,,woodward',s  ,,country ,,homes1  ,,by 
,,geo4 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodward1         
,,architects1  ,authors of ,woodward's  
,graperies and ,horticultural           
,buildings4  ,,fourth ,,thousand4       
,,new-,,york3           ,,geo4 ,e4  ,f4 
,w4 ,,woodward1 #cg ,,park ,,row1       
,office of the ,,horticulturist4        
#ahff4            ,entered according to 
,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahfe1 by
           ,,geo4 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4          
,,woodward1           ,in the ,clerk's  
,office of the ,district ,court of the  
,united ,states1           for the      
,southern ,district of ,new ,york4      
,,stephen ,,hallet1           ,,printer1
           ,no4 #gd ,fulton ,street4    
,,contents4                             
,,page4     ,,introduction4             
,domestic ,architecture and             
,embellishment                #g        
,,design ,,no4 #a4     ,a ,laborer's    
,cottage                                
#be      ,,design ,,no4 #b4     ,a      
,small ,frame ,cottage                  

#bh      ,,design ,,no4 #c4     ,a      
,compact ,frame ,cottage                
#cj      ,,design ,,no4 #d4     ,a      
,rural ,cottage of moderate extent      
#cd      ,,design ,,no4 #e4     ,a      
,gardener's ,cottage                    
#dj      ,,design ,,no4 #f4     ,stone  
,stable and ,coach ,house               
#de      ,,design ,,no4 #g4     ,a ,farm
 ,cottage                               
#df      ,,design ,,no4 #h4     ,design 
for a ,timber ,cottage                  
#ej      ,,design ,,no4 #i4     ,design 
for a ,rural ,church4                   
#ec      ,,design ,,no4 #aj4     ,a     
,suburban ,cottage                      
#eh      ,,design ,,no4 #aa4     ,an    
,ornamental ,summer ,house              
#fd      ,,design ,,no4 #ab4     ,stable
 and ,carriage ,house                   
#ff      ,,design ,,no4 #ac4     ,a     
,model ,cottage                         
#fh      ,,design ,,no4 #ad4     ,a     
,cottage ,stable                        
#ge      ,,design ,,no4 #ae4     ,design

 for an ,ice ,house                     
#gf      ,,design ,,no4 #af4     ,a     
,suburban ,cottage                      
#gi      ,,design ,,no4 #ag4     ,stable
 and ,carriage ,house                   
#hf      ,,design ,,no4 #ah4     ,school
 ,house at ,irvington                   
#hg      ,,design ,,no4 #ai4     ,a     
regular ,country ,house                 
#ic      ,,design ,,no4 #bj4     ,a     
,country ,chapel                        
#if      ,,design ,,no4 #ba4     ,an    
,old ,house ,remodeled                  
#ii      ,,design ,,no4 #bb4     ,coach 
,house and ,stable                      
#ajd      ,,design ,,no4 #bc4           
,fences                                 
#ajf      ,,design ,,no4 #bd4     ,plans
 of the ,residence of ,c4 ,f4 ,park1    
,esq4           #ajh      ,,design ,,no4
 #be4     ,carriage ,house and ,stable  
#aaa      ,,design ,,no4 #bf4           
,residence of ,t4 ,h4 ,stout1 ,esq4     
#aac      ,,design ,,no4 #bg4     ,a    
,chapter on ,gates                      

#aai      ,,design ,,no4 #bh4     ,mr4  
,tristram ,allen's ,house at            
,ravenswood1 ,enlarged   #aca           
,,design ,,no4 #bi4     ,plans of the   
,residence of ,l4 ,m4 ,ferris1 ,esq4    
#acd      ,,design ,,no4 #cj4     ,a    
,model ,suburban ,cottage               
#aci      ,,design ,,no4 #ca4     ,head 
,stone                                  
#adi      ,,balloon ,,frames4           
,balloon ,frames                        
#aea    ,,woodward',s  ,,country        
,,homes4   ,,in presenting to the public
 a new work on ,,domestic               
,,architecture1 it is our aim to furnish
 practical designs and plans1 adapted to
 the requirements of such as are about  
to build1 or remodel and improve1 their 
,,country ,,homes4  ,the rapid progress 
in rural improvement and domestic       
embellishment all over the land1 during 
the last quarter of a century1 is       
evident to the observation of every     
traveler1 and1 as we have found during  
several years of professional           

experience1 there has grown up a demand 
for architectural designs of various    
grades1 from the simple farm cottage to 
the more elaborate and costly villa1    
which is not supplied by the several    
excellent works on this subject which   
are within the reach of the building and
 reading public4  ,among the permanent  
dwellers in the country this spirit of  
improvement1 fostered as it is by the   
diffusion of publications in the various
 departments of ,rural ,art1 and by a   
wider and more genial general culture as
 the means of intercommunication and    
education are increased1 is becoming    
more manifest every year4 ,but besides  
these intelligent farmers and tradesmen 
who make the country their home the year
 round1 there is a large class of       
persons whose tastes or business        
avocations compel them to reside a      
considerable portion of the year in our 
cities or suburbs--prosperous merchants1
 bankers1 professional men1 and wealthy 
citizens--who have the tastes and means 

to command such enjoyments and luxuries 
as the country affords2 who need the    
change in scenes1 associations1         
employments and objects of interest1 for
 themselves and their households1 and   
who enjoy1 with a keen relish1 the      
seclusion1 the comparative freedom from 
restraint1 the pure1 sweet air1 the     
broad1 open sunshine1 and the numerous  
other rural advantages which are        
essentially denied them in their city   
homes4  ,in former years this class of  
people resorted1 almost exclusively1 to 
the sea-side1 and a few popular mineral 
springs1 taking in1 perhaps1 ,niagara in
 their transit1 and rarely venturing    
into the wild and unexplored regions of 
,lake ,george4 ,they returned to town in
 the early days of ,september1 with many
 a backward1 longing look at the        
attractions and delights from which they
 reluctantly tore themselves away1 and  
settled down again to the weary         
tread-mill of business4 ,but for some   
years past this class has largely       

increased in number1 and instead of     
confining themselves to their former    
resorts1 they now seek the upper        
country1 and prolong their stay into the
 glorious days of ,autumn4 ,many of them
 have provided permanent summer homes1  
among the hills and on the lake or river
 shores4 ,they have bought1 and built1  
and planted1 until they have identified 
themselves with the chosen spot1 and as 
their trees have taken root in the      
fertile soil1 so have their affections  
taken root in the beautiful country4    
,they hasten gladly to these rural      
scenes with the opening ,summer1 and    
they leave them with regret when the    
exigencies of business require their    
presence in the city1--when the ,summer 
suns have ripened the luscious fruits1  
and the flowers fade with the frosty    
kisses of the cold1 and the passenger   
birds fly ,southward4 ,this class of our
 population know where to find all the  
facilities for the best country         
enjoyments1 and their ample means assure

 them a free choice of summer resorts1  
and adequate command of all the         
appliances of pleasant country living4  
,but there is another and still larger  
class of citizens who have neither the  
means to enable them to keep up both    
town and country residences1 nor such   
command of their time that they can pass
 two or three months of every summer    
away from their business4 ,there are    
thousands of clerks and subordinate     
officers in the banking and insurance   
institutions in our cities and in our   
large commercial houses2 there are many 
merchants who are making their way      
slowly and surely to competence and     
wealth1 who would gladly compromise for 
one-third of such a summer vacation4    
,these are men of intelligence1 and     
sometimes of a good deal of social and  
intellectual culture and refinement4    
,many of them were born1 and their      
boyhood nurtured amongst the hills4     
,they love the country with the         
intensity and purity of a first love1   

and they long for communion once more   
with nature in all her moods of         
loveliness4 ,their sweetest dreams      
still1 when they forget the hard        
realities of life1 are of green lawns   
and sloping hill-sides1 of waving trees 
and cool streams4 ,and they would wish  
that their children should become       
familiar with the same wholesome        
associations1 and be moved by the same  
attachments and inspirations4 ,in the   
city they are constantly exposed to its 
excitements1 and subjected to the       
restraints of its artificial modes1 with
 few outward influences to counteract   
upon their development2 with very       
little1 indeed1 except the discipline   
and the affections of home to emancipate
 them from the tendencies to a trivial1 
artificial1 and sordid life4 ,they would
 gladly supply to them the healthful    
tone and vigor--the outer and inner     
bloom and freshness--which are the      
product of out-door life in the pure air
 of the country4 ,but they are compelled

 by considerations of economy1 to forego
 most of these advantages1 and allow    
their children to grow up with city     
tastes and habits4 ,they long for the   
country but think they must content     
themselves with the town1 until the time
 comes when their fortunes will enable  
them to command the coveted indulgences4
  ,the time may come1 sooner than they  
anticipate1 when they will be obliged to
 choose the country4  ,our towns are    
rapidly overflowing their local         
boundaries1 and spreading out into      
suburbs1 more or less beautiful and     
desirable4 ,as far as ,new ,york city is
 concerned1 it is simply a question of  
time how soon our middle-class citizens1
 who desire to live comfortably1 with   
due regard to economical conditions1    
will be obliged to choose the country   
for their homes4  ,during the last forty
 years this city has increased in       
population with a rapid and uniform     
rate4 ,within the memory of persons now 
living1 it has grown from an            

inconsiderable commercial town1 until it
 has become one of the great cities of  
the world4 ,this rapid stride and steady
 progress furnish us with the elements  
for calculating the period when the     
whole island will be covered with       
buildings1 and there will remain no more
 vacant space for the use of its        
commerce1 or the domestic accommodation 
of its citizens4 ,the present population
 of the city is estimated at fully one  
million4 ,the entire territorial        
capacity of the city1 the density of the
 population remaining the same as it is 
at present1 cannot much exceed two      
millions4 ,the ratio of increase during 
each period of five years1 since #ahbj1 
is about twenty-eight per cent4 ,it will
 thus be seen that the utmost limit of  
the city's capacity will be reached     
within the next sixteen or seventeen    
years1 and ,new ,york will be a solid   
and compact city from the ,battery to   
,westchester ,county4  ,meanwhile1 the  
expenses of living in the city are      

increasing every year4 ,rents are higher
 now than ever before1 and there is no  
prospect of their coming down for many  
years4  ,for it must be remembered that 
when we renew our building operations1  
which have been nearly suspended for the
 last four years1 in consequence of the 
unsettled condition of the country1 we  
shall have to provide not only for the  
current increase in population1 but for 
the deficiencies which result from the  
past four years or more1 when           
comparatively few houses were erected4  
,at the present time the rent of a      
convenient and respectable house1       
suitable to the requirements of a family
 having a fair income1 and occupying a  
desirable position in society1 is an    
excessive item of cost4  ,and the remedy
 for this is to go into the country4    
,along the lines of our railroads and   
navigable waters there are localities   
where land is comparatively             
cheap1--beautiful1 healthy regions1     
where the comforts of a rural home may  

be secured1 with all the advantages of  
society1 and of religious and           
educational establishments and          
institutions4 ,the facilities for       
reaching these country homes are already
 adequate for general purposes1 and will
 be increased every year1 as the demand 
for them grows4 ,railroads and          
steamboats are built and run for the    
purpose of profit on freight and        
passenger transportation4 ,according to 
the general law of trade1 the supply    
will equal the demand1 and as the       
population increases along our lines of 
travel1 the facilities and              
accommodations for transit will be      
multiplied4  ,why1 then1 should the man 
who loves the country1 and possesses    
tastes and capacities for its enjoyment1
 and yet is compelled by circumstances  
to practice economy in his mode of      
living1 be restrained to the city       
limits8 ,it is quite a practicable thing
 for him to realize his wishes1--live in
 the country and enjoy its best         

luxuries1 without abandoning the city as
 far as its commercial advantages are   
concerned4 ,there are localities within 
an hour of the city hall1 where land can
 be purchased at reasonable rates1 and  
where all the advantages of health and  
beauty1 of retirement1 pure air and     
attractive scenery can be enjoyed for   
less money than is now expended in the  
narrow house in the crowded street1     
where every sense is offended--with no  
open sky or distant horizon tinged with 
the glories of the dying day or rising  
morn--no grassy lawns1 or waving trees1 
or fragrant banks of flowers4  ,for such
 accommodations as he has1 he pays1 we  
will say1 a rent of one thousand or     
twelve hundred dollars4 ,in the country 
he might purchase two acres of land and 
build a cottage1 which would afford him 
all1 or more1 conveniences than he now  
has1 without the necessity of climbing  
four or five flights of stairs--at an   
outlay1 at the usual cost of building1  
not exceeding six thousand dollars4 ,the

 interest on this sum would be four     
hundred and twenty dollars4 ,the        
difference between this amount and his  
present house rent would in a few years 
pay the whole cost of the place1 and he 
would have a home--a centre and         
gathering place for his domestic        
interests and affections4  ,and this is 
no fancy sketch--no exaggerated         
statement of possibilities4 ,we know of 
localities which can be reached from    
,wall ,street in as many minutes as     
would be required to go to #ejth        
,street1 where land can be obtained for 
about five hundred dollars an acre1     
where there are all the conditions of   
health1 good water1 pure air1 extensive 
and attractive views1 and whatever else 
is desirable for a country home4 ,in the
 direction we have now specially in     
mind1 there are at least twenty railroad
 trains which daily stop at convenient  
stations1 between the early morning and 
ten o'clock at night4 ,for the ordinary 
purposes of business1 and social        

intercourse1 this is ample travelling   
accommodation1 and as we said before1   
these accommodations will be increased  
in the proportion that the country      
population in the neighborhood of our   
cities becomes more dense1 and thus     
creates a larger demand for such        
facilities4  ,the necessity and         
desirableness of country homes being    
thus easily demonstrable1 it is of      
importance to know how to choose sites  
for them1 and how to build4 ,the        
,poet-author of ,letters from under a   
bridge1 has given a wise and admirable  
suggestion in regard to choice of sites1
 leaving the climate and productiveness 
of soil out of the question1 the main   
things to find united1 are1 shade1      
water1 and inequality of surface4 ,with 
these three features given by nature1   
any spot may be made beautiful1 and at  
very little cost3 and fortunately for   
purchasers in this country1 most land is
 valued and sold with little or no      
reference to these or other capabilities

 for embellishment4 ,there is an        
affluence of choice sites all over the  
country1 and what we need most to learn 
is how to develop their capabilities1   
and add such fitting embellishments as  
belong to beautiful and convenient      
houses4 ,here it is that the popular    
taste requires additional cultivation4  
,the impulse already given in this      
direction should be kept up4 ,there is  
no deficiency of wealth for the         
appropriation and culture of these      
attractive places1 and there is often a 
lavish expenditure upon country homes   
which ought to make them complete and   
even magnificent4 ,but unfortunately we 
see1 every year1 costly establishments1 
designed for summer residences1 or for  
permanent homes1 built up with as little
 regard for taste1 as for expense4 ,the 
deficiency is found rather in the       
culture than in the dispositions and    
means of our people4 ,and the remedy and
 supply for this must be provided by the
 dissemination of works treating upon   

this and kindred topics of rural art1 by
 means of which the public taste may be 
refined and elevated to a higher        
standard4  ,in constructing country     
houses there are several prime          
conditions to be observed1 such as      
adaptation1 accommodation1 and          
expression4 ,by adaptation is meant not 
only the arrangement of the main        
structure1 as to form and material1 to  
suit the locality and character of the  
grounds1 but a fitness as respects the  
real wants--the habits and condition--of
 the occupants and the purposes of a    
country home4 ,nobody wants a modern    
city house planted down in the open     
country1 nor should any sensible man    
seek a refuge from the bare streets of  
the city in the little less bare streets
 of a country village4 ,there is no     
congruity between the classical forms of
 ,grecian ,architecture and the varying 
climate of our land4  ,the material used
 in the construction of our country     
houses has not been sufficiently        

considered by us4 ,timber is abundant in
 almost all parts of the country1 and   
the facility with which an              
establishment--mansion-house1 office1   
and outbuildings--can be built up in a  
few weeks1 of this material1 has been   
the main reason1 we suppose1 why we have
 so many abortions1 in the shape of     
,grecian temples1 and miniature ,gothic 
cathedrals and castles1 scattered over  
the land4 ,let it be considered1 that in
 building our country houses1 we are not
 simply providing for ourselves1 but for
 our children--we are constructing a    
homestead4 ,it is for the want of this  
consideration that we have so few homes 
in our country1 so few home             
associations1 around and among which our
 deepest and purest affections are      
entwined4 ,our thin lath and plaster    
constructions1 which rattle and tremble 
in every wind and leak in every rain1 do
 not afford very good or permanent      
centers for these associations and      
affections4  ,we have some native woods 

that are durable1 out of which we may   
build houses that will last for several 
generations2 but with these1 even1 the  
cost of frequent repairs and painting is
 so great1 to say nothing of the        
annoyances thereby entailed1 that1 in   
point of economy1 wood is by no means   
the most desirable material4 ,nor is it1
 in any way1 the most desirable4 ,the   
prevailing taste in country dwellings1  
before ,mr4 ,downing's time1 was        
defective enough4 ,a large1 square1     
wooden house1 painted intensely white1  
garnished with bright green ,venetian   
blinds--standing in a contracted        
yard--inclosed with a red or white      
wooden fence1 was the very beau ideal of
 a gentleman's country dwelling4 ,we are
 thankful that this dispensation has    
passed away2 and we revere the memory of
 ,downing1 and of others like him1 who  
were instrumental in bringing in a      
better taste in such matters4  ,the     
first cost of a stone or brick dwelling 
somewhat exceeds that of wood1 even in  

places where these materials are readily
 obtained4 ,but if they are properly    
constructed1 such buildings will need   
very few repairs for many years4 ,it is 
often objected1 on the other hand1 that 
such buildings are damp and unwholesome4
 ,this is1 undoubtedly1 true of many of 
the old stone houses which we find      
scattered about the country4 ,and it is 
true1 because they were not properly    
built4 ,when properly built1 they       
preserve the most equal temperature at  
all seasons4 ,they are warm in winter   
and cool in summer1 and the sudden      
changes which affect the weather        
without1 need scarcely be felt by the   
delicate invalid within the walls of the
 stone mansion1 if suitable attention is
 given to the simple matter of          
ventilation4  ,but let us return to the 
subject of adaptation4 ,the             
illustrations which occur to us may     
serve to furnish a somewhat clear idea  
of what we mean by the prime conditions 
necessary to be observed in building4   

