,,! ,,map ,,( ,,life 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,lecky4 ,,hi/ory ( ,,engl& 9 ! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,libr>y ,edition4 #hvo4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #agjj-agfj4 #cfs4 ,vols4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 #agfj-aghd4 #cfs4 ,vols4 ,v4 & ,,vi4 #aghd-agic4 #cfs4 ,vols4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 #agic-ahjj4 #cfs4 ,cab9et ,edition4 ,,engl&4 #g vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ea*4 ,,irel&4 #e vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ea*4 ,! ,,hi/ory ( ,,european ,,morals f ,,augu/us to ,,*>lemagne4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,,hi/ory ( ! ,,rise & ,,influ5ce ( ! ,,_s ( ,,rationalism 9 ,,europe4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,,democracy & ,,lib]ty4 ,libr>y ,edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #cfs4 ,cab9et ,edition4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,,! ,,map ,,( ,,life3 ,conduct & ,"*4 ,libr>y ,edition4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,cab9et ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,poems4 ,fcp4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 #ci ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 & ,bombay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,map ,,( ,,life ,conduct & ,"* by ,,william ,,edw>d ,,h>tpole ,,lecky ',la vie n'e/ pas un plaisir ni une d\leur1 mais une affaire grave dont n\s sommes *>gs1 et qu'il faut conduire et t]m9] notre honneur' ,,tocqueville ,new ,impression ,longmans1 ,gre51 & ,co4 #ci ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london ,new ,york & ,bombay #aijd ,all rights res]v$ ,bibliographical ,note4 ,fir/ pr9t$1 #hvo1 ,septemb] #ahii4 ,repr9t$ ,novemb] #ahii2 ,decemb] #ahii2 ,janu>y #aijj 7) corrections74 ,cab9et ,edition1 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,febru>y #aija4 ,repr9t$ ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,july1 #aijd ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,h[ f> reason+ on happ9ess is ( any use #a ,! argum5ts ( ! ,det]m9i/ #b ,! argum5ts = free w #c ,securus judicat orbis t]r>um #e ,,*apt] ,,ii ,happ9ess a condition ( m9d & (t5 confus$ ) ! means ( atta9+ x #g ,circum/ances & "* contribute to x 9 diff]5t degrees #g ,religion1 ,/oicism1 & ,ea/]n nations seek x ma9ly by act+ on disposition #g ,s5sational philosophies & indu/rial & progressive nations seek x *iefly 9 improv$ circum/ances #h ,engli% "* #h ,action ( ! body on happ9ess #aj ,influ5ce ( pr$ispositions 9 reason+s on life #ab ,promotion ( heal? by legislation1 fa%ion & self-culture #ab ,slight causes ( life failures #ad ,effects ( sanit>y re=m #ad ,dim9i%$ disease does n always imply a high] level ( heal? #ae ,two causes depress+ heal? #af ,encroa*m5ts on lib]ty 9 sanit>y legislation #af ,sanit>y education--its *ief articles--its possible exagg]ation #ag ,con/ant ?\ght ab\t heal? n ! way to atta9 x #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii ,"s g5]al rules ( happ9ess--#a4 ,a life full ( "w4--,happ9ess %\ld n be ! ma9 object ( pursuit #ai ,c>lyle on ,ennui #bj #b4 ,aim r at avoid+ suff]+ ?an atta9+ pleasure #ba #c4 ,! greate/ pleasures & pa9s 9 sph]es accessible to all #bb #d4 ,importance & difficulty ( realis+ our bless+s :ile !y la/ #bd ,comp>ison & contra/ #bf ,cont5t n ! quality ( progressive societies #bg ,! problem ( balanc+ cont5t & ! desire = progress #bh ,:at civilisation c d = happ9ess #bh ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! relation ( morals to happ9ess4--,! ,utilit>ian ju/ification ( virtue insuffici5t #cj ,p[] ( man to aim at some?+ diff]5t f & high] ?an happ9ess #cb ,g5]al co9cid5ce ( duty & happ9ess #cc ,! creation ( unselfi% int]e/s "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( happ9ess #cd ,burke on a well-ord]$ life #ce ,improvem5t ( "* m )9 our p[] ?an improvem5t ( intellect #cf ,high moral qualities (t5 g ) l[ intellectual p[] #cf ,dang]s atta*+ to ! unselfi% side ( our nature4--,active *>ity p]sonally sup]vis$ lea/ subject to abuse #cg ,disproportion$ compassion #ch ,treatm5t ( animals #da ,,*apt] ,v ,*anges ( morals *iefly 9 ! proportionate value atta*$ to diff]5t virtues #dd ,milit>y1 civic1 & intellectual virtues #dd ,! m$ival type #de ,modifications introduc$ by ,prote/antism #dg ,bossuet & ,l\is ,,xiv4 #dh ,p]secution4--,op]ations at *ildbir?4--,usury #ej ,e great religion & philosophic sy/em produces or fav\rs a di/9ct moral type #ea ,v>iations 9 moral judgm5ts #ea ,complexity ( moral influ5ces ( mod]n times4--,! indu/rial type #ec ,qualifi$ by o!r influ5ces #ed ,unnecess>y suff]+ #eg ,goe!'s exposition ( mod]n morals #eh ,morals hi!rto too mu* treat$ negatively #ei ,possibility ( an ov]-s5sitive consci5ce #fj ,increas$ s5se ( ! obligations ( an active life #fa ,,*apt] ,,vi ,9 ! guidance ( life action m important ?an pure reason+ #fb ,! en=cem5t ( active duty n[ specially ne$$ #fb ,temptations to luxuri\s idl5ess #fc ,rectification ( false ideals4--,! conqu]or #fd ,! luxury ( o/5tation #fd ,glorification ( ! demi-monde #ff ,/udy ( ideals #fg ,! human m9d m capable ( di/+ui%+ "r f wrong ?an ( measur+ m]it & dem]it #fg ,fallibility ( moral judgm5ts #fh ,rules = moral judgm5t #gc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! s*ool ( ,r\sseau consid]s man by nature :olly good #gf ,o!r s*ools ma9ta9 t he is absolutely deprav$ #gf ,exagg]ations ( ^! s*ools #gh ,! re/ra9+ consci5ce di/9ctively human4--,comp>ison ) ! animals #gi ,reality ( human depravity4--,illu/rat$ by w> #ha ,l>ge am\nt ( pure malevol5ce4--,political crime4--,! press #hc ,m5dacity 9 f9ance #he ,! sane view ( human "* #hf ,we le>n ) age to value re/ra9ts1 to expect mod]ately & value compromise #hf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,moral compromise a necessity 9 life4--,/atem5t ( ,newman #hh ,impossibility ( act+ on x #hh ,moral consid]ations ?\gh ! highe/ mu/ n absorb all o!rs #ij ,tru?fulness--cases 9 :i* x may be dep>t$ f #ia ,moral compromise 9 w> ,w> necess>ily /imulates ! malevol5t passions & practises deception #ib ,rights ( w> 9 e>ly /ages ( civilisation #ic ,di/9ction betwe5 ,greeks & ,b>b>ians #id ,roman morali/s insi/$ on j causes ( w> & on =mal decl>ation #ie ,treatm5t ( prison]s4--,combatants & non-combatants #ie ,treatm5t ( private prop]ty #if ,lawful & unlawful me?ods ( conduct+ w> #if ,abdication by ! soldi] ( private judgm5t & free w #ih ,di/9ctions & compromises #ii ,cases 9 :i* ! milit>y oa? may be brok54--,illegal ord]s #ajj ,violation ( religi\s obligations4--,! ,sepoy mut9y #aja ,! ,italian conscript4--,f5ians 9 ! ,briti% army #ajd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,moral compromise 9 ! law ,:at advocates may & may n d #ajh ,inevitable temptations ( ! pr(ession #aji ,its condemnation by ,swift1 ,arnold1 ,macaulay1 ,b5?am #aji ,its def5ce by ,paley1 ,johnson1 ,basil ,montagu #aaj ,h[ f> a lawy] may support a bad case4--,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,ca?olic casui/s #aaa ,sir ,mat!w ,hale4--,g5]al cu/om 9 ,engl& #aac ,di/9ction betwe5 ! etiquette ( prosecution & ( def5ce #aac ,! case ( ,c\rvoisi] #aad ,/atem5t ( ,"l ,br\gham #aae ,! lic5se ( cross-exam9ation4--,te*nicalities defeat+ ju/ice #aaf ,advantage ( trial by jury #aai ,necessity ( ! pr(ession ( advocate #aai ,moral compromise 9 politics ,necessity ( p>ty #abj ,h[ f> consci5ti\s diff]5ces %\ld impair p>ty allegiance #aba ,l9es ( conduct adopt$ :5 su* diff]5ces arise #aba ,p>liam5t>y ob/ruction #abc ,moral difficulties insep>able f p>ty #abd ,evil ( extreme view ( p>ty allegiance4--,gov]nm5t & ! ,opposition #abe ,relations ( memb]s to _! con/itu5ts #abg ,votes giv5 )\t adequate k #aca ,dim9i%$ p[] ( ! private memb] #acd ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,/atesman ,duty ( a /atesman :5 ! int]e/s & wi%es ( 8 nation conflict #acf ,nature & ext5t ( political tru/ee%ip #acg ,temp]ance que/ions #ach ,legitimate & illegitimate "t-s]v+ #ada ,education que/ions #ada ,inconsi/5cy 9 politics--h[ f> x %\ld be condemn$ #adg ,! conduct ( ,peel 9 #ahbi & #ahde #adh ,! conduct ( ,disraeli 9 #ahfg #adi ,diff]5t degrees ( weight to be atta*$ to p>ty consid]ations #aea ,temptations to w> #aec ,temptations ( ari/ocratic & ( democratic gov]nm5ts #aee ,necessity ( assimilat+ legislation #aeg ,legislation violat+ contracts4--,iri% l& legislation #aeh ,que/ions =c$ into prom95ce = p>ty objects #afd ,! judgm5t ( public s]vants :o h committ$ indef5sible acts #afe ,! ,fr5* c\p d'tat ( #ahea #aff ,judgm5ts pass$ ^u x #agg ,probable multiplication ( c\ps d'tat #ahb ,gov]nor ,eyre #ahd ,! ,jameson raid #ahe ,h[ /atesm5 %\ld deal ) political misde$s #aij ,! /&>d ( int]national morals--que/ions connect$ ) x #aia ,! e?ics ( annexation #aie ,political morals & public op9ion #aif ,,*apt] ,,xi ,moral compromise 9 ! ,*ur* ,difficulties ( reconcil+ old =mul>ies ) *ang$ beliefs #aih ,cause ( "s great revolutions ( belief4--,! ,cop]nican sy/em4--,discov]y ( ,newton #aih ,! antiquity ( ! _w1 ( dea?1 & ( man #bjj ,! ,d>w9ian !ory #bja ,comp>ative my?ology4--,biblical criticism4--,sci5tific habits ( ?\ght #bja ,g5]al incorporation ( new ideas into ! ,*ur* #bjd ,gr[? ( ! sac]dotal _s #bjd ,! two !ories ( ! ,re=mation #bje ,mod]n ,ritualism #baj ,its v>i\s elem5ts ( attraction #baa ,div]sity ( tea*+ has n enfeebl$ ! ,*ur* #bac ,its lit]>y activity4--,pro(s t ! ,*ur* is 9 t\* ) educat$ laym5 #bad ,its political influ5ce--h[ f> ?is is a te/ ( vitality #bah ,its influ5ce on education #bai ,its spiritual influ5ce #bbj ,h[ f> cl]gym5 :o diss5t f p>ts ( its !ology c rema9 )9 x #bba ,newman on a ,latitud9>ian e/abli%m5t #bbc ,obligations impos$ on ! cl]gy by ! fact ( ,e/abli%m5t #bbd ,attitude ( laym5 t[>ds ! ,*ur* #bbe ,increas+ s5se ( ! relativity ( belief #bbf ,?is t5d5cy /r5g!ns ) age #bbg ,! conflict betwe5 belief & scepticism #bbi ,p[] ( religion to und]go trans=mation #bbi ,probable influ5ce ( ! sac]dotal _s on ! ,*ur* #bca ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,"* ,a s\nd judgm5t ( our own *>act]s ess5tial to moral improvem5t #bce ,analogies betwe5 "* & ta/e #bcf ,! /ronge/ desire g5]ally prevails1 b desires may be modifi$ #bch ,passions & habits #bci ,exagg]at$ reg>d = ! future4--,a happy *ildhood #bci ,*oice ( pleasures4--,a?letic games #bdj ,! intellectual pleasures #bdb ,_! t5d5cy to enhance o!r pleasures4--,importance ( specialisation #bdc ,& ( judici\s selection #bdc ,education may act specially on ! desires or on ! w #bde ,mod]n education & t5d5cies ( ! =m] k9d #bde ,old ,ca?olic tra9+ ma9ly ( ! w4--,its effects #bdg ,anglo-,saxon types 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury #bdh ,caprici\sness ( willp[]--h]oism (t5 succumbs to vice #bdi ,c\rage--its v>ieties & inconsi/5cies #bej ,! circum/ances ( life ! s*ool ( w4--,its place 9 "* #bea ,dang]s ( an e>ly compet5ce4--,*oice ( "w #beb ,*oice ( fri5ds4--,effect ( e>ly fri5d%ip on "* #bed ,ma/]y ( w ov] ?\ghts4--,its intellectual importance #bee ,its importance 9 moral culture #bee ,great diff]5ce among m5 9 ?is respect #bef ,means ( gov]n+ ?\ght #beh ,! dream p[]--its great place 9 life #beh ,especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( humanity #bfa ,moral safety valves--dang] ( inv5t+ unreal crimes #bfb ,"* ( ! ,engli% g5tleman #bff ,diff]5t ways ( treat+ temptation #bff ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,money ,h5ry ,taylor on its relation to "* #bfh ,diff]5ce betwe5 real & pr(ess$ beliefs ab\t money #bfh ,its relation to happ9ess 9 diff]5t grades ( life #bfi ,! co/ ( pleasures #bge ,lives ( ! millionaires #bha ,lead]s ( ,society #bhd ,! great speculator #bhg ,exp5diture 9 *>ity4--,rules = regulat+ x #bhh ,advantages & disadvantages ( a l>ge v weal?y class 9 a nation #bib ,directions 9 :i* philan?ropic exp5diture may be be/ turn$ #bif ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,m>riage ,its importance & ! motives t lead to x #cjj ,! moral & intellectual qualities x specially dem&s #cjb ,duty to ! unborn4--,improvid5t m>riages #cje ,! doctr9e ( h]$ity & its consequ5ces #cjf ,religi\s celibacy #cjh ,m>riages ( dissimil> types (t5 peculi>ly happy #cji ,m>riages result+ f a common weakness #caj ,indep5d5t sph]es 9 m>riage4--,effect on "* #caa ,! age ( m>riage #cab ,increas$ indep5d5ce ( wom5 #cad ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,success ,success dep5ds m on "* ?an on intellect #caf ,especially t accessible to mo/ m5 & mo/ conducive to happ9ess #cag ,/r5g? ( w1 tact & judgm5t4--,n always jo9$ #cag ,_! comb9ation a great elem5t ( success #cah ,good nature #cai ,tact3 its nature & its importance #cbj ,its intellectual & moral aff9ities #cbc ,value ( good society 9 cultivat+ x4--,newman's description ( a g5tleman #cbd ,disp>ities betwe5 m]it & success #cbf ,success n univ]sally desir$ #cbf ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,"t ,rebellion ( human nature aga9/ ! ess5tial conditions ( life #cbh ,"t '! /uff ( life' #ccj ,v>i\s ways ( treat+ x #ccj ,increas$ int5sity ( life #cca ,sleep #ccb ,app>5t inequalities ( "t #cce ,! t5ure ( life n too %ort #ccg ,old age #cda ,! gr[+ love ( re/4--,h[ "t %\ld be reg>d$ #cda ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,end ,dea? t]rible *iefly ?r\gh its accessories #cdc ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ideas ab\t x #cdd ,premature dea? #cdi ,h[ easily ! fe> ( dea? is ov]come #cea ,! true way ( reg>d+ x #ceb ,,! ,,map ,,( ,,life ,,*apt] ,i ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions t mu/ naturally occur to e writ] :o deals ) ! subject ( ?is book is1 :at influ5ce m]e discussion & reason+ c h 9 promot+ ! happ9ess ( m54 ,! circum/ances ( our lives & ! dispositions ( our *>act]s ma9ly det]m9e ! measure ( happ9ess we enjoy1 & m]e argum5t ab\t ! causes ( happ9ess & unhapp9ess c d little to affect !m4 ,x is impossible to read ! _m books t h be5 writt5 on ^! subjects )\t feel+ h[ l>gely !y consi/ ( m]e s\nd+ g5]alities :i* ! smalle/ exp]i5ce %[s to be p]fectly impot5t 9 ! face ( "s real & acute sorr[1 & x is equally impossible to obta9 any s]i\s k ( ! _w )\t p]ceiv+ t a l>ge proportion ( ! happie/ lives & *>act]s are to be f\nd :]e introspection1 self-analysis & reason+s ab\t ! good & evil ( life hold ! smalle/ place4 ,happ9ess1 inde$1 l heal?1 is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* m5 r>ely ?9k except :5 x is impair$1 & mu* t has be5 writt5 on ! subject has be5 writt5 "u ! /ress ( "s great depression4 ,su* writ]s are l ! man 9 ,hog>?'s picture occupy+ himself 9 ! debtors' prison ) plans = ! paym5t ( ! ,national ,debt4 ,!re are mom5ts :5 all ( u feel ! =ce ( ! words ( ,voltaire3 ',travaillons sans raisonn]1 c'e/ le seul moy5 de r5dre la vie supportable4' ,t !re is mu* tru? 9 su* consid]ations is inconte/able1 & x is only )9 a re/rict$ sph]e t ! prov9ce ( reason+ ext5ds4 ,man comes into ! _w ) m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics :i* he c only v imp]fectly influ5ce1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! ext]nal circum/ances ( 8 life lie :olly or ma9ly beyond 8 control4 ,at ! same "t1 e "o recognises ! p[] ( skill1 indu/ry & p]sev]ance to modify surr\nd+ circum/ances2 ! p[] ( temp]ance & prud5ce to /r5g!n a naturally weak con/itution1 prolong life1 & dim9i% ! *ances ( disease2 ! p[] ( education & private /udy to develop1 %>p5 & employ to ! be/ advantage our intellectual faculties4 ,e "o also recognises h[ l>ge a "p ( ! unhapp9ess ( mo/ m5 may be directly trac$ to _! own volunt>y & delib]ate acts4 ,! p[] ea* man possesses 9 ! education & managem5t ( 8 "*1 & especially 9 ! cultivation ( ! dispositions & t5d5cies :i* mo/ l>gely contribute to happ9ess1 is less recognis$ & is p]haps less ext5sive1 b x is n less real4 ,! et]nal "q ( free w & det]m9ism "h naturally meets u1 b on su* a subject x is idle to suppose t a mod]n writ] c d m ?an def9e ! "q & /ate 8 own side4 ,! ,det]m9i/ says t ! real "q is n :e!r a man c d :at he desires1 b :e!r he c d :at he does n desire2 :e!r ! w c act )\t a motive2 :e!r t motive c 9 ! la/ analysis be o!r ?an ! /ronge/ pleasure4 ,! illusion ( free w1 he ma9ta9s1 is only due to ! conflict ( our motives4 ,"u _m =ms & disguises pleasure & pa9 h an absolute empire ov] conduct4 ,! w is no?+ m ?an ! la/ & /ronge/ desire2 or x is l a piece ( iron surr\nd$ by magnets & necess>ily drawn by ! mo/ p[]ful2 or 7z has be5 +5i\sly imag9$7 l a wea!rcock1 consci\s ( its own motion1 b n consci\s ( ! w9ds t are mov+ x4 ,! law ( compulsory causation applies to ! _w ( m9d z truly z to ! _w ( matt]4 ,h]$ity & ,circum/ance make u :at we are4 ,our actions are ! inevitable result ( ! m5tal & moral con/itutions ) :i* we came into ! _w1 op]at$ on by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! support]s ( free w1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9 t x is a fact ( consci\sness t !re is a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! ,w & ! ,desires1 & t al?\gh !y are closely connect$ no s\nd analysis w confuse !m4 ,col]idge +5i\sly comp>$ _! relations to '! co-in/antane\s yet reciprocal action ( ! air & ! vital en]gy ( ! lungs 9 brea?+4'#a ,if ! w is p[]fully act$ on by ! desires1 x has also 9 its turn a p[] ( act+ ^u !m1 & x is n a m]e slave to pleasure & pa94 ,! support]s ( ?is view ma9ta9 t x is a fact ( ! pla9e/ consci\sness t we c d ?+s :i* we d n l2 t we c susp5d ! =ce ( imp]i\s desires1 resi/ ! bias ( our nature1 pursue = ! sake ( duty ! c\rse :i* gives lea/ pleasure )\t d]iv+ or expect+ f x any pleasure1 & select at a giv5 mom5t betwe5 alt]nate c\rses4 ,!y ma9ta9 t :5 v>i\s motives pass be=e ! m9d1 ! m9d reta9s a p[] ( *oos+ & judg+1 ( accept+ & reject+2 t x c by =ce ( reason or by =ce ( imag9ation br+ "o motive into prom95ce1 conc5trat+ its att5tion on x & ?us int5sify+ its p[]2 t x has a correspond+ p[] ( resi/+ o!r motives1 driv+ !m into ! backgr\nd & ?us gradually dim9i%+ _! =ce2 t ! w itself becomes /rong] by ex]cise1 z ! desires d by indulg5ce4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! w & ! desires1 ! reality ( self-re/ra9t & ! p[] ( ,w to modify "*1 are among ! mo/ famili> facts ( moral life4 ,9 ! words ( ,burke1 ',x is ! pr]ogative ( man to be 9 a great degree a creature ( 8 own mak+4' ,!re are m5 ^: :ole lives are sp5t 9 will+ "o ?+ & desir+ ! opposite1 & all morality dep5ds ^u ! supposition t we h at lea/ "s fre$om ( *oice betwe5 good & evil4 ',i ought1' z ,kant says1 necess>ily implies ',i c4' ,! feel+ ( moral responsibility is an ess5tial "p ( heal?y & develop$ human nature1 & x inevitably presupposes free w4 ,! be/ argum5t 9 its fav\r is t x is impossible really to disbelieve x4 ,no human be+ c prev5t himself f view+ c]ta9 acts ) an indignation1 %ame1 remorse1 res5tm5t1 gratitude1 en?usiasm1 praise or blame1 :i* w\ld be p]fectly unmean+ & irrational if ^! acts c\ld n h be5 avoid$4 ,we c h no high] evid5ce on ! subject ?an is d]iv$ f ?is fact4 ,x is impossible to expla9 ! my/]y ( free w1 b until a man ceases to feel ^! emotions he has n succe$$ 9 disbeliev+ 9 x4 ,! feel+s ( all m5 & ! vocabul>ies ( all languages atte/ ! univ]sality ( ! belief4 ,newman1 9 a well-kn[n passage 9 8 ',apologia1' describes ! imm5se effect :i* ! s5t5ce ( ,augu/9e1 ',securus judicat orbis t]r>um1' _h ^u 8 op9ions 9 det]m9+ him to embrace ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! =ce ( ?is consid]ation 9 relation to ! subject to :i* ,dr4 ,newman ref]s does n appe> to h great weight4 ,x means only t at a "t :5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* includ$ b a small fraction ( ! human race2 :5 all que/ions ( or?odoxy or ! rev]se 7 practically 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/hood2 :5 ignorance1 cr$ulity & sup]/ition 7 at _! height & ! habits ( indep5d5ce & imp>tiality ( judgm5t runn+ v l[2 & :5 e k9d ( viol5t p]secution 0 direct$ aga9/ ^? :o diss5t$ f ! prevail+ dogmas1--c]ta9 c\ncils ( prie/s f\nd x possible to atta9 unanimity on su* que/ions z ! two natures 9 ,*ri/ or ! relations ( ! ,p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity1 & to expel f ! ,*ur* ^? :o diff]$ f _! views1 & t ! once =midable sects :i* held slightly diff]5t op9ions ab\t ^! inscrutable relations gradually fad$ away4 ,su* an unanimity on su* subjects & atta9$ by su* me?ods does n appe> to me to c>ry ) x any ov]:elm+ =ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 numb] ( beliefs t are n susceptible ( demon/rative pro(1 & :i* mu/ always re/ ess5tially on ! univ]sal ass5t ( mank9d4 ,su* is ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,su*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 diff]5t f & high] ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 pleasure & pa91 & subsi/+ 9 all human nature 9 spite ( great div]sities ( op9ion ab\t ! acts & qualities t are compris$ 9 ei!r category2 & su* also is ! k9dr$ belief 9 a self-det]m9+ w4 ,if m5 cont5d t ^! ?+s are m]e illusions & t _! faculties are n to be tru/$1 x w no d\bt be difficult or impossible to refute !m2 b a scepticism ( ?is k9d has no real influ5ce on ei!r conduct or feel+4 ,,footnote3 #a ,aids to ,reflection1 p4 #fh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,m5 cont9ually =get t ,happ9ess is a condition ( ,m9d & n a disposition ( circum/ances1 & "o ( ! mo/ common ( errors is t ( confus+ happ9ess ) ! means ( happ9ess1 sacrific+ ! fir/ = ! atta9m5t ( ! second4 ,x is ! error ( ! mis]1 :o beg9s by seek+ money = ! enjoym5t x procures & ends by mak+ ! m]e acquisition ( money 8 sole object1 pursu+ x to ! sacrifice ( all rational ends & pleasures4 ,circum/ances & ,"* bo? contribute to ,happ9ess1 b ! proportionate att5tion paid to "o or o!r ( ^! great dep>tm5ts n only v>ies l>gely ) diff]5t individuals1 b also ) diff]5t nations & 9 diff]5t ages4 ,?us ,religion acts ma9ly 9 ! =mation ( dispositions1 & x is especially 9 ?is field t its be>+ on human happ9ess %\ld be judg$4 ,x influ5ces1 x is true1 va/ly & v>i\sly ! ext]nal circum/ances ( life1 b its *ief p[] ( com=t+ & support+ lies 9 its direct & imm$iate action ^u ! human s\l4 ,! same ?+ is true ( "s sy/ems ( philosophy ( :i* ,/oicism is ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! p>adox ( ! ,/oic t good & evil are s entirely f )9 t to a wise man all ext]nal circum/ances are indiff]5t1 repres5ts ?is view ( life 9 its extreme =m4 ,its m mod]ate =m c h>dly be bett] express$ ?an 9 ! say+ ( ,dugald ,/ew>t t '! great secret ( happ9ess is to /udy to accommodate our own m9ds to ?+s ext]nal r ?an to accommodate ?+s ext]nal to ourselves4'#b ,x is em95tly ! *>act]i/ic ( ,ea/]n nations to place _! ideals ma9ly 9 /ates ( m9d or feel+ r ?an 9 *anges ( circum/ances1 & 9 su* nations m5 are mu* less desir\s ?an 9 ,european c\ntries ( alt]+ ! p]man5t conditions ( _! lives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t5d5cy ( ^? philosophies :i* treat man--8 op9ions & 8 "*--ess5tially z ! result ( circum/ances1 & :i* aggr&ise ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal _w ^u mank9d1 is 9 ! opposite direction4 ,all ! s5sational philosophies f ,bacon & ,locke to our own day t5d to conc5trate att5tion on ! ext]nal circum/ances & conditions ( happ9ess4 ,& ! same t5d5cy w be naturally f\nd 9 ! mo/ active1 indu/rial & progressive nations2 :]e life is v full & busy2 :]e its competitions are mo/ ke52 :]e sci5tific discov]ies are rapidly multiply+ pleasures or dim9i%+ pa9s2 :]e t[n life ) its con/ant hurry & *ange is ! mo/ prom95t4 ,9 su* sph]es m5 naturally incl9e to seek happ9ess f )\t r ?an f )91 or1 9 o!r words1 to seek x mu* less by act+ directly on ! m9d & "* ?an ?r\gh ! indirect me?od ( improv$ circum/ances4 ,engli% "* on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic is an em95tly objective "o--a "* 9 :i* ?\ghts1 int]e/s & emotions are mo/ habitually ?r[n on t :i* is )\t4 ,introspection & self-analysis are n cong5ial to x4 ,no "o c comp>e ,engli% life ) life ev5 9 ! ,cont95tal nations :i* occupy ! same rank 9 civilisation )\t p]ceiv+ h[ mu* less ,engli%m5 are accu/om$ ei!r to dwell ^u _! emotions or to give free latitude to _! expression4 ,retic5ce & self-re/ra9t are ! lessons mo/ con/antly inculcat$4 ,! :ole tone ( society fav\rs x4 ,9 times ( great sorr[ a degree ( %ame is atta*$ to demon/rations ( grief :i* 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld be deem$ p]fectly natural4 ,! disposition to dilate ^u & p]petuate an old grief by protract$ m\rn+s1 by c>efully obs]v$ anniv]s>ies1 by long p]iods ( retirem5t f ! _w1 is mu* less common ?an on ! ,cont95t & x is c]ta9ly dim9i%+4 ,! ,engli% t5d5cy is to turn away spe$ily f ! pa/1 & to seek consolation 9 new fields ( activity4 ,emotions translate !mselves spe$ily into action1 & !y lose some?+ ( _! int5sity by ! trans=mation4 ,philan?ropy is n[h]e m active & m practical1 & religion has 9 few c\ntries a great] hold on ! national life1 b ,engli% ,prote/antism reflects v cle>ly ! national *>act]i/ics4 ,x1 no d\bt1 l all religions1 lays d[n rules = ! gov]nm5t ( ?\ght & feel+1 b ^! are ( a v g5]al "*4 ,preem95tly a regulator ( conduct1 x lays comp>atively little /ress ^u ! inn] life4 ,x disc\rages1 or at lea/ neglects t m9utely introspective habit ( ?\ght :i* ! confessional is s mu* calculat$ to promote1 :i* appe>s s prom95tly 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,sa9ts1 & :i* f9ds its special repres5tation 9 ! my/ics & ! religi\s contemplative ord]s4 ,improv$ conduct & improv$ circum/ances are to an ,engli% m9d ! *ief & almo/ ! only measures ( progress4 ,t ?is t5d5cy is on ! :ole a heal?y "o1 ,i1 at lea/1 firmly believe1 b x br+s ) x c]ta9 manife/ limitations & some:at incapacitates m5 f judg+ o!r types ( "* & happ9ess4 ,! "p t circum/ances play 9 ! =mation ( our *>act]s is inde$ v manife/1 & x is a humiliat+ tru? t among ^! circum/ances m]e bodily conditions :i* we %>e ) ! animals hold a =emo/ place4 ,9 ! long run & to ! great majority ( m5 heal? is probably ! mo/ important ( all ! elem5ts ( happ9ess4 ,acute physical suff]+ or %att]$ heal? w m ?an c\nt]balance ! be/ gifts ( =tune1 & ! bias ( our nature & ev5 ! processes ( our reason+ are l>gely influ5c$ by physical conditions4 ,hume has spok5 ( t 'disposition to see ! fav\rable r ?an ! unfav\rable side ( ?+s :i* x is m happ9ess to possess ?an to be heir to an e/ate ( #aj1jjjl4 a ye>2' b ?is gift ( a happy temp]am5t is v evid5tly greatly due to bodily conditions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well kn[n h[ spe$ily & h[ p[]fully bodily ailm5ts react ^u our moral natures4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! morbid irritability t is produc$ by c]ta9 maladies ( ! n]ves or ( ! bra92 ( ! deep con/itutional depression :i* (t5 foll[s diseases ( ! liv]1 or prolong$ sleeplessness & o!r hypo*ondriacal maladies1 & :i* n only deprives m5 ( mo/ ( _! capacity ( enjoym5t1 b also infallibly gives a col\r & a bias to _! reason+s on life2 ( ! mann] 9 :i* animal passions z well z animal spirits are affect$ by c]ta9 well-kn[n conditions ( age & heal?4 ,9 spite ( ! 'coelum non animum mutant' ( ,horace1 few m5 fail to exp]i5ce h[ diff]5t is ! range ( spirits 9 ! limbo-l atmosph]e ( a ,london w9t] & b5ea? ! glories ( an ,italian sky or 9 ! ke5 brac+ atmosph]e ( ! m\nta9 side1 & x is equally app>5t h[ diff]5tly we judge ! _w :5 we are jad$ by a long spell ( excessive "w or refre%$ aft] a night ( tranquil sleep4 ,poetry & ,pa9t+ are probably n wrong 9 associat+ a c]ta9 bili\s temp]am5t ) a pr$isposition to envy1 or an anmic or lymphatic temp]am5t ) a sa9tly life1 & !re are well-atte/$ cases 9 :i* an acute illness has fundam5tally alt]$ *>act]s1 sometimes replac+ an habitual gloom by buoyancy & light4#c ,t invaluable gift :i* enables "s m5 to ca/ aside tr\ble & turn _! ?\ghts & en]gies swiftly & decisively into new *annels c be l>gely /r5g!n$ by ! action ( ! w1 b accord+ to "s physiologi/s x has a well-asc]ta9$ physical antec$5t 9 ! great] or less contractile p[] ( ! blood-vessels :i* fe$ ! bra9 caus+ ! fl[ ( blood into x to be /rong] or less rapid4 ,if x be true t 'a heal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body' is ! supreme condition ( happ9ess1 x is also true t ! heal?y m9d dep5ds m closely ?an we l to own on ! heal?y body4 ,^! are b a few obvi\s in/ances ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! body acts ^u happ9ess4 ,!y d n mean t ! w is p[]less 9 ! face ( bodily conditions1 b t 9 ! managem5t ( "* x has c]ta9 v def9ite pr$ispositions to enc\nt]4 ,9 reason+s on life1 ev5 m ?an on o!r ?+s1 a good reason] w consid] n only ! =ce ( ! oppos+ argum5ts1 b also ! bias to :i* 8 own m9d is subject4 ,to raise ! level ( national heal? is "o ( ! sure/ ways ( rais+ ! level ( national happ9ess1 & 9 e/imat+ ! value ( diff]5t pleasures _m :i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 might appe> to rank l[ ^u ! scale1 w rank high1 if 9 addition to ! imm$iate & transi5t enjoym5t !y procure1 !y contribute to =m a /rong & heal?y body4 ,no bran* ( legislation is m really valuable ?an t :i* is occupi$ ) ! heal? ( ! p1 :e!r x takes ! =m ( enc\rag+ ! means by :i* rem$ies may be discov]$ & diffus$1 or ( extirpat+ by comb9$ ef=ts p>ticul> diseases1 or ( secur+ t ! mass ( lab\r 9 ! community %\ld z f> z possible be c>ri$ on "u s\nd sanit>y conditions4 ,fa%ion also c d mu*1 bo? = good & ill4 ,x ex]cises ov] great multitudes an almo/ absolute empire1 regulat+ _! dress1 _! education1 _! h\rs1 _! amusem5ts1 _! food1 _! scale ( exp5diture2 det]m9+ ! qualities to :i* !y pr9cipally aspire1 ! "w 9 :i* !y may engage1 & ev5 ! =m ( beauty :i* !y mo/ cultivate4 ,x is happy = a nation :5 ?is mighty influ5ce is employ$ 9 enc\rag+ habits ( life :i* are b5eficial or at lea/ n gravely prejudicial to heal?4 ,nor is any =m ( individual education m really valuable ?an t :i* tea*es ! ma9 conditions ( a heal?y life & =ms ^? habits ( temp]ance & self-re/ra9t t are mo/ likely to atta9 x4 ,) its great recup]ative p[]s ,y\? c d ) app>5t impunity _m ?+s :i* 9 lat] life br+ a spe$y ,nemesis2 b on ! o!r h& ,y\? is pre-em95tly ! p]iod :5 habits & ta/es are =m$1 & ! yoke :i* is !n lightly1 will+ly1 wantonly assum$ w 9 aft] ye>s acquire a cru%+ weight4 ,few ?+s are m /rik+ ?an ! levity ( ! motives1 ! feebl5ess ( ! impulses "u :i* 9 y\? fatal /eps are tak5 :i* br+ ) !m a weak5$ life & (t5 an e>ly grave4 ,smok+ 9 manhood1 :5 practis$ 9 mod]ation1 is a v innoc5t & probably b5efic5t practice1 b x is well kn[n h[ delet]i\s x is to "y boys1 & h[ _m ( !m h tak5 to x ?r\gh no o!r motive ?an a desire to appe> old] ?an !y are--t sure/ ( all signs t we are v "y4 ,h[ (t5 h ! f> m p]nici\s habits ( dr9k+1 or gambl+1 or frequ5t+ corrupt society be5 acquir$ ?r\gh a simil> motive1 or ?r\gh ! m]e desire to enjoy ! *>m ( a =bidd5 pleasure or to /& well ) "s dissipat$ companions6 ,h[ l>ge a proportion ( lifelong female debility is due to an e>ly habit ( tight lac+1 spr++ only f ! sillie/ vanity6 ,h[ _m lives h be5 sacrific$ ?r\gh ! c>eless recklessness :i* refus$ to take ! tr\ble ( *ang+ wet clo!s6 ,h[ _m h be5 %att]$ & %ort5$ by excess 9 ?+s :i* 9 mod]ation are h>mless1 useful1 or praisewor?y1--by ! brok5 blood-vessel1 due to excess 9 "s heal?y a?letic ex]cise or game2 by ! ru9$ bra9 ov]/ra9$ 9 ord] to w9 "s paltry prize6 ,x is melan*oly to obs]ve h[ _m lives h be5 brok5 d[n1 ru9$ or corrupt$ 9 attempts to realise "s supreme & unatta9able desire2 ?r\gh ! impulse ( ov]ma/]+ passion1 ( p[]ful & p]haps irresi/ible temptation4 ,x is /ill sadd] to obs]ve h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! failures ( life may be ultimately trac$ to ! mo/ insignificant causes & might h be5 avoid$ )\t any s]i\s ef=t ei!r ( intellect or w4 ,! success ) :i* m$ic9e & sanit>y sci5ce h lab\r$ to prolong life1 to extirpate or dim9i% diff]5t =ms ( disease & to alleviate _! consequ5ces is abundantly prov$4 ,9 all civilis$ c\ntries ! av]age ( life has be5 rais$1 & !re is good reason to believe t n only old age b also active1 useful1 enjoyable old age has become mu* m frequ5t4 ,x is true t ! ga9 to human happ9ess is n q z great z might at fir/ sight be imag9$4 ,dea? is lea/ sad :5 x comes 9 infancy or 9 extreme old age1 & ! increas$ av]age ( life is l>gely due to ! great dim9ution 9 infant mortality1 :i* is 9 tru? a v d\btful bless+4 ,if extreme old age is a ?+ to be desir$1 x is p]haps *iefly because x usually implies a con/itution :i* gives _m e>li] ye>s ( robu/ & heal?y life4 ,b ) all d$uctions ! triumphs ( sanit>y re=m z well z ( m$ical sci5ce are p]haps ! brighte/ page 9 ! hi/ory ( our c5tury4 ,"s ( ! measures :i* h prov$ mo/ useful c only be effect$ at "s sacrifice ( individual fre$om & by widespread co]cive sanit>y regulations1 & are ?us m ak9 to despotism ?an to free gov]nm5t4 ,h[ diff]5t w\ld h be5 ! condition ( ! _w1 & h[ f> great] w\ld h be5 ! popul>ity ( /rong mon>*y if at ! "t :5 su* a =m ( gov]nm5t g5]ally prevail$ rul]s _h _h ! intellig5ce to put be=e !m ! improvem5t ( ! heal? & ! prolongation ( ! lives ( _! subjects z ! ma9 object ( _! policy r ?an milit>y glory or ! acquisition ( t]ritory or m]e o/5tati\s & selfi% display6 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s reason to believe t ! dim9ution ( disease & ! prolongation ( av]age human life are n necess>ily or ev5 g5]ally accompani$ by a correspond+ improvem5t 9 g5]al heal?4 ',acute diseases1' says an excell5t judge1 ':i* are em95tly fatal1 prevail1 on ! contr>y1 9 a population :]e ! /&>d ( heal? is high4444 ,?us a high rate ( mortality may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 a community :]e ! numb] ( p]sons affect$ ) disease is small1 & on ! o!r h& g5]al physical depression may concur ) ! preval5ce ( *ronic maladies & yet be unatt5d$ ) a great proportion ( dea?s4'#d ,an anmic population1 free f sev]e illness1 b liv+ habitually at a l[ level ( heal? & ) ! depress$ spirits & feeble capacity ( enjoym5t :i* su* a condition produces1 is f> f an ideal /ate1 & !re is mu* reason to fe> t ?is type is an increas+ "o4 ,_m ?+s 9 mod]n life1 among :i* ill-judg$ philan?ropy & ill-judg$ legislation h no small "p1 contribute to produce x1 b two causes probably dom9ate ov] all o!rs4 ,! "o is to be f\nd 9 sanit>y sci5ce itself1 :i* enables great numb]s ( con/itutionally weak *ildr5 :o 9 o!r days w\ld h di$ 9 infancy to gr[ up & m>ry & propagate a feeble (fspr+4 ,! o!r is ! /eady movem5t ( population f ! c\ntry to ! t[ns1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s features ( mod]n civilisation4 ,^! two influ5ces inevitably & p[]fully t5d to depress ! vitality ( a nation1 & by do+ s to l[] ! level ( animal spirits :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( happ9ess4 ,:e!r our improv$ /&>ds ( liv+ & our mu* great] k ( sanit>y conditions altoge!r c\nt]act !m is v d\btful4 ,9 ?is z 9 mo/ que/ions affect+ life !re are opposite dang]s to be avoid$1 & wisdom lies ma9ly 9 a j s5se ( proportion & degree4 ,t sanit>y re=m1 promot$ by gov]nm5ts1 has on ! :ole be5 a great bless+ seems to me sc>cely op5 to reasonable "q1 b _m ( ! be/ judges are ( op9ion t x may easily be pu%$ to dang]\s extremes4 ,few ?+s are m curi\s ?an to obs]ve h[ rapidly dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation ! love ( individual lib]ty has decl9$2 h[ cont5t$ly ! ,engli% race are submitt+ great dep>tm5ts ( _! lives to a web ( regulations re/rict+ & encircl+ !m4 ,ea* individual case mu/ be consid]$ on its m]its1 & few p]sons w n[ d5y t ! "r ( adult m5 & wom5 to regulate ! conditions ( _! own "w & to det]m9e ! risks t !y w assume may be wisely infr+$ 9 m cases ?an ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool w\ld h admitt$4 ,at ! same "t ! m>k$ t5d5cy ( ?is g5]ation to ext5d ! /r+5cy & area ( co]cive legislation 9 ! fields ( indu/ry & sanit>y re=m is "o t %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,its exagg]ations may 9 m ways ?an "o greatly injure ! v classes x is int5d$ to b5efit4 ,a some:at correspond+ /atem5t may be made ab\t individual sanit>y education4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 a matt] ( ! mo/ vital importance t we %\ld acquire 9 y\? ! k & ! habits t lead to a heal?y life4 ,! ma9 articles ( ! sanit>y cre$ are few & simple4 ,mod]ation & self-re/ra9t 9 all ?+s--an abundance ( ex]cise1 ( fre% air1 & ( cold wat]--a suffici5cy ( /eady "w n c>ri$ to excess--occasional *ange ( habits & ab/95ce f a few ?+s :i* are manife/ly injuri\s to heal?1 are ! c>d9al rules to be obs]v$4 ,9 ! great lott]y ( life1 m5 :o h obs]v$ !m all may be doom$ to illness1 weak vitality1 & e>ly dea?1 b !y at lea/ add enorm\sly to ! *ances ( a /rong & full life4 ,! p>5t w ne$ fur!r k = ! c>e ( 8 *ildr51 b = self-guidance little m is requir$1 & ) e>ly habits an obs]vance ( ! rules ( heal? becomes almo/ in/9ctive & unconsci\s4 ,b :ile no k9d ( education is m transc5d5tly important ?an ?is1 x is n unfrequ5tly c>ri$ to an extreme :i* defeats its own purpose4 ,! habit t s (t5 gr[s ^u m5 ) slight *ronic maladies1 or feeble temp]am5t1 or idle lives1 ( mak+ _! own heal? & _! own ailm5ts ! con/ant subject ( _! ?\ghts soon becomes a disease v fatal to happ9ess & positively injuri\s to heal?4 ,x is well kn[n h[ 9 an epidemic ! panic-/rick5 are mo/ liable to ! contagion1 & ! life ( ! habitual valetud9>ian t5ds promptly to depress ! n]ve en]gy :i* provides ! true /am9a ( heal?4 ,9 ! words ( an em95t physician1 ',x is n by be+ anxi\s 9 an inord9ate or unduly fussy fa%ion t m5 c hope to live long & well4 ,! be/ way to live well is to "w well4 ,good "w is ! daily te/ & safegu>d ( p]sonal heal?4444 ,! practical aim %\ld be to live an ord]ly & natural life4 ,we 7 n int5d$ to pick our way ?r\gh ! _w trembl+ at e /ep4444 ,x is worse ?an va91 = x enc\rages & increases ! evil x attempts to relieve4444 ,i firmly believe "o half ( ! confirm$ invalids ( ! day c\ld be cur$ ( _! maladies if !y 7 compell$ to live busy & active lives & _h no "t to fret ov] _! mis]ies4444 ,"o ( ! mo/ s$uctive & mis*iev\s ( errors 9 self-managem5t is ! practice ( giv+ way to in]tia1 weakness & depression4444 ,^? :o desire to live %\ld settle ?is well 9 _! m9ds1 t n]ve p[] is ! =ce ( life & t ! w has a wondr\sly /rong & direct influ5ce ov] ! body ?r\gh ! bra9 & ! n]v\s sy/em4'#e ,,footnotes3 #b ,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 ii4 #cab4 #c ,mu* curi\s in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,cabanis' ,rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme4 #d ,kay's ,moral & ,physical ,condition ( ! ,work+ ,classes1 p4 #ge4 #e ,mortim] ,granville's ,h[ to ,make ! ,be/ ( ,life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,be=e ent]+ into a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! *ief elem5ts ( a happy life x may be useful to devote a few pages to "s g5]al consid]ations on ! subject4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ cle>ly recognis$ rules to be obs]v$ is t happ9ess is mo/ likely to be atta9$ :5 x is n ! direct object ( pursuit4 ,9 e>ly y\? we are accu/om$ to divide life broadly into "w & play1 reg>d+ ! fir/ z duty or necessity & ! second z pleasure4 ,"o ( ! great diff]5ces betwe5 *ildhood & manhood is t we come to l our "w m ?an our play4 ,x becomes to u1 if n ! *ief pleasure1 at lea/ ! *ief int]e/ ( our lives1 & ev5 :5 x is n ?is1 an ess5tial condition ( our happ9ess4 ,few lives produce s little happ9ess z ^? t are aimless & unoccupi$4 ,ap>t f all consid]ations ( "r & wrong1 "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( a happy life is t x %\ld be a full & busy "o1 direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( aims outside ourselves4 ,anxiety & ,ennui are ! ,scylla & ,*>ybdis on :i* ! b>k ( human happ9ess is mo/ commonly wreck$4 ,if a life ( luxuri\s idl5ess & selfi% ease 9 "s measure saves m5 f ! fir/ dang]1 x seldom fails to br+ ) x ! second4 ,no *ange ( sc5e1 no multiplicity ( selfi% pleasures w 9 ! long run enable !m to escape x4 ,z ,c>lyle says1 ',! re/less1 gnaw+ ennui :i*1 l a d>k1 dim1 ocean flood1 communicat+ ) ! ,phlege?ons & ,/ygian deeps1 begirdles e human life s guid$--is x n ! pa9ful cry ev5 ( t imprison$ h]oism8444 ,y ask = happ9ess4 ,oh give me happ9ess1 & !y h& y ev] new v>ieties ( cov]+ = ! sk91 ev] new k9ds ( supply = ! dige/ive app>atus4444 ,well1 rejoice 9 y\r uphol/]ies & cook]ies if s be !y w make y happy4 ,let ! v>ieties ( !m be cont9ual & innum]able4 ,9 all ?+s let p]petual *ange1 if t is a p]petual bless+ to y1 be y\r portion in/ead ( m9e4 ,incur ! prophet's curse & 9 all ?+s 9 ?is sublun>y _w make y\rselves l unto a :eel4 ,m\nt into y\r railways2 :irl f place to place at ! rate ( fifty or1 if y l1 ( five hundr$ miles an h\r2 y _c escape f t inexorable1 all-encircl+ ocean moan ( ennui4 ,no2 if y c\ld m\nt to ! />s & d ya*t voyages "u ! belts ( ,jupit] or /alk de] on ! r+ ( ,saturn x w\ld /ill begirdle y4 ,y _c escape f x2 y c b *ange y\r place 9 x )\t solacem5t except "o mom5t's4 ,t prophetic ,s]mon f ! ,deeps w cont9ue ) y till y wisely int]pret x & d x or else till ! ,crack ( ,doom swall[ x & y4'#f ,x ne$s b a few ye>s ( life exp]i5ce to realise ! pr(\nd tru? ( ?is passage4 ,an ideal life w\ld be furni%$ ) abundant "w ( a k9d t is cong5ial bo? to our intellects & our *>act]s & t br+s ) x mu* int]e/ & little anxiety4 ,few ( u c comm& ?is4 ,mo/ m5's "w is l>gely det]m9$ = !m by circum/ances1 ?\gh 9 ! guidance ( life !re are _m alt]natives & mu* room = skilful pilotage4 ,b ! fir/ great rule is t we mu/ d some?+--t life mu/ h a purpose & an aim--t "w %\ld be n m]ely occasional & spasmodic1 b /eady & cont9u\s4 ,pleasure is a jewel :i* w only reta9 its lu/re :5 x is 9 a sett+ ( "w1 & a vacant life is "o ( ! wor/ ( pa9s1 ?\gh ! isl&s ( leisure t /ud a cr[d$1 well-occupi$ life may be among ! ?+s to :i* we look back ) ! greate/ delight4 ,ano!r great tru? is convey$ 9 ! say+ ( ,ari/otle t a wise man w make x 8 aim r to avoid suff]+ ?an to atta9 pleasure4 ,m5 c 9 reality d v little to mitigate ! =ce ( ! great b]eavem5ts & ! o!r grav] calamities ( life4 ,all our sy/ems ( philosophy & reason+ are va9 :5 confront$ ) !m4 ,innate temp]am5t :i* we _c greatly *ange det]m9es :e!r we s9k cru%$ b5ea? ! bl[ or possess ! buoyancy t c re/ore heal? to our natures4 ,! consci\s & delib]ate pursuit ( pleasure is att5d$ by _m deceptions & illusions1 & r>ely leads to la/+ happ9ess4 ,b we c d v mu* by prud5ce1 self-re/ra9t & intellig5t regulation s to manage life z to avoid a l>ge proportion ( its calamities & at ! same "t1 by pres]v+ ! affections pure & undimm$1 by div]sify+ int]e/s & =m+ active habits1 to combat its t$ium & despond5cy4 ,ano!r tru? is t bo? ! greate/ pleasures & ! ke5e/ pa9s ( life lie mu* m 9 ^? humbl] sph]es :i* are accessible to all ?an on ! r>e p9nacles to :i* only ! mo/ gift$ or ! mo/ =tunate c atta94 ,x w\ld probably be f\nd ^u exam9ation t mo/ m5 :o h devot$ _! lives successfully to great lab\rs & ambitions1 & :o h receiv$ ! mo/ spl5did gifts f ,=tune1 h nev]!less f\nd _! *ief pleasure 9 ?+s unconnect$ ) _! ma9 pursuits & g5]ally )9 ! rea* ( common m54 ,dome/ic pleasures1 pleasures ( sc5]y1 pleasures ( read+1 pleasures ( travel or ( sport h be5 ! highe/ enjoym5t ( m5 ( great ambition1 intellect1 weal? & position4 ,!re is a curi\s passage 9 ,"l ,al?orp's ,life 9 :i* t mo/ popul> & successful /atesman1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 long p>liam5t>y life1 express$ 8 emphatic conviction t '! ?+ t gave him ! greate/ pleasure 9 ! _w' 0 'to see sport+ dogs hunt4'#g ,i c myself recollect go+ ov] a c\ntry place ) an old memb] ( ,p>liam5t :o _h sat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = ne>ly fifty ye>s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s p]iod ( mod]n ,engli% hi/ory4 ,if que/ion$ he c\ld tell ab\t ! /irr+ sc5es ( ! great ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb1 b x 0 curi\s to obs]ve h[ spe$ily & inevitably he pass$ f su* matt]s to ! hi/ory ( ! trees on 8 e/ate :i* he _h plant$ & wat*$ at e /age ( _! gr[?1 & h[ evid5tly 9 ! retrospect ( life x 0 to ^! ?+s & n to ! incid5ts ( a long p>liam5t>y c>e] t 8 affections naturally turn$4 ,i once ask$ an illu/ri\s public man :o _h s]v$ 8 c\ntry ) brilliant success 9 _m l&s1 & :o 0 sp5d+ ! ev5+ ( 8 life z an active c\ntry g5tleman 9 a place :i* he de>ly lov$1 :e!r he did n f9d ?is sph]e too contract$ = 8 happ9ess4 ',nev] = a day1' he answ]$2 '& 9 e c\ntry :]e ,i h be51 9 e po/ :i* ,i h fill$1 ! ?\ght ( ?is place has always be5 at ! back ( my m9d4' ,a great writ] :o _h devot$ almo/ 8 :ole life to "o gigantic "w1 & to 8 own surprise br\ght x at la/ to a successful end1 sadly obs]v$ t amid ! congratulations t p\r$ 9 to him f e side he c\ld n help feel+1 :5 he analys$ 8 own emotions1 h[ tepid 0 ! satisfaction :i* su* a triumph c\ld give him1 & :at mu* m vivid gratification he _h come to take 9 he>+ ! approa*+ /eps ( "s little *ildr5 :om he _h taught to love him4 ,x is "o ( ! p>adoxes ( human nature t ! ?+s t are mo/ /ruggl$ = & ! ?+s t are mo/ envi$ are n ^? :i* give ei!r ! mo/ int5se or ! mo/ unmix$ joy4 ,ambition is ! luxury ( ! happy4 ,x is sometimes1 b m r>ely1 ! consolation & di/raction ( ! wret*$2 b mo/ ( ^? :o h trodd5 its pa?s1 if !y deal hone/ly ) !mselves1 w ackn[l$ge t ! grave/ disappo9tm5ts ( public life dw9dle into insignificance comp>$ ) ! poignancy ( suff]+ endur$ at ! dea?b$ ( a wife or ( a *ild1 & t )9 ! small circle ( a family life !y h f\nd m real happ9ess ?an ! applause ( nations c\ld ev] give4 ,look d[n1 look d[n f y\r glitt]+ heights1 ,& tell u1 ye sons ( glory1 ,! joys & ! pangs ( y\r eagle flights1 ,! triumph t cr[n$ ! /ory1 ,! rapture t ?rill$ :5 ! goal 0 won1 ,! goal ( a life's desire2 ,& a voice repli$ f ! sett+ sun1 ,nay1 ! de>e/ & be/ lies nigh]4 ,h[ (t 9 su* h\rs our fond ?\ghts /ray ,to ! dream ( two idle lov]s2 ,to ! "y wife's kiss2 to ! *ild at play2 ,or ! grave :i* ! long grass cov]s6 ,& little we'd reck ( p[] or gold1 ,& ( all life's va9 endeav\r1 ,if ! he>t c\ld gl[ z x gl[$ ( old1 ,& if y\? c\ld abide = ev]4 ,ano!r consid]ation 9 ! cultivation ( happ9ess is ! importance ( acquir+ ! habit ( realis+ our bless+s :ile !y la/4 ,x is "o ( ! sadde/ facts ( human nature t we commonly only le>n _! value by _! loss4 ,?is1 z ,i h already notic$1 is v evid5tly ! case ) heal?4 ,by ! laws ( our be+ we are almo/ unconsci\s ( ! action ( our bodily organs z long z !y are work+ well4 ,x is only :5 !y are d]ang$1 ob/ruct$ or impair$ t our att5tion becomes conc5trat$ ^u !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is a /ate ( p]fect heal? is r>ely fully appreciat$ until x is lo/ & dur+ a %ort p]iod aft] x has be5 rega9$4 ,gray has describ$ ! new s5sation ( pleasure :i* convalesc5ce gives 9 well-kn[n l9es3 ,see ! wret* :o long has to/ ,on ! ?orny b$ ( pa91 ,at l5g? repair 8 vig\r lo/ ,& brea! & walk aga92 ,! meane/ fl[]et ( ! vale1 ,! simple/ note t swells ! gale1 ,! common sun1 ! air1 ! skies1 ,to him are op5+ ,p>adise4 ,& :at is true ( heal? is true ( o!r ?+s4 ,x is only :5 "s calamity breaks ! calm t5or ( our ways & deprives u ( "s gift ( =tune we h long enjoy$ t we feel h[ great 0 ! value ( :at we h lo/4 ,!re are times 9 ! lives ( mo/ ( u :5 we w\ld h giv5 all ! _w to be z we 7 b ye/]day1 ?\gh t ye/]day _h pass$ ov] u unappreciat$ & un5joy$4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 our p]ception ( ?is contra/ br+s ) x a la/+ & salut>y result4 ,9 ! m$ic9e ( ,nature a *ronic & abid+ disquietude or morbidness ( temp]am5t is (t5 cur$ by "s ke5 ?\gh m transi5t sorr[ :i* viol5tly *anges ! curr5t ( our ?\ghts & imag9ations4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 k & realisation is "o ( ! facts ( our nature t are mo/ wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,e human m9d conta9s great masses ( in]t1 passive1 undisput$ k :i* ex]cise no real influ5ce on ?\ght or "* till some?+ occurs :i* t\*es our imag9ation & quick5s ?is k into activity4 ,v few ?+s contribute s mu* to ! happ9ess ( life z a con/ant realisation ( ! bless+s we enjoy4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a naturally cont5t$ & a naturally discont5t$ nature is "o ( ! m>k$ diff]5ces ( innate temp]am5t1 b we c d mu* to cultivate t habit ( dwell+ on ! b5efits ( our lot :i* conv]ts acquiesc5ce into a m positive enjoym5t4 ,religion 9 ?is field does mu*1 = x inculcates ?anksgiv+ z well z pray]1 gratitude = ! pres5t & ! pa/ z well z hope = ! future4 ,among secul> influ5ces1 contra/ & comp>ison h ! greate/ value4 ,"s m9ds are always look+ on ! =tunes t are above !m & comp>+ _! own p5ury ) ! opul5ce ( o!rs4 ,a wise nature w take an opposite c\rse & w cultivate ! habit ( look+ r at ! r\nd ( ! ladd] ( =tune :i* is bel[ our own & realis+ ! c\ntless po9ts 9 :i* our lot is bett] ?an t ( o!rs4 ,z ,dr4 ,johnson says1 ',few are plac$ 9 a situation s gloomy & di/ressful z n to see e day be+s yet m =lorn & mis]able f :om !y may le>n to rejoice 9 _! own lot4' ,! consolation m5 d]ive amid _! mis=tunes f reflect+ ^u ! /ill great] mis=tunes ( o!rs & ?us light5+ _! own by contra/ is a topic :i* mu/ be delicately us$1 b :5 s us$ x is n wrong & x (t5 proves v efficaci\s4 ,p]haps ! pleasure ,la ,ro*ef\cauld pret5ds t m5 take 9 ! mis=tunes ( _! be/ fri5ds1 if x is a real ?+1 is p>tly due to ?is consid]ation1 z ! feel+ ( pity :i* is inspir$ by "s sudd5 dea? or great tr\ble fall+ on o!rs is c]ta9ly n :olly unconnect$ ) ! realisation t su* calamities might fall ^u ourselves4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 h[ev]1 t :ile all morali/s recognise cont5t z "o ( ! *ief +r$i5ts ( happ9ess1 "s ( ! /ronge/ influ5ces ( mod]n indu/rial civilisation are antagoni/ic to x4 ,! :ole !ory ( progress z taught by ,political ,economy re/s ^u ! importance ( creat+ wants & desires z a /imulus to ex]tion4 ,!re are c\ntries1 especially 9 s\!rn climates1 :]e ! wants ( m5 are v few1 & :]e1 z long z ^? wants are satisfi$1 m5 w live a c>eless & cont5t$ life1 enjoy+ ! pres5t1 ?9k+ v little ( ! future4 ,:e!r ! sum ( enjoym5t 9 su* a population is really less ?an 9 our m advanc$ civilisation is at lea/ op5 to "q4 ,x is a rem>k ( ,s*op5hau] t ! ,idyll1 :i* is ! only =m ( poetry specially devot$ to ! description ( human felicity1 always pa9ts life 9 its simple/ & lea/ elaborat$ =m1 & he sees 9 ?is an illu/ration ( 8 doctr9e t ! greate/ happ9ess w be f\nd 9 ! simple/ & ev5 mo/ uni=m life provid$ x escapes ! evil ( ennui4 ,! political economi/1 h[ev]1 w pron\nce ! condition ( su* a p z ,i h describ$ a deplorable "o1 & 9 ord] to raise !m 8 fir/ task w be to infuse into !m "s discont5t ) _! lot1 to p]suade !m to multiply _! wants & to aspire to a high] /&>d ( com=t1 to a full] & a l>g] exi/5ce4 ,a discont5t ) exi/+ circum/ances is ! *ief s\rce ( a desire to improve !m1 & ?is desire is ! ma9spr+ ( progress4 ,9 ?is !ory ( life1 happ9ess is s\ght1 n 9 cont5t1 b 9 improv$ circum/ances1 9 ! developm5t ( new capacities ( enjoym5t1 9 ! pleasure :i* active exi/5ce naturally gives4 ,to ma9ta9 9 _! due proportion 9 our nature ! _s ( cont5t & ! desire to improve1 to comb9e a realis$ appreciation ( ! bless+s we enjoy ) a heal?y & well-regulat$ ambition1 is no easy ?+1 b x is ! problem :i* all :o aspire to a p]fect life %\ld set be=e !mselves4 ,9 m$io tutissimus ibis is em95tly true ( ! cultivation ( "*1 & "s ( its be/ elem5ts become p]nici\s 9 _! extremes4 ,?us prud5t =e?\ght1 :i* is "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( a successful life1 may easily deg5]ate into t mo/ mis]able /ate ( m9d 9 :i* m5 are p]petually anticipat+ & dwell+ ^u ! unc]ta9 dang]s & evils ( an unc]ta9 future4 ,h[ mu* inde$ ( ! happ9ess & mis]y ( m5 may be includ$ "u ^? two words1 realisation & anticipation6 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a ,eudmomet] measur+ ) accuracy ! degrees ( happ9ess realis$ by m5 9 diff]5t ages1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 & ) diff]5t *>act]s4 ,p]haps if su* a ?+ exi/$ x might t5d to disc\rage u by %[+ t div]sities & improvem5ts ( circum/ances affect real happ9ess 9 a small] degree ?an we are accu/om$ to imag9e4 ,our nature accommodates itself spe$ily to improv$ circum/ances1 & !y cease to give positive pleasure :ile _! loss is acutely pa9ful4 ,advanc$ civilisation br+s ) x c\ntless & ine/imable b5efits1 b x also br+s ) x _m =ms ( suff]+ f :i* a rud] exi/5ce is exempt4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t x is usually accompani$ ) a l[] range ( animal spirits1 & x is c]ta9ly accompani$ ) an increas$ s5sitiv5ess to pa94 ,"s philosoph]s h cont5d$ t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,x is difficult to believe s1 z ! :ole object ( human ef=t is to make x a bett] "o4 ,b ! success ( t ef=t is m app>5t 9 ! _m t]rible =ms ( human suff]+ :i* x has aboli%$ or dim9i%$ ?an 9 ! high] level ( positive happ9ess t has be5 atta9$4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,latt]-day ,pamphlets3 ',jesuitism4' #g ,le ,m>*ant's ,life ( ,al?orp1 p4 #adc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,?\gh ! close relation%ip t subsi/s betwe5 morals & happ9ess is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 ,i d n belong to ! s*ool :i* believes t pleasure & pa91 ei!r actual or anticipat$1 are ! only motives by :i* ! human w c be gov]n$2 t virtue resolves itself ultimately into well-consid]$ int]e/ & f9ds its ultimate reason 9 ! happ9ess ( ^? :o practise x2 t 'all our virtues1' z ,la ,ro*ef\cauld has said1 'end 9 self-love z ! riv]s 9 ! sea4' ,su* a prov]b z ',hone/y is ! be/ policy' repres5ts no d\bt a great tru?1 ?\gh x has be5 well said t no man is really hone/ :o is only hone/ ?r\gh ?is motive1 & ?\gh x is v evid5t t x is by no means an univ]sal tru? b dep5ds l>gely ^u *ang+ & prec>i\s conditions ( laws1 police1 public op9ion1 & individual circum/ances4 ,b 9 ! high] realms ( morals ! co9cid5ce ( happ9ess & virtue is f> m d\btful4 ,x is c]ta9ly n true t ! highe/ nature is necess>ily or ev5 naturally ! happie/4 ,paganism has produc$ no m p]fect type ?an ! pr(\ndly pa!tic figure ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :ile ,*ri/ianity f9ds its ideal 9 "o :o 0 kn[n z ! ',man ( ,sorr[s4' ,! consci5ce ( ,mank9d has ev] recognis$ self-sacrifice z ! supreme elem5t ( virtue1 & self-sacrifice is nev] real :5 x is only ! ex*ange ( a less happ9ess = a great] "o4 ,no moral *emi/ry c transmute ! wor%ip ( ,sorr[1 :i* ,goe! describ$ z ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 into ! wor%ip ( happ9ess1 & probably ) mo/ m5 heal? & temp]am5t play a f> l>g] "p 9 ! real happ9ess ( _! lives ?an any ( ! high] virtues4 ,! satisfaction ( accompli%$ duty :i* "s morali/s place among ! *ief pleasures ( life is a real ?+ 9 s f> z x saves m5 f int]nal reproa*es1 b x is probable t x is among ! wor/ m5 t pangs ( consci5ce are lea/ dread$1 & x is c]ta9ly n among ! be/ m5 t !y are lea/ felt4 ,consci5ce1 inde$1 :5 x is v s5sitive & v l(ty1 is f> m an elem5t ( suff]+ ?an ! rev]se4 ,x aims at an ideal high] ?an we c atta94 ,x takes ! l[e/ view ( our own a*ievem5ts4 ,x suff]s ke5ly f ! _m %ortcom+s ( :i* x is acutely s5sible4 ,f> f indulg+ 9 ! pleasurable retrospect ( a well-sp5t life1 x urges m5 to con/ant1 pa9ful1 & (t5 unsuccessful ef=t4 ,a nature t is /rung to ! sa9tly or ! h]oic level w f9d itself plac$ 9 a j>r+ _w1 w provoke mu* friction & opposition1 & w be pa9$ by _m ?+s 9 :i* a l[] nature w\ld placidly acquiesce4 ,! highe/ =m ( intellectual virtue is t love ( tru? = its own sake :i* breaks up prejudices1 temp]s en?usiasm by ! full admission ( oppos+ argum5ts & qualify+ circum/ances1 & places 9 ! sph]e ( possibility or probability _m ?+s :i* we w\ld gladly accept z c]ta9ties4 ,c&\r & imp>tiality are 9 a l>ge degree virtues ( temp]am5t2 b no "o :o has any real k ( human nature c d\bt h[ mu* m pleasurable x is to mo/ m5 to live "u ! empire ( inv9cible prejudice1 delib]ately %utt+ out e consid]ation t c\ld %ake or qualify *]i%$ beliefs4 ',god1' says ,em]son1 '(f]s to e m9d its *oice betwe5 tru? & repose4 ,take :i* y please4 ,y c nev] h bo?4' ,"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts ( natural religion re/s ^u ! fact t virtue s (t5 fails to br+ its rew>d2 ^u ! belief t is s deeply implant$ 9 human nature t ?is is ess5tially unju/ & mu/ 9 "s future /ate be rem$i$4 ,= su* reasons z ^! ,i believe x to be impossible to id5tify virtue ) happ9ess1 & ! views ( ! opposite s*ool seem to me *iefly to re/ ^u an unnatural & deceptive use ( words4 ,ev5 :5 ! connection betwe5 virtue & pleasure is mo/ close1 x is true1 z ! old ,/oics said1 t ?\gh virtue gives pleasure1 ?is is n ! reason :y a good man w practise x2 t pleasure is ! companion & n ! guide ( 8 life2 t he does n love virtue because x gives pleasure1 b x gives pleasure because he loves x4#h ,a true acc\nt ( human nature w recognise t x has ! p[] ( aim+ at some?+ :i* is diff]5t f happ9ess & some?+ :i* may be intelligibly describ$ z high]1 & t on ! pr$om9ance ( ?is l(ti] aim ! nobility ( life ess5tially dep5ds4 ,x is n ev5 true t ! end ( man %\ld be to f9d peace at ! la/4 ,x %\ld be to d 8 duty & tell ! tru?4 ,b :ile ?is great tru? ( ! exi/5ce ( a high] aim ?an happ9ess %\ld be always ma9ta9$1 ! relations betwe5 morals & happ9ess are close & intimate & well wor?y ( inve/igation4 ,z f> z ! l[] or m commonplace virtues are conc]n$ !re c be no mi/ake4 ,x is v evid5t t a heal?y1 long & prosp]\s life is m likely to be atta9$ by indu/ry1 mod]ation & purity ?an by ! opposite c\rses4 ,x is v evid5t t drunk5ness & s5suality ru9 heal? & %ort5 life2 t idl5ess1 gambl+ & disord]ly habits ru9 prosp]ity2 t ill-temp]1 selfi%ness & envy kill fri5d%ip & provoke animosities & dislike2 t 9 e well-regulat$ society !re is at lea/ a g5]al co9cid5ce betwe5 ! pa? ( duty & ! pa? ( prosp]ity2 di%one/y1 viol5ce & disreg>d = ! rights ( o!rs naturally & usually br++ _! puni%m5t ei!r f law or f public op9ion or f bo?4 ,bi%op ,butl] has argu$ t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( virtue to lead to happ9ess & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( vice to lead to unhapp9ess prove t ev5 9 its pres5t /ate !re is a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & :atev] controv]sy may be rais$ ab\t ! inf]5ce !re c at lea/ be no d\bt ab\t ! sub/antial tru? ( ! facts4 ,happ9ess1 z ,i h already said1 is be/ atta9$ :5 x is n ! direct or at lea/ ! ma9 object t is aim$ at4 ,a wa/$ & inactive life n only palls 9 itself b deprives m5 ( ! v real & def9ite pleasure t naturally arises f ! heal?ful activity ( all our p[]s1 :ile a life ( egotism excludes ! pleasures ( sympa?y :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 human happ9ess4 ,"o ( ! lessons :i* exp]i5ce mo/ cle>ly tea*es is t "w1 duty & ! discipl9e ( "* are ess5tial elem5ts ( la/+ happ9ess4 ,! pleasures ( vice are (t5 real1 b !y are commonly transi5t & !y leave legacies ( suff]+1 weakness1 or c>e beh9d !m4 ,! nobl] pleasures = ! mo/ "p gr[ & /r5g!n ) advanc+ ye>s4 ,! passions ( y\?1 :5 duly regulat$1 gradually trans=m !mselves into habits1 int]e/s & /eady affections1 & x is 9 ! long =eca/s ( life t ! sup]iority ( virtue z an elem5t ( happ9ess becomes mo/ app>5t4 ,x has be5 truly said t su* words z 'pa/ime' & 'div]sion' appli$ to our pleasures are among ! mo/ melan*oly 9 ! language1 = !y are ! confession ( human nature t x _c f9d happ9ess 9 itself1 b mu/ seek = some?+ t w fill up "t1 w cov] ! void :i* x feels1 & div]t m5's ?\ghts f ! conditions & prospects ( _! own lives4 ,h[ mu* ( ! pleasure ( ,society1 & inde$ ( all amusem5ts1 dep5ds on _! p[] ( mak+ u =get ourselves6 ,! sub/ratum ( life is sad1 & few m5 :o reflect on ! dang]s & unc]ta9ties t surr\nd x c f9d x ev5 tol]able )\t mu* extrane\s aid4 ,! fir/ & mo/ vital ( ^! aids is to be f\nd 9 ! creation ( /rong int]e/s4 ,x is "o ( ! laws ( our be+ t by seek+ int]e/s r ?an by seek+ pleasures we c be/ enc\nt] ! gloom ( life4 ,b ^? only h ! highe/ effici5cy :i* are ( an unselfi% nature4 ,by ?r[+ _! :ole nature into ! int]e/s ( o!rs m5 mo/ effectually escape ! melan*oly ( introspection2 ! horizon ( life is enl>g$2 ! developm5t ( ! moral & sympa!tic feel+s *ases egoti/ic c>es1 & by ! same p>adox t we h se5 9 o!r p>ts ( human nature m5 be/ atta9 _! own happ9ess by absorb+ !mselves 9 ! pursuit ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,! aims & p]spective ( a well-regulat$ life h nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be5 bett] describ$ ?an 9 "o ( ! lett]s ( ,burke to ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond4 ',x is wise inde$1 consid]+ ! _m positive vexations & ! innum]able bitt] disappo9tm5ts ( pleasure 9 ! _w1 to h z _m res\rces ( satisfaction z possible )9 "o's p[]4 ,:5ev] we conc5tre ! m9d on "o sole object1 t object & life itself mu/ g toge!r4 ,b ?\gh x is "r to h res]ves ( employm5t1 /ill "s "o object mu/ be kept pr9cipal2 greatly & em95tly s2 & ! o!r masses & figures mu/ pres]ve _! due subord9ation1 to make out ! gr& composition ( an important life4'#i ,x is equally true t among ^! objects ! dis9t]e/$ & ! unselfi% %\ld hold a pr$om9ant place4 ,) "s ?is side ( _! activity is re/rict$ to ! n>r[ circle ( home or to ! isolat$ duties & *>ities ( _! own neighb\rhood4 ,) o!rs x takes ! =m ( l>ge public int]e/s1 ( a ke5 p>ticipation 9 social1 philan?ropic1 political or religi\s ent]prises4 ,"* plays a l>g] "p ?an intellect 9 ! happ9ess ( life1 & ! cultivation ( ! unselfi% "p ( our nature is n only "o ( ! fir/ lessons ( morals b also ( wisdom4 ,l mo/ o!r ?+s its difficulties lie at ! beg9n+1 & x is by /eady practice t x passes into a second & in/9ctive nature4 ,! p[] ( man to *ange organically 8 "* is a v limit$ "o1 b on ! :ole ! improvem5t ( "* is probably m )9 8 rea* ?an intellectual developm5t4 ,"t & ,opportunity are want+ to mo/ m5 = any consid]able intellectual /udy1 & ev5 7 x o!rwise e man w f9d l>ge tracts ( k & ?\ght :olly ext]nal to 8 ta/es1 aptitudes & compreh5sion4 ,b e "o c 9 "s measure le>n ! lesson ( self-sacrifice1 practise :at is "r1 correct or at lea/ mitigate 8 dom9ant faults4 ,:at f9e examples ( self-sacrifice1 quiet c\rage1 resignation 9 mis=tune1 pati5t p]=mance ( pa9ful duty1 magnanimity & =giv5ess "u injury may be (t5 f\nd among ^? :o are intellectually ! mo/ commonplace6 ,! insidi\s gr[? ( selfi%ness is a disease aga9/ :i* m5 %\ld be mo/ on _! gu>d2 b x is a grave ?\gh a common error to suppose t ! unselfi% in/9cts may be gratifi$ )\t re/ra9t4 ,!re is "h1 h[ev]1 "o important di/9ction to be not$4 ,! _m & great evils t h sprung f lavi% & ill-consid]$ *>ities d n always or p]haps g5]ally spr+ f any excess or extravagance ( ! *>itable feel+4 ,!y are mu* m commonly due to its defect4 ,! ri* man :o nev] c>es to inquire into ! details ( ! cases t are br\ght be=e him or to give any s]i\s ?\ght to ! ult]ior consequ5ces ( 8 acts1 b :o is ready to give money at any solicitation & :o consid]s t by s do+ he has dis*>g$ 8 duty1 is f> m likely to d h>m 9 ?is way ?an ! man :o devotes himself to pati5t1 plodd+1 h\se to h\se "w among ! poor4 ,! _m m5 & ! probably /ill l>g] numb] ( wom5 :o give up great portions ( _! lives to su* "w soon le>n to trace ) consid]able accuracy ! consequ5ces ( _! *>ities & to discrim9ate betwe5 ! wor?y & ! unwor?y4 ,t su* p]sons (t5 become exclusive & "o-sid$1 & acquire a k9d ( pr(essional b5t :i* induces !m to subord9ate all national consid]ations to _! own subject & lose sight ( ! true proportion ( ?+s1 is und\bt$ly true1 b x w probably n be f\nd ) ! be/ work]s t su* a life t5ds to unduly int5sify emotion4 ,z ,bi%op ,butl] has said ) pr(\nd tru?1 active habits are /r5g!n$ & passive impressions weak5$ by repetition1 & a life sp5t 9 active *>itable "w is q compatible ) mu* sobriety & ev5 coldness ( judgm5t 9 e/imat+ ea* case z x arises4 ,x is n ! surgeon :o is cont9ually employ$ 9 op]ations = ! cure ( 8 pati5ts :o is mo/ mov$ at ! sight ( suff]+4 ,?is is1 ,i believe1 on ! :ole true1 b x is also true t !re are grave diseases :i* atta* !mselves peculi>ly to ! unselfi% side ( our nature1 & !y are peculi>ly dang]\s because m51 feel+ t ! unselfi% is ! virtu\s & nobl] side ( _! be+1 are apt to suff] ^! t5d5cies to op]ate )\t sup]vision or control4 ,yet x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! calamities t h sprung f misjudg$ unselfi% actions4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( religi\s p]secution abundantly illu/rates x1 = !re c be little "q t a l>ge proportion ( ! p]secutors 7 s9c]ely seek+ :at !y believ$ to be ! highe/ good ( mank9d4 ,& if ?is d>k page ( human hi/ory is n[ almo/ clos$1 !re are /ill _m o!r ways 9 :i* a simil> evil is display$4 ,crot*ets1 s5tim5talities & fanaticisms clu/] especially ar\nd ! unselfi% side ( our nature1 & !y "w evil 9 _m curi\s & subtle ways4 ,few ?