file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bfdib-;h4htm or #bfdib-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ f_/d_/i_/bfdib_/bfdib-;h_/#bfdib-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ f_/d_/i_/bfdib_/bfdib-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original 7bold74 ,an em-dash or double hyphen 7--7 is used in this e-text to indicate ranges4 ,in chemical formulas1 a subscriped number is preceded by and underscore 7,h#b,o74 ,a detailed transcriber's note is at the end of the text4 ,,studies ,,of ,,american ,,fungi1 ,,mushrooms1 ,,edible1 ,,poisonous1 ,,etc4 by ,,george ,,francis ,,atkinson ,professor of ,botany in ,cornell ,university1 and ,botanist of the ,cornell ,university ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,recipes for ,cooking ,mushrooms1 by ,mrs4 ,sarah ,tyson ,rorer ,chemistry and ,toxicology of ,mushrooms1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,clark ,with #bcj ,illustrations from ,photographs by the ,author1 and ,colored ,plates by ,f4 ,r4 ,rathbun ,,second ,,edition ,illustration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,amanita muscaria4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a4 frostiana4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,printer's logo4 ,new ,york ,henry ,holt and ,company #aijc ,copyright1 #aijj1 #aija1 by ,geo4 ,f4 ,atkinson4 ,,introduction4 ,since the issue of my ,studies and ,illustrations of ,mushrooms1 as ,bulletins #ach and #afh of the ,cornell ,university ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 there have been so many inquiries for them and for literature dealing with a larger number of species1 it seemed desirable to publish in book form a selection from the number of illustrations of these plants which ,i have accumulated during the past six or seven years4 ,the selection has been made of those species representing the more important genera1 and also for the purpose of illustrating1 as far as possible1 all the genera of agarics found in the ,united ,states4 ,this has been accomplished except in a few cases of the more unimportant ones4 ,there have been added1 also1 illustrative genera and species of all the other orders of the higher fungi1 in which are included many of the edible forms4 ,the photographs have been made with great care after considerable experience in determining the best means for reproducing individual1 specific1 and generic characters1 so important and difficult to preserve in these plants1 and so impossible in many cases to accurately portray by former methods of illustration4 ,one is often asked the question3 ,how do you tell the mushrooms from the toadstools8 ,this implies that mushrooms are edible and that toadstools are poisonous1 and this belief is very widespread in the public mind4 ,the fact is that many of the toadstools are edible1 the common belief that all of them are poisonous being due to unfamiliarity with the plants or their characteristics4 ,some apply the term mushroom to a single species1 the one in cultivation1 and which grows also in fields 7,agaricus campestris71 and call all others toadstools4 ,it is becoming customary with some students to apply the term mushroom to the entire group of higher fungi to which the mushroom belongs 7,basidiomycetes71 and toadstool is regarded as a synonymous term1 since there is1 strictly speaking1 no distinction between a mushroom and a toadstool4 ,there are1 then1 edible and poisonous mushrooms1 or edible and poisonous toadstools1 as one chooses to employ the word4 ,a more pertinent question to ask is how to distinguish the edible from the poisonous mushrooms4 ,there is no single test or criterion1 like the silver spoon test1 or the criterion of a scaly cap1 or the presence of a poison cup or death cup1 which will serve in all cases to distinguish the edible from the poisonous4 ,two plants may possess identical characters in this respect1 i4 e41 each may have the death cup1 and one is edible while the other is poisonous1 as in ,amanita csarea1 edible1 and ,a4 phalloides1 poisonous4 ,there are additional characters1 however1 in these two plants which show that the two differ1 and we recognize them as two different species4 ,to know several different kinds of edible mushrooms1 which occur in greater or less quantity through the different seasons1 would enable those interested in these plants to provide a palatable food at the expense only of the time required to collect them4 ,to know several of the poisonous ones also is important1 in order certainly to avoid them4 ,the purpose of this book is to present the important characters which it is necessary to observe1 in an interesting and intelligible way1 to present life-size photographic reproductions accompanied with plain and accurate descriptions4 ,by careful observation of the plant1 and comparison with the illustrations and text1 one will be able to add many species to the list of edible ones1 where now perhaps is collected only the one which is pink underneath4 ,the chapters #ag to #ba should also be carefully read4 ,the number of people in ,america who interest themselves in the collection of mushrooms for the table is small compared to those in some ,european countries4 ,the number1 however1 is increasing1 and if a little more attention were given to the observation of these plants and the discrimination of the more common kinds1 many persons could add greatly to the variety of their foods and relishes with comparatively no cost4 ,the quest for these plants in the fields and woods would also afford a most delightful and needed recreation to many1 and there is no subject in nature more fascinating to engage one's interest and powers of observation4 ,there are also many important problems for the student in this group of plants4 ,many of our species and the names of the plants are still in great confusion1 owing to the very careless way in which these plants have usually been preserved1 and the meagerness of recorded observations on the characters of the fresh plants1 or of the different stages of development4 ,the study has also an important relation to agriculture and forestry1 for there are numerous species which cause decay of valuable timber1 or by causing heart rot entail immense losses through the annual decretion occurring in standing timber4 ,if this book contributes to the general interest in these plants as objects of nature worthy of observation1 if it succeeds in aiding those who are seeking information of the edible kinds1 and stimulates some students to undertake the advancement of our knowledge of this group1 it will serve the purpose the author had in mind in its preparation4 ,i wish here to express my sincere thanks to ,mrs4 ,sarah ,tyson ,rorer for her kindness in writing a chapter on recipes for cooking mushrooms1 especially for this book2 to ,professor ,i4 ,p4 ,roberts1 ,director of the ,cornell ,university ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 for permission to use certain of the illustrations 7,figs4 #a--g1 #ab--ad1 #ca--dc7 from ,bulletins #ach and #afh1 ,studies and ,illustrations of ,mushrooms2 to ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,rathbun1 for the charts from which the colored plates were made2 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,clark and ,mr4 ,h4 ,hasselbring1 for the ,chapters on ,chemistry and ,toxicology of ,mushrooms1 and ,characters of ,mushrooms1 to which their names are appended1 and also to ,dr4 ,chas4 ,peck1 of ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,dr4 ,g4 ,bresadola1 of ,austria-,hungary1 to whom some of the specimens have been submitted4 ,,geo4 ,f4 ,,atkinson1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,october1 #aijj4 ,cornell ,university4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,in this edition have been added #aj plates of mushrooms of which ,i did not have photographs when the first edition was printed4 ,it was possible to accomplish this without changing the paging of any of the descriptive part1 so that references to all of the plants in either edition will be the same4 ,there are also added a chapter on the ,uses of ,mushrooms1 and an extended chapter on the ,cultivation of ,mushrooms4 ,this subject ,i have been giving some attention to for several years1 and in view of the call for information since the appearance of the first edition1 it seemed well to add this chapter1 illustrated by several flashlight photographs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,a4 ,september1 #aija4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,page ,chapter ,i4 ,form and ,characters of the ,mushrooms1 #a ,chapter ,,ii4 ,development of the ,mushroom1 #e ,chapter ,,iii4 ,gill ,bearing ,fungi2 ,agaricace1 #ag ,chapter ,,iv4 ,the ,purple-,brown-,spored ,agarics1 #ah ,chapter ,v4 ,the ,black-,spored ,agarics1 #cb ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,white-,spored ,agarics1 #eb ,chapter ,,vii4 ,the ,rosy-,spored ,agarics1 #ach ,chapter ,,viii4 ,the ,ochre-,spored ,agarics1 #aej ,chapter ,,ix4 ,the ,tube ,bearing ,fungi2 ,polyporace1 #aga ,chapter ,x4 ,hedgehog ,fungi2 ,hydnace1 #aie ,chapter ,,xi4 ,coral ,fungi2 ,clavariace1 #bjj ,chapter ,,xii4 ,the ,trembling ,fungi2 ,tremelline1 #bjd ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,thelephorace1 #bjh ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,puff-,balls2 ,lycoperdace1 #bji ,chapter ,,xv4 ,stinkhorn ,fungi2 ,phalloide1 #bac ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,morels1 ,cup-,fungi1 ,helvellas1 etc41 ,discomycetes1 #baf ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,collection and ,preservation of the ,fleshy ,fungi1 #bbb ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,selection and ,preparation of ,mushrooms for the ,table1 #bbi ,chapter ,,xix4 ,uses of ,mushrooms1 #bca ,fungi in the ,arts1 #bcd ,chapter ,,xx4 ,cultivation of ,mushrooms1 #bcg ,the ,cave ,culture of ,mushrooms in ,america1 #bci ,the ,house ,culture of ,mushrooms1 #bda ,curing the ,manure1 #bdg ,making up the ,beds1 #bej ,what ,spawn ,is1 #bee ,spawning the ,beds1 #bfc ,chapter ,,xxi4 ,recipes for ,cooking ,mushrooms 7,mrs4 ,sarah ,tyson ,rorer71 #bgg ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,chemistry and ,toxicology of the ,fungi 7,j4 ,f4 #bhh ,clark71 ,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,description of ,terms applied to ,certain ,structural ,characters of ,mushrooms 7,h4 ,hasselbring71 #bih ,,appendix4 ,analytical ,keys 7,the ,author71 #cjg ,glossary of ,technical ,terms 7,the ,author71 #cac ,index to ,genera and ,illustrations1 #cae ,index to ,species1 #cba ,,corrections4 ,page #cc1 #ajth line1 for ,greek3 kornos read ,greek3 kopros4 ,page #bbj1 lines #f and #i1 for ,gyromytra read ,gyromitra4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,form ,,and ,,characters ,,of ,,the ,,mushroom4 ,value of ,form and ,characters4--,the different kinds of mushrooms vary in form4 ,some are quite strikingly different from others1 so that no one would have difficulty in recognizing the difference in shape4 ,for example1 an umbrella-shaped mushroom like the one shown in ,fig4 #a or #ha is easily distinguished from a shelving one like that in ,fig4 #i or #ahh4 ,but in many cases different species vary only slightly in form1 so that it becomes a more or less difficult matter to distinguish them4 ,in those plants 7for the mushroom is a plant7 where the different kinds are nearly alike in form1 there are other characters than mere general form which enable one to tell them apart4 ,these1 it is true1 require close observation on our part1 as well as some experience in judging of the value of such characters2 the same habit of observation and discrimination we apply to everyday affairs and to all departments of knowledge4 ,but so few people give their attention to the discrimination of these plants that few know the value of their characters1 or can even recognize them4 ,it is by a study of these especial characters of form peculiar to the mushrooms that one acquires the power of discrimination among the different kinds4 ,for this reason one should become familiar with the parts of the mushroom1 as well as those characters and markings peculiar to them which have been found to stamp them specifically4 ,parts of the ,mushroom4--,to serve as a means of comparison1 the common pasture mushroom1 or cultivated form 7,agaricus campestris71 is first described4 ,figure #a illustrates well the principal parts of the plant2 the cap1 the radiating plates or gills on the under side1 the stem1 and the collar or ring around its upper end4 ,the ,cap4--,the cap 7technically the pileus7 is the expanded part of the mushroom4 ,it is quite thick1 and fleshy in consistency1 more or less rounded or convex on the upper side1 and usually white in color4 ,it is from #a--b cm4 thick at the center and #e--aj cm4 in diameter4 ,the surface is generally smooth1 but sometimes it is torn up more or less into triangular scales4 ,when these scales are prominent they are often of a dark color4 ,this gives quite a different aspect to the plant1 and has led to the enumeration of several varieties1 or may be species1 among forms accredited by some to the one species4 ,the ,gills4--,on the under side of the pileus are radiating plates1 the gills1 or lamell 7sing4 lamella74 ,these in shape resemble somewhat a knife blade4 ,they are very thin and delicate4 ,when young they are pink in color1 but in age change to a dark purple brown1 or nearly black color1 due to the immense number of spores that are borne on their surfaces4 ,the gills do not quite reach the stem1 but are rounded at this end and so curve up to the cap4 ,the triangular spaces between the longer ones are occupied by successively shorter gills1 so that the combined surface of all the gills is very great4 ,illustration3 ,,figure4 #a4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,view of under side showing stem1 annulus1 gills1 and margin of pileus4 7,natural size47 ,the ,stem or ,stipe4--,the stem in this plant1 as in many other kinds1 is attached to the pileus in the center4 ,the purpose of the stem seems quite surely to be that of lifting the cap and the gills up above the ground1 so that the spores can float in the currents of air and be readily scattered4 ,the stem varies in length from #b--aj cm4 and is about #a--a-a_/b cm4 in diameter4 ,it is cylindrical in form1 and even1 quite firm and compact1 though sometimes there is a central core where the threads are looser4 ,the stem is also white and fleshy1 and is usually smooth4 ,the ,ring4--,there is usually present in the mature plant of ,agaricus campestris a thin collar 7annulus7 or ring around the upper end of the stem4 ,it is not a movable ring1 but is joined to the stem4 ,it is very delicate1 easily rubbed off1 or may be even washed off during rains4 ,parts ,present in ,other ,mushrooms--,the ,volva4--,some other mushrooms1 like the deadly ,amanita 7,amanita phalloides7 and other species of the genus ,amanita1 have1 in addition to the cap1 gills1 stem1 and ring1 a more or less well formed cup-like structure attached to the lower end of the stem1 and from which the stem appears to spring4 7,figs4 #ee1 #gb1 etc47 ,this is the volva1 sometimes popularly called the death cup1 or poison cup4 ,this structure is a very important one to observe1 though its presence by no means indicates in all cases that the plant is poisonous4 ,it will be described more in detail in treating of the genus ,amanita1 where the illustrations should also be consulted4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #b4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,buttons just appearing through the sod4 ,some spawn at the left lower corner4 ,soil removed from the front4 7,natural size47 ,presence or ,absence of ,ring or ,volva4--,of the mushrooms which have stems there are four types with respect to the presence or absence of the ring and volva4 ,in the first type both the ring and volva are absent1 as in the common fairy ring mushroom1 ,marasmius oreades2 in the genus ,lactarius1 ,russula1 ,tricholoma1 ,clitocybe1 and others4 ,in the second type the ring is present while the volva is absent1 as in the common mushroom1 ,agaricus campestris1 and its close allies2 in the genus ,lepiota1 ,armillaria1 and others4 ,in the third type the volva is present1 but the ring is absent1 as in the genus ,volvaria1 or ,amanitopsis4 ,in the fourth type both the ring and volva are present1 as in the genus ,amanita4 ,the ,stem is ,absent in ,some ,mushrooms4--,there are also quite a large number of mushrooms which lack a stem4 ,these usually grow on stumps1 logs1 or tree trunks1 etc41 and one side of the cap is attached directly to the wood on which the fungus is growing4 ,the pileus in such cases is lateral and shelving1 that is1 it stands out more or less like a shelf from the trunk or log1 or in other cases is spread out flat on the surface of the wood4 ,the shelving form is well shown in the beautiful ,claudopus nidulans1 sometimes called ,pleurotus nidulans1 and in other species of the genus ,pleurotus1 ,crepidotus1 etc4 ,these plants will be described later1 and no further description of the peculiarities in form of the mushrooms will be now attempted1 since these will be best dealt with when discussing species fully under their appropriate genus4 ,but the brief general description of form given above will be found useful merely as an introduction to the more detailed treatment4 ,chapter ,,xxi should also be studied4 ,for those who wish the use of a glossary1 one is appended at the close of the book1 dealing only with the more technical terms employed here4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #c4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,soil washed from the spawn and buttons1 showing the young buttons attached to the strands of mycelium4 7#a-a_/d natural size47 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,mushroom4 ,when the stems of the mushrooms are pulled or dug from the ground1 white strands are often clinging to the lower end4 ,these strands are often seen by removing some of the earth from the young plant1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,this is known among gardeners as spawn4 ,it is through the growth and increase of this spawn that gardeners propagate the cultivated mushroom4 ,fine specimens of the spawn of the cultivated mushroom can be seen by digging up from a bed a group of very young plants1 such a group as is shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,here the white strands are more numerous than can readily be found in the lawns and pastures where the plant grows in the feral state4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,sections of buttons at different stages1 showing formation of gills and veil covering them4 7,natural size47 ,nature of ,mushroom ,spawn4--,this spawn1 it should be clearly understood1 is not spawn in the sense in which that word is used in fish culture2 though it may be employed so readily in propagation of mushrooms4 ,the spawn is nothing more than the vegetative portion of the plant4 ,it is made up of countless numbers of delicate1 tiny1 white1 jointed threads1 the mycelium4 ,mycelium of a ,mold4--,a good example of mycelium which is familiar to nearly every one occurs in the form of a white mold on bread or on vegetables4 ,one of the molds1 so common on bread1 forms at first a white cottony mass of loosely interwoven threads4 ,later the mold becomes black in color because of numerous small fruit cases containing dark spores4 ,this last stage is the fruiting stage of the mold4 ,the earlier stage is the growing1 or vegetative1 stage4 ,the white mycelium threads grow in the bread and absorb food substances for the mold4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,nearly mature plants1 showing veil stretched across gill cavity4 7,natural size47 ,mushroom ,spawn is in the ,form of ,strands of ,mycelium4--,now in the mushrooms the threads of mycelium are usually interlaced into definite strands or cords1 especially when the mycelium is well developed4 ,in some species these strands become very long1 and are dark brown in color4 ,each thread of mycelium grows1 or increases in length1 at the end4 ,each one of the threads grows independently1 though all are intertwined in the strand4 ,in this way the strand of mycelium increases in length4 ,it even branches as it extends itself through the soil4 ,the ,button ,stage of the ,mushroom4--,the spawn stage1 or strands of mycelium1 is the vegetative or growing stage of the mushroom4 ,these strands grow through the substance on which the fungus feeds4 ,when the fruiting stage1 or the mushroom1 begins there appear small knobs or enlargements on these strands1 and these are the beginnings of the button stage1 as it is properly called4 ,these knobs or young buttons are well shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,they begin by the threads of mycelium growing in great numbers out from the side of the cords4 ,these enlarge and elongate and make their way toward the surface of the ground4 ,they are at first very minute and grow from the size of a pinhead to that of a pea1 and larger4 ,now they begin to elongate somewhat and the end enlarges as shown in the larger button in the figure4 ,here the two main parts of the mushroom are outlined1 the stem and the cap4 ,at this stage also the other parts of the mushroom begin to be outlined4 ,the gills appear on the under side of this enlargement at the end of the button1 next the stem4 ,they form by the growth of fungus threads downward in radiating lines which correspond in position to the position of the gills4 ,at the same time a veil is formed over the gills by threads which grow from the stem upward to the side of the button1 and from the side of the button down toward the stem to meet them4 ,this covers the gills up at an early period4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #f4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,under view of two plants just after rupture of the veil1 fragments of the latter clinging both to margin of the pileus and to stem4 7,natural size47 ,from the ,button ,stage to the ,mushroom4--,if we split several of the buttons of different sizes down through the middle1 we shall be able to see the position of the gills covered by the veil during their formation4 ,these stages are illustrated in ,fig4 #d4 ,as the cap grows in size the gills elongate1 and the veil becomes broader4 ,but when the plant is nearly grown the veil ceases to grow1 and then the expanding cap pulls so strongly on it that it is torn4 ,figure #e shows the veil in a stretched condition just before it is ruptured1 and in ,fig4 #f the veil has just been torn apart4 ,the veil of the common mushroom is very delicate and fragile1 as the illustration shows1 and when it is ruptured it often breaks irregularly1 sometimes portions of it clinging to the margin of the cap and portions clinging to the stem1 or all of it may cling to the cap at times2 but usually most of it remains clinging for a short while on the stem4 ,here it forms the annulus or ring4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #g4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,plant in natural position just after rupture of veil1 showing tendency to double annulus on the stem4 ,portions of the veil also dripping from margin of pileus4 7,natural size47 ,the ,color of the ,gills4--,the color of the gills of the common mushroom varies in different stages of development4 ,when very young the gills are white4 ,but very soon the gills become pink in color1 and during the button stage if the veil is broken this pink color is usually present unless the button is very small4 ,the pink color soon changes to dark brown after the veil becomes ruptured1 and when the plants are quite old they are nearly black4 ,this dark color of the gills is due to the dark color of the spores1 which are formed in such great numbers on the surface of the gills4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #h4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,section of gill showing trtrama2 shsub-hymenium2 bbasidium1 the basidia make up the hymenium2 ststerigma2 gspore4 7,magnified47 ,structure of a ,gill4--,in ,fig4 #h is shown a portion of a section across one of the gills1 and it is easy to see in what manner the spores are borne4 ,the gill is made up1 as the illustration shows1 of mycelium threads4 ,the center of the gill is called the trama4 ,the trama in the case of this plant is made up of threads with rather long cells4 ,toward the outside of the trama the cells branch into short cells1 which make a thin layer4 ,this forms the sub-hymenium4 ,the sub-hymenium in turn gives rise to long club-shaped cells which stand parallel to each other at right angles to the surface of the gill4 ,the entire surface of the gill is covered with these club-shaped cells called basidia 7sing4 basidium74 ,each of these club-shaped cells bears either two or four spinous processes called stergmata 7sing4 stergma71 and these in turn each bear a spore4 ,all these points are well shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,the basidia together make up the hymenium4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #i4--,polyporus borealis1 showing wound at base of hemlock spruce caused by falling tree4 ,bracket fruit form of ,polyporus borealis growing from wound4 7#a_/ae natural size47 ,wood ,destroying ,fungi4--,many of the mushrooms1 and their kind1 grow on wood4 ,a visit to the damp forest during the summer months1 or during the autumn1 will reveal large numbers of these plants growing on logs1 stumps1 from buried roots or rotten wood1 on standing dead trunks1 or even on living trees4 ,in the latter case the mushroom usually grows from some knothole or wound in the tree 7,fig4 #i74 ,many of the forms which appear on the trunks of dead or living trees are plants of tough or woody consistency4 ,they are known as shelving or bracket fungi1 or popularly as fungoids or fungos4 ,both these latter words are very unfortunate and inappropriate4 ,many of these shelving or bracket fungi are perennial and live from year to year4 ,they may therefore be found during the winter as well as in the summer4 ,the writer has found specimens over eighty years old4 ,the shelves or brackets are the fruit bodies1 and consist of the pileus with the fruiting surface below4 ,the fruiting surface is either in the form of gills like ,agaricus1 or it is honey-combed1 or spinous1 or entirely smooth4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aj4--,polyporus borealis4 ,strands of mycelium extending radially in the wood of the same living hemlock spruce shown in ,fig4 #i4 7,natural size47 ,mycelium of the ,wood ,destroying ,fungi4--,while the fruit bodies are on the outside of the trunk1 the mycelium1 or vegetative part of the fungus1 is within the wood or bark4 ,by stripping off the bark from decaying logs where these fungi are growing1 the mycelium is often found in great abundance4 ,by tearing open the rotting wood it can be traced all through the decaying parts4 ,in fact1 the mycelium is largely if not wholly responsible for the rapid disintegration of the wood4 ,in living trees the mycelium of certain bracket fungi enters through a wound and grows into the heart wood4 ,now the heart wood is dead and cannot long resist the entrance and destructive action of the mycelium4 ,the mycelium spreads through the heart of the tree1 causing it to rot 7,fig4 #aj74 ,when it has spread over a large feeding area it can then grow out through a wound or old knothole and form the bracket fruit body1 in case the knothole or wound has not completely healed over so as to imprison the fungus mycelium4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #b1 ,,figure #aa4--,mycelium of ,agaricus melleus on large door in passage coal mine1 ,wilkesbarre1 ,pa4 7#a_/bj natural size47 ,fungi in ,abandoned ,coal ,mines4--,mushrooms and bracket fungi grow in great profusion on the wood props or doors in abandoned coal mines1 cement mines1 etc4 ,there is here an abundance of moisture1 and the temperature conditions are more equable the year around4 ,the conditions of environment then are very favorable for the rapid growth of these plants4 ,they develop in midwinter as well as in summer4 ,mycelium of ,coal ,mine ,fungi4--,the mycelium of the mushrooms and bracket fungi grows in wonderful profusion in these abandoned coal mines4 ,so far down in the moist earth the air in the tunnels or passages where the coal or rock has been removed is at all times nearly saturated with moisture4 ,this abundance of moisture1 with the favorable temperature1 permits the mycelium to grow on the surface of the wood structures as readily as within the wood4 ,in the forest1 while the air is damp at times1 it soon dries out to such a degree that the mycelium can not exist to any great extent on the outer surface of the trunks and stumps1 for it needs a great percentage of moisture for growth4 ,the moisture1 however1 is abundant within the stumps or tree trunks1 and the mycelium develops abundantly there4 ,so one can understand how it is that deep down in these abandoned mines the mycelium grows profusely on the surface of doors and wood props4 ,figure #aa is from a flashlight photograph1 taken by the writer1 of a beautiful growth on the surface of one of the doors in an abandoned coal mine at ,wilkesbarre1 ,pa41 during ,september1 #ahif4 ,the specimen covered an area eight by ten feet on the surface of the door4 ,the illustration shows very well the habit of growth of the mycelium4 ,at the right is the advancing zone of growth1 marked by several fan-shaped areas4 ,at the extreme edge of growth the mycelium presents a delicate fringe of the growing ends where the threads are interlaced uniformly over the entire area4 ,but a little distance back from the edge1 where the mycelium is older1 the threads are growing in a different way4 ,they are now uniting into definite strands4 ,still further back and covering the larger part of the sheet of mycelium lying on the surface of the door1 are numerous long1 delicate tassels hanging downward4 ,these were formed by the attempt on the part of the mycelium at numerous places to develop strands at right angles to the surface of the door4 ,there being nothing to support them in their attempted aerial flight1 they dangle downward in exquisite fashion4 ,the mycelium in this condition is very soft and perishable4 ,it disappears almost at touch4 ,on the posts or wood props used to support the rock roof above1 the mycelium grows in great profusion also1 often covering them with a thick white mantle1 or draping them with a fabric of elegant texture4 ,from the upper ends of the props it spreads out over the rock roof above for several feet in circumference1 and beautiful white pendulous tassels remind one of stalactites4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ab4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,spore print4 7,natural size47 ,direction in ,growth of ,mushrooms4--,the direction of growth which these fungi take forms an interesting question for study4 ,the common mushroom1 the ,agaricus1 the amanitas1 and other central stemmed species grow usually in an upright fashion2 that is1 the stem is erect4 ,the cap then1 when it expands1 stands so that it is parallel with the surface of the earth4 ,where the cap does not fully expand1 as in the campanulate forms1 the pileus is still oriented horizontally1 that is1 with the gills downward4 ,even in such species1 where the stems are ascending1 the upper end of the stem curves so that the cap occupies the usual position with reference to the surface of the earth4 ,this is beautifully shown in the case of those plants which grow on the side of trunks or stumps1 where the stems could not well grow directly upward without hugging close to the side of the trunk1 and then there would not be room for the expansion of the cap4 ,this is well shown in a number of species of ,mycena4 ,in those species where the stem is sub-central1 i4 e41 set toward one side of the pileus1 or where it is definitely lateral1 the pileus is also expanded in a horizontal direction4 ,from these lateral stemmed species there is an easy transition to the stemless forms which are sessile1 that is1 the shelving forms where the pileus is itself attached to the trunk1 or other object of support on which it grows4 ,where there is such uniformity in the position of a member or part of a plant under a variety of conditions1 it is an indication that there is some underlying cause1 and also1 what is more important1 that this position serves some useful purpose in the life and well being of the plant4 ,we may cut the stem of a mushroom1 say of the ,agaricus campestris1 close to the cap1 and place the latter1 gills downward1 on a piece of white paper4 ,it should now be covered securely with a small bell jar1 or other vessel1 so that no currents of air can get underneath4 ,in the course of a few hours myriads of the brown spores will have fallen from the surface of the gills1 where they are borne4 ,they will pile up in long lines along on either side of all the gills and so give us an impression1 or spore print1 of the arrangement of the gills on the under side of the cap as shown in ,fig4 #ab4 ,a white spore print from the smooth lepiota 7,l4 naucina7 is shown in ,fig4 #ac4 ,this horizontal position of the cap then favors the falling of the spores1 so that currents of air can scatter them and aid in the distribution of the fungus4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ac4--,lepiota naucina4 ,spore print4 7,natural size47 ,but some may enquire how we know that there is any design in the horizontal position of the cap1 and that there is some cause which brings about this uniformity of position with such entire harmony among such dissimilar forms4 ,when a mushroom with a comparatively long stem1 not quite fully matured or expanded1 is pulled and laid on its side1 or held in a horizontal position for a time1 the upper part of the stem where growth is still taking place will curve upward so that the pileus is again brought more or less in a horizontal position4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,plant turned to one side by directive force of gravity1 after having been placed in a horizontal position4 7,natural size47 ,in collecting these plants they are often placed on their side in the collecting basket1 or on a table when in the study4 ,in a few hours the younger1 long stemmed ones have turned upward again4 ,the plant shown in ,fig4 #ad 7,amanita phalloides7 was placed on its side in a basket for about an hour4 ,at the end of the hour it had not turned4 ,it was then stood upright in a glass1 and in the course of a few hours had turned nearly at right angles4 ,the stimulus it received while lying in a horizontal position for only an hour was sufficient to produce the change in direction of growth even after the upright position had been restored4 ,this is often the case4 ,some of the more sensitive of the slender species are disturbed if they lie for only ten or fifteen minutes on the side4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 when collecting1 if one wishes to keep the plants in the natural position for photographing1 to support them in an upright position when they are being carried home from the woods4 ,the cause of this turning of the stem from the horizontal position1 so that the pileus will be brought parallel with the surface of the earth1 is the stimulus from the force of gravity1 which has been well demonstrated in the case of the higher plants4 ,that is1 the force which causes the stems of the higher plants to grow upward also regulates the position of the cap of the pileated fungi4 ,the reason for this is to be seen in the perfection with which the spores are shed from the surfaces of the gills by falling downward and out from the crevices between4 ,the same is true with the shelving fungi on trees1 etc41 where the spores readily fall out from the pores of the honey-combed surface or from between the teeth of those sorts with a spiny under surface4 ,if the caps were so arranged that the fruiting surface came to be on the upper side1 the larger number of the spores would lodge in the crevices between the extensions of the fruiting surface4 ,singularly1 this position of the fruiting surface does occur in the case of one genus with a few small species4 ,interesting examples of the operation of this law are sometimes met with in abandoned coal mines1 or more frequently in the woods4 ,in abandoned mines the mushrooms sometimes grow from the mycelium which spreads out on the rock roof overhead4 ,the rock roof prevents the plant from growing upright1 and in growing laterally the weight of the plant together with the slight hold it can obtain on the solid rock causes it to hang downward4 ,the end of the stem then curves upward so that the pileus is brought in a horizontal position4 ,i have seen this in the case of ,coprinus micaceus several times4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ae4--,polyporus applanatus4 ,from this view the larger cap is in the normal position in which it grew on the standing tree4 ,turn one fourth way round to the right for position of the plant after the tree fell4 7#a_/f natural size47 ,in the woods1 especially in the case of the perennial shelving fungi1 interesting cases are met with4 ,figure #ae illustrates one of these peculiar forms of ,polyporus 7,fomes7 applanatus4 ,this is the species so often collected as a curio1 and on account of its very white under surface is much used for etching various figures4 ,in the figure the larger cap which is horizontal represents the position of the plant when on the standing maple trunk4 ,when the tree fell the shelf was brought into a perpendicular position4 ,the fungus continued to grow1 but its substance being hard and woody it cannot turn as the mushroom can4 ,instead1 it now grows in such a way as to form several new caps1 all horizontal1 i4 e41 parallel with the surface of the earth1 but perpendicular to the old shelf4 ,if the page is turned one-fourth way round the figure will be brought in the position of the plant when it was growing on the fallen log4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #c1 ,,figure #af4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,upper right-hand shows normal plant in normal position when on tree4 ,upper left-hand shows abnormal plant with the large cap in normal position when growing on standing tree4 ,lower plant shows same plant in position after the tree fell1 with new caps growing out in horizontal direction4 7,lower plant #a_/b natural size47 ,another very interesting case is shown in the ambiguous trametes 7,trametes ambigua71 a white shelving fungus which occurs in the ,southern ,states4 ,it is shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,at the upper right hand is shown the normal plant in the normal position4 ,at the upper left hand is shown an abnormal one with the large and first formed cap also in the normal position as it grew when the tree was standing4 ,when the tree fell the shelf was on the upper side of the log4 ,now numerous new caps grew out from the edge as shown in the lower figure1 forming a series of steps1 as it were1 up one side and down the other4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,gill ,,bearing ,,fungi3 ,,agaricaceae4,a ,the gill bearing fungi are known under the family ,agaricace1 or popularly the agarics4 ,they are distinguished by the fruiting area being distributed over the surface of plate-like or knife-like extensions or folds1 usually from the under surface of the cap4 ,these are known as the gills1 or lamell1 and they usually radiate from a common point1 as from or near the stem1 when the stem is present2 or from the point of attachment of the pileus when the stem is absent4 ,the plants vary widely in form and consistency1 some being very soft and soon decaying1 others turning into an inky fluid1 others being tough and leathery1 and some more or less woody or corky4 ,the spores when seen in mass possess certain colors1 white1 rosy1 brown or purple brown1 black or ochraceous4 ,while a more natural division of the agarics can be made on the basis of structure and consistency1 the treatment here followed is based on the color of the spores1 the method in vogue with the older botanists4 ,while this method is more artificial1 it is believed to be better for the beginner1 especially for a popular treatment4 ,the sections will be treated in the following order3 #a4 ,the purple-brown-spored agarics4 #b4 ,the black-spored agarics4 #c4 ,the white-spored agarics4 #d4 ,the rosy-spored agarics4 #e4 ,the ochre-spored agarics4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,for analytical keys to the families and genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,purple-,,brown-,,spored ,,agarics4,b ,the members of this subdivision are recognized at maturity by the purple-brown1 dark brown or nearly black spores when seen in mass4 ,as they ripen on the surface of the gills the large number give the characteristic color to the lamell4 ,even on the gills the purple tinge of the brown spores can often be seen4 ,the color is more satisfactorily obtained when the spores are caught in mass by placing the cap1 gills downward1 on white paper4 ,,agaricus ,linn4 7,,psalliota ,fr47 ,in the genus ,agaricus the spores at maturity are either purple-brown in mass or blackish with a purple tinge4 ,the annulus is present on the stem1 though disappearing soon in some species1 and the stem is easily separated from the substance of the pileus4 ,the gills are free from the stem1 or only slightly adnexed4 ,the genus is closely related to ,stropharia and the species of the two genera are by some united under one genus 7,psalliota1 ,hennings74 ,peck1 #cfth ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #da--di1 describes #g species4 ,lloyd ,mycol4 ,notes1 ,no4 #d1 describes #h species4 ,c4 ,o4 ,smith1 ,rhodora1 ,i3 #afa--afd1 #ahii1 describes #h species4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 campestris ,linn4 ,edible4--,this plant has been quite fully described in the treatment of the parts of the mushroom1 and a recapitulation will be sufficient here4 ,it grows in lawns1 pastures1 by roadsides1 and even in gardens and cultivated fields4 ,a few specimens begin to appear in ,july1 it is more plentiful in ,august1 and abundantly so in ,september and ,october4 ,it is #e--h cm4 high 7#b--c inches71 the cap is #e--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is first rounded1 then convex and more or less expanded4 ,the surface at first is nearly smooth1 presenting a soft1 silky appearance from numerous loose fibrils4 ,the surface is sometimes more or less torn into triangular scales1 especially as the plants become old4 ,the color is usually white1 but varies more or less to light brown1 especially in the scaly forms1 where the scales may be quite prominent and dark brown in color4 ,sometimes the color is brownish before the scales appear4 ,the flesh is white4 ,the gills in the young button stage are white4 ,they soon become pink in color and after the cap is expanded they quickly become purple brown1 dark brown1 and nearly black from the large number of spores on their surfaces4 ,the gills are free from the stem and rounded behind 7near the stem74 ,the stem is white1 nearly cylindrical1 or it tapers a little toward the lower end4 ,the flesh is solid1 though the central core is less firm4 ,the veil is thin1 white1 silky1 and very frail4 ,it is stretched as the cap expands and finally torn so that it clings either as an annulus around the stem1 or fragments cling around the margin of the cap4 ,since the annulus is so frail it shrivels as the plant ages and becomes quite inconspicuous or disappears entirely 7see ,figs4 #a--g74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ag4--;,agaricus rodmani4 ,entirely white1 showing double veil or ring4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,variations in the surface characters of the cap and stem have led some to recognize several varieties4 ,this is known as the common mushroom and is more widely known and collected for food than any other4 ,it is also cultivated in mushroom houses1 cellars1 caves1 abandoned mines1 etc4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 rodmani ,pk4 ,edible4--,rodman's mushroom1 ,agaricus rodmani1 grows in grassy places along streets of cities1 either between the curbing and the walk1 or between the curbing and the pavement4 ,it is entirely white or whitish and sometimes tinged with yellowish at the center of the pileus4 ,the plants are #d--h cm4 high1 the cap #e--h cm4 broad and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ah4--;,agaricus arvensis1 fairy ring4 ,the pileus is rounded1 and then convex1 very firm1 compact and thick1 with white flesh4 ,the gills are crowded1 first white1 then pink1 and in age blackish brown4 ,the stem is very short1 solid1 nearly cylindrical1 not bulbous4 ,the annulus is quite characteristic1 being very thick1 with a short limb1 and double1 so that it often appears as two distinct rings on the middle or lower part of the stem as shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,this form of the annulus is probably due to the fact that the thick part of the margin of the pileus during the young stage rests between the lower and upper part of the annulus1 i4 e41 the thick veil is attached both to the inner and outer surface of the margin of the cap1 and when it is freed by the expansion of the pileus it remains as a double ring4 ,it is eagerly sought and much relished by several persons at ,ithaca familiar with its edible qualities4 ,the plant closely resembles ,a4 campestris var41 edulis1 ,vittad4 7,see ,plate #ed1 ,bresadola1 ,i ,funghi ,mangerecci e ,velenosi1 #ahii7 and is probably the same4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ai4--;,agaricus silvicola4 ,white to cream color1 or yellow stains4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 arvensis ,schaeff4 ,edible4--,the field mushroom1 or horse mushroom1 ,agaricus arvensis1 grows in fields or pastures1 sometimes under trees and in borders of woods4 ,one form is often white1 or yellowish white1 and often shows the yellow color when dried4 ,the plant sometimes occurs in the form of a fairy ring as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,it is #e--ab cm4 high1 the cap from #e--ae cm4 broad and the stem #h--ae mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is smooth1 quite thick and firm1 convex to expanded4 ,the gills are first white1 then tinged with pink and finally blackish brown4 ,the stem is stout1 nearly cylindrical1 hollow1 bulbous4 ,the veil is double like that of ,agaricus placomyces1 the upper or inner layer remaining as a membrane1 while the lower or outer layer is split radially and remains in large patches on the lower surface of the upper membrane4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bj4--;,agaricus silvicola1 showing radiately torn lower part of veil4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 silvicola ,vittad4 ,edible4--,the ,agaricus silvicola grows in woods1 groves1 etc41 on the ground1 and has been found also in a newly made garden in the vicinity of trees near the woods4 ,it is an attractive plant because of its graceful habit and the delicate shades of yellow and white4 ,it ranges from #aj--bj cm4 high1 the cap is #e--ab cm4 broad and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus becomes convex1 and expanded or nearly flat1 and often with an elevation or umbo in the center4 ,it is thin1 smooth1 whitish and often tinged more or less deeply with yellow 7sulfur or ochraceous7 and is sometimes tinged with pink in the center4 ,the flesh is whitish or tinged with pink4 ,the gills when very young are whitish1 then pink1 and finally dark brown or blackish brown1 much crowded1 and distant from the stem4 ,the stem is long1 nearly cylindrical1 whitish1 abruptly enlarged below into a bulb4 ,it is often yellowish below1 and especially in drying becomes stained with yellow4 ,the ring is thin1 membranaceous1 delicate1 sometimes with broad1 soft1 floccose patches on the under side4 ,the ring usually appears single1 but sometimes the veil is seen to be double1 and the outer or lower portion tends to split radially as in ,a4 arvensis or ,a4 placomyces4 ,this is well shown in large specimens1 and especially as the veil is stretched over the gills as shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,from the form of the plant as well as the peculiarities of the veil in the larger specimens1 it is related to ,a4 arvensis and ,a4 placomyces1 more closely to the former4 ,it occurs during mid-summer and early autumn4 ,figure #aj is from plants 7,no4 #aihf ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in open woods at ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ba4 ,,figure #bb4 ,,plate #d4--;,agaricus placomyces4 ,figure #ba4--,upper view of cap1 side view of stem4 ,figure #bb4--,under view of plant showing radiately torn under side of the double veil4 7#c_/d natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #e1 ,,figure #bc4--;,agaricus placomyces4 ,three different views1 see text for explanations4 ,dark scales on cap4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 subrufescens ,pk4 ,edible4--,the ,agaricus subrufescens was described by ,dr4 ,peck from specimens collected on a compost heap composed chiefly of leaves1 at ,glen ,cove1 ,long ,island4 ,it occurs sometimes in greenhouses4 ,in one case reported by ,peck it appeared in soil prepared for forcing cucumbers in a greenhouse in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,according to the description the pileus becomes convex or broadly expanded1 is covered with silky hairs and numerous minute scales4 ,the color is whitish1 grayish or dull reddish brown1 the center being usually smooth and darker1 while the flesh is white4 ,the gills change from white to pinkish and blackish brown in age4 ,the stem is long1 nearly cylindrical or somewhat enlarged or bulbous at the base1 first stuffed1 then hollow1 white4 ,the annulus is thick1 and the under side marked by loose threads or scales4 ,this plant is said to differ from the common mushroom 7,a4 campestris7 in the more deeply hemispherical cap of the young plant1 the hollow and somewhat bulbous stem1 and in the scales on the under side of the annulus4 ,in fresh plants the flesh has also a flavor of almonds4 ,it is closely related to ,a4 silvaticus ,schaeff41 p4 #fb1 ,t4 #bdb1 ,icones ,fung4 ,bav4 etc41 #aggj1 if not identical with it4 ,a4 silvaticus has light ochraceous or subrufescent scales on the cap1 a strong odor1 and occurs in gardens as well as in the woods4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 fabaceus ,berk41 was described in ,hooker's ,london ,journal of ,botany1 #f3 #cad1 #ahdg1 from specimens collected in ,ohio4 ,the plant is white and is said to have a strong but not unpleasant odor4 ,agaricus amygdalinus ,curt41 from ,north ,carolina1 and of which no description was published1 was so named on account of the almond-like flavor of the plant4 ,dr4 ,farlow suggests 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #bf3 #cef--ceh1 #ahid7 that ,a4 fabaceus1 amygdalinus1 and subrufescens are identical4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 placomyces ,pk4 ,edible4--,the flat-cap mushroom1 ,agaricus placomyces ,pk41 occurs in borders of woods or under trees from ,june to ,september4 ,according to ,peck it occurs in borders of hemlock woods1 or under hemlock trees4 ,at ,ithaca it is not always associated with hemlock trees4 ,the largest specimens found here were in the border of mixed woods where hemlock was a constituent4 ,it has been found near and under white pine trees in lawns1 around the ,norway spruce and under the ,norway spruce4 ,the plants are from #e--ae cm4 high1 the cap from #e--ab cm4 in diameter1 and the stem #f--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus when young is broadly ovate1 then becomes convex or fully expanded and flat in age1 and is quite thin4 ,the ground color is whitish1 often with a yellowish tinge1 while the surface is ornamented with numerous minute brownish scales which are scattered over a large part of the cap1 but crowded or conjoined at the center into a large circular patch4 ,this gives to the plant with its shapely form a beautiful appearance4 ,in the young stage the entire surface of the pileus is quite evenly brown4 ,as it expands the outer brown portion is torn asunder into numerous scales because the surface threads composing this brown layer cease to grow4 ,these scales are farther apart toward the margin of the cap1 because this portion of the cap always expands more than the center1 in all mushrooms4 ,the gills are at first white1 or very soon pink in color1 and in age are blackish brown4 ,spores #e--h #c--d 4 ,the stem is nearly cylindrical1 hollow or stuffed1 white or whitish1 smooth1 bulbous1 and the bulb is sometimes tinged with yellow4 ,the veil is very handsome1 and the way in which the annulus is formed from it is very interesting4 ,the veil is quite broad1 and it is double1 that is1 it consists of two layers which are loosely joined by threads4 ,in the young stage the veil lies between the gills and the lower two-thirds of the stem4 ,as the pileus expands the lower 7outer part7 layer of the veil is torn1 often in quite regular radiating portions1 as shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,an interesting condition of the veil is shown in the middle plant in ,fig4 #bc4 ,here the outer or lower layer of the veil did not split radially1 but remained as a tube surrounding the stem1 while the two layers were separated1 the inner one being still stretched over the gills4 ,it is customary to speak of the lower part of the veil as the outer part when the cap is expanded and the veil is still stretched across over the gills1 while the upper portion is spoken of as the inner layer or part4 ,it is closely related to ,a4 arvensis1 and may represent a wood inhabiting variety of that species4 ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 comtulus ,fr4--,this pretty little agaric seems to be rather rare4 ,it was found sparingly on several occasions in open woods under pines at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 during ,october1 #ahih4 ,lloyd reports it from ,ohio 7,mycolog4 ,notes1 ,no4 #ef1 ,nov4 #ahii71 and ,smith from ,vermont 7,rhodora ,i1 #ahii74 ,fries' description 7,epicrisis1 ,no4 #hgg7 runs as follows3 ,pileus slightly fleshy1 convex1 plane1 obtuse1 nearly smooth1 with appressed silky hairs1 stem hollow1 sub-attenuate1 smooth1 white to yellowish1 annulus fugacious2 gills free1 crowded1 broad in front1 from flesh to rose color4 ,in damp grassy places4 ,stem #b inches by #b lines1 at first floccose stuffed4 ,pileus #a--a-a_/b inch diameter4 ,color from white to yellowish4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bd4--;,agaricus comtulus 7natural size1 sometimes larger74 ,cap creamy white with egg-yellow stains1 smoky when older4 ,stem same color2 gills grayish1 then rose1 then purple brown4 ,copyright4 ,the plants collected at ,ithaca are illustrated in ,fig4 #bd from a photograph of plants 7,no4 #bhgi ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,my notes on these specimens run as follows3 ,plant #c--f cm4 high1 pileus #a4e--c cm4 broad1 stem #c--d mm4 in thickness4 ,pileus convex to expanded1 fleshy1 thin on the margin1 margin at first incurved1 creamy white with egg yellow stains1 darker on the center1 in age somewhat darker to umber or fuliginous1 moist when fresh1 surface soon dry1 flesh tinged with yellow4 ,the gills are white when young1 then grayish to pale rose1 and finally light purple brown1 rounded in front1 tapering behind 7next the stem7 and rounded1 free from the stem1 #d--e mm4 broad4 ,basidia clavate1 #be--cj #e--f 4 ,spores small1 oval1 #c--d #b--c 1 in mass light purple brown4 ,the stem tapers above1 is sub-bulbous below1 yellowish and stained with darker yellowish threads below the annulus1 hollow1 fibrous1 fleshy4 ,the veil whitish stained with yellow1 delicate1 rupturing irregularly1 portions of it clinging to margin of the pileus and portions forming a delicate ring4 ,when parts of the plant come in contact with white paper a blue stain is apt to be imparted to the paper1 resembling the reaction of iodine on starch4 ,this peculiarity has been observed also in the case of another species of ,agaricus4 ,the species is regarded with suspicion by some4 ,i collected the plant also at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,the caps of these specimens measure #d cm4 in diameter4 ,agaricus diminutivus ,pk41 is a closely related species4 ,it is distinguished chiefly by its somewhat larger size1 and purplish to reddish brown hairs on the surface of the pileus1 and by the somewhat larger spores1 which1 however1 are small4 ,i have found it at ,ithaca1 the surface of the pileus hairy1 with beautiful1 triangular1 soft1 appressed1 purplish scales4 ,,hypholoma ,fr4 ,in the genus ,hypholoma the spores are purple brown1 the gills attached to the stem1 and the veil when ruptured clings to the margin of the cap instead of to the stem1 so that a ring is not formed1 or only rarely in some specimens4 ,the stem is said to be continuous with the substance of the cap1 that is1 it is not easily separated from it4 ,the genus is closely related to ,agaricus 7,psalliota7 and ,stropharia1 from both of which it differs in the veil not forming a ring1 but clinging to the margin of the cap4 ,it further differs from ,agaricus in the stem being continuous with the substance of the cap1 while ,stropharia seems to differ in this respect in different species4 ,the plants grow both on the ground and on wood4 ,there are several species which are edible and are very common4 ,peck gives a synopsis of six species in the #dith ,report ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 page #fa1 #ahif1 and ,morgan describes #g species in ,jour4 ,cinn4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #f3 #aac--aae4 ,hypholoma sublateritium ,schaeff4 ,edible1 bitter sometimes4 ,the name of this species is derived from the color of the cap1 which is nearly a brick red color1 sometimes tawny4 ,the margin is lighter in color4 ,the plants grow usually in large clusters on old stumps or frequently appearing on the ground from buried portions of stumps or from roots4 ,there are from six to ten1 or twenty or more plants in a single cluster4 ,a single plant is from #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap is #e--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 smooth1 or sometimes with loose threads from the veil1 especially when young1 even1 dry4 ,the flesh is firm1 whitish1 and in age becoming somewhat yellowish4 ,the gills are adnate1 sometimes decurrent by a little tooth1 rather crowded1 narrow1 whitish1 then dull yellow1 and becoming dark from the spores1 purplish to olivaceous4 ,the stem usually tapers downward1 is firm1 stuffed1 smooth1 or with remnants of the veil giving it a floccose scaly appearance1 usually ascending because of the crowded growth4 ,the veil is thin and only manifested in the young stage of the plant as a loose weft of threads4 ,as the cap expands the veil is torn and adheres to the margin1 but soon disappears4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #f1 ,,figure #be4--;,hypholoma sublateritium4 ,cap brick-red or tawny4 7,natural size1 often larger47 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #g1 ,,figure #bf4--;,hypholoma appendiculatum 7natural size1 often larger74 ,white floccose scales on cap 7var4 coroniferum7 and appendiculate veil2 caps whitish or brown1 tawny1 or tinge of ochre4 ,gills white1 then purple-brown4 ,copyright4 ,the flesh of this plant is said by ,european writers to be bitter to the taste1 and it is regarded there as poisonous4 ,this character seems to be the only distinguishing one between the ,hypholoma sublateritium ,schaeff41 of ,europe1 and the ,hypholoma perplexum ,pk41 of this country which is edible1 and probably is identical with ,h4 sublateritium4 ,if the plant in hand agrees with this description in other respects1 and is not bitter1 there should be no danger in its use4 ,according to ,bresadola1 the bitter taste is not pronounced in ,h4 sublateritium4 ,the taste probably varies as it does in other plants4 ,for example1 in ,pholiota prcox1 an edible species1 ,i detected a decided bitter taste in plants collected in ,june1 #aijj4 ,four other persons were requested to taste the plants4 ,two of them pronounced them bitter1 while two did not detect the bitter taste4 ,there is a variety of ,hypholoma sublateritium1 with delicate floccose scales in concentric rows near the margin of the cap1 called var4 squamosum ,cooke4 ,this is the plant illustrated in ,fig4 #be1 from specimens collected on rotting wood in the ,cascadilla woods1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it occurs from spring to autumn4 ,hypholoma epixanthum ,fr41 is near the former species1 but has a yellow pileus1 and the light yellow gills become gray1 not purple4 ,hypholoma appendiculatum ,bull4 ,edible4--,this species is common during late spring and in the summer4 ,it grows on old stumps and logs1 and often on the ground1 especially where there are dead roots4 ,it is scattered or clustered1 but large tufts are not formed as in ,h4 sublateritium4 ,the plants are #f--h cm4 high1 the cap #e--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is ovate1 convex to expanded1 and often the margin elevated1 and then the cap appears depressed4 ,it is fleshy1 thin1 whitish or brown1 tawny1 or with a tinge of ochre1 and becoming pale in age and when dry4 ,as the plant becomes old the pileus often cracks in various ways1 sometimes splitting radially into several lobes1 and then in other cases cracking into irregular areas1 showing the white flesh underneath4 ,the surface of the pileus when young is sometimes sprinkled with whitish particles giving it a mealy appearance4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 crowded1 becoming more or less free by breaking away from the stem1 especially in old plants4 ,they are white1 then flesh colored1 brownish with a slight purple tinge4 ,the stem is white1 smooth1 or with numerous small white particles at the apex1 becoming hollow4 ,the veil is very delicate1 white1 and only seen in quite young plants when they are fresh4 ,it clings to the margin of the cap for a short period1 and then soon disappears4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bg4--;,hypholoma appendiculatum 7natural size71 showing appendiculate veil4 ,copyright4 ,sometimes the pileus is covered with numerous white1 delicate floccose scales1 which give it a beautiful appearance1 as in ,fig4 #bf1 from specimens 7,no4 #cahe ,c4 ,u4 herbarium71 collected on the campus of ,cornell ,university among grass4 ,the entire plant is very brittle1 and easily broken4 ,it is tender and excellent for food4 ,i often eat the caps raw4 ,hypholoma candolleanum ,fr41 occurs in woods on the ground1 or on very rotten wood4 ,it is not so fragile as ,h4 appendiculatum and the gills are dark violaceous1 not flesh color as they are in ,h4 appendiculatum when they begin to turn1 and nearly free from the stem4 ,hypholoma lacrymabundum ,fr4--,this plant was found during ,september and ,october in wet grassy places in a shallow ditch by the roadside1 and in borders of woods1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahih4 ,the plants are scattered or clustered1 several often joined at the base of the stem4 ,they are #d--h cm4 high1 the cap #b--e cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bh4--;,hypholoma lacrymabundum 7natural size74 ,cap and stem tawny or light yellowish1 with intermediate shades or shades of umber1 surface with soft floccose scales4 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 sometimes broadly umbonate in age1 and usually with radiating wrinkles extending irregularly4 ,on the surface are silky or tomentose threads not much elevated from the surface1 and as the plant ages these are drawn into triangular scales which are easily washed apart by the rains4 ,the color is tawny or light yellowish with intermediate shades1 darker on the umbo and becoming darker in age1 sometimes umber colored1 and stained with black1 especially after rains where the spores are washed on the pileus4 ,the flesh is tinged with light yellow1 or tawny1 or brown1 soft1 and easily broken4 ,the gills are sinuate1 adnate1 somewhat ventricose1 very rarely in abnormal specimens anastomosing near the margin of the pileus1 at first light yellowish1 then shading to umber and spotted with black and rusty brown as the spores mature1 easily breaking away from the stipe1 whitish on the edge4 ,drops of moisture sometimes are formed on the gills4 ,basidia abruptly clavate1 #cj--ce #aj--ab 4 ,cystidia hyaline1 thin walled1 projecting above the hymenium #dj 1 and #ad--ae broad4 ,spores black1 purple tinged1 broadly elliptical and somewhat curved1 #i--aa #g--h 4 ,the stem is fleshy to fibrous1 the same color as the pileus1 floccose scaly more or less up to the veil1 smooth or white pruinose above the veil1 straight or curved1 somewhat striate below4 ,the veil in young plants is hairy1 of the same texture as the surface of the pileus1 torn and mostly clinging to the margin of the pileus1 and disappearing with age4 ,the general habit and different stages of development as well as some of the characters of the plant are shown in ,fig4 #bh 7,no4 #dfbj ,cornell ,university herbarium74 ,the edible qualities of this plant have not been tested4 ,hypholoma rugocephalum ,atkinson4--,this interesting species grows in damp places in woods4 ,the plants are tufted or occur singly4 ,they are #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #f--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 and the margin at last revolute 7upturned74 ,the surface is marked by strong wrinkles 7rug71 which radiate irregularly from the center toward the margin4 ,the pileus is broadly umbonate1 fleshy at the center and thinner toward the margin1 the flesh tinged with yellow1 the surface slightly viscid1 but not markedly so even when moist1 smooth1 not hairy or scaly1 the thin margin extending little beyond ends of the gills4 ,the color is tawny 7near fulvus74 ,the gills are adnate1 slightly sinuate1 #e--g mm4 broad1 in age easily breaking away from the stem and then rounded at this end1 spotted with the black spores1 lighter on the edge4 ,the spores are black in mass 7with a suggestion of a purple tinge71 oval to broadly elliptical1 inequilateral1 pointed at each end1 echinulate1 or minutely tuberculate1 #h--aa #f--h 4 ,the basidia are short1 cylindrical2 cystidia cylindrical1 somewhat enlarged at the free end1 hyaline1 delicate1 thin-walled1 in groups of two to six or more 7perhaps this is partly responsible for the black spotted condition of the gills74 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 somewhat bulbous1 of the same color as the pileus1 but lighter above the annulus1 irregular1 smooth1 fleshy1 hollow1 continuous with the substance of the pileus4 ,the annulus is formed of a few threads1 remnants of the veil1 which are stained black by the spores4 ,figure #bi is from plants 7,no4 #cbjb ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected near ,ithaca1 ,july #ah1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #h1 ,,figure #bi4--;,hypholoma rugocephalum 7#g_/h natural size74 ,cap tawny1 gills purple black1 spotted4 ,copyright4 ,,stropharia ,fr4 ,the genus ,stropharia has purple-brown spores1 the gills are attached to the stem1 and the veil forms a ring on the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cj4--,stropharia semiglobata 7natural size74 ,cap and stem light yellow1 viscid1 gills brownish purple4 ,copyright4 ,stropharia semiglobata ,batsch4--,this species is rather common and widely distributed1 occurring in grassy places recently manured1 or on dung4 ,the plants are scattered or clustered1 rarely two or three joined at the base4 ,they are #e--ab cm4 high1 the cap #a--c cm4 broad1 and the stems #b--d mm4 in thickness4 ,the entire plant is light yellow1 and viscid when moist1 the gills becoming purplish brown1 or nearly black4 ,stevenson says it is regarded as poisonous4 ,the pileus is rounded1 then hemispherical 7semi-globate71 smooth1 fleshy at the center1 thinner toward the margin1 even1 very viscid or viscous when moist1 light yellow4 ,the gills are squarely set against the stem 7adnate71 broad1 smooth1 in age purplish brown to blackish1 the color more or less clouded4 ,the spores in mass1 are brownish purple4 ,the stem is slender1 cylindrical1 becoming hollow1 straight1 even or bulbous below1 yellowish1 but paler at the apex where there are often parallel stri1 marks from the gills in the young stage4 ,the stem is often viscid and smeared with the glutinous substance which envelopes the plant when young1 and from the more or less glutinous veil4 ,the ring is glutinous when moist4 ,figure #cj is from plants 7,no4 #dfac ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected on one of the streets of ,ithaca4 ,stropharia stercoraria ,fr41 is a closely related plant1 about the same size1 but the pileus1 first hemispherical1 then becoming expanded and sometimes striate on the margin1 while the stem is stuffed4 ,the gills are said to be of one color and the ring floccose1 viscose1 and evanescent in drying4 ,it occurs on dung1 or in grassy places recently manured4 ,stropharia ruginosa ,curt41 the greenish ,stropharia1 is from #f--h cm4 high1 and the pileus #e--g cm4 broad4 ,the ground color is yellowish1 but the plant is covered with a greenish slime which tends to disappear with age4 ,it is found in woods and open places during late summer and in autumn4 ,according to ,stevenson it is poisonous4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,for analytical key to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,black-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores are black in mass1 not purple tinged4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,coprinus ,pers4 ,the species of ,coprinus are readily recognised from the black spores in addition to the fact that the gills1 at maturity1 dissolve into a black or inky fluid4 ,the larger species especially form in this way an abundance of the black fluid1 so that it drops from the pileus and blackens the grass1 etc41 underneath the plant4 ,in some of the smaller species the gills do not wholly deliquesce1 but the cap splits on top along the line of the longer gills1 this split passing down through the gill1 dividing it into two thin lamin1 which1 however1 remain united at the lower edge4 ,this gives a fluted appearance to the margin of the pileus1 which is very thin and membranaceous4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ca4--;,coprinus comatus1 shaggy-mane1 in lawn4 ,the plants vary in size1 from tiny ones to those which are several inches high and more than an inch broad4 ,their habitat 7that is1 the place where they grow7 is peculiar4 ,a number of the species grow on dung or recently manured ground4 ,from this peculiarity the genus received the name ,coprinus from the ,greek word ,greek3 kopros1 meaning dung4 ,some of the species1 however1 grow on decaying logs1 on the ground1 on leaves1 etc4 ,coprinus comatus ,fr4 ,edible4--,one of the finest species in this genus is the shaggy-mane1 or horse-tail mushroom1 as it is popularly called4 ,it occurs in lawns and other grassy places1 especially in richly manured ground4 ,the plants sometimes occur singly1 or a few together1 but often quite large numbers of them appear in a small area4 ,they occur most abundantly during quite wet weather1 or after heavy rains1 in late spring or during the autumn1 and also in the summer4 ,from the rapid growth of many of the mushrooms we are apt to be taken by surprise to see them all up some day1 when the day before there were none4 ,the shaggy-mane often furnishes a surprise of this kind4 ,in our lawns we are accustomed to a pretty bit of greensward with clumps of shrubbery1 and here and there the overhanging branches of some shade tree4 ,on some fine morning when we find a whole flock of these shaggy-manes1 which have sprung up during the night1 we can imagine that some such kind of a surprise must have come to ,browning when he wrote these words3 ,by the rose flesh mushroom undivulged ,last evening4 ,nay1 in to-day's first dew ,yon sudden coral nipple bulged1 ,where a freaked1 fawn colored1 flaky crew ,of toadstools peep indulged4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cb4--;,coprinus comatus4 ,buttons1 some in section showing gill slits and hollow stem2 colors white and black4 7,natural size47 ,the plant is called shaggy-mane because of the very shaggy appearance of the cap1 due to the surface being torn up into long locks4 ,the illustrations of the shaggy mane shown here represent the different stages of development1 and the account here given is largely taken from the account written by me in ,bulletin #afh of the ,cornell ,university ,agr4 ,exp4 ,station4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cc4--;,coprinus comatus 7natural size74 ,in ,fig4 #cb are shown two buttons of the size when they are just ready to break through the soil4 ,they appear mottled with dark and white1 for the outer layer of fungus threads1 which are dark brown1 is torn and separated into patches or scales1 showing between the delicate meshes of white threads which lie beneath4 ,the upper part of the button is already forming the cap1 and the slight constriction about midway shows the lower boundary or margin of the pileus where it is still connected with the undeveloped stem4 ,at the right of each of these buttons in the figure is shown a section of a plant of the same age4 ,here the parts of the plant1 though still undeveloped1 are quite well marked out4 ,just underneath the pileus layer are the gills4 ,in the section one gill is exposed to view on either side4 ,in the section of the larger button the free edge of the gill is still closely applied to the stem1 while in the small one the gills are separated a short distance from the stems showing gill slits4 ,here1 too1 the connection of the margin of the pileus with the stem is still shown1 and forms the veil4 ,this kind of a veil is a marginal veil4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cd4--;,coprinus comatus 7natural size74 ,this one entirely white1 none of the scales black tipped4 ,the stem is hollow even at this young stage1 and a slender cord of mycelium extends down the center of the tube thus formed1 as is shown in the sections4 ,the plants are nearly all white when full grown4 ,the brown scales1 so close together on the buttons1 are widely separated except at the top or center of the pileus1 where they remain close together and form a broad cap4 ,a study of the different stages1 which appear from the button stage to the mature plant1 reveals the cause of this change in color and the wide separation of the dark brown scales4 ,the threads of the outer layer of the pileus1 and especially those in the brown patches seen on the buttons1 soon cease to grow1 though they are firmly entangled with the inner layers4 ,now the threads underneath and all through the plant1 in the gills and in the upper part of the stem1 grow and elongate rapidly4 ,this pulls on the outer layer1 tearing it in the first place into small patches1 and causing them later to be more widely separated on the mature plant4 ,some of these scales remain quite large1 while others are torn up into quite small tufts4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ce4--;,coprinus comatus1 sections of the plants in ,fig4 #cc 7natural size74 ,as the plant ages1 the next inner layers of the pileus grow less rapidly1 so that the white layer beneath the brown is torn up into an intricate tangle of locks and tufts1 or is frazzled into a delicate pile which exists here and there between well formed tufts4 ,while all present the same general characters there is considerable individual variation1 as one can see by comparing a number of different plants4 ,figure #cd shows one of the interesting conditions4 ,there is little of the brown color1 and the outer portion of the pileus is torn into long locks1 quite evenly distributed and curled up at the ends in an interesting fashion which merits well the term shaggy4 ,in others the threads are looped up quite regularly into triangular tresses which appear to be knotted at the ends where the tangle of brown threads holds them together4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cf4--;,coprinus comatus1 early stages of deliquescence2 the ring is lying on the sod 7natural size74 ,there is one curious feature about the expansion of the pileus of the shaggy-mane which could not escape our attention4 ,the pileus has become very long while comparatively little lateral expansion has taken place4 ,the pileus has remained cylindrical or barrel-shaped1 while in the case of the common mushroom the pileus expands into the form of an umbrella4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #cg4--;,coprinus comatus1 later stage of deliquescence1 pileus becoming more expanded 7natural size74 ,the cylindrical or barrel-shaped pileus is characteristic of the shaggy-mane mushroom4 ,as the pileus elongates the stem does also1 but more rapidly4 ,this tears apart the connection of the margin of the pileus with the base of the stem1 as is plainly shown in ,fig4 #cc4 ,in breaking away1 the connecting portion or veil is freed both from the stem and from the margin of the pileus1 and is left as a free1 or loose1 ring around the stem4 ,in the shaggy-mane the veil does not form a thin1 expanded curtain4 ,it is really an annular outer layer of the button lying between the margin of the cap and the base of the stem4 ,it becomes free from the stem4 ,as the stem elongates more rapidly than the cap1 the latter is lifted up away from the base of the stem4 ,sometimes the free ring is left as a collar around the base of the stem1 still loosely adherent to the superficial layer of the same1 or it remains for a time more or less adherent to the margin of the pileus as shown in the plant at the left hand in ,fig4 #cc4 ,it is often lifted higher up on the stem before it becomes free from the cap1 and is then left dangling somewhere on the stem1 or it may break and fall down on the sod4 ,in other instances it may remain quite firmly adherent to the margin of the pileus so that it breaks apart as the pileus in age expands somewhat4 ,in such cases one often searches for some time to discover it clinging as a sterile margin of the cap4 ,it is interesting to observe a section of the plants at this stage4 ,these sections can be made by splitting the pileus and stem lengthwise through the middle line with a sharp knife1 as shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,here1 in the plant at the right hand1 the cord of mycelium is plainly seen running through the hollow stem4 ,the gills form a large portion of the plant1 for they are very broad and lie closely packed side by side4 ,they are nowhere attached to the stem1 but at the upper end round off to the cap1 leaving a well defined space between their ends and the stem4 ,the cap1 while it is rather thick at the center1 i4 e41 where it joins the stem1 becomes comparatively thin where it spreads out over the gills4 ,at this age of the plant the gills are of a rich salmon color1 i4 e41 before the spores are ripe1 and the taste when raw is a pleasant nutty flavor1 reminding one of the meat of fresh green hickory nuts4 ,in a somewhat earlier stage the edges of all the gills are closely applied to the stem which they surround4 ,so closely are they applied to the stem in most cases that threads of mycelium pass from the stem to the edge of the gills4 ,as the cap expands slightly in ageing1 these threads are torn asunder and the stem is covered with a very delicate down or with flocculent particles which easily disappear on handling or by the washing of the rains4 ,the edges of the gills are also left in a frazzled condition1 as one can see by examining them with a good hand lens4 ,the spores now begin to ripen and as they become black the color of the gills changes4 ,at the same time the gills and the cap begin to dissolve into an inky fluid1 first becoming dark and then melting into a black liquid4 ,as this accumulates it forms into drops which dangle from the cap until they fall away4 ,this change takes place on the margin of the cap first1 and advances toward the center1 and the contrast of color1 as the blackening invades the rich salmon1 is very striking4 ,the cap now begins to expand outward more1 so that it becomes somewhat umbrella shaped4 ,the extreme outer surface does not dissolve so freely1 and the thin remnant curls upward and becomes enrolled on the upper side as the cap with wasted gills becomes nearly flat4 ,coprinus atramentarius 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,the ink-cap 7,coprinus atramentarius7 occurs under much the same conditions as the shaggy-mane1 and is sometimes found accompanying it4 ,it is usually more common and more abundant4 ,it springs up in old or newly made lawns which have been richly manured1 or it occurs in other grassy places4 ,sometimes the plants are scattered1 sometimes two or three in a cluster1 but usually large clusters are formed where ten to twenty or more are crowded closely together 7,fig4 #ci74 ,the stems are shorter than those of the shaggy-mane and the cap is different in shape and color4 ,the cap is egg-shaped or oval4 ,it varies in color from a silvery grey1 in some forms1 to a dark ashen grey1 or smoky brown color in others4 ,sometimes the cap is entirely smooth1 as ,i have seen it in some of the silvery grey forms1 where the delicate fibres coursing down in lines on the outer surface cast a beautiful silvery sheen in the light4 ,other forms present numerous small scales on the top or center of the cap which are formed by the cleavage of the outer surface here into large numbers of pointed tufts4 ,in others1 the delicate tufts cover more or less the entire surface1 giving the plant a coarsely granular aspect4 ,this is perhaps the more common appearance1 at least so far as my observation goes4 ,but not infrequently one finds forms which have the entire outer surface of the cap torn into quite a large number of coarse scales1 and these are often more prominent over the upper portion4 ,fine lines or striations mark also the entire surface of all the forms1 especially toward the margin1 where the scales are not so prominent4 ,the marginal half of the cap is also frequently furrowed more or less irregularly1 and this forms a crenate or uneven edge4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #i1 ,,figure #ch4 ,coprinus comatus1 drops of inky fluid about to fall from wasted pileus 7natural size74 ,illustration3 ,,plate #aj1 ,,figure #ci4--;,coprinus atramentarius1 nearly smooth form1 gray color 7natural size74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #dj4--;,coprinus atramentarius1 scaly form 7natural size74 ,the annulus or ring on the stem of the ink-cap is very different from that of the shaggy-mane4 ,it forms an irregularly zigzag elevated line of threads which extend around the stem near the base4 ,it is well shown in ,fig4 #da as a border line between the lower scaly end of the stem and the smooth white upper part4 ,it is formed at the time of the separation of the margin of the cap from the stem1 the connecting fibres being pulled outward and left to mark the line of junction1 while others below give the scaly appearance4 ,it is easily effaced by rough handling or by the washing of the rains4 ,a section of a plant is illustrated by a photograph in ,fig4 #db4 ,on either side of the stem is shown the layer of fibres which form the annulus1 and this layer is of a different texture from that of the stem4 ,the stem is hollow as seen here also4 ,in this figure one can see the change in color of the gills just at the time when they begin to deliquesce4 ,this deliquescence proceeds much in the same way as in the shaggy-mane1 and sometimes the thin remnant of the cap expands and the margin is enrolled over the top4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #da4--;,coprinus atramentarius1 showing annulus as border line between scaly and smooth part of the stem 7natural size74 ,coprinus micaceus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,the glistening coprinus received its name because of the very delicate scales which often cover the surface of the cap1 and glisten in the light like particles of mica4 ,this plant is very common during the spring and early summer1 though it does appear during the autumn4 ,it occurs about the bases of stumps or trees or in grassy or denuded places1 from dead roots1 etc41 buried in the soil4 ,it occurs in dense tufts of ten to thirty or more individuals2 sometimes as many as several hundred spring up from the roots of a dead tree or stump along the streets or in lawns1 forming large masses4 ,more rarely it occurs on logs in the woods1 and sometimes the plants are scattered in lawns4 ,from the different habits of the plant it is sometimes difficult to determine1 especially where the individuals are more or less scattered4 ,however1 the color1 and the markings on the cap1 especially the presence of the small shining scales when not effaced1 characterize the plant so that little difficulty is experienced in determining it when one has once carefully noted these peculiarities4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #db4--;,coprinus atramentarius1 section of one of the plants in ,fig4 #da 7natural size74 ,figure #dc is from a group of three young individuals photographed just as the margin of the pileus is breaking away from the lower part of the stem1 showing the delicate fibrous ring which is formed in the same way as in ,coprinus atramentarius4 ,the ring is much more delicate and is rarely seen except in very young specimens which are carefully collected and which have not been washed by rains4 ,the mature plants are #h--aj cm4 high 7#c--d inches71 and the cap varies from #b--d cm4 in diameter4 ,the stem is quite slender and the cap and gills quite thin as compared with the shaggy-mane and ink-cap4 ,the gills are not nearly so crowded as they are in the two other species4 ,the cap is tan color1 or light buff1 or yellowish brown4 ,except near the center it is marked with quite prominent striations which radiate to the margin4 ,these striations are minute furrows or depressed lines1 and form one of the characters of the species1 being much more prominent than on the cap