,by the term adaptation1 we mean such   
choice of style1 material1 size and     
arrangement as shall fit the structure3 
#ast1 to the site2 #b;d1 to the climate2
 and #c;d1 to the uses for which it is  
built4  ,and1 first1 as to the site3 ,it
 would be obviously incongruous to erect
 the same house on these two different  
sites1 with their different             
characteristic features and             
surroundings2 for example1 the one a    
nearly level plane gently rising1       
perhaps1 as you approach from the road  
the position where the house shall      
stand1 and sloping away again towards   
other broad green fields and the fertile
 meadows beyond--with no background of  
hills or mountains1 no irregularly      
formed lake1 but with a placid1 lazy    
stream1 half-sleeping1 half-gliding by  
the weeping elms1 and among the         
scattered groups of stately1 old        
trees3--the other1 a romantic hillside  
in the native forest1 with its          
neighboring mountain range1 where in the

 bright summer-time1 the noisy1 laughing
 brook keeps time to your thoughts and  
fancies as you wander among the hills1  
and in the bleak winter the winds sigh  
mournfully through the pines or utter   
their clarion calls to the spirit of the
 storm4  ,the one situation would be    
appropriate to the ,italian villa1 with 
its flat roof1 and overhanging cornices1
 its spacious verandahs and balconies1  
all having that depth and boldness and  
variety of outline necessary to secure  
the proper effects of light and shadow  
which1 the absence of all variety of    
form in the landscape1 would render     
indispensable4 ,but no man with an      
artist's eye would think1 for a moment1 
of building such a house as this on our 
wooded hillside4 ,he would construct    
there his ,english cottage in good solid
 stone1 whose steep roofs would shed    
with facility the summer rain and the   
winter snow1 whose irregularities of    
form and outline would harmonize with   
nature's ,gothic work in precipice and  

rock1 in trees and climbing vines4 ,or  
else1 he would place there his ,swiss   
chalet1 which would be in harmony with  
the scene1 and a pleasing object to the 
eye of the observer4 ,on the broad1 open
 plane the villa should be made1 or     
seem1 to cover a considerable space1    
while the nice cottage might be built   
more compactly4  ,but here let us       
remark1 that many of our attempts at the
 ,english cottage1 generally known as   
the ,gothic1 have been failures1 and    
some of them sad abortions4  ,this comes
 from defective models and plans1 and   
these defects arise mainly from these   
sources--the lack of boldness and       
variety in the main outlines1 and in the
 construction of the roofs and chimneys4
 ,such a cottage1 to be pleasing and    
satisfactory1 must have irregularities  
in form1 variety in ornament1 and       
boldness in treatment4 ,a square house  
with additions of gables1 and dormers   
and pinnacles1 and ridge crests1 will   
not give us an ,english cottage4 ,it is 

a work of art1 like a poem or a picture1
 and not a mechanical aggregation of    
,gothic features and ornaments4 ,we were
 about to say that it should never be   
attempted in any other material than    
stone1 but as many of us cannot command 
the means for such permanent buildings1 
we will concede that it may be allowable
 for us to put our wooden buildings into
 the cottage form1 using the best taste 
and the most beautiful and picturesque  
styles1 even if the material is         
objectionable4  ,one other observation1 
before we return to our main topic1 may 
be indulged4 ,it is simply the          
suggestion that too little attention has
 been paid to the sky-outlines of our   
country houses4 ,roofs and chimney-tops 
have been treated as necessary evils1   
instead of being made1 as they may be1  
highly ornamental4 ,the unity of the    
plan1 as a work of art1 is lost as you  
ascend above the eaves1 all the rest    
seeming like excrescences growing out of
 structures otherwise commendable and   

satisfactory4 ,the superior horizontal  
lines of the roof will depend somewhat  
upon the background of the house4 ,when 
a building is placed upon the crest of a
 hill1 or upon a slope descending from  
the main point of view1 so that its     
outlines are seen against the sky1 the  
treatment of the plan will be obviously 
different from that required where the  
background is solid1 as a hill or a     
forest4 ,in any case1 however1 the      
horizontal lines should be broken1 as   
far as practicable1 by making the roofs 
of the several parts of the house of    
unequal height4  ,it will be apparent1  
without special argument1 that our      
choice of style in our country houses   
should be controlled essentially by the 
climate4 ,in our northern climate1 the  
flat roof is objectionable1 and we are  
obliged to modify the ,italian styles   
somewhat in this respect1 to obviate    
inconveniences4 ,the hot summer sun1    
when1 as on an ,august day1 in the city1
            ,the pavements all are      

piping hot1             ,the sky above  
is brazen1           ,and every head as 
good as dead             ,the sun can   
shed his rays on1  will be more than    
likely to open the joints and seams of  
the flat roof1 and the sudden shower    
coming down with the force of a tropical
 storm1 will find its way through1 sadly
 to the detriment of our ceilings1 our  
stuccoes and frescoes1 as well as to the
 comfort and the commendable equability 
of temper of those who suffer the       
invasion4 ,the heavy winter snows1 too1 
require a steep roof1 from which they   
will readily dislodge themselves without
 injury4  ,and so in the interior       
arrangements of the house1 the          
provisions for heating and ventilation1 
for summer freedom and winter coziness1 
for domestic comfort and the exercise of
 the commendable grace of country       
hospitality1 due regard must be had to  
the conditions of climate4 ,there must  
be a proper adaptation to them1 if we   
would secure satisfactory country homes4

  ,and this brings us to our last topic1
 the uses for which our country seats   
are built4 ,the place designed simply   
for a summer residence for the citizen1 
who is obliged to be at his office or   
counting room daily1 bating the few     
weeks of summer vacation1 need not be so
 complete in its appointments and       
arrangements1 as the permanent country  
residence4 ,one essential condition1    
however1 in this case is1 that there    
shall be room enough1 with ample        
verandahs1 and shaded gravel walks1     
which will afford opportunities for open
 air exercise in all states of the      
weather4 ,there is nothing1 perhaps1    
that interferes so essentially with the 
citizen's enjoyment of the country1 as  
the want of facilities for out door     
exercise4 ,it is too hot or too dusty to
 ride or walk1 before the shower1 and   
after its refreshment has come1 it is   
too wet and muddy4 ,spacious verandahs1 
shaded with vines1 and well-made walks1 
always firm and dry1 bordered with      

shrubbery1 or overhung with trees1 will 
give us ample scope and verge enough4   
,but the uses of country seats depend   
mainly upon the tastes and habitudes of 
the occupants2 and their adaptation in  
style size and arrangement should be    
accordingly4 ,we believe there is no law
 against a man's building an elegant    
library and picture gallery1 though he  
may have no taste for literature or art1
 but having plenty of money1 chooses to 
make this display of it4 ,there are a   
great many absurdities to which poor1   
frail humanity is liable1 against which 
the legislature1 in its wisdom1 has not 
thought it worth while to make solemn   
and positive enactments2 it is better   
for the general moral condition of      
society1 perhaps1 that the vulgar rich  
man's ambition for display should       
manifest itself in books and pictures1  
rather than in fast horses4 ,might not  
the cultivation of the                  
garden--vegetables1 fruits and          
flowers1--take the place of both1 as    

simple means of display8 ,these are     
wholesome and agreeable employments even
 for those who have passed that time of 
life when a taste for books and art may 
be acquired4  ,a country seat should    
combine and express the real uses which 
are required by the intellectual and    
social condition of its occupants1 and  
not attract attention as blazoning the  
wealth and money importance of the      
owner4 ,if he is rich1 let him make it  
as complete and simply elegant as he    
will1 and this he may do without        
proclaiming to every passer-by his      
miserable pride of wealth4  ,with these 
preliminary observations1 we submit our 
work to the judgment of those who are   
interested in these subjects4 ,we have  
not included in our present volume any  
considerable number of designs for the  
more spacious and costly ,villa1 the    
work being designed for popular use and 
to meet a demand which is unprovided for
 by previous publications4     ,,design 
,no4 #a4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4        

#a4--;,front ,elevation4                
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,end        
,elevation4   ,this design as shown in  
figures #a and #b1 is for a laborer's   
cottage intended to be erected on the   
grounds connected with a fine estate on 
the western slope of the ,palisades in  
,new ,jersey4 ,it is to be built of     
rough stone1 plainly finished4 ,it is   
#af by #bd feet outside1 having a       
living-room with bed room on the first  
floor1 7,fig4 #c17 a large pantry1      
stairway1 etc41 and a fine cellar below4
 ,the second floor 7,fig4 #d17 has two  
bed-rooms1 well lighted and ventilated1 
and large closets to each4 ,this size   
will admit of several different         
arrangements2 the rear door might open  
out from the pantry1 and afford more    
convenient access to the cellar stairs1 
to get in heavy articles1 and shut out  
some cold in winter1 but would interfere
 with the fine ventilation so necessary 
in summer to a generally heated         
apartment1 as a kitchen1 dining1 and    

living-room combined4 ,a porch might be 
placed over the rear door1 or better    
still1 at a small additional expense1 a 
summer-kitchen and wood-house might be  
added4 ,a house of this accommodation is
 usually the first one put up by        
settlers on the western prairies4 ,they 
are built of wood1 balloon frame1 with a
 plain pitch roof1 without ornament4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,first      
,floor4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#d4--,second ,floor4  ,the elevations as
 shown1 give a greater variety than is  
usual in this class of building1 and a  
house thus constructed may afterwards   
become a very pretty portion of a larger
 and more expensive structure4          
,,design ,no4 #b4   ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #e4--;,front ,elevation4         
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,side        
,elevation4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#g4--;,first ,floor4  ,the second design
 7,fig4 #e17 is for a frame building    
giving more variety of outline4 ,the    
plan 7,fig4 #g17 separates the sitting  

room from the kitchen and dining room1  
and insures more privacy4 ,there is also
 a greater abundance of closets1 though 
smaller4 ,one of the bed rooms above    
might be divided into two1 and thus     
increase the accommodation4 ,a portion  
of the cellar may also be finished for a
 kitchen1 and the living room used as a 
dining room4 ,this plan admits of future
 additions being made without destroying
 the harmony or proportion of the       
building4 ,to one of moderate means1    
such a mode of building presents some   
attractions1 as it affords a house for  
immediate wants1 to which additions may 
be made as one's means increase4 ,such  
houses1 if tastefully furnished and     
embellished with suitable surroundings1 
as neat and well-kept grounds1 fine     
trees1 shrubbery1 flowers1 and climbing 
vines1 will always attract more         
attention and admiration than the       
uninviting aspect of many more expensive
 structures4 ,money tastefully expended 
in this manner will always yield        

gratifying results4  ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #h4--,second ,floor4     ,,design
 ,no4 #c4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#i4--;,front ,elevation4  ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #aj4--,side ,elevation4  ,this  
design is similar1 in some respects1 to 
design ,no4 #b1 and gives1 perhaps1 the 
most compact arrangement of rooms for a 
building having so irregular an outline4
 ,exteriorly considered1 there is much  
to be admired in variety1 and light and 
shadow1 the different elevations being  
entirely unlike each other1 and         
affording a constant change from every  
point of view2 an object1 we think1 very
 much to be desired in cottage          
architecture1 and when well managed     
never fails to make a pleasing          
impression4 ,a high1 bold appearance1   
without the overhanging eaves or depth  
of shadow1 is not suitable for a country
 house2 a feeling is created that       
something is wanting to make up the     
accessories of an agreeable habitation4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,basement  

,plan4  ,in this plan1 7,fig4 #aa17 the 
kitchen is in the basement1 convenient  
to the cellar1 and with a good pantry   
attached to it4 ,it is put there for the
 purpose of economizing in the          
construction4 ,our own preference is to 
put the kitchen in a well ventilated    
wing on a level with the main floor1 and
 thus avoid1 as much as possible1 the   
necessity of running up and down stairs4
 ,this can be done at any future time   
when desired1 as1 indeed1 can any       
addition of other rooms be made to meet 
the wants of an increasing family4 ,a   
dumb waiter connects the kitchen with   
the dining room1 and thus saves many    
steps4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4           
#ab4--;,first ,floor4  ,the first floor 
7,fig4 #ab17 gives parlor1 dining room1 
and a library1 with a roomy vestibule1  
and a side door or private entrance1 and
 supplies all the wants of a small      
family4 ,the library might be used for a
 bed room4 ,on the second floor 7,fig4  
#ac17 are #c bed rooms with closets4    

