,life & ,matt] ,rec5t ,works by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge ,,s*ool ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,s*ool ,,re=m4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,f\r ,lectures on ,s*ool ,curricula & ,me?ods deliv]$ to ,second>y ,tea*]s & ,tea*]s 9 ,tra9+ at ,birm+ham dur+ ,febru>y #aije4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 ,,williams ,,norgate1 ,london4 ,,easy ,,ma!matics3 ,*iefly ,ari?metic4 ,be+ a ,collection ( ,h9ts to ,tea*]s1 ,p>5ts1 self-taught ,/ud5ts1 & ,adults1 & conta9+ a ,summ>y or ,indication ( mo/ ?+s 9 ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics useful to be kn[n4 ,by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,sc41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,limit$1 ,london4 ,life & ,matt] ,a ,criticism ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se ,by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge ,! expansion ( a ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute ,,second ,,edition ,london ,williams ,norgate #ad ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 #aije ,,to ,,john ,,h5ry ,,muirhead ,,& ,,m>y ,,talbot ,,muirhead ,,! ,,fri5ds ,,( ,,_m ,,ne$+ ,,help ,,n ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,alone ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,*&ol9 ,,& ,,/ ,,luc #aijd ,mat]iali/ic monism is n[adays ! work+ hypo!sis ( e sci5tific explor] 9 e dep>tm5t1 :atev] o!r beliefs or d5ials he may1 m or less explicitly & m or less consi/5tly1 sup]add4 ,mat]iali/ic monism only becomes false :5 put =w>d z a complete philosophy ( ! univ]se1 because x leaves out ( sight ! conditions ( human k1 :i* ! special sci5ces may conv5i5tly disreg>d1 b :i* a c&id philosophy _c ignore4 ,! legitimate mat]ialism ( ! sci5ces simply means tempor>y & conv5i5t ab/raction f ! cognitive conditions "u :i* !re are 'facts' or 'objects' = u at all2 x is 'dogmatic mat]ialism' :i* is metaphysics ( ! bad sort4 ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie4 ,our metaphysics is really l _m o!r sci5ces--only on ! ?re%old ( g5u9e k3 ,god kn[s if x w ev] get fur!r4 ,x is n h>d to see its weakness 9 mu* t x und]takes4 ,prejudice is (t5 f\nd to be ! ma9/ay ( its pro(s4 ,= ?is no?+ is to blame b ! rul+ passion ( ^? :o w\ld fa9 ext5d human k4 ,!y are anxi\s to h a gr& philosophy3 b ! desirable ?+ is1 t x %\ld also be a s\nd "o4 ,kant4 ,preface ,?is small volume is 9 =m controv]sial1 b 9 sub/ance x has a m ambiti\s aim3 x is int5d$ to =mulate1 or p]haps r to re=mulate1 a c]ta9 doctr9e conc]n+ ! nature ( man & ! int]action betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,incid5tally x attempts to confute two errors :i* are r preval5t3-- #a4 ,! notion t because mat]ial en]gy is con/ant 9 quantity1 !re=e its trans=mations & transf]5ces--:i* admitt$ly con/itute t]re/rial activity--are n susceptible ( guidance or directive control4 #b4 ,! idea t ! specific guid+ p[] :i* we call life is "o ( ! =ms ( mat]ial en]gy1 s t directly x rel9qui%es its connection ) matt] o!r equival5t =ms ( en]gy mu/ arise to replace x4 ,! book is specially int5d$ to act z an antidote to ! speculative & de/ructive portions ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's int]e/+ & widely-read "w1 b 9 o!r respects x may be reg>d$ less z a ho/ile attack ?an z a supplem5t--an ext5sion ( ! m sci5tific portions ( t "w into high] & m fruitful regions ( inquiry4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4 ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham1 ,octob] #aije4 ,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,monism #a ,,ii ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,sub/ance #ad ,,iii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,life #da ,,iv ,,memor&a ,,= ,,w\ld-,,be ,,mat]iali/s #fj ,v ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy #ga ,,vi ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt] #ajj ,,vii ,,pr(essor ,,haeckel',s ,,conjectural ,,philosophy #abe ,,viii ,,hypo!sis ,,& ,,analogies ,,conc]n+ ,,life #acf ,,ix ,,w ,,& ,,guidance #aeb ,x ,,fur!r ,,speculation ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,life #agi ,,life ,,& ,,matt] ,,*apt] ,i ,,monism ,9 8 rec5t ,presid5tial ,address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 at ,cambridge1 ,mr ,balf\r r emphasis$ ! exi/5ce & ev5 ! desirability ( a b>ri] betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy :i* rec5t advances h t5d$ to m9imise ?\gh nev] to oblit]ate4 ,he appe>$ to h9t t x is be/ = sci5tific m5 n to attempt to philosophise1 b to re/rict !mselves to _! own doma92 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 he did n appe> to wi% simil>ly to limit philosoph]s1 by recomm5d+ t !y %\ld keep !mselves unacqua9t$ ) sci5tific facts1 & ignorant ( ! !ories :i* weld ^? facts toge!r4 ,inde$1 9 8 own p]son he is an example ( ! opposite proc$ure1 = he himself frequ5tly takes pleasure 9 ov]look+ ! b\nd>y & mak+ a wide survey ( ! position on its physical side--a ?+ :i* x is surely v desirable = a philosoph] to d4 ,b if t process be reg>d$ z satisfactory1 x is surely equally p]missible = a man ( sci5ce occasionally to look ov] into ! philosophic region1 & survey ! t]ritory on t side also1 s f> z 8 means p]mit4 ,& if philosoph]s object to ?is proc$ure1 x mu/ be because !y h f\nd by exp]i5ce t m5 ( sci5ce :o h once transc5d$ or transgress$ ! b\nd>y are apt to lose all s5se ( reasonable con/ra9t1 & to disport !mselves z if !y _h at l5g? escap$ into a region free f sci5tific trammels--a region :]e confid5t ass]tions might be freely made1 :]e speculative hypo!sis might rank z !ory1 & :]e v]ification 0 bo? unnecess>y & impossible4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( a sci5tific man :o on ent]+ philosophic t]ritory has exhibit$ signs ( exhil>ation & emancipation1 is furni%$ by ! case ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel ( ,j5a4 ,9 an eloqu5t & popul> "w1 entitl$ das ,welt-,r?sel1 ! ,_w ,problem1 or ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ?is em95t biologi/ has survey$ ! :ole range ( exi/5ce1 f ! f\ndations ( physics to ! comp>ison ( religions1 f ! facts ( anatomy to ! fre$om ( ! w1 f ! vitality ( cells to ! attributes ( ,god2 treat+ ^! subjects ) wide ?\gh by no means sup]human k1 & ) consid]able critical & lit]>y ability4 ,?is "w1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a really excell5t translation by ,mr ,m',cabe1 & "u ! auspices ( ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association1 has obta9$ a wide circulation 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ pur*asable = six-p5ce at any book/all2 :]e "o (t5 f9ds x accompani$ by ano!r /ill m popul> & simil>ly-pric$ treatise by ! same au?or1 a dige/ or summ>y ( ! religi\s aspect ( 8 sci5tific philosophy1 "u ! title ,! ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's cr$5tials1 z a le>n$ biologi/ :o introduc$ ,d>w9ism into ,g]many1 d\btless /& high2 & x is a great tribute to 8 lit]>y ability t a fairly ab/ruse "w on s compreh5sive a subject %\ld h obta9$ a wide notoriety1 & h be5 welcom$ by masses ( ?9k+ read]s1 especially by _m among ! skill$ artisans1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f sev]al po9ts ( view ?is diffusion ( int]e/ is mo/ satisfactory1 s9ce ! spread ( ?\ght on s]i\s topics is greatly to be welcom$4 ,moreov]1 !re is a va/ mass ( in=mation 9 ^! writ+s :i* mu/ be new to ! bulk ( ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s4 ,!re is also a great deal ( criticism :i* %\ld ar\se pr(essors ( dogmatic !ology1 & expon5ts ( practical religion1 to a ke5] s5se ( _! opportunities & responsibility4 ,a view ( _! position f outside1 by an able & unsp>+ critic1 _c b be illum9at+ & helpful1 h[ev] unpleasant4 ,moreov]1 ! compreh5sive survey ( exi/5ce :i* c be tak5 by a mod]n man ( sci5ce is almo/ sure to be int]e/+ & in/ructive1 :5 prop]ly int]pret$ ) ! necess>y re/rictions & expansions2 & if x be f\nd t ! helpful portions are unhappily accompani$ by ov]-confid5t negations & sup]cili\s d5ials ( facts at pres5t outside ! range ( or?odox sci5ce1 ^! natural blemi%es mu/ be disc\nt$ & e/imat$ at _! prop] wor?2 = x w\ld be fooli% to imag9e t ev5 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ,nature has special access to ! k9d ( tru?s :i* h be5 hidd5 f ! nom9ally wise & prud5t ( all "t4 ,s f> z ,pr(essor ,haeckel's writ+s are read by ! ?or\ghly educat$ & well-in=m$1 !y c d no?+ b good4 ,!y may n1 inde$1 convey any?+ p>ticul>ly new1 b !y furni% an int]e/+ /udy 9 sci5tific hi/ory & m5tal developm5t4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z !y are read by unbalanc$ & uncultur$ p]sons1 ) no s5se ( proportion & b little critical faculty1 !y may d h>m1 unless accompani$ by a suitable qualification or antidote1 especially an antidote aga9/ ! bigotry ( _! some:at ha/y & scornful de/ructive portions4 ,to ! intellig5t artisan or o!r h>d-head$ read] :o consid]s t ,*ri/ian fai? is und]m9$1 & ! :ole religi\s edifice upset1 by ! sci5tific philosophy advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel "u ! "n ,monism1 ,i w\ld say1 p>aphras+ a s5t5ce ( ,mr ,rusk9's 9 a preface to ,sesame & ,lilies3--,d n ?9k x likely t y hold 9 y\r h&s a treatise 9 :i* ! ultimate & f9al v]ity ( ! univ]se is at l5g? beautifully proclaim$1 & 9 :i* pure tru? has be5 sift$ f ! errors ( all prec$+ ages4 ,d n ?9k x1 fri5d3 x is n s4 ,= :at is ?is same ,monism8 ,pr(essor ,haeckel writes almo/ z if x 7 a rec5t inv5tion1 b 9 tru? !re h be5 _m v]sions ( x1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r ! idea is q old1 old] ?an ,plato1 z old z ,p>m5ides4 ,! "n ,monism %\ld apply to any philosophic sy/em :i* assumes & attempts to =mulate ! ess5tial simplicity & on5ess ( all ! app>5t div]sity ( s5sual impression & consci\sness1 any sy/em :i* seeks to exhibit all ! complexities ( exi/5ce1 bo? mat]ial & m5tal--! :ole ( ph5om5a1 bo? objective & subjective--z modes ( manife/ation ( "o fundam5tal reality4 ,accord+ to ! assum$ nature ( t reality1 diff]5t br&s ( moni/ic !ory exi/3-- #a4 ,!re is ! hypo!sis t ev]y?+ is an aspect ( "s unkn[n absolute ,reality1 :i* itself1 9 its real nature1 is f> beyond our appreh5sion or conception4 ,& )9 ! broad area ?us sugge/$ may be gr\p$ su* utt]ly diff]5t univ]se-conceptions z t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & t ( ,sp9oza4 #b4 ,accord+ to ano!r sy/em ! fundam5tal reality is psy*ical1 is consci\sness1 let u say1 or m9d2 & ! mat]ial _w has only ! reality appropriate to a consi/5t set ( ideas4 ,"h we f9d aga9 sev]al v>ieties1 rang+ f ,bi%op ,b]keley & presumably ,hegel1 on ! "o h&1 to ,william ,james--:o1 9 s f> z he is a moni/ at all1 may ,i suppose be call$ an empirical ideali/--& solipsi/s su* z ,ma* & ,k>l ,pe>son1 on ! o!r4 #c4 ,a ?ird sy/em1 or gr\p ( sy/ems1 has be5 9 vogue among "s physici/s ( an e>li] day1 & among "s biologi/s n[2 viz41 t m9d1 ?\ght1 consci\sness are all by-products1 phantasmagoria1 epiph5om5a1 developm5ts & decorations1 z x 71 ( ! "o fundam5tal all-embrac+ reality1 :i* "s may call matt]1 "s en]gy1 & "s sub/ance4 ,9 ?is category we f9d ,tyndall--at any rate ! ,tyndall ( ! ,belfa/ address--& "h consi/5tly d we f9d ,haeckel1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r biologi/s4 ,?is la/ sy/em ( ,monism1 ?\gh n n[ 9 fav\r ) philosoph]s1 is ! mo/ militant v>iety ( all2 & accord+ly x has 9 "s qu>t]s manag$ to obta91 & x c]ta9ly seems anxi\s to obta91 a monopoly ( ! "n4 ,b ! monopoly %\ld n be grant$4 ,! "n ,mat]ialism is q conv5i5t = x1 j z ,idealism is = ! oppos+ sy/em2 & if ei!r ( ^! titles is object$ to by ! uphold]s ( ei!r sy/em1 z app>5tly too ?or\gh-go+ & exclusive1 :]eas only a t5d5cy 9 "o or o!r direction is to be indicat$1 !n ! long] b m descriptive titles ( ,ideali/ic-monism & ,mat]iali/ic-monism respectively %\ld be employ$4 ,b nei!r ( ^! compromises seems necess>y to connote ! position ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,! tru? is t all philosophy aims at be+ moni/ic2 x is b\nd to aim at unification1 h[ev] difficult ( atta9m5t2 & a philosoph] :o ab&on$ ! que/1 & cont5t$ himself ) a p]man5t ant9omy--a univ]se comp\nd$ ( two or m irreconcilable & entirely disp>ate & disconnect$ ag5cies--w\ld be held to be ?r[+ up 8 brief z a philosoph] & tak+ refuge 9 a k9d ( p]man5t ,mani*ism1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be an unt5able & ultimately un?9kable position4 ,an attempt at ,monism is !re=e common to all philosoph]s1 :e!r pr(essional or amateur2 & ! only "q at issue is :at sort ( ,monism are y aim+ at1 :at sort ( solution ( ! univ]se h y to (f]1 :at c y hold out to u z a simple satisfactory compreh5sive s*eme ( exi/5ce8 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! value ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's s*eme ( ! univ]se1 x is n necess>y to appeal to philosoph]s3 x is suffici5t to meet him on sci5tific gr\nd1 & to %[ t 9 8 ef=t to simplify & unify he has "u-e/imat$ "s classes ( fact & has /ret*$ sci5tific !ory into regions ( guess-"w & hypo!sis1 :]e x loses t\* ) real sci5ce altoge!r4 ,! facts :i* he *ooses gratuit\sly to d5y1 & ! facts :i* he *ooses vigor\sly to emphasise1 are arbitr>ily select$ by him accord+ z !y w or w n fit into 8 philosophic s*eme4 ,! s*eme itself is no new "o1 & almo/ c]ta9ly conta9s elem5ts ( tru?4 ,"s day f> h5ce1 :5 x is possible prop]ly to =mulate x1 a sy/em ( ,monism may be devis$ :i* %all conta9 ! :ole tru?4 ,at pres5t ! s*eme =mulat$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel mu/ to philosoph]s appe> rudim5t>y & antiquat$1 :ile to m5 ( sci5ce x appe>s gratuit\s1 hypo!tical1 9 "s places errone\s1 & altoge!r unconv9c+4 ,be=e ev]y?+ a philosoph] %\ld aim at be+ all-inclusive1 be=e ev]y?+ a man ( sci5ce %\ld aim at be+ def9ite1 cle>1 & accurate4 ,an attempt at comb9ation is an ambiti\s attempt1 :i* may legitimately be made1 b :i* x appe>s is h>dly z yet giv5 to man to make successfully4 ,attempts at an all-embrac+ s*eme1 :i* %all be bo? truly philosophic & truly sci5tific1 mu/ = ! pres5t be mi/ru/$1 & ! mi/ru/ %\ld ext5d especially to _! negative side4 ,positive contributions1 ei!r to fact or to sy/em1 may be real & %\ld be welcome2 b negative or de/ructive criticism1 ! es*ew+ & ?r[+ away ( any "p ( human exp]i5ce1 because x is inconsi/5t ) a premature & ill-consid]$ moni/ic or any o!r sy/em1 %\ld be reg>d$ ) deep suspicion2 & ! promulgation ( any su* negative & de/ructive s*eme1 especially 9 association ) free & easy dogmatism1 %\ld automatically excite mi/ru/ & repulsion4 ,!re are ?+s :i* _c yet be fitt$ 9 z "p ( a coh]5t s*eme ( sci5tific k--at pres5t !y appe> l fragm5ts ( ano!r ord] ( ?+s2 & if !y are to be =c$ into ! sci5tific framework1 l portions ( a puzzle-map1 be=e _! true place has be5 discov]$1 a quantity ( sub/antial fact mu/ be dis>rang$1 dislocat$1 & ?r[n away4 ,a premature & *eap ,monism is !re=e worse ?an none at all4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,sub/ance ,i %all n[ endeav\r to exhibit ! way 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel proce$s to exp\nd 8 views1 & = t purpose %all extract c]ta9 s5t5ces f 8 "w1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se2 giv+ ref]5ces to ! sixp5ny translation1 n[ s widely circulat$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ord] t !y may be ref]r$ to 9 _! context ) ease4 ,to sci5tific m5 ! exagg]ation ( /atem5t w 9 _m cases be imm$iately obvi\s2 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( g5]al education x w (t5 be necess>y to app5d a few comm5ts1 indicat+1 z briefly z possible1 :]e9 ! /atem5t is 9 excess ( asc]ta9$ fact1 h[ev] int]e/+ z a guess or speculation2 :]e=e x mu/ be consid]$ illegitimate z a weapon :]e) to attack o!r sy/ems1 s f> z !y too are equally entitl$ to be consid]$ reasonable guesses at tru?4 ,! c5tral sci5tific doctr9es ^u :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel's philosophy is f\nd$ appe> to be two--"o physical1 ! o!r biological4 ,! physical doctr9e is :at he calls ! ,law ( ,sub/ance--a k9d ( comb9ation ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & ! cons]vation ( en]gy3 a law to :i* he atta*es extraord9>y importance1 & f :i* he draws mom5t\s conclusions4 ,ultimately he seems to reg>d ?is law z almo/ axiomatic1 9 ! s5se t a philosoph] :o has prop]ly grasp$ x is unable to conceive ! negative4 ,a few extracts w suffice to %[ ! rem>kable importance :i* he atta*es to ?is law3-- ,all ! p>ticul> advances ( physics & *emi/ry yield 9 !oretical importance to ! discov]y ( ! great law :i* br+s !m to "o common focus1 ! 'law ( sub/ance4' ,z ?is fundam5tal cosmic law e/abli%es ! et]nal p]si/5ce ( matt] & =ce1 _! unv>y+ con/ancy ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se1 x has become ! pole-/> t guides our moni/ic philosophy ?r\gh ! mighty labyr9? to a solution ( ! _w-problem 7p4 #b74 ,! un$ucat$ memb] ( a civilis$ community is surr\nd$ ) c\ntless enigmas at e /ep1 j z truly z ! savage4 ,_! numb]1 h[ev]1 decreases ) e /ride ( civilisation & ( sci5ce2 & ! moni/ic philosophy is ultimately confront$ ) b "o simple & compreh5sive enigma--! 'problem ( sub/ance' 7p4 #f74 ,! supreme & all-p]vad+ law ( nature1 ! true & only cosmological law1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ! law ( sub/ance2 its discov]y & e/abli%m5t is ! greate/ intellectual triumph ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! s5se t all o!r kn[n laws ( nature are subord9ate to x4 ,"u ! "n ( 'law ( sub/ance' we embrace two supreme laws ( diff]5t orig9 & age--! old] is ! *emical law ( ! 'cons]vation ( matt]1' & ! y\ng] is ! physical law ( ! 'cons]vation ( en]gy4' ,x w be self-evid5t to _m read]s1 & x is ackn[l$g$ by mo/ ( ! sci5tific m5 ( ! day1 t ^! two great laws are ess5tially insep>able 7p4 #ge74 ,! conviction t ^! two great cosmic !orems1 ! *emical law ( ! p]si/5ce ( matt] & ! physical law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 are fundam5tally "o1 is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 our moni/ic sy/em4 ,! two !ories are j z intimately unit$ z _! objects--matt] & =ce or en]gy4 ,inde$1 ?is fundam5tal unity ( ! two laws is self-evid5t to _m moni/ic sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 s9ce !y m]ely relate to two diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same object1 ! cosmos 7p4 #gf74 ,i propos$ "s "t ago to call x ! 