,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! ma9 text 9 ?is  
book is int]sp]s$ ) num]\s illu/rations 
& accompany+ text4 ,9 ?is e-book1 !     
illu/rations & accompany+ text are set  
(f f ! ma9 text by l9es ( a/]isks4 ,= ! 
read]'s conv5i5ce1 :]e ! orig9al        
indicates t ! ma9 text is cont9u$ on    
ano!r page 7e4g41 ,,cont9u$ ,,on ,,page 
,,?ree71 ! page on :i* x is cont9u$ is  
m>k$ ) a page numb]1 e4g41 ,,page #c4   
,,special ,,exhibition   ,,! ,,arts ,,( 
,,p]sia   ,,o!r ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,islam  
,h4 ,,kevorkian ,,collection            
,illu/ration  ,,f ,,?ursday1 ,,april    
,,tw5ty-,,second ,,to ,,saturday1 ,,may 
,,fifte5?1 ,,inclusive ,,on ,,! ,,entire
 ,,?ird ,,floor   ,,! ,,&]son ,,gall]ies
 #dhi ,,p>k ,,av5ue ,,at ,,fifty-,,n9?  
,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york #aibf   ,,!       
,,entire ,,?ird ,,floor ,,gall]ies ,,f  
,,?ursday1 ,,april ,,tw5ty-,,second ,,to
 ,,saturday1 ,,may ,,fifte5?1           
,,inclusive ,,op5 ,,week-,,days1 #i-f2  
,,sundays1 #b-e ,p4,m4         99       
99       99       99       99           

,illu/ration3 ,,/ucco ,,bas-,,relief1   
,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,poly*rome4 ,,excavat$ ,,at
 ,,ray 7,,rhages7 ,,ant]ior ,,to ,,!    
,,xii? ,,c5tury  ,?is exhibition has be5
 arrang$ ) a desire to meet ! conv5i5ce 
( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 manife/ations ( ! 
arts ( diff]5t c\ntries ov] :i* ,,islam 
held sway at "o "t or o!r 9 ! pa/4 ,an  
ef=t has be5 made to %[ "u "o ro(       
repres5tative examples ( works produc$  
at diff]5t epo*s & /ages ( !            
civilizations ref]r$ to1 s t !y may be  
se51 & p]haps /udi$1 ) ! m9imum         
exp5diture ( "t4  ,f9e examples ( _m    
bran*es ( ! arts ( ^! peoples are 9     
p]man5t exhibitions at ! ,metropolitan  
,museum1 ,new ,york1 & ! museums ( great
 cities ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is         
difficult to f9d adequate words to      
describe ! en*ant+ atmosph]e ( ! halls  
at ! ,metropolitan ,museum :]e ,ne>     
,ea/]n art is in/all$2 & ! same c truly 
be said ( ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1       
,bo/on1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania   
,museum1 ,philadelphia4 ,^! exhibitions 

mu/ inevitably contribute to ! enjoym5t 
& education ( c\ntless visitors to ^!   
in/itutions1 & w cont9ue to d s 9       
increas+ degree to ! enjoym5t (         
g5]ations to come4  ,! pres5t exhibition
 does n comprise a va/ numb] ( objects4 
,its claim to att5tion lies 9 ! fact t x
 includes an important s]ies ( really   
fir/ class works :i* are also ( great   
hi/orical importance4 ,!re w be on view 
z well "s comp>atively new types (      
objects ( ae/hetic & ar*aeological      
int]e/1 obta9$ z ! result ( rec5t       
excavations4  ,! briefness ( "t         
available preclud$ ! possibility (      
compil+ a catalogue1 z 0 at fir/ int5d$4
 ,! pres5t booklet is issu$ to expla9 ! 
scope ( ! exhibition1 & ext5d a cordial 
invitation to visit x4  ,h4,k4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,illu/ration3 ,,muhammad 7,,! ,,prophet7
 ,,witnesses ,,ali 7,,8 ,,son-,,9-,,law 
,,& ,,successor7 ,,defeat ,,amr ,,b5    
,,abdwad  ,"o ( ! eight illu/rations = a
 ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury ,p]sian ,manuscript 

entitl$1 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,tab>i1 compil$  
,a4,h4 #caj 7,a4,d4 #ibb74 ,! pres5t    
copy is a subsequ5t "o ( ! ,p]sian      
v]sion1 translat$ by ,,al ,b',,ala',,mi1
 ,a4,h4 #ceb4  ,x is int]e/+ to note t  
,,tab>i records 9 ! book "h ref]r$ to1 t
 ?ree messages 7 s5t by ,,muhammad to   
,,khusraw ,,p>niz1 imp>t+ ! div9e w>n+s4
 ,"o ( ! messages1 z record$ 9 an old   
,manuscript entitl$ ,,nihayat           
,,ul-,,irab1 reads3  ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 !  
m]ciful1 ! compassionate4 ,f ,,muhammad 
! ,apo/le ( ,god to ,,khusraw son (     
,,hurmazd4 ,b to proce$4 ,v]ily ,i extol
 unto !e ,god1 beside :om !re is no o!r 
,god4 ,he x is :o gu>d$ me :5 ,i 0 an   
orphan1 & made me ri* :5 ,i 0 de/itute1 
& guid$ me :5 ,i 0 /ray+ 9 error4 ,only 
he :o is b]eft ( und]/&+1 & ov] :om     
calamity triumphs1 rejects ! message :i*
 ,i am s5t to ann\nce4 ,o ,,khusraw1    
submit & ?\ %alt be safe1 or else prep>e
 to wage ) ,god & ) 8 ,apo/le a w> :i*  
%all n f9d !m helpless4 ,f>ewell4       
99       99       99       99       99  

