mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,nature ,,s]ies ,,are ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,inh]it$8 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,view ,,held ,,by ,,sp5c] ,,& ,,d>w9 ,,by ,,william ,,platt ,,ball ,,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york #ahij ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is ,res]v$ ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,,preface4 ,my w>me/ ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 to ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,p\lton 7^: int]e/ 9 ! subject "h discuss$ is %[n by 8 %>e 9 ! translation ( ,weismann's ,essays on ,h]$ity71 & to ,pr(essor ,romanes1 = ! help af=d$ by _! k9dly sugge/ions & criticisms1 & = ! advice & recomm5dation "u :i* ?is essay is n[ publi%$4 ,enc\ragem5t f ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w9 is to me ! m preci\s1 & ! m wor?y ( grateful recognition1 f ! fact t my g5]al conclusion t acquir$ *>act]s are n inh]it$ is at v>iance ) ! op9ion ( 8 rev]$ fa!r1 :o aid$ 8 great !ory by ! ret5tion ( "s rema9s ( ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( ! inh]it$ effect ( habit4 ,i feel z if ! son1 z repres5tative ( 8 great prog5itor1 7 c>ry+ out ! idea ( an appreciative editor :o writes to me3 ,we mu/ say t if ,d>w9 7 /ill alive1 he w\ld f9d y\r argum5ts ( great weight1 & und\bt$ly w\ld give to !m ! s]i\s consid]ation :i* !y des]ve4 ,i hope1 !n1 t ,i may be acquitt$ ( undue presumption 9 oppos+ a view sanction$ by ! au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 b already /\tly que/ion$ & firmly reject$ by su* foll[]s ( 8 z ,weismann1 ,wallace1 ,p\lton1 ,ray ,lanke/]1 & o!rs1 to say no?+ ( its practical rejection by s great an au?ority on h]$ity z ,francis ,galton4 ,! sociological importance ( ! subject has already be5 insi/$ on 9 emphatic t]ms by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & ?is importance may be ev5 great] ?an he imag9$4 ,civilization l>gely sets aside ! h>% b ultimately salut>y action ( ! great law ( ,natural ,selection )\t provid+ an effici5t sub/itute = prev5t+ deg5]acy4 ,! sub/itute on :i* morali/s & legislators rely--if !y ?9k on ! matt] at all--is ! cumulative inh]itance ( ! b5eficial effects ( education1 tra9+1 habits1 in/itutions1 & s =?--! inh]itance1 9 %ort1 ( acquir$ *>act]s1 or ( ! effects ( use & disuse4 ,if ?is sub/itute is b a brok5 re$1 !n ! deep] ?9k]s :o gradually tea* ! tea*]s ( ! p1 & ultimately ev5 influ5ce ! legislators & morali/s1 mu/ f\nd _! sy/ems ( morality & _! criticisms ( social & political laws & in/itutions & cu/oms & ideas on ! basis ( ! ,d>w9ian law r ?an on t ( ,lam>ck4 ,look+ =w>d to ! hope t ! human race may become consci\sly & increas+ly ma/] ( itself & ( its de/9y1 & recogniz+ ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( ! selection ( ! fitte/ z ! only means ( prev5t+ ! moral & physical deg5]acy :i*1 l an int]nal dry rot1 has hi!rto be5 ! besett+ dang] ( all civilizations1 ,i desire t ! ?9k]s :o m\ld ! op9ions ( mank9d %all n be l$ a/ray f ! true pa? ( endur+ progress & happ9ess by reliance on fallaci\s beliefs :i* w n be> exam9ation4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! feel+ or motive :i* has prompt$ me to devote mu* "t & ?\ght to a difficult b important inquiry 9 a debatable region ( inf]5ce & conjecture1 :]e 7,i am afraid7 evid5ce on ei!r side c nev] be absolutely conclusive1 & :]e1 especially1 ! absolute demon/ration ( a univ]sal negative _c reasonably be expect$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,importance ,,& ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,inquiry #a ,,sp5c]',s ,,examples ,,& ,,argum5ts #f-dd ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,! ,,jaws #f ,,dim9i%$ ,,bit+ ,,muscles ,,( ,,lap-,,dogs #ab ,,cr[d$ ,,tee? #ad ,,bl9d ,,cave-,,crabs #ag ,,no ,,concomitant ,,v>iation ,,f ,,concomitant ,,disuse #ag ,,! ,,giraffe1 ,,& ,,necessity ,,= ,,concomitant ,,v>iation #ah ,,alleg$ ,,ru9\s ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection #bc ,,adv]se ,,case ,,( ,,neut] ,,insects #bd ,,ae/hetic ,,faculties #bi ,,lack ,,( ,,evid5ce #cd ,,inh]it$ ,,epilepsy ,,9 ,,gu9ea-,,pigs #ce ,,inh]it$ ,,insanity ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,disord]s #cf ,,individual ,,& ,,transmissible ,,type ,,n ,,modifi$ ,,alike #dj ,,d>w9',s ,,examples #de-ajj ,,r$uc$ ,,w+s ,,( ,,birds ,,( ,,oceanic ,,isl&s #di ,,droop+ ,,e>s ,,& ,,det]iorat$ ,,in/9cts #ec ,,w+s ,,& ,,legs ,,( ,,ducks ,,& ,,f[ls #ee ,,pigeons' ,,w+s #fb ,,%ort5$ ,,brea/-,,bone ,,9 ,,pigeons #fd ,,%ort5$ ,,feet ,,9 ,,pigeons #gj ,,%ort5$ ,,legs ,,( ,,rabbits #gj ,,bl9d ,,cave-,,animals #gb ,,inh]it$ ,,habits #gc ,,tam5ess ,,( ,,rabbits #gf ,,modifications ,,obvi\sly ,,attributable ,,to ,,selection #hb ,,simil> ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,,& ,,use-,,inh]itance #hc ,,inf]iority ,,( ,,s5ses ,,9 ,,europeans #he ,,%ort-,,sight ,,9 ,,wat*mak]s ,,& ,,engrav]s #he ,,l>g] ,,h&s ,,( ,,lab\r]s' ,,infants #hg ,,?ick5$ ,,sole ,,9 ,,infants #hh ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,m5tal ,,confusion #ia ,,weakness ,,( ,,use-,,inh]itance #id ,,inh]it$ ,,injuries #aja-aah ,,inh]it$ ,,mutilations #aja ,,! ,,motmot',s ,,tail #aaj ,,o!r ,,inh]it$ ,,injuries ,,m5tion$ ,,by ,,d>w9 #aaa ,,quasi-,,inh]itance #aaf ,,miscellane\s ,,consid]ations #aai-adc ,,true ,,relation ,,( ,,p>5ts ,,& ,,(fspr+ #aai ,,inv]se ,,inh]itance #abc ,,e>ly ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ova #abd ,,m>k$ ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,individual #abf ,,w\ld ,,natural ,,selection ,,fav\r ,,use-,,inh]itance8 #abg ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,an ,,evil #abh ,,v>i$ ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse #acd ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,implies ,,pang5esis #acg ,,pang5esis ,,improbable #ach ,,sp5c]',s ,,explanation ,,( ,,use-,,inh]itance #ada ,,conclusions #add-aef ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,discr$it$ ,,z ,,unnecess>y1 ,,unprov51 ,,& ,,improbable #add ,,mod]n ,,reliance ,,on ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,misplac$ #ade ,,are ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,inh]it$8 ,,importance ,,& ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,inquiry4 ,! "q :e!r ! effects ( use & disuse are inh]it$1 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r acquir$ *>act]s are h]$it>y1 is ( consid]able int]e/ to ! g5]al /ud5t ( evolution2 b x is1 or %\ld be1 a matt] ( f> deep] int]e/ to ! ?\ghtful philan?ropi/ :o desires to ensure ! p]man5t welf>e & happ9ess ( ! human race4 ,s pr(\ndly important1 9 fact1 are ! moral1 social1 & political conclusions t dep5d on ! answ] to ?is inquiry1 t1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rightly says1 x dem&s1 beyond all o!r que/ions :atsoev]1 ! att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,x is obvi\s t we c produce important *anges 9 ! individual4 ,we c1 = example1 improve 8 muscles by a?letics1 & 8 bra9 by education4 ,! use ( organs enl>ges & /r5g!ns !m2 ! disuse ( p>ts or faculties weak5s !m4 ,& s great is ! p[] ( habit t x is prov]bially spok5 ( z second nature4 ,x is ?us c]ta9 t we c modify ! individual4 ,we c /r5g!n 7or weak57 8 body2 we c improve 7or det]iorate7 8 intellect1 8 habits1 8 morals4 ,b !re rema9s ! /ill m important "q :i* we are ab\t to consid]4 ,w su* modifications be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+ ( ! modifi$ individual8 ,does individual improvem5t transmit itself to desc5dants indep5d5tly ( p]sonal tea*+ & example8 ,h artificially produc$ *anges ( /ructure or habit any inh]5t t5d5cy to become cong5itally transmissible & to be conv]t$ 9 "t into fix$ traits ( con/itution or "*8 ,c ! philan?ropi/ rely on su* a t5d5cy z a hopeful factor 9 ! evolution ( mank9d8--! only s\nd & /able basis ( a high] & happi] /ate ( ?+s be+1 z he kn[s or ought to "k1 ! innate & con/itutionally-fix$ improvem5t ( ! race z a :ole4 ,if acquir$ modifications are impress$ on ! (fspr+ & on ! race1 ! sy/ematic moral tra9+ ( individuals w 9 "t produce a con/itutionally moral race1 & we may hope to improve mank9d ev5 9 defiance ( ! unnatural selection by :i* a spuri\s b highly popul> philan?ropy w\ld sy/ematically fav\r ! survival ( ! unfitte/ & ! rapid multiplication ( ! wor/4 ,b if acquir$ modifications d n t5d to be transmitt$1 if ! use or disuse ( organs or faculties does n simil>ly affect po/]ity by inh]itance1 !n x is evid5t t no innate improvem5t 9 ! race c take place )\t ! aid ( natural or artificial selection4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ma9ta9s t ! effects ( use & disuse are inh]it$ 9 k9d1 & 9 8 ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution#a he has support$ 8 cont5tion ) a selection ( facts & reason+s :i* ,i %all h ! tem]ity to exam9e & criticize4 ,d>w9 also held ! same view1 ?\gh n s /rongly4 ,& "h1 to prev5t misund]/&+1 ,i may say t ! admiration & rev]5ce & gratitude due to ,d>w9 ought n to be all[$ to int]f]e 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ! free/ criticism ( 8 conclusions4 ,to p]fect 8 "w by ! correction ( really extrane\s errors is z mu* a sacr$ duty z to /udy & apply ! great tru?s he has taught4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,:i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,april & ,may1 #ahhf4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,examples ,,& ,,argum5ts4 ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,! ,,jaws ,,9 ,,civiliz$ ,,races4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] v]ifi$ ?is by comp>+ ,engli% jaws ) ,au/ralian & ,negro jaws at ! ,college ( ,surgeons4#b ,he ma9ta9s t ! dim9ution ( ! jaw 9 civiliz$ races c only h be5 br\ght ab\t by inh]itance ( ! effects ( less5$ use4 ,b if ,engli% jaws are light] & ?9n] ?an ^? ( ,au/ralians & ,negroes1 s too is ! re/ ( ! skull4 ,z ! dim9ution 9 ! weight & ?ickness ( ! walls ( ! cranium _c well be ascrib$ to disuse1 x mu/ be attribut$ to "s o!r cause2 & ?is cause may h affect$ ! jaw also4 ,cessation ( ! process by :i* natural selection#c fav\r$ /rong ?ick bones dur+ ages ( brutal viol5ce might br+ ab\t a *ange 9 ?is direction4 ,lightness ( /ructure1 facilitat+ agility & be+ economical ( mat]ial1 w\ld also be fav\r$ by natural selection s f> z /r5g? 0 n too s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,sexual selection p[]fully affects ! human face1 & s mu/ affect ! jaws--z is %[n by ! diff]5ces betwe5 male & female jaws1 & by ! relative lightness & smallness ( ! latt]1 especially 9 ! high] races4 ,human pref]5ce1 bo? sexual & social1 w\ld t5d to elim9ate huge jaws & f]oci\s tee? :5 ^! 7 no long] ne$$ z weapons ( w> or organs ( preh5sion1 c4 ,we c h>dly assume t ! l[] half ( ! face is specially exempt f ! influ5ce ( natural & sexual selection2 & ! effects ( ^! und\bt$ factors ( evolution mu/ be fully consid]$ be=e we are entitl$ to call 9 ! aid ( a factor ^: exi/5ce is que/ion$4 ,aft] all[+ = lo/ tee? & ! consequ5t alveol> absorption1 & = a r$uction proportional to t %[n 9 ! re/ ( ! skull1 ! diff]5ce 9 av]age weight 9 fifty ,european & f\rte5 ,au/ralian male jaws at ! ,college ( ,surgeons turn$ out to be less ?an a fif? ( an ounce1 or ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,?is slight r$uction may be mu* m ?an acc\nt$ = by su* causes z disuse 9 ! individual1 human pref]5ce sett+ back ! tee?1 & p>tial transf]5ce ( ! mu* m m>k$ dim9ution se5 9 female jaws4 ,!re is app>5tly no room = accumulat$ inh]it$ effects ( ance/ral disuse4 ,! numb] ( jaws is small1 inde$2 b weigh+ !m is at lea/ m decisive ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m]e inspection4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ,anglo-,saxon male jaws & ,au/ralian & ,tasmanian jaws are mo/ easily expla9$ z effects ( human pref]5ce & natural selection4 ,we c h>dly suppose t disuse w\ld ma9ta9 or develop ! project+ *91 increase its p]p5dicul> height till ! jaw is deepe/ & /ronge/ at its extremity1 evolve a side flange1 & enl>ge ! upp] jaw-bone to =m "p ( a m prom95t nose1 :ile draw+ back ! savagely obtrusive tee? & lips to a m pleas+ & subdu$ position ( retirem5t & ( humaniz$ beauty4 ,if human pref]5ce & natural selection caus$ "s ( ^! diff]5ces1 :y are !y incompet5t to effect *anges 9 ! direction ( a dim9ution ( ! jaw or tee?8 ,& if use & disuse are ! sole modify+ ag5ts 9 ! case ( ! human jaw1 :y %\ld m5 h any m *9 ?an a gorilla or a dog8 ,! excessive weight ( ! ,we/ ,african jaws at ! ,college ( ,surgeons is p>tly aga9/ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s cont5tion1 unless he assumes t ,gu9ea ,negroes use _! jaws f> m ?an ! ,au/ralians1 a supposition :i* seems extremely improbable4 ,! heavi] skull & n>r[] mol> tee? po9t h[ev] to o!r factors ?an increas$ use4 ,! /rik+ v>iability ( ! human jaw is /rongly oppos$ to ! idea ( its be+ "u ! direct & dom9ant control ( s uni=m a cause z ance/ral use & disuse4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] reg>ds a v>iation ( #a oz4 z a l>ge "o1 b ,i f\nd t ! ,engli% jaws 9 ! ,college ( ,surgeons v>i$ f #a4i oz4 to #d4c oz4 7or #e oz4 if lo/ tee? 7 all[$ =72 ,au/ralian jaws v>i$ f #b oz4 to #d4e oz4 7) no lo/ tee? to all[ =72 :ile 9 ,negro jaws ! maximum rose to ov] #e-a_/b oz4#d ,9 spite ( disuse "s ,european jaws 7 twice z heavy z ! lighte/ ,au/ralian jaw1 ei!r absolutely or 79 "s cases7 relatively to ! cranium4 ,! uni=mity ( *ange reli$ ^u by ,mr4 ,sp5c] is sc>cely borne out by ! facts s f> z male jaws are conc]n$4 ,! great r$uction 9 ! weight ( female jaws & skulls evid5tly po9ts to sexual selection & to panmixia "u male protection4 ,i ?9k1 on ! :ole1 we mu/ conclude t ! human jaws d n af=d satisfactory pro( ( ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse1 inasmu* z ! diff]5ces 9 _! weight & %ape & size c be m reasonably & consi/5tly acc\nt$ = z ! result ( less disputable causes4 ,,dim9i%$ ,,bit+ ,,muscles ,,( ,,lap-,,dogs4 ,! next example1 ! r$uc$ bit+ muscles1 c41 ( lap-dogs is also unsatisfactory z a pro( ( ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( disuse2 = ! *ange c readily be acc\nt$ = )\t ! introduction ( su* a factor4 ,! previ\s natural selection ( /rong jaws & tee? & muscles is rev]s$4 ,! consci\s or unconsci\s selection ( lap-dogs ) ! lea/ t5d5cy to bite w\ld easily br+ ab\t a g5]al enfeeblem5t ( ! :ole bit+ app>atus--weakness ( ! p>ts conc]n$ fav\r+ h>mlessness4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s t ! dw9dl+ ( ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 cl5*+ ! jaw is c]ta9ly n due to artificial selection because ! modifications (f] no appreciable ext]nal signs4 ,surely h>d bit+ is suffici5tly appreciable by ! p]son bitt5 )\t any visual admeasurem5t ( ! masset] muscles or ! zygomatic ar*es4 ,disuse dur+ lifetime w\ld also cause "s am\nt ( deg5]acy2 & ,i am n sure t ,mr4 ,sp5c] is "r 9 entirely exclud+ economy ( nutrition f ! problem4 ,bre$]s w\ld n ov]-fe$ ^! dogs2 & ! puppies t grew mo/ rapidly w\ld usually be fav\r$4 ,,cr[d$ ,,tee?4 ,! too closely-pack$ tee? 9 ! decreas+ jaws ( mod]n m5 7p4 #ac7e are also sugge/ive ( o!r causes ?an use & disuse4 ,:y is !re n simultane\s v>iation 9 tee? & jaws1 if disuse is ! gov]n+ factor8 ,are we to suppose t ! size ( ! human tee? is ma9ta9$ by use at ! same "t t ! jaws are be+ dim9i%$ by disuse8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ackn[l$ges t ! cr[d+ ( bull-dogs' & lap-dogs' tee? is caus$ by ! artificial selection ( %ort5$ jaws4 ,if a simil> *ange is really occurr+ 9 man1 c\ld x n be simil>ly expla9$ by "s factor1 su* z sexual selection1 :i* might affect ! outw>d appe>ance at ! co/ ( less obvi\s defects or inconv5i5ces8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts to ! decay ( mod]n tee? z a sign or result ( _! be+ ov]cr[d$ ?r\gh ! dim9ution ( ! jaw by disuse4#f ,b ! tee? :i* are ! mo/ frequ5tly ov]cr[d$ are ! l[] incisors4 ,! upp] incisors are less ov]cr[d$1 be+ commonly press$ outw>ds by ! l[] arc ( tee? fitt+ inside !m 9 bit+4 ,! l[] incisors are correspond+ly press$ inw>ds & clos] toge!r4 ,yet ! upp] incisors decay--or at lea/ are extract$--ab\t tw5ty times z frequ5tly z ! closely pack$ l[] incisors4#g ,surely ?is mu/ indicate t ! cause ( decay is n ov]cr[d+4 ,! lat5ess & irregul>ity ( ! wisdom tee? are sometimes suppos$ to indicate _! gradual disappe>ance ?r\gh want ( room 9 a dim9i%+ jaw4 ,b a note on ,tasmanian skulls 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons 7p4 #aii7 %[s t ?is lat5ess & irregul>ity h be5 common among ,tasmanians z well z among civiliz$ races1 s t ! *ange c h>dly be attribut$ to ! effects ( disuse "u civilization4 ,,bl9d ,,cave-,,crabs4 ,! cave-crabs :i* h lo/ _! disus$ eyes b n ! disus$ eye-/alks appe> to illu/rate ! effects ( natural selection r ?an ( disuse4 ,! loss ( ! expos$1 s5sitive1 & worse-?an-useless eye1 w\ld be a decid$ ga91 :ile ! disus$ eye-/alk1 be+ no p>ticul> detrim5t to ! crab1 w\ld be b slightly affect$ by natural selection1 ?