'law ( sub/ance1' or ! 'fundam5tal cosmic law'2 x might also be call$ ! 'univ]sal law1' or ! 'law ( con/ancy1' or ! 'axiom ( ! con/ancy ( ! univ]se4' ,9 ! ultimate analysis x is f\nd to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( causality 7p4 #gf74 ,i criticise ^! utt]ances bel[1 & ,i also quote extracts be>+ on ! subject f ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 ,*apt] ,,iv42 b mean:ile ,pr(essor ,haeckel is z positive z any ,positivi/1 & runs no risk ( be+ accus$ ( ,solipsism3-- ,our only real & valuable k is a k ( nature itself1 & consi/s ( pres5tations :i* correspond to ext]nal ?+s4444 ,^! pres5tations we call true1 & we are conv9c$ t _! cont5t corresponds to ! kn[able aspect ( ?+s4 ,we "k t ^! facts are n imag9>y1 b real 7p4 #ajd74 ,he also t5ds to become s5tim5tal ab\t ! ultimate reality z he p]ceives x1 & tries to con/ruct f x a k9d ( religion3-- ,! a/oni%m5t ) :i* we gaze ^u ! />ry heav5s & ! microscopic life 9 a drop ( wat]1 ! awe ) :i* we trace ! m>vell\s work+ ( en]gy 9 ! motion ( matt]1 ! rev]5ce ) :i* we grasp ! univ]sal dom9ance ( ! law ( sub/ance ?r\gh\t ! univ]se--all ^! are "p ( our emotional life1 fall+ "u ! head+ ( 'natural religion' 7p4 #abb74 ,pan!ism tea*es t ,god & ! _w are "o4 ,! idea ( ,god is id5tical ) t ( nature or sub/ance4444 ,9 pan!ism1 ,god1 z an intra-mundane be+1 is ev]y:]e id5tical ) nature itself1 & is op]ative )9 ! _w z '=ce' or 'en]gy4' ,! latt] view alone is compatible ) our supreme law--! law ( sub/ance4 ,x foll[s necess>ily t pan!ism is ! _w-sy/em ( ! mod]n sci5ti/ 7p4 #ajb74 ,?is 'godless _w-sy/em' sub/antially agrees ) ! monism or pan!ism ( ! mod]n sci5ti/2 x is only ano!r expression = x1 emphasis+ its negative aspect1 ! non-exi/5ce ( any sup]natural deity4 ,9 ?is s5se ,s*op5hau] ju/ly rem>ks3 ',pan!ism is only a polite =m ( a!ism4 ,! tru? ( pan!ism lies 9 its de/ruction ( ! duali/ anti!sis ( ,god & ! _w1 9 its recognition t ! _w exi/s 9 virtue ( its own inh]5t =ces4 ,! maxim ( ! pan!i/1 ',god & ! _w are "o1' is m]ely a polite way ( giv+ ! ,"l ,god 8 cong' 7p4 #ajc74 ,?us we are l$ on1 f :at may be suppos$ to be a b>e /atem5t ( two rec5t g5]alisations ( sci5ce1--fir/ ( all to reg>d !m z almo/ axiomatic or self-evid5t2 next1 to consid] t !y solve ! ma9 problem ( ! univ]se2 &1 la/ly1 t !y suffice to replace ! ,deity ,himself4 ,to curb ^! extravagant pret5sions x is only necess>y to consid] sob]ly :at ^! physical laws really ass]t4 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,take fir/ ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,?is g5]alisation ass]ts t 9 e complete mat]ial sy/em1 subject to any k9d ( int]nal activity1 ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em does n *ange1 b is subject m]ely to transf]5ce & trans=mation1 & c only be increas$ or dim9i%$ by pass+ fre% en]gy 9 or out ?r\gh ! walls ( ! sy/em4 ,s f> f ?is be+ self-evid5t1 x requir$ v c>eful measurem5t & exp]im5tal pro( to demon/rate ! fact1 = 9 common exp]i5ce ! en]gy ( a sy/em left to itself cont9ually to all appe>ance dim9i%es2 yet x has be5 skilfully prov$ t :5 ! heat & e o!r k9d ( product is collect$ & measur$1 ! result c be s express$ z to %[ a total con/ancy1 app]ta9+ to a c]ta9 specially devis$ function call$ en]gy1 provid$ we "k & are able to acc\nt = e =m into :i* ! said en]gy c be trans=m$ by ! activity go+ on4 ,a v important g5]alisation truly1 & "o :i* has s seiz$ hold ( ! m9d ( ! physici/ t if 9 any actual example a disappe>ance or a g5]ation ( en]gy 7 f\nd1 he w\ld at once conclude ei!r t he _h ov]look$ "s kn[n =m & !reby committ$ an error1 or t "s unkn[n =m 0 pres5t :i* he _h n all[$ =3 !reby gett+ a clue :i*1 if foll[$ up1 he w\ld hope might result 9 a discov]y4 ,b ! t]m en]gy itself1 z us$ 9 def9ite s5se by ! physici/1 r involves a mod]n idea & is itself a g5]alisation4 ,?+s z di/9ct f ea* o!r z light1 heat1 s\nd1 rotation1 vibration1 ela/ic /ra91 gravitative sep>ation1 electric curr5ts1 & *emical aff9ity1 h all to be g5]alis$ "u ! same head+1 9 ord] to make ! law true4 ,until heat 0 includ$ 9 ! li/ ( en]gies1 ! /atem5t c\ld n be made2 &1 a %ort "t ago1 x 0 sometimes discuss$ :e!r life %\ld or %\ld n be includ$ 9 ! category ( en]gy4 ,i %\ld give ! answ] decid$ly ,no1 b "s might be incl9$ to say ,yes2 & ?is is suffici5t z an example to %[ t ! categories ( en]gy are n necess>ily exhau/$2 t new =ms may be discov]$2 & t if new =ms exi/1 until !y are discov]$1 ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy z n[ /at$ may 9 "s cases be /rictly untrue2 j z x w\ld be untrue1 ?\gh p>tially & usefully true1 9 ! !ory ( ma*9es1 if heat 7 unkn[n or ignor$4 ,to jump1 !re=e1 f a g5]alisation su* z ?is1 & to say1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel does on page #e1 t ! foll[+ cosmological !orems h already be5 amply demon/rat$1 is to leap across a consid]able *asm3-- #a4 ,! univ]se1 or ! cosmos1 is et]nal1 inf9ite1 & illimitable4 #b4 ,its sub/ance1 ) its two attributes 7matt] & en]gy71 fills inf9ite space1 & is 9 et]nal motion4 #c4 ,?is motion runs on ?r\gh inf9ite "t z an unbrok5 developm5t1 ) a p]iodic *ange f life to dea?1 f evolution to devolution4 #d4 ,! innum]able bodies :i* are scatt]$ ab\t ! space-fill+ e!r all obey ! same 'law ( sub/ance'2 :ile ! rotat+ masses sl[ly move t[>ds _! de/ruction & dissolution 9 "o "p ( space1 o!rs are spr++ into new life & developm5t 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! univ]se4 ,mo/ ( ?is1 ?\gh 9 itself probable en\gh1 mu/1 :5 sci5tifically reg>d$1 be rat$ z guess-"w1 be+ an ov]press+ ( kn[n fact into an exagg]at$ & ov]-compreh5sive =m ( /atem5t4 ,let x be und]/ood t ,i am n object+ to 8 speculations1 b only po9t+ out t !y are speculations4 ,! cons]vation ( en]gy is a legitimate en\gh g5]alisation3 we d n really d\bt its cons]vation & con/ancy :5 we admit t we are n yet sure ( hav+ fully & f9ally exhau/$ ! :ole category ( en]gy4 ,:at we d grant is1 t x may h]eaft] be possible to discov] new =ms2 & :5 new =ms are discov]$1 !n ei!r ! def9ition may h to be modifi$1 or else ! detail$ /atem5t at pres5t f\nd suffici5t w h to be ov]haul$4 ,b aft] all1 ?is is n specially important3 ! s]i\s mi/ake :i* p are apt to make conc]n+ ?is law ( en]gy is to imag9e t x d5ies ! possibility ( guidance1 control1 or direct+ ag5cy1 :]eas really x has no?+ to say on ^! topics2 x relates to am\nt alone4 ,philosoph]s h be5 f> too apt to jump to ! conclusion t because en]gy is con/ant1 !re=e no guidance is possible1 s t all psy*ological or o!r int]f]5ce is preclud$4 ,physici/s1 h[ev]1 "k bett]2 ?\gh un=tunately ,tyndall1 9 "s pap]s on ,miracles & ,pray]1 ?\ghtlessly adduc$ ! cons]vation ( en]gy z decisive4 ,?is "q ( guidance is "o ( great int]e/1 & ,i emphasise ! subject fur!r on1 especially 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,cons]vation ( ,matt]4 ,take next ! cons]vation ( matt]--:i* means t 9 any op]ation1 me*anical1 physical1 or *emical1 to :i* matt] c be subject$1 its am\nt1 z measur$ by weight1 rema9s un*ang$2 s t ! only way to increase or dim9i% ! weight ( sub/ance inside a giv5 enclosure1 or geometrically clos$ b\nd>y1 is to pass matt] 9 or out ?r\gh ! walls4 ,?is law has be5 call$ ! %eet-an*or ( *emi/ry1 b x is v f> f be+ self-evid5t2 & its /atem5t involves ! f9d+ ( a prop]ty ( matt] :i* exp]im5tally %all rema9 un*ang$1 al?\gh ne>ly e o!r prop]ty is modifi$4 ,to sup]ficial obs]vation no?+ is easi] ?an to de/roy matt]4 ,:5 liquid--:5 dew1 = in/ance--evaporates1 x seems to disappe>1 & :5 a manuscript is burnt x is c]ta9ly de/roy$3 b x turns out t !re is some?+ :i* may be call$ ! vap\r ( wat]1 or ! matt] ( ! lett]1 :i* /ill p]si/s1 ?\gh x has tak5 r>] =m & become unrecognisable4 ,ultimately1 9 ord] to express ! p]si/5ce ( ! p]man5t ab/raction call$ matt] cle>ly1 x is necess>y to speak ( ! ultimate atoms ( :i* x is compos$1 & to say t ?\gh ^! may ent] into v>i\s comb9ations1 & !reby display _m outw>d =ms1 yet t !y !mselves are immutable & inde/ructible1 con/ant 9 numb] & quality & =m1 n subject to any law ( evolution2 9 o!r words1 totally unaffect$ by "t4 ,if we ask = ! evid5ce on :i* ?is g5]alisation is f\nd$1 we h to appeal to v>i\s delicate weigh+s1 conduct$ *iefly by *emi/s = practical purposes1 & v few ( !m really direct$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! law is true or n4 ,a few su* direct exp]im5ts are n[1 inde$1 be+ conduct$ ) ! hope ( f9d+ t ! law is n completely true2 9 o!r words1 ) ! hope ( f9d+ t ! weight ( a body does dep5d slightly on its /ate ( aggregation or on "s o!r physical prop]ty4 ,! "q has ev5 be5 rais$ :e!r ! weight ( a cry/al is altoge!r indep5d5t ( its aspect3 ! direction ( its plane ( cleavage ) ref]5ce to ! e>?'s radius2 also1 :e!r ! temp]ature ( bodies has any influ5ce on _! weight2 b on ^! po9ts x may be truly said t if any diff]5ce 7 discov]$ x w\ld n be express$ by say+ t ! am\nt ( matt] 0 diff]5t1 b simply t weight 0 n s fundam5tal & inali5able a prop]ty ( matt] z has be5 sometimes assum$2 9 :i* case x is cle> t !re mu/ be a m fundam5tal prop]ty to :i* appeal c be made 9 fav\r ( con/ancy or p]si/5cy or cons]vation4 ,n[ ! mo/ fundam5tal prop]ty ( matt] kn[n is und\bt$ly 'in]tia'2 & ! law ( cons]vation w\ld !re=e come to mean t ! in]tia ( matt] 0 con/ant1 no matt] :at *anges x und]w5t4 ,b1 !n1 in]tia is n an easy prop]ty to measure1--v difficult to measure ) great accuracy3 x is 9 practice ne>ly always inf]r$ f weight2 & 9 t]ms ( in]tia ! law ( cons]vation ( matt] _c be consid]$ really an exp]im5tal fact2 x is1 /rictly speak+1 a reasonable hypo!sis1 an empirical law1 :i* we h nev] se5 any reason to d\bt1 & 9 support ( :i* all sci5tific exp]i5ce may be adduc$ 9 fav\r4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to grant to ,pr(essor ,haeckel--n positively1 b = ! sake ( argum5t1 & giv+ him ! b5efit ( our pres5t ignorance--t x is unlikely t matt] 9 its l[e/ d5om9ation c by u be creat$ or de/roy$4 ,=1 al?\gh x is n[ pretty well kn[n t atoms ( matt] are n ! inde/ructible & immutable ?+s !y 7 once ?\ght 7see+ t1 al?\gh we d n "k h[ to break !m up1 !y are liable e n[ & !n !mselves to break up or explode1 & s resolve !mselves into simpl] =ms71 yet x c be grant$ t ^! simpl] =ms are likewise !mselves atoms1 9 ! same s5se1 & t if !y break up !y w break up likewise into atoms3 or ultimately1 x may be1 into ^? corpuscles or electrons or electric *>ges1 ( :i* "o plausible !ory conjectures t ! atoms ( matt] are really compos$4 ,suppos+ an atom ?us brok5 up into electrons1 its weight may possibly h disappe>$4 ,we simply d n "k :e!r weight is a prop]ty ( ! gr\p+ call$ an atom1 or :e!r x belongs also to ! individual +r$i5ts or corpuscles ( t atom4 ,!re is at pres5t no evid5ce4 ,b :e!r weight has disappe>$ or n1 x is q c]ta91 = def9ite ?\gh r recondite !oretical reasons1 t ! in]tia w\ld n h disappe>$2 & accord+ly x may be held1 & mu/ be held 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 t ! con/ancy ( fundam5tal mat]ial /ill holds good1 ev5 ?\gh ! atoms are resolv$ into electric *>ges--an am\nt ( de/ruction nev] contemplat$ by ^? *emi/s & physici/s :o promulgat$ ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,electrical ,!ory ( ,matt]4 ,b !n1 on ! electrical !ory ( matt]1 ev5 in]tia is n ! ?or\ghly con/ant prop]ty we once ?\ght x4 ,x is a function ( velocity = "o ?+1 & :5 spe$s become excessive ! in]tia ( matt] rises p]ceptibly 9 value4 ,! fact t x w\ld rise 9 value by a calculable am\nt1 & t ! rise w\ld be p]ceptible :5 ! spe$ ( motion approa*$ 9 value to )91 say1 a t5? ( ! velocity ( light1 0 pr$ict$ ma!matically2#a & n[1 /range to say1 x has rec5tly become possible to obs]ve & actually measure ! increase ( in]tia exp]im5tally1 & ?us to confirm ! electrical !ory n only z qualitatively or approximately true1 b z completely & quantitatively accurate4 ,a rem>kable a*ievem5t all ?is6 ( q mod]n times1 :i* has n excit$ ! att5tion x des]ves--save among physici/s4 ,footnote #a3 ,by ,mr ,oliv] ,heaviside & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all t c be said z to ! fluctuat+ "* ( t fundam5tal mat]ial quality in]tia4 ,x appe>s possible1 if electrons approa* too ne> ea* o!r1 s z to encroa* on ea* o!r's magnetic field z !y move1 t !n _! in]tia may fall 9 value dur+ ! "t !y are contigu\s4 ,no exp]im5tal fact has yet sugge/$ ?is at pres5t3 x is improbable t ev5 9 ! tighte/ comb9ations !y ev] really approa* close en\gh to ea* o!r to make ! effect appreciable 9 ! slighte/ degree2 /ill1 /rictly speak+1 ! in]tia ( matt] is a kn[n ma!matical function ( ! di/ance ( electrons ap>t1 comp>$ ) _! size1 z well z ( _! absolute spe$ ?r\gh ! e!r2 & h5ce x may be f\nd to v>y f ei!r ( two di/9ct reasons4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ?is v>iation w\ld n be express$ z a failure 9 ! cons]vation ( matt]1 ?\gh !re is n[ no s+le mat]ial prop]ty t c be specifi$ z really & g5u9ely con/ant4 ,s long z ! electric c5tres ( /ra91 or :atev] !y are--s long z ! electric *>ges !mselves--cont9ue unalt]$1 we %\ld pref] to say t at lea/ ! basis ( matt] 0 fundam5tally cons]v$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 we _c g2 & to say1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel says1 t ! mod]n physici/ has gr[n s accu/om$ to ! cons]vation ( matt] t he is unable to conceive ! contr>y1 is simply untrue4 ,:atev] may be ! case 9 real fact1 !re is no "q ) respect to ! possibility ( conception4 ,! electrons !mselves mu/ be expla9$ someh[2 & ! only surmise :i* at pres5t holds ! field is t !y are knots or twi/s or vortices1 or "s sort ( ei!r /atic or k9etic modification1 ( ! e!r ( space--a small bit p>tition$ (f f ! re/ & individualis$ by reason ( ?is id5tify+ peculi>ity4 ,x may be t ^! knots _c be unti$1 ^! twi/s undone1 ^! vortices brok5 up2 x may be t nei!r artificially nor spontane\sly are !y ev] 9 ! slighte/ degree *ang$4 ,x may be s1 b we d n "k2 & x is q easy to conceive !m brok5 up1 ! id5tity ( ! electron lo/1 its sub/ance resolv$ into ! orig9al e!r1 )\t p>ts or individual prop]ties4 ,if ?is happ5$1 )9 our k51 we %\ld h to confess t ! prop]ties ( matt] 7 gone1 & t h5ce ev]y?+ t c\ld by any /ret* ( language be call$ matt] 0 de/roy$1 s9ce no id5tify+ prop]ty rema9$4 ,! discov]y ( su* an ev5t may lie 9 ! sci5ce ( ! future2 x w\ld be an epo*-mak+ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 b no physici/ w\ld be upset by x--p]haps n ev5 surpris$2 nor w\ld any "o h good reason to be a/oni%$ if ! correlative ph5om5on occurr$1 & "u c]ta9 conditions "s knots or /ra9s 7 "s day caus$ 9 ! e!r1 :i* _h n be5 previ\sly !re2 & s matt]1 or ! f\ndation ( matt]1 artificially produc$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! de/ruction & ! creation ( matt] are well )9 ! range ( sci5tific conception1 & may be )9 ! realm ( exp]im5tal possibility4 ,p]si/5ce ( ! ,exi/5t4 ,is !re1 !n1 no mean+ 9 ! conception :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel & o!rs h s en?usia/ically =mulat$1 & :i* c]ta9ly comm5ds itself to e "o z repres5t+ 9 "s s5se a g5u9e tru?1 :e!r x be call$ a law ( sub/ance or :atev] x be call$8 ,!re does seem a c]ta9 plausibility 9 ! idea1 pure guess or assumption ?\gh x be1 t any?+ :i* really & fundam5tally exi/s1 9 a s]i\s & untrivial & non-accid5tal s5se1 c be tru/$ n sudd5ly to g out ( exi/5ce & leave no trace beh9d4 ,9 o!r words1 !re seems "s reason to suppose t any?+ :i* actually exi/s mu/ be 9 "s way or o!r p]petual2 t real exi/5ce is n a caprici\s & *ang+ attribute3 arbitr>y collocations & accid5tal relations may & mu/ be tempor>y1 b !re may be 9 ea* a fundam5tal sub/ratum :i*1 if x c be rea*$1 w be f\nd to be et]nal4 ,i develop ?is idea fur!r 9 ! sequel4 ,?is is1 at any rate1 :at ,pr(essor ,haeckel 0 evid5tly grop+ aft]1 z _m o!rs h grop$ be=e him1 & ! nature ( ?is fundam5tal p]si/5t entity or entities 7= we mu/ n assume )\t pro( t !re is only "o3 !re may be sev]al1 & at any rate _! ultimate unification may be a /ill fur!r advanc$ & m transc5d5tal problem7 may ) "s appropriat5ess be call$ '! problem ( ! univ]se1' s9ce x is cle>ly ! problem ( exi/5ce4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel ?9ks he has solv$ ! problem1 grasp$ ! fundam5tal reality1 & f\nd x to be matt] & en]gy & no?+ else2 ?\gh :y he *ooses to reg>d matt] & en]gy z "o ?+ in/ead ( two is n p]fectly pla9 to me1 nor1 ,i v5ture to say1 is x really pla9 to him4 ,mak+ ! assumption1 !n1 t !re is some?+1 or t !re are sev]al ?+s1 to be discov]$1 :i* may ?us h ! mo/ fundam5tal prop]ty1 viz41 p]si/5t immutable exi/5ce1 ! 'problem' has resolv$ itself into ! discov]y ( :at ^! ?+s actually are4 ,x w n d to jump at "s object & assume t t is x4 ,a multitude ( ?+s obvi\sly p]i%1 !reby %[+ !mselves to be trivial or accid5tal arrangem5ts1 accord+ to our hypo!sis4 ,a flame is ext+ui%$ & dies1 a m\nta9 is ultimately gr\nd into s& by ! sl[ influ5ce ( d5udation1 a planet or a sun may lose its id5tity by enc\nt] ) o!r bodies4 ,all ^! are tempor>y collocations ( atoms2 & x appe>s n[ t an atom may break up into electric *>ges1 & ^! aga9 may "s day be f\nd capable ( resolv+ !mselves into pri/9e e!r4 ,if s1 !n ^! also are tempor>y1 & 9 ! mat]ial univ]se x is ! e!r only :i* p]si/s--! ,e!r ) su* /ates ( motion or /ra9 z x et]nally possesses--9 :i* case ! ,e!r w h prov$ itself ! mat]ial sub/ratum & mo/ fundam5tal kn[n entity on t side4 ,b are we to conclude1 !re=e1 t no?+ else exi/s8 t ! exi/5ce ( "o ?+ disproves ! exi/5ce ( o!rs8 ,! cont5tion w\ld be absurd4 ,! category ( life has n be5 t\*$ 9 any?+ we h said s f>2 no relation has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 life & en]gy1 or betwe5 life & e!r4 ,! nature ( life is unkn[n4 ,is life also a ?+ ( :i* con/ancy c be ass]t$8 ,:5 x disappe>s f a mat]ial environm5t is x knock$ out ( exi/5ce1 or is x m]ely transf]r$ to "s o!r surr\nd+s1 becom+ z difficult to id5tify & recognise z are ! gases ( a burnt manuscript or ! vap\r ( a vani%$ cl\d8 ,is x a tempor>y trivial collocation associat$ ) c]ta9 complex gr\p+s ( ! atoms ( matt]1 & resolv$ into no?