,illu/ration  ,! rise ( ,,islam & its   
rapid adv5t to p[]1 is p]haps ! mo/     
surpris+ *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,!  
great empires1 ,p]sian & ,byzant9e1 :i* 
7 subject$ to ! urg5t onslaught ( ?is   
ris+ p[] may h be5 9 an enfeebl$        
condition z a result ( excess (         
despotism & int]nal diss5sions1 z       
hi/orians affirm2 b t ! elem5t ( ! p[]  
mu/ h be5 9 ! rationality ( ! pr9ciples 
conta9$ 9 ! tea*+1 !re c be no d\bt4  ,x
 0 und\bt$ly to ,,islam1 t simple yet   
maje/ic cre$ ( :i* no unprejudic$ /ud5t 
c ignore ! gr&eur1 t ,arabs ow$ !       
spl5did "p :i* !y 7 de/9$ to play 9 !   
hi/ory ( civilization4 ,9 judg+ ( !     
,arabian ,prophet1 we/]n critics are too
 (t5 incl9$ to ignore ! condition f :i* 
he rais$ 8 c\ntry1 & to =get t _m       
in/itutions :i* !y condemn 7 n introduc$
 b only tol]at$ by ,,islam4 ,! e>ly     
,muslims 7 v s5sible ( ! imm5se         
amelioration 9 _! life effect$ by       
,,muhammad',s tea*+s4 ,:at ?is same     
amelioration 0 is well %[n 9 ! foll[+   

passage f ! olde/ extant biography ( !  
,prophet1 says ,pr(essor ,g4 ,br[ne 9 8 
memorable "w on ,p]sia1#a & quotes ,,ibn
 ,,hi%am 7,a4,h4 #bac3 ,a4,d4 #hbh7 9   
support4  ,footnote #a3 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory 
( ,p]sia1 by ,edw>d ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,m4,a41 
,m4,b41 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ahf4  ,dur+ !   
fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 says ,,dozy 
9  ,,cont9u$ ,,on ,,page ,,?ree         
99       99       99       99       99  
,illu/ration3 ,,accession ,,at ,,kufa1  
,a4,d4 #gdi1 ,,( ,,abu',l-,,abbas       
,,abdullah ,,z-,,saffah ,,fir/ ,,caliph 
,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,abbas  ,"o ( eight 
illu/rations = a ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury     
,manuscript entitl$1 ,,hi/ory ,,(       
,,tab>i1 compil$ ,a4,h4 #caj 7,a4,d4    
#ibb74 ,! pres5t copy is a subsequ5t "o 
( ! ,p]sian v]sion1 translat$ by ,,al   
,b',,ala',,mi1 ,a4,h4 #ceb4  ,x 0 a     
dyna/y ab\nd+ 9 good qualities1 ri*ly   
end[$ ) g5]\s attributes1 :]e9 ! w>es ( 
sci5ce f\nd a ready sale1 ! m]*&ise (   
culture 0 9 great dem&1 ! obs]vances (  
religion 7 respect$1 *>itable beque/s   

fl[$ freely 444 & ! fronti]s 7 bravely  
kept4--,,al-,,fakhri 7hi/orian ( fame ( 
! ,x,i,i,ith ,c5tury7 on ! ,,abbasid    
,dyna/y4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,page #c  8 excell5t "w on
 ,,islam1#b ev]y?+ foll[$ its accu/om$  
c\rse 9 ! ,byzant9e z 9 ! ,p]sian       
,empire4 ,^! two /ates cont9u$ always to
 dispute ! possession ( we/]n ,asia2 !y 
71 to all outw>d appe>ance1 fl\ri%+2 !  
taxes :i* p\r$ into ! treasuries ( _!   
,k+s rea*$ consid]able sums1 & !        
magnific5ce1 z well z ! luxury ( _!     
capitals _h become prov]bial4 ,b all ?is
 0 b 9 appe>ance1 = secret disease      
consum$ bo? empires2 !y 7 burd5$ by a   
cru%+ despotism2 on ei!r h& ! hi/ory ( !
 dyna/ies =m$ a concat5ation ( horrors1 
t ( ! /ate a s]ies ( p]secutions born ( 
diss5sions 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,at ?is   
juncture x 0 t1 all ( a sudd51 !re em]g$
 f des]ts h>dly kn[n & appe>$ on ! sc5e 
( ! _w a new p1 hi!rto divid$ into      
innum]able nomad tribes1 :o1 = ! mo/ "p1
 _h be5 at w> ) "o ano!r1 n[ = ! fir/ "t

 unit$4 ,x 0 ?is p1 passionately atta*$ 
to lib]ty1 simple 9 _! food & dress1    
noble & hospitable1 gay & witty1 b at ! 
same "t pr\d1 irascible1 &1 once _!     
passions 7 ar\s$1 v9dictive1            
irreconcilable & cruel1 :o ov]?rew 9 an 
in/ant ! v5]able b rott5 empire ( !     
,p]sians1 snat*$ f ! successors (       
,con/ant9e _! faire/ prov9ces1 trampl$  
"u _! feet a ,g]manic k+dom b lately    
f\nd$1 & m5ac$ ! re/ ( ,europe1 :ile at 
! same "t1 at ! o!r end ( ! _w1 its     
victori\s armies p5etrat$ to !          
,himalayas4 ,yet x 0 n l s _m o!r       
conqu]+ peoples1 = x prea*$ at ! same "t
 a new religion4 ,9 opposition to !     
dualism ( ! ,p]sians & a deg5]ate       
,*ri/ianity1 x ann\nc$ a pure mono!ism  
:i* 0 accept$ by millions ( m51 & :i*1  
ev5 9 our own "t1 con/itutes ! religion 
( a t5? "p ( ! human race4  ,footnote   
#b3 ,translat$ into ,fr5* by ,victor    
,*auv9 "u ! title ( ,essai sur          
l',hi/oire de l',islamisme 7,leyd5 &    
,p>is1 #ahgi74  ,! tea*+s ( ,,muhammad 7

 n ( a nature to ar\se  ,,cont9u$ ,,on  
,,page ,,five         99       99       
99       99       99  ,illu/ration3     
,,poly*rome ,,enamell$ ,,glass ,,mosque 
,,lamp ,,( ,,! ,,xiii? ,,c5tury  ,v few 
examples ( ?is highly advanc$ art       
survive4 ,!y repres5t an extremely      
ari/ocratic manife/ation ( art & 7      
execut$ by ord] ( ,,mameluke ,,caliphs (
 ,egypt1 & d$icat$ by !m to _! great    
,mosques1 individually inscrib$ 9       
magnific5t calligraphy4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,,page #e
  intol]ance4#c ,hi/ory does n record ! 
practice ( compulsory conv]sion 9 !     
s*eme ( conque/ ( e>ly conv]ts4 ,x is   
(t5 suppos$1 says ,pr(essor ,,br[ne1 t !
 *oice (f]$ by ! w>riors ( ,,islam 0    
betwe5 ! ,,qur',,an & ! ,,sword2 ?is1   
h[ev]1 is n ! fact4 ,!re are innum]able 
evid5ces to ! contr>y :i* hi/ory        
records4#d ,x appe>s t ! exempl>y       
behavior ( ! ,arabs1 "u _! newly acquir$
 fai?1 0 ! ma9 factor n only 9 ! success
 ( _! s*eme ( conque/1 b also 9 !       