+s h done m h>m 9 ! _w ?an disproportion$ compassion4 ,x is a law ( our be+ t we are only deeply mov$ by suff]+s we di/9ctly realise1 & ! degrees 9 :i* diff]5t k9ds ( suff]+ appeal to ! imag9ation be> no proportion to _! real magnitude4 ,! mo/ b5evol5t man w read ( an e>?quake 9 ,japan or a plague 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ) a call\sness he w\ld nev] display t[>ds "s untimely dea? or "s pa9ful accid5t 9 8 imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & 9 g5]al ! suff]+ ( a prom95t & isolat$ individual /rikes u mu* m =cibly ?an t ( an undi/+ui%$ multitude4 ,few dea?s are s prom95t1 & !re=e few produce su* widespread compassion1 z ^? ( conspicu\s crim9als4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! dea? ( an 'int]e/+' murd]] w (t5 ar\se mu* /rong] feel+s ?an 7 ev] excit$ by ! dea? ( 8 victim2 or by ! dea?s ( brave soldi]s :o p]i%$ by disease or by ! sword 9 "s obscure exp$ition 9 a remote c\ntry4 ,?is mode ( judgm5t acts promptly ^u conduct4 ,! humanit>ian _s :i* mitigates ! p5al code & makes ! reclamation ( ! crim9al a ma9 object is a p]fectly "r ?+ z long z x does n s f> dim9i% ! det]r5t p[] ( puni%m5t z to increase crime1 & z long z x does n place ! crim9al 9 a bett] position ( com=t ?an ! blameless poor1 b :5 ^! conditions are n fulfill$ x is mu* m an evil ?an a good4 ,! remote1 indirect & unrealis$ consequ5ces ( our acts are (t5 f> m important ?an ^? :i* are manife/ & direct1 & x cont9ually happ5s t 9 extirpat+ "s conc5trat$ & obtrusive evil1 m5 increase or eng5d] a diffus$ malady :i* op]ates ov] a f> wid] area4 ,h[ few1 = example1 :o %>e ! prevail+ t5d5cy to deal ) e evil t appe>s 9 ,society by co]cive legislation adequately realise ! dang] ( weak5+ ! robu/1 self-reliant1 res\rceful habits on :i* ! happ9ess ( ,society s l>gely dep5ds1 & at ! same "t1 by multiply+ ! functions & !re=e increas+ ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t1 ?r[+ new & cru%+ burd5s on /ruggl+ indu/ry6 ,h[ (t5 h philan?ropi/s1 ?r\gh a g5u9e int]e/ = "s suff]+ class or p1 advocat$ measures :i* by k9dl+1 prolong+1 or enl>g+ a great w> w\ld infallibly create calamities f> great] ?an ^? :i* !y w\ld r$ress6 ,h[ (t5 might great outbur/s ( savage crime or grave & la/+ disord]s 9 ! ,/ate1 or int]national conflicts t h co/ ?\s&s ( lives1 h be5 av]t$ by a prompt & unfl9*+ sev]ity f :i* an ill-judg$ humanity recoil$6 ,if 9 ! ,febru>y ( #ahdh ,l\is ,philippe _h p]mitt$ ,m>%al ,bugeaud to fire on ! ,revolution>y mob at a "t :5 !re 0 no real & widespread desire = revolution 9 ,france1 h[ _m bloody pages ( ,fr5* & ,european hi/ory might h be5 sp>$6 ,measures gu>antee+ m51 & /ill m wom51 f excessive lab\r1 & surr\nd+ !m ) co/ly sanit>y precautions1 may easily1 if !y are injudici\sly fram$1 s h&icap a sex or a p 9 ! competition ( indu/ry z to drive !m out ( great fields ( indu/ry1 re/rict _! means ( livelihood1 l[] _! /&>d ( wages & com=t1 & ?us s]i\sly dim9i% ! happ9ess ( _! lives4 ,injudici\s suppressions ( amusem5ts t are n :olly good1 b :i* af=d ke5 enjoym5t to great masses1 seldom fail to give an impulse to o!r pleasures m secret & probably m vici\s4 ,injudici\s *>ities1 or an extravagant & too indulg5t poor law adm9i/ration1 inevitably disc\rage indu/ry & ?rift1 & usually increase ! pov]ty !y 7 int5d$ to cure4 ,! p>5t :o %r9ks f inflict+ any suff]+ on 8 *ild1 or )hold+ f him any pleasure t he desires1 is n lay+ ! f\ndation ( a happy life1 & ! b5evol5ce :i* c\nt]acts or obscures ! law ( nature t extravagance1 improvid5ce & vice lead naturally to ru91 is no real k9dness ei!r to ! upright man :o has resi/$ temptation or to ! weak man ^: virtue is trembl+ d\btfully 9 ! balance4 ,nor is x 9 ! long run = ! b5efit ( ! _w t sup]ior ability or sup]ior en]gy or indu/ry %\ld be h&icapp$ 9 ! race ( life1 =bidd5 to enc\nt] exceptional risks = ! sake ( exceptional rew>ds1 r$uc$ by regulations to measures ( "w & ga9 int5d$ = ! b5efit ( inf]ior *>act]s or p[]s4 ,! fatal vice ( ill-consid]$ b5evol5ce is t x looks only to proximate & imm$iate results )\t consid]+ ei!r alt]natives or di/ant & indirect consequ5ces4 ,a l>ge & highly respectable =m ( b5evol5ce is t connect$ ) ! animal _w1 & 9 ,engl& x is c>ri$ 9 "s respects to a po9t :i* is unkn[n on ! ,cont95t4 ,b :at a /range =m ( compassion is t :i* long made x impossible to e/abli% a ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,engl&1 oblig+ pati5ts ?reat5$ ) "o ( ! mo/ horrible diseases t c afflict mank9d to g--z !y are always ready to d--to ,p>is1 9 ord] to und]go a treatm5t :i* :at is call$ ! humane s5tim5t ( ,engli%m5 =bid !m to receive at home6 ,:at a /range =m ( b5evol5ce is t :i* 9 a c\ntry :]e field sports are ! habitual amusem5t ( ! high] ranks ( ,society d5\nces z crim9al ev5 ! mo/ c>efully limit$ & sup]vis$ exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 & w\ld ?us close ! be/ hope ( f9d+ rem$ies = "s ( ! wor/ =ms ( human suff]+1 ! "o sure me?od ( te/+ suppos$ rem$ies :i* may be fatal or :i* may be ( incalculable b5efit to mank9d6 ,=eign critics1 inde$1 (t5 g mu* fur!r & believe t 9 o!r =ms connect$ ) ?is subject public op9ion 9 ,engl& is /rangely caprici\s & inconsi/5t4 ,!y comp>e ) a/oni%m5t ! s5t5ces t are sometimes pass$ = ! ill-treatm5t ( a woman & = ! ill-treatm5t ( a cat2 !y ask :e!r ! real suff]+s caus$ by _m ?+s t are 9 ,engl& puni%$ by law or reprobat$ by op9ion are great] ?an ^? caus$ by sports :i* are con/antly practis$ )\t reproa*2 & !y are apt to f9d mu* t is exagg]at$ or ev5 fanta/ic 9 ! great popul>ity & elaboration ( "s animal *>ities4#aj ,at ! same "t 9 our own c\ntry ! m recognis$ field sports greatly tr\ble _m b5evol5t natures4 ,i w "h only say t :ile ! positive b5efits !y produce are great & manife/1 ^? :o condemn !m con/antly =get :at w\ld be ! fate ( ! animals t are slaught]$ if su* sports did n exi/1 & h[ little ! balance ( suff]+ is increas$ or alt]$ by ! de/ruction ( be+s :i* !mselves live by de/roy+4 ,z a poet says-- ,! fi% exult :5e'er ! seagull dies1 ,! salmon's dea? pres]ves a ?\s& flies4 ,on mo/ ( ^! que/ions ! effect on human "* is a m important consid]ation ?an ! effect on animal happ9ess4 ,! be/ ?+ t legislation c d = wild animals is to ext5d z f> z possible to h>mless classes a close "t1 secur+ !m immunity :ile !y are produc+ & support+ _! "y4 ,?is is ! true/ k9dness1 & on q o!r gr\nds x is peculi>ly ne$$1 z ! improvem5t ( fire>ms & ! increase ( population h completely alt]$1 z f> z man is conc]n$1 ! old balance betwe5 production & de/ruction1 & ?reat51 if un*eck$1 to lead to an almo/ complete extirpation ( great classes ( ! animal _w4 ,x is melan*oly to obs]ve h[ (t5 s5sitive wom5 :o object to field sports & :o d5\nce all exp]im5ts on liv+ animals w be f\nd support+ ) p]fect call\sness fa%ions t are lead+ to ! :olesale de/ruction ( "s ( ! mo/ beautiful species ( birds1 & are 9 "s cases dep5d5t ^u acts ( v aggravat$ cruelty4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,s5eca1 ,de ,vita ,beata4 #i ,burke's ,correspond5ce1 i4 #cgf1 #cgg4 #aj ,z ,i am writ+ ^! pages ,i f9d ! foll[+ p>agraph 9 a newspap] :i* may illu/rate my mean+3--',,dogs' ,,nurs+4 ,a case 0 he>d at ! ,brompton ,c\nty ,c\rt on ,friday 9 :i* "s sugge/ive evid5ce 0 giv5 ( ! m$ical treatm5t ( dogs4 ,! proprietor ( a dogs' infirm>y at ,tatt]sall's ,corn] su$ ,mr4 ,h>d+ ,cox = ! bo>d & lodg+ ( sev5 dogs1 & ! rgime 0 expla9$4 ,!y are f$ on ess5ce ( meat1 wa%$ d[n ) port w9e1 & h z a dige/ive eggs beat5 up 9 milk & arr[root4 ,m$icat$ ba?s & tonics are also suppli$1 & occasionally ! animals are treat$ to a day 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is c\rse ( hygi5e necessitat$ an exp5diture ( t5 %ill+s a week4 ,! def5dant plead$ t ! *>ges 7 excessive1 b ! judge aw>d$ ! pla9tiff #be4 ,h[ _m hospital pati5ts receive su* treatm5t8'--,daily ,express1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! illu/rations giv5 9 ! la/ *apt] w be suffici5t to %[ ! dang] ( p]mitt+ ! unselfi% side ( human nature to run wild )\t s]i\s control by ! reason & by ! w4 ,to see ?+s 9 _! true proportion1 to escape ! magnify+ influ5ce ( a morbid imag9ation1 %\ld be "o ( ! *ief aims ( life1 & 9 no fields is x m ne$$ ?an 9 ^? we h be5 review+4 ,at ! same "t e age has its own ideal moral type t[>ds :i* ! /ronge/ & be/ influ5ces ( ! "t conv]ge4 ,! hi/ory ( morals is ess5tially a hi/ory ( ! *anges t take place n s mu* 9 our conception ( :at is "r & wrong z 9 ! proportionate place & prom95ce we assign to diff]5t virtues & vices4 ,!re are l>ge gr\ps ( moral qualities :i* 9 "s ages ( ! _w's hi/ory h be5 reg>d$ z ( supreme importance1 :ile 9 o!r ages !y are ?r[n into ! backgr\nd1 & !re are correspond+ gr\ps ( vices :i* are treat$ 9 "s p]iods z v s]i\s & 9 o!rs z v trivial4 ,! h]oic type ( ,paganism & ! sa9tly type ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its pure/ =m1 consi/ l>gely ( ! same elem5ts1 b ! proportions 9 :i* !y are mix$ are altoge!r diff]5t4 ,!re are ages :5 ! milit>y & civic virtues--! qualities t make good soldi]s & patriotic citiz5s--dom9ate ov] all o!rs4 ,! self-sacrifice ( ! be/ m5 fl[s habitually 9 ^! *annels4 ,9 su* an age integrity 9 bus9ess relations & ! dome/ic virtues :i* ma9ta9 ! purity ( ! family may be highly valu$1 b !y are *iefly valu$ because !y are ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 ,! soldi] :o has atta9$ to ! highe/ degree ! be/ qualities ( 8 pr(ession1 ! patriot :o sacrifices to ! s]vices ( ! ,/ate 8 com=ts1 8 ambitions & 8 life1 is ! supreme model1 & ! e/imation 9 :i* he is held is b little l[]$ ev5 ?\gh he may h be5 guilty1 l ,cato1 ( atroci\s cruelty to 8 slaves1 or1 l "s ( ! h]oes ( anci5t times1 ( sc&al\s =ms ( private pr(ligacy4 ,!re are o!r ages 9 :i* milit>y life is look$ ^u by morali/s ) disfav\r1 & 9 :i* patriotism ranks v l[ 9 ! scale ( virtues1 :ile *>ity1 g5tl5ess1 self-abnegation1 devotional habits1 & purity 9 ?\ght1 ^w & act are pre-em95tly inculcat$4 ,! intellectual virtues1 aga91 :i* deal ) tru? & falsehood1 =m a di/9ct gr\p4 ,! habit ( m9d :i* makes m5 love tru? = its own sake z ! supreme ideal1 & :i* turns aside f all falsehood1 exagg]ation1 p>ty or sect>ian misrepres5tation & inv5tion1 is 9 no age a common "o1 b !re are "s ages 9 :i* x is recognis$ & inculcat$ z virtue1 :ile !re are o!rs 9 :i* x is no exagg]ation to say t ! :ole t5d5cy ( religi\s tea*+ has be5 to disc\rage x4 ,dur+ _m c5turies ! ascetic & purely ecclesia/ical /&>d ( virtue completely dom9at$4 ,! dome/ic virtues1 ?\gh cle>ly recognis$1 held altoge!r a subord9ate place to :at 7 deem$ ! high] virtues ( ! ascetic celibate4 ,*>ity1 ?\gh nobly cultivat$ & practis$1 0 reg>d$ ma9ly ?r\gh a dogmatic m$ium & practis$ less = ! b5efit ( ! recipi5t ?an = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! donor4 ,9 ! eyes ( multitudes ! highe/ conception ( a sa9tly life consi/$ l>gely if n ma9ly 9 complete deta*m5t f secul> int]e/s & affections4 ,no type 0 m admir$1 & no type 0 ev] m completely sev]$ f all active duties & all human relations ?an t ( ! sa9t ( ! des]t or ( ! monk ( "o ( ! contemplative ord]s4 ,to die to ! _w2 to become indiff]5t to its aims1 int]e/s & pleasures2 to measure all ?+s by a /&>d :olly diff]5t f human happ9ess1 to live habitually = ano!r life 0 ! con/ant tea*+ ( ! sa9ts4 ,9 ! /ress laid on ! cultivation ( ! spiritual life ! :ole sph]e ( active duties sank into a l[] plane2 & ! eye ( ! m9d 0 turn$ upw>ds & inw>ds & b little on ! _w ar\nd4 ',happy1' said "o sa9t1 'is ! m9d :i* sees b two objects1 ,god & self1 "o ( :i* conceptions fills x ) a sov]eign delight & ! o!r abases x to ! extreme/ dejection4'#aa ',z mu* love z we give to creatures1' said ano!r sa9t1 'j s mu* we /eal f ! ,creator4'#ab ',two ?+s only d ,i ask1' said a ?ird1#ac 'to suff] & to die4' ',=sake all1' said ,?omas ,kempis1 '& ?\ %alt f9d all4 ,leave desire & ?\ %alt f9d re/4' ',unless a man be dis5gag$ f ! affection ( all creatures he _c ) fre$om ( m9d att5d unto ,div9e ?+s4' ,! gradual1 sil5t & half-unconsci\s modification 9 ! type ( ,morals :i* took place aft] ! ,re=mation 0 c]ta9ly n ! lea/ important ( its results4 ,if x may be trac$ 9 "s degree to ! di/9ctive !ology ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 x 0 p]haps /ill m due to ! abolition ( cl]ical celibacy :i* plac$ ! religi\s tea*]s 9 ! c5tre ( dome/ic life & 9 close contact ) a l>ge circle ( social duties4 ,!re is ev5 n[ a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 ! morals ( a s9c]ely ,ca?olic & a s9c]ely ,prote/ant c\ntry1 & ?is diff]5ce is n s mu*1 z controv]siali/s w\ld tell u1 9 ! great] & ! less z 9 ! moral type1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! diff]5t degrees ( importance atta*$ to diff]5t virtues & vices4 ,probably n[h]e 9 ! _w c m beautiful & m rev]5t types be f\nd ?an 9 "s ( ! ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ,europe :i* are b little t\*$ by ! intellectual movem5ts ( ! age1 b no good obs]v] c fail to notice h[ mu* l>g] is ! place giv5 to duties :i* re/ :olly on !ological consid]ations1 & h[ l>gely ev5 ! natural duties are bas$ on su* consid]ations & gov]n$1 limit$1 & sometimes ev5 sup]s$$ by !m4 ,! ecclesia/ics :o at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance induc$ ,sigismund to violate ! safe-conduct he _h giv51 &1 9 spite ( 8 solemn promise1 to condemn ,huss to a dea? ( fire1#ad & ! ecclesia/ics :o at ! ,diet ( ,worms va9ly tri$ to induce ,*>les ,v4 to act ) a simil> p]fidy t[>ds ,lu!r1 repres5t a conception ( morals :i* is abundantly preval5t 9 our day4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ! obligation ( tru?fulness 9 cases 9 :i* x conflicts ) ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* re/s :olly on ! basis ( hon\r1 & n at all on ! basis ( religion4 ,9 ! e/imates ( ,ca?olic rul]s no imp>tial obs]v] c fail to notice h[ _! attitude t[>ds ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur* dom9ates ov] all consid]ations ( public & private morals4 ,9 pa/ ages ?is 0 mu* m ! case4 ,! ,*ur* fill$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 a place at lea/ equal to t ( ! ,/ate 9 ! ,roman ,republic4 ,m5 :o _h made great sacrifices = x & r5d]$ great s]vices to x 7 deem$1 beyond all o!rs1 ! good m51 & 9 ^? m5 ?+s :i* we %\ld reg>d z grossly crim9al appe>$ m]e v5ial frailties4 ,let any "o :o d\bts ?is /udy ! lives ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic sa9ts1 & ! /ill m in/ructive pages 9 :i* ,gregory ( ,t\rs & o!r ecclesia/ical annali/s h describ$ ! *>act]s & acts ( ! m prom95t figures 9 ! secul> hi/ory ( _! times1 & he w soon feel t he has pass$ into a moral atmosph]e & is deal+ ) moral measurem5ts & p]spectives :olly unlike ^? ( our own day4#ae ,9 highly civilis$ ages ! same _s may be cle>ly trac$4 ,bossuet 0 c]ta9ly no hypocrite or sycophant1 b a man ( au/]e virtue & und\bt$ c\rage4 ,he did n hesitate to rebuke ! gross pr(ligacy ( ! life ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & al?\gh nei!r he nor any ( ! o!r ,ca?olic div9es ( 8 age s]i\sly prote/$ aga9/ ! w>s ( pure egotism & o/5tation :i* made t sov]eign ! sc\rge ( ,europe & br\ght d[n ^u 8 p calamities immeasurably great] ?an ! faults ( 8 private life--al?\gh1 inde$1 he has spok5 ( ^? w>s 9 language ( raptur\s & unqualifi$ eulogy#af--;he _h at lea/ ! grace to devote a *apt] ( 8 ',politique tire de l'criture ,sa9te' to ! !me t ',god does n love w>4' ,b 9 ! eyes ( ,bossuet ! dom9ant fact 9 ! life ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes & ! savage p]secution ( ! ,hugu5ots1 & ?is 0 suffici5t to place him among ! be/ ( sov]eigns4#ag ,to ^? :o w c&idly consid] ! subject !re is no?+ 9 ?is :i* ne$ excite surprise4 ,! doctr9e t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! inspir$ guide1 repres5t+ ! voice ( ! ,div9ity on e>? & decid+ ) absolute au?ority all que/ions ( "r & wrong1 v naturally l$ to ! conviction t no?+ :i* 0 conducive to its int]e/s c\ld be really crim9al1 & 9 all dep>tm5ts ( morals x regulat$ ! degrees ( praise & blame4 ,! doctr9e :i* is /ill s widely pr(ess$ b n[ s fa9tly realis$1 t ! fir/ ess5tial to salvation is or?odox belief1 plac$ conduct on a l[] plane ( importance ?an dogma1 :ile ! conviction t x is 9 ! p[] ( man to obta9 absolute c]ta9ty 9 religi\s belief1 t errone\s belief is 9 ! eyes ( ! ,almighty a crime br++ ) x et]nal damnation1 & t ! tea*] ( h]esy is ! greate/ enemy ( mank9d1 at once ju/ifi$ 9 ! eyes ( ! believ] acts :i* n[ seem ! grave/ moral ab]rations4 ,_m bas] motives & elem5ts no d\bt m+l$ ) ! long & hide\s hi/ory ( ! religi\s p]secutions ( ,*ri/5dom1 b 9 ! eyes ( c\ntless consci5ti\s m5 ?is tea*+ seem$ amply suffici5t to ju/ify !m & to /ifle all feel+ ( compassion = ! victims4 ,mu* ! same consid]ations expla9 ! absolute indiff]5ce ) :i* s _m good m5 witness$ ^? wit* p]secutions :i* consign$ ?\s&s ( old1 feeble & innoc5t wom5 to torture & to dea?4 ,o!r illu/rations ( a less tragical k9d might be giv54 ,?us 9 cases ( *ild-bir? ! physician is sometimes plac$ 9 ! alt]native ( sacrific+ ! life ( ! "m or ( ! unborn *ild4 ,9 su* cases a ,prote/ant or free?9k+ physician w\ld n hesitate to save ! adult life z by f> ! mo/ valuable4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e is t "u su* circum/ances ! fir/ duty ( ! physician is to save ! life ( ! unbaptiz$ *ild4#ah ,l>ge numb]s ( comm]cial transactions :i* are n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be p]fectly innoc5t & useful w\ld dur+ a long p]iod h be5 prohibit$ on acc\nt ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( usury :i* condemn$ z s9ful ev5 ! mo/ mod]ate int]e/ on money if x 0 exact$ z ! price ( ! loan4#ai ,e religi\s & inde$ e philosophical sy/em t has play$ a great "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has a t5d5cy ei!r to =m or to assimilate ) a p>ticul> moral type1 & 9 ! eyes ( a l>ge & gr[+ numb] x is ^u ! excell5cy ( ?is type1 & ^u its success 9 produc+ x1 t its sup]iority ma9ly dep5ds4 ,! sup]/ructure or scaffold+ ( belief ar\nd :i* x is =m$ appe>s to !m ( comp>atively little mom5t1 & x is n uncommon to f9d m5 ard5tly devot$ to a p>ticul> type long aft] !y h disc>d$ ! t5ets ) :i* x 0 once connect$4 ,c>lyle1 = example1 sometimes spoke ( himself z a ,calv9i/1 & us$ language bo? 9 public & private z if !re 0 no important diff]5ce betwe5 himself & ! mo/ or?odox ,puritans1 yet x is v evid5t t he disbeliev$ ne>ly all ! articles ( _! cre$4 ,:at he meant 0 t ,calv9ism _h produc$ 9 all c\ntries 9 :i* x really dom9at$ a def9ite type ( "* & conception ( morals :i* 0 9 8 eyes ! noble/ t _h yet appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ',above all ?+s1 my bre?r51 swe> n4' ,if1 z is g5]ally assum$1 ?is ref]s to ! cu/om ( us+ pr(ane oa?s 9 common conv]sation1 h[ remote f mod]n ideas is ! place assign$ to ?is vice1 :i* p]haps affects human happ9ess z little z any o!r t c be m5tion$1 9 ! scale ( crim9ality1 & h[ curi\sly *>act]i/ic is ! fact t ! vice to :i* ?is supremacy ( enormity is attribut$ cont9u$ to be preval5t dur+ ! ages :5 !ological influ5ces 7 mo/ p[]ful1 & has 9 all good society fad$ away 9 simple ob$i5ce to a turn ( fa%ion :i* proscribes x z ung5tlemanly6 ,= a long p]iod ,acts condemn+ x 7 read at /at$ p]iods 9 ! *ur*es1#bj & "o ( ^! describ$ x z likely1 by provok+ ,god's wra?1 to 'increase ! _m calamities ^! nations n[ lab\r "u4' ,h[ curi\sly *>act]i/ic is ! re/riction 9 common usage ( ! t]m 'immoral' to a s+le vice1 s t a man :o is untru?ful1 selfi%1 cruel1 or intemp]ate might /ill be said to h l$ 'a moral life' because he 0 blameless 9 ! relations ( ! sexes6 ,9 ! e/imates ( ! "* ( public m5 ! same disproportionate judgm5t may be con/antly f\nd 9 ! comp>ative /ress plac$ ^u private faults & ! mo/ gigantic public crimes4 ,errors ( judgm5t are n errors ( morals1 b any public man :o1 ?r\gh selfi%1 ambiti\s1 or p>ty motives1 plunges or helps to plunge 8 c\ntry into an unrighte\s or unnecess>y w>1 subord9ates public int]e/ to 8 p]sonal ambition1 employs himself 9 /imulat+ class1 national1 or prov9cial hatr$s1 l[]s ! moral /&>d ( public life1 or supports a legislation :i* he kn[s to t5d to or facilitate di%one/y1 is committ+ a crime be=e :i*1 if x be measur$ by its consequ5ces1 ! grave/ acts ( m]e private immorality dw9dle into insignificance4 ,yet h[ diff]5tly 9 ! case ( brilliant & successful politicians are su* ?+s treat$ 9 ! judgm5t ( contempor>ies1 & sometimes ev5 9 ! judgm5ts ( hi/ory6 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a peculi>ity ( mod]n times t ! *ief moral influ5ces are mu* m v>i\s & complex ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,!re is no su* absolute empire z t :i* 0 ex]cis$ ov] "* by ! ,/ate 9 "s p]iods ( ,pagan antiquity & by ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,our civilisation is m ?an any?+ else an indu/rial civilisation1 & indu/rial habits are probably ! /ronge/ 9 =m+ ! moral type to :i* public op9ion aspires4 ,slav]y1 :i* ?rew a deep discr$it on indu/ry & on ! qualities x fo/]s1 has pass$ away4 ,! feudal sy/em1 :i* plac$ indu/ry 9 an inf]ior position1 has be5 aboli%$1 & ! /rong mod]n t5d5cy to dim9i% bo? ! privileges & ! exclusiv5ess ( rank & to increase ! importance ( weal? is 9 ! same direction4 ,an indu/rial society has its special vices & fail+s1 b x naturally br+s into ! bolde/ relief ! moral qualities :i* indu/ry is mo/ fitt$ to fo/] & on :i* x mo/ l>gely dep5ds1 & x also gives ! :ole tone ( moral ?9k+ a utilit>ian "*4 ,x is n ,*ri/ianity b ,indu/rialism t has br\ght into ! _w t /rong s5se ( ! moral value ( ?rift1 /eady indu/ry1 punctuality 9 obs]v+ engagem5ts1 con/ant =e?\ght ) a view to provid+ = ! cont+5cies ( ! future1 :i* is n[ s *>act]i/ic ( ! moral type ( ! mo/ civilis$ nations4 ,_m o!r influ5ces1 h[ev]1 h contribut$ to int5sify1 qualify1 or impair ! indu/rial type4 ,prote/antism has dis5gag$ primitive ,*ri/ian e?ics f a cr[d ( sup]/iti\s & artificial duties :i* _h ov]laid !m1 & a simil> process has be5 go+ on 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries "u ! influ5ce ( ! rationalis+ & sceptical _s4 ,! influ5ce ( dogmatic !ology on ,morals has decl9$4 ,out ( ! va/ & complex religi\s sy/ems ( ! pa/1 an eclectic _s is br++ into special & ev]-increas+ prom95ce ^? ,*ri/ian virtues :i* are mo/ manife/ly 9 accordance ) natural religion & mo/ cle>ly conducive to ! well-be+ ( m5 ^u ! e>?4 ,philan?ropy or *>ity1 :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 has also be5 imm5sely int5sifi$ by increas$ k & realisation ( ! wants & sorr[s ( o!rs2 by ! s5sitiv5ess to pa91 by ! s(t5+ ( mann]s & ! m humane & ref9$ ta/es & habits :i* a highly elaborat$ intellectual civilisation naturally produces4 ,! s5se ( duty plays a great "p 9 mod]n philan?ropy1 & l[] motives ( o/5tation or cu/om m+le l>gely ) ! g5u9e k9dl9ess ( feel+ t inspires x2 b on ! :ole x is probable t m5 9 our day1 9 do+ good to o!rs1 look mu* m exclusively ?an 9 ! pa/ to ! b5efit ( ! recipi5t & mu* less to "s rew>d = _! acts 9 a future _w4 ,z long1 too1 z ?is b5efit is atta9$1 !y w gladly dim9i% z mu* z possible ! self-sacrifice x entails4 ,an em95tly *>act]i/ic feature ( mod]n philan?ropy is its close connection ) amusem5ts4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 a great philan?ropic "w w\ld be naturally support$ by an issue ( indulg5ces promis+ specific advantages 9 ano!r _w to all :o took "p 9 x4 ,9 our own g5]ation balls1 baza>s1 !atrical or o!r amusem5ts giv5 = ! b5efit ( ! *>ity1 occupy an almo/ correspond+ place4 ,at ! same "t increas+ k1 & especially ! k9d ( k :i* sci5ce gives1 has 9 o!r ways l>gely affect$ our judgm5ts ( "r & wrong4 ,! m5tal discipl9e1 ! habits ( s\nd & accurate reason+1 ! di/ru/ ( m]e au?ority & ( unte/$ ass]tions & traditions t sci5ce t5ds to produce1 all /imulate ! intellectual virtues1 & sci5ce has done mu* to rectify ! *>t ( life1 po9t+ out m cle>ly ! true conditions ( human well-be+ & disclos+ mu* baselessness & _m errors 9 ! tea*+ ( ! pa/4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be said t ! civic or ! milit>y influ5ces h decl9$4 ,if ! ,/ate does n hold altoge!r ! same place z 9 ,pagan antiquity1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t 9 a democratic age public int]e/s are enorm\sly prom95t 9 ! lives ( m51 & !re is a gr[+ & dang]\s t5d5cy to aggr&ise ! influ5ce ( ! ,/ate ov] ! individual1 :ile mod]n milit>ism is draw+ ! fl[] ( ,cont95tal ,europe into its circle & mak+ milit>y education "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 9 ! =mation ( *>act]s & ideals4 ,i d n believe t ! _w w ev] greatly diff] ab\t ! ess5tial elem5ts ( "r & wrong4 ,^! ?+s lie deep 9 human nature & 9 ! fundam5tal conditions ( human life4 ,! *anges t are tak+ place1 & :i* seem likely to /r5g!n 9 ! future1 lie *iefly 9 ! importance atta*$ to diff]5t qualities4 ,:at seems to be useless self-sacrifice & unnecess>y suff]+ is z mu* z possible avoid$4 ,! /ra9 ( s5tim5t :i* valu$ suff]+ 9 itself z an expiatory ?+1 z a mode ( foll[+ ! ,man ( ,sorr[s1 z a ?+ to be = its own sake embrac$ & dwelt ^u1 & prolong$1 be>s a v great "p 9 "s ( ! mo/ beautiful ,*ri/ian lives1 & especially 9 ^? :i* 7 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,an old leg5d tells h[ ,*ri/ once appe>$ z a ,man ( ,sorr[s to a ,ca?olic ,sa9t1 & ask$ him :at boon he w\ld mo/ desire4 ',"l1' 0 ! reply1 't ,i might suff] mo/4' ,?is /ra9 runs deeply ?r\gh ! :ole ascetic lit]ature & ! :ole mona/ic sy/em ( ,ca?olicism1 & outside ,ca?olicism x has be5 sometimes %[n by a reluctance to accept ! aid ( an/hetics1 :i* p>tially or :olly remov$ suff]+ suppos$ to h be5 s5t by ,provid5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! use ( *lor(orm furni%es /rik+ illu/rations ( ?is4 ,_m ( my read]s may rememb] ! ,fr5* monks :o devot$ !mselves to cultivat+ "o ( ! mo/ pe/il5tial spots 9 ! ,roman ,campagna1 :i* 0 associat$ ) an ecclesia/ical leg5d1 & :o q unnecess>ily insi/$ on rema9+ !re dur+ ! season :5 su* a resid5ce meant little less ?an a sl[ suicide4 ,!y _h1 z !y 7 accu/om$ to say1 _! purgatory ^u e>?1 & !y rema9$ till _! con/itutions 7 hopelessly %att]$ & !y 7 s5t to die 9 _! own l&4 ,t\*+ examples might be f\nd 9 mod]n times ( m5 :o1 9 ! la/ extremes ( disease or suff]+1 scrupl$1 ?r\gh religi\s motives1 ab\t avail+ !mselves ( ! simple/ alleviations1#ba & some?+ ( ! same feel+ is %[n 9 ! desire to prolong to ! la/ possible mom5t hopeless & agonis+ disease4 ,all ?is is manife/ly & rapidly disappe>+4 ,to endure ) pati5ce & resignation inevitable suff]+2 to enc\nt] c\rage\sly dang]s & suff]+ = "s wor?y & useful end1 ranks1 inde$1 z high z x ev] did 9 ! e?ics ( ! c5tury1 b suff]+ = its own sake is no long] valu$1 & x is deem$ "o ( ! fir/ objects ( a wise life to re/rict & dim9i% x4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 has se5 m cle>ly or describ$ m vividly ?an ,goe! ! direction 9 :i* 9 mod]n times ! curr5t ( morals is fl[+4 ,8 philosophy is a t]re/rial philosophy1 & ! old !ologians w\ld h said t x all[$ ! second ,table ( ! ,law altoge!r to sup]s$e or eclipse ! fir/4 ,x 0 said ( him ) mu* tru? t 'repugnance to ! sup]natural 0 an inh]5t "p ( 8 m9d4' ,to turn away f useless & b>r5 speculations2 to p]si/5tly )draw our ?\ghts f ! unkn[able1 ! inevitable1 & ! irrep>able2 to conc5trate !m on ! imm$iate pres5t & on ! ne>e/ duty2 to wa/e no moral en]gy on excessive introspection or self-abasem5t or self-reproa*1 b to make ! cultivation & ! wise use ( all our p[]s ! supreme ideal & end ( our lives2 to oppose lab\r & /udy to affliction & regret2 to keep at a di/ance gloomy ?\ghts & exagg]at$ anxieties2 'to see ! individual 9 connection & co-op]ation ) ! :ole1' & to look ^u ef=t & action z ! ma9 elem5ts bo? ( duty & happ9ess1 0 ! lesson :i* he cont9ually taught4 ',! m9d end[$ ) active p[]s1 & keep+ ) a practical object to ! task t lies ne>e/1 is ! wor?ie/ !re is on e>?4' ',"* consi/s 9 a man /eadily pursu+ ! ?+s ( :i* he feels himself capable4' ',try to d y\r duty & y w "k :at y are wor?4' ',piety is n an end b a means2 a means ( atta9+ ! highe/ culture by ! pure/ tranquillity ( s\l4' ',we are n born to solve ! problems ( ! _w1 b to f9d out :]e ! problem beg9s & !n to keep )9 ! limits ( :at we c grasp4' ,to cultivate s9c]e love ( tru? & cle> & def9ite conceptions1 & dive/ ourselves z mu* z possible f prejudices1 fanaticisms1 sup]/itions1 & exagg]ation2 to take wide1 s\nd1 tol]ant1 _m-sid$ views ( life1 /&s 9 8 eyes 9 ! =efront ( e?ics4 ',let x be y\r e>ne/ endeav\r to use words co9cid+ z closely z possible ) :at we feel1 see1 ?9k1 exp]i5ce1 imag9e1 & reason2' 'remove by pla9 & hone/ purpose false1 irrelevant & futile ideas4' ',! true/ lib]ality is appreciation4' ',love ( tru? %[s itself 9 ?is1 t a man kn[s h[ to f9d & value ! good 9 ev]y?+4'#bb ,9 ! eyes ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght "o ( ! great vices ( ! old !ological type ( e?ics 0 t x 0 unduly negative4 ,x ?\ght mu* m ( ! avoidance ( s9 ?an ( ! p]=mance ( duty4 ,! m we advance 9 k ! m we %all come to judge m5 9 ! _s ( ! p>able ( ! tal5ts2 t is by ! net result ( _! lives1 by _! ess5tial unselfi%ness1 by ! degree 9 :i* !y employ & ! objects to :i* !y direct _! capacities & opportunities4 ,! /aple ( moral life becomes mu* less a matt] ( small scruples1 ( m9ute self-exam9ation1 ( extreme /ress laid ^u flaws ( "* & conduct t h little or no be>+ ^u active life4 ,a life ( idl5ess w be reg>d$ ) mu* less tol]ance ?an at pres5t4 ,m5 w gr[ less introspective & m objective1 & useful action w become m & m ! guid+ pr9ciple ( morals4 ,9 !ory ?is w probably be readily admitt$1 b e good obs]v] w f9d t x involves a consid]able *ange 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,a life ( habitual languor & idl5ess1 ) no faculties really cultivat$1 & ) no result t makes a man miss$ :5 he has pass$ away1 may be sp5t )\t any act :i* ! _w calls vici\s1 & is q compatible ) mu* *>m ( temp] & demean\r & ) a complete fre$om f viol5t & aggressive selfi%ness4 ,su* a life1 9 ! eyes ( _m morali/s1 w\ld rank mu* high] ?an a life ( con/ant1 hon\rable self-sacrific+ lab\r = ! good ( o!rs :i* 0 at ! same "t flaw$ by "s positive vice4 ,yet ! life :i* seems to be comp>atively blameless has 9 tru? :olly miss$1 :ile ! o!r life1 9 spite ( all its defects1 has l>gely atta9$ :at %\ld be ! ma9 object ( a human life1 ! full developm5t & useful employm5t ( :atev] p[]s we possess4 ,!re are m51 inde$1 9 :om an ov]-s5sitive consci5ce is ev5 a p>alys+ ?+1 :i* by sugge/+ con/ant petty & +5i\s scruples holds !m back f useful action4 ,x is a moral infirmity correspond+ to t exagg]at$ intellectual fa/idi\sness :i* s (t5 makes an intellectual life almo/ :olly b>r51 or to t excessive t5d5cy to look on all sides ( a "q & to realise ! dang]s & drawbacks ( any c\rse :i* n unfrequ5tly 9 mom5ts ( difficulty p>alyses ! actions ( public m54 ,sometimes1 "u ! /range & subtle bias ( ! w1 ?is excessive consci5ti\sness w be unconsci\sly fo/]$ 9 in]t & sluggi% natures :i* are con/itutionally dis9cl9$ to ef=t4 ,! ma9 l9es ( duty 9 ! great relations ( life are suffici5tly obvi\s1 & ! casui/ry :i* multiplies cases ( consci5ce & inv5ts unreal & factiti\s duties is apt to be r an imp$im5t ?an a fur!rance to a noble life4 ,x is probable t z ! _w goes on morals w move m & m 9 ! direction ,i h describ$4 ,!re w be at ! same "t a /eadily increas+ t5d5cy to judge moral qualities & c\rses ( conduct ma9ly by ! degree 9 :i* !y promote or dim9i% human happ9ess4 ,en?usiasm & self-sacrifice = "s object :i* has no real be>+ on ! welf>e ( man w become r>] & w be less respect$1 & ! condemnation t is pass$ on acts t are recognis$ z wrong w be mu* m proportion$ ?an at pres5t to ! injury !y inflict4 ,"s ?+s1 su* z excessive luxury ( exp5diture & ! improvid5ce ( br++ into ! _w *ildr5 = :om no provision has be5 made1 :i* c n[ sc>cely be said to ent] into ! tea*+ ( morali/s1 or at lea/ ( *ur*es1 may "o day be look$ ^u z grav] (f5ces ?an "s t are 9 ! p5al code4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,/4 ,francis de ,sales4 #ab ,/4 ,philip ,n]i4 #ac ,/4 ,t]esa4 #ad ',cum dictus ,johannes ,hus fidem or?odoxam p]t9acit] impugnans1 se ab omni con ductu et privilegio r$did]it ali5um1 nec aliqua sibi fides aut promissio de jure naturali div9o vel humano1 fu]it 9 prjudicium ,ca?olic fidei obs]v&a4' ,decl>ation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance4 ,see ,creighton's ,hi/ory ( ! ,papacy1 ii4 #cb4 #ae ,i h collect$ "s illu/rations ( ?is 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ii4 #bce-bdb4 #af ,see1 e4g4 8 fun]al oration on ,m>ie ,?rse d',autri*e4 #ag ,see ! en?usia/ic eulogy ( ! p]secution ( ! ,hugu5ots 9 8 fun]al oration on ,mi*el le ,telli]4 ,x concludes3 'pan*ons nos coeurs sur la pit de ,l\is2 p\ssons jusqu'au ciel nos acclamations1 et disons ce n\veau ,con/ant91 ce n\veau ,?odose1 ce n\veau ,m>ci51 ce n\veau ,*>lemagne ce que les six c5t tr5te ,pres dir5t autrefois dans le ,concile de ,*alcdo9e3 ,v\s avez aff]mi la foi2 v\s avez ext]m9 les hrtiques2 c'e/ le digne ouvrage de votre rgne2 c'en e/ le propre c>actre4 ,p> v\s l'hrsie n'e/ plus1 ,dieu seul a pu faire cette m]veille4 ,roi du ciel1 cons]vez le roi de la t]re2 c'e/ le voeu1 des glises2 c'e/ le voeu des vques4' #ah ,see ,migne1 ,encyclopdie ,?ologique1 ',dict4 de ,cas de ,consci5ce1' art4 ,avortem5t4 #ai ,see on ?is subject my ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 ii4 #bej-bgj1 & my ,democracy & ,lib]ty1 ii41 *4 viii4 #bj #ba ,james ,i4 c4 #bj2 #ai ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 #ba4 ,! p5alties1 h[ev]1 7 f9es1 ! pillory1 or %ort p]iods ( imprisonm5t4 ,! obligation ( read+ ! /atute 9 *ur*es 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahbc1 b ! cu/om _h be=e fall5 into desuetude4 ,9 #aggb a vic> 0 7z an act ( private v5geance7 prosecut$ & f9$ = hav+ neglect$ to read x4 7,annual ,regi/]1 #aggb1 p4 #aae47 #ba ,! foll[+ beautiful passage f a fun]al s]mon by ,newman is an example3 ',"o %\ld h ?\ght t a life s innoc5t1 s active1 s holy1 ,i might say s faultless f fir/ to la/1 might h be5 sp>$ ! visitation ( any long & sev]e p5ance to br+ x to an end2 b 9 ord] d\btless to %[ u h[ vile & mis]able ! be/ ( u are 9 ourselves 444 & moreov] to give u a patt]n h[ to be> suff]+ ourselves1 & to increase ! m]its & to ha/5 & bright5 ! cr[n ( ?is fai?ful s]vant ( 8 ,"l1 x pleas$ ,almighty ,god to s5d ^u him a disord] :i* dur+ ! la/ six ye>s f\ght ) him1 ma/]$ him1 & at l5g? has de/roy$ him1 s f>1 t is1 z dea? n[ has p[] to de/roy4444 ,x is = ^? :o came ne> him ye> aft] ye> to /ore up ! _m words & de$s ( resignation1 love & humility :i* t long p5ance elicit$4 ,^! m]itori\s acts are writt5 9 ! ,book ( ,life1 & !y h foll[$ him :i!r he is gone4 ,!y multipli$ & grew 9 /r5g? & p]fection z 8 trial proce$$2 & !y 7 nev] s /rik+ z at its close4 ,:5 a fri5d visit$ him 9 ! la/ week1 he f\nd he _h scrupl$ at all[+ 8 temples to be moi/5$ ) "s refre%+ wat]s1 & _h ) difficulty be5 br\ght to give 8 cons5t2 he said he fe>$ x 0 too great a luxury4 ,:5 ! same fri5d (f]$ him "s liquid to allay 8 di/ress+ ?ir/ 8 answ] 0 ! same4'--,s]mon at ! fun]al ( ! ,"r ,rev4 ,h5ry ,we$all1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #bb ,see ! excell5t little book ( ,mr4 ,bailey ,saund]s1 call$ ,! ,maxims & ,reflections ( ,goe!4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! t5d5cy to reg>d morals r 9 _! positive ?an _! negative aspects1 & to e/imate m5 by ! good !y d 9 ! _w1 is a heal?y elem5t 9 mod]n life4 ,a /rong s5se ( ! obligation ( a full1 active1 & useful life is ! be/ safegu>d bo? ( individual & national morals at a "t :5 ! dissolution or enfeeblem5t ( !ological beliefs is di/urb+ ! f\ndations on :i* mo/ curr5t moral tea*+ has be5 bas$4 ,9 ! field ( morals action holds a mu* l>g] place ?an reason+--a l>g] place ev5 9 elucidat+ our difficulties & illum9at+ ! pa? on :i* we %\ld g4 ,x is by ! active pursuit ( an imm$iate duty t ! vi/a ( future duties becomes mo/ cle>1 & ^? :o are mo/ imm]s$ 9 active duties are usually little tr\bl$ ) ! p]plexities ( life1 or ) m9ute & p>alys+ scruples4 ,a public op9ion :i* disc\rages idl5ess & places high ! /&>d ( public duty is especially valuable 9 an age :5 ! t5d5cy to value weal?1 & to measure dignity by weal?1 has greatly increas$1 & :5 weal? 9 "s ( its mo/ important =ms has become :olly dissociat$ f special duties4 ,! duties ( ! l&lord :o is surr\nd$ by a poor & 9 "s measure dep5d5t t5antry1 ! duties ( ! head ( a great factory or %op :o has a l>ge numb] ( workm5 or dep5d5ts 9 8 employm5t1 are suffici5tly obvi\s1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! sph]es ! tie ( duty has be5 greatly relax$ by ! gr[+ _s ( indep5d5ce1 :i* makes ea* class increas+ly jeal\s ( ! int]f]5ce ( o!rs1 & by ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( legislation to regulate all relations ( bus9ess & contracts by def9ite law in/ead ( leav+ !m1 z 9 ! pa/1 to volunt>y action4 ,b !re are l>ge classes ( =tunes :i* are :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 dissociat$ f special & def9ite duties4 ,! va/ & ev]-increas+ multitude ^: incomes are d]iv$ f national1 or prov9cial1 or municipal debts1 or :o are %>ehold]s or deb5ture-hold]s 9 great comm]cial & indu/rial und]tak+s1 h little or no practical control ov]1 or int]e/ 91 ^? f :om _! =tunes are d]iv$4 ,! multiplication ( su* =tunes is "o ( ! great *>act]i/ics ( our "t1 & x br+s ) x grave dang]s4 ,su* =tunes give unrivall$ opportunities ( luxuri\s idl5ess1 & z 9 !mselves !y br+ little or no social influ5ce or position1 ^? :o possess !m are peculi>ly tempt$ to seek su* a position by an o/5tation ( weal? & luxury :i* has a pr(\ndly vulg>is+ & demoralis+ influ5ce ^u ,society4 ,! t5d5cy ( idl5ess to lead to immorality has long be5 a commonplace ( morali/s4 ,p]haps our own age has se5 m cle>ly ?an ^? t prec$$ x t complete & habitual idl5ess is immorality1 & t :5 ! circum/ances ( 8 life d n assign to a man a def9ite sph]e ( "w x is 8 fir/ duty to f9d x = himself4 ,x has be5 happily said t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria "y m5 9 ,engl& :o 7 really busy affect$ idl5ess1 & at ! close ( ! reign "y m5 :o are really idle pret5d to be busy4 ,9 my own op9ion1 a disproportionate am\nt ( ,engli% en]gy takes political =ms1 & !re is a dang]\s exagg]ation 9 ! prevail+ t5d5cy to combat all social & moral abuses by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b !re are multitudes ( o!r & less obtrusive sph]es ( "w adapt$ to all grades ( intellect & to _m types ( "*1 9 :i* m5 :o possess ! ine/imable boon ( leisure c f9d abundant & useful fields = ! ex]cise ( _! p[]s4 ,! rectification ( moral judgm5ts is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( civilisation2 x is ^u ?is t ! possibility ( moral progress on a l>ge scale *iefly dep5ds4 ,few ?+s p]v]t m5 m ?an ! habit ( reg>d+ z enviable p]sons or qualities injuri\s to ,society4 ,! mo/ obvi\s example is ! passionate admiration be/[$ on a brilliant conqu]or1 :i* is (t5 q irrespective ( ! ju/ice ( 8 w>s & ( ! motives t actuat$ him4 ,?is false moral feel+ has acquir$ su* a /r5g? t ov]:elm+ milit>y p[] almo/ c]ta9ly leads to a c>e] ( ambition4 ,p]v]t$ public op9ion is ! ma9 cause4 ,glory1 n int]e/1 is ! lure1 or at lea/ ! latt] w\ld be p[]less if x 7 n accompani$ by ! =m]--if ! execration ( mank9d naturally foll[$ unscrupul\s aggression4 ,ano!r & sc>cely less flagrant in/ance ( ! wor%ip ( false ideals is to be f\nd 9 ! fi]ce competition ( luxury & o/5tation :i* *>act]ises ! m weal?y cities ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t 9 a s+le fe/ival 9 ,london or ,new ,york sums are (t5 exp5d$ 9 ! idle/ & mo/ ephem]al o/5tation :i* might h reviv$ indu/ry1 or ext+ui%$ paup]ism1 or alleviat$ suff]+ ov] a va/ area4 ,! "q ( exp5diture on luxuries is no d\bt a "q ( degree :i* _c be r$uc$ to /rict rule1 & !re are _m :o w try to ju/ify ! mo/ o/5tati\s exp5diture on ! gr\nd ( ! employm5t x gives & ( o!r incid5tal advantages x is suppos$ to produce4 ,b no?+ 9 political economy is m c]ta9 ?an t ! va/ & ev]-increas+ exp5diture on ! luxury ( o/5tation 9 mod]n societies1 by )draw+ great masses ( capital f productive lab\r1 is a grave economical evil1 & !re is probably no o!r =m ( exp5diture :i*1 9 proportion to its am\nt1 gives s little real pleasure & conf]s s little real good4 ,its evil 9 sett+ up mat]ial & base /&>ds ( excell5ce1 9 /imulat+ ! wor/ passions t gr[ out ( an immod]ate love ( weal?1 9 ru9+ _m :o are tempt$ into a competition :i* !y are unable to support1 c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,x is felt 9 e rank 9 rais+ ! /&>d ( conv5tional exp5ses1 exclud+ f mu* social int]c\rse _m :o are admirably fitt$ to adorn x1 & introduc+ into all society a l[] & m mat]ial tone4 ,nor are ^! its only consequ5ces4 ,weal? :i* is exp5d$ 9 multiply+ & elaborat+ real com=ts1 or ev5 9 pleasures :i* produce enjoym5t at all proportionate to _! co/1 w nev] excite s]i\s indignation4 ,x is ! colossal wa/e ( ! means ( human happ9ess 9 ! mo/ selfi% & mo/ vulg> =ms ( social adv]tisem5t & competition t gives a =ce & almo/ a ju/ification to an>*ical passions :i* m5ace ! :ole future ( our civilisation4 ,x is su* ?+s t /imulate class hatr$s & deep5 class divisions1 & if ! law ( op9ion does n int]f]e to *eck !m !y w "o day br+ d[n ^u ! society t enc\rages !m a signal & well-m]it$ retribution4 ,a m recognis$1 ?\gh probably n really m p]nici\s example ( false ideals1 is to be f\nd 9 ! glorification ( ! demi-monde1 :i* is s conspicu\s 9 "s societies & lit]atures4 ,9 a heal?y /ate ( op9ion1 ! public1 o/5tati\s appe>ance ( su* p]sons1 )\t any concealm5t ( _! "*1 9 ! great conc\rse ( fa%ion & among ! notabilities ( ! ,/ate1 w\ld appe> an intol]able sc&al1 & x becomes mu* worse :5 !y give ! tone to fa%ion & become ! c5tres & ! models ( l>ge & by no means undi/+ui%$ sections ( ,society4 ,! evils spr++ f ?is public glorification ( ! class are immeasurably great] ?an ! evils aris+ f its exi/5ce4 ,! /&>d ( popul> morals is debas$4 ,temptation 9 its mo/ s$uctive =m is =c$ ^u inflammable natures1 & ! mo/ p]nici\s ( all lessons is taught to poor1 hone/1 h>d-work+ wom54 ,x is inde$ wond]ful t 9 societies :]e ?is evil prevails s mu* virtue %\ld /ill exi/ among graceful1 attractive wom5 ( ! %opkeep+ & s]vant class :5 !y cont9ually see be=e !m memb]s ( _! own class1 by pref]r+ vice to virtue1 ris+ at once to weal?1 luxury & idl5ess1 & ev5 held up z objects ( admiration or imitation4 ,9 judg+ wisely ! *>act]s ( m51 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be done is to und]/& _! ideals4 ,try to f9d out :at k9d ( m5 or ( life2 :at qualities1 :at positions seem to !m ! mo/ desirable4 ,m5 d n always fully recognise _! own ideals1 = education & ! conv5tionalities ( ,society oblige !m to ass]t a pref]5ce = t :i* may really h no root 9 _! m9ds4 ,b by a c>eful exam9ation x is usually possible to asc]ta9 :at p]sons or qualities or circum/ances or gifts ex]cise a g5u9e1 spontane\s1 magnetic p[] ov] !m--:e!r !y really value supremely rank or position1 or money1 or beauty1 or intellect1 or sup]iority ( "*4 ,if y "k ! ideal ( a man y h obta9$ a true key to 8 nature4 ,! broad l9es ( 8 "*1 ! p]man5t t5d5cies ( 8 imag9ation1 8 ess5tial nobility or meanness1 are ?us disclos$ m effectually ?an by any o!r means4 ,a man ) high ideals1 :o admires wisely & nobly1 is nev] :olly base ?\gh he may fall into great vices4 ,a man :o wor%ips ! bas] elem5ts is 9 tru? an idolat] ?\gh he may h nev] b[$ be=e an image ( /one4 ,! human m9d has mu* m p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 "r & wrong1 & betwe5 true & false1 ?an ( e/imat+ ) accuracy ! comp>ative gravity ( opposite evils4 ,x is ne>ly always "r 9 judg+ betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,x is g5]ally wrong 9 e/imat+ degrees ( guilt1 & ! root ( its error lies 9 ! extreme difficulty ( putt+ ourselves into ! place ( ^? ^: *>act]s or circum/ances are radically diff]5t f our own4 ,?is want ( imag9ation acts widely on our judgm5t ( :at is good z well z ( :at is bad4 ,few m5 h en\gh imag9ation to realise types ( excell5ce altoge!r diff]+ f _! own4 ,x is ?is1 mu* m ?an vanity1 t leads !m to e/eem ! types ( excell5ce to :i* !y !mselves approximate z ! be/1 & ta/es & habits t are altoge!r incongru\s ) _! own z futile & contemptible4 ,x is1 p]haps1 mo/ difficult ( all to realise ! diff]5ce ( "* & especially ( moral s5sibility produc$ by a pr(\nd diff]5ce ( circum/ances4 ,?is difficulty l>gely falsifies our judgm5ts ( ! pa/1 & x is ! reason :y a p[]ful imag9ation enabl+ u to realise v v>i\s *>act]s & v remote circum/ances is "o ( ! fir/ necessities ( a great hi/orian4 ,hi/orians r>ely make suffici5t all[ance = ! degree 9 :i* ! judgm5ts & dispositions ev5 ( ! be/ m5 are col\r$ by ! moral tone ( ! "t1 society & pr(ession 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,yet x is probable t on ! :ole we e/imate m ju/ly ! *>act]s ( ! pa/ ?an ( ! pres5t4 ,no "o w\ld judge ! actions ( ,*>lemagne or ( 8 contempor>ies by ! /rict rules ( n9ete5?-c5tury e?ics4 ,we feel t ?\gh !y committ$ und\bt$ crimes1 ^! crimes are at lea/ indef9itely less he9\s ?an !y w\ld h be5 "u ! :olly diff]5t circum/ances & moral atmosph]e ( our own day4 ,yet we seldom apply ?is me?od ( reason+ to ! diff]5t /rata ( ! same society4 ,m5 :o h be5 !mselves br\ght up amid all ! com=ts & all ! moralis+ & re/ra9+ influ5ces ( a ref9$ society1 w (t5 judge ! crimes ( ! wret*$ p>iahs ( civilisation z if _! acts 7 9 no degree palliat$ by _! position4 ,!y say to !mselves ',h[ guilty %\ld ,i h be5 if ,i _h done ?is ?+1' & _! v]dict is q j accord+ to ?is /atem5t ( ! case4 ,!y realise ! nature ( ! act4 ,!y utt]ly fail to realise ! "* & circum/ances ( ! actor4 ,& yet x is sc>cely possible to exagg]ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! position ( su* a critic & t ( ! *ildr5 ( drunk51 ignorant & pr(ligate p>5ts1 born to abject pov]ty 9 ! slums ( our great cities4 ,f _! e>lie/ *ildhood drunk5ness1 blasphemy1 di%one/y1 pro/itution1 indec5cy ( e =m are _! mo/ famili> exp]i5ces4 ,all ! social influ5ces1 su* z !y are1 are influ5ces ( vice4 ,z !y gr[ up ,life seems to !m to pres5t little m ?an ! alt]native ( h>d1 ill-paid1 & at ! same "t prec>i\s lab\r1 probably end+ 9 ! poor-h\se1 or crime ) its l>g] & swift] ga9s1 & its int]vals ( co>se pleasure probably1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly1 foll[$ by ! prison or an e>ly dea?4 ,!y see inde$1 l figures 9 a dream1 or l be+s ( ano!r _w1 ! weal?y & ! luxuri\s sp5d+ _! weal? & _! "t 9 _m k9ds ( enjoym5t1 b to ! v poor pleasure sc>cely comes except 9 ! =m ( ! g9 palace or p]haps ! l[ music hall4 ,& 9 _m cases !y h come into ?is reek+ atmosph]e ( temptation & vice ) natures debas$ & enfeebl$ by a long succession ( vici\s h]$it>y influ5ces1 ) weak wills1 ) no faculties ( m9d or "* t c respond to any heal?y ambition2 ) p[]ful inborn pr$ispositions to evil4 ,! v m\ld ( _! features1 ! v %ape ( _! skulls1 m>ks !m out z de/9$ memb]s ( ! crim9al class4 ,ev5 "h1 no d\bt1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong2 !re is scope = ! action ( free w2 !re are j causes ( praise & blame1 & ,society rightly protects itself by sev]e p5alties aga9/ ! crimes t are mo/ natural2 b :at human judge c duly measure ! scale ( moral guilt8 or :at comp>ison c !re be betwe5 ! crimes t are eng5d]$ by su* circum/ances & ^? :i* spr+ up 9 ! homes ( ref9$ & well-regulat$ com=t8 ,nor inde$ ev5 9 ?is latt] case is a really accurate judgm5t possible4 ,m5 are born into ! _w ) bo? wills & passions ( v>y+ /r5g?1 ?\gh 9 mature life ! /r5g? or weakness ( ea* is l>gely due to _! own conduct4 ,) diff]5t *>act]s ! same temptation1 op]at+ "u ! same ext]nal circum/ances1 has enorm\sly diff]5t /r5g?1 & v few m5 c fully realise ! /r5g? ( a passion :i* !y h nev] !mselves exp]i5c$4 ,to repeat an illu/ration ,i h already us$1 h[ difficult is x = a con/itutionally sob] man to =m 9 8 own m9d an adequate conception ( ! =ce ( ! temptation ( dr9k to a dipsomaniac1 or = a passionless man to conceive rightly ! temptations ( a pr(\ndly s5sual nature6 ,i h spok5 9 a =m] *apt] ( ! =ce ) :i* bodily conditions act ^u happ9ess4 ,_! influ5ce on morals is n less t]rible4 ,!re are diseases well kn[n to physicians :i* make ! mo/ placid temp] habitually irritable2 give a morbid turn to ! heal?ie/ disposition2 fill ! pure/ m9d ) unholy ?\ghts4 ,!re are o!rs :i* de/roy ! =ce ( ! /ronge/ w & take f "* all balance & self-control4#bc ,x (t5 happ5s t we h long be5 blam+ a man = manife/ faults ( "* till at la/ suicide1 or ! disclosure ( "s grave bodily or m5tal disease :i* has long be5 work+ unp]ceiv$1 expla9s 8 faults & turns our blame into pity4 ,9 madness ! :ole moral "* is sometimes rev]s$1 & t5d5cies :i* h be5 9 sane life dormant or repress$ become sudd5ly supreme4 ,9 su* cases we all ackn[l$ge t !re is no moral responsibility1 b madness1 ) its illusions & irresi/ible impulses1 & idiocy ) its complete susp5sion ( ! w & ( ! judgm5t1 are nei!r ( !m1 z lawy]s w\ld pret5d1 cle>ly def9$ /ates1 m>k$ out by %>p & well-cut b\nd>ies1 :olly di/9ct f sanity4 ,!re are incipi5t /ages2 !re are gradual approximations2 !re are twilight /ates betwe5 sanity & insanity :i* are cle>ly recognis$ n only by exp]ts b by all sagaci\s m5 ( ! _w4 ,!re are _m :o are n suffici5tly mad to be %ut up1 or to be depriv$ ( ! managem5t ( _! prop]ties1 or to be exempt$ f puni%m5t if !y h committ$ a crime1 b :o1 9 ! common expressive phrase1 'are n all !re'--^: ecc5tricities1 illusions & caprices are on ! v]ge ( madness1 ^: judgm5ts are hopelessly disord]$2 ^: wills1 ?\gh n completely atrophi$1 are manife/ly diseas$4 ,9 que/ions ( prop]ty1 9 que/ions ( crime1 9 que/ions ( family arrangem5ts1 su* p]sons cause ! grave/ p]plexity1 nor w any wise man judge !m by ! same moral /&>d z well-balanc$ & well-develop$ natures4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f su* facts is c]ta9ly n t !re is no su* ?+ z free w & p]sonal responsibility1 nor yet t we h no p[] ( judg+ ! acts ( o!rs & di/+ui%+ among our fell[m5 betwe5 ! good & ! bad4 ,! true lesson is ! extreme fallibility ( our moral judgm5ts :5ev] we attempt to measure degrees ( guilt4 ,sometimes m5 are ev5 unju/ to _! own pa/ f _! incapacity 9 age ( realis+ ! =ce ( ! temptations !y _h exp]i5c$ 9 y\?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 increas$ k ( ! _w t5ds to make u m s5sible ( ! va/ diff]5ces betwe5 ! moral circum/ances ( m51 & !re=e less confid5t & m indulg5t 9 our judgm5ts ( o!rs4 ,!re are m5 ^: c>ds 9 life are s bad1 ^: temptations to vice1 ei!r f circum/ances or inborn "*1 seem s ov]:elm+1 t1 ?\gh we may puni%1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se blame1 we c sc>cely look on !m z m responsible ?an "s noxi\s wild bea/4 ,among ! t]rible facts ( life none is inde$ m t]rible ?an ?is4 ,e believ] 9 ! wise gov]nm5t ( ! _w mu/ h sometimes realis$ ) a cru%+ or at lea/ a /agg]+ =ce ! appall+ inju/ices ( life z %[n 9 ! enorm\s diff]5ces 9 ! di/ribution ( unm]it$ happ9ess & mis]y4 ,b ! disp>ity ( moral circum/ances is n less4 ,x has %ak5 ! fai? ( _m4 ,x has ev5 l$ "s to dream ( a possible ,heav5 = ! vici\s :]e ^? :o are born into ! _w ) a physical con/itution r5d]+ !m fi]ce or cruel1 or s5sual1 or c[>dly1 may be fre$ f ! nature :i* 0 ! cause ( _! vice & _! suff]+ ^u e>?2 :]e due all[ance may be made = ! diff]5ces ( circum/ances :i* h plung$ "o man deep] & ev] deep] into crime1 & enabl$ ano!r1 :o 0 n really bett] or worse1 to pass ?r\gh life ) no s]i\s blemi%1 & to rise high] & high] 9 ! moral scale4 ,imp]fect1 h[ev]1 z is our p[] ( judg+ o!rs1 x is a p[] we are all oblig$ to ex]cise4 ,x is impossible to exclude ! consid]ations ( moral guilt & ( palliat+ or aggravat+ circum/ances f ! p5al code1 & f ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ?\gh x _c be too cle>ly ma9ta9$ t ! crim9al code is n coext5sive ) ! moral code1 & t _m ?+s :i* are pr(\ndly immoral lie beyond its scope4 ,on ! :ole x %\ld be z mu* z possible conf9$ to acts by :i* m5 directly injure o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( adult m51 private vices1 vices by :i* no "o is directly affect$1 except by 8 own free w1 & 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( =ce or fraud are n pres5t1 %\ld n be br\ght )9 its range4 ,?is ideal1 x is true1 _c be fully atta9$4 ,! legislator mu/ take into acc\nt ! /rong pressure ( public op9ion4 ,x is sometimes true t a p5al law may arre/1 re/rict1 or prev5t ! revival ( "s private vice )\t produc+ any c\nt]vail+ evil4 ,b ! presumption is aga9/ all laws :i* puni% ! volunt>y acts ( adult m5 :5 ^? acts injure no "o except !mselves4 ,! social c5sure1 or ! judgm5t ( op9ion1 rightly ext5ds mu* fur!r1 ?\gh x is (t5 bas$ on v imp]fect k or realisation4 ,x is probable t1 on ! :ole1 op9ion judges too sev]ely ! crimes ( passion & ( dr9k1 z well z ^? :i* spr+ f ! pressure ( great pov]ty & are accompani$ by great ignorance4 ,! causes ( dome/ic an>*y are usually ( su* an intimate nature & involve s _m unkn[n or imp]fectly realis$ elem5ts ( aggravation or palliation t 9 mo/ cases ! less m5 attempt to judge !m ! bett]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 public op9ion is usually f> too l5i5t 9 judg+ crimes ( ambition1 cupidity1 envy1 malevol5ce1 & call\s selfi%ness2 ! crimes ( ill-gott5 & ill-us$ weal?1 especially 9 ! _m cases 9 :i* ^? crimes are unpuni%$ by law4 ,x is a m]e commonplace ( morals t 9 ! pa? ( evil x is ! fir/ /ep t co/s ! mo/4 ,! %ame1 ! repugnance1 & ! remorse :i* att5d ! fir/ crime spe$ily fade1 & on e repetition ! habit ( evil gr[s /rong]4 ,a process ( ! same k9d passes ov] our judgm5ts4 ,few ?+s are m curi\s ?an to obs]ve h[ ! eye accommodates itself to a new fa%ion ( dress1 h[ev] unbecom+2 h[ spe$ily m51 or at lea/ wom51 w adopt a new & artificial /&>d & in/9ctively & unconsci\sly admire or blame accord+ to ?is /&>d & n accord+ to any g5u9e s5se ( beauty or ! rev]se4 ,few p]sons1 h[ev] pure may be _! natural ta/e1 c live long amid vulg> & vulg>is+ surr\nd+s )\t los+ some?+ ( ! delicacy ( _! ta/e & le>n+ to accept--if n ) pleasure1 at lea/ ) acquiesc5ce--?+s f :i* "u o!r circum/ances !y w\ld h recoil$4 ,9 ! same way1 bo? individuals & societies accommodate !mselves b too readily to l[] moral levels1 & a con/ant vigilance is ne$$ to detect ! =ms or directions 9 :i* individual & national "* ins5sibly det]iorate4 ,,footnote3 #bc ,see ,ribot1 ,les ,maladies de la ,volont1 pp4 #ib1 #aaf-aai4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,x is impossible = a physician to prescribe a rational regim5 = a pati5t unless he has =m$ "s cle> conception ( ! nature ( 8 con/itution & ( ! morbid influ5ces to :i* x is incl9$2 & 9 judg+ ! wisdom ( v>i\s proposals = ! managem5t ( "* we are at once met by ! initial controv]sy ab\t ! goodness or ! depravity ( human nature4 ,x is a subject on :i* extreme exagg]ations h prevail$4 ,! s*ool ( ,r\sseau1 :i* dom9at$ on ! ,cont95t 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 repres5t$ mank9d z a be+ :o comes into exi/5ce ess5tially good1 & x attribut$ all ! moral evils ( ! _w1 n to any innate t5d5cies to vice1 b to sup]/ition1 vici\s in/itutions1 mislead+ education1 a badly organis$ society4 ,x is an obvi\s criticism t if human nature _h be5 z good z su* writ]s imag9$1 ^! corrupt & corrupt+ influ5ces c\ld nev] h gr[n up1 or at lea/ c\ld nev] h obta9$ a controll+ influ5ce1 & ?is philosophy became greatly discr$it$ :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* x did s mu* to produce1 end$ 9 ! unspeakable horrors ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror & 9 ! gigantic c>nage ( ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are l>ge s*ools ( !ologians :o repres5t man z utt]ly & fundam5tally deprav$1 'born 9 corruption1 incl9$ to evil1 incapable by himself ( do+ good2' totally wreck$ & ru9$ z a moral be+ by ! cata/rophe 9 ,ed54 ,!re are also moral philosoph]s--usually v unconnect$ ) !ology--:o d5y or expla9 away all unselfi% elem5ts 9 human nature1 repres5t man z simply gov]n$ by self-int]e/1 & ma9ta9 t ! :ole art ( education & gov]nm5t consi/s ( a judici\s arrangem5t ( selfi% motives1 mak+ ! int]e/s ( ! individual co9cid5t ) ^? ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ,society nev] c\ld h subsi/$ if ?is view ( human nature _h be5 a j "o4 ,! _w w\ld h be5 l a cage-full ( wild bea/s1 & mank9d w\ld h soon p]i%$ 9 con/ant int]nec9e w>4 ,x is inde$ "o ( ! pla9e/ facts ( human nature t su* a view ( mank9d is an untrue "o4 ,jeal\sy1 envy1 animosities & selfi%ness no d\bt play a great "p 9 life & disguise !mselves "u _m speci\s =ms1 & ! cynical morali/ 0 n :olly wrong :5 he decl>$ t ',virtue w\ld n g s f> if ,vanity did n keep h] company1' & t n only our crimes b ev5 _m ( :at are deem$ our be/ acts may be trac$ to selfi% motives4 ,b he mu/ h _h a /rangely un=tunate exp]i5ce ( ! _w :o does n recognise ! enorm\s exagg]ation ( ! pictures ( human nature t are convey$ 9 "s ( ! maxims ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld & ,s*op5hau]4 ,!y tell u t fri5d%ip is a m]e ex*ange ( int]e/s 9 :i* ea* man only seeks to ga9 some?+ f ! o!r2 t mo/ wom5 are only pure because !y are untempt$ & regret t ! temptation does n come2 t if we ackn[l$ge "s faults x is 9 ord] to p]suade ourselves t we h no great] ones1 or 9 ord]1 by our confession1 to rega9 ! good op9ion ( our neighb\rs2 t if we praise ano!r x is m]ely t we may ourselves 9 turn be prais$2 t ! te>s we %$ ov] a dea?b$1 if !y are n hypocritical te>s int5d$ only to impress our neighb\rs1 are only due to our conviction t we h ourselves lo/ a s\rce ( pleasure or ( ga92 t envy s pr$om9ates 9 ! _w t x is only m5 ( inf]ior intellect or wom5 ( inf]ior beauty :o are s9c]ely lik$ by ^? ab\t !m2 t all virtue is an egoti/ic calculation1 consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,su* views are at lea/ z f> remov$ f tru? z ! roseate pictures ( ,r\sseau & ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,no "o c look ) an unjaundic$ eye ^u ! _w )\t p]ceiv+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( dis9t]e/$1 self-sacrific+ b5evol5ce t p]vades x2 ! c\ntless lives t are sp5t n only h>mlessly & in(f5sively b also 9 ! con/ant dis*>ge ( duties2 9 con/ant & (t5 pa9ful lab\r = ! good ( o!rs4 ,! bett] section ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool has fully recognis$ ! tru? t human nature is s con/itut$ t a great proportion ( its enjoym5t dep5ds on sympa?y2 or1 9 o!r words1 on ! p[] we possess ( ent]+ into & %>+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,! spectacle ( suff]+ naturally elicits compassion4 ,k9dness naturally produces gratitude4 ,! sympa?ies ( m5 naturally move on ! side ( ! good r ?an ( ! bad4 ,?is is true n only ( ! ?+s t imm$iately conc]n u1 b also 9 ! p]fectly dis9t]e/$ judgm5ts we =m ( ! ev5ts ( hi/ory or ( ! *>act]s 9 fiction & poetry4 ,great exhibitions ( h]oism & self-sacrifice t\* a g5u9e *ord ( en?usiasm4 ,! affections ( ! dome/ic circle are ! rule & n ! exception2 patriotism c elicit great outbur/s ( purely unselfi% g5]osity & induce multitudes to risk or sacrifice _! lives = causes :i* are q o!r ?an _! own selfi% int]e/s4 ,human nature inde$ has its moral z well z its physical ne$s1 & naturally & in/9ctively seeks "s object ( int]e/ & en?usiasm outside itself4 ,if we look aga9 into ! vice & s9 t und\bt$ly disfigure ! _w we %all f9d mu* reason to believe t :at is exceptional 9 human nature is n ! evil t5d5cy b ! re/ra9+ consci5ce1 & t x is *iefly ! weakness ( ! di/9ctively human quality t is ! orig9 ( ! evil4 ,x is impossible inde$1 ) ! k we n[ possess1 to d5y to animals "s measure bo? ( reason & ( ! moral s5se4 ,9 addition to ! high] in/9cts ( p>5tal affection & devotion :i* are s cle>ly develop$ we f9d among "s animals und\bt$ signs ( remorse1 gratitude1 affection1 self-sacrifice4 ,ev5 ! po9t ( hon\r :i* atta*es %ame to "s ?+s & pride to o!rs may be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,no "o :o has wat*$ ! m intellig5t dog c "q ?is1 & _m w ma9ta9 t 9 "s animals1 ?\gh bo? good & bad qualities are less widely develop$ ?an 9 man1 ! proportion ( ! good to ! evil is m fav\rable 9 ! animal ?an 9 ! man4 ,at ! same "t 9 ! animal _w desire is usually foll[$ )\t any o!r re/ra9t ?an fe>1 :ile 9 man x is l>gely ?\gh no d\bt v imp]fectly limit$ by moral self-control4 ,mo/ crimes spr+ n f any?+ wrong 9 ! orig9al & primal desire b f ! imp]fection ( ?is high]1 di/9ct or sup]add$ elem5t 9 our nature4 ,! crimes ( di%one/y & envy1 :5 duly analys$1 h at _! basis simply a desire = ! desirable--a natural & inevitable feel+4 ,:at is abs5t is ! re/ra9t :i* makes m5 refra9 f tak+ or try+ to take desirable ?+s t belong to ano!r4 ,s5sual faults spr+ f a p]fectly natural impulse1 b ! re/ra9t :i* conf9es ! action ( t impulse to def9$ circum/ances is want+4 ,mu*1 too1 ( ! ins5sibility & h>dness ( ! _w is due to a simple want ( imag9ation :i* prev5ts u f adequately realis+ ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,! pr$atory1 envi\s & f]oci\s feel+s t di/urb mank9d op]ate unre/ra9$ ?r\gh ! animal _w1 ?\gh man's sup]ior intellig5ce gives 8 desires a special "* & a greatly increas$ scope1 & introduces !m into sph]es inconceivable to ! animal4 ,immod]ate & uncontroll$ desires are ! root ( mo/ human crimes1 b at ! same "t ! self-re/ra9t t limits desire1 or self-seek+1 by ! rights ( o!rs1 seems to be ma9ly1 ?\gh n :olly1 ! pr]ogative ( man4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d are suffici5t to rem$y ! extreme exagg]ation ( human corruption t may (t5 be he>d1 b !y are n inconsi/5t ) ! tru? t human nature is s f> deprav$ t x c nev] be safely left to develop unimp$$ )\t /rong legal & social re/ra9t4 ,x is n necess>y to seek examples ( its depravity )9 ! prec9cts ( a prison or 9 ! _m in/ances t may be f\nd outside ! crim9al population ( morbid moral ta9ts :i* are (t5 z cle>ly m>k$ z physical disease4 ,on a l>ge scale & 9 ! actions ( great bodies ( m5 ! melan*oly tru? is abundantly display$4 ,on ! :ole ,*ri/ianity has be5 f> m successful 9 influ5c+ individuals ?an societies4 ,! m]e spectacle ( a battle-field ) ! appall+ mass ( hide\s suff]+ delib]ately & +5i\sly inflict$ by man ^u man %\ld be suffici5t to scatt] all idyllic pictures ( human nature4 ,x 0 once ! cu/om ( a l>ge s*ool ( writ]s to attribute unju/ w>s solely to ! rul]s ( ! _w1 :o = _! own selfi% ambitions remorselessly sacrific$ ! lives ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( _! subjects4 ,_! guilt has be5 v great1 b !y w\ld nev] h pursu$ ! c\rse ( ambiti\s conque/ if ! applause ( nations _h n foll[$ & enc\rag$ !m1 & !re are no signs t democracy1 :i* has en?ron$ ! masses1 has any real t5d5cy to dim9i% w>4 ,9 mod]n times ! dang] ( w> lies less 9 ! intrigues ( /atesm5 ?an 9 deeply seat$ int]national jeal\sies & antipa?ies2 9 sudd51 volcanic outbur/s ( popul> passion4 ,aft] eighte5 hundr$ ye>s' pr(ession ( ! cre$ ( peace1 ,*ri/5dom is an arm$ camp4 ,nev]1 or h>dly ev]1 9 times ( peace _h ! m]e prep>ations ( w> absorb$ s l>ge a proportion ( its population & res\rces1 & v seldom has s l>ge an am\nt ( its ability be5 ma9ly employ$ 9 inv5t+ & 9 p]fect+ in/rum5ts ( de/ruction4 ,^? :o w look on ! _w )\t illusion w be compell$ to admit t ! *ief gu>antees = its peace are to be f\nd mu* less 9 moral ?an 9 purely selfi% motives4 ,! f9ancial emb>rassm5ts ( ! great nations2 _! pr(\nd di/ru/ ( "o ano!r2 ! va/ co/ ( mod]n w>2 ! gigantic comm]cial disa/]s x inevitably entails2 ! extreme unc]ta9ty ( its issue2 ! utt] ru9 t may foll[ defeat--^! are ! real influ5ces t re/ra9 ! tig] passions & ! av>ici\s crav+s ( mank9d4 ,x is also "o ( ! advantages t accompany ! _m evils ( univ]sal s]vice1 t great citiz5 armies :o 9 "t ( w> are drawn f _! homes1 _! families1 & _! peaceful occupations h n ! same ?ir/ = battle t gr[s up among purely pr(essional soldi]s1 volunt>ily enli/$ & mak+ a milit>y life _! :ole c>e]4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 :at tru/ c\ld be plac$ 9 ! =be>ance ( ,*ri/ian nations if ! pa? ( aggression 0 at once easy1 lucrative & safe8 ,! judgm5ts ( nations 9 deal+ ) ! aggressions ( _! neighb\rs are1 x is true1 v diff]5t f ^? :i* !y =m ( aggressions by _! own /atesm5 or = _! own b5efit4 ,b no great nation is blameless1 & !re is probably no nation t c\ld n spe$ily cat* ! infection ( ! w>like _s if a conqu]or & a few spl5did victories obscur$1 z !y ne>ly always d1 ! moral issues ( ! conte/4 ,w>1 x is true1 is n always or :olly evil4 ,sometimes x is ju/ifiable & necess>y4 ,sometimes x is pr(ess$ly & 9 "p really due to "s /rong wave ( philan?ropic feel+ produc$ by great acts ( wrong1 ?