+ness :5 t gr\p+ is int]f]$ )8 or is x some?+ immat]ial & itself fundam5tal1 some?+ :i* uses ^! collocations ( matt] 9 ord] to display itself amid mat]ial surr\nd+s1 b is o!rwise ess5tially indep5d5t ( !m8 7,?is idea is exp&$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 to ,x41 & see note at end ( pres5t *apt]47 ,pr(essor ,haeckel w\ld answ] ?is "q ) a contemptu\s negative2 & ! treatm5t :i* he w\ld ?us give to life he w\ld also ext5d to m9d & consci\sness1 to affection1 to art1 to poetry1 to religion1 & all ! o!r facts ( exp]i5ce to :i* 9 ! process ( evolution humanity has ris53 ,i say he w\ld answ] ! "q1 :e!r ^! _h any real exi/5ce o!r ?an z a necess>y concomitant ( a suffici5tly complex mat]ial aggregate1 ) a contemptu\s negative2 b ,i *all5ge him to say by :at "r he gives t answ]4 ,8 speculation is t all ^! prop]ties are nasc5t & lat5t 9 ! mat]ial atoms !mselves1 t ^! h ! pot5tiality ( life & *oice & consci\sness1 :i* we p]ceive 9 _! develop$ comb9ations4 ,z a speculation ?is is legitimate2 b ! only answ] t c by sci5ce legitimately be giv5 at ! pres5t "t is ! answ] giv5 by du ,bois-,reymond1 ignoramus1 we d n "k4 ,sci5tifically we d n2 & = a man ( sci5ce to pret5d1 or to ass]t 9 a popul> treatise1 t we d1 is ess5tially & s]i\sly to mislead4 7,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 bel[47 ,x may ev5 be a "q :e!r ! ass]tion ( entire ignorance at ! pres5t "t is completely appropriate1 :e!r we h n "s positive evid5ce aga9/ ,pr(essor ,haeckel's cont5tion4 ,i believe t we h2 & ?\gh ,i may acquiesce 9 an ass]tion ( pres5t ignorance1 ,i am n at all will+ to accept ! next s5t5ce ( ,pr(essor du ,bois-,reymond's answ]1 & to say ignorabimus1 we nev] %all "k4 ,! matt] seems to me )9 ! legitimate l9es ( sci5tific inquiry1 & x is unwise to attempt pr$iction1 especially negative pr$iction1 or to attempt to close ! door to ! future developm5ts ( k4 ,b ,i am cont5t to say = ! pres5t t f ! po9t ( view ( /rict sci5ce x is n yet possible to give any positive answ] to ^! que/ions2 t !y mu/ await ! progress ( discov]y4 ,x becomes a "q ( "s int]e/1 !re=e1 h[ x is possible = ,pr(essor ,haeckel & = o!rs ( 8 s*ool to h arriv$ at ! idea n only t a sci5tific answ] c be giv51 b t already x has be5 giv51 & t !y "k di/9ctly :at x is4 ,note on ! ,^w ,life4 ,until a t]m is accurately def9$1 & ev5 aft]w>ds = "s purposes1 x is p]missible to use a ^w ( l>ge significance 9 m ?an "o s5se4 ,?us ! ^w light may be consid]$ a psy*ological t]m1 d5ot+ a c]ta9 s5sation1 or a physiological t]m1 signify+ ! /imulus ( c]ta9 specialis$ n]ve-end+s1 or a physical t]m1 express+ briefly an electromagnetic wave-di/urbance 9 ! e!r4 ,i am us+ ! ^w life 9 a q g5]al s5se1 z is obvi\s1 = if x be limit$ to c]ta9 metabolic processes 9 protoplasm--:i* is ! n>r[e/ ( its legitimate mean+s--:at ,i h said ab\t its possible exi/5ce ap>t f matt] w\ld be absurd4 ,x may be conv5i5t to employ ! ^w vitality = ?is limit$ s5se2 b s f> z ,i "k1 !re is no g5]al cons5sus ( usage1 & ! context mu/ suffice to %[ a fri5dly read] ! connotation int5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,life ,?is leads me to ! second ma9 !sis or c5tral sci5tific doctr9e ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's treatise1 ! biological "o2 & x is ?is :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to illu/rate by fur!r quotations1 viz41 ! connection z he conceives x betwe5 life & matt]4 ,8 view is t life has aris5 f inorganic matt] )\t antec$5t life4 ,! exp]im5tal facts ( biog5esis he disc>ds 9 fav\r ( a hypo!tical & at pres5t undiscov]$ k9d ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,he assumes t ! *emico-physical prop]ties ( c>bon conf] s peculi> a p[] on its album9oid comp\nds t !y develop into liv+ protoplasm4 ,he says t he =mulat$ ?is view ?irty-?ree ye>s ago1 & t no bett] moni/ic !ory has aris5 to replace x1 :ile to reject "s =m ( spontane\s g5]ation is to admit a miracle3-- ,! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation1 & ! alli$ c>bon-!ory 7viz41 t 'c>bon 444 may be consid]$ ! *emical basis ( life1' p4 #b7 are ( great importance 9 decid+ ! long-/&+ conflict betwe5 ! teleological 7duali/ic7 & ! me*anical 7moni/ic7 int]pretation ( ph5om5a 7p4 #ia74 ,b x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ t a hypo!sis is able to decide any dispute4 7,see1 h[ev]1 ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,an unsci5tific read] c\ld h>dly imag9e t ! app>5tly detail$ acc\nt giv5 9 ! next s5t5ce ( ! automatic orig9 ( life1 z x may h aris5 on o!r planes1 & z x mu/ h aris5 on ?is1 is ( ! nature ( hypo!sis3-- ,fir/ simple mon]a are =m$ by spontane\s g5]ation1 & f ^! arise unicellul> proti/s4444 ,f ^! unicellul> proti/s arise1 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( evolution1 fir/ social cell-communities1 & subsequ5tly tissue-=m+ plants & animals 7p4 #aca74 ,9 ?is hypo!sis ( automatic orig9 by ! ag5cy ( matt] & en]gy alone1 he c\ld probably f9d _m biologi/s to agree ) him speculatively2 b he goes fur!r ?an "s ( !m1 = he does n limit ! automatic or mat]ial developm5t to animal & vegetable life alone3 he ?r[s automatic consci\sness 91 too3-- ,! 'cellul> !ory' 444 has giv5 u ! fir/ true int]pretation ( ! physical1 *emical1 & ev5 ! psy*ological1 processes ( life 7p4 #a74 ,consci\sness1 ?\ght1 & speculation are functions ( ! ganglionic cells ( ! cortex ( ! bra9 7p4 #f74 ,! peculi> ph5om5on ( consci\sness is n1 z du ,bois-,reymond & ! duali/ic s*ool w\ld h u believe1 a completely 'transc5d5tal' problem3 x is1 z ,i %[$ ?irty-?ree ye>s ago1 a physiological problem1 & z su*1 mu/ be r$uc$ to ! ph5om5a ( physics & *emi/ry 7p4 #fe74 ,hold+ su* a view conc]n+ consci\sness1 9 ! tee? ( ! g5]al philosophic op9ion ( to-day1 x is natural to f9d t ( or?odox psy*ology & psy*ologi/s he is contemptu\s3-- ,mo/ ( our s-call$ 'psy*ologi/s' h little or no k ( ^! indisp5sable f\ndations ( an?ropology--anatomy1 hi/ology1 ontog5y1 & physiology4444 ,h5ce x is t mo/ ( ! psy*ological lit]ature ( ! day is s mu* wa/e-pap] 7p4 #cd74 ,:at we call ! s\l is1 9 my op9ion1 a natural ph5om5on2 ,i !re=e consid] psy*ology to be a bran* ( natural sci5ce--a section ( physiology4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i mu/ emphatically ass]t f ! comm5cem5t t we h no diff]5t me?ods ( rese>* = t sci5ce ?an = any ( ! o!rs 7p4 #cb74 ,9 ?is difficult ,sci5ce ( ,psy*ology he evid5tly feels himself q at home4 ,he assumes easily & gratuit\sly t !re is a mat]ial sub/ance at ! root ( all m5tal processes :atev]--call$ by ,clif=d 'm9d-/uff1' 7see1 h[ev]1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 bel[17--& he !n proce$s to lay d[n ! law conc]n+ anci5t difficulties z foll[s3-- ,we %all give to ?is mat]ial basis ( all psy*ic activity1 )\t :i* x is inconceivable1 ! provisional "n ( 'psy*oplasm4' ,! psy*ic processes are subject to ! supreme1 all-rul+ law ( sub/ance2 n ev5 9 ?is prov9ce is !re a s+le exception to ?is highe/ cosmological law4 ,! dogma ( 'free-w1' ano!r ess5tial elem5t ( ! duali/ic psy*ology1 is simil>ly irreconcilable ) ! univ]sal law ( sub/ance 7p4 #cb74 ,! fre$om ( ! w is n an object = critical sci5tific inquiry at all1 = x is a pure dogma1 bas$ on an illusion1 & has no real exi/5ce 7p4 #f74 ,nev]!less1 he realises t its app>5t exi/5ce has to be acc\nt$ = someh[1 & accord+ly he adopts ! view t has sev]al times occurr$ to ?9k]s1 viz41 t ! nucleus ( all ! faculties enjoy$ by a complete organism mu/ be attribut$ 9 g]m or nucleus to ! cells & ev5 to ! atoms out ( :i* ! organism is built up4 ,8 speculation z to ! =mation ( a consci\s organism1 & to ! real mean+ ( its app>5t s5se ( "r & wrong & its app>5t control ov] its own acts1 runs z foll[s1 ! w be+ r$uc$ to attraction & repulsion betwe5 ! atoms3-- ,vogt's pyknotic !ory ( sub/ance is t m9ute p>ts ( ! univ]sal sub/ance1 ! c5tres ( cond5sation1 :i* might be call$ pyknatoms1 correspond 9 g5]al to ! ultimate sep>ate atoms ( ! k9etic !ory2 !y diff]1 h[ev]1 v consid]ably 9 t !y are cr$it$ ) s5sation & incl9ation 7or w-movem5t ( ! simple/ =m71 ) s\ls1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1--9 h>mony ) ! old !ory ( ,emp$ocles ( ! 'loves & hatr$s ( ! elem5ts4' ,moreov]1 ^! 'atoms ) s\ls' d n float 9 empty space1 b 9 ! cont9u\s1 extremely att5uat$1 int]m$iate sub/ance1 :i* repres5ts ! uncond5s$ portion ( ! primitive matt] 7p4 #gg74 ',attraction' & 'repulsion' seem to be ! s\rces ( w--t mom5t\s elem5t ( ! s\l :i* det]m9es ! "* ( ! individual 7p4 #de74 ,! positive pond]able matt]1 ! elem5t ) ! feel+ ( l or desire1 is cont9ually /riv+ to complete ! process ( cond5sation1 & ?us collect+ an enorm\s am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy2 ! negative impond]able matt]1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s a p]petual & equal resi/ance to ! fur!r increase ( its /ra9 & ( ! feel+ ( dislike connect$ !re)1 & ?us ga!rs ! utmo/ am\nt ( actual en]gy4 ,i ?9k t ?is pyknotic !ory ( sub/ance w prove m acceptable to e biologi/ :o is conv9c$ ( ! unity ( nature ?an ! k9etic !ory :i* prevails 9 physics to-day 7p4 #gh74 ,9 o!r words1 he appeals to a presum$ s5tim5t ( biologi/s aga9/ ! k ( ! physici/ 9 8 own sph]e--a /range attitude = a man ( sci5ce4 ,aft] ?is x is less surpris+ to f9d him ignor+ ! elem5t>y axiom t action & reaction are equal & opposite1 i4e4 t int]nal =ces c h no motive p[] on a body z a :ole1 & mak+ ! grotesque ass]tion t matt] is mov$1 n by ext]nal =ces1 b by int]nal likes & desires3-- ,i mu/ lay d[n ! foll[+ !ses1 :i* are involv$ 9 ,vogt's pyknotic !ory1 z indisp5sable = a truly moni/ic view ( sub/ance1 & "o t cov]s ! :ole field ( organic & inorganic nature3-- #a4 ,! two fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ance1 pond]able matt] & e!r1 are n dead & only mov$ by extr9sic =ce1 b !y are end[$ ) s5sation & w 7?\gh1 naturally1 ( ! l[e/ grade72 !y exp]i5ce an incl9ation = cond5sation1 a dislike ( /ra92 !y /rive aft] ! "o & /ruggle aga9/ ! o!r 7p4 #gh74 ,my desire is to criticise politely1 & h5ce ,i refra9 f *>act]is+ ?is s5t5ce z a physici/ %\ld4 ,e %ade ( incl9ation1 f complete indiff]5ce to ! fi]ce/ passion1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! *emical relation ( ! v>i\s elem5ts t[>ds ea* o!r 7p4 #gi74 ,on ^? ph5om5a we base our conviction t ev5 ! atom is n )\t a rudim5t>y =m ( s5sation & w1 or1 z x is bett] express$1 ( feel+ 7/hesis7 & incl9ation 7tropesis7--t is1 a univ]sal 's\l' ( ! simple/ "* 7p4 #hj74 ,i gave ! outl9es ( cellul> psy*ology 9 #ahff 9 my pap] on ',cell-s\ls & ,s\l-cells' 7p4 #fc74 ,?us1 !n1 9 ord] to expla9 life & m9d & consci\sness by means ( matt]1 all t is done is to assume t matt] possesses ^! unexpla9$ attributes4 ,:at ! full mean+ ( t may be1 & :e!r !re be any philosophic ju/ification = any su* idea1 is a matt] on :i* ,i w n n[ express an op9ion2 b1 at any rate1 z x /&s1 x is n sci5ce1 & its =mulation gives no sort ( conception ( :at life & w & consci\sness really are4 ,ev5 if x 7 true1 x conta9s no?+ :atev] 9 ! nature ( explanation3 x recognises ! inexplicable1 & relegates x to ! atoms1 :]e x seems to hope t fur!r que/ may cease4 ,in/ead ( tackl+ ! difficulty :]e x actually occurs2 in/ead ( associat+ life1 w1 & consci\sness ) ! organisms 9 :i* !y are actually 9 exp]i5ce f\nd1 ^! ideas are foi/$ into ! atoms ( matt]2 & !n ! prop]ties :i* h be5 conf]r$ on ! atoms are d5i$ 9 all ess5tial reality to ! fully develop$ organisms :i* ^? atoms help to compose6 ,i %[ lat] on 7,*apt]s ,v4 & ,x47 t !re is no necess>y ju/ification = assum+ t a ph5om5on exhibit$ by an aggregate ( p>ticles mu/ be possess$ by ! +r$i5ts ( :i* x is compos$2 on ! contr>y1 :olly new prop]ties may make _! appe>ance simply by aggregation2 ?\gh ,i admit t su* a proposition is by no means obvi\s1 & t x may be a legitimate subject = controv]sy4 ,b into t "q our au?or does n ent]2 & ev5 :5 he has conf]r$ on ! atoms ^! a/\nd+ prop]ties1 he ab/a9s f :at w\ld seem a natural developm5t3 = 8 doctr9e is t our p[] is actually less ?an t ( ! atoms1--t in/ead ( utilis+ ! attractions & repulsions1 or likes & dislikes1 ( our con/itu5t p>ticles1 & direct+ !m by ! aggregate ( consci\s w-p[] to "s preconceiv$ end1 we ourselves1 on ! contr>y1 are dom9at$ & controll$ by !m2 s t fre$om ( ! w is an illusion4 ,fre$om be+ ?us dispos$ (1 ,immortality pres5ts no difficulty2 a s\l is ! op]ation ( a gr\p ( cells1 & s ! exi/5ce ( man cle>ly beg9s & ends ) t ( 8 t]re/rial body3-- ,! mo/ important mom5t 9 ! life ( e man1 z 9 t ( all o!r complex animals1 is ! mom5t 9 :i* he beg9s 8 individual exi/5ce coalesc5ce ( sp]m cell & ovum 444 ! exi/5ce ( ! p]sonality1 ! indep5d5t individual1 comm5ces4 ,?is ontog5etic fact is supremely important1 = ! mo/ f>-rea*+ conclusions may be drawn f x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h a cle> p]ception t man1 l all ! o!r complex animals1 inh]its all 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 bodily & m5tal1 f 8 p>5ts2 & fur!r1 we come to ! mom5t\s conclusion t ! new p]sonality :i* arises ?us c lay no claim to 'immortality' 7p4 #bb74 ,o!rs beside ,haeckel h held ?is k9d ( view at "o "t or ano!r2 b1 unlike him1 mo/ ( !m h recant$ & se5 ! error ( _! ways4 ,he is1 inde$1 aw>e t sev]al ( 8 great ,g]man contempor>ies h be5 ?r\gh ?is phase ( ?\ght & come out on ! o!r side1 notably ! physiologi/-philosoph] ,wundt1 & he ref]s to !m fairly & in/ructively ?us3-- ,:at seems to me ( special importance & value 9 ,wundt's "w is t he 'ext5ds ! law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce = ! fir/ "t to ! psy*ic _w4' ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 a second edition1 ,wundt emancipat$ himself f ! fundam5tal errors ( ! fir/1 & says t he 'le>n$ _m ye>s ago to consid] ! "w a s9 ( 8 y\?'2 x 'weigh$ on him z a k9d ( crime1 f :i* he long$ to free himself z soon z possible4' ,9 ! fir/1 psy*ology is treat$ z a physical sci5ce1 on ! same laws z ! :ole ( physiology1 ( :i* x is only a "p2 ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds he f9ds psy*ology to be a spiritual sci5ce1 ) pr9ciples & objects entirely diff]5t f ^? ( physical sci5ce4 ,i myself1 says ,haeckel1 naturally consid] ! 'y\?ful s9' ( ! "y physiologi/ ,wundt to be a correct k ( nature1 & en]getically def5d x aga9/ ! antagoni/ic view ( ! old philosoph] ,wundt4 ,?is entire *ange ( philosophical pr9ciples1 :i* we f9d 9 ,wundt1 z we f\nd x 9 ,kant1 ,vir*[1 du ,bois-,reymond1 ,c>l ,ern/ ,ba]1 & o!rs1 is v int]e/+ 7p4 #cf74 ,s x is3 v int]e/+6 ,pr(essor ,haeckel is s imbu$ ) biological sci5ce t he loses 8 s5se ( proportion2 & 8 en?usiasm = ! "w ( ,d>w9 leads him to attribute to x an exagg]at$ scope1 & enables him to elim9ate ! ?ird ( ! ,kantian trilogy3-- ,d>w9's !ory ( ! natural orig9 ( species at once gave u ! solution ( ! my/ic 'problem ( creation1' ! great '"q ( all que/ions'--! problem ( ! true "* & orig9 ( man himself 7p4 #bh7 cf4 p4 #ai above4 ,x is a great deal m ?an t pati5t obs]v] & deep ?9k] ,*>les ,d>w9 ev] claim$1 nor h 8 wis] disciples claim$ x = him4 ,x is famili> t he expla9$ h[ v>iations once aris5 w\ld be cl9*$1 if fav\rable 9 ! /ruggle1 by ! action ( h]$ity & survival2 b ! s\rce or orig9 ( ! v>iations !mselves he did n expla94 ,d !y arise by guidance or by *ance8 ,is natural selection ak9 to ! v]ifi$ & practical processes ( artificial selection8 or is x :olly ali5 to !m & influ5c$ by *ance alone8 ,! latt] view c h>dly be consid]$ a complete explanation1 ?\gh x is v]bally ! "o adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 & x is ( int]e/ to see :at he means by *ance3-- ,s9ce imp>tial /udy ( ! evolution ( ! _w tea*es u t !re is no def9ite aim & no special purpose to be trac$ 9 x1 !re seems to be no alt]native b to leave ev]y?+ to 'bl9d *ance4' ,"o gr\p ( philosoph]s affirms1 9 accordance ) its teleological conception1 t ! :ole cosmos is an ord]ly sy/em1 9 :i* e ph5om5on has its aim & purpose2 !re is no su* ?+ z *ance4 ,! o!r gr\p1 hold+ a me*anical !ory1 expresses itself ?us3 ,! developm5t ( ! univ]se is a moni/ic me*anical process1 9 :i* we discov] no aim or purpose :atev]2 :at we call design 9 ! organic _w is a special result ( biological ag5cies2 nei!r 9 ! evolution ( ! heav5ly bodies nor 9 t ( ! cru/ ( our e>? d we f9d any trace ( a controll+ purpose--all is ! result ( *ance4 ,ea* p>ty is "r--accord+ to its def9ition ( *ance4 ,! g5]al law ( causality1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! law ( sub/ance1 tea*es u t e ph5om5on has a me*anical cause2 9 ?is s5se !re is no su* ?+ z *ance4 ,yet x is n only lawful1 b necess>y1 to reta9 ! t]m = ! purpose ( express+ ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( two ph5om5a1 :i* are n causally relat$ to ea* o!r1 b ( :i* ea* has its own me*anical cause1 indep5d5t ( t ( ! o!r4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t *ance1 9 ?is moni/ic s5se1 plays an important "p 9 ! life ( man & 9 ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t u f recognis+ 9 ea* '*ance' ev5t1 z we d 9 ! evolution ( ! entire cosmos1 ! univ]sal sov]eignty ( nature's supreme law1 ! law ( sub/ance 7p4 #ig74 ,illegitimate ,negations4 ,) reg>d to ! possibility ( ,revelation1 or in=mation d]iv$ f sup]-human s\rces1 naturally he ridicules ! idea2 b 9 connection ) ! mode ( orig9 & developm5t ( life on ?is planet he makes ! foll[+ s5sible & notewor?y admission3-- ,x is v probable t ^! processes h gone on likewise on o!r planets1 & t o!r planets h produc$ o!r types ( ! high] plants & animals1 :i* are unkn[n on our e>?2 p]haps f "s high] animal /em1 :i* is sup]ior to ! v]tebrate 9 =mation1 high] be+s h aris5 :o f> transc5d u e>?ly m5 9 intellig5ce4 ,exactly2 x is q probable4 ,x is1 9 fact1 improbable t man is ! highe/ type ( exi/5ce4 ,b if ,pr(essor ,haeckel is ready to grant t probability or ev5 possibility1 :y does he s /r5u\sly exclude ! idea ( revelation1 i4e41 ! acquir+ ( imp>t$ in=mation f high] s\rces8 ,savages c c]ta9ly h revelation f civilis$ m54 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x be inconceivable t human be+s %\ld receive in=mation f be+s 9 ! univ]se high] ?an !mselves8 ,x may or may n be ! case t !y d2 b !re is no sci5tific gr\nd = dogmatism on ! subject1 nor any reason = ass]t+ ! inconceivability ( su* a ?