of the ink-cap4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #dc4--;,coprinus micaceus1 young stage showing annulus1 on the cap the mica particles 7natural size74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #dd4--;,coprinus micaceus1 plants natural size1 from floor of coal mine at ,wilkesbarre4 ,caps tan color4 ,copyright4 ,in wet weather this coprinus melts down into an inky fluid also1 but in quite dry weather it remains more or less firm1 and sometimes it does not deliquesce at all1 but dries with all parts well preserved1 though much shrunken of course1 as is the case with all the very fleshy fungi4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #aa1 ,,figure #de4--,panolus retirugis1 group of plants from lawn along street1 showing veil in young plants at the left1 which breaks into ,v-shaped loops and clings to margin of the cap4 ,cap dark smoky color at first1 becoming grayish in age 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,panaeolus ,fr4 ,in ,panolus1 the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 or thin1 the margin even1 that is1 not striate4 ,the margin extends beyond the gills1 and the gills are not uniform in color1 being clouded or spotted with black and brown colors1 the edge of the gills often white in contrast4 ,the spores are black4 ,the stem is usually smooth1 sometimes floccose scaly1 often long1 firm1 generally hollow4 ,the veil is of interwoven threads1 sometimes quite compact1 especially when the plants are young4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #aj et seq41 gives a synopsis of five species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #df4--,panolus retirugis1 section of caps showing form and position of gills 7natural size74 ,panolus retirugis ,fr4--,the color of this plant is not attractive1 but it is one of the most beautiful species ,i have studied1 if one regards form and the general features in its development4 ,it is said to occur on dung4 ,i have found it in lawns or grassy places1 especially freshly made lawns or greenswards which have been heavily manured4 ,the illustrations in ,figs4 #de--dh were made from photographs of plants which grew in a newly made boulevard along ,buffalo street1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 7,no4 #bcef ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,the plants are from #g--ae cm4 high1 the cap from #a--c cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #c--d mm4 in thickness4 ,the size of the plants varies greatly according to the environment1 being larger in moist soil and wet weather and smaller in dry soil and dry weather4 ,it occurs in late spring and during the summer4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #dg4--,panolus retirugis1 showing rugose character of cap in left-hand plant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is oval to ovate and conic1 and in some cases it becomes more or less expanded1 but never1 so far as ,i have observed1 does it become depressed or even plane4 ,in wet weather it is usually at first dark smoky in color1 viscid1 becoming grayish in age1 and as the pileus dries it becomes shining4 ,in lighter colored forms the pileus is at first light leather color to cream color4 ,toward the center of the pileus are irregular wrinkles or shallow pits1 the wrinkles anastomosing more or less1 and it is because of this character of the surface of the pileus that the plant receives its specific name4 ,during dry weather there is a tendency for the pileus to crack1 separating the dark color of the surface into patches showing the white flesh beneath4 ,the pileus is often umbonate or gibbous1 and the center is often darker than the margin4 ,the pileus in rare cases is entirely white4 ,the gills are adnate1 broad in the middle1 and in the more expanded forms as the gills separate more and more from the stem there is a tendency for them to become somewhat triangular4 ,the spores are black in mass1 are elliptical or short fusiform1 and measure from #aj--ab #ae--ah 4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 sometimes tortuous1 smoky gray1 light reddish brown1 or paler1 sometimes entirely white1 the lighter forms of the stem accompanying the light forms of the pileus2 cartilaginous in texture1 becoming hollow1 always darker below and paler above1 smooth1 granulate with minute darker points1 bulbous4 ,the veil is very prominent and stout when the plant is young1 and extends from the margin of the pileus to the stem when the plant is very young and the stem has not elongated4 ,as the stipe elongates the veil separates from the stipe as a ring1 and then1 as the pileus expands1 it is broken quite regularly into short segments which become arranged regularly around the margin of the pileus in the form of the letter ,v1 which gives a beautiful appearance to this stage of the plant4 ,it is only when the plants are fresh and moist that this condition of the veil can be seen1 for on drying the veil collapses4 ,water is sometimes caught under the veil before the pileus separates far from the stem1 and the spores falling thus float against the stem at this point and make a dark ring around the stem1 which1 however1 should not be mistaken for the annulus4 ,in no case was the veil observed to cling to the stem1 and many plants have been observed to see if this variation might present itself4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #dh4--,panolus retirugis1 showing cracked surface of cap in the left-hand plant1 also in same plant the ring mark of black spores which lodged before veil ruptured1 in other plants showing well the ,v-shaped loops of veil on margin of cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,this peculiarity of the veil in clinging to the margin of the pileus has led ,hennings to place the plant in ,karsten's genus 7,engler and ,prantl1 ,pflanzenfamilien7 ,chalymotta1 as ,chalymotta retirugis4 ,the plants have several times been eaten raw by me1 and while they have a nutty flavor and odor1 the taste is not entirely agreeable in this condition1 because of the accompanying slimy sensation4 ,a number of smaller species1 among them ,p4 fimicola ,fr41 and ,p4 papilionaceus ,fr41 occur in similar places4 ,panolus solidipes ,pk41 is a large species with a long1 solid stem1 growing on dung4 ,psilocybe foenisecii1 abundant in lawns and grassy places during late spring and summer1 resembles a ,panolus4 ,the cap shows zones of light and dark color1 due to different amounts of water1 which disappear as the plant matures4 ,it belongs to the purple-brown-spored agarics4 ,,psathyrella ,fr4 ,the pileus is thin1 membranaceous1 striate1 the margin not extending beyond the edge of the gills1 and when young the margin of the pileus lies straight against the stem4 ,the gills are black to fuliginous1 of a uniform color1 i4 e41 not spotted as in ,panolus and ,anellaria4 ,the spores are black4 ,the plants are all fragile4 ,only one species is mentioned here4 ,in appearance the species are like ,psathyra of the purple-brown-spored agarics1 but much thinner4 ,peck describes three species in the #bc;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ajb et seq4 ,only one species is described here4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #di4--,psathyrella disseminata 7natural size71 caps whitish1 grayish1 or grayish-brown4 ,copyright4 ,psathyrella disseminata ,pers4--,this is a very common and widely distributed species1 appearing from late spring until late autumn4 ,it sometimes appears in greenhouses throughout the year4 ,the plants are #b--c cm4 high1 and the caps #f--aj mm4 broad4 ,the plants are crowded in large tufts1 often growing on decaying wood1 but also on the ground1 especially about much decayed stumps1 but also in lawns and similar places1 where buried roots1 etc41 are decaying4 ,they resemble small specimens of a ,coprinus4 ,the pileus is whitish or gray1 or grayish brown1 very thin1 oval1 then bell-shaped1 minutely scaly1 becoming smooth1 prominently silicate or plicate1 plaited4 ,the gills are adnate1 broad1 white1 gray1 then black4 ,the spores are black1 oblong1 #h #f 4 ,the stem is very slender1 becoming hollow1 often curved4 ,the entire plant is very fragile1 and in age becomes so soft as to suggest a ,coprinus in addition to the general appearance4 ,figure #di is from plants collected on decaying logs at ,ithaca4 ,,gomphidius ,fr4 ,the genus ,gomphidius has a slimy or glutinous universal veil enveloping the entire plant when young1 and for a time is stretched over the gills as the pileus is expanding4 ,the gills are somewhat mucilaginous in consistency1 are distant and decurrent on the stem4 ,the gills are easily removed from the under surface of the pileus in some species by peeling off in strips1 showing the imprint of the gills beneath the projecting portions of the pileus1 which extended part way between the lamin of the gills4 ,the spores in some species are blackish1 and for this reason the genus has been placed by many with the black-spored agarics1 while its true relationship is probably with the genus ,hygrophorus or ,paxillus4 ,gomphidius nigricans ,pk4--,the description given by ,peck for this plant in the #dhth ,report1 p4 #ab1 #ahie1 reads as follows3 ,pileus convex1 or nearly plane1 pale1 brownish red1 covered with a tough gluten1 which becomes black in drying1 flesh firm1 whitish2 lamell distant1 decurrent1 some of them forked1 white1 becoming smoky brown1 black in the dried plant2 stem subequal1 longer than the diameter of the pileus1 glutinous1 solid1 at first whitish1 especially at the top1 soon blackish by the drying of the gluten1 whitish within1 slightly tinged with red toward the base2 spores oblong fusoid1 #ae--be long1 #f--g broad4 ,pileus #a--b inches broad2 stem #a4e--b4e inches long1 #b--d lines thick4 ,this species is easily known by the blackening gluten which smears both pileus and stem1 and even forms a veil by which the lamell in the young plant are concealed4 ,in the dried state the whole plant is black4 ,under pine trees1 ,westport1 ,september4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ej4--;,gomphidius nigricans4 ,side and under view showing forked gills1 and reticulate collapsed patches of dark slime on stem4 ,cap flesh color1 gills dark gray2 entire plant black when dried 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,what appears to be the same plant was collected by me at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 under a pine tree1 in ,september1 #ahii 7,no4 #cigi ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,the notes taken on the fresh plant are as follows3 ,very viscid1 with a thick1 tough viscid cuticle1 cortina or veil viscid1 and collapsing on the stem1 forming coarse1 walnut-brown or dark vinaceous reticulations1 terminating abruptly near the gills1 or reaching them4 ,the stem is white underneath the slimy veil covering1 tough1 fibrous1 continuous1 and not separable from the hymenophore1 tapering below4 ,the pileus is convex1 the very thin margin somewhat incurved1 disk expanded1 uneven1 near the center cracked into numerous small viscid brownish areoles2 pileus flesh color1 flesh same color except toward the gills4 ,gills dark drab gray1 arcuate1 distant1 decurrent1 many of them forked1 separating easily from the hymenophore1 peeling off in broad sheets1 and leaving behind corresponding elevations of the hymenophore which extended between the lamin of the lamell4 ,pileus #g cm4 in diameter2 stem #d--e cm4 long by #b cm4 diameter4 ,in drying1 the entire plant as well as the gluten becomes black1 on the pileus a shining black4 ,the spores are rusty to dark brown1 or nearly black1 fusoid or oblong1 and measure #ae--bb #e--f 4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ea4--;,gomphidius nigricans4 ,under view with portion of gills stripped off from hymenophore1 showing forked character of gills 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,in ,fig4 #ej a side and under view of the plant are given1 and in ,fig4 #ea a view after a portion of the lamell have been peeled off1 showing how nicely the separation takes place1 as well as showing the forked character of the lamell and the processes of the pileus1 which extend between the lamin of the lamell4 ,this plant seems to be very near ,gomphidius glutinosus 7,schaeff471 ,fr41 if not identical with it1 though the illustrations cited in ,schaeffer and in ,krombholz seem to indicate a stouter plant4 ,the descriptions say nothing as to the appearance of the dried plant4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,white-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores are white in mass1 or sometimes with a faint yellowish or lilac tinge4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,amanita ,pers4 ,the genus ,amanita has both a volva and a veil2 the spores are white1 and the stem is easily separable from the cap4 ,in the young stage the volva forms a universal veil1 that is1 a layer of fungus tissue which entirely envelops the young plant4 ,in the button stage1 where this envelope runs over the cap1 it is more or less free from it1 that is1 it is not concrete with the surface of the pileus4 ,as the pileus expands and the stem elongates1 the volva is ruptured in different ways according to the species4 ,in some the volva splits at the apex and is left as a cup at the base of the stem4 ,in others it splits circularly1 that is1 transversely across the middle1 the lower half forming a shallow cup with a very narrow rim1 or in other cases it is closely fitted against the stem1 while the upper half remains on the cap and is broken up into patches or warts4 ,in still other cases the volva breaks irregularly1 and only remnants of it may be found on either the base of the stem or on the pileus4 ,for the various conditions one must consult the descriptions of the species4 ,the genus is closely related to ,lepiota1 from which it is separated by the volva being separate from the pileus4 ,this genus contains some of the most deadly poisonous mushrooms1 and also some of the species are edible4 ,morgan1 ,jour4 ,mycol4 #c3 #be--cc1 describes #bh species4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4 #ch--di1 describes #ad species4 ,lloyd1 ,a ,compilation of the ,volv of the ,u4 ,s41 ,cincinnati1 #ahih1 gives a brief synopsis of our species4 ,amanita muscaria ,linn4 ,poisonous4--,this plant in some places is popularly known as the fly agaric1 since infusions of it are used as a fly poison4 ,it occurs during the summer and early autumn4 ,it grows along roadsides near trees1 or in groves1 and in woods1 according to some preferring a rather poor gravelly soil4 ,it attains its typical form usually under these conditions in groves or rather open woods where the soil is poor4 ,it is a handsome and striking plant because of the usually brilliant coloring of the cap in contrast with the white stems and gills1 and the usually white scales on the surface4 ,it usually ranges from #aj--ae cm4 high1 and the cap from #h--ab cm4 broad1 while the stem is #a--a4e cm4 in thickness1 or the plant may be considerably larger4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ab1 ,,figure #eb4--;,amanita muscaria1 buttons1 showing different stages of rupture of the volva or universal veil1 and formation of inner veil 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ac1 ,,figure #ec4--;,amanita muscaria4 ,further stages in opening of plant1 formation of veil and ring4 ,cap yellowish1 or orange4 ,scales on cap and at base of stem white2 stem and gills white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus passes from convex to expanded and nearly flat in age1 the margin when mature is marked by depressed lines forming parallel striations1 and on the surface are numbers of scattered floccose or rather compact scales1 formed from the fragments of the upper part of the volva or outer veil4 ,these scales are usually white in color and are quite easily removed1 so that old plants are sometimes quite free from them4 ,the scales are sometimes yellowish in color4 ,the color of the pileus varies from yellow to orange1 or even red1 the yellow color being more common4 ,late in the season the color is paler1 and in old plants also the color fades out1 so that white forms are sometimes found4 ,the flesh is white1 sometimes yellowish underneath the cuticle4 ,the gills in typical forms are white1 in some forms accredited to this species they are yellowish4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 hollow1 or stuffed when young1 and enlarged below into a prominent bulb4 ,it is white1 covered with loose floccose scales1 or more or less lacerate or torn1 and the lower part of the stem and upper part of the bulb are marked usually by prominent concentric scales forming interrupted rings4 ,these are formed by the splitting of the outer veil or volva1 and form the remnants of the volva present on the base of the stem4 ,the main features in the development of the plant are shown in ,figs4 #eb--ed1 where a series from the button stage to the mature plant is represented4 ,in the youngest specimens the outline of the bulb and the young convex or nearly globose cap are only seen1 and these are covered with the more or less floccose outer veil or volva4 ,the fungus threads composing this layer cease to grow1 and with the expansion of the cap and the elongation of the stem1 the volva is torn into patches4 ,the upper and lower surface of the inner veil is attached to the edge of the gills and to the outer surface of the stem by loose threads1 which are torn asunder as the pileus expands4 ,floccose scales are thus left on the surface of the stem below the annulus1 as in the left hand plant of ,fig4 #ec4 ,the veil remains attached longer to the gills and is first separated from the stem4 ,again1 as in the right hand plant1 it may first be separated from the gills when it is later ripped up from the stem4 ,the fly agaric is one of the well known poisonous species and is very widely distributed in this country1 as well as in other parts of the world4 ,in well developed forms there should be no difficulty in distinguishing it from the common mushroom by even a novice4 ,nor should there be difficulty in distinguishing it from the royal agaric1 or ,csar's agaric 7,amanita csarea71 by one who has become reasonably familiar with the characters and appearance of the two4 ,but small and depauperate specimens of the two species run so nearly together in form1 color1 and surface characters1 that it becomes a matter of some difficulty for even an expert to distinguish them4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ed4--;,amanita muscaria4 ,view of upper side of cap 7natural size74 ,colors as in ,fig4 #ec4 ,copyright4 ,figures #eb--ed are from plants 7,no4 #bjfe ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in an open woods near ,ithaca4 ,for the poisonous property of the plant see ,chapter ,,xx4 ,amanita frostiana ,pk4 ,poisonous4--,according to ,dr4 ,peck1 who published the first description of this plant1 it grows in company with ,amanita muscaria1 but seems to prefer more dense woods1 especially mixed or hemlock woods1 and occurs from ,june to ,october4 ,the plant is #e--h cm4 high1 the caps #b--e cm4 broad1 and the stems #c--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 bright orange or yellow1 warty1 sometimes nearly or quite smooth1 striate on the margin2 lamell white or tinged with yellow2 stem white or yellowish1 stuffed1 bearing a slight1 sometimes evanescent annulus1 bulbous at the base1 the bulb slightly margined by the volva2 spores globose1 #g4e--aj in diameter4 ,he notes that it appears like a small form of ,a4 muscaria1 to which it was first referred as var4 minor1--,the only characters for distinguishing it are its small size and its globose spores4 ,it is near ,a4 muscaria var4 puella ,pers4 ,i have several times found this plant in the ,adirondack mountains1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,ithaca1 and also at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,the volva is often yellowish1 so that the warts on the pileus are also yellow1 and sometimes the only remnants of the volva on the base of the stem are yellow or orange particles4 ,the annulus is also frequently yellow4 ,in our plants1 which seem to be typical1 the spores are nearly globose1 varying to oval1 and with the minute point where the spore was attached to the sterigma at the smaller end1 the spores usually being finely granular1 #f--i in diameter1 and rarely varying towards short elliptical1 showing a tendency to approach the shape of the spores of ,a4 muscaria4 ,the species as ,i have seen it is a very variable one1 large forms being difficult to separate from ,a4 muscaria1 on the one hand1 and others difficult to separate from the depauperate forms of ,a4 csarea4 ,in the latter1 however1 the stri are coarser1 though the yellow color may be present only on portions of the pileus4 ,the spores of ,a4 csarea are from globose to oval1 ovate or short elliptical1 the globose ones often agreeing in size with the spores of ,a4 frostiana1 but they usually contain a prominent oil drop or nucleus1 often nearly filling the spore4 ,in some specimens of ,a4 frostiana the spores are quite variable1 being nearly globose1 ovate to elliptical1 approaching the spores of ,a4 muscaria4 ,these intermediate forms should not in themselves lead one to regard all these three species as representing variations in a single variable species4 ,with observations in the field ,i should think it possible to separate them4 ,amanita phalloides ,fr4 ,deadly ,poisonous4--,the ,amanita phalloides and its various forms1 or closely related species1 are the most dangerous of the poisonous mushrooms4 ,for this reason the ,a4 phalloides is known as the deadly agaric1 or deadly amanita4 ,the plant is very variable in color1 the forms being pure white1 or yellowish1 green1 or olive to umber4 ,variations also occur in the way in which the volva ruptures1 as well as in the surface characters of the stem1 and thus it is often a difficult matter to determine whether all these forms represent a single variable species or whether there are several species1 and if so1 what are the limits of these species4 ,whether these are recognized as different forms of one species or as different species1 they are all very poisonous4 ,the plant usually occurs in woods or along the borders of woods4 ,it does1 however1 sometimes occur in lawns4 ,it varies from #f--bj cm4 high1 the cap from #c--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ee4--;,amanita phalloides1 white form1 showing cap1 stem1 ring1 and cup-like volva with a free1 prominent limb 7natural size74 ,the pileus is fleshy1 viscid or slimy when moist1 smooth1 that is1 not striate1 orbicular to bell-shaped1 convex and finally expanded1 and in old specimens more or less depressed by the elevation of the margin4 ,the cap is often free from any remnants of the volva1 while in other cases portions of the volva or outer veil appear on the surface of the cap in rather broad patches1 or it may be broken up into a number of smaller ones quite evenly distributed over the surface of the cap4 ,the presence or absence of these scales on the cap depends entirely on the way in which the volva ruptures4 ,when there is a clean rupture at the apex the pileus is free from scales1 but if portions of the apex of the volva are torn away they are apt to remain on the cap4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ad1 ,,figure #ef4--;,amanita phalloides1 brownish1 umber1 or olive-brown form 7natural size74 ,caps brownish or whitish1 and streaked with brown1 scales white1 gills and stem white1 stem slowly turning dull brown where bruised4 ,copyright4 ,the white form is common in this country1 and so is the olive or umber form4 ,the yellow form is rarer4 ,sometimes there is only a tinge of yellow at the center of the white pileus1 while in other cases a large part of the pileus may be yellow1 a deeper shade usually on the center4 ,the green form is probably more common in ,europe than in this country4 ,the olive form varies considerably also in the depth of the color1 usually darker on the center and fading out to light olive or gray1 or whitish1 on the margin4 ,in other cases the entire pileus may be dark olive or umber color4 ,the gills in all the forms are white1 and free from the stem or only joined by a narrow line4 ,the stem is stuffed when young1 but in age is nearly or quite hollow4 ,it is cylindrical1 #f--bj cm4 long #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,in the larger specimens the bulb is quite prominent and abrupt1 while in the smaller specimens it is not always proportionally so large4 ,the stem is usually smooth and the color is white1 except in the dark forms1 when it is dingy or partakes more or less of the color of the pileus1 though much lighter in shade4 ,there is a tendency in these forms to a discoloration of the stem where handled or bruised1 and this should caution one in comparing such forms with the edible ,a4 rubescens4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #eg4--;,amanita phalloides1 volva circumscissile1 cap scaly1 limb of volva not prominent1 cap dark1 scales white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,perhaps no part of the plant is more variable than the outer veil or volva4 ,where the volva is quite thick and stout it usually splits at the apex1 and there is a prominent free limb1 as shown in ,fig4 #ee4 ,sometimes thin portions of the volva are caught1 and remain on the surface of the pileus4 ,but when the volva is thinner and of a looser texture1 it splits transversely about the middle1 circumscissile1 and all or a large part of the upper half of the volva then clings to the cap1 and is separated into patches4 ,between this and the former condition there seem to be all gradations4 ,some of these are shown in ,fig4 #ef1 which is from a photograph of dark olive and umber forms1 from plants collected in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,in the very young plant the volva split transversely 7in a circumscissile fashion7 quite clearly1 and the free limb is quite short and distant from the stem on the margin of the saucer-like bulb4 ,in the large and fully expanded plant at the center1 the volva ruptured irregularly at the apex1 and portions of the thin upper half remain as patches on the cap while the larger part remains as the free limb1 attached at the margin of the broad saucer-shaped bulb1 and collapsed up against the base of the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #eh4--;,amanita phalloides1 volva circumscissile1 concave bulb margined by definite short limb of volva2 upper part of volva has disappeared from cap2 cap whitish1 tinged with brown4 ,figure #eh and the small plant in ,fig4 #ef1 both from photographs of the sooty form of ,amanita phalloides1 show in a striking manner the typical condition of the circumscissile volva margining the broad saucer-like bulb as described for ,amanita mappa4 ,the color of ,a4 mappa is usually said to be straw color1 but ,fries even says that the color is as in ,a4 phalloides1 now white1 now green1 now yellow1 now dark brown 7,epicrisis1 page #f74 ,according to this1 ,fig4 #eh would represent ,a4 mappa4 ,the variable condition in this one species ,a4 phalloides1 now splitting at the apex1 now tearing up irregularly1 now splitting in a definitely circumscissile manner1 seems to bid defiance to any attempt to separate the species of ,amanita into groups based on the manner in which the volva ruptures4 ,while it seems to be quite fixed and characteristic in certain species1 it is so extremely variable in others as to lead to the suspicion that it is responsible in some cases for the multiplication and confusion of species4 ,at the same time1 the occurrence of some of these forms at certain seasons of the year suggests the desirability of prolonged and careful study of fresh material1 and the search for additional evidence of the unity of these forms1 or of their definite segregation4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ei4--;,amanita verna1 white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,since the ,amanita phalloides occurs usually in woods1 or along borders of woods1 there is little danger of confounding it with edible mushrooms collected in lawns distant from the woods1 and in open fields4 ,however1 it does occur in lawns bordering on woods1 and in the summer of #ahii ,i found several of the white forms of this species in a lawn distant from the woods4 ,this should cause beginners and those not thoroughly familiar with the appearance of the plant to be extremely cautious against eating mushrooms simply because they were not collected in or near the woods4 ,furthermore1 sometimes the white form of the deadly amanita possesses a faint tinge of pink in the gills1 which might lead the novice to mistake it for the common mushroom4 ,the bulb of the deadly amanita is usually inserted quite deep in the soil or leaf mold1 and specimens are often picked leaving the very important character of the volva in the ground1 and then the plant might easily be taken for the common mushroom1 or more likely for the smooth lepiota1 ,lepiota naucina1 which is entirely white1 the gills only in age showing a faint pink tinge4 ,it is very important1 therefore1 that1 until one has such familiarity with these plants that they are easily recognized in the absence of some of these characters1 the stem should be carefully dug from the soil4 ,in the case of the specimens of the deadly amanita growing in the lawn on the campus of ,cornell ,university1 the stems were sunk to three to four inches in the quite hard ground4 ,amanita verna ,bull4 ,deadly ,poisonous4--,the ,amanita verna is by some considered as only a white form of the ,amanita phalloides4 ,it is of a pure white color1 and this in addition to its very poisonous property has led to its designation as the destroying angel4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fj4--;,amanita verna1 buttons1 cap bursting through the volva2 left hand plant in section 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is smooth and viscid when moist2 the gills free2 the stem stuffed or hollow in age2 the annulus forms a broad collar1 and the volva is split at the apex1 and being quite stout1 the free limb is prominent1 and it hugs more or less closely to the base of the stem4 ,figure #ei represents the form of the plant which ,gillet recognizes as ,a4 verna2 the pileus convex1 the annulus broad and entire1 and the stem scaly4 ,these floccose scales are formed as a result of the separation of the annulus from the outer layer of the stem4 ,the characters presented in the formation of the veil and annulus in this species are very interesting1 and sometimes present two of the types in the formation of the veil and annulus found in the genus ,amanita4 ,in the very young plant1 in the button stage1 as the young gills lie with their edges close against the side of the stem1 loose threads extend from the edges of the gills to the outer layer of the stem4 ,this outer layer of the stem forms the veil1 and is more or less loosely connected with the firmer portion of the stem by loose threads4 ,as the pileus expands1 the threads connecting the edges of the gills with the veil are stronger than those which unite the veil with the surface of the stem4 ,the veil is separated from the stem then1 simultaneously1 or nearly so1 throughout its entire extent1 and is not ripped up from below as in ,amanita velatipes4 ,as the pileus expands1 then1 the veil lies closely over the edges of the gills until finally it is freed from them and from the margin of the pileus4 ,as the veil is split off from the surface of the stem1 the latter is torn into numerous floccose scales1 as shown in ,fig4 #ei4 ,in other cases1 in addition to the primary veil which is separated from the stem in the manner described above1 there is a secondary veil formed in exactly the same way as that described for ,amanita velatipes4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fa4--;,amanita verna1 small form1 white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,in such cases there are two veils1 or a double veil1 each attached to the margin of the pileus1 the upper one ascending over the edges of the gills and attached above on the stem1 while the lower one descends and is attached below as it is being ripped up from a second layer of the stem4 ,figures #ei--fa are from plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,amanita virosa ,fr4 ,deadly ,poisonous4--,this plant also by some is regarded as only a form of ,amanita phalloides4 ,it is a pure white plant and the pileus is viscid as in the ,a4 verna and ,a4 phalloides4 ,the volva splits at the apex as in ,a4 verna1 but the veil is very fragile and torn into shreds as the pileus expands1 portions of it clinging to the margin of the cap as well as to the stem1 as shown in ,fig4 #fb4 ,the stem is also adorned with soft floccose scales4 ,gillet further states that the pileus is conic to campanulate1 not becoming convex as in ,a4 verna and ,a4 phalloides4 ,the variability presented in the character of the veil and in the shape of the pileus suggests1 as some believe1 that all these are but forms of a single variable species4 ,on the other hand1 we need a more careful and extended field study of these variations4 ,doubtless different interpretations of the specific limits by different students will lead some to recognize several species where others would recognize but one4 ,since species are not distinct creations there may be tolerably good grounds for both of these views4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fb4--;,amanita virosa1 white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita floccocephala ,atkinson4 ,probably ,poisonous4--,this species occurs in woods and groves at ,ithaca during the autumn4 ,the plants are medium sized1 #f--h cm4 high1 the cap #c--f cm4 broad1 and the stems #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is hemispherical to convex1 and expanded1 smooth1 whitish1 with a tinge of straw color1 and covered with torn1 thin floccose patches of the upper half of the circumscissile volva4 ,the gills are white and adnexed4 ,the spores are globose1 #g--aj 4 ,the stem is cylindrical or slightly tapering above1 hollow or stuffed1 floccose scaly and abruptly bulbous below4 ,the annulus is superior1 that is1 near the upper end of the stem1 membranaceous1 thin1 sometimes tearing1 as in ,a4 virosa4 ,the volva is circumscissile1 the margin of the bulb not being clear cut and prominent1 because there is much refuse matter and soil interwoven with the lower portion of the volva4 ,the bulb closely resembles those in ,cooke's figure 7,illustrations1 #d7 of ,a4 mappa4 ,figure #fc shows these characters well4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fc4--;,amanita floccocephala 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita velatipes ,atkinson4 ,properties ,unknown4--,this plant is very interesting since it shows in a striking manner the peculiar way in which the veil is formed in some of the species of ,amanita4 ,though not possessing brilliant colors1 it is handsome in its form and in the peculiar setting of the volva fragments on the rich brown or faint yellow of the pileus4 ,it has been found on several occasions during the month of ,july in a beech woods on one of the old flood plains of ,six-mile creek1 one of the gorges in the vicinity of ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the mature plant is from #ae--bj cm4 high1 the cap from #h--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--a4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is viscid when moist1 rounded1 then broadly oval and convex to expanded1 striate on the margin1 sometimes in old plants the margin is elevated4 ,it is smooth throughout1 and of a soft1 rich hair brown1 or umber brown color1 darker in the center4 ,sometimes there is a decided but dull maize yellow tinge over the larger part of the pileus1 but even then the center is often brown in color1 shading into the yellow color toward the margin2 the light yellow forms in age1 often thinning out to a cream color4 ,the flesh of the pileus is rather thin1 even in the center1 and becomes very thin toward the margin1 as shown in ,fig4 #fg4 ,the scales on the pileus are more or less flattened1 rather thin1 clearly separated from the pileus1 and easily removed4 ,they are more or less angular1 and while elongated transversely at first1 become nearly isodiametric as the pileus becomes fully expanded1 passing from an elongated form to rectangular1 or sinuous in outline1 the margin more or less upturned1 especially in age1 when they begin to loosen and peel from the surface of the cap4 ,they are lighter in color than the pileus and ,i have never observed the yellow tint in them4 ,the gills are white1 broad at the middle1 about #a cm41 and taper gradually toward each end4 ,the spores are usually inequilaterally oval1 #h--aj #f--g 1 granular when young1 when mature with a large oil drop4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ae1 ,,figure #fd4--;,amanita velatipes 7#c_/d natural size74 ,cap hair-brown1 or umber-brown1 sometimes with tinge of lemon yellow1 or entirely maize-yellow4 ,scales1 gills1 and stem white4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fe4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,different stages of buttons1 in the right-hand plant the upper part of the volva separating to form the scales 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 somewhat bulbous1 the bulb often tapering abruptly1 as shown in ,figs4 #fd1 #ff4 ,the stem is white1 smooth1 or floccose scaly where the veil has been ripped off from it4 ,it is hollow and stuffed with loose cottony threads1 as shown in ,fig4 #fg4 ,the veil is formed by the ripping up of the outer layer of the stem as the latter elongates and as the pileus expands4 ,when it is freed from the margin of the cap it collapses and hangs downward as a broad collar 7,fig4 #fd74 ,the annulus is inferior1 its position on the stem being due to the peculiar way in which it is formed4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ff4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,three plants natural size1 the left-hand one sectioned1 showing stuffed center of stem4 ,others show how veil is ripped up from the stem4 ,for other details see text4 ,copyright4 ,some of the stages of development are illustrated in ,figs4 #fd--fg4 ,the buttons are queer looking objects1 the bulb being the most prominent part4 ,it tapers abruptly below1 and on the upper side is the small rounded young cap seated in the center4 ,the volva is present as a rough floccose layer1 covering the upper part of the bulb and the young cap4 ,as the stem elongates and the pileus enlarges and expands1 the volva is torn into areolate patches4 ,the lower patches1 those adjoining the margin of the cap and the upper part of the bulb1 are separated in a more or less concentric manner4 ,one or more of them lie on the upper part of the bulb1 forming the limb of the ocreate volva4 ,others lie around the margin of the pileus4 ,sometimes an annular one bordering the pileus and bulb is left clinging part way up on the stem1 as shown in ,fig4 #ff4 ,the concentric arrangement on the pileus is sometimes shown for a considerable time1 as in ,fig4 #fg1 the elongated areas being present in greater number at this age of the pileus4 ,however1 as the pileus expands more1 these are separated into smaller areas and their connection with the surface of the pileus becomes less firm4 ,the formation of the veil and annulus can be easily followed in these figures4 ,the margin of the cap in the button stage is firmly connected with the outer layer of the stem at its lower end4 ,this probably occurs by the intermingling growth of the threads from the lower end of the stem and the margin of the cap1 while the edges of the gills are quite free from the stem4 ,now as the stem elongates and the cap expands the veil is ripped up from the outer part of the stem4 ,this is very clearly shown in ,fig4 #ff1 especially where two strips on the stem have become disconnected from the margin of the cap and are therefore left in position on the outside of the stem4 ,this species is related to ,a4 excelsa ,fr41 which is said to have a superior ring4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #af1 ,,figure #fg4--;,amanita velatipes4 ,the right-hand plant shows how the veil is ripped up from the stem and also shows the transversely elongate scales on the cap4 ,for details see text 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanita cothurnata ,atkinson4 ,probably ,poisonous4--,the booted amanita1 ,amanita cothurnata1 ,i have found in two different years in the ,blue ,ridge mountains at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 once in #ahhh1 during the first week of ,september1 and again during the three first weeks in ,september1 #ahii4 ,it occurs sparingly during the first week or so of ,september1 and during the middle of the month is very abundant4 ,the species seems to be clearly distinct from other species of ,amanita1 and there are certain characters so persistent as to make it easily recognizable4 ,it ranges in height from #g--ab cm4 and the caps are #c--g cm4 or more broad1 while the stems are #d--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the entire plant is usually white1 but in some specimens the cap has a tinge of citron yellow1 or in others tawny olive1 in the center4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ag1 ,,figure #fh4--;,amanita cothurnata4 ,different stages of development2 for details see text4 ,entire plant white1 sometimes tinge of umber at center of cap1 and rarely slight tinge of lemon-yellow at center 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 and passes1 in its development1 from nearly globose to hemispherical1 convex1 expanded1 and when specimens are very old sometimes the margin is elevated4 ,it is usually white1 though specimens are found with a tinge of citron yellow in the center1 or of tawny olive in the center of other specimens4 ,the pileus is viscid1 strongly so when moist4 ,it is finely striate on the margin1 and covered with numerous1 white1 floccose scales from the upper half of the volva1 forming more or less dense patches1 which may wash off in heavy rains4 ,the gills are rounded next the stem1 and quite remote from it4 ,the edge of the gills is often eroded or frazzly from the torn out threads with which they were loosely connected to the upper side of the veil in the young or button stage4 ,the spores are globose or nearly so1 with a large nucleus nearly filling the spore4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #fi4--;,amanita cothurnata4 ,different stages opening up of plant1 the two center ones showing veil being ripped from stem1 but veil narrow4 ,the right-hand illustration has been scratched transversely1 these marks not being characteristic of the plant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 and expanded below into quite a large oval bulb1 the stem just above the bulb being margined by a close fitting roll of the volva1 and the upper edge of this presenting the appearance of having been sewed at the top like the rolled edge of a garment or buskin4 ,the surface of the stem is minutely floccose scaly or strongly so1 and decidedly hollow even from a very young stage1 or sometimes when young with loose threads in the cavity4 ,figures #fh--gj1 from plants 7,no4 #cgae1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii1 illustrate certain of the features in the form and development of this plant4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #gj4--;,amanita cothurnata4 ,two plants in section showing clearly hollow stem1 veil attachment1 etc4 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,in ,amanita frostiana the remains of the volva sometimes form a similar collar1 but not so stout1 on the base of the stem4 ,the variations in ,a4 frostiana where the stem1 annulus and gills are white might suggest that there is a close relationship between ,a4 frostiana and ,a4 cothurnata1 and that the latter is only a form of the former4 ,from a careful study of the two plants growing side by side the evidence is convincing that the two are distinct4 ,amanita frostiana occurs also at ,blowing ,rock1 appearing earlier in the season than ,a4 cothurnata1 and also being contemporary with it4 ,a4 frostiana is more variable1 not nearly so viscid1 nor nearly so abundant1 the stem is solid or stuffed1 the annulus is more frail and evolved from the stem in a different manner4 ,the volva does not leave such a constant and well defined roll where it separated on the stem transversely1 and the pileus is yellow or orange4 ,when ,a4 cothurnata is yellowish at all it is a different tint of yellow and then only a tinge of yellow at the center4 ,albino or faded forms of ,a4 frostiana might occur1 but we would not expect them to appear at a definite season of the year in great abundance while the normal form1 showing no intergrading specimens in the same locality1 continued to appear in the same abundance and with the same characters as before4 ,the dried plants of ,a4 cothurnata are apt to become tinged with yellow on the gills1 the upper part of the stem and upper part of the annulus during the processes of drying1 but the pileus does not change in like manner1 nor do these plants show traces of yellow on these parts when fresh4 ,the spores are also decidedly different1 though the shape and size do not differ to any great extent4 ,in ,a4 frostiana and the pale forms of the species the spores are nearly globose or oval1 rarely with a tendency to become elliptical1 but the content is quite constantly finely granular1 while the spores of ,a4 cothurnata are perhaps more constantly globose or nearly so1 but the spore is nearly filled with a highly refractive oil globule or nucleus4 ,the pileus of ,a4 frostiana is also thinner than that of ,a4 cothurnata4 ,it is nearer1 in some respects1 to specimens of ,amanita pantherina received from ,bresadola1 of ,austria-,hungary4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ga4--;,amanita spreta4 ,the two outside plants show the free limb of the volva lying close against the stem 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,amanita spreta ,pk4 ,said to be ,poisonous4--,according to ,peck this species grows in open or bushy places4 ,the specimens illustrated in ,fig4 #ga grew in sandy ground by the roadside near trees in the edge of an open field at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 and others were found in a grove4 ,the plants are #aj--ae cm4 high1 the caps #f--ab cm4 broad1 and the stems #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 gray or light drab1 and darker on the center1 or according to ,dr4 ,peck it may be white4 ,it is smooth1 or with only a few remnants of the volva1 striate on the margin1 and #a--4e cm4 thick at the center4 ,the gills are white1 adnexed1 that is they reach the stem by their upper angle4 ,the stem is of the same color as the pileus1 but somewhat lighter1 white to light gray or light drab1 cylindrical1 not bulbous1 hollow or stuffed4 ,the annulus is thin and attached above the middle of the stem4 ,the volva is sordid white1 and sheathes the stem with a long free limb of #c--e lobes4 ,it splits at the apex1 but portions sometimes cling to the surface of the pileus4 ,figure #ga is from plants 7,no4 #cgjg1 ,c4 ,u47 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,amanita csarea ,scop4 ,edible1 but use great caution4--,this plant is known as the orange amanita1 royal agaric1 ,csar's agaric1 etc4 ,it is one of the most beautiful of all the agarics1 and is well distributed over the earth4 ,with us it is more common in the ,southern ,states4 ,it occurs in the summer and early autumn in the woods4 ,it is easily recognized by its usually large size1 yellow or orange color of the cap1 gills1 stem and ring1 and the prominent1 white1 sac-like volva at the base of the stem4 ,it is usually #ab--bj cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stems #f--aj mm4 in thickness1 though it may exceed this size1 and depauperate forms are met with which are much smaller4 ,the pileus is ovate to bell-shaped1 convex1 and finally more or less expanded1 when the surface may be nearly flat or the center may be somewhat elevated or umbonate and the margin curved downward4 ,the surface is smooth except at the margin1 where it is prominently striate4 ,the color varies from orange to reddish or yellow1 usually the well developed and larger specimens have the deeper and richer colors1 while the smaller specimens have the lighter colors1 and the color is usually deeper on the center of the pileus4 ,the gills are yellow1 and free from the stem4 ,the stem is hollow1 even in young plants1 when it may be stuffed with loose threads4 ,it is often very floccose scaly below the annulus4 ,it is cylindrical1 only slightly enlarged below1 where it is covered by the large1 fleshy1 sac-like white volva4 ,the annulus is membranaceous1 large1 and hangs like a broad collar from the upper part of the stem4 ,the stem and ring are orange or yellow1 the depth of the color varying more with the size of the plant than is the case with the color of the cap4 ,in small specimens the stem is often white1 especially in depauperate specimens are the stem and annulus white1 and even the gills are white when the volva may be so reduced as to make it difficult to distinguish the specimens from similar specimens of the poisonous fly agaric4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ah1 ,,figure #gb4--;,amanita csarea4 ,different stages of development 7#b_/c natural size74 ,cap1 stem1 gills1 veil orange or yellow4 ,volva white4 ,copyright4 ,in the button stage the plant is ovate and the white color of the volva1 which at this time entirely surrounds the plants1 presents an appearance not unlike that of an egg4 ,the volva splits open at the apex as the stem elongates4 ,the veil is often connected by loose threads with the outer portion of the stem and as the pileus expands this is torn away1 leaving coarse floccose scales on the stem4 ,some of the different stages in the opening of the plant are shown in ,fig4 #gb4 ,this illustration is taken from a photograph of plants 7,no4 #cgbf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,the plant is said to be one of the best esculents1 and has been prized as an article of food from ancient times4 ,great caution should be used in distinguishing it from the fly agaric and from other amanitas4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,amanita rubescens ,,fig4 #b4--;,a4 csarea4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,amanita rubescens ,fr4 ,edible1 but use great caution4--,the reddish amanita1 ,amanita rubescens1 is so called because of the sordid reddish color diffused over the entire plant1 and especially because bruised portions quickly change to a reddish color4 ,the plant is often quite large1 from #ab--bj cm4 high1 the cap #h--ab cm4 broad and the stem #h--ab mm4 in thickness1 but it is sometimes much smaller4 ,it occurs during the latter part of the summer and in early autumn1 in woods and open places4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #gc4--;,amanita rubescens4 ,plant partly expanded4 ,dull reddish brown1 stains reddish when bruised2 for other details see text 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is oval to convex1 and becoming expanded when old4 ,it is smooth or faintly striate on the margin1 and covered with numerous scattered1 thin1 floccose1 grayish scales1 forming remnants of the larger part of the volva or outer veil4 ,the color of the cap varies correspondingly1 but is always tinged more or less distinctly with pink1 red1 or brownish red hues4 ,the gills are white or whitish and free from the stem4 ,the stem is nearly cylindrical1 tapering some above1 and with a prominent bulb which often tapers abruptly below4 ,in addition to the suffused dull reddish color the stem is often stained with red1 especially where handled or touched by some object4 ,there are very few evidences of the volva on the stem since the volva is so floccose and torn into loose fragments1 most of which remain on the surface of the cap4 ,sometimes a few of these loose fragments are seen on the upper portion of the bulb1 but they are easily removed by handling or by rains4 ,the annulus is membranous1 broad1 and fragile4 ,since the plant has become well known it is regarded as excellent and wholesome for food and pleasant to the taste4 ,in case of the larger specimens there should be no difficulty in distinguishing it from others by those who care to compare the descriptions closely with the fresh specimens4 ,but as in all cases beginners should use extreme caution in eating plants they have not become thoroughly familiar with4 ,small specimens of this species sometimes show but little of the reddish color1 and are therefore difficult to determine4 ,figures #gc and #gd are from plants 7,no4 #cgbg ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,amanita solitaria ,bull4 ,edible1 but use caution4--,the solitary amanita1 like many other plants1 is not always true to its name4 ,while it often occurs solitary1 it does occur sometimes in groups4 ,it is one of the largest of the amanitas4 ,its large size1 together with its chalky white or grayish white color1 and ragged or shaggy appearance1 makes it a striking object in the woods1 or along roadsides in woods where it grows4 ,frequently parts of the cap1 the entire stem and the gills are covered with a white1 crumbly1 floccose substance of a mealy consistency which often sticks to the hands or other objects4 ,the plant ranges from #ae--bj cm4 or more high1 the cap from #h--ae cm4 broad1 and the stems are #a--b cm4 or more in thickness4 ,in form the pileus ranges from nearly globose in the button stage1 to hemispherical1 convex and expanded1 when quite old the margin becoming more or less elevated4 ,it is covered either with flaky or floccose portions of the volva1 or with more or less distinct conic white scales1 especially toward the center4 ,the conic scales are easily rubbed off in handling or are easily washed off by rains4 ,many of them are loosened and fall because of the tension produced by the expanding pileus on the surface of which they rest4 ,these scales vary in size from quite small ones1 appearing like granules1 to those fewer in number and larger1 #c mm4 high and nearly as broad at the base4 ,in other cases the scales are harder and stouter and dark colored4 ,these forms will be discussed after the description of the other parts of the plant4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bj1 ,,figure #gd4--;,amanita rubescens4 ,under and side view4 ,dull reddish brown1 stains reddish where bruised 7#c_/d natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ba1 ,,figure #ge4--;,amanita solitaria4 ,entirely white1 or cap and scales sordid buff1 dull brown1 or grayish in some plants4 ,for details see text 7#a_/b natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the gills are free1 or are only attached by the upper inner angle2 the edges are often floccose where they are torn from the slight union with the upper surface of the veil4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 solid or stuffed when old1 enlarged usually below into a prominent bulb which then tapers into a more or less elongated root-like process1 sometimes extending #e--aj cm4 in the ground below the bulb4 ,in rare cases the bulb is not present1 but the cylindrical stem extends for a considerable distance into the ground4 ,the veil is a very interesting part of the plant and the manner in which it forms and disappears as the cap expands is worth a careful study4 ,this is well shown in ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 from photographs of plants 7,no4 #cgca ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 made at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,during the latter part of ,august and the first three weeks of ,september the plants were quite common in the mountain woods at ,blowing ,rock4 ,in certain features there was close agreement in the case of all the specimens examined1 especially in the long rooting character of the base of the stem4 ,the veil and annulus were also quite constant in their characters1 though sometimes a tendency was manifested to split up more irregularly than at other times4 ,in the character of the warts of the pileus there was great variation1 showing typical forms of ,amanita solitaria and grading into forms which might be taken for typical ,amanita strobiliformis4 ,especially is this so in the case of some of my specimens 7,no4 #cgcc71 where the scales are pyramidal1 dark brown1 surrounded by a sordid buff or grayish area1 and these latter areas separated by narrow chinks whitish in color4 ,the scales in this specimen are fixed quite firmly to the surface of the pileus4 ,in other specimens 7,no4 #cgcb7 these hard scales remove quite easily1 while in still another the pileus is almost smooth1 even the floccose scales having been obliterated1 while a very few of the hard angular warts are still present4 ,in another half expanded plant 7of ,no4 #cgcb7 the warts are pyramidal1 #d--f mm4 long at the center of the pileus and rather closely imbricated1 hard1 and firmly joined to the surface of the cap4 ,in ,nos4 #cgcc and #cgca the spores measure #g--i #d--f 4 ,in #cgcb they are longer1 varying from #g--aa 4 ,the specimens with the long hard scales suggest ,amanita strobiliformis ,vittad41 but the long rooting base of the stem does not agree with the description of that plant1 but does clearly agree with ,amanita solitaria ,bull4 ,a study of the variations in these plants suggests that ,amanita solitaria and strobiliformis ,vittad41 represent only variations in a single species as ,bulliard interpreted the species more than a century ago4 ,forms of the plant are also found which suggest that ,a4 polypyramis ,b4 ,c41 collected in ,north ,carolina1 is but one of the variations of ,a4 solitaria4 ,figures #ge1 #gf show well certain stages in the development of this plant4 ,the conical or pyramidal warts are formed in a very young stage of the plant by the primary separation of the outer part of the volva1 and as the pileus expands more1 and the cessation of growth of the outer veil proceeds inward1 the scales become more widely separated at the apex and broader at the base4 ,in some cases the volva is probably thinner than in others1 and with the rapid expansion of the pileus in wet weather the scales would be smaller1 or more floccose4 ,but with different conditions1 when it is not so wet1 the plant expands less rapidly1 the surface of the pileus becomes drier1 the volva layer does not separate so readily and the fissures between the scales proceed deeper1 and sometimes probably enter the surface of the pileus1 so that the size of the warts is augmented4 ,a similar state of things sometimes takes place on the base of the stem at the upper margin of the bulb1 where the concentric fissures may extend to some distance in the stem1 making the scales here more prominent in some specimens than in others4 ,a similar variation in the character of the scales on the bulb of ,amanita muscaria is sometimes presented4 ,the veil is often loosely attached to the edges of the gills1 and so is stripped off from the stem quite early4 ,sometimes it is more strongly adherent to the stem1 or portions of it may be1 when it is very irregularly ruptured as it is peeled off from the stem1 as shown in the plant near the left side in ,fig4 #ge4 ,the veil is very fragile and often tears a little distance from the margin of the cap1 while the portion attached to the stem forms the annulus4 ,this condition is shown in the case of three plants in ,fig4 #ge4 ,the plant is said to be edible4 ,,amanitopsis ,roze4 ,this genus has white spores1 and a volva1 but the annulus and inner veil are wanting4 ,in other respects it agrees with ,amanita4 ,it is considered as a sub-genus of ,amanita by some4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bb1 ,,figure #gf4--;,amanita solitaria4 ,three plants1 #c_/d natural size4 ,copyright4 ,amanitopsis vaginata 7,bull47 ,roz4 ,edible4--,the sheathed amanitopsis1 ,a4 vaginata1 is a quite common and widely distributed plant in woods4 ,it is well named since the prominent volva forms a large sheath to the cylindrical base of the stem4 ,the plant occurs in several forms1 a gray or mouse colored form1 and a brownish or fulvous form1 and sometimes nearly white4 ,these forms are recognized by some as varieties1 and by others as species4 ,the plants are #h--ae cm4 high1 the caps #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stems #e--h mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bc1 ,,figure #gg4--;,amanitopsis vaginata4 ,tawny form 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is from ovate to bell-shaped1 then convex and expanded1 smooth1 rarely with fragments of the volva on the surface4 ,the margin is thin and marked by deep furrows and ridges1 so that it is deeply striate1 or the terms sulcate or pectinate sulcate are used to express the character of the margin4 ,the term pectinate sulcate is employed on account of a series of small elevations on the ridges1 giving them a pectinate1 or comb-like1 appearance4 ,the color varies from gray to mouse color1 brown1 or ochraceous brown4 ,the flesh is white4 ,the gills are white or nearly so1 and free4 ,the spores are globose1 #g--aj in diameter4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 or slightly tapering upward1 hollow or stuffed1 not bulbous1 smooth1 or with mealy particles or prominent floccose scales4 ,these scales are formed by the separation of the edges of the gills from the surface of the stem1 to which they are closely applied before the pileus begins to expand4 ,threads of mycelium growing from the edge of the lamell and from the stem intermingle4 ,when the pileus expands these are torn asunder1 or by their pull tear up the outer surface of the stem4 ,the volva forms a prominent sheath which is usually quite soft and easily collapses 7,fig4 #gg74 ,the entire plant is very brittle and fragile4 ,it is considered an excellent one for food4 ,i often eat it raw when collecting4 ,authors differ as to the number of species recognized in the plant as described above4 ,secretan recognized as many as ten species4 ,the two prominent color forms are quite often recognized as two species1 or by others as varieties2 the gray or mouse colored form as ,a4 livida ,pers41 and the tawny form as ,a4 spadicea ,pers4 ,according to ,fries and others the livida appears earlier in the season than spadicea1 and this fact is recognized by some as entitling the two to specific rank4 ,plowright 7,trans4 ,brit4 ,mycol4 ,soc41 p4 #dj1 #ahig--ih7 points out that in ,european forms of spadicea there is a second volva inside the outer1 and in livida there are folds or wrinkles of considerable size on the inner surface of the volva4 ,he thinks the two entitled to specific rank4 ,at ,ithaca and in the mountains of ,north ,carolina ,i have found both forms appearing at the same season1 and thus far have been unable to detect the differences noted by ,plowright in the volva4 ,but ,i have never found intergrading color forms1 and have not yet satisfied myself as to whether or not the two should be entitled to specific rank4 ,some of the other species of ,amanitopsis found in this country are ,a4 nivalis ,grev41 an entirely white plant regarded by some as only a white form of ,a4 vaginata4 ,another white plant is ,a4 volvata ,pk41 which has elliptical spores1 and is striate on the margin instead of sulcate4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #gh4--;,amanitopsis farinosa4 ,cap grayish 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,amanitopsis farinosa ,schw4--,the mealy agaric1 or powdery amanita1 is a pretty little species4 ,it was first collected and described from ,north ,carolina by de ,schweinitz 7,synop4 fung4 ,car4 ,no4 #eeb1 #ahbb71 and the specimens illustrated in ,fig4 #gh were collected by me at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,peck has given in the #ccrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #di1 an excellent description of the plant1 though it often exceeds somewhat the height given by him4 ,it ranges from #e--h or #aj cm4 high1 the cap from #b--c cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is from subglobose to convex and expanded1 becoming nearly plane or even depressed by the elevation of the margin in old specimens4 ,the color is gray or grayish brown1 or mouse colored4 ,the pileus is thin1 and deeply striate on the margin1 covered with a grayish floccose1 powdery or mealy substance1 the remnant of the evanescent volva4 ,this substance is denser at the center and is easily rubbed off4 ,the gills are white and free from the stem4 ,the spores are subglobose and ovate to elliptical1 #f--g long4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 hollow or stuffed1 whitish or gray and very slightly enlarged at the base into a small rounded bulb which is quite constant and characteristic1 and at first is covered on its upper margin by the floccose matter from the volva4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bd1 ,,figure #gi4--,lepiota naucina4 ,entirely white 7natural size74 ,at ,blowing ,rock the plants occurred in sandy soil by roadsides or in open woods4 ,in habit it resembles strikingly forms of ,amanitopsis vaginata1 but the volva is entirely different 7,fig4 #gh74 ,although ,a4 vaginata was common in the same locality1 ,i searched in vain for intermediate forms which ,i thought might be found4 ,sometimes the floccose matter would cling together more or less1 and portions of it remained as patches on the lower part of the stem1 while depauperate forms of ,a4 vaginata would have a somewhat reduced volva1 but in no case did ,i find intermediate stages between the two kinds of volva4 ,,lepiota ,fr4 ,the genus ,lepiota lacks a volva1 but the veil is present forming a ring on the stem4 ,the genus is closely related to ,amanita1 from which it differs in the absence of the volva1 or perhaps more properly speaking in the fact that the universal veil is firmly connected 7concrete with7 with the pileus1 and with the base of the stem1 so that a volva is not formed4 ,the gills are usually free from the stem1 some being simply adnexed1 but in some species connected with a collar near the stem4 ,the stem is fleshy and is easily separable from the cap4 ,a number of the species are edible4 ,peck1 #ceth ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #aej--afd1 describes #ah species4 ,lloyd1 ,mycol4 ,notes1 ,november1 #ahih1 describes #i species4 ,lepiota naucina ,fr4 7,lepiota naucinoides ,pk41 ,annularia lvis ,krombh47 ,edible4--,the smooth lepiota1 ,l4 naucina1 grows in lawns1 in pastures and by roadsides1 etc4 ,it occurs during the latter part of summer and during autumn1 being more abundant in ,september and early ,october4 ,it is entirely white1 or the cap is sometimes buff1 and in age the gills become dirty pink in color4 ,it is from #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #h--ae mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is very fleshy1 nearly globose1 then convex to nearly expanded1 smooth1 or rarely the surface is broken into minute scales4 ,the gills are first white1 free from the stem1 and in age assume a dull pink tinge4 ,the spores are usually white in mass1 but rarely when caught on white paper they show a faint pink tinge4 ,the spores are elliptical to oval4 ,the stem is nearly cylindrical1 gradually enlarging below so that it is clavate1 nearly hollow or stuffed with loose threads4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hj4--,lepiota naucina4--,section of three plants1 different ages4 ,since the plant occurs in the same situations as the ,agaricus campestris it might be mistaken for it1 especially for white forms4 ,but of course no harm could come by eating it by mistake for the common mushroom1 for it is valued just as highly for food by some who have eaten it4 ,if one should look at the gills1 however1 they would not likely mistake it for the common mushroom because the gills become pink only when the plant is well expanded and quite old4 ,there is much more danger in mistaking it for the white amanitas1 ,a4 phalloides1 ,a4 verna1 or ,a4 virosa1 since the gills of these deadly plants are white1 and they do sometimes grow in lawns and other grassy places where the smooth lepiota and the common mushroom grow4 ,for this reason one should study the descriptions and illustrations of these amanitas given on preceding pages1 and especially should the suggestions given there about care in collecting plants be followed1 until one is so certainly familiar with the characters that the plants would be known on sight4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #be1 ,,figure #ha4--,lepiota procera4 ,grayish brown to reddish brown1 gills and flesh white 7#c_/d natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pink color of the gills of this lepiota has led certain students of the fungi into mistakes of another kind4 ,this pink color of the gills has led some to place the plant among the rosy spored agarics in the genus ,annularia1 where it was named ,annularia lvis by ,krombholtz 7vide ,bresadola ,funghi ,mangerecci e velenosi1 p4 #bi1 #ahii74 ,it fits the description of that plant exactly4 ,the pink color of the gills1 as well as the fact that the gills turn brownish when dry1 has led to a confusion in some cases of the ,lepiota naucina with the chalky agaric1 ,agaricus cretaceus4 ,the external resemblance of the plants1 as shown in various illustrations1 is very striking1 and in the chalky agaric the gills remain pink very late1 only becoming brown when very old4 ,lepiota procera ,scop4 ,edible4--,the parasol mushroom1 ,lepiota procera1 grows in pastures1 lawns1 gardens1 along roadsides1 or in thin woods1 or in gardens4 ,it is a large and handsome plant and when expanded seems not inappropriately named4 ,it is from #ab--bj cm4 or more high1 the cap expands from #e--ab cm41 while the stem is #d--g mm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs during summer and in early autumn4 ,the pileus is oval1 then bell-shaped1 convex and nearly expanded1 with usually a more or less prominent elevation 7umbo7 at the center4 ,sometimes it is depressed at the center4 ,it is grayish brown or reddish brown in color on the surface and the flesh is whitish4 ,as the cap expands the surface layer ceases to grow and is therefore cracked1 first narrow chinks appearing1 showing white or grayish threads underneath4 ,as the cap becomes more expanded the brown surface is torn into scales1 which give the cap a more or less shaggy appearance except on the umbo1 where the color is more uniform4 ,the torn surface of the pileus shows numerous radiating fibres1 and it is soft and yielding to the touch4 ,the gills are remote from the stem1 broad and crowded4 ,the spores are long1 elliptical1 #ab--ag long4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 hollow1 or stuffed1 even1 enlarged below into a prominent bulb1 of the same color as the pileus1 though paler1 especially above the annulus4 ,the surface is usually cracked into numerous small scales1 the chinks between showing the white inner portion of the stem4 ,the ring is stout1 narrow1 usually quite free from the stem1 so that it can be moved up and down on the stem1 and is called a movable ring4 ,figure #ha is from plants 7,no4 #chdb1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in a garden at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,a closely related plant1 ,lepiota rachodes ,vitt41 has smaller spores1 #i--ab #g--i 4 ,it is also edible1 and by some considered only a variety of ,l4 procera4 ,it is rare in this country1 but appears about ,boston in considerable quantities in or near greenhouses or in enriched soil out of doors1 where it has the appearance of an introduced plant 7,webster1 ,rhodora1 #a3 #bbf1 #ahii74 ,it is a much stouter plant than ,l4 procera1 the pileus usually depressed1 much more coarsely scaly1 and usually grows in dense clusters1 while ,l4 procera usually occurs singly or scattered1 is more slender1 often umbonate4 ,l4 rachodes has a veil with a double edge1 the edges more or less fringed4 ,the veil is fixed to the stem until the plant is quite mature1 when it becomes movable4 ,the flesh of the plant on exposure to the air becomes a brownish orange tint4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hb4--,lepiota americana4 ,scales and center of cap reddish or reddish brown4 ,entire plant turns reddish on drying 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lepiota morgani ,pk4--,this plant occurs from ,ohio1 southward and west4 ,it grows in grassy places1 especially in wet pastures4 ,it is one of the largest of the lepiotas1 ranging from #bj--dj cm4 high1 the cap #bj--cj cm4 broad1 and the stem about #b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus1 when fully expanded1 is whitish1 with large dark scales1 especially toward the center4 ,the ring is large1 sometimes movable1 and the gills and spores are greenish4 ,some report the plant as edible1 while others say illness results from eating it4 ,lepiota americana ,pk4 ,edible4--,this plant is widely distributed in the ,united ,states4 ,the plants occur singly or are clustered1 #f--ab cm4 high1 the cap #d--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the cap is adorned with reddish or reddish brown scales except on the center1 where the color is uniform because the surface is not broken up into scales4 ,the flesh is white1 but changes to reddish when cut or bruised1 and the whole plant becomes reddish on drying4 ,figure #hb is from plants 7,no4 #bgah1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca4 ,the ,european plant1 ,l4 badhami1 also reported in this country1 changes to a brownish red4 ,it is believed by some to be identical with ,l4 americana4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hc4--,lepiota cristata4 ,entirely white1 but scales grayish or pinkish brown1 stem often flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lepiota acutesquamosa ,weinm4--,this is a medium or small sized plant with a floccose pileus adorned with small1 acute1 erect scales1 and has a loose1 hairy or wooly veil which is often torn irregularly4 ,the erect scales fall away from the pileus and leave little scars where they were attached4 ,lepiota cristata ,a4 ,s4 ,edible4--,the crested lepiota1 ,lepiota cristata1 occurs in grassy places and borders of woods1 in groves1 etc41 from ,may to ,september1 and is widely distributed4 ,the plant is small1 #c--e cm4 high1 the cap #a--d cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--e mm4 in thickness4 ,it grows in clusters or is scattered4 ,the pileus is ovate1 bell-shaped1 then convex and expanded1 and thin4 ,the surface is at first entirely dull reddish or reddish brown1 but soon cracks into numerous scales of the same color arranged in a crested manner1 more numerous between the margin and the center1 and often arranged in a concentric manner4 ,the center of the cap often preserves the uniform reddish brown color because the pileus at this point does not expand so much and therefore the surface does not crack1 while the margin often becomes white because of the disappearance of the brown covering here4 ,the gills are free from the stem1 narrow1 crowded1 and close to the stem4 ,the spores are more or less angular1 elongated1 more narrowed at one end1 and measure #e--h #c--d 4 ,the stem is slender1 cylindrical1 hollow1 whitish1 smooth4 ,the ring is small1 white1 and easily breaks up and disappears4 ,the characters of the plant are well shown in ,fig4 #hc from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,lepiota angustana ,britz4 is identical1 and according to ,morgan ,l4 miamensis ,morgan is a white form of ,l4 angustana4 ,lepiota asperula ,atkinson4--,this lepiota resembles ,a4 asper in some respects1 but it is smaller and the spores are much smaller1 being very minute4 ,the plant is #e--h cm4 high1 the pileus #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,it grows in leaf mould in the woods and has been found at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 twice during ,july and ,september1 #ahig4 ,the pileus is convex and bell-shaped1 becoming nearly or quite expanded4 ,it is hair brown to olive brown in color4 ,the surface is dry1 made up of interwoven threads1 and is adorned with numerous small1 erect1 pointed scales resembling in this respect ,a4 asper ,fr4 ,the gills are white or yellowish1 free1 but rather close to the stem1 narrow1 often eroded on the edge1 sometimes forked near the stem1 and some of them arranged in pairs4 ,the spores are oblong1 smooth1 and very minute1 measuring #e #b 4 ,the stem is the same color as the pileus1 cylindrical1 hollow1 with loose threads in the cavity1 enlarged into a rounded bulb below1 minutely downy to pubescent4 ,the outer portion of the bulb is formed of intricately interwoven threads1 among which are entangled soil and humus particles4 ,the veil is white1 silky1 hairy1 separating from the stem like a dense cortina1 the threads stretched both above and below as shown in ,fig4 #hd from plants 7,no4 #caeg ,c4 ,u4 herbarium71 collected at ,ithaca4 ,in some specimens1 as the pileus expands1 the spaces between the pointed scales are torn1 thus forming quite coarse scales which are often arranged in more or less concentric rows1 showing the yellow-tinged flesh in the cracks1 and the coarse scales bearing the fine point at the center4 ,a layer connecting the margin of the pileus with the base of the stem and covered with fine brown points1 sometimes separates from the edge of the cap and the base of the stem1 and clings partly to the cortina and partly to the stem in much the same way that portions of the volva cling to the stem of certain species of ,amanita1 as seen in ,a4 velatipes 7,fig4 #ff74 ,sometimes this is left on the base of the stem and then resembles a short1 free limb of a volva1 and suggests a species of ,amanita4 ,the scales1 however1 are concrete with the pileus1 and the species appears to show a closer relationship with ,lepiota4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bf1 ,,figure #hd4--,lepiota asperula4 ,cap hair-brown to olive-brown1 scales minute1 pointed1 gills and stem white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,armillaria ,fr4 ,in the genus ,armillaria the inner veil which forms a ring on the stem is present4 ,the stem is fibrous1 or the outer portion cartilaginous in some species1 and not easily separable from the substance of the pileus 7continuous with the hymenophore71 and the gills are attached to the stem1 sinuate1 or decurrent1 spores white4 ,peck1 #dcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #dj--de1 describes #f species4 ,some of the species resemble very closely certain species of ,amanita or ,lepiota1 but can be distinguished by the firm continuity of the substance of the stem and cap4 ,armillaria mellea ,vahl4 ,edible4--,this is one of the most common of the late summer and autumn fungi1 and is widely distributed over the world4 ,it grows about the bases of old stumps or dead trees1 or from buried roots4 ,sometimes it is found attached to the living roots of trees4 ,the plant occurs in tufts or clusters1 several to many individuals growing together1 the bases of their stems connected with a black rope-like strand from which they arise4 ,the entire plant is often more or less honey colored1 from which the plant gets its specific name4 ,its clustered habit1 the usually prominent ring on the stems1 and the sharp1 blackish1 erect scales which usually adorn the center of the cap1 mark it as an easy plant to determine in most cases4 ,the colors and markings1 however1 vary greatly1 so that some of the forms are very puzzling4 ,the plant varies in height from #aj--ae cm41 the cap from #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is oval to convex and expanded1 sometimes with a slight umbo or elevation at the center4 ,the color varies from honey color to nearly white1 or yellowish brown to dull reddish brown1 usually darker on the center4 ,in typical forms the pileus is adorned with pointed dark brown1 or blackish1 erect1 scales especially abundant over the center1 while the margin is often free from them1 but may be marked with looser floccose1 brownish1 or yellowish scales4 ,sometimes there are no blackish pointed scales anywhere on the cap1 only loose floccose colored scales1 or in some forms the cap is entirely smooth4 ,the margin in old specimens is often striate4 ,the pileus is usually dry1 but ,webster cites an instance in which it was viscid in wet weather4 ,the gills are attached to the stem squarely 7adnate7 or they are decurrent 7extend downward on the stem71 are white1 or whitish1 becoming in age more or less dingy or stained4 ,the spores are rounded or elliptical1 #f--i 4 ,the stem is elastic1 spongy within and sometimes hollow4 ,it is smooth or often floccose scaly below the ring1 sometimes with prominent transverse bands of a hairy substance4 ,it is usually whitish near the upper end1 but dull brown or reddish brown below the annulus1 sometimes distinctly yellowish4 ,the veil varies greatly also4 ,it may be membranaceous and thin1 or quite thick1 or in other cases may be absent entirely4 ,the ring of course varies in a corresponding manner4 ,as shown in ,fig4 #he it is quite thick1 so that it appears double on the edge1 where it broke away from the inner and outer surfaces of the margin of the cap4 ,it is frequently fixed to the stem1 that is1 not movable1 but when very thin and frail it often disappears4 ,the honey colored agaric is said by nearly all writers to be edible1 though some condemn it4 ,it is not one of the best since it is of rather tough consistency4 ,it is a species of considerable economic importance and interest1 since it is a parasite on certain coniferous trees1 and perhaps also on certain of the broad-leaved trees4 ,it attacks the roots of these trees1 the mycelium making its way through the outer layer1 and then it grows beneath the bark4 ,here it forms fan-like sheets of mycelium which advance along both away from the tree and towards the trunk4 ,it disorganizes and breaks down the tissues of the root here1 providing a space for a thicker growth of the mycelium as it becomes older4 ,in places the mycelium forms rope-like strands1 at first white in color1 but later becoming dark brown and shining4 ,these cords or strands1 known as rhizomorphs1 extend for long distances underneath the bark of the root4 ,they are also found growing in the hollow trunks of trees sometimes4 ,in time enough of the roots are injured to kill the tree1 or the roots are so weakened that heavy winds will blow the trees over4 ,the fruiting plants always arise from these rhizomorphs1 and by digging carefully around the bases of the stems one can find these cords with the stems attached1 though the attachment is frail and the stems are easily separated from the cords4 ,often these cords grow for years without forming any fruit bodies4 ,in this condition they are often found by stripping off the bark from dead and rotting logs in the woods4 ,these cords were once supposed to be separate fungi1 and they were known under the name ,rhizomorpha subcorticalis4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bg1 ,,figure #he4--;,armillaria mellea4 ,showing double ring present in some large specimens2 cap honey colored1 scales minute1 more numerous at center1 blackish1 often floccose1 and sometimes wanting 7#c_/d natural size1 often smaller74 ,copyright4 ,armillaria aurantia ,schaeff4 7,tricholoma peckii ,howe7 ,suspected4--,this is a very pretty species and rare in the ,united ,states4 ,the plants are #f--h cm4 high1 the cap #d--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--h mm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs in woods4 ,it is known by its viscid pileus1 the orange brown or ochraceous rufus color of the pileus and stem1 and the color of the stem being confined to the superficial layer1 which becomes torn into concentric floccose scales1 forming numerous minute floccose irregular rings of color around the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hf4--;,armillaria aurantia ,schaeff4 7,tricholoma peckii ,howe74 ,cap orange-brown or ochraceous rufus1 viscid2 floccose scales on stem same color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 with an umbo1 and the edge inrolled1 fleshy1 thin1 viscid1 ochraceous rufus 7in specimens collected by myself71 darker on the umbo1 and minutely scaly from tufts of hairs1 and the viscid cuticle easily peeling off4 ,the gills are narrow1 crowded1 slightly adnexed1 or many free1 white1 becoming brown discolored where bruised1 and in drying brownish or rufus4 ,the spores are minute1 globose to ovoid1 or rarely sub-elliptical when a little longer1 with a prominent oil globule usually1 #c--c4e #c--e 1 sometimes a little longer when the elliptical forms are presented4 ,the stem is straight or ascending1 even1 very floccose scaly as the pileus is unrolled from it1 scales same color as the pileus1 the scales running transversely1 being separated perhaps by the elongation of the stem so that numerous floccose rings are formed1 showing the white flesh of the stem between4 ,the upper part of the stem1 that above the annulus1 is white1 but the upper part floccose4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hg4--,tricholoma personatum4 ,entire plant grayish brown1 tinged with lilac or purple1 spores light ochraceous 7natural size1 often larger74 ,this plant has been long known in ,europe4 ,there is a rather poor figure of it in ,schaeffer ,table #cg1 and a better one in ,gillet ,champignons de ,france1 ,hymenomycetes1 #a1 opposite page #gf1 but a very good one in ,bresadola ,funghi ,mangerecci e ,velenosi1 ,tavel #ah1 #ahii4 ,a good figure is also given by ,barla1 ,les ,champignons des ,alpes--,maritimes1 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #a--f4 ,the plant was first reported from ,america in the #dast ,report1 ,state ,museum1 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #hb1 #ahhh1 under the name ,tricholoma peckii ,howe1 from the ,catskill ,mountains1 ,n4 ,y4 ,figure #hf is from plants 7,no4 #ciia1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,the ,european and ,american description both ascribe a bitter taste to the flesh of the pileus1 and it is regarded as suspicious4 ,there does not seem to be a well formed annulus1 the veil only being present in a rather young stage1 as the