,the engravings are intended to tell    
their own story as far as possible1 and 
but little explanation is necessary to  
make them fully comprehensible4 ,in the 
matter of cost1 one can hardly give a   
price that is reliable2 the enormous    
advance in some building materials and  
slight advance in others1 disarrange all
 old standards of estimating4           
,localities1 of course1 have much to do 
with the cost2 yet1 above all others1   
the business management must be         
considered4 ,a good manager1 thoroughly 
familiar with the qualities and values  
of materials1 who knows how to direct   
labor to the best advantage1 will       
execute work at a less cost than one who
 undertakes his own building without a  
previous training4  ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #ac4--,second ,floor4            
,,design ,no4 #d4   ,this is a          
perspective view of a cottage1 designed 
to afford a reasonable amount of        
accommodation for an average sized      
family1 and which1 if tastefully        

furnished1 and fitted with suitable     
landscape surroundings1 will convey a   
pleasing impression to all2 much more so
 than dwellings of a more expensive     
class1 where sufficient attention is not
 given to such accessories4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ad4--,perspective4  ,the plans of this 
house are compact1 the rooms opening    
into each other in such a manner as to  
afford easy communication and economy in
 heating4 ,the porch is spacious1 and   
more pleasant than the long1 narrow     
verandah4 ,the supply of water for all  
purposes is from a filtering cistern1   
which is connected with the kitchen     
sink1 by a pump4 ,the entire house may  
be heated by a furnace1 hot water1 or   
steam1 as is most preferable2 or stoves 
may be used in nearly all the rooms1 if 
first cost is to be closely considered4 
,a passage underneath the staircase     
connects with the side door from the    
vestibule1 and1 with the exception of   
the library1 all parts of the house are 

accessible without passing through other
 rooms4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#ae4--;,basement ,floor4  ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #af4--;,first ,floor4           
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,second     
,floor4  ,in the vicinity of large      
cities1 and more particularly the city  
of ,new ,york1 there are reasons which  
have a money value to them1 why more    
attention should be given to suburban   
architecture1 and why capitalists1 as   
well as individuals1 should undertake   
the construction of moderate-priced     
buildings1 that shall command attention 
from the harmonious combination of fine 
architectural effects4 ,it requires but 
a very limited experience to become     
aware of the fact1 that dwellings of    
precisely the same cost1 and similarly  
situated1 will differ in their rental at
 least one half1 and it is mainly owing 
to the reason that one is properly      
designed1 and the other perhaps an      
amateur performance1 modeled after the  
ill-proportioned ,greek pediment style1 

too prevalent to be countenanced for a  
moment by any one who prides himself on 
his good taste4 ,there can be no        
question that a fitly designed cottage1 
conveniently arranged1 adds1            
independently of its own cost1 a large  
per centage to the value of the acres   
which surround it1 and is the point     
which arrests the eye and secures the   
purchaser4 ,rapid rail-road facilities1 
lower rents1 more healthful localities1 
and the fact that the growth of this    
city ,spuyten ,duyvelward has reached a 
point beyond the convenient access of   
the strictly business man1 necessarily  
turn the attention of those who look to 
the full measure of comfort1 to a       
suburban life1 ten to fifteen miles away
 from the unceasing noise and hurry of  
the city1 where the business of the day 
is forgotten1 and fresh air1 fresh milk1
 butter and eggs1 fruits1 flowers1      
birds1 c41 are luxuries unknown in town4
 ,taking a strictly money view of       
building operations1 for sale and rent1 

in suburban localities1 and more        
particularly about ,new ,york1 it would 
promise1 by every course of reasoning1 a
 remunerative return1 if the plan were  
judiciously and tastefully carried out4 
,the wants of the public1 however1 are  
so unequal1 and their opinions so varied
 by the circumstances under which they  
are formed1 that1 unless an attractive  
beginning can be shown1 very desirable  
property may remain a long time on the  
market4 ,if we canvass real estate      
thoroughly1 we shall find that property 
sells first1 and at the best prices1    
which has ever so humble a cottage on   
it1 a starting point in which one may   
temporarily reside1 and lay out his     
plans of future operations2 for the     
construction of a country place is of   
all things one with which to make haste 
slowly4 ,with those actively engaged in 
business1 and to whom time is every     
thing1 there is no disposition to add   
the labor and annoyances of building2   
the demand is for a home ready for      

occupancy2 the thought is entertained1  
and the wish gratified1 simply because  
the opportunity presented itself2 but it
 is far less trouble for young and      
middle-aged business men to stick to the
 city1 than to give the time for        
building1 particularly when they        
undertake their own architecture4 ,let  
capitalists invite them by snug1        
well-built1 convenient1 and tasteful    
cottages1 and the demand will always be 
in advance of the supply1 in all healthy
 localities1 having rapid1 reliable1 and
 frequent communication with the city4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,first     
,floor ,enlarged4     ,,design ,no4 #e4 
,a ,,gardener',s ,,cottage4   ,the      
accompanying design was made for        
,william ,c4 ,bryant1 ,esq41 by ,fred'k 
,s4 ,copley1 ,esq41 ,artist1            
,tompkinsville1 ,staten ,island1 and was
 erected on his beautiful estate at     
,roslyn1 ,long ,island1 in #ahfb4 ,it   
stands on the hill above his residence1 
overlooking the bay from the village to 

the ,sound1 possessing one of the finest
 views on the ,island4 ,it was intended 
as a gardener's lodge1 and to           
accommodate one or two families1 as     
circumstances might require1 7one on    
each floor17 giving each three rooms1   
and a joint right to the scullery1 sink1
 and cellar4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4     
#ai4--,perspective ,view4               
,arrangement4--,the first story is #i   
feet in the clear throughout1 with every
 convenience suitable for the health and
 comfort of the occupants4 ,from the    
porch1 a small hall1 lighted from the   
roof1 is entered1 with doors on either  
hand1 to parlor or living room1 and     
staircase passage in front1             
communicating with the kitchen at the   
back1 chambers above1 and cellar        
beneath4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#bj4--;,first ,floor4  ,the chamber     
floor1 second story1 is #i feet in the  
clear through the centre1 and #f feet at
 the sides1 7from the floor to the      
plate17 the roof cutting off three feet 

of the ceiling at the sides at an angle 
of #de degrees4 ,this loss of a few feet
 of the ceiling is more than compensated
 by the cottage-like effect it gives to 
the rooms1 harmonizing the inside with  
the external appearance4 ,the two       
principal chambers are provided with    
fire-places and ample closet room4 ,the 
one over the parlor has two closets1    
built outside the frame1 and a door into
 the single room1 over the porch1       
forming a most desirable family chamber4
 ,both these rooms have ventilators in  
the same chimney breast1 and the small  
one may be warmed by a stove leading    
thereto4 ,the other has a large closet  
over the store-room for trunks1 linen1  
c4 ,the attic room over the kitchen wing
 is intended for the domestics4         
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,chamber   
,floor4  ,by reference to the plans1 it 
will be seen that every room is of good 
size and form1 cheerfully lighted1      
thoroughly ventilated1 and of easy      
access one to another1 at the same time 

that privacy1 so essential1 is          
maintained throughout4                  
,construction4--,the building is        
constructed of wood1 vertically sided1  
and battened1 7with #a-a_/b inch tongued
 and grooved pine plank17 with          
horizontal strips in line of the window 
sills and floors1 to hide the buts1 and 
small triangular pieces in the corners1 
which gives the pretty effect of        
paneling4 ,the whole is stained by a    
mixture of oil1 c41 that heightens the  
grain of the wood1 and gives a          
brightness of color1 and that           
cheerfulness of effect1 so desirable in 
rural dwellings4 ,the roof is of slate1 
in bands of purple and green1 and the   
chimneys are surmounted by terra-cotta  
pots4 ,the whole is filled in with      
brick4  ,this cottage is built in a     
substantial and plain manner1 with      
cellar under kitchen1 cemented on the   
gravel the same as the cistern1 and all 
the interior wood work is oiled and     
stained4  ,as a specimen of cottage     

architecture1 7on the smallest scale1   
lodge class17 it will rank as one of the
 best4 ,for simplicity1 variety of form1
 symmetry of proportion1 with           
convenience of arrangement and economy  
of space and construction1 it forms a   
model cottage1 that any one might live  
in and many covet1 besides being an     
addition to the landscape and an        
ornament to the grounds4     ,,design   
,no4 #f4  ,,stone ,,stable ,,and ,,coach
 ,,house4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#bb4--,perspective4  ,this design was   
erected on the ,hudson1 during the past 
year1 of the beautiful rock faced stone 
so abundant between the ,spuyten ,duyvil
 and the ,highlands1 and is a good      
example of such a building as will meet 
the requirements of a moderately        
extensive establishment4 ,it is         
conveniently arranged1 enabling all the 
work to be done with the most ease1 and 
gives thorough light and ventilation1 so
 essential to the health and comfort of 
animals4 ,the time has gone by to give  

prospective prices for anything1 but we 
have seen the day when this building    
might have been erected for about       
#d1jjj4 ,a room for the coachman may    
easily be made on the second floor1 and 
the plan increased or decreased to suit 
the wants of any one4  ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #bc4--;,ground ,plan4            
,,design ,no4 #g4  ,a ,,farm ,,cottage4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,perspective
 ,view4  ,we show in this design a style
 of cottage which1 in these high priced 
times of lumber and labor1 can be       
erected at a very reasonable figure2 and
 although prepared for a farm cottage1  
will admit of such changes as will adapt
 it to the wants of those who require a 
higher grade of accommodation4 ,it is   
the most natural thing in the world for 
any one to take up a plan and suggest   
innumerable changes and additions1      
always forgetting the unalterable       
condition of price1 situation1 and      
object1 which restrained the architect  
while working it up4 ,to prepare a      

design regardless of expense is a very  
different matter from devising one that 
gives the largest amount of             
accommodation within a fixed limit of   
cost4 ,we shall arrive gradually at the 
precise figures1 and endeavor to get the
 accommodation wanted by some of our    
readers4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#be4--;,cellar4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4  
#bf4--;,first ,floor4  ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #bg4--,second ,floor4  ,it has   
been frequently observed that the gate  
lodges and farm cottages attached to    
large estates are generally more        
attractive in their architectural       
proportions and beauty than the mansion 
itself2 and this has been usually       
attributed to the education of the      
proprietor's tastes1 the cottages being 
the latest erections4 ,this impression  
is not1 however1 always true2 for there 
is a peculiar beauty and attractiveness 
about cottage architecture which can not
 be produced in buildings of a larger   
and more commodious class4 ,certain it  

is that a prettily designed cottage will
 always arrest attention4 ,among the    
first and most pleasing impressions1    
says a late writer1 of our trite friend1
 the intelligent foreigner1 as he       
entered ,england by the old ,dover road1
 were those suggested by the little     
whitewashed and woodbined cottages which
 caught his eye at every turn4 ,all     
books of travels on ,english ground are 
full of them4 ,snugly sheltered in its  
bower of apple trees1 or more stately   
group of walnuts1 approachable only by  
its rustic stairs1 or dotted at         
neighborly distances along the          
straggling village1 with its trim garden
 of lavender and wall flowers1 seen     
through the wicket gate or over the     
privet hedge1 the ,english cottage1     
above or below1 near or in the distance1
 was alike the delight and envy of the  
traveler1 the theme of the journalist   
and the poet4 ',there is scarce a       
cottage1' says an ,american tourist just
 landed from ,america and ,france1      

'between ,dover and ,london which a poet
 might not be happy to live in4 ,i saw a
 hundred little spots ,i coveted with   
quite a heart-ache4' ,whether or not    
,rogers would have given up his         
picture-lighted snuggery in ,st4 ,james'
 ,place for his ',cot beside the hill1' 
and really preferred to have his latch  
lifted by the pilgrim1 instead of his   
knocker by a ,london footman1 it is     
certain that the cottage homes of       
,england that border the main roads have
 long possessed a beauty far beyond the 
houses in other lands belonging to      
classes much higher in the social scale1
 and have been coveted1 sometimes not   
without reason1 by those who could1 if  
they chose1 have purchased them fifty   
times over4     ,,design ,no4 #h4       
,this design for a timber cottage is    
simple and at the same time picturesque1
 and built upon a site adapted to it1   
and in harmony with the architectural   
expression1 the effect could not fail to
 be in a high degree pleasing4          

,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,perspective
 ,view4  ,it will be seen that some of  
the principal timbers of the frame are  
intended to show on the outside1 and    
that there is a designed contrast       
between the horizontal siding extending 
to the top of the posts1 and the        
vertical and battened covering of the   
pediment above the ornamental string    
course4 ,the brackets and posts which   
support the roof of the porches1 should 
be chamfered1 and these timbers should  
be of sufficient thickness to avoid any 
appearance of meanness1 while at the    
same time1 they should not be too heavy1
 and so destroy the proportions of the  
design4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#bi4--;,cellar4  ,the roof should be    
covered with shingles having their ends 
clipped or rounded4  ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #cj4--;,first ,floor4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,second     
,floor4  ,the cellar may be divided in  
such way as to serve the wants of the   
occupants4 ,a portable furnace might be 

placed at the foot of the basement      
stairs1 which would warm the rooms on   
the first floor1 and temper the air of  
the chambers above4  ,the interior      
accommodations and conveniences are     
readily seen on inspection of the       
plans--7,figs4 #cj4 #ca74 ,there is no  
waste of room1 and for the uses of a    
small family1 the accommodations would  
be found as ample as could well be      
obtained in a cottage of such size and  
cost4     ,,design ,no4 #i4--,,rural    
,,church4  ,,designed ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 
,,dr4 ,,cressy4   ,this design is       
intended for a church which is to occupy
 a beautiful and commanding site on the 
western shore of ,lake ,george1 in the  
midst of the original forest1 and is now
 in process of erection4 ,it will also  
meet the requirements of several        
correspondents who have requested plans 
for rural churches which could be       
erected as economically and cheaply as  
possible1 with due regard to proportion1
 fitness and beauty of expression4      

,this design will be found to           
comprehend1 we may say1 in an eminent   
degree1 variety of outline1 correctness 
of detail1 force of expression and      
purity of taste1 with simplicity of     
execution1 and in those parts of the    
country where lumber is abundant1 and   
labor not exorbitant1 it can be erected 
at a low cost4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#cb4--,perspective4  ,we have a right to
 congratulate ourselves on the          
improvement which the last quarter of a 
century has witnessed among our people  
in the building and adorning of our     
edifices devoted to ,christian worship4 
,downing1 in his time1 said1 that the   
ugliest church architecture in          
,christendom1 is at this moment to be   
found in the country towns and villages 
of the ,united ,states4 ,and speaking of
 the influence of what our churches     
should be1 in the beauty of their       
proportions1 and in the expression of   
the sacred purposes which they embody1  
and the feelings of reverence and       

harmony with ,god and man which they    
suggest1 he fitly says--,we fear there  
are very few country churches in our    
land that exert this kind of spell1--a  
spell which grows out of making stone1  
and brick1 and timber1 obey the will of 
the living soul1 and express a religious
 sentiment4 ,most persons1 most         
committees1 select men1 vestrymen1 and  
congregations1 who have to do with the  
building of churches1 appear indeed     
wholly to ignore the fact1 that the form
 and feature of a building may be made  
to express religious1 civil1 domestic1  
or a dozen other feelings1 as distinctly
 as the form and features of the human  
face3--and yet this is a fact as well   
known by all true architects1 as that   
joy and sorrow1 pleasure and pain1 are  
capable of irradiating or darkening the 
countenance4 ,yes1 and we do not say too
 much1 when we add1 that right          
expression in a building for religious  
purposes1 has as much to do with        
awakening devotional feelings1 and      

begetting an attachment in the heart1 as
 the unmistakable signs of virtue and   
benevolence in our fellow-creatures have
 in awakening kindred feelings in our   
own breasts4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4     
#cc4--;,floor ,plan4  ,we do not1 of    
course1 mean to say that a beautiful    
rural church will make all the          
population about it devotional1 any more
 than that sunshine will banish gloom2  
but it is one of the influences that    
prepare the way for religious feeling1  
and which we are as unwise to neglect1  
as we should be to abjure the world and 
bury ourselves1 like the ancient        
troglodytes1 in caves and caverns4      
,happily we are coming to appreciate    
these truths1 not only in our cities1   
but in the country1 and the ugly1       
unsightly1 and unseemly structures which
 have so long deformed the land are     
giving place to edifices in which the   
true ideas of harmony1 grace1           
proportion1 symmetry and expression1    
which make what we call ,beauty1 are    

brought out in due proportion4  ,the    
church we present is designed to be of  
wood1 the country about the site        
affording an abundance of that material1
 at the lowest cost4 ,an inspection of  
the design will show that the principal 
timbers of the frame are intended to be 
visible externally1--the                
weather-boarding being set back from the
 face of the posts and beams4 ,this     
exterior covering is intended to be made
 of sound rough plank1 from ten to      
fourteen inches wide1 and at least one  
and a-half inches thick4 ,these are to  
be tongued and grooved1 so as to make a 
close joint1 and nailed to the frame in 
a vertical manner4 ,the joint is to be  
covered with a narrow strip1 or batten1 
of one and a-half inch plank4 ,these    
unplaned plank may be painted with two  
good coats and sanded1 or they may be   
left to take such tints and complexion  
as time and the weather may give them4  
,lumber1 at the proposed site1 being    
cheaper and more easily obtained than   

lime1 the interior of the church will be
 neatly ceiled with narrow boards1 which
 will be lightly stained and oiled4 ,the
 roof will be open timber of simple     
construction4 ,all the wood work of the 
interior will be of pine1 smoothly      
planed1 stained and oiled1 without      
paint1 except the ceiling of the roof   
which should be colored1 in order to    
give something like warmth of tone to   
the interior1 the lack of which is often
 sadly felt in our country churches1    
particularly4  ,this mode of            
weather-boarding and open timber finish 
is now so common that a more particular 
description is unnecessary4  ,this      
church will seat1 comfortably1 about two
 hundred persons4 ,its cost will depend 
entirely upon the price of lumber and   
labor1 of course1 and these vary with   
different localities1 and are           
particularly uncertain at this time4 ,we
 will only add that it will cost no more
 to build with correct proportions and  
in good taste1 than in disregard and    

defiance of these desirable and         
commendable principles4     ,,design    
,no4 #aj4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#cd4--,perspective4  ,we give below a   
somewhat different example of ,cottage  
,architecture1 of a form that is compact
 and every way available1 at the same   
time affording every convenience in the 
arrangement of rooms desirable for a    
family of refined tastes and moderate   
means4 ,this cottage may be built of    
wood1 or1 better still1 in favorable    
localities1 of brick or stone1 and if   
suitably surrounded with tasteful       
landscape embellishments1 will make a   
snug1 pretty1 and attractive home4 ,one 
can1 by the exercise of appropriate     
taste1 produce the right kind of an     
impression in a house of this character4
 ,it should become a part of1 and belong
 to the acres which surround it2 it     
should be an indispensable accessory to 
the place itself1 and the grounds should
 be laid out and embellished in such a  
manner that the whole combination       

