,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,!ology3 ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,/udy ,,essay #h ,,f ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,hebrew ,,tradition ,by ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley ,i conceive t ! orig91 ! gr[?1 ! decl9e1 & ! fall ( ^? speculations respect+ ! exi/5ce1 ! p[]s1 & ! dispositions ( be+s analog\s to m51 b m or less devoid ( corporeal qualities1 :i* may be broadly includ$ "u ! head ( !ology1 are ph5om5a ! /udy ( :i* legitimately falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ! an?ropologi/4 ,& x is purely z a "q ( an?ropology 7a dep>tm5t ( biology to :i*1 at v>i\s times1 ,i h giv5 a good deal ( att5tion7 t ,i propose to treat ( ! evolution ( !ology 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,) !ology z a code ( dogmas :i* are to be believ$1 or at any rate repeat$1 "u p5alty ( pres5t or future puni%m5t1 or z a /oreh\se ( anae/hetics = ^? :o f9d ! pa9s ( life too h>d to be>1 ,i h no?+ to d2 &1 s f> z x may be possible1 ,i %all avoid ! expression ( any op9ion z to ! objective tru? or falsehood ( ! sy/ems ( !ological speculation ( :i* ,i may f9d occasion to speak4 ,f my pres5t po9t ( view1 !ology is reg>d$ z a natural product ( ! op]ations ( ! human m9d1 "u ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 j z any o!r bran* ( sci5ce1 or ! arts ( ar*itecture1 or music1 or pa9t+ are su* products4 ,l !m1 !ology has a hi/ory4 ,l !m also1 x is to be met ) 9 c]ta9 simple & rudim5t>y =ms2 & ^! c be connect$ by a multitude ( gradations1 :i* exi/ or h exi/$1 among p ( v>i\s ages & races1 ) ! mo/ highly develop$ !ologies ( pa/ & pres5t times4 ,x is n my object to int]f]e1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ) beliefs :i* anybody holds sacr$2 or to alt] ! conviction ( any "o :o is ( op9ion t1 9 deal+ ) !ology1 we ought to be guid$ by consid]ations diff]5t f ^? :i* w\ld be ?\ght appropriate if ! problem lay 9 ! prov9ce ( *emi/ry or ( m9]alogy4 ,& if p ( ^! ways ( ?9k+ *oose to read beyond ! pres5t p>agraph1 ! responsibility = meet+ ) any?+ !y may dislike re/s ) !m & n ) me4 ,we are all likely to be m famili> ) ! !ological hi/ory ( ! ,israelites ?an ) t ( any o!r nation4 ,we may !re=e fitly make x ! fir/ object ( our /udies2 & x w be conv5i5t to comm5ce ) t p]iod :i* lies betwe5 ! invasion ( ,canaan & ! e>ly days ( ! mon>*y1 & answ]s to ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ,b4,c4 or !reab\ts4 ,! evid5ce on :i* any conclusion z to ! nature ( ,israelitic !ology 9 ^? days mu/ be bas$ is :olly conta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures--an agglom]ation ( docum5ts :i* c]ta9ly belong to v diff]5t ages1 b ( ! exact dates & au?or%ip ( any "o ( :i* 7except p]haps a few ( ! prophetical writ+s7 !re is no evid5ce1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 ( su* a nature z to ju/ify m ?an a confession ( ignorance1 or1 at mo/1 an approximate conclusion4 ,9 ?is v5]able record ( anci5t life1 miscall$ a book1 :5 x is really a libr>y comp>able to a selection ( works f ,engli% lit]ature betwe5 ! times ( ,b$a & ^? ( ,milton1 we h ! /ratifi$ deposits 7(t5 confus$ & ev5 ) _! natural ord] inv]t$7 left by ! /ream ( ! intellectual & moral life ( ,israel dur+ _m c5turies4 ,&1 emb$d$ 9 ^! /rata1 !re are num]\s rema9s ( =ms ( ?\ght :i* once liv$1 & :i*1 ?\gh (t5 un=tunately m]e fragm5ts1 are ( priceless value to ! an?ropologi/4 ,our task is to rescue ^! f _! relatively unimportant surr\nd+s1 & by c>eful comp>ison ) exi/+ =ms ( !ology to make ! dead _w :i* !y record live aga94 ,9 o!r words1 our problem is palaeontological1 & ! me?od pursu$ mu/ be ! same z t employ$ 9 deal+ ) o!r fossil rema9s4 ,among ! ri*e/ ( ! fossilif]\s /rata to :i* ,i h allud$ are ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel4 #a ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t ^! writ+s /& out1 9 m>k$ relief f ^? :i* prec$e & foll[ !m1 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 ar*aic fre%ness & ( a great] fre$om f traces ( late int]polation & editorial trimm+4 ,jeph?ah1 ,gideon & ,samson are m5 ( old h]oic /amp1 :o w\ld look z mu* 9 place 9 a ,norse ,saga z :]e !y are2 & if ! v>ni%-bru% ( lat] respectability has pass$ ov] ^! memoirs ( ! mighty m5 ( a wild age1 "h & !re1 x has n succe$$ 9 effac+1 or ev5 9 s]i\sly obscur+1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! !ology traditionally ascrib$ to _! epo*4 ,!re is no?+ t ,i h met ) 9 ! results ( ,biblical criticism inconsi/5t ) ! conviction t ^! books give u a fairly tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ,israelitic life & ?\ght 9 ! times :i* !y cov]2 &1 z su*1 ap>t f ! great lit]>y m]it ( _m ( _! episodes1 !y possess ! int]e/ ( be+1 p]haps1 ! olde/ g5u9e hi/ory1 z ap>t f m]e *ronicles on ! "o h& & m]e leg5ds on ! o!r1 at pres5t accessible to u4 ,b x is (t5 said ) exultation by writ]s ( "o p>ty1 & (t5 admitt$1 m or less unwill+ly1 by _! oppon5ts1 t ^! books are untru/wor?y1 by reason ( be+ full ( obvi\sly unhi/oric tales4 ,&1 z a notable example1 ! n>rative ( ,saul's visit to ! s-call$ wit* ( ,endor is (t5 cit$4 ,z ,i h already intimat$1 ,i h no?+ to d ) !ological p>tisan%ip1 ei!r het]odox or or?odox1 nor1 = my pres5t purpose1 does x matt] v mu* :e!r ! /ory is hi/orically true1 or :e!r x m]ely %[s :at ! writ] believ$2 b1 look+ at ! matt] solely f ! po9t ( view ( an an?ropologi/1 ,i beg leave to express ! op9ion t ! acc\nt ( ,saul's necromantic exp$ition is q consi/5t ) probability4 ,t is to say1 ,i see no reason :atev] to d\bt1 fir/ly1 t ,saul made su* a visit2 &1 secondly1 t he & all :o 7 pres5t1 includ+ ! wise woman ( ,endor h]self1 w\ld h giv51 ) entire s9c]ity1 v mu* ! same acc\nt ( ! bus9ess z t :i* we n[ read 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel2 & ,i am fur!r ( op9ion t ?is /ory is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^? fossils1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 9 ! mat]ial :i* x (f]s = ! recon/ruction ( ! !ology ( ! "t4 ,let u !re=e /udy x att5tively--n m]ely z a n>rative :i*1 9 ! dramatic =ce ( its gruesome simplicity1 is n surpass$1 if x is equall$1 by ! wit* sc5es 9 ,macbe?--b z a piece ( evid5ce be>+ on an important an?ropological problem4 ,we are told 7#a ,sam4 xxviii47 t ,saul1 encamp$ at ,gilboa1 became al>m$ by ! /r5g? ( ! ,phili/9e army ga!r$ at ,%unem4 ,he !re=e inquir$ ( ,jahveh1 b ,jahveh answ]$ him n1 nei!r by dreams1 nor by ,urim1 nor by prophets4 #b ,?us des]t$ by ,jahveh1 ,saul1 9 8 extremity1 be?\ght him ( ^? t _h famili> spirits1 & ! wiz>ds1 :om he is said1 at "s previ\s "t1 to h put out ( ! l&2 b :o seem1 nev]!less1 to h be5 v imp]fectly bani%$1 s9ce ,saul's s]vants1 9 answ] to 8 comm& to seek him a woman t ha? a famili> _s1 reply )\t a sign ( hesitation or ( fe>1 ,behold1 !re is a woman t ha? a famili> _s at ,endor2 j z1 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 a c\ntryman might tell any "o :o did n look l a magi/rate or a policeman1 :]e a wise woman 0 to be met )4 ,saul goes to ?is woman1 :o1 aft] be+ assur$ ( immunity1 asks1 ,:om %all ,i br+ up to !e8 :]eupon ,saul says1 ,br+ me up ,samuel4 ,! woman imm$iately sees an app>ition4 ,b to ,saul no?+ is visible1 = he asks1 ,:at see/ ?\8 ,& ! woman replies1 ,i see ,elohim com+ up out ( ! e>?4 ,/ill ! spectre rema9s invisible to ,saul1 = he asks1 ,:at =m is he (8 ,& %e replies1 ,an old man come? up1 & he is cov]$ ) a robe4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! wise woman unque/ionably plays ! "p ( a m$ium1 & ,saul is dep5d5t ^u h] v]sion ( :at happ5s4 ,! acc\nt cont9ues3-- ,& ,saul p]ceiv$ t x 0 ,samuel1 & he b[$ ) 8 face to ! gr\nd & did obeisance4 ,& ,samuel said to ,saul1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me to br+ me up8 ,& ,saul answ]$1 ,i am sore di/ress$3 = ! ,phili/9es make w> aga9/ me1 & ,elohim is dep>t$ f me & answ]e? me no m1 nei!r by prophets nor by dreams2 !re=e ,i h call$ !e t ?\ maye/ make kn[n unto me :at ,i %all d4 ,& ,samuel said1 ,:]e=e !n do/ ?\ ask ( me1 see+ t ,jahveh is dep>t$ f !e & is become ?9e adv]s>y8 ,& ,jahveh ha? wr\ght = himself1 z he spake by me1 & ,jahveh ha? r5t ! k+dom out ( ?9e h& & giv5 x to ?y neighb\r1 ev5 to ,david4 ,because ?\ obey$/ n ! voice ( ,jahveh & did/ n execute 8 fi]ce wra? ^u ,amalek1 !re=e ha? ,jahveh done ?is ?+ unto !e ?is day4 ,moreov]1 ,jahveh w deliv] ,israel also ) !e into ! h&s ( ! ,phili/9es2 & to-morr[ %alt ?\ & ?y sons be ) me3 ,jahveh %all deliv] ! ho/ ( ,israel also into ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,!n ,saul fell /raightway 8 full l5g? ^u ! e>? & 0 sore afraid because ( ! words ( ,samuel444 7v4 #ad-bj74 ,! /atem5t t ,saul p]ceiv$ t x 0 ,samuel is n to be tak5 to imply t1 ev5 n[1 ,saul actually saw ! %ade ( ! prophet1 b only t ! woman's allusion to ! prophetic mantle & to ! ag$ appe>ance ( ! spectre conv9c$ him t x 0 ,samuel4 ,reuss #c 9 fact translates ! passage ,alors ,saul reconnut que c'etait ,samuel4 ,nor does ! dialogue betwe5 ,saul & ,samuel necess>ily1 or probably1 signify t ,samuel spoke o!rwise ?an by ! voice ( ! wise woman4 ,! ,septuag9t does n hesitate to call h] ,greek1 t is to say1 a v5triloqui/1 imply+ t x 0 %e :o spoke--& ?is view ( ! matt] is 9 h>mony ) ! fact t ! exact s5se ( ! ,hebrew words :i* are translat$ z a woman t ha? a famili> _s is a woman mi/ress ( ,ob4 ,ob means primitively a lea!r bottle1 su* z a w9e sk91 & is appli$ alike to ! necromanc] & to ! _s evok$4 ,its use1 9 ^! s5ses1 appe>s to h be5 sugge/$ by ! lik5ess ( ! holl[ s\nd emitt$ by a half-empty sk9 :5 /ruck1 to ! sepul*ral tones 9 :i* ! oracles ( ! evok$ spirits 7 utt]$ by ! m$ium4 ,x is mo/ probable t1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al !ory ( spiritual influ5ces :i* obta9$ among ! old ,israelites1 ! _s ( ,samuel 0 conceiv$ to pass into ! body ( ! wise woman1 & to use h] vocal organs to speak 9 8 own "n--= ,i _c discov] t !y drew any cle> di/9ction betwe5 possession & inspiration4 #d ,if ! /ory ( ,saul's consultation ( ! occult p[]s is to be reg>d$ z an au!ntic n>rative1 or1 at any rate1 z a /atem5t :i* is p]fectly v]aci\s s f> z ! int5tion ( ! n>rator goes--&1 z ,i h said1 ,i see no reason = refus+ x ?is "*--x w be f\nd1 on fur!r consid]ation1 to ?r[ a flood ( light1 bo? directly & indirectly1 on ! !ology ( ,saul's c\ntrym5--t is to say1 ^u _! beliefs respect+ ! nature & ways ( spiritual be+s4 ,ev5 )\t ! confirmation ( o!r abundant evid5ces to ! same effect1 x leaves no d\bt z to ! exi/5ce1 among !m1 ( ! fundam5tal doctr9e t man consi/s ( a body & ( a _s1 :i* la/1 aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 cont9ues to exi/ z a gho/4 ,at ! "t ( ,saul's visit to ,endor1 ,samuel 0 dead & buri$2 b t 8 _s w\ld be believ$ to cont9ue to exi/ 9 ,%eol may be conclud$ f ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! song attribut$ to ,hannah1 8 "m3-- ,jahveh kille? & make? alive2 ,he br+e? d[n to ,%eol & br+e? up4 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #f47 ,& x is obvi\s t ?is ,%eol 0 ?\ght to be a place und]gr\nd 9 :i* ,samuel's _s _h be5 di/urb$ by ! necromanc]'s summons1 & 9 :i*1 aft] 8 return ?i!r1 he w\ld be jo9$ by ! spirits ( ,saul & 8 sons :5 !y _h met ) _! bodily dea? on ! hill ( ,gilboa4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! _s1 or gho/1 ( ! dead man pres5ts itself z ! image ( ! man himself--x is ! man1 n m]ely 9 8 ord9>y corporeal pres5tm5t 7ev5 d[n to ! prophet's mantle7 b 9 8 moral & intellectual *>act]i/ics4 ,samuel1 :o _h begun z ,saul's fri5d & end$ z 8 bitt] enemy1 gives x to be und]/ood t he is annoy$ at ,saul's presumption 9 di/urb+ him2 & t1 9 ,%eol1 he is z mu* ! devot$ s]vant ( ,jahveh & z mu* emp[]$ to speak 9 ,jahveh's "n z he 0 dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ! upp] air4 ,x appe>s n[ to be univ]sally admitt$ t1 be=e ! exile1 ! ,israelites _h no belief 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 nor 9 any?+ simil> to ! ,*ri/ian heav5 & hell2 b our /ory proves t x w\ld be an error to suppose t !y did n believe 9 ! cont9uance ( individual exi/5ce aft] dea? by a gho/ly simulacrum ( life4 ,nay1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be v h>d to produce conclusive evid5ce t !y disbeliev$ 9 immortality2 = ,i am n aw>e t !re is any?+ to %[ t !y ?\ght ! exi/5ce ( ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ,%eol ev] came to an end4 ,b !y d n seem to h conceiv$ t ! condition ( ! s\ls 9 ,%eol 0 9 any way affect$ by _! conduct 9 life4 ,if !re 0 immortality1 !re 0 no /ate ( retribution 9 _! !ology4 ,samuel expects ,saul & 8 sons to come to him 9 ,%eol4 ,! next circum/ance to be rem>k$ is t ! "n ( ,elohim is appli$ to ! _s :i* ! woman sees com+ up out ( ! e>?1 t is to say1 f ,%eol4 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion translates ?is 9 its lit]al s5se gods4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion gives god ) gods 9 ! m>g94 ,reuss r5d]s ! ^w by spectre1 rem>k+ 9 a note t x is n q exact2 b t ! ^w ,elohim expresses some?+ div9e1 t is to say1 sup]human1 comm&+ respect & t]ror 7,hi/oire des ,israelites1 p4 #cba74 ,tu*1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,g5esis1 & ,!nius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,samuel1 express sub/antially ! same op9ion4 ,dr4 ,alex&] 79 ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia s4 v4 ,god7 has ! foll[+ in/ructive rem>ks3-- ,elohim is sometimes us$ vaguely to describe unse5 p[]s or sup]human be+s t are n prop]ly ?\ght ( z div9e4 ,?us ! wit* ( ,endor saw ,elohim asc5d+ out ( ! e>? 7#a ,sam4 xxviii4 #ac71 mean+ !reby "s be+s ( an une>?ly1 sup]human "*4 ,s also 9 ,ze*>iah xii4 #h1 x is said ! h\se ( ,david %all be z ,elohim1 z ! angel ( ! ,"l1 :]e1 z ! transition f ,elohim to ! angel ( ! ,"l is a m9ori ad majus1 we mu/ reg>d ! =m] z a vague designation ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,dr4 ,alex&] speaks "h ( be+s2 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! wise woman ( ,endor ref]r$ to any?+ b a solit>y spectre2 & x is q cle> t ,saul und]/ood h] 9 ?is s5se1 = he asks ,:at =m is ,,he (8 ,?is fact1 t ! "n ( ,elohim is appli$ to a gho/1 or disembodi$ s\l1 conceiv$ z ! image ( ! body 9 :i* x once dwelt1 is ( no little importance4 ,= x is well kn[n t ! same t]m 0 employ$ to d5ote ! gods ( ! hea!n1 :o 7 ?