inrolled margin of the pileus is unrolling from the surface of the stem4 ,it seems to be more in the form of a universal veil resembling the veil of some of the lepiotas4 ,it shows a relationship with ,tricholoma which possesses in typical forms a delicate veil present only in the young stage4 ,perhaps for this reason it was referred by ,howe to ,tricholoma as an undescribed species when it was named ,t4 peckii4 ,if its affinities should prove to be with ,tricholoma rather than with ,armillaria1 it would then be known as ,tricholoma aurantium4 ,,tricholoma ,fr4 ,in the genus ,tricholoma the volva and annulus are both wanting1 the spores are white1 and the gills are attached to the stem1 but are more or less strongly notched or sinuate at the stem4 ,sometimes the notch is very slight4 ,the stem is fleshy-fibrous1 attached to the center of the pileus1 and is usually short and stout4 ,in some specimens when young there is a slight cobwebby veil which very soon disappears4 ,the genus is a very large one4 ,some species are said to be poisonous and a few are known to be edible4 ,peck1 #ddth ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4 #ch--fd1 describes #df species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hh4--,tricholoma personatum4 ,section 7natural size74 ,tricholoma personatum ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant occurs during the autumn and persists up to the winter months4 ,it grows on the ground in open places and in woods4 ,the stem is short1 usually #c--g cm4 long #a--b cm4 in thickness1 and the cap is from #e--aj cm4 or more broad4 ,the entire plant often has a lilac or purple tint4 ,the pileus is convex1 expanded1 moist1 smooth1 grayish to brownish tinged with lilac or purple1 especially when young1 fading out in age4 ,when young the pileus is sometimes adorned with white mealy particles1 and when old the margin may be more or less upturned and wavy4 ,the gills are crowded1 rounded next the stem1 and nearly free but close to the stem1 violet or lilac when young1 changing to dull reddish brown when old4 ,the spores when caught in mass are dull pink or salmon color4 ,they measure #g--i long4 ,the stem is solid1 fibrous1 smooth1 deep lilac when young and retaining the lilac color longer than the pileus4 ,sometimes the base is bulbous as in ,fig4 #hg4 ,this plant is regarded by all writers as one of the best of the edible fungi4 ,sometimes the pileus is water soaked and then the flavor is not so fine4 ,the position of the plant is regarded as doubtful by some because of the more or less russety pink color of the spores when seen in mass1 and the ease with which the gills separate from the pileus1 characters which show its relationship to the genus ,paxillus4 ,tricholoma sejunctum ,sowerb4 ,edible4--,this plant occurs on the ground in rather open woods during late summer and in the autumn4 ,it is #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #e--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #aj--ae mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #hi4--,tricholoma sejunctum4 ,cap light yellow1 streaked with dark threads on the surface1 viscid4 ,stem and gills white 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 umbonate1 viscid when moist1 light yellow in color and streaked with dark threads in the surface4 ,the flesh is white1 and very fragile1 differing in this respect from ,t4 equestre1 which it resembles in general form4 ,the gills are broad1 rather distant1 broadly notched near the stem1 and easily separating from the stem4 ,the stem is solid1 smooth and shining white4 ,figure #hi is from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,it is said to be edible4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bh1 ,,figure #ij4--;,clitocybe candida4 ,entirely white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #bi1 ,,figure #ia4--;,clitocybe candida4 ,under view of nearly lateral stemmed individual 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,clitocybe ,fr4 ,the volva and annulus are wanting in this genus1 and the spores are white4 ,the stem is elastic1 spongy within1 the outside being elastic or fibrous1 so that the fibres hold together well when the stem is twisted or broken1 as in ,tricholoma4 ,the stem does not separate readily from the pileus1 but the rather strong fibres are continuous with the substance of the pileus4 ,the gills are narrowed toward the stem1 joined squarely or decurrent 7running down on the stem71 very rarely some of them notched at the stem while others of the same plant are decurrent4 ,in one species at least 7,c4 laccata1 by some placed in the genus ,laccaria7 the gills are often strongly notched or sinuate4 ,the cap is usually plane1 depressed1 or funnel-shaped1 many of the species having the latter form4 ,the plants grow chiefly on the ground1 though a number of species occur on dead wood4 ,the genus contains a very large number of species4 ,peck describes ten species in the #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #gf1 et4 seq41 also #dhth ,report1 p4 #agb1 several species4 ,morgan1 ,jour4 ,cinn4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #f3 #gj--gc1 describes #ab species4 ,clitocybe candida ,bres4 ,edible4--,this is one of the large species of the genus4 ,it occurs in late autumn in ,europe4 ,it has been found on several occasions during late autumn at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 on the ground in open woods1 during wet weather4 ,it occurs in clusters1 though the specimens are usually not crowded4 ,the stem is usually very short1 #b--d cm4 long1 and #b--c cm4 in thickness1 while the cap is up to #aj--ah cm4 broad4 ,the pileus is sometimes regular1 but often very irregular1 and produced much more strongly on one side than on the other4 ,it is convex1 then expanded1 the margin first incurved and finally wavy and often somewhat lobed4 ,the color is white or light buff in age4 ,the flesh is thick and white4 ,the gills are white1 stout1 broad1 somewhat decurrent1 some adnate4 ,the taste is not unpleasant when raw1 and when cooked it is agreeable4 ,i have eaten it on several occasions4 ,figures #ij1 #ia are from plants 7,no4 #dfab ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca4 ,clitocybe laccata ,scop4 ,edible4--,this plant is a very common and widely distributed one1 growing in woods1 fields1 roadsides and other waste places4 ,it is usually quite easily recognized from the whitish scurfy cap1 the pink or purplish gills1 though the spores are white1 from the gills being either decurrent1 adnate1 or more or less strongly notched1 and the stem fibrous and whitish or of a pale pink color4 ,when the plants are mature the pale red or pink gills appear mealy from being covered with the numerous white spores4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex or later expanded1 of a watery appearance1 nearly smooth or scurfy or slightly squamulose4 ,the spores are rounded1 and possess spine-like processes1 or are prominently roughened4 ,in the warty character of the spores this species differs from most of the species of the genus ,clitocybe1 and some writers place it in a different genus erected to accommodate the species of ,clitocybe which have warty or spiny spores4 ,the species with spiny spores are few4 ,the genus in which this plant is placed by some is ,laccaria1 and then the plant is called ,laccaria laccata4 ,there are several other species of ,clitocybe which are common and which one is apt to run across often1 especially in the woods4 ,these are of the funnel form type1 the cap being more or less funnel-shaped4 ,clitocybe infundibuliformis ,schaeffer is one of these4 ,the cap1 when mature1 is pale red or tan color1 fading out in age4 ,it is #e--g cm4 high1 and the cap #b--d cm4 broad4 ,it is considered delicious4 ,clitocybe cyathiformis1 as its name indicates1 is similar in form1 and occurs in woods4 ,the pileus is of a darker color1 dark brown or smoky in color4 ,clitocybe illudens ,schw4 ,not ,edible4--,this species is distributed through the ,eastern ,united ,states and sometimes is very abundant4 ,it occurs from ,july to ,october about the bases of old stumps1 dead trees1 or from underground roots4 ,it is one of the large species1 the cap being #ae--bj cm4 broad1 the stem #ab--bj cm4 long1 and #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs in large clusters1 several or many joined at their bases4 ,from the rich saffron yellow color of all parts of the plant1 and especially by its strong phosphorescence1 so evident in the dark1 it is an easy plant to recognize4 ,because of its phosphorescence it is sometimes called ,jack-my-lantern4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 and depressed1 sometimes with a small umbo1 smooth1 often irregular or eccentric from its crowded habit1 and in age the margin of the pileus is wavy4 ,the flesh is thick at the center and thin toward the margin4 ,in old plants the color becomes sordid or brownish4 ,the gills are broad1 not crowded1 decurrent1 some extending for a considerable distance down on the stem while others for a less distance4 ,the stem is solid1 firm1 smooth1 and tapers toward the base4 ,while the plant is not a dangerously poisonous one1 it has occasioned serious cases of illness1 acting as a violent emetic1 and of course should be avoided4 ,its phosphorescence has often been observed4 ,another and much smaller plant1 widely distributed in this country as well as ,europe1 and belonging to another genus1 is also phosphorescent4 ,it is ,panus stipticus1 a small white plant with a short lateral stem1 growing on branches1 stumps1 trunks1 etc4 ,when freshly developed the phosphorescence is marked1 but when the plants become old they often fail to show it4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ib4--;,clitocybe illudens4 ,entire plant rich saffron yellow1 old plants become sordid brown sometimes2 when fresh shows phosphorescence at night 7#b_/c natural size1 often much larger74 ,copyright4 ,clitocybe multiceps ,peck4 ,edible4--,this plant is not uncommon during late summer and autumn4 ,it usually grows in large tufts of #aj to #cj or more individuals4 ,the caps in such large clusters are often irregular from pressure4 ,the plants are #f--ab cm4 high1 the caps #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stems #h--ae mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is white or gray1 brownish gray or buff1 smooth1 dry1 the flesh white4 ,the gills are white1 crowded1 narrow at each end4 ,the spores are smooth1 globose1 #e--g in diameter4 ,the stems are tough1 fibrous1 solid1 tinged with the same color as cap4 ,fig4 #ic is from plants 7,no4 #edfg1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,october #ad1 #aijj4 ,,collybia ,fr4 ,in the genus ,collybia the annulus and volva are both wanting1 the spores are white1 the gills are free or notched1 or sinuate4 ,the stem is either entirely cartilaginous or has a cartilaginous rind1 while the central portion of the stem is fibrous1 or fleshy1 stuffed or fistulose4 ,the pileus is fleshy and when the plants are young the margin of the pileus is incurved or inrolled1 i4 e41 it does not lie straight against the stem as in ,mycena4 ,many of the species of ,collybia are quite firm and will revive somewhat after drying when moistened1 but they are not coriaceous as in ,marasmius1 nor do they revive so thoroughly4 ,it is difficult1 however1 to draw the line between the two genera4 ,twenty-five of the ,new ,york species of ,collybia are described by ,peck in the #dith ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #cb et seq4 ,morgan describes twelve species in ,jour4 ,cinn4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #f3 #gj--gc4 ,collybia radicata ,rehl4 ,edible4--,this is one of the common and widely distributed species of the genus4 ,it occurs on the ground in the woods or groves or borders of woods4 ,it is quite easily recognized by the more or less flattened cap1 the long striate stem somewhat enlarged below and then tapering off into a long1 slender root-like process in the ground4 ,it is from this rooting character that the plant gets its specific name4 ,it is #aj--bj cm4 high1 the cap #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thin1 convex to nearly plane1 or even with the margin upturned in old plants1 and the center sometimes umbonate4 ,it is smooth1 viscid when moist1 and often with wrinkles on the surface which extend radially4 ,the color varies from nearly white in some small specimens to grayish1 grayish brown or umber4 ,the flesh is white4 ,the gills are white1 broad1 rather distant1 adnexed1 i4 e41 joined to the stem by the upper angle4 ,the spores are elliptical and about #ae #aj 4 ,the stem is the same color as the pileus though paler1 and usually white above1 tapers gradually above1 is often striate or grooved1 or sometimes only mealy4 ,the long tapering root is often attached to some underground dead root4 ,fig4 #id is from plants 7,no4 #efda1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,august1 #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cj1 ,,figure #ic4--;,clitocybe multiceps4 ,plants white or gray to buff or grayish brown4 7,three-fourths natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ca1 ,,fig4 #id4--;,collybia radicata4 ,caps grayish-brown to grayish and white in some small forms4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cb1 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,collybia velutipes4 ,cap yellowish or reddish yellow1 viscid1 gills white1 stem dark brown1 velvety hairy 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,collybia velutipes ,curt4 ,edible4--,this is very common in woods or groves during the autumn1 on dead limbs or trunks1 or from dead places in living ones4 ,the plants are very viscid1 and the stem1 except in young plants1 is velvety hairy with dark hairs4 ,figure #ie is from plants 7,no4 #edcj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,october1 #aijj4 ,collybia longipes ,bull41 is a closely related plant4 ,it is much larger1 has a velvety1 to hairy1 stem1 and a much longer root-like process to the stem4 ,it has been sometimes considered to be merely a variety of ,c4 radicata1 and may be only a large form of that species4 ,i have found a few specimens in the ,adirondack mountains1 and one in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 which seem to belong to this species4 ,collybia platyphylla ,fr4 ,edible4--,this is a much larger and stouter plant than ,collybia radicata1 though it is not so tall as the larger specimens of that species4 ,it occurs on rotten logs or on the ground about rotten logs and stumps in the woods from ,june to ,september4 ,it is #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #aj--ae cm4 broad1 and the stem about #b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex becoming expanded1 plane1 and even the margin upturned in age4 ,it is whitish1 varying to grayish brown or dark brown1 the center sometimes darker than the margin1 as is usual in many plants4 ,the surface of the pileus is often marked in radiating streaks by fine dark hairs4 ,the gills are white1 very broad1 adnexed1 and usually deeply and broadly notched next the stem4 ,in age they are more or less broken and cracked4 ,the spores are white1 elliptical1 #g--aj #f--g 4 ,the plant resembles somewhat certain species of ,tricholoma and care should be used in selecting it in order to avoid the suspected species of ,tricholoma4 ,,mycena ,fr4 ,the genus ,mycena is closely related to ,collybia4 ,the plants are usually smaller1 many of them being of small size1 the cap is usually bell-shaped1 rarely umbilicate1 but what is a more important character the margin of the cap in the young stage is straight as it is applied against the stem1 and not at first incurved as it is in ,collybia1 when the gills and margin of the pileus lie against the stem4 ,the stem is cartilaginous as in ,collybia1 and is usually hollow or fistulose4 ,the gills are not decurrent1 or only slightly so by a tooth-like process4 ,some of the species are apt to be confused with certain species of ,omphalia in which the gills are but slightly decurrent1 but in ,omphalia the pileus is umbilicate in such species1 while in ,mycena it is blunt or umbonate4 ,the spores are white4 ,a large number of the plants grow on leaves and wood1 few on the ground4 ,some of those which grow on leaves might be mistaken for species of ,marasmius1 but in ,marasmius the plants are of a tough consistency1 and when dried will revive again if moistened with water4 ,some of the plants have distinct odors1 as alkaline1 or the odor of radishes1 and in collecting them notes should be made on all these characters which usually disappear in drying4 ,a few of the plants exude a colored or watery juice when bruised1 and should not be confounded with species of ,lactarius4 ,mycena galericulata ,scop4 ,edible4--,mycena galericulata grows on dead logs1 stumps1 branches1 etc41 in woods4 ,it is a very common and very widely distributed species4 ,it occurs from late spring to autumn4 ,the plants are clustered1 many growing in a compact group1 the hairy bases closely joined and the stems usually ascending4 ,the plants are from #e--ab cm4 high1 the caps from #a--c cm4 broad1 and the slender stems #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is conic to bell-shaped1 sometimes umbonate1 striate to near the center1 and in color some shade of brown or gray1 but variable4 ,the gills are decurrent by a tooth1 not crowded1 connected by veins over the interspaces1 white or flesh colored4 ,the slender stems are firm1 hollow1 and hairy at the base4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #if4--,mycena polygramma1 long-stemmed form growing on ground 7 ,m4 prlonga ,pk474 ,cap dark brown with a leaden tint1 striate on margin2 stem finely and beautifully longitudinally striate 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,mycena polygramma ,bull4--,this plant is very closely related to ,m4 galericulata1 and has the same habit4 ,it might be easily mistaken for it4 ,it is easily distinguished by its peculiar bright1 shining1 longitudinally striate to sulcate stem4 ,it usually grows on wood1 but does occur on the ground1 when it often has a very long stem4 ,in this condition it was described by ,peck in the #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ha1 as ,mycena prlonga1 from plants collected in a sphagnum moor during the month of ,june4 ,this form was also collected at ,ithaca several times during late autumn in a woods near ,ithaca1 in #ahih4 ,the plants are from #ab--bj cm4 high1 the cap #a--b cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is first nearly cylindrical1 then conic1 becoming bell-shaped and finally nearly expanded1 when it is umbonate4 ,it is smooth1 striate on the margin1 of a dark brown color with a leaden tint4 ,the gills are narrow1 white1 adnate and slightly decurrent on the stem by a tooth4 ,the very long stem is smooth1 but marked with parallel grooves too fine to show in the photograph1 firm1 hollow1 somewhat paler than the pileus1 usually tinged with red1 and hairy at the base4 ,figure #if is from plants 7,no4 #caac ,c4 ,u4 herbarium71 collected in a woods near ,ithaca in damp places among leaves4 ,a number of the specimens collected were attacked by a parasitic mucor of the genus ,spinellus4 ,two species1 ,s4 fusiger 7,link47 van ,tiegh41 and ,s4 macrocarpus 7,corda7 ,karst41 were found1 sometimes both on the same plant4 ,the long-stalked sporangia bristle in all directions from the cap4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ig4--,mycena pura4 ,entire plant rose1 rose purple1 violet1 or lilac4 ,striate on margin of pileus 7natural size1 often much larger74 ,mycena pura ,pers4--,this plant is quite common and very widely distributed1 and occurs in woods and grassy open places1 during late summer and in the autumn4 ,the entire plant is nearly of a uniform color1 and the color varies from rose1 to rose purple1 violet1 or lilac4 ,plants from the ,blue ,ridge mountains of ,north ,carolina were chiefly rose purple1 very young plants of a much deeper color 7auricula purple of ,ridgeway71 while those collected at ,ithaca were violet4 ,the plants vary from #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #b--c cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--d mm4 stout4 ,the plants are scattered or somewhat clustered1 sometimes occurring singly1 and again many covering a small area of ground4 ,the pileus is thin1 conic1 bell-shaped to convex and nearly expanded1 sometimes with a small umbo1 smooth1 and finely striate on the margin1 in age the stri sometimes rugulose from the upturning of the margin4 ,sometimes the pileus is rugose on the center4 ,the gills vary from white to violet1 rose1 etc41 they are adnate to sinuate1 and in age sometimes become free by breaking away from the stem4 ,they are broad in the middle1 connected by vein-like elevations over the surface1 and sometimes wavy and crenate on the edge1 the edge of the gills sometimes white4 ,the spores are white1 oblong1 #b4e--c4e #f--g 1 smooth4 ,the basidia are cylindrical1 #bj--be #c--d 1 four-spored4 ,there are a few cystidia in the hymenium1 colorless1 thin walled1 clavate1 the portion above the hymenium cylindrical1 and #cj--dj #aj--ab 4 ,the stem is sometimes white when young1 but later becomes of the same color as the pileus1 often a lighter shade above4 ,it is straight1 or ascending1 cylindrical1 even1 smooth1 hollow1 with a few white threads at the base4 ,sometimes on drying the pileus becomes deeper in color than when fresh4 ,the gills also become deeper in color in drying1 though the edge remains white if white when fresh4 ,figure #ig is from plants 7,no4 #cidf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,august1 #ahii4 ,the plants are often considerably larger than shown in the figure4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ih4--,mycena epipterygia4 ,cap viscid1 grayish1 often tinged with yellowish or reddish in age1 gills white1 sometimes tinged with blue or red1 stem yellowish1 or same color as cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,mycena epipterygia ,scop4--,this pretty little species is quite readily distinguished by the gray1 conic or bell-shaped cap1 the long1 hollow1 slender stem1 and the viscid pellicle or skin which is quite easily peeled off from the stem or cap when moist4 ,it grows in woods or grassy places1 or among moss1 etc41 on the ground or on very rotten wood4 ,the plants are from #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap #a--b cm4 broad1 and the stem about #b mm4 in thickness4 ,it is widely distributed in ,europe1 ,america1 and other ,north temperate countries4 ,the pileus is viscid when moist1 ovate to conic or campanulate1 and later more or less expanded1 obtuse1 the margin striate1 and sometimes minutely toothed4 ,the usual color is grayish1 but in age it often becomes reddish4 ,the gills are decurrent by a small tooth1 and quite variable in color1 whitish1 then gray1 or tinged with blue or red4 ,the stem is very slender1 flexuous1 or straight1 fistulose1 tough1 with soft hairs at the base1 usually yellowish1 sometimes the same color as the cap1 and viscid like the cap when moist4 ,figure #ih is from plants 7,no4 #dedg1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca in ,august1 #ahii4 ,mycena vulgaris ,pers4--,this common and pretty species is easily recognized by its smoky or grayish color1 the umbilicate pileus and very slimy stem4 ,it grows on decaying leaves1 sticks1 etc41 in woods4 ,it occurs in clusters4 ,the plants are small1 #c--e cm4 high1 the cap #d--g mm4 broad1 and the stem about #a4e mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is thin1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 and depressed at the center1 with a papilla usually in the center1 finely striate on the margin1 and slightly viscid4 ,the gills are white1 thin1 and finally decurrent1 so that from the form of the cap and the decurrent gills the plant has much the appearance of an ,omphalia4 ,the stem is very viscid1 grayish in color1 often rooting at the base1 and with white fibrils at the base1 becoming hollow4 ,figure #ii is from plants collected in woods near ,ithaca1 during ,august1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ii4--,mycena vulgaris4 ,entirely white1 center of cap grayish1 entire plant very slimy when moist 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,mycena acicula ,schaeff4--,this is one of the very small mycenas1 and with the brilliant red pileus and yellow gills and stem it makes a very pretty object growing on leaves1 twigs1 or rotten wood in the forest4 ,it occurs during summer and autumn4 ,it is #b--e cm4 high1 the cap #b--d mm4 broad1 and the stem is thread-like4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ajj4--,mycena acicula4 ,cap brilliant red1 gills and stem yellowish 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is very thin1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 when the pointed apex appears as a small umbo4 ,it is smooth1 striate on the margin1 and of a rich vermilion or orange color4 ,the gills are rounded at the stem and adnexed1 rather broad in the middle1 distant1 yellow1 the edge white1 or sometimes the gills are entirely white4 ,the stem is very slender1 with a root-like process entering the rotten wood1 smooth except the hairs on the root-like process1 yellow4 ,figure #ajj is from plants 7,no4 #bghj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in a woods near ,ithaca4 ,it has been found here several times4 ,mycena cyanothrix ,atkinson4--,this is a very pretty plant growing on rotting wood in clusters1 often two or three joined at the base1 the base of the stem inserted in the rotten wood for #a--b cm41 and the base is clothed with blue1 hair-like threads4 ,the plants are #f--i cm4 high1 the cap #a--b cm4 broad1 and the stem not quite #b mm4 in diameter4 ,the pileus is ovate to convex1 viscid when young4 ,the color is bright blue when young1 becoming pale and whitish in age1 with a tendency to fuscous on the center4 ,the cap is smooth and the margin finely striate4 ,after the plants have dried the color is nearly uniform ochraceous or tawny4 ,the gills are close1 free1 narrow1 white1 then grayish white1 the edge finely toothed or fimbriate4 ,the spores are globose1 smooth1 #f--i 4 ,the stem is slender1 hollow1 faintly purple when young1 becoming whitish or flesh color1 flexuous1 or nearly straight1 even1 often two united at the base into a root-like extension which enters the rotten wood4 ,the base of the stem is covered with deep blue mycelium which retains its color in age1 but disappears on drying after a time4 ,figure #aja is from plants 7,no4 #bchb1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 in woods1 ,june #af1 #ahih4 ,mycena hmatopa ,pers4--,this is one of the species of ,mycena with a red juice which exudes in drops where wounds occur on the plant4 ,it is easily recognized by its dense cespitose habit1 the deep blood red juice1 the hollow stem1 and the crenate or denticulate sterile margin of the cap4 ,numbers of the plant occur usually in a single cluster1 and their bases are closely joined and hairy4 ,the stems are more or less ascending according to the position of the plant on the wood4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap is #a--b4e cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aja4--,mycena cyanothrix4 ,cap viscid when young1 blue1 becoming pale and whitish in age1 and fuscous in center2 gills white2 stem faintly purple when young1 then flesh color or white1 blue1 clothed with blue hairs at base 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is conic1 then bell-shaped1 and as the margin of the cap expands more appears umbonate1 obtuse1 smooth1 even or somewhat striate on the margin4 ,the color varies from whitish to flesh color1 or dull red1 and appears more or less saturated with a red juice4 ,the thin margin extends a short distance beyond the ends of the gills1 and the margin is then beautifully crenate4 ,the gills are adnate1 and often extend down on the stem a short distance by a little tooth4 ,the stem is firm1 sometimes smooth1 sometimes with minute hairs1 at the base with long hairs1 hollow1 in color the same as that of the pileus4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ajb4--,mycena hmatopa4 ,dull red or flesh color1 or whitish1 a dull red juice exudes where broken or cut1 margin of cap serrate with thin sterile flaps 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the color varies somewhat1 being darker in some plants than in others4 ,in some plants the juice is more abundant and they bleed profusely when wounded1 while in other cases there is but little of the juice1 sometimes wounds only showing a change in color to a deep red without any free drops exuding4 ,figure #ajb is from plants collected at ,ithaca1 in ,august1 #ahii4 ,it is widely distributed in ,europe and ,north ,america4 ,mycena succosa ,pk41 another species of ,mycena with a juice1 occurs on very rotten wood in the woods4 ,it is a small plant1 dull white at first1 but soon spotted with black1 and turning black in handling or where bruised1 and when dried4 ,wounds exude a serum-like juice1 and the wounds soon become black4 ,it was described by ,peck under ,collybia in the #beth ,report1 p4 #gd4 ,,omphalia ,fr4 ,the genus ,omphalia is closely related to ,mycena and ,collybia4 ,it differs from these mainly in the decurrent gills4 ,in the small species of ,mycena where the gills are slightly decurrent1 the pileus is not umbilicate as it is in corresponding species of ,omphalia4 ,in some of the species of ,omphalia the pileus is not umbilicate1 but here the gills are plainly decurrent4 ,the stem is cartilaginous4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cc1 ,,figure #ajc4--,omphalia campanella4 ,watkin's ,glen1 ,n4 ,y41 ,august1 #ahih4 ,caps dull reddish-yellow4 ,gills yellow4 ,stem brownish1 hairy at base4 7,natural size47 ,copyright4 ,omphalia campanella ,batsch4--,one of the most common and widely distributed species of the genus is the little bell-omphalia1 ,omphalia campanella4 ,it occurs throughout the summer and autumn on dead or rotten logs1 stumps1 branches1 etc41 in woods4 ,it is often clustered1 large numbers covering a considerable surface of the decaying log4 ,it is #a--c cm4 high1 the cap #h--bj mm4 broad1 and the stem very slender4 ,the pileus is convex1 umbilicate1 faintly striate1 dull reddish yellow1 in damp weather with a watery appearance4 ,the gills are narrow1 yellow1 connected by veins1 strongly curved because of the form of the pileus1 and then being decurrent on the stem4 ,the stem is slender1 often ascending1 brownish hairy toward the base1 and paler above4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ajd4--,omphalia epichysium4 ,entire plant smoky or dull gray in color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,omphalia epichysium ,pers4--,this plant occurs during the autumn in woods1 growing usually on much decayed wood1 or sometimes apparently on the ground4 ,the smoky1 or dull gray color of the entire plant1 the depressed or funnel-shaped pileus1 and short1 slender stem serve to distinguish it4 ,the cap is #b--d cm4 broad1 the plant is #c--e cm4 high1 and the stem #b--d mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming expanded1 umbilicate or depressed at the center or nearly funnel-shaped1 smooth1 smoky or gray with a saturated watery appearance1 light gray or nearly white when dry4 ,the gills are narrow1 crowded1 or a little decurrent4 ,the slender stem is smooth1 hollow1 equal4 ,figure #ajd is from plants 7,no4 #ccgc1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in woods near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 in the autumn of #ahii4 ,,pleurotus ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aje4--,pleurotus ulmarius4 ,cap white1 or with shades of yellow or brown near the center 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the genus ,pleurotus is usually recognized without difficulty among the fleshy1 white-spored agarics1 because of the eccentric 7not quite in the center of the pileus7 or lateral stem1 or by the pileus being attached at one side in a more or less shelving position1 or in some species where the upper side of the pileus lies directly against the wood on which the plant is growing1 and is then said to be resupinate4 ,the gills are either decurrent 7extending downward7 on the stem1 or in some species they are rounded or notched at the junction with the stem4 ,there is no annulus1 though sometimes a veil1 and the genus resembles both ,tricholoma and ,clitocybe1 except for the position of the stem on the pileus4 ,in ,tricholoma and ,clitocybe the stem is usually attached at the center1 and the majority of the species grow on the ground1 while the species of ,pleurotus are especially characterized by growing on wood4 ,some species1 at least1 appear to grow from the ground1 as in ,pleurotus petaloides1 which is sometimes found growing on buried roots or portions of decayed stumps which no longer show above ground4 ,on the other hand species of ,clitocybe1 as in ,c4 candida 7,fig4 #ia71 often have an eccentric stem4 ,this presents to us one of the many difficulties which students1 especially beginners1 of this group of fungi meet1 and also suggests how unsatisfactory any arrangement of genera as yet proposed is4 ,pleurotus ulmarius ,bull4 ,edible4--,the elm pleurotus is so called because it is often found growing on dead elm branches or trunks1 or from wounds in living trees1 but it is not confined to the elm4 ,it is a large species1 easily distinguished from the oyster agaric and the other related species by its long stem attached usually near the center of the cap1 and by the gills being rounded or notched at their inner extremity4 ,the cap is #e--ab cm4 broad1 the stem #e--aj cm4 long1 and #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ajf4--,pleurotus ulmarius4 ,under view and section 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 the margin incurved1 then nearly expanded1 smooth1 firm1 white or whitish1 or with shades of yellow or brown on the center1 and the flesh is white4 ,the gills are broad1 rather distant1 sinuate1 white or nearly so4 ,the spores are globose1 #e--h in diameter4 ,the stem is firm1 eccentric1 usually curved because of its lateral attachment on the side of the tree1 and the horizontal position of the pileus4 ,the elm pleurotus has been long known as an edible fungus1 and is regarded as an excellent one for food on account of its flavor and because of its large size4 ,it occurs abundantly during the late autumn1 and at this season of the year is usually well protected from the attacks of insects4 ,it occurs in the woods1 or fields1 more frequently on dead trees4 ,on shade trees which have been severely pruned1 and are nearly or quite dead1 it sometimes appears at the wounds1 where limbs have been removed1 in great abundance4 ,in the plants shown in ,fig4 #aje the stems are strongly curved because the weight of the cap bore the plant downward4 ,sometimes when the plant is growing directly on the upper side of a branch or log1 the stem may be central4 ,pleurotus ostreatus ,jacq4 ,edible4--,this plant is known as the oyster agaric1 because the form of the plant sometimes suggests the outline of an oyster shell1 as is seen in ,fig4 #ajg4 ,it grows on dead trunks and branches1 usually in crowded clusters1 the caps often overlapping or imbricated4 ,it is large1 measuring #h--bj cm4 or more broad4 ,the pileus is elongated and attached at one side by being sessile1 or it is narrowed into a very short stem4 ,it is broadest at the outer extremity1 where it becomes quite thin toward the margin4 ,it is more or less curved in outline as seen from the side1 being depressed usually on the upper side near the point of attachment1 and toward the margin convex and the margin incurved4 ,the color is white1 light gray1 buff or dark gray1 often becoming yellowish on drying4 ,the gills are white1 broad1 not much crowded1 and run down on the stem in long elevated lines resembling veins1 which anastomose often in a reticulate fashion4 ,the spores are white1 oblong1 #g--aj long4 ,the stem when present is very short1 and often hairy at the base4 ,the oyster agaric has long been known as an edible mushroom1 but it is not ranked among the best1 because1 like most ,pleuroti1 it is rather tough1 especially in age4 ,it is well to select young plants4 ,figure #ajg is from plants 7,no4 #bjig1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cd1 ,,figure #ajg4--,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,under view showing decurrent and anastomosing gills on the stem4 ,cap white1 light gray1 buff1 or dark gray in color4 ,spores white 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus sapidus ,kalchb4 ,edible4--,this plant usually grows in large clusters from dead trunks or branches or from dead portions of living trees4 ,it grows on a number of different kinds of trees4 ,the stems are often joined at the base1 but sometimes the plants are scattered over a portion of the branch or trunk4 ,the cap is from #e--aj cm4 broad4 ,the plants occur from ,june to ,november4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ce1 ,,figure #ajh4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,color of cap white1 yellowish1 gray1 or brownish1 with lilac tints sometimes4 ,spores lilac tinted in mass 7#a_/b natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 the margin incurved when young1 and more or less depressed in age1 smooth1 broadened toward the margin and tapering into the short stem1 which is very short in some cases and elongated in others4 ,often the caps are quite irregular and the margin wavy1 especially when old4 ,it is quite firm1 but the margin splits quite readily on being handled4 ,the color varies greatly1 white1 yellowish1 gray1 or brownish and lilac tints4 ,the flesh is white4 ,the stems are usually attached to the pileus1 at or near one edge4 ,the gills are white1 broad1 not at all crowded1 and extend down on the stem as in the oyster agaric4 ,they are white or whitish1 and as in the other related species are sometimes cracked1 due probably to the tension brought to bear because of the expanding pileus4 ,the spores are tinged with lilac when seen in mass1 as when caught on paper4 ,the color seems to be intensified after the spores have lain on the paper for a day or two4 ,it is very difficult to distinguish this species from the oyster agaric4 ,the color of the spores seems to be the only distinguishing character1 and this may not be constant4 ,peck suggests that it may only be a variety of the oyster agaric4 ,i have found the plant growing from a dead spot on the base of a living oak tree4 ,there was for several years a drive near this tree1 and the wheels of vehicles cut into the roots of the tree on this side1 and probably so injured it as to kill a portion and give this fungus and another one 7,polystictus pergamenus7 a start1 and later they have slowly encroached on the side of the tree4 ,figure #ajh represents the plant 7,no4 #ccjg1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 from a dead maple trunk in a woods near ,ithaca1 collected during the autumn of #ahii4 ,this plant compares favorably with the oyster agaric as an edible one4 ,neither of these plants preserve as well as the elm pleurotus4 ,pleurotus dryinus ,pers4 ,edible4--,pleurotus dryinus represents a section of the genus in which the species are provided with a veil when young1 but which disappears as the pileus expands4 ,this species has been long known in ,europe on trunks of oak1 ash1 willow1 etc41 and occurs there from ,september to ,october4 ,it was collected near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 in a beech woods along ,six-mile creek1 on ,october #bdth1 #ahih1 growing from a decayed knothole in the trunk of a living hickory tree1 and again in a few days from a decayed stump4 ,the pileus varies from #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the lateral or eccentric stem is #b--ab cm4 long by #a--b cm4 in thickness1 the length of the stem depending on the depth of the insertion of the stem in a hollow portion of the trunk4 ,the plant is white or whitish1 and the substance is quite firm1 drying quite hard4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 more or less depressed in the center1 the margin involute1 and the surface at first floccose1 becoming in age floccose scaly1 since the surface breaks up into triangular scales more prominent in and near the center1 smaller and inconspicuous toward the margin4 ,the prevailing color is white1 but in age the scales become cream color or buff 7in ,european plants said to become fuscous74 ,the pileus is either definitely lateral 7,fig4 #aji7 or eccentric when the stem is attached near the center as in ,fig4 #aaj4 ,the gills are white1 becoming tinged with yellow in age1 decurrent 7running down on the stem7 in stri for short distances1 #d--e mm4 broad1 not crowded4 ,the stem is nearly central 7,fig4 #aaj71 or definitely lateral 7,fig4 #aji71 the length varying according to conditions as stated above4 ,it is firm1 tough1 fibrous4 ,the veil is prominent in young and medium plants1 floccose1 tearing irregularly as the pileus expands4 ,figure #aaj is from plants 7,no4 #bdgh;a ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 growing from knothole in living hickory tree1 and ,fig4 #aji from plants 7,no4 #bdgh;b7 growing on a dead stump1 near ,ithaca4 ,according to the descriptions of ,p4 dryinus as given by ,persoon1 and as followed by ,fries and most later writers1 the pileus is definitely lateral1 and more or less dimidiate1 while in ,p4 corticatus ,fr41 the pileus is entire and the stem rather long and eccentric4 ,stevenson suggests 7p4 #aff7 that corticatus is perhaps too closely allied to dryinus4 ,the plants in our ,fig4 #aaj agree in all respects with ,p4 corticatus1 except that possibly the lamell do not anastomose on the stem as they are said to in corticatus4 ,according to the usual descriptions corticatus is given as the larger species1 while ,fig4 #aji of our plant1 possessing the typical characters of dryinus1 is the larger4 ,the form of the pileus1 the length and position of the stem1 depends1 as we know1 to a large extent on the position of the plant on the tree4 ,when growing from the upper side1 so that there is room above for the expansion of the cap1 the pileus is apt to be more regular1 just as is the case in ,pleurotus ulmarius1 and the stem more nearly central4 ,when the plant grows from a hollow place in the trunk as those shown in ,fig4 #aaj did1 then there is an opportunity for them to grow more or less erect1 at least until they emerge from the hollow1 and then the pileus is more nearly equal in its expansion and the stem is longer4 ,berkeley describes specimens of ,p4 dryinus with long stems growing from a hollow in an ash1 and ,stevenson 7p4 #afg7 reports the same condition4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cf1 ,,figure #aji4--,pleurotus dryinus4 ,side and upper view4 ,plant entirely white1 scales sometimes buff or cream colored in age 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus sulfureoides ,pk4--,this rare species1 first collected in the ,catskill ,mountains #ahfi1 and described by ,peck in the #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #hf1 #ahgj1 was found by me on two different occasions at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 during the autumn of #ahih1 on rotting logs1 ,ithaca ,flats1 and again in ,enfield ,gorge1 six miles from ,ithaca4 ,the plants are from #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #c--e cm4 broad1 and the stem #e--g mm4 in thickness1 and the entire plant is of a dull1 or pale1 yellow4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #cg1 ,,figure #aaj4--,pleurotus dryinus1 form corticatus4 ,entire plant white1 scales cream or buff in age sometimes4 ,the ruptured veil shows in the small plant below 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is nearly regular1 fleshy1 thin toward the margin1 convex1 umbonate1 smooth or with a few small scales4 ,the gills are rather crowded1 broad1 rounded or notched at the stem1 pale yellow4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #g--i #e--f 4 ,the stem is ascending and curved1 nearly or quite central in some specimens in its attachment to the pileus1 whitish or yellowish1 mealy or slightly tomentose at the apex4 ,figure #aaa is from plants 7,no4 #biec1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 on rotting log1 ,ithaca ,flats1 ,october1 #ahih4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aaa4--,pleurotus sulfureoides4 ,entire plant dull or pale yellow 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pleurotus petaloides ,bull4 ,edible4--,the petal-like agaric is so called from the fancied resemblance of the plant to the petal of a flower4 ,the plant usually grows in a nearly upright or more or less ascending position1 or when it grows from the side of a trunk it is somewhat shelving4 ,it is somewhat spathulate in form1 i4 e41 broad at the free end and tapering downward into the short stem in a wedge-shaped manner1 and varies from #b--aj cm4 long and #a--e cm4 in breadth4 ,it grows on fallen branches or trunks1 on stumps1 and often apparently from the ground1 but in reality from underground roots or buried portions of decayed stumps1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aab4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,color pale reddish brown or brown1 sometimes entirely white2 gills white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aac4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,more irregular form than that shown in figure #aab2 color same as there described 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus varies from a regular wedge-shape to spathulate1 or more or less irregularly petaloid1 or conchoid forms1 the extremes of size and form being shown in ,figs4 #aab1 #aac4 ,the margin is at first involute1 finally fully expanded1 and the upper surface is nearly plane or somewhat depressed4 ,the color is often a pale reddish brown1 or brown1 and sometimes pure white4 ,the margin is sometimes marked with fine striations when moist4 ,the upper portion near the union with the stem is sometimes tomentose1 sometimes smooth4 ,the gills are narrow1 white1 or yellowish1 crowded and strongly decurrent4 ,while the plant varies greatly in form and size1 it is easily recognized by the presence of numerous short whitish cystidia in the hymenium1 which bristle over the surface of the hymenium and under a pocket lens present a fuzzy appearance to the lamell4 ,they are #gj--hj #aj--ab 4 ,the spores are white4 ,figures #aab1 #aac are from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,pleurotus serotinus ,schrad4 ,this is an interesting plant and occurs during the autumn on dead trunks1 branches1 etc41 in the woods4 ,the stem is wanting1 and the cap is shelving1 dimidiate1 reniform or suborbicular4 ,the plants occur singly or are clustered and overlapping1 about the same size and position as ,claudopus nidulans1 from which it is readily told by its white gills and spores4 ,the color varies from dull yellow to brownish1 often with shades of olive or green4 ,pleurotus applicatus ,batsch4--,this is a pretty little species and usually occurs on much decayed wood1 lying close to the ground so that it is usually directly on the under side of the log or branch4 ,it does occur1 however1 on the side of the log when it is more or less shelving1 because of the tendency of the pileus always to be more or less horizontal4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aad4--,pleurotus applicatus4 ,color gray to dark bluish gray1 or black with a bluish tinge 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is #d--f mm4 broad1 its upper surface closely applied to the wood or bark on which it is growing when it appears directly on the under side4 ,the margin is sometimes free and involute4 ,sometimes it is attached only by the center of the pileus4 ,there is then often a short process4 ,when it grows on the side of the log it is attached laterally1 or on the upper side of one margin1 while the greater portion of the pileus is free and shelving4 ,the surface is smooth or somewhat hairy4 ,the color varies from gray to dark bluish gray1 or black with a bluish tinge4 ,the gills are thick1 broad in proportion to the size of the cap1 distant1 and are said by some to be paler than the pileus4 ,in plants collected at ,ithaca1 the gills are often as dark as the pileus4 ,the entire plant is rather tough1 and revives after being dried if placed in water1 resembling in this respect ,marasmius1 ,panus1 or ,trogia1 and it may be more nearly related to one of these4 ,figure #aad is from plants 7,no4 #deii1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca4 ,,hygrophorus ,fries4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aae4--;,hygrophorus chrysodon4 ,entirely white with golden yellow granules on cap and stem 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the genus ,hygrophorus is one which presents some difficulties in the case of some of the species1 especially to beginners1 and plants need to be studied in the fresh condition to understand the most important character which separates it from certain of the other white-spored agarics4 ,the substance of the pileus is continuous with that of the stem1 that is1 the stem is not easily separated from the cap at the point of junction1 but is more or less tenacious4 ,the gills may be adnexed1 adnate1 sinuate1 or decurrent1 but what is important they are usually rather distant1 the edge is acute or sharp1 and gradually thickened toward the junction with the cap1 so that a section of the gill is more or less triangular4 ,this is brought about by the fact that the substance of the cap extends downward into the gill between the lamin or surfaces of the gill4 ,but the most important character for determining the genus is the fact that the surfaces of the gills become rather of a waxy consistency at maturity1 so that they appear to be full of a watery substance though they do not bleed1 and the surface of the gill can be rather easily removed1 leaving the projecting line of the trama4 ,this is more marked in some species than in others4 ,the waxy consistency of the gills then1 with the gills acute at the edge1 broad at the point of attachment to the pileus1 and the gills being rather widely separated are the important characters in determining the species which belong to this genus4 ,the nearest related genus is ,cantharellus1 which1 however1 has blunt and forked gills4 ,a number of the plants are brilliantly colored4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ch1 ,,figure #aaf4--;,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,entirely white1 slimy 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hygrophorus chrysodon 7,batsch47 ,fries4 ,edible4--,this plant has about the same range as ,hygrophorus eburneus1 though it is said to be rare4 ,it is a very pretty plant and one quite easily recognised because of the uniform white ground color of the entire plant when fresh1 and the numerous golden floccules or squamules scattered over the cap and the stem4 ,the name chrysodon means golden tooth1 and refers to these numerous golden flecks on the plant4 ,a form of the plant1 variety leucodon1 is said to occur in which these granules are white4 ,the plant is #d--g cm4 high1 the cap #d--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the plants grow on the ground in the woods1 or rather open places1 during late summer and autumn4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 the margin strongly involute when young1 and unrolling as the cap expands1 very viscid1 so that particles of dirt and portions of leaves1 etc41 cling to it in drying4 ,the golden or light yellow granules on the surface are rather numerous near the margin of the pileus1 but are scattered over the entire surface4 ,on the margin they sometimes stand in concentric rows close together4 ,the gills are white1 distant1 decurrent1 #c--f mm4 broad1 white1 somewhat yellowish in age and in drying1 and connected by veins4 ,the spores white1 oval to ovate1 the longer ones approaching elliptical1 #f--aj #e--f 4 ,the stem is soft1 spongy within1 nearly equal1 white1 the yellowish granules scattered over the surface1 but more numerous toward the apex1 where they are often arranged in the form of a ring4 ,when the plant is young these yellow granules or squamules on the stem and the upper surface of the inrolled margin of the pileus meet1 forming a continuous layer in the form of a veil1 which becomes spread out in the form of separated granules as the pileus expands1 and no free collar is left on the stem4 ,figure #aae is from plants 7,no4 #cajh1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in ,october1 #ahih1 in woods1 and by roadsides1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hygrophorus eburneus 7,bulliard7 ,fries4 ,edible4--,this plant is widely distributed in ,europe and ,america4 ,it is entirely white1 of medium size1 very viscid or glutinous1 being entirely covered with a coating of gluten1 which makes it very slippery in handling4 ,the odor is mild and not unpleasant like that of a closely related species1 ,h4 cossus4 ,the plants are #f--ae cm4 high1 the cap is from #c--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--h mm4 in thickness4 ,it grows on the ground in woods1 or in open grassy places4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 moderately thick1 sometimes thin1 convex to expanded1 the margin uneven or sometimes wavy1 smooth1 and shining4 ,when young the margin of the cap is incurved4 ,the gills are strongly decurrent1 distant1 with vein-like elevations near the stem4 ,spores rather long1 oval1 #f--aj #e--f 1 granular4 ,the stem varies in length1 it is spongy to stuffed within1 sometimes hollow and tapers below4 ,the slime which envelops the plant is sometimes so abundant as to form a veil covering the entire plant and extending across from the margin of the cap to the stem1 covering the gills4 ,as the plant dries this disappears1 and does not leave an annulus on the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aag4--;,hygrophorus fuligineus4 ,cap and stem dull reddish brown or smoky brown1 very viscid when moist2 gills white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #aaf is from a photograph of plants 7,no4 #becd1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in ,enfield ,gorge near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,nov4 #eth1 #ahih4 ,hygrophorus fuligineus ,frost4 ,edible4--,the smoky hygrophorus was described in the #ceth ,report of the ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,museum1 p4 #acd4 ,it is an ,american plant1 and was first collected at ,west ,albany1 during the month of ,november4 ,it is one of the largest species of the genus1 and grows on the ground in woods1 in late autumn4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap from #c--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the large size of the plant together with the smoky1 brown1 viscid cap aid in the recognition of the plant4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming expanded1 smooth1 very viscid1 dull reddish brown or smoky brown1 darker on the center2 the margin of the pileus is even in young specimens1 becoming irregular in others2 and in age often elevated more or less4 ,the gills are broad1 distant1 usually decurrent1 often connected by veins1 white1 with yellowish tinge in drying4 ,the spores oval to elliptical1 #h--ab #e--g 4 ,the stem is stout1 sometimes ascending1 equal1 or enlarged in the middle1 or tapering toward the base1 solid1 viscid like the pileus1 usually white1 sometimes tinged with the same color as pileus1 somewhat yellowish tinged in drying4 ,figure #aag is from plants 7,no4 #bedf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in ,enfield ,gorge near ,ithaca1 ,nov4 #e1 #ahih4 ,hygrophorus pratensis 7,pers47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,this hygrophorus grows on the ground in pastures1 old fields1 or in waste places1 or in thin and open woods1 from mid-summer to late autumn4 ,the plants are #c--e cm4 high1 the cap #b--e cm4 or more broad1 and the stem #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the cap being thick at the center1 and the stem being usually stouter at the apex1 often gives to the plant a shape like that of a top4 ,the pileus is hemispherical1 then convex1 then nearly or quite expanded1 white1 or with various shades of yellow or tawny1 or buff1 not viscid1 often cracking in dry weather4 ,flesh very thick at the center1 thinner at the margin4 ,the flesh is firm and white4 ,the gills are stout1 distant1 long decurrent1 white or yellowish1 and arcuate when the margin of the pileus is incurved in the young state1 then ascending as the pileus takes the shape of an inverted cone4 ,the gills are connected across the interspaces by vein-like folds1 or elevations4 ,the spores are nearly globose to ovate or nearly elliptical1 white1 #f--h #e--f 4 ,the stem is smooth1 firm outside and spongy within1 tapering downward4 ,hygrophorus miniatus ,fr4 ,the vermilion hygrophorus is a very common plant in the woods during the summer4 ,the cap and stem are bright red1 sometimes vermilion4 ,the gills are yellow and often tinged with red4 ,the gills are adnate or sinuate4 ,the plant is a small one but often abundant1 and measures from #c--e cm4 high1 and the cap #b--d cm4 broad4 ,hygrophorus coccineus 7,schaeff47 ,fr41 is a somewhat larger plant and with a scarlet cap1 which becomes yellowish in age1 and the gills are adnate4 ,hygrophorus conicus 7,scop47 ,fr41 is another bright red plant with a remarkable conical pileus1 and the gills are annexed to free4 ,hygrophorus psittacinus ,fr41 is a remarkably pretty plant1 the cap being from bell-shaped to expanded1 umbilicate1 striate1 and covered with a greenish slime4 ,it occurs in woods and open places4 ,the prevailing color is yellow1 tinged with green1 but it varies greatly1 sometimes yellow1 red1 white1 etc41 but nearly always is marked by the presence of the greenish slime1 the color of this disappearing as the plant dries4 ,it occurs in pastures1 open woods1 etc41 from mid-summer to autumn4 ,hygrophorus hypothejus ,fr41 is another very variable plant in color as well as in size1 varying from yellow1 orange1 reddish1 sometimes paler1 usually first grayish when covered with the olive colored slime4 ,the gills are decurrent1 white1 then yellow4 ,it occurs in autumn4 ,,lactarius ,fr4 ,the genus ,lactarius is easily distinguished from nearly all the other agarics by the presence of a milky or colored juice which exudes from wounded1 cut1 or broken places on the fresh plant4 ,there are a few of the species of the genus ,mycena which exude a watery or colored juice where wounded1 but these are easily told from ,lactarius because of their small size1 more slender habit1 and bell-shaped cap4 ,by careful observation of these characters it is quite an easy matter to tell whether or not the plant at hand is a ,lactarius4 ,in addition to the presence of this juice or milk as it is commonly termed1 the entire plant while firm is quite brittle1 especially the gills4 ,there are groups of rounded or vesiculose cells intermingled with thread-like cells in the substance of the cap4 ,this latter character can only be seen on examination with the microscope4 ,the brittleness of the plant as well as the presence of these groups of vesiculose cells is shared by the genus ,russula1 which is at once separated from ,lactarius by the absence of a juice which exudes in drops4 ,in determining the species it is a very important thing to know the taste of the juice or of the fresh plant1 whether it is peppery1 or bitter1 or mild1 that is1 tasteless4 ,if one is careful not to swallow any of the juice or flesh of the plant no harm results from tasting any of the plants1 provided they are not tasted too often during a short time1 beyond the unpleasant sensation resulting from tasting some of the very hot kinds4 ,it is important also to know the color of the milk when it first exudes from wounds and if it changes color on exposure to the air4 ,these tests of the plant should be made of course while it is fresh4 ,the spores are white1 globose or nearly so in all species1 and usually covered with minute spiny processes4 ,there are a large number of species4 ,peck1 #chth ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 pp4 #aaa--acc1 describes #dj ,american species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aah4--,lactarius corrugis4 ,showing corrugated cap1 and white milk exuding4 ,dark tawny brown1 gills orange brown 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,lactarius volemus ,fr4 ,edible4--,this species is by some termed the orange brown lactarius because of its usual color4 ,it was probably termed ,lactarius volemus because of the voluminous quantity of milk which exudes where the plant is broken or bruised1 though it is not the only species having this character4 ,in fresh1 young plants1 a mere crack or bruise will set loose quantities of the milky juice which drops rapidly from the plant4 ,the plant is about the size of ,lactarius deliciosus and occurs in damp woods1 where it grows in considerable abundance from ,july to ,september1 several usually growing near each other4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 often with a small elevation 7umbo7 at the center1 or sometimes plane1 and when old a little depressed in the center1 smooth or somewhat wrinkled4 ,the cap is dull orange or tawny1 the shade of color being lighter in some plants and darker in others4 ,the flesh is white and quite firm4 ,the gills are white1 often tinged with the same color as the pileus1 but much lighter2 they are adnate or slightly decurrent4 ,the stem is usually short1 but varies from #c--aj #a--b cm4 ,it is colored like the pileus1 but a lighter shade4 ,the milk is white1 abundant1 mild1 not unpleasant to the taste1 but sticky as it dries4 ,this plant has also long been known as one of the excellent mushrooms for food both in ,europe and ,america4 ,peck states that there are several plants which resemble ,lactarius volemus in color and in the milk1 but that no harm could come from eating them4 ,there is one with a more reddish brown pileus1 ,lactarius rufus1 found sparingly in the woods1 but which has a very peppery taste4 ,it is said by some to be poisonous4 ,lactarius corrugis ,pk4 ,edible4--,this species occurs with ,lactarius volemus and very closely resembles it1 but it is of a darker color1 and the pileus is more often marked by prominent wrinkles1 from which character the plant has derived its specific name4 ,it is perhaps a little stouter plant than ,l4 volemus1 and with a thicker cap4 ,the surface of the pileus seems to be covered with a very fine velvety tomentum which glistens as the cap is turned in the light4 ,the gills are much darker than in ,l4 volemus4 ,the plants are usually clearly separated on account of these characters1 yet there are occasionally light colored forms of ,l4 corrugis which are difficult to distinguish from dark forms of ,l4 volemus1 and this fact has aroused the suspicion that corrugis is only a form of volemus4 ,the milk is very abundant and in every respect agrees with that of ,l4 volemus4 ,i do not know that any one has tested ,l4 corrugis for food4 ,but since it is so closely related to ,l4 volemus ,i tested it during the summer of #ahii in the ,north ,carolina mountains4 ,i consider it excellent4 ,the methods of cooking there were rather primitive4 ,it was sliced and fried with butter and salt4 ,it should be well cooked1 for when not well done the partially raw taste is not pleasant4 ,the plant was very abundant in the woods1 and for three weeks an abundance was served twice a day for a table of twelve persons4 ,the only disagreeable feature about it is the sticky character of the milk1 which adheres in quantity to the hands and becomes black4 ,this makes the preparation of the plant for the broiler a rather unpleasant task4 ,figure #aah is from plants 7,no4 #ciaj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in the woods at ,blowing ,rock1 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,just before the exposure was made to get the photograph several of the plants were wounded with a pin to cause the drops of milk to exude1 as is well shown in the illustration4 ,the dark color of the lamell in ,l4 corrugis is due to the number of brown cystidia or set1 in the hymenium1 which project above the surface of the gills1 and they are especially abundant on the edge of the gills4 ,these set are long fusoid1 #hj--abj #aj--ab 4 ,the variations in the color of the gills1 in some plants the gills being much darker than in others1 is due to the variations either in the number of these set or to the variation in their color4 ,where the cystidia are fewer in number or are lighter in color the lamell are lighter colored4 ,typical forms of ,lactarius volemus have similar set1 but they are very pale in color and not so abundant over the surface of the gills4 ,in the darker forms of ,l4 volemus the set are more abundant and darker in color1 approaching those found in ,l4 corrugis4 ,these facts1 supported by the variation in the color of the pileus in the two species and the variations in the rugosities of the pileus1 seem to indicate that the two species are very closely related4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aai4--,lactarius lignyotus4 ,cap and stem sooty1 cap wrinkled1 gills white1 then tinged with ochre 7natural size1 sometimes larger74 ,copyright4 ,lactarius lignyotus ,fr4--,this is known as the sooty lactarius and occurs in woods along with the smoky lactarius4 ,it is distinguished from the latter by the dark brown color of the pileus and by the presence usually of rugose wrinkles over the center of the cap4 ,in size it agrees with the smoky lactarius4 ,the pileus is convex1 then plane1 or somewhat depressed in the center1 dry1 sometimes with a small umbo1 dark brown or sooty 7chocolate to seal brown as given in ,ridgeway's nomenclature of colors71 covered with a very fine tomentum which has the appearance of a bloom4 ,the margin of the cap1 especially in old plants1 is somewhat wavy or plicate as in ,lactarius fuliginosus4 ,the gills are moderately crowded when young1 becoming distant in older plants1 white1 then cream color or yellow1 changing to reddish or salmon color where bruised4 ,the spores are yellowish in mass1 faintly so under the microscope1 globose1 strongly echinulate1 #f--aj 4 ,the taste is mild1 or sometimes slowly and slightly acrid4 ,the plants from ,north ,carolina showed distinctly the change to reddish or salmon color when the gills were bruised1 and the taste was noted as mild4 ,figure #aai is from plants 7,no4 #chfd1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,lactarius fuliginosus ,fr4--,the smoky or dingy lactarius occurs in woods and open grassy places4 ,it is widely distributed4 ,the plants are #d--g cm4 high1 the cap #c--e cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the light smoky color of the cap and stem1 the dull yellowish white color of the gills1 and in old plants the wavy margin of the cap make it comparatively easy to recognize the species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abj4--,lactarius fuliginosus4 ,cap and stem smoky1 cap usually not wrinkled2 gills white1 then light ochre1 distant 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is thin1 at first firm1 becoming soft1 convex1 then plane and often somewhat depressed in the center1 usually even1 dry1 the margin in old plants crenately wavy1 dull gray or smoky gray in color1 with a fine down or tomentum4 ,the gills are adnate1 distant1 more so in old plants1 white1 then yellowish1 sometimes changing to salmon color or reddish where bruised4 ,the spores are yellowish in mass1 faintly yellow under the microscope1 strongly echinulate or tuberculate1 globose1 #f--aj 4 ,the stem is usually paler than the pileus1 firm1 stuffed4 ,the milk is white1 slowly acrid to the taste4 ,figure #abj is from plants 7,no4 #chfg1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,lactarius gerardii ,pk4--,this plant was described by ,dr4 ,peck in the #bfth ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fe1 and in the #bhth ,rept4 p4 #abi4 ,according to the descriptions it differs from ,lactarius fuliginosus only in the spores being white1 the gills more distant1 and the taste being constantly mild4 ,since the taste in ,l4 fuliginosus is sometimes mild1 or slowly acrid1 and the lamell in the older plants are more distant1 the spores sometimes only tinged with yellow1 there does not seem to be a very marked difference between the two species4 ,in fact all three of these species1 fuliginosus1 lignyotus and gerardii1 seem to be very closely related4 ,forms of fuliginosus approach lignyotus in color1 and the pileus sometimes is rugose wrinkled1 while in lignyotus pale forms occur1 and the pileus is not always rugose wrinkled4 ,the color of the bruised lamell is the same in the two last species and sometimes the change in color is not marked4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aba4--,lactarius torminosus4 ,cap ochraceous and pink hues1 with zones of darker color1 margin of cap wooly 7natural size1 often much larger74 ,copyright4 ,lactarius torminosus 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--,this plant is widely distributed in ,europe1 ,asia1 as well as in ,america4 ,it is easily recognised by the uneven mixture of pink and ochraceous colors1 and the very hairy or tomentose margin of the cap4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap about the same breadth1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs in woods on the ground during late summer and autumn4 ,the pileus is convex1 depressed in the center1 and the margin strongly incurved when young1 the abundant hairs on the margin forming an apparent veil at this time which covers up the gills4 ,the upper surface of the pileus is smooth1 or sometimes more or less covered with a tomentum similar to that on the margin4 ,the color is an admixture of ochraceous and pink hues1 sometimes with concentric zones of darker shades4 ,the gills are crowded1 narrow1 whitish1 with a tinge of yellowish flesh color4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 hollow1 whitish4 ,the milk is white1 unchangeable1 acrid to the taste4 ,figure #aba1 left hand plants1 is from plants 7,no4 #ciaa1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii1 and the right hand plant 7,no4 #bifj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abb4--,lactarius piperatus4 ,entirely white1 milk very peppery 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,lactarius piperatus 7,scop47 ,fr4--,this species is very hot and peppery to the taste1 is of medium size1 entirely white1 depressed at the center1 or funnel-shaped1 with a short stem1 and very narrow and crowded gills1 and abundant white milk4 ,the plants are #c--g cm4 high1 the cap #h--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,it grows in woods on the ground and is quite common1 sometimes very common in late summer and autumn4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thick1 firm1 convex1 umbilicate1 and then depressed in the center1 becoming finally more or less funnel-shaped by the elevation of the margin4 ,it is white1 smooth when young1 in age sometimes becoming sordid and somewhat roughened4 ,the gills are white1 very narrow1 very much crowded1 and some of them forked1 arcuate and then ascending because of the funnel-shaped pileus4 ,the spores are smooth1 oval1 with a small point1 #e--g #d--e 4 ,the stem is equal or tapering below1 short1 solid4 ,the milk is white1 unchangeable1 very acrid to the taste and abundant4 ,the plant is reported as edible4 ,a closely related species is ,l4 pergamenus 7,swartz7 ,fr41 which resembles it very closely1 but has a longer1 stuffed stem1 and thinner1 more pliant pileus1 which is more frequently irregular and eccentric1 and not at first umbilicate4 ,figure #abb is from plants 7,no4 #chhg1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abc4--,lactarius resimus4 ,entire plant white1 in age scales on cap dull ochraceous 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lactarius resimus ,fr48--,this plant is very common in the woods bordering a sphagnum moor at ,malloryville1 ,n4 ,y41 ten miles from ,ithaca1 during ,july to ,september4 ,i have found it at this place every summer for the past three years4 ,it occurs also in the woods of the damp ravines in the vicinity of ,ithaca4 ,it was also abundant in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains of ,north ,carolina1 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,the plants are large1 the caps #aj--ae cm4 broad1 the stem #e--h cm4 long1 and #b--c cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 umbilicate1 then depressed and more or less funnel-shaped in age1 white1 in the center roughened with fibrous scales as the plant ages1 the scales becoming quite stout in old plants4 ,the scales are tinged with dull ochraceous or are light brownish in the older plants4 ,the ochre colored scales are sometimes evident over the entire cap1 even in young plants4 ,in young plants the margin is strongly involute or inrolled1 and a loose but thick veil of interwoven threads extends from the surface of the roll to the stem4 ,this disappears as the margin of the cap unrolls with the expanding pileus4 ,the margin of the pileus is often sterile1 that is1 it extends beyond the ends of the gills4 ,the gills are white1 stout1 and broad1 decurrent1 some of them forked near the stem4 ,when bruised1 the gills after several hours become ochraceous brown4 ,the spores are subglobose1 minutely spiny1 #h--ab 4 ,the stem is solid1 cylindrical1 minutely tomentose1 spongy within when old4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abd4--,lactarius resimus4 ,section of young plant showing inrolled margin of cap1 and the veil 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the taste is very acrid1 and the white milk not changing to yellow4 ,while the milk does not change to yellow1 broken portions of the plant slowly change to flesh color1 then ochraceous brown4 ,figures #abc1 #abd are from plants collected in one of the damp gorges near ,ithaca1 during ,september1 #ahif4 ,the forked gills1 the strongly inrolled margin of the cap and veil of the young plants are well shown in the illustration4 ,lactarius chrysorrheus ,fr4--,this is a common and widely distributed species1 from small to medium size4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--a4e cm4 in thickness4 ,it grows in woods and groves during late summer and autumn4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 of medium thickness1 convex and depressed in the center from the young condition1 and as the pileus expands the margin becomes more and more upturned and the depression deeper1 so that eventually it is more or less broadly funnel-form4 ,the color varies from white to flesh color1 tinged with yellow sometimes in spots1 and marked usually with faint zones of brighter yellow4 ,the zones are sometimes very indistinct or entirely wanting4 ,the gills are crowded1 white then yellow1 where bruised becoming yellowish1 then dull reddish4 ,the stem is equal or tapering below1 hollow or stuffed1 paler than the pileus1 smooth 7sometimes pitted as shown in the ,fig4 #abe74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abe4--,lactarius chrysorrheus4 ,cap white or flesh color1 often tinged with yellowish1 and with darker zones 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the plant is acrid to the taste1 the milk white changing to citron yellow on exposure4 ,figure #abe is from plants 7,no4 #chge1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,the species was quite abundant in this locality during ,august and ,september1 in chestnut groves1 mixed woods1 and borders of woods4 ,lactarius deliciosus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,lactarius deliciosus grows in damp woods1 is widely distributed and sometimes is quite common4 ,it occurs from ,july to ,october4 ,it is one of the medium or large sized species1 being #c--aj cm4 high1 the cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,it is easily recognized by its orange color and the concentric zones of light and dark orange around on the pileus1 and by the orange milk which is exuded where wounded4 ,the pileus is first convex1 then slightly depressed in the center1 becoming more expanded1 and finally more or less funnel-shaped by the elevation of the margin4 ,it is usually more or less orange in color or mottled with varying shades1 and with concentric bands of a deeper color4 ,the gills are yellowish orange often with darker spots4 ,the stem is of the same color as the pileus but paler1 sometimes with darker spots4 ,the flesh of the plant is white1 shaded with orange4 ,in old plants the color fades out somewhat and becomes unevenly tinged with green1 and bruised places become green4 ,peck states that when fresh the plant often has a slight acrid taste4 ,being a widely distributed and not uncommon plant1 and one so readily recognized1 it has long been known in the old world as well as here4 ,all writers on these subjects concur in recommending it for food1 some pronouncing it excellent1 some the most delicious known4 ,its name suggests the estimation in which it was held when christened4 ,lactarius chelidonium ,pk4 ,edible4--,this pretty little ,lactarius was described by ,peck in the #bdth ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #gd4 ,it is closely allied to ,lactarius deliciosus1 from which it is said to differ in its more narrow lamell1 differently colored milk1 smaller spores4 ,the plant is about #e cm4 high1 the cap about #e cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--a4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 firm1 convex and depressed in the center1 smooth1 slightly viscid when moist1 of a grayish green color with blue and yellow tints1 and a few narrow zones on the margin4 ,the gills are crowded1 narrow1 some of them forked at the base1 and sometimes joining to form reticulations4 ,the spores are yellowish4 ,the short stem is nearly equal1 smooth1 hollow1 and the same color as the pileus4 ,the taste is mild1 the milk not abundant1 and of a yellowish color1 resembling the juice of ,celandine or the liquid secreted from the mouth of grasshoppers4 ,wounds on the plant are first of the color of the milk1 changing on exposure to blue1 and finally to green4 ,the plant occurs during late summer and in the autumn in woods4 ,peck reported it first from ,saratoga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it has been found elsewhere in the ,state1 and it has probably quite a wide distribution4 ,i found it during ,september1 #ahii1 in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains of ,n4 ,c4 ,figure #a1 plate #ci1 is from some of the water color drawings made by ,mr4 ,franklin ,r4 ,rathbun4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,fig4 #a4--,lactarius deliciosus4 ,,fig4 #b4--,l4 chelidonium4 ,,fig4 #c4--,l4 indigo4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,lactarius indigo 7,schw47 ,fr4--,the indigo blue lactarius is a very striking and easily recognized plant because of the rich indigo blue color so predominant in the entire plant4 ,it is not very abundant1 but is widely distributed in ,north ,america4 ,the plant is #e--g cm4 high1 the cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem is #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the plants occur during late summer and in the autumn4 ,the pileus when young is umbilicate1 the margin involute1 and in age the margin becomes elevated and then the pileus is more or less funnel-shaped4 ,the indigo blue color is deeply seated1 and the surface of the pileus has a silvery gray appearance through which the indigo blue color is seen4 ,the surface is marked by concentric zones of a darker shade4 ,in age the color is apt to be less uniformly distributed1 it is paler1 and the zones are fainter4 ,the gills are crowded1 and when bruised1 or in age1 the indigo blue color changes somewhat to greenish4 ,the milk is dark blue4 ,,russula ,pers4 ,the species of ,russula are very characteristic1 and the genus is easily recognized in most cases after a little experience4 ,in the very brittle texture of the plants the genus resembles ,lactarius1 and many of them are more brittle than the species of this genus4 ,a section of the pileus shows under the microscope a similar vesicular condition1 that is the grouping of large rounded cells together1 with threads between4 ,but the species of ,russula are at once separated from those of ,lactarius by the absence of a juice which exudes in drops from bruised parts of ,lactarius4 ,while some of the species are white and others have dull or sombre colors1 many of the species of ,russula have bright1 or even brilliant colors1 as red1 purple1 violet1 pink1 blue1 yellow1 green4 ,in determining many of the species1 however1 it is necessary to know the taste1 whether mild1 bitter1 acrid1 etc41 and in this respect the genus again resembles ,lactarius4 ,the color of the gills as well as the color of the spores in mass should also be determined4 ,the genus is quite a large one1 and the ,american species are not well known1 the genus being a difficult one4 ,in ,jour4 ,mycolog41 #e3 #eh--fd1 #ahhi1 the characters of the tribes of ,russula with descriptions of #be species are quoted from ,stevenson1 with notes on their distribution in ,n4 ,a4 by ,mac,adam4 ,russula alutacea ,fr4 ,edible4--,this handsome ,russula differs from the others described here in the color of the gills and spores4 ,the plant is common and occurs in mixed woods during the summer and early autumn4 ,it is #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #a4e--b4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 oval to bell-shaped1 becoming plane1 and sometimes umbilicate4 ,it is red or blood red in color1 sometimes purple1 and becoming pale in age1 especially at the center4 ,it is viscid when moist1 the margin thin and striate-tuberculate4 ,the gills are free from the stem1 stout1 broad1 first white1 becoming yellow1 and in age ochraceous4 ,the gills are all of the same length1 not crowded1 and they are connected by vein-like elevations over the surface4 ,the stem is stout1 solid1 even1 white1 portions of the stem are red1 sometimes purple4 ,the taste is mild1 and the plant is regarded as one of the very good ones for food4 ,russula lepida ,fr4 ,edible4--,this elegant ,russula occurs in birch woods or in mixed woods during late summer and autumn4 ,it is #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #f--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 obtuse1 not shining1 deep red1 becoming pale in age1 often whitish at the center1 silky1 in age the surface cracking1 the margin blunt and not striate4 ,the gills are rounded next the stem1 thick1 rather crowded1 and sometimes forked1 white1 sometimes red on the edge near the margin of the pileus4 ,the gills are often connected by vein-like elevations over the surface4 ,the stem is equal1 white or rose color4 ,the taste is mild4 ,russula virescens 7,schaeff47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant grows on the ground in woods or in grassy places in groves from ,july to ,september4 ,the stem is short1 #b--g cm4 long #a--b cm4 thick1 and the cap is #e--aj cm4 broad4 ,the plant is well known by the green color of the pileus and by the surface of the pileus being separated into numerous1 quite regular1 somewhat angular areas or patches1 where the green color is more pronounced4 ,the pileus is first rounded1 then convex and expanded1 and when old somewhat depressed in the center4 ,it is quite firm1 dry1 greenish1 and the surface with numerous angular floccose areas or patches of usually a deeper green4 ,sometimes the pileus is said to be tinged with yellow4 ,the gills are adnate1 nearly free from the stem1 and crowded4 ,the stem is white and firm4 ,the greenish ,russula1 ,russula virescens1 like a number of other plants1 has long been recommended for food1 both in ,europe and in this country4 ,there are several species of ,russula in which the pileus is green1 but this species is readily distinguished from them by the greenish floccose patches on the surface of the pileus4 ,russula furcata is a common species in similar situations1 with forked gills1 and the cap very variable in color1 sometimes reddish1 purple1 purple brown1 or in one form green4 ,i know of the ,russula furcata having been eaten in rather small quantities1 and while in this case no harm resulted the taste was not agreeable4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #dj4 ,,fig4 #a4--,russula virescens4 ,,fig4 #b4--,r4 alutacea4 ,,fig4 #c4--,r4 lepida4 ,,fig4 #d4--,r4 emetica4 ,,fig4 #e4--,yellow ,russula4 ,,fig4 #f4--,r4 adusta4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,russula fragilis 7,pers47 ,fr4--,this plant is very common in damp woods1 or during wet weather from ,july to ,september4 ,it is a small plant and very fragile1 as its name suggests1 much more so than most other species4 ,it is #b--d cm4 high1 the cap #b--e cm4 broad1 and the stem about #a cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 then plane1 and in age somewhat depressed4 ,the cuticle peels off very easily4 ,the color is often a bright red1 or pink1 sometimes purple or violet1 and becomes paler in age4 ,it is somewhat viscid when moist1 and the margin is very thin and strongly striate and tuberculate1 i4 e41 the ridges between the marginal furrows are tuberculate4 ,the gills are lightly adnexed1 thin1 crowded1 broad1 all of the same length1 white4 ,the stem is usually white1 sometimes more or less pink colored1 spongy within1 becoming hollow4 ,the taste is very acrid4 ,russula emetica ,fr4 ,poisonous4--,this ,russula has a very wide distribution and occurs on the ground in woods or open places during summer and autumn4 ,it is a beautiful species and very fragile4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is oval to bell-shaped when young1 becoming plane1 and in age depressed4 ,it is smooth1 shining1 the margin furrowed and tuberculate4 ,the color is from pink or rosy when young to dark red when older1 and fading to tawny or sometimes yellowish in age4 ,the cuticle is easily separable as in ,r4 fragilis1 the flesh white1 but reddish just beneath the cuticle4 ,the gills are nearly free1 broad1 not crowded1 white4 ,the stem is stout1 spongy within1 white