impresses all with harmonious beauty1   
and not1 as is too frequently the case1 
seek to make up the wretched            
deficiencies in the grounds by elaborate
 expenditure and display about the      
house4 ,a true appreciation of country  
life will not tolerate slovenly1        
ill-kept grounds1 and no house exhibits 
its true value unless there is a harmony
 in its surroundings4 ,if this be       
attended to1 a high degree of effect can
 be produced in houses of very moderate 
cost2 houses that shall be roomy1 warm1 
substantial1 and in every way agreeable 
to their occupants4  ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #ce4--;,basement ,plan4  ,the    
plans show the arrangement of rooms1 and
 these can be made larger or smaller1 or
 be differently disposed1 to suit almost
 any fancy4 ,in this design the kitchen 
apartments are below stairs2 in future  
plans we shall give some with kitchen1  
laundry1 etc41 on the principal floor2  
or they can be readily added to this    
plan4 ,the cost of a house is the one   

thing desirable2 every one asks for it1 
and yet every one within our knowledge  
who has built a house himself at a      
stated price has been sadly deceived4   
,close specifications are very dry      
reading1 and not appropriate here1 and  
it is questionable how much service they
 would be to any but professional       
builders4 ,it is reasonable to suppose1 
that if one without building experience 
undertakes it1 he will have to pay      
something additional for the knowledge  
he will gain4 ,if he places it to the   
proper account1 then we can not be      
accused of misleading him4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,first     
,floor4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#cg4--,second ,floor4  ,most men        
contemplate1 at some period of life1 the
 construction of a dwelling-house1 but  
few deem it necessary to study their    
wants or prepare their plans until they 
have selected their site and made all   
other arrangements for building1 and    
then proceed with all possible haste to 

plan a home4 ,that which should have    
been the study of months or years1 is   
hurried through in as many days1        
imperfectly done at the best1 and the   
cause of frequent annoying and expensive
 changes after the work has commenced4  
,it is true1 that the site has very much
 to do with the distribution of rooms1  
but any ingenious architect can readily 
adapt a proper combination of rooms to  
suit the exposures and views of a       
particular site4 ,it would be vastly    
better for those who prefer to arrange  
their own plan of rooms1 7and there are 
but very few who do not17 that they take
 abundant time to consider well every   
thing relating to them2 and although the
 hope of building may be very remote1 it
 should not be considered time lost to  
begin to give one's thoughts a definite 
form of what he thinks a house should   
be2 for if nothing else results1 it may 
furnish a valuable hint for a friend1   
and will certainly enlarge one's        
information and experience in these     

matters4 ,almost every one is capable1  
with such hints as have been freely     
given in the volumes of the             
,,horticulturist1 in the leading papers 
which treat on rural art1 and the       
numerous valuable publications on rural 
architecture1 to make such a combination
 of rooms as will best suit his peculiar
 wants1 tastes1 or fancies1 and then1   
with the aid of an architect1 it can    
readily be freed from mechanical        
impracticabilities1 and put into a      
proportionate and harmonious form4      
,architecture1 both in design and       
construction1 is a profession that      
requires long years of study and        
practice to develop an expert1 and those
 who really want a good thing at the    
least cost1 usually seek such           
assistance2 those who prefer to do their
 own designing and building1 find out   
with absolute certainty the most        
expensive modes of erecting very ugly   
and ill-proportioned structures4        
,,design ,no4 #aa4  ,a ,,suburban       

,,summer ,,house4   ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #ch4  ,in the adornment of       
ornamental grounds1 some considerable   
attention has been given to summer      
houses1 and similar structures2 but     
these have been mainly rustic in their  
design and finish1 and in this respect  
well adapted to their purpose and       
surroundings4 ,the good taste of these  
structures will not be called in        
question4 ,there are locations1 however1
 in the more immediate vicinity of our  
large cities1 where a style less rustic 
would seem to be more in harmony with   
the architecture which is found to      
prevail4 ,we refer to residences on the 
outskirts of our large cities1 with     
inclosures containing a few city lots4  
,here the architecture1 so far from     
being rural1 is1 on the contrary1 stiff1
 sharp1 and sometimes very ornate4 ,a   
rustic summer house in such a place     
would be an incongruity4 ,a rustic house
 is in itself a beautiful object2 but   
there is a certain charm in association 

which can not be widely departed from   
without doing violence to our           
conceptions of the fitness of things2   
and hence a purely rustic house without 
rural surroundings is destitute of the  
chief elements which give rise to the   
beautiful4 ,most persons would say it   
was out of place4  ,the design herewith 
presented was prepared to meet the      
requirements of such a case2 it is      
consequently somewhat elaborate4 ,it is 
located on a small plot of ground within
 the city limits1 and in full view from 
three streets4 ,the grounds are laid out
 with a few rectangular walks1 and such 
shrubs as the small size of the place   
would admit of4 ,the house1 we think    
corresponds with its surroundings4 ,its 
faults1 if any1 are a little too much   
ornament1 but something of this kind    
seemed to be required in the absence of 
that more beautiful ornamentation       
produced by the drapery of ,nature4 ,the
 house is so located that it receives   
the morning sun for a few hours1 but    

during the rest of the day is in the    
shade2 it therefore constitutes a       
pleasant place of retreat for the family
 at all hours1 and is used by the       
children freely as a play house4 ,the   
floor is laid in narrow stuff1 and is   
elevated a foot above the ground for the
 sake of dryness4 ,easy seats1 a        
handsome centre table1 and a hanging    
lamp complete the interior4 ,venetian   
blinds afford ample protection on a     
misty day or a chilly night1 or admit   
the soft summer breeze on a hot and     
sultry eve4--,horticulturist4           
,,design ,no4 #ab4  ,,stable ,,and      
,,carriage ,,house4   ,this stable      
affords abundant accommodation for three
 horses1 with carriage house1 feed room1
 and a large harness room on the first  
floor1 while the loft above may contain 
a coachman's room1 and leave ample space
 for hay and straw4  ,if required1 a    
shed and cow house can be extended on   
the side opposite the carriage house1   
thus adding considerably to the effect  

of the external appearance4 ,under the  
stable there should be a cellar for the 
storage of roots for feed1 and1 if      
desirable1 the winter stock of          
vegetables for household use4 ,this     
stable may be built of wood1 or of stone
 or brick4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#ci4--,stable4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#dj4--,stable ,plan4     ,,design ,no4  
#ac4   ,this design is intended to      
cover1 at a low cost1 as much comfort   
and convenience as a moderate-sized     
family would require1 and to distribute 
the same as much as possible on one     
floor4  ,the cellar or basement kitchen 
is dispensed with and only enough cellar
 room provided to meet the wants of     
those who occupy suburban places of a   
few acres in extent4 ,where large       
quantities of vegetables are stored1 or 
where cellar room is required for farm  
purposes1 we think it better to build   
cellars separate from the residence1 7an
 arrangement much more healthful1 as    
well as convenient and desirable47 ,for 

the preservation in warm weather of     
meats1 milk1 and other perishable       
articles1 a refrigerator1 or1 better    
still1 an ice closet1 can be set up at  
one end of the laundry4 ,this can be    
supplied with ice through an outside    
door1 and is infinitely better and more 
convenient than any cellar or spring    
house4  ,the kitchen is without a       
fire-place1 but is provided with a      
ventilator in the chimney near the      
ceiling4 ,the cooking may be done by a  
stove1 which1 if properly contrived1 is 
one of the most effective ventilators1  
and preferred by many housekeepers for  
all kitchen purposes4 ,or a range can be
 placed in the chimney1 if desirable1 or
 a fire-place1 if it should be          
considered indispensable4               
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,elevation4
  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,plan4  ,a
 door under the stair-way separates the 
front and rear halls1 and disconnects   
the kitchen apartments from the rest of 
the house4 ,all the doors opening into  

the rear hall should be hung with the   
new spiral spring butt1 the best door   
spring that has come under our notice4  
,it is entirely concealed1 and works    
without a fault4  ,the closets in the   
dining room are finished to give an     
interior appearance of a bay window4    
,the dining room and the two chambers   
above1 are intended to be heated by a   
fire-place heater set in the chimney1   
thus warming three rooms1 at pleasure1  
with one fire4 ,a small stove in the    
library will keep that comfortable4 ,or1
 in place of all this1 the whole house  
may be heated by any of the approved    
modes1 in the use of hot air1 hot water1
 or steam4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#dc4--;,first ,floor4  ,the library1    
parlor1 or general living room in a     
country house--and we like these rooms  
in one--should have the cheerful1       
healthful luxury of an open fire-place1 
and we know of no more elegant1 cleanly 
and effective contrivance for this      
purpose than ,dixon's low down1         

,philadelphia ,grate1 in which wood1    
coal1 or any other fuel can be used     
equally well4 ,the advantages combined  
in this grate are these3--the fire flat 
on the hearth1 and radiating the heat   
from an oval cast iron backing3 cold air
 supplied from below1 and ashes1 dirt1  
c41 shaken down into an ash-pit in the  
cellar1 beneath the grate4 ,we speak    
confidently of this invention1 after a  
trial of two winters1 and do not        
hesitate to say that1 compared with     
this1 the ordinary grate is worthless4  
,large rooms can be kept perfectly      
comfortable in the coldest weather1     
without heat from any other source4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,second     
,floor4  ,this house is supplied with a 
cistern1 constructed with the utmost    
care1 ten feet in diameter1 and ten feet
 deep1 holding #f1jjj gallons of water4 
,the roof is of slate1 and the          
rain-water is therefore of great purity1
 free from color1 and the woody taste   
usually imparted to it by falling on a  

shingle roof4  ,at the laundry sink is  
one of ,west's lift and force pumps1    
which draws the water from the cistern4 
,this pump is a simple and effective    
affair1 and works with remarkable ease1 
is always in order1 and may be          
considered one of the best pumps known4 
,we have given it a thorough trial1 and 
speak from personal knowledge4  ,on one 
side of the laundry sink there is also  
one of ,kedzie's large size rain-water  
filters1 which holds several pails full 
of water1 and which we commend as an    
admirable contrivance for the purposes  
intended4 ,it possesses every merit     
claimed for it1 and after more than a   
year's use1 the water drawn from it is  
of such crystal purity and sweetness as 
to attract the attention of all to whom 
it is offered4  ,no well has been dug or
 contemplated on the premises connected 
with this cottage4 ,about one-half the  
cost of a well has been expended upon a 
slate roof1 a large and                 
carefully-constructed cistern1 ,west's  

pump and ,kedzie's filter--the other    
half has been safely invested in ,u4 ,s4
 #g-cj's1 and instead of hoisting water 
fifty feet1 for household1 garden1 and  
stable uses1 the turn of a croton water 
tap is not more easy and convenient1 and
 the finest flow of a silver spring of  
soft water1 is not more beautiful than  
that delivered by ,west's pump and      
,kedzie's filter1 which supplies for all
 purposes of the cottage1 stable1 and   
garden1 water unsurpassed in its        
pleasant and wholesome properties4      
,those who seek the most convenient and 
reliable modes of procuring the purest  
and sweetest water1 will find this to be
 the least costly and the most          
satisfactory4  ,for a compact1          
convenient cottage1 with every facility 
for doing the work of the household1    
with the least number of steps--in which
 all the essential modern conveniences  
are introduced1 without the modern      
prices attached--for a low-priced1      
elegant cottage1 we do not know of any  

plan more appropriate than this4  ,in   
the construction of this house a        
bay-window was introduced in front1 in  
the parlor1 7,fig4 #dc47 and the veranda
 was made half octagon4 ,these          
alterations add much to exterior        
appearance1 as well as to the capacity  
of the parlor4 ,on the side of the      
parlor and dining room an addition is   
contemplated1 which will relieve the    
apparent want of variety which now      
exists1 and essentially improve the     
external appearance4     ,,design ,no4  
#ad4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4            
#de4--;,cottage ,stable4  ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #df4--,plan4  ,fig4 #de shows a 
design for a cottage stable1 giving     
accommodations for a horse and cow1 two 
carriages1 one or two wagons1 and two   
tons of hay4 ,the main building is so   
proportioned1 that three more stalls may
 be added1 and it may then become the   
wing of a larger building1 to be used   
for carriage room and other purposes4   
,for those who keep but one horse and   

cow1 this design affords abundant room4 
,,design ,no4 #ae4  ,,ice ,,house4   ,it
 is only within a few years that ice1 in
 all seasons1 has been classed among the
 necessaries of life4 ,in large cities  
it is indispensable1 but the cool       
spring-house or cellar in the country   
impresses many with the idea that ice1  
in summer months1 can only be regarded  
as a luxury4 ,along with other          
conveniences in keeping with this       
progressive age1 the ice-house has its  
place1 and a country-seat of any        
pretensions is not complete without it4 
,it is simple in construction1 and can  
be built very cheaply of rough          
materials1 or made as elaborate as is   
desirable4 ,it forms a pretty feature   
about the grounds1 if treated with some 
architectural taste4  ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #dg4--;,ice ,house4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,ground    
,plan4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4           
#di4--,perspective4     ,,design ,no4   
#af4   ,this design1 with the           

accompanying plans sufficiently explain 
themselves without minute description4  
,the arrangement1 as will be seen upon  
examination1 secures a very large amount
 of accommodation1 with good sized      
rooms1 and ample store and closet       
conveniences4 ,the building is compact1 
and at the same time presents a pleasing
 variety in its exterior appearance4 ,by
 carrying up the library1 two dressing  
rooms1 for the two principal chambers1  
may be secured4  ,when one contemplates 
building1 and has put his thoughts and  
wishes into a tangible form1 the leading
 question asked is1 how much will all   
this cost8 for what price in dollars and
 cents1 without extras or additional    
charges of any kind1 can this dwelling  
be erected in a good and workmanlike    
manner1 in accordance with plans and    
specifications1 and satisfactory to the 
owner8 ,this is precisely the plain     
,english of what a business man wants to
 know2 for we hold that it is right and 
proper1 that every one should look right

 through all the connected links and    
complications that require a            
considerable expenditure of money1 and  
see that he lands carefully in the place
 anticipated4 ,to start with the        
intention of disbursing #e1jjj1 and wind
 up with an expenditure of #ab1jjj1 is  
not only annoying in a money point of   
view1 but an impeachment of one's       
judgment and good sense1 not pleasant to
 hear outsiders reflect on2 for however 
much one might wish to shift the        
responsibility on others1 it is one of  
those things that time will always place
 where it belongs4 ,as long as men      
consider the arts of designing and      
constructing buildings to be of no      
special importance1 or that they are    
qualified1 without instruction or       
experience1 to practice them1 expensive 
blunders will naturally result1 and     
sooner or later it will be discovered   
that such wisdom is dearly bought4      
,there are many1 however1 who prefer to 
manage their building affairs thus1 and 

who can only learn more agreeable and   
less expensive modes by actual          
experience2 some do it from ignorance1  
some from supposed economy1 and others  
from the supposition that they are best 
qualified4  ,the design for a house or  
other building1 and a plan of the       
interior arrangement of each floor1     
prepared by a professional man who makes
 such things the business of his life1  
is now very generally admitted by       
intelligent men to be essential2 but the
 management or superintendence of the   
work by the party who has studied and   
designed it1 does not seem quite so     
apparent4 ,an architect prepares the    
drawings for a dwelling to cost #e1jjj2 
now whether it actually will cost       
#e1jjj1 #h1jjj or #aj1jjj1 in the hands 
of another superintendent1 is an        
unanswered problem4 ,a prevailing folly 
which we find very general1 is to       
suppose that all men can build the same 
house1 in all places1 for precisely the 
same amount of money2 and but few are   

willing to admit that they1 of all      
others1 are not the most competent to   
carry through the whole business of     
building at the lowest figure4 ,some    
must find out in the most expensive     
manner1 that the profession of an       
architect1 or the skill of a builder1   
can only be attained by long years of   
careful application4  ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #ej4--;,basement ,plan4          
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,first     
,floor4  ,what a house will cost to     
build is a question always asked with   
the utmost simplicity1 and a prompt and 
reliable answer always expected1 and if 
not forthcoming at once1 gives rise to a
 suspicion that one's professional      
ability is not of the most thorough     
character4 ,there are so many conditions
 to govern results in house building1   
that even an approximate estimate may   
fall very wide of the mark4 ,two houses 
may be built from the same plan1 and we 
may also say1 from the same             
specifications2 one by day's work1 and  

the other by contract1 and they shall be
 so exactly alike in all respects when  
finished1 that an unprofessional        
observer would detect no difference1 and
 yet one may honestly cost just double  
the amount in money expended on the     
other2 even the same builder may build  
two houses precisely alike in all       
respects1 and yet the cost be quite     
unequal4 ,on one site stone may be      
easily obtained1 a sand bank on the     
premises1 a running brook close at hand1
 saw mills1 brick yards1 and lime kilns 
within moderate distances and accessible
 by good roads4 ,the other site may be  
quite the reverse in situation1 or have 
some decided disadvantages in obtaining 
some very necessary materials4 ,we once 
built a fine stone house where stone was
 abundant and close at hand1 but all the
 lumber and brick had to be hauled      
thirteen miles over hilly roads2 the    
cost of that house has nothing to do    
with the cost of a similar house in a   
different locality4  ,illustration3     

