,,!                     ,,romance ,,(   
,,ma!matics4                            
,!                     ,romance (       
,ma!matics3                             
,,be+                     ,,! ,,orig9al 
,,rese>*es                              
,,(               ,a ,,lady ,,pr(essor  
,,( ,,gir?am ,,college                  
,,9       ,polemical ,sci5ce1 ) "s      
,acc\nt ( ! ,social                     
,prop]ties ( a ,conic2 ,equations to    
,bra9                ,waves2 ,social    
,=ces2 & ! ,laws                      ( 
,political ,motion4                     
,,by                        ,p4         
,,hampson1 ,m4,a41                      
,,oriel ,,college1 ,,ox=d4              
,,london3                ,,elliot       
,,/ock1 #fb1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4           
#ahhf4     ,,introduction4   ,!         
lectures1 essays1 & o!r matt] conta9$ 9 
^! pages h be5 discov]$ rec5tly 9 a     
well-worn desk :i* 0 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( a
 ,lady ,pr(essor ( ,gir?am ,college2 & z
 !y conta9 "s orig9al ?\ghts &          

inve/igations1 !y h be5 consid]$ wor?y (
 publication4  ,h[ !y came into !       
possession ( ! pres5t writ] x is n 8    
int5tion to disclose2 b inasmu* z !y    
seem$ to 8 unsci5tific m9d to conta9 "s 
important discov]ies :i* might be useful
 to ! _w1 he det]m9$ to inve/igate      
?or\ghly ! cont5ts ( ! my/]i\s desk1 &  
make ! public acqua9t$ ) its pr(\nd     
treasures4 ,he f\nd "s docum5ts :i* did 
n ref] exactly to ! subject (           
',polemical ,ma!matics2' b kn[+ ! tru? (
 ! ,h9doo prov]b1 ',! words ( ! wise are
 preci\s1 & nev] to be disreg>d$1' &    
feel+ sure t ?is ,lady ,pr(essor (      
,gir?am ,college 0 entitl$ to t         
appellation1 he v5tur$ to include !m 9  
?is volume1 & felt confid5t t 9 s do+ he
 w\ld be c>ry+ out ! int5tion ( !       
,au?oress1 _h %e express$ any wi%es on !
 subject4 ,9 fact1 z he valu$ ! int]e/s 
( ! ,/ate & 8 own peace ( m9d1 he d>$ n 
)hold any p>ticle ( t :i* he conceiv$   
w\ld conf] a la/+ b5efit on mank9d4     
,int]nal evid5ce seems to %[ t ! e>li]  

portion ( ! ,,ms4 0 writt5 dur+ ! p]iod 
:5 ! au?oress 0 /ill 9 /atu pupill>i2 b 
h] le>n+ 0 soon recognis$ by !          
,collegiate ,au?orities1 & %e 0 spe$ily 
elect$ to a ,pr(essor%ip4 ,h] lectures 7
 pr9cipally devot$ to ! ab/ruse subject 
( ,sci5tific ,politics1 & are wor?y ( ! 
att5tion ( all ^? ^: high duty x is to  
regulate ! affairs ( ! ,/ate4  ,!       
,editor has be5 able to ga!r f ! v>i$   
cont5ts ( ! desk "s details ( ! ,au?or's
 life1 :i* increase ! int]e/ :i* h]     
words excite2 & he v5tures to hope t !  
public w appreciate ! wisdom :i* creat$ 
su* a pr(\nd impression ^u ^? ^: high   
privilege x 0 to he> ! lectures = ! fir/
 "t 9 ! ,hall ( ,gir?am ,college4       
,,cont5ts4     ,,pap]                   
,,page     ,i4 ,"s ,rem>ks on ,female   
,education3           ,cambridge ,man's 
,p[]s ( ,application4--,tortur+ ,+5uity 
( ,exam9]s4--,slay+ an                  
,enemy4--',conc5tration4'--             
',tang5tial ,action4'--',gravity'       
#a     ,,ii4 ,lecture on ! ,!ory ( ,bra9

 ,waves & ! ,transmigration        &    
,pot5tiality ( ,m5tal ,=ces             
#ae    ,,iii4 ,! ,social ,prop]ties ( a 
,conic ,section1 & ! ,!ory (            
,polemical ,ma!matics3                  
',circle4'--',p>abola4'--',ellipse4'    
',ecc5tricity ( ,curves'   #be     ,,iv4
 ,! ,social ,prop]ties ( a ,conic       
,section 7cont9u$73                     
',ellipse4'--,mo/ fav\r$ ,/ate4--,al>m+ 
,result (          ,suppression ( ,h\se 
( ,lords4--,analogies ( ,nature4--      
,directrix4--,contact ( ,curves &       
,/ates4--',hyp]bola4'--                 
,problems4--,radical ,axis &            
,patriotism4--,ext5sion (               
,fran*ise to ,wom54--,correspond5ce     
#ci      ,v4 ,social ,=ces1 ) "s ,acc\nt
 ( ,polemical ,k9ematics3           ,!  
,use ( ,imag9ation 9 ,sci5tific         
,discov]y4--,k9etic &          ,pot5tial
 ,en]gy4--,social ,/atics &             
,dynamics4--,attractive                 
,=ces4--,cohesion4--,=mation (          
,/ates4--,in]tia4--,dr4                 

,tyndall on ,social ,=ces               
#ga     ,,vi4 ,social ,=ces 7cont9u$73  
,polemical ,/atics & ,dynamics3         
',p]sonal ,equation4'--,public ,op9ion1 
h[ calculat$4--          ,impulsive     
,=ces4--,friction4--,progress           
#hi    ,,vii4 ,laws ( ,political        
,motion3           ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte on
 ,political ,sci5ce4--,fir/ ,law (      
,motion4--,! ,biology (                 
,politics4--,/ages ( ,gr[? &            
,decay ( ,/ates4--,doctr9e (            
,nationality4--,doctr9e (               
,indep5d5ce4--,law (                    
,morality4--,ignorance ( ,electors &    
,selfi%ness ( ,/atesm5 oppos$ to ,action
 ( ,law4--,f9al          ',reign ( ,law'
                                        
#aja   ,,viii4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,polemical
 ,cohesion3                             
,c5tralization4--,co-op]ation (         
,/ates4--,m>riage4--,trade              
,unions4--,int]national ,law            
#aae         ,extracts f ! ,di>y ( !    
,lady ,pr(essor                 #abe    

,conclusion                             
#abi     ,,pap] ,i4  ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,(  
,a ,,gir?am ,,girl ,,on ,,female        
,,education4   ,?is essay ^u ,female    
,education 0 evid5tly writt5 :5 ! future
 ,pr(essor ( ,gir?am ,college 0 /ill 9 !
 l[li] condition ( /ud5t%ip1 be=e %e    
atta9$ t em95ce = :i* h] tal5ts s ju/ly 
entitl$ h]4 ,its unf9i%$ condition t5ds 
to %[ t x 0 probably evolv$ dur+ mom5ts 
( relaxation f sev]] /udies1 )\t any    
idea ( subsequ5t publication4  ,oh1 :y  
%\ld ,i be doom$ to ! degradation ( be>+
 su* a fooli% appellation6 ,a ,gir?am   
,girl6 ,i suppose we h to ?ank t fi5d ( 
inv5tion :o is responsible = mo/ ( !    
titul> foibles & follies (              
mank9d--artful ,allit]ation4 ,! two     
,g's1 p imag9e1 run s well toge!r2 & x  
is wond]ful t !y d n app5d "s o!r       
delectable title1 su* z ',! ,gu%+ ,girl 
( ,gir?am1' or ',! ,gl>+ ,girl (        
,glitt]+ ,gir?am4' ,o ,allit]ation6     
,allit]ation6 :at crimes h be5 wr\ght 9 
?y "n6 ,little do/ ?\ ?9k ( ! mis*ief ?\

 ha/ done1 flood+ ! _w ) mean+less      
titles & absurd phrases4 ,h[ can/ ?\    
talk ( ',lyrics ( ,lonel9ess1'          
',soliloquies ( ,song1' ',pe>ls ( !     
,pe]age'8 ,:y do/ ?\ /ay ?9e h&8 ,we    
long = !e to enri* ! _w ) ',dreams ( a  
,dot>d1' ! ',dog ,doctor's ,daught]s1' &
 o!r k9dr$ works4 ,ex]cise ?9e art on ^!
 works ( transc5d5t m]it1 b cease to    
/yle ?y humble1 b rebelli\s1 s]vant a   
,gir?am ,girl6  ,b :at's 9 a "n8 ,let ! 
_w's tongue wag4 ,i am a /ud5t1 a       
h>d-work+1 book-dev\r+1 nev]-we>i$      
/ud5t1 :o burns h] midnight oil1 & dr9ks
 ! /rong bohea1 to keep h] awake dur+ ! 
long h\rs ( toil1 l any ,ox=d or        
,cambridge und]graduate4 ,i (t5 wond]   
:e!r ^! mighty w>riors 9 ! li/s--! class
 li/s1 ,i mean--really "w half s h>d z  
we poor un=tunate ',girls ( ,gir?am4'   
,n[ t ,i am writ+ 9 /rict confid5ce1 s t
 n ev5 ! walls c he> ! scrat*+s ( my p51
 or und]/& ! mean+ ( all ?is scribbl+1  
,i beg to /ate t ,i h my s]i\s d\bts ^u 
! subject2 & :5 la/ ,i att5d$ a soiree (

 ! ,an?ropological ,society1 s\nds issu$
 =? f ! w9d[s ( ! snug college rooms1   
:i* c\ld n be tak5 z evid5ces ( pr(\nd &
 undi/urb$ /udy4  ,sometimes ,i glance  
at ! exam9ation pap]s set = ^! h>d-work+
 /ud5ts1 9 ord] t !y may atta9 ! glori\s
 degree ( ,b4,a41 & a/oni% _! si/]s1    
c\s9s1 & aunts by ! display ( ^! magic  
lett]s & all-respl5d5t hood4 ,& aga9 ,i 
say 9 /rict confid5ce t if ?is same     
glori\s hood does n adorn ! back ( ea*  
individual son ( ,alma ,mat]1 he ought  
to be a%am$ ( himself1 & n to fail to   
assume a c]ta9 less dignifi$1 b         
expressive1 ?ree-lett]$ qualification4  
,b be=e ^? ,tripos ,pap]s ,i b[ my head 
9 humble adoration4 ,!y sometimes take  
my brea? away ev5 to read ! t]rible     
excruciat+ ?+s1 :i* seem to turn "o's   
bra9 r\nd & r\nd1 & contort ! muscles ( 
"o's face1 & /op ! pulsation ( "o's     
he>t1 :5 "o tries to grasp ! horrid ?+s4
  ,"h is a fair example ( ! +5uity ( !  
h>d-he>t$ exam9]s1 :o resemble !        
inquisitors presid+ ov] ! tortures ( !  

rack1 & giv+ ! hateful ma*9e j "o turn m
 by way ( be/[+ a p>t+ b5$iction on _!  
mis]able victims3  ',a uni=m rod' 7x is 
a m>vell\s act ( m]cy t ! exam9] inv5t$ 
x uni=m2 x is /range t its ?ickness did 
n v>y 9 "s complicat$ mann]1 & become a 
v]itable bir*-rod67 '( l5g? #b;c1 re/s 9
 /able equilibrium' 7/able6 ano!r act ( 
l5i5cy671 ') its l[] end at ! v]tex ( a 
cycloid ^: plane is v]tical' 7:y n      
incl9e x at an angle ( #cj degrees87 '& 
v]tex d[nw>ds1 & passes ?r\gh a small1  
smoo?1 fix$ r+ situat$ 9 ! axis at a    
di/ance b f ! v]tex4 ,%[ t if !         
equilibrium be slightly di/urb$1 ! rod w
 p]=m small oscillations ) its l[] end  
on ! arc ( ! cycloid 9 ! "t             
---------------------             ac#b  
#c7;b - c7#b     #dpi                   
------------------- 1                   
#c;g7b#b - #d;ac7  :]e #b;a is ! l5g? ( 
! axis ( ! cycloid4'  ,a sweet pretty   
problem1 truly6 ,& !re are hundr$s ( !  
same k9d--bir*-rods = e back6 ,h[ !     
exam9] mu/ h rejoic$ :5 he inv5t$ ?is   

diabolical rod1 ) its equilibrium1 its  
oscillations1 its cycloid1 & o!r torm5t+
 accessories4 ,& yet1 ,i suppose1 be=e  
my days ( /ud5t%ip are ov]1 ,i %all be  
call$ ^u to attack "s su* impregnable   
=tresses ( ma!matics1 :5 ,i hope to be  
decl>$ equal to "s tw5tie? wrangl]1 if  
,i escape ! mis=tune ( %>+ a portion ( !
 'wood5 spoon4'  ,ah1 y male sycophants6
 ,y w\ld prev5t u f compet+ ) y2 y w\ld 
sep>ate y\rselves on y\r isl& ( k1 & s9k
 ! punt :i* w\ld be> u ov] to y\r       
privileg$ %ore4 ,( all ! twaddle--=give 
me1 male sycophants6--t ! _w has ev]    
he>d1 ,i ?9k ! greate/ is t :i* y h     
talk$ ab\t female education4 ,& ! be/ ( 
x is1 y are s anxi\s ab\t our welf>e2 y 
are s afraid t we %\ld injure our heal? 
by ov]mu* m5tal ex]tion2 y pr(ess to ?9k
 t our bra9s are n calculat$ to /& !    
/ra9 ( cont9u$ m5tal ex]cise2 y ?9k t   
competition is n good = ! female m9d2 t 
we are too competitive by nature--too   
ambiti\s6 ,yes1 we are s ambiti\s t we  
w\ld ent] ! li/s ) ^? :o are ask$ 9     

,public ,exam9ations to f9d ! simple    
int]e/ on #a1jjj p\nds = #e ye>s at     
#f-a_/d p] c5t42 s ambiti\s t we w\ld   
compete ) ^? :o are reque/$ to disclose 
! fir/ aori/ middle ( ,greek3 tupto4    
,oh1 ?9k ( ! m5tal /ra9 involv$ 9 su*   
que/ions6 ,h[ x mu/ ru9 y\r heal? to f9d
 out h[ _m times a :eel ( radius #f feet
 w turn r\nd betwe5 ,york & ,london1 a  
di/ance ( #bjj miles6 ,x is q wond]ful  
h[ y\r bra9s1 my de> male sycophants1 c 
/& su* fe>ful dem&s ^u y\r intellig5ce &
 indu/ry6  ,b y are s k9d to u1 s afraid
 ( our heal?6 ,really1 we are mu* oblig$
 to y4 ,if y m>ri$ "o ( u1 or became our
 gu>dian1 or left u a legacy1 we %\ld !n
 recognise y\r int]e/ 9 u1 & be v       
grateful to y = y\r good advice4 ,b z   
matt]s /&1 we are q capable ( tak+ c>e (
 ourselves4 ,we w promise n to "w too   
h>d1 if y w promise n to we>y u ) y\r   
pat]nal jurisdiction4  ,b1 male         
sycophants1 ,i want a ^w ) y4 ,:y d y   
object to our tak+ degrees1 or go+ 9 =  
exam9ations 9 ord] to qualify ourselves 

= our duties 9 life8 ,y ne$ n speak out 
l\d if y w\ld r n4 ,are y n j a little  
afraid t we might eclipse y8 ,& x is n  
pleasant to be beat5 by a woman1 is x8  
,& !n y pr(ess to ?9k t we ought to be  
all h\sewives & cooks1 & knitt]s (      
/ock+s1 & sew]s-on ( our husb&s'        
buttons2 b :at if we h no husb&s1 no    
buttons to sew8 ,& is x n a little      
selfi%1 my de> male sycophant1 to wi% to
 keep u all to y\rself8 to att5d ^u !   
wants ( ! lords ( creation1 :o (t5      
di/+ui% !mselves s mu* 9 ! doma9 (      
sci5ce8  ,n[1 look me /raight 9 ! face  
7no %irk+1 sir674 ,is x n               
jeal\sy--gre5-ey$1 false-tongu$         
jeal\sy--:i* saps y\r g5]\s in/9cts1 &  
makes y talk rubbi% & nons5se ab\t      
/ra9s1 & bra9s1 & ambition1 & ! l8 ,& if
 t is n hypocritical1 ,i d n "k :at is4 
,well1 good-day to y1 male sycophant6 ,i
 really h n "t to indulge myself 9      
scold+ y any m4 ,y are a good creature1 
no d\bt2 & :5 y h %[n u :at y c d1 & c  
e/imate ! capacity ( ! female bra91 &   

take a common-s5se view ( ?+s1 we w     
recognise y\r privilege to speak2 & :5  
,i am ! presid+ g5ius ( ,gir?am         
,college1 ,i w grant y ! use ( our hall 
= ! purpose ( lectur+ to u on ',wom5's  
,rights1' or1 z y may pref] to entitle  
y\r disc\rse1 ',m5's ,wrongs4'          
99       99       99       99       99  
,oh1 ?is is %ameful6 ,i really am v     
sorry4 ,"h h ,i be5 wa/+ a good half-h\r
 9 dream+1 & slay+ an imag9>y enemy )   
env5om$ words & frequ5t dabs ( ink4 ,if 
,i _c conc5trate my m9d m on ^!         
ma!matical rese>*es1 ,i fe> a dreadful  
'pl\gh' w h>r[ my feel+s at ! end ( my  
soj\rn 9 ^! halls ( le>n+4              
,conc5tration6 ,h[ _m ( our words &     
ideas & ?\ghts are d]iv$ f t primal f\nt
 ( all arts & sci5ces--ma!matics6 ,"h is
 "o :i* owes its orig9 to ! ma!matically
 tra9$ m9d ( "s e>ly philological       
pr(essor1 :o _h le>nt to apply 8        
sci5tific k to ! enri*m5t ( 8 native    
tongue4 ,he quot$ to himself ! words ( !
 ,roman poet3              ',ego cur1   

acquir]e pauca     ,si possum1 invideor1
 cum l+ua ,catonis et ,enni     ,s]monem
 patrium ditav]it1 et nova r]um         
,nom9a protul]it8 ,licuit1 semp]que     
licebit4'  ,8 m9d conceiv$ endless      
figures ( circles & ellipses scatt]$    
promiscu\sly ov] ! page1 defy+ !        
attempts ( ! /ud5t to r$uce !m to ord]4 
,:at mu/ he d be=e he c apply 8 =mulae &
 equations1 det]m9e _! areas1 or        
describe _! ecc5tric motion8 ,he mu/    
r$uce !m to a common c5tre1 & !n he c   
proce$ to calculate ! ab/ruse problems 9
 connection ) ! figures describ$4 ,!y   
may be ! complex motions ( d\ble-/>     
orbits1 or ! results ( ! impact ( v>i\s 
projectiles on ! tranquil surface ( a   
pool4 ,x matt]s n--! pr9ciple is ! same2
 he mu/ conc5trate1 & r$uce to a common 
c5tre4  ,?is is ! great defect ( ^? :o h
 no accurate ma!matical k2 !y _c        
conc5trate _! m9ds ) ! same degree (    
int5sity ^u ! "w :i* lies be=e !m4 ,_!  
?\ghts fly (f at a tang5t1 z m9e d v    
(t52 b !n ,i h n be5 class$ yet 9 !     