\gh op5 to ! cumulative effects ( disuse4 ,! disus$ b bett] protect$ eyes ( ! bl9d cave-rat are /ill ( l>ge size 7,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #aaj74 ,,no ,,concomitant ,,v>iation ,,f ,,concomitant ,,disuse4 ,x is b fair to add t ^! in/ances ( ! cave-crab's eye-/alk & ! closely-pack$ tee? are put =w>d by ,mr4 ,sp5c] ) ! m imm$iate object ( prov+ t !re is no concomitant v>iation 9 co-op]ative p>ts1 ev5 :5 =m$ out ( ! same tissue1 l ! crab's eye & its p$uncle 7pp4 #ab-ad1 #bc1 #cc74 ,x escapes 8 notice1 h[ev]1 t 9 two out ( 8 ?ree cases x is disuse1 or dim9i%$ use1 :i* fails to cause concomitant v>iation or proportionate v>iation4 ,,! ,,giraffe1 ,,& ,,necessity ,,= ,,concomitant ,,v>iation4 ,hav+ unwitt+ly %[n t less5$ use ( closely-connect$ & co-op]ative p>ts does n cause concomitant v>iation 9 ^! p>ts1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] concludes t ! concomitant v>iation requisite = evolution c only be caus$ by alt]$ degrees ( use or disuse4 ,he elaborately argues t ! _m co-ord9at$ modifications ( p>ts necessitat$ by ea* important alt]ation 9 an animal are s complex t !y _c possibly be br\ght ab\t except by ! inh]it$ effect ( ! use & disuse ( ! v>i\s p>ts conc]n$4 ,he holds1 = in/ance1 t natural selection is inadequate to effect ! num]\s concomitant *anges necessitat$ by su* developm5ts z t ( ! long neck ( ! giraffe4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 on ! contr>y1 holds t natural selection alone w\ld h suffic$ = ! production ( ?is rem>kable quadrup$4#h ,he is surpris$ at ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s view t natural selection c d s little 9 modify+ ! high] animals4 ,?us "o ( ! *ief argum5ts ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] supports 8 !ory is s poorly f\nd$ z to be reject$ by a f> great] au?ority on su* subjects4 ,all t is ne$$ is t natural selection %\ld pres]ve ! talle/ giraffes ?r\gh times ( fam9e by _! be+ able to rea* o!rwise inaccessible /ores ( foliage4 ,! cont9ual v>iability ( all p>ts ( ! high] animals gives scope = innum]able *anges1 & ,nature is n 9 a hurry4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 h[ev]1 says t ! *ances aga9/ any adequate readju/m5ts =tuit\sly aris+ mu/ be inf9ity to "o4 ,b he has also %[n t alt]$ degree ( use does n cause ! ne$$ concomitant v>iation ( co-op]ative p>ts4 ,s ! *ances aga9/ a b5eficial *ange 9 an animal mu/ be1 at a lib]al e/imate1 inf9ity to two4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 if he has prov$ any?+1 has prov$ t x is practically impossible t ! giraffe c h acquir$ a long neck1 or ! elk its huge horns1 or t any species has ev] acquir$ any important modification4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 8 ,d>w9ism1 answ]s ,mr4 ,sp5c] by a collection ( facts %[+ t v>iation is ! rule1 t ! range ( v>iation 9 wild animals & plants is mu* great] ?an 0 suppos$1 & t ea* "p v>ies to a consid]able ext5t indep5d5tly ( o!r p>ts1 s t ! mat]ials con/antly ready = natural selection to act ^u are abundant 9 quantity & v v>i$ 9 k9d4 ,:ile co-op]ative p>ts w\ld (t5 be m or less correlat$1 s t !y w\ld t5d to v>y toge!r1 co9cid5t v>iation is n necess>y4 ,! l5g!n$ w+ might be ga9$ 9 "o g5]ation1 & ! /r5g!n$ muscle at a subsequ5t p]iod2 ! bird 9 ! mean:ile draw+ ^u its surplus en]gy1 aid$ 7z ,i w\ld sugge/7 by ! /r5g!n+ effect ( increas$ use 9 ! individual4 ,see+ t artificial selection ( complicat$ v>iations has modifi$ animals 9 _m po9ts ei!r simultane\sly or by sl[ /eps1 z ) ott]-%eep1 fancy pigeons1 c4 7_m ( ! *>act]s ?us obta9$ be+ cle>ly indep5d5t ( use & disuse71 natural selection mu/ be cr$it$ ) simil> p[]s1 & ,mr4 ,wallace concludes t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s insup]able difficulty is :olly imag9>y4 ,! extract conc]n+ a some:at simil> class ( difficulties1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes f 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 is faulty 9 its reason+1#i ?\gh legitimate 9 its conclusion conc]n+ ! increas+ difficulty ( evolution 9 proportion ) ! increas+ numb] & complexity ( faculties to be evolv$4 ,b ?is increas+ difficulty ( complex evolution is only ov]come by "s fav\rably-v>y+ individuals & species--n by all4 ,& z ! difficulty increases we f9d neglect & decay ( ! less-ne$$ faculties--z ) dome/icat$ animals & civiliz$ m51 :o lose 9 "o direction :ile !y ga9 9 ano!r4 ,! increas+ difficulty ( complex evolution by natural selection is no pro( :atev] ( use-inh]itance#aj except to ^? :o conf\nd difficulty ) impossibility4 ,,alleg$ ,,ru9\s ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] fur!r cont5ds t natural selection1 by unduly develop+ specially advantage\s modifications )\t ! necess>y b complex second>y modifications1 w\ld r5d] ! con/itution ( a v>iety unworkable 7p4 #bc74 ,b ?is seems h>dly feasible1 see+ t natural selection mu/ cont9ually fav\r ! mo/ workable con/itutions1 & w only pres]ve organisms 9 proportion z !y comb9e g5]al workabl5ess ) ! special modification4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself1 use-inh]itance mu/ (t5 di/urb ! balance ( ! con/itution4 ,?us x t5ds to make ! jaws & tee? unworkable ?r\gh ! ov]cr[d+ & decay ( ! tee?--!re be+1 z 8 illu/rations %[1 no simultane\s or concomitant or proportional v>iation 9 relation to alt]$ degree ( use or disuse4 ,,adv]se ,,case ,,( ,,neut] ,,insects4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] also holds t mo/ m5tal ph5om5a1 especially :]e complex or social or moral1 c only be expla9$ z aris+ f use-inh]itance1 :i* becomes m & m important z a factor ( evolution z we advance f ! vegetable _w & ! l[] grades ( animal life to ! m complex activities1 ta/es1 & habits ( ! high] organizations 7preface1 & p4 #gd74 ,b !re happ5s to be a tol]ably cle> pro( t su* *anges z ! evolution ( complicat$ /ructures & habits & social in/9cts c take place indep5d5tly ( use-inh]itance4 ,! wond]ful in/9cts ( ! work+ bees h app>5tly be5 evolv$ 7at lea/ 9 all _! lat] social complications & developm5ts7 )\t ! aid ( use-inh]itance--nay1 9 spite ( its utmo/ opposition4 ,work+ bees1 be+ inf]tile neut]s1 _c z a rule transmit _! own modifications & habits4 ,!y are desc5d$ f c\ntless g5]ations ( que5 bees & drones1 ^: habits h be5 widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! work]s1 & ^: /ructures are dissimil> 9 v>i\s respects4 ,9 _m species ( ants !re are two1 & 9 ! leaf-cutt+ ants ( ,brazil !re are ?ree1 k9ds ( neut]s :i* diff] f ea* o!r & f _! male & female ance/ors to an almo/ incr$ible degree4#aa ,! soldi] ca/e is di/+ui%$ f ! work]s by enorm\sly l>ge heads1 v p[]ful m&ibles1 & extraord9>ily diff]5t in/9cts4 ,9 ! driv] ant ( ,we/ ,africa "o k9d ( neut] is ?ree times ! size ( ! o!r1 & has jaws ne>ly five times z long4 ,9 ano!r case ! work]s ( "o ca/e alone c>ry a wond]ful sort ( %ield on _! heads4 ,"o ( ! ?ree neut] classes 9 ! leaf-cutt+ ants has a s+le eye 9 ! mid/ ( its =ehead4 ,9 c]ta9 ,mexican & ,au/ralian ants "s ( ! neut]s h huge sph]ical abdom5s1 :i* s]ve z liv+ res]voirs ( honey = ! use ( ! community4 ,9 ! equally wond]ful case ( ! t]mites1 or s-call$ :ite ants 7:i* belong1 h[ev]1 to an entirely diff]5t ord] ( insect f ! ants & bees7 ! neut]s are bl9d & w+less1 & are divid$ into soldi]s & work]s1 ea* class possess+ ! requisite in/9cts & /ructures adapt+ x = its tasks4 ,see+ t natural selection c =m & ma9ta9 ! v>i\s /ructures & ! exce$+ly complicat$ in/9cts ( ants & bees & wasps & t]mites 9 direct defiance ( ! alleg$ t5d5cy to use-inh]itance1 surely we may believe t natural selection1 unoppos$ by use-inh]itance1 is equally compet5t = ! "w ( complex or social or m5tal evolution 9 ! _m cases :]e ! /rong presumptive evid5ce _c be r5d]$ almo/ indisputable by ! exceptional exclusion ( ! modifi$ animal f ! "w ( reproduction4 ,ants & bees seem to be capable ( alt]+ _! habits & me?ods ( action mu* z m5 d4 ,bees tak5 to ,au/ralia cease to /ore honey aft] a few ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ! mild w9t]s4 ,:ole communities ( bees sometimes take to !ft1 & live by plund]+ hives1 fir/ kill+ ! que5 to create dismay among ! work]s4 ,slave ants att5d devot$ly to _! captors1 & fight aga9/ _! own species4 ,=el re>$ an artificial ant-colony made up ( five diff]5t & m or less ho/ile species4 ,:y _c a mu* m intellig5t animal modify 8 habits f> m rapidly & compreh5sively )\t ! aid ( a factor :i* is cle>ly unnecess>y 9 ! case ( ! m intellig5t ( ! social insects8 ,,ae/hetic ,,faculties4 ,! mod]n developm5t ( music & h>mony 7p4 #ai7 is und5iable1 b :y c\ld x only h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! help ( ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use8 ,:y are we to suppose t m9or traits su* z ! ae/hetic p]ceptions _c h be5 evolv$ by natural selection 7p4 #bj7 or by sexual selection8 ,d>w9 holds t our musical faculties 7 develop$ by sexual pref]5ce long be=e ! acquisition ( spee*4 ,he believes t ! rhy?ms & cad5ces ( oratory are d]iv$ f previ\sly develop$ musical p[]s--a conclusion exactly opposite to t arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4#ab ,! emotional susceptibility to music1 & ! delicate p]ceptions ne$$ = ! high] bran*es ( art1 7 app>5tly ! "w ( natural & sexual selection 9 ! long pa/4 ,civilization1 ) its leisure & weal? & accumulat$ k1 p]fects human faculties by artificial cultivation1 develops & comb9es means ( enjoym5t1 & discov]s unsuspect$ s\rces ( int]e/ & pleasure4 ,! s5se ( h>mony1 mod]n z x seems to be1 mu/ h be5 a lat5t & indirect consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! s5se ( he>+ & ( melody4 ,use1 at lea/1 c\ld nev] h call$ x into exi/5ce4 ,nature fav\rs & develops enjoym5ts to a c]ta9 ext5t1 = !y subs]ve self-pres]vation & sexual & social pref]5ce 9 innum]able ways4 ,b mod]n ae/hetic advance seems to be almo/ entirely due to ! culture ( lat5t abilities1 ! =mation ( complex associations1 ! selection & enc\ragem5t ( tal5t1 & ! wide diffusion & imitation ( ! accumulat$ products ( ! well-cultivat$ g5ius ( fav\rably v>y+ individuals4 ,! fact t un$ucat$ p]sons d n enjoy ! high] ta/es1 & ! rapidity ) :i* su* ta/es are acquir$ or pr(ess$1 ought to be suffici5t pro( t mod]n culture is br\ght ab\t by f> swift] & m pot5t influ5ces ?an use-inh]itance4 ,nei!r w\ld ?is hypo!tical factor ( evolution mat]ially aid 9 expla9+ ! _m o!r rapid *anges ( habit br\ght ab\t by education1 cu/om1 & ! *ang$ conditions ( civilization g5]ally4 ,p[]ful ta/es--z is inconte/ably %[n 9 ! cases ( alcohol & tobacco--lie lat5t = ages1 & sudd5ly become manife/ :5 suitable conditions arise4 ,e discov]y1 & ea* /ep 9 social & moral evolution1 produces its wide-spread+ tra9 ( consequ5ces4 ,i see no reason :y use-inh]itance ne$ be cr$it$ ) any %>e 9 ! cumulative results ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! /eam-eng9e & gunp[d]1 or ( fre$om & security "u repres5tative gov]nm5t1 or ( sci5ce & art & ! p>tial emancipation ( ! m9d ( man f sup]/ition1 or ( ! innum]able o!r improvem5ts or *anges t take place "u mod]n civilization4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] sugge/s an inquiry :e!r ! great] p[]s possess$ by em95t musicians 7 n ma9ly due to ! inh]it$ effect ( ! musical practice ( _! fa!rs 7p4 #ai74 ,b ^! great musicians inh]it$ f> m ?an _! p>5ts possess$4 ,! excess ( _! p[]s beyond _! p>5ts' mu/ surely be attribut$ to spontane\s v>iation2 & :o %all say t ! re/ 0 9 any way due to use-inh]itance8 ,if1 too1 ! sup]iority ( g5iuses proves use-inh]itance1 :y %\ld n ! inf]iority ( ! sons ( g5iuses prove ! exi/5ce ( a t5d5cy :i* is ! exact opposite ( use-inh]itance8 ,b nobody collects facts conc]n+ ! deg5]ate bran*es ( musical families4 ,only ! fav\rably v>y+ bran*es are notic$1 & a g5]al impression ( rapid evolution ( tal5t is ?us produc$4 ,su* cases might be expla9$1 too1 by ! facts t musical faculty is /rong 9 bo? sexes1 t musical families associate toge!r1 & t ! m gift$ memb]s may int]m>ry4 ,great musicians are (t5 a/oni%+ly precoci\s4 ,mey]be] play$ brilliantly at ! age ( six4 ,moz>t play$ beautifully at f\r4 ,are we to suppose t ! effect ( ! adult practice ( p>5ts 0 inh]it$ at ?is e>ly age8 ,if use-inh]itance 0 n necess>y 9 ! case ( ,h&el1 ^: fa!r 0 a surgeon1 :y is x ne$$ to acc\nt = ,ba*8 ,,lack ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,! direct pro(s ( use-inh]itance are n z pl5tiful z might be desir$1 x appe>s 7pp4 #bd-bh74 ,?is ackn[l$g$ lack ( recogniz$ evid5ce is inde$ ! weake/ feature 9 ! case1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld fa9 attribute ?is lack ( direct pro( to insuffici5t inve/igation & to ! inconspicu\s nature ( ! inh]itance ( ! modification4 ,b !re is an almo/ endless abundance ( conspicu\s examples ( ! effects ( use & disuse 9 ! individual4 ,h[ is x t ! subsequ5t inh]itance ( ^! effects has n be5 m satisfactorily obs]v$ & inve/igat$8 ,horse-bre$]s & o!rs c\ld pr(it by su* a t5d5cy1 & "o _c help suspect+ t ! reason !y ignore x mu/ be its practical inefficacy1 aris+ probably f its weakness1 its obscurity & unc]ta9ty or its non-exi/5ce4 ,,inh]it$ ,,epilepsy ,,9 ,,gu9ea-,,pigs4 ,br[n-,sequ>d's discov]y t an epileptic t5d5cy artificially produc$ by mutilat+ ! n]v\s sy/em ( a gu9ea-pig is occasionally inh]it$ may be a fact ( consid]able weight1 or on ! o!r h& x may be entirely irrelevant4 ,cases ( ?is k9d /rike "o z peculi> exceptions r ?an z examples ( a g5]al rule or law4 ,!y seem to %[ t c]ta9 morbid conditions may occasionally affect bo? ! individual & ! reproductive elem5ts or transmissible type 9 a simil> mann]2 b !n we also "k t su* prompt & complete transmission ( an artificial modification is widely diff]5t f ! usual rule4 ,exceptional cases require exceptional explanations1 & are sc>cely good examples ( ! effect ( a g5]al t5d5cy :i* 9 almo/ all o!r cases is s inconspicu\s 9 its imm$iate effects4 ,fur!r rem>ks on ?is inh]it$ epilepsy c be mo/ conv5i5tly introduc$ lat] on 9 connection ) ,d>w9's explanation ( ! inh]it$ mutilation :i* x usually accompanies1 b :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n m5tion4 ,,inh]it$ ,,insanity ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,disord]s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] inf]s t1 because insanity is usually h]$it>y1 & insanity c be artificially produc$ by v>i\s excesses1 !re=e ?is artificially-produc$ insanity mu/ also be h]$it>y 7p4 #bh74 ,direct evid5ce ( ?is conclusion w\ld be bett] ?an a m]e inf]5ce :i* may beg ! v "q at issue4 ,t ! liability to insanity commonly runs 9 families is no pro( t /rictly non-inh]it$ insanity w subsequ5tly become h]$it>y4 ,i ?9k t !ories %\ld be bas$ on facts r ?an facts on !ories1 especially :5 ^? facts are to be ! basis or pro( ( a fur!r !ory4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] also po9ts out t he f9ds among physicians ! belief t n]v\s disord]s ( a less sev]e k9d are inh]itable--a g5]al belief :i* does n necess>ily include ! transmission ( purely artificially-produc$ disord]s1 & s misses ! po9t :i* is really at issue4 ,he proce$s1 h[ev]1 to /ate m def9itely t m5 :o h pro/rat$ _! n]v\s sy/ems by prolong$ ov]work or 9 "s o!r way1 h *ildr5 m or less prone to n]v\sness4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w1 ,i ?9k1 w>rant at lea/ a susp5sion ( judgm5t conc]n+ ?is p>ticul> =m ( use-inh]itance4 7#a7 ,! n]v\sness is se5 9 ! *ildr5 at an e>ly age1 al?\gh ! n]v\s pro/ration f :i* x is suppos$ to be d]iv$ obvi\sly occurs 9 ! p>5t at a mu* lat] p]iod ( life4 ,?is *ange 9 "t is contr>y to ! rule ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods2 &1 toge!r ) ! unusual promptness & comp>ative complet5ess ( ! inh]itance1 x may indicate a special injury or det]ioration ( ! reproductive elem5ts r ?an true inh]itance4 ,! heal?y bra9 ( e>ly life has fail$ to transmit its robu/ condition4 ,is use-inh]itance1 !n1 only effective = evil8 ,does x only transf] ! newly-acquir$ weakness1 & n ! previ\s long-cont9u$ vig\r8 7#b7 ,memb]s ( n]v\s families w\ld be liable to suff] f n]v\s pro/ration1 & by ! ord9>y law ( h]$ity alone w\ld transmit n]v\sness to _! *ildr54 7#c7 ,! %att]$ n]ves or insanity result+ f alcoholic & o!r excesses1 or f ov]work or tr\ble1 are evid5tly signs ( a grave con/itutional injury :i* may react ^u ! reproductive elem5ts n\ri%$ & develop$ 9 t ru9$ con/itution4 ,! det]ioration 9 p>5t & *ild may (t5 display itself 9 ! same organs--^? probably :i* are h]$it>ily weake/4 ,acquir$ diseases or disord]s ?us appe> to be transmitt$1 :5 all t 0 convey$ to ! (fspr+ 0 ! excit+ cause ( a l[]$ vitality or disord]$ action1 toge!r ) ! ance/ral liability to su* diseases "u su* conditions4 7#d7 ,francis ,galton says t x is h>d to f9d evid5ce ( ! p[] ( ! p]sonal /ructure to react ^u ! sexual elem5ts1 t is n op5 to s]i\s objection4 ,"s ( ! cases ( app>5t inh]itance he reg>ds z co9cid5ce ( effect4 ,?us ! fact t a drunk>d w (t5 h imbecile *ildr51 al?