\ght to h def9ite quasi-corporeal =ms & to be z mu* real entities z any o!r ,elohim4 #e ,! diff]5ce :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t ,elohim 0 "o ( degree1 n "o ( k9d4 ,elohim 01 9 logical t]m9ology1 ! g5us ( :i* gho/s1 ,*emo%1 ,dagon1 ,baal1 & ,jahveh 7 species4 ,! ,israelite believ$ ,jahveh to be immeasurably sup]ior to all o!r k9ds ( ,elohim4 ,! inscription on ! ,moabite /one %[s t ,k+ ,mesa held ,*emo% to be1 z unque/ionably1 ! sup]ior ( ,jahveh4 ,b if ,jahveh 0 ?us suppos$ to diff] only 9 degree f ! und\bt$ly zoomorphic or an?ropomorphic gods ( ! nations1 :y is x to be assum$ t he also 0 n ?\ght ( z hav+ a human %ape8 ,x is possible = ^? :o =get t ! "t ( ! great prophetic writ]s is at lea/ z remote f t ( ,saul z our day is f t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 to insi/ ^u int]pret+ ! gross notions curr5t 9 ! e>li] age & among ! mass ( ! p by ! ref9$ conceptions promulgat$ by a few select spirits c5turies lat]4 ,b if we take ! language con/antly us$ conc]n+ ! ,deity 9 ! books ( ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 or ,k+s1 9 its natural s5se 7& ,i am aw>e ( no valid reason :i* c be giv5 = tak+ x 9 any o!r s5se71 !re _c1 to my m9d1 be a d\bt t ,jahveh 0 conceiv$ by ^? f :om ! sub/ance ( ^! books is ma9ly d]iv$1 to possess ! appe>ance & ! intellectual & moral attributes ( a man2 &1 inde$1 ( a man ( j t type ) :i* ! ,israelites 7 famili> 9 _! /rong] & intellectually abl] rul]s & lead]s4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage 9 ,g5esis 7i4 #bg7 ,elohim is said to h creat$ man 9 8 own image1 9 ! image ( ,elohim creat$ he him4 ,x is man :o is "h said to be ! image ( ,elohim--n man's s\l alone1 /ill less 8 reason1 b ! :ole man4 ,x is obvi\s t = ^? :o call a manlike gho/ ,elohim1 !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 conceiv+ any o!r ,elohim "u ! same aspect4 ,& if !re c\ld be any d\bt on ?is subject1 surely x _c /& 9 ! face ( :at we f9d 9 ! fif? *apt]1 :]e1 imm$iately aft] a repetition ( ! /atem5t t ,elohim creat$ man1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim made he him1 x is said t ,adam begat ,se? 9 8 own lik5ess1 aft] 8 image4 ,does ?is mean t ,se? resembl$ ,adam only 9 a spiritual & figurative s5se8 ,& if t int]pretation ( ! ?ird v]se ( ! fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis is absurd1 :y does x become reasonable 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! same *apt]8 ,b let u g fur!r4 ,is n ! ,jahveh :o walks 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! day2 f :om "o may hope to hide oneself among ! trees2 ( :om x is expressly said t ,moses & ,a>on1 ,nadab & ,abihu1 & sev5ty ( ! eld]s ( ,israel1 saw ! ,elohim ( ,israel 7,exod4 xxiv4 #i-aa72 & t1 al?\gh ! see+ ,jahveh 0 und]/ood to be a high crime & misdemean\r1 wor?y ( dea?1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 yet1 = ?is once1 he laid n 8 h& on ! nobles ( ,israel2 t !y beheld ,elohim & did eat & dr9k2 & t aft]w>ds ,moses saw 8 back 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc7--;is n ?is ,deity conceiv$ z manlike 9 =m8 ,aga91 is n ! ,jahveh :o eats ) ,abraham "u ! oaks at ,mamre1 :o is pleas$ ) ! sweet sav\r ( ,noah's sacrifice1 to :om sacrifices are said to be food #f--;is n ?is ,deity depict$ z possess$ ( human appetites8 ,if ?is 7 n ! curr5t ,israeliti% idea ( ,jahveh ev5 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 :]e is ! po9t ( ,isaiah's sca?+ admonitions to 8 c\ntrym53 ,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto me8 sai? ,jahveh3 ,i am full ( ! burnt-(f]+s ( rams & ! fat ( f$ bea/s2 & ,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he-goats 7,isa4 i4 #aa74 ,or ( ,micah's inquiry1 ,w ,jahveh be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams or ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8 7vi4 #g47 ,& 9 ! innum]able passages 9 :i* ,jahveh is said to be jeal\s ( o!r gods1 to be angry1 to be appeas$1 & to rep5t2 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z ca/+ (f ,saul because ! k+ does n q lit]ally execute a comm& ( ! mo/ ru?less sev]ity2 or z smit+ ,uzzah to dea? because ! un=tunate man ?\ghtlessly1 b naturally en\gh1 put out 8 h& to /ay ! ark f fall+--c any "o d5y t ! old ,israelites conceiv$ ,jahveh n only 9 ! image ( a man1 b 9 t ( a *angeable1 irritable1 &1 occasionally1 viol5t man8 ,!re appe>s to me1 !n1 to be no reason to d\bt t ! notion ( lik5ess to man1 :i* 0 indubitably held ( ! gho/ ,elohim1 0 c>ri$ out consi/5tly ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( ,elohim1 & t ,jahveh-,elohim 0 ?\ght ( z a be+ ( ! same sub/antially human nature z ! re/1 only immeasurably m p[]ful = good & = evil4 ,! abs5ce ( any real di/9ction betwe5 ! ,elohim ( diff]5t ranks is fur!r cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! correspond+ abs5ce ( any %>p delimitation betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( p :o s]ve z ! m$ia ( communication betwe5 !m & m54 ,! ag5ts ?r\gh :om ! l[] ,elohim are consult$ are call$ necromanc]s1 wiz>ds1 & div9]s1 & are look$ d[n ^u by ! prophets & prie/s ( ! high] ,elohim2 b ! se] #g connects ! two1 & !y are all alike 9 _! ess5tial *>act]s ( m$ia4 ,! wise woman ( ,endor 0 believ$ by o!rs1 &1 ,i h little d\bt1 believ$ h]self1 to be able to br+ up :om %e w\ld f ,%eol1 & to be inspir$1 :e!r 9 virtue ( actual possession by ! evok$ ,elohim1 or o!rwise1 ) a k ( hidd5 ?+s1 ,i am unable to see t ,saul's s]vant took any really diff]5t view ( ,samuel's p[]s1 ?\gh he may h believ$ t he obta9$ !m by ! grace ( ! high] ,elohim4 ,= :5 ,saul fails to f9d 8 fa!r's asses1 8 s]vant says to him-- ,behold1 !re is 9 ?is city a man ( ,elohim1 & he is a man t is held 9 hon\r2 all t he sai? come? surely to pass2 n[ let u g ?i!r2 p]adv5ture1 he c tell u conc]n+ our j\rney :]eon we g4 ,!n said ,saul to 8 s]vant1 ,b behold if we g1 :at %all we br+ ! man8 = ! bread is sp5t 9 our vessels & !re is n a pres5t to br+ to ! man ( ,elohim4 ,:at h we8 ,& ! s]vant answ]$ ,saul aga9 & said1 ,behold ,i h 9 my h& ! f\r? "p ( a %ekel ( silv]3 t w ,i give to ! man ( ,elohim to tell u our way4 7,be=etime 9 ,israel :5 a man w5t to inquire ( ,elohim1 !n he said1 ,come & let u g to ! ,se]3 = he t is n[ call$ a ,prophet 0 be=etime call$ a ,se] #h7 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #f-aj74 ,9 fact1 :51 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ,saul accid5tally meets ,samuel1 he says1 ,tell me1 ,i pray !e1 :]e ! ,se]'s h\se is4 ,samuel answ]s1 ,i am ! ,se]4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ,samuel in=ms ,saul t ! asses are f\nd1 ?\gh h[ he obta9$ 8 k ( ! fact is n /at$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,samuel is n spok5 ( "h z1 9 any special s5se1 a se] or prophet ( ,jahveh1 b z a man ( ,elohim--t is to say1 a se] hav+ access to ! spiritual p[]s1 j z ! wise woman ( ,endor might h be5 said to be a woman ( ,elohim--& ! n>rator's or editor's explanatory note seems to indicate t ,prophet is m]ely a "n1 introduc$ lat] ?an ! "t ( ,samuel1 = a sup]ior k9d ( ,se]1 or man ( ,elohim4 #i ,ano!r v in/ructive passage %[s t ,samuel 0 n only consid]$ to be div9]1 se]1 & prophet 9 "o1 b t he 0 also1 to all int5ts & purposes1 prie/ ( ,jahveh--?\gh1 accord+ to 8 biograph]1 he 0 n a memb] ( ! tribe ( ,levi4 ,at ! outset ( _! acqua9tance1 ,samuel says to ,saul1 ,g up be=e me into ! high place1 :]e1 z ! "y maid5s ( ! city _h j be=e told ,saul1 ! ,se] 0 go+1 = ! p w n eat till he come1 because he do? bless ! sacrifice 7#a ,sam4 x4 #ab74 ,! use ( ! ^w bless "h--z if ,samuel 7 n go+ to sacrifice1 b only to (f] a bless+ or ?anksgiv+--is curi\s4 ,b t ,samuel really act$ z prie/ seems pla9 f :at foll[s4 ,= he n only asks ,saul to %>e 9 ! cu/om>y sacrificial fea/1 b he disposes 9 ,saul's fav\r ( t portion ( ! victim :i* ! ,levitical legislation1 d\btless embody+ old cu/oms1 recognises z ! prie/'s special prop]ty4 #aj ,al?\gh p>ticul> p]sons adopt$ ! pr(ession ( m$ia betwe5 m5 & ,elohim1 !re 0 no limitation ( ! p[]1 9 ! view ( anci5t ,israel1 to any special class ( ! population4 ,saul inquires ( ,jahveh & builds him alt>s on 8 own acc\nt2 & 9 ! v rem>kable /ory told 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel 7v4 #cg-df71 ,saul appe>s to conduct ! :ole process ( div9ation1 al?\gh he has a prie/ at 8 elb[4 ,david seems to d ! same4 ,moreov]1 ,elohim con/antly appe> 9 dreams--:i* 9 old ,israel did n mean t1 z we %\ld say1 ! subject ( ! appe>ance dream$ he saw ! _s2 b t he v]itably saw ! ,elohim :i*1 z a s\l1 visit$ 8 s\l :ile 8 body 0 asleep4 ,&1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel ,jahveh himself ?us appe>s to all sorts ( p]sons1 non-,israelites z well z ,israelites4 ,aga91 ! ,elohim possess1 or inspire1 p aga9/ _! w1 z 9 ! case ( ,saul & ,saul's mess5g]s1 & !n ^! p prophesy--t is to say1 rave--& exhibit ! ungov]n$ ge/ures attribut$ by a lat] age to possession by malignant spirits4 ,ap>t f o!r evid5ce to be adduc$ by & by1 ! hi/ory ( anci5t demonology & ( mod]n revivalism does n p]mit me to d\bt t ! acc\nts ( ^! ph5om5a giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,saul may be p]fectly hi/orical4 ,9 ! ritual practices1 ( :i* evid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel1 ! *ief "p is play$ by sacrifices1 usually burnt (f]+s4 ,:5ev] ! aid ( ! ,elohim ( ,israel is s\ght1 or ?anks are consid]$ due to him1 an alt> is built1 & ox51 %eep1 & goats are slaught]$ & (f]$ up4 ,sometimes ! entire victim is burnt z a holocau/2 m frequ5tly only c]ta9 p>ts1 notably ! fat ab\t ! kidneys1 are burnt on ! alt>4 ,! re/ is prop]ly cook$2 &1 aft] ! res]vation ( a "p = ! prie/1 is made ! f\ndation ( a joy\s banquet1 9 :i* ! sacrific]1 8 family1 & su* gue/s z he ?9ks fit to invite1 p>ticipate4 #aa ,elohim 0 suppos$ to %>e 9 ! fea/1 & x has be5 already %[n t t :i* 0 set ap>t on ! alt>1 or consum$ by fire1 0 spok5 ( z ! food ( ,elohim1 :o 0 ?\ght to be influ5c$ by ! co/l9ess1 or by ! pleasant smell1 ( ! sacrifice 9 fav\r ( ! sacrific]4 ,all ?is be>s out ! view t1 9 ! m9d ( ! old ,israelite1 !re 0 no diff]5ce1 save "o ( degree1 betwe5 "o ,elohim & ano!r4 ,x is true t !re is b little direct evid5ce to %[ t ! old ,israelites %>$ ! widespread belief ( _! own1 & inde$ ( all times1 t ! spirits ( ! dead n only cont9ue to exi/1 b are capable ( a gho/ly k9d ( fe$+ & are grateful = su* alim5t z c be assimilat$ by _! att5uat$ sub/ance1 & ev5 = clo!s1 ornam5ts1 & weapons4 #ab ,t !y 7 famili> ) ?is doctr9e 9 ! "t ( ! captivity is sugge/$ by ! well-kn[n ref]5ce ( ,ezekiel 7xxxii4 #bg7 to ! mighty t are fall5 ( ! uncircumcis$1 :i* are gone d[n to ,%eol hell ) _! weapons ( w>1 & h laid _! swords "u _! heads4 ,p]haps !re is a /ill e>li] allusion 9 ! giv+ ( food = ! dead spok5 ( 9 ,deut]onomy 7xxvi4 #ad74 #ac ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! lit]ature ( ! old ,israelites1 z x lies be=e u1 has be5 subject$ to ! revisal ( /rictly mono!i/ic editors1 viol5tly oppos$ to all k9ds ( idolatry1 :o are n likely to h select$ f ! mat]ials at _! disposal any obvi\s evid5ce1 ei!r ( ! practice "u discussion1 or ( t ance/or-wor%ip :i* is s closely relat$ to x1 = pres]vation 9 ! p]man5t records ( _! p4 ,! my/]i\s objects kn[n z ,t]aphim1 :i* are occasionally m5tion$ 9 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & else:]e1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be int]pret$ o!rwise ?an z indications ( ! exi/5ce bo? ( ance/or-wor%ip & ( image-wor%ip 9 old ,israel4 ,! t]aphim 7 c]ta9ly images ( family gods1 &1 z su*1 9 all probability repres5t$ deceas$ ance/ors4 ,laban indignantly dem&s ( 8 son-9-law1 ,:]e=e ha/ ?\ /ol5 my ,elohim8 :i* ,ra*el1 :o mu/ be assum$ to h wor%ipp$ ,jacob's ,god1 ,jahveh1 _h c>ri$ (f1 obvi\sly because %e1 l h] fa!r1 believ$ 9 _! div9ity4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ,jacob 0 9 any way sc&alis$ by ! idolatr\s practices ( 8 fav\rite wife1 :atev] he may h ?\ght ( h] hone/y :5 ! tru? came to light2 = ! t]aphim seem to h rema9$ 9 8 camp1 at lea/ until he hid 8 /range gods "u ! oak t 0 by ,%e*em 7,g54 xxxv4 #d74 ,& inde$ x is op5 to "q if he got rid ( !m !n1 = ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,israel r5d]s x m ?an d\btful :e!r ! t]aphim 7 reg>d$ z /range gods ev5 z late z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! writ] ( ! books ( ,samuel takes x q z a matt] ( c\rse t ,mi*al1 daught] ( "o royal ,jahveh wor%ipp] & wife ( ! s]vant ( ,jahveh p> excell5ce1 ! pi\s ,david1 %\ld h h] t]aphim h&y1 9 h] & ,david's *amb]1 :5 %e dresses !m up 9 _! b$ into a simulation ( h] husb&1 = ! purpose ( deceiv+ h] fa!r's mess5g]s4 ,ev5 "o ( ! e>ly prophets1 ,hosea1 :5 he ?reat5s t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all abide _m days )\t ephod or t]aphim 7iii4 #d71 appe>s to reg>d bo? z equally prop] appurt5ances ( ! susp5d$ wor%ip ( ,jahveh1 & equally c]ta9 to be re/or$ :5 t is resum$4 ,:5 we fur!r take into consid]ation t only 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah 0 ! braz5 s]p5t1 pres]v$ 9 ! temple & believ$ to be ! "w ( ,moses1 de/roy$1 & ! practice ( (f]+ inc5se to x1 t is1 wor%ipp+ x1 aboli%$--t ,j]oboam c\ld set up calves ( gold = ,israel to wor%ip1 ) app>5tly none b a political object1 & c]ta9ly ) no notion ( creat+ a s*ism among ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 or ( repell+ ! m5 ( ,judah f 8 /&>d--x seems obvi\s1 ei!r t ! ,israelites ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies ,b4,c4 knew n ! second comm&m5t1 or t !y con/ru$ x m]ely z "p ( ! prohibition to wor%ip any supreme god o!r ?an ,jahveh1 :i* prec$es x4 ,9 seek+ = in=mation ab\t ! t]aphim1 ,i light$ ^u ! foll[+ passage 9 ! valuable article on t subject by ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 9 ,ritto's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 :i* is s mu* to ! purpose ( my argum5t1 t ,i v5ture to quote x 9 full3-- ,! ma9 & c]ta9 results ( ?is review are t ! t]aphim 7 rude human images2 t ! use ( !m 0 an antique ,aramaic cu/om2 t !re is reason to suppose !m to h be5 images ( deceas$ ance/ors2 t !y 7 consult$ oracul>ly2 t !y 7 n conf9$ to ,jews2 t _! use cont9u$ d[n to ! late/ p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory2 & la/ly1 t al?\gh ! enlight5$ prophets & /ricte/ lat] k+s reg>d$ !m z idolatr\s1 ! prie/s 7 mu* less av]se to su* images1 & _! cult 0 n consid]$ 9 any way repugnant to ! pi\s wor%ip ( ,elohim1 nay1 ev5 to ! wor%ip ( him "u ! awful title ( ,jehovah4 ,9 fact1 !y involv$ a mono!i/ic idolatry v diff]5t inde$ f poly!ism2 & ! tol]ance ( !m by prie/s1 z comp>$ ) ! d5unciation ( !m by ! prophets1 (f]s a close analogy to ! views ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics respect+ pictures & images z comp>$ ) ! views ( ,prote/ants4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is use ( idolatr\s symbols & emblems 9 a mono!i/ic wor%ip t ! second comm&m5t 0 direct$1 :]eas ! fir/ is aim$ aga9/ ! grav] s9 ( direct poly!ism4 ,b ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel %[s h[ utt]ly & h[ e>ly ! law mu/ h fall5 into desuetude4 ,! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf & ( ! calves at ,dan & ,be!l1 aga9/ :i*1 s f> z we "k1 nei!r ,elijah nor ,eli%a said a s+le ^w2 ! tol]ance ( high places1 t]aphim & betylia2 ! (f]+ ( inc5se = c5turies to ! braz5 s]p5t de/roy$ by ,hezekiah2 ! occasional glimpses ( ! mo/ />tl+ irregul>ities sanction$ app>5tly ev5 9 ! temple wor%ip itself1 prove mo/ decisively t a pure mono!ism & an indep5d5ce ( symbols 0 ! result ( a sl[ & pa9ful c\rse ( ,god's discipl9al deal+s among ! noble/ ?9k]s ( a s+le nation1 & n1 z is s con/antly & errone\sly urg$1 ! in/9ct ( ! :ole ,semitic race2 9 o!r words1 "o s+le bran* ( ! ,semites 0 "u ,god's provid5ce educat$ into pure mono!ism only by c5turies ( mis=tune & s]ies ( inspir$ m5 7vol4 iii4 p4 #ihf74 ,x appe>s to me t ! rese>*es ( ! an?ropologi/ lead him to conclusions id5tical 9 sub/ance1 if n 9 t]ms1 ) ^? "h enunciat$ z ! result ( a c>eful /udy ( ! same subject f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! books ( ,samuel & else:]e t an article ( dress t]m$ an ephod 0 suppos$ to h a peculi> efficacy 9 enabl+ ! we>] to ex]cise div9ation by means ( ,jahveh-,elohim4 ,great & long cont9u$ h be5 ! disputes z to ! exact nature ( ! ephod--:e!r x always means some?+ to we>1 or :e!r x sometimes means an image4 ,b ! probabilities are t x usually signifies a k9d ( wai/coat or broad zone1 ) %\ld]-/raps1 :i* ! p]son :o inquir$ ( ,jahveh put on4 ,9 #a ,samuel xxiii4 #b ,david appe>s to h inquir$ )\t an ephod1 = ,abia?> ! prie/ is said to h come d[n ) an ephod 9 8 h& only subsequ5tly4 ,& !n ,david asks = x be=e inquir+ ( ,jahveh :e!r ! m5 ( ,keilah w\ld betray him or n4 ,david's action is obvi\sly div9ation pure & simple2 & x is curi\s t he seems to h worn ! ephod himself & n to h employ$ ,abia?> z a m$ium4 ,h[ ! answ] 0 giv5 is n cle> ?\gh ! probability is t x 0 obta9$ by ca/+ lots4 ,! ,urim & ,?ummim seem to h be5 two su* lots ( a peculi>ly sacr$ "*1 :i* 7 c>ri$ 9 ! pocket ( ! high prie/'s brea/plate4 ,?is la/ 0 worn along ) ! ephod4 ,) ! exception ( "o passage 7#a ,sam4 xiv4 #ah7 ! ark is ignor$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,saul4 ,b 9 ?is place ! ,septuag9t reads ephod = ark1 :ile 9 #a ,*ronicles xiii4 #c ,david says t we s\ght n unto x ! ark 9 ! days ( ,saul4 ,nor does ,samuel seem to h paid any reg>d to ! ark aft] its return f ,phili/ia2 ?\gh1 9 8 *ildhood1 he is said to h slept 9 ! temple ( ,jahveh1 :]e ! ark ( ,elohim 0 7#a ,sam4 iii4 #c71 at ,%iloh & !re to h be5 ! se] ( ! e>lie/ app>itions v\*saf$ to him by ,jahveh4 ,! space betwe5 ! *]ubim or w+$ images on ! canopy or cov] 7,kappore?7 ( ?is holy *e/ 0 held to be ! special seat ( ,jahveh--! place select$ = a tempor>y resid5ce ( ! ,supreme ,elohim :o _h1 aft] ,a>on & ,ph9eas1 ,eli & 8 sons = prie/s & se]s4 ,&1 :5 ! ark 0 c>ri$ to ! camp at ,eb5-ez]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,israelites1 no less ?an ! ,phili/9es1 held t ,elohim is come into ! camp 7iv4 #g71 & t ! "o1 z mu* z ! o!r1 conceiv$ t ! ,israelites _h summon$ to _! aid a p[]ful ally 9 ^! 7or ?is7 mighty ,elohim--else:]e call$ ,jahve-,sabao?1 ! ,jahveh ( ,ho/s4 ,if ! temple at ,%iloh 0 ! p5tateu*al tab]nacle1 z is sugge/$ by ! "n ( t5t ( meet+ giv5 to x 9 #a ,samuel ii4 #bb1 x 0 ess5tially a l>ge t5t1 ?\gh con/itut$ ( v exp5sive & ornate mat]ials2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a diff]5t edifice1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is h\se ( ,jahveh 0 built on ! model ( an ord9>y h\se ( ! "t4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t1 dur+ ! reign ( ,saul1 any great] importance atta*$ to ?is seat ( ! cult ( ,jahveh ?an to o!rs4 ,sanctu>ies1 & high places = sacrifice1 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry f ,dan to ,be]%eba4 ,&1 z ,samuel is said to h gone up to "o ( ^! high places to bless ! sacrifice1 x may be tak5 = tol]ably c]ta9 t he knew no?+ ( ! ,levitical laws :i* sev]ely condemn ! high places & ^? :o sacrifice away f ! sanctu>y hall[$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ark4 ,!re is no evid5ce t1 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,judges & ( ,samuel1 any "o occupi$ ! position ( ! high prie/ ( lat] days4 ,& p]sons :o 7 nei!r prie/s nor ,levites sacrific$ & div9$ or inquir$ ( ,jahveh1 :5 !y pleas$ & :]e !y pleas$1 )\t ! lea/ indication t !y1 or any "o else 9 ,israel at t "t1 knew !y 7 do+ wrong4 ,!re is no allusion to any special obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?2 & ! ref]5ces to circumcision are indirect4 ,su* are ! *ief articles ( ! !ological cre$ ( ! old ,israelites1 :i* are made kn[n to u by ! direct evid5ce ( ! anci5t record to :i* we h _h rec\rse1 & !y are z rem>kable = t :i* !y conta9 z = t :i* is abs5t f !m4 ,!y reveal a firm conviction t1 :5 dea? takes place1 a some?+ t]m$ a s\l or _s leaves ! body & cont9ues to exi/ 9 ,%eol = a p]iod ( indef9ite duration1 ev5 ?\gh !re is no pro( ( any belief 9 absolute immortality2 t su* spirits c return to e>? to possess & inspire ! liv+2 t !y are1 9 appe>ance & 9 disposition1 lik5esses ( ! m5 to :om !y belong$1 b t1 z spirits1 !y h l>g] p[]s & are fre] f physical limitations2 t !y ?us =m a gr\p among a numb] ( k9ds ( spiritual exi/5ces kn[n z ,elohim1 ( :om ,jahveh1 ! national ,god ( ,israel1 is "o2 t1 consi/5tly ) ?is view1 ,jahveh 0 conceiv$ z a sort ( _s1 human 9 aspect & 9 s5ses1 & ) _m human passions1 b ) imm5sely great] intellig5ce & p[] ?an any o!r ,elohim1 :e!r human or div9e4 ,fur!r1 ! evid5ce proves t ?is belief 0 ! basis ( ! ,jahveh-wor%ip to :i* ,samuel & 8 foll[]s 7 devot$2 t !re is /rong reason = believ+1 & none = d\bt+1 t idolatry1 9 ! %ape ( ! wor%ip ( ! family gods or t]aphim1 0 practis$ by s9c]e & dev\t ,jahveh-wor%ipp]s2 t ! ark1 ) its protective t5t or tab]nacle1 0 reg>d$ z a specially1 b by no means exclusively1 fav\r$ sanctu>y ( ,jahveh2 t ! ephod appe>s to h _h a p>ticul> value = ^? :o desir$ to div9e by ! help ( ,jahveh2 & t div9ation by lots 0 practis$ be=e ,jahveh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( any belief 9 retribution aft] dea?1 b ! contr>y2 ritual obligations h at lea/ z /rong sanction z moral2 !re are cle> indications t "s ( ! mo/ /r+5t ( ! ,levitical laws 7 unkn[n ev5 to ,samuel2 prie/s (t5 appe> to be sup]s$$ by laym51 ev5 9 ! p]=mance ( sacrifices & div9ation2 & no l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 necromanc]1 wiz>d1 se]1 prophet1 & prie/1 ea* ( :om is reg>d$1 l all ! re/1 z a m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! _w ( ,elohim & t ( liv+ m54 ,! !ological sy/em ?us def9$ (f]s to ! an?ropologi/ no feature :i* is devoid ( a p>allel 9 ! kn[n !ologies ( o!r races ( mank9d1 ev5 ( ^? :o inhabit p>ts ( ! _w mo/ remote f ,pale/9e4 ,& ! f\ndation ( ! :ole1 ! gho/ !ory1 is exactly t !ological speculation :i* is ! mo/ widely spread ( all1 & ! mo/ deeply root$ among uncivilis$ m54 ,i am able to base ?is /atem5t1 to "s ext5t1 on facts )9 my own k4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahdh1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,rattlesnake1 ! %ip to :i* ,i !n belong$1 0 an*or$ (f ,m\nt ,erne/1 an isl& 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,! p 7 few & well dispos$2 &1 :5 a fri5d ( m9e 7:om ,i w call ,b47 & ,i w5t a%ore1 we made acqua9tance ) an old native1 ,pa\da by "n4 ,9 c\rse ( "t we became q intimate ) ! old g5tleman1 p>tly by ! r5d]+ ( mutual good (fices1 b *iefly because ,pa\da believ$ he _h discov]$ t ,b4 0 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,& 8 gr\nds = ?is s+ul> conviction 7 v rem>kable4 ,we _h made a long /ay at ,cape ,york h>d by2 &1 9 accordance ) a !ory :i* is widely spread among ! ,au/ralians1 t :ite m5 are ! re9c>nat$ spirits ( black m51 ,b4 0 held to be ! gho/1 or n>ki1 ( a c]ta9 ,m\nt ,erne/ native1 "o ,ant>ki1 :o _h lately di$1 on ! gr\nd ( "s real or fanci$ resemblance to ! latt]4 ,n[ ,pa\da _h tak5 to wife a daught] ( ,ant>ki's1 nam$ ,domani1 & z soon z ,b4 in=m$ him t he 0 ! gho/ ( ,ant>ki1 ,pa\da at once admitt$ ! relation%ip & act$ ^u x4 ,=1 z all ! wom5 on ! isl& _h hidd5 away 9 fe> ( ! %ip1 & we 7 anxi\s to see :at !y 7 l1 ,b4 plead$ pa!tically ) ,pa\da t x w\ld be v unk9d n to let him see 8 daught] & gr&*ildr54 ,aft] a good deal ( hesitation & ! exaction ( pl$ges ( deep secrecy1 ,pa\da cons5t$ to take ,b41 & myself z ,b4's fri5d1 to see ,domani & ! ?ree daught]s1 by :om ,b4 0 receiv$ q z "o ( ! family1 :ile ,i 0 c\rte\sly welcom$ on 8 acc\nt4 ,?is sc5e made an impression ^u me :i* is n yet effac$4 ,x left no "q on my m9d ( ! s9c]ity ( ! /range gho/ !ory ( ^! savages1 & ( ! influ5ce :i* _! belief has on _! practical life4 ,i _h x 9 my m9d1 z well z _m a l result ( subsequ5t an?ropological /udies1 :51 9 #ahfi1 #ad ,i wrote z foll[s3-- ,!re are savages )\t ,god 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b none )\t gho/s4 ,& ! ,feti%ism1 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 ,h]o-wor%ip1 & ,demonology ( primitive savages are all1 ,i believe1 diff]5t mann]s ( expression ( _! belief 9 gho/s1 & ( ! an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( out-(-!- way ev5ts :i* is its concomitant4 ,wit*craft & sorc]y are ! practical expressions ( ^! beliefs2 & !y /& 9 ! same relation to religi\s wor%ip z ! simple an?ropomorphism ( *ildr5 or savages does to !ology4 ,i d n quote myself ) any int5tion ( mak+ a claim to orig9ality 9 putt+ =? ?is view2 = ,i h s9ce discov]$ t ! same conception is virtually conta9$ 9 ! great ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle ( ,bossuet1 n[ m ?an two c5turies old3 #ae-- ,le culte des hommes morta faisoit presque t\t le fond de l'idolatrie2 presque t\s les hommes sacrifici5t aux manes1 c'e/-a-dire aux ames des morts4 ,de si anci5nes erreurs n\s font voir a la v]ite combi5 etoit anci5ne la croyance de l'immortalite de l'ame1 et n\s montr5t qu'elle doit etre rangee p>mi les premi]es traditions du g5re huma94 ,mais l'homme1 qui gatoit t\t1 en avoit etrangem5t abuse1 puisqu'elle le portoit a sacrific] aux morts4 ,on alloit meme jusqu'a cet exces1 de leur sacrifi] des hommes vivans2 ou tuoit leurs esclaves1 et meme leurs femmes1 p\r les all] s]vir dans l'autre monde4 ,among m mod]n writ]s ,j4 ,g4 ,mull]1 9 8 excell5t ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7#ahee71 cle>ly recognises gesp5/]haft] ,gei/]glaube z ! f\ndation ( all savage & semi-civilis$ !ology1 & ,i ne$ d no m ?an m5tion ! important developm5ts ( ! same view :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 especially 8 rec5tly-publi%$ ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions4 #af ,x is a matt] ( fact t1 :e!r we direct our att5tion to ! old] conditions ( civilis$ societies1 9 ,japan1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,h9do/an1 9 ,greece1 or 9 ,rome1 #ag we f9d1 und]ly+ all o!r !ological notions1 ! belief 9 gho/s1 ) its inevitable concomitant sorc]y2 & a primitive cult1 9 ! %ape ( a wor%ip ( ance/ors1 :i* is ess5tially an attempt to please1 or appease _! gho/s4 ,! same ?+ is true ( old ,mexico & ,p]u1 & ( all ! semi-civilis$ or savage peoples :o h develop$ a def9ite cult2 & 9 ^? :o1 l ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 h n ev5 a cult1 ! belief 91 & fe> (1 gho/s is z /rong z any:]e else4 ,! mo/ cle>ly demon/rable article ( ! !ology ( ! ,israelites 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ,b4,c4 is !re=e simply ! article :i* is to be f\nd 9 all primitive !ologies1 namely1 ! belief t a man has a s\l :i* cont9ues to exi/ aft] dea? = a long] or %ort] "t1 & may return1 z a gho/1 ) a div9e1 or at lea/ demonic1 "*1 to influ5ce = good or evil 7& usually = evil7 ! affairs ( ! liv+4 ,b ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! old ,israelitic & o!r ar*aic =ms ( !ology ext5ds to details4 ,if1 9 ord] to avoid all *ance ( direct communication1 we direct our att5tion to ! !ology ( semi-civilis$ p1 su* z ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s1 sep>at$ by ! greate/ possible di/ance1 & by e conceivable physical b>ri]1 f ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 we %all f9d n m]ely t all ! features ( old ,israelitic !ology1 :i* are reveal$ 9 ! records cit$1 are f\nd among !m2 b t extant in=mation z to ! inn] m9d ( ^! p t5ds to remove _m ( ! difficulties :i* ^? :o h n /udi$ an?ropology f9d 9 ! ,hebrew n>rative4 ,"o ( ! be/ s\rces1 if n ! be/ s\rce1 ( in=mation on ^! topics is ,m>9]'s ,tonga ,isl&s1 :i* tells u ( ! condition ( ,cook's ,fri5dly ,isl&]s eighty ye>s ago1 be=e ,european influ5ce 0 s5sibly felt among !m4 ,m>9]1 a y\? ( fair education & ( no inconsid]able natural ability 7z ! "w :i* 0 drawn up f ! mat]ials he furni%$ %[s71 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age :5 8 %ip 0 attack$ & plund]$ by ! ,tongans3 he rema9$ f\r ye>s 9 ! isl&s1 famili>is$ himself ) ! language1 liv$ ! life ( ! p1 became intimate ) _m ( !m1 & _h e opportunity ( acqua9t+ himself ) _! op9ions1 z well z ) _! habits & cu/oms4 ,he seems to h be5 devoid ( prejudices1 !ological or o!r1 & ! impression ( /rict accuracy :i* 8 /atem5ts convey has be5 ju/ifi$ by all ! k ( ,polynesian life :i* has be5 subsequ5tly acquir$4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 to pay close att5tion to t :i* ,m>9] tells u ab\t ! !ological views ( ^! p3 #ah-- ,! human s\l1 aft] its sep>ation f ! body1 is t]m$ a hotooa 7a god or _s71 & is believ$ to exi/ 9 ! %ape ( ! body2 to h ! same prop5sities z dur+ life1 b to be correct$ by a m enlight5$ und]/&+1 by :i* x readily di/+ui%es good f evil1 tru? f falsehood1 "r f wrong2 hav+ ! same attributes z ! orig9al gods1 b 9 a m9or degree1 & hav+ its dwell+ = ev] 9 ! happy regions ( ,bolotoo1 hold+ ! same rank 9 reg>d to o!r s\ls z dur+ ?is life2 x has1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( return+ to ,tonga to inspire prie/s1 relations1 or o!rs1 or to appe> 9 dreams to ^? x wi%es to admoni%2 & sometimes to ! ext]nal eye 9 ! =m ( a gho/ or app>ition2 b ?is p[] ( reappe>ance at ,tonga p>ticul>ly belongs to ! s\ls ( *iefs r ?an ( matabooles4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #acj74 ,! ^w hotooa is ! same z t :i* is usually spelt atua by ,polynesian philologues1 & x w be conv5i5t to adopt ?is spell+4 ,n[ "u ?is head ( ,atuas or sup]natural intellig5t be+s ! ,tongans include3-- #a4 ,! orig9al gods4 #b4 ,! s\ls ( nobles t h all attributes 9 common ) ! fir/ b inf]ior 9 degree4 #c4 ,! s\ls ( matabooles #ai t are /ill inf]ior1 & h n ! p[] z ! two fir/ h ( com+ back to ,tonga to inspire ! prie/1 ?