\gh ( all =ms ( philan?ropy x is t :i* mo/ naturally defeats itself4 ,ev5 :5 unju/ifiable1 x calls into action spl5did qualities ( c\rage1 self-sacrifice1 & endurance :i* ca/ a dazzl+ & deceptive glam\r ov] its horrors & its crim9ality4 ,x appeals too1 beyond all o!r ?+s1 to t crav+ = excitem5t1 adv5ture1 & dang] :i* is an ess5tial & imp]i\s elem5t 9 human nature1 & :i*1 :ile x is 9 itself nei!r a virtue nor a vice1 bl5ds p[]fully ) "s ( ! be/ z well z ) "s ( ! wor/ actions ( mank9d4 ,x is inde$ a /range ?+ to obs]ve h[ _m m5 9 e age h be5 ready to risk or sacrifice _! lives = causes :i* !y h nev] cle>ly und]/ood & :i* !y w\ld f9d x difficult 9 pla9 words to describe4 ,b ! am\nt ( pure & almo/ spontane\s malevol5ce 9 ! _w is probably f> great] ?an we at fir/ imag9e4 ,9 public life ! work+s ( ?is side ( human nature are at once disclos$ & magnifi$1 l ! figures ?r[n by a magic lant]n on a scre51 to a scale :i* x is impossible to ov]look4 ,no "o1 = example1 c /udy ! anonym\s press )\t p]ceiv+ h[ l>ge a "p ( x is employ$ sy/ematically1 p]si/5tly & delib]ately 9 fo/]+ class1 or race1 or int]national hatr$s1 & (t5 9 circulat+ falsehoods to atta9 ?is end4 ,_m newspap]s notori\sly dep5d = _! exi/5ce on su* appeals1 & m ?an any o!r in/rum5ts !y inflame & p]petuate ^? p]man5t animosities :i* mo/ endang] ! peace ( mank9d4 ,! fact t su* newspap]s are becom+ 9 _m c\ntries ! ma9 & almo/ exclusive read+ ( ! poor =ms ! mo/ s]i\s d$uction f ! value ( popul> education4 ,h[ _m books h atta9$ popul>ity1 h[ _m seats 9 ,p>liam5t h be5 won1 h[ _m po/s ( influ5ce & pr(it h be5 atta9$1 h[ _m p>ty victories h be5 a*iev$1 by appeal+ to su* passions6 ,(t5 !y disguise !mselves "u ! l(ty names ( patriotism & nationality1 & m5 ^: :ole lives h be5 sp5t 9 s[+ class hatr$s & divid+ k9dr$ nations may be f\nd masqu]ad+ "u ! "n ( patriots1 & h play$ no small "p on ! /age ( politics4 ,! deep-seat$ s$ition1 ! fi]ce class & national hatr$s t run ?r\gh ,european life w\ld h a v diff]5t int5sity f :at !y n[ un=tunately h if !y _h n be5 artificially /imulat$ & fo/]$ ?r\gh purely selfi% motives by demagogues1 political adv5tur]s & public writ]s4 ,"s ( ! v wor/ acts ( :i* man c be guilty are acts :i* are commonly unt\*$ by law & only fa9tly c5sur$ by op9ion4 ,political crimes :i* a false & sickly s5tim5t s readily condones are conspicu\s among !m4 ,m5 :o h be5 gambl+ = weal? & p[] ) ! lives & =tunes ( multitudes2 m5 :o = _! own p]sonal ambition are prep>$ to sacrifice ! mo/ vital int]e/s ( _! c\ntry2 m5 :o 9 "t ( great national dang] & excitem5t delib]ately laun* falsehood aft] falsehood 9 ! public press 9 ! well-f\nd$ conviction t !y w d _! evil "w be=e !y c be contradict$1 may be met %ameless1 & almo/ unc5sur$1 9 ,p>liam5ts & draw+-rooms4 ,! am\nt ( false /atem5t 9 ! _w :i* _c be attribut$ to m]e c>elessness1 inaccuracy1 or exagg]ation1 b :i* is pla9ly bo? delib]ate & malevol5t1 c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,sometimes x is due to a m]e desire to create a lucrative s5sation1 or to gratify a p]sonal dislike1 or ev5 to an unprovok$ malevol5ce :i* takes pleasure 9 inflict+ pa94 ,v (t5 x is int5d$ = purposes ( /ockjobb+4 ,! f9ancial _w is p]colat$ ) x4 ,x is ! common me?od ( rais+ or depreciat+ securities1 attract+ inve/ors1 prey+ ^u ! ignorant & cr$ul\s1 & enabl+ di%one/ m5 to rise rapidly to =tune4 ,:5 ! prospect ( spe$y weal? is 9 sight1 !re are always numb]s :o are p]fectly prep>$ to pursue c\rses involv+ ! utt] ru9 ( multitudes1 endang]+ ! mo/ s]i\s int]national int]e/s1 p]haps br++ d[n ^u ! _w all ! calamities ( w>4 ,x is no d\bt true t su* m5 are only a m9ority1 ?\gh x is less c]ta9 t !y w\ld be a m9ority if ! opportunity ( obta9+ sudd5 ri*es by immoral means 0 op5 to all1 & x is no small m9ority :o are accu/om$ to condone ^! crimes :5 !y h succe$$4 ,x is mu* to be que/ion$ :e!r ! greate/ crim9als are to be f\nd )9 ! walls ( prisons4 ,di%one/y on a small scale ne>ly always f9ds its puni%m5t4 ,di%one/y on a gigantic scale cont9ually escapes4 ,! pickpocket & ! burgl> seldom fail to meet ) _! m]it$ puni%m5t1 b 9 ! managem5t ( companies1 9 ! great fields ( indu/rial ent]prise & speculation1 gigantic =tunes are acquir$ by ! ru9 ( multitudes & by me?ods :i*1 ?\gh !y evade legal p5alties1 are ess5tially fraudul5t4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ^! crimes are p]petrat$ by educat$ m5 :o are 9 possession ( all ! necess>ies1 ( mo/ ( ! com=ts1 & ( _m ( ! luxuries ( life1 & "s ( ! wor/ ( !m are p[]fully fav\r$ by ! conditions ( mod]n civilisation4 ,!re is no great] sc&al or moral evil 9 our "t ?an ! read9ess ) :i* public op9ion excuses !m1 & ! influ5ce & social position x accords to m]e weal?1 ev5 :5 x has be5 acquir$ by notori\s di%one/y or :5 x is exp5d$ ) absolute selfi%ness or 9 ways t are positively demoralis+4 ,9 _m respects ! moral progress ( mank9d seems to me inconte/able1 b x is extremely d\btful :e!r 9 ?is respect social morality1 especially 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 has n s]i\sly retrograd$4 ,9 tru?1 :ile x is a gross libel ^u human nature to d5y ! va/ am\nt ( g5u9e k9dness1 self-sacrifice & ev5 h]oism t exi/s 9 ! _w1 x is equally idle to d5y ! deplorable weakness ( self-re/ra9t1 ! great =ce & ! widespread influ5ce ( purely evil passions 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,! di/ru/ ( human "* :i* ! exp]i5ce ( life t5ds to produce is "o great cause ( ! ,cons]vatism :i* s commonly /r5g!ns ) age4 ,x is m & m felt t all ! re/ra9ts ( law1 cu/om1 & religion are ess5tial to hold toge!r 9 peaceful co-op]ation ! elem5ts ( society1 & m5 le>n to look ) increas+ tol]ance on bo? in/itutions & op9ions :i* _c /& ! te/ ( pure reason & may be l>gely mix$ ) delusions if only !y deep5 ! bett] habits & give an additional /r5g? to moral re/ra9ts4 ,!y le>n also to appreciate ! dang] ( pit*+ _! ideals too high1 & endeav\r+ to en=ce l9es ( conduct greatly above ! av]age level ( human goodness4 ,su* attempts1 :5 !y take ! =m ( co]cive action1 seldom fail to produce a recoil :i* is v detrim5tal to morals4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r sph]es1 ! importance ( compromise 9 practical life is "o ( ! great lessons :i* exp]i5ce tea*es4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! phrase ,moral ,compromise has an evil s\nd1 & x op5s out que/ions ( practical e?ics :i* are v difficult & v dang]\s1 b !y are que/ions ) :i*1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 e "o is oblig$ to deal4 ,! contra/s betwe5 ! rigidity ( !ological =mul & actual life are on ?is subject v great1 ?\gh 9 practice1 & by ! _m +5i\s subtleties t con/itute ! sci5ce ( casui/ry1 _m !ologians h attempt$ to evade !m4 ,a /rik+ passage f ! p5 ( ,c>d9al ,newman w br+ ^! contra/s into ! cle>e/ light4 ',! ,*ur* holds1' he writes1 't x 7 bett] = sun & moon to drop f heav51 = ! e>? to fail1 & = all ! _m millions :o are ^u x to die ( />vation 9 extreme/ agony1 s f> z temporal affliction goes1 ?an t "o s\l1 ,i w n say %\ld be lo/1 b %\ld commit "o s+le v5ial s91 %\ld tell "o wilful untru?1 ?\gh x h>m$ no "o1 or /eal "o poor f>?+ )\t excuse4'#bd ,x is c]ta9ly no exagg]ation to say t su* a doctr9e w\ld lead to consequ5ces absolutely incompatible ) any life outside a h]mitage or a mona/]y4 ,x w\ld /rike at ! root ( all civilisation1 & al?\gh _m may be prep>$ to give x _! =mal ass5t1 no human be+ actually believes x ) ! k9d ( belief t becomes a guid+ influ5ce 9 life4 ,i h dwelt on ?is subject 9 ano!r book1 & may "h repeat a few l9es :i* ,i !n wrote4 ,if 'an und\bt$ s91 ev5 ! mo/ trivial1 is a ?+ 9 its ess5ce & its consequ5ces s unspeakably dreadful t r ?an x %\ld be committ$ x w\ld be bett] t any am\nt ( calamity :i* did n br+ ) x s9 %\ld be endur$1 ev5 t ! :ole human race %\ld p]i% 9 agonies1 x is manife/ t ! supreme object ( humanity %\ld be s9lessness1 & x is equally manife/ t ! means to ?is end is ! absolute suppression ( ! desires4 ,to exp& ! circle ( wants is necess>ily to multiply temptations & !re=e to increase ! numb] ( s9s4' ,no mat]ial & intellectual advantages1 no increase ( human happ9ess1 no mitigation ( ! suff]+ or dre>9ess ( human life c1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 be o!r ?an an evil if x adds ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree or 9 ! mo/ incid5tal mann] to ! s9s t are committ$4 ',a sov]eign1 :5 calculat+ ! consequ5ces ( a w>1 %\ld reflect t a s+le s9 occasion$ by t w>1 a s+le blasphemy ( a w\nd$ soldi]1 ! robb]y ( a s+le h5-coop1 ! violation ( ! purity ( a s+le woman is a great] calamity ?an ! ru9 ( ! entire comm]ce ( 8 nation1 ! loss ( h] mo/ preci\s prov9ces1 ! de/ruction ( all h] p[]4 ,he mu/ believe t ! evil ( ! increase ( un*a/ity :i* inv>iably results f ! =mation ( an army is an immeasurably great] calamity ?an any national or political disa/]s t army c possibly av]t4 ,he mu/ believe t ! mo/ fe>ful plagues & fam9es t desolate 8 l& %\ld be reg>d$ z a matt] ( rejoic+ if !y h b ! feeble/ & mo/ transi5t influ5ce 9 repress+ vice4 ,he mu/ believe t if ! agglom]ation ( 8 p 9 great cities adds b "o to ! numb] ( _! s9s1 no possible intellectual or mat]ial advantages c prev5t ! con/ruction ( cities be+ a fe>ful calamity4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple e elaboration ( life1 e amusem5t t br+s multitudes toge!r1 almo/ e art1 e accession ( weal?1 t awak5s or /imulates desires is an evil1 = all ^! become ! s\rces ( "s s9s1 & _! advantages are = ! mo/ "p purely t]re/rial4' ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 if duly realis$1 br+ out cle>ly ! ins9c]ity & ! unreality ( mu* ( our pr(ess$ belief4 ,h>dly any sane man w\ld desire to suppress ,bank ,holidays simply because !y are ! occasion ( a consid]able numb] ( cases ( drunk5ness :i* w\ld n o!rwise h tak5 place4 ,no humane legislator w\ld hesitate to suppress !m if !y produc$ an equal numb] ( dea?s or o!r great physical calamities4 ,?is mann] ( measur+ ! relative importance ( ?+s is n incompatible ) a g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t !re are _m amusem5ts :i* produce an am\nt ( moral evil t ov]balances _! advantages z s\rces ( pleasure1 or ( ! great tru? t ! moral is ! high] & ought to be ! rul+ "p ( our be+4 ,b ! realities ( life _c be measur$ by rigid !ological =mul4 ,life is a sc5e 9 :i* diff]5t k9ds ( int]e/ n only bl5d b also modify & 9 "s degree c\nt]balance "o ano!r1 & x c only be c>ri$ on by con/ant compromises 9 :i* ! l9es ( def9ition are seldom v cle>ly m>k$1 & 9 :i* ev5 ! highe/ int]e/ mu/ n altoge!r absorb or ov]ride ! o!rs4 ,we h to deal ) good pr9ciples t _c be pu%$ to _! full logical results2 ) v>y+ /&>ds :i* _c be br\ght "u inflexible law4 ,take1 = example1 ! _m untru?s :i* ! conv5tional c\rtesies ( ,society prescribe4 ,"s ( ^! are s purely matt] ( phraseology t !y deceive no "o4 ,o!rs *iefly s]ve ! purpose ( c\rte\s concealm5t1 z :5 !y enable u to refuse a reque/ or to decl9e an invitation or a visit )\t disclos+ :e!r dis9cl9ation or inability is ! cause4 ,!n !re are falsehoods = useful purposes4 ,few m5 w\ld %r9k f a falsehood :i* 0 ! only means ( sav+ a pati5t f a %ock :i* w\ld probably produce 8 dea?4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 w\ld hesitate to deceive a crim9al if by no o!r means he c\ld prev5t him f accompli%+ a crime4 ,!re are also cases ( ! suppression ( :at we believe to be true1 & ( tacit or op5 acquiesc5ce 9 :at we believe to be false1 :5 a full & tru?ful disclosure ( our own beliefs might de/roy ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 or subv]t beliefs :i* are pla9ly necess>y = _! moral well-be+4 ,cases ( ?is k9d w cont9ually occur 9 life1 & a good man :o deals ) ea* case z x arises w probably f9d no great difficulty 9 /e]+ 8 c\rse4 ,b ! vague & fluctuat+ l9es ( moral compromise _c )\t grave moral dang] be r$uc$ to fix$ rules to be c>ri$ out to _! full logical consequ5ces4 ,! immortal pages ( ,pascal are suffici5t to %[ to :at extremes ( immorality ! doctr9e t ! end ju/ifies ! means has be5 pu%$ by ! casui/s ( ! ,*ur* ( :i* ,c>d9al ,newman 0 s great an ornam5t4 ,a l>ge & difficult field ( moral compromise is op5$ out 9 ! case ( w>1 :i* necess>ily involves a complete susp5sion ( great portions ( ! moral law4 ,?is is n m]ely ! case 9 unju/ w>s2 x applies also1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 to ^? :i* are mo/ necess>y & mo/ righte\s4 ,w> is n1 & nev] c be1 a m]e passionless dis*>ge ( a pa9ful duty4 ,x is 9 its ess5ce1 & x is a ma9 condition ( its success1 to k9dle into fi]ce ex]cise among great masses ( m5 ! de/ructive & combative passions--passions z fi]ce & z malevol5t z t ) :i* ! h\nd hunts ! fox to its dea? or ! tig] spr+s ^u its prey4 ,de/ruction is "o ( its *ief ends4 ,deception is "o ( its *ief means1 & "o ( ! great arts ( skilful g5]al%ip is to deceive 9 ord] to de/roy4 ,:atev] o!r elem5ts may m+le ) & dignify w>1 ?is at lea/ is nev] abs5t2 & h[ev] reluctantly m5 may ent] into w>1 h[ev] consci5ti\sly !y may endeav\r to avoid x1 !y mu/ "k t :5 ! sc5e ( c>nage has once op5$ ^! ?+s mu/ be n only accept$ & condon$1 b /imulat$1 enc\rag$ & applaud$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive a disposition m remote f ! morals ( ord9>y life1 n to speak ( ,*ri/ian ideals1 ?an t ) :i* ! soldi]s mo/ animat$ ) ! fire & passion t lead to victory ru% =w>d to bayonet ! foe4 ,w> inde$1 :i* is absolutely indisp5sable 9 our pres5t /age ( civilisation1 has its own morals :i* are v diff]5t f ^? ( peaceful life4 ,yet !re are few fields 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! /ress ( moral motives1 great] *anges h be5 effect$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( human hi/ory x 0 simply a "q ( p[]4 ,!re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 piracy & regul> w>1 & incursions into a neighb\r+ ,/ate )\t provocation & ) ! sole purpose ( plund] br\ght ) !m no moral blame4 ,to c>ry ! inhabitants ( a conqu]$ c\ntry into slav]y2 to slaught] ! :ole population ( a besieg$ t[n2 to de/roy ov] va/ tracts e t[n1 village & h\se1 & to put to dea? e prison]1 7 among ! ord9>y incid5ts ( w>4 ,^! ?+s 7 done )\t reproa* 9 ! be/ p]iods ( ,greek & ,roman civilisation4 ,9 _m cases nei!r age nor sex 0 sp>$6#be ,9 ,rome ! conqu]$ g5]al 0 /rangl$ or />v$ to dea? 9 ! ,mam]t9e prison4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( captives 7 condemn$ to p]i% 9 gladiatorial %[s4 ,julius ,cs>1 ^: clem5cy has be5 s greatly extoll$1 'execut$ ! :ole s5ate ( ! ,v5eti2 p]mitt$ a massacre ( ! ,usipetes & ,t5ct]i2 sold z slaves #dj1jjj natives ( ,g5abum2 & cut (f ! "r h&s ( all ! brave m5 ^: only crime 0 t !y held to ! la/ aga9/ him _! t[n ( ,uxellodunum4'#bf ,no slaught] 9 hi/ory is m t]rible ?an t :i* took place at ,j]usalem "u ! g5]al :o 0 call$ '! delight ( ! human race1' & :5 ! la/ spasm ( resi/ance _h ceas$1 ,titus s5t ,jewi% captives1 bo? male & female1 by ?\s&s to ! prov9cial amphi!atres to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s or slaught]$ z gladiators4 ,yet f a v e>ly p]iod l9es 7 drawn =m+ a cle> ?\gh some:at arbitr>y code ( milit>y morals4 ,9 ,greece a broad di/9ction 0 made betwe5 w>s ) ,greek ,/ates & ) ,b>b>ians1 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ z almo/ outside ! pale ( moral consid]ation4 ,x is a di/9ction :i* 9 reality 0 n v widely diff]5t f t :i* ,*ri/ian nations h 9 practice cont9ually made betwe5 w>s )9 ! bord]s ( ,*ri/5dom1 & w>s ) savage or pagan nations4 ,greek1 & p]haps /ill m ,roman1 morali/s h writt5 mu* on ! j causes ( w>4 ,_m ( !m condemn all unju/1 aggressive1 or ev5 unnecess>y w>s4 ,"s ( !m insi/ on ! duty ( ,/ates always endeav\r+ by conf]5ces1 or ev5 by arbitration1 to av]t w>1 & al?\gh ^! precepts1 l ! correspond+ precepts ( ,*ri/ian div9es1 7 (t5 violat$1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n )\t "s influ5ce on affairs4 ,x is probably n too mu* to say t 9 ?is respect ,roman w>s d n comp>e unfav\rably ) ^? ( ,*ri/ian p]iods4 ,x is rem>kable h[ l>ge a "p ( ! be/ ,*ri/ian works on ! e?ics ( w> is bas$ on ! precepts ( pagan morali/s1 & al?\gh 9 antiquity z 9 mod]n times ! real cause ( w> 0 (t5 v diff]5t f ! pretexts1 ! s5se ( ju/ice 9 w> 0 z cle>ly m>k$ 9 ,roman z 9 mo/ ,*ri/ian p]iods4#bg ,great /ress 0 laid ^u ! duty ( a =mal decl>ation ( w> prec$+ ho/ilities4 ,polybius m5tions ! reprobation t 0 atta*$ 9 ,greece to ! tolians = hav+ neglect$ ?is cu/om4 ,x 0 univ]sal 9 ,roman times1 & dur+ ! m$ival p]iod ! cu/om ( s5d+ a *all5ge to ! ho/ile p[] 0 c>efully obs]v$4 ,9 mod]n times =mal decl>ation ( w> has fall5 greatly into desuetude4 ,! ho/ilities betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa9 "u ,elizabe?1 & ! invasion ( ,g]many by ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 7 begun )\t any su* decl>ation1 & !re h be5 num]\s in/ances 9 lat] times4#bh ,! treatm5t ( prison]s has be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,qu>t]1 x is true1 has be5 v (t5 refus$ 9 mod]n w>s to rebels1 to soldi]s 9 mut9y1 to revolt$ slaves1 to savages :o !mselves give no qu>t]4 ,x has be5 (t5--p]haps g5]ally--refus$ to irregul> soldi]s l ! ,fr5* ,francs-tireurs 9 ! ,w> ( #ahgj1 :o )\t uni=ms endeav\r$ to def5d _! homes aga9/ invasion4 ,x 0 long refus$ to soldi]s :o1 hav+ reject$ t]ms ( surr5d]1 cont9u$ to def5d an indef5sible place1 b ?is sev]ity dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies has be5 g5]ally condemn$4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! treatm5t ( ! conqu]$ soldi] has /eadily improv$4 ,at "o "t he 0 kill$4 ,at ano!r he 0 pres]v$ z a slave4 ,!n he 0 p]mitt$ to free himself by paym5t ( a ransom2 n[ he is simply kept 9 cu/ody till he is ex*ang$ or releas$ on p>ole1 or till ! t]m9ation ( ! w>4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! pres5t c5tury _m elaborate & b5efic5t regulations = ! pres]vation ( hospitals & ! good treatm5t ( ! w\nd$ h be5 sanction$ by int]national agreem5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! civil population & combatants has be5 increas+ly obs]v$4 ,z a g5]al rule non-combatants1 if !y d n ob/ruct ! enemy1 are subject$ to no fur!r injury ?an t ( pay+ w> contributions & 9 o!r ways provid+ = ! subsi/5ce ( ! invad]s4 ,! wanton de/ruction ( private prop]ty has be5 m & m avoid$4 ,su* an act z ! deva/ation ( ! ,palat9ate "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 w\ld n[ 9 a ,european w> be univ]sally condemn$1 ?\gh ! :olesale de/ruction ( villages 9 our own ,indian fronti] w>s & ! me?ods employ$ on bo? sides 9 ! civil w> 9 ,cuba appe> to h borne mu* resemblance to x4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( m]*ants ! rule ( reciprocity :i* 0 laid d[n 9 ,magna ,*>ta is l>gely obs]v$1 & ! ,conf]5ce ( ,brussels 9 #ahgd pron\nc$ x to be contr>y to ! laws ( w> to bomb>d an un=tifi$ t[n4 ,! great ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica probably contribut$ n a little to raise ! /&>d ( humanity 9 w>2 = :ile few long w>s h be5 f\ght ) su* det]m9ation or at ! co/ ( s _m lives1 v few h be5 conduct$ ) su* a scrupul\s ab/95ce f acts ( wanton b>b>ity4 ,_m re/rictive rules also h be5 accept$ t5d+ 9 a small degree to mitigate ! actual op]ations ( w>1 & !y h _h "s real influ5ce 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh x is n possible to ju/ify ! milit>y code on any cle> pr9ciple ei!r ( e?ics or logic4 ,assass9ation & ! enc\ragem5t ( assass9ation2 ! use ( poison or poison$ weapons2 ! violation ( p>ole2 ! deceptive use ( a flag ( truce or ( ! r$ cross2 ! slaught] ( ! w\nd$2 ! infr+em5t ( t]ms ( surr5d] or ( o!r di/9ct agreem5ts1 are absolutely =bidd51 & 9 #ahfh ! ,repres5tatives ( ! ,european ,p[]s assembl$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg agre$ to aboli% ! use 9 w> ( explosive bullets bel[ ! weight ( #ad ounces1 & to =bid ! propagation 9 an enemy's c\ntry ( contagi\s disease z an in/rum5t ( w>4 ,x laid d[n ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! object ( w> is conf9$ to disabl+ ! enemy1 & t weapons calculat$ to inflict unnecess>y suff]+1 beyond :at is requir$ = atta9+ t object1 %\ld be prohibit$4 ,at ! same "t explosive %ells1 conceal$ m9es1 torp$oes & ambuscades lie fully )9 ! p]mitt$ ag5cies ( w>4 ,/>vation may be employ$1 & ! cutt+ (f ( ! supply ( wat]1 or ! de/ruction ( t supply by mix+ ) x some?+ n absolutely poison\s :i* r5d]s x undr9kable4 ,x is all[able to deceive an enemy by fabricat$ despat*es purport+ to come f 8 own side2 by tamp]+ ) telegraph messages2 by spread+ false intellig5ce 9 newspap]s2 by s5d+ pret5d$ spies & des]t]s to give him untrue reports ( ! numb]s or movem5ts ( ! troops2 by employ+ false signals to lure him into an ambuscade4 ,on ! use ( ! flag & uni=m ( an enemy = purposes ( deception !re has be5 "s controv]sy1 b x is support$ by high milit>y au?ority4#bi ,! use ( spies is fully au?oris$1 b ! spy1 if discov]$1 is exclud$ f ! rights ( w> & liable to an ignom9i\s dea?4 ,ap>t f ! que/ions ,i h discuss$ !re is ano!r class ( que/ions connect$ ) w> :i* pres5t great difficulty4 ,x is ! "r ( m5 to abdicate _! private judgm5t by ent]+ into ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,9 small nations ?is "q is n ( mu* importance1 = 9 !m w>s are ( v r>e occurr5ce & are usually = self-def5ce4 ,9 a great empire x is :olly diff]5t4 ,h>dly any "o w be s confid5t ( ! virtue ( 8 rul]s z to believe t e w> :i* 8 c\ntry wages 9 e "p ( its dom9ions1 ) uncivilis$ z well z civilis$ populations1 is j & necess>y1 & x is c]ta9ly prim facie n 9 accordance ) an ideal morality t m5 %\ld b9d !mselves absolutely = life or = a t]m ( ye>s to kill )\t "q1 at ! comm& ( _! sup]iors1 ^? :o h p]sonally done !m no wrong4 ,yet ?is unque/ion+ ob$i5ce is ! v ess5ce ( milit>y discipl9e1 & )\t x ! effici5cy ( armies & ! safety ( nations w\ld be hopelessly de/roy$4 ,x is necess>y to ! great int]e/s ( society1 & !re=e x is ma9ta9$1 /r5g!n$ by ! obligation ( an oa? & /ill m efficaci\sly by a code ( hon\r :i* is "o ( ! /ronge/ b9d+ influ5ces by :i* m5 c be gov]n$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 altoge!r absolute1 & a v>iety ( di/9ctions & compromises h be5 made4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o enli/s 9 ! army ( 8 own c\ntry & a man :o enli/s 9 =eign s]vice ei!r p]man5tly or = ! duration ( a s+le w>4 ,if a man unnecess>ily takes an active "p 9 a /ruggle betwe5 two c\ntries o!r ?an 8 own1 x may at lea/ be dem&$ t he %\ld be actuat$1 n by a m]e _s ( adv5ture or p]sonal ambition1 b by a /rong & reason$ conviction t ! cause :i* he is support+ is a righte\s "o4 ,! conduct ( a man :o enli/s 9 a =eign army :i* may possibly be us$ aga9/ 8 own c\ntry1 & :o at lea/ b9ds himself to obey absolutely *iefs :o h no natural au?ority ov] him1 has be5 mu* condemn$1 b ev5 "h special circum/ances mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,few p]sons ,i suppose w\ld s]i\sly blame ! ,iri% ,ca?olics ( ! eighte5? c5tury :o fill$ ! armies ( ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,spa9 & ,naples at a "t :5 disqualify+ laws exclud$ !m1 on acc\nt ( _! religion1 f ! ,briti% army & f almo/ e pa? ( ambition at home4 ,!re is also p]haps "s di/9ction betwe5 ! position ( a soldi] :o is oblig$ to s]ve1 & a soldi] 9 a c\ntry :]e enli/+ is volunt>y1 & also betwe5 ! position ( an (fic] :o c ?r[ up 8 commission )\t infr++ ! law1 & a private :o _c ab&on 8 flag )\t committ+ a grave legal (f5ce4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution "s ,engli% (fic]s left ! army r ?an s]ve 9 a cause :i* !y believ$ to be unrighte\s4 ,x 0 9 _! full p[] to d s1 b probably none ( !m w\ld h desir$ t private soldi]s :o _h no legal *oice 9 ! matt] %\ld h foll[$ _! example & become des]t]s f ! ranks4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 extreme cases 9 :i* ! violation ( ! milit>y oa? & disob$i5ce to milit>y discipl9e are ju/ifi$4 ,m ?an once 9 ,fr5* hi/ory an usurp] or 8 ag5t has ord]$ soldi]s to co]ce or fire ^u ! repres5tatives ( ! nation4 ,9 su* cases x has be5 said '! consci5ce ( ! soldi] is ! lib]ty ( ! p1' & ! refusal ( private soldi]s to obey a pla9ly illegal ord] w be g5]ally ?\gh n univ]sally applaud$4 ,9 all su* cases1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* obscurity & inconsi/5cy ( judgm5t4 ,! rule t ! moral responsibility falls exclusively on ! p]son :o gives ! ord]1 & t ! private has no voice or responsibility1 w ev5 "h be ma9ta9$ by "s4 ,ought a private soldi] to h refus$ to take "p 9 su* an execution z t ( ! ,duc d',enghi51 or 9 ! ,c\p d'tat ( ,napoleon ,,iii48 ,ought he to refuse to fire on a mob if he d\bts ! legality ( ! ord] ( 8 sup]ior (fic]8 ,9 su* cases !re is sometimes a direct conflict betwe5 ! civil & ! milit>y law1 & !re h be5 in/ances 9 :i* a soldi] might be puni%able be=e ! fir/ = acts :i* 7 absolutely en=c$ by ! second4#cj ,p]haps ! /ronge/ case ( ju/ifiable disob$i5ce t c be alleg$ is :5 a soldi] is ord]$ to d some?+ :i* involves apo/asy f 8 fai?1 ?\gh ev5 "h x w\ld be difficult to %[1 9 ! light ( pure reason1 t ?is is a grav] ?+ ?an to kill innoc5t m5 9 an unrighte\s cause4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur* !re 7 "s soldi] m>tyrs :o suff]$ dea? because !y believ$ x inconsi/5t ) _! fai? to be> arms1 or because !y 7 ask$ to d "s acts :i* sav\r$ ( idolatry4 ,! /ory ( ! ,!ban legion :i* 0 said to h be5 m>tyr$ "u ,diocletian re/s on no tru/wor?y au?ority1 b x illu/rates ! feel+ ( ! ,*ur* on ! subject4 ,josephus tells h[ ,jewi% soldi]s refus$ 9 spite ( all puni%m5ts to br+ e>? ) ! o!r soldi]s = ! rep>ation ( ! ,temple ( ,belus at ,babylon4 ,conflicts betwe5 milit>y duty & religi\s duty mu/ h n unfrequ5tly aris5 dur+ ! religi\s w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 our own c5tury & 9 our own army !re h be5 in/ances ( soldi]s refus+ ?r\gh religi\s motives to escort or protect idolatr\s processions 9 ,india1 or to pres5t arms 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries :5 ! ,ho/ 0 pass+4 ,quak] op9ions ab\t w> are absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! compulsory s]vice :i* prevails 9 ne>ly all ,european c\ntries1 & religi\s scruples ab\t conscription h be5 among ! motives t h br\ght ! ,russian ,raskolniks into collision ) ! civil p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s in/ances ( ! collision ( duties 9 our "t is furni%$ by ! great ,sepoy ,mut9y ( #aheg4 ,f ! days ( ,clive1 ,sepoy soldi]s h s]v$ "u ! ,briti% flag ) an admirable fidelity1 & ! ,mut9y ( ,vellore 9 #ahjf1 :i* 0 ! "o exception1 0 due1 l t ( #aheg1 to a belief t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 7 int]f]+ ) _! fai?4 ,few ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! great ,mut9y are s t\*+ z ! pr(\nd belief ( ! ,engli% comm&]s ( ! ,sepoy regim5ts 9 ! unalt]able loyalty ( _! soldi]s4 ,_m ( !m lo/ _! lives ?r\gh ?is belief1 refus+ ev5 to ! la/ mom5t & 9 spite ( all evid5ce to ab&on x4 ,!y 7 deceiv$1 &1 9 ! fi]ce outbur/ ( indignation t foll[$1 ! conduct ( ! ,sepoy soldi]s 0 br&$ z ! blacke/ & ! mo/ unprovok$ trea*]y4 ,yet assur$ly no *>ge 0 less true4 ,agitators = _! own selfi% purposes _h inde$ act$ ^u ! troops1 b rec5t rese>*es h fully prov$ t ! real z well z ! o/5sible cause ( ! ,mut9y 0 ! greas$ c>tridges4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! c>tridges :i* _h be5 rec5tly issu$ = ! ,sepoy regim5ts 7 sme>$ ) a mixture ( c['s fat & pig's fat1 "o ( ^! +r$i5ts be+ utt]ly impure 9 ! eyes ( ! ,h9doo1 & ! o!r 9 ! eyes ( ! ,mussulman4 ,to bite ^! c>tridges w\ld de/roy ! ca/e ( ! ,h9doo & c>ry ) x ! loss ( ev]y?+ t 0 mo/ de> & mo/ sacr$ to him bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next4 ,9 ! eyes bo? ( ! ,moslem & ! ,h9doo x 0 ! grave/ & ! mo/ irrep>able ( crimes1 de/roy+ all hopes 9 a future _w1 & yet ?is crime1 9 _! belief1 0 impos$ ^u !m z a matt] ( milit>y duty by _! (fic]s4 ,x 0 z if ! ,puritan soldi]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h be5 ord]$ by _! comm&]s to abjure _! hopes ( salvation & to repudiate & insult ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,x is true t ! exi/5ce ( ^! obnoxi\s +r$i5ts 9 ! new c>tridges 0 solemnly d5i$1 b ! s9c]ity ( ! ,sepoy belief is inconte/able1 & ,g5]al ,anson1 ! comm&]-9-*ief1 hav+ exam9$ ! c>tridges1 0 compell$ to admit t x 0 v plausible4#ca ',i am n s mu* surpris$1' he wrote to ,"l ,cann+1 'at _! objections to ! c>tridges1 hav+ se5 !m4 ,i _h no idea !y conta9$1 or r are sme>$ ) su* a quantity ( grease1 :i* looks exactly l fat4 ,aft] ramm+ d[n ! ball1 ! muzzle ( ! musket is cov]$ ) x4' ,un=tunately ?is is n a complete /atem5t ( ! case4 ,x is a %ameful & t]rible tru? t1 z f> z ! fact 0 conc]n$1 ! ,sepoys 7 p]fectly "r 9 _! belief4 ,9 ! words ( ,"l ,rob]ts1 ',! rec5t rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,=re/ 9 ! records ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india prove t ! lubricat+ mixture us$ 9 prep>+ ! c>tridges 0 actually compos$ ( ! objectionable +r$i5ts1 c['s fat & l>d1 & t incr$ible disreg>d ( ! soldi]s' religi\s prejudices 0 display$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! c>tridges4'#cb ,?is 0 c]ta9ly n due1 z ! ,sepoys imag9$1 to any desire on ! "p ( ! ,briti% au?orities to de/roy ca/e or to prep>e ! way = ! conv]sion ( ! ,sepoys to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 simply a gl>+ in/ance ( ! indiff]5ce1 ignorance & incapacity too (t5 %[n by ,briti% adm9i/rators 9 deal+ ) beliefs & types ( "* :olly unlike _! own4 ,!y 7 unable to realise t a belief :i* seem$ to !m s *ildi% c\ld h any dep?1 & !y accord+ly produc$ a ,mut9y t = a "t %ook ! ,engli% p[] 9 ,india to its v f\ndation4 ,! horrors ( ,cawnpore--:i* 7 due to a s+le man--soon took away f ! ,briti% public all p[] ( sanely judg+ ! conflict1 & a /ruggle 9 :i* no qu>t] 0 giv5 0 naturally m>k$ by extreme savag5ess2 b 9 look+ back ^u x1 ,engli% writ]s mu/ ackn[l$ge ) humiliation t1 if mut9y is ev] ju/ifiable1 no /rong] ju/ification c\ld be giv5 ?an t ( ! ,sepoy troops4 ,_m ( my read]s w rememb] an exquisite little poem call$ ',! ,=c$ ,recruit1' 9 :i* ,mrs4 ,br[n+ has describ$ a "y ,v5etian soldi] :o 0 =c$ by ! conscription to s]ve aga9/ 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 9 ! ,au/rian army at ,solf]9o1 & :o advanc$ *e]fully to die by ! ,italian guns1 hold+ a musket t _h nev] be5 load$ 9 8 h&4 ,su* a figure1 su* a violation ( milit>y law1 w claim ! sympa?y ( all1 b a v diff]5t judgm5t %\ld be pass$ ^u ^? :o1 hav+ volunt>ily ent]$ an army1 betray _! tru/ & _! oa? 9 ! "n ( patriotism4 ,9 ! ,f5ian movem5t 9 ,irel&1 "o ( ! *ief objects ( ! conspirators 0 to corrupt ! ,iri% soldi]s & break d[n t high s5se ( milit>y hon\r = :i* 9 all times & 9 _m armies ! ,iri% p h be5 conspicu\s4 ',! epidemic' ( disaffection1 boa/s a writ] :o 0 mu* mix$ 9 ! conspiracies ( ^? times1 '0 n an affair ( individuals1 b ( companies & ( :ole regim5ts4 ,to attempt to impea* all ! milit>y ,f5ians be=e c\rts m>tial w\ld h be5 to ?r[ ,engl& into a panic1 if n to precipitate an appall+ mut9y & invite =eign invasion4'#cc ,i d n quote ^! words z a true /atem5t4 ,!y are1 ,i believe1 a gross exagg]ation & a gross calumny on ! ,iri% soldi]s1 nor d ,i d\bt t mo/1 if n all1 ! soldi]s :o may h be5 induc$ ov] a glass ( :iskey1 or ?r\gh ! p]suasions ( "s cunn+ agitator1 to take ! ,f5ian oa? w\ld1 if an actual conflict _h aris51 h prov$ p]fectly fai?ful soldi]s ( ! ,que54 ,! p]v]sion ( morals1 h[ev]1 :i* looks on su* violations ( milit>y duty z praisewor?y1 has n be5 conf9$ to writ]s ( ! /amp ( ,mr4 ,o',bri54 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( x is furni%$ by a rec5t ,am]ican biography4 ,among ! e>ly ,f5ian conspirators 0 a "y man nam$ ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly4 ,he 0 a g5u9e en?usia/1 ) a real ve9 ( lit]>y tal5t2 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life he won ! affection & admiration ( v hon\rable m51 & ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h no wi% to look too h>%ly on y\?ful errors :i* 7 ! result ( a misguid$ en?usiasm if !y _h be5 ackn[l$g$ z su*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 he began 8 c>e] by an act :i*1 accord+ to e s\nd pr9ciple ( morality1 religion1 & secul> hon\r1 0 9 ! highe/ degree culpable4 ,be+ a sworn ,f5ian1 he ent]$ a regim5t ( huss>s1 assum$ ! uni=m ( ! ,que51 & took ! oa? ( allegiance = ! express purpose ( betray+ 8 tru/ & s$uc+ ! soldi]s ( 8 regim5t4 ,he 0 detect$ & condemn$ to p5al s]vitude1 & he at la/ escap$ to ,am]ica1 :]e he took an active "p 9 ! ,f5ian movem5t4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 biography 0 writt5 9 a /ra9 ( unqualifi$ eulogy1 b ! biograph] has hone/ly & fully disclos$ ! facts :i* ,i h relat$4 ,?is book has an introduction writt5 by ,c>d9al ,gibbons1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ,ca?olic div9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! read] may be curi\s to see h[ ! act ( aggravat$ trea*]y & p]jury :i* x reveal$ 0 judg$ by a p]sonage :o occupies all b ! highe/ position 9 a ,*ur* :i* pr(esses to be ! supreme & inspir$ tea*] ( morals4 ,n a ^w 9 ?is ,introduction implies t ,o',reilly _h done any act = :i* he %\ld be a%am$4 ,he is describ$ z 'a great & good man1' & ! only allusion to 8 crime is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ',9 y\? 8 he>t agonises ov] t sadde/ & /range/ romance 9 all hi/ory--! wrongs & woes ( 8 mo!rl&--t ,niobe ( ! ,nations4 ,9 manhood1 because he d>$ to wi% h] free1 he f9ds himself a doom$ felon1 an exil$ convict1 9 :at he calls himself ! ,ne!r ,_w4444 ,! ,div9e fai? implant$ 9 8 s\l 9 *ildhood fl\ri%$ !re undy+ly1 p]vad$ 8 :ole be+ ) its bless$ influ5ces1 furni%$ 8 noble/ ideals ( ?\ght & conduct4444 ,! c\ntry ( 8 adoption vies ) ! l& ( 8 bir? 9 te/ify+ to ! uprightness ( 8 life4444 ,) all ^! voices ,i bl5d my own1 & 9 _! "n ,i say t ! _w is bright] = hav+ possess$ him4'#cd ,,footnotes3 #bd ,newman's ,anglican ,difficulties1 p4 #aij4 #be ,see ,grotius1 de ,jure1 book iii4 *4 iv4 ,on ! ,jewi% notions on ?is subject1 see ,deut4 ii4 #cd2 vii4 #b1 #af2 xx4 #aj-af2 ,psalm cxxxvii4 #i2 #a ,sam4 xv4 #c4 ,i h collect$ "s additional facts on ?is subject 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 #bf ,tyrrell & ,purs]'s ,correspond5ce ( ,cic]o1 vol4 v4 p4 xlvii4 #bg ,see ,grotius1 de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis4 #bh ,mu* in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 a rem>kable pamphlet 7said to h be5 correct$ by ,pitt7 call$ ',an ,enquiry into ! ,mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t w>s 9 ,europe h comm5c$ dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 by ! ,au?or ( ! ,hi/ory & ,f\ndation ( ! ,law ( ,nations 9 ,europe' 7#ahje74 #bi ,see ,tovey's ,m>tial ,law & ! ,cu/om ( ,w>1 "p #b1 pp4 #ac1 #bi4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! deceptive use ( a flag occurr$ 9 #agha1 :5 ! ,engli%1 hav+ captur$ ,/4 ,eu/atius f ! ,dut*1 all[$ ! ,dut* flag /ill to float ov] its h>b\r 9 ord] t ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,spani% & ,am]ican %ips :i* 7 ignorant ( ! capture might be decoy$ into ! h>b\r & seiz$ z prizes4 ,"s writ]s on milit>y law ma9ta9 t ?is 0 )9 ! rights ( w>4 #cj ,see ,fitzjames ,/eph5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 i4 #bje4 #ca ,"l ,rob]ts' ,=ty-"o ,ye>s 9 ,india1 i4 #id4 #cb ,ibid4 p4 #dca4 #cc ,contempor>y ,review1 ,may #ahig4 ,article by ,william ,o',bri51 ',0 ,f5ianism ev] ,=midable8' #cd ,ro*e's ,life ( ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly1 ) introduction by ,c>d9al ,gibbons4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ?is book ,c>d9al ,gibbons has writt5 a lett] to ! ,tablet 7,dec4 #b1 #ahii71 9 :i* he says3 ',i feel x due to myself & ! int]e/s ( tru? to decl>e t till ,i read ,mr4 ,lecky's criticism ,i did n "k t ,mr4 ,o',reilly _h ev] be5 a ,f5ian or a ,briti% soldi]1 or t he _h tri$ to s$uce o!r soldi]s f _! allegiance4 ,9 fact1 up to ?is mom5t1 ,i h nev] read a l9e ( ! biography = :i* ,i wrote ! introduction4444 ,my only acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,o',reilly's hi/ory be=e he came to ,am]ica 0 ! vague in=mation ,i _h t1 = "s political (f5ce1 ! exact nature ( :i* ,i did n le>n1 he _h be5 exil$ f 8 native l& to a p5al colony1 f :i* he aft]w>ds escap$4' ,i gladly accept ?is assurance ( ,c>d9al ,gibbons1 ?\gh ,i am surpris$ t he %\ld n h ev5 glanc$ at ! book :i* he introduc$1 & t he %\ld h be5 absolutely ignorant ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ev5t ( ! life :i*1 f e>ly y\?1 he held up to unqualifi$ admiration4 ,i regret1 too1 t he has n tak5 ! opportunity ( ?is lett] to reprobate a =m ( moral p]v]sion :i* is widely spread among 8 ,iri% co-religioni/s1 & :i* 8 own words are only too likely to /r5g!n4 ,x is b a %ort "t s9ce an ,iri% ,nationali/ ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 be+ accus$ ( once hav+ s]v$ ! ,que5 z a ,volunte]1 ju/ifi$ himself by say+ t he _h only worn ! coat :i* 0 worn by ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald & ,boyle ,o',reilly2 :ile ano!r ,iri% ,nationali/ ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 at a public meet+ 9 ,dubl91 & amid ! *e]s ( 8 audi5ce1 express$ 8 hope t 9 ! ,s\? ,african w> ! ,iri% soldi]s "u ! ,briti% flag w\ld fire on ! ,engli% in/ead ( on ! ,bo]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! =ego+ *apt] w h %[n suffici5tly h[ l>gely 9 "o great & necess>y pr(ession ! elem5t ( moral compromise mu/ ent]1 & w %[ ! nature ( "s ( ! moral difficulties t att5d x4 ,we f9d illu/rations ( mu* ! same k9d 9 ! pr(ession ( an advocate4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice x is ( ! utmo/ importance t e cause1 h[ev] defective1 & e crim9al1 h[ev] bad1 %\ld be fully def5d$1 & x is !re=e indisp5sable t !re %\ld be a class ( m5 entru/$ ) ?is duty4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! judge & ( ! jury to decide on ! m]its ( ! case1 b 9 ord] t !y %\ld dis*>ge ?is function x is necess>y t ! argum5ts on bo? sides %\ld be laid be=e !m 9 ! /ronge/ =m4 ,! cle> int]e/ ( society requires ?is1 & a /&>d ( pr(essional hon\r & etiquette is =m$ = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! action ( ! advocate4 ,mis/atem5ts ( facts or ( law2 misquotations ( docum5ts2 /rong expressions ( p]sonal op9ion1 & "s o!r devices by :i* v]dicts may be won1 are condemn$2 !re are cases :i* an hon\rable lawy] w n adopt1 & !re are r>e cases 9 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a trial1 he w f9d x 8 duty to ?r[ up 8 brief4 ,b necess>y & hon\rable z ! pr(ession may be1 !re are sides ( x :i* are f> f be+ 9 accordance ) an au/]e code ( ideal morals4 ,x is idle to suppose t a ma/] ( ! art ( advocacy w m]ely conf9e himself to a calm1 dispassionate /atem5t ( ! facts & argum5ts ( 8 side4 ,he w inevitably use all 8 p[]s ( rhetoric & p]suasion to make ! cause = :i* he holds a brief appe> true1 ?\gh he kn[s x to be false2 he w affect a w>m? :i* he does n feel & a conviction :i* he does n hold2 he w skilfully avail himself ( any mi/ake or omission ( 8 oppon5t2 ( any te*nical rule t c exclude damag+ evid5ce2 ( all ! res\rces t legal subtlety & sev]e cross-exam9ation c furni% to confuse dang]\s issues1 to obscure or m9imise inconv5i5t facts1 to discr$it ho/ile witnesses4 ,he w appeal to e prejudice t c help 8 cause2 he w = ! "t s completely id5tify himself ) x t he w make its success 8 supreme & all-absorb+ object2 & he w h>dly fail to feel "s ?rill ( triumph if by ! =ce ( +5i\s & eloqu5t plead+ he has sav$ ! guilty f 8 puni%m5t or snat*$ a v]dict 9 defiance ( evid5ce4 ,x is n surpris+ t a pr(ession :i* inevitably leads to su* ?+s %\ld h excit$ scruples among _m good m54 ,swift v r\ghly describ$ lawy]s z 'a society ( m5 br$ f _! y\? 9 ! art ( prov+ by words1 multipli$ = ! purpose1 t :ite is black & black is :ite1 accord+ z !y are paid4' ,dr4 ,arnold has m ?an once express$ 8 dislike1 & inde$ abhorr5ce1 ( ! pr(ession ( an advocate4 ,x inevitably1 he ma9ta9$1 leads to moral p]v]sion1 involv+1 z x does1 ! indiscrim9ate def5ce ( "r & wrong1 & 9 _m cases ! kn[+ suppression ( tru?4 ,macaulay1 :o c h>dly be reg>d$ z addict$ to ! ref9em5ts ( an ov]-fa/idi\s morality1 review+ ! pr(essional rules t are recognis$ 9 ,engl&1 asks ':e!r x be "r t n m]ely believ+1 b kn[+ a /atem5t to be true1 he %\ld d all t c be done by sophi/ry1 by rhetoric1 by solemn assev]ation1 by indignant exclamation1 by ge/ure1 by play ( features1 by t]rify+ "o hone/ witness1 by p]plex+ ano!r1 to cause a jury to ?9k t /atem5t false4' ,b5?am d5\nc$ 9 ev5 /rong] language ! habitual me?od ( '! hirel+ lawy]' 9 cross-exam9+ an hone/ b adv]se witness1 & he decl>$ t !re is a code ( morality curr5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall g5]ically diff]5t f ! code ( ord9>y life1 & directly calculat$ to de/roy ! love ( v]acity & ju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,paley recognis$ among falsehoods t are n lies because !y deceive no "o1 ! /atem5t ( 'an advocate ass]t+ ! ju/ice or 8 belief ( ! ju/ice ( 8 cli5t's cause4' ,dr4 ,johnson1 9 reply to "s objections ( ,boswell1 argues at l5g?1 b1 ,i ?9k1 ) "s sophi/ry1 9 fav\r ( ! pr(ession4 ',y are n1' he says1 'to deceive y\r cli5t ) false repres5tations ( y\r op9ion4 ,y are n to tell lies to ! judge1 b y ne$ h no scruple ab\t tak+ up a case :i* y believe to be bad1 or affect+ a w>m? :i* y d n feel4 ,y d n "k y\r cause to be bad till ! judge det]m9es x4444 ,an argum5t :i* does n conv9ce y\rself may conv9ce ! judge1 &1 if x does conv9ce him1 y are wrong & he is "r4444 ,ev]ybody kn[s y are paid = affect+ w>m? = y\r cli5t1 & x is !re=e prop]ly no dissimulation4' ,basil ,montagu1 9 an excell5t treatise on ! subject1 urges t an advocate is simply an (fic] assi/+ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice "u ! impression t tru? is be/ elicit$1 & t difficulties are mo/ effectually dis5tangl$1 by ! opposite /atem5ts ( able m54 ,he is an indisp5sable "p ( a ma*9e :i* 9 its net result is act+ 9 ! real int]e/s ( tru?1 al?\gh he 'may pr(ess feel+s :i* he does n feel & may support a cause :i* he kn[s to be wrong1' & al?\gh 8 advocacy is 'a species ( act+ )\t an av[al t x is act+4' ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to adopt ! pr9ciples ( ! ,quak] & to condemn z un*ri/ian all p>ticipation 9 ! law c\rts1 & al?\gh ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has nev] adopt$ ?is extreme1 x seems to h in/9ctively recognis$ "s incompatibility betwe5 ! pr(ession ( an advocate & ! sa9tly "*4 ,r5an notices ! significant fact t ,/4 ,yves1 a sa9t ( ,brittany1 appe>s to be ! only advocate :o has f\nd a place 9 its hagiology1 & ! wor%ipp]s 7 accu/om$ to s+ on 8 fe/ival ',advocatus et non latro--,res mir&a populo4' ,x is inde$ evid5t t a good deal ( moral compromise mu/ ent] into ?is field1 & ! /&>ds ( "r & wrong t h be5 adopt$ h v>i$ greatly4 ,h[ f>1 = example1 may a lawy] support a cause :i* he believes to be wrong8 ,9 "s anci5t legislations advocates 7 compell$ to swe> t !y w\ld n def5d causes :i* !y ?\ght or discov]$ to be unju/4#ce ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as has laid d[n 9 emphatic t]ms t any lawy] :o und]takes ! def5ce ( an unju/ cause is committ+ a griev\s s94 ,x is unlawful1 he cont5ds1 to co-op]ate ) any "o :o is do+ wrong1 & an advocate cle>ly c\nsels & assi/s him ^: cause he und]takes4 ,mod]n ,ca?olic casui/s h dealt ) ! subject 9 ! same _s4 ,!y admit1 inde$1 t an advocate may und]take ! def5ce ( a crim9al :om he kn[s to be guilty1 9 ord] to br+ to light all ext5uat+ circum/ances1 b !y cont5d t no advocate %\ld und]take a civil cause unless by a previ\s & c>eful exam9ation he has conv9c$ himself t x is a j "o2 t no advocate c )\t s9 und]take a cause :i* he kn[s or /rongly believes to be unju/2 t if he has done s he is himself b\nd 9 consci5ce to make re/itution to ! p>ty t has be5 injur$ by 8 advocacy2 t if 9 ! c\rse ( a trial he discov]s t a cause :i* he _h believ$ to be j is unju/ he mu/ try to p]suade 8 cli5t to desi/1 & if he fails 9 ?is mu/ himself ab&on ! cause1 ?\gh )\t in=m+ ! opposite p>ty ( ! conclusion at :i* he _h arriv$2 t 9 conduct+ 8 case he mu/ ab/a9 f w\nd+ ! reputation ( 8 neighb\r or endeav\r+ to influ5ce ! judges by br++ be=e !m misde$s ( 8 oppon5t :i* are n connect$ ) & are n ess5tial to ! case4#cf ,z lately z #ahhf an ord] 0 issu$ f ,rome1 ) ! express approbation ( ! ,pope1 =bidd+ any ,ca?olic1 mayor or judge1 to take "p 9 a divorce case1 z divorce is absolutely condemn$ by ! ,*ur*4#cg ,!re h be51 & p]haps /ill are1 in/ances ( lawy]s endeav\r+ to limit _! practice to cases :i* !y believ$ to be j4 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale is a conspicu\s example1 b he ackn[l$g$ t he consid]ably relax$ 8 rule on ! subject1 hav+ f\nd 9 two in/ances t cases :i* at ! fir/ blu% seem$ v wor?less 7 9 tru? well f\nd$4 ,z a g5]al rule ,engli% lawy]s make no discrim9ation on ?is gr\nd 9 accept+ briefs unless ! inju/ice is v flagrant1 nor w !y1 except 9 v extreme cases1 d _! cli5t ! great injury ( ?r[+ up a brief :i* !y h once accept$4 ,!y cont5d t by act+ 9 ?is way ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ! long run is be/ s]v$1 & 9 ?is fact !y f9d its ju/ification4 ,9 ! conduct ( a case !re are rules analog\s to ^? :i* di/+ui% betwe5 hon\rable & di%on\rable w>1 b !y are less cle>ly def9$ & less univ]sally accept$4 ,9 crim9al prosecutions a rem>kable ?\gh v explicable di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ! prosecutor & ! def5d]4 ,x is ! etiquette ( ! pr(ession t ! =m] is b\nd to aim only at tru?1 nei!r /ra9+ any po9t aga9/ ! prison] nor keep+ back any fact :i* is fav\rable to him1 nor us+ any argum5t :i* he does n himself believe to be j4 ,! def5d]1 h[ev]1 is n b\nd1 accord+ to pr(essional etiquette1 by su* rules4 ,he may use argum5ts :i* he kn[s to be bad1 conceal or %ut out by te*nical objections facts t w tell aga9/ 8 cli5ts1 &1 subject to "s wide & vague re/rictions1 he mu/ make ! acquittal ( 8 cli5t 8 fir/ object4#ch ,sometimes cases ( extreme difficulty arise4 ,probably ! be/ kn[n is ! case ( ,c\rvoisi]1 ! ,swiss valet1 :o murd]$ ,"l ,william ,russell 9 #ahdj4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! trial ,c\rvoisi] in=m$ 8 advocate1 ,phillips1 t he 0 guilty ( ! murd]1 b at ! same "t direct$ ,phillips to cont9ue to def5d him to ! la/ extremity4 ,z !re 0 ov]:elm+ evid5ce t ! murd] mu/ h be5 committ$ by "s "o :o slept 9 ! h\se1 ! only possible def5ce 0 t an equal am\nt ( suspicion atta*$ to ! h\semaid & cook :o 7 its o!r occupants4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! trial1 be=e he knew ! guilt ( 8 cli5t f 8 own lips1 ,phillips _h cross-exam9$ ! h\semaid1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! murd]1 ) great sev]ity & ) ! evid5t object ( ?r[+ suspicion ^u h]4 ,:at c\rse ought he n[ to pursue8 ,x happ5$ t an em95t judge 0 sitt+ on ! b5* ) ! judge :o 0 to try ! case1 & ,phillips took ?is judge into 8 confid5ce1 /at$ privately to him ! facts t _h aris51 & ask$ = 8 advice4 ,! judge decl>$ t ,phillips 0 b\nd to cont9ue to def5d ! prison]1 ^: case w\ld h be5 hopeless if 8 own c\nsel ab&on$ him1 & 9 def5d+ him he 0 b\nd to use all fair argum5ts aris+ out ( ! evid5ce4 ,! spee* ( ,phillips 0 a ma/]piece ( eloqu5ce "u circum/ances ( extraord9>y difficulty4 ,mu* ( x 0 devot$ to impugn+ ! v]acity ( ! witnesses = ! prosecution4 ,he solemnly decl>$ t x 0 n 8 bus9ess to say :o committ$ ! murd]1 & t he _h no desire to ?r[ any imputation on ! o!r s]vants 9 ! h\se1 & he ab/a9$ scrupul\sly f giv+ any p]sonal op9ion on ! matt]2 b ! drift ( 8 argum5t 0 t ,c\rvoisi] 0 ! victim ( a conspiracy1 ! police hav+ conceal$ compromis+ articles among 8 clo!s1 & t !re 0 no cle> circum/ance di/+ui%+ ! suspicion aga9/ him f t aga9/ ! o!r s]vants4#ci ,! conduct ( ,phillips 9 ?is case has1 ,i believe1 be5 ju/ifi$ by ! prepond]ance ( pr(essional op9ion1 ?\gh :5 ! facts 7 kn[n public op9ion outside ! pr(ession g5]ally condemn$ x4 ,"s lawy]s h pu%$ ! duty ( def5ce to a po9t :i* has ar\s$ mu* prote/ ev5 9 _! own pr(ession4 ',! ,advocate1' said ,"l ,br\gham 9 8 great spee* be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 def5ce ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 'by ! sacr$ duty :i* he owes 8 cli5t1 kn[s 9 ! dis*>ge ( t (fice b "o p]son 9 ! _w--t cli5t & none o!r4 ,to save t cli5t by all exp$i5t means1 to protect t cli5t at all haz>ds & co/s to all o!rs1 & among o!rs to himself1 is ! highe/ & mo/ unque/ion$ ( 8 duties2 & he mu/ n reg>d ! al>m1 ! suff]+1 ! torm5t1 ! de/ruction :i* he may br+ ^u any o!r4 ,nay1 sep>at+ ev5 ! duties ( a patriot f ^? ( an advocate1 & ca/+ !m1 if ne$ be1 to ! w9d1 he mu/ g on1 reckless ( consequ5ces1 if 8 fate x %\ld unhappily be to involve 8 c\ntry 9 confusion = 8 cli5t's protection4' ,?is doctr9e has be5 emphatically repudiat$ by "s em95t ,engli% lawy]s1 b bo? 9 practice & !ory ! pr(ession h diff]$ widely 9 diff]5t c\rts1 times & c\ntries4 ,h[ f>1 = example1 is x p]missible 9 cross-exam9ation to br[beat or confuse an hone/ b timid & unskilful witness2 to attempt to discr$it ! evid5ce ( a witness on a pla9 matt] ( fact ab\t :i* he _h no int]e/ 9 concealm5t by exhum+ aga9/ him "s moral sc&al ( e>ly y\? :i* 0 totally unconnect$ ) ! subject ( ! trial2 or1 by pursu+ su* a l9e ( cross-exam9ation1 to keep out ( ! witness-box mat]ial witnesses :o are consci\s t _! pa/ lives are n beyond reproa*8 ,h[ f> is x "r or p]missible to press legal te*nicalities z oppos$ to sub/antial ju/ice8 ,probably mo/ lawy]s1 if !y are p]fectly c&id1 w agree t ^! ?+s are 9 "s measure inevitable 9 _! pr(ession1 & t ! real "q is "o ( degree1 & !re=e n susceptible ( positive def9ition4 ,!re is a k9d ( m9d t gr[s s enam\r$ ) ! subtleties & te*nicalities ( ! law t x delights 9 ! unexpect$ & un9t5d$ results to :i* !y may lead4 ,i h he>d an ,engli% judge say ( ano!r long deceas$ t he _h ?r\gh ?is feel+ a positive pleasure 9 inju/ice1 & "o lawy]1 n ( ?is c\ntry1 once confess$ to me ! amusem5t he d]iv$ f break+ ! convictions ( crim9als 9 8 /ate by discov]+ te*nical flaws 9 _! indictm5ts4 ,!re is a class ( m9d t delights 9 su* cases z t ( ! legal docum5t :i* 0 invalidat$ because ! lett]s ,a4,d4 7 put be=e ! date in/ead ( ! =mula '9 ! ye> ( ,our ,"l1' or t ( a sw9dl] :o 0 suff]$ to escape ) 8 booty because1 9 ! writ t 0 issu$ = 8 arre/1 by a copyi/'s error ! ^w '%]iff' 0 writt5 in/ead ( '%]iffs1' or t ( a lady :o 0 depriv$ ( an e/ate ( #ad1jjj a ye> because by a m]e mi/ake ( ! conveyanc] "o mat]ial ^w 0 omitt$ f ! w1 al?\gh ! cle>e/ possible evid5ce 0 (f]$ %[+ ! wi%es ( ! te/ator4#dj ,su* lawy]s argue t 9 w cases '! true "q is n :at ! te/ator int5d$ to d1 b :at is ! mean+ ( ! words ( ! w1' & t ! balance ( advantages is 9 fav\r ( a /rict adh]5ce to ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce & ! te*nicalities ( ! law1 ev5 ?\gh 9 p>ticul> cases x may lead to grave inju/ice4 ,x mu/ inde$ be ackn[l$g$ t up to a p]iod ext5d+ f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury ^? lawy]s :o adopt$ ! mo/ te*nical view ( _! pr(ession 7 act+ fully 9 accordance ) its _s4 ,few1 if any1 dep>tm5ts ( ,engli% legislation & adm9i/ration 7 till ne> ! middle ( ?is c5tury s sc&al\sly bad z ^? connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! civil & ! crim9al law1 & especially ) ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y4 ,! :ole field 0 cov]$ ) a network ( obscure1 intricate1 ar*aic te*nicalities2 useless except = ! purpose ( pil+ up co/s1 procra/9at+ decisions1 plac+ ! simple/ legal processes :olly beyond ! compet5ce ( any b tra9$ exp]ts1 giv+ endless facilities = fraud & = ! evasion or defeat ( ju/ice1 turn+ a law case into a game 9 :i* *ance & skill _h (t5 va/ly great] influ5ce ?an sub/antial m]its4 ,"l ,br\gham probably 9 no degree exagg]at$ :5 he describ$ great portions ( ! ,engli% law z 'a two-edg$ sword 9 ! h&s ( craft & ( oppression1' & a great au?ority on *anc]y law decl>$ 9 #ahci t 'no man1 z ?+s n[ /&1 c ent] into a *anc]y suit ) any reasonable hope ( be+ alive at its t]m9ation if he has a det]m9$ adv]s>y4'#da ,! moral difficulties ( adm9i/]+ su* a sy/em 7 v great1 & 9 _m cases ,engli% juries1 9 deal+ ) x1 adopt$ a r\gh & ready code ( morals ( _! own4 ,?\gh !y _h sworn to decide e case accord+ to ! law z x 0 /at$ to !m1 & accord+ to ! evid5ce t 0 laid be=e !m1 !y frequ5tly refus$ to foll[ legal te*nicalities :i* w\ld lead to sub/antial inju/ice1 & !y /ill m frequ5tly refus$ to br+ 9 v]dicts accord+ to evid5ce :5 by do+ s !y w\ld consign a prison] to a savage1 excessive1 or unju/ puni%m5t4 ,"s ( ! wor/ abuses ( ! ,engli% law 7 mitigat$ by ! p]juries ( juries :o refus$ to put !m 9 =ce4 ,! great legal re=ms ( ! pa/ half-c5tury h remov$ mo/ ( ^! abuses1 & h at ! same "t introduc$ a wid] & ju/] _s into ! practical adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,yet ev5 n[ diff]5t judges sometimes diff] widely 9 ! importance !y atta* to sub/antial ju/ice & to legal te*nicalities2 & ev5 n[ "o ( ! advantages ( trial by jury is t x br+s ! mascul9e common s5se & ! unsophi/icat$ s5se ( ju/ice ( unpr(essional m5 into fields t w\ld o!rwise be (t5 di/ort$ by +5i\s subtleties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f> less 9 ! position ( ! judge ?an 9 ! position ( an advocate t ! mo/ difficult moral que/ions ( ! legal pr(ession arise4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an unscrupul\s advocate & an advocate :o is gov]n$ by a high s5se ( hon\r & morality is v manife/1 b at be/ !re mu/ be _m ?+s 9 ! pr(ession f :i* a v s5sitive consci5ce w\ld recoil1 & ?+s mu/ be said & done :i* c h>dly be ju/ifi$ except on ! gr\nd t ! exi/5ce ( ?is pr(ession & ! prescrib$ me?ods ( its action are 9 ! long run indisp5sable to ! hone/ adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! same me?od ( reason+ applies to o!r great dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,9 politics x is especially ne$$4 ,9 free c\ntries p>ty gov]nm5t is ! be/ if n ! only way ( conduct+ public affairs1 b x is impossible to conduct x )\t a l>ge am\nt ( moral compromise2 )\t a frequ5t surr5d] ( private judgm5t & w4 ,a good man w *oose 8 p>ty ?r\gh dis9t]e/$ motives1 & ) a firm & hone/ conviction t x repres5ts ! ca/ ( policy mo/ b5eficial to ! c\ntry4 ,he w on grave occasions ass]t 8 indep5d5ce ( p>ty1 b 9 ! l>ge majority ( cases he mu/ act ) 8 p>ty ev5 if !y are pursu+ c\rses 9 "s degree contr>y to 8 own judgm5t4 ,e "o :o is actively engag$ 9 politics--e "o especially :o is a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons--mu/ soon le>n t if ! absolute indep5d5ce ( individual judgm5t 7 pu%$ to its extreme1 political an>*y w\ld ensue4 ,! complete concurr5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t judgm5ts 9 a complicat$ measure is impossible4 ,if p>ty gov]nm5t is to be c>ri$ on1 !re mu/ be1 bo? 9 ! ,cab9et & 9 ,p>liam5t1 p]petual compromise4 ,! fir/ condition ( its success is t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld h a /able1 p]man5t1 discipl9$ support beh9d x1 & 9 ord] t ?is %\ld be atta9$ ! individual memb] mu/ 9 mo/ cases vote ) 8 p>ty4 ,sometimes he mu/ support a measure :i* he kn[s to be bad1 because its rejection w\ld involve a *ange ( gov]nm5t :i* he believes w\ld be a /ill great] evil ?an its acceptance1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ?is evil he may h to vote a direct negative to "s resolution conta9+ a /atem5t :i* he believes to be true4 ,at ! same "t1 if he is an hone/ man1 he w n be a m]e slave ( p>ty4 ,sometimes a "q arises :i* he consid]s s supremely important t he w break away f 8 p>ty & endeav\r at all haz>ds to c>ry or to defeat x4 ,mu* m frequ5tly he w ei!r ab/a9 f vot+1 or w vote aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t on a p>ticul> "q1 b only :5 he kn[s t by tak+ ?is c\rse he is simply mak+ a prote/ :i* w produce no s]i\s political complication4 ,on mo/ great measures !re is a diss5ti5t m9ority 9 ! ,gov]nm5t p>ty1 & x (t5 ex]cises a mo/ useful influ5ce 9 repres5t+ indep5d5t op9ion1 & br++ into ! measure modifications & compromises :i* allay opposition1 gratify m9orities1 & s(t5 diff]5ces4 ,b ! action ( t p>ty w be gov]n$ by _m motives o!r ?an a simple consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ! case4 ,x is n suffici5t to say t !y mu/ vote = e resolution :i* !y believe to be true1 = e bill or clause ( a bill :i* !y believe to be "r1 & mu/ vote aga9/ e bill or clause or resolution ab\t :i* !y =m an opposite judgm5t4 ,sometimes !y w try 9 private to prev5t ! introduction ( a measure1 b :5 x is introduc$ !y w feel x _! duty ei!r positively to support x or at lea/ to ab/a9 f prote/+ aga9/ x4 ,sometimes !y w ei!r vote aga9/ x or ab/a9 f vot+ at all1 b only :5 ! majority is s l>ge t x is sure to be c>ri$4 ,sometimes _! conduct w be ! result ( a b>ga9--!y w vote = "o portion ( a bill ( :i* !y disapprove because !y h obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t a concession on ano!r :i* !y ?9k m important4 ,! nature ( _! opposition w dep5d l>gely ^u ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ^u ! size ( ! majority1 ^u ! degree 9 :i* a *ange ( m9i/ry w\ld affect ! g5]al policy ( ! c\ntry1 ^u ! probability ( ! measure !y object to be+ f9ally ext+ui%$1 or return+ 9 ano!r ye> ei!r 9 an improv$ or 9 a m dang]\s =m4 ,que/ions ( proportion & degree & ult]ior consequ5ces w cont9ually sway !m4 ,measures are (t5 oppos$1 n on _! own intr9sic m]its1 b on acc\nt ( prec$5ts !y might e/abli%2 ( o!r measures :i* might gr[ out ( !m or be ju/ifi$ by !m4 ,n unfrequ5tly x happ5s t a section ( ! dom9ant p>ty is pr(\ndly discont5t$ ) ! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t on "s "q :i* !y deem ( great importance4 ,!y f9d !mselves incapable ( (f]+ any direct & successful opposition1 b _! discont5t w %[ itself on "s o!r ,gov]nm5t measure on :i* votes are m ev5ly divid$4 ,possibly !y may oppose t measure4 ,m probably !y w fail to att5d regul>ly at ! divisions1 or w ex]cise _! indep5d5t judgm5ts on its clauses 9 a mann] !y w\ld n h done if _! p>ty allegiance _h be5 un%ak54 ,& ?is conduct is n m]e rev5ge4 ,x is a me?od ( putt+ pressure on ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ord] to obta9 concessions on matt]s :i* !y deem ( p>am\nt importance4 ,9 ! same way !y w seek to ga9 support]s by political alliances4 ,few ?+s 9 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t are m dang]\s or m apt to lead to corruption ?an ! b>ga9s :i* ! ,am]icans call log-roll+2 b x is inevitable t a memb] :o has receiv$ f a colleague1 or p]haps f an oppon5t1 assi/ance on a "q :i* he believes to be ( ! highe/ importance1 w be dispos$ to return t assi/ance 9 "s case 9 :i* 8 own feel+s & op9ions are n /rongly enli/$4 ,!n1 too1 we h to consid] ! great place :i* ob/ruction plays 9 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,x con/antly happ5s t a measure to :i* sc>cely any "o objects is debat$ at inord9ate l5g? = no o!r reason ?an to prev5t a measure :i* is mu* object$ to f be+ discuss$4 ,measures may be oppos$ by ho/ile votes1 b !y are (t5 mu* m efficaci\sly oppos$ by calculat$ delays1 by multipli$ am5dm5ts or spee*es1 by "s ( ! _m devices t c be employ$ to clog ! legislative ma*9e4 ,!re are l>ge classes ( measures on :i* gov]nm5ts or p>liam5ts ?9k x desirable to give no op9ion1 or at lea/ no imm$iate op9ion1 ?\gh !y _c prev5t _! introduction1 & _m me?ods are employ$ ) ! real1 ?\gh n av[$ & o/5sible object ( prev5t+ a vote or ev5 a m9i/]ial decl>ation ^u !m4 ,sometimes ,p>liam5t is q ready to ackn[l$ge ! ab/ract ju/ice ( a proposal1 b does n ?9k x ripe = legislation4 ,9 su* cases ! second read+ ( ! bill w probably be accept$1 b1 to ! indignation & a/oni%m5t ( its support]s outside ! ,h\se1 x w be ob/ruct$1 delay$ or defeat$ 9 committee ) ! acquiesc5ce1 or connivance1 or ev5 actual assi/ance ( "s ( ^? :o _h vot$ = x4 ,"s measures 9 ! eyes ( "s memb]s involve que/ions ( pr9ciple s sacr$ t !y w admit ( no compromise ( exp$i5cy1 b mo/ measures are deem$ op5 to compromise & are accept$1 reject$1 or modifi$ "u "s ( ! _m motives ,i h describ$4 ,all ?is curi\s & indisp5sable me*anism ( p>ty gov]nm5t is compatible ) a high & g5u9e s5se ( public duty1 & unless su* a s5se at ! la/ resort dom9ates ov] all o!r consid]ations1 political life w inevitably decl9e4 ,at ! same "t x is obvi\s t _m ?+s h to be done f :i* a v rigid & au/]e nature w\ld recoil4 ,to support a ,gov]nm5t :5 he believes x to be wrong1 or to oppose a measure :i* he believes to be "r2 to connive at evasions :i* are m]e pretexts1 & at delays :i* re/ ^u gr\nds t are n op5ly av[$1--is sometimes1 & inde$ n unfrequ5tly1 a p>liam5t>y duty4 ,a memb] ( ,p>liam5t mu/ (t5 feel himself 9 ! position ( a private 9 an army1 or a play] 9 a game1 or an advocate 9 a law case4 ,on _m que/ions ea* p>ty repres5ts & def5ds ! special int]e/s ( "s p>ticul> classes 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 !re are two plausible alt]native c\rses to be pursu$ :i* divide public op9ion1 ! ,opposition is almo/ b\nd by its position to en=ce ! m]its ( ! c\rse oppos$ to t adopt$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 !ory no?+ c\ld seem m absurd ?an a sy/em ( gov]nm5t 9 :i*1 z x has be5 said1 ! able/ m5 9 ,p>liam5t are divid$ into two classes1 "o side be+ *>g$ ) ! duty ( c>ry+ on ! gov]nm5t & ! o!r ) t ( ob/ruct+ & oppos+ !m 9 _! task1 & 9 :i*1 on a va/ multitude ( unconnect$ que/ions1 ^! two great bodies ( v compet5t m51 ) ! same facts & argum5ts be=e !m1 habitually g into opposite lobbies4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t by great p>ties1 9 c\ntries :]e x is fully und]/ood & practis$1 is f\nd to be admirably efficaci\s 9 repres5t+ e v>iety ( political op9ion2 9 secur+ a con/ant sup]vision & criticism ( m5 & measures2 & 9 =m+ a safety valve ?r\gh :i* ! dang]\s hum\rs ( society c exp& )\t evil to ! community4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only accompli%$ by con/ant compromises :i* are seldom successfully c>ri$ out )\t a long national exp]i5ce4 ,p>ty mu/ exi/4 ,x mu/ be ma9ta9$ z an ess5tial condition ( good gov]nm5t1 b x mu/ be subord9at$ to ! public int]e/s1 & 9 ! public int]e/s x mu/ be 9 _m cases susp5d$4 ,!re are subjects :i* _c be introduc$ )\t ! grave/ dang] into ! ar5a ( p>ty controv]sy4 ,indian politics are a conspicu\s example1 &1 al?\gh =eign policy _c be kept :olly outside x1 ! dang]s connect$ ) its p>ty treatm5t are extremely great4 ,_m measures ( a diff]5t k9d are conduct$ ) ! concurr5ce ( ! two front b5*es4 ,a cordial union on l>ge classes ( que/ions betwe5 ! heads ( ! rival p>ties is "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( successful p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,! ,opposition lead] mu/ h a voice 9 ! conduct ( bus9ess1 on ! que/ions t %\ld be br\ght =w>d1 & on ! que/ions t x is = ! public int]e/ to keep back4 ,he is ! (ficial lead] ( sy/ematic1 organis$ opposition to ! ,gov]nm5t1 yet he is on a l>ge numb] ( que/ions _! mo/ p[]ful ally4 ,he mu/ frequ5tly h confid5tial relations ) !m1 & "o ( 8 mo/ useful functions is to prev5t sections ( 8 p>ty f endeav\r+ to snat* p>ty advantages by c\rses :i* might endang] public int]e/s4 ,if ! c\ntry is to be well gov]n$ !re mu/ be a l>ge am\nt ( cont9uity 9 its policy2 c]ta9 conditions & pr9ciples ( adm9i/ration mu/ be inflexibly ma9ta9$1 & 9 great national em]g5cies all p>ties mu/ unite4 ,9 que/ions :i* lie at ! he>t ( p>ty politics1 also "s am\nt ( compromise is usually effect$4 ,debate n only elicits op9ions b also sugge/s alt]natives & compromises1 & v few measures are c>ri$ by a majority :i* d n be> cle> traces ( ! action ( ! m9ority4 ,! l9e is con/antly deflect$ n[ on "o side & n[ on ! o!r1 & 7usually )\t mu* reg>d to logical consi/5cy7 v>i\s & oppos+ s5tim5ts are 9 "s measure gratifi$4 ,if ! l9es ( p>ty are drawn ) an inflexible rigidity2 & if ! majority insi/ on ! full ex]cise ( _! p[]s1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t may become a despotism z cru%+ z ! wor/ autocracy--a despotism :i* is p]haps ev5 m dang]\s z ! s5se ( responsibility is dim9i%$ by be+ divid$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! latitude conc$$ to individual op9ion is excessive1 ,p>liam5t inevitably breaks into gr\ps1 & p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t loses mu* ( its virtue4 ,:5 coalitions ( m9orities c at any "t ov]?r[ a m9i/ry1 ! :ole =ce ( ,gov]nm5t is lo/4 ,! temptation to corrupt b>ga9s ) p>ticul> sections is enorm\sly increas$1 & ! decl9+ control ( ! two front b5*es w be spe$ily foll[$ by a dim9i%$ s5se ( responsibility1 & by ! increas$ influ5ce ( viol5t1 ecc5tric1 exagg]at$ op9ions4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ mom5t t ! policy ( an ,opposition %\ld be guid$ by its mo/ important m51 & especially by m5 :o h _h ! exp]i5ce & ! responsibility ( (fice1 & :o "k t !y may h t responsibility aga94 ,b ! heal?y latitude ( individual op9ion & expression 9 a p>ty is l mo/ ( ^? ?