or reddish1 fragile when old4 ,the plant is very acrid to the taste and is said to be poisonous1 and to act as an emetic4 ,russula adusta 7,pers47 ,fr4--,this plant occurs on the ground in woods during late summer and in autumn4 ,it is #c--f cm4 high1 the cap #e--ae cm4 broad1 and the stem is #a--a4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 firm1 convex1 depressed at the center1 and when old more or less funnel-shaped from the upturning of the margin1 which is at first incurved and smooth4 ,it varies from white to gray and smoky color4 ,the gills are adnate1 or decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 of unequal lengths1 white1 then becoming dark4 ,the stem is colored like the pileus4 ,the entire plant becomes darker in drying1 sometimes almost black4 ,it is near ,russula nigricans1 but is smaller1 and does not have a red juice as ,r4 nigricans has4 ,,cantharellus ,adanson4 ,from the other white-spored agarics of a fleshy consistency ,cantharellus is distinguished by the form of the gills4 ,the gills are generally forked1 once or several times1 in a dichotomous manner1 though sometimes irregularly4 ,they are blunt on the edge1 not acute as in most of the other genera4 ,the gills are usually narrow and in many species look like veins1 folds1 or wrinkles1 but in some species1 as in ,cantharellus aurantiacus1 they are rather thin and broad4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abf4--;,cantharellus cibarius4 ,under view showing forked gills with veins connecting them4 ,entire plant rich chrome yellow 7natural size74 ,cantharellus cibarius ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant is known as the chanterelle4 ,it has a very wide distribution and has long been regarded as one of the best of the edible mushrooms4 ,many of the writers on fungi speak of it in terms of high praise4 ,the entire plant is a uniform rich chrome yellow4 ,sometimes it is symmetrical in form1 but usually it is more or less irregular and unsymmetrical in form4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap #d--h cm4 broad1 and the stem short and rather thick4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #da1 ,,figure #abg4--;,cantharellus aurantiacus4 ,color orange yellow1 and cap varies ochre1 raw sienna1 tawny1 in different specimens 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 rather thick1 the margin thick and blunt and at first inrolled4 ,it is convex1 becoming expanded or sometimes depressed by the margin of the cap becoming elevated4 ,the margin is often wavy or repand1 and in irregular forms it is only produced at one side1 or more at one side than at the other1 or the cap is irregularly lobed4 ,the gills are very narrow1 stout1 distant1 more or less sinuous1 forked or anastomosing irregularly1 and because of the pileus being something like an inverted cone the gills appear to run down on the stem4 ,the spores are faintly yellowish1 elliptical1 #g--aj 4 ,figure #abf represents but a single specimen1 and this one with a nearly lateral pileus4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abh4--;,cantharellus aurantiacus1 under view1 enlarged nearly twice1 showing regularly forked gills4 ,cantharellus aurantiacus ,fr4--,this orange cantharellus is very common1 and occurs on the ground or on very rotten wood1 logs1 branches1 etc41 from summer to very late autumn4 ,it is widely distributed in ,europe and ,america4 ,it is easily known by its dull orange or brownish pileus1 yellow gills1 which are thin and regularly forked1 and by the pileus being more or less depressed or funnel-shaped4 ,the plants are from #e--h cm4 high1 the cap from #b--g cm4 broad1 and the stem about #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 soft1 flexible1 convex1 to expanded1 or obconic1 plane or depressed1 or funnel-shaped1 the margin strongly inrolled when young1 in age simply incurved1 the margin plane or repand and undulate4 ,the color varies from ochre yellow to dull orange1 or orange ochraceous1 raw sienna1 and tawny1 in different specimens4 ,it is often brownish at the center4 ,the surface of the pileus is minutely tomentose with silky hairs1 especially toward the center1 and sometimes smooth toward the margin4 ,the flesh is #c--e mm4 at the center1 and thin toward the margin4 ,the gills are arcuate1 decurrent1 thin1 the edge blunt1 but not so much so as in a number of other species1 crowded1 regularly forked several times1 at length ascending when the pileus is elevated at the margin4 ,the color of the gills is orange to cadmium orange1 or sometimes paler1 cadmium yellow or deep chrome4 ,the stem is clay color to ochre yellow1 enlarged below1 spongy1 stuffed1 fistulose1 soft1 fibrous1 more or less ascending at the base4 ,the taste is somewhat nutty1 sometimes bitterish4 ,the plants in ,fig4 #abg 7,no4 #cbgb1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 were collected near ,ithaca1 ,october #g1 #ahii4 ,,marasmius ,fr4 ,in this genus the plants are tough and fleshy or membranaceous1 leathery and dry4 ,they do not easily decay1 but shrivel up in dry weather1 and revive in wet weather1 or when placed in water4 ,this is an important character in distinguishing the genus4 ,it is closely related to ,collybia1 from which it is difficult to separate certain species4 ,on the other hand1 it is closely related to ,lentinus and ,panus1 both of which are tough and pliant4 ,in ,marasmius1 however1 the substance of the pileus is separate from that of the stem1 while in ,lentinus and ,panus it is continuous1 a character rather difficult for the beginner to understand4 ,the species of ,marasmius1 however1 are generally much smaller than those of ,lentinus and ,panus1 especially those which grow on wood4 ,the stem in ,marasmius is in nearly all species central1 while in ,lentinus and ,panus it is generally more or less eccentric4 ,many of the species of the genus ,marasmius have an odor of garlic when fresh4 ,besides the fairy ring 7,m4 oreades7 which grows on the ground1 ,m4 rotula is a very common species on wood and leaves4 ,it has a slender1 black1 shining stem1 and a brownish pileus usually with a black spot in the depression in the center4 ,the species are very numerous4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #abd--abf1 describes #h species4 ,morgan ,jour4 ,cinn4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #f3 #ahi--aid1 describes #ag species4 ,marasmius oreades ,fr4 ,edible4--,this is the well known fairy ring mushroom4 ,it grows during the summer and autumn in grassy places1 as in lawns1 by roadsides1 in pastures1 etc4 ,it appears most abundantly during wet weather or following heavy rains4 ,it is found usually in circles1 or in the arc of a circle1 though few scattered plants not arranged in this way often occur4 ,the plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 the cap #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--d mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #abi4--,marasmius oreades4 ,caps buff1 tawny1 or reddish4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 sometimes the center elevated1 fleshy1 rather thin1 tough1 smooth1 buff color1 or tawny or reddish1 in age1 or in drying1 paler4 ,when moist the pileus may be striate on the margin4 ,the gills are broad1 free or adnexed1 rounded near the stem1 white or dull yellowish4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #g--h long4 ,the stem is tough1 solid1 whitish4 ,this widely distributed fungus is much prized everywhere by those who know it4 ,it is not the only fungus which appears in rings1 so that this habit is not peculiar to this plant4 ,several different kinds are known to appear in rings at times4 ,the appearance of the fungus in rings is due to the mode of growth of the mycelium or spawn in the soil4 ,having started at a given spot the mycelium consumes the food material in the soil suitable for it1 and the plants for the first year appear in a group4 ,in the center of this spot the mycelium1 having consumed all the available food1 probably dies after producing the crop of mushrooms4 ,but around the edge of the spot the mycelium or spawn still exists1 and at the beginning of the next season it starts into growth and feeds on the available food in a zone surrounding the spot where it grew the previous year4 ,this second year1 then1 the plants appear in a small ring4 ,so in succeeding years it advances outward1 the ring each year becoming larger4 ,where the plants appear only in the arc of a circle1 something has happened to check or destroy the mycelium in the remaining arc of the circle4 ,it has been noted by several observers that the grass in the ring occupied by the mushrooms is often greener than that adjoining4 ,this is perhaps due to some stimulus exerted by the mycelium of the fungus on the grass1 or possibly the mycelium may in some way make certain foods available for the grass which gives an additional supply to it at this point4 ,fig4 #abi is from plants 7,no4 #eejc1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in a lawn1 ,october #be1 #aijj1 ,ithaca4 ,illustrations of some fine large rings formed by this fungus appeared in circular ,no4 #ac by ,mr4 ,coville1 of the ,division of ,botany in the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,marasmius cohrens 7,fr47 ,bres4 7,mycena cohrens ,fr4 ,collybia lachnophylla ,berk4 ,collybia spinulifera ,pk47--,this plant grows in dense clusters1 ten to twenty individuals with their stems closely joined below and fastened together by the abundant growth of threads from the lower ends4 ,from this character the name cohrens was derived4 ,the plants grow on the ground or on very rotten wood in woods during late spring and in the summer4 ,the plant is not very common in this country1 but appears to be widely distributed both in ,europe and here1 having been collected in ,carolina1 ,ohio1 ,vermont1 ,new ,york1 etc4 ,the plants are #ab--bj cm4 high1 the cap #b--b4e cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--g mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 tough1 convex or bell-shaped1 then expanded1 sometimes umbonate1 or in age sometimes the margin upturned and more or less wavy1 not viscid1 but finely striate when damp1 thin4 ,the color varies from vinaceous cinnamon to chestnut or light leather color1 or tawny1 paler in age1 and sometimes darker on the center4 ,the gills are sometimes more or less crowded1 narrow1 #e--f mm4 broad1 adnate1 but notched1 and sometimes becoming free from the stem4 ,the color is light leather color1 brick red or bay1 the color and color variations being due to numbers of colored cystidia or spicules scattered over the surface of the gills and on the edge4 ,the cystidia are fulvous1 fusoid1 #ge--ij long4 ,the spores are oval1 white1 small1 #f #c 4 ,the stem is long and slender1 nearly cylindrical1 tapering somewhat above1 slightly enlarged below1 and rooting4 ,the color is the same as that of the pileus or dark bay brown1 and shining1 and seems to be due to large numbers of spicules similar to those on the gills4 ,the color is paler below in some cases1 or gradually darker below in others4 ,the stems are bound together below by numerous threads4 ,figure #acj is from plants 7,no4 #bcgc1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in woods near ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the plants have been collected near ,ithaca on three different occasions1 twice near ,freeville about nine miles from ,ithaca1 and once in the woods at ,ithaca4 ,it is easily distinguished by its color and the presence of the peculiar set or cystidia4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #acj4--,marasmius cohaerens 7,fr47 ,bres4 7 ,mycena cohaerens ,fr4 ,collybia lachnophylla ,berk4 ,c4 spinulifera ,pk47 ,color chestnut1 light leather color1 tawny or vinaceous cinnamon1 darker in center1 stems dark1 shining1 gills leather color1 or fulvous1 or wine color1 brick red or bay1 varying in different specimens 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,although the plant has been collected on several different occasions in ,america1 it does not seem to have been recognized under this name until recently1 save the record of it from ,carolina by de ,schweinitz 7,synop4 fung4 ,car4 ,no4 #fjf4 p4 #ha74 ,,lentinus ,fr4 ,the plants of this genus are tough and pliant1 becoming hard when old1 unless very watery1 and when dry4 ,the genus differs from the other tough and pliant ones by the peculiarity of the gills1 the gills being notched or serrate on the edges4 ,sometimes this appearance is intensified by the cracking of the gills in age or in drying4 ,the nearest ally of the genus is ,panus1 which is only separated from ,lentinus by the edge of the gills being plane4 ,this does not seem a very good character on which to separate the species of the two genera1 since it is often difficult to tell whether the gills are naturally serrate or whether they have become so by certain tensions which exist on the lamell during the expansion and drying of the pileus4 ,schroeter unites ,panus with ,lentinus 7,cohn's ,krypt4 ,flora1 ,schlesien1 #c1 #a2 #eed1 #ahhi74 ,the plants are usually very irregular and many of them shelving1 only a few grow upright and have regular caps4 ,lentinus vulpinus ,fr4--,this is a large and handsome species1 having a wide distribution in ,europe and in this country1 but it does not seem to be common4 ,it grows on trunks1 logs1 stumps1 etc41 in the woods4 ,it was quite abundant during late summer and in the autumn on fallen logs1 in a woods near ,ithaca4 ,the caps are shelving1 closely overlapping in shingled fashion 7imbricated71 and joined at the narrowed base4 ,the surface is convex1 and the margin is strongly incurved1 so that each of the individual caps is shell-shaped 7conchate74 ,the surface of the pileus is coarsely hairy or hispid1 the surface becoming more rough with age4 ,many coarse hairs unite to form coarse tufts which are stouter and nearly erect toward the base of the cap1 and give the surface a tuberculate appearance4 ,toward the margin of the cap these coarse hairs are arranged in nearly parallel lines1 making rows or ridges1 which are very rough4 ,the hairs and tubercles are dark in color1 being nearly black toward the base1 especially in old plants1 and sometimes pale or of a smoky hue1 especially in young plants4 ,the pileus is flesh color when young1 becoming darker when old1 and the flesh is quite thin1 whitish toward the gills and darker toward the surface4 ,the gills are broad1 nearly white1 flesh color near the base1 coarsely serrate1 becoming cracked in age and in drying1 narrowed toward the base of the pileus1 not forked1 crowded1 #d--f mm4 broad4 ,the cap and gills are tough even when fresh4 ,the plant has an intensely pungent taste4 ,figures #aca1 #acb represent an upper1 front1 and under view of the pilei 7,no4 #ccae1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,illustration3 ,,plate #db1 ,,figure #aca4--,lentinus vulpinus4 ,the coarse1 hairy scales are black in old plants1 paler1 of a smoky hue1 in younger ones 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lentinus lecomtei ,fr41 is a very common and widely distributed species growing on wood4 ,when it grows on the upper side of logs the pileus is sometimes regular and funnel-shaped 7cyathiform71 but it is often irregular and produced on one side1 especially if it grows on the side of the substratum4 ,in most cases1 however1 there is a funnel-shaped depression above the attachment of the stem4 ,the pileus is tough1 reddish or reddish brown or leather color1 hairy or sometimes strigose1 the margin incurved4 ,the stem is usually short1 hairy1 or in age it may become more or less smooth4 ,the gills are narrow1 crowded1 the spores small1 ovate to elliptical #e--f #b--c 4 ,according to ,bresadola this is the same as ,panus rudis ,fr4 ,it resembles very closely also ,panus cyathiformis 7,schaeff47 ,fr41 and ,p4 strigosus ,b4 ,c4 ,lentinus lepideus ,fr41 ,l4 squamosus 7,schaeff47 ,schroet4 is another common and widely distributed species4 ,it is much larger than ,l4 lecomtei1 whitish with coarse brown scales on the cap4 ,it is #ab--bj cm4 high1 and the cap is often as broad4 ,the stem is #b--h cm4 long and #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,it grows on wood4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #acb4--,lentinus vulpinus1 front and under view 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,lentinus stipticus 7,bull47 ,schroet4 7,panus stipticus ,bull47 is a very small species compared with the three named above4 ,it is1 however1 a very common and widely distributed one1 growing on wood1 and may be found the year around4 ,the pileus is #a--c cm4 in diameter1 whitish or grayish1 very tough1 expanded in wet weather1 and curled up in dry weather4 ,the stem is very short1 and attached to one side of the cap4 ,when freshly developed the plant is phosphorescent4 ,,schizophyllum ,fr4 ,this is a very interesting genus1 but the species are very few4 ,the plants are tough1 pliant when fresh1 and dry4 ,the gills are very characteristic1 being split along the edge and generally strongly revolute1 that is1 the split edges curve around against the side of the gill4 ,this character can be seen sometimes with the aid of a hand lens1 but is very evident when a section of the cap and gills is made and then examined with a microscope4 ,the spores are white4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #acc4--,schizophyllum alneum 7,s4 commune74 ,view of under side 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,schizophyllum alneum 7,l47 ,schroet4--,this species usually goes by the name of ,schizophyllum commune1 but the earlier name is ,s4 alneum4 ,it is a very common plant and is world wide in its distribution1 growing on wood1 as on branches1 trunks1 etc4 ,it is white1 and the pileus is very hairy or tomentose1 with coarse white hairs4 ,it is #a--c cm4 in diameter1 and the cap is sessile1 either attached at one side when the cap is more produced on one side than on the other1 or it may be attached at or near the center of the top1 when the cap is more evenly developed on all sides4 ,it is often crenate or lobed on the margin1 the larger plants showing this character more prominently4 ,the margin is incurved4 ,the gills are white1 wooly1 branched and extend out toward the margin of the cap like the radiations of a fan4 ,the gills are deeply split along the edge1 and strongly revolute4 ,it is a very pretty plant1 but one becomes rather tired of collecting it because it is so common4 ,it may be found at all seasons of the year on dead sticks and branches1 either in the woods or elsewhere1 if the branches are present4 ,it is very coriaceous1 and tough4 ,during dry weather it is much shrunken and curled up1 but during rains it expands quickly and then it is seen in its beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #dc1 ,,figure #acd4--,trogia crispa4 ,large cluster of caps1 view of underside 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #acc shows the plant in the expanded condition1 from the under side4 ,the plants were growing on a hickory branch1 and were dry and shrunken when brought in the laboratory4 ,the branch and the fungus were placed in water for a few hours1 when the fungus expanded1 and was then photographed in this condition4 ,,trogia ,fr4 ,this genus is characterized1 according to ,fries1 by the gills being channeled along the edge1 but singularly the only species attributed to the genus in ,europe and in our country has not channeled gills1 but only somewhat crisped along the edges4 ,it is usually1 therefore1 a difficult matter for a beginner to determine the plant simply from this description4 ,the gills are furthermore narrow1 irregular1 and the plants are somewhat soft and flabby when wet1 but brittle and persistent when dry1 so that when moistened they revive and appear as if fresh4 ,trogia crispa ,fr4--,this species is the principal if not only one in ,europe and ,america4 ,it is widely distributed1 and sometimes not very uncommon4 ,it occurs on trunks1 branches1 etc41 often on the birch4 ,the plants are from #j4e--a cm4 broad1 usually sessile4 ,the upper surface is whitish or reddish yellow toward the attachment1 sometimes tan color1 and when young it is sometimes covered with whitish hairs4 ,the gills are very narrow1 vein-like1 irregular1 interrupted or continuous1 and often more or less branched4 ,the gills are very much crisped1 hence the name1 blunt at the edge and white or bluish gray4 ,the caps are usually much crowded and overlapped in an imbricated fashion as shown in ,fig4 #acd2 a photograph of a fine specimen after being moistened4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,rosy-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores are rosy1 pink1 salmon colored1 flesh colored1 or reddish4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,pluteus ,fr4 ,in the genus ,pluteus the volva and annulus are both wanting1 the gills are usually free from the stem1 and the stem is easily broken out from the substance of the cap1 reminding one in some cases of a ball and socket joint4 ,the substance of the cap is thus said to be not continuous with that of the stem4 ,the spores seen in mass are flesh colored as in other genera of this subdivision of the agarics4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ace4--,pluteus cervinus4 ,cap grayish brown1 or sooty1 smooth or sometimes scaly1 rarely white1 stem same color1 but paler2 gills first white1 then flesh color 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,pluteus cervinus ,schaeff4 ,edible4--,this is one of the very common species of the higher fungi1 and is also very widely distributed4 ,it varies considerably in size and appearance4 ,it is #g--ae cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs on the ground from underground roots or rotten wood1 or grows on decaying stumps1 logs1 etc41 from spring until late autumn4 ,sometimes it is found growing in sawdust4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 and becoming expanded1 the surface usually smooth1 but showing radiating fibrils1 grayish brown1 or sometimes sooty1 sometimes more or less scaly4 ,the gills are not crowded1 broad1 free from the stem1 white1 then becoming flesh color with the maturity of the spores4 ,one very characteristic feature of the plant is the presence of cystidia in the hymenium on the gills4 ,these are stout1 colorless1 elliptical1 thick-walled1 and terminate in two or three blunt1 short prongs4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 solid1 the color much the same as that of the pileus1 but often paler above1 smooth or sometimes scaly4 ,in some forms the plant is entirely white1 except the gills4 ,in addition to the white forms occurring in the woods1 ,i have found them in an old abandoned cement mine growing on wood props4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #acf4--,pluteus tomentosulus4 ,cap and stem entirely white1 gills flesh color1 stem furrowed and tomentose 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pluteus tomentosulus ,pk4--,this plant was described by ,peck in the #cb;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 page #bh1 #ahgi4 ,it grows on decaying wood in the woods during ,july and ,august4 ,the plants are #e--ab cm4 high1 the cap #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the description given by ,peck is as follows3 ,pileus thin1 convex or expanded1 subumbonate1 dry1 minutely squamulose-tomentose1 white1 sometimes pinkish on the margin2 lamell rather broad1 rounded behind1 free1 crowded1 white then flesh colored2 stem equal1 solid1 striate1 slightly pubescent or subtomentose1 white2 spores subglobose1 #g in diameter1 generally containing a large single nucleus4 ,from the plant collected at ,ithaca the following notes were made4 ,the pileus and stem are entirely white1 the gills flesh color4 ,the pileus is expanded1 umbonate1 thin except at the umbo1 minutely floccose squamulose1 no pinkish tinge noted2 the flesh is white1 but on the umbo changing to flesh color where wounded4 ,the gills are free1 with a clear white space between stem and rounded edges1 crowded1 narrow 7about #c--d mm4 broad7 edge finely fimbriate1 probably formed by numerous bottle-shaped cystidia on the edge1 and which extend up a little distance on the side of the gills1 but are not distributed in numbers over the surface of the gills2 cystidia thin walled1 hyaline4 ,the spores are flesh colored1 subglobose1 #e--g 4 ,stem cylindrical1 even1 twisted somewhat1 white1 striate and minutely squamulose like the pileus1 but with coarser scales1 especially toward the base1 solid1 flesh white4 ,the species received its name from the tomentose1 striate character of the stem4 ,the plants 7,no4 #cbai1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 illustrated in ,fig4 #acf were collected in ,enfield ,gorge1 vicinity of ,ithaca1 ,july #bh1 #ahii4 ,,volvaria ,fr4 ,this genus takes its name from the volva1 which means a wrapper1 and which1 as we know from our studies of ,amanita1 entirely envelops the plant at a young stage4 ,the genus is characterized then by the rosy or reddish spores1 the presence of a volva1 and the annulus is wanting4 ,the stem is easily separable from the pileus at its junction1 in this respect being similar to ,amanita1 ,amanitopsis1 ,lepiota and others4 ,the gills are usually1 also1 free from the stem4 ,the species grow on rotting wood1 on leaf mould and on richly manured ground1 etc4 ,they are of a very soft texture and usually soon decay4 ,volvaria bombycina 7,pers47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,the silky volvaria is so called because of the beautiful silky texture of the surface of the cap4 ,it is not very common1 but is world wide in its distribution1 and occurs on decayed wood of logs1 stumps1 etc41 during late summer and in autumn4 ,it is usually of a beautiful white color1 large1 the volva large and thick1 reminding one of a bag1 and the stem is ascending when the plant grows on the side of the trunk1 or erect when it grows on the upper side of a log or stump4 ,the plant is from #h--af cm4 high1 the cap #f--bj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--a4e cm4 thickness4 ,the pileus is globose1 then bell-shaped1 and finally convex and somewhat umbonate1 white1 according to some becoming somewhat reddish4 ,the entire surface is silky1 and numerous hairs stand out in the form of soft down1 when older the surface becoming more or less scaly1 or rarely becoming smooth at the apex4 ,the flesh is white4 ,the gills are crowded1 very broad along the middle1 flesh colored1 the edge sometimes ragged4 ,the spores are rosy in mass1 oval to broadly elliptical1 #f--i #e--f 1 smooth4 ,the stem tapers from the base to the apex1 is solid1 smooth4 ,the volva is large and bag-like4 ,the plant is considered edible by some4 ,figure #acg is from a plant 7,no4 #cjif1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected on a log of ,acer rubrum in ,cascadilla woods1 ,ithaca1 on ,august #ajth1 #ahih4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #acg4--,volvaria bombycina4 ,cap1 stem and volva entirely white1 gills flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,volvaria speciosa ,fr4--,this plant seems to be rare1 but it has a wide distribution in ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,it occurs on richly manured ground1 on dung1 etc4 ,the plants are #aj--bj cm4 high1 the cap #f--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the entire plant is white or whitish1 sometimes grayish1 especially at the center1 where it is also sometimes darker and of a smoky color4 ,the pileus is globose when young1 then bell-shaped1 and finally more or less expanded1 and umbonate1 smooth1 very viscid1 so that earth1 leaves1 etc41 cling to it4 ,the flesh is white and very soft4 ,the gills are free1 flesh colored to reddish or fulvous1 from the deeply colored spores4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical1 or oval1 #ab--ah #h--aj 4 ,the stem is nearly cylindrical1 or tapering evenly from the base1 when young more or less hairy1 becoming smooth4 ,the volva is large1 edge free1 but fitting very close1 flabby and irregularly torn4 ,the species is reported from ,california by ,mc,clatchie1 and from ,wisconsin by ,bundy4 ,specimens were received in ,june1 #ahih1 from ,dr4 ,post of ,lansing1 ,mich41 which were collected there in a potato patch4 ,it was abundant during ,may and ,june4 ,plants which were sent in a fresh condition were badly decayed by the time they reached ,ithaca1 and the odor was very disagreeable4 ,it is remarkable that the odor was that of rotting potatoes6 ,in this connection might be mentioned ,dr4 ,peck's observation 7,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club #bf3 p4 #fg1 #ahii7 that ,agaricus maritimus ,pk41 which grows near the seashore1 possessed a taste and odor suggestive of the sea4 ,mc,clatchie reports that it is common in cultivated soil1 especially grain fields and along roads1 and that it is a fine edible agaric and our most abundant one in ,california4 ,,clitopilus ,fr4 ,in the rosy-spored agarics belonging to this genus the gills are decurrent1 that is1 extend for some distance down on the stem4 ,the stem is fleshy4 ,the gills are white at first and become pink or salmon color as the plants mature1 and the spores take on their characteristic color4 ,the plants should thus not be confused with any of the species of ,agaricus to which the common mushroom belongs1 since in those species the gills become dark brown or blackish when mature4 ,the genus corresponds with ,clitocybe among the white-spored ones4 ,clitopilus prunulus ,scop4 ,edible4--,this species grows on the ground in the woods from mid-summer to autumn4 ,it is not very common1 but sometimes appears in considerable quantities at one place4 ,during the autumn of #ahih quite a large number of specimens were found in a woods near ,ithaca1 growing on the ground around an old stump4 ,the plants are #c--h cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #dd1 ,,figure #ach4--;,clitopilus prunulus1 cap whitish or dark gray1 gills flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 firm1 convex and becoming nearly plane1 and sometimes as the plants become old the center may be slightly depressed4 ,it is whitish in color1 or dark gray1 or with a leaden tint1 dry1 sometimes with a distinct bloom on the surface1 and the margin is often wavy4 ,the cap is sometimes produced more on one side than on the other4 ,the gills are not close1 at first whitish1 then salmon colored as the spores mature1 and they are decurrent as is characteristic of the genus4 ,the spores are elliptical or nearly so1 and measure #aj--ab long4 ,figure #ach is from plants collected near ,ithaca1 in the autumn of #ahih4 ,this species is considered to be one of the excellent mushrooms for food4 ,when fresh it has a mealy odor and taste1 as do several of the species of this genus4 ,it is known as the prune mushroom4 ,clitopilus orcella ,bull4 ,edible4--,this plant is sometimes spoken of as the sweet-bread mushroom4 ,it is much like the prune mushroom just described1 in odor and taste1 and sometimes resembles it in form and other characters4 ,it is white in color1 and the plants are usually considerably smaller1 and the pileus is1 according to my observations1 sometimes more irregular1 lobed and wavy on the margin4 ,the flesh is also softer1 and the cap is said to be slightly viscid in wet weather4 ,the plant grows in the woods and sometimes in open fields4 ,,entoloma ,fr4 ,the volva and annulus are absent in this genus1 the spores are rosy1 the gills adnate to sinuate or adnexed1 easily separating from the stem in some species4 ,the stem is fleshy or fibrous1 sometimes waxy1 and the pileus is fleshy with the margin incurved1 especially when young4 ,the spores are prominently angular4 ,the genus corresponds with ,tricholoma of the white-spored agarics1 and also with ,hebeloma and ,inocybe of the ochre-spored ones4 ,entoloma repandum ,bull41 is an ,inocybe ,i4 repandum 7,bull47 ,bres4 and has angular spores resembling those of an ,entoloma1 but the spores are not rosy4 ,entoloma jubatum ,fr4--,growing on the ground in woods4 ,the plants are #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap #c--f cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is conic in some plants1 to convex and umbonate1 thin1 minutely scaly with blackish hairy scales1 dull heliotrope purple1 darker on the umbo4 ,the gills are vinaceous rufus to deep flesh color1 strongly sinuate1 and irregularly notched along the edge4 ,the spores are irregularly oval to short oblong1 coarsely angular1 with an oil drop1 #e--g angled1 #g--aa #f--g 4 ,the stem is of the same color as the pileus1 sometimes deeply rooting1 hollow4 ,figure #aci is from plants 7,no4 #djjj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,entoloma grayanum ,pk4--,this plant grows on the ground in woods4 ,it is from #f--h cm4 high1 the cap is #c--f cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aci4--;,entoloma jubatum4 ,entire plant dull heliotrope purple1 gills later flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 drab in color1 the surface wrinkled or rugose1 and watery in appearance4 ,the flesh is thin and the margin incurved4 ,the gills are first drab in color1 but lighter than the pileus1 becoming pinkish in age4 ,the spores on paper are very light salmon color4 ,they are globose or rounded in outline1 #e--g angled1 with an oil globule1 #h--aj in diameter4 ,the stem is the same color as the pileus1 but lighter1 striate1 hollow1 somewhat twisted1 and enlarged below4 ,figure #adj is from plants 7,no4 #ciih1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #adj4--;,entoloma grayanum4 ,cap and stem drab1 gills flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,entoloma strictius ,pk4--,the plants grow in grassy places1 pastures1 etc4 ,they are clustered1 sometimes two or three joined at the base of the stem4 ,they are #g--aj cm4 high1 the caps #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stems #c--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 the disk expanded1 and the margin incurved and more or less wavy or repand on the extreme edge4 ,it is umbonate at the center with usually a slight depression around the umbo1 smooth1 watery 7hygrophanous7 in appearance1 not viscid1 of an umber color1 shining1 faintly and closely striate on the margin4 ,in drying the surface of the pileus loses some of its dark umber color and presents a silvery sheen4 ,the flesh is fibrous and umber color also4 ,the gills are grayish white1 then tinged with flesh color1 slightly sinuate1 the longer ones somewhat broader in the middle 7ventricose71 rather distant1 and quite thick as seen in cross section1 the center of the gill 7trama7 presenting parallel threads4 ,the sub-hymenium is very thin and composed of small cells2 the basidia are clavate1 #be--cj #i--aj 1 and four-spored4 ,the spores are dull rose color on paper1 subgloblose1 #e--h in diameter1 angular with #e--f angles as seen from one side4 ,the stem is the same color as the pileus1 but considerably lighter4 ,it is hollow with white fibers within1 fibrous striate on the surface1 twisted1 brittle1 and somewhat cartilaginous1 partly snapping1 but holding by fibers in places1 cylindrical1 even1 ascending1 with delicate white fibers covering the lower end4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ada4--;,entoloma strictius4 ,cap umber or smoky1 stem paler1 gills grayish1 then flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #ada is from plants 7,no4 #bdfa1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected near ,ithaca1 ,october1 #ahih4 ,,leptonia ,fr4 ,in ,leptonia the stem is cartilaginous1 hollow or stuffed1 smooth and somewhat shining4 ,the pileus is thin1 umbilicate or with the center darker1 the surface hairy or scaly1 and the margin at first incurved4 ,the gills are adnate or adnexed at first1 and easily separating from the stem in age4 ,many of the species are bright colored4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #adb4--,leptonia asprella4 ,cap hair brown 7mouse colored71 minute dark scales at center1 stem same color1 but sometimes reddish brown1 green or blue1 gills flesh color4 ,leptonia asprella ,fr4--,this species occurs on the ground in woods or in open grassy places4 ,the plants are #c--e cm4 high1 the cap #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 then more or less expanded1 umbilicate1 rarely umbonate1 hair brown 7mouse colored71 with dark scales on the center and minute scales over the surface1 striate4 ,the gills are sinuate to adnexed4 ,the spores are strongly #e--f angled1 #aj--ab #h--aj 4 ,the stem is smooth1 even1 usually the same color as the cap1 but sometimes it is reddish brown1 green1 or blue4 ,figure #adb is from plants 7,no4 #ciif1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,leptonia incana ,fr41 is a more common species1 and is characterized by an odor of mice4 ,,eccilia ,fr4 ,the genus ,eccilia corresponds with ,omphalia of the white-spored agarics4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 hollow or stuffed4 ,the pileus is thin and somewhat membranaceous1 plane or depressed at the center1 and the margin at first incurved4 ,the gills are more or less decurrent4 ,eccilia polita ,pers4--,this plant occurs on the ground in woods4 ,it is #f--aj cm4 high1 the cap #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stem is #c--d mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #adc4--;,eccilia polita4 ,cap hair brown to olive1 stem lighter1 gills flesh color1 notched and irregular 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex and umbilicate1 somewhat membranaceous1 smooth1 watery in appearance1 finely striate on the margin1 hair brown to olive in color4 ,the gills are decurrent4 ,in the specimens illustrated in ,fig4 #adc the gills are very irregular and many of them appear sinuate4 ,the spores are strongly #d--e angled1 some of them square1 #aj--ab in diameter1 with a prominent mucro at one angle4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 becoming hollow1 lighter in color than the pileus1 and somewhat enlarged below4 ,figure #adc is from plants 7,no4 #ciii1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #de1 ,,figure #add4--;,claudopus nidulans1 view of under side4 ,cap rich yellow or buff1 gills flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,claudopus ,w4 ,smith4 ,in the genus ,claudopus1 recognized by some1 the pileus is eccentric or lateral1 that is1 the stem is attached near the side of the cap1 or the cap is sessile and attached by one side to the wood on which the plant is growing2 or the plants are resupinate1 that is1 they may be spread over the surface of the wood4 ,the genus is perhaps not well separated from some of the species of ,pleurotus with lilac spores like ,p4 sapidus4 ,in fact1 a number of the species were formerly placed in ,pleurotus1 while others were placed in ,crepidotus among the ochre-spored agarics4 ,several species are reported from ,america4 ,peck in #cith ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fg1 et seq41 #ahhf1 describes five species4 ,claudopus nidulans 7,pers47 ,pk4--,this is one of the very pretty agarics growing on dead branches and trunks during the autumn1 and is widely distributed4 ,it has1 however1 been placed in the genus ,pleurotus1 as ,p4 nidulans4 ,but because of the pink color of the spores in mass1 ,peck places it in the genus ,claudopus1 where ,fries suggested it should go if removed from ,pleurotus4 ,it seems to be identical with ,panus dorsalis ,bosc4 ,it is usually sessile and attached to the side of dead branches1 logs1 etc41 in a shelving manner1 or sometimes it is resupinate4 ,the pileus is sessile1 or sometimes narrowed at the base into a short stem1 the caps often numerous and crowded together in an overlapping or imbricate manner4 ,it is nearly orbicular1 or reniform1 and #a--e cm4 broad4 ,the margin is at first involute4 ,the surface is coarsely hairy or tomentose1 or scaly toward the margin1 of a rich yellow or buff color4 ,it is soft1 but rather tough in consistency4 ,the gills are broad1 orange yellow4 ,the spores1 pink in mass1 are smooth1 elongated1 somewhat curved1 #f--h long4 ,figure #add is from plants 7,no4 #bffj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in woods near ,ithaca4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,ochre-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores are ochre yellow1 rusty1 rusty-brown1 or some shade of yellow4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,pholiota ,fr4 ,the genus ,pholiota has ferruginous or ferruginous brown spores4 ,it lacks a volva1 but has an annulus2 the gills are attached to the stem4 ,it then corresponds to ,armillaria among white-spored agarics1 and ,stropharia among the purple-brown-spored ones4 ,there is one genus in the ochre or yellow-spored plants with which it is liable to be confused on account of the veil1 namely ,cortinarius1 but in the latter the veil is in the form of loose threads1 and is called an arachnoid veil1 that is1 the veil is spider-web-like4 ,many of the species of ,pholiota grow on trunks1 stumps1 and branches of trees1 some grow on the ground4 ,pholiota prcox ,pers4 ,edible4--,agaricus candicans ,bull4 ,t4 #bag1 #aggj3 ,pholiota candicans ,schroeter1 ,krypt1 ,flora1 ,schlesien1 p4 #fjh1 #ahhi4 ,this plant occurs during late spring and in the summer1 in pastures1 lawns and grassy places1 roadsides1 open woods1 etc4 ,sometimes it is very common1 especially during or after prolonged or heavy rains4 ,the plants are #f--aj cm4 high1 the cap from #e--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--e mm4 in thickness4 ,the plants are scattered or a few sometimes clustered4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 whitish to cream color or yellowish1 then leather color1 fleshy1 the margin at first incurved1 moist1 not viscid4 ,sometimes the pileus is umbonate4 ,the surface is sometimes uneven from numerous crowded shallow pits1 giving it a frothy appearance4 ,in age the margin often becomes upturned and fluted4 ,the gills are adnate or slightly decurrent by a tooth1 #c--d mm4 broad1 a little broader at or near the middle1 crowded1 white1 then ferruginous brown1 edge sometimes whitish4 ,there is often a prominent angle in the gills at their broadest diameter1 not far from the stem1 which gives to them1 when the plants are young or middle age1 a sinuate appearance4 ,the spores are ferruginous brown1 elliptical4 ,cystidia abruptly club-shaped1 with a broad apiculus4 ,the stem is stuffed1 later fistulose1 even1 fragile1 striate often above the annulus4 ,the stem is whitish or sometimes flesh color4 ,the veil is whitish1 large1 frail1 and sometimes breaks away from the stem and clings in shreds to the margin of the cap4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #df1 ,,figure #ade4--,pholiota praecox4 ,cap whitish1 to cream1 or leather color1 stem white1 gills white then ferruginous brown 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #ade is from plants 7,no4 #bcfb1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected on the campus of ,cornell ,university1 ,june1 #ahih4 ,the taste is often slightly bitter4 ,pholiota marginata ,batsch4--,this is one of the very common species1 a small one1 occurring all during the autumn1 on decaying trunks1 etc41 in the woods4 ,the plants are usually clustered1 though appearing also singly4 ,they are from #d--aj cm4 high1 the cap #c--d cm4 broad1 and the stem #c--e in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #dg1 ,,figure #adf4--,pholiota adiposa4 ,cap very viscid1 saffron-yellow or burnt umber or wood-brown in center1 scales wood-brown to nearly black1 stem whitish then yellowish2 gills brownish1 edge yellow 7natural size1 sometimes larger74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 then plane1 tan or leather colored1 darker when dry4 ,it has a watery appearance 7hygrophanous71 somewhat fleshy1 smooth1 striate on the margin4 ,the gills are joined squarely to the stem1 crowded1 at maturity dark reddish brown from the spores4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #adg4--,pholiota marginata4 ,cap and stem tan or leather color1 gills dark reddish brown when mature 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 equal1 smooth1 fistulose1 of the same color as the pileus1 becoming darker1 and often with whitish fibrils at the base4 ,the annulus is distant from the apex of the stem1 and often disappears soon after the expansion of the pileus4 ,figure #adg is from plants 7,no4 #bgdc1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected near ,ithaca4 ,pholiota unicolor ,vahl1 is a smaller plant which grows in similar situations4 ,the plants are usually clustered1 #c--e cm4 high1 and the caps #f--ab mm4 in diameter1 the annulus is thin but entire and persistent4 ,the entire plant is bay brown1 becoming ochraceous in color1 and the margin of the cap in age is striate1 first bell-shaped1 then convex and somewhat umbonate4 ,the gills are lightly adnexed4 ,pholiota adiposa ,fr4--,the fatty pholiota usually forms large clusters during the autumn1 on the trunks of trees1 stumps1 etc4 ,it is sometimes of large size1 measuring up to #ae cm4 and the pileus up to #ag cm4 broad4 ,specimens collected at ,ithaca during ,october1 #ahii1 were #h--aj cm4 high1 the pileus #d--h cm4 broad1 and the stems #e--i mm4 in thickness4 ,the plants grew eight to ten in a cluster and the bases of the stems were closely crowded and loosely joined4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 the margin more or less inrolled1 then incurved1 prominently umbonate1 very viscid when moist1 the ground color a saffron yellow or in the center burnt umber to wood brown4 ,the cuticle of the pileus is plain or torn into scales which are wood brown1 or when close together they are often darker1 sometimes nearly black4 ,the flesh is saffron yellow1 thick at the center of the cap1 thinning out toward the margin1 spongy and almost tasteless4 ,the gills are adnate1 and sometimes a little notched1 brown 7mars brown71 and the edge yellow1 #f--g mm4 broad4 ,the spores are #h #e 4 ,the stem tapers downward1 is compact1 whitish then yellow1 saffron yellow1 flesh vinaceous1 viscid1 and clothed more or less with reflexed 7pointing downward7 scales4 ,the stem is somewhat cartilaginous1 tough1 but snapping off in places4 ,the veil is thin floccose and sometimes with coarse scales1 soon disappearing4 ,figure #adf is from plants 7,no4 #cbie1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected on the ,ithaca flats from a willow trunk1 ,oct4 #aj1 #ahii4 ,pholiota aurivella ,batsch1 which has been found in the ,united ,states1 is closely related to ,p4 adiposa4 ,pholiota squarrosa ,mll41 widely distributed and common in the autumn1 both in ,europe and ,america1 on stumps and trunks1 is a large1 clustered1 scaly plant1 the scales squarrose1 and abundant over the pileus and on the stem below the annulus4 ,it is brownish or ferruginous in color4 ,pholiota squarrosoides ,pk41 as its name indicates1 is closely related to ,p4 squarrosa4 ,it has erect1 pointed1 persistent scales1 especially when young1 and has a similar habit to squarrosa1 but differs chiefly in the pileus being viscid1 while that of ,p4 squarrosa is dry4 ,p4 subsquarrosa ,fr41 occurring in ,europe1 and also closely related to ,p4 squarrosa1 is viscid1 the scales are closely appressed to the surface of the cap1 while in squarrosa they are prominent and revolute4 ,pholiota cerasina ,pk41 occurs on decaying trunks of trees during late summer4 ,the plants grow in tufts4 ,they are #e--ab cm4 high1 the caps #e--aj cm4 in diameter1 and the stems #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is smooth1 watery when damp1 cinnamon in color when fresh1 becoming yellowish in drying1 and the flesh is yellowish4 ,the stem is solid1 and equal1 the apex mealy4 ,the annulus is not persistent1 and the gills are crowded and notched4 ,the spores are elliptical1 and rugose1 #e #h 4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #dh1 ,,figure #adh4--,pholiota squarrosoides4 ,entire plant brownish or reddish brown2 pileus viscid 7three-fourths natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #di1 ,,figure #adi4--,pholiota johnsoniana4 ,cap yellowish to yellowish brown1 stem whitish1 gills grayish then rust-brown 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,pholiota johnsoniana ,pk4 ,edible4--,this species was described from specimens collected at ,knowersville1 ,n4 ,y41 in #ahhi1 by ,peck1 in the #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ih1 as ,agaricus johnsonianus4 ,i found it at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 for the first time during the summer of #ahii1 and it was rather common during ,september1 #ahii1 in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,it grows in woods or in pastures on the ground4 ,the larger and handsomer specimens ,i have found in rather damp but well drained woods4 ,the plants are #g--ae cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 very thick at the center1 convex1 then expanded and plane1 smooth1 sometimes finely striate on the thin margin when moist1 yellowish1 or fulvous1 the margin whitish4 ,the gills are attached to the stem by the upper angle 7adnexed71 rounded1 or some of them angled1 some nearly free4 ,in color they are first gray1 then rusty brown4 ,they appear ascending because of the somewhat top-shaped pileus4 ,the spores are irregularly ovoid1 #d--f #c--c4e 4 ,the stem is cylindrical or slightly tapering upward1 smooth1 slightly striate above the annulus1 whitish1 solid1 with a tendency to become hollow4 ,the veil is thick1 and the annulus narrow and very thick or tumid1 easily breaking up and disappearing4 ,the plant is quite readily distinguished by the form of the pileus with the ascending gills and the tumid annulus4 ,peck says it has a somewhat nutty flavor4 ,figure #adi is from plants 7,no4 #djad1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,,naucoria ,fr4 ,this genus1 with ferruginous spores1 corresponds with ,collybia among the white-spored agarics4 ,the gills are free or attached1 but not decurrent1 and the stem is cartilaginous4 ,the plants grow both on the ground and on wood4 ,peck1 #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ia1 et seq41 gives a synopsis of seven species4 ,naucoria semi-orbicularis ,bull4 ,edible4--,this is one of the common and widely distributed species4 ,it occurs in lawns1 pastures1 roadsides1 etc41 in waste places1 from ,june to autumn1 being more abundant in rainy weather4 ,the plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 the cap #c--e cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 and is remarkably hemispherical1 from which the species takes the name of semi-orbicularis4 ,it is smooth1 viscid when moist1 tawny1 and in age ochraceous1 sometimes the surface is cracked into areas4 ,the gills are attached1 sometimes notched1 crowded1 much broader than the thickness of the pileus1 pale1 then reddish brown4 ,the stem is tough1 slender1 smooth1 even1 pale reddish brown1 shining1 stuffed with a whitish pith4 ,peck says that the plants have an oily flavor resembling beechnuts4 ,naucoria vernalis ,pk4--,naucoria vernalis was described by ,peck in #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ia1 from plants collected in ,may4 ,the plants described here appeared in woods in late autumn4 ,the specimens from which this description is drawn were found growing from the under side of a very rotten beech log1 usually from deep crevices in the log1 so that only the pileus is visible or exposed well to the view4 ,the plants are #d--h cm4 high1 the cap #b--c cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--e mm4 in thickness4 ,the taste is bitter4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aej4--,naucoria vernalis4 ,cap hair brown to clay color2 gills grayish brown to wood brown2 stem clay color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 then the center is nearly or quite expanded1 the margin at first inrolled and never fully expanded1 hygrophanous1 smooth 7not striate nor rugose71 flesh about #e--f mm4 thick at center1 thin toward the margin4 ,the color changes during growth1 it is from ochraceous rufus when young 7#a--b mm4 broad71 then clove brown to hair brown and clay color in age4 ,the gills are grayish brown to wood brown1 at first adnate to slightly sinuate1 then easily breaking away and appearing adnexed4 ,the spores are wood brown in color1 oval to short elliptical and inequilateral #f--h #d--e 4 ,cystidia hyaline1 bottle shaped1 #dj--ej #h--ab 4 ,the stem is somewhat hollow and stuffed1 rather cartilaginous1 though somewhat brittle1 especially when very damp1 breaking out from the pileus easily though with fragments of the gills remaining attached1 not strongly continuous with the substance of the pileus4 ,the color is buff to pale clay color2 the stem being even1 not bulbous but somewhat enlarged below1 mealy over the entire length1 which may be washed off by rains1 striate at apex either from marks left by the gills or remnants of the gills as they become freed from the stem4 ,base of stem sometimes with white cottony threads1 especially in damp situations4 ,in the original description the stem is said to be striate sulcate4 ,figure #aej is from plants 7,no4 #cbdb1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in woods near ,ithaca1 ,october #a1 #ahii4 ,,galera ,fr4 ,galera with ochraceous 7ochraceous ferruginous7 spores corresponds to ,mycena among the white-spored agarics4 ,the pileus is usually bell-shaped1 and when young the margin fits straight against the stem4 ,the stem is somewhat cartilaginous1 but often very fragile4 ,the genus does not contain many species4 ,peck gives a synopsis of five ,american species in the #bcrd ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ic1 et seq41 and of twelve species in the #dfth ,report1 p4 #fa1 et seq4 ,one of the common species is ,galera tenera ,schaeff4 ,it occurs in grassy fields or in manured places4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #h--af mm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is oval to bell-shaped1 and tawny in color1 thin1 smooth1 finely striate1 becoming paler when dry4 ,the gills are crowded1 reddish-brown1 adnexed and easily separating4 ,the stem is smooth1 colored like the pileus but a little paler1 sometimes striate1 and with mealy whitish particles above4 ,galera lateritia is a related species1 somewhat larger1 and growing on dung heaps and in fields and lawns4 ,galera ovalis ,fr41 is also a larger plant1 somewhat shorter than the latter1 and with a prominent ovate cap when young4 ,galera antipoda ,lasch41 similar in general appearance to ,g4 tenera1 has a rooting base by which it is easily known4 ,galera flava ,pk41 occurs among vegetable mold in woods4 ,the pileus is membraneous1 ovate or campanulate1 moist or somewhat watery1 obtuse1 plicate1 striate on the margin1 yellow4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the caps #ab--be mm4 broad1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,the plant is recognized by the pale yellow color of the caps and the plicate striate character of the margin4 ,the plicate striate character of the cap is singular among the species of this genus1 and is shared by another species1 ,g4 coprinoides ,pk4 ,,flammula ,fr4 ,in the genus ,flammula1 the pileus is fleshy1 stem fleshy-fibrous1 and the gills adnate to decurrent4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aea4--;,flammula polychroa1 under view4 ,cap vinaceous buff to orange buff1 scales lilac1 purple or lavender2 gills drab to hair brown 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,flammula polychroa ,berk4--,this is a beautiful plant with tints of violet1 lavender1 lilac and purple1 especially on the scales of the pileus1 on the veil and on the stem4 ,it occurs in clusters during late summer and autumn1 on logs1 branches1 etc41 in the woods4 ,the plants occur singly1 but more often in clusters of three to eight or more4 ,the plants are #d--g cm4 high1 the cap #c--e cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 and in the young stage the margin strongly incurved1 later the cap becomes expanded and has a very broad umbo4 ,it is very viscid4 ,the surface is covered with delicate hairs which form scales1 more prominent during mid-age of the plant1 and on the margin of the cap4 ,these scales are very delicate and vary in color from vinaceous-buff1 lilac1 wine-purple1 or lavender4 ,the ground color of the pileus is vinaceous-buff or orange-buff1 and toward the margin often with shades of beryl-green1 especially where it has been touched4 ,in the young plants the color of the delicate hairy surface is deeper1 often phlox-purple1 the color becoming thinner as the cap expands4 ,the gills are notched 7sinuate7 at the stem1 or adnate1 sometimes slightly decurrent1 crowded4 ,before exposure by the rupture of the veil they are cream-buff in color1 then taking on darker shades1 drab to hair brown or sepia with a purple tinge4 ,the stem is yellowish1 nearly or quite the color of the cap1 often with a purplish tinge at the base4 ,it is covered with numerous small punctate scales of the same color1 or sulphur yellow above where they are more crowded and larger4 ,the scales do not extend on the stem above the point where the veil is attached4 ,the stem is slightly striate above the attachment of the veil4 ,it is somewhat tough and cartilaginous1 solid1 or in age stuffed1 or nearly hollow4 ,the veil is floccose and quite thick when the plant is young4 ,it is scaly on the under side1 clinging to the margin of the pileus in triangular remnants1 appearing like a crown4 ,the color of the veil and of its remnants is the same as the color of the scales of the cap4 ,the spores in mass are light brown1 and when fresh with a slight purple tinge4 7,the color of the spores on white paper is near walnut brown or hair brown of ,ridgeway's colors47 ,under the microscope they are yellowish1 oval or short oblong1 often inequilateral1 #f--h #d--e 4 ,figure #aea is from plants 7,no4 #djaf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii1 on a fallen maple log4 ,the plants sometimes occur singly4 ,it has been collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 and was first described from plants collected at ,waynesville1 ,ohio4 ,flammula sapinea ,fr41 is a common plant growing on dead coniferous wood4 ,it is dull yellow1 the pileus #a--d cm4 in diameter1 and with numerous small scales4 ,,hebeloma ,fr4 ,in ,hebeloma the gills are either squarely set against the stem 7adnate7 or they are notched 7sinuate71 and the spores are clay-colored4 ,the edge of the gills is usually whitish1 the surface clay-colored4 ,the veil is only seen in the young stage1 and then is very delicate and fibrillose4 ,the stem is fleshy and fibrous1 and somewhat mealy at the apex4 ,the genus corresponds with ,tricholoma of the white-spored agarics4 ,all the species are regarded as unwholesome1 and some are considered poisonous4 ,the species largely occur during the autumn4 ,few have been studied in ,america4 ,hebeloma crustuliniforme ,bull4--,this plant is usually common in some of the lawns1 during the autumn1 at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it often forms rings as it grows on the ground4 ,it is from #e--g cm4 high1 the cap #d--h cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aeb4--;,hebeloma crustuliniforme1 var4 minor4 ,cap whitish or tan color1 or reddish-brown at center2 gills clay color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex and expanded1 somewhat umbonate1 viscid when moist1 whitish or tan color1 darker over the center1 where it is often reddish-brown4 ,the gills are adnexed and rounded near the stem1 crowded1 whitish1 then clay color and reddish-brown1 the edge whitish and irregular4 ,the gills are said to exude watery drops in wet weather4 ,the stem is stuffed1 later hollow1 somewhat enlarged at the base1 white1 and mealy at the apex4 ,figure #aeb is from plants 7,no4 #bgac1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in lawns on the ,cornell ,university campus4 ,the plants in this figure seem to represent the variety minor4 ,,inocybe ,fr4 ,in the genus ,inocybe there is a universal veil which is fibrillose in character1 and more or less closely joined with the cuticle of the pileus1 and the surface of the pileus is therefore marked with fibrils or is more or less scaly4 ,sometimes the margin of the pileus possesses remnants of a veil which is quite prominent in a few species4 ,the gills are adnate1 or sinuate1 rarely decurrent1 and in one species they are free4 ,it is thus seen that the species vary widely1 and there may be1 after a careful study of the species1 grounds for the separation of the species into several genera4 ,one of the most remarkable species is ,inocybe echinata ,roth4 ,this plant is covered with a universal veil of a sooty color and powdery in nature4 ,the gills are reddish purple1 and the stem is of the same color1 the spores on white paper of a faint purplish red color4 ,some place in it ,psalliota4 ,collected at ,ithaca in ,august1 #aijj4 ,,tubaria ,w4 ,smith4 ,in the genus ,tubaria the spores are rust-red1 or rusty brown 7ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous71 the stem is somewhat cartilaginous1 hollow1 and1 what is more important1 the gills are more or less decurrent1 broad next to the stem1 and thus more or less triangular in outline4 ,it is related to ,naucoria and ,galera1 but differs in the decurrent gills4 ,the pileus is convex1 or with an umbilicus4 ,tubaria pellucida ,bull4--,this species grows by roadsides in grassy places4 ,the plants are from #c--d cm4 high1 and the cap #a--b cm4 in diameter1 and the stem #b--c mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aec4--,tubaria pellucida4 ,dull reddish brown 7natural size74 ,the pileus is conic1 then bell-shaped1 often expanded and with a slight umbo2 the color is dull1 reddish brown1 and it has a watery appearance4 ,the plant is sometimes enveloped with a loose and delicate universal or outer veil1 which remains on the margin of the cap in the form of silky squamules as shown in the figure4 ,the margin of the pileus is faintly striate4 ,the gills are only slightly decurrent4 ,figure #aec is from plants 7,no4 #bcfj ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected along a street in ,ithaca4 ,the stem is at first solid1 becoming hollow1 tapering above1 and the apex is mealy4 ,,crepidotus ,fr4 ,in ,crepidotus the pileus is lateral1 or eccentric1 and thus more or less shelving1 or it is resupinate1 that is1 lying flat or nearly so on the wood4 ,the species are usually of small size1 thin1 soft and fleshy4 ,the spores are reddish brown 7ferruginous74 ,the genus corresponds to ,pleurotus among the white-spored agarics1 or to ,claudopus among the rosy-spored ones4 ,peck describes eleven species in the #cith ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fi et seq41 #ahhf4 ,crepidotus versutus ,pk4--,this little ,crepidotus has a pure white pileus which is covered with a soft1 whitish down4 ,the plants grow usually on the underside of rotten wood or bark1 and then the upper side of the cap lies against the wood1 and is said to be resupinate4 ,sometimes where they grow toward the side of the log the cap has a tendency to be shelving4 ,in the resupinate forms the cap is attached usually near one side1 and then is produced more at the opposite side1 so that it is more or less lateral or eccentric4 ,as the plant becomes mature the edge is free from the wood for some distance1 only being attached over a small area4 ,the cap is somewhat reniform1 thin1 and from #f--ab cm4 in diameter4 ,the gills radiate from the point where the cap is attached to the substratum1 are not crowded1 rounded behind1 that is1 at the lateral part of the cap where they converge4 ,they are whitish1 then ferruginous from the spores4 ,the spores are sub-elliptical1 sometimes inequilateral1 and measure from #h--ab #d--f 4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aed4--;,crepidotus versutus4 ,cap white1 downy2 gills whitish1 then rusty 7twice natural size7 ,copyright4 ,crepidotus herbarum ,pk41 is a closely related species1 separated on account of the smaller spores4 ,both species grow either on herbs or decaying wood4 ,as suggested by ,peck they are both closely related to ,c4 chimonophilus ,berk41 which has oblong elliptical spores4 ,the shape of the spores does not seem to differ from the specimens which ,i have taken to be ,c4 versutus4 ,crepidotus applanatus ,fr41 is a larger species1 shelving and often imbricated4 ,crepidotus fulvotomentosus ,pk41 is a pretty species with a tomentose cap and tawny scales1 usually occurring singly4 ,it is closely related to ,c4 calolepis ,fr4 ,figure #aed is from plants of ,crepidotus versutus ,pk41 7,no4 #bgcb ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected on rotting wood at ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y41 eight miles from ,ithaca4 ,the plants are represented twice natural size4 ,,cortinarius ,fr4 ,the genus ,cortinarius is chiefly distinguished from the other genera of the ochre-spored agarics by the presence of a spider-web-like 7arachnoid7 veil which is separate from the cuticle of the pileus1 that is1 superficial4 ,the gills are powdered by the spores1 that is1 the spores fall away with difficulty and thus give the gills a pulverulent appearance4 ,the plants are fleshy and decay easily4 ,it is necessary to have plants in the young as well as the old state to properly get at the characters1 and the character of the veil is only seen in young or half developed specimens4 ,the species are to be distinguished from other ochre-spored agarics with a cobwebby veil by the fact that the veil in ,cortinarius is superficial and the gills powdery4 ,the number of species is very large1 and they are difficult to determine4 ,they mostly occur in northern countries and in the autumn or late summer2 some species1 however1 occur during early summer4 ,peck1 #bc;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #aje--aab1 describes #ba species4 ,cortinarius 7,inoloma7 violaceus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,this species is known by the violet or dark violet color which pervades all parts of the plant4 ,the plants are #h--aj cm4 high1 the pileus #g--ae cm4 broad1 and the stem is bulbous1 #f--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the veil is single4 ,it occurs in woods and open places during late summer and in the autumn4 ,the flesh of the plant is also violet1 and this color is imparted to the liquid when the plant is cooked4 ,the flavor is said to be something like that of ,agaricus campestris4 ,cortinarius 7,myxacium7 collinitus 7,pers47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,this is known as the smeared cortinarius because of the abundant glutinous substance with which the plant is smeared during moist or wet weather4 ,it grows in woods4 ,the plants are #g--aj cm4 high1 the cap #e--h cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,it is usually known by the smooth1 even1 tawny cap1 the great abundance of slimy substance covering the entire plant when moist1 and when dry the cracking of the gluten on the stem into annular patches4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 smooth1 even1 glutinous when wet1 shining when dry1 tawny4 ,the gills are adnate with a peculiar bluish gray tinge when young1 and clay color to cinnamon when old4 ,the spores are nearly elliptical1 and #ab--ae #f--g 4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 and with patches of the cracked gluten when dry4 ,cortinarius 7,dermocybe7 cinnamomeus 7,l47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,the cinnamon cortinarius is so called because of the cinnamon color of the entire plant1 especially of the cap and stem4 ,it grows in the woods during summer and autumn4 ,it is a very pretty plant1 and varies from #e--h cm4 high1 the cap from #b--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #d--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is conic1 or convex1 and nearly expanded1 sometimes nearly plane1 and again with a prominent blunt or conic umbo4 ,sometimes the pileus is abruptly bent downward near the margin as shown in the plants in ,fig4 #aee1 giving the appearance of a hip-roof4 ,the surface is smooth1 silky1 with innate fibrils4 ,sometimes there are cinnabar stains on parts of the pileus1 and often there are concentric rows of scales near the margin4 ,the flesh is light yellowish and with stains of cinnabar4 ,the gills are adnate1 slightly sinuate1 and decurrent by a tooth1 easily separating from the stem1 rather crowded1 slightly ventricose4 ,the color of the gills varies greatly2 sometimes they are the same color as the pileus1 sometimes reddish brown1 sometimes blood red color1 etc4 ,this latter form is a very pretty plant1 and is var4 semi-sanguineus ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aee4--;,cortinarius cinnamomeus var4 semi-sanguineus4 ,cap and stem cinnamon1 gills blood red color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #aee is from plants 7,no4 #bhhc ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca4 ,the species is widely distributed in this country as well as in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ej1 ,,figure #aef4--;,cortinarius ochroleucus4 ,entire plant pale ochre color1 gills later ochre yellow 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,cortinarius 7,dermocybe7 ochroleucus 7,schaeff47 ,fr4--,this is a very beautiful plant because of the soft1 silky appearance of the surface of pileus and stem1 and the delicate yellowish white color4 ,it occurs in woods1 on the ground among decaying leaves4 ,the plants are #d--ab cm4 high1 the cap #d--g cm4 broad1 and the stem above is #f--aj mm4 in thickness1 and below from #b--c cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ea1 ,,figure #aeg4--;,cortinarius ochroleucus4 ,colors same as in ,figure #aef1 this represents older plants4 ,the pileus is convex to nearly expanded1 and sometimes a little depressed1 usually1 however1 remaining convex at the top4 ,it is dry1 on the center finely tomentose to minutely squamulose1 sometimes the scales splitting up into concentric rows around the cap4 ,the cap is fleshy at the center1 and thin at the margin1 the color is from cream buff to buff1 darker on the center4 ,the gills are sinuate or adnate1 slightly broader in the middle 7ventricose7 in age1 pale at first1 then becoming ochre yellow1 and darker when the plant dries4 ,the spores are tawny in mass1 oval1 elliptical1 minutely tuberculate when mature1 #f--i #d--f 4 ,the stem is clavate1 pale cream buff in color1 solid1 becoming irregularly fistulose in age1 bulbous or somewhat ventricose below1 the bulb often large and abrupt1 #a4e--c cm4 in diameter4 ,the veil is prominent and attached to the upper part of the stem1 the abundant threads attached over an area #a cm4 in extent and forming a beautiful cortina of the same color as the pileus and stem1 but becoming tawny when the spores fall on it4 ,the stem varies considerably in length and shape1 being rarely ventricose1 and then only at the base2 the bulbous forms predominate and the bulb is often very large4 ,figures #aef1 #aeg are from plants 7,no4 #cfgd ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,,bolbitius ,fries4 ,the genus ,bolbitius contains a few species with yellowish or yellowish brown spores4 ,the plants are very fragile1 more or less mucilaginous when moist1 usually with yellowish colors1 and1 what is the most characteristic feature beside the yellowish color of the spores1 the gills are very soft1 and at maturity tend to dissolve into a mucilaginous consistency1 though they do not deliquesce1 or only rarely dissolve so far as to form drops4 ,the surface of the gills at maturity becomes covered with the spores so that they appear powdery1 as in the genus ,cortinarius1 which they also resemble in the color of the spores4 ,in the mucilaginous condition of the gills the genus approaches ,coprinus4 ,it is believed to occupy an intermediate position between ,coprinus and ,cortinarius4 ,the species usually grow on dung or in manured ground1 and in this respect resemble many of the species of ,coprinus4 ,some of the species are1 however1 not always confined to such a substratum1 but grow on decaying leaves1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aeh4--;,bolbitius variicolor4 ,cap viscid1 various shades of yellow1 or smoky olive2 gills yellowish1 then rusty 7natural size74 ,bolbitius variicolor ,atkinson4--,this plant was found abundantly during ,may and ,june1 #ahih1 in a freshly manured grass plat between the side-walk and the pavement along ,buffalo street1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the season was rainy1 and the plants appeared each day during quite a long period1 sometimes large numbers of them covering a small area1 but they were not clustered nor cespitose4 ,they vary in height from #d--aj cm41 the pileus from #b--d cm4 broad1 and the stem is #c--h mm4 in thickness4 ,the colors vary from smoky to fuliginous1 olive and yellow1 and the spores are ferruginous4 ,the pileus is from ovate to conic when young1 the margin not at all incurved1 but lies straight against the stem1 somewhat unequal4 ,in expanding the cap becomes convex1 then expanded1 and finally many of the plants with the margin elevated and with a broad umbo1 and finely striate for one-half to two-thirds the way from the margin to the center4 ,when young the pileus has a very viscid cuticle1 which easily peels from the surface1 showing the yellow flesh4 ,the cuticle is smoky olive to fuliginous1 darker when young1 becoming paler as the pileus expands1 but always darker on the umbo4 ,sometimes the fibres on the surface of the cap are drawn into strands which anastomose into coarse reticulations1 giving the appearance of elevated veins which have a general radiate direction from the center of the cap4 ,as the pileus expands the yellow color of the flesh shows through the cuticle more and more1 especially when young1 but becoming light olive to fuliginous in age4 ,in dry weather the surface of the pileus sometimes cracks into patches as the pileus expands4 ,the gills are rounded next the stem1 adnate to adnexed1 becoming free1 first yellow1 then ferruginous4 ,the basidia are abruptly club-shaped1 rather distant and separated regularly by rounded cells1 four spored4 ,the spores are ferruginous1 elliptical1 #aj--ae #f--h 1 smooth4 ,the stem is cylindrical to terete1 tapering above1 sulphur and ochre yellow1 becoming paler and even with a light brown tinge in age4 ,the stem is hollow1 and covered with numerous small yellow floccose scales which point upward and are formed by the tearing away of the edges of the gills1 which are loosely united with the surface of the stem in the young stage4 ,the edges of the gills are thus sometimes finely fimbriate4 ,at maturity the gills become more or less mucilaginous1 depending on the weather4 ,plants placed in a moist chamber change to a mucilaginous mass4 ,when the plants dry the pileus is from a drab to hair brown or sepia color 7,ridgeway's colors74 ,figure #aeh is from plants 7,no4 #bcee ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,,paxillus ,fr4 ,in the genus ,paxillus the gills are usually easily separated from the pileus1 though there are some species accredited to the genus that do not seem to possess this character in a marked degree4 ,the spores are ochre or ochre brown4 ,often the gills are forked near the stem or anastomose1 or they are connected by veins which themselves anastomose in a reticulate fashion so that the meshes resemble the pores of certain species of the family ,polyporace4 ,the pileus may be viscid or dry in certain species1 but the plant lacks a viscid universal veil4 ,the genus is closely related to ,gomphidius1 where the gills are often forked and easily separate from the pileus1 but ,gomphidius possesses a viscid or glutinous universal veil4 ,peck in the ,bull4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #b3 #bi--cc1 describes five species4 ,paxillus involutus 7,batsch47 ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant is quite common in some places and is widely distributed4 ,it occurs on the ground in grassy places1 in the open1 or in woods1 and on decaying logs or stumps4 ,the stem is central1 or nearly so1 when growing on the ground1 or eccentric when growing on wood1 especially if growing from the side of a log or stump4 ,the plants are #e--g cm4 high1 the cap #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the plant occurs from ,august to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aei4--,paxillus involutus4 ,cap and stem gray1 olive-brown1 reddish brown or tawny 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 and depressed in the center4 ,in the young plant the margin is strongly inrolled1 and as the pileus expands it unrolls in a very pretty manner4 ,the young plant is covered with a grayish1 downy substance1 and when the inrolled margin of the cap comes in contact with the gills1 as it does1 it presses the gills against this down1 and the unrolling margin is thus marked quite prominently1 sometimes with furrows where the pressure of the gills was applied4 ,the color of the pileus varies greatly4 ,in the case of plants collected at ,ithaca and in ,north ,carolina mountains the young plant when fresh is often olive umber1 becoming reddish or tawny when older1 the margin with a lighter shade4 ,as ,dr4 ,peck states1 it often presents a strange admixture of gray1 ochraceous1 ferruginous1 and brown hues4 ,the flesh is yellowish and changes to reddish or brownish where bruised4 ,the gills are decurrent1 when young arcuate1 then ascending1 and are more or less reticulated on the stem4 ,they are grayish1 then greenish yellow changing to brown where bruised4 ,the spores are oval1 #g--i #d--e 4 ,the stem is short1 even1 and of the same color as the cap4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #eb1 ,,figure #afj4--,paxillus rhodoxanthus4 ,cap reddish brown1 stem paler1 gills yellow 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 the plant is sometimes abundant in late autumn in grassy places near or in groves4 ,the ,figure #aei is from plants 7,no4 #bejh ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 growing in such a place in the suburbs of ,ithaca4 ,at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 the plant is often very abundant along the roadsides on the ground during ,august and ,september4 ,paxillus rhodoxanthus 7,schw47--,this species was first described by de ,schweinitz as ,agaricus rhodoxanthus1 p4 #hc ,no4 #fdj1 ,synopsis fungorum ,carolin superioris1 in ,schriften der ,naturforschenden ,gesellschaft #a3 #ai--aca1 #ahbb4 ,it was described under his third section of ,agaricus under the sub-genus ,gymnopus1 in which are mainly species now distributed in ,clitocybe and ,hygrophorus4 ,he remarks on the elegant appearance of the plant and the fact that it so nearly resembles ,boletus subtomentosus as to deceive one4 ,the resemblance to ,boletus subtomentosus as one looks upon the pileus when the plant is growing on the ground is certainly striking1 because of the reddish yellow1 ochraceous rufus or chestnut brown color of the cap together with the minute tomentum covering the surface4 ,the suggestion is aided also by the color of the gills1 which one is apt to get a glimpse of from above without being aware that the fruiting surface has gills instead of tubes4 ,but as soon as the plant is picked and we look at the under surface1 all suggestion of a ,boletus vanishes1 unless one looks carefully at the venation of the surface of the gills and the spaces between them4 ,the plant grows on the ground in woods4 ,at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 where it is not uncommon1 ,i have always found it along the mountain roads on the banks4 ,it is #e--aj cm4 high1 the cap from #c--h cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 plane or convex1 and when mature more or less top-shaped because it is so thick at the middle4 ,in age the surface of the cap often becomes cracked into small areas1 showing the yellow flesh in the cracks4 ,the flesh is yellowish and the surface is dry4 ,the gills are not very distant1 they are stout1 chrome yellow to lemon yellow1 and strongly decurrent4 ,a few of them are forked toward the base1 and the surface and the space between them are marked by anastomosing veins forming a reticulum suggestive of the hymenium of the ,polyporace4 ,this character is not evident without the use of a hand lens4 ,the surface of the gills as well as the edges is provided with clavate cystidia which are filled with a yellow pigment1 giving to the gills the bright yellow color so characteristic4 ,these cystidia extend above the basidia1 and the ends are rounded so that sometimes they appear capitate4 ,the yellow color is not confined to the cystidia1 for the sub-hymenium is also colored in a similar way4 ,the spores are yellowish1 oblong to elliptical or spindle-shaped1 and measure #h--ab #c--e 4 ,the stem is the same color as the pileus1 but paler1 and more yellow at the base4 ,it is marked with numerous minute dots of a darker color than the ground color1 formed of numerous small erect tufts of mycelium4 ,figure #afj is from plants 7,no4 #cigg ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,as stated above1 the plant was first described by de ,schweinitz as ,agaricus rhodoxanthus in #ahbb4 ,in #ahcd 7,synop4 fung4 ,am4 ,bor4 p4 #aea1 #ahcd7 he listed it under the genus ,gomphus ,fries 7,syst4 ,mycolog4 #cai1 #ahba74 ,since ,fries changed ,gomphus to ,gomphidius 7,epicrisis1 #cai1 #ahcf--ahch7 the species has usually been written ,gomphidius rhodoxanthus ,schweinitz4 ,the species lacks one very important characteristic of the genus ,gomphidius1 namely1 the slimy veil which envelops the entire plant4 ,its relationship seems rather to be with the genus ,paxillus1 though the gills do not readily separate from the pileus1 one of the characters ascribed to this genus1 and possessed by certain species of ,gomphidius in even a better degree4 7,in ,paxillus involutus the gills do not separate so readily as they do in certain species of ,gomphidius47 ,berkeley 7,decades ,n4 ,a4 ,fungi1 #aaf7 has described a plant from ,ohio under the name ,paxillus flavidus4 ,it has been suggested by some 7see ,peck1 #bith ,report1 p4 #cf2 ,lloyd1 ,mycolog4 ,notes1 where he writes it as ,flammula rhodoxanthus67 that ,paxillus flavidus ,berk41 is identical with ,agaricus rhodoxanthus ,schw4 ,paxillus rhodoxanthus seems also to be very near if not identical with ,clitocybe pelletieri ,lev4 7,gillet1 ,hymenomycetes #a3 #agj71 and ,schroeter 7,cohn's ,krypt1 ,flora ,schlesien1 #c1 #a3 #eaf1 #ahhi7 transfers this species to ,paxillus as ,paxillus pelletieri4 ,he is followed by ,hennings1 who under the same section of the genus1 lists ,p4 flavidus ,berk41 from ,n4 ,a4 ,the figure of ,clitocybe pelletieri in ,gillet ,hymenomycetes1 etc41 resembles our plant very closely1 and ,saccardo 7,syll4 ,fung4 #e3 #aib7 says that it has the aspect of ,boletus subtomentosus1 a remark similar to the one made by de ,schweinitz in the original description of ,agaricus rhodoxanthus4 ,flammula paradoxa ,kalch4 7,fung4 ,hung4 ,tab4 ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #a7 seems to be the same plant1 as well as ,f4 tammii ,fr41 with which ,patouillard 7,tab4 ,anal4 ,n4 #ced7 places ,f4 paradoxa and ,clitocybe pelletieri4 ,paxillus atrotomentosus 7,batsch7 ,fr4--,this plant is not very common4 ,it is often of quite large size1 #f--ae cm4 high1 and the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 the stem very short or sometimes long1 from #a--b4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the plant is quite easily recognized by the stout and black hairy stem1 and the dark brown or blackish1 irregular and sometimes lateral cap1 with the margin incurved4 ,it grows on wood1 logs1 stumps1 etc41 during late summer and autumn4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #afa4--,paxillus atro-tomentosus1 form hirsutus4 ,cap and stem brownish or blackish 7natural size1 small specimens1 they are often larger74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 expanded1 sometimes somewhat depressed1 lateral1 irregular1 or sometimes with the stem nearly in the center1 brownish or blackish1 dry1 sometimes with a brownish or blackish tomentum on the surface4 ,the margin is inrolled and later incurved4 ,the flesh is white1 and the plant is tough4 ,the gills are adnate1 often decurrent on the stem1 and easily separable from the pileus1 forked at the base and sometimes reticulate1 forming pores4 ,spores yellowish1 oval1 #d--f #c--d 4 ,stevenson says that the gills do not form pores like those of ,p4 involutus1 but ,fig4 #afa 7,no4 #ccfb ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 from plants collected at ,ithaca1 shows them well4 ,there is1 as it seems1 some variation in this respect4 ,the stem is solid1 tough and elastic1 curved or straight1 covered with a dense black tomentum1 sometimes with violet shades4 ,on drying the plant becomes quite hard1 and the gills blackish olive4 ,paxillus panuoides ,fr4--,this species was collected during ,august1 #aijj1 on a side-walk and on a log at ,ithaca4 ,the specimens collected were sessile and the pileus lateral1 somewhat broadened at the free end1 or petaloid4 ,the entire plant is pale or dull yellow1 the surface of the pileus fibrous and somewhat uneven but not scaly4 ,the plants are #b--ab cm4 long by #a--h cm4 broad1 often many crowded together in an imbricated manner4 ,the gills are pale yellow1 and the spores are of the same color when caught on white paper1 and they measure #d--e #c--d 1 the size given for ,european specimens of this species4 ,the gills are forked1 somewhat anastomosing at the base1 and sinuous in outline1 though not markedly corrugated as in the next form4 ,from descriptions of the ,european specimens the plants are sometimes larger than these here described1 and it is very variable in form and often imbricated as in the following species4 ,paxillus corrugatus ,atkinson4--,this very interesting species was collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 on decaying wood1 ,august #d1 #ahii4 ,the pileus is lateral1 shelving1 the stem being entirely absent in the specimens found4 ,the pileus is #b--e cm4 broad1 narrowed down in an irregular wedge form to the sessile base1 convex1 then expanded1 the margin incurved 7involute74 ,the color of the cap is yellow1 maize yellow to canary yellow1 with a reddish brown tinge near the base4 ,it