impression :i* x made on ! defeat$ 9    
det]m9+ !m to adopt ! fai? :i* produc$  
su* upright w>riors4  ,footnote #c3     
,righte\sness is n t ye turn y\r faces  
to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 b righte\sness is
 ?is3 ,:osoev] believe? 9 ,god1 & ! la/ 
day1 & ! angels1 & ! book1 & ! prophets2
 & :oso1 = ! love ( ,god1 give? ( 8     
weal? unto 8 k9dr$1 & unto orphans1 & ! 
poor1 & ! travell]1 & to ^? :o crave    
alms1 & = ! release ( ! captives2 & :oso
 obs]ve? pray] & give? 9 *>ity2 & ^? :o1
 :5 !y h cov5ant$1 fulfil _! cov5ant2 & 
:o are pati5t 9 adv]sity & h>d%ip1 & 9  
times ( viol5ce3 ^! are ! righte\s & !y 
t fe> ! ,"l4--,,qur',,an1 ,,sura ,,ii4  
,footnote #d3 ,! treaty conclud$ by     
,,habib ,b4 ,,maslama ) ! p ( ,,dabil 9 
,arm5ia ran z foll[s3 ,9 ! "n ( ,god !  
m]ciful1 ! clem5t4 ,?is is a lett] f    
,,habib ,b4 ,,maslama to ! p ( ,,dabil1 
,*ri/ians1 ,magians1 & ,jews1 su* ( !m z
 are pres5t & su* ( !m z are abs5t4     
,v]ily ,i gu>antee ! safety ( y\r lives1
 prop]ties1 *ur*es1 temples & city      

walls2 ye are secure1 & x is incumb5t ^u
 u fai?fully to obs]ve ?is treaty s long
 z y obs]ve x & pay ! poll-tax & !      
l&-tax4 ,god is witness1 & he suffice? z
 a witness4--,,qur',,an1 ,v4 #ajd4      
,conc]n+ ! acceptance ( ! ,poll-,tax f  
,,zoroa/rians1 z well z f ,jews &       
,*ri/ians4 ,a4 ,,von ,,krem]',s         
,kulturges*i*te d4 ,ori5ts1 ,vol4 ,i1   
page #ei4  ,! trem5d\s political        
upheaval t ! evolution ( ,,islam br\ght 
9 its tra9 to ! affairs ( ! _w does n   
fall )9 ! scope ( ?is pap]4 ,a highly   
important fact1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be lo/     
sight (1 t by consolidat+ & unify+ !    
tott]+ /ates a new civilization 0 f\nd$ 
:i* knew h[ to turn to acc\nt ! culture 
( ! anci5t /ates conqu]$4 ,9 ?is        
ov]:elm+ trans=mation ,p]sia came 91 f !
 outset1 to play ! mo/ conspicu\s &     
important "p4 ,!  ,,cont9u$ ,,on ,,page 
,,n9e         99       99       99      
99       99  ,illu/ration3 ,,royal      
,,ivory ,,box1 ,,) ,,metal ,,m\nt+4     
,,hispano-,,arabian ,,art1              

,,xii?-,,xiii? ,,c5tury ,,decorat$ ,,9  
,,enamel ,,& ,,gold1 ,,depict+          
,,insignia ,,( ,,successors ,,(         
,,umayyad ,,caliphs ,,( ,,spa91 ,,&     
,,qur',,anic ,,rosettes ,,& ,,kufic     
,,calligraphy ,,( ,,! ,,highe/          
,,di/9ction  ,illu/ration3 ,,fai5ce     
,,cyl9drical ,,vase1 ,,) ,,relief ,,&   
,,lu/re ,,decoration4 ,,f ,,fo/at       
7,,anci5t ,,cairo71 ,,dyna/y ,,(        
,,fatimid ,,anti-,,caliphs 7,a4,d4      
#igd-aaga7  ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly   
,,safawid ,,pa9t+ 7,,circa ,a4,d4 #aebe7
 ,,( ,,exquisite ,,rhy?m1 ,,dep? ,,&    
,,dignity         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,page #i  arti/ic         
productions ( ! ,,muhammadan _w t h come
 d[n to u z liv+ monum5ts1 sub/antiate  
?is /atem5t )\t a %ad[ ( d\bt1 :i* makes
 x unnecess>y to resort to record$      
hi/ory1 al?\gh its pages ab\nd )        
inconte/able evid5ces4#e  ,footnote #e3 
,?us x is by no means correct to imply t
 ! two or ?ree c5turies imm$iately      
foll[+ ! ,,muhammadan conque/ ( ,p]sia 7

 a blank page 9 ! intellectual life (   
its p4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a p]iod (   
imm5se & unique int]e/1 ( fusion betwe5 
! old & ! new1 ( trans=mation ( =ms &   
transmigration ( ideas1 b 9 no wise (   
/agnation or dea?4 ,politically1 x is   
true1 ,p]sia ceas$ = a :ile to enjoy a  
sep>ate national exi/5ce1 be+ m]g$ 9 t  
great ,,muhammadan ,,empire :i* /ret*$ f
 ,,gibralt> to ! ,,jax>tes2 b 9 !       
intellectual doma9 %e soon began to     
ass]t ! supremacy to :i* ! ability &    
subtlety ( h] p entitl$ h]4 ,ev5 ! =ms (
 ,/ate organization 7 l>gely adapt$ f   
,p]sian models4--,,al-,,fakhri 7ed4     
,,ahlw>dt1 page #aja71 on ! organization
 ( ! ,,diwans or ,gov]nm5t (fices4  ,9 !
 f9ance dep>tm5t n only 0 ! ,p]sian     
sy/em adopt$1 b ! ,p]sian language &    
notation cont9u$ to be us$ till ! "t (  
,,al-,,hajjaj ,b4 ,,yusuf 7ab\t ,a4,d4  
#gjj74--;,,edw>d ,g4 ,,br[ne1 ,lit]>y   
,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #bjd4  
,x w\ld be difficult to (f] an          
explanation = ! und]ly+ unity &         