,,fig4 #eb4--,second ,floor4  ,a        
competent business superintendent has a 
great deal to do with the cost of a     
house2 one that understands all the     
tricks of every building trade1 that    
knows the market well1 and the value and
 quality of all building materials1 and 
where inferior workmanship and materials
 can be used to an equal advantage with 
those of first class4 ,to slight work   
and yet do it justice2 to give it all   
the strength and endurance necessary1   
requires one of skillful acquirements4  
,a mechanic may persuade a proprietor   
into many a long day's work1 as it pays 
well to nurse good jobs when other work 
is slack1 but an architect who          
understands such things would save the  
value of useless work4  ,the cost of a  
house depends on a well-studied plan2   
this plan does not consist alone in the 
arrangement of rooms1 windows1 doors1   
etc41 but involves a careful study of   
the anatomy of construction4 ,one may   
save by a proper distribution of        

timbers1 as well as make a very great   
saving by the arrangement of rooms4     
,good management is of the greatest     
importance1 not only as a matter of     
economy1 but as securing the best class 
of workmanship1 and the most judicious  
use of materials4 ,good or bad          
management produces the same results in 
building operations as in war or any    
other pursuit4  ,one takes up a capital 
work on rural architecture1 written     
perhaps ten or fifteen years ago1 before
 the general introduction of furnaces1  
steam pipes1 gas1 baths1 marble basins1 
etc42 they find a house that suits them1
 which the book says will cost #f1jjj1  
and that is just the amount1 by close   
figuring1 that can be raised for        
building4 ,the house is ordered1 put in 
the hands of the best mechanic to finish
 all complete1 and he goes ahead2 he is 
unrestricted except by the book1 and the
 author of it is a man of reputation4   
,in the way of details perhaps nothing  
has been said2 they are therefore       

extravagant in the use of materials1 and
 elaborate in workmanship2 as it is not 
considered good policy for a workman who
 has a good order1 to make suggestions  
calculated to decrease the amount of    
work4 ,when the bills to the amount of  
#f1jjj have been settled1 the house is  
found to be half finished1 and an       
additional #f1jjj is necessary to       
complete it2 less that one year's       
interest of which would have amply      
sufficed to secure the services of one  
who has spent the best years of his life
 to learn how to design and to manage   
work to cost a specified price4  ,when  
an architect says a house can be built  
for a certain price1 it is to be        
understood that materials delivered on  
the ground shall not exceed an average  
cost1 that the payments made are to be  
in cash1 and that he manages the work4  
,to hold an architect responsible or    
blame him for blunders in the cost of   
work that he designed and did not       
superintend1 is manifestly unjust1 yet  

it is a frequent occurrence4 ,the cost  
of work is a question easily answered1  
when one is fully acquainted with all   
its bearings and has it under his       
control1 but no one can say at what     
price a novice in building operations   
can execute it4     ,,design ,no4 #ag4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,stable4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,stable     
,plan4 7,reversed47  ,fig4 #ec is a     
design for a cottage stable1 with stalls
 for two horses1 and the necessary      
carriage room and other conveniences4   
,this design1 in its exterior1 presents 
as great a degree of variety in the     
combinations of form and shadow as the  
price will admit of4 ,it answers the    
purposes of comfortable protection and  
convenience1 as well or even better than
 the most costly structures4 ,a horse   
needs a dry1 well-ventilated apartment1 
and enjoys fresh air1 daylight1 and     
sunlight as well as human beings4       
,unless these very inexpensive wants are
 provided1 no compensation is afforded  

by elaborate detail and workmanship4    
,,design ,no4 #ah4  ,,school ,,house    
,,at ,,irvington1 ,,on ,,the ,,hudson4  
,our architectural series would be by no
 means complete if devoted entirely to  
dwellings2 and as the resources of an   
extensive professional practice in the  
arts which embellish and beautify our   
country may be largely made use of1 we  
present here a design for another class 
of buildings4  ,a school-house is not a 
building which every one contemplates   
erecting1 and yet a large proportion    
are1 or ought to be1 interested in      
developing in structures of this class  
such architectural principles as shall  
make their impressions in early life1   
and influence future tastes4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,school     
,house4  ,this building is designed to  
accommodate about fifty scholars1 being 
#be by #dj feet1 with a front projection
 #aj by #ah feet4 ,in the basement a    
large furnace and abundant accommodation
 for coal4 ,the main floor is divided   

into school-room1 two recitation rooms1 
hat and coat room1 wash closet with     
sink1 and water closet1 above which is a
 large tank1 supplied from the roof4 ,an
 outside cistern supplies cool          
drinking-water1 the purest and          
healthiest water known1 and renders the 
use of ice unnecessary in summer4 ,the  
height of all these ceilings is nearly  
fourteen feet1 and each room is         
thoroughly ventilated2 the belfry is    
provided with a one hundred pound bell2 
indeed1 nothing has been left undone    
that is calculated to promote the health
 and comfort of the pupils4  ,the       
partition between the doors to the      
recitation rooms is made in sections1   
and can be easily removed1 thus making  
one large room for exhibition and       
lecture purposes4 ,the stage1 in this   
case is to be placed at the left end of 
the room4 ,the capacity of the building 
can be nearly doubled by occupying the  
entire floor as a school-room1 and      
building an addition #ab by #bd feet    

directly in the rear1 opposite to the   
front projection1 for recitation rooms4 
,the situation of this building at      
,irvington1 on the ,hudson1 some        
twenty-five miles above the city of ,new
 ,york1 is in a charming1 healthy1 and  
delightful locality2 one made famous by 
the pen and residence of ,washington    
,irving1 and noted for its magnificent  
scenery1 its views of river and         
mountain1 and the fine taste displayed  
in landscape and architectural          
embellishments by those who have made   
their homes in this vicinity4  ,we have 
always thought that those educational   
institutions possess the most           
attractions that are so situated that   
all surroundings shall have a favorable 
influence2 and there is nothing like    
example in early training4 ,bring up and
 educate a boy among those who know     
nothing of the refinements of life1 away
 from the progressive examples of art   
and taste1 in a tumble-down1            
unplastered1 ill-heated and ventilated  

apartment1 and he never can become1 with
 all the aid of books and teachers1 as  
thoroughly cultivated and fitted for the
 duties of life1 as one who has enjoyed 
associations of a higher order4 ,school 
architecture has a meaning in it2 there 
is value in proportion1 harmony1 beauty1
 light and shade1 as applied to school  
buildings1 that is not comprehended by  
all4 ,a recent writer says better than  
we can say it1 that ,it is the duty of  
teachers1 as well as parents and school 
committees1 to see that the             
circumstances under which children study
 are such as shall leave a happy        
impression upon their minds2 for        
whatever is brought under the frequent  
observation of the young must have its  
influence upon their susceptible natures
 for good or evil4 ,shabby school-houses
 induce slovenly habits4                
,ill-constructed benches may not only   
distort the body1 but1 by reflex        
influence1 the mind as well4 ,conditions
 like these seldom fail to disgust the  

learner with his school1 and neutralize 
the best efforts of his teachers4 ,on   
the other hand1 neat1 comfortable places
 for study may help to awaken the       
associations enchaining the mind and the
 heart to learning and virtuous         
instruction with links of gold          
brightening forever4  ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #ef4--,principal ,floor4         
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,perspective
 ,view4     ,,design ,no4 #ai4   ,this  
design was prepared for erection in the 
vicinity of ,goshen1 ,orange ,co41 ,n4  
,y41 and the accommodation limited to a 
price not exceeding ----4 ,it presents  
in hall1 verandas1 and large parlor1    
some of the very necessary attractions  
of a country house1 and is a good       
example of what can be done for a       
limited sum4 ,while the plan is a       
parallelogram1 and the roof free from   
hips and valleys1 the general           
arrangement is such as to show          
considerable variety in outline1 and    
one1 we think1 that will have a pleasing

 effect4  ,such houses1 erected in the  
vicinity of ,new ,york1 and many of our 
large cities1 would add a large value to
 the ground they stand on1 and pay a    
handsome rate of interest on their cost2
 better than any other class of building
 investments1 as the supply is in nowise
 equal to the demand4 ,it is so simple a
 matter1 with present prompt and rapid  
railroad facilities1 to invite a fair   
proportion of the young business men of 
our large cities to make their homes in 
the adjoining country1 that we wonder   
capitalists and real estate owners do   
not more frequently make money for      
themselves and others by erecting       
tasteful1 low-priced suburban homes4    
,in former times1 a house of this class 
erected in the country1 would be painted
 exteriorly a pure white1 with no       
relief1 except probably in the violent  
contrast of bright green venetian blinds
 to the windows4 ,this sort of taste    
unfortunately still remains1 although in
 the progress of rural taste and art1   

the country is much improved in this    
respect4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#eh4--;,cellar4  ,there is a variety of 
colors1 known as neutral tints1 which   
are suitable for exteriors1 and the     
effect produced by them is altogether   
pleasing1 while a house painted white   
can never be an agreeable object in any 
landscape1 however admirable its        
architectural proportions and finish may
 be4  ,the tone of color for a house    
will depend upon its size1 form1 and    
situation1 and it often requires a nice 
and cultivated eye to determine what    
would be most appropriate and effective4
  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,first   
,floor4  ,for such a house as this1 we  
should choose a light fawn color--not   
yellow--and paint the cornice1          
window-frames and other projecting and  
ornamental parts two or three shades    
darker than the body of the building4   
,this will give a depth of shadow and   
expression which cannot be obtained in  
any other way4  ,large houses1 with     

massive features of construction1 will  
bear to be painted with darker colors1  
but they should not be too sombre1 so as
 to give a gloomy appearance to the     
house4 ,the country1 with its bright    
sunshine1 its rich adornments of        
flowers1 and its numberless forms of    
beauty and grace1 is eminently cheerful4
 ,it often happens that the painter does
 all he can to mar this cheerfulness and
 beauty1 by startling contrasts of      
colors1 and by destroying the harmony   
which pervades the landscape4           
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,second     
,floor4     ,,design ,no4 #bj4  ,a      
,,country ,,chapel4   ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #fa4--,perspective4  ,we present 
in this design a plan for a substantial 
and permanent chapel1 having capacity   
for seating about four hundred4 ,for the
 purpose for which it was designed1 no  
distinct chancel was required4 ,such a  
chancel could be arranged1 if desired1  
in a recess taken off the lecture or    
class room in the rear of the chapel4   

,it could be lighted at the roof1 or on 
the sides4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#fb4--;,ground ,plan4  ,this chapel1    
built of stone throughout1 with an open 
timber roof and stained glass windows1  
would be an ornament to any country     
locality1 and a credit to the taste and 
liberality of those who built it4       
,every thing about such a chapel should 
be real1 and no suspicion of sham or    
unreality should be tolerated in any    
part of the work4 ,the practice of      
building the fronts of churches of      
stone1 while the side and rear walls are
 constructed of rough brick1 painted and
 marked off to resemble the stone1 is   
very common1 we know1 both in town and  
country1 but it is a species of deceit  
and false pretence which ought not to   
be4 ,if the best and costliest material 
cannot be used for the entire structure1
 let the rougher and inferior material  
be fairly shown1 in every part4 ,if the 
means and liberality of the parish      
cannot provide oak or walnut for the    

interior finish1 let the wood work be   
plainly painted1 or what is better      
still1 simply oiled1 but there should be
 no cunning deception of graining1 to   
represent the costlier wood4 ,it is not 
honest1 and1 we take it1 a church1 built
 for religious worship1 is the last     
place that should betray our human      
meanness and want of honesty4           
,,design ,no4 #ba4   ,we show in this   
design what can be done with a          
substantial old farm house2 how easily  
and beautifully it can be changed into a
 suburban home of elegant exterior1 and 
comfortable and convenient interior     
appointments4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4    
#fc4--,view of the ,house at the time of
 ,purchase4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#fd4--,the same remodeled4  ,this class 
of spacious and substantial farm houses1
 with the gambrel1 curb1 or ,mansard    
roof1 as shown in ,fig4 #fc1 is very    
numerous about the suburbs of ,new ,york
 ,city1 and more particularly in the    
neighboring province of ,new ,jersey1   

where one finds them nestled in the     
valleys or by the road side1 as best    
fitting to the taste of our early ,dutch
 settlers1 who prized seclusion and     
protection above bleak exposure and     
far-reaching views4  ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #fe4  ,as a general thing1 the   
better class of ,new ,jersey farm houses
 of this type were built of squared and 
hammered red sand-stone1 laid up in     
regular courses1 and in many instances  
the character of the work differed on   
all sides1 the front being the most     
finely finished4 ,and in many of the    
most pretentious of these houses1 brick 
was substituted for the front1 as being 
less common4  ,there is1 perhaps1       
nothing more difficult in an architect's
 experience than to make a fine thing   
out of a subject so destitute of beauty 
of form or proportion1 and yet preserve 
the substantial walls and other         
belongings1 that have stood for half a  
century1 and are now stronger1 and      
promise a durability that exceeds those 

of other houses built in this           
progressive age2 and yet here is a      
presto change that will almost defy the 
keen eyes of the old settlers to        
recognize any trace of the ancient      
landmark that for fifty years has       
overlooked the beautiful valley of the  
,tenakill4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4  
,there are very many of these old houses
 that are equally well adapted to wear a
 modern face1 though but few purchasers 
can look through all such changes with  
the eye of a professional expert1 and   
select that to which1 at a low price1 a 
certain beauty can be added1 which1 when
 done1 shall indicate the wisdom of     
their choice4 ,first impressions many   
times are sadly against all hopes of    
success4            ,with weather-stains
 upon the wall1            ,and         
stairways worn1 and crazy doors1        
,and creaking and uneven floors1        
,and chimneys huge1 and tiled and tall4 
,but these difficulties are the least   
troublesome to adjust1 if the walls are 

good1 and ceilings of a fair modern     
height4 ,it may then be a better choice 
to adapt such a house to the present    
cultivated tastes and requirements1 than
 to build anew from the foundation4  ,in
 the plans1 the dotted lines show the   
centers of the old partitions4 ,six feet
 have been added to the length of the   
wing1 thus improving the kitchen        
accommodations4  ,this house is situated
 some fifteen miles from the great      
commercial metropolis1 on one of the new
 lines of ,railroad1 and in a locality  
of easy access to ,new ,york business   
men4     ,,design ,no4 #bb4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,stable4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,plan4      
,this stable may be constructed either  
of wood1 or of stone4 ,it contains      
stalls for four horses1 and affords     
space for their accommodation1 together 
with a harness room and a tool closet4  
,this latter is a convenience very      
essential to the comfort of the owner1  
as well as to the proper care and       

preservation of such implements as      
belong especially to the carriage house 
and stable4  ,this building should be   
surrounded and screened with fruit trees
 and shrubbery1 and then1 with its      
evident architectural effects1 it will  
become an attractive feature in the     
landscape of which it becomes a part1   
with the other accessories of the       
elegant country home4     ,,design ,no4 
#bc4  ,,fences4   ,in spite of all laws 
to the contrary1 cattle will intrude    
upon one's property1 and each and all   
must at great expense build and maintain
 fences for their own protection4 ,there
 has not as yet been devised any        
practicable mode by which the enormous  
sums annually spent in fencing might be 
saved4 ,the theory advanced1 that it is 
cheaper for each to fence his cattle in1
 than to fence his neighbor's out1 has  
not as yet been practically illustrated1
 if we except a few suburban localities4
  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4  ,fig4 #fi   