+4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel w\ld no d\bt reply to "s ( ! above criticism t he is n only a man ( sci5ce1 b also a philosoph]1 t he is look+ ahead1 beyond asc]ta9$ fact1 & t x is 8 philosophic views :i* are 9 "q r ?an 8 sci5tific /atem5ts4 ,to "s ext5t x is bo?1 z has be5 se52 b if ev5 ! above be widely kn[n--if x be g5]ally und]/ood t ! mo/ controv]sial portions ( 8 "w are ma9ly speculative & hypo!tical1 x c be left to its prop] purpose ( do+ good r ?an h>m4 ,x c only d h>m by mislead+1 x c d consid]able good by criticis+ & /imulat+ & in=m+2 & x is an int]e/+ fact t a man s well acqua9t$ ) biology z ,pr(essor ,haeckel is %\ld h be5 s /rongly impress$ ) ! tru? ( "s aspect ( ! philosophic sy/em kn[n z ,monism4 ,_m m5 ( sci5ce h likewise be5 impress$ ) ! probability1 or possibility1 ( "s su* ultimate unification4 ,! problem to be solv$--& an old-_w problem inde$ x is--is ! range1 & especially ! nature1 ( ! connection betwe5 m9d & matt]2 or1 let u say1 betwe5 ! mat]ial univ]se on ! "o h&1 & ! vital1 ! m5tal1 ! consci\s & spiritual univ]se or univ]ses1 on ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be extremely surpris+ if any attempt yet made _h already be5 ?or\ghly successful1 ?\gh ! attack on ! ideali/ic side appe>s to _m ( u physici/s to be by f> ! mo/ hopeful l9e ( advance4 ,an excessively wide k ( exi/5ce w\ld seem to be dem&$ = ! success ( any su* mo/ ambiti\s attempt2 b1 ?\gh none ( u may hope to a*ieve x1 _m may /rive to make "s contribution t[>ds ! great end2 & ^? :o ?9k !y h su* a contribution to make1 or su* a revelation entru/$ to !m1 are b\nd to express x to ! be/ ( _! ability1 & leave x to _! contempor>ies & successors to assimilate su* portions ( x z are true1 & to develop x fur!r4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,pr(essor ,haeckel is no d\bt amply ju/ifi$ 9 8 writ+s2 b1 un=tunately1 x appe>s to me t al?\gh he has be5 borne =w>d on ! advanc+ wave ( moni/ic philosophy1 he has1 9 its specification1 attempt$ su* precision ( mat]iali/ic detail1 & subject$ x to s n>r[ & limit$ a view ( ! totality ( exp]i5ce1 t ! progress ( ?\ght has left him1 z well z 8 great ,engli% exempl>1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 some:at high & dry1 belat$ & /r&$ by ! tide ( op9ion :i* has n[ begun to fl[ 9 ano!r direction4 ,he is1 z x 71 a surviv+ voice f ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 he repres5ts1 9 cle> & eloqu5t fa%ion1 op9ions :i* !n 7 preval5t among _m lead]s ( ?\ght--op9ions :i* !y !mselves 9 _m cases1 & _! successors /ill m1 liv$ to outgr[2 s t by ?is "t ,pr(essor ,haeckel's voice is z ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 n z ! pione] or vangu>d ( an advanc+ army1 b z ! despair+ %\t ( a /&>d-be>]1 /ill bold & unfl9*+1 b ab&on$ by ! retreat+ ranks ( 8 comrades z !y m>* to new ord]s 9 a fre% & m ideali/ic direction4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,memor&a ,,= ,,w\ld-,,be ,,mat]iali/s ,! objection :i* x has be5 f\nd necess>y to express conc]n+ ,mat]ialism z a complete sy/em is bas$ n on its ass]tions1 b on its negations4 ,9 s f> z x makes positive ass]tions1 embody+ ! results ( sci5tific discov]y & ev5 ( sci5tific speculation bas$ !reupon1 !re is no fault to f9d ) x2 b :51 on ! /r5g? ( t1 x sets up to be a philosophy ( ! univ]se--all inclusive1 !re=e1 & %utt+ out a numb] ( tru?s o!rwise p]ceiv$1 or :i* appeal to o!r faculties1 or :i* are equally true & are n really contradictory ( legitimately mat]iali/ic /atem5ts--!n x is t its insuffici5cy & n>r[ness h to be display$4 ,x w be probably in/ructive1 & x may be suffici5t1 if ,i %[ t two great lead]s 9 sci5tific ?\ght 7"o ! greate/ ( all m5 ( sci5ce :o h yet liv$71 ?\gh well aw>e ( mu* t c\ld be said positively on ! mat]iali/ic side1 & v will+ to admit or ev5 to ext5d ! prov9ce ( sci5ce or exact k to ! utt]mo/1 yet 7 v f> f be+ philosophic ,mat]iali/s or f imag9+ t o!r modes ( reg>d+ ! univ]se 7 !reby exclud$4 ,great lead]s ( ?\ght1 9 fact1 are n accu/om$ to take a n>r[ view ( exi/5ce1 or to suppose t "o mode ( reg>d+ x1 or "o set ( =mul express+ x1 c possibly be suffici5t & complete4 ,ev5 a %eet ( pap] has two sides3 a t]re/rial globe pres5ts diff]5t aspects f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 a cry/al has a v>iety ( facets2 & ! totality ( exi/5ce is n likely to be m simple ?an any ( ^!--is n likely to be readily expressible 9 any =m ( words1 or to be ?or\ghly conceivable by any human m9d4 ,x may be well to rememb] t ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 a ,!i/ ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ & ?or\gh conviction1 al?\gh he _h a great deal to d ) ! r$uction ( ! major ,cosmos to me*anics1 i4e4 ) its explanation by ! elaborat$ ma*9]y ( simple =ces2 & he conceiv$ x possible t1 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 ?is process ( r$uction to me*anics w\ld cont9ue till x embrac$ ne>ly all ph5om5a4 7,see extract bel[47 ,t1 inde$1 has be5 ! ef=t ( sci5ce ev] s9ce1 & !re9 lies ! legitimate basis = mat]iali/ic /atem5ts1 ?\gh n = a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,! foll[+ s\nd rem>ks conc]n+ ,newton are tak5 f ,huxley's ,hume1 p4 #bdf3-- ,newton demon/rat$ all ! ho/ ( heav5 to be b ! elem5ts ( a va/ me*anism1 regulat$ by ! same laws z ^? :i* express ! fall+ ( a /one to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9cipia1 :i* %[s t ,newton 0 p5etrat$1 z completely z ,desc>tes1 ) ! belief t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are expressible 9 t]ms ( matt] & motion3-- ',,w\ld ,,t ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,nature ,,c\ld ,,be ,,d$uc$ ,,by ,a ,,l ,,k9d ,,( ,,reason+ ,,f ,,me*anical ,,pr9ciples4 ,,= ,,_m ,,circum/ances ,,lead ,,me ,,to ,,suspect ,,t ,,all ,,^! ,,ph5om5a ,,may ,,dep5d ,,^u ,,c]ta9 ,,=ces1 ,,9 ,,virtue ,,( ,,:i* ,,! ,,p>ticles ,,( ,,bodies1 ,,by ,,causes ,,n ,,yet ,,kn[n1 ,,are ,,ei!r ,,mutually ,,impell$ ,,aga9/ ,,"o ,,ano!r1 ,,& ,,coh]e ,,into ,,regul> ,,figures1 ,,or ,,repel ,,& ,,rec$e ,,f ,,"o ,,ano!r2 ,,:i* ,,=ces ,,be+ ,,unkn[n1 ,,philosoph]s ,,h ,,z ,,yet ,,explor$ ,,nature ,,9 ,,va94 ,,b ,i ,,hope ,,t1 ,,ei!r ,,by ,,?is ,,me?od ,,( ,,philosophis+1 ,,or ,,by ,,"s ,,o!r ,,& ,,bett]1 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,"h ,,laid ,,d[n ,,may ,,?r[ ,,"s ,,light ,,^u ,,! ,,matt]4' ,"h is a full-bl[n anticipation ( an intelligible exposition ( ! ,univ]se 9 t]ms ( matt] & =ce3 ! sub/antial basis ( :at small] m5 call mat]ialism & develop into :at !y consid] to be a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,b !re is no necessity = any?+ ( ! k9d2 a sy/ematic expression ( facts 9 t]ms ( "o ( _! aspects does n exclude expression 9 t]ms ( o!r & totally diff]5t aspects also4 ,d5ial ( all sides b "o1 is a poor k9d ( unification4 ,d5ial ( ?is sort is ! weakness & delusion ( ! p :o call !mselves ',*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s'3 !y h hold ( "o side ( tru?--& t %\ld be grant$ !m1--b !y hold x 9 s n>r[ & insecure a fa%ion t1 9 self-def5ce1 !y ?9k x safe/ /r5u\sly to d5y ! exi/5ce ( all o!r sides4 ,9 ?is futile ent]prise !y are imitat+ ! attitude ( ! philosophic ,mat]iali/s1 on ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy4 ,& !n1 aga91 ,pr(essor ,huxley himself1 :o is commonly spok5 ( by half-in=m$ p z if he 7 a philosophic mat]iali/1 0 really no?+ ( ! k9d2 = al?\gh1 l ,newton1 fully imbu$ ) ! me*anical doctr9e1 &1 ( c\rse1 f> bett] in=m$ conc]n+ ! biological dep>tm5ts ( ,nature & ! discov]ies :i* h 9 ! la/ c5tury be5 made1 & ?\gh he rightly reg>d$ x z 8 mission to make ! sci5tific po9t ( view cle> to 8 b5ight$ contempor>ies1 & 0 full ( en?usiasm = ! facts on :i* mat]iali/s take _! /&1 he saw cle>ly t ^! alone 7 insuffici5t = a philosophy4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! ',hume' volume w %[1 fir/1 t he entirely repudiat$ mat]ialism z a satisfactory or complete s*eme ( ?+s2 &1 secondly1 t he pr(\ndly disagre$ ) ! position :i* n[ appe>s to be occupi$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,especially is he sev]e on gratuit\s d5ials appli$ to prov9ces beyond our scope1 say+3-- t :ile x is ! summit ( human wisdom to le>n ! limit ( our faculties1 x may be wise to recollect t we h no m "r to make d5ials1 ?an to put =? affirmatives1 ab\t :at lies beyond t limit4 ,:e!r ei!r m9d or matt] has a 'sub/ance' or n is a problem :i* we are incompet5t to discuss2 & x is j z likely t ! common notions ^u ! subject %\ld be correct z any o!rs4444 ',! same pr9ciples :i*1 at fir/ view1 lead to scepticism1 pursu$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 br+ m5 back to common s5se' 7p4 #bhb74 ,& on p4 #bhf he speaks conc]n+ sub/ance--t sub/ance :i* con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ,haeckel's philosophy--almo/ z if he 7 purposely confut+ t r fly-bl[n production3-- ,?us1 if any man ?9k he has reason to believe t ! 'sub/ance' ( matt]1 to ! exi/5ce ( :i* no limit c be set ei!r 9 "t or space1 is ! inf9ite & et]nal sub/ratum ( all actual & possible exi/5ces1 :i* is ! doctr9e ( philosophical mat]ialism1 z ,i und]/& x1 ,i h no objection to 8 hold+ t doctr9e2 & ,i fail to compreh5d h[ x c h ! slighte/ influ5ce ^u any e?ical or religi\s views he may please to hold4444 ,moreov]1 ! ultimate =ms ( exi/5ce :i* we di/+ui% 9 our little speck ( ! univ]se are1 possibly1 only two out ( inf9ite v>ieties ( exi/5ce1 n only analog\s to matt] & analog\s to m9d1 b ( k9ds :i* we are n compet5t s mu* z to conceive--9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 inde$1 we might be set d[n1 ) no m notion ( :at 0 ab\t u1 ?an ! worm 9 a fl[]-pot1 on a ,london balcony1 has ( ! life ( ! great city4 ,t :i* ,i d v /rongly object to is ! habit1 :i* a great _m non-philosophical mat]iali/s un=tunately fall into1 ( =gett+ all ^! v obvi\s consid]ations4 ,!y talk z if ! pro( t ! 'sub/ance ( matt]' 0 ! 'sub/ance' ( all ?+s cle>$ up all ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x leaves !m exactly :]e !y 74444 ,y\r religi\s & e?ical difficulties are j z great z m9e4 ,! speculative game is drawn--let u get to practical "w 7p4 #bhf74 ,& aga9 on pp4 #bea & #bgi3-- ,x is wor? any am\nt ( tr\ble to 444 "k by "o's own k ! great tru? 444 t ! hone/ & rigor\s foll[+ up ( ! argum5t :i* leads u to 'mat]ialism' inevitably c>ries u beyond x 7p4 #bea74 ,to sum up4 ,if ! mat]iali/ affirms t ! univ]se & all its ph5om5a are resolvable into matt] & motion1 ,b]keley replies1 ,true2 b :at y call matt] & motion are kn[n to u only z =ms ( consci\sness2 _! be+ is to be conceiv$ or kn[n2 & ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( consci\sness1 ap>t f a ?9k+ m9d1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,i conceive t ?is reason+ is irrefragable4 ,&1 !re=e1 if ,i 7 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 absolute mat]ialism & absolute idealism1 ,i %\ld feel compell$ to accept ! latt] alt]native 7p4 #bgi74 ,let ! jubilant b un9/ruct$ & comp>atively ignorant amateur mat]iali/ !re=e bew>e1 & be?9k himself twice or ev5 ?rice be=e he conceives t he und]/&s ! univ]se & is compet5t to p\r scorn ^u ! intuitions & p]ceptions ( great m5 9 :at may be to him ali5 regions ( ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,let him expla91 if he c1 :at he means by 8 own id5tity1 or ! id5tity ( any ?9k+ or liv+ be+1 :i* at diff]5t times consi/s ( a totally diff]5t set ( mat]ial p>ticles4 ,some?+ !re cle>ly is :i* conf]s p]sonal id5tity & con/itutes an individual3 x is a prop]ty *>act]i/ic ( e =m ( life1 ev5 ! humble/2 b x is n yet expla9$ or und]/ood1 & x is no answ] to ass]t gratuit\sly t !re is "s fundam5tal sub/ance or mat]ial basis on :i* t id5tity dep5ds1 any m ?an x is an explanation to say t x dep5ds ^u a s\l4 ,^! are all =ms ( words4 ,z ,hume says1 quot$ by ,huxley ) approval 9 ! "w already cit$1 p4 #aid3-- ,x is impossible to atta* any def9ite mean+ to ! ^w 'sub/ance1' :5 employ$ = ! hypo!tical sub/ratum ( s\l & matt]4444 ,if x be said t our p]sonal id5tity requires ! assumption ( a sub/ance :i* rema9s ! same :ile ! accid5ts ( p]ception %ift & *ange1 ! "q arises :at is meant by p]sonal id5tity8444 ,a plant or an animal1 9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce1 f ! condition ( an egg or se$ to ! end ( life1 rema9s ! same nei!r 9 =m1 nor 9 /ructure1 nor 9 ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$3 e attribute x possesses is con/antly *ang+1 & yet we say t x is always "o & ! same individual 7p4 #aid74 ,& 9 8 own preface to ! ',hume' volume ,huxley expresses himself =cibly ?us1--equally antagoni/ic z 0 8 wont to bo? o/5sible fri5d & o/5sible foe1 z soon z !y got (f :at he consid]$ ! /raight pa?3-- ,t :i* x may be well = u n to =get is1 t ! fir/-record$ judicial murd] ( a sci5tific ?9k] ,socrates 0 compass$ & effect$1 n by a despot1 nor by prie/s1 b 0 br\ght ab\t by eloqu5t demagogues4444 ,cle> k ( :at "o does n "k j z important z kn[+ :at "o does "k4444 ,! developm5t ( exact natural k 9 all its va/ range1 f physics to hi/ory & criticism1 is ! consequ5ce ( ! work+ out1 9 ?is prov9ce1 ( ! resolution to 'take no?+ = tru? )\t cle> k t x is su*'2 to consid] all beliefs op5 to criticism2 to reg>d ! value ( au?ority z nei!r great] nor less1 ?an z mu* z x c prove itself to be wor?4 ,! mod]n _s is n ! _s ':i* always d5ies1' delight+ only 9 de/ruction2 /ill less is x t :i* builds ca/les 9 ! air r ?an n con/ruct2 x is t _s :i* works & w "w ')\t ha/e & )\t re/1' ga!r+ h>ve/ aft] h>ve/ ( tru? into its b>ns1 & dev\r+ error ) unqu5*able fire 7p4 viii474 ,! h>ve/+ ( tru? is a safe en\gh ent]prise1 b ! dev\r+ ( error is a m dang]\s pa/ime1 s9ce flames are liable to spread beyond our control2 & ?\gh1 9 a _w ov]gr[n ) we$s & refuse1 ! cleans+ influ5ce ( fire is a necessity1 x w\ld be cruel to apply ! same ag5cy aga9 at a lat] /age1 :5 a fre% "y crop is spr++ up 9 ! cle>$ gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy ,! aphorism sometimes enc\nt]$1 t :atev] prop]ties app]ta9 to a :ole mu/ ess5tially belong to ! p>ts ( :i* x is compos$1 is a fallacy4 ,a prop]ty c be possess$ by an aggregation ( atoms :i* no atom possesses 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,^? :o ?9k o!rwise are unacqua9t$ ) ma!matical laws o!r ?an simple proportion or "s cont9u\s or additive functions2 !y are n aw>e ( discont9uities2 !y are n exp]i5c$ 9 critical values1 above :i* c]ta9 conditions obta91 :ile bel[ !m !re is sudd5ly no?+4 ,to refute !m an in/ance mu/ suffice3-- ,a meteoric /one may seem to diff] f a planet only 9 size1 b ! diff]5ce 9 size involves also _m o!r diff]5ces1 notably ! fact t ! l>g] body c attract & hold to itself an atmosph]e--a circum/ance ( ! utmo/ importance to ! exi/5ce ( life on its surface4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t a planet may by gravitative attraction control ! rov+ atoms ( gas1 & conf9e _! excursions to )9 a c]ta9 range ( itself1 x mu/ h a v consid]able mass4 ,! e>? is big en\gh to d x2 ! moon is n4 ,by simply pil+ atoms or /ones toge!r into a mighty mass !re comes a critical po9t at :i* an atmosph]e becomes possible2 & directly an atmosph]e exi/s1 all mann] ( ph5om5a may spr+ into exi/5ce1 :i* )\t x 7 q impossible4 ,s1 also1 x may be said t a sun diff]s f a d>k planet only 9 size2 = x is j ! fact ( great size :i* enables its gravitative-%r9kage & e>?quake-subsid5ce to g5]ate an imm5se quantity ( heat & to ma9ta9 ! mass = ons at an excessively high temp]ature1 !reby fitt+ x to become ! c5tre ( light & life to a numb] ( worlds4 ,! blaze ( ! sun is a prop]ty :i* is ! outcome ( its great mass4 ,a small p]man5t sun is an impossibility4 ,:]e=e1 prop]ties c be possess$ by an aggregate or assemblage ( p>ticles :i* 9 ! p>ticles !mselves did n 9 ! slighte/ degree exi/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we rev]se ! aphorism & say t :atev] is 9 a "p mu/ be 9 ! :ole1 we are on mu* saf] gr\nd4 ,i d n say t x _c be press$ into illegitimate extremes1 b 9 "o & t ! simple/ s5se x is little bett] ?an a platitude4 ,! fact t an apple has pips legitimises ! ass]tion t an apple-tree has pips1 & t ! peculi> prop]ty ( pips repres5ts a faculty enjoy$ by ! vegetable k+dom z a :ole2 b x w\ld be a *ildi% misund]/&+ to expect to f9d actual pips 9 ! trunk ( a tree or 9 all vegetables4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to call ! argum5t or /atem5t t :atev] faculty man possesses ! ,deity mu/ h also2 by ! "n ,an?ropomorphism2 b x seems to me a misnom]1 & to convey q wrong ideas4 ,! argum5t repres5t$ by ,he t =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8 he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he n he>8 ne$ n assume = a mom5t t ,god has s5se organs ak9 to ^? ( man1 or t ,he appreciates e!real & a]ial vibrations 9 ! same sort ( way4 ,x is n an ass]tion ( simil>ity betwe5 ,god & man1 b m]ely a realisation t :at belongs to a "p mu/ be conta9$ 9 ! :ole4 ,x is n ev5 necess>ily pan!i/ic3 x w\ld hold equally well on a ,!i/ic int]pretation4 ,reg>d$ pan!i/ically x is obvi\s & requires no /at+3 reg>d$ ,!i/ically1 x is a p]ception t faculties & p[]s :i* h come into exi/5ce1 & are actually at "w 9 ! univ]se1 _c h aris5 )\t ! k & sympa?y & full und]/&+ ( ! ,su/a9] & ,compreh5d] ( x all4 ,nor c functions be expect$ 9 ! creature :i* transc5d ! p[] ( ! ,creator4 ,all our faculties1 s5sations1 & emotions mu/ !re=e be und]/ood1 & 9 a s5se possess$1 9 "s transc5d5tal & to u unimag9able =m1 by ! ,deity4 ,i "k t x is possible to d5y ,8 exi/5ce1 j z x is possible to d5y ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w or to ma9ta9 t reality is limit$ to our s5sations4 ,if ! ,deity has a s5se ( hum\r1 z und\bt$ly ,he has1 ,he mu/ be amus$ at ! rem>kable philosophis+ faculty rec5tly develop$ by ! creature :i* on ?is planet has become mo/ vigor\sly self-consci\s & is 9 ! e>ly /ages ( progress t[>ds high] ?