+s we are n[ consid]+1 a "q ( degree1 & n susceptible ( cle> & %>p def9ition4 ,o!r que/ions ( a some:at diff]5t nature1 b involv+ grave moral consid]ations1 arise out ( ! relations betwe5 a memb] & 8 con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! days :5 small bor\ghs 7 op5ly b\ght 9 ! m>ket1 ?is 0 sometimes def5d$ on ! gr\nd ( ! complete indep5d5ce ( judgm5t :i* x gave to ! pur*as+ memb]4 ,romilly & ,h5ry ,flood are said to h bo? pur*as$ _! seats ) ! express object ( secur+ su* indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! political philosophy ( ,burke1 no doctr9e is m emphatically en=c$ ?an t a memb] ( ,p>liam5t is a repres5tative b n a delegate2 t he owes to 8 con/itu5ts n only 8 "t & 8 s]vices1 b also ! ex]cise ( 8 indep5d5t & unfett]$ judgm5t2 t1 :ile reflect+ ! g5]al ca/ ( _! politics1 he mu/ nev] suff] himself to be r$uc$ to a m]e m\?piece1 or accept b9d+ in/ructions prescrib+ on ea* p>ticul> measure ! c\rse he may pursue2 t aft] 8 election he mu/ consid] himself a memb] ( an ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t r ?an ! repres5tative ( a p>ticul> locality1 & mu/ subord9ate local & special int]e/s to ! wid] & m g5]al int]e/s ( ! :ole nation4 ,! conditions ( mod]n political life h greatly n>r[$ ?is lib]ty ( judgm5t4 ,9 mo/ con/itu5cies a memb] c only ent] ,p>liam5t fett]$ by _m pl$ges relat+ to specific measures1 & 9 e turn ( policy sections ( 8 con/itu5ts w attempt to dictate 8 c\rse ( action4 ,c]ta9 l>ge & g5]al pl$ges naturally & prop]ly prec$e 8 election4 ,he is *os5 z a support] or oppon5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 he av[s himself an adh]5t ( c]ta9 broad l9es ( policy1 & he also repres5ts 9 a special degree ! int]e/s & ! di/9ctive type ( op9ion ( ! class or indu/ry :i* is dom9ant 9 8 con/itu5cy4 ,b ev5 at ! "t ( election he (t5 f9ds t on "s p>ticul> "q 9 :i* 8 electors are mu* int]e/$ he diff]s f !m1 ?\gh !y cons5t1 9 spite ( x1 to elect him2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a long ,p>liam5t1 o!rs are v apt unexpect$ly to arise4 ,political *anges take place :i* br+ into ! =egr\nd matt]s :i* at ! "t ( ! election seem$ v remote1 or produce new que/ions1 or give rise to un=ese5 p>ty comb9ations1 developm5ts1 & t5d5cies4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t on ^! occasions a memb] w ?9k diff]5tly f ! majority ( 8 electors1 & he mu/ meet ! "q h[ f> he mu/ sacrifice 8 judgm5t to !irs1 & h[ f> he may use ! influ5ce :i* _! votes h giv5 him to act 9 opposition to _! wi%es & p]haps ev5 to _! int]e/s4 ,burke1 = example1 f\nd himself 9 ?is position :51 be+ memb] = ,bri/ol1 he consid]$ x 8 duty to support ! concession ( ,free-trade to ,irel&1 al?\gh 8 con/itu5ts _h1 or ?\ght !y _h1 a /rong int]e/ 9 comm]cial re/rictions & monopoly4 ,9 our own day x has happ5$ t memb]s repres5t+ manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire h f\nd !mselves unexpect$ly call$ ^u to vote ^u "s measure = crippl+ or ext5d+ rival manufactures 9 ,india2 = op5+ new m>kets by "s v dubi\s aggression 9 a di/ant l&2 or = limit+ ! *ild lab\r employ$ 9 ! local manufacture2 & ^! memb]s h (t5 believ$ t ! "r c\rse 0 a c\rse :i* 0 exce$+ly repugnant to great sections ( _! electors4 ,sometimes1 too1 a memb] is elect$ on purely secul> issues1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,p>liam5t "o ( ^? fi]ce1 sudd5 /orms ( religi\s s5tim5t1 to :i* ,engl& is occasionally liable1 sweeps ov] ! l&1 & he f9ds himself :olly out ( sympa?y ) a great portion ( 8 con/itu5cy4 ,9 o!r cases ! p>ty :i* he ent]$ ,p>liam5t to support1 pursues1 on "s grave "q1 a l9e ( policy :i* he believes to be s]i\sly wrong1 & he goes into p>tial or ev5 complete & bitt] opposition4 ,diff]5ces ( ?is k9d h frequ5tly aris5 :5 !re is no "q ( any int]e/$ motive hav+ influ5c$ ! memb]4 ,sometimes 9 su* cases he has resign$ 8 seat & gone to 8 electors = re-election4 ,9 o!r cases he rema9s 9 ,p>liam5t till ! next election4 ,ea* case1 h[ev]1 mu/ be left to individual judgm5t1 & no cle>1 def9ite1 unwav]+ moral l9e c be drawn4 ,! memb] w consid] ! magnitude ( ! disput$ "q1 bo? 9 8 own eyes & 9 ! eyes ( ^? :om he repres5ts2 its p]man5t or transitory "*1 ! am\nt & importance ( ! majority oppos$ to 8 views1 ! l5g? ( "t t is likely to elapse be=e a dissolution w br+ him face to face ) 8 con/itu5ts4 ,9 matt]s :i* he does n consid] v urg5t or important1 he w probably sacrifice 8 own judgm5t to t ( 8 electors1 at lea/ s f> z to ab/a9 f vot+ or f press+ 8 own views4 ,9 grav] matt]s x is 8 duty boldly to face unpopul>ity1 or p]haps ev5 take ! extreme /ep ( resign+ 8 seat4 ,! cases 9 :i* a memb] ( ,p>liam5t f9ds x 8 duty to support a measure :i* he believes to be positively bad1 on ! gr\nd t great] evils w\ld foll[ its rejection1 are happily n v num]\s4 ,he c extricate himself f _m moral difficulties by sometimes ab/a9+ f vot+ or f ! expression ( 8 real op9ions1 & mo/ measures are ( a composite "* 9 :i* good & evil elem5ts comb9e1 & may 9 "s degree be sep>at$4 ,9 su* measures x is (t5 possible to accept ! g5]al pr9ciple :ile oppos+ p>ticul> details1 & !re is consid]able scope = compromise & modification4 ,b ! cases 9 :i* a memb] ( ,p>liam5t is compell$ to vote = measures ab\t :i* he has no real k or conviction are v _m4 ,cr[ds ( measures ( a highly complex & te*nical "*1 affect+ dep>tm5ts ( life ) :i* he has _h no exp]i5ce1 relat+ to ! multitud9\s indu/ries1 int]e/s & conditions ( a great p1 are br\ght be=e him at v %ort notice2 & no intellect1 h[ev] p[]ful1 no indu/ry1 h[ev] great1 c ma/] !m4 ,x is utt]ly impossible t m]e extemporis$ k1 ! li/5+ to a %ort debate1 ! brief /udy :i* a memb] ( ,p>liam5t c give to a new subject1 c place him on a real level ( compet5ce ) ^? :o c br+ to x a lifelong k or exp]i5ce4 ,a memb] ( ,p>liam5t w soon f9d t he mu/ select a class ( subjects :i* he c himself ma/]1 :ile on _m o!rs he mu/ vote bl9dly ) 8 p>ty4 ,! two or ?ree capital measures 9 a session are debat$ ) su* a fulness t bo? ! ,h\se & ! c\ntry become ?or\ghly compet5t to judge !m1 & 9 ^? cases ! prepond]ance ( argum5t w h great weight4 ,a p[]ful m9i/ry & a /rongly organis$ p>ty may c>ry su* a measure 9 spite ( x1 b !y w be oblig$ to accept am5dm5ts & modifications1 & if !y p]si/ 9 _! policy _! position bo? 9 ! ,h\se & 9 ! c\ntry w soon] or lat] be inevitably *ang$4 ,b a l>ge numb] ( measures h a m re/rict$ int]e/1 & are f> less widely und]/ood4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons is ri* 9 exp]t k1 & few subjects are br\ght be=e x :i* "s ( its memb]s d n ?or\ghly und]/&2 b 9 a va/ numb] ( cases ! majority :o decide ! "q are oblig$ to d s on ! mo/ sup]ficial k4 ,v (t5 x is physically impossible = a memb] to obta9 ! k he requires4 ,! mo/ important & detail$ inve/igation has tak5 place 9 a committee up/airs to :i* he did n belong1 or he is deta9$ else:]e on important p>liam5t>y bus9ess :ile ! debate is go+ on4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is n ! case1 sc>cely any "o has ! physical or m5tal p[] :i* w\ld enable him to sit intellig5tly ?r\gh all ! debates4 ,e memb] ( ,p>liam5t is famili> ) ! sc5e1 :51 aft] a debate1 c>ri$ on be=e ne>ly empty b5*es1 ! division bell r+s1 & ! memb]s /ream 9 to decide ! issue4 ,!re is a mom5t ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! que/ions ',:i* side are we8' ',:at is x ab\t8' may be he>d aga9 & aga94 ,!n ! ,speak] rises1 & ) "o magical s5t5ce cle>s ! situation4 ,x is ! s5t5ce 9 :i* he ann\nces t ! tell]s = ! ,ayes or ,noes1 z ! case may be1 are ! ,gov]nm5t :ips4 ,x is n argum5t1 x is n eloqu5ce1 x is ?is s+le s5t5ce :i* 9 c\ntless cases det]m9es ! result & m\lds ! legislation ( ! c\ntry4 ,_m memb]s1 x is true1 are n pres5t 9 ! division lobby1 b !y are usually pair$--t is to say1 !y h tak5 _! sides be=e ! discussion began2 p]haps )\t ev5 kn[+ :at subject is to be discuss$1 p]haps = all ! _m =ese5 & un=ese5 que/ions t may arise dur+ long p]iods ( ! session4 ,x is a /range process1 & to a new memb] :o has be5 endeav\r+ ?r\gh 8 life to weigh argum5ts & evid5ce ) scrupul\s c>e1 & treat ! =mation & expression ( op9ions z a matt] ( s]i\s duty1 x is at fir/ v pa9ful4 ,he f9ds t he is requir$ aga9 & aga9 to give an effective voice 9 ! great c\ncil ( ! nation1 on que/ions ( grave importance1 ) a levity ( conviction ^u :i* he w\ld n act 9 ! mo/ trivial affairs ( private life4 ,no doctor w\ld prescribe = ! slighte/ malady2 no lawy] w\ld advise 9 ! easie/ case2 no wise man w\ld act 9 ! simple/ transactions ( private bus9ess1 or w\ld ev5 give an op9ion to 8 neighb\r at a d9n] p>ty )\t m k ( ! subject ?an t on :i* a memb] ( ,p>liam5t is (t5 oblig$ to vote4 ,b he soon f9ds t = good or evil ?is sy/em is absolutely indisp5sable to ! work+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,if no "o vot$ except on matt]s he really und]/ood & c>$ =1 f\r-fif?s ( ! que/ions t are det]m9$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld be det]m9$ by m]e fractions ( its memb]s1 & 9 t case p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t "u ! p>ty sy/em w\ld be impossible4 ,! /able1 discipl9$ majorities )\t :i* x c nev] be effici5tly conduct$ w\ld be at an end4 ,^? :o refuse to accept ! conditions ( p>liam5t>y life %\ld ab/a9 f ent]+ into x4 ,x is obvi\s t ! "o ju/ification ( ?is sy/em is to be f\nd 9 ! belief t p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 z x is work$ 9 ,engl&1 is on ! :ole a good ?+1 & t ?is is ! indisp5sable condition ( its exi/5ce4 ,probably also ) mo/ m5 x /r5g!ns ! disposition to support ! ,gov]nm5t on matt]s :i* !y d n und]/& & 9 :i* grave p>ty issues are n involv$4 ,!y "k t ^! m9or que/ions h at lea/ be5 c>efully exam9$ on _! m]its by responsible m51 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! be/ available exp]t k4 ,?is fact goes f> to reconcile u to ! t5d5cy to give gov]nm5ts an almo/ complete monopoly 9 ! initiation ( legislation :i* is s evid5t 9 mod]n p>liam5t>y life4 ,mu* useful legislation 9 ! pa/ has be5 due to private & indep5d5t memb]s1 b ! *ance ( bills introduc$ by su* memb]s ev] becom+ law is /eadily dim9i%+4 ,?is is n due to any recognis$ con/itutional *ange1 b to ! con/antly increas+ pressure ( gov]nm5t bus9ess on ! "t ( ! ,h\se1 & especially to :at is call$ ! twelve o'clock rule1 t]m9at+ debates at midnight4 ,x is a rule :i* is manife/ly wise1 = x limits on ord9>y occasions ! h\rs ( p>liam5t>y "w to a p]iod )9 ! /r5g? ( an av]age man4 ,p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t has _m dubi\s aspects1 b x nev] appe>s worse ?an 9 ! cases :i* may /ill sometimes be se5 :5 a ,gov]nm5t ?9ks fit to =ce ?r\gh an important measure by all-night sitt+s1 & :5 a we>y & irritat$ ,h\se :i* has be5 sitt+ s9ce ?ree or f\r 9 ! aft]noon is call$ ^u at a correspond+ h\r ( ! e>ly morn+ to pron\nce ^u grave & difficult que/ions ( pr9ciple1 & to deal ) ! s]i\s int]e/s ( l>ge classes4 ,! utt] & mo/ natural incapacity ( ! ,h\se at su* an h\r = su/a9$ argum5t2 its anxiety t ea* successive am5dm5t %\ld be despat*$ 9 five m9utes2 ! read9ess ) :i* 9 t tir$1 fev]i% atmosph]e1 surprises & coalitions may be effect$ & solutions accept$1 to :i* ! ,h\se 9 its normal /ate w\ld sc>cely h li/5$1 mu/ be evid5t to e obs]v]4 ,sc5es ( ?is k9d are among ! greate/ sc&als ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! rule :i* makes !m impossible except 9 ! clos+ weeks ( ! ,session has be5 "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 mod]n p>liam5t>y "w4 ,b its drawback is t x has greatly limit$ ! possibility ( private memb] legislation4 ,x is 9 late & rapid sitt+s t mo/ measures ( ?is k9d pass$ ?r\gh _! f9al /ages1 & s9ce ! twelve o'clock rule has be5 adopt$ a mu* small] numb] ( bills introduc$ by private memb]s f9d _! way to ! /atute book4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,o',bri51 ,! ,lawy]1 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 #cf ,dictionnaire de ,cas de ,consci5ce1 ,art4 ',avocat2' ,migne1 ,encyclopdie ,?ologique1 i4 s]ie1 tome xviii4 #cg ,revue de ,droit ,int]national1 xxi4 #fae4 #ch ,see ,sir ,james ,/eph5's ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&1 pp4 #afg1 #afh4 #ci ,phillips's def5ce ( 8 own conduct w be f\nd 9 a pamphlet call$ ',correspond5ce ( ,s4 ,w>r5 & ,c4 ,phillips relat+ to ! ,c\rvoisi] trial4' ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,phillips _h ass]t$ 9 8 spee* 8 full belief 9 ! innoc5ce ( 8 cli5t1 b ?is is disprov$ by ! /atem5t ( ,c4 ,j4 ,t9dal1 :o tri$ ! case1 & ( ,b>on ,p>ke1 :o sat on ! b5*4 ,c4 ,j4 ,d5man also pron\nc$ ,phillips's spee* to be unexceptionable4 ,an able & int]e/+ article on ?is case by ,mr4 ,atlay w be f\nd 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahig4 #dj ,see ^! cases 9 ,w>r5's ,social & ,pr(essional ,duties ( an ,attorney1 pp4 #abh-acc1 #aie1 #aif4 #da ,see ! admirable article by ,"l ,ju/ice ,b[5 on ',! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,law' 9 ,w>d's ,reign ( ,que5 ,victoria1 vol4 i4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x is obvi\s f ! consid]ations t h be5 adduc$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! moral limitations & conditions "u :i* an ord9>y memb] ( ,p>liam5t is compell$ to "w are f> f ideal4 ,an upright man w try consci5ti\sly1 "u ^! conditions1 to d 8 be/ = ! cause ( hone/y & = ! b5efit ( 8 c\ntry1 b he _c ess5tially alt] !m1 & !y pres5t _m temptations & t5d 9 _m ways to blur ! outl9es sep>at+ good f evil4 ,he w f9d himself practically pl$g$ to support 8 p>ty 9 measures :i* he has nev] se5 & 9 policies t are n yet develop$2 to vote 9 "s cases contr>y to 8 g5u9e belief & 9 _m cases )\t real k2 to act ?r\gh\t 8 political c>e] on _m motives o!r ?an a reason$ conviction ( ! sub/antial m]its ( ! "q at issue4 ,i h dwelt on ! difficult que/ions :i* arise :5 ! wi%es ( 8 con/itu5ts are at v>iance ) 8 own g5u9e op9ions4 ,ano!r & a wid] "q is h[ f> he is b\nd to make :at he consid]s ! int]e/s ( ! nation 8 guid+ light1 & h[ f> he %\ld subord9ate :at he believes to be _! int]e/s to _! prejudices & wi%es4 ,"o ( ! fir/ lessons t e active politician has to le>n is t he is a tru/ee b\nd to act = m5 ^: op9ions1 aims1 desires & ideals are (t5 v diff]5t f 8 own4 ,no man :o holds ! position ( memb] ( ,p>liam5t %\ld dive/ himself ( ?is consid]ation1 ?\gh x applies to diff]5t classes ( memb]s 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,a private memb] %\ld n =get x1 b at ! same "t1 be+ elect$ prim>ily & specially to repres5t "o p>ticul> elem5t 9 ! national life1 he w conc5trate 8 att5tion m exclusively on a n>r[ circle1 ?\gh he has at ! same "t m latitude ( express+ unpopul> op9ions & pu%+ unripe & unpopul> causes ?an a memb] :o is tak+ a l>ge & (ficial "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation4 ,! opposition front b5* occupies a some:at diff]5t position4 ,!y are ! special & organis$ repres5tatives ( a p>ticul> p>ty & its ideas1 b ! fact t !y may be call$ ^u at any "t to und]take ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation z a :ole1 & t ev5 :ile 9 opposition !y take a great "p 9 m\ld+ its g5]al policy1 imposes on !m limitations & re/rictions f :i* a m]e private memb] is 9 a great degree exempt4 ,:5 a p>ty comes into p[] its position is aga9 slightly alt]$4 ,its lead]s are c]ta9ly n deta*$ f ! p>ty policy !y _h advocat$ 9 opposition4 ,"o ( ! ma9 objects ( p>ty is to incorporate c]ta9 political op9ions & ! int]e/s ( c]ta9 sections ( ! community 9 an organis$ body :i* w be a /eady & p]man5t =ce 9 politics4 ,x is by ?is means t political op9ions are mo/ likely to triumph2 t class int]e/s are mo/ effectually protect$4 ,b a ,gov]nm5t _c gov]n m]ely 9 ! int]e/s ( a p>ty4 ,x is a tru/ee = ! :ole nation1 & "o ( its fir/ duties is to asc]ta9 & respect z f> z possible ! wi%es z well z ! int]e/s ( all sections4 ,concrete examples may p]haps %[ m cle>ly ?an ab/ract /atem5ts ! k9d ( difficulties t ,i am describ+4 ,take1 = example1 ! l>ge class ( proposals = limit+ ! sale ( /rong dr9k by su* me?ods z local veto or ,sunday clos+ ( public-h\ses4 ,"o class ( politicians take up ! position ( uncompromis+ oppon5ts ( ! dr9k trade4 ,!y argue t /rong dr9k is beyond all "q 9 ,engl& ! *ief s\rce ( ! mis]y1 ! vice1 ! degradation ( ! poor2 t x n only directly ru9s t5s ( ?\s&s1 body & s\l1 b also br+s a mass ( wret*$ness t x is difficult to ov]rate on _! innoc5t families2 t ! drunk>d's crav+ = dr9k (t5 reproduces itself z an h]$it>y disease 9 8 *ildr52 & t a legislator c h no high] object & no pla9] duty ?an by all available means to put d[n ! *ief ob/acle to ! moral & mat]ial well-be+ ( ! p4 ,! pr9ciple ( compulsion1 z !y truly say1 is m & m p]vad+ all dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry4 ,x is idle to cont5d t ! ,/ate :i*1 :ile prohibit+ o!r =ms ( ,sunday trad+1 gives a special privilege to ! mo/ p]nici\s ( all1 has n ! "r to limit or to )draw x1 & ! legislature :i* levies va/ sums ^u ! :ole community = ! ma9t5ance ( ! police z well z = poor-h\ses1 prisons & crim9al adm9i/ration1 ought surely1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! :ole community1 to d all t is 9 its p[] to suppress ! ma9 cause ( paup]ism1 disord] & crime4 ,ano!r class ( politicians approa* ! "q f a :olly diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,!y emphatically object to impos+ ^u gr[n-up m5 a sy/em ( moral re/riction :i* is v prop]ly impos$ ^u *ildr54 ,!y cont5d t adult m5 :o h assum$ all ! duties & responsibilities ( life1 & h ev5 a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 %\ld regulate _! own conduct1 z f> z !y d n directly int]f]e ) _! neighb\rs1 )\t legal re/ra9t1 be>+ !mselves ! consequ5ces ( _! mi/akes or excesses4 ,?is1 !y say1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( fre$om1 ! fir/ condition 9 ! =mation ( /rong & manly *>act]s4 ,a poor man1 :o desires on 8 ,sunday excursion to obta9 mod]ate refre%m5t su* z he likes = himself or 8 family1 & :o goes to ! public-h\se--probably 9 mo/ cases to meet 8 fri5ds & discuss ! village gossip ov] a glass ( be]--is 9 no degree int]f]+ ) ! lib]ty ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,he is do+ no?+ t is wrong2 no?+ t he has n a p]fect "r to d4 ,no "o d5ies ! ri* man access to 8 club on ,sunday1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! poor man has nei!r ! private cell>s nor ! com=table & roomy homes ( ! ri*1 & has inf9itely few] opportunities ( recreation4 ,because "s m5 abuse ?is "r & are unable to dr9k alcohol 9 mod]ation1 are all m5 to be prev5t$ f dr9k+ x at all1 or at lea/ f dr9k+ x on ,sunday8 ,because two m5 agree n to dr9k x1 h !y a "r to impose ! same obligation on an unwill+ ?ird8 ,h ^? :o nev] ent] a public-h\se1 & by _! position 9 life nev] ne$ to ent] x1 a "r1 if !y are 9 a majority1 to close its doors aga9/ ^? :o use x8 ,on su* gr\nds ^! politicians look ) extreme disfav\r on all ?is re/rictive legislation z unju/1 p>tial & inconsi/5t ) fre$om4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 w\ld c>ry ei!r set ( argum5ts to _! full logical consequ5ces4 ,n _m m5 :o h _h any practical exp]i5ce 9 ! managem5t ( m5 w\ld advocate a complete suppression ( ! dr9k trade1 & /ill few] w\ld put x on ! basis ( complete free trade1 altoge!r exempt f special legislative re/riction4 ,to responsible politicians ! c\rse to be pursu$ w dep5d ma9ly on fluctuat+ conditions ( public op9ion4 ,re/rictions w be impos$1 b only :5 & z f> z !y are support$ by a g5u9e public op9ion4 ,x mu/ n be a m]e majority1 b a l>ge majority2 a /eady majority2 a g5u9e majority repres5t+ a real & e>ne/ desire1 & especially 9 ! classes :o are mo/ directly affect$2 n a m]e factiti\s majority su* z is (t5 creat$ by skilful organisation & agitation2 by ! en?usiasm ( ! few confront+ ! indiff]5ce ( ! _m4 ,9 free & democratic ,/ates "o ( ! mo/ necess>y b also "o ( ! mo/ difficult arts ( /atesman%ip is t ( te/+ public op9ion1 discrim9at+ betwe5 :at is real1 gr[+ & p]man5t & :at is transi5t1 artificial & decl9+4 ,z a ,fr5* writ] has said1 ',! great art 9 politics consi/s n 9 he>+ ^? :o speak1 b 9 he>+ ^? :o are sil5t4' ,on su* que/ions z ^? ,i h m5tion$ we may f9d ! same /atesman )\t any real inconsi/5cy support+ ! same measures 9 "o "p ( ! k+dom & oppos+ !m 9 ano!r2 support+ !m at "o "t because public op9ion runs /rongly 9 _! fav\r2 oppos+ !m at ano!r because t public op9ion has gr[n weak4 ,"o ( ! wor/ moral evils t gr[ up 9 democratic c\ntries is ! excessive t5d5cy to "t-s]v+ & popul>ity hunt+1 & ! dang] is all ! great] because 9 a c]ta9 s5se bo? ( ^! ?+s are a necessity & ev5 a duty4 ,_! moral quality dep5ds ma9ly on _! motive4 ,! "q to be ask$ is :e!r a politician is act+ f p]sonal or m]ely p>ty objects or f hon\rable public ones4 ,e /atesman mu/ =m 9 8 own m9d a conception :e!r a prevail+ t5d5cy is fav\rable or oppos$ to ! real int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w dep5d ^u ?is judgm5t :e!r he w endeav\r to accel]ate or ret>d x2 :e!r he w yield sl[ly or readily to its pressure1 & !re are cases 9 :i*1 at all haz>ds ( popul>ity & influ5ce1 he %\ld inexorably oppose x4 ,b 9 ! long run1 "u free gov]nm5ts1 political sy/ems & measures mu/ be adju/$ to ! wi%es ( ! v>i\s sections ( ! p1 & ?is adju/m5t is ! great "w ( /atesman%ip4 ,9 judg+ a propos$ measure a /atesman mu/ cont9ually ask himself :e!r ! c\ntry is ripe = x--:e!r its introduction1 h[ev] desirable x might be1 w\ld n be premature1 z public op9ion is n yet prep>$ = x8--:e!r1 ev5 ?\gh x be a bad measure1 x is n on ! :ole bett] to vote = x1 z ! nation manife/ly desires x8 ,! same k9d ( reason+ applies to ! difficult "q ( education1 & especially ( religi\s education4 ,e "o :o is int]e/$ 9 ! subject has 8 own conviction ab\t ! k9d ( education :i* is 9 itself ! be/ = ! p1 & also ! be/ = ! ,gov]nm5t to und]take4 ,he may pref] t ! ,/ate %\ld conf9e itself to purely secul> education1 leav+ all religi\s tea*+ to volunt>y ag5cies2 or he may approve ( ! k9d ( und5om9ational religi\s tea*+ ( ! ,engli% ,s*ool ,bo>d2 or he may be a /rong p>tisan ( "o ( ! _m =ms ( di/9ctly acc5tuat$ d5om9ational education4 ,b :5 he comes to act z a responsible legislator1 he %\ld feel t ! "q is n m]ely :at he consid]s ! be/1 b also :at ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 mo/ desire4 ,x is true t ! au?ority ( p>5ts is n absolutely recognis$4 ,! conviction t c]ta9 ?+s are ess5tial to ! *ildr51 & to ! well-be+ & vig\r ( ! ,/ate1 & ! conviction t p>5ts are (t5 by no means ! be/ judges ( ?is1 make legislators1 on "s important subjects1 ov]ride ! wi%es ( ! p>5ts4 ,! sev]e re/rictions impos$ on *ild lab\r2 ! measure--unhappily n[ greatly relax$--provid+ = *ildr5's vacc9ation2 & ! legislation protect+ *ildr5 f ill treatm5t by _! p>5ts1 are illu/rations1 & ! mo/ ext5sive & f>-rea*+ ( all exceptions is education4 ,aft] mu* misgiv+1 bo? p>ties 9 ! ,/ate h arriv$ at ! conclusion t x is ess5tial to ! future ( ! *ildr51 & ess5tial also to ! ma9t5ance ( ! relative position ( ,engl& 9 ! great competition ( nations1 t at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( education %\ld be made univ]sal1 & !y are also conv9c$ t ?is is "o ( ! tru?s :i* p]fectly ignorant p>5ts are lea/ compet5t to und]/&4 ,h5ce ! sy/em :i* ( late ye>s has s rapidly ext5d$ ( compulsory education4 ,_m nations h gone fur!r1 & h claim$ = ! ,/ate ! "r ( prescrib+ absolutely ! k9d ( education t %\ld be p]mitt$1 or at lea/ ! k9d ( education :i* %all be exclusively support$ by ,/ate funds4 ,9 ,engl& ?is is n ! case4 ,a great v>iety ( =ms ( education correspond+ to ! wi%es & op9ions ( diff]5t classes ( p>5ts receive assi/ance f ! ,/ate1 subject to ! conditions ( submitt+ to c]ta9 te/s ( educational effici5cy1 & to a consci5ce clause protect+ m9orities f int]f]5ce ) _! fai?4 ,a case :i* once caus$ mu* moral he>t-burn+ among good m5 0 ! end[m5t1 by ! ,/ate1 ( ,maynoo? ,college1 :i* is absolutely "u ! control ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/hood1 & int5d$ to educate _! ,div9ity /ud5ts 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?4 ,! end[m5t dat$ f ! p]iod ( ! old ,iri% ,prote/ant ,p>liam5t2 & :51 on ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 x came to an end1 x 0 replac$ by a l>ge capital grant f ! ,iri% ,*ur* ,fund1 & x is ^u ! int]e/ ( t grant t ! ,college is /ill support$4 ,?is grant 0 d5\nc$ by _m excell5t m5 on ! gr\nd t ! ,/ate 0 ,prote/ant2 t x _h a def9ite religi\s belief ^u :i* x 0 b\nd 9 consci5ce to act2 & t x 0 a s9ful apo/asy to end[ out ( ! public purse ! tea*+ ( :at all ,prote/ants believe to be sup]/ition1 & :at _m ,prote/ants believe to be idolatr\s & s\l-de/roy+ error4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is k9d ( feel+ 9 ,engl& is %[n by ! extreme difficulty !re has be5 9 p]suad+ public op9ion to acquiesce 9 any =m ( t concurr5t end[m5t ( religions :i* exi/s s widely & works s well ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,_m1 aga91 :o h no objection to ! policy ( assi/+ by ,/ate subsidies ! !ological education ( ! prie/s are ( op9ion t x is extremely injuri\s bo? to ! ,/ate & to ! "y t ! secul> education--& especially ! high] secul> education--( ! ,iri% ,ca?olic population %\ld be plac$ "u _! complete control1 & t1 ?r\gh _! influ5ce1 ! ,iri% ,ca?olics %\ld be /rictly sep>at$ dur+ ! p]iod ( _! education f _! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( o!r religions4 ,no belief1 9 my own op9ion1 is bett] f\nd$ ?an ?is4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o hold x f9d t !re is a great body ( ,ca?olic p>5ts :o p]si/5tly desire ?is control & sep>ation2 :o w n be satisfi$ ) any removal ( disabilities & sect>ian influ5ce 9 sy/ems ( common education2 :o object to all mix$ & und5om9ational education on ! gr\nd t _! prie/s h condemn$ x1 & t !y are b\nd 9 consci5ce to foll[ ! ord]s ( _! prie/s1 & :o are 9 consequ5ce )hold+ f _! *ildr5 ! education !y w\ld o!rwise h giv5 !m1 su* m5 w 9 my op9ion be q ju/ifi$ 9 modify+ _! policy4 ,z a matt] ( exp$i5cy !y w argue t x is bett] t ^! ,ca?olics %\ld receive an indiff]5t univ]sity education ?an none at all2 & t x is exce$+ly desirable t :at is felt to be a grievance by _m hone/1 upright & loyal m5 %\ld be remov$4 ,z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 !y cont5d t 9 a c\ntry :]e high] education is l>gely & v>i\sly end[$ f public s\rces1 x is a real grievance t !re %\ld be "o l>ge body ( ! p :o c d]ive little or no b5efit f ^? end[m5ts4 ,x is no suffici5t answ] to say t ! objection ( ! ,ca?olic p>5ts is 9 mo/ cases n spontane\s1 b is due to ! ord]s ( _! prie/s1 s9ce we are deal+ ) m5 :o believe x to be a matt] ( consci5ce on su* que/ions to obey _! prie/s4 ,nor is x1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t to argue--z v _m enlight5$ m5 w d--t ev]y?+ t c\ld be 9 ! smalle/ degree repugnant to ! fai? ( a ,ca?olic has be5 elim9at$ f ! education :i* is impos$ on !m 9 exi/+ univ]sities2 t e po/ ( hon\r1 emolum5t & p[] has be5 ?r[n op5 to !m2 t = g5]ations !y gladly foll[$ ! c\rses ( ,dubl9 ,univ]sity1 & are ev5 n[ p]mitt$ by _! ecclesia/ics to foll[ ^? ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge2 t1 ! nation hav+ adopt$ ! broad pr9ciple ( unsect>ian education op5 to all1 no s+le sect has a "r to exceptional treatm5t1 ?\gh e sect has an und\bt$ "r to set up at its own exp5se su* education z x pleases4 ,! answ] is t ! objection ( a c]ta9 class ( ,roman ,ca?olics 9 ,irel& is n to any abuses t may take place "u ! sy/em ( mix$ & und5om9ational education1 b to ! sy/em itself1 & t ! p>ticul> type ( education ( :i* alone "o consid]able class ( taxpay]s c consci5ti\sly avail !mselves has only be5 set up by volunt>y ef=t1 & is only inadequately & indirectly end[$ by ! ,/ate4#db ,sl[ly & v reluctantly gov]nm5ts 9 ,engl& h come to recognise ! fact t ! tr5d ( ,ca?olic op9ion 9 ,irel& is z cle>ly 9 ! direction ( d5om9ationalism z ! tr5d ( ,noncon=mi/ ,engli% op9ion is 9 ! direction ( und5om9ationalism1 & t x is impossible to c>ry on ! education ( a prie/-ridd5 ,ca?olic p on ! same l9es z a ,prote/ant "o4 ,prim>y education has become almo/ absolutely d5om9ational1 &1 directly or indirectly1 a cr[d ( end[m5ts are giv5 to exclusively ,ca?olic in/itutions4 ,on su* gr\nds1 _m :o ent]ta9 ! /ronge/ antipa?y to ! prie/ly control ( high] education are prep>$ to advocate an increas$ end[m5t ( "s univ]sity or college :i* is di/9ctly sac]dotal1 :ile /r5u\sly uphold+ side by side ) x ! und5om9ational in/itutions :i* !y believe to be incomp>ably bett]1 & :i* are at pres5t resort$ to n only by all ,prote/ants1 b also by a n inconsid]able body ( ,iri% ,ca?olics4 ,_m ( my read]s w probably come to an opposite conclusion on ?is v difficult "q4 ,! object ( :at ,i h writt5 is simply to %[ ! process by :i* a politician may consci5ti\sly advocate ! e/abli%m5t & end[m5t ( a ?+ :i* he believes to be intr9sically bad4 ,x is said to h be5 a say+ ( ,sir ,rob]t ,+lis--an excell5t repres5tative ( an old s*ool ( extreme b mo/ consci5ti\s ,toryism--t 'he w\ld nev] vote "o p5ny ( public money = any purpose :i* he did n ?9k "r & good4' ,! impossibility ( c>ry+ out su* a pr9ciple mu/ be obvi\s to any "o :o has truly grasp$ ! nature ( repres5tative gov]nm5t & ! duty ( a memb] ( ,p>liam5t to act z a tru/ee = all classes 9 ! community4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ?is function e consci5ti\s memb] is oblig$ cont9ually to vote money = purposes :i* he dislikes4 ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ,i h j giv51 ! process ( reason+ ,i h describ$ is purely dis9t]e/$1 b ( c\rse x is n by su* a process ( pure reason+ t su* a "q w be det]m9$4 ,engli% & ,scot* memb]s w h to consid] ! effects ( _! vote on _! own con/itu5cies1 :]e !re are g5]ally l>ge sections ( electors ) v little k ( ! special circum/ances ( ,iri% education1 b v /rong feel+s ab\t ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,/atesm5 w h to consid] ! ult]ior & v>i\s ways 9 :i* _! policy may affect ! :ole social & political condition ( ,irel&1 :ile ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! ,iri% memb]s are elect$ by small f>m]s & agricultural lab\r]s :o c\ld nev] avail !mselves ( ,univ]sity education1 & :o on all matt]s relat+ to education act bl9dly at ! dictation ( _! prie/s4 ,inconsi/5cy is no necess>y condemnation ( a politician1 & p>ties z well z individual /atesm5 h abundantly %[n x4 ,x w\ld lead me too f> 9 a book 9 :i* ! moral difficulties ( politics =m only "o subdivision1 to ent] into ! hi/ory ( ,engli% p>ties2 b ^? :o w d s w easily conv9ce !mselves t !re is h>dly a pr9ciple ( political action t has n 9 p>ty hi/ory be5 ab&on$1 & t n unfrequ5tly p>ties h come to advocate at "o p]iod ( _! hi/ory ! v measures :i* at ano!r p]iod !y mo/ /r5u\sly resi/$4 ,*ang$ circum/ances1 ! gr[? or decl9e ( intellectual t5d5cies1 p>ty /rategy1 individual influ5ce1 h all contribut$ to ^! mutations1 & mo/ ( !m h be5 due to v bl5d$ motives ( patriotism & self-int]e/4 ,9 judg+ ! moral quality ( ! *anges ( p>ty lead]s1 ! elem5t ( "t w usually be ( capital importance4 ,viol5t & sudd5 rev]sals ( policy are nev] effect$ by a p>ty )\t a great loss ( moral weight2 ?\gh !re are circum/ances "u :i* !y h be5 imp]atively requir$4 ,no "o w n[ dispute ! integrity ( ! motives t induc$ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton & ,sir ,rob]t ,peel to c>ry ,ca?olic ,emancipation 9 #ahbi1 :5 ! ,cl>e election _h br\ght ,irel& to ! v]ge ( revolution2 & ! conduct ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel 9 c>ry+ ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws 0 c]ta9ly n due to any motive ei!r ( p]sonal or p>ty ambition1 ?\gh x may be urg$ ) =ce t at a "t :5 he 0 /ill ! lead] ( ! ,protectioni/ p>ty 8 m9d _h be5 manife/ly mov+ 9 ! direction ( ,free trade1 & t ! ,iri% fam9e1 ?\gh n a m]e pretext1 0 n :olly ! cause ( ! surr5d]4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases a m9i/ry pl$g$ to resi/ a p>ticul> measure introduc$ & c>ri$ x1 & did s )\t any appeal to ! electors4 ,! ju/ification 0 t ! measure 9 _! eyes _h become absolutely necess>y to ! public welf>e1 & t ! condition ( politics made x impossible = !m ei!r to c>ry x by a dissolution or to resign ! task into o!r h&s4 ,_h ,sir ,rob]t ,peel ei!r resign$ (fice or dissolv$ ,p>liam5t aft] ! ,cl>e election 9 #ahbh1 x is highly probable t ! measure ( ,ca?olic ,emancipation c\ld n h be5 c>ri$1 & its po/ponem5t1 9 8 belief1 w\ld h ?r[n ,irel& into a dang]\s rebellion4 ,few great] mis=tunes h befall5 p>ty gov]nm5t ?an ! failure ( ! ,:igs to =m a m9i/ry 9 #ahde4 ,_h !y done s ! abolition ( ! ,corn ,laws w\ld h be5 c>ri$ by /atesm5 :o 7 9 "s measure support$ by ! ,free-trade p>ty1 & n by /atesm5 :o _h obta9$ _! p[] z ! special repres5tatives ( ! agricultural int]e/s4 ,ano!r case :i* 9 a p>ty po9t ( view 0 m successful1 b :i* %\ld 9 my op9ion be mu* m sev]ely judg$1 0 ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahfg4 ,! ,cons]vative p>ty1 "u ! guidance ( ,mr4 ,disraeli1 defeat$ ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,re=m ,bill ma9ly on ! gr\nd t x 0 an excessive /ep 9 ! direction ( ,democracy4 ,! victory plac$ !m 9 (fice1 & !y !n decl>$ t1 z ! "q _h be5 rais$1 !y mu/ deal ) x !mselves4 ,!y introduc$ a bill c>ry+ ! suffrage to a mu* l[] po9t ?an t :i* ! late ,gov]nm5t _h propos$1 b !y surr\nd$ x ) a numb] ( provisions secur+ additional repres5tation = p>ticul> classes & int]e/s :i* w\ld h mat]ially modifi$ its democratic "*4 ,b = ^! safegu>d+ provisions ! p>ty w\ld c]ta9ly n h tol]at$ ! introduction ( su* a measure1 yet 9 ! face ( opposition _! lead] dropp$ !m "o by "o z ( no capital importance1 &1 by a lead]%ip :i* 0 a ma/]piece ( unscrupul\s adroitness1 succe$$ 9 induc+ 8 p>ty to c>ry a measure f> m democratic ?an t :i* !y _h a few mon?s be=e d5\nc$ & defeat$4 ,x 0 argu$ t ! "q mu/ be settl$2 t x mu/ be plac$ on a p]man5t & la/+ basis2 t x mu/ no long] be suff]$ to be a weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! ,:igs1 & t ! ,tory ,re=m ,bill1 ?\gh x 0 ackn[l$g$ to be a 'leap 9 ! d>k1' _h at lea/ ! result ( 'di%+ ! ,:igs4' ,!re is little d\bt t x 0 9 accordance ) ! g5u9e convictions ( ,disraeli4 ,he belong$ to a s*ool ( politics ( :i* ,bol+broke1 ,c>t]et & ,%elburne1 &1 9 "s p]iods ( 8 c>e]1 ,*a?am1 7 e>li] repres5tatives :o _h no real sympa?y ) ! prepond]ance ( ! ari/ocratic elem5t 9 ! old ,tory p>ty1 :o _h a decid$ disposition to appeal frankly to democratic support1 & :o believ$ t a /rong executive re/+ on a broad democratic basis 0 ! true future ( ,toryism4 ,he anticipat$ to a rem>kable degree ! s*ool ( political ?\ght :i* has triumph$ 9 our own day1 ?\gh he did n live to witness its triumph4 ,at ! same "t x _c be d5i$ t ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahfg 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 ultimately c>ri$ 0 z f> z possible f ! wi%es & policy ( 8 p>ty 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! session1 & z inconsi/5t z any policy c\ld be ) _! language & conduct 9 ! session t prec$$ x4 ,a p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t *os5 on ! p>ty sy/em is1 z we h se51 at once ! tru/ee ( ! :ole nation1 b\nd z su* to make ! welf>e ( ! :ole its supreme end1 & also ! special repres5tative ( p>ticul> classes1 ! special gu>dian ( _! int]e/s1 aims1 wi%es1 & pr9ciples4 ,! two po9ts ( view are n ! same1 & grave difficulties1 bo? e?ical & political1 h (t5 to be enc\nt]$ 9 endeav\r+ to h>monise !m4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n true t a p>ty object is m]ely a matt] ( place or p[]1 & naturally a diff]5t ?+ f a patriotic object4 ,! v mean+ ( p>ty is t public m5 consid] c]ta9 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 c]ta9 l9es ( policy1 ! protection & developm5t ( p>ticul> int]e/s1 ( capital importance to ! nation1 & !y are !re=e on purely public gr\nds fully ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ x a ma9 object to place ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 ! h&s ( _! p>ty4 ,! importance1 h[ev]1 ( ma9ta9+ a p>ticul> p>ty 9 p[] v>ies greatly4 ,9 _m1 probably 9 mo/1 p]iods ( ,engli% hi/ory a *ange ( gov]nm5t means no viol5t or f>-rea*+ alt]ation 9 policy4 ,x means only t "o set ( t5d5cies 9 legislation w = a "t be some:at relax$1 & ano!r set some:at int5sifi$2 t ! int]e/s ( "o class w be some:at m & ^? ( ano!r class some:at less att5d$ to2 t ! rate ( progress or *ange w be slightly accel]at$ or ret>d$4 ,sometimes x means ev5 less ?an ?is4 ,op9ions on ! two front b5*es are s ne>ly assimilat$ t a *ange ( gov]nm5t pr9cipally means ! removal = a "t f (fice ( m9i/]s :o h made "s isolat$ adm9i/rative blund]s or incurr$ "s individual unpopul>ity q ap>t f _! p>ty politics4 ,x means t m9i/]s :o are jad$ & some:at worn out by sev]al ye>s' cont9u\s "w1 & ( :om ! c\ntry _h gr[n tir$1 are replac$ by m5 :o c br+ fre%] m9ds & en]gies to ! task2 t patronage 9 all its bran*es hav+ = "s ye>s gone ma9ly to "o p>ty1 ! o!r p>ty are n[ to h _! turn4 ,!re are p]iods :5 ! c\ntry is well satisfi$ ) ! g5]al policy ( a gov]nm5t b n ) ! m5 :o c>ry x on4 ,m9i/]s ( excell5t pr9ciples prove ineffici5t1 tactless1 or un=tunate1 or qu>rels & jeal\sies arise among !m1 or difficult negotiations are go+ on ) =eign nations :i* c be be/ br\ght to a successful t]m9ation if !y are plac$ 9 ! h&s ( fre% m51 unpl$g$ & un5tangl$ by _! pa/4 ,! c\ntry wants a *ange ( gov]nm5t b n a *ange ( policy1 & "u su* circum/ances ! task ( a victori\s opposition is mu* less to m>* 9 new directions ?an to m>k "t1 to c>ry on ! affairs ( ! nation on ! same l9es1 b ) great] adm9i/rative skill4 ,9 su* p]iods ! importance ( p>ty objects is mu* dim9i%$ & a policy :i* is int5d$ m]ely to keep a p>ty 9 p[] %\ld be sev]ely condemn$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x happ5s t a p>ty has committ$ itself to a p>ticul> measure :i* its oppon5ts believe to be 9 a high degree dang]\s or ev5 ru9\s to ! c\ntry4 ,9 t case x becomes a matt] ( supreme importance to keep ?is p>ty out ( (fice1 or1 if !y are 9 (fice1 to keep !m 9 a position ( p]man5t debility till ?is dang]\s project is ab&on$4 ,"u su* circum/ances /atesm5 are ju/ifi$ 9 c>ry+ p>ty objects & purely p>ty legislation mu* fur!r ?an 9 o!r p]iods4 ,to /r5g!n _! own p>ty2 to ga9 = x ! l>ge/ am\nt ( popul>ity2 to w9 ! support ( diff]5t factions ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 become a great public object2 &1 9 ord] to c>ry x out1 sacrifices ( policy & 9 "s degree ( pr9ciple1 ! acceptance ( measures :i* ! p>ty _h once oppos$1 & ! adj\rnm5t or ab&onm5t ( measures to :i* x _h be5 pl$g$1 :i* w\ld once h be5 v prop]ly condemn$1 become ju/ifiable4 ,! supreme int]e/ ( ! ,/ate is ! end & ! ju/ification ( _! policy1 & alliances are =m$ :i* "u less press+ circum/ances w\ld h be5 impossible1 & :i*1 once e/abli%$1 sometimes pr(\ndly *ange ! p]man5t "* ( p>ty politics4 ,"h1 z 9 ne>ly all political matt]s1 an att5tion to proportion & degree1 ! sacrifice ( ! less = ! atta9m5t ( ! great]1 m>k ! pa? bo? ( wisdom & ( duty4 ,! temptations ( p>ty politicians are ( _m k9ds & v>y greatly ) diff]5t /ages ( political developm5t4 ,! wor/ is ! temptation to w>4 ,w> und]tak5 )\t necessity1 or at lea/ )\t s]i\s ju/ification1 is1 accord+ to all s\nd e?ics1 ! grave/ ( crimes1 & among its causes motives ( ! k9d ,i h indicat$ may be (t5 detect$4 ,_m w>s h be5 begun or h be5 prolong$ 9 ord] to consolidate a dyna/y or a p>ty2 9 ord] to give x popul>ity or at lea/ to save x f unpopul>ity2 9 ord] to div]t ! m9ds ( m5 f int]nal que/ions :i* _h become dang]\s or emb>rass+1 or to efface ! memory ( pa/ qu>rels1 mi/akes or crimes4#dc ,exp]i5ce un=tunately %[s only too cle>ly h[ easily ! combative passions ( nations c be ar\s$ & h[ mu* popul>ity may be ga9$ by a successful w>4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 x is true1 w> usually impov]i%es ! c\ntry t wages x1 b !re are l>ge classes to :om x is by no means a calamity4 ,! high level ( agricultural prices2 ! brilliant c>e]s op5$ to ! milit>y & naval pr(essions2 ! _m special indu/ries :i* are imm$iately /imulat$2 ! rise 9 ! rate ( int]e/2 ! opportunities ( weal? t spr+ f viol5t fluctuations on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange2 ev5 ! increas$ attractiv5ess ( ! newspap]s1--all t5d to give p>ticul> classes an int]e/ 9 its cont9uance4 ,sometimes x is closely connect$ ) p>ty sympa?ies4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* w>s ( ,anne1 ! facts t ,m>lbor\gh 0 a ,:ig1 & t ! ,elector ( ,hanov]1 :o 0 ! hope ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 0 9 fav\r ( ! w>1 contribut$ v mat]ially to ret>d ! peace4 ,a /ate ( great int]nal disquietude is (t5 a temptation to w>1 n because x leads to x directly1 b because rul]s f9d a =eign w> ! be/ means ( turn+ dang]\s & di/urb+ en]gies into new *annels1 & at ! same "t ( /r5g!n+ ! milit>y & au?oritative elem5ts 9 ! community4 ,! successful trans=mation ( ! an>*y ( ! great ,fr5* ,revolution into a c>e] ( conque/ is a typical example4 ,9 ari/ocratic gov]nm5ts su* z exi/$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 temptations to corruption 7 especially /rong4 ,to build up a va/ sy/em ( p>liam5t>y influ5ce by rott5 bor\ghs1 &1 by sy/ematically be/[+ hon\rs on ^? :o c\ld control !m1 to w9 ! support ( great corporations & pr(essions by fur!r+ _! int]e/s & ab/a9+ f all ef=ts to re=m !m1 0 a *ief "p ( ! /atecraft ( ! "t4 ,class privileges 9 _m =ms 7 creat$1 ext5d$ & ma9ta9$1 & 9 "s c\ntries--?\gh mu* less 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t--! burd5 ( taxation 0 mo/ inequitably di/ribut$1 fall+ ma9ly on ! poor4 ,9 democratic gov]nm5ts ! temptations are ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,popul>ity is !re ! *ief s\rce ( p[]1 & ! supreme tribunal consi/s ( numb]s c\nt$ by ! head4 ,! well-be+ ( ! great mass ( ! p is ! true end ( politics1 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! op9ion ( ! lea/ in/ruct$ majority is ! be/ guide to obta9+ x4 ,9 dwell+ ^u ! temptations ( politicians "u su* a sy/em ,i d n n[ ref] m]ely to ! unscrupul\s agitator or demagogue :o seeks p[]1 notoriety or popul>ity by excit+ class envies & animosities1 by sett+ ! poor aga9/ ! ri* & prea*+ ! gospel ( public plund]2 nor w\ld ,i dilate ^u ! me?ods s l>gely employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( accumulat+1 by skilfully devis$ electoral ma*9]y1 great masses ( vot+ p[] drawn f ! mo/ ignorant vot]s1 & mak+ use ( !m = purposes ( corruption4 ,i w\ld dwell r on ! bias :i* almo/ inevitably obliges ! p>ty lead] to measure legislation ma9ly by its imm$iate popul>ity1 & its consequ5t success 9 add+ to 8 vot+ /r5g?4 ,9 "s c\ntries ?is t5d5cy %[s itself 9 lavi% exp5diture on public works :i* provide employm5t = great masses ( workm5 & give a great imm$iate popul>ity 9 a con/itu5cy1 leav+ to po/]ity a heavy burd5 ( accumulat$ debt4 ,mu* ( ! f9ancial emb>rassm5t ( ,europe is due to ?is s\rce1 & 9 mo/ c\ntries extravagance 9 gov]nm5t exp5diture is m popul> ?an economy4 ,sometimes x %[s itself 9 a legislation :i* reg>ds only proximate or imm$iate effects1 & :olly neglects ^? :i* are di/ant & obscure4 ,a f>-sight$ policy sacrific+ ! pres5t to a di/ant future becomes m difficult2 measures involv+ new pr9ciples1 b meet+ pres5t emb>rassm5ts or secur+ imm$iate popul>ity1 are />t$ ) little consid]ation = ! prec$5ts !y are e/abli%+ & = ! m ext5sive *anges t may foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,! conditions ( lab\r are alt]$ = ! b5efit ( ! exi/+ workm51 p]haps at ! co/ ( div]t+ capital f "s great =m ( indu/ry1 mak+ x impossible to resi/ =eign competition1 & ?us 9 ! long run re/rict+ employm5t & s]i\sly injur+ ! v class :o 7 to h be5 b5efit$4 ,:5 "o p>ty has introduc$ a measure ( ?is k9d ! o!r is "u ! /ronge/ temptation to outbid x1 & "u ! /ress ( competition & ?r\gh ! fe> ( be+ di/anc$ 9 ! race ( popul>ity bo? p>ties (t5 end by go+ mu* fur!r ?an ei!r _h orig9ally int5d$4 ,:5 ! rights ( ! few are oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ! _m !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to pref] ! latt]4 ,x may be t ! few are ^? :o h built up an indu/ry2 :o h borne all ! risk & co/1 :o h by f> ! l>ge/ int]e/ 9 its success4 ,! m]e fact t !y are ! few det]m9es ! bias ( ! legislators4 ,!re is a con/ant disposition to tamp] ) ev5 cle>ly def9$ & gu>ante$ rights if by do+ s "s l>ge class ( vot]s c be conciliat$4 ,p>liam5t>y life has _m m]its1 b x has a manife/ t5d5cy to enc\rage %ort views4 ,! imm$iate p>ty int]e/ becomes s absorb+ t m5 f9d x difficult to look greatly beyond x4 ,! desire ( a skilful debat] to use ! topics t w mo/ influ5ce ! audi5ce be=e him1 or ! desire ( a p>ty lead] to pursue ! c\rse mo/ likely to be successful 9 an imm$iately imp5d+ conte/1 w (t5 ov]ride all o!r consid]ations1 & ! :ole t5d5cy ( p>liam5t>y life is to conc5trate att5tion on l&m>ks :i* are n v di/ant1 ?9k+ little ( :at is beyond4 ,"o great cause ( ! inconsi/5cy ( p>ties lies 9 ! absolute necessity ( assimilat+ legislation4 ,_m1 = example1 are ( op9ion t ! exi/+ t5d5cy to introduce gov]nm5t regulations & int]f]5ces into all dep>tm5ts is at lea/ greatly exagg]at$1 & t x w\ld be f> bett] if a l>g] sph]e 7 left to individual action & free contract4 ,b if l>ge dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry h be5 br\ght "u ! sy/em ( regulation1 x is practically impossible to leave analog\s indu/ries "u a diff]5t sy/em1 & ! m5 :o mo/ dislike ! t5d5cy are (t5 !mselves oblig$ to ext5d x4 ,!y _c resi/ ! cont5tion t c]ta9 legislative protections or o!r special fav\rs h be5 grant$ to "o class ( workm51 & t !re is no real gr\nd = di/+ui%+ _! case f t ( o!rs4 ,! dom9ant t5d5cy w ?us naturally ext5d itself1 & e consid]able legislative movem5t c>ries o!rs irresi/ibly 9 its tra94 ,! pressure ( ?is consid]ation is mo/ pa9fully felt 9 ! case ( legislation :i* appe>s n simply inexp$i5t & unwise1 b di/9ctly di%one/4 ,9 legislation relat+ to contracts !re is a cle> e?ical di/9ction to be drawn4 ,x is fully )9 ! moral "r ( legislators to regulate ! conditions ( future contracts4 ,x is a v diff]5t ?+ to break exi/+ contracts1 or to take ! /ill m extreme /ep ( alt]+ _! conditions to ! b5efit ( "o p>ty )\t ! ass5t ( ! o!r1 leav+ t o!r p>ty b\nd by _! re/rictions4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,con/itution !re is a special clause mak+ x impossible = any ,/ate to pass any law violat+ contracts4 ,9 ,engl&1 un=tunately1 no su* provision exi/s4 ,! mo/ gl>+ & und\bt$ in/ance ( ?is k9d is to be f\nd 9 ! ,iri% l& legislation :i* 0 begun by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 b :i* has be5 l>gely ext5d$ by ! p>ty t orig9ally mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$ x4 ,mu* may no d\bt be said to palliate x3 agricultural depression2 ! excessive dem& = l&2 ! fact t improvem5ts 7 9 ,irel& usually made by ! t5ants 7:o1 h[ev]1 7 p]fectly aw>e ( ! conditions "u :i* !y made !m1 & ^: r5ts 7 proportionately l[]72 ! preval5ce 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel& ( l& cu/oms unsanction$ by law2 ! exi/5ce ( a great revolution>y movem5t :i* _h br\ght ! c\ntry into a condition ( disgraceful an>*y4 ,b :5 all ?is has be5 admitt$1 x rema9s indisputable to e cle> & hone/ m9d t ,engli% law has tak5 away )\t comp5sation unque/ionably legal prop]ty & brok5 unque/ionably legal contracts4 ,a l&lord plac$ a t5ant on 8 f>m on a ye>ly t5ancy1 b if he desir$ to ex]cise 8 pla9 legal "r ( resum+ x at ! t]m9ation ( ! ye>1 he 0 compell$ to pay a comp5sation '= di/urbance1' :i* might am\nt to sev5 times ! ye>ly r5t4 ,a l&lord let 8 l& to a f>m] = a long] p]iod "u a cle> writt5 contract be>+ ! gov]nm5t /amp1 & ?is contract def9$ ! r5t to be paid1 ! conditions "u :i* ! f>m 0 to be held1 & ! numb] ( ye>s dur+ :i* x 0 to be ali5at$ f its own]4 ,! fundam5tal clause ( ! lease di/9ctly /ipulat$ t at ! end ( ! assign$ t]m ! t5ant mu/ h& back t f>m to ! own] f :om he receiv$ x4 ,! law has int]pos$1 & det]m9$ t ! r5t :i* ?is f>m] _h und]tak5 to pay %all be r$uc$ by a gov]nm5t tribunal )\t ! ass5t ( ! own]1 & )\t giv+ ! own] ! option ( dissolv+ ! contract & seek+ a new t5ant4 ,x has gone fur!r1 & provid$ t at ! t]m9ation ( ! lease ! t5ant %all n h& back ! l& to ! own] accord+ to ! t]ms ( 8 contract1 b %all rema9 = all future "t ! occupi]1 subject only to a r5t fix$ & p]iodically revis$1 irrespective ( ! wi%es ( ! l&lord1 by an indep5d5t tribunal4 ,va/ masses ( prop]ty 9 ,irel& _h be5 sold "u ! ,incumb]$ ,e/ates ,act by a gov]nm5t tribunal act+ z ! repres5tative ( ! ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t1 & ea* pur*as] obta9$ f ?is tribunal a p>liam5t>y title mak+ him absolute own] ( ! soil & ( e build+ ^u x1 subject only to ! exi/+ t5ancies 9 ! s*$ule4 ,no acc\nts ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! prop]ty 7 h&$ to him1 = except "u ! t]ms ( ! leases :i* _h n yet expir$ he _h no liability = any?+ 9 ! pa/4 ,! title he receiv$ 0 deem$ s indefeasible t 9 "o memorable case1 :]e by mi/ake a portion ( ! prop]ty ( "o man _h be5 includ$ 9 ! sale ( ! prop]ty ( ano!r man1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal decid$ t ! inju/ice c\ld n be rem$i$1 z x 0 impossible1 except 9 ! case ( int5tional fraud1 to g beh9d p>liam5t>y titles4#dd ,9 cases 9 :i* ! l& 0 let at l[ r5ts1 & 9 cases :]e t5ants held "u leases :i* w\ld soon expire1 ! facility ( rais+ ! r5ts 0 con/antly specifi$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,c\rt z an inducem5t to pur*as]s4 ,:at has become ( ?is p>liam5t>y title8 ,improvem5ts1 if !y _h be5 made1 or 7 presum$ to h be5 made by t5ants ant]ior to ! sale1 h ceas$ to be ! prop]ty ( ! pur*as]1 & he has at ! same "t be5 depriv$ ( "s ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ insep>able rights ( prop]ty4 ,he has lo/ ! p[] ( dispos+ ( 8 f>ms 9 ! op5 m>ket1 ( regulat+ ! t]ms & conditions on :i* he lets !m1 ( remov+ a t5ant :om he consid]s unsuitable1 ( tak+ ! l& back into 8 own h&s :5 ! specifi$ t]m ( a t5ancy _h expir$1 ( avail+ himself ( ! enhanc$ value :i* a w> or a p]iod ( great prosp]ity1 or "s o!r exceptional circum/ance1 may h giv5 to 8 prop]ty4 ,he has become a simple r5t-*>g] on ! l& :i* by inh]itance or pur*ase 0 inconte/ably 8 own1 & ! am\nt ( 8 r5t-*>ge is settl$ & p]iodically revis$ by a tribunal 9 :i* he has no voice1 & :i* has be5 giv5 an absolute p[] ov] 8 e/ate4 ,he b\ght or inh]it$ an exclusive "r4 ,! law has turn$ x into a dual own]%ip4 ,a t5ant "r :i*1 :5 he obta9$ 8 prop]ty1 0 :olly unkn[n to ! law1 & 0 only g5]ally recognis$ by cu/om 9 "o prov9ce1 has be5 c>v$ out ( x4 ,! t5ant :o happ5$ to be 9 occupation :5 ! law 0 pass$ c1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 sell to ano!r ! "r ( occupy+ ! f>m at ! exi/+ r5t4 ,9 num]\s cases ?is t5ant "r is m valuable ?an ! fee simple ( ! f>m4 ,9 _m cases a f>m] :o _h eag]ly begg$ to be a t5ant at a specifi$ r5t has aft]w>ds gone into ! l& c\rt & _h t r5t r$uc$1 & has !n proce$$ to sell ! t5ant "r = a sum mu* m ?an equival5t to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two r5ts4 ,9 _m cases ?is has happ5$ :]e !re c\ld be no possible "q ( improvem5ts by ! t5ant4 ,! t5ant "r ( ! small] f>ms has /eadily ris5 9 proportion z ! r5t has be5 r$uc$4 ,9 _m cases1 no d\bt1 ! excessive price ( t5ant "r may be attribut$ to ! l& hung] or passion = l& speculation s common 9 ,irel&1 or to "s exceptional cause induc+ a f>m] to give an extravagant price = ! t5ant "r ( a p>ticul> f>m4 ,b al?\gh 9 su* in/ances ! price ( t5ant "r is a deceptive te/1 ! movem5t1 :5 x is a g5]al "o1 is a cle> pro( t ! r$uction ( r5t did n repres5t an equival5t decl9e 9 ! m>ketable value ( ! l&1 b 0 simply a gratuit\s transf]1 by ! ,/ate1 ( prop]ty f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,hav+ 9 ! fir/ place turn$ ! exclusive own]%ip ( ! l&lord into a simple p>tn]%ip1 ! tribunal proce$$1 9 defiance ( all equity1 to ?r[ ! :ole burd5 ( ! agricultural depression on "o ( ! two p>tn]s4 ,! law did1 x is true1 res]ve to ! l&lord ! "r ( pre-emption1 or 9 o!r words ! "r ( pur*as+ ! t5ant "r :5 x 0 = sale1 at a price to be det]m9$ by ! ,c\rt1 & ?us becom+ once m ! absolute own] ( 8 f>m4 ,! sum specifi$ by ! ,c\rt 0 usually ab\t sixte5 ye>s' pur*ase ( ! judicial r5t4 ,by ! paym5t ( ?is l>ge sum he may rega9 ! prop]ty :i* a few ye>s ago 0 inconte/ably 8 own1 :i* 0 held by him "u ! mo/ secure title kn[n to ,engli% law1 & :i* 0 tak5 f him1 n by any process ( hone/ pur*ase1 b by an act ( simple legislative confiscation4 ,:atev] palliations ( exp$i5cy may be alleg$1 ! true nature ( ?is legislation _c reasonably be que/ion$1 & x has e/abli%$ a prec$5t :i* is c]ta9 to gr[4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* ,i w\ld especially dwell is t ! v p>ty :i* mo/ /rongly oppos$ x1 & :i* mo/ cle>ly expos$ its gross & ess5tial di%one/y1 h f\nd !mselves1 or believ$ !mselves to be1 b\nd n only to accept x b to ext5d x4 ,!y h cont5d$ t1 z a matt] ( practical politics1 x is impossible to grant su* privileges to "o class ( agricultural t5ants & to )hold x f o!rs4 ,! *ief pretext = ?is legislation 9 its fir/ /ages 0 t x 0 = ! b5efit ( v poor t5ants :o 7 incapable ( mak+ _! own b>ga9s1 & t ! fixity ( t5ure :i* ! law gave to ye>ly t5ants z long z !y paid _! r5ts _h be5 v g5]ally volunt>ily giv5 !m by good l&lords4 ,b ! measure 0 soon ext5d$ by a ,unioni/ gov]nm5t to ! leasehold]s1 :o are ! l>ge/ & mo/ indep5d5t class ( f>m]s1 & :o held _! l& = a def9ite "t & "u a di/9ct writt5 contract4 ,x is 9 tru? mu* m ! %rewd] & weal?i] f>m]s ?an ! poor & helpless ones t ?is legislation has *iefly b5efit$4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* /rong exp$i5cy or an absolute political necessity is 9 app>5t conflict ) elem5t>y pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 are among ! mo/ difficult ) :i* a politician has to deal4 ,he mu/ gov]n ! c\ntry & pres]ve x 9 a condition ( tol]able ord]1 & he sometimes p]suades himself t )\t a capitulation to an>*y1 )\t attacks on prop]ty & violations ( contract1 ?is is impossible4 ,:e!r ! necessity is z absolute or ! exp$i5cy z rightly calculat$ z he suppos$1 may inde$ be op5 to mu* "q1 b !re c be no d\bt t mo/ ( ! ,engli% /atesm5 :o c>ri$ ! ,iri% agr>ian legislation s9c]ely believ$ x1 & "s ( !m imag9$ t !y 7 giv+ a security & f9ality to ! prop]ty :i* 0 left1 t w\ld indemnify ! plund]$ l&lords4 ,p]haps1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! mo/ t c be said is t wise legislators w endeav\r1 by enc\rag+ pur*ase on a l>ge scale1 gradually to re/ore ! absolute own]%ip & ! validity ( contract :i* h be5 de/roy$1 & at ! same "t to comp5sate indirectly--if !y _c d x directly--! =m] own]s = t portion ( _! losses :i* is n due to m]ely economical causes1 b to acts ( ! legislature t 7 pla9ly fraudul5t4 ,!re are o!r temptations ( a diff]5t k9d ) :i* p>ty lead]s h to deal4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s is ! t5d5cy to =ce que/ions = :i* !re is no g5u9e desire1 9 ord] to re/ore ! unity or ! zeal ( a divid$ or dispirit$ p>ty4 ,z all politicians "k1 ! desire = an attractive programme & a popul> election cry is "o ( ! /ronge/ 9 politics1 &1 z !y also "k well1 !re is su* a ?+ z manufactur$ public op9ion & artificially /imulat$ agitation4 ,que/ions are rais$ & pu%$1 n because !y are = ! advantage ( ! c\ntry1 b simply = ! purposes ( p>ty4 ,! lead]s h (t5 little or no p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! pressure ( _! foll[]s1 or ( a section ( _! foll[]s1 becomes irresi/ible2 ill-consid]$ hopes are held out2 ra% pl$ges are extort$1 & ! p>ty z a :ole is committ$4 ,mu* premature & mis*iev\s legislation may be trac$ to su* causes4 ,ano!r v difficult "q is ! mann] 9 :i* gov]nm5ts %\ld deal ) ! acts ( public s]vants :i* are int5d$ = ! public s]vice1 b :i* 9 "s ( _! p>ts are morally indef5sible4 ,v few ( ! great acquisitions ( nations h be5 made by means t 7 absolutely blameless1 & 9 a great empire :i* has to deal ) uncivilis$ or semi-civilis$ populations acts ( viol5ce are c]ta9 to be n infrequ5t4 ,nei!r 9 our judgm5ts ( hi/ory nor 9 our judgm5ts ( contempor>ies is x possible to apply ! full /r+5cy ( private morals to ! cases ( m5 act+ 9 po/s ( great responsibility & dang] amid ! /orms ( revolution1 or panic1 or civil w>4 ,) ! va/ int]e/s confid$ to _! c>e1 & ! t]rible dang]s t surr\nd !m1 measures mu/ (t5 be tak5 :i* _c be :olly or at lea/ legally ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 9 su* circum/ances are only too ready to accept ! pr9ciple ( ,mac*iavelli & ( ,napoleon1 & to treat politics z if !y _h absolutely no connection ) morals4 ,cases ( ?is k9d mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately & ) a c>eful exam9ation ( ! motives ( ! actor & ( ! magnitude ( ! dang]s he _h to enc\nt]4 ,all[ances mu/ be made = ! moral atmosph]e 9 :i* he mov$1 & 8 c>e] mu/ be consid]$ z a :ole1 & n only 9 its peccant p>ts4 ,9 ! trial ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 & 9 ! judgm5ts :i* hi/orians h pass$ on ! lives ( ! o!r great adv5tur]s :o h built up ! ,empire1 que/ions ( ?is k9d cont9ually arise4 ,9 our own day also !y h be5 v frequ5t4 ,! ,c\p d'tat ( ! #bnd ( ,decemb]1 #ahea1 is an extreme example4 ,l\is ,napoleon _h sworn to obs]ve & to def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdh1 & t ,con/itution1 among o!r articles1 pron\nc$ ! p]sons ( ! repres5tatives ( ! p to be inviolable2 decl>$ e act ( ! ,presid5t :i* dissolv$ ! ,assembly or prorogu$ x1 or 9 any way trammell$ x 9 ! ex]cise ( its functions1 to be high treason1 & gu>ante$ ! fulle/ lib]ty ( writ+ & discussion4 ',! oa? :i* ,i h j tak51' said ! ,presid5t1 address+ ! ,assembly1 'comm&s my future conduct4 ,my duty is cle>2 ,i w fulfil x z a man ( hon\r4 ,i %all reg>d z enemies ( ! c\ntry all ^? :o endeav\r to *ange by illegal means :at all ,france has e/abli%$4' ,9 m ?an "o subsequ5t spee* he reit]at$ ! same s5tim5ts & endeav\r$ to p]suade ! c\ntry t "u no possible circum/ances w\ld he break 8 oa? or violate 8 consci5ce1 or ov]/ep ! limits ( 8 con/itutional p[]s4 ,:at he did is well kn[n4 ,be=e daybreak on ,decemb] #b1 "s ( ! mo/ em95t /atesm5 9 ,france1 includ+ eighte5 memb]s ( ! ,*amb]1 71 by 8 ord]s1 arre/$ 9 _! b$s & s5t to prison1 & _m ( !m aft]w>ds to exile4 ,! ,*amb] 0 occupi$ by soldi]s1 & its memb]s1 :o assembl$ 9 ano!r place1 7 m>*$ to prison4 ,! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice 0 dissolv$ by =ce4 ,m>tial law 0 proclaim$4 ,ord]s 7 giv5 t all :o resi/$ ! usurpation 9 ! /reets 7 at once1 & )\t trial1 to be %ot4 ,all lib]ty ( ! press1 all lib]ty ( public meet+ or discussion1 7 absolutely de/roy$4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ newspap]s 7 suppress$ & great numb]s ( _! editors transport$ to ,cay5ne4 ,no?+ 0 all[$ to be publi%$ )\t ,gov]nm5t au?ority4 ,9 ord] to deceive ! p z to ! am\nt ( support beh9d ! ,presid5t1 a ',consultative ,commission' 0 ann\nc$ & ! names 7 plac>d$ 9 ,p>is4 ,fully half ! p]sons ^: names 7 plac$ on ?is li/ refus$ to s]ve1 b 9 spite ( _! prote/s _! names 7 kept !re 9 ord] t !y might appe> to h approv$ ( :at 0 done4#de ,ord]s 7 issu$ imm$iately aft] ! ,c\p d'tat t e public function>y :o did n in/antly give 9 writ+ 8 adhesion to ! new ,gov]nm5t %\ld be dismiss$4 ,! ,prfets 7 giv5 ! "r to arre/ 9 _! dep>tm5ts :oev] !y pleas$4 ,by an ex po/ facto decree1 issu$ on ,decemb] #h1 ! ,executive 7 enabl$ )\t trial to s5d to ,cay5ne1 or to ! p5al settlem5ts 9 ,africa1 any p]sons :o _h 9 any pa/ "t belong$ to a 'secret society1' & ?is ord] plac$ all ! num]\s memb]s ( political clubs at ! m]cy ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,p>liam5t1 :5 x 0 suff]$ to reassemble1 0 s organis$ & %ackl$ t e ve/ige ( free discussion = _m ye>s disappe>$1 & a despotism ( almo/ ,asiatic sev]ity 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,france4 ,x may be fully conc$$ t ! trag$y ( ,decemb] #d1 :5 = m ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r "s #c1jjj ,fr5* soldi]s delib]ately fir$ volley aft] volley )\t return ^u ! un(f5d+ spectators on ! ,b\lev>ds1 broke into ! h\ses & kill$ multitudes1 n only ( m5 b ( wom5 & *ildr51 till ! ,b\lev>ds1 9 ! words ( an ,engli% eye-witness1 7 'at "s po9ts a p]fect %ambles1' & ! blood lay 9 pools r\nd ! trees t fr+$ !m1 0 n ord]$ by ! ,presid5t1 ?\gh x rema9$ absolutely unpuni%$ & unc5sur$ by him4 ,!re is conflict+ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 b x is probable t "s /ray %ots _h be5 fir$ f ! h\ses1 & x is c]ta9 t a wild & sangu9>y panic _h fall5 ^u ! soldi]s4 ,x is possible too1 & n improbable1 t ! /ories s g5]ally believ$ 9 ,p>is t l>ge bat*es ( prison]s1 :o _h be5 arre/$1 7 br\ght out ( prison 9 ! dead h\rs ( ! night & delib]ately %ot by bodies ( soldi]s1 may h be5 exagg]at$ or untrue4 ,maupas1 :o 0 ,prfet ( ,police1 & :o mu/ h kn[n ! tru?1 positively d5i$ x2 b ! "q :at cr$5ce %\ld be atta*$ to a man ( 8 antec$5ts :o boa/$ t he _h be5 f ! fir/ a lead+ ag5t 9 ! :ole conspiracy may be reasonably ask$4#df ,evid5ce ( ^! ?+s1 z has be5 truly said1 c\ld sc>cely be obta9$1 = ! press 0 absolutely gagg$ & all possibility ( inve/igation 0 prev5t$4 ,= ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 transport$ or =cibly expell$ )9 ! few weeks aft] ,decemb] #b1 we may p]haps rely ^u ! hi/orian & panegyri/ ( ! ,empire4 ,he computes !m at ! enorm\s numb] ( #bf1ejj4dg ,aft] ! ,plbiscite new measures ( proscription 7 tak51 &1 accord+ to mile ,ollivi]1 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic & skilful eulogi/s ( ! ,c\p d'tat1 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( #aheb !re 7 f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj political prison]s 9 ! ,fr5* prisons4#dh ,x 0 by su* means t ,l\is ,napoleon atta9$ ! empire :i* _h be5 ! dream ( 8 life4 ,l _m1 h[ev]1 ( ! great crimes ( hi/ory1 ?is 0 n )\t its palliations1 & a m detail$ inve/igation w %[ t ^? palliations 7 n inconsid]able4 ,napoleon _h be5 elect$ to ! presid5cy by #e1dcd1bbf votes out ( #g1cag1cdd :i* 7 giv51 & ) 8 "n1 8 antec$5ts1 & 8 well-kn[n aspirations1 ?is ov]:elm+ majority cle>ly %[$ :at 7 ! real wi%es ( ! p4 ,8 p[] re/$ on univ]sal suffrage2 x 0 indep5d5t ( ! ,*amb]4 ,x gave him ! direction ( ! army1 ?\gh he c\ld n comm& x 9 p]son1 & f ! v beg9n+ he assum$ an indep5d5t & almo/ regal position4 ,9 ! fir/ review t took place aft] 8 election he 0 greet$ by ! soldi]s ) cries ( ',vive ,napolon6 ,vive l',emp]eur6' ,x 0 soon prov$ t ! ,con/itution ( #ahdh 0 exce$+ly unworkable4 ,9 ! words ( ,"l ,palm]/on3 ',!re 7 two great p[]s1 ea* d]iv+ its exi/5ce f ! same s\rce1 almo/ sure to disagree1 b ) no umpire to decide betwe5 !m1 & nei!r able by any legal means to get rid ( ! o!r4' ,! ,presid5t c\ld n dissolve ! ,*amb]1 b he c\ld impose ^u x any m9i/ry he *ose4 ,he 0 himself elect$ = only f\r ye>s1 & he c\ld n be re-elect$1 :ile by a mo/ fatu\s provision ! p[]s ( ! ,presid5t & ! ,*amb] 7 to expire 9 #aheb at ! same "t1 leav+ ,france )\t a gov]nm5t & expos$ to ! grave/ dang] ( an>*y4 ,! ,legislative ,assembly1 :i* 0 elect$ 9 ,may1 #ahdi1 01 x is true1 f> f be+ a revolution>y "o4 ,x conta9$ a m9ority ( desp]ate ,sociali/s1 x 0 brok5 into _m factions1 & l mo/ democratic ,fr5* ,*amb]s x %[$ mu* weakness & inconsi/5cy2 b ! va/ majority ( its memb]s 7 ,cons]vatives :o _h no k9d ( sympa?y ) revolution1 & its conduct t[>ds ! ,presid5t1 if fairly judg$1 0 on ! :ole v mod]ate4 ,he soon treat$ x ) contempt1 & x 0 q evid5t t !re 0 no national en?usiasm beh9d x4 ,! ,sociali/ p>ty 0 gr[+ rapidly 9 ! great t[ns2 9 ,june1 #ahdi1 !re 0 an abortive ,sociali/ insurrection 9 ,p>is1 & a some:at m =midable "o at ,lyons4 ,!y 7 easily put d[n1 b ! ,sociali/s captur$ a great "p ( ! repres5tation ( ,p>is1 & !y succe$$ 9 produc+ a wild panic ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x l$ to sev]al reaction>y measures1 ! mo/ important be+ a law :i* by impos+ new conditions ( resid5ce v consid]ably limit$ ! suffrage4 ,?is law 0 pres5t$ to ! ,*amb] by ! ,m9i/]s ( ! ,presid5t & ) 8 ass5t1 ?