\gh 8 (fspr+ previ\s to 8 tak+ to dr9k 7 heal?y1 is an in/ance ( simultane\s action1 & n ( true inh]itance4 ,! alcohol p]vades 8 tissues1 &1 ( c\rse1 affects ! g]m9al matt] 9 ! sexual elem5ts z mu* z x does t 9 8 own /ructural cells1 :i* h l$ to an alt]ation 9 ! quality ( 8 own n]ves4 ,exactly ! same mu/ occur 9 ! case ( _m con/itutional diseases t h be5 acquir$ by long-cont9u$ irregul> habits4#ac ,,individual ,,& ,,transmissible ,,type ,,n ,,modifi$ ,,alike ,,by ,,! ,,direct ,,effect ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,habits ,,or ,,conditions4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds x h>d to believe t ! modifications convey$ to (fspr+ are n id5tical 9 t5d5cy ) ! *anges effect$ 9 ! p>5t by alt]$ use or habit 7pp4 #bc-be1 #cd74 ,b x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ! two sets ( effects d n necess>ily correspond4 ,! effect ( *ang$ habits or conditions on ! individual is (t5 v f> f co9cid+ ) ! effects on ! reproductive elem5ts or ! transmissible type4 ,! reproductive sy/em is extremely s5sitive to v slight *anges1 & is (t5 p[]fully affect$ by circum/ances :i* o!rwise h little effect on ! individual 7,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #g74 ,v>i\s animals & plants become /]ile :5 dome/icat$ or suppli$ ) too mu* n\ri%m5t4 ,! native ,tasmanians h already become ext9ct f /]ility caus$ by greatly *ang$ diet & habits4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] tea*es1 cont9u$ culture & bra9-"w w 9 "t produce less5$ f]tility or comp>ative /]ility1 we may yet h to be c>eful t intellectual developm5t does n become a species ( suicide1 & t ! culture ( ! race does n mean its ext9ction--or at lea/ ! ext9ction ( ^? mo/ susceptible ( culture4 ,! reproductive elem5ts are also di/urb$ & modifi$ 9 innum]able m9or ways4 ,*ang$ conditions or habits t5d to produce a g5]al pla/icity ( type1 ! indef9ite v>iability ?us caus$ be+ app>5tly irrelevant to ! *ange1 if any1 9 ! individual4#ad ,a va/ numb] ( v>iations ( /ructure h c]ta9ly aris5 indep5d5tly ( simil> p>5tal modification z ! prelim9>y4 ,:atev] fir/ caus$ ^! spontane\s cong5ital v>iations affect$ ! reproductive elem5ts q diff]5tly f ! individual4 ,:5 a new peculi>ity fir/ appe>s we c nev] pr$ict :e!r x w be inh]it$4 ,_m v>ieties ( plants only keep true f %oots1 & n f se$1 :i* is by no means act$ on 9 ! same way z ! individual plant4 ,see+ t su* plants h two reproductive types1 bo? con/ant1 x is evid5t t ^! _c bo? be modifi$ 9 ! same way z ! p>5t is modifi$4 ,_m p>5tal modifications ( /ructure & habit are c]ta9ly n convey$ to neut] ants & bees2 o!r modifications1 :i* are n se5 9 ! p>5ts1 be+ convey$ in/ead4 ,_m o!r circum/ances t5d to %[ t ! individual & ! transmissible type are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r s f> z modifications ( p>ts are conc]n$4 ,x may seem natural to expect ! transmission ( an enl>g$ muscle or a cultivat$ bra91 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :y %\ld x be unreasonable to expect t a modification :i* 0 non-cong5ital 9 orig9 %\ld /ill rema9 non-cong5ital8 ,:y %\ld ! non-transmission ( t :i* 0 n transmitt$ be surpris+8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?9ks t ! non-transmission ( acquir$ modifications is incongru\s ) ! great fact ( atavism4 ,b ! great law ( ! inh]itance ( t :i* is a developm5t ( ! transmissible type does n necess>ily imply ! inh]itance ( modifications acquir$ by ! individual4 ,because ,engli% *ildr5 may inh]it blue eyes & flax5 hair f _! ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors1 x by no means foll[s t an ,engli%man mu/ inh]it 8 fa!r's sunburnt complexion or smoo?-%av5 face4 ,( c\rse atavism ultimately adopts _m in/ances ( revolt aga9/ its sway4 ,b to assume t ^! *anges ( type foll[ ! p]sonal *ange r ?an cause x1 is to assume ! :ole "q at issue4 ,t l begets l is true z a broad pr9ciple1 b x has _m exceptions1 & ! non-h]$ity ( acquir$ *>act]s may be "o ( !m4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,sec4 #aff1 footnote4 ,! ,engli% jaws are some:at light] ?an ! ,au/ralian jaws1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n und]take to affirm t !y are really %ort] & small]4 ,9 ! typical skulls depict$ on p4 #fh ( ! (ficial guide to ! mammalian gall]ies at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! typical ,caucasian jaw is v mu* l>g] ?an ! ,tasmanian jaw1 al?\gh ! repulsively obtrusive tee? ( ! latt] convey ! contr>y idea to ! imag9ation4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s assumption t ! anci5t ,britons _h l>ge jaws appe>s to me errone\s4 7,see ,pr(essor ,rolle/on's ,sci5tific ,pap]s & ,addresses1 i4 p4 #bej47 #c ,romanes1 ,galton1 & ,weismann h made great use ( ?is pr9ciple 9 expla9+ ! dim9ution ( disus$ organs4 ,weismann has giv5 x ! "n ( ,panmixia1--all individuals be+ equally free to survive & comm+le _! v>iations1 & n m]ely select$ or fav\r$ individuals4 ,see 8 ,essays on ,h]$ity1 c41 p4 #ij 7,cl>5don ,press74 #d ,inclusive 9 ea* case ( fix$ /r5g!n+ wire weigh+ ab\t a sixte5? ( an ounce or less4 #e ,ref]5ces ( c\rse are to ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution4 #f ,p4 #ac2 & ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y1 #ahhh1 p4 #baa4 #g ,tomes's ,d5tal ,surg]y1 pp4 #bgc-bge4 ,tomes obs]ves t x is z yet unc]ta9 9 :at way civilization pr$isposes to c>ies4 ,b he %[s t c>ies is caus$ by ! lime salts 9 ! tee? be+ attack$ by acids f decompos+ food 9 crevices1 f artificial dr9k su* z cyd]1 f sug>1 f m$ic9e1 & f vitiat$ secretions ( ! m\?4 ,x is evid5t t 9 civiliz$ races natural selection _c s rigor\sly insi/ on s\nd tee?1 s\nd con/itutions1 & protective alkal9e saliva4 ,! reaction ( ! civiliz$ m\? is (t5 acid1 especially :5 ! sy/em is disord]$ by dyspepsia or o!r diseases or =ms ( ill-heal? common "u civilization4 ,! ma9 supply ( saliva1 :i* is p\r$ f ! *eeks opposite ! upp] mol>s1 is (t5 acid :5 9 small quantities4 ,b ! submaxill>y & sub-l+ual saliva p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! l[] incisors & held 9 ! front "p ( ! jaw z 9 a spoon1 diff]s f p>otid saliva 9 be+ m alkal9e 7,fo/]'s ,text ,book ( ,physiology1 p4 #bch2 ,tomes1 pp4 #bhd1 #fhe74 ,"o obs]v] says t ! reaction ne> ! l[] incisors is nev] acid4 ,h5ce 7,i conclude7 ! rem>kable immunity ( ! l[] incisors & can9es f decay1 an immunity :i* ext5ds backw>ds 9 a less5+ degree to ! fir/ & second bicuspids4 ,! close pack+ ( ! l[] incisors may assi/ by prev5t+ ! ret5tion ( decay+ fragm5ts ( food4 ,sexual selection may promote c>ies by fav\r+ :ite tee?1 :i* are m prone to decay ?an yell[ ones4 ,acid vitiation ( ! mucus might acc\nt bo? = c>ies & 7possibly7 = ! /range inf]tility ( "s inf]ior races "u civilization4 #h ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #aih-i2 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbh footnote1 also p4 #bjf4 #i ,mr4 ,sp5c] weakly argues t an advantage\s attribute 7su* z swiftness1 ke5 sight1 c\rage1 sagacity1 /r5g?1 c47 _c be increas$ by natural selection unless x is ( great] importance1 = ! "t be+1 ?an mo/ ( ! o!r attributes2 & t natural selection _c develop any "o sup]iority :5 animals are equally pres]v$ by o!r sup]iorities4 ,b z natural selection w simultane\sly elim9ate t5d5cies to sl[ness1 bl9dness1 deafness1 /upidity1 c41 x mu/ fav\r & improve _m po9ts simultane\sly1 al?\gh no "o ( !m may be ( great] importance ?an ! re/4 ,( c\rse ! m complicat$ ! evolution ! sl[] x w be2 b "t is pl5tiful1 & ! am\nt ( elim9ation is correspond+ly va/4 #aj ,i v5ture to co9 ?is concise t]m to signify ! direct inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse 9 k9d4 ,hav+ a "n = a ?+ is highly conv5i5t2 x facilitates cle>ness & accuracy 9 reason+1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> inquiry x may save "s confusion ( ?\ght f d\ble or incomplete mean+s 9 ! %ort5$ phrases :i* w\ld o!rwise h to be employ$ to indicate ?is great b nameless factor ( evolution4 #aa ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #bcj-bcb2 ,bates's ,naturali/ on ! ,amazons4 ,d>w9 is surpris$ t no "o has hi!rto advanc$ ! demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 z advanc$ by ,lam>ck4 ,z he ju/ly obs]ves1 x proves t ) animals1 z ) plants1 any am\nt ( modification may be effect$ by ! accumulation ( num]\s1 slight1 spontane\s v>iations1 :i* are 9 any way pr(itable1 )\t ex]cise or habit hav+ be5 br\ght into play4 ,= peculi> habits conf9$ to ! work]s or /]ile females1 h[ev] long !y might be foll[$1 c\ld n possibly affect ! males & f]tile females1 :i* alone leave any desc5dants4 ,"s slight modification ( ^! rem>ks1 h[ev]1 may possibly be ne$$ to meet ! case ( factiti\s que5s1 :o 7probably ?r\gh eat+ p>ticles ( ! royal food7 become capable ( produc+ a few male eggs4 #ab ,desc5t ( ,man1 pp4 #egc1 #egb1 & footnote4 #ac ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahge1 p4 #ib4 #ad ,see ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #e-h4 ,*ang$ conditions induce an almo/ indef9ite am\nt ( fluctuat+ v>iability1 by :i* ! :ole organization is r5d]$ 9 "s degree pla/ic 7,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cj74 ,x also appe>s t ! nature ( ! conditions is ( subord9ate importance 9 comp>ison ) ! nature ( ! organism 9 det]m9+ ea* p>ticul> =m ( v>iation2--p]haps ( n m importance ?an ! nature ( ! sp>k1 by :i* a mass ( combu/ible matt] is ignit$1 has 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! flames 7,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #h74 ,,d>w9',s ,,examples4 ,! mo/ =midable cases br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,sp5c] are f ,d>w94 ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 h[ev]1 t ,d>w9 0 probably wrong 9 reta9+ ! old] explanation ( ^! facts1 & t ! rema9s ( ! ,lam>ckian !ory ( use-inh]itance ne$ n any long] encumb] ! great explanation :i* has sup]s$$ t fallaci\s & unprov5 !ory & has r5d]$ x totally unnecess>y4 ,mean:ile ,i ?9k x is an excell5t sign t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has to compla9 t ,n[adays mo/ naturali/s are m ,d>w9ian ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself--inasmu* z !y are incl9$ to say t !re is no pro( t ! effects ( use & disuse are inh]it$4 ,o!r excell5t signs are ! rec5t issue ( a translation ( ,weismann's important essays on ?is & k9dr$ subjects1#ae ! /rong support giv5 to 8 views by ,wallace 9 8 ,d>w9ism1 & _! adoption by ,ray ,lanke/] 9 8 article on ,zoology 9 ! late/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,s s\nd & cauti\s an inve/igator z ,francis ,galton _h also 9 #ahge conclud$ t acquir$ modifications are b>ely1 if at all1 inh]it$1 9 ! correct s5se ( t ^w4 ,d>w9's belief 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s 0 m or less h]$it>y 9 ! family4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 anticipat$ ,lam>ck's views 9 8 ,zoonomia1 :i* ,d>w9 at "o "t greatly admir$4 ,8 fa!r 0 conv9c$ ( ! inh]it$ evil effects ( alcohol1 & to ?is ext5t at lea/ he /rongly impress$ ! belief 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s ^u 8 *ildr5's m9ds4#af ,d>w9 mu/ also h be5 imbu$ ) ,lam>ckian ideas f o!r s\rces1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,grant's en?usia/ic advocacy entirely fail$ to conv]t him to a belief 9 evolution4#ag ,nev]!less1 he says1 x is probable t ! he>+ r e>ly 9 life su* views ma9ta9$ & prais$ may h fav\r$ my uphold+ !m "u a diff]5t =m 9 my ,orig9 ( ,species--a rem>k :i* ref]s to ,lam>ck's views on ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution1 b might also prove equally true if appli$ to ,d>w9's p>tial ret5tion ( ! ,lam>ckian explanation ( t evolution4 ,pr(essor ,huxley has po9t$ out t 9 ,d>w9's e>li] sket* ( 8 !ory ( evolution 7#ahdd7 he atta*$ m weight to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits ?an he does 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species publi%$ fifte5 ye>s lat]4#ah ,he appe>s to h acquir$ ! belief 9 e>ly life )\t fir/ que/ion+ & rigor\sly te/+ x z he w\ld h done _h x orig9at$ ) himself4 ,9 lat] life x appe>$ to assi/ 8 !ory ( evolution 9 m9or po9ts1 & 9 p>ticul> x appe>$ absolutely indisp5sable to him z ! only explanation ( ! dim9ution ( disus$ p>ts 9 cases :]e1 z 9 dome/ic animals1 economy ( gr[? seem$ to be practically p[]less4 ,he fail$ to adequately notice ! effect ( panmixia1 or ! )drawal ( selection1 9 caus+ or all[+ deg5]acy & dw9dl+ "u disuse2 & he h>dly atta*$ suffici5t importance to ! fact t rudim5t>y organs & o!r suppos$ effects ( use or disuse are q z m>k$ features 9 neut] insects :i* _c transmit ! effects ( use & disuse z !y are 9 ! high] animals4 ,,r$uc$ ,,w+s ,,( ,,birds ,,( ,,oceanic ,,isl&s4 ,d>w9 himself has po9t$ out t ! rudim5t>y w+s ( isl& beetles1 at fir/ ?\ght to be due to disuse1 are ma9ly br\ght ab\t by natural selection--! be/-w+$ beetles be+ mo/ liable to be bl[n out to sea4 ,b he says t 9 birds ( ! oceanic isl&s n p]secut$ by any enemies1 ! r$uction ( _! w+s has probably be5 caus$ by disuse4 ,?is explanation may be z fallaci\s z x is ackn[l$g$ to h be5 9 ! case ( ! isl& beetles4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9's own views1 natural selection mu/ at lea/ h play$ an important "p 9 r$uc+ ! w+s2 = he holds t natural selection is cont9ually try+ to economize e "p ( ! organization4 ,he says3 ,if "u *ang$ conditions ( life a /ructure1 be=e useful1 becomes less useful1 its dim9ution w be fav\r$1 = x w pr(it ! individual n to h its nutrim5t wa/$ 9 build+ up an useless /ructure4444 ,?us1 z ,i believe1 natural selection w t5d 9 ! long run to r$uce any "p ( ! organization1 z soon z x becomes1 ?r\gh *ang$ habits1 sup]flu\s4#ai ,if1 z ,d>w9 p[]fully urges 7& he "h ignores 8 usual explanation71 o/ri*es' w+s are insuffici5t = flight 9 consequ5ce ( ! economy en=c$ by natural selection1#bj :y may n ! r$uc$ w+s ( ! dodo1 or ! p5gu91 or ! apt]yx1 or ( ! ,cursores g5]ally1 be :olly attribut$ to natural selection 9 fav\r ( economy ( mat]ial & adaptation ( p>ts to *ang$ conditions8 ,! great pr9ciple ( economy is cont9ually at "w %ap+ organisms1 z sculptors %ape /atues1 by remov+ ! sup]flu\s p>ts2 & a m]e glance at ! =ms ( animals 9 g5]al w %[ t x is well-nigh z dom9ant & univ]sal a pr9ciple z is t ( ! positive developm5t ( useful p>ts4 ,o!r causes1 moreov] besides actual economy1 w\ld fav\r %ort] & m conv5i5t w+s on oceanic isl&s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 birds t 7 some:at weak on ! w+ w\ld be mo/ likely to settle on an isl& & /ay !re4 ,%ort5$ w+s w\ld !n become advantage\s because !y w\ld re/ra9 fatal migratory t5d5cies or useless & p]il\s flights 9 :i* ! birds t flew fur!/ w\ld be mo/ (t5 c>ri$ away by /orms & adv]se w9ds4 ,r$uc$ w+s w\ld keep ! birds ne> ! %elt] & ! food af=d$ by ! isl& & its neighb\rhood1 & 9 "s cases w\ld become adapt$ to act z f9s or flapp]s = swimm+ "u wat] 9 pursuit ( fi%4 ,! r$uc$ size ( ! w+s ( ^! isl& birds is p>allel$ by ! rem>kable ?9ness1 c41 ( ! %ell ( ! gigantic l&-tortoise ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,! *anges se5 9 ! c>apace c h>dly h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! inh]it$ effects ( special disuse4 ,:y !n %\ld n ! r$uction ( equally useless1 m wa/eful1 & p]haps positively dang]\s w+s be also due to an economy :i* has become advantage\s to bird & reptile alike ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! mammalian rivals ^: places !y are evid5tly be+ modifi$ to fill8 ,! complete loss ( ! w+s 9 neut] ants & t]mites c sc>cely be due to ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse2 & z natural selection has aboli%$ ^! w+s 9 spite ( ! opposition ( use-inh]itance1 x mu/ cle>ly be fully compet5t to r$uce w+s )\t its aid4 ,9 consid]+ ! rudim5t>y w+s ( ! apt]yx1 or ( ! moa1 emu1 o/ri*1 c41 we mu/ n =get ! frequ5t or occasional occurr5ce ( h>d seasons1 & times ( dr\ght & fam9e1 :5 ,nature elim9ates r$undant1 wa/eful1 & ill-adapt$ organisms 9 s sev]e & :olesale a fa%ion4 ,:]e enemies are abs5t !re w\ld be unre/ra9$ multiplication1 & ?is w\ld greatly increase ! sev]ity ( ! competition = food1 & s ha/5 ! elim9ation ( disus$ & useless p>ts4 ,,droop+ ,,e>s ,,& ,,det]iorat$ ,,in/9cts4 ,mr4 ,galton has po9t$ out t exi/+ races & exi/+ organs are only kept at _! pres5t high pit* ( organic excell5ce by ! /r+5t & incessant action ( natural or artificial selection2 & ! simple relaxation or )drawal ( su* selective influ5ces w almo/ necess>ily result 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( det]ioration1 indep5d5tly ev5 ( ! pr9ciple ( economy4#ba ,i ?9k t ?is cessation ( a previ\s selective process w acc\nt = ! droop+--b n dim9i%$--e>s ( v>i\s dome/icat$ animals 7human pref]5ce & increas$ weight evid5tly aid+71 & also = ! inf]ior in/9cts se5 9 !m & 9 artificially-f$ cat]pill>s ( ! silk-mo?1 :i* n[ (t5 commit ! /range mi/ake ( dev\r+ ! base ( ! leaf on :i* !y are fe$+1 & consequ5tly fall d[n4 ,anyh[1 ,i fail to see t any?+ is prov$ by ?is latt] case1 except t natural in/9ct may be p]v]t$ or abort$ "u unnatural conditions & a *ang$ me?od ( selection :i* aboli%es ! p[]ful corrective =m]ly suppli$ by natural selection4 ,,w+s ,,& ,,legs ,,( ,,ducks ,,& ,,f[ls4 ,! r$uc$ w+s & enl>g$ legs ( dome/icat$ ducks & f[ls are attribut$ by ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] to ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse4 ,b ! inf]5ce by no means foll[s4 ,natural selection w\ld usually fav\r ^! adaptive *anges1 & !y w\ld also h be5 aid$ by an artificial selection :i* is (t5 unconsci\s or indirect4 ,birds ) dim9i%$ p[] ( flight w\ld be less difficult to keep & manage1 & 9 pres]v+ & multiply+ su* birds man w\ld be unconsci\sly br++ ab\t /ructural *anges :i* w\ld easily be reg>d$ z effects ( use & disuse4 ,ab\t eighte5 c5turies ago ,columella & ,v>ro speak ( ! necessity ( keep+ ducks 9 nett$ enclosures l o!r wild f[l1 s t at ?is p]iod !re 0 dang] ( _! fly+ away4#bb ,is x n probable t ! be/ fli]s w\ld escape mo/ frequ5tly1 or w\ld p9e mo/ if kept conf9$8 ,on ! o!r h&1 birds ) less5$ p[]s ( flight w\ld n be elim9at$ z "u natural conditions1 b w\ld be fav\r$2 & natural selection1 toge!r ) artificial selection ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ birds1 w\ld ?ick5 & /r5g!n ! legs to meet increas$ dem&s ^u !m4 ,! dim9ution ( ! duck's w+ is n great ev5 9 ! birds t nev] fly1 & f ?is we mu/ d$uct ! direct effect ( disuse on ! individual dur+ its lifetime4 ,z ,weismann sugge/s1 ! inh]it$ portion ( ! *ange c\ld only be asc]ta9$ by comp>+ ! bones1 c41 ( wild & tame ducks simil>ly re>$4 ,if individual disuse dim9i%$ ! weight ( ! duck's w+-bones by #i p] c5t4 !re w\ld be no?+ left to acc\nt =4 ,i suspect t inve/igation w\ld reveal anomalies inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( use-inh]itance4 ,?us accord+ to ,d>w9's tables ( comp>ative weights & measurem5ts#bc ! leg-bones ( ! ,p5gu9 duck h slightly dim9i%$ 9 l5g?1 al?\gh !y h increas$ #ci p] c5t4 9 weight4 ,relatively to ! weight ( ! skeleton1 ! leg-bones h %ort5$ 9 ! tame bre$s ( ducks by ov] #e p] c5t4 7& 9 two bre$s by ov] #h p] c5t47 al?