+s--a philosophis+ faculty s acute z to lead him to mi/ru/ & ?r[ away in=mation convey$ to him by ! v in/rum5ts :i* h enabl$ him to become :at he is2 s t hav+ become ke5ly alive to ! tru? t all we are directly aw>e ( is ! fruit ( our own s5sations & consci\sness1 he proce$s to ! grotesque supposition t ^! s5sations & consci\sness may be all t really exi/s1 & t ! in=mation :i* = ages our s5ses h convey$ to u conc]n+ ext]nal ?+s may be illusory1 n only 9 =m & detail & appe>ance1 b 9 sub/antial fact4 ,he mu/ be pleas$1 also1 ) ! ent]prise ( ^? eag] philosoph]s :o are s /r5u\sly impress$ ) ! tru? ( "s ultimate moni/ic unification1 z to be unwill+ to conc$e ! multif>i\sness ( exi/5ce--:o decl9e to speak ( m9d & matt]1 or ( body & _s1 or ( ,god & ! _w1 z 9 any s5se sep>ate entities--:o /igmatise z duali/ic any?+ :i* does n manife/ly & consci\sly /ra9 aft] an ultimate moni/ic view--& :o !n1 z a climax1 on ! /r5g? ( a few ye>s' sup]ficial exp]i5ce on a planet1 by ! aid ( ! s5se organs :i* !y !mselves p]ceive to be illusory :5ev] ! actual reality ( ?+s is 9 contemplation1 proce$ to develop ! !ory t ! :ole has come into be+ )\t direct intellig5ce & ap>t f spiritual guidance1 t x is manag$ s well 7or s ill7 t x is really n manag$ at all1 t no ,deity exi/s1 & t x is absurd to po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( a compreh5sive & all-inclusive guid+ ,m9d4 ,to be able to p]ceive compreh5sively & /ate fully n only :at is1 b also :at is n1 is a wond]ful a*ievem5t4 ,i d n ?9k t su* a p[] has yet be5 acquir$ by any ( ! sons ( m52 nor w ! semi-educat$ read]s ( ?is c\ntry be wise if !y p9 _! fai? & build _! hopes on ! utt]ances ( any man1 h[ev] em95t1 :o makes ?is sup]human claim4 ,n[1 9 all *>ity1 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 "s passages ,pr(essor ,haeckel puts himself "u ! ban impli$ by ! above p>agraph1 inasmu* z he conducts a sort ( free & easy attack on religion1 especially on :at he conceives to be ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 aft] all1 x c be p]ceiv$ t 8 attack1 s f> z x is really an attack on religion1 is evid5tly inspir$ by 8 mi/ru/ & dislike1 & to "s ext5t fe>1 ( ,ecclesia/icism1 especially ( ! ,ultramontane movem5t 9 ,g]many1 aga9/ :i* he says ,pr9ce ,bism>ck began a /ruggle 9 #ahgb4 ,x is ?is k9d ( semi-political religion t he is really attack+1 m ?an ! pure ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,he reg>ds x z a bigot$ sy/em ho/ile to k--:i*1 if true1 w\ld amply ju/ify an attack--& he says on page #aah3-- ,! great /ruggle betwe5 mod]n sci5ce & or?odox ,*ri/ianity has become m ?reat5+2 x has gr[n m dang]\s = sci5ce 9 proportion z ,*ri/ianity has f\nd support 9 an increas+ m5tal & political reaction4 ,?is may seem an exagg]at$ fe>2 b ! foll[+ extract f a ,pa/oral address by ! ,bi%op ( ,newport1 :i* accid5tally ,i saw report$ 9 ,! ,tablet1 %[s t ! dang] is n :olly imag9>y1 if unwise op9ions are press$ to _! logical practical issue3-- ,if ! =mulas ( mod]n sci5ce contradict ! sci5ce ( ,ca?olic dogma1 x is ! =m] t mu/ be alt]$1 n ! latt]4#b ,footnote #b3 ,9 case x is unfair to wr5* a s5t5ce l ?is f its context1 ,i quote ! l>g] portion ( t in/ructive report 9 ?is note3-- ,extract f ,! ,tablet1 ,aug4 #bg?1 #aijd--;,an ,address by ! ,bi%op ( ,newport4 ,if ! ,abb ,loisy has foll[]s )9 ! ,*ur*1 z we are in=m$ he has1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! dang] = ,ca?olics is by no means imag9>y4 ,= ,loisy tea*es t ! dogmatic def9itions ( ! ,*ur* on ! ,inc>nation1 al?\gh ! be/ t c\ld be giv5 at ! "t & "u ! circum/ances1 are only a mo/ inadequate expression ( ! real tru?1 :i* !y repres5t m]ely relatively & imp]fectly4 ,^! def9itions1 he says1 %\ld n[ be /at$ afre%1 because ! traditional =mula no long] corresponds to ! way 9 :i* ! my/]y is reg>d$ by contempor>y ?\ght4 ,9 8 view1 our pres5t k ( ! univ]se %\ld sugge/ to ! ,*ur* a new exam9ation ( ! dogma ( ,creation2 our k ( hi/ory %\ld make h] revise h] ideas ( revelation2 & our progress 9 psy*ology & moral philosophy %\ld sugge/ to h] to re-/ate h] !ology ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,e "o c see t !re is a gra9 ( tru? 9 ?is k9d ( talk4 ,b x is1 on ! :ole1 a pe/il5t & dang]\s h]esy4 ,if ! =mulas ( mod]n sci5ce contradict ! sci5ce ( ,ca?olic dogma1 x is ! =m] t mu/ be alt]$1 n ! latt]4 ,if mod]n metaphysics are incompatible ) ! metaphysical t]ms & expressions adopt$ by c\ncils & expla9$ by ! ,ca?olic s*ools1 !n mod]n metaphysics mu/ be reject$ z errone\s4 ,! ,*ur* does n *ange h] ,*ri/ian philosophy to suit ! _w's speculations2 %e tea*es ! _w1 by h] !ological def9itions1 :at true & s\nd philosophy is4 ,:il/ e ef=t %\ld be made by ,ca?olic apologi/s to smoo? ! way = a g5u9e und]/&+ ( ! ,*ur*'s dogmatic t]m9ology1 two ?+s mu/ nev] be lo/ sight (1 fir/1 t ?is t]m9ology expresses real objective tru? 7h[ev] inadequate ! expression may be to ! full mean+1 z ,god sees x1 ( any giv5 my/]y72 &1 secondly1 t su* tru? is express$ 9 t]ms ( s\nd philosophy :i* w n be giv5 up1 & :i* may be call$ ! ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel cont9ues 8 criticism ( ,(ficial ,*ri/ianity 9 ! foll[+ ve93-- ,! s-call$ ',peace betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate' is nev] m ?an a susp5sion ( ho/ilities4 ,! mod]n ,papacy1 true to ! despotic pr9ciples x has foll[$ = ! la/ #afjj ye>s1 is det]m9$ to wield sole dom9ion ov] ! cr$ul\s s\ls ( m52 x mu/ dem& ! absolute submission ( ! cultur$ ,/ate1 :i*1 z su*1 def5ds ! rights ( reason & sci5ce4 ,true & endur+ peace !re _c be until "o ( ! combatants lies p[]less on ! gr\nd4 ,ei!r ! ,*ur* w9s1 & !n f>ewell to all 'free sci5ce & free tea*+'--!n are our univ]sities no bett] ?an gaols1 & our colleges become cloi/ral s*ools2 or else ! mod]n rational ,/ate proves victori\s--!n1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 human culture1 fre$om1 & prosp]ity w cont9ue _! progressive developm5t until !y f> surpass ev5 ! height ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ord] to compass ^! high aims1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t mod]n sci5ce n only %att] ! false /ructures ( sup]/ition & sweep _! ru9s f ! pa?1 b t x also erect a new abode = human emotion on ! gr\nd x has cle>$--a 'palace ( reason1' 9 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( our new moni/ic views1 we d rev]5ce to ! real tr9ity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--! tr9ity ( '! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful' 7p4 #aai74 ,^! are ! bases ( religion1 adopt$ f ,goe!1 :i* 9 ,haeckel's view %\ld entirely replace :at he calls ! ,tr9ity ( ,kant1 viz41 ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality--?ree ideas :i* he reg>ds z m]e sup]/ition or z s envelop$ 9 sup]/ition z to be wor?less4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 he attacks n solely ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity--9 :i* ent]prise he is entirely )9 8 rights1--b he goes fur!r & abuses "s ( its m primitive =ms1 & to "s ext5t its practical fruits also4 ,= in/ance3-- ,primitive ,*ri/ianity prea*$ ! wor?lessness ( e>?ly life1 reg>d+ x m]ely z a prep>ation = an et]nal life beyond4 ,h5ce x imm$iately foll[$ t all we f9d 9 ! life ( a man "h bel[1 all t is beautiful 9 art & sci5ce1 9 public & 9 private life1 is ( no real value4 ,! true ,*ri/ian mu/ av]t 8 eyes f !m2 he mu/ ?9k only ( a wor?y prep>ation = ! life beyond4 ,contempt ( nature1 av]sion f all its inexhau/ible *>ms1 rejection ( e k9d ( f9e art1 are ,*ri/ian duties2 & !y are c>ri$ out to p]fection :5 a man sep>ates himself f 8 fell[s1 *a/ises 8 body1 & sp5ds all 8 "t 9 pray]s 9 ! cloi/] or ! h]mit's cell4444 ,a ,*ri/ian art is a contradiction 9 t]ms 7p4 #abj74 ,i ?9k x may )\t (f5ce be said t if he means by ,primitive ,*ri/ianity ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 he is mi/ak51 & has some?+ to le>n z to :at ^? tea*+s really 74 ,if he means ! times ( p]secution "u ! ,roman empire1 he c\ld h>dly expect mu* conc5tration on arti/ic pursuits or mu* enjoym5t ( t]re/rial exi/5ce :5 x 0 liable to be viol5tly ext+ui%$ at any mom5t3 suffici5t t ! e>ly ,*ur* surviv$ its /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b if he is ref]r+ to m$ival ,*ri/ianity1 ( any o!r ?an a debas$ k9d1--common k conc]n+ m$ival art & ar*itecture suffici5tly rebuts ! indictm5t4 ,s mu* s1 t "o may almo/ wond] if by *ance he happ5$ to be ?9k+ ( ,mohamm$anism r ?an ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b he cont9ues1 9 a m practical & obs]vant ve93-- ,*ri/ianity has no place = t well-kn[n love ( animals1 t sympa?y ) ! ne>ly-relat$ & fri5dly mammals 7dogs1 horses1 cattle1 etc47 :i* is urg$ 9 ! e?ical tea*+ ( _m ( ! old] religions1 especially ,buddhism4 7,un=tunately1 ,desc>tes gave "s support to ! error 9 tea*+ t man only has a s5sitive s\l1 n ! animal47 ,:oev] has sp5t mu* "t 9 ! s\? ( ,europe mu/ h (t5 witness$ ^? frightful suff]+s ( animals :i* fill u fri5ds ( animals ) ! deepe/ sympa?y & indignation4 ,& :5 "o expo/ulates ) ^! brutal ',*ri/ians' on _! cruelty1 ! only answ] is1 ) a laugh3 ',b ! bea/s are n ,*ri/ians' 7p4 #abf74 ,?is1 if true1 & ,i h he>d x f o!r s\rces1 does con/itute r a s]i\s indictm5t aga9/ ! =m ( practical ,*ri/ianity und]/ood by ! ignorant classes among ! ,lat9 races4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! extract quot$ above 7on page #ha7 f 8 page #aai3-- ,no "o c h any objection to raise aga9/ ! dignity & wor?9ess ( ! ?ree great attributes :i* excite ,pr(essor ,haeckel's1 z !y excit$ ,goe!'s1 wor%ip & admiration1 viz41 ! ?ree goddesses1 z he calls !m3 ,tru?1 ,goodness1 & ,beauty2 b !re is no necess>y competition or antagonism betwe5 ^! & ! o!r ?ree great conceptions :i* ar\s$ ! v5]ation ( ,kant3 ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality2 nor does ! uphold+ ( ! "o triad mean ! ov]?r[ ( ! o!r3 !y may be all co-et]nal toge!r & co-equal4 ,nor are ei!r ( ^! triplets inconsi/5t ) "s reasonable view ( :at may be meant by ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,! total possibility ( exi/5ce is s va/ t no simple =mula1 nor inde$ any =m ( words1 h[ev] complex1 is likely to be able to sum x up & express its ess5ce to ! exclusion ( all o!r modes ( expression4 ,x is a pity1 !re=e1 t ,pr(essor ,haeckel %\ld ?9k x necess>y to decry "o set ( ideas 9 ord] to support ano!r set4 ,!re is room = all 9 ?is l>ge univ]se--room = ev]y?+1 except d[nright lies & fals5ess4 ,conc]n+ ,tru? !re is no ne$ to speak3 x _c b be ! brea? ( ! no/rils ( e g5u9e sci5tific man2 b 8 ideas ( tru? %\ld be l>ge en\gh to take into acc\nt possibilities f> beyond any?+ ( :i* he is at pres5t sure1 & he %\ld be c>eful to be undogmatic & docile 9 regions ( :i* at pres5t he has n ! key4 ,! mean+ ( ,goodness1 ! :ole doma9 ( e?ics1 & ! high] possibilities ( sa9?ood ( :i* ! human _s has %[n itself capable1 are at pres5t outside 8 doma92 & if a man ( sci5ce seeks to dogmatise conc]n+ ! emotions & ! w1 & ass]ts t he c r$uce !m to atomic =ces & motions1 because he has le>nt to recognise ! und\bt$ tru? t atomic =ces & motions mu/ accompany !m & con/itute ! ma*9]y ( _! manife/ation "h & n[1--he is exhibit+ ! smallness ( 8 conceptions & gibbet+ himself z a laugh+-/ock to future g5]ations4 ,! atmosph]e & full mean+ ( ,beauty also he c only dimly grasp4 ,if he seeks to expla9 x 9 t]ms ( sexual selection1 or any o!r small conception :i* he has rec5tly be5 able to =m 9 connection ) vital proc$ure on ?is planet1 he is expla9+ no?+3 he is m]ely %[+ h[ ! p]ception ( beauty may op]ate 9 c]ta9 cases2 b ! inn] nature ( beauty & ! faculty by :i* x is p]ceiv$ are utt]ly beyond him4 ,he _c b feel t ! unconsci\s & unobtrusive beauty ( field & h$g][ mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ob$i5ce to "s primal in/9ct or 9 fulfilm5t ( "s imman5t desire1 "s l(ty ne$ q o!r ?an any?+ he recognises z human4 ,& if a poet witness+ ! col\rs ( a sunset1 = in/ance1 or ! pr(usion ( beauty ) :i* sn[ m\nta9s seem to fl+ !mselves to ! heav5s 9 di/ricts unpeopl$ & 9 epo*s long be=e human consci\sness awoke ^u ! e>?3 if su* a se] feels ! revelation weigh ^u 8 _s ) an almo/ sick5+ pressure1 & is con/ra9$ to ascribe ?is weal? & prodigality ( beauty to ! joy ( ! ,et]nal ,be+ 9 ,8 own exi/5ce1 to an anticipation z x 7 ( ! developm5ts :i* lie be=e ! univ]se 9 :i* ,he is at "w1 & :i* ,he is sl[ly t5d+ t[>ds an unimag9able p]fection--x behooves ! man ( sci5ce to put 8 h& ^u 8 m\?1 le/ 9 8 ef=ts to be true1 9 ! abs5ce ( k1 he f9d himself utt]+1 9 8 ignorance1 words ( lam5table folly or blasphemy4 ,man & ,nature4 ,consid] our own position--x is surely wor? consid]+4 ,we are a "p ( ?is planet2 on "o side c]ta9ly & di/9ctly a "p ( ?is mat]ial _w1 a "p :i* has become self-consci\s4 ,at fir/ we 7 a "p :i* _h become alive2 a trem5d\s /ep t--introduc+ a numb] ( p[]s & privileges :i* previ\sly _h be5 impossible1 b t /ep introduc$ no responsibility2 we 7 no long]1 inde$1 urg$ by m]e pressure f beh9d1 we 7 guid$ by our in/9cts & appetites1 b we /ill obey$ ! /ronge/ ext]nal motive1 almo/ l electro-magnetic automata4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we h become consci\s1 able to look be=e & aft]1 to le>n consci\sly f ! pa/1 to /rive /r5u\sly t[>ds ! future2 we h acquir$ a k ( good & evil1 we c *oose ! "o & reject ! o!r1 & are ?us burd5$ ) a s5se ( responsibility = our acts4 ,we /ill obey ! /ronge/ motive d\btless1 b !re is some?+ 9 ourselves :i* makes x a motive & regulates its /r5g?4 ,we c drift l o!r animals1 & (t5 d2 b we c also obey our own volition4 ,i w\ld n d5y ! rudim5ts ( self-consci\sness1 & "s ( :at x implies1 to c]ta9 dome/ic animals1 notably ! dog2 b dome/ication itself is a result ( humanity1 & und\bt$ly ! attributes we are discuss+ are *iefly & almo/ solely human1 !y c h>dly be detect$ 9 wild nature4 ,no o!r animal c h a full p]ception ( its own individuality & p]sonality z sep>ate f ! re/ ( exi/5ce4 ,su* ideas d n occur 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ev5 human infancy3 !y are a lat] gr[?4 ,self-consci\sness mu/ h become prom95t at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,h[ x all arose is a legitimate problem = g5etic psy*ology1 b to ! pla9 man x is a puzzle2 our ance/ors inv5t$ leg5ds to acc\nt = x--leg5ds ( apples & s]p5ts & ! l2 b ! fact is !re1 h[ev] x be acc\nt$ =4 ,! tru? emb$d$ 9 t old ,g5esis leg5d is deep2 x is ! leg5d ( man's awak5+ f a m]ely animal life to consci\sness ( good & evil1 no long] obey+ 8 primal in/9cts 9 a /ate ( ?\ghtlessness & innoc5cy--a /ate 9 :i* delib]ate vice 0 impossible & !re=e high] & purpos$ goodness also impossible1--x 0 ! introduction ( a new s5se into ! _w1 ! s5se ( consci5ce1 ! p[] ( delib]ate *oice2 ! p[] also ( consci\s guidance1 ! managem5t ( ?+s & p ext]nal to himself1 = preconceiv$ ends4 ,man 0 beg9n+ to cease to be m]ely a pass5g] on ! planet1 controll$ by outside =ces2 x is z if ! re9s 7 !n = ! fir/ "t be+ plac$ 9 8 h&s1 z if he 0 all[$ to beg9 to /e]1 to gov]n 8 own fate & de/9y1 & to take ov] "s consid]able "p ( ! managem5t ( ! _w4 ,! process ( h&+ ov] ! re9s to u is /ill go+ on4 ,! education ( ! human race is a long process1 & we are n yet fit to be fully tru/$ ) ! /e]+ ge>2 b ! words ( ! old s]p5t 7 true en\gh3 once op5 our eyes to ! p]ception & discrim9ation ( good & evil1 once become consci\s ( fre$om ( *oice1 & soon] or lat] we mu/ inevitably acquire "s ( ! p[] & responsibility ( gods4 ,a fall x might seem1 j z a vici\s man sometimes seems degrad$ bel[ ! bea/s1 b 9 promise & pot5cy a rise x really 04 ,! on5ess betwe5 ourselves & ,nature is n a ?+ to be deplor$2 x is a ?+ to rejoice at1 :5 prop]ly conceiv$4 ,x awak5s a k9d ( religi\s en?usiasm ev5 9 ,haeckel1 :o cle>ly p]ceives b a limit$ aspect ( x2 yet ! p]ception is vivid en\gh to cause him1 ?is s-call$ ,a!i/1 to close 8 ,confession ( ,fai? ) words su* z ^!3-- ,n[1 at la/1 x is giv5 to ! mightily advanc+ human m9d to h its eyes op5$2 x is giv5 to x to %[ t a true k ( nature af=ds full satisfaction & inexhau/ible n\ri%m5t n only = its se>*+ und]/&+1 b also = its ye>n+ _s4 ,k ( ! true1 tra9+ = ! good1 pursuit ( ! beautiful3 ^! are ! ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( our monism2 by ! h>moni\s & consi/5t cultivation ( ^! we effect at la/ ! truly beatific union ( religion & sci5ce1 s pa9fully long$ aft] by s _m to-day4 ,! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 ^! are ! ?ree augu/ ,div9e ,ones be=e :i* we b[ ! knee 9 adoration4444 ,9 ! hope t free rese>* & free tea*+ may always cont9ue1 ,i conclude my moni/ic ,confession ( ,fai? ) ! words3 ',may ,god1 ! ,_s ( ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,true1 be ) u4' ,?is is cle>ly ! utt]ance ( a man to ^: type ,i unconsci\sly ref]r$ 9 an article writt5 two ye>s ago 7,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #aijc71 f :i* ,i n[ make ! foll[+ appropriate extract3-- ,look+ at ! loom ( nature1 ! feel+ n ( despair1 b ( :at has be5 call$ a!ism1 "o +r$i5t ( a!ism1 has aris53 a!ism nev] fully realis$1 & wrongly s call$--rec5tly x has be5 call$ sev]e ,!ism1 inde$2 = x is joyful sometimes1 int]e/$ & placid always1 exultant at ! /range spl5d\r ( ! spectacle :i* its intellect has laid b>e to contemplation1 satisfi$ ) ! p]fection ( ! me*anism1 cont5t to be a "p ( ! self-g5]at$ organism1 & endeav\r+ to ?9k t ! feel+s ( duty1 ( e>ne/ ef=t1 & ( fai?ful s]vice1 :i* conspicu\sly p]si/ 9 spite ( all disc\ragem5t1 are on ?is view intelligible z well z in/9ctive1 & sure t no?+ less ?an unrep9+ unfalt]+ unsw]v+ acquiesc5ce is wor?y ( our dignity z man4 ,! above ',confession ( ,fai?1' !n1 is v well2 = ! man himself v well inde$1 b x is n en\gh = ! race4 ,o!r p>ts ( ,haeckel's writ+s %[ t x is n en\gh1 & t 8 conception ( :at he means by ,godhead is n>r[ & limit$ to an ext5t at :i* in/9ct1 reason1 & exp]i5ce alike rebel4 ,no "o c be satisfi$ ) conceptions bel[ ! highe/ :i* to him are possible3 ,i d\bt if x is giv5 to man to ?9k out a cle> & consi/5t sy/em high] & nobl] ?an ! real tru?4 ,our highe/ ?\ghts are likely to be ne>e/ to reality3 !y mu/ be /ages 9 ! direction ( tru?1 else !y c\ld n h come to u & be5 recognis$ z highe/4 ,s1 also1 ) our long+s & aspirations t[>ds ultimate p]fection1 ^? desires :i* we recognise z our noble/ & be/3 surely !y mu/ h "s correspond5ce ) ! facts ( exi/5ce1 else _h !y be5 unatta9able by u4 ,reality is n to be surpass$1 except locally & tempor>ily1 by ! ideals ( k & goodness inv5t$ by a fraction ( itself2 & if we c\ld grasp ! entire s*eme ( ?