\gh he subsequ5tly dem&$ ! ree/abli%m5t ( univ]sal suffrage1 & made a decree effect+ ?is "o ( ! *ief ju/ifications ( 8 ,c\p d'tat4 ,! re/rictive law 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,*amb] on ,may #ca1 #ahej1 by an imm5se majority1 b x 0 d5\nc$ ) great eloqu5ce by "s ( its lead+ memb]s1 & x add$ s]i\sly to ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,assembly1 & greatly l[]$ its au?ority 9 cont5d+ ) a ,presid5t ^: au?ority re/$ on direct univ]sal suffrage4 ,m ?an once he ex]cis$ 8 p[] ( dismiss+ & appo9t+ m9i/ries absolutely irrespective ( its votes & wi%es1 & 9 ea* case 9 ord] to fill all po/s ( p[] ) creatures ( 8 own4 ,! newspap]s support+ him cont9ually inveigh$ aga9/ ! ,*amb]1 & dwelt ^u ! dang] ( an>*y to :i* ,france w\ld be expos$ 9 #aheb & ^u ! absolute necessity ( 'a ,savi\r ( ,society4' ,9 repeat$ j\rneys ?r\gh ,france1 & 9 m ?an "o milit>y review1 ! ,presid5t gave ! occasion ( demon/rations 9 :i* ! cries ( ',vive l',emp]eur6' 7 (t5 he>d1 & :i* 7 manife/ly int5d$ to /r5g!n him 9 8 conflict ) ! ,*amb]4 ,! man f :om he _h mo/ to fe> 0 ,*ang>ni]1 :o s9ce ! close ( #ahdh _h be5 comm&] ( ! troops 9 ,p>is1 & ^: "n1 ?\gh f> less popul> ?an t ( ,napoleon1 _h mu* weight ) ! army4 ,he 0 a man ) /rong lean+s to au?ority1 & 0 mu* c\rt$ by ! mon>*ical p>ties1 b 0 = "s "t 9 decid$ sympa?y ) ,napoleon1 f :om1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( l>ge (f]s t _h be5 made him1 he gradually div]g$4 ,he issu$ p]emptory ord]s to ! troops "u 8 comm&1 =bidd+ all p>ty cries at reviews4 ,he decl>$ 9 ! ,*amb] t ^! cries _h be5 'n only enc\rag$ b provok$1' & :5 ! int5tion ( ! ,presid5t to prolong 8 presid5cy became app>5t1 he assur$ ,odilon ,b>rot t he 0 prep>$1 if ord]$ by ! m9i/] & au?oris$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb]1 to anticipate ! ,c\p d'tat by seiz+ & imprison+ ,l\is ,napoleon4#di ,! ,presid5t succe$$ 9 remov+ him f 8 comm&1 & 9 plac+ a creature ( 8 own at ! head ( ! ,p>is troops2 b ?\gh ,*ang>ni] acquiesc$ )\t resi/ance 9 8 dismissal1 he rema9$ an important memb] ( ! ,assembly2 he op5ly decl>$ t 8 sword 0 at its s]vice1 & if an arm$ conflict broke out x 0 tol]ably c]ta9 t he w\ld be its repres5tative4 ,! ,presid5t _h an (ficial sal>y ( #dh1jjj l4--ne>ly five times z mu* z ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,*amb] refus$ to increase x1 ?\gh !y cons5t$ by a v small majority1 & at ! reque/ ( ,*ang>ni]1 to pay 8 debts4 ,! dem& = a revision ( ! ,con/itution1 mak+ x possible = ! ,presid5t to be re-elect$1 0 ris+ rapidly ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & !re c be b little d\bt t ?is 0 g5]ally look$ =w>d to z ! only peaceful solution1 & t x repres5t$ ! real wi% ( ! great majority ( ! p4 ,petitions 9 fav\r ( x1 be>+ an enorm\s numb] ( signatures1 7 pres5t$ to ! ,*amb]1 & ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! ,conseils ,gnraux ( :i* ! ,deputies g5]ally =m$ "p vot$ = revision4 ,! ,presid5t did n s mu* petition = x z dem& x4 ,9 a message he s5t to ! ,*amb]1 he decl>$ t if !y did n vote ,revision ! p w\ld1 9 #aheb1 solemnly manife/ _! wi%es4 ,9 a spee* at ,dijon1 ,june #a1 #ahea1 he decl>$ t ,france f end to end dem&$ x2 t he w\ld foll[ ! wi%es ( ! nation1 & t ,france w\ld n p]i% 9 8 h&s4 ,9 ! same spee* he accus$ ! ,*amb] ( nev] second+ 8 wi%es to ameliorate ! lot ( ! p4 ,he at ! same "t lo/ no opportunity ( %[+ t 8 special sympa?y & tru/ lay ) ! army1 & he s+l$ out ) m>k$ fav\r ! colonels ( ! regim5ts :i* _h %[n !mselves at ! reviews mo/ prom95t 9 demon/rations 9 8 fav\r4#ej ,! mean+ ( all ?is 0 h>dly d\btful4 ,*ang>ni] took up ! gauntlet1 & at a "t :5 ! "q ( ,revision 0 be=e ! ,*amb] he decl>$ t no soldi] w\ld ev] be induc$ to move aga9/ ! law & ! ,assembly1 & he call$ ^u ! ,deputies to delib]ate 9 peace4 ,! ,revision 0 vot$ 9 ! ,*amb] by #ddf votes to #bgh1 b a majority ( ?ree-f\r?s 0 requir$ = a con/itutional *ange1 & ?is majority 0 n obta9$1 & 9 ! dis9tegrat$ condition ( ,fr5* p>ties x seem$ sc>cely likely to be obta9$4 ,! ,*amb] 0 soon aft] prorogu$ = ab\t two mon?s1 leav+ ! situation un*ang$1 & ! t5sion & panic 7 extreme4 ,out ( eighty-five ,conseils ,gnraux 9 ,france1 eighty pass$ votes 9 fav\r ( ,revision1 ?ree ab/a9$1 two only oppos$4 ,! ,presid5t _h n[ fully resolv$ ^u a ,c\p d'tat1 & be=e ! ,*amb] reassembl$ a new m9i/ry 0 con/itut$1 ,/4-,arnaud be+ at ! head ( ! army1 & ,maupas at ! head ( ! police4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 to summon ! ,*amb] to repeal ! law ( ,may #ca :i* aboli%$ univ]sal suffrage4 ,! ,*amb]1 aft] mu* hesitation1 refus$1 b only by two votes4 ,! belief t ! "q c\ld only be solv$ by =ce 0 becom+ univ]sal1 & ! bold] spirits 9 ! ,*amb] cle>ly saw t if no new measure 0 tak5 !y 7 likely to be helpless be=e ! milit>y p>ty4 ,by a decree ( #ahdh ! ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb] _h a "r1 if necess>y1 to call = troops = its protection indep5d5tly ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 & a motion 0 n[ made t he %\ld be able to select a g5]al to :om he might delegate ?is p[]4 ,su* a measure1 divid+ ! milit>y comm& & enabl+ ! ,*amb] to h its own g5]al & its own army1 might h prov$ v efficaci\s1 b x w\ld probably h involv$ ,france 9 civil w>1 & ! ,presid5t 0 resolv$ t1 if ! ,*amb] vot$ x1 ! ,c\p d'tat %\ld imm$iately take place4 ,! vote 0 tak5 on ,novemb] #ag1 #ahea4 ,/4-,arnaud1 z ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 oppos$ ! measure on con/itutional gr\nds1 dilat+ on ! dang] ( a divid$ milit>y comm&1 b dur+ ! discussion ,maupas & ,magnan 7 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,*amb]1 wait+ to give ord]s to ,/4-,arnaud to call out ! troops & to surr\nd & dissolve ! ,*amb] if ! proposition 0 c>ri$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 reject$ by a majority ( #ajh1 & a few tr\bl$ days ( conspiracy & panic /ill rema9$ be=e ! bl[ 0 /ruck4 ,! /ate ( ! public securities & ! te/imony ( ! be/ judges ( all p>ties %[$ ! g5u95ess ( ! al>m4 ,x 0 n true1 z ! ,presid5t /at$ 9 ! proclamation issu$ :5 ! ,c\p d'tat 0 accompli%$1 t ! ,*amb] _h become a m]e ne/ ( conspiracies1 & !re 0 a /range audacity 9 8 ass]tion t he made ! ,c\p d'tat = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! ,republic aga9/ mon>*ical plots2 b x 0 q true t ! conviction 0 g5]al t =ce _h become inevitable2 t ! *ief d\bt 0 :e!r ! fir/ bl[ w\ld be /ruck by ,napoleon or ,*ang>ni]1 & t :ile ! evid5t desire ( ! majority ( ! p 0 to re-elect ,napoleon1 !re 0 a design among "s memb]s ( ! ,*amb] to seize him by =ce & to elect 9 8 place "s memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,orleans4#ea ,on ,decemb] #b ! curta9 fell1 & ,napoleon accompani$ 8 ,c\p d'tat by a decree dissolv+ ! ,*amb]1 re/or+ by 8 own au?ority univ]sal suffrage1 aboli%+ ! law ( ,may #ca1 e/abli%+ a /ate ( siege1 & call+ on ! ,fr5* p to judge 8 action by _! vote4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n an appeal ^u :i* great confid5ce c\ld be plac$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,c\p d'tat1 ! army1 :i* 0 :olly on 8 side1 vot$ sep>ately & op5ly 9 ord] t ,france might cle>ly "k t ! arm$ =ces 7 ) ! ,presid5t & might be able to pr$ict ! consequ5ces ( a v]dict unfav\rable to 8 pret5sions4 ,:51 ne>ly ?ree weeks lat]1 ! civilian ,plbiscite took place1 m>tial law 0 9 =ce4 ,public meet+s ( e k9d 7 =bidd54 ,no newspap] ho/ile to ! new au?ority 0 p]mitt$4 ,no electione]+ pap] or plac>d c\ld be circulat$ :i* _h n be5 sanction$ by ,gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,! t]rible decree t all :o _h ev] belong$ to a secret society might be s5t to die 9 ! fev]s ( ,africa 0 int]pret$ 9 ! wide/ s5se1 & e political society or organisation 0 includ$ 9 x4 ,all ! function>ies ( a highly c5tralis$ c\ntry 7 turn$ into ard5t electione]+ ag5ts1 & ! "q 0 s put t ! vot]s _h no alt]native except = or aga9/ ! ,presid5t1 a negative vote leav+ ! c\ntry ) no gov]nm5t & an almo/ c]ta9 prospect ( an>*y & civil w>4 ,"u ^! circum/ances #g1ejj1jjj votes 7 giv5 = ! ,presid5t & #ejj1jjj aga9/ him4 ,b aft] all d$uctions h be5 made !re c be no real d\bt t ! majority ( ,fr5*m5 acquiesc$ 9 ! new rgime4 ,! t]ror ( ,socialism 0 abroad1 & x br\ght ) x an ard5t desire = /rong gov]nm5t4 ,! probabilities ( a p]iod ( sangu9>y an>*y 7 s great t multitudes 7 glad to be secur$ f x at almo/ any co/4 ,p>liam5t>ism 0 pr(\ndly discr$it$4 ,! peasant propriet>y _h nev] c>$ = x1 & ! b\rgeois class1 among :om x _h once be5 popul>1 7 n[ ?or\ghly sc>$4 ,no?+ 9 ! contempor>y acc\nts ( ! p]iod is m /rik+ ?an ! indiff]5ce1 ! almo/ amus$ cynicism1 or ! s5se ( relief ) :i* ! great mass ( ,fr5*m5 seem to h witness$ ! de/ruction ( _! ,con/itution & ! gross insults inflict$ ^u a ,*amb] :i* includ$ s _m ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( _! c\ntrym54 ,we c h>dly h a bett] au?ority on ?is po9t ?an ,tocqueville4 ,no "o felt m pr(\ndly or m bitt]ly ! iniquity ( :at _h be5 done2 b he 0 "u no illusion ab\t ! s5tim5ts ( ! p4 ,! ,con/itution1 he says1 0 ?or\ghly unpopul>4 ',l\is ,napoleon _h ! m]it or ! luck to discov] :at few suspect$--! lat5t ,bonap>tism ( ! nation4444 ,! memory ( ! ,emp]or1 vague & undef9$1 b !re=e ! m impos+1 /ill dwelt l an h]oic leg5d 9 ! imag9ations ( ! p4' ,all ! educat$1 9 ! op9ion ( ,tocqueville1 condemn$ & repudiat$ ! ,c\p d'tat4 ',?irty-sev5 ye>s ( lib]ty h made a free press & free p>liam5t>y discussion necess>y to u4' ,b ! bulk ( ! nation 0 n ) !m4 ,! new ,gov]nm5t1 he pr$ict$1 'w la/ until x is unpopul> ) ! mass ( ! p4 ,at pres5t ! disapprobation is conf9$ to ! educat$ classes4' ',! reaction aga9/ democracy & ev5 aga9/ lib]ty is irresi/ible4'#eb ,!re is no d\bt "s exagg]ation on bo? sides ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! appall+ magnitude ( ! deportations & imprisonm5ts by ! new ,gov]nm5t seems to %[ t ! hatr$ w5t deep] ?an ,tocqueville suppos$1 & on ! o!r h& x c h>dly be said t ! educat$ classes :olly repudiat$ :at _h be5 done :5 we rememb] t ! ,fr5* ,funds at once rose f #ia to #ajb1 t ne>ly all bran*es ( ,fr5* comm]ce made a simil> spr+1#ec t "s tw5ty g5]als 7 actively engag$ 9 ! conspiracy1 & t ! great body ( ! prie/s 7 delight$ at its success4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! prop]ty ( ,france saw 9 ! success ( ! ,c\p d'tat an escape f a great dang]1 :ile two p[]ful pr(essions1 ! army & ! ,*ur*1 7 /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! ,presid5t4 ,ov] ! army ! "n ( ,napoleon ex]cis$ a magical influ5ce1 & ! exp$ition to ,rome & ! probability t ! new gov]nm5t w\ld be "u cl]ical guidance 71 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur* p>ty1 q suffici5t to ju/ify :at _h be5 done4 ,no?+1 inde$1 9 ?is /range hi/ory is m significant ?an ! attitude assum$ by ! special lead]s & repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* :i* tea*es t 'x 7 bett] = ! sun & moon to drop f heav51 = ! e>? to fail1 & = all ( ! _m millions ^u x to die ( />vation 9 extreme/ agony1 s f> z temporal affliction goes1 ?an t "o s\l 444 %\ld commit "o v5ial s91 %\ld tell "o wilful untru?4'#ed ,?ree illu/ri\s *ur*m5--,lacordaire1 ,ravignan & ,dupanl\p--to _! immortal hon\r refus$ to give any approbation to ! ,c\p d'tat or to express any confid5ce 9 its au?or4 ,b ! late/ panegyri/ ( ! ,empire boa/s t !y 7 almo/ alone 9 _! pr(ession4 ,by ! advice ( ! ,papal ,nuncio & ( ! lead+ ,fr5* bi%ops1 ! cl]gy lo/ no "t 9 pres5t+ _! felicitations4 ,veuillot1 :o m ?an any o!r man repres5t$ & influ5c$ ! va/ majority ( ! ,fr5* prie/hood1 wrote on :at _h be5 done ) undisguis$ & unqualifi$ exultation & delight4 ,ev5 ,montalemb]t ralli$ to ! ,gov]nm5t on ! morr[ ( ! ,c\p d'tat4 ,he describ$ ,l\is ,napoleon z a ,pr9ce ':o _h %[n a m efficaci\s & intellig5t devotion to religi\s int]e/s ?an any ( ^? :o _h gov]n$ ,france dur+ sixty ye>s2' & x 0 univ]sally admitt$ t ! great body ( ! cl]gy1 ) ,ar*bi%op ,sib\r at _! head1 7 9 ?is critical mom5t ard5t support]s ( ! new gov]nm5t4#ee ,k+lake1 9 a page ( immortal beauty1 has describ$ ! sc5e :51 ?irty days aft] ! ,c\p d'tat1 ,l\is ,napoleon appe>$ 9 ,notre ,dame to receive1 amid all ! pomp t ,ca?olic c]emonial c\ld give1 ! solemn bless+ ( ! ,*ur*1 & to li/5 to ! ,te ,deum ?ank+ ! ,almighty = :at _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! "t came1 x is true1 :5 ! policy ( ! prie/s 0 *ang$1 = !y f\nd t ,l\is ,napoleon 0 m lib]al & less cl]ical ?an !y imag9$2 b 9 e/imat+ ! feel+s ) :i* ,fr5* ,lib]als judge ! ,*ur*1 its attitude t[>ds ! p]jury & viol5ce ( ,decemb] #b %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,to ^? :o judge ! political e?ics ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* n f ! deceptive pages ( su* writ]s z ,newman1 b f an exam9ation ( its actual conduct 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( its hi/ory1 x w appe> 9 no degree inconsi/5t4 ,x is b ano!r in/ance add$ to _m ( ! mann] 9 :i* x reg>ds all acts :i* appe> conducive to its int]e/s4 ,x 0 ! same _s t l$ a ,pope to (f] public ?anks = ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & to ord] ,vas>i to pa9t ! murd] ( ,coligny on ! walls ( ! ,vatican among ! triumphs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,no ,*ri/ian sov]eign ( mod]n times has left a worse memory beh9d him ?an ,f]d9& ,,ii4 ( ,naples1 :o receiv$ ! ,pope :5 he fl$ to ,gata 9 #ahdh4 ,he 0 ! sov]eign ^: gov]nm5t 0 describ$ by ,glad/one z 'a negation ( ,god4' ,he n only de/roy$ ! ,con/itution he _h sworn to obs]ve1 b ?rew into a loa?some dungeon ! ,lib]al m9i/]s :o _h tru/$ him4 ,b 9 ! eyes ( ! ,pope 8 s]vices to ! ,*ur* f> outweigh$ all defects1 & ! monum5t erect$ to ?is 'mo/ pi\s pr9ce' may be se5 9 "o ( ! *apels ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,e visitor to ,p>is may see ! fresco 9 ! ,madele9e 9 :i* ,napoleon ,i4 appe>s seat$ triumphant on ! cl\ds & surr\nd$ by an admir+ prie/hood1 ! mo/ prom95t & glorifi$ figure 9 a picture repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,*ri/ianity1 ) ,*ri/ above1 bless+ ! "w4 ,x is inde$ a mo/ significant fact t 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ! highe/ moral level 9 public life is n[ r>ely to be f\nd among ^? :o specially repres5t ! _s & tea*+ ( _! ,*ur*1 & mu* m frequ5tly among m5 :o are unconnect$ ) x1 & (t5 ) all dogmatic !ology4 ,h[ seldom has ! di/9ctively ,ca?olic press s]i\sly c5sur$ unju/ w>s1 unscrupul\s alliances1 violations ( con/itutional obligations1 unprovok$ aggressions1 great outbur/s ( intol]ance & fanaticism6 ,x is1 inde$1 n too mu* to say t "s ( ! wor/ moral p]v]sions ( mod]n times h be5 support$ & /imulat$ by a great body ( g5u9ely ,ca?olic op9ion bo? 9 ! prie/hood & 9 ! press4 ,! anti-,semite movem5t1 ! %ameful indiff]5ce to ju/ice %[n 9 ,france 9 ! ,dreyfus case1 & ! c\ntless frauds1 outrages & oppressions t accompani$ ! dom9ation ( ! ,iri% ,l& ,league are rec5t & conspicu\s examples4 ,among secul>-m9d$ laym5 ! ,c\p d'tat ( ,l\is ,napoleon 01 z ,i h said1 diff]5tly judg$4 ,few ?+s 9 ,fr5* hi/ory are m hon\rable ?an ! det]m9ation ) :i* s _m m5 :o 7 ! v fl[] ( ! ,fr5* nation refus$ to take ! oa? or give _! adhesion to ! new ,gov]nm5t4 ,great /atesm5 & a few di/+ui%$ soldi]s1 ) a spl5did pa/ beh9d !m & ) ! prospect ( an illu/ri\s c>e] be=e !m2 m5 ( g5ius :o 9 _! pr(essorial *airs _h be5 ! c5tres ( ! intellectual life ( ,france2 function>ies :o _h by labori\s & p]sev]+ indu/ry climb$ ! /eps ( _! pr(ession & dep5d$ = _! livelihood on its emolum5ts1 accept$ pov]ty1 exile & ! long eclipse ( ! mo/ hon\rable ambitions r ?an take an oa? :i* seem$ to ju/ify ! usurpation4 ,at ! same "t1 "s /atesm5 ( unque/ionable hon\r did n :olly & 9 all its p>ts condemn x4 ,"l ,palm]/on 0 conspicu\s among !m4 ,)\t express+ approval ( all t _h be5 done1 he always ma9ta9$ t ! condition ( ,france 0 su* t a viol5t subv]sion ( an unworkable ,con/itution & ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong gov]nm5t _h become absolutely necess>y2 t ! ,c\p d'tat sav$ ,france f ! grave/ & mo/ imm95t dang] ( an>*y & civil w>1 & t ?is fact 0 its ju/ification4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! acts ( f]oci\s tyranny :i* imm$iately foll[$ x1 8 op9ion w\ld h be5 m l>gely %>$4 ,x is probable t ! moral "* ( ,c\ps d'tat may 9 ! future n unfrequ5tly come into discussion 9 ,europe1 z x has (t5 done 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,z ! be/ obs]v]s are m & m p]ceiv+1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t work$ ^u p>ty l9es is by no means an easy ?+1 & x seldom atta9s p]fection )\t long exp]i5ce & )\t qualities ( m9d & "* :i* are v unequally di/ribut$ among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,x requires a _s ( compromise1 pati5ce & mod]ation2 ! k9d ( m9d :i* c di/+ui% ! solid1 ! practical & ! well mean+1 f ! brilliant1 ! plausible & ! ambiti\s1 :i* c>es m = useful results & = ! conciliation ( _m int]e/s & op9ions ?an = any rigid uni=mity & consi/5cy ( pr9ciple2 :i*1 :ile pursu+ p]sonal ambitions & p>ty aims1 c subord9ate !m on great occasions to public int]e/s4 ,x ne$s a comb9ation ( indep5d5ce & discipl9e :i* is n common1 & :]e x does n exi/ p>liam5ts spe$ily deg5]ate ei!r into an assemblage ( puppets 9 ! h&s ( p>ty lead]s or into dis9tegrat$1 demoralis$1 insubord9ate gr\ps4 ,"s ( ! =emo/ nations ( ! _w--nations di/+ui%$ = noble & brilliant intellect2 = spl5did h]oism2 = great a*ievem5ts 9 peace & w>--h 9 ?is =m ( gov]nm5t conspicu\sly fail$4 ,9 ,engl& x has gr[n ) our gr[? & /r5g!n$ ) our /r5g?4 ,we h practis$ x 9 _m phases4 ,its traditions h tak5 deep root & are 9 full h>mony ) ! national "*4 ,b 9 ! pres5t c5tury ?is k9d ( gov]nm5t has be5 adopt$ by _m nations :i* are :olly unfit = x1 & !y h usually adopt$ x 9 ! mo/ difficult ( all =ms--t ( an uncontroll$ democracy re/+ ^u univ]sal suffrage4 ,x is becom+ v evid5t t 9 _m c\ntries su* assemblies are :olly incompet5t to take ! =emo/ place 9 gov]nm5t1 b !y are s f5c$ r\nd by oa?s & o!r con/itutional =ms t no?+ %ort ( viol5ce c take f !m a p[] :i* !y are nev] likely volunt>ily to rel9qui%4 ,9 su* c\ntries democracy t5ds mu* less naturally to ! p>liam5t>y sy/em ?an to "s =m ( dictator%ip1 to "s despotism re/+ on & ju/ifi$ by a plbiscite4 ,x is probable t _m transitions 9 ?is direction w take place4 ,!y w seldom be c>ri$ out ?r\gh purely public motives or )\t p]jury & viol5ce4 ,b public op9ion w judge ea* case on its own m]its1 & :]e x c be %[n t its results are b5eficial & t l>ge sections ( ! p h desir$ x1 su* an act w n be sev]ely condemn$4 ,cases ( conflict+ e?ical judgm5ts ( ano!r k9d may be easily cit$4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n 0 t ( ,gov]nor ,eyre at ! "t ( ! ,jamaica insurrection ( #ahfe4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 no "q ( p]sonal int]e/ or ambition4 ,! ,gov]nor 0 a man ( /a9less hon\r1 :o 9 a mom5t ( extreme difficulty & dang] _h r5d]$ a great s]vice to 8 c\ntry4 ,by 8 prompt & c\rage\s action a negro insurrection 0 quickly suppress$1 :i*1 if x _h be5 all[$ to ext5d1 mu/ h br\ght untold horrors ^u ,jamaica4 ,b ! m>tial law :i* he _h proclaim$ 0 c]ta9ly cont9u$ long] ?an 0 necess>y1 x 0 ex]cis$ ) excessive sev]ity1 & ^? :o 7 tri$ "u x 7 n m]ely m5 :o _h be5 tak5 9 arms4 ,"o conspicu\s civilian agitator1 :o _h contribut$ greatly to /imulate ! insurrection1 & _h be51 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,gov]nor1 its '*ief cause & orig91' b :o1 l mo/ m5 ( 8 k9d1 _h m]ely incit$ o!rs )\t tak+ any direct "p himself1 0 arre/$ 9 a "p ( ! isl& 9 :i* m>tial law 0 n proclaim$1 & 0 tri$ & hang$ by ord]s ( a milit>y tribunal 9 a way :i* ! be/ legal au?orities 9 ,engl& pron\nc$ :olly unw>rant$ by law4 ,if ?is act _h be5 consid]$ ap>t f ! g5]al conditions ( ! isl& x w\ld h des]v$ sev]e puni%m5t4 ,if ! s]vices ( ! ,gov]nor _h be5 consid]$ ap>t f ?is act !y w\ld h des]v$ high hon\rs f ! ,cr[n4 ,9 ,jamaica ! ,gov]nor 0 fully support$ by ! ,legislative ,c\ncil & ! ,assembly1 b at home public op9ion 0 fi]cely divid$1 & ! fact t ! *ief lit]>y & sci5tific m5 9 ,engl& took sides on ! "q add$ greatly to its int]e/4 ,c>lyle took a lead+ "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,gov]nor ,eyre4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 0 ! *airman ( a committee :o reg>d$ him z a simple crim9al1 & :o = m ?an two ye>s pursu$ him ) a p]si/5t v9dictiv5ess4 ,z might h be5 expect$ ! "o side dwelt solely on 8 s]vices & ! o!r side on 8 misde$s4 ,gov]nor ,eyre receiv$ no rew>d = ! great s]vice he _h r5d]$1 & he 0 involv$ by 8 enemies 9 a ru9\s legal exp5diture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 subsequ5tly paid by ! ,gov]nm5t2 b ^? :o desir$ to br+ him to trial = murd] 7 baffl$1 = ! ,old ,bailey ,gr& ,jury ?rew out ! bill4 ,public op9ion1 ,i ?9k1 on ! :ole1 approv$ ( :at !y _h done4 ,mo/ mod]ate m5 _h come to ! conclusion t ,gov]nor ,eyre 0 a brave & hon\rable man :o _h r5d]$ great s]vices to ! ,/ate & _h sav$ c\ntless lives1 b :o1 ?r\gh no unwor?y motive & 9 a "t ( extreme dang] & panic1 _h committ$ a s]i\s mi/ake :i* _h be5 v amply expiat$4 ,! m rec5t ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,jameson raid into ! ,transvaal may also be cit$4 ,( ! raid itself !re is little to be said4 ,x 01 9 tru?1 "o ( ! mo/ discr$itable z well z mis*iev\s ev5ts 9 rec5t colonial hi/ory1 & its "* 0 entirely unreliev$ by any gleam ei!r ( h]oism or ( skill4 ,^? :o took a direct "p 9 x 7 duly tri$ & duly puni%$4 ,a section ( ,engli% society adopt$ on ?is "q a disgraceful attitude1 b x mu/ at lea/ be said 9 palliation t !y _h be5 grossly deceiv$1 "o ( ! *ief & usually mo/ tru/wor?y organs ( op9ion hav+ be5 made use ( z an organ ( ! conspirators4 ,a m difficult "q arose 9 ! case ( ! /atesman :o _h prep>$ & organiz$ ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,transvaal4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! actual raid _h tak5 place )\t 8 k or cons5t1 ?\gh :5 x 0 br\ght to 8 k he ab/a9$ f tak+ any /ep to /op x4 ,x may be conc$$ also t !re 7 real grievances to be compla9$ (4 ,by a /range irony ( fate "s ( ! l>ge/ gold m9es ( ! _w _h fall5 to ! possession ( p]haps ! only p :o did n desire !m2 ( a race ( hunt]s & f>m]s int5sely ho/ile to mod]n ideas1 :o _h twice ab&on$ _! homes & made long j\rneys into di/ant l&s 9 se>* ( solitude & space & ( a home :]e !y c\ld live _! primitive1 pa/oral lives1 undi/urb$ by any =eign elem5t4 ,^! m5 n[ f\nd _! c\ntry ! c5tre ( a va/ /ream ( =eign immigration1 & ( t mo/ undesirable k9d ( immigration :i* gold m9es inv>iably promote4 ,_! laws 7 v backw>d1 b ! "p :i* 0 mo/ oppressive 0 t connect$ ) ! gold-m9+ indu/ry :i* 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! immigrants1 & x 0 ?is :i* made x a ma9 object to ov]?r[ _! gov]nm5t4 ,! trail ( f9ance runs ov] ! :ole /ory1 b x may be ackn[l$g$ t1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,rhodes _h made an enorm\s =tune by m9+ speculations1 & al?\gh he 0 l>gely int]e/$ z a f9anci] 9 ov]turn+ ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t at ,johannesburg1 he 0 n a man likely to be actuat$ by m]e love ( money1 & t political ambition closely connect$ ) ! op5+ & ! civilisation ( ,africa l>gely actuat$ him4 ,:e!r ! motives ( 8 co-conspirators 7 ( ! same k9d may be op5 to "q4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 he did has be5 v cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,:5 hold+ ! highly confid5tial position ( ,prime ,m9i/] ( ! ,cape ,colony1 & be+ at ! same "t a ,privy ,c\ncillor ( ! ,que51 he engag$ 9 a conspiracy = ! ov]?r[ ( ! gov]nm5t ( a neighb\r+ & fri5dly ,/ate4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is design he deceiv$ ! ,high ,commission] ^: ,prime ,m9i/] he 04 ,he deceiv$ 8 own colleagues 9 ! ,m9i/ry4 ,he collect$ "u false pret5ces a =ce :i* 0 int5d$ to co-op]ate ) an insurrection 9 ,johannesburg4 ,be+ a ,director ( ! ,*>t]$ ,company he made use ( t position1 )\t ! k ( 8 colleagues1 to fur!r ! conspiracy4 ,he took an active & secret "p 9 smuggl+ great quantities ( arms into ! ,transvaal1 :i* 7 int5d$ to be us$ 9 ! rebellion2 & at a "t :5 8 organs 9 ! press 7 repres5t+ ,johannesburg z see?+ ) spontane\s indignation aga9/ an oppressive gov]nm5t1 he1 ) ano!r millionaire1 0 secretly exp5d+ _m ?\s&s ( p\nds 9 t t[n 9 /imulat+ & subsidis+ ! ris+4 ,he 0 also directly connect$ ) ! %abbie/ incid5t 9 ! :ole affair1 ! concoction ( a lett] f ! ,johannesburg conspirators absurdly repres5t+ ,engli% wom5 & *ildr5 at ,johannesburg z 9 dang] ( be+ %ot d[n by ! ,bo]s1 & urg+ ! ,briti% to come at once to save !m4 ,x 0 a lett] drawn up ) ! sanction ( ,mr4 ,rhodes _m weeks be=e ! raid1 & be=e any di/urbance _h aris51 & kept 9 res]ve to be dat$ & us$ 9 ! la/ mom5t = ! purpose ( induc+ ! "y soldi]s 9 ,s\? ,africa to jo9 9 ! raid1 & ( subsequ5tly ju/ify+ _! conduct be=e ! ,w> ,(fice1 & also = ! purpose ( be+ publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% press at ! same "t z ! fir/ news ( ! raid1 9 ord] to "w ^u ,engli% public op9ion & p]suade ! ,engli% p t ! raid1 ?\gh te*nically wrong1 0 morally ju/ifiable4#ef ,mr4 ,rhodes is a man ( great g5ius & influ5ce1 & 9 ! pa/ he has r5d]$ great s]vices to ! ,empire4 ,at ! same "t no reasonable judge c "q t 9 ^! transactions he 0 m blamable ?an ^? :o 7 actually puni%$ by ! law = tak+ "p 9 ! raid--f> m blamable ?an ^? "y (fic]s :o 71 9 tru?1 ! mo/ sev]ely puni%$1 & :o _h be5 induc$ to take "p 9 x "u a false repres5tation ( ! wi%es ( ! ,gov]nm5t at home1 & a grossly false repres5tation ( ! /ate ( ?+s at ,johannesburg4 ,! failure ( ! raid1 & 8 und\bt$ complicity ) its design1 oblig$ ,mr4 ,rhodes to resign ! po/ ( ,prime ,m9i/] & 8 director%ip ( ! ,*>t]$ ,company1 &1 = a "t at lea/1 eclips$ 8 influ5ce 9 ,africa2 b ! "q confront$ ! ,m9i/]s :e!r ^! resignations alone con/itut$ a suffici5t puni%m5t = :at he _h done4 ,! "q 0 inde$ "o ( great difficulty4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 9 my op9ion1 7 "r 9 n attempt+ a prosecution :i*1 9 ! face ( ! fact t ! actual raid _h c]ta9ly be5 und]tak5 )\t ! k ( ,mr4 ,rhodes1 & t ! evid5ce aga9/ him 0 *iefly drawn f 8 own volunt>y admissions be=e ! committee ( inquiry1 w\ld inevitably h prov$ abortive4 ,!y 71 p]haps1 "r 9 n tak+ f him ! dignity ( ,privy ,c\ncillor1 :i* _h be5 be/[$ on him z a rew>d = great s]vices 9 ! pa/1 & :i* _h nev] 9 ! pres5t reign be5 tak5 f anyone on :om x _h be5 be/[$4 ,!y 7 "r also1 ,i believe1 9 urg+ t aft] a long & elaborate inquiry into ! circum/ances ( ! raid1 & aft] a report 9 :i* ,mr4 ,rhodes's conduct _h be5 fully exam9$ & sev]ely c5sur$1 x 0 mo/ important = ! peace & good gov]nm5t ( ,s\? ,africa t ! matt] %\ld z soon z possible be all[$ to drop1 & ! raid & ! p>ty animosities x _h ar\s$ to subside4 ,b :at c be ?\ght ( ! language ( a ,m9i/] :o volunte]$ to assure ! ,h\se ( ,commons t 9 all ! transactions ,i h describ$1 ,mr4 ,rhodes1 ?\gh he _h made 'a gigantic mi/ake1' a mi/ake p]haps z great z a /atesman c\ld make1 _h done no?+ affect+ 8 p]sonal hon\r8#eg ,! =ego+ examples w s]ve to illu/rate ! k9d ( difficulty :i* e /atesman has to enc\nt] 9 deal+ ) political misde$s1 & ! impossibility ( treat+ !m by ! cle>ly def9$ l9es & /&>ds t are applicable to ! morals ( a private life4 ,:atev] conclusions m5 may arrive at 9 ! seclusion ( _! /udies1 :5 !y take "p 9 active political life !y w f9d x necess>y to make l>ge all[ances = motives1 t5d5cies1 pa/ s]vices1 press+ dang]s1 ov]:elm+ exp$i5cies1 oppos+ int]e/s4 ,e /atesman :o is wor?y ( ! "n has a /rong pr$isposition to support ! public s]vants :o are "u him :5 he kn[s t !y h act$ ) a s9c]e desire to b5efit ! ,empire4 ,?is is1 inde$1 a *>act]i/ic ( all really great /atesm51 & x gives a confid5ce & en]gy to ! public s]vice :i* 9 times ( difficulty & dang] are ( supreme importance4 ,9 su* times a mi/ak5 decision is usually a less evil ?an timid1 vacillat+1 or procra/9at$ action1 & a wise ,m9i/] w g f> to def5d 8 subord9ates if !y h act$ promptly & ) sub/antial ju/ice 9 ! way !y believ$ to be be/1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h made consid]able mi/akes1 & ?\gh ! results ( _! action may h prov$ un=tunate4 ,b ( all =ms ( pre/ige1 moral pre/ige is ! mo/ valuable1 & no /atesman %\ld =get t "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( ,briti% p[] is ! moral weight t is beh9d x4 ,x is ! conviction t ,briti% policy is ess5tially hon\rable & /raight=w>d1 t ! ^w & hon\r ( its /atesm5 & diplomati/s may be implicitly tru/$1 & t intrigues & deceptions are :olly ali5 to _! nature4 ,! /atesman mu/ /e] 8 way betwe5 rival fanaticisms--! fanaticism ( ^? :o p>don ev]y?+ if x is cr[n$ by success & conduces to ! greatness ( ! ,empire1 & :o act z if weak ,p[]s & savage nations _h no moral rights2 & ! fanaticism ( ^? :o always seem to h a lean+ aga9/ _! own c\ntry1 & :o imag9e t 9 times ( w>1 an>*y1 or rebellion1 & 9 deal+s ) savage or half-savage milit>y populations1 x is possible to act ) ! same respect = ! te*nicalities ( law1 & ! same inv>iably high /&>d ( moral scrupul\sness1 z 9 a peaceful age & a highly civilis$ c\ntry4 ,9 ! affairs ( private life ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong is usually v cle>1 b x is n s 9 public affairs4 ,ev5 ! moral aspects ( political acts c seldom be rightly e/imat$ )\t ! ex]cise ( a l>ge1 judicial1 & compreh5sive judgm5t1 & ! _s :i* %\ld actuate a /atesman %\ld be r t ( a high-m9d$ & hon\rable man ( ! _w ?an t ( a !ologian1 or a lawy]1 or an ab/ract morali/4 ,9 "s respects ! /&>d ( political morality has und\bt$ly ris5 9 mod]n times2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t 9 int]national politics ?is is ! case4 ,a true hi/ory ( ! w>s ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may well lead u to d\bt x1 & rec5t disclosures h %[n u t 9 ! mo/ t]rible ( !m--! ,franco-,g]man ,w> ( #ahgj--! blame mu/ be mu* m equally divid$ ?an we _h be5 accu/om$ to believe4 ,v few massacres 9 hi/ory h be5 m gigantic or m cle>ly trac$ to ! action ( a gov]nm5t ?an ^? p]petrat$ by ,turki% soldi]s 9 our g5]ation1 & few signs ( ! l[ level ( public feel+ 9 ,*ri/5dom are m impressive ?an ! g5]al indiff]5ce ) :i* ^! massacres 7 contemplat$ 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,x 0 made evid5t t a ,p[] :i* reta9s its milit>y /r5g?1 & :i* is !re=e s\ght z an ally & fe>$ z an enemy1 may d ?+s ) impunity1 & ev5 ) v little c5sure1 :i* 9 ! case ( a weak nation w\ld produce a swift retribution4 ,among ! m9or episodes ( n9ete5?-c5tury hi/ory ! hi/orian w n =get h[ soon aft] ! savage ,arm5ian massacres ! sov]eign ( "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ civilis$ ( ,*ri/ian nations ha/5$ to ,con/ant9ople to clasp ! h& :i* 0 s deeply dy$ ) ,*ri/ian blood1 & !n1 hav+1 z he ?\ght1 suffici5tly /r5g!n$ 8 popul>ity & influ5ce 9 t qu>t]1 proce$$ to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e1 amid sc5es t are consecrat$ by ! mo/ sacr$ ( all memories1 & mo/ fitt$ to humble ! pride ( p[] & dispel ! dreams ( ambition1 he proclaim$ himself ) melodramatic piety ! *ampion & ! patron ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?6 ,h[ _m in/ances may be cull$ f v mod]n hi/ory ( ! delib]ate falsehood ( /atesm52 ( di/9ct treaty engagem5ts & obligations simply set aside because !y 7 inconv5i5t to "o ,p[]1 & c\ld be repudiat$ ) impunity2 ( weak nations annex$ or plund]$ )\t a semblance ( real provocation6 ,! safety ( ! weak 9 ! pres5ce ( ! /rong is ! be/ te/ ( int]national morality4 ,c x be said t1 if measur$ by ?is te/1 ! public morality ( our "t ranks v high8 ,no "o c fail to notice ) :at levity ! causes ( w> ) b>b>\s or semi-civilis$ nations are scrut9is$ if only ^? w>s are cr[n$ ) success2 h[ /rongly ! pres5t comm]cial policy ( ,europe is /imulat+ ! passion = aggression2 h[ w>mly t policy is 9 all great nations support$ by public op9ion & by ! ,press4 ,! que/ions ( morality aris+ out ( ^! ?+s are _m & complicat$1 & !y _c be dispos$ ( by %ort & simple =mul4 ,h[ f> is a /atesman :o sees1 or ?9ks he sees1 "s cru%+ dang] f an aggressive =eign ,p[] imp5d+ ov] 8 c\ntry1 ju/ifi$ 9 anticipat+ t dang]1 & at a conv5i5t mom5t & )\t any imm$iate provocation =c+ on a w>8 ,h[ f> is x 8 "r or 8 duty to sacrifice ! lives ( 8 p ?r\gh humanit>ian motives1 = ! r$ress ( "s flagrant wrong ) :i* he is "u no treaty obligation to int]f]e8 ,h[ f>1 if sev]al ,p[]s agree to gu>antee ! integrity ( a small ,p[]1 is "o ,p[] b\nd at great risk to int]f]e 9 isolation if its co-p>tn]s refuse to d s or are ev5 accomplices 9 a policy ( plund]8 ,h[ f>1 if ! aggression ( o!r ,p[]s places 8 nation at a comm]cial or o!r disadvantage 9 ! competition ( nations1 may a /atesman take measures :i*1 "u o!r circum/ances1 w\ld be pla9ly unju/ifiable1 to gu>d aga9/ su* disadvantage8 ,) :at degrees ( punctili\sness1 at :at co/ ( treasure & ( life1 ought a nation to res5t insults direct$ aga9/ its dignity1 its subjects & its flag8 ,:at is ! mean+ & :at are ! limits ( national egotism & national unselfi%ness8 ,!re is su* a ?+ z ! comity ( nations1 & ev5 ap>t f treaty obligations no great nation c pursue a policy ( complete isolation1 disreg>d+ crimes & aggressions beyond its bord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prim>y duty ( e /atesman is to 8 own c\ntry4 ,8 task is to secure = _m millions ( ! human race ! highe/ possible am\nt ( peace & prosp]ity1 & a selfi%ness is at lea/ n a n>r[ "o :i*1 :ile ab/a9+ f injur+ o!rs1 re/ricts itself to promot+ ! happ9ess ( a va/ section ( ! human race4 ,sacrifices & dang]s :i* a good man w\ld ?9k x 8 cle> duty to accept if !y fell on himself alone we> ano!r aspect if he is act+ z tru/ee = a great nation & = ! int]e/s ( g5]ations :o are yet unborn4 ,no?+ is m calamit\s ?an ! divorce ( politics f morals1 b 9 practical politics public & private morals w nev] absolutely correspond4 ,! public op9ion ( ! nation w inevitably inspire & control its /atesm54 ,x creates 9 all c\ntries an e?ical code :i* ) great] or less p]fection m>ks out = !m ! pa? ( duty1 & ?\gh a great /atesman may d some?+ to raise its level1 he c nev] :olly escape its influ5ce4 ,9 diff]5t nations x is high] or l[]--9 tru?fulness & s9c]ity ( diplomacy ! v>iations are v great--b x w nev] be ! exact code on :i* m5 act 9 private life4 ,x is c]ta9ly widely diff]5t f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,!re is "o belief1 half unconsci\s1 half av[$1 :i* 9 our g5]ation is pass+ widely ov] ! _w & is practically accept$ 9 a v l>ge measure by ! ,engli%-speak+ nations4 ,x is t to reclaim savage tribes to civilisation1 & to place ! outly+ dom9ions ( civilis$ c\ntries :i* are an>*ical or grossly misgov]n$ 9 ! h&s ( rul]s :o gov]n wisely & uprightly1 are suffici5t ju/ification = aggression & conque/4 ,_m :o1 z a g5]al rule1 w\ld sev]ely c5sure an unju/ & unprovok$ w>1 c>ri$ on = ! purpose ( annexation by a /rong ,p[] aga9/ a weak "o1 w excuse or sc>cely condemn su* a w> if x is direct$ aga9/ a c\ntry :i* has %[n itself incapable ( good gov]nm5t4 ,to place ! _w 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o c be/ gov]n x is look$ ^u z a supreme end4 ,w>s are n really und]tak5 = ?is end4 ,! philan?ropy ( nations :5 x takes ! =m ( w> & conque/ is seldom or nev] unmix$ ) selfi%ness1 ?\gh /rong gu/s ( humanit>ian en?usiasm (t5 give an impulse1 a pretext1 or a support to ! calculat$ actions ( /atesm54 ,b :5 w>s1 h[ev] selfi% & unprovok$1 contribute to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( civilisation1 to /imulate real progress1 to put an end to savage cu/oms1 to oppression or to an>*y1 !y are n[ v indulg5tly judg$ ev5 9 ! _m cases 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! conqu]$ ,p[] d n desire ! *ange & resi/ x /r5u\sly 9 ! field4 ,9 dome/ic z 9 =eign politics ! ma9t5ance ( a high moral /&>d 9 /atesman%ip is impossible unless ! public op9ion ( ! c\ntry is 9 h>mony ) x4 ,moral decl5sion 9 a nation is v swiftly foll[$ by a correspond+ decad5ce among its public m51 & x w inde$ be g5]ally f\nd t ! /&>d ( public m5 is apt to be some:at l[] ?an t ( ! bett] section ( ! public outside4 ,!y are expos$ to v special temptations1 "s ( :i* ,i h already indicat$4 ,! con/ant habit ( reg>d+ que/ions ) a view to p>ty advantage1 to proximate issues1 to imm$iate popul>ity1 :i* is insep>able f p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 c h>dly fail to give "s ply to ! mo/ hone/ intellect4 ,mo/ que/ions h to be treat$ m or less 9 ! way ( compromise2 & alliances & coalitions n v conducive to a sev]e /&>d ( political morals are frequ5t4 ,9 ,engl& ! lead+ m5 ( ! oppos+ p>ties h happily usually be5 able to respect "o ano!r4 ,! same /&>d ( hon\r w be f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ,h\se1 b e p>liam5t conta9s its notori\s agitators1 intrigu]s & self-seek]s1 m5 :o h be5 connect$ ) acts :i* may or may n h be5 br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! crim9al law1 b h at lea/ be5 suffici5t to /amp _! "* 9 ! eyes ( hone/ m54 ,su* m5 _c be neglect$ 9 p>ty comb9ations4 ,political lead]s mu/ co-op]ate ) !m 9 ! daily int]c\rse & bus9ess ( p>liam5t>y life--mu/ sometimes ask !m fav\rs--mu/ treat !m ) def]5ce & respect4 ,m5 :o on "s subjects & at "s times h act$ ) gl>+ pr(ligacy1 on o!rs act ) judgm5t1 mod]ation & ev5 patriotism1 & become useful support]s or =midable oppon5ts4 ,comb9ations are 9 ?is way =m$ :i* are 9 no degree wrong1 b :i* t5d to dull ! edge ( moral p]ception & imp]ceptibly to l[] ! /&>d ( moral judgm5t4 ,9 ! swift *anges ( ! p>ty kaleidoscope ! bygone is soon =gott54 ,! enemy ( ye/]day is ! ally ( to-day2 ! s]vices ( ! pres5t soon obscure ! misde$s ( ! pa/2 & m5 ins5sibly gr[ v tol]ant n only ( div]sities ( op9ion1 b also ( gross ab]rations ( conduct4 ,! con/ant wat*fulness ( ext]nal op9ion is v necess>y to keep up a high /&>d ( political morality4 ,public op9ion1 x is true1 is by no means impeccable4 ,! t5d5cy to believe t crimes cease to be crimes :5 !y h a political object1 & t a popul> vote c absolve ! wor/ crimes1 is only too common2 !re are few political misde$s :i* weal?1 rank1 g5ius or success w n induce l>ge sections ( ,engli% society to p>don1 & nations ev5 9 _! be/ mom5ts w n judge acts :i* are greatly = _! own advantage ) ! sev]ity ( judgm5t t !y w\ld apply to simil> acts ( o!r nations4 ,b :5 all ?is is admitt$1 x /ill rema9s true t !re is a l>ge body ( public op9ion 9 ,engl& :i* c>ries into all politics a s\nd moral s5se & :i* places a j & righte\s policy high] ?an any m]e p>ty int]e/4 ,x is on ! p[] & pressure ( ?is op9ion t ! high "* ( ,engli% gov]nm5t mu/ ultimately dep5d4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,?is s5t5ce may appe> obscure to ,engli% read]s4 ,! explanation is1 t by an +5i\s arrangem5t1 devis$ by ,"l ,beaconsfield1 ! pr(essors ( ! ,jesuit ,college 9 ,/eph5's ,gre5 are ne>ly all made ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,univ]sity1 ^? ( ! ,arts ,faculty receiv+ #djjl4 a ye>1 & ?ree ,m$ical ,fell[s #aejl4 ea*4 ,by ?is device ! ,ca?olic college has 9 reality a ,/ate end[m5t to ! am\nt ( betwe5 #f1jjjl4 & #g1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,?is fact consid]ably r$uces ! grievance4 #dc ,see e4g4 ! dea?-b$ c\nsels ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to 8 son3-- ',!re=e1 my ,h>ry1 ,be x ?y c\rse to busy giddy m9ds ,) =eign qu>rels2 t action1 h5ce borne out1 ,may wa/e ! memory ( ! =m] days4' ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,act ,,iv4 ,sc4 #d4 #dd ,"l ,lanesbor\gh v4 ,reilly4 #de ,see ,tocqueville's ,memoirs 7,engli% trans471 ii4 #ahi1 ,lett] to ! ,times4 #df ,see ,maupas1 ,mmoires sur le ,second ,empire1 i4 #eaa1 #eab4 ,x is said t1 contr>y to ! ord]s ( ,/4-,arnaud1 ! soldi]s1 in/ead ( imm$iately %oot+ all p]sons 9 ! /reet :o 7 f\nd ) arms or con/ruct+ or def5d+ a b>ricade1 made _m prison]s1 & x is n cle> :at became ( !m4 ,grani] de ,cassagnac1 h[ev]1 altoge!r d5ies ! executions on ! ,*amp de ,m>s 7ii4 #dcc74 #dg ,grani] de ,cassagnac1 ii4 #dch4 #dh ,l',empire ,libral1 ii4 #ebf4 #di ,mmoires d',odilon ,b>rot1 iv4 #ei-fa4 #ej ,mmoires d',odilon ,b>rot1 iv4 #ef1 #eg4 #ea ,see ,"l ,palm]/on's /atem5ts on ?is subject 9 ,a%ley's ,life ( ,palm]/on1 ii4 #bjj-baa4 ,tocqueville1 h[ev]1 utt]ly d5ies t ! majority ( ! ,assembly _h any sympa?y ) ^! views 7,tocqueville's ,memoirs 7,eng4 trans471 ii4 #agg74 ,maupas1 9 8 ,mmoires1 gives a v detail$ acc\nt ( ! conspiracy on ! ,bonap>ti/ side4 ,x appe>s t ! 'homme de confiance' ( ,*ang>ni] 0 9 8 pay4 #eb ,tocqueville's ,memoirs1 ii4 #ec ,a%ley's ,life ( ,palm]/on1 ii4 #bjh4 #ed ,newman4 #ee ,see ,ollivi]1 ,l',empire ,libral1 i4 #eaj-eab4 #ef ,second ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ,briti% ,s\? ,africa 7,july1 #ahig74 #eg ,p>liam5t>y ,debates1 ,july #bf1 #ahig1 #aafi1 #aagj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! necessities = moral compromise ,i h trac$ 9 ! army1 9 ! law1 & 9 ! fields ( politics may be f\nd 9 ano!r =m n less conspicu\sly 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! memb]s1 & /ill m ! m9i/]s1 ( an anci5t ,*ur* b\nd to =mul>ies & cre$s t 7 drawn up 9 long bygone c5turies1 are cont9ually met by ! difficulties ( reconcil+ ^! =ms ) ! *ang$ conditions ( human k1 & !re are p]iods :5 ! pressure ( ^! difficulties is felt ) m ?an common =ce4 ,su*1 = example1 7 ! p]iods ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation1 :5 *anges 9 ! intellectual condition ( ,europe produc$ a widespread conviction ( ! va/ am\nt ( impo/ure & delusion :i* _h receiv$ ! sanction ( a ,*ur* t claim$ to be infallible1 ! result be+ 9 "s c\ntries a sil5t evanesc5ce ( all religi\s belief among ! educat$ class1 ev5 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 o!r c\ntries a great outbur/ ( religi\s zeal aim+ at ! re/oration ( ,*ri/ianity to its primitive =m & a repudiation ( ! accretions ( sup]/ition t _h ga!r$ ar\nd x4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory prov+ t our _w is n1 z 0 long believ$1 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b a s+le planet mov+ ) _m o!rs ar\nd a c5tral sun1 & ! discov]y1 by ! in/rum5tality ( ! telescope1 ( ! inf9itesimally small place :i* our globe occupies 9 ! univ]se1 alt]$ m5's measure ( probability & affect$ widely1 ?\gh indirectly1 _! !ological beliefs4 ,a simil> *ange 0 gradually produc$ by ! ,newtonian discov]y t ! :ole sy/em ( ! univ]se 0 p]vad$ by "o great law1 & by ! /eady gr[? ( sci5tific k1 prov+ t va/ numb]s ( ph5om5a :i* 7 once attribut$ to isolat$ & caprici\s acts ( spiritual int]v5tion 7 regulat$ by inv>iable1 inexorable1 all-p]vasive law4 ,_m ( ! =mul>ies by :i* we /ill express our religi\s beliefs date f p]iods :5 comets & eclipses 7 believ$ to h be5 s5t to port5d calamity2 :5 e great meteorological *ange 0 attribut$ to "s isolat$ spiritual ag5cy2 :5 wit*craft & diabolical possession1 sup]natural diseases1 & sup]natural cures 7 deem$ indubitable facts3 & :5 acc\nts ( contempor>y miracles1 ,div9e or ,satanic1 c>ri$ ) !m no s5se ( /rang5ess or improbability4 ,x is sc>cely surpris+ t ^! =mul>ies sometimes seem incongru\s ) an age :5 ! sci5tific _s has introduc$ v diff]5t conceptions ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 & :5 ! miracul\s1 if x is n absolutely discr$it$1 is1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( mo/ educat$ m51 relegat$ to a di/ant pa/4 ,! pres5t c5tury has se5 "s p[]ful reactions t[>ds old] religi\s beliefs1 b x has also be5 to an unusual ext5t f]tile 9 ! k9d ( *anges t mo/ deeply affect !m4 ,n _m ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! :ole drama ( ! _w's hi/ory 0 believ$ to h be5 compris$ 9 ! framework ( ',p>adise ,lo/' & ',p>adise ,rega9$4' ,man appe>$ 9 ! univ]se a faultless be+ 9 a faultless _w1 b he soon fell f 8 fir/ e/ate1 & 8 fall entail$ _w-wide consequ5ces4 ,x introduc$ into our globe s91 dea?1 suff]+1 disease1 imp]fection & decay2 all ! mis*iev\s & f]oci\s in/9cts & t5d5cies ( man & bea/2 all ! multitud9\s =ms ( /ruggle1 t]ror1 anxiety & grief2 all t makes life bitt] to any liv+ be+1 &1 ev5 z ! ,fa!rs 7 accu/om$ to say1 ! bri>s & we$s & /]ility ( ! e>?4 ,p>adise ,rega9$ 0 believ$ to be indissolubly connect$ ) ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,! "o 0 ! explanation ( ! o!r4 ,! "o introduc$ ! disease1 ! o!r provid$ ! rem$y4 ,x is idle to d5y t ! ma9 outl9es ( ?is picture h be5 :olly *ang$4 ,fir/ came ! discov]y t ! exi/5ce ( our globe /ret*es f> beyond ! p]iod once assign$ to ! ,creation1 & t = c\ntless ages be=e ! "t :5 ,adam 0 believ$ to h lo/ ,p>adise1 dea? _h be5 its mo/ famili> fact & its inexorable law2 t ! animals :o inhabit$ x prey$ ^u & dev\r$ ea* o!r z at pres5t1 _! claws & tee? be+ specially adapt$ = t purpose4 ,ev5 _! half-dige/$ rema9s h be5 pres]v$ 9 fossil4 ',dea?1' wrote a ,pagan philosoph]1 9 %>p contra/ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 'is a law & n a puni%m5t1' & geology has fully ju/ifi$ 8 ass]tion4 ,!n came decisive evid5ce %[+ t = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e 8 suppos$ orig9 man _h liv$ & di$ ^u our globe--a be+1 z f> z c be judg$ f ! rema9s t h be5 pres]v$1 n sup]ior b greatly inf]ior to ourselves1 ^: almo/ only art 0 ! manufacture ( rude in/rum5ts = kill+1 :o appe>s 9 /ructure & 9 life to h approximat$ closely to ! l[e/ exi/+ =ms ( savage life4 ,!n came ! ,d>w9ian !ory ma9ta9+ t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! liv+ _w is a hi/ory ( sl[ & cont9u\s evolution1 *iefly by means ( incessant /rife1 f l[] to high] =ms2 t man himself _h 9 ?is way gradually em]g$ f ! humble/ =ms ( ! animal _w2 t mo/ ( ! moral deflections :i* 7 attribut$ to ! apple 9 ,ed5 are ! rema9s & traditions ( ! e>li] & l[] /ages ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! !ory ( cont9u\s asc5t f a l[] to a high] /age took ! place ( ! !ory ( ! ,fall z ! explanation ( human hi/ory4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* is c]ta9ly n )\t hope = ! human race4 ,x gives no explanation ( ! ultimate orig9 ( ?+s1 & x is 9 no degree inconsi/5t ) ! belief ei!r 9 a ,div9e & ,creative orig9 or 9 a settl$ & ,provid5tial plan4 ,b x is z f> z possible remov$ f ! conception ( human hi/ory & human nature :i* ,*ri/5dom dur+ eighte5 c5turies accept$ z fundam5tal tru?4 ,) ^! ?+s h come influ5ces ( ano!r k9d4 ,comp>ative ,my?ology has accumulat$ a va/ am\nt ( evid5ce1 %[+ h[ my?s & miracles are ! natural product ( c]ta9 /ages ( human hi/ory1 ( c]ta9 primitive misconceptions ( ! c\rse ( nature2 h[ leg5ds ess5tially ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh ) "s v>ieties ( detail1 h sprung up 9 _m diff]5t qu>t]s1 & h[ !y h migrat$ & int]act$ on ea* o!r4 ,biblical criticism has at ! same "t decompos$ & analys$ ! ,jewi% writ+s1 assign+ to !m dates & degrees ( au?ority v diff]5t f ^? recognis$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,x has c]ta9ly n impair$ _! significance z records ( successive developm5ts ( religi\s & moral progress1 nor has x dim9i%$ _! value z expressions ( ! l(tie/ & mo/ endur+ religi\s s5tim5ts ( mank9d2 b 9 ! eyes ( a great section ( ! educat$ _w x has depriv$ !m ( ! au?oritative & infallible "* t 0 once attribut$ to !m4 ,at ! same "t hi/orical criticism has br\ght ) x sev]] /&>ds ( pro(1 m effici5t means ( di/+ui%+ ! hi/orical f ! fabul\s4 ,x has trac$ ! phases & v>iations ( religions1 & ! influ5ces t gov]n$ !m1 ) a fulness ( k & an indep5d5ce ( judgm5t unkn[n 9 ! pa/1 & x has l$ its vot>ies to reg>d 9 ^! matt]s a sceptical & hesitat+ _s z a virtue1 & cr$ulity & eas9ess ( belief z a vice4 ,?is is n a book ( !ology1 & ,i h no int5tion ( dilat+ on ^! ?+s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be manife/ to all :o are acqua9t$ ) contempor>y ?\ght h[ l>gely ^! influ5ces h displac$ !ological beliefs among great numb]s ( educat$ m52 h[ _m ?+s t 7 once widely believ$ h become absolutely incr$ible2 h[ _m t 7 once suppos$ to re/ on ! plane ( c]ta9ty h n[ sunk to ! l[] plane ( m]e probability or p]haps possibility4 ,f ! "t ( ,galileo d[nw>ds1 ^! *anges h be5 d5\nc$ z incompatible ) ! :ole /ructure ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,no less an apologi/ ?an ,bi%op ,b]keley decl>$ t ! belief t ! date ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w 0 approximately t :i* c\ld be d$uc$ f ! book ( ,g5esis 0 "o ( ! fundam5tal beliefs :i* c\ld n be giv5 up4#eh ,:5 ! travell] ,brydone publi%$ 8 travels 9 ,sicily 9 #aggc1 conjectur+1 f ! deposits ( lava1 t ! _w mu/ be mu* old] ?an ! ,mosaic cosmogony admitt$1 8 "w 0 d5\nc$ z subv]t+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! same *>ges 7 br\ght aga9/ ! e>li] geologi/s1 & 9 our own day aga9/ ! e>ly support]s ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory2 & _m n[ liv+ c rememb] ! outbur/s ( indignation aga9/ ^? :o fir/ introduc$ ! pr9ciples ( ,g]man criticism into ,engli% ?\ght1 & :o impugn$ ! hi/orical "* & ! assum$ au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is n surpris+ or unreasonable t x %\ld h be5 s1 = x is impossible to d5y t ^! *anges h pr(\ndly alt]$ l>ge portions ( ! beliefs t 7 once reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,"o ma9 object ( a religion 0 believ$ to h be5 to furni% :at may be call$ a !ory ( ! univ]se--to expla9 its orig91 its de/9y1 & ! /range contradictions & imp]fections x pres5ts4 ,! ,jewi% !ory 0 a v cle> & def9ite "o1 b x is c]ta9ly n t ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,yet few ?+s are m rem>kable ?an ! facility ) :i* ^! successive *anges h gradually f\nd _! places )9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & h[ little t ,*ur* has be5 %ak5 by ?is fact4 ,ev5 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ?\gh x has n yet pass$ into ! circle ( fully e/abli%$ tru?1 is 9 its ma9 l9es con/antly m5tion$ ) approbation by ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! !ory ( evolution l>gely p]vades _! tea*+4 ,! doctr9e t ! ,bible 0 nev] int5d$ to tea* sci5ce or sci5tific facts1 & also ! ma9 facts & conclusions ( mod]n ,biblical criticism1 h be5 l>gely accept$ among ! mo/ educat$ cl]gy4 ,v few ( !m w\ld n[ d5y ! antiquity ( ! _w1 ! antiquity ( man1 or ! antiquity ( dea?1 or w\ld ma9ta9 t ! ,mosaic cosmogony 0 a true & lit]al acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! globe & ( man1 or w\ld v /r5u\sly argue ei!r = ! ,mosaic au?or%ip or ! infallibility ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,& :ile *anges ( ?is k9d h be5 go+ on 9 "o direction1 ano!r great movem5t has be5 tak+ place 9 an opposite "o4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 ess5tially a ,prote/ant ,*ur*2 ?\gh1 be+ con/ruct$ m ?an mo/ o!r ,*ur*es "u political influ5ces1 by successive /ages ( progress1 & ) a view to includ+ l>ge & v>y+ sections ( op9ion 9 its fold1 x reta9$1 m ?an o!r ,*ur*es1 =mul>ies & t5ets d]iv$ f ! ,*ur* x sup]s$$4 ,! e>ne/ ,prote/ant & ,puritan p>ty :i* dom9at$ 9 ,scotl& & 9 ! ,cont95tal ,re=mation1 & :i* refus$ all compromise ) ,rome1 _h n become p[]ful 9 ,engli% public op9ion till "s "t aft] ! framework ( ! ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$4 ,! _s ( compromise & cons]vatism :i* already *>act]is$ ! ,engli% p2 ! great "p :i* k+s & lawy]s play$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,*ur*2 _! desire to ma9ta9 9 ,engl& a s+le body1 compris+ m5 :o _h brok5 away f ! ,papacy b :o _h 9 o!r respects no great objection to ,roman ,ca?olic =ms & doctr9es1 & also m5 s]i\sly imbu$ ) ! /rong ,prote/ant feel+ ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&2 ! /range ductility ( belief & conduct t induc$ ! great majority ( ! ,engli% cl]gy to reta9 _! pref]m5ts & avoid p]secution dur+ ! successive *anges ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,m>y1 & ,elizabe?1 all assi/$ 9 =m+ a ,*ur* ( a v composite "*4 ,two di/9ct !ories f\nd _! place )9 x4 ,accord+ to "o s*ool x 0 simply ! pre-,re=mation ,*ur* purifi$ f c]ta9 abuses t _h ga!r$ ar\nd x1 organically unit$ ) x ?r\gh a div9ely appo9t$ episcopacy1 re/+ on an au?oritative & ecclesia/ical basis1 & =m+ "o ( ! ?ree great bran*es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,accord+ to ! o!r s*ool x 0 "o ( sev]al ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 reta9+ inde$ su* portions ( ! old ecclesia/ical organisation z might be ju/ifi$ f ,scripture1 b n reg>d+ !m z among ! ess5tials ( ,*ri/ianity2 agree+ ) o!r ,prote/ant bodies 9 :at 0 fundam5tal1 & diff]+ f !m ma9ly on po9ts :i* 7 non-ess5tial2 accept+ cordially ! pr9ciple t '! ,bible & ! ,bible alone is ! religion ( ,prote/ants1' & at ! same "t sep>at$ by ! grave/ & mo/ vital diff]5ces f :at !y deem$ ! great apo/asy ( ,rome4 ,x 0 argu$ on ! "o h& t 9 its ecclesia/ical & legal organisation ! ,*ur* 9 ,engl& 0 id5tical ) ! ,*ur* 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii42 t !re _h be5 no brea* ( cont9uity2 t bi%ops1 & (t5 ! same bi%ops1 sat 9 ! same sees be=e & aft] ! ,re=mation2 t ! great majority ( ! p>o*ial cl]gy 7 un*ang$1 hold+ _! end[m5ts by ! same titles & t5ures1 subject to ! same c\rts1 & meet+ 9 ,convocation 9 ! same mann] z _! pr$ecessors2 t ! old ,ca?olic s]vices 7 m]ely translat$ & revis$1 & t al?\gh ,roman usurpations :i* _h nev] be5 completely acquiesc$ 9 _h be5 decisively reject$1 & al?\gh _m sup]/iti\s novelties _h be5 remov$1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 /ill ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,augu/9e2 t x _h nev]1 ev5 9 ! d>ke/ p]iod1 lo/ its di/9ct exi/5ce1 & t sup]natural graces & sac]dotal p[]s d5i$ to all s*ismatics _h desc5d$ to x ?r\gh ! ,episcopacy 9 an unbrok5 /ream4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 argu$ t ! ess5tial ( a true ,*ur* lay 9 ! accordance ( its doctr9es ) ! language ( ,scripture & n 9 ! me?ods ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 & t :atev] might be ! case 9 a legal po9t ( view1 ! !ory ( ! unity ( ! ,*ur* be=e & aft] ! ,re=mation 0 9 a !ological s5se a delusion4 ,! ,*ur* "u ,h5ry ,,vii4 0 emphatically a !ocracy or ecclesia/ical mon>*y1 ! ,pope1 z ! suppos$ successor ( ! suppos$ pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les1 be+ ! v key/one ( ! spiritual ar*4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,elizabe? ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& _h become a k9d ( ari/ocracy ( bi%ops1 gov]n$ v really z well z !oretically by ! ,cr[n1 totally cut (f f :at call$ itself ! ,*air ( ,pet]1 & plac$ "u completely new relations ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ?is space ( "t ,anglican ,*ri/ianity _h disc>d$ n only ! ,papacy b also great "p ( :at = c5turies be=e ! *ange _h be5 deem$ vitally & inconte/ably necess>y bo? 9 its !ology & 9 its devotions4 ,?\gh mu* ( ! old organisation & _m ( ! old =mul>ies _h be5 reta9$1 its articles1 its homilies1 ! con/ant tea*+ ( its f\nd]s1 brea!d a _s ( unque/ionable ,prote/antism4 ,! ,*ur* :i* rema9$ atta*$ to ,rome1 & :i* held ! same doctr9es1 practis$ ! same devotions1 & p]=m$ ! same c]emonies z ! ,engli% ,*ur* "u ,h5ry ,,vii41 pr(ess$ to be infallible1 & x utt]ly repudiat$ all connection ) ! new ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & reg>d$ x z no?+ m ?an a ,prote/ant s*ism2 :ile ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 h] au?oris$ =mul>ies br&$ "s ( ! c5tral beliefs & devotions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* z blasphem\s1 idolatr\s1 sup]/iti\s & deceitful1 & 0 long accu/om$ to reg>d t ,*ur* z ! ,*ur* ( ,anti*ri/2 ! ,h>lot ( ! ,apocalypse1 drunk ) ! blood ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,ea* ,*ur* dur+ long p]iods & to ! full measure ( its p[]s suppress$ or p]secut$ ! o!r4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,era/ian & also 9 ! eyes ( ! ,puritan ! !ory ( ! spiritual unity ( ^! two bodies1 & ! v>i\s sac]dotal consequ5ces t 7 inf]r$ f x1 seem$ incr$ible1 nor did ! fir/ g5]ation ( our re=m]s %r9k f communion1 sympa?y & co-op]ation ) ! non-episcopal ,prote/ants ( ! ,cont95t4 ,al?\gh !y laid great /ress on patri/ic au?ority1 & cons5t$--*iefly ?r\gh political motives--to leave 9 ! ,pray]-book _m ?+s d]iv$ f ! old] ,*ur*1 yet ! ,high ,*ur* !ory ( ,anglicanism is mu* m ! product ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury div9es ?an ( ! re=m]s1 j z ,roman ,ca?olicism is mu* m ak9 to ! lat] fa!rs ?an to primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,no "o c\ld d\bt on :at side 7 ! sympa?ies & :at 7 ! op9ions ( ,cranm]1 ,latim]1 ,ridley1 ,jewell & ,hoop]1 & :at _s p]vades ! articles & ! homilies4 ,a ,*ur* :i* does n claim to be infallible2 :i* owes its special =m *iefly to ! sagacity ( /atesm52 9 :i* ! supreme tribunal1 decid+ :at doctr9es may be taught by ! cl]gy1 is a secul> law c\rt2 9 :i* ! b&s ( con=mity are s loose t ! t5d5cies & s5tim5ts ( ! nation give ! complexion to ! ,*ur*1 appe>s 9 ! eyes ( m5 ( ^! s*ools to h no possible "r to claim or %>e ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,x re/s on ano!r basis4 ,x mu/ be ju/ifi$ on o!r gr\nds4 ,^! two di/9ct s*ools1 h[ev]1 h subsi/$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,ea* ( !m c f9d "s support 9 ! ,pray]-book1 & ! old or?odox ,high ,*ur* s*ool :i* 0 *iefly elaborat$ & :i* *iefly fl\ri%$ "u ! ,/u>ts1 has produc$ a great "p ( ! mo/ le>n$ !ology ( ,*ri/5dom1 & _h 9 its e>ly days little or no t5d5cy to ,rome4 ,x 0 exclusive & repell5t on ! side ( ,noncon=mity1 & x plac$ ,*ur* au?ority v high2 b ! imm5se majority ( its memb]s 7 int5sely loyal to ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 & liv$ & di$ cont5t$ly )9 its pale4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 always 9 t ,*ur* m5 ( ano!r k9d ^: true ideal lay beyond its bord]4 ,falkl&1 9 a rem>kable spee*1 deliv]$ 9 #afdj1 speaks ( !m ) mu* bitt]ness4 ',"s1' he says1 'h s indu/ri\sly lab\r$ to d$uce !mselves f ,rome t !y h giv5 great suspicion t 9 gratitude !y desire to return ?i!r1 or at lea/ to meet x half way4 ,"s h evid5tly lab\r$ to br+ 9 an ,engli% ?\gh n a ,roman ,pop]y2 ,i mean n only ! outside & dress ( x1 b equally absolute4444 ,nay1 common fame is m ?an ord9>ily false if none ( !m h f\nd a way to reconcile ! op9ions ( ,rome to ! pref]m5ts ( ,engl&1 & be s absolutely1 directly & cordially ,papi/s t x is all t #a1ejjl4 a ye> c d to keep !m f confess+ x4'#ei ,no wide secession to ,rome1 h[ev]1 foll[$ ! developm5t ( ?is sev5te5?-c5tury s*ool1 ?\gh x play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! nonjuror s*ism1 & ) ! decay ( t s*ism & "u ! latitud9>ian t5d5cies ( ! eighte5? c5tury x greatly dw9dl$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! ,tract>ian movem5t1 :i* c>ri$ s _m lead]s ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* to ,rome1 m5 ( ,roman sympa?ies & ,roman ideals h multipli$ )9 ! ,*ur* to an extraord9>y degree4 ,!y h n only c>ri$ _! !ological pret5sions 9 ! direction ( ,rome mu* fur!r ?an ! nonjurors2 !y h also 9 _m cases s trans=m$ ! old & simple ,anglican s]vice by ve/m5ts & c&les1 & bann]s & inc5se1 & g5uflexions & :isp]$ pray]s1 t a /rang] might well imag9e t he 0 9 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,!y h put =w>d sac]dotal pret5sions little1 if at all1 inf]ior to ^? ( ,rome4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( _! devotional lit]ature & ?\ght fl[s 9 ! ,roman *annel1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ insignificant matt]s ( c]emony & dress !y are accu/om$ to pay ! great] ,*ur* ! homage ( con/ant imitation4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to d5y t !re are "s real diff]5ces4 ,! absolute au?ority & infallibility ( ! ,pope are s9c]ely repudiat$ z an usurpation1 ! rituali/ !ory only conc$+ to him a primacy among bi%ops4 ,! discipl9e & submission to ecclesia/ical au?ority also1 :i* s em95tly di/+ui% ! ,roman ,*ur*1 are :olly want+ 9 _m ( its ,anglican imitators1 & at ! same "t ! ,engli% s5se ( tru? has prov$ suffici5t to save ! p>ty f ! tol]ance & propagation ( false miracles & ( grossly sup]/iti\s practices s common 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,9 ?is la/ respect1 h[ev]1 x is probable t ,engli% & ,am]ican ,roman ,ca?olics are almo/ equally di/+ui%$ f ,ca?olics 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,europe & ( ,am]ica4 ,/ill1 :5 all ?is is admitt$1 x c h>dly be d5i$ t !re has gr[n up 9 a great section ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* a sympa?y ) ,rome & an antipa?y to ,prote/antism & to ,prote/ant types ( ?\ght & "* utt]ly ali5 to ! _s ( ! ,re=m]s & to ! doctr9al =mul>ies ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,x is n v easy to =m a j e/imate ( ! ext5t & dep? ( ?is movem5t4 ,!re are wide v>iations 9 ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty2 ! extreme m5 are n ! mo/ num]\s & c]ta9ly v f> f ! able/1 & _m influ5ces o!r ?an conv9c$ belief h t5d$ to /r5g!n ! p>ty4 ,x has be51 inde$1 unlike ! ,tract>ian p>ty :i* prec$$ x1 rem>kably de/itute ( lit]>y or !ological ability1 & has add$ s+ul>ly little to ! l>ge & noble !ological lit]ature ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! m]e *>m ( novelty1 :i* is always especially p[]ful 9 ! field ( religion1 draws _m to ! rituali/ic *annel1 & ?\s&s :o c>e v little = rituali/ic doctr9es are attract$ by ! music1 ! pageantry1 ! pictorial beauty ( ! rituali/ic s]vices4 /hetic ta/es h ( late ye>s greatly increas$ 9 ,engl&1 & ! clos+ ( places ( amusem5t on ,sunday probably /r5g!ns ! crav+ = m attractive s]vices4 ,! extreme ,high ,*ur* p>ty has *iefly fo/]$ & *iefly b5efit$ by ?is desire1 b x has ext5d$ mu* m widely4 ,x has t\*$ ev5 puritanical & non-episcopal bodies1 & x is sometimes comb9$ ) extremely latitud9>ian op9ions4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a type ( m9d :i* f9ds 9 su* s]vices a happy anodyne = half-suppress$ d\bt4 ,petitions :i* 9 _! poignant humiliation & pr(\nd emotion no long] correspond to ! g5u9e feel+s ( ! wor%ipp]1 seem att5uat$ & trans=m$ :5 !y are inton$1 & cre$s :i* :5 pla9ly read %ock ! und]/&+ & ! consci5ce are readily accept$ z p>ts ( a musical p]=mance4 ,scepticism z well z belief sometimes fills *ur*es4 ,l>ge classes :o h no wi% to cut !mselves (f f religi\s s]vices h lo/ all int]e/ 9 ! !ological di/9ctions :i* once 7 deem$ supremely important & all /rong belief 9 great p>ts ( dogmatic sy/ems1 & su* m5 naturally pref] s]vices :i* by music & ornam5t gratify _! ta/es & ex]cise a soo?+ or /imulat+ influ5ce ov] ! imag9ation4 ,! extreme ,high ,*ur* p>ty has1 h[ev]1 o!r elem5ts ( attraction4 ,mu* ( its p[] is due to ! new spr+s ( real spiritual life & ! new =ms ( real usefulness & *>ity t grew out ( its highly develop$ sac]dotal sy/em & out ( ! semi-mona/ic confrat]nities :i* at once fo/] & enc\rage & organise an active zeal4 ,! p[] ( ! p>ty 9 act+ n only on ! cultivat$ classes b also on ! poor is v manife/1 & x has done mu* to give ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& a democratic "* :i* 9 pa/ g5]ations x did n possess1 & :i* 9 ! conditions ( mod]n life is supremely important4 ,! multiplication n only ( religi\s s]vices b ( communicants1 & ! great increase 9 ! int]e/ tak5 9 ,*ur* life 9 qu>t]s :]e ! ,rituali/ p>ty prevail1 _c reasonably be que/ion$4 ,its highly ornate s]vices draw _m into ! *ur*es :o nev] ent]$ !m be=e1 & !y are (t5 comb9$ ) a famili> & at ! same "t impassion$ /yle ( prea*+1 some?