re=e1 a difficult matt] = a beg9n] to det]m9e ! plant simply f ?is description4 ,! gills are fur!rmore n>r[1 irregul>1 & ! plants are some:at s(t & flabby :5 wet1 b brittle & p]si/5t :5 dry1 s t :5 moi/5$ !y revive & appe> z if fre%4 ,trogia crispa ,fr4--,?is species is ! pr9cipal if n only "o 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 & sometimes n v uncommon4 ,x occurs on trunks1 bran*es1 etc41 (t5 on ! bir*4 ,! plants are f #j4e--a cm4 broad1 usually sessile4 ,! upp] surface is :iti% or r$di% yell[ t[>d ! atta*m5t1 sometimes tan color1 & :5 "y x is sometimes cov]$ ) :iti% hairs4 ,! gills are v n>r[1 ve9-l1 irregul>1 int]rupt$ or cont9u\s1 & (t5 m or less bran*$4 ,! gills are v mu* crisp$1 h5ce ! "n1 blunt at ! edge & :ite or blui% gray4 ,! caps are usually mu* cr[d$ & ov]lapp$ 9 an imbricat$ fa%ion z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd2 a photograph ( a f9e specim5 aft] be+ moi/5$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,rosy-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores are rosy1 p9k1 salmon color$1 fle% color$1 or r$di%4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,pluteus ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,pluteus ! volva & annulus are bo? want+1 ! gills are usually free f ! /em1 & ! /em is easily brok5 out f ! sub/ance ( ! cap1 rem9d+ "o 9 "s cases ( a ball & socket jo9t4 ,! sub/ance ( ! cap is ?us said to be n cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em4 ,! spores se5 9 mass are fle% color$ z 9 o!r g5]a ( ?is subdivision ( ! ag>ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ace4--,pluteus c]v9us4 ,cap grayi% br[n1 or sooty1 smoo? or sometimes scaly1 r>ely :ite1 /em same color1 b pal]2 gills fir/ :ite1 !n fle% color 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,pluteus c]v9us ,s*aeff4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! v common species ( ! high] fungi1 & is also v widely di/ribut$4 ,x v>ies consid]ably 9 size & appe>ance4 ,x is #g--ae cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs on ! gr\nd f und]gr\nd roots or rott5 wood1 or gr[s on decay+ /umps1 logs1 etc41 f spr+ until late autumn4 ,sometimes x is f\nd gr[+ 9 sawdu/4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 & becom+ exp&$1 ! surface usually smoo?1 b %[+ radiat+ fibrils1 grayi% br[n1 or sometimes sooty1 sometimes m or less scaly4 ,! gills are n cr[d$1 broad1 free f ! /em1 :ite1 !n becom+ fle% color ) ! maturity ( ! spores4 ,"o v *>act]i/ic feature ( ! plant is ! pres5ce ( cy/idia 9 ! hym5ium on ! gills4 ,^! are /\t1 colorless1 elliptical1 ?ick-wall$1 & t]m9ate 9 two or ?ree blunt1 %ort prongs4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 solid1 ! color mu* ! same z t ( ! pileus1 b (t5 pal] above1 smoo? or sometimes scaly4 ,9 "s =ms ! plant is entirely :ite1 except ! gills4 ,9 addition to ! :ite =ms occurr+ 9 ! woods1 ,i h f\nd !m 9 an old ab&on$ cem5t m9e gr[+ on wood props4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #acf4--,pluteus tom5tosulus4 ,cap & /em entirely :ite1 gills fle% color1 /em furr[$ & tom5tose 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pluteus tom5tosulus ,pk4--,?is plant 0 describ$ by ,peck 9 ! #cb;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 page #bh1 #ahgi4 ,x gr[s on decay+ wood 9 ! woods dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,! plants are #e--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! description giv5 by ,peck is z foll[s3 ,pileus ?91 convex or exp&$1 subumbonate1 dry1 m9utely squamulose-tom5tose1 :ite1 sometimes p9ki% on ! m>g92 lamell r broad1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 cr[d$1 :ite !n fle% color$2 /em equal1 solid1 /riate1 slightly pubesc5t or subtom5tose1 :ite2 spores subglobose1 #g 9 diamet]1 g5]ally conta9+ a l>ge s+le nucleus4 ,f ! plant collect$ at ,i?aca ! foll[+ notes 7 made4 ,! pileus & /em are entirely :ite1 ! gills fle% color4 ,! pileus is exp&$1 umbonate1 ?9 except at ! umbo1 m9utely floccose squamulose1 no p9ki% t+e not$2 ! fle% is :ite1 b on ! umbo *ang+ to fle% color :]e w\nd$4 ,! gills are free1 ) a cle> :ite space betwe5 /em & r\nd$ edges1 cr[d$1 n>r[ 7ab\t #c--d mm4 broad7 edge f9ely fimbriate1 probably =m$ by num]\s bottle-%ap$ cy/idia on ! edge1 & :i* ext5d up a little di/ance on ! side ( ! gills1 b are n di/ribut$ 9 numb]s ov] ! surface ( ! gills2 cy/idia ?9 wall$1 hyal9e4 ,! spores are fle% color$1 subglobose1 #e--g 4 ,/em cyl9drical1 ev51 twi/$ some:at1 :ite1 /riate & m9utely squamulose l ! pileus1 b ) co>s] scales1 especially t[>d ! base1 solid1 fle% :ite4 ,! species receiv$ its "n f ! tom5tose1 /riate "* ( ! /em4 ,! plants 7,no4 #cbai1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #acf 7 collect$ 9 ,enfield ,gorge1 vic9ity ( ,i?aca1 ,july #bh1 #ahii4 ,,volv>ia ,fr4 ,?is g5us takes its "n f ! volva1 :i* means a wrapp]1 & :i*1 z we "k f our /udies ( ,amanita1 entirely envelops ! plant at a "y /age4 ,! g5us is *>act]iz$ !n by ! rosy or r$di% spores1 ! pres5ce ( a volva1 & ! annulus is want+4 ,! /em is easily sep>able f ! pileus at its junction1 9 ?is respect be+ simil> to ,amanita1 ,amanitopsis1 ,lepiota & o!rs4 ,! gills are usually1 also1 free f ! /em4 ,! species gr[ on rott+ wood1 on leaf m\ld & on ri*ly manur$ gr\nd1 etc4 ,!y are ( a v s(t texture & usually soon decay4 ,volv>ia bombyc9a 7,p]s47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,! silky volv>ia is s call$ because ( ! beautiful silky texture ( ! surface ( ! cap4 ,x is n v common1 b is _w wide 9 its di/ribution1 & occurs on decay$ wood ( logs1 /umps1 etc41 dur+ late summ] & 9 autumn4 ,x is usually ( a beautiful :ite color1 l>ge1 ! volva l>ge & ?ick1 rem9d+ "o ( a bag1 & ! /em is asc5d+ :5 ! plant gr[s on ! side ( ! trunk1 or erect :5 x gr[s on ! upp] side ( a log or /ump4 ,! plant is f #h--af cm4 high1 ! cap #f--bj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--a4e cm4 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is globose1 !n bell-%ap$1 & f9ally convex & some:at umbonate1 :ite1 accord+ to "s becom+ some:at r$di%4 ,! entire surface is silky1 & num]\s hairs /& out 9 ! =m ( s(t d[n1 :5 old] ! surface becom+ m or less scaly1 or r>ely becom+ smoo? at ! apex4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 v broad along ! middle1 fle% color$1 ! edge sometimes ragg$4 ,! spores are rosy 9 mass1 oval to broadly elliptical1 #f--i #e--f 1 smoo?4 ,! /em tap]s f ! base to ! apex1 is solid1 smoo?4 ,! volva is l>ge & bag-l4 ,! plant is consid]$ edible by "s4 ,figure #acg is f a plant 7,no4 #cjif1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ on a log ( ,ac] rubrum 9 ,cascadilla woods1 ,i?aca1 on ,augu/ #aj?1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #acg4--,volv>ia bombyc9a4 ,cap1 /em & volva entirely :ite1 gills fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,volv>ia speciosa ,fr4--,?is plant seems to be r>e1 b x has a wide di/ribution 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x occurs on ri*ly manur$ gr\nd1 on dung1 etc4 ,! plants are #aj--bj cm4 high1 ! cap #f--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! entire plant is :ite or :iti%1 sometimes grayi%1 especially at ! c5t]1 :]e x is also sometimes d>k] & ( a smoky color4 ,! pileus is globose :5 "y1 !n bell-%ap$1 & f9ally m or less exp&$1 & umbonate1 smoo?1 v viscid1 s t e>?1 leaves1 etc41 cl+ to x4 ,! fle% is :ite & v s(t4 ,! gills are free1 fle% color$ to r$di% or fulv\s1 f ! deeply color$ spores4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical1 or oval1 #ab--ah #h--aj 4 ,! /em is ne>ly cyl9drical1 or tap]+ ev5ly f ! base1 :5 "y m or less hairy1 becom+ smoo?4 ,! volva is l>ge1 edge free1 b fitt+ v close1 flabby & irregul>ly torn4 ,! species is report$ f ,cali=nia by ,mc,clatchie1 & f ,wiscons9 by ,bundy4 ,specim5s 7 receiv$ 9 ,june1 #ahih1 f ,dr4 ,po/ ( ,lans+1 ,mi*41 :i* 7 collect$ !re 9 a potato pat*4 ,x 0 abundant dur+ ,may & ,june4 ,plants :i* 7 s5t 9 a fre% condition 7 badly decay$ by ! "t !y rea*$ ,i?aca1 & ! odor 0 v disagreeable4 ,x is rem>kable t ! odor 0 t ( rott+ potatoes6 ,9 ?is connection might be m5tion$ ,dr4 ,peck's obs]vation 7,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club #bf3 p4 #fg1 #ahii7 t ,ag>icus m>itimus ,pk41 :i* gr[s ne> ! sea%ore1 possess$ a ta/e & odor sugge/ive ( ! sea4 ,mc,clatchie reports t x is common 9 cultivat$ soil1 especially gra9 fields & along roads1 & t x is a f9e edible ag>ic & our mo/ abundant "o 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,clitopilus ,fr4 ,9 ! rosy-spor$ ag>ics belong+ to ?is g5us ! gills are decurr5t1 t is1 ext5d = "s di/ance d[n on ! /em4 ,! /em is fle%y4 ,! gills are :ite at fir/ & become p9k or salmon color z ! plants mature1 & ! spores take on _! *>act]i/ic color4 ,! plants %\ld ?us n be confus$ ) any ( ! species ( ,ag>icus to :i* ! common mu%room belongs1 s9ce 9 ^? species ! gills become d>k br[n or blacki% :5 mature4 ,! g5us corresponds ) ,clitocybe among ! :ite-spor$ ones4 ,clitopilus prunulus ,scop4 ,edible4--,?is species gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods f mid-summ] to autumn4 ,x is n v common1 b sometimes appe>s 9 consid]able quantities at "o place4 ,dur+ ! autumn ( #ahih q a l>ge numb] ( specim5s 7 f\nd 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd ar\nd an old /ump4 ,! plants are #c--h cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dd1 ,,figure #ach4--;,clitopilus prunulus1 cap :iti% or d>k gray1 gills fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 firm1 convex & becom+ ne>ly plane1 & sometimes z ! plants become old ! c5t] may be slightly depress$4 ,x is :iti% 9 color1 or d>k gray1 or ) a lead5 t9t1 dry1 sometimes ) a di/9ct bloom on ! surface1 & ! m>g9 is (t5 wavy4 ,! cap is sometimes produc$ m on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,! gills are n close1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n salmon color$ z ! spores mature1 & !y are decurr5t z is *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us4 ,! spores are elliptical or ne>ly s1 & measure #aj--ab long4 ,figure #ach is f plants collect$ ne> ,i?aca1 9 ! autumn ( #ahih4 ,?is species is consid]$ to be "o ( ! excell5t mu%rooms = food4 ,:5 fre% x has a mealy odor & ta/e1 z d sev]al ( ! species ( ?is g5us4 ,x is kn[n z ! prune mu%room4 ,clitopilus orcella ,bull4 ,edible4--,?is plant is sometimes spok5 ( z ! sweet-bread mu%room4 ,x is mu* l ! prune mu%room j describ$1 9 odor & ta/e1 & sometimes resembles x 9 =m & o!r *>act]s4 ,x is :ite 9 color1 & ! plants are usually consid]ably small]1 & ! pileus is1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 sometimes m irregul>1 lob$ & wavy on ! m>g94 ,! fle% is also s(t]1 & ! cap is said to be slightly viscid 9 wet wea!r4 ,! plant gr[s 9 ! woods & sometimes 9 op5 fields4 ,,entoloma ,fr4 ,! volva & annulus are abs5t 9 ?is g5us1 ! spores are rosy1 ! gills adnate to s9uate or adnex$1 easily sep>at+ f ! /em 9 "s species4 ,! /em is fle%y or fibr\s1 sometimes waxy1 & ! pileus is fle%y ) ! m>g9 incurv$1 especially :5 "y4 ,! spores are prom95tly angul>4 ,! g5us corresponds ) ,tri*oloma ( ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics1 & also ) ,hebeloma & ,inocybe ( ! o*re-spor$ ones4 ,entoloma rep&um ,bull41 is an ,inocybe ,i4 rep&um 7,bull47 ,bres4 & has angul> spores resembl+ ^? ( an ,entoloma1 b ! spores are n rosy4 ,entoloma jubatum ,fr4--,gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,! plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #c--f cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is conic 9 "s plants1 to convex & umbonate1 ?91 m9utely scaly ) blacki% hairy scales1 dull heliotrope purple1 d>k] on ! umbo4 ,! gills are v9ace\s rufus to deep fle% color1 /rongly s9uate1 & irregul>ly not*$ along ! edge4 ,! spores are irregul>ly oval to %ort oblong1 co>sely angul>1 ) an oil drop1 #e--g angl$1 #g--aa #f--g 4 ,! /em is ( ! same color z ! pileus1 sometimes deeply root+1 holl[4 ,figure #aci is f plants 7,no4 #djjj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,entoloma grayanum ,pk4--,?is plant gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,x is f #f--h cm4 high1 ! cap is #c--f cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aci4--;,entoloma jubatum4 ,entire plant dull heliotrope purple1 gills lat] fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 drab 9 color1 ! surface wr9kl$ or rugose1 & wat]y 9 appe>ance4 ,! fle% is ?9 & ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,! gills are fir/ drab 9 color1 b light] ?an ! pileus1 becom+ p9ki% 9 age4 ,! spores on pap] are v light salmon color4 ,!y are globose or r\nd$ 9 outl9e1 #e--g angl$1 ) an oil globule1 #h--aj 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is ! same color z ! pileus1 b light]1 /riate1 holl[1 some:at twi/$1 & enl>g$ bel[4 ,figure #adj is f plants 7,no4 #ciih1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #adj4--;,entoloma grayanum4 ,cap & /em drab1 gills fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,entoloma /rictius ,pk4--,! plants gr[ 9 grassy places1 pa/ures1 etc4 ,!y are clu/]$1 sometimes two or ?ree jo9$ at ! base ( ! /em4 ,!y are #g--aj cm4 high1 ! caps #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 ! disk exp&$1 & ! m>g9 incurv$ & m or less wavy or rep& on ! extreme edge4 ,x is umbonate at ! c5t] ) usually a slight depression ar\nd ! umbo1 smoo?1 wat]y 7hygrophan\s7 9 appe>ance1 n viscid1 ( an umb] color1 %9+1 fa9tly & closely /riate on ! m>g94 ,9 dry+ ! surface ( ! pileus loses "s ( its d>k umb] color & pres5ts a silv]y %e54 ,! fle% is fibr\s & umb] color also4 ,! gills are grayi% :ite1 !n t+$ ) fle% color1 slightly s9uate1 ! long] ones some:at broad] 9 ! middle 7v5tricose71 r di/ant1 & q ?ick z se5 9 cross section1 ! c5t] ( ! gill 7trama7 pres5t+ p>allel ?reads4 ,! sub-hym5ium is v ?9 & compos$ ( small cells2 ! basidia are clavate1 #be--cj #i--aj 1 & f\r-spor$4 ,! spores are dull rose color on pap]1 subgloblose1 #e--h 9 diamet]1 angul> ) #e--f angles z se5 f "o side4 ,! /em is ! same color z ! pileus1 b consid]ably light]4 ,x is holl[ ) :ite fib]s )91 fibr\s /riate on ! surface1 twi/$1 brittle1 & some:at c>tilag9\s1 p>tly snapp+1 b hold+ by fib]s 9 places1 cyl9drical1 ev51 asc5d+1 ) delicate :ite fib]s cov]+ ! l[] end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ada4--;,entoloma /rictius4 ,cap umb] or smoky1 /em pal]1 gills grayi%1 !n fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #ada is f plants 7,no4 #bdfa1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ ne> ,i?aca1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,,leptonia ,fr4 ,9 ,leptonia ! /em is c>tilag9\s1 holl[ or /uff$1 smoo? & some:at %9+4 ,! pileus is ?91 umbilicate or ) ! c5t] d>k]1 ! surface hairy or scaly1 & ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are adnate or adnex$ at fir/1 & easily sep>at+ f ! /em 9 age4 ,_m ( ! species are bright color$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #adb4--,leptonia asprella4 ,cap hair br[n 7m\se color$71 m9ute d>k scales at c5t]1 /em same color1 b sometimes r$di% br[n1 gre5 or blue1 gills fle% color4 ,leptonia asprella ,fr4--,?is species occurs on ! gr\nd 9 woods or 9 op5 grassy places4 ,! plants are #c--e cm4 high1 ! cap #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n m or less exp&$1 umbilicate1 r>ely umbonate1 hair br[n 7m\se color$71 ) d>k scales on ! c5t] & m9ute scales ov] ! surface1 /riate4 ,! gills are s9uate to adnex$4 ,! spores are /rongly #e--f angl$1 #aj--ab #h--aj 4 ,! /em is smoo?1 ev51 usually ! same color z ! cap1 b sometimes x is r$di% br[n1 gre51 or blue4 ,figure #adb is f plants 7,no4 #ciif1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,leptonia incana ,fr41 is a m common species1 & is *>act]iz$ by an odor ( mice4 ,,eccilia ,fr4 ,! g5us ,eccilia corresponds ) ,omphalia ( ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 holl[ or /uff$4 ,! pileus is ?9 & some:at membranace\s1 plane or depress$ at ! c5t]1 & ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are m or less decurr5t4 ,eccilia polita ,p]s4--,?is plant occurs on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,x is #f--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #c--d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #adc4--;,eccilia polita4 ,cap hair br[n to olive1 /em light]1 gills fle% color1 not*$ & irregul> 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex & umbilicate1 some:at membranace\s1 smoo?1 wat]y 9 appe>ance1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 hair br[n to olive 9 color4 ,! gills are decurr5t4 ,9 ! specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #adc ! gills are v irregul> & _m ( !m appe> s9uate4 ,! spores are /rongly #d--e angl$1 "s ( !m squ>e1 #aj--ab 9 diamet]1 ) a prom95t mucro at "o angle4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 becom+ holl[1 light] 9 color ?an ! pileus1 & some:at enl>g$ bel[4 ,figure #adc is f plants 7,no4 #ciii1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de1 ,,figure #add4--;,claudopus nidulans1 view ( "u side4 ,cap ri* yell[ or buff1 gills fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,claudopus ,w4 ,smi?4 ,9 ! g5us ,claudopus1 recogniz$ by "s1 ! pileus is ecc5tric or lat]al1 t is1 ! /em is atta*$ ne> ! side ( ! cap1 or ! cap is sessile & atta*$ by "o side to ! wood on :i* ! plant is gr[+2 or ! plants are resup9ate1 t is1 !y may be spread ov] ! surface ( ! wood4 ,! g5us is p]haps n well sep>at$ f "s ( ! species ( ,pleurotus ) lilac spores l ,p4 sapidus4 ,9 fact1 a numb] ( ! species 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,pleurotus1 :ile o!rs 7 plac$ 9 ,crepidotus among ! o*re-spor$ ag>ics4 ,sev]al species are report$ f ,am]ica4 ,peck 9 #ci? ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fg1 et seq41 #ahhf1 describes five species4 ,claudopus nidulans 7,p]s47 ,pk4--,?is is "o ( ! v pretty ag>ics gr[+ on dead bran*es & trunks dur+ ! autumn1 & is widely di/ribut$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 plac$ 9 ! g5us ,pleurotus1 z ,p4 nidulans4 ,b because ( ! p9k color ( ! spores 9 mass1 ,peck places x 9 ! g5us ,claudopus1 :]e ,fries sugge/$ x %\ld g if remov$ f ,pleurotus4 ,x seems to be id5tical ) ,panus dorsalis ,bosc4 ,x is usually sessile & atta*$ to ! side ( dead bran*es1 logs1 etc41 9 a %elv+ mann]1 or sometimes x is resup9ate4 ,! pileus is sessile1 or sometimes n>r[$ at ! base into a %ort /em1 ! caps (t5 num]\s & cr[d$ toge!r 9 an ov]lapp+ or imbricate mann]4 ,x is ne>ly orbicul>1 or r5i=m1 & #a--e cm4 broad4 ,! m>g9 is at fir/ involute4 ,! surface is co>sely hairy or tom5tose1 or scaly t[>d ! m>g91 ( a ri* yell[ or buff color4 ,x is s(t1 b r t\gh 9 consi/5cy4 ,! gills are broad1 orange yell[4 ,! spores1 p9k 9 mass1 are smoo?1 elongat$1 some:at curv$1 #f--h long4 ,figure #add is f plants 7,no4 #bffj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,o*re-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores are o*re yell[1 ru/y1 ru/y-br[n1 or "s %ade ( yell[4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,pholiota ,fr4 ,! g5us ,pholiota has f]rug9\s or f]rug9\s br[n spores4 ,x lacks a volva1 b has an annulus2 ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em4 ,x !n corresponds to ,armill>ia among :ite-spor$ ag>ics1 & ,/roph>ia among ! purple-br[n-spor$ ones4 ,!re is "o g5us 9 ! o*re or yell[-spor$ plants ) :i* x is liable to be confus$ on acc\nt ( ! veil1 namely ,cort9>ius1 b 9 ! latt] ! veil is 9 ! =m ( loose ?reads1 & is call$ an ara*noid veil1 t is1 ! veil is spid]-web-l4 ,_m ( ! species ( ,pholiota gr[ on trunks1 /umps1 & bran*es ( trees1 "s gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,pholiota prcox ,p]s4 ,edible4--,ag>icus c&icans ,bull4 ,t4 #bag1 #aggj3 ,pholiota c&icans ,s*roet]1 ,krypt1 ,flora1 ,s*lesi51 p4 #fjh1 #ahhi4 ,?is plant occurs dur+ late spr+ & 9 ! summ]1 9 pa/ures1 lawns & grassy places1 roadsides1 op5 woods1 etc4 ,sometimes x is v common1 especially dur+ or aft] prolong$ or heavy ra9s4 ,! plants are #f--aj cm4 high1 ! cap f #e--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--e mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants are scatt]$ or a few sometimes clu/]$4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 :iti% to cream color or yell[i%1 !n lea!r color1 fle%y1 ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 moi/1 n viscid4 ,sometimes ! pileus is umbonate4 ,! surface is sometimes unev5 f num]\s cr[d$ %all[ pits1 giv+ x a fro?y appe>ance4 ,9 age ! m>g9 (t5 becomes upturn$ & flut$4 ,! gills are adnate or slightly decurr5t by a too?1 #c--d mm4 broad1 a little broad] at or ne> ! middle1 cr[d$1 :ite1 !n f]rug9\s br[n1 edge sometimes :iti%4 ,!re is (t5 a prom95t angle 9 ! gills at _! broade/ diamet]1 n f> f ! /em1 :i* gives to !m1 :5 ! plants are "y or middle age1 a s9uate appe>ance4 ,! spores are f]rug9\s br[n1 elliptical4 ,cy/idia abruptly club-%ap$1 ) a broad apiculus4 ,! /em is /uff$1 lat] fi/ulose1 ev51 fragile1 /riate (t5 above ! annulus4 ,! /em is :iti% or sometimes fle% color4 ,! veil is :iti%1 l>ge1 frail1 & sometimes breaks away f ! /em & cl+s 9 %r$s to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #df1 ,,figure #ade4--,pholiota praecox4 ,cap :iti%1 to cream1 or lea!r color1 /em :ite1 gills :ite !n f]rug9\s br[n 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #ade is f plants 7,no4 #bcfb1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ on ! campus ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,june1 #ahih4 ,! ta/e is (t5 slightly bitt]4 ,pholiota m>g9ata ,bats*4--,?is is "o ( ! v common species1 a small "o1 occurr+ all dur+ ! autumn1 on decay+ trunks1 etc41 9 ! woods4 ,! plants are usually clu/]$1 ?\gh appe>+ also s+ly4 ,!y are f #d--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #c--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em #c--e 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dg1 ,,figure #adf4--,pholiota adiposa4 ,cap v viscid1 saffron-yell[ or burnt umb] or wood-br[n 9 c5t]1 scales wood-br[n to ne>ly black1 /em :iti% !n yell[i%2 gills br[ni%1 edge yell[ 7natural size1 sometimes l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n plane1 tan or lea!r color$1 d>k] :5 dry4 ,x has a wat]y appe>ance 7hygrophan\s71 some:at fle%y1 smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are jo9$ squ>ely to ! /em1 cr[d$1 at maturity d>k r$di% br[n f ! spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #adg4--,pholiota m>g9ata4 ,cap & /em tan or lea!r color1 gills d>k r$di% br[n :5 mature 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 equal1 smoo?1 fi/ulose1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 becom+ d>k]1 & (t5 ) :iti% fibrils at ! base4 ,! annulus is di/ant f ! apex ( ! /em1 & (t5 disappe>s soon aft] ! expansion ( ! pileus4 ,figure #adg is f plants 7,no4 #bgdc1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ ne> ,i?aca4 ,pholiota unicolor ,vahl1 is a small] plant :i* gr[s 9 simil> situations4 ,! plants are usually clu/]$1 #c--e cm4 high1 & ! caps #f--ab mm4 9 diamet]1 ! annulus is ?9 b entire & p]si/5t4 ,! entire plant is bay br[n1 becom+ o*race\s 9 color1 & ! m>g9 ( ! cap 9 age is /riate1 fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n convex & some:at umbonate4 ,! gills are lightly adnex$4 ,pholiota adiposa ,fr4--,! fatty pholiota usually =ms l>ge clu/]s dur+ ! autumn1 on ! trunks ( trees1 /umps1 etc4 ,x is sometimes ( l>ge size1 measur+ up to #ae cm4 & ! pileus up to #ag cm4 broad4 ,specim5s collect$ at ,i?aca dur+ ,octob]1 #ahii1 7 #h--aj cm4 high1 ! pileus #d--h cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #e--i mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants grew eight to t5 9 a clu/] & ! bases ( ! /ems 7 closely cr[d$ & loosely jo9$4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 ! m>g9 m or less inroll$1 !n incurv$1 prom95tly umbonate1 v viscid :5 moi/1 ! gr\nd color a saffron yell[ or 9 ! c5t] burnt umb] to wood br[n4 ,! cuticle ( ! pileus is pla9 or torn into scales :i* are wood br[n1 or :5 close toge!r !y are (t5 d>k]1 sometimes ne>ly black4 ,! fle% is saffron yell[1 ?ick at ! c5t] ( ! cap1 ?9n+ out t[>d ! m>g91 spongy & almo/ ta/eless4 ,! gills are adnate1 & sometimes a little not*$1 br[n 7m>s br[n71 & ! edge yell[1 #f--g mm4 broad4 ,! spores are #h #e 4 ,! /em tap]s d[nw>d1 is compact1 :iti% !n yell[1 saffron yell[1 fle% v9ace\s1 viscid1 & clo!d m or less ) reflex$ 7po9t+ d[nw>d7 scales4 ,! /em is some:at c>tilag9\s1 t\gh1 b snapp+ (f 9 places4 ,! veil is ?9 floccose & sometimes ) co>se scales1 soon disappe>+4 ,figure #adf is f plants 7,no4 #cbie1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ on ! ,i?aca flats f a will[ trunk1 ,oct4 #aj1 #ahii4 ,pholiota aurivella ,bats*1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is closely relat$ to ,p4 adiposa4 ,pholiota squ>rosa ,mll41 widely di/ribut$ & common 9 ! autumn1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 on /umps & trunks1 is a l>ge1 clu/]$1 scaly plant1 ! scales squ>rose1 & abundant ov] ! pileus & on ! /em bel[ ! annulus4 ,x is br[ni% or f]rug9\s 9 color4 ,pholiota squ>rosoides ,pk41 z its "n indicates1 is closely relat$ to ,p4 squ>rosa4 ,x has erect1 po9t$1 p]si/5t scales1 especially :5 "y1 & has a simil> habit to squ>rosa1 b diff]s *iefly 9 ! pileus be+ viscid1 :ile t ( ,p4 squ>rosa is dry4 ,p4 subsqu>rosa ,fr41 occurr+ 9 ,europe1 & also closely relat$ to ,p4 squ>rosa1 is viscid1 ! scales are closely appress$ to ! surface ( ! cap1 :ile 9 squ>rosa !y are prom95t & revolute4 ,pholiota c]as9a ,pk41 occurs on decay+ trunks ( trees dur+ late summ]4 ,! plants gr[ 9 tufts4 ,!y are #e--ab cm4 high1 ! caps #e--aj cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /ems #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is smoo?1 wat]y :5 damp1 c9namon 9 color :5 fre%1 becom+ yell[i% 9 dry+1 & ! fle% is yell[i%4 ,! /em is solid1 & equal1 ! apex mealy4 ,! annulus is n p]si/5t1 & ! gills are cr[d$ & not*$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 & rugose1 #e #h 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dh1 ,,figure #adh4--,pholiota squ>rosoides4 ,entire plant br[ni% or r$di% br[n2 pileus viscid 7?ree-f\r?s natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #di1 ,,figure #adi4--,pholiota johnsoniana4 ,cap yell[i% to yell[i% br[n1 /em :iti%1 gills grayi% !n ru/-br[n 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pholiota johnsoniana ,pk4 ,edible4--,?is species 0 describ$ f specim5s collect$ at ,kn[]sville1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahhi1 by ,peck1 9 ! #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ih1 z ,ag>icus johnsonianus4 ,i f\nd x at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii1 & x 0 r common dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,x gr[s 9 woods or 9 pa/ures on ! gr\nd4 ,! l>g] & h&som] specim5s ,i h f\nd 9 r damp b well dra9$ woods4 ,! plants are #g--ae cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 v ?ick at ! c5t]1 convex1 !n exp&$ & plane1 smoo?1 sometimes f9ely /riate on ! ?9 m>g9 :5 moi/1 yell[i%1 or fulv\s1 ! m>g9 :iti%4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em by ! upp] angle 7adnex$71 r\nd$1 or "s ( !m angl$1 "s ne>ly free4 ,9 color !y are fir/ gray1 !n ru/y br[n4 ,!y appe> asc5d+ because ( ! some:at top-%ap$ pileus4 ,! spores are irregul>ly ovoid1 #d--f #c--c4e 4 ,! /em is cyl9drical or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 smoo?1 slightly /riate above ! annulus1 :iti%1 solid1 ) a t5d5cy to become holl[4 ,! veil is ?ick1 & ! annulus n>r[ & v ?ick or tumid1 easily break+ up & disappe>+4 ,! plant is q readily di/+ui%$ by ! =m ( ! pileus ) ! asc5d+ gills & ! tumid annulus4 ,peck says x has a some:at nutty flavor4 ,figure #adi is f plants 7,no4 #djad1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,,naucoria ,fr4 ,?is g5us1 ) f]rug9\s spores1 corresponds ) ,collybia among ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 ,! gills are free or atta*$1 b n decurr5t1 & ! /em is c>tilag9\s4 ,! plants gr[ bo? on ! gr\nd & on wood4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ia1 et seq41 gives a synopsis ( sev5 species4 ,naucoria semi-orbicul>is ,bull4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! common & widely di/ribut$ species4 ,x occurs 9 lawns1 pa/ures1 roadsides1 etc41 9 wa/e places1 f ,june to autumn1 be+ m abundant 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,! plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #c--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 & is rem>kably hemisph]ical1 f :i* ! species takes ! "n ( semi-orbicul>is4 ,x is smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 tawny1 & 9 age o*race\s1 sometimes ! surface is crack$ into areas4 ,! gills are atta*$1 sometimes not*$1 cr[d$1 mu* broad] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! pileus1 pale1 !n r$di% br[n4 ,! /em is t\gh1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 ev51 pale r$di% br[n1 %9+1 /uff$ ) a :iti% pi?4 ,peck says t ! plants h an oily flavor resembl+ bee*nuts4 ,naucoria v]nalis ,pk4--,naucoria v]nalis 0 describ$ by ,peck 9 #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ia1 f plants collect$ 9 ,may4 ,! plants describ$ "h appe>$ 9 woods 9 late autumn4 ,! specim5s f :i* ?is description is drawn 7 f\nd gr[+ f ! "u side ( a v rott5 bee* log1 usually f deep crevices 9 ! log1 s t only ! pileus is visible or expos$ well to ! view4 ,! plants are #d--h cm4 high1 ! cap #b--c cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--e mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! ta/e is bitt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aej4--,naucoria v]nalis4 ,cap hair br[n to clay color2 gills grayi% br[n to wood br[n2 /em clay color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n ! c5t] is ne>ly or q exp&$1 ! m>g9 at fir/ inroll$ & nev] fully exp&$1 hygrophan\s1 smoo? 7n /riate nor rugose71 fle% ab\t #e--f mm4 ?ick at c5t]1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g94 ,! color *anges dur+ gr[?1 x is f o*race\s rufus :5 "y 7#a--b mm4 broad71 !n clove br[n to hair br[n & clay color 9 age4 ,! gills are grayi% br[n to wood br[n1 at fir/ adnate to slightly s9uate1 !n easily break+ away & appe>+ adnex$4 ,! spores are wood br[n 9 color1 oval to %ort elliptical & inequilat]al #f--h #d--e 4 ,cy/idia hyal9e1 bottle %ap$1 #dj--ej #h--ab 4 ,! /em is some:at holl[ & /uff$1 r c>tilag9\s1 ?\gh some:at brittle1 especially :5 v damp1 break+ out f ! pileus easily ?\gh ) fragm5ts ( ! gills rema9+ atta*$1 n /rongly cont9u\s ) ! sub/ance ( ! pileus4 ,! color is buff to pale clay color2 ! /em be+ ev51 n bulb\s b some:at enl>g$ bel[1 mealy ov] ! entire l5g?1 :i* may be wa%$ (f by ra9s1 /riate at apex ei!r f m>ks left by ! gills or remnants ( ! gills z !y become fre$ f ! /em4 ,base ( /em sometimes ) :ite cottony ?reads1 especially 9 damp situations4 ,9 ! orig9al description ! /em is said to be /riate sulcate4 ,figure #aej is f plants 7,no4 #cbdb1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 woods ne> ,i?aca1 ,octob] #a1 #ahii4 ,,gal]a ,fr4 ,gal]a ) o*race\s 7o*race\s f]rug9\s7 spores corresponds to ,myc5a among ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 ,! pileus is usually bell-%ap$1 & :5 "y ! m>g9 fits /raight aga9/ ! /em4 ,! /em is some:at c>tilag9\s1 b (t5 v fragile4 ,! g5us does n conta9 _m species4 ,peck gives a synopsis ( five ,am]ican species 9 ! #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ic1 et seq41 & ( twelve species 9 ! #df? ,report1 p4 #fa1 et seq4 ,"o ( ! common species is ,gal]a t5]a ,s*aeff4 ,x occurs 9 grassy fields or 9 manur$ places4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #h--af mm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is oval to bell-%ap$1 & tawny 9 color1 ?91 smoo?1 f9ely /riate1 becom+ pal] :5 dry4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 r$di%-br[n1 adnex$ & easily sep>at+4 ,! /em is smoo?1 color$ l ! pileus b a little pal]1 sometimes /riate1 & ) mealy :iti% p>ticles above4 ,gal]a lat]itia is a relat$ species1 some:at l>g]1 & gr[+ on dung heaps & 9 fields & lawns4 ,gal]a ovalis ,fr41 is also a l>g] plant1 some:at %ort] ?an ! latt]1 & ) a prom95t ovate cap :5 "y4 ,gal]a antipoda ,las*41 simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance to ,g4 t5]a1 has a root+ base by :i* x is easily kn[n4 ,gal]a flava ,pk41 occurs among vegetable mold 9 woods4 ,! pileus is membrane\s1 ovate or campanulate1 moi/ or some:at wat]y1 obtuse1 plicate1 /riate on ! m>g91 yell[4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! caps #ab--be mm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plant is recogniz$ by ! pale yell[ color ( ! caps & ! plicate /riate "* ( ! m>g94 ,! plicate /riate "* ( ! cap is s+ul> among ! species ( ?is g5us1 & is %>$ by ano!r species1 ,g4 copr9oides ,pk4 ,,flammula ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,flammula1 ! pileus is fle%y1 /em fle%y-fibr\s1 & ! gills adnate to decurr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aea4--;,flammula poly*roa1 "u view4 ,cap v9ace\s buff to orange buff1 scales lilac1 purple or lav5d]2 gills drab to hair br[n 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,flammula poly*roa ,b]k4--,?is is a beautiful plant ) t9ts ( violet1 lav5d]1 lilac & purple1 especially on ! scales ( ! pileus1 on ! veil & on ! /em4 ,x occurs 9 clu/]s dur+ late summ] & autumn1 on logs1 bran*es1 etc41 9 ! woods4 ,! plants occur s+ly1 b m (t5 9 clu/]s ( ?ree to eight or m4 ,! plants are #d--g cm4 high1 ! cap #c--e cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 & 9 ! "y /age ! m>g9 /rongly incurv$1 lat] ! cap becomes exp&$ & has a v broad umbo4 ,x is v viscid4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) delicate hairs :i* =m scales1 m prom95t dur+ mid-age ( ! plant1 & on ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,^! scales are v delicate & v>y 9 color f v9ace\s-buff1 lilac1 w9e-purple1 or lav5d]4 ,! gr\nd color ( ! pileus is v9ace\s-buff or orange-buff1 & t[>d ! m>g9 (t5 ) %ades ( b]yl-gre51 especially :]e x has be5 t\*$4 ,9 ! "y plants ! color ( ! delicate hairy surface is deep]1 (t5 phlox-purple1 ! color becom+ ?9n] z ! cap exp&s4 ,! gills are not*$ 7s9uate7 at ! /em1 or adnate1 sometimes slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$4 ,be=e exposure by ! rupture ( ! veil !y are cream-buff 9 color1 !n tak+ on d>k] %ades1 drab to hair br[n or sepia ) a purple t+e4 ,! /em is yell[i%1 ne>ly or q ! color ( ! cap1 (t5 ) a purpli% t+e at ! base4 ,x is cov]$ ) num]\s small punctate scales ( ! same color1 or sulphur yell[ above :]e !y are m cr[d$ & l>g]4 ,! scales d n ext5d on ! /em above ! po9t :]e ! veil is atta*$4 ,! /em is slightly /riate above ! atta*m5t ( ! veil4 ,x is some:at t\gh & c>tilag9\s1 solid1 or 9 age /uff$1 or ne>ly holl[4 ,! veil is floccose & q ?ick :5 ! plant is "y4 ,x is scaly on ! "u side1 cl++ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus 9 triangul> remnants1 appe>+ l a cr[n4 ,! color ( ! veil & ( its remnants is ! same z ! color ( ! scales ( ! cap4 ,! spores 9 mass are light br[n1 & :5 fre% ) a slight purple t+e4 7,! color ( ! spores on :ite pap] is ne> walnut br[n or hair br[n ( ,ridgeway's colors47 ,"u ! microscope !y are yell[i%1 oval or %ort oblong1 (t5 inequilat]al1 #f--h #d--e 4 ,figure #aea is f plants 7,no4 #djaf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 on a fall5 maple log4 ,! plants sometimes occur s+ly4 ,x has be5 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 & 0 fir/ describ$ f plants collect$ at ,waynesville1 ,ohio4 ,flammula sap9ea ,fr41 is a common plant gr[+ on dead conif]\s wood4 ,x is dull yell[1 ! pileus #a--d cm4 9 diamet]1 & ) num]\s small scales4 ,,hebeloma ,fr4 ,9 ,hebeloma ! gills are ei!r squ>ely set aga9/ ! /em 7adnate7 or !y are not*$ 7s9uate71 & ! spores are clay-color$4 ,! edge ( ! gills is usually :iti%1 ! surface clay-color$4 ,! veil is only se5 9 ! "y /age1 & !n is v delicate & fibrillose4 ,! /em is fle%y & fibr\s1 & some:at mealy at ! apex4 ,! g5us corresponds ) ,tri*oloma ( ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics4 ,all ! species are reg>d$ z un:olesome1 & "s are consid]$ poison\s4 ,! species l>gely occur dur+ ! autumn4 ,few h be5 /udi$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,hebeloma cru/ul9i=me ,bull4--,?is plant is usually common 9 "s ( ! lawns1 dur+ ! autumn1 at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x (t5 =ms r+s z x gr[s on ! gr\nd4 ,x is f #e--g cm4 high1 ! cap #d--h cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aeb4--;,hebeloma cru/ul9i=me1 v>4 m9or4 ,cap :iti% or tan color1 or r$di%-br[n at c5t]2 gills clay color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex & exp&$1 some:at umbonate1 viscid :5 moi/1 :iti% or tan color1 d>k] ov] ! c5t]1 :]e x is (t5 r$di%-br[n4 ,! gills are adnex$ & r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 cr[d$1 :iti%1 !n clay color & r$di%-br[n1 ! edge :iti% & irregul>4 ,! gills are said to exude wat]y drops 9 wet wea!r4 ,! /em is /uff$1 lat] holl[1 some:at enl>g$ at ! base1 :ite1 & mealy at ! apex4 ,figure #aeb is f plants 7,no4 #bgac1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 lawns on ! ,cornell ,univ]sity campus4 ,! plants 9 ?is figure seem to repres5t ! v>iety m9or4 ,,inocybe ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,inocybe !re is a univ]sal veil :i* is fibrillose 9 "*1 & m or less closely jo9$ ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 & ! surface ( ! pileus is !re=e m>k$ ) fibrils or is m or less scaly4 ,sometimes ! m>g9 ( ! pileus possesses remnants ( a veil :i* is q prom95t 9 a few species4 ,! gills are adnate1 or s9uate1 r>ely decurr5t1 & 9 "o species !y are free4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! species v>y widely1 & !re may be1 aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! species1 gr\nds = ! sep>ation ( ! species into sev]al g5]a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable species is ,inocybe e*9ata ,ro?4 ,?is plant is cov]$ ) a univ]sal veil ( a sooty color & p[d]y 9 nature4 ,! gills are r$di% purple1 & ! /em is ( ! same color1 ! spores on :ite pap] ( a fa9t purpli% r$ color4 ,"s place 9 x ,psalliota4 ,collect$ at ,i?aca 9 ,augu/1 #aijj4 ,,tub>ia ,w4 ,smi?4 ,9 ! g5us ,tub>ia ! spores are ru/-r$1 or ru/y br[n 7f]rug9\s or fusc\s-f]rug9\s71 ! /em is some:at c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 &1 :at is m important1 ! gills are m or less decurr5t1 broad next to ! /em1 & ?us m or less triangul> 9 outl9e4 ,x is relat$ to ,naucoria & ,gal]a1 b diff]s 9 ! decurr5t gills4 ,! pileus is convex1 or ) an umbilicus4 ,tub>ia pellucida ,bull4--,?is species gr[s by roadsides 9 grassy places4 ,! plants are f #c--d cm4 high1 & ! cap #a--b cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em #b--c mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aec4--,tub>ia pellucida4 ,dull r$di% br[n 7natural size74 ,! pileus is conic1 !n bell-%ap$1 (t5 exp&$ & ) a slight umbo2 ! color is dull1 r$di% br[n1 & x has a wat]y appe>ance4 ,! plant is sometimes envelop$ ) a loose & delicate univ]sal or out] veil1 :i* rema9s on ! m>g9 ( ! cap 9 ! =m ( silky squamules z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is fa9tly /riate4 ,! gills are only slightly decurr5t4 ,figure #aec is f plants 7,no4 #bcfj ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ along a /reet 9 ,i?aca4 ,! /em is at fir/ solid1 becom+ holl[1 tap]+ above1 & ! apex is mealy4 ,,crepidotus ,fr4 ,9 ,crepidotus ! pileus is lat]al1 or ecc5tric1 & ?us m or less %elv+1 or x is resup9ate1 t is1 ly+ flat or ne>ly s on ! wood4 ,! species are usually ( small size1 ?91 s(t & fle%y4 ,! spores are r$di% br[n 7f]rug9\s74 ,! g5us corresponds to ,pleurotus among ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics1 or to ,claudopus among ! rosy-spor$ ones4 ,peck describes elev5 species 9 ! #ci? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fi et seq41 #ahhf4 ,crepidotus v]sutus ,pk4--,?is little ,crepidotus has a pure :ite pileus :i* is cov]$ ) a s(t1 :iti% d[n4 ,! plants gr[ usually on ! und]side ( rott5 wood or b>k1 & !n ! upp] side ( ! cap lies aga9/ ! wood1 & is said to be resup9ate4 ,sometimes :]e !y gr[ t[>d ! side ( ! log ! cap has a t5d5cy to be %elv+4 ,9 ! resup9ate =ms ! cap is atta*$ usually ne> "o side1 & !n is produc$ m at ! opposite side1 s t x is m or less lat]al or ecc5tric4 ,z ! plant becomes mature ! edge is free f ! wood = "s di/ance1 only be+ atta*$ ov] a small area4 ,! cap is some:at r5i=m1 ?91 & f #f--ab cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! gills radiate f ! po9t :]e ! cap is atta*$ to ! sub/ratum1 are n cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 t is1 at ! lat]al "p ( ! cap :]e !y conv]ge4 ,!y are :iti%1 !n f]rug9\s f ! spores4 ,! spores are sub-elliptical1 sometimes inequilat]al1 & measure f #h--ab #d--f 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aed4--;,crepidotus v]sutus4 ,cap :ite1 d[ny2 gills :iti%1 !n ru/y 7twice natural size7 ,copyright4 ,crepidotus h]b>um ,pk41 is a closely relat$ species1 sep>at$ on acc\nt ( ! small] spores4 ,bo? species gr[ ei!r on h]bs or decay+ wood4 ,z sugge/$ by ,peck !y are bo? closely relat$ to ,c4 *imonophilus ,b]k41 :i* has oblong elliptical spores4 ,! %ape ( ! spores does n seem to diff] f ! specim5s :i* ,i h tak5 to be ,c4 v]sutus4 ,crepidotus applanatus ,fr41 is a l>g] species1 %elv+ & (t5 imbricat$4 ,crepidotus fulvotom5tosus ,pk41 is a pretty species ) a tom5tose cap & tawny scales1 usually occurr+ s+ly4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,c4 calolepis ,fr4 ,figure #aed is f plants ( ,crepidotus v]sutus ,pk41 7,no4 #bgcb ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ on rott+ wood at ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y41 eight miles f ,i?aca4 ,! plants are repres5t$ twice natural size4 ,,cort9>ius ,fr4 ,! g5us ,cort9>ius is *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! o!r g5]a ( ! o*re-spor$ ag>ics by ! pres5ce ( a spid]-web-l 7ara*noid7 veil :i* is sep>ate f ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 t is1 sup]ficial4 ,! gills are p[d]$ by ! spores1 t is1 ! spores fall away ) difficulty & ?us give ! gills a pulv]ul5t appe>ance4 ,! plants are fle%y & decay easily4 ,x is necess>y to h plants 9 ! "y z well z ! old /ate to prop]ly get at ! *>act]s1 & ! "* ( ! veil is only se5 9 "y or half develop$ specim5s4 ,! species are to be di/+ui%$ f o!r o*re-spor$ ag>ics ) a cobwebby veil by ! fact t ! veil 9 ,cort9>ius is sup]ficial & ! gills p[d]y4 ,! numb] ( species is v l>ge1 & !y are difficult to det]m9e4 ,!y mo/ly occur 9 nor!rn c\ntries & 9 ! autumn or late summ]2 "s species1 h[ev]1 occur dur+ e>ly summ]4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #aje--aab1 describes #ba species4 ,cort9>ius 7,inoloma7 violaceus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is species is kn[n by ! violet or d>k violet color :i* p]vades all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! plants are #h--aj cm4 high1 ! pileus #g--ae cm4 broad1 & ! /em is bulb\s1 #f--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! veil is s+le4 ,x occurs 9 woods & op5 places dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,! fle% ( ! plant is also violet1 & ?is color is imp>t$ to ! liquid :5 ! plant is cook$4 ,! flavor is said to be some?