\gh !y are suppos$ to h ! p[] ( appe>+ to _! relatives4 #d4 ,! orig9al att5dants or s]vants1 z x 71 ( ! gods1 :o1 al?\gh !y _h _! orig9 & h ev] s9ce exi/$ 9 ,bolotoo1 are /ill inf]ior to ! ?ird class4 #e4 ,! ,atua p[ or mis*iev\s gods4 #f4 ,mooi1 or ! god t supports ! e>? & does n belong to ,bolotoo 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd74 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! ,atuas ( ! ,polynesian are exactly equival5t to ! ,elohim ( ! old ,israelite4 #bj ,!y comprise ev]y?+ spiritual1 f a gho/ to a god1 & f ! m]ely tutel> gods to p>ticul> private families 7vol1 ii4 p4 #ajd71 to ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 :o 0 ! national god ( ,tonga4 ,! ,tongans _h no d\bt t ^! ,atuas daily & h\rly influ5c$ _! de/9ies & c\ld1 conv]sely1 be influ5c$ by !m4 ,h5ce _! piety1 ! incessant acts ( sacrificial wor%ip :i* occupi$ _! lives1 & _! belief 9 om5s & *>ms4 ,moreov]1 ! ,atuas 7 believ$ to visit p>ticul> p]sons1--_! own prie/s 9 ! case ( ! high] gods1 b app>5tly anybody 9 t ( ! l[]1--& to inspire !m by a process :i* 0 conceiv$ to involve ! actual resid5ce ( ! god1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! p]son inspir$1 :o 0 ?us r5d]$ capable ( prophesy+ 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj74 ,= ! ,tongan1 !re=e1 inspiration indubitably 0 possession4 ,:5 "o ( ! high] gods 0 invok$1 ?r\gh 8 prie/1 by a *ief :o wi%$ to consult ! oracle1 or1 9 old ,israelitic phraseology1 to inquire (1 ! god1 a hog 0 kill$ & cook$ ov] night1 &1 toge!r ) planta9s1 yams1 & ! mat]ials = mak+ ! peculi> dr9k kava 7( :i* ! ,tongans 7 v fond71 0 c>ri$ next day to ! prie/4 ,a circle1 z = an ord9>y kava-dr9k+ ent]ta9m5t1 0 !n =m$2 b ! prie/1 z ! repres5tative ( ! god1 took ! highe/ place1 :ile ! *iefs sat outside ! circle1 z an expression ( humility calculat$ to please ! god4 ,z soon z !y are all seat$ ! prie/ is consid]$ z inspir$1 ! god be+ suppos$ to exi/ )9 him f t mom5t4 ,he rema9s = a consid]able "t 9 sil5ce ) 8 h&s clasp$ be=e him1 8 eyes are ca/ d[n & he re/s p]fectly /ill4 ,dur+ ! "t ! victuals are be+ %>$ out & ! kava prep>+1 ! matabooles sometimes beg9 to consult him2 sometimes he answ]s1 & at o!r times n2 9 ei!r case he rema9s ) 8 eyes ca/ d[n4 ,frequ5tly he w n utt] a ^w till ! repa/ is f9i%$ & ! kava too4 ,:5 he speaks he g5]ally beg9s 9 a l[ & v alt]$ tone ( voice1 :i* gradually rises to ne>ly its natural pit*1 ?\gh sometimes a little above x4 ,all t he says is suppos$ to be ! decl>ation ( ! god1 & he accord+ly speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son1 z if he 7 ! god4 ,all ?is is done g5]ally )\t any app>5t inw>d emotion or outw>d agitation2 b1 on "s occasions1 8 c\nt5ance becomes fi]ce1 & z x 7 inflam$1 & 8 :ole frame agitat$ ) inw>d feel+2 he is seiz$ ) an univ]sal trembl+1 ! p]spiration breaks out on 8 =ehead1 & 8 lips turn+ black are convuls$2 at l5g? te>s />t 9 floods f 8 eyes1 8 brea/ heaves ) great emotion1 & 8 utt]ance is *ok$4 ,^! symptoms gradually subside4 ,be=e ?is p>oxysm comes on1 & aft] x is ov]1 he (t5 eats z mu* z f\r hungry m5 "u o!r circum/ances c\ld dev\r4 ,! fit be+ n[ gone (f1 he rema9s = "s "t calm & !n takes up a club t is plac$ by him = ! purpose1 turns x ov] & reg>ds x att5tively2 he !n looks up e>ne/ly1 n[ to ! "r1 n[ to ! left1 & n[ aga9 at ! club2 aft]w>ds he looks up aga9 & ab\t him 9 l mann]1 & !n aga9 fixes 8 eyes on ! club1 & s on = sev]al times4 ,at l5g? he sudd5ly raises ! club1 &1 aft] a mom5t's pause1 /rikes ! gr\nd or ! adjac5t "p ( ! h\se ) consid]able =ce1 imm$iately ! god leaves him1 & he rises up & retires to ! back ( ! r+ among ! p 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ajj1 #aja74 ,! ph5om5a ?us describ$1 9 language :i*1 to any "o :o is famili> ) ! manife/ations ( abnormal m5tal /ates among ourselves1 be>s ! /amp ( fidelity1 furni% a mo/ in/ructive comm5t>y ^u ! /ory ( ! wise woman ( ,endor4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 we h ! possession by ! _s or s\l 7,atua1 ,elohim71 ! /range voice1 ! speak+ 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,un=tunately no?+ 7beyond ! l\d cry7 is m5tion$ z to ! /ate ( ! wise woman ( ,endor4 ,b :at we le>n f o!r s\rces 7e4g4 #a ,sam4 x4 #bj-bd7 respect+ ! physical concomitants ( inspiration among ! old ,israelites has its exact equival5t 9 ?is & o!r acc\nts ( ,polynesian prophetism4 ,an excell5t au?ority1 ,mo]5h\t1 :o liv$ among ! p ( ! ,society ,isl&s _m ye>s & knew !m well1 says t1 9 ,tahiti1 ! role ( ! prophet _h v g5]ally pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! prie/s into t ( private p]sons :o pr(ess$ to repres5t ! god1 (t5 assum$ 8 "n1 & 9 ?is capacity prophesi$4 ,i w n run ! risk ( weak5+ ! =ce ( ,mo]5h\t's description ( ! prophetic /ate by translat+ x3-- ,un individu1 dans cet etat1 avait le bras gau*e enveloppe d'un morceau d'et(fe1 signe de la pres5ce de la ,div9ite4 ,il ne p>lait que d'un ton imp]ieux et vehem5t4 ,ses attaques1 qu& il allait prophetis]1 etai5t aussi effroyables qu'imposantes4 ,il tremblait d'abord de t\s ses membres1 la figure enflee1 les yeux hag>ds1 r\ges et et9celants d'une expression sauvage4 ,il ge/iculait1 articulait des mots vides de s5s1 p\ssait des cris horribles qui faisai5t tressaillir t\s les assi/ants1 et s'exaltait p>fois au po9t qu'on n'osait p> l'appro*]4 ,aut\r de lui1 le sil5ce de la t]reur et du respect4444 ,c'e/ alors qu'il repondait aux que/ions1 annoncait l'av5ir1 le de/9 des batailles1 la volonte des dieux2 et1 *ose etonnante6 au se9 de ce delire1 de cet en?\siasme religieux1 son langage etait grave1 imposant1 son eloqu5ce noble et p]suasive4 #ba ,j s ,saul /rips (f 8 clo!s1 prophesies be=e ,samuel1 & lies d[n nak$ all t day & night4 ,bo? ,m>9] & ,mo]5h\t refuse to h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( impo/ure 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! inspir$ /ate ( ! ,polynesian prophets4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y fully believe 9 _! s9c]ity4 ,m>9] tells ! /ory ( a "y *ief1 an acqua9tance ( 81 :o ?\ght himself possess$ by ! ,atua ( a dead woman :o _h fall5 9 love ) him1 & :o wi%$ him to die t he might be ne> h] 9 ,bolotoo4 ,& he di$ accord+ly4 ,b ! mo/ valuable evid5ce on ?is head is conta9$ 9 :at ! same au?ority says ab\t ,k+ ,f9['s son4 ,! previ\s k+1 ,toogoo ,ahoo1 _h be5 assass9at$ by ,f9[1 & 8 s\l1 become an ,atua ( div9e rank 9 ,bolotoo1 _h be5 pleas$ to visit & inspire ,f9['s son--) :at p>ticul> object does n appe>4 ,:5 ?is "y *ief return$ to ,hapai1 ,mr4 ,m>9]1 :o 0 ^u a foot+ ( great fri5d%ip ) him1 "o day ask$ him h[ he felt himself :5 ! _s ( ,toogoo ,ahoo visit$ him2 he repli$ t he c\ld n well describe 8 feel+s1 b ! be/ he c\ld say ( x 01 t he felt himself all ov] 9 a gl[ ( heat & q re/less & uncom=table1 & did n feel 8 own p]sonal id5tity1 z x 71 b seem$ to h a m9d diff]5t f 8 own natural m9d1 8 ?\ghts w&]+ ^u /range & unusual subjects1 ?\gh p]fectly s5sible ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,he next ask$ him h[ he knew x 0 ! _s ( ,toogoo ,ahoo8 ,8 answ] 01 ',!re's a fool6 ,h[ c ,i tell y h[ ,i knew x6 ,i felt & knew x 0 s by a k9d ( consci\sness2 my m9d told me t x 0 ,toogoo ,ahoo 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ajd1 #aje74 ,f9['s son 0 evid5tly made = a !ological disputant1 & fell back at once on ! inexpugnable /ronghold ( fai? :5 o!r evid5ce 0 lack+4 ,!re's a fool6 ,i "k x is true1 because ,i "k x1 is ! exempl> & epitome ( ! sceptic-cru%+ process 9 o!r places ?an ! ,tonga ,isl&s4 ,! isl& ( ,bolotoo1 to :i* all ! s\ls 7( ! upp] classes at any rate7 repair aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 & f :i* !y return at w to int]f]e1 = good or evil1 ) ! lives ( ^? :om !y h left beh9d1 obvi\sly answ]s to ,%eol4 ,9 ,tongan tradition1 ?is place ( s\ls is a sort ( elysium above gr\nd & pleasant en\gh to live 94 ,b1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,polynesia1 ! correspond+ locality1 :i* is call$ ,po1 has to be rea*$ by desc5d+ into ! e>?1 & is repres5t$ d>k & gloomy l ,%eol4 ,b x 0 n look$ ^u z a place ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 any s5se4 ,:e!r 9 ,bolotoo or 9 ,po1 ! s\l took ! rank x _h 9 ! fle%2 &1 a %ad[1 liv$ among ! %ad[s ( ! fri5ds & h\ses & food ( its previ\s life4 ,! ,tongan !ologians recognis$ sev]al hundr$ gods2 b !re 0 "o1 already m5tion$ z _! national god1 :om !y reg>d$ z f> great] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 z a great *ief f ! top ( ! sky d[n to ! bottom ( ! e>? 7,m>9]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf74 ,he 0 also god ( w>1 & ! tutel> deity ( ! royal family1 :oev] happ5$ to be ! incumb5t ( ! royal (fice = ! "t be+4 ,he _h no prie/ except ! k+ himself1 & 8 visits1 ev5 to royalty1 7 few & f> betwe54 ,! "n ( ?is supreme deity 0 ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 ! lit]al mean+ ( :i* is said to be ,wait !re1 ,tooboo1 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 9 ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 0 p]si/5ce ( duration4 ,& x is curi\s to notice1 9 relation to ?is circum/ance1 t _m ,hebrew philolog]s h ?\ght ! mean+ ( ,jahveh to be be/ express$ by ! ^w ,et]nal4 ,x w\ld probably be difficult to express ! notion ( an et]nal be+1 9 a dialect s little fitt$ to convey ab/ract conceptions z ,tongan1 bett] ?an by t ( "o :o always waits !re4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! gods 9 ,tongan !ology are exactly ^? ( m5 ^: %ape !y are suppos$ to possess1 only !y h m intellig5ce & great] p[]4 ,! ,tongan belief t1 aft] dea?1 ! human ,atua m readily di/+ui%es good f evil1 runs p>allel ) ! old ,israelitic conception ( ,elohim express$ 9 ,g5esis1 ,ye %all be z ,elohim1 kn[+ good f evil4 ,!y fur!r agre$ ) ! old ,israelites1 t all rew>ds = virtue & puni%m5ts = vice happ5 to m5 9 ?is _w only1 & come imm$iately f ! gods 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj74 ,moreov]1 !y 7 ( op9ion t ?\gh ! gods approve ( "s k9ds ( virtue1 are displeas$ ) "s k9ds ( vice1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 protect or =sake _! wor%ipp]s accord+ to _! moral conduct1 yet neglect to pay due respect to ! deities1 & =getfulness to keep !m 9 good hum\r1 might be visit$ ) ev5 worse consequ5ces ?an moral del9qu5cy4 ,& ^? :o w c>efully /udy ! s-call$ ,mosaic code conta9$ 9 ! books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 & ,numb]s1 w see t1 ?\gh ,jahveh's prohibitions ( c]ta9 =ms ( immorality are /rict & sweep+1 8 wra? is q z /rongly k9dl$ aga9/ infractions ( ritual ord9ances4 ,accid5tal homicide may g unpuni%$1 & rep>ation may be made = wilful !ft4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nadab & ,abihu1 :o (f]$ /range fire be=e ,jahveh1 :i* he _h n comm&$ !m1 7 swiftly dev\r$ by ,jahveh's fire2 he :o sacrific$ any:]e except at ! allott$ place 0 to be cut (f f 8 p2 s 0 he :o ate blood2 & ! details ( ! uphol/]y ( ! ,tab]nacle1 ( ! mill9]y ( ! prie/s' ve/m5ts1 & ( ! cab9et "w ( ! ark1 c plead direct au?ority f ,jahveh1 no less ?an moral comm&s4 ,among/ ! ,tongans1 ! sacrifices 7 reg>d$ z gifts ( food & dr9k (f]$ to ! div9e ,atuas1 j z ! articles deposit$ by ! graves ( ! rec5tly dead 7 meant z food = ,atuas ( l[] rank4 ,a kava root 0 a con/ant =m ( (f]+ all ov] ,polynesia4 ,9 ! excell5t "w ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,turn]1 entitl$ ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia 7p4 #bda71 ,i f9d x said ( ! ,samoans 7ne> neighb\rs ( ! ,tongans73-- ,! (f]+s 7 pr9cipally cook$ food4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece s 9 ,samoa1 ! fir/ cup 0 9 hon\r ( ! god4 ,x 0 ei!r p\r$ out on ! gr\nd or wav$ t[>ds ! heav5s1 rem9d+ u aga9 ( ! ,mosaic c]emonies4 ,! *iefs all drank a portion out ( ! same cup1 accord+ to rank2 & aft] t1 ! food br\ght z an (f]+ 0 divid$ & eat5 '!re be=e ! ,"l4' ,9 ,tonga1 :5 !y consult$ a god :o _h a prie/1 ! latt]1 z repres5tative ( ! god1 _h ! fir/ cup2 b if ! god1 l ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 _h no prie/1 !n ! *ief place 0 left vacant1 & 0 suppos$ to be occupi$ by ! god himself4 ,:5 ! fir/ cup ( kava 0 fill$1 ! mataboole :o act$ z ma/] ( ! c]emonies said1 ,give x to y\r god1 & x 0 (f]$1 ?\gh only z a matt] ( =m4 ,9 ,tonga & ,samoa !re 7 _m sacr$ places or morais1 ) h\ses ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 b :i* s]v$ z temples 9 consequ5ce ( be+ d$icat$ to v>i\s gods2 & !re 7 alt>s on :i* ! sacrifices 7 (f]$2 nev]!less !re 7 few or no images4 ,m>9] m5tions none 9 ,tonga1 & ! ,samoans seem to h be5 reg>d$ z no bett] ?an a!i/s by o!r ,polynesians because !y _h none4 ,x does n appe> t ei!r ( ^! peoples _h images ev5 ( _! family or ance/ral gods4 ,9 ,tahiti & ! adjac5t isl&s1 ,mo]5h\t 7t4 i4 p4 #dga7 makes ! v int]e/+ obs]vation1 n only t idols 7 (t5 abs5t1 b t1 :]e !y exi/$1 ! images ( ! gods s]v$ m]ely z depositories = ! prop] repres5tatives ( ! div9ity4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 call$ a m>o aur\1 & 0 a k9d ( girdle arti/ically adorn$ ) r$1 yell[1 blue1 & black fea!rs--! r$ fea!rs be+ especially important--:i* 7 consecrat$ & kept z sacr$ objects )9 ! idols4 ,!y 7 worn by great p]sonages on solemn occasions1 & conf]r$ ^u _! we>]s a sacr$ & almo/ div9e "*4 ,!re is no di/9ct evid5ce t ! m>o aur\ 0 suppos$ to h any special efficacy 9 div9ation1 b "o _c fail to see a c]ta9 p>allelism betwe5 ?is holy girdle1 :i* end[$ its we>] ) a p>ticul> sanctity1 & ! ephod4 ,accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor1 ! ,new ,zeal&]s =m]ly us$ ! ^w k>akia 7n[ employ$ = pray]7 to signify a spell1 *>m1 or incantation1 & ! utt]ance ( ^! k>akias con/itut$ ! *ief "p ( _! cult4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ _h a small image1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 resembl+ a peg ) a c>v$ head1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! =m commonly attribut$ to ! t]aphim4 ,! prie/ fir/ b&ag$ a fillet ( r$ p>rot fea!rs "u ! god's *91 :i* 0 call$ 8 pahau or be>d2 ?is b&age 0 made ( a c]ta9 k9d ( s5net1 :i* 0 ti$ on 9 a peculi> way4 ,:5 ?is 0 done x 0 tak5 possession ( by ! ,atua1 ^: _s ent]$ x4 ,! prie/ !n ei!r held x 9 ! h& & vibrat$ x 9 ! air :il/ ! p[]ful k>akia 0 repeat$1 or he ti$ a piece ( /r+ 7=m$ ( ! c5tre ( a flax leaf7 r\nd ! neck ( ! image & /uck x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he sat at a little di/ance f x1 lean+ aga9/ a tuahu1 a %ort /one pill> /uck 9 ! gr\nd 9 a slant+ position &1 hold+ ! /r+ 9 8 h&1 he gave ! god a j]k to arre/ 8 att5tion1 le/ he %\ld be o!rwise engag$1 l ,baal ( old1 ei!r hunt+1 fi%+1 or sleep+1 & !re=e mu/ be awak$4444 ,! god is suppos$ to make use ( ! prie/'s tongue 9 giv+ a reply4 ,image-wor%ip appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to "o "p ( ! isl&4 ,! ,atua 0 suppos$ only to ent] ! image = ! occasion4 ,! natives decl>e !y did n wor%ip ! image itself1 b only ! ,atua x repres5t$1 & t ! image 0 m]ely us$ z a way ( approa*+ him4 #bb ,?is is ! excuse = image-wor%ip :i* ! m intellig5t idolat]s make all ! _w ov]2 b x is m int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 9 ! pres5t case1 we seem to h ! equival5ts ( div9ation by t]aphim1 ) ! aid ( some?