+s1 s f> f wi%+ to %att] x to bits & !n ,rem\ld x ne>] to ! he>t's desire1 we %\ld hail x z bett] & m satisfy+ ?an any ( our r&om imag9+s4 ,! univ]se is 9 no way limit$ to our conceptions3 x has a reality ap>t f !m2 nev]!less1 !y !mselves con/itute a "p ( x1 & c only take a cle> & consi/5t "* 9 s f> z !y correspond ) some?+ true & real4 ,:atev] we c cle>ly & consi/5tly conceive1 t is ipso facto 9 a s5se already exi/5t 9 ! univ]se z a :ole2 & t1 or some?+ bett]1 we %all f9d to be a dim =e%ad[+ ( a high] reality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,explanatory ,,note ,,on ,,con/ructive ,,?\ght ,,& ,,optimism4 7,p>tly repr9t$ f ,m9d47 ,x may be wor? :ile to expla9 h[ x is t1 to a physici/ unsmitt5 ) any ta9t ( solipsism1 a well-elaborat$ s*eme :i* is consi/5t ) already kn[n facts necess>ily seems to correspond1 or h close aff9ity1 ) ! tru?4 ,x is ! result ( exp]i5ce ( a ma!matical !orem conc]n+ unique di/ributions4 ,= in/ance1 x c be %[n t 9 an electric field1 h[ev] complicat$1 any di/ribution ( pot5tial :i* satisfies b\nd>y conditions1 & "o or two o!r ess5tial crit]ia1 mu/ be ! actual di/ribution2 = x has be5 rigor\sly prov$ t !re _c be two or m di/ributions :i* satisfy ^? conditions1 h5ce if "o is arriv$ at !oretically1 or intuitively1 or by any means1 x mu/ be ! correct "o2 & no fur!r pro( is requir$4 ,s1 also1 9 connection ) analogies & work+ models3 al?\gh !y mu/ necess>ily be imp]fect1 s long z !y are only analogies1 yet ! mak+ or imag9+ ( models 7n necess>ily or usually a mat]ial model1 b a conceptual model7 is a recognis$ way ( arriv+ at an und]/&+ ( recondite & ultra-s5sual processes1 occurr+ say 9 ! e!r or else:]e4 ,z an addition to evid5ce d]iv$ f su* exp]im5ts z h be5 f\nd possible1 & z a supplem5t to ! exp]i5ce out ( :i*1 z out ( a nucleus1 e conception mu/ gr[1 ! m9d is set to design & inv5t a self-coh]5t s*eme :i* %all imitate z f> z possible ! results exhibit$ by nature4 ,by !n us+ ?is z a work+ hypo!sis1 & press+ x into extremes1 x c be gradually am5d$ until x %[s no sign ( discordance or failure any:]e1 & ev5 s]ves z a guide to new & previ\sly unsuspect$ ph5om5a4 ,:5 t /age is rea*$1 x is provisionally accept$ & t5tatively held z a /ep 9 ! direction ( ! tru?2 ?\gh ! m9d is always kept ready to improve & modify & enl>ge x1 9 accordance ) ! ne$s ( m ?or\gh inve/igation & fre% discov]y4 ,x 0 s1 = in/ance1 ) ,maxwell's electromagnetic !ory ( light2 & !re are a multitude ( o!r in/ances4 ,9 ! transc5d5tal or ultra-mundane or sup]s5sual region !re is ! fur!r difficulty to be enc\nt]$1 t we are n acqua9t$ ) any?+ l all ! 'b\nd>y conditions1' s to speak2 we only "k our little bit ( ! b\nd>y1 & we may err egregi\sly 9 inf]r+ or attempt+ to inf] ! rema9d]4 ,we may ev5 make a mi/ake z to ! =m ( function adapt$ to ! case4 ,nev]!less !re is no bett] clue1 & ! human m9d is impell$ to d ! be/ x c ) ! confess$ly imp]fect data :i* x f9ds at its disposal4 ,! result1 !re=e1 9 ?is region1 is no sy/em ( def9ite & c]ta9 tru?1 z 9 ,physics1 b is ei!r susp5se ( judgm5t altoge!r1 or else a t5tative s*eme or work+ hypo!sis1 to be held undogmatically1 9 an attitude ( con/ant receptiv5ess = fur!r light1 & 9 full read9ess = modification 9 ! direction ( ! tru?4 ,s f> conc]n+ ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru? alone1 9 intangible regions ( inquiry4 ,! fur!r hypo!sis t su* tru? :5 f\nd w be mo/ satisfactory1 or 9 o!r words high] & bett] ?an any alt]native plan1--! conviction t fai? 9 ! exce$+ gr&eur ( reality %all n be conf\nd$1--requires fur!r ju/ification2 & its gr\nds are n s easy to =mulate4 ,p]haps ! feel+ is m]ely human & in/9ctive2 b x is exi/5t & cu/om>y ,i believe among physici/s1 possibly among m5 ( ,sci5ce 9 g5]al1 ?\gh ,i _c speak = all2 & x mu/ be bas$ ^u famili>ity ) a mass ( exp]i5ce 9 :i*1 aft] long grop+ & guess-"w1 ! tru? has ultimately be5 discov]$1 & be5 recognis$ z 'v good4' ,x is illu/rat$1 = in/ance1 by ! words 9 :i* ,tyndall closes ! fir/ edition ( 8 book on ,s\nd1 :]e91 aft] expla9+ ,helmholtz's brilliant !ory ( ,corti's organ & ! musical me*anism ( ! e>1--a !ory :i*1 amid ! difficulties ( actual obs]vation1 0 necess>ily at fir/ saturat$ ) hypo!sis1 & is n ev5 yet fully v]ifi$1--he says3-- ,)9 ! e>s ( m51 & )\t _! k or contrivance1 ?is lute ( #cjjj /r+s has exi/$ = ages1 accept+ ! music ( ! out] _w1 & r5d]+ x fit = reception by ! bra94444 ,i d n ask y to consid] ^! views z e/abli%$1 b only z probable4 ,!y pres5t ! ph5om5a 9 a connect$ & intelligible =m2 & %\ld !y be doom$ to displacem5t by a m correct or compreh5sive !ory1 x w assur$ly be f\nd t ! wond] is n dim9i%$ by ! sub/itution ( ! tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt] ,:at1 !n1 is ! probable ess5ce ( tru? 9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's philosophy8 = x is n to be suppos$ t ! speculations ( an em95t man are baseless1 or t he has be5 l$ to 8 view ( :at he conceives to be ! tru? by "s :olly errone\s pa?2 8 intuitive convictions are to be respect$1 = !y are bas$ on a f> wid] exp]i5ce & k ( fact ?an is giv5 to ! av]age man2 & = ! av]age man to consid] x likely t !re is no f\ndation :atev] = ! life convictions ( a great speciali/ is z fooli% z to suppose x probable t !y are c]ta9 & infallible1 or t !y are uncritically to be accept$ ev5 9 regions beyond ^? ov] :i* 8 jurisdiction ext5ds4 ,fir/ z to ! law ( sub/ance1 by :i* he sets s mu* /ore2 ! fact :i* he is really1 ?\gh indi/9ctly1 try+ to emphasise1 is :at ,i h pref]r$ to =mulate z ! p]si/5ce ( ! really exi/5t1 see page #cd2 &1 ) t modification1 we c agree ) ,haeckel1 or ) :at ,i take to be 8 inn] mean+1 to "s ext5t4 ,we may all fairly agree1 ,i ?9k1 t :atev] really & fundam5tally exi/s mu/1 s f> z b>e exi/5ce is conc]n$1 be indep5d5t ( "t4 ,x may g ?r\gh _m *anges1 & ?us h a hi/ory2 t is to say1 mu/ h def9ite "t relations1 s f> z its *anges are conc]n$2 b x c h>dly be ?\ght ( z ei!r go+ out ( exi/5ce1 or z com+ into exi/5ce1 at any giv5 p]iod1 ?\gh x may completely *ange its =m & accid5ts2 ev]y?+ basal mu/ h a pa/ & a future ( "s k9d or o!r1 ?\gh any special concat5ation or arrangem5t may h a date ( orig9 & ( de/ruction4 ,a cr[d1 = in/ance1 is ( ?is fugitive "*3 x assembles & x disp]ses1 its exi/5ce z a cr[d is ov]1 b its con/itu5t elem5ts p]si/2 & ! same c be said ( a planet or a sun4 ,yet = "s s\l or und]ly+ reality ev5 9 ^! tempor>y accretions !re is p]man5ce ( a sort3--,tyndall's /reak ( morn+ cl\d1 ?\gh x may h melt$ into inf9ite azure1 has n !reby become non-exi/5t1 al?\gh z a visible object x has disappe>$ f our k5 & become a memory only4 ,x is true t x 0 a m]e aggregate or accid5tal agglom]ation--x _h develop$ no self-consci\sness1 no?+ t c\ld be call$ p]sonality or id5tity *>act]is$ x1--& s no individual p]si/5ce is to be expect$ = x2 yet ev5 x--l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( be+ z x is--ev5 x has rejo9$ ! g5]al body ( aque\s vap\r :5ce1 ?r\gh ! inc>nat+ influ5ce ( night1 x arose4 ,! ?+ t is1 bo? 0 & %all be1 & :atev] does n satisfy ?is condition mu/ be an accid5tal or fugitive or ess5tially tempor>y conglom]ation or assemblage1 & n "o ( ! fundam5tal entities ( ! univ]se4 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t ?is 0 "o ( ! op9ions /rongly held by ! late ,pr(essor ,tait1 :o consid]$ t p]si/5ce or cons]vation 0 ! te/ or crit]ion ( real exi/5ce4 ,! "q1 ,h[ _m fundam5tal entities 9 ?is s5se !re are1 & :at !y are1 is a difficult "o4 ,_m p1 includ+ su* opposite ?9k]s z ,tait & ,haeckel1 w\ld say matt] & en]gy2 ?\gh ,haeckel *ooses1 on 8 own acc\nt1 to add t ^! two are "o4 7,p]haps ,pr(essor ,o/wald w\ld agree ) him !re2 ?\gh to me ! mean+ is vague47 ,physical sci5ce1 pu%$ to ! la/ resort1 w\ld probably reply t1 )9 its sph]e ( k at ! pres5t /age1 ! fundam5tal entities are e!r & motion2 & t ( o!r ?+s at pres5t x kn[s next to no?+4 ,if physical sci5ce is int]rogat$ z to ! probable p]si/5ce1 i4e41 ! fundam5tal exi/5ce1 ( life or ( m9d1 x ought to reply t x does n "k2 if ask$ ab\t p]sonality1 or s\ls1 or ,god1--ab\t all ( :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel has fully-fl$g$ op9ions--x w\ld h to ask = a def9ition ( ! t]ms1 & w\ld speak ei!r n at all or ) bat$ brea? conc]n+ !m4 ,! possibility t life may be a real & basal =m ( exi/5ce1 & !re=e p]si/5t1 is a possibility to be borne 9 m9d4 ,x may at lea/ s]ve z a clue to inve/igation1 & "s day may be> fruit2 at pres5t x is no bett] ?an a work+ hypo!sis4 ,x is "o t on ! :ole comm5ds itself to me2 = ,i conceive t ?\gh we only "k ( x z a function ( t]re/rial matt]1 yet t x has ano!r aspect too1 & ,i say ?is because ,i see x arriv+ & leav+--animat+ matt] = a "t & !n quitt+ x1 j z ,i see dew appe>+ & disappe>+ on a plate4 ,ap>t f a solid surface1 dew _c exi/ z su*2 & to a savage x might seem to spr+ into & to g out ( exi/5ce--to be an exudation f ! solid1 & dep5d5t :olly ^u x2 b we happ5 to "k m ab\t x3 we "k t x has a p]man5t & cont9u\s exi/5ce 9 an imp]ceptible1 intangible1 sup]s5sual =m1 ?\gh its visible manife/ation 9 ! =m ( mi/ or dew is tempor>y & evanesc5t4 ,p]haps x is p]missible to trace 9 t elem5t>y ph5om5on "s sup]ficial analogy to an inc>nation4 ,! fact conc]n+ life :i* lies at ! root ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's doctr9e ab\t its orig91 is t liv+ be+s h und\bt$ly made _! appe>ance on ?is planet1 :]e at "o "t !y _c be suspect$ ( hav+ exi/$4 ,consequ5tly t :atev] life may be1 x is some?+ :i* c beg9 to int]act ) ! atoms ( t]re/rial matt]1 at "s p]iod1 or /ate ( aggregation1 or o!r condition ( elaboration1--a condition :i* may p]haps be r def9ite1 if only we 7 aw>e ( :at x 04 ,b t und\bt$ fact is q consi/5t ) any view z to ! nature ( life1 & ev5 ) any view z to ! mode ( its t]re/rial comm5cem5t2 !re is no?+ 9 t to say t x is a function ( matt] alone1 any m ?an ! w9d is a function ( ! leaves :i* dance "u its influ5ce2 !re is no?+ ev5 to contradict ! notion t x sprang into exi/5ce sudd5ly at a lit]al ^w ( comm&4 ,! improbability or absurdity ( su* a conception z ?is la/1 except 9 ! symbolism ( poetry1 is extreme1 & x is un?9kable by any educat$ p]son2 b its improbability dep5ds ^u o!r consid]ations ?an biologic ones1 & x is z repugnant to an enlight5$ ,!ology z to any o!r sci5ce4 ,! mode 9 :i* biological speculation z to ! probable developm5t ( liv+ out ( dead matt]1 & ! g5]al relation ( protoplasm to physics & *emi/ry1 c be surmis$ or provisionally grant$1 )\t !reby concurr+ 9 any de/ructive criticism ( o!r facts & exp]i5ces1 is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 on ,life1 fur!r on3 & !re ,i emphasise my agreem5t ) p>ts ( ! speculative cont5tions ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel on ! positive side4 ,s\l & ,body4 ,let u consid] :at are ! facts sci5tifically kn[n conc]n+ ! int]action betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,fundam5tally !y am\nt to ?is3 t a complex piece ( matt]1 call$ ! bra91 is ! organ or in/rum5t ( m9d & consci\sness2 t if x be /imulat$ m5tal activity results2 t if x be injur$ or de/roy$ no manife/ation ( m5tal activity is possible4 ,moreov]1 x is assum$1 & ne$ n be d\bt$1 t a portion ( bra9 sub/ance is consum$1 oxidis$ let u say1 9 e act ( m5tation3 us+ t t]m 9 ! vague/ & mo/ g5]al s5se1 & includ+ 9 x unconsci\s z well z consci\s op]ations4 ,suppose we grant all ?is1 :at !n8 ,we h grant$ t bra9 is ! means :]eby m9d is made manife/ on ?is mat]ial plane1 x is ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* alone we "k x1 b we h n grant$ t m9d is limit$ to its mat]ial manife/ation2 nor c we ma9ta9 t )\t matt] ! ?+s we call m9d1 intellig5ce1 consci\sness1 h no sort ( exi/5ce4 ,m9d may be incorporate or inc>nate 9 matt]1 b x may also transc5d x2 x is ?r\gh ! region ( ideas & ! int]v5tion ( m9d t we h become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,x is injudici\s to disc>d our prim>y & fundam5tal aw>5ess = :at is aft] all an in/9ctive inf]5ce or int]pretation ( c]ta9 s5sations4 ,! realities und]ly+ ^? s5sations are only kn[n to u by inf]5ce1 b !y h an indep5d5t exi/5ce3 9 _! inmo/ nature !y may be q o!r ?an :at !y seem1 & are 9 no way dep5d5t ^u our p]ception ( !m4 ,s1 also1 our actual p]sonality may be some?+ consid]ably unlike t conception ( x :i* is bas$ on our pres5t t]re/rial consci\sness--a =m ( consci\sness suit$ to1 & develop$ by1 our tempor>y exi/5ce "h1 b n necess>ily m ?an a fraction ( our total self4 ,take an analogy3 ! eye is ! organ ( vision2 by x we p]ceive light4 ,/imulate ! ret9a 9 any way1 & we are consci\s ( ! s5sation ( light2 injure or de/roy ! eye1 & vision becomes imp]fect or impossible4 ,if eyes did n exi/ we %\ld probably "k no?+ ab\t light1 & we might be tempt$ to say t light did n exi/4 ,9 a s5se1 to a bl9d race1 light w\ld n exi/--t is to say1 !re w\ld be no s5sation ( light1 !re w\ld be no sight2 b ! und]ly+ physical cause ( t s5sation--! ripples 9 ! e!r--w\ld be !re all ! "t4 ,& x is ^! e!real ripples :i* a physici/ und]/&s by ! t]m light4 ,x is q conceivable t a race ( bl9d physici/s w\ld be able to devise exp]im5tal means :]eby !y c\ld make exp]im5ts on :at to u is lum9\s radiation1 j z we n[ make exp]im5ts on electric waves1 = :i* we h no s5se organ4 ,x w\ld be absurd = a psy*ologi/ to in=m !m t light did n exi/ because sight did n4 ,! t]m might h to be reconsid]$ & r$ef9$2 inde$1 mo/ likely a polysyllabic t]m w\ld be employ$1 z is un=tunately usual :5 a ?+ ( :i* ! race 9 g5]al has no intimate k requires nom5clature4 ,b ! ?+ w\ld be !re1 ?\gh its mode ( manife/ation w\ld be diff]5t2 a t]m l vision might /ill be employ$1 to signify our mode ( p]ceiv+ & exp]i5c+ ! ag5cy :i* n[ manife/s itself to u ?r\gh our eyes2 & plants might gr[ by ! aid ( t ag5cy j z !y d n[4 ,s1 also1 bra9 is truly ! organ ( m9d & consci\sness1 & to a bra9less race ^! t]ms1 & all o!r t]ms1 w\ld be mean+less2 b no "o is at lib]ty to ass]t1 on ! /r5g? ( t fact1 t ! realities und]ly+ our use ( ^? t]ms h no exi/5ce ap>t f t]re/rial bra9s4 ,nor c we say ) any security t ! /uff call$ bra9 is ! only conceivable ma*9]y :i* !y are able to utilise3 ?\gh x is true t we "k ( no o!r4 ,yet x w\ld seem t su* a proposition mu/ be held by a mat]iali/1 or by :at c be impli$ by ! t]m moni/1 us$ 9 its n>r[e/ & mo/ unphilosophic s5se--a s5se :i* w\ld be bett] express$ by ! t]m mat]iali/ic-moni/1 ) a limitation ( ! t]m matt] to ! t]re/rial *emical elem5ts & _! comb9ations1 i4e41 to t =m ( sub/ance to :i* ! human race has gr[n accu/om$--a s5se :i* t5ds to exclude e!real & o!r g5]alisations & unkn[n possibilities su* z w\ld occur to a philosophic moni/ ( ! wide/ k9d4 ,= t x may ultimately be discov]$ t !re is "s intimate & necess>y connection betwe5 a g5]alis$ =m ( matt] & "s l(ty v>iety ( m9d is n to be d5i$2 ?\gh also x _c be ass]t$4 ,x has be5 surmis$1 = in/ance1 t j z ! corpuscles & atoms ( matt]1 9 _! intricate movem5ts & relations1 comb9e to =m ! bra9 cell ( a human be+2 s ! cosmic bodies1 ! planets & suns & o!r gr\p+s ( ! e!r1 may p]haps comb9e to =m some?+ correspond+ z x 7 to ! bra9 cell ( "s transc5d5t ,m9d4 ,! idea is to be f\nd 9 ,newton4 ,! ?+ is a m]e guess1 x is n an impossibility1 & x _c be exclud$ f a philosophic sy/em by any negative /atem5t bas$ on sci5tific fact4 ,9 "s su* s5se z t1 matt] & m9d may be1 = all we "k1 et]nally & necess>ily connect$2 !y c be diff]5t aspects ( "s fundam5tal unity2 & a l(ty k9d ( monism c be true1 j z a l(ty k9d ( pan!ism c be true4 ,b ! mis]able degrad$ monism & l[] pan!ism1 :i* limits ! t]m god to t "p ( exi/5ce ( :i* we are n[ aw>e--sometimes1 inde$1 to a fraction only ( t--:i* limits ! t]m m9d to t ( :i* we are ourselves consci\s1 & ! t]m matt] to ! du/ ( ! e>? & ! o!r visible bodies1 is a sy/em ( ?\ght appropriate1 p]haps1 to a f]tile & en]getic portion ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b n likely to survive z a sy/em ( p]5nial tru?4 ,! t]m organ itself %\ld h giv5 pause to anyone desir\s ( promulgat+ a s*eme su* z t4 ,organ is a "n popul>ly giv5 to an in/rum5t ( music4 ,)\t x1 or "s o!r in/rum5t1 no mat]ial manife/ation or display ( music is possible2 x is an in/rum5t = ! inc>nation ( music--! means :]eby x int]acts ) ! mat]ial _w & ?r[s ! air & s our e>s into vibration1 x is ! means :]eby we appreh5d x4 ,injure ! organ & ! music is imp]fect2 de/roy x & x ceases to be possible4 ,b is x to be ass]t$ on ! /r5g? ( t fact t ! t]m music has no significance ap>t f its mat]ial manife/ation8 ,h ! ideas ( ,sir ,edw>d ,elg> no reality ap>t f _! record on pap] & reproduction by an or*e/ra8 ,x is true t )\t suitable in/rum5ts & a suitable s5se organ we %\ld "k no?+ ( music1 b x _c be suppos$ t its und]ly+ ess5ce w\ld be !re=e ext9ct or non-exi/5t & mean+less4 ,c !re n be 9 ! univ]se a multitude ( ?+s :i* matt] z we "k x is incompet5t to express8 ,is x n ! compla9t ( e g5ius t 8 mat]ial is intractable1 t x is difficult to co]ce matt] z he kn[s x into ! s]vice ( m9d z he is consci\s ( x1 & t 8 conceptions transc5d 8 p[]s ( expression8 ,! connection betwe5 s\l & body1 or m g5]ally betwe5 spiritual & mat]ial1 has be5 illu/rat$ by ! connection betwe5 ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce & ! writt5 or spok5 ^w convey+ t mean+4 ,! writ+ or ! speak+ may be reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ! mean+1 a mode ( /at+ or exhibit+ its ess5ce4 ,z deliv]$1 ! s5t5ce mu/ h "t relations2 x has a beg9n+1 middle1 & end2 x may be repeat$1 & ! same g5]al mean+ may be express$ 9 o!r words2 b ! intr9sic mean+ ( ! s5t5ce itself ne$ h no "t relations1 x may be true always1 x may exi/ z an et]nal n[1 ?\gh x may be p]ceiv$ & express$ by humanity ) v>y+ cle>ness f "t to "t4 ,! s\l ( a ?