+ l t ( ,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,cort9>ius 7,myxacium7 coll9itus 7,p]s47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is is kn[n z ! sme>$ cort9>ius because ( ! abundant glut9\s sub/ance ) :i* ! plant is sme>$ dur+ moi/ or wet wea!r4 ,x gr[s 9 woods4 ,! plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 ! cap #e--h cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is usually kn[n by ! smoo?1 ev51 tawny cap1 ! great abundance ( slimy sub/ance cov]+ ! entire plant :5 moi/1 & :5 dry ! crack+ ( ! glut5 on ! /em into annul> pat*es4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 smoo?1 ev51 glut9\s :5 wet1 %9+ :5 dry1 tawny4 ,! gills are adnate ) a peculi> blui% gray t+e :5 "y1 & clay color to c9namon :5 old4 ,! spores are ne>ly elliptical1 & #ab--ae #f--g 4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 & ) pat*es ( ! crack$ glut5 :5 dry4 ,cort9>ius 7,d]mocybe7 c9namomeus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,! c9namon cort9>ius is s call$ because ( ! c9namon color ( ! entire plant1 especially ( ! cap & /em4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods dur+ summ] & autumn4 ,x is a v pretty plant1 & v>ies f #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap f #b--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #d--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is conic1 or convex1 & ne>ly exp&$1 sometimes ne>ly plane1 & aga9 ) a prom95t blunt or conic umbo4 ,sometimes ! pileus is abruptly b5t d[nw>d ne> ! m>g9 z %[n 9 ! plants 9 ,fig4 #aee1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( a hip-ro(4 ,! surface is smoo?1 silky1 ) innate fibrils4 ,sometimes !re are c9nab> /a9s on p>ts ( ! pileus1 & (t5 !re are conc5tric r[s ( scales ne> ! m>g94 ,! fle% is light yell[i% & ) /a9s ( c9nab>4 ,! gills are adnate1 slightly s9uate1 & decurr5t by a too?1 easily sep>at+ f ! /em1 r cr[d$1 slightly v5tricose4 ,! color ( ! gills v>ies greatly2 sometimes !y are ! same color z ! pileus1 sometimes r$di% br[n1 sometimes blood r$ color1 etc4 ,?is latt] =m is a v pretty plant1 & is v>4 semi-sangu9eus ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aee4--;,cort9>ius c9namomeus v>4 semi-sangu9eus4 ,cap & /em c9namon1 gills blood r$ color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #aee is f plants 7,no4 #bhhc ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ej1 ,,figure #aef4--;,cort9>ius o*roleucus4 ,entire plant pale o*re color1 gills lat] o*re yell[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,cort9>ius 7,d]mocybe7 o*roleucus 7,s*aeff47 ,fr4--,?is is a v beautiful plant because ( ! s(t1 silky appe>ance ( ! surface ( pileus & /em1 & ! delicate yell[i% :ite color4 ,x occurs 9 woods1 on ! gr\nd among decay+ leaves4 ,! plants are #d--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #d--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em above is #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness1 & bel[ f #b--c cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ea1 ,,figure #aeg4--;,cort9>ius o*roleucus4 ,colors same z 9 ,figure #aef1 ?is repres5ts old] plants4 ,! pileus is convex to ne>ly exp&$1 & sometimes a little depress$1 usually1 h[ev]1 rema9+ convex at ! top4 ,x is dry1 on ! c5t] f9ely tom5tose to m9utely squamulose1 sometimes ! scales splitt+ up into conc5tric r[s ar\nd ! cap4 ,! cap is fle%y at ! c5t]1 & ?9 at ! m>g91 ! color is f cream buff to buff1 d>k] on ! c5t]4 ,! gills are s9uate or adnate1 slightly broad] 9 ! middle 7v5tricose7 9 age1 pale at fir/1 !n becom+ o*re yell[1 & d>k] :5 ! plant dries4 ,! spores are tawny 9 mass1 oval1 elliptical1 m9utely tub]culate :5 mature1 #f--i #d--f 4 ,! /em is clavate1 pale cream buff 9 color1 solid1 becom+ irregul>ly fi/ulose 9 age1 bulb\s or some:at v5tricose bel[1 ! bulb (t5 l>ge & abrupt1 #a4e--c cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! veil is prom95t & atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 ! abundant ?reads atta*$ ov] an area #a cm4 9 ext5t & =m+ a beautiful cort9a ( ! same color z ! pileus & /em1 b becom+ tawny :5 ! spores fall on x4 ,! /em v>ies consid]ably 9 l5g? & %ape1 be+ r>ely v5tricose1 & !n only at ! base2 ! bulb\s =ms pr$om9ate & ! bulb is (t5 v l>ge4 ,figures #aef1 #aeg are f plants 7,no4 #cfgd ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,,bolbitius ,fries4 ,! g5us ,bolbitius conta9s a few species ) yell[i% or yell[i% br[n spores4 ,! plants are v fragile1 m or less mucilag9\s :5 moi/1 usually ) yell[i% colors1 &1 :at is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature beside ! yell[i% color ( ! spores1 ! gills are v s(t1 & at maturity t5d to dissolve into a mucilag9\s consi/5cy1 ?\gh !y d n deliquesce1 or only r>ely dissolve s f> z to =m drops4 ,! surface ( ! gills at maturity becomes cov]$ ) ! spores s t !y appe> p[d]y1 z 9 ! g5us ,cort9>ius1 :i* !y also resemble 9 ! color ( ! spores4 ,9 ! mucilag9\s condition ( ! gills ! g5us approa*es ,copr9us4 ,x is believ$ to occupy an int]m$iate position betwe5 ,copr9us & ,cort9>ius4 ,! species usually gr[ on dung or 9 manur$ gr\nd1 & 9 ?is respect resemble _m ( ! species ( ,copr9us4 ,"s ( ! species are1 h[ev]1 n always conf9$ to su* a sub/ratum1 b gr[ on decay+ leaves1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aeh4--;,bolbitius v>iicolor4 ,cap viscid1 v>i\s %ades ( yell[1 or smoky olive2 gills yell[i%1 !n ru/y 7natural size74 ,bolbitius v>iicolor ,atk9son4--,?is plant 0 f\nd abundantly dur+ ,may & ,june1 #ahih1 9 a fre%ly manur$ grass plat betwe5 ! side-walk & ! pavem5t along ,buffalo /reet1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! season 0 ra9y1 & ! plants appe>$ ea* day dur+ q a long p]iod1 sometimes l>ge numb]s ( !m cov]+ a small area1 b !y 7 n clu/]$ nor cespitose4 ,!y v>y 9 height f #d--aj cm41 ! pileus f #b--d cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #c--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! colors v>y f smoky to fulig9\s1 olive & yell[1 & ! spores are f]rug9\s4 ,! pileus is f ovate to conic :5 "y1 ! m>g9 n at all incurv$1 b lies /raight aga9/ ! /em1 some:at unequal4 ,9 exp&+ ! cap becomes convex1 !n exp&$1 & f9ally _m ( ! plants ) ! m>g9 elevat$ & ) a broad umbo1 & f9ely /riate = "o-half to two-?irds ! way f ! m>g9 to ! c5t]4 ,:5 "y ! pileus has a v viscid cuticle1 :i* easily peels f ! surface1 %[+ ! yell[ fle%4 ,! cuticle is smoky olive to fulig9\s1 d>k] :5 "y1 becom+ pal] z ! pileus exp&s1 b always d>k] on ! umbo4 ,sometimes ! fibres on ! surface ( ! cap are drawn into /r&s :i* ana/omose into co>se reticulations1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( elevat$ ve9s :i* h a g5]al radiate direction f ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,z ! pileus exp&s ! yell[ color ( ! fle% %[s ?r\gh ! cuticle m & m1 especially :5 "y1 b becom+ light olive to fulig9\s 9 age4 ,9 dry wea!r ! surface ( ! pileus sometimes cracks into pat*es z ! pileus exp&s4 ,! gills are r\nd$ next ! /em1 adnate to adnex$1 becom+ free1 fir/ yell[1 !n f]rug9\s4 ,! basidia are abruptly club-%ap$1 r di/ant & sep>at$ regul>ly by r\nd$ cells1 f\r spor$4 ,! spores are f]rug9\s1 elliptical1 #aj--ae #f--h 1 smoo?4 ,! /em is cyl9drical to t]ete1 tap]+ above1 sulphur & o*re yell[1 becom+ pal] & ev5 ) a light br[n t+e 9 age4 ,! /em is holl[1 & cov]$ ) num]\s small yell[ floccose scales :i* po9t upw>d & are =m$ by ! te>+ away ( ! edges ( ! gills1 :i* are loosely unit$ ) ! surface ( ! /em 9 ! "y /age4 ,! edges ( ! gills are ?us sometimes f9ely fimbriate4 ,at maturity ! gills become m or less mucilag9\s1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,plants plac$ 9 a moi/ *amb] *ange to a mucilag9\s mass4 ,:5 ! plants dry ! pileus is f a drab to hair br[n or sepia color 7,ridgeway's colors74 ,figure #aeh is f plants 7,no4 #bcee ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,,paxillus ,fr4 ,9 ! g5us ,paxillus ! gills are usually easily sep>at$ f ! pileus1 ?\gh !re are "s species accr$it$ to ! g5us t d n seem to possess ?is "* 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! spores are o*re or o*re br[n4 ,(t5 ! gills are =k$ ne> ! /em or ana/omose1 or !y are connect$ by ve9s :i* !mselves ana/omose 9 a reticulate fa%ion s t ! me%es resemble ! pores ( c]ta9 species ( ! family ,polyporace4 ,! pileus may be viscid or dry 9 c]ta9 species1 b ! plant lacks a viscid univ]sal veil4 ,! g5us is closely relat$ to ,gomphidius1 :]e ! gills are (t5 =k$ & easily sep>ate f ! pileus1 b ,gomphidius possesses a viscid or glut9\s univ]sal veil4 ,peck 9 ! ,bull4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #b3 #bi--cc1 describes five species4 ,paxillus involutus 7,bats*47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant is q common 9 "s places & is widely di/ribut$4 ,x occurs on ! gr\nd 9 grassy places1 9 ! op51 or 9 woods1 & on decay+ logs or /umps4 ,! /em is c5tral1 or ne>ly s1 :5 gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 or ecc5tric :5 gr[+ on wood1 especially if gr[+ f ! side ( a log or /ump4 ,! plants are #e--g cm4 high1 ! cap #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plant occurs f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aei4--,paxillus involutus4 ,cap & /em gray1 olive-br[n1 r$di% br[n or tawny 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 & depress$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ! "y plant ! m>g9 is /rongly inroll$1 & z ! pileus exp&s x unrolls 9 a v pretty mann]4 ,! "y plant is cov]$ ) a grayi%1 d[ny sub/ance1 & :5 ! inroll$ m>g9 ( ! cap comes 9 contact ) ! gills1 z x does1 x presses ! gills aga9/ ?is d[n1 & ! unroll+ m>g9 is ?us m>k$ q prom95tly1 sometimes ) furr[s :]e ! pressure ( ! gills 0 appli$4 ,! color ( ! pileus v>ies greatly4 ,9 ! case ( plants collect$ at ,i?aca & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a m\nta9s ! "y plant :5 fre% is (t5 olive umb]1 becom+ r$di% or tawny :5 old]1 ! m>g9 ) a light] %ade4 ,z ,dr4 ,peck /ates1 x (t5 pres5ts a /range admixture ( gray1 o*race\s1 f]rug9\s1 & br[n hues4 ,! fle% is yell[i% & *anges to r$di% or br[ni% :]e bruis$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 :5 "y arcuate1 !n asc5d+1 & are m or less reticulat$ on ! /em4 ,!y are grayi%1 !n gre5i% yell[ *ang+ to br[n :]e bruis$4 ,! spores are oval1 #g--i #d--e 4 ,! /em is %ort1 ev51 & ( ! same color z ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eb1 ,,figure #afj4--,paxillus rhodoxan?us4 ,cap r$di% br[n1 /em pal]1 gills yell[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ! plant is sometimes abundant 9 late autumn 9 grassy places ne> or 9 groves4 ,! ,figure #aei is f plants 7,no4 #bejh ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 gr[+ 9 su* a place 9 ! suburbs ( ,i?aca4 ,at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ! plant is (t5 v abundant along ! roadsides on ! gr\nd dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,paxillus rhodoxan?us 7,s*w47--,?is species 0 fir/ describ$ by de ,s*we9itz z ,ag>icus rhodoxan?us1 p4 #hc ,no4 #fdj1 ,synopsis fungorum ,c>ol9 sup]ioris1 9 ,s*rift5 d] ,natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft #a3 #ai--aca1 #ahbb4 ,x 0 describ$ "u 8 ?ird section ( ,ag>icus "u ! sub-g5us ,gymnopus1 9 :i* are ma9ly species n[ di/ribut$ 9 ,clitocybe & ,hygrophorus4 ,he rem>ks on ! elegant appe>ance ( ! plant & ! fact t x s ne>ly resembles ,boletus subtom5tosus z to deceive "o4 ,! resemblance to ,boletus subtom5tosus z "o looks ^u ! pileus :5 ! plant is gr[+ on ! gr\nd is c]ta9ly /rik+1 because ( ! r$di% yell[1 o*race\s rufus or *e/nut br[n color ( ! cap toge!r ) ! m9ute tom5tum cov]+ ! surface4 ,! sugge/ion is aid$ also by ! color ( ! gills1 :i* "o is apt to get a glimpse ( f above )\t be+ aw>e t ! fruit+ surface has gills in/ead ( tubes4 ,b z soon z ! plant is pick$ & we look at ! "u surface1 all sugge/ion ( a ,boletus vani%es1 unless "o looks c>efully at ! v5ation ( ! surface ( ! gills & ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,! plant gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 :]e x is n uncommon1 ,i h always f\nd x along ! m\nta9 roads on ! banks4 ,x is #e--aj cm4 high1 ! cap f #c--h cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 plane or convex1 & :5 mature m or less top-%ap$ because x is s ?ick at ! middle4 ,9 age ! surface ( ! cap (t5 becomes crack$ into small areas1 %[+ ! yell[ fle% 9 ! cracks4 ,! fle% is yell[i% & ! surface is dry4 ,! gills are n v di/ant1 !y are /\t1 *rome yell[ to lemon yell[1 & /rongly decurr5t4 ,a few ( !m are =k$ t[>d ! base1 & ! surface & ! space betwe5 !m are m>k$ by ana/omos+ ve9s =m+ a reticulum sugge/ive ( ! hym5ium ( ! ,polyporace4 ,?is "* is n evid5t )\t ! use ( a h& l5s4 ,! surface ( ! gills z well z ! edges is provid$ ) clavate cy/idia :i* are fill$ ) a yell[ pigm5t1 giv+ to ! gills ! bright yell[ color s *>act]i/ic4 ,^! cy/idia ext5d above ! basidia1 & ! ends are r\nd$ s t sometimes !y appe> capitate4 ,! yell[ color is n conf9$ to ! cy/idia1 = ! sub-hym5ium is also color$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! spores are yell[i%1 oblong to elliptical or sp9dle-%ap$1 & measure #h--ab #c--e 4 ,! /em is ! same color z ! pileus1 b pal]1 & m yell[ at ! base4 ,x is m>k$ ) num]\s m9ute dots ( a d>k] color ?an ! gr\nd color1 =m$ ( num]\s small erect tufts ( mycelium4 ,figure #afj is f plants 7,no4 #cigg ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,z /at$ above1 ! plant 0 fir/ describ$ by de ,s*we9itz z ,ag>icus rhodoxan?us 9 #ahbb4 ,9 #ahcd 7,synop4 fung4 ,am4 ,bor4 p4 #aea1 #ahcd7 he li/$ x "u ! g5us ,gomphus ,fries 7,sy/4 ,mycolog4 #cai1 #ahba74 ,s9ce ,fries *ang$ ,gomphus to ,gomphidius 7,epicrisis1 #cai1 #ahcf--ahch7 ! species has usually be5 writt5 ,gomphidius rhodoxan?us ,s*we9itz4 ,! species lacks "o v important *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us ,gomphidius1 namely1 ! slimy veil :i* envelops ! entire plant4 ,its relation%ip seems r to be ) ! g5us ,paxillus1 ?\gh ! gills d n readily sep>ate f ! pileus1 "o ( ! *>act]s ascrib$ to ?is g5us1 & possess$ by c]ta9 species ( ,gomphidius 9 ev5 a bett] degree4 7,9 ,paxillus involutus ! gills d n sep>ate s readily z !y d 9 c]ta9 species ( ,gomphidius47 ,b]keley 7,decades ,n4 ,a4 ,fungi1 #aaf7 has describ$ a plant f ,ohio "u ! "n ,paxillus flavidus4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by "s 7see ,peck1 #bi? ,report1 p4 #cf2 ,lloyd1 ,mycolog4 ,notes1 :]e he writes x z ,flammula rhodoxan?us67 t ,paxillus flavidus ,b]k41 is id5tical ) ,ag>icus rhodoxan?us ,s*w4 ,paxillus rhodoxan?us seems also to be v ne> if n id5tical ) ,clitocybe pelleti]i ,lev4 7,gillet1 ,hym5omycetes #a3 #agj71 & ,s*roet] 7,cohn's ,krypt1 ,flora ,s*lesi51 #c1 #a3 #eaf1 #ahhi7 transf]s ?is species to ,paxillus z ,paxillus pelleti]i4 ,he is foll[$ by ,h5n+s1 :o "u ! same section ( ! g5us1 li/s ,p4 flavidus ,b]k41 f ,n4 ,a4 ,! figure ( ,clitocybe pelleti]i 9 ,gillet ,hym5omycetes1 etc41 resembles our plant v closely1 & ,sacc>do 7,syll4 ,fung4 #e3 #aib7 says t x has ! aspect ( ,boletus subtom5tosus1 a rem>k simil> to ! "o made by de ,s*we9itz 9 ! orig9al description ( ,ag>icus rhodoxan?us4 ,flammula p>adoxa ,kal*4 7,fung4 ,hung4 ,tab4 ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #a7 seems to be ! same plant1 z well z ,f4 tammii ,fr41 ) :i* ,pat\ill>d 7,tab4 ,anal4 ,n4 #ced7 places ,f4 p>adoxa & ,clitocybe pelleti]i4 ,paxillus atrotom5tosus 7,bats*7 ,fr4--,?is plant is n v common4 ,x is (t5 ( q l>ge size1 #f--ae cm4 high1 & ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 ! /em v %ort or sometimes long1 f #a--b4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plant is q easily recogniz$ by ! /\t & black hairy /em1 & ! d>k br[n or blacki%1 irregul> & sometimes lat]al cap1 ) ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,x gr[s on wood1 logs1 /umps1 etc41 dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #afa4--,paxillus atro-tom5tosus1 =m hirsutus4 ,cap & /em br[ni% or blacki% 7natural size1 small specim5s1 !y are (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 exp&$1 sometimes some:at depress$1 lat]al1 irregul>1 or sometimes ) ! /em ne>ly 9 ! c5t]1 br[ni% or blacki%1 dry1 sometimes ) a br[ni% or blacki% tom5tum on ! surface4 ,! m>g9 is inroll$ & lat] incurv$4 ,! fle% is :ite1 & ! plant is t\gh4 ,! gills are adnate1 (t5 decurr5t on ! /em1 & easily sep>able f ! pileus1 =k$ at ! base & sometimes reticulate1 =m+ pores4 ,spores yell[i%1 oval1 #d--f #c--d 4 ,/ev5son says t ! gills d n =m pores l ^? ( ,p4 involutus1 b ,fig4 #afa 7,no4 #ccfb ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 f plants collect$ at ,i?aca1 %[s !m well4 ,!re is1 z x seems1 "s v>iation 9 ?is respect4 ,! /em is solid1 t\gh & ela/ic1 curv$ or /raight1 cov]$ ) a d5se black tom5tum1 sometimes ) violet %ades4 ,on dry+ ! plant becomes q h>d1 & ! gills blacki% olive4 ,paxillus panuoides ,fr4--,?is species 0 collect$ dur+ ,augu/1 #aijj1 on a side-walk & on a log at ,i?aca4 ,! specim5s collect$ 7 sessile & ! pileus lat]al1 some:at broad5$ at ! free end1 or petaloid4 ,! entire plant is pale or dull yell[1 ! surface ( ! pileus fibr\s & some:at unev5 b n scaly4 ,! plants are #b--ab cm4 long by #a--h cm4 broad1 (t5 _m cr[d$ toge!r 9 an imbricat$ mann]4 ,! gills are pale yell[1 & ! spores are ( ! same color :5 caught on :ite pap]1 & !y measure #d--e #c--d 1 ! size giv5 = ,european specim5s ( ?is species4 ,! gills are =k$1 some:at ana/omos+ at ! base1 & s9u\s 9 outl9e1 ?\gh n m>k$ly corrugat$ z 9 ! next =m4 ,f descriptions ( ! ,european specim5s ! plants are sometimes l>g] ?an ^! "h describ$1 & x is v v>iable 9 =m & (t5 imbricat$ z 9 ! foll[+ species4 ,paxillus corrugatus ,atk9son4--,?is v int]e/+ species 0 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 on decay+ wood1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahii4 ,! pileus is lat]al1 %elv+1 ! /em be+ entirely abs5t 9 ! specim5s f\nd4 ,! pileus is #b--e cm4 broad1 n>r[$ d[n 9 an irregul> w$ge =m to ! sessile base1 convex1 !n exp&$1 ! m>g9 incurv$ 7involute74 ,! color ( ! cap is yell[1 maize yell[ to can>y yell[1 ) a r$di% br[n t+e ne> ! base4 ,x is ne>ly smoo?1 or v slightly tom5tose4 ,! fle% is pale yell[1 spongy4 ,! gills are orange yell[1 #b--c mm4 broad1 n cr[d$1 regul>ly =k$ sev]al times1 ?91 blunt1 v wavy & cr5ulate1 easily sep>at+ f ! hym5ophore :5 fre%2 ! entire bread? ( ! gills is flut$1 giv+ a corrugat$ appe>ance to ! side4 ,! spores 9 ^! specim5s are fa9tly yell[1 m9ute1 oblong1 broadly elliptical1 %ort1 sometimes ne>ly oval1 #c #a4e--b 4 ,! basidia are also v m9ute4 ,! spores are olive yell[ on :ite pap]4 ,! plant has a *>act]i/ic & disagreeable odor4 ,?is odor p]si/s 9 ! dri$ plant = sev]al mon?s4 ,figure #afb is f ! plants 7,no4 #cccb ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ z not$ above on decay+ hemlock logs 9 woods4 ,a side & "u view is %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! l>g] figure is ! "u-view1 f a photograph made a little m ?an twice natural size1 9 ord] to %[ cle>ly ! "* ( ! gills4 ,! two small] plants are natural size4 ,:5 dry ! plant is q h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ec1 ,,figure #afb4--,paxillus corrugatus4 ,cap maize yell[ to orange yell[1 r$di% br[n ne> ! base2 gills orange yell[4 ,two l[] plants natural size2 upp] "o #b-a_/b times natural size4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ed1 ,,figure #afc4--,paxillus panuoides1 pale yell[2 natural size4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ee4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,boletus felleus4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,b4 edulis4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tube-,,be>+ ,,fungi4 ,,polyporaceae4 ,! plants belong+ to ?is family are *>act]iz$ especially by a honey-comb$ fruit+ surface1 t is1 ! "u surface ( ! plants possesses num]\s tubes or pores :i* /& close toge!r side by side1 & except 9 a v few =ms ^! tubes are jo9$ by _! sides to ea* o!r4 ,9 ,fi/ul9a ! tubes are free f ea* o!r ?\gh /&+ closely side by side4 ,9 ,m]ulius di/9ct tubes are n pres5t1 b ! surface is m or less irregul>ly pitt$1 ! pits be+ sep>at$ f ea* o!r by folds :i* ana/omose1 =m+ a network4 ,^! pits correspond to %all[ tubes4 ,! plants v>y greatly 9 consi/5cy1 "s are v fle%y & s(t & putrify readily4 ,o!rs are s(t :5 "y & become firm] z !y age1 & "s are q h>d & woody4 ,_m ( ! latt] are p]5nial & live = sev]al or _m ye>s1 add+ a new lay] 9 gr[? ea* ye>4 ,! l>g] numb] ( ! species gr[ on wood1 b "s gr[ on ! gr\nd2 especially 9 ! g5us ,boletus1 :i* has _m species1 ! majority gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,"s ( ! plants h a cap & /em1 9 o!rs ! /em is abs5t & ! cap atta*$ to ! tree or log1 etc41 =ms a %elf1 or ! plant may be ?9 & spread ov] ! surface ( ! wood 9 a ?9 pat*4 ,9 ! g5us ,ddalea ! tubes become m or less elongat$ horizontally & ?us approa* ! =m ( ! gills1 :ile 9 "s species ! tubes are m or less too!d or split & approa* ! sp9e-be>+ fungi at lea/ 9 appe>ance ( ! fruit-be>+ surface4 ,only a few ( ! g5]a & species w be describ$4 ,! foll[+ key is n complete1 b may aid 9 sep>at+ "s ( ! l>g] plants3 ,tubes or pores free f ea* o!r1 ?\gh /&+ closely side by side1 ,fi/ul9a4 ,tubes or pores n free1 jo9$ side by side1 #a4 #a--,plants s(t & fle%y1 soon decay+1 #b4 ,plants s(t :5 "y1 becom+ firm1 "s woody or corky1 /ipitate1 %elv+1 or spread ov] ! wood1 ,polyporus4 ,tubes or pores %all[1 =m$ by a network ( folds or wr9kles1 plants ?91 sometimes spread ov] ! wood1 & some:at gelat9\s1 ,m]ulius4 #b--,mass 7/ratum7 ( tubes easily sep>at+ f ! cap :5 peel$ (f1 cap n ) co>se scales1 tubes 9 "s species 9 radiat+ l9es1 ,boletus4 ,/ratum ( tubes sep>at+1 b n easily1 cap ) co>se1 prom95t scales1 ,/robilomyces4 ,/ratum ( tubes sep>at+1 b n easily1 tubes arrang$ 9 di/9ct radiat+ l9es4 ,9 "o species 7,b4 porosus7 ! tubes d n sep>ate f ! cap1 ,bolet9us4 ,?is la/ g5us is apt to be confus$ ) c]ta9 species ( ,boletus :i* h a di/9ct radiate arrangem5t ( ! tubes4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r x is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! g5us ,boletus4 ,,boletus ,dill4 ,( ! few g5]a 9 ! ,polyporace :i* are fle%y & putresc5t1 ,boletus conta9s by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( species4 ,! entire plant is s(t & fle%y1 & decays soon aft] maturity4 ,! /ratum ( tubes on ! "u side ( ! cap is easily peel$ (f & sep>ates z %[n 9 ! portion ( a cap ne> ! "r h& side ( ,fig4 #afi4 ,9 ! g5us ,polyporus ! /ratum ( tubes _c ?us be sep>at$4 ,9 ! g5]a ,/robilomyces & ,bolet9us1 two o!r fle%y g5]a ( ?is family1 ! sep>ation is said to be m difficult ?an 9 ,boletus1 b x has _m times seem$ to me a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce4 ,! l>g] numb] ( ! species ( ,boletus gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,"s *ange color :5 bruis$ or cut1 s t x is important to note ?is "* :5 ! plant is fre%1 & ! ta/e %\ld be not$ z well4 ,boletus edulis ,bull4 ,edible4 ,ag4 bulbosus ,s*aeff4 ,tab4 #acd1 #agfc4 ,boletus bulbosus 7,s*aeff47 ,s*roet]4 ,cohn's ,krypt1 ,flora4 ,s*lesi51 p4 #dii1 #ahhi4--,?is plant1 :i*1 z its "n implies1 is edible1 gr[s 9 op5 woods or _! bord]s1 9 groves & 9 op5 places1 on ! gr\nd4 ,x occurs 9 w>m1 wet wea!r1 f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,boleti1 & v>ies f #e--ab cm4 high1 ! cap f #h--be cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--d cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ef1 ,,figure #afd4--;,boletus edulis4 ,cap light br[n1 tubes gre5i% yell[ or yell[i%2 /em 9 ?is specim5 entirely reticulate 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 smoo?1 firm1 q h>d :5 "y & becom+ s(t 9 age4 ,! color v>ies greatly1 f buff to dull r$di%1 to r$di%-br[n1 tawny-br[n1 (t5 yell[i% ov] a portion ( ! cap1 usually pal] on ! m>g94 ,! fle% is :ite or t+$ ) yell[1 sometimes r$di% "u ! cuticle4 ,! tubes are :ite :5 "y & ! m\?s are clos$ 7/uff$71 ! l[] surface ( ! tubes is convex f ! m>g9 ( ! cap to ! /em1 & depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 sometimes sep>at+ f ! /em4 ,:ile ! tubes are :ite :5 "y1 !y become gre5i% or gre5i%-yell[1 or entirely yell[ :5 mature4 ,! spores :5 caught on pap] are gre5i%-yell[1 or yell[4 ,!y are oblong to fusi=m1 #ab--ae long4 ,! /em is /\t1 ev51 or mu* enl>g$ at ! base s t x is clavate4 ,! surface usually %[s prom95t reticulations on mature plants ne> ! tubes1 sometimes ov] ! entire /em4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ,fig4 #afd f plants 7,no4 #bhhf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eg1 ,,figure #afe4--;,cap light br[n1 tubes gre5i% yell[ or yell[i%2 /em 9 ^! specim5s n reticulate 7#b_/c natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #afe repres5ts plants 7,no4 #dacd1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$ & has long be5 priz$ z an escul5t 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,:5 raw ! plant has an agreeable nutty ta/e1 sometimes sweet4 ,! caps are sometimes slic$ & dri$ = future use4 ,x is usually recomm5d$ to disc>d ! /ems & remove ! tubes s9ce ! latt] are apt to =m a slimy mass on cook+4 ,boletus felleus ,bull4 ,bitt]4--,?is is kn[n z ! bitt] boletus1 because ( a bitt] ta/e ( ! fle%4 ,x usually gr[s on or ne> mu* decay$ logs or /umps ( hemlock spruce4 ,x is said to be easily recogniz$ by its bitt] ta/e4 ,i h f\nd specim5s ( a plant :i* seems to h all ! *>act]s ( ?is "o gr[+ at ! base ( hemlock spruce trees1 except t ! ta/e 0 n bitt]4 ,at ,i?aca1 h[ev]1 ! plant occurs & ! ta/e is bitt]4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge species ( ! g5us1 be+ f #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #g--bj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex becom+ ne>ly plane1 firm1 & 9 age s(t1 smoo?1 ! color v>y+ f pale yell[ to v>i\s %ades ( br[n to *e/nut4 ,! fle% is :ite1 & :]e w\nd$ (t5 *anges to a p9k color1 b n always4 ,! tubes are adnate1 long1 ! "u surface convex & ) a depression ar\nd ! /em4 ,! tubes are at fir/ :ite1 b become fle% color or t+$ ) fle% color1 & ! m\?s are angul>4 ,! /em is /\t1 tap]+ upw>d1 sometimes enl>g$ at ! base1 usually reticulat$ at ! upp] end1 & sometimes ) ! reticulations ov] ! entire surface 7,fig4 #aff74 ,! color is pal] ?an t ( ! cap4 ,! spores are oblong to sp9dle-%ap$1 fle% color 9 mass1 & s+le ones measure #ab--ah #d--e 4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plant is some:at l t ( ! ,boletus edulis1 & beg9n]s %\ld be caution$ n to confuse ! two species4 ,x is kn[n by its bitt] ta/e & ! fle%-color$ tubes1 :ile ! ta/e ( ! ,b4 edulis is sweet1 & ! tubes are gre5i%-yell[1 or yell[i% or light o*re4 ,plate #ee repres5ts ?ree specim5s 9 color4 ,boletus scab] ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is species is nam$ ! r\gh-/emm$ boletus1 9 allusion to ! r\gh appe>ance giv5 to ! /em f num]\s d>k br[n or r$di% dots or scales4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic feature1 & aids "o greatly 9 det]m9+ ! species1 s9ce ! color ( ! cap v>ies mu*4 ,! cap is sometimes :iti%1 orange r$1 br[n1 or smoky 9 color4 ,! plant is #f--ae cm4 high1 ! cap #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is r\nd$1 becom+ convex1 smoo?1 or ne>ly s1 sometimes scaly1 & ! fle% is s(t & :ite1 sometimes turn+ slightly to a r$di% or d>k color :]e bruis$4 ,! tubes are small1 long1 ! surface =m$ by _! free ends is convex 9 outl9e1 & ! tubes are depress$ ar\nd ! /em4 ,!y are fir/ :ite1 becom+ d>k]1 & some:at br[ni%4 ,! /em is solid1 tap]+ some:at upw>d1 & r\gh5$ z describ$ above4 ,! plant is "o ( ! common species ( ! g5us ,boletus4 ,x occurs 9 ! woods on ! gr\nd or 9 groves or bord]s ( woods 9 grassy places4 ,writ]s diff] z to ! excell5ce ( ?is species = food2 "s consid] x excell5t1 :ile o!rs reg>d x z less agreeable ?an "s o!r species4 ,x is1 at any rate1 safe1 & ,peck consid]s x fir/-class4 ,boletus retipes ,b4 ,c4--,?is species 0 fir/ collect$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a by ,curtis1 & describ$ by ,b]keley4 ,x has s9ce be5 report$ f ,ohio1 ,wiscons91 & ,new ,engl& 7,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s474 ,peck report$ x f ,new ,york 9 ! #bc;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #acb4 ,lat] he recogniz$ ! ,new ,york plant z a new species :i* he call$ ,b4 ornatipes 7#bi? ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fg74 ,i collect$ ! species 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 9 ,augu/1 #ahhh4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii1 ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ q a l>ge numb] ( specim5s 9 ! same locality1 = x is n uncommon !re1 & two specim5s 7 photograph$ & are repres5t$ "h 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! orig9al description publi%$ 9 ,grevillea #a3 #cf1 %\ld be modifi$1 especially 9 reg>d to ! size ( ! plant1 its habit1 & ! pulv]ul5t condition ( ! pileus4 ,! plants are #f--ae cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #j4e--a4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eh1 ,,figure #aff4--;,boletus felleus4 ,cap light br[n1 tubes fle% color1 /em 9 ?is specim5 entirely reticulate 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #afg4--;,boletus retipes4 ,cap yell[i% br[n1 to olive-br[n or ne>ly black1 /em yell[1 beautifully reticulate1 tubes yell[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 ?ick1 s(t & some:at spongy1 especially 9 l>ge plants4 ,! cap is dry & sometimes1 especially :5 "y1 x is p[d]y2 at o!r times1 & 9 a majority ( cases accord+ to my obs]vations1 x is n p[d]y4 ,x is smoo? or m9utely tom5tose1 sometimes ! surface crack$ into small pat*es1 b usually ev54 ,! color v>ies greatly betwe5 yell[i% br[n to olive br[n1 fulig9\s or ne>ly black4 ,! tubes are yell[1 adnate1 ! tube surface plane or convex4 ,! spores are yell[i% or o*race\s1 v>y+ some:at 9 t9t 9 diff]5t specim5s4 ,! /em is yell[1 yell[ also )91 & beautifully reticulate1 usually to ! base1 b sometimes only t[>d ! apex4 ,x is usually m /rongly reticulate ov] ! upp] half4 ,! /em is erect or asc5d+4 ,! plant gr[s 9 woods1 9 leaf mold or 9 grassy places4 ,x is usually s+le1 t is1 s f> z my obs]vations h gone at ,bl[+ ,rock4 ,b]keley & ,curtis report x z cespitose4 ,i h nev] se5 x cespitose1 nev] m ?an two specim5s gr[+ ne> ea* o!r4 ,boletus ornatipes ,pk41 does n seem to be ess5tially diff]5t f ,b4 retipes4 ,peck says 7,boleti ,u4 ,s41 p4 #abf7 t ! tuft$ mode ( gr[?1 ! pulv]ul5t pileus & pal] spores sep>ate ?is species 7retipes7 f ! prec$+ "o 7ornatipes74 ,inasmu* z ,i h nev] f\nd ,b4 retipes tuft$1 & ! fact t ! pileus is n always pulv]ul5t 7! majority ( specim5s ,i collect$ 7 n71 & s9ce ! t9t ( ! spores v>ies z x does 9 "s o!r species1 ! evid5ce is /rong t ! two names repres5t two diff]5t habits ( ! same species4 ,! tuft$ habit ( ! plants collect$ by ,curtis1 or at lea/ describ$ by ,b]keley1 w\ld seem to be a r unusual condition = ?is species1 & ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! small] size giv5 to ! plants 9 ! orig9al description1 :]e ! pileus does n exce$ #e cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is only #e cm4 long1 & #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,plants :i* normally occur s+ly d on "s occasions occur tuft$1 & !n ! habit z well z ! size ( ! plant is (t5 *ang$4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is ,i f\nd 9 ! case ( ,boletus edulis dur+ my /ay 9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a m\nta9s4 ,! plant usually occurs s+ly & m or less scatt]$4 ,i f\nd "o case :]e !re 7 #f--h plants 9 a tuft1 ! caps 7 small] & ! /ems 9 ?is case consid]ably long] ?an 9 normal specim5s4 ,a plant :i* agrees ) ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a specim5s ,i h collect$ at ,i?aca1 & s ,i judge t ,b4 retipes occurs 9 ,new ,york4 ,boletus *romapes ,fro/4--,?is is a pretty boletus1 & has be5 report$ f ,new ,engl& & f ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii x 0 q common 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! plant gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,x is #f--aj cm4 high1 ! cap is #e--aj cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is kn[n by ! yell[i% /em cov]$ ) r$di% gl&ul> dots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ei1 ,,figure #afh4--;,boletus *romapes4 ,cap pale r$1 rose or p9k1 tubes fle% color1 !n br[n1 /em yell[i% ei!r above or bel[1 ! surface ) r$di% or p9ki% dots 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to ne>ly exp&$1 pale r$1 rose p9k to v9ace\s p9k 9 color1 & sometimes slightly tom5tose4 ,! fle% is :ite1 & does n *ange :5 cut or bruis$4 ,! tube surface is convex1 & ! tubes are atta*$ slightly to ! /em1 or free4 ,!y are :ite1 !n fle% color1 & 9 age become br[n4 ,! /em is ev51 or x tap]s slightly upw>d1 /raight or asc5d+1 :iti% or yell[ above1 or bel[1 sometimes yell[i% ! entire l5g?4 ,! fle% is also yell[i%1 especially at ! base4 ,! entire surface is m>k$ ) r$di% or p9ki% dots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fj1 ,,figure #afi4--;,boletus v]miculosus4 ,cap br[n to gray or buff2 tubes yell[i% ) r$di% br[n m\?s2 fle% quickly *anges to blue :]e w\nd$ 7natural size1 sometimes l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,figure #afh is f plants 7,no4 #djhe ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,boletus v]miculosus ,pk4--,?is species 0 nam$ ,b4 v]miculosus because x is sometimes v wormy4 ,?is is n always ! case1 h[ev]4 ,x gr[s 9 woods on ! gr\nd1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is f #f--ab cm4 high1 ! cap f #g--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is ?ick1 convex1 firm1 smoo?1 & v>ies 9 color f br[n to yell[i% br[n1 or drab gray to buff1 & is m9utely tom5tose4 ,! fle% quickly *anges to blue :]e w\nd$1 & ! bruis$ portion1 sometimes1 *ang+ to yell[i%4 ,! tubes are yell[i%1 ) r$di%-br[n m\?s1 ! tube surface be+ r\nd$1 free or ne>ly s1 & ! tubes *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,! /em is pal] ?an ! pileus1 (t5 dott$ ) %ort1 small1 d>k tufts bel[1 & above ne> ! tubes abruptly pal]1 & sometimes ! two colors sep>at$ by a br[ni% l9e4 ,! /em is n reticulat$4 ,figure #afi is f a photograph ( plants 7,no4 #dacb ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,boletus obsonium 7,paul47 ,fr4--,?is species 0 n uncommon 9 ! woods at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd1 ! plants usually appe>+ s+ly4 ,x is f #aj--ae cm4 high1 ! cap #h--ac cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness1 consid]ably broad] at ! base ?an at ! apex4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 v9ace\s c9namon1 to p9ki% v9ace\s or hazel 9 color4 ,x is s(t1 slightly tom5tose1 & :5 old ! surface frequ5tly cracks into f9e pat*es %[+ ! p9k fle% b5ea?4 ,! ?9 m>g9 ext5ds slightly beyond ! tubes1 s t x is /]ile4 ,! fle% does n *ange color on exposure to ! air4 ,! tubes are plane1 adnate1 v slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em or ne>ly free1 yell[i% :ite :5 "y1 becom+ d>k olive gre5 9 age f ! color ( ! spores4 ,! tube m\?s are small & rotund4 ,! spores caught on :ite pap] are d>k olive gre54 ,!y are elliptical usually1 ) r\nd$ ends1 #ab--ae #d--e 4 ,! /em is :ite :5 "y1 ) a t+e ( yell[ o*re1 & pale fle% color bel[4 ,x is m>k$ ) some:at p>allel elevat$ l9es1 or rug bel[1 :]e x is enl>g$ & ne>ly bulb\s4 ,9 age x becomes fle% color ! entire l5g? & is m pla9ly /riate rugose ) a yell[i% t+e at ! base4 ,! /em tap]s gradually & /rongly f ! base to ! apex1 s t x (t5 appe>s long conic4 ,! plant is (t5 badly eat5 by snails1 s t x is sometimes difficult to obta9 p]fect specim5s4 ,figure #agj is f a photograph ( plants 7,no4 #djib ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 f ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,boletus am]icanus ,pk4--,?is species occurs 9 woods & op5 places1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 wet wea!r4 ,x occurs s+ly or clu/]$1 sometimes two or ?ree jo9$ by _! bases1 b usually m scatt]$4 ,x is usually f\nd "u or ne> p9e trees4 ,! plant is #c--f cm4 high1 ! cap #b--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #d--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is v slimy 9 wet wea!r1 ! cap is yell[1 /reak$ or spott$ ) fa9t r$1 & ! /em is cov]$ ) num]\s br[n or r$di% br[n dots4 ,! pileus is r\nd$1 !n convex1 becom+ ne>ly exp&$ & sometimes ) an umbo4 ,x is s(t1 v slimy or viscid :5 moi/1 yell[4 ,:5 "y ! surface glut5 is (t5 mix$ ) loose ?reads1 m abundant on ! m>g91 & cont9u\s ) ! veil1 :i* c only be se5 9 ! v "y /age4 ,z ! pileus exp&s ! m>g9 is sometimes scaly f remnants ( ! veil & ( loose hairs on ! surface4 ,! cap loses its bright color z x ages1 & is !n sometimes /reak$ or spott$ ) r$4 ,! tube surface is ne>ly plane1 & ! tubes jo9 squ>ely aga9/ ! /em4 ,! tubes are r l>ge1 angul>1 yell[i%1 becom+ dull o*race\s4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 yell[1 & cov]$ ) num]\s br[ni% or r$di% br[n gl&ul> dots4 ,no r+ is pres5t4 ,?is species gr[s 9 ! same situations z ! ,b4 granulatus1 sometimes bo? species are common ov] ! same area4 ,figure #aga is f plants 7,no4 #ciia ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! species is closely relat$ to ,b4 flavidus ,fr41 & accord+ to "s x is id5tical ) x4 ,boletus granulatus ,l4 ,edible4--,?is species is "o ( ! v common & widely di/ribut$ ones4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & op5 places on ! gr\nd4 ,l ,b4 am]icanus1 x is usually f\nd "u or ne> p9es4 ,x occurs dur+ ! summ] & autumn1 sometimes appe>+ v late 9 ! season4 ,! plants are #c--f cm4 high1 ! cap is #d--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em is #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants usually are clu/]$1 ?\gh n (t5 v cr[d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fa1 ,,figure #agj4--;,boletus obsonium4 ,cap c9namon to p9k or hazel 9 color1 slightly tom5tose2 /em :ite1 !n pale fle% color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex to ne>ly exp&$1 flat4 ,:5 moi/ x is v viscid & r$di% br[n1 pal] & yell[i% :5 x is dry1 b v v>iable 9 color1 p9k1 r$1 yell[1 tawny1 & br[n %ades4 ,! fle% is pale yell[4 ,! tubes are jo9$ squ>ely to ! /em1 %ort1 yell[i%1 & ! edges ( ! tubes1 t is1 at ! op5 end 7(t5 call$ ! m\?71 are dott$ or granulat$4 ,! /em is dott$ 9 ! same way above4 ,! spores 9 mass are pale yell[2 s+ly !y are sp9dle-%ap$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aga4--;,boletus am]icanus4 ,cap slimy1 yell[1 sometimes ) r$di% spots1 tubes yell[i% 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! species is edible1 ?\gh "s say x %\ld be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,peck has tri$ x1 & ,i h eat5 x1 b ! viscid "* ( ! plant did n make x a reli% = me4 ,!re are sev]al species closely relat$ to ! granulat$ ,boletus4 ,b4 brevipes ,pk41 is "o *iefly di/+ui%$ by ! %ort /em1 :i* entirely lacks ! gl&ul> dots4 ,x gr[s 9 s&y soil1 9 p9e groves & 9 woods4 ,boletus punctipes ,pk4--,?is species has be5 report$ f ,new ,york ,/ate by ,peck4 ,dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 ,i f\nd x q common 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 at an elevation ( betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj feet4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! caps #e--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #agb4--;,boletus punctipes4 ,cap viscid :5 moi/1 r$di% br[n1 p9k1 yell[1 tawny1 etc41 tubes yell[i%1 /em d>k punctate 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 sometimes becom+ ne>ly plane1 & x is q ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 m s ?an ! granulat$ boletus1 :ile ! m>g9 is ?91 & :5 "y ) a m9ute gray p[d]4 ,! m>g9 (t5 becomes upturn$ :5 old2 ! cap is viscid :5 moi/1 dull yell[4 ,! tubes are %ort1 _! l[] surface plane1 & !y are set squ>ely aga9/ ! /em4 ,!y are small1 ! m\?s r\nd$1 br[ni%1 !n dull o*race\s1 & dott$ ) gl&ules4 ,! /em is r long1 proportionately m s ?an 9 ! granulat$ boletus4 ,x di/9ctly tap]s upw>ds1 is rhub>b yell[1 & dott$ ) gl&ules4 ,?is "* ( ! /em sugge/$ ! "n ( ! species4 ,! spores are #h--aj #d--e 4 ,figure #agb is f plants 7,no4 #djfg ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,b4 granulatus & by "s is consid]$ ! same4 ,boletus luteus ,l9n4 7,b4 subluteus ,pk47 ,?is species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 & gr[s 9 s&y soil1 9 p9e or mix$ woods or groves4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! cap #c--ab cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em #f--aj mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! g5]al color is dull br[n or yell[i% br[n1 & ! plants are slimy 9 moi/ wea!r1 ! /em & tubes m or less dott$ ) d>k po9ts4 ,^! *>act]s v>y greatly "u diff]5t conditions1 & ! fact has l$ to "s confusion 9 ! discrim9ation ( species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #agc4--;,boletus luteus4 ,cap viscid :5 moi/1 dull yell[i% to r$di% br[n1 tubes yell[i%1 /em punctate bo? above & bel[ ! annulus 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 dull yell[i% to r$di% br[n1 sometimes ) ! color irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 /reaks4 ,! fle% is :iti% or dull yell[i%4 ,! tube surface is plane or convex1 ! tubes set squ>ely aga9/ ! /em 7adnate71 :ile ! tubes are small1 ) small1 ne>ly r\nd$1 or slightly angul> m\?s4 ,! color ( ! tubes is yell[i% or o*re color$1 becom+ d>k] 9 age1 & sometimes ne>ly br[n or q d>k4 ,! /em is pale yell[i%1 r$di% or br[ni%1 & m or less cov]$ ) gl&ul> dots1 :i* :5 dry give a black dott$ appe>ance to ! /em4 ,9 ! case ( descriptions ( ,b4 luteus ! /em is said to be dott$ only above ! annulus1 :ile ! description ( ,b4 subluteus gives ! /em z dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! annulus4 ,! spores are yell[i% br[n or "s %ade ( ?is color 9 mass1 light] yell[i% br[n "u ! microscope1 fusi=m or ne>ly s1 & #g--aj #b--d 4 ,! annulus is v v>iable1 sometimes collaps+ z a n>r[ r+ ar\nd ! /em z 9 ,fig4 #agc1 f plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii 7,b4 subluteus ,pk471 & sometimes appe>+ z a broad1 free coll>1 z 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,! veil is m or less gelat9\s1 & 9 an e>ly /age ( ! plant may cov] ! /em z a %ea?4 ,! l[] "p ( ! /em is sometimes cov]$ at maturity ) ! %ea?+ portion ( ! veil1 ! upp] "p only appe>+ z a r+4 ,9 ?is way1 ! l[] "p ( ! /em be+ cov]$1 ! gl&ul> dots are n evid5t1 :ile ! /em is se5 to be dott$ above ! annulus4 ,b 9 _m cases ! veil slips (f f ! l[] portion ( ! /em at an e>ly /age1 & !n 9 its slimy condition collapses ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 leav+ ! /em uncov]$ & %[+ ! dots bo? above & bel[ ! r+ 7,b4 subluteus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fb1 ,,figure #agd4--;,boletus luteus4 ,cap drab to hair-br[n ) /reaks ( ! latt]1 viscid :5 moi/1 tubes tawny olive to walnut-br[n1 /em black dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! broad1 free annulus 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,an exam9ation ( ! figures ( ! ,european plant %[s t ! veil (t5 slips (f f ! l[] portion ( ! /em 9 ,b4 luteus1 especially 9 ! figures giv5 by ,krombholtz1 ,t4 #cc4 ,9 "s ( ^! figures ! veil =ms a broad1 free coll>1 & ! /em is !n dott$ bo? above & bel[1 z is well %[n 9 ! figures4 ,9 o!r figures :]e ! l[] "p ( ! veil rema9s z a %ea? ov] ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 ! dots are hidd54 ,i h ?ree specim5s ( ! ,b4 luteus ( ,europe f ,dr4 ,bresadola1 collect$ at ,tr5to1 ,au/ria-,hung>y3 "o ( !m has ! veil %ea?+ ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 & ! /em only %[s ! dots above ! annulus2 a second specim5 has ! annulus 9 ! =m ( a collaps$ r+ ne> ! upp] end ( ! /em1 & ! /em dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! annulus2 9 ! ?ird specim5 ! annulus is 9 ! =m ( a broad1 free coll>1 & ! /em dott$ bo? above & bel[4 ,! plants %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd 7,no4 #dabd1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 op5 woods "u ,kalmia :]e ! sun _h an opportunity to dry out ! annulus be=e x became collaps$ or agglut9at$ aga9/ ! /em1 & ! broad1 free coll> 0 =m$4 ,my notes on ^! specim5s read z foll[s3 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 r ?ick at ! c5t]1 ! m>g9 ?91 sometimes /]ile1 incurv$4 ,9 color x runs f ecru drab to hair-br[n ) /reaks ( ! latt]1 & x is v viscid :5 moi/4 ,:5 dri$ ! surface ( ! pileus is %9+4 ,! tubes are plane or concave1 adnate1 tawny-olive to walnut-br[n4 ,! tubes are small1 angul>1 some:at z 9 ,b4 granulatus1 b small]1 & !y are granulat$ ) r$di% or br[ni% dots4 ,! spores are walnut br[n1 oblong to elliptical1 #h--aj #b--c 4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 olive yell[ above1 & black dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! annulus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #age4--;,bolet9us pictus4 ,cap r$di%1 t+$ ) yell[i% betwe5 ! scales1 /em same color1 tubes yell[1 (t5 *ang+ to r$di% br[n :]e bruis$ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,bolet9us pictus ,pk4--,?is v beautiful plant is q common 9 damp p9e woods4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by ! r$di% cottony lay] ( mycelium ?reads :i* cov] ! entire plant :5 "y1 & =m a veil :i* cov]s ! gills at ?is "t4 ,z ! plant exp&s ! r$di% out] lay] is torn into scales ( ! same color1 %[+ ! yell[i%1 or p9ki%1 fle% b5ea?1 & ! fle% (t5 *anges to p9k or r$di% :]e w\nd$4 ,! tubes are fir/ pale yell[1 b become d>k] 9 age1 (t5 *ang+ to p9ki%1 ) a br[n t+e :]e bruis$4 ,! /em is solid1 & is ?us diff]5t f a closely relat$ species1 ,b4 cavipes ,kal*b4 ,! /em is cov]$ ) a coat l t on ! pileus & is simil>ly color$1 ?\gh (t5 pal]4 ,! spores are o*race\s1 #ae--ah #f--h 4 ,! plants are #e--h cm4 high1 ! caps #e--h cm4 broad1 & ! /ems #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,figure #age is f plants collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,bolet9us porosus 7,b]k47 ,pk4--,?is v int]e/+ species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x resembles a ,polyporus1 ?\gh x is v s(t l a ,boletus1 b q t5aci\s4 ,! plants are dull r$di%-br[n1 viscid :5 moi/1 & %9+4 ,! cap is m or less irregul> & ! /em ecc5tric1 ! cap be+ sometimes m or less lob$4 ,! plants are #d--f cm4 high1 ! cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 & ! %ort /em #h--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x occurs 9 damp gr\nd 9 woods4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?ick at ! middle1 & ?9 at ! m>g94 ,! tubes are arrang$ 9 prom95tly radiat+ r[s1 ! p>titions (t5 runn+ radiately 9 ! =m ( lamell1 c]ta9 ones ( !m be+ m prom95t ?an o!rs z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf4 ,^! bran* & are connect$ by cross p>titions ( less prom95ce4 ,?is "* ( ! hym5ium l$ ,b]keley to place ! plant 9 ! g5us ,paxillus1 ) :i* x does n seem to be s closely relat$ z ) ! g5us ,boletus4 ,! /ratum ( tubes1 ?