integrity ( "* manife/ 9 ! arti/ic      
expression ( ! ,,muhammadan c\ntries1 ( 
va/ geographical range1 )\t a cle>      
und]/&+ ( ! vital =ce conta9$ 9 ! tea*+s
 ( ! ,arabian ,apo/le1 & ! *>act]i/ics (
 8 p1 de/9$ to c>ry ^? tea*+s f "o end (
 ! e>? to ! o!r4 ,= ?is reason ! =ego+  
brief survey has be5 v5tur$4  ,!re c be 
no d\bt t ! pivot ar\nd :i* ! arti/ic   
activities ( ,,muhammadan c\ntries      
revolv$1 0 ,p]sia4#f ,%e 0 to atta9 !   
function ( ! ,,sun1 elem5t (  ,,cont9u$ 
,,on ,,page ,,sev5te5         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,illu/rations ,,= ,,title-,,pages ,,(  
,a ,,%ahnama 7,,epic ,,( ,,k+s7 ( !     
,x,vth ,c5tury4  ,repres5t+             
,,timur-,i-,,lang 7,a4,h4 #gcf-hjg7     
att5d+ a fe/ival4 ,! "n & ! full titles 
( ,,timur appe> 9 excell5t ,?ulu? lett]+
 r\nd ! bord] ( ! rug ^u :i* ! mon>*    
sits4  ,?is important ,manuscript 0     
pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia to !     
,ambassador ( ,p]sia at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 
,a4,d4 #ahbi4 ,! ,ambassador's autograph

 inscription reads3  ,! ,,%ahnama       
graci\sly pres5t$ by ,h4,m4 ! ,emp]or at
 my ?ird visit--may x be om5 ( good     
=tune4 ,,muhammad ,,ali ,,ibni ,,ghaf\ri
 ,ambassador1 #bbnd ( ,,rajab1 ,a4,h4   
#abde4  ,,timur ,,beg 0 seat$ 9 a       
portal1 9 front ( ! entrance ( a        
beautiful ,palace2 & he 0 sitt+ on !    
gr\nd4444 ,! "l 0 seat$ cross-legg$1 on 
silk5 embroid]$ c>pets1 among/ r\nd     
pill[s4 ,he 0 dress$ 9 a robe ( silk1 ) 
:ite headdress on 8 head1 on ! top ( :i*
 !re 0 a sp9el ruby1 ) pe>ls & preci\s  
/ones r\nd x4 ,z soon z ! ambassadors   
saw ! "l1 !y made a rev]5tial b[1 plac+ 
! knee on ! gr\nd1 & cross+ ! arms on ! 
brea/2 !n !y w5t =w>d & made ano!r & !n 
a ?ird1 rema9+ ) _! knees on ! gr\nd4 ,!
 "l ord]$ !m to rise & come =w>d4444    
,?ree ,,mirzas1 or secret>ies1 444 came 
& took ! ambassadors by ! arms1 & l$ !m 
=w>d until !y /ood be=e ! "l4444 ,he    
ask$ aft] ! ,k+1 say+1 ',h[ is my son ! 
,k+8 is he 9 good heal?8' ,:5 !         
ambassadors _h answ]$1 ,,timur ,,beg    

turn$ to ! knights :o 7 seat$ ar\nd him1
 among/ :om 7 "o ( ! sons ( ,,toktami%1 
! =m] ,emp]or ( ,,t>t>y1 sev]al *iefs ( 
! blood ( ! late ,emp]or ( ,,sam>qu&1 & 
o!rs ( ! family ( ! "l himself1 & said1 
',behold1 "h are ! ambassadors s5t by my
 son1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 :o is ! greate/ ,k+
 ( ,franks1 & lives at ! end ( ! _w4 ,^!
 ,franks are truly great p1 & ,i w give 
my b5$iction to ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 my       
son4--,f ! ,di>y ( ,,ruy ,,gonzalez ,,di
 ,,clavijo1 pr9cipal ( ! embassy        
despat*$ ,a4,d4 #adjd to ! ,c\rt (      
,,sam>qu& by ,h5ry ,,iii ( ,ca/ile1     
,spa94  ,,clavijo describes ! beautiful 
g>d5s ) _! til$ palaces :]e banquets 7  
giv54 ,! ambassador1 :o 0 invit$1       
m>vell$ at ! gorge\s t5ts1 "o ( :i* 0 s 
l>ge & high t f a di/ance x look$ l a   
ca/le1 & x 0 a v wond]ful ?+ to see1 &  
possess$ m beauty ?an x is possible to  
describe4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t     
,,%>af-,u-,,d9 m5tions ! pres5ce ( !    
,ambassadors1 =1 he writes1 ev5 !       
smalle/ ( fi% h _! place 9 ! sea4 ,truly

 a delightful t\*6--,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 by
 ,,sir ,,p]cy ,,sykes1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page 
#acc4  ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/rations ,,= 
,,title-,,pages ,,( ,a ,,%ahnama 7,,epic
 ,,( ,,k+s7 ,,( ,,! ,,xv? ,,c5tury  ,on 
! extreme ( ! we/]n side ( ! royal      
prec9cts op5+ on to ! ,,*ah> ,,bagh are 
a g>d5 & build+4 ,! ,g>d5 0 previ\sly   
call$ ,,bagh ,i ,,bulbul 7,g>d5 (       
,night+ales74--,,"l ,,curzon1 ,hi/ory ( 
,p]sia4  ,night draw+ on1 all ! pride ( 
,,spahaun 0 met 9 ! ,,*aur ,,baug &     
gr&ees 7 air+ !mselves1 pranc+ ab\t ) _!
 num]\s tra9s1 /riv+ to outdo ea* o!r 9 
pomp & g5]osity4--,,dr4 ,,fry]1 record$ 
,a4,d4 #afgg4  ,,*>d91 :o 0 at ,ispahan 
at ! "t ( ,,%ah ,,suleiman',s reign     
7#affg-afid71 records 9 8 ,,voyages1    
,vol4 ,,viii1 page #dc3  ,:5 "o walks 9 
^! places expressly made = ! delights ( 
love & :5 "o passes ?r\gh all ^! cab9ets
 & ni*es1 "o's he>t is melt$ to su* an  
ext5t t to speak c&idly1 "o always      
leaves ) a v ill grace4 ,! climate )\t  
d\bt contributes mu* t[>ds excit+ ?is   