represents a substantial fence1 with a  
paneled base1 of simple construction1   
and yet quite effective in appearance4  
,in ,fig4 #gj the work is somewhat more 
elaborate1 while the base is of stone1  
or brick4 ,each engraving shows two     
panels1 with a gate in the centre4      
,with chestnut or cedar posts1 the      
pickets cut from #a-a_/b inch plank1 and
 the whole kept painted1 such a fence   
would last many years4     ,,design ,no4
 #bd4  ,,residence ,,of ,,charles ,f4   
,,park1 ,,esq4   ,this residence of     
which we show only the floor plans1     
occupies a commanding position on the   
northern end of the ,palisades1 on the  
western side of the ,hudson1 some twenty
 miles above the city of ,new ,york1 the
 river1 mountain1 and inland views from 
which are exceedingly fine1 embracing   
the villages of ,dobbs' ,ferry1         
,irvington1 ,tarrytown1 ,sing ,sing1    
,piermont1 ,nyack1 and ,tappan1 as well 
as ,tappan ,zee and ,haverstraw ,bay1   
the distant ,highlands of the ,hudson1  

and the beautiful valleys of the        
,sparkill and the ,hackensack1 a section
 of country rich in historic            
associations1 and highly appreciated by 
those who seek suburban homes4          
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,first     
,floor4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#gb4--,second ,floor4  ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #gc4--,third ,floor4  ,this house
 was designed principally for a summer  
residence1 being nearly fifty feet      
square1 with wide halls and spacious    
verandah1 and commodious and well       
ventilated sleeping apartments1 the     
plans showing the arrangement of rooms4 
,the style of architecture selected is  
that generally known as the ,rural      
,gothic1 which1 perhaps1 is the most    
useful and most beautiful of any that   
are adapted to the requirements of our  
climate4 ,the almost square form of the 
plan is one of the most difficult to    
treat successfully in this style1 yet   
has been carried out in the most        
satisfactory manner4 ,this style admits 

of an almost never-ending variety of    
form and proportion1 and in effects of  
light and shadow at all hours of day is 
unequaled4 ,its comparative expense but 
little exceeds the hipped and ,mansard  
roofs4  ,the building is constructed in 
the most thorough and workman-like      
manner1 and is as well adapted for a    
winter residence as for summer4 ,the    
frame is built in the balloon style1    
7the strongest known form of framing17  
with deep studding filled in with brick1
 having double air chambers1 is         
thoroughly finished throughout1 is      
covered with a slate roof1 and fulfills 
all the requirements of a substantial   
and commodious country residence4       
,,design ,no4 #be4  ,,carriage ,,house  
,,and ,,stable4   ,the accompanying     
design for a carriage house and stable  
affords about the same amount of        
accommodation as ,design #bb4 ,the      
arrangement1 however1 is somewhat       
different1 and the exterior quite unlike
 it4 ,in this plan the portion          

appropriated to the stalls is more      
ample1 and the means for ventilation    
abundant4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#gd4--,stable4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#ge4--,stable ,plan4     ,,design ,no4  
#bf4  ,,residence ,,of ,,thos4 ,h4      
,,stout1 ,,esq41  ,,irvington1 ,,on     
,,the ,,hudson4   ,irvington is a noted 
locality for the higher grades of       
country homes1 there being many fine    
examples of substantial1 roomy1 and     
elegantly appointed mansions4 ,far      
within the gradually extending circle   
which limits the daily intercourse of   
the business man to the city of ,new    
,york1 it has become1 in virtue of its  
position1 healthfulness1 fine scenery1  
and ease of access1 one of the most     
favored of the suburbs of this city2 a  
city whose rapid increase of population 
and corresponding decreasing comforts in
 conveyance from one portion to another1
 is turning the attention of those who  
like ease of transit1 and the quiet and 
health of the country1 to a residence   

among its beautiful and attractive      
suburbs4 ,what the last ten years have  
accomplished in introducing rapid and   
reliable communication1 and building up 
and improving the country about ,new    
,york1 will probably be repeated several
 times over in the next decade4 ,an     
impetus has been given to rural life1   
that will increase with every facility  
that is offered1 and it will not be many
 years before the suburbs of ,new ,york 
will compare with any city in the world2
 and we question1 even now1 if elsewhere
 can be found a suburban locality       
comparable with the east bank of the    
,hudson1 from ,new ,york to the         
,highlands4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#gf4--,residence of ,thos4 ,h4 ,stout1  
,esq41 ,irvington1 on the ,hudson4  ,the
 accompanying engravings illustrate a   
country house that embraces many of the 
best features of exterior variety1 and  
interior compactness and convenience4   
,the workmanship and materials          
throughout have been of the best        

description1 and no pains have been     
spared to make it first class in every  
respect4  ,situated on the slope of the 
eastern bank of the ,hudson1 it         
overlooks the broad expanse of ,tappan  
,zee1 and commands the views peculiar to
 this locality1 that reach from the     
,highlands to the ocean4  ,to build     
well1 and to do so at a low price1 is   
always desirable2 and to build          
artistically1 imposingly1 attractively1 
does not imply elaborate finish or      
profuse ornament4 ,sand paper and       
decoration will never make an           
ill-proportioned building attractive to 
an educated taste1 while a rough        
exterior of harmonious lines and forms  
will pass current with those who have an
 eye to the artistic4  ,one of the most 
important lessons that the art student  
learns is that of effect2 that effects  
can not be produced by smoothly finished
 surfaces or details2 and that in       
architecture1 as well as in sculpture or
 painting1 there must be a strong bold  

manner of execution1 when there is a    
desire to convey an impression of       
strength or power4  ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #gg4--;,cellar4  ,where stone is 
conveniently obtained as a building     
material1 its use in rural architecture 
deserves far more consideration than is 
usually bestowed on it2 and in its      
unchiselled1 quarried form it becomes   
desirable in an economical point of     
view4 ,there is an imposing grandeur in 
the unhewn stone that asserts its       
presence in both near and distant views1
 and1 with the proper combinations of   
proportion1 and light and shade1 will   
illustrate the finest architectural     
effects4 ,prevailing prejudices are too 
apt to consider it not only cheap1 but  
inferior in protection and durability to
 finely wrought surfaces and smooth1    
close-fitting joints4 ,we are too apt to
 estimate the value and beauty of a     
stone house by the amount of labor      
lavished on its exterior1 as if the     
chisel possessed the power to make the  

joints more impenetrable1 and bestowed  
an endurance commensurate with the story
 of expense that it tells4 ,so long as  
we build well and honestly1 with a      
proper regard to protection from the    
weather1 in a substantial and           
workmanlike manner1 good taste and sound
 sense will uphold the use of quarried  
rock1 and discover a permanent strength 
and power in this ,cyclopean masonry    
that elaborately finished surfaces and  
delicately wrought ornaments fail to    
express4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#gh4--;,first ,floor4  ,dressed in      
squared blocks and hammered lines1 stone
 becomes an expensive building material1
 and preference is then given to        
something else less costly2 but if used 
in its quarried form1 irregular in size 
and shape1 it becomes1 wherever         
conveniently obtained1 among the        
economical materials used for building1 
and is unsurpassed for its              
impressiveness and durability4 ,no paint
 is required to preserve it from the    

weather1 and no color is so good as the 
color of the stone2 time softens its    
tints1 and the clambering vine that lays
 hold of the massive walls is a         
decoration beyond the resources of      
architecture4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4    
#gi4--,second ,floor4  ,if a building1  
says ,mr4 ,ruskin1 be under the mark of 
average magnitude1 it is not in our     
power to increase its apparent size by  
any proportionate diminution in the     
scale of its masonry2 but it may be     
often in our power to give it a certain 
nobility by building it of massy stones1
 or1 at all events1 introducing such    
into its make4 ,thus it is impossible   
that there should ever be majesty in a  
cottage built of brick2 but there is a  
marked element of sublimity in the rude 
and irregular piling of the rocky walls 
of the mountain cottages of ,wales1     
,cumberland1 and ,scotland4  ,and if the
 nobility of this confessed and natural 
masonry were more commonly felt1 we     
should not lose the dignity of it by    

smoothing surfaces and fitting joints4  
,the sums which we waste in chiselling  
and polishing stones1 which would have  
been better left as they came from the  
quarry1 would often raise a building a  
story higher4  ,there is also a         
magnificence in the natural cleavage of 
the stone to which the art must indeed  
be great1 that pretends to be           
equivalent2 and a stern expression of   
brotherhood with the mountain heart from
 which it has been rent1 ill-exchanged  
for a glistering obedience to the rule  
and measure of men4 ,his eye must be    
delicate indeed who would desire to see 
the ,pitti ,palace polished4            
,,design ,no4 #bg4  ,a ,,chapter ,,on   
,,gates4   ,we present in the following 
designs1 several illustrations of the   
principle of the truss applied to wooden
 gates4 ,it was described by us1 several
 years ago in the ,country ,gentleman4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4              

,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4  ,since then1
 in our professional rambles1 we have   
accidentally noticed some thirty gates  
erected after these designs in different
 sections of the country1 and1 for aught
 we know to the contrary1 it is one of  
the most popular gates that swing4 ,the 
principle of this gate is best shown in 
figure #hj1 and consists of four panels 
of braces crossing each other1 and held 
firmly in position by five iron rods1   
which can be tightened by the screws at 
the bottom4 ,the braces are not tenoned1
 and there are no nails about the gate4 
,there can be no sagging under any      
circumstances2 but should such a thing  
occur from unequal shrinkage1 it can    
easily be remedied by placing a thin    
strip of wood or sheet lead under the   
foot of the braces running forward4     
,there is economy in the construction of
 these gates1 as they can be made with a
 less number of joints1 and greater     
strength and stiffness secured with     
lighter materials1 than in any other    

style of gate we know of4 ,the principle
 is the one used in railroad bridges and
 roofs of great span1 and our own       
experience with them1 having built and  
tested all the gates here illustrated1  
is1 that they possess very decided      
merits4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4      
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4  ,fig4 #ha is
 the principal entrance gate to one of  
the finest estates on the ,hudson1 above
 ,tarrytown1 and although similar in    
appearance to figure #hb1 has some very 
decided differences1 the cross braces in
 this case reaching only to a second    
rail2 the rods1 however1 pass through to
 the bottom2 it is much more elaborate  
in workmanship1 and the addition of a   
moulding on the top and bottom would    
increase its effect4  ,fig4 #hd is the  
entrance gate at the ,new ,windsor1 ,n4 
,y41 ,parsonage1 and has been hanging   

six years without a perceptible change4 
,the braces in this are one inch square 
and doubled2 they are not halved1 but   
cross each other1 two one way and one   
the other1 in the manner shown in figure
 #he4  ,there is no other mode of       
constructing gates in which rustic work 
can be made such good use of4 ,the chief
 objection to all things made in the    
rustic manner is1 that they soon fall to
 pieces1 limbs shrink and twist1 and    
nails do not hold2 but a rustic gate    
held together by iron rods will remain  
good until the last brace has decayed4  
,fig4 #hf is the principal entrance gate
 to one of the most finely finished     
country seats on ,newburgh ,bay4  ,figs4
 #hg1 #hh1 and #hi1 illustrate a novel  
style of hinge1 peculiarly adapted to   
this gate1 and is really stronger than  
any other4 ,it requires less iron and   
less blacksmith work4  ,fig4 #hg shows  
the top hinge corner1 and figure #hh the
 bottom hinge corner4 ,the iron which   
secures this end of the gate1 passes    

through both top and bottom hinge1 and  
binds them and the gate securely        
together4 ,the additional fastenings for
 hinge are made with carriage-bolts4    
,nothing but a power beyond the enormous
 tensile strength of iron and the       
compressible strength of wood1 will     
cause the gates to yield in ordinary    
use4  ,fig4 #hi is a perspective view of
 the hinge1 showing how it may be       
counter-sunk1 and thus almost entirely  
concealed4 ,figs4 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 and    
#hc1 also show the hinge1 and four      
different styles of stone gate piers4   
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4  ,fig4 #ij is
 intended for a farm gate4 ,the cross   
rails are secured by carriage-bolts     
passed through them and the main braces4
 ,each end of the gate has an iron rod  
only1 which is made heavier than the    
others1 and saves framing4 ,the hinge is
 made by having the iron rod project    
beyond the bolt head and nut1 and the   
upper end is passed into an eye1 as     
shown in ,fig4 #ia1 which is screwed    

into the post2 the lower end is pointed1
 and is placed in a stone as shown1 or  
it may rest on solid iron of similar    
form to the eye4 ,any intelligent       
laborer1 with an axe and auger1 can1    
with the iron work1 make these farm     
gates4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4      
,this principle of constructing gates   
admits of an infinite variety of        
designs2 those given are merely         
suggestive4 ,it admits of all classes of
 workmanship1 from the plainest to the  
most elaborate1 from the simplest farm  
gate to those required for the finished 
park1 and in beauty1 strength1 and      
economy stands unequaled4  ,fig4 #ib and
 #ic4--,plan and elevation of an        
entrance gate1 which we have executed in
 oak1 and presents an effective         
appearance4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#ib4--;,elevation of ,entrance ,gate4   
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,plan4      
,,design ,no4 #bh4  ,,residence ,,of    
,,tristram ,,allen1 ,,esq41             
,,ravenswood1 ,n4 ,y4   ,the            

accompanying view of ,mr4 ,allen's house
 is a good example of the method of     
adding to a dwelling which has ceased to
 be of sufficient capacity for the      
requirements of the family4 ,by         
reference to the basement or cellar     
plan1 the outline of the old house and  
the foundation of the new will be       
distinctly seen4 ,the addition          
transforms the cottage to a villa1 and  
in a manner which preserves the         
proportions as harmoniously as if the   
whole had been erected at one time and  
from one plan1 thus illustrating a      
prominent advantage in this style of    
architecture1 which admits more freely  
than any other1 successive additions1   
which1 when properly designed1 add to   
the variety of outline1 and its beauty  
of light and shade4 ,the different floor
 plans show the arrangements of rooms   
and their connection with the original  
building1 which1 it will be seen1 are   
convenient and compact4  ,illustration3 
,,fig4 #id4--,perspective4              

,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,basement4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,first     
,floor4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#ig4--,second ,floor4  ,ravenswood is   
one of the most elegant of the suburbs  
of ,new ,york1 being near at hand1 and  
having frequent and rapid communication 
with the city4 ,situated on the ,long   
,island shore1 opposite the centre of   
,manhattan ,island1 overlooking the     
great metropolis and its outlying       
cities1 of easy access to the ,central  
,park by the ,hell ,gate ,ferry1 amid   
all the refinement of fine gardens1     
polished landscape scenery1 and         
architectural taste1 it presents at once
 all the enjoyments that a combination  
of city and country life can afford4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,attic4    
,,design ,no4 #bi4  ,,residence ,,of    
,,lindley ,m4 ,,ferris1 ,,esq41  ,,near 
,,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4   ,the residence
 of ,mr4 ,ferris1 of which we give the  
plans only1 is located south of the city
 of ,poughkeepsie1 and almost or quite  

within its suburbs4 ,the surrounding    
estate1 of #aej acres of handsomely     
rolling land1 possesses all the         
attractions of beauty and fertility so  
generally awarded to the finer portions 
of ,dutchess county4 ,in the immediate  
vicinity are some of the highly finished
 and well-kept country seats which adorn
 this portion of the ,hudson1 and make  
up the attractions which taste and      
refinement always add to country life4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,first     
,floor4  ,the object aimed at in the    
design of this house1 was that of a     
substantial and commodious mansion1     
suited to the requirements of a large   
family1 and that should express its     
purpose in the simplest manner at a     
moderate expense4 ,it was therefore     
desirable to avoid all costly           
irregularity of form1 and all the       
fanciful varieties of gimcracks4  ,the  
style selected as best illustrating this
 purpose is the ,chateau roof1 ,louis   
,,xv style2 the main building being #dc 

feet square1 with a rear addition #be by
 #bi feet2 the plan illustrating the    
arrangement of rooms1 verandah1 etc4    
,the first floor gives double parlors1  
7one of which may be used as a bed-room 
or library17 a sitting-room or          
reception-room1 dining-room1 and a large
 kitchen1 with necessary closets1 an    
inclosed verandah1 water closets1 etc4  
,the second floor1 main building1 gives 
four large bed rooms and two smaller    
rooms for other purposes1 and in the    
rear are four servants' rooms and a     
bath-room4 ,the attic story1 main       
building1 has now five rooms1 finished  
with closets1 and two rooms more can be 
added by putting up two partitions4     
,these upper rooms1 in a roof of this   
character1 are cool1 well ventilated1   
well lighted1 and agreeable in warm     
weather1 there being roomy air chambers 
between the attic ceiling and the upper 
roof1 and also between the walls of the 
rooms and the outer wall of the house4  
,there is but little difference in the  

value of these rooms and those on the   
floor below1 except convenience of      
access4  ,the house is built of brick1  
in a first class manner1 the lower roof 
slate1 the upper one being tin2 is      
thoroughly finished throughout1 and is  
in all respects a convenient1 durable1  
and commanding structure1 giving the    
largest amount of room in a desirable   
and attractive form1 with the most      
economy of means4 ,it is situated on a  
knoll overlooking all the surrounding   
grounds1 which include a number of other
 fine sites1 one or two of which1 we    
think1 even more desirable than the one 
selected4 ,it is not1 however1 an easy  
matter to choose one from a dozen sites1
 each almost equally good4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,second    
,floor4  ,a new road is now being laid  
through these and the adjoining         
premises1 to connect two of the         
principal drives southward from         
,poughkeepsie1 which when completed1    
will add a new attraction to the        

beautiful suburbs of this city4 ,the    
views from the grounds1 more            
particularly from the top of the house1 
are varied and extensive4 ,the mountain 
panorama1 which sweeps three-fourths of 
the horizon1 beginning with the         
,fishkill mountains1 and ending with the
 ,catskills1 is exceedingly fine4 ,the  
eastern view embraces the ,vassar       
,female ,college1 the noble gift of     
,matthew ,vassar1 ,esq41 to the cause of
 female education4 ,in the foreground   
and middle distance are the rich rolling
 landscapes of ,dutchess and the fertile
 hillsides of ,ulster counties1 the     
glittering spires of ,poughkeepsie1 the 
lordly ,hudson1 and southerly are seen  
the famous ,beacons and the ,highland   
,pass1            ,where ,hudson's wave 
o'er silvery sands            ,winds    
through the hills afar4     ,,design    
,no4 #cj4  ,,model ,,suburban           
,,cottage--,,in ,,the ,,old ,,english   
,,or ,,rural ,,gothic ,,style4  ,,by    
,,frederick ,s4 ,,copley1 ,,artist1     