is nearly smooth1 or very slightly tomentose4 ,the flesh is pale yellow1 spongy4 ,the gills are orange yellow1 #b--c mm4 broad1 not crowded1 regularly forked several times1 thin1 blunt1 very wavy and crenulate1 easily separating from the hymenophore when fresh2 the entire breadth of the gills is fluted1 giving a corrugated appearance to the side4 ,the spores in these specimens are faintly yellow1 minute1 oblong1 broadly elliptical1 short1 sometimes nearly oval1 #c #a4e--b 4 ,the basidia are also very minute4 ,the spores are olive yellow on white paper4 ,the plant has a characteristic and disagreeable odor4 ,this odor persists in the dried plant for several months4 ,figure #afb is from the plants 7,no4 #cccb ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected as noted above on decaying hemlock logs in woods4 ,a side and under view is shown in the figure1 and the larger figure is the under-view1 from a photograph made a little more than twice natural size1 in order to show clearly the character of the gills4 ,the two smaller plants are natural size4 ,when dry the plant is quite hard4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ec1 ,,figure #afb4--,paxillus corrugatus4 ,cap maize yellow to orange yellow1 reddish brown near the base2 gills orange yellow4 ,two lower plants natural size2 upper one #b-a_/b times natural size4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ed1 ,,figure #afc4--,paxillus panuoides1 pale yellow2 natural size4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ee4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,boletus felleus4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,b4 edulis4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,tube-,,bearing ,,fungi4 ,,polyporaceae4 ,the plants belonging to this family are characterized especially by a honey-combed fruiting surface1 that is1 the under surface of the plants possesses numerous tubes or pores which stand close together side by side1 and except in a very few forms these tubes are joined by their sides to each other4 ,in ,fistulina the tubes are free from each other though standing closely side by side4 ,in ,merulius distinct tubes are not present1 but the surface is more or less irregularly pitted1 the pits being separated from each other by folds which anastomose1 forming a network4 ,these pits correspond to shallow tubes4 ,the plants vary greatly in consistency1 some are very fleshy and soft and putrify readily4 ,others are soft when young and become firmer as they age1 and some are quite hard and woody4 ,many of the latter are perennial and live for several or many years1 adding a new layer in growth each year4 ,the larger number of the species grow on wood1 but some grow on the ground2 especially in the genus ,boletus1 which has many species1 the majority grow on the ground4 ,some of the plants have a cap and stem1 in others the stem is absent and the cap attached to the tree or log1 etc41 forms a shelf1 or the plant may be thin and spread over the surface of the wood in a thin patch4 ,in the genus ,ddalea the tubes become more or less elongated horizontally and thus approach the form of the gills1 while in some species the tubes are more or less toothed or split and approach the spine-bearing fungi at least in appearance of the fruit-bearing surface4 ,only a few of the genera and species will be described4 ,the following key is not complete1 but may aid in separating some of the larger plants3 ,tubes or pores free from each other1 though standing closely side by side1 ,fistulina4 ,tubes or pores not free1 joined side by side1 #a4 #a--,plants soft and fleshy1 soon decaying1 #b4 ,plants soft when young1 becoming firm1 some woody or corky1 stipitate1 shelving1 or spread over the wood1 ,polyporus4 ,tubes or pores shallow1 formed by a network of folds or wrinkles1 plants thin1 sometimes spread over the wood1 and somewhat gelatinous1 ,merulius4 #b--,mass 7stratum7 of tubes easily separating from the cap when peeled off1 cap not with coarse scales1 tubes in some species in radiating lines1 ,boletus4 ,stratum of tubes separating1 but not easily1 cap with coarse1 prominent scales1 ,strobilomyces4 ,stratum of tubes separating1 but not easily1 tubes arranged in distinct radiating lines4 ,in one species 7,b4 porosus7 the tubes do not separate from the cap1 ,boletinus4 ,this last genus is apt to be confused with certain species of ,boletus which have a distinct radiate arrangement of the tubes4 ,it is questionable whether it is clearly distinguished from the genus ,boletus4 ,,boletus ,dill4 ,of the few genera in the ,polyporace which are fleshy and putrescent1 ,boletus contains by far the largest number of species4 ,the entire plant is soft and fleshy1 and decays soon after maturity4 ,the stratum of tubes on the under side of the cap is easily peeled off and separates as shown in the portion of a cap near the right hand side of ,fig4 #afi4 ,in the genus ,polyporus the stratum of tubes cannot thus be separated4 ,in the genera ,strobilomyces and ,boletinus1 two other fleshy genera of this family1 the separation is said to be more difficult than in ,boletus1 but it has many times seemed to me a distinction without a difference4 ,the larger number of the species of ,boletus grow on the ground4 ,some change color when bruised or cut1 so that it is important to note this character when the plant is fresh1 and the taste should be noted as well4 ,boletus edulis ,bull4 ,edible4 ,ag4 bulbosus ,schaeff4 ,tab4 #acd1 #agfc4 ,boletus bulbosus 7,schaeff47 ,schroeter4 ,cohn's ,krypt1 ,flora4 ,schlesien1 p4 #dii1 #ahhi4--,this plant1 which1 as its name implies1 is edible1 grows in open woods or their borders1 in groves and in open places1 on the ground4 ,it occurs in warm1 wet weather1 from ,july to ,september4 ,it is one of the largest of the ,boleti1 and varies from #e--ab cm4 high1 the cap from #h--be cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--d cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ef1 ,,figure #afd4--;,boletus edulis4 ,cap light brown1 tubes greenish yellow or yellowish2 stem in this specimen entirely reticulate 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 smooth1 firm1 quite hard when young and becoming soft in age4 ,the color varies greatly1 from buff to dull reddish1 to reddish-brown1 tawny-brown1 often yellowish over a portion of the cap1 usually paler on the margin4 ,the flesh is white or tinged with yellow1 sometimes reddish under the cuticle4 ,the tubes are white when young and the mouths are closed 7stuffed71 the lower surface of the tubes is convex from the margin of the cap to the stem1 and depressed around the stem1 sometimes separating from the stem4 ,while the tubes are white when young1 they become greenish or greenish-yellow1 or entirely yellow when mature4 ,the spores when caught on paper are greenish-yellow1 or yellow4 ,they are oblong to fusiform1 #ab--ae long4 ,the stem is stout1 even1 or much enlarged at the base so that it is clavate4 ,the surface usually shows prominent reticulations on mature plants near the tubes1 sometimes over the entire stem4 ,this is well shown in ,fig4 #afd from plants 7,no4 #bhhf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #eg1 ,,figure #afe4--;,cap light brown1 tubes greenish yellow or yellowish2 stem in these specimens not reticulate 7#b_/c natural size74 ,copyright4 ,figure #afe represents plants 7,no4 #dacd1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,the plant is widely distributed and has long been prized as an esculent in ,europe and ,america4 ,when raw the plant has an agreeable nutty taste1 sometimes sweet4 ,the caps are sometimes sliced and dried for future use4 ,it is usually recommended to discard the stems and remove the tubes since the latter are apt to form a slimy mass on cooking4 ,boletus felleus ,bull4 ,bitter4--,this is known as the bitter boletus1 because of a bitter taste of the flesh4 ,it usually grows on or near much decayed logs or stumps of hemlock spruce4 ,it is said to be easily recognized by its bitter taste4 ,i have found specimens of a plant which seems to have all the characters of this one growing at the base of hemlock spruce trees1 except that the taste was not bitter4 ,at ,ithaca1 however1 the plant occurs and the taste is bitter4 ,it is one of the large species of the genus1 being from #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #g--bj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex becoming nearly plane1 firm1 and in age soft1 smooth1 the color varying from pale yellow to various shades of brown to chestnut4 ,the flesh is white1 and where wounded often changes to a pink color1 but not always4 ,the tubes are adnate1 long1 the under surface convex and with a depression around the stem4 ,the tubes are at first white1 but become flesh color or tinged with flesh color1 and the mouths are angular4 ,the stem is stout1 tapering upward1 sometimes enlarged at the base1 usually reticulated at the upper end1 and sometimes with the reticulations over the entire surface 7,fig4 #aff74 ,the color is paler than that of the cap4 ,the spores are oblong to spindle-shaped1 flesh color in mass1 and single ones measure #ab--ah #d--e 4 ,the general appearance of the plant is somewhat like that of the ,boletus edulis1 and beginners should be cautioned not to confuse the two species4 ,it is known by its bitter taste and the flesh-colored tubes1 while the taste of the ,b4 edulis is sweet1 and the tubes are greenish-yellow1 or yellowish or light ochre4 ,plate #ee represents three specimens in color4 ,boletus scaber ,fr4 ,edible4--,this species is named the rough-stemmed boletus1 in allusion to the rough appearance given to the stem from numerous dark brown or reddish dots or scales4 ,this is a characteristic feature1 and aids one greatly in determining the species1 since the color of the cap varies much4 ,the cap is sometimes whitish1 orange red1 brown1 or smoky in color4 ,the plant is #f--ae cm4 high1 the cap #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is rounded1 becoming convex1 smooth1 or nearly so1 sometimes scaly1 and the flesh is soft and white1 sometimes turning slightly to a reddish or dark color where bruised4 ,the tubes are small1 long1 the surface formed by their free ends is convex in outline1 and the tubes are depressed around the stem4 ,they are first white1 becoming darker1 and somewhat brownish4 ,the stem is solid1 tapering somewhat upward1 and roughened as described above4 ,the plant is one of the common species of the genus ,boletus4 ,it occurs in the woods on the ground or in groves or borders of woods in grassy places4 ,writers differ as to the excellence of this species for food2 some consider it excellent1 while others regard it as less agreeable than some other species4 ,it is1 at any rate1 safe1 and ,peck considers it first-class4 ,boletus retipes ,b4 ,c4--,this species was first collected in ,north ,carolina by ,curtis1 and described by ,berkeley4 ,it has since been reported from ,ohio1 ,wisconsin1 and ,new ,england 7,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s474 ,peck reported it from ,new ,york in the #bc;d ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #acb4 ,later he recognized the ,new ,york plant as a new species which he called ,b4 ornatipes 7#bith ,report1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fg74 ,i collected the species in the mountains of ,north ,carolina1 at ,blowing ,rock1 in ,august1 #ahhh4 ,during the latter part of ,august and in ,september1 #ahii1 ,i had an opportunity of seeing quite a large number of specimens in the same locality1 for it is not uncommon there1 and two specimens were photographed and are represented here in ,fig4 #afg4 ,the original description published in ,grevillea #a3 #cf1 should be modified1 especially in regard to the size of the plant1 its habit1 and the pulverulent condition of the pileus4 ,the plants are #f--ae cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #j4e--a4e cm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #eh1 ,,figure #aff4--;,boletus felleus4 ,cap light brown1 tubes flesh color1 stem in this specimen entirely reticulate 7natural size1 often larger74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #afg4--;,boletus retipes4 ,cap yellowish brown1 to olive-brown or nearly black1 stem yellow1 beautifully reticulate1 tubes yellow 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 thick1 soft and somewhat spongy1 especially in large plants4 ,the cap is dry and sometimes1 especially when young1 it is powdery2 at other times1 and in a majority of cases according to my observations1 it is not powdery4 ,it is smooth or minutely tomentose1 sometimes the surface cracked into small patches1 but usually even4 ,the color varies greatly between yellowish brown to olive brown1 fuliginous or nearly black4 ,the tubes are yellow1 adnate1 the tube surface plane or convex4 ,the spores are yellowish or ochraceous1 varying somewhat in tint in different specimens4 ,the stem is yellow1 yellow also within1 and beautifully reticulate1 usually to the base1 but sometimes only toward the apex4 ,it is usually more strongly reticulate over the upper half4 ,the stem is erect or ascending4 ,the plant grows in woods1 in leaf mold or in grassy places4 ,it is usually single1 that is1 so far as my observations have gone at ,blowing ,rock4 ,berkeley and ,curtis report it as cespitose4 ,i have never seen it cespitose1 never more than two specimens growing near each other4 ,boletus ornatipes ,pk41 does not seem to be essentially different from ,b4 retipes4 ,peck says 7,boleti ,u4 ,s41 p4 #abf7 that the tufted mode of growth1 the pulverulent pileus and paler spores separate this species 7retipes7 from the preceding one 7ornatipes74 ,inasmuch as ,i have never found ,b4 retipes tufted1 and the fact that the pileus is not always pulverulent 7the majority of specimens ,i collected were not71 and since the tint of the spores varies as it does in some other species1 the evidence is strong that the two names represent two different habits of the same species4 ,the tufted habit of the plants collected by ,curtis1 or at least described by ,berkeley1 would seem to be a rather unusual condition for this species1 and this would account for the smaller size given to the plants in the original description1 where the pileus does not exceed #e cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is only #e cm4 long1 and #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,plants which normally occur singly do on some occasions occur tufted1 and then the habit as well as the size of the plant is often changed4 ,a good illustration of this ,i found in the case of ,boletus edulis during my stay in the ,north ,carolina mountains4 ,the plant usually occurs singly and more or less scattered4 ,i found one case where there were #f--h plants in a tuft1 the caps were smaller and the stems in this case considerably longer than in normal specimens4 ,a plant which agrees with the ,north ,carolina specimens ,i have collected at ,ithaca1 and so ,i judge that ,b4 retipes occurs in ,new ,york4 ,boletus chromapes ,frost4--,this is a pretty boletus1 and has been reported from ,new ,england and from ,new ,york ,state4 ,during the summer of #ahii it was quite common in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 ,north ,carolina4 ,the plant grows on the ground in woods4 ,it is #f--aj cm4 high1 the cap is #e--aj cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,it is known by the yellowish stem covered with reddish glandular dots4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ei1 ,,figure #afh4--;,boletus chromapes4 ,cap pale red1 rose or pink1 tubes flesh color1 then brown1 stem yellowish either above or below1 the surface with reddish or pinkish dots 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to nearly expanded1 pale red1 rose pink to vinaceous pink in color1 and sometimes slightly tomentose4 ,the flesh is white1 and does not change when cut or bruised4 ,the tube surface is convex1 and the tubes are attached slightly to the stem1 or free4 ,they are white1 then flesh color1 and in age become brown4 ,the stem is even1 or it tapers slightly upward1 straight or ascending1 whitish or yellow above1 or below1 sometimes yellowish the entire length4 ,the flesh is also yellowish1 especially at the base4 ,the entire surface is marked with reddish or pinkish dots4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fj1 ,,figure #afi4--;,boletus vermiculosus4 ,cap brown to gray or buff2 tubes yellowish with reddish brown mouths2 flesh quickly changes to blue where wounded 7natural size1 sometimes larger74 ,copyright4 ,figure #afh is from plants 7,no4 #djhe ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,boletus vermiculosus ,pk4--,this species was named ,b4 vermiculosus because it is sometimes very wormy4 ,this is not always the case1 however4 ,it grows in woods on the ground1 in the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,it is from #f--ab cm4 high1 the cap from #g--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is thick1 convex1 firm1 smooth1 and varies in color from brown to yellowish brown1 or drab gray to buff1 and is minutely tomentose4 ,the flesh quickly changes to blue where wounded1 and the bruised portion1 sometimes1 changing to yellowish4 ,the tubes are yellowish1 with reddish-brown mouths1 the tube surface being rounded1 free or nearly so1 and the tubes changing to blue where wounded4 ,the stem is paler than the pileus1 often dotted with short1 small1 dark tufts below1 and above near the tubes abruptly paler1 and sometimes the two colors separated by a brownish line4 ,the stem is not reticulated4 ,figure #afi is from a photograph of plants 7,no4 #dacb ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,boletus obsonium 7,paul47 ,fr4--,this species was not uncommon in the woods at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during the latter part of ,august and during ,september1 #ahii4 ,it grows on the ground1 the plants usually appearing singly4 ,it is from #aj--ae cm4 high1 the cap #h--ac cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness1 considerably broader at the base than at the apex4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 vinaceous cinnamon1 to pinkish vinaceous or hazel in color4 ,it is soft1 slightly tomentose1 and when old the surface frequently cracks into fine patches showing the pink flesh beneath4 ,the thin margin extends slightly beyond the tubes1 so that it is sterile4 ,the flesh does not change color on exposure to the air4 ,the tubes are plane1 adnate1 very slightly depressed around the stem or nearly free1 yellowish white when young1 becoming dark olive green in age from the color of the spores4 ,the tube mouths are small and rotund4 ,the spores caught on white paper are dark olive green4 ,they are elliptical usually1 with rounded ends1 #ab--ae #d--e 4 ,the stem is white when young1 with a tinge of yellow ochre1 and pale flesh color below4 ,it is marked with somewhat parallel elevated lines1 or rug below1 where it is enlarged and nearly bulbous4 ,in age it becomes flesh color the entire length and is more plainly striate rugose with a yellowish tinge at the base4 ,the stem tapers gradually and strongly from the base to the apex1 so that it often appears long conic4 ,the plant is often badly eaten by snails1 so that it is sometimes difficult to obtain perfect specimens4 ,figure #agj is from a photograph of plants 7,no4 #djib ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 from ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,boletus americanus ,pk4--,this species occurs in woods and open places1 growing on the ground in wet weather4 ,it occurs singly or clustered1 sometimes two or three joined by their bases1 but usually more scattered4 ,it is usually found under or near pine trees4 ,the plant is #c--f cm4 high1 the cap #b--g cm4 broad1 and the stem is #d--h mm4 in thickness4 ,it is very slimy in wet weather1 the cap is yellow1 streaked or spotted with faint red1 and the stem is covered with numerous brown or reddish brown dots4 ,the pileus is rounded1 then convex1 becoming nearly expanded and sometimes with an umbo4 ,it is soft1 very slimy or viscid when moist1 yellow4 ,when young the surface gluten is often mixed with loose threads1 more abundant on the margin1 and continuous with the veil1 which can only be seen in the very young stage4 ,as the pileus expands the margin is sometimes scaly from remnants of the veil and of loose hairs on the surface4 ,the cap loses its bright color as it ages1 and is then sometimes streaked or spotted with red4 ,the tube surface is nearly plane1 and the tubes join squarely against the stem4 ,the tubes are rather large1 angular1 yellowish1 becoming dull ochraceous4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 yellow1 and covered with numerous brownish or reddish brown glandular dots4 ,no ring is present4 ,this species grows in the same situations as the ,b4 granulatus1 sometimes both species are common over the same area4 ,figure #aga is from plants 7,no4 #ciia ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,the species is closely related to ,b4 flavidus ,fr41 and according to some it is identical with it4 ,boletus granulatus ,l4 ,edible4--,this species is one of the very common and widely distributed ones4 ,it grows in woods and open places on the ground4 ,like ,b4 americanus1 it is usually found under or near pines4 ,it occurs during the summer and autumn1 sometimes appearing very late in the season4 ,the plants are #c--f cm4 high1 the cap is #d--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem is #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,the plants usually are clustered1 though not often very crowded4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fa1 ,,figure #agj4--;,boletus obsonium4 ,cap cinnamon to pink or hazel in color1 slightly tomentose2 stem white1 then pale flesh color 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex to nearly expanded1 flat4 ,when moist it is very viscid and reddish brown1 paler and yellowish when it is dry1 but very variable in color1 pink1 red1 yellow1 tawny1 and brown shades4 ,the flesh is pale yellow4 ,the tubes are joined squarely to the stem1 short1 yellowish1 and the edges of the tubes1 that is1 at the open end 7often called the mouth71 are dotted or granulated4 ,the stem is dotted in the same way above4 ,the spores in mass are pale yellow2 singly they are spindle-shaped4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aga4--;,boletus americanus4 ,cap slimy1 yellow1 sometimes with reddish spots1 tubes yellowish 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the species is edible1 though some say it should be regarded with suspicion4 ,peck has tried it1 and ,i have eaten it1 but the viscid character of the plant did not make it a relish for me4 ,there are several species closely related to the granulated ,boletus4 ,b4 brevipes ,pk41 is one chiefly distinguished by the short stem1 which entirely lacks the glandular dots4 ,it grows in sandy soil1 in pine groves and in woods4 ,boletus punctipes ,pk4--,this species has been reported from ,new ,york ,state by ,peck4 ,during ,september1 #ahii1 ,i found it quite common in the ,blue ,ridge mountains of ,north ,carolina1 at an elevation of between #djjj and #ejjj feet4 ,it grows on the ground in mixed woods4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the caps #e--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #agb4--;,boletus punctipes4 ,cap viscid when moist1 reddish brown1 pink1 yellow1 tawny1 etc41 tubes yellowish1 stem dark punctate 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 sometimes becoming nearly plane1 and it is quite thick in the center1 more so than the granulated boletus1 while the margin is thin1 and when young with a minute gray powder4 ,the margin often becomes upturned when old2 the cap is viscid when moist1 dull yellow4 ,the tubes are short1 their lower surface plane1 and they are set squarely against the stem4 ,they are small1 the mouths rounded1 brownish1 then dull ochraceous1 and dotted with glandules4 ,the stem is rather long1 proportionately more so than in the granulated boletus4 ,it distinctly tapers upwards1 is rhubarb yellow1 and dotted with glandules4 ,this character of the stem suggested the name of the species4 ,the spores are #h--aj #d--e 4 ,figure #agb is from plants 7,no4 #djfg ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c4 ,it is closely related to ,b4 granulatus and by some is considered the same4 ,boletus luteus ,linn4 7,b4 subluteus ,pk47 ,this species is widely distributed in ,europe and ,america1 and grows in sandy soil1 in pine or mixed woods or groves4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the cap #c--ab cm4 in diameter1 and the stem #f--aj mm4 in thickness4 ,the general color is dull brown or yellowish brown1 and the plants are slimy in moist weather1 the stem and tubes more or less dotted with dark points4 ,these characters vary greatly under different conditions1 and the fact has led to some confusion in the discrimination of species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #agc4--;,boletus luteus4 ,cap viscid when moist1 dull yellowish to reddish brown1 tubes yellowish1 stem punctate both above and below the annulus 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming nearly plane1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 dull yellowish to reddish brown1 sometimes with the color irregularly distributed in streaks4 ,the flesh is whitish or dull yellowish4 ,the tube surface is plane or convex1 the tubes set squarely against the stem 7adnate71 while the tubes are small1 with small1 nearly rounded1 or slightly angular mouths4 ,the color of the tubes is yellowish or ochre colored1 becoming darker in age1 and sometimes nearly brown or quite dark4 ,the stem is pale yellowish1 reddish or brownish1 and more or less covered with glandular dots1 which when dry give a black dotted appearance to the stem4 ,in the case of descriptions of ,b4 luteus the stem is said to be dotted only above the annulus1 while the description of ,b4 subluteus gives the stem as dotted both above and below the annulus4 ,the spores are yellowish brown or some shade of this color in mass1 lighter yellowish brown under the microscope1 fusiform or nearly so1 and #g--aj #b--d 4 ,the annulus is very variable1 sometimes collapsing as a narrow ring around the stem as in ,fig4 #agc1 from plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii 7,b4 subluteus ,pk471 and sometimes appearing as a broad1 free collar1 as in ,fig4 #agd4 ,the veil is more or less gelatinous1 and in an early stage of the plant may cover the stem as a sheath4 ,the lower part of the stem is sometimes covered at maturity with the sheathing portion of the veil1 the upper part only appearing as a ring4 ,in this way1 the lower part of the stem being covered1 the glandular dots are not evident1 while the stem is seen to be dotted above the annulus4 ,but in many cases the veil slips off from the lower portion of the stem at an early stage1 and then in its slimy condition collapses around the upper part of the stem1 leaving the stem uncovered and showing the dots both above and below the ring 7,b4 subluteus74 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fb1 ,,figure #agd4--;,boletus luteus4 ,cap drab to hair-brown with streaks of the latter1 viscid when moist1 tubes tawny olive to walnut-brown1 stem black dotted both above and below the broad1 free annulus 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,an examination of the figures of the ,european plant shows that the veil often slips off from the lower portion of the stem in ,b4 luteus1 especially in the figures given by ,krombholtz1 ,t4 #cc4 ,in some of these figures the veil forms a broad1 free collar1 and the stem is then dotted both above and below1 as is well shown in the figures4 ,in other figures where the lower part of the veil remains as a sheath over the lower part of the stem1 the dots are hidden4 ,i have three specimens of the ,b4 luteus of ,europe from ,dr4 ,bresadola1 collected at ,trento1 ,austria-,hungary3 one of them has the veil sheathing the lower part of the stem1 and the stem only shows the dots above the annulus2 a second specimen has the annulus in the form of a collapsed ring near the upper end of the stem1 and the stem dotted both above and below the annulus2 in the third specimen the annulus is in the form of a broad1 free collar1 and the stem dotted both above and below4 ,the plants shown in ,fig4 #agd 7,no4 #dabd1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 were collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,they were found in open woods under ,kalmia where the sun had an opportunity to dry out the annulus before it became collapsed or agglutinated against the stem1 and the broad1 free collar was formed4 ,my notes on these specimens read as follows3 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 rather thick at the center1 the margin thin1 sometimes sterile1 incurved4 ,in color it runs from ecru drab to hair-brown with streaks of the latter1 and it is very viscid when moist4 ,when dried the surface of the pileus is shining4 ,the tubes are plane or concave1 adnate1 tawny-olive to walnut-brown4 ,the tubes are small1 angular1 somewhat as in ,b4 granulatus1 but smaller1 and they are granulated with reddish or brownish dots4 ,the spores are walnut brown1 oblong to elliptical1 #h--aj #b--c 4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 olive yellow above1 and black dotted both above and below the annulus4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #age4--;,boletinus pictus4 ,cap reddish1 tinged with yellowish between the scales1 stem same color1 tubes yellow1 often changing to reddish brown where bruised 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,boletinus pictus ,pk4--,this very beautiful plant is quite common in damp pine woods4 ,it is easily recognized by the reddish cottony layer of mycelium threads which cover the entire plant when young1 and form a veil which covers the gills at this time4 ,as the plant expands the reddish outer layer is torn into scales of the same color1 showing the yellowish1 or pinkish1 flesh beneath1 and the flesh often changes to pink or reddish where wounded4 ,the tubes are first pale yellow1 but become darker in age1 often changing to pinkish1 with a brown tinge where bruised4 ,the stem is solid1 and is thus different from a closely related species1 ,b4 cavipes ,kalchb4 ,the stem is covered with a coat like that on the pileus and is similarly colored1 though often paler4 ,the spores are ochraceous1 #ae--ah #f--h 4 ,the plants are #e--h cm4 high1 the caps #e--h cm4 broad1 and the stems #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,figure #age is from plants collected in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,boletinus porosus 7,berk47 ,pk4--,this very interesting species is widely distributed in the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,it resembles a ,polyporus1 though it is very soft like a ,boletus1 but quite tenacious4 ,the plants are dull reddish-brown1 viscid when moist1 and shining4 ,the cap is more or less irregular and the stem eccentric1 the cap being sometimes more or less lobed4 ,the plants are #d--f cm4 high1 the cap #e--ab cm4 broad1 and the short stem #h--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,it occurs in damp ground in woods4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thick at the middle1 and thin at the margin4 ,the tubes are arranged in prominently radiating rows1 the partitions often running radiately in the form of lamell1 certain ones of them being more prominent than others as shown in ,fig4 #agf4 ,these branch and are connected by cross partitions of less prominence4 ,this character of the hymenium led ,berkeley to place the plant in the genus ,paxillus1 with which it does not seem to be so closely related as with the genus ,boletus4 ,the stratum of tubes1 though very soft1 is very tenacious1 and does not separate from the flesh of the pileus1 thus resembling certain species of ,polyporus4 ,figure #agf is from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fc1 ,,figure #agf4--;,boletinus porosus4 ,viscid when moist1 dull reddish brown 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,strobilomyces strobilaceus ,berk4 ,edible4--,this plant has a peculiar name1 both the genus and the species referring to the cone-like appearance of the cap with its coarse1 crowded1 dark brown scales1 bearing a fancied resemblance to a pine cone4 ,it is very easily distinguished from other species of ,boletus because of this character of the cap4 ,the plant has a very wide distribution though it is not usually very common4 ,the plant is #h--ad cm4 high1 the cap #e--aj cm4 broad1 and the stem #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is hemispherical to convex1 shaggy from numerous large blackish1 coarse1 hairy1 projecting scales4 ,the margin of the cap is fringed with scales and fragments of the veil which covers the tubes in the young plants4 ,the flesh is whitish1 but soon changes to reddish color1 and later to black where wounded or cut4 ,the tubes are adnate1 whitish1 becoming brown and blackish in the older plants4 ,the mouths of the tubes are large and angular1 and change color where bruised1 as does the flesh of the cap4 ,the stem is even1 or sometimes tapers upward1 often grooved near the apex1 very tomentose or scaly with soft scales of the same color as the cap4 ,the spores are in mass dark brown1 nearly globose1 roughened1 and #aj--ab long4 ,figs4 #agg--agi are from plants collected at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,another ,european plant1 ,s4 floccopus ,vahl1 is said by ,peck to occur in the ,united ,states1 but is much more rare4 ,the only difference in the two noted by ,peck in the case of the ,american plants is that the tubes are depressed around the stem in ,s4 floccopus4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fd1 ,,figure #agg4--,strobilomyces strobilaceus4 ,scales of cap dark brown or black1 flesh white but soon changing to reddish and later to black where wounded1 stem same color but lighter 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #agh4--,strobilomyces strobilaceus4 ,sections of plants4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #agi4--,strobilomyces strobilaceus4 ,under view4 ,copyright4 ,,fistulina ,bull4 ,in the genus ,fistulina the tubes1 or pores1 are crowded together1 but stand separately1 that is1 they are not connected together1 or grown together into a stratum as in ,boletus and other genera of the family ,polyporace4 ,when the plant is young the tubes are very short1 but they elongate with age4 ,fistulina hepatica ,fr4 ,edible4--,this is one of the largest of the species in the genus and is the most widely distributed and common one4 ,it is of a dark red color1 very soft and juicy4 ,it has usually a short stem which expands out into the broad and thick cap4 ,when young the upper side of the cap is marked by minute elevations of a different color1 which suggest the papill on the tongue2 in age the tubes on the under surface have also some such suggestive appearance4 ,the form1 as it stands outward in a shelving fashion from stumps or trees1 together with the color and surface characters1 has suggested several common names1 as beef tongue1 beef-steak fungus1 oak or chestnut tongue4 ,the plant is #aj--bj cm4 long1 and #h--ae cm4 broad1 the stem very short and thick1 sometimes almost wanting1 and again quite long4 ,i have seen some specimens growing from a hollow log in which the stems were #ab--ae cm4 long4 ,the pileus is very thick1 #b cm4 or more in thickness1 fleshy1 soft1 very juicy1 and in wet weather very clammy and somewhat sticky to the touch4 ,when mature there are lines of color of different shades extending out radially on the upper surface1 and in making a longitudinal section of the cap there are quite prominent1 alternating1 dark and light red lines present in the flesh4 ,the tubes1 short at first1 become #b--c mm4 long1 they are yellowish or tinged with flesh color1 becoming soiled in age4 ,the spores are elliptical1 yellowish1 and #e--f long4 ,the plant occurs on dead trunks or stumps of oak1 chestnut1 etc41 in wet weather from ,june to ,september4 ,i have usually found it on chestnut4 ,the beef-steak fungus is highly recommended by some1 while others are not pleased with it as an article of food4 ,it has an acid flavor which is disagreeable to some1 but this is more marked in young specimens and in those not well cooked4 ,when it is sliced thin and well broiled or fried1 the acid taste is not marked4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fe4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,fistulina hepatica4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,f4 pallida4 ,copyright #aijj4 ,fistulina pallida ,b4 ,rav4 7,fistulina firma ,pk47--,this rare and interesting species was collected by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hadley1 near ,manchester1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,october1 #ahih1 and was described by ,dr4 ,peck in the ,bulletin of the ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 #bf3 #gj1 #ahii1 as ,fistulina firma4 ,but two plants were then found1 and these were connected at the base4 ,during ,august and ,september it was quite common in a small woods near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 and was first collected growing from the roots of a dead oak stump1 ,august #d 7,no4 #cbbg ,c4 ,u4 herbarium71 and afterward during ,october4 ,during ,september ,i collected it at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in the ,blue ,ridge mountains1 at an elevation of nearly #ejjj feet1 growing from the roots of a dead white oak tree4 ,it was collected during ,september1 #ahii1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,rathbun at ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it was collected by ,ravenel in the mountains of ,south ,carolina1 around a white oak stump by ,peters in ,alabama1 and was first described by ,berkeley in #ahgb1 in ,grev4 #a3 #ga1 ,notices of ,n4 ,a4 ,f4 ,no4 #agc4 ,growing from roots or wood underneath the surface of the ground1 the plant has an erect stem1 the length of the stem depending on the depth at which the root is buried1 just as in the case of ,polyporus radicatus1 which has a similar habitat4 ,the plants are #e--ab cm4 high1 the cap is #c--g cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--h mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ff1 ,,figure #ahj4--;,fistulina pallida4 ,cap wood-brown to fawn or clay color1 tubes and lower part of the stem whitish 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the pileus is wood brown to fawn1 clay color or isabelline color4 ,it is nearly semi-circular to reniform in outline1 and the margin broadly crenate1 or sometimes lobed4 ,the stem is attached at the concave margin1 where the cap is auriculate and has a prominent boss or elevation1 and bent at right angles with a characteristic curve4 ,the pileus is firm1 flexible1 tough and fibrous1 flesh white4 ,the surface is covered with a fine and dense tomentum4 ,the pileus is #e--h mm4 thick at the base1 thinning out toward the margin4 ,the tubes are whitish1 #b--c mm4 long and #e--f in the space of a millimeter4 ,they are very slender1 tubular1 the mouth somewhat enlarged1 the margin of the tubes pale cream color and minutely mealy or furfuraceous1 with numerous irregular1 roughened threads4 ,the tubes often stand somewhat separated1 areas being undeveloped or younger1 so that the surface of the under side is not regular4 ,the tubes are not so crowded as is usual in the ,fistulina hepatica4 ,they are not decurrent1 but end abruptly near the stem4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #c in diameter4 ,the stem tapers downward1 is whitish below1 and near the pileus the color changes rather abruptly to the same tint as the pileus4 ,the stem is sometimes branched1 and two or three caps present1 or the caps themselves may be joined1 as well as the stems1 so that occasionally very irregular forms are developed1 but there is always the peculiar character of the attachment of the stem to the side of the cap4 ,figure #ahj is from plants 7,no #cfgf1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 ,september1 #ahii4 ,figures on the colored plate represent this plant4 ,polyporus frondosus ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant occurs in both ,europe and ,america1 and while not very common seems to be widely distributed4 ,it grows about old stumps or dead trees1 from roots1 often arising from the roots below the surface of the ground1 and also is found on logs4 ,the plant represents a section of the genus ,polyporus1 in which the body1 both the stem and the cap1 are very much branched4 ,in this species the stem is stout at the base1 but it branches into numerous smaller trunks1 which continue to branch until finally the branches terminate in the expanded and leaf-like caps as shown in ,figs4 #aha--ahb4 ,the plants appear usually during late summer and in the autumn4 ,the species is often found about oak stumps4 ,some of the specimens are very large1 and weigh #aj to #bj pounds1 and the mass is sometimes #cj to #fj cm4 7#a--b feet7 in diameter4 ,the plant1 when young and growing1 is quite soft and tender1 though it is quite firm4 ,it never becomes very hard1 as many of the other species of this family4 ,when mature1 insects begin to attack it1 and not being tough it soon succumbs to the ravages of insects and decay1 as do a number of the softer species of the ,polyporace4 ,the caps are very irregular in shape1 curved1 repand1 radiately furrowed1 sometimes zoned2 gray1 or hair-brown in color1 with a perceptibly hairy surface1 the hairs running in lines on the surface4 ,sometimes they are quite broad and not so numerous as in ,plate #fg1 and in other plants they are narrow and more numerous1 as in ,plate #fh4 ,the tubes are more or less irregular1 whitish1 with a yellowish tinge when old4 ,from the under side of the cap they extend down on the stem4 ,when the spores are mature they are sometimes so numerous that they cover the lower caps and the grass for quite a distance around as if with a white powder4 ,this species is edible1 and because of the large size which it often attains1 the few plants which are usually found make up in quantity what they lack in numbers4 ,since the plant is quite firm it will keep several days after being picked1 in a cool place1 and will serve for several meals4 ,a specimen which ,i gathered was divided between two families1 and was served at several meals on successive days4 ,when stewed the plant has for me a rather objectionable taste1 but the stewing makes the substance more tender1 and when this is followed by broiling or frying the objectionable taste is removed and it is quite palatable4 ,the plants represented in ,plates #fg and #fh were collected at ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fg1 ,,figure #aha4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,caps hair-brown or grayish1 tubes white 7#a_/c natural size1 masses often #bj--dj cm4 in breadth74 ,the caps in this specimen are quite broad1 often they are narrower as in ,fig4 #ahb4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fh1 ,,figure #ahb4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,side and under view of a larger cluster 7#a_/c natural size74 ,copyright4 ,there are several species which are related to the frondose polyporus which occur in this country as well as in ,europe4 ,polyporus intybaceus ,fr41 is of about the same size1 and the branching1 and form of the caps is much the same1 but it is of a yellowish brown or reddish brown color4 ,it grows on logs1 stumps1 etc41 and is probably edible4 ,it is not so common at ,ithaca as the frondose polyporus4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ahc4--,polyporus umbellatus4 ,caps hair-brown 7natural size1 often much larger74 ,copyright4 ,polyporus umbellatus ,fr4--,this species is also related to the frondose polyporus1 but is very distinct4 ,it is more erect1 the branching more open1 and the caps at the ends of the branches are more or less circular and umbilicate4 ,the branches are long1 cylindrical and united near the base4 ,the spreading habit of the branching1 or the form of the caps1 suggests an umbel or umbrella1 and hence the specific name umbellatus4 ,the tufts occur from #ab--bj cm4 in diameter1 and the individual caps are from #a--d cm4 in diameter4 ,it grows from underground roots and about stumps during summer4 ,it is probably edible1 but ,i have never tried it4 ,figure #ahc is from a plant 7,no4 #aicj1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in ,cascadilla woods1 ,ithaca4 ,polyporus sulphureus 7,bull47 ,fr4 ,edible4 7,boletus caudicinus ,schaeff4 ,t4 #aca1 #acb3 ,polyporus caudicinus ,schroeter1 ,cohn's ,krypt4 ,flora1 ,schlesien1 p4 #dga1 #ahii74--,the sulphur polyporus is so-called because of the bright sulphur color of the entire plant4 ,it is one of the widely distributed species1 and grows on dead oak1 birch1 and other trunks1 and is also often found growing from wounds or knot-holes of living trees of the oak1 apple1 walnut1 etc4 ,the mycelium enters at wounds where limbs are broken off1 and grows for years in the heart wood1 disorganizing it and causing it to decay4 ,in time the mycelium has spread over a considerable area1 from which nutriment enough is supplied for the formation of the fruiting condition4 ,the caps then appear from an open wound when such an exit is present4 ,the color of the plant is quite constant1 but varies of course in shades of yellow to some extent4 ,in form1 however1 it varies greatly4 ,the caps are usually clustered and imbricated1 that is1 they overlap4 ,they may all arise separately from the wood1 and yet be overlapping1 though oftener several of them are closely joined or united at the base1 so that the mass of caps arises from a common outgrowth from the wood as shown in ,fig4 #ahd4 ,the individual caps are flattened1 elongate1 and more or less fan-shaped4 ,when mature there are radiating furrows and ridges which often increase the fan-like appearance of the upper surface of the cap4 ,sometimes also there are more or less marked concentric furrows4 ,the caps may be convex1 or the margin may be more or less upturned so that the central portion is depressed4 ,when young the margin is thick and blunt and of course lighter in color1 but as the plant matures the edge is usually thinner4 ,in some forms of the plant the caps are so closely united as to form a large rounded or tubercular mass1 only the blunt tips of the individual caps being free4 ,this is well represented in ,fig4 #ahe1 from a photograph of a large specimen growing from a wound in a butter-nut tree in ,central ,new ,york4 ,the plant was #cj cm4 in diameter4 ,the plants represented in ,plate #fi grew on an oak stump4 ,the tree was affected by the fungus while it was alive1 and the heart wood became so weakened that the tree broke1 and later the fruit form of the fungus appeared from the dead stump4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #fi1 ,,figure #ahd4--,polyporus sulphureus1 on oak stump4 ,entirely sulphur-yellow 7#a_/f natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the tubes are small1 and the walls thin and delicate1 and are sometimes much torn1 lacerated1 and irregular4 ,when the mycelium has grown in the interior of a log for a number of years it tends to grow in sheets along the line of the medullary rays of the wood or across in concentric layers corresponding to the summer wood4 ,also as the wood becomes more decomposed1 cracks and rifts appear along these same lines4 ,the mycelium then grows in abundance in these rifts and forms broad and extensive sheets which resemble somewhat chamois skin and is called punk4 ,similar punk is sometimes formed in conifers from the mycelium of ,fomes pinicola4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gj1 ,,figure #ahe4--,polyporus sulphureus4 ,caps joined in a massive tubercle 7#a_/b natural size74 ,polyporus sulphureus has long been known as an edible fungus1 but from its rather firm and fibrous texture it requires a different preparation from the fleshy fungi to prepare it for the table1 and this may be one reason why it is not employed more frequently as an article of food4 ,it is common enough during the summer and especially during the autumn to provide this kind of food in considerable quantities4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ga1 ,,figure #ahf4--,polyporus brumalis4 ,cap and stem brown1 tubes white4 ,lower three plants natural size1 upper one enlarged twice natural size4 ,copyright4 ,polyporus brumalis 7,pers47 ,fr4--,this pretty plant is found at all seasons of the year1 and from its frequency during the winter was named brumalis1 from bruma1 which means winter4 ,it grows on sticks and branches1 or on trunks4 ,it usually occurs singly1 sometimes two or three close together4 ,the plants are #c--f cm4 high1 the cap #b--f cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #c--f mm4 in thickness4 ,the cap is convex1 then plane1 and sometimes depressed at the center or umbilicate4 ,when young it is somewhat fleshy and pliant1 then it becomes tough1 coriaceous1 and hard when dry4 ,during wet weather it becomes pliant again4 ,being hard and firm1 and tough1 it preserves long after mature1 so that it may be found at any season of the year4 ,the cap is smoky in color1 varying in shade1 sometimes very dark1 almost black1 and other specimens being quite light in color4 ,the surface is hairy and the margin is often fimbriate with coarse hairs4 ,the stem is lighter1 hairy or strigose4 ,the tubes are first white1 then become yellowish4 ,the tubes are very regular in arrangement4 ,figure #ahf represents well this species1 three plants being grouped rather closely on the same stick2 two show the under surface and one gives a side view4 ,the upper portion of the plate represents two of the plants enlarged1 the three lower ones being natural size4 ,the plant is very common and widely distributed over the world4 ,those illustrated in the plate were collected at ,ithaca4 ,this species is too tough for food4 ,many of the thin and pliant species of ,polyporus are separated by some into the genus ,polystictus4 ,the species are very numerous1 as well as some of the individuals of certain species4 ,they grow on wood or on the ground1 some have a central stem1 and others are shelving1 while some are spread out on the surface of the wood4 ,one very pretty species is the ,polystictus perennis ,fr4 ,this grows on the ground and has a central stem4 ,the plant is #b--c cm4 high1 and the cap #a--d cm4 broad4 ,the pileus is thin1 pliant when fresh and somewhat brittle when dry4 ,it is minutely velvety on the upper surface1 reddish brown or cinnamon in color1 expanded or umbilicate to nearly funnel-shaped4 ,the surface is marked beautifully by radiations and fine concentric zones4 ,the stem is also velvety4 ,the tubes are minute1 the walls thin and acute1 and the mouths angular and at last more or less torn4 ,the margin of the cap is finely fimbriate1 but in old specimens these hairs are apt to become rubbed off4 ,the left hand plant in ,fig4 #ahg is ,polyporus perennis4 ,polystictus cinnamomeus 7,jacq47 ,sacc41 7,p4 oblectans ,berk4 ,hook4 ,jour4 p4 #ea1 #ahde1 ,dec4 ,n4 ,a4 ,f4 ,no4 #ce3 ,p4 splendens ,pk41 #bfth ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #bf7 is a closely related species with the same habit1 color1 and often is found growing side by side with ,p4 perennis4 ,the margin of the cap is deeply and beautifully lacerate1 as shown in the three other plants in ,fig4 #ahg4 ,polystictus connatus ,schw41 grows in similar situations and one sometimes finds all three of these plants near each other on the ground by roadsides4 ,p4 connatus has much larger pores than either of the other two1 and it is a somewhat larger plant4 ,figure #ahg is from a photograph of plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ahg4--,left-hand plant ,polystictus perennis2 right-hand three plants ,polystictus cinnamomeus4 ,all natural size4 ,copyright4 ,polystictus versicolor 7,l47 ,fr41 is a very common plant growing on trunks and branches4 ,it is more or less shelving1 with a leaf-like pileus1 marked by concentric bands of different colors4 ,p4 hirsutus ,fr41 is a somewhat thicker and more spongy plant1 whitish or grayish in color1 with the upper surface tomentose with coarse hairs4 ,p4 cinnabarinus 7,jacq47 ,fr41 is shelving1 spongy1 pliant1 rather thick1 cinnabar colored4 ,it grows on dead logs and branches4 ,it is sometimes placed in the genus ,trametes under the same specific name4 ,polystictus pergamenus ,fr41 is another common one growing on wood of various trees4 ,it is thin and very pliant when fresh1 somewhat tomentose above when young1 with faint bands1 and the tubes are often violet or purple color1 and they soon become deeply torn and lacerate so that they resemble the teeth of certain of the hedgehog fungi4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gb1 ,,figure #ahh4--,polyporus lucidus4 ,caps bright red or chestnut color1 with a hard shiny crust 7#a_/f natural size74 ,copyright4 ,polyporus lucidus 7,leys47 ,fr4 ,fomes lucidus 7,leys47 ,fr4--,this species is a very striking one because of the bright red or chestnut color1 the hard and brittle crust over the surface of the cap1 which has usually the appearance of having been varnished4 ,it grows on trunks1 logs1 stumps1 etc41 in woods or groves4 ,the cap is #e--bj cm4 in diameter1 and the stem is #e--bj cm4 long1 and #a--b cm4 in thickness4 ,the stem is attached to one side of the pileus so that the pileus is lateral1 though the stem is more or less ascending4 ,the cap is first yellowish when young1 then it becomes blood red1 then chestnut color4 ,the stem is the same color1 and the tubes are not so bright in color1 being a dull brown4 ,the substance of the plant is quite woody and tough when mature4 ,when dry it is soon attacked and eaten by certain insects1 which are fond of a number of fungi1 so that they are difficult to preserve in good condition in herbaria without great care4 ,the surface of the pileus is quite uneven1 wrinkled1 and coarsely grooved1 the margin sometimes crenate1 especially in large specimens4 ,figure #ahh represents the plant growing on a large hemlock spruce stump in the woods4 ,the surface character of the caps and the general form can be seen4 ,this photograph was taken near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,polyporus applanatus 7,pers47 ,fr4 ,fomes applanatus 7,pers47 ,wallr4--,this plant is also one of the very common woody ,polyporace4 ,it grows on dead trunks1 etc41 and sometimes is found growing from the wounds of living trees4 ,it is very hard and woody4 ,it has a hard crust1 much harder than that of the ,polyporus lucidus4 ,the surface is more or less marked by concentric zones which mark off the different years' growth1 for this plant is perennial4 ,at certain seasons of the year the upper surface is covered with a powdery substance of a reddish brown color1 made up of numerous colored spores or conidia which are developed on the upper surface of this plant in addition to the smaller spores developed in the tubes on the under surface4 ,the plant varies in size from #e--bj cm4 or more in diameter1 and #a--aj cm4 in thickness1 according to the rapidity of growth and the age of the fungus4 ,the fruiting surface is white1 and the tubes are very minute4 ,they scarcely can be seen with the unaided eye4 ,bruises of the tubes turn brown1 and certain artists often collect these plants and sketch with a pointed instrument on the tube surface4 ,for other peculiarities of this plant see page #ae4 ,the age of the plant can usually be told by counting the number of the broader zones on the upper surface1 or by making a section through the plant and counting the number of tube strata on the lower surface of the cap at its base4 ,polyporus leucophus ,mont41 is said to differ from this species in being more strongly zonate1 and in the crust being whitish instead of reddish brown4 ,polyporus fomentarius 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fomes fomentarius 7,l47 ,fr41 is hoof-shaped1 smoky in color1 or gray1 and of various shades of dull brown4 ,it is strongly zoned and sulcate1 marking off each year's growth4 ,the margin is thick and blunt1 and the tube surface concave1 the tubes having quite large mouths so that they can be readily seen1 the color when mature being reddish brown4 ,sections of the plant show that the tubes are very long1 the different years' growth not being marked off so distinctly as in ,p4 applanatus and leucophus4 ,the plant grows on birch1 beech1 maple1 etc4 ,the inner portion was once used as tinder4 ,polyporus pinicola 7,swartz47 ,fr4 ,fomes pinicola 7,swartz47 ,fr4 occurs on dead pine1 spruce1 balsam1 hemlock spruce1 and other conifers4 ,the cap is about the width of the ,f4 applanatus1 but it is stouter1 and does not have the same hard crust4 ,the young growth at the margin1 which is very thick1 is whitish yellow1 while the old zones are reddish4 ,the tubes are yellowish1 and sections show that they are in strata corresponding to the years' growth4 ,polyporus igniarius 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fomes igniarius 7,l47 ,fr4 is a black species1 more or less triangular1 or sometimes hoof-shaped4 ,the yearly zones are smaller1 become much cracked1 and the tubes are dark brown4 ,one of these plants which ,i found on a birch tree in the ,adirondacks was over #hj years old4 ,the genus ,merulius has a fruiting surface of irregular folds or wrinkles1 forming shallow1 irregular pits instead of a deeply honey-combed surface4 ,merulius lacrymans 7,jacq47 ,fr41 the weeping merulius1 or house fungus1 often occurs in damp cellars1 buildings1 conduit pipes1 etc4 ,it is very destructive to buildings in certain parts of ,europe 7see ,figs4 #ahi1 #aij74 ,merulius tremellosus ,schrad41 is very common in woods during autumn4 ,it is of a gelatinous consistency1 and spread on the under surface of limbs or forms irregular shelves from the side 7see ,figs4 #aia1 #aib74 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gc4--,merulius lacrymans4 ,,figure #ahi4--,upper plant in conduit pipe leading from wash room1 ,gymnasium ,c4 ,u41 ,autumn1 #ahii4 ,,figure #aij4--,lower plant from under surface decaying hemlock spruce log in woods near ,freeville1 ,n4 ,y41 ,october1 #ahii4 ,margin of plants white1 fruiting surface a network of irregular folds1 golden brown1 or brown4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gd4--,merulius tremellosus4 ,,figure #aia4--,natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aib4--;,enlarged to show character of fruiting surface4 ,fruiting surface yellowish2 margin and upper surface in shelving forms1 white1 hairy4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ge1 ,,figure #aic4--,phlebia merismoides4 ,on rotting log1 woods near ,ithaca1 ,november #bc1 #ahih 7,no4 #bfcd ,c4 ,u4 herbarium74 ,various shades of orange1 yellow or yellow brown when old4 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gf1 ,,figure #aid4--,phlebia merismoides4 ,portion of a plant #b-a_/b times natural size1 to show interrupted folds of fruiting surface4 ,for colors see ,fig4 #aic4 ,copyright4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,hedgehog ,,fungi3 ,,hydnaceae4 ,the plants belonging to this family vary greatly in size1 form1 and consistency4 ,some of them are very large1 some quite small1 some are fleshy in consistency1 some are woody1 corky2 some membranaceous2 and if we include plants formerly classed here1 some are gelatinous1 though there is a tendency in recent years on the part of some to place the gelatinous ones among the trembling fungi4 ,the special character which marks the members of this family is the peculiarity of the fruiting surface1 just as a number of the other families are distinguished by some peculiarity of the fruiting surface4 ,in the ,hydnace it covers the surface of numerous processes in the form of spines1 teeth1 warts1 coarse granules1 or folds which are interrupted at short intervals4 ,these spines or teeth always are directed toward the earth when the plant is in the position in which it grew4 ,in this way the members of the family can be distinguished from certain members of the club fungi belonging to the family ,clavariace1 for in the latter the branches or free parts of the plant are erect4 ,in form the ,hydnace are shelving1 growing on trees2 or growing on the ground they often have a central or eccentric stem1 and a more or less circular cap2 some of them are rounded masses1 growing from trees1 with very long spines extending downward2 others have ascending branches from which the spines depend2 and still others form thin sheets which are spread over the surface of logs and sticks1 the spines hanging down from the surface1 or roughened with granules or warts1 or interrupted folds 7see ,phlebia1 ,figs4 #aic1 #aid74 ,in one genus there is no fruit body1 but the spines themselves extend downward from the rotten wood1 the genus ,mucronella4 ,this is only distinguished1 so far as its family position is concerned1 from such a species as ,clavaria mucida by the fact that the plant grows downward from the wood1 while in ,c4 mucida it grows erect4 ,,hydnum ,linn4 ,the only species of the ,hydnace described here are in the genus ,hydnum4 ,in this genus the fruiting surface is on spine1 or awl-shaped processes1 which are either simple or in some cases the tips are more or less branched4 ,the plants grow on the ground or on wood4 ,the species vary greatly in form4 ,some are provided with a more or less regular cap and a stem1 while others are shelving or bracket shaped1 and still others are spread out over the surface of the wood 7resupinate74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aie4--;,hydnum coralloides4 ,entirely white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum coralloides ,scop4 ,edible4--,among the very beautiful species of the genus ,hydnum is the coral one1 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,it grows in woods forming large1 beautiful1 pure white tufts on rotten logs1 branches1 etc4 ,the appearance of one of these tufts is shown in ,fig4 #aie4 ,there is a common stem which arises from the wood1 and this branches successively into long1 ascending1 graceful shoots4 ,the spines are scattered over the entire under side of these branches and hang down for #c--f mm4 ,they are not clustered at the ends of the branches1 as in the bear's head hydnum1 and the species can be easily distinguished by giving attention to the form of the branching and the distribution of the spines on the under side of the branches4 ,figure #aie represents a plant collected at ,ithaca1 and it is natural size4 ,they grow1 however1 much larger than this specimen4 ,the species is widely distributed1 and not uncommon4 ,it is excellent for food4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gg1 ,,figure #aif4--;,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,entirely white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum caput-ursi ,fr4 ,edible4--,this plant is also a beautiful one4 ,it is more common than the coral hydnum so far as my observation goes4 ,it is known by the popular name of bear's head hydnum in allusion to the groups of spines at the ends of the branches4 ,it occurs in woods with a similar habit of growing on trunks1 branches1 etc4 ,this plant also arises from the wood with a single stout stem1 which then branches successively1 the ends of the branches having groups of long pendant spines appearing like numerous heads4 ,sometimes the spines on the top of the group are twisted or curled in a peculiar way4 ,large tufts are sometimes formed1 varying from #ab--bj or more centimeters in diameter4 ,figure #aif is from a plant collected at ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aig4--;,hydnum erinaceus4 ,entirely white 7natural size1 often larger74 ,hydnum caput-medus ,bull4 ,edible4--,the medusa's head hydnum is a rarer species than either of the above in this country4 ,it forms a large1 tubercular mass which does not branch like the coral hydnum or the bear's head1 but more like the ,satyr's beard hydnum1 though the character of the spines will easily separate it from the latter4 ,the spines cover a large part of this large tubercle1 and hang downward4 ,the plant is known by the additional character1 that1 on the upper part of the tubercle1 the spines are twisted and interwoven in a peculiar fashion4 ,hydnum erinaceus ,bull4 ,edible4--,this plant is sometimes called ,satyr's beard4 ,it grows on dead trunks in the woods or groves1 and is often found growing from wounds in living trees4 ,it forms a large1 tubercular mass which does not branch4 ,the spines are very long and straight and hang downward in straight parallel lines from the sides of the mass4 ,the spines are from #a--b cm4 or more long4 ,figure #aig represents one of the plants1 showing the long spines4 ,hydnum repandum ,l4 ,edible4--,this plant is not uncommon1 and it is widely distributed4 ,it grows usually in woods1 on the ground4 ,it varies greatly in size1 from very small specimens1 #a--b cm4 high to others #aj--ab cm4 high4 ,the cap is #b--ah cm4 broad1 and the stem #f--ab mm4 in thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gh1 ,,figure #aih4--;,hydnum repandum4 ,cap whitish or yellowish1 or pale yellowish brown2 spines whitish or yellowish 7natural size1 often smaller74 ,copyright4 ,it is entirely white or the cap varies to buff1 dull yellow reddish or dull brown4 ,it is very brittle1 and must be handled with the utmost care if one wishes to preserve the specimen intact4 ,the pileus is more or less irregular1 the stem being generally eccentric1 so that the pileus is produced more on one side than on the other1 sometimes entirely lateral at the end of the stem4 ,the margin is more or less wavy or repand4 ,the spines are white1 straight1 and very brittle4 ,the stem is even or clavate4 ,figure #aih is from plants collected at ,ithaca during ,august1 #ahii1 and represents one of the large specimens of the species4 ,in one plant the pileus is entirely lateral on the end of the long clavate stem1 and is somewhat reniform1 the stem being attached at the sinus4 ,in the other plant the stem is attached near the center4 ,this species is considered one of the best mushrooms for the table4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #gi1 ,,figure #aii4--;,hydnum putidum4 ,caps whitish then buff1 then brownish or nearly black in older parts1 edge white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,hydnum imbricatum ,l4 ,edible4--,this is a very variable species both in size and in the surface characters of the pileus4 ,it occurs in woods1 groves1 or in open places under trees4 ,the plants are #c--g cm4 high1 and the pileus varies from #e--ae cm4 broad1 the stem from 4#e--b4e cm4 in thickness4 ,the pileus is convex and nearly expanded1 fleshy1 thinner at the margin1 regular or very irregular4 ,the color is grayish in the younger and smaller plants to umber or quite dark in the larger and older ones4 ,the surface is cracked and torn into triangular scales1 showing the whitish color of the flesh between the scales4 ,the scales are small in the younger plants and larger in the older ones4 ,figure #bjj is from plants collected at ,ithaca1 and the pileus in these specimens is irregular4 ,the species is edible1 but bitter to the taste4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjj4--;,hydnum imbricatum4 ,caps brownish1 spines whitish 7natural size1 often larger74 ,hydnum putidum ,atkinson4--,this plant grows on the ground in woods1 and was collected in the ,blue ,ridge mountains at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 at an elevation of about #djjj feet4 ,it is remarkable for its peculiar odor1 resembling1 when fresh1 that of an ,ethiopian2 for its tough1 zonate pileus with a prominent white edge1 and the stout irregular stem1 resembling the stem of ,hydnum velutinum4 ,the plants are #h--ab cm4 high1 the cap #h--ab cm4 broad1 and the stem #b--d cm4 in thickness4 ,the plants grow singly1 or sometimes a few close together1 and then two or more may be conjoined4 ,the pileus is first umbilicate or depressed1 becoming depressed or infundibuliform1 irregular1 eccentric1 the margin repand1 and sometimes lobed1 and lobes appearing at times on the upper surface of the cap4 ,the surface is first tomentose or pubescent1 becoming smooth1 with prominent concentric zones probably marked off by periodical growth2 the color is first white1 so that the edge is white1 becoming cream color to buff1 and in age dull brown and sometimes blackish brown in the center of the old plants4 ,the pubescence disappears from the old portions of the cap1 so that it is smooth4 ,the pubescence or tomentum is more prominent on the intermediate zones4 ,the margin is rather thick1 somewhat acute or blunt1 the upper portion of the flesh is spongy and the middle portion tough and coriaceous1 and darker in color4 ,the pileus is somewhat pliant when moist or wet1 and firm when dry1 the dark inner stratum hard4 ,the spines are first white or cream color1 in age changing through salmon color1 or directly into grayish or grayish brown4 ,the spines when mature are long1 slender1 crowded1 and decurrent on the upper part of the stem4 ,the spores are white1 globose1 echinulate1 #c--d 4 ,the stem is stout and irregular1 very closely resembling the stem of ,hydnum velutinum1 with a thick1 spongy1 outer layer and a central hard core4 ,the odor1 which resembles that of a perspiring darkey1 before the plant is dry1 disappears after drying1 and then the plant has the same agreeable odor presented by several different species of ,hydnum4 ,the odor suggests ,h4 graveolens1 but the characters of the stem and surface of the pileus separate it from that species1 while the tough and pliant character of the cap separates it from ,h4 fragile4 ,figure #aii is from plants 7,no4 #dccd1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,coral ,,fungi3 ,,clavariaceae4 ,this family is a very characteristic one1 and very interesting from the large number of beautiful species in one genus1 the genus ,clavaria4 ,the plants all are more or less erect1 or at least stand out from the substratum1 that is1 the substance on which they are growing4 ,the fruiting surface covers the entire upper part of the plant1 all but the bases of the stems4 ,some of the branched species of the ,thelephorace resemble the branched species of the ,clavariace1 but in the former there is a more or less well defined upper portion on the tips of the branches which is flat1 or truncate1 and sterile1 that is1 lacks the fruiting surface4 ,some of the species are simple1 elongate and clavate bodies4 ,some stand singly1 others are clustered1 or others are joined by their bases1 and others still are very much branched4 ,all of the species are said to be edible1 that is1 they are not poisonous4 ,a few are rather tough1 but they are mostly the small species which would not be thought of for food4 ,the spores are borne on club-shaped basidia1 as in the common mushrooms4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #hj1 ,,figure #bja4--;,clavaria formosa4 ,yellowish1 red tipped when young1 red disappearing in age 7natural size1 sometimes twice this size74 ,copyright4 ,,clavaria ,vaill4 ,the genus ,clavaria is one of the most common ones in the family1 and is one of the most attractive from the variety and beauty of several of the species4 ,all of the plants are more or less erect1 and at least stand out from the substratum on which they grow4 ,they are either long and simple and more or less club-shaped1 as the name implies1 or they are branched1 some but a few times1 while others are very profusely branched4 ,the plants vary in color1 some are white1 some yellow1 some red1 and some are red-tipped1 while others are brownish in color4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjb4--;,clavaria botrytes4 ,branches red tipped 7natural size74 ,clavaria formosa ,pers4 ,edible4--,this is one of the handsomest of the genus4 ,it is found in different parts of the world1 and has been collected in ,new ,england and in the ,carolinas in this country4 ,it is usually from #ae--bj cm4 high1 and because of the great number of branches is often broader in extent4 ,there is a stout stem from #b--d cm4 in diameter1 deep in the ground4 ,this branches into a few stout trunks1 which then rapidly branch into slender and longer branches1 terminating into numerous tips4 ,the entire plant is very brittle1 and great care is necessary to prevent its breaking1 both before drying and afterward4 ,when the plant is young and is just pushing out of the ground1 the branches1 especially the tips1 are bright colored1 red1 pink1 or orange1 the color usually brighter when young in the younger plants4 ,as the plant becomes older the color fades out1 until at maturity the pink or red color has in many cases disappeared1 and then the entire plant is of a light yellowish1 or of a cream buff color4 ,the spores are in mass light yellow1 and the spores on the surface of the plant probably give the color to the plant at this stage4 ,the spores are long1 oval or oblong1 #aj--ae #b4e--c 1 and are minutely spiny4 ,figure #bja is from a plant 7,no4 #dcdc1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,the plant is very common in the mountain woods of ,north ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjc4--;,clavaria pistillaris4 ,dull whitish1 tan or reddish 7natural size74 ,specimens of this ,clavaria were several times prepared for table use during my stay in the mountains1 but the flavor was not an agreeable one1 possibly due to the fact that it needs some special preparation and seasoning4 ,clavaria botrytes ,pers4 ,edible4--,this plant is much smaller than ,c4 formosa1 but has much the same general habit and color1 especially when ,c4 formosa is young4 ,the plant has a stout stem which soon dissolves into numerous branches1 which are red tipped4 ,the spores are white1 and in this way it may be distinguished from ,c4 formosa1 or from ,clavaria aurea 7,schaeff471 which has yellow or ochre spores1 and which has also much the same habit as ,c4 botrytes1 and is nearer in size4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjd4--;,clavaria mucida4 ,white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,clavaria pistillaris ,linn4 ,edible4--,this plant is a characteristic one because of its usually large size and simple form4 ,it is merely a club-shaped body1 growing from the ground4 ,it has a wide range1 both in ,europe and ,north ,america1 but does not seem to be common1 though ,i have found it more common in the mountain woods of ,north ,carolina than in ,new ,york4 ,the plant is #e--bj cm4 high1 and #a--c cm4 thick at the upper end4 ,it is smooth1 though often irregularly grooved and furrowed1 due probably to unequal tensions in growth4 ,the apex in typical specimens is rounded and blunt4 ,it is dull white or tan color or rufescent4 ,the flesh is white1 and very spongy1 especially in age1 when it is apt to be irregularly fistulose4 ,figure #bjc is from plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september #ahii4 ,there is what seems to be an abnormal form of this species figured by ,schaeffer1 ,table #bij1 which ,fries separated as a distinct species and placed in the genus ,craterellus1 one of the ,thelephorace1 and called by him ,craterellus pistillaris4 ,this plant has been found at ,ithaca1 and the only difference between this and the ,clavaria pistillaris ,l41 seems to be in the fact that in ,craterellus pistillaris the end is truncate or in some specimens more or less concave4 ,the spores seem to be the same1 and the color and general habit of the two plants are the same4 ,it is probably only a form of ,clavaria pistillaris4 ,clavaria mucida ,pers4--,this is one of the smallest species of the genus ,clavaria4 ,it grows on rotten wood1 and appears throughout the year4 ,it is usually simple and clavate1 but sometimes branched4 ,the plant is white1 or yellowish1 or sometimes rose color1 and measures from #j4e to #b cm4 in height1 though ,i have usually found it from #j4e--a cm4 in height4 ,it is soft and watery4 ,figure #bjd is from plants 7,no4 #diih1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,ithaca in ,october1 #ahii4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,trembling ,,fungi3 ,,tremellineae4 ,these fungi are called the trembling fungi because of their gelatinous consistency4 ,the colors vary from white1 yellow1 orange1 reddish1 brownish1 etc41 and the form is various1 often very irregular1 leaf-like1 or strongly folded and uneven4 ,they are when fresh usually very soft1 clammy to the touch1 and yielding like a mass of gelatine4 ,they usually grow on wood1 but some species grow on the ground1 and some are parasitic4 ,the fruit surface usually covers the entire outer surface of the plant1 but in some it is confined to one side of the plant4 ,the basidia are peculiar to the order1 are deeply seated in the substance of the plant1 rounded or globose1 and divided into four cells in a cruciate manner4 ,from each one of these cells of the basidium a long1 slender process 7sterigma7 grows out to the surface of the plant and bears the spore4 ,a few species only are treated of here4 ,,tremella ,dill4 ,in this genus the plants are gelatinous or cartilaginous4 ,the form of the plant is usually very much contorted1 fold-like or leaf-like1 and very much branched4 ,the fruiting surface extends over the entire upper surface of the plant4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bje4--,tremella mycetophila1 on ,collybia dryophila 7natural size74 ,tremella lutescens ,pers4--,this plant is entirely yellow1 and occurs on branches4 ,it is #b--e cm4 in diameter1 and is strongly folded1 somewhat like the folds of a brain 7gyrose74 ,it is very soft and inclined to be watery and fluid1 and is of a bright yellow color1 spread out on the surface of rotten wood4 ,it is of world-wide distribution1 and appears from mid-summer to late autumn4 ,tremella mycetophila ,pk4--,this plant is interesting from the fact that it is parasitic on a mushroom1 ,collybia dryophila4 ,it grows on the stem or on the top of the cap of the ,collybia1 and it is white1 or yellowish1 very much contorted 7gyrose-plicate71 nearly rounded1 and #h--af mm4 in diameter4 ,figure #bje represents this ,tremella growing on the ,collybia dryophila1 from plants collected at ,freeville woods near ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjf4--,tremella frondosa4 ,pinkish yellow or pinkish vinaceous 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,tremella frondosa ,fr4--,this is said to be the largest species of the genus4 ,it grows on rotten wood4 ,it occurs in ,europe1 has been collected in ,new ,york ,state1 and the ,fig4 #bjf is from a plant 7,no4 #dcci1 ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,the plant figured here was #aj cm4 long and about #h cm4 high4 ,it is very much twisted and contorted1 leaf-like1 and the middle and base all united4 ,it is of a pinkish yellow color1 one plant being vinaceous pink and another cream buff in color4 ,when young the leaf-like lobes do not show well1 but as it expands they become very prominent4 ,several other species of ,tremella are probably more common than the ones illustrated here4 ,one of the commonest of the ,tremelline probably is the ,exidia glandulosa1 which in dry weather appears as a black incrustation on dead limbs1 but during rains it swells up into a large1 black1 very soft1 gelatinous mass4 ,it is commonly found on fallen limbs of oak1 and occurs from autumn until late spring4 ,it is sometimes called witch's butter4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjg4--,tremella fuciformis4 ,entirely white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,tremella fuciformis ,berk4--,this is a very beautiful white tremella growing in woods on leaf mold close to the ground4 ,it forms a large white tubercular mass resting on the ground1 from the upper surface of which numerous stout1 short1 white processes arise which branch a few times in a dichotomous manner4 ,the masses are #aj--ae cm4 in diameter1 and nearly or quite as high4 ,the flesh is very soft1 and the parts are more or less hollow4 ,the basidia are like those of the genus1 globose1 sunk in the substance of the plant1 and terminate with four long1 slender1 sterigmata which rise to the surface and bear the spores4 ,the spores are white1 nearly ovoid1 but inequilateral and somewhat reniform1 continuous1 #g--i #e--f 4 ,figure #bjg is from a plant collected in a woods near ,ithaca1 in ,august1 #ahig4 ,,gyrocephalus ,pers4 ,the genus ,gyrocephalus differs from the other ,tremelline in having the fruiting surface on the lower side of the fruit body1 while the upper side is sterile4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bjh4--;,gyrocephalus rufus4 ,reddish or reddish yellow 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,gyrocephalus rufus 7,jacq47 ,bref4--,this species is sometimes very abundant4 ,it grows on the ground1 generally from buried wood1 or from dead roots4 ,it is erect1 stout at the base1 and the upper end flattened and thinner4 ,it is more or less spatulate1 the upper side somewhat concave1 and the lower somewhat convex4 ,in some plants the pileus is more regular and there is then a tendency to the funnel form4 ,it is reddish1 or reddish yellow in color1 smooth1 clammy1 watery1 and quite gelatinous4 ,when dry it is very hard4 ,figure #bjh represents the form of the plant well1 from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,the plant is quite common in the damp glens and woods at ,ithaca during the autumn4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,thelephoraceae4 ,many of the species of the ,thelephorace to which the following two species belong are too tough for food4 ,a large number of these grow on wood4 ,they are known by their hard or membranaceous character and by the fruiting surface 7under surface when in the position in which they grew7 being smooth1 or only slightly uneven1 or cracked4 ,craterellus cantharellus 7,schw47 ,fr41 is an edible species4 ,in general appearance it resembles the ,cantharellus cibarius4 ,the color is the same1 and the general shape1 except that the former is perhaps more irregular in form4 ,it may1 however1 be in most cases easily distinguished from ,c4 cibarius by the absence of folds on the under or fruiting surface1 since the fruiting surface is smooth1 especially when the plants are young or middle age4 ,however1 when the plants get quite large and old1 in some cases the fruiting surface becomes very uneven from numerous folds and wrinkles1 which1 however1 are more irregular than the folds of ,c4 cibarius4 ,craterellus cornucopioides 7,l47 ,pers41 is another edible species4 ,it grows on the ground in woods4 ,it is of a dusky or dark smoky color1 and is deeply funnel-shaped1 resembling a horn of plenty1 though usually straight4 ,the fruiting surface is somewhat uneven4 ,the genus ,stereum is a very common one on branches1 etc41 either entirely spread out on the wood1 or with the margin or a large part of the pileus free4 ,hymenochte is like ,stereum1 but has numerous small black spines in the fruiting surface1 giving it a velvety appearance4 ,corticium is very thin and spread over the wood in patches4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #ha1 ,,figure #bji4--,lycoperdon cyathiforme 7natural size74 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,puff-,,balls3 ,,lycoperdaceae4 ,this is not the place for a discussion of the different genera of the puff-balls1 etc41 but it might be well to say that in recent years the old genus ,lycoperdon has been divided into several genera4 ,the giant puff-ball1 and the ,l4 cyathiforme1 where the wall or peridium ruptures irregularly1 have been placed in a genus called ,calvatia2 certain other species which are nearly globose1 and in which the wall is of a papery texture at maturity1 are placed in the genus ,bovista4 ,there is one genus belonging to the same family as the lycoperdons1 the species of which are very interesting on account of the peculiar way in which the wall is ruptured4 ,this is the genus ,geaster1 that is1 earth star4 ,the wall1 or peridium1 is quite thick in the members of this genus1 and when it matures it separates into several layers which need not all be discussed here4 ,a thick outer portion which separates from a thinner inner portion further splits radially into several star-like divisions1 which spread outward and give to the plant the form of a star4 ,since the plants lie on the earth the name earth star was applied to them4 ,this opens out in dry weather1 even curving around under the plant1 so that the plant is raised above the ground4 ,then in wet weather it closes up again4 ,the inner portion of the wall opens at the apex in various ways1 in the different species1 so that the spores may escape4 ,a closely related genus has several small perforations like a pepper box in the upper surface of the inner wall1 ,myriostoma4 ,,lycoperdon ,tourn4 ,to this genus belong most of the puff-balls1 as they are commonly called1 or1 as they are denominated in the ,south1 ,devil's snuff box4 ,all1 or a large portion1 of the interior of the plant at maturity breaks down into a powdery substance1 which with the numerous spores is very light1 and when the plant is squeezed or pressed1 clouds of this dust burst out at the opening through the wall4 ,the wall of the plant is termed the peridium4 ,in this genus the wall is quite thin1 and at maturity opens differently in different species4 ,in several species it opens irregularly1 the entire wall becoming very brittle and cracking up into bits1 as in the giant puff-ball4 ,in the remaining species it opens by a distinct perforation at the apex1 and the remainder of the wall is more or less pliant and membranous4 ,all of the puff-balls are said to be edible1 at least are harmless1 if eaten when the flesh is white4 ,they should not be eaten when the flesh is dark1 or is changing from the white color4 ,lycoperdon giganteum ,batsch4 ,edible4--,this1 the giant puff-ball1 is the largest species of the genus4 ,sometimes it reaches immense proportions1 two to three or even four feet1 but these large sizes are rare4 ,it is usually #bj to #dj cm4 7#h--af in47 in diameter4 ,it grows on the ground in grassy places during late summer and in the autumn4 ,it is a large rounded mass1 resting on the ground1 and near or at the center of the under side1 it is