\gh !y h increas$ m ?an #bh p] c5t4 9 proportional weight4#bd ,h[ c increas$ use simultane\sly %ort5 & ?ick5 ^! bones8 ,if ! relative %ort5+ is attribut$ to a heavi] skeleton1 !n ! app>5tly r$uc$ weight ( ! w+-bones is fully acc\nt$ = by ! same circum/ance1 & disuse has _h no inh]it$ effect4 ,ano!r /range circum/ance is t ! w+-bones h dim9i%$ 9 l5g? only4 ,! %ort5+ is ab\t #f p] c5t4 m ?an 9 ! %ort5$ legs1 & x am\nts to #aa p] c5t4 z comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! skeleton4 ,su* a %ort5+ %\ld repres5t a r$uction ( #bi p] c5t4 9 weight1 :]eas ! actual r$uction 9 ! weight ( ! w+-bones relatively to ! weight ( ! skeleton is only #i p] c5t4 ev5 9 ! bre$s t nev] fly4 ,indep5d5tly ( %ort5+1 ! disus$ w+-bones h actually ?ick5$ or increas$ 9 weight4 ,9 ! ,aylesbury duck ! disproportion caus$ by ^! conflict+ *anges is s great t ! w+-bones are #dg p] c5t4 heavi] ?an !y %\ld be if _! weight _h v>i$ proportionally ) _! l5g?4#be ,! r$uction 9 weight on :i* ,d>w9 relies seems to be entirely due to ! %ort5+1 & ?is %ort5+ appe>s to be irrelevant to disuse1 s9ce ! w+s ( ! ,call duck are simil>ly %ort5$ 9 _! proportions by #ab p] c5t41 al?\gh ?is bird habitually flies to su* an ext5t t ,d>w9 p>tly attributes ! greatly increas$ weight ( its w+-bones to increas$ use "u dome/ication4 ,we f9d t all ! *anges are 9 ! direction ( %ort] & ?ick] bones--a t5d5cy :i* mu/ be l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! susp5sion ( ! rigor\s elim9ation :i* keeps ! bones ( ! wild duck long & light4 ,! us$ leg-bones & ! disus$ w+-bones h alike be5 %ort5$ & ?ick5$1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,natural or artificial selection might easily ?ick5 legs )\t l5g!n+ !m1 or %ort5 w+s )\t elim9at+ /rong heavy bones1 b x c h>dly be cont5d$ t use-inh]itance has act$ 9 su* conflict+ ways4 ,! ?ick5+ ( ! w+-bones has actually m ?an kept pace ) any increase ( weight 9 ! skeleton1 9 spite ( ! effect ( individual disuse & ( ! alleg$ cumulative effect ( ance/ral disuse = hundr$s ( g5]ations4 ,! case ( ! duck des]ves special att5tion z a crucial "o1 if only f ! fact t 9 ?is in/ance1 & 9 ?is in/ance only1 has ,d>w9 giv5 ! weights ( ! skeletons1 ?us furni%+ ! means = a clos] exam9ation ( 8 details ?an is usually possible4 ,if we ignore su* factors z selection1 panmixia1 correlation1 & ! effects ( use & disuse dur+ lifetime1 & /ill reg>d ! case ( ! dome/ic duck z a valid pro( ( ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse1 we mu/ also accept x z an equally valid pro( t ! effects ( use & disuse are n inh]it$4 ,nay1 we may ev5 h to admit t1 9 two po9ts out ( f\r1 ! inh]it$ effect ( use & disuse on successive g5]ations is exactly opposite to ! imm$iate effect on ! individual4 ,among f[ls ! w+-bones h lo/ mu* 9 weight b little or no?+ 9 l5g?--:i* is ! rev]se ( :at has occurr$ 9 ducks1 al?\gh disuse is alleg$ to be ! common cause 9 bo? cases4 ,"s ( ! f[ls :i* fly lea/ h _! w+-bones z long z ev]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,silk & ,frizzl$ f[ls--anci5t bre$s :i* _c fly at all--& 9 t ( ! ,co*9s1 :i* c h>dly fly up to a l[ p]*1 ,d>w9 obs]ves h[ truly ! proportions ( an organ may be inh]it$ al?\gh n fully ex]cis$ dur+ _m g5]ations4#bf ,9 f\r out ( twelve bre$s ! w+-bones _h become slightly heavi] relatively to ! leg-bones4 ,d n ^! facts t5d to %[ t ! *anges 9 f[ls' w+s are due to fluctuat+ v>iability & selective influ5ces r ?an to a g5]al law :]eby ! effects ( disuse are cumulatively inh]it$8 ,,pigeons' ,,w+s4 ,conc]n+ pigeons' w+s ,d>w9 says3 ,z fancy pigeons are g5]ally conf9$ 9 avi>ies ( mod]ate size1 & z ev5 :5 n conf9$ !y d n se>* = _! own food1 !y mu/ dur+ _m g5]ations h us$ _! w+s incomp>ably less ?an ! wild rock-pigeon 444 b :5 we turn to ! w+s we f9d :at at fir/ appe>s a :olly diff]5t & unexpect$ result4#bg ,?is unexpect$ increase 9 ! spread ( ! w+s f tip to tip is due to ! fea!rs1 :i* h l5g!n$ 9 spite ( disuse4 ,exclud+ ! fea!rs1 ! w+s 7 %ort] 9 sev5te5 in/ances1 & long] 9 eight4 ,b z artificial selection has l5g!n$ ! w+s 9 "s in/ances1 :y may x n h %ort5$ !m 9 o!rs8 ,w+s ) %ort5$ bones w\ld fold up m neatly ?an ! long w+s ( ! ,c>ri] pigeon = in/ance1 & s might unconsci\sly be fav\r$ by fanci]s4 ,! selection ( elegant birds ) long] necks or bodies w\ld cause a relative r$uction 9 ! w+s--z ) ! ,p\t]1 :]e ! w+s h be5 greatly l5g!n$ b n s mu* z ! body4#bh ,sl5d] bodies1 too1 & ! less5$ div]g5ce ( ! furculum1#bi w\ld slightly dim9i% ! spread ( ! w+s1 & s w\ld affect ! measurem5ts tak54 ,z ! w+-bones1 moreov]1 are to "s ext5t correlat$ ) ! beak & ! feet1 ! artificial selection ( %ort5$ beaks might t5d to %ort5 ! w+ z well z ! feet4 ,"u ^! circum/ances h[ c we be sure ( ! actual efficacy ( use-inh]itance8 ,surely selection is z fully compet5t to effect slight *anges 9 ! direction ( use-inh]itance z x und\bt$ly is to effect great *anges 9 direct opposition to t alleg$ factor ( evolution4 ,,%ort5$ ,,brea/-,,bone ,,9 ,,pigeons4 ,! %ort5+ ( ! /]num 9 pigeons is attribut$ to disuse ( ! flight muscles atta*$ to x4 ,! bone is only %ort5$ by a ?ird ( an in*1 b ?is repres5ts a v rem>kable r$uction 9 proportional l5g?1 :i* ,d>w9 e/imates at f "o-sev5? to "o-eigh?1 or ov] #ac p] c5t4 ,?is m>k$ r$uction1 too1 q unlike ! slight r$uction ( ! w+-bones to :i* ! o!r ends ( ! muscles are atta*$1 0 univ]sal 9 ! elev5 specim5s measur$ by ,d>w92 & ! bone1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ to h be5 modifi$ by artificial selection 9 "s bre$s1 is n s op5 to obs]vation z w+s or legs4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 if ?is relative %ort5+ ( ! /]num rema9$ o!rwise inexplicable1 x might /ill be z irrelevant to use & disuse z is ! fact t _m bre$s ( fancy pigeons h lo/ a rib1 hav+ only sev5 :]e ! ance/ral rock-pigeon has eight4#cj ,b ! excessive r$uction 9 ! /]num is f> f be+ inexplicable4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,d>w9 has some:at ov]-e/imat$ x4 ,in/ead ( comp>+ ! defici5cy ( l5g? ) ! increas$ l5g? :i* %\ld h be5 acquir$ 7s9ce ! pigeons h increas$ 9 av]age size7 he comp>es x ) ! l5g? ( ! brea/-bone 9 ! rock-pigeon4#ca ,by ?is me?od if a pigeon _h d\bl$ 9 dim5sions :ile its brea/-bone rema9$ unalt]$1 ! r$uction w\ld be put d[n z #ajj p] c5t41 :]eas obvi\sly ! true r$uction w\ld be "o-half1 or #ej p] c5t4 ( :at ! bone %\ld be4 ,avoid+ ?is error & a m9or fallacy besides1 a s\nd e/imate r$uces ! suppos$ r$uction ( #ac or #ad p] c5t4 to "o ( #aa4g p] c5t41 :i* is /ill ( c\rse a consid]able dim9ution4 ,"p ( ?is r$uction mu/ be due to ! direct effect ( disuse dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual4 ,ano!r & p]haps v consid]able "p ( ! relative *ange mu/ be attribut$ to ! l5g!n+ ( ! neck or body by artificial selection1 or to o!r modifications ( %ape & proportion effect$ directly or indirectly by ! same cause4#cb ,! r$uction is greate/ 9 ! ,p\t] 7#ah-a_/b p] c5t47 & 9 ! ,pi$ ,sc&]oon 7#ag-a_/b p] c5t474 ,9 ! =m] ! body has be5 greatly elongat$ by artificial selection & ?ree or f\r additional v]tebrae h be5 acquir$ 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! body4#cc ,9 ! latt] a long neck increases ! l5g? ( ! bird1 & s causes1 or helps to cause1 ! relative %ort5+ ( ! brea/-bone4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,c>ri]--:i* exp]i5ces ! effects ( disuse1 z x is too valuable to be fl[n--! relative r$uction ( #aa p] c5t4 is app>5tly m ?an acc\nt$ = by ! elongat$ neck4 ,! ,dragon also has a long neck4 ,9 ! ,p\t]1 al?\gh ! brea/-bone has be5 %ort5$ by #ah-a_/b p] c5t4 relatively to ! l5g? ( ! body1 x has l5g!n$ by #bj p] c5t4 relatively to ! bulk ( ! body4#cd ,d>w9 =got to ask :e!r all[ance mu/ n be made = a frequ5t1 or p]haps g5]al1 elongation ( ! neck & ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 & ! relative %ort5+ or ! ?r[+ =w>d ( ! c5tral portion conta9+ ! ribs 7frequ5tly "o less 9 numb]7 & ! /]num4 ,! :ole body ( ! pigeon is s mu* "u ! control ( artificial selection1 t e precaution mu/ be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ su* possible s\rces ( error4#ce ,"u dome/ication !re w\ld be a susp5sion ( ! previ\s elim9ation ( r$uc$ brea/-bones by natural selection 7,weismann's panmixia71 & a dim9ution ( ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 fly+ might ev5 be fav\r$1 z less5$ p[]s ( cont9u\s flight w\ld prev5t pigeons f /ray+ too f>1 & w\ld fit !m = dome/ication or conf9em5t4 ,su* causes might r$uce "s ( ! less obs]v$ p>ts affect$ by fly+1 :ile /ill leav+ ! w+ ( full size = occasional flight1 or to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! pigeon-fanci]s4 ,a *ange might ?us be comm5c$ l t se5 9 ! rudim5t>y keel ( ! /]num 9 ! owl-p>rot ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* has lo/ ! p[] ( flight al?\gh /ill reta9+ fairly-develop$ w+s4 ,,%ort5$ ,,feet ,,9 ,,pigeons4 ,d>w9 ?9ks x highly probable t ! %ort feet ( mo/ bre$s ( pigeons are due to less5$ use1 ?\gh he owns t ! effects ( correlation ) ! %ort5$ beak are m pla9ly %[n ?an ! effects ( disuse4#cf ,b :y ne$ ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse be call$ 9 to expla9 an av]age r$uction ( "s #e p] c5t41 :5 ,d>w9's measurem5ts %[ t 9 ! bre$s :]e long beaks are fav\r$ ! pr9ciple ( correlation betwe5 ^! p>ts has l5g!n$ ! foot by #ac p] c5t4 9 spite ( disuse8 ,,%ort5$ ,,legs ,,( ,,rabbits4 ,9 ! case ( ! dome/ic rabbit ,d>w9 notices t ! bones ( ! legs h 7relatively7 become %ort] by an in* & a half4 ,b z ! leg-bones h n dim9i%$ 9 relative weight1#cg !y mu/ cle>ly h gr[n ?ick] or d5s]4 ,if disuse has %ort5$ !m1 z ,d>w9 supposes1 :y has x also ?ick5$ !m8 ,! e>s & ! tail h be5 l5g!n$ 9 spite ( disuse4 ,:y !n may n ! unga9ly h9d-legs h be5 %ort5$ by human pref]5ce indep5d5tly ( ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse8 ,by rely+ on app>5tly fav\rable in/ances & neglect+ ! o!rs x w\ld be easy to arrive at all mann] ( uns\nd conclusions4 ,we might ?us become conv9c$ t vessels t5d to sail nor?w>ds1 or t a p5dulum oscillates m (t5 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t x w\ld be easy to cite an enorm\s numb] ( cases :i* are 9 direct conflict ) ! suppos$ law ( use-inh]itance4 ,,bl9d ,,cave-,,animals4 ,weak or defective eyesight is by no means r>e z a spontane\s v>iation 9 animals1 ! great ,fr5* vet]9>y ,huz>d go+ s f> z to say t a bl9d race ( horses c\ld soon be =m$4 ,natural selection evolves bl9d races :5ev] eyes are useless or disadvantage\s1 z ) p>asites4 ,?is may app>5tly be done indep5d5tly ( ! effects ( disuse1 = c]ta9 neut] ants h eyes :i* are r$uc$ to a m or less rudim5t>y condition1 & neut] t]mites are bl9d z well z w+less4 ,9 "o species ( ant 7,eciton va/ator7 ! sockets h disappe>$ z well z ! eyes4 ,9 deep caves n only w\ld natural selection cease to ma9ta9 good eyesight b x w\ld p]si/5tly fav\r bl9dness--or ! entire removal ( ! eye :5 greatly expos$1 z 9 ! cave-crab--& z ,dr4 ,ray ,lanke/] has indicat$1#ch !re w\ld h be5 a previ\s selection ( animals :i* ?r\gh spontane\s weakness1 s5sitiv5ess1 or o!r affection ( ! eye f\nd refuge & pres]vation 9 ! cave1 & a subsequ5t selection ( ! desc5dants ^: fitness = relative d>kness l$ !m deep] into ! cave or prev5t$ !m f /ray+ back to ! light ) its v>i\s dang]s & sev]] competition4 ,panmixia1 h[ev]1 z ,weismann has %[n1 w\ld probably be ! mo/ important factor 9 caus+ bl9dness4 ,,inh]it$ ,,habits4 ,d>w9 says3 ,a horse is tra9$ to c]ta9 paces1 & ! colt inh]its simil> cons5sual movem5ts4#ci ,b selection ( ! con/itutional t5d5cy to ^! paces1 & imitation ( ! "m by ! colt1 may h be5 ! real causes4 ,! evid5ce1 to be satisfactory1 %\ld %[ t su* influ5ces 7 exclud$4 ,m5 acquire pr(ici5cy 9 swimm+1 waltz+1 walk+1 smok+1 languages1 h&icrafts1 religi\s beliefs1 c41 b ! *ildr5 only appe> to inh]it ! innate abilities or con/itutional proclivities ( _! p>5ts4 ,ev5 ! songs ( birds1 includ+ _! call-notes1 are no m inh]it$ ?an is language by man 7,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #hf74 ,!y are le>n$ f ! p>5t4 ,ne/l+s :i* acquire ! song ( a di/9ct species1 tea* & transmit _! new song to _! (fspr+4 ,if use-inh]itance has n fix$ ! song ( birds1 :y %\ld we suppose t 9 a s+le g5]ation x has transmitt$ a newly-taught me?od ( walk+ or trott+8 ,x is alleg$ t dogs inh]it ! intellig5ce acquir$ by association ) man1 & t retriev]s inh]it ! effects ( _! tra9+4#dj ,b selection & imitation are s pot5t t ! additional hypo!sis ( use-inh]itance seems p]fectly sup]flu\s4 ,:]e intellig5ce is n highly valu$ & c>efully promot$ by selection1 ! intellig5ce d]ivable f association ) man does n appe> to be inh]it$4 ,lap-dogs1 = in/ance1 are (t5 rem>kably /upid4 ,d>w9 also in/ances ! inh]itance ( dext]ity 9 seal-cat*+ z a case ( use-inh]itance4#da ,b ?is is amply expla9$ by ! ord9>y law ( h]$ity4 ,all t is ne$$ is t ! son %all inh]it ! suitable faculties :i* ! fa!r inh]it$ be=e him4 ,,tam5ess ,,( ,,rabbits4 ,d>w9 holds t 9 "s cases selection alone has modifi$ ! in/9cts & dispositions ( dome/icat$ animals1 b t 9 mo/ cases selection & ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits h concurr$ 9 effect+ ! *ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he says1 habit alone 9 "s cases has suffic$2 h>dly any animal is m difficult to tame ?an ! "y ( ! wild rabbit2 sc>cely any animal is tam] ?an ! "y ( ! tame rabbit2 b ,i c h>dly suppose t dome/ic rabbits h (t5 be5 select$ = tam5ess alone2 s t we mu/ attribute at lea/ ! great] "p ( ! inh]it$ *ange f extreme wildness to extreme tam5ess to habit & long-cont9u$ close conf9em5t4#db ,b !re are /rong1 & to me irresi/ible1 argum5ts to ! contr>y4 ,i ?9k t ! foll[+ consid]ations w %[ t ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! *ange mu/ be attribut$ to selection r ?an to ! direct inh]itance ( acquir$ habit4 7#a7 ,= a p]iod :i* may cov] ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 !re has be5 an entire cessation ( ! natural selection :i* ma9ta9s ! wildness 7or excessive fe>1 caution1 activity1 c47 s indisp5sably ess5tial = pres]v+ def5celess wild rabbits ( all ages f ! _m enemies t prey ^u !m4 7#b7 ,dur+ ?is same ext5sive p]iod ( "t man has usually kill$ (f ! wilde/ & br$ f ! tame/ & mo/ manageable4 ,to "s ext5t he has done ?is consci\sly4 ,x is v conducive to successful bre$+ to keep only su* z are quiet & tractable1 says an au?ority on rabbits1#dc & he enjo9s ! selection ( ! h&some/ & be/-temp]$ does to s]ve z bre$]s4 ,to a /ill great] ext5t man has fav\r$ tam5ess unconsci\sly & indirectly4 ,he has sy/ematically select$ ! l>ge/ & mo/ prolific animals1 & has ?us d\bl$ ! size & ! f]tility ( ! dome/ic rabbit4 ,9 consci\sly select+ ! l>ge/ & mo/ fl\ri%+ individuals & ! be/ & mo/ prolific mo!rs1 he mu/ h unconsci\sly select$ ^? rabbits ^: relative tam5ess or placidity ( disposition r5d]$ x possible = !m to fl\ri% & to produce & re> l>ge & ?riv+ families1 in/ead ( frett+ & p9+ z ! wild] captives w\ld d4 ,:5 we consid] h[ exce$+ly delicate & easily di/urb$ yet all-important a function is t ( mat]nity 9 ! cont9ually bre$+ rabbit1 we see t ! tame/ & ! lea/ t]rifi$ w\ld be ! mo/ successful mo!rs1 & s w\ld cont9ually be select$1 al?\gh man c>$ no?+ = ! tam5ess 9 itself4 ,! tame/ mo!rs w\ld also be less liable to neglect or dev\r _! (fspr+1 z rabbits commonly d :5 _! "y are h&l$ too soon1 or ev5 :5 m]ely fright5$ by mice1 c41 or di/urb$ by *ang$ surr\nd+s4 7#c7 ,we mu/ rememb] ! extraord9>y fecundity ( ! rabbit & ! excessive am\nt ( elim9ation t consequ5tly takes place ei!r naturally or artificially4 ,:]e nature pres]v$ only ! wilde/1 man has pres]v$ ! tame/4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ?is ?or\gh & long-cont9u$ rev]sal ( ! selective process mu/ h _h a p[]ful effect4 ,:y %\ld x n be amply suffici5t to acc\nt = ! tam5ess & m5tal deg5]acy ( ! rabbit )\t ! aid ( a factor :i* c readily be %[n to be f> weak] 9 its normal action ?an ei!r natural or artificial selection8 ,:y may n ! tam5ess ( ! rabbit be transf]r$ to ! gr\p ( cases 9 :i* ,d>w9 holds t habit has done no?+1 & selection has done all8 7#d7 ,if use-inh]itance has tam$ ! rabbit1 :y are ! bucks /ill s mis*iev\s & unruly8 ,:y is ! ,angora bre$ ! only "o 9 :i* ! males %[ no desire to de/roy ! "y8 ,:y1 too1 %\ld use-inh]itance be s mu* m p[]ful 9 ! rabbit ?an ) o!r animals :i* are f> m easily tam$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance8 ,wild "y rabbits :5 dome/icat$ rema9 unconqu]ably wild1 &1 al?