\gh v s(t1 is v t5aci\s1 & does n sep>ate f ! fle% ( ! pileus1 ?us resembl+ c]ta9 species ( ,polyporus4 ,figure #agf is f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fc1 ,,figure #agf4--;,bolet9us porosus4 ,viscid :5 moi/1 dull r$di% br[n 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus ,b]k4 ,edible4--,?is plant has a peculi> "n1 bo? ! g5us & ! species ref]r+ to ! cone-l appe>ance ( ! cap ) its co>se1 cr[d$1 d>k br[n scales1 be>+ a fanci$ resemblance to a p9e cone4 ,x is v easily di/+ui%$ f o!r species ( ,boletus because ( ?is "* ( ! cap4 ,! plant has a v wide di/ribution ?\gh x is n usually v common4 ,! plant is #h--ad cm4 high1 ! cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 & ! /em #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is hemisph]ical to convex1 %aggy f num]\s l>ge blacki%1 co>se1 hairy1 project+ scales4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is fr+$ ) scales & fragm5ts ( ! veil :i* cov]s ! tubes 9 ! "y plants4 ,! fle% is :iti%1 b soon *anges to r$di% color1 & lat] to black :]e w\nd$ or cut4 ,! tubes are adnate1 :iti%1 becom+ br[n & blacki% 9 ! old] plants4 ,! m\?s ( ! tubes are l>ge & angul>1 & *ange color :]e bruis$1 z does ! fle% ( ! cap4 ,! /em is ev51 or sometimes tap]s upw>d1 (t5 groov$ ne> ! apex1 v tom5tose or scaly ) s(t scales ( ! same color z ! cap4 ,! spores are 9 mass d>k br[n1 ne>ly globose1 r\gh5$1 & #aj--ab long4 ,figs4 #agg--agi are f plants collect$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ano!r ,european plant1 ,s4 floccopus ,vahl1 is said by ,peck to occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b is mu* m r>e4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! two not$ by ,peck 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican plants is t ! tubes are depress$ ar\nd ! /em 9 ,s4 floccopus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fd1 ,,figure #agg4--,/robilomyces /robilaceus4 ,scales ( cap d>k br[n or black1 fle% :ite b soon *ang+ to r$di% & lat] to black :]e w\nd$1 /em same color b light] 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #agh4--,/robilomyces /robilaceus4 ,sections ( plants4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #agi4--,/robilomyces /robilaceus4 ,"u view4 ,copyright4 ,,fi/ul9a ,bull4 ,9 ! g5us ,fi/ul9a ! tubes1 or pores1 are cr[d$ toge!r1 b /& sep>ately1 t is1 !y are n connect$ toge!r1 or gr[n toge!r into a /ratum z 9 ,boletus & o!r g5]a ( ! family ,polyporace4 ,:5 ! plant is "y ! tubes are v %ort1 b !y elongate ) age4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! species 9 ! g5us & is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ & common "o4 ,x is ( a d>k r$ color1 v s(t & juicy4 ,x has usually a %ort /em :i* exp&s out into ! broad & ?ick cap4 ,:5 "y ! upp] side ( ! cap is m>k$ by m9ute elevations ( a diff]5t color1 :i* sugge/ ! papill on ! tongue2 9 age ! tubes on ! "u surface h also "s su* sugge/ive appe>ance4 ,! =m1 z x /&s outw>d 9 a %elv+ fa%ion f /umps or trees1 toge!r ) ! color & surface *>act]s1 has sugge/$ sev]al common names1 z beef tongue1 beef-/eak fungus1 oak or *e/nut tongue4 ,! plant is #aj--bj cm4 long1 & #h--ae cm4 broad1 ! /em v %ort & ?ick1 sometimes almo/ want+1 & aga9 q long4 ,i h se5 "s specim5s gr[+ f a holl[ log 9 :i* ! /ems 7 #ab--ae cm4 long4 ,! pileus is v ?ick1 #b cm4 or m 9 ?ickness1 fle%y1 s(t1 v juicy1 & 9 wet wea!r v clammy & some:at /icky to ! t\*4 ,:5 mature !re are l9es ( color ( diff]5t %ades ext5d+ out radially on ! upp] surface1 & 9 mak+ a longitud9al section ( ! cap !re are q prom95t1 alt]nat+1 d>k & light r$ l9es pres5t 9 ! fle%4 ,! tubes1 %ort at fir/1 become #b--c mm4 long1 !y are yell[i% or t+$ ) fle% color1 becom+ soil$ 9 age4 ,! spores are elliptical1 yell[i%1 & #e--f long4 ,! plant occurs on dead trunks or /umps ( oak1 *e/nut1 etc41 9 wet wea!r f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,i h usually f\nd x on *e/nut4 ,! beef-/eak fungus is highly recomm5d$ by "s1 :ile o!rs are n pleas$ ) x z an article ( food4 ,x has an acid flavor :i* is disagreeable to "s1 b ?is is m m>k$ 9 "y specim5s & 9 ^? n well cook$4 ,:5 x is slic$ ?9 & well broil$ or fri$1 ! acid ta/e is n m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fe4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,f4 pallida4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,fi/ul9a pallida ,b4 ,rav4 7,fi/ul9a firma ,pk47--,?is r>e & int]e/+ species 0 collect$ by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hadley1 ne> ,man*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,octob]1 #ahih1 & 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 #bf3 #gj1 #ahii1 z ,fi/ul9a firma4 ,b two plants 7 !n f\nd1 & ^! 7 connect$ at ! base4 ,dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb] x 0 q common 9 a small woods ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 & 0 fir/ collect$ gr[+ f ! roots ( a dead oak /ump1 ,augu/ #d 7,no4 #cbbg ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium71 & aft]w>d dur+ ,octob]4 ,dur+ ,septemb] ,i collect$ x at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s1 at an elevation ( ne>ly #ejjj feet1 gr[+ f ! roots ( a dead :ite oak tree4 ,x 0 collect$ dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,ra?bun at ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,rav5el 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ar\nd a :ite oak /ump by ,pet]s 9 ,alabama1 & 0 fir/ describ$ by ,b]keley 9 #ahgb1 9 ,grev4 #a3 #ga1 ,notices ( ,n4 ,a4 ,f4 ,no4 #agc4 ,gr[+ f roots or wood und]nea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! plant has an erect /em1 ! l5g? ( ! /em dep5d+ on ! dep? at :i* ! root is buri$1 j z 9 ! case ( ,polyporus radicatus1 :i* has a simil> habitat4 ,! plants are #e--ab cm4 high1 ! cap is #c--g cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--h mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ff1 ,,figure #ahj4--;,fi/ul9a pallida4 ,cap wood-br[n to fawn or clay color1 tubes & l[] "p ( ! /em :iti% 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! pileus is wood br[n to fawn1 clay color or isabell9e color4 ,x is ne>ly semi-circul> to r5i=m 9 outl9e1 & ! m>g9 broadly cr5ate1 or sometimes lob$4 ,! /em is atta*$ at ! concave m>g91 :]e ! cap is auriculate & has a prom95t boss or elevation1 & b5t at "r angles ) a *>act]i/ic curve4 ,! pileus is firm1 flexible1 t\gh & fibr\s1 fle% :ite4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) a f9e & d5se tom5tum4 ,! pileus is #e--h mm4 ?ick at ! base1 ?9n+ out t[>d ! m>g94 ,! tubes are :iti%1 #b--c mm4 long & #e--f 9 ! space ( a millimet]4 ,!y are v sl5d]1 tubul>1 ! m\? some:at enl>g$1 ! m>g9 ( ! tubes pale cream color & m9utely mealy or furfurace\s1 ) num]\s irregul>1 r\gh5$ ?reads4 ,! tubes (t5 /& some:at sep>at$1 areas be+ undevelop$ or y\ng]1 s t ! surface ( ! "u side is n regul>4 ,! tubes are n s cr[d$ z is usual 9 ! ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,!y are n decurr5t1 b end abruptly ne> ! /em4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #c 9 diamet]4 ,! /em tap]s d[nw>d1 is :iti% bel[1 & ne> ! pileus ! color *anges r abruptly to ! same t9t z ! pileus4 ,! /em is sometimes bran*$1 & two or ?ree caps pres5t1 or ! caps !mselves may be jo9$1 z well z ! /ems1 s t occasionally v irregul> =ms are develop$1 b !re is always ! peculi> "* ( ! atta*m5t ( ! /em to ! side ( ! cap4 ,figure #ahj is f plants 7,no #cfgf1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,figures on ! color$ plate repres5t ?is plant4 ,polyporus frondosus ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant occurs 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica1 & :ile n v common seems to be widely di/ribut$4 ,x gr[s ab\t old /umps or dead trees1 f roots1 (t5 aris+ f ! roots bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & also is f\nd on logs4 ,! plant repres5ts a section ( ! g5us ,polyporus1 9 :i* ! body1 bo? ! /em & ! cap1 are v mu* bran*$4 ,9 ?is species ! /em is /\t at ! base1 b x bran*es into num]\s small] trunks1 :i* cont9ue to bran* until f9ally ! bran*es t]m9ate 9 ! exp&$ & leaf-l caps z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aha--ahb4 ,! plants appe> usually dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,! species is (t5 f\nd ab\t oak /umps4 ,"s ( ! specim5s are v l>ge1 & weigh #aj to #bj p\nds1 & ! mass is sometimes #cj to #fj cm4 7#a--b feet7 9 diamet]4 ,! plant1 :5 "y & gr[+1 is q s(t & t5d]1 ?\gh x is q firm4 ,x nev] becomes v h>d1 z _m ( ! o!r species ( ?is family4 ,:5 mature1 insects beg9 to attack x1 & n be+ t\gh x soon succumbs to ! ravages ( insects & decay1 z d a numb] ( ! s(t] species ( ! ,polyporace4 ,! caps are v irregul> 9 %ape1 curv$1 rep&1 radiately furr[$1 sometimes zon$2 gray1 or hair-br[n 9 color1 ) a p]ceptibly hairy surface1 ! hairs runn+ 9 l9es on ! surface4 ,sometimes !y are q broad & n s num]\s z 9 ,plate #fg1 & 9 o!r plants !y are n>r[ & m num]\s1 z 9 ,plate #fh4 ,! tubes are m or less irregul>1 :iti%1 ) a yell[i% t+e :5 old4 ,f ! "u side ( ! cap !y ext5d d[n on ! /em4 ,:5 ! spores are mature !y are sometimes s num]\s t !y cov] ! l[] caps & ! grass = q a di/ance ar\nd z if ) a :ite p[d]4 ,?is species is edible1 & because ( ! l>ge size :i* x (t5 atta9s1 ! few plants :i* are usually f\nd make up 9 quantity :at !y lack 9 numb]s4 ,s9ce ! plant is q firm x w keep sev]al days aft] be+ pick$1 9 a cool place1 & w s]ve = sev]al meals4 ,a specim5 :i* ,i ga!r$ 0 divid$ betwe5 two families1 & 0 s]v$ at sev]al meals on successive days4 ,:5 /ew$ ! plant has = me a r objectionable ta/e1 b ! /ew+ makes ! sub/ance m t5d]1 & :5 ?is is foll[$ by broil+ or fry+ ! objectionable ta/e is remov$ & x is q palatable4 ,! plants repres5t$ 9 ,plates #fg & #fh 7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fg1 ,,figure #aha4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,caps hair-br[n or grayi%1 tubes :ite 7#a_/c natural size1 masses (t5 #bj--dj cm4 9 bread?74 ,! caps 9 ?is specim5 are q broad1 (t5 !y are n>r[] z 9 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fh1 ,,figure #ahb4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,side & "u view ( a l>g] clu/] 7#a_/c natural size74 ,copyright4 ,!re are sev]al species :i* are relat$ to ! frondose polyporus :i* occur 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe4 ,polyporus intybaceus ,fr41 is ( ab\t ! same size1 & ! bran*+1 & =m ( ! caps is mu* ! same1 b x is ( a yell[i% br[n or r$di% br[n color4 ,x gr[s on logs1 /umps1 etc41 & is probably edible4 ,x is n s common at ,i?aca z ! frondose polyporus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ahc4--,polyporus umbellatus4 ,caps hair-br[n 7natural size1 (t5 mu* l>g]74 ,copyright4 ,polyporus umbellatus ,fr4--,?is species is also relat$ to ! frondose polyporus1 b is v di/9ct4 ,x is m erect1 ! bran*+ m op51 & ! caps at ! ends ( ! bran*es are m or less circul> & umbilicate4 ,! bran*es are long1 cyl9drical & unit$ ne> ! base4 ,! spread+ habit ( ! bran*+1 or ! =m ( ! caps1 sugge/s an umbel or umbrella1 & h5ce ! specific "n umbellatus4 ,! tufts occur f #ab--bj cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! individual caps are f #a--d cm4 9 diamet]4 ,x gr[s f und]gr\nd roots & ab\t /umps dur+ summ]4 ,x is probably edible1 b ,i h nev] tri$ x4 ,figure #ahc is f a plant 7,no4 #aicj1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 ,cascadilla woods1 ,i?aca4 ,polyporus sulphureus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4 7,boletus caudic9us ,s*aeff4 ,t4 #aca1 #acb3 ,polyporus caudic9us ,s*roet]1 ,cohn's ,krypt4 ,flora1 ,s*lesi51 p4 #dga1 #ahii74--,! sulphur polyporus is s-call$ because ( ! bright sulphur color ( ! entire plant4 ,x is "o ( ! widely di/ribut$ species1 & gr[s on dead oak1 bir*1 & o!r trunks1 & is also (t5 f\nd gr[+ f w\nds or knot-holes ( liv+ trees ( ! oak1 apple1 walnut1 etc4 ,! mycelium ent]s at w\nds :]e limbs are brok5 (f1 & gr[s = ye>s 9 ! he>t wood1 disorganiz+ x & caus+ x to decay4 ,9 "t ! mycelium has spread ov] a consid]able area1 f :i* nutrim5t en\gh is suppli$ = ! =mation ( ! fruit+ condition4 ,! caps !n appe> f an op5 w\nd :5 su* an exit is pres5t4 ,! color ( ! plant is q con/ant1 b v>ies ( c\rse 9 %ades ( yell[ to "s ext5t4 ,9 =m1 h[ev]1 x v>ies greatly4 ,! caps are usually clu/]$ & imbricat$1 t is1 !y ov]lap4 ,!y may all arise sep>ately f ! wood1 & yet be ov]lapp+1 ?\gh (t5] sev]al ( !m are closely jo9$ or unit$ at ! base1 s t ! mass ( caps arises f a common outgr[? f ! wood z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,! individual caps are flatt5$1 elongate1 & m or less fan-%ap$4 ,:5 mature !re are radiat+ furr[s & ridges :i* (t5 increase ! fan-l appe>ance ( ! upp] surface ( ! cap4 ,sometimes also !re are m or less m>k$ conc5tric furr[s4 ,! caps may be convex1 or ! m>g9 may be m or less upturn$ s t ! c5tral portion is depress$4 ,:5 "y ! m>g9 is ?ick & blunt & ( c\rse light] 9 color1 b z ! plant matures ! edge is usually ?9n]4 ,9 "s =ms ( ! plant ! caps are s closely unit$ z to =m a l>ge r\nd$ or tub]cul> mass1 only ! blunt tips ( ! individual caps be+ free4 ,?is is well repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ahe1 f a photograph ( a l>ge specim5 gr[+ f a w\nd 9 a butt]-nut tree 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york4 ,! plant 0 #cj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! plants repres5t$ 9 ,plate #fi grew on an oak /ump4 ,! tree 0 affect$ by ! fungus :ile x 0 alive1 & ! he>t wood became s weak5$ t ! tree broke1 & lat] ! fruit =m ( ! fungus appe>$ f ! dead /ump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fi1 ,,figure #ahd4--,polyporus sulphureus1 on oak /ump4 ,entirely sulphur-yell[ 7#a_/f natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! tubes are small1 & ! walls ?9 & delicate1 & are sometimes mu* torn1 lac]at$1 & irregul>4 ,:5 ! mycelium has gr[n 9 ! int]ior ( a log = a numb] ( ye>s x t5ds to gr[ 9 %eets along ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays ( ! wood or across 9 conc5tric lay]s correspond+ to ! summ] wood4 ,also z ! wood becomes m decompos$1 cracks & rifts appe> along ^! same l9es4 ,! mycelium !n gr[s 9 abundance 9 ^! rifts & =ms broad & ext5sive %eets :i* resemble some:at *amois sk9 & is call$ punk4 ,simil> punk is sometimes =m$ 9 conif]s f ! mycelium ( ,fomes p9icola4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gj1 ,,figure #ahe4--,polyporus sulphureus4 ,caps jo9$ 9 a massive tub]cle 7#a_/b natural size74 ,polyporus sulphureus has long be5 kn[n z an edible fungus1 b f its r firm & fibr\s texture x requires a diff]5t prep>ation f ! fle%y fungi to prep>e x = ! table1 & ?is may be "o reason :y x is n employ$ m frequ5tly z an article ( food4 ,x is common en\gh dur+ ! summ] & especially dur+ ! autumn to provide ?is k9d ( food 9 consid]able quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ga1 ,,figure #ahf4--,polyporus brumalis4 ,cap & /em br[n1 tubes :ite4 ,l[] ?ree plants natural size1 upp] "o enl>g$ twice natural size4 ,copyright4 ,polyporus brumalis 7,p]s47 ,fr4--,?is pretty plant is f\nd at all seasons ( ! ye>1 & f its frequ5cy dur+ ! w9t] 0 nam$ brumalis1 f bruma1 :i* means w9t]4 ,x gr[s on /icks & bran*es1 or on trunks4 ,x usually occurs s+ly1 sometimes two or ?ree close toge!r4 ,! plants are #c--f cm4 high1 ! cap #b--f cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! cap is convex1 !n plane1 & sometimes depress$ at ! c5t] or umbilicate4 ,:5 "y x is some:at fle%y & pliant1 !n x becomes t\gh1 coriace\s1 & h>d :5 dry4 ,dur+ wet wea!r x becomes pliant aga94 ,be+ h>d & firm1 & t\gh1 x pres]ves long aft] mature1 s t x may be f\nd at any season ( ! ye>4 ,! cap is smoky 9 color1 v>y+ 9 %ade1 sometimes v d>k1 almo/ black1 & o!r specim5s be+ q light 9 color4 ,! surface is hairy & ! m>g9 is (t5 fimbriate ) co>se hairs4 ,! /em is light]1 hairy or /rigose4 ,! tubes are fir/ :ite1 !n become yell[i%4 ,! tubes are v regul> 9 arrangem5t4 ,figure #ahf repres5ts well ?is species1 ?ree plants be+ gr\p$ r closely on ! same /ick2 two %[ ! "u surface & "o gives a side view4 ,! upp] portion ( ! plate repres5ts two ( ! plants enl>g$1 ! ?ree l[] ones be+ natural size4 ,! plant is v common & widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w4 ,^? illu/rat$ 9 ! plate 7 collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,?is species is too t\gh = food4 ,_m ( ! ?9 & pliant species ( ,polyporus are sep>at$ by "s into ! g5us ,poly/ictus4 ,! species are v num]\s1 z well z "s ( ! individuals ( c]ta9 species4 ,!y gr[ on wood or on ! gr\nd1 "s h a c5tral /em1 & o!rs are %elv+1 :ile "s are spread out on ! surface ( ! wood4 ,"o v pretty species is ! ,poly/ictus p]5nis ,fr4 ,?is gr[s on ! gr\nd & has a c5tral /em4 ,! plant is #b--c cm4 high1 & ! cap #a--d cm4 broad4 ,! pileus is ?91 pliant :5 fre% & some:at brittle :5 dry4 ,x is m9utely velvety on ! upp] surface1 r$di% br[n or c9namon 9 color1 exp&$ or umbilicate to ne>ly funnel-%ap$4 ,! surface is m>k$ beautifully by radiations & f9e conc5tric zones4 ,! /em is also velvety4 ,! tubes are m9ute1 ! walls ?9 & acute1 & ! m\?s angul> & at la/ m or less torn4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is f9ely fimbriate1 b 9 old specim5s ^! hairs are apt to become rubb$ (f4 ,! left h& plant 9 ,fig4 #ahg is ,polyporus p]5nis4 ,poly/ictus c9namomeus 7,jacq47 ,sacc41 7,p4 oblectans ,b]k4 ,hook4 ,j\r4 p4 #ea1 #ahde1 ,dec4 ,n4 ,a4 ,f4 ,no4 #ce3 ,p4 spl5d5s ,pk41 #bf? ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #bf7 is a closely relat$ species ) ! same habit1 color1 & (t5 is f\nd gr[+ side by side ) ,p4 p]5nis4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is deeply & beautifully lac]ate1 z %[n 9 ! ?ree o!r plants 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,poly/ictus connatus ,s*w41 gr[s 9 simil> situations & "o sometimes f9ds all ?ree ( ^! plants ne> ea* o!r on ! gr\nd by roadsides4 ,p4 connatus has mu* l>g] pores ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two1 & x is a some:at l>g] plant4 ,figure #ahg is f a photograph ( plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ahg4--,left-h& plant ,poly/ictus p]5nis2 "r-h& ?ree plants ,poly/ictus c9namomeus4 ,all natural size4 ,copyright4 ,poly/ictus v]sicolor 7,l47 ,fr41 is a v common plant gr[+ on trunks & bran*es4 ,x is m or less %elv+1 ) a leaf-l pileus1 m>k$ by conc5tric b&s ( diff]5t colors4 ,p4 hirsutus ,fr41 is a some:at ?ick] & m spongy plant1 :iti% or grayi% 9 color1 ) ! upp] surface tom5tose ) co>se hairs4 ,p4 c9nab>9us 7,jacq47 ,fr41 is %elv+1 spongy1 pliant1 r ?ick1 c9nab> color$4 ,x gr[s on dead logs & bran*es4 ,x is sometimes plac$ 9 ! g5us ,trametes "u ! same specific "n4 ,poly/ictus p]gam5us ,fr41 is ano!r common "o gr[+ on wood ( v>i\s trees4 ,x is ?9 & v pliant :5 fre%1 some:at tom5tose above :5 "y1 ) fa9t b&s1 & ! tubes are (t5 violet or purple color1 & !y soon become deeply torn & lac]ate s t !y resemble ! tee? ( c]ta9 ( ! h$gehog fungi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gb1 ,,figure #ahh4--,polyporus lucidus4 ,caps bright r$ or *e/nut color1 ) a h>d %9y cru/ 7#a_/f natural size74 ,copyright4 ,polyporus lucidus 7,leys47 ,fr4 ,fomes lucidus 7,leys47 ,fr4--,?is species is a v /rik+ "o because ( ! bright r$ or *e/nut color1 ! h>d & brittle cru/ ov] ! surface ( ! cap1 :i* has usually ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 v>ni%$4 ,x gr[s on trunks1 logs1 /umps1 etc41 9 woods or groves4 ,! cap is #e--bj cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em is #e--bj cm4 long1 & #a--b cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! /em is atta*$ to "o side ( ! pileus s t ! pileus is lat]al1 ?\gh ! /em is m or less asc5d+4 ,! cap is fir/ yell[i% :5 "y1 !n x becomes blood r$1 !n *e/nut color4 ,! /em is ! same color1 & ! tubes are n s bright 9 color1 be+ a dull br[n4 ,! sub/ance ( ! plant is q woody & t\gh :5 mature4 ,:5 dry x is soon attack$ & eat5 by c]ta9 insects1 :i* are fond ( a numb] ( fungi1 s t !y are difficult to pres]ve 9 good condition 9 h]b>ia )\t great c>e4 ,! surface ( ! pileus is q unev51 wr9kl$1 & co>sely groov$1 ! m>g9 sometimes cr5ate1 especially 9 l>ge specim5s4 ,figure #ahh repres5ts ! plant gr[+ on a l>ge hemlock spruce /ump 9 ! woods4 ,! surface "* ( ! caps & ! g5]al =m c be se54 ,?is photograph 0 tak5 ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,polyporus applanatus 7,p]s47 ,fr4 ,fomes applanatus 7,p]s47 ,wallr4--,?is plant is also "o ( ! v common woody ,polyporace4 ,x gr[s on dead trunks1 etc41 & sometimes is f\nd gr[+ f ! w\nds ( liv+ trees4 ,x is v h>d & woody4 ,x has a h>d cru/1 mu* h>d] ?an t ( ! ,polyporus lucidus4 ,! surface is m or less m>k$ by conc5tric zones :i* m>k (f ! diff]5t ye>s' gr[?1 = ?is plant is p]5nial4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> ! upp] surface is cov]$ ) a p[d]y sub/ance ( a r$di% br[n color1 made up ( num]\s color$ spores or conidia :i* are develop$ on ! upp] surface ( ?is plant 9 addition to ! small] spores develop$ 9 ! tubes on ! "u surface4 ,! plant v>ies 9 size f #e--bj cm4 or m 9 diamet]1 & #a--aj cm4 9 ?ickness1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( gr[? & ! age ( ! fungus4 ,! fruit+ surface is :ite1 & ! tubes are v m9ute4 ,!y sc>cely c be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,bruises ( ! tubes turn br[n1 & c]ta9 arti/s (t5 collect ^! plants & sket* ) a po9t$ in/rum5t on ! tube surface4 ,= o!r peculi>ities ( ?is plant see page #ae4 ,! age ( ! plant c usually be told by c\nt+ ! numb] ( ! broad] zones on ! upp] surface1 or by mak+ a section ?r\gh ! plant & c\nt+ ! numb] ( tube /rata on ! l[] surface ( ! cap at its base4 ,polyporus leucophu ,mont41 is said to diff] f ?is species 9 be+ m /rongly zonate1 & 9 ! cru/ be+ :iti% in/ead ( r$di% br[n4 ,polyporus fom5t>ius 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fomes fom5t>ius 7,l47 ,fr41 is ho(-%ap$1 smoky 9 color1 or gray1 & ( v>i\s %ades ( dull br[n4 ,x is /rongly zon$ & sulcate1 m>k+ (f ea* ye>'s gr[?4 ,! m>g9 is ?ick & blunt1 & ! tube surface concave1 ! tubes hav+ q l>ge m\?s s t !y c be readily se51 ! color :5 mature be+ r$di% br[n4 ,sections ( ! plant %[ t ! tubes are v long1 ! diff]5t ye>s' gr[? n be+ m>k$ (f s di/9ctly z 9 ,p4 applanatus & leucophu4 ,! plant gr[s on bir*1 bee*1 maple1 etc4 ,! inn] portion 0 once us$ z t9d]4 ,polyporus p9icola 7,sw>tz47 ,fr4 ,fomes p9icola 7,sw>tz47 ,fr4 occurs on dead p9e1 spruce1 balsam1 hemlock spruce1 & o!r conif]s4 ,! cap is ab\t ! wid? ( ! ,f4 applanatus1 b x is /\t]1 & does n h ! same h>d cru/4 ,! "y gr[? at ! m>g91 :i* is v ?ick1 is :iti% yell[1 :ile ! old zones are r$di%4 ,! tubes are yell[i%1 & sections %[ t !y are 9 /rata correspond+ to ! ye>s' gr[?4 ,polyporus igni>ius 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fomes igni>ius 7,l47 ,fr4 is a black species1 m or less triangul>1 or sometimes ho(-%ap$4 ,! ye>ly zones are small]1 become mu* crack$1 & ! tubes are d>k br[n4 ,"o ( ^! plants :i* ,i f\nd on a bir* tree 9 ! ,adirondacks 0 ov] #hj ye>s old4 ,! g5us ,m]ulius has a fruit+ surface ( irregul> folds or wr9kles1 =m+ %all[1 irregul> pits in/ead ( a deeply honey-comb$ surface4 ,m]ulius lacrymans 7,jacq47 ,fr41 ! weep+ m]ulius1 or h\se fungus1 (t5 occurs 9 damp cell>s1 build+s1 conduit pipes1 etc4 ,x is v de/ructive to build+s 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe 7see ,figs4 #ahi1 #aij74 ,m]ulius tremellosus ,s*rad41 is v common 9 woods dur+ autumn4 ,x is ( a gelat9\s consi/5cy1 & spread on ! "u surface ( limbs or =ms irregul> %elves f ! side 7see ,figs4 #aia1 #aib74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gc4--,m]ulius lacrymans4 ,,figure #ahi4--,upp] plant 9 conduit pipe lead+ f wa% room1 ,gymnasium ,c4 ,u41 ,autumn1 #ahii4 ,,figure #aij4--,l[] plant f "u surface decay+ hemlock spruce log 9 woods ne> ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,m>g9 ( plants :ite1 fruit+ surface a network ( irregul> folds1 gold5 br[n1 or br[n4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gd4--,m]ulius tremellosus4 ,,figure #aia4--,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aib4--;,enl>g$ to %[ "* ( fruit+ surface4 ,fruit+ surface yell[i%2 m>g9 & upp] surface 9 %elv+ =ms1 :ite1 hairy4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ge1 ,,figure #aic4--,phlebia m]ismoides4 ,on rott+ log1 woods ne> ,i?aca1 ,novemb] #bc1 #ahih 7,no4 #bfcd ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium74 ,v>i\s %ades ( orange1 yell[ or yell[ br[n :5 old4 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gf1 ,,figure #aid4--,phlebia m]ismoides4 ,portion ( a plant #b-a_/b times natural size1 to %[ int]rupt$ folds ( fruit+ surface4 ,= colors see ,fig4 #aic4 ,copyright4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,h$gehog ,,fungi3 ,,hydnaceae4 ,! plants belong+ to ?is family v>y greatly 9 size1 =m1 & consi/5cy4 ,"s ( !m are v l>ge1 "s q small1 "s are fle%y 9 consi/5cy1 "s are woody1 corky2 "s membranace\s2 & if we include plants =m]ly class$ "h1 "s are gelat9\s1 ?\gh !re is a t5d5cy 9 rec5t ye>s on ! "p ( "s to place ! gelat9\s ones among ! trembl+ fungi4 ,! special "* :i* m>ks ! memb]s ( ?is family is ! peculi>ity ( ! fruit+ surface1 j z a numb] ( ! o!r families are di/+ui%$ by "s peculi>ity ( ! fruit+ surface4 ,9 ! ,hydnace x cov]s ! surface ( num]\s processes 9 ! =m ( sp9es1 tee?1 w>ts1 co>se granules1 or folds :i* are int]rupt$ at %ort int]vals4 ,^! sp9es or tee? always are direct$ t[>d ! e>? :5 ! plant is 9 ! position 9 :i* x grew4 ,9 ?is way ! memb]s ( ! family c be di/+ui%$ f c]ta9 memb]s ( ! club fungi belong+ to ! family ,clav>iace1 = 9 ! latt] ! bran*es or free p>ts ( ! plant are erect4 ,9 =m ! ,hydnace are %elv+1 gr[+ on trees2 or gr[+ on ! gr\nd !y (t5 h a c5tral or ecc5tric /em1 & a m or less circul> cap2 "s ( !m are r\nd$ masses1 gr[+ f trees1 ) v long sp9es ext5d+ d[nw>d2 o!rs h asc5d+ bran*es f :i* ! sp9es dep5d2 & /ill o!rs =m ?9 %eets :i* are spread ov] ! surface ( logs & /icks1 ! sp9es hang+ d[n f ! surface1 or r\gh5$ ) granules or w>ts1 or int]rupt$ folds 7see ,phlebia1 ,figs4 #aic1 #aid74 ,9 "o g5us !re is no fruit body1 b ! sp9es !mselves ext5d d[nw>d f ! rott5 wood1 ! g5us ,mucronella4 ,?is is only di/+ui%$1 s f> z its family position is conc]n$1 f su* a species z ,clav>ia mucida by ! fact t ! plant gr[s d[nw>d f ! wood1 :ile 9 ,c4 mucida x gr[s erect4 ,,hydnum ,l9n4 ,! only species ( ! ,hydnace describ$ "h are 9 ! g5us ,hydnum4 ,9 ?is g5us ! fruit+ surface is on sp9e1 or awl-%ap$ processes1 :i* are ei!r simple or 9 "s cases ! tips are m or less bran*$4 ,! plants gr[ on ! gr\nd or on wood4 ,! species v>y greatly 9 =m4 ,"s are provid$ ) a m or less regul> cap & a /em1 :ile o!rs are %elv+ or bracket %ap$1 & /ill o!rs are spread out ov] ! surface ( ! wood 7resup9ate74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aie4--;,hydnum coralloides4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum coralloides ,scop4 ,edible4--,among ! v beautiful species ( ! g5us ,hydnum is ! coral "o1 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,x gr[s 9 woods =m+ l>ge1 beautiful1 pure :ite tufts on rott5 logs1 bran*es1 etc4 ,! appe>ance ( "o ( ^! tufts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aie4 ,!re is a common /em :i* arises f ! wood1 & ?is bran*es successively into long1 asc5d+1 graceful %oots4 ,! sp9es are scatt]$ ov] ! entire "u side ( ^! bran*es & hang d[n = #c--f mm4 ,!y are n clu/]$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es1 z 9 ! be>'s head hydnum1 & ! species c be easily di/+ui%$ by giv+ att5tion to ! =m ( ! bran*+ & ! di/ribution ( ! sp9es on ! "u side ( ! bran*es4 ,figure #aie repres5ts a plant collect$ at ,i?aca1 & x is natural size4 ,!y gr[1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] ?an ?is specim54 ,! species is widely di/ribut$1 & n uncommon4 ,x is excell5t = food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gg1 ,,figure #aif4--;,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum caput-ursi ,fr4 ,edible4--,?is plant is also a beautiful "o4 ,x is m common ?an ! coral hydnum s f> z my obs]vation goes4 ,x is kn[n by ! popul> "n ( be>'s head hydnum 9 allusion to ! gr\ps ( sp9es at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,x occurs 9 woods ) a simil> habit ( gr[+ on trunks1 bran*es1 etc4 ,?is plant also arises f ! wood ) a s+le /\t /em1 :i* !n bran*es successively1 ! ends ( ! bran*es hav+ gr\ps ( long p5dant sp9es appe>+ l num]\s heads4 ,sometimes ! sp9es on ! top ( ! gr\p are twi/$ or curl$ 9 a peculi> way4 ,l>ge tufts are sometimes =m$1 v>y+ f #ab--bj or m c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,figure #aif is f a plant collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aig4--;,hydnum er9aceus4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,hydnum caput-m$us ,bull4 ,edible4--,! m$usa's head hydnum is a r>] species ?an ei!r ( ! above 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x =ms a l>ge1 tub]cul> mass :i* does n bran* l ! coral hydnum or ! be>'s head1 b m l ! ,satyr's be>d hydnum1 ?\gh ! "* ( ! sp9es w easily sep>ate x f ! latt]4 ,! sp9es cov] a l>ge "p ( ?is l>ge tub]cle1 & hang d[nw>d4 ,! plant is kn[n by ! additional "*1 t1 on ! upp] "p ( ! tub]cle1 ! sp9es are twi/$ & int]wov5 9 a peculi> fa%ion4 ,hydnum er9aceus ,bull4 ,edible4--,?is plant is sometimes call$ ,satyr's be>d4 ,x gr[s on dead trunks 9 ! woods or groves1 & is (t5 f\nd gr[+ f w\nds 9 liv+ trees4 ,x =ms a l>ge1 tub]cul> mass :i* does n bran*4 ,! sp9es are v long & /raight & hang d[nw>d 9 /raight p>allel l9es f ! sides ( ! mass4 ,! sp9es are f #a--b cm4 or m long4 ,figure #aig repres5ts "o ( ! plants1 %[+ ! long sp9es4 ,hydnum rep&um ,l4 ,edible4--,?is plant is n uncommon1 & x is widely di/ribut$4 ,x gr[s usually 9 woods1 on ! gr\nd4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 size1 f v small specim5s1 #a--b cm4 high to o!rs #aj--ab cm4 high4 ,! cap is #b--ah cm4 broad1 & ! /em #f--ab mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gh1 ,,figure #aih4--;,hydnum rep&um4 ,cap :iti% or yell[i%1 or pale yell[i% br[n2 sp9es :iti% or yell[i% 7natural size1 (t5 small]74 ,copyright4 ,x is entirely :ite or ! cap v>ies to buff1 dull yell[ r$di% or dull br[n4 ,x is v brittle1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) ! utmo/ c>e if "o wi%es to pres]ve ! specim5 intact4 ,! pileus is m or less irregul>1 ! /em be+ g5]ally ecc5tric1 s t ! pileus is produc$ m on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 sometimes entirely lat]al at ! end ( ! /em4 ,! m>g9 is m or less wavy or rep&4 ,! sp9es are :ite1 /raight1 & v brittle4 ,! /em is ev5 or clavate4 ,figure #aih is f plants collect$ at ,i?aca dur+ ,augu/1 #ahii1 & repres5ts "o ( ! l>ge specim5s ( ! species4 ,9 "o plant ! pileus is entirely lat]al on ! end ( ! long clavate /em1 & is some:at r5i=m1 ! /em be+ atta*$ at ! s9us4 ,9 ! o!r plant ! /em is atta*$ ne> ! c5t]4 ,?is species is consid]$ "o ( ! be/ mu%rooms = ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gi1 ,,figure #aii4--;,hydnum putidum4 ,caps :iti% !n buff1 !n br[ni% or ne>ly black 9 old] p>ts1 edge :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum imbricatum ,l4 ,edible4--,?is is a v v>iable species bo? 9 size & 9 ! surface *>act]s ( ! pileus4 ,x occurs 9 woods1 groves1 or 9 op5 places "u trees4 ,! plants are #c--g cm4 high1 & ! pileus v>ies f #e--ae cm4 broad1 ! /em f 4#e--b4e cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! pileus is convex & ne>ly exp&$1 fle%y1 ?9n] at ! m>g91 regul> or v irregul>4 ,! color is grayi% 9 ! y\ng] & small] plants to umb] or q d>k 9 ! l>g] & old] ones4 ,! surface is crack$ & torn into triangul> scales1 %[+ ! :iti% color ( ! fle% betwe5 ! scales4 ,! scales are small 9 ! y\ng] plants & l>g] 9 ! old] ones4 ,figure #bjj is f plants collect$ at ,i?aca1 & ! pileus 9 ^! specim5s is irregul>4 ,! species is edible1 b bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjj4--;,hydnum imbricatum4 ,caps br[ni%1 sp9es :iti% 7natural size1 (t5 l>g]74 ,hydnum putidum ,atk9son4--,?is plant gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 & 0 collect$ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 at an elevation ( ab\t #djjj feet4 ,x is rem>kable = its peculi> odor1 resembl+1 :5 fre%1 t ( an ,e?iopian2 = its t\gh1 zonate pileus ) a prom95t :ite edge1 & ! /\t irregul> /em1 resembl+ ! /em ( ,hydnum velut9um4 ,! plants are #h--ab cm4 high1 ! cap #h--ab cm4 broad1 & ! /em #b--d cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plants gr[ s+ly1 or sometimes a few close toge!r1 & !n two or m may be conjo9$4 ,! pileus is fir/ umbilicate or depress$1 becom+ depress$ or infundibuli=m1 irregul>1 ecc5tric1 ! m>g9 rep&1 & sometimes lob$1 & lobes appe>+ at times on ! upp] surface ( ! cap4 ,! surface is fir/ tom5tose or pubesc5t1 becom+ smoo?1 ) prom95t conc5tric zones probably m>k$ (f by p]iodical gr[?2 ! color is fir/ :ite1 s t ! edge is :ite1 becom+ cream color to buff1 & 9 age dull br[n & sometimes blacki% br[n 9 ! c5t] ( ! old plants4 ,! pubesc5ce disappe>s f ! old portions ( ! cap1 s t x is smoo?4 ,! pubesc5ce or tom5tum is m prom95t on ! int]m$iate zones4 ,! m>g9 is r ?ick1 some:at acute or blunt1 ! upp] portion ( ! fle% is spongy & ! middle portion t\gh & coriace\s1 & d>k] 9 color4 ,! pileus is some:at pliant :5 moi/ or wet1 & firm :5 dry1 ! d>k inn] /ratum h>d4 ,! sp9es are fir/ :ite or cream color1 9 age *ang+ ?r\gh salmon color1 or directly into grayi% or grayi% br[n4 ,! sp9es :5 mature are long1 sl5d]1 cr[d$1 & decurr5t on ! upp] "p ( ! /em4 ,! spores are :ite1 globose1 e*9ulate1 #c--d 4 ,! /em is /\t & irregul>1 v closely resembl+ ! /em ( ,hydnum velut9um1 ) a ?ick1 spongy1 out] lay] & a c5tral h>d core4 ,! odor1 :i* resembles t ( a p]spir+ d>key1 be=e ! plant is dry1 disappe>s aft] dry+1 & !n ! plant has ! same agreeable odor pres5t$ by sev]al diff]5t species ( ,hydnum4 ,! odor sugge/s ,h4 graveol5s1 b ! *>act]s ( ! /em & surface ( ! pileus sep>ate x f t species1 :ile ! t\gh & pliant "* ( ! cap sep>ates x f ,h4 fragile4 ,figure #aii is f plants 7,no4 #dccd1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,coral ,,fungi3 ,,clav>iaceae4 ,?is family is a v *>act]i/ic "o1 & v int]e/+ f ! l>ge numb] ( beautiful species 9 "o g5us1 ! g5us ,clav>ia4 ,! plants all are m or less erect1 or at lea/ /& out f ! sub/ratum1 t is1 ! sub/ance on :i* !y are gr[+4 ,! fruit+ surface cov]s ! entire upp] "p ( ! plant1 all b ! bases ( ! /ems4 ,"s ( ! bran*$ species ( ! ,!lephorace resemble ! bran*$ species ( ! ,clav>iace1 b 9 ! =m] !re is a m or less well def9$ upp] portion on ! tips ( ! bran*es :i* is flat1 or truncate1 & /]ile1 t is1 lacks ! fruit+ surface4 ,"s ( ! species are simple1 elongate & clavate bodies4 ,"s /& s+ly1 o!rs are clu/]$1 or o!rs are jo9$ by _! bases1 & o!rs /ill are v mu* bran*$4 ,all ( ! species are said to be edible1 t is1 !y are n poison\s4 ,a few are r t\gh1 b !y are mo/ly ! small species :i* w\ld n be ?\ght ( = food4 ,! spores are borne on club-%ap$ basidia1 z 9 ! common mu%rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hj1 ,,figure #bja4--;,clav>ia =mosa4 ,yell[i%1 r$ tipp$ :5 "y1 r$ disappe>+ 9 age 7natural size1 sometimes twice ?is size74 ,copyright4 ,,clav>ia ,vaill4 ,! g5us ,clav>ia is "o ( ! mo/ common ones 9 ! family1 & is "o ( ! mo/ attractive f ! v>iety & beauty ( sev]al ( ! species4 ,all ( ! plants are m or less erect1 & at lea/ /& out f ! sub/ratum on :i* !y gr[4 ,!y are ei!r long & simple & m or less club-%ap$1 z ! "n implies1 or !y are bran*$1 "s b a few times1 :ile o!rs are v pr(usely bran*$4 ,! plants v>y 9 color1 "s are :ite1 "s yell[1 "s r$1 & "s are r$-tipp$1 :ile o!rs are br[ni% 9 color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjb4--;,clav>ia botrytes4 ,bran*es r$ tipp$ 7natural size74 ,clav>ia =mosa ,p]s4 ,edible4--,?is is "o ( ! h&some/ ( ! g5us4 ,x is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & has be5 collect$ 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 ! ,c>ol9as 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is usually f #ae--bj cm4 high1 & because ( ! great numb] ( bran*es is (t5 broad] 9 ext5t4 ,!re is a /\t /em f #b--d cm4 9 diamet]1 deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is bran*es into a few /\t trunks1 :i* !n rapidly bran* into sl5d] & long] bran*es1 t]m9at+ into num]\s tips4 ,! entire plant is v brittle1 & great c>e is necess>y to prev5t its break+1 bo? be=e dry+ & aft]w>d4 ,:5 ! plant is "y & is j pu%+ out ( ! gr\nd1 ! bran*es1 especially ! tips1 are bright color$1 r$1 p9k1 or orange1 ! color usually bright] :5 "y 9 ! y\ng] plants4 ,z ! plant becomes old] ! color fades out1 until at maturity ! p9k or r$ color has 9 _m cases disappe>$1 & !n ! entire plant is ( a light yell[i%1 or ( a cream buff color4 ,! spores are 9 mass light yell[1 & ! spores on ! surface ( ! plant probably give ! color to ! plant at ?is /age4 ,! spores are long1 oval or oblong1 #aj--ae #b4e--c 1 & are m9utely sp9y4 ,figure #bja is f a plant 7,no4 #dcdc1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! plant is v common 9 ! m\nta9 woods ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjc4--;,clav>ia pi/ill>is4 ,dull :iti%1 tan or r$di% 7natural size74 ,specim5s ( ?is ,clav>ia 7 sev]al times prep>$ = table use dur+ my /ay 9 ! m\nta9s1 b ! flavor 0 n an agreeable "o1 possibly due to ! fact t x ne$s "s special prep>ation & season+4 ,clav>ia botrytes ,p]s4 ,edible4--,?is plant is mu* small] ?an ,c4 =mosa1 b has mu* ! same g5]al habit & color1 especially :5 ,c4 =mosa is "y4 ,! plant has a /\t /em :i* soon dissolves into num]\s bran*es1 :i* are r$ tipp$4 ,! spores are :ite1 & 9 ?is way x may be di/+ui%$ f ,c4 =mosa1 or f ,clav>ia aurea 7,s*aeff471 :i* has yell[ or o*re spores1 & :i* has also mu* ! same habit z ,c4 botrytes1 & is ne>] 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjd4--;,clav>ia mucida4 ,:ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,clav>ia pi/ill>is ,l9n4 ,edible4--,?is plant is a *>act]i/ic "o because ( its usually l>ge size & simple =m4 ,x is m]ely a club-%ap$ body1 gr[+ f ! gr\nd4 ,x has a wide range1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 b does n seem to be common1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd x m common 9 ! m\nta9 woods ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ?an 9 ,new ,york4 ,! plant is #e--bj cm4 high1 & #a--c cm4 ?ick at ! upp] end4 ,x is smoo?1 ?\gh (t5 irregul>ly groov$ & furr[$1 due probably to unequal t5sions 9 gr[?4 ,! apex 9 typical specim5s is r\nd$ & blunt4 ,x is dull :ite or tan color or rufesc5t4 ,! fle% is :ite1 & v spongy1 especially 9 age1 :5 x is apt to be irregul>ly fi/ulose4 ,figure #bjc is f plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb] #ahii4 ,!re is :at seems to be an abnormal =m ( ?is species figur$ by ,s*aeff]1 ,table #bij1 :i* ,fries sep>at$ z a di/9ct species & plac$ 9 ! g5us ,crat]ellus1 "o ( ! ,!lephorace1 & call$ by him ,crat]ellus pi/ill>is4 ,?is plant has be5 f\nd at ,i?aca1 & ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! ,clav>ia pi/ill>is ,l41 seems to be 9 ! fact t 9 ,crat]ellus pi/ill>is ! end is truncate or 9 "s specim5s m or less concave4 ,! spores seem to be ! same1 & ! color & g5]al habit ( ! two plants are ! same4 ,x is probably only a =m ( ,clav>ia pi/ill>is4 ,clav>ia mucida ,p]s4--,?is is "o ( ! smalle/ species ( ! g5us ,clav>ia4 ,x gr[s on rott5 wood1 & appe>s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x is usually simple & clavate1 b sometimes bran*$4 ,! plant is :ite1 or yell[i%1 or sometimes rose color1 & measures f #j4e to #b cm4 9 height1 ?\gh ,i h usually f\nd x f #j4e--a cm4 9 height4 ,x is s(t & wat]y4 ,figure #bjd is f plants 7,no4 #diih1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,i?aca 9 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,trembl+ ,,fungi3 ,,tremell9eae4 ,^! fungi are call$ ! trembl+ fungi because ( _! gelat9\s consi/5cy4 ,! colors v>y f :ite1 yell[1 orange1 r$di%1 br[ni%1 etc41 & ! =m is v>i\s1 (t5 v irregul>1 leaf-l1 or /rongly fold$ & unev54 ,!y are :5 fre% usually v s(t1 clammy to ! t\*1 & yield+ l a mass ( gelat9e4 ,!y usually gr[ on wood1 b "s species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 & "s are p>asitic4 ,! fruit surface usually cov]s ! entire out] surface ( ! plant1 b 9 "s x is conf9$ to "o side ( ! plant4 ,! basidia are peculi> to ! ord]1 are deeply seat$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 r\nd$ or globose1 & divid$ into f\r cells 9 a cruciate mann]4 ,f ea* "o ( ^! cells ( ! basidium a long1 sl5d] process 7/]igma7 gr[s out to ! surface ( ! plant & be>s ! spore4 ,a few species only are treat$ ( "h4 ,,tremella ,dill4 ,9 ?is g5us ! plants are gelat9\s or c>tilag9\s4 ,! =m ( ! plant is usually v mu* contort$1 fold-l or leaf-l1 & v mu* bran*$4 ,! fruit+ surface ext5ds ov] ! entire upp] surface ( ! plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bje4--,tremella mycetophila1 on ,collybia dryophila 7natural size74 ,tremella lutesc5s ,p]s4--,?is plant is entirely yell[1 & occurs on bran*es4 ,x is #b--e cm4 9 diamet]1 & is /rongly fold$1 some:at l ! folds ( a bra9 7gyrose74 ,x is v s(t & incl9$ to be wat]y & fluid1 & is ( a bright yell[ color1 spread out on ! surface ( rott5 wood4 ,x is ( _w-wide di/ribution1 & appe>s f mid-summ] to late autumn4 ,tremella mycetophila ,pk4--,?is plant is int]e/+ f ! fact t x is p>asitic on a mu%room1 ,collybia dryophila4 ,x gr[s on ! /em or on ! top ( ! cap ( ! ,collybia1 & x is :ite1 or yell[i%1 v mu* contort$ 7gyrose-plicate71 ne>ly r\nd$1 & #h--af mm4 9 diamet]4 ,figure #bje repres5ts ?is ,tremella gr[+ on ! ,collybia dryophila1 f plants collect$ at ,freeville woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjf4--,tremella frondosa4 ,p9ki% yell[ or p9ki% v9ace\s 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,tremella frondosa ,fr4--,?is is said to be ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us4 ,x gr[s on rott5 wood4 ,x occurs 9 ,europe1 has be5 collect$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & ! ,fig4 #bjf is f a plant 7,no4 #dcci1 ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! plant figur$ "h 0 #aj cm4 long & ab\t #h cm4 high4 ,x is v mu* twi/$ & contort$1 leaf-l1 & ! middle & base all unit$4 ,x is ( a p9ki% yell[ color1 "o plant be+ v9ace\s p9k & ano!r cream buff 9 color4 ,:5 "y ! leaf-l lobes d n %[ well1 b z x exp&s !y become v prom95t4 ,sev]al o!r species ( ,tremella are probably m common ?an ! ones illu/rat$ "h4 ,"o ( ! commone/ ( ! ,tremell9e probably is ! ,exidia gl&ulosa1 :i* 9 dry wea!r appe>s z a black incru/ation on dead limbs1 b dur+ ra9s x swells up into a l>ge1 black1 v s(t1 gelat9\s mass4 ,x is commonly f\nd on fall5 limbs ( oak1 & occurs f autumn until late spr+4 ,x is sometimes call$ wit*'s butt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjg4--,tremella fuci=mis4 ,entirely :ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,tremella fuci=mis ,b]k4--,?is is a v beautiful :ite tremella gr[+ 9 woods on leaf mold close to ! gr\nd4 ,x =ms a l>ge :ite tub]cul> mass re/+ on ! gr\nd1 f ! upp] surface ( :i* num]\s /\t1 %ort1 :ite processes arise :i* bran* a few times 9 a di*otom\s mann]4 ,! masses are #aj--ae cm4 9 diamet]1 & ne>ly or q z high4 ,! fle% is v s(t1 & ! p>ts are m or less holl[4 ,! basidia are l ^? ( ! g5us1 globose1 sunk 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant1 & t]m9ate ) f\r long1 sl5d]1 /]igmata :i* rise to ! surface & be> ! spores4 ,! spores are :ite1 ne>ly ovoid1 b inequilat]al & some:at r5i=m1 cont9u\s1 #g--i #e--f 4 ,figure #bjg is f a plant collect$ 9 a woods ne> ,i?aca1 9 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,,gyrocephalus ,p]s4 ,! g5us ,gyrocephalus diff]s f ! o!r ,tremell9e 9 hav+ ! fruit+ surface on ! l[] side ( ! fruit body1 :ile ! upp] side is /]ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bjh4--;,gyrocephalus rufus4 ,r$di% or r$di% yell[ 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,gyrocephalus rufus 7,jacq47 ,bref4--,?is species is sometimes v abundant4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd1 g5]ally f buri$ wood1 or f dead roots4 ,x is erect1 /\t at ! base1 & ! upp] end flatt5$ & ?9n]4 ,x is m or less spatulate1 ! upp] side some:at concave1 & ! l[] some:at convex4 ,9 "s plants ! pileus is m regul> & !re is !n a t5d5cy to ! funnel =m4 ,x is r$di%1 or r$di% yell[ 9 color1 smoo?1 clammy1 wat]y1 & q gelat9\s4 ,:5 dry x is v h>d4 ,figure #bjh repres5ts ! =m ( ! plant well1 f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,! plant is q common 9 ! damp gl5s & woods at ,i?aca dur+ ! autumn4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,!lephoraceae4 ,_m ( ! species ( ! ,!lephorace to :i* ! foll[+ two species belong are too t\gh = food4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! gr[ on wood4 ,!y are kn[n by _! h>d or membranace\s "* & by ! fruit+ surface 7"u surface :5 9 ! position 9 :i* !y grew7 be+ smoo?1 or only slightly unev51 or crack$4 ,crat]ellus can?>ellus 7,s*w47 ,fr41 is an edible species4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x resembles ! ,can?