amor\s disposition1 b assur$ly ^!       
places1 al?\gh 9 "s respects little m   
?an c>dbo>d ca/les1 are nev]!less m     
smil+ & agreeable ?an our mo/ sumptu\s  
palaces4  ,,"l ,,curzon says 7,hi/ory ( 
,p]sia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cg7 t ,ev5    
,,*>d91 en?usia/ic b seldom s5tim5tal1 0
 inspir$ to an unwont$ outbur/ by ! *>ms
 ( ,,ha%t ,,bahi%t4  ,illu/ration3      
,,view ,,( ,,*ah> ,,bagh 7,,f\r ,,g>d5s7
 ,,& ,,ha%t ,,bahi%t 7,,pavilion ,,(    
,,eight ,,p>adises7 ,,at ,,ispahan4     
,,con/ruct$ ,,by ,,%ah ,,suleiman       
,,safawi ,,ab\t ,a4,d4 #afgj4           
,,reproduction ,,f ,,la ,,p]se1 ,,la    
,,*aldee ,,et ,,la ,,susiane 7#ahhg7    
,,by ,,dieulafoy  ,,pair ,,( ,,doors ,,f
 ,,! ,,pavilion ,,( ,,*ahal ,,situn     
7,hall ( ,=ty ,pill>s7 built by ,,%ah   
,,abbas ! ,great 7,a4,d4 #aehh-afbi74   
,^! are decorat$ ) repres5tations (     
sc5es f ! ,royal ,c\rt ( ! great ,%ah1  
pa9t$ m9utely by ,c\rt arti/s4  ,!y     
transport u /raight to ! ,c\rt ( !      
lordly ,,abbas & 8 pr$ecessors or       

successors on ! ?rone4444 ,we see ! ,k+ 
engag$ at "s royal fe/ivity enjoy+ !    
pleasure ( ! ,b[l4--,,"l ,,curzon1      
,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cd4 
,,k] ,,port]1 :o saw ! ,palace ( ,*ahal 
,situn 9 its p]fect condition1 records3 
,! exhau/less pr(usion ( its spl5did    
mat]ials reflect$ n m]ely _! own gold5  
lights on ea* o!r1 b all ! v>iegat$     
col\rs ( ! ,g>d51 s t ! :ole surface    
seem$ =m$ ( poli%$ silv] & "m ( pe>l set
 ) preci\s /ones4  ,,"l ,,curzon1 :o    
visit$ x soon aft] its la/ repair 9     
#ahia1 quotes ,,k] ,,port] & by way (   
contra/ says3 ,! bulk ( ?is sup]b       
decoration :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! ,,?rone  
,,room beh9d1 to po9t bitt] contra/1 _h 
on ! walls ( ! ,,loggia be5 ru?lessly   
oblit]at$ by ! bru% ( ! pa9t]1 :o _h    
left 9 its place p9k wa%2 _h ,i caught !
 ,pagan1 ,i w\ld gladly h suffocat$ him 
9 a b>rel ( 8 own pa9t4--,hi/ory (      
,p]sia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cc4           
,illu/ration3 ,,pair ,,( ,,doors ,,f ,,!
 ,,pavilion ,,( ,,*ahal ,,situn 7,,hall 

,,( ,,=ty ,,pill>s7 ,,built ,,by ,,%ah  
,,abbas ,,! ,,great 7,a4,d4 #aehh-afbi7 
,illu/ration3 ,,riza ,,abbasi1 ,,favor$ 
,,c\rt ,,arti/1 ,,portrays ,,europeans  
,,at ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,%ah ,,abbas ,,!   
,,great 7,a4,d4 #aehh-afbi7  ,detail (  
exquisitely pa9t$ woodwork f ! ,pavilion
 ( ,,*ahal ,,situn 7,hall ( ,=ty        
,pill>s71 ! ,palace at ,ispahan built by
 ,,%ah ,,abbas4  ,! "y ,%ah1 :o 0 pleas$
 ) ! lead] ( ! p>ty 7,europeans71 gave  
him royal gifts1 ,sir ,an?ony ,%]ley    
records 7#aeih71 includ+ =ty horses all 
furni%$1 two ) exce$+ ri* saddles1 plat$
 ) gold1 & set ) rubies & turquoises4   
,to ^! he add$ camels1 t5ts1 & a sum (  
money4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,,page #ag  h] old fai?1   
s\rce ( su/a9+ en]gy2 & cont9u$ to      
radiate into ^! planets ( c\ntries &    
races ( ! ,sy/em1 h] all-/imulat+       
cultural beams1 ! reflection ( :i* is   
disc]nible 9 all arti/ic manife/ations (
 ^? c\ntries4 ,9 ! field ( lit]ature1   
:i* is s little kn[n 9 ! we/]n _w1 !    

influ5ce is ev5 great] ?an 9 ! visual   
art ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,,muhammadan  
lit]ature1 be x ,arabic1 ,turki%1 or    
,p]sian1 is ,,p]sian 9 _s & feel+4#g    
,footnote #f3 ,! asc5dancy ( ! ,p]sians 
ov] ! ,arabs1 t is to say ( ! conqu]$   
ov] ! victors1 _h already = a long :ile 
be5 9 c\rse ( prep>ation2 x became      
complete :5 ! ,,abbasids1 :o ow$ _!     
elevation to ! ,p]sians1 asc5d$ ! ?rone 
7,a4,d4 #gdi74 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sonages
 at c\rt 7 consequ5tly ,p]sians4 ,!     
fam\s ,,b>mecides 7 desc5d$ f a ,p]sian 
noble :o _h be5 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,fire    
,temple at ,,balkh4 ,,af%91 ! all-p[]ful
 favorite ( ! ,caliph ,,al-,,mutasim1 0 
a scion ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,,usru%na 9       
,transoxiana4--,,dozy1 ,hi/oire de      
l',islamisme4  ,footnote #g3 ,) ! rise (
 ,,p]sian influ5ce1 !re op5$ an era (   
culture1 tol]ation1 & sci5tific rese>*4 
,! practice ( oral tradition 0 also giv+
 place to record$ /atem5t & hi/orical   
n>rative1--a *ange ha/5$ by ! s*ol>ly   
t5d5cies introduc$ f ! ,ea/4--,,sir     