\gh !y may be kept alive1 !y p9e & r>ely come to any good4 ,yet ! animal :i* acquires lea/ tam5ess--or app>5tly1 inde$1 none at all--inh]its mo/6 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 to inh]it t :i* x _c acquire--a circum/ance :i* indicates ! selection ( spontane\s v>iations r ?an ! inh]itance ( *ang$ habits4 ,su* v>iations occasionally occur 9 animals 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,( a litt] ( wolf-cubs1 all br\ght up 9 ! same way1 "o became tame & g5tle l a dog1 :ile ! o!rs pres]v$ _! natural savag]y4 ,is x n probable t p]man5t dome/ication 0 r5d]$ possible by ! inevitable selection ( spontane\s v>iations 9 ?is direction8 ,! excessive tam5ess1 too1 ( ! "y rabbit1 :ile easily explicable z a result ( unconsci\s selection1 is n easily expla9$ z a result ( acquir$ habit4 ,no p>ticul> c>e is tak5 to tame or tea* or dome/icate rabbits4 ,!y are br$ = food1 or = pr(it or appe>ance1 & !y are left to !mselves mo/ ( _! "t4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,sebright notices ) "s surprise1 ! dome/ic rabbit is n (t5 visit$1 & seldom h&l$1 & yet x is always tame4 ,,modifications ,,obvi\sly ,,attributable ,,to ,,selection4 ,innum]able modifications 9 accordance ) alt]$ use or disuse1 su* z ! enl>g$ udd]s ( c[s & goats1 & ! dim9i%$ lungs & liv]s 9 highly br$ animals t take little ex]cise1 c be readily & fully expla9$ z dep5d+ on selection4 ,z ! fitte/ = ! natural or artificial requirem5ts w be fav\r$1 natural or artificial selection may easily enl>ge organs t are increas+ly us$ & economize 9 ^? t are less ne$$4 ,i !re=e see no necessity :atev] = call+ 9 ! aid ( use-inh]itance z ,d>w9 does1 to acc\nt = enl>g$ udd]s1 or dim9i%$ lungs1 or ! ?ick arms & ?9 legs ( canoe ,indians1 or ! enl>g$ *e/s ( m\nta9e]s1 or ! dim9i%$ eyes ( moles1 or ! lo/ feet ( c]ta9 beetles1 or ! r$uc$ w+s ( logg]-head$ ducks1 or ! preh5sile tails ( monkeys1 or ! displac$ eyes ( soles1 or ! alt]$ numb] ( tee? 9 plaice1 or ! increas$ f]tility ( dome/icat$ animals1 or ! %ort5$ legs & sn\ts ( pigs1 or ! %ort5$ inte/9es ( tame rabbits1 or ! l5g!n$ inte/9es ( dome/ic cats1 c4#dd ,*ang$ habits & ! requisite *ange ( /ructure w usually be fav\r$ by natural selection2 = habit1 z ,d>w9 says1 almo/ implies t "s b5efit great or small is ?us d]iv$4 ,,simil> ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection ,,& ,,use-,,inh]itance4 ,"h we p]ceive a difficulty :i* w equally tr\ble ^? :o affirm use-inh]itance & ^? :o d5y4 ,broadly speak+1 ! adaptive effects ascrib$ to use-inh]itance co9cide ) ! effects ( natural selection4 ,! individual adaptability 7z %[n 9 ! ?ick5+ ( sk91 fur1 muscle1 c41 "u ! /imulus ( friction1 cold1 use1 c47 is id5tical 9 k9d & direction ) ! racial adaptability "u natural selection4 ,consequ5tly ! alleg$ inh]itance ( ! advantage\s effects ( use & disuse _c readily be di/+ui%$ f ! simil>ly b5eficial effects ( natural selection4 ,! indisputable fact t natural selection imitates or simulates ! b5eficial effects ascrib$ to use-inh]itance may be ! *ief s\rce & explanation ( a belief :i* may prove to be ?or\ghly fallaci\s4 ,a simil> simulation ( c\rse occurs "u dome/ication1 :]e natural selection is p>tly replac$ by artificial selection ( ! be/ adapt$ & !re=e mo/ fl\ri%+ animals1 :ile 9 disus$ p>ts panmixia or ! comp>ative cessation ( selection w aid or replace economy ( gr[? 9 caus+ dim9ution4#de ,,inf]iority ,,( ,,s5ses ,,9 ,,europeans4 ,! inf]iority ( ,europeans1 9 comp>ison ) savages1 9 eyesight & 9 ! o!r s5ses1 is attribut$ to ! accumulat$ & transmitt$ effect ( less5$ use dur+ _m g5]ations4#df ,b :y may we n attribute x to ! slack5$ & div]t$ action ( ! natural selection :i* keeps ! s5ses s ke5 9 "s savage races8 ,,%ort-,,sight ,,9 ,,wat*mak]s ,,& ,,engrav]s4 ,d>w9 notices t wat*mak]s & engrav]s are liable to be %ort-sight$1 & t %ort-sight & long-sight c]ta9ly t5d to be inh]it$4#dg ,b we mu/ be c>eful n to beg ! "q at issue by assum+ t ! frequ5t h]$ity ( %ort sight necess>ily cov]s ! h]$ity ( artificially-produc$ %ort-sight4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ,d>w9 /ates m decisively t !re is gr\nd = believ+ t x may (t5 orig9ate 9 causes act+ on ! individual affect$1 & may !nce-=w>d become transmissible4#dh ,?is impression may arise 7#a7 f ! facts ( ord9>y h]$ity--! ance/ral liability be+ excit$ 9 fa!r & son by simil> artificial habits1 su* z read+1 & view+ objects closely z among wat*mak]s & engrav]s--or by con/itutional det]ioration f indoor life1 c41 act+ ^u a con/itutional liability ( ! eye to ! some?+ l inflammation ( ! coats1 "u :i* !y yield & s cause %ortness ( sight by alt]+ ! sph]ical %ape ( ! eye-ball4 7#b7 ,panmixia1 or ! susp5sion ( natural selection1 toge!r ) alt]$ habits1 w acc\nt = an increase ( %ort-sight among ! population g5]ally4 7#c7 ,long-sight$ p c\ld n "w at wat*mak+ & engrav+ s com=tably & advantage\sly z at o!r occupations1 & h5ce w\ld be less likely to take to su* call+s4 ,,l>g] ,,h&s ,,( ,,lab\r]s' ,,infants4#di ,^! are be/ expla9$ z ! result ( natural selection & ( ! dim9ution ( ! h& by sexual selection 9 ! g5try4 ,if ! l>g] h&s ( lab\r]s' infants are really due to ! inh]it$ effects ( ance/ral use1 :y does ! developm5t occur s e>ly 9 life1 in/ead ( only at a correspond+ p]iod1 z is ! rule8 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( its life1 at lea/1 ! lab\r]'s infant does no m "w ?an ! g5tleman's *ild4 ,:y are n ! effects ( ?is disuse inh]it$ by ! lab\r]'s infant8 ,if ! enl>gem5t ( ! infant's h& illu/rates ! transf]5ce ( a "* ga9$ lat] 9 life1 x is evid5t t ! transf]5ce mu/ take place 9 spite ( ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse4 ,,?ick5$ ,,sole ,,9 ,,infants4 ,d>w9 also attributes ! ?ick5$ sole 9 infants1 long be=e bir?1 to ! inh]it$ effects ( pressure dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations4#ej ,b disuse %\ld make ! infant's sole ?91 & x is ?is ?9ness t %\ld be inh]it$4 ,if we suppose ! inh]itance ( ! ?ick5$ soles ( lat] life to be transf]r$ to an e>li] p]iod1 we h ! anomaly ( ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse at t e>li] p]iod be+ ov]p[]$ by ! untimely inh]itance ( ! effects ( use at ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t natural selection w\ld fav\r ?ick5$ soles = walk+ on1 & might also promote an e>ly developm5t :i* w\ld ensure _! be+ ready 9 good "t = actual use2 = v>iations 9 ! direction ( delay w\ld be cut (f1 :ile v>iations 9 ! o!r direction w\ld be pres]v$4 ,anyh[1 ! m]e transf]5ce ( a "* to an e>li] p]iod is no pro( ( use-inh]itance4 ,! real "q is :e!r ! ?ick5$ sole 0 ga9$ by natural selection or by ! inh]it$ effects ( pressure1 & ! m]e transf]5ce or ha/5$ appe>ance ( ! ?ick5+ does n 9 any degree solve ?is "q4 ,x m]ely excludes ! effect ( disuse dur+ lifetime1 & ?us pres5ts a fallaci\s appe>ance ( be+ decisive4 ,! ?ick5$ sole ( ! unborn infant1 h[ev]1 l ! lanugo or hairy cov]+1 is probably a result ( ! direct inh]itance ( ance/ral /ages ( evolution1 ( :i* ! embryo pres5ts a cond5s$ epitome4 ,:ile ! relative ?9ness ( ! infant's sole might be po9t$ to z ! effect ( disuse dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations1 its ?ickness is r an illu/ration ( atavism /ill resi/+ ! effects ( long-cont9u$ disuse4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! inh]itable portion ( ! full orig9al ?ickness 0 n ga9$ by natural selection r ?an by ! directly inh]it$ effect ( use2 & ! latt]1 be+ cumulative & indiscrim9ative 9 its action1 w\ld app>5tly h made ! sole v mu* ?ick] & h>d] ?an x is4 ,if natural selection 7 n supreme 9 su* cases1 h[ c\ld we acc\nt = ! effects ( pressure result+ 9 h>d ho(s 9 "s cases & only s(t pads 9 o!rs8 ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,m5tal ,,confusion4 ,( c\rse 9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is ?ick5+ ( ! sole has result$ f use4 ,9 "o s5se or o!r1 mo/--or p]haps all--( ! results ( natural selection are inh]it$ effects ( use or disuse4 ,natural selection pres]ves t :i* is ( use & :i* is us$1 :ile x elim9ates t :i* is useless & is n us$4 ,! mo/ confid5t ass]tions ( ! effects ( use & disuse 9 modify+ ! h]itable type1 appe> to re/ on ?is indefeasible basis4 ,d>w9's /atem5ts conc]n+ ! effects ( use & disuse 9 evolution c frequ5tly be read 9 two s5ses4 ,!y (t5 comm& ass5t z und5iable truisms z !y /&1 b are ( c\rse writt5 9 ano!r & m debatable s5se4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! %ort5$ w+s & ?ick5$ legs ( ! dome/ic duck1 ,i believe equally ) ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] t no "o w dispute t !y h result$ f ! less5$ use ( ! w+s & ! increas$ use ( ! legs4 ,use is at bottom ! det]m9+ circum/ance 9 evolution g5]ally4 ,! trunk ( ! elephant1 ! f9 ( ! fi%1 ! w+ ( ! bird1 ! cunn+ h& ( man & 8 complicat$ bra9--&1 9 %ort1 all organs & faculties :atsoev]--c only h be5 m\ld$ & develop$ by use--by usefulness & by us+--b n necess>ily by use-inh]itance1 n necess>ily by directly inh]it$ effects ( use or disuse ( p>ts 9 ! individual4 ,s1 too1 r$uc$ or rudim5t>y organs are due to disuse1 b x by no means foll[s t ! dim9ution is caus$ by any direct t5d5cy to ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( disuse 9 ! individual4 ,! effects ( natural selection are commonly expressible z effects ( use & disuse1 j z adaptation 9 nature is expressible 9 ! language ( teleology4 ,b use-inh]itance is no m prov5 by "o ( ^! necess>y co9cid5ces ?an special design is by ! o!r4 ,! inevitable simulation ( use-inh]itance may be entirely deceptive4 ,d>w9 ?9ks t !re c be no d\bt t use 9 our dome/ic animals has /r5g!n$ & enl>g$ c]ta9 p>ts1 & disuse dim9i%$ !m2 & t su* modifications are inh]it$4 ,und\bt$ly su* or simil> modifications h (t5 be5 inh]it$1 b h[ c ,d>w9 possibly tell t !y are n due to ! simulation ( use-inh]itance by natural or artificial selection act+ ^u g5]al v>iability8 ,( ! inevitability ( selection & ( its g5]ally adaptive t5d5cies !re c be no d\bt1 & panmixia w\ld t5d to r$uce disus$ p>ts2 s t !re mu/ always rema9 grave d\bts ( ! alleg$ inh]itance ( ! simil> effects ( use & disuse1 unless we c accompli% ! extremely difficult feat ( exclud+ bo? natural & artificial selection z causes ( enl>gem5t1 & panmixia & selection z causes ( dw9dl+4 ,,weakness ,,( ,,use-,,inh]itance4 ,use-inh]itance is normally s weak t x appe>s to be q helpless :5 oppos$ to any o!r factor ( evolution4 ,natural selection evolves & ma9ta9s ! in/9cts ( ants & t]mites 9 spite ( use-inh]itance to a m wond]ful degree ?an x evolves ! in/9cts ( almo/ any o!r animal ) ! fulle/ help ( use-inh]itance4 ,x develops seldom-us$ horns or natural arm\r j z readily z con/antly-us$ ho(s or tee?4 ,sexual selection evolves elaborate /ructures l ! peacock's tail 9 spite ( disuse & natural selection comb9$4 ,artificial selection appe>s to enl>ge or dim9i% us$ p>ts or disus$ p>ts ) equal facility4 ,! assi/ance ( use-inh]itance seems to be z unnecess>y z its opposition is ineffective4 ,! alleg$ inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse 9 our dome/ic animals mu/ be v sl[ & slight4#ea ,d>w9 tells u t !re is no good evid5ce t ?is ev] foll[s 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation4 ,sev]al g5]ations mu/ be subject$ to *ang$ habits = any appreciable result4#eb ,:at does ?is mean8 ,"o ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r ! t5d5cy is v weak1 or x is non-exi/5t4 ,if x is s weak t we _c detect its alleg$ effects till sev]al g5]ations h elaps$1 dur+ :i* "t ! m p[]ful ag5cy ( selection has be5 at "w1 h[ are we to di/+ui% ! effects ( ! m9or factor f t ( ! major8 ,are we to conclude t use-inh]itance plus selection w modify races1 j z ,voltaire firmly held t incantations1 toge!r ) suffici5t ars5ic1 w\ld de/roy flocks ( %eep8 ,is x n a significant fact t ! alleg$ in/ances ( use-inh]itance s (t5 prove to be self-conflict+ 9 _! details8 ,= satisfactory pro( ( ! preval5ce ( a law ( use-inh]itance we require normal in/ances :]e selection is cle>ly inadequate to produce ! *ange1 or :]e x is sc>cely all[$ "t or opportunity to act1 z 9 ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( ! modifi$ individual4 ,( ! fir/ k9d ( cases !re seems to be a pl5tiful lack4 ,( ! latt] k9d1 accord+ to ,d>w91 !re appe>s to be none--a circum/ance :i* contra/s /rangely & suspici\sly ) ! _m decisive cases 9 :i* v>iation f unkn[n causes has be5 inh]it$ mo/ /rik+ly 9 ! imm$iate (fspr+4 ,x mu/ be expect$1 inde$1 t among ^! innum]able cases "s w accid5tally mimic ! alleg$ effects ( use-inh]itance4 ,if ,d>w9 _h felt c]ta9 t ! effects ( habit or use t5d$ 9 any m>k$ degree to be convey$ directly & cumulatively to succe$+ g5]ations1 he c\ld h>dly h giv5 u su* cauti\s1 half-he>t$ enc\ragem5t ( good habits z ! foll[+3--,x is n improbable t aft] long practice virtu\s t5d5cies may be inh]it$4 ,habits1 moreov] foll[$ dur+ _m g5]ations probably t5d to be inh]it$4#ec ,?is is probable1 indep5d5tly ( use-inh]itance4 ,! _m g5]ations specifi$ or impli$1 w all[ "t = ! play ( selective z well z ( cumulatively-educative influ5ces4 ,!re mu/ app>5tly be a con/itutional or inh]itable pr$isposition or fitness = ! habits spok5 (1 :i* o!rwise w\ld sc>cely be cont9u$ = _m g5]ations1 except by ! fav\rably-v>y+ bran*es ( a family3 :i* aga9 is selection r ?an use-inh]itance4 ,:]e is ! necessity = ev5 ! rema9s ( ! ,lam>ckian doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit8 ,see+ h[ p[]ful ! g5]al pr9ciple ( selection has %[n itself 9 cases :]e use-inh]itance c\ld h giv5 no aid or mu/ ev5 h (f]$ its mo/ /r5u\s opposition1 :y %\ld x n equally be able to develop us$ organs or repress disus$ organs or faculties )\t ! assi/ance ( a relatively weak ally8 ,selection evolv$ ! rem>kable protective cov]+s ( ! armadillo1 turtle1 crocodile1 porcup9e1 h$gehog1 c42 x =m$ alike ! rose & its ?orn1 ! nut & its %ell2 x develop$ ! peacock's tail & ! de]'s antl]s1 ! protective mimicry ( v>i\s insects & butt]flies1 & ! wond]ful in/9cts ( ! :ite ants2 x gave ! s]p5t its deadly poison & ! violet its grateful od\r2 x pa9t$ ! gorge\s plumage ( ! ,impeyan pheasant & ! beautiful col\rs & decorations ( c\ntless birds & insects & fl[]s4 ,^!1 & a ?\s& o!r a*ievem5ts1 x has evid5tly accompli%$ )\t ! help ( use-inh]itance4 ,:y %\ld x be ?\ght incapable ( r$uc+ a pigeon's w+ or enl>g+ a duck's leg8 ,:y %\ld x be cr$it$ ) ! help ( an (fici\s ally 9 effect+ comp>atively slight *anges1 :5 great & /rik+ modifications are effect$ )\t any su* aid8 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,weismann's ,essays on ,h]$ity1 c4 ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahhi4 #af ,life & ,lett]s1 i4 p4 #af4 ,d>w9's rev]5ce = 8 fa!r 0 b\ndless & mo/ t\*+4 ,he w\ld h wi%$ to judge ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w dispassionately1 b any?+ 8 fa!r _h said 0 receiv$ ) almo/ implicit fai?2 444 he hop$ none ( 8 sons w\ld ev] believe any?+ because he said x1 unless !y 7 !mselves conv9c$ ( its tru?--a feel+ 9 /rik+ contra/ ) 8 own mann] ( fai? 7,life & ,lett]s1 i4 pp4 #aj1 #aa74 #ag ,ibid41 i4 p4 #ch4 #ah ,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 p4 #ad4 #ai ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #aag1 #aah4 #bj ,ibid41 p4 #ahj4 #ba ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahge1 pp4 #hi1 #ic4 #bb ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #bib4 #bc ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #bii-cja4 #bd ,to keep pace ) ?is lat]al increase 9 weight1 ! leg-bones %\ld h l5g!n$ consid]ably s t _! total defici5cy 9 proportional l5g? is #ag p] c5t41--a *ang$ proportion :i* be+ l9e> is m excessive ?an ! increase ( weight by #bh p] c5t4 ,s m>k$ is ! effect ( ! comb9$ ?ick5+ & %ort5+ t 9 ! ,aylesbury bre$--:i* is ! mo/ typically repres5tative "o--! leg-bones h become #gj p] c5t4 heavi] ?an !y %\ld be if _! ?ickness _h cont9u$ to be proportional to _! l5g?4 #be ,?is excessive ?ick5+ "u disuse appe>s to be due p>tly to a positive lat]al enl>gem5t or increase ( proportional weight ( ab\t #g-a_/b p] c5t41 & p>tly to a %ort5+ ( ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ,c>efully calculat$1 ! r$uction ( ! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ?is bre$ is only #h4c p] c5t4 relatively to ! :ole skeleton1 or only #e p] c5t4 relatively to ! skeleton m9us legs & w+s4 ,! latt] me?od is ! m correct1 s9ce ! excessive weight ( ! leg-bones increases ! weight ( ! skeleton m ?an ! dim9i%$ weight ( ! w+-bones r$uces x4 #bf ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #bhd4 #bg ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #ahd1 #ahe4 #bh ,ibid41 i4 #add1 #ade4 #bi ,ibid41 i4 #ahe4 #cj ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #age4 #ca ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #ahd4 ,i suspect t ,d>w9 0 9 poor heal? :5 he wrote ?is page4 ,he nods at lea/ f\r times 9 x4 ,twice he speaks ( twelve bre$s :]e he obvi\sly %\ld h said elev54 #cb ,if a prom95t brea/ is admir$ & select$ by fanci]s1 ! /]num might %ort5 9 assum+ a m =w>d & v]tical position4 ,if ! %ort5+ ( ! /]num is entirely due to disuse1 x seems /range t ,d>w9 has n notic$ any simil> %ort5+ 9 ! /]num ( ! duck4 ,b selection has n t5d$ to make ! duck elegant1 or pigeon-brea/$2 x has enl>g$ ! abdom9al sack in/ead1 besides all[+ ! addition ( an extra rib 9 v>i\s cases4 #cc ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 #add1 #age4 #cd ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #agi4 #ce ,9 ! six l>ge/ bre$s ! %ort5+ ( ! /]num is ne>ly twice z great z 9 ! ?ree small] bre$s :i* rema9 ne>e/ ! rock-pigeon 9 size4 ,we c h>dly suppose t use-inh]itance especially affects ! eight bre$s t h v>i$ mo/ 9 size4 ,if we exclude ^!1 !re is only a total %ort5+ ( #g p] c5t4 to be acc\nt$ =4 #cf ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #ahc1 #ahf4 #cg ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #acj1 #ace2 ii4 #bhh4 #ch ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 article ,zoology4 #ci ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #cfg4 #dj ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #cfg4 ,:y !n does ! *eetah inh]it ance/ral habits s inadequately t x is useless = ! *ase unless x has fir/ le>n$ to hunt = itself be=e be+ captur$8 7ii4 #acc74 #da ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cc4 #db ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #baj1 #baa4 #dc ,e4 ,s4 ,delam] on ,pigeons & ,rabbits1 pp4 #acb1 #ajc4 ,= o!r po9ts ref]r$ to1 see pages #acc1 #ajb1 #ajj1 #ie1 #aca4 #dd ,orig9 ( ,species1 pp4 #ahh1 #aaj2 ,desc5t ( ,man1 pp4 #cb-ce2 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #bhi1 #bic4 ,use or disuse dur+ lifetime ( c\rse co-op]ates1 & 9 "s cases1 z 9 t ( ! canoe ,indians1 may be ! pr9cipal or ev5 p]haps ! sole cause ( ! *ange4 #de ,= ! importance ( panmixia z invalidat+ ,d>w9's /ronge/ evid5ce = use-inh]itance--namely1 t drawn f ! effects ( disuse 9 highly-f$ dome/ic animals :]e !re is suppos$ to be no economy ( gr[?