>ellus cib>ius4 ,! color is ! same1 & ! g5]al %ape1 except t ! =m] is p]haps m irregul> 9 =m4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be 9 mo/ cases easily di/+ui%$ f ,c4 cib>ius by ! abs5ce ( folds on ! "u or fruit+ surface1 s9ce ! fruit+ surface is smoo?1 especially :5 ! plants are "y or middle age4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! plants get q l>ge & old1 9 "s cases ! fruit+ surface becomes v unev5 f num]\s folds & wr9kles1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are m irregul> ?an ! folds ( ,c4 cib>ius4 ,crat]ellus cornucopioides 7,l47 ,p]s41 is ano!r edible species4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,x is ( a dusky or d>k smoky color1 & is deeply funnel-%ap$1 resembl+ a horn ( pl5ty1 ?\gh usually /raight4 ,! fruit+ surface is some:at unev54 ,! g5us ,/]eum is a v common "o on bran*es1 etc41 ei!r entirely spread out on ! wood1 or ) ! m>g9 or a l>ge "p ( ! pileus free4 ,hym5o*te is l ,/]eum1 b has num]\s small black sp9es 9 ! fruit+ surface1 giv+ x a velvety appe>ance4 ,corticium is v ?9 & spread ov] ! wood 9 pat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ha1 ,,figure #bji4--,lycop]don cya?i=me 7natural size74 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,puff-,,balls3 ,,lycop]daceae4 ,?is is n ! place = a discussion ( ! diff]5t g5]a ( ! puff-balls1 etc41 b x might be well to say t 9 rec5t ye>s ! old g5us ,lycop]don has be5 divid$ into sev]al g5]a4 ,! giant puff-ball1 & ! ,l4 cya?i=me1 :]e ! wall or p]idium ruptures irregul>ly1 h be5 plac$ 9 a g5us call$ ,calvatia2 c]ta9 o!r species :i* are ne>ly globose1 & 9 :i* ! wall is ( a pap]y texture at maturity1 are plac$ 9 ! g5us ,bovi/a4 ,!re is "o g5us belong+ to ! same family z ! lycop]dons1 ! species ( :i* are v int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! peculi> way 9 :i* ! wall is ruptur$4 ,?is is ! g5us ,gea/]1 t is1 e>? />4 ,! wall1 or p]idium1 is q ?ick 9 ! memb]s ( ?is g5us1 & :5 x matures x sep>ates into sev]al lay]s :i* ne$ n all be discuss$ "h4 ,a ?ick out] portion :i* sep>ates f a ?9n] inn] portion fur!r splits radially into sev]al />-l divisions1 :i* spread outw>d & give to ! plant ! =m ( a />4 ,s9ce ! plants lie on ! e>? ! "n e>? /> 0 appli$ to !m4 ,?is op5s out 9 dry wea!r1 ev5 curv+ ar\nd "u ! plant1 s t ! plant is rais$ above ! gr\nd4 ,!n 9 wet wea!r x closes up aga94 ,! inn] portion ( ! wall op5s at ! apex 9 v>i\s ways1 9 ! diff]5t species1 s t ! spores may escape4 ,a closely relat$ g5us has sev]al small p]=ations l a pepp] box 9 ! upp] surface ( ! inn] wall1 ,myrio/oma4 ,,lycop]don ,t\rn4 ,to ?is g5us belong mo/ ( ! puff-balls1 z !y are commonly call$1 or1 z !y are d5om9at$ 9 ! ,s\?1 ,devil's snuff box4 ,all1 or a l>ge portion1 ( ! int]ior ( ! plant at maturity breaks d[n into a p[d]y sub/ance1 :i* ) ! num]\s spores is v light1 & :5 ! plant is squeez$ or press$1 cl\ds ( ?is du/ bur/ out at ! op5+ ?r\gh ! wall4 ,! wall ( ! plant is t]m$ ! p]idium4 ,9 ?is g5us ! wall is q ?91 & at maturity op5s diff]5tly 9 diff]5t species4 ,9 sev]al species x op5s irregul>ly1 ! entire wall becom+ v brittle & crack+ up into bits1 z 9 ! giant puff-ball4 ,9 ! rema9+ species x op5s by a di/9ct p]=ation at ! apex1 & ! rema9d] ( ! wall is m or less pliant & membran\s4 ,all ( ! puff-balls are said to be edible1 at lea/ are h>mless1 if eat5 :5 ! fle% is :ite4 ,!y %\ld n be eat5 :5 ! fle% is d>k1 or is *ang+ f ! :ite color4 ,lycop]don giganteum ,bats*4 ,edible4--,?is1 ! giant puff-ball1 is ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us4 ,sometimes x rea*es imm5se proportions1 two to ?ree or ev5 f\r feet1 b ^! l>ge sizes are r>e4 ,x is usually #bj to #dj cm4 7#h--af 947 9 diamet]4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 grassy places dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,x is a l>ge r\nd$ mass1 re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & ne> or at ! c5t] ( ! "u side1 x is atta*$ to ! cords ( mycelium 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is :ite 9 color until x is ripe1 t is1 :5 ! spores are mature1 & x %\ld be ga!r$ = food be=e x is ?us ripe4 ,:5 x is matur+ x becomes yell[i%1 !n dusky or smoky 9 color4 ,! fle%1 :i* is :ite :5 "y1 *anges to gre5i% yell[ & f9ally br[ni%1 ) usually an olivace\s t+e1 z ! spores rip54 ,! plant is s l>ge t x may be slic$1 & %\ld be slic$ be=e broil+4 ,a s+le specim5 (t5 =ms en\gh = a meal = a l>ge family1 & "s ( ! l>g] ones w\ld s]ve = sev]al meals4 ,lycop]don cya?i=me ,bosc4 ,edible4--,?is is call$ ! beak]-%ap$ puff-ball because ! base ( ! plant1 aft] ! spores h all be5 scatt]$1 resembles to "s ext5t a beak]1 or a broad cup ) a /\t1 /em-l base4 ,^! old /]ile bases ( ! plant are (t5 f\nd 9 ! fields long aft] ! spores h disappe>$4 ,! plants are some:at pe>-%ap$1 r\nd$ above1 & tap]+ bel[ to ! /\t base4 ,!y are #g--ae cm4 9 diamet]1 & :ite :5 "y4 ,at maturity ! spore mass is purpli%1 & by ?is color z well z by ! /]ile base ! plant is easily recogniz$4 ,( c\rse ^! *>act]s _c be recogniz$ 9 ! "y & gr[+ plant at ! "t x is want$ = food1 b ! :ite color ( ! int]ior ( ! plant w\ld be a suffici5t gu>antee t x 0 edible1 grant$ ( c\rse t x 0 a memb] ( ! puff-ball family4 ,sometimes1 long be=e ! spores mature1 ! out] portion ( ! plant *anges f :ite to p9ki%1 or br[ni% colors4 ,at maturity ! wall1 or p]idium1 breaks into brittle fragm5ts1 :i* disappe> & ! purpli% mass ( ! spores is expos$4 ,! plant gr[s 9 grassy places or ev5 9 cultivat$ fields4 ,lycop]don gemmatum ,bats*4 ,edible4--,?is puff-ball is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w & is v common4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods1 or 9 op5 places on ! gr\nd1 usually4 ,x is kn[n f its *>act]i/ic top %ape1 ! m or less erect scales on ! upp] surface int]m+l$ ) small] ones1 ! l>g] ones fall+ away & leav+ circul> sc>s ov] ! surface1 :i* gives x a reticulate appe>ance4 ,! plants are :ite1 becom+ d>k gray or grayi% br[n :5 mature4 ,!y v>y 9 size f #c--g cm4 high to #b--e cm4 broad4 ,!y are m or less top-%ap$1 & ! /em1 :i* is /\t1 is sometimes long] ?an ! r\nd$ portion1 :i* is ! fruit+ "p4 ,! out] "p ( ! wall 7out] p]idium7 :5 q "y sep>ates into w>ts or scales ( v>y+ size1 l>ge ones arrang$ q regul>ly ) small] ones betwe54 ,^! w>ts are well %[n 9 ! two plants at ! left 9 ,fig4 #baj1 & ! ?ird plant f ! left %[s ! reticulations =m$ ( num]\s sc>s on ! inn] p]idium :]e ! l>g] scales h fall5 away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #baj4--,lycop]don gemmatum4 ,entirely :ite except :5 old 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,! plant at ! extreme "r is mature1 & ! inn] p]idium has ruptur$ at ! apex to p]mit ! escape ( ! spores4 ,! spore mass1 toge!r ) br[ni% ?reads :i* are int]m+l$1 are gre5i% yell[ ) an olive t+e1 !n !y become pale br[n4 ,! spores are r\nd$1 #c4e--d4e 9 diamet]1 smoo? or m9utely w>t$4 ,ano!r small puff-ball ev]y:]e common 9 woods is ! ,lycop]don pyri=me1 s call$ because ( its pe> %ape4 ,x gr[s on v rott5 wood or on decay+ logs 9 woods or groves1 or 9 op5 places :]e !re is rott+ wood4 ,x is some:at small] ?an ! gem-be>+ lycop]don1 is almo/ sessile1 sometimes _m cr[d$ v close toge!r1 & especially is x *>act]iz$ by prom95t root-l :ite /r&s ( mycelium :i* are atta*$ to ! base :]e ! plant ent]s ! rott5 wood4 ,:ile ^! small species ( puff-balls are n injuri\s to eat1 !y d n seem to possess an agreeable flavor4 ,!re are q a numb] ( species 9 ?is c\ntry :i* _c be enum]at$ "h4 ,relat$ to ! puff-balls1 & prop]ly class$ ) !m1 are ! species ( ,scl]od]ma4 ,?is "n is giv5 to ! g5us because ( ! h>d p]idium1 ! wall be+ mu* firm] & h>d] ?an 9 ,lycop]don4 ,!re are two species :i* are n uncommon1 ,scl]od]ma vulg>e & ,s4 v]rucosum4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd or on v rott5 wood1 & are sessile1 (t5 %[+ ! root-l :ite /r&s atta*$ to _! base4 ,!y v>y 9 size f #b--f cm4 & ! out] wall is crack$ into num]\s co>se areas1 or w>ts1 giv+ ! plant a v]rucose appe>ance1 f :i* "o ( ! species gets its specific "n4 ,calo/oma c9nab>9um ,desv4--,?is is a rem>kably beautiful plant ) a g5]al di/ribution 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to 9 ?is c\ntry "u ! g5us "n ,mitremyces1 & sometimes has be5 confus$ ) a r>] & diff]5t species1 ,calo/oma lutesc5s 7,s*w47 ,burnap4 ,x gr[s 9 damp woods1 usually along ! banks ( /reams & along m\nta9 roads4 ,x is rem>kable = ! brilliant v]milion color ( ! inn] surface ( ! out] lay] ( ! wall 7exop]idium71 :i* is expos$ by splitt+ into radial /rips t curl & twi/ !mselves (f1 & by ! v]milion color ( ! edges ( ! tee? at ! apex ( ! inn] wall 7endop]idium74 ,! plant is #b--h cm4 high1 & #a--b cm4 9 diamet]4 ,:5 mature ! base or /em1 :i* is =m$ ( reticulat$ & ana/omos+ cords1 elongates & lifts ! r\nd$ or oval fruit+ portion to "s di/ance above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :5 ! gelat9\s volva ruptures & falls to ! gr\nd or p>tly cl+s to ! /em1 expos+ ! p]idium1 ! out] portion ( :i* !n splits 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,:5 ! plant is fir/ se5 above ! gr\nd x appe>s z a globose or r\nd$ body1 & 9 wet wea!r has a v ?ick gelat9\s lay] surr\nd+ x4 ,?is is ! volva & is =m$ by ! gelat9ization ( ! out] lay] ( ?reads :i* compose x4 ,?is gelat9\s lay] is ?ick & also viscid1 & :5 ! plants are plac$ on pap] to dry1 x glues !m firmly to ! %eet4 ,:5 ! out] lay] ( ! p]idium splits1 x does s by splitt+ f ! base t[>d ! apex1 or f ! apex t[>d ! base4 ,( ! l>ge numb] ( specim5s :i* ,i h se5 at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ! split m (t5 beg9s at ! apex1 or at lea/1 :5 ! slit is complete1 ! /rips usually /& out loosely 9 a radiate mann]1 ! tips be+ free4 ,at ?is /age ! plant is a v beautiful object ) ! cr[n ( v]milion /rips radiat+ outw>d f ! base ( ! fruit body at ! top ( ! /em1 & ! inn] p]idium re/+ 9 ! c5t] & t]m9at$ by ! f\r to sev5 tee? ) v]milion edges4 ,at ?is "t also ! light yell[ spore mass is ooz+ out f betwe5 ! tee?4 ,! spores are oblong to elliptical1 m>k$ ) v f9e po9ts1 & measure #ae--ah #h--aj 4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hb1 ,,figure #baa4--;,calo/oma c9nab>9um4 ,see text = colors 7natural size74 ,figure #baa is f plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! ,mytremyces lutesc5s report$ 9 my li/ ( ,"s ,fungi ( ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ,j\r4 ,eli%a ,mit*ell ,sci4 ,soc4 #i3 #ie--ajg1 #ahib1 is ?is ,calo/oma c9nab>9um4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,/9k-,,horn ,,fungi3 ,,phalloideae ,fries4 ,mo/ ( ! /9k-horn fungi are *>act]iz$ by a v (f5sive odor4 ,"s ( !m at maturity are 9 %ape n unlike t ( a horn1 & ! vulg> "n is appli$ because ( ?is =m & ! odor4 ,! plants gr[ 9 ! gr\nd1 or 9 decay+ organic matt] ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! spawn or mycelium is 9 ! =m ( rope-l /r&s :i* are usually mu* bran*$ & matt$ toge!r4 ,f ^! cords ! fruit =m arises4 ,dur+ its p]iod ( gr[? & up to ! maturity ( ! spores1 ! fruit body is oval1 t is1 egg =m1 & because ( ?is =m & ! q l>ge size ( ^! bodies !y are (t5 call$ eggs4 ,! out] portion ( ! egg =ms ! volva4 ,x is always ?ick1 & has an out] ?9 coat or membrane1 & an inn] membrane1 :ile betwe5 ! two is a ?ick lay] ( gelat9\s sub/ance1 s t ! wall ( ! volva is (t5 #c--f mm4 9 ?ickness1 & is v s(t4 ,! outl9e ( ! volva c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bae1 :i* %[s sections ( ?ree eggs 9 diff]5t /ages4 ,inside ( ! volva is ! %ort /em 7receptacle7 :i* is 9 ! middle portion1 & cov]+ ! upp] portion & sides ( ?is %ort /em is ! pileus2 ! fruit-be>+ portion1 :i* is divid$ into small *amb]s1 lies on ! outside ( ! pileus4 ,9 ! figure !re c be se5 cross l9es ext5d+ ?r\gh ?is "p f ! pileus to ! wall ( ! volva4 ,^! repres5t ridges or cre/s :i* ana/omose ov] ! pileus1 =m+ reticulations4 ,! /em or receptacle is holl[ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & ?is holl[ op5s out at ! end s t !re is a r\nd$ p]=ation ?r\gh ! upp] portion ( ! pileus4 ,! spores are borne on club-%ap$ basidia )9 ! *amb]s ( ! fruit-be>+ portion 7gleba71 & at maturity ( ! spores ! /em or receptacle beg9s to elongate4 ,?is pu%es ! gleba & ! upp] "p ( ! receptacle ?r\gh ! apex ( ! volva1 leav+ ?is z a cup-%ap$ body at ! base1 mu* z 9 c]ta9 species ( ,amanita1 :ile ! gleba is borne al(t on ! mu* elongat$ /em4 ,dur+ ?is elongation ( ! receptacle a l>ge "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! gleba dissolves into a ?ick liquid conta9+ ! spores4 ,?is runs (f & is wa%$ (f by ! ra9s1 leav+ ! inn] surface ( ! gleba expos$1 & %[+ c]ta9 *>act]s peculi> to ! v>i\s g5]a4 ,among ! /9k-horns are a numb] ( g5]a :i* are v int]e/+ f ! peculi>ities ( developm5t2 & "s ( :i* are v beautiful & curi\s objects1 al?\gh !y d possess (f5sive odors4 ,9 "s ( ! g5]a1 ! upp] "p ( ! plant exp&s into leaf-l--or petal-l1 bodies1 :i* are highly color$ & resemble fl[]s4 ,!y are sometimes call$ fungus fl[]s4 ,,dictyophora ,desvaux4 ,dictyophora means net be>]1 & z "o c see f ,fig4 #bab x is n an inappropriate "n4 ,! /em or receptacle1 z "o c see f ! illu/rations ( ! two species treat$ ( "h1 possesses a v co>se me%1 s t n only ! surface b ! sub/ance )9 is reticulat$1 pitt$ & irregul>ly p]=at$4 ,9 ! g5us ,dictyophora an out] lay] ( ! receptacle or /em is sep>at$ z x elongates1 breaks away f ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 is c>ri$ al(t1 & hangs z a beautiful veil4 ,?is veil is v conspicu\s 9 "s species & less s 9 o!rs4 ,dictyophora duplicata 7,bosc47 ,ed4 ,fis*]4--,?is species is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bab1 made f plants collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,! plants are f #ae--bb cm4 high1 ! cap ab\t #e cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! /em #b--c cm4 9 ?ickness4 ,accord+ to ,burt 7,bot4 ,gaz4 #bb3 #chg1 #ahif7 x is a common species 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! cap is m or less bell-%ap$ & ! sculptur$ surface is m>k$ 9 a beautiful mann] ) ! reticulations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hc1 ,,figure #bab4--;,dictyophora duplicata4 ,:ite 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hd1 ,,figure #bac4--;,dictyophora rav5elii4 ,mature plants %[+ volva at base2 elongat$ receptacle1 cap at ! top1 & veil surr\nd+ ! receptacle "u ! cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bad4--;,dictyophora rav5elii4 ,egg /age1 caps j bur/+ ?r\gh ! volva 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bae4--;,dictyophora rav5elii4 ,sections ( eggs1 & %[+ cords ( mycelium 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,dictyophora rav5elii 7,b4 ,c47 ,burt4--,?is plant also has a wide di/ribution 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! /em is m sl5d] ?an 9 ! o!r species1 ,d4 duplicata1 ! pileus m ne>ly conic1 & ! surface ( ! pileus is m]ely granul> or m9utely wr9kl$ aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! gleba1 & does n pres5t ! /rong reticulat+ ridges & cre/s :i* t species %[s4 ,! plants are f #aj to #ah cm4 high4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & fields ab\t rott+ wood1 & 9 sawdu/4 ,! veil is v ?9 & delicate1 =m+ simply a membrane1 & does n possess ! co>se me%es pres5t 9 ! veil ( ,d4 duplicata4 ,! ,figs4 #bad1 #bae repres5t ! diff]5t /ages 9 ! elongation ( ! receptacle ( ?is plant1 & ! rupture ( ! volva4 ,?is elongation takes place q rapidly4 ,:ile photograph+ ! plant z x 0 bur/+ ?r\gh ! volva1 ,i _h consid]able difficulty 9 gett+ a picture1 s9ce ! /em elongat$ s rapidly t ! plant w\ld %[ t x _h mov$ p]ceptibly1 & ! picture w\ld be blurr$4 ,9 a woods ne> ,i?aca a l>ge numb] ( ^! plants h appe>$ f ye> to ye> 9 a pile ( sawdu/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ vile smell+ plants ( ?is family is ! ,i?yphallus impudicus4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,morels1 ,,cup-,,fungi1 ,,helvellas1 ,,etc43 ,,discomycetes4 ,! rema9+ fungi to be consid]$ belong to a v diff]5t gr\p ( plants ?an d ! mu%rooms1 puff-balls1 etc4 ,nev]!less1 because ( ! size ( sev]al ( ! species & ! fact t sev]al ( !m are excell5t = food1 "s att5tion w be giv5 to a few4 ,! entire gr\p is sometimes spok5 ( z ,discomycetes or cup-fungi1 because _m ( ! plants belong+ "h are %ap$ some?+ l a disk1 or l a cup4 ,! pr9cipal way 9 :i* !y diff] f ! mu%rooms1 ! puff-balls1 etc41 is f\nd 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! spores are borne4 ,9 ! mu%rooms1 etc41 ! spores1 we recollect1 are borne on ! end ( a club-%ap$ body1 usually f\r spores on "o ( ^!4 ,9 ?is gr\p1 h[ev]1 ! spores are borne inside ( club-%ap$ bodies1 call$ sacs or asci 7s+ul>1 ascus74 ,^! sacs1 or asci1 are gr\p$ toge!r1 ly+ side by side1 =m+ ! fruit+ surface or hym5ium1 mu* z ! basidia =m ! fruit+ surface 9 ! mu%rooms4 ,9 ! case ( ! cup or disk =ms1 ! upp] side ( ! disk1 or ! upp] & inn] surface ( ! cap1 is cov]$ ) ^! sacs1 /&+ side by side1 s t ! free ends ( ! sacs =m ! out] surface4 ,9 ! case ( ! morel ! entire out] surface ( ! upp] portion ( ! plant1 t :]e !re are s _m pits1 is cov]$ ) simil> sacs4 ,s9ce s few ( ! g5]a & species ( ! morels & cup-fungi w be treat$ ( "h1 ,i %all n attempt to comp>e ! g5]a or ev5 to give ! *>act]s by :i* ! g5]a are kn[n4 ,9 mo/ cases ! illu/rations w s]ve ?is purpose s f> z x is desirable to accompli% x 9 su* a "w z ! pres5t4 ,c]ta9 ( ! species w !n be describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #he1 ,,figure #baf4--,mor*ella escul5ta 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,mor*ella ,dill4 ,! morels are all edible & !y are usually easy to recognize4 ,! plant consi/s ( two di/9ct1 prom95t p>ts1 ! cap & ! /em4 ,! cap v>ies 9 =m f r\nd$1 ovate1 conic or cyl9drical1 or bell-%ap$1 b x is always m>k$ by r broad pits1 cov]+ ! entire out] surface1 :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ridges =m+ a network4 ,! color ( ! plants does n diff] to any p]ceptible ext5t 9 our species4 ,! cap is usually buff or light o*re yell[1 becom+ d>k] ) age & 9 dry+4 ,! /em 9 all our species is usually q /\t1 ?\gh x v>ies to "s ext5t 9 "s ( ! diff]5t species1 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! cap4 ,! /em is m>k$ 9 "s ( ! species by l>ge wr9kles or folds ext5d+ irregul>ly b ) consid]able uni=mity ov] ! surface4 ,! surface is fur!r m9utely r\gh5$ by :iti% or grayi% elevations1 giv+ x a granul> appe>ance4 ,sometimes ^! granules are q ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface1 & 9 "s species !y are m or less sep>at$ into small areas by n>r[ l9es4 ,! morels appe> e>ly 9 ! season1 dur+ ,may & ,june4 ,!y gr[ usually 9 damp situations1 & are m abundant dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,?ree species are illu/rat$ "h4 ,mor*ella escul5ta ,p]s4 ,edible4--,! "n ( ?is species1 ! escul5t morel1 indicates t x has be5 long kn[n z an edible plant1 especially s9ce ! man :o nam$ x liv$ a c5tury ago4 ,! plant is f #e--ae cm4 high1 ! /em is #a--c cm4 9 ?ickness1 & ! cap is broad] ?an ! /em4 ,! cap is some:at long] ?an broad1 & is m or less oval or r\nd$ 9 outl9e4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! pits on ! surface ( ! cap is reg>d$ by "s z be+ *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 species4 ,9 ?is species ! pits are irregul>ly arrang$1 s t !y d n =m r[s1 & s t ! ridges sep>at+ !m d n run longitud9ally f ! base t[>d ! apex ( ! cap1 b run q irregul>ly4 ,?is arrangem5t c be se5 9 ,fig4 #baf1 :i* is f a photograph ( ?is species4 ,! /em is holl[4 ,mor*ella conica ,p]s4 ,edible4--,?is species is v closely relat$ to ! prec$+ "o1 & is consid]$ by "s to be only a =m ( ! ,mor*ella escul5ta4 ,! size is ab\t ! same1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! some:at long] cap & especially 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! pits4 ,^! are arrang$ m or less 9 di/9ct r[s1 s t ! ridges sep>at+ !m run longitud9ally & p>allel f ! base ( ! cap to ! apex1 ) connect+ ridges ext5d+ across betwe5 ! pits4 ,! cap is also m or less conic1 b n necess>ily s4 ,figure #bag illu/rates ?is species4 ,! plant %[n "h is bran*$1 & ?is %\ld n be tak5 to be a "* ( ! species1 = x is n1 ?is =m be+ r r>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bag4--,mor*ella conica 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hf1 ,,figure #bah4--,mor*ella crassipes 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,mor*ella crassipes 7,v5t47 ,p]s4 ,edible4--,?is species diff]s f ! two prec$+ 9 ! fact t ! /em is ne>ly equal 9 wid? ) ! cap4 ,figure #bah illu/rates a h&some specim5 :i* 0 #ag cm4 high4 ,! granul> surface & ! folds ( ! /em %[ v di/9ctly & beautifully4 ,collect$ at ,i?aca4 ,mor*ella deliciosa ,fr4 ,edible1 has ! cap cyl9drical or ne>ly s4 ,x is long] ?an ! /em1 & is usually two or ?ree times z long z x is broad4 ,! plant is small] ?an ! prec$+1 ?\gh l>ge ones may equal 9 size small ones ( ^? two4 ,! plant is f #d--h cm4 high4 ,mor*ella semilib]a ,,dc41 & ,m4 bispora ,sor41 ,v]pa bohemica 7,kromb47 ,s*roet4 occur 9 ?is c\ntry1 & are int]e/+ f ! fact t ! cap is bell-%ap$1 ! l[] m>g9 be+ free f ! /em4 ,9 ! latt] species !re are only two spores 9 an ascus4 ,,helvella ,l4 ,! helvellas are pretty & attractive plants4 ,!y are small] ?an ! morels1 usually4 ,!y h a cap & /em1 ! cap be+ v irregul> 9 %ape1 (t5 some:at lob$ or saddle-%ap$4 ,x is smoo?1 or ne>ly s1 at lea/ x is n m>k$ by ! l>ge pits pres5t 9 ! cap ( ! morel1 & ?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal di/+ui%+ features ( ! helvellas z comp>$ ) ! morels4 ,9 "o species ! ?9 cap has its l[] m>g9 free f ! /em4 ,?is is ,helvella crispa ,fr41 & x has a :ite or :iti% cap1 & a deeply furr[$ /em4 ,x occurs 9 woods dur+ ! summ] & autumn1 & is kn[n z ! :ite helvella4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bai4--;,helvella lacunosa 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,ano!r species :i* has a wide range is ! ,helvella lacunosa1 s call$ because ( ! deep longitud9al grooves 9 ! /em4 ,! cap is ?91 b diff]s f ! ,h4 crispa 9 t ! l[] m>g9 is connect$ ) ! /em4 ,?is species is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bai f plants collect$ at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,! g5us ,gyromitra is v closely relat$ to ,helvella1 & is only di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! cap is m>k$ by prom95t folds & convolutions1 resembl+ some:at ! convolutions ( ! bra94 ,its "n means convolut$ cap4 ,! ,gyromitra escul5ta ,fr41 is f #e--aj cm4 high1 & ! cap f #e--g cm4 broad4 ,:ile ?is species has long be5 report$ z an edible "o1 & has be5 employ$ 9 _m in/ances z food ) no evil results1 !re are kn[n cases :]e x has act$ z a poison4 ,9 _m cases :]e poison+ has result$ ! plants 7 q old & probably 9 ! incipi5t /ages ( decay4 ,h[ev]1 x is claim$ t a poison\s pr9ciple1 call$ helvellic acid1 has be5 isolat$ by a c]ta9 *emi/1 :i* acts z a viol5t poison4 ,?is pr9ciple is v soluble 9 hot wat]1 & :5 c>e is us$ to dra9 (f fir/ wat] 9 :i* !y h be5 cook$1 squeez+ ! wat] well f ! plants1 !y are pron\nc$ h>mless4 ,! saf] way w\ld be to avoid su* suspici\s species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbj4--,spa?ul>ia velutipes 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,spa?ul>ia velutipes ,cooke ,f>l[4--,?is species repres5ts ano!r int]e/+ g5us ( ! ,discomycetes4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a spatula1 & f ?is %ape ( ! plant ! g5us takes its "n4 ,!re are sev]al species kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is "o is q common4 ,! /em ext5ds ! entire l5g? ( ! plant1 runn+ "r ?r\gh ! cap1 or p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say t ! cap or fruit+ portion =ms two n>r[ blades or w+s on opposite sides ( ! upp] "p ( ! /em4 ,^! w+-l expansions ( ! cap on ! opposite sides ( ! /em give ! spa?ulate =m to ! plant4 ,figure #bbj is f plants collect$ 9 ! woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bba4--,leotia lubrica 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,leotia lubrica ,p]s4--,! g5us ,leotia is q readily recogniz$ by its =m1 & because ! plants are usually slimy4 ,?is species is call$ lubrica because ( ! slipp]y "* ( ! entire plant4 ,x is dull yell[i% or olive yell[ 9 color4 ,! cap1 z c be se5 f ! figure 7#bba71 is irregul>ly r\nd$1 & broad] ?an ! /em4 ,! plant is illu/rat$ natural size f specim5s collect$ ne> ,i?aca4 ,,! ,,true ,,cup-,,fungi4 ,by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ! ,discomycetes are cup-%ap$1 & are popul>ly call$ cup-fungi4 ,!y v>y f plants ( v m9ute size1 s small t !y c be j se5 ) ! eye1 or "s ( ! l>g] ones are sev]al in*es 9 bread?4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd1 on leaves1 wood1 etc4 ,! v>iety ( =m & color is great4 ,!y may be sessile1 t is1 ! cup re/s imm$iately on ! gr\nd or wood1 or leaves1 or !y may possess a %ort1 or r long /alk4 ,! only species illu/rat$ "h has a comp>atively long /alk1 & ! cap is deep cup-%ap$1 almo/ l a beak]4 ,?is plant is te*nically kn[n z ,s>coscypha floccosa4 ,x is repres5t$ "h natural size 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,! /em is sl5d]1 & ! rim ( ! cup is beset ) long1 /rigose hairs4 ,! inn] surface ( ! cup is l9$ ) ! sacs 7asci7 & /]ile ?reads 7p>aphyses71 spok5 ( on a =m] page1 :5 treat+ ( ! fruit+ "* ( ! morels & cup-fungi4 ,9 ?is plant ! color ( ! inside ( ! cup is v beautiful1 be+ a bright r$4 ,ano!r species1 ,s>coscypha cocc9ea1 ! sc>let s>coscypha1 is a l>g] plant :i* appe>s 9 v e>ly spr+1 soon aft] ! fro/ is out ( ! gr\nd4 ,x gr[s on rott+ logs & wood 9 ! woods or 9 groves4 ,! inside ( ! cup 9 ?is species is a ri* sc>let1 & f ?is ri* color ! species takes its "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbb4--,s>coscypha floccosa 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,fle%y ,,fungi4 ,9 ! collection ( ! high] fungi x is ( ! utmo/ importance t c]ta9 precautions be employ$ 9 obta9+ all p>ts ( ! plant1 & fur!rmore t c>e be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+1 9 ord] n to remove or efface delicate *>act]s4 ,n only is x important = ! beg9n]1 b 9 _m in/ances an exp]t may n be able to det]m9e a specim5 :i* may h lo/ :at und\bt$ly seem1 to "s1 trivial m>ks4 ,! sugge/ions giv5 "h %\ld enable "o to collect specim5s 9 su* a way z to protect ^! *>act]s :ile fre%1 to make notes ( ! important evanesc5t *>act]s & to dry & pres]ve !m prop]ly = future /udy4 ,= collect+ a numb] ( specim5s "u a v>iety ( conditions ! foll[+ li/ ( app>atus is recomm5d$3 ,"o or two oblong or rectangul> h& baskets1 capacity f #h--ab qu>ts4 ,or a rectangul> z9c case ) a closely fitt+ top 7n ! ord9>y botanical collect+ case74 ,half a doz5 or s tall pa/ebo>d boxes1 or t9s1 #c #c1 or #d #d1 #e in*es deep1 to hold c]ta9 species 9 an upright position4 ,a quantity ( tissue pap] cut #h #aj or #f #h in*es4 ,small] quantity ( wax$ tissue pap] = wrapp+ viscid or /icky plants4 ,tr[el2 a /\t knife2 memor&um pad & p5cil4 ,collect+4--,dur+ ! prop] season1 & :5 ra9s are abundant1 ! mu%rooms are to be f\nd 9 op5 fields1 wa/e places1 groves & woods4 ,!y are usually m abundant 9 ! =e/s4 ,especially 9 dry wea!r are specim5s m num]\s 9 r damp woods1 along rav9es or /reams4 ,9 collect+ specim5s :i* gr[ on ! gr\nd ! tr[el %\ld be us$ to dig up ! plant c>efully1 to be sure t no important "p ( ! plant is left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,aft] "o has become famili> ) ! habit ( ! diff]5t k9ds ! tr[el w n be necess>y 9 all cases4 ,= example1 mo/ species ( ,russula1 ,lact>ius1 ,tri*oloma1 ,boletus1 etc41 are n deeply seat$ 9 ! soil1 & c>eful h&-pick+ w 9 mo/ cases secure specim5s prop]ly1 especially if "o does n object to digg+ 9 ! soil ) ! f+]s4 ,b 9 ! case ( mo/ species ( ,amanita1 c]ta9 species ( ,lepiota1 ,collybia1 etc41 a tr[el is necess>y to get up ! base ( ! plant 9 su* a way z to pres]ve ess5tial *>act]s4 ,ev5 !n x is possible1 if ! gr\nd is n too h>d1 to dig !m out ) ! f+]s1 or ) a /\t knife1 b ,i h (t5 f\nd specim5s :i* c\ld only be tak5 up ) a tr[el or spade4 ,species gr[+ on /icks or leaves are easily collect$ by tak+ a portion ( ! sub/ratum on :i* !y gr[4 ,specim5s on ! l>g] limbs or trunks or /umps c sometimes be pick$1 b until "o is accu/om$ to c]ta9 individualities ( ! plant x is well to employ ! knife & to cut (f a portion ( ! wood if necess>y1 to avoid cutt+ (f ! base ( ! /em4 ,x is necess>y also to h&le ! specim5s ) ! greate/ c>e to avoid leav+ f+] m>ks :]e ! surface ( ! /em or cap is cov]$ ) a s(t & delicate out] coat1 especially if "o wi%es to photograph ! plant1 s9ce rubb$ or m>k$ places spoil ! plant = ?is purpose4 ,also a little c>eless h&l+ w remove su* important *>act]s z a frail annulus or volva1 :i* (t5 are absolutely necess>y to recognize ! species4 ,hav+ collect$ ! specim5s1 !y %\ld be prop]ly plac$ 9 ! basket or collect+ case4 ,^? :i* are q firm1 & n long & sl5d]1 c be wrapp$ ) tissue pap] 7wax$ tissue pap] if !y are viscid or /icky71 & plac$ directly 9 ! basket1 ) "s note or numb] to indicate habitat or o!r peculi>ity :i* x is desirable to make at ! "t ( collection4 ,! small]1 m sl5d] & fragile1 specim5s c be wrapp$ 9 tissue pap] 7a clu/] ( sev]al individuals c be frequ5tly roll$ up toge!r7 made 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ funnel & ! ends !n twi/$4 ,! %ape ( ! pap] enables "o to wrap !m 9 su* a way z to protect c]ta9 delicate *>act]s on ! /em or cap4 ,^! c !n be /ood upright 9 ! small pa/ebo>d boxes :i* %\ld occupy a portion ( ! basket4 ,a numb] ( su* wrapp]s c be plac$ 9 a s+le box1 unless ! specim5s are ( consid]able size & num]\s4 ,9 ^! boxes !y are prev5t$ f be+ cru%$ by ! jo/l+ ( ! l>g] specim5s 9 ! basket4 ,^! boxes h ! additional advantage ( pres]v+ c]ta9 specim5s entire & upright if "o wi%es lat] to photograph !m4 ,field ,notes4--,! field notes :i* may be tak5 ^u ! collection w dep5d on circum/ances4 ,if "o goes to ! sort+ room soon aft] ! collection is made1 s t notes c be made !re be=e ! m delicate specim5s dry1 few notes w answ] 9 ! field1 & usually "o is s busy collect+ or hunt+ = specim5s !re is n mu* incl9ation to make ext5d$ notes 9 ! field4 ,b x is q important to note ! habitat & environm5t1 i4 e41 ! place :]e !y gr[1 ! k9d & "* ( ! soil1 9 op5 field1 roadside1 grove1 woods1 on gr\nd1 leaves1 /icks1 /umps1 trunks1 rott+ wood1 or on liv+ tree1 etc4 ,x is v important also t diff]5t k9ds be kept sep>ate4 ,! /ud5t w recognize ! importance ( ?is & o!r sugge/ions mu* m ?an ! new fungus hunt]4 ,sort+ ,room4--,:5 "o returns f a collect+ trip x is be/ to take ! plants z soon z possible to a room :]e !y c be assort$4 ,an h\r or s delay usually does n matt]1 b ! soon] !y are att5d$ to ! bett]4 ,sometimes :5 !y are c>efully plac$ 9 ! basket1 z describ$ above1 !y may be kept ov] night )\t injury1 b ?is w dep5d on ! k9ds 9 ! collection4 ,copr9i are apt to deliquesce1 c]ta9 o!r specim5s1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 are apt to be s infe/$ ) l>v t !y w be ru9$ by morn+1 :5 imm$iate dry+ might save !m4 ,o!r ?9 & delicate ones1 especially 9 dry wea!r1 w dry out s completely t "o loses ! opportunity ( tak+ notes on ! fre% specim54 ,specim5s to be photograph$ %\ld be att5d$ to at once1 unless x is too late 9 ! day1 :5 !y %\ld be set aside 9 an upright position1 & if necess>y "u a bell-j>1 until ! foll[+ day4 ,z f> z possible good specim5s %\ld be select$ = ! photograph1 repres5t+ diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 & "o to %[ ! fruit+ surface4 ,sometimes x w be necess>y to make m ?an "o photograph to obta9 all ! /ages4 ,also on diff]5t days "o is apt to obta9 a specim5 repres5t+ an important /age 9 developm5t n repres5t$ be=e4 ,! plants %\ld be arrang$ close toge!r to economize space1 b n usually t\*+ nor too cr[d$4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ 9 _! natural position z f> z possible1 & means = support1 if us$1 %\ld be hidd5 beh9d ! plant4 ,!y %\ld be s arrang$ z to %[ individual z well z specific "* & %\ld be photograph$ if possible natural size1 or at lea/ n on a plate small] ?an #e #g in*es unless ! plants are small2 :ile l>g] ones are bett] on #f #h or l>g]4 ,"s v small ones x may be necess>y to enl>ge 9 ord] to %[ ! "* ( ! fruit+ surface1 & ev5 l>ge specim5s c sometimes h a portion ( ! hym5ium enl>g$ to good advantage if x is desirable to %[ ! *>act]s cle>ly4 ,! backgr\nd %\ld be select$ to br+ out ! *>act]s /rongly1 & 9 ! exposure & develop+ x is (t5 necess>y to disreg>d ! effect ( ! backgr\nd 9 ord] to br+ out ! detail ( texture on ! plant itself4 ,! backgr\nd %\ld be r5ew$ z (t5 z necess>y to h x uni=m & neat4 ,!re is mu* m t might be said "u ?is head1 b !re is n space "h4 ,to ,obta9 ,spore ,pr9ts4--,9 _m cases x is desirable to obta9 spores 9 a mass on pap] 9 ord] to "k ! exact t9t ( color produc$ by ! species4 ,(t5 ! color ( ! spores c be satisfactorily det]m9$ by an exam9ation ( !m "u ! microscope4 ,"o _c always dep5d on ! color ( ! lamell s9ce a numb] ( ! species possess color$ cy/idia or sp9es 9 ! hym5ium :i* disguise ! color ( ! spores4 ,! be/ way to det]m9e ! color ( ! spores 9 mass is to cat* !m z !y fall f ! fruit+ surface on pap]4 ,= ! ord9>y purpose ( /udy & ref]5ce 9 ! h]b>ium ! spores caught on unprep>$ pap]1 :i* lat] may be plac$ 9 ! packet ) ! specim51 w answ]4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( sav+ "t1 & also ! dang] ( injury to ! spores f "s ( ! fixatives on prep>$ pap] is avoid$4 ,if = purposes ( illu/ration "o wi%es pretty spore pr9ts1 p]fect caps mu/ be cut f ! /em & plac$ fruit+ surface d[nw>d on pap] prep>$ ) "s gum arable or simil> prep>ation spread ov] x1 :ile ! pap] is /ill moi/ ) ! fixative1 & !n ! specim5 mu/ be cov]$ ) a bell-j> or o!r receiv] to prev5t ev5 ! slighte/ draft ( air1 o!rwise ! spores w float ar\nd m or less4 ,! spores may be caught on a ?91 absorb5t pap]1 & ! pap] !n be float$ on ! fixative 9 a %all[ vessel until x soaks ?r\gh & comes 9 contact ) ! spores4 ,i h sometimes us$ :ite ( egg z a fixative4 ,^! pieces ( pap] c !n be cut out & ei!r glu$ to c>d-bo>ds1 or onto ! h]b>ium %eet4 ,sort+ ! ,plants4--,?is %\ld be done z soon z possible aft] collection4 ,a l>ge table 9 ! sort+ room is conv5i5t1 ^u :i* ! specim5s may be spread1 or gr\p$ r1 by species1 ! individuals ( a species toge!r1 on %eets ( pap]4 ,surplus dirt1 or wood1 leaves1 etc41 c be remov$4 ,a few ( ! specim5s c be turn$ s t spores c be caught on ! pap]s4 ,if only "o or a few specim5s ( a giv5 species h be5 f\nd1 & x is desirable n to cut (f ! cap f ! /em1 ! plant c be support$ 9 an upright position1 a small piece ( pap] slit at "o side c be slipp$ ar\nd ! /em und]nea? ! cap1 on :i* ! spores w fall4 ,sometimes x w be necess>y to cov] ! plant ) a bell-j> 9 ord] to prev5t x f dry+ be=e ! spores are %$4 ,exp]i5ce ) diff]5t species w sugge/ ! treatm5t necess>y4 ,tak+ ,notes on ! ,specim5s4--,v few probably realize ! desirability ( mak+ notes ( c]ta9 *>act]s :ile ! plants are fre%1 = future ref]5ce1 or = use by ^? to :om ! plants may be s5t = det]m9ation4 ,x is "s tr\ble to d ?is1 & :5 ! diff]5t k9ds are pl5tiful ! temptation is /rong to neglect x4 ,:5 "o has available books = det]m9ation ( ! species1 z _m z possible %\ld be /udi$ & det]m9$ :ile fre%4 ,b x is n always possible to satisfactorily det]m9e all4 ,"s may be too difficult = ready recognition1 o!rs may n be describ$ 9 ! books at h&1 or poorly s1 & fur!r ! numb] ( k9ds may be too great = det]m9ation be=e !y w spoil4 ,on ^! z well z on "s ( ! int]e/+ ones recogniz$1 x is important to make a record ( c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,^! notes %\ld be kept ei!r ) ! specim51 or a numb] %\ld be giv5 ! specim5 & ! notes kept sep>ately ) ! correspond+ numb]4 ,,memor&a4 ,no44 ,locality1 ,date4 ,"n ( collector4 ,wea!r4 ,habitat4--,if on gr\nd1 l[ or high1 wet or dry1 k9d ( soil2 on fall5 leaves1 twigs1 bran*es1 logs1 /umps1 roots1 :e!r dead or liv+1 k9d ( tree2 9 op5 fields1 pa/ures1 etc41 woods1 groves1 etc41 mix$ woods or ev]gre51 oak1 *e/nut1 etc4 ,plants4--,:e!r solit>y1 clu/]$1 tuft$1 :e!r root+ or n1 ta/e1 odor1 color :5 bruis$ or cut1 & if a *ange 9 color takes place aft] exposure to ! air4 ,cap4--,:e!r dry1 moi/1 wat]y 9 appe>ance 7hygrophan\s71 slimy1 viscid1 glut9\s2 color :5 "y1 :5 old2 :e!r ) f9e bloom1 p[d]2 k9d ( scales & arrangem5t1 :e!r free f ! cuticle & easily rubb$ (f4 ,%ape ( cap4 ,m>g9 ( ,cap4--,:e!r /raight or incurv$ :5 "y1 :e!r /riate or n :5 moi/4 ,/em4--,:e!r slimy1 viscid1 glut9\s1 k9d ( scales if n smoo?1 :e!r /riate1 dott$1 granul>1 color2 :5 !re are sev]al specim5s te/ "o to see if x is easily brok5 out f ! cap1 also to see if x is fibr\s1 or fle%y1 or c>tilag9\s 7firm on ! outside1 p>tly snapp+ & p>tly t\gh74 ,%ape ( ! /em4 ,gills or ,tubes4--,color :5 "y1 old1 color :5 bruis$1 & if color *anges1 :e!r s(t1 waxy1 brittle1 or t\gh2 %>p or blunt1 plane or s]rate edge4 ,milk4--,color if pres5t1 *ang+ aft] exposure1 ta/e4 ,veil4--7,inn] veil47 ,:e!r pres5t or n1 "*1 :e!r ara*noid1 & if s :e!r free f cuticle ( pileus or atta*$ only to ! edge2 :e!r fragile1 p]si/5t1 disappe>+1 slimy1 etc41 movable1 etc4 ,r+4--,pres5t or abs5t1 fragile1 or p]si/5t1 :e!r movable1 viscid1 etc4 ,volva4--,pres5t or abs5t1 p]si/5t or disappe>+1 :e!r x splits at apex or is circumscissile1 or all crumbly & granul> or floccose1 :e!r ! "p on ! pileus =ms w>ts1 & !n ! k9d1 di/ribution1 %ape1 p]si/5ce1 etc4 ,spores4--,color :5 caught on :ite pap]4 ,to ! close obs]v] additional po9ts ( int]e/ w (t5 be not$4 ,to ,dry ! ,specim5s4--,frequ5tly ! small] specim5s w dry well :5 left 9 ! room1 especially 9 dry wea!r1 or bett] if !y are plac$ :]e !re is a draft ( air4 ,"s dry !m 9 ! sun4 ,b (t5 ! sun is n %9+1 & ! wea!r may be ra9y or ! air v humid1 :5 x is impossible to dry ! specim5s prop]ly except by artificial heat4 ,! latt] me?od is bett] = ! l>g] specim5s at all times4 ,dur+ ! autumn :5 radiators are heat$ ! fungi dry well :5 plac$ on or ov] !m4 ,"o ( ! be/ places :i* ,i h utiliz$ is ! brick "w ar\nd a boil] connect$ ) a m\nta9 hotel4 ,two o!r me?ods are1 h[ev]1 capable ( wid] application4 #a/4--,a t9 ov5 ab\t #b #b feet1 & two or sev]al feet high1 ) "o side h+$ z a door1 & ) sev]al movable %elves ( p]=at$ t91 or ( wire nett+2 a v5t at ! top1 & p]=ations ar\nd ! sides at ! bottom to admit air4 ,! object be+ to provide = a con/ant curr5t ( air f bel[ upw>ds betwe5 ! specim5s4 ,?is may be heat$1 if n too l>ge1 ) a lamp1 ?\gh an oil /ove or gas jet or heat] is bett]4 ,! specim5s are plac$ on ! %elves ) ! accompany+ notes or numb]s4 ,! height ( ?is box c be ext5d$ :]e ! numb] ( specim5s is great4 #b;d4--,a v successful me?od :i* ,i employ$ at a summ] resort at ,bl[+ ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii1 0 z foll[s3 ,an old cook /ove 0 set up 9 an unoccupi$ cottage1 ) two wire scre5s f #c #d feet1 "o above ! o!r1 ! l[] "o ab\t "o foot above ! top ( ! /ove4 ,l>ge numb]s c be dri$ on ^! frames4 ,c>e ( c\rse mu/ be tak5 t ! plants are n burn$4 ,9 all cases ! plants mu/ be s plac$ t air w circulate "u & ar\nd !m1 o!rwise !y are apt to black54 ,:5 ! plants are dry !y are v brittle & mu/ be h&l$ c>efully4 ,:5 remov$ f ! dri] _m k9ds soon absorb en\gh moi/ure to become pliant s t !y are n easily brok54 ,o!rs rema9 brittle4 ,!y may be put away 9 small boxes2 or press$ out ne>ly flat1 n s z to cru% ! gills1 & !n put 9 pap] packets4 ,! plants :i* d n absorb suffici5t moi/ure f ! air1 s t !y are pliant en\gh to press1 c be plac$ 9 small boxes or on pap] 9 a l>ge box ) peat moss 9 ! bottom1 & ! box !n clos$ tightly until !y absorb en\gh moi/ure to become flexible4 ,! plants mu/ n get wet1 & !y %\ld be exam9$ e half h\r or s1 = "s become limp mu* soon] ?an o!rs4 ,if ! plants get too moi/ ! gills cru% toge!r :5 press$1 & o!rwise !y d n make su* good specim5s4 ,:5 ! specim5s are dri$ & plac$ 9 ! h]b>ium !y mu/ be protect$ f insects4 ,"s are already infe/$ ) insects :i* ! process ( dry+ does n kill4 ,!y mu/ be ei!r poison$ ) corrosive sublimate 9 alcohol1 or fumigat$ ) c>bon disulphide1 & if ! latt] x mu/ be repeat$ "o or two times at an int]val ( a mon? to cat* ^? :i* 7 9 ! egg /ate ! fir/ "t4 ,:5 plac$ 9 ! h]b>ium or 9 a box = /orage1 naph?a balls c be plac$ ) !m to keep out insects1 b x %\ld be und]/ood t ! naph?a balls w n kill or drive away insects already 9 ! specim5s4 ,:]e !re are en\gh duplicates1 "s specim5s pres]v$ 9 #ge p] c5t4 alcohol1 "u ! same numb]1 are ( value = ! /udy ( /ructural *>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,mu%rooms ,,= ,,! ,,table4 ,9 ! selection ( mu%rooms to eat1 great caution %\ld be employ$ by ^? :o are n reasonably famili> ) ! means ( det]m9ation ( ! species1 or ^? :o h n an intimate acqua9tance ) c]ta9 =ms4 ,r>ely %\ld ! beg9n] be enc\rag$ to eat !m ^u 8 own det]m9ation4 ,x is be/ at fir/ to consult "s "o :o kn[s1 or to s5d fir/ specim5s away = det]m9ation1 ?\gh 9 _m cases a c>eful comp>ison ( ! plant ) ! figures & descriptions giv5 9 ?is book w enable a novice to recognize x4 ,9 tak+ up a species = ! fir/ "t x w\ld be well to exp]im5t cauti\sly4 ,no ,c]ta9 ,rule to ,di/+ui% ! ,poison\s f ! ,edible4--,!re is no c]ta9 te/1 l ! silv] spoon te/1 :i* w enable "o to tell ! poison\s mu%room f ! edible ones4 ,nor is ! pres5ce ( ! s-call$ dea? cup a sure sign t ! fungus is poison\s1 = ! ,amanita cs>ea has ?is cup4 ,= ! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 g5]al rules1 :i*1 if c>efully foll[$1 w enable him to avoid ! poison\s ones1 :ile at ! same "t necess>ily exclud+ _m edible ones4 #a/4--,reject all fungi :i* h begun to decay1 or :i* are infe/$ ) l>v4 #b;d4--,reject all fungi :5 9 ! button /age1 s9ce ! *>act]s are n yet %[n :i* enable "o to di/+ui% ! g5]a & species4 ,buttons 9 pa/ure l&s :i* are at ! surface ( ! gr\nd & n deep-seat$ 9 ! soil1 w\ld v likely n belong to any ( ! v poison\s k9ds4 #c;d4--,reject all fungi :i* h a cup or sac-l envelope at ! base ( ! /em1 or :i* h a scaly or closely fitt+ lay] at ! base ( ! /em1 & r loose w>ts on ! pileus1 especially if ! gills are :ite4 ,amanita cs>ea has a sac-l envelope at ! base ( ! /em1 & yell[ gills z well z a yell[ cap1 & is edible4 ,amanita rubesc5s has remnants ( a scaly envelope on ! base ( ! /em & loose w>ts on ! cap1 & ! fle% :]e w\nd$ becomes r$di%4 ,x is edible4 7,see plate #ai47 #d?4--,reject all fungi ) a milky juice unless ! juice is r$di%4 ,sev]al species ) copi\s :ite milk1 sweet or mild to ! ta/e1 are edible 7see ,lact>ius volemus & corrugis74 #e?4--,reject v brittle fungi ) gills ne>ly all ( equal l5g?1 :]e ! fle% ( ! cap is ?91 especially ^? ) bright caps4 #f?4--,reject all ,boleti 9 :i* ! fle% *anges color :]e bruis$ or cut1 or ^? 9 :i* ! tubes h r$di% m\?s1 also ^? ! ta/e ( :i* is bitt]4 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus *anges color :5 cut1 & is edible4 #g?4--,reject fungi :i* h a cobwebby veil or r+ :5 "y1 & ^? ) slimy caps & clay-color$ spores4 ,9 addition1 proce$ cauti\sly 9 all cases1 & make x a po9t to become v famili> ) a few species fir/1 & gradually ext5d ! range ( species1 r ?an attempt ! fir/ season to eat a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,all puff-balls are edible s long z !y are :ite inside1 ?\gh "s are bett] ?an o!rs4 ,all coral-l or club fungi are edible4 ,to ,clean & ,prep>e ! ,specim5s4--,! mu%rooms hav+ be5 collect$1 all t\gh /ems1 ! p>ts to :i* e>? cl+s1 %\ld be remov$4 ,aft] ! specim5s are select$1 if !re is dang] t "s ( !m may be infe/$ ) l>v1 x is well to cut (f ! /em close to ! cap1 = if ! insects are 9 ! /em & h n yet rea*$ ! cap !y may ?us be ca/ away4 ,"s recomm5d t ! tubes ( all ,boleti be remov$1 s9ce !y are apt to make a slimy mass 9 cook+4 ,:]e ! plants are small !y may be cook$ entire4 ,l>ge ones %\ld be qu>t]$1 or cut1 or slic$1 accord+ to ! size & =m ( ! plant1 or me?od ( cook+4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,uses ,,( ,,mu%rooms4,c ,! mo/ prom95t & at pres5t important use ( mu%rooms f ! /&po9t ( ! utilit>ian is z an article ( food4 ,we h n[ le>n$ t _! food value z a nutri5t sub/ance is n s great z has be5 fondly suppos$1 b1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k po9ts out 9 ,*apt] ,,xxii1 9 addition to ! value !y c]ta9ly d possess z food1 !y h v great value z condim5ts or food accessories1 & _! value z su* is beyond ! computation ( ! *emi/ or physiologi/4 ,!y are among ! mo/ appetiz+ ( table delicacies1 & add greatly to ! palatability ( _m foods :5 cook$ ) !m4 ,mu%rooms und\bt$ly possess a food value beyond t attribut$ to !m by ! *emi/ or physiologi/1 s9ce x is n possible 9 laboratory analysis to duplicate ! conditions :i* exi/ 9 ! natural dige/ion & assimilation ( foods4 ,probably ! l>g] numb] ( p]sons1 9 ,am]ica1 at pres5t int]e/$ 9 mu%rooms1 are *iefly conc]n$ ) !m z an article ( food1 b a great _m ( ^! p]sons love to tramp to ! fields & woods 9 que/ ( !m j z ! sportsman loves to hunt 8 game ) dog & gun4 ,x is q likely t !re w always be a l>ge body ( p]sons :o w ma9ta9 a lively int]e/ 9 ! collection ( game mu%rooms = food4 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,! ze/ ( ! se>*1 ! pleasure ( discov]y1 & ! heal?fulness ( ! outdoor recreation l5d an appetiz+ flavor to ! fruits ( ! *ase n to be obta9$ by pur*as+ a few p\nds ( cultivat$ mu%rooms on ! m>ket4 ,x cultivates p[]s ( obs]vation1 & ar\ses a sympa!tic feel+ t[>d nature1 & ) ^? outdoor environm5ts ( man :i* l5d !mselves s happily 9 bett]+ & bright5+ life1 z well z 9 prolong+ x4 ,_m o!rs are discov]+ t ! obs]vation ( =m & habits ( mu%rooms is a v int]e/+ occupation = ^? :o h %ort p]iods ( "t at _! disposal weekly4 ,x requires b a little obs]vation to conv9ce "o t !re is an int]e/+ v>iety ( =m among ^! plants1 t _! gr[? & expansion op]ate 9 con=mity ) c]ta9 laws :i* result 9 great v>iation 9 =m & habit ( ! num]\s k9ds on ! gr\nd1 on leaves1 on bran*es1 on tree trunks1 etc4 ,ano!r v favorable indication accompany+ ! increas+ int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ^! plants1 is ! recognition ( _! importance z objects = nature /udy4 ,!re are _m useful z well z int]e/+ lessons taught by mu%rooms to ^? :o /op to read _! /ories4 ,! long gr[? p]iod ( ! spawn 9 ! gr\nd1 or 9 ! tree trunk1 :]e x may sometimes be imprison$ = ye>s1 sometimes a c5tury1 or m1 be=e ! mu%room appe>s1 is calculat$ to dispel ! popul> notion t ! mu%room gr[s 9 a night4 ,!n f ! button /age to ! ripe fruit1 sev]al days1 a week1 a mon?1 or a ye> may be ne$$1 accord+ to ! k9d1 :ile "s fruit+ =ms are kn[n to live f sev]al to eighty or m ye>s4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! fruit cap to a position mo/ suitable = ! scatt]+ ( ! spores1 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! fruit cap op5s & exp&s1 ! diff]5t =ms ( ! fruit surface1 _! colors & o!r peculi>ities1 sugge/ topics = in/ructive /udy & obs]vation4 ,! incl9ation1 j n[ becom+ app>5t1 to ext5d nature /udy topics to include mu%rooms is an evid5ce ( a broad] & m sympa!tic attitude t[>d nature4 ,a little ext5sion ( "o's obs]vation on ! habits ( ^! plants 9 ! woods w reveal ! fact t c]ta9 ones are s]i\s enemies ( timb] trees & timb]4 ,x is q easy 9 _m cases = "o possess+ no te*nical k ( ! subject to read ! /ory ( ^! wood de/roy+ fungi 9 ! liv+ tree4 ,bran*es brok5 by sn[1 by w9d1 or by fall+ timb] provide entrance areas :]e ! spores1 lodg+ on ! he>t wood ( brok5 timb]1 or on a bruise on ! side ( ! trunk :i* has brok5 ?r\gh ! liv+ "p ( ! tree ly+ j b5ea? ! b>k1 provide a po9t = entrance4 ,! liv+ sub/ance 7protoplasm7 9 ! spawn exudes a juice 7enzyme7 :i* dissolves an op5+ 9 ! wood cells & p]mits ! spawn to ent] ! he>t ( ! tree1 :]e decay rapidly proce$s z a result4 ,b v few ( ^! plants c ent] ! tree :5 ! liv+ "p und]nea? ! b>k is unbrok54 ,^! obs]vations sugge/ useful topics = ?