,tripos2 &1 ,o male poetical sycophant1 
y may be "r aft] all :5 y say3     ',o  
woman6 9 our h\rs ( ease     ,unc]ta91  
coy & h>d to please1     ,z v>iable z ! 
noon-day %ade4'  ,yes1 z v>iable z ! mo/
 v>iable quantities x1 y1 z4 ,i1 a /ud5t
 ( ,gir?am ,college1 blu% to own t my   
?\ghts v (t5 fly (f at a tang5t4  ',fly 
(f at a tang5t6' ,all hail to !e1 mo/   
noble ma!matical phrase6 ,"h is ano!r   
f9e ma!matical expression1 pla9ly       
exemplify+ ! action ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,!
 fa/] ! :eel turns1 ! great] is !       
velocity ( ! disc>d$ p>ticles :i* fly (f
 along ! l9e1 p]p5dicul> to ! radius ( !
 circle4 ,! _w travels v fa/ n[2 !      
increas$ velocity ( ! transit ( e>?ly   
bodies1 ! rate at :i* !y live1 !        
multiplicity ( engagem5ts1 etc41 h made 
! social _w revolve s fa/ t ! spe$ w\ld 
h />tl$ ! torpid life ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,&
 :at is ! result8 ,m5's ?\ghts fly (f at
 a tang5t2 !y are unable to conc5trate  
_! m9ds on any giv5 subject2 !y are     
cont5t ) ha/y g5]alisms1 ) %ort magaz9e 

articles on important subjects1 :i*     
really require l>ge volumes & pati5t    
/udy to elucidate !m fully4  ,:at we    
want to d is to increase ! attractive   
=ce1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is tang5tial     
motion--to increase ! =ce ( gravity4    
',well1' says ! "y lady :o loves to     
revel 9 ! ',gha/ly ,secret ( ! ,moat$   
,dungeon1' or ! ',my/]ies ( ,footlight  
,fancy1' 'y are grave en\gh4 ,pray don't
 increase y\r gravity6'  ,?ank y1 g5tle 
critic4 ,i w1 9 turn1 ask y "o fav\r4   
,leave = once ! ',my/]ies ( ,footlight  
,fancy2' seek to "k no m 'gha/ly        
secrets1' & increase y\r gravity--y\r   
m5tal weight2 & h5ce y\r attraction 9 ! 
eyes ( all :o are wor? attract+ w be    
m>vell\sly increas$1 by und]/&+ a little
 ab\t ,newton's law ( univ]sal          
gravitation1 & don't fly (f at a tang5t4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,at ! end ( ?is portion ( ! ,,ms4 ! 
editor ( ^! pap]s discov]$ a photograph 
:i*1 f subsequ5t inquiry1 prov$ to be t 
( ! accompli%$ au?oress ( ! above       

reflections4 ,! face is "o ( consid]able
 beauty1 ) eyes z cle>1 /eadfa/1 & op5 z
 ! day4 ,!re is a degree ( firmness ab\t
 ! m\?1 b x is a sweet & pretty "o      
not)/&+2 & a smile1 half scornful1 half 
playful1 c be detect$ lurk+ ab\t !      
corn]s ( ! lips1 :i* d n seem altoge!r  
fitt$ = pron\nc+ h>d ma!matical t]ms &  
ab/ruse sci5tific problems4 ,?is        
photograph might h be5 ! id5tical "o :i*
 ne>ly br\ght an enam\r$ y\? into grave 
difficulties by its secretion 9 ! folds 
( 8 blott+-pap] dur+ exam9ation4 ,! said
 enam\r$ y\? _h evid5tly plac$ x !re = !
 sake ( its inspir+ qualities2 & x 0    
said t all 8 hopes ( ga9+ ! h& ( ! fair 
orig9al dep5d$ ^u 8 pass+ t same        
exam9ation4 ,b ! wakeful eye ( a /]n    
exam9] _h wat*$ him z he turn$ aga9 &   
aga9 to consult ! sweet face :i* beam$ f
 b5ea? 8 blott+-pap]2 & he n>r[ly escap$
 expulsion f ! ,s5ate-h\se on ! *>ge (  
'cribb+4' ,c]ta9ly he took a mean       
advantage ( 8 fell[-suff]]s1 if ?is 7 ! 
id5tical photograph1 = x portrays a mo/ 

inspir+ face4 ,=give u1 l5i5t read]2 "o 
mom5t6 ,!re--?ank y--we h done4 ,& n[ we
 w proce$ to disclose ! rese>*es &      
orig9al problems :i* ! ,,ms4 conta9s4   
,evid5tly ! collegiate au?orities 7 n   
sl[ 9 recognis+ ! tal5ts ( ! assidu\s   
/ud5t1 & elect$ h] )\t mu* delay to a   
,pr(essor%ip ( ,gir?am4 ,9 ?is capacity 
! le>n$ lady deliv]$ sev]al lectures1 ( 
:i* ! second ,,ms4 conta9s ! fir/ ( !   
s]ies4     ,,pap] ,,ii4  ,,lecture ,,on 
,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,bra9 ,,waves ,,& ,,!   
,,transmigration ,,& ,,pot5tiality ,,(  
,,m5tal ,,=ces4   ,pr(essors & ,/ud5ts (
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gir?am1 my ,lords1     
,ladies1 & ,g5tlem51--,i h ! hon\r to   
br+ be=e y ?is ev5+ "s orig9al          
conceptions & discov]ies :i* h be5      
=mulat$ by me dur+ my rese>*es 9 !      
b\ndless field ( ma!matical k2 & ?\gh y 
may be incl9$ at fir/ to pron\nce !m z  
some:at ha/ily conceiv$ hypo!ses1 ,i    
hope to be able to demon/rate ! actual  
tru? ( ! propositions :i* ,i %all n[    
endeav\r to enunciate4 ,x is ) "s feel+s

 ( diffid5ce t ,i /& be=e s augu/ an    
assembly z ! pres5t2 & if ,i 7 n        
actually conv9c$ ( ! accuracy ( my      
calculations1 ,i %\ld nev] h presum$ to 
appe> be=e y 9 ! "* ( a lectur]4 ,b     
',magna e/ v]itas1 et praevalebit4' ,i  
ca/ aside maid5 timidity2 ,i clo! myself
 9 ! pr(essorial robe :i* y h be/[$ ^u  
me1 & sacrifice my own feel+s on ! alt> 
( ,tru?4  ,i h be5 engag$1 z y are      
d\btless aw>e1 = "s ye>s 9 ! pursuit (  
ma!matical rese>*1 explor+ ! m9es (     
sci5ce1 :i* h ( late be5 work$ v        
p]si/5tly1 b (t51 l ! black diamond     
m9es1 at a loss4 ,concurr5tly ) ^!      
rese>*es1 ,i h speculat$ on ! great     
social problems :i* p]plex ! m9ds ( m51 
bo? individually & collectively4 ,& ,i h
 come to ! conclusion t ! same laws hold
 good 9 bo? sph]es ( "w2 t me?ods (     
ma!matical proc$ure are applicable to ! 
gr& social problems ( ! day & to !      
regulation ( ! mutual relations :i* exi/
 betwe5 man & man4 ,take1 = example1 !  
,=ce ( public op9ion4 ,( :at is x       

compos$8 ,x is ! ,resultant ( all ! =ces
 :i* act ^u t :i* is g5]ally designat$ !
 ',social ,sy/em4' ,public op9ion is a  
compromise betwe5 ! _m elem5ts :i* make 
up human society2 & compromise is a     
purely me*anical affair1 bas$ on !      
pr9ciple ( ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces4     
,sometimes di/urb+ =ces ex]t _! influ5ce
 ^u ! action ( ,public ,op9ion1 caus+ ! 
sy/em to sw]ve f its orig9al c\rse1 &   
precipitat+ society into a c\rse (      
conduct inconsi/5t ) its =m] behavi\r2 &
 x is ! duty ( ! ,gov]n+ ,body to       
elim9ate z f> z possible su* di/urb+    
=ces1 9 ord] t society may pursue ! ev5 
t5or ( its way4  ,pr(essors1 we h "o    
great problem to solve2 & all que/ions  
social1 political1 sci5tific1 or        
o!rwise1 are only fragm5ts ( t great    
problem4 ,all tru?s are b diff]5t       
aspects ( diff]5t applications ( "o & ! 
same tru?2 & al?\gh !y may appe> oppos$1
 !y are n really s2 & resemble l9es :i* 
run 9 v>i\s directions1 b lov+ly meet 9 
"o c5tre4  ,n[1 let u take = our        

consid]ation ! secret influ5ce :i* m5   
ex]t ^u ea* o!r1 ap>t f t produc$ by !  
p[] ( spee* 7al?\gh t w\ld come "u !    
same g5]al law74 ,z ma!maticians1 y are 
aw>e t ! undulatory !ory ( light & heat 
& s\nd are n[ accept$ by sci5tific m5 z 
! only sure basis ( accurate            
calculation4 ,we "k t ! rays ( light    
travel 9 waves1 & ! equation repres5t+ !
 waves is           a       #bpi     y  
--- s9 ------ 7vt - r71          r      
lambda  :]e y is ! di/urbance ( ! e!r1 a
 ! initial amplitude1 r ! di/ance f !   
/>t+-po9t1 lambda ! wave-l5g?1 & v !    
velocity ( light4 ,s\nd & heat likewise 
h mu* ! same =m ( equation4 ,n[1 ,i     
ma9ta9 t ! waves ( ?\ght are gov]n$ by !
 same laws1 & c be det]m9$ by an        
equation ( ! same =m4 ,y are aw>e t 9   
all ^! equations a c]ta9 quantity d5ot$ 
by lambda appe>s1 & v>ies = ! diff]5t   
m$ia ?r\gh :i* ! s\nd1 or light1 or heat
 passes1 & :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by        
exp]im5t ,n[1 9 my equation = bra9      
waves1 ! same quantity lambda appe>s :i*

 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! same me?od--by     
exp]im5t4 ,b h[ is ?is to be done8 ,aft]
 mature delib]ation & mu* c>eful ?\ght1 
,i h discov]$ ! me?od = f9d+ lambda4    
,?is me?od is mesm]ism4 ,we f9d ! ratio 
( bra9 to bra9--! relative /r5g? :i* "o 
be>s to ano!r2 & !n by an application ( 
our =mula we c actually det]m9e ! wave (
 ?\ght1 & read ! m9ds ( our             
fell[-creatures4 ,an unb\nd$ field =    
reflection & speculation is "h sugge/$4 
,l all great discov]ies1 ! elem5ts ( !  
problem h unconsci\sly be5 utiliz$ by _m
 :o are unable to acc\nt = _! me?od (   
proc$ure4 ,= example1 ?\ght-read]s1     
mesm]i/s1 & ! l1 h unconsci\sly be5     
work+ on ?is pr9ciple1 al?\gh lack (    
ma!matical tra9+ has prev5t$ !m f fully 
ma/]+ ! details ( ! problem4 ,h5ce 9    
popul> m9ds a k9d ( my/]y has hung ab\t 
! actions ( su* p1 & excit$ ! curiosity 
( mank9d4  ,! developm5t ( ?is !ory (   
bra9 waves may be ( great practical     
utility to ! _w4 ,x %[s t great c>e     
ought to be ex]cis$ 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght1 z

 well z t ( spee*4 ,= example3 ,a man   
has made a />tl+ discov]y1 f :i* he     
expects to receive consid]able worldly  
advantage4 ,he w\ld be c>eful n to      
disclose 8 discov]y 9 spee* to 8        
acqua9tances until 8 plans are          
suffici5tly matur$1 le/ !y %\ld imp>t x 
to ! _w1 pat5t 8 device1 & reap ! rew>d4
 ,b :ile he is endeav\r+ to talk        
c>elessly ab\t x1 ! wave ( ?\ght may be 
travell+ f bra9 to bra91 sugge/+ !      
exi/5ce ( ! discov]y2 & if ! conditions 
are fav\rable1 & lambda suffici5tly     
small1 x is possible t ! idea itself may
 be convey$4 ,( c\rse ! m complicat$ !  
discov]y1 ! less likely w\ld ! wave     
convey ! conception4 ,or suppose t "o ( 
! le>n$ pr(essorial body ( our si/]     
univ]sity %\ld conceive an atta*m5t = a 
lady-/ud5t ( ,gir?am ,college 7( c\rse a
 v improbable supposition671 & !        
infatuat$ savant became some:at jeal\s (
 ano!r le>n$ lectur] ( ! same college   
7ano!r improbability671 ! fact ( 8      
jeal\sy w\ld be imp>t$ to ! latt] by a  

wave ( ?\ght1 & might cause consid]able 
confusion 9 ! s]5e c\rse ( love or      
sci5ce4 ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! wave is 
indisputable4 ,:at d all ! /ories (     
impressions & d\ble-sight tea* u8 ,h[   
c\ld ! intellig5ce ( ! dea? ( ,pr(essor 
,/eele h be5 convey$ to 8 fri5d &       
fell[-/ud5t1 ,pr(essor ,tait--! "o at   
,cambridge1 ! o!r at ,ed9burgh--7 x n = 
! exi/5ce ( "s wave1 :i*1 l t (         
electricity1 w+s its rapid flight       
unobs]v$ by human eyes8 ,are all !      
records ( ! ,psy*ical ,society only my?s
 & leg5ds br$ ( sup]/iti\s fancy8 ,x 7  
h>d to suppose s4  ,b if1 g5tlem51 &    
ladies especially1 y wi% to keep y\r    
secret discov]ies to y\rselves1 wat* ov]
 y\r ?\ghts z well z y\r words2 = my    
rese>*es prove1 & ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( 
mank9d corroborates ! fact1 t "s portion
 ( y\r inmo/ ?\ghts & secret desires are
 und]/ood by y\r neighb\rs 7especially  
:5 lambda is small672 t !y travel along 
! waves :i* ,i h attempt$ to indicate2 &
 if y w\ld desire to ext5d y\r influ5ce 

9 ! _w1 probe ! secret in/9cts ( mank9d1
 & prev5t y\rself f be+ deceiv$ &       
wrong$--/udy ! art & sci5ce ( ,bra9     
,waves4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,! foll[+ v]ses ( r d\btful
 m]it 7 f\nd 9 connection ) ! previ\s   
,,ms4 ,!y 7 evid5tly writt5 by a diff]5t
 h&2 b inasmu* z !y 7 deem$ wor?y (     
pres]vation by ! le>n$ own] ( ! seal$   
desk1 we v5ture to publi% !m4 ,!y are   
closely connect$ ) ! previ\s lecture1 & 
7 evid5tly compos$ by an admir] ( ! fair
 lectur] :o did n %>e h] love =         
sci5tific rese>*4      ,wavelet1#a w+ ?y
 airy flight2       ,let ?9e amplitude  
be great2     ,tell h] all my ?\ghts    
to-night1       ,h[ ,i long to "k my    
fate4      ,all ! fields ( ,ma!matics   
,i h roam$ at h] decree2     ,f ,b9omial
 & ,quadratics1       ,to ! /range      
hyp]bole4#b      ,i h so>$ ?r\gh        
,diff]5tial1       ,deeply drunk (      
,f9ite ,boole2#c     ,?\gh its brea? is 
pe/il5tial1       ,reek+ ( ! hateful    
,s*ool4      ,i h tri$ to %ape a ,conic1

       ,va9ly read ! ,calculus2     ,b  
my feebl5ess is *ronic1       ,morbus   
,ma!maticus4      ,all my curves are    
c>dioidal2       ,i confuse my x & ys1  
,:i* !y say is suicidal2       ,& my    
tutor va9ly sighs4      ,wavelet1 tell  
h] h[ ,i love h]1       ,z %e m\nts h]  
le>n$ ?rone2     ,& t love ,i hope may  
cov]       ,all ! fail+s :i* ,i own4    
,wavelet1 cry to h] = pity2       ,bid  
h] end ?is bitt] woe2     ,i might d    
some?+ '9 ! city1'       ,b nev] pass my
 ,little-g4     #a ,we presume ?is is   
address$ to an imag9>y bra9 wave4    #b 
,we obs]ve "h ! da% ( an indignant p51 &
 a sub/itut$       = e4 ,b n[ ! rhyme is
 spoil$4 ,g5tle ,muse1 ?\ art           
sacrific$ by ! /]n h& ( ,ma!matical     
,tru?6    #c ,qu]y3 ,does ! writ] ref]  
to ! le>n$ treatise on ,f9ite           
,diff]5ces by ,pr(essor ,boole8         
,,pap] ,,iii4  ,,lecture ,,on ,,!       
,,social ,,prop]ties ,,( ,a ,,conic     
,,section1 ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,(           
,,polemical ,,ma!matics4   ,mo/ ,le>n$  

,pr(essors & ,/ud5ts ( ?is              
,univ]sity1--,f ! int]e/ manife/$ 9 my  
fir/ lecture1 ,i conclude t my me?od (  
inve/igation has n prov$ altoge!r       
unsatisfactory to y1 & ,i hope ere long 
to produce c]ta9 inve/igations :i* w    
probably />tle y1 & revolutionize !     
curr5t ?\ght ( ! age4 ,! application (  
ma!matics to ! /udy ( ,social ,sci5ce & 
,political ,gov]nm5t has curi\sly en\gh 
escap$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o ought to be   
mo/ conv]sant ) ^! matt]s4 ,i %all      
endeav\r to prove 9 ! pres5t lecture t !
 relations betwe5 individuals & !       
,gov]nm5t are simil> to ^? :i*          
ma!matical k w\ld lead u to po/ulate1 & 
to expla9 on sci5tific pr9ciples ! v>i\s
 convulsions :i* sometimes agitate !    
social & political _w4  ,inde$1 by ?is  
me?od we %all be able to prophesy !     
future ( /ates & nations1 hav+ giv5     
c]ta9 functions & peculi>ities app]ta9+ 
to !m1 j z easily z we c =etell ! exact 
day & h\r ( an eclipse ( ! moon or sun4 
,9 ord] to d ?is1 we mu/ fir/ det]m9e ! 

social prop]ties ( a conic section4  ,= 
! b5efit ( ! unle>n$ & ignorant1 ,i w   
fir/ /ate t a cone is a solid figure    
describ$ by ! revolution ( a "r-angl$   
triangle ab\t "o ( ! sides conta9+ ! "r 
angle1 :i* rema9s fix$4 ,! fix$ side is 
call$ ! axis ( ! cone4 ,conic sections  
are obta9$ by cutt+ ! cone by planes4 ,x
 may easily be prov$ t if ! angle betwe5
 ! cutt+ plane & ! axis be equal to !   
angle betwe5 ! axis & ! revolv+ side ( !
 triangle :i* g5]ates ! cone1 ! section 
describ$ on ! surface ( ! cone is a     
p>abola2 if ! =m] angle be great] ?an ! 
latt]1 ! curve w be an ellipse2 & if    
less1 ! section w be a hyp]bola4  ,b !  
simple/ conic section is1 ( c\rse1 a    
circle1 :i* is =m$ by a plane at "r     
angles to ! axis ( ! cone2 & ! simple/  
circle is t =m$ by a plane pass+ ?r\gh !
 apex ( ! cone4 ,all ?is is simple      
ma!matics2 & let beg9n]s consult m      
elem5t>y treatises ?an ?is "o to satisfy
 !mselves on ^! po9ts4 ,b if !y w assume
 ^! ?+s to be true1 !y w "k q en\gh =   

our pres5t purpose4 ,! simple/ conic    
section ( all has be5 prov$ to be a     
po9t4 ,n[1 ?is repres5ts ! simple/ &    
orig9al =m ( society1 a s+le family4 ',x
 is n good = man to be alone' 0 ! fir/  
obs]vation made by ! wise ,creator ^u ! 
rational creature :om ,he _h introduc$  
into ,p>adise z its "l4 ,m>riage is !   
rudim5t ( all social life1 f :i* all    
o!rs spr+1 out ( :i* all o!rs are       
develop$4 ,ar\nd ! p>5ts' knees soon    
clu/] a gr\p ( *ildr51 & 9 _! relation  
to ea* o!r we disc]n ! e>lie/ =ms ( law 
& discipl9e--! bonds by :i* society is  
held toge!r4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 gr[ up1       
sep>ate h\seholds are =m$2 & !n !       
multiplication ( families1 ! congregat+ 
( m5 toge!r = purposes ( security &     
mutual advantages 9 division ( lab\r2 & 
?us is gradually =m$ a /ate1 :i* is only
 ! developm5t ( ! family--! k+ repres5t+
 ! p>5t1 & rul+ on ! same pr9ciple4     
,ma!matically speak+1 our plane no long]
 passes ?r\gh ! apex4 ,! po9t repres5t$ 
! s+le family2 b keep+ ! plane          