,,william ,,muir1 on ! rise ( ! ,abbasid
 ,dyna/y4  ,! fusion ( ,,muhammadan     
doctr9e ) ?is ,aryan 7,p]sian7 culture (
 old1#h is an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory 
( ,art4 ,= out ( ?is fusion came =? into
 be+ a new phase ( arti/ic expression   
completely diff]5t1 9 =m & _s1 f its    
pr$ecessors4 ,probably ( equal          
importance is ! fact t1 al?\gh practis$ 
by div]s races & subject$ to _m         
developm5ts1 fluctuations & v>iations1 x
 has reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! c5turies its      
id5tical *>act]i/ics4 ,:at 0 ! vital =ce
 t br\ght ab\t ?is cultural evolution & 
unification8 ,! answ] appe>s to be      
,,religion1 z we %all see4  ,footnote   
#h3 ,,p]sian influ5ce increas$ at ! c\rt
 ( ! ,,caliphs1 & rea*$ its z5i? "u     
,,al-,,hadi1 ,,h>unu',r-,,ra%id1 &      
,,al-,,mamun4 ,mo/ ( ! m9i/]s ( ! la/ 7 
,,p]sians or ( ,,p]sian extraction4 ,9  
,,baghdad1 ,,p]sian fa%ions cont9u$ to  
enjoy an increas+ asc5dancy4 ,! old     
,,p]sian fe/ivals ( ! ,,nawruz1         
,,mihrgan1 & ,,ram 7 celebrat$4 ,,p]sian

 raim5t 0 ! (ficial c\rt dress1 & !     
tall1 black1 conical ,,p]sian hats 7    
already prescrib$ z (ficial by ! second 
,,abbasid ,caliph 79 ,a4,h4 #aec3 ,a4,d4
 #ggj74 ,at ! c\rt ! cu/oms ( !         
,,sassanian ,k+s 7 imitat$1 & g>m5ts    
decorat$ ) gold5 inscriptions 7         
introduc$1 :i* x 0 ! exclusive privilege
 ( ! rul] to be/[4 ,a co9 ( ! ,caliph   
,,al-,,mutawakkil %[s u ?is ,pr9ce      
actually clo!d 9 true ,,p]sian          
fa%ions4--,,von ,,krem]1 ,/reitzuge1    
page #cb4  ,! f\ndation ( ! ,,muhammadan
 ,,empire 0 ,,religion4 ,x 0 to ! ,holy 
,/&>d t ! nations b5t  ,,cont9u$ ,,on   
,,page ,,tw5ty-,,?ree         99        
99       99       99       99           
,lips sweet z sug> on my p5 be/[1       
,& f my book let /reams ( od\r fl[4     
--,j',,ami4  ,,illu/rat$ ,,& ,,illum9at$
 ,,manuscript  ,! complete volume (     
,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha1 ! popul> poem by
 ! fam\s my/ic poet ,j',,ami1 bas$ on ! 
,biblical /ory ( ,,joseph & ,,potiph>',s
 ,,wife4 ,! scribe1 ,,mir ,,ali         

,,sultani4  ,! colophon reads3  ,t]m9at$
 by ! s9n]1 humble ,,mir ,,ali ,,sultani
 ! p5man1 may ,god =give 8 s9s & %elt] 8
 faults4 ,t]m9at$ 9 ! mon? ( ,,moh>ram  
,,al ,,h>am 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #idd 79      
lett]s7 7,a4,d4 #aecg7 9 ! glori\s city 
( ,,bukh>a4  ,! ,d$ication 9 ! h&writ+ (
 ! scribe1 9 ornate gold lett]+1 reads3 
,= 8 maje/y1 ! ,,augu/1 ! j1 ! possessor
 ( virtues1 ! great ,,khagan ,,ghazi    
,,abd-,,ul-,,aziz ,,bahadur ,,khan1 may 
8 doma9 la/ =ev]4  ,! autograph ( !     
,emp]or ,,%ah ,,jahan1 ! ,,great        
,,mogul1 on ! magnific5tly decorat$ m\nt
 reads3  ,9 ! "n ( ,god compassionate & 
m]ciful ?is ,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha      
treasur$ on ! occasion ( ,,bless$       
,,accession4 7,a4,d4 #afbg7  ,9         
confirmation ( ! =ego+1 x is ( great    
int]e/ t ,,jahangir makes special       
ref]5ce 9 8 memoirs                     
7,tuzuk-i-,jahangiri7 to an incid5t1 z (
 highe/ importance1 t he 0 pres5t$ by   
,,abd-,,al-,,rahim ,,khan1              
,,khan-,i-,,khanan1 ) a sup]b copy (    

,j',,ami',s poem ,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha1
 transcrib$ by ,,mir ,,ali ,,sultani1   
,pr9ce ( ,p5m51 & t ! gift 0 apprais$ at
 a ?\s& ,muhr4  ,illu/ration3 ,,complete
 ,,illu/rat$ ,,& ,,illum9at$            
,,manuscript ,,( ,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha1
 ,,by ,,! ,,fam\s ,,my/ic ,,poet        
,j',,ami  ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rations   
,,to ,,! ,,manuscript                   
,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha  ,,zalikha 9 old 
age1 brok5 & 9 pov]ty1 meets ,,yusuf 9 !
 m>ket place 9 ,egypt4       ,:]e is ?y 
y\?1 & ?y beauty1 & pride8      ,gone1  
s9ce ,i p>t$ f !e1 %e repli$4      ,:]e 
is ! light ( ?9e eye8 said he4          
,dr[n$ 9 blood-te>s = ! loss ( !e4      
,:y is t cypress tree b[$ & b5t8        
,by abs5ce f !e & my long lam5t4        
,:]e is ?y pe>l1 & ?y silv] & gold1     
,& ! diadem bright on ?y head ( old8444 
--,quotation f ,,yusuf-,,ou-,,zalikha   
7,j',,ami74      ,translation ( ,r4,t4  
,,griffi?4  ,illu/ration  ,illu/ration3 
,,*isell$ ,,silv] ,,b[l1 ,,decorat$ ,,9 
,,filigree ,,& ,,poly*rome ,,enamel4    

,,p]sian ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,xvi? ,,c5tury1  
,,probably ,,execut$ ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or  
,,= ,a ,,pr9cely ,,ottoman ,,patron     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,page #bc  & pr(ess$ unqualifi$        
allegiance4 ,a p[]ful political unity   
came into exi/5ce & cont9u$ = a p]iod ( 
,,six c5turies un9t]rupt$4 ,! nations ( 
?is unit$ k+dom ( ,,islam 7 ?us m]g$    
into "o unit1 "u ! /imulus ( "o =mal    
religion1 freely transmigrat+ local     
ideas4 ,arts & culture 7 trans=m$1 b !  
evolution ?us caus$ by ! ,religion 0    
ess5tially political 9 nature4  ,!re is 
no ,god b ,,god1 said ! ,,apo/le ,,(    
,,arabia1 b ! poet reflect$ a:ile1 & 8  
rejo9d] 03 ,! ,ways ( ,god are z ! numb]
 ( ,,s\ls ,,( ,,m54  ,! ,prophet's      
religion 0 rational1 its pr9ciples      
atta9able2 x secur$ = ! poet social     
amelioration & physical com=t1 b !re 0 a
 voice f ! dep? ( 8 s\l t he c\ld n     
sil5ce4 ,x 0 ! voice ( my/]y2 he 0      
conc]n$ ) ! problems ( ! ,:]e=e1 !      
,:5ce1 & ! ,:i!r4444 ,0 he n a ,son ( ! 