\ght4 ,!y sugge/ practical me?ods ( prev5tion1 c>eful =e/ry treatm5t & c>eful lumb]+ to protect ! "y gr[? :5 timb] trees are fell$4 ,!y sugge/ c>eful prun+ ( fruit & %ade trees1 by cutt+ limbs smoo? & close to ! trunk1 & !n pa9t+ ! smoo? surface ) "s lead pa9t4 ,:ile we are ?us apt to reg>d _m ( ! mu%rooms z enemies ( ! =e/1 !y are1 at ! same "t1 ( incalculable use to ! =e/4 ,! mu%rooms are nature's mo/ active ag5ts 9 ! disposal ( ! =e/'s wa/e mat]ial4 ,=e/s t h develop$ )\t ! guidance ( man h be5 absolutely dep5d5t ^u !m = _! cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,:]e ! species ( mu%rooms are comp>atively few :i* attack liv+ trees1 !re are hundr$s ( k9ds ready to /rike into fall5 timb]4 ,!re is a degree ( moi/ure pres5t on ! =e/ floor exactly suit$ to ! rapid gr[? ( ! mycelium ( numb]s ( species 9 ! b>k1 sap wood1 & he>t wood ( ! fall5 trees or %rubs4 ,9 a few ye>s ! bran*es beg9 to crumble because ( ! disorganiz+ effect ( ! mycelium 9 ! wood4 ,o!r species adapt$ to gr[+ 9 rott+ wood foll[ & br+ ab\t1 9 a few ye>s1 ! complete dis9tegration ( ! wood4 ,x gradually passes into ! soil ( ! =e/ floor1 & is made available food = ! liv+ trees4 ,h[ (t5 "o notices t se$l+ trees & %rubs />t m abundantly on rott+ logs4 ,! fall5 leaves1 too1 are seiz$ ^u by ! mycelium ( a great v>iety ( mu%rooms4 ,x is ?r\gh ! action ( ! mycelium ( mu%rooms ( e k9d t ! fall5 =e/ leaves1 z well z ! trunks & bran*es1 are conv]t$ into food = ! liv+ trees4 ,! fungi1 are1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ important ag5ts 9 provid+ available food = ! virg9 =e/4 ,! spawn ( "s fungi 9 ! =e/ goes s f>1 9 a numb] ( cases1 z to completely envelop ^? portions ( ! roots ( c]ta9 trees z to prev5t ! possibility ( ! roots tak+ up food mat]ial & moi/ure on _! own acc\nt4 ,9 su* cases1 ! oaks1 bee*es1 hornbeams1 & ! l1 h ! y\ng] p>ts ( _! roots completely envelop$ ) a d5se coat ( mycelium4 ,! mycelium 9 ^! cases absorbs ! moi/ure f ! soil or =e/ floor & conveys x ov] to ! roots ( ! tree1 & 9 ?is way supplies !m ) bo? food & wat] f ! decay+ humus1 ! oak be+ ?us dep5d5t on ! mycelium4 ,9 ! fields1 h[ev]1 :]e !re is n ! abundance ( humus & decay+ leaves pres5t 9 ! =e/1 ! coat+ ( mycelium on ! roots ( ^! trees is abs5t1 & 9 ?is latt] case ! "y roots are provid$ ) root hairs :i* take up ! moi/ure & food sub/ances f ! soil 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! mu%rooms also prev5t ! =e/ f becom+ *ok$ or /rangl$ by its own fall5 memb]s4 ,7 x n = ! action ( ! mu%room mycelium 9 caus+ ! decay ( fall5 timb] 9 ! =e/1 9 "t x w\ld be pil$ s high z to all[ only a mis]able exi/5ce to a few *ok$ individuals4 ,! action ( ! mu%rooms 9 ?us dispos+ ( ! fall5 timb] 9 ! =e/s1 & 9 conv]t+ dead trees & fall5 leaves into available food = ! liv+ ones1 is probably ! mo/ important role 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! plants4 ,mu%rooms1 !n1 are to be giv5 v high rank among ! natural ag5cies :i* h contribut$ to ! good ( ! _w4 ,:5 we contemplate ! va/ areas ( =e/ 9 ! _w we c ga9 "s idea ( ! /up5d\s "w p]=m$ by ! mu%rooms 9 h\se clean+1 & 9 prep>+ food1 "w 9 :i* !y are /ill engag$4 ,,fungi ,,9 ,,! ,,arts4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t species ( mu%rooms h be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( useful articles4 ,_! use = su* purposes1 h[ev]1 0 m common 9 ! pa/ ?an at pres5t1 & x is l>gely !re=e a matt] ( int]e/ at ! pres5t "t1 ?\gh "s are /ill employ$ = purposes ( ?is k9d4 ,t9d] mu%room1 or amad\4--,! ,polyporus fom5t>ius1 or t9d] mu%room or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,g]man t9d]1 0 once employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( t9d]4 ,! out] h>d coat 0 remov$ & ! c5tral portion1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( ! tube sy/em ( sev]al ye>s' gr[?1 0 cut into /rips & beat5 to a s(t condition4 ,9 ?is =m x 0 us$ z t9d] = /rik+ fire4 ,! inn] portion 0 also us$ 9 mak+ caps1 *e/-protectors1 & simil> articles4 ,a process n[ 9 vogue 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 is to /eam ! fruit bodies1 remove ! out] cru/1 & !n1 by ma*9]y con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 %ave ! fruit body into a long1 ?9 /rip by revolv+ x aga9/ a knife 9 mu* ! same way t c]ta9 woods are %av$ into ?9 /rips = ! manufacture ( baskets1 plates1 etc4 ,"s articles ( clo?+ made f ?is fungus mat]ial are worn by peasants 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,mu%rooms = razor /rops4--,! bee* polyporus 7,p4 betul9us7 sev]al c5turies ago 0 us$ = razor /rops4 ,! fruit body aft] be+ dri$ 0 cut into /rips1 glu$ ^u a /ret*]1 & smoo!d d[n ) pumice /one 7,asa ,gray ,bull4 #g3 #ah1 #aijj74 ,! %eets ( ! weep+ m]ulius 7see ,fig4 #ahi7 7 also employ$ = ! same purpose1 z 7 also ! %eets ( punk =m$ f mycelium fill+ 9 cracks 9 old logs or betwe5 bo>ds 9 lumb] piles4 ,sometimes ext5sive %eets ( ?is punk are f\nd sev]al feet long & a foot or m wide4 ,^! %eets ( pure mycelium resemble s(t *amois sk9 or soil$ kid lea!r4 ,mu%rooms employ$ = fl[] pots4--,9 ,bohemia 7accord+ to ,cooke1 ,fungi1 etc41 p4 #ajc7 ho(-%ap$ fruit bodies ( ,polyporus fom5t>ius & igni>ius are us$ = fl[] pots4 ,! inn]1 or tube portion1 is cut out4 ,! ho(-%ap$ portion1 !n inv]t$ & fa/5$ to ! side ( a build+ or place ( support1 s]ves z a receptacle = soil 9 :i* plants are gr[n4 ,curios4--,! ,polyporus applanatus is mu* s\ght by "s p]sons z a curio1 & also = ! purpose ( et*+4 ,9 ! latt] case !y s]ve z pa/els = a v>iety ( art purposes4 ,! "u surface ( ! plant is :ite4 ,all collectors ( ?is plant "k t to pres]ve ! :ite fruit+ surface 9 a p]fect condition x mu/ be h&l$ v c>efully4 ,a t\* or bruise1 or contact ) o!r objects m>s ! surface1 s9ce a bruise or a scrat* results 9 a rapid *ange 9 color ( ! injur$ surface4 ,beautiful et*+s c ?us be made ) a f9e po9t$ in/rum5t1 ! l9es ( color appe>+ z ! in/rum5t is drawn ov] ! surface4 ,fungi = m$ic9al purposes4--,a numb] ( ! fungi 7 =m]ly employ$ 9 m$ic9e = v>i\s purposes1 b mo/ ( !m h be5 disc>d$4 ,"s ( ! plants 7 once us$ z a purgative1 z 9 ! case ( ! (fic9al polyporus1 ! great puff ball1 etc4 ,! int]nal portion ( ! great puff ball has be5 us$ z an anodyne1 & =midable surgical op]ations h be5 p]=m$ "u its influ5ce4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ z a n>cotic4 ,"s species are employ$ z drugs by ! ,*9ese4 ,! an!lm9tic polyporus is employ$ 9 ,burmah z a v]mifuge4 ,! ergot ( rye is /ill employ$ to "s ext5t 9 m$ic9e1 & ! ripe puff balls are /ill us$ 9 "s cases to /op ble$+ ( w\nds4 ,lum9osity ( fungi4--,:ile ! lum9osity possess$ by c]ta9 fungi _c be said to be ( di/9ct utility1 _! phosphoresc5ce is a notewor?y ph5om5on4 ,t decay+ wood (t5 emits ?is phosphoresc5t light has be5 widely obs]v$1 especially 9 wood$ di/ricts4 ,x is due to ! pres5ce ( ! mycelium ( "o ( ! wood de/roy+ fungi4 ,! lum9osity is (t5 s bright t :5 br\ght ne> a pr9t$ page 9 ! d>k1 words c be read4 ,haw?orne report$ ! light f an improvis$ tor* ( mycelium infect$ wood1 to h c>ri$ him safely sev]al miles ?r\gh an o!rwise impassable =e/4 7,asa ,gray1 ,bull4 #g3 #g1 #aijj74 ,! sulphur polyporus is said sometimes to be phosphoresc5t4 ,! ,clitocybe illud5s 7see ,fig4 #ib7 has long be5 kn[n to emit a /rong phosphoresc5t light1 & has be5 call$ ,jack-my-lant]n4 ,?is plant (t5 occurs 9 great abundance4 ,at m\nta9 hotels x is (t5 br\ght 9 by day1 & ! gue/s at night1 discov]+ its lum9osity1 trace grotesque figures1 or monograms1 on ! gr\nd by brok5 portions1 :i* c be se5 at a consid]able di/ance4 ,l5t9us /ipticus 9 ?is c\ntry is also phosphoresc5t4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,pleurotus ole>ius 7v closely relat$ to our ,clitocybe illud5s7 on dead olive trunks is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! phosphoresc5t species4 ,o!r phosphoresc5t species are1 accord+ to ,tulasne1 ,a4 igneus f ,amboyna1 ,a4 noctileucus 9 ,manila1 & ,a4 g>dn]i 9 ,brazil4 ,! use ( c]ta9 mu%rooms 9 mak+ intoxicant bev]ages is ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,s9ce ! artificial cultivation ( mu%rooms = food is becom+ q an indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry ) "s1 ! foll[+ *apt] is devot$ to a treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,m5tion may be made "h1 h[ev]1 ( ! attempts 9 p>ts ( ,france to cultivate truffles1 species ( subt]ranean fungi belong+ to ! ascomycetes 7v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,tub]74 ,x _h long be5 obs]v$ t truffles gr[ 9 regions =e/$ by c]ta9 trees1 z ! oak1 bee*1 hornbeam1 etc4 ,ef=ts 7 made to increase ! production ( truffles by plant+ c]ta9 regions to ^! trees4 ,especially 9 c]ta9 calc>e\s di/ricts ( ,france 7see ,cooke1 ,fungi1 etc41 p4 #bfj7 "y plantations ( oak1 bee*1 or bee* & fir1 aft] ! lapse ( a few ye>s1 produc$ truffles4 ,! spores ( ! truffles are 9 ! soil1 & ! mycelium seems to ma9ta9 "s symbiotic relation ) ! roots ( ! "y trees1 :i* results 9 ! increase 9 ! production ( ! fruit bodies4 ,dogs & pigs are employ$ 9 ! collection ( truffles f ! gr\nd4 ,comp>atively few ( ! truffles1 or o!r subt]ranean fungi1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ow+ probably to _! subt]ranean habit1 :]e !y are n readily obs]v$1 & to ! necessity ( special se>* to f9d !m4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,h>kness 7,proc4 ,calif4 ,acad4 ,sci47 has collect$ a l>ge numb] ( species & g5]a4 ,rec5tly 7,%e>4 ,asa ,gray ,bull4 #g3 #aah1 #ahii7 reports f9d+ a truffle 7,t]fezia oligosp]ma ,tul47 9 ,m>yl&1 & ,t4 leonis occurs 9 ,l\isiana4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,!re is n room "h to discuss ! uses ( o!r fungi ?an ! mu%rooms4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,! increas+ int]e/ 9 mu%rooms dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s has n be5 conf9$ to ! k9ds gr[+ spontane\sly 9 fields & woods1 b ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 ! collection & /udy ( ! wild v>ieties has be5 ! means ( awak5+ a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! cultivation ( mu%rooms4 ,?is is lead+ _m p]sons to inquire conc]n+ ! me?ods ( cultivation1 especially ^? :o wi% to und]take ! cultivation ( ^! plants on a small scale1 9 cell>s or cool basem5ts1 :]e !y may be gr[n = _! own consumption4 ,at some:at frequ5t int]vals articles appe> 9 ! newspap]s depict+ ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* mu%rooms c be gr[n1 & ! great pr(its t accrue to ! cultivator ( ^! plants4 ,:ile ! pr(its 9 "s cases1 at lea/ 9 ! pa/1 h be5 v great to cultivators ( mu%rooms1 ! competition has become s g5]al t ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! ye> ! m>ket price ( mu%rooms is (t5 n suffici5t to mu* m ?an pay exp5ses4 ,9 fact1 x is q likely t 9 _m cases ( ! h\se cultivation ( mu%rooms ! pr(its are no l>g]1 tak+ ! season ?r\gh1 ?an !y are f ! cultivation ( tomatoes or o!r ho?\se vegetables4 ,occasionally "s p]sons1 :o may be cultivat+ !m ^u a small scale 9 h\ses erect$ = "s o!r purpose1 or p]haps p>tly us$ = "s o!r purpose1 may succe$ 9 gr[+ q a l>ge crop f a small area ) little exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,! pr(its figur$ f su* a crop gr[n on a small scale :]e ! inve/m5t 9 h\ses1 heat+ app>atus1 & "t1 is n c\nt$1 may appe> to be v l>ge1 b !y d n repres5t ! true conditions ( ! indu/ry :]e ! exp5se ( h\ses & ! co/ ( "t & labor are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,probably ! m pr(itable cultivation ( mu%rooms 9 ?is c\ntry is :]e ! cultivation is practic$ on q a l>ge scale1 9 tunnels1 or caves1 or ab&on$ m9es1 :]e no exp5se is necess>y 9 ! erection ( h\ses4 ,! temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! ye> is favorable = ! gr[? ( ! mu%rooms )\t artificial heat+4 ,x is possible1 also1 to gr[ !m on a l>ge scale dur+ ! w>m summ] mon?s :5 x is impossible to gr[ !m "u ! pres5t conditions 9 heat+ h\se /ructures1 & also :5 ! m>ket price ( ! mu%rooms is v high1 & c be controll$ l>gely by ! gr[]4 ,= ?is reason1 if x 7 possible to con/ruct a h\se ) "s practical sy/em ( cool+ ! air ?r\gh ! summ]1 & prev5t ! drip1 ! cultivation 9 h\ses w\ld probably be m pr(itable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbc4--,view 9 ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mu%room ,co4 ,b$s beg9n+ to be>4 ,copyright4 ,= ! pa/ few ye>s ! writ] has be5 giv+ "s att5tion to ! diff]5t me?ods ( ! cultivation ( mu%rooms 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 response to ! gr[+ int]e/ = in=mation conc]n+ ! artificial cultivation ( ^! plants1 x has seem$ well to add ?is *apt] on ! cultivation ( mu%rooms to ! second edition ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! cultivation z practic$ 9 ,am]ica exi/s "u a great v>iety ( conditions4 ,all ( ^! conditions h n be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 & yet a suffici5t numb] ( !m h be5 r c>efully /udi$ to w>rant ! prep>ation ( ?is *apt]4 ,! illu/rations :i* h be5 made f "t to "t1 by fla% light1 ( ! cave culture ( mu%rooms 9 ,am]ica1 z well z ( ! h\se culture1 w s]ve to illu/rate graphically "s ( ! /ages 9 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,= pres5t purposes we w consid]1 fir/1 ! conditions "u :i* ! cultivation is c>ri$ on1 foll[$ by a discussion ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! selection & prep>ation ( ! mat]ial1 ! selection & plant+ ( ! spawn1 z well z ! h>ve/+ ( ! crop4 ,,! ,,cave ,,culture ,,( ,,mu%rooms ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbd4--,view 9 ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mu%room ,co4 ,b$s beg9n+ to be>4 ,copyright4 ,?is has be5 practic$ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 b p]haps only a small portion ( ! available caves or tunnels are at pres5t us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! subt]ranean mu%room f>ms are usually e/abli%$ 9 "s ab&on$ m9e :]e1 ! rock hav+ be5 remov$1 ! space is readily adapt$ to ?is purpose1 if portions ( ! m9e are n wet f ! dripp+ wat]4 ,! mo/ ext5sive "o :i* ,i h visit$ is locat$ at ,akron1 ,new ,york1 & is op]at$ by ! ,new ,york ,mu%room ,company4 ,9 a s+le ab&on$ cem5t m9e !re are #ab to #ae acres ( available space2 ab\t #c to #e acres ( ?is area are us$ 9 ! op]ations ( ! culture & h&l+ ( mat]ials4 ,! dry portions ( ! m9e are select$1 & flat b$s are made ^u ! bottom rock1 ) ! use ( hemlock bo>ds1 mak+ ! b$s usually #af feet long by #d feet wide1 ! bo>ds be+ #aj in*es wide4 ,9 ?is case1 ! b$s1 aft] soil+ or f9i%+1 are #i in*es deep1 ! mat]ial re/+ directly ^u ! rock1 ! bo>ds be+ us$ only to hold ! mat]ial on ! edges 9 position4 ,figures #bbc & #bbd illu/rate ! position ( ! b$s & _! relation to ea* o!r1 z well z %[+ ! g5]al /ructural features ( ! m9e4 ,! pill>s ( rock are ^? :i* 7 left at ! "t ( m9+1 z supports = ! rock ro( above1 :ile additional wood props are us$ 9 places4 ,9 ?is m9e all ( ! b$s are con/ruct$ ^u a s+le plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbe4--,view 9 ,:eatl& cave1 %[+ ridge b$s1 & "o flat b$4 ,copyright4 ,at ano!r place1 ,:eatl&1 ,new ,york1 :]e ! ,:eatl& ,cave ,mu%rooms are gr[n1 b$s ( two diff]5t /yles are us$1 ! flat b$s support$ by bo>ds z describ$ 9 ! previ\s case1 & ! ridge b$s1 :]e ! mat]ial1 )\t any lat]al support1 is arrang$ 9 p>allel ridges z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,?is is ! me?od l>gely1 if n :olly employ$ 9 ! celebrat$ mu%room caves at ,p>is1 & is also us$ 9 "s cases 9 ! outdoor cultivation ( mu%rooms4 ,z to ! advantage ( "o sy/em ( b$ ov] ! o!r1 "o mu/ consid] ! conditions involv$4 ,"s believe a l>g] crop ( mu%rooms is obta9$ :]e !re is an opportunity1 z 9 ! ridge b$s1 = ! mu%rooms to appe> on ! sides z well z on ! upp] surface ( ! b$s4 ,9 ! flat b$s ! mu%rooms c appe> only at ! upp] surface1 ?\gh occasionally s+le ones crop out 9 ! crevice betwe5 ! side bo>d & ! rock bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbf4--,s+le mu%room h\se 7,wm4 ,swayne1 ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa471 cur+ %$ at left4 ,?is h\se is heat$ 9 connection ) o!r ho?\ses4 ,probably at ,p>is1 & p]haps also at "s o!r places :]e ! sy/em ( ridge b$s is us$1 ! "q ( ! co/ ( ! lumb] is an important "o1 & ! sy/em ( ridge b$s avoids ! exp5se ( ?is item ( lumb]4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! flat b$s are us$ ) ! bo>d supports1 ! co/ ( lumb] is consid]$ a small item :5 comp>$ ) ! additional labor involv$ 9 mak+ ! ridge b$4 ,! flat b$s are v quickly made1 & ! mat]ial 9 "s cases is n m ?an #g in*es deep1 all[+ a l>ge surface area comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( food mat]ial1 = ! gr[? ( ! mu%rooms4 ,x may be possible1 ) ! flat1 %all[ b$ sy/em1 t z _m or m mu%rooms are obta9$ f ! same am\nt ( manure1 z 9 ! case ( ! ridge b$s4 ,:5 we consid] ! co/ ( ! manure 9 "s places1 ?is item is "o :i* is well wor? consid]+4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,culture ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,:]e ?is me?od ( cultivation is employ$1 z ! ma9 issue1 h\ses are con/ruct$ especially = ! purpose4 ,9 g5]al ! h\ses are ( two k9ds4 ,^? :i* are l>gely above ! gr\nd1 & ^? :]e a great] or less] pit is excavat$ s t ! l>g] "p ( ! h\se is bel[ gr\nd4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes all gradations exi/4 ,probably x is easi] to ma9ta9 an equable temp]ature :5 ! h\se is l>gely bel[ gr\nd4 ,:]e x is l>gely above gr\nd1 h[ev]1 ! equability ( ! temp]ature c be controll$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! /ructure ( ! h\se4 ,9 "s cases a wall air space is ma9ta9$ ar\nd ! sides & also ov] ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,& 9 "s cases ev5 a d\ble air space ( a foot or #ah in*es ea* is ma9ta9$ ov] ! ro(4 ,9 "s cases1 in/ead ( an air space1 ! space is fill$ ) sawdu/1 s+le on ! sides ( ! h\se1 & also a #ab or #ah-;in* space ov] ! ro(4 ,! sides ( ! h\se are (t5 bank$ ) e>?1 or ! walls are built ( /one or brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbg4--;,d\ble mu%room h\se 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony's ,mu%room ,plant47 ,pack+ room at left1 cur+ %$ at "r1 next to ?is is boil] room4 ,all ( ^! h\ses1 no matt] :at ! type ( con/ruction1 require v5tilation4 ,?is is provid$ = by protect$ op5+s or exits ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,9 "s cases ! v5tilators are along ! side ( ! ro(1 :5 !re w\ld be two r[s ( v5tilators ^u ! s+le gable ro(4 ,9 o!r cases a r[ ( v5tilators is plac$ at ! peak1 :5 a s+le r[ answ]s4 ,^! v5tilators are provid$ ) %ut-(fs1 s t ! v5tilation c be controll$ at w4 ,! size ( ! h\se v>ies1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! op]ations :i* ! gr[] has 9 m9d4 ,! usual type ( h\se is long & r n>r[1 v>y+ f #ej to #aej feet long by #ah to #ba or #bd feet wide4 ,9 "s cases ! s+le h\se is con/ruct$ ^u ^! proportions1 z %[n by ,fig4 #bbf1 ) a gable ro(4 ,if x is desir$ to d\ble ! capacity ( a h\se1 two su* h\ses are built p>allel1 ! int]cept+ wall support+ ! adjac5t ro( ( ! two h\ses1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,a /ill fur!r increase 9 ! capacity ( ! h\se is (t5 effect$ by increas+ ! numb] ( ^! h\ses side by side4 ,?is results 9 a s]ies ( #h or #aj h\ses =m+ "o consolidat$ block ( h\ses1 ea* ) its indep5d5t ridge ro( & sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,! sep>at+ walls betwe5 ! sev]al h\ses ( su* a block are probably ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( bett] controll+ ! temp]ature conditions & v5tilation 9 v>i\s h\ses4 ,if desir$1 communication f "o h\se to ano!r c be _h by doors4 ,int]ior /ructure & position ( ! b$s4--,! b$s are usually arrang$ 9 ti]s1 "o above ! o!r1 ?\gh 9 "s h\ses ! b$s are conf9$ only to ! floor space4 ,:]e !y are arrang$ 9 ti]s 9 a h\se ( ! proportions giv5 above1 !re are ?ree ti]s ( b$s4 ,!re is "o ti] on ei!r side1 & a ti] ?r\gh ! middle2 ! middle ti]1 on acc\nt ( ! peak ( ! ro( at ?is po9t1 has "o m b$ ?an ! ti]s on ! side4 ,! numb] ( b$s 9 a ti] w dep5d on ! height ( ! h\se4 ,usually ! h\se is con/ruct$ ( a height :i* p]mits ?ree b$s 9 ! side ti] & f\r 9 ! c5t] ti]1 ) an alley on ei!r side ( ! c5t] ti] ( b$s1 giv+ communication to all4 ,if ! h\se is v long & x is desirable1 = conv5i5ce 9 pass+ f "o h\se to ano!r1 to h cross alley-ways1 !y c be arrang$1 b ! few] cross alleys ! l>g] surface area !re is = b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbh4--,view 9 mu%room h\se 7,wm4 ,swayne71 %[+ upp] b$ 9 left h& ti]4 ,copyright4 ,! size ( ! b$s is gov]n$ by conv5i5ce 9 mak+ ! b$s & h&l+ ! crop4 ,! b$s on ! side ti]s1 !re=e1 are (t5 ?ree to ?ree & "o-half feet 9 wid?1 af=d+ a conv5i5t rea*+ di/ance f ! alley4 ,! b$s ( ! c5t] ti] h access f ! alley on ei!r side & are usually sev5 feet 9 wid?4 ,! wid? ( ! alley v>ies accord+ to ! m9d ( ! own]1 f two to ?ree or ?ree & "o-half feet4 ,! n>r[ alley economizes space 9 ! /ructure ( a h\se2 ! wide alley1 :ile slightly increas+ ! co/ ( ! /ructure1 makes x mu* m conv5i5t 9 h&l+ ! mat]ial1 & 9 mov+ ab\t ! h\se4 ,! b$s are con/ruct$ ( "o-in* bo>ds4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( lumb] are us$1 ! hemlock spruce1 ! oak1 ,georgia p9e1 & s on4 ,! b$s are support$ on framework con/ruct$ ( upright scantl+ & cross /r+]s ^u :i* ! bottom bo>ds are laid4 ,^! occur at int]vals ( ?ree to f\r feet4 ,! bo>d on ! side ( ea* b$ is #aj to #ab in*es 9 wid?4 ,! bottom b$1 ( c\rse1 is made on ! gr\nd4 ,! upp] b$s 9 ! ti] are situat$ s t ! di/ance is ab\t ?ree feet f ! bottom ( "o b$ to ! bottom ( ! next above4 ,figs4 #bbh to #bca %[ ! g5]al /ructure ( ! b$s4 ,heat+4--,"o portion ( ! h\se is set ap>t = ! boil] room1 :]e a small hot wat] heat] is locat$4 ,! position ( ! heat] 9 "o ( ^! h\ses is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! plant is q a l>ge "o1 a small sep>ate or connect+ boil] ap>tm5t is (t5 con/ruct$4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e ! h\se is connect$ ) or adjo9+ a sy/em ( gre5h\ses devot$ to ho?\se vegetables1 ! wat] pipes may run f ! g5]al boil] h\se :i* supplies ! heat = all ! h\ses4 ,! wat] pipes 9 ! mu%room h\ses are sometimes run b5ea? ! bo>ds or ! walk 9 ! alley1 or 9 o!r cases are run j b5ea? ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,cultivation ( mu%rooms "u b5*es 9 gre5h\ses4--,?is me?od is practic$ to q a l>ge ext5t by "s gr[]s4 ,9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,william ,swayne1 ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa41 a numb] ( l>ge h\ses1 devot$ ?r\gh ! w9t] to ! gr[+ ( c>nations1 are also us$ = ! cultivation ( mu%rooms1 a s+le long b$ be+ made up und]nea? ! b$s ( c>nations4 ,9 ^! h\ses ! wat] pipes provid+ heat = ! build+ run along ! sides ( ! build+ und]nea? ! c>nation b$s at ?is po9t4 ,"u ^! b$s1 :]e ! wat] pipes run1 no mu%room b$s are made1 s9ce ! heat w\ld be too great1 b "u ! ?ree middle r[s ( b$s 9 ! h\se1 mu%room b$s are locat$4 ,9 ?is way1 9 a numb] ( h\ses1 sev]al ?\s& squ>e feet ( surface = mu%room b$s c be obta9$4 ,! c>nations are gr[n1 n 9 pots1 b 9 a g5]al b$ on a b5*4 ,9 wat]+ ! c>nations1 c>e is us$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! wat]1 & 9 ! am\nt us$1 to prev5t a surplus ( wat] dripp+ ?r\gh on ! mu%rooms bel[4 ,cell> culture4--,= ! cultivation ( mu%rooms on a small scale1 unoccupi$ portions ( cell>s 9 a dwell+ h\se are (t5 us$4 ,! "q is sometimes ask$ if x is injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! family 9 a dwell+ h\se :5 mu%rooms are gr[n 9 ! cell>4 ,probably :]e ! mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ up ! b$s are ?or\ghly cur$ be=e be+ tak5 into ! cell>1 no injuri\s results w\ld come f ! cultivation ( ! plant !re4 ,9 case ! manure is cur$ 9 ! cell>1 t is1 is !re c>ri$ ?r\gh ! process ( heat+ & f]m5tation 9 prep>ation = ! b$s1 ! odors aris+ f ! f]m5t+ mat]ial are v disagreeable to say ! lea/1 & probably are n at all b5eficial to "o's g5]al heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bbi4--,view 9 mu%room h\se 7,wm4 ,swayne74 ,view d[n alley on "r h& side4 ,copyright4 ,9 ! cell> culture ( mu%rooms ! places select$ are along ! sides ( ! cell> 9 unus$ portions4 ,floor b$s alone may be made by us+ ! bo>ds to support "o side1 :ile ! wall =ms ! support on ! o!r side z 9 ! arrangem5t ( b$s on ! side ti]s 9 ! mu%room h\ses2 or ti]s ( b$s may be arrang$ 9 ! same way1 "o b$ on ! bottom1 & "o or two b$s above4 ,! numb] ( b$s w v>y accord+ to ! available space4 ,sometimes1 :]e x is n conv5i5t to arrange ! l>g] b$s directly on ! bottom ( ! cell>1 or 9 ti]s1 boxes ?ree or f\r feet1 or l>g]1 may be us$ 9 place ( ! b$s4 ,^! c be put 9 out ( ! way places 9 ! cell>4 ,! use ( boxes ( ?is description w\ld be v conv5i5t 9 case x 0 desir$ to entirely d away ) ! possibility ( odors dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! manure1 or 9 ! mak+ up ( ! b$4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! manure may be cur$ outside ( ! cell>1 at ! "t x is made 9 ! b$s ! odors releas$ are sometimes consid]able1 & = sev]al days might be annoy+ & disagreeable to ! occupants ( ! dwell+1 until su* a "t z ! temp]ature ( ! manure _h dropp$ to ! po9t :]e ! odors no long] 7 p]ceptible4 ,9 ?is case1 ) ! use ( boxes1 ! manure c be cur$ outside1 made into b$s 9 ! boxes & tak5 into ! cell> aft] ! temp]ature is d[n to a po9t suitable = spawn+1 & v little odor w be releas$4 ,if !re is a furnace 9 ! cell> x %\ld be p>tition$ (f f ! portion devot$ to mu%room culture4 ,cultivation 9 %$s or out ( ! way places4--,x is possible to gr[ mu%rooms 9 a numb] ( places n us$ = o!r purposes4 ,9 %$s :]e ! b$s may be well protect$ f ! ra9 & f *ang+ curr5ts ( air1 !y may be gr[n4 ,9 op5 %$s ! b$s c\ld be cov]$ ) a bo>d door1 ! sides ( ! b$ be+ high en\gh to hold ! door well above ! mu%rooms4 ,9 ! basem5ts ( b>ns1 or ev5 9 /ables :]e room c be secur$ on "o side = a b$1 or ti] ( b$s1 !y are (t5 gr[n successfully4 ,g>d5 & field culture ( mu%rooms4--,9 ,europe1 9 "s cases1 mu%rooms are (t5 gr[n 9 ! g>d51 ridge b$s be+ made up 9 ! spr+ & spawn$1 & !n cov]$ ) litt]1 or ) "s mat]ial simil> to burlaps1 to prev5t ! complete dry+ out ( ! surface ( ! b$s4 ,sometimes !y are cultivat$ along ) g>d5 crops4 ,field culture is also practic$ to "s ext5t4 ,9 ! field culture ri* & well dra9$ pa/ures are select$1 & spawn$ sometime dur+ ! mon? ( ,may4 ,! portions ( spawn are ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 little ,t-%ap$ op5+s made by two /rokes ( ! spade4 ,! spade is set into ! gr\nd once1 lift$1 & !n ins]t$ aga9 s t ?is fir/ slit is on "o side ( ! middle ( ! spade & p]p5dicul> to x4 ,! spade is ins]t$ "h & !n b5t backw>ds p>tly s z to lift op5 ! sod 9 ! lett] ,t4 ,9 ?is op5+ ! block ( spawn is ins]t$1 !n clos$ by pressure ) ! foot4 ,! spawn is plant$ 9 ?is way at di/ances ( #f to #h feet4 ,x runs ?r\gh ! summ]1 & !n 9 ! autumn a good crop (t5 appe>s4 ,,cur+ ,,! ,,manure4 ,selection ( manure4--,horse manure is ! mat]ial :i* is mo/ g5]ally us$1 ?\gh sometimes a small p]c5tage ( o!r manures1 z %eep manure1 is add$4 ,9 ! selection ( ! manure x is desirable to obta9 t :i* is z fre% z possible1 :i* has n pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( f]m5tation1 & :i* conta9s "s /raw1 usually z litt]1 b n too l>ge a p]c5tage ( /raw4 ,:]e !re is a v l>ge p]c5tage ( /raw ! manure is usually %ak5 out ) a =k1 & ! co>s] portion remov$4 ,if !re is n too mu* ( ?is co>se mat]ial ! latt] is (t5 cur$ 9 a sep>ate pile & us$ = ! bottom ( ! b$s1 ! f9] portions ( ! manure1 :i* h be5 sep>at$1 are us$ = ! f9i%+ & = ! bulk ( ! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcj4--,view 9 mu%room h\se 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony74 ,view on top ( f\r? b$1 middle ti]4 ,copyright4 ,:]e manure is obta9$ on a l>ge scale = ! cultivation 9 h\ses or 9 caves1 x is usually obta9$ by ! c>load f liv]ies 9 l>ge cities4 ,x is possible to contract = manure ( c]ta9 liv]y /ables s t x may be obta9$ 9 a practically fre% condition1 & h&l$ by ! liv]ym5 accord+ to directions1 :i* w keep x 9 ! be/ possible condition = ! purpose4 ,9 ! cave culture ( mu%rooms ! manure is usually tak5 directly into ! caves1 & cur$ 9 "s portion ( ! cave4 ,9 ! h\se cultivation ( mu%rooms !re is usually a %$ con/ruct$ ) an op5+ on "o or two sides1 at ! end ( ! h\se connect$ ) ! b$s1 :]e ! manure may be cur$4 ,9 cur+ x1 x is plac$ 9 piles1 ! size ( :i* w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( manure to be cur$1 & ^u ! me?od employ$ by ! op]ator4 ,! usual size1 :]e consid]able manure is us$1 is ab\t ?ree feet 9 dep? by t5 or twelve feet wide1 & fifte5 to tw5ty feet long4 ,! manure is laid 9 ^! piles to heat1 & is *ang$ or turn$ :5ev] desirable to prev5t ! temp]ature f ris+ too high4 ,! object ( turn+ is to prev5t ! burn+ ( ! mat]ial1 :i* results at high degrees ( temp]ature 9 f]m5tation4 ,x is usually turn$ :5 ! temp]ature rises to ab\t #acj ,f4 ,at ea* turn+ ! outside portions are br\ght to ! c5t] ( ! pile4 ,! process is cont9u$ until ! manure is well f]m5t$ & ! temp]ature does n rise above #ajj to #abj degrees1 & !n x is ready = mak+ into b$s4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods us$ 9 ! process ( cur+1 & x does n seem necess>y t any "o me?od %\ld be /rictly adh]$ to4 ,! mo/ important ?+s to be obs]v$ are to prev5t ! temp]ature f ris+ too high dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation1 to secure a ?or\gh f]m5tation1 & to prev5t ! mat]ial f dry+ out1 or burn+1 or becom+ too wet4 ,! way 9 :i* ! mat]ial is pil$ influ5ces ! rapidity ( f]m5tation1 or ! increase ( temp]ature4 ,:]e ! mat]ial is r loosely pil$ x f]m5ts m rapidly1 & ! temp]ature rises quickly4 ,wat]+ ! manure t5ds to increase ! rapidity ( f]m5tation & ! elevation ( ! temp]ature4 ,x is necess>y1 ?\gh1 sometimes to wat] ! mat]ial if ! heat has rea*$ su* a po9t t x is becom+ too dry1 or if !re is a t5d5cy = x to burn4 ,! mat]ial is !n turn$1 & wat]$ "s1 b c>e %\ld be us$ n to make x too wet1 s9ce ! spawn w n run 9 wet mat]ial4 ,9 g5]al we might speak ( ?ree diff]5t me?ods 9 ! cur+ ( ! manure4 ,fir/1 ! sl[ process ( cur+4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 :i* is practic$ by "s1 ! "t ( f]m5tation may ext5d f f\r to five weeks4 ,9 ?is case ! manure is pil$ 9 su* a way t ! temp]ature does n rise rapidly4 ,dur+ ! f\r or five weeks ! manure is turn$ f\r or five times4 ,! turn+ occurs :5 ! temp]ature has aris5 to su* a po9t z to require x4 ,ano!r me?od1 us$ by "s1 might be call$ a rapid process ( cur+4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! "t = cur+ ! manure ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( ab\t a week1 or five to t5 days4 ,! mat]ial is pil$ 9 su* a way z to cause rapid f]m5tation & rapid ris+ ( temp]ature1 ! mat]ial sometimes requir+ to be turn$ e day or two1 sometimes twice a day1 9 ord] to l[] ! temp]ature & prev5t ! mat]ial f burn+ or dry+ out4 ,betwe5 ?is rapid process ( cur+1 & ! sl[ process ( cur+1 ! practice may ext5d s t1 accord+ to ! me?od ( diff]5t op]ators1 ! p]iod ( cur+ ext5ds f "o week to a mon? or five weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bca4--,view 9 mu%room h\se 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony's ,mu%room ,plant1 ,lansdale1 ,pa471 %[+ alley & side ti] ( b$s4 ,copyright4 ,! ?ird me?od ( cur+ consi/s 9 putt+ ! mat]ial at once into ! b$s be=e cur+1 & mix+ 9 ) ! manure1 z x is plac$ 9 ! b$1 ab\t "o "p ( loam or g>d5 soil to f\r or five p>ts ( ! fre% manure4 ,! mat]ial is !n left 9 ?is condition to cure )\t *ang+ or turn+1 ! temp]ature ris+ p]haps n above #acj ,f4 ,) "s exp]i5ce 9 det]m9+ ! firmness ) :i* ! b$ %\ld be made to prev5t a too high rise ( temp]ature1 ?is practice might prove to be successful1 & w\ld c]ta9ly save consid]able labor & exp5se 9 ! mak+ ( ! b$s4 ,mr4 ,william ,swayne ( ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa41 9 ! w9t] ( #aijj--aija1 made up a portion ( "o ( 8 b$s 9 ?is way1 & no diff]5ce c\ld be se5 9 ! results ( ! crop1 ! crop f ! b$s made 9 ?is way be+ z good z t ( ! adjo9+ b$s1 & he int5ds ! foll[+ ye> to make up all ( 8 b$s 9 ! same way4 ,mix+ soil ) ! manure at ! "t ( f]m5tation4--,:ile 9 ! cave culture ( mu%rooms ! manure is usually f]m5t$ & us$ )\t ! admixture ( soil1 usually 9 ! h\se or cell> culture ri* loam soil1 or rott$ sod1 is mix$ ) ! manure at ! "t ( turn+ x1 dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ turn+1 soil is mix$ 91 a lay] ( ! manure be+ spread out on ! gr\nd1 & !n a spr9kl+ ( soil ov] ?is4 ,!n ano!r lay] ( ! manure is add$ ) ano!r spr9kl+ ( soil1 & s on z ! new pile is built up4 ,9 ! fir/ turn+ ( ! manure1 ab\t "o "p ( soil is us$ to eight or n9e p>ts ( manure4 ,!n at ! la/ turn+ ano!r mixture ( soil is add$1 s t !re is ab\t "o-fif? "p soil 9 ! mixture4 ,! soil aids some:at 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature1 & also adds "s to ! bulk1 s t m b$s c be made up ) ! same am\nt ( manure4 ,horse dropp+s free f /raw4--,= gr[+ mu%rooms on a small scale1 z 9 cell>s or boxes1 "s pref] to select ! horse dropp+s free f /raw4 ,,mak+ ,,up ,,! ,,b$s4 ,mak+ up b$s )\t ! addition ( soil4--,9 ! cave culture ( mu%rooms ! b$s are usually made f manure alone1 !re be+ no addition ( soil4 ,?is is p]haps p>tly due to ! exp5se ( gett+ ! soil 9 & out f ! caves z well z to ! l[ temp]ature prevail+ !re4 ,x is believ$ by _m t ! results are equally z good 9 b$s f ! manure alone z 9 ^? :i* conta9 an admixture ( soil4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ! b$s 9 ! ,akron cave1 or tunnel1 is z foll[s3 ,! manure1 imm$iately aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! process ( f]m5tation & cur+ 9 ! pile1 is c>t$ to ! di/rict 9 ! m9e :]e ! b$s are to be made & is dump$ 9 a long w9dr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,! l5g? ( ! w9dr[ dep5ds ( c\rse ^u ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* is ready1 z well z ^u ! am\nt necess>y = mak+ up ! b$s = t di/ance4 ,two hemlock bo>ds1 sixte5 feet long & t5 in*es wide1 & two1 f\r feet long & ! same wid?1 are !n ha/ily nail$ into ! =m ( a rectangul> frame4 ,?is is plac$ ^u ! rock bottom at "o end ( ! r[ ( mat]ial1 p]p5dicul> to x usually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcb4--,view 9 ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mu%room ,co4 ,mak+ up ! b$s4 ,copyright4 ,! workm5 !n1 ) =ks1 di/ribute ! mat]ial 9 ?is frame4 ,if !re is co>s] mat]ial :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ! f9] mat]ial1 ?is is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! b$ & ! f9] mat]ial is !n fill$ on top4 ,a lay] ( mat]ial is di/ribut$ ov] ! bottom & !n tamp$ d[n by /rik+ ) ! back ( ! =k1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,9 ?is figure ! mat]ial is %[n to be (f at "o end ( ! b$4 ,?is 0 9 a section ( ! m9e :]e x 0 n conv5i5t to foll[ ! b$s 9 ! direction ( ! pile ( manure1 s t ! mat]ial is di/ribut$ on f ! end ( ! b$ in/ead ( f ! side1 z is ! usual me?od4 ,aft] sev]al in*es h be5 di/ribut$ 9 ?is way & tamp$ d[n ) ! back ( ! =k1 ! op]ator tramps ov] ! mat]ial ) 8 feet & presses x d[n m firmly4 ,ano!r lay] ( mat]ial is di/ribut$ ov] ?is1 & tamp$ & tramp$ d[n 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ until ! dep? ( ! manure aft] tramp+ d[n is ab\t sev5 in*es4 ,x is !n left = ! completion ( ! cur+ process & = ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature to ! desir$ po9t4 ,usually1 aft] mak+ ! b$ 9 ?is way1 !re is a rise 9 ! temp]ature = sev]al days1 gradually l[]+ until f9ally x rea*es ! po9t favorable = plant+ ! spawn4 ,:]e ! b$s are made successively1 "o aft] ano!r1 foll[+ ! w9dr[ ( manure1 ! mat]ial us$ = ! fir/ b$ removes f ! w9dr[ a suffici5t am\nt to make room = ! second b$1 & 9 l mann] room = ! successive b$s is provid$ = z ! mat]ial is tak5 = ea* "o1 s t ! frames are put toge!r & ! b$s are =m$ rapidly & easily4 ,mak+ ridge b$s 9 caves4--,9 ! mak+ ( ! ridge b$s 9 caves !re are two me?ods :i* might be spok5 (4 ,"o me?od is ! well kn[n "o practic$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! caves ne> ,p>is1 :]e ! mat]ial is tak5 by workm5 9 l>ge baskets & di/ribut$ 9 r[s4 ,! ridge is gradually =m$ into %ape by walk+ a/ride ( x1 z additional mat]ial is empti$ on f ! baskets1 ! workm5 pack+ & %ap+ ! ridge by pressure f _! limbs z !y /& a/ride ( ! r[4 ,9 ?is way ! ridges are made z high or some:at high] ?an _! bread? at ! base1 & q ne> toge!r1 s t !re is j room 9 _m cases to walk betwe5 ! b$s4 ,9 "o cave 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! ridge sy/em is us$ to "s ext5t1 ! ridges are made ) ! aid ( a bo>d frame ! l5g? ( ! b$ & ! wid? ( ! base ( ! ridge4 ,! long bo>ds ( ?is frame are slant+ s t !y are m or less ! %ape ( ! ridge1 b n equal to its height4 ,?is frame is plac$ on ! rock bottom1 fill$ ) manure & tramp$ on by ! workm54 ,!n ! frame is lift$ on ! ridge & m mat]ial is add$ & tramp$ on 9 l mann]1 until ! bulk ( ! ridge b$ is built up 9 ?is way & compress$ into %ape4 ,b$s 9 ,h\ses ,con/ruct$ = ! ,purpose ( ,gr[+ ,mu%rooms4--,:]e only ! floor ( ! h\se is us$1 a middle b$ & two side b$s are sometimes =m$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! h\se = ! ti]s ( b$s1 ) an alley on ei!r side ( ! l>ge c5t] b$1 giv+ access to all4 ,9 "s cases ! entire surface ( ! bottom is cov]$ ) mat]ial1 b divid$ into sections ( l>ge b$s by framework ( bo>ds1 b ) no alleys betwe54 ,access to ^! b$s is obta9$ by plac+ planks on ! top ( ! bo>ds :i* make ! frame1 ?us =m+ walks directly ov] portions ( ! b$4 ,9 "s cases ridge b$s1 z describ$ = cave cultivation1 are made on ! floor ( ^! h\ses4 ,! b$s are fill$ 9 ! same way z describ$ = ! cave culture ( mu%rooms1 b usually1 9 ! b$s made 9 h\ses built = ! purpose ( gr[+ mu%rooms1 a p]c5tage ( soil is mix$ 9 ) ! manure1 ! soil be+ usually mix$ 9 at ! "t ( turn+ ! manure dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,g>d5 soil or ri* loam is add$1 say at ! fir/ "t ! manure is turn$ :ile x is f]m5t+4 ,!n1 "s "t lat] dur+ ! process ( f]m5t+1 ano!r admixture ( soil is add$4 ,! total am\nt ( soil add$ is usually equal to ab\t "o-fif? ( ! bulk ( ! manure4 ,z ?is mat]ial1 =m$ ( ! manure ) an admixture ( soil1 is plac$ 9 ! b$s x is di/ribut$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! mak+ ( flat b$s 9 caves or tunnels4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 if !re is co>se mat]ial :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! manure at ! fir/ sort+1 ?is )\t any mixture ( soil is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! b$1 & !n ! manure & soil is us$ = ! bulk ( ! b$ above4 ,?is co>s] mat]ial1 h[ev]1 is n always at h&1 & 9 su* cases ! b$s are built up f ! bottom ) ! mixture ( manure & soil4 ,! dep? ( ! mat]ial 9 ! b$s 9 ^! h\ses v>ies accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,"s make ! b$s ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 dep?1 :ile o!rs d n make ! b$s m ?an eight or t5 or twelve in*es 9 dep?4 ,:]e !re are ti]s ( b$s1 t is1 "o b$ above ! o!r1 v (t5 ! l[e/ b$1 ! "o :i* re/s directly ^u ! gr\nd1 is made deep] ?an ! o!rs4 ,:ile x is ! g5]al cu/om to use mat]ial consi/+ ( an admixture ( manure & soil 9 ! proportions describ$1 ?is cu/om is n always foll[$4 ,9 ! case ( ! b$s :i* are made up 9 ! summ] = ! fall & e>ly w9t] crop1 soil1 be+ easily obta9$ at t season ( ! ye>1 is mix$ ) ! manure4 ,"s gr[]s1 h[ev]1 9 mak+ ! b$s 9 midw9t] = ! spr+ crop1 d n use any soil s9ce x is m difficult to obta9 x at t season4 ,9 su* cases ! b$s are made up ( manure alone4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 "s cases %[s t ! crop result+ f ?is me?od is equally z good z t gr[n :]e soil has be5 add$4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( "s o!r gr[]s a b9 ( soil is collect$ dur+ ! summ] or autumn :i* c be us$ 9 ! w9t] = mix+ 9 ) ! manure & mak+ ! b$s = ! spr+ crop4 ,:]e sod is us$ ?is is collect$ 9 pa/ures or f5ce r[s 9 ,june1 pil$1 & all[$ to rot dur+ ! summ]4 ,9 di/ribut+ ! mat]ial 9 ! b$s1 ! me?ods ( pack+ x v>y accord+ to ! wi%es or exp]i5ce ( ! gr[]4 ,x is (t5 recomm5d$ to pack ! mat]ial v firmly4 ,! feel+ t ?is mu/ be pack$ v ?9ly has l$ to ! disuse ( b$s 9 ti]s by "s1 because x is r difficult to pack ! mat]ial d[n v firmly :]e "o b$ lies s closely above ano!r4 ,:]e ! practice is foll[$ ( pack+ ! mat]ial v firmly 9 ! b$1 "s in/rum5t 9 ! =m ( a maul is us$ to tamp x d[n4 ,:]e !re are ti]s ( b$s an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d _c well be us$4 ,"h a brick or a simil> heavy & small in/rum5t is us$ 9 ! h&1 & ! b$ is ?us p\nd$ d[n firmly4 ,?is is a t$i\s & labori\s op]ation4 ,_m gr[]s d n reg>d x z ess5tial t ! b$s %\ld be v firmly pack$4 ,9 su* cases ! mat]ial is di/ribut$ on ! b$s & ! successive lay]s are tamp$ d[n z firmly z c well be done ) ! back ( a =k or an ord9>y potato digg]1 :i* c be wield$ ) ! two h&s 9 betwe5 ! b$s4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ^! gr[]s ! results seem to be j z good z :]e ! b$s are m firmly pack$ d[n4 ,x is ! practice 9 "s cases :]e ! b$ lies aga9/ ! side ( ! h\se to build up ! mat]ial ( ! b$ at ! re>1 t is1 at ! side ( ! h\se1 mu* deep] ?an at ! front1 s t ! dep? ( ! b$ at ! back may be eighte5 to tw5ty in*es or two feet1 :ile ! front is eight to t5 or twelve in*es4 ,?is provides a slightly increas$ surface because ( ! obliquity ( ! upp] surface ( ! b$1 b x consumes probably a great] am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,x probably is n advantage\s :]e ! op]ations are c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale1 :]e abundant room is available1 :]e ! mat]ial = mak+ ! b$s is exp5sive1 & x is desirable to obta9 f ! mat]ial all t c be drawn 9 a s+le crop4 ,! same practice is sometimes recomm5d$ & foll[$ 9 ! case ( ! b$s made 9 cell>s4 ,9 ! mak+ ( b$s ) fre% mat]ial1 t is1 ) unf]m5t$ manure1 z 0 done by ,mr4 ,william ,swayne ( ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa41 "o season1 ! co>s] mat]ial is put 9 ! bottom ( ! b$1 & !n z ! manure is di/ribut$ 9 ! b$ ! soil is spr9kl$ on also1 s t f9ally :5 ! b$ is complet$ ! proportions ( soil & manure are ! same z :5 x is mix$ 9 at ! "t ( f]m5tation4 ,9 mak+ ! b$s 9 ?is way1 %\ld any "o be l$ to attempt x1 x w\ld be necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a too high temp]ature 9 ! f]m5tation ( ?is fre% mat]ial2 ! temp]ature %\ld n run above #acj degrees4 ,x w\ld also require a long] "t f ! mak+ ( ! b$ to plant+ ! spawn ?an 9 ! case ( ^? b$s :]e ! manure is f]m5t$ & cur$ be=e be+ made up4 ,probably ! total am\nt ( "t f ! beg9n+ to ! completion ( ! prep>ation ( ! b$ = spawn+ w\ld n be great]1 if x w\ld be s great4 ,! b$s all hav+ be5 made1 !y are left until !y are 9 a suitable condition = spawn+4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?is po9t1 t is1 ! po9t :5 ! b$s are ready = plant+ ! spawn1 seems to be "o ( ! mo/ important & critical features ( ! bus9ess4 ,! mat]ial mu/ be ( a suitable temp]ature1 pref]ably n above #ij ,f41 & n bel[ #gj4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature1 accord+ to "s1 o!r conditions be+ cong5ial1 ranges f #hj to #he ,f41 :ile _m pref] to spawn at #gj to #ge4 ,_m ( ! v successful gr[]s1 h[ev]1 d n lay s mu* /ress ^u ! temp]ature ( ! b$ = ! "t ( spawn+ z !y d ^u ! rip5ess1 or ! cur$ condition1 ( ! mat]ial 9 ! b$4 ,?is is a matt] :i* x is v difficult to describe to "o n famili> ) ! subject1 & x is "o :i* x is v difficult to prop]ly appreciate unless "o has le>n$ x by exp]i5ce4 ,"s judge m by ! odor1 or ! smell1 z !y say1 ( ! manure4 ,x mu/ h lo/ ! fre% manure smell1 or ! s\r smell1 & possess1 z !y say1 a sweet smell4 ,sometimes ! odor is some?