horizontal1 we move x along ! axis1 !   
sections w become circles1 :i* repres5t 
ma!matically ! next simple/ =m (        
society1 :]e ! c5tre is ! seat (        
gov]nm5t1 :i* is connect$ ) ea*         
individual memb] ( ! social circle by   
equal radii4 ,! social prop]ty ( a      
circle is t ( a mon>*ical gov]nm5t 9 its
 pure/ & simple/ =m4 ,! l>g] ! circle   
becomes 7i4e41 ! fur!r y move ! plane f 
! apex71 ! great] ! di/ance betwe5 !    
individual & ! mon>*4 ,!re=e1 ! m       
indep5d5t ! mon>*y becomes1 & ! less    
influ5ce d individuals possess ov] !    
rul+ p[]4 ,h5ce1 we may inf] t z ye>s   
roll on1 ! gov]nm5t w become m despotic2
 b ! /ability ( ! c\ntry dim9i%$1 &     
probably "s individual p>ticle1 :5      
suffici5tly )drawn f ! attraction ( !   
c5tral head1 w beg9 to revolve on its   
own acc\nt1 & spontane\sly g5]ate a     
gov]nm5t ( its own4 ,we may1 !re=e1     
conclude f ma!matical reason+ t an      
unlimit$ mon>*y1 ?\gh advantage\s =     
small /ates1 is n a safe =m ( gov]nm5t =

 a l>ge or popul\s c\ntry1 inasmu* z ! p
 d n d]ive mu* b5efit f ! sov]eign2 !   
mutual attraction1 :i* ought to exi/ 9 a
 fl\ri%+ /ate betwe5 ! rul] & ! rul$1 is
 weak5$2 & ! isolation ( ! mon>* t5ds to
 make him /ill m despotic4 ,z a         
practical example ( ! tru? ( ! =ego+    
/atem5t1 ,i may m5tion ! pres5t         
condition ( ,russia1 :i* %[s t ! result 
( an unlimit$ mon>*y1 9 a l>ge &        
unwieldy social circle1 is su* z we %\ld
 h reasonably expect$ f ma!matical      
inve/igations4  ,inv>iably1 "u !        
circum/ances :i* ,i h describ$1 ! c\ntry
 w become disorganiz$2 ! sov]eign w     
cease to h any p[] ov] ! p1 & ! c\ntry w
 become a *aos1 )\t ord]1 influ5ce1 or  
p[]4  ,:5 ! c5tre ( a conic section     
moves along ! axis ( ! curve to inf9ity1
 bani%$ by ! mutual cons5t ( !          
individual p>ticles :i* compose ! curve1
 or ! nation1 a figure is =m$1 call$ a  
p>abola4 ,?is is ! curve :i* ! mo/      
erratic bodies 9 ! univ]se describe 9   
space1 z !y ru% along at a spe$         

inconceivable to human m9ds1 & are      
suppos$ to produce all k9ds ( mis*ief & 
injury to ! worlds ^: c\rses !y w5d _!  
way among4  ,?is curve1 !n1 repres5ts ! 
position :i* ! nation assumes :5 !      
con/itut$ mon>*y1 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 has
 be5 bani%$ to inf9ity4 ,a revolution   
has occurr$2 ! mon>* has be5 de?ron$2 & 
x is n h>d to see t ! same erratic c\rse
 :i* ! comet pursues 9 its flight1 is   
obs]vable ) respect to ! social sy/em   
:i* is repres5t$ by a p>abola4 ,we      
obs]ve ) eag] scrut9y ! w&]+s ( ^!      
erratic comets4 ,!y appe> sudd5ly ) _!  
vap\ry tails2 sometimes !y %9e ^u u ) _!
 s(t1 silv]y light1 brilliant z ano!r   
moon2 sometimes !y /& af> (f 9 ! di/ant 
skies1 & deign n to approa* our         
/eady-go+ e>?1 :i* pursues its regul>   
c\rse day by day1 & ye> by ye>4 ,!n1    
aft] a few days' coy inspection ( our   
planet f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 !y fly to
 o!r remote p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & d n     
condesc5d to %[ !mselves aga9 = a hundr$
 ye>s or s4 ,su* is ! erratic conduct ( 

a heav5ly body ^: c\rse is regulat$ by a
 p>abolic curve4  ,we may look = simil> 
ecc5tric behavi\r on ! "p ( a community1
 nation1 or /ate1 ^: c5tre is at        
inf9ity1 ^: con/itution has be5 viol5tly
 di/urb$1 & ^: mon>*y is situat$ 9 !    
f>-(f regions ( unlimit$ space4 ,!      
erratic c\rse ( ,republican rule is     
prov]bial4 ,!re is no /ability1 no      
regul>ity4 ,to-day we may obs]ve its    
brilliancy1 :i* seems to laugh at &     
eclipse ! sombre %9+ ( m /eady & endur+ 
worlds2 b ere to-morr['s moon has ris51 
x may h vani%$ into ! regions ( et]nal  
night1 & we look = its bright %9+ light 
9 ! c\ncils ( ! nations1 b x has ceas$  
to %$ its rays1 & we are disappo9t$4    
,sometimes x is ask$1 ) fe> & trembl+3  
',:at w\ld be ! effect if our e>? 7 to  
come 9 contact ) ! tail ( a comet8 ,%\ld
 we be de/roy$ by ! collision1 & our    
pond]\s _w cease to be8' ,b we are      
assur$ t no su* disa/r\s results w\ld   
foll[4 ,we h already pass$ ?r\gh ! tails
 ( _m comets1 b we h n discov]$ any     

inconv5i5t *ange 9 our ord9>y mode (    
proc$ure4 ,x is probable t ! comet's    
tail is compos$ ( no solid sub/ance4    
,we may !re=e inf] by analogy t a       
,republican ,/ate w\ld n (f] any p[]ful 
resi/ance if x 7 to come into collision 
) a nation possess+ a m settl$ =m (     
gov]nm5t4 ,a %[] ( meteoric /ones1 l    
pass+ fireworks1 might take place2 b    
beyond t no?+ w\ld occur to excite !    
fe>1 or ar\se ! en]gies ( ! m fav\r$    
nation4 ,z an example ( ! weakness ( a  
,republican ,/ate ,i may m5tion ,france4
 ,!re we see an indu/ri\s race ( p1     
end[$ ) _m natural gifts & graces1 a    
c\ntry ri* & productive2 & yet1 ow+ to !
 unsettl$ nature ( its gov]nm5t1 all ^! 
natural advantages are neutraliz$2 its  
c\rse among/ ! nations is erratic 9 !   
extreme1 a spectacle ( feeble           
adm9i/ration2 & x w\ld (f] no m         
resi/ance to a collid+ ,p[] ?an ! empty 
vacuum ( a comet's tail4 ,?is example w 
demon/rate to y ! tru? ( our !ory )     
reg>d to ! in/ability ( a social sy/em  

:i* is geometrically repres5t$ by a     
p>abolic curve4  ,we w n[ turn f ?is    
picture ( insecurity & unre/ to ano!r   
figure :i* possesses mo/ advantage\s    
social prop]ties4 ,i ref] to ! ellipse4 
,an ellipse is a curve =m$ by ! section 
( a cone by a plane surface incl9$ at an
 angle to ! v]tical axis ( ! cone1      
great] ?an ! angle betwe5 ! axis & !    
g5]at+ l9e4  ,n[1 ?is is a curve :i*    
possesses mo/ attractive prop]ties4 ,x  
is ! curve :i* ! e>? & o!r planet>y orbs
 describe ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 
z if nature int5d$ t we %\ld take ?is   
figure z a guide 9 *oos+ ! mo/          
advantage\s social sy/em4 ,x possesses a
 c5tre1 ,c1 9 view ( all ! p>ticles :i* 
compose ! curve1 & connect$ ) !m by     
close ties4 ,x has two foci1 ,s & ,s'1  
fix$ po9ts1 by ! aid ( :i* we may trace 
! curve4  ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is      
figure1 ! c5tre ( ! curve repres5ts !   
?rone ( mon>*y4 ,!re is no t5d5cy "h to 
revolutionize ! ,/ate1 to bani% ! rul+  
p[]1 & in/itute a ,republican =m (      

gov]nm5t2 b inasmu* z we saw ! weakness 
( an absolute mon>*y 9 l>ge & popul\s   
,/ates1 z repres5t$ by ! circle1 !      
wisdom ( an elliptical social sy/em has 
orda9$ t !re %all be two foci1 or h\ses 
( repres5tatives ( ! p1 :o %all assi/ 9 
regulat+ ! progress ( ! nation4 ,"h we h
 a limit$ mon>*y2 ! ?rone is support$ by
 ! repres5tatives ( ! p2 & ! ne>] ^!    
foci ( ! nation are to ! c5tre 7i4e41 9 
ma!matical language1 ! less !           
ecc5tricity ( ! curve71 ! m p]fect !    
sy/em becomes--! great] ! happ9ess ( !  
community4  ,9 cases :]e ! ecc5tricity  
becomes v great1 ! beauty ( ! curve is  
de/roy$1 & ultimately ! ellipse is m]g$ 
into "o /raight l9e4 ,mo/ le>n$         
,pr(essors1 "h we h a t]rible w>n+ ( !  
awful result ( too mu* ecc5tricity4     
,:e!r we reg>d ! life ( ! nation or ( ! 
individual1 let all be> 9 m9d ?is al>m+ 
fact1 t ecc5tricity ( ?\ght1 habit1 or  
behavi\r may result1 z 9 ! case ( ?is   
un=tunate ellipse1 :i* once pres5t$ su* 
fair & promis+ proportions to ! /ud5t's 

admir+ gaze1 9 ! 's9i/] effacem5t ( a   
man1' or ! gradual absorption ( a ,/ate 
into an un9t]e/+ ?+ ':i* lies ev5ly     
betwe5 its extreme po9ts4'  ,! great    
examples ( ,bacon1 ( ,milton1 ( ,newton1
 ( ,locke1 & ( o!rs1 happ5 to be        
directly oppos$ to ! popul> inf]5ce t   
ecc5tricity & ?\ghtlessness ( conduct   
are ! necess>y accompanim5ts ( tal5t1 & 
! sure indications ( g5ius4 ,i am       
indebt$ to ,lacon = t reflection4 ,y may
 po9t to ,byron1 or ,savage1 or         
,r\sseau1 & say1 ',7 n ^! ecc5tric p    
tal5t$8' ',c]ta9ly1' ,i answ]2 'b w\ld  
!y n h be5 bett] & great] m5 if !y _h   
be5 less ecc5tric--if !y _h re/ra9$ _!  
caprice1 & controll$ _! passions8' ,d n 
imag9e1 my "y /ud5ts ( ?is univ]sity1 t 
by be+ ecc5tric y w !re=e become great  
m5 & wom5 ( g5ius4 ,! _w w n give y     
cr$it = be+ brilliant because y affect !
 extravagances :i* sometimes accompany  
g5ius4 ,"s ( y ladies1 ,i p]ceive1 h    
adopt$ a peculi> =m ( dress1 half male1 
half female2 or1 to be m correct1       

?ree-f\r?s male1 & "o-f\r? female4 ,d n 
imag9e t y w ?us atta9 to ! highe/      
hon\rs 9 ?is univ]sity by y\r           
ecc5tricity1 unless y\r tal5ts are hid  
b5ea? y\r %ort-cut hair1 & bra9s are    
work+ h>d "u y\r college head-ge>4 ,z   
well might we expect to f9d t all       
females :o we> sage-gre5 & extravagant  
ae/hetic co/umes are really born arti/s 
& future ,royal ,academicians4 ,x is    
app>5t t _m aspir]s to fame & tal5t are 
eag] to exhibit _! ecc5tricities to !   
gaze ( ! _w1 9 ord] t !y may p]suade !  
multitude t !y possess ! g5ius ( :i*    
ecc5tricity is falsely suppos$ to be !  
outw>d sign4  ,i may rem>k 9 pass+ t !  
ecc5tricity ( a p>abolic curve is always
 unity4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,y w       
rememb] t a ,republican ,/ate is        
repres5t$ by a p>abola4 ,!re=e1 h[ev]   
su* a nation may /rive to alt] its      
condition1 & secure a settl$ =m (       
gov]nm5t1 its ecc5tricity w always rema9
 ! same4 ,x w always be erratic1        
peculi>1 unsettl$2 & ?is conclusion     

sub/antiates our previ\s proposition )  
reg>d to ! condition ( a social sy/em   
repres5t$ by a p>abola4  ,) reg>d to o!r
 advantages af=d$ by an elliptical      
social sy/em1 we w def] ! consid]ation (
 ?is important subject until my next    
lecture4     ,,pap] ,,iv4  ,,! ,,social 
,,prop]ties ,,( ,a ,,conic ,,section1   
,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,polemical          
,,ma!matics--7cont9u$74   ,mo/ le>n$    
,pr(essors & ,/ud5ts ( ?is              
,univ]sity1--,y h already ga!r$ f my    
prec$+ lecture my me?od ( proc$ure 9 !  
inve/igation ( ! correspond+ prop]ties (
 curves & ,/ates4 ,y h p]ceiv$ t we h "h
 ! elem5ts ( a new sci5ce1 :i* may be   
ext5d$ indef9itely1 & appli$ to ! v>i\s 
dep>tm5ts ( self-gov]nm5t & ,/ate       
control4 ,?is new sci5ce ( polemical    
ma!matics is 9 itself an ext5sion ( !   
pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 = ! discov]y ( :i*
 ,poncelet is s ju/ly r5[n$4 ,we c prove
 by geometry t ! prop]ties ( "o figure  
may be d]iv$ f ^? ( ano!r :i*           
corresponds to x2 & ! new sci5ce tea*es 

u t if we c repres5t1 by projection or  
o!rwise1 a society ( p>ticles or        
individuals on a plane surface1 !       
prop]ties ( ! ,/ate s repres5t$ are     
analog\s to ! prop]ties ( ! curve ) :i* 
x corresponds4 ,x is only possible = me 
to t\* ^u ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce 9 ^!     
lectures1 b ,i hope to ar\se an int]e/ 9
 ^! some:at unusual complications &     
curi\s problems1 t y may h]eaft] make   
fur!r discov]ies 9 ?is unexplor$ region 
( k1 & t ! _w may reap ! b5efit ( y\r   
lab\rs & ab/ruse /udies4 ,i h already1 9
 my previ\s lecture1 t\*$ ^u ! social   
prop]ties ( ! p>abola1 & exam9$ !       
con/itution ( erratic curves & ecc5tric 
nations4 ,x is my int5tion to-day to    
speak ( simil> problems :i* arise )     
ref]5ce to elliptical ,/ates4  ,b1 fir/1
 let me answ] an objection :i* may h    
occurr$ to y\r m9ds4 ,am ,i wrong 9 my  
calculations 9 attribut+ too mu* to !   
p[] & usefulness ( =ms ( gov]nm5t8 ,does
 ! well-be+ & happ9ess ( a nation dep5d 
on ! gov]nm5t1 or ^u ! individuals :o   

compose ! nation8 ,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i     
ass]t1 !y re/ ^u ! =m]4 ,m5 love _!     
c\ntry :5 ! good ( e p>ticul> man is    
compreh5d$ 9 ! public prosp]ity2 !y     
und]take haz>d & lab\r = ! gov]nm5t :5 x
 is ju/ly adm9i/]$4 ,:5 ! welf>e ( e    
citiz5 is ! c>e ( ! rul+ p[]1 m5 d n    
sp>e _! p]sons or _! purses = ! sake (  
_! c\ntry & ! support ( _! sov]eign4 ,b 
:]e selfi% aims are manife/ 9 ,c\rt or  
,p>liam5t1 ! p c>e n = ,/ate (ficials :o
 are indiff]5t to _! c\ntry's weal2 !y  
become selfi% too2 ,lib]ty hides h]     
head1 & %akes (f ! du/ ( h] feet ere %e 
leaves t doom$ l&1 & ! /ability1 welf>e1
 & prosp]ity ( t c\ntry cease4  ,i might
 ref] y to _m a /a9$ page ( national    
hi/ory 9 ord] to prove ?is4 ,comp>e !   
clos+ *apt]s ( ! life ( ! ,roman empire 
) ! record ( ! brave de$s ( its anci5t  
w>riors & valor\s /atesm54 ,grecian     
preem95ce & virtue di$ :5 lib]ty expir$4
 ,i agree ) ,sidney :5 he writes t x is 
absurd to impute ?is to ! *ange ( times2
 = "t *anges no?+1 & no?+ 0 *ang$ 9 ^?  

times b ! gov]nm5t1 & t *ang$ all ?+s4  
,^! are 8 words3 ',z a man begets a man1
 & a bea/ a bea/1 t society ( m5 :i*    
con/itutes a gov]nm5t ^u ! f\ndation (  
ju/ice1 virtue1 & ! common good1 w      
always h m5 to promote ^? ends2 & t :i* 
int5ds ! advancem5t ( "o man's desires &
 vanity w ab\nd 9 ^? t w fom5t !m4' ,i  
may n1 !re=e1 be altoge!r wrong 9       
attribut+ ! prosp]ity & well-be+ ( a    
nation to ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* x         
possesses4  ,we w n[ proce$ to !        
consid]ation ( ! social advantages :i*  
an elliptical ,/ate af=ds4 ,?is is ! =m 
( gov]nm5t & social position :i* we1 z a
 nation1 at pres5t enjoy2 & f ma!matical
 consid]ations ,i am ( op9ion t x is !  
be/1 & hope t no *ange w ev] be made 9  
our con/itution4 ,y may rememb] t ,i h  
previ\sly /at$ t an ellipse has a c5tre 
& two foci1 9 view ( all ! p>ticles :i* 
compose ! curve1 & connect$ ) !m by     
close ties4 ,! c5tre1 9 ! project$      
figure1 repres5ts ! mon>*y1 :i* is      
limit$2 & ! gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on by !   

aid ( ! two h\ses ( repres5tatives ( !  
p1 depict$ 9 ! projection by ! two foci4
  ,n[ ! social advantages ( ! ellipse   
are giv5 by ! fact t ! sum ( ! di/ances 
( any po9t f ! foci is always con/ant4  
,no p>ticle is left out 9 ! cold2 no "o 
does n possess ! advantages ( a social  
gov]nm5t4 ,?\gh 8 di/ance may be f> f ! 
,upp] ,h\se1 he has ! advantage (       
ne>ness to ! ,l[]1 & vice v]sa4 ,! sum (
 ! di/ances is con/ant4 ,! ext9ction (  
"o focus1 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 = example1  
w\ld create a complete disorganization (
 ! :ole sy/em3 ! o!r focus w\ld set up a
 p[]ful magnetic attraction1 & a curi\s 
bulb-%ap$ curve w\ld be evolv$1 v       
diff]5t f ! beautiful symmetrical =m :i*
 ! orig9al figure pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,!  
c5tre ( ! sy/em w\ld be di/urb$2 & x is 
probable t ere long x w\ld disappe>     
along ! axis & be vani%$ to inf9ity4    
,?us ! curve w\ld become a p>abola4 ,?is
 is ! al>m+ result ( ! ext9ction ( "o   
focus4 ,aboli% ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & y w  
soon f9d t ! ,?rone w be di/urb$2 !     