attached to the cords of mycelium in the ground4 ,it is white in color until it is ripe1 that is1 when the spores are mature1 and it should be gathered for food before it is thus ripe4 ,when it is maturing it becomes yellowish1 then dusky or smoky in color4 ,the flesh1 which is white when young1 changes to greenish yellow and finally brownish1 with usually an olivaceous tinge1 as the spores ripen4 ,the plant is so large that it may be sliced1 and should be sliced before broiling4 ,a single specimen often forms enough for a meal for a large family1 and some of the larger ones would serve for several meals4 ,lycoperdon cyathiforme ,bosc4 ,edible4--,this is called the beaker-shaped puff-ball because the base of the plant1 after the spores have all been scattered1 resembles to some extent a beaker1 or a broad cup with a stout1 stem-like base4 ,these old sterile bases of the plant are often found in the fields long after the spores have disappeared4 ,the plants are somewhat pear-shaped1 rounded above1 and tapering below to the stout base4 ,they are #g--ae cm4 in diameter1 and white when young4 ,at maturity the spore mass is purplish1 and by this color as well as by the sterile base the plant is easily recognized4 ,of course these characters cannot be recognized in the young and growing plant at the time it is wanted for food1 but the white color of the interior of the plant would be a sufficient guarantee that it was edible1 granted of course that it was a member of the puff-ball family4 ,sometimes1 long before the spores mature1 the outer portion of the plant changes from white to pinkish1 or brownish colors4 ,at maturity the wall1 or peridium1 breaks into brittle fragments1 which disappear and the purplish mass of the spores is exposed4 ,the plant grows in grassy places or even in cultivated fields4 ,lycoperdon gemmatum ,batsch4 ,edible4--,this puff-ball is widely distributed throughout the world and is very common4 ,it grows in the woods1 or in open places on the ground1 usually4 ,it is known from its characteristic top shape1 the more or less erect scales on the upper surface intermingled with smaller ones1 the larger ones falling away and leaving circular scars over the surface1 which gives it a reticulate appearance4 ,the plants are white1 becoming dark gray or grayish brown when mature4 ,they vary in size from #c--g cm4 high to #b--e cm4 broad4 ,they are more or less top-shaped1 and the stem1 which is stout1 is sometimes longer than the rounded portion1 which is the fruiting part4 ,the outer part of the wall 7outer peridium7 when quite young separates into warts or scales of varying size1 large ones arranged quite regularly with smaller ones between4 ,these warts are well shown in the two plants at the left in ,fig4 #baj1 and the third plant from the left shows the reticulations formed of numerous scars on the inner peridium where the larger scales have fallen away4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #baj4--,lycoperdon gemmatum4 ,entirely white except when old 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,the plant at the extreme right is mature1 and the inner peridium has ruptured at the apex to permit the escape of the spores4 ,the spore mass1 together with brownish threads which are intermingled1 are greenish yellow with an olive tinge1 then they become pale brown4 ,the spores are rounded1 #c4e--d4e in diameter1 smooth or minutely warted4 ,another small puff-ball everywhere common in woods is the ,lycoperdon pyriforme1 so called because of its pear shape4 ,it grows on very rotten wood or on decaying logs in woods or groves1 or in open places where there is rotting wood4 ,it is somewhat smaller than the gem-bearing lycoperdon1 is almost sessile1 sometimes many crowded very close together1 and especially is it characterized by prominent root-like white strands of mycelium which are attached to the base where the plant enters the rotten wood4 ,while these small species of puff-balls are not injurious to eat1 they do not seem to possess an agreeable flavor4 ,there are quite a number of species in this country which cannot be enumerated here4 ,related to the puff-balls1 and properly classed with them1 are the species of ,scleroderma4 ,this name is given to the genus because of the hard peridium1 the wall being much firmer and harder than in ,lycoperdon4 ,there are two species which are not uncommon1 ,scleroderma vulgare and ,s4 verrucosum4 ,they grow on the ground or on very rotten wood1 and are sessile1 often showing the root-like white strands attached to their base4 ,they vary in size from #b--f cm4 and the outer wall is cracked into numerous coarse areas1 or warts1 giving the plant a verrucose appearance1 from which one of the species gets its specific name4 ,calostoma cinnabarinum ,desv4--,this is a remarkably beautiful plant with a general distribution in the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,it has often been referred to in this country under the genus name ,mitremyces1 and sometimes has been confused with a rarer and different species1 ,calostoma lutescens 7,schw47 ,burnap4 ,it grows in damp woods1 usually along the banks of streams and along mountain roads4 ,it is remarkable for the brilliant vermilion color of the inner surface of the outer layer of the wall 7exoperidium71 which is exposed by splitting into radial strips that curl and twist themselves off1 and by the vermilion color of the edges of the teeth at the apex of the inner wall 7endoperidium74 ,the plant is #b--h cm4 high1 and #a--b cm4 in diameter4 ,when mature the base or stem1 which is formed of reticulated and anastomosing cords1 elongates and lifts the rounded or oval fruiting portion to some distance above the surface of the ground1 when the gelatinous volva ruptures and falls to the ground or partly clings to the stem1 exposing the peridium1 the outer portion of which then splits in the manner described4 ,when the plant is first seen above the ground it appears as a globose or rounded body1 and in wet weather has a very thick gelatinous layer surrounding it4 ,this is the volva and is formed by the gelatinization of the outer layer of threads which compose it4 ,this gelatinous layer is thick and also viscid1 and when the plants are placed on paper to dry1 it glues them firmly to the sheet4 ,when the outer layer of the peridium splits1 it does so by splitting from the base toward the apex1 or from the apex toward the base4 ,of the large number of specimens which ,i have seen at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 the split more often begins at the apex1 or at least1 when the slit is complete1 the strips usually stand out loosely in a radiate manner1 the tips being free4 ,at this stage the plant is a very beautiful object with the crown of vermilion strips radiating outward from the base of the fruit body at the top of the stem1 and the inner peridium resting in the center and terminated by the four to seven teeth with vermilion edges4 ,at this time also the light yellow spore mass is oozing out from between the teeth4 ,the spores are oblong to elliptical1 marked with very fine points1 and measure #ae--ah #h--aj 4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #hb1 ,,figure #baa4--;,calostoma cinnabarinum4 ,see text for colors 7natural size74 ,figure #baa is from plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,september1 #ahii4 ,the ,mytremyces lutescens reported in my list of ,some ,fungi of ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in ,jour4 ,elisha ,mitchell ,sci4 ,soc4 #i3 #ie--ajg1 #ahib1 is this ,calostoma cinnabarinum4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,stink-,,horn ,,fungi3 ,,phalloideae ,fries4 ,most of the stink-horn fungi are characterized by a very offensive odor4 ,some of them at maturity are in shape not unlike that of a horn1 and the vulgar name is applied because of this form and the odor4 ,the plants grow in the ground1 or in decaying organic matter lying on the ground4 ,the spawn or mycelium is in the form of rope-like strands which are usually much branched and matted together4 ,from these cords the fruit form arises4 ,during its period of growth and up to the maturity of the spores1 the fruit body is oval1 that is1 egg form1 and because of this form and the quite large size of these bodies they are often called eggs4 ,the outer portion of the egg forms the volva4 ,it is always thick1 and has an outer thin coat or membrane1 and an inner membrane1 while between the two is a thick layer of gelatinous substance1 so that the wall of the volva is often #c--f mm4 in thickness1 and is very soft4 ,the outline of the volva can be seen in ,fig4 #bae1 which shows sections of three eggs in different stages4 ,inside of the volva is the short stem 7receptacle7 which is in the middle portion1 and covering the upper portion and sides of this short stem is the pileus2 the fruit-bearing portion1 which is divided into small chambers1 lies on the outside of the pileus4 ,in the figure there can be seen cross lines extending through this part from the pileus to the wall of the volva4 ,these represent ridges or crests which anastomose over the pileus1 forming reticulations4 ,the stem or receptacle is hollow through the center1 and this hollow opens out at the end so that there is a rounded perforation through the upper portion of the pileus4 ,the spores are borne on club-shaped basidia within the chambers of the fruit-bearing portion 7gleba71 and at maturity of the spores the stem or receptacle begins to elongate4 ,this pushes the gleba and the upper part of the receptacle through the apex of the volva1 leaving this as a cup-shaped body at the base1 much as in certain species of ,amanita1 while the gleba is borne aloft on the much elongated stem4 ,during this elongation of the receptacle a large part of the substance of the gleba dissolves into a thick liquid containing the spores4 ,this runs off and is washed off by the rains1 leaving the inner surface of the gleba exposed1 and showing certain characters peculiar to the various genera4 ,among the stink-horns are a number of genera which are very interesting from the peculiarities of development2 and some of which are very beautiful and curious objects1 although they do possess offensive odors4 ,in some of the genera1 the upper part of the plant expands into leaf-like--or petal-like1 bodies1 which are highly colored and resemble flowers4 ,they are sometimes called fungus flowers4 ,,dictyophora ,desvaux4 ,dictyophora means net bearer1 and as one can see from ,fig4 #bab it is not an inappropriate name4 ,the stem or receptacle1 as one can see from the illustrations of the two species treated of here1 possesses a very coarse mesh1 so that not only the surface but the substance within is reticulated1 pitted and irregularly perforated4 ,in the genus ,dictyophora an outer layer of the receptacle or stem is separated as it elongates1 breaks away from the lower part of the stem1 is carried aloft1 and hangs as a beautiful veil4 ,this veil is very conspicuous in some species and less so in others4 ,dictyophora duplicata 7,bosc47 ,ed4 ,fischer4--,this species is illustrated in ,fig4 #bab1 made from plants collected at ,ithaca4 ,the plants are from #ae--bb cm4 high1 the cap about #e cm4 in diameter1 and the stem #b--c cm4 in thickness4 ,according to ,burt 7,bot4 ,gaz4 #bb3 #chg1 #ahif7 it is a common species in the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,the cap is more or less bell-shaped and the sculptured surface is marked in a beautiful manner with the reticulations4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #hc1 ,,figure #bab4--;,dictyophora duplicata4 ,white 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #hd1 ,,figure #bac4--;,dictyophora ravenelii4 ,mature plants showing volva at base2 elongated receptacle1 cap at the top1 and veil surrounding the receptacle under the cap 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bad4--;,dictyophora ravenelii4 ,egg stage1 caps just bursting through the volva 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bae4--;,dictyophora ravenelii4 ,sections of eggs1 and showing cords of mycelium 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,dictyophora ravenelii 7,b4 ,c47 ,burt4--,this plant also has a wide distribution in the ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,the stem is more slender than in the other species1 ,d4 duplicata1 the pileus more nearly conic1 and the surface of the pileus is merely granular or minutely wrinkled after the disappearance of the gleba1 and does not present the strong reticulating ridges and crests which that species shows4 ,the plants are from #aj to #ah cm4 high4 ,it grows in woods and fields about rotting wood1 and in sawdust4 ,the veil is very thin and delicate1 forming simply a membrane1 and does not possess the coarse meshes present in the veil of ,d4 duplicata4 ,the ,figs4 #bad1 #bae represent the different stages in the elongation of the receptacle of this plant1 and the rupture of the volva4 ,this elongation takes place quite rapidly4 ,while photographing the plant as it was bursting through the volva1 ,i had considerable difficulty in getting a picture1 since the stem elongated so rapidly that the plant would show that it had moved perceptibly1 and the picture would be blurred4 ,in a woods near ,ithaca a large number of these plants have appeared from year to year in a pile of sawdust4 ,one of the most vile smelling plants of this family is the ,ithyphallus impudicus4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,morels1 ,,cup-,,fungi1 ,,helvellas1 ,,etc43 ,,discomycetes4 ,the remaining fungi to be considered belong to a very different group of plants than do the mushrooms1 puff-balls1 etc4 ,nevertheless1 because of the size of several of the species and the fact that several of them are excellent for food1 some attention will be given to a few4 ,the entire group is sometimes spoken of as ,discomycetes or cup-fungi1 because many of the plants belonging here are shaped something like a disk1 or like a cup4 ,the principal way in which they differ from the mushrooms1 the puff-balls1 etc41 is found in the manner in which the spores are borne4 ,in the mushrooms1 etc41 the spores1 we recollect1 are borne on the end of a club-shaped body1 usually four spores on one of these4 ,in this group1 however1 the spores are borne inside of club-shaped bodies1 called sacs or asci 7singular1 ascus74 ,these sacs1 or asci1 are grouped together1 lying side by side1 forming the fruiting surface or hymenium1 much as the basidia form the fruiting surface in the mushrooms4 ,in the case of the cup or disk forms1 the upper side of the disk1 or the upper and inner surface of the cap1 is covered with these sacs1 standing side by side1 so that the free ends of the sacs form the outer surface4 ,in the case of the morel the entire outer surface of the upper portion of the plant1 that where there are so many pits1 is covered with similar sacs4 ,since so few of the genera and species of the morels and cup-fungi will be treated of here1 ,i shall not attempt to compare the genera or even to give the characters by which the genera are known4 ,in most cases the illustrations will serve this purpose so far as it is desirable to accomplish it in such a work as the present4 ,certain of the species will then be described and illustrated4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #he1 ,,figure #baf4--,morchella esculenta 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,morchella ,dill4 ,the morels are all edible and they are usually easy to recognize4 ,the plant consists of two distinct1 prominent parts1 the cap and the stem4 ,the cap varies in form from rounded1 ovate1 conic or cylindrical1 or bell-shaped1 but it is always marked by rather broad pits1 covering the entire outer surface1 which are separated from each other by ridges forming a network4 ,the color of the plants does not differ to any perceptible extent in our species4 ,the cap is usually buff or light ochre yellow1 becoming darker with age and in drying4 ,the stem in all our species is usually quite stout1 though it varies to some extent in some of the different species1 in proportion to the thickness of the cap4 ,the stem is marked in some of the species by large wrinkles or folds extending irregularly but with considerable uniformity over the surface4 ,the surface is further minutely roughened by whitish or grayish elevations1 giving it a granular appearance4 ,sometimes these granules are quite evenly distributed over the surface1 and in some species they are more or less separated into small areas by narrow lines4 ,the morels appear early in the season1 during ,may and ,june4 ,they grow usually in damp situations1 and are more abundant during rainy weather4 ,three species are illustrated here4 ,morchella esculenta ,pers4 ,edible4--,the name of this species1 the esculent morel1 indicates that it has been long known as an edible plant1 especially since the man who named it lived a century ago4 ,the plant is from #e--ae cm4 high1 the stem is #a--c cm4 in thickness1 and the cap is broader than the stem4 ,the cap is somewhat longer than broad1 and is more or less oval or rounded in outline4 ,the arrangement of the pits on the surface of the cap is regarded by some as being characteristic of certain species4 ,in this species the pits are irregularly arranged1 so that they do not form rows1 and so that the ridges separating them do not run longitudinally from the base toward the apex of the cap1 but run quite irregularly4 ,this arrangement can be seen in ,fig4 #baf1 which is from a photograph of this species4 ,the stem is hollow4 ,morchella conica ,pers4 ,edible4--,this species is very closely related to the preceding one1 and is considered by some to be only a form of the ,morchella esculenta4 ,the size is about the same1 the only difference being in the somewhat longer cap and especially in the arrangement of the pits4 ,these are arranged more or less in distinct rows1 so that the ridges separating them run longitudinally and parallel from the base of the cap to the apex1 with connecting ridges extending across between the pits4 ,the cap is also more or less conic1 but not necessarily so4 ,figure #bag illustrates this species4 ,the plant shown here is branched1 and this should not be taken to be a character of the species1 for it is not1 this form being rather rare4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bag4--,morchella conica 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #hf1 ,,figure #bah4--,morchella crassipes 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,morchella crassipes 7,vent47 ,pers4 ,edible4--,this species differs from the two preceding in the fact that the stem is nearly equal in width with the cap4 ,figure #bah illustrates a handsome specimen which was #ag cm4 high4 ,the granular surface and the folds of the stem show very distinctly and beautifully4 ,collected at ,ithaca4 ,morchella deliciosa ,fr4 ,edible1 has the cap cylindrical or nearly so4 ,it is longer than the stem1 and is usually two or three times as long as it is broad4 ,the plant is smaller than the preceding1 though large ones may equal in size small ones of those two4 ,the plant is from #d--h cm4 high4 ,morchella semilibera ,,dc41 and ,m4 bispora ,sor41 ,verpa bohemica 7,kromb47 ,schroet4 occur in this country1 and are interesting from the fact that the cap is bell-shaped1 the lower margin being free from the stem4 ,in the latter species there are only two spores in an ascus4 ,,helvella ,l4 ,the helvellas are pretty and attractive plants4 ,they are smaller than the morels1 usually4 ,they have a cap and stem1 the cap being very irregular in shape1 often somewhat lobed or saddle-shaped4 ,it is smooth1 or nearly so1 at least it is not marked by the large pits present in the cap of the morel1 and this is one of the principal distinguishing features of the helvellas as compared with the morels4 ,in one species the thin cap has its lower margin free from the stem4 ,this is ,helvella crispa ,fr41 and it has a white or whitish cap1 and a deeply furrowed stem4 ,it occurs in woods during the summer and autumn1 and is known as the white helvella4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bai4--;,helvella lacunosa 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,another species which has a wide range is the ,helvella lacunosa1 so called because of the deep longitudinal grooves in the stem4 ,the cap is thin1 but differs from the ,h4 crispa in that the lower margin is connected with the stem4 ,this species is illustrated in ,fig4 #bai from plants collected at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 during ,september1 #ahii4 ,the genus ,gyromitra is very closely related to ,helvella1 and is only distinguished by the fact that the cap is marked by prominent folds and convolutions1 resembling somewhat the convolutions of the brain4 ,its name means convoluted cap4 ,the ,gyromitra esculenta ,fr41 is from #e--aj cm4 high1 and the cap from #e--g cm4 broad4 ,while this species has long been reported as an edible one1 and has been employed in many instances as food with no evil results1 there are known cases where it has acted as a poison4 ,in many cases where poisoning has resulted the plants were quite old and probably in the incipient stages of decay4 ,however1 it is claimed that a poisonous principle1 called helvellic acid1 has been isolated by a certain chemist1 which acts as a violent poison4 ,this principle is very soluble in hot water1 and when care is used to drain off first water in which they have been cooked1 squeezing the water well from the plants1 they are pronounced harmless4 ,the safer way would be to avoid such suspicious species4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbj4--,spathularia velutipes 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,spathularia velutipes ,cooke ,farlow4--,this species represents another interesting genus of the ,discomycetes4 ,it is in the form of a spatula1 and from this shape of the plant the genus takes its name4 ,there are several species known in this country1 and this one is quite common4 ,the stem extends the entire length of the plant1 running right through the cap1 or perhaps it would be better to say that the cap or fruiting portion forms two narrow blades or wings on opposite sides of the upper part of the stem4 ,these wing-like expansions of the cap on the opposite sides of the stem give the spathulate form to the plant4 ,figure #bbj is from plants collected in the woods near ,ithaca4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bba4--,leotia lubrica 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,leotia lubrica ,pers4--,the genus ,leotia is quite readily recognized by its form1 and because the plants are usually slimy4 ,this species is called lubrica because of the slippery character of the entire plant4 ,it is dull yellowish or olive yellow in color4 ,the cap1 as can be seen from the figure 7#bba71 is irregularly rounded1 and broader than the stem4 ,the plant is illustrated natural size from specimens collected near ,ithaca4 ,,the ,,true ,,cup-,,fungi4 ,by far the larger number of the ,discomycetes are cup-shaped1 and are popularly called cup-fungi4 ,they vary from plants of very minute size1 so small that they can be just seen with the eye1 or some of the larger ones are several inches in breadth4 ,they grow on the ground1 on leaves1 wood1 etc4 ,the variety of form and color is great4 ,they may be sessile1 that is1 the cup rests immediately on the ground or wood1 or leaves1 or they may possess a short1 or rather long stalk4 ,the only species illustrated here has a comparatively long stalk1 and the cap is deep cup-shaped1 almost like a beaker4 ,this plant is technically known as ,sarcoscypha floccosa4 ,it is represented here natural size 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,the stem is slender1 and the rim of the cup is beset with long1 strigose hairs4 ,the inner surface of the cup is lined with the sacs 7asci7 and sterile threads 7paraphyses71 spoken of on a former page1 when treating of the fruiting character of the morels and cup-fungi4 ,in this plant the color of the inside of the cup is very beautiful1 being a bright red4 ,another species1 ,sarcoscypha coccinea1 the scarlet sarcoscypha1 is a larger plant which appears in very early spring1 soon after the frost is out of the ground4 ,it grows on rotting logs and wood in the woods or in groves4 ,the inside of the cup in this species is a rich scarlet1 and from this rich color the species takes its name4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbb4--,sarcoscypha floccosa 7natural size74 ,copyright4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,collection ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,the ,,fleshy ,,fungi4 ,in the collection of the higher fungi it is of the utmost importance that certain precautions be employed in obtaining all parts of the plant1 and furthermore that care be exercised in handling1 in order not to remove or efface delicate characters4 ,not only is it important for the beginner1 but in many instances an expert may not be able to determine a specimen which may have lost what undoubtedly seem1 to some1 trivial marks4 ,the suggestions given here should enable one to collect specimens in such a way as to protect these characters while fresh1 to make notes of the important evanescent characters and to dry and preserve them properly for future study4 ,for collecting a number of specimens under a variety of conditions the following list of apparatus is recommended3 ,one or two oblong or rectangular hand baskets1 capacity from #h--ab quarts4 ,or a rectangular zinc case with a closely fitting top 7not the ordinary botanical collecting case74 ,half a dozen or so tall pasteboard boxes1 or tins1 #c #c1 or #d #d1 #e inches deep1 to hold certain species in an upright position4 ,a quantity of tissue paper cut #h #aj or #f #h inches4 ,smaller quantity of waxed tissue paper for wrapping viscid or sticky plants4 ,trowel2 a stout knife2 memorandum pad and pencil4 ,collecting4--,during the proper season1 and when rains are abundant1 the mushrooms are to be found in open fields1 waste places1 groves and woods4 ,they are usually more abundant in the forests4 ,especially in dry weather are specimens more numerous in rather damp woods1 along ravines or streams4 ,in collecting specimens which grow on the ground the trowel should be used to dig up the plant carefully1 to be sure that no important part of the plant is left in the ground4 ,after one has become familiar with the habit of the different kinds the trowel will not be necessary in all cases4 ,for example1 most species of ,russula1 ,lactarius1 ,tricholoma1 ,boletus1 etc41 are not deeply seated in the soil1 and careful hand-picking will in most cases secure specimens properly1 especially if one does not object to digging in the soil with the fingers4 ,but in the case of most species of ,amanita1 certain species of ,lepiota1 ,collybia1 etc41 a trowel is necessary to get up the base of the plant in such a way as to preserve essential characters4 ,even then it is possible1 if the ground is not too hard1 to dig them out with the fingers1 or with a stout knife1 but ,i have often found specimens which could only be taken up with a trowel or spade4 ,species growing on sticks or leaves are easily collected by taking a portion of the substratum on which they grow4 ,specimens on the larger limbs or trunks or stumps can sometimes be picked1 but until one is accustomed to certain individualities of the plant it is well to employ the knife and to cut off a portion of the wood if necessary1 to avoid cutting off the base of the stem4 ,it is necessary also to handle the specimens with the greatest care to avoid leaving finger marks where the surface of the stem or cap is covered with a soft and delicate outer coat1 especially if one wishes to photograph the plant1 since rubbed or marked places spoil the plant for this purpose4 ,also a little careless handling will remove such important characters as a frail annulus or volva1 which often are absolutely necessary to recognize the species4 ,having collected the specimens1 they should be properly placed in the basket or collecting case4 ,those which are quite firm1 and not long and slender1 can be wrapped with tissue paper 7waxed tissue paper if they are viscid or sticky71 and placed directly in the basket1 with some note or number to indicate habitat or other peculiarity which it is desirable to make at the time of collection4 ,the smaller1 more slender and fragile1 specimens can be wrapped in tissue paper 7a cluster of several individuals can be frequently rolled up together7 made in the form of a narrow funnel and the ends then twisted4 ,the shape of the paper enables one to wrap them in such a way as to protect certain delicate characters on the stem or cap4 ,these can then be stood upright in the small pasteboard boxes which should occupy a portion of the basket4 ,a number of such wrappers can be placed in a single box1 unless the specimens are of considerable size and numerous4 ,in these boxes they are prevented from being crushed by the jostling of the larger specimens in the basket4 ,these boxes have the additional advantage of preserving certain specimens entire and upright if one wishes later to photograph them4 ,field ,notes4--,the field notes which may be taken upon the collection will depend on circumstances4 ,if one goes to the sorting room soon after the collection is made1 so that notes can be made there before the more delicate specimens dry1 few notes will answer in the field1 and usually one is so busy collecting or hunting for specimens there is not much inclination to make extended notes in the field4 ,but it is quite important to note the habitat and environment1 i4 e41 the place where they grow1 the kind and character of the soil1 in open field1 roadside1 grove1 woods1 on ground1 leaves1 sticks1 stumps1 trunks1 rotting wood1 or on living tree1 etc4 ,it is very important also that different kinds be kept separate4 ,the student will recognize the importance of this and other suggestions much more than the new fungus hunter4 ,sorting ,room4--,when one returns from a collecting trip it is best to take the plants as soon as possible to a room where they can be assorted4 ,an hour or so delay usually does not matter1 but the sooner they are attended to the better4 ,sometimes when they are carefully placed in the basket1 as described above1 they may be kept over night without injury1 but this will depend on the kinds in the collection4 ,coprini are apt to deliquesce1 certain other specimens1 especially in warm weather1 are apt to be so infested with larv that they will be ruined by morning1 when immediate drying might save them4 ,other thin and delicate ones1 especially in dry weather1 will dry out so completely that one loses the opportunity of taking notes on the fresh specimen4 ,specimens to be photographed should be attended to at once1 unless it is too late in the day1 when they should be set aside in an upright position1 and if necessary under a bell-jar1 until the following day4 ,as far as possible good specimens should be selected for the photograph1 representing different stages of development1 and one to show the fruiting surface4 ,sometimes it will be necessary to make more than one photograph to obtain all the stages4 ,also on different days one is apt to obtain a specimen representing an important stage in development not represented before4 ,the plants should be arranged close together to economize space1 but not usually touching nor too crowded4 ,they should be placed in their natural position as far as possible1 and means for support1 if used1 should be hidden behind the plant4 ,they should be so arranged as to show individual as well as specific character and should be photographed if possible natural size1 or at least not on a plate smaller than #e #g inches unless the plants are small2 while larger ones are better on #f #h or larger4 ,some very small ones it may be necessary to enlarge in order to show the character of the fruiting surface1 and even large specimens can sometimes have a portion of the hymenium enlarged to good advantage if it is desirable to show the characters clearly4 ,the background should be selected to bring out the characters strongly1 and in the exposure and developing it is often necessary to disregard the effect of the background in order to bring out the detail of texture on the plant itself4 ,the background should be renewed as often as necessary to have it uniform and neat4 ,there is much more that might be said under this head1 but there is not space here4 ,to ,obtain ,spore ,prints4--,in many cases it is desirable to obtain spores in a mass on paper in order to know the exact tint of color produced by the species4 ,often the color of the spores can be satisfactorily determined by an examination of them under the microscope4 ,one cannot always depend on the color of the lamell since a number of the species possess colored cystidia or spines in the hymenium which disguise the color of the spores4 ,the best way to determine the color of the spores in mass is to catch them as they fall from the fruiting surface on paper4 ,for the ordinary purpose of study and reference in the herbarium the spores caught on unprepared paper1 which later may be placed in the packet with the specimen1 will answer4 ,this method has the advantage of saving time1 and also the danger of injury to the spores from some of the fixatives on prepared paper is avoided4 ,if for purposes of illustration one wishes pretty spore prints1 perfect caps must be cut from the stem and placed fruiting surface downward on paper prepared with some gum arable or similar preparation spread over it1 while the paper is still moist with the fixative1 and then the specimen must be covered with a bell-jar or other receiver to prevent even the slightest draft of air1 otherwise the spores will float around more or less4 ,the spores may be caught on a thin1 absorbent paper1 and the paper then be floated on the fixative in a shallow vessel until it soaks through and comes in contact with the spores4 ,i have sometimes used white of egg as a fixative4 ,these pieces of paper can then be cut out and either glued to card-boards1 or onto the herbarium sheet4 ,sorting the ,plants4--,this should be done as soon as possible after collection4 ,a large table in the sorting room is convenient1 upon which the specimens may be spread1 or grouped rather1 by species1 the individuals of a species together1 on sheets of paper4 ,surplus dirt1 or wood1 leaves1 etc41 can be removed4 ,a few of the specimens can be turned so that spores can be caught on the papers4 ,if only one or a few specimens of a given species have been found1 and it is desirable not to cut off the cap from the stem1 the plant can be supported in an upright position1 a small piece of paper slit at one side can be slipped around the stem underneath the cap1 on which the spores will fall4 ,sometimes it will be necessary to cover the plant with a bell-jar in order to prevent it from drying before the spores are shed4 ,experience with different species will suggest the treatment necessary4 ,taking ,notes on the ,specimens4--,very few probably realize the desirability of making notes of certain characters while the plants are fresh1 for future reference1 or for use by those to whom the plants may be sent for determination4 ,it is some trouble to do this1 and when the different kinds are plentiful the temptation is strong to neglect it4 ,when one has available books for determination of the species1 as many as possible should be studied and determined while fresh4 ,but it is not always possible to satisfactorily determine all4 ,some may be too difficult for ready recognition1 others may not be described in the books at hand1 or poorly so1 and further the number of kinds may be too great for determination before they will spoil4 ,on these as well as on some of the interesting ones recognized1 it is important to make a record of certain characters4 ,these notes should be kept either with the specimen1 or a number should be given the specimen and the notes kept separately with the corresponding number4 ,,memoranda4 ,no44 ,locality1 ,date4 ,name of collector4 ,weather4 ,habitat4--,if on ground1 low or high1 wet or dry1 kind of soil2 on fallen leaves1 twigs1 branches1 logs1 stumps1 roots1 whether dead or living1 kind of tree2 in open fields1 pastures1 etc41 woods1 groves1 etc41 mixed woods or evergreen1 oak1 chestnut1 etc4 ,plants4--,whether solitary1 clustered1 tufted1 whether rooting or not1 taste1 odor1 color when bruised or cut1 and if a change in color takes place after exposure to the air4 ,cap4--,whether dry1 moist1 watery in appearance 7hygrophanous71 slimy1 viscid1 glutinous2 color when young1 when old2 whether with fine bloom1 powder2 kind of scales and arrangement1 whether free from the cuticle and easily rubbed off4 ,shape of cap4 ,margin of ,cap4--,whether straight or incurved when young1 whether striate or not when moist4 ,stem4--,whether slimy1 viscid1 glutinous1 kind of scales if not smooth1 whether striate1 dotted1 granular1 color2 when there are several specimens test one to see if it is easily broken out from the cap1 also to see if it is fibrous1 or fleshy1 or cartilaginous 7firm on the outside1 partly snapping and partly tough74 ,shape of the stem4 ,gills or ,tubes4--,color when young1 old1 color when bruised1 and if color changes1 whether soft1 waxy1 brittle1 or tough2 sharp or blunt1 plane or serrate edge4 ,milk4--,color if present1 changing after exposure1 taste4 ,veil4--7,inner veil47 ,whether present or not1 character1 whether arachnoid1 and if so whether free from cuticle of pileus or attached only to the edge2 whether fragile1 persistent1 disappearing1 slimy1 etc41 movable1 etc4 ,ring4--,present or absent1 fragile1 or persistent1 whether movable1 viscid1 etc4 ,volva4--,present or absent1 persistent or disappearing1 whether it splits at apex or is circumscissile1 or all crumbly and granular or floccose1 whether the part on the pileus forms warts1 and then the kind1 distribution1 shape1 persistence1 etc4 ,spores4--,color when caught on white paper4 ,to the close observer additional points of interest will often be noted4 ,to ,dry the ,specimens4--,frequently the smaller specimens will dry well when left in the room1 especially in dry weather1 or better if they are placed where there is a draft of air4 ,some dry them in the sun4 ,but often the sun is not shining1 and the weather may be rainy or the air very humid1 when it is impossible to dry the specimens properly except by artificial heat4 ,the latter method is better for the larger specimens at all times4 ,during the autumn when radiators are heated the fungi dry well when placed on or over them4 ,one of the best places which ,i have utilized is the brick work around a boiler connected with a mountain hotel4 ,two other methods are1 however1 capable of wider application4 #ast4--,a tin oven about #b #b feet1 and two or several feet high1 with one side hinged as a door1 and with several movable shelves of perforated tin1 or of wire netting2 a vent at the top1 and perforations around the sides at the bottom to admit air4 ,the object being to provide for a constant current of air from below upwards between the specimens4 ,this may be heated1 if not too large1 with a lamp1 though an oil stove or gas jet or heater is better4 ,the specimens are placed on the shelves with the accompanying notes or numbers4 ,the height of this box can be extended where the number of specimens is great4 #b;d4--,a very successful method which ,i employed at a summer resort at ,blowing ,rock1 ,n4 ,c41 in the mountains of ,north ,carolina1 during ,september1 #ahii1 was as follows3 ,an old cook stove was set up in an unoccupied cottage1 with two wire screens from #c #d feet1 one above the other1 the lower one about one foot above the top of the stove4 ,large numbers can be dried on these frames4 ,care of course must be taken that the plants are not burned4 ,in all cases the plants must be so placed that air will circulate under and around them1 otherwise they are apt to blacken4 ,when the plants are dry they are very brittle and must be handled carefully4 ,when removed from the drier many kinds soon absorb enough moisture to become pliant so that they are not easily broken4 ,others remain brittle4 ,they may be put away in small boxes2 or pressed out nearly flat1 not so as to crush the gills1 and then put in paper packets4 ,the plants which do not absorb sufficient moisture from the air1 so that they are pliant enough to press1 can be placed in small boxes or on paper in a large box with peat moss in the bottom1 and the box then closed tightly until they absorb enough moisture to become flexible4 ,the plants must not get wet1 and they should be examined every half hour or so1 for some become limp much sooner than others4 ,if the plants get too moist the gills crush together when pressed1 and otherwise they do not make such good specimens4 ,when the specimens are dried and placed in the herbarium they must be protected from insects4 ,some are already infested with insects which the process of drying does not kill4 ,they must be either poisoned with corrosive sublimate in alcohol1 or fumigated with carbon disulphide1 and if the latter it must be repeated one or two times at an interval of a month to catch those which were in the egg state the first time4 ,when placed in the herbarium or in a box for storage1 naphtha balls can be placed with them to keep out insects1 but it should be understood that the naphtha balls will not kill or drive away insects already in the specimens4 ,where there are enough duplicates1 some specimens preserved in #ge per cent4 alcohol1 under the same number1 are of value for the study of structural characters4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,selection ,,and ,,preparation ,,of ,,mushrooms ,,for ,,the ,,table4 ,in the selection of mushrooms to eat1 great caution should be employed by those who are not reasonably familiar with the means of determination of the species1 or those who have not an intimate acquaintance with certain forms4 ,rarely should the beginner be encouraged to eat them upon his own determination4 ,it is best at first to consult some one who knows1 or to send first specimens away for determination1 though in many cases a careful comparison of the plant with the figures and descriptions given in this book will enable a novice to recognize it4 ,in taking up a species for the first time it would be well to experiment cautiously4 ,no ,certain ,rule to ,distinguish the ,poisonous from the ,edible4--,there is no certain test1 like the silver spoon test1 which will enable one to tell the poisonous mushroom from the edible ones4 ,nor is the presence of the so-called death cup a sure sign that the fungus is poisonous1 for the ,amanita csarea has this cup4 ,for the beginner1 however1 there are certain general rules1 which1 if carefully followed1 will enable him to avoid the poisonous ones1 while at the same time necessarily excluding many edible ones4 #ast4--,reject all fungi which have begun to decay1 or which are infested with larv4 #b;d4--,reject all fungi when in the button stage1 since the characters are not yet shown which enable one to distinguish the genera and species4 ,buttons in pasture lands which are at the surface of the ground and not deep-seated in the soil1 would very likely not belong to any of the very poisonous kinds4 #c;d4--,reject all fungi which have a cup or sac-like envelope at the base of the stem1 or which have a scaly or closely fitting layer at the base of the stem1 and rather loose warts on the pileus1 especially if the gills are white4 ,amanita csarea has a sac-like envelope at the base of the stem1 and yellow gills as well as a yellow cap1 and is edible4 ,amanita rubescens has remnants of a scaly envelope on the base of the stem and loose warts on the cap1 and the flesh where wounded becomes reddish4 ,it is edible4 7,see plate #ai47 #dth4--,reject all fungi with a milky juice unless the juice is reddish4 ,several species with copious white milk1 sweet or mild to the taste1 are edible 7see ,lactarius volemus and corrugis74 #eth4--,reject very brittle fungi with gills nearly all of equal length1 where the flesh of the cap is thin1 especially those with bright caps4 #fth4--,reject all ,boleti in which the flesh changes color where bruised or cut1 or those in which the tubes have reddish mouths1 also those the taste of which is bitter4 ,strobilomyces strobilaceus changes color when cut1 and is edible4 #gth4--,reject fungi which have a cobwebby veil or ring when young1 and those with slimy caps and clay-colored spores4 ,in addition1 proceed cautiously in all cases1 and make it a point to become very familiar with a few species first1 and gradually extend the range of species1 rather than attempt the first season to eat a large number of different kinds4 ,all puff-balls are edible so long as they are white inside1 though some are better than others4 ,all coral-like or club fungi are edible4 ,to ,clean and ,prepare the ,specimens4--,the mushrooms having been collected1 all tough stems1 the parts to which earth clings1 should be removed4 ,after the specimens are selected1 if there is danger that some of them may be infested with larv1 it is well to cut off the stem close to the cap1 for if the insects are in the stem and have not yet reached the cap they may thus be cast away4 ,some recommend that the tubes of all ,boleti be removed1 since they are apt to make a slimy mass in cooking4 ,where the plants are small they may be cooked entire4 ,large ones should be quartered1 or cut1 or sliced1 according to the size and form of the plant1 or method of cooking4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,uses ,,of ,,mushrooms4,c ,the most prominent and at present important use of mushrooms from the standpoint of the utilitarian is as an article of food4 ,we have now learned that their food value as a nutrient substance is not so great as has been fondly supposed1 but1 as ,mr4 ,clark points out in ,chapter ,,xxii1 in addition to the value they certainly do possess as food1 they have very great value as condiments or food accessories1 and their value as such is beyond the computation of the chemist or physiologist4 ,they are among the most appetizing of table delicacies1 and add greatly to the palatability of many foods when cooked with them4 ,mushrooms undoubtedly possess a food value beyond that attributed to them by the chemist or physiologist1 since it is not possible in laboratory analysis to duplicate the conditions which exist in the natural digestion and assimilation of foods4 ,probably the larger number of persons1 in ,america1 at present interested in mushrooms1 are chiefly concerned with them as an article of food1 but a great many of these persons love to tramp to the fields and woods in quest of them just as the sportsman loves to hunt his game with dog and gun4 ,it is quite likely that there will always be a large body of persons who will maintain a lively interest in the collection of game mushrooms for food4 ,there are several reasons for this4 ,the zest of the search1 the pleasure of discovery1 and the healthfulness of the outdoor recreation lend an appetizing flavor to the fruits of the chase not to be obtained by purchasing a few pounds of cultivated mushrooms on the market4 ,it cultivates powers of observation1 and arouses a sympathetic feeling toward nature1 and with those outdoor environments of man which lend themselves so happily in bettering and brightening life1 as well as in prolonging it4 ,many others are discovering that the observation of form and habits of mushrooms is a very interesting occupation for those who have short periods of time at their disposal weekly4 ,it requires but a little observation to convince one that there is an interesting variety of form among these plants1 that their growth and expansion operate in conformity with certain laws which result in great variation in form and habit of the numerous kinds on the ground1 on leaves1 on branches1 on tree trunks1 etc4 ,another very favorable indication accompanying the increasing interest in the study of these plants1 is the recognition of their importance as objects for nature study4 ,there are many useful as well as interesting lessons taught by mushrooms to those who stop to read their stories4 ,the long growth period of the spawn in the ground1 or in the tree trunk1 where it may sometimes be imprisoned for years1 sometimes a century1 or more1 before the mushroom appears1 is calculated to dispel the popular notion that the mushroom grows in a night4 ,then from the button stage to the ripe fruit1 several days1 a week1 a month1 or a year may be needed1 according to the kind1 while some fruiting forms are known to live from several to eighty or more years4 ,the adjustment of the fruit cap to a position most suitable for the scattering of the spores1 the different ways in which the fruit cap opens and expands1 the different forms of the fruit surface1 their colors and other peculiarities1 suggest topics for instructive study and observation4 ,the inclination1 just now becoming apparent1 to extend nature study topics to include mushrooms is an evidence of a broader and more sympathetic attitude toward nature4 ,a little extension of one's observation on the habits of these plants in the woods will reveal the fact that certain ones are serious enemies of timber trees and timber4 ,it is quite easy in many cases for one possessing no technical knowledge of the subject to read the story of these wood destroying fungi in the living tree4 ,branches broken by snow1 by wind1 or by falling timber provide entrance areas where the spores1 lodging on the heart wood of broken timber1 or on a bruise on the side of the trunk which has broken through the living part of the tree lying just beneath the bark1 provide a point for entrance4 ,the living substance 7protoplasm7 in the spawn exudes a juice 7enzyme7 which dissolves an opening in the wood cells and permits the spawn to enter the heart of the tree1 where decay rapidly proceeds as a result4 ,but very few of these plants can enter the tree when the living part underneath the bark is unbroken4 ,these observations suggest useful topics for thought4 ,they suggest practical methods of prevention1 careful forestry treatment and careful lumbering to protect the young growth when timber trees are felled4 ,they suggest careful pruning of fruit and shade trees1 by cutting limbs smooth and close to the trunk1 and then painting the smooth surface with some lead paint4 ,while we are thus apt to regard many of the mushrooms as enemies of the forest1 they are1 at the same time1 of incalculable use to the forest4 ,the mushrooms are nature's most active agents in the disposal of the forest's waste material4 ,forests that have developed without the guidance of man have been absolutely dependent upon them for their continued existence4 ,where the species of mushrooms are comparatively few which attack living trees1 there are hundreds of kinds ready to strike into fallen timber4 ,there is a degree of moisture present on the forest floor exactly suited to the rapid growth of the mycelium of numbers of species in the bark1 sap wood1 and heart wood of the fallen trees or shrubs4 ,in a few years the branches begin to crumble because of the disorganizing effect of the mycelium in the wood4 ,other species adapted to growing in rotting wood follow and bring about1 in a few years1 the complete disintegration of the wood4 ,it gradually passes into the soil of the forest floor1 and is made available food for the living trees4 ,how often one notices that seedling trees and shrubs start more abundantly on rotting logs4 ,the fallen leaves1 too1 are seized upon by the mycelium of a great variety of mushrooms4 ,it is through the action of the mycelium of mushrooms of every kind that the fallen forest leaves1 as well as the trunks and branches1 are converted into food for the living trees4 ,the fungi1 are1 therefore1 one of the most important agents in providing available food for the virgin forest4 ,the spawn of some fungi in the forest goes so far1 in a number of cases1 as to completely envelop those portions of the roots of certain trees as to prevent the possibility of the roots taking up food material and moisture on their own account4 ,in such cases1 the oaks1 beeches1 hornbeams1 and the like1 have the younger parts of their roots completely enveloped with a dense coat of mycelium4 ,the mycelium in these cases absorbs the moisture from the soil or forest floor and conveys it over to the roots of the tree1 and in this way supplies them with both food and water from the decaying humus1 the oak being thus dependent on the mycelium4 ,in the fields1 however1 where there is not the abundance of humus and decaying leaves present in the forest1 the coating of mycelium on the roots of these trees is absent1 and in this latter case the young roots are provided with root hairs which take up the moisture and food substances from the soil in the ordinary way4 ,the mushrooms also prevent the forest from becoming choked or strangled by its own fallen members4 ,were it not for the action of the mushroom mycelium in causing the decay of fallen timber in the forest1 in time it would be piled so high as to allow only a miserable existence to a few choked individuals4 ,the action of the mushrooms in thus disposing of the fallen timber in the forests1 and in converting dead trees and fallen leaves into available food for the living ones1 is probably the most important role in the existence of these plants4 ,mushrooms1 then1 are to be given very high rank among the natural agencies which have contributed to the good of the world4 ,when we contemplate the vast areas of forest in the world we can gain some idea of the stupendous work performed by the mushrooms in house cleaning1 and in preparing food1 work in which they are still engaged4 ,,fungi ,,in ,,the ,,arts4 ,a number of different species of mushrooms have been employed in the manufacture of useful articles4 ,their use for such purposes1 however1 was more common in the past than at present1 and it is largely therefore a matter of interest at the present time1 though some are still employed for purposes of this kind4 ,tinder mushroom1 or amadou4--,the ,polyporus fomentarius1 or tinder mushroom or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,german tinder1 was once employed in the manufacture of tinder4 ,the outer hard coat was removed and the central portion1 consisting almost entirely of the tube system of several years' growth1 was cut into strips and beaten to a soft condition4 ,in this form it was used as tinder for striking fire4 ,the inner portion was also used in making caps1 chest-protectors1 and similar articles4 ,a process now in vogue in some parts of ,germany1 is to steam the fruit bodies1 remove the outer crust1 and then1 by machinery constructed for the purpose1 shave the fruit body into a long1 thin strip by revolving it against a knife in much the same way that certain woods are shaved into thin strips for the manufacture of baskets1 plates1 etc4 ,some articles of clothing made from this fungus material are worn by peasants in certain parts of ,europe4 ,mushrooms for razor strops4--,the beech polyporus 7,p4 betulinus7 several centuries ago was used for razor strops4 ,the fruit body after being dried was cut into strips1 glued upon a stretcher1 and smoothed down with pumice stone 7,asa ,gray ,bull4 #g3 #ah1 #aijj74 ,the sheets of the weeping merulius 7see ,fig4 #ahi7 were also employed for the same purpose1 as were also the sheets of punk formed from mycelium filling in cracks in old logs or between boards in lumber piles4 ,sometimes extensive sheets of this punk are found several feet long and a foot or more wide4 ,these sheets of pure mycelium resemble soft chamois skin or soiled kid leather4 ,mushrooms employed for flower pots4--,in ,bohemia 7according to ,cooke1 ,fungi1 etc41 p4 #ajc7 hoof-shaped fruit bodies of ,polyporus fomentarius and igniarius are used for flower pots4 ,the inner1 or tube portion1 is cut out4 ,the hoof-shaped portion1 then inverted and fastened to the side of a building or place of support1 serves as a receptacle for soil in which plants are grown4 ,curios4--,the ,polyporus applanatus is much sought by some persons as a curio1 and also for the purpose of etching4 ,in the latter case they serve as pastels for a variety of art purposes4 ,the under surface of the plant is white4 ,all collectors of this plant know that to preserve the white fruiting surface in a perfect condition it must be handled very carefully4 ,a touch or bruise1 or contact with other objects mars the surface1 since a bruise or a scratch results in a rapid change in color of the injured surface4 ,beautiful etchings can thus be made with a fine pointed instrument1 the lines of color appearing as the instrument is drawn over the surface4 ,fungi for medicinal purposes4--,a number of the fungi were formerly employed in medicine for various purposes1 but most of them have been discarded4 ,some of the plants were once used as a purgative1 as in the case of the officinal polyporus1 the great puff ball1 etc4 ,the internal portion of the great puff ball has been used as an anodyne1 and formidable surgical operations have been performed under its influence4 ,it is frequently used as a narcotic4 ,some species are employed as drugs by the ,chinese4 ,the anthelmintic polyporus is employed in ,burmah as a vermifuge4 ,the ergot of rye is still employed to some extent in medicine1 and the ripe puff balls are still used in some cases to stop bleeding of wounds4 ,luminosity of fungi4--,while the luminosity possessed by certain fungi cannot be said to be of distinct utility1 their phosphorescence is a noteworthy phenomenon4 ,that decaying wood often emits this phosphorescent light has been widely observed1 especially in wooded districts4 ,it is due to the presence of the mycelium of one of the wood destroying fungi4 ,the luminosity is often so bright that when brought near a printed page in the dark1 words can be read4 ,hawthorne reported the light from an improvised torch of mycelium infected wood1 to have carried him safely several miles through an otherwise impassable forest4 7,asa ,gray1 ,bull4 #g3 #g1 #aijj74 ,the sulphur polyporus is said sometimes to be phosphorescent4 ,the ,clitocybe illudens 7see ,fig4 #ib7 has long been known to emit a strong phosphorescent light1 and has been called ,jack-my-lantern4 ,this plant often occurs in great abundance4 ,at mountain hotels it is often brought in by day1 and the guests at night1 discovering its luminosity1 trace grotesque figures1 or monograms1 on the ground by broken portions1 which can be seen at a considerable distance4 ,lentinus stipticus in this country is also phosphorescent4 ,in ,europe1 the ,pleurotus olearius 7very closely related to our ,clitocybe illudens7 on dead olive trunks is one of the best known of the phosphorescent species4 ,other phosphorescent species are1 according to ,tulasne1 ,a4 igneus from ,amboyna1 ,a4 noctileucus in ,manila1 and ,a4 gardneri in ,brazil4 ,the use of certain mushrooms in making intoxicant beverages is referred to in ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,since the artificial cultivation of mushrooms for food is becoming quite an industry in this country with some1 the following chapter is devoted to a treatment of the subject4 ,mention may be made here1 however1 of the attempts in parts of ,france to cultivate truffles1 species of subterranean fungi belonging to the ascomycetes 7various species of the genus ,tuber74 ,it had long been observed that truffles grow in regions forested by certain trees1 as the oak1 beech1 hornbeam1 etc4 ,efforts were made to increase the production of truffles by planting certain regions to these trees4 ,especially in certain calcareous districts of ,france 7see ,cooke1 ,fungi1 etc41 p4 #bfj7 young plantations of oak1 beech1 or beech and fir1 after the lapse of a few years1 produced truffles4 ,the spores of the truffles are in the soil1 and the mycelium seems to maintain some symbiotic relation with the roots of the young trees1 which results in the increase in the production of the fruit bodies4 ,dogs and pigs are employed in the collection of truffles from the ground4 ,comparatively few of the truffles1 or other subterranean fungi1 have been found in ,america1 owing probably to their subterranean habit1 where they are not readily observed1 and to the necessity of special search to find them4 ,in ,california1 however1 ,dr4 ,harkness 7,proc4 ,calif4 ,acad4 ,sci47 has collected a large number of species and genera4 ,recently 7,shear4 ,asa ,gray ,bull4 #g3 #aah1 #ahii7 reports finding a truffle 7,terfezia oligosperma ,tul47 in ,maryland1 and ,t4 leonis occurs in ,louisiana4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,there is not room here to discuss the uses of other fungi than the mushrooms4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,cultivation ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,the increasing interest in mushrooms during the past few years has not been confined to the kinds growing spontaneously in fields and woods1 but the interest aroused in the collection and study of the wild varieties has been the means of awakening a general interest in the cultivation of mushrooms4 ,this is leading many persons to inquire concerning the methods of cultivation1 especially those who wish to undertake the cultivation of these plants on a small scale1 in cellars or cool basements1 where they may be grown for their own consumption4 ,at somewhat frequent intervals articles appear in the newspapers depicting the ease and certainty with which mushrooms can be grown1 and the great profits that accrue to the cultivator of these plants4 ,while the profits in some cases1 at least in the past1 have been very great to cultivators of mushrooms1 the competition has become so general that through a large part of the year the market price of mushrooms is often not sufficient to much more than pay expenses4 ,in fact1 it is quite likely that in many cases of the house cultivation of mushrooms the profits are no larger1 taking the season through1 than they are from the cultivation of tomatoes or other hothouse vegetables4 ,occasionally some persons1 who may be cultivating them upon a small scale in houses erected for some other purpose1 or perhaps partly used for some other purpose1 may succeed in growing quite a large crop from a small area with little expenditure of time and money4 ,the profits figured from such a crop grown on a small scale where the investment in houses1 heating apparatus1 and time1 is not counted1 may appear to be very large1 but they do not represent the true conditions of the industry where the expense of houses and the cost of time and labor are taken into consideration4 ,probably the more profitable cultivation of mushrooms in this country is where the cultivation is practiced on quite a large scale1 in tunnels1 or caves1 or abandoned mines1 where no expense is necessary in the erection of houses4 ,the temperature throughout the year is favorable for the growth of the mushrooms without artificial heating4 ,it is possible1 also1 to grow them on a large scale during the warm summer months when it is impossible to grow them under the present conditions in heating house structures1 and also when the market price of the mushrooms is very high1 and can be controlled largely by the grower4 ,for this reason1 if it were possible to construct a house with some practical system of cooling the air through the summer1 and prevent the drip1 the cultivation in houses would probably be more profitable4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbc4--,view in ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mushroom ,co4 ,beds beginning to bear4 ,copyright4 ,for the past few years the writer has been giving some attention to the different methods of the cultivation of mushrooms in ,america1 and in response to the growing interest for information concerning the artificial cultivation of these plants1 it has seemed well to add this chapter on the cultivation of mushrooms to the second edition of the present work4 ,the cultivation as practiced in ,america exists under a great variety of conditions4 ,all of these conditions have not been thoroughly investigated1 and yet a sufficient number of them have been rather carefully studied to warrant the preparation of this chapter4 ,the illustrations which have been made from time to time1 by flash light1 of the cave culture of mushrooms in ,america1 as well as of the house culture1 will serve to illustrate graphically some of the stages in the progress of the work4 ,for present purposes we will consider1 first1 the conditions under which the cultivation is carried on1 followed by a discussion of the principles involved in the selection and preparation of the material1 the selection and planting of the spawn1 as well as the harvesting of the crop4 ,,the ,,cave ,,culture ,,of ,,mushrooms ,,in ,,america4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbd4--,view in ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mushroom ,co4 ,beds beginning to bear4 ,copyright4 ,this has been practiced for a number of years in different parts of the ,eastern ,united ,states1 but perhaps only a small portion of the available caves or tunnels are at present used for this purpose4 ,these subterranean mushroom farms are usually established in some abandoned mine where1 the rock having been removed1 the space is readily adapted to this purpose1 if portions of the mine are not wet from the dripping water4 ,the most extensive one which ,i have visited is located at ,akron1 ,new ,york1 and is operated by the ,new ,york ,mushroom ,company4 ,in a single abandoned cement mine there are #ab to #ae acres of available space2 about #c to #e acres of this area are used in the operations of the culture and handling of materials4 ,the dry portions of the mine are selected1 and flat beds are made upon the bottom rock1 with the use of hemlock boards1 making the beds usually #af feet long by #d feet wide1 the boards being #aj inches wide4 ,in this case1 the beds1 after soiling or finishing1 are #i inches deep1 the material resting directly upon the rock1 the boards being used only to hold the material on the edges in position4 ,figures #bbc and #bbd illustrate the position of the beds and their relation to each other1 as well as showing the general structural features of the mine4 ,the pillars of rock are those which were left at the time of mining1 as supports for the rock roof above1 while additional wood props are used in places4 ,in this mine all of the beds are constructed upon a single plan4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbe4--,view in ,wheatland cave1 showing ridge beds1 and one flat bed4 ,copyright4 ,at another place1 ,wheatland1 ,new ,york1 where the ,wheatland ,cave ,mushrooms are grown1 beds of two different styles are used1 the flat beds supported by boards as described in the previous case1 and the ridge beds1 where the material1 without any lateral support1 is arranged in parallel ridges as shown in ,fig4 #bbe4 ,this is the method largely1 if not wholly employed in the celebrated mushroom caves at ,paris1 and is also used in some cases in the outdoor cultivation of mushrooms4 ,as to the advantage of one system of bed over the other1 one must consider the conditions involved4 ,some believe a larger crop of mushrooms is obtained where there is an opportunity1 as in the ridge beds1 for the mushrooms to appear on the sides as well as on the upper surface of the beds4 ,in the flat beds the mushrooms can appear only at the upper surface1 though occasionally single ones crop out in the crevice between the side board and the rock below4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbf4--,single mushroom house 7,wm4 ,swayne1 ,kennett ,square1 ,pa471 curing shed at left4 ,this house is heated in connection with other hothouses4 ,probably at ,paris1 and perhaps also at some other places where the system of ridge beds is used1 the question of the cost of the lumber is an important one1 and the system of ridge beds avoids the expense of this item of lumber4 ,in other cases1 where the flat beds are used with the board supports1 the cost of lumber is considered a small item when compared with the additional labor involved in making the ridge bed4 ,the flat beds are very quickly made1 and the material in some cases is not more than #g inches deep1 allowing a large surface area compared with the amount of food material1 for the growth of the mushrooms4 ,it may be possible1 with the flat1 shallow bed system1 that as many or more mushrooms are obtained from the same amount of manure1 as in the case of the ridge beds4 ,when we consider the cost of the manure in some places1 this item is one which is well worth considering4 ,,the ,,house ,,culture ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,where this method of cultivation is employed1 as the main issue1 houses are constructed especially for the purpose4 ,in general the houses are of two kinds4 ,those which are largely above the ground1 and those where a greater or lesser pit is excavated so that the larger part of the house is below ground4 ,between these extremes all gradations exist4 ,probably it is easier to maintain an equable temperature when the house is largely below ground4 ,where it is largely above ground1 however1 the equability of the temperature can be controlled to a certain extent by the structure of the house4 ,in some cases a wall air space is maintained around the sides and also over the roof of the building4 ,and in some cases even a double air space of a foot or #ah inches each is maintained over the roof4 ,in some cases1 instead of an air space1 the space is filled with sawdust1 single on the sides of the house1 and also a #ab or #ah-;inch space over the roof4 ,the sides of the house are often banked with earth1 or the walls are built of stone or brick4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbg4--;,double mushroom house 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony's ,mushroom ,plant47 ,packing room at left1 curing shed at right1 next to this is boiler room4 ,all of these houses1 no matter what the type of construction1 require ventilation4 ,this is provided for by protected openings or exits through the roof4 ,in some cases the ventilators are along the side of the roof1 when there would be two rows of ventilators upon the single gable roof4 ,in other cases a row of ventilators is placed at the peak1 when a single row answers4 ,these ventilators are provided with shut-offs1 so that the ventilation can be controlled at will4 ,the size of the house varies1 of course1 according to the extent of the operations which the grower has in mind4 ,the usual type of house is long and rather narrow1 varying from #ej to #aej feet long by #ah to #ba or #bd feet wide4 ,in some cases the single house is constructed upon these proportions1 as shown by ,fig4 #bbf1 with a gable roof4 ,if it is desired to double the capacity of a house1 two such houses are built parallel1 the intercepting wall supporting the adjacent roof of the two houses1 as shown in ,fig4 #bbg4 ,a still further increase in the capacity of the house is often effected by increasing the number of these houses side by side4 ,this results in a series of #h or #aj houses forming one consolidated block of houses1 each with its independent ridge roof and system of ventilation4 ,the separating walls between the several houses of such a block are probably maintained for the purpose of better controlling the temperature conditions and ventilation in various houses4 ,if desired1 communication from one house to another can be had by doors4 ,interior structure and position of the beds4--,the beds are usually arranged in tiers1 one above the other1 though in some houses the beds are confined only to the floor space4 ,where they are arranged in tiers in a house of the proportions given above1 there are three tiers of beds4 ,there is one tier on either side1 and a tier through the middle2 the middle tier1 on account of the peak of the roof at this point1 has one more bed than the tiers on the side4 ,the number of beds in a tier will depend on the height of the house4 ,usually the house is constructed of a height which permits three beds in the side tier and four in the center tier1 with an alley on either side of the center tier of beds1 giving communication to all4 ,if the house is very long and it is desirable1 for convenience in passing from one house to another1 to have cross alley-ways1 they can be arranged1 but the fewer cross alleys the larger surface area there is for beds4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbh4--,view in mushroom house 7,wm4 ,swayne71 showing upper bed in left hand tier4 ,copyright4 ,the size of the beds is governed by convenience in making the beds and handling the crop4 ,the beds on the side tiers1 therefore1 are often three to three and one-half feet in width1 affording a convenient reaching distance from the alley4 ,the beds of the center tier have access from the alley on either side and are usually seven feet in width4 ,the width of the alley varies according to the mind of the owner1 from two to three or three and one-half feet4 ,the narrow alley economizes space in the structure of a house2 the wide alley1 while slightly increasing the cost of the structure1 makes it much more convenient in handling the material1 and in moving about the house4 ,the beds are constructed of one-inch boards4 ,various kinds of lumber are used1 the hemlock spruce1 the oak1 ,georgia pine1 and so on4 ,the beds are supported on framework constructed of upright scantling and cross stringers upon which the bottom boards are laid4 ,these occur at intervals of three to four feet4 ,the board on the side of each bed is #aj to #ab inches in width4 ,the bottom bed1 of course1 is made on the ground4 ,the upper beds in the tier are situated so that the distance is about three feet from the bottom of one bed to the bottom of the next above4 ,figs4 #bbh to #bca show the general structure of the beds4 ,heating4--,one portion of the house is set apart for the boiler room1 where a small hot water heater is located4 ,the position of the heater in one of these houses is shown in ,fig4 #bbg4 ,in other cases1 where the plant is quite a large one1 a small separate or connecting boiler apartment is often constructed4 ,in other cases1 where the house is connected with or adjoining a system of greenhouses devoted to hothouse vegetables1 the water pipes may run from the general boiler house which supplies the heat for all the houses4 ,the water pipes in the mushroom houses are sometimes run beneath the boards or the walk in the alley1 or in other cases are run just beneath the roof of the building4 ,cultivation of mushrooms under benches in greenhouses4--,this method is practiced to quite a large extent by some growers4 ,in the house of ,mr4 ,william ,swayne1 ,kennett ,square1 ,pa41 a number of large houses1 devoted through the winter to the growing of carnations1 are also used for the cultivation of mushrooms1 a single long bed being made up underneath the beds of carnations4 ,in these houses the water pipes providing heat for the building run along the sides of the building underneath the carnation beds at this point4 ,under these beds1 where the water pipes run1 no mushroom beds are made1 since the heat would be too great1 but under the three middle rows of beds in the house1 mushroom beds are located4 ,in this way1 in a number of houses1 several thousand square feet of surface for mushroom beds can be obtained4 ,the carnations are grown1 not in pots1 but in a general bed on a bench4 ,in watering the carnations1 care is used in the distribution of the water1 and in the amount used1 to prevent a surplus of water dripping through on the mushrooms below4 ,cellar culture4--,for the cultivation of mushrooms on a small scale1 unoccupied portions of cellars in a dwelling house are often used4 ,the question is sometimes asked if it is injurious to the health of the family in a dwelling house when mushrooms are grown in the cellar4 ,probably where the materials used in making up the beds are thoroughly cured before being taken into the cellar1 no injurious results would come from the cultivation of the plant there4 ,in case the manure is cured in the cellar1 that is1 is there carried through the process of heating and fermentation in preparation for the beds1 the odors arising from the fermenting material are very disagreeable to say the least1 and probably are not at all beneficial to one's general health4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bbi4--,view in mushroom house 7,wm4 ,swayne74 ,view down alley on right hand side4 ,copyright4 ,in the cellar culture of mushrooms the places selected are along the sides of the cellar in unused portions4 ,floor beds alone may be made by using the boards to support one side1 while the wall forms the support on the other side as in the arrangement of beds on the side tiers in the mushroom houses2 or tiers of beds may be arranged in the same way1 one bed on the bottom1 and one or two beds above4 ,the number of beds will vary according to the available space4 ,sometimes1 where it is not convenient to arrange the larger beds directly on the bottom of the cellar1 or in tiers1 boxes three or four feet1 or larger1 may be used in place of the beds4 ,these can be put in out of the way places in the cellar4 ,the use of boxes of this description would be very convenient in case it was desired to entirely do away with the possibility of odors during the fermentation of the manure1 or in the making up of the bed4 ,even though the manure may be cured outside of the cellar1 at the time it is made in the beds the odors released are sometimes considerable1 and for several days might be annoying and disagreeable to the occupants of the dwelling1 until such a time as the temperature of the manure had dropped to the point where the odors no longer were perceptible4 ,in this case1 with the use of boxes1 the manure can be cured outside1 made into beds in the boxes and taken into the cellar after the temperature is down to a point suitable for spawning1 and very little odor will be released4 ,if there is a furnace in the cellar it should be partitioned off from the portion devoted to mushroom culture4 ,cultivation in sheds or out of the way places4--,it is possible to grow mushrooms in a number of places not used for other purposes4 ,in sheds where the beds may be well protected from the rain and from changing currents of air1 they may be grown4 ,in open sheds the beds could be covered with a board door1 the sides of the bed being high enough to hold the door well above the mushrooms4 ,in the basements of barns1 or even in stables where room can be secured on one side for a bed1 or tier of beds1 they are often grown successfully4 ,garden and field culture of mushrooms4--,in ,europe1 in some cases1 mushrooms are often grown in the garden1 ridge beds being made up in the spring and spawned1 and then covered with litter1 or with some material similar to burlaps1 to prevent the complete drying out of the surface of the beds4 ,sometimes they are cultivated along with garden crops4 ,field culture is also practiced to some extent4 ,in the field culture rich and well drained pastures are selected1 and spawned sometime during the month of ,may4 ,the portions of spawn are inserted in the ground in little ,t-shaped openings made by two strokes of the spade4 ,the spade is set into the ground once1 lifted1 and then inserted again so that this first slit is on one side of the middle of the spade and perpendicular to it4 ,the spade is inserted here and then bent backwards partly so as to lift open the sod in the letter ,t4 ,in this opening the block of spawn is inserted1 then closed by pressure with the foot4 ,the spawn is planted in this way at distances of #f to #h feet4 ,it runs through the summer1 and then in the autumn a good crop often appears4 ,,curing ,,the ,,manure4 ,selection of manure4--,horse manure is the material which is most generally used1 though sometimes a small percentage of other manures1 as sheep manure1 is added4 ,in the selection of the manure it is desirable to obtain that which is as fresh as possible1 which has not passed through the stage of fermentation1 and which contains some straw1 usually as litter1 but not too large a percentage of straw4 ,where there is a very large percentage of straw the manure is usually shaken out with a fork1 and the coarser portion removed4 ,if there is not too much of this coarse material the latter is often cured in a separate pile and used for the bottom of the beds1 the finer portions of the manure1 which have been separated1 are used for the finishing and for the bulk of the bed4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcj4--,view in mushroom house 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony74 ,view on top of fourth bed1 middle tier4 ,copyright4 ,where manure is obtained on a large scale for the cultivation in houses or in caves1 it is usually obtained by the carload from liveries in large cities4 ,it is possible to contract for manure of certain livery stables so that it may be obtained in a practically fresh condition1 and handled by the liverymen according to directions1 which will keep it in the best possible condition for the purpose4 ,in the cave culture of mushrooms the manure is usually taken directly into the caves1 and cured in some portion of the cave4 ,in the house cultivation of mushrooms there is usually a shed constructed with an opening on one or two sides1 at the end of the house connected with the beds1 where the manure may be cured4 ,in curing it1 it is placed in piles1 the size of which will depend upon the amount of manure to be cured1 and upon the method employed by the operator4 ,the usual size1 where considerable manure is used1 is about three feet in depth by ten or twelve feet wide1 and fifteen to twenty feet long4 ,the manure is laid in these piles to heat1 and is changed or turned whenever desirable to prevent the temperature from rising too high4 ,the object of turning is to prevent the burning of the material1 which results at high degrees of temperature in fermentation4 ,it is usually turned when the temperature rises to about #acj ,f4 ,at each turning the outside portions are brought to the center of the pile4 ,the process is continued until the manure is well fermented and the temperature does not rise above #ajj to #abj degrees1 and then it is ready for making into beds4 ,there are several methods used in the process of curing1 and it does not seem necessary that any one method should be strictly adhered to4 ,the most important things to be observed are to prevent the temperature from rising too high during the process of fermentation1 to secure a thorough fermentation1 and to prevent the material from drying out1 or burning1 or becoming too wet4 ,the way in which the material is piled influences the rapidity of fermentation1 or the increase of temperature4 ,where the material is rather loosely piled it ferments more rapidly1 and the temperature rises quickly4 ,watering the manure tends to increase the rapidity of fermentation and the elevation of the temperature4 ,it is necessary1 though1 sometimes to water the material if the heat has reached such a point that it is becoming too dry1 or if there is a tendency for it to burn4 ,the material is then turned1 and watered some1 but care should be used not to make it too wet1 since the spawn will not run in wet material4 ,in general we might speak of three different methods in the curing of the manure4 ,first1 the slow process of curing4 ,according to this method1 which is practiced by some1 the time of fermentation may extend from four to five weeks4 ,in this case the manure is piled in such a way that the temperature does not rise rapidly4 ,during the four or five weeks the manure is turned four or five times4 ,the turning occurs when the temperature has arisen to such a point as to require it4 ,another method1 used by some1 might be called a rapid process of curing4 ,according to this1 the time for curing the manure extends over a period of about a week1 or five to ten days4 ,the material is piled in such a way as to cause rapid fermentation and rapid rising of temperature1 the material sometimes requiring to be turned every day or two1 sometimes twice a day1 in order to lower the temperature and prevent the material from burning or drying out4 ,between this rapid process of curing1 and the slow process of curing1 the practice may extend so that1 according to the method of different operators1 the period of curing extends from one week to a month or five weeks4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bca4--,view in mushroom house 7,l4 ,s4 ,bigony's ,mushroom ,plant1 ,lansdale1 ,pa471 showing alley and side tier of beds4 ,copyright4 ,the third method of curing consists in putting the material at once into the beds before curing1 and mixing in with the manure1 as it is placed in the bed1 about one part of loam or garden soil to four or five parts of the fresh manure4 ,the material is then left in this condition to cure without changing or turning1 the temperature rising perhaps not above #acj ,f4 ,with some experience in determining the firmness with which the bed should be made to prevent a too high rise of temperature1 this practice might prove to be successful1 and would certainly save considerable labor and expense in the making of the beds4 ,mr4 ,william ,swayne of ,kennett ,square1 ,pa41 in the winter of #aijj--aija1 made up a portion of one of his beds in this way1 and no difference could be seen in the results of the crop1 the crop from the beds made in this way being as good as that of the adjoining beds1 and he intends the following year to make up all of his beds in the same way4 ,mixing soil with the manure at the time of fermentation4--,while in the cave culture of mushrooms the manure is usually fermented and used without the admixture of soil1 usually in the house or cellar culture rich loam soil1 or rotted sod1 is mixed with the manure at the time of turning it1 during the process of fermentation4 ,at the time of the first turning1 soil is mixed in1 a layer of the manure being spread out on the ground1 and then a sprinkling of soil over this4 ,then another layer of the manure is added with another sprinkling of soil1 and so on as the new pile is built up4 ,in the first turning of the manure1 about one part of soil is used to eight or nine parts of manure4 ,then at the