+ l t ( manure :5 spawn has p>tly run ?r\gh x4 ,x sometimes has a sweeti% smell1 or a smell sugge/ive ( mu%rooms ev5 :5 no spawn has run ?r\gh x4 ,ano!r important condition ( ! mat]ial is its /ate ( dryness or moi/ure4 ,x mu/ n be too dry or ! spawn w n run4 ,9 su* cases !re is n a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure to provide ! wat] necess>y = ! gr[? ( ! mycelium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be too wet1 especially at ! "t ( spawn+ & = a few weeks aft]4 ,"s te/ ! mat]ial = moi/ure 9 ?is way4 ,take a h&ful ( ! mat]ial & squeeze x4 ,if on releas+ ! hold x falls to pieces1 x is too dry4 ,by squeez+ a h&ful ne> ! e>1 if !re is an indication ( runn+ wat]1 ev5 ?\gh no wat] may be express$ f ! mat]ial1 x is too wet4 ,if on pressure ( ! mat]ial !re is n t s5se ( ! movem5t ( wat] 9 x on hold+ x to ! e>1 & if on releas+ ! pressure ( ! h& ! mat]ial rema9s 9 ! =m into :i* x has be5 squeez$1 or exp&s slightly1 x is consid]$ to be 9 a prop] condition s f> z moi/ure is conc]n$ = plant+ ! spawn4 ,,:at ,,spawn ,,is4 ,! spawn ( ! mu%room is ! popul> ^w us$ 9 speak+ ( ! mycelium ( ! mu%room4 ,! t]m is commonly us$ 9 a comm]cial s5se ( mat]ial 9 :i* ! mycelium is gr[+4 ,?is mat]ial is horse manure1 or a mixture ( "o or two k9ds ( manure ) "s soil1 & ) ! ?reads ( ! mycelium gr[+ 9 x4 ,! mycelium1 z is well kn[n1 is ! gr[+ or vegetative "p ( ! mu%room4 ,sometimes ! ^w fib] is us$ by ! mu%room gr[]s 9 ref]r+ to ! mycelium :i* appe>s 9 ! spawn1 or 9 ! mu%room b$4 ,! mycelium is t portion ( ! plant :i*1 9 ! case ( ! wild v>ieties1 gr[s 9 ! soil1 or 9 ! leaf mold1 9 ! tree trunk or o!r mat]ial f :i* ! mu%room d]ives its food4 ,! ?reads ( mycelium1 z we "k1 fir/ orig9at$ f ! spore ( ! mu%room4 ,! spore g]m9ates & produces delicate ?reads1 :i* bran* & increase by gr[? 9 ext5t1 & =m ! mycelium4 ,s ! t]m spawn is r>ely appli$ to ! pure mycelium1 b is appli$ to ! sub/ratum or mat]ial 9 :i* spawn is gr[+2 t is1 ! sub/ratum & mycelium toge!r con/itute ! spawn4 ,natural spawn or virg9 spawn4--,?is is t]m$ natural spawn because x occurs "u natural conditions ( environm5t4 ,! orig9al natural spawn 0 to be f\nd 9 ! fields4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( mu%room culture ! spawn f ! pa/ures & mead[s :]e mu%rooms grew 0 "o ( ! s\rces ( ! spawn us$ 9 plant+4 ,! e>? conta9+ ! spawn und]nea? clumps ( mu%rooms 0 collect$ & us$4 ,x occurs m abundantly1 h[ev]1 9 piles ( horse manure :i* h /ood = "s "t 9 b>n y>ds1 or v (t5 9 /alls :]e ! manure is all[$ to accumulate1 has be5 ?or\ghly tramp$ d[n & !n has be5 left 9 ?is condition = "s "t4 ,x occurs also 9 compo/s1 ho?\se b$s1 or :]ev] accumulations ( horse manure are likely to occur1 if o!r conditions are cong5ial4 ,! orig9 ( ! natural spawn "u ^! conditions ( environm5t is probably acc\nt$ = 9 _m cases by ! pres5ce ( ! spores :i* h be5 9 ! food eat5 by ! horse1 h pass$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal & are ?us di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! dung4 ,! spores pres5t 9 ! food ( ! horse may be due to v>i\s conditions4 ,horses :i* g out to pa/ure are likely to take 9 ) ! food obta9$ 9 graz+ ! spores scatt]$ ar\nd on ! grass1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! sod1 com+ f mu%rooms :i* grew 9 ! field4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! spores may be pres5t 9 ! hay1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ by ! w9d f adjac5t fields1 if n f ^? :i* h gr[n 9 ! mead[4 ,9 l mann] !y may be pres5t 9 ! oats :i* h be5 f$ to ! horse4 ,9 ! case ( /able-f$ animals1 ! inoculation ( ! manure 9 ?is way may n always be c]ta9 or v free4 ,b 9 ! case ( pa/ure-f$ horses :i* are /all$ at night probably ! inoculation is v c]ta9 & v abundant1 s t a l>ge numb] ( spores w\ld be pres5t 9 ! manure f horses f$ 9 ?is way4 ,! natural spawn also may orig9ate f spores :i* are c>ri$ by ! w9d f ! pa/ure or mead[ mu%rooms ^u manure piles1 or especially f spores :i* may lodge 9 ! du/ ( ! highways or /reet4 ,_m ( ^! spores w\ld cl+ to ! ho(s ( ! horses & at night1 or at times ( fe$+1 w\ld be left ) ! manure 9 ! /all4 ,at o!r times horse dropp+s may be ga!r$ f roads or /reets :]e spores may be pres5t 9 ! du/4 ,! piles ( ! dropp+s accumulat$ 9 ?is way1 if left a suffici5t "t1 may provide natural spawn by ?is accid5tal inoculation f ! spores4 ,probably few attempts h be5 made to gr[ ! natural spawn ) c]ta9ty 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh x does n appe> to be an impracticable ?+ to d1 s9ce =m]ly ?is 0 "o s\rce ( ! virg9 spawn 9 ,europe4 ,x is usually obta9$ by se>* ?r\gh /ables & b>n y>ds or o!r places :]e piles ( horse manure h accumulat$ & h rema9$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,9 "s cases ! gr[]s keep m5 employ$ ?r\gh ! summ] season se>*+ ! y>ds & /ables ov] a consid]able area = ! purpose ( f9d+ & ga!r+ ?is natural spawn4 ,x is probably t]m$ virg9 spawn because ( its orig9 "u ^! natural conditions1 & nev] hav+ be5 propagat$ artificially4 ,! natural spawn1 z indicat$ above1 is employ$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,x is us$ = inoculat+ ! bricks 9 ! manufacture ( brick spawn4 ,x is us$ = propagat+ once or twice 9 ! mu%room b$s1 = ! purpose ( multiply+ x1 ei!r 9 ! manufacture ( brick spawn1 or = flake spawn1 :i* is plant$ directly 9 ! b$s to be us$ = ! crop4 ,9 "s places 9 ,am]ica x is collect$ on a l>ge scale & reli$ on z ! *ief s\rce ( spawn = plant+ b$s4 ,9 su* cases ! natural or virg9 spawn is us$ directly & is ( ! fir/ & mo/ vigor\s g5]ation4 ,x is believ$ by gr[]s :o employ x 9 ?is way t ! results 9 ! quality & quantity ( ! crop exce$ ^? produc$ f ! m>ket spawn4 ,b ev5 ^! gr[]s w\ld n always dep5d on ! natural spawn1 = ! reason1 t collect+ x "u ^! conditions1 ! quantity is c]ta9 to v>y f ye> to ye>4 ,?is is due probably to v>y+ conditions ( ! season & also to ! v>y+ conditions :i* br+ ab\t ! *ance inoculation1 or ! accumulation ( ! mat]ial 9 ! y>d = a suffici5t am\nt ( "t to provide ! mycelium4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 & x might also prove to be pr(itable to gr[]s1 if "s attempt 7 made to gr[ natural spawn "u conditions :i* w\ld p]haps m c]ta9ly produce a supply4 ,?is might be attempt$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,/all-f$ horses might be f$ a ripe mu%room e day or two4 ,or f ! cap ( ripe mu%rooms ! spores might be caught1 !n mix$ ) oats & f$ to ! horse4 ,aga91 ! manure piles might be inoculat$ by spores caught f a numb] ( mu%rooms4 ,manure might also be collect$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s f ! highways & aside f ! probable natural inoculation :i* ?is mat]ial w\ld probably h f ! spores bl[n f ! mead[ & pa/ure mu%rooms1 additional inoculation might be made4 ,! manure obta9$ 9 ?is way c\ld be pil$ "u %$s1 pack$ d[n ?or\ghly1 & n all[$ to heat above #ajj ,f4 ,^! piles c\ld !n be left = sev]al mon?s1 c>e be+ us$ t ! mat]ial %\ld h ! prop] moi/ure cont5t1 n too dry nor too wet4 ,?is is giv5 only z a sugge/ion & x is hop$ t "s practical gr[] w te/ x ^u a small scale4 ,9 all cases ! temp]ature %\ld be kept l[ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ^! piles1 else ! spawn w be kill$4 ,"o ( ! me?ods ( obta9+ natural spawn recomm5d$ by ,cu?ill 7,treatise on ! ,cultivation ( ! ,mu%room7 is to collect horse dropp+s all along ! highways dur+ ! summ]1 mix+ x ) "s road s& & pil+ x 9 a dry %$4 ,"h x is pack$ d[n firmly to prev5t ! heat ris+ too high4 ,a trial /ick is kept 9 ! pile4 ,:5 ?is is pull$ out1 if x is s hot z to burn ! h&1 ! heat is too great & w\ld kill ! spawn4 ,9 sev]al mon?s an abundance ( ! spawn is g5]at$ "h4 ,mill-track spawn4--,mill-track spawn orig9at$ f ! spawn f\nd 9 cov]$ roadways at mills or along tram-c> tracks :]e horses 7 us$4 ,! accumulation ( manure trodd5 d[n 9 ^! places & sometimes mix$ ) sawdu/ or e>?1 provid$ a cong5ial place = ! gr[? ( ! mycelium4 ,! spawn 0 likely introduc$ "h ?r\gh spores tak5 9 ) ! food ( ! horse1 or br\ght !re f highways1 if !y 7 n already 9 ! soil f mu%rooms gr[n !re4 ,x w\ld be !n multipli$ by ! gr[? ( ! spawn1 & f spores ( mu%rooms :i* might appe> & rip54 ,! well tramp$ mat]ial 9 :i* ! mycelium grew "h1 :5 brok5 up1 =m$ conv5i5t blocks ( spawn = /orage & transportation1 & probably l$ to ! manufacture ( brick spawn4 ,manufactur$ spawn4--,! manufactur$ spawn1 on ! o!r h&1 is t :i* is propagat$ artificially by ! special prep>ation ( ! sub/ratum or mat]ial 9 :i* ! mycelium is to gr[4 ,?is mat]ial is inoculat$ ei!r ) a piece ( natural spawn1 or ) pieces ( previ\sly manufactur$ spawn4 ,x is put ^u ! m>ket 9 two diff]5t =ms2 ! brick spawn1 & ! flake spawn4 ,! latt] is sometimes kn[n z ! ,fr5* spawn1 :ile ! =m]1 be+ l>gely manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 is sometimes spok5 ( z ! ,engli% spawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcc4--;,brick spawn4 ,?ree bricks1 "o m>k$ to %[ into h[ _m pieces "o brick may be brok54 ,brick spawn4--,! brick spawn is s call$ because ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! mycelium is pres5t is 9 ! =m ( bricks4 ,^! bricks are ab\t #e by #h in*es by #a-a_/b in*es 9 ?ickness1 & weigh ab\t #a-a_/d p\nds ea* :5 dri$4 ,! proportions ( diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial us$ 9 ! manufacture ( brick spawn probably v>y ) diff]5t manufactur]s1 s9ce !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! size & texture ( bricks f diff]5t s\rces4 ,"o me?od ( mak+ ! brick spawn is z foll[s3 ,equal p>ts ( horse dung1 & c[ dung1 & loam soil are ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r to a consi/5cy ( mort>4 ,?is is press$ into ! =m ( bricks & /ood on edge to dry4 ,:5 p>tly dry1 a piece ( spawn ab\t an in* 9 diamet] is press$ into "o side ( ea* brick4 ,! bricks are !n /ood up aga9 until ?or\ghly dri$4 ,!y are !n pil$ ^u a lay] ( fre% horse manure ab\t #h in*es deep1 ! pile ( bricks be+ ab\t #c feet high4 ,?is pile is !n cov]$ ov] loosely ) fre% horse manure1 a suffici5t am\nt to produce1 :5 heat+1 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,!y are left 9 ?is condition until ! mycelium or fib] has ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! bricks4 ,! spawn is n[ complet$1 & ! bricks are all[$ to dry4 ,9 ?is condition !y are put ^u ! m>ket4 ,! bricks made ) a v high p]c5tage ( soil (t5 h ! appe>ance ( dri$ soil1 ) a slight admixture ( vegetable matt]4 ,brick spawn f o!r s\rces pres5ts a v diff]5t texture & conta9s probably a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( horse manure1 or1 at lea/1 a mu* small] p]c5tage ( soil4 ,! appe>ance ( ! brick is n t ( soil ) a slight admixture ( vegetable mat]ials1 b has mu* ! appe>ance ( a dri$ & compress$ mixture ( horse dung & c[ dung1 ) an abundance ( ! fib] or mycelium1 ! greyi% moldy1 or ?ready matt]1 :i* con/itutes ! vital "p ( ! spawn4 ,9 ! selection ( spawn ?is is an important item1 t is1 ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( fib] or mycelium4 ,x c be se5 on ! surface1 usually %[+ an abundance ( ^! :iti% ?reads or %eets1 or a di/9ct moldy appe>ance is pres5t$4 ,on break+ ! brick ! great abundance ( ! fib] or :iti% mycelium is se5 all ?r\gh x4 ,?is indicates t ! brick possesses a high p]c5tage ( ! fib]1 an important "p ( ! spawn4 ,"o n accu/om$ to ! quality ( spawn c !re=e judge to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! appe>ance ( ! bricks z to ! quality1 at lea/ !y c judge z to ! pres5ce ( an abundance or a scanty quantity ( ! fib]4 ,s9ce ! spawn rema9s 9 good condition = sev]al ye>s1 !re is usually no dang] 9 ! use ( spawn :i* may be "o or two ye>s old4 ,b x does det]iorate to "s ext5t ) age1 & "y spawn is !re=e to be pref]r$ to old spawn1 provid$ ! o!r desirable qualities are equal4 ,^? :o attempt to cultivate mu%rooms1 & dep5d on comm]cial or manufactur$ spawn1 %\ld see to x t ! spawn pur*as$ possesses ^! desirable qualities ( texture1 & ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( ! mycelium4 ,t :i* appe>s devoid ( an abundance ( mycelium %\ld be reject$1 & good spawn %\ld be call$ =4 ,!re is no m reason :y a gr[] %\ld accept a wor?less spawn f 8 se$sman ?an t he %\ld accept addl$ eggs f 8 groc]4 ,9 ?is bus9ess1 t is1 ! manufacture & sale ( spawn1 poor mat]ial is apt to be ?r[n on ! m>ket j z 9 ! case ( se$s1 poor mat]ial may f9d its way ^u ! m>ket4 ,sometimes ?is occurs ?r\gh unscrupul\s deal]s1 at o!r times ?r\gh _! ignorance1 or ?r\gh _! failure to "k ! quality ( ! product !y are h&l+4 ,!re are "s br&s ( spawn1 t is1 ^? manufactur$ by c]ta9 h\ses1 :i* rank v high among ^? :o "k ! qualities & ! value ( good spawn4 ,"s l>ge gr[]s s5d direct to ! manufactur] = _! spawn1 & :]e x is to be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities ?is is a desirable ?+ to d1 s9ce ! co/ is mu* less4 ,:]e obta9$ f se$sm5 9 l>ge quantities1 ! prices are mu* l[] ?an :]e small quantities are pur*as$4 ,"o ( ^! br&s ( spawn1 ! ,b>t] spawn1 is = sale by sev]al diff]5t deal]s1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,hicks1 ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa41 by ,h5ry ,f4 ,mi*ell1 #ajah ,m>ket /reet1 ,philadelphia1 & by ,h5ry ,dre]1 #gbd ,*e/nut /reet1 ,philadelphia4 ,ano!r brick spawn1 kn[n z ,watson ,prolific1 is = sale by ,george ,c4 ,watson1 ,junip] & ,walnut /reets1 ,philadelphia4 ,james ,vicks ,sons1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,pet] ,h5d]son ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 h _! spawn manufactur$ expressly = _! trade4 ,! ,b>t] spawn is said to be made fre% e ye>1 or e o!r ye>4 ,in/ead ( ! cont9u$ culture ( spawn1 t is1 inoculat+ ! bricks ea* succe$+ ye> f ! same l9e ( spawn1 :i* is1 z x 71 us$ ov] & ov] aga91 a return is made ea* ye>1 or 9 ! alt]nate ye>s1 to ! natural or virg9 spawn1 :i* is obta9$ f old manure heaps4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,b>t] spawn,d is )9 two to ?ree1 or f\r1 g5]ations ( ! natural spawn4 ,! numb] ( g5]ations di/ant ! brick is f ! natural spawn1 dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( times x may h be5 multipli$ be=e x is inoculat$ into ! bricks4 ,t is1 ! natural spawn is probably fir/ gr[n 9 l>ge b$s 9 ord] to multiply1 to produce a suffici5tly l>ge quantity = ! inoculation ( ! imm5se numb] ( bricks to be manufactur$4 ,= x is likely t a suffici5t am\nt ( natural spawn c\ld n be obta9$ to inoculate all ! bricks manufactur$ 9 "o ye>4 ,if a suffici5t am\nt ( ! natural or virg9 spawn c\ld be obta9$ to inoculate all ! bricks ( "o ye>'s manufacture1 ?is w\ld produce a spawn remov$ only "o g5]ation f t ( natural spawn4 ,if ! natural spawn 7 fir/ gr[n 9 b$s1 & f "h inoculat$ into bricks1 ?is p>ticul> brick spawn w\ld be remov$ two g5]ations f ! natural spawn4 ,s ! numb] ( times t successive inoculations are made to multiply ! spawn1 ! manufactur$ products are remov$ t _m g5]ations f ! natural spawn4 ,:]e rec\rse is _h to ! natural1 or virg9 spawn only once 9 two ye>s1 ! second ye>'s product w\ld !n be fur!r remov$ f ! natural spawn ?an ! fir/ ye>'s product4 ,:]e we "k t x is remov$ b "o or a few g5]ations f ! natural spawn1 x is a m desirable k9d4 ,= ! ne>] x is to ! natural spawn1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! m vigor\s ! mycelium1 & ! f9] w be ! mu%rooms produc$4 ,! brick spawn is sometimes manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry by gr[]s = _! own use1 b at pres5t x is manufactur$ on su* a l>ge scale 9 ,engl& t little or no sav+ is effect$ by an attempt to manufacture "o's own brick spawn 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,flake ,spawn4--,! flake spawn1 or flakes1 is commonly kn[n z ! ,fr5* spawn1 because x is s ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ,france4 ,x is made by break+ d[n b$s ?r\gh :i* ! mycelium has run1 & be=e ! crop ( mu%rooms appe>s4 ,t is1 ! b$ is spawn$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,:5 ! mycelium has ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! b$1 x is tak5 d[n & brok5 into irregul> pieces1 six to eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?us1 ! ,fr5* spawn1 :]e ! b$s are made entirely ( horse manure1 ) no admixture ( soil1 consi/ m]ely ( ! f]m5t$ & cur$ manure1 ?r\gh :i* ! mycelium has run1 ! mat]ial1 ( c\rse1 be+ ?or\ghly dri$4 ,?is spawn may be remov$ "o or sev]al g5]ations f ! natural spawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcd4--;,fr5* spawn1 or flakes1 ready to plant4 ,! ,fr5* gr[]s dep5d on natural spawn mu* m ?an ,am]ican gr[]s d4 ,! natural spawn is collect$ f old manure heaps4 ,b$s made up 9 ! ord9>y way = ! cultivation ( mu%rooms are plant$ ) ?is4 ,! mycelium is all[$ to run until x has ?or\ghly p]meat$ ! manure4 ,^! b$s are brok5 d[n & us$ to spawn ! b$s = ! crop4 ,9 ?is case ! crop w\ld be gr[n f spawn only "o g5]ation remov$ f ! virg9 spawn4 ,if a suffici5t am\nt ( natural spawn c\ld n be obta9$1 to provide ! am\nt requir$ "o g5]ation old1 x might be run ?r\gh ! second g5]ation be=e be+ us$4 ,f ! appe>ance ( any spawn1 ( c\rse1 ! pur*as] _c tell h[ _m g5]ations x is remov$ f ! natural spawn4 ,= ?is quality ( ! spawn "o mu/ dep5d ^u ! k :i* we may h ( ! me?ods practic$ by ! diff]5t produc]s ( spawn1 if x is possible ev5 to det]m9e ?is4 ,,spawn+ ,,! ,,b$s4 ,! b$s = gr[+ ! mu%rooms hav+ be5 made up1 ! spawn hav+ be5 select$1 ! b$s are ready = plant+ :5ev] ! temp]ature has be5 suffici5tly r$uc$ & ! mat]ial is prop]ly cur$4 ,x is q easy to det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ! b$s1 b x is a m difficult problem = ! inexp]i5c$ to det]m9e ! be/ /age 9 ! cur+ ( ! mat]ial = ! reception ( ! spawn4 ,"s gr[]s rely m on ! /ate ( cur+ ( ! manure ?an !y d ^u ! temp]ature4 ,!y w\ld pref] to spawn x at q a l[ temp]ature1 r ?an to spawn at :at is usually consid]$ an optimum temp]ature1 if ! mat]ial is n prop]ly cur$4 ,! temp]ature at :i* diff]5t treatises & gr[]s recomm5d t ! b$ %\ld be spawn$ v>ies f #gj to #ij ,f4 ,n9ety degrees ,f4 is consid]$ by _m r high1 :ile #gj ,f4 is consid]$ by o!rs to be r l[2 #hj to #he is consid]$ by _m to be ! mo/ favorable temp]ature1 provid$ ( c\rse ! o!r conditions ( ! b$ are cong5ial4 ,b "s1 s f> z temp]ature is conc]n$1 w\ld pref] to spawn ! b$ at #ge ,f4 r ?an at #ij1 :ile _m recomm5d spawn+ at #gj to #ge4 ,9 "s cases1 ,i h kn[n ! gr[]s to all[ ! temp]ature ( ! b$s to fall z l[ z #fj be=e spawn+1 because ! mat]ial 0 n1 until t "t1 at ! prop] /ate ( cur+4 ,yet an exp]i5c$ gr[]1 :o und]/&s ! k9d ( spawn to plant 9 su* a b$1 c all[ ! temp]ature to g d[n to #fj )\t any v great risk4 ,fre% spawn 9 an active /ate1 t is1 spawn :i* is 9 a gr[+ condition1 z may be obta9$ by te>+ up a b$1 or a portion ( "o1 ?r\gh :i* ! spawn has run1 is bett] to plant 9 a b$ ( su* l[ temp]ature4 ,or1 a b$ ( su* l[ temp]ature1 aft] spawn+1 might be w>m$ up1 by pil+ fre% horse manure ov] x loosely = a week or t5 days1 suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature to #hj or #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bce4--,pieces ( brick spawn ready to plant4 ,:5 ! brick spawn is us$1 ! me?od ( plant+ v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! me?ods ( diff]5t op]ators4 ,"s break ! bricks into ! desir$ size & plant ! pieces directly 9 ! b$1 )\t any special prep>ation4 ,! brick is brok5 into pieces ab\t two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"s recomm5d break+ ! brick ( ! ord9>y size into ab\t twelve pieces1 "s into n9e pieces1 s ! cu/om v>ies ) diff]5t op]ators4 ,^! pieces are plant$ f sev5 to n9e in*es ap>t 9 ! b$4 ,= example1 if !y are to be plant$ n9e in*es ap>t 9 ! b$1 holes are made1 ei!r ) ! h& or ) "s in/rum5t1 by press+ ! mat]ial to "o side suffici5tly to admit ( ! piece ( spawn be+ press$ 9 tightly4 ,^! op5+s are made1 say1 ! fir/ r[ on "o side ( ! b$1 ab\t f\r & "o-half in*es f ! side1 & n9e in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! second r[ is made n9e in*es f ! fir/ r[1 & s on4 ,! pieces ( spawn are ins]t$ 9 ! op5+ 9 ! b$1 & at a slight di/ance1 two to ?ree in*es1 bel[ ! surface4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ins]t ! piece ( spawn j at ! level ( ! b$1 ! op5+ be+ su* t ! piece ( spawn press$ into ! op5+ is cr[d$ bel[ 9 place1 & ! surr\nd+ mat]ial fits snugly on ! sides4 ,?us1 :5 ! b$ is spawn$1 ! pieces may be a slight di/ance bel[ ! top ( ! b$ :5 !y c be cov]$ by "s mat]ial1 or 9 o!r cases1 :]e ! op]ator v>ies ! me?od1 !y w\ld lie j at ! surface ( ! b$4 ,! b$ is n[ firm$ d[n accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! op]ator1 ei!r tamp$ d[n ) "s in/rum5t v firmly1 or by o!rs1 ) ! back ( ! =k or o!r simil> in/rum5t1 ! b$ is made firm1 b n q s h>d4 ,! object 9 firm+ x d[n aft] spawn+ is to make ! surface ( ! b$ level1 & also to br+ ! mat]ial 9 ! b$ v closely 9 t\* on all sides ) ! spawn ) :i* x is impregnat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcf4 ,piece ( ,natural ,spawn4 ,piece ( ,fr5* ,spawn4 ,flakes _m g5]ations old1 runn+ out4 ,"s gr[]s foll[ ! me?od ( giv+ ! spawn "s little prep>ation be=e putt+ x into ! b$4 ,?is prep>ation v>ies ) diff]5t op]ators4 ,its object1 h[ev]1 is to slightly moi/5 ! dry spawn1 & p]haps1 also1 to v slightly />t ! gr[?4 ,to accompli% ?is1 "s w cov] ! bricks1 be=e break+ !m1 ) fre% horse manure1 & all[ ?is to rema9 sev]al days1 s t ! w>m? & moi/ure g5]at$ "h p5etrate ! mat]ial & s(t5 some:at ! brick4 ,"s pile x 9 a room or comp>tm5t :]e !re is little moi/ure1 until ! bricks are p]meat$ to "s ext5t ) ! moi/ure1 s t !y are a little easi] brok54 ,!y %\ld n1 "u any circum/ances1 be wet or s(t 9 ! s5se ( hav+ absorb$ an excess ( wat]1 nor %\ld !y be /or$ = any l5g? ( "t :]e !y w be damp4 ,/ill o!rs break ! bricks into ! desir$ pieces & place ^! directly on ! top ( ! b$1 at ! place :]e !y wi% to plant ! piece ( spawn4 ,!y are left "h = two or ?ree days on ! surface ( ! b$s4 ,^! pieces absorb "s moi/ure & take up "s w>m? f ! b$4 ,!n !y are plant$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,spawn+ ) ,flake ,spawn1 or ,natural ,spawn4--,9 ! use ( ! flake or natural spawn1 ! plant+ is accompli%$ 9 a simil> way1 b l>g] pieces ( ! spawn are us$1 two or ?ree times ! size ( ! pieces ( brick employ$4 ,"s use a l>ge h&ful4 ,9 "s few cases1 ! gr[]s use a flake spawn f _! own crop4 ,t is1 ea* ye> a few b$s are spawn$ f mat]ial :i* has be5 kept ov] f ! previ\s season4 ,?is is (t5 kept 9 boxes1 9 cool places1 :]e x does n ?or\ghly dry out4 ,9 ?is way1 ! spawn is us$ ov] & ov] aga91 until x becomes mu* less vigor\s ?an natural spawn1 or a spawn :i* is only "o or only a few g5]ations di/ant f ! natural spawn4 ,?is is se5 9 ! less c]ta9ty ) :i* ! spawn runs ?r\gh ! b$1 9 ! small] crop ( mu%rooms1 & _! gradual det]ioration 9 size4 ,"s few practice ! me?od ( break+ d[n ! b$ aft] ! crop has be5 ne>ly ga!r$1 us+ ?is weak spawn to inoculate fre% b$s4 ,?is practice is objectionable = ! same reason t long cultivat$ spawn is objectionable4 ,soil+ ! ,b$s4--,aft] ! b$s h be5 plant$ ) ! spawn1 ! next ?+ is to soil !m4 ,t is1 ! manure 9 ! b$ is cov]$ ) a lay] ( loam soil1 or g>d5 soil1 to ! dep? ( two in*es1 !n spread ev5ly ov] ! b$1 level$ (f1 & tamp$ d[n1 ?\gh n pack$ too h>d1 & ! surface is smoo!d (f4 ,! "t at :i* ! soil+ is done1 v>ies also ) diff]5t op]ators4 ,"s soil imm$iately aft] plant+ ! spawn4 ,o!rs believe t ! spawn w mo/ c]ta9ly fail to run if ! b$s are soil$ imm$iately aft] plant+4 ,^! op]ators wait two or ?ree weeks aft] ! spawn has be5 plant$ to soil x4 ,o!rs wait until ! temp]ature ( ! b$ has fall5 f #hj or #he at ! "t ( spawn+1 to #gj or #fj ,f4 ,soil+ at ?is temp]ature1 t is1 at #fj or #gj ,f41 probably prev5ts ! rapid cool+ d[n ( ! b$1 & x is desirable to soil1 at lea/ at ?is temp]ature1 = t purpose4 ,:5 ! b$s are soil$1 !y are !n left until ! crop is ready to ga!r4 ,"s op]ators give no fur!r att5tion to ! b$s aft] soil+1 o!r ?an to wat] ! b$s1 if t becomes necess>y4 ,x is desirable to avoid wat]+1 if ! b$ c be kept at ! "r /ate ( moi/ure )\t4 ,9 wat]+ ! b$s :ile ! spawn is runn+1 !re is dang] ( kill+ ! "y spawn ) ! wat]4 ,:]ev] x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 if ! mat]ial 9 ! b$ becomes too dry1 lukew>m wat] %\ld be us$1 & x %\ld be appli$ ?r\gh a f9e rose ( a wat]+ pot4 ,:ile "s op]ators aft] soil+ ! b$ give no fur!r c>e to x until ! b$ is be>+1 o!rs cov] ! b$s ) "s litt]1 9 ! =m ( /raw or excelsior4 ,?is is done = ! purpose ( cons]v+ ! moi/ure 9 ! b$1 & especially ! moi/ure on ! surface ( ! b$4 ,sometimes :]e !re is a t5d5cy = ! mat]ial 9 ! b$ to become too dry1 ?is litt] on ! surface ret>ds ! loss ( moi/ure4 ,also1 ! litt] itself may be moi/5$ & ! b$ c absorb "s moi/ure 9 ?is way1 if x is desirable to increase ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! b$ slightly4 ,:5 ! spawn has once run well ?r\gh ! b$1 wat]+ c be accompli%$ ) less dang] ( injury1 yet great c>e mu/ be us$ ev5 n[4 ,! spawn w run ?r\gh a b$ ) a some:at less moi/ure cont5t 9 ! mat]ial ?an is necess>y = draw+ (f ! crop ( mu%rooms1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! spawn w n run if ! b$ is too dry4 ,! only way to see if ! spawn has run satisfactorily is to op5 up ! b$ at "o or two po9ts to exam9e ! mat]ial1 op5+ x up slightly4 ,if ! spawn has run well1 a v delicate :ite fib]1 ! mycelium1 c be se5 p5etrat+ all ?r\gh ! mat]ial4 ,?is h&ful c be replac$ 9 ! b$1 pack$ d[n1 & ! soil cov]$ ov] & firm$ aga9 at ?is po9t4 ,:5 ! mu%rooms beg9 to appe>1 if ! b$ is a little dry1 x %\ld be wat]$ f "t to "t ?r\gh ! f9e rose ( a wat]+ pot4 ,lukew>m wat] %\ld be us$4 ,ne>ly all gr[]s wat] ! b$s dur+ ! pick+ ( ! crop1 or dur+ ! p]iod ( ga!r+ ! crop4 ,at ! fir/ few wat]+s1 wat] %\ld n be spr9kl$ on ! b$s to wet !m entirely ?r\gh4 ,en\gh wat] is appli$ to diffuse a %ort di/ance only ?r\gh ! upp] surface ( ! b$4 ,at ! next wat]+1 sev]al days lat]1 ! moi/ure is c>ri$ fur!r d[n 9 ! b$1 & s on1 ?r\gh ! sev]al weeks1 or mon?s1 ov] :i* ! h>ve/+ season ext5ds4 ,! object ( ?us gradually moi/5+ ! b$ f above1 is to draw ! crop f ! spawn at ! surface ( ! b$ fir/1 & !n1 z ! moi/ure ext5ds d[nw>d1 to gradually br+ on ! crop f ! fib] bel[4 ,ga!r+ ! ,mu%rooms4--,9 artificial cultivation1 ! mu%rooms usually =m$ are v ne>1 or on1 ! surface ( ! b$4 ,9 ! case ( ! mead[ or pa/ure mu%rooms1 !y are =m$ fur!r bel[ ! surface4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t ! conditions "u :i* ! mu%rooms gr[ 9 cultivation are su* t ! surface ( ! b$ is m moi/1 & is less subject to v>iations 9 ! cont5t ( moi/ure1 ?an is ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures4 ,al?\gh !re may be abundant ra9s 9 ! fields1 ! curr5ts ( air ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 at o!r times1 quickly dries out ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,b indoors ! mycelium (t5 runs to ! surface ( ! b$1 & !re =ms ! num]\s p9heads :i* are ! beg9n+s ( ! mu%rooms4 ,! b$s at ?is /age (t5 pres5t num]\s clu/]s ( ! mycelium & ^! m9ute p9heads cr[d$ v closely toge!r4 ,hundr$s or p]haps ?\s&s ( ^! m9ute beg9n+s ( mu%rooms occur )9 a small space4 ,!re are v few ( ^!1 h[ev]1 t rea* ! po9t ( ! mature mu%room4 ,few only ( ! p9heads gr[ to =m ! button1 & ! o!rs abort1 or cease to gr[4 ,o!rs are torn out :ile ! l>g] ones are be+ pick$4 ,! "t at :i* ! mu%rooms are pick$ v>ies )9 c]ta9 limits1 ) ! diff]5t gr[]s4 ,mo/ cultivators1 especially ^? :o gr[ ! mu%rooms 9 h\ses1 consid] #fj ,f4 ! desirable temp]ature = ! gr[? ( mu%rooms1 t is1 at a room temp]ature ( #fj 7:ile "s recomm5d #eg74 ,! temp]ature ( ! b$s !mselves w be slightly above ?is4 ,"u ^! conditions1 t is1 :]e ! mu%rooms are gr[n at a room temp]ature ( ab\t #fj1 !y op5 v quickly4 ,x is necess>y "h to ga!r ! mu%rooms be=e !y op51 t is1 be=e ! veil on ! "u surface breaks to expose ! gill surface4 ,?is practice is foll[$1 ( c\rse1 )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x is n possible 9 all cases1 to pick e mu%room be=e ! veil breaks4 ,!y are collect$ once a day usually4 ,at ! "t ( collection all are tak5 :i* are ( suitable size4 ,_m ( !m may n yet h op5$4 ,b 9 ! case ( "s ( ! old] or m rapidly gr[+ ones1 ! veil may h brok51 al?\gh !y h n exp&$ v mu*4 ,"s foll[ ! me?od ( hav+ ! fireman1 on 8 r\nd at night1 :5 he looks aft] ! fires 9 ! heat+ room1 ga!r ! mu%rooms4 ,he passes ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! h\se & picks ! mu%rooms :i* are ( suitable size4 ,^! are ga!r$ by grasp+ a s+le mu%room by ! cap1 or :]e !re is a clu/] ( mu%rooms close toge!r1 sev]al are tak5 9 ! h&4 ,! plant is twi/$ slightly to free ! /em f ! soil1 )\t te>+ x up to any great ext5t4 ,!y are ?r[n 9 ?is condition into baskets4 ,! collector !n takes !m to ! pack+ room1 & ! foll[+ morn+ ! plants are trimm$1 t is1 ! "p ( ! /ems to :i* ! e>? is atta*$ is cut away1 ! plants are weigh$1 put 9 baskets1 & prep>$ = ! m>kets4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! mu%rooms are ga!r$ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 9 ! same way1 tak5 to ! pack+ room1 :]e ! l[] "p ( ! /em is cut away1 ! plants are weigh$1 plac$ into ! baskets & %ipp$ to m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bcg4--,view 9 ,pack+ ,room 7,h4 ,e4 ,hicks' ,mu%room ,h\se1 ,k5nett ,squ>e1 ,pa47 ,copyright4 ,9 "s ( ! caves1 or ab&on$ m9es1 :i* ,i h visit$1 :]e ! mu%rooms are gr[n on a l>ge scale1 ! practice 9 pick+ ! mu%rooms v>ies some:at f t j describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mu%rooms are all[$ to /& on ! b$ long]1 be=e !y are pick$4 ,!y are r>ely1 if ev]1 pick$ be=e !y op54 ,mu%rooms may be q l>ge1 b if !y h n op5$1 !y are n pick$4 ,v frequ5tly1 ! plant may op51 b1 ! op]ator says1 x is n op5 en\gh4 ,x w gr[ m yet4 ,! object ( ! gr[]1 9 ?is case1 is to all[ ! mu%rooms to gr[ z long z x is possible1 be=e pick+1 = ! l>g] ! mu%room1 ! m wat] x w take f ! b$1 & ! m x weighs4 ,?is may seem an unpr(essional ?+ = a gr[] to d1 & yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t a l>ge wat] cont5t ( ! mu%room is necess>y4 ,! mu%rooms gr[n 9 ^! m9es are v firm & solid1 qualities :i* are desir$1 n only by ! consum]1 b are desirable = %ipm5t4 ,^! mu%rooms are mu* ?ick] ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cap ?an ^? usually gr[n 9 h\ses at a room temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 ,= ?is reason1 ! mu%rooms 9 ^! caves spread out m1 & ! edges d n turn up s soon4 ,s9ce ! cap is s ?ick & firm at ! c5t]1 x cont9ues to gr[ & exp& = "s little "t aft] hav+ op5$1 )\t turn+ up on ! edges1 & )\t becom+ black & unsightly und]nea?4 ,^! l>ge & firm mu%rooms are n only desirable = _! %ipp+ qualities1 b also1 if !y are n too l>ge1 !y are priz$ because !y are ( su* a nice size = broil+4 ,x is q likely t "o ( ! important conditions 9 produc+ mu%rooms ( ?is "* is ! l[ temp]ature ( ! m9e4 ,! temp]ature "h1 9 ,july & ,augu/1 rises n high] ?an #eh ,f41 t is1 ! room temp]ature ( ! m9es2 :ile 9 ! w9t] x falls n l[] ?an #eb4 ,! gr[? ( mu%rooms1 "u ^! conditions1 may n be q s rapid z 9 a h\se ma9ta9+ a room temp]ature ( #fj4 ,! op]ator may n be able to gr[ s _m crops f ! same area1 dur+ ! same l5g? ( "t2 b ! v fact t ?is l[ temp]ature condition ret>ds ! gr[? ( ! mu%rooms is p]haps an important item 9 produc+ ! firm & m m>ketable product1 :i* c be all[$ to gr[ long] be=e x is pick$4 ,x is possible1 also1 t ano!r condition has some?+ to d ) ! firmness & o!r desirable qualities ( ^! mu%rooms4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to be f\nd 9 ! fact t natural spawn is l>gely us$ 9 plant+ ! b$s1 s t ! spawn is m vigor\s ?an t :i* is ord9>ily us$ 9 plant+1 :i* is sev]al or _m g5]ations di/ant f ! virg9 condition4 ,! me?ods ( pick+ 9 ?is m9e diff]1 also1 f ^? usually employ$ by gr[]s ( mu%rooms4 ,! mu%rooms are pull$ f ! b$ 9 ! same way1 b ! op]ator c>ries ) him two baskets & a knife4 ,z fa/ z ! mu%rooms are pull$1 & :ile !y are /ill 9 h&1 be=e ! dirt c sift ^u ! o!r mu%rooms1 or fall 9 ^u ! gills ( ^? :i* are op51 ! l[] "p ( ! /em is cut (f4 ,?is /em end is !n plac$ 9 "o basket1 :ile ! mu%rooms :i* h be5 trimm$ are plac$ 9 ano!r basket4 ,9 cutt+ (f ! /ems1 j en\gh is cut to remove ! soil1 s t ! l5g? ( ! /em ( ! mu%room v>ies4 ,! mu%rooms are !n tak5 to ! pack+ room 9 ! cleane/ possible condition1 ) no soil scatt]+ !refrom or fall+ d[n among ! gills1 z occurs to a great] or less] ext5t :]e ! mu%rooms are pick$ & ?r[n indiscrim9ately into baskets4 ,pack+ ! ,mu%rooms4--,9 ! pack+ room ! mu%rooms are prep>$ = %ipm5t to m>ket4 ,! me?od at pres5t usually employ$ is to %ip !m 9 baskets4 ,! baskets v>y 9 size1 accord+ to ! m>ket to :i* ! mu%rooms are to be %ipp$4 ,!y hold f ?ree1 to f\r1 five1 six1 or t5 p\nds ea*4 ,! l>g] baskets are only us$ :]e ! mu%rooms are %ipp$ directly to ! consum]s4 ,:5 ! cu/om] requires a l>ge numb] ( mu%rooms1 !y c be %ipp$ 9 ^! l>g] baskets4 ,:]e !y are %ipp$ to commission m]*ants1 & ! f9al m>ket is n kn[n to ! pack]1 !y are usually pack$ 9 small baskets1 ?ree to f\r or five p\nds4 ,! baskets are sometimes l9$ ) pap]2 t is1 at ! "t ( ! pack+ ! pap] is plac$ 9 ! basket1 "o or two ?icknesses ( pap]4 ,! numb] ( lay]s ( pap] dep5ds some:at ^u ! conditions ( transportation4 ,! great] am\nt ( pap] af=ds "s protection f cold1 9 cold wea!r1 & "s protection f ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure1 9 dry wea!r4 ,:5 ! basket is fill$ ) ! requir$ quantity ( mu%rooms1 :i* is usually det]m9$ fir/ by weight1 ! surplus pap] is fold$ ov] !m4 ,?is is cov]$ 9 mo/ cases by ?9 bo>d /rips1 :i* are provid$ = basket %ipm5t ( vegetables ( ?is k9d4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 :]e %ipp$ directly to cu/om]s s t ! baskets soon rea* _! de/9ation1 additional heavy pap]1 in/ead ( ! bo>d1 may be plac$ ov] & ar\nd ! l>g] "p ( ! basket1 & !n ti$ d[n neatly ) cord4 ,plac+ ! ,mu%rooms 9 ! ,basket4--,"s gr[]s d n give any att5tion to plac+ ! mu%rooms 9 ! baskets4 ,! /ems are cut (f 9 ! pack+ room1 !y are ?r[n into ! weigh+ pan1 & :5 ! beam tips at ?ree1 or f\r1 or five p\nds1 z ! case may be1 ! mu%rooms are empti$ into ! baskets1 level$ d[n1 & ! baskets clos$ = %ipm5t4 ,o!rs use m c>e 9 ! pack+ ( ! mu%rooms2 especially is ?is ! case on ! "p ( ^? :o pick ! mu%rooms :5 !y are some:at l>g] & m op51 ?\gh ! practice ( plac+ ! mu%rooms 9 a basket is foll[$ ev5 by ^? :o pick be=e ! mu%rooms are op54 ,9 plac+ !m1 "o mu%room is tak5 at a "t & put /em d[nw>d into ! basket1 until ! bottom is cov]$ ) "o lay]1 & !n successive lay]s are plac$ on top ( ^!4 ,! upp] lay]s 9 ! basket !n pres5t a v neat & attractive appe>ance4 ,9 ?us plac+ ! mu%rooms 9 ! basket1 if !re are any mu%rooms :i* are q l>ge1 !y are plac$ 9 ! bottom4 ,! cu/om ( ! op]ator "h is diff]5t f t ( ! gr[] ( apples1 or ( o!r fruit1 :]e ! l>g] & f9] samples are (t5 plac$ on top1 ! small] ones be+ cov]$ bel[4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 h[ev]1 t ?is practice ( plac+ ! l>ge/ mu%rooms bel[ 9 ! basket is due to ! fact t usually ! l>g] mu%rooms are n consid]$ s m>ketable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bch4--,view 9 pack+ room1 ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mu%room ,co42 plac+ mu%rooms 9 basket4 ,copyright4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ! l>g] mu%rooms are n consid]$ s desirable or m>ketable z ! m$ium-siz$ or small] ones4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! l>g] mu%rooms1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 especially ^? gr[n 9 h\se culture at a comp>atively high temp]ature1 are apt to be v ripe1 s t ! gills are black f ov]-ripe spores1 & are ?us some:at unsightly4 ,^? gr[n at a l[] temp]ature1 z is ! case 9 "s m9es1 d n black5 s soon1 & are !re=e apt to be free f ?is objection4 ,ano!r objection1 h[ev]1 is on ! "p ( ! re/aurant own] :]e mu%rooms are s]v$4 ,9 s]v+ ! mu%rooms broil$ on toa/1 ! m$ium-siz$ "o is m desirable f ! /&po9t ( ! re/aurant own]1 9 t two m$ium-siz$ ones might be suffici5t to s]ve two p]sons1 :ile "o q l>ge "o1 weigh+ p]haps ! same z ! two m$ium ones1 w\ld only be suffici5t to s]ve "o p]son at ! same price1 unless ! l>ge mu%room 0 cut 9 two4 ,if ?is 7 done1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om] w\ld object to be+ s]v$ ) half a mu%room1 & ! appe>ance ( a half mu%room s]v$ 9 ?is way is n attractive4 ,resoil+4--,once or twice a week dur+ ! h>ve/+ p]iod all loose e>?1 brok5 bits ( spawn1 free buttons1 etc41 %\ld be clean$ out :]e ! mu%rooms h be5 pick$4 ,^! places %\ld be fill$ ) soil & pack$ d[n by h&4 ,all "y mu%rooms t fog (f %\ld be ga!r$ up clean4 ,"s p]sons foll[ ! practice ( gr[+ a second crop on ! same b$ f :i* ! fir/ crop has be5 ga!r$4 ,! b$ is resoil$ by plac+ ab\t two in*es ( soil ov] ! old soil4 ,! b$ is !n wat]$1 sometimes ) lukew>m wat] to :i* a small quantity ( nitrate ( soda has be5 add$4 ,! l>ge gr[]s1 h[ev]1 usually d n gr[ a second crop 9 ?is way1 b endeavor to exhau/ ! mat]ial 9 ! b$ by cont9u\s gr[?4 ,use ( manure f b$s :i* h fail$4--,manure 9 :i* ! spawn has fail$ to run is sometimes remov$ f ! b$ & mix$ ) fre% manure1 ! latt] re/or+ ! heat4 ,if ! manure 0 too wet1 ! moi/ure cont5t c n[ be less5$ by ! use ( dry soil4 ,clean+ h\se to prep>e = successive crops4--,:5 ! crop is h>ve/$1 all ! mat]ial is clean$ out to prep>e ! b$s = ! next crop4 ,! mat]ial is tak5 out clean1 & ! floors1 b$s1 walls1 etc41 swept (f v clean4 ,9 addition1 "s gr[]s :itewa% ! floors & all wood-"w4 ,"s :itewa% only ! floors1 dep5d+ on sweep+ ! b$s & walls v clean4 ,/ill o!rs :itewa% ! floors & wa% ! walls ) "s mat]ial to kill out ! v]m94 ,"s trap or poison ! cockroa*es1 wood-lice1 etc41 :5 !y appe>4 ,"s gr[]s :o succe$ well = sev]al ye>s1 & !n fail1 believe t ! h\se gets tir$1 z !y express x1 & t ! place mu/ re/ = a few ye>s be=e mu%rooms c be gr[n !re aga94 ,o!rs gr[ mu%rooms successfully ye> aft] ye>1 b employ ! be/ sanit>y me?ods4 ,numb] ( crops dur+ a ye>4--,9 caves or m9es1 :]e ! temp]ature is l[1 ! b$s are 9 process ( =mation & cropp+ cont9u\sly4 ,s soon z a b$ has be5 exhau/$ ! mat]ial is clean$ out1 & new b$s are made z fa/ z ! fre% manure is obta9$4 ,9 h\ses :]e ! mu%rooms _c be gr[n dur+ ! summ]1 ! crops are gr[n at q regul> p]iods1 ! fir/ crop dur+ fall & e>ly w9t]1 & ! second crop dur+ spr+4 ,"s obta9 ! manure & f]m5t x dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 spawn+ ! b$s 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,o!rs beg9 "w on ! f]m5tation ( ! manure 9 ,june or ,july1 make up ! b$s 9 ,july & ,augu/1 spawn1 & beg9 to draw (f ! crop some:at e>li]4 ,! second crop is prep>$ = :5ev] ! fir/ "o is drawn (f1 & ?is v>ies ev5 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! same gr[]1 s9ce ! rate ( ! runn+ ( ! spawn v>ies f "t to "t4 ,sometimes ! crop beg9s to come f\r or five weeks f ! "t ( plant+ ! spawn4 ,at o!r times x may be two or ?ree mon?s be=e ! spawn has run suffici5tly = ! crop to appe>4 ,usually ! crop beg9s to come on well 9 six to eight weeks4 ,! crop usually la/s = six weeks to two mon?s1 or long]4 ,productivity ( ! b$s4--,"o p\nd ( mu%rooms f e two squ>e feet ( surface is consid]$ a v good crop4 ,sometimes x exce$s ?is1 ! b$s be>+ "o p\nd = e squ>e foot1 ?