+ l an ephod 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is us$ to sanctify ! image & n ! prie/7 mix$ up toge!r4 ,_m ,hebrew ar*aeologi/s h suppos$ t ! t]m ephod is sometimes us$ = an image 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,gideon's ephod71 & ! /ory ( ,micah1 9 ! book ( ,judges1 %[s t images 71 at any rate1 employ$ 9 close association ) ! ephod4 ,if ! pull+ ( ! /r+ to call ! att5tion ( ! god seems z absurd to u z x appe>s to h done to ! wor?y mission>y1 :o tells u ( ! practice1 x %\ld be recollect$ t ! high prie/ ( ,jahveh 0 ord]$ to we> a g>m5t fr+$ ) gold5 bells4 ,& x %all be ^u ,a>on to m9i/]2 & ! s\nd !re( %all be he>d :5 he goe? 9 unto ! holy place be=e ,jahveh1 & :5 he come? out1 t he die n 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ce74 ,an escape f ! obvi\s conclusion sugge/$ by ?is passage has be5 s\ght 9 ! supposition t ^! bells rang = ! sake ( ! wor%ipp]s1 z at ! elevation ( ! ho/ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ritual2 b !n :y %\ld ! prie/ be ?reat5$ ) ! well-kn[n p5alty = inadvis$ly behold+ ! div9ity8 ,9 tru?1 ! int]m$iate /ep betwe5 ! ,maori practice & t ( ! old ,israelites is furni%$ by ! ,kami temples 9 ,japan4 ,^! are provid$ ) bells :i* ! wor%ipp]s :o pres5t !mselves r+1 9 ord] to call ! att5tion ( ! ance/or-god to _! pres5ce4 ,grant ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! ess5tially human "* ( ! _s1 :e!r ,atua1 ,kami1 or ,elohim1 & all ^! practices are equally rational4 ,! sacrifices to ! gods 9 ,tonga1 & else:]e 9 ,polynesia1 7 ord9>ily social ga!r+s1 9 :i* ! god1 ei!r 9 8 own p]son or 9 t ( 8 prie/ly repres5tative1 0 suppos$ to take "p4 ,^! sacrifices 7 (f]$ on e occasion ( importance1 & ev5 ! daily meals 7 prefac$ by oblations & libations ( food & dr9k1 exactly answ]+ to ^? (f]$ by ! old ,romans to _! manes1 p5ates1 & l>es4 ,! sacrifices _h no moral significance1 b 7 ! necess>y result ( ! !ory t ! god 0 ei!r a deifi$ gho/ ( an ance/or or *ief1 or1 at any rate1 a be+ ( l nature to ^!4 ,if "o want$ to get any?+ out ( him1 !re=e1 ! fir/ /ep 0 to put him 9 good hum\r by gifts2 & if "o desir$ to escape 8 wra?1 :i* might be excit$ by ! mo/ trifl+ neglect or un9t5tional disrespect1 ! great ?+ 0 to pacify him by co/ly pres5ts4 ,k+ ,f9[ appe>s to h be5 some:at ( a free?9k] 7to ! great horror ( 8 subjects71 & x 0 only 8 untimely dea? :i* prev5t$ him f deal+ ) ! prie/ ( a god1 :o _h n return$ a fav\rable answ] to 8 supplications1 z ,saul dealt ) ! prie/s ( ! sanctu>y ( ,jahveh at ,nob4 ,nev]!less1 ,f9[ %[$ 8 practical belief 9 ! gods dur+ ! sickness ( a daught]1 to :om he 0 fondly atta*$1 9 a fa%ion :i* has a close p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,if ! gods h any res5tm5t aga9/ u1 let ! :ole weight ( v5geance fall on my head4 ,i fe> n _! v5geance --b sp>e my *ild2 & ,i e>ne/ly entreat y1 ,toobo ,totai ! god :om he _h evok$1 to ex]t all y\r influ5ce ) ! o!r gods t ,i alone may suff] all ! puni%m5t !y desire to inflict 7vol4 i4 p4 #ced74 ,s :5 ! k+ ( ,israel has s9n$ by numb]+ ! p1 & !y are puni%$ = 8 fault by a pe/il5ce :i* slays sev5ty ?\s& innoc5t m51 ,david cries to ,jahveh3-- ,lo1 ,i h s9n$1 & ,i h done p]v]sely2 b ^! %eep1 :at h !y done8 let ?9e h&1 ,i pray !e1 be aga9/ me1 & aga9/ my fa!r's h\se4 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ag74 ,human sacrifices 7 extremely common 9 ,polynesia2 &1 9 ,tonga1 ! devotion ( a *ild by /rangl+ 0 a fav\rite me?od ( av]t+ ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,! well-kn[n in/ances ( ,jeph?ah's sacrifice ( 8 daught] & ( ,david's giv+ up ! sev5 sons ( ,saul to be sacrific$ by ! ,gibeonites be=e ,jahveh1 appe> to me to leave no d\bt t ! old ,israelites1 ev5 :5 dev\t wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 consid]$ human sacrifices1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to be n only p]missible b laudable4 ,samuel's hew+ to pieces ( ! mis]able captive1 sole survivor ( 8 nation1 ,agag1 be=e ,jahveh1 c h>dly be view$ 9 any o!r light4 ,! life ( ,moses is r$eem$ f ,jahveh1 :o s\ght to slay him1 by ,zipporah's symbolical sacrifice ( h] *ild1 by ! bloody op]ation ( circumcision4 ,jahveh expressly affirms t ! fir/-born males ( m5 & bea/s are devot$ to him2 9 accordance ) t claim1 ! fir/-born males ( ! bea/s are duly sacrific$2 & x is only by special p]mission t ! claim to ! fir/-born ( m5 is waiv$1 & x is enact$ t !y may be r$eem$ 7,exod4 xiii4 #ab-ae74 ,is x possible to avoid ! conclusion t immolation ( _! fir/-born sons w\ld h be5 incumb5t on ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 _h !y n be5 ?us specially excus$8 ,c any o!r conclusion be drawn f ! hi/ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac8 ,does ,abraham exhibit any indication ( surprise :5 he receives ! a/\nd+ ord] to sacrifice 8 son8 ,is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce t !re 0 any?+ 9 8 intimate & p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! "* ( ! ,deity1 :o _h eat5 ! meat & drunk ! milk :i* ,abraham set be=e him "u ! oaks ( ,mamre1 to lead him to hesitate--ev5 to wait twelve or f\rte5 h\rs = a repetition ( ! comm&8 ,n a :it4 ,we are told t ,abraham rose e>ly 9 ! morn+ & l$ 8 only *ild to ! slaught]1 z if x 7 ! mo/ ord9>y bus9ess imag9able4 ,:e!r ! /ory has any hi/orical f\ndation or n1 x is valuable z %[+ t ! writ] ( x conceiv$ ,jahveh z a deity ^: requirem5t ( su* a sacrifice ne$ excite nei!r a/oni%m5t nor suspicion ( mi/ake on ! "p ( 8 devotee4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! incessant human sacrifices 9 ,israel1 dur+ ! age ( ! k+s1 are put d[n to ! influ5ce ( =eign idolatries1 we may fairly inquire :e!r editorial ,b[dl]is+ has n prevail$ ov] hi/orical tru?4 ,an attempt to comp>e ! e?ical /&>ds ( two nations1 "o ( :i* has a writt5 code1 :ile ! o!r has n1 is beset ) difficulties4 ,) all t is /range &1 9 _m cases1 repulsive to u 9 ! social arrangem5ts & op9ions respect+ moral obligation among ! ,tongans1 z !y are plac$ be=e u1 ) p]fect c&\r1 9 ,m>9]'s acc\nt1 !re is mu* t indicates a /rong e?ical s5se4 ,!y %[$ great k9dl9ess to "o ano!r1 & fai?fulness 9 /&+ by _! comrades 9 w>4 ,no p c\ld h bett] obs]v$ ei!r ! ?ird or ! fif? comm&m5t2 = !y _h a p>ticul> horror ( blasphemy1 & _! respectful t5d]ness t[>ds _! p>5ts &1 inde$1 t[>ds old p 9 g5]al1 0 rem>kable4 ,x _c be said t ! eigh? comm&m5t 0 g5]ally obs]v$1 especially :]e ,europeans 7 conc]n$2 nev]!less a well-br$ ,tongan look$ ^u !ft z a meanness to :i* he w\ld n condesc5d4 ,z to ! sev5? comm&m5t1 any brea* ( x 0 consid]$ sc&al\s 9 wom5 & z some?+ to be avoid$ 9 self-respect+ m52 b1 among unm>ri$ & wid[$ p1 *a/ity 0 held v *eap4 ,nev]!less ! wom5 7 extremely well treat$1 & (t5 %[$ !mselves capable ( great devotion & entire fai?fulness4 ,9 ! matt] ( cruelty1 trea*]y1 & blood?ir/9ess1 ^! isl&]s 7 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an mo/ peoples ( antiquity4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! ,tongans t !y p>ticul>ly object$ to sl&]2 nor c covet\sness be reg>d$ z _! *>act]i/ic2 = ,m>9] says3-- ,:5 any "o is ab\t to eat1 he always %>es out :at he has to ^? ab\t him1 )\t any hesitation1 & a contr>y conduct w\ld be consid]$ exce$+ly vile & selfi% 7vol4 ii p4 #ade74 ,9 fact1 !y ?\ght v badly ( ! ,engli% :5 ,m>9] told !m t 8 c\ntrym5 did n act exactly on t pr9ciple4 ,x fur!r appe>s t !y decid$ly belong$ to ! s*ool ( intuitive moral philosoph]s1 & believ$ t virtue is its own rew>d2 = ,_m ( ! *iefs1 on be+ ask$ by ,mr4 ,m>9] :at motives !y _h = conduct+ !mselves ) propriety1 besides ! fe> ( mis=tunes 9 ?is life1 repli$1 ! agreeable & happy feel+ :i* a man exp]i5ces )9 himself :5 he does any good action or conducts himself nobly & g5]\sly z a man ought to d2 & ?is "q !y answ]$ z if !y wond]$ su* a "q %\ld be ask$4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afa74 ,"o may read f ! beg9n+ ( ! book ( ,judges to ! end ( ! books ( ,samuel )\t discov]+ t ! old ,israelites _h a moral /&>d :i* diff]s1 9 any ess5tial respect 7except p]haps 9 reg>d to ! *a/ity ( unm>ri$ wom571 f t ( ! ,tongans4 ,gideon1 ,jeph?ah1 ,samson1 & ,david are /rong-h&$ m51 "s ( :om are n outdone by any ,polynesian *iefta9 9 ! matt] ( murd] & trea*]y2 :ile ,deborah's jubilation ov] ,jael's violation ( ! prim>y duty ( hospitality1 pr(f]$ & accept$ "u circum/ances :i* give a peculi>ly atroci\s "* to ! murd] ( ! gue/2 & h] wit*-l gloat+ ov] ! picture ( ! disappo9tm5t ( ! "m ( ! victim-- ,! "m ( ,sis]a cri$ ?r\gh ! lattice1 ,:y is 8 *>iot s long 9 com+8 7,jud4 v4 #bh47 --w\ld n h be5 out ( place 9 ! *oral s]vice ( ! mo/ sangu9>y god 9 ! ,polynesian pan!on4 ,) respect to ! cannibalism :i* ! ,tongans occasionally practis$1 ,m>9] says3-- ,al?\gh a few "y f]oci\s w>riors *ose to imitate :at !y consid]$ a m>k ( c\rage\s fi]c5ess 9 a neighb\r+ nation1 x 0 held 9 disgu/ by ev]ybody else 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 ,t ! moral /&>d ( ,tongan life 0 less elevat$ ?an t indicat$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxi4-xxiii47 may be freely admitt$4 ,b !n ! evid5ce t ?is ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 & ev5 ! t5 comm&m5ts z giv5 9 ,exodus1 7 kn[n to ! ,israelites ( ! "t ( ,samuel & ,saul1 is 7to say ! lea/7 by no means conclusive4 ,! ,deut]onomic v]sion ( ! f\r? comm&m5t is hopelessly discrepant f t :i* /&s 9 ,exodus4 ,w\ld any lat] writ] h v5tur$ to alt] ! comm&m5ts z giv5 f ,s9ai1 if he _h _h be=e him t :i* pr(ess$ to be an accurate /atem5t ( ! t5 words 9 ,exodus8 ,& if ! writ] ( ,deut]onomy _h n ,exodus be=e him1 :at is ! value ( ! claim ( ! v]sion ( ! t5 comm&m5ts !re9 conta9$ to au!nticity8 ,f "o end to ! o!r ( ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel1 ! only comm&m5ts ( ,jahveh :i* are specially adduc$ ref] to ! prohibition ( ! wor%ip ( o!r gods1 or are ord]s giv5 ad hoc1 & h no?+ to d ) que/ions ( morality4 ,9 ,polynesia1 ! belief 9 wit*craft1 9 ! appe>ance ( spiritual be+s 9 dreams1 9 possession z ! cause ( diseases1 & 9 om5s1 prevail$ univ]sally4 ,m>9] tells a /ory ( a woman ( rank :o 0 greatly atta*$ to ,k+ ,f9[1 & :o1 = ! space ( six mon?s aft] 8 dea?1 sc>cely ev] slept else:]e ?an on 8 grave1 :i* %e kept c>efully decorat$ ) fl[]s3-- ,"o day %e w5t1 ) ! deepe/ affliction1 to ! h\se ( ,mo-oonga ,toobo1 ! wid[ ( ! deceas$ *ief1 to communicate :at _h happ5$ to h] at ! fytoca grave dur+ sev]al nights1 & :i* caus$ h] ! greate/ anxiety4 ,%e relat$ t %e _h dream$ t ! late ,h[ ,k+ appe>$ to h] &1 ) a c\nt5ance full ( disappo9tm5t1 ask$ :y !re yet rema9$ at ,vavaoo s _m evil-design+ p]sons2 = he decl>$ t1 s9ce he _h be5 at ,bolotoo1 8 _s _h be5 di/urb$ #bb by ! evil ma*9ations ( wick$ m5 conspir+ aga9/ 8 son2 b he decl>$ t '! y\?' %\ld n be mole/$ nor 8 p[] %ak5 by ! _s ( rebellion2 t he !re=e came to h] ) a w>n+ voice to prev5t su* disa/r\s consequ5ces 7vol4 i4 p4 #dbd74 ,on inquiry x turn$ out t ! *>m ( tattao _h be5 p]=m$ on ,f9['s grave1 ) ! view ( injur+ 8 son1 ! reign+ k+1 & x is to be presum$ t x 0 ?is sorc]]'s "w :i* _h di/urb$ ,f9['s _s4 ,! ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor says 9 ! "w already cit$3 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! wit* ( ,endor agrees mo/ rem>kably ) ! wit*es ( ,new ,zeal& 7p4 #de74 ,! ,tongans also believ$ 9 a mode ( div9ation 7ess5tially simil> to ! ca/+ ( lots7 ! twirl+ ( a cocoanut4 ,! object ( inquiry444 is *iefly :e!r a sick p]son w recov]2 = ?is purpose ! nut be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 a relation ( ! sick p]son det]m9es t1 if ! nut1 :5 aga9 at re/1 po9ts to su* a qu>t]1 ! ea/ = example1 t ! sick man w recov]2 he !n prays al\d to ! patron god ( ! family t he w be pleas$ to direct ! nut s t x may indicate ! tru?2 ! nut be+ next spun1 ! result is att5d$ to ) confid5ce1 at lea/ ) a full conviction t x w truly decl>e ! int5tions ( ! gods at ! "t 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbg74 ,does n ! action ( ,saul1 on a fam\s occasion1 involve exactly ! same !ological presuppositions8 ,!re=e ,saul said unto ,jahveh1 ! ,elohim ( ,israel1 ,%ew ! "r4 ,& ,jona?an & ,saul 7 tak5 by lot3 b ! p escap$4 ,& ,saul said1 ,ca/ lots betwe5 me & ,jona?an my son4 ,& ,jona?an 0 tak54 ,& ,saul said to ,jona?an1 ,tell me :at ?\ ha/ done4444 ,& ! p rescu$ ,jona?an s t he di$ n 7#a ,sam4 xiv4 #da-de74 ,z ! ,israelites _h great ye>ly fea/s1 s _h ! ,polynesians2 z ! ,israelites practis$ circumcision1 s did _m ,polynesian p2 z ! ,israelites _h a complex & (t5 arbitr>y-seem+ multitude ( di/9ctions betwe5 clean & unclean ?+s1 & clean & unclean /ates ( m51 to :i* !y atta*$ great importance1 s _h ! ,polynesians _! notions ( c]emonial purity & _! tabu1 an equally ext5sive & /range sy/em ( prohibitions1 violation ( :i* 0 visit$ by dea?4 ,^! doctr9es ( cleanness & uncleanness no d\bt may h tak5 _! rise 9 ! real or fanci$ utility ( ! prescriptions1 b x is probable t ! orig9 ( _m is indicat$ 9 ! curi\s habit ( ! ,samoans to make feti%es ( liv+ animals4 ,x w be recollect$ t ^! p _h no gods made ) h&s1 b !y sub/itut$ animals = !m4 ,at 8 bir? e ,samoan 0 suppos$ to be tak5 "u ! c>e ( "s tutel>y god or aitu ,atua z x 0 call$4 ,! help ( p]haps half a doz5 diff]5t gods 0 invok$ 9 succession on ! occasion1 b ! "o :o happ5$ to be address$ j z ! *ild 0 born 0 m>k$ & decl>$ to be ! *ild's god = life4 ,^! gods 7 suppos$ to appe> 9 "s visible inc>nation1 & ! p>ticul> ?+ 9 :i* 8 god 0 9 ! habit ( appe>+ 01 to ! ,samoan1 an object ( v5]ation4 ,x 0 9 fact 8 idol1 & he 0 c>eful nev] to injure x or treat x ) contempt4 ,"o1 = in/ance1 saw 8 god 9 ! eel1 ano!r 9 ! %>k1 ano!r 9 ! turtle1 ano!r 9 ! dog1 ano!r 9 ! owl1 ano!r 9 ! liz>d2 & s on1 ?r\gh\t all ! fi% ( ! sea & birds & f\r-foot$ bea/s & creep+ ?