l& :i* ,,plot9us visit$ to le>n my/]y ( 
! ,ori5t ( ,old8#i  ,footnote #i3 ,il   
prit un si gr& g\t p\r la philosophie   
qu'il se proposa d'etudi] celle qui     
etait enseignee *ez les ,p]ses et celle 
qui prevalait *ez les ,indi5s4 ,lorsque 
l'emp]eur ,gordi5 se prep>a a faire son 
exp$ition contre les ,p]ses1 ,plot91    
alors age de tr5te-neuf ans1 se mit a la
 suite de l'armee4 ,il avait passe dix  
annees enti]es pres d',ammonius4 ,gordi5
 ayant ete tue en ,mesopotamie1 ,plot9  
eut assez de pe9e a se sauv] a          
,antio*e4--,,porphyry ,,on ,,plot9us3   
,translation ( ! ,enneads ( ,plot9us    
7,b\illet2 ,p>is1 #aheg74  ,we h to look
 !re=e to ! ,,religion1 ,! ,ways ( ^:   
,god are z ! numb] ( ,s\ls ( ,m51 to    
p]ceive ! true nature ( ! evolution ( ! 
arti/ic expression ( ^! p4  ,s\ls )     
irresi/ible crav+s = ,my/icism1 poets1  
arti/s1 philosoph]s & ! l1 discov]$ = ! 
fir/ "t f ,,muhammad',s =mal tea*+s1 :i*
 conta9$ c]ta9 esot]ic elem5ts1 t !     
s5ses1 unreal & ph5om5al1 h yet an      

important mission to fulfill 9 ! task   
:i* aims to escape f ,,self 7:i* is an  
illusion & ! root ( ,,s91 ,,pa91 &      
,,sorr[7 & to atta9 ! height :]e !      
et]nal beauty1  ,,cont9u$ ,,on ,,page   
,,tw5ty-,,sev5         99       99      
99       99       99  ,,portrait ,,(    
,,mehdi ,,ali ,,guli ,,khan1 ,,comm&]   
,,( ,,=tress1 ,,by ,,ramdas--,a4,d4     
#afcj4  ,a leaf f ! ,national ,portrait 
,album conceiv$ by ! ,emp]or ,,akb>1 &  
amplifi$ & execut$ by ,,jahangir & ,,%ah
 ,,jahan4 ,! volume consi/s ( portraits 
( ! ,royal ,family ( ! ,,great ,,moguls 
& _! pr9cipal support]s4 ,^! hi/oric    
p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 ! c5tre z s+le
 individuals1 ) _! *ief (ficials &      
reta9]s 9 ! bord] ar\nd !m4  ,,ramdas1 a
 ,h9du arti/1 0 "o ( ,,akb>',s arti/s :o
 work$ "u ,,jahangir & ,,%ah ,,jahan4 ,8
 sign$ works include ! foll[+3          
,,baburnama 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,s\?  
,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,akb>nama 9 ,s\?     
,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,,razmnama 9 ! ,/ate  
,libr>y1 ,jaipur1 ,india4 ,,timurnama 9 

! ,ori5tal ,public ,libr>y1 ,bankipur1  
,india4  ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,(   
,,mehdi ,,ali ,,guli ,,khan1 ,,comm&]   
,,( ,,=tress1 ,,by ,,ramdas--,a4,d4     
#afcj  ,illu/ration3 ,,silk ,,fabric--,a
 ,,r>e ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,k9d ,,produc$
 ,,by ,,! ,,royal ,,looms ,,at          
,,ispahan1 ,,:i* ,,fl\ri%$ ,,"u ,,!     
,,direct ,,patronage ,,( ,,%ah ,,abbas  
,,! ,,great 7,a4,d4 #aehh-afbi7  ,oct4  
#ah?1 #afff4--,to ,c\rt4 ,x be+ ye fir/ 
"t 8 ,ma'ty 7,,*>les ,,ii ( ,engl&7 put 
himself solemnly into ,ea/]n fa%ion (   
ve/1 *ange+ d\blet1 /iff coll>1 b&s &   
cloake1 into a comley dress1 aft] ye    
,p]sian mode4 ,i _h sometime be=e       
pres5t$ an invective aga9/ our s mu*    
affect+ ! ,fr5* fa%ion1 to 8 ,maje/y1 9 
:i* ,i took occasion to describe !      
comel9esse & usefulness ( ! ,p]sian     
clo?+1 9 ye v same mann] 8 ,ma'ty n[    
clad himself4--,,john ,,evelyn 7,a4,d4  
#afff71 celebrat$ hi/orian & di>i/4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,page #bg  :i* is b ,,"o1 reveals      

itself ?r\gh c\ntless ph5om5a :i* are b 
reflections ( ,,"o4 ,! ,,phantasmal is !
 ,,bridge to ! ,,real1 says ! my/ic1 & !
 immortal l9es ( ,j',,ami read3         
,?\gh 9 ?is _w a hundr$ tasks ?\ trye/1 
',tis ,love alone :i* f ?yself w save   
!e4      ,ev5 f e>?ly love ?y face av]t 
n1      ,s9ce to ! real x may s]ve to   
raise !e4      ,ere ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are     
rightly appreh5d$1      ,h[ can/ ?\ con 
! pages ( ! ,,qur',,an8      ,a sage 7s 
he>d ,i7 unto :om a s*ol>      ,came    
crav+ c\nsel on ! c\rse be=e him1       
,said1 ',if ?y /eps be /rang]s to love's
 pa?ways1      ,dep>t1 le>n ,love1 & !n 
return be=e me1      ,=1 %\ld/ ?\ fe> to
 dr9k w9e f =m's ,flagon1      ,?\ can/ 
n dra9 ! draughts ( ! ,ideal4      ,b   
yet bew>e1 ,be n by =m belat$1          
,/rive r ) all spe$ ! bridge to trav]se4
      ,if to ! b\rn ?\ fa9 w\ld/ be> ?y 
baggage1      ,^u ! bridge let n ?y     
foot/eps l+]4#aj  ,footnote #aj3        
,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w 7,swan        
,sonn5s*e91 #ahib74  ,! unreality ( ?+s 