--see ,pr(essor ,romanes on ,panmixia1 ,nature1 ,april #c1 #ahij4 #df ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cc4 #dg ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cc4 #dh ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i41 #dec4 #di ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cc4 #ej ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cc4 #ea ,wallace %[s t ! *anges 9 our dome/ic animals1 if spread ov] ! ?\s&s ( ye>s s9ce ! animals 7 fir/ tam$1 mu/ be extremely insignificant 9 ea* g5]ation1 & he concludes t su* inf9itesimal effects ( use & disuse w\ld be swall[$ up by ! f> great] effects ( v>iation & selection 7,d>w9ism1 p4 #dcf74 ,pr(essor ,romanes has repli$ to him 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review 7,augu/ #ahhi71 %[+ t ?is is no dispro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! m9or factor1 inasmu* z slight *anges 9 ea* g5]ation ne$ n necess>ily be matt]s ( life & dea? to ! individual1 al?\gh _! cumulative developm5t by use-inh]itance might ev5tually become ( mu* s]vice4 ,b selection w\ld fav\r spontane\s v>iations ( a simil>ly s]viceable "*4 ,! slighte/ t5d5cy to elim9ate ! extreme v>iations 9 ei!r direction w\ld proportionally modify ! av]age 9 a bre$4 ,use-inh]itance appe>s to be s relatively weak a factor t probably nei!r pro( nor dispro( ( its exi/5ce c ev] be giv51 ow+ to ! practical impossibility ( dis5tangl+ its effects 7if any7 f ! effects ( admitt$ly f> m p[]ful factors :i* (t5 act 9 unsuspect$ ways4 ,?us wild duckl+s1 :i* c easily be re>$ by !mselves1 inv>iably die (f if re>$ ) tame ones 7,v>iation1 c41 i4 #bib1 ii4 #bai74 ,!y _c get _! fair %>e 9 ! competition = food1 & are completely elim9at$4 ,pr(essor ,romanes fully ackn[l$ges t !re is ! grave/ possible d\bt z to ! transmission ( ! effects ( disuse 7,lett] on ,panmixia1 ,nature1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahij74 #eb ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #bhg-bhi4 #ec ,desc5t ( ,man1 pp4 #fab1 #aca4 ,,inh]it$ ,,injuries4 ,,inh]it$ ,,mutilations4 ,! almo/ univ]sal non-inh]itance ( mutilations seems to me a f> m valid argum5t aga9/ a g5]al law ( modification-inh]itance ?an ! few d\btful or abnormal cases ( su* inh]itance c furni% 9 its fav\r4 ,no inh]it$ effect has be5 produc$ by ! dock+ ( horses' tails = _m g5]ations1 or by a well-kn[n mutilation :i* has be5 practis$ by ! ,hebrew race f "t immemorial4 ,z lo/ or mutilat$ p>ts are reproduc$ 9 (fspr+ indep5d5tly ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? p>ts 9 ! p>5t1 !re is ! less reason to suppose t ! p>ticul> condition ( p>5tal p>ts transmits itself1 or t5ds to transmit itself1 to ! (fspr+4 ,s unsatisfactory is ! argum5t d]ivable f inh]it$ mutilations t ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n m5tion !m at all1 & ,d>w9 has to attribute !m to a special cause :i* is indep5d5t ( any g5]al !ory ( use-inh]itance4#ed ,d>w9's mo/ /rik+ case--& to my m9d ! only case ( any importance--is t ( ,br[n-,sequ>d's epileptic gu9ea-pigs1 :i* inh]it$ ! mutilat$ condition ( p>5ts :o _h gnaw$ (f _! own gangr5\s toes :5 anae/hetic ?r\gh ! sciatic n]ve hav+ be5 divid$4#ee ,d>w9 also m5tions a c[ t lo/ a horn by accid5t1 foll[$ by suppuration1 & subsequ5tly produc$ ?ree calves :i* _h on ! same side ( ! head1 in/ead ( a horn1 a bony lump atta*$ m]ely to ! sk94 ,su* cases may seem to prove t mutilation associat$ ) morbid action is occasionally inh]it$ or repeat$ ) a promptitude & ?or\ghness t contra/ mo/ /rik+ly ) ! imp]ceptible nature ( ! imm$iate inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse2 b !y by no means prove t mutilation 9 g5]al is inh]itable1 & !y are absolutely no pro( :atev] ( a normal & non-pa?ological t5d5cy to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,^? :o accept ,d>w9's special explanation ( ! suppos$ inh]itance ( mutilations1 ought to notice t 8 explanation applies equally well "u a !ory :i* is /rongly adv]se to use-inh]itance--namely1 ,galton's idea ( ! /]ilization & complete us+ up ( o!rwise reproductive matt] 9 ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! p]sonal /ructure4 ,d>w9's explanation ( inh]it$ mutilations--:i*1 z he notes1 occur especially or p]haps exclusively :5 ! injury has be5 foll[$ by disease#ef--;is t all ! repres5tative gemmules :i* w\ld develop or repair or reproduce ! injur$ "p are attract$ to ! diseas$ surface dur+ ! rep>ative process & are !re de/roy$ by ! morbid action4#eg ,h5ce !y _c reproduce ! "p 9 (fspr+4 ,?is explanation by no means implies t mutilation w\ld usually affect ! (fspr+4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 all ord9>y cases ( mutilation ! purely atavi/ic elem5ts or gemmules w\ld be set free f any modify+ influ5ce ( ! non-exi/5t or mutilat$ "p4 ,! gemmules--z 9 ,galton's !ory ( h]$ity & ) neut] insects--might be p]fectly indep5d5t ( pang5esis & ! normal inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,su* self-multiply+ gemmules )\t pang5esis w\ld enable u to und]/& bo? ! excessive weakness or non-exi/5ce ( normal use-inh]itance1 & ! excessive /r5g? & abruptness ( ! effect ( _! p>tial de/ruction "u special pa?ological conditions4 ,! s]ies ( epileptic ph5om5a t c be excit$ by tickl+ a c]ta9 "p ( ! *eek & neck ( ! adult gu9ea-pig dur+ ! gr[? & rejo9+ ( ! ends ( ! sev]$ n]ve1 are said to be repeat$ ) /rik+ accuracy ( detail 9 ! "y :o inh]it mutilat$ toes2 b z epilepsy is (t5 due to "s "o excit+ cause or morbid condition1 ! s+le transmission ( a highly morbid condition ( ! sy/em might easily reproduce ! :ole *a9 ( consequ5ces & might also h caus$ ! loss ( toes4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! gu9ea-pig cases are v inadequately record$1#eh b ! results are s anomal\s#ei t ,br[n-,sequ>d's own conclusion is t ! epilepsy & ! inh]it$ injuries are n directly transmitt$1 b t :at is transmitt$ is ! morbid /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,he ?9ks t ! miss+ toes may possibly be exceptions to ?is conclusion1 b ! o!r facts only imply ! transmission ( a morbid /ate ( ! sympa!tic or sciatic n]ve or ( a "p ( ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,until we c tell :at is transmitt$1 we are n 9 a position to det]m9e :e!r !re is any true inh]itance or only an exagg]at$ simulation ( x "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,:5 ! actual obs]v]s believe t ! mutilations & epilepsy are n ! cause ( _! own repetition1 & :5 ^! obs]v]s gu>d !mselves by su* phrases z1 if any conclusion c at pres5t be drawn f ^? facts1 we :o h only incomplete reports to guide u may well be excus$ if we pres]ve an ev5 m pron\nc$ attitude ( caution & res]ve4#fj ,! morbid /ate ( ! sy/em may be :olly due to g5]al injury ( ! g]ms r ?an to specific inh]itance4 ,weismann sugge/s t ! morbid condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em may be due to "s infection su* z might arise f microbes1 :i* f9d a home 9 ! mutilat$ & disord]$ n]v\s sy/em 9 ! p>5t1 & subsequ5tly transmit !mselves to ! (fspr+ ?r\gh ! reproductive elem5ts1 z ! infections ( v>i\s diseases appe> to d--! musc>d9e silkworm disease 9 p>ticul> be+ kn[n to be convey$ to (fspr+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,b :e!r we c discov] ! true explanation or n1 inh]it$ mutilations c h>dly be acc\nt$ = z ! result ( a g5]al t5d5cy to inh]it acquir$ modifications4 ,h[ c\ld a factor :i* seems to be totally inop]ative 9 cases ( ord9>y mutilation1 & only inf9itesimally op]ative 9 transmitt+ ! normal effects ( use & disuse1 sudd5ly become s p[]ful z to completely ov]?r[ atavism1 & its own t5d5cy to transmit ! non-mutilat$ type ( "o ( ! p>5ts & ( ! non-mutilat$ type pres5t$ by ! injur$ p>5t 9 e>li] life8 ,does n s /rik+ & abrupt an int5sification ( its usually insignificant p[] dem& an explanation widely diff]5t f t :i* might acc\nt = ! extremely sl[ & slight inh]itance ( ! normal effects ( use & disuse8 ,surely x w\ld be bett] to susp5d "o's judgm5t z to ! true explanation ( highly exceptional & purely pa?ological cases r ?an resort to an hypo!sis t creates m difficulties ?an x solves4 ,,! ,,motmot',s ,,tail4 ,! n>r[+ ( ! long c5tral tail fea!rs ( ! motmot is attribut$ to ! inh]it$ effects ( habitual mutilation 7,desc5t ( ,man1 pp4 #chd1 #fjc74 ,b 9 ! specim5s at ,s\? ,k5s+ton#fa ! n>r[ness ext5ds upw>ds mu* beyond ! habitually d5ud$ "p1 & ! broad5$ end is ! broade/ "p ( ! :ole fea!r4 ,if ! inh]it$ effect ( an in* or two ( d5udation ext5ds f ?ree to six in*es upw>ds1 :y has x n also ext5d$ two in*es d[nw>ds s z to n>r[ ! broad5$ end8 ,! n>r[ness seems to be a ma9ly relative or negative effect produc$ by ! broad5+ out ( a long tap]+ fea!r at its end "u ! influ5ce ( sexual selection4 ,sev]al o!r birds h simil>ly n>r[$ or spoon-%ap$ fea!rs & d n bite !m4 ,is x n m feasible to suppose t ?is attractive peculi>ity fir/ sugge/$ its artificial int5sification1 ?an to suppose t ! bird began nibbl+ )\t any def9ite cause8 ,sexual selection w\ld !n enc\rage ! habit4 ,anyh[1 x is z impossible to %[ t ! mutilation prec$$ ! n>r[+ z x is to %[ t tonsure prec$$ baldness4 ,,o!r ,,inh]it$ ,,injuries ,,m5tion$ ,,by ,,d>w94 ,d>w9 quotes "s cases f ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas's long b weak & unsatisfactory li/ ( inh]it$ injuries4#fb ,b ,lucas 0 some:at cr$ul\s4 ,"o ( 8 cases is t _m girls 7 born 9 ,london )\t mammae ?r\gh ! injuri\s effect ( c]ta9 corsets on ! mo!rs4 ,he also gives a long acc\nt ( a ,jew :o c\ld read ?r\gh ! ?ick cov]s ( a book1 & ^: son inh]it$ ?is hyp]ae/hesia ( ! s5se ( sight 9 a /ill m rem>kable degree 7i4 #aac-aai74 ,evid5tly ,lucas's cases _c be accept$ )\t "s am\nt ( res]ve4 ,! cases ( ! ?ree calves :i* inh]it$ ! "o-horn$ condition ( ! c[1 ! two sons :o inh]it$ a fa!r's crook$ f+]1 & ! two sons :o 7 microph?almic on ! same side z _! fa!r _h lo/ an eye1 may be due to m]e co9cid5ce2 or an inh]it$ con/itutional t5d5cy or liability might lead to some:at simil> results 9 p>5t & (fspr+#fc--;j z ! t5d5cy to c]ta9 fatal diseases or to suicide may produce simil> results 9 fa!r & son1 al?\gh ! artificially-produc$ hang+ or apoplexy obvi\sly _c be directly transmitt$4 ,t m ?an "o ( ! (fspr+ 0 affect$ does n r5d] ! *ances aga9/ co9cid5ce almo/ inf9itely great1 z ,d>w9 mi/ak5ly supposes4 ,x frequ5tly occurs t a man's sons or daught]s may all exhibit ei!r a lat5t or a newly-develop$ cong5ital peculi>ity previ\sly unkn[n2#fd & ! co9cid5ce may m]ely be t "o ( ! p>5ts accid5tally suff]$ a simil> k9d ( injury--a k9d ( co9cid5ce :i* mu/ ( c\rse occasionally occur1 & :i* may h be5 p>tly caus$ by a lat5t t5d5cy4 ,! *ances aga9/ co9cid5ce are inde$ great1 b ! cases appe> to be correspond+ly r>e4 ,d>w9 ackn[l$ges t _m suppos$ in/ances ( inh]it$ mutilation may be due to co9cid5ce2 & !re is app>5tly no m reason = attribut+ inh]it$ sc>s1 c41 to any special =m ( h]$ity ?an to ! effect ( ! "m's imag9ation on ! unborn babe--a popul> b fallaci\s belief 9 corroboration ( :i* f> m alleg$ in/ances c\ld be collect$ ?an ( ! inh]itance ( injuries4 ,z an in/ance ( ! co9cid5ces t occur1 ,i may m5tion t a fri5d ( m9e has a daught] :o 0 born ) a small hole 9 "o e>1 j z if x 7 already pi]c$ = ! e>r+ :i* %e has s9ce worn 9 x4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 t no "o w v5ture to claim ?is z an in/ance ( ! inh]itance ( a mutilation practis$ by female ance/ors1 especially z su* holes are n altoge!r unkn[n or inexplicable1 ?\gh v r>ely occurr+ l[ d[n 9 ! lobe ( ! e>4#fe ,_m cases are kn[n ( ! inh]itance ( mutilations or mal=mations aris+ cong5itally f "s abrupt v>iation 9 ! reproductive elem5ts4 ,9 su* cases z ! "o-e>$ rabbits1 ! two-legg$ pigs1 ! ?ree-legg$ dogs1 ! "o-horn$ /ags1 hornless bulls1 e>less rabbits1 lop-e>$ rabbits1 tailless dogs1 c41 if ! fa!r or ! "m or ! embryo _h suff]$ f "s accid5t or disease :i* might plausibly h be5 assign$ z ! cause ( ! orig9al mal=mation1 ^! transmitt$ defects w\ld readily be cit$ z in/ances ( ! inh]itance ( an accid5tally-produc$ modification4 ,! inh]itance ( exo/oses on horses' legs may be ! inh]itance ( a con/itutional t5d5cy r ?an ( ! effect ( ! p>5ts' h>d travell+4 ,horses cong5itally liable to su* =mations w\ld transmit ! liability1#ff & ?is might readily be mi/ak5 = inh]itance ( ! results ( ! liability4 ,an app>5t increase 9 ?is liability might arise f great] att5tion be+ n[ paid to x1 or f increas$ use ( h>d] roads2 or a real increase might be due to panmixia & "s obscure =ms ( correlation4 ,,quasi-,,inh]itance4 ,( c\rse artificially-caus$ ill-heal? or weakness 9 p>5ts w t5d 9 a g5]al way to injure ! (fspr+4 ,b det]ioration ?us caus$ is only a =m ( quasi-inh]itance1 z ,i %\ld pref] to call x4 ,semi-/>vation 9 a new-born babe is n truly inh]it$ f its half-/>v$ "m1 b is ! direct result ( insuffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,! g5]al welf>e ( g]ms--z ( p>asites--is necess>ily b\nd up ) t ( ! organism :i* fe$s & %elt]s !m1 b ?is is n h]$ity1 & is q irrelevant to ! "q :e!r p>ticul> modifications are transmitt$ or n4 ,ano!r =m ( quasi-inh]itance is se5 9 ! communication ( c]ta9 infections to (fspr+4 ,n be+ transmitt$ by ! action ( ! organism s mu* z 9 defiance ( x1 su* diseases are n truly h]$it>y1 ?\gh = conv5i5ce' sake !y are usually s describ$4 ,a p]v]sion or prev5tion ( true inh]itance is also se5 9 ! action ( alcohol1 or excessive ov]work1 or any o!r cause :i* by orig9at+ morbid conditions 9 individuals may also injure ! reproductive elem5ts4 ,^! =ms ( quasi-inh]itance are1 ( c\rse1 highly important s f> z ! improvem5t ( ! race is conc]n$4 ,s1 too1 is ! fact t improv$ or det]iorat$ habits & ?\ghts are transmitt$ by p]sonal tea*+ & influ5ce & are cumulative 9 _! effect4 ,b all ?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,cases ( quasi-inh]itance may p]haps be mo/ readily di/+ui%$ f cases ( true inh]itance by ! "t te/4 ,:5 a modification acquir$ 9 adult life is promptly communicat$ to ! *ild 9 e>ly life or f bir?1 x may rightly be suspect$ t ! inh]itance1 l t ( money or title1 is n truly cong5ital1 b is extrane\s or ev5 anti-cong5ital 9 its nature4 ,judg$ by su* a /&>d1 ! inh]it$ injuries 9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's gu9ea-pigs are only exceptional cases ( quasi-inh]itance1 & are n necess>ily indicative ( any g5]al rule affect+ true inh]itance4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,a v able anatomi/ ( my acqua9tance d5ies ! inh]itance ( mutilations & injuries1 al?\gh he /rongly believes 9 ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse4 #ee ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #dfg-dfi4 ,lo/ toes 7 only se5 by ,dr4 ,dupuy 9 ?ree "y out ( two hundr$4 ,ob]/e9] f\nd t mo/ ( ! (fspr+ ( 8 epileptic gu9ea-pigs 7 injuri\sly affect$1 be+ weakly1 small1 p>alys$ 9 "o or m limbs1 & s =?4 ,only two 7 epileptic1 & bo? 7 weakly & di$ e>ly 7,weismann's ,essays1 p4 #caa74 ,a morbid condition ( ! sp9al cord might affect ! h9d limbs especially 7z 9 p>aplegia7 & might occasionally cause loss ( toes 9 ! embryo by prev5t+ developm5t or by ulc]ation4 ,br[n-,sequ>d does n say t ! defective feet 7 on ! same side z 9 ! p>5ts 7,lancet1 ,jan41 #ahge1 pp4 #g1 #h74 #ef ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #eg4 #eg ,ibid41 ii4 #cib4 ,p]haps x might be bett] to suppose t ! be/ gemmules 7 sacrific$ 9 repair+ ! injur$ n]ve1 & h5ce only inf]ior sub/itutes 7 left to take _! place1 & c\ld only imp]fectly reproduce ! injur$ "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 (fspr+4 #eh ,h5ce p]haps ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s error 9 repres5t+ ! epileptic liability z p]man5t & z com+ on aft] heal+ 7,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #bg74 #ei ,x is n claim$ t ! imp]fect foot 0 on ! same side ( ! body z 9 ! p>5t1 & :]e p>5ts _h lo/ all ! toes ( a foot1 or ! :ole foot1 ! few (fspr+ affect$ usually _h lo/ only two toes out ( ! ?ree1 or only a "p ( "o or two or ?ree toes4 ,sometimes ! (fspr+ _h toes miss+ on bo? h9d feet1 al?\gh ! p>5t 0 only affect$ 9 "o4 ,"o diseas$ e> & eye 9 ! p>5t 0 g5]ally or always succe$$ by two equally affect$ e>s & eyes 9 ! (fspr+ 7cf4 ,pop4 ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,new ,york1 xi4 #ccd74 ,! important law ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods 0 also set aside4 ,gangr5e or inflammation comm5c$ 9 bo? e>s & bo? eyes soon aft] bir? 7po9t+ possibly to infection ( "s k9d72 ! epileptic p]iod comm5c$ p]haps two mon?s or m aft] bir?1 :ile ! loss ( toes _h occurr$ be=e bir?4 ,9 no case1 z ,weismann po9ts out1 is ! orig9al mutilation ( ! n]v\s sy/em ev] transmitt$4 ,ev5 :]e an extirpat$ ganglion 0 nev] reg5]at$ 9 ! p>5t1 ! (fspr+ always rega9$ ! "p 9 an app>5tly p]fect condition4 ,on ! :ole ! conflict+ results ought to be z puzzl+ to ^? :o may attribute !m to a univ]sal t5d5cy to inh]it ! exact condition ( p>5ts z !y are to ^? :o1 l myself1 are sceptical z to ! exi/5ce ( su* a law or t5d5cy4 #fj ,! v>i\s results ne$ to be fully & imp>tially record$1 & !y %\ld also be well te/$ & confirm$ 9 proportion z !y appe> improbable & contr>y to g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,romanes has be5 c>ry+ out ! necess>y exp]im5ts = "s "t pa/4 #fa ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 c5tral hall1 ?ird recess on ! left4 #fb ,traite de l',h]$ite1 ii4 #dhi2 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #dfi4 ,if injuries are inh]it$1 :y has ! repeat$ rupture ( ! hym5 produc$ no inh]it$ effect8 #fc ,comp>e ! ?ree cases ( crook$ f+]s giv5 9 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #ee1 #bdj4 #fd ,ibid41 i4 #dfj4 ,?us1 :]e two bro!rs m>ri$ two si/]s all ! sev5 *ildr5 7 p]fect alb9os1 al?