+s4 ,9 "s ( ! %ell-fi% ev51 gods 7 suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,a man w\ld eat freely ( :at 0 reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( ! god ( ano!r man1 b ! inc>nation ( 8 own p>ticul> god he w\ld consid] x dea? to injure or eat4 #bc ,we h "h t :i* appe>s to be ! orig91 or "o ( ! orig9s1 ( food prohibitions1 on ! "o h&1 & ( totemism on ! o!r4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! old ,israelites sprang f ance/ors :o are said to h resid$ ne>1 or 91 "o ( ! great seats ( anci5t ,babylonian civilisation1 ! city ( ,ur2 t !y _h be51 x is said = c5turies1 9 close contact ) ! ,egyptians2 & t1 9 ! !ology ( bo? ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians1 !re is abundant evid5ce1 not)/&+ _! advanc$ social organisation1 ( ! belief 9 spirits1 ) sorc]y1 ance/or-wor%ip1 ! deification ( animals1 & ! conv]se animalisation ( gods--x obvi\sly ne$s v /rong evid5ce to ju/ify ! belief t ! rude tribes ( ,israel did n %>e ! notions f :i* _! f> m civilis$ neighb\rs _h n emancipat$ !mselves4 ,b x is surely ne$less to c>ry ! comp>ison fur!r4 ,out ( ! abundant evid5ce at comm&1 ,i ?9k t suffici5t has be5 produc$ to furni% ample gr\nds = ! belief1 t ! old ,israelites ( ! "t ( ,samuel ent]ta9$ !ological conceptions :i* 7 on a level ) ^? curr5t among ! m civilis$ ( ! ,polynesian isl&]s1 ?\gh _! e?ical code may possibly1 9 "s respects1 h be5 m advanc$4 #bd ,a !ological sy/em ( ess5tially simil> "*1 exhibit+ ! same fundam5tal conceptions respect+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce & incessant int]f]5ce 9 human affairs ( disembodi$ spirits1 prevails1 or =m]ly prevail$1 among ! :ole ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,polynesian & ,melanesian isl&s1 & among ! p ( ,au/ralia1 not)/&+ ! wide diff]5ces 9 physical "* & 9 grade ( civilisation :i* obta9 among !m4 ,& ! same proposition is true ( ! p :o inhabit ! riv]a9 %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean :e!r ,dyaks1 ,malays1 ,indo-,*9ese1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ! wild tribes ( ,am]ica1 or ! highly civilis$ old ,mexicans & ,p]uvians4 ,x is no less true ( ! ,mongolic nomads ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 ( ! ,asiatic ,aryans & ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & x holds good among ! ,dravidians ( ! ,dekhan & ! negro tribes ( ,africa4 ,no tribe ( savages :i* has yet be5 discov]$1 has be5 conclusively prov$ to h s poor a !ological equipm5t z to be devoid ( a belief 9 gho/s1 & 9 ! utility ( "s =m ( wit*craft1 9 influ5c+ ^? gho/s4 ,& !re is no nation1 mod]n or anci5t1 :i*1 ev5 at ?is mom5t1 has :olly giv5 up ! belief2 & 9 :i* x has n1 at "o "t or o!r1 play$ a great "p 9 practical life4 ,?is scio!ism1 #be z x might be call$1 is f\nd1 9 sev]al degrees ( complexity1 9 r\gh correspond5ce ) ! /ages ( social organisation1 &1 l ^!1 sep>at$ by no sudd5 breaks4 ,9 its simple/ condition1 su* z may be met ) among ! ,au/ralian savages1 !ology is a m]e belief 9 ! exi/5ce1 p[]s1 & disposition 7usually malignant7 ( gho/like entities :o may be propitiat$ or sc>$ away2 b no cult c prop]ly be said to exi/4 ,&1 9 ?is /age1 !ology is :olly indep5d5t ( e?ics4 ,! moral code1 su* z is impli$ by public op9ion1 d]ives no sanction f ! !ological dogmas1 & ! influ5ce ( ! spirits is suppos$ to be ex]t$ out ( m]e caprice or malice4 ,z a next /age1 ! fundam5tal fe> ( gho/s & ! consequ5t desire to propitiate !m acquire an organis$ ritual 9 simple =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip1 su* z ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,turn] describes among ! p ( ,tanna 7l4c4 p4 #hh72 & ?is l9e ( developm5t may be foll[$ out until x atta9s its acme 9 ! ,/ate-!ology ( ,*9a & ! ,kami-!ology #bf ( ,japan4 ,ea* ( ^! is ess5tially ance/or-wor%ip1 ! ance/ors be+ reckon$ back ?r\gh family gr\ps1 ( high] & high] ord]1 sometimes ) /rict ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple ( agnation1 z 9 old ,rome2 &1 z 9 ! latt]1 x is intimately b\nd up ) ! :ole organisation ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re are no idols2 inscrib$ tablets 9 ,*9a1 & /rips ( pap] lodg$ 9 a peculi> portable %r9e 9 ,japan1 repres5t ! s\ls ( ! deceas$1 or ! special seats :i* !y occupy :5 sacrifices are (f]$ by _! desc5dants4 ,9 ,japan x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t a national ,kami--,t5-zio-dai-z9--is wor%ipp$ z a sort ( ,jahveh by ! nation 9 g5]al1 & 7z ,lipp]t has obs]v$7 x is s+ul> t 8 special seat is a portable litt]-l %r9e1 t]m$ ! ,mikosi1 9 "s sort analog\s to ! ,israelitic ark4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! emp]or is ! repres5tative ( ! primitive ance/ors1 & /&s1 z x 71 betwe5 !m & ! supreme cosmic deities--,heav5 & ,e>?--:o are sup]add$ to !m1 & :o answ] to ! ,tangaloa & ! ,maui ( ! ,polynesians4 ,scio!ism1 "u ! =m ( ! deification ( ance/ral gho/s1 9 its mo/ pron\nc$ =m1 is !re=e ! *ief elem5t 9 ! !ology ( a great moiety1 possibly ( m ?an half1 ( ! human race4 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be tak5 to be a matt] ( fact--?\gh v>i\s op9ions may be held z to h[ ?is ance/or-wor%ip came ab\t4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is no less a matt] ( fact t !re are v few p )\t additional gods1 :o _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 be acc\nt$ = z deifi$ ance/ors4 ,) all respect = ! di/+ui%$ au?orities on ! o!r side1 ,i _c f9d good reasons = accept+ ! !ory t ! cosmic deities--:o are sup]add$ to deifi$ ance/ors ev5 9 ,*9a2 :o are f\nd all ov] ,polynesia1 9 ,tangaloa & ,maui1 & 9 old ,p]u1 9 ! ,sun--are ! product ei!r ( ! se>* aft] ! inf9ite1 or ( mi/akes aris+ out ( ! confusion ( a great *ief's "n ) ! ?+ signifi$ by ! "n4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i ?9k x is aga9 m]ely matt] ( fact t1 among a l>ge portion ( mank9d1 ance/or-wor%ip is m or less ?r[n into ! backgr\nd ei!r by su* cosmic deities1 or by tribal gods ( unc]ta9 orig91 :o h be5 rais$ to em95ce by ! sup]iority 9 w>f>e1 or o!rwise1 ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,among c]ta9 nations1 ! poly!i/ic !ology1 ?us con/itut$1 has become modifi$ by ! selection ( "s "o cosmic or tribal god1 z ! only god to :om wor%ip is due on ! "p ( t nation 7?\gh x is by no means d5i$ t o!r nations h a "r to wor%ip o!r gods71 & ?us results a wor%ip ( "o ,god--monolatry1 z ,wellhaus5 calls x--:i* is v diff]5t f g5u9e mono!ism4 #bg ,9 ance/ral scio!ism1 & 9 ?is monolatry1 ! e?ical code1 (t5 ( a v high ord]1 comes into clos] relation ) ! !ological cre$4 ,morality is tak5 "u ! patronage ( ! god or gods1 :o rew>d all morally good conduct & puni% all morally evil conduct 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y are conceiv$ to be ?or\ghly human1 & !y visit any %ad[ ( disrespect to !mselves1 %[n by disob$i5ce to _! comm&s1 or by delay1 or c>elessness1 9 c>ry+ !m out1 z sev]ely z any brea* ( ! moral laws4 ,piety means m9ute att5tion to ! due p]=mance ( all sacr$ rites1 & cov]s any numb] ( lapses 9 morality1 j z cruelty1 trea*]y1 murd]1 & adult]y did n b> ,david's claim to ! title ( ! man aft] ,god's own he>t among ! ,israelites2 crimes aga9/ m5 may be expiat$1 b blasphemy aga9/ ! gods is an unp>donable s94 ,m5 =give all injuries b ^? :i* t\* _! self-e/eem2 & !y make _! gods aft] _! own lik5ess1 9 _! own image make !y !m4 ,x is 9 ! category ( monolatry t ,i conceive ! !ology ( ! old ,israelites mu/ be rang$4 ,!y 7 poly!i/s1 9 s f> z !y admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,elohim ( div9e rank beside ,jahveh2 !y diff]$ f ord9>y poly!i/s1 9 s f> z !y believ$ t ,jahveh 0 ! supreme god & ! "o prop] object ( _! own national wor%ip4 ,b x w d\btless be object$ t ,i h be5 build+ up a fictiti\s ,israelitic !ology on ! f\ndation ( ! record$ habits & cu/oms ( ! p1 :5 !y _h laps$ f ! ord9ances ( _! great lawgiv] & prophet ,moses1 & t my conclusions may be good = ! p]v]ts to ,canaaniti% !ology1 b n = ! true obs]v]s ( ! ,s9aitic legislation4 ,! answ] to ! objection is t--s f> z ,i c =m a judgm5t ( t :i* is well asc]ta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel--!re is v little gr\nd = believ+ t we "k mu*1 ei!r ab\t ! !ological & social value ( ! influ5ce ( ,moses1 or ab\t :at happ5$ dur+ ! w&]+s 9 ! ,des]t4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,exodus & ( ! occurr5ces 9 ! ,s9aitic p59sula2 9 fact1 all ! hi/ory ( ,israel be=e ! invasion ( ,canaan1 is full ( wond]ful /ories1 :i* may be true1 9 s f> z !y are conceivable occurr5ces1 b :i* are c]ta9ly n probable1 & :i* ,i1 = "o1 decl9e to accept until evid5ce1 :i* des]ves t "n1 is (f]$ ( _! hi/orical tru?4 ,up to ?is "t ,i "k ( none4 #bh ,fur!rmore1 ,i see no answ] to ! argum5t t "o has no "r to pick out ( an obvi\sly unhi/orical /atem5t ! ass]tions :i* happ5 to be probable & to disc>d ! re/4 ,b x is also c]ta9 t a primitively v]aci\s tradition may be smo!r$ "u subsequ5t my?ical additions1 & t "o has no "r to ca/ away ! =m] along ) ! latt]4 ,?us1 p]haps ! faire/ way ( /at+ ! case may be z foll[s4 ,!re c be no a priori objection to ! supposition t ! ,israelites 7 deliv]$ f _! ,egyptian bondage by a lead] call$ ,moses1 & t he ex]t$ a great influ5ce ov] _! subsequ5t organisation 9 ! ,des]t4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t1 dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 ! ,israelites knew no?+ ( ,jahveh2 b1 z _! own prophets decl>e 7see ,ezek4 xx471 7 poly!i/ic idolat]s1 %>+ 9 ! wor/ practices ( _! neighb\rs4 ,z to _! conduct 9 o!r respects1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,b x may fairly be suspect$ t _! e?ics 7 n ( a high] ord] ?an ^? ( ,jacob1 _! prog5itor1 9 :i* case !y might d]ive great pr(it f contact ) ,egyptian society1 :i* held hone/y & tru?fulness 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,?anks to ! ,egyptolog]s1 we n[ "k1 ) all requisite c]ta9ty1 ! moral /&>d ( t society 9 ! "t1 & long be=e ! "t1 ( ,moses4 ,x c be det]m9$ f ! scrolls buri$ ) ! mummifi$ dead & f ! inscriptions on ! tombs & memorial /atues ( t age4 ,=1 ?\gh ! ly+ ( epitaphs is prov]bial1 s f> z _! subject is conc]n$1 !y gave an unmi/akable insight into t :i* ! writ]s & ! read]s ( !m ?9k praisewor?y4 ,9 ! fam\s tombs at ,b5i ,hassan !re is a record ( ! life ( ,pr9ce ,nakht1 :o s]v$ ,os]tas5 ,,ii41 a ,ph>aoh ( ! twelf? dyna/y z gov]nor ( a prov9ce4 ,! inscription speaks 9 8 "n3 ,i 0 a b5evol5t & k9dly gov]nor :o lov$ 8 c\ntry4444 ,nev] 0 a little *ild di/ress$ nor a wid[ ill-treat$ by me4 ,i h nev] repell$ a workman nor h9d]$ a %eph]d4 ,i gave alike to ! wid[ & to ! m>ri$ woman1 & h n pref]r$ ! great to ! small 9 my gifts4 ,& we h ! high au?ority ( ! late ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* = ! /atem5t t ! inscriptions ( ! twelf? dyna/y ab\nd 9 injunctions ( a high e?ical "*4 ,to fe$ ! hungry1 give dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 clo! ! nak$1 bury ! dead1 loyally s]ve ! k+1 =m$ ! fir/ duty ( a pi\s man & fai?ful subject4 #bi ,! p = :om ^! inscriptions embodi$ _! ideal ( praisewor?9ess assur$ly _h no imp]fect conception ( ei!r ju/ice or m]cy4 ,b !re is a docum5t :i* gives /ill bett] evid5ce ( ! moral /&>d ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x is ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 a sort ( ,guide to ,spiritl&1 ! :ole1 or a "p1 ( :i* 0 buri$ ) ! mummy ( e well-to-d ,egyptian1 :ile extracts f x are f\nd 9 innum]able inscriptions4 ,portions ( ?is "w are ( extreme antiquity1 evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce occurr+ z f> back z ! fif? & six? dyna/ies2 :ile ! #abj? *apt]1 :i* con/itutes a sort ( book by itself1 & is kn[n z ! ,book ( ,r$emption 9 ! ,hall ( ! two ,tru?s1 is frequ5tly inscrib$ ^u c(f9s & o!r monum5ts ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y 7t "u :i*1 !re is "s reason to believe1 ! ,israelites 7 oppress$ & ! ,exodus took place71 & x occurs1 m ?an once1 9 ! fam\s tombs ( ! k+s ( ?is & ! prec$+ dyna/y at ,!bes4 #cj ,?is ,book ( ,r$emption is *iefly occupi$ by ! s-call$ negative confession made to ! =ty-two ,div9e ,judges1 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! dead d5ies t he has committ$ faults ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t ! ,egyptians conceiv$ t _! gods comm&$ !m n to d ! de$s :i* are "h d5i$4 ,! ,book ( ,r$emption1 9 fact1 implies ! exi/5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptians1 if n 9 a =mal writ+1 ( a s]ies ( ord9ances1 c\*$1 l ! majority ( ! t5 comm&m5ts1 9 negative t]ms4 ,& x is easy to prove ! impli$ exi/5ce ( a s]ies :i* ne>ly answ]s to ! t5 words4 ,( c\rse a poly!i/ic & image-wor%ipp+ p1 :o obs]v$ a great _m holy days1 b no ,sabba?s1 c\ld h no?+ analog\s to ! fir/ or ! second & ! f\r? comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue2 b answ]+ to ! ?ird1 is ,i h n blasphem$2 to ! fif?1 ,i h n revil$ ! face ( ! k+ or my fa!r2 to ! six?1 ,i h n murd]$2 to ! sev5?1 ,i h n committ$ adult]y2 to ! eigh?1 ,i h n /ol51 ,i h n done fraud to man2 to ! n9?1 ,i h n told falsehoods 9 ! tribunal ( tru?1 &1 fur!r1 ,i h n calumniat$ ! slave to 8 ma/]4 ,i f9d no?