mat]ial1 ! illusion ( ,self & desires1 !
 p]ception t all liv+ ?+s & app>5t      
ph5om5a reflect$ b "o all-embrac+ ,,good
 & ,,beauty1 0 ! philosophy ( ,h9du &   
all ,ori5tal my/ics ( old2 b !y attempt$
 to de/roy ! self & desires 7,s\rce (   
,s97 uncompromis+ly & unreasonably4 ,x 0
 a philosophy cold & bloodless1 z       
,pr(essor ,,br[ne po9ts out1 9 tr5*ant  
t]ms4 ,! ,,muhammadan my/ic became      
consci\s t ! /ream _c be cross$ )\t !   
aid ( ! ,,bridge con/ruct$ = ?is        
purpose4  ,"h 7z x seems to u7 lies !   
,,keynote1 ! ma9spr+ ( inspiration (    
arti/ic expression1 :i* 7= ! lack (     
bett] designation7 might be t]m$        
,,muhammadan ,,art3 ,a m]g+ ( physical &
 spiritual1 ( worldly magnific5ce &     
et]nal bliss4  ,,cont9u$ ,,on ,,page    
,,?irty-,,"o         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,! ,,pr9ces ,,(  
,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,timur  ,,emir ,,timur  
7,,timur-,i-,,lang7 on ! ?rone 7,a4,d4  
#acce-adje7  ,on ! "r ( ! ?rone3        
,,babur ,a4,d4 #aebf-aecj ,,humayun     

,a4,d4 #aecj-aeef ,,akb> ,a4,d4         
#aeef-afje ,,jahangir ,a4,d4 #afje-afbg 
,,%ah ,,jahan ,a4,d4 #afbg-afeh  ,on !  
left are ?ree sons ( ,,%ah ,,jahan3     
,,d>a ,,%ikoh ,,%ah ,,%uja ,,aur5gzib   
7:o succe$$ ,%ah ,jahan7  ,,mughal      
,pa9t+ f ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,,delhi1  
,a4,d4 #afdj  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9ces
 ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,timur  ,,mughal   
,,pa9t+ ,,f ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,libr>y ,,(  
,,delhi1 ,a4,d4 #afdj  ,,tal> 7,,hall   
,,( ,,audi5ce7 ,,rug  ,f ! looms (      
,,ispahan or ! adjo9+ city ( ,,jo%agan4 
,made dur+ ! reign ( ,,%ah ,,suleiman   
7,a4,d4 #affg-afid71 ^u ! model ( ,,*ah>
 ,,bagh ,royal ,g>d5 at ,,ispahan1 on ! 
gr\nds ( :i* ! ,royal ,pavilion ( ,,ha%t
 ,,bahi%t 7,eight ,p>adises7 /&s4 ,!    
,rug measures #bi feet by #i feet #e    
in*es4  ,,"l ,,curzon 9 8 ,hi/ory (     
,p]sia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ch1 gives !   
foll[+ description ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,,*ah>   
,,bagh3  ,at ! upp] extremity a two     
/orey$ ,,pavilion connect$ by a corridor
 ) ! ,,s]aglio ( ! palace1 s z to enable

 ! ladies ( ! h>em to gaze unobs]v$ ^u !
 m]ry sc5e bel[1 look$ out ^u ! c5tre ( 
! av5ue4 ,wat] conduct$ 9 /one *annels  
ran d[n ! c5tre1 fall+ 9 cascades f     
t]race to t]race1 & 0 occasionally      
collect$ 9 great squ>e or octagonal     
bas9s :]e cross roads cut ! av5ues4 ,on 
ei!r side ( ! c5tral *annel 0 a r[ (    
*5>s & a pav$ pa?way = p$e/rians1 !n    
occurr$ a succession ( op5 p>t]res1     
usually plant$ or s[n4 ,next on ei!r    
side 0 a second r[ ( *5>s1 betwe5 :i* & 
flank+ walls 0 a rais$ causeway =       
horsem54 ,at int]vals correspond+ ) !   
successive t]races & bas9s1 ar*$        
doorways ) recess$ op5 *amb]s ov]head   
conduct$ ?r\gh ^! walls into ! v>i\s    
royal or noble g>d5s t /ret*$ on ei!r   
side & 7 kn[n z ! g>d5s ( ! ?rone2      
night+ale1 v9es1 mulb]ries1 ,d]vi%es1   
etc4 ,"s ( ^! pavilions 7 places (      
public resort & 7 us$ z c(fee h\ses1 :]e
 :5 ! bus9ess ( ! day 0 ov] ! good      
burgh]s ( ,ispahan assembl$ to sip t    
bev]age & inhale _! ,kalians ! :ile4 ,at

 ! bottom quays l9$ ! banks ( ! riv] & 7
 bord]$ ) ! mansions ( ! nobility4      
,illu/ration         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,page #ca  ,a    
desire to rea* to our high] in/9cts     
?r\gh ! vehicle ( our s5ses is app>5t 9 
all =ms 9 :i* ^! ma/]s s\ght to express 
!mselves2 we feel t1 9 _! entranc+      
rhy?mical compositions1 9 _! incomp>able
 poetry ( fl[+ melodi\s words1 9 all _! 
lit]ature1 9 ! inimitable colors &      
lyrical l9es ( all bran*es (            
repres5tation ( visual art4 ,we feel !  
pres5ce ( an elem5t prevail+ ?r\gh\t1 & 
und]ly+ e =m ( expression1 an elem5t :i*
 may be describ$ 9 a ^w1 ,,human4  ,x is
 /at$ t ! ,,p]sian _s & feel+ 7 reflect$
 9 all =ms ( arti/ic expression ( !     
,,muhammadan _w4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 int5d$ 
t o!r nations & c\ntries ov] :i* ,,islam
 held sway1 contribut$ no?+ 9 ! build+ (
 ! influ5ces ( ea* 7 felt 9 v>y+ degrees
 9 ! transmigration ( ideas cont9u$ to  
take place betwe5 ! nations1 & !        
influ5ces ( ea* 7 felt 9 v>y+ degrees 9 

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