\gh none ( ! p>5ts or _! relatives 7 alb9os4 ,9 ano!r case ! n9e *ildr5 ( two s\nd p>5ts 7 all born bl9d 7ii4 #cbb74 #fe ,see pp4 #agi-ahb1 ,evolution & ,disease1 by ,j4 ,bl& ,sutton1 to :om & to our mutual fri5d ,dr4 ,d4 ,?ur/on ,i am indebt$ = in=mation on v>i\s po9ts4 #ff ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #bij2 i4 #ded4 ,,miscellane\s ,,consid]ations4 ,,true ,,relation ,,( ,,p>5ts ,,& ,,(fspr+4 ,x is difficult to entirely free ourselves f ! flatt]+ & almo/ univ]sal idea t p>5ts are true orig9ators or creators ( copies ( !mselves4 ,b ! ma9 tru?1 if n ! :ole tru?1 is t !y are m]ely ! transmitt]s ( types ( :i* !y & _! (fspr+ are alike m or less simil>ly m\ld$ resultants4 ,a p>5t is a tru/ee4 ,he transmits1 n himself & 8 own modifications1 b ! /ock1 ! type1 ! repres5tative elem5ts1 ( :i* he is a product & a cu/odian 9 "o4 ,x seems probable t he has no m def9ite or p>ticulate influ5ce ov] ! reproductive elem5ts )9 him ?an a "m ov] ! embryo or a vessel ov] its c>go4 ,p>5t & (fspr+ are l successive copies ( books pr9t$ f ! same type4 ,a batt]$ lett] 9 ! type w display its effects 9 bo? e>li] & lat] copies alike1 b a purely extrane\s or acquir$ flaw 9 ! fir/ copy is n necess>ily repeat$ 9 subsequ5t copies4 ,unlike pr9t]'s type1 h[ev]1 ! mat]ial s\rce ( h]$ity is ( a fluctuat+ nature1 consi/+ ( compet+ elem5ts d]iv$ f two p>5ts & f innum]able ance/ors4 ,galton comp>es p>5t & *ild to successive p5dants on ! same *a94 ,weismann lik5s !m to successive (f%oots ?r[n up by a long und]gr\nd root or suck]4 ,su* comp>isons indicate ! improbability ( acquir$ modifications be+ transmitt$ to (fspr+4 ,t p>ts are develop$ 9 (fspr+ indep5d5tly ( ^? p>ts 9 p>5ts is cle>4 ,mutilat$ p>5ts transmit p>ts :i* !y d n possess4 ,! (fspr+ ( "y p>5ts _c inh]it ! lat] /ages ( life f p>5ts :o h n pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,cases ( remote rev]sion or atavism %[ t ance/ral peculi>ities c transmit !mselves 9 a lat5t or undevelop$ condition = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( g5]ations4 ,_m obvi\s facts compell$ ,d>w9 to suppose t va/ numb]s ( ! reproductive gemmules 9 an individual are n ?r[n (f by 8 own cells1 b are ! self-multiply+ prog5y ( ance/ral gemmules4 ,galton re/ricts ! production ( gemmules by ! p]sonal /ructure to a few exceptional cases1 & w\ld evid5tly l to disp5se ) pang5esis altoge!r1 if he c\ld only be sure t acquir$ *>act]s are nev] inh]it$4 ,weismann entirely rejects pang5esis & ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,?is enables him to expla9 h]$ity by 8 !ory ( ! ,cont9uity ( ! ,g]m-plasm4#fg ,p>5t & (fspr+ are alike successive products or (f%oots ( ?is p]si/5t g]m-sub/ance1 :i* obvi\sly w\ld n be correspond+ly affect$ by modifications ( p>ts 9 p>5ts1 & s w\ld r5d] ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s impossible4 ,,inv]se ,,inh]itance4 ,mr4 ,galton cont5ds t ! reproductive elem5ts become /]ile :5 us$ 9 =m+ & ma9ta9+ ! individual1 & t only a small proportion ( !m are s us$4#fh ,he holds t ! next g5]ation w be =m$ entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 f ! residue ( undevelop$ g]ms1 :i*1 n hav+ be5 employ$ 9 ! /ructure & "w ( ! individual1 h be5 free to multiply & =m ! reproductive elem5ts :5ce future individuals are d]iv$4 ,h5ce ! s+ul> inf]iority n infrequ5tly display$ by ! *ildr5 ( m5 ( extraord9>y g5ius1 especially :]e ! ance/ry has be5 only ( a m$iocre ability4 ,! valuable g]ms h be5 us$ up 9 ! individual1 & r5d]$ /]ile 9 ! /ructure ( 8 p]son4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! /rong t5d5cy to det]ioration 9 ! transmission ( e exceptionally gift$ race4 ,mr4 ,galton's hypo!sis expla9s ! fact ( c]ta9 diseases skipp+ "o or m g5]ations1 & x agrees s+ul>ly well ) _m classes ( fact2 & x is /rongly oppos$ to ! !ory ( use-inh]itance4 ,! elem5ts :i* are us$ die almo/ univ]sally )\t g]m prog5y3 ! g]ms :i* are n us$ are ! great s\rce ( po/]ity4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! g]ms or gemmules :i* a*ieve developm5t are ei!r bett] or worse ?an ! residue1 ! qualities transmitt$ to (fspr+ w be ( an inv]se "*4 ,if bra9-"w attracts1 develops & /]ilizes ! be/ gemmules1 ! ultimate effect ( education on ! intellect ( po/]ity may diff] f its imm$iate effect4 ,,e>ly ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ova4 ,z ! ova are =m$ at z e>ly a p]iod z ! re/ ( ! mat]nal /ructure1 ,galton notices t x seems improbable t !y w\ld be correspond+ly affect$ by subsequ5t modifications ( p>5tal /ructure4 ,( c\rse x is n c]ta9 t ?is is a valid argum5t4 ,we "k t ! pat]nal half ( ! reproductive elem5ts does n ent] ! ovum till a comp>atively late /age 9 its hi/ory1 & x is q possible t mat]nal elem5ts or gemmules may also ent] ! ovum f )\t4 ,if reproductive elem5ts 7 conf9$ to "o special "p or organ1 we %\ld be unable to expla9 ! reproduction ( lo/ limbs 9 salam&]s1 & ! p]si/5t effect ( int]cross+ on subsequ5t issue by ! same "m1 & ! propagation ( plants f %oots1 or ( ! begonia f m9ute fragm5ts ( leaves1 or ! developm5t ( small pieces ( wat]-worms into complete animals4 ,,m>k$ ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,individual4 ,^! are1 to "s ext5t1 an argum5t aga9/ ! cumulative inh]itance ( su* effects4 ,:5 a n]ve atrophies f disuse1 or a duct %rivels1 or bone is absorb$1 or a muscle becomes small or flabby1 x proves1 s f>1 t ! av]age effect ( use ?r\gh enorm\s ages is n transmitt$4 ,:5 ! fibula ( a dog's leg ?ick5s by #djj p] c5t4 to a size equal to or great] ?an t ( ! remov$ tibia :i* previ\sly did ! "w1#fi x %[s t 9 spite ( disuse = c\ntless g5]ations1 ! almo/ fili=m bone has reta9$ a pot5tiality ( developm5t :i* is fully equal to t possess$ by ! l>g] "o :i* has be5 con/antly us$4 ,:51 aft] be+ re>$ on ! ailan?us1 ! cat]pill>s ( ! ,bombyx hesp]us die ( hung] r ?an return to _! natural food1 ! inh]it$ effect ( ance/ral habit does n seem to be p>ticul>ly /rong4 ,nei!r is !re any /rongly-inh]it$ effect ( long-cont9u$ ance/ral wildness 9 _m animals :i* are easily tam$4 ,,w\ld ,,natural ,,selection ,,fav\r ,,use-,,inh]itance8 ,if use-inh]itance is really "o ( ! factors ( evolution1 x is c]ta9ly a subord9ate "o1 & an utt]ly helpless "o1 :5ev] x comes into conflict ) ! great rul+ pr9ciple ( ,selection4 ,w\ld ?is dom9ant cause ( evolution h fav\r$ a t5d5cy to use-inh]itance if su* _h appe>$1 or w\ld x h disc\rag$ & de/roy$ x8 ,we h already se5 t use-inh]itance is unnecess>y1 s9ce natural selection w be f> m effective 9 br++ ab\t advantage\s modifications2 & if x c be %[n t use-inh]itance w\ld (t5 be an evil1 x !n becomes probable t on ! :ole natural selection w\ld m /rongly disc\rage & elim9ate x z a ho/ile factor ?an x might occasionally fav\r su* a t5d5cy z a totally unnecess>y aid4 ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,an ,,evil4 ,use-inh]itance w\ld crudely & indiscrim9ately proportion p>ts to actual "w done--or r to ! v>y+ n\ri%m5t & gr[? result+ f a multiplicity ( causes--& ?is 9 its v>i\s details w\ld (t5 conflict mo/ s]i\sly ) ! real necessities ( ! case1 su* z occasional passive /r5g?1 or appropriate %ape1 lightness & g5]al adaptation4 ,if its accumulat$ effects 7 n correct$ by natural or sexual selection1 horns & antl]s w\ld disappe> 9 fav\r ( enl>g$ ho(s4 ,! elephant's tusks w\ld become small] ?an its tee?4 ,m5 w\ld h callosities = sitt+ on1 l c]ta9 monkeys1 & huge corns or ho(s = walk+ on4 ,bones w\ld (t5 be modifi$ disa/r\sly4 ,?us ! condyle ( ! human jaw w\ld become l>g] ?an ! body ( ! jaw1 because z ! fulcrum ( ! lev] x receives m pressure4 ,"s organs 7l ! he>t1 :i* is always at "w7 w\ld become inconv5i5tly or unnecess>ily l>ge4 ,o!r absolutely indisp5sable organs1 :i* are comp>atively passive or are v seldom us$1 w\ld dw9dle until _! weakness caus$ ! ru9 ( ! individual or ! ext9ction ( ! species4 ,9 elim9at+ v>i\s evil results ( use-inh]itance1 natural selection w\ld be elim9at+ use-inh]itance itself4 ,! displacem5t ( ,lam>ck's !ory by ,d>w9's %[s t ! effects ( use-inh]itance (t5 diff] f ^? requir$ by natural selection2 & x is cle> t ! latt] factor mu/ at lea/ h r$uc$ use-inh]itance to ! v m9or position ( comp>ative feebl5ess & h>mlessness assign$ to x by ,d>w94 ,use-inh]itance w\ld be ru9\s ?r\gh caus+ unequal v>iation 9 co-op]ative p>ts--( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] may accept 8 own in/ances ( ! jaws & tee?1 & ! cave-crab's lo/ eyes & p]si/5t eye-/alks1 z typical examples4 ,t ! v>iation w\ld be unequal seems almo/ self-evid5t f ! v>y+ rapidity & ext5t ( ! effects ( use & disuse on diff]5t tissues & on diff]5t p>ts ( ! g5]al /ructure4 ,! optic n]ve may atrophy 9 a few mon?s f disuse consequ5t on ! loss ( ! eye4 ,"s ( ! bones ( ! rudim5t>y h9d legs ( ! :ale are /ill 9 exi/5ce aft] disuse = an enorm\s p]iod4 ,evid5tly use-inh]itance c\ld n equally modify ! turtle & its %ell1 or ! bra9 & its skull2 & 9 m9or matt]s !re w\ld be ! same incongruity ( effect4 ,?us1 if ! mol> tee? l5g!n$ f extra use ! incisors c\ld n meet4 ,unequal & indiscrim9ate v>iation w\ld ?r[ ! ma*9]y ( ! organism out ( ge> 9 innum]able ways4 ,use-inh]itance w\ld p]petuate v>i\s evils4 ,we are taught1 = in/ance1 t x p]petuates %ort-sight1 inf]ior s5ses1 epilepsy1 insanity1 n]v\s disord]s1 & s =?4 ,x w\ld app>5tly transmit ! evil effects ( ov]-ex]tion1 disuse1 h>d%ip1 exposure1 disease & accid5t1 z well z ! defects ( age or immaturity4 ,w\ld x n be bett] on ! :ole if ea* individual took a fre% />t z f> z possible on ! advantage\s typical l9es laid d[n by natural selection8 ,?r\gh ! long /ages ( evolution f primaeval protoplasm upw>ds1 su* species z 7 lea/ affect$ by use-inh]itance w\ld be mo/ free to develop necess>y b seldom-us$ organs1 protective cov]+s su* z %ells or skulls1 & natural weapons1 def5ces1 ornam5ts1 special adaptations1 & s =?2 & ?is w\ld be an advantage--= survival w\ld obvi\sly dep5d on ! importance ( a /ructure or faculty 9 decid+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & reproduction1 & n on ! total am\nt ( its us+ or n\ri%m5t4 ,if natural selection _h on ! :ole fav\r$ ?is (fici\s ally & frequ5t enemy1 surely we %\ld f9d bett] evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,)\t lay+ undue /ress ^u ! evil effects ( use-inh]itance1 a c>eful exam9ation ( !m 9 detail may at lea/ s]ve to c\nt]-balance ! optimi/ic a priori argum5ts = belief 9 t plausible b unprov5 factor ( evolution4 ,! b5efits d]ivable f use-inh]itance are l>gely illusory4 ,! effects ( use1 inde$1 are g5]ally b5eficial up to a c]ta9 po9t2 = natural selection has sanction$ or evolv$ organs :i* possess ! prop]ty or pot5tiality ( develop+ to ! "r ext5t "u ! /imulus ( use or n\ri%m5t4 ,b use-inh]itance w\ld cumulatively alt] ?is individual adaptability1 & w\ld t5d to fix ! size ( organs by ! av]age am\nt ( ance/ral use or disuse r ?an by ! actual requirem5ts ( ! individual4 ,( c\rse "u *ang$ conditions involv+ increas$ or less5$ use ( p>ts x might become advantage\s2 b ev5 "h x may prove a decid$ h9drance to adaptive evolution 9 "s respects z well z an unnecess>y aid 9 o!rs4 ,?us 9 ! case ( animals becom+ heavi]1 or walk+ m1 x w\ld l5g!n ! legs al?\gh natural selection might require !m to be %ort5$4 ,9 ! ,aylesbury duck & ! ,call duck1 if use-inh]itance has increas$ ! dim5sions ( ! bones & t5dons ( ! leg1 natural selection has _h to c\nt]act ?is increase s f> z l5g? is conc]n$1 & to effect #h p] c5t4 ( %ort5+ besides4 ,if use-inh]itance ?ick5s bones )\t proportionally l5g!n+ !m1 x w\ld h9d] r ?an help ! evolution ( su* /ructures z ! long light w+s ( birds1 or ! long legs & neck ( ! giraffe or crane4 ,,v>i$ ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse4 ,! *anges :i* we some:at r\ghly & empirically gr\p toge!r z ! effects ( use & disuse are ( widely div]se "*4 ,?us bone1 z ! physiological fact1 ?ick5s "u alt]nations ( pressure 7& ! consequ5t increas$ fl[ ( n\ri%m5t71 b atrophies "u a /eadily cont9u$ pressure2 s t if ! use ( a bone involv$ cont9u\s pressure1 ! effect ( su* use w\ld be a p>tial or total absorption ( t bone4 ,d>w9 %[s t bone l5g!ns z well z ?ick5s f c>ry+ a great] weight1 :ile t5sion 7z se5 9 sailors' arms1 :i* are us$ 9 pull+7 appe>s to h an equally m>k$ effect 9 %ort5+ bones 7,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #cb74 ,?us diff]5t k9ds ( use may produce opposite results4 ,! cumulative inh]itance ( su* effects w\ld (t5 be mis*iev\s4 ,! limbs ( ! slo? & ! preh5sile tail ( ! spid] monkey w\ld cont9ually gr[ %ort]1 :ile ! legs ( ! evolv+ elephant or rh9oc]os might l5g!n to an undesirable ext5t4 ,su* cumulative t5d5cies ( use-inh]itance1 if !y exi/1 are obvi\sly well kept "u by natural selection4 ,al?\gh ! ultimate effect ( use is g5]ally gr[? or enl>gem5t ?r\gh increas$ fl[ ( blood1 ! fir/ effect usually is a loss ( sub/ance1 & a consequ5t dim9ution ( size & /r5g?4 ,:5 ! loss exce$s ! gr[?1 use w dim9i% or det]iorate ! "p us$1 :ile disuse w\ld enl>ge or p]fect x4 ,tee?1 claws1 nails1 sk91 hair1 ho(s1 fea!rs1 c41 may ?us be worn away fa/] ?an !y c r5ew !mselves4 ,b ?is we>+ away usually /imulates ! repair+ process1 & s increases ! rate ( gr[?2 t is1 x w increase ! size produc$1 if n ! size reta9$4 ,:i* effect ( use does use-inh]itance transmit 9 su* cases--! increas$ rate ( gr[?1 or ! dilapidation ( ! worn-out p>ts8 ,we c h>dly suppose t bo? ^! effects ( use w be inh]it$4 ,w\ld %av+ de/roy ! be>d 9 "t or /r5g!n x8 ,w ! cont9u$ %e>+ ( %eep increase or less5 ! gr[? ( wool8 ,:at w be ! ultimate effect ( pluck+ geese's quills1 & ( ! eid] duck's ab/raction ( ! d[n f h] brea/8 ,if ! mutilat$ p>ts gr[ /rong] or m abundantly1 :y 7 ! motmot's fea!rs alleg$ to be n>r[$ by ! inh]it$ effects ( ance/ral nibbl+8 ,! use or "w or function ( muscles1 n]ves1 bones1 tee?1 sk91 t5don1 gl&s1 ducts1 eyes1 blood corpuscles1 cilia1 & ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! organism1 is z widely diff]5t z ! v>i\s p>ts are f ea* o!r1 & ! effects ( _! use or disuse are equally v>i$ & complicat$4 ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,implies ,,pang5esis4 ,h[ c\ld ! transmission ( ^! v>i$ effects to (fspr+ be acc\nt$ =8 ,is x possible to believe1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t ! effects ( use & disuse on ! p>ts ( ! p]sonal /ructure are simultane\sly regi/]$ 9 correspond+ impressions on ! sem9al g]ms8 ,mu/ we n feel1 ) ,d>w9 app>5tly1#gj t ! only intelligible explanation ( use-inh]itance is ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 accord+ to :i* ea* modifi$ cell1 or physiological unit1 ?r[s (f simil>ly-modifi$ gemmules or p>ts ( itself1 :i* ultimately reproduce ! *ange 9 (fspr+8 ,if we reject pang5esis1 x becomes difficult to see h[ use-inh]itance c be possible4 ,,pang5esis ,,improbable4 ,! m important & be/-kn[n ph5om5a ( h]$ity d n require any su* hypo!sis1 & lead+ facts 7su* z atavism1 transmission ( lo/ p>ts1 & ! g5]al non-transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s7 are s adv]se to x t ,d>w9 has to conc$e t _m ( ! reproductive gemmules are atavi/ic1 & t by cont9u\s self-multiplication !y may pres]ve a practical cont9uity ( g]m-sub/ance1 z ,weismann w\ld t]m x4 ,! idea t ! relation%ip ( (fspr+ to p>5t is "o ( direct desc5t is1 z ,galton tells u1 :olly unt5able2 & ! only reason he admits "s supplem5t>y traces ( pang5esis into 8 ,!ory ( ,h]$ity1#ga is t he may ?us acc\nt = ! m or less que/ionable cases ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,b !re appe>s to be no necessity ev5 = ?is concession4 ,we ought !re=e to disp5se ) ! useless & gratuit\s hypo!sis t cells multiply by ?r[+ (f m9ute self-multiply+ gemmules1 z well z by ! well-kn[n me?od ( self-division4 ,if pang5esis occurs1 ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s ought to be a prom95t fact4 ,! size1 /r5g?1 heal? & o!r good or evil qualities ( ! cells c\ld h>dly fail to ex]cise a m>k$ & correspond+ effect ^u ! size & quality ( ! reproductive gemmules ?r[n (f by ^? cells4 ,! direct evid5ce t5ds to %[ t ^! free gemmules d n exi/4 ,transfusion ( blood has fail$ to affect inh]itance 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,pang5esis1 ) its attraction ( gemmules f all p>ts ( ! body into ! g]m-cells1 & ! free circulation ( gemmules 9 ! (fspr+ till !y hit ^u or are attract$ by ! p>ticul> cell or cells1 ) :i* alone !y c readily unite1 seems a less feasible !ory & less 9 con=mity ) ! :ole ( ! facts ?an an hypo!sis ( g]m-cont9uity :i* supposes t ! developm5t ( ! g]m-plasm & ( ! successive self-divid+ cells ( ! body proce$s f )94 ,d>w9's ke5 analogy ( ! f]tilization ( plants by poll5 r5d]s developm5t f )\t conceivable1 b z !re are no insects to convey gemmules to _! de/9ation1 ea* k9d ( gemmule w\ld h to be exce$+ly num]\s & easily attract$ f among/ an inconceivable numb] ( o!r gemmules4 ,argum5ts aga9/ pang5esis c also be drawn f ! case ( neut] insects--a fact :i* seems to h escap$ ,d>w9's notice1 al?\gh he _h se5 h[ /rongly t case 0 oppos$ to ! doctr9e :i* is ! ess5tial basis ( ! !ory ( pang5esis4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,explanation ,,( ,,use-,,inh]itance4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s explanation ( ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse 7p4 #cf7 is t :ile g5]at+ a modifi$ cons5sus ( functions & ( /ructures1 ! activities are at ! same "t impress+ ?is modifi$ cons5sus on ! sp]m-cells & g]m-cells :5ce future individuals are to be produc$--a proposition :i* reads m l metaphysics ?an sci5ce4 ,difficult to und]/& or believe 9 ord9>y in/ances1 su* cons5sus-inh]itance seems impossible 9 cases l t ( ! hive-bee4 ,c we suppose t ! cons5sus ( ! activities ( ! work+ bee impresses itself on ! sp]m-cells ( ! drones & on ! g]m-cells ( ! c>efully seclud$ que58 ,bue*n] ?9ks s1 = he says3 ,al?