\gh su* a heavy yield is r>e4 ,(t5] ! yield is less ?an half a p\nd = a squ>e foot ( surface4 ,causes ( failure4--,! beg9n] %\ld /udy v c>efully ! conditions "u :i* he gr[s 8 crops1 & if failure results1 he %\ld attempt to analyze ! results 9 ! light ( ! directions giv5 = ! cur+ ( ! manure1 its moi/ure cont5t1 sweetness1 "* ( ! spawn1 temp]ature1 v5tilation1 etc4 ,:ile !re %\ld be good v5tilation1 !re %\ld n be drafts ( air4 ,a beg9n] may succe$ ! fir/ "t1 ! second or ?ird1 & !n may fail1 & n "k ! cause ( ! failure4 ,b giv5 a good spawn1 ! "r moi/ure cont5t ( ! mat]ial at "t ( plant+ & runn+ ( ! spawn1 ! sweet condition1 or prop] condition ( ! cur+ ( ! manure1 prop] sanit>y conditions1 !re %\ld be no failure4 ,^! are ! mo/ important conditions 9 mu%room culture4 ,aft] ! spawn has run & ! crop has begun to come1 ! b$s h be5 kn[n to freeze up dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 ! spr+ beg9 & cont9ue to be> a good crop4 ,aft] ! spawn has run well1 b$s h accid5tally be5 flood$ ) wat] s t manure wat] w\ld run out bel[1 & yet come on & be> z good a crop z adjo9+ b$s4 ,volunte] mu%rooms 9 gre5h\ses4--,volunte] mu%rooms sometimes appe> 9 gre5h\ses 9 consid]able quantity4 ,^! />t f natural spawn 9 ! manure us$1 or sometimes f ! spawn rema9+ 9 sp5t mu%room b$s :i* is mix$ ) ! soil 9 mak+ lettuce b$s1 etc41 "u glass4 ,"o ( ! m>ket g>d5]s at ,i?aca us$ old spawn 9 ?is way1 & _h volunte] mu%rooms among lettuce = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 mak+ ! lettuce b$s 9 ! autumn1 a lay] ( fre% horse manure six in*es deep is plac$ 9 ! bottom1 & on ?is is plac$ ! soil mix$ ) ! old1 sp5t mu%room b$s4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! soil & ! manure at ! bottom1 :i* is n[ rott51 is mix$ up1 & a fre% lay] ( manure is plac$ bel[4 ,9 ?is way ! lettuce b$ is self-spawn$ f ye> to ye>4 ,ab\t e six ye>s ! soil 9 ! b$ is entirely *ang$4 ,?is g>d5]1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijj--a1 sold #cj4jj to #dj4jj wor? ( volunte] mu%rooms4 ,ano!r g>d5]1 9 a previ\s ye>1 sold ov] #ej4jj wor?4 ,plant+ mu%rooms ) o!r vegetables4--,9 "s cases g>d5]s foll[ ! practice ( ins]t+ a =kful ( manure "h & !re 9 ! soil :]e o!r vegetables are gr[n "u glass1 & plant+ 9 x a bit ( spawn4 ,mu%room & vegetable h\se comb9$4--,"s comb9e a mu%room h\se & h\se = vegetables 9 "o1 !re be+ a deep pit :]e sev]al ti]s ( b$s = mu%rooms c be built up1 & above ?is ! glass h\se :]e lettuce1 etc41 is gr[n1 all at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj ,f4 ,,?ree ,,me?ods ,,sugge/$ ,,= ,,gr[+ ,,mu%rooms ,,9 ,,cell>s ,,& ,,%$s4 ,fir/ ,me?od4--,obta9 fre% /able horse manure mix$ ) /raw us$ 9 b$d+ ! animals4 ,%ake x out1 sep>at+ ! co>se mat]ial f ! dropp+s4 ,put ! dropp+s 9 a pile two to ?ree feet deep4 ,pack d[n firmly4 ,:5 ! heat rises to ne> #acj ,f41 turn & %ake x out1 mak+ a new pile4 ,make ! new pile by lay]s ( manure & loam soil1 or rott$ sod1 "o "p ( soil to eight or n9e p>ts ( manure4 ,turn aga9 :5 ! heat rises to ne> #acj ,f41 & add ! same am\nt ( soil4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is ab\t #ajj ,f41 ! mat]ial is ready = ! b$s4 ,prep>+ ! b$s4--,make ! b$s z describ$ "u ! p>agraph on pages #bej--bec1 or use boxes4 ,place ! co>se litt] 9 ! bottom ?ree to f\r in*es deep4 ,on ?is place ?ree to f\r in*es ( ! cur$ mat]ial1 pack x d[n1 & cont9ue add+ mat]ial until ! b$ is t5 to fifte5 in*es deep4 ,all[ ! b$s to /&1 cov]+ !m ) /raw or excelsior if ! air 9 ! cell> or %$ is su* z to dry out ! surface4 ,te/ ! moi/ure cont5t accord+ to directions on page #bee4 ,wat* ! temp]ature4 ,d n let x rise above #acj ,f4 ,:5 x is d[n to #ij ,f4 or #gj ,f41 if ! manure has a sweeti% or mu%roomy smell x is ready to spawn4 ,spawn accord+ to directions on page #bfc4 ,soil accord+ to directions on page #bff2 cov] b$ ) /raw or excelsior4 ,second ,me?od4--,use horse dropp+s fre$ f ! co>s] mat]ial4 ,proce$ z 9 fir/ me?od4 ,?ird ,me?od4--,use horse dropp+s fre$ f co>s] mat]ial4 ,pile & pack firmly4 ,d n let temp]ature rise above #acj ,f4 ,:5 x has cool$ to #ajj ,f41 make up ! b$s1 at ! same "t mix+ 9 an equal quantity ( ri* loam or rott$ sod4 ,spawn 9 a day or two4 ,9 beg9n+1 practice on a small scale & /udy ! conditions ?or\ghly1 z well z ! directions giv5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,i h n le>n$ ! hi/ory ( ! o!r k9ds ( spawn ref]r$ to above4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,cook+ ,,mu%rooms4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,s>ah ,,tyson ,,ror]4 ,z v>ieties ( mu%rooms diff] 9 analysis1 texture & d5sity ( fle%1 diff]5t me?ods ( cook+ give be/ results4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,copr9us micaceus1 be+ v delicate1 is easily de/roy$ by ov]-cook+2 a dry1 quick pan ( ! mu%room bells reta9s ! be/ flavor2 :ile ! m d5se ,ag>icus campe/ris requires long1 sl[ cook+ to br+ out ! flavor1 & to be t5d] & dige/ible4 ,simplicity ( season+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be obs]v$1 or ! mu%room flavor w be de/roy$4 ,if ! mu%room itself has an objectionable flavor1 bett] let x alone ?an to add mu/>d or lemon juice to ov]come x4 ,mu%rooms1 l _m ( ! m succul5t vegetables1 are l>gely wat]1 & readily "p ) _! juices on application ( salt or heat2 h5ce x becomes necess>y to put ! mu%room ov] ! fire usually )\t ! addition ( wat]1 or ! juices w be s dilut$ t !y w lack flavor4 ,!y h mu* bett] flavor cook$ )\t peel+1 ) ! exception ( puff-balls1 :i* %\ld always be p>$4 ,z !y lose _! flavor by soak+1 wa% !m quickly1 a few at a "t2 take ! mu%room 9 ! left h& & ) ! "r h& wa% ! top or pileus1 us+ ei!r a v s(t bru% or a piece ( flannel2 %ake !m well & put !m into a col&] to dry4 ,,ag>icus4,e ,! wild or uncultivat$ ,ag>icus campe/ris1 :i* is usually pick$ 9 op5 fields1 w cook 9 less "t ?an ^? gr[n 9 caves & sold 9 our m>kets dur+ ! w9t] & spr+4 ,cut ! /ems close to ! gills2 ^! may be put aside & us$ = flavor+ sauces or s\ps4 ,wa% ! mu%rooms c>efully1 keep+ ! gills d[n2 ?r[ !m into a col&] until dra9$4 ,/ew$4--,to ea* p\nd1 all[ two ounces ( butt]4 ,put ! butt] into a saucepan1 & :5 melt$1 n br[n1 ?r[ 9 ! mu%rooms ei!r :ole or cut into slices2 spr9kle ov] a teaspoonful ( salt2 cov] ! saucepan closely to keep 9 ! flavor1 & cook v sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes1 or until !y are t5d]4 ,moi/5 a r\nd+ tablespoonful ( fl\r 9 a little cold milk2 :5 p]fectly smoo?1 add suffici5t milk to make "o gill2 /ir ?is into ! mu%rooms1 add a saltspoon ( :ite pepp]1 /ir c>efully until boil+1 & s]ve at once4 ,?is makes a fairly ?ick sauce4 ,less fl\r is requir$ :5 !y are to be s]v$ z a sauce ov] *ick51 /eak1 or made di%es4 ,broil$4--,cut ! /ems close to ! gills2 wa% ! mu%rooms & dry !m ) a s(t piece ( *eeseclo?2 put !m on ! broil] gills up4 ,put a piece ( butt]1 ! size ( a m>r[fat pea1 9 ! c5t] ( ea*2 spr9kle lightly ) salt & pepp]4 ,put ! broil] ov] ! fire sk9 side d[n2 9 ?is way1 ! butt] w melt & sort ( ba/e ! mu%rooms4 ,h ready squ>es ( neatly toa/$ bread2 &1 z soon z ! mu%rooms are hot on ! sk9 side1 turn !m quickly & broil ab\t two m9utes on ! gill side4 ,five m9utes w be suffici5t = ! entire cook+4 ,di% on toa/ & s]ve at once4 ,pann$ on ,cream ,toa/4--,cut ! /em close to ! gills2 wa% & dry z direct$ = broil+4 ,put !m into a pan1 & p\r ov] a v little melt$ butt]1 hav+ gill sides up2 du/ ) salt & pepp]1 run into a hot ov5 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,:ile ^! are pann+1 toa/ suffici5t bread to hold !m nicely2 put x onto a hot platt]1 & j z ! mu%rooms are done1 cov] ! bread ) hot milk1 be+ c>eful n to h too mu* or ! bread w be pa/y & s(t4 ,di% ! mu%rooms on ! toa/1 putt+ ! sk9 side up1 p\r ov] ! juices f ! pan1 & s]ve at once4 ,^! are exce$+ly good s]v$ on butt]$ toa/ )\t ! milk1 & w always take ! place ( broil$ mu%rooms4 ,9 ! ,*af+ ,di%4--,wa%1 dry ! mu%rooms1 & cut !m into slices4 ,to ea* p\nd all[ two ounces ( butt]4 ,put ! butt] 9 ! *af+ di%1 :5 hot put 9 ! mu%rooms1 spr9kle ov] a teaspoonful ( salt1 cov] ! di%1 & cook sl[ly = five m9utes1 /irr+ ! mu%rooms frequ5tly2 !n add "o gill ( milk4 ,cov] ! di% aga91 cook = ?ree m9utes long]1 add ! beat5 yolks ( two eggs1 a da% ( pepp]1 & s]ve at once4 ,^! mu/ n be boil$ aft] ! eggs are add$2 b ! yolk ( egg is by f> ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( ?ick5+ :5 mu%rooms are cook$ 9 ! *af+ di%4 ,"u ! ,glass ,cov] or ,bell ) ,cream4--,) a small biscuit cutt]1 cut r\nds f slices ( bread2 !y %\ld be ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t a half in* 9 ?ickness4 ,cut ! /ems close to ! gills f fre% mu%rooms2 wa% & wipe ! mu%rooms4 ,put a tablespoonful ( butt] 9 a saucepan2 :5 hot1 ?r[ 9 ! mu%rooms1 sk9 side d[n2 cook j a mom5t1 & spr9kle !m ) salt & pepp]4 ,arrange ! r\nds ( bread1 :i* h be5 slightly toa/$1 9 ! bottom ( y\r bell di%2 heap ! mu%rooms on ^!2 put a little piece ( butt] 9 ! c5t]2 cov] ov] ! bell1 :i* is ei!r ( glass1 *9a1 or silv]2 /& !m 9 a bak+ pan1 & !n 9 ! ov5 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,:ile ^! are cook+1 mix a tablespoonful ( butt] & "o ( fl\r 9 a saucepan1 add a half p9t ( milk1 or y may add a gill ( milk & a gill ( *ick5 /ock2 /ir until boil+1 add a half teaspoonful ( salt & a da% ( pepp]4 ,:5 ! mu%rooms h be5 9 ! ov5 ! allott$ "t1 br+ !m out2 lift ! cov]1 p\r ov] quickly a little ( ?is sauce1 cov] aga91 & s5d !m at once to ! table4 ,ano!r ,me?od4--,wa% & dry ! mu%rooms2 arrange !m at once on ! bell plate4 ,! usual plates w hold six good siz$ ones4 ,du/ ) pepp] & salt2 put 9 ! c5t] ( ! pile a teaspoonful ( butt]2 p\r ov] six tablespoonfuls ( cream or milk2 cov] ) ! bell2 /& ! di% 9 a bak+ pan1 & !n 9 a hot ov5 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,^! are arrang$ = individual bells4 ,:]e "o l>ge bell is us$1 ! mu%rooms mu/ be di%$ on toa/ be=e !y are s]v$4 ,! object 9 cov]+ ) ! bell is to reta9 e p>ticle ( ! flavor4 ,! bell is !n lift$ at ! table1 t ! eat] may get full aroma & flavor f ! mu%room4 ,puree4--,wa% c>efully a half p\nd ( mu%rooms2 *op !m f9e1 put !m into a saucepan ) a tablespoonful ( butt]1 & if y h x1 a cup ( *ick5 /ock2 if n1 a cup ( wat]4 ,cov] ! vessel & cook sl[ly = ?irty m9utes4 ,9 a d\ble boil]1 put "o p9t ( milk4 ,rub toge!r "o tablespoonful ( butt] & two tablespoonfuls ( fl\r2 add x to ! milk2 /ir & cook until ?ick2 add ! mu%rooms1 & press ! :ole ?r\gh a sieve2 season to ta/e ) salt & pepp] only4 ,cream ( ,mu%room ,s\p4--,?is w be made precisely ! same z 9 ! prec$+ recipe1 save t "o qu>t ( milk w be us$ in/ead ( a p9t ) ! same am\nt ( ?ick5+1 & ! mu%rooms w n be press$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,,copr9us ,,comatus & ,,copr9us ,,atram5t>ius4 ,z ^! v>ieties usually gr[ toge!r & are sort ( companion mu%rooms1 recipes giv5 = "o w answ] = ! cook+ ( ! o!r4 ,be+ s(t & juicy1 !y mu/ be h&l$ ) c>e1 & are mu* bett] cook$ ) dry heat4 ,remove ! /ems1 & wa% !m c>efully2 ?r[ !m into a col&] until dry2 arrange !m 9 a bak+ pan2 dot "h & !re ) bits ( butt]1 all[+ a tablespoonful to ea* half p\nd ( mu%rooms2 du/ ) salt & pepp]1 run !m into a v hot ov51 & bake = ?irty m9utes2 di% 9 a heat$ vegetable di%1 p\r+ ov] ! sauce f ! pan4 ,! ,c4 micaceus may also be cook$ aft] ! same fa%ion--aft] di%+ ! mu%rooms boil d[n ! liquor4 ,/ew$4--,wa% & dry !m2 put !m into a l>ge1 flat pan1 all[+ a tablespoonful ( butt] to ea* half p\nd ( mu%rooms2 spr9kle at once ) salt & pepp]2 cov] ! pan1 & /ew = fifte5 m9utes4 ,moi/5 a tablespoonful ( fl\r 9 a little cold milk2 :5 smoo?1 add a half cup ( cream1 if y h x2 if n1 a half cup ( milk4 ,pu% ! mu%rooms to "o side2 turn 9 ?is mixture1 & /ir until boil+4 ,d n /ir ! mu%rooms or !y w fall ap>t & become unsightly4 ,di% !m2 p\r ov] ! sauce1 & s]ve at once4 ,or !y may be s]v$ on toa/1 ! di% g>ni%$ ) triangul> pieces ( toa/4 ,,copr9us ,,micaceus4 ,wa% & dry ! mu%rooms2 put !m into a deep saucepan ) a tablespoonful ( butt] to ea* qu>t2 /& ov] a quick fire1 sort ( toss+ ! saucepan4 ,d n /ir1 or y w break ! mu%rooms4 ,z soon z !y h rea*$ ! boil+ po9t1 pu% !m to ! back "p ( ! /ove = five m9utes2 s]ve on toa/4 ,^! w be exce$+ly d>k1 are v palatable1 & p]haps are ! mo/ easily dige/$ ( all ! v>ieties4 ,,lepiota4 ,^! mu%rooms1 hav+ v ?9 fle% & deep gills1 mu/ be quickly cook$ to be good4 ,remove ! /em1 take ! mu%rooms 9 y\r h&1 gill side d[n1 & ) a s(t rag wa% c>efully ! top1 remov+ all ! little br[n scales4 ,put !m into a bak+ pan1 or on a broil]4 ,melt a little butt]1 all[ x to settle1 take ! cle>1 oily "p f ! top & ba/e lightly ! mu%rooms1 gill sides up2 du/ ) salt & pepp]4 ,place ! s]v+ di% to heat4 ,put ! mu%rooms ov] a quick fire1 sk9 side d[n1 = j a mom5t2 !n turn & boil an in/ant on ! gill side1 & s]ve at once on ! heat$ plate4 ,9 ?is way ,lepiota proc]a is mo/ delici\s ( all mu%rooms2 b if cook$ 9 moi/ heat1 x becomes s(t1 b t\gh & unpalatable2 if bak$ too long1 x becomes dry & lea!ry4 ,x mu/ be cook$ quickly & eat5 at once4 ,all ! edible =ms may be cook$ aft] ?is recipe4 ,^! are p]haps ! be/ ( all mu%rooms = dry+4 ,9 ?is condition !y are easily kept1 & add s mu* to an ord9>y meat sauce4 ,,oy/] ,,mu%rooms 7,pleurotus74 ,wa% & dry ! mu%rooms2 cut !m into /rips crosswise ( ! gills1 trimm+ (f all ! woody portion ne> ! /em side4 ,?r[ ! mu%rooms into a saucepan1 all[+ a tablespoonful ( butt] to ea* p9t2 spr9kle ov] a half teaspoonful ( salt2 cov]1 & cook sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes4 ,moi/5 a tablespoonful ( fl\r 9 a half cup ( milk2 :5 p]fectly smoo?1 add ano!r half cup2 turn ?is into ! mu%room mixture2 br+ to boil+ po9t1 add j a grat+ ( nutmeg1 a few drops ( onion juice1 & a da% ( pepp]4 ,s]ve z y w\ld /ew$ oy/]s4 ,to make ?is into la p\lette1 add ! yolks ( two eggs j z y take ! mixture f ! fire1 & s]ve on toa/4 ,mock ,oy/]s4--,trim ! s(t gill portion ( ! ,pleurotus o/reatus into ! %ape ( an oy/]2 du/ ) salt & pepp]2 dip 9 beat5 egg1 !n 9 bread crumbs1 & fry 9 smok+ hot fat z y w\ld an oy/]1 & s]ve at once4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! be/ me?od ( cook+ ?is v>iety4 ,,russula4 ,:ile 9 ?is gr\p we h a numb] ( v>ieties1 !y may all be cook$ aft] "o recipe4 ,! /ems w be remov$1 ! mu%rooms c>efully wa%$1 always hold+ ! gill side d[n 9 ! wat]1 dra9$ 9 a col&]2 & :ile !y app>5tly d n conta9 less wat] ?an o!r mu%rooms1 ! fle% is r d5se1 & !y d n s quickly melt ^u be+ expos$ to heat4 ,!y are nice broil$ or bak$1 or may be *opp$ f9e & s]v$ ) mayonnaise dress+1 /uff$ into peel$ tomatoes1 or ) mayonnaise dress+ on lettuce leaves1 or mix$ ) cress & s]v$ ) ,fr5* dress+1 z salads4 ,! gre5 or ,russula viresc5s may be peel$1 cut into ?9 slices1 mix$ ) ! leaves ( wat]-cress :i* h be5 pick$ c>efully f ! /ems1 cov]$ ) ,fr5* dress+1 & s]v$ on slices ( tomato4 ,x is well to peel all mu%rooms if !y are to be s]v$ raw4 ,to bake1 foll[ recipes giv5 = bak+ campe/ris4 ,9 ?is way !y are exce$+ly nice ov] ! ord9>y broil$ /eak4 ,"o ( ! nice/ ways1 h[ev]1 ( prep>+ !m = /eak is to wa%1 dry & put !m1 gills up1 9 a bak+ pan1 hav+ a goodly quantity2 p\r ov] j a little melt$ butt]2 du/ ) salt & pepp]1 & put !m into ! ov5 = fifte5 m9utes4 ,:ile y are broil+ ! /eak1 put ! plate ^u :i* x is to be s]v$ ov] hot wat] to heat2 put on x a tablespoonful ( butt]1 a little salt1 pepp]1 & "s f9ely *opp$ p>sley4 ,take ! mu%rooms f ! ov51 put "s 9 ! bottom ( ! plate1 di% ! /eak on top1 cov]+ ! rema9+ quantity ov] ! /eak4 ,add two tablespoonfuls ( /ock or wat] to ! pan 9 :i* !y 7 bak$2 all[ ?is to boil1 scrap+ all ! mat]ial f ! pan2 ba/e ?is ov] ! /eak1 & s]ve at once4 ,ag>icus campe/ris & _m o!r v>ieties may also be us$ 9 ?is same way4 ,,lact>ii4 ,remove ! /ems1 & wa% ! mu%rooms4 ,put !m into a saucepan1 all[+ a tablespoonful ( butt] & a half teaspoonful ( salt to ea* p9t4 ,add f\r tablespoonfuls ( /ock to ! giv5 quantity2 cov] ! saucepan1 & cook sl[ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t y w h a ri*1 br[n sauce to :i* y may add a teaspoonful ( ,worce/]%ire sauce1 &1 if y l1 a tablespoonful ( %]ry4 ,s]ve 9 a vegetable di%4 ,lact>ius deliciosus ,/ew$4--,wa% ! mu%rooms2 cut !m into slices2 put !m into a saucepan1 all[+ a half p9t ( /ock to ea* p9t ( mu%rooms2 add a half teaspoonful ( salt2 cov] & /ew sl[ly = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,put a tablespoonful ( butt] 9 ano!r saucepan1 mix ) x a tablespoonful ( fl\r2 add ! mu%rooms1 /ir until !y h rea*$ ! boil+ po9t2 add a teaspoonful ( kit*5 b\quet1 a da% ( pepp]1 & s]ve x at once 9 a heat$ vegetable di%4 ,a nice comb9ation = a /eak sauce is made by us+ a doz5 good siz$ ,lact>ius deliciosus ) f\r beef/eak mu%rooms1 us+ !n ! fir/ recipe4 ,,beef/eak ,,smo!r$ ,,) ,,mu%rooms4 ,wa% a doz5 good siz$ mu%rooms1 ei!r ,lact>ii or ,ag>ici1 also wa% & remove ! spores f half a doz5 good siz$ beef/eak mu%rooms1 cutt+ !m into slices4 ,put all ^! into a bak+ pan1 spr9kle ov] a half teaspoonful ( salt1 add a tablespoonful ( butt]1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,broil ! /eak until x is ne>ly done2 !n put x into ! pan ) ! mu%rooms1 all[+ "s ( ! mu%rooms to rema9 "u ! /eak1 & cov] ) ! rema9+ portion2 return x to ! ov5 = t5 m9utes2 di% & s]ve at once4 ,,boleti4 ,^! are m palatable bak$ or fri$4 ,wa% ! caps & remove ! pores4 ,dip ! caps 9 beat5 egg1 !n 9 bread crumbs1 & fry !m 9 smok+ hot fat2 oil is pref]able to butt]2 ev5 suet w\ld make a dri] fry ?an butt] or l>d4 ,s]ve at once z y w\ld egg plant4 ,bak$4--,wa% & remove ! pores2 put ! mu%rooms into a bak+ pan2 ba/e !m ) melt$ butl]1 du/ ) salt & pepp]1 & bake 9 a mod]ately hot ov5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r2 di% 9 a vegetable di%4 ,put into ! pan 9 :i* !y 7 bak$1 a tablespoonful ( butt]4 ,mix c>efully ) a tablespoonful ( fl\r & add a half p9t ( /ock1 a half teaspoonful ( kit*5 b\quet or br[n+1 ! same ( salt1 & a da% ( pepp]2 p\r ?is ov] ! mu%rooms1 & s]ve4 ,9 ,fritt] ,batt]4--,beat ! yolk ( "o egg slightly1 & add a half cup ( milk2 /ir into ?is two-?irds ( a cup ( fl\r2 /ir 9 ! well beat5 :ite ( ! egg & a teaspoonful ( olive oil4 ,wa% & remove ! pores f ! boleti4 ,h ready a good siz$ %all[ pan1 ! bottom cov]$ ) smok+ hot oil2 dip ! mu%rooms1 "o at a "t1 into ?is batt]1 dra9 = a mom5t1 & drop !m into ! hot fat4 ,:5 br[n on "o side1 turn & br[n on ! o!r4 ,dra9 on s(t pap] & s]ve at once4 ,boleti 9 ,br[n ,sauce4--,wa% & dry ! boleti2 remove ! pores2 cut !m into small pieces4 ,to ea* p\nd all[ a tablespoonful ( butt]4 ,put ! butt] into a saucepan ) ! mu%rooms2 add a half teaspoonful ( salt2 cov] ! pan1 & /ew sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes2 !n du/ ov] a tablespoonful ( fl\r2 add a half cup ( good beef /ock2 cook sl[ly = t5 m9utes long]1 & s]ve4 ,,hydnum4 ,z ^! mu%rooms are slightly bitt]1 !y mu/ be wa%$1 dri$1 & ?r[n into a little boil+ wat]1 to boil = j a mom5t2 dra91 & ?r[ away ?is wat]1 add a tablespoonful ( butt]1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 a da% ( pepp]1 & a half cup ( milk or /ock2 cov] ! pan1 & cook sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes4 ,z ! milk scor*es easily1 cook ov] a v sl[ fire1 or 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,p\r ! mixture ov] slices ( toa/1 & s]ve at once4 ,a tablespoonful or two ( %]ry may be add$ j z !y are remov$ f ! fire4 ,,clav>ia4 ,wa%1 sep>at+ ! bun*es1 & *op or cut !m r f9e1 measure1 & to ea* qu>t all[ a half p9t ( ,supreme sauce4 ,?r[ ! clav>ia into a saucepan1 cov]1 & all[ x to /ew g5tly = fifte5 m9utes :ile y make ! sauce4 ,put a tablespoonful ( butt] & "o ( fl\r 9 ! saucepan2 mix1 & add a half p9t ( milk or *ick5 /ock2 or y may add half ( "o & half ( ! o!r2 /ir until boil+2 take f ! fire1 add a half teaspoonful ( salt1 a saltspoonful ( pepp]1 & ! yolks ( two eggs4 ,take ! clav>ia f ! fire1 & :5 cool /ir x into ! sauce4 ,turn into a bak+ di%1 spr9kle ! top ) crumbs1 & br[n 9 a quick ov54 ,d n cook too long1 z x w become wat]y4 ,pickl$ ,clav>ia4--,wa% ! clav>ia ?or\ghly )\t break+ x ap>t2 put into a /eam]2 /& ! /eam] ov] a kettle ( boil+ wat]1 & /eam rapidly1 t is1 keep ! wat] boil+ h>d = fifte5 m9utes4 ,take f ! fire1 & cool4 ,put ov] ! fire suffici5t v9eg> to cov] ! giv5 quantity2 to ea* qu>t1 all[ two bay leaves1 six cloves1 a teaspoonful ( :ole mu/>d1 & a doz5 pepp] corns1 t is1 :ole pepp]s4 ,put ! clav>ia into glass j>s4 ,br+ ! v9eg> to boil+ po9t1 & p\r x ov]2 seal & put aside4 ,?is may be s]v$ alone z any o!r pickle1 or on lettuce leaves ) ,fr5* dress+ z a salad4 ,escallop$ ,clav>ia4--,wa%1 sep>ate & cut ! clav>ia z 9 fir/ recipe4 ,to ea* qu>t all[ a half p9t ( *ick5 /ock1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 a tablespoonful ( *opp$ p>sley4 ,put a lay] ( bread crumbs 9 ! bottom ( ! di%1 !n a lay] ( *opp$ clav>ia1 & s cont9ue until y h ! di% fill$4 ,p\r ov] ! /ock1 :i* y h season$ ) salt & pepp]2 dot bits ( butt] "h & !re ov] ! top1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 ?irty m9utes4 ,?is recipe is excell5t = ! "y or button ,hypholoma1 except t ! "t ( bak+ mu/ be =ty-five m9utes4 ,,puff-,,balls4 ,to be eatable1 ! puff-balls mu/ be p]fectly :ite to ! v c5t]4 ,p>e (f ! sk92 cut !m into slices2 du/ ) salt & pepp]4 ,h ready 9 a l>ge1 %all[ pan a suffici5t quantity ( hot oil to cov] ! bottom4 ,?r[ 9 ! slices &1 :5 br[n on "o side1 turn & br[n on ! o!r2 s]ve at once on a heat$ di%4 ,a la ,p\lette4--,p>e ! puff-balls2 cut !m into slices & !n into dice2 put !m into a saucepan1 all[+ a tablespoonful ( butt] to ea* p9t ( blocks4 ,cov] ! saucepan2 /ew g5tly = fifte5 m9utes2 lift ! lid2 spr9kle ov] a teaspoonful ( salt & a da% ( pepp]4 ,beat ! yolks ( ?ree eggs until light2 add a half cup ( cream & a half cup ( milk2 p\r ?is into ! hot mixture1 & %ake until smok+ hot4 ,d n all[ !m to boil4 ,s]ve 9 a heat$ vegetable di%1 ) blocks ( toa/ ov] ! top4 ,puff-,ball ,omelet4--,p>e & cut into blocks suffici5t puff-balls to make a p9t4 ,put a tablespoonful ( butt] into a saucepan2 add ! puff-balls1 cov] & cook = t5 m9utes4 ,beat six eggs )\t sep>at+1 until ?or\ghly mix$1 b n too light2 add ! cook$ puff-balls1 a level teaspoonful ( salt & a da% ( pepp]4 ,put a tablespoonful ( butt] into y\r omelet pan2 :5 hot1 turn 9 ! egg mixture2 %ake ov] ! hot fire until ! bottom has ?or\ghly set1 !n ) a limb] knife lift ! edge1 all[+ ! s(t portion to run und]nea?2 cont9ue ?is op]ation until ! omelet is cook$ ?r\gh2 fold & turn onto a heat$ di%4 ,s]ve at once4 ,o!r delicate mu%rooms may be us$ 9 ?is same mann]4 ,puff-,balls ) ,ag>icus campe/ris4--,z ! ,ag>icus campe/ris has a r /rong flavor & ! puff-balls are mild1 bo? are bett] = be+ mix$ 9 ! cook+4 ,take equal quantities ( ,ag>icus campe/ris & puff-balls2 p>e & cut ! puff-balls into blocks2 to ea* half p\nd all[ a tablespoonful ( butt]4 ,put ! butt] 9 a saucepan1 add ! mu%rooms1 spr9kle ov] ! salt 7all[+ a half teaspoonful always to ea* p9t72 cov] ! saucepan & /ew sl[ly = tw5ty m9utes4 ,moi/5 a tablespoonful ( fl\r 9 a half cup ( milk1 add x to ! mixture1 /ir & cook = j a mom5t1 add a da% ( pepp]1 & s]ve 9 a heat$ di%4 ,?is recipe may be *ang$ by omitt+ ! fl\r & add+ ! yolks ( a c\ple ( eggs2 milk is pref]able to /ock1 = all ! :ite or light-color$ v>ieties4 ,,mor*ella4 ,select twelve l>ge-siz$ morels2 cut (f ! /alks1 & ?r[ !m into a saucepan ( w>m wat]2 let !m /& = fifte5 m9utes2 !n take !m on a skimm] "o by "o1 & dra9 c>efully4 ,*op f9e suffici5t cold boil$ tongue or *ick5 to make "o cupful2 mix ?is ) an equal quantity ( bread crumbs1 & season ) j a suspicion ( onion juice1 n m ?an t5 drops1 & a da% ( pepp]4 ,fill ?is into ! mu%rooms1 arrange !m neatly 9 a bak+ pan1 put 9 a half cup ( /ock & a tablespoonful ( butt]1 bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 ?irty m9utes1 ba/+ frequ5tly4 ,:5 done1 di% neatly4 ,boil d[n ! sauce t is 9 ! pan until x is j suffici5t to ba/e !m on ! di%2 s]ve at once4 ,a ,second ,me?od4--,select l>ge-siz$ morels2 cut (f ! /alk2 wa% well ?r\gh sev]al wat]s4 ,put into a fry+ pan a little butt]1 all[+ ab\t a tablespoonful to ea* doz5 mu%rooms4 ,:5 hot1 ?r[ 9 ! mu%rooms1 & toss until !y are ?or\ghly cook$2 !n add a half p9t ( milk or /ock2 cov] ! vessel1 & cook sl[ly tw5ty m9utes2 du/ ) salt & pepp]1 & s]ve 9 a vegetable di%4 ,?is me?od gives an exce$+ly palatable & v sightly di% if g>ni%$ ) sweet ,spani% pepp]s t h be5 boil$ until t5d]4 ,ano!r ,me?od4--,remove ! /ems1 & wa% ! morels z direct$ 9 ! prec$+ recipe4 ,make a /uff+ ( bread crumbs season$ ) salt1 pepp]1 *opp$ p>sley1 & suffici5t melt$ butt] to j moi/54 ,place !m 9 a bak+ pan2 add a little /ock & butt]2 bake = ?irty m9utes4 ,:5 done1 di%4 ,into ! pan 9 :i* !y 7 cook$1 turn a cupful ( /ra9$ tomatoes2 boil rapidly = fifte5 m9utes until slightly ?ick5$2 p\r ?is ov] ! mu%rooms2 g>ni% ! di% ) triangul> pieces ( toa/$ bread1 & s]ve4 ,,g5]al ,,recipes4 ,9 ! foll[+ recipes "o may use ,ag>icus campe/ris1 silvicola1 arv5sis1 or ,pleurotus o/reatus1 or sapidus1 or ,copr9us comatus1 or any k9dr$ mu%rooms4 ,! ,ag>icus campe/ris1 h[ev]1 are to be pref]r$4 ,to ,s]ve ) a ,boil$ ,leg ( ,mutton1 wa% well ! mu%rooms & dry !m2 dip ea* into fl\r1 be+ c>eful n to get too mu* on ! gill side4 ,9 a saucepan h a little hot butt] or oil2 drop ^! 91 sk9 side d[n2 du/ !m lightly ) salt & pepp]4 ,aft] !y h br[n$ on ?is side1 turn !m quickly & br[n ! gills2 add a half p9t ( good /ock2 let !m simm] g5tly = fifte5 m9utes4 ,take !m up ) a skimm]1 & di% !m on a platt] ar\nd ! mutton4 ,boil ! sauce d[n until x is ! prop] consi/5cy2 p\r x ov]1 & s]ve at once4 ,^! are also good to s]ve ) roa/$ beef4 ,mu%room ,sauce = ,game4--,wa% well "o p\nd ( fre% mu%rooms2 dry1 & *op !m v f9e4 ,put !m into a saucepan ) "o & a half tablespoonfuls ( butt]2 cov]1 & cook sl[ly = eight m9utes2 !n add a half cup ( fre% rubb$ bread crumbs1 a half teaspoonful ( salt1 a saltspoon ( :ite pepp]2 cov] & cook aga9 = five m9utes2 /ir1 add a tablespoonful ( *opp$ p>sley1 &1 if y l1 two tablespoonfuls ( %]ry2 turn into a sauce-boat4 ,a ,nice ,way to ,s]ve ) ,fricassee ( ,*ick54--,wa% & dry ! mu%rooms2 spr9kle !m ) salt & pepp]4 ,put "s oil or butt] 9 a %all[ pan2 :5 hot1 ?r[ 9 ! mu%rooms1 sk9 side d[n2 cov] ! pan1 put 9 ! ov5 = fifte5 m9utes2 ba/e !m once dur+ ! bak+4 ,lift !m c>efully & put !m on a heat$ di%4 ,add to ! fat 9 ! pan two tablespoonfuls ( f9ely *opp$ mu%rooms1 a half cup ( good /ock2 boil c>efully = five m9utes4 ,h ready r\nds ( bread toa/$2 di% ! mu%rooms on ^!2 put on top a good siz$ piece ( c>efully boil$ m>r[2 season ! sauce ) salt1 & /ra9 x ov]4 ,use ^! z a g>ni% ar\nd ! edge ( ! plate1 or y may simply di% & s]ve !m = breakfa/1 or z second c\rse at lun*4 ,oy/]s & ,mu%rooms4--,wa% & remove ! /ems f a half p\nd ( fre% mu%rooms2 *op !m f9e2 put !m into a saucepan ) a tablespoonful ( butt]1 a half teaspoonful ( salt1 & a da% ( pepp]2 cov] closely1 & cook ov] a sl[ fire = t5 m9utes4 ,h ready1 wa%$ & dra9$1 tw5ty-five good siz$ fat oy/]s2 ?r[ !m p]fectly dry into ?is mu%room mixture4 ,pull ! saucepan ov] a bright fire2 boil1 /irr+ c>efully1 = ab\t five m9utes4 ,s]ve on squ>es ( c>efully toa/$ bread4 ,tomatoes ,/uff$ ) ,mu%rooms4--,wa% p]fectly smoo?1 solid tomatoes2 cut a slice f ! /em end1 & remove c>efully ! se$s & core4 ,to ea* tomato all[ ?ree good siz$ mu%rooms2 wa%1 dry1 *op !m f9e1 & /uff !m into ! tomatoes2 put a half saltspoon ( salt on ! top ( ea* & a du/+ ( pepp]4 ,into a b[l put "o cup ( s(t bread crumbs2 season x ) a half teaspoonful ( salt & a da% ( pepp]2 p\r ov] a tablespoonful ( melt$ butt]2 heap ?is ov] ! top ( ! tomato1 =m+ a sort ( pyramid1 pack+ 9 ! mu%rooms2 /& ! tomatoes 9 a bak+ pan & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 "o h\r4 ,s]ve at once1 lift+ !m c>efully to prev5t break+4 ,or1 ! mu%rooms may be *opp$ f9e1 put ) a tablespoonful ( butt] into a saucepan & cook$ = five m9utes be=e !y are /uff$ into ! tomatoes2 !n ! bread crumbs pack$ ov] ! top1 & ! :ole bak$ = tw5ty m9utes4 ,ea* recipe w give y a diff]5t flavor4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,! recipes = ,ag>icus are int5d$ = ! sev]al species ( ?is g5us 7,psalliota74 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,toxicology ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,cl>k4 ,reg>d+ ! *emical composition ( mu%rooms1 we h 9 ! pa/ be5 limit$ l>gely to ! "w ( ,european *emi/s4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 "s v c>eful analyses ( ,am]ican mu%rooms h be5 made4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations1 :ile 9 g5]al accord ) ! "w already done 9 ,europe1 h emphasiz$ ! fact t mu%rooms are ( v v>iable composition4 ,t diff]5t species %\ld v>y greatly 0 ( c\rse to be expect$1 b we n[ "k t diff]5t specim5s ( ! same species gr[n "u diff]5t conditions may be m>k$ly diff]5t 9 *emical composition4 ,! *ief factors caus+ ?is v>iation are ! composition1 ! moi/ure cont5t1 & ! temp]ature ( ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[1 toge!r ) ! maturity ( ! plant4 ,! temp]ature1 humidity1 & movem5t ( ! atmosph]e & o!r local conditions h a fur!r influ5ce on ! am\nt ( wat] pres5t4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! am\nts ( ! m important con/itu5ts 9 a numb] ( edible ,am]ican species1 has be5 compil$ *iefly f a pap] by ,l4 ,b4 ,m5del 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,phy4 #a3 #bbe--bch74 ,?is article is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ valuable contributions to ?is important /udy1 & anyone wi%+ to look into ! me?ods ( rese>*1 or desir+ m detail$ in=mation ?an is "h giv51 is ref]r$ to ! orig9al pap]4 ,,table ,i4 ,,fre% ,,9 ,,wat]-,,free ,,mat]ial4 ,,mat]ial4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,w ,d ,m ,t ,n ,p ,n ,e ,e ,s ,i ,p ,a ,f ,a ,a ,r ,a ,o ,i ,r ,i ,t ,x ,o ,n ,e ,l ,i ,s ,t ,y ,t ,t ,t ,o ,t ,h ,t ,l ,r ,c ,b ,h ,e ,t ,a ,r ,t ,r ,e ,r ,u #h ,o ,r ,r ,e ,l ,o ,e ,o ,r ,a ,b #e ,c ,h ,e ,r ,g ,i ,g ,c ,l ,e ,o ,e ,d ,e ,t ,e ,n ,l ,n ,n ,t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,copr9us comatus #ib4ai #g4hae4gia4ib #c4c #ef4c #g4cab4e ,mor*ella escul5ta #hi4ed #j4dfd4ffc4di #d4h #bi4c #h4gaj4d ,polyporus sulphureus #gj4hj #i4bjc4bib4bc #c4b #bg4h #c4j #g4c ,pleurotus o/reatus #gc4gj #f4cjb4dja4ac #a4f #ca4e #g4e #f4a ,clitocybe multiceps #hi4fa #j4cie4cfa4ih #f4j #eg4b #i4faa4e ,hypholoma #hh4ig #a4jcd4bhb4di #b4e #dd4dab4aac4i c&olleanum ,ag>icus campe/ris #ia4h #h4bd4gec4egc4gb -- -- #aa4f ,wat]4--,l all gr[+ plants1 ! mu%room conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( wat]4 ,! actual am\nt pres5t v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t species4 ,9 ! above table x w be se5 t ,polyporus sulphureus1 ) ov] #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 has ! lea/ ( any species m5tion$1 :ile ! species ( ,copr9us & ,ag>icus h usually fully #ij p] c5t4 wat]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] pres5t1 h[ev]1 v>ies greatly 9 ! same species at diff]5t seasons & 9 diff]5t localities1 & ) v>iations 9 ! moi/ure cont5t ( soil & atmosph]e1 also ) ! age & rapidity ( developm5t ( ! individual plant4 ,total ,nitrog54--,! proportion ( nitrog5 9 ! dry matt] ( diff]5t species v>ies f #b p] c5t4 to #f p] c5t4 ,?is comp>atively high nitrog5 cont5t 0 =m]ly tak5 to indicate an unusual ri*ness 9 proteid sub/ances1 :i* 9 turn l$ to v errone\s ideas reg>d+ ! nutritive value ( ^! plants4 ,! nitrog5\s sub/ances w be m fully discuss$ lat]1 :5 we consid] _! nutritive value4 ,e!r ,extract4--,?is consi/s ( a v>iety ( fatty sub/ances soluble 9 e!r4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 quality & quantity 9 diff]5t species4 ,! am\nt is usually f #d p] c5t4 to #h p] c5t4 ( ! total dry matt]4 ,x includes1 besides v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 sev]al free fatty acids & _! glyc]ides1 ! acids ( l[ melt+ po9t be+ mo/ abundant4 ,^! fatty sub/ances occur 9 ! /em1 b are mu* m abundant 9 ! cap1 especially 9 ! fruit+ portion4 ,j :at nutritive value ^! fatty matt]s may h has nev] be5 det]m9$4 ,c>bohydrates4--,! l>ge/ "p ( ! dry matt] ( ! mu%rooms is made up ( v>i\s c>bohydrates1 includ+ cellulose or fungocellulose1 glycog51 myco9ul9e1 trehalose1 mannite1 glucose1 & o!r relat$ sub/ances4 ,! cellulose is pres5t 9 l>g] proportion 9 ! /em ?an 9 ! cap1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cap ?an 9 ! fruit+ surface4 ,?is is d\btless relat$ to ! su/a9+ & protective functions ( ! /em & ! upp] "p ( ! cap4 ,/>*1 s common z a res]ve food 9 ! high] plants1 does n occur 9 ! mu%rooms4 ,z is ! case ) ! fats1 no det]m9ation ( ! nutritive value ( ^! sub/ances has be5 made1 b x may be assum$ t ! soluble c>bohydrates ( ! mu%rooms d n diff] greatly f simil> comp\nds 9 o!r plants4 ,a%4--,! a% ( mu%rooms v>ies greatly4 ,polyporus (fic9alis gives b #a4jh p] c5t4 ( a% 9 dry matt]1 ,pleurotus ulm>ius gives #ab4f p] c5t41 & ,clitopilus prunulus gives #ae p] c5t4 ,! av]age ( twelve edible species gave #g p] c5t4 a% 9 ! /em & #h4if p] c5t4 9 ! cap4 ,9 reg>d to ! con/itu5ts ( ! a%1 potassium is by f> ! mo/ abundant--! oxide av]ag+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total a%4 ,phosphoric acid /&s next to potassium 9 abundance & importance1 con/itut+1 on an av]age1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! entire a%4 ,oxides ( manganese & iron are always pres5t2 ! =m] av]ag+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 & ! latt] #e p] c5t4 to #b p] c5t4 ( ! a%4 ,sodium1 calcium1 & *lor9e are usually pres5t 9 small & v>y+ quantities4 ,sulphuric acid occurs 9 ! a% ( all fungi1 & is rem>kable = ! great v>iation 9 quantity pres5t 9 diff]5t species2 e4 g41 a% ( ,helvella escul5ta conta9s #a4eh p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d :ile t ( ,ag>icus campe/ris conta9s ! relatively enorm\s am\nt ( #bd4bi p] c5t4 ,any discussion ( ! b>e composition ( a food is necess>ily incomplete )\t a consid]ation ( ! nutritive value ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts4 ,?is is especially desirable 9 ! case ( ! mu%rooms1 = :ile !y are frequ5tly ov]e/imat$ & occasionally ridicul\sly ov]prais$ by _! fri5ds1 !y are q g5]ally di/ru/$ & sometimes held 9 v]itable abhorr5ce by ^? :o are ignorant ( _! _m excell5t qualities4 ,on ! "o h&1 we are told t ga/ronomically & *emically consid]$ ! fle% ( ! mu%room has be5 prov5 to be almo/ id5tical ) meat1 & possesses ! same n\ri%+ prop]ties4 ,we frequ5tly he> !m ref]r$ to z vegetable beef/eak1 manna ( ! poor1 & o!r equally extravagant & mislead+ t]ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see va/ quantities ( ! mo/ delici\s food rott+ 9 ! fields & woods because !y are reg>d$ by ! va/ majority ( ! p z toad/ools & z su* p>ticul>ly repulsive & poison\s4 ,foods may be divid$ into ?ree classes accord+ to ! functions !y p]=m3 7a7 ,to =m ! mat]ial ( ! body & repair its wa/es4 7b7 ,to supply en]gy = muscul> ex]tion & = ! ma9t5ance ( ! body heat4 7c7 ,reli%es4 ,! =mation ( ! body mat]ial & ! repair ( its wa/es is ! function ( ! proteids ( foods4 ,x has be5 f\nd by c>eful exp]im5t t a man at mod]ately h>d muscul> ex]tion requires 4#bh lb4 ( dige/ible proteids daily4 ,! *ief s\rces ( our proteid foods are meats1 fi%1 beans1 etc4 ,x has be5 z a proteid food t mu%rooms h be5 mo/ /rongly recomm5d$4 ,ref]r+ to ,table ,i1 x w be se5 t nitrog5 con/itut$ #e4gi p] c5t4 ( ! total dry sub/ance ( ,copr9us comatus4 ,?is high nitrog5 cont5t1 :i* is common to ! mu%rooms 9 g5]al1 0 =m]ly tak5 to indicate a v unusual ri*ness 9 proteid mat]ials4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 sev]al s\rces ( error 9 ?is assumption4 ,mu* ( ! nitrog5 is pres5t 9 ! =m ( non-proteid sub/ances ( a v l[ food value4 ,ano!r & v consid]able portion ent]s into ! composition ( a sub/ance closely relat$ to cellulose4 ,a ?ird s\rce ( error 0 ! assumption t all ! proteid mat]ial 0 dige/ible4 ,x is n[ kn[n t a v consid]able portion is n dige/ible & h5ce n available z food4 ,?us1 not)/&+ ! #e4gi p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 9 ,copr9us comatus1 we f9d b 4#hb p] c5t4 9 ! =m ( actually available 7i4 e41 dige/ible7 proteids1 or approximately "o-sev5? ( :at 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! dige/ibility ( ! proteids v>ies v greatly ) ! species4 ,mrn] f\nd ! common field mu%room1 ,ag>icus campe/ris1 to h a l>g] am\nt ( proteids available ?an any o!r species /udi$ by him4 ,un=tunately1 ! dige/ibility ( ! ,am]ican plant has n be5 te/$4 ,!re is great ne$ = fur!r "w along ?is l9e4 ,en\gh has be5 done1 h[ev]1 to demon/rate t mu%rooms are no long] to be reg>d$ z a food ( ! proteid class4 ,! en]gy = ! muscul> ex]tion & heat is mo/ economically d]iv$ f ! foods 9 :i* ! c>bohydrates & fats pr$om9ate4 ,! common way ( comp>+ foods ( ! fir/ two classes sci5tifically is to comp>e _! heat-giv+ p[]s4 ,! unit ( measurem5t is t]m$ a calorie4 ,x repres5ts ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise a kilogram ( wat] #a ,c5tigrade4 7,?is is approximately ! heat requir$ to raise "o p\nd ( wat] #d ,fahr5heit47 ,a man at mod]ately h>d muscul> labor requires daily en\gh food to give ab\t #cejj calories ( heat-units4 ,! major "p ( ?is food may be mo/ economically d]iv$ f ! foods ( ! second class1 any defici5cy 9 ! 4#bh lb4 ( dige/ible prote9 be+ made up by ! addition ( "s food ri* 9 ?is sub/ance4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! value ( t5 p\nds ( sev]al food sub/ances ( ! ?ree classes has be5 work$ out4 ,especial att5tion is call$ to ! column head$ proteids & to ! la/ column :]e ! numb] ( heat-units :i* may be pur*as$ = "o c5t at curr5t m>ket rates has be5 work$ out4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,nutritive ,,value ,,( ,,t5 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,sev]al ,,foods4 ,,proteids4,,fats4 ,,c>bo- ,,calories4,,co/4,,calories ,,hydrates4 ,,= ,,"o ,,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- a4 ,beef 7r\nd7 #a4hg 4#hh ---- #gbjja4ej #dh4 ,beans 7dri$7 #b4bc 4#ah #e4ia #aeijj 4#cj #ecj4 b4 ,cabbage 4#ah 4#jc 4#di #adjj 4#ae #ic4 ,potatoes 4#ah 4#ja #a4ec #cbej 4#aj #cbe4 ,fl\r 7roll] #a4ac 4#aa #g4df #afdej 4#be #feh4 process7 c4 ,copr9us comatus 4#jd 4#jbe 4#dcd #ihg #b4ej #c4i ,pleurotus 4#jea 4#jdb 4#hbh #ahaa #b4ej #g4b o/reatus ,mor*ella 4#jid 4#je 4#cjf #iee #b4ej #c4h escul5ta ,ag>icus 4#ah 4#jc 4#df #acaf #b4ej #e4c campe/ris ,oy/]s 4#fa 4#ad 4#cc #bcej #b4jj #aa4g ,! mu%rooms h be5 valu$ at #be c5ts p] p\nd1 :i* is probably consid]ably bel[ ! av]age m>ket price = a good article4 ,x %\ld also be rem>k$ t ! am\nts giv5 9 ?is table are ! dige/ible & h5ce available con/itu5ts ( ! foods4 ,! only exception to ?is is 9 ! case ( ! fats & c>bohydrates ( ! mu%rooms1 no dige/ion exp]im5ts hav+ be5 report$ on ^! con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( data we h assum$ t !y 7 entirely dige/$4 ,! beef & beans are typical animal & vegetable foods ( ! proteid class4 ,a glance at ! table w %[ h[ m>k$ly !y diff] f ! mu%rooms4 ,! latt] are ne>e/ ! cabbage 9 composition & nutritive value4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! cabbage & ! ,ag>icus campe/ris "h analyz$ is v /rik+4 ,! potato is some:at poor] 9 fat1 b v mu* ri*] ?an ! mu%room 9 c>bohydrates4 ,! figures 9 ! la/ column w v>y ( c\rse ) fluctuations 9 ! m>ket price1 b su* v>iation w n int]f]e at any "t ) ! demon/ration t pur*as$ mu%rooms are n a poor man's food4 ,"h we f9d t "o c5t inve/$ 9 cabbage at #a-a_/b c5ts p] p\nd1 gives #ic calories ( nutrition1 :ile ! same am\nt inve/$ 9 ,ag>icus campe/ris--! common mu%room ( our m>kets--w\ld give b #e4c calories1 al?\gh !y are almo/ id5tical s f> z nutritive value is conc]n$4 ,! same sum inve/$ 9 :eat fl\r1 ) its high c>bohydrate & good proteid cont5t1 w\ld yield #feh calories or "o-six? ! am\nt necess>y to su/a9 a man at "w = "o day4 ,! am\nt ( mu%rooms necess>y = ! same result is a matt] ( simple computation4 ,mu%rooms1 h[ev]1 h a di/9ct & v great value z a food ( ! ?ird class1 t is1 z condim5ts or food accessories1 & _! value z su* is beyond ! computation ( ! *emi/ or ! physiologi/1 & d\btless v>ies ) diff]5t individuals4 ,!y are among ! mo/ appetiz+ ( table delicacies & add greatly to ! palatability ( _m foods :5 cook$ ) !m4 ,x is surely z unfair to decry ! mu%room on acc\nt ( its l[ nutritive value1 z x is wrong to attribute to x qualities :i* are no?+ %ort ( absurd 9 view ( its composition4 ,9 "s respects its place z a food is n unlike t ( ! oy/]1 cel]y1 b]ries1 & o!r delicacies4 ,work$ out on ! basis ( nutritive value alone !y w\ld all be condemn$2 ! oy/] = in/ance pres5ts a %[+ b little bett] ?an ! mu%room1 & va/ly inf]ior1 s f> z economy is conc]n$1 to ! common potato4 ,?is1 too1 = oy/]s pur*as$ by ! qu>t4 ,! nutritive value ( "o c5t's wor? ( oy/]s on ! half %ell w\ld be int]e/+6 ,! "q ( ! toxicology ( ! high] fungi is "o ( v great !oretical & practical int]e/4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! great difficulties 9 ! way ( su* inve/igations comp>atively little has yet be5 accompli%$4 ,a few toxic comp\nds belong+ *iefly to ! class t]m$ alkaloids h1 h[ev]1 be5 def9itely isolat$4 ,*ol9e4--,?is alkaloid is ( wide occurr5ce 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,x has be5 isolat$ f ,amanita musc>ia1 ,a4 pan!r9a1 ,boletus luridus1 & ,helvella escul5ta4 ,x is n v toxic1 b on unit+ ) oxyg5 x passes ov] to musc>9e4 ,accord+ to ,kob]t ! sub/ance =m$ f *ol9e on ! decay ( ! mu%rooms conta9+ x is n musc>9e1 b a v closely relat$ alkaloid1 neur94 ,?is trans=mation ( a comp>atively h>mless alkaloid to an extremely deadly "o simply by ! p>tial decay ( ! plant 9 :i* ! =m] is normally f\nd1 emphasizes v mu* ! wisdom ( reject+ = table use all specim5s :i* are n entirely fre%4 ,?is advice applies to all k9ds ( mu%rooms1 & to worm-eat5 & o!rwise injur$1 z well z decay$ ones4 ,neur9 is almo/ id5tical 9 its physiological effects ) musc>9e1 :i* is describ$ bel[4 ,musc>9e4--,?is is ! mo/ important because ! mo/ dang]\s alkaloid f\nd 9 ! mu%rooms4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ,amanita musc>ia1 x is also f\nd 9 consid]able quantity 9 ,amanita pan!r9a1 & to a less]1 b /ill v dang]\s ext5t 9 ,boletus luridus & ,russula emetica4 ,x is q probably id5tical ) bulbos9e1 isolat$ f ,amanita phalloides by ,b\di]4 ,musc>9e is an extremely viol5t poison1 4#jjc to 4#jje ( a gram 74#jf gra97 be+ a v dang]\s dose = a man4 ,l o!r con/itu5ts ( mu%rooms1 ! am\nt ( musc>9e pres5t v>ies v greatly ) v>y+ conditions ( soil & climate4 ,?is1 inde$1 may acc\nt = ! fact t ,boletus luridus is reg>d$ z an edible mu%room 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe1 ! environm5t be+ su* t little or no musc>9e is develop$4 ,accord+ to ,kob]t1 ,amanita musc>ia conta9s1 besides *ol9e & musc>9e1 a ?ird alkaloid1 pilz-atrop94 ,?is alkaloid1 l ord9>y atrop91 neutralizes to a great] or less ext5t ! musc>9e4 ,! am\nt ( pilz-atrop9 pres5t v>ies1 z o!r con/itu5ts ( mu%rooms v>y1 ) v>y+ conditions ( soil1 climate1 etc41 & x may be t 9 ^? localities :]e ! ,amanita musc>ia is us$ = food ! conditions are favorable = a l>ge production ( pilz-atrop9 :i* neutralizes ! musc>9e1 ?us mak+ ! plant h>mless4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,amanita musc>ia1 s deadly z ord9>ily f\nd1 is und\bt$ly us$ q l>gely z food 9 p>ts ( ,france & ,russia1 & x has be5 eat5 repeat$ly 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ?is c\ntry )\t h>m4 ,=tunately musc>9e has a v unpleasant ta/e4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to note t ! ,amanita musc>ia is said to be us$ by ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,russia--p>ticul>ly ! ,koraks--z a means ( induc+ intoxication4 ,to ov]come ! extremely unpleasant ta/e ( ! plant !y swall[ pieces ( ! dri$ cap )\t *ew+ !m1 or boil !m 9 wat] & dr9k ! decoction ) o!r sub/ances :i* disguise ! ta/e4 ,! symptoms ( poison+ ) musc>9e are n at once evid5t1 z is ! case ) sev]al ( ! less virul5t poisons4 ,!y usually appe> 9 f "o-half to two h\rs4 ,= ! symptoms 9 detail we %all quote f ,mr4 ,v4 ,k4 ,*e/nut1 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,wa%+ton 7,circul> ,no4 #ac1 ,div4 ( ,bot473 ,vomit+ & di>rhoea almo/ always occur1 ) a pron\nc$ fl[ ( saliva1 suppression ( ! ur9e1 & v>i\s c]ebral ph5om5a beg9n+ ) gidd9ess1 loss ( confid5ce 9 "o's ability to make ord9>y movem5ts1 & d]angem5ts ( vision4 ,?is is succe$$ by /upor1 cold sweats1 & a v m>k$ weak5+ ( ! he>t's action4 ,9 case ( rapid recov]y ! /upor is %ort & usually m>k$ ) mild delirium4 ,9 fatal cases ! /upor cont9ues f "o to two or ?ree days1 & dea? at la/ ensues f ! gradual weak5+ & f9al /oppage ( ! he>t's action4 ,! treatm5t = poison+ by musc>9e consi/s prim>ily 9 remov+ ! unabsorb$ portion ( ! mu%room f ! alim5t>y canal & 9 c\nt]act+ ! effect ( musc>9e on ! he>t4 ,! action ( ?is organ %\ld be =tifi$ at once by ! subcutane\s injection1 by a physician1 ( atrop9e 9 doses ( f "o "o-hundr$? to "o-fiftie? ( a gra94 ,! /ronge/ emetics1 su* z sulphate ( z9c or apomorph9e1 %\ld be us$1 ?\gh 9 case ( pr(\nd /upor ev5 ^! may n produce ! desir$ action4 ,fre%ly ignit$ *>coal or two gra9s ( a "o p] c5t4 alkal9e solution ( p]manganate ( pota% may !n be adm9i/]$1 9 ord]1 9 ! case ( ! =m] sub/ance1 to absorb ! poison1 or1 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 to decompose x4 ,?is %\ld be foll[$ by oils or oleag9\s purgatives1 & ! inte/9es %\ld be clean$ & wa%$ out ) an enema ( w>m wat] & turp5t9e4 ,exp]im5ts on animals poison$ by ,amanita musc>ia & ) pure musc>9e %[ v cle>ly t :5 ! he>t has ne>ly ceas$ to beat x may be /imulat$ to /rong action almo/ in/antly by ! use ( atrop9e4 ,its use z ?us demon/rat$ has be5 ! means ( sav+ num]\s lives4 ,we h 9 ?is alkaloid an almo/ p]fect physiological antidote = musc>9e1 & !re=e 9 su* cases ( poison+ its use %\ld be pu%$ z h]oically z ! symptoms ( ! case w w>rant4 ,! pres5ce ( phall9 9 ,amanita musc>ia is possible1 & its symptoms %\ld be look$ = 9 ! r$ color ( ! blood s]um dis*>g$ f ! inte/9es4 ,phall94--,! exact *emical nature ( ?is extremely toxic sub/ance is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b x is g5]ally conc$$ to be ( an album9\s nature4 ,t x is an extremely deadly poison is %[n by ! fact t 4#jjae gra9 p] #b lbs4 weight ( ! animal is a fatal dose = cats & dogs4 ,x is ! active pr9ciple ( ! mo/ deadly ( all mu%rooms1 ! ,amanita phalloides1 or dea?-cup fungus4 ,we quote aga9 f ,mr4 ,*e/nut's acc\nt ( phall9 & its treatm5t3 ,! fundam5tal injury is n due1 z 9 ! case ( musc>9e1 to a p>alysis ( ! n]ves controll+ ! action ( ! he>t1 b to a direct effect on ! blood corpuscles4 ,^! are quickly dissolv$ by phall91 ! blood s]um escap+ f ! blood vessels into ! alim5t>y canal1 & ! :ole sy/em be+ rapidly dra9$ ( its vitality4 ,no bad ta/e w>ns ! victim1 nor d ! prelim9>y symptoms beg9 until n9e to f\rte5 h\rs aft] ! poison\s mu%rooms are eat54 ,!re is !n consid]able abdom9al pa9 & !re may be cramps 9 ! legs & o!r n]v\s ph5om5a1 su* z convulsions1 & ev5 lockjaw or o!r k9ds ( tetanic spasms4 ,! pulse is weak1 ! abdom9al pa9 is rapidly foll[$ by nausea1 vomit+1 & extreme di>rhoea1 ! inte/9al dis*>ges assum+ ! 