+ l t ( a ,franciscan fri> or a ,me?odi/ prea*]1 :i* is excell5tly fitt$ to act ^u ! ignorant4 ,if its cl]gy h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! insubord9ation to _! bi%ops1 if !y h display$ 9 no dubi\s mann] a ke5 desire to aggr&ise _! own position & au?ority1 x is also b j to add t !y h be5 prom95t = ! zeal & self-sacrifice ) :i* !y h multipli$ s]vices1 creat$ confrat]nities1 & p5etrat$ into ! wor/ & mo/ obscure haunts ( pov]ty & vice4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 ( all ?is is t ! conflict+ t5d5cies :i* h always be5 pres5t 9 ! ,*ur* h be5 greatly deep5$4 ,!re are to be f\nd )9 x m5 ^: op9ions c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f simple ,deism or ,unit>ianism1 & m5 :o abjure ! "n ( ,prote/ant & are only divid$ by ! ?9ne/ ( p>titions f ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,& ?is div]sity exi/s 9 a ,*ur* :i* is held toge!r by articles & =mul>ies ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x might1 p]haps1 a priori h be5 imag9$ t a ,*ur* ) s mu* div]sity ( op9ion & ( _s 0 an enfeebl$ & dis9tegrat$ ,*ur*1 b no c&id man w attribute su* a "* to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,all ! signs ( corporate vitality are abundantly display$1 & x is impossible to d5y t x is play+ an active1 p[]ful1 & mo/ useful "p 9 ,engli% life4 ,look+ at x fir/ ( all f ! intellectual side1 x is pla9 h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! be/ intellect ( ! c\ntry is cont5t$1 n only to live )9 x1 b to take an active "p 9 its m9i/rations4 ,comp>e ! am\nt ( high] lit]ature :i* proce$s f cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ) ! am\nt :i* proce$s f ! va/ly great] body ( ,ca?olic prie/s scatt]$ ov] ! _w2 comp>e ! place :i* ! ,engli% cl]gy1 or laym5 deeply imbu$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 hold 9 ,engli% lit]ature ) ! place :i* ,ca?olic prie/s1 or s9c]e ,ca?olic laym51 hold 9 ! lit]ature ( ,france1--& ! contra/ w appe> suffici5tly evid5t4 ,!re is h>dly a bran* ( s]i\s ,engli% lit]ature 9 :i* ,anglican cl]gy are n conspicu\s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 a false & sup]/iti\s cre$ incompatible ) "s =ms ( lit]ature4 ,x may easily ally itself ) ! g5ius ( a poet or ) great beauty ( /yle ei!r hortatory or n>rative4 ,b 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& lit]>y a*ievem5t is c]ta9ly n re/rict$ to ^! =ms4 ,9 ! fields ( physical sci5ce1 9 ! fields ( moral philosophy1 metaphysics1 social & ev5 political philosophy1 & p]haps /ill m 9 ! fields ( hi/ory1 its cl]gy h won places 9 ! =emo/ rank4 ,x is notori\s t a l>ge proportion ( ! mo/ s]i\s criticism1 ( ! be/ p]iodical writ+ 9 ,engl&1 is ! "w ( ,anglican cl]gym54 ,no "o1 9 enum]at+ ! lead+ hi/orians ( ! pres5t c5tury1 w\ld omit su* names z ,milman1 ,?irlwall & ,m]ivale1 9 ! g5]ation :i* has j pass$ away1 or ,creighton & ,/ubbs among contempor>ies1 & ^! are only em95t examples ( a k9d ( lit]ature to :i* ! ,*ur* has v l>gely contribut$4 ,_! hi/ories are n specially conspicu\s = beauty ( /yle1 & n only conspicu\s = _! pr(\nd le>n+2 !y are m>k$ to an em95t degree by judgm5t1 criticism1 imp>tiality1 a desire = tru?1 a skill 9 sep>at+ ! prov$ f ! false or ! m]ely probable4 ,comp>e !m ) ! *ief hi/ories t h be5 writt5 by ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,9 pa/ ages "s ( ! greate/ works ( pati5t1 lifelong indu/ry 9 all lit]>y hi/ory 7 due to ! ,ca?olic prie/hood1 & especially to memb]s ( ! mona/ic ord]s2 ev5 9 mod]n times !y h produc$ "s works ( great le>n+1 ( great dialectic skill1 & ( great beauty ( /yle2 b ) sc>cely an exception ^! works be> ^u !m ! /amp ( an advocate & are writt5 = ! purpose ( prov+ a po9t1 conceal+ or expla9+ away ! faults on "o side1 & br++ into disproportion$ relief ^? ( ! o!r4 ,no "o w\ld look 9 !m = a c&id e/imate ( ! m]its ( an oppon5t or = a full /atem5t ( a ho/ile case4 ,dll+]1 :o w\ld probably once h be5 cit$ z ! greate/ hi/orian ! ,ca?olic prie/hood _h produc$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 di$ "u ! ana!ma ( 8 ,*ur*2 & h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! be/ writ+ 9 mod]n ,engli% ,ca?olicism has come f writ]s :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ,prote/ant univ]sities & :o h le>nt _! skill 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*6 ,x is at lea/ "o great te/ ( a liv+ ,*ur* t ! be/ intellect ( ! c\ntry c ent] into its m9i/ry1 t x conta9s m5 :o 9 ne>ly all bran*es ( lit]ature are look$ ^u by lay s*ol>s ) respect or admiration4 ,x is said t ! numb] ( "y m5 ( ability :o take ord]s is dim9i%+1 & t ?is is due1 n m]ely to ! agricultural depression :i* has made ! ,*ur* mu* less desirable z a pr(ession1 & inde$ 9 _m cases almo/ impossible = ^? :o h n "s private =tune2 n m]ely to ! competitive exam9ation sy/em1 :i* has op5$ out va/ & attractive fields ( ambition to ! able/ laym51--b also to ! wide div]g5ce ( m5 ( ! be/ intellect f ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! conviction t !y _c hone/ly subscribe its articles & recite its =mul>ies4 ,b al?\gh ?is is1 ,i believe1 true1 x is also true t !re is no o!r ,*ur* :i* has %[n itself s capable ( attract+ & reta9+ ! s]vices ( m5 ( g5]al le>n+1 criticism & ability4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! ,engli% ecclesia/ical sy/em has be5 ! education ( ^? :o are int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 9 common ) o!r /ud5ts 9 ! great national univ]sities4 ,o!r sy/ems ( education may produce a cl]gy ( great] pr(essional le>n+ & m int5se & exclusive zeal1 b no o!r sy/em ( education is s efficaci\s 9 ma9ta9+ a g5]al h>mony ( ?\ght & t5d5cy betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! av]age educat$ op9ion ( ! nation4 ,take ano!r te/4 ,comp>e ! ,gu>dian1 :i* repres5ts bett] ?an any o!r pap] ! op9ions ( mod]ate ,*ur*m51 ) ! pap]s :i* are mo/ read by ! ,fr5* prie/hood & h mo/ influ5ce on _! op9ions4 ,c]ta9ly few ,engli% j\rnali/s h equall$ 9 ability ,l\is ,veuillot1 & few pap]s h ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce ov] ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* z ! ,univ]s at ! "t :5 he direct$ x2 b no "o :o read ^? savagely scurril\s & intol]ant pages1 burn+ ) an impot5t hatr$ ( all ! progressive & lib]al t5d5cies ( ! "t1 %r9k+ f no misrepres5tation ( fact & f no apology = crime if x 0 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur*1 c\ld fail to p]ceive h[ utt]ly out ( h>mony x 0 ) ! be/ lay ?\ght ( ,france4 ,engli% religi\s j\rnalism has sometimes1 ?\gh 9 a v mitigat$ degree1 exhibit$ "s ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 b no "o :o reads ! ,gu>dian1 :i* ,i suppose appeals to a l>g] cl]ical public ?an any o!r pap]1 c fail to realise ! contra/4 ,x is n m]ely t x is habitually writt5 9 ! /yle & temp] ( a g5tleman1 b t x reflects mo/ cle>ly 9 its criticism1 its imp>tiality1 its tone ( ?\ght1 ! be/ intellectual influ5ces ( ! "t4 ,m5 may agree or diff] ab\t its politics or its !ology1 b no "o :o reads x c fail to admit t x is ?or\ghly 9 t\* ) cultivat$ lay op9ion1 & x is 9 fact a fav\rite pap] ( _m :o c>e only = its secul> aspects4 ,! intellectual ability1 h[ev]1 includ$ among ! m9i/]s ( a ,*ur*1 ?\gh "o te/1 is by no means a decisive & infallible "o ( its religi\s life4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 g5u9e belief 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h sunk to ne>ly its l[e/ po9t1 mo/ m5 ( lit]>y ta/es & tal5ts 7 ei!r memb]s ( ! prie/hood or ( ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,?is 0 n due to any f]v\r ( belief1 b simply to ! fact t ! ,*ur* at t "t furni%$ almo/ ! only sph]e 9 :i* a lit]>y life c\ld be pursu$ ) com=t1 )\t mole/ation1 & ) "s adequate rew>d4 ,mu* ( ! lit]>y ability f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* is unque/ionably due to ! attraction x (f]s & ! facilities x gives to ^? :o simply wi% = a /udi\s life4 ,! abolition ( _m cl]ical s9ecures1 & ! greatly increas$ activity ( cl]ical duty impos$ by contempor>y op9ion1 h no d\bt r5d]$ ! pr(ession less desirable f ?is po9t ( view2 b ev5 n[ !re is no o!r pr(ession outside ! univ]sities :i* l5ds itself s readily to a lit]>y life1 & a great proportion ( ! mo/ em95t ?9k]s & writ]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& are em95t 9 fields t h little or no connection ) !ology4 ,o!r te/s ( a fl\ri%+ ,*ur* are ne$$1 b !y c easily be f\nd4 ,political p[] is "o te/1 ?\gh x is a v co>se & v deceptive "o4 ,p]haps x is n too mu* to say t ! mo/ sup]/iti\s cre$s are (t5 ^? :i* ex]cise ! greate/ political influ5ce1 = !y are ^? 9 :i* ! prie/hood acquires ! mo/ absolute au?ority4 ,nor does ! decl9e ( sup]/ition among ! educat$ classes always br+ ) x a correspond+ decl9e 9 ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,!re h be5 in/ances1 bo? 9 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian times1 ( a sceptical & highly educat$ rul+ class support+ & ally+ !mselves ) a sup]/iti\s ,*ur* z ! be/ means ( gov]n+ or moralis+ ! masses4 ,su* ,*ur*es1 by _! skilful organisation1 by _! asc5d5cy ov] individual rul]s1 or by _! political alliances1 h long ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce1 & 9 a democratic age ! prepond]ance ( political p[] is /eadily pass+ f ! mo/ educat$ classes4 ,at ! same "t1 9 a highly civilis$ & p]fectly free c\ntry1 9 :i* all laws ( religi\s disqualification & co]cion h disappe>$1 & all que/ions ( religion are submitt$ to p]petual discussion1 ! political p[] :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& reta9s at lea/ proves t %e has a va/ weight ( g5u9e & e>ne/ op9ion beh9d h]4 ,no politician w d5y ! /r5g? ) :i* ! unit$ or greatly prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* c support or oppose a p>ty4 ,x has be5 said by a cynical obs]v] t ! ?ree ?+s outside _! own families t av]age ,engli%m5 value ! mo/ are rank1 money1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & c]ta9ly no good obs]v] w =m a l[ e/imate ( ! /r5g? or e>ne/ness ( ! ,*ur* feel+ 9 e section ( ! ,engli% p4 ,/ill less c x be d5i$ t ! ,*ur* reta9s 9 a high degree its educational influ5ce4 ,= a long p]iod national education 0 almo/ :olly 9 its h&s1 &1 s9ce all disqualifications & mo/ privileges h be5 aboli%$1 x /ill ex]cises a "p 9 ,engli% education :i* excites ! al>m ( "s & ! admiration ( o!rs4 ,x has ?r[n itself he>tily into ! new political conditions1 & ! va/ numb] ( volunt>y s*ools e/abli%$ "u cl]ical influ5ce1 & ! imm5se sums t are annually rais$ = cl]ical purposes1 %[ beyond all d\bt ! am\nt ( support & en?usiasm beh9d x4 ,9 e bran* ( high] education its cl]gy are conspicu\s1 & _! influ5ce 9 tra9+ ! nation is n conf9$ to ! pulpit1 ! univ]sity1 or ! s*ool4 ,no c&id obs]v] ( ,engli% life w d\bt ! imm5se effect ( ! p>o*ial sy/em 9 su/a9+ ! moral level bo? ( pr9ciple & practice1 & ! multitude1 activity1 & value ( ! philan?ropic & moralis+ ag5cies :i* are :olly or l>gely due to ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,nor c x be reasonably d\bt$ t ! ,*ur* has be5 v efficaci\s 9 promot+ t spiritual life :i*1 :atev] op9ion m5 may =m ( its orig9 & mean+1 is at lea/ "o ( ! great realities ( human nature4 ,! p[] ( a religion is n to be solely or ma9ly judg$ by its corporate action2 by ! in/itutions x creates2 by ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,x is to be f\nd mu* m 9 its action on ! individual s\l1 & especially 9 ^? times & circum/ances :5 man is mo/ isolat$ f society4 ,x is 9 furni%+ ! ideals & motives ( individual life2 9 guid+ & purify+ ! emotions2 9 promot+ habits ( ?\ght & feel+ t rise above ! ?+s ( e>?2 9 ! com=t x c give 9 age1 sorr[1 disappo9tm5t & b]eavem5t2 9 ! seasons ( sickness1 weakness1 decl9+ faculties1 & approa*+ dea?1 t its p[] is mo/ felt4 ,no "o cre$ or ,*ur* has ! monopoly ( ?is p[]1 ?\gh ea* has (t5 tri$ to id5tify x ) some?+ peculi> to itself4 ,x maybe f\nd 9 ! ,ca?olic & 9 ! ,quak]1 9 ! ,high ,anglican :o attributes x to 8 sacram5tal sy/em1 & 9 ! ,evangelical 9 ^: eyes t sy/em holds only a v subord9ate place4 ,all t ne$ "h be said is t no "o :o /udies ! devotional lit]ature ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 or :o has wat*$ ! lives ( its m dev\t memb]s1 w d\bt t ?is life c l>gely exi/ & fl\ri% )9 its pale4 ,! attitude :i* m5 :o h be5 born )9 t ,*ur*1 b :o h come to diss5t f l>ge portions ( its !ology1 %\ld be> to ?is great in/rum5t ( good1 is c]ta9ly n less p]plex+ ?an ! que/ions we h be5 consid]+ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! mo/ difficult position is1 ( c\rse1 t ( ^? :o are its actual m9i/]s & :o h subscrib$ its =mul>ies4 ,ea* man s situat$ mu/ judge 9 ! light ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! case ( m5 :o accept su* a position 9 ! ,*ur* ?\gh !y diff] fundam5tally f its t5ets1 & ! case ( m5 :o1 hav+ engag$ 9 its s]vice1 f9d _! old convictions modifi$ or %ak51 p]haps v gradually1 by ! advance ( sci5ce or by m matur$ ?\ght & /udy4 ,! /r+5cy ( ! old =m ( subscription has be5 mu* mitigat$ by an ,act ( #ahfe :i* sub/itut$ a g5]al decl>ation t ! subscrib] believ$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* z a :ole1 = a decl>ation t he believ$ 'all & ev]y?+' 9 ! ,articles & ! ,pray]-book4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& does n pr(ess to be an infallible ,*ur*2 x does pr(ess to be a ,national ,*ur* repres5t+ & includ+ great bodies ( m or less div]g5t op9ion1 & ! :ole t5d5cy ( legal decisions s9ce ! ,gorham case has be5 to enl>ge ! circle ( p]missible op9ion4 ,! possibility ( ! ,national ,*ur* rema9+ 9 t\* ) ! m in/ruct$ & intellectual portions ( ! community dep5ds ma9ly on ! latitude ( op9ion t is accord$ to its cl]gy1 & on _! p[] ( welcom+ & adopt+ new k1 & x may reasonably be ma9ta9$ t few great] calamities c befall a nation ?an ! sev]ance ( its high] intellig5ce f religi\s influ5ces4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t on ! latitud9>ian side ! *anges t take place 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* consi/ mu* less 9 ! op5 repudiation ( old doctr9es ?an 9 _! sil5t evanesc5ce4 ,!y drop out ( ! exhortations ( ! pulpit4 ,! relative importance ( diff]5t portions ( ! religi\s tea*+ is *ang$4 ,dogma s9ks into ! backgr\nd4 ,n>ratives :i* are no long] s]i\sly believ$ become texts = moral disquisitions4 ,! introspective habits & ! /ress laid on purely ecclesia/ical duties :i* once prepond]at$ disappe>4 ,! tea*+ ( ! pulpit t5ds r to ! =mation ( active1 useful & unselfi% lives2 to a cle>] insight into ! great masses ( rem$iable suff]+ & ne$ t /ill exi/ 9 ! _w2 to ! duty ( c>ry+ into all ! walks ( secul> life a nobl] & m unselfi% _s2 to a habit ( judg+ m5 & ,*ur*es ma9ly by _! fruits & v little by _! beliefs4 ,! dis9tegration or decad5ce ( old religi\s beliefs :i* _h long be5 closely associat$ ) moral tea*+ always br+s ) x grave moral dang]s1 b ^? dang]s are greatly dim9i%$ :5 ! *ange ( belief is effect$ by a gradual transition1 )\t any viol5t convulsion or disruption sev]+ m5 f _! old religi\s obs]vances4 ,su* a transition has sil5tly tak5 place 9 ,engl& among great numb]s ( educat$ m51 & 9 "s measure "u ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,nor has x1 ,i ?9k1 weak5$ ! ,*ur*4 ,! /&>d ( duty among su* m5 has n sunk1 b has 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts p]ceptibly ris53 _! zeal has n dim9i%$1 ?\gh x fl[s r 9 philan?ropic ?an 9 purely ecclesia/ical *annels4 ,! conviction t ! special dogmas :i* divid$ o!r ,prote/ant bodies f ! ,e/abli%m5t re/$ on no sub/antial basis & h no real importance tells 9 fav\r ( ! l>g] & ! m lib]al ,*ur*1 & ! compreh5siv5ess :i* all[s highly acc5tuat$ sac]dotalism & latitud9>ianism 9 ! same ,*ur* is 9 ! eyes ( _m ( !m r an elem5t ( /r5g? ?an ( weakness4 ,few m5 h wat*$ ! religi\s t5d5cies ( ! "t ) a ke5] eye ?an ,c>d9al ,newman1 & no man hat$ ) a m int5se hatr$ ! latitud9>ian t5d5cies :i* he witness$4 ,8 judgm5t ( _! effect on ! ,e/abli%m5t is v rem>kable4 ,9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,isaac ,williams he says3 ',ev]y?+ ,i he> makes me fe> t latitud9>ian op9ions are spread+ furi\sly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,i grieve deeply at x4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur* has be5 a mo/ useful breakwat] aga9/ ,scepticism4 ,! "t might come :5 y1 z well z ,i1 might expect t x w\ld be said above1 ,:y cumb]e? x ! gr\nd8 b at pres5t x upholds f> m tru? 9 ,engl& ?an any o!r =m ( religion w\ld1 & ?an ! ,ca?olic ,roman ,*ur* c\ld4 ,b :at ,i fe> is t x is t5d+ to a p[]ful ,e/abli%m5t tea*+ direct error1 & m p[]ful ?an x has ev] be52 ?rice p[]ful because x does tea* error4'#fj ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t ! latitude ( op9ion :i* may be reasonably claim$ by ! cl]gy ( a ,*ur* encumb]$ ) _m articles & doctr9al =mul>ies is n unlimit$1 & ea* man mu/ = himself draw ! l9e4 ,! fact1 too1 t ! ,*ur* is an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* imposes "s special obligations on its m9i/]s4 ,x is _! fir/ duty to celebrate public wor%ip 9 su* a =m t all memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& may be able to jo9 9 x4 ,:atev] int]pretations may be plac$ ^u ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 ^? c]emonies1 at lea/1 %\ld be sub/antially ! same4 ,a /rang] :o ent]s a *ur* :i* he has nev] be=e se5 %\ld be able to feel t he is c]ta9 ( f9d+ public wor%ip intelligibly & dec5tly p]=m$1 z 9 pa/ g5]ations x has be5 celebrat$ 9 all sections ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,x has1 9 my op9ion1 be5 a gross sc&al1 foll[+ a gross neglect ( duty1 t ?is prim>y obligation has be5 defi$1 & t s]vices are held 9 ,engli% *ur*es :i* w\ld h be5 almo/ unrecognisable by ! *ur*m5 ( a =m] g5]ation1 & :i* are manife/ attempts to turn ! ,engli% public wor%ip into an imitation ( ! ,romi% ,mass4 ,m5 h a p]fect "r1 )9 ! wide/ limits1 to p]=m :at religi\s s]vices & to prea* :at religi\s doctr9es !y please1 b !y h n a "r to d s 9 an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! c5sor%ip ( op9ions is ano!r ?+1 & 9 ! conditions ( ,engli% life x has nev] be5 v effectively ma9ta9$4 ,! latitude ( op9ion grant$ 9 an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* is1 & ought to be1 v great1 b x is1 ,i ?9k1 obvi\s t on "s topics a great] degree ( retic5ce ( expression %\ld be obs]v$ by a cl]gyman address+ a miscellane\s audi5ce f ! pulpit ( an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ?an ne$ be requir$ ( him 9 private life or ev5 9 8 publi%$ books4 ,! attitude ( laym5 ^: op9ions h come to div]ge widely f ! ,*ur* =mul>ies is less p]plex+1 & except 9 z f> z ! rec5t revival ( sac]dotal pret5sions has produc$ a reaction1 !re has1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ( late ye>s be5 a decid$ t5d5cy 9 ! be/ & mo/ cultivat$ lay op9ion ( ?is k9d to look ) increas+ fav\r on ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! complete abolition ( ! religi\s & political disqualifications :i* once plac$ its ma9t5ance 9 antagonism ) ! int]e/s ( l>ge sections ( ! p2 ! abolition ( ! indelibility ( ord]s :i* exclud$ cl]gym5 :o *ang$ _! views f all o!r means ( livelihood2 ! great] ela/icity ( op9ion p]mitt$ )9 its pale2 & ! elim9ation f ! /atute-book ( ne>ly all p5alties & re/rictions re/+ solely ^u ecclesia/ical gr\nds1--h all t5d$ to dim9i% ) su* m5 ! objections to ! ,*ur*4 ,x is a ,*ur* :i* does n injure ^? :o are ext]nal to x1 or int]f]e ) ^? :o are m]e nom9al adh]5ts4 ,x is m & m look$ ^u z a ma*9e ( well-organis$ b5efic5ce1 dis*>g+ effici5tly & )\t corruption functions ( supreme utility1 & con/itut+ "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( spiritual & moral life 9 ! community4 ,none ( ! mod]n influ5ces ( society c be said to h sup]s$$ x4 ,mod]n exp]i5ce has furni%$ mu* evid5ce ( ! insuffici5cy ( m]e intellectual education if x is unaccompani$ by ! education ( "*1 & x is on ?is side t mod]n education is mo/ defective4 ,:ile x und\bt$ly makes m5 f> m ke5ly s5sible ?an 9 ! pa/ to ! va/ inequalities ( human lots1 ! habit ( con/antly hold+ out mat]ial prizes z its imm$iate objects1 & ! disappe>ance ( ^? co]cive me?ods ( education :i* once discipl9$ ! w1 make x p]haps less effici5t z an in/rum5t ( moral amelioration4 ,"s habits ( ?\ght also1 t h gr[n rapidly among educat$ m51 h t5d$ p[]fully 9 ! same direction4 ,! %>p contra/s betwe5 true & false 9 matt]s ( !ology h be5 consid]ably att5uat$4 ,! po9t ( view has *ang$4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w gross & mat]ial conceptions ( religion h be5 n only natural1 b indisp5sable1 & t x is only by a gradual process ( intellectual evolution t ! masses ( m5 become prep>$ = high] & pur] conceptions4 ,sup]/ition & illusion play no small "p 9 hold+ toge!r ! great fabric ( society4 ',e falsehood1' x has be5 said1 'is r$uc$ to a c]ta9 malleability by an alloy ( tru?1' &1 on ! o!r h&1 tru?s ( ! utmo/ mom5t are1 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 only op]ative :5 !y are clo!d ) a ve/ure ( sup]/ition4 ,! ,div9e ,_s filt]s d[n to ! human he>t ?r\gh a gross & mat]ial m$ium4 ,& :at is true ( diff]5t /ages ( human hi/ory is n less true ( diff]5t contempor>y /rata ( k & intellig5ce4 ,9 spite ( democratic declamation ab\t ! equality ( man1 x is m & m felt t ! same k9d ( tea*+ is n good = ev]yone4 ,tru?1 :5 undilut$1 is too /rong a m$ic9e = _m m9ds4 ,"s ?+s :i* a highly cultivat$ intellect w\ld probably disc>d1 & disc>d )\t dang]1 are ess5tial to ! moral be+ ( multitudes4 ,!re is 9 all great religi\s sy/ems some?+ t is transitory & some?+ t is et]nal4 ,!ological int]pretations ( ! ph5om5a ( outw>d nature :i* surr\nd & influ5ce u1 & my?ological n>ratives :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f a remote1 uncritical & sup]/iti\s pa/1 may be trans=m$ or discr$it$2 b !re are elem5ts 9 religion :i* h _! roots mu* less 9 ! reason ( man ?an 9 8 sorr[s & 8 affections1 & are ! expression ( wants1 moral appetites & aspirations :i* are an ess5tial1 inde/ructible "p ( 8 nature4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c d\bt t ?is way ( ?9k+1 :e!r x be "r or wrong1 has v widely spread ?r\gh educat$ ,europe1 & x is a habit ( ?\ght :i* commonly /r5g!ns ) age4 ,"y m5 discuss religi\s que/ions simply z que/ions ( tru? or falsehood4 ,9 lat] life !y m frequ5tly accept _! cre$ z a work+ hypo!sis ( life2 z a consolation 9 innum]able calamities2 z ! "o supposition "u :i* life is n a melan*oly anti-climax2 z ! indisp5sable sanction ( moral obligation2 z ! gratification & reflection ( ne$s1 in/9cts & long+s :i* are plant$ 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( human nature2 z "o ( ! *ief pill>s on :i* society re/s4 ,! proselytis+1 ! aggressive1 ! critical _s dim9i%es4 ,v (t5 !y delib]ately turn away _! ?\ghts f que/ions :i* appe> to !m to lead only to endless controv]sy or to m]e negative conclusions1 & base _! moral life on "s /rong unselfi% int]e/ = ! b5efit ( _! k9d4 ,9 active1 useful & unselfi% "w !y f9d ! be/ refuge f ! p]plexities ( belief & ! be/ field = ! cultivation ( _! moral nature1 & "w done = ! b5efit ( o!rs seldom fails to react p[]fully on _! own happ9ess4 ,nor is x always ^? :o h mo/ completely ab&on$ dogmatic sy/ems :o are ! lea/ s5sible to ! moral beauty :i* has gr[n up ar\nd !m4 ,! music ( ! village *ur*1 :i* s\nds s h>% & commonplace to ! wor%ipp] )91 sometimes fills ) te>s ! eyes ( ! /rang] :o sits )\t1 li/5+ among ! tombs4 ,x is difficult to say h[ f> ! p>tial truce :i* has n[ fall5 9 ,engl& ov] ! great antagonisms ( belief is likely to be p]man5t4 ,no "o :o kn[s ! _w c be ins5sible to ! fact t a l>ge & gr[+ proportion ( ^? :o habitually att5d our religi\s s]vices h come to div]ge v widely1 ?\gh 9 _m diff]5t degrees1 f ! beliefs :i* are express$ or impli$ 9 ! =mul>ies !y use4 ,cu/om1 fa%ion1 ! *>m ( old associations1 ! crav+s ( _! own moral or spiritual nature1 a desire to support a useful sy/em ( moral tra9+1 to set a good example to _! *ildr51 _! h\sehold1 or _! neighb\rs1 keep !m 9 _! old place :5 ! beliefs :i* !y pr(ess ) _! lips h 9 a great measure ebb$ away4 ,i d n und]take to blame or to judge !m4 ,individual consci5ce & "* & p>ticul> circum/ances h1 9 ^! matt]s1 a decisive voice4 ,b !re are times :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 pr(ess$ belief & real belief is too great = endurance1 & :5 ins9c]ity & half-belief affect s]i\sly ! moral "* ( a nation4 ',! deepe/1 nay1 ! only !me ( ! _w's hi/ory1 to :i* all o!rs are subord9ate1' said ,goe!1 'is ! conflict ( fai? & unbelief4 ,! epo*s 9 :i* fai?1 9 :atev] =m x may be1 prevails1 are ! m>k$ epo*s 9 human hi/ory1 full ( he>t-/irr+ memories & ( sub/antial ga9s = all aft] times4 ,! epo*s 9 :i* unbelief1 9 :atev] =m x may be1 prevails1 ev5 :5 = ! mom5t !y put on ! semblance ( glory & success1 inevitably s9k into insignificance 9 ! eyes ( po/]ity1 :i* w n wa/e its ?\ghts on ?+s b>r5 & unfruitful4' ,_m ( my read]s h probably felt ! =ce ( su* consid]ations & ! moral problems :i* !y sugge/1 & !re h be5 p]haps mom5ts :5 !y h ask$ !mselves ! "q ( ! poet-- ,tell me1 my s\l1 :at is ?y cre$8 ,is x a fai? or only a ne$8 ,!y w reflect1 h[ev]1 t a ne$1 if x be univ]sally felt :5 human nature is 9 its highe/ & pure/ /ate1 furni%es "s basis ( belief1 & also t no man c v5ture to assign limits to ! trans=mations :i* religion may und]go )\t los+ its ess5ce or its p[]4 ,ev5 9 ! field ( morals ^! h be5 v great1 ?\gh univ]sal cu/om makes u ins5sible to ! ext5t to :i* we h div]g$ f a lit]al obs]vance ( ,evangelical precepts4 ,we %\ld h>dly write ov] ! ,sav+s ,bank1 ',take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 = ! morr[ w take ?\ght = itself1' or ov] ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ',lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1' ',h[ h>dly %all a ri* man ent] into ! ,k+dom ( ,god1' or ov] ! ,=eign ,(fice1 or ! ,law ,c\rt1 or ! prison1 ',resi/ n evil1' ',he t smite? !e on ?y "r *eek turn to him ! o!r also1' ',he t take? away ?y coat let him h ?y cloak also4' ,c x be said t ! :ole =ce & mean+ ( su* words are repres5t$ by an indu/rial society 9 :i* ! =mation ( habits ( con/ant provid5ce ) ! object ( av]t+ pov]ty or increas+ com=t is deem$ "o ( ! fir/ ( duties & a ma9 elem5t & measure ( social progress2 9 :i* ! indiscrim9ate *>ity :i* enc\rages m5dicancy & disc\rages habits ( =e?\ght & ?rift is f> m s]i\sly condemn$ ?an an indu/rial sy/em bas$ on ! ke5e/1 ! mo/ deadly1 & (t5 ! mo/ malevol5t competition2 9 :i* weal? is univ]sally s\ght1 & univ]sally e/eem$ a good & n an evil1 provid$ only x is hone/ly obta9$ & wisely & g5]\sly us$2 9 :i*1 al?\gh wanton aggression & a viol5t & qu>relsome temp] are no d\bt condemn$1 x is e/eem$ ! duty ( e good citiz5 to protect 8 rights :5ev] !y are unju/ly infr+$2 9 :i* w> & ! prep>ation = w> k9dle ! mo/ passionate en?usiasm & absorb a va/ proportion ( ! en]gies ( ,*ri/5dom1 & 9 :i* no ,gov]nm5t c\ld rema9 a week 9 p[] if x did n promptly res5t ! smalle/ insult to ! national flag8 ,x is a "q ( a diff]5t k9d :e!r ! sac]dotal _s :i* has ( late ye>s s l>gely spread 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* c ext5d )\t produc+ a viol5t disruption4 ,to cut ! tap roots ( prie/craft 0 "o ( ! ma9 aims & objects ( ! ,re=mation1 &1 = reasons ,i h already /at$1 ,i d n believe t ! p>ty :i* w\ld re-e/abli% x has by any means ! /r5g? t has be5 attribut$ to x4 ,x is true t ! ,broad ,*ur* p>ty1 ?\gh x reflects fai?fully ! views ( l>ge numb]s ( educat$ laym51 has nev] ex]cis$ an influ5ce 9 active ,*ur* life at all proportionate to ! em95ce ( its lead+ repres5tatives4 ,x is true also t ! ,evangelical p>ty has 9 a v rem>kable degree lo/ its old place 9 ! ,anglican pulpit & 9 religi\s lit]ature1 ?\gh its t5ets /ill =m ! /aple ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,salvation ,army & ( mo/ o!r /reet prea*]s :o ex]cise a real & widespread influ5ce ov] ! poor4 ,b ! middle & l[] sections ( ,engli% society are1 ,i believe1 at bottom1 pr(\ndly ho/ile to prie/craft2 & al?\gh ! dread ( ,pop]y has dim9i%$1 !y are v f> f be+ ready to acquiesce 9 any attempt to re/ore ! dom9ion :i* _! fa!rs disc>d$4 ,9 "o respect1 inde$1 sac]dotalism 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* is a worse ?+ ?an 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 = x is undiscipl9$ & unregulat$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* abundantly %[s ! dang]s t h sprung f ! ,confessional1 ?\gh ! ,roman ,ca?olic w ma9ta9 t its habitually re/ra9+ & moralis+ influ5ce greatly outweighs ^! occasional abuses4 ,b 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* ! practice ( confession is c>ri$ on "u ! mo/ sev]e ecclesia/ical sup]vision & discipl9e4 ,confession c only be made to a celibate prie/ ( mature age1 :o is b\nd to secrecy by ! mo/ solemn oa?2 :o1 except 9 cases ( grave illness1 confesses only 9 an op5 *ur*2 & :o has gone ?r\gh a long c\rse ( c>eful education specially & skilfully design$ to fit him = ! duty4 ,none ( ^! conditions are obs]v$ 9 ,anglican ,confession4 ,9 o!r respects1 inde$1 ! sac]dotal _s is nev] likely to be q ! same z 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,a m>ri$ cl]gy1 :o h mix$ 9 all ! lay influ5ces ( an ,engli% univ]sity1 & :o /ill take "p 9 ! pursuits1 /udies1 social int]c\rse & amusem5ts ( laym51 are n likely to =m a sep>ate ca/e or to con/itute a v =midable prie/hood4 ,x is p]haps a little difficult to treat _! pret5sions ) becom+ gravity1 & ! atmosph]e ( unlimit$ discussion :i* envelops ,engli%m5 ?r\gh _! :ole lives has effectually de/roy$ ! dang] ( co]cive & re/rictive laws direct$ aga9/ op9ion4 ,moral co]cion & ! t5d5cy to int]f]e by law on moral gr\nds ) ! habits ( m51 ev5 :5 ^? habits 9 no degree int]f]e ) o!rs1 h increas$4 ,x is "o ( ! m>k$ t5d5cies ( ,anglo-,saxon democracy1 & x is v f> f be+ peculi> to1 or ev5 specially prom95t 91 any "o ,*ur*4 ,b ! desire to repress ! expression ( op9ions by =ce1 :i* = s _m c5turies m>k$ ) blood & fire ! p[] ( m$ival sac]dotalism1 is :olly ali5 to mod]n ,engli% nature4 ,amid all ! fanaticisms1 exagg]ations1 & sup]/itions ( belief1 ?is k9d ( co]cion1 at lea/1 is nev] likely to be =midable1 nor d ,i believe t 9 ! mo/ extreme section ( ! sac]dotal cl]gy !re is any desire = x4 ,!re has be5 "o significant contra/ betwe5 ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism & ,anglicanism 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! ,ultramontane elem5t has /eadily dom9at$1 re/rict+ lib]ty ( op9ion1 & important t5ets :i* 7 once undef9$ by ! ,*ur*1 & on :i* s9c]e ,ca?olics _h "s latitude ( op9ion1 h be5 br\ght "u ! iron yoke4 ,?is is no d\bt l>gely due to ! gr[? ( scepticism & indiff]5ce1 :i* h made ! great body ( educat$ laym5 ho/ile or indiff]5t to ! ,*ur*1 & h ?r[n its managem5t ma9ly into ! h&s ( ! prie/hood & ! m bigot$1 ignorant & n>r[-m9d$ laym54 ,b 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* educat$ laym5 are mu* less ali5at$ f ,*ur* life1 & a tribunal :i* is ma9ly lay ex]cises ! supreme au?ority4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! conditions1 al?\gh ! sac]dotal elem5t has greatly increas$1 ! latitude ( op9ion )9 ! ,*ur* has /eadily gr[n4 ,at ! same "t1 x is difficult to believe t s]i\s dang]s d n await ! ,*ur* if ! unprote/antis+ influ5ces t h spread )9 x cont9ue to ext5d4 ,x is n likely t ! nation w cont9ue to give its support to ! ,*ur* if t ,*ur* 9 its ma9 t5d5cies cuts itself (f f ! ,re=mation4 ,! conv]sions to ,ca?olicism 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh probably mu* exagg]at$1 h be5 v num]\s1 & x is c]ta9ly n surpris+ t x %\ld be s4 ,if ! ,*ur* ( ,rome p]mitt$ ,prote/antism to be con/antly taught 9 h] pulpits1 & ,prote/ant types ( wor%ip & "* to be habitually held up to admiration1 !re c be little d\bt t _m ( h] wor%ipp]s w\ld be %ak54 ,if ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& becomes 9 g5]al :at x already is 9 "s ( its *ur*es1 x is n likely t ,engli% public op9ion w p]man5tly acquiesce 9 its privileg$ position 9 ! ,/ate4 ,if x ceases to be a ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 x w n long rema9 an e/abli%$ "o1 & its dise/abli%m5t w\ld probably be foll[$ by a disruption 9 :i* op9ions w\ld be m %>ply def9$1 & ! latitude ( belief & ! _s ( compromise t n[ *>act]ise our ,engli% religi\s life might be s]i\sly impair$4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,alciphron1 #f? ,dialogue4 #ei ,nalsons's ,collections1 i4 #gfi1 ,febru>y #i1 #afdj4 #fj ,autobiography ( ,isaac ,williams1 p4 #acb4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 9 #ahfc4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,"* ,( all ! tasks :i* are set be=e man 9 life1 ! education & managem5t ( 8 "* is ! mo/ important1 &1 9 ord] t x %\ld be successfully pursu$1 x is necess>y t he %\ld make a calm & c>eful survey ( 8 own t5d5cies1 unbl9d$ ei!r by ! self-deception :i* conceals errors & magnifies excell5ces1 or by ! indiscrim9ate pessimism :i* refuses to recognise 8 p[]s = good4 ,he mu/ avoid ! fatalism :i* w\ld p]suade him t he has no p[] ov] 8 nature1 & he mu/ also cle>ly recognise t ?is p[] is n unlimit$4 ,man is l a c>d-play] :o receives f ,nature 8 c>ds--8 disposition1 8 circum/ances1 ! /r5g? or weakness ( 8 w1 ( 8 m9d1 & ( 8 body4 ,! game ( life is "o ( bl5d$ *ance & skill4 ,! be/ play] w be defeat$ if he has hopelessly bad c>ds1 b 9 ! long run ! skill ( ! play] w n fail to tell4 ,! p[] ( man ov] 8 "* be>s mu* resemblance to 8 p[] ov] 8 body4 ,m5 come into ! _w ) bodies v unequal 9 _! heal? & /r5g?2 ) h]$it>y dispositions to disease2 ) organs v>y+ greatly 9 _! normal condition4 ,at ! same "t a temp]ate or intemp]ate life1 skilful or unskilful regim51 physical ex]cises well adapt$ to /r5g!n ! weak] p>ts1 physical apa?y1 vici\s indulg5ce1 misdirect$ or excessive ef=t1 w all 9 _! diff]5t ways alt] 8 bodily condition & increase or dim9i% 8 *ances ( disease & premature dea?4 ,! p[] ( w ov] "* is1 h[ev]1 /rong]1 or1 at lea/1 wid] ?an its p[] ov] ! body4 ,!re are organs :i* lie :olly beyond its influ5ce2 !re are diseases ov] :i* x c ex]cise no possible influ5ce1 b !re is no "p ( our moral con/itution :i* we _c 9 "s degree influ5ce or modify4 ,x has (t5 seem$ to me t div]sities ( ta/e ?r[ mu* light on ! basis ( "*4 ,:y is x t ! same di% gives "o man ke5 pleasure & to ano!r is loa?some & repulsive8 ,to ?is simple "q no real answ] c be giv54 ,x is a fact ( our nature t "o fruit1 or meat1 or dr9k w give pleasure to "o palate & none :atev] to ano!r4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ! orig9al & natural diff]5ce is und\bt$1 !re are _m diff]5ces :i* are :olly or l>gely due to p>ticul> & (t5 transitory causes4 ,di%es h an attraction or ! rev]se because !y are associat$ ) old recollections or habits4 ,habit w make a ,fr5*man l 8 melon ) salt1 :ile an ,engli%man pref]s x ) sug>4 ,an old association ( ideas w make an ,engli%man %r9k f eat+ a frog or a snail1 ?\gh he w\ld probably l ea* if he ate x )\t kn[+ x1 & he c\ld easily le>n to d s4 ,! k9d ( cook]y :i* "o age or "o nation g5]ally likes1 ano!r age or ano!r nation f9ds di/a/eful4 ,! eye (t5 gov]ns ! ta/e1 & a di% :i*1 :5 se51 excites int5se repulsion1 w\ld h no su* repulsion to a bl9d man4 ,e "o :o has mov$ mu* ab\t ! _w1 & especially 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries1 w get rid ( _m old antipa?ies1 w lose ! fa/idi\sness ( 8 ta/e1 & w acquire new & g5u9e ta/es4 ,! orig9al innate diff]5ce is n :olly de/roy$1 b x is pr(\ndly & v>i\sly modifi$4 ,^! *anges ( ta/e are v analog\s to :at takes place 9 our moral dispositions4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p 9 !mselves simply ext]nal to morals1 ?\gh !re is at lea/ "o conspicu\s exception4 ,_m--x is to be hop$ mo/--m5 might sp5d _! lives ) full access to intoxicat+ liquors )\t ev5 ! temptation ( gett+ drunk4 ,ap>t f all consid]ations ( religion1 morals1 social1 physical1 or intellectual consequ5ces1 !y ab/a9 f do+ s simply z a matt] ( ta/e4 ,) o!r m5 ! pleasure ( excessive dr9k+ is su* t x requires an h]oic ef=t ( ! w to resi/ x4 ,!re are m5 :o n only are s con/itut$ t x is _! greate/ pleasure1 b :o are ev5 born ) a crav+ = dr9k4 ,9 no =m is ! t]rible fact ( h]$ity m cle>ly or m tragically display$4 ,_m1 too1 :o _h orig9ally no su* crav+ gradually acquire x3 sometimes by m]e social influ5ce1 :i* makes excessive dr9k+ ! habit ( _! circle2 m frequ5tly ?r\gh depression or sorr[1 :i* gives m5 a long+ = "s ke5 pleasure 9 :i* !y c =get !mselves2 or ?r\gh ! jad$ habit ( m9d & body :i* excessive "w produces1 or ?r\gh ! dre>y1 col\rless1 joyless surr\nd+s ( sordid pov]ty4 ,dr9k & ! s5sual pleasures1 if vici\sly indulg$1 produce 7d\btless ?r\gh physical causes7 an int5se crav+ = _! gratification4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) all our pleasures4 ,_m are ke5ly enjoy$ :5 pres5t1 yet n s]i\sly miss$ :5 abs5t4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! effect ( ov]-indulg5ce is to vitiate & dead5 ! palate1 s t :at 0 once pleas+ ceases altoge!r to be an object ( desire4 ,?is1 too1 has its analogue 9 o!r ?+s4 ,we h a famili> example 9 ! excessive novel-read]1 :o beg9s ) a k9d ( m5tal intoxication1 & :o ends ) su* a we>9ess t he f9ds x a s]i\s ef=t to read ! books :i* 7 once 8 /ronge/ temptation4 ,ta/es ( ! palate also naturally *ange ) age & ) ! accompany+ *anges ( ! body4 ,! s*oolboy :o bitt]ly rep9es because ! smallness ( 8 all[ance re/ricts 8 p[] ( buy+ t>ts & sweetmeats w probably gr[ into a man :o1 ) _m %ill+s 9 8 pocket1 daily passes ! confection]'s %op )\t ! smalle/ desire to ent] x4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a close analogy betwe5 ^! ?+s & t collection ( likes & dislikes1 moral & intellectual1 :i* =ms ! primal base ( "*1 & :i* ma9ly det]m9es ! complexion ( our lives4 ,z ,m>cus ,aurelius said3 ',:o c *ange ! desires ( man8' ,t :i* gives ! /ronge/ habitual pleasure1 :e!r x be innate or acquir$1 w 9 ! great majority ( cases ultimately dom9ate4 ,c]ta9 ?+s w always be int5sely pleasurable1 & c]ta9 o!r ?+s indiff]5t or repell5t1 & ?is magnetism is ! true basis ( "*1 & ) ! majority ( m5 x ma9ly det]m9es conduct4 ,by ! associations ( y\? & by o!r causes ^! natural lik+s & dislik+s may be some:at modifi$1 b ev5 9 y\? our p[] is v limit$1 & 9 lat] life x is mu* less4 ,no real believ] 9 free-w w hold t man is an absolute slave to 8 desires4 ,no man :o kn[s ! _w w d5y t ) av]age man ! /ronge/ passion or desire w prevail--happy :5 t desire is n a vice4 ,passions weak51 b habits /r5g!n1 ) age1 & x is ! great task ( y\? to set ! curr5t ( habit & to =m ! ta/es :i* are mo/ productive ( happ9ess 9 life4 ,"h1 z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s1 opposite exagg]ations are to be avoid$4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z look+ =w>d too rigidly & too exclusively to ! future--to a future t may nev] arrive4 ,?is is ! great fault ( ! ov]-educationi/1 :o makes e>ly life a burd5 & a toil1 & also ( ^? :o try to impose on y\? ! ta/es & pleasures ( ! man4 ,y\? has its own pleasures1 :i* w always give x mo/ enjoym5t1 & a happy y\? is 9 itself an end4 ,x is ! "t :5 ! p[] ( enjoym5t is mo/ ke51 & x is (t5 accompani$ by su* extreme s5sitiv5ess t ! suff]+s ( ! *ild = :at seem ! mo/ trivial causes probably at lea/ equal 9 acut5ess1 ?\gh n 9 durability1 ! suff]+s ( a man4 ,_m a p>5t /&+ by ! c(f9 ( 8 *ild has felt ) bitt]ness h[ mu* ( ! measure ( enjoym5t t %ort life might h kn[n has be5 cut (f by an injudici\s education4 ,& ev5 if adult life is atta9$1 ! evils ( an unhappy *ildhood are seldom :olly comp5sat$4 ,! pleasures ( retrospect are among ! mo/ real we possess1 & x is ar\nd our *ildi% days t our fonde/ associations naturally clu/]4 ,an e>ly ov]-/ra9 ( our p[]s (t5 leaves beh9d x la/+ di/ortion or weakness1 & a sad *ildhood introduces into ! "* elem5ts ( morbidness & bitt]ness t w n disappe>4 ,! fir/ great rule 9 judg+ ( pleasures is t s well express$ by ,s5eca3 ',sic prs5tibus ut>is voluptatibus ut futuris non noceas'--s to use pres5t pleasures z n to impair future ones4 ,drunk5ness1 s5suality1 gambl+1 habitual extravagance & self-indulg5ce1 if !y become ! pleasures ( y\?1 w almo/ infallibly lead to ! ru9 ( a life4 ,pleasures t are 9 !mselves innoc5t lose _! p[] ( pleas+ if !y become ! sole or ma9 object ( pursuit4 ,9 />t+ 9 life we are apt to atta* a disproportionate value to ta/es1 pleasures1 & ideals t c only be ev5 approximately satisfi$ 9 y\?1 heal?1 & /r5g?4 ,we h1 ,i ?9k1 an example ( ?is 9 ! imm5se place :i* a?letic games & out-(-door sports h tak5 9 mod]n ,engli% life4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n ?+s to be condemn$4 ,!y h ! direct effect ( giv+ a l>ge am\nt ( int5se & innoc5t pleasure1 & !y h indirect effects :i* are /ill m important4 ,9 s f> z !y raise ! level ( physical /r5g? & heal?1 & dispel ! morbidness ( temp]am5t :i* is s apt to accompany a s$5t>y life & a diseas$ or in]t frame1 !y contribute p[]fully to la/+ happ9ess4 ,!y play a consid]able "p 9 ! =mation ( fri5d%ips :i* is "o ( ! be/ fruits ( ! p]iod betwe5 boyhood & mature manhood4 ,"s ( !m give lessons ( c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 self-re/ra9t1 & *e]ful acquiesc5ce 9 disappo9tm5t & defeat t are ( no small value 9 ! =mation ( "*1 & :5 !y are n associat$ ) gambl+ !y h (t5 ! ine/imable advantage ( turn+ "y m5 away f vici\s pleasures4 ,at ! same "t x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !y hold an exagg]at$ prom95ce 9 ! lives ( "y ,engli%m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,x is n too mu* to say t among l>ge sections ( ! /ud5ts at our ,univ]sities1 & at a "t :5 intellectual ambition ought to be mo/ /rong & :5 ! acquisition ( k is mo/ important1 pr(ici5cy 9 cricket or boat+ or football is m priz$ ?an any intellectual a*ievem5t4 ,i h he>d a good judge1 :o _h long be5 associat$ ) ,engli% ,univ]sity life1 express 8 op9ion t dur+ ! la/ =ty or fifty ye>s ! relative intellectual position ( ! upp] & middle classes 9 ,engl& has be5 mat]ially *ang$1 ow+ to ! disproportion$ place :i* outdoor amusem5ts h assum$ 9 ! lives ( ! =m]4 ,x is ! impression ( v compet5t judges t a g5u9e love1 rev]5ce & en?usiasm = intellectual ?+s is less common among ! "y m5 ( ! pres5t day ?an x 0 9 ! days ( _! fa!rs4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! critical _s :i* *ills en?usiasm1 & /ill m ! cram sy/em :i* tea*es "y m5 to look on ! prizes t are to be won by competitive exam9ations z ! supreme end ( k1 no d\bt l>gely acc\nt = ?is1 b mu* is also due to ! extravagant glorification ( a?letic games4 ,if we comp>e ! class ( pleasures ,i h describ$ ) ! ta/e = read+ & k9dr$ intellectual pleasures1 ! sup]iority ( ! latt] is v manife/4 ,to mo/ "y m51 x is true1 a game w probably give at lea/ z mu* pleasure z a book4 ,nor mu/ we measure ! pleasure ( read+ altoge!r by ! language ( ! g5u9e s*ol>4 ,x is n e "o :o c\ld say1 l ,gibbon1 t he w\ld n ex*ange 8 love ( read+ = all ! weal? ( ! ,indies4 ,v _m w\ld agree ) him2 b ,gibbon 0 a man ) an int5se natural love ( k1 & ! weak heal? ( 8 e>ly life int5sifi$ ?is pr$om9ant passion4 ,b :ile ! ta/es :i* require physical /r5g? decl9e or pass ) age1 t = read+ /eadily gr[s4 ,x is illimitable 9 ! vi/as ( pleasure x op5s2 x is "o ( ! mo/ easily satisfi$1 "o ( ! *eape/1 "o ( ! lea/ dep5d5t on age1 seasons1 & ! v>y+ conditions ( life4 ,x *e]s ! invalid ?r\gh ye>s ( weakness & conf9em5t2 illum9ates ! dre>y h\rs ( ! sleepless night2 /ores ! m9d ) pleasant ?\ghts1 bani%es ennui1 fills up ! unoccupi$ int]/ices & en=c$ leisures ( an active life2 makes m5 = a "t at lea/ =get _! anxieties & sorr[s1 & if x is judici\sly manag$ x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means ( tra9+ "* & discipl9+ & elevat+ ?\ght4 ,x is em95tly a pleasure :i* is n only good 9 itself b enhances _m o!rs4 ,by ext5d+ ! range ( our k1 by enl>g+ our p[]s ( sympa?y & appreciation1 x adds incalculably to ! pleasures ( society1 to ! pleasures ( travel1 to ! pleasures ( art1 to ! int]e/ we take 9 ! va/ v>iety ( ev5ts :i* =m ! great _w-drama ar\nd u4 ,to acquire ?is ta/e 9 e>ly y\? is "o ( ! be/ fruits ( education1 & x is especially useful :5 ! ta/e = read+ becomes a ta/e = k1 & :5 x is accompani$ by "s specialisation & conc5tration & by "s ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ',_m ta/es & "o hobby' is no bad ideal to be aim$ at4 ,! boy :o le>ns to collect & classify fossils1 or fl[]s1 or insects1 :o has acquir$ a love = *emical exp]im5ts1 :o has begun to =m a ta/e = "s p>ticul> k9d or dep>tm5t ( k1 has laid ! f\ndation ( mu* happ9ess 9 life4 ,9 ! selection ( pleasures & ! cultivation ( ta/es mu* wisdom is %[n 9 *oos+ 9 su* a way t ea* %\ld =m a complem5t to ! o!rs2 t diff]5t pleasures %\ld n cla%1 b r cov] diff]5t areas & seasons ( life2 t ea* %\ld t5d to correct faults or defici5cies ( "* :i* ! o!rs may possibly produce4 ,! "y man :o />ts 9 life ) ke5 lit]>y ta/es & also ) a ke5 love ( out-(-door sports1 & :o possesses ! means ( gratify+ ea*1 has p]haps provid$ himself ) z _m elem5ts ( happ9ess z m]e amusem5ts c ev] furni%4 ,"o set ( pleasures1 h[ev]1 (t5 kills ! capacity = enjoy+ o!rs1 & "s :i* 9 !mselves are absolutely innoc5t1 by blunt+ ! enjoym5t ( bett] ?+s1 ex]cise an injuri\s influ5ce on "*4 ,habitual novel-read+1 = example1 (t5 de/roys ! ta/e = s]i\s lit]ature1 & few ?+s t5d s mu* to impair a s\nd lit]>y p]ception & to vulg>ise ! "* z ! habit ( con/antly saturat+ ! m9d ) inf]ior lit]ature1 ev5 :5 t lit]ature is 9 no degree immoral4 ,sometimes an opposite evil may be produc$4 ,excessive fa/idi\sness greatly limits our enjoym5ts1 & ! ine/imable gift ( extreme conc5tration is (t5 de>ly b\ght4 ,! well-kn[n confession ( ,d>w9 t 8 int5se addiction to sci5ce _h de/roy$ 8 p[] ( enjoy+ ev5 ! noble/ imag9ative lit]ature repres5ts a dang] to :i* _m m5 :o h a*iev$ mu* 9 ! high] & sev]] =ms ( sci5tific ?\ght are subject4 ,su* m5 are usually by _! orig9al temp]am5t1 & become /ill m by acquir$ habit1 m5 ( /rong1 n>r[1 conc5trat$ natures1 ^: ?\ghts1 l a deep & rapid /ream conf9$ 9 a re/rict$ *annel1 fl[ ) resi/less en]gy 9 "o direction4 ,x is by ! sacrifice ( v]satility t !y d s mu*1 & ! result is amply suffici5t to ju/ify x4 ,b x is a real sacrifice1 depriv+ !m ( _m =ms bo? ( capacity & ( enjoym5t4 ,! same pleasures act diff]5tly on diff]5t *>act]s1 especially on ! diff]5ces ( "* t accompany diff]5ce ( sex4 ,i h myself no d\bt t ! movem5t :i* 9 mod]n times has s widely op5$ to wom5 amusem5ts t 7 once almo/ :olly res]v$ = m5 has be5 on ! :ole a good "o4 ,x has produc$ a high] level ( heal?1 /rong] n]ves1 & less morbid *>act]s1 & x has giv5 ke5 & innoc5t enjoym5t to _m :o f _! circum/ances & surr\nd+s once f\nd _! lives v dre>y & insipid4 ,yet mo/ good obs]v]s w agree t amusem5ts :i* h no k9d ( evil effect on m5 (t5 9 "s degree impair ! graces or *>act]s ( wom51 & t x is n q ) impunity t "o sex tries to live ! life ( ! o!r4 ,"s pleasures1 too1 ex]cise a mu* l>g] influ5ce ?an o!rs on ! g5]al habits ( life4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! inv5tion ( ! bicycle1 br++ ) x an imm5se increase ( outdoor life1 ( active ex]cise1 & ( indep5d5t habits1 has revolutionis$ ! c\rse ( _m lives4 ,"s amusem5ts :i* may 9 !mselves be b little valu$ are wisely cultivat$ z help+ m5 to move m easily 9 diff]5t sph]es ( society1 or z provid+ a res\rce = old age4 ,talleyr& 0 n :olly wrong 9 8 reproa* to a man :o _h nev] le>n$ to play :i/3 ',:at an unhappy old age y are prep>+ = y\rself6' ,i h already m5tion$ ! diff]5ces t may be f\nd 9 diff]5t c\ntries & ages1 9 ! relative importance atta*$ to ext]nal circum/ances & to dispositions ( m9d z means ( happ9ess1 & ! t5d5cy 9 ! m progressive nations to seek _! happ9ess ma9ly 9 improv$ circum/ances4 ,ano!r great l9e ( di/9ction is betwe5 education t acts specially ^u ! desires1 & t :i* acts specially ^u ! w4 ,! great p]fection ( mod]n sy/ems ( education is *iefly ( ! =m] k9d4 ,its object is to make k & virtue attractive1 & !re=e an object ( desire4 ,x does s p>tly by pres5t+ !m 9 ! mo/ allur+ =ms1 p>tly by connect+ !m z closely z possible ) rew>ds4 ,! great pr9ciple ( mod]n moral education is to multiply innoc5t & b5efic5t int]e/s1 ta/es1 & ambitions4 ,x is to make ! pa? ( virtue ! natural1 ! easy1 ! pleas+ "o2 to =m a social atmosph]e fav\rable to its developm5t1 mak+ duty & int]e/ z f> z possible co9cid5t4 ,vici\s pleasures are combat$ by ! multiplication ( heal?y ones1 & by a cle>] insight into ! consequ5ces ( ea*4 ,an idle or in]t "* is /imulat$ by hold+ up wor?y objects ( int]e/ & ambition1 & x is ! aim alike ( ! tea*] & ! legislator to make ! grooves & *annels ( life su* z t5d naturally & easily t[>ds good4 ,b ! education ( ! w--! p[] ( brea/+ ! curr5t ( ! desires & do+ = long p]iods :at is di/a/eful & pa9ful--is mu* less cultivat$ ?an 9 "s p]iods ( ! pa/4 ,_m ?+s contribute to ?is4 ,! ru% & hurry ( mod]n exi/5ce & ! incalculable multitude & v>iety ( fleet+ impressions t 9 ! great c5tres ( civilisation pass ov] ! m9d are v unfav\rable to conc5tration1 & p]haps /ill m to ! direct cultivation ( m5tal /ates4 ,amusem5ts1 & ! appetite = amusem5ts1 h greatly ext5d$4 ,life has become m full4 ,! long leisures1 ! introspective habits1 ! vita contemplativa s conspicu\s 9 ! old ,ca?olic discipl9e1 gr[ v r>e4 ,?\ghts & int]e/s are m ?r[n on ! ext]nal2 & ! com=t1 ! luxury1 ! s(tness1 ! humanity ( mod]n life1 & especially ( mod]n education1 make m5 less incl9$ to face ! disagreeable & endure ! pa9ful4 ,! />t+-po9t ( education is ?us sil5tly *ang+4 ,p]haps ! ext5t ( ! *ange is be/ %[n by ! old ,ca?olic ascetic tra9+4 ,its supreme object 0 to discipl9e & /r5g!n ! w3 to accu/om m5 habitually to repudiate ! pleasurable & accept ! pa9ful2 to mortify ! mo/ natural ta/es & affections2 to n>r[ & weak5 ! empire ( ! desires2 to make m5 :olly indep5d5t ( outw>d circum/ances2 to prea* self-r5unciation z itself an end4 ,m5 w always diff] ab\t ! m]its ( ?is sy/em4 ,9 my own op9ion x is difficult to believe t 9 ! p]iod ( ,ca?olic asc5d5cy ! moral /&>d 01 on ! :ole & 9 its broad l9es1 high] ?an our own4 ,! repression ( ! s5sual in/9cts 0 ! c5tral fact 9 ascetic morals2 b1 ev5 te/$ by ?is te/1 x is at lea/ v d\btful :e!r x did n fail4 ,! )drawal f secul> society ( ! be/ m5 did mu* to re/rict ! influ5ces = good1 & ! habit ( aim+ at an unnatural ideal 0 n fav\rable to common1 ev]yday1 dome/ic virtue4 ,! hi/ory ( sac]dotal & mona/ic celibacy abundantly %[s h[ mu* vice t might easily h be5 avoid$ grew out ( ! adoption ( an unnatural /&>d1 & h[ (t5 x l$ 9 ^? :o _h atta9$ x to grave di/ortions ( "*4 ,affections & impulses :i* 7 d5i$ _! heal?y & natural v5t ei!r became :olly atrophi$ or took o!r & morbid =ms1 & ! h>d1 cruel1 self-righte\s fanatic1 equally ready to endure or to inflict suff]+1 0 a n unnatural result4 ,b :atev] may h be5 its failures & its exagg]ations1 ,ca?olic asceticism 0 at lea/ a great s*ool = discipl9+ & /r5g!n+ ! w1 & ! /r5g? & discipl9e ( ! w =m "o ( ! fir/ elem5ts ( virtue & ( happ9ess4 ,9 ! grave & noble type ( "* :i* prevail$ 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican life dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! /r5g? ( w 0 conspicu\sly app>5t4 ,life 0 h>d]1 simpl]1 m s]i\s1 & less desultory ?an at pres5t1 & /rong convictions %ap$ & =tifi$ ! "*4 ',x 0 an age1' says a great ,am]ican writ]1 ':5 :at we call tal5t _h f> less consid]ation ?an n[1 b ! massive mat]ials :i* produce /ability & dignity ( "* a great deal m4 ,! p possess$ by h]$it>y "r ! quality ( rev]5ce1 :i*1 9 _! desc5dants1 if x survive at all1 exi/s 9 small] proportion & ) a va/ly dim9i%$ =ce 9 ! selection & e/imate ( public m54 ,! *ange may be = good or ill1 & is p>tly1 p]haps1 = bo?4 ,9 t old day ! ,engli% settl] on ^! rude %ores1 hav+ left k+1 nobles1 & all degrees ( awful rank beh9d1 :ile /ill ! faculty & necessity ( rev]5ce 7 /rong 9 him1 be/[$ x on ! :ite hair & v5]able br[ ( age2 on long-tri$ integrity2 on solid wisdom & sad-col\r$ exp]i5ce2 on end[m5ts ( t grave & weighty ord] :i* give ! idea ( p]man5ce & come "u ! g5]al def9ition ( respectability4 ,^! primitive /atesm51 !re=e1--,brad/reet1 ,endicott1 ,dudley1 ,bell+ham1 & _! compe]s1--:o 7 elevat$ to p[] by ! e>ly *oice ( ! p1 seem to h be5 n (t5 brilliant1 b di/+ui%$ by a pond]\s sobriety r ?an activity ( intellect4 ,!y _h =titude & self-reliance1 & 9 "t ( difficulty or p]il /ood up = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate l a l9e ( cliffs aga9/ a tempe/u\s tide4'#fa ,! p[] ( ! w1 h[ev]1 ev5 :5 x exi/s 9 great /r5g?1 is (t5 curi\sly caprici\s4 ,hi/ory is full ( examples ( m5 :o 9 great trials & em]g5cies h act$ ) admirable & p]sev]+ h]oism1 yet :o readily succumb$ to private vices or passions4 ,! w is n ! same z ! desires1 b ! connection betwe5 !m is v close4 ,a love = a di/ant end2 a dom9at+ ambition or passion1 w call =? long p]sev]ance 9 :olly di/a/eful "w 9 m5 ^: w 9 o!r fields ( life is lam5tably feeble4 ,e "o :o has emb>k$ ) real e>ne/ness 9 "s ext5d$ lit]>y ent]prise :i* z a :ole repres5ts ! g5u9e b5t ( 8 tal5t & "* w be /ruck ) 8 exceptional p[] ( trav]s+ p]sev]+ly long sections ( ?is ent]prise = :i* he has no natural aptitude & 9 :i* he takes no pleasure4 ,milit>y c\rage is ) mo/ m5 *iefly a matt] ( temp]am5t & impulse1 b !re h be5 conspicu\s in/ances ( great soldi]s & sailors :o h frankly ackn[l$g$ t !y nev] lo/ 9 battle an int5se con/itutional %r9k+ f dang]1 ?\gh by ! =ce ( a /rong w !y nev] suff]$ ?is timidity to gov]n or to weak5 !m4 ,) m5 ( v vivid imag9ation !re is a natural t5d5cy to timidity z !y realise m ?an ord9>y m5 dang] & suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h& x has (t5 be5 notic$ h[ calmly ! call\s1 semi-torpid temp]am5t t *>act]ises _m ( ! wor/ crim9als enables !m to meet dea? ^u ! gall[s4 ,9 c\rage itself1 too1 !re are _m v>ieties4 ,! c\rage ( ! soldi] & ! c\rage ( ! m>tyr are n ! same1 & x by no means foll[s t ei!r w\ld possess t ( ! o!r4 ,n a few m5 :o are capable ( lead+ a =lorn hope1 & :o nev] %r9k f ! bayonet & ! cannon1 h %[n !mselves incapable ( be>+ ! burd5 ( responsibility1 endur+ long-cont9u$ susp5se1 tak+ decisions :i* might expose !m to c5sure or unpopul>ity4 ,! active c\rage t enc\nt]s & delights 9 dang] is (t5 f\nd 9 m5 :o %[ no c\rage 9 be>+ suff]+1 mis=tune1 or disease4 ,9 passive c\rage ! woman (t5 excels ! man z mu* z 9 active c\rage ! man exce$s ! woman4 ,ev5 9 active c\rage famili>ity does mu*2 sympa?y & en?usiasm play great & (t5 v v>i\s p>ts1 & curi\s anomalies may be f\nd4 ,! ,teutonic & ! ,lat9 races are probably equally di/+ui%$ = _! milit>y c\rage1 b !re is a cle> diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ! nature ( t c\rage & 9 ! circum/ances or conditions "u :i* x is usually mo/ spl5didly display$4 ,! dang] incurr$ by ! gladiator 0 f> great] ?an t :i* 0 enc\nt]$ by ! soldi]1 b ,tacitus#fb m5tions t :5 "s ( ! brave/ gladiators 7 employ$ 9 ! ,roman army !y 7 f\nd :olly ineffici5t1 z !y 7 mu* less capable ?an ! ord9>y soldi]s ( milit>y c\rage4 ,! circum/ances ( life are ! great s*ool = =m+ & /r5g!n+ ! w1 & 9 ! excessive competition & /ruggle ( mod]n indu/rialism ?is s*ool is n want+4 ,b 9 e?ical & educational sy/ems ! value ( its cultivation is (t5 insuffici5tly felt4 ,yet no?+ :i* is le>n$ 9 y\? is s really valuable z ! p[] & ! habit ( self-re/ra9t1 ( self-sacrifice1 ( en]getic1 cont9u\s & conc5trat$ ef=t4 ,9 ! be/ ( u evil t5d5cies are always /rong & ! pa? ( duty is (t5 di/a/eful4 ,) ! mo/ fav\rable w9d & tide ! b>k w nev] arrive at ! h>b\r if x has ceas$ to obey ! rudd]4 ,a weak nature :i* is naturally k9dly1 affectionate & pure1 :i* floats ?r\gh life "u ! impulse ( ! feel+s1 ) no real p[] ( self-re/ra9t1 is inde$ n )\t its *>m1 & 9 a well-organis$ society1 ) good surr\nd+s & few temptations1 x may atta9 a high degree ( beauty2 b its besett+ fail+s w /eadily gr[2 )\t =titude1 p]sev]ance & pr9ciple1 x has no recup]ative en]gy1 & x w (t5 end 9 a moral cata/rophe :i* natures 9 o!r respects mu* less happily comp\nd$ w\ld easily avoid4 ,no?+ c p]man5tly secure our moral be+ 9 ! abs5ce ( a re/ra9+ w bas+ itself ^u a /rong s5se ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 ^u ! firm gr\ndwork ( pr9ciple & hon\r4 ,exp]i5ce abundantly %[s h[ p[]fully ! /eady action ( su* a w c op]ate ^u innate defects1 conv]t+ ! con/itutional idl] into ! indefatigably indu/ri\s1 *eck+1 limit+ & sometimes almo/ de/roy+ con/itutional irritability & vici\s passions4 ,! natural p[] ( ! w 9 diff]5t m5 diff]s greatly1 b !re is no "p ( our nature :i* is m /r5g!n$ by ex]cise or m weak5$ by disuse4 ,! m9or faults ( "* x c usually correct2 b :5 a "* is once =m$1 & :5 its t5d5cies are ess5tially vici\s1 radical cure or ev5 consid]able amelioration is v r>e4 ,sometimes ! /rong influ5ce ( religion effects x4 ,sometimes x is effect$ by an illness1 a great mis=tune1 or ! total *ange ( associations t foll[s emigration4 ,m>riage p]haps m frequ5tly ?an any o!r ord9>y ag5cy 9 e>ly life trans=ms or deeply modifies ! "*1 = x puts an end to p[]ful temptations & br+s ) x a pr(\nd *ange ( habits & motives1 associations & desires4 ,b we h all ( u enc\nt]$ 9 life deprav$ natures 9 :i* vici\s self-indulg5ce _h atta9$ su* a /r5g?1 & ! recup]at+ & moralis+ elem5ts 7 s fatally weak1 t we cle>ly p]ceive ! disease to be incurable1 & t x is h>dly possible t any *ange ( circum/ances c\ld ev5 s]i\sly mitigate x4 ,9 :at proportion ?is is ! fault or ! calamity ( ! pati5t no human judgm5t c accurately tell4 ,few ?+s are sadd] ?an to obs]ve h[ frequ5tly ! inh]itance ( great weal? or ev5 ( easy compet5ce proves ! utt] & spe$y ru9 ( a "y man1 except :5 ! adm9i/ration ( a l>ge prop]ty1 or ! necessity ( c>ry+ on a great bus9ess1 or "s o!r propiti\s circum/ance provides him ) a cle>ly def9$ sph]e ( "w4 ,! majority ( m5 w gladly disc>d di/a/eful "w :i* _! circum/ances d n require2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( /eady "w1 & 9 ! possession ( all ! means ( gratification1 temptations assume an ov]:elm+ /r5g?1 & ! spr+s ( moral life are fatally impair$4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! av]age longevity 9 ?is small class is f> less ?an 9 t ( common m51 & t ev5 :5 natural capacity is consid]able x is m r>ely display$4 ,to a man ) a real desire = "w su* circum/ances are inde$ ( ine/imable value1 giv+ him ! leisure & ! opportunities ( apply+ himself )\t di/raction & f e>ly manhood to ! k9d ( "w t is mo/ suit$ to him4 ,sometimes ?is takes place1 b mu* m frequ5tly vici\s ta/es or a simply idle or purposeless life are ! result4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 a l>ge am\nt ( desultory & unregulat$ en]gy rema9s1 b ! s]i\s lab\r ( conc5tration is %unn$ & no real result is atta9$4 ,! /ream is !re1 b x turns no mill4 ,mo/ m5 escape ?is dang] ?r\gh ! circum/ances ( life :i* make s]i\s & /eady "w necess>y to _! livelihood1 & 9 ! majority ( cases ! k9d ( "w is s cle>ly m>k$ out t !y h little *oice4 ,:5 "s *oice exi/s1 ! rule :i* ,i h already laid d[n %\ld n be =gott54 ,m5 %\ld *oose _! "w n only accord+ to _! tal5ts & _! opportunities1 b also1 z f> z possible1 accord+ to _! *>act]s4 ,!y %\ld select ! k9ds :i* are mo/ fitt$ to br+ _! be/ qualities into ex]cise1 or %\ld at lea/ avoid ^? :i* h a special t5d5cy to develop or enc\rage _! dom9ant defects4 ,on ! :ole x w be f\nd t m5's *>act]s are mu* m deeply influ5c$ by _! pursuits ?an by _! op9ions4 ,! *oice ( "w is "o ( ! great ag5cies = ! managem5t ( "* 9 y\?4 ,! *oice ( fri5ds is ano!r4 ,9 ! words ( ,burke1 ',! law ( op9ion 444 is ! /ronge/ pr9ciple 9 ! composition ( ! frame ( ! human m9d1 & m ( ! happ9ess & unhapp9ess ( man reside 9 t inw>d pr9ciple ?an 9 all ext]nal circum/ances put toge!r4'#fc ,?is is true ( ! great public op9ion ( an age or c\ntry :i* envelops u l an atmosph]e1 & by its sil5t pressure /eadily & almo/ ins5sibly %apes or influ5ces ! :ole texture ( our lives4 ,x is /ill m true ( ! small] circle ( our intimacies :i* w d m ?an almo/ any o!r ?+ to make ! pa? ( virtue easy or difficult4 ,h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! inc5tives to a noble ambition1 or ( ! fir/ temptations to evil1 may be trac$ to an e>ly fri5d%ip1 & x is (t5 9 ! little circle t ga!rs r\nd a college table t ! measure ( life is fir/ tak51 & ideals & en?usiasms are =m$ :i* give a col\r to all succe$+ ye>s4 ,to admire /rongly & to admire wisely is1 inde$1 "o ( ! be/ means ( moral improvem5t4 ,v mu*1 h[ev]1 ( ! managem5t ( "* c only be accompli%$ by ! individual himself act+ 9 complete isolation ^u 8 own nature & 9 ! *amb] ( 8 own m9d4 ,! discipl9e ( ?\ght2 ! e/abli%m5t ( an asc5d5cy ( ! w ov] our c\rses ( ?9k+2 ! p[] ( ca/+ away morbid tra9s ( reflection & turn+ resolutely to o!r subjects or aspects ( life2 ! p[] ( conc5trat+ ! m9d vigor\sly on a s]i\s subject & pursu+ cont9u\s tra9s ( ?\ght1--=m p]haps ! be/ fruits ( judici\s self-education4 ,its importance1 inde$1 is manifold4 ,9 ! high] walks ( intellect ?is p[] ( m5tal conc5tration is ( supreme value4 ,newton is said to h ascrib$ ma9ly to an unusual am\nt ( x 8 a*ievem5ts 9 philosophy1 & x is probable t ! same might be said by mo/ o!r great ?9k]s4 ,9 ! pursuit ( happ9ess h>dly any?+ 9 ext]nal circum/ances is s really valuable z ! p[] ( ca/+ (f worry1 turn+ 9 times ( sorr[ to heal?y "w1 tak+ habitually ! bright] view ( ?+s4 ,x is 9 su* ex]cises ( w t we *iefly realise ! tru? ( ! l9es ( ,t5nyson3 ,oh1 well = him ^: w is /rong1 ,he suff]s1 b he w n suff] long4 ,9 moral culture x is n less important to acquire ! p[] ( disc>d+ ! demoralis+ ?\ghts & imag9ations t haunt s _m1 & meet+ temptation by call+ up pur]1 high] & re/ra9+ ?\ghts4 ,! faculty we possess ( alt]nat+ & int5sify+ our own motives by br++ c]ta9 ?\ghts1 or images1 or subjects into ! =egr\nd & ?r[+ o!rs into ! backgr\nd1 is "o ( our *ief means ( moral progress4 ,! cultivation ( ?is p[] is a f> wis] ?+ ?an ! cultivation ( t introspective habit ( m9d :i* is p]petually occupi$ ) self-analysis or self-exam9ation1 & :i* is con/antly & remorsefully dwell+ ^u pa/ faults or ^u ! morbid elem5ts 9 our nature4 ,9 ! morals :i* are call$ m9or1 ?\gh !y affect deeply ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 ! importance ( ! gov]nm5t ( ?\ght is n less app>5t4 ,! secret ( good or bad temp] is our habitual t5d5cy to dwell ^u or to fly f ! irritat+ & ! inevitable4 ,cont5t or discont5t1 amiability or ! rev]se1 dep5d ma9ly ^u ! disposition ( our m9ds to turn specially to ! good or to ! evil sides ( our own lot1 to ! m]its or to ! defects ( ^? ab\t u4 ,a p[] ( turn+ our ?\ghts f a giv5 subject1 ?\gh n ! sole elem5t 9 self-control1 is at lea/ "o ( its mo/ important +r$i5ts4 ,?is p[] ( ! w ov] ! ?\ghts is "o 9 :i* m5 diff] enorm\sly4 ,?us--to take ! mo/ famili> in/ance--! capacity = worry1 ) all ! exagg]ations & di/ortions ( s5tim5t x implies1 is v evid5tly a con/itutional ?+1 & :]e x exi/s to a high degree nei!r reason nor w c effectually cure x4 ,su* a man may h ! cle>e/ possible intellectual p]ception ( its uselessness & its folly4 ,yet x w (t5 bani% sleep f 8 pill[1 foll[ him ) an habitual depression 9 all ! walks ( life1 & make 8 measure ( happ9ess mu* less ?an t ( o!rs :o ) f> less propiti\s circum/ances are endu$ by nature ) ! gift ( lightly ?r[+ (f ! pa/ & look+ =w>d ) a sangu9e & *e]ful _s to ! future4 ,x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! diff]5t degrees ( suff]+ ! same tr\ble w produce 9 diff]5t m51 & x is probable t ! happ9ess ( a life dep5ds mu* less on ! am\nt ( pleasurable or pa9ful ?+s t are enc\nt]$1 ?an ^u ! turn ( ?\ght :i* dwells *iefly on "o or on ! o!r4 ,x is v evid5t t buoyancy ( temp]am5t is n a ?+ t increases ) civilisation or education4 ,x is ma9ly physical4 ,x is greatly influ5c$ by climate & by heal?1 & :]e no v cle> explanation ( ?is k9d c be giv5 x is a ?+ 9 :i* diff]5t nations diff] greatly4 ,few good obs]v]s w d5y t p]si/5t & conc5trat$ w is m common 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an 9 ,irel&1 b t ! gift ( a buoyant temp]am5t is m common among ,iri%m5 ?an among ,engli%m54 ,yet x co-exi/s 9 ! national "* ) a /rong ve9 ( v g5u9e melan*oly1 & x is (t5 accompani$ by ke5 s5sitiv5ess to suff]+4 ,?is comb9ation is a v common "o4 ,e "o :o has (t5 /ood by a dea?b$ kn[s h[ frequ5tly x w be f\nd t ! m\rn] :o is utt]ly pro/rat$ by grief1 & ^: te>s fl[ 9 torr5ts1 ca/s (f h] grief mu* m completely & mu* soon] ?an "o ^: te>s refuse to fl[ & :o nev] = a mom5t loses h] self-comm&4 ,b ?\gh natural temp]am5t enables "o man to d )\t ef=t :at ano!r man ) ! utmo/ ef=t fails to accompli%1 !re are "s available rem$ies t c palliate ! disease4 ,society1 travel & o!r amusem5ts c d some?+1 & su* words z 'div]sion' & 'di/raction' embalm ! tru? t ! *ief virtue ( _m pleasures is to div]t or di/ract our m9ds f pa9ful ?\ghts4 ,pascal consid]$ ?is a sign ( ! mis]y & ! bas5ess ( our nature1 & he describes z a deplorable spectacle a man :o rose f 8 b$ weigh$ d[n ) anxiety & grave sorr[1 & :o c\ld = a "t =get x all 9 ! passionate excitem5t ( ! *ase4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! possession ( su* a p[]--weak & transi5t ?\gh x be--is "o ( ! great alleviations ( ! lot ( man4 ,religion1 ) its p[]ful motives & its wide range ( consolatory & soo?