,,tompkinsville1 ,s4 ,i4   ,the general 
appearance of this ,cottage1 as seen    
from the road1 is shown in the          
engraving1 7,fig4 #aja47 which is a     
perspective view of the ,north and ,east
 ,fronts4  ,it is situated at ,montrose1
 on the lake-like shores of ,hempstead  
,harbor1 near the village of ,roslyn1   
,long ,island1 a spot noted for its     
beauty and healthfulness4               
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#aja4--,perspective4  ,size of building1
 #dd by #ch feet4 ,principal ,plan      
7,fig4 #ajc47 #aj feet high4 ,p4 shows a
 recessed porch1 with double doors of   
oak1 7oiled7 the outer ones open1 to be 
closed only at night and stormy weather1
 behind the one on the right is a space 
for wet umbrellas1 c41 the inner doors  
have glazed panels to give light within1
 and should always be closed4 ,v4 is the
 vestibule1 containing a spiral         
staircase1 with walnut steps and rail   
7oiled74 ,the floor laid with encaustic 
tiles1 with ceiling groined1 and walls  

finished in imitation of stone in the   
sand coat4 ,on the left 7under the      
stairs7 is a private door opening into a
 lobby1 fitted with wash-basin1 water1  
c41 and lighted by a narrow window1 that
 also serves to light the front basement
 stairs1 so that a servant could answer 
a call1 at either front or back doors1  
without passing through the central     
hall2 which would not only be more      
convenient for them1 but would be to the
 family and guests1 especially in time  
of company1 when the hall would form a  
central room1 by closing the doors that 
lead to the stairs3 nor would this      
interfere in the least with the         
domestics1 or their duties3 as they can 
go from cellar to attic without         
disturbing the privacy of a single room3
 and the guests could ascend1 unseen to 
the dressing rooms above1 7from either  
entrance7 or depart in the same manner4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,first    
,floor4  ,the hall screen1 separating   
the vestibule1 should be of real oak1   

7oiled7 and lighted in the panels with  
stained glass1 which would impart a soft
 and pleasant light to the hall1 and    
produce a fine effect on either side1   
day or night4 ,the hall is here placed  
in the centre of the plan1 and so       
happily arranged are the doors and      
rooms1 as not only to give it a         
symmetrical effect1 but to unite the    
whole1 en suite1 without disturbing the 
individuality of either4 ,also1 the hall
 lamp and stove would light and warm1   
equally1 every room1 besides passage1   
vestibule1 and stairs4 ,the cloak closet
 is in the passage which contains the   
back stairs4  ,p4 is the ,parlor1 which 
would be the favorite living room in the
 summer1 as it faces the north1 and has 
a large bay-window commanding a fine    
view down the harbor to the sound4      
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,second    
,floor4  ,l4 is the ,library1 and living
 room1 connected with the parlor by     
sliding doors1 with recessed book-cases1
 on each side1 and the same on the sides

 of the bay-window1 here facing the     
south1 and possessing a beautiful view  
of the bay and hills1 with the village  
in the distance1 which make it the      
favorite quarters in winter1 being fully
 exposed to the genial influences of the
 sun during the absence of foliage at   
that season4 ,on the right of the mantel
 is a private closet for plate1 papers1 
c41 both these rooms have windows       
opening on the west veranda1 with a fine
 view across the harbor4 ,d4 is the     
,dining room1 and a most cheerful one1  
7as it should be17 with a large         
ornamental window on the east1 admitting
 the morning sun1 and a fine bay-window 
on the north1 looking down the road and 
harbor1 possessing a charming prospect  
of land and water4 ,to harmonize with   
the bay 7on the other end7 is the       
sideboard recess with a dumb-waiter on  
the right1 and a china closet on the    
left2 on one side of the mantel is the  
door opening into the lobby1 which      
communicates with the hall1 and basement

 plan below1 and fitted with wash-basin1
 water1 c41 which would be found most   
convenient to wash hands or glasses1    
delicate or valuable articles of use not
 wished to be trusted to careless       
servants4 ,it will be seen that the     
three bay-windows on this plan1 are of  
different forms1 and each fitted with   
inside shutters4 ,c4 is the principal   
chamber1 or boudoir1 facing south and   
east1 with fine large windows in each4  
,the one on the south has closets on    
each side1 and opens into the           
conservatory1 making this a most        
delightful ladies'-work-room4 ,it will  
be seen that all the rooms on this      
floor1 although not large1 are of the   
most comfortable size1 perfect and      
elegantly proportioned1 and arranged    
with every conceivable convenience      
requisite for the enjoyment of all the  
comforts and luxuries of life4  ,chamber
 ,plan 7,fig4 #ajc47 is nine feet high1 
and in keeping with the rest1 in its    
admirable arrangements1 furnishing five 

excellent rooms1 with a bath room1      
convenient to all1 fitted with the      
latest improvements1 7the water closet  
enclosed1 and vertical pipes1 which     
would make freezing impossible74 ,the   
four principal rooms are about equal in 
size and attractiveness1 as they possess
 the same fine views as the             
corresponding ones beneath1 and each    
finished with fire-places and ample     
closet room4 ,the small room windows    
open on a balcony1 with a charming view 
of the bay2 and would afford an         
agreeable lounge in summer evenings1 to 
enjoy the setting sun1 or cool breeze4  
,all the rooms on these two floors      
7except the last7 to be fitted with     
,dixon's patent grates1 and ,arnott's   
ventilating valves1 which would secure  
sweet1 healthy1 and warm rooms1 without 
draughts4 ,the hall1 as will be seen1 is
 well lighted and ventilated1 not only  
by the staircase window1 on the north1  
but by the ventilating sash-lights over 
the doors of every-room2 the bath room  

door is also lighted in the panel with  
ground glass4 ,between the doors1 on the
 east side1 is the lift1 or dumb-waiter1
 and dust register1 which being in the  
centre of the plan1 is of equal         
convenience to all4  ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #ajd4--;,attic and ,roof4  ,fig4 
#ajd4 ,roof and attic plan4 ,the attic  
contains five good rooms for the        
accommodation of the servants1 storing  
fruit1 trunks1 c41 and drying clothes4  
,as this plan has the same central      
arrangements as all the rest1           
consequently the same advantages in     
economy of space1 and of direct and easy
 access to every room1 stairs1 c4 ,the  
landing here is lighted in the same way 
as the hall below1 and by the same      
staircase window1 with the addition of a
 large sky-light and ventilator in the  
centre1 which would keep the rooms sweet
 and cool4  ,fig4 #aje1 shows the       
,basement and ,cellar plan1 nine feet   
high1 and containing every requisite    
convenience for the domestic duties of a

 family4 ,as they are on the same level1
 and under the principal story1 the     
noise and smell of the kitchen would be 
excluded4 ,the garden entrance is shown 
by the steps on the southwest corner of 
area1 which extends the whole of the    
west side1 round to the hall door on the
 south2 and covered by verandah1 would  
make these rooms dry1 cool1 and         
pleasant1 as they are but little below  
ground1 and well lighted on two sides1  
with a large bay-window in each2 the    
north bay fitted with wash-tubs1 as this
 kitchen is intended as a back one1 or  
scullery1 and for cooking in during the 
heat of summer1 it has a sink closet on 
the left of the fire-place1 and dresser 
and shelves for pots and pans on the    
south side1 by which1 is a door opening 
into the basement1 and one out on the   
area4 ,the basement would be a cheerful 
room1 facing the south with a large     
bay-window with seats and inside        
shutters1 on the opposite side is a     
dresser fitted with plate rack1 c4 ,on  

the east is the range and pantry2 behind
 the range1 in the hall1 is a warm      
closet for clothes1 shoes1 c41 and      
opposite1 under the stairs1 is a dark   
one1 for potatoes4 ,at the north end of 
the hall1 7and behind the scullery1     
fire-place1 c47 is the furnace room and 
front basement stairs4 ,on the east side
 of the hall is the dumb-waiter1 or     
lift4 ,the coal cellar has two bins     
placed under the shoots1 for large and  
small coal1 with two on the east side   
for ashes and wood4 ,against the middle 
window is a wire gauze safe1 for cooked 
meats1 c42 between this and the wine    
cellar is the dairy2 the other division 
is for stores in general4 ,all the      
partitions are made open1 so as to admit
 the free circulation of light and air4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,basement 
and ,cellar4  ,on observing the relative
 position of the different doors and    
windows1 in the several plans1 it will  
be found that the house may be          
ventilated by through drafts in every   

direction at pleasure2 a luxury to be   
appreciated in the heat of summer4      
,also1 by carrying the lift1 or         
dumb-waiter1 to the top of the house1   
and communicating with every floor1 its 
full value would be secured1 besides    
forming a ventilating shaft for the     
whole building1 from cellar to attic4   
,another valuable labor-saving          
convenience 7next to the water-works and
 lift7 is the dust shoot1 which is      
simply a tin tube1 with registers in the
 floors of the different plans1 to sweep
 the dust into1 from the rooms1 where it
 descends to the cellar1 and is caught  
in a barrel1 to be removed when full4   
,it is here placed in the hall1 by the  
side of the lift1 on every floor1 which 
by this central arrangement is at the   
door of every room4  ,construction1     
although of wood1 is made nearly fire   
proof1 by making the floors1 walls1     
partitions and stairs solid4 ,the walls 
and principal partitions are formed of  
slats of one inch thick by four inches  

broad1 securely nailed one on the other1
 so as to form a one inch groove on both
 sides1 to plaster on4 ,this forms a    
good strong six inch solid wall1 fire   
and vermin proof1 and dryer than any    
built of stone or brick4 ,the stairs to 
have their skeletons of iron work1      
filled in solid with cement4 ,the floors
 of basement and entry to be of         
earthenware tiles1 the kitchen and      
cellar cemented4 ,that of the principal 
plan1 7forming the ceiling of the       
basement1 c41 the seat of danger17      
should be formed of brick1 arched on    
iron girders1 and filled up with cement1
 and laid with larch1 7as that burns    
less freely than any other wood74 ,the  
hall1 c41 to be laid with encaustic     
tiles4 ,the floors of the chamber plans 
should have their timbers coated with   
plaster paris1 and filled up with mortar
 and laid with larch1 the plastering of 
the ceilings1 c41 on wire gauze1 instead
 of lath2 a slate roof1 and the walls of
 the basement plan of hollow brick1 and 

plastered on the inner surface4 ,by     
these simple and inexpensive means1 the 
house would be nearly fire proof1 and   
life and property secure4  ,the exterior
 is covered by a sand coat1 of a        
cheerful and rich light brown ochre     
tint1 it being the most befitting for   
the situation and design1 besides       
possessing the advantages of economy1   
and imparting a more substantial effect1
 it avoids that harsh and disagreeable  
glare and glisten of paint4     ,,design
 ,no4 #ca4   ,the design on the         
following page1 for a ,head ,stone1 was 
published by us in the ,may number1     
#ahfd1 of the ,,horticulturist4 ,it     
attracted the attention of one of our   
most intelligent subscribers and        
valuable contributors in ,western ,new  
,york1 who desired to set up1 in their  
beautiful ,cemetery1 a memorial of one  
of his household who who had gone       
before4 ,the monument was executed in   
this city1 under the supervision of the 
friend who furnished the design for the 

,,horticulturist4 ,it was cut from the  
,caen stone1 and the execution was every
 way satisfactory4 ,the gentleman for   
whom it was made says in a letter       
advising of its safe arrival3--,last    
week ,i had it set in a solid           
foundation1 and my highest anticipations
 are more than realized4 ,i do not see  
how the monument could be better1 as to 
material1 design1 and inscriptions4 ,it 
is unique1 yet chaste1 highly           
significant and satisfactory4 ,i have   
only words of praise and feelings of    
gratitude for a result that so fully    
answers to my ideal4  ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #ajf4--;,head ,stone4            
,,balloon ,,frames4            ,if it   
had not been for the knowledge of       
balloon           frames1 ,chicago and  
,san ,francisco would never have        
arisen as they did1 from little         
villages1 to great           cities in a
 single year4--,,solon ,,robinson4   ,in
 these days of ,,ballooning1 it is      
gratifying to know that there is one    

practically useful1 well tested         
principle1 which has risen above the    
character of an experiment1 and is      
destined to hold an elevated position in
 the opinions of the masses4 ,that      
principle is the one which is           
technically1 as well as sarcastically1  
termed ,balloon ,framing1 as applied to 
the construction of all classes of      
wooden buildings4  ,the early history of
 the ,balloon ,frame1 is somewhat       
obscure1 there being no well            
authenticated statements of its origin4 
,it may1 however1 be traced back to the 
early settlement of our prairie         
countries1 where it was impossible to   
obtain heavy timber and skillful        
mechanics1 and the fact is patent to any
 one who has passed through the         
pleasures and the vicissitudes of the   
life of a pioneer1 that his own         
necessities have indicated the adoption 
of some principle in construction1 that1
 with the materials he has at hand1     
shall fulfill all the necessary         

conditions of comfort1 strength and     
protection4 ,to these circumstances we  
must award the early conception of this 
frame1 which1 with subsequent additions 
and improvements1 has led to its        
universal adoption for buildings of     
every class throughout the ,states and  
cities of the ,west1 and on the ,pacific
 coast4  ,the ,balloon ,frame has for   
more than twenty years been before the  
building public4 ,its success1          
adaptability1 and practicability1 have  
been fully demonstrated4 ,its simple1   
effective and economical manner of      
construction1 has very materially aided 
the rapid settlement of the ,west1 and  
placed the art of building1 to a great  
extent1 within the control of the       
pioneer4 ,that necessity1 which must do 
without the aid of the mechanic or the  
knowledge of his skill1 has developed a 
principle in construction that has      
sufficient merit to warrant its use by  
all who wish to erect in a cheap and    
substantial manner any class of wooden  

buildings4  ,like all successful        
improvements1 which thrive on their own 
merits1 the ,balloon ,frame has passed  
through and survived the theory1        
ridicule and abuse of all who have seen 
fit to attack it1 and may be reckoned   
among the prominent inventions of the   
present generation1 an invention neither
 fostered nor developed by any hope of  
great rewards1 but which plainly and    
boldly acknowledges its origin in       
necessity4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4       
#ajg4--;,isometrical ,perspective ,view 
of the ,balloon ,frame4  ,the increasing
 value of lumber and labor1 must turn   
the attention of men of moderate means  
to those successful plans which have    
demonstrated economy in both1 and at the
 same time preserved the full qualities 
of strength and security so generally   
accorded to the old fogy principles of  
framing1 and which1 we presume to say1  
is inferior in all the true requisites  
of cheap and substantial building4      
,light sticks1 uninjured by cutting     