+ exactly simil> to ! t5? comm&m5t2 b t ! inw>d disposition ( m9d 0 held to be ( no less importance ?an ! outw>d act is to be ga!r$ f ! praises ( k9dl9ess already cit$ & ! cry ( ,i am pure1 :i* is repeat$ by ! s\l on trial4 ,moreov]1 !re is a m9ut5ess ( detail 9 ! confession :i* %[s no little delicacy ( moral appreciation--,i h n privily done evil aga9/ mank9d1 ,i h n afflict$ m51 ,i h n )held milk f ! m\?s ( suckl+s1 ,i h n be5 idle1 ,i h n play$ ! hypocrite1 ,i h n told falsehoods1 ,i h n corrupt$ woman or man1 ,i h n caus$ fe>1 ,i h n multipli$ words 9 speak+4 ,w\ld t ! moral s5se ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,a4,d4 7 z f> advanc$ z t ( ! ,egyptians 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ?is la/ p>ticul>6 ,:at incalculable b5efit to mank9d w\ld fl[ f /rict obs]vance ( ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n multiply words 9 speak+6 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! /ress :i* ! old ,egyptians1 "h & else:]e1 lay ^u ?is & o!r k9ds ( tru?fulness1 z comp>$ ) ! abs5ce ( any su* requirem5t 9 ! ,israelitic ,decalogue1 9 :i* only a specific k9d ( untru?fulnes is =bidd54 ,if1 z ! /ory runs1 ,moses 0 adopt$ by a pr9cess ( ! royal h\se1 & 0 in/ruct$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 x is surely incr$ible t he %\ld n h be5 famili> f 8 y\? up1 ) ! high moral code impli$ 9 ! ,book ( ,r$emption4 ,x is surely impossible t he %\ld h be5 less famili> ) ! complete legal sy/em1 & ) ! me?od ( adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i*1 ev5 9 8 "t1 _h enabl$ ! ,egyptian p to hold toge!r1 z a complex social organisation1 = a p]iod f> long] ?an ! duration ( old ,roman society1 f ! build+ ( ! city to ! dea? ( ! la/ ,caes>4 ,nor ne$ we look to ,moses alone = ! influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ,israel4 ,x is true t ! ,hebrew nomads :o came into contact ) ! ,egyptians ( ,os]tas51 or ( ,ramses1 /ood 9 mu* ! same relation to !m1 9 po9t ( culture1 z a ,g]manic tribe did to ! ,romans ( ,tib]ius1 or ( ,m>cus ,anton9us2 or z ,capta9 ,cook's ,omai did to ! ,engli% ( ,george ! ,?ird4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 any difficulty ( communication :i* might h aris5 out ( ?is circum/ance 0 remov$ by ! long pre-exi/+ int]c\rse ( o!r ,semites1 ( e grade ( civilisation1 ) ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ,mesopotamia & else:]e1 z 9 ,ph5icia1 ,semitic p _h atta9$ to a social organisation z advanc$ z t ( ! ,egyptians2 ,semites _h conqu]$ & occupi$ ,l[] ,egypt = c5turies4 ,s ext5sively _h ,semitic influ5ces p5etrat$ ,egypt t ! ,egyptian language1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 is said by ,brugs* to be z full ( ,semitisms z ,g]man is ( ,gallicisms2 :ile ,semitic deities _h supplant$ ! ,egyptian gods at ,heliopolis & else:]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,semites1 z f> z ,ph5icia1 7 ext5sively influ5c$ by ,egypt4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ #ca t ,moses1 ,ph9ehas 7& p]haps ,a>on71 are names ( ,egyptian orig91 & !re is excell5t au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! "n ,abir1 :i* ! ,israelites gave to _! gold5 calf1 & :i* is also us$ to signify ! /rong1 ! heav5ly1 & ev5 ,god1 #cb is simply ! ,egyptian ,apis4 ,brugs* po9ts out t ! god1 ,tum or ,tom1 :o 0 ! special object ( wor%ip 9 ! city ( ,pi-,tom1 ) :i* ! ,israelites 7 only too famili>1 0 call$ ,ankh & ! great god1 & _h no image4 ,ankh means ,he :o lives1 ! liv+ "o1 a "n ! resemblance ( :i* to ! ,i am t ,i am ( ,exodus is unmi/akable1 :atev] may be ! value ( ! fact4 ,e discussion ( ,israelitic ritual seeks & f9ds ! explanation ( its details 9 ! portable sacr$ *e/s1 ! alt>s1 ! prie/ly dress1 ! brea/plate1 ! inc5se1 & ! sacrifices depict$ on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! signs ( ! influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ,israel are n necess>ily evid5ce t su* influ5ce 0 ex]t$ be=e ! ,exodus4 ,x may h come mu* lat]1 ?r\gh ! close connection ( ! ,israel ( ,david & ,solomon1 fir/ ) ,ph5icia & !n ) ,egypt4 ,if we suppose ,moses to h be5 a man ( ! /amp ( ,calv91 !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t he may h con/ruct$ ! sub/ance ( ! t5 words1 & ev5 ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 :i* curi\sly resembles p>ts ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 f ! f\ndation ( ,egyptian e?ics & !ology :i* _h filt]$ ?r\gh to ! ,israelites 9 g5]al1 or _h be5 furni%$ specially to himself by 8 e>ly education2 j z ! great ,g5evese re=m] built up a puritanic social organisation on s mu* z rema9$ ( ! e?ics & !ology ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 aft] he _h trimm$ !m to 8 lik+4 ,?us1 ,i repeat1 ,i see no a priori objection to ! assumption t ,moses may h endeav\r$ to give 8 p a !ologico-political organisation bas$ on ! t5 comm&m5ts 7?\gh c]ta9ly n q 9 _! pres5t =m7 & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 conta9$ 9 our pres5t book ( ,exodus4 ,b :e!r !re is su* evid5ce z am\nts to pro(1 or1 ,i _h bett] say1 to probability1 t ev5 ?is mu* ( ! ,p5tateu* owes its orig9 to ,moses is ano!r matt]4 ,! my?ical "* ( ! accessories ( ! ,s9aitic hi/ory is pat5t1 & x w\ld take a good deal m evid5ce ?an is af=d$ by ! b>e ass]tion ( an unkn[n writ] to ju/ify ! belief t ! p :o saw ! ?und]+s & ! lightn+s & ! voice ( ! trumpet & ! m\nta9 smok+ 7,exod4 xx4 #ah72 to :om ,jahveh ord]s ,moses to say1 ,ye y\rselves h se5 t ,i h talk$ ) y f heav54 ,ye %all n make o!r gods ) me2 gods ( silv] & gods ( gold ye %all n make unto y 7ibid4 #bb1 #bc71 %\ld1 less ?an six weeks aft]w>ds1 h done ! exact ?+ !y 7 ?us awfully =bidd5 to d4 ,nor is ! cr$ibility ( ! /ory increas$ by ! /atem5t t ,a>on1 ! bro!r ( ,moses1 ! witness & fell[-work] ( ! miracles be=e ,ph>aoh1 0 _! lead] & ! artific] ( ! idol4 ,& yet1 at ! same "t1 ,a>on 0 app>5tly s ignorant ( wrongdo+ t he made proclamation1 ,tomorr[ %all be a fea/ to ,jahveh1 & ! p proce$$ to (f] _! burnt-(f]+s & peace-(f]+s1 z if ev]y?+ 9 _! proce$+s mu/ be satisfactory to ! ,deity ) :om !y _h j made a solemn cov5ant to aboli% image-wor%ip4 ,x seems to me t1 on a survey ( all ! facts ( ! case1 only a v cauti\s & hypo!tical judgm5t is ju/ifiable4 ,x may be t ,moses pr(it$ by ! opportunities af=d$ him ( access to :at 0 be/ 9 ,egyptian society to become acqua9t$1 n only ) its advanc$ e?ical & legal code1 b ) ! m or less pan!i/ic unification ( ! ,div9e to :i* ! speculations ( ! ,egyptian ?9k]s1 l ^? ( all poly!i/ic philosoph]s1 f ,polynesia to ,greece1 t5d2 if inde$ ! !ology ( ! p]iod ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y 0 n1 z "s ,egyptologi/s ?9k1 a modification ( an e>li]1 m di/9ctly mono!i/ic doctr9e ( a long antec$5t age4 ,x took only half a doz5 c5turies = ! !ology ( ,paul to become ! !ology ( ,gregory ! ,great2 & x is possible t tw5ty c5turies lay betwe5 ! !ology ( ! fir/ wor%ipp]s 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! ,sph9x & t ( ! prie/s ( ,ramses ,maimun4 ,x may be t ! t5 comm&m5ts & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant are bas$ ^u fai?ful traditions ( ! ef=ts ( a great lead] to raise 8 foll[]s to 8 own level4 ,= myself1 z a matt] ( pi\s op9ion1 ,i l to ?9k s2 z ,i l to imag9e t1 betwe5 ,moses & ,samuel1 !re may h be5 _m a se]1 _m a h]dsman su* z him ( ,tekoah1 lonely amid/ ! hills ( ,ephraim & ,judah1 :o *]i%$ & kept alive ^! traditions4 ,9 ! pres5t results ( ,biblical criticism1 h[ev]1 ,i c discov] no ju/ification = ! common assumption t1 betwe5 ! "t ( ,jo%ua & t ( ,rehoboam1 ! ,israelites 7 famili> ) ei!r ! ,deut]onomic or ! ,levitical legislation2 or t ! !ology ( ! ,israelites1 f ! k+ :o sat on ! ?rone to ! l[e/ ( 8 subjects1 0 9 any important respect diff]5t f t :i* might naturally be expect$ f _! previ\s hi/ory & ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b !re is excell5t evid5ce to ! contr>y effect4 ,&1 = my "p1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! ,israelites _h pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( m]e gho/-wor%ip1 & _h advanc$ ?r\gh ,ance/or-wor%ip & ,feti%ism & ,totemism to ! !ological level at :i* we f9d !m 9 ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel4 ,all ! m rem>kable1 !re=e1 is ! extraord9>y *ange :i* is to be not$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! /ud5t :o is famili> ) ! !ology impli$1 or express$1 9 ! books ( ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ! fir/ book ( ,k+s1 f9ds himself 9 a new _w ( ?\ght1 9 ! full tide ( a great re=mation1 :5 he reads ,joel1 ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 ,micah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is *ange is ! rev]sal ( ! position :i*1 9 primitive society1 e?ics holds 9 relation to !ology4 ,orig9ally1 t :i* m5 wor%ip is a !ological hypo!sis1 n a moral ideal4 ,! prophets1 9 sub/ance1 if n always 9 =m prea* ! opposite doctr9e4 ,!y are con/antly /riv+ to free ! moral ideal f ! /ifl+ embrace ( ! curr5t !ology & its concomitant ritual4 ,!irs 0 n an intellectual criticism1 argu$ on /rictly sci5tific gr\nds2 ! image-wor%ipp]s & ! believ]s 9 ! efficacy ( sacrifices & c]emonies might logically h held _! own aga9/ any?+ ! prophets h to say2 x 0 an e?ical criticism4 ,f ! height ( 8 moral intuition--t ! :ole duty ( man is to d ju/ice & to love m]cy & to be> himself z humbly z befits 8 insignificance 9 face ( ! ,inf9ite--! prophet simply laughs at ! idolat]s ( /ocks & /ones & ! idolat]s ( ritual4 ,idols ( ! fir/ k9d1 9 8 exp]i5ce1 7 insep>ably unit$ ) ! practice ( immorality1 & !y 7 to be ru?lessly de/roy$4 ,z = sacrifices & c]emonies1 :atev] _! intr9sic value might be1 !y might be tol]at$ on condition ( ceas+ to be idols2 !y might ev5 be praisewor?y on condition ( be+ made to subs]ve ! wor%ip ( ! true ,jahveh--! moral ideal4 ,if ! realm ( ,david _h rema9$ undivid$1 if ! ,assyrian & ! ,*aldean & ! ,egyptian _h left ,israel to ! ord9>y c\rse ( developm5t ( an ,ori5tal k+dom1 x is possible t ! effects ( ! re=m+ zeal ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies might h be5 effac$ by ! gr[?1 accord+ to its inevitable t5d5cies1 ( ! !ology :i* !y combat$4 ,b ! captivity made ! =tune ( ! ideas :i* x 0 ! privilege ( ^! m5 to laun* ^u an endless c>e]4 ,) ! abolition ( ! ,temple-s]vices = m ?an half a c5tury1 ! prie/ mu/ h lo/ & ! scribe ga9$ influ5ce4 ,! puritanism ( a vigor\s m9ority among ! ,babylonian ,jews root$ out poly!ism f all its hid+-places 9 ! !ology :i* !y _h inh]it$2 !y creat$ ! fir/ consi/5t1 remorseless1 nak$ mono!ism1 :i*1 s f> z hi/ory records1 appe>$ 9 ! _w 7= ,zoroa/rism is practically di!ism1 & ,buddhism any-!ism or no-!ism72 & !y insep>ably unit$ !re) an e?ical code1 :i*1 = its purity & = its effici5cy z a bond ( social life1 0 & is1 unsurpass$4 ,s ,i ?9k we mu/ n judge ,ezra & ,nehemiah & _! foll[]s too h>dly1 if !y exemplifi$ ! usual doom ( poor humanity to escape f "o error only to fall into ano!r2 if !y fail$ to free !mselves z completely f ! idolatry ( ritual z !y _h f t ( images & dogmas2 if !y *]i%$ ! new fett]s ( ! ,levitical legislation :i* !y _h fitt$ ^u !mselves & _! nation1 z ?\gh su* bonds _h ! sanctity ( ! obligations ( morality2 & if !y l$ succe$+ g5]ations to sp5d _! be/ en]gies 9 build+ t h$ge r\nd ! ,torah :i* 0 meant to pres]ve bo? e?ics & !ology1 b :i* too (t5 _h ! effect ( pamp]+ ! latt] & />v+ ! =m]4 ,! _w be+ :at x 01 x is to be d\bt$ :e!r ,israel w\ld h pres]v$ intact ! pure ore ( religion1 :i* ! prophets _h extract$ = ! use ( mank9d z well z = _! nation1 _h n ! lead]s ( ! nation be5 zeal\s1 ev5 to dea?1 = ! dross ( ! law 9 :i* x 0 emb$d$4 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,jews1 "u ! ,maccabean h\se1 aga9/ ! ,seleucidae 0 z important = mank9d z t ( ! ,greeks aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,&1 ( all ! /range ironies ( hi/ory1 p]haps ! /range/ is t ,ph>isee is curr5t1 z a t]m ( reproa*1 among ! !ological desc5dants ( t sect ( ,naz>5es :o1 )\t ! m>tyr _s ( ^? primitive ,puritans1 w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,!y1 l _! hi/orical successors1 our own ,puritans1 h %>$ ! g5]al fate ( ! poor wise m5 :o save cities4 ,a criticism ( !ology f ! side ( sci5ce is n ?\ght ( by ! prophets1 & is at mo/ indicat$ 9 ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es1 9 bo? ( :i* ! problem ( v9dicat+ ! ways ( ,god to man is giv5 up1 ?\gh on diff]5t gr\nds1 z a hopeless "o4 ,b ) ! ext5sive introduction ( ,greek ?\ght among ! ,jews1 :i* took place1 n only dur+ ! dom9ation ( ! ,seleucidae 9 ,pale/9e1 b 9 ! great ,judaic colony :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,egypt "u ! ,ptolemies1 criticism1 on bo? e?ical & sci5tific gr\nds1 took a new dep>ture4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 z repres5t$ by ,philo1 ! fundam5tal axiom ( lat] ,jewi%1 z ( ,*ri/ian mono!ism1 t ! ,deity is inf9itely p]fect & inf9itely good1 work$ itself out into its logical consequ5ce--agno/ic !ism4 ,philo w all[ ( no po9t ( contact betwe5 ,god & a _w 9 :i* evil exi/s4 ,= him ,god has no relation to space or to "t1 &1 z inf9ite1 suff]s no pr$icate beyond t ( exi/5ce4 ,x is !re=e absurd to ascribe to ,him m5tal faculties & affections comp>able 9 ! remote/ degree to ^? ( m52 ,he is 9 no way an object ( cognition2 ,he is ,greek & ,greek #cc--)\t quality & incompreh5sible4 ,t is to say ! ,alex&rian ,jew ( ! fir/ c5tury _h anticipat$ ! reason+s ( ,hamilton & ,mansell 9 ! n9ete5?1 &1 = him1 ,god is ! ,unkn[able 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m is us$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,moreov]1 ,philo's def9ition ( ! ,supreme ,be+ w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) t sub/antia con/ans inf9itis attributis1 quorum unumquodque aet]nam et inf9itam ess5tiam exprimit1 giv5 by ano!r great ,israelite1 7 x n t ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( ! imman5ce ( ! ,deity 9 ! _w puts him1 at any rate =mally1 at ! antipodes ( !ological speculation4 ,b ! conception ( ! ess5tial incognoscibility ( ! ,deity is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,h[ev]1 ,philo 0 too ?or\gh an ,israelite & too mu* ! *ild ( 8 "t to be cont5t ) ?is agno/ic position4 ,) ! help ( ! ,platonic & ,/oic philosophy1 he con/ruct$ an appreh5sible1 if n compreh5sible1 quasi-deity out ( ! ,logos2 :ile o!r m or less p]sonifi$ div9e p[]s1 or attributes1 bridg$ ov] ! int]val betwe5 ,god & man2 betwe5 ! sacr$ exi/5ce1 too pure to be call$ by any "n :i* impli$ a conceivable quality1 & ! gross & evil _w ( matt]4 ,9 ord] to get ov] ! e?ical difficulties pres5t$ by ! naive naturalism ( _m p>ts ( ^? ,scriptures1 9 ! div9e au?ority ( :i* he firmly believ$1 ,philo borr[$ f ! ,/oics 7:o _h be5 9 l /raits 9 respect ( ,greek my?ology71 t great ,excalibur :i* !y _h =g$ ) inf9ite pa9s & skill--! me?od ( allegorical int]pretation4 ,?is mighty two-h&$ eng9e at ! door ( ! !ologian is w>rant$ to make a spe$y end ( any & e moral or intellectual difficulty1 by %[+ t1 tak5 allegorically or1 z x is o!rwise said1 poetically or1 9 a spiritual s5se1 ! pla9e/ words mean :atev] a pi\s int]pret] desires !y %\ld mean4 ,9 ,biblical phrase1 ,z5o 7:o probably _h a /ra9 ( ,semitic blood 9 him7 0 ! fa!r ( all su* z reconcile4 ,no d\bt ,philo & 8 foll[]s 7 em95tly religi\s m52 b !y did endless injury to ! cause ( religion by lay+ ! f\ndations ( a new !ology1 :ile equipp+ ! def5d]s ( x ) ! subtle/ ( all weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce1 & ) an inexhau/ible /ore ( sophi/ical argum5ts ( ! mo/ plausible aspect4 ,! "q ( ! real be>+ ^u !ology ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! tea*+ ( ,philo's contempor>y1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 is "o ^u :i* x is n g]mane to my pres5t purpose to ent]4 ,i take x simply z an unque/ionable fact t 8 imm$iate disciples1 kn[n to _! c\ntrym5 z ,naz>5es1 7 reg>d$ z1 & consid]$ !mselves to be1 p]fectly or?odox ,jews1 belong+ to ! puritanic or ph>isaic section ( _! p1 & diff]+ f ! re/ only 9 _! belief t ! ,messiah _h already come4 ,*ri/ianity1 x is said1 fir/ became cle>ly diff]5tiat$ at ,antio*1 & x sep>at$ itself f or?odox ,judaism by d5y+ ! obligation ( ! rite ( circumcision & ( ! food prohibitions1 prescrib$ by ! law4 ,h5ce=w>d !ology became relatively /ation>y among ! ,jews1 #cd & ! hi/ory ( its rapid progress 9 a new c\rse ( evolution is ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 or?odox & het]odox4 ,! /eps 9 ?is evolution are obvi\s4 ,! fir/ is ! bir? ( a new !ological s*eme aris+ out ( ! union ( elem5ts d]iv$ f ,greek philosophy ) elem5ts d]iv$ f ,israelitic !ology4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,logos1 rais$ to a some:at high] degree ( p]sonification ?an 9 ! ,alex&rian !osophy1 is id5tifi$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,9 ! ,epi/les1 especially ! lat] ( ^? attribut$ to ,paul1 ! ,israelitic ideas ( ! ,messiah & ( sacrificial atonem5t coalesce ) "o ano!r & ) ! embodim5t ( ! ,logos 9 ,jesus1 until ! apo!osis ( ! ,son ( man is almo/1 or q1 effect$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian dogma1 f ,ju/9 to ,a?anasius1 is a record ( cont9ual progress 9 ! same direction1 until ! fair body ( religion1 reveal$ 9 almo/ nak$ purity by ! prophets1 is once m hidd5 "u a new accumulation ( dogmas & ( ritual practices ( :i* ! primitive ,naz>5e knew no?