,/ate w become disorganiz$2 ! nation w  
become confus$ by ! magnetic =ce ( !    
,l[] ,h\se1 unc\nt]act$ by any o!r      
attraction2 & v soon a complete         
revolution ( ! :ole sy/em w set 93 !    
mon>* w be de?ron$1 & a ,republican =m (
 gov]nm5t1 ) all ! ecc5tricities ( a    
p>abolic c\rse1 w take ! place ( a m    
ord]ly & settl$ con/itution4 ,?is is a  
pla9 d$uction f our ma!matical          
inve/igations2 & x behoves all our      
/atesm51 our philosoph]s & great m51 our
 fell[-citiz5s & ! humble/ artisans 9   
our manufactur+ t[ns1 to weigh well ?is 
al>m+ result ( ! abolition ( t ,h\se :i*
 has be5 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction2 & to     
asc]ta9 = !mselves ! tru?s ^u :i* my    
proposition & reason+ re/4  ,i h already
 obs]v$ t ! fact t ! e>?'s orbit & t (  
o!r planets are 9 ! =m ( ellipses2 t !  
curvature ( ! e>? is ne>ly ! same1 ought
 to guide u 9 *oos+ ?is p>ticul> curve z
 a model ( ! projection ( a complete &  
mo/ advantage\s social sy/em4  ,! circle
 describ$ on ! major axis ( an ellipse1 

is call$ ! auxili>y circle1 & af=ds mu* 
assi/ance 9 ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties
 ( an ellipse4 ,z we h already %[n1 !   
circle repres5ts ! simple/ =m (         
mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce1 if we comp>e 
! =m ( gov]nm5t repres5t$ by an ellipse 
7i4e41 su* z we n[ enjoy7 ) t ( a sy/em 
:]e ! k+ is ! only gov]n+ p[]1 we may   
obta9 great assi/ance 9 solv+ complicat$
 political problems4  ,9 all conics !re 
is a /raight l9e call$ ! 'directrix1'   
:i* repres5ts 9 social or polemical     
sci5ce ! laws ( ! nation1 & plays a     
prom95t "p 9 ! mutual relations ( !     
individual p>ticles4 ,= in/ance1 9 !    
case ( ! p>abola1 ! di/ance ( any       
p>ticle f ! directrix is equal to its   
di/ance f ! focus4  ,f ?is we may       
conclude t if an individual deviates at 
all f ! pa? :i* ! laws 7or1 directrix7  
indicate1 if he does n %[ true respect  
to ! decrees ( ! focal gov]nm5t1 &      
pres]ve ! true position betwe5 !m1      
directly he is f\nd deviat+ f 8 c\rse1  
he is quickly bani%$ to a less enlight5$

 sph]e4 ,9 an ellipse !re is less       
likelihood ( 8 /ray+ away f ! c\rse :i* 
! directrix po9ts out1 on acc\nt ( !    
two-fold guidance :i* he receives f !   
two foci4  ,! foll[+ curi\s problem may 
be notic$4 ,if a p>abola roll on ano!r  
p>abola1 _! v]tices co9cid+1 ! focus ( !
 fir/ traces out ! directrix ( ! second4
  ,"h we come to ! consid]ation ( !     
int]national relation%ip ( ,/ates4 ,two 
nations h ! same =m ( gov]nm5t 79 ?is   
example ?is =m is ,republican72 _!      
policies co9cide3 we may conclude f ?is 
proposition t ! c\rse :i* ! gov]nm5t (  
"o nation w pursue1 w be t :i* is       
prescrib$ by ! laws ( ! o!r4  ,! subject
 ( ! contact ( curves pres5ts _m int]e/+
 problems ) ref]5ce to ,polemical       
,sci5ce1 & may be ext5d$ indef9itely4 ,x
 is well kn[n t !re are diff]5t ord]s ( 
contact1 :i* are designat$ z ! fir/1    
second1 or ?ird ord]4 ,?is la/ ord] may 
be t]m$ ! 'm>riage ( curves1' cem5t$ by 
! osculat+ circle1 or 'w$d+-r+2' & :5   
two nations h contact ( ! ?ird ord]1 !y 

h =m$ a v close alliance1 & by          
calculation we c obta9 ! radius (       
curvature1 or size ( ! w$d+-r+1 by means
 ( :i* !y may be unit$4  ,! !ory &      
nature ( contact con/itute a bran* ( our
 newly discov]$ sci5ce :i* we comm5d to 
! c>eful consid]ation ( ^? :o h und]tak5
 ! difficult & p]plex+ /udy (           
int]national law4 ,alas6 too _m ,/ates  
refuse ?is fri5dly contact1 &1          
consequ5tly1 cut ea* o!r1 in/ead ( bl5d+
 9 sweet accord4 ,_! peace is at be/ an 
arm$ neutrality2 & if !y h contact (    
only ! fir/ or second ord]1 we c prove  
ma!matically t !y are sure to int]sect 9
 "s o!r po9t or po9ts2 & div]g5ce (     
policy & di/urb$ relations are !        
results4 ,contact ( ! ?ird1 or highe/1  
ord] is ! only safe position = two      
alli$1 or contigu\s1 ,/ates4  ,) y\r    
p]mission ,i w add a few words to ^? ,i 
h already utt]$ ) reg>d to ! directrix4 
,z necess>y z ! directrix is to ! curve1
 s are ! correspond+ laws to ! ,/ate4 ,i
 w prove ?is fact by a few examples4    

,engli% p h laws1 & "k h[ to obey !m2   
!re=e _! numb]s increase2 !y ?rive & are
 prosp]\s4 ,a fri5dly critic ( ano!r    
nation has said t ! reason :y ,engli%m5 
rule ! _w1 is because !y "k h[ to obey4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! gipsies h no laws2 h5ce 
!y become few] & less p[]ful4 ,:at is ! 
condition ( all tribes & nations :i* are
 n gov]n$ by laws8 ,!y inv>iably rema9  
poor & mis]able4 ,!y are 9 want ( a     
directrix2 & if we c\ld supplem5t ! gift
 ) foci & c5tre1 !y w\ld soon em]ge f _!
 savage condition1 & become m civiliz$4 
,i h omitt$ to m5tion ! hyp]bolic =m (  
gov]nm5t4 ,! curve =m$ by ! int]section 
( ! surface ( a cone ) a plane w be a   
hyp]bola1 :5 ! incl9ation ( ! cutt+     
plane to ! axis ( ! cone is less ?an !  
con/ant angle :i* ! g5]at+ l9e =ms ) !  
axis4 ,x is manife/ t ! plane w ?us     
int]sect ! high] cone1 & produce !      
figure :i* is kn[n to ma!maticians z !  
hyp]bola4  ,we may h5ce d$uce ! foll[+  
prop]ty ( ! correspond+ hyp]bolic ,/ate4
 ,we take cognizance ( t high] cone )   

:i* ! mundane affairs ( ! l[] cone are  
closely connect$4 ,z an example ( ?is   
sy/em we may m5tion ! va/ temporal rule 
& p[] ( ! ,papal ,?rone1 :i* =m]ly      
ex]cis$ su* m>vell\s sway ov] ! nations 
( ,europe4 ,by an appeal to a ,high]    
,au?ority ?an t ( e>?ly k+s & pot5tates 
0 ?is rule ex]cis$2 b its hyp]bolic =m  
is fa/ pass+ away1 & deg5]at+ into t ( a
 circle ) indef9itely small radius4 ,we 
%all n1 !re=e1 discuss ! complex        
polemical problems :i* a hyp]bolic ,/ate
 sugge/s4  ,i w n[ m5tion a few problems
 :i* are easily capable ( pro(1 & d$uce 
f !m ! necess>y conclusions :i* mu/     
foll[ :5 we apply our newly discov]$    
pr9ciples ( polemical sci5ce4  #a4 ',if 
f any po9t 9 a /raight l9e a pair (     
tang5ts be drawn to an ellipse1 ! *ords 
( contact w pass ?r\gh a fix$ po9t4'  ,i
 w n tr\ble y ) ! pro( ( ?is            
proposition1 z x is evid5t to all       
ma!maticians1 & c easily be demon/rat$4 
,b m>k well ! d$uctions1 :5 we int]pret 
?is ma!matical language 9 correct       

polemical t]ms4 ,a ,/ate1 ?r\gh v>i\s   
convulsions ( its own1 has m]g$ into a  
condition repres5t$ by a /raight l9e1   
hav+ lo/ its symmetry1 its beauty1 its  
curvil9e> proportion4 ,an individual    
unhappily situat$ 9 ?is un=tunate       
community reg>ds ) long+ eyes ! prosp]\s
 condition ( ^? :o enjoy ! social       
advantages ( a settl$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 &  
o!r bless+s :i* accompany elliptical    
jurisdiction & laws4 ,two tang5ts are   
drawn to an ellipse4 ,no matt] :]e !    
individual may be 9 ! unhappy envi\s    
/raight l9e1 ! result ( 8 reflection w  
be ! same4 ,sympa!tic *ords are drawn1  
jo9+ ! po9ts ( contact ( ! tang5ts ) !  
curve2 !y all pass ?r\gh a fix$ po9t4   
,all ^! conclusions ( ! v>i\s           
individuals on ! /raight l9e w be !     
same4 ,all are ( op9ion t ! elliptical  
=m is ! be/2 & !y m\rn 9 secret ov] !   
sad ev5ts :i* h occurr$ 9 _! own        
national life1 _! ecc5tricity1 _!       
lawlessness1 :5 !y see ! advantages :i* 
_! m /aid & sob]-m9d$ neighb\rs s freely

 enjoy4  #b4 ,! normal at any po9t ( an 
ellipse bisects ! angle betwe5 ! focal  
di/ances ( t po9t4  ,! normal is !      
p]p5dicul> f ! po9t on ! major axis2 x  
is ! l9e ( ?\ght direct$ by ! obs]vance 
( j laws & rules4 ,h5ce ?is proposition 
%[s t ! individual citiz51 :5 guid$ by  
s\nd judgm5t1 reg>ds ) equal fav\r &    
entire approval ! exi/5ce ( bo? foci1 or
 ,h\ses ( ,legislature4 ,he consid]s t  
bo? are necess>y to 8 com=t1 & ! "r     
regulation ( ! ,/ate's welf>e4 ,he c>es 
n = ! abnormal condition ( ^? :o talk z 
if ! exi/5ce ( ei!r ,h\se 7 unnecess>y  
to 8 c\ntry's weal1 & be/[s a pity+     
glance on ^? w&]+ lights1 or di/urb$    
erratic gov]nm5ts1 :i* d n possess !    
advantages :i* f exp]i5ce he has le>n$  
to love & to respect4 ,no matt] :at 8   
condition may be1 ! same op9ions are    
held by all classes1 all ranks &        
degrees2 & if a self-op9ionat$ p>ticle  
?9k o!rwise1 he ought to be transf]r$ to
 a less enlight5$ sph]e1 & migrate to a 
p>abolic /ate1 or un9t]e/+ /raight l9e4 

,& :5 he has *ang$ 8 location1 he w look
 back on 8 old home & old surr\nd+s )   
long+ eyes & an a*+ he>t1 ?9k+ ( !      
bless+s he has lo/ by 8 own ra% act4    
,?is c be prov$ ma!matically4 ,he looks 
= an ideal /ate ( society1 leaps aft] ! 
%ad[ 8 fancy has depict$2 & :5 he f9ds  
himself outside 8 =m] /ate1 he looks    
back ) long+ eyes at ! once-scorn$      
focus4 ,:at is ! focus ( a p]p5dicul> on
 ! tang5t ( an ellipse f any ext]nal    
po9t8 ,c x n be prov$ to be a circle8 ,t
 is to say1 he w be m cons]vative ?an   
ev]4 ,he w\ld l to return to a primitive
 =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,f>ewell to 8 wild      
s*emes & revolution>y measures6 ,f>ewell
 to 8 dise/abli%m5ts1 abolitions1 &     
suppressions6 ,! ?rone & gov]nm5t h new 
attractions 9 8 eyes2 loyalty1 a new    
feel+1 ass]ts its b5ign influ5ce2 & if  
he c\ld return to 8 =m] position1 8     
normal conduct w\ld be /raight] ?an ev]1
 = by sad exp]i5ce he has le>n$ ! value 
( ^? ?+s :i* he once despis$4  ,b we ne$
 n dep5d ^u "o pro( alone4 ,exactly !   

same result may be obta9$ f ! well-kn[n 
proposition :i* /ates t '! angle betwe5 
! tang5t f any ext]nal po9t & ! focal   
di/ance is equal to ! angle betwe5 ! o!r
 tang5t & ! focal di/ance4'  #c4 ,! same
 op9ions are (t5 held by individuals 9 q
 diff]5t walks & classes ( life4 ,let ^!
 individuals be repres5t$ by po9ts on an
 ellipse4 ,jo9 ^!1 & we h a sy/em (     
p>allel *ords4 ,draw a /raight l9e ?r\gh
 ! middle po9ts ( ^! *ords1 & lo6 x w   
always pass ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,?is %[s t ! 
c5tral ?\ght ( all p is direct$ to !    
sov]eign--t loyalty is inh]5t 9 ! he>ts 
( ^? :o recognise elliptical laws4  ,i w
 conclude ?is lecture ) a few rem>ks on 
! nature & prop]ties ( ! radical axis4  
,?is "n 0 fir/ giv51 ,i believe1 by ,m4 
,gaulti]1 ( ,t\rs1 & = a full acc\nt (  
its nature ,i ref] y to ! ,j\rnal de    
l',ecole ,polyte*nique1 xvi41 #ahac4 ,! 
radical axis ( two circles is ! l9e     
p]p5dicul> to ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tres1 f any
 po9t ( :i* ! tang5ts to ! circles are  
equal4 ,let u suppose t "o circle       

becomes a po9t1 & t ?is po9t is situat$ 
on ! circumf]5ce ( ! fir/ circle4 ,:at  
is ! result8 ,! radical axis becomes !  
tang5t to ! circle4 ,h5ce we may        
conclude t 9 a social sy/em ( mon>*ical 
gov]nm5t ! radical axis is p]p5dicul> to
 ! l9e atta*+ ! individual ) ! mon>*4   
,!re=e we may conclude t ! radical axis 
indicates a t5d5cy ( p>ticles1 or       
individuals1 to fly (f at a tang5t1 at  
"r angles to ! connect+-l9k betwe5 !    
individual & ! k+4 ,:5 any motion takes 
place1 ?is is evid5t1 & ?is t5d5cy is   
call$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,sad is x = !     
,/ate :5 ?is =ce is call$ into play1 & !
 radical axis is a /&+ m5ace to !       
/ability ( ,/ates & nations4 ,! only way
 to c\nt]act its baneful1 di/urb+       
influ5ce is to increase ! attraction ( !
 mon>* on ! individual1 :i* nullifies ! 
=m] =ce1 & prev5ts fur!r mis*ief4 ,?is  
is ! me?od :i* nature itself adopts 9 ! 
motions ( ! planet>y worlds2 !          
attraction ( ! sun prev5ts any          
di/urbance :i* might be caus$ 9 ! c\rse 

( ! planets by ! action ( c5trifugal    
=ce1 & nature sugge/s ?is plan = our    
adoption4 ,increase ! attraction ( !    
,?rone2 rigidly connect ea* individual  
by ! /rong *ords ( affection1 advantage 
& utility ) ! rul+ p[]2 & !n1 ?\gh !    
radical axis may be !re1 x w cease to   
indicate any motion along x1 x w n      
prevail ov] ! c\nt]act+ influ5ce (      
loyalty1 & ! /ability ( ! social sy/em &
 ! happ9ess ( ! individuals w be !      
results4                   ',i w\ld s]ve
 my ,k+1     ,s]ve him ) all my =tune "h
 at home1     ,& s]ve him ) my p]son 9 !
 w>s2     ,wat* = him1 fight = him1 ble$
 = him1 die = him1     ,z e true-born   
subject ought4'  ,?is1 mo/ noble        
pr(essors1 is ! language ( true         
patriotic loyalty4 ,let ! mon>* be lov$ 
& lov+1 let ! laws be j & equal1 happy w
 be ! p1 prosp]\s ! realm4 ,!re are ^?  
:o c\nsel diff]5t ?+s1 & prea* s$ition &
 ! break+-up ( laws2 b ^? :o advocate   
su* doctr9es lack t judicial ma!matical 
tra9+ :i* we1 /ud5ts & pr(essors (      

,gir?am ,college1 h acquir$4 ,if        
polemical ma!matics1 ! sci5ce ( !       
future1 %\ld become m widely /udi$2 if  
its results 7 dissem9at$ f> & wide2     
above all1 if ! prop] position :i* wom5 
ought to occupy 9 ! c\nsels ( ! nation 7
 assign$ to !m1 we %\ld he> less ( ^!   
wild s*emes & fooli% !ories1 & !        
influ5ce ( wom5 w\ld t5d greatly to     
promote ! /ability & security ( ! ,/ate4
  ,:y1 let me ask1 %\ld woman be exclud$
 f t position :i* is s ju/ly h]s8 f ^?  
duties :i* %e c dis*>ge s fai?fully8 ,x 
has be5 said t if we wi% to "k !        
political & moral condition ( a ,/ate1  
we mu/ ask :at rank wom5 hold 9 x4 ,we  
are told t wom5 h m /r5g? 9 _! looks ?an
 m5 h 9 _! laws4 ,:y1 !n1 d m5 deb> h] f
 ^? fields ( occupation :]e9 %e may     
lab\r = ! nation's good1 & use h]       
influ5ce1 :i* !y ackn[l$ge to be great1 
9 ^? call+s :]e9 %e may mo/ easily      
b5efit ! ,/ate1 & ! c\ntry %e s ard5tly 
loves8  ,at "s future "t ,i hope to     
speak m fully on ?is subject2 & 9       

conclud+ ?is lecture1 ,i w rem>k t      
,engli% politics ne$ a leav5+ influ5ce  
:i* w c\nt]act ! evil t5d5cies & corrupt
 !ories :i*1 9 spite ( our advantage\s  
social sy/em1 at pres5t exi/2 & ?is     
leav5+ influ5ce w be be/ produc$ by !   
admission ( ^? into ! c\nsels ( ! nation
 :o are ackn[l$g$ to h a b5ign & heal?y 
influ5ce--! wom5 ( ,engl&4 ,let wom5 h  
_! prop] %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & 
,i h no fe> le/ we %all pres]ve our     
elliptical con/itution1 & all !         
advantages :i* we at pres5t enjoy4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,editorial ,note4--,9 ! bundle ( pap]s  
:i* conta9$ ! =ego+ lectures1 "s lett]s 
( great int]e/ 7 f\nd1 :i* %[ t ! fame (
 ! le>n$ ,lady ,pr(essor ( ,gir?am      
,college _h already gone abroad1 &      
attract$ ! att5tion ( ! lead+ /atesm5 ( 
! day4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! answ]s  
to ^! lett]s are n =?com+1 z x might be 
prov$ f !m t ! sci5ce ( polemical       
ma!matics has already influ5c$ ! m9ds ( 
our legislators 9 _! conduct ( affairs  

at home & abroad4 ,! foll[+ lett] is (  
unique int]e/1 & may be tak5 z evid5ce (
 ! fav\rable impression :i* ?is new     
sci5ce has made on ! m9d ( "o ( our     
greate/ ?9k]s & /atesm53                
,d[n+ ,/reet1                           
,may1 #ah--  ,my de> ,lady              
,pr(essor1--,! report ( ! amaz+ results 
( y\r sci5tific rese>*es has rea*$ me1 &
 ,i congratulate y mo/ he>tily on !     
orig9ality & acum5 :i* y h display$ 9   
y\r inve/igations4 ,a new light has     
dawn$ ^u our c\ntry4 ,in/ead ( grop+ 9 !
 d>kness ( political w>f>e1 ensn>$ by   
p>ty ties & jeal\sies1 ! /atesm5 ( !    
future w be able to calculate & det]m9e 
! correct c\rse ) ma!matical precision &
 p]fect accuracy4 ,no "o c dispute !    
tru? ( a proposition 9 ,euclid1 or !    
g5u95ess ( ,newton's laws2 & if y\r     
me?od enables m5 to calculate & det]m9e 
! correct political c\rse ( action1 to  
solve political problems z easily z     
expon5tial equations1 :y--!n adieu to ! 
bick]+s ( p>ty1 ! qu]ul\s compla9ts ( ! 