+ ?\ghts & images1 has mu* p[] 9 ?is sph]e :5 x does n take a morbid =m & int5sify in/ead ( alleviat+ sorr[2 & ! /eady ex]cise ( ! w gives u "s real & increas+1 ?\gh imp]fect1 control ov] ! curr5t ( our feel+s z well z ( our ideas4 ,(t5 ! p[] ( dream+ comes to our aid4 ,:5 we _c turn f "s pa9fully press+ ?\ght to s]i\s ?9k+ ( ano!r k9d1 we c give ! re9s to our imag9ations & soon lose ourselves 9 ideal sc5es4 ,!re are m5 :o live s habitually 9 a _w ( imag9ation t x becomes to !m a second life1 & _! /ronge/ temptations & _! ke5e/ pleasures belong to x4 ,to !m 'common life seems tape/ri$ ) dreams4' ,n unfrequ5tly !y d]ive a pleasure f imag9$ or rememb]$ enjoym5ts :i* ! realities !mselves w\ld fail to give4 ,!y select 9 imag9ation c]ta9 aspects or portions1 ?r[ o!rs into ! %ade1 int5sify or att5uate impressions1 trans=m & beautify ! reality ( ?+s4 ,! p[] ( fill+ _! exi/5ce ) happy day-dreams is _! mo/ preci\s luxury4 ,!y feel ! full =ce ( ! pa!tic l9es ( an ,iri% poet3#fd ,sweet ?\ghts1 bright dreams my com=t be1 ,i h no joy beside2 ,oh1 ?rong ar\nd & be to me ,p[]1 c\ntry1 fame & bride4 ,to tra9 ?is side ( our nature is no small "p ( ! managem5t ( "*4 ,!re is a great sph]e ( happ9ess & mis]y :i* is almo/ or altoge!r unconnect$ ) surr\nd+ circum/ances1 & dep5ds ^u ! ?\ghts1 images1 hopes & fe>s on :i* our m9ds are *iefly conc5trat$4 ,! ex]cise ( ?is =m ( imag9ation has (t5 a great influ5ce1 bo? intellectually & morally4 ,9 *ildhood1 z e tea*] kn[s1 x is (t5 a di/ract+ influ5ce1 & ) m5 also x is sometimes an ob/acle to conc5trat$ reason+ & obs]vation1 turn+ ! m9d away f sob] & difficult ?\ght2 b !re is a k9d ( dream+ :i* is em95tly conducive to productive ?\ght4 ,x enables a man to place himself s completely 9 o!r conditions ( ?\ght & life t ! ideas connect$ ) ^? conditions rise spontane\sly 9 ! m9d4 ,a true & vivid realisation ( *>act]s & circum/ances unlike 8 own is acquir$4 ,! m]e fact ( plac+ himself 9 o!r circum/ances & inve/+ himself ) imag9>y p[]s & functions sometimes sugge/s possible rem$ies = great human ills1 & gives cle>] views ( ! proportions1 difficulties & conditions ( gov]nm5ts & societies4 ,mu* discov]y 9 sci5ce has be5 due to ?is p[] ( ! imag9ation to realise conditions t are unse51 & ! habit or faculty ( liv+ o!r lives ?an our own is sc>cely less valuable to ! hi/orian1 & ev5 to ! /atesman1 ?an to ! poet or ! noveli/ or ! dramati/4 ,x gives ! magic t\* :i* *anges m]e lifeless k into realisation4 ,its effect ^u "* also is great & v>i\s4 ,no "o c fail to recognise ! deprav+ influ5ce ( a corrupt imag9ation2 & ! corruption may spr+1 n only f sugge/ions f )\t1 b f ^? :i* rise spontane\sly 9 our m9ds4 ,nor is ev5 ! imag9ation :i* is :olly pure absolutely )\t its dang]s4 ,x is a well-kn[n law ( our nature t an excessive indulg5ce 9 emotion t does n end 9 action t5ds r to dead5 ?an to /imulate ! moral n]ve4 ,x has be5 (t5 notic$ t ! exagg]at$ s5tim5tality :i* %$s passionate te>s ov] ! fictiti\s sorr[s ( a novel or a play is no c]ta9 sign ( a b5evol5t & unselfi% nature1 & is q compatible ) mu* indiff]5ce to real sorr[s & mu* indisposition to make ef=ts = _! alleviation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 no less true1 z ,dugald ,/ew>t says1 t ! app>5t coldness & selfi%ness ( m5 are (t5 simply due to a want ( t k9d ( imag9ation :i* enables u to realise suff]+s ) :i* we h nev] be5 br\ght into direct contact1 & t once ?is p[] ( realisation is acquir$1 ! coldness is spe$ily dispell$4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t 9 ! managem5t ( ?\ght1 ! dream p[] (t5 plays a mo/ important "p 9 alleviat+ human suff]+2 illum9at+ *e]less & gloomy lives1 & break+ ! *a9 ( evil or di/ress+ ?\ghts4 ,! imm5se place :i* ! lit]ature ( fiction holds 9 ! _w %[s h[ widely "s measure ( x is diffus$1 & h[ l>ge an am\nt ( "t & tal5t is devot$ to its cultivation4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t x is really /rong] 9 ! e>li] & uncultivat$ ?an 9 ! lat] /ages ( humanity1 z x is m vivid 9 *ildhood & 9 y\? ?an 9 mature life4 ',a *ild1' z an ,am]ican writ]#fe has well said1 'c af=d to sleep )\t dream+2 he has pl5ty ( dreams )\t sleep4' ,! *ildhood ( ! _w is also em95tly an age ( dreams4 ,!re are /ages ( civilisation 9 :i* ! dream _w bl5ds s closely ) ! _w ( realities1 9 :i* ! imag9ation s habitually & s spontane\sly transfigures or di/orts1 t m5 become almo/ incapable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! real & ! fictiti\s4 ,?is is ! true age ( my?s & leg5ds2 & !re are /rata 9 contempor>y society 9 :i* some?+ ( ! same conditions is reproduc$4 ',to ^? :o d n read or write mu*1' says an acute obs]v]1 'ev5 9 our days1 dreams are mu* m real ?an to ^? :o are cont9ually ex]cis+ ! imag9ation4444 ,s9ce ,i h be5 occupi$ ) lit]ature my dreams h lo/ all vividness & are less real ?an ! %ad[s ( ! trees2 !y d n deceive me ev5 9 my sleep4 ,at e h\r ( ! day ,i am accu/om$ to call up figures at w be=e my eyes1 :i* /& out well def9$ & col\r$ to ! v hue ( _! faces4444 ,! less lit]>y a p ! m !y believe 9 dreams2 ! disappe>ance ( sup]/ition is n due to ! cultivation ( reason or ! spread ( k1 b purely to ! me*anical effect ( read+1 :i* s p]petually puts figures & arial %apes be=e ! m5tal gaze t 9 "t ^? t occur naturally are ?\ght no m ( ?an ^? conjur$ into exi/5ce by a book4 ,x is 9 f>-away c\ntry places1 :]e p read v little1 t !y see phantoms & consult ! oracles ( fate4 ,_! dreams are real4'#ff ,! la/ po9t ,i w\ld notice 9 ! managem5t ( "* is ! importance ( :at may be call$ moral safety-valves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fatal mi/akes 9 education is ! attempt :i* is s (t5 made by ! educator to impose 8 own habits & ta/es on natures t are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,x is common = m5 ( lymphatic temp]am5ts1 ( /udi\s1 sa9tly1 & retir+ ta/es1 to endeavor to =ce a high-spirit$ "y man />t+ 9 life into _! own m\ld--to prescribe = him ! ca/ ( ta/es & pursuits !y f9d mo/ suit$ = !mselves1 =gett+ t su* an ideal c nev] satisfy a :olly diff]5t nature1 & t 9 aim+ at x a k9d ( excell5ce :i* might easily h be5 atta9$ is miss$4 ,?is is "o ( ! evils t v frequ5tly arise :5 ! education ( boys aft] an e>ly age is left 9 ! h&s ( wom54 ,x is ! true explanation ( ! fact1 :i* has s (t5 be5 notic$1 t *ildr5 ( cl]gym51 or at lea/ *ildr5 educat$ on a rigidly au/]e1 puritanical sy/em1 s (t5 g conspicu\sly to ! bad4 ,su* an education1 impos$ on a nature t is unfit = x1 g5]ally beg9s by produc+ hypocrisy1 & n unfrequ5tly ends by a viol5t reaction into vice4 ,!re is no great] mi/ake 9 education ?an to associate virtue 9 e>ly y\? ) gloomy col\rs & con/ant re/rictions1 & few p d m mis*ief 9 ! _w ?an ^? :o are p]petually inv5t+ crimes4 ,9 circles :]e smok+1 or field sports1 or go+ to ! play1 or read+ novels1 or indulg+ 9 any boi/]\s games or 9 ! mo/ h>mless ,sunday amusem5ts1 are treat$ z if !y 7 grave moral (f5ces1 "y m5 con/antly gr[ up :o end by look+ on grave moral (f5ces z n worse ?an ^! ?+s4 ,!y lose all s5se ( proportion & p]spective 9 morals1 & ^? :o are always /ra9+ at gnats are (t5 peculi>ly apt to swall[ camels4 ,x is q "r t m5 :o h =m$ = !mselves an ideal ( life ( ! k9d t ,i h describ$ %\ld /eadily pursue x1 b x is ano!r ?+ to impose x ^u o!rs1 & to prescribe x z ( g5]al application4 ,by tea*+ z absolutely wrong ?+s t are 9 reality only culpable 9 _! abuse or _! excess1 !y de/roy ! habit ( mod]ate & re/ra9$ enjoym5t1 & a p]iod ( absolute prohibition is (t5 foll[$ by a p]iod ( unre/ra9$ lic5se4 ,! tru? is !re are elem5ts 9 human nature :i* _m morali/s might wi% to be abs5t1 z !y are v easily turn$ 9 ! direction ( vice1 b :i* at ! same "t are inh]5t 9 our be+1 &1 if rightly und]/ood1 are ess5tial elem5ts ( human progress4 ,! love ( excitem5t & adv5ture2 ! fi]ce combative in/9ct t delights 9 dang]1 9 /ruggle1 & ev5 9 de/ruction2 ! re/less ambition t seeks ) an insatiable long+ to bett] its position & to climb heights t are yet unscal$2 ! crav+ = "s enjoym5t :i* n m]ely gives pleasure b c>ries ) x a ?rill ( passion1--all ?is lies deep 9 human nature & plays a great "p 9 t /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 t h>% & pa9ful process ( evolution by :i* civilisation is =m$1 faculty /imulat$ to its full developm5t1 & human progress secur$4 ,9 ! education ( ! individual1 z 9 ! education ( ! race1 ! true policy 9 deal+ ) ^! ?+s is to f9d = !m a heal?y1 useful1 or at lea/ h>mless sph]e ( action4 ,9 ! *emi/ry ( "* !y may ally !mselves ) ! mo/ h]oic z well z ) ! wor/ p>ts ( our nature1 & ! same passion = excitem5t :i* 9 "o man w take ! =m ( ru9\s vice1 9 ano!r may lead to brilliant ent]prise1 :ile 9 a ?ird x may be turn$ ) no great difficulty into *annels :i* are v innoc5t4 ,take1 = example1 ! case to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 ( a p]fectly commonplace boy :o1 on com+ ( age1 f9ds himself ) a compet5ce t saves him f ! necessity ( "w2 & :o has no ambition1 lit]>y or arti/ic ta/e1 love ( "w1 int]e/ 9 politics1 religi\s or philan?ropic e>ne/ness1 or special tal5t4 ,:at w become ( him8 ,9 probably ! majority ( cases ru91 disease1 & an e>ly dea? lie be=e him4 ,he seeks only = amusem5t & excitem5t1 & ?ree fatal temptations await him--dr9k1 gambl+1 & wom54 ,if he falls "u ! dom9ion ( ^!1 or ev5 ( "o ( !m1 he almo/ infallibly wrecks ei!r 8 =tune or 8 con/itution1 or bo?4 ,x is p]fectly useless to set be=e him high motives or ideals1 or to incite him to l9es ( life = :i* he has no aptitude & :i* c give him no pleasure4 ,:at1 !n1 c save him8 ,mo/ frequ5tly a happy m>riage2 b ev5 if he is =tunate en\gh to atta9 ?is1 x w probably only be aft] sev]al ye>s1 & 9 ^? ye>s a fatal bias is likely to be giv5 to 8 life :i* c nev] be recov]$4 ,yet exp]i5ce %[s t 9 cases ( ?is k9d a ke5 love ( sport c (t5 d mu*4 ,) 8 gun & ) 8 hunt] he f9ds an int]e/1 an excitem5t1 an employm5t :i* may n be p>ticul>ly noble1 b :i* is at lea/ suffici5tly absorb+1 & is n injuri\s ei!r to 8 morals1 8 heal?1 or 8 =tune4 ,x is no small ga9 if1 9 ! competition ( pleasures1 c\ntry pleasures take ! place ( ^? t[n pleasures :i*1 9 su* cases z ,i h describ$1 usually mean pleasures ( vice4 ,nor is x by any means only 9 su* cases t field sports prove a great moral safety-valve1 scatt]+ morbid ta/es & giv+ h>mless & heal?y v5t to turns ( "* or feel+ :i* might v easily be conv]t$ into vice4 ,among ! influ5ces t =m ! "* ( ! upp] classes ( ,engli%m5 !y h a great "p1 & 9 spite ( ! exagg]ations & extravagances t (t5 accompany !m1 few good obs]v]s w d\bt t !y h an influ5ce = good4 ,h[ev] mu* ( ! ,phili/9e elem5t !re may be 9 ! upp] classes 9 ,engl&1 h[ev] manife/ may be _! limitations & _! defects1 !re c be little d\bt t on ! :ole ! conditions ( ,engli% life h 9 ?is sph]e prov$ successful4 ,!re are few bett] work+ types )9 ! rea* ( commonplace m5 ?an t ( an ,engli% g5tleman ) 8 conv5tional ta/es1 /&>d ( hon\r1 religion1 sympa?ies1 ideals1 op9ions & in/9cts4 ,he is n likely to be ei!r a sa9t or a philosoph]1 b he is tol]ably sure to be bo? an hon\rable & a useful man1 ) a fair measure ( good s5se & mod]ation1 & ) "s disposition t[>ds public duties4 ,a cr[d ( out-(-door amusem5ts & int]e/s d mu* to dispel 8 peccant hum\rs & to save him f ! /agnation & ! s5suality t h beset _m =eign ari/ocracies4 ,c\nty bus9ess /imulates 8 activity1 mitigates 8 class prejudices1 & =ms 8 judgm5t3 & 8 /&>d ( hon\r w keep him sub/antially "r amid mu* fluctuation ( op9ions4 ,! read]1 f 8 own exp]i5ce ( individual *>act]s1 w supply o!r illu/rations ( ! l9es ( ?\ght ,i am en=c+4 ,"s temptations t beset u mu/ be /eadily fac$ & subdu$4 ,o!rs are be/ met by flight--by avoid+ ! ?\ghts or sc5es t call !m into activity2 :ile o!r elem5ts ( "* :i* we might wi% to be away are (t5 bett] treat$ 9 ! way ( m>riage--t is by a judici\s regulation & h>mless application--?an 9 ! way ( asceticism or attempt$ suppression4 ,x is possible = m5--if n 9 educat+ !mselves1 at lea/ 9 educat+ o!rs--to pit* _! /&>d & _! ideal too high4 ,:at !y h to d is to recognise _! own qualities & ! qualities ( ^? :om !y influ5ce z !y are1 & endeav\r to use ^! usually v imp]fect mat]ials to ! be/ advantage = ! =mation ( useful1 hon\rable & happy lives4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ?is book1 man comes into ! _w ) a free w4 ,b 8 free w1 ?\gh a real ?+1 acts 9 a n>r[] circle & ) m num]\s limitations ?an he usually imag9es4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 d mu* s to dispose1 regulate & modify ! circum/ances ( 8 life z to dim9i% bo? 8 suff]+s & 8 temptations1 & to secure = himself ! ext]nal conditions ( a happy & upright life1 & he c d some?+ by judici\s & p]sev]+ self-culture to improve ^? conditions ( "* on :i*1 m ?an on any ext]nal circum/ances1 bo? happ9ess & virtue dep5d4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,haw?orne's ,sc>let ,lett]1 *4 xxii4 #fb ,hi/4 ii4 #ce4 #fc ,spee* on ! ,impea*m5t ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 #fd ,davis4 #fe ,cable4 #ff ,jeff]ies1 ,field & ,h$g][1 p4 #bdb4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,money ,i d n ?9k t ,i c bett] introduce ! few pages :i* ,i propose to write on ! relations ( money to happ9ess & to "* ?an by a pregnant passage f "o ( ! essays#fg ( ,sir ,h5ry ,taylor4 ',s manifold are ! be>+s ( money ^u ! lives & *>act]s ( mank9d1 t an insight :i* %\ld se>* out ! life ( a man 9 8 pecuni>y relations w\ld p5etrate into almo/ e cranny ( 8 nature4 ,he :o kn[s l ,/4 ,paul bo? h[ to sp>e & h[ to ab\nd has a great k2 = if we take acc\nt ( all ! virtues ) :i* money is mix$ up--hone/y1 ju/ice1 g5]osity1 *>ity1 frugality1 =e?\ght1 self-sacrifice1 & ( _! correlative vices1 x is a k :i* goes ne> to cov] ! l5g? & bread? ( humanity1 & a "r measure 9 gett+1 sav+1 sp5d+1 giv+1 tak+1 l5d+1 borr[+ & bequea?+ w\ld almo/ argue a p]fect man4' ,!re are few subjects on :i* ! contra/ betwe5 ! pr(ess$ & ! real beliefs ( m5 is great] ?an 9 ! e/imate ( money4 ,m ?an any o!r s+le ?+ x is ! object & usually ! lifelong object ( human ef=t1 & any accession ( weal? is hail$ by ! imm5se majority ( mank9d z an unque/ionable bless+4 ,yet if we 7 to take lit]ally mu* ( ! tea*+ we h all he>d we %\ld conclude t money1 beyond :at is requir$ = ! necess>ies ( life1 is f> m a dang] ?an a good2 t x is ! pre-em95t s\rce ( evil & temptation2 t "o ( ! fir/ duties ( man is to emancipate himself f ! love ( x1 :i* c only mean f any /rong desire = its increase4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r ?+s1 ! "q is l>gely "o ( degree4 ,no "o :o kn[s :at is meant by ! abject pov]ty to :i* a great proportion ( ! human race is condemn$ w d\bt t at lea/ su* an am\nt ( money z raises !m f ?is condition is "o ( ! greate/ ( human bless+s4 ,extreme pov]ty means a lifelong /ruggle = ! b>e means ( liv+2 x means a life sp5t 9 wret*$ hovels1 ) insuffici5t food1 clo!s & fir+1 9 en=c$ & absolute ignorance2 an exi/5ce almo/ purely animal1 ) ne>ly all ! high] faculties ( man undevelop$4 ,!re is a f> great] real diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ial elem5ts ( happ9ess betwe5 ! condition ( su* m5 & t ( a mod]ately prosp]\s artizan 9 a civilis$ c\ntry ?an !re is betwe5 ! latt] & ! millionaire4 ,money1 aga91 at lea/ to su* an am\nt z enables m5 to be 9 "s consid]able degree ma/]s ( _! own c\rse 9 life1 is also on ! :ole a great good4 ,9 ?is second degree x has less influ5ce on happ9ess ?an heal?1 & probably ?an "* & dome/ic relations1 b its influ5ce is at lea/ v great4 ,money is a good ?+ because x c be trans=m$ into _m o!r ?+s4 ,x gives ! p[] ( education :i* 9 itself does mu* to regulate ! "* & op5s out c\ntless ta/es & sph]es ( enjoym5t4 ,x saves its possessor f ! fe> ( a de/itute old age & ( ! de/itution ( ^? he may leave beh9d1 :i* is ! h>r[+ c>e ( multitudes :o _c be reckon$ among ! v poor4 ,x enables him to int]mit lab\r 9 times ( sickness & sorr[ & old age1 & 9 ^? extremes ( heat & cold dur+ :i* active lab\r is little less ?an physical pa94 ,x gives him & x gives ^? he loves increas$ *ances ( life & increas$ hope ( recov]y 9 sickness4 ,few ( ! pa9s ( p5ury are m acute ?an ^? ( a poor man :o sees 8 wife or *ildr5 )]+ away ?r\gh disease1 & :o kn[s or believes t bett] food or m$ical att5dance1 or a surgical op]ation1 or a *ange ( climate1 might h sav$ !m4 ,money1 too1 ev5 :5 x does n disp5se ) "w1 at lea/ gives a *oice ( "w & long] int]vals ( leisure4 ,= ! v poor ?is *oice h>dly exi/s1 or exi/s only )9 v n>r[ limits1 & f want ( culture or want ( leisure "s ( _! mo/ m>k$ natural aptitudes are nev] call$ into ex]cise4 ,) ! comp>atively ri* ?is is n ! case4 ,money enables !m to select ! c\rse ( life :i* is cong5ial to _! ta/es & mo/ suit$ to _! natural tal5ts1 or1 if _! /ronge/ ta/e _c become _! "w1 money at lea/ gives !m "s leisure to cultivate x4 ,! comm& ( leisure1 :5 x is fruitful leisure sp5t 9 cong5ial "w1 is to _m1 p]haps1 ! greate/ boon x c be/[4 ',ri*es1' said ,*>les ,lamb1 'are *iefly good because !y give u ,"t4' ',all "o's "t to oneself6 = :i* alone ,i rankle ) envy at ! ri*4 ,books are good & pictures are good1 & money to buy !m is !re=e good--b to buy "t--9 o!r words1 life6' ,to "s m5 money is *iefly valuable because x makes x possible = !m n to ?9k ( money4 ,except 9 ! daily regulation ( ord9>y life1 x enables !m to put aside c>es :i* are to !m bo? h>ass+ & di/a/eful1 & to conc5trate _! ?\ghts & en]gies on o!r objects4 ,an assur$ compet5ce also1 h[ev] mod]ate1 gives m5 ! priceless bless+ ( indep5d5ce4 ,!re are walks ( life1 !re are fields ( ambition1 !re are classes ( employm5ts 9 :i* betwe5 inadequate remun]ation & ! pressure ( want on ! "o side1 & ! facilities & temptations to illicit ga9 on ! o!r1 x is extremely difficult = a poor man to walk /raight4 ,illicit ga9 does n m]ely mean ga9 t br+s a man )9 ! range ( ! crim9al law4 ,_m ( its =ms escape legal & p]haps social c5sure1 & may be ev5 sanction$ by cu/om4 ,a compet5ce1 :e!r small or l>ge1 is no sure pres]vative aga9/ t appetite = ga9 :i* becomes "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & insatiable ( passions4 ,b x at lea/ dim9i%es temptation4 ,x takes away ! pressure ( want "u :i* s _m natures t 7 once sub/antially hone/ h brok5 d[n4 ,9 ! exp5diture ( money !re is usually a great deal ( ! conv5tional1 ! factiti\s1 ! purely o/5tati\s1 b we are "h deal+ ) ! mo/ s]i\s realities ( life4 ,!re are few or no elem5ts ( happ9ess & "* m important ?an ^? ,i h indicat$1 & a small compet5ce conduces p[]fully to !m4 ,let no man !re=e despise x1 = if wisely us$ x is "o ( ! mo/ real bless+s ( life4 ,x is ( c\rse only )9 ! rea* ( a small m9ority1 b ! numb] might easily be mu* l>g] ?an x is4 ,(t5 :5 x is inh]it$ 9 e>ly y\? x is scatt]$ 9 "o or two ye>s ( gambl+ & dissipation1 foll[$ by a lifetime ( regret4 ,9 o!r cases x crumbles away 9 a g5]ation1 = x is made an excuse = a life ( idl5ess1 & :5 *ildr5 multiply or mis=tunes arrive1 :at 0 once a compet5ce becomes no?+ m ?an b>e necessity4 ,9 a /ill l>g] numb] ( cases _m ( its advantages are lo/ because m5 at once adopt a scale ( liv+ fully equal to _! income4 ,a man :o ) "o h\se w\ld be a weal?y man1 f9ds life ) two h\ses a con/ant /ruggle4 ,a set ( habits is acquir$1 a scale or /&>d ( luxury is adopt$1 :i* at once sweeps away ! m>g9 ( sup]fluity4 ,ri*es or pov]ty dep5d n m]ely on ! am\nt ( our possessions1 b q z mu* on ! regulation ( our desires1 & ! full advantages ( compet5ce are only felt :5 m5 beg9 by settl+ _! s*eme ( life on a scale mat]ially )9 _! income4 ,:5 ! great l9es ( exp5diture are ?us wisely & frugally e/abli%$1 !y c comm& a wide latitude & mu* ease 9 deal+ ) ! small] ones4 ,x is ( c\rse true t ! p[] ( a man ?us to regulate 8 exp5diture is by no means absolute4 ,! position 9 society 9 :i* a man is born br+s ) x c]ta9 conv5tionalities & obligations t _c be disc>d$4 ,a great nobleman :o has inh]it$ a va/ e/ate & a conspicu\s social position w1 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 f9d himself involv$ 9 con/ant difficulties & /ruggles on an income a t5? "p ( :i* w\ld suffice to give a simple private g5tleman e reasonable enjoym5t 9 life4 ,a poor cl]gyman :o is oblig$ to keep up ! position ( a g5tleman is 9 reality a mu* poor] man ?an a prosp]\s artizan1 ev5 ?\gh 8 actual income may be some:at l>g]4 ,b )9 ! b\nds :i* ! conv5tionalities ( society imp]atively prescribe _m scales ( exp5diture are possible1 & ! wise regulation ( ^! is "o ( ! *ief =ms ( practical wisdom4 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t n only m5 b nations diff] widely 9 ?is respect1 & ! diff]5ce is n m]ely t betwe5 prud5ce & folly1 betwe5 =e?\ght & passion1 b is also 9 a l>ge degree a diff]5ce ( ta/es & ideals4 ,9 g5]al x w be f\nd t 9 ,cont95tal nations a man ( indep5d5t =tune w place 8 exp5diture m bel[ 8 means ?an 9 ,engl&1 & a man :o has pursu$ "s lucrative employm5t w soon] be satisfi$ ) ! compet5ce he has acquir$ & w gladly ex*ange 8 "w = a life ( leisure4 ,! ,engli% "* pref]s a high] rate ( exp5diture & "w cont9u$ to ! end4 ,x is probable t1 s f> z happ9ess dep5ds on money1 ! happie/ lot--?\gh x is c]ta9ly n t :i* is mo/ envi$--is t ( a man :o possesses a realis$ =tune suffici5t to save him f s]i\s money c>es ab\t ! pres5t & ! future1 b :o at ! same "t c only keep up ! position 9 society he has *os5 = himself1 & provide z he desires = 8 *ildr51 by add+ to x a pr(essional income4 ,"w is necess>y bo? to happ9ess & to "*1 & exp]i5ce %[s t x mo/ frequ5tly atta9s its full conc5tration & cont9uity :5 x is pr(essional1 or1 9 o!r words1 money-mak+4 ,m5 "w 9 traces z !y w seldom "w at lib]ty4 ,! compulsory "*1 ! /eady habits1 ! con/ant emulation ( pr(essional life m\ld & /r5g!n ! w1 & probably ! happie/ lot is :5 ?is k9d ( "w exi/s1 b )\t ! anxiety ( ^? :o dep5d solely on x4 ,x is also a good ?+ :5 weal? t5ds to increase ) age4 ',old age1' x has be5 said1 'is a v exp5sive ?+4' ,if ! ta/e = pleasure dim9i%es1 ! necessity = com=t increases4 ,m5 become m dep5d5t & m fa/idi\s1 & h>d%ips t are indiff]5t to y\? become acutely pa9ful4 ,beside ?is1 money c>es are apt to weigh ) an especial heav9ess ^u ! old4 ,av>ice1 z has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 is em95tly an old-age vice1 & 9 natures t are 9 no degree av>ici\s x w be f\nd t real money anxieties are m felt & h a great] haunt+ p[] 9 age ?an 9 y\?4 ,!re is !n ! s5se ( impot5ce :i* makes m5 feel t _! e>n+ p[] has gone4 ,on ! o!r h& y\?1 & especially e>ly m>ri$ life sp5t "u ! pressure ( n>r[ circum/ances1 w (t5 be look$ back ^u z bo? ! happie/ & ! mo/ fruitful p]iod ( life4 ,x is ! be/ discipl9e ( "*4 ,x is "u su* circum/ances t m5 acquire habits ( h>d & /eady "w1 frugality1 ord]1 =e?\ght1 punctuality1 & simplicity ( ta/es4 ,!y acquire sympa?ies & realisations !y w\ld nev] h kn[n 9 m prosp]\s circum/ances4 ,!y le>n to take ke5 pleasure 9 little ?+s1 & to value rightly bo? money & "t4 ,if weal? & luxury aft]w>ds come 9 ov]fl[+ measure1 ^! lessons w n be :olly lo/4 ,! value ( money z an elem5t ( happ9ess dim9i%es rapidly 9 proportion to its am\nt4 ,9 ! case ( ! humbl] =tunes1 ea* accession br+s ) x a l>ge increase ( pleasure & com=t1 & probably a v consid]able addition to real happ9ess4 ,9 ! case ( ri* m5 ?is is n ! case1 & ( colossal =tunes only a v small fraction c be truly said to m9i/] to ! p]sonal enjoym5t ( ! own]4 ,! disproportion 9 ! _w betwe5 pleasure & co/ is inde$ almo/ ludicr\s4 ,! two or ?ree %ill+s t gave u our fir/ ,%akespe>e w\ld g b a small way t[>ds provid+ "o ( ! p]haps unta/$ di%es on ! dess]t table4 ,! *oice/ ma/]pieces ( ! human m9d--! works ( human g5ius t ?r\gh ! long c\rse ( c5turies h done mo/ to ennoble1 console1 bright51 & direct ! lives ( m51 might all be pur*as$--,i d n say by ! co/ ( a lady's necklace1 b by t ( "o or two ( ! little /ones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,comp>e ! reli% ) :i* ! tir$ p$e/rian eats 8 bread & *eese ) ! appetites ) :i* m5 sit d[n to "s /ately banquet2 comp>e ! level ( spirits at ! village dance ) t ( ! great city ball ^: lavi% spl5d\r fills ! society pap]s ) admiration2 comp>e ! *>m ( conv]sation 9 ! college common room ) ! we>y faces t may be (t5 se5 ar\nd ! millionaire's d9n] table1--& we may ga9 a good lesson ( ! vanity ( ri*es4 ,! transition f want to com=t br+s ) x ke5 enjoym5t & mu* la/+ happ9ess4 ,! transition f m]e com=t to luxury br+s incomp>ably less & co/s incomp>ably m4 ,let a man ( enorm\s weal? analyse 8 life f day to day & try to e/imate :at are ! ?+s or h\rs t h af=d$ him real & vivid pleasure4 ,9 _m cases he w probably say t he has f\nd x 9 8 "w--9 o!rs 9 ! h\r sp5t ) 8 cig>1 8 newspap]1 or 8 book1 or 9 8 game ( cricket1 or 9 ! excitem5t ( ! hunt+-field1 or 9 8 conv]sation ) an old fri5d1 or 9 he>+ 8 daught]s s+1 or 9 welcom+ 8 son on 8 return f s*ool4 ,let him look r\nd ! spl5did adornm5ts ( 8 home & ask h[ _m ( ^! ?+s h ev] giv5 him a pleasure at all proportionate to _! co/4 ,probably 9 _m cases1 if he deals hone/ly ) himself1 he w\ld confess t 8 arm*air & 8 book%elves are almo/ ! only exceptions4 ,/eam1 ! pr9t+ press1 ! spread ( education1 & ! great multiplication ( public libr>ies1 museums1 picture gall]ies & exhibitions h br\ght ! *ief pleasures ( life 9 a mu* l>g] degree ?an 9 any previ\s age )9 ! rea* ( :at are call$ ! work+ classes1 :ile 9 ! conditions ( mod]n life ne>ly all ! great s\rces ( real enjoym5t t money c give are op5 to a man :o possesses a compet5t b n extraord9>y =tune & "s leisure4 ,intellectual ta/es he may gratify to ! full4 ,books1 at all ev5ts 9 ! great c5tres ( civilisation1 are accessible f> 9 excess ( 8 p[]s ( read+4 ,! pleasures ( ! !atre1 ! pleasures ( society1 ! pleasures ( music 9 mo/ ( its =ms1 ! pleasures ( travel ) all its v>iety ( int]e/s1 & _m ( ! pleasures ( sport1 are abundantly at 8 disposal4 ,! possession ( ! highe/ works ( art has no d\bt become m & m a monopoly ( ! v ri*1 b picture gall]ies & exhibitions & ! facilities ( travel h diffus$ ! k & enjoym5t ( art ov] a va/ly wid] area ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,! p[] ( reproduc+ works ( art has be5 imm5sely increas$ & *eap5$1 & 9 "o =m at lea/ ! highe/ art has be5 br\ght )9 ! rea* ( a man ( v mod]ate means4 ,photography c reproduce a draw+ ) su* absolute p]fection t he may cov] 8 walls ) works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,leon>do da ,v9ci t are indi/+ui%able f ! orig9als4 ,! /&>d ( com=t 9 m]e mat]ial ?+s is n[ s high 9 well-to-d h\seholds t to a heal?y nature ! millionaire c add little to x4 ,p]haps among ! pleasures ( weal? t :i* has ! /ronge/ influ5ce is a c\ntry place1 especially :5 x br+s ) x old remembrances1 & associations t appeal p[]fully to ! affections & ! imag9ation4 ,m ?an any o!r inanimate ?+ x ?r[s its t5drils r\nd ! human he>t & becomes ! object ( a deep & la/+ affection4 ,b ev5 "h x w be probably f\nd t ?is pleasure is m felt by ! own] ( "o c\ntry place ?an by ! great proprietor ^: life is sp5t alt]nately 9 sev]al--by ! own] ( a place ( mod]ate dim5sions ?an by ! own] ( ^? va/ p>ks :i* c only be manag$ at great exp5se & tr\ble & by mu* delegat$ sup]vision1 & :i* are usually ?r[n op5 ) su* lib]ality to ! public t !y probably give m real pleasure to o!rs ?an to _! own]s4 ,among ! special pleasures ( ! enorm\sly ri* ! collect+ passion is conspicu\s1 & ( c\rse a v ri* man c c>ry x into dep>tm5ts :i* m5 ( mod]ate =tune c h>dly t\*4 ,9 ! r>e case :5 ! collector is a man ( /rong & g5u9e arti/ic ta/e ! possession ( works ( beauty is a ?+ ( endur+ pleasure1 b 9 g5]al ! m]e love ( collect+1 ?\gh x (t5 becomes a passion almo/ am\nt+ to a mania1 be>s v little proportion to pecuni>y value4 ,! intellig5t collector ( fossils has z mu* pleasure z ! collector ( gems--probably inde$ m1 z ! =m] pursuit br+s ) x a mu* great] v>iety ( int]e/1 & usually dep5ds mu* m on ! p]sonal ex]tions ( ! collector4 ,x is pleasant1 9 look+ ov] a geological collection1 to ?9k t e /one we see has giv5 a pleasure4 ,a collector ( ,caxtons1 a collector ( l>ge pr9t$ or illu/rat$ editions1 a collector ( fir/ editions ( fam\s books1 a collector ( ^? editions t are s mu* priz$ because an au?or has made 9 !m "s blund] :i* he aft]w>ds correct$2 a collector ( ^? unique books :i* h surviv$ z r>ities because no "o ?\ght x wor? :ile to repr9t !m or because !y are di/+ui%$ by "s obsolete absurdity1 w probably n d]ive m pleasure1 ?\gh he w sp5d va/ly m money1 ?an ! m]e lit]>y man :o1 be+ int]e/$ 9 "s p>ticul> p]iod or topic1 loves to hunt up 9 old book%ops ! obscure & =gott5 lit]ature relat+ to x4 ,mu* ! same ?+ may be said ( o!r ta/es4 ,! gratification ( a /rong ta/e or hobby w always give pleasure1 & x makes little diff]5ce :e!r x is an exp5sive or an inexp5sive "o4 ,! pleasures ( acquisition1 ! pleasures ( possession1 & ! pleasures ( o/5tation1 are no d\bt real ?+s1 ?\gh !y act 9 v diff]5t degrees on diff]5t natures1 & "s ( !m mu* m on "o sex ?an on ! o!r4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !y t5d to gr[ passive & in]t4 ,a /ate ( luxury & spl5d\r is little appreciat$ by ^? :o are born to x1 ?\gh mu* if x foll[s a p]iod ( /ruggle & p5ury4 ,yet ev5 !n ! circum/ances & surr\nd+s ( life soon become a second nature4 ,m5 become s habituat$ to !m t !y are accept$ almo/ me*anically & cease to give positive pleasure1 ?\gh a deprivation ( !m gives positive pa94 ,! love ( p[]1 ! love ( society1 &--:at is n q ! same ?+--! love ( social influ5ce1 are1 h[ev]1 mu* /rong] & m endur+1 & great weal? is l>gely valu$ because x helps to give !m1 ?\gh x does n give !m inv>iably1 & ?\gh !re are o!r ?+s t give !m 9 an equal or great] degree4 ,to _m v ri* m5 "s =m ( field sports is probably ! greate/ pleasure t money af=ds4 ,x at lea/ gives a g5u9e ?rill ( unmi/akable enjoym5t4 ,few ( ! special pleasures ( ! millionaire c be said to be purely selfi%1 = few are conc5trat$ altoge!r on himself4 ,8 great p>k is usually op5 to ! public4 ,8 pictures are l5t = exhibition or exhibit$ 9 8 h\se4 ,if he keeps a pack ( h\nds o!rs hunt ) x4 ,if he pres]ves game to an enorm\s ext5t he invites _m to %oot x1 & at 8 great ent]ta9m5ts x w (t5 be f\nd t no "o d]ives less pleasure ?an ! we>y ho/4 ,at ! same "t no ?9k+ man c fail to be /ruck ) ! great wa/e ( ! means ( enjoym5t 9 a society 9 :i* su* gigantic sums are sp5t 9 m]e conv5tional o/5tation :i* gives little or no pleasure2 9 :i* ! be/ ,london h\ses are ^? :i* are ! longe/ unt5ant$2 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ en*ant+ g>d5s & p>ks are only se5 by _! own]s = a few weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,ham]ton1 9 8 ,essay on ,bohemianism1 has v truly %[n t ! rationale ( a great deal ( ?is is simply ! attempt ( m5 to obta9 f social int]c\rse ! l>ge/ am\nt ( positive pleasure or amusem5t x c give by disc>d+ ! =ms1 ! co/ly conv5tionalities1 ! social re/rictions t encumb] & limit x4 ,"o ( ! wor/ t5d5cies ( a v weal?y society is t by ! m]e competition ( o/5tation ! /&>d ( conv5tional exp5se is rais$1 & ! int]c\rse ( m5 limit$ by ! introduction ( a numb] ( new & co/ly luxuries :i* ei!r give no pleasure or give pleasure t be>s no k9d ( proportion to _! co/4 ,examples may sometimes be se5 ( a v ri* man :o imag9es t he c obta9 f life real enjoym5t 9 proportion to 8 weal? & :o uses x = purely selfi% purposes4 ,we may f9d ?is 9 ! almo/ insane extravagance ( vulg> o/5tation by :i* ! p>v5u millionaire tries to gratify 8 vanity & dazzle 8 neighb\rs2 9 ! wild r\nd ( prodigal dissipation & vice by :i* s _m "y m5 :o h inh]it$ enorm\s =tunes h wreck$ _! con/itutions & f\nd a spe$y pa? to an unhon\r$ grave4 ,!y s\ght f money :at money _c give1 & le>n$ too late t 9 pursu+ %ad[s !y miss$ ! sub/ance t 0 )9 _! rea*4 ,to ! intellig5t millionaire1 h[ev]1 & especially to ^? :o are br\ght up to great possessions1 weal? is look$ on 9 a :olly diff]5t light4 ,x is a possession & a tru/ c>ry+ ) x _m duties z well z _m int]e/s & accompani$ by a great burd5 ( responsibility4 ,m]e pleasure-hunt+ plays b a small & :olly subsidi>y "p 9 su* lives1 & !y are usually fill$ ) mu* useful "w4 ,?is man1 = example1 is a bank] on a colossal scale4 ,foll[ 8 life1 & y w f9d t = f\r days 9 ! week he is engag$ 9 8 (fice z /eadily1 z unremitt+ly z any cl]k 9 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,he has made himself ma/] n only ( ! details ( 8 own gigantic bus9ess b ( ! :ole great subject ( f9ance 9 all its int]national relations4 ,he is a p[] 9 _m l&s4 ,he is consult$ 9 e crisis ( f9ance4 ,he is an important influ5ce 9 a cr[d ( ent]prises1 mo/ ( !m useful z well z lucrative1 "s ( !m di/9ctively philan?ropic4 ,saturday & ,sunday he sp5ds at 8 c\ntry place1 usually ent]ta9+ a numb] ( gue/s4 ,"o o!r day dur+ ! hunt+ season he regul>ly devotes to 8 fav\rite sport4 ,8 holiday is ! usual holiday ( a pr(essional man1 ) r a t5d5cy to abridge ?an to l5g!n x1 z ! natural b5t ( 8 ?\ghts is s /rongly to 8 "w t "t soon beg9s to hang heavily :5 he is away f x4 ,ano!r man is an ard5t philan?ropi/1 & 8 philan?ropy probably bl5ds ) mu* religi\s f]v\r1 & he becomes 9 consequ5ce a lead] 9 ! religi\s _w4 ,su* a life _c fail to be abundantly fill$4 ,religi\s meet+s1 committees1 ! v>i\s int]e/s ( ! _m in/itutions ) :i* he is connect$1 ! conflict+ & compet+ claims ( diff]5t religi\s societies1 fully occupy 8 "t & ?\ghts1 sometimes to ! great neglect ( 8 private affairs4 ,ano!r man is ( a diff]5t type4 ,%y1 retir+1 hat+ publicity1 & n mu* int]e/$ 9 politics1 he is a gigantic l&[n]1 & ! "w ( 8 life is conc5trat$ on ! developm5t ( 8 own e/ate4 ,he kn[s ! circum/ances ( e village1 almo/ ( e f>m4 ,x is 8 pride t no lab\r] on 8 e/ate is badly h\s$1 t no "p ( x is slov5ly or mismanag$ or pov]ty-/rick54 ,he end[s *ur*es & hospitals1 he erects public build+s1 enc\rages e local indu/ry1 makes 9 times ( di/ress mu* l>g] remissions ( r5t ?an w\ld be possible = a poor] man1 sup]9t5ds p]sonally ! _m int]e/s on 8 prop]ty1 kn[s accurately ! balance ( receipts & exp5diture1 takes a great int]e/ 9 sanitation1 9 new improvem5ts & exp]im5ts 9 agriculture1 9 all ! multif>i\s matt]s t affect ! prosp]ity ( 8 num]\s t5antry4 ,he subscribes lib]ally to great national und]tak+s1 z he consid]s x "o ( ! duties ( 8 position1 b 8 he>t is n 9 su* ?+s1 & ! well-be+ ( 8 own va/ e/ate & ( ^? :o live ^u x is ! aim & ! "w ( 8 life4 ,= a few weeks ( ! ye> he ex]cises ! spl5did & lavi% hospitality :i* is expect$ f a man 9 8 position1 & he is always v glad :5 ^? weeks are ov]4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 8 own exp5sive hobby1 :i* gives him real pleasure--8 ya*t1 8 picture gall]y1 8 museum1 8 collection ( wild animals1 8 ho?\ses or 8 rac+ e/abli%m5t4 ,"o or m ( ^! =m ! real amusem5t ( 8 active & useful life4 ,a m common type 9 ,engl& is t ( ! active politician4 ,great weal? & especially great l&$ prop]ty br+ m5 easily into ,p>liam5t1 &1 if unit$ ) indu/ry & "s measure ( ability1 into (ficial life1 & public life ?us becomes a pr(ession & 9 _m cases a v labori\s "o4 ,!re are few bett] examples ( a well-fill$ life & ( ! skilful managem5t & economy ( "t ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! lives ( "s great noblem5 :o take a lead+ "p 9 politics & preside ov] important ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts )\t suff]+ _! gigantic e/ates to fall into mismanagem5t1 or neglect+ ! _m social duties & local int]e/s connect$ ) !m4 ,mo/ ( _! success is inde$ due to ! wise use ( money 9 economis+ "t by tru/wor?y & effici5t delegation4 ,yet ! sup]9t5d+ bra91 ! skilful *oice1 ! p]sonal control _c be disp5s$ )4 ,9 a life s fully occupi$ ! few weeks ( pleasure :i* may be sp5t on a ,scot* moor or 9 a ,cont95tal wat]+-place w surely n be condemn$4 ,! economy ( "t & ! ela/icity ( bra9 & "* su* lives develop are1 h[ev]1 probably exce$$ by ano!r class4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! social life ( ! pres5t g5]ation ?an ! high pressure "u :i* a l>ge numb] ( ladies 9 great positions habitually live4 ,x /rikes e ,cont95tal obs]v]1 = !re is no?+ approa*+ x 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry1 & x c]ta9ly f> exce$s any?+ t exi/$ 9 ,engl& 9 =m] g5]ations4 ,pleasure-seek+1 comb9$1 h[ev]1 on a l>ge scale ) pleasure-giv+1 holds a mu* m prom95t place 9 ^! lives ?an 9 ^? ,i h j describ$4 ,) n a few wom51 inde$1 ( weal? & position1 x is ! all-9-all ( life1 & 9 g5]al x is probable t wom5 obta9 m pleasure f mo/ =ms ( society ?an m51 ?\gh x is also true t !y be> a mu* l>g] %>e ( its burd5s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ?is class1 _m :o comb9e ) society a truly surpris+ numb] & v>iety ( s]i\s int]e/s4 ,n only ! managem5t ( a great h\se1 n only ! sup]9t5d5ce ( s*ools & *>ities & local ent]prises connect$ ) a great e/ate1 b also a cr[d ( philan?ropic1 arti/ic1 political1 & sometimes lit]>y int]e/s fill _! lives4 ,few lives1 inde$1 9 any /ation are m full1 m int5se1 m con/antly & v>i\sly occupi$4 ,public life1 :i* 9 mo/ =eign c\ntries is :olly outside ! sph]e ( wom51 is eag]ly foll[$4 ,public speak+1 :i* 9 ! memory ( _m n[ liv+ 0 almo/ unkn[n among wom5 ( any /ation 9 ,engli% society1 has become ! mo/ ord9>y accompli%m5t4 ,_! object is to put into life f y\? to old age z mu* z life c give1 & !y g f> to atta9 _! end4 ,a wond]ful nimbl5ess & flexibility ( intellect capable ( turn+ swiftly f subject to subject has be5 develop$1 & keeps !m 9 t\* ) a v wide range bo? ( int]e/s & pleasures4 ,!re are no d\bt grave drawbacks to all ?is4 ,_m w say t ?is ext]nal activity mu/ be at ! sacrifice ( ! duties ( dome/ic life1 b on ?is subject !re is1 ,i ?9k1 at lea/ mu* exagg]ation4 ,education has n[ assum$ su* =ms & atta9$ su* a /&>d t usually = _m h\rs 9 ! day ! education ( ! "y 9 a weal?y family is 9 ! h&s ( accompli%$ speciali/s1 & ,i d n ?9k t ! mo/ occupi$ lives are ^? 9 :i* ! c>es ( a home are mo/ neglect$4 ,h[ f>1 h[ev]1 ?is int5se & con/ant /ra9 is compatible ) physical well-be+ is a grav] "q1 & _m h fe>$ t x mu/ bequea? weak5$ con/itutions to ! com+ g5]ation4 ,nor is a life ( incessant excitem5t 9 o!r respects b5eficial4 ,9 bo? intellectual & moral hygi5e ! be/ life is t :i* foll[s nature & alt]nates p]iods ( great activity ) p]iods ( re/4 ,retirem5t1 quiet1 /eady read+1 & ! sil5t ?\ght :i* matures "* & deep5s impressions are ?+s t seem almo/ disappe>+ f _m ,engli% lives4 ,b lives su* z ,i h describ$ are c]ta9ly n useless1 undevelop$1 or :olly selfi%1 & !y 9 a l>ge degree fulfil t great law ( happ9ess1 t x %\ld be s\ght = r 9 int]e/s ?an 9 pleasures4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! class :o value money *iefly because x enables !m to dismiss money ?\ghts & c>es f _! m9ds4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is end is probably m frequ5tly atta9$ by m5 ( mod]ate b compet5t =tunes ?an by ! v ri*4 ,?is is at lea/ ! case :5 !y are suffici5tly ri* to inve/ _! money 9 securities :i* are liable to no s]i\s risk or fluctuation4 ,a gigantic =tune is seldom ( su* a nature t x does n br+ ) x great c>es ( adm9i/ration & require mu* ?\ght & _m decisions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important exception4 ,:5 !re are _m *ildr5 ! task ( provid+ = _! future falls mu* m lightly on ! v ri* ?an on ^? ( m$ium =tune4 ,!re is a class1 h[ev]1 :o are ! exact opposite ( ^! & :o make ! simple acquisition ( money ! *ief int]e/ & pleasure ( _! lives4 ,money-mak+ 9 "s =m is ! ma9 occupation ( ! great majority ( m51 b x is usually z a means to an end4 ,x is to acquire ! means ( livelihood1 or ! means ( ma9ta9+ or improv+ a social position1 or ! means ( provid+ z !y ?9k fit = ! *ildr5 :o are to succe$ !m4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ) ! v ri* & )\t any ult]ior object1 money-mak+ = its own sake becomes ! absorb+ int]e/4 ,!y c pursue x ) great advantage2 =1 z has be5 (t5 said1 no?+ makes money l money1 & ! possession ( an imm5se capital gives innum]able facilities = increas+ x4 ,! collect+ passion takes ?is =m4 ,!y come to c>e m = money ?an = any?+ money c pur*ase1 ?\gh less = money ?an = ! int]e/ & ! excitem5t ( gett+ x4 ,speculative ent]prise1 ) its fluctuations1 unc]ta9ties & surprises1 becomes _! /ronge/ int]e/ & _! greate/ amusem5t4 ,:5 x is hone/ly conduct$ !re is no real reason :y x %\ld be condemn$4 ,on ^! conditions a life s sp5t is1 ,i ?9k1 usually useful to ! _w1 = x g5]ally enc\rages works t are ( real value4 ,all t c be truly said is t x br+s ) x grave temptations & is v apt to l[] a man's moral be+4 ,speculation easily becomes a =m ( gambl+ s fi]ce 9 its excitem5t t1 :5 c>ri$ on incessantly & on a great scale1 x kills all capacity = high] & tranquil pleasures1 /r5g!ns incalculably ! temptations to unscrupul\s ga91 di/urbs ! :ole balance ( "*1 & (t5 ev5 %ort5s life4 ,) o!rs ! love ( accumulation has a /range p[] ( mat]ialis+1 n>r[+ & h>d5+4 ,habits ( meanness--sometimes tak+ curi\s & inconsi/5t =ms1 & apply+ only to p>ticul> ?+s or dep>tm5ts ( life--/eal ins5sibly ov] !m1 & ! love ( money assumes some?+ ( ! "* ( mania4 ,temptations connect$ ) money are inde$ among ! mo/ insidi\s & among ! mo/ p[]ful to :i* we are expos$4 ,!y h probably a wid] empire ?an dr9k1 &1 unlike ! temptations t spr+ f animal passion1 !y /r5g!n r ?an dim9i% ) age4 ,9 no respect is x m necess>y = a man to keep wat* ov] 8 own "*1 tak+ c>e t ! unselfi% elem5t does n dim9i%1 & correct+ ! love ( acquisition by g5]osity ( exp5diture4 ,x is probable t ! highe/ =m ( *>ity1 involv+ real & s]i\s self-d5ial1 is mu* m common among ! poor1 & ev5 ! v poor1 ?an among ! ri*4 ,i ?9k mo/ p]sons :o h _h mu* practical acqua9tance ) ! deal+s ( ! poor ) "o ano!r w confirm ?is4 ,x is c]ta9ly f> less common among ^? :o are at ! opposite pole ( =tune4 ,!y h n _h ! same discipl9e1 or inde$ ! same possibility ( self-sacrifice1 or ! same means ( realis+ ! pa9s ( pov]ty1 & !re is ano!r reason :i* t5ds n unnaturally to *eck _! b5evol5ce4 ,a man ) ! reputation ( great weal? soon f9ds himself beleagu]$ by c\ntless =ms ( m5dicancy & impo/ure4 ,he comes to feel t !re is a g5]al conspiracy to plund] him1 & he is naturally ?r[n into an attitude ( suspicion & self-def5ce4 ,(t51 ?\gh he may give l>gely & g5]\sly1 he w d s "u ! veil ( /rict anonymity1 9 ord] to avoid a reputation = g5]osity :i* w br+ d[n ^u him p]petual solicitations4 ,if he is an intellectual man he w probably g5]alise f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,he w be deeply impress$ ) ! enorm\s evils t h sprung f ill-judg$ *>ity1 & ) ! sup]iority ev5 f a philan?ropic po9t ( view ( a productive exp5diture ( money4 ,& 9 tru? x is difficult to ov]rate ! evil effects ( injudici\s *>ities 9 disc\rag+ ?rift1 indu/ry1 =esight & self-respect4 ,!y take _m =ms2 "s ( !m extremely obvi\s1 :ile o!rs c only be rightly judg$ by a c>eful consid]ation ( remote consequ5ces4 ,!re are ! idle t\ri/s :o break d[n1 9 a once unsophi/icat$ di/rict1 t s5se ( self-respect :i* is "o ( ! mo/ valuable lessons t e>ly education c give1 by fl++ p5ce to be scrambl$ = among ! *ildr51 or :o tea* ! poor ! fatal lesson t m5dicancy or some?+ h>dly di/+ui%able f m5dicancy w br+ great] ga9 ?an hone/ & cont9u\s "w4 ,!re is ! impulsive1 un9quir+ *>ity t makes ! trade ( ! skilful begg+-lett] writ] a lucrative pr(ession1 & makes m5 & wom5 :o are ri*1 b5evol5t & weak1 ! habitual prey ( gre$y impo/ors4 ,!re is ! old-e/abli%$ *>ity = m9i/]+ to simple pov]ty :i* draws to its c5tre all ! paup]ism ( ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 depresses wages1 & impov]i%es ! v di/rict or class x 0 int5d$ to b5efit4 ,!re are *>ities :i* n only l>gely dim9i% ! suff]+s t are ! natural consequ5ce & puni%m5t ( vice2 b ev5 make ! lot ( ! crim9al & ! vici\s a bett] "o ?an t ( ! h>d-work+ poor4 ,!re are ov]lapp+ *>ities deal+ ) ! same dep>tm5t1 b kept up ) lavi% wa/e ?r\gh ! rivalry ( diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations1 or 9 ! int]e/s ( ! (ficials connect$ ) !m2 belat$ or sup]annuat$ *>ities =m$ to deal ) circum/ances or suff]+s t h 9 a l>ge degree pass$ away--useless1 or almo/ useless1 *>ities e/abli%$ to c>ry out "s silly fad or to gratify "s silly vanity2 sect>ian *>ities int5d$ to fur!r ends :i*1 9 ! eyes ( all b ! memb]s ( "o sect1 are n only useless b mis*iev\s2 *>ities t enc\rage ?riftless m>riages1 or make x easy = m5 to neglect obvi\s duties1 or keep a semi-paup] population /ation>y 9 employm5ts & on a soil :]e !y c nev] prosp]1 or 9 o!r ways h&icap1 imp$e or div]t ! natural & heal?y c\rse ( indu/ry4 ,illu/rations ( all ^! evils w occur to e c>eful /ud5t ( ! subject4 ,un9tellig5t1 ?\ghtless1 purely impulsive *>ity1 & *>ity :i* is inspir$ by "s o!r motive ?an a real desire to relieve suff]+1 w con/antly g wrong1 b e intellig5t man c f9d )\t difficulty va/ fields on :i* ! l>ge/ g5]osity may be exp5d$ ) abundant fruit4 ,hospitals & k9dr$ in/itutions = alleviat+ great unavoidable calamities1 & giv+ ! sick poor some?+ ( ! same *ances ( recov]y z ! ri*1 = ! mo/ "p fall "u ?is head4 ,money w seldom be wa/$ :i* is sp5t 9 promot+ k9ds ( k1 ent]prise or rese>* t br+ no c]ta9 remun]ation proportion$ to _! value2 9 assi/+ poor "y m5 ( ability & indu/ry to develop _! special tal5ts2 9 enc\rag+ 9 _! _m diff]5t =ms ?rift1 self-help & co-op]ation2 9 alleviat+ ! inevitable suff]+ t foll[s "s great cata/rophe on l& or sea1 or great transitions ( indu/ry1 or great fluctuations & depressions 9 class prosp]ity2 9 giv+ ! means ( heal?y recreation or ennobl+ pleasures to ! d5iz5s ( a cr[d$ t[n4 ,! va/ sph]e ( education op5s endless fields = g5]\s exp5diture1 & e religi\s man w f9d objects :i*1 9 ! op9ion n only ( m5 ( 8 own p]suasion1 b also ( _m o!rs1 are transc5d5tly important4 ,nor is x a "r pr9ciple t *>ity %\ld be d5i$ to all calamities :i* are 9 "s degree due to ! fault ( ! suff]]1 or :i* might h be5 av]t$ by exceptional =e?\ght or self-d5ial4 ,"s economi/s write z if a f> high] /&>d ( w & morals %\ld be expect$ among ! poor & ! un$ucat$ ?an c be f\nd among ! ri*4 ,good s5se & "r feel+ w "h easily draw ! l9e1 ab/a9+ f *>ities t h a real influ5ce 9 enc\rag+ improvid5ce or vice1 yet mak+ due all[ance = ! normal weaknesses ( our nature4 ,9 all ^! ways ! v ri* c f9d ample opportunities = useful b5evol5ce4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( great weal? t x c (t5 cure :at o!rs c only palliate1 & c e/abli% p]man5t s\rces ( good :i* w cont9ue long aft] ! donors h pass$ away4 ,9 deal+ ) individual cases ( di/ress1 ri* m5 :o h nei!r ! "t nor ! incl9ation to inve/igate ! special circum/ances w d well to rely l>gely on ! recomm5dation ( o!rs4 ,if !y *oose tru/wor?y1 compet5t & s5sible advis]s ) z mu* judgm5t z !y commonly %[ 9 ! managem5t ( _! private affairs1 !y are n likely to g a/ray4 ,!re nev] 0 a p]iod :5 a l>g] am\nt ( intellig5t & dis9t]e/$ lab\r 0 employ$ 9 c>eful & detail$ exam9ation ( ! circum/ances & ne$s ( ! poor4 ,! p>i% cl]gyman1 ! di/rict visitor1 ! ag5ts ( ! ,*>ity ,organization ,society :i* annually selects its special cases ( well-asc]ta9$ ne$1 w abundantly furni% !m ) ! k !y require4 ,! advantage or disadvantage ( ! pres5ce 9 a c\ntry ( a l>ge class ( m5 possess+ =tunes f> exce$+ any?+ t c really adm9i/] to _! enjoym5t is a "q :i* has greatly divid$ bo? political economi/s & morali/s4 ,! =m] 7 long accu/om$ to ma9ta9 some:at exclusively t laws & in/itutions %\ld be e/abli%$ ) ! object ( fur!r+ ! greate/ possible accumulation ( weal?1 & t a sy/em ( unre/rict$ competition1 c\pl$ ) equal laws1 giv+ ea* man ! mo/ complete security 9 ! possession & disposal ( 8 prop]ty1 0 ! be/ means ( atta9+ ?is end4 ,!y urg$ ) great tru? t1 al?\gh "u su* a sy/em ! inequalities ( =tune w be enorm\s1 mo/ ( ! weal? ( ! v ri* w inevitably be di/ribut$ 9 ! =m ( wages1 pur*ases1 & indu/rial ent]prises ?r\gh ! community at l>ge1 & t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! ri*e/ c\ntry w on ! :ole be ! happie/4 ,!y cle>ly saw ! complete delusion ( ! common ass]tions t ! m millionaires !re are 9 a c\ntry ! m paup]s w multiply1 & t society is divid+ betwe5 ! enorm\sly ri* & ! abjectly poor4 ,! great indu/rial communities1 9 :i* !re are ! l>ge/ numb] ( v weal?y m51 are also ! c5tres 9 :i* we f9d ! mo/ prosp]\s middle class1 & ! highe/ & mo/ progressive rates ( wages & /&>ds ( com=t among ! poor4 ,great corruption 9 _m =ms no d\bt exi/s 9 !m1 b x c sc>cely be ma9ta9$ ) confid5ce t ! /&>d ( integrity is on ! :ole l[] 9 ^! ?an 9 o!r c\ntries1 & !y at lea/ escape :at 9 _m poor c\ntries is "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( corruption 9 all bran*es ( adm9i/ration--! inadequate pay ( ! s]vants ( ! ,cr[n4 ,! pa? ( lib]ty 9 ! eyes ( economi/s ( ?is s*ool is ! pa? ( wisdom1 & !y 7 pr(\ndly di/ru/ful ( all legislative attempts to re/rict or int]f]e ) ! c\rse ( indu/rial progress4 ,9 our own g5]ation a some:at diff]5t t5d5cy has manife/ly /r5g!n$4 ,x has be5 said t pa/ political economi/s paid too mu* att5tion to ! accumulation & too little to ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,m5 h become m s5sible to ! high level ( happ9ess & moral well-be+ t has be5 atta9$ 9 "s ( ! small] & some:at /agnant c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e weal? is m g5]ally atta9$ by ?rift & /eady indu/ry ?an by great indu/rial or comm]cial ent]prise1 9 :i* !re are few l>ge =tunes b little acute pov]ty1 a l[ /&>d ( luxury1 b a high /&>d ( real com=t4 ,! enorm\s evils t h gr[n up 9 weal?y c\ntries1 9 ! =m ( company-mong]+1 excessive competition1 extravagant & (t5 vici\s luxury1 & di%one/ adm9i/ration ( public funds1 are m & m felt1 & x is only too true t 9 ^! c\ntries !re are l>ge & influ5tial circles ( society 9 :i* all consid]ations ( "*1 intellect1 or mann]s seem lo/ 9 an int5se ?ir/ = weal? & = ! ?+s t x c give4 ,sometimes we f9d va/ =tunes 9 c\ntries :]e !re is b little ent]prise & a v l[ /&>d ( com=t among ! p1 & :]e ?is is ! case x is usually due to unequal laws or corrupt adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! free1 democratic1 & indu/rial communities great fluctuations & disp>ities ( weal? are inevitable1 & "s ( ! mo/ colossal =tunes h1 no d\bt1 be5 made by ! evil me?ods ,i h describ$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 only a m9ority1 & n a v l>ge "o4 ,l all ! great successes ( life1 abnormal accumulation ( weal? is usually due to ! comb9ation 9 diff]5t proportions ( ability1 "*1 & *ance1 & is n ta9t$ ) di%one/y4 ,on ! :ole1 ! "q t %\ld be ask$ is n :at a man has1 b h[ he obta9$ x & h[ he uses x4 ,:5 weal? is hone/ly acquir$ & wisely & g5]\sly us$1 ! m ri* m5 !re are 9 a c\ntry ! bett]4 ,!re has probably nev] be5 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 ! conditions ( indu/ry1 assi/$ by ! great gold discov]ies 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! globe1 7 s fav\rable to ! =mation ( enorm\s =tunes z at pres5t1 & :5 ! race ( millionaires 0 s l>ge4 ,! majority belong to ! ,engli%-speak+ race2 probably mo/ ( _! gigantic =tunes h be5 rapidly accumulat$1 & br+ ) !m none ( ! necess>y1 h]$it>y1 & cle>ly def9$ obligations ( a great l&[n]1 :ile a consid]able proportion ( !m h fall5 to ! lot ( m5 :o1 ?r\gh _! education or e>ly habits1 h n _m cultivat$ or naturally exp5sive ta/es4 ,9 ,engl& _m ( ! new millionaires become great l&[n]s & set up great e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e c\ntry ta/es are less m>k$ & :]e ! difficulties ( dome/ic s]vice are v great1 ?is is less common4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! numb] ( m5 ) imm5se =tunes1 absolutely at _! own disposal1 has enorm\sly increas$1 & ! "* ( _! exp5diture has become a matt] ( real national importance4 ,mu* ( x1 no d\bt1 goes 9 simple luxury & o/5tation1 or 9 m]e speculation1 or 9 re/or+ old & dilapidat$ =tunes ?r\gh ! m>riages ( rank ) money :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( our "t2 b mu* also is devot$ to *>itable or philan?ropic purposes4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ?+s1 motives are (t5 v bl5d$4 ,to m5 ( su* =tunes1 su* exp5diture1 ev5 on a l>ge scale1 means no real self-sacrifice1 & ! inducem5ts to x are n always ( ! highe/ k9d4 ,to "s m5 x is a matt] ( ambition--a legitimate & useful ambition--to obta9 ! endur+ & hon\rable fame :i* atta*es to ! f\nd] ( a great philan?ropic or educational e/abli%m5t4 ,o!rs f9d t1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 l>ge philan?ropic exp5diture is "o ( ! easie/ & %orte/ pa?s to social success1 br++ m5 & wom5 ( l[ extraction & bad mann]s into close & frequ5t connection ) ! recognis$ lead]s ( society2 :ile o!rs aga9 h discov]$ t x is ! quicke/ way ( effac+ ! /igma :i* /ill 9 "s degree atta*es to weal? :i* has be5 acquir$ by di%on\rable or dubi\s means4 ,fa%ion1 social ambition1 & social rivalries are by no means unkn[n 9 ! fields ( *>ity4 ,!re are _m1 h[ev]1 9 ^: philan?ropy ! elem5t ( self has no place1 & ^: sole desire is to exp5d _! money 9 =ms t c be ( mo/ real & p]man5t b5efit to o!rs4 ,su* m5 h great p[]1 &1 if _! philan?ropic exp5diture is wisely guid$1 x may be ( incalculable b5efit4 ,i h already indicat$ _m ( ! *annels 9 :i* x may safely fl[1 b "o or two additional h9ts on ! subject may n be useless4 ,p]haps z a g5]al rule ^! m5 w f9d t !y c act mo/ wisely by /r5g!n+ & enl>g+ old *>ities :i* are really good1 r ?an by f\nd+ new ones4 ,competition is ! s\l ( indu/ry1 b c]ta9ly n ( *>ity1 & !re is 9 ,engl& a deplorable wa/e ( money & ma*9]y ?r\gh ! excessive multiplication ( in/itutions int5d$ = ! same objects4 ,! k9d ( ambition to :i* ,i h j ref]r$ t5ds to make m5 pref] new *>ities :i* c be id5tifi$ ) _! names2 ! paid (ficials connect$ ) *>ities h become a l>ge & p[]ful pr(ession1 & _! influ5ce is naturally us$ 9 ! same direction2 ! _m diff]5t religi\s bodies 9 ! c\ntry (t5 refuse to comb9e1 & ea* desires to h its own in/itutions2 & !re are fa%ions 9 *>ity :i*1 :ile !y greatly /imulate g5]osity1 h too (t5 ! effect ( div]t+ x f ! old] & m unobtrusive =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 our pres5t economical condition is t an extraord9>y & almo/ unp>allel$ developm5t ( indu/rial prosp]ity has be5 accompani$ by extreme & long-cont9u$ agricultural depression & by a great fall 9 ! rate ( int]e/4 ,weal? 9 _m =ms is accumulat+ ) wond]ful rapidity1 & ! increas$ rate ( wages is diffus+ prosp]ity among ! work+ classes2 b ^? :o dep5d directly or indirectly on agricultural r5ts or on int]e/ ( money inve/$ 9 tru/ securities h be5 suff]+ sev]ely1 & !y comprise "s ( ! mo/ useful1 blameless1 & m]itori\s classes 9 ! community4 ,! same causes t h injur$ !m h fall5 ) cru%+ sev]ity on old-e/abli%$ in/itutions :i* usually d]ive _! income l>gely or entirely f ! r5t ( l& or f money inve/$ 9 ! public funds4 ,! bitt] cry ( di/ress t is ris+ f ! hospitals & _m o!r anci5t *>ities1 f ! univ]sities1 f ! cl]gy ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 abundantly proves x4 ,! pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to be giv5 to old *>ities r ?an to new ones is subject to v _m exceptions4 ,x does n apply to new c\ntries or to ! _m cases 9 :i* *anges & developm5ts ( indu/ry h plant$ va/ agglom]ations ( population 9 di/ricts :i* 7 once b ?9ly populat$1 & !re=e b little provid$ ) *>itable or educational in/itutions4 ,nor does x apply to ! _m cases 9 :i* ! circum/ances ( mod]n life h call$ into exi/5ce new =ms ( *>ity1 new wants1 new dang]s & evils to be combat$1 new dep>tm5ts ( k to be cultivat$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( ! old] univ]sities is t ( provid+1 out ( _! %r9k+ end[m5ts1 = ! tea*+ ( bran*es ( sci5ce & k :i* h only come into exi/5ce1 or at lea/ into prom95ce1 long aft] ^! univ]sities 7 e/abli%$1 & "s ( :i* require n only tra9$ tea*]s b co/ly app>atus & laboratories4 ,increas+ int]national competition & enl>g$ sci5tific k h r5d]$ necess>y an am\nt ( te*nical & agricultural education nev] dream$ ( by our ance/ors2 & ! rise ( ! great prov9cial t[ns & ! great] int5sity ( prov9cial life & prov9cial patriotism1 z well z ! *anges t h pass$ ov] ! position bo? ( ! work+ & middle classes1 h creat$ a g5u9e dem& = educational e/abli%m5ts ( a diff]5t type f ! old] univ]sities4 ,! high] education ( wom5 is ess5tially a n9ete5?-c5tury "w1 & x has be5 c>ri$ on )\t ! assi/ance ( old end[m5ts & ) v little help f mod]n ,p>liam5ts4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( public funds a class :i* is :olly unrepres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t seldom gets its fair %>e2 & high] education1 l mo/ =ms ( sci5ce1 l mo/ ( ! high] =ms ( lit]ature1 & l _m valuable =ms ( rese>*1 nev] c be self-support+4 ,!re are great bran*es ( k :i* )\t e/abli%$ end[m5ts mu/ rema9 uncultivat$1 or be cultivat$ only by m5 ( consid]able private means4 ,"s invaluable curative ag5cies1 su* z convalesc5t homes 9 diff]5t c\ntries & climates & = diff]5t diseases1 h gr[n up 9 our own g5]ation1 z well z "s ( ! mo/ fruitful =ms ( m$ical rese>* & "s ( ! mo/ efficaci\s me?ods ( giv+ heal?y *ange & brightness to ! lives t are mo/ monoton\s & ov]/ra9$4 ,e great revolution 9 indu/ry1 9 population1 & ev5 9 k1 br+s ) x new & special wants1 & !re are cases 9 :i* assi/$ emigration is "o ( ! be/ =ms ( *>ity4 ,^! are b a few illu/rations ( ! directions 9 :i* ! l>ge surplus funds :i* _m ( ! v ri* are prep>$ to exp5d on philan?ropic purposes may pr(itably g4 ,!re is a m>k$ & increas+ t5d5cy 9 our age to meet all ! v>i\s exig5cies ( ,society1 z !y arise1 by ,/ate aid re/+ on compulsory taxation4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! levels ( =tune are su* t few m5 h incomes greatly 9 excess ( _! real or factiti\s wants1 ?is me?od w probably be necess>y2 b _m ( ! wants ,i h describ$ c be bett] met by ! old ,engli% me?od ( intellig5t private g5]osity1 & 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! v ri* is s great & s increas+1 ?is g5]osity %\ld n be want+4 ,,footnote3 #fg ,notes on ,life4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,m>riage ,! beautiful say+ ( ,newton1 t he felt l a *ild :o _h be5 pick+ up a few pebbles on ! %ore ( ! great ocean ( undiscov]$ tru?1 may well occur to any writ] :o attempts to say some?+ on ! va/ subject ( m>riage4 ,! inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances & *>act]s affects x 9 inf9itely v>i\s ways1 & all t c "h be done is to collect a few some:at isolat$ & miscellane\s rem>ks ^u x4 ,yet x is a subject :i* _c be omitt$ 9 a book l ?is4 ,9 num]\s cases x is ! great turn+-po9t ( a life1 & 9 all cases :5 x takes place x is "o ( ! mo/ important ( its ev5ts4 ,:atev] else m>riage may d or fail to d1 x nev] leaves a man un*ang$4 ,8 intellect1 8 "*1 8 happ9ess1 8 way ( look+ on ! _w1 w all be influ5c$ by x4 ,if x does n raise or /r5g!n him x w l[] or weak54 ,if x does n deep5 happ9ess x w impair x4 ,x br+s ) x duties1 int]e/s1 habits1 hopes1 c>es1 sorr[s1 & joys t w p5etrate into e fissure ( 8 nature & modify ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life4 ,x is /range to ?9k ) h[ mu* levity & h[ little k a contract :i* is s indissoluble & at ! same "t s mom5t\s is con/antly assum$2 sometimes "u ! influ5ce ( a bl9d+ passion & at an age :5 life is /ill look$ ^u z a romance or an idyll2 sometimes z a matt] ( m]e ambition & calculation1 ?r\gh a desire = weal? or title or position4 ,m5 & wom5 rely on ! =ce ( habit & necessity to accommodate !mselves to conditions !y h nev] really und]/ood or realis$4 ,9 mo/ cases diff]5t motives comb9e1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,sometimes an ov]p[]+ affection = ! p]son is ! /ronge/ motive & eclipses all o!rs4 ,sometimes ! ma9 motive to m>riage is a desire to be m>ri$4 ,x is to obta9 a settl$ h\sehold & position2 to be reliev$ f ! 'un*>t]$ fre$om' & ! 'vague desires' ( a lonely life2 to f9d "s object ( affection2 to acquire ! /eady habits & ! exemption f h\sehold c>es :i* are ess5tial to a c>e]2 to p]petuate a race2 p]haps to escape f family discom=ts1 or to introduce a new & happy influ5ce into a family4 ,) ^! motives a real affection = a p>ticul> p]son is unit$1 b x is n ( su* a "* z to preclude *oice1 judgm5t1 comp>ison1 & a consid]ation ( worldly advantages4 ,x is a wise say+ ( ,swift t !re w\ld be few] unhappy m>riages 9 ! _w if wom5 ?\ght less ( mak+ nets & m ( mak+ cages4 ,! qualities t attract1 fasc9ate1 & dazzle are (t5 widely diff]5t f ^? :i* are ess5tial to a happy m>riage4 ,sometimes !y are di/9ctly ho/ile to x4 ,m frequ5tly !y conduce to x1 b only 9 an inf]ior or subsidi>y degree4 ,! turn ( m9d & "* t makes ! accompli%$ flirt is c]ta9ly n t :i* promises be/ = ! happ9ess ( a m>ri$ life2 & di/+ui%$ beauty1 brilliant tal5ts1 & ! h]oic qualities t play a great "p 9 ! affairs ( life1 & %9e conspicu\sly 9 ! social sph]e1 s9k into a m9or place among ! elem5ts ( m>ri$ happ9ess4 ,9 m>riage ! id5tification ( two lives is s complete t x br+s e faculty & gift into play1 b 9 degrees & proportions v diff]5t f public life or casual int]c\rse & relations4 ,! mo/ ess5tial are (t5 want+ 9 a brilliant life1 & are l>gely develop$ 9 lives & *>act]s t rise little1 if at all1 above ! commonplace4 ,9 ! words ( a v %rewd man ( ! _w3 ',be=e m>riage ! %ape1 ! figure1 ! complexion c>ry all be=e !m2 aft] m>riage ! m9d & "* unexpect$ly claim _! %>e1 & t ! l>ge/1 ( importance4'#fh ,! relation is "o ( ! close/ intimacy & confid5ce1 & if ! id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 ! two p>tn]s is n complete1 ea* has an almo/ immeasurable p[] ( injur+ ! o!r4 ,a moral basis ( /]l+ qualities is ( capital importance4 ,a true1 hone/1 & tru/wor?y nature1 capable ( self-sacrifice & self-re/ra9t1 %\ld rank 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & aft] t a k9dly1 equable1 & cont5t$ temp]1 a p[] ( sympa?y1 a habit ( look+ at ! bett] & bright] side ( m5 & ?+s4 ,( intellectual qualities1 judgm5t1 tact1 & ord] are p]haps ! mo/ valuable4 ,above almo/ all ?+s1 m5 %\ld seek 9 m>riage p]fect sanity1 & dread ev]y?+ l hy/]ia4 ,beauty w cont9ue to be a delight1 ?\gh ) mu* dim9i%$ p[]1 b grace & ! *>m ( mann] w reta9 _! full attraction to ! la/4 ,!y bright5 9 innum]able ways ! little ?+s ( life1 & life is ma9ly made up ( little ?+s1 expos$ to petty frictions1 & requir+ small decisions & small sacrifices4 ,wide int]e/s & l>ge appreciations are1 9 ! m>riage relation1 m important ?an any great con/ructive or creative tal5t1 & ! p[] to soo!1 to sympa?ise1 to c\nsel1 & to endure1 ?an ! highe/ qualities ( ! h]o or ! sa9t4 ,x is by ^! alone t ! m>ri$ life atta9s its full measure ( p]fection4 ',tu mihi cur>um requies1 tu nocte vel atr ,lum51 et 9 solis tu mihi turba locis4'#fi ,b :ile ?is is true ( all m>riages1 x is obvi\s t diff]5t pr(essions & circum/ances ( life w dem& diff]5t qualities4 ,a h>d-work+ lab\r+ man1 or a man :o1 ?\gh n lab\r+ ) 8 h&s1 is liv+ a life ( pov]ty & /ruggle1 w n seek 9 m>riage a type ( "* exactly ! same z a man :o is born to a great position1 & :o has l>ge social & adm9i/rative duties to dis*>ge4 ,! wife ( a cl]gyman imm]s$ 9 ! _m int]e/s ( a p>i%2 ! wife ( a soldi] or a m]*ant1 :o may h to live 9 _m l&s1 ) long p]iods ( sep>ation f h] husb&1 & p]haps amid _m h>d%ips2 ! wife ( an active & ambiti\s politician2 ! wife ( a busy pr(essional man incessantly occupi$ outside 8 home2 ! wife ( a man ^: heal? or bus9ess or habits keep him con/antly 9 8 h\se1 w ea* ne$ "s special qualities4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 :i* bo? m5 & wom5 naturally diff] m ?an 9 ! ela/icity & adaptiv5ess ( _! natures1 9 _! p[] ( be>+ monotony1 9 ! place :i* habit1 r\t9e1 & v>iety hold 9 _! happ9ess2 & 9 diff]5t k9ds ( life ^! ?+s h v diff]5t degrees ( importance4 ,special family circum/ances1 su* z *ildr5 by a =m] m>riage1 or difficult & delicate relations ) memb]s ( ! family ( "o p>tn]1 w require ! ex]cise ( special qualities4 ,su* relations1 inde$1 are (t5 "o ( ! mo/ se>*+ & sev]e te/s ( ! /]l+ qualities ( female "*4 ,probably1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ presumption ( a successful *oice 9 m>riage w be f\nd :]e ! wife has n be5 educat$ 9 circum/ances or ideas absolutely dissimil> f ^? ( h] m>ri$ life4 ,m>riages ( diff]5t races or col\rs are r>ely happy1 & ! same ?