+2 & :i* he w\ld probably h reg>d$ z blasphem\s if he c\ld h be5 made to und]/& !m4 ,z1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ! ages roll on1 poly!ism comes back "u ! disguise ( ,m>iolatry & ! adoration ( sa9ts2 image-wor%ip becomes z rampant z 9 old ,egypt2 adoration ( relics takes ! place ( ! old feti%-wor%ip2 ! virtues ( ! ephod pale be=e ^? ( holy coats & h&k]*iefs2 %r9es & calv>ies make up = ! loss ( ! ark & ( ! high places2 & ev5 ! lu/ral fluid ( paganism is replac$ by holy wat] at ! por*es ( ! temples4 ,a t\*+ c]emony--! common meal orig9ally eat5 9 pi\s memory ( a lov$ tea*]--becomes metamorphos$ into a fle%-&-blood sacrifice1 suppos$ to possess exactly t r$eem+ virtue :i* ! prophets d5i$ to ! fle%-&-blood sacrifices ( _! day2 :ile ! m9ute obs]vance ( ritual is rais$ to a degree ( punctili\s ref9em5t :i* ,levitical legislators might envy4 ,& ) ! gr[? ( ?is !ology1 grew its inevitable concomitant1 ! belief 9 evil spirits1 9 possession1 9 sorc]y1 9 *>ms & om5s1 until ! ,*ri/ians ( ! twelf? c5tury aft] our era 7 sunk 9 m debas$ & brutal sup]/itions ?an are record$ ( ! ,israelites 9 ! twelf? c5tury be=e x4 ,! greate/ m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages are unable to escape ! infection4 ,dante's ,inf]no w\ld be revolt+ if x 7 n s (t5 sublime1 s (t5 exquisitely t5d]4 ,! hide\s pictures :i* cov] a va/ space on ! s\? wall ( ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa convey in=mation1 z t]rible z x is indisputable1 ( ! !ological conceptions ( ,dante's c\ntrym5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ^: eyes 7 address$ by ! pa9t]s ( ^? disgu/+ sc5es1 & ^: approbation !y knew h[ to w94 ,a c&id ,mexican ( ! "t ( ,cortez1 c\ld he h se5 ?is ,*ri/ian burial-place1 w\ld h tak5 x = an appropriately adorn$ ,teocalli4 ,! pr(ess$ disciple ( ! ,god ( ju/ice & ( m]cy might !re gloat ov] ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[m5 depict$ z und]go+ e extremity ( atroci\s & sangu9>y torture to all et]nity1 = !ological errors no less ?an = moral del9qu5cies2 :ile1 9 ! c5tral figure ( ,satan1 #ce occupi$ 9 *amp+ up s\ls 9 8 capaci\s & well-too!d jaws1 to void !m aga9 = ! purpose ( und]go+ fre% suff]+1 we h ! c\nt]p>t ( ! /range ,polynesian & ,egyptian dogma t !re 7 c]ta9 gods :o employ$ !mselves 9 dev\r+ ! gho/ly fle% ( ! ,spirits ( ! dead4 ,b 9 ju/ice to ! ,polynesians1 x mu/ be recollect$ t1 aft] ?ree su* op]ations1 !y ?\ght ! s\l 0 purifi$ & happy4 ,9 ! view ( ! ,*ri/ian !ologian ! op]ation 0 only a prep>ation = new tortures cont9u$ = ev] & aye4 ,) ! gr[? ( civilisation 9 ,europe1 & ) ! revival ( lett]s & ( sci5ce 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! e?ical & intellectual criticism ( !ology once m recomm5c$1 & arriv$ at a tempor>y re/+-place 9 ! confessions ( ! v>i\s re=m$ ,prote/ant sects 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 almo/ all ( :i*1 z soon z !y 7 /rong en\gh1 began to p]secute ^? :o c>ri$ criticism beyond _! own limit4 ,b ! movem5t 0 n arre/$ by ^! ecclesia/ical b>ri]s1 z _! con/ructors fondly imag9$ x w\ld be2 x 0 cont9u$1 tacitly or op5ly1 by ,galileo1 by ,hobbes1 by ,desc>tes1 & especially by ,sp9oza1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 by ! ,engli% ,free?9k]s1 by ,r\sseau1 by ! ,fr5* ,encyclopa$i/s1 & by ! ,g]man ,rationali/s1 among :om ,less+ /&s out a head & %\ld]s tall] ?an ! re/1 ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury2 by ! hi/orians1 ! philolog]s1 ! ,biblical critics1 ! geologi/s1 & ! biologi/s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 until x is obvi\s to all :o c see t ! moral s5se & ! really sci5tific me?od ( seek+ = tru? are once m pr$om9at+ ov] false sci5ce4 ,once m e?ics & !ology are p>t+ company4 ,x is my conviction t1 ) ! spread ( true sci5tific culture1 :atev] may be ! m$ium1 hi/orical1 philological1 philosophical1 or physical1 ?r\gh :i* t culture is convey$1 & ) its necess>y concomitant1 a con/ant elevation ( ! /&>d ( v]acity1 ! end ( ! evolution ( !ology w be l its beg9n+--x w cease to h any relation to e?ics4 ,i suppose t1 s long z ! human m9d exi/s1 x w n escape its deep-seat$ in/9ct to p]sonify its intellectual conceptions4 ,! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day is z full ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( intellectual %ad[-wor%ip z is ! nesci5ce ( ignorant ages4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! philosoph] :o is wor?y ( ! "n kn[s t 8 p]sonifi$ hypo!ses1 su* z law1 & =ce1 & e!r1 & ! l1 are m]ely useful symbols1 :ile ! ignorant & ! c>eless take !m = adequate expressions ( reality4 ,s1 x may be1 t ! majority ( mank9d may f9d ! practice ( morality made easi] by ! use ( !ological symbols4 ,& unless ^! are conv]t$ f symbols into idols1 ,i d n see t sci5ce has any?+ to say to ! practice1 except to give an occasional w>n+ ( its dang]s4 ,b1 :5 su* symbols are dealt ) z real exi/5ces1 ,i ?9k ! highe/ duty :i* is laid ^u m5 ( sci5ce is to %[ t ^! dogmatic idols h no great] value ?an ! fabrications ( m5's h&s1 ! /ocks & ! /ones1 :i* !y h replac$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,ev5 ! mo/ /urdy believ]s 9 ! popul> !ory t ! prop] or titul> names atta*$ to ! books ( ! ,bible are ^? ( _! au?ors w h>dly be prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ,jeph?ah1 ,gideon1 & _! colleagues wrote ! book ( ,judges4 ,nor is x easily admissible t ,samuel wrote ! two books :i* pass "u 8 "n1 "o ( :i* deals entirely ) ev5ts :i* took place aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 fact1 no "o kn[s :o wrote ei!r ,judges or ,samuel1 nor :51 )9 ! range ( #ajj ye>s1 _! pres5t =m 0 giv5 to ^! books4 ,footnote #b3 ,my citations are tak5 f ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 b = ,"l & ,god ,i h sub/itut$ ,jahveh & ,elohim4 ,footnote #c3 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i dep5d ^u au?oritative ,biblical critics1 :5ev] a "q ( int]pretation ( ! text arises4 ,z ,reuss appe>s to me to be "o ( ! mo/ le>n$1 acute1 & fair-m9d$ ( ^? ^: works ,i h /udi$1 ,i h made mo/ use ( ! comm5t>y & diss]tations 9 8 spl5did ,fr5* edition ( ! ,bible4 ,b ,i h also _h rec\rse to ! works ( ,dillman1 ,kalis*1 ,ku551 ,!nius1 ,tu*1 & o!rs1 9 cases 9 :i* ano!r op9ion seem$ desirable4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,div9ation1 by ,hazoral1 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropology1 ,bombay1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #e3 ,see1 = example1 ! message ( ,jeph?ah to ! ,k+ ( ! ,ammonites3 ,s n[ ,jahveh1 ! ,elohim ( ,israel1 ha? dispossess$ ! ,amorites f be=e 8 p ,israel1 & %\lde/ ?\ possess !m8 ,wilt n ?\ possess t :i* ,*emo%1 ?y ,elohim1 give? !e to possess8 7,jud4 xi4 #bc1 #bd74 ,= ,jeph?ah1 ,*emo% is obvi\sly z real a p]sonage z ,jahveh4 ,footnote #f3 ,= example3 ,my oblation1 my food = my (f]+s made by fire1 ( a sweet sav\r to me1 %all ye obs]ve to (f] unto me 9 _! due season 7,num4 xxviii4 #b74 ,footnote #g3 ,9 #b ,samuel xv4 #bg ,david says to ,zadok ! prie/1 ,art ?\ n a se]8 & ,gad is call$ ,david's se]4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is w\ld at fir/ appe> to be inconsi/5t ) ! use ( ! ^w prophetess = ,deborah4 ,b x does n foll[ because ! writ] ( ,judges applies ! "n to ,deborah t x 0 us$ 9 h] day4 ,footnote #i3 ,samuel tells ! cook1 ,br+ ! potion :i* ,i gave !e1 ( :i* ,i said to !e1 ,set x by !e4 ,x 0 !re=e ,samuel's to give4 ,& ! cook took up ! ?igh 7or %\ld]7 & t :i* 0 ^u x & set x be=e ,saul4 ,b1 9 ! ,levitical regulations1 x is ! ?igh 7or %\ld]7 :i* becomes ! prie/'s own prop]ty4 ,& ! "r ?igh 7or %\ld]7 %all ye give unto ! prie/ = an heave-(f]+1 :i* is giv5 along ) ! wave brea/ unto ,a>on ! prie/ & unto 8 sons z a due = ev] f ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7,lev4 vii4 #ca-cd74 ,reuss writes on ?is passage3 ,la cuisse n'e/ po9t agitee1 mais simplem5t prelevee sur ce que les convives mang]ont4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see1 = example1 ,elkanah's sacrifice1 #a ,sam4 i4 #c-i4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! gho/ 0 n suppos$ to be capable ( dev\r+ ! gross mat]ial sub/ance ( ! (f]+2 b 8 vapor\s body appropriat$ ! smoke ( ! burnt sacrifice1 ! visible & odor\s exhalations ( o!r (f]+s4 ,! blood ( ! victim 0 p>ticul>ly useful because x 0 ?\ght to be ! special seat ( its s\l or life4 ,a ,we/ ,african negro repli$ to an ,european sceptic3 ,( c\rse1 ! _s _c eat corporeal food1 b he extracts its spiritual "p1 &1 z we see1 leaves ! mat]ial "p beh9d 7,lipp]t1 ,seel5cult1 p4 #af74 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is fur!r well wor? consid]ation :e!r indications ( =m] ance/or-wor%ip are n to be f\nd 9 ! s+ul> weight atta*$ to ! v5]ation ( p>5ts 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t4 ,x is ! only positive comm&m5t1 9 addition to ^? respect+ ! ,deity & t conc]n+ ! ,sabba?1 & ! p5alties = infr++ x 7 ( ! same "*4 ,9 ,*9a1 a correspond+ rev]5ce = p>5ts is "p & p>cel ( ance/or-wor%ip2 s 9 anci5t ,rome & 9 ,greece 7:]e p>5ts 7 ev5 call$ second>y & e>?ly74 ,! fif? comm&m5t1 z x /&s1 w\ld be an excell5t compromise betwe5 ance/or-wor%ip & mono!ism4 ,! l>g] h]$it>y %>e allott$ by ,israelitic law to ! elde/ son rem9ds "o ( ! privileges atta*$ to primog5iture 9 anci5t ,rome1 :i* 7 closely connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip4 ,!re is a good deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! speculation t ! ark ( ! cov5ant may h be5 a relic ( ance/or-wor%ip2 b t topic is too l>ge to be dealt ) incid5tally 9 ?is place ,footnote #ac3 ,! ,sci5tific ,aspects ( ,positivism1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahfi1 republi%$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons4 ,footnote #ad3 ,o,euvres de ,bossuet1 ed4 #ahjh1 t4 xxxv4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ae3 ,i %\ld l fur!r to add ! expression ( my indebt$ness to two works by ,h]r ,julius ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult 9 se95 ,beziehung5 zur alt-hebrais*5 ,religion & ,die ,religion5 d] europais*5 ,culturvolk]1 bo? pubi%$ 9 #ahha4 ,i h f\nd !m full ( valuable sugge/ions4 ,footnote #af3 ,see among o!rs ! rem>kable "w ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cite antique1 9 :i* ! social importance ( ! old ,roman ance/or-wor%ip is br\ght out ) great cle>ness4 ,footnote #ag3 ,suppos$ to be ! f9] or m a]i=m "p ( ! body1 /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! body z ! p]fume & ! m ess5tial qualities ( a fl[] d to ! m solid sub/ances 7,m>9]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg74 ,footnote #ah3 ,a k9d ( cli5ts 9 ! ,roman s5se4 ,footnote #ai3 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ,greek among ! ,greeks1 & ,deus among ! ,romans1 _h ! same wide signification4 ,! dii manes 7 gho/s ( ance/ors,atuas ( ! family4 ,footnote #bj3 ,voyages aux iles du ,gr& ,ocean1 t4 i4 p4 #dhb4 ,footnote #ba3 ,te ,ika a ,maui3 ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e3 ,& ,samuel said unto ,saul1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me8 7,i ,sam4 xxviii4 l#e7 ,footnote #bc3 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see ,lipp]t's excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #be3 ,sciography has ! au?ority ( ,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hcf4 ,sciomancy ,greek1 :i*1 9 ! s5se ( div9ation by gho/s1 may be f\nd 9 ,bailey's ,diction>y 7#agea3 also furni%es a prec$5t = my co9age4 ,footnote #bf3 ,kami is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,elohim2 & is also1 l our ^w ,"l1 employ$ z a title ( respect among m51 z inde$ ,elohim 04 ,footnote #bg3 ,! ,assyrians ?us rais$ ,assur to a position ( pre-em95ce4 ,footnote #bh3 ,i ref] ^? :o wi% to "k ! reasons :i* lead me to take up ?is position to ! works ( ,reuss & ,wellhaus51 & especially to ,/ade's ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel4 ,footnote #bi3 ,buns54 ,egypt's ,place1 vol4 v4 p4#abi1 note4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,bir*1 9 ,egypt's ,place1 vol4 v2 & ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ev5 by ,graetz1 :o1 ?\gh a fair en\gh hi/orian1 _c be accus$ ( any desire to ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ,egyptian influ5ce ^u 8 p4 ,footnote #cb3 ,graetz1 ,ges*i*te d] ,jud51 ,bd4 i4 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ! c>eful analsyis ( ! "w ( ! ,alex&rian philosoph] & !ologian 7:o1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 0 a mo/ dev\t ,jew1 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by 8 c\ntrym57 9 ,siegfri$'s ,philo von ,alex&ri51 #ahge4 7,also ,dr4 ,j4 ,drummond's ,philo ,judaeus1 #ahhh47 ,footnote #cd3 ,i am n unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( _m & widely div]g5t sects & s*ools among ! ,jews at all p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 s9ce ! disp]sion4 ,b ,i imag9e t or?odox ,judaism is n[ pretty mu* :at x 0 9 ,philo's "t2 :ile ,pet] & ,paul1 if !y c\ld return to life1 w\ld c]ta9ly h to le>n ! cate*ism ( ei!r ! ,roman1 ,greek1 or ,anglican ,*ur*es1 if !y desir$ to be consid]$ or?odox ,*ri/ians4 ,footnote #ce3 ,dante's description ( ,lucif] engag$ 9 ! et]nal ma/ication ( ,brutus1 ,cassius1 & ,judas ,isc>iot-- ,da ogni bocca dirompea co' d5ti ,un peccatore1 a guisa di maciulla1 ,si *e tre ne facea cos dol5ti4 ,a quel d9anzi il mord]e era nulla1 ,v]so 'l graffi>1 *e tal volta la s*i5a ,rimanea della pelle tutta brulla-- is q 9 h>mony ) ! ,pisan picture & p]fectly ,polynesian 9 conception4