last turning another mixture of soil is added1 so that there is about one-fifth part soil in the mixture4 ,the soil aids somewhat in lowering the temperature1 and also adds some to the bulk1 so that more beds can be made up with the same amount of manure4 ,horse droppings free from straw4--,for growing mushrooms on a small scale1 as in cellars or boxes1 some prefer to select the horse droppings free from straw4 ,,making ,,up ,,the ,,beds4 ,making up beds without the addition of soil4--,in the cave culture of mushrooms the beds are usually made from manure alone1 there being no addition of soil4 ,this is perhaps partly due to the expense of getting the soil in and out from the caves as well as to the low temperature prevailing there4 ,it is believed by many that the results are equally as good in beds from the manure alone as in those which contain an admixture of soil4 ,the method of making the beds in the ,akron cave1 or tunnel1 is as follows3 ,the manure1 immediately after it has passed through the process of fermentation and curing in the pile1 is carted to the district in the mine where the beds are to be made and is dumped in a long windrow on the ground4 ,the length of the windrow depends of course upon the amount of material which is ready1 as well as upon the amount necessary for making up the beds for that distance4 ,two hemlock boards1 sixteen feet long and ten inches wide1 and two1 four feet long and the same width1 are then hastily nailed into the form of a rectangular frame4 ,this is placed upon the rock bottom at one end of the row of material1 perpendicular to it usually4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcb4--,view in ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mushroom ,co4 ,making up the beds4 ,copyright4 ,the workmen then1 with forks1 distribute the material in this frame4 ,if there is coarser material which has been separated from the finer material1 this is placed in the bottom of the bed and the finer material is then filled on top4 ,a layer of material is distributed over the bottom and then tamped down by striking with the back of the fork1 as shown in ,fig4 #bcb4 ,in this figure the material is shown to be off at one end of the bed4 ,this was in a section of the mine where it was not convenient to follow the beds in the direction of the pile of manure1 so that the material is distributed on from the end of the bed instead of from the side1 as is the usual method4 ,after several inches have been distributed in this way and tamped down with the back of the fork1 the operator tramps over the material with his feet and presses it down more firmly4 ,another layer of material is distributed over this1 and tamped and tramped down in a similar manner4 ,the operation is repeated until the depth of the manure after tramping down is about seven inches4 ,it is then left for the completion of the curing process and for the lowering of the temperature to the desired point4 ,usually1 after making the bed in this way1 there is a rise in the temperature for several days1 gradually lowering until finally it reaches the point favorable for planting the spawn4 ,where the beds are made successively1 one after another1 following the windrow of manure1 the material used for the first bed removes from the windrow a sufficient amount to make room for the second bed1 and in like manner room for the successive beds is provided for as the material is taken for each one1 so that the frames are put together and the beds are formed rapidly and easily4 ,making ridge beds in caves4--,in the making of the ridge beds in caves there are two methods which might be spoken of4 ,one method is the well known one practiced in certain of the caves near ,paris1 where the material is taken by workmen in large baskets and distributed in rows4 ,the ridge is gradually formed into shape by walking astride of it1 as additional material is emptied on from the baskets1 the workmen packing and shaping the ridge by pressure from their limbs as they stand astride of the row4 ,in this way the ridges are made as high or somewhat higher than their breadth at the base1 and quite near together1 so that there is just room in many cases to walk between the beds4 ,in one cave in ,america1 where the ridge system is used to some extent1 the ridges are made with the aid of a board frame the length of the bed and the width of the base of the ridge4 ,the long boards of this frame are slanting so that they are more or less the shape of the ridge1 but not equal to its height4 ,this frame is placed on the rock bottom1 filled with manure and tramped on by the workmen4 ,then the frame is lifted on the ridge and more material is added and tramped on in like manner1 until the bulk of the ridge bed is built up in this way and compressed into shape4 ,beds in ,houses ,constructed for the ,purpose of ,growing ,mushrooms4--,where only the floor of the house is used1 a middle bed and two side beds are sometimes formed in the same manner as described in the construction of the house for the tiers of beds1 with an alley on either side of the large center bed1 giving access to all4 ,in some cases the entire surface of the bottom is covered with material1 but divided into sections of large beds by framework of boards1 but with no alleys between4 ,access to these beds is obtained by placing planks on the top of the boards which make the frame1 thus forming walks directly over portions of the bed4 ,in some cases ridge beds1 as described for cave cultivation1 are made on the floor of these houses4 ,the beds are filled in the same way as described for the cave culture of mushrooms1 but usually1 in the beds made in houses built for the purpose of growing mushrooms1 a percentage of soil is mixed in with the manure1 the soil being usually mixed in at the time of turning the manure during the process of fermentation4 ,garden soil or rich loam is added1 say at the first time the manure is turned while it is fermenting4 ,then1 some time later during the process of fermenting1 another admixture of soil is added4 ,the total amount of soil added is usually equal to about one-fifth of the bulk of the manure4 ,as this material1 formed of the manure with an admixture of soil1 is placed in the beds it is distributed much in the same manner as described for the making of flat beds in caves or tunnels4 ,usually1 however1 if there is coarse material which was separated from the manure at the first sorting1 this without any mixture of soil is placed in the bottom of the bed1 and then the manure and soil is used for the bulk of the bed above4 ,this coarser material1 however1 is not always at hand1 and in such cases the beds are built up from the bottom with the mixture of manure and soil4 ,the depth of the material in the beds in these houses varies according to the experience of the operator4 ,some make the beds about eighteen inches in depth1 while others do not make the beds more than eight or ten or twelve inches in depth4 ,where there are tiers of beds1 that is1 one bed above the other1 very often the lowest bed1 the one which rests directly upon the ground1 is made deeper than the others4 ,while it is the general custom to use material consisting of an admixture of manure and soil in the proportions described1 this custom is not always followed4 ,in the case of the beds which are made up in the summer for the fall and early winter crop1 soil1 being easily obtained at that season of the year1 is mixed with the manure4 ,some growers1 however1 in making the beds in midwinter for the spring crop1 do not use any soil since it is more difficult to obtain it at that season4 ,in such cases the beds are made up of manure alone4 ,the experience in some cases shows that the crop resulting from this method is equally as good as that grown where soil has been added4 ,in the experience of some other growers a bin of soil is collected during the summer or autumn which can be used in the winter for mixing in with the manure and making the beds for the spring crop4 ,where sod is used this is collected in pastures or fence rows in ,june1 piled1 and allowed to rot during the summer4 ,in distributing the material in the beds1 the methods of packing it vary according to the wishes or experience of the grower4 ,it is often recommended to pack the material very firmly4 ,the feeling that this must be packed very thinly has led to the disuse of beds in tiers by some1 because it is rather difficult to pack the material down very firmly where one bed lies so closely above another4 ,where the practice is followed of packing the material very firmly in the bed1 some instrument in the form of a maul is used to tamp it down4 ,where there are tiers of beds an instrument of this kind cannot well be used4 ,here a brick or a similar heavy and small instrument is used in the hand1 and the bed is thus pounded down firmly4 ,this is a tedious and laborious operation4 ,many growers do not regard it as essential that the beds should be very firmly packed4 ,in such cases the material is distributed on the beds and the successive layers are tamped down as firmly as can well be done with the back of a fork or an ordinary potato digger1 which can be wielded with the two hands in between the beds4 ,in the experience of these growers the results seem to be just as good as where the beds are more firmly packed down4 ,it is the practice in some cases where the bed lies against the side of the house to build up the material of the bed at the rear1 that is1 at the side of the house1 much deeper than at the front1 so that the depth of the bed at the back may be eighteen to twenty inches or two feet1 while the front is eight to ten or twelve inches4 ,this provides a slightly increased surface because of the obliquity of the upper surface of the bed1 but it consumes probably a greater amount of material4 ,it probably is not advantageous where the operations are carried on on a large scale1 where abundant room is available1 where the material for making the beds is expensive1 and it is desirable to obtain from the material all that can be drawn in a single crop4 ,the same practice is sometimes recommended and followed in the case of the beds made in cellars4 ,in the making of beds with fresh material1 that is1 with unfermented manure1 as was done by ,mr4 ,william ,swayne of ,kennett ,square1 ,pa41 one season1 the coarser material is put in the bottom of the bed1 and then as the manure is distributed in the bed the soil is sprinkled on also1 so that finally when the bed is completed the proportions of soil and manure are the same as when it is mixed in at the time of fermentation4 ,in making the beds in this way1 should any one be led to attempt it1 it would be necessary to guard against a too high temperature in the fermentation of this fresh material2 the temperature should not run above #acj degrees4 ,it would also require a longer time from the making of the bed to planting the spawn than in the case of those beds where the manure is fermented and cured before being made up4 ,probably the total amount of time from the beginning to the completion of the preparation of the bed for spawning would not be greater1 if it would be so great4 ,the beds all having been made1 they are left until they are in a suitable condition for spawning4 ,the determination of this point1 that is1 the point when the beds are ready for planting the spawn1 seems to be one of the most important and critical features of the business4 ,the material must be of a suitable temperature1 preferably not above #ij ,f41 and not below #gj4 ,the most favorable temperature1 according to some1 other conditions being congenial1 ranges from #hj to #he ,f41 while many prefer to spawn at #gj to #ge4 ,many of the very successful growers1 however1 do not lay so much stress upon the temperature of the bed for the time of spawning as they do upon the ripeness1 or the cured condition1 of the material in the bed4 ,this is a matter which it is very difficult to describe to one not familiar with the subject1 and it is one which it is very difficult to properly appreciate unless one has learned it by experience4 ,some judge more by the odor1 or the smell1 as they say1 of the manure4 ,it must have lost the fresh manure smell1 or the sour smell1 and possess1 as they say1 a sweet smell4 ,sometimes the odor is something like that of manure when spawn has partly run through it4 ,it sometimes has a sweetish smell1 or a smell suggestive of mushrooms even when no spawn has run through it4 ,another important condition of the material is its state of dryness or moisture4 ,it must not be too dry or the spawn will not run4 ,in such cases there is not a sufficient amount of moisture to provide the water necessary for the growth of the mycelium4 ,on the other hand1 it must not be too wet1 especially at the time of spawning and for a few weeks after4 ,some test the material for moisture in this way4 ,take a handful of the material and squeeze it4 ,if on releasing the hold it falls to pieces1 it is too dry4 ,by squeezing a handful near the ear1 if there is an indication of running water1 even though no water may be expressed from the material1 it is too wet4 ,if on pressure of the material there is not that sense of the movement of water in it on holding it to the ear1 and if on releasing the pressure of the hand the material remains in the form into which it has been squeezed1 or expands slightly1 it is considered to be in a proper condition so far as moisture is concerned for planting the spawn4 ,,what ,,spawn ,,is4 ,the spawn of the mushroom is the popular word used in speaking of the mycelium of the mushroom4 ,the term is commonly used in a commercial sense of material in which the mycelium is growing4 ,this material is horse manure1 or a mixture of one or two kinds of manure with some soil1 and with the threads of the mycelium growing in it4 ,the mycelium1 as is well known1 is the growing or vegetative part of the mushroom4 ,sometimes the word fiber is used by the mushroom growers in referring to the mycelium which appears in the spawn1 or in the mushroom bed4 ,the mycelium is that portion of the plant which1 in the case of the wild varieties1 grows in the soil1 or in the leaf mold1 in the tree trunk or other material from which the mushroom derives its food4 ,the threads of mycelium1 as we know1 first originated from the spore of the mushroom4 ,the spore germinates and produces delicate threads1 which branch and increase by growth in extent1 and form the mycelium4 ,so the term spawn is rarely applied to the pure mycelium1 but is applied to the substratum or material in which spawn is growing2 that is1 the substratum and mycelium together constitute the spawn4 ,natural spawn or virgin spawn4--,this is termed natural spawn because it occurs under natural conditions of environment4 ,the original natural spawn was to be found in the fields4 ,in the early history of mushroom culture the spawn from the pastures and meadows where mushrooms grew was one of the sources of the spawn used in planting4 ,the earth containing the spawn underneath clumps of mushrooms was collected and used4 ,it occurs more abundantly1 however1 in piles of horse manure which have stood for some time in barn yards1 or very often in stalls where the manure is allowed to accumulate1 has been thoroughly tramped down and then has been left in this condition for some time4 ,it occurs also in composts1 hothouse beds1 or wherever accumulations of horse manure are likely to occur1 if other conditions are congenial4 ,the origin of the natural spawn under these conditions of environment is probably accounted for in many cases by the presence of the spores which have been in the food eaten by the horse1 have passed through the alimentary canal and are thus distributed through the dung4 ,the spores present in the food of the horse may be due to various conditions4 ,horses which go out to pasture are likely to take in with the food obtained in grazing the spores scattered around on the grass1 and in the upper part of the sod1 coming from mushrooms which grew in the field4 ,in other cases1 the spores may be present in the hay1 having been carried by the wind from adjacent fields1 if not from those which have grown in the meadow4 ,in like manner they may be present in the oats which have been fed to the horse4 ,in the case of stable-fed animals1 the inoculation of the manure in this way may not always be certain or very free4 ,but in the case of pasture-fed horses which are stalled at night probably the inoculation is very certain and very abundant1 so that a large number of spores would be present in the manure from horses fed in this way4 ,the natural spawn also may originate from spores which are carried by the wind from the pasture or meadow mushrooms upon manure piles1 or especially from spores which may lodge in the dust of the highways or street4 ,many of these spores would cling to the hoofs of the horses and at night1 or at times of feeding1 would be left with the manure in the stall4 ,at other times horse droppings may be gathered from roads or streets where spores may be present in the dust4 ,the piles of the droppings accumulated in this way1 if left a sufficient time1 may provide natural spawn by this accidental inoculation from the spores4 ,probably few attempts have been made to grow the natural spawn with certainty in this country1 though it does not appear to be an impracticable thing to do1 since formerly this was one source of the virgin spawn in ,europe4 ,it is usually obtained by search through stables and barn yards or other places where piles of horse manure have accumulated and have remained for several months4 ,in some cases the growers keep men employed through the summer season searching the yards and stables over a considerable area for the purpose of finding and gathering this natural spawn4 ,it is probably termed virgin spawn because of its origin under these natural conditions1 and never having been propagated artificially4 ,the natural spawn1 as indicated above1 is employed for a variety of purposes4 ,it is used for inoculating the bricks in the manufacture of brick spawn4 ,it is used for propagating once or twice in the mushroom beds1 for the purpose of multiplying it1 either in the manufacture of brick spawn1 or for flake spawn1 which is planted directly in the beds to be used for the crop4 ,in some places in ,america it is collected on a large scale and relied on as the chief source of spawn for planting beds4 ,in such cases the natural or virgin spawn is used directly and is of the first and most vigorous generation4 ,it is believed by growers who employ it in this way that the results in the quality and quantity of the crop exceed those produced from the market spawn4 ,but even these growers would not always depend on the natural spawn1 for the reason1 that collecting it under these conditions1 the quantity is certain to vary from year to year4 ,this is due probably to varying conditions of the season and also to the varying conditions which bring about the chance inoculation1 or the accumulation of the material in the yard for a sufficient amount of time to provide the mycelium4 ,it would be interesting1 and it might also prove to be profitable to growers1 if some attempt were made to grow natural spawn under conditions which would perhaps more certainly produce a supply4 ,this might be attempted in several different ways4 ,stall-fed horses might be fed a ripe mushroom every day or two4 ,or from the cap of ripe mushrooms the spores might be caught1 then mixed with oats and fed to the horse4 ,again1 the manure piles might be inoculated by spores caught from a number of mushrooms4 ,manure might also be collected during the summer months from the highways and aside from the probable natural inoculation which this material would probably have from the spores blown from the meadow and pasture mushrooms1 additional inoculation might be made4 ,the manure obtained in this way could be piled under sheds1 packed down thoroughly1 and not allowed to heat above #ajj ,f4 ,these piles could then be left for several months1 care being used that the material should have the proper moisture content1 not too dry nor too wet4 ,this is given only as a suggestion and it is hoped that some practical grower will test it upon a small scale4 ,in all cases the temperature should be kept low during the fermentation of these piles1 else the spawn will be killed4 ,one of the methods of obtaining natural spawn recommended by ,cuthill 7,treatise on the ,cultivation of the ,mushroom7 is to collect horse droppings all along the highways during the summer1 mixing it with some road sand and piling it in a dry shed4 ,here it is packed down firmly to prevent the heat rising too high4 ,a trial stick is kept in the pile4 ,when this is pulled out1 if it is so hot as to burn the hand1 the heat is too great and would kill the spawn4 ,in several months an abundance of the spawn is generated here4 ,mill-track spawn4--,mill-track spawn originated from the spawn found in covered roadways at mills or along tram-car tracks where horses were used4 ,the accumulation of manure trodden down in these places and sometimes mixed with sawdust or earth1 provided a congenial place for the growth of the mycelium4 ,the spawn was likely introduced here through spores taken in with the food of the horse1 or brought there from highways1 if they were not already in the soil from mushrooms grown there4 ,it would be then multiplied by the growth of the spawn1 and from spores of mushrooms which might appear and ripen4 ,the well tramped material in which the mycelium grew here1 when broken up1 formed convenient blocks of spawn for storage and transportation1 and probably led to the manufacture of brick spawn4 ,manufactured spawn4--,the manufactured spawn1 on the other hand1 is that which is propagated artificially by the special preparation of the substratum or material in which the mycelium is to grow4 ,this material is inoculated either with a piece of natural spawn1 or with pieces of previously manufactured spawn4 ,it is put upon the market in two different forms2 the brick spawn1 and the flake spawn4 ,the latter is sometimes known as the ,french spawn1 while the former1 being largely manufactured in ,england1 is sometimes spoken of as the ,english spawn4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcc4--;,brick spawn4 ,three bricks1 one marked to show into how many pieces one brick may be broken4 ,brick spawn4--,the brick spawn is so called because the material in which the mycelium is present is in the form of bricks4 ,these bricks are about #e by #h inches by #a-a_/b inches in thickness1 and weigh about #a-a_/d pounds each when dried4 ,the proportions of different kinds of material used in the manufacture of brick spawn probably vary with different manufacturers1 since there is a difference in the size and texture of bricks from different sources4 ,one method of making the brick spawn is as follows3 ,equal parts of horse dung1 and cow dung1 and loam soil are thoroughly mixed together to a consistency of mortar4 ,this is pressed into the form of bricks and stood on edge to dry4 ,when partly dry1 a piece of spawn about an inch in diameter is pressed into one side of each brick4 ,the bricks are then stood up again until thoroughly dried4 ,they are then piled upon a layer of fresh horse manure about #h inches deep1 the pile of bricks being about #c feet high4 ,this pile is then covered over loosely with fresh horse manure1 a sufficient amount to produce1 when heating1 a temperature of about #ajj ,f4 ,they are left in this condition until the mycelium or fiber has thoroughly permeated the bricks4 ,the spawn is now completed1 and the bricks are allowed to dry4 ,in this condition they are put upon the market4 ,the bricks made with a very high percentage of soil often have the appearance of dried soil1 with a slight admixture of vegetable matter4 ,brick spawn from other sources presents a very different texture and contains probably a much larger percentage of horse manure1 or1 at least1 a much smaller percentage of soil4 ,the appearance of the brick is not that of soil with a slight admixture of vegetable materials1 but has much the appearance of a dried and compressed mixture of horse dung and cow dung1 with an abundance of the fiber or mycelium1 the greyish moldy1 or thready matter1 which constitutes the vital part of the spawn4 ,in the selection of spawn this is an important item1 that is1 the presence of an abundance of fiber or mycelium4 ,it can be seen on the surface1 usually showing an abundance of these whitish threads or sheets1 or a distinct moldy appearance is presented4 ,on breaking the brick the great abundance of the fiber or whitish mycelium is seen all through it4 ,this indicates that the brick possesses a high percentage of the fiber1 an important part of the spawn4 ,one not accustomed to the quality of spawn can therefore judge to a certain extent by the appearance of the bricks as to the quality1 at least they can judge as to the presence of an abundance or a scanty quantity of the fiber4 ,since the spawn remains in good condition for several years1 there is usually no danger in the use of spawn which may be one or two years old4 ,but it does deteriorate to some extent with age1 and young spawn is therefore to be preferred to old spawn1 provided the other desirable qualities are equal4 ,those who attempt to cultivate mushrooms1 and depend on commercial or manufactured spawn1 should see to it that the spawn purchased possesses these desirable qualities of texture1 and the presence of an abundance of the mycelium4 ,that which appears devoid of an abundance of mycelium should be rejected1 and good spawn should be called for4 ,there is no more reason why a grower should accept a worthless spawn from his seedsman than that he should accept addled eggs from his grocer4 ,in this business1 that is1 the manufacture and sale of spawn1 poor material is apt to be thrown on the market just as in the case of seeds1 poor material may find its way upon the market4 ,sometimes this occurs through unscrupulous dealers1 at other times through their ignorance1 or through their failure to know the quality of the product they are handling4 ,there are some brands of spawn1 that is1 those manufactured by certain houses1 which rank very high among those who know the qualities and the value of good spawn4 ,some large growers send direct to the manufacturer for their spawn1 and where it is to be obtained in large quantities this is a desirable thing to do1 since the cost is much less4 ,where obtained from seedsmen in large quantities1 the prices are much lower than where small quantities are purchased4 ,one of these brands of spawn1 the ,barter spawn1 is for sale by several different dealers1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,hicks1 ,kennett ,square1 ,pa41 by ,henry ,f4 ,michell1 #ajah ,market street1 ,philadelphia1 and by ,henry ,dreer1 #gbd ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia4 ,another brick spawn1 known as ,watson ,prolific1 is for sale by ,george ,c4 ,watson1 ,juniper and ,walnut streets1 ,philadelphia4 ,james ,vicks ,sons1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,peter ,henderson ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 have their spawn manufactured expressly for their trade4 ,the ,barter spawn is said to be made fresh every year1 or every other year4 ,instead of the continued culture of spawn1 that is1 inoculating the bricks each succeeding year from the same line of spawn1 which is1 as it were1 used over and over again1 a return is made each year1 or in the alternate years1 to the natural or virgin spawn1 which is obtained from old manure heaps4 ,in this way1 the ,barter spawn,d is within two to three1 or four1 generations of the natural spawn4 ,the number of generations distant the brick is from the natural spawn1 depends upon the number of times it may have been multiplied before it is inoculated into the bricks4 ,that is1 the natural spawn is probably first grown in large beds in order to multiply1 to produce a sufficiently large quantity for the inoculation of the immense number of bricks to be manufactured4 ,for it is likely that a sufficient amount of natural spawn could not be obtained to inoculate all the bricks manufactured in one year4 ,if a sufficient amount of the natural or virgin spawn could be obtained to inoculate all the bricks of one year's manufacture1 this would produce a spawn removed only one generation from that of natural spawn4 ,if the natural spawn were first grown in beds1 and from here inoculated into bricks1 this particular brick spawn would be removed two generations from the natural spawn4 ,so the number of times that successive inoculations are made to multiply the spawn1 the manufactured products are removed that many generations from the natural spawn4 ,where recourse is had to the natural1 or virgin spawn only once in two years1 the second year's product would then be further removed from the natural spawn than the first year's product4 ,where we know that it is removed but one or a few generations from the natural spawn1 it is a more desirable kind4 ,for the nearer it is to the natural spawn1 other things being equal1 the more vigorous the mycelium1 and the finer will be the mushrooms produced4 ,the brick spawn is sometimes manufactured in this country by growers for their own use1 but at present it is manufactured on such a large scale in ,england that little or no saving is effected by an attempt to manufacture one's own brick spawn in this country4 ,flake ,spawn4--,the flake spawn1 or flakes1 is commonly known as the ,french spawn1 because it is so extensively manufactured in ,france4 ,it is made by breaking down beds through which the mycelium has run1 and before the crop of mushrooms appears4 ,that is1 the bed is spawned in the ordinary way4 ,when the mycelium has thoroughly permeated the bed1 it is taken down and broken into irregular pieces1 six to eight inches in diameter4 ,thus1 the ,french spawn1 where the beds are made entirely of horse manure1 with no admixture of soil1 consist merely of the fermented and cured manure1 through which the mycelium has run1 the material1 of course1 being thoroughly dried4 ,this spawn may be removed one or several generations from the natural spawn4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcd4--;,french spawn1 or flakes1 ready to plant4 ,the ,french growers depend on natural spawn much more than ,american growers do4 ,the natural spawn is collected from old manure heaps4 ,beds made up in the ordinary way for the cultivation of mushrooms are planted with this4 ,the mycelium is allowed to run until it has thoroughly permeated the manure4 ,these beds are broken down and used to spawn the beds for the crop4 ,in this case the crop would be grown from spawn only one generation removed from the virgin spawn4 ,if a sufficient amount of natural spawn could not be obtained1 to provide the amount required one generation old1 it might be run through the second generation before being used4 ,from the appearance of any spawn1 of course1 the purchaser cannot tell how many generations it is removed from the natural spawn4 ,for this quality of the spawn one must depend upon the knowledge which we may have of the methods practiced by the different producers of spawn1 if it is possible even to determine this4 ,,spawning ,,the ,,beds4 ,the beds for growing the mushrooms having been made up1 the spawn having been selected1 the beds are ready for planting whenever the temperature has been sufficiently reduced and the material is properly cured4 ,it is quite easy to determine the temperature of the beds1 but it is a more difficult problem for the inexperienced to determine the best stage in the curing of the material for the reception of the spawn4 ,some growers rely more on the state of curing of the manure than they do upon the temperature4 ,they would prefer to spawn it at quite a low temperature1 rather than to spawn at what is usually considered an optimum temperature1 if the material is not properly cured4 ,the temperature at which different treatises and growers recommend that the bed should be spawned varies from #gj to #ij ,f4 ,ninety degrees ,f4 is considered by many rather high1 while #gj ,f4 is considered by others to be rather low2 #hj to #he is considered by many to be the most favorable temperature1 provided of course the other conditions of the bed are congenial4 ,but some1 so far as temperature is concerned1 would prefer to spawn the bed at #ge ,f4 rather than at #ij1 while many recommend spawning at #gj to #ge4 ,in some cases1 ,i have known the growers to allow the temperature of the beds to fall as low as #fj before spawning1 because the material was not1 until that time1 at the proper state of curing4 ,yet an experienced grower1 who understands the kind of spawn to plant in such a bed1 can allow the temperature to go down to #fj without any very great risk4 ,fresh spawn in an active state1 that is1 spawn which is in a growing condition1 as may be obtained by tearing up a bed1 or a portion of one1 through which the spawn has run1 is better to plant in a bed of such low temperature4 ,or1 a bed of such low temperature1 after spawning1 might be warmed up1 by piling fresh horse manure over it loosely for a week or ten days1 sufficient to raise the temperature to #hj or #ij4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bce4--,pieces of brick spawn ready to plant4 ,when the brick spawn is used1 the method of planting varies1 of course1 with the methods of different operators4 ,some break the bricks into the desired size and plant the pieces directly in the bed1 without any special preparation4 ,the brick is broken into pieces about two or three inches in diameter4 ,some recommend breaking the brick of the ordinary size into about twelve pieces1 some into nine pieces1 so the custom varies with different operators4 ,these pieces are planted from seven to nine inches apart in the bed4 ,for example1 if they are to be planted nine inches apart in the bed1 holes are made1 either with the hand or with some instrument1 by pressing the material to one side sufficiently to admit of the piece of spawn being pressed in tightly4 ,these openings are made1 say1 the first row on one side of the bed1 about four and one-half inches from the side1 and nine inches apart in the row4 ,the second row is made nine inches from the first row1 and so on4 ,the pieces of spawn are inserted in the opening in the bed1 and at a slight distance1 two to three inches1 below the surface4 ,some1 however1 insert the piece of spawn just at the level of the bed1 the opening being such that the piece of spawn pressed into the opening is crowded below in place1 and the surrounding material fits snugly on the sides4 ,thus1 when the bed is spawned1 the pieces may be a slight distance below the top of the bed when they can be covered by some material1 or in other cases1 where the operator varies the method1 they would lie just at the surface of the bed4 ,the bed is now firmed down according to the custom of the operator1 either tamped down with some instrument very firmly1 or by others1 with the back of the fork or other similar instrument1 the bed is made firm1 but not quite so hard4 ,the object in firming it down after spawning is to make the surface of the bed level1 and also to bring the material in the bed very closely in touch on all sides with the spawn with which it is impregnated4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcf4 ,piece of ,natural ,spawn4 ,piece of ,french ,spawn4 ,flakes many generations old1 running out4 ,some growers follow the method of giving the spawn some little preparation before putting it into the bed4 ,this preparation varies with different operators4 ,its object1 however1 is to slightly moisten the dry spawn1 and perhaps1 also1 to very slightly start the growth4 ,to accomplish this1 some will cover the bricks1 before breaking them1 with fresh horse manure1 and allow this to remain several days1 so that the warmth and moisture generated here penetrate the material and soften somewhat the brick4 ,some pile it in a room or compartment where there is little moisture1 until the bricks are permeated to some extent with the moisture1 so that they are a little easier broken4 ,they should not1 under any circumstances1 be wet or soft in the sense of having absorbed an excess of water1 nor should they be stored for any length of time where they will be damp4 ,still others break the bricks into the desired pieces and place these directly on the top of the bed1 at the place where they wish to plant the piece of spawn4 ,they are left here for two or three days on the surface of the beds4 ,these pieces absorb some moisture and take up some warmth from the bed4 ,then they are planted in the ordinary way4 ,spawning with ,flake ,spawn1 or ,natural ,spawn4--,in the use of the flake or natural spawn1 the planting is accomplished in a similar way1 but larger pieces of the spawn are used1 two or three times the size of the pieces of brick employed4 ,some use a large handful4 ,in some few cases1 the growers use a flake spawn from their own crop4 ,that is1 each year a few beds are spawned from material which has been kept over from the previous season4 ,this is often kept in boxes1 in cool places1 where it does not thoroughly dry out4 ,in this way1 the spawn is used over and over again1 until it becomes much less vigorous than natural spawn1 or a spawn which is only one or only a few generations distant from the natural spawn4 ,this is seen in the less certainty with which the spawn runs through the bed1 in the smaller crop of mushrooms1 and their gradual deterioration in size4 ,some few practice the method of breaking down the bed after the crop has been nearly gathered1 using this weak spawn to inoculate fresh beds4 ,this practice is objectionable for the same reason that long cultivated spawn is objectionable4 ,soiling the ,beds4--,after the beds have been planted with the spawn1 the next thing is to soil them4 ,that is1 the manure in the bed is covered with a layer of loam soil1 or garden soil1 to the depth of two inches1 then spread evenly over the bed1 leveled off1 and tamped down1 though not packed too hard1 and the surface is smoothed off4 ,the time at which the soiling is done1 varies also with different operators4 ,some soil immediately after planting the spawn4 ,others believe that the spawn will most certainly fail to run if the beds are soiled immediately after planting4 ,these operators wait two or three weeks after the spawn has been planted to soil it4 ,others wait until the temperature of the bed has fallen from #hj or #he at the time of spawning1 to #gj or #fj ,f4 ,soiling at this temperature1 that is1 at #fj or #gj ,f41 probably prevents the rapid cooling down of the bed1 and it is desirable to soil1 at least at this temperature1 for that purpose4 ,when the beds are soiled1 they are then left until the crop is ready to gather4 ,some operators give no further attention to the beds after soiling1 other than to water the beds1 if that becomes necessary4 ,it is desirable to avoid watering1 if the bed can be kept at the right state of moisture without4 ,in watering the beds while the spawn is running1 there is danger of killing the young spawn with the water4 ,wherever it is necessary1 however1 if the material in the bed becomes too dry1 lukewarm water should be used1 and it should be applied through a fine rose of a watering pot4 ,while some operators after soiling the bed give no further care to it until the bed is bearing1 others cover the beds with some litter1 in the form of straw or excelsior4 ,this is done for the purpose of conserving the moisture in the bed1 and especially the moisture on the surface of the bed4 ,sometimes where there is a tendency for the material in the bed to become too dry1 this litter on the surface retards the loss of moisture4 ,also1 the litter itself may be moistened and the bed can absorb some moisture in this way1 if it is desirable to increase the moisture content of the bed slightly4 ,when the spawn has once run well through the bed1 watering can be accomplished with less danger of injury1 yet great care must be used even now4 ,the spawn will run through a bed with a somewhat less moisture content in the material than is necessary for drawing off the crop of mushrooms1 though1 of course1 the spawn will not run if the bed is too dry4 ,the only way to see if the spawn has run satisfactorily is to open up the bed at one or two points to examine the material1 opening it up slightly4 ,if the spawn has run well1 a very delicate white fiber1 the mycelium1 can be seen penetrating all through the material4 ,this handful can be replaced in the bed1 packed down1 and the soil covered over and firmed again at this point4 ,when the mushrooms begin to appear1 if the bed is a little dry1 it should be watered from time to time through the fine rose of a watering pot4 ,lukewarm water should be used4 ,nearly all growers water the beds during the picking of the crop1 or during the period of gathering the crop4 ,at the first few waterings1 water should not be sprinkled on the beds to wet them entirely through4 ,enough water is applied to diffuse a short distance only through the upper surface of the bed4 ,at the next watering1 several days later1 the moisture is carried further down in the bed1 and so on1 through the several weeks1 or months1 over which the harvesting season extends4 ,the object of thus gradually moistening the bed from above1 is to draw the crop from the spawn at the surface of the bed first1 and then1 as the moisture extends downward1 to gradually bring on the crop from the fiber below4 ,gathering the ,mushrooms4--,in artificial cultivation1 the mushrooms usually formed are very near1 or on1 the surface of the bed4 ,in the case of the meadow or pasture mushrooms1 they are formed further below the surface4 ,this is probably due to the fact that the conditions under which the mushrooms grow in cultivation are such that the surface of the bed is more moist1 and is less subject to variations in the content of moisture1 than is the surface of the ground in pastures4 ,although there may be abundant rains in the fields1 the currents of air over the surface of the ground1 at other times1 quickly dries out the upper layers of the soil4 ,but indoors the mycelium often runs to the surface of the bed1 and there forms the numerous pinheads which are the beginnings of the mushrooms4 ,the beds at this stage often present numerous clusters of the mycelium and these minute pinheads crowded very closely together4 ,hundreds or perhaps thousands of these minute beginnings of mushrooms occur within a small space4 ,there are very few of these1 however1 that reach the point of the mature mushroom4 ,few only of the pinheads grow to form the button1 and the others abort1 or cease to grow4 ,others are torn out while the larger ones are being picked4 ,the time at which the mushrooms are picked varies within certain limits1 with the different growers4 ,most cultivators1 especially those who grow the mushrooms in houses1 consider #fj ,f4 the desirable temperature for the growth of mushrooms1 that is1 at a room temperature of #fj 7while some recommend #eg74 ,the temperature of the beds themselves will be slightly above this4 ,under these conditions1 that is1 where the mushrooms are grown at a room temperature of about #fj1 they open very quickly4 ,it is necessary here to gather the mushrooms before they open1 that is1 before the veil on the under surface breaks to expose the gill surface4 ,this practice is followed1 of course1 within certain limits4 ,it is not possible in all cases1 to pick every mushroom before the veil breaks4 ,they are collected once a day usually4 ,at the time of collection all are taken which are of suitable size4 ,many of them may not yet have opened4 ,but in the case of some of the older or more rapidly growing ones1 the veil may have broken1 although they have not expanded very much4 ,some follow the method of having the fireman1 on his round at night1 when he looks after the fires in the heating room1 gather the mushrooms4 ,he passes through all parts of the house and picks the mushrooms which are of suitable size4 ,these are gathered by grasping a single mushroom by the cap1 or where there is a cluster of mushrooms close together1 several are taken in the hand4 ,the plant is twisted slightly to free the stem from the soil1 without tearing it up to any great extent4 ,they are thrown in this condition into baskets4 ,the collector then takes them to the packing room1 and the following morning the plants are trimmed1 that is1 the part of the stems to which the earth is attached is cut away1 the plants are weighed1 put in baskets1 and prepared for the markets4 ,in other cases1 the mushrooms are gathered early in the morning1 in the same way1 taken to the packing room1 where the lower part of the stem is cut away1 the plants are weighed1 placed into the baskets and shipped to market4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bcg4--,view in ,packing ,room 7,h4 ,e4 ,hicks' ,mushroom ,house1 ,kennett ,square1 ,pa47 ,copyright4 ,in some of the caves1 or abandoned mines1 which ,i have visited1 where the mushrooms are grown on a large scale1 the practice in picking the mushrooms varies somewhat from that just described4 ,in the first place1 the mushrooms are allowed to stand on the bed longer1 before they are picked4 ,they are rarely1 if ever1 picked before they open4 ,mushrooms may be quite large1 but if they have not opened1 they are not picked4 ,very frequently1 the plant may open1 but1 the operator says1 it is not open enough4 ,it will grow more yet4 ,the object of the grower1 in this case1 is to allow the mushrooms to grow as long as it is possible1 before picking1 for the larger the mushroom1 the more water it will take from the bed1 and the more it weighs4 ,this may seem an unprofessional thing for a grower to do1 and yet it must be remembered that a large water content of the mushroom is necessary4 ,the mushrooms grown in these mines are very firm and solid1 qualities which are desired1 not only by the consumer1 but are desirable for shipment4 ,these mushrooms are much thicker through the center of the cap than those usually grown in houses at a room temperature of #fj ,f4 ,for this reason1 the mushrooms in these caves spread out more1 and the edges do not turn up so soon4 ,since the cap is so thick and firm at the center1 it continues to grow and expand for some little time after having opened1 without turning up on the edges1 and without becoming black and unsightly underneath4 ,these large and firm mushrooms are not only desirable for their shipping qualities1 but also1 if they are not too large1 they are prized because they are of such a nice size for broiling4 ,it is quite likely that one of the important conditions in producing mushrooms of this character is the low temperature of the mine4 ,the temperature here1 in ,july and ,august1 rises not higher than #eh ,f41 that is1 the room temperature of the mines2 while in the winter it falls not lower than #eb4 ,the growth of mushrooms1 under these conditions1 may not be quite so rapid as in a house maintaining a room temperature of #fj4 ,the operator may not be able to grow so many crops from the same area1 during the same length of time2 but the very fact that this low temperature condition retards the growth of the mushrooms is perhaps an important item in producing the firm and more marketable product1 which can be allowed to grow longer before it is picked4 ,it is possible1 also1 that another condition has something to do with the firmness and other desirable qualities of these mushrooms4 ,it is1 perhaps1 to be found in the fact that natural spawn is largely used in planting the beds1 so that the spawn is more vigorous than that which is ordinarily used in planting1 which is several or many generations distant from the virgin condition4 ,the methods of picking in this mine differ1 also1 from those usually employed by growers of mushrooms4 ,the mushrooms are pulled from the bed in the same way1 but the operator carries with him two baskets and a knife4 ,as fast as the mushrooms are pulled1 and while they are still in hand1 before the dirt can sift upon the other mushrooms1 or fall in upon the gills of those which are open1 the lower part of the stem is cut off4 ,this stem end is then placed in one basket1 while the mushrooms which have been trimmed are placed in another basket4 ,in cutting off the stems1 just enough is cut to remove the soil1 so that the length of the stem of the mushroom varies4 ,the mushrooms are then taken to the packing room in the cleanest possible condition1 with no soil scattering therefrom or falling down among the gills1 as occurs to a greater or lesser extent where the mushrooms are picked and thrown indiscriminately into baskets4 ,packing the ,mushrooms4--,in the packing room the mushrooms are prepared for shipment to market4 ,the method at present usually employed is to ship them in baskets4 ,the baskets vary in size1 according to the market to which the mushrooms are to be shipped4 ,they hold from three1 to four1 five1 six1 or ten pounds each4 ,the larger baskets are only used where the mushrooms are shipped directly to the consumers4 ,when the customer requires a large number of mushrooms1 they can be shipped in these larger baskets4 ,where they are shipped to commission merchants1 and the final market is not known to the packer1 they are usually packed in small baskets1 three to four or five pounds4 ,the baskets are sometimes lined with paper2 that is1 at the time of the packing the paper is placed in the basket1 one or two thicknesses of paper4 ,the number of layers of paper depends somewhat upon the conditions of transportation4 ,the greater amount of paper affords some protection from cold1 in cold weather1 and some protection from the evaporation of the moisture1 in dry weather4 ,when the basket is filled with the required quantity of mushrooms1 which is usually determined first by weight1 the surplus paper is folded over them4 ,this is covered in most cases by thin board strips1 which are provided for basket shipment of vegetables of this kind4 ,in some cases1 however1 where shipped directly to customers so that the baskets soon reach their destination1 additional heavy paper1 instead of the board1 may be placed over and around the larger part of the basket1 and then tied down neatly with cord4 ,placing the ,mushrooms in the ,basket4--,some growers do not give any attention to placing the mushrooms in the baskets4 ,the stems are cut off in the packing room1 they are thrown into the weighing pan1 and when the beam tips at three1 or four1 or five pounds1 as the case may be1 the mushrooms are emptied into the baskets1 leveled down1 and the baskets closed for shipment4 ,others use more care in the packing of the mushrooms2 especially is this the case on the part of those who pick the mushrooms when they are somewhat larger and more open1 though the practice of placing the mushrooms in a basket is followed even by those who pick before the mushrooms are open4 ,in placing them1 one mushroom is taken at a time and put stem downward into the basket1 until the bottom is covered with one layer1 and then successive layers are placed on top of these4 ,the upper layers in the basket then present a very neat and attractive appearance4 ,in thus placing the mushrooms in the basket1 if there are any mushrooms which are quite large1 they are placed in the bottom4 ,the custom of the operator here is different from that of the grower of apples1 or of other fruit1 where the larger and finer samples are often placed on top1 the smaller ones being covered below4 ,it is a curious fact1 however1 that this practice of placing the largest mushrooms below in the basket is due to the fact that usually the larger mushrooms are not considered so marketable4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bch4--,view in packing room1 ,akron tunnel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mushroom ,co42 placing mushrooms in basket4 ,copyright4 ,there are several reasons why the larger mushrooms are not considered so desirable or marketable as the medium-sized or smaller ones4 ,in the first place1 the larger mushrooms1 under certain conditions1 especially those grown in house culture at a comparatively high temperature1 are apt to be very ripe1 so that the gills are black from over-ripe spores1 and are thus somewhat unsightly4 ,those grown at a lower temperature1 as is the case in some mines1 do not blacken so soon1 and are therefore apt to be free from this objection4 ,another objection1 however1 is on the part of the restaurant owner where mushrooms are served4 ,in serving the mushrooms broiled on toast1 the medium-sized one is more desirable from the standpoint of the restaurant owner1 in that two medium-sized ones might be sufficient to serve two persons1 while one quite large one1 weighing perhaps the same as the two medium ones1 would only be sufficient to serve one person at the same price1 unless the large mushroom was cut in two4 ,if this were done1 however1 the customer would object to being served with half a mushroom1 and the appearance of a half mushroom served in this way is not attractive4 ,resoiling4--,once or twice a week during the harvesting period all loose earth1 broken bits of spawn1 free buttons1 etc41 should be cleaned out where the mushrooms have been picked4 ,these places should be filled with soil and packed down by hand4 ,all young mushrooms that fog off should be gathered up clean4 ,some persons follow the practice of growing a second crop on the same bed from which the first crop has been gathered4 ,the bed is resoiled by placing about two inches of soil over the old soil4 ,the bed is then watered1 sometimes with lukewarm water to which a small quantity of nitrate of soda has been added4 ,the large growers1 however1 usually do not grow a second crop in this way1 but endeavor to exhaust the material in the bed by continuous growth4 ,use of manure from beds which have failed4--,manure in which the spawn has failed to run is sometimes removed from the bed and mixed with fresh manure1 the latter restoring the heat4 ,if the manure was too wet1 the moisture content can now be lessened by the use of dry soil4 ,cleaning house to prepare for successive crops4--,when the crop is harvested1 all the material is cleaned out to prepare the beds for the next crop4 ,the material is taken out clean1 and the floors1 beds1 walls1 etc41 swept off very clean4 ,in addition1 some growers whitewash the floors and all wood-work4 ,some whitewash only the floors1 depending on sweeping the beds and walls very clean4 ,still others whitewash the floors and wash the walls with some material to kill out the vermin4 ,some trap or poison the cockroaches1 wood-lice1 etc41 when they appear4 ,some growers who succeed well for several years1 and then fail1 believe that the house gets tired1 as they express it1 and that the place must rest for a few years before mushrooms can be grown there again4 ,others grow mushrooms successfully year after year1 but employ the best sanitary methods4 ,number of crops during a year4--,in caves or mines1 where the temperature is low1 the beds are in process of formation and cropping continuously4 ,so soon as a bed has been exhausted the material is cleaned out1 and new beds are made as fast as the fresh manure is obtained4 ,in houses where the mushrooms cannot be grown during the summer1 the crops are grown at quite regular periods1 the first crop during fall and early winter1 and the second crop during spring4 ,some obtain the manure and ferment it during ,august and ,september1 spawning the beds in ,september and ,october4 ,others begin work on the fermentation of the manure in ,june or ,july1 make up the beds in ,july and ,august1 spawn1 and begin to draw off the crop somewhat earlier4 ,the second crop is prepared for whenever the first one is drawn off1 and this varies even in the experience of the same grower1 since the rate of the running of the spawn varies from time to time4 ,sometimes the crop begins to come four or five weeks from the time of planting the spawn4 ,at other times it may be two or three months before the spawn has run sufficiently for the crop to appear4 ,usually the crop begins to come on well in six to eight weeks4 ,the crop usually lasts for six weeks to two months1 or longer4 ,productivity of the beds4--,one pound of mushrooms from every two square feet of surface is considered a very good crop4 ,sometimes it exceeds this1 the beds bearing one pound for every square foot1 though such a heavy yield is rare4 ,oftener the yield is less than half a pound for a square foot of surface4 ,causes of failure4--,the beginner should study very carefully the conditions under which he grows his crops1 and if failure results1 he should attempt to analyze the results in the light of the directions given for the curing of the manure1 its moisture content1 sweetness1 character of the spawn1 temperature1 ventilation1 etc4 ,while there should be good ventilation1 there should not be drafts of air4 ,a beginner may succeed the first time1 the second or third1 and then may fail1 and not know the cause of the failure4 ,but given a good spawn1 the right moisture content of the material at time of planting and running of the spawn1 the sweet condition1 or proper condition of the curing of the manure1 proper sanitary conditions1 there should be no failure4 ,these are the most important conditions in mushroom culture4 ,after the spawn has run and the crop has begun to come1 the beds have been known to freeze up during the winter1 and in the spring begin and continue to bear a good crop4 ,after the spawn has run well1 beds have accidentally been flooded with water so that manure water would run out below1 and yet come on and bear as good a crop as adjoining beds4 ,volunteer mushrooms in greenhouses4--,volunteer mushrooms sometimes appear in greenhouses in considerable quantity4 ,these start from natural spawn in the manure used1 or sometimes from the spawn remaining in spent mushroom beds which is mixed with the soil in making lettuce beds1 etc41 under glass4 ,one of the market gardeners at ,ithaca used old spawn in this way1 and had volunteer mushrooms among lettuce for several years4 ,in making the lettuce beds in the autumn1 a layer of fresh horse manure six inches deep is placed in the bottom1 and on this is placed the soil mixed with the old1 spent mushroom beds4 ,the following year the soil and the manure at the bottom1 which is now rotten1 is mixed up1 and a fresh layer of manure is placed below4 ,in this way the lettuce bed is self-spawned from year to year4 ,about every six years the soil in the bed is entirely changed4 ,this gardener1 during the winter of #aijj--a1 sold #cj4jj to #dj4jj worth of volunteer mushrooms4 ,another gardener1 in a previous year1 sold over #ej4jj worth4 ,planting mushrooms with other vegetables4--,in some cases gardeners follow the practice of inserting a forkful of manure here and there in the soil where other vegetables are grown under glass1 and planting in it a bit of spawn4 ,mushroom and vegetable house combined4--,some combine a mushroom house and house for vegetables in one1 there being a deep pit where several tiers of beds for mushrooms can be built up1 and above this the glass house where lettuce1 etc41 is grown1 all at a temperature of about #fj ,f4 ,,three ,,methods ,,suggested ,,for ,,growing ,,mushrooms ,,in ,,cellars ,,and ,,sheds4 ,first ,method4--,obtain fresh stable horse manure mixed with straw used in bedding the animals4 ,shake it out1 separating the coarse material from the droppings4 ,put the droppings in a pile two to three feet deep4 ,pack down firmly4 ,when the heat rises to near #acj ,f41 turn and shake it out1 making a new pile4 ,make the new pile by layers of manure and loam soil1 or rotted sod1 one part of soil to eight or nine parts of manure4 ,turn again when the heat rises to near #acj ,f41 and add the same amount of soil4 ,when the temperature is about #ajj ,f41 the material is ready for the beds4 ,preparing the beds4--,make the beds as described under the paragraph on pages #bej--bec1 or use boxes4 ,place the coarse litter in the bottom three to four inches deep4 ,on this place three to four inches of the cured material1 pack it down1 and continue adding material until the bed is ten to fifteen inches deep4 ,allow the beds to stand1 covering them with straw or excelsior if the air in the cellar or shed is such as to dry out the surface4 ,test the moisture content according to directions on page #bee4 ,watch the temperature4 ,do not let it rise above #acj ,f4 ,when it is down to #ij ,f4 or #gj ,f41 if the manure has a sweetish or mushroomy smell it is ready to spawn4 ,spawn according to directions on page #bfc4 ,soil according to directions on page #bff2 cover bed with straw or excelsior4 ,second ,method4--,use horse droppings freed from the coarser material4 ,proceed as in first method4 ,third ,method4--,use horse droppings freed from coarser material4 ,pile and pack firmly4 ,do not let temperature rise above #acj ,f4 ,when it has cooled to #ajj ,f41 make up the beds1 at the same time mixing in an equal quantity of rich loam or rotted sod4 ,spawn in a day or two4 ,in beginning1 practice on a small scale and study the conditions thoroughly1 as well as the directions given in this chapter4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,i have not learned the history of the other kinds of spawn referred to above4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,recipes ,,for ,,cooking ,,mushrooms4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,sarah ,,tyson ,,rorer4 ,as varieties of mushrooms differ in analysis1 texture and density of flesh1 different methods of cooking give best results4 ,for instance1 the ,coprinus micaceus1 being very delicate1 is easily destroyed by over-cooking2 a dry1 quick pan of the mushroom bells retains the best flavor2 while the more dense ,agaricus campestris requires long1 slow cooking to bring out the flavor1 and to be tender and digestible4 ,simplicity of seasoning1 however1 must be observed1 or the mushroom flavor will be destroyed4 ,if the mushroom itself has an objectionable flavor1 better let it alone than to add mustard or lemon juice to overcome it4 ,mushrooms1 like many of the more succulent vegetables1 are largely water1 and readily part with their juices on application of salt or heat2 hence it becomes necessary to put the mushroom over the fire usually without the addition of water1 or the juices will be so diluted that they will lack flavor4 ,they have much better flavor cooked without peeling1 with the exception of puff-balls1 which should always be pared4 ,as they lose their flavor by soaking1 wash them quickly1 a few at a time2 take the mushroom in the left hand and with the right hand wash the top or pileus1 using either a very soft brush or a piece of flannel2 shake them well and put them into a colander to dry4 ,,agaricus4,e ,the wild or uncultivated ,agaricus campestris1 which is usually picked in open fields1 will cook in less time than those grown in caves and sold in our markets during the winter and spring4 ,cut the stems close to the gills2 these may be put aside and used for flavoring sauces or soups4 ,wash the mushrooms carefully1 keeping the gills down2 throw them into a colander until drained4 ,stewed4--,to each pound1 allow two ounces of butter4 ,put the butter into a saucepan1 and when melted1 not brown1 throw in the mushrooms either whole or cut into slices2 sprinkle over a teaspoonful of salt2 cover the saucepan closely to keep in the flavor1 and cook very slowly for twenty minutes1 or until they are tender4 ,moisten a rounding tablespoonful of flour in a little cold milk2 when perfectly smooth1 add sufficient milk to make one gill2 stir this into the mushrooms1 add a saltspoon of white pepper1 stir carefully until boiling1 and serve at once4 ,this makes a fairly thick sauce4 ,less flour is required when they are to be served as a sauce over chicken1 steak1 or made dishes4 ,broiled4--,cut the stems close to the gills2 wash the mushrooms and dry them with a soft piece of cheesecloth2 put them on the broiler gills up4 ,put a piece of butter1 the size of a marrowfat pea1 in the center of each2 sprinkle lightly with salt and pepper4 ,put the broiler over the fire skin side down2 in this way1 the butter will melt and sort of baste the mushrooms4 ,have ready squares of neatly toasted bread2 and1 as soon as the mushrooms are hot on the skin side1 turn them quickly and broil about two minutes on the gill side4 ,five minutes will be sufficient for the entire cooking4 ,dish on toast and serve at once4 ,panned on ,cream ,toast4--,cut the stem close to the gills2 wash and dry as directed for broiling4 ,put them into a pan1 and pour over a very little melted butter1 having gill sides up2 dust with salt and pepper1 run into a hot oven for twenty minutes4 ,while these are panning1 toast sufficient bread to hold them nicely2 put it onto a hot platter1 and just as the mushrooms are done1 cover the bread with hot milk1 being careful not to have too much or the bread will be pasty and soft4 ,dish the mushrooms on the toast1 putting the skin side up1 pour over the juices from the pan1 and serve at once4 ,these are exceedingly good served on buttered toast without the milk1 and will always take the place of broiled mushrooms4 ,in the ,chafing ,dish4--,wash1 dry the mushrooms1 and cut them into slices4 ,to each pound allow two ounces of butter4 ,put the butter in the chafing dish1 when hot put in the mushrooms1 sprinkle over a teaspoonful of salt1 cover the dish1 and cook slowly for five minutes1 stirring the mushrooms frequently2 then add one gill of milk4 ,cover the dish again1 cook for three minutes longer1 add the beaten yolks of two eggs1 a dash of pepper1 and serve at once4 ,these must not be boiled after the eggs are added2 but the yolk of egg is by far the most convenient form of thickening when mushrooms are cooked in the chafing dish4 ,under the ,glass ,cover or ,bell with ,cream4--,with a small biscuit cutter1 cut rounds from slices of bread2 they should be about two and a half inches in diameter1 and about a half inch in thickness4 ,cut the stems close to the gills from fresh mushrooms2 wash and wipe the mushrooms4 ,put a tablespoonful of butter in a saucepan2 when hot1 throw in the mushrooms1 skin side down2 cook just a moment1 and sprinkle them with salt and pepper4 ,arrange the rounds of bread1 which have been slightly toasted1 in the bottom of your bell dish2 heap the mushrooms on these2 put a little piece of butter in the center2 cover over the bell1 which is either of glass1 china1 or silver2 stand them in a baking pan1 and then in the oven for twenty minutes4 ,while these are cooking1 mix a tablespoonful of butter and one of flour in a saucepan1 add a half pint of milk1 or you may add a gill of milk and a gill of chicken stock2 stir until boiling1 add a half teaspoonful of salt and a dash of pepper4 ,when the mushrooms have been in the oven the allotted time1 bring them out2 lift the cover1 pour over quickly a little of this sauce1 cover again1 and send them at once to the table4 ,another ,method4--,wash and dry the mushrooms2 arrange them at once on the bell plate4 ,the usual plates will hold six good sized ones4 ,dust with pepper and salt2 put in the center of the pile a teaspoonful of butter2 pour over six tablespoonfuls of cream or milk2 cover with the bell2 stand the dish in a baking pan1 and then in a hot oven for twenty minutes4 ,these are arranged for individual bells4 ,where one large bell is used1 the mushrooms must be dished on toast before they are served4 ,the object in covering with the bell is to retain every particle of the flavor4 ,the bell is then lifted at the table1 that the eater may get full aroma and flavor from the mushroom4 ,puree4--,wash carefully a half pound of mushrooms2 chop them fine1 put them into a saucepan with a tablespoonful of butter1 and if you have it1 a cup of chicken stock2 if not1 a cup of water4 ,cover the vessel and cook slowly for thirty minutes4 ,in a double boiler1 put one pint of milk4 ,rub together one tablespoonful of butter and two tablespoonfuls of flour2 add it to the milk2 stir and cook until thick2 add the mushrooms1 and press the whole through a sieve2 season to taste with salt and pepper only4 ,cream of ,mushroom ,soup4--,this will be made precisely the same as in the preceding recipe1 save that one quart of milk will be used instead of a pint with the same amount of thickening1 and the mushrooms will not be pressed through a sieve4 ,,coprinus ,,comatus and ,,coprinus ,,atramentarius4 ,as these varieties usually grow together and are sort of companion mushrooms1 recipes given for one will answer for the cooking of the other4 ,being soft and juicy1 they must be handled with care1 and are much better cooked with dry heat4 ,remove the stems1 and wash them carefully2 throw them into a colander until dry2 arrange them in a baking pan2 dot here and there with bits of butter1 allowing a tablespoonful to each half pound of mushrooms2 dust with salt and pepper1 run them into a very hot oven1 and bake for thirty minutes2 dish in a heated vegetable dish1 pouring over the sauce from the pan4 ,the ,c4 micaceus may also be cooked after the same fashion--after dishing the mushrooms boil down the liquor4 ,stewed4--,wash and dry them2 put them into a large1 flat pan1 allowing a tablespoonful of butter to each half pound of mushrooms2 sprinkle at once with salt and pepper2 cover the pan1 and stew for fifteen minutes4 ,moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a little cold milk2 when smooth1 add a half cup of cream1 if you have it2 if not1 a half cup of milk4 ,push the mushrooms to one side2 turn in this mixture1 and stir until boiling4 ,do not stir the mushrooms or they will fall apart and become unsightly4 ,dish them2 pour over the sauce1 and serve at once4 ,or they may be served on toast1 the dish garnished with triangular pieces of toast4 ,,coprinus ,,micaceus4 ,wash and dry the mushrooms2 put them into a deep saucepan with a tablespoonful of butter to each quart2 stand over a quick fire1 sort of tossing the saucepan4 ,do not stir1 or you will break the mushrooms4 ,as soon as they have reached the boiling point1 push them to the back part of the stove for five minutes2 serve on toast4 ,these will be exceedingly dark1 are very palatable1 and perhaps are the most easily digested of all the varieties4 ,,lepiota4 ,these mushrooms1 having very thin flesh and deep gills1 must be quickly cooked to be good4 ,remove the stem1 take the mushrooms in your hand1 gill side down1 and with a soft rag wash carefully the top1 removing all the little brown scales4 ,put them into a baking pan1 or on a broiler4 ,melt a little butter1 allow it to settle1 take the clear1 oily part from the top and baste lightly the mushrooms1 gill sides up2 dust with salt and pepper4 ,place the serving dish to heat4 ,put the mushrooms over a quick fire1 skin side down1 for just a moment2 then turn and boil an instant on the gill side1 and serve at once on the heated plate4 ,in this way ,lepiota procera is most delicious of all mushrooms2 but if cooked in moist heat1 it becomes soft1 but tough and unpalatable2 if baked too long1 it becomes dry and leathery4 ,it must be cooked quickly and eaten at once4 ,all the edible forms may be cooked after this recipe4 ,these are perhaps the best of all mushrooms for drying4 ,in this condition they are easily kept1 and add so much to an ordinary meat sauce4 ,,oyster ,,mushrooms 7,pleurotus74 ,wash and dry the mushrooms2 cut them into strips crosswise of the gills1 trimming off all the woody portion near the stem side4 ,throw the mushrooms into a saucepan1 allowing a tablespoonful of butter to each pint2 sprinkle over a half teaspoonful of salt2 cover1 and cook slowly for twenty minutes4 ,moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a half cup of milk2 when perfectly smooth1 add another half cup2 turn this into the mushroom mixture2 bring to boiling point1 add just a grating of nutmeg1 a few drops of onion juice1 and a dash of pepper4 ,serve as you would stewed oysters4 ,to make this into la poulette1 add the yolks of two eggs just as you take the mixture from the fire1 and serve on toast4 ,mock ,oysters4--,trim the soft gill portion of the ,pleurotus ostreatus into the shape of an oyster2 dust with salt and pepper2 dip in beaten egg1 then in bread crumbs1 and fry in smoking hot fat as you would an oyster1 and serve at once4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the best method of cooking this variety4 ,,russula4 ,while in this group we have a number of varieties1 they may all be cooked after one recipe4 ,the stems will be removed1 the mushrooms carefully washed1 always holding the gill side down in the water1 drained in a colander2 and while they apparently do not contain less water than other mushrooms1 the flesh is rather dense1 and they do not so quickly melt upon being exposed to heat4 ,they are nice broiled or baked1 or may be chopped fine and served with mayonnaise dressing1 stuffed into peeled tomatoes1 or with mayonnaise dressing on lettuce leaves1 or mixed with cress and served with ,french dressing1 as salads4 ,the green or ,russula virescens may be peeled1 cut into thin slices1 mixed with the leaves of water-cress which have been picked carefully from the stems1 covered with ,french dressing1 and served on slices of tomato4 ,it is well to peel all mushrooms if they are to be served raw4 ,to bake1 follow recipes given for baking campestris4 ,in this way they are exceedingly nice over the ordinary broiled steak4 ,one of the nicest ways1 however1 of preparing them for steak is to wash1 dry and put them1 gills up1 in a baking pan1 having a goodly quantity2 pour over just a little melted butter2 dust with salt and pepper1 and put them into the oven for fifteen minutes4 ,while you are broiling the steak1 put the plate upon which it is to be served over hot water to heat2 put on it a tablespoonful of butter1 a little salt1 pepper1 and some finely chopped parsley4 ,take the mushrooms from the oven1 put some in the bottom of the plate1 dish the steak on top1 covering the remaining quantity over the steak4 ,add two tablespoonfuls of stock or water to the pan in which they were baked2 allow this to boil1 scraping all the material from the pan2 baste this over the steak1 and serve at once4 ,agaricus campestris and many other varieties may also be used in this same way4 ,,lactarii4 ,remove the stems1 and wash the mushrooms4 ,put them into a saucepan1 allowing a tablespoonful of butter and a half teaspoonful of salt to each pint4 ,add four tablespoonfuls of stock to the given quantity2 cover the saucepan1 and cook slowly three-quarters of an hour4 ,at the end of this time you will have a rich1 brown sauce to which you may add a teaspoonful of ,worcestershire sauce1 and1 if you like1 a tablespoonful of sherry4 ,serve in a vegetable dish4 ,lactarius deliciosus ,stewed4--,wash the mushrooms2 cut them into slices2 put them into a saucepan1 allowing a half pint of stock to each pint of mushrooms2 add a half teaspoonful of salt2 cover and stew slowly for three-quarters of an hour4 ,put a tablespoonful of butter in another saucepan1 mix with it a tablespoonful of flour2 add the mushrooms1 stir until they have reached the boiling point2 add a teaspoonful of kitchen bouquet1 a dash of pepper1 and serve it at once in a heated vegetable dish4 ,a nice combination for a steak sauce is made by using a dozen good sized ,lactarius deliciosus with four beefsteak mushrooms1 using then the first recipe4 ,,beefsteak ,,smothered ,,with ,,mushrooms4 ,wash a dozen good sized mushrooms1 either ,lactarii or ,agarici1 also wash and remove the spores from half a dozen good sized beefsteak mushrooms1 cutting them into slices4 ,put all these into a baking pan1 sprinkle over a half teaspoonful of salt1 add a tablespoonful of butter1 and bake in a moderate oven three-quarters of an hour4 ,broil the steak until it is nearly done2 then put it into the pan with the mushrooms1 allowing some of the mushrooms to remain under the steak1 and cover with the remaining portion2 return it to the oven for ten minutes2 dish and serve at once4 ,,boleti4 ,these are more palatable baked or fried4 ,wash the caps and remove the pores4 ,dip the caps in beaten egg1 then in bread crumbs1 and fry them in smoking hot fat2 oil is preferable to butter2 even suet would make a drier fry than butter or lard4 ,serve at once as you would egg plant4 ,baked4--,wash and remove the pores2 put the mushrooms into a baking pan2 baste them with melted butler1 dust with salt and pepper1 and bake in a moderately hot oven three-quarters of an hour2 dish in a vegetable dish4 ,put into the pan in which they were baked1 a tablespoonful of butter4 ,mix carefully with a tablespoonful of flour and add a half pint of stock1 a half teaspoonful of kitchen bouquet or browning1 the same of salt1 and a dash of pepper2 pour this over the mushrooms1 and serve4 ,in ,fritter ,batter4--,beat the yolk of one egg slightly1 and add a half cup of milk2 stir into this two-thirds of a cup of flour2 stir in the well beaten white of the egg and a teaspoonful of olive oil4 ,wash and remove the pores from the boleti4 ,have ready a good sized shallow pan1 the bottom covered with smoking hot oil2 dip the mushrooms1 one at a time1 into this batter1 drain for a moment1 and drop them into the hot fat4 ,when brown on one side1 turn and brown on the other4 ,drain on soft paper and serve at once4 ,boleti in ,brown ,sauce4--,wash and dry the boleti2 remove the pores2 cut them into small pieces4 ,to each pound allow a tablespoonful of butter4 ,put the butter into a saucepan with the mushrooms2 add a half teaspoonful of salt2 cover the pan1 and stew slowly for twenty minutes2 then dust over a tablespoonful of flour2 add a half cup of good beef stock2 cook slowly for ten minutes longer1 and serve4 ,,hydnum4 ,as these mushrooms are slightly bitter1 they must be washed1 dried1 and thrown into a little boiling water1 to boil for just a moment2 drain1 and throw away this water1 add a tablespoonful of butter1 a teaspoonful of salt1 a dash of pepper1 and a half cup of milk or stock2 cover the pan1 and cook slowly for twenty minutes4 ,as the milk scorches easily1 cook over a very slow fire1 or in a double boiler4 ,pour the mixture over slices of toast1 and serve at once4 ,a tablespoonful or two of sherry may be added just as they are removed from the fire4 ,,clavaria4 ,wash1 separating the bunches1 and chop or cut them rather fine1 measure1 and to each quart allow a half pint of ,supreme sauce4 ,throw the clavaria into a saucepan1 cover1 and allow it to stew gently for fifteen minutes while you make the sauce4 ,put a tablespoonful of butter and one of flour in the saucepan2 mix1 and add a half pint of milk or chicken stock2 or you may add half of one and half of the other2 stir until boiling2 take from the fire1 add a half teaspoonful of salt1 a saltspoonful of pepper1 and the yolks of two eggs4 ,take the clavaria from the fire1 and when cool stir it into the sauce4 ,turn into a baking dish1 sprinkle the top with crumbs1 and brown in a quick oven4 ,do not cook too long1 as it will become watery4 ,pickled ,clavaria4--,wash the clavaria thoroughly without breaking it apart2 put into a steamer2 stand the steamer over a kettle of boiling water1 and steam rapidly1 that is1 keep the water boiling hard for fifteen minutes4 ,take from the fire1 and cool4 ,put over the fire sufficient vinegar to cover the given quantity2 to each quart1 allow two bay leaves1 six cloves1 a teaspoonful of whole mustard1 and a dozen pepper corns1 that is1 whole peppers4 ,put the clavaria into glass jars4 ,bring the vinegar to boiling point1 and pour it over2 seal and put aside4 ,this may be served alone as any other pickle1 or on lettuce leaves with ,french dressing as a salad4 ,escalloped ,clavaria4--,wash1 separate and cut the clavaria as in first recipe4 ,to each quart allow a half pint of chicken stock1 a teaspoonful of salt1 a tablespoonful of chopped parsley4 ,put a layer of bread crumbs in the bottom of the dish1 then a layer of chopped clavaria1 and so continue until you have the dish filled4 ,pour over the stock1 which you have seasoned with salt and pepper2 dot bits of butter here and there over the top1 and bake in a moderate oven thirty minutes4 ,this recipe is excellent for the young or button ,hypholoma1 except that the time of baking must be forty-five minutes4 ,,puff-,,balls4 ,to be eatable1 the puff-balls must be perfectly white to the very center4 ,pare off the skin2 cut them into slices2 dust with salt and pepper4 ,have ready in a large1 shallow pan a sufficient quantity of hot oil to cover the bottom4 ,throw in the slices and1 when brown on one side1 turn and brown on the other2 serve at once on a heated dish4 ,a la ,poulette4--,pare the puff-balls2 cut them into slices and then into dice2 put them into a saucepan1 allowing a tablespoonful of butter to each pint of blocks4 ,cover the saucepan2 stew gently for fifteen minutes2 lift the lid2 sprinkle over a teaspoonful of salt and a dash of pepper4 ,beat the yolks of three eggs until light2 add a half cup of cream and a half cup of milk2 pour this into the hot mixture1 and shake until smoking hot4 ,do not allow them to boil4 ,serve in a heated vegetable dish1 with blocks of toast over the top4 ,puff-,ball ,omelet4--,pare and cut into blocks sufficient puff-balls to make a pint4 ,put a tablespoonful of butter into a saucepan2 add the puff-balls1 cover and cook for ten minutes4 ,beat six eggs without separating1 until thoroughly mixed1 but not too light2 add the cooked puff-balls1 a level teaspoonful of salt and a dash of pepper4 ,put a tablespoonful of butter into your omelet pan2 when hot1 turn in the egg mixture2 shake over the hot fire until the bottom has thoroughly set1 then with a limber knife lift the edge1 allowing the soft portion to run underneath2 continue this operation until the omelet is cooked through2 fold and turn onto a heated dish4 ,serve at once4 ,other delicate mushrooms may be used in this same manner4 ,puff-,balls with ,agaricus campestris4--,as the ,agaricus campestris has a rather strong flavor and the puff-balls are mild1 both are better for being mixed in the cooking4 ,take equal quantities of ,agaricus campestris and puff-balls2 pare and cut the puff-balls into blocks2 to each half pound allow a tablespoonful of butter4 ,put the butter in a saucepan1 add the mushrooms1 sprinkle over the salt 7allowing a half teaspoonful always to each pint72 cover the saucepan and stew slowly for twenty minutes4 ,moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a half cup of milk1 add it to the mixture1 stir and cook for just a moment1 add a dash of pepper1 and serve in a heated dish4 ,this recipe may be changed by omitting the flour and adding the yolks of a couple of eggs2 milk is preferable to stock1 for all the white or light-colored varieties4 ,,morchella4 ,select twelve large-sized morels2 cut off the stalks1 and throw them into a saucepan of warm water2 let them stand for fifteen minutes2 then take them on a skimmer one by one1 and drain carefully4 ,chop fine sufficient cold boiled tongue or chicken to make one cupful2 mix this with an equal quantity of bread crumbs1 and season with just a suspicion of onion juice1 not more than ten drops1 and a dash of pepper4 ,fill this into the mushrooms1 arrange them neatly in a baking pan1 put in a half cup of stock and a tablespoonful of butter1 bake in a moderate oven thirty minutes1 basting frequently4 ,when done1 dish neatly4 ,boil down the sauce that is in the pan until it is just sufficient to baste them on the dish2 serve at once4 ,a ,second ,method4--,select large-sized morels2 cut off the stalk2 wash well through several waters4 ,put into a frying pan a little butter1 allowing about a tablespoonful to each dozen mushrooms4 ,when hot1 throw in the mushrooms1 and toss until they are thoroughly cooked2 then add a half pint of milk or stock2 cover the vessel1 and cook slowly twenty minutes2 dust with salt and pepper1 and serve in a vegetable dish4 ,this method gives an exceedingly palatable and very sightly dish if garnished with sweet ,spanish peppers that have been boiled until tender4 ,another ,method4--,remove the stems1 and wash the morels as directed in the preceding recipe4 ,make a stuffing of bread crumbs seasoned with salt1 pepper1 chopped parsley1 and sufficient melted butter to just moisten4 ,place them in a baking pan2 add a little stock and butter2 bake for thirty minutes4 ,when done1 dish4 ,into the pan in which they were cooked1 turn a cupful of strained tomatoes2 boil rapidly for fifteen minutes until slightly thickened2 pour this over the mushrooms2 garnish the dish with triangular pieces of toasted bread1 and serve4 ,,general ,,recipes4 ,in the following recipes one may use ,agaricus campestris1 silvicola1 arvensis1 or ,pleurotus ostreatus1 or sapidus1 or ,coprinus comatus1 or any kindred mushrooms4 ,the ,agaricus campestris1 however1 are to be preferred4 ,to ,serve with a ,boiled ,leg of ,mutton1 wash well the mushrooms and dry them2 dip each into flour1 being careful not to get too much on the gill side4 ,in a saucepan have a little hot butter or oil2 drop these in1 skin side down2 dust them lightly with salt and pepper4 ,after they have browned on this side1 turn them quickly and brown the gills2 add a half pint of good stock2 let them simmer gently for fifteen minutes4 ,take them up with a skimmer1 and dish them on a platter around the mutton4 ,boil the sauce down until it is the proper consistency2 pour it over1 and serve at once4 ,these are also good to serve with roasted beef4 ,mushroom ,sauce for ,game4--,wash well one pound of fresh mushrooms2 dry1 and chop them very fine4 ,put them into a saucepan with one and a half tablespoonfuls of butter2 cover1 and cook slowly for eight minutes2 then add a half cup of fresh rubbed bread crumbs1 a half teaspoonful of salt1 a saltspoon of white pepper2 cover and cook again for five minutes2 stir1 add a tablespoonful of chopped parsley1 and1 if you like1 two tablespoonfuls of sherry2 turn into a sauce-boat4 ,a ,nice ,way to ,serve with ,fricassee of ,chicken4--,wash and dry the mushrooms2 sprinkle them with salt and pepper4 ,put some oil or butter in a shallow pan2 when hot1 throw in the mushrooms1 skin side down2 cover the pan1 put in the oven for fifteen minutes2 baste them once during the baking4 ,lift them carefully and put them on a heated dish4 ,add to the fat in the pan two tablespoonfuls of finely chopped mushrooms1 a half cup of good stock2 boil carefully for