mortices or tenons1 a close basket-like 
manner of construction1 short bearings1 
a continuous support for each piece of  
timber from foundation to rafter1 and   
embracing and taking advantage of the   
practical fact1 that the tensile and    
compressible strength of pine lumber is 
equal to one-fifth of that of wrought   
iron1 constitute improvements introduced
 with this frame4  ,if1 in erecting a   
building1 we can so use our materials   
that every strain will come in the      
direction of the fibre of some portion  
of the wood work1 we can make inch      
boards answer a better purpose than foot
 square beams1 and this application of  
materials is one reason of the strength 
of ,balloon ,frames4  ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #ajh4--;,floor ,plan4  ,the      
,balloon ,frame belongs to no one       
person2 nobody claims it as an          
invention1 and yet in the art of        
construction it is one of the most      
sensible improvements that has ever been
 made4  ,that which has hitherto called 

out a whole neighborhood1 and required a
 vast expenditure of labor1 time1 and   
noise1 can1 by the adoption of the      
balloon frame1 be done with all the     
quietness and security of an ordinary   
day's work4 ,a man and boy can now      
attain the same results1 with ease1 that
 twenty men could on an old fashioned   
frame4  ,the name of ,basket ,frame     
would convey a better impression1 but   
the name ,balloon has long ago outlived 
the derision which suggested it4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,elevation
 ,section--manner of nailing--,a4 corner
 stud1 #d by #d--;,b4 joist1 #c by      
#h--;,c4 stud1 #b by #d4  ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,d4 ,upper ,edge of     
,joist--,e4 ,stud4  ,the moment the     
foundation is prepared1 and the bill of 
lumber on the ground1 the balloon frame 
is ready to raise1 and a man and boy can
 do all of it4 ,the sills are generally 
#c inches by #h inches1 halved at the   
ends or corners1 and nailed together    
with large nails4 ,having laid the sills

 upon the foundation1 the next thing in 
order is to put up the studding4 ,use #d
 by #d studs for corners and door posts1
 or spike two #b by #d studs together1  
stand them up1 set them plumb1 and with 
stay laths secure them in position4 ,set
 up the intermediate studs1 which are #b
 by #d inches1 and #af inches between   
centres1 toe or nail them diagonally to 
the sill4 ,then put in the floor joists 
for first floor1 each joist to be placed
 alongside each stud1 and nailed to it  
and to the sill4 ,next measure the      
height to ceiling1 and with a chalk line
 mark it around the entire range of     
studding2 below the ceiling line notch  
each stud one inch deep and four inches 
wide1 and into this1 flush with the     
inside face of the studding1 nail an    
inch strip four inches wide4 ,this notch
 may be cut before putting up the studs4
 ,if the frame be lined on the inside1  
it will not be necessary to notch the   
strip into the studs1 but simply to nail
 it to the studding2 the object of      

notching the studding is to present a   
flush surface for lathing1 as well as to
 form a shoulder or bearing necessary to
 sustain the second floor2 both of these
 are accomplished by lining inside the  
studding--7for small barns and          
outbuildings that do not require        
plastering1 nail the strip #a by #d to  
the studding7--on this rests the joists 
of the second floor1 the ends of which  
come flush to the outside face of the   
studding1 and both ends of each joist   
are securely nailed to each stud2 the   
bearing of the joist on the inch strip  
below is close by the stud1 and the inch
 strip rests on a shoulder or lower side
 of the notch cut to receive it4 ,this  
bearing is so strong that the joists    
will break before it would yield4       
,having reached the top of the building1
 each stud is sawed off to an equal     
height2 if any are too short they are   
spliced by placing one on top of the    
other1 and nailing a strip of inch board
 on both sides4 ,the wall plate1 #b by  

#d inches1 is laid flat on top of the   
studding1 and nailed to each stud2 the  
rafters are then put on2 they are       
notched1 allowing the ends to project   
outside for cornice1 c4 ,the bearing of 
each rafter comes directly over the top 
of each stud1 and is nailed to it4      
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,side      
,elevation4--,g4 ,manner of splicing    
sills4--,f4 ,manner of splicing studs4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,end      
,elevation4  ,a ,balloon ,frame looks   
light1 and its name was given in        
contempt by those old fogy mechanics who
 had been brought up to rob a stick of  
timber of all its strength and          
durability1 by cutting it full of       
mortices1 tenons and augur holes1 and   
then supposing it to be stronger than a 
far lighter stick differently applied1  
and with all its capabilities           
unimpaired4  ,properly constructed1 and 
with timber adapted to its purposes1 it 
will stand securely against the fury of 
the elements1 and answer every purpose  

that an old fashioned timber frame is   
calculated to fulfill4  ,when the       
building is supported on posts1 heavy   
sills are necessary1 and the frame      
should be securely nailed or spiked     
together4 ,the bents may be #af1 #bd or 
#cj inches apart1 and covered in the    
usual manner4 ,the thrust of both the   
rafters and contents of the building are
 outward2 the tie1 #a by #d1 is         
abundantly strong1 as each one will     
practically sustain1 in the direction of
 its fibre1 three tons4 ,the floor      
joists are nailed to studs at each end4 
,no one need fear any lack of perfect   
security1 as these ties exceed in       
strength any hold that tenons could     
have4  ,fig4 #aac illustrates the manner
 of framing buildings of one story1 such
 as are used about almost every farm or 
country seat1 as tool houses1 granaries1
 wash-houses1 spring houses1 c41 c4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#aac4--;,isometrical ,perspective       
,balloon ,frame4  ,very small buildings1

 if unplastered1 will not require       
ceiling joists2 a tie at each end will  
be all-sufficient4 ,moderate size       
buildings will be strong enough if the  
ceiling joists are left out1 and collars
 put on half way up the rise of the     
rafter4 ,according to the size and uses 
of the building1 the collars or ceiling 
joists may be put on every rafter1 every
 other1 or every third rafter2 floor    
joists should be about #af inches       
between centres1 and the studding may be
 from #af inches to #h feet apart2 in   
the last case only1 every sixth floor   
joist is nailed to the stud1 the        
intermediate ones being arranged equally
 distant from each other between the    
studding4 ,where the studding is placed 
wide apart1 the plate must necessarily  
be heavier to sustain the roof2 if      
vertical siding be used1 it should be   
nailed to the sill and plate1 and to an 
intermediate horizontal strip spiked in 
between the studding2 if done in this   
way1 the plate may be lighter2 when     

horizontal siding is used1 the studding 
should not be more than #d feet         
apart--in small buildings1 say #ab by   
#bj feet1 we should cut all our stuff1  
except joists1 from #a-a_/d inch plank4 
,studs #d inches wide1 rafters #e inches
 wide2 floor joists should be #b by #i  
inches1 and put all up #cj inches       
between centres4  ,in ,fig4 #aad is     
shown the manner of constructing frames 
for buildings of three stories4 ,the    
corner stud1 #d by #d1 is composed of   
and built up with two #b by #d studs1   
which are nailed together1 breaking     
joints as the building progresses in    
height2 the splicing of studs is done in
 the same manner1 being nailed together 
as fast as additional length is         
required2 the joists of the last floor  
are laid upon the plate1 and they act as
 tie-beams to sustain the thrust of the 
rafters4 ,we consider the splice where  
the studs butt and have side strips     
nailed to them1 to be the most secure2  
the lapping splice is very generally    

used1 however1 and found to answer every
 purpose4  ,ribs for vertical siding may
 be put on in two ways2 one as shown1 by
 which the ribs run over the sill1 and  
are nailed to it2 a strip of the same   
thickness as ribs1 say #a-a_/d inches1  
nailed on to the sill to fill up the    
space between the ribs1 and is then     
covered by the outside plinth or base4  
,the other plan is to set the studs back
 #a-a_/d inches from face edge of sill2 
then let the end of ribs bevel down on  
the sill1 or dovetail them into the     
edge4   ,illustration3 ,,fig4           
#aad4--,three ,story ,building4 ,balloon
 ,framing4 ,details4  ,fig4 #aae4 ,joist
 notched down on plate4  ,fig4 #aaf4    
,side girt not gained in for small      
unplastered buildings4 ,fig4 #aag4      
,inside lining--answers the same purpose
 as a side girth4  ,fig4 #aah4 ,joist   
bearing on sill4  ,either outside or    
inside lining may be used1 or both      
together4 ,where diagonal lining is     
used1 it should be reversed or run the  

other way on the opposite side of the   
house4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4           
#abj4--;,diagonal ,ribs for ,vertical or
 ,battened ,siding4  ,the lining of a   
,balloon ,frame adds immensely to its   
strength1 particularly so if put on     
diagonally2 it may be done outside or   
inside1 though on the whole the inside  
is preferable4 ,if done outside1 it     
should be carried over the sill and     
nailed to it2 the sill being wider than 
the studding1 in order to get a larger  
bearing on the masonry1 and the floor   
joists being in the way1 does not admit 
of inside lining being put on in the    
same manner4  ,a first-class ,balloon   
,frame should be lined1 if for vertical 
siding1 outside the studding--if        
horizontal siding is used1 line inside2 
it makes the frame stiffer and the      
building warmer4 ,some line diagonally1 
say from centre next the first floor    
towards extreme upper corners both ways2
 others line one side diagonally in one 
direction1 and the other in an opposite 

direction4 ,this makes assurance of     
strength doubly sure4 ,if lined inside1 
nail perpendicular lath to the lining   
#af inches from centres1 and on this    
lath horizontally for plastering4       
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,showing   
lengthwise and crosswise manner of tying
 frame4  ,the principle of ,balloon     
,framing is the true one for strength1  
as well as for economy4 ,if a mechanic  
is employed1 the ,balloon ,frame can be 
put up for forty per cent4 less money   
than the mortice and tenon frame4 ,if   
you erect a balloon frame yourself1     
which you can easily do without the aid 
of a mechanic1 it costs the price of the
 materials and whatever value you put   
upon your own time4  ,fig4 #bc shows the
 manner of attaching the flooring to    
gable end studding1 and in those        
buildings in which the thrust of the    
rafters is in the direction of the      
flooring--if every third stud be bolted 
to the joist in the manner shown1 it    
makes the tie equal if not superior to  

that in the direction of the joists4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,manner of 
,framing ,large ,barns4  ,fig4 #abb     
explains the manner of framing the      
largest class of barns4 ,wide openings1 
like bays1 require the use of heavy     
timber1 and the mortice1 tenon and      
brace1 only so far as the gallows frame 
is concerned2 the balance of the frame  
is of light stuff1 studding #b feet to  
#b-a_/b feet apart1 #b by #f inches1    
every third one #b by #h inches1 into   
which is gained the side girt1 it being 
nailed to the others4 ,on this rests one
 end of the temporary floors1 the       
gallows frame supports the roof1 and the
 rafters are secured to it1 so that they
 become ties4 ,the side of this building
 is like a floor turned on edge1 and is 
firmly secured by the floor joists at   
the bottom and the rafters at the top4  
,warehouses1 depots1 and other buildings
 of a very large size1 can be made      
stronger by using the ,balloon ,frame1  
instead of the heavy timber frame4      

,those who prefer to err on the right   
side1 can get unnecessary strength by   
using deeper studding1 placing them     
closer together1 putting in one or more 
rows of bridging and as many diagonal   
ribs as they like4 ,in large buildings  
there is no saving in timber1 only the  
substitution of small sizes for         
large--the great saving is in the labor1
 which is quite important4  ,the        
following are some of the advantages    
claimed for the ,balloon ,frame3  #a4   
,the principal labor of framing is      
dispensed with4  #b4 ,it is a far       
cheaper frame to raise4  #c4 ,it is     
stronger and more durable than any other
 frame4  #d4 ,any stick can be removed1 
and another put in its place1 without   
disturbing the strength of those        
remaining--in fact1 the whole building  
can be renewed stick by stick4  #e4 ,it 
is adapted to every style of building1  
and better adapted for all irregular    
forms4  #f4 ,it is forty per cent4      
cheaper than any other known style of   

frame4  #g4 ,it embraces strength1      
security1 comfort and economy1 and can  
be put up without the aid of a mechanic4
     ,established in #ahdf4  ,,the      
,,horticulturist1  ,,and ,,journal ,,of 
,,rural ,,art ,,and ,,rural ,,taste4    
,published ,monthly at ,two ,dollars and
 ,fifty ,cents per ,annum1 ,twenty-five 
,cents per ,number1 and devoted to      
,,grape ,,culture1           ,,flowers1 
,,rural ,,architecture1                 
,,fruits1           ,,gardening1        
,,landscape ,,adornment1           ,,and
 ,,rural ,,pursuits4  ,forming an annual
 volume of #djj royal octavo pages      
handsomely ,illustrated4            ,the
 ,author of ,my ,farm of ,edgewood1     
,the ,author of ,ten ,acres ,enough1    
,the ,author of ,the ,grape ,culturist1 
,the ,author of ,flowers for ,parlor and
 ,garden1                   ,the ,author
 of ,american ,fruit ,grower's ,guide4  
,rev4 ,dr4 ,,crescy1  and others of the 
best practical talent and ability1 both 
,east and ,west1 write regularly4  ,back

 ,volumes and ,numbers supplied4  ,,geo4
 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodward1  ,,publishers1
 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,n4 ,y4              
,,woodward',s ,,graperies  ,,and        
,,horticultural ,,buildings1  ,by ,geo4 
,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,woodward1  ,,architects   
,,and ,,horticulturists4  ,a new1       
practical1 and original ,work on the    
design and construction of all classes  
of ,horticultural ,buildings1 including 
,hot-beds1 ,propagating ,houses1 ,hot   
and ,cold ,graperies1 ,orchard ,houses1 
,conservatories1 c41 with the best modes
 of heating1 c4 ,elegantly ,illustrated4
 ,being the result of an extensive      
professional practice4            ,,geo4
 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodward1               
,,publishers1           ,office of the  
,horticulturist1 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,n4  
,y4     ,,geo4 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodward1 
,,publishers  ,no4 #cg ,,park ,,row1    
,,new ,,york  ,,office ,,of ,,the       
,,horticulturist4  ,,books  ,,on        
,,agriculture1                          
,,horticulture1                         

,,architecture1                         
,,landscape ,,gardening1                
,,and ,,rural ,,art  ,for ,sale at this 
,office1 or mailed1 post paid1 on       
receipt of ,publisher's prices4  999999 
,priced ,catalogue on application4      
,,new ,,york ,,agents  for the ,country 
,gentleman1 ,gardeners' ,monthly1       
,hovey's ,magazine4  ,subscriptions     
received and back numbers supplied4     
,,fire ,,on ,,the ,,hearth4             
,,geo4 ,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,,woodward1         
#cg ,,park ,,row1 ,n4 ,y4  ,new ,york   
,agents for ,dixon's low down           
,philadelphia ,grates1 for burning ,wood
 or ,coal1 for sale at ,manufacturer's  
,prices4  ,it is a plan for warming     
houses1 which has never in all its      
points been surpassed4 99     99     99 
99     99     99  ,it is believed that  
there is scarcely a single educated     
,physician in ,philadelphia1 who owns   
the house he lives in1 who is not       
supplied with one or more of these      
delightful luxuries4      99     99  ,we

 have one of these admirable            
contrivances1 put in our house in #ahei1
 and every additional year only         
increases our appreciation of the       
luxury4--,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hall1 editor of  
,hall's ,journal of ,health1 ,n4 ,y4    
,price #ce and upwards according to size
 and finish4 ,samples at this ,office4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcriber's ,notes3  ,obvious        
punctuation errors repaired4  ,this text
 uses both hyphenated and spaced forms  
of its rooms1 i4e4 bed-room and bed     
room4 ,also used were variations on     
hyphenated and not words such stair-way 
and stairway4  ,page #af ofwhich changed
 to of which 7of which the public7      
,page #bh1 accomodation changed to      
accommodation 7of this accommodation7   
,page #cd1 accomodation changed to      
accommodation 7amount of accommodation7 
,page #hc1 understand changed to        
understands 7one that understands7      
,page #ajd1 accomodation changed to     
accommodation 7for their accommodation7 

,page #abd1 posesses changed to         
possesses 7possesses all the            
attractions7  ,page #adh1 desends       
changed to descends 7where it descends7 
,page #afd1 #bc changed to #aba 7,fig4  
#aba shows the manner7