+ is its und]ly+ p]man5t reality--t :i* gives x its mean+ & conf]s ^u x its attributes4 ,! body is an in/rum5t or me*anism = ! manife/ation or s5sible pres5tation ( :at else w\ld be imp]ceptible4 ,x is useless to ask :e!r a s\l is immortal--a s\l is always immortal :]e a s\l c be disc]n$3 ! "q to ask conc]n+ any giv5 object is :e!r x has a s\l or mean+ or p]sonal und]ly+ reality at all4 ,^? :o ?9k t reality is limit$ to its t]re/rial manife/ation d\btless h a philosophy ( _! own1 to :i* !y are entitl$ & to :i* at any rate !y are welcome2 b if !y set up to tea* o!rs t monism signifies a limitation ( m9d to ! pot5tialities ( matt] z at pres5t kn[n2 if !y tea* a pan!ism :i* id5tifies ,god ) nature 9 ?is n>r[ s5se2 if !y hold t m9d & :at !y call matt] are s intimately connect$ t no transc5d5ce is possible2 t1 )\t ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 consci\sness & intellig5ce & emotion & love1 & all ! high] attributes t[>ds :i* humanity is sl[ly advanc+1 w\ld cease to be2 t ! t]m s\l signifies a sum ( plasma-movem5ts 9 ! ganglion cells2 & t ! t]m ,god is limit$ to ! op]ation ( a kn[n evolution>y process1 & c be repres5t$ z ! inf9ite sum ( all natural =ces1 ! sum ( all atomic =ces & all e!r vibrations1 to quote ,pr(essor ,haeckel 7,confession ( ,fai?1 p4 #gh72 !n su* philosoph]s mu/ be cont5t ) an audi5ce ( un$ucat$ p]sons1 or1 if writ+ z m5 ( sci5ce1 mu/ hold !mselves liable to be oppos$ by o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 :o are able1 at any rate 9 _! own judgm5t1 to take a wid] survey ( exi/5ce1 & to p]ceive possibilities to :i* ! said n>r[ & ov]-def9ite philosoph]s 7 bl9d4 ,life & ,guidance4 ,matt] possesses en]gy1 9 ! =m ( p]si/5t motion1 & x is propell$ by =ce2 b nei!r matt] nor en]gy possesses ! p[] ( automatic guidance & control4 ,en]gy has no direct+ p[] 7?is has be5 elaborat$ by ,croll & o!rs3 see1 = in/ance1 p4 #bd1 & a lett] 9 ,nature1 vol4 #dc1 p4 #dcd1 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 "u ! head+ ,=ce & ,det]m9ism74 ,inorganic matt] is impell$ solely by pressure f beh9d1 x is n influ5c$ by ! future1 nor does x foll[ a preconceiv$ c\rse nor seek a pr$et]m9$ end4 ,an organism animat$ by m9d is 9 a totally diff]5t case4 ,! intangible influ5ces ( hung]1 ( a call1 ( p]ception ( some?+ ahead1 are !n ! dom9ant feature4 ,an intellig5t animal :i* is be+ pu%$ is 9 an ignom9i\s position & res5ts x2 :5 l$1 or :5 volunt>ily obey+ a call1 x is 9 its rightful attitude4 ,! ess5ce ( m9d is design & purpose4 ,!re are "s :o d5y t !re is any design or purpose 9 ! univ]se at all3 b h[ c t be ma9ta9$ :5 humanity itself possesses ^! attributes8 7cf4 pp4 #ed1 #gd74 ,is x n m reasonable to say t j z we are consci\s ( ! p[] ( guidance 9 ourselves1 s guidance & intellig5t control may be an elem5t runn+ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 & may be incorporat$ ev5 9 mat]ial ?+s8 ,a travell] :o has lo/ 8 way 9 a m\nta9 di/rict1 com+ across a pa?1 may rejoice1 say+1 ,?is w guide me home4 ,a mat]iali/1 if he 7 consi/5t1 %\ld laugh su* a travell] to scorn1 say+1 ,:at guidance or purpose c !re be 9 a mat]ial object8 !re is no guidance or purpose 9 ! univ]se2 ?+s are because !y _c be o!rwise1 n because ( any int5tion und]ly+ !m4 ,h[ c a pa?1 :i* is little bett] ?an ! abs5ce ( grass or ! we>+ d[n ( /ones1 "k :]e y live or guide y to any desir$ de/9ation8 ,moreov]1 :atev] k or purpose ! pa? exhibits mu/ be 9 ! pa?1 mu/ be a prop]ty ( ! atoms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,to !m "s fraction ( w1 ( p[]1 ( k1 & ( feel+ may p]haps be attribut$1 & f _! aggregation some?+ ( ! same k9d may p]haps be d$uc$4 ,if ! travell] c deciph] t1 he may utilise ! mat]ial object to 8 advantage2 b if he conceives ! pa? to h be5 made ) any teleological object or intellig5t purpose1 he is ab&on+ himself to sup]/ition1 & is z likely to be l$ by x to ! edge ( a precipice z to any:]e else4 ,let him foll[ 8 sup]/ition at 8 p]il6 ,?is is n a quotation1 ( c\rse3 b x is a p>able4 ,matt] is ! in/rum5t & vehicle ( m9d2 inc>nation is ! mode by :i* m9d int]acts ) ! pres5t s*eme ( ?+s1 & !reby ! elem5t ( guidance is suppli$2 x c1 9 fact1 be embodi$ 9 an intellig5t arrangem5t ( in]t inorganic matt]4 ,ev5 a m\nta9 pa? exhibits ! prop]ty ( guidance1 & has direction3 x is an incorporation ( intellig5ce1 ?\gh itself in]t4 ,direction is n a function ( en]gy4 ,! en]gy ( s\nd f an organ is suppli$ by ! bl[] ( ! bell[s1 :i* may be work$ by a me*anical eng9e2 b ! melody & h>mony1 ! sequ5ce & co-exi/5ce ( notes1 are det]m9$ by ! dom9at+ m9d ( ! musician3 n necess>ily ( ! executant alone1 = ! compos]'s m9d may be evok$ to "s ext5t ev5 by a pianola4 ,! music may be said to be inc>nate 9 ! roll ( pap] :i* is ready to be pass$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t4 ,s also c ! conception ( any arti/ receive mat]ial embodim5t 9 8 "w1 & if a picture or a beautiful build+ is de/roy$ x c be made to rise aga9 f its a%es provid$ ! pa9t] or ! ar*itect /ill lives3 9 o!r words1 8 ?\ght c receive a fre% inc>nation2 & a p]ception ( ! beautiful =m %all h]eaft]1 9 a k9dr$ _s1 ar\se simil> ideas4 ,!re is ?us a tru? 9 mat]ialism1 b x is n a tru? readily to be appreh5d$ & =mulat$4 ,matt] may become imbu$ ) life1 & full ( vital association2 some?+ ( ! p]sonality ( a dep>t$ own] seems to cl+ sometimes ab\t an old g>m5t1 its curves & folds c sugge/ him vividly to our recollection4 ,i w\ld n too blatantly ass]t t ev5 a doll on :i* mu* affection _h be5 lavi%$ 0 :olly in]t & mat]ial 9 ! inorganic s5se4 ,! tatt]$ col\rs ( a regim5t are sometimes ?\ght wor?y to be hung 9 a *ur*4 ,!y are a symbol truly1 b !y may be some?+ m4 ,i h reason to believe t a trace ( individuality c cl+ ab\t t]re/rial objects 9 a vague & almo/ imp]ceptible fa%ion1 b to a degree suffici5t to enable ^? traces to be detect$ by p]sons ) suitable faculties4 ,!re is a deep tru? 9 mat]ialism2 & x is ! f\ndation ( ! mat]ial p>ts ( wor%ip--sacram5ts & ! l4 ,x is possible to exagg]ate _! efficacy1 b x is also possible to ignore x too completely4 ,! :ole univ]se is metrical1 ev]y?+ is a "q ( degree4 ,a prop]ty l radio-activity or magnetism1 discov]$ conspicu\sly 9 "o =m ( matt]1 turns out to be possess$ by matt] ( e k9d1 ?\gh to v v>y+ ext5t4 ,s x w\ld appe> to be ) ! p[] possess$ by matt] to inc>nate & display m9d4 ,!re are grades ( inc>nation3 ! mo/ ?or\gh k9d is t illu/rat$ by our bodies2 9 !m we are inc>nate1 b probably n ev5 9 t case is ! inc>nation complete4 ,x is q cr$ible t our :ole & entire p]sonality is nev] t]re/rially manife/4 ,!re are grades ( inc>nation4 ,"s ( ! p]sonality ( an ,old ,ma/] is lock$ up 9 a pa9t+3 & :oev] wilfully de/roys a great picture is guilty ( some?+ ak9 to murd]1 namely1 ! premature & viol5t sep>ation ( s\l & body4 ,"s ( ! s\l ( a musician c be occlud$ 9 a piece ( manuscript1 to be deciph]$ !reaft] by a p]ceptive m9d4 ,matt] is ! vehicle ( m9d1 b x is dom9at$ & transc5d$ by x4 ,a pa9t+ is held toge!r by cohesive =ces among ! atoms ( its pigm5ts1 & if ^? =ces rebell$ or turn$ repulsive ! picture w\ld be dis9tegrat$ & de/roy$2 yet ^? =ces did n make ! picture4 ,a ca!dral is held toge!r by inorganic =ces1 & x 0 built 9 ob$i5ce to !m1 b !y d n expla9 x4 ,x may owe its exi/5ce & design to ! ?\ght ( someone :o nev] t\*$ a /one1 or ev5 ( someone :o 0 dead be=e x 0 begun4 ,9 its symbolism x repres5ts ,"o :o 0 execut$ _m c5turies ago4 ,dea? & ,"t are f> f dom9ant4 ,are we s sure t :5 we truly attribute a sunset1 or ! moonlight rippl+ on a lake1 to ! *emical & physical action ( mat]ial =ces--to ! vibrations ( matt] & e!r z we "k !m1 t we h exhau/$ ! :ole tru? ( ?+s8 ,_m a ?9k]1 brood+ ov] ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 has felt t !y repres5t ! ?\ghts ( a dom9at+ unkn[n ,m9d p>tially inc>nate 9 x all4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pr(essor ,,haeckel',s ,,conjectural ,,philosophy ,a reply to ,mr ,m',cabe4 ,"p ( ! prec$+1 s f> z x is a criticism ( ,haeckel1 0 giv5 by me 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute2 & ! great] portion ( ?is ,address 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,janu>y #aije4 ,mr ,m',cabe1 ! translator ( ,haeckel1 !reupon took up ! cudgels on behalf ( 8 ,*ief1 & wrote an article 9 ! foll[+ ,july issue2 to ! pages ( :i* ref]5ces w be giv5 :5 quot+4 ,a few obs]vations ( m9e 9 reply to ?is article emphasise "o or two po9ts :i* p]haps previ\sly 7 n q cle>2 & s ?is reply1 f ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 may be conv5i5tly "h reproduc$4 ,i h no fault to f9d ) ! tone ( ,mr ,m',cabe's criticism ( my criticism ( ,haeckel1 & x is satisfactory t "o :o has prov$ himself an en?usia/ic disciple1 z well z a mo/ indu/ri\s & compet5t translator1 %\ld /& up = ! hon\r & cr$it ( a =eign ,ma/] :5 he is attack$4 ,b 9 admitt+ ! appropriat5ess & ! conciliatory tone ( 8 article1 ,i mu/ n be suppos$ to agree ) its cont5tions2 = al?\gh he seeks to %[ t aft] all !re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 myself & ,haeckel--& al?\gh 9 a s5se t is true z reg>ds ! fundam5tal facts ( sci5ce1 di/+ui%+ ! facts !mselves f any hypo!tical & int]pretative gloss--yet ) ,haeckel's int]pretations & speculative d$uctions f ! facts1 especially ) ! mode ( pres5tation1 & ! crude & unbalanc$ attacks on o!r fields ( human activity1 my feel+ ( div]g5ce occasionally becomes int5se4 ,& x is j ^! sup]ficial1 & z ,mr ,m',cabe n[ admits hypo!tical1 & z !y seem to me r ra%1 excursions into side issues1 :i* h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! av]age man1 & h succe$$ 9 mislead+ ! ignorant4 ,if x c\ld be univ]sally recognis$ t x is expressly z a hypo!sis t ,haeckel =mulates 8 conjecture z to mann] ( ! orig9 ( life 7p4 #gdd71 & if x c\ld be fur!r g5]ally admitt$ t 8 au?ority outside biology is s weak t x is m]e pett9ess to c>p at incid5tal /atem5ts on matt]s on :i* ,haeckel is kn[n to h or to ex]cise no peculi> au?ority1 or to lab\r 9 det]m9+ ! precise degree ( evid5ce = ! monism ( ! inorganic or ! organic _w 7p4 #gdh71 ,i %\ld be q cont5t1 & hope t ,i may nev] f9d x necess>y to c>p at ^! ?+s aga94 ,also ,i entirely agree ) ,mr ,m',cabe1 ?\gh ,i h "s d\bt :e!r ,pr(essor ,haeckel w\ld equally agree ) him1 t !re rema9 ! great que/ions :e!r ?is me*anical evolution ( ! univ]se ne$$ intellig5t control1 & :e!r ! m9d ( man /&s out z imp]i%able amid/ ! wreck ( worlds4 ,^! con/itute ! s]i\s controv]sy ( our "t 9 ! region ( cosmic philosophy or sci5ce4 ,^! are ! rocks t w divide ! /ream ( high] sci5tific ?\ght = long ye>s to come4 ,to _m ( u x seems t a conc5tration on ^! issues is z mu* to be desir$ z sympa?y & mutual appreciation 7p4 #gdh74 ,?is is excell5t2 b !n x is surely true t ,pr(essor ,haeckel has tak5 great pa9s to /ate =cibly & cle>ly t ^! great que/ions _c by him be reg>d$ z op52 9 fact ,mr ,m',cabe himself says-- ,haeckel's position1 if express$ at times ) "s h>%ness1 & n always ) p]fect consi/5cy1 is well en\gh kn[n4 ,he rejects ! idea ( intellig5t & b5evol5t guidance1 *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ! facts ( dy/eleology1 & he fails to see any evid5ce = exempt+ ! human m9d f ! g5]al law ( dissolution 7p4 #gdh74 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 he appe>s to h be5 driv5 to a s+ul>ly unphilosophic view1 ( :i* ,mr ,m',cabe says-- ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 8 late/ "w ,haeckel reg>ds s5sation 7or unconsci\s s5ti5ce7 z an ultimate & irr$ucible attribute ( sub/ance1 l matt] 7or ext5sion7 & =ce 7or _s7 7p4 #geb74 ,i call ?is unphilosophical because--omitt+ any ref]5ce "h to ! s+ul> p>5!tical explanations or p>aphrases1 = :i* ,i suppose ,haeckel is n to be held responsible--?is is simply ab&on+ all attempt at explanation2 x ev5 closes ! door to inquiry1 & is equival5t to an attitude prop] to any man 9 ! /reet1 = x virtually says3 ,"h ! ?+ is anyh[1 ,i _c expla9 x4 ,h[ev] legitimate & necess>y su* an attitude may be z an expression ( our ignorance1 we ought n to use ! phrase ultimate & irr$ucible1 z if no "o c\ld ev] expla9 x4 ,moreov]1 if x be true t-- ,haeckel does n tea*--nev] did tea*--t ! spiritual univ]se is an aspect ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 z 8 critic makes him say1 x is 8 fundam5tal & mo/ di/9ctive idea t bo? are attributes or aspects ( a deep] reality 7p4 #gde7-- 9 t case !re is1 inde$1 b little diff]5ce betwe5 u4 ,b no read] ( ,haeckel's ,riddle w\ld h anticipat$ t su* a cont5tion c\ld be made by any dev\t disciple2 & ,i wond] :e!r ,mr ,m',cabe c adduce any passage adequate to support s e/imable a position4 ,surely x is difficult to su/a9 9 face ( quotations su* z ^!3-- ,! peculi> ph5om5on ( consci\sness is 444 a physiological problem1 & z su* mu/ be r$uc$ to ! ph5om5a ( physics & *emi/ry 7p4 #fe74 ,i !re=e consid] ,psy*ology a bran* ( natural sci5ce--a section ( physiology4444 ,we %all give to ! mat]ial basis ( all psy*ic activity1 )\t :i* x is inconceivable1 ! provisional "n ( psy*oplasm 7p4 #cb74 ,life & ,en]gy4 ,! "o & only po9t on :i* ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to express decid$ dissid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! p>agraph :]e ,mr ,m',cabe makes a /atem5t conc]n+ :at he calls vital =ce1--a t]m ,i d n rememb] to h ev] us$ 9 my life4 ,he claims = ,haeckel :at is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ extracts f 8 article 7pp4 #gde1 #f1 #g73-- ,he does n say t life is 'knock$ out ( exi/5ce' :5 ! mat]ial organism decays4 ,he says t ! vital en]gy no long] exi/s z su*1 b is resolv$ into ! inorganic en]gies associat$ ) ! gases & relics ( ! decay+ body4 ,?us ! matt] looks a little diff]5t :5 ,sir ,oliv] comes to '*all5ge him to say by :at "r he gives t answ]4' ,he gives x on ?is pla9 "r1 t sci5ce always f9ds ^! inorganic en]gies to reappe> on ! dissolution ( life1 & has nev] 9 a s+le in/ance f\nd ! slighte/ reason to suspect 7if we make an exception = ! mom5t ( psy*ical rese>*7 t ! vital =ce z su* has cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,a little fur!r on he cont9ues3-- ,!re is no s]i\s sci5tific demur to ,haeckel's assumption ( a monism ( ! physical _w1 & 8 id5tification ( vital =ce ) ord9>y physical & *emical =ces4 ,sir ,oliv] seems to admit1 inde$1 t ! vital =ce is n 9 its nature di/9ct f physical =ce1 b holds t x ne$s 'guidance4' ,on all sides we he> ! e*o ( ,pr(essor ,le ,conte's words3 ',vital =ce may n[ be reg>d$ z s mu* =ce )drawn f ! g5]al fund ( *emical & physical =ces4' ,v well !n1 "h is no conflict on a matt] ( op9ion or philosophic speculation1 b div]g5ce on a d[nright "q ( sci5tific fact 7let x be not$ t ,i d n wi% to hold ,pr(essor ,haeckel responsible = ^! utt]ances ( 8 disciple3 he mu/ surely "k bett]71 & ,i wi% to oppose ! fallacy 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms4 ,if x 7 true t vital en]gy turn$ into or 0 anyh[ conv]tible into inorganic en]gy1 if x 7 true t a dead body _h m inorganic en]gy ?an a live "o1 if x 7 true t ^! inorganic en]gies always or ev] reappe> on ! dissolution ( life1 !n und\bt$ly cadit qu/io2 life w\ld imm$iately be prov$ to be a =m ( en]gy1 & w\ld ent] into ! s*eme ( physics4 ,b inasmu* z all ?is is untrue--! direct contr>y ( ! tru?--,i ma9ta9 t life is n a =m ( en]gy1 t x is n includ$ 9 our pres5t physical categories1 t its explanation is /ill to seek4 ,& ,i h fur!r /at$--?\gh !re ,i d n dogmatise--t x appe>s to me to belong to a sep>ate ord] ( exi/5ce1 :i* int]acts ) ?is mat]ial frame ( ?+s1 &1 :ile !re1 ex]ts guidance & control on ! en]gy :i* already "h exi/s 7cf4 p4 #bd72 =1 ?\gh !y alt] ! quantity ( en]gy no :it1 & ?\gh !y m]ely utilise available en]gy l any o!r ma*9e1 live ?+s are able to direct inorganic t]re/rial en]gy along new & special pa?s1 s z to a*ieve results :i* )\t su* liv+ ag5cy c\ld n h occurr$--e4g4 =e/s1 ant-hills1 birds' ne/s1 ,=? bridge1 sonatas1 ca!drals4 ,i h nev] taught1 nor = a mom5t ?\ght1 t vital =ce is ak9 to physical =ce1 b t x ne$s guidance 7p4 #gdg72 ! phrase s\nds to me nons5se4 ,i p]ceive1 n z a !ory1 b z a fact1 t life is itself a guid+ pr9ciple1 a controll+ ag5cy1 i4e4 t a live animal or plant c & does guide or influ5ce ! elem5ts ( inorganic nature4 ,! fact ( an organism possess+ life enables x to build up mat]ial p>ticles into _m notable =ms--oak1 eagle1 man1--:i* mat]ial aggregates la/ until !y are ab&on$ by ! guid+ pr9ciple1 :5 !y m or less spe$ily fall into decay1 or become resolv$ into _! elem5ts1 until utilis$ by a fre% inc>nation2 & h5ce ,i say t :atev] life is or is n1 x is c]ta9ly ?is3 x is a guid+ & controll+ entity :i* int]acts ) our _w accord+ to laws s p>tially kn[n t we h to say !y are practically unkn[n1 & !re=e appe> 9 "s respects my/]i\s4 ,if x be ?\ght t ,i mean by ?is some?+ sup]/iti\s1 & = ev] inexplicable or un9telligible1 ,i h no su* mean+4 ,i believe 9 ! ultimate intelligibility ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh our pres5t bra9s may require consid]able improvem5t be=e we c grasp ! deepe/ ?+s by _! aid2 b ?is matt] ( vitality is probably n hopelessly beyond u2 & x does n foll[1 because we h no !ory ( life or dea? n[1 t we %all be equally ignorant a c5tury h5ce4 ,my *ief objection to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's lit]>y "w is t he is dogmatic on su* po9ts z ^!1 & w\ld h p believe1 :at d\btless he believes himself1 t he already kn[s ! answ] to a numb] ( que/ions 9 ! realms ( physical nature & ( philosophy4 ,he writes 9 s =cible & positive & det]m9$ a fa%ion1 f ! vantage gr\nd ( sci5tific k1 t he ex]ts an undue influ5ce on ! uncultur$ among 8 read]s1 & causes !m to fancy t only b5ight$ fools or cr$ul\s dupes c really disagree ) ! hi/orical criticisms1 ! speculative op9ions1 & philosophical1 or p]haps unphilosophical1 conjectures1 ?us p[]fully set =?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,hypo!sis ,,& ,,analogies ,,conc]n+ ,,life ,! view conc]n+ ,life :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to express is t x is nei!r matt] nor en]gy1 nor ev5 a function ( matt] or ( en]gy1 b is some?+ belong+ to a diff]5t category2 t by "s means at pres5t unkn[n x is able to int]act ) ! mat]ial _w = a "t1 b t x c also exi/ 9 "s s5se indep5d5tly2 al?\gh 9 t condition ( exi/5ce x is by no means appreh5sible by our s5ses4 ,x is dep5d5t on matt] = its ph5om5al appe>ance--= its manife/ation to u "h & n[1 & = all its t]re/rial activities2 b o!rwise1 ,i conceive t x is indep5d5t1 t its ess5tial exi/5ce is cont9u\s & p]man5t1 ?