'rice-wat]' condition *>act]i/ic ( *ol]a4 ,! latt] symptoms are p]si/5tly ma9ta9$1 g5]ally )\t loss ( consci\sness1 until dea? ensues1 :i* happ5s 9 f two to f\r days4 ,!re is no kn[n antidote by :i* ! effects ( phall9 c be c\nt]act$4 ,! undige/$ mat]ial1 if n already vomit$1 %\ld1 h[ev]1 be remov$ f ! /oma* & inte/9es by me?ods simil> to ^? giv5 = cases ( poison+ by ,amanita musc>ia4 ,aft] t ! rema9d] ( ! poison1 if ! am\nt ( phall9 already tak5 up by ! sy/em is n too l>ge1 may we> itself out on ! blood & ! pati5t may recov]4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is we>+-out process may be assi/$ by transfus+ into ! ve9s blood fre%ly tak5 f "s w>m-blood$ animal4 ,! depletion ( ! blood s]um might be rem$i$ by simil> transfusions ( salt & w>m wat]4 ,helvellic ,acid4--,?is v deadly poison is sometimes f\nd 9 ,helvella escul5ta ,p]soon 7,gyromitra escul5ta71 p>ticul>ly 9 old or decay+ specim5s4 ,x has be5 /udi$ & nam$ by ,boehm4 ,x is q soluble 9 hot wat]1 & 9 "s localities ?is species ( ,helvella is always p>boil$--! wat] be+ ?r[n away--be=e x is prep>$ = ! table4 ,x seems to be q g5]ally agre$ t "y & p]fectly fre% specim5s are free f ! poison4 ,z ! poison is v viol5t1 h[ev]1 ?is plant %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,! symptoms resemble 9 a v m>k$ degree ^? ( ! deadly phall91 ! dissolution ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood be+ "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ & mo/ dang]\s2 ?is is accompani$ by nausea1 vomit+1 jaundice1 & /oppage ( ! kidneys4 ,!re is no kn[n antidote = ?is poison1 h5ce ! little t c be done w\ld be simil> to t m5tion$ "u phall94 ,:5 poison+ by mu%rooms is suspect$1 "o _c too /rongly urge t ! s]vices ( a compet5t physician %\ld be secur$ ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,description ,,( ,,t]ms ,,appli$ ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,/ructural ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 ,by ,h4 ,,hasselbr+4 ,9 fungi1 z 9 high] plants1 ea* organ or "p ( ! plant is subject to a great numb] ( v>iations :i* appeal to ! eye ( ! /ud5t1 & by :i* he recognizes relation%ip among ! v>i\s individuals1 species1 & g5]a ( ?is gr\p4 ,= ! purpose ( sy/ematic /udies ( mu%rooms or ev5 = ! recognition ( a few species1 x is ( prim>y importance to be acqua9t$ ) t]ms us$ 9 describ+ diff]5t types ( v>iation4 ,only a few ( ! m important t]ms1 su* z are employ$ 9 ?is book1 toge!r ) diagrams illu/rat+ typical cases to :i* !y are appli$1 w be giv5 "h4 ,! pileus4--,! pileus or cap is ! fir/ "p ( a mu%room :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! collector4 ,x is ! fle%y fruit body ( ! plant4 ,?is1 l all o!r p>ts ( ! mu%room1 is made up1 n ( cellul> tissue z we f9d x 9 fl[]+ plants1 b ( num]\s int]wov5 ?reads1 call$ hyph1 :i* con/itute ! fle% or trama ( ! pileus4 ,ord9>ily1 ! filam5t\s /ructure ( ! fle% is v obvi\s :5 a ?9 section ( ! cap is exam9$ "u ! microscope1 b 9 c]ta9 g5]a1 z ,russula & ,lact>ius1 _m bran*es ( ! hyph become greatly enl>g$1 =m+ little vesicles or bladd]s4 ,^! vesicles lie 9 gr\ps all ?r\gh ! fle% ( ! pileus1 sometimes =m+ ! great] "p ( its sub/ance4 ,! filam5t\s hyph pass ar\nd & ?r\gh ^! gr\ps1 fill+ up ! int]/ices4 ,9 cross section ?is tissue resembles p>5*yma1 & appe>s z if x 7 made up ( r\nd$ cells4 ,su* a trama is said to be vesiculose to di/+ui% x f ! ord9>y or floccose trama4 ,! ?reads on ! out] surface ( ! pileus con/itute ! cortex or cuticle4 ,!y are ?ick wall$ & (t5 conta9 color+ matt] :i* gives ! plants _! *>act]i/ic color4 ,9 _m species _! walls become gelat9iz$1 cov]+ ! outside ( ! pileus ) a viscid1 slimy1 or glut9\s lay]1 (t5 call$ pellicle4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! corticle lay] ceases to gr[ ) ! pileus4 ,x is !n torn & split by ! cont9u$ exp&+ ( ! re/ ( ! plant1 & rema9s on ! surface 9 ! =m ( hairs1 fib]s1 scales1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bci4 ,portion ( vesiculose trama 9 ! pileus ( a ,russula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bdj4 ,portion ( a floccose trama4 ,z an example ( ! mo/ usual =m ( ! pileus1 we may take t ( ! common mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris7 :5 x is ne>ly exp&$4 ,! pileus is !n q regul> 9 outl9e & ev5ly convex 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,_m mu%rooms dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t h ?is =m1 :i* is v>i\sly *ang$ by lat] gr[?4 ,! convex pileus usually becomes plane or exp&$ z x gr[s4 ,if ! convexity is great] x is said to be campanulate 7,fig4 #bde71 conical hemisph]ical1 etc41 t]ms :i* ne$ no explanation4 ,! pileus is umbilicate :5 x has an abrupt1 %>p depression at ! c5t] 7,fig4 #bda71 infundibuli=m :5 ! m>g9 is mu* high] ?an ! c5t]1 s t ! cap resembles a funnel 7,fig4 #bdd71 & depress$ :5 ! c5t] is less1 or irregul>ly1 sunk54 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! pileus is rais$ 9 ! =m ( a boss or knob x is umbonate 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,! umbo may h ! =m ( a %>p elevation at ! c5t]1 or x may be r\nd$ or obtuse1 occupy+ a l>g] "p ( ! disc4 ,:5 x is irregul> or indi/9ct ! pileus is said to be gibb\s 7,fig4 #bdf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bda4 ,,figure #bdb4 ,,figure #bdc4 ,,figure #bda4--,omphalia campanella1 pileus umbilicate1 gills decurr5t4 ,,figure #bdb4--,lepiota proc]a1 pileus convex1 umbonate2 annulus free1 movable2 gills free4 ,,figure #bdc4--;,ag>icus campe/ris1 pileus convex1 gills free4 ,! gills4--,! gills or lamell are ?9 blades on ! "u side ( ! pileus1 radiat+ f ! /em to ! m>g94 ,:5 ! pileus is cut 9 halves ! g5]al outl9e ( ! gills may be obs]v$4 ,9 outl9e !y may be broad1 n>r[1 lanceolate1 triangul>1 etc4 ,9 respect to _! ends !y are att5uate :5 gradually n>r[$ to a %>p po9t1 acute :5 !y end 9 a %>p angle1 & obtuse :5 ! ends are r\nd$4 ,aga91 ! gills are arcuate :5 !y ar* f ! /em to ! edge ( ! pileus1 & v5tricose :5 !y are belli$ out v]tically t[>d ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bdd4 ,clitocybe infundibuli=mis1 pileus infundibuli=m1 gills decurr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bde4 ,myc5a gal]iculata1 pileus conic to campanulate1 gills decurr5t by a too?1 /em fi/ulose4 ,! t]ms giv5 above are (t5 us$ 9 descriptive works1 b ! mo/ important feature to be not$ 9 ! section ( ! plant is ! relation ( ! gills to ! /em4 ,?is relation is repres5t$ by sev]al di/9ct types :i* are sometimes us$ to limit g5]a or sub-g5]a1 s9ce ! mode ( atta*m5t is usually con/ant 9 all species ( a gr\p4 ,! pr9cipal relations ( ! gills to ! /em are describ$ z foll[s3 ,adnate :5 !y rea* ! /em & are set squ>ely aga9/ x 7,fig4 #bdg72 decurr5t :5 !y run d[n ! /em 7,fig4 #bdd72 s9uate or em>g9ate :5 !y h a not* or v]tical curve at ! po/]ior end 7,fig4 #bdf72 & free :5 !y are r\nd$ (f )\t rea*+ ! /em 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,9 all cases :5 ! lamell rea* ! /em & are only atta*$ by ! upp] angle !y are said to be adnex$4 ,?is t]m is (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!rs1 z s9uate-adnex$ 7,fig4 #bdh1 small figure71 or asc5d+ adnex$ 7,fig4 #bdh1 l>g] plant74 ,sometimes ! lamell are adnate1 adnex$1 etc41 & h a slight decurr5t process or too? z 9 ,myc5a gal]iculata 7,fig4 #bde74 ,9 _m plants ! gills sep>ate v readily f ! /em :5 ! plants are h&l$4 ,sometimes m]ely ! expansion ( ! pileus te>s !m away1 s t x is necess>y to use great caution1 & (t5 to exam9e plants 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t to det]m9e ! real condition ( ! lamell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bdf4 ,,figure #bdg4 ,,figure #bdh4 ,,figure #bdf4--,tri*oloma1 gills s9uate1 /ipe solid4 ,,figure #bdg4--,panolus papilionaceus1 gills adnate4 ,,figure #bdh4--,left-h& small plant1 ,hygrophorus1 gills s9uate1 adnex$4 ,"r-h& plant ,panolus retirugis1 gills asc5d+ adnex$1 veil app5diculate4 ,9 c]ta9 g5]a ! gills h special *>act]i/ics :i* may be not$ "h4 ,usually ! edge ( ! lamell is acute or %>p l ! blade ( a knife1 b 9 ,can?>ellus & ,trogia ! edges are v blunt or obtuse4 ,9 extreme =ms ! lamell are r$uc$ to m]e ve9s or ridges4 ,aga91 ! edge is g5]ally entire1 i4 e41 n noticeably too!d1 b 9 ,l5t9us x is (t5 too!d or cut 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 "s o!r plants ! edges are s]rulate1 cr5ulate1 etc4 ,9 ,s*izophyllum alneum1 a small :iti% plant v common on dead /icks1 ! gills are split l5g?wise along ! edge ) ! halves revolute1 i4 e41 roll$ back4 ,9 ,copr9us ! gills & (t5 a l>ge "p ( ! pileus melt at maturity into a d>k1 inky fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bdi4--,section ( portion ( gill ( ,m>asmius cohr5s4 t1 trama ( gill2 %1 sub-hym5ium2 h1 hym5ium lay]4 ,! long1 d>k cells are br[n cy/idia1 t]m$ spicules by "s to di/+ui% !m f ! colorless cy/idia4 ,! long cells be>+ ! oval spores are ! basidia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bej4--;,inocybe rep&a 7,bull47 ,bres4 7 ,entoloma rep&um ,bull474 t1 trama ( pileus2 %1 sub-hym5ium2 h1 ! hym5ial lay]2 ! long cells ) a drop ( moi/ure at ! ends are cy/idia 7s+4 cy/idium74 ,! hym5ium4--,! t]m hym5ium is appli$ to ! spore-be>+ tissue ( _m fungi4 ,9 ! ,ag>icace ! hym5ium cov]s ! entire surface ( ! gills & usually ! portion ( ! pileus betwe5 ! gills4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! ?reads =m+ ! trama ( ! gills gr[ out f ! l[] side ( ! pileus & p]p5dicul> to its "u surface4 ,z gr[? advances _m bran*es ( ! ?reads turn outw>d t[>d ei!r surface ( ! gill & f9ally t]m9ate 9 club-%ap$ cells4 ,^! cells1 !re=e1 lie side by side1 p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 =m+ a pavem5t1 z x 71 ov] ! entire surface ( ! gills4 ,"s ( !m put out f\r little prongs1 on ea* ( :i* a spore is borne1 :ile o!rs simply rema9 z /]ile cells 7,figs4 #bdi1 #bej74 ,! spore-be>+ cells are basidia2 ! o!rs are call$ p>aphyses4 ,!y resemble ea* o!r v mu*1 except t ! basidia be> f\r /]igmata & a spore on ea*4 ,9 a few species ! numb] ( /]igmata is r$uc$ to two & 9 "s l[ =ms ! numb] is v>iable4 ,! lay] j b5ea? ! basidia is usually m or less modifi$1 be+ (t5 compos$ ( small cells diff]5t f ! re/ ( ! trama4 ,?is is call$ ! sub-hym5ial lay] or sub-hym5ium 7,fig4 #bej74 ,o!r cells call$ cy/idia occur 9 ! hym5ia ( v>i\s species di/ribut$ ?r\gh ne>ly all ! g5]a ( ! ag>ics4 ,cy/idia are l>ge1 usually inflat$1 cells :i* project above ! re/ ( ! hym5ium 7,fig4 #bej74 ,!y orig9ate ei!r l ! basidia1 f ! sub-hym5ial cells 7,fig4 #bej71 or f special hyph deep] d[n 9 ! trama ( ! gill 7,fig4 #bdi74 ,!y are scatt]$ ov] ! entire surface ( ! hym5ium1 b become m num]\s on ! edge ( ! lamell4 ,_! numb] is mu* small] ?an t ( ! basidia1 b 9 "s species :]e !y are color$ !y may greatly *ange ! appe>ance ( ! gills4 ,cy/idia (t5 secrete moi/ure :i* collects 9 drops at _! tips1 a ph5om5on common to all free fung\s cells4 ,! /em4--,! /em is usually fix$ to ! c5t] ( ! pileus1 b x may be ecc5tric1 i4 e41 fix$ to "o side ( ! c5t]1 or entirely lat]al4 ,:5 ! /em is want+ ! pileus is sessile4 ,) reg>d to its int]ior ! /em is solid1 :5 x is ev5ly fle%y ?r\gh\t 7,fig4 #bdf71 or holl[ :5 ! int]ior is occupi$ by a cavity 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,if ! cavity is n>r[ & tubul> ! /em is fi/ulose 7,fig4 #bde72 & if ! c5t] is fill$ ) a pi?y sub/ance x is /uff$ 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,^! t]ms apply only to ! natural condition ( ! /em1 & n ! condition br\ght ab\t by l>v1 :i* eat out ! int]ior ( ! /em1 caus+ x to be holl[ or fi/ulose4 ,! t]ms applicable to ! consi/5cy ( ! /em are difficult to def9e4 ,9 g5]al1 /ems may be ei!r fle%y or c>tilag9\s4 ,! mean+ ( ^! t]ms c be/ be le>n$ by c>eful /udy ( specim5s ( ea*1 b a few g5]al *>act]s c be giv5 "h4 ,fle%y1 fibr\s /ems occur 9 ! g5]a ,clitocybe & ,tri*oloma1 among ! :ite-spor$ =ms4 ,_! consi/5cy is l t ( ! pileus1 namely1 made up ( fle%y1 fibr\s tissue4 ,!y are usually /\t1 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! plant1 & :5 b5t or brok5 !y seem to be m or less spongy or t\gh1 fibr\s1 s t !y d n snap readily4 ,c>tilag9\s /ems h a consi/5cy resembl+ t ( c>tilage4 ,_! texture is always diff]5t f t ( ! pileus1 :i* is fle%y or membran\s4 ,9 g5]al su* /ems are r sl5d]1 9 _m g5]a r ?91 b firm4 ,:5 b5t suffici5tly !y ei!r snap sudd5ly1 or break l a gre5 /raw1 )\t sep>at+4 ,9 reg>d to _! ext]nal appe>ance "s resemble fibr\s /ems1 :ile o!rs are smoo? & poli%$ z 9 ,myc5a & ,omphalia4 ,! veil4--,9 ! "y /ages ( developm5t ! m>g9 ( ! pileus lies 9 close contact ) ! /ipe1 ! l9e ( sep>ation be+ indicat$ by a k9d ( furr[ :i* runs ar\nd ! "y button mu%room4 ,9 _m g5]a1 z ,collybia1 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 etc41 ! pileus simply exp&s )\t hav+ its m>g9 ev] unit$ to ! /ipe by any special /ructure1 b 9 o!r =ms1 :i* include by f> ! great] numb] ( g5]a ( ! ,ag>icace & "s ,boleti1 ! int]val betwe5 ! /em & pileus is bridg$ ov] by ?reads gr[+ f ! m>g9 ( ! pileus & f ! out] lay]s ( ! /em4 ,^! ?reads int]lace to =m a delicate membrane1 kn[n z ! veil1 :i* closes ! gap betwe5 ! /em & pileus & cov]s ov] ! "y hym5ium4 ,! veil rema9s firm = a "t1 b x is f9ally torn by ! exp&+ pileus1 & its remnants p]si/ on ! cap & /em 9 ! =m ( v>i\s app5dages1 ^: "* dep5ds on ! "* ( ! veil4 ,9 ,cort9>ius ! veil is made up ( delicate ?reads ext5d+ radially f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap )\t =m+ a true membrane4 ,f its resemblance to a spid]'s web su* a veil is said to be ara*noid4 ,at maturity m]e traces ( x c be f\nd on ! /em4 ,9 _m g5]a ! veil consi/s ( a delicate membrane :i* te>s away f ! /em & hangs 9 flakes to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,9 ^! cases ! veil is app5diculate 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,frequ5tly x is s delicate t no trace ( x rema9s on ! mature plant4 ,:]e ! veil is well develop$ x usually rema9s on ! /em z a r+ or annulus :i* becomes free & movable 9 species ( ,lepiota 7,fig4 #bdb7 & ,copr9us1 or =ms a hang+ annul> curta9 9 ,amanita1 or a ?ick1 felty r+ 9 ,ag>icus1 etc4 ,9 "s plants 7species ( ,lepiota7 ! annulus is cont9u\s ) ! out] cortex ( ! /em1 :i* !n appe>s z if x 7 p>tially enclos$ 9 a %ea?1 ) ! annulus =m+ a fr+e on ! upp] end ( ! %ea?1 f :i* ! apex ( ! /em projects4 ,no ref]5ce is "h made to ! volva1 :i* encloses ! entire plant1 & :i* is describ$ 9 connection ) ! g5]a 9 :i* x occurs4 ,! few typical *>act]s describ$ "h w help ! /ud5t to become famili> ) t]ms appli$ to !m4 ,9 nature1 h[ev]1 typical cases r>ely exi/1 & x is (t5 necess>y to draw di/9ction betwe5 diff]5ces s slight t x is almo/ impossible to describe !m4 ,only by pati5t /udy & a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! *>act]s ( ea* g5us c "o hope to become famili> ) ! _m mu%rooms gr[+ 9 our woods & fields4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,analytical ,,keys4 ,by ! ,au?or4 ,,class ,,fungi4 ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4,f ,plants ( l>ge or m$ium size2 fle%y1 membranace\s1 lea!ry1 woody or gelat9\s2 gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 on wood or decay+ organic matt]2 usually saprophytic1 m r>ely p>asitic4 ,fruit+ surface1 or hym5ium1 =m$ ( num]\s cr[d$ p]p5dicul> basidia1 ! apex ( ! latt] be>+ two to six 7usually f\r7 basidiospores1 or ! basidiospores borne lat]ally2 9 _m cases cy/idia int]m+l$ ) ! basidia4 ,hym5ium ei!r free at ! beg9n+1 or enclos$ ei!r p]man5tly or tempor>ily 9 a m or less p]fect p]idium or veil4 ,basidiospores cont9u\s or r>ely septate1 globose1 obovoid1 ellipsoidal to oblong1 smoo? or r\gh5$1 hyal9e or color$1 borne s+ly at ! apex ( /]igmata4 ,ord] ,ga/]omycetes4 ,plants membranace\s1 lea!ry or fle%y1 furni%$ ) a p]idium & gleba1 ! latt] be+ sometimes support$ on a receptacle4 ,hym5ium on ! surface ( ! gleba :i* is enclos$ )9 ! p]idium up to ! maturity ( ! spores or long]2 spores cont9u\s1 sphroid or ellipsoid1 hyal9e or color$4 ,puff-balls1 etc4 ,ord] ,hym5omycetes4 ,hym5ium1 at ! beg9n+1 borne on ! free out] surface ( ! comp\nd sporophore1 or if at fir/ enclos$ by a pseudo-p]idium or veil x soon becomes expos$ be=e ! maturity ( ! spores2 mu%rooms1 etc4 ,,hym5omycetes4 ,analytical ,key ( ! ,families4 ,plants n gelat9\s2 basidia cont9u\s4 #a ,plants gelat9\s or sub-gelat9\s1 basidia =k$1 or divid$ longitud9ally or transv]sely4 #d #a--;,hym5ium unev51 i4 e41 9 ! =m ( radiat+ plates1 or folds2 or a honey-comb$ surface1 or reticulate1 w>ty1 sp9y1 etc4 #b ,hym5ium smoo? 7n z 9 ,b1 ?\gh x may be convolute & irregul>1 or ribb$1 or ve9$74 #c #b--;,hym5ium usually on ! "u side1 9 ! =m ( radiat+ plates1 or /rong folds4 ,! g5us ,phlebia 9 ! ,hydnaceae has ! hym5ium on smoo?1 some:at radiat+ ve9s :i* are int]rupt$ & irregul>4 ,"o exotic g5us has ! hym5ium on num]\s irregul> obtuse lobes 7,rhacophyllus74 ,ag>icace4 #ag ,hym5ium usually bel[ 7or on ! out] surface :5 ! plant is spread ov] ! sub/ratum71 honey-comb$1 por\s1 tubulose1 or reticulate2 9 "o g5us ) %ort1 conc5tric plates4 ,polyporace4 #aga ,hym5ium usually bel[ 7or on ! out] surface :5 ! plant is spread ov] ! sub/ratum71 w>t$1 tub]culate1 or ) /\t1 sp9\s processes2 or ) int]rupt$ ve9-l folds 9 resup9ate =ms4 ,hydnace4 #aie #c--,plants some:at corky or membranace\s1 m or less exp&$2 hym5ium on ! "u surface 7upp] surface /]ile71 or on ! out] or expos$ surface :5 ! plant is spread ov] ! sub/ratum 7m>g9 may !n sometimes be free1 b upp] surface1 i4 e41 t t[>d ! sub/ratum1 /]ile74 7,m9ute sl5d] sp9es are sometimes int]m+l$ ) ! elem5ts ( ! hym5ium1 & %\ld n be mi/ak5 = ! /\t] sp9\s processes ( ! ,hydnace74 ,!lephorace4 #bjh ,plants m or less fle%y1 upright 7nev] spread ov] ! surface ( ! sub/ratum71 simple or bran*$4 ,hym5ium cov]+ bo? sides & ! upp] surface4 ,clav>iace4 #bjj #d--;,basidia =k$ or longitud9ally divid$2 or if cont9u\s !n globose1 or be>+ num]\s spores2 or if ! plant is lea!ry1 membran\s1 or floccose1 !n basidia z describ$4 ,hym5ium cov]+ ! entire free surface or conf9$ to "o portion2 smoo?1 gyrose1 fold$ or lob$2 or hym5ium lamellate1 por\s1 reticulate or too!d =ms :i* are gelat9\s & provid$ ) cont9u\s basidia may be s\ght "h4 ,tremell9e4 #bjd ,,family ,,ag>icaceae4 ,pileus m or less exp&$1 convex1 bell-%ap$2 /ipe c5tral or ne>ly s2 or ! po9t ( atta*m5t lat]al1 :5 ! /ipe may be %ort or ! pileus sessile & %elv+4 ,fruit+ surface usually on ! "u side & expos$ t[>d ! e>?1 lamellate1 or prom95tly fold$ or ve9$4 ,lamell or gills radiat+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! pileus ) ! /ipe or ) ! sub/ratum 9 ! sessile =ms2 lamell simple or bran*$1 r>ely ana/omos+ beh9d1 clo!d ext]nally on bo? surfaces ) ! basidia1 ea* ( :i* be>s f\r spores 7r>ely two71 cy/idia (t5 pres5t4 ,key to ! ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 7,sometimes !re is a fa9t t+e ( p9k or lilac :5 ! spores are 9 bulk1 b ! color is n se5 "u ! microscope47 ,plants s(t1 fle%y or ne>ly s1 usually soon decay+2 dri$ plants d n revive well :5 moi/5$4 #a ,plants t\gh1 ei!r fle%y or gelat9\s1 membranace\s1 corky or woody1 p]si/5t1 reviv+ :5 moi/5$4 #ac #a--;,gills acute on ! edge4 #b ,edge ( ! gills obtuse1 or gills fold-l1 or ve9-l1 b prom95t4 #ab #b--,trama ( ! pileus ( int]wov5 ?reads1 n vesiculose4 #c ,trama ( ! pileus vesiculose1 plants rigid b q fragile4 #aa #c--;,gills ?91 n mu* broad5$ t[>d ! pileus4 #d ,gills broad5$ t[>d ! pileus1 ( waxy consi/5cy4 ,hygrophorus4 #aaj #d--,/ipe c5tral or sub-c5tral4 7,"s species ( ,pleurotus are sub-c5tral1 b ! gills are usually n decurr5t47 #e ,/ipe on "o side ( ! pileus1 or none1 r>ely ) ! /ipe sub-c5tral4 7,"s species ( ,clitocybe are sub-c5tral47 ,pleurotus4 #ajb #e--,/ipe fle%y1 pileus easily sep>at+ f ! /ipe1 gills usually free4 #f ,/ipe fle%y or fibr\s & ela/ic1 pileus conflu5t ) ! /ipe & ( ! same texture4 #g ,/ipe c>tilag9\s1 pileus conflu5t ) ! /ipe1 b ( a diff]5t texture4 #i #f--,volva & annulus pres5t on ! /ipe4 ,amanita4 #eb ,volva pres5t1 annulus want+4 ,amanitopsis4 #gd ,volva want+1 annulus pres5t4 ,lepiota4 #gg #g--;,annulus & volva want+4 #h ,annulus usually pres5t 7sometimes vague71 volva want+1 gills atta*$ to ! /ipe4 ,armill>ia4 #hc #h--;,gills s9uate4 ,tri*oloma4 #hg ,gills decurr5t1 n s9uate4 ,clitocybe4 #hi #i--;,gills decurr5t1 pileus umbilicate4 ,omphalia4 #ajj ,gills n decurr5t4 #aj #aj--,m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ involute1 pileus flat or ne>ly s1 some:at fle%y 7"s plants r t\gh & t5d+ t[>d ! consi/5cy ( ,m>asmius74 ,collybia4 #ib ,m>g9 ( ! pileus at fir/ /raight1 pileus slightly bell-%ap$1 ?94 ,myc5a4 #ic ,gills usually free1 pileus deeply plicate s t ! gills are split :]e !y are atta*$ to ! pileus1 pileus membranace\s1 v t5d] b n difflu5t4 ,hiatula4 #aa--,plants :]e bruis$ exud+ a milky or color$ juice4 ,lact>ius4 #aad ,plants n exud+ a juice :]e bruis$4 ,russula4 #abe #ab--;,gills decurr5t1 di*otom\s1 edge blunt4 ,can?>ellus4 #abh ,gills n decurr5t1 plants p>asitic on o!r mu%rooms4 ,nyctalis4 #ac--;,edge ( gills n split into two lam94 #ad ,edge ( gills split into two lam9 & revolute4 ,s*izophyllum4 #acf #ad--,plants lea!ry1 ei!r fle%y1 membrane\s1 or gelat9\s4 #ae ,plants corky or woody 7plac$ by "s 9 ,polyporace74 ,l5zites4 #ae--,/ipe sep>ate f ! pileus 7hym5ophore71 easily sep>at+4 #af ,/ipe cont9u\s ) hym5ophore4 #ag #af--,plants t\gh & fle%y1 membranace\s or lea!ry4 ,m>asmius4 #acj ,plants gelat9\s & lea!ry4 ,heliomyces4 #ag--;,edge ( ! gills acute4 #ah ,edge ( ! gills obtuse4 #ai #ah--;,edge ( gills usually s]rate4 ,l5t9us4 #acd ,edge ( gills entire4 ,panus4 #acd #ai--;,gills di*otom\s4 ,x]otus4 ,gills fold-l1 irregul>4 ,trogia4 #acg ,!re are only a few r>e species ( ,hiatula1 ,nyctalis1 ,heliomyces & ,x]otus 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,none are "h describ$4 ,,! ,,o*re-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 7,! spores are yell[i% br[n or ru/y br[n47 ,gills n sep>at+ readily f #a ,gills sometimes sep>at+ readily f ! pileus1 =k$ or ana/omos+ at ! base1 or connect$ ) ve9-l reticulations4 ,paxillus4 #afe #a--,univ]sal veil n ara*noid 7i4 e41 n cobwebby74 #b ,univ]sal veil ara*noid1 di/9ct f ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 gills p[d]y f ! spores4 ,cort9>ius4 #afa #b--,/ipe c5tral4 #c ,/ipe ecc5tric or none4 ,crepidotus4 #aei #c--,volva or annulus pres5t on /ipe4 #d ,volva & annulus want+4 #e #d--,/ipe ) an annulus4 ,pholiota4 #aej ,/ipe ) a volva4 ,locell9a 7n report$ 9 ,u4 ,s474 #e--;,gills free f ! /em4 ,pluteolus4 ,gills atta*$4 #f #f--;,gills n dissolv+ nor becom+ p[d]y4 #g ,gills dissolv+ into a gelat9\s or p[d]y condition1 n difflu5t z 9 ,copr9us4 ,bolbitius4 #afc #g--,/ipe fle%y4 #h ,/ipe c>tilag9\s or sub-c>tilag9\s4 #aj #h--;,gills some:at s9uate4 #i ,gills adnate or decurr5t4 ,flammula4 #aef #i--;,cuticle ( ! pileus silky or be>+ fibrils4 ,inocybe4 #aeh ,cuticle ( pileus smoo?1 viscid4 ,hebeloma4 #aeg #aj--;,gills decurr5t4 ,tub>ia4 #aei ,gills n decurr5t4 #aa #aa--,m>g9 ( pileus inflex$4 ,naucoria4 #aec ,m>g9 ( pileus /raight1 f ! fir/4 ,gal]a4 #aee ,no species ( ,pluteolus are "h describ$4 ,,! ,,rosy-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 7,! spores are rose color1 p9k1 fle% or salmon color47 ,/ipe c5tral4 #a ,/ipe ecc5tric or none & pileus lat]al4 ,claudopus4 #adi #a--,pileus easily sep>at+ f ! /ipe1 gills free4 #b ,pileus conflu5t ) ! /ipe & ( ! same texture1 gills atta*$1 9 "s becom+ almo/ free4 #c #b--,volva pres5t & di/9ct1 annulus want+4 ,volv>ia4 #adj ,volva & annulus want+4 ,pluteus4 #ach #c--,/ipe fle%y to fibr\s1 m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ incurv$4 #d ,/ipe c>tilag9\s4 #e #d--;,gills s9uate4 ,entoloma4 #adc ,gills decurr5t4 ,clitopilus4 #adb #e--;,gills n decurr5t 7or if s only by a m9ute too?71 easily sep>at+ f ! /ipe4 #f ,gills decurr5t1 pileus umbilicate4 ,eccilia4 #adh #f--,pileus slightly convex1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,leptonia4 #adg ,pileus bell-%ap$1 m>g9 at fir/ /raight & press$ close aga9/ ! /ipe4 ,nolanea4 ,no species ( ,nolanea are describ$ "h4 ,,! ,,br[n-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 7,! spores are d>k br[n or purpli% br[n47 ,pileus easily sep>at+ f ! /em2 gills usually free4 #a ,pileus cont9u\s ) ! /em2 gills atta*$4 #b #a--,volva want+1 annulus pres5t4 7,psalliota ,fr47 ,ag>icus4 #ah ,volva pres5t1 annulus want+4 ,*itonia4 ,volva & annulus want+4 ,pilosace4 #b--,veil pres5t4 #c ,veil want+ or obsolete4 #d #c--;,annulus pres5t1 gills atta*$4 ,/roph>ia4 #ca ,annulus want+1 veil rema9+ atta*$ to m>g9 ( pileus4 ,hypholoma4 #bf #d--,/ipe t5aci\s1 m>g9 ( pileus fir/ incurv$4 #e ,/ipe fragile1 m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ /raight4 ,psa?yra4 #e--;,gills sub-triangul>ly decurr5t4 ,deconica4 ,gills n decurr5t4 ,psilocybe4 ,b few species ( ,psa?yra1 ,deconica1 ,*itonia & ,pilosace are not$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,none are "h describ$4 ,,! ,,black-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,pileus pres5t to :i* ! gills are atta*$4 #a ,pileus want+1 gills atta*$ to a disk at apex ( /em f :i* !y radiate4 ,montagnites4,g #a--;,gills m or less deliquesc+1 or pileus ?91 membran\s & splitt+ betwe5 ! lam9 ( ! gills & becom+ m or less plicate4 ,copr9us4 #cb ,gills n deliquesc+1 etc4 #b #b--,spores globose1 ovoid4 #c ,spores elongate1 fusi=m 79 "s species br[n71 plants ) a slimy envelope4 ,gomphidius4 #di #c--,pileus some:at fle%y1 n /riate1 project+ beyond ! gills at ! m>g92 gills v>iegat$ 9 color f gr\ps ( d>k spores on ! surface4 #d ,pileus some:at fle%y1 m>g9 /riate1 gills n v>iegat$4 ,psa?yrella4 #dh #d--;,annulus want+1 b veil (t5 pres5t4 ,panolus4 #de ,annulus want+1 veil app5diculate on m>g9 ( cap4 ,*alymotta4 #dh ,annulus pres5t4 ,anell>ia4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,te*nical ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4 ,abbreviations3 cm4 c5timet] 7ab\t #b-a_/b cm4 make "o in*74 mm4 millimet] 7ab\t #be mm4 make #a in*74 "o micron 7#ajjj #a mm474 ,adnate1 said ( ! gills :5 !y are atta*$ squ>ely1 or broadly1 to ! /em4 ,adnex$1 said ( gills :5 !y are atta*$ only slightly or only by ! upp] angle ( ! /em4 ,ana/omose1 runn+ toge!r 9 a net-l mann]4 ,annulus1 ! r+ or coll> ar\nd ! /em =m$ f ! inn] or p>tial veil4 ,app5diculate1 said ( ! veil :5 x cl+s 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,ara*noid1 said ( ! veil :5 x is cobwebby1 t is1 =m$ ( loose ?reads4 ,ascus1 ! club-%ap$ body :i* be>s ! spores inside 7*>act]i/ic ( ! ,ascomycetes74 ,basidium 7pl4 basidia7 ! club-%ap$ body :i* be>s ! spores 9 ! ,basidiomycetes4 ,^! /& p>allel1 & toge!r make up ! entire or l>ge "p ( ! hym5ium or fruit+ surface :i* cov]s ! gills1 etc4 ,p>aphyses 7/]ile cells7 & sometimes cy/idia 7long] /]ile cells7 or sp9es are int]m+l$ ) ! basidia4 ,bulb\s1 said ( ! enl>g$ l[] end ( ! /em 9 "s mu%rooms4 ,circumscissile1 splitt+ transv]sely across ! middle1 us$ to indicate "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! volva ruptures4 ,cort9a1 a cobwebby veil4 ,cuticle1 ! sk9-l lay] on ! outside ( ! pileus4 ,decurr5t1 said ( ! gills :5 !y ext5d d[nw>d on ! /em4 ,difflu5t1 said ( ! gills :5 !y dissolve into a fluid4 ,dimidiate1 halv$1 said ( a sessile pileus semi-circul> 9 =m & atta*$ by ! plane edge directly to ! wood4 ,e*9ulate1 t]m appli$ to m9ute sp9\s processes1 on ! spores = example4 ,ecc5tric1 said ( a /em :5 x is atta*$ to "s o!r po9t ?an ! c5t] ( ! pileus4 ,fimbriate1 9 ! =m ( a delicate fr+e4 ,fi/ulose1 becom+ holl[4 ,floccose1 t]m appli$ to indicate delicate & s(t ?reads1 cottony ext5sions f ! surface ( any "p ( ! mu%room4 ,flocculose1 m9utely floccose4 ,fugaci\s1 disappe>+4 ,fulig9\s 7or fulig9e\s71 d>k br[n1 sooty or smoky4 ,fulv\s1 tawny1 r$di% yell[4 ,fusi=m1 sp9dle-%ap$4 ,fusoid1 l a sp9dle4 ,furfurace\s1 ) num]\s m9ute scales4 ,gleba1 ! *amb]$ tissue =m+ ! hym5ium 7fruit+ surface7 9 ! puff-balls & _! allies4 ,hygrophan\s1 appe>+ to be wat] soak$4 ,hym5ium1 ! fruit+ surface ( ! mu%rooms & o!r fungi4 ,hym5omycetes1 ! subdivision ( ! ,basidiomycetes 9 :i* ! fruit+ surface is expos$ be=e ! spores are ripe4 ,hym5ophore1 ! portion ( ! fruit body :i* be>s ! hym5ium4 ,hypha 7pl4 hyph71 a s+le mycelium ?read4 ,imbricate1 ov]lapp+ l ! %+les on a ro(4 ,involute1 fold$ or roll$ inw>d4 ,lamella 7pl4 lamell71 ! gills ( ! mu%room4 ,mycelium1 ! vegetative or gr[+ portion ( ! mu%rooms1 & o!r fungi1 made up ( sev]al or _m ?reads4 ,ocreate1 appli$ to ! volva :]e x fits ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 z a /ock+ does ! leg4 ,pect9ate1 l ! tee? ( a comb4 ,p]idium1 ! wall ( ! puff-balls1 etc4 ,pileus 7pl4 pilei71 ! cap ( ! mu%room4 ,plicate1 plait$1 or fold$ l a fan4 ,punctate1 ) m9ute po9ts4 ,pulv]ul5t1 ) a m9ute p[d]y sub/ance4 ,rep&1 wavy4 ,resup9ate1 spread ov] ! matrix1 ! fruit+ surface ext]nal & ! pileus next ! wood4 ,revolute1 roll$ backw>d4 ,rugose1 wr9kl$4 ,rugulose1 ) m9ute wr9kles4 ,saprophytic1 gr[+ on dead organic matt]4 ,sessile1 :]e ! pileus is atta*$ directly to ! matrix )\t any /em4 ,s9uate1 said ( ! gills :5 !y are not*$ at _! junction ) ! /em4 ,/ipe1 ! /em4 ,sulcate1 furr[$4 ,squamulose1 ) m9ute scales4 ,squ>rose1 ) prom95t reflex$ scales4 ,tom5tose1 ) a d5se1 matt$1 hairy or woolly surface4 ,trama1 ! int]ior portion ( ! gills or pileus4 ,umbo1 ) a prom95t boss or elevation1 9 ! c5t] ( ! pileus4 ,umbilicate1 ) a m9ute abrupt depression 9 ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,veil1 a lay] ( ?reads ext5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! cap to ! /em 7p>tial veil or m>g9al veil74 ,a univ]sal veil envelops ! entire plant4 ,ve9s1 elevat$ l9es or folds runn+ ov] ! surface ( ! lamell 9 "s species1 & (t5 connect$ s z to =m reticulations4 ,v5tricose1 enl>g$ or broad5$ at ! middle1 belli$4 ,vesiculose1 full ( small r\nd$ vesicles1 z ! trama ( ! pileus ( a ,russula4 ,volva1 a wrapp] or envelope1 :i* 9 ! "y /age completely surr\nds ! plant1 same z univ]sal veil4 ,at maturity ( ! plant x may be left 9 ! =m ( a cup at ! base ( ! /em1 or brok5 up into fragm5ts & di/ribut$ ov] ! cap & base ( ! /em4 ,,footnotes3 ,f ,! sub-class ,ascomycetes includes ! morels1 helvellas1 cup fungi1 etc41 & _m microscopic =ms1 9 :i* ! spores are borne inside a club-%ap$ body1 ! ascus4 ,only a few ( ! g5]a are describ$ 9 ?is book1 & ! te*nical diagnosis w be omitt$4 ,see page #baf4 ,g ,"o ,am]ican species 9 ,texas4 ,,index ,,( ,,g5]a1 ,,& ,,illu/rations4 ,,note4--,9 ?is index ! g5]ic & specific names h be5 divid$ into syllables1 & ! place ( ! prim>y acc5t has be5 indicat$1 ) ! s+le object ( secur+ a uni=m pronunciation 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ rules ( ,engli% or?oepy4 ,ag>icus 7,a-g>'i-cus71 #ah--bf4 arv5sis 7ar-v5'sis71 #ba1 fig4 #ah4 campe/ris 7cam-pes'tris71 #a--i1 #ah1 figs4 #a--g1 #ab4 comtulus 7com'tu-lus71 #bd1 fig4 #bd4 cretaceus 7cre-ta'ce-u71 #gi4 dim9utivus 7di-m9-u-ti'vus71 #bf4 e*9atus 7e*-i-na'tus71 #aeh4 fabaceus 7fa-ba'ce-u71 #bc4 m>itimus 7ma-rit'i-mus71 #adb4 placomyces 7pla-com'y-ces71 #bc1 pl4 #d1 #e1 figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 rodmani 7rod'ma-ni71 #bj1 fig4 #ag4 silvaticus 7sil-vat'i-cus71 #bc4 silvicola 7sil-vic'o-la71 #bj1 figs4 #ai1 #bj4 subrufesc5s 7sub-ru-fes'c5s71 #bc4 ,amanita 7,am-a-ni'ta71 #eb4 cs>ea 7c'-sa're-a71 #gj1 pls4 #ah1 #ai1 fig4 #gb4 co?urnata 7co?-ur-na'ta71 #ff #fi1 pl4 #ag1 figs4 #fh--gj4 floccocephala 7floc-co-ceph'a-la71 #fb1 fig4 #fc4 fro/iana 7fros-ti-a'na71 #ed1 #ee1 #fg1 pl4 #a4 mappa 7map'pa71 #eh4 musc>ia 7mus-ca'ri-a71 #eb--ed1 pls4 #a1 #ab1 #ac1 figs4 #eb--ed4 pan!r9a 7pan-!-ri'na71 #fi4 phalloides 7phal-loi'des71 #c1 #ad1 #ee--fa1 #gh1 pl4 #ad1 figs4 #ee--eh4 polypyramis 7pol-y-pyr'a-mis71 #gd4 rubesc5s 7ru-bes'c5s71 #ga1 #gb1 pls4 #ai1 #bj1 figs4 #gc1 #gd4 spreta 7spre'ta71 #fi1 #gj1 fig4 #ga4 solit>ia 7sol-i-ta'ri-a71 #gb--gd1 pls4 #ba1 #bb1 figs4 #ge1 #gf4 /robili=mis 7/rob-i-li-='mis71 #gc4 velatipes 7ve-lat'i-pes71 #fc--ff1 pls4 #ae1 #af1 figs4 #fd--fg4 v]na 7v]'na71 #fj1 #fa1 #gh1 figs4 #ei--fa4 virosa 7vi-ro'sa71 #fa1 #fb1 fig4 #fb4 ,amanitopsis 7,a-man-i-top'sis71 #gd4 f>9osa 7f>-i-no'sa71 #gf1 #gg1 fig4 #gh4 livida 7liv'i-da71 #ge4 nivalis 7ni-va'lis71 #gf4 spadicea 7spa-dic'e-a71 #ge4 vag9ata 7vag-i-na'ta71 #gd--gf1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #gg4 volvata 7vol-va'ta71 #gf4 ,armill>ia 7,ar-mil-la'ri-a71 #hc4 aurantia 7au-ran'ti-a71 #hd--hf1 fig4 #hf4 mellea 7mel'le-a71 #hc1 #hd1 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #he4 ,annul>ia lvis 7,an-nu-la'ri l'vis71 #gh4 ,ascomycetes 7,z-co-my-ce'tes71 #baf4 ,basidiomycetes 7,ba-sid-i-o-my-ce'tes71 #bfj4 ,black-spor$ ag>ics1 #cb4 ,bolbitius 7,bol-bit'i-u71 #afc4 v>iicolor 7va-ri-ic'o-lor71 #afd1 fig4 #aeh4 ,bolet9us 7,bo-le-ti'nus71 #agb4 pictus 7pic'tus71 #ahc1 fig4 #age4 porosus 7po-ro'sus71 #ahd1 pl4 #fc1 fig4 #agf4 ,boletus 7,bo-le'tus71 #agb4 am]icanus 7a-m]-i-ca'nus71 #agh1 fig4 #aga4 brevipes 7brev'i-pes71 #agi4 bulbosus 7bul-bo'sus71 #agb4 *romapes 7*ro'ma-pes71 #agf1 pl4 #ei1 fig4 #afh4 edulis 7e-du'lis71 #agb1 #agc1 #agf1 pls4 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 figs4 #afd1 #afe4 felleus 7fel'le-u71 #agc1 pl4 #eh1 fig4 #aff4 flavidus 7flav'i-dus71 #agh4 granulatus 7gran-u-la'tus71 #agh4 luteus 7lu'te-u71 #aha1 #ahb1 pl4 #fb1 figs4 #agc1 #agd4 obsonium 7ob-s'ni-um71 #agg1 pl4 #fa1 fig4 #agj4 ornatipes 7or-nat'i-pes71 #agd1 #agf4 punctipes 7punc'ti-pes71 #agi1 fig4 #agb4 retipes 7re'ti-pes71 #agd--agf1 fig4 #afg4 scab] 7sca'b]71 #agd4 subluteus 7sub-lu'te-u71 #aha1 #ahb4 subtom5tosus 7sub-tom-en-to'sus71 #afg1 #afh4 v]miculosus 7v]-mic-u-lo'sus71 #agg1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #afi4 ,bovi/a 7,bo-vis'ta71 #bji4 ,calo/oma 7,ca-los'to-ma71 #bab4 c9nab>9um 7c9-na-ba-ri'num71 #bab1 #bac1 pl4 #hb1 fig4 #baa4 lutesc5s 7lu-tes'c5s71 #bab4 ,calvatia 7,cal-va'ti-a71 #bji4 ,can?>ellus 7,c-?a-rel'lus71 #abh4 aurantiacus 7au-ran-ti'a-cus71 #abi1 #acj1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #abg1 #abh4 cib>ius 7ci-ba'ri-u71 #abh1 fig4 #abf4 ,*alymotta retirugis 7,*al-y-mot'ta re-ti-ru'gis71 #dh4 ,clav>ia 7,cla-va'ri-a71 #bja4 botrytes 7bo-try'tes71 #bjb1 fig4 #bjb4 =mosa 7=-mo'sa71 #bja1 pl4 #hj1 fig4 #bja4 mucida 7mu'ci-da71 #bjc1 fig4 #bjd4 pi/ill>is 7pis-til-la'ris71 #bjc1 fig4 #bjc4 ,clav>iace 7,cla-va-ri-a'ce-71 #bjj4 ,coral fungi1 #bjj4 ,clitocybe 7,cli-toc'y-be71 #hi4 c&ida 7c'di-da71 #hi1 pls4 #bh1 #bi1 figs4 #ij1 #ia4 cya?i=mis 7cy-a-?i-='mis71 #ij4 illud5s 7il-lu'd5s71 #ij1 fig4 #ib4 infundibuli=mis 79-fun-dib-u-li-='mis71 #ij1 fig4 #bdd4 laccata 7lac-ca'ta71 #hi4 multiceps 7mul'ti-ceps71 #ia1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #ic4 pelleti]i 7pel-let-i-e'ri71 #afh4 ,clitopilus 7,cli-top'i-lus71 #adb4 orcella 7or-cel'la71 #adc4 prunulus 7pru'nu-lus71 #adb1 pl4 #dd1 fig4 #ach4 ,collybia 7,col-lyb'i-a71 #ib4 dryophila 7dry-oph'i-la71 #bjd1 fig4 #bje4 longipes 7lon'gi-pes71 #ic4 la*nophylla 7la*-no-phyl'la71 #acb4 platyphylla 7plat-y-phyl'la71 #ic4 radicata 7rad-i-ca'ta71 #ib1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #id4 sp9ulif]a 7sp9-u-lif'e-ra71 #acb4 velutipes 7ve-lu'ti-pes71 #ib1 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #ie4 ,copr9us 7,co-pri'nus71 #cb4 atram5t>ius 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,tremella 7,tre-mel'la71 #bjd4 frondosa 7fron-d'sa71 #bje1 fig4 #bjf4 fuci=mis 7fu-ci-='mis71 #bjf1 fig4 #bjg4 lutesc5s 7lu-tes'c5s71 #bje4 mycetophila 7my-ce-toph'i-la71 #bjd1 fig4 #bje4 ,tri*oloma 7,tri*-o-lo'ma71 #hg4 peckii 7peck'i-i71 #he1 #hf4 p]sonatum 7p]-s-na'tum71 #hg1 figs4 #hg1 #hh4 sejunctum 7se-junc'tum71 #hh1 fig4 #hi4 ,trogia 7,tro'gi-a71 #acg4 crispa 7cris'pa71 #acg1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #acd4 ,tub>ia 7,tu-ba'ri-a71 #aei4 pellucida 7pel-lu'ci-da71 #aei1 fig4 #aec4 ,tube-be>+ fungi1 #aga4 ,v]pa bohemica 7,v]'pa bo-hem'i-ca71 #bai4 ,volv>ia 7vol-va'ri-a71 #adj4 bombyc9a 7bom-byc'i-na71 #adj1 #ada1 fig4 #acg4 speciosa 7spe-ci-o'sa71 #ada1 #adb4 ,:ite-spor$ ag>ics1 #eb4 ,,index ,,to ,,species4 acicula 7,myc5a71 #ig4 acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #ha4 adiposa 7,pholiota71 #aea4 adu/a 7,russula71 #abg4 rug9osa 7,/roph>ia71 #cb4 alneum 7,s*izophyllum71 #acf4 alutacea 7,russula71 #abe4 ambigua 7,ddalea71 #af4 ambigua 7,trametes71 #af4 am]icana 7,lepiota71 #hj4 am]icanus 7,boletus71 #agh4 antipoda 7,gal]a71 #aee4 applanatus 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 applanatus 7,polyporus71 #aic4 app5diculatum 7,hypholoma71 #bg4 applicatus 7,pleurotus71 #aji4 arv5sis 7,ag>icus71 #bj4 asp]ula 7,lepiota71 #hb4 asprella 7,leptonia71 #adg4 atram5t>ius 7,copr9us71 #dj4 atro-tom5tosus 7,paxillus71 #afi4 aurantia 7,armill>ia71 #hd4 aurantiacus 7,can?>ellus71 #abi4 aurivella 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 badhami 7,lepiota71 #ha4 bispora 7,mor*ella71 #bai4 bohemica 7,v]pa71 #bai4 bombyc9a 7,volv>ia71 #adj4 botrytes 7,clav>ia71 #bjb4 brevipes 7,boletus71 #agi4 brumalis 7,polyporus71 #aia4 bulbosus 7,boletus71 #agb4 cs>ea 7,amanita71 #gj4 calolepis 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 campe/ris 7,ag>icus71 #ah4 campanella 7,omphalia71 #aja4 c&ida 7,clitocybe71 #hi4 c&olleanum 7,hypholoma71 #bh4 can?>ellus 7,crat]ellus71 #bjh4 caput-m$us 7,hydnum71 #aih4 caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #aig4 caudic9us 7,polyporus71 #aij4 c]as9a 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 c]v9us 7,pluteus71 #ach4 *elidonium 7,lact>ius71 #abd4 *imonophilus 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 *romapes 7,boletus71 #agf4 *rysodon 7,hygrophorus71 #aaa4 *rysorrheus 7,lact>ius71 #abb4 cib>ius 7,can?>ellus71 #abh4 c9nab>9um 7,calo/oma71 #bab4 c9nab>9us 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 c9namomeus 7,cort9>ius71 #afb4 c9namomeus 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 cocc9ea 7,s>coscypha71 #bbb4 cocc9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #aab4 cohr5s 7,m>asmius71 #acb4 cohr5s 7,myc5a71 #acb4 coll9itus 7,cort9>ius71 #afa4 comatus 7,copr9us71 #cc4 commune 7,s*izophyllum71 #acf4 comtulus 7,ag>icus71 #bd4 conica 7,mor*ella71 #bag4 conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 connatus 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 copr9oides 7,gal]a71 #aee4 coralloides 7,hydnum71 #aif4 cornucopioides 7,crat]ellus71 #bjh4 corrugatus 7,paxillus71 #agj4 corrugis 7,lact>ius71 #aaf4 corticatus 7,pleurotus71 #ajf4 co?urnata 7,amanita71 #ff4 cretaceus 7,ag>icus71 #gi4 crassipes 7,mor*ella71 #bai4 crispa 7,helvella71 #bai4 crispa 7,trogia71 #aci4 cri/ata 7,lepiota71 #ha4 cru/ul9i=me 7,hebeloma71 #aeh4 cyano?rix 7,myc5a71 #ih4 cya?i=me 7,lycop]don71 #bji4 cya?i=mis 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 cya?i=mis 7,panus71 #ace4 deliciosa 7,mor*ella71 #bai4 deliciosus 7,lact>ius71 #abc4 dim9utivus 7,ag>icus71 #bf4 dissem9ata 7,psa?yrella71 #dh4 dry9us 7,pleurotus71 #aje4 dryophila 7,collybia71 #bjd4 duplicata 7,dictyophora71 #bad4 eburneus 7,hygrophor\s71 #aaa4 e*9ata 7,inocybe71 #aeh4 edulus 7,boletus71 #agb4 emetica 7,russula71 #abg4 epi*ysium 7,omphalia71 #aja4 epipt]ygia 7,myc5a71 #if4 er9aceus 7,hydnum71 #aih4 escul5ta 7,gyromitra71 #bbj4 escul5ta 7,mor*ella71 #bag4 f>9osa 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 felleus 7,boletus71 #agc4 fimicola 7,panolus71 #dh4 firma 7,fi/ul9a71 #ahf4 flava 7,gal]a71 #aee4 flavidus 7,boletus71 #agh4 flavidus 7,paxillus71 #afh4 floccocephala 7,amanita71 #fb4 floccopus 7,/robilomyces71 #ahe4 floccosa 7,s>coscypha71 #bba4 fo5isecii 7,psilocybe71 #dh4 fom5t>ius 7,polyporus71 #aid4 =mosa 7,clav>ia71 #bja4 fragile 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 fragilis 7,russula71 #abg4 frondosa 7,tremella71 #bje4 frondosus 7,polyporus71 #ahh4 fro/iana 7,amanita71 #ed4 fuci=mis 7,tremella71 #bjf4 fulig9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 fulig9osus 7,lact>ius71 #aah4 fulvotom5tosus 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 furcata 7,russula71 #abg4 fusig] 7,sp9ellus71 #ie4 gal]iculata 7,myc5a71 #id4 gemmatum 7,lycop]don71 #baj4 g]>dii 7,lact>ius71 #aai4 giganteum 7,lycop]don71 #baj4 gl&ulosa 7,exidia71 #bjf4 glut9osus 7,gomphidius71 #ea4 granulatus 7,boletus71 #agh4 graveol5s 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 grayanum 7,entoloma71 #add4 hmatopa 7,myc5a71 #ih4 hepatica 7,fi/ul9a71 #ahf4 h]b>um 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 hirsutus 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 hypo!jus 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 igni>ius 7,polyporus71 #aid4 illud5s 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 imbricatum 7,hydnum71 #aih4 impudicus 7,i?yphallus71 #baf4 incana 7,leptonia71 #adg4 indigo 7,lact>ius71 #abe4 infundibuli=mis 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 intybaceus 7,polyporus71 #ahi4 involutus 7,paxillus71 #aff4 johnsoniana 7,pholiota71 #aec4 jubatum 7,entoloma71 #adc4 laccata 7,clitocybe71 #hi4 la*nophylla 7,collybia71 #acb4 la*rymabundum 7,hypholoma71 #bh4 lacrymans 7,m]ulius71 #aid4 lacunosa 7,helvella71 #bbj4 lvis 7,annul>ia71 #gh4 lat]itia 7,gal]a71 #aee4 lecomtei1 7,l5t9us71 #ace4 lepida 7,russula71 #abf4 lepideus 7,l5t9us71 #ace4 lignyotus 7,lact>ius71 #aag4 livida 7,amanitopsis71 #ge4 longipes 7,collybia71 #ic4 lubrica 7,leotia71 #bba4 lucidus 7,polyporus71 #aic4 leucophu 7,polyporus71 #aid4 lutesc5s 7,calo/oma71 #bab4 lutesc5s 7,mitremyces71 #bac4 lutesc5s 7,tremella71 #bje4 luteus 7,boletus71 #aha4 macroc>pus 7,sp9ellus71 #ie4 mappa 7,amanita71 #eh4 m>g9ata 7,pholiota71 #aea4 m>itimus 7,ag>icus71 #adb4 m]ismoides 7,phlebia71 #aie4 mellea 7,armill>ia71 #hc4 micaceus 7,copr9us71 #db4 m9iatus 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 morgani 7,lepiota71 #hj4 mucida 7,clav>ia71 #bjc4 musc>ia 7,amanita71 #eb4 mycetophila 7,tremella71 #bje4 nauc9a 7,lepiota71 #gg4 nigricans 7,gomphidius71 #di4 nigricans 7,russula71 #abg4 nivalis 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 oblectans 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 obsonium 7,boletus71 #agg4 o*roleucus 7,cort9>ius71 #afc4 orcella 7,clitopilus71 #adc4 oreades 7,m>asmius71 #aca4 ornatipes 7,boletus71 #agd4 o/reatus 7,pleurotus71 #ajd4 pallida 7,fi/ul9a71 #ahf4 pan!r9a 7,amanita71 #fi4 panuoides 7,paxillus71 #agj4 papilionaccus 7,panolus71 #dh4 p>adoxa 7,flammula71 #afh4 peckii 7,tri*oloma71 #he4 pelleti]i 7,clitocybe71 #afh4 pellucida 7,tub>ia71 #aei4 p]5nis 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 p]gam5us 7,lact>ius71 #aba4 p]gam5us 7,poly/ictus71 #aic4 p]plexum 7,hypholoma71 #bg4 p]sonatum 7,tri*oloma71 #hg4 petaloides 7,pleurotus71 #ajg4 phalloides 7,amanita71 #ee4 pictus 7,bolet9us71 #ahc4 p9icola 7,polyporus71 #aid4 pip]atus 7,lact>ius71 #abj4 pi/ill>is 7,clav>ia71 #bjc4 pi/ill>is 7,crat]ellus71 #bjc4 placomyces 7,ag>icus71 #ai4 platyphylla 7,collybia71 #ic4 polita 7,eccilia71 #adh4 poly*roa 7,flammula71 #aef4 polygramma 7,myc5a71 #id4 polypyramis 7,amanita71 #gd4 porosus 7,bolet9us71 #ahd4 prcox1 7,pholiota71 #aej4 prlonga 7,myc5a71 #id4 prat5sis 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 proc]a 7,lepiota71 #gi4 prunulus 7,clitopilus71 #adb4 psittac9us 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 punctipes 7,boletus71 #agi4 pura 7,myc5a71 #ie4 putidum 7,hydnum71 #aii4 pyri=me 7,lycop]don71 #baa4 ra*odes 7,lepiota71 #gi4 radicata 7,collybia71 #ic4 rav5elii 7,dictyophora71 #bae4 rep&a 7,inocybe71 #beg4 rep&um 7,entoloma71 #adc4 rep&um 7,hydnum71 #aih4 resimus 7,lact>ius71 #aba4 retirugis 7,*alymotta71 #dh4 retirugis 7,panolus71 #de4 rhodoxan?us 7,flammula71 #afh4 rhodoxan?us 7,gomphidius71 #afh4 rhodoxan?us 7,paxillus71 #afg4 rodmani 7,ag>icus71 #bj4 rotula 7,m>asmius71 #acj4 rubesc5s 7,amanita71 #ga4 rudis 7,panus71 #ace4 rufus 7,gyrocephalus71 #bjg4 rugocephalum 7,hypholoma71 #cj4 sapidus 7,pleurotus71 #ajd4 sap9ea 7,flammula71 #aeg4 scab] 7,boletus71 #agd4 sejunctum 7,tri*oloma71 #hh4 semiglobata 7,/roph>ia71 #ca4 semilib]a 7,mor*ella71 #bai4 semiorbicul>is 7,naucoria71 #aec4 s]ot9us 7,pleurotus71 #aji4 silvaticus 7,ag>icus71 #ba4 silvicola 7,ag>icus71 #bb4 solidipes 7,panolus71 #dh4 solit>ia 7,amanita71 #gb4 spadicea 7,amanitopsis71 #ge4 speciosa 7,volv>ia71 #ada4 sp9ulif]a 7,collybia71 #acb4 spl5d5s 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 spreta 7,amanita71 #fi4 squ>rosa 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 squ>rosoides 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 /]cor>ia 7,/roph>ia71 #cb4 /ipticus 7,l5t9us71 #ace4 /ipticus 7,panus71 #ace4 /rictius 7,entoloma71 #ade4 /rigosus 7,panus71 #ace4 /robilaceus 7,/robilomyces71 #ahd4 /robili=mis 7,amanita71 #gc4 sublat]itium 7,hypholoma71 #bf4 subluteus 7,boletus71 #aha4 subrufesc5s 7,ag>icus71 #bc4 subsqu>rosa 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 subtom5tosus 7,boletus71 #afg4 succosa 7,myc5a71 #ajj4 sulphureus 7,polyporus71 #aij4 sulfureoides 7,pleurotus71 #ajg4 tammii 7,flammula71 #agi4 t5]a 7,gal]a71 #aee4 tom5tosulus 7,pluteus71 #adj4 tomn9osus 7,lact>ius71 #aai4 tremellosus 7,m]ulius71 #aid4 ulm>ius 7,pleurotus71 #ajb4 umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #ahi4 unicolor 7,pholiota71 #aea4 vag9ata 7,amanitopsis71 #gd4 v>iicolor 7,bolbitius71 #afd4 velut9um 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 velatipes 7,amanita71 #fc4 velutipes 7,collybia71 #ib4 velutipes 7,spa?ul>ia71 #bbj4 v]miculosus 7,boletus71 #agg4 v]na 7,amanita71 #fj4 v]nalis 7,naucoria71 #aed4 v]rucosum 7,scl]od]ma71 #bab4 v]sicolor 7,poly/ictus71 #aib4 v]sutus 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 violac5s 7,cort9>ius71 #afa4 viresc5s 7,russula71 #abf4 virosa 7,amanita71 #fa4 volemus 7,lact>ius71 #aae4 volvata 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 vulg>e 7,scl]od]ma71 #bab4 vulg>is 7,myc5a71 #ig4 vulp9us 7,l5t9us71 #acd4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,page #ag ,a ,= analytical keys to ! families & g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,*apt] ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,app>5tly ,*apt]s 7 add$ mak+ ^! ref]5ces outdat$4 ,page #ah ,b ,= analytical key to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,*apt] ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #cb ,! spores are black 9 mass1 n purple t+$4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #cc ,*ang$ kornos to kopros 9 accordance ) pr9t$ correction li/4 ,page #eb ,! spores are :ite 9 mass1 or sometimes ) a fa9t yell[i% or lilac t+e4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #ed ,figures #eb--ed are f plants 7,no4 #bjfe ,c4 ,u4 h]b>ium7 collect$ 9 an op5 woods ne> ,i?aca4 ,= ! poison\s prop]ty ( ! plant see ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,*ang$ ,*apt] ,,xx to ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,page #eh condition ( ! circumsissle ,*ang$ to circumscissile4 ,page #fj z ,a4 v]na2 ! pilus convex1 ! annulus broad & entire1 ,*ang$ to pileus4 ,page #fi a few remnants ( ! volva1 /riate on ! m>g91 & #a-4e cm4 ,un*ang$1 al?\gh #a-a4e cm4 may h be5 int5d$4 ,page #ga ,fac+ ,plate #ai ,fig4 #b4--;,a4 cs>ia4 ,*ang$ to cs>ea4 ,page #ajd (t5 9 a recticulate fa%ion4 ,! spores are :ite1 oblong1 #g--aj ,*ang$ to 'reticulate'4 ,page #acb v>iations be+ due to numb]s ( color$ cy/ida ,*ang$ to cy/idia4 ,page #ach ,! spores are rosy1 p9k1 salmon color$1 fle% color$1 or r$di%4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,*apt] ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #adh ,! pileus is convex & umbilcate1 some:at membranace\s1 smoo?1 ,*ang$ to umbilicate4 ,page #aej ,! spores are o*re yell[1 ru/y1 ru/y-br[n1 or "s %ade ( yell[4 ,= analytical keys to ! g5]a see ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,*ang$ ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #aee membrane\s1 ovate or companulate ,*ang$ to campanulate4 ,page #afd dur+ ,may & ,june1 #ahih1 9 a fre%ly manur$ grass plat betwe5 plat a portion ( flat1 ev5 gr\nd4 ,page #ahb 7 f\nd 9 op5 woods "u ,kalmia 7 ! sun _h an opportunity ,*ang$ to ':]e ! sun'4 ,page #bji giant buff-ball1 & ! ,l4 cya?i=me1 :]e ! wall or p]idium ,*ang$ to 'puff-ball'4 ,page #bbj ,*ang$ ,gyromytra to ,gyromitra 9 accordance ) ! corrections li/4 ,page #bbf !n ! specim5 mu/ be cov]$ ) a bell-b> or o!r receiv] ,*ang$ to 'bell-j>'4 ,page #bfe or comp>tm5t :]e !re is little moi/ure1 until ! bricks are ,un*ang$4 ,al?\gh1 'a little moi/ure' seems to make m s5se4 ,page #bhc also wa% & remove ! pores f half a doz5 good siz$ beef/eak ,*ang$ to 'spores'4 ,page #bij made1 b x may be assum$ t ! soluble cabohydrates ,*ang$ to c>bohydrates4 ,page #cjg honey-comb$ surface1 or recticulate1 ,*ang$ to 'reticulate'4 ,page #cji ,gills n decurr5t1 plants p>a/ic on o!r mu%rooms4 ,*ang$ to p>asitic4 ,page #caj #d--,/ipe t5ace\s1 m>g9 ( pileus fir/ incurv$4 ,*ang$ to t5aci\s4 ,page #cbj c>nucopioides 7,crat]ellus71 #bjh4 ,*ang$ to cornucopioides4 ,page #cbb spreta 7,amanita71 #fi4 ,relocat$ alphbetically #b l9es up f orig9al4 ,hyph5ation ,"s hyph5ation is inconsi/5t dep5d+ on :e!r x is us$ 9 text or 9 an index_/gloss>y4 ,acc5ts ,"s acc5ts are inconsi/5t betwe5 text & illu/ration captions4