,opposition6 ,nay1 joy to ! ,m9i/ry6    
,!re w be no ,opposition6 ,our /atesm5 w
 be able to guide ! great %ip ( ! ,/ate 
by means ( *>ts :i* "k no error2 & !y w 
resemble an association ( savants met   
toge!r to det]m9e ! exact mom5t ( !     
transit ( ,v5us1 or to exam9e ! degree (
 d5sity ( a comet's tail4  ,?is         
condition ( ,p>liam5t>y proc$ure is mu* 
to be desir$2 y h %[n h[ su* an ideal   
/ate ( ?+s may be obta9$4 ,9 ! "n ( !   
,gov]nm5t ,i ?ank y = y\r endeav\rs on  
behalf ( y\r c\ntry's welf>e1 & look    
=w>d to a fur!r developm5t ( y\r        
admirably conceiv$ sy/em4 ,z 9 ! doma9 (
 ord9>y sci5ce !re are complex que/ions 
:i* defy ! acum5 ( ! philosoph]2 s 9    
polemical sci5ce !re may be que/ions :i*
 pres5t ! same difficulties &           
complications4 ,b z ! fir/ are daily    
yield+ be=e ! p]sev]+ attacks ( !       
ma!matician1 s ,i d\bt n polemical      
sci5ce w soon ov]come ! v>i\s problems  
:i* may arise4  ,b x is ma9ly on my own 
acc\nt t ,i v5ture to address y4 ,i     

desire to consult y ) reg>d to c]ta9    
matt]s--political complications--:i* h  
rec5tly occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,h]        
,maje/y's ,m9i/]s4 ,by ! help ( y\r new 
sci5ce1 c y aid u 9 our delib]ations8 ,(
 c\rse1 ,i am writ+ to y 9 /rict        
confid5ce1 & beg t y w keep ?is         
communication pr(\ndly secret4 ,i fe> t 
w\ld be a h>d task = _m ( y\r sex1 :o d 
n possess y\r k & p[]s ( m9d2 b ,i h    
great confid5ce 9 y\r discretion4  ,^!  
are ! problems :i* are pres5t$ to u =   
solution3  #a4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,cab9et   
are secretly 9 fav\r ( ,protection1 & ! 
c\ntry is r /irr$ by ! "q4 ,c y1 f y\r k
 ( ! contact ( curves & nations1 help u 
to det]m9e :at c\rse we ought to take ) 
reg>d to ,spa91 = example8 ,are !       
pr9ciples ( ,adam ,smi? ma!matically    
correct8  #b4 ,i obs]ve t ,engl& is     
repres5t$ ma!matically by an ellipse4   
,are we "r 9 assum+ t ,irel& is a       
portion ( t ellipse8 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 9
 our *>t ( nations1 mu/ we describe t   
tr\blesome c\ntry z a rotat+ p>abola1 or

 complex figure1 altoge!r outside our m 
fav\r$ ,/ate8  #c4 ,d y consid]1 f y\r  
m9ute obs]vation ( our social sy/em1 t !
 =m ( our elliptical gov]nm5t is        
gradually und]go+ a *ange1 & t a        
revolution>y p>abolic t5d5cy is         
obs]vable 9 ! action ( individual       
p>ticles8  #d4 ,is x n possible t !     
diff]5ces 9 ! policy ( ! v>i\s nations (
 ,europe2 ! difficulties :i* beset !    
c>ry+ out ( int]national law2 !         
jeal\sies1 qu>rels1 & rivalries ( ,/ates
 might disappe>1 if ! same =m ( gov]nm5t
 7i4e41 elliptical7 7 adopt$ 9 ea*8  ,if
 y w k9dly fav\r ,h] ,maje/y's ,m9i/]s )
 y\r op9ion on ^! que/ions1 !y w owe y a
 debt ( gratitude1 :i* !y1 z            
repres5tatives ( ! nation1 w d _! utmo/ 
to repay4  ,) e good wi% = y\r fur!r    
success 9 ! regions ( polemical sci5ce1 
,i beg to rema91               ,my de>  
,lady ,pr(essor1                   ,y\r 
fai?ful s]vant1                         
----------------------                  
#d                                      

----------------------   ,editorial     
,note4--,! next lett] is n ( q ! same   
pleas+ nature z ! =ego+1 & %[s t x is   
impossible to please ev]yone1 ev5 if t  
happy consummation 7 desirable4 ,?is    
lett] 0 evid5tly call$ =? by "s rem>ks  
:i* ! le>n$ ,lady ,pr(essor _h made 9 h]
 ?ird lecture ) ref]5ce to ecc5tricity 9
 dress4 ,our read]s w recollect t !     
pr(essor po9t$ out t an extravagant     
'bloom]' co/ume--half male1 half        
female--0 no m a sign ( g5ius ?an       
ae/hetic dresses1 always betok5$ !      
arti/4#e ,?is latt] /atem5t evid5tly    
gave great (f5ce to ! memb]s ( a society
 :i* call$ itself ! ',ae/hetic & ,dress 
,improvem5t ,association1' & ! foll[+   
lett] is ! result ( "o ( _! solemn      
conclaves3                       ,osc>  
,villa1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1                  
,june1 #ah--4  ,! ,secret>y ( !         
,ae/hetic & ,dress ,improvem5t          
,association pres5ts 8 complim5ts to !  
,lady ,pr(essor ( ,gir?am ,college1 &   
begs to contradict emphatically h]      

/atem5ts ) reg>d to a subject ^u :i* %e 
is evid5tly 9 entire & lam5table        
ignorance1 & to prote/ aga9/ h]         
asp]sions ^u ! arti/ic /udies ( ?is &   
k9dr$ societies4 ,he begs to /ate t true
 ae/hetes are n ecc5tric 7!y leave t to 
lady pr(essors & h] ,phili/9e foll[]s72 
t to dress becom+ly is "o ( ! pr9cipal  
objects ( life1 & t true greatness is   
a*iev$ z mu* by ! /udy ( ! art ( dress z
 by any o!r noble pursuit or graceful   
accompli%m5t4 ,are n ,horatio           
,po/le?waite1 ,leon>a ,saffronia        
,gillan1 ,v&yke ,smi?son entitl$ to     
greatness8 ,& yet _! laurels h be5 won  
solely by ! art ( dress4 ,p]haps ! lady 
pr(essor has nev] read ',s>tor          
,res>tus'6 ,9 conclusion1 he w\ld ask ! 
,lady ,pr(essor to refra9 f ca/+ obloquy
 ^u ! "w ( ! ,association :i* he has !  
hon\r to repres5t2 to prevail ^u h]     
pupils to ab&on ! unfem99e attire :i* "s
 ( !m h assum$1 contr>y to ! fir/       
pr9ciples ( art2 to array !mselves 9    
fl[+ robes ( sage-gre5 & o!r *oice      

col\rs 7patt]ns enclos$71 & to /udy art1
 in/ead ( absurd ma!matics1 :i* no "o c 
und]/&1 & d no "o any good4             
7,approv$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,ae/hetic 
& ,dress       ,improvem5t              
,association47       ,june1 #ah--4      
,editorial ,note4--,! next lett]1 writt5
 by a pupil ( ! ,lady ,pr(essor1        
requires no explanation1 & speaks =     
itself4                       ,jesus    
,college1 ,cambridge1                   
,m>*1 #ah--4  ,my de> ,tutor1  ,y w be  
glad to he> t aft] sup]human ex]tions ,i
 h at la/ succe$$ 9 pass+ my ,little-g1 
& ,i am et]nally grateful to y = all y h
 done = me4 ,i %\ld nev] h got ?r\gh if 
x _h n be5 = y4 ,all ! coa*es 9         
,cambridge w\ld nev] h manag$ x1 b y    
drove me ?r\gh 9 a cant]4 ,& :y8 ,i nev]
 c\ld make up my m9d to "w = !m2 b :5 ,i
 coa*$ ) y1 y made me l x4 ,i almo/     
revell$ 9 ! ,b9omial :5 y wrote x out = 
me2 & !n ,i c\ld n help li/5+ to y2 & y 
look$ s griev$ :5 ,i w\ld n le>n1 & made
 me feel su* a brute2 s someh[ or o!r y 

drove "s ma!matics into my head1 & ,i   
pull$ ?r\gh4 ,by-!-bye1 ,i ?9k y mu/ h  
tri$ ! 'bra9 wave' dodge ) ! exam9]s1 z 
five out ( ! six propositions 9 ,euclid1
 :i* y told me to get up specially1 7   
set6 ,i wi% ,i c\ld read p's ?\ghts2 c y
 read m9e8 ,if ,i 7 a ,don1 or a ,fell[1
 or some?+1 ,i w\ld advise ! ,univ]sity 
to h "s lady pr(essors l y to tea* ! m51
 in/ead ( "s ( ^! sleepy old tutors4 ,x 
w\ld be a great improvem5t1 & ,i am sure
 we %\ld get ?r\gh a great deal m "w4   
,!y h giv5 me a place 9 ! ,jesus ,eight1
 :i* ,i %all take n[ t ,i am releas$ f  
y\r pr(essorial ban1 & h "t = r[+4 ,b ,i
 don't half l giv+ up ma!matics4 ,y see1
 ,i h gr[n fond ( ! /udy4 ,d y ?9k y    
c\ld make a wrangl] ( me8 ,at any rate1 
,i %\ld l to come to y\r lectures aga94 
,may ,i8                      ,y\r      
,grateful ,pupil4                       
99     99     99     #d ,x is to be     
regrett$ t ?is lett] has evid5tly fall5 
into ! h&s ( "s autograph collector1 :o 
has ru?lessly       cut (f ! signature2 

b ! read] w easily det]m9e1       aft]  
c>eful p]usal ( ! docum5t1 f ^: p5 x    
emanat$4    #e ,cf4 page #cf4     ,,pap]
 ,v4  ,a ,,lecture ,,^u ,,social ,,=ces1
 ,,) ,,"s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,polemical      
,,k9ematics4   ,mo/ noble ,pr(essors &  
,/ud5ts ( ,gir?am ,college1--,s9ce la/  
',i w&]$ 'twixt ! pole & heav5ly h+es1  
'mong/ enc5tricals1 c5tres1 conc5tricks1
 circles1 & epicycles1' l ! great       
,albumaz>1 & f\nd !m full ( life &      
wisdom = ! guidance ( our ,/ates & laws1
 ,i h turn$ my att5tion to ! ,appli$    
,ma!matics1 9 ord] to det]m9e :at o!r   
tru?s ?is %aft may yield4  ,! /r5g? (   
all sci5ces1 accord+ to ,bacon1 consi/s 
9 _! h>mony2 & x is truly m>vell\s h[   
p]fect ?is h>mony is1 if our e>s are    
tun$ aright to he> x4 ,we h obs]v$ h[ ! 
beautiful & regul> laws ( curves & cones
 correspond to ! social laws ( ,/ates & 
nations1 guid+ !m z if by ^w ( c\nsel1  
admoni%+ !m on :at pr9ciple !y ought to 
regulate _! gov]nm5ts & int]-relations4 
,we h se5 t ! laws :i* gov]n ?\ght &    

light & s\nd are almo/ id5tical1 & t    
h>mony p]vades n m]ely ! ord9>y sci5ces1
 b ext5ds h] b5ign influ5ce ov] ^! newly
 discov]$ fields ( sci5tific rese>*1 :i*
 ,i claim to h discov]$4  ,all ?is may  
appe> at fir/ sight surpris+2 b ! real  
philosoph]1 :o kn[s t all k9ds ( tru?   
are intimately connect$1 w receive su*  
revelations ( sci5ce ) satisfaction r   
?an a/oni%m5t2 = ?is new sci5ce1 :i* has
 op5$ itself out be=e me1 is only an    
ext5sion ( o!r well-kn[n laws &         
discov]ies :i* h come d[n to u f !      
remote pa/4  ,if my inve/igations %\ld  
appe> to y1 mo/ noble pr(essors1 some:at
 novel & imag9>y1 rememb] ! maxim ( !   
sage1 t 9 ! infancy ( sci5ce !re is no  
speculation :i* does n m]it c>eful      
exam9ation2 & ! mo/ remote & fanciful   
explanations ( facts h (t5 be5 f\nd !   
true ones4 ,p]haps "s 'self-op9ionat$   
p>ticle' 7,i speak ma!matically7 may h  
be5 incl9$ to laugh at our !ories &     
discov]ies1 z ! wise fools ( ! day      
laugh$ at ,kepl] & 8 laws2 b "t has     

*ang$ ! _w's laught] into praise1 & a   
c5tury h5ce our discov]ies may rank     
among ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,z   
,cic]o says1 ',"t oblit]ates ! fictions 
( op9ions1 b confirms ! decisions (     
nature4'  ,i h n %unn$1 mo/ noble       
pr(essors1 to enli/ ,imag9ation "u !    
bann] ( ,geometry2 = ,i am fully p]suad$
 t x is a p[]ful organ ( k1 & is z mu*  
ne$$ by ! ma!matician z by ! poet or    
noveli/4 ,x is1 ,i fe>1 (t5 bani%$ ) too
 mu* ha/e f ! fields ( intellectual     
rese>* by ^? :o take ^u !mselves to give
 laws to philosophy4 ,we ne$ imag9ation 
to =m an hypo!sis2 & )\t hypo!ses sci5ce
 w\ld soon become a lifeless & b>r5     
/udy1 a horse-9-!-mill affair ev] /roll+
 r\nd & r\nd1 unconsci\s ( ! gr9d+ corn4
 ,9 my previ\s inve/igations my         
imag9ation pictur$ ! symmetry ( curves &
 ,/ates2 ! hypo!sis foll[$ t ! laws :i* 
regulat$ !m 7 id5tical1 & y h obs]v$ h[ 
! supposition 0 confirm$ by our         
subsequ5t calculations4  ,9 ?is lecture 
,i propose to exam9e "s ( ! =ces :i*    

exi/ 9 our social sy/em1 & %all endeav\r
 to e/imate !m by me?ods ( ma!matical   
proc$ure & analogical reason+4 ,we w    
beg9 ) ! old def9ition ( ,=ce z t :i*   
puts matt] into motion1 or :i* /ops1 or 
*anges1 a motion once comm5c$4 ,:5 a    
mass is 9 motion1 x has a capacity = do+
 "w1 :i* is call$ ,en]gy2 & :5 ?is en]gy
 is caus$ by ! motion ( a body x is     
call$ ,k9etic ,en]gy 79 ma!matical      
language ,,ke  #a_/b ,,mv#b74 ,ano!r =m 
( k9etic en]gy is call$ ,pot5tial       
,en]gy1 :i* is 9 reality ! capacity ( a 
body = do+ "w ow+ to its position4 ,=   
example we may take an ord9>y eight-day 
clock4 ,:5 ! weights are w\nd up1 !y h a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy /or$ up1  
:i* w c\nt]act ! friction ( ! :eels & ! 
resi/ance ( ! air on ! p5dulum4 ,or1    
aga91 we h ! example ( a wat]-:eel3 fir/
 ! wat] 9 ! res]voir1 be+ high] ?an !   
:eel1 has an am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy4    
,?is is conv]t$ into k9etic en]gy 9     
/rik+ aga9/ ! paddles1 & aft] ?is we h  
pot5tial en]gy aga9 produc$ by ! action 

( ! fly-:eel4  ,by ! pr9ciple (         
cons]vation ( en]gy1 if we consid] !    
:ole univ]se1 n our planet alone 7= its 
heat & en]gy are cont9ually dim9i%$ to  
"s slight degree71 we f9d t no en]gy is 
lo/4  ,=ce is recognis$ z act+ 9 two    
ways3 9 ,/atics1 s z to compel re/1 or  
to prev5t *ange ( motion2 & 9 ,k9etics1 
s z to produce or to *ange motion2 & !  
:ole sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! action (  
=ce is call$ ,dynamics4  ,all ?is is (  
c\rse pure ma!matics1 & ,i h made ^!    
elem5t>y obs]vations = ! b5efit ( my    
y\ng] he>]s1 ! /ud5ts ( ?is ,univ]sity4 
,my grave & rev]5d s5iors w p>don1 ,i am
 sure1 ! repetition ( facts well kn[n to
 !m = ! sake ( ^? :o are less in=m$ ?an 
!mselves4  ,n[ be=e ,i proce$ fur!r1 ,i 
w endeav\r to po9t out t ^! elem5t>y    
tru?s ( physical sci5ce hold good 9 our 
social sy/em4 ,ea* individual is a mass1
 act$ on by num]\s =ces1 capable ( 'do+ 
"w1' :i* "w c be measur$ & 8 velocity   
calculat$4 ,"s individuals h a va/      
pot5tial en]gy2 t is to say1 f _!       

position & /ation 9 ! social sy/em1 !y h
 a p[] :i* is capable ( produc+ "w :i* a
 less exalt$ individual has n4 ,l !     
weights 9 an eight-day clock1 or ! wat] 
9 a res]voir1 !y h a capacity = do+ "w1 
ow+ to ! position to :i* !y h be5 rais$4
 ,h[ va/ ! influ5ce ( a ,primate or a   
,premi]1 a ,g5]al or a ,k+6 ,& yet _!   
p[] is *iefly pot5tial en]gy1 aris+ f ! 
position !y occupy1 n f ! individuals   
!mselves4 ,s*ill] has describ$ ?is 9    
poetical language1 :i*1 /range to say1  
is ma!matically correct3     ',yes1     
!re's a pat5t ( nobility       ,above ! 
meanness ( our common /ate2     ,) :at  
!y d ! vulg> natures buy       ,_!      
titles2 & ) :at !y are1 ! great4'  ,o!r 
=ces may h rais$ ^! m5 to _! exalt$     
positions2 b _! influ5ce is due to _!   
height1 _! pot5tial en]gy4 ,plac$ on a  
l[] level1 !y w\ld cease to h t p[]4 ,h[
 calm ! dignity ( ?is pot5tial rank6 ,! 
wat] 9 ! res]voir is sc>cely ruffl$ or  
di/urb$1 z if unconsci\s ( its p[]2 :5 x
 has lo/ its =ce x ru%es along ) a sull5

 murmur & a ro>1 h[l+ & hiss+ & boil+ 9 
endless torture1 until--     ',x ga9s a 
saf] b$1 & /eals at la/     ,along !    
mazes ( ! quiet vale4'  ,s ! vulg> cr[d 
ru%es on1 ) pl5ty ( k9etic =ce1 mak+    
noise en\gh & look+ v busy2 :ile ^? :o  
seem to sleep 9 calm =getfulness1       
ex]cise _! pot5tial en]gy1 & d ! real "w
 ( turn+ ! great eng9e ( ! ,/ate4  ,!re 
are attractive & repulsive =ces 7m      
commonly ! latt]1 ! cynic w say7 9 our  
social sy/em1 b ea* individual is !     
c5tre ( v>i\s =ces act+ ^u him4 ,9      
nature all matt] possesses ! =ce (      
gravity1 & :atev] ! size ( two p>ticles 
may be1 !y mutually attract ea* o!r4 ,! 
e>? attracts ! moon2 ! moon attracts !  
e>?4 ,a /one ?r[n up into ! air ex]cises
 an inf9itesimal =ce ^u ! e>?2 s 9 !    
social sy/em e individual1 h[ev] small &
 insignificant he may be1 ex]cises "s   
attractive =ce ^u 8 neighb\r4 ,!re is no
 "o 9 ! _w :o does n ex]cise "s influ5ce
 = good or = evil ^u 8 fell[s4  ,! =ce (
 cohesion is manife/ 9 society z 9      

nature1 t =ce1 ,i mean1 :i* resi/s !    
sep>ation ( a body's p>ticles4 ,diff]5t 
bodies possess diff]5t p[]s ( cohesion1 
e4g41 ! cohesion ( *alk is f> less ?an t
 ( fl9t emb$d$ 9 x2 ev5 ! same body     
possesses diff]5t p[]s ( cohesion 9     
diff]5t directions1 e4g41 x is easi] to 
split wood 9 ! direction ( ! fibres ?an 
p]p5dicul> to !m4 ,if by our old        
pr9ciple ( cont9uity we *ange ! words   
'bodies' into ',/ates' or 'individuals1'
 we %all see t ! same laws hold good 9  
social sci5ce z 9 natural philosophy4   
,^! are a few analog\s laws :i* ,i h    
tak5 almo/ at r&om2 b x mu/ /rike ! mo/ 
casual li/5] to my rem>ks t x is wondr\s
 /range t m51 reg>d$ z social be+s1 %\ld
 possess ! same qualities1 & be gov]n$  
by ! same laws1 z ! re/ ( matt]4 ,z     
,bi%op ,butl] says1 '! =ce ( analogy    
consi/s 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! suppos$        
analog\s facts1 & ! real resemblance ( !
 ?+s comp>$4' ,x appeals to ! reason+   
faculty1 & may =m a solid argum5t4      
,h5ce1 if we c prove ! simil>ity ( v>i\s

 laws & conditions1 we may n be wrong 9 
assum+ by analogy ! id5tity ( ^? laws & 
conditions4  ,i h /at$ my case 9 ?is    
mann] 9 ord] to conv9ce ! ga9say]s1 if  
any su* !re be1 & to bani% any d\bts or 
que/ion+s :i* may h aris5 9 y\r m9ds4 ,i
 w n[ proce$ ) "s fur!r inve/igations1  
full ( ! mo/ pr(\nd int]e/ & importance4
  ,d\btless _m ( ! lady-/ud5ts pres5t   
are 9 ! habit ( welcom+ peaceful ev5+ 9 
) a pot5t draught ( '! cup :i* *e]s b n 
inebriates2' & z m5 are great flatt]]s  
7= imitation is ! greate/ flatt]y71 ,i  
believe ! male portion ( my audi5ce h   
be5 kn[n to foll[ t excell5t example4   
,"s p]haps are 9 ! habit ( burn+ !      
midnight oil1 & keep _! eyes op5 by     
means ( ?is fruit ( ! h]mit's pi\s zeal1
 end[$ by high omnipot5ce ) ! p[] (     
h9d]+ sleep2#f b t practice ,i d n      
advise1 z t delicate portion ( our      
sy/em1 ! n]ves1 especially ( wom51 (t5  
becomes injur$ by su* /imulat+ doses4   
,h[ev]1 y w h obs]v$ 7if y d n foll[ !  
mod]n p]nici\s fa%ion ( tak+ tea )\t    

sug>7 t num]\s bubbles are =m$ ^u !     
surface ( ! liquid4 ,aft] a few mom5ts  
^! unite into "o c5tral mass ( bubbles  
by ! =ce ( mutual attraction4  ,x appe>s
 f consid]ations :i* are detail$ 9 works
 on physical a/ronomy1 t two p>ticles ( 
matt] plac$ at any s5sible di/ance ap>t 
attract ea* o!r ) a =ce directly        
proportional to ! product ( _! masses1 &
 inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( _!  
di/ance4  ,n[1 suppose t we h a numb] ( 
circul> masses situat$ ^u a plane       
surface1 !y w attract ea* o!r ) a =ce   
:i* may be det]m9$ ) exactitude2 & !    
great] ! masses ! great] ! =ce4 ,we w n[
 apply ?is to polemical sci5ce4 ,!      
agricultural settlem5t is ! fir/ /age 9 
! civilization & =mation ( a ,/ate4 ,h[ 
did ?is arise8 ,fir/1 a s+le family     
immigrat$ to "s uncultivat$ p>ts ( !    
c\ntry1 p]haps accompani$ by o!rs1 :o   
=m$ a little colony4 ,o!r settlem5ts 7  
made 9 o!r p>ts ( ! l&2 & ?us ! c\ntry  
became ov]spread ) ^! deta*$ & sep>ate  
communities4 ,an em95t writ] decl>es t  