\gh its int]actions ) matt] are discont9u\s & tempor>y2 & ,i conjecture t x is subject to a law ( evolution--t a l9e> advance is op5 to x--:e!r x be 9 its ph5om5al or 9 its occult /ate4 ,x may be well to indicate :at ,i mean by conceiv+ ( ! possibility t life has an exi/5ce ap>t f its mat]ial manife/ations z we "k !m at pres5t4 7,rememb] note on p4 #dj47 ,x is easy to imag9e t su* a view is a m]e surmise1 hav+ no intelligible mean+1 & t x is m]ely an attempt to clut* at human immortality 9 an emotional & unsci5tific _s4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i 9 no way plead guilty4 ,my ideas ab\t life may be q wrong1 b !y are z cold-blood$ & free f bias z possible2 moreov]1 !y apply n to human life alone1 b to all life--to t ( all animals1 & ev5 ( plants2 & !y are held by me z a work+ hypo!sis1 ! only "o :i* enables me to fit ! kn[n facts ( ord9>y vitality into a ?9kable s*eme4 ,)\t x1 ,i %\ld be met by all ! usual puzzles3--7#a7 z to ! /age at :i* exi/5ce beg9s1 if x c be ?\ght ( z beg9n+ at all2#c 7#b7 z to ! nature ( individuality1 9 ! mid/ ( div]sity ( p>ticles1 & ! det]m9ation ( =m irrespective ( v>iety ( food2 7#c7 ! extraord9>y rapidity ( developm5t1 :i* results 9 ! production ( a fully end[$ individual 9 ! c\rse ( "s fraction ( a c5tury4 ,footnote #c3 ,i d\bt :e!r exi/5ce c be begun at all1 save z ! result ( a juxtaposition ( elem5ts1 or ( a conveyance ( otion4 ,we c put ?+s toge!r1 & we c set ?+s 9 motion1--/atics & k9etics1--c we d m8 ,e!r c be /ra9$1 matt] c be mov$3 ,i d\bt :e!r we see m ?an ?is happ5+ 9 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se4 ,?is dictum is elaborat$ else:]e4 ,) x1 ,i _c pret5d t all ^! ?+s are ?or\ghly intelligible1 b ! l9es on :i* an explanation may be =?com+ seem to be laid d[n3--! notion be+ t :at we see is a tempor>y app>ition or inc>nation ( a p]man5t entity or idea4 ,x is easie/ to expla9 my mean+ by aid ( analogues1--by ! con/ruction1 z x 71 ( models1 j z is ! cu/om 9 ,physics :5ev] a recondite idea has to be grasp$ be=e x c be prop]ly =mulat$ & be=e a !ory is complete4 ,i w take two analogies3 "o f ,magnetism & "o f ,politics4 ,p>liam5t1 or ! ,army1 is a body :i* consi/s ( individual memb]s con/antly *ang+1 & its exi/5ce is n dep5d5t on _! exi/5ce3 x pre-exi/$ any p>ticul> set ( !m1 & x c survive a dissolution4 ,ev5 aft] a complete slaught]1 ! idea ( ! ,army w\ld survive1 & ano!r w\ld come into be+1 to c>ry on ! p]man5t traditions & life4 ,except z an idea 9 "s s5ti5t m9d1 x c\ld n be said to exi/ at all4 ,! m]e individuals compos+ x d n make x3 )\t ! idea !y w\ld be only a disorganis$ mob4 ,ab/ractions l ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 & o!r su* ?+s1 c h>dly be said to h any inc>nate exi/5ce4 ,^! exi/ only z ideas4 ,p>liam5t exi/s fundam5tally z an idea1 & x c be call$ into exi/5ce or re-inc>nat$ aga94 ,:e!r x is ! same ,p>liam5t or n aft] a g5]al election is a "q t may be diff]5tly answ]$4 ,x is n id5tical1 x may h diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 b !re is c]ta9ly a sort ( cont9uity2 x is /ill a ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 = in/ance1 x has n *ang$ its "* to t ( ! ,fr5* ,assembly or ! ,am]ican ,congress4 ,x is a p]man5t entity ev5 :5 disembodi$2 x has a pa/ & x has a future2 x has a fundam5tally cont9u\s exi/5ce ?\gh !re are breaks or dislocations 9 its conspicu\s activity1 & ?\gh ea* inc>nation has a sep>ate id5tity or p]sonality ( its own4 ,x is l>g] & m compreh5sive ?an any individual repres5tation ( x2 x may be said to h a sublim9al self1 ( :i* any sept5nial p]iod sees b a meagre epitome4 ,"s ( ^? epitomes are m1 "s less1 wor?y2 sometimes !re appe>s only a poor de=mity or a feeble-m9d$ attempt1 sometimes a /rong & vigor\s embodim5t ( ! root idea4 ,z to its te*nical cont9uity ( exi/5ce & actual mode ( reproduction1 ,i suppose x w\ld be m]ely fanciful to lik5 ! ,cr[n to ^? g]m-cells or nuclei1 ^: exi/5ce cont9ues )\t break1 :i* s]ve ! purpose ( collect+ & compos+ ! somatic cells 9 due season4 ,o!r illu/rations ( ! tempor>y inc>nation ( a p]man5t idea are readily furni%$ f ! doma9 ( ,art2 b1 aft] all1 ! be/ analogy to life t ,i c at pres5t ?9k ( is to be f\nd 9 ! subject ( ,magnetism4 ,at "o "t x 0 possible to say t magnetism c\ld n be produc$ except by antec$5t magnetism2 t !re 0 no kn[n way ( g5]at+ x spontane\sly2 yet t1 s9ce x und\bt$ly occurs 9 c]ta9 rocks ( ! e>?1 x mu/ h come into exi/5ce someh[1 at date unkn[n4 ,x c\ld also be said1 & x c be said /ill1 t1 giv5 an initial magnet1 any numb] ( o!rs c be made1 )\t loss to ! g5]at+ magnet4 ,by influ5ce or induction ex]t$ by proximity on o!r pieces ( /eel1 ! prop]ties ( "o magnet c be excit$ 9 any numb] ( su* pieces1--! am\nt ( magnetism ?us producible be+ inf9ite2 t is1 be+ /rictly )\t limit1 & n dep5d5t at all on ! v f9ite /r5g? ( ! orig9al magnet1 :i* inde$ cont9ues unabat$4 ,x is j z if magnetism 7 n really manufactur$ at all1 b 7 a ?+ call$ out ( "s inf9ite res]voir3 z if some?+ 7 br\ght into active & prom95t exi/5ce f a previ\sly dormant /ate4 ,& t inde$ is ! fact4 ,! process ( magnetisation1 z conduct$ ) a /eel magnet on o!r pieces ( previ\sly in]t /eel1 9 no case really g5]ates new l9es ( magnetic =ce1 ?\gh x appe>s to g5]ate !m4 ,we n[ "k t ! l9es :i* ?us spr+ into corporeal exi/5ce1 z x 71 are ess5tially clos$ curves or loops1 :i* _c be g5]at$2 !y c be exp&$ or enl>g$ to cov] a wide field1 & !y c be contract$ or %runk up into insignificance1 b !y _c be creat$1 !y mu/ be pre-exi/5t2 !y 7 9 ! non-magnetis$ /eel all ! "t1 ?\gh !y 7 s small & ill-arrang$ t !y _h no p]ceptible effect :atev]2 !y con/itut$ a pot5tiality = magnetism2 !y exi/$ z molecul> clos$ curves or loops1 :i*1 by ! op]ation call$ magnetisation1 c\ld1 "s ( !m1 be op5$ out into loops ( f9ite area & spread out into space1 :]e !y are call$ l9es ( =ce4 ,!y !n con/itute ! region call$ a magnetic field1 :i* rema9s a seat ( s-call$ p]man5t magnetic activity1 until by lapse ( "t1 excessive heat1 or o!r circum/ance1 !y close up aga92 & s ! magnet1 z a magnet1 dies4 ,! magnetism itself1 h[ev]1 has n really di$1 x has a p]petual exi/5ce2 & a fre% act ( magnetisation c recall x1 or some?+ indi/+ui%able f x1 into manife/ activity aga92 s t x1 or its equival5t1 c once m int]act ) ! re/ ( mat]ial en]gies1 & be dealt ) by physici/s1 or subs]ve ! uses ( humanity4 ,until t "t ( re-appe>ance its exi/5ce c only be inf]r$ by ! ?\ght ( ! ma!matician3 x is inde$ a matt] ( !ory1 n necess>ily recognis$ z true by ! practical man4 ,our pres5t view is t ! act ( magnetisation consi/s 9 a re-arrangem5t & co-ord9ation ( previ\sly exi/+ magnetic elem5ts1 ly+ dormant1 s to speak1 9 iron & o!r magnetic mat]ials2 only a v small fraction ( ! :ole numb] be+ usually br\ght into activity at any "o "t1 & n necess>ily always ! same actual set4 ,only a small & indiscrim9ate selection is made f all ! molecul> loops2 & x c be a diff]5t gr\p ea* "t1 or "s elem5ts may be diff]5t & "s ! same1 :5ev] a fre% individual or magnet is br\ght into be+4 ,all ?is c be said conc]n+ ! old process ( magnetisation--! process z x 0 d\btless famili> to ! unkn[n discov]] ( ! lode/one1 to ! anci5t us]s ( ! m>9]'s compass1 & to ,dr ,gilb]t ( ,col*e/]1 ! discov]] ( ! magnetis$ condition ( ! ,e>?4 ,b )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a fre% process ( magnetisation has be5 discov]$1 & ?is new or electrical process is no long] obvi\sly dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( antec$5t magnetism1 b seems at fir/ sight to be a prop]ty fre%ly or spontane\sly g5]at$1 z x 74 ,! process 0 discov]$ z ! result ( sett+ electricity into motion4 ,s long z electricity 0 /udi$ 9 its condition at re/ on *>g$ conductors1 z 9 ! old sci5ce ( electro/atics or frictional electricity1 x possess$ no magnetic prop]ties :atev]1 nor did x encroa* on ! magnetic doma93 only vague simil>ities 9 ! ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion ar\s$ att5tion4 ,b directly electricity 0 set 9 motion1 con/itut+ :at is call$ an electric curr5t1 magnetic l9es ( =ce in/antly sprang into be+1 )\t ! pres5ce ( any /eel or iron2 & 9 tw5ty ye>s !y 7 recognis$4 ,^! electrically g5]at$ l9es ( =ce are simil> to ^? previ\sly kn[n1 b !y ne$ no matt] to su/a9 !m4 ,!y ne$ matt] to display !m1 b !y !mselves exi/ equally well 9 p]fect vacuum4 ,h[ did !y manage to spr+ into be+8 ,c x be said t !y too _h exi/$ previ\sly 9 "s dormant condition 9 ! e!r ( space8 ,t !y too 7 clos$ loops op5$ out1 & _! exi/5ce ?us display$1 by ! electric curr5t8 ,t is an ass]tion :i* might reasonably be made3 x is n ! only way ( reg>d+ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 & ! mode 9 :i* a magnetic field orig9ates r\nd ! pa? ( a mov+ *>ge--be+ g5]at$ dur+ ! accel]ation-p]iod by a pulse ( radiation :i* travels ) ! spe$ ( light1 be+ ma9ta9$ dur+ ! /eady-motion p]iod by a sort ( in]tia z if 9 accordance ) ! fir/ law ( motion1 & be+ de/roy$ only by a return pulse ( re-radiation dur+ a ret>dation-p]iod :5 ! mov+ *>ge is /opp$ or div]t$ or rev]s$--all ?is c h>dly be fully expla9$ until ! intimate nature ( an electric *>ge has be5 m fully work$ out2 & ! subject n[ tr5*es too ne>ly on ! m advanc$ p>ts ( ,physics to be useful any long] z an analogue = g5]al read]s4 ,inde$ x mu/ be recollect$ t no analogy w be> press+ too f>4 ,all t we are conc]n$ to %[ is t kn[n magnetic behavi\r exhibits a v fair analogy to "s aspects ( t /ill m my/]i\s entity :i* we call life2 & if anyone %\ld ass]t t all magnetism 0 pre-exi/5t 9 "s e!real condition1 t x w\ld nev] g out ( ess5tial exi/5ce1 b t x c\ld be br\ght into relation ) ! _w ( matt] by c]ta9 acts1--t :ile !re x c\ld op]ate 9 a c]ta9 way1 controll+ ! motion ( bodies1 int]act+ ) =ms ( en]gy1 produc+ sundry effects = a "t1 & !n disappe>+ f our k5 to ! immat]ial region :5ce x came1--he w\ld be say+ :at no physici/ w\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to object to1 :at _m inde$ might agree )4 ,well1 t is ! k9d ( ass]tion :i* ,i want to make1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 conc]n+ life4 ,an acorn has 9 itself ! pot5tiality n ( "o oak-tree alone1 b ( a =e/ ( oak-trees1 to ! ?\s&? g5]ation1 & inde$ ( oak-trees )\t end4 ,!re is no sort ( law ( cons]vation "h4 ,x is n z if some?+ 7 pass$ on f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,x is n analog\s to en]gy at all1 x is analog\s to ! magnetism :i* c be excit$ by any giv5 magnet3 ! requir$ en]gy1 9 bo? cases1 be+ extrane\sly suppli$1 & only transmut$ into ! appropriate =m by ! guid+ pr9ciple :i* controls ! op]ation4 ,we d n "k h[ to g5]ate life )\t ! action ( antec$5t life at pres5t1 ?\gh t may be a discov]y ly+ ready = u 9 ! future2 b ev5 if we did1 x w\ld /ill be true 7z ,i ?9k7 t ! life 0 9 "s s5se pre-exi/5t1 t x 0 n really creat$ de novo1 t x 0 br\ght into actual practical e-day exi/5ce d\btless1 b t x _h pre-exi/$ 9 "s s5se too3 be+ call$ out1 z x 71 f "s great res]voir or /oreh\se ( vitality1 to :i*1 :5 its e>?ly c>e] is end$1 x w return4 ,inde$1 x _c 9 any prop] s5se be said ev] to h left t /oreh\se1 ?\gh x has be5 made to int]act ) ! _w = a "t2 &1 if we might s express x1 x may be ?\ght ( z c>ry+ back ) x1 into ! g5]al res]voir1 any individuality1 & any exp]i5ce & tra9+ or developm5t1 :i* x c be ?\ght ( z hav+ acquir$ "h4 ,su* a /atem5t z ?is la/ _c be made ( magnetism1 to :i* no kn[n law ( evolution & progress c be suppos$ to apply2 b ( life1 ( any?+ subject to cont9u\s evolution or l9e> progress embodi$ 9 ! race1 ( any condition n cyclically det]m9ate & return+ into itself1 b progress+ & advanc+--acquir+ fre% pot5tialities1 fre% p[]s1 fre% beauties1 new *>act]i/ics su* z p]haps may nev] 9 ! :ole univ]se h be5 display$ be=e--( ev]y?+ :i* possesses su* p[]s z ^!1 a /atem5t ak9 to ! above may c]ta9ly be made4 ,to all su* ?+s1 :5 !y rea* a high en\gh /age1 ! ideas ( cont9u$ p]sonality1 ( memory1 ( p]si/5t individual exi/5ce1 n only may1 b ,i ?9k mu/1 apply2 not)/&+ ! admitt$ return ( ! individual aft] ea* inc>nation to ! c5tral /ore f :i* x 0 diff]5tiat$ & individualis$4 ,ev5 s a villag]1 pick$ out z a recruit & s5t to ! seat ( w>1 may s]ve 8 c\ntry1 may ga9 exp]i5ce1 acquire a s\l & a wid? ( horizon su* z he _h n dreamt (2 & :5 he returns1 aft] ! w> is ov]1 may be m]g$ z be=e 9 8 native village4 ,b ! village is ! ri*] = 8 pres5ce1 & 8 individuality or p]sonality is n really lo/2 ?\gh to ! eye ( ! _w1 :i* has no fur!r ne$ = x1 x has practically ceas$ to be4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,w ,,& ,,guidance 7,p>tially read to ! ,syn!tic ,society 9 ,febru>y #aijc47 ,! influ5ce ( ! div9e on ! human1 & on ! mat]ial _w1 has be5 v>i\sly conceiv$ 9 diff]5t ages1 & v>i\s =ms ( difficulty h be5 at diff]5t times felt & sugge/$2 b always "s sort ( analogy betwe5 human action & div9e action has _h p]=ce to be drawn1 9 ord] to make ! latt] 9 ! lea/ intelligible to our conception4 ,! late/ =m ( difficulty is peculi>ly deep-seat$1 & is a natural outcome ( an age ( physical sci5ce4 ,x consi/s 9 d5y+ ! possibility ( any guidance or control1--n only on ! "p ( a ,deity1 b on ! "p ( e "o ( 8 creatures4 ,x consi/s 9 press+ ! laws ( physics to :at may seem _! logical & ultimate conclusion1 9 apply+ ! cons]vation ( en]gy )\t ru? or hesitation1 & s exclud+1 z "s h fanci$1 ! possibility ( free-w action1 ( guidance1 ( ! self-det]m9$ action ( m9d or liv+ ?+s ^u matt]1 altoge!r4 ,! appe>ance ( control has accord+ly be5 consid]$ illusory1 & has be5 replac$ by a doctr9e ( pure me*anism1 envelop+ liv+ ?+s z well z inorganic nature4 ,& ^? :o = any reason h felt dis9cl9$ or unable to acquiesce 9 ?is exclusion ( non-me*anical ag5cies1 :e!r x be by reason ( fai? & in/9ct or by reason ( direct exp]i5ce & s5sation to ! contr>y1 h ?\ght x necess>y ( late ye>s to seek to und]m9e ! f\ndation ( ,physics1 & to %[ t its mu*-vaunt$ laws re/ ^u a holl[ basis1 t _! exactitude is illusory1--t ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 = in/ance1 has be5 too rapid an induction1 t !re may be ways ( elud+ _m physical laws & ( avoid+ submission to _! sov]eign sway4 ,by ?is sacrifice x has be5 ?\ght t ! elim9at$ guidance & control c philosophically be re9troduc$4 ,?is1 ,i ga!r1 may h be5 ! *ief motive ( a critical exam9ation ( ! f\ndations ( ,physics by an ,am]ican au?or1 ,j4 ,b4 ,/allo1 9 a little book call$ ! ,concepts ( ,physics4 ,b ! wor/ ( t book 0 t ,judge ,/allo 0 n fully famili> ) ! tea*+s ( ! great physici/s2 he appe>s to h collect$ 8 in=mation f popul> writ+s1 :]e ! doctr9es 7 v imp]fectly laid d[n2 s t "s ( 8 book is occupi$ 9 demoli%+ con/ructions ( /raw1 unrecognisable by pr(ess$ physici/s except z c>icatures at :i* !y also might be will+ to heave an occasional missile4 ,! arm\ry press$ into ! s]vice ( ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d's n :olly dissimil> attack on ,physics is ( heavy calibre1 & 8 criticism _c 9 g5]al be ignor$ z bas$ ^u inadequate acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples "u discussion2 b /ill 8 ,gif=d lectures raise an anti!sis or antagonism betwe5 ! fundam5tal laws ( me*anics & ! possibility ( any int]v5tion :e!r human or div9e4 ,if ?is antagonism is sub/antial x is s]i\s2 = ,natural ,philosoph]s w n be will+ to conc$e fundam5tal inaccuracy or unc]ta9ty ab\t _! recognis$ & long-e/abli%$ laws ( motion1 :5 appli$ to ord9>y matt]2 nor w !y be prep>$ to tol]ate any ! lea/ dep>ture f ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :5 all =ms ( en]gy are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,h5ce1 if guidance & control c be admitt$ into ! s*eme by no means %ort ( und]m9+ & refut+ ^? laws1 !re may be e expectation t ! attitude ( sci5tific m5 w be p]5nially ho/ile to ! idea ( guidance or control1 & s to ! efficacy ( pray]1 & to _m ano!r practical outcome ( religi\s belief4 ,x becomes !re=e an important "q to consid] :e!r x is true t life or m9d is incompet5t to dis>range or int]f]e ) matt] at all1 except z itself an automatic "p ( ! ma*9e1--:e!r 9 fact x is m]ely an ornam5tal app5dage or phantasmal accessory ( ! work+ p>ts4 ,n[ exp]i5ce--! same k9d ( exp]i5ce z gave u our s*eme ( me*anics--%[s u t to all appe>ance live animals c]ta9ly c direct & control me*anical en]gies to br+ ab\t desir$ & preconceiv$ results2 & t man c def9itely w t ^? results %all occur4 ,! way ! en]gy is provid$ is und]/ood1 & its mode ( application is fairly und]/ood2 :at is n und]/ood is ! way its activity is det]m9$4 ,und\bt$ly our body is mat]ial & c act on o!r matt]2 & ! en]gy ( its op]ations is d]iv$ f food1 l any o!r self-propell$ & fuel-f$ me*anism2 b me*anism is usually controll$ by an att5dant4 ,! "q is :e!r our w or m9d or life c direct our body's en]gy along c]ta9 *annels to atta9 desir$ ends1 or :e!r--z 9 a motor-c> ) an automaton driv]--! end & aim ( all activity is :olly det]m9$ by me*anical causes4 ,& a fur!r "q conc]ns ! mode :]eby vital control1 if any1 is a*iev$4 ,answ]s t might be haz>d$ are3 7a7 ,t life is itself a lat5t /ore ( en]gy1 & a*ieves its results by imp>t+ to matt] en]gy t w\ld n o!rwise be 9 evid5ce3 9 :i* case life w\ld be a "p ( ! ma*9e1 & z truly me*anical z all ! re/4 ,exp]im5t l5ds no support to ?is view ( ! relation betwe5 life & en]gy1 & ,i hold t x is false2 because ! ess5tial prop]ty ( en]gy is t x c trans=m itself into o!r =ms1 rema9+ con/ant 9 quantity1 :]eas life does n add to ! /ock ( any kn[n =m ( en]gy1 nor does dea? affect ! sum ( en]gy 9 any kn[n way4 7b7 ,t life is some?+ outside ! s*eme ( me*anics--outside ! categories ( matt] & en]gy2 ?\gh x c nev]!less control or direct mat]ial =ces--tim+ !m & det]m9+ _! place ( application1--subject always to ! laws ( en]gy & all o!r me*anical laws2 supplem5t+ or accompany+ ^! laws1 !re=e1 b contradict+ or trav]s+ !m no :it4 ,?is second answ] ,i hold to be true2 b 9 ord] to admit its tru? we mu/ recognise t =ce c be ex]t$ & en]gy direct$1 by suitable adju/m5t ( exi/+ en]gy1 )\t any introduction ( en]gy f )\t2 9 o!r words1 t ! en]gy ( op]ations automatically go+ on 9 any active region ( ! univ]se--any region :]e trans=mation & transf]5ce ( en]gy are cont9u\sly occurr+ :e!r life be pres5t or n--c be guid$ along pa?s t x w\ld n