\gh ! que5s & drones d n n[ "w1 yet ! capacities inh]it$ f e>li] times /ill rema9 to !m1 especially to ! =m]1 & are kept alive & fre% by ! impressions con/antly made ^u !m dur+ life1 & !y are ?us 9 a position to transmit !m to po/]ity4 ,surely x is bett] to ab&on a *]i%$ !ory ?an to be compell$ to def5d x by explanations :i* are z inconsi/5t z !y are inadequate4 ,new capacities are develop$ z well z old ones kept fre%4 ,! massacre or expulsion ( ! drones w\ld h to impress itself on ! g]m-cells ( an onlook+ que51 & ! imprisonm5t ( ! que5 on ! sp]m-cells ( ! drones--& 9 su* a way1 moreov]1 z to be aft]w>ds develop$ into action 9 ! neut]s only4 ,& use-inh]itance all ! :ile is be+ ?or\ghly ov]p[]$ by impression-inh]itance--by ! full transmission ( t :i* is m]ely se5 9 o!rs6 ,if su* a law prevails1 "o may feel cold because an ance/or ?\ght ( ! fro/y ,caucasus4 ,none ( ?is absurdity w\ld arise if x 7 cle>ly se5 t a p>5t is only a tru/ee--t transmission & developm5t are p]fectly di/9ct--t p>5tal modifications are irrelevant to ^? transmitt$ to (fspr+4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,essays on ,h]$ity1 p4 #ajd4 ,weismann's !ory is cle>1 simple & conv5i5t1 b incomplete2 =1 unlike ,d>w9's !ory ( pang5esis1 x sc>cely attempts any real explanation ( ! extremely complex pot5tialities possess$ by ! reproductive elem5ts4 ,p]haps we might reta9 ,d>w9's self-multiply+ gemmules )\t suppos+ !m to be ?r[n (f by ! cells1 :i* w no long] be cr$it$ ) two modes ( multiplication4 ,^! m9ute g]ms or gemmules may h be5 evolv$ by natural selection play+ ^u ! sample g]ms t a*ieve developm5t2 & !y may exi/ ei!r sep>ately1 or 7pref]ably b p]haps n inv>iably7 9 aggregates to =m ,weismann's g]m-plasm4 #fh ,contempor>y ,review1 ,dec41 #ahge1 p4 #hh4 #fi ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #bhf4 #gj ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 #chh1 #cih1 #cfg2 ,life & ,lett]s1 iii4 #dd4 #ga ,contempor>y ,review1 ,dec41 #ahge1 pp4 #id1 #ie4 ,,conclusions4 ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,discr$it$ ,,z ,,unnecess>y1 ,,unprov51 ,,& ,,improbable4 ,g5]al exp]i5ce tea*es t acquir$ *>act]s are n usually inh]it$2 & inve/igation %[s t ! app>5t exceptions to ?is great rule are probably fallaci\s4 ,ev5 ! alleg$ in/ances ( use-inh]itance cull$ by su* great & judici\s selectors z ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] break d[n ^u exam9ation2 = !y c be bett] expla9$ )\t use-inh]itance ?an ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! adv]se facts & consid]ations are almo/ /rong en\gh to prove ! actual non-exi/5ce ( su* a law or t5d5cy4 ,!re is no ne$ to und]take ! app>5tly impossible task ( demon/rat+ an absolute negative4 ,x w be en\gh to ask t ! ,lam>ckian factor ( use-inh]itance %all be remov$ f ! category ( accr$it$ factors ( evolution to t ( unnecess>y & improbable hypo!ses4 ,! ma9 explanation or s\rce ( ! fallacy may be f\nd 9 ! fact t natural selection frequ5tly imitates "s ( ! m obvi\s effects ( use & disuse4 ,,mod]n ,,reliance ,,on ,,use-,,inh]itance ,,misplac$4 ,mod]n philan?ropy--s f> at lea/ z x ev] /udies ultimate results--con/antly relies on ?is ill-f\nd$ belief z its ju/ification = ignor+ ! w>n+s ( ^? :o po9t out ! ultimately disa/r\s results ( a sy/ematic defiance or rev]sal ( ! great law ( natural selection4 ,?is reliance f9ds /rong support 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s late/ tea*+s1 = he holds t ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( use & disuse takes place univ]sally1 & t x is n[ ! *ief factor 9 ! evolution ( civiliz$ man 7pp4 #ce1 #gd1 iv7--natural selection be+ q inadequate = ! "w ( progressive modification4 ,practically he ab&ons ! hope ( evolution by natural selection1 & sub/itutes ! ideal ( a nation be+ modifi$ en masse by transmission ( ! effects ( its in/itutions & habits4 ,use-inh]itance w m\ld its memb]s f> m rapidly & compreh5sively ?an c be effect$ by ! survival ( ! fitte/ alone4 ,b c\ld we rely ^u ! aid ( use-inh]itance if x really 7 a univ]sal law & n a m]e simulation ( "o8 ,let u consid] "s ( ! features ( ?is alleg$ factor ( evolution1 see+ t x is h5ce=? to be our pr9cipal means ( secur+ ! improvem5t ( our species & our cont9u$ adaptation to ! *ang+ conditions ( a progressive civilization4 ,x is curi\sly unc]ta9 & irregul> 9 its action4 ,x dim9i%es or aboli%es "s /ructures 7su* z jaws or eyes7 )\t correspond+ly dim9i%+ or aboli%+ o!r equally disus$ & closely relat$ p>ts 7su* z tee?1 or eye-/alks74 ,x ?ick5s ducks' leg-bones :ile all[+ !m to %ort54 ,x %ort5s ! disus$ w+-bones ( ducks & ! leg-bones ( rabbits :ile all[+ !m to ?ick52 & yet 9 o!r cases x greatly r$uces ! ?ickness ( bones )\t %ort5+ !m4 ,x transmits tam5ess mo/ p[]fully 9 an animal :i* usually _c acquire x4 ,x aids 9 webb+ ! feet ( wat]-dogs1 b fails to web ! feet ( ! wat]-h5 or to remove ! web 9 ! feet ( upl& geese4#gb ,x all[s ! disus$ fibula to reta9 a pot5tiality ( developm5t fully equal to t possess$ by ! long-us$ tibia4 ,x l5g!ns legs because !y are us$ 9 support+ ! body1 & %ort5s arms because !y are us$ 9 pull+4 ,:e!r x enl>ges bra9 if us$ 9 "o way & dim9i%es x if us$ 9 ano!r1 we _c tell2 b x mu/ obvi\sly dead5 n]v\s s5sibilities 9 "s cases & int5sify !m 9 o!rs4 ,x enl>ges h&s long be=e !y are us$1 & ?ick5s soles long be=e ! "t = walk+ on !m4 ,at ! same "t1 z if by an ov]sight1 x s delays its transmission ( ! habit ( walk+ on ^! ?ick5$ soles1 t ! gradual & t$i\s acquisition ( ! non-transmitt$ habit co/s ! infant mu* "t & tr\ble & (t5 "s pa9 & dang]4 ,yet :]e aid$ by natural selection1 z ) *ick5s & foals1 x transmits ! habit 9 wond]ful p]fection & at a rem>kably e>ly date4 ,x transmits new paces 9 horses 9 a s+le g5]ation1 b fails to p]petuate ! songs ( birds4 ,x modifies (fspr+ l p>5ts1 & yet all[s ! =mation ( two reproductive types 9 plants1 & ( two or m types widely diff]5t f ! p>5ts 9 "s ( ! high] insects4 ,x is said to be indisp5sable = ! co-ord9at$ developm5t ( man & ! giraffe & ! elk1 b appe>s to be unnecess>y = ! evolution & ! ma9t5ance ( wond]ful /ructures & habits & in/9cts 9 a ?\s& species ( ants & bees & t]mites4 ,x is ! only possible means ( complex evolution & adaptation ( co-op]ative p>ts1 & yet 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s mo/ repres5tative case x r5d]s su* important p>ts z tee? & jaws unsuit$ = ea* o!r1 & is said to ru9 ! tee? by ! consequ5t ov]cr[d+ & decay4 ,x survives amid/ a g5]al lack ( recognis$ evid5ce1 & only seems to act usefully & heal?ily & regul>ly 9 qu>t]s :]e x c lea/ easily be di/+ui%$ f o!r m p[]ful & demon/rable factors ( evolution4 ,s little does x c>e to display its p[]s :]e !y w\ld be easily v]ifiable z well z useful t practical bre$]s ignore x4 ,s slight is its indep5d5t p[] t x seems to all[ natural selection or sexual selection or artificial selection to modify organisms 9 %e] defiance ( its utmo/ opposition1 j z readily z !y modify organisms 9 o!r directions ) its utmo/ help4 ,if x p>tially p]petuates & ext5ds ! peck$-out ind5tations 9 ! motmot's tail fea!rs1 x on ! o!r h& fails to transmit ! slighte/ trace ( mutilation 9 an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( ord9>y cases1 & ev5 :]e ! mutilation is repeat$ = a hundr$ g5]ations2 & x app>5tly repairs r ?an transmits ! ord9>y & (t-repeat$ losses caus$ by pluck+ hair1 d[n & fea!rs1 & ! we> & te> ( claws1 tee?1 ho(s & sk94 ,x is (t5 mis*iev\s z well z anomal\s 9 its action4 ,"u civilization ) its division ( lab\r1 ! v>i\s functions ( m9d & body are v unequally ex]cis$4 ,!re is ov]work or misuse ( "o "p & disuse & neglect ( o!rs1 lead+ to ! p>tial breakd[n or deg5]ation ( v>i\s organs & to g5]al det]ioration ( heal? ?r\gh di/urb$ balance ( ! con/itution4 ,! bra91 or r p>ticul> p>ts ( x1 are (t5 ov]-/imulat$1 :ile ! body is neglect$4 ,9 _m ways education & civilization fo/] n]v\sness & weakness1 & und]m9e ! rude natural heal? & spirits ( ! human animal4 ,alcohol1 tobacco1 tea1 c(fee1 extra bra9 "w1 late h\rs1 dissipation1 ov]work1 indoor life1 division ( lab\r1 pres]vation ( ! weak1 & _m o!r causes1 all help to injure ! mod]n con/itution2 s t ! prospect ( cumulative int5sification ( ^! evils by ! additional influ5ce ( use-inh]itance is n an enc\rag+ "o4 ,x is true t mod]n progress & prosp]ity are improv+ ! p 9 v>i\s respects by _! direct action2 b if use-inh]itance has any %>e 9 effect+ ?is improvem5t x mu/ also transmit increas$ wants & m luxuri\s habits1 toge!r ) su* evils z h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,z depict$ by its def5d]s1 use-inh]itance transmits evils f> m p[]fully & promptly ?an b5efits4 ,x transmits insanity & %att]$ n]ves r ?an ! heal?y bra9 :i* prec$$ ! breakd[n4 ,x p]petuates1 & cumulatively int5sifies1 a det]ioration 9 ! s5ses ( civiliz$ m51 b x fails to p]petuate ! rank vig\r ( v>i\s plants :5 too well n\ri%$1 or ! fl\ri%+ condition ( v>i\s animals :5 too fat or :5 tam$4 ,x already transmits ! %ort-sight caus$ by s mod]n an art z wat*mak+1 b s fails to transmit ! long-practis$ art ( see+ 7z x does ( walk+ & talk+7 t vision is worse ?an useless to a man until he gradually acquires ! necess>y b non-transmitt$ associations ( s5sation & idea by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,9 a well-kn[n case1 a bl9d man on ga9+ 8 sight by an op]ation said t all objects seem$ to t\* 8 eyes1 z :at he felt did 8 sk9--s little _h ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( c\ntless ages impress$ itself on 8 faculties4 ,"u normal heal?y conditions use-inh]itance is s sl[ 9 its action t sev]al g5]ations mu/ elapse be=e x produces any appreciable effect1 & !n t effect is only precisely :at selection might be expect$ to br+ ab\t )\t its aid4 ,/rong = evil & sl[ = good1 x c convey epilepsy promptly 9 gu9ea pigs1 b transmits ! acquirem5ts ( g5ius s poorly t our be/ /ud5t ( ! h]$ity ( g5ius has to acc\nt = ! frequ5t & rem>kable det]ioration ( ! (fspr+ by a !ory :i* is /rongly ho/ile to use-inh]itance4 ,x w\ld t5d to make organisms unworkable by ! excessive diff]5ces 9 its rate & mann] ( action on co-op]ative p>ts1 & by adapt+ ^! p>ts to ! total am\nt ( n\ri%m5t receiv$ r ?an to occasional necessity or actual usefulness4 ,x w\ld t5d to /]eotype habits & conv]t reason into in/9ct4 ,h[ !n c we rely ^u use-inh]itance = ! improvem5t ( ! race8 ,ev5 if x is n a %e] delusion1 x may be m detrim5tal z a positive evil ?an x is advantage\s z an unnecess>y b5efit2 & z a normal modify+ ag5t x is mis]ably weak & untru/wor?y 9 comp>ison ) ! p[]ful selective influ5ces by :i* nature & society cont9ually & inevitably affect ! species = good or = evil4 ,! effects ( use & disuse--rightly direct$ by education 9 its wide/ s5se--mu/ ( c\rse be call$ 9 to secure ! highly ess5tial b nev]!less sup]ficial1 limit$1 & p>tly deceptive improvem5t ( individuals & ( social mann]s & me?ods2 b z ?is artificial developm5t ( already exi/+ pot5tialities does n directly or readily t5d to become cong5ital1 x is evid5t t "s consid]able am\nt ( natural or artificial selection ( ! m fav\rably v>y+ individuals w /ill be ! only means ( secur+ ! race aga9/ ! con/ant t5d5cy to deg5]ation :i* w\ld ultimately swall[ up all ! advantages ( civilization4 ,! selective influ5ces by :i* our pres5t high level has be5 rea*$ & ma9ta9$ may well be modifi$1 b !y mu/ n be ab&on$ or rev]s$ 9 ! ra% expectation t ,/ate education1 or ,/ate fe$+ ( *ildr51 or ,/ate h\s+ ( ! poor1 or any am\nt ( ,/ate socialism or public or private philan?ropy1 w prove p]man5tly satisfactory sub/itutes4 ,if ru9\s det]ioration & o!r m imm$iate evils1 are to be avoid$1 ! race mu/ /ill be to ! swift & ! battle to ! /rong4 ,! heal?y ,individualism s e>ne/ly *ampion$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] mu/ be all[$ free play4 ,op5 competition1 z ,d>w9 tea*es1 ) its survival & multiplication ( ! fitte/1 mu/ be all[$ to decide ! battle ( life indep5d5tly ( a fooli% b5evol5ce t pref]s ! elaborate cultivation & multiplication ( we$s to ! gr[? ( corn & roses4 ,we are tru/ees = ! c\ntless g5]ations ( ! future4 ,if we are wise we %all tru/ to ! great rul+ tru?s t we assur$ly "k1 r ?an to ! s$uctive claims ( an alleg$ factor ( evolution = :i* no satisfactory evid5ce c be produc$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,pr(essor ,romanes _h ca/s made ( ! feet ( upl& geese1 & c\ld n detect any dim9ution z comp>$ ) ! web ( o!r geese 9 relation to ! toes4 ,,nature ,,s]ies4 ,,popul> ,,lectures ,,& ,,addresses ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,subjects ,,9 ,,physical ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,?omson1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e1 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #c vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,vol4 #a4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,matt]4 #fs4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,briti% ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,insects4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,fl[]s1 ,,fruits ,,& ,,leaves4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,transit ,,( ,,v5us4 ,by ,g4 ,,=bes1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,&]sonian ,univ]sity1 ,glasg[4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,common ,,frog4 ,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,lectur] 9 ,comp>ative ,anatomy at ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pol>isation ,,( ,,light4 ,by ,w4 ,,spottiswoode1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,measur+1 ,,& ,,! ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,measure ,,& ,,weight4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,*i%olm1 ,w>d5 ( ! ,/&>ds4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,/raight ,,l9e3 a ,lecture on ,l9kages4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,kempe4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,light3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,simple1 ,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,ph5om5a ( ,light1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts ( e age4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,may] & ,c4 ,,b>n>d4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,s\nd3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,simple1 ,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,ph5om5a ( ,s\nd1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts ( e age4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,may]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,see+ ,,& ,,?9k+4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,k4 ,,clif=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,deg5]ation4 ,by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,fa%ion ,,9 ,,de=mity1 z ,illu/rat$ 9 ! ,cu/oms ( ,b>b>\s & ,civiliz$ ,races4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,fl[]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,*>les ,,d>w94 ,memorial ,notices repr9t$ f ,nature4 ,by ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,g4 ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie1 ,f4,r4,s42 & ,w4 ,t4 ,,?iselton ,,dy]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) a ,portrait engrav$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,,je5s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,z ,illu/rat$ 9 ! ,briti% ,flora4 ,by ,,grant ,,all54 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,by ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,zoological ,secret>y ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,electricity4 ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,m5d5hall4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,second>y ,,batt]ies ,,( ,,plante ,,& ,,faure4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,glad/one1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,,alfr$ ,,tribe1 ,f4,in/4,c4,e41 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry at ,dulwi* ,college4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,light4 ,! ,burnett ,lectures4 ,by ,,george ,,gabriel ,,/okes1 ,m4,a41 ,p4,r4,s41 c41 ,fell[ ( ,pembroke ,college1 & ,lucasian ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,?ree ,c\rses3 ,i4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,light2 ,,ii4 ,on ,light z a ,means ( ,inve/igation2 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,b5eficial ,effects ( ,light4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,photography4 ,by ,,raphael ,,meldola1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,f9sbury ,te*nical ,college1 ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute = ! ,advancem5t ( ,te*nical ,education4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,mod]n ,,views ,,( ,,electricity4 ,by ,,oliv] ,j4 ,,lodge1 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,timb] ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,diseases4 ,by ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ! ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,coop]'s ,hill4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,o!rs to foll[4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e ,,?ursday ,,aft]noon1 ,price #f;d4 7,a ,specim5 ,numb]1 po/ free1 #f-a_/b;d4 /amps47 ,,nature3 ,a ,,weekly ,,illu/rat$ ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,nature conta9s ,orig9al ,articles on all subjects com+ )9 ! doma9 ( ,sci5ce1 contribut$ by ! mo/ em95t ,sci5ti/s1 belong+ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,reviews1 sett+ =? 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