^! settlem5ts c be trac$ 9 ! beg9n+s ( e
 race :i* has made progress2 t !y 7     
*>act]i/ic ( ^? races 9 ,greece &       
,italy1 9 ,asia & ,africa1 :i* grew into
 ! opul5t & fam\s cities 9 :i* s mu* 9 !
 e>ly hi/ory ( civilization 0 develop$4 
,! colonies ( ,engl& h be5 =m$ 9 ! same 
way1 j z 9 old5 "t ,engl& itself 0      
occupi$ :5 ! ,roman p[] ceas$4  ,^!     
settlem5ts correspond to ! circul>      
masses situat$ on ! plane surface2 !y 7 
q sep>ate f ea* o!r1 ea* hav+ its own   
laws1 its own headman or rul]1 its own  
assembly or p>i% c\ncil4 ,b z "t elaps$1
 ! =ce ( mutual attraction set 92 by    
degrees ^! sep>ate settlem5ts 7 drawn   
toge!r by =ce :i* increas$ 9 proportion 
z ! settlem5ts increas$2 until at la/ "o
 unit$ k+dom 0 =m$ "u "o k+1 gov]n$ by  
uni=m laws & regulations4 ,! bubbles h  
bl5d$1 ! circles h come toge!r1 & "o    
l>ge circle or o!r curve is ! result4   
,?is may be call$ ! ,law ( ,social      
,attraction4 ,9 accordance ) ! results (
 "o ( my previ\s lectures1 ,i h tak5 !  

circle z repres5t+ ! simple/ =m (       
gov]nm5t1 :i* figure1 9 ! case ( !      
elem5t>y settlem5ts1 mu/ h be5 small4   
,_m ( y1 mo/ noble pr(essors1 are       
d\btless accu/om$ to make exp]im5ts ) ! 
microscope4 ,i w sugge/ a simple "o1 :i*
 illu/rates v =cibly :at ,i am endeav\r+
 to %[ y4 ,take "s p>ticles ( copp]1 &  
scatt] !m at int]vals ov] ! surface ( an
 object-glass1 & p\r "s sulphuric acid  
^u ! glass4 ,n[1 :at is ! result8 ,a    
beautiful network ( app>5tly gold5      
texture spreads itself gradually ov] !  
:ole area ( ! glass4 ,/eadily x pursues 
its way1 & ! result is beautiful to     
behold4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( copp] 7 !   
orig9al settlem5ts scatt]$ ov] ! l&2 !  
sulphuric acid ! civiliz+ ag5t2 & ! f9al
 picture ( a unit$ civiliz$ homog5e\s   
nation is well repres5t$ by !           
progressive & f9ally glori\s network (  
gold4 ,?is example is ( c\rse outside   
our pres5t subject1 b x s]ves z a       
beautiful illu/ration4  ,z an in/ance ( 
! attractive =ce ex]cis$ by small       

communities ^u ea* o!r1 ,i may m5tion ! 
unit$ k+dom ( ,g]many1 :i* is compos$ ( 
num]\s small ,/ates & nations1 :i* h be5
 drawn toge!r by ! p[] ( mutual         
attraction4 ,until rec5tly !y 7 ea*     
self-conta9$1 sep>ate con/itutions1 ) _!
 own k+s & =ms ( gov]nm5t2 b ! attract+ 
=ce1 assi/$ by =ces f )\t1 has prov$ too
 mu* = !m1 & ! great & p[]ful unit$     
k+dom ( ,g]many is ! result4  ,b :y1 y  
may ask1 h n ! p 9 ,h9du/an unit$ 9 !   
same way8 ,!re ! agricultural settlem5ts
 rema9 z !y did ages ago2 sep>ate petty 
*iefta9s rule "u ! all-gov]n+ p[] (     
,engl&4 ,:y h !y n unit$8  ,to ?is      
objection ,i reply t !re is 9 social    
sci5ce1 z 9 ,nature1 a vis in]tia2 t is 
to say1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 matt] to rema9
 at re/ if unmov$ by any ext]nal ag5cy1 
& also ( p]si/+ to move1 aft] x has once
 be5 set 9 motion4 ,! vis in]tia ( "s   
bodies is great] ?an t ( o!rs1 & dep5ds 
^u _! weight & d5sity4 ,n[ x s happ5s t 
! moral vis in]tia ( ! ,h9du/ani is v   
great1 h5ce _! t5d5cy to amalgamation is

 small4 ,!y rema9 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y     
happ5 to be4  ,on ! o!r h& ! in]tia (   
,engli%m5 is small1 ( ,engli%wom5       
small]1 & !re=e _! p[] ( comb9+ is      
great]4 ,"h let me obs]ve t ! quality ( 
in]tia is "o :i* ought to be remov$ z f>
 z possible f ea* social sy/em4 ,in]tia 
0 reg>d$ z a capital crime by !         
,egyptians4 ,solon orda9$ t in]t p]sons 
%\ld be put to dea?1 & n contam9ate !   
community4 ,z savages bury liv+ m51 s   
does in]tia practise ! same b>b>\s cu/om
 ^u ,/ates & individuals4 ,obs]ve !     
putrid /ate ( in]t wat]1 ! cle> & sp>kl+
 beauty ( ! mov+ /ream1 be>+ away by !  
=ce ( its own motion aught t might      
contam9ate x4 ,m5 m (t5 resemble !      
/agnant wat] ?an ! rivulet4 ,a heal?y   
social /ate en=ces lab\r by natural     
laws1 & bani%es in]tia z mu* z possible 
f ! sy/em4 ,if ! pr9ciples ( "s noisy   
,engli% politicians 7 fully c>ri$ out1 &
 all ?+s made 'free1' in]tia w\ld be    
increas$1 & li/less indol5ce p]vade !   
masses ( our c\ntrym54 ,i may say t     

in]tia is n entirely unkn[n 9 our si/]  
,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4  ,! exi/5ce (  
social =ces is support$ by ! te/imony ( 
,dr4 ,tyndall1 :o pla9ly recognises _!  
p[]1 ?\gh he does n attempt to exp\nd _!
 orig94 ',?\ghtful m9ds are driv5 to    
seek1 9 ! int]action ( social =ces1 !   
g5esis & developm5t ( man's moral       
nature4 ,if !y succe$ 9 _! se>*--& ,i   
?9k !y are sure to succe$--social duty  
w\ld be rais$ to a high] level (        
significance1 & ! deep5+ s5se ( social  
duty w\ld1 x is to be hop$1 less51 if n 
oblit]ate1 ! /rife & he>t-burn+s :i* n[ 
beset & disguise our social life4' ,i   
accept ) gratification ,dr4 ,tyndall's  
conclusions3 to det]m9e1 exam9e1 trace1 
calculate ^! social =ces :i* ex]cise su*
 a p[]ful influ5ce on our *>act]s1 our  
lives1 our cu/oms1 :i* produce !        
greatness ( ! ,/ate1 or drag x d[n )    
irresi/ible /r5g? f its p9nacle ( glory 
to an abyss ( degradation2 to e/imate   
su* =ces is ! great & noble object ( our
 lectures & rese>*es 9 ?is ,univ]sity4  

,prosecute1 mo/ noble pr(essors1 y\r    
/udies 9 ?is direction ) all ! en]gy (  
y\r enlight5$ intellects1 & !re is yet  
hope t ?is new sci5ce1 :i* ,i h         
endeav\r$ to sket* out1 h[ev] feebly1   
may be ! means ( sav+ our belov$ nation 
f degradation & ru91 & rais+ h] to a    
high] level ( glory & hon\r4 ,i hope to 
cont9ue ! subject ( social =ces 9 my    
next lecture4     #f ,a ,*9ese leg5d    
relates t a pi\s h]mit1 :o 9 8          
wat*+s & pray]s _h (t5 be5 ov]tak5 by   
sleep1 s       t 8 eyelids clos$1 9 holy
 wra? aga9/ ! weakness       ( ! fle%1  
cut !m (f1 & ?rew !m on ! gr\nd4 ,b     
a god caus$ a tea-%rub to spr+ out ( !m1
 ! leaves (       :i* exhibit ! =m ( an 
eyelid bord]$ ) la%es1 &       possess !
 gift ( h9d]+ sleep4--,dr4 ,ure4        
,,pap] ,,vi4  ,,on ,,social ,,=ces      
7cont9u$7--,,polemical ,,/atics ,,&     
,,dynamics4   ,mo/ ,noble ,pr(essors &  
,/ud5ts ( ,gir?am1--,we h emb>k$ ^u a   
/ormy sea ( speculation1 on a voyage (  
gr& discov]y1 & ! dang]\s waves ( adv]se

 criticism1 & ! deceptive "u-curr5t (   
prejudice1 (t5 make ! /e]sman's lot by  
no means an enviable "o4 ,b our vessel  
is s\nd & p]fectly equipp$1 & !re=e ,i d
 n fe> to guide h] across ! great       
unkn[n4  ,x may h occurr$ to y t !      
problems :i* pres5t !mselves = solution 
9 social sci5ce are f> m difficult &    
complicat$ ?an ^? :i* arise 9 ord9>y    
ma!matics4 ,t is und\bt$ly ! case2 b ?is
 extra degree ( difficulty is due to !  
fact t we make no assumptions2 we take !
 ?+s z !y really are1 n z !y are assum$ 
to be4 ,9 physical sci5ce1 if we take   
into consid]ation ! resi/ance ( ! air1 !
 curvature ( ! e>?1 ! rigid connection  
:i* exi/s betwe5 p>ticles 9 ! same body1
 & a ho/ ( o!r ?+s :i* are (t5          
conv5i5tly neglect$ 9 elem5t>y works1 h[
 complicat$ ! v>i\s problems become6 ,s 
we mu/ n be surpris$ at "s ( !          
difficulties :i* occur 9 social sci5ce1 
z no?+ is neglect$2 ! :ole problem is   
be=e u1 & hav+ solv$ x we ne$ n make    
all[ances = any falsely assum$ data4  ,x

 is possible t o!r pr(essors ( ?is      
sci5ce may come to slightly diff]5t     
conclusions to ^? :i* ,i h arriv$ at4 ,t
 is only to be expect$1 because _!      
orig9al obs]vations may h slightly v>i$4
 ,b 9 physical sci5ce all[ances are made
 = diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,9 a/ronomy1 =      
example1 we f9d ! value ( ! ',p]sonal   
,equation4' ,"o obs]v] on look+ ?r\gh ! 
telescope may take ! m]idian ( a /> r   
diff]5tly f ano!r wat*] ( ! heav5ly     
bodies1 & ! p]sonal equation is us$ to  
make all[ances = ?is quickness1 or      
sl[ness1 ( obs]vation4 ,s 9 social      
sci5ce !re mu/ be a p]sonal equation    
too1 & our object ought to be1 9 !      
ord9>y affairs ( life z well z 9 ! high]
 duties ( sci5tific action1 to make our 
p]sonal equation z small z possible4 ,b 
until ! old prov]b1 ',quot hom9es1 tot  
s5t5tiae1' has ceas$ to h any mean+1 !re
 w be abundant ne$ ( ?is mo/ useful aid 
to accuracy4  ,! close connection :i*   
exi/s betwe5 social =ces & mat]ial =ces 
is pla9ly %[n by ! doctr9e ( !          

cons]vation ( en]gy4 ',?is doctr9e1'    
says ,dr4 ,tyndall1 'recognises 9 !     
mat]ial univ]se a con/ant sum ( p[] made
 up ( items among :i* ! mo/ ,protean    
fluctuations are incessantly go+ on4 ,x 
is z if ! body ( nature 7 alive1 ! ?rill
 & int]*ange ( its en]gies resembl+ ^? (
 an organism4 ,! p>ts ( ! /up5d\s :ole  
%ift & *ange1 augm5t & dim9i%1 appe> &  
disappe>2 :ile ! total ( :i* !y are !   
p>ts rema9s quantitatively immutable1   
plus accompanies m9us1 ga9 accompanies  
loss1 no item v>y+ 9 ! slighte/ degree  
)\t an absolutely equal *ange ( "s o!r  
item 9 ! opposite direction4' ,s d !    
=ces 9 ! social _w ebb & fl[1 rise &    
fall1 c>ry+ on ! same univ]sal law :i*  
regulates ! en]gy ( mat]ial =ce4  ,i w  
n[ proce$ to enum]ate "s ( ^? =ces :i*  
ex]cise su* a p[]ful influ5ce on        
society4  ,fir/1 let u take ! =ce (     
,public ,op9ion1 :i* seems to ex]cise a 
rel5tless sway ov] ! m9ds & mann]s ( m54
 ,?is is a v subtle & secret =ce1 :i* is
 mo/ difficult to trace1 & resembles    

electricity 9 ! sci5ce ( physics4 ,we _c
 see x1 b are only able to judge ( its  
p[] by its results4 ,its po9t (         
application is n 9 ! individual1 b 9 !  
collection ( individuals :o make up !   
social sy/em2 & x is1 9 reality1 !      
resultant (1 or ! compromise betwe51 !  
v>i\s elem5t>y =ces :i* make up human   
society4 ,yes1 compromise is a purely   
me*anical affair1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( !
 p>allelogram ( =ces2 & z public op9ion 
is ! result ( a compromise1 we may      
calculate its =ce4 ,= example3 ',x is   
requir$ to "k ! /ate ( public op9ion 9 !
 matt] ( politics1 :5 ! results ( a     
,g5]al ,election %[ t ! ,cons]vatives   
are to ! ,lib]als z #aj 3 #i4'  ,let    
,,oc be ! direction ( ! ,cons]vative    
=ce4  ,let ,,ol be t ( ! ,lib]al4  ,!n  
by data ,,oc 3 ,,ol 33 #aj 3 #i4        
,illu/ration  ,complete ! p>allelogram1 
& jo9 ,,op4  ,!n ,,op repres5ts ! =ce ( 
public op9ion 9 magnitude & direction4  
,n4,b4--,! direction ( ,,ol is det]m9$  
by ! am\nt ( deviation ( ! policy ( !   

,lib]als f t ( ! ,cons]vatives4  ,z 9   
physical1 s 9 social sci5ce1 impulsive  
=ces sometimes act1 & effectually di/urb
 our sy/em & our calculations4 ,public  
op9ion is v liable to ! action ( di/urb+
 =ces4 ,panic is an impulsive =ce1 :i*  
defies ! p[] ( ! mo/ le>n$ pr(essors (  
social sci5ce to det]m9e its magnitude &
 direction4 ,"s /range un=ese5          
cata/rophe--! fasc9ation caus$ by a     
brilliant & unscrupul\s orator1 a cruel 
wrong1 a bl9d rev5ge = real or imag9>y  
inju/ice--w sometimes r\se "o elem5t (  
passion lat5t 9 ! va/ body ( public     
op9ion2 s t x breaks ) all t hi!rto     
re/ra9$ & balanc$ x1 & precipitates     
society into a c\rse ( conduct          
inconsi/5t ) its =m] behavi\r1 &        
blood%$1 revolution1 ! break+-up ( laws1
 are ! t]rible results ( panic or       
rev5geful passion4  ,society is1 z x 71 
split up by ! t]rible action ( su*      
impulsive =ces1 j z wood is split up by 
! repeat$ bl[s ( ! hat*et4 ,x is1 !re=e1
 ! duty ( /atesm5 to increase ! p[] or  

=ce ( cohesion1 to /r5g!n ! fibres ( !  
,/ate1 s t ! =ce ( su* impulsive bl[s   
may n be felt1 nor di/urb ! cont9uity ( 
! framework ( ! ,/ate4 ,if su* measures 
_h be5 adopt$ 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry (    
,france1 mu* mis]y might h be5 avoid$1 &
 ! t]rible revolutions :i* h s frequ5tly
 convuls$ h] social sy/em entirely      
prev5t$4  ,friction is ano!r di/urb+    
elem5t 9 our calculations1 & al?\gh x   
may be made a useful s]vant1 x is a bad 
ma/] 9 ma!matics1 z 9 polemics4 ,)\t !  
aid ( friction1 progress w\ld be        
impossible4 ,= example3 ,take ! case ( a
 man ) p]fectly smoo? skates on p]fectly
 h>d1 smoo? ice2 he w\ld be unable to   
rea* ! l& unless he _h provid$ himself )
 "s /ones1 by ?r[+ :i* he w\ld j be able
 to get to 8 de/9ation by a backw>d     
motion4 ,! eng9e w\ld be unable to      
proce$ on its iron road if x 7 n =      
friction4 ,! same is true 9 polemical   
sci5ce3 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry w\ld n be 
able to be c>ri$ on "u our pres5t       
conditions if x 7 n = p>ty friction4 ,b 

suppose x increas$ indef9itely1 p>ty    
friction becomes p>ty ob/ruction2 & !   
eng9e ( ! ,/ate w\ld no long] proce$    
smoo?ly & ev5ly along its appo9t$ c\rse 
at ! rate ( sixty miles an h\r1 b w\ld  
resemble an old-fa%ion$ coa*1 up to its 
axle-trees 9 mud1 its motion altoge!r   
/opp$ by ! action ( p>ty friction4  ,we 
h se5 t =ces h two ways ( act+3 t (     
compell+ re/ & t ( produc+ motion4 ,9   
/atics =ces act s z to prev5t any *ange 
( motion1 or di/urb ! body's orig9al    
position4 ,9 k9etics1 on ! contr>y1 !   
p[] is recognis$ z act+ s z to produce  
or *ange a body's motion4 ,n[1 9        
polemical sci5ce we h ^! two ways (     
consid]+ ! action ( =ces4 ,!re is !     
/atical or cons]vative =ce1 :i* compels 
re/1 :i* seeks security1 /ability1 &    
peace1 & is n ard5tly devot$ to *ange4  
,x r$uces ! sy/em to equilibrium4 ,!re  
are1 ( c\rse1 two k9ds (                
equilibrium--/able & un/able--accord+ z 
! social & political sy/em is 9 a heal?y
 or unheal?y /ate4 ,if a body is 9 /able

 equilibrium1 & any slight motion takes 
place1 ! body w return imm$iately to its
 =m] position2 b if 9 un/able1 x w      
decl9e fur!r & fur!r away f its orig9al 
position1 & be entirely upset4 ,s a     
heal?y & s\nd cons]vative equilibrium is
 n di/urb$ by outside =ces1 & ! ,/ate w 
resume its =m] position ( /ability & re/
 :5 ! oppos+ =ce is )drawn4 ,b an       
unheal?y & insecure cons]vatism is z    
easily di/urb$ z an egg balanc$ on its  
n>r[ end4  ,! k9etics ( society1 t is to
 say ! ,radical way ( e/imat+ =ce1 is ! 
p>ty ( motion1 g5]ally suppos$ to be !  
'p>ty ( progress4' ,x has !re=e _m      
attractions 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o delight 9  
motion1 spe$1 & ru%+ ab\t4 ,to run at   
full spe$1 to feel ! ke5 air ^u "o's    
face1 to exp]i5ce ! delightful s5sation 
( fre$om ( w1 & limb1 are joys :i* _c be
 d5i$4 ,su* ex]cise is b5eficial to !   
sy/em1 bodily or political4 ,motion is !
 life ( all ?+s2 x is *>act]i/ic (      
nature2 x adores nature2 because x is an
 emblem & *>act]i/ic ( life4 ,!         