+ is true ( m>riages betwe5 p]sons ( social levels t are s diff]5t z to entail great diff]5ces ( mann]s & habits4 ,o!r & m9or disp>ities ( circum/ances betwe5 girl life & m>ri$ life w h _! effect1 b !y are less /rong & less inv>iable4 ,"s ( ! happie/ m>riages h be5 m>riages ( emancipation1 :i* remov$ a girl f uncong5ial family surr\nd+s1 & plac$ h] = ! fir/ "t 9 an intellectual & moral atmosph]e 9 :i* %e c\ld freely brea!4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! *oice ( a wife1 ! "*1 circum/ances1 habits1 & tone ( ! family 9 :i* %e has be5 br\ght up w always be an important elem5t4 ,!re are qualities ( race1 !re are p$igrees ( "*1 :i* x is nev] prud5t to neglect4 ,frankl9 quotes ) approval ! advice ( a wise man to *oose a wife 'out ( a bun*1' z girls br\ght up toge!r improve ea* o!r by emulation1 le>n mutual self-sacrifice & =be>ance1 rub (f _! angul>ities1 & are n suff]$ to develop ov]we5+ self-conceit4 ,a family :]e ! rul+ ta/e is vulg>1 :]e ! /&>d ( hon\r is l[1 :]e extravagance & self-indulg5ce & want ( ord] habitually prevail1 creates an atmosph]e :i* x ne$s a /rong "* altoge!r to escape4 ,!re is also ! great "q ( physical heal?4 ,a man %\ld seek 9 m>riage r to raise ?an to depress ! physical level ( 8 family1 & above all n to introduce into x grave1 well-asc]ta9$ h]$it>y disease4 ,( all =ms ( self-sacrifice h>dly any is at once s pla9ly "r & s pla9ly useful z ! celibacy ( ^? :o are ta9t$ ) su* disease4 ,!re is no subject on :i* religi\s tea*]s h dwelt m ?an ^u m>riage & ! relation ( ! sexes1 & x has be5 cont9ually urg$ t ! propagation ( *ildr5 is its fir/ end4 ,x is /range1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve h[ almo/ absolutely 9 ! popul> e?ics ( ,*ri/5dom su* consid]ations z t :i* ,i h la/ m5tion$ h be5 neglect$4 ,if "o ( ! mo/ responsible ?+s t a man c d is to br+ a human be+ into ! _w1 "o ( 8 fir/ & mo/ obvi\s duties is to d :at he c to secure t x %all come into ! _w ) a s\nd body & a sane m9d4 ,?is is ! be/ inh]itance t p>5ts c leave _! *ildr51 & x is 9 a l>ge degree )9 _! rea*4 ,immature m>riage1 excessive *ild-be>+1 m>riages ( ne> relations1 &1 above all1 m>riages ) "s grave h]$it>y physical or m5tal disease or "s great natural defect1 may br+ happ9ess to ! p>5ts1 b c sc>cely fail to entail a t]rible p5alty ^u _! *ildr54 ,x is cle>ly recognis$ t "o ( ! fir/ duties ( p>5ts to _! *ildr5 is to secure !m 9 e>ly life n only good education1 b also1 z f> z is )9 _! p[]1 ! conditions ( a heal?y be+4 ,b ! duty goes back to an e>li] /age1 & 9 m>riage ! prospects ( ! unborn %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,?is is "o ( ! consid]ations :i* 9 ! e?ics ( ! future is likely to h a :olly diff]5t place f any t x has occupi$ 9 ! pa/4 ,a k9dr$ consid]ation1 little less important & almo/ equally neglect$ 9 popul> tea*+1 is t x is a moral (f5ce to br+ *ildr5 into ! _w ) no prospect ( be+ able to provide = !m4 ,x is difficult to exagg]ate ! ext5t to :i* ! neglect ( ^! two duties has t5d$ to ! degradation & unhapp9ess ( ! _w4 ,! greatly increas$ importance :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ory has giv5 to h]$ity %\ld t5d to make m5 m s5sible ( ! fir/ ( ^! duties4 ,9 m>riage !re are n only reciprocal duties betwe5 ! two p>tn]s2 !re are also1 m ?an 9 any o!r act ( life1 pla9 duties to ! race4 ,! h]$it>y nature ( insanity & ( "s =ms ( disease is an indisputable tru?4 ,! h]$it>y transmission ( "* has n1 x is true1 z yet acquir$ ?is position2 & !re is a grave s*ism on ! subject 9 ! ,d>w9ian s*ool4 ,b t x exi/s to "s ext5t few close obs]v]s w d\bt1 & x is 9 a high degree probable t x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful m\ld+ influ5ces ( life4 ,no m probable explanation has yet be5 giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* human nature has be5 built up1 & ( ! v>i\s in/9cts & ta/es ) :i* we are born1 ?an ! doctr9e t habits & modes ( ?\ght & feel+ indulg$ 9 & produc$ by circum/ances 9 =m] g5]ations h gradually become innate 9 ! race1 & exhibit !mselves spontane\sly & in/9ctively & q indep5d5tly ( ! circum/ances t orig9ally produc$ !m4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! same process is cont9ually go+ on4 ,man has sl[ly em]g$ f a degrad$ & be/ial condition4 ,! pressure ( long-cont9u$ circum/ances has m\ld$ him into 8 special type2 b new feel+s & habits1 or modifications ( old feel+s & habits1 are con/antly pass+ n only into 8 life b into 8 nature1 tak+ root !re1 & 9 "s degree at lea/ reproduc+ !mselves by ! =ce ( h]$ity 9 ! innate disposition ( 8 (fspr+4 ,if ?is be true1 x gives a new & t]rible importance bo? to ! duty ( self-culture & to ! duty ( wise selection 9 m>riage4 ,x means t *ildr5 are likely to be influ5c$ n only by :at we d & by :at we say1 b also by :at we are1 & t ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts 9 diff]5t degrees & comb9ations w desc5d ev5 to a remote po/]ity4 ,x ?r[s a n less t]rible light ^u ! miscalculations ( ! pa/4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 z ,mr4 ,galton has truly %[n1 x is sc>cely possible to exagg]ate ! evil :i* has be5 br\ght ^u ! _w by ! religi\s glorification ( celibacy & by ! enorm\s developm5t & enc\ragem5t ( ! mona/ic life4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 & ov] ! :ole wide surface ( ,*ri/5dom1 ?is conception ( religion drew into a /]ile celibacy ne>ly all :o 7 mo/ g5tle1 mo/ unselfi%1 mo/ e>ne/1 /udi\s1 & religi\s1 mo/ susceptible to moral & intellectual en?usiasm1 & ?us prev5t$ !m f transmitt+ to po/]ity ! v qualities t are mo/ ne$$ = ! happ9ess & ! moral progress ( ! race4 ,:5ev] ! good & evil result+ f diff]5t religi\s sy/ems come to be imp>tially judg$1 ?is consid]ation is likely to weigh heavily 9 ! scale4#gj ,return+1 h[ev]1 to ! n>r[] sph]e ( p>ticul> m>riages1 x may be obs]v$ t al?\gh full confid5ce1 &1 9 "o s5se1 complete id5tification ( int]e/s1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( a p]fect m>riage1 ?is does n by any means imply t "o p>tn] %\ld be a k9d ( duplicate ( ! o!r4 ,woman is n a m]e weak] man2 & ! happie/ m>riages are (t5 ^? 9 :i*1 9 ta/es1 "*1 & intellectual qualities1 ! wife is r ! complem5t ?an ! reflection ( h] husb&4 ,9 intellectual ?+s ?is is con/antly %[n4 ,! purely practical & prosaic intellect is unit$ ) an intellect /rongly t+$ ) poetry & romance2 ! man ^: /r5g? is 9 facts1 ) ! woman ^: /r5g? is 9 ideas2 ! man :o is :olly absorb$ 9 sci5ce or politics or economical or indu/rial problems & pursuits1 ) a woman :o possesses ! tal5t or at lea/ ! temp]am5t ( an arti/ or musician4 ,9 su* cases "o p>tn] br+s sympa?ies or qualities1 ta/es or appreciations or k9ds ( k 9 :i* ! o!r is mo/ defective2 & by ! close & con/ant contact ( two dissimil> types ea* is1 (t5 ins5sibly1 b usually v effectually1 improv$4 ,m5 diff] greatly 9 _! requirem5ts ( intellectual sympa?y4 ,a p]fectly commonplace intellectual surr\nd+ w usually d some?+ to /unt or l[] a f9e intellig5ce1 b x by no means foll[s t ea* man f9ds ! be/ intellectual atmosph]e to be t :i* is mo/ 9 h>mony ) 8 own special tal5t4 ,to _m1 h>d intellectual lab\r is an em95tly isolat$ ?+1 & :at !y desire mo/ 9 ! family circle is to ca/ (f all ?\ght ( x4 ,i h kn[n two m5 :o 7 9 ! fir/ rank ( sci5ce1 intimate fri5ds1 & bo? ( !m ( v dome/ic *>act]s4 ,"o ( !m 0 accu/om$ to d ne>ly all 8 "w 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 wife1 & 9 ! close/ possible co-op]ation ) h]4 ,! o!r us$ to congratulate himself t none ( 8 family _h 8 own sci5tific ta/es1 & t :5 he left 8 "w & came into 8 family circle he _h ! re/ ( f9d+ himself 9 an atmosph]e t 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,"s m5 ( lett]s ne$ 9 _! "w con/ant /imulus1 int]e/1 & sympa?y4 ,o!rs desire only to develop _! tal5t uncontroll$1 un9flu5c$1 & undi/urb$1 & ) an atmosph]e ( *e]ful quiet ar\nd !m4 ,:at is true ( intellect is also 9 a l>ge degree true ( "*4 ,two p]sons liv+ con/antly toge!r %\ld h _m ta/es & sympa?ies 9 common1 & _! *>act]s w 9 mo/ cases t5d to assimilate4 ,yet great disp>ities ( "* may subsi/ 9 m>riage1 n only )\t evil b (t5 ) great advantage4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e ea* supplies :at is mo/ ne$$ 9 ! o!r4 ,"s natures require s$atives & o!rs tonics2 & x w (t5 be f\nd 9 a happy m>riage t ! union ( two dissimil> natures /imulates ! idle & in]t1 mod]ates ! impetu\s1 gives g5]osity to ! p>simoni\s & ord] to ! extravagant1 imp>ts ! _s ( caution or ! _s ( ent]prise :i* is mo/ ne$$1 & corrects1 by contact ) a heal?y & *e]ful nature1 ! morbid & ! despond+4 ,m>riage may also v easily h opposite effects4 ,x is n unfrequ5tly f\nd$ on ! sympa?y ( a common weakness1 & :5 ?is is ! case x c h>dly fail to deep5 ! defect4 ,on ! :ole1 wom51 9 "s ( ! mo/ valuable =ms ( /r5g?--9 ! p[] ( endurance & 9 ! p[] ( p]sev]ance--are at lea/ ! equals ( m54 ,b weak & tremul\s n]ves1 excessive s5sibility1 & an exagg]at$ %>e ( impulse & emotion1 are indissolubly associat$ ) c]ta9 *>ms1 bo? ( mann] & "*1 :i* are int5sely fem99e1 & to _m m5 int5sely attractive4 ,:5 a nature ( ?is k9d is w$d$ to a weak or a despond+ man1 ! result w seldom be happ9ess to ei!r p>ty1 b ) a /rong man su* m>riages are (t5 v happy4 ,/r5g? may w$ ) weakness or ) /r5g?1 b weakness %\ld bew>e ( mat+ itself ) weakness4 ,x ne$s ! oak to support ! ivy ) impunity1 & !re are _m :o f9d ! con/ant contact ( a happy & *e]ful nature ! fir/ ess5tial ( _! happ9ess4 ,z x is n wise or "r t ei!r p>tn] 9 m>riage %\ld lose 8 or h] individuality1 s x is "r t ea* %\ld h an indep5d5t sph]e ( au?ority4 ,x is assum$1 ( c\rse1 t !re is ! p]fect tru/ :i* %\ld be ! fir/ condition ( m>riage & also a reasonable judgm5t4 ,_m m>riages h be5 p]man5tly m>r$ because ! woman has be5 giv5 no indep5d5ce 9 money matt]s & is oblig$ to come = ea* small ?+ to h] husb&4 ,9 g5]al ! less ! husb& m$dles 9 h\sehold matt]s1 or ! wife 9 pr(essional ones1 ! bett]4 ,! education ( v "y *ildr5 ( bo? sexes1 & ( girls ( a mature age1 w fall almo/ exclusively to ! wife4 ,! education ( ! boys :5 !y h em]g$ f *ildhood w be r gov]n$ by ! judgm5t ( ! man4 ,_m ?+s w be regulat$ 9 common2 b ! l>g] int]e/s ( ! family w usually fall *iefly to "o p>tn]1 ! small] & m num]\s ones to ! o!r4 ,on su* matt]s1 h[ev]1 g5]alisations h little value1 z exceptions are v num]\s4 ,diff]5ces ( "*1 age1 exp]i5ce1 & judgm5t1 & c\ntless special circum/ances1 w modify ! family type1 & x is 9 discov]+ ^! diff]5ces t wisdom 9 m>riage ma9ly consi/s4 ,! directions 9 :i* m>ri$ life may influ5ce "* are also v _m2 b 9 ! l>ge numb] ( cases 9 :i* x br+s ) x a great weight ( h\sehold c>es & family int]e/s x w usually be f\nd ) bo? p>tn]s1 b especially ) ! woman1 at once to /r5g!n & to n>r[ unselfi%ness4 ,%e w live v little = h]self1 b v exclusively = h] family4 ,on ! intellectual side su* m>riages usually give a s\nd] judgm5t & a wid] k ( ! _w r ?an purely intellectual ta/es4 ,x is a good ?+ :5 ! education :i* prec$es m>riage n only prep>es = ! duties ( ! m>ri$ life1 b also furni%es a fair %>e ( ! int]e/s & ta/es :i* t /ate w probably t5d to weak54 ,! h>d battle ( life1 & ! anxieties & sorr[s t a family seldom fails to br+1 w naturally give an increas$ dep? & s]i\sness to "*4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 natures :i*1 ?\gh !y may be ta9t$ by no grave vice1 are s incurably frivol\s t ev5 ?is education w fail to influ5ce !m4 ,z ,em]son says1 ',a fly is z untameable z a hyna4' ,! age t is mo/ suit$ = m>riage is also a matt] :i* w dep5d l>gely on individual circum/ances4 ,! anci5ts1 z is well kn[n1 plac$ x1 9 ! case ( ! man1 f> back1 & !y desir$ a great diff]5ce ( age betwe5 ! man & ! woman4 ,plato assign$ betwe5 ?irty & ?irty-five1 & ,ari/otle ?irty-sev51 z ! be/ age = a man to m>ry1 :ile !y w\ld h ! girls m>ri$ at eighte5 or tw5ty4#ga ,9 _! view1 h[ev]1 m>riage 0 look$ ^u v exclusively f ! side ( ! man & ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y look$ on x ma9ly z ! means ( produc+ heal?y citiz5s1 & x 0 9 _! eyes almo/ :olly dissociat$ f ! passion ( love4 ,montaigne1 9 "o ( 8 essays1 has exp\nd$ ?is view ) ! franke/ cynicism4#gb ,yet few ?+s are s important 9 m>riage z t ! man %\ld br+ into x ! fre%ness & ! purity ( an untri$ nature1 & t ! e>ly poetry & en?usiasm ( life %\ld at lea/ 9 "s degree bl5d ) ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,nor is x desirable t a relation 9 :i* ! =mation ( habits plays s l>ge a "p %\ld be def]r$ until "* has lo/ its flexibility1 & until habits h be5 irretrievably h>d5$4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are inv9cible argum5ts aga9/ m>riages ent]$ into at an age :5 nei!r p>tn] has any real k ( ! _w & ( m54 ,only too (t5 !y involve _m illusions & leave _m regrets4 ,"s k9ds ( k1 su* z t giv5 by ext5d$ travel1 are f> m easily acquir$ be=e ?an aft] m>riage4 ,usually v e>ly m>riages are improvid5t m>riages1 made ) no suffici5t provision = ! *ildr51 & (t5 !y are immature m>riages1 br++ ) !m grave physical evils4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* a great place or position is to be inh]it$1 x is seldom a good ?+ t ! int]val ( age betwe5 ! own] & 8 heir %\ld be s small t inh]itance w probably be po/pon$ till ! conf9es ( old age4 ,m>riages ent]$ into 9 ! decl9e ( life /& some:at ap>t f o!rs1 & are gov]n$ by o!r motives4 ,:at m5 *iefly seek 9 !m is a guid+ h& to lead !m g5tly d[n ! la/ desc5t ( life4 ,on ?is1 z on mo/ subjects connect$ ) m>riage1 no g5]al or inflexible rule c be laid d[n4 ,morali/s h *iefly dilat$ on ! dang]s ( def]r$ m>riages2 economi/s on ! evils ( improvid5t m>riages4 ,ea* man's circum/ances & disposition mu/ det]m9e 8 c\rse4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ civilis$ c\ntries ! prevail+ t5d5cies are 9 ! direction ( an increas$ po/ponem5t ( m>riage4 ,among ! ri*1 ! high] /&>d ( luxury & requirem5ts1 ! com=ts ( club life1 & also1 ,i ?9k1 ! dim9i%$ place :i* emotion is tak+ 9 life1 all lead to ?is1 :ile ! spread ( provid5ce & indu/rial habits among ! poor has ! same t5d5cy4 ,a female p5 is s mu* m compet5t ?an a mascul9e "o = deal+ ) m>riage f ! woman's po9t ( view t ,i d n attempt to ent] on t field4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to ov]look ! m>k$ t5d5cy ( n9ete5?-c5tury civilisation to give wom51 bo? m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 a degree ( indep5d5ce & self-reliance f> exce$+ t ( ! pa/4 ,! legislation ( mo/ civilis$ c\ntries has grant$ !m full protection = _! prop]ty & _! e>n+s1 increas$ rights ( gu>dian%ip ov] _! *ildr51 a wid] access to pr(essional life1 & ev5 a v consid]able voice 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs2 & ^! influ5ces h be5 /r5g!n$ by great improvem5t 9 female education1 & by a *ange 9 ! social tone :i* has greatly ext5d$ _! latitude ( indep5d5t action4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h no d\bt t ?is movem5t is1 on ! :ole1 b5eficial1 n only to ^? :o h to fight a lonely battle 9 life1 b also to ^? :o are 9 ! m>riage /ate4 ,l>g] int]e/s1 wid] sympa?ies1 a m discipl9$ judgm5t1 & a great] p[] ( indep5d5ce & self-control naturally accompany x2 & ^! ?+s c nev] be :olly wa/$4 ,!y w (t5 be call$ into active ex]cise by ! _m vicissitudes ( ! m>ri$ life4 ,!y w1 p]haps1 be /ill m ne$$ :5 ! close/ ( human ties is sev]$ by ! great ,divorce ( ,dea?4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,melb\rne ,pap]s1 p4 #gb4 #fi ,tibullus4 #gj ,galton's ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 pp4 #ceg-h4 ,x may be argu$1 on ! o!r side1 t ! mona/]ies consign$ to celibacy a great proportion ( ! weak] physical natures1 :o w\ld o!rwise h left sickly *ildr5 beh9d !m4 ,?is1 & ! mu* great] mortality ( weak infant life1 mu/ h /r5g!n$ ! race 9 an age :5 sanit>y sci5ce 0 unkn[n & :5 ext]nal conditions 7 v unfav\rable4 #ga ,republic1 ,book ,v4 ,politics1 ,book ,,vii4 #gb ,livre ,,iii4 ,*4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,success ,"o ( ! mo/ important lessons t exp]i5ce tea*es is t on ! :ole1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases1 success 9 life dep5ds m on "* ?an on ei!r intellect or =tune4 ,_m brilliant exceptions1 no d\bt1 t5d to obscure ! rule1 & "s ( ! qualities ( "* t succe$ ! be/ may be unit$ ) grave vices or defects2 b on ! :ole ! law is "o t _c be que/ion$1 & x becomes m & m app>5t z civilisation advances4 ,temp]ance1 indu/ry1 integrity1 frugality1 self-reliance1 & self-re/ra9t are ! means by :i* ! great masses ( m5 rise f p5ury to com=t1 & x is ! nations 9 :i* ^! qualities are mo/ diffus$ t 9 ! long run are ! mo/ prosp]\s4 ,*ance & circum/ance may d mu*4 ,a happy climate1 a =tunate annexation1 a fav\rable vicissitude 9 ! c\rse ( comm]ce1 may va/ly influ5ce ! prosp]ity ( nations2 an>*y1 agitation1 unju/ laws1 & fraudul5t ent]prise may (f] _m opportunities ( individual or ev5 ( class ga9s2 b ultimately x w be f\nd t ! nations 9 :i* ! solid indu/rial virtues are mo/ diffus$ & mo/ respect$ pass all o!rs 9 ! race4 ,! moral basis ( "* 0 ! true f\ndation ( ! greatness ( anci5t ,rome1 & :5 t f\ndation 0 sapp$ ! p]iod ( h] decad5ce began4 ,! solid1 p>simoni\s1 & indu/ri\s qualities ( ! ,fr5* peasantry h giv5 _! c\ntry ! recup]ative =ce :i* has enabl$ its greatness to survive ! c\ntless follies & extravagances ( its rul]s4 ,"*1 x may be add$1 is especially pre-em95t 9 ^? k9ds & degrees ( success t affect ! greate/ numb]s ( m5 & influ5ce mo/ l>gely _! real happ9ess--9 ! success :i* secures a high level ( mat]ial com=t2 :i* makes dome/ic life /able & happy2 :i* w9s = a man ! respect & confid5ce ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,if we h melan*oly examples t v diff]5t qualities (t5 ga9 spl5did prizes1 x is /ill true t !re are few walks 9 life 9 :i* a "* t inspires complete confid5ce is n a lead+ elem5t ( success4 ,9 ! pa?s ( ambition t c only be pursu$ by ! few1 intellectual qualities be> a l>g] "p1 & !re are1 ( c\rse1 _m works ( g5ius t are 9 _! own nature ess5tially intellectual4 ,yet ev5 ! mo/ spl5did successes ( life w (t5 be f\nd to be due mu* less to extraord9>y intellectual gifts ?an to an extraord9>y /r5g? & t5acity ( w1 to ! abnormal c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 & "w-p[] t spr+ f x1 or to ! tact & judgm5t :i* make m5 skilful 9 seiz+ opportunities1 & :i*1 ( all intellectual qualities1 are mo/ closely alli$ ) "*4 ,/r5g? ( w & tact are n necess>ily1 p]haps n g5]ally1 conjo9$1 & (t5 ! fir/ seems some:at to impair ! second4 ,! /rong passion1 ! int5se conviction1 ! comm&+ & imp]i\s nature ov]rid+ ob/acles & defy+ opposition1 t (t5 goes ) a w ( abnormal /r5g?1 does n naturally h>monise ) ! retic5ce ( expression1 ! delicacy ( t\* & managem5t t *>act]ise a man :o possesses 9 a high degree ! gift ( tact4 ,!re are circum/ances & times :5 ea* ( ^! two ?+s is m important ?an ! o!r1 & ! success ( ea* man w ma9ly dep5d ^u ! suitability ( 8 peculi> gift to ! "w he has to d4 ',! d>+ pilot 9 extremity' is (t5 by no means ! be/ navigator 9 a quiet sea2 & m5 :o h %[n !mselves supremely great 9 mom5ts ( crisis & appall+ dang]1 :o h built up mighty nations1 subdu$ savage tribes1 guid$ ! b>k ( ! ,/ate ) skill & c\rage amid ! /orms ( revolution or civil w>1 & writt5 _! names 9 indelible lett]s on ! page ( hi/ory1 h sometimes prov$ f> less successful ?an m5 ( inf]ior p[]s 9 ! art ( manag+ assemblies1 satisfy+ rival int]e/s or assuag+ by judici\s compromise old hatr$s & prejudices4 ,we h _h at lea/ "o conspicu\s example ( ! diff]5ce ( ^! two types 9 our own day 9 ! life ( ! great f\nd] ( ,g]man ,unity4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 m5 ( great /r5g? ( w & purpose possess also 9 a high degree ! gift ( tact2 & :5 ?is is comb9$ ) s\ndness ( judgm5t x usually leads to a success 9 life out ( all proportion to _! purely intellectual qualities4 ,9 ne>ly all adm9i/rative po/s1 9 all ! _m fields ( lab\r :]e ! task ( man is to gov]n1 manage1 or influ5ce o!rs1 to adju/ or h>monise antagonisms ( race or int]e/s or prejudices1 to c>ry ?r\gh difficult bus9ess )\t friction & by skilful co-op]ation1 ?is comb9ation ( gifts is supremely valuable4 ,x is mu* m valuable ?an brilliancy1 eloqu5ce1 or orig9ality4 ,i rememb] ! comm5t ( a good judge ( m5 on ! adm9i/ration ( a great gov]nor :o 0 pre-em95tly rem>kable = ?is comb9ation4 ',he always seem$ to ga9 8 po9t1 yet he nev] appe>$ to be 9 antagonism ) anyone4' ,! /eady pressure ( a firm & consi/5t w 0 sc>cely felt :5 x 0 accompani$ by ! ready recognition ( ev]y?+ t 0 good 9 ! argum5t ( ano!r1 & by a *>m ( mann] & ( temp] :i* seldom fail$ to dis>m opposition & w9 p]sonal affection4 ,! comb9ation ( qualities :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely incompatible1 are v usually disconnect$1 is ! secret ( _m successful lives4 ,?us1 to take "o ( ! mo/ homely1 b "o ( ! mo/ useful & mo/ pleas+ ( all qualities--good-nature--x w too (t5 be f\nd t :5 x is ! m>k$ & lead+ feature ( a "* x is accompani$ by "s want ( firmness1 en]gy1 & judgm5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! case1 & !re are !n few great] elem5ts ( success4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! subtle1 magnetic sympa?y by :i* m5 feel :e!r _! neighb\r is a h>% or a k9d judge ( o!rs1 & h[ g5]ally ^? :o judge h>%ly are !mselves h>%ly judg$1 :ile ^? :o judge o!rs r by _! m]its ?an by _! defects1 & p]haps a little above _! m]its1 w9 popul>ity4 ,no "o1 inde$1 c fail to notice ! effect ( good-nature 9 conciliat+ opposition1 secur+ atta*m5t1 smoo?+ ! v>i\s pa?s ( life1 &1 x mu/ be add$1 conceal+ grave faults4 ,laxities ( conduct t might well bla/ ! reputation ( a man or a woman are con/antly =gott51 or at lea/ =giv51 9 ^? :o lead a life ( tactful good-nature1 & 9 ! eyes ( ! _w ?is quality is m valu$ ?an o!rs ( f> high] & m solid wor?4 ,x is n unusual1 = example1 to see a lady 9 society1 :o is liv+ :olly or almo/ :olly = h] pleasures1 :o has no high purpose 9 life1 no real s5se ( duty1 no capacity = g5u9e & s]i\s self-sacrifice1 b :o at ! same "t nev] says an unk9d ?+ ( h] neighb\rs1 sets up no sev]e /&>d ( conduct ei!r = h]self or = o!rs1 & by an innate amiability ( temp]am5t tries1 successfully & )\t ef=t1 to make all ar\nd h] *e]ful & happy4 ,%e w probably be m admir$1 %e w almo/ c]ta9ly be m popul>1 ?an h] neighb\r ^: :ole life is "o ( self-d5ial = ! good ( o!rs1 :o sacrifices to h] duties h] de>e/ pleasures1 h] "t1 h] money1 & h] tal5ts1 b :o ?r\gh "s unhappy turn ( temp]1 /r5g!n$ p]haps by a n>r[ & au/]e education1 is a h>% & c5sori\s judge ( ! frailties ( h] fell[s4 ,x is also a curi\s ?+ to obs]ve h[ (t51 :5 ! sav+ gift ( tact is want+1 ! brilliant1 ! witty1 ! ambiti\s1 & ! en]getic are pass$ 9 ! race ( life by m5 :o 9 intellectual qualities are greatly _! inf]iors4 ,!y dazzle1 agitate1 & 9 a measure influ5ce1 & !y easily w9 places 9 ! second rank2 b some?+ 9 ! v ex]cise ( _! tal5ts cont9ually trammels !m1 :ile judgm5t1 tact1 & good-nature1 ) comp>atively little brilliancy1 quietly & unobtrusively take ! helm4 ,!re is ! excell5t talk] :o1 by 8 tal5ts & 8 acquirem5ts1 is em95tly fitt$ to delight & to in/ruct1 yet he is s unable to repress "s unseemly je/ or "s po9t$ s>casm or "s humor\s p>adox t he cont9ually leaves a /+ beh9d him1 creates enemies1 de/roys 8 reputation = sobriety ( ?\ght1 & makes himself impossible 9 po/s ( adm9i/ration & tru/4 ,!re is ! p>liam5t>y speak] :o1 amid %\ts ( applause1 pursues 8 adv]s>y ) sca?+ invective or m]ciless ridicule1 & :o all ! "t is accumulat+ animosities aga9/ himself1 %utt+ ! door aga9/ comb9ations t w\ld be all important to 8 c>e]1 & de/roy+ 8 *ances ( p>ty lead]%ip4 ,!re is ! advocate :o c /ate 8 case ) consummate p[]1 b :o1 by an aggressive mann] or a too evid5t contempt = 8 adv]s>y1 or by ! ov]-/atem5t ( a good cause1 habitually ?r[s ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s into an attitude ( opposition4 ,!re are ! _m m5 :o1 by ill-tim$ or too frequ5t levity1 lose all cr$it = _! s]i\s qualities1 or :o by pret5ti\sness or self-ass]tion or re/less ef=ts to di/+ui% !mselves1 make !mselves univ]sally dislik$1 or :o by _! egotism or _! repetitions or _! p]si/5ce1 or _! incapacity ( di/+ui%+ ess5tials f details1 or und]/&+ ! dispositions ( o!rs1 or appreciat+ times & seasons1 make _! we>i$ & exasp]at$ he>]s bl9d to ! mo/ sub/antial m]its4 ,by faults ( tact m5 ( really mod]ate op9ions get ! reputation ( extremi/s2 m5 ( sub/antially k9dly natures s[ animosities :]ev] !y g2 m5 ( real patriotism are reg>d$ z m]e je/]s or p>ty gambl]s2 m5 :o possess great tal5ts & h r5d]$ great s]vices to ! _w s9k into invet]ate bores & nev] obta9 f _! contempor>ies a ti! ( ! success :i* is _! due4 ,tact is n m]ely %[n 9 say+ ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t & to ! "r p2 x is %[n q z mu* 9 ! _m ?+s t are left unsaid & app>5tly unnotic$1 or are only lightly & evasively t\*$4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! highe/ ( human end[m5ts1 b x is z c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ valuable1 = x is t :i* *iefly enables a man to use 8 o!r gifts to advantage1 & :i* mo/ effectually supplies ! place ( ^? t are want+4 ,x lies on ! bord]l& ( "* & intellect4 ,x implies self-re/ra9t1 good temp]1 quick & k9dly sympa?y ) ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,x implies also a p]ception ( ! f9] %ad+s ( "* & expression1 ! intellectual gift :i* enables a man to place himself 9 t\* ) great v>ieties ( disposition1 & to cat* ^? m delicate notes ( feel+ to :i* a co>s] nature is ins5sible4 ,x is p]haps 9 mo/ cases m develop$ among wom5 ?an among m51 & x does n necess>ily imply any o!r rem>kable gift4 ,x is sometimes f\nd among bo? m5 & wom5 ( v small g5]al intellectual p[]s2 & 9 num]\s cases x s]ves only to add to ! *>m ( private life & to secure social success4 ,:]e x is unit$ ) real tal5ts x n only enables its possessor to use ^! tal5ts to ! greate/ advantage2 x also (t5 leads ^? ab\t him greatly to magnify _! am\nt4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is gift is "o ( ! *ief causes :y ! relative value ( diff]5t m5 is (t5 s diff]5tly judg$ by contempor>ies & by po/]ity2 by ^? :o h come 9 direct p]sonal contact ) !m1 & by ^? :o judge !m f )\t1 & by ! broad results ( _! lives4 ,real tact1 l good mann]s1 is or becomes a spontane\s & natural ?+4 ,! man ( p]fectly ref9$ mann]s does n consci\sly & delib]ately on ea* occasion obs]ve ! c\rtesies & am5ities ( good society4 ,!y h become to him a second nature1 & he obs]ves !m z by a k9d ( in/9ct1 )\t ?\ght or ef=t4 ,9 ! same way true tact is some?+ :olly diff]5t f ! elaborate & artificial attempts to conciliate & attract :i* may (t5 be se51 & :i* usually br+ ) !m ! impression ( manoeuvre & ins9c]ity4 ,?\gh x may be f\nd 9 m5 ( v diff]5t *>act]s & grades ( intellect1 tact has its natural aff9ities4 ,seek+ beyond all ?+s to avoid unnecess>y friction1 & !re=e ) a /rong lean+ t[>ds compromise1 x does n g5]ally or naturally g ) int5se convictions1 ) /rong en?usiasms1 ) an ard5tly impulsive or emotional temp]am5t4 ,nor is x commonly f\nd among m5 ( deep & conc5trat$ g5ius1 int5sely absorb$ 9 "s special subject4 ,su* m5 are (t5 among ! mo/ unobs]vant ( ! social sides ( life1 & v bad judges ( "*1 ?\gh !re w frequ5tly be f\nd among !m an almo/ *ildlike unworldl9ess & simplicity ( nature1 & an ess5tial mod]ation ( temp]am5t :i*1 comb9$ ) _! sup]iority ( intellect1 gives !m a *>m peculi>ly _! own4 ,tact1 h[ev]1 has a natural aff9ity to a calm1 equable1 & good-natur$ temp]4 ,x allies itself ) a quick s5se ( opportunity1 proportion1 & degree2 ) ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ readily & truly betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! unimportant2 ) t s\ndness ( judgm5t :i* n only guides m5 among ! v>i$ ev5ts ( life1 & 9 _! e/imate ( ^? ab\t !m1 b also enables !m to take a true measure ( _! own capacities1 ( ! tasks t are mo/ fitt$ = !m1 ( ! objects ( ambition t are & are n )9 _! rea*4 ,?\gh 9 its high] degrees x is ess5tially a natural gift1 & is sometimes conspicu\s 9 p]fectly un$ucat$ m51 x may be l>gely cultivat$ & improv$2 & 9 ?is respect ! education ( good society is especially valuable4 ,su* an education1 :atev] else x may d1 at lea/ removes _m j>r+ notes f ! rhy?m ( life4 ,x t5ds to correct faults ( mann]1 demean\r1 or pronunciation :i* tell aga9/ m5 to a degree altoge!r disproportion$ to _! real importance1 & on :i*1 x is h>dly too mu* to say1 ! casual judgm5ts ( ! _w are ma9ly =m$2 & x also fo/]s moral qualities :i* are ess5tially ( ! nature ( tact4 ,we c h>dly h a bett] picture ( a really tactful man ?an 9 "s s5t5ces tak5 f ! admirable pages 9 :i* ,c>d9al ,newman has pa9t$ ! "* ( ! p]fect g5tleman4 ',x is almo/ a def9ition ( a g5tleman to say he is "o :o nev] inflicts pa94444 ,he c>efully avoids :atev] may cause a j> or a jolt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ) :om he is ca/--all cla%+ ( op9ion or collision ( feel+1 all re/ra9t or suspicion or gloom or res5tm5t2 8 great conc]n be+ to make ev]yone at ease & at home4 ,he has 8 eyes on all 8 company2 he is t5d] t[>ds ! ba%ful1 g5tle t[>ds ! di/ant1 & m]ciful t[>ds ! absurd2 he c recollect to :om he is speak+2 he gu>ds aga9/ unreasonable allusions or topics t may irritate2 he is seldom prom95t 9 conv]sation1 & nev] we>isome4 ,he makes light ( fav\rs :ile he does !m1 & seems to be receiv+ :5 he is conf]r+4 ,he nev] speaks ( himself except :5 compell$1 nev] def5ds himself by a m]e retort2 he has no e>s = sl&] or gossip1 is scrupul\s 9 imput+ motives to ^? :o int]f]e ) him1 & int]prets ev]y?+ = ! be/4 ,he is nev] mean or little 9 8 disputes1 nev] takes an unfair advantage1 nev] mi/akes p]sonalities or %>p say+s = argum5ts1 or ins9uates evil :i* he d>e n say out4444 ,he has too mu* good s5se to be affront$ at insult2 he is too busy to rememb] injuries1 & too indol5t to be> malice4444 ,if he engages 9 controv]sy ( any k9d 8 discipl9$ intellect pres]ves him f ! blund]+ disc\rtesy ( bett] ?\gh less educat$ m9ds1 :o1 l blunt weapons1 te> & hack in/ead ( cutt+ clean4444 ,he may be "r or wrong 9 8 op9ion1 b he is too cle>-head$ to be unju/2 he is z simple z he is =cible1 & z brief z he is decisive4 ,n[h]e %all we f9d great] c&\r1 consid]ation1 indulg5ce4 ,he ?r[s himself into ! m9ds ( 8 oppon5ts1 he acc\nts = _! mi/akes4 ,he kn[s ! weakness ( human nature z well z its /r5g?1 its prov9ce1 & its limits4'#gc ,i h said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t "* be>s1 on ! :ole1 a l>g] "p 9 promot+ success ?an any o!r ?+s1 & t a /eady p]sev]ance 9 ! indu/rial virtues seldom fails to br+ "s rew>d 9 ! directions t are mo/ conducive to human happ9ess4 ,at ! same "t x is only too evid5t t success 9 life is by no means measur$ by m]it1 ei!r moral or intellectual4 ,life is a great lott]y1 9 :i* *ance & opportunity play an enorm\s "p4 ,! high] qualities are (t5 less successful ?an ! m$ium & ! l[] ones4 ,!y are (t5 mo/ successful :5 !y are bl5d$ ) o!r & inf]ior elem5ts1 & a l>ge %>e ( ! great prizes fall to ! unscrupul\s1 ! selfi%1 & ! cunn+4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! disp>ity betwe5 m]it & success dim9i%es if we take ! l>g] av]ages1 & ! =tunes ( nations correspond ) _! real wor? mu* m ne>ly ?an ! =tunes ( individuals4 ,success1 too1 is f> f be+ a synonym = happ9ess1 & :ile ! desire = happ9ess is inh]5t 9 all human nature1 ! desire = success--at lea/ beyond :at is ne$$ = obta9+ a fair %>e ( ! com=ts ( life--is mu* less univ]sal4 ,! =ce ( habit1 ! desire = a tranquil dome/ic life1 ! love ( c\ntry & ( home1 are (t51 among really able m51 /rong] ?an ! impulse ( ambition2 & a di/a/e = ! competitions & cont5tions ( life1 = ! increas+ responsibilities ( greatness1 & = ! envy & jeal\sies t seldom fail to foll[ 9 its trail1 may be f\nd among m5 :o1 if !y *ose to ent] ! ar5a1 seem to h e requisite = success4 ,! /ronge/ man is n always ! mo/ ard5t climb]1 & ! tranquil valleys h to _m a great] *>m ?an ! l(ty p9nacles ( life4 ,,footnote3 #gc ,newman's ,scope & ,nature ( ,univ]sity ,education1 ,disc\rse ,,ix4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,"t ,consid]+ ! c\ntless ages t man has liv$ ^u ?is globe1 x seems a /range ?+ t he has s little le>n$ to acquiesce 9 ! normal conditions ( humanity4 ,h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! melan*oly :i* is reflect$ 9 ! poetry ( all ages1 & :i* is felt 9 diff]5t degrees 9 e human s\l1 is due n to any special or peculi> mis=tune1 b to ?+s t are common to ! :ole human race6 ,! inexorable flight ( "t2 ! approa* ( old age & its infirmities2 ! %ad[ ( dea?2 ! my/]y t surr\nds our be+2 ! contra/ betwe5 ! dep? ( affection & ! transitor9ess & unc]ta9ty ( life2 ! spectacle ( ! brok5 lives & baffl$ aspirations & useless lab\rs & misdirect$ tal5ts & p]nici\s en]gies & long-cont9u$ delusions t fill ! pa? ( human hi/ory2 ! deep s5se ( vanity & aimlessness t mu/ sometimes come ov] u z we contemplate a _w 9 :i* *ance is s (t5 /rong] ?an wisdom2 9 :i* des]t & rew>d are s widely sep>at$2 9 :i* liv+ be+s succe$ ea* o!r 9 su* a va/ & bewild]+ r$undance--eat+1 kill+1 suff]+1 & dy+ = no useful discov]able purpose1--all ^! ?+s belong to ! normal lot or to ! inevitable sett+ ( human life4 ,nor c x be said t sci5ce1 :i* has s l>gely ext5d$ our k ( ! ,univ]se1 or civilisation1 :i* has s greatly multipli$ our com=ts & alleviat$ our pa9s1 has 9 any degree dim9i%$ ! sadness !y br+4 ,x seems1 inde$1 z if ! m man is rais$ above a purely animal exi/5ce1 & 8 m5tal & moral p[]s are develop$1 ! m ?is k9d ( feel+ increases4 ,9 few if any p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory has x be5 m p]ceptible 9 lit]ature ?an at pres5t4 ,physical con/itution & temp]am5t h a va/ & a humiliat+ p[] ( deep5+ or light5+ x1 & ! /r5g? or weakness ( religi\s belief l>gely affects x1 yet ! be/1 ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ believ+1 & ! mo/ prosp]\s _c :olly escape x4 ,sometimes x f9ds its true expression 9 ! l9es ( ,raleigh3 ,ev5 su* is "t2 :i* takes 9 tru/ ,our y\?1 our joys1 & all we h6 ,& pays u n\ght b age & du/1 ,:i* 9 ! d>k & sil5t grave1 ,:5 we h w&]$ all our ways1 ,%uts up ! /ory ( our days2 ,& f :i* grave & e>? & du/1 ,! ,"l %all raise me up1 ,i tru/4 ,sometimes x takes ! tone ( a light] melan*oly t\*$ ) cynicism3 ,la vie e/ va9e3 ,un peu d'am\r1 ,un peu de ha9e1 ,et puis--bon j\r4 ,la vie e/ brve1 ,un peu d'espoir1 ,un peu de rve1 ,et puis--bon soir4#gd ,!re are few say+s :i* des]ve bett] to be br\ght cont9ually be=e our m9ds ?an t ( ,frankl93 ',y value life2 !n d n squ&] "t1 = "t is ! /uff ( life4' ,( all ! ?+s t are be/[$ on m51 none is m valuable1 b none is m unequally us$1 & ! true measurem5t ( life %\ld be f\nd less 9 its duration ?an 9 ! am\nt t is put into x4 ,! wa/e ( "t is "o ( ! olde/ ( commonplaces1 b x is "o ( ^? :i* are nev] really /ale4 ,h[ mu* ( ! preci\s '/uff ( life' is wa/$ by want ( punctuality2 by want ( me?od involv+ sup]flu\s & repeat$ ef=t2 by want ( measure prolong+ ?+s t are pleasurable or pr(itable 9 mod]ation to ! po9t ( we>9ess1 satiety1 & extravagance2 by want ( selection dwell+ too mu* on ! useless or ! unimportant2 by want ( int5sity1 gr[+ out ( a nature t is li/less & apa!tic bo? 9 "w & pleasure4 ,"t is1 9 "o s5se1 ! mo/ ela/ic ( ?+s4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ exp]i5ces t ! busie/ m5 f9d mo/ ( x = exceptional "w1 & (t5 a man :o1 "u ! /rong /imulus ( an active pr(essional life1 rep9es bitt]ly t he f9ds s little "t = pursu+ "s fav\rite "w or /udy1 discov]s1 to 8 own surprise1 t :5 circum/ances h plac$ all 8 "t at 8 disposal he does less 9 ?is field ?an 9 ! h>d-e>n$ int]vals ( a cr[d$ life4 ,! art ( wisely us+ ! sp>e five m9utes1 ! casual vacancies or int]vals ( life1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable we c acquire4 ,!re are lives 9 :i* ! ma9 preoccupation is to get ?r\gh "t4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :i* x is to f9d "t = all t has to be got ?r\gh1 & mo/ m51 9 diff]5t p]iods ( _! lives1 are acqua9t$ ) bo? extremes4 ,) "s1 "t is m]e duration1 a blank1 featureless ?+1 glid+ swiftly & ins5sibly by4 ,) o!rs e day1 & almo/ e h\r1 seems to h its di/9ctive /amp & "*1 = good or ill1 9 "w or pleasure4 ,!re are va/ diff]5ces 9 ?is respect betwe5 diff]5t ages ( hi/ory1 & betwe5 diff]5t g5]ations 9 ! same c\ntry1 betwe5 t[n & c\ntry life1 & betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries4 ',bett] fifty ye>s ( ,europe ?an a cycle ( ,ca?ay' is pr(\ndly true1 & no travell] c fail to be ins5sible to ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( "t 9 a ,nor!rn & 9 a ,s\!rn c\ntry4 ,! leisure ( "s nations seems busi] ?an ! "w ( o!rs1 & few ?+s are m re/+ to an ov]wr\ght & jad$ ,anglo-,saxon nature ?an to pass = a %ort season into "o ( ^? c\ntries :]e "t seems almo/ )\t value4 ,on ! :ole !re c be little d\bt t life 9 ! m civilis$ nations has1 9 our own g5]ation1 l>gely increas$4 ,x is n simply t its av]age duration is ext5d$4 ,?is1 9 a l>ge degree1 is due to ! dim9i%$ am\nt ( infant mortality4 ,! improvem5t is %[n m conclusively 9 ! increas$ commonness ( vigor\s & active old age1 9 ! multitude ( new contrivances = economis+ & !re=e increas+ "t1 9 ! f> great] int5sity ( life bo? 9 ! =ms ( "w & 9 ! =ms ( pleasure4 ',life at high pressure' is n )\t its drawbacks & its evils1 b x at lea/ means life :i* is l>gely & fully us$4 ,all int]missions ( "w1 h[ev]1 ev5 :5 !y d n take ! =m ( positive pleasure1 are n wa/e ( "t4 ,ov]work1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life1 is commonly bad economy1 n s mu* because x (t5 breaks d[n heal?--mo/ ( :at is attribut$ to ?is cause is probably r due to anxiety ?an to "w--z because x seldom fails to impair ! quality ( "w4 ,a great portion ( our lives passes 9 ! unconsci\sness ( sleep1 & p]haps no "p is m usefully sp5t4 ,x n only br+s ) x ! re/oration ( our physical en]gies1 b x also gives a true & heal?y tone to our moral nature4 ,( all e>?ly ?+s sleep does ! mo/ to place ?+s 9 _! true proportions1 calm+ excit$ n]ves & dispell+ exagg]at$ c>es4 ,h[ _m suicides h be5 av]t$1 h[ _m ra% ent]prises & decisions h be5 prev5t$1 h[ _m dang]\s qu>rels h be5 allay$1 by ! soo?+ influ5ce ( a few h\rs ( /eady sleep6 ',sleep t knits up ! ravell'd sleeve ( c>e' is1 inde$1 9 a c>eworn _w1 "o ( ! *ief ( bless+s4 ,its heal+ & re/orative p[] is z mu* felt 9 ! sicknesses ( ! m9d z 9 ^? ( ! body1 &1 9 spite ( ! au?ority ( ,solomon1 x is probably a wise ?+ = m5 to take ! full measure ( x1 :i* undoctor$ nature dem&s4 ,! true wa/e ( "t ( ! slugg>d is n 9 ! am\nt ( natural sleep he enjoys1 b 9 ! "t idly sp5t 9 b$ :5 sleep has ceas$1 & 9 misplac$ & mi/im$ sleep1 :i* is n due to any g5u9e crav+ ( ! body = re/1 b simply to m5tal sluggi%ness1 to lack ( int]e/ & att5tion4 ,"s m5 h claim$ = sleep ev5 m ?an ?is4 ',! night-"t ( ! body1' an anci5t writ] has said1 'is ! day-"t ( ! s\l1' & "s1 :o d n absolutely hold ! old belief t x is 9 ! dreams ( ! night t ! ,div9e ,_s mo/ communicates ) man1 h1 nev]!less1 believ$ t ! complete )drawal ( our m9ds f ^? worldly c>es :i* haunt our wak+ h\rs & d s mu* to mat]ialise & h>d5 our natures is "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( a high] life4 ',9 proportion1' said ,sw$5borg1 'z ! m9d is capable ( be+ )drawn f ?+s s5sual & corporeal1 9 ! same proportion x is elevat$ into ?+s cele/ial & spiritual4' ,x has be5 notic$ t (t5 ?\ghts & judgm5ts1 scatt]$ & entangl$ 9 our ev5+ h\rs1 seem sift$1 cl>ifi$1 & arrang$ 9 sleep2 t problems :i* seem$ hopelessly confus$ :5 we lay d[n are at once & easily solv$ :5 we awake1 'z ?\gh a reason m p]fect ?an reason _h be5 at "w :5 we 7 9 our b$s4' ,some?+ analog\s to ?is1 x has be5 cont5d$1 takes place 9 our moral natures4 ',a process is go+ on 9 u dur+ ^? h\rs :i* is n1 & _c be1 br\ght s effectually1 if at all1 at any o!r "t1 & we are spiritually gr[+1 develop+1 rip5+ m cont9u\sly :ile ?us %ield$ f ! di/ract+ influ5ces ( ! ph5om5al _w ?an dur+ ! h\rs 9 :i* we are absorb$ 9 !m4444 ,is x n precisely ! function ( sleep to give u = a portion ( e day 9 our lives a respite f worldly influ5ces :i*1 un9t]rupt$1 w\ld deprive u ( ! in/ruction1 ( ! spiritual re9=cem5ts1 necess>y to qualify u to turn our wak+ exp]i5ces ( ! _w to ! be/ acc\nt )\t be+ ov]come by !m8 ,x is 9 ^! h\rs t ! plans & ambitions ( our ext]nal worldly life cease to int]f]e ) or ob/ruct ! fl[ ( ! ,div9e life into ! w4'#ge ,)\t1 h[ev]1 foll[+ ?is tra9 ( ?\ght1 x is at lea/ suffici5tly cle> t no small portion ( ! happ9ess ( life dep5ds ^u our sleep+ h\rs4 ,plato has exhort$ m5 to obs]ve c>efully _! dreams z indicat+ _! natural dispositions1 t5d5cies1 & temptations1 &--p]haps ) m reason--,burton & ,frankl9 h propos$ '! art ( procur+ pleasant dreams' z "o ( ! great1 ?\gh little recognis$1 bran*es ( ! sci5ce ( life4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ma9ly a "q ( diet1 ex]cise1 effici5t v5tilation1 & a wise di/ribution ( h\rs1 b x is also l>gely influ5c$ by moral causes4 ,somnia qu m5tes ludunt volitantibus umbris1 ,nec delubra deum1 nec ab !re num9a mittunt1 ,s$ sibi quisque facit4 ,to appease ! p]turbations ( ! m9d1 to live a tranquil1 upright1 unremorseful life1 to cultivate ! p[] ( gov]n+ by ! w ! curr5t ( our ?\ghts1 repress+ unruly passions1 exagg]at$ anxieties1 & unheal?y desires1 is at lea/ "o great recipe = bani%+ f our pill[s ^? pa9ful dreams t contribute n a little to ! unhapp9ess ( _m lives4 ,an analog\s bran* ( self-culture is t :i* seeks to provide "s heal?y alim5t = ! wak+ h\rs ( ! night1 :5 "t seems s unnaturally prolong$1 & :5 gloomy ?\ghts & exagg]at$ & di/emp]$ views ( ! trials ( life peculi>ly prevail4 ,among ! ways 9 :i* education may conduce to ! real happ9ess ( man1 its p[] ( supply+ pleasant or soo?+ ?\ghts = ^? dre>y h\rs is n ! lea/1 ?\gh x is seldom or nev] notic$ 9 books or spee*es4 ,x is1 p]haps1 9 ?is respect t ! e>ly habit ( committ+ poetry--& especially religi\s poetry--to memory is mo/ important4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( ^? int]missions ( lab\r :i* are n sp5t 9 active enjoym5t "o o!r consid]ation may be not$4 ,!re are times :5 ! m9d %\ld lie fall[1 & all :o h liv$ ! intellectual life ) pr(it h p]ceiv$ t x is (t5 9 ^? times t x mo/ rega9s ! ela/icity x may h lo/ & becomes mo/ prolific 9 spontane\s ?\ght4 ,_m p]iods ( life :i* might at fir/ sight appe> to be m]ely unus$ "t are1 9 tru?1 among ! mo/ really valuable4 ,we h all notic$ ! curi\s fact ( ! extreme app>5t inequalities ( "t1 ?\gh x is1 9 its ess5ce1 ( all ?+s ! mo/ uni=m4 ,p]iods ( pa9 or acute discom=t seem unnaturally long1 b ?is l5g!n+ ( "t is =tunately n true ( all ! melan*oly sc5es ( life1 nor is x peculi> to ?+s t are pa9ful4 ,an invalid life ) its almo/ unbrok5 monotony1 & ) ! l>ge measure ( torpor t (t5 accompanies x1 usually flies v quickly1 & mo/ p]sons mu/ h obs]v$ h[ ! fir/ week ( travel1 or ( "s o!r great *ange ( habits & pursuits1 ?\gh (t5 att5d$ ) ke5 enjoym5t1 appe>s disproportionately long4 ,r\t9e %ort5s & v>iety l5g!ns "t1 & x is !re=e 9 ! p[] ( m5 to d some?+ to regulate its pace4 ,a life ) _m l&m>ks1 a life :i* is mu* subdivid$ :5 ^? subdivisions are n ( ! same k9d1 & :5 new & div]se int]e/s1 impressions1 & lab\rs foll[ ea* o!r 9 swift & di/9ct succession1 seems ! mo/ long1 & y\?1 ) its ke5 susceptibility to impressions1 appe>s to move mu* m sl[ly ?an apa!tic old age4 ,h[ almo/ immeasurably long to a "y *ild seems ! p]iod f bir?day to bir?day6 ,h[ long to ! s*oolboy seems ! int]val betwe5 vacation & vacation6 ,h[ rapid z we g on 9 life becomes ! awful beat ( ea* recurr+ ye>6 ,:5 ! feel+ ( novelty has gr[n r>e1 & :5 int]e/s h lo/ _! edge1 "t glides by ) an ev]-increas+ cel]ity4 ,campbell has ju/ly notic$ z a b5efic5t provision ( nature t x is 9 ! p]iod ( life :5 enjoym5ts are fewe/1 & infirmities mo/ num]\s1 t ! m>* ( "t seems mo/ rapid4 ,! m we live1 m brief appe> ,our life's succe$+ /ages1 ,a day to *ildhood seems a ye>1 ,& ye>s l pass+ ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,joys h lo/ _! bloom & brea?1 ,& life itself is vapid1 ,:y z we rea* ! ,falls ( dea? ,feel we its tide m rapid8 99 99 99 99 99 ,heav5 gives our ye>s ( fad+ /r5g? ,indemnify+ fleetness2 ,& ^? ( y\? a seem+ l5g? ,proportion$ to _! sweetness4 ,! %ortness ( life is "o ( ! commonplaces ( lit]ature4 ,yet ?\gh we may easily conceive be+s ) faculties bo? ( m9d & body adapt$ to a f> long] life ?an ours1 x w usually be f\nd1 ) our exi/+ p[]s1 t life1 if n prematurely %ort5$1 is long en\gh4 ,9 ! case ( m5 :o h play$ a great "p 9 public affairs1 ! be/ "w is ne>ly always done be=e old age4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t al?\gh a ,s5ate1 by its v d]ivation1 means an assembly ( old m51 & al?\gh 9 ! ,s5ate ( ,rome1 :i* 0 ! greate/ ( all1 ! memb]s sat = life1 !re 0 a special law provid+ t no ,s5ator1 aft] sixty1 %\ld be summon$ to att5d 8 duty4#gf ,9 ! pa/ c5turies active septuag5>ian /atesm5 7 v r>e1 & 9 p>liam5t>y life almo/ unkn[n4 ,9 our own c5tury !re h be5 brilliant exceptions1 b 9 mo/ cases x w be f\nd t ! true glory ( ^! /atesm5 re/s on :at !y _h done be=e old age1 & sometimes ! undue prolongation ( _! active lives has be5 a grave mis=tune1 n only to _! own reputations1 b also to ! nations !y influ5c$4 ,(t51 inde$1 :ile faculties dim9i%1 self-confid5ce1 ev5 9 good m51 increases4 ,moral & intellectual fail+s t _h be5 =m]ly repress$ take root & spread1 & x is no small bless+ t !y h b a %ort "t to run _! c\rse4 ,9 ! case ( m5 ( great capacities ! follies ( age are p]haps ev5 m to be fe>$ ?an ! follies ( y\?4 ,:5 m5 h made a great reputation & acquir$ a great au?ority1 :5 !y become ! objects ( ! flatt]y ( nations1 & :5 !y c1 ) little tr\ble or ?\ght or /udy1 attract univ]sal att5tion1 a new set ( temptations beg9s4 ,_! heads are apt to be turn$4 ,! feel+ ( responsibility gr[s weak]2 ! old judgm5t1 caution1 delib]ation1 self-re/ra9t1 & timidity disappe>4 ,ob/9acy & prejudice /r5g!n1 :ile at ! same "t ! =ce ( ! reason+ w dim9i%es4 ,sometimes1 ?r\gh a fail+ t is p>tly intellectual1 b p>tly also moral1 !y almo/ :olly lose ! p[] ( realis+ or recognis+ new conditions1 discov]ies & necessities4 ,!y view ) jeal\sy ! rise ( new reputations & ( y\ng] m51 & ! well-e>n$ au?ority ( an old man becomes ! mo/ =midable ob/acle to improvem5t4 ,9 ! field ( politics1 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 & 9 ! field ( milit>y organisation1 ^! tru?s might be abundantly illu/rat$4 ,9 ! case ( great b malefic5t g5ius ! %ortness ( life is a priceless bless+4 ,few great] curses c\ld be imag9$ = ! human race ?an ! prolongation = c5turies ( ! life ( ,napoleon4 ,9 lit]ature also ! same law may be detect$4 ,a writ]'s be/ ?\ghts are usually express$ long be=e extreme old age1 ?\gh ! habit & desire ( production cont9ue4 ,! "t ( repetition1 ( dilut$ =ce1 & ( weak5$ judgm5t--! age :5 ! m9d has lo/ its flexibility & c no long] assimilate new ideas or keep pace ) ! *ang+ modes & t5d5cies ( ano!r g5]ation--(t5 sets 9 :ile physical life is b little enfeebl$4 ,9 ?is case1 x is true1 ! evil is n v great1 = ,"t may be tru/$ to sift ! *aff f ! :eat1 & ?\gh x may n pres]ve ! "o x w infallibly disc>d ! o!r4 ',:ile ,i live1' ,victor ,hugo said ) "s gr&iloqu5ce1 b also ) "s ju/ice1 'x is my duty to produce4 ,x is ! duty ( ! _w to select1 f :at ,i produce1 t :i* is wor? keep+4 ,! _w w dis*>ge its duty4 ,i %all dis*>ge m9e4' ,at ! same "t1 no "o c h fail$ to obs]ve h[ mu* 9 our own g5]ation ! long sil5ce ( ,newman 9 8 old age add$ to 8 dignity & 8 reputation1 & ! same ?+ might h be5 said ( ,c>lyle if a b5efic5t fire _h de/roy$ ! unrevis$ manuscripts :i* he wrote or dictat$ :5 a v old man4 ,we are "h1 h[ev]1 deal+ ) great lab\rs1 & ) m5 :o are fill+ a great place 9 ! _w's /rife4 ,! decay ( faculty & w1 t impairs p[] 9 ^! cases1 is (t5 p]ceptible long be=e !re is any real decay 9 ! p[]s t are ne$$ = ord9>y bus9ess or = ! full enjoym5t ( life4 ,b ! "t comes :5 *ildr5 h gr[n into maturity1 & :5 x becomes desirable t a y\ng] g5]ation %\ld take ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 %\ld inh]it its weal?1 its p[]1 its dignities1 its _m means ( influ5ce & enjoym5t2 & ?is _c be fully done till ! old] g5]ation is laid to re/4 ,(t51 inde$1 old age1 :5 x is free f grave infirmities & f great trials & privations1 is ! mo/ hon\r$1 ! mo/ tranquil1 & p]haps on ! :ole ! happie/ p]iod ( life4 ,! /ruggles1 passions1 & ambitions ( o!r days h pass$4 ,! mell[+ t\* ( "t has allay$ animosities1 subdu$ old asp]ities ( "*1 giv5 a l>g] & m tol]ant judgm5t1 cur$ ! morbid s5sitiv5ess t mo/ embitt]s life4 ,! old man's m9d is /or$ ) ! memories ( a well-fill$ & hon\rable life4 ,9 ! long leisures t n[ fall to 8 lot he is (t5 enabl$ to resume projects :i* 9 a cr[d$ pr(essional life he _h be5 oblig$ to adj\rn2 he f9ds 7z ,adam ,smi? has said7 t "o ( ! greate/ pleasures 9 life is rev]t+ 9 old age to ! /udies ( y\?1 & he himself (t5 feels some?+ ( ! ?rill ( a second y\? 9 8 sympa?y ) ! *ildr5 :o are ar\nd him4 ,x is ! ,/4 ,m>t9's summ]1 light+ ) a pale b beautiful gleam ! brief ,novemb] day4 ,b ! "t mu/ come :5 all ! alt]natives ( life are sad1 & ! lea/ sad is a spe$y & pa9less end4 ,:5 ! eye has ceas$ to see & ! e> to he>1 :5 ! m9d has fail$ & all ! fri5ds ( y\? are gone1 & ! old man's life becomes a burd5 n only to himself b to ^? ab\t him1 x is f> bett] t he %\ld quit ! sc5e4 ,if a natural cl++ to life1 or a natural %r9k+ f dea?1 prev5ts him f cle>ly realis+ ?is1 x is at lea/ fully se5 by all o!rs4 ,nor1 inde$1 does ?is love ( life 9 mo/ cases ( extreme old age greatly p]si/4 ,few ?+s are sadd] ?an to see ! "y1 or ^? 9 mature life1 seek+1 accord+ to ! curr5t phrase1 to f9d means ( kill+ "t4 ,b 9 extreme old age1 :5 ! p[] ( "w1 ! p[] ( read+1 ! pleasures ( society1 h gone1 ?is phrase acquires a new significance4 ,z ,madame de ,/al has beautifully said1 ',on dpose fleur fleur la c\ronne de la vie4' ,an apa?y /eals ov] e faculty1 & re/--unbrok5 re/--becomes ! *ief desire4 ,i rememb] a t\*+ epitaph 9 a ,g]man *ur*y>d3 ',i w arise1 ,o ,*ri/1 :5 ,?\ calle/ me2 b oh6 let me re/ a:ile1 = ,i am v we>y4' ,aft] all t c be said1 mo/ m5 are reluctant to look ,"t 9 ! face4 ,! close ( ! ye> or a bir?day is to !m m]ely a "t ( revelry1 into :i* !y ent] 9 ord] to turn away f depress+ ?\ght4 ,!y %r9k f :at seems to !m ! dre>y tru?1 t !y are drift+ to a d>k abyss4 ,to _m ! mile/ones along ! pa? ( life are tomb/ones1 e epo* be+ ma9ly associat$ 9 _! memories ) a dea?4 ,to "s1 pa/ "t is no?+--a clos$ *apt] nev] to be reop5$4 ,! pa/ is no?+1 & at la/1 ,! future c b be ! pa/4 ,to o!rs1 ! ?\ght ( ! "w a*iev$ 9 ! vani%$ ye>s is ! mo/ real & abid+ ( _! possessions4 ,!y c feel ! =ce ( ! noble l9es ( ,dryd53 ,n ,heav5 itself ^u ! pa/ has p[]1 ,b :at has be5 has be51 & ,i h _h my h\r4 ,he :o w\ld look ,"t 9 ! face )\t illusion & )\t fe> %\ld associate ea* ye> z x passes ) new developm5ts ( 8 nature2 ) duties accompli%$1 ) "w p]=m$4 ,to fill ! "t allott$ to u to ! brim ) action & ) ?\ght is ! only way 9 :i* we c le>n to wat* its passage ) equanimity4 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,monte-,nak54 #ge ,see ,! ,my/]y ( ,sleep1 by ,john ,bigel[4 #gf ,s5eca1 de ,brevitate ,vit1 cap4 ,,xx4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ',,! ,,end' ,x is easy to conceive circum/ances n widely diff]5t f ^? ( actual life t w\ld1 if n altoge!r1 at lea/ v l>gely1 take f dea? ! gloom t commonly surr\nds x4 ,if all ! memb]s ( ! human race di$ ei!r be=e two or aft] sev5ty2 if dea? 0 9 all cases ! swift & pa9less ?+ t x is ) _m2 & if ! old man always left beh9d him *ildr5 to p]petuate 8 "n1 8 memory1 & 8 ?\ghts1 ,dea?1 ?\gh x might /ill seem a sad ?+1 w\ld c]ta9ly n excite ! feel+s x n[ s (t5 produces4 ,( all ! ev5ts t befall u1 x is t :i* owes mo/ ( its horror n to itself1 b to its accessories1 its associations1 & to ! imag9ations t clu/] ar\nd x4 ',dea?1' inde$1 z a great /oical morali/ said1 'is ! only evil t c nev] t\* u4 ,:5 we are1 dea? is n4 ,:5 dea? comes1 we are n4' ,! composition ( treatises ( consolation int5d$ to accu/om m5 to contemplate dea? )\t t]ror 0 "o ( ! fav\rite ex]cises ( ! philosoph]s 9 ! ,augu/an & 9 ! subsequ5t p]iods ( ,pagan ,rome4 ,! *apt] :i* ,cic]o has devot$ to ?is subject 9 8 treatise on old age is a beautiful example ( h[ x appe>$ to a virtu\s pagan1 :o believ$ 9 a future life :i* w\ld br+ him into communion ) ^? :om he _h lov$ & lo/ on e>?1 b :o at ! same "t recognis$ ?is only z a probability1 n a c]ta9ty4 ,dea?1 he said1 'is an ev5t ei!r utt]ly to be disreg>d$ if x ext+ui% ! s\l's exi/5ce1 or mu* to be wi%$ if x convey h] to "s region :]e %e %all cont9ue to exi/ = ev]4 ,"o ( ^! two consequ5ces mu/ necess>ily foll[ ! disunion ( s\l & body2 !re is no o!r possible alt]native4 ,:at !n h ,i to fe> if aft] dea? ,i %all ei!r n be mis]able or %all c]ta9ly be happy8' ,vague notions1 h[ev]1 ( a dim1 twilight1 %ad[y _w :]e ! gho/s ( ! dead liv$ a fa9t & joyless exi/5ce1 & :5ce !y sometimes return$ to haunt ! liv+ 9 _! dreams1 7 widely spread ?r\gh ! popul> imag9ations1 & x 0 z ! ext9ction ( all sup]/iti\s fe>s t ! s*ool ( ,lucretius & ,pl9y welcom$ ! belief t all ?+s end$ ) dea?--',po/ mortem nihil e/1 ipsaque mors nihil4' ,nor is x by any means c]ta9 t ev5 9 ! s*ool ( ,plato ! ?\ght ( ano!r life _h a great & op]ative influ5ce on m9ds & *>act]s4 ,dea? 0 *iefly repres5t$ z re/2 z ! close ( a banquet2 z ! univ]sal law ( nature :i* befalls all liv+ be+s1 ?\gh ! imm5se majority enc\nt] x at an e>li] p]iod ?an man4 ,x 0 ?\ght ( simply z sleep--dreamless1 undi/urb$ sleep--! f9al release f all ! sorr[s1 suff]+s1 anxieties1 lab\rs1 & long+s ( life4 ,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made on1 & our little life ,is r\nd$ ) a sleep4#gg ,! be/ ( re/ is sleep1 ,& t ?\ (t provok'/2 yet grossly fe>'/ ,?y dea?1 :i* is no m4#gh ,to die is l&+ on "s sil5t %ore ,:]e bill[s nev] break1 nor tempe/s ro>4#gi ,x is a /range ?+ to obs]ve to :at a height n only ( moral excell5ce1 b also ( devotional f]v\r1 m5 h aris5 )\t any assi/ance f ! doctr9e ( a future life4 ,only ! fa9te/ & mo/ dubi\s glimm] ( su* a belief c be trac$ 9 ! ,psalms1 9 :i* c\ntless g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians h f\nd ! fulle/ expression ( _! devotional feel+s1 or 9 ! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :i* are p]haps ! pure/ product ( pagan piety4 ,z ,i h already said1 ,i am endeav\r+ 9 ?is book to /e] cle> ( que/ions ( conte/$ !ologies2 b x is impossible to avoid notic+ ! great *anges t h be5 introduc$ into ! conception ( dea? by "s ( ! tea*+ :i* 9 diff]5t =ms has gr[n up "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh mu* ( x may be trac$ 9 g]m to e>li] p]iods ( human developm5t4 ,dea? 9 itself 0 made incomp>ably m t]rible by ! notion t x 0 n a law b a puni%m5t2 t suff]+s inconceivably great] ?an ^? ( ,e>? await$ ! great masses ( ! human race beyond ! grave2 t an ev5t :i* 0 believ$ to h tak5 place ages be=e we 7 born1 or small frailties su* z ! be/ ( u _c escape1 7 suffici5t to br+ m5 "u ?is condemnation2 t ! only pa?s to safety 7 to be f\nd 9 ecclesia/ical c]emonies2 9 ! assi/ance ( prie/s2 9 an accurate *oice among compet+ !ological doctr9es4 ,at ! same "t ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom has1 dur+ _m c5turies1 done its utmo/ to int5sify ! natural fe> ( dea? by associat+ x 9 ! imag9ations ( m5 ) loa?some images & appall+ surr\nd+s4 ,!re c be no great] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! ,greek tomb ) its g>l&s ( fl[]s1 its bright1 y\?ful & re/ful imag]y1 & ! mortu>y *apels t may (t5 be f\nd 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ) _! gha/ly pictures ( ! sav$ s\ls wri?+ 9 purgatorial flames1 :ile ! inscription above & ! moneybox bel[ po9t out ! "o means ( alleviat+ _! lot4 ,f]mati1 ,o ,passagi]o1 mira torm5ti4 ,siamo abb&onati dai no/ri p>5ti4 ,di noi abbiate piet1 o voi amici c>i4 ,?is is "o side ( ! picture4 ,on ! o!r h& x _c be que/ion$ t ! /rong convictions & impressive c]emonies1 ev5 ( ! mo/ sup]/iti\s fai?1 h consol$ & /r5g!n$ multitudes 9 _! la/ mom5ts1 & 9 ! pur] & m enlight5$ =ms ( ,*ri/ianity dea? n[ we>s a v diff]5t aspect f :at x did 9 ! tea*+ ( m$ival ,ca?olicism1 or ( "s ( ! sects t grew out ( ! ,re=mation4 ,human life end+ 9 ! weakness ( old age & 9 ! corruption ( ! tomb w always seem a humiliat+ anti-climax1 & (t5 a hide\s inju/ice4 ,! belief 9 ! rightful supremacy ( consci5ce1 & 9 an et]nal moral law r$ress+ ! _m wrongs & inju/ices ( life1 & secur+ ! ultimate triumph ( good ov] evil2 ! incapacity ( e>? & e>?ly ?+s to satisfy our crav+s & ideals2 ! in/9ctive revolt ( human nature aga9/ ! idea ( annihilation1 & its capacity = affections & atta*m5ts1 :i* seem by _! int5sity to transc5d ! limits ( e>? & c>ry ) !m 9 mom5ts ( b]eavem5t a p]suasion or conviction ( some?+ t endures beyond ! grave1--all ^! ?+s h f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian beliefs a sanction & a satisfaction t m5 _h fail$ to f9d 9 ,socrates or ,cic]o1 or 9 ! vague ,pan!ism to :i* unassi/$ reason naturally incl9es4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 on dea? 9 its purely human aspects1 ! m\rn] %\ld consid] h[ (t5 9 a long illness he wi%$ ! dy+ man c\ld sleep2 h[ consol+ to 8 m9d 0 ! ?\ght ( e h\r ( peaceful re/2 ( e h\r 9 :i* ! pati5t 0 )drawn f consci\sness1 ins5sible to suff]+1 remov$ = a "t f ! mis]ies ( a dy+ life4 ,he %\ld ask himself :e!r ^! int]vals ( ins5sibility 7 n on ! :ole ! happie/ 9 ! illness--^? :i* he w\ld mo/ h wi%$ to multiply or to prolong4 ,he %\ld accu/om himself1 !n1 to ?9k ( dea? z sleep--undi/urb$ sleep--! only sleep f :i* man nev] wakes to pa94 ,y f9d y\rself 9 ! pres5ce ( :at is a f> deep] & m poignant trial ?an an old man's dea?--a "y life cut (f 9 its prime2 ! eclipse ( a sun be=e ! ev5+ has arriv$4 ,accu/om y\rself to consid] ! life t has pass$ z a :ole4 ,a human be+ has be5 call$ into ! _w--has liv$ 9 x t51 tw5ty1 ?irty ye>s4 ,x seems to y an intol]able in/ance ( ! inju/ice ( fate t he is s e>ly cut (f4 ,e/imate1 !n1 t life z a :ole1 & ask y\rself :e!r1 s judg$1 x has be5 a bless+ or ! rev]se4 ,c\nt up ! ye>s ( happ9ess4 ,c\nt up ! days1 or p]haps weeks1 ( illness & ( pa94 ,measure ! happ9ess t ?is %ort life has giv5 to "s :o h pass$ away2 :o nev] liv$ to see its e>ly close4 ,balance ! happ9ess :i* dur+ its exi/5ce x gave to ^? :o surviv$1 ) ! poignancy & ! duration ( pa9 caus$ by ! loss4 ,"h1 = example1 is "o :o liv$ p]haps tw5ty-five ye>s 9 heal? & vig\r2 ^: life dur+ t p]iod 0 *equ]$ by no s]i\s mis=tune2 ^: nature1 ?\gh f "t to "t cl\d$ by petty anxieties & c>es1 0 on ! :ole bright1 buoyant1 & happy2 :o _h ! capacity ( vivid enjoym5t & _m opportunities ( atta9+ x2 :o felt all ! ?rill ( heal? & fri5d%ip & ec/atic pleasure4 ,!n came a *ange1--a ye> or two ) a crippl$ w+--life1 ?\gh n abjectly wret*$1 on ! :ole a burd51 & !n ! end4 ,y c easily conceive--y c ard5tly desire--a bett] lot1 b judge fairly ! lights & %ades ( :at has be54 ,does n ! happ9ess on ! :ole exce$ ! evil8 ,c y hone/ly say t ?is life has be5 a curse & n a bless+8--t x w\ld h be5 bett] if x _h nev] be5 call$ out ( no?+ness8--t x w\ld h be5 bett] if ! drama _h nev] be5 play$8 ,x is ov] n[4 ,z y lay 9 8 la/ home ! object ( s mu* love1 ask y\rself :e!r1 ev5 9 a m]e human po9t ( view1 ?is p>5!sis betwe5 two d>knesses has n be5 on ! :ole productive ( m happ9ess ?an pa9 to him & to ^? ar\nd him4 ,x 0 an anci5t say+ t 'he :om ! gods love dies "y1' & m ?an "o leg5d repres5t+ spe$y & pa9less dea? z ! greate/ ( bless+s has desc5d$ to u f pagan antiquity2 :ile o!r leg5ds1 l t ( ,ti?onus1 anticipat$ ! picture :i* ,swift has s p[]fully b s repulsively drawn ( ! mis]y ( old age & its infirmities1 if dea? did n come z a release4 ,i h else:]e relat$ an old ,iri% leg5d embody+ ?is tru?4 ',9 a c]ta9 lake 9 ,mun/]1 x is said1 !re 7 two isl&s2 into ! fir/ dea? c\ld nev] ent]1 b age & sickness1 & ! we>9ess ( life & ! p>oxysms ( fe>ful suff]+ 7 all kn[n !re1 & !y did _! "w till ! inhabitants1 tir$ ( _! immortality1 le>n$ to look ^u ! opposite isl& z ^u a hav5 ( repose4 ,!y laun*$ _! b>ks ^u its gloomy wat]s2 !y t\*$ its %ore1 & !y 7 at re/4'#hj ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c confid5tly say :e!r an e>ly dea? is a mis=tune1 = no "o c really "k :at calamities w\ld h befall5 ! dead man if 8 life _h be5 prolong$4 ,h[ (t5 does x happ5 t ! *ildr5 ( a dead p>5t d ?+s or suff] ?+s t w\ld h brok5 8 he>t if he _h liv$ to see !m6 ,h[ (t5 d pa9ful diseases lurk 9 g]m 9 ! body :i* w\ld h produc$ unspeakable mis]y if an e>ly & p]haps a pa9less dea? _h n anticipat$ _! developm5t6 ,h[ (t5 d mi/akes & mis=tunes cl\d ! ev5+ & m> ! beauty ( a noble life1 or moral infirmities1 unp]ceiv$ 9 y\? or e>ly manhood1 break out be=e ! day is ov]6 ,:o is !re :o has n (t5 said to himself z he look$ back on a complet$ life1 h[ mu* happi] x w\ld h be5 _h x end$ soon]8 ',give u timely dea?' is 9 tru? "o ( ! be/ pray]s t man c pray4 ,pa91 n ,dea?1 is ! real enemy to be combat$1 & 9 ?is combat1 at lea/1 man c d mu*4 ,few m5 c h liv$ long )\t realis+ h[ _m ?+s are worse ?an dea?1 & h[ _m knots !re are 9 life t ,dea? alone c untie4 ,rememb]1 above all1 t :atev] may lie beyond ! tomb1 ! tomb itself is no?+ to y4 ,! n>r[ prison-h\se1 ! gloomy pomp1 ! hide\sness ( decay1 are kn[n to ! liv+ & ! liv+ alone4 ,by a too common illusion ( ! imag9ation1 m5 picture !mselves z consci\sly dead1--go+ ?r\gh ! process ( corruption1 & aw>e ( x2 imprison$ ) ! k ( ! fact 9 ! mo/ hide\s ( dungeons4 ,endeav\r e>ne/ly to erase ?is illusion f y\r m9d1 = x lies at ! root ( ! fe> ( dea?1 & x is "o ( ! wor/ sides ( m$ival & ( mu* mod]n tea*+ & art t x t5ds to /r5g!n x4 ,no?+1 if we truly realise x1 is less real ?an ! grave4 ,we %\ld be no m conc]n$ ) ! aft] fate ( our disc>d$ bodies ?an ) t ( ! hair :i* ! hair-cutt] has cut (f4 ,! soon] !y are resolv$ into _! primitive elem5ts ! bett]4 ,! imag9ation %\ld nev] be suff]$ to dwell ^u _! decay4 ,bacon has ju/ly notic$ t :ile dea? is (t5 reg>d$ z ! supreme evil1 !re is no human passion t does n become s p[]ful z to lead m5 to despise x4 ,x is n 9 ! wan+ days ( life1 b 9 ! full /r5g? ( y\?1 t m51 ?r\gh ambition or ! m]e love ( excitem5t1 fe>lessly & joy\sly enc\nt] its risk4 ,enc\nt]$ 9 hot blood x is seldom fe>$1 & innum]able acc\nts ( %ipwrecks & o!r accid5ts1 & _m episodes 9 e w>1 %[ conclusively h[ calmly hon\r1 duty1 & discipl9e c enable m5 ( no extraord9>y *>act]s1 virtues1 or atta9m5ts1 to meet x ev5 :5 x comes be=e !m sudd5ly1 z an inevitable fact1 & )\t any ( t excitem5t :i* might bl9d _! eyes4 ,if we analyse our own feel+s on ! dea? ( ^? we love1 we %all probably f9d t1 except 9 cases :]e life is prematurely %ort5$ & mu* promise cut (f1 pity = ! dead p]son is r>ely a m>k$ elem5t4 ,! feel+s :i* _h long be5 exclusively conc5trat$ on ! suff]+s ( ! dy+ man take a new c\rse :5 ! mom5t ( dea? arrives4 ,x is ! sudd5 blank2 ! sep>ation f him :o is de> to u2 ! cessation ( ! long reciprocity ( love & pleasure1--9 a ^w our own loss1--t affects u !n4 ',a happy release' is p]haps ! phrase mo/ frequ5tly he>d ar\nd a dea?-b$4 ,& z we look back ?r\gh ! vi/a ( a few ye>s1 & h le>n$ to sep>ate dea? m cle>ly f ! illness t prec$$ x1 ! s5se ( its ess5tial peacefulness & naturalness gr[s ^u u4 ,a vani%$ life comes to be look$ ^u z a day t has pa/1 b leav+ _m memories beh9d x4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a heal?y t5d5cy t is lead+ m5 9 our own g5]ation to turn away z mu* z possible f ! signs & ! contemplation ( dea?4 ,! pomp & elaboration ( fun]als2 protract$ m\rn+s surr\nd+ u ) ! gloom ( an o/5tati\s & artificial sorr[2 above all1 ! long susp5sion ( ^? active habits :i* nature int5d$ to be ! *ief m$ic9e ( grief1 are ?+s :i* at lea/ 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w are manife/ly decl9+4 ,we %\ld try to ?9k ( ^? :o h pass$ away z !y 7 at _! be/1 & n 9 sickness or 9 decay4 ,true sorr[ ne$s no o/5tation1 & ! gloom ( dea? no artificial enhancem5t4 ,e good man1 kn[+ ! c]ta9ty ( dea? & ! unc]ta9ty ( its h\r1 w make x "o ( 8 fir/ duties to provide = ^? he loves :5 he has himself pass$ away1 & to d all 9 8 p[] to make ! p]iod ( b]eavem5t z easy z possible4 ,?is is ! la/ s]vice he c r5d] be=e ! ranks are clos$1 & 8 place is tak51 & ! days ( =getfulness set 94 ,9 c>e]s ( riot & ( vice ! ?\ght ( dea? may h a salut>y re/ra9+ influ5ce2 b 9 a useful1 busy1 well-ord]$ life x %\ld h little place4 ,x 0 n ! ,/oics alone :o 'be/[$ too mu* co/ on dea?1 & by _! prep>ations made x m fe>ful4'#ha ,z ,sp9oza has taught1 '! prop] /udy ( a wise man is n h[ to die b h[ to live1' & z long z he is dis*>g+ ?is task aright he may leave ! end to take c>e ( itself4 ,! great guid+ l&m>ks ( a wise life are inde$ few & simple2 to d our duty--to avoid useless sorr[--to acquiesce pati5tly 9 ! inevitable4 ,,footnotes3 #gg ,! ,tempe/4 #gh ,measure = ,measure4 #gi ,g>?4 #hj ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 i4 p4 #bjc4 ,! leg5d is relat$ by ,camd54 #ha ,bacon4