five minutes4 ,have ready rounds of bread toasted2 dish the mushrooms on these2 put on top a good sized piece of carefully boiled marrow2 season the sauce with salt1 and strain it over4 ,use these as a garnish around the edge of the plate1 or you may simply dish and serve them for breakfast1 or as second course at lunch4 ,oysters and ,mushrooms4--,wash and remove the stems from a half pound of fresh mushrooms2 chop them fine2 put them into a saucepan with a tablespoonful of butter1 a half teaspoonful of salt1 and a dash of pepper2 cover closely1 and cook over a slow fire for ten minutes4 ,have ready1 washed and drained1 twenty-five good sized fat oysters2 throw them perfectly dry into this mushroom mixture4 ,pull the saucepan over a bright fire2 boil1 stirring carefully1 for about five minutes4 ,serve on squares of carefully toasted bread4 ,tomatoes ,stuffed with ,mushrooms4--,wash perfectly smooth1 solid tomatoes2 cut a slice from the stem end1 and remove carefully the seeds and core4 ,to each tomato allow three good sized mushrooms2 wash1 dry1 chop them fine1 and stuff them into the tomatoes2 put a half saltspoon of salt on the top of each and a dusting of pepper4 ,into a bowl put one cup of soft bread crumbs2 season it with a half teaspoonful of salt and a dash of pepper2 pour over a tablespoonful of melted butter2 heap this over the top of the tomato1 forming a sort of pyramid1 packing in the mushrooms2 stand the tomatoes in a baking pan and bake in a moderate oven one hour4 ,serve at once1 lifting them carefully to prevent breaking4 ,or1 the mushrooms may be chopped fine1 put with a tablespoonful of butter into a saucepan and cooked for five minutes before they are stuffed into the tomatoes2 then the bread crumbs packed over the top1 and the whole baked for twenty minutes4 ,each recipe will give you a different flavor4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,the recipes for ,agaricus are intended for the several species of this genus 7,psalliota74 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,chemistry ,,and ,,toxicology ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,clark4 ,regarding the chemical composition of mushrooms1 we have in the past been limited largely to the work of ,european chemists4 ,recently1 however1 some very careful analyses of ,american mushrooms have been made4 ,the results of these investigations1 while in general accord with the work already done in ,europe1 have emphasized the fact that mushrooms are of very variable composition4 ,that different species should vary greatly was of course to be expected1 but we now know that different specimens of the same species grown under different conditions may be markedly different in chemical composition4 ,the chief factors causing this variation are the composition1 the moisture content1 and the temperature of the soil in which they grow1 together with the maturity of the plant4 ,the temperature1 humidity1 and movement of the atmosphere and other local conditions have a further influence on the amount of water present4 ,the following table1 showing the amounts of the more important constituents in a number of edible ,american species1 has been compiled chiefly from a paper by ,l4 ,b4 ,mendel 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,phy4 #a3 #bbe--bch74 ,this article is one of the most recent and most valuable contributions to this important study1 and anyone wishing to look into the methods of research1 or desiring more detailed information than is here given1 is referred to the original paper4 ,,table ,i4 ,,fresh ,,in ,,water-,,free ,,material4 ,,material4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,w ,d ,m ,t ,n ,p ,n ,e ,e ,s ,i ,p ,a ,f ,a ,a ,r ,a ,o ,i ,r ,i ,t ,x ,o ,n ,e ,l ,i ,s ,t ,y ,t ,t ,t ,o ,t ,h ,t ,l ,r ,c ,b ,h ,e ,t ,a ,r ,t ,r ,e ,r ,u #h ,o ,r ,r ,e ,l ,o ,e ,o ,r ,a ,b #e ,c ,h ,e ,r ,g ,i ,g ,c ,l ,e ,o ,e ,d ,e ,t ,e ,n ,l ,n ,n ,t ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,coprinus comatus #ib4ai #g4hae4gia4ib #c4c #ef4c #g4cab4e ,morchella esculenta #hi4ed #j4dfd4ffc4di #d4h #bi4c #h4gaj4d ,polyporus sulphureus #gj4hj #i4bjc4bib4bc #c4b #bg4h #c4j #g4c ,pleurotus ostreatus #gc4gj #f4cjb4dja4ac #a4f #ca4e #g4e #f4a ,clitocybe multiceps #hi4fa #j4cie4cfa4ih #f4j #eg4b #i4faa4e ,hypholoma #hh4ig #a4jcd4bhb4di #b4e #dd4dab4aac4i candolleanum ,agaricus campestris #ia4h #h4bd4gec4egc4gb -- -- #aa4f ,water4--,like all growing plants1 the mushroom contains a very large proportion of water4 ,the actual amount present varies greatly in different species4 ,in the above table it will be seen that ,polyporus sulphureus1 with over #gj per cent4 of water1 has the least of any species mentioned1 while the species of ,coprinus and ,agaricus have usually fully #ij per cent4 water4 ,the amount of water present1 however1 varies greatly in the same species at different seasons and in different localities1 and with variations in the moisture content of soil and atmosphere1 also with the age and rapidity of development of the individual plant4 ,total ,nitrogen4--,the proportion of nitrogen in the dry matter of different species varies from #b per cent4 to #f per cent4 ,this comparatively high nitrogen content was formerly taken to indicate an unusual richness in proteid substances1 which in turn led to very erroneous ideas regarding the nutritive value of these plants4 ,the nitrogenous substances will be more fully discussed later1 when we consider their nutritive value4 ,ether ,extract4--,this consists of a variety of fatty substances soluble in ether4 ,it varies greatly in quality and quantity in different species4 ,the amount is usually from #d per cent4 to #h per cent4 of the total dry matter4 ,it includes1 besides various other substances1 several free fatty acids and their glycerides1 the acids of low melting point being most abundant4 ,these fatty substances occur in the stem1 but are much more abundant in the cap1 especially in the fruiting portion4 ,just what nutritive value these fatty matters may have has never been determined4 ,carbohydrates4--,the largest part of the dry matter of the mushrooms is made up of various carbohydrates1 including cellulose or fungocellulose1 glycogen1 mycoinuline1 trehalose1 mannite1 glucose1 and other related substances4 ,the cellulose is present in larger proportion in the stem than in the cap1 and in the upper part of the cap than in the fruiting surface4 ,this is doubtless related to the sustaining and protective functions of the stem and the upper part of the cap4 ,starch1 so common as a reserve food in the higher plants1 does not occur in the mushrooms4 ,as is the case with the fats1 no determination of the nutritive value of these substances has been made1 but it may be assumed that the soluble carbohydrates of the mushrooms do not differ greatly from similar compounds in other plants4 ,ash4--,the ash of mushrooms varies greatly4 ,polyporus officinalis gives but #a4jh per cent4 of ash in dry matter1 ,pleurotus ulmarius gives #ab4f per cent41 and ,clitopilus prunulus gives #ae per cent4 ,the average of twelve edible species gave #g per cent4 ash in the stem and #h4if per cent4 in the cap4 ,in regard to the constituents of the ash1 potassium is by far the most abundant--the oxide averaging about #ej per cent4 of the total ash4 ,phosphoric acid stands next to potassium in abundance and importance1 constituting1 on an average1 about one-third of the entire ash4 ,oxides of manganese and iron are always present2 the former averaging about #c per cent4 and the latter #e per cent4 to #b per cent4 of the ash4 ,sodium1 calcium1 and chlorine are usually present in small and varying quantities4 ,sulphuric acid occurs in the ash of all fungi1 and is remarkable for the great variation in quantity present in different species2 e4 g41 ash of ,helvella esculenta contains #a4eh per cent4 ,h#b,,so#d while that of ,agaricus campestris contains the relatively enormous amount of #bd4bi per cent4 ,any discussion of the bare composition of a food is necessarily incomplete without a consideration of the nutritive value of the various constituents4 ,this is especially desirable in the case of the mushrooms1 for while they are frequently overestimated and occasionally ridiculously overpraised by their friends1 they are quite generally distrusted and sometimes held in veritable abhorrence by those who are ignorant of their many excellent qualities4 ,on the one hand1 we are told that gastronomically and chemically considered the flesh of the mushroom has been proven to be almost identical with meat1 and possesses the same nourishing properties4 ,we frequently hear them referred to as vegetable beefsteak1 manna of the poor1 and other equally extravagant and misleading terms4 ,on the other hand1 we see vast quantities of the most delicious food rotting in the fields and woods because they are regarded by the vast majority of the people as toadstools and as such particularly repulsive and poisonous4 ,foods may be divided into three classes according to the functions they perform3 7a7 ,to form the material of the body and repair its wastes4 7b7 ,to supply energy for muscular exertion and for the maintenance of the body heat4 7c7 ,relishes4 ,the formation of the body material and the repair of its wastes is the function of the proteids of foods4 ,it has been found by careful experiment that a man at moderately hard muscular exertion requires 4#bh lb4 of digestible proteids daily4 ,the chief sources of our proteid foods are meats1 fish1 beans1 etc4 ,it has been as a proteid food that mushrooms have been most strongly recommended4 ,referring to ,table ,i1 it will be seen that nitrogen constituted #e4gi per cent4 of the total dry substance of ,coprinus comatus4 ,this high nitrogen content1 which is common to the mushrooms in general1 was formerly taken to indicate a very unusual richness in proteid materials4 ,it is now known1 however1 that there were several sources of error in this assumption4 ,much of the nitrogen is present in the form of non-proteid substances of a very low food value4 ,another and very considerable portion enters into the composition of a substance closely related to cellulose4 ,a third source of error was the assumption that all the proteid material was digestible4 ,it is now known that a very considerable portion is not digestible and hence not available as food4 ,thus1 notwithstanding the #e4gi per cent4 of nitrogen in ,coprinus comatus1 we find but 4#hb per cent4 in the form of actually available 7i4 e41 digestible7 proteids1 or approximately one-seventh of what was formerly supposed to be present4 ,the digestibility of the proteids varies very greatly with the species4 ,mrner found the common field mushroom1 ,agaricus campestris1 to have a larger amount of proteids available than any other species studied by him4 ,unfortunately1 the digestibility of the ,american plant has not been tested4 ,there is great need for further work along this line4 ,enough has been done1 however1 to demonstrate that mushrooms are no longer to be regarded as a food of the proteid class4 ,the energy for the muscular exertion and heat is most economically derived from the foods in which the carbohydrates and fats predominate4 ,the common way of comparing foods of the first two classes scientifically is to compare their heat-giving powers4 ,the unit of measurement is termed a calorie4 ,it represents the amount of heat required to raise a kilogram of water #a ,centigrade4 7,this is approximately the heat required to raise one pound of water #d ,fahrenheit47 ,a man at moderately hard muscular labor requires daily enough food to give about #cejj calories of heat-units4 ,the major part of this food may be most economically derived from the foods of the second class1 any deficiency in the 4#bh lb4 of digestible protein being made up by the addition of some food rich in this substance4 ,in the following table the value of ten pounds of several food substances of the three classes has been worked out4 ,especial attention is called to the column headed proteids and to the last column where the number of heat-units which may be purchased for one cent at current market rates has been worked out4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,nutritive ,,value ,,of ,,ten ,,pounds ,,of ,,several ,,foods4 ,,proteids4,,fats4 ,,carbo- ,,calories4,,cost4,,calories ,,hydrates4 ,,for ,,one ,,cent4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- a4 ,beef 7round7 #a4hg 4#hh ---- #gbjja4ej #dh4 ,beans 7dried7 #b4bc 4#ah #e4ia #aeijj 4#cj #ecj4 b4 ,cabbage 4#ah 4#jc 4#di #adjj 4#ae #ic4 ,potatoes 4#ah 4#ja #a4ec #cbej 4#aj #cbe4 ,flour 7roller #a4ac 4#aa #g4df #afdej 4#be #feh4 process7 c4 ,coprinus comatus 4#jd 4#jbe 4#dcd #ihg #b4ej #c4i ,pleurotus 4#jea 4#jdb 4#hbh #ahaa #b4ej #g4b ostreatus ,morchella 4#jid 4#je 4#cjf #iee #b4ej #c4h esculenta ,agaricus 4#ah 4#jc 4#df #acaf #b4ej #e4c campestris ,oysters 4#fa 4#ad 4#cc #bcej #b4jj #aa4g ,the mushrooms have been valued at #be cents per pound1 which is probably considerably below the average market price for a good article4 ,it should also be remarked that the amounts given in this table are the digestible and hence available constituents of the foods4 ,the only exception to this is in the case of the fats and carbohydrates of the mushrooms1 no digestion experiments having been reported on these constituents4 ,in the absence of data we have assumed that they were entirely digested4 ,the beef and beans are typical animal and vegetable foods of the proteid class4 ,a glance at the table will show how markedly they differ from the mushrooms4 ,the latter are nearest the cabbage in composition and nutritive value4 ,the similarity between the cabbage and the ,agaricus campestris here analyzed is very striking4 ,the potato is somewhat poorer in fat1 but very much richer than the mushroom in carbohydrates4 ,the figures in the last column will vary of course with fluctuations in the market price1 but such variation will not interfere at any time with the demonstration that purchased mushrooms are not a poor man's food4 ,here we find that one cent invested in cabbage at #a-a_/b cents per pound1 gives #ic calories of nutrition1 while the same amount invested in ,agaricus campestris--the common mushroom of our markets--would give but #e4c calories1 although they are almost identical so far as nutritive value is concerned4 ,the same sum invested in wheat flour1 with its high carbohydrate and good proteid content1 would yield #feh calories or one-sixth the amount necessary to sustain a man at work for one day4 ,the amount of mushrooms necessary for the same result is a matter of simple computation4 ,mushrooms1 however1 have a distinct and very great value as a food of the third class1 that is1 as condiments or food accessories1 and their value as such is beyond the computation of the chemist or the physiologist1 and doubtless varies with different individuals4 ,they are among the most appetizing of table delicacies and add greatly to the palatability of many foods when cooked with them4 ,it is surely as unfair to decry the mushroom on account of its low nutritive value1 as it is wrong to attribute to it qualities which are nothing short of absurd in view of its composition4 ,in some respects its place as a food is not unlike that of the oyster1 celery1 berries1 and other delicacies4 ,worked out on the basis of nutritive value alone they would all be condemned2 the oyster for instance presents a showing but little better than the mushroom1 and vastly inferior1 so far as economy is concerned1 to the common potato4 ,this1 too1 for oysters purchased by the quart4 ,the nutritive value of one cent's worth of oysters on the half shell would be interesting6 ,the question of the toxicology of the higher fungi is one of very great theoretical and practical interest4 ,but on account of the great difficulties in the way of such investigations comparatively little has yet been accomplished4 ,a few toxic compounds belonging chiefly to the class termed alkaloids have1 however1 been definitely isolated4 ,choline4--,this alkaloid is of wide occurrence in the animal and vegetable kingdoms4 ,it has been isolated from ,amanita muscaria1 ,a4 pantherina1 ,boletus luridus1 and ,helvella esculenta4 ,it is not very toxic1 but on uniting with oxygen it passes over to muscarine4 ,according to ,kobert the substance formed from choline on the decay of the mushrooms containing it is not muscarine1 but a very closely related alkaloid1 neurin4 ,this transformation of a comparatively harmless alkaloid to an extremely deadly one simply by the partial decay of the plant in which the former is normally found1 emphasizes very much the wisdom of rejecting for table use all specimens which are not entirely fresh4 ,this advice applies to all kinds of mushrooms1 and to worm-eaten and otherwise injured1 as well as decayed ones4 ,neurin is almost identical in its physiological effects with muscarine1 which is described below4 ,muscarine4--,this is the most important because the most dangerous alkaloid found in the mushrooms4 ,it is most abundant in ,amanita muscaria1 it is also found in considerable quantity in ,amanita pantherina1 and to a lesser1 but still very dangerous extent in ,boletus luridus and ,russula emetica4 ,it is quite probably identical with bulbosine1 isolated from ,amanita phalloides by ,boudier4 ,muscarine is an extremely violent poison1 4#jjc to 4#jje of a gram 74#jf grain7 being a very dangerous dose for a man4 ,like other constituents of mushrooms1 the amount of muscarine present varies very greatly with varying conditions of soil and climate4 ,this1 indeed1 may account for the fact that ,boletus luridus is regarded as an edible mushroom in certain parts of ,europe1 the environment being such that little or no muscarine is developed4 ,according to ,kobert1 ,amanita muscaria contains1 besides choline and muscarine1 a third alkaloid1 pilz-atropin4 ,this alkaloid1 like ordinary atropin1 neutralizes to a greater or less extent the muscarine4 ,the amount of pilz-atropin present varies1 as other constituents of mushrooms vary1 with varying conditions of soil1 climate1 etc41 and it may be that in those localities where the ,amanita muscaria is used for food the conditions are favorable for a large production of pilz-atropin which neutralizes the muscarine1 thus making the plant harmless4 ,be this as it may1 ,amanita muscaria1 so deadly as ordinarily found1 is undoubtedly used quite largely as food in parts of ,france and ,russia1 and it has been eaten repeatedly in certain localities in this country without harm4 ,fortunately muscarine has a very unpleasant taste4 ,it is interesting in this connection to note that the ,amanita muscaria is said to be used by the inhabitants of ,northern ,russia--particularly the ,koraks--as a means of inducing intoxication4 ,to overcome the extremely unpleasant taste of the plant they swallow pieces of the dried cap without chewing them1 or boil them in water and drink the decoction with other substances which disguise the taste4 ,the symptoms of poisoning with muscarine are not at once evident1 as is the case with several of the less virulent poisons4 ,they usually appear in from one-half to two hours4 ,for the symptoms in detail we shall quote from ,mr4 ,v4 ,k4 ,chestnut1 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,washington 7,circular ,no4 #ac1 ,div4 of ,bot473 ,vomiting and diarrhoea almost always occur1 with a pronounced flow of saliva1 suppression of the urine1 and various cerebral phenomena beginning with giddiness1 loss of confidence in one's ability to make ordinary movements1 and derangements of vision4 ,this is succeeded by stupor1 cold sweats1 and a very marked weakening of the heart's action4 ,in case of rapid recovery the stupor is short and usually marked with mild delirium4 ,in fatal cases the stupor continues from one to two or three days1 and death at last ensues from the gradual weakening and final stoppage of the heart's action4 ,the treatment for poisoning by muscarine consists primarily in removing the unabsorbed portion of the mushroom from the alimentary canal and in counteracting the effect of muscarine on the heart4 ,the action of this organ should be fortified at once by the subcutaneous injection1 by a physician1 of atropine in doses of from one one-hundredth to one-fiftieth of a grain4 ,the strongest emetics1 such as sulphate of zinc or apomorphine1 should be used1 though in case of profound stupor even these may not produce the desired action4 ,freshly ignited charcoal or two grains of a one per cent4 alkaline solution of permanganate of potash may then be administered1 in order1 in the case of the former substance1 to absorb the poison1 or1 in the case of the latter1 to decompose it4 ,this should be followed by oils or oleaginous purgatives1 and the intestines should be cleaned and washed out with an enema of warm water and turpentine4 ,experiments on animals poisoned by ,amanita muscaria and with pure muscarine show very clearly that when the heart has nearly ceased to beat it may be stimulated to strong action almost instantly by the use of atropine4 ,its use as thus demonstrated has been the means of saving numerous lives4 ,we have in this alkaloid an almost perfect physiological antidote for muscarine1 and therefore in such cases of poisoning its use should be pushed as heroically as the symptoms of the case will warrant4 ,the presence of phallin in ,amanita muscaria is possible1 and its symptoms should be looked for in the red color of the blood serum discharged from the intestines4 ,phallin4--,the exact chemical nature of this extremely toxic substance is not certainly known1 but it is generally conceded to be of an albuminous nature4 ,that it is an extremely deadly poison is shown by the fact that 4#jjae grain per #b lbs4 weight of the animal is a fatal dose for cats and dogs4 ,it is the active principle of the most deadly of all mushrooms1 the ,amanita phalloides1 or death-cup fungus4 ,we quote again from ,mr4 ,chestnut's account of phallin and its treatment3 ,the fundamental injury is not due1 as in the case of muscarine1 to a paralysis of the nerves controlling the action of the heart1 but to a direct effect on the blood corpuscles4 ,these are quickly dissolved by phallin1 the blood serum escaping from the blood vessels into the alimentary canal1 and the whole system being rapidly drained of its vitality4 ,no bad taste warns the victim1 nor do the preliminary symptoms begin until nine to fourteen hours after the poisonous mushrooms are eaten4 ,there is then considerable abdominal pain and there may be cramps in the legs and other nervous phenomena1 such as convulsions1 and even lockjaw or other kinds of tetanic spasms4 ,the pulse is weak1 the abdominal pain is rapidly followed by nausea1 vomiting1 and extreme diarrhoea1 the intestinal discharges assuming the 'rice-water' condition characteristic of cholera4 ,the latter symptoms are persistently maintained1 generally without loss of consciousness1 until death ensues1 which happens in from two to four days4 ,there is no known antidote by which the effects of phallin can be counteracted4 ,the undigested material1 if not already vomited1 should1 however1 be removed from the stomach and intestines by methods similar to those given for cases of poisoning by ,amanita muscaria4 ,after that the remainder of the poison1 if the amount of phallin already taken up by the system is not too large1 may wear itself out on the blood and the patient may recover4 ,it is suggested that this wearing-out process may be assisted by transfusing into the veins blood freshly taken from some warm-blooded animal4 ,the depletion of the blood serum might be remedied by similar transfusions of salt and warm water4 ,helvellic ,acid4--,this very deadly poison is sometimes found in ,helvella esculenta ,persoon 7,gyromitra esculenta71 particularly in old or decaying specimens4 ,it has been studied and named by ,boehm4 ,it is quite soluble in hot water1 and in some localities this species of ,helvella is always parboiled--the water being thrown away--before it is prepared for the table4 ,it seems to be quite generally agreed that young and perfectly fresh specimens are free from the poison4 ,as the poison is very violent1 however1 this plant should be carefully avoided4 ,the symptoms resemble in a very marked degree those of the deadly phallin1 the dissolution of the red corpuscles of the blood being one of the most marked and most dangerous2 this is accompanied by nausea1 vomiting1 jaundice1 and stoppage of the kidneys4 ,there is no known antidote for this poison1 hence the little that can be done would be similar to that mentioned under phallin4 ,when poisoning by mushrooms is suspected1 one cannot too strongly urge that the services of a competent physician should be secured with the least possible delay4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,description ,,of ,,terms ,,applied ,,to ,,certain ,,structural ,,characters ,,of ,,mushrooms4 ,by ,h4 ,,hasselbring4 ,in fungi1 as in higher plants1 each organ or part of the plant is subject to a great number of variations which appeal to the eye of the student1 and by which he recognizes relationship among the various individuals1 species1 and genera of this group4 ,for the purpose of systematic studies of mushrooms or even for the recognition of a few species1 it is of primary importance to be acquainted with terms used in describing different types of variation4 ,only a few of the more important terms1 such as are employed in this book1 together with diagrams illustrating typical cases to which they are applied1 will be given here4 ,the pileus4--,the pileus or cap is the first part of a mushroom which attracts the attention of the collector4 ,it is the fleshy fruit body of the plant4 ,this1 like all other parts of the mushroom1 is made up1 not of cellular tissue as we find it in flowering plants1 but of numerous interwoven threads1 called hyph1 which constitute the flesh or trama of the pileus4 ,ordinarily1 the filamentous structure of the flesh is very obvious when a thin section of the cap is examined under the microscope1 but in certain genera1 as ,russula and ,lactarius1 many branches of the hyph become greatly enlarged1 forming little vesicles or bladders4 ,these vesicles lie in groups all through the flesh of the pileus1 sometimes forming the greater part of its substance4 ,the filamentous hyph pass around and through these groups1 filling up the interstices4 ,in cross section this tissue resembles parenchyma1 and appears as if it were made up of rounded cells4 ,such a trama is said to be vesiculose to distinguish it from the ordinary or floccose trama4 ,the threads on the outer surface of the pileus constitute the cortex or cuticle4 ,they are thick walled and often contain coloring matter which gives the plants their characteristic color4 ,in many species their walls become gelatinized1 covering the outside of the pileus with a viscid1 slimy1 or glutinous layer1 often called pellicle4 ,in other instances the corticle layer ceases to grow with the pileus4 ,it is then torn and split by the continued expanding of the rest of the plant1 and remains on the surface in the form of hairs1 fibers1 scales1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bci4 ,portion of vesiculose trama in the pileus of a ,russula4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bdj4 ,portion of a floccose trama4 ,as an example of the most usual form of the pileus1 we may take that of the common mushroom 7,agaricus campestris7 when it is nearly expanded4 ,the pileus is then quite regular in outline and evenly convex 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,many mushrooms during the early stages of their development have this form1 which is variously changed by later growth4 ,the convex pileus usually becomes plane or expanded as it grows4 ,if the convexity is greater it is said to be campanulate 7,fig4 #bde71 conical hemispherical1 etc41 terms which need no explanation4 ,the pileus is umbilicate when it has an abrupt1 sharp depression at the center 7,fig4 #bda71 infundibuliform when the margin is much higher than the center1 so that the cap resembles a funnel 7,fig4 #bdd71 and depressed when the center is less1 or irregularly1 sunken4 ,when the center of the pileus is raised in the form of a boss or knob it is umbonate 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,the umbo may have the form of a sharp elevation at the center1 or it may be rounded or obtuse1 occupying a larger part of the disc4 ,when it is irregular or indistinct the pileus is said to be gibbous 7,fig4 #bdf74 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bda4 ,,figure #bdb4 ,,figure #bdc4 ,,figure #bda4--,omphalia campanella1 pileus umbilicate1 gills decurrent4 ,,figure #bdb4--,lepiota procera1 pileus convex1 umbonate2 annulus free1 movable2 gills free4 ,,figure #bdc4--;,agaricus campestris1 pileus convex1 gills free4 ,the gills4--,the gills or lamell are thin blades on the under side of the pileus1 radiating from the stem to the margin4 ,when the pileus is cut in halves the general outline of the gills may be observed4 ,in outline they may be broad1 narrow1 lanceolate1 triangular1 etc4 ,in respect to their ends they are attenuate when gradually narrowed to a sharp point1 acute when they end in a sharp angle1 and obtuse when the ends are rounded4 ,again1 the gills are arcuate when they arch from the stem to the edge of the pileus1 and ventricose when they are bellied out vertically toward the earth4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bdd4 ,clitocybe infundibuliformis1 pileus infundibuliform1 gills decurrent4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bde4 ,mycena galericulata1 pileus conic to campanulate1 gills decurrent by a tooth1 stem fistulose4 ,the terms given above are often used in descriptive works1 but the most important feature to be noted in the section of the plant is the relation of the gills to the stem4 ,this relation is represented by several distinct types which are sometimes used to limit genera or sub-genera1 since the mode of attachment is usually constant in all species of a group4 ,the principal relations of the gills to the stem are described as follows3 ,adnate when they reach the stem and are set squarely against it 7,fig4 #bdg72 decurrent when they run down the stem 7,fig4 #bdd72 sinuate or emarginate when they have a notch or vertical curve at the posterior end 7,fig4 #bdf72 and free when they are rounded off without reaching the stem 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,in all cases when the lamell reach the stem and are only attached by the upper angle they are said to be adnexed4 ,this term is often used in combination with others1 as sinuate-adnexed 7,fig4 #bdh1 small figure71 or ascending adnexed 7,fig4 #bdh1 larger plant74 ,sometimes the lamell are adnate1 adnexed1 etc41 and have a slight decurrent process or tooth as in ,mycena galericulata 7,fig4 #bde74 ,in many plants the gills separate very readily from the stem when the plants are handled4 ,sometimes merely the expansion of the pileus tears them away1 so that it is necessary to use great caution1 and often to examine plants in different stages of development to determine the real condition of the lamell4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bdf4 ,,figure #bdg4 ,,figure #bdh4 ,,figure #bdf4--,tricholoma1 gills sinuate1 stipe solid4 ,,figure #bdg4--,panolus papilionaceus1 gills adnate4 ,,figure #bdh4--,left-hand small plant1 ,hygrophorus1 gills sinuate1 adnexed4 ,right-hand plant ,panolus retirugis1 gills ascending adnexed1 veil appendiculate4 ,in certain genera the gills have special characteristics which may be noted here4 ,usually the edge of the lamell is acute or sharp like the blade of a knife1 but in ,cantharellus and ,trogia the edges are very blunt or obtuse4 ,in extreme forms the lamell are reduced to mere veins or ridges4 ,again1 the edge is generally entire1 i4 e41 not noticeably toothed1 but in ,lentinus it is often toothed or cut in various ways4 ,in some other plants the edges are serrulate1 crenulate1 etc4 ,in ,schizophyllum alneum1 a small whitish plant very common on dead sticks1 the gills are split lengthwise along the edge with the halves revolute1 i4 e41 rolled back4 ,in ,coprinus the gills and often a large part of the pileus melt at maturity into a dark1 inky fluid4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bdi4--,section of portion of gill of ,marasmius cohrens4 t1 trama of gill2 sh1 sub-hymenium2 h1 hymenium layer4 ,the long1 dark cells are brown cystidia1 termed spicules by some to distinguish them from the colorless cystidia4 ,the long cells bearing the oval spores are the basidia4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #bej4--;,inocybe repanda 7,bull47 ,bres4 7 ,entoloma repandum ,bull474 t1 trama of pileus2 sh1 sub-hymenium2 h1 the hymenial layer2 the long cells with a drop of moisture at the ends are cystidia 7sing4 cystidium74 ,the hymenium4--,the term hymenium is applied to the spore-bearing tissue of many fungi4 ,in the ,agaricace the hymenium covers the entire surface of the gills and usually the portion of the pileus between the gills4 ,it originates in the following manner3 the threads forming the trama of the gills grow out from the lower side of the pileus and perpendicular to its under surface4 ,as growth advances many branches of the threads turn outward toward either surface of the gill and finally terminate in club-shaped cells4 ,these cells1 therefore1 lie side by side1 perpendicular to the surface1 forming a pavement1 as it were1 over the entire surface of the gills4 ,some of them put out four little prongs1 on each of which a spore is borne1 while others simply remain as sterile cells 7,figs4 #bdi1 #bej74 ,the spore-bearing cells are basidia2 the others are called paraphyses4 ,they resemble each other very much1 except that the basidia bear four sterigmata and a spore on each4 ,in a few species the number of sterigmata is reduced to two and in some low forms the number is variable4 ,the layer just beneath the basidia is usually more or less modified1 being often composed of small cells different from the rest of the trama4 ,this is called the sub-hymenial layer or sub-hymenium 7,fig4 #bej74 ,other cells called cystidia occur in the hymenia of various species distributed through nearly all the genera of the agarics4 ,cystidia are large1 usually inflated1 cells which project above the rest of the hymenium 7,fig4 #bej74 ,they originate either like the basidia1 from the sub-hymenial cells 7,fig4 #bej71 or from special hyph deeper down in the trama of the gill 7,fig4 #bdi74 ,they are scattered over the entire surface of the hymenium1 but become more numerous on the edge of the lamell4 ,their number is much smaller than that of the basidia1 but in some species where they are colored they may greatly change the appearance of the gills4 ,cystidia often secrete moisture which collects in drops at their tips1 a phenomenon common to all free fungous cells4 ,the stem4--,the stem is usually fixed to the center of the pileus1 but it may be eccentric1 i4 e41 fixed to one side of the center1 or entirely lateral4 ,when the stem is wanting the pileus is sessile4 ,with regard to its interior the stem is solid1 when it is evenly fleshy throughout 7,fig4 #bdf71 or hollow when the interior is occupied by a cavity 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,if the cavity is narrow and tubular the stem is fistulose 7,fig4 #bde72 and if the center is filled with a pithy substance it is stuffed 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,these terms apply only to the natural condition of the stem1 and not the condition brought about by larv1 which eat out the interior of the stem1 causing it to be hollow or fistulose4 ,the terms applicable to the consistency of the stem are difficult to define4 ,in general1 stems may be either fleshy or cartilaginous4 ,the meaning of these terms can best be learned by careful study of specimens of each1 but a few general characters can be given here4 ,fleshy1 fibrous stems occur in the genera ,clitocybe and ,tricholoma1 among the white-spored forms4 ,their consistency is like that of the pileus1 namely1 made up of fleshy1 fibrous tissue4 ,they are usually stout1 compared with the size of the plant1 and when bent or broken they seem to be more or less spongy or tough1 fibrous1 so that they do not snap readily4 ,cartilaginous stems have a consistency resembling that of cartilage4 ,their texture is always different from that of the pileus1 which is fleshy or membranous4 ,in general such stems are rather slender1 in many genera rather thin1 but firm4 ,when bent sufficiently they either snap suddenly1 or break like a green straw1 without separating4 ,in regard to their external appearance some resemble fibrous stems1 while others are smooth and polished as in ,mycena and ,omphalia4 ,the veil4--,in the young stages of development the margin of the pileus lies in close contact with the stipe1 the line of separation being indicated by a kind of furrow which runs around the young button mushroom4 ,in many genera1 as ,collybia1 ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 etc41 the pileus simply expands without having its margin ever united to the stipe by any special structure1 but in other forms1 which include by far the greater number of genera of the ,agaricace and some ,boleti1 the interval between the stem and pileus is bridged over by threads growing from the margin of the pileus and from the outer layers of the stem4 ,these threads interlace to form a delicate membrane1 known as the veil1 which closes the gap between the stem and pileus and covers over the young hymenium4 ,the veil remains firm for a time1 but it is finally torn by the expanding pileus1 and its remnants persist on the cap and stem in the form of various appendages1 whose character depends on the character of the veil4 ,in ,cortinarius the veil is made up of delicate threads extending radially from the stem to the margin of the cap without forming a true membrane4 ,from its resemblance to a spider's web such a veil is said to be arachnoid4 ,at maturity mere traces of it can be found on the stem4 ,in many genera the veil consists of a delicate membrane which tears away from the stem and hangs in flakes to the margin of the pileus4 ,in these cases the veil is appendiculate 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,frequently it is so delicate that no trace of it remains on the mature plant4 ,where the veil is well developed it usually remains on the stem as a ring or annulus which becomes free and movable in species of ,lepiota 7,fig4 #bdb7 and ,coprinus1 or forms a hanging annular curtain in ,amanita1 or a thick1 felty ring in ,agaricus1 etc4 ,in some plants 7species of ,lepiota7 the annulus is continuous with the outer cortex of the stem1 which then appears as if it were partially enclosed in a sheath1 with the annulus forming a fringe on the upper end of the sheath1 from which the apex of the stem projects4 ,no reference is here made to the volva1 which encloses the entire plant1 and which is described in connection with the genera in which it occurs4 ,the few typical characters described here will help the student to become familiar with terms applied to them4 ,in nature1 however1 typical cases rarely exist1 and it is often necessary to draw distinction between differences so slight that it is almost impossible to describe them4 ,only by patient study and a thorough acquaintance with the characters of each genus can one hope to become familiar with the many mushrooms growing in our woods and fields4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,analytical ,,keys4 ,by the ,author4 ,,class ,,fungi4 ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4,f ,plants of large or medium size2 fleshy1 membranaceous1 leathery1 woody or gelatinous2 growing on the ground1 on wood or decaying organic matter2 usually saprophytic1 more rarely parasitic4 ,fruiting surface1 or hymenium1 formed of numerous crowded perpendicular basidia1 the apex of the latter bearing two to six 7usually four7 basidiospores1 or the basidiospores borne laterally2 in many cases cystidia intermingled with the basidia4 ,hymenium either free at the beginning1 or enclosed either permanently or temporarily in a more or less perfect peridium or veil4 ,basidiospores continuous or rarely septate1 globose1 obovoid1 ellipsoidal to oblong1 smooth or roughened1 hyaline or colored1 borne singly at the apex of sterigmata4 ,order ,gasteromycetes4 ,plants membranaceous1 leathery or fleshy1 furnished with a peridium and gleba1 the latter being sometimes supported on a receptacle4 ,hymenium on the surface of the gleba which is enclosed within the peridium up to the maturity of the spores or longer2 spores continuous1 sphroid or ellipsoid1 hyaline or colored4 ,puff-balls1 etc4 ,order ,hymenomycetes4 ,hymenium1 at the beginning1 borne on the free outer surface of the compound sporophore1 or if at first enclosed by a pseudo-peridium or veil it soon becomes exposed before the maturity of the spores2 mushrooms1 etc4 ,,hymenomycetes4 ,analytical ,key of the ,families4 ,plants not gelatinous2 basidia continuous4 #a ,plants gelatinous or sub-gelatinous1 basidia forked1 or divided longitudinally or transversely4 #d #a--;,hymenium uneven1 i4 e41 in the form of radiating plates1 or folds2 or a honey-combed surface1 or reticulate1 warty1 spiny1 etc4 #b ,hymenium smooth 7not as in ,b1 though it may be convolute and irregular1 or ribbed1 or veined74 #c #b--;,hymenium usually on the under side1 in the form of radiating plates1 or strong folds4 ,the genus ,phlebia in the ,hydnaceae has the hymenium on smooth1 somewhat radiating veins which are interrupted and irregular4 ,one exotic genus has the hymenium on numerous irregular obtuse lobes 7,rhacophyllus74 ,agaricace4 #ag ,hymenium usually below 7or on the outer surface when the plant is spread over the substratum71 honey-combed1 porous1 tubulose1 or reticulate2 in one genus with short1 concentric plates4 ,polyporace4 #aga ,hymenium usually below 7or on the outer surface when the plant is spread over the substratum71 warted1 tuberculate1 or with stout1 spinous processes2 or with interrupted vein-like folds in resupinate forms4 ,hydnace4 #aie #c--,plants somewhat corky or membranaceous1 more or less expanded2 hymenium on the under surface 7upper surface sterile71 or on the outer or exposed surface when the plant is spread over the substratum 7margin may then sometimes be free1 but upper surface1 i4 e41 that toward the substratum1 sterile74 7,minute slender spines are sometimes intermingled with the elements of the hymenium1 and should not be mistaken for the stouter spinous processes of the ,hydnace74 ,thelephorace4 #bjh ,plants more or less fleshy1 upright 7never spread over the surface of the substratum71 simple or branched4 ,hymenium covering both sides and the upper surface4 ,clavariace4 #bjj #d--;,basidia forked or longitudinally divided2 or if continuous then globose1 or bearing numerous spores2 or if the plant is leathery1 membranous1 or floccose1 then basidia as described4 ,hymenium covering the entire free surface or confined to one portion2 smooth1 gyrose1 folded or lobed2 or hymenium lamellate1 porous1 reticulate or toothed forms which are gelatinous and provided with continuous basidia may be sought here4 ,tremelline4 #bjd ,,family ,,agaricaceae4 ,pileus more or less expanded1 convex1 bell-shaped2 stipe central or nearly so2 or the point of attachment lateral1 when the stipe may be short or the pileus sessile and shelving4 ,fruiting surface usually on the under side and exposed toward the earth1 lamellate1 or prominently folded or veined4 ,lamell or gills radiating from the point of attachment of the pileus with the stipe or with the substratum in the sessile forms2 lamell simple or branched1 rarely anastomosing behind1 clothed externally on both surfaces with the basidia1 each of which bears four spores 7rarely two71 cystidia often present4 ,key to the ,north ,american genera4 ,,the ,,white-,,spored ,,agarics4 7,sometimes there is a faint tinge of pink or lilac when the spores are in bulk1 but the color is not seen under the microscope47 ,plants soft1 fleshy or nearly so1 usually soon decaying2 dried plants do not revive well when moistened4 #a ,plants tough1 either fleshy or gelatinous1 membranaceous1 corky or woody1 persistent1 reviving when moistened4 #ac #a--;,gills acute on the edge4 #b ,edge of the gills obtuse1 or gills fold-like1 or vein-like1 but prominent4 #ab #b--,trama of the pileus of interwoven threads1 not vesiculose4 #c ,trama of the pileus vesiculose1 plants rigid but quite fragile4 #aa #c--;,gills thin1 not much broadened toward the pileus4 #d ,gills broadened toward the pileus1 of waxy consistency4 ,hygrophorus4 #aaj #d--,stipe central or sub-central4 7,some species of ,pleurotus are sub-central1 but the gills are usually not decurrent47 #e ,stipe on one side of the pileus1 or none1 rarely with the stipe sub-central4 7,some species of ,clitocybe are sub-central47 ,pleurotus4 #ajb #e--,stipe fleshy1 pileus easily separating from the stipe1 gills usually free4 #f ,stipe fleshy or fibrous and elastic1 pileus confluent with the stipe and of the same texture4 #g ,stipe cartilaginous1 pileus confluent with the stipe1 but of a different texture4 #i #f--,volva and annulus present on the stipe4 ,amanita4 #eb ,volva present1 annulus wanting4 ,amanitopsis4 #gd ,volva wanting1 annulus present4 ,lepiota4 #gg #g--;,annulus and volva wanting4 #h ,annulus usually present 7sometimes vague71 volva wanting1 gills attached to the stipe4 ,armillaria4 #hc #h--;,gills sinuate4 ,tricholoma4 #hg ,gills decurrent1 not sinuate4 ,clitocybe4 #hi #i--;,gills decurrent1 pileus umbilicate4 ,omphalia4 #ajj ,gills not decurrent4 #aj #aj--,margin of pileus at first involute1 pileus flat or nearly so1 somewhat fleshy 7some plants rather tough and tending toward the consistency of ,marasmius74 ,collybia4 #ib ,margin of the pileus at first straight1 pileus slightly bell-shaped1 thin4 ,mycena4 #ic ,gills usually free1 pileus deeply plicate so that the gills are split where they are attached to the pileus1 pileus membranaceous1 very tender but not diffluent4 ,hiatula4 #aa--,plants where bruised exuding a milky or colored juice4 ,lactarius4 #aad ,plants not exuding a juice where bruised4 ,russula4 #abe #ab--;,gills decurrent1 dichotomous1 edge blunt4 ,cantharellus4 #abh ,gills not decurrent1 plants parasitic on other mushrooms4 ,nyctalis4 #ac--;,edge of gills not split into two lamin4 #ad ,edge of gills split into two lamin and revolute4 ,schizophyllum4 #acf #ad--,plants leathery1 either fleshy1 membraneous1 or gelatinous4 #ae ,plants corky or woody 7placed by some in ,polyporace74 ,lenzites4 #ae--,stipe separate from the pileus 7hymenophore71 easily separating4 #af ,stipe continuous with hymenophore4 #ag #af--,plants tough and fleshy1 membranaceous or leathery4 ,marasmius4 #acj ,plants gelatinous and leathery4 ,heliomyces4 #ag--;,edge of the gills acute4 #ah ,edge of the gills obtuse4 #ai #ah--;,edge of gills usually serrate4 ,lentinus4 #acd ,edge of gills entire4 ,panus4 #acd #ai--;,gills dichotomous4 ,xerotus4 ,gills fold-like1 irregular4 ,trogia4 #acg ,there are only a few rare species of ,hiatula1 ,nyctalis1 ,heliomyces and ,xerotus in the ,united ,states4 ,none are here described4 ,,the ,,ochre-,,spored ,,agarics4 7,the spores are yellowish brown or rusty brown47 ,gills not separating readily from #a ,gills sometimes separating readily from the pileus1 forked or anastomosing at the base1 or connected with vein-like reticulations4 ,paxillus4 #afe #a--,universal veil not arachnoid 7i4 e41 not cobwebby74 #b ,universal veil arachnoid1 distinct from the cuticle of the pileus1 gills powdery from the spores4 ,cortinarius4 #afa #b--,stipe central4 #c ,stipe eccentric or none4 ,crepidotus4 #aei #c--,volva or annulus present on stipe4 #d ,volva and annulus wanting4 #e #d--,stipe with an annulus4 ,pholiota4 #aej ,stipe with a volva4 ,locellina 7not reported in ,u4 ,s474 #e--;,gills free from the stem4 ,pluteolus4 ,gills attached4 #f #f--;,gills not dissolving nor becoming powdery4 #g ,gills dissolving into a gelatinous or powdery condition1 not diffluent as in ,coprinus4 ,bolbitius4 #afc #g--,stipe fleshy4 #h ,stipe cartilaginous or sub-cartilaginous4 #aj #h--;,gills somewhat sinuate4 #i ,gills adnate or decurrent4 ,flammula4 #aef #i--;,cuticle of the pileus silky or bearing fibrils4 ,inocybe4 #aeh ,cuticle of pileus smooth1 viscid4 ,hebeloma4 #aeg #aj--;,gills decurrent4 ,tubaria4 #aei ,gills not decurrent4 #aa #aa--,margin of pileus inflexed4 ,naucoria4 #aec ,margin of pileus straight1 from the first4 ,galera4 #aee ,no species of ,pluteolus are here described4 ,,the ,,rosy-,,spored ,,agarics4 7,the spores are rose color1 pink1 flesh or salmon color47 ,stipe central4 #a ,stipe eccentric or none and pileus lateral4 ,claudopus4 #adi #a--,pileus easily separating from the stipe1 gills free4 #b ,pileus confluent with the stipe and of the same texture1 gills attached1 in some becoming almost free4 #c #b--,volva present and distinct1 annulus wanting4 ,volvaria4 #adj ,volva and annulus wanting4 ,pluteus4 #ach #c--,stipe fleshy to fibrous1 margin of pileus at first incurved4 #d ,stipe cartilaginous4 #e #d--;,gills sinuate4 ,entoloma4 #adc ,gills decurrent4 ,clitopilus4 #adb #e--;,gills not decurrent 7or if so only by a minute tooth71 easily separating from the stipe4 #f ,gills decurrent1 pileus umbilicate4 ,eccilia4 #adh #f--,pileus slightly convex1 margin at first incurved4 ,leptonia4 #adg ,pileus bell-shaped1 margin at first straight and pressed close against the stipe4 ,nolanea4 ,no species of ,nolanea are described here4 ,,the ,,brown-,,spored ,,agarics4 7,the spores are dark brown or purplish brown47 ,pileus easily separating from the stem2 gills usually free4 #a ,pileus continuous with the stem2 gills attached4 #b #a--,volva wanting1 annulus present4 7,psalliota ,fr47 ,agaricus4 #ah ,volva present1 annulus wanting4 ,chitonia4 ,volva and annulus wanting4 ,pilosace4 #b--,veil present4 #c ,veil wanting or obsolete4 #d #c--;,annulus present1 gills attached4 ,stropharia4 #ca ,annulus wanting1 veil remaining attached to margin of pileus4 ,hypholoma4 #bf #d--,stipe tenacious1 margin of pileus first incurved4 #e ,stipe fragile1 margin of pileus at first straight4 ,psathyra4 #e--;,gills sub-triangularly decurrent4 ,deconica4 ,gills not decurrent4 ,psilocybe4 ,but few species of ,psathyra1 ,deconica1 ,chitonia and ,pilosace are noted from the ,united ,states4 ,none are here described4 ,,the ,,black-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,pileus present to which the gills are attached4 #a ,pileus wanting1 gills attached to a disk at apex of stem from which they radiate4 ,montagnites4,g #a--;,gills more or less deliquescing1 or pileus thin1 membranous and splitting between the lamin of the gills and becoming more or less plicate4 ,coprinus4 #cb ,gills not deliquescing1 etc4 #b #b--,spores globose1 ovoid4 #c ,spores elongate1 fusiform 7in some species brown71 plants with a slimy envelope4 ,gomphidius4 #di #c--,pileus somewhat fleshy1 not striate1 projecting beyond the gills at the margin2 gills variegated in color from groups of dark spores on the surface4 #d ,pileus somewhat fleshy1 margin striate1 gills not variegated4 ,psathyrella4 #dh #d--;,annulus wanting1 but veil often present4 ,panolus4 #de ,annulus wanting1 veil appendiculate on margin of cap4 ,chalymotta4 #dh ,annulus present4 ,anellaria4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,the ,,more ,,technical ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,work4 ,abbreviations3 cm4 centimeter 7about #b-a_/b cm4 make one inch74 mm4 millimeter 7about #be mm4 make #a inch74 one micron 7#ajjj #a mm474 ,adnate1 said of the gills when they are attached squarely1 or broadly1 to the stem4 ,adnexed1 said of gills when they are attached only slightly or only by the upper angle of the stem4 ,anastomose1 running together in a net-like manner4 ,annulus1 the ring or collar around the stem formed from the inner or partial veil4 ,appendiculate1 said of the veil when it clings in fragments to the margin of the pileus4 ,arachnoid1 said of the veil when it is cobwebby1 that is1 formed of loose threads4 ,ascus1 the club-shaped body which bears the spores inside 7characteristic of the ,ascomycetes74 ,basidium 7pl4 basidia7 the club-shaped body which bears the spores in the ,basidiomycetes4 ,these stand parallel1 and together make up the entire or large part of the hymenium or fruiting surface which covers the gills1 etc4 ,paraphyses 7sterile cells7 and sometimes cystidia 7longer sterile cells7 or spines are intermingled with the basidia4 ,bulbous1 said of the enlarged lower end of the stem in some mushrooms4 ,circumscissile1 splitting transversely across the middle1 used to indicate one of the ways in which the volva ruptures4 ,cortina1 a cobwebby veil4 ,cuticle1 the skin-like layer on the outside of the pileus4 ,decurrent1 said of the gills when they extend downward on the stem4 ,diffluent1 said of the gills when they dissolve into a fluid4 ,dimidiate1 halved1 said of a sessile pileus semi-circular in form and attached by the plane edge directly to the wood4 ,echinulate1 term applied to minute spinous processes1 on the spores for example4 ,eccentric1 said of a stem when it is attached to some other point than the center of the pileus4 ,fimbriate1 in the form of a delicate fringe4 ,fistulose1 becoming hollow4 ,floccose1 term applied to indicate delicate and soft threads1 cottony extensions from the surface of any part of the mushroom4 ,flocculose1 minutely floccose4 ,fugacious1 disappearing4 ,fuliginous 7or fuligineous71 dark brown1 sooty or smoky4 ,fulvous1 tawny1 reddish yellow4 ,fusiform1 spindle-shaped4 ,fusoid1 like a spindle4 ,furfuraceous1 with numerous minute scales4 ,gleba1 the chambered tissue forming the hymenium 7fruiting surface7 in the puff-balls and their allies4 ,hygrophanous1 appearing to be water soaked4 ,hymenium1 the fruiting surface of the mushrooms and other fungi4 ,hymenomycetes1 the subdivision of the ,basidiomycetes in which the fruiting surface is exposed before the spores are ripe4 ,hymenophore1 the portion of the fruit body which bears the hymenium4 ,hypha 7pl4 hyph71 a single mycelium thread4 ,imbricate1 overlapping like the shingles on a roof4 ,involute1 folded or rolled inward4 ,lamella 7pl4 lamell71 the gills of the mushroom4 ,mycelium1 the vegetative or growing portion of the mushrooms1 and other fungi1 made up of several or many threads4 ,ocreate1 applied to the volva where it fits the lower part of the stem1 as a stocking does the leg4 ,pectinate1 like the teeth of a comb4 ,peridium1 the wall of the puff-balls1 etc4 ,pileus 7pl4 pilei71 the cap of the mushroom4 ,plicate1 plaited1 or folded like a fan4 ,punctate1 with minute points4 ,pulverulent1 with a minute powdery substance4 ,repand1 wavy4 ,resupinate1 spread over the matrix1 the fruiting surface external and the pileus next the wood4 ,revolute1 rolled backward4 ,rugose1 wrinkled4 ,rugulose1 with minute wrinkles4 ,saprophytic1 growing on dead organic matter4 ,sessile1 where the pileus is attached directly to the matrix without any stem4 ,sinuate1 said of the gills when they are notched at their junction with the stem4 ,stipe1 the stem4 ,sulcate1 furrowed4 ,squamulose1 with minute scales4 ,squarrose1 with prominent reflexed scales4 ,tomentose1 with a dense1 matted1 hairy or woolly surface4 ,trama1 the interior portion of the gills or pileus4 ,umbo1 with a prominent boss or elevation1 in the center of the pileus4 ,umbilicate1 with a minute abrupt depression in the center of the cap4 ,veil1 a layer of threads extending from the margin of the cap to the stem 7partial veil or marginal veil74 ,a universal veil envelops the entire plant4 ,veins1 elevated lines or folds running over the surface of the lamell in some species1 and often connected so as to form reticulations4 ,ventricose1 enlarged or broadened at the middle1 bellied4 ,vesiculose1 full of small rounded vesicles1 as the trama of the pileus of a ,russula4 ,volva1 a wrapper or envelope1 which in the young stage completely surrounds the plant1 same as universal veil4 ,at maturity of the plant it may be left in the form of a cup at the base of the stem1 or broken up into fragments and distributed over the cap and base of the stem4 ,,footnotes3 ,f ,the sub-class ,ascomycetes includes the morels1 helvellas1 cup fungi1 etc41 and many microscopic forms1 in which the spores are borne inside a club-shaped body1 the ascus4 ,only a few of the genera are described in this book1 and the technical diagnosis will be omitted4 ,see page #baf4 ,g ,one ,american species in ,texas4 ,,index ,,of ,,genera1 ,,and ,,illustrations4 ,,note4--,in this index the generic and specific names have been divided into syllables1 and the place of the primary accent has been indicated1 with the single object of securing a uniform pronunciation in accordance with the established rules of ,english orthoepy4 ,agaricus 7,a-gar'i-cus71 #ah--bf4 arvensis 7ar-ven'sis71 #ba1 fig4 #ah4 campestris 7cam-pes'tris71 #a--i1 #ah1 figs4 #a--g1 #ab4 comtulus 7com'tu-lus71 #bd1 fig4 #bd4 cretaceus 7cre-ta'ce-us71 #gi4 diminutivus 7di-min-u-ti'vus71 #bf4 echinatus 7ech-i-na'tus71 #aeh4 fabaceus 7fa-ba'ce-us71 #bc4 maritimus 7ma-rit'i-mus71 #adb4 placomyces 7pla-com'y-ces71 #bc1 pl4 #d1 #e1 figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 rodmani 7rod'ma-ni71 #bj1 fig4 #ag4 silvaticus 7sil-vat'i-cus71 #bc4 silvicola 7sil-vic'o-la71 #bj1 figs4 #ai1 #bj4 subrufescens 7sub-ru-fes'cens71 #bc4 ,amanita 7,am-a-ni'ta71 #eb4 csarea 7c'-sa're-a71 #gj1 pls4 #ah1 #ai1 fig4 #gb4 cothurnata 7coth-ur-na'ta71 #ff #fi1 pl4 #ag1 figs4 #fh--gj4 floccocephala 7floc-co-ceph'a-la71 #fb1 fig4 #fc4 frostiana 7fros-ti-a'na71 #ed1 #ee1 #fg1 pl4 #a4 mappa 7map'pa71 #eh4 muscaria 7mus-ca'ri-a71 #eb--ed1 pls4 #a1 #ab1 #ac1 figs4 #eb--ed4 pantherina 7pan-the-ri'na71 #fi4 phalloides 7phal-loi'des71 #c1 #ad1 #ee--fa1 #gh1 pl4 #ad1 figs4 #ee--eh4 polypyramis 7pol-y-pyr'a-mis71 #gd4 rubescens 7ru-bes'cens71 #ga1 #gb1 pls4 #ai1 #bj1 figs4 #gc1 #gd4 spreta 7spre'ta71 #fi1 #gj1 fig4 #ga4 solitaria 7sol-i-ta'ri-a71 #gb--gd1 pls4 #ba1 #bb1 figs4 #ge1 #gf4 strobiliformis 7strob-i-li-for'mis71 #gc4 velatipes 7ve-lat'i-pes71 #fc--ff1 pls4 #ae1 #af1 figs4 #fd--fg4 verna 7ver'na71 #fj1 #fa1 #gh1 figs4 #ei--fa4 virosa 7vi-ro'sa71 #fa1 #fb1 fig4 #fb4 ,amanitopsis 7,a-man-i-top'sis71 #gd4 farinosa 7far-i-no'sa71 #gf1 #gg1 fig4 #gh4 livida 7liv'i-da71 #ge4 nivalis 7ni-va'lis71 #gf4 spadicea 7spa-dic'e-a71 #ge4 vaginata 7vag-i-na'ta71 #gd--gf1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #gg4 volvata 7vol-va'ta71 #gf4 ,armillaria 7,ar-mil-la'ri-a71 #hc4 aurantia 7au-ran'ti-a71 #hd--hf1 fig4 #hf4 mellea 7mel'le-a71 #hc1 #hd1 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #he4 ,annularia lvis 7,an-nu-la'ri l'vis71 #gh4 ,ascomycetes 7,as-co-my-ce'tes71 #baf4 ,basidiomycetes 7,ba-sid-i-o-my-ce'tes71 #bfj4 ,black-spored agarics1 #cb4 ,bolbitius 7,bol-bit'i-us71 #afc4 variicolor 7va-ri-ic'o-lor71 #afd1 fig4 #aeh4 ,boletinus 7,bo-le-ti'nus71 #agb4 pictus 7pic'tus71 #ahc1 fig4 #age4 porosus 7po-ro'sus71 #ahd1 pl4 #fc1 fig4 #agf4 ,boletus 7,bo-le'tus71 #agb4 americanus 7a-mer-i-ca'nus71 #agh1 fig4 #aga4 brevipes 7brev'i-pes71 #agi4 bulbosus 7bul-bo'sus71 #agb4 chromapes 7chro'ma-pes71 #agf1 pl4 #ei1 fig4 #afh4 edulis 7e-du'lis71 #agb1 #agc1 #agf1 pls4 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 figs4 #afd1 #afe4 felleus 7fel'le-us71 #agc1 pl4 #eh1 fig4 #aff4 flavidus 7flav'i-dus71 #agh4 granulatus 7gran-u-la'tus71 #agh4 luteus 7lu'te-us71 #aha1 #ahb1 pl4 #fb1 figs4 #agc1 #agd4 obsonium 7ob-so'ni-um71 #agg1 pl4 #fa1 fig4 #agj4 ornatipes 7or-nat'i-pes71 #agd1 #agf4 punctipes 7punc'ti-pes71 #agi1 fig4 #agb4 retipes 7re'ti-pes71 #agd--agf1 fig4 #afg4 scaber 7sca'ber71 #agd4 subluteus 7sub-lu'te-us71 #aha1 #ahb4 subtomentosus 7sub-tom-en-to'sus71 #afg1 #afh4 vermiculosus 7ver-mic-u-lo'sus71 #agg1 pl4 #fj1 fig4 #afi4 ,bovista 7,bo-vis'ta71 #bji4 ,calostoma 7,ca-los'to-ma71 #bab4 cinnabarinum 7cin-na-ba-ri'num71 #bab1 #bac1 pl4 #hb1 fig4 #baa4 lutescens 7lu-tes'cens71 #bab4 ,calvatia 7,cal-va'ti-a71 #bji4 ,cantharellus 7,can-tha-rel'lus71 #abh4 aurantiacus 7au-ran-ti'a-cus71 #abi1 #acj1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #abg1 #abh4 cibarius 7ci-ba'ri-us71 #abh1 fig4 #abf4 ,chalymotta retirugis 7,chal-y-mot'ta re-ti-ru'gis71 #dh4 ,clavaria 7,cla-va'ri-a71 #bja4 botrytes 7bo-try'tes71 #bjb1 fig4 #bjb4 formosa 7for-mo'sa71 #bja1 pl4 #hj1 fig4 #bja4 mucida 7mu'ci-da71 #bjc1 fig4 #bjd4 pistillaris 7pis-til-la'ris71 #bjc1 fig4 #bjc4 ,clavariace 7,cla-va-ri-a'ce-71 #bjj4 ,coral fungi1 #bjj4 ,clitocybe 7,cli-toc'y-be71 #hi4 candida 7can'di-da71 #hi1 pls4 #bh1 #bi1 figs4 #ij1 #ia4 cyathiformis 7cy-a-thi-for'mis71 #ij4 illudens 7il-lu'dens71 #ij1 fig4 #ib4 infundibuliformis 7in-fun-dib-u-li-for'mis71 #ij1 fig4 #bdd4 laccata 7lac-ca'ta71 #hi4 multiceps 7mul'ti-ceps71 #ia1 pl4 #cj1 fig4 #ic4 pelletieri 7pel-let-i-e'ri71 #afh4 ,clitopilus 7,cli-top'i-lus71 #adb4 orcella 7or-cel'la71 #adc4 prunulus 7pru'nu-lus71 #adb1 pl4 #dd1 fig4 #ach4 ,collybia 7,col-lyb'i-a71 #ib4 dryophila 7dry-oph'i-la71 #bjd1 fig4 #bje4 longipes 7lon'gi-pes71 #ic4 lachnophylla 7lach-no-phyl'la71 #acb4 platyphylla 7plat-y-phyl'la71 #ic4 radicata 7rad-i-ca'ta71 #ib1 pl4 #ca1 fig4 #id4 spinulifera 7spin-u-lif'e-ra71 #acb4 velutipes 7ve-lu'ti-pes71 #ib1 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #ie4 ,coprinus 7,co-pri'nus71 #cb4 atramentarius 7a-tra-men-ta'ri-us71 #dj--db1 pl4 #aj1 figs4 #ci--db4 comatus 7co-ma'tus71 #cc--dj1 pl4 #i1 figs4 #ca--ch4 micaceus 7mi-ca'ce-us71 #ae1 #db--dd1 figs4 #dc1 #dd4 ,corticium 7,cor-tic'i-um71 #bjh4 ,cortinarius 7,cor-ti-na'ri-us71 #afa4 cinnamomeus 7cin-na-mo'me-us71 #afb1 fig4 #aee4 collinitus 7col-li-ni'tus71 #afa4 ochroleucus 7och-ro-leu'cus71 #afc1 pls4 #ej1 #ea1 figs4 #aef1 #aeg4 violaceus 7vi-o-la'ce-us71 #afa4 ,craterellus 7,crat-e-rel'lus71 #bjh4 cantharellus 7can-tha-rel'lus71 #bjh4 cornucopioides 7cor-nu-co-pi-oi'des71 #bjh4 pistillaris 7pis-til-la'ris71 #bjc4 ,crepidotus 7,crep-i-do'tus71 #aei4 applanatus 7ap-pla-na'tus71 #afa4 calolepis 7ca-lol'e-pis71 #afa4 chimonophilus 7chi-mo-noph'i-lus71 #afj4 fulvotomentosus 7ful-vo-tom-en-to'sus71 #afa4 herbarum 7her-ba'rum71 #afj4 versutus 7ver-su'tus71 #afj1 fig4 #aed4 ,ddalea ambigua 7,d-da'le-a am-big'u-a71 #af1 #ag1 pl4 #c1 fig4 #af4 ,dictyophora 7,dic-ty-oph'o-ra71 #bad4 duplicata 7du-pli-ca'ta71 #bad1 pl4 #hc1 fig4 #bab4 ravenelii 7rav-e-nel'li-i71 #bae1 #baf1 pl4 #hd1 figs4 #bac--bae4 ,discomycetes 7,dis-co-my-ce'tes71 #baf4 ,eccilia 7,ec-cil'i-a71 #adh4 polita 7po-li'ta71 #adh1 fig4 #adc4 ,entoloma 7,en-to-lo'ma71 #adc4 grayanum 7gray-a'num71 #add1 #ade1 fig4 #adj4 jubatum 7ju-ba'tum71 #adc1 #add1 fig4 #aci4 repandum 7re-pan'dum71 #adc1 #cjc1 fig4 #bej4 strictius 7stric'ti-us71 #ade1 #adf1 fig4 #ada4 ,exidia glandulosa 7,ex-id'ia glan-du-lo'sa71 #bjf4 ,fistulina 7,fis-tu-li'na71 #aga1 #ahf4 firma 7fir'ma71 #ahf4 hepatica 7he-pat'i-ca71 #ahf1 pl4 #fe4 pallida 7pal'li-da71 #ahf1 #ahg1 pls4 #fe1 #ff1 fig4 #ahj4 ,flammula 7,flam'mu-la71 #aef4 paradoxa 7par-a-dox'a71 #afh4 polychroa 7po-lych'ro-a71 #aef1 #aeg1 fig4 #aea4 rhodoxanthus 7rhod-o-xan'thus71 #afh4 sapinea 7sa-pin'e-a71 #aeg4 tammii 7tam'mi-i71 #afi4 ,fomes 7,fo'mes71 #aic1 #aid4 ,galera 7,ga-le'ra71 #aee4 antipoda 7an-tip'o-da71 #aee4 coprinoides 7cop-rin-oi'des71 #aee4 flava 7fla'va71 #aee4 lateritia 7lat-e-ri'ti-a71 #aee4 tenera 7ten'e-ra71 #aee4 ,geaster 7,ge-as'ter71 #bji4 ,gomphidius 7,gom-phid'i-us71 #di4 glutinosus 7glu-ti-no'sus71 #ea4 nigricans 7nig'ri-cans71 #di--ea1 figs4 #ej1 #ea4 rhodoxanthus 7rhod-o-xan'thus71 #afh4 ,gomphus 7,gom'phus71 #afh4 ,gyrocephalus 7,gy-ro-ceph'a-lus71 #bjg4 rufus 7ru'fus71 #bjg1 fig4 #bjh4 ,gyromitra esculenta 7,gy-rom'i-tra es-cu-len'ta71 #bbj4 ,hebeloma 7,he-be-lo'ma71 #aeg4 crustuliniforme 7crus-tu-lin-i-for'me71 #aeh1 fig4 #aeb4 ,hedgehog fungi1 #aie4 ,helvella 7,hel-vel'la71 #bai4 crispa 7cris'pa71 #bai4 lacunosa 7lac-u-no'sa71 #bbj1 fig4 #bai4 ,hydnace 7,hyd-na'ce-71 #aie4 ,hydnum 7,hyd'num71 #aie4 caput-medus 7ca'put--me-du's71 #aih4 caput-ursi 7ca'put--ur'si71 #aig1 pl4 #gg1 fig4 #aif4 coralloides 7cor-al-loi'des71 #aif1 fig4 #aie4 erinaceus 7er-i-na'ce-us71 #aih1 fig4 #aig4 fragile 7frag'i-le71 #bjj4 graveolens 7gra-ve'o-lens71 #bjj4 imbricatum 7im-bri-ca'tum71 #aih1 fig4 #bjj4 repandum 7re-pan'dum71 #aih1 pl4 #gh1 fig4 #aih4 putidum 7pu'ti-dum71 #aii1 pl4 #gi1 fig4 #aii4 velutinum 7ve-lu'ti-num71 #bjj4 ,hygrophorus 7,hy-groph'o-rus71 #aaj4 chrysodon 7chrys'o-don71 #aaa1 fig4 #aae4 coccineus 7coc-cin'e-us71 #aad4 conicus 7con'i-cus71 #aad4 eburneus 7e-bur'ne-us71 #aaa1 pl4 #ch1 fig4 #aaf4 fuligineus 7fu-li-gin'e-us71 #aac1 fig4 #aag4 hypothejus 7hy-po-the'jus71 #aad4 miniatus 7min-i-a'tus71 #aac1 #aad4 pratensis 7pra-ten'sis71 #aac4 psittacinus 7psit-ta-ci'nus71 #aad4 ,hymenochte 7,hy-me-no-ch'te71 #bjh4 ,hymenomycetes 7,hy-me-no-my-ce'tes71 #bfa4 ,hypholoma 7,hyph-o-lo'ma71 #bf4 appendiculatum 7ap-pen-dic-u-la'tum71 #bg1 #bh1 pl4 #g1 figs4 #bf1 #bg4 candolleanum 7can-dol-le-a'num71 #bh4 lachrymabundum 7lach-ry-ma-bun'dum71 #bh--cj1 fig4 #bh4 perplexum 7per-plex'um71 #bg4 rugocephalum 7ru-go-ceph'a-lum71 #cj1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #bi4 sublateritium 7sub-la-te-ri'ti-um71 #bf1 pl4 #f1 fig4 #be4 ,inocybe 7,i-noc'y-be71 #aeh4 echinata 7ech-i-na'ta71 #aeh4 repanda 7re-pan'da71 #cjc1 fig4 #bej4 ,ithyphallus impudicus 7,ith-y-phal'lus im-pu-di'cus71 #baf4 ,lactarius 7,lac-ta'ri-us71 #aad4 chelidonium 7chel-i-do'ni-um71 #abd1 pl4 #ci4 chrysorrheus 7chrys-or'rhe-us71 #abb1 fig4 #abe4 corrugis 7cor-ru'gis71 #aaf1 fig4 #aah4 deliciosus 7de-lic-i-o'sus71 #abc1 pl4 #ci4 fuliginosus 7fu-lig-i-no'sus71 #aah1 fig4 #abj4 gerardii 7ge-rar'di-i71 #aai4 indigo 7in'di-go71 #abe1 pl4 #ci4 lignyotus 7lig-ny-o'tus71 #aag1 fig4 #aai4 pergamenus 7per-ga-me'nus71 #aba4 piperatus 7pip-e-ra'tus71 #abj1 fig4 #abb4 resimus 7re-si'mus71 #aba1 figs4 #abc1 #abd4 torminosus 7tor-mi-no'sus71 #aai1 fig4 #aba4 volemus 7vo-le'mus71 #aba4 ,lentinus 7,len-ti'nus71 #acd4 lecomtei 7le-comt'e-i71 #ace4 lepideus 7le-pid'e-us71 #ace4 stipticus 7stip'ti-cus71 #ace1 #acf4 vulpinus 7vul-pi'nus71 #acd1 pl4 #db1 figs4 #aca1 #acb4 ,leotia lubrica 7,le-o'ti-a lu'bri-ca71 #bba1 fig4 #bba4 ,lepiota 7,lep-i-o'ta71 #gg4 acutesquamosa 7a-cu-te-squa-mo'sa71 #ha4 americana 7a-mer-i-ca'na71 #hj1 #ha1 fig4 #hb4 asperula 7as-per'u-la71 #hb1 #hc1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #hd4 badhami 7bad'ham-i71 #ha4 cristata 7cris-ta'ta71 #ha1 fig4 #hc4 naucina 7nau-ci'na71 #ac1 #gg--gi1 pl4 #bd1 figs4 #gi1 #hj4 naucinoides 7nau-ci-noi'des71 #gg4 procera 7pro-ce'ra71 #gi1 pl4 #be1 figs4 #ha1 #bdb4 rachodes 7ra-cho'des71 #gi4 ,leptonia 7,lep-to'ni-a71 #adg4 asprella 7as-prel'la71 #adg1 fig4 #adb4 incana 7in-ca'na71 #adg4 ,lycoperdace 7,ly-co-per-da'ce-71 #bji4 ,lycoperdon 7,ly-co-per'don71 #bji4 cyathiforme 7cy-a-thi-for'me71 #baj1 pl4 #ha1 fig4 #bji4 gemmatum 7gem-ma'tum71 #baj1 fig4 #baj4 giganteum 7gi-gan'te-um71 #baj4 pyriforme 7pyr-i-for'me71 #baa4 ,marasmius 7,ma-ras'mi-us71 #acj4 cohrens 7co-h'rens71 #acb1 #acc1 figs4 #acj1 #bdi4 oreades 7o-re'a-des71 #aca1 fig4 #abi4 rotula 7rot'u-la71 #aca4 ,merulius 7,me-ru'li-us71 #aga1 #agb1 #aid4 lacrymans 7lac'ry-mans71 #aid1 pl4 #gc1 figs4 #ahi1 #aij4 tremellosus 7trem-el-lo'sus71 #aid1 pl4 #gd1 figs4 #aia1 #aib4 ,mitremyces lutescens 7,mi-trem'y-ces lu-tes'cens71 #bac4 ,morchella 7,mor-chel'la71 #bag4 bispora 7bis'po-ra71 #bai4 conica 7con'i-ca71 #bag1 fig4 #bag4 crassipes 7cras'si-pes71 #bai1 pl4 #hf1 fig4 #bah4 deliciosa 7de-lic-i-o'sa71 #bai4 esculenta 7es-cu-len'ta71 #bag1 pl4 #he1 fig4 #baf4 semilibera 7sem-i-lib'e-ra71 #bai4 ,mucronella 7,mu-cro-nel'la71 #bjj4 ,mycena 7,my-ce'na71 #ic4 acicula 7a-cic'u-la71 #ig1 #ih1 fig4 #ajj4 cyanothrix 7cy-an'o-thrix71 #ih1 fig4 #aja4 epipterygia 7e-pip-te-ryg'i-a71 #if1 #ig1 fig4 #ih4 galericulata 7gal-e-ric-u-la'ta71 #id1 #bde4 hmatopa 7h-mat'o-pa71 #ih--ajj1 fig4 #ajb4 polygramma 7pol-y-gram'ma71 #id1 fig4 #if4 prlonga 7pr-lon'ga71 #id1 #ie4 pura 7pu'ra71 #ie1 #if1 fig4 #ig4 succosa 7suc-co'sa71 #ajj4 vulgaris 7vul-ga'ris71 #ig1 fig4 #ii4 ,myriostoma 7,myr-i-os'to-ma71 #bji4 ,naucoria 7,nau-co'ri-a71 #aec4 semiorbicularis 7sem-i-or-bic-u-la'ris71 #aec1 #aed4 vernalis 7ver-na'lis71 #aed1 fig4 #aej4 ,ochre-spored agarics1 #aej4 ,omphalia 7,om-pha'li-a71 #ajj4 campanella 7cam-pa-nel'la71 #aja1 #bed1 pl4 #cc1 figs4 #ajc1 #bda4 epichysium 7ep-i-chys'i-um71 #aja1 fig4 #ajd4 ,panolus 7,pa-n'o-lus71 #de4 fimicola 7fi-mic'o-la71 #dh4 papilionaceus 7pa-pil-i-o-na'ce-us71 #dh1 fig4 #bdg4 retirugis 7re-ti-ru'gis71 #de--dh1 pl4 #aa1 figs4 #de--dh1 #bdh4 solidipes 7so-lid'i-pes71 #dh4 ,panus 7,pa'nus71 #acd4 cyathiformis 7cy-a-thi-for'mis71 #ace4 rudis 7ru'dis71 #ace4 strigosus 7stri-go'sus71 #ace4 stipticus 7stip'ti-cus71 #ace1 #acf4 ,paxillus 7,pax-il'lus7 #afe4 atro-tomentosus 7at-ro-tom-en-to'sus71 #afi1 fig4 #afa4 corrugatus 7cor-ru-ga'tus71 #agj1 pl4 #ec1 fig4 #afb4 flavidus 7flav'i-dus71 #afh4 involutus 7in-vo-lu'tus71 #aff1 #afg1 fig4 #aei4 panuoides 7pan-u-oi'des71 #agj1 pl4 #ed1 fig4 #afc4 rhodoxanthus 7rhod-o-xan'thus71 #afg1 #afh1 pl4 #eb1 fig4 #afj4 ,phalloide 7,phal-loid'e-71 #bac4 ,phlebia 7,phle'bi-a71 #aie4 merismoides 7mer-is-moi'des71 pls4 #ge1 #gf1 figs4 #aic1 #aid4 ,pholiota 7,pho-li-o'ta71 #aej4 adiposa 7ad-i-po'sa71 #aea1 #aeb1 pl4 #dg1 fig4 #adf4 aurivella 7au-ri-vel'la71 #aeb4 cerasina 7ce-ras'i-na71 #aeb4 johnsoniana 7john-so-ni-a'na71 #aec1 pl4 #di1 fig4 #adi4 marginata 7mar-gi-na'ta71 #aea1 fig4 #adg4 prcox 7pr'cox71 #aej1 #aea1 pl4 #df1 fig4 #ade4 squarrosa 7squar-ro'sa71 #aeb4 squarrosoides 7squar-ro-soi'des71 #aeb1 pl4 #dh1 fig4 #adh4 subsquarrosa 7sub-squar-ro'sa71 #aeb4 unicolor 7u-nic'o-lor71 #aea4 ,pleurotus 7,pleu-ro'tus71 #ajb4 applicatus 7ap-pli-ca'tus71 #aji1 #aaj1 fig4 #aad4 corticatus 7cor-ti-ca'tus71 #ajf1 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #aaj4 dryinus 7dry'i-nus71 #aje1 #ajf1 pl4 #cf1 figs4 #aji1 #aaj4 ostreatus 7os-tre-a'tus71 #ajd1 pl4 #cd1 fig4 #ajg4 petaloides 7pet-a-loi'des71 #ajg--aji1 figs4 #aab1 #aac4 sapidus 7sap'i-dus71 #ajd1 #aje1 pl4 #ce1 fig4 #ajh4 serotinus 7se-rot'i-nus71 #aji4 sulfureoides 7sul-fu-re-oi'des71 #ajg1 fig4 #aaa4 ulmarius 7ul-ma'ri-us71 #ajb--ajd1 figs4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,pluteus 7,plu'te-us71 #ach4 cervinus 7cer-vi'nus71 #ach1 #aci1 fig4 #ace4 tomentosulus 7to-men-tos'u-lus71 #adj1 fig4 #acf4 ,polyporace 7,pol-y-po-ra'ce-71 #aga4 ,polyporus 7,po-lyp'o-rus71 #aga1 #ahh--aid4 applanatus 7ap-pla-na'tus71 #aic1 fig4 #ae4 borealis 7bo-re-a'lis71 #i1 #aj1 figs4 #i1 #aj4 brumalis 7bru-ma'lis71 #aia1 pl4 #ga1 fig4 #ahf4 fomentarius 7fo-men-ta'rius71 #aid4 frondosus 7fron-do'sus71 #ahh1 pls4 #fg1 #fh1 figs4 #aha1 #ahb4 igniarius 7ig-ni-a'ri-us71 #aid4 intybaceus 7in-ty-ba'ce-us71 #ahd4 leucophus 7leu-co-ph'us71 #aid4 lucidus 7lu'ci-dus71 #aic1 pl4 #gb1 fig4 #ahh4 sulphureus 7sul-phu're-us71 #aij1 pls4 #fi1 #gj1 figs4 #ahd1 #ahe4 umbellatus 7um-bel-la'tus71 #ahi1 fig4 #ahc4 ,polystictus 7,pol-y-stic'tus71 #aia4 cinnabarinus 7cin-na-ba-ri'nus71 #aib4 cinnamomeus 7cin-na-mo'me-us71 #aib1 fig4 #ahg4 connatus 7con-na'tus71 #aib4 hirsutus 7hir-su'tus71 #aib4 oblectans 7ob-lec'tans71 #aib4 perennis 7pe-ren'nis71 #aib1 fig4 #ahg4 pergamenus 7per-ga-me'nus71 #aje1 #aic4 splendens 7splen'dens71 #aib4 versicolor 7ver-sic'o-lor71 #aib4 ,psalliota 7,psal-li-o'ta71 #ah--bf1 #aeh4 ,psathyrella 7,psath-y-rel'la71 #dh4 disseminata 7dis-sem-i-na'ta71 #dh1 #di1 fig4 #di4 ,psilocybe foenisecii 7,psi-loc'y-be foe-ni-se'ci-i71 #dh4 ,purple-brown-spored agarics1 #ah4 ,rosy-spored agarics1 #ach4 ,russula 7,rus'su-la71 #abe4 adusta 7ad-us'ta71 #abg1 pl4 #dj4 alutacea 7al-u-ta'ce-a71 #abe1 #abf1 pl4 #dj4 emetica 7e-met'i-ca71 #abg1 pl4 #dj4 fragilis 7frag'i-lis71 #abg4 furcata 7fur-ca'ta71 #abg4 lepida 7lep'i-da71 #abf1 pl4 #dj4 nigricans 7nig'ri-cans71 #abg4 virescens 7vi-res'cens71 #abf1 pl4 #dj4 ,sarcoscypha floccosa 7,sar-cos'cy-pha floc-co'sa71 #bba1 #bbb1 fig4 #bbb4 ,schizophyllum 7,schiz-o-phyl'lum71 #acf4 alneum 7al'ne-um71 #acf1 #acg1 fig4 #acc4 commune 7com-mu'ne71 #acf4 ,scleroderma 7,scler-o-der'ma71 #bab4 verrucosum 7ver-ru-co'sum71 #bab4 vulgare 7vul-ga're71 #bab4 ,spathularia velutipes 7,spath-u-la'ri-a ve-lu'ti-pes71 #bbj1 fig4 #bbj4 ,spinellus fusiger 7,spi-nel'lus fu'si-ger7 #ie4 macrocarpus 7mac-ro-car'pus71 #ie4 ,sterium 7,ste'ri-um71 #bjh4 ,strobilomyces 7,strob-i-lom'y-ces71 #ahd4 floccopus 7floc'co-pus71 #ahe4 strobilaceus 7strob-i-la'ce-us71 #ahd1 pl4 #fd1 figs4 #agg--agi4 ,stropharia 7,stro-pha'ri-a71 #ca4 ruginosa 7-ru-gi-no'sa71 #cb4 semiglobata 7sem-i-glo-ba'ta71 #ca1 fig4 #cj4 stercoraria 7ster-co-ra'ri-a71 #cb4 ,thelephorace 7,thel-e-pho-ra'ce-71 #bjh4 ,trametes 7,tra-me'tes71 #af1 #aic4 ambigua 7am-big'u-a71 #af1 #ag4 ,trembling fungi1 #bjd4 ,tremelline 7,trem-el-lin'e-71 #bjd4 ,tremella 7,tre-mel'la71 #bjd4 frondosa 7fron-do'sa71 #bje1 fig4 #bjf4 fuciformis 7fu-ci-for'mis71 #bjf1 fig4 #bjg4 lutescens 7lu-tes'cens71 #bje4 mycetophila 7my-ce-toph'i-la71 #bjd1 fig4 #bje4 ,tricholoma 7,trich-o-lo'ma71 #hg4 peckii 7peck'i-i71 #he1 #hf4 personatum 7per-so-na'tum71 #hg1 figs4 #hg1 #hh4 sejunctum 7se-junc'tum71 #hh1 fig4 #hi4 ,trogia 7,tro'gi-a71 #acg4 crispa 7cris'pa71 #acg1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #acd4 ,tubaria 7,tu-ba'ri-a71 #aei4 pellucida 7pel-lu'ci-da71 #aei1 fig4 #aec4 ,tube-bearing fungi1 #aga4 ,verpa bohemica 7,ver'pa bo-hem'i-ca71 #bai4 ,volvaria 7vol-va'ri-a71 #adj4 bombycina 7bom-byc'i-na71 #adj1 #ada1 fig4 #acg4 speciosa 7spe-ci-o'sa71 #ada1 #adb4 ,white-spored agarics1 #eb4 ,,index ,,to ,,species4 acicula 7,mycena71 #ig4 acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #ha4 adiposa 7,pholiota71 #aea4 adusta 7,russula71 #abg4 ruginosa 7,stropharia71 #cb4 alneum 7,schizophyllum71 #acf4 alutacea 7,russula71 #abe4 ambigua 7,ddalea71 #af4 ambigua 7,trametes71 #af4 americana 7,lepiota71 #hj4 americanus 7,boletus71 #agh4 antipoda 7,galera71 #aee4 applanatus 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 applanatus 7,polyporus71 #aic4 appendiculatum 7,hypholoma71 #bg4 applicatus 7,pleurotus71 #aji4 arvensis 7,agaricus71 #bj4 asperula 7,lepiota71 #hb4 asprella 7,leptonia71 #adg4 atramentarius 7,coprinus71 #dj4 atro-tomentosus 7,paxillus71 #afi4 aurantia 7,armillaria71 #hd4 aurantiacus 7,cantharellus71 #abi4 aurivella 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 badhami 7,lepiota71 #ha4 bispora 7,morchella71 #bai4 bohemica 7,verpa71 #bai4 bombycina 7,volvaria71 #adj4 botrytes 7,clavaria71 #bjb4 brevipes 7,boletus71 #agi4 brumalis 7,polyporus71 #aia4 bulbosus 7,boletus71 #agb4 csarea 7,amanita71 #gj4 calolepis 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 campestris 7,agaricus71 #ah4 campanella 7,omphalia71 #aja4 candida 7,clitocybe71 #hi4 candolleanum 7,hypholoma71 #bh4 cantharellus 7,craterellus71 #bjh4 caput-medus 7,hydnum71 #aih4 caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #aig4 caudicinus 7,polyporus71 #aij4 cerasina 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 cervinus 7,pluteus71 #ach4 chelidonium 7,lactarius71 #abd4 chimonophilus 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 chromapes 7,boletus71 #agf4 chrysodon 7,hygrophorus71 #aaa4 chrysorrheus 7,lactarius71 #abb4 cibarius 7,cantharellus71 #abh4 cinnabarinum 7,calostoma71 #bab4 cinnabarinus 7,polystictus71 #aib4 cinnamomeus 7,cortinarius71 #afb4 cinnamomeus 7,polystictus71 #aib4 coccinea 7,sarcoscypha71 #bbb4 coccineus 7,hygrophorus71 #aab4 cohrens 7,marasmius71 #acb4 cohrens 7,mycena71 #acb4 collinitus 7,cortinarius71 #afa4 comatus 7,coprinus71 #cc4 commune 7,schizophyllum71 #acf4 comtulus 7,agaricus71 #bd4 conica 7,morchella71 #bag4 conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 connatus 7,polystictus71 #aib4 coprinoides 7,galera71 #aee4 coralloides 7,hydnum71 #aif4 cornucopioides 7,craterellus71 #bjh4 corrugatus 7,paxillus71 #agj4 corrugis 7,lactarius71 #aaf4 corticatus 7,pleurotus71 #ajf4 cothurnata 7,amanita71 #ff4 cretaceus 7,agaricus71 #gi4 crassipes 7,morchella71 #bai4 crispa 7,helvella71 #bai4 crispa 7,trogia71 #aci4 cristata 7,lepiota71 #ha4 crustuliniforme 7,hebeloma71 #aeh4 cyanothrix 7,mycena71 #ih4 cyathiforme 7,lycoperdon71 #bji4 cyathiformis 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 cyathiformis 7,panus71 #ace4 deliciosa 7,morchella71 #bai4 deliciosus 7,lactarius71 #abc4 diminutivus 7,agaricus71 #bf4 disseminata 7,psathyrella71 #dh4 dryinus 7,pleurotus71 #aje4 dryophila 7,collybia71 #bjd4 duplicata 7,dictyophora71 #bad4 eburneus 7,hygrophorous71 #aaa4 echinata 7,inocybe71 #aeh4 edulus 7,boletus71 #agb4 emetica 7,russula71 #abg4 epichysium 7,omphalia71 #aja4 epipterygia 7,mycena71 #if4 erinaceus 7,hydnum71 #aih4 esculenta 7,gyromitra71 #bbj4 esculenta 7,morchella71 #bag4 farinosa 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 felleus 7,boletus71 #agc4 fimicola 7,panolus71 #dh4 firma 7,fistulina71 #ahf4 flava 7,galera71 #aee4 flavidus 7,boletus71 #agh4 flavidus 7,paxillus71 #afh4 floccocephala 7,amanita71 #fb4 floccopus 7,strobilomyces71 #ahe4 floccosa 7,sarcoscypha71 #bba4 foenisecii 7,psilocybe71 #dh4 fomentarius 7,polyporus71 #aid4 formosa 7,clavaria71 #bja4 fragile 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 fragilis 7,russula71 #abg4 frondosa 7,tremella71 #bje4 frondosus 7,polyporus71 #ahh4 frostiana 7,amanita71 #ed4 fuciformis 7,tremella71 #bjf4 fuligineus 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 fuliginosus 7,lactarius71 #aah4 fulvotomentosus 7,crepidotus71 #afa4 furcata 7,russula71 #abg4 fusiger 7,spinellus71 #ie4 galericulata 7,mycena71 #id4 gemmatum 7,lycoperdon71 #baj4 gerardii 7,lactarius71 #aai4 giganteum 7,lycoperdon71 #baj4 glandulosa 7,exidia71 #bjf4 glutinosus 7,gomphidius71 #ea4 granulatus 7,boletus71 #agh4 graveolens 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 grayanum 7,entoloma71 #add4 hmatopa 7,mycena71 #ih4 hepatica 7,fistulina71 #ahf4 herbarum 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 hirsutus 7,polystictus71 #aib4 hypothejus 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 igniarius 7,polyporus71 #aid4 illudens 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 imbricatum 7,hydnum71 #aih4 impudicus 7,ithyphallus71 #baf4 incana 7,leptonia71 #adg4 indigo 7,lactarius71 #abe4 infundibuliformis 7,clitocybe71 #ij4 intybaceus 7,polyporus71 #ahi4 involutus 7,paxillus71 #aff4 johnsoniana 7,pholiota71 #aec4 jubatum 7,entoloma71 #adc4 laccata 7,clitocybe71 #hi4 lachnophylla 7,collybia71 #acb4 lachrymabundum 7,hypholoma71 #bh4 lacrymans 7,merulius71 #aid4 lacunosa 7,helvella71 #bbj4 lvis 7,annularia71 #gh4 lateritia 7,galera71 #aee4 lecomtei1 7,lentinus71 #ace4 lepida 7,russula71 #abf4 lepideus 7,lentinus71 #ace4 lignyotus 7,lactarius71 #aag4 livida 7,amanitopsis71 #ge4 longipes 7,collybia71 #ic4 lubrica 7,leotia71 #bba4 lucidus 7,polyporus71 #aic4 leucophus 7,polyporus71 #aid4 lutescens 7,calostoma71 #bab4 lutescens 7,mitremyces71 #bac4 lutescens 7,tremella71 #bje4 luteus 7,boletus71 #aha4 macrocarpus 7,spinellus71 #ie4 mappa 7,amanita71 #eh4 marginata 7,pholiota71 #aea4 maritimus 7,agaricus71 #adb4 merismoides 7,phlebia71 #aie4 mellea 7,armillaria71 #hc4 micaceus 7,coprinus71 #db4 miniatus 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 morgani 7,lepiota71 #hj4 mucida 7,clavaria71 #bjc4 muscaria 7,amanita71 #eb4 mycetophila 7,tremella71 #bje4 naucina 7,lepiota71 #gg4 nigricans 7,gomphidius71 #di4 nigricans 7,russula71 #abg4 nivalis 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 oblectans 7,polystictus71 #aib4 obsonium 7,boletus71 #agg4 ochroleucus 7,cortinarius71 #afc4 orcella 7,clitopilus71 #adc4 oreades 7,marasmius71 #aca4 ornatipes 7,boletus71 #agd4 ostreatus 7,pleurotus71 #ajd4 pallida 7,fistulina71 #ahf4 pantherina 7,amanita71 #fi4 panuoides 7,paxillus71 #agj4 papilionaccus 7,panolus71 #dh4 paradoxa 7,flammula71 #afh4 peckii 7,tricholoma71 #he4 pelletieri 7,clitocybe71 #afh4 pellucida 7,tubaria71 #aei4 perennis 7,polystictus71 #aib4 pergamenus 7,lactarius71 #aba4 pergamenus 7,polystictus71 #aic4 perplexum 7,hypholoma71 #bg4 personatum 7,tricholoma71 #hg4 petaloides 7,pleurotus71 #ajg4 phalloides 7,amanita71 #ee4 pictus 7,boletinus71 #ahc4 pinicola 7,polyporus71 #aid4 piperatus 7,lactarius71 #abj4 pistillaris 7,clavaria71 #bjc4 pistillaris 7,craterellus71 #bjc4 placomyces 7,agaricus71 #ai4 platyphylla 7,collybia71 #ic4 polita 7,eccilia71 #adh4 polychroa 7,flammula71 #aef4 polygramma 7,mycena71 #id4 polypyramis 7,amanita71 #gd4 porosus 7,boletinus71 #ahd4 prcox1 7,pholiota71 #aej4 prlonga 7,mycena71 #id4 pratensis 7,hygrophorus71 #aac4 procera 7,lepiota71 #gi4 prunulus 7,clitopilus71 #adb4 psittacinus 7,hygrophorus71 #aad4 punctipes 7,boletus71 #agi4 pura 7,mycena71 #ie4 putidum 7,hydnum71 #aii4 pyriforme 7,lycoperdon71 #baa4 rachodes 7,lepiota71 #gi4 radicata 7,collybia71 #ic4 ravenelii 7,dictyophora71 #bae4 repanda 7,inocybe71 #beg4 repandum 7,entoloma71 #adc4 repandum 7,hydnum71 #aih4 resimus 7,lactarius71 #aba4 retirugis 7,chalymotta71 #dh4 retirugis 7,panolus71 #de4 rhodoxanthus 7,flammula71 #afh4 rhodoxanthus 7,gomphidius71 #afh4 rhodoxanthus 7,paxillus71 #afg4 rodmani 7,agaricus71 #bj4 rotula 7,marasmius71 #acj4 rubescens 7,amanita71 #ga4 rudis 7,panus71 #ace4 rufus 7,gyrocephalus71 #bjg4 rugocephalum 7,hypholoma71 #cj4 sapidus 7,pleurotus71 #ajd4 sapinea 7,flammula71 #aeg4 scaber 7,boletus71 #agd4 sejunctum 7,tricholoma71 #hh4 semiglobata 7,stropharia71 #ca4 semilibera 7,morchella71 #bai4 semiorbicularis 7,naucoria71 #aec4 serotinus 7,pleurotus71 #aji4 silvaticus 7,agaricus71 #ba4 silvicola 7,agaricus71 #bb4 solidipes 7,panolus71 #dh4 solitaria 7,amanita71 #gb4 spadicea 7,amanitopsis71 #ge4 speciosa 7,volvaria71 #ada4 spinulifera 7,collybia71 #acb4 splendens 7,polystictus71 #aib4 spreta 7,amanita71 #fi4 squarrosa 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 squarrosoides 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 stercoraria 7,stropharia71 #cb4 stipticus 7,lentinus71 #ace4 stipticus 7,panus71 #ace4 strictius 7,entoloma71 #ade4 strigosus 7,panus71 #ace4 strobilaceus 7,strobilomyces71 #ahd4 strobiliformis 7,amanita71 #gc4 sublateritium 7,hypholoma71 #bf4 subluteus 7,boletus71 #aha4 subrufescens 7,agaricus71 #bc4 subsquarrosa 7,pholiota71 #aeb4 subtomentosus 7,boletus71 #afg4 succosa 7,mycena71 #ajj4 sulphureus 7,polyporus71 #aij4 sulfureoides 7,pleurotus71 #ajg4 tammii 7,flammula71 #agi4 tenera 7,galera71 #aee4 tomentosulus 7,pluteus71 #adj4 tomninosus 7,lactarius71 #aai4 tremellosus 7,merulius71 #aid4 ulmarius 7,pleurotus71 #ajb4 umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #ahi4 unicolor 7,pholiota71 #aea4 vaginata 7,amanitopsis71 #gd4 variicolor 7,bolbitius71 #afd4 velutinum 7,hydnum71 #bjj4 velatipes 7,amanita71 #fc4 velutipes 7,collybia71 #ib4 velutipes 7,spathularia71 #bbj4 vermiculosus 7,boletus71 #agg4 verna 7,amanita71 #fj4 vernalis 7,naucoria71 #aed4 verrucosum 7,scleroderma71 #bab4 versicolor 7,polystictus71 #aib4 versutus 7,crepidotus71 #afj4 violacens 7,cortinarius71 #afa4 virescens 7,russula71 #abf4 virosa 7,amanita71 #fa4 volemus 7,lactarius71 #aae4 volvata 7,amanitopsis71 #gf4 vulgare 7,scleroderma71 #bab4 vulgaris 7,mycena71 #ig4 vulpinus 7,lentinus71 #acd4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,page #ag ,a ,for analytical keys to the families and genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,chapter ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,apparently ,chapters were added making these references outdated4 ,page #ah ,b ,for analytical key to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,chapter ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #cb ,the spores are black in mass1 not purple tinged4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #cc ,changed kornos to kopros in accordance with printed correction list4 ,page #eb ,the spores are white in mass1 or sometimes with a faint yellowish or lilac tinge4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #ed ,figures #eb--ed are from plants 7,no4 #bjfe ,c4 ,u4 herbarium7 collected in an open woods near ,ithaca4 ,for the poisonous property of the plant see ,chapter ,,xx4 ,changed ,chapter ,,xx to ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,page #eh condition of the circumsissle ,changed to circumscissile4 ,page #fj as ,a4 verna2 the pilus convex1 the annulus broad and entire1 ,changed to pileus4 ,page #fi a few remnants of the volva1 striate on the margin1 and #a-4e cm4 ,unchanged1 although #a-a4e cm4 may have been intended4 ,page #ga ,facing ,plate #ai ,fig4 #b4--;,a4 csaria4 ,changed to csarea4 ,page #ajd often in a recticulate fashion4 ,the spores are white1 oblong1 #g--aj ,changed to 'reticulate'4 ,page #acb variations being due to numbers of colored cystida ,changed to cystidia4 ,page #ach ,the spores are rosy1 pink1 salmon colored1 flesh colored1 or reddish4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,chapter ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #adh ,the pileus is convex and umbilcate1 somewhat membranaceous1 smooth1 ,changed to umbilicate4 ,page #aej ,the spores are ochre yellow1 rusty1 rusty-brown1 or some shade of yellow4 ,for analytical keys to the genera see ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,changed ,,xxii to ,,xxiv4 ,page #aee membraneous1 ovate or companulate ,changed to campanulate4 ,page #afd during ,may and ,june1 #ahih1 in a freshly manured grass plat between plat a portion of flat1 even ground4 ,page #ahb were found in open woods under ,kalmia were the sun had an opportunity ,changed to 'where the sun'4 ,page #bji giant buff-ball1 and the ,l4 cyathiforme1 where the wall or peridium ,changed to 'puff-ball'4 ,page #bbj ,changed ,gyromytra to ,gyromitra in accordance with the corrections list4 ,page #bbf then the specimen must be covered with a bell-bar or other receiver ,changed to 'bell-jar'4 ,page #bfe or compartment where there is little moisture1 until the bricks are ,unchanged4 ,although1 'a little moisture' seems to make more sense4 ,page #bhc also wash and remove the pores from half a dozen good sized beefsteak ,changed to 'spores'4 ,page #bij made1 but it may be assumed that the soluble cabohydrates ,changed to carbohydrates4 ,page #cjg honey-combed surface1 or recticulate1 ,changed to 'reticulate'4 ,page #cji ,gills not decurrent1 plants parastic on other mushrooms4 ,changed to parasitic4 ,page #caj #d--,stipe tenaceous1 margin of pileus first incurved4 ,changed to tenacious4 ,page #cbj carnucopioides 7,craterellus71 #bjh4 ,changed to cornucopioides4 ,page #cbb spreta 7,amanita71 #fi4 ,relocated alphbetically #b lines up from original4 ,hyphenation ,some hyphenation is inconsistent depending on whether it is used in text or in an index_/glossary4 ,accents ,some accents are inconsistent between text and illustration captions4