ceaseless roll+ ( ! ocean waves1 ! sway+
 ( ! trees1 ! b5d+ ( ! fl[]s1 ! wav+ ( !
 corn1 all ^! fill u ) pleasure2 :]eas a
 flat un9t]e/+ pla91 unreliev$ by !     
motion ( t]re/rial objects1 is depress+ 
to ! _s4 ,s !re is mu* to be said 9     
fav\r ( motion1 & ,c>lyle has def9$     
progress z 'liv+ movem5t4' ,& m5 love   
?is 'liv+ movem5t1' & take up !         
,laureate's cry3                 ',=w>d1
 =w>d1 let u range1     ,let ! great _w 
sp9 = ev] d[n ! r++                     
,grooves ( *ange4'  ,b1 aft] all1 !re is
 a dang] 9 ?is ev]la/+ motion4 ,we _c   
tell :i!r ?is progress may lead4 ,x may 
be along a safe sure road2 b p]*ance a  
precipice may op5 out be=e u2 & rejoic+ 
9 ! accel]ation ( our velocity1 ) eyes  
int5t ^u "s di/ant heights ( glory &    
ambition1 we may n discov] our dang]    
until x is too late to /op1 & a t]rible 
plunge into an unkn[n abyss ( turmoil & 
tumultu\s waves is ! al>m+ result ( an  
ungu>d$ policy ( unre/ra9$ 'progress4'  
,i recall to my m9d ! qua9t words (     

,holmes :i* aptly illu/rate my          
cont5tion4     ',if ! wild filly1       
,progress1 ?\ w\ld'/ ride1     ,h "y    
companions ev] at ?y side2     ,b w\ld/ 
?\ /ride ! /aun* old m>e1 ,success1     
,g ) ?9e eld]s1 ?\gh !y please !e less4'
  ,progress & success d n always g      
toge!r h& 9 h&2 & :ile motion is        
ess5tial to life1 x is n always safe to 
urge a c\ntry =w>d at too great a spe$2 
& security & /ability are q z important 
to ! nation's life z actual progress4   
,!re are o!r impulsive =ces :i* act     
occasionally 9 ! sph]e ( politics1 & :i*
 baffle all our calculations1 & exclude 
sci5tific consid]ations ( ! polemical   
problems :i* arise4 ,ambition is su* an 
impulsive =ce1 & :5 ! rul]s ( ! p are   
actuat$ by x1 & /ruggle = money1 place1 
& p[]1 politics is degrad$ f its        
position z a sci5ce1 & x becomes        
impossible to e/imate ! result ( =ces s 
g5]at$4  ,9 my next lecture ,i propose  
to treat ! important subject ( ! ,laws  
:i* gov]n ,/ates & ,gov]nm5ts1 & :i*    

regulate1 g5]ate1 & control ! social    
=ces :i* we h se5 at "w 9 ! body        
politic4     ,,pap] ,,vii4  ,,laws ,,(  
,,political ,,motion4   ,s9ce ! la/ "t  
,i _h ! hon\r ( address+ y on polemical 
matt]s1 ,i h met ) a passage 9 ! writ+s 
( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte :i* af=d$ me mu*   
pleasure4 ,x seem$ to be ! "o ^w = :i*  
,i _h be5 wait+1 & confirm$ _m ( my own 
impressions & speculations4 ,he lays d[n
 two propositions3 fir/1 t ! con/ructive
 politics ( ! future mu/ be bas$ on !   
hi/ory ( ! pa/2 & second1 t political   
sci5ce is a composite /udy1 &           
presupposes ! complete appreh5sion ( e  
bran* ( sci5ce1 beg9n+ ) ! physical1 su*
 z a/ronomy1 & end+ ) ! moral1 su* z    
e?ics & sociology4 ,m4 ,comte evid5tly  
does n reg>d z a va9 dream & imag9ative 
speculation ! !ory t x w be possible =  
/atesm5 to calculate a policy1 & to     
det]m9e a c\rse ( action by purely      
sci5tific consid]ations4 ,may ,i ent]ta9
 ! hope t 9 ?is univ]sity1 :]e all      
bran*es ( physical sci5ce h f\nd a home1

 & are /udi$ by mo/ able & le>n$        
pr(essors1 ! sci5ce ( politics may be   
pursu$ "u mo/ fav\rable circum/ances8 ,i
 tru/ t ea* pr(essor w br+ be=e me !    
results ( _! delib]ations1 & contribute 
to ! gr[? ( ?is p>ticul> sci5ce = :i*   
our univ]sity has already become        
des]v$ly fam\s4  ,my pres5t lecture is  
devot$ to ! important consid]ation (    
,law4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> to y t 
! wills & passions ( mank9d are s div]se
 & unkn[able1 t x w\ld be absurd to     
suppose t !y c be calculat$1 or r5d]$   
am5able to any law4 ,b ,pr(essor ,amos  
has po9t$ out t 9 proportion z we exam9e
 hi/ory1 & comp>e ! actions pres5t & pa/
 ( diff]5t nations & /ates1 ! m uni=m   
does human nature appe>2 ! m calculable 
! actions1 s5tim5ts1 & emotions ( l>ge  
masses ( p4 ,z we h already /at$1 !     
difficulties ( ! /udy are n likely to   
det] ! pr(essors ( ,gir?am ,college f ! 
pursuit ( any p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce4  
,a priori we might suppose f analogy t  
^! polemical laws exi/$1 z !re is no    

dep>tm5t ( nature :i* is n gov]n$ by    
law4 ,x is an ess5tial feature 9 nature1
 & also 9 gov]nm5t4 ,:at is political   
economy b ! /udy ( c]ta9 laws ( nature8 
,^! 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,adam ,smi?1 & h 
s9ce be5 trac$ & e/imat$ by su* m5 z    
,ric>do1 ! two ,mills1 ,pr(essor        
,cairnes1 ,jevons1 & _m o!rs4 ,moreov]1 
our physical con/itutions are gov]n$ by 
laws1 :i* physicians h det]m9$1 & :i* x 
is p]il\s to resi/4 ,our moral          
con/itution is also gov]n$ by laws1 :i* 
evid5tly exi/1 al?\gh x is difficult to 
f9d !m out4 ,b ! nation is only an      
assemblage ( individuals2 & s9ce        
individuals are s gov]n$1 x is only     
natural to suppose t ! nation1 compos$ (
 individuals1 is s con/itut$ &          
controll$4 ,& n only is t true1 b we    
%all see t polemical laws are z p]man5t 
& univ]sal1 z inv>iable & irrev]sible1 z
 ! laws ( nature :i* regulate ! c\rses (
 ! heav5ly bodies1 & raise ! tides1 or  
depress ! s&/one hills4  ,we may notice 
fir/ ! prepond]ant impulse obs]vable 9 a

 nation's life 9 fav\r ( support+ exi/+ 
facts & in/itutions2 & e re=m] has      
discov]$ ! difficulty & dang] ( *ang+ or
 oppos+ ! cu/oms & habits ( ! p4 ,z a   
:eel w travel mo/ smoo?ly along a       
well-worn groove1 :]eby friction is     
dim9i%$1 s !re is a natural national    
t5d5cy always to run along ^? pa?s ) :i*
 ! habits & cu/oms ( ! p h made !m      
famili>4 ,?is law is no?+ else ?an      
,newton's fir/ law ( motion1 :i* is q z 
applicable to human masses z to lifeless
 matt]4 ,! t5d5cy ( matt] to rema9 at   
re/1 if unmov$ by any ext]nal ag5cy1 & (
 p]si/+ to move aft] x has once be5 set 
9 motion1 is a cons]vative t5d5cy2 & is 
z true 9 political sci5ce z 9 any o!r4  
,! special bran* ( our sci5ce1 :i* we   
may call ! ,biology ( ,politics1 %[s h[ 
absolute is ! doma9 ( law 9 polemical   
matt]s4 ,! law ( human life is t m5 are 
born1 gr[1 become /rong & vigor\s1 & !n 
decay & die4 ,?is is ! law ( life1 to   
:i* we mu/ all yield an en=c$ ob$i5ce4  
,?is same law is obs]v$ to be at "w 9 ! 

heav5ly bodies2 & a/ronomy %[s u t      
planets are born1 fl\ri%1 & at l5g? die1
 j z our human bodies d4 ,! moon is1 z y
 may h obs]v$1 a dead planet1 su* z our 
e>? may be "s day4 ,! same gr[? & decay 
are also manife/ 9 national life4 ,fir/1
 !re is ! bir? ( ! nation1 :i* sometimes
 lies a long "t 9 a dormant /ate1 & !n  
wakes up to life & en]gy4 ,*9a & ,russia
 are examples ( dormant ,/ates1 j wak+ f
 a long sleep ( *ildi%ness & ignorance4 
,! next /age is ! /rong an heal?y p]iod 
( its exi/5ce1 :i* ,engl& is at pres5t  
enjoy+2 & !n1 aft] v>i\s /ages ( gradual
 decl9e1 we come to ! s5ile p]iod (     
national life1 :5 e en]gy & faculty1 e  
national feel+ & p[] ( inv5tion1 are    
completely exhau/$4 ,z an example ( ?is 
depress+ condition1 we may m5tion       
,turkey & sev]al ( ! effete ,/ates (    
,s\? ,am]ica4 ,sometimes1 :5 life is    
ne>ly ext9ct 9 ! human body1 physicians 
h made use ( ! p[] ( galvanism1 9 ord]  
to revive ! dy+ en]gies4 ,?is process ( 
galvaniz+ a ,/ate into life 0 tri$ by   

,"l ,palm]/on & o!rs on ! worn-out frame
 ( ,turkey4 ,b su* attempts c only meet 
) p>tial & transitory success2 & :]e !  
loss ( national p[] & faculty betok5s ! 
s5ile p]iod ( ! nation's exi/5ce1 x is  
va9 to attempt to re/ore its =m] life & 
en]gy4 ,! /udy ( ! biology ( politics   
pres5ts _m int]e/+ & important details 9
 ?is special bran* ( k2 & ,i comm5d ?is 
"p ( our subject to ! special att5tion (
 ! pr(essor ( physiology4 ,! law (      
developm5t is obs]vable 9 nations z 9   
nature4 ,rec5t sci5tific discov]ies h   
t5d$ to take away all ideas ( *ance 9 ! 
work+s ( nature1 & h sub/itut$ law      
in/ead ( x4 ,x w\ld be unsci5tific &    
incorrect to speak ( ! _w be+ =m$ by !  
'=tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4' ,s we _c    
speak ( a ,/ate be+ g5]at$ 9 ?is mann]4 
,laws--economical1 geographical1        
natural--preside ov] ! =mation ( ,/ates 
& nations1 & produce _! fur!r           
developm5t4  ,! laws ( political motion 
occupy ! same prom95t place 9 our new   
sci5ce z ,newton's laws d 9 ord9>y      

dynamics4 ,^! are v important 9         
calculat+ ! positions :i* v>i\s ,/ates w
 occupy 9 ! future4 ,fir/1 we h !       
doctr9e ( nationality1 :i* prev5t$ !    
progress ( ,au/ria into ,italy1 & ( !   
,b\rbons 9 ,naples1 & produc$ !         
amalgamation ( ! small ,g]man ,/ates 9 !
 great empire ( ,g]many4 ,! second law (
 political motion is ! doctr9e ( !      
indep5d5ce ( all true ,/ates1 & !       
equality ( all ,/ates to ea* o!r4 ,?is  
_h its gr[? 9 feudalism2 & all ! *ief   
w>s ( mod]n times h be5 ! result ( !    
ef=ts ( nature to e/abli% ?is law (     
indep5d5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( int]v5tion is a
 modification ( ! prec$+ law1 & is      
applicable :5 ! law ( necessity dem&s   
its use1 su* z ! re/oration ( ord] aft] 
protract$ an>*y1 ! abolition ( slave    
trade1 etc4 ,! ?ird law is ! law (      
morality4 ,j z = ea* man !re exi/s a "r 
& a wrong2 j z duty & consci5ce are     
c]ta9 elem5ts 9 8 daily motion1 :i*     
dictate 8 c\rse ( action1 al?\gh he may 
*ose to neglect !m2 s a nation is b\nd  

by ! same moral laws :i* gov]n !        
individual2 & a nation errs if x        
transgresses !m4 ,*ri/ianity is ! ag5t  
:i* has produc$ s p[]ful an influ5ce 9  
mak+ m5 obey ! dictates ( consci5ce &   
walk 9 ! pa? ( duty2 & ,i read )        
?ankfulness ! conclusion ( ,mr4 ,amos1 t
 ,*ri/ianity has triumph$ q z mu* 9     
moraliz+ secul> politics z x has 9 !    
sph]e ( individual life4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,^! are  
"s ( ! pr9cipal laws ( motion :i* ,i h  
obs]v$ at "w 9 v>i\s ,/ates & nations4  
,inasmu* z political sci5ce embraces1 9 
addition to ! physical sci5ces1 all ^?  
bran*es :i* are conta9$ 9 e?ics1        
economics1 jurisprud5ce1 sociology &    
o!rs1 ! laws ( ea* are g5]ally          
applicable to ! :ole gr& subject ( :i*  
my lectures treat4 ,o!r g5]al laws may  
be d$uc$1 & h be5 enum]at$ 9 my previ\s 
lectures1 f ! social prop]ties ( curves 
& conics2 & :5 our rese>*es are complete
 we may hope to produce a code ( laws = 
! guidance ( our /atesm5 :i* maybe (    

imm5se use 9 det]m9+ ! policies ( !     
future4 ,already !re is /rong evid5ce t 
! affairs ( ?is c\ntry are be+ conduct$ 
on s\nd sci5tific pr9ciples1 r ?an by   
any species ( guess-"w or haphaz>d      
contrivances4 ,! use ( hi/ory is        
recognis$ z extremely important 9       
det]m9+ a future l9e ( conduct2 &       
/atesm5 are 9 ! habit ( endeav\r+ to f9d
 f _! /udy ( ! pa/ :at is ! logical     
sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,j z ma!maticians      
endeav\r to det]m9e ! law ( a s]ies (   
figures1 & hav+ f\nd ! law1 c write d[n 
! next1 & ! next1 ad inf9itum2 s        
sci5tific politicians may be able soon  
to e/abli% ! v>i\s laws ( a s]ies (     
ev5ts1 & calculate _! c\rse ( actions4  
,t !re is consid]able progress 9 ?is    
direction is manife/ by ! value :i* !y  
place ^u /ati/ics1 & _! cont9u$ use (   
?is important in=mation4  ,!re are a few
 great evils 9 our pres5t sy/em :i* are 
/rongly oppos$ to any sci5tific me?ods 9
 politics2 & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry z   
well z ^? ( sci5ce !y ought to be       

remov$4 ,"o great evil is ! want (      
political & sci5tific k on ! "p ( !     
electors1 :o are 9 ! habit ( *oos+ _!   
repres5tatives on p]sonal gr\nds1 or    
p>ty consid]ations1 r ?an on s\nd       
pr9ciples ( political sci5ce4 ,all ?is  
is oppos$ to any idea ( law4 ,ow+ to !  
ignorance ( ! electors !y fall an easy  
prey to adv5tur]s & unpr9cipl$          
politicians1 :o make all k9ds ( speci\s 
promises1 tempt !m ) all mann] ( baits1 
& make self-int]e/ in/ead ( ! welf>e ( !
 ,/ate ! pr9ciple ( vot+4 ,selfi%ness is
 ! ru9 ( social life & int]c\rse1 !     
de/roy] ( all happ9ess1 peace1 & mutual 
tru/ 9 family life or 9 society4 ,x is !
 root ( mo/ ( ! faults1 vices1 & crimes 
9 ! individual2 & :o c tell ! endless   
disa/]s :i* w befall ! ,/ate1 :]e       
selfi%ness is ! *ief motive-p[] ( !     
electors & ! elect$8 ,a selfi% /atesman1
 "o :o goes into ,p>liam5t to ga9 8 own 
ends & =w>d 8 own p]sonal int]e/s1 is a 
disgrace to society--     ',feel+       
himself1 8 own l[ self1 ! :ole1     ,:5 

he by sacr$ sympa?y might make     ,!   
:ole "o self4 ,self1 t no ali5 kn[s6    
,self1 f> diffus$ z fancy's w+ c travel6
     ,self1 spread+ /ill1 oblivi\s ( its
 own1     ,yet all ( all possess+6'  ,i 
h said t ! ignorance ( ! electorate     
makes !m an easy prey to su* m52 & until
 !y h le>nt to detect ! false f ! true1 
until !y become acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts (  
political sci5ce1 & h be5 taught t _!   
own selfi% int]e/s are n ! highe/ aims (
 social gov]nm5t1 x is va9 to hope = a  
reasonable me?od ( regulat+ ! affairs ( 
! nation1 bas$ ^u logical laws &        
sci5tific pr9ciples4  ,& h[ is ?is "w ( 
educat+ ! electors to be accompli%$8 ,n1
 ,i ma9ta91 by furi\s spee*es &         
rhetorical displays2 n by brib]y1 baits 
& bant]2 b by pati5t1 nev]-ceas+ lab\r1 
by lectures on hi/ory & sci5ce1 by      
individual in/ruction1 is ! great "w to 
be accompli%$ ^u :i* ! security &       
/ability ( ! c\ntry dep5d4  ,!n we may  
hope t ! ',reign ( ,law' 9 polemical    
sci5ce may be u%]$ 9 ) ! joyful         

acclamations ( an enlight5$ & unit$ p1 &
 its b5ign influ5ce ext5d f ! ?rone ( ! 
mon>* & ! c\ncil-*amb] ( 8 m9i/]s to !  
he>? ( ! cottag]4 ,politicians w rule by
 law2 policies be calculat$ by laws2 p  
vote by law2 & !n me?9ks ,i see 9 my m9d
 7to use ! words ( ! bl9d old poet7 a   
noble & puissant nation r\s+ h]self l a 
/rong man aft] sleep1 & %ak+ h]         
inv9cible locks2 me?9ks ,i see h] z an  
eagle1 r5ew+ h] mighty y\?1 & k9dl+ h]  
undazzl$ eyes at ! full mid-day beam2   
purg+ & unseal+ h] long-abus$ sight at !
 f\nta9 itself ( heav5ly radiance2 :ile 
! :ole noise ( timor\s & flock+ birds   
flutt] ab\t amaz$ at :at %e means4 ,su* 
is ! glori\s vision ( ! ',reign ( ,law4'
 ,let x be ! bus9ess ( e ,engli%man &   
,engli%woman to arrange ! framework (   
our social & political sy/em1 t law may 
h an un9t]rupt$ sway2 !n %all we be a   
unit$1 prosp]\s1 & cont5t$ p1 & ! reign 
( lawless agitators1 brib]y-mong]s1 &   
c\nt]feit /atesm5 w h pass$ away into ! 
oblivion & obscurity ( a m suitable b   

less fav\r$ region4     ,,pap] ,,viii4  
,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,polemical     
,,cohesion4   ,9 my previ\s lectures ,i 
h _h occasion to m5tion ! pr9ciple (    
cohesion2 b x plays s vital a "p 9 !    
con/itution ( ,/ates & _! relations to  
ea* o!r t ,i consid] x advisable to     
devote ?is lecture entirely to x4  ,?is 
is a l>ge & compreh5sive subject1 &     
embraces su* pr9ciples z !              
,c5tralization ( ,/ates2 ! ,co-op]ation 
( ,/ates2 ,monogamic ,m>riage2 ,unions2 
,free ,trade1 & _m o!rs equally         
important4 ,we h already notic$ t       
cohesion is a well-kn[n prop]ty ( matt]2
 t its influ5ce is n conf9$ to ! regions
 ( physical sci5ces2 & t x is ! manife/ 
duty ( all gov]nm5ts to increase ! =ce (
 cohesion4  ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 tri$ to 
accompli% ?is purpose4 ,! pr9ciple (    
,feudalism 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to  
produce ! cohesion ( ! nation2 &1 9 an  
elem5t>y condition ( society1 x 0 p>tly 
successful4 ,! !ories ( ',div9e ,"r' &  
',social ,contract' 7 o!r me?ods :i* h  

be5 adopt$2 & ! unity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*
 has be5 ! great means ( produc+ !      
cohesion ( ! ,/ate 9 old5 times2 & its  
aid may be aga9 requir$ = ! same        
b5efic5t object 9 future complications &
 social disruptions4  ,b x is always    
advantage\s 9 sci5tific pursuits to g   
back to fir/ pr9ciples2 & we w adopt t  
me?od 9 our pres5t inve/igations4 ,!    
social unit is ! family2 !              
multiplication ( families makes ! tribe2
 ! multiplication ( tribes makes !      
,/ate2 &1 !re=e1 we %all n be f> wrong  
if we consid] ! family tie z ! fir/     
pr9ciple ( political cohesion4 ,i am 9  
agreem5t ) sev]al le>n$ ?9k]s ^u ?is    
subject :5 ,i say t m>riage is a mo/    
important political factor2 & z m>riage 
_c take place )\t wom51 x is evid5t t   
wom5 play a v important "p 9 promot+ !  
cohesion ( ! ,/ate4  ,?is prom95t       
position 0 duly assign$ to wom5 by "o ( 
our greate/ political philosoph]s1 ,m4  
,augu/e ,comte1 :o /rongly oppos$ !     
fatal fallacy ( anci5t political sy/ems1

 :i* greatly ov]e/imat$ ! p[]s ( m51 &  
depreciat$ ^? ( wom54 ,if ! sup]iority (
 bodily /r5g? be ! sole cause (         
greatness 9 political & intellectual    
pursuits1 !n1 mo/ noble lords (         
creation1 we yield to y ! palm--y are   
our ma/]s 9 ?is respect4 ,b if1 on ! o!r
 h&1 x c be %[n t physical /r5g? is n a 
requisite = great a*ievem5ts 9 ^!       
occupations2 if ! p[]s ( endurance1     
ela/icity1 adaptability1 n]v\s en]gy1 & 
pati5ce are q z ne$ful z m]e animal     
/r5g?2 !n we wom5 are q z capable1 &    
inde$ m capable ?an m51 = a*iev+        
political greatness4 ,9 ! 'good old     
days1' :5 ! law ( might 0 "r1 & !       
/ronge/ arm 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ma*9]y 9 !   
gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 wom5 7 compell$    
naturally to occupy a less prom95t      
position 9 ! conduct ( ! affairs ( !    
nation2 & = c5turies !y h be5 degrad$ by
 a dom9at+ tradition1 & suppos$         
incapable ( p]=m+ duties = :i* !y 7     
m5tally well suit$4 ,b ^? militant days 
are pa/4 ,animal /r5g? & brute =ce are  

no long] ne$$ 9 ! c\ncils ( ! nation2 & 
! "t has arriv$ :5 wom5 %\ld cease to be
 oppress$ by ! disp>ag+1 illogical      
d$uctions ( =m] g5]ations1 & :5 _!      
assi/ance ought to be invok$ 9 ! great  
"w ( promot+ ! nation's welf>e4  ,i h   
/at$ t m>riage is an important political
 factor2 &1 !re=e1 wom5 h always occupi$
 a prim>y1 ?\gh obscure1 "p 9 political 
affairs4 ,! cohesion ( ! ,/ate has be5  
produc$ by ! secret influ5ce ( family   
life4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,:at k9d (      
m>riage is mo/ conducive to national    
cohesion8 ,?is "q has be5 c>efully &    
conclusively answ]$ by a le>n$ sci5tific
 writ]1 :o %[s t polygamic m>riage nev] 
exi/s 9 an advanc$ /ate1 z in/anc$ by ! 
hi/ory ( ,judaism & ,mohamm$anism2 t a  
/rict =m ( monogamic m>riage is ess5tial
 to political greatness & true progress 
9 civilization4 ,! cohesion ( ! ,/ate is
 de/roy$ by polygamy1 & by any sy/em :i*
 relaxes ! b9d+ nature ( ! m>riage tie4 
',dome/ic disorganization is a sure     
augury ( political disruption4'         

,cohesion1 ! ess5tial prop]ty ( all     
rightly con/itut$ nations1 is (t5 9     
dang] ( be+ lo/ :5 ! ,/ate is           
geographically v l>ge1 or :5 local      
int]e/s h great] p[] ?an ! attractive   
=ce ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,to obviate ?is
 evil1 ! me?od ( c5tralization has be5  
adopt$ ) satisfactory results1 z 9 !    
case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 &     
,g]many4  ,by ?is means ! local         
au?orities are br\ght into close        
relation%ip ) ! c5tral head1 & !        
c5trifugal influ5ces ( indep5d5t int]e/s
 & cu/oms are c\nt]act$ by ! =ce (      
c5tral attraction4 ,c5tralization       
increases ! importance ( ! :ole body1 &1
 l ! p5dulum ( a clock1 regulates !     
movem5ts ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,9 "s cases x  
t5ds to make ! gov]nm5t despotic1 :5 !  
local gov]nm5ts are entirely "u !       
control ( ! c5tral2 & e enactm5t1 &     
s*eme1 & plan *eck$ & sup]vis$ by ! *ief
 (fic]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,su* 0 ! sy/em adopt$
 9 ,france by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,b       
cohesion )\t ! en=cem5t ( a h>d & rigid 

connection1 a g5]al sup]vision )\t sev]e
 tyrannical jurisdiction1 are ! be/     
me?ods ( secur+ ! unity ( composite     
,/ates4  ,b ! =ce ( cohesion is evid5tly
 at "w 9 ! nation ap>t f c5tralization4 
,m5 :o h a community ( int]e/s unite    
toge!r = ! purposes ( /r5g? & mutual    
assi/ance4 ,!y comb9e = ! sake ( secur+ 
means ( support 9 sickness1 & =m b5efit 
societies1 su* z ! ,ord] ( ,oddfell[s or
 ,=e/]s4 ,?is =ce ( cohesion has produc$
 trade unions1 & simil> in/itutions :i* 
exi/ = ! purpose ( protect+ a common    
int]e/1 & giv+ expression to ! concurr5t
 op9ions ( ! memb]s4 ,^! h _! legitimate
 use 9 e civiliz$ ,/ate1 9 spite ( "s ( 
! disadvantages :i* foll[ 9 _! tra94    
,!re are1 ( c\rse1 oppos$ int]e/s 9 e   
community3 attractive =ces1 :i* produce 
trade unions1 guilds1 corporations1     
companies1 & ! l2 & repulsive =ces1 :i* 
result f ! oppos$ int]e/s ( employ]s &  
employ$1 l&lords & t5ants1 & simil>     
pairs ( diff]5t classes 9 ! community4  
,z "t goes on1 & ! ,/ate advances ) x1  

^! =ces w ga9 9 /r5g?2 ! cohesion (     
classes w become great]2 association w  
gr[ z naturally z ! bubbles =m on !     
surface ( our ev5+ bev]age4 ,x is a law 
( nature1 & !re=e _c be resi/$4 ,b !    
repulsive =ces w be no less /rong1 & to 
calculate ! resultant ( ^! cont5d+      
int]e/s w be ! problem = practical      
/atesm5 to solve4  ,! =ce ( cohesion is 
also evid5tly at "w1 n only 9 individual
 ,/ates1 b also among/ ! nations (      
,europe1 & ( ! _w4 ,t is to say1 !re is 
an evid5t desire = co-op]ation on ! "p (
 ^? nations :o h atta9$ to ! highe/     
degree ( civilization & int]nal         
cohesion4 ,int]national law is bas$ on !
 pr9ciple ( cohesion1 & e day x is ga9+ 
p[] & fav\r 9 ! eyes ( our lead+        
/atesm54 ,! doctr9e ( ,free ,trade1 :i*1
 if univ]sally adopt$1 w\ld be ( !      
greate/ s]vice to mank9d1 results f a   
desire = co-op]ation2 & :atev] evils may
 result f "o-sid$ ,free ,trade 9 ?is    
c\ntry at ! pres5t "t1 !re c be no d\bt 
t ultimately ! complete sy/em w be      

adopt$4  ,sad is ! fate ( a nation :5 ! 
=ce ( cohesion is weak5$4 ,! fir/       
revolution 9 ,france is a pro( ( ?is    
ass]tion2 !re 0 no cohesion1 no common  
fai?1 or loyalty to ! ?rone & ,gov]nm5t2
 & inde$ ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 rott5 to !  
core1 0 h>dly likely to awake any feel+s
 ( loyalty & respect2 & !re=e ! social  
disruption :i* foll[$ 0 only a natural  
sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 & 0 prophesi$ ) !      
accuracy ) :i* an a/ronom] c =etell an  
eclipse4 ,b t is n all2 :5 ! cohesion ( 
! ,/ate is de/roy$1 x takes a long "t to
 re/ore ! action ( ! =ce2 &1 z 9 ! case 
( ,france1 fur!r disruption is sure to  
take place4  ,9 ?is lecture ,i h already
 enum]at$ "s ( ! ways 9 :i* ?is =ce     
acts2 !re are d\btless o!rs :i* w sugge/
 !mselves to y4 ,b ,i cont5d t !        
prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate1 & ! peace ( ! _w1  
dep5d ^u cohesion4 ,let ?is be y\r "w1  
mo/ noble pr(essors1 to promote ! action
 ( ?is helpful & life-giv+ =ce4         
,promote1 z f> z 9 y lies1 ! sacr$ union
 ( family life4 ,enc\rage ! g5]\s feel+s

 ( true loyalty & patriotism among/ ! p 
( ?is realm ( ,engl&2 c\nsel our /atesm5
 ) reg>d to ! prim>y necessity (        
national cohesion1 & ! advantages (     
int]national co-op]ation2 & y\r "w w be 
bless$2 y\r names w rank ) ^? h]oes ( ! 
sword & ( ! p5 :o h rais$ our belov$    
c\ntry to h] pres5t p9nacle ( greatness 
& prosp]ity2 & y\r memory w live 9 !    
he>ts ( y\r grateful c\ntrym54          
,editorial ,note4--,we regret to /ate t 
! v>i\s ,,mss4 9 ! seal$ desk are ne>ly 
exhau/$1 & are !re=e compell$ to pres5t 
! s]ies ( lectures on polemical /udies 9
 an incomplete =m4 ,b we _h ! good =tune
 to light ^u a brief di>y :i* discloses 
"s int]e/+ in=mation ) reg>d to !       
,au?or's life & occupations4 ,we app5d a
 few extracts3     ,extracts f !        
,au?or's ,di>y4   ,june #crd4--,arnold  
call$ aga9 to-day--! fif? "t dur+ ! la/ 
=tnight6 ,8 att5tion is r ov]p[]+1 &    
wa/es mu* ( my valuable "t4 ,he says he 
hates sci5ce--! hea!n6--& wants me to   
lecture 9 classics4 ,he affirms t       

ma!matics are dry & h>d--too h>d = wom51
 & t5d to make !m unsympa!tic &         
critically sev]e4 ,i am afraid ,i 0 r   
sev]e ) him4 ,b really he is v try+1 &  
always seems to talk l a ,greek *orus 9 
! mo/ pr(\nd platitudes4 ,arnold is a   
classical tutor at ,cl>e ,college4 ,my  
old pupil is gett+ on fam\sly4 ,poor    
fell[6 he seems q oppress$ ) 8 "w4 ,b he
 is mak+ great progress1 & /icks to 8   
books l--a /ud5t ( ,gir?am ,college6    
,june #d?4--,lectur$ on ! ,sci5tific    
,basis ( ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies2      
aft]w>ds receiv$ pupils until #a p4m4   
,really ,blan* ,s---- is m tiresome ?an 
ev]4 ,x appe>s t %e has tak5 up ) a "y  
und]graduate ( ,k+'s1 & !re is no       
prospect ( any improvem5t 9 h] "w unless
 ?is nons5se is t]m9at$4 ,h[ fooli% "s (
 my sex are1 9 spite ( _! improv$       
opportunities6 ,i blu% = !m6 ,arnold has
 s5t me a copy ( ,rob]t ,br[n+'s        
',belau/ion1' 9 ord] to make me l       
classics1 & give up sci5ce4 ,misguid$ "y
 man6 ,he has writt5 "s tol]able v]ses  

on ! fly-leaf2 b ,i h no int5tion (     
play+ ,belau/ion to 8 'entranc$ y\?4'   
,^! are 8 v]ses3     ',my lady de>1 if  
,i may call y s1     ,= y are de>] ?an  
all else beside1     ,i "k ! love y be> 
to gold5 v]se1     ,to gold5 ?\ghts     
en%r9$ 9 classic lore1     ,to all t's  
beautiful2 s "h ,i s5d     ,"s e*oes ( !
 songs ( anci5t days1     ,attun$ &     
*ant$ by an ,engli% b>d1     ,:o fires  
"o's old love = ! roll+ l9es     ,(     
y\?ful ,hellas2 may y\r cultur$ e>      
,receive1 & gladly welcome 8 sweet song4
     ,& :ile we revel 9 ! poet's dream1 
,& he> 8 actors speak1 we'll play our   
p>ts4     ,y1 sweet ,belau/ion on !     
temple-/eps1     ,tak+ y\r captors      
captive by y\r voice2     ,& ,i1 ! y\?  
:o1 m entranc$ ?an all1     ,0 b\nd by  
fett]s t he w\ld n loose2     ,& s we'll
 play our "p4 ,:at say y1 de>8'  ,june  
#f?4--,h j se5 our new ,pr(essor (      
,physics1 ,amelia ,cordial1 :o is an    
excell5t woman1 & well suit$ = ! high   
(fice :i* %e holds4 ,%e has told me ( ! 

fooli% conduct ( ,lady ,m>y1 :o is      
evid5tly ( op9ion t ! pr(essorial mantle
 ought to h fall5 on h] %\ld]s4 ,really1
 ?is jeal\sy 9 ! ranks ( ! le>n$ is mo/ 
disgraceful2 & ! bick]+s :i* arise f    
disappo9t$ ambition1 ! envy+s & silly   
qu>rels1 are ! weak places 9 our female 
collegiate sy/em4  ,su* good news6 ,!   
wrangl] li/ is j out1 & my h>d-work+    
pupil is bracket$ twelf?6 ,?is is really
 delightful1 & abundantly repays u = all
 our h>d toil4 ,b really ,i h n f\nd    
work+ ) him di/a/eful2 he is su* an     
excell5t pupil1 s pa9/ak+ & eag]1 t ,i h
 q look$ =w>d to 8 com+1 & f\nd him mu* 
m int]e/+ ?an "s ( ^! fooli% maid5s4 ,b 
,i almo/ dread see+ him4 ,he w be s     
elat$ & ov]p[]+ly grateful1 :]eas ,i    
ought to be grateful to him = all 8 "w =
 me2 = ,i am sure he w\ld nev] h gone 9 
= ! ,tripos if ,i _h n p]suad$ him4     
,well1 ,i wond] :y he does n come to    
tell me ( 8 triumph4  ,june #g?4--,x has
 come6 & ,i half expect$ x4 ,my eag]    
pupil writes ) all ! en]gy & love ( 8   

noble nature to ask me to be 8 wife6 ,he
 says t is all he c>es =1 & only values 
8 ,hon\rs z a /ep to a high] hon\r &    
dignity1 t ( ga9+ my love & be+ my      
husb&4 ,all ?is is v nice to read2 b a  
t]ribly difficult problem is plac$ be=e 
me = solution4 ,i d inde$ love ?is de>1 
good fell[--no "o c\ld help do+ s1 ,i am
 sure2 b d ,i n love sci5ce m8 ,!re is a
 /r+5t regulation 9 ?is ,univ]sity t no 
"o %all occupy ! position ( pr(essor :o 
is b\nd by any dome/ic ties or c>es4    
,all m>ri$ wom5 are exclud$4 ,if ,i say 
',yes1' ,i mu/ resign my high position1 
leave ?is belov$ college1 give no m     
lectures to entranc$ audi5ces4 ,9 !     
int]e/s ( sci5ce1 ought ,i to refuse1 & 
sacrifice my he>t's affections = ! cause
 ( ma!matics8 ,b if ,i say ',no1' ,i mu/
 give up--him2 sacrifice 8 happ9ess too1
 & blight 8 life4 ,0 ev] anyone s       
p]plex$8 ,sci5ce1 aid ?9e ob$i5t s]vant6
 ,may ,i n det]m9e ?is vital "q by ?9e  
all-p]vad+ light8444         99       99
       99       99       99  ,editorial 

,note4--,we _h j arriv$ at ?is excit+   
mom5t 9 ! life ( ! le>n$ & accompli%$   
lady ^: writ+s =m ! subject ( ^!        
pages--a mom5t :5 love & sci5ce 7       
trembl+ 9 ! balance--:5 a foot/ep 0 he>d
 ^u ! /airs lead+ to our /udy1 & ere we 
c\ld secrete our ,,ms4 ! door 0 op5$1 & 
a well-kn[n voice exclaim$3  ',i d n "k 
:y y %\ld h become s /udi\s lately1     
,erne/1 & :y y %\ld refuse to take me   
into y\r confid5ce4 ,y sp5d h\rs & h\rs 
9 ?is room all by y\rself1 writ+ away1 &
 nev] say a ^w to me ab\t ! subject (   
y\r lit]>y "w4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ?+s 7     
diff]5t1 & y 7 n s sl[ 9 avail+ y\rself 
( my help1 & ask+ my advice4'  ,we      
murmur$ some?+ ab\t tak+ up ! p5 :i* _h 
be5 laid aside by a f> abl] h&1 & our   
deep gratitude = pa/ assi/ance 9 our "w1
 :i* c\ld nev] be =gott54  ',& d y ?9k t
 ,i _c help y n[8' our visitor repli$1 9
 a v injur$ tone ( voice4 ',is ! old p[]
 dead1 because x has n rec5tly be5 us$8 
,erne/1 ,i ?9k y v ungrateful n to      
confide 9 me4 ,come1 tell me :at y are  

writ+4'  ,a sugge/ion ab\t ! prov]bial  
curiosity ( wom5 rose to our lips1 b di$
 away )\t utt]ance4 ,9 ! meantime1 h]   
eyes w&]$ ov] our /udy-table /rew$ )    
pap]s1 & light$ ^u ! well-worn desk4    
',:y1 ,erne/1 :]e did y f9d ?is8 ,my de>
 old desk1 :i* has be5 lo/ ev] s long6  
,i d believe y h be5 ransack+ its       
cont5ts6 ,:y did y n tell me t y _h f\nd
 x8 ,:at are y do+ ) my pap]s1 sir8'  ,!
 mis*ief 0 out6 ,we tri$ to expla9 t !  
_w ought n to be depriv$ ( t :i* w\ld   
b5efit mank9d2 t ! peace & prosp]ity ( !
 c\ntry might be sacrific$ if x 7       
depriv$ ( ^! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 :i* 7 
calculat$ to secure su* b5eficial       
results4  ,at l5g? we ga9$ our po9t1 &  
obta9$ ! full sanction ( ! late ,lady   
,pr(essor ( ,gir?am ,college to publi%  
h] pap]s4 ,?us h] ob$i5t pupil is enabl$
 to repay 8 late in/ructress = all h]   
k9dness to him1 & 9 "s measure to       
comp5sate ! sci5tific & political _w = !
 loss ( "o ( its mo/ orig9al            
inve/igators 9 ! regions ( polemical    

/udies1 :i*1 n )\t a /ruggle1 %e resign$
 :5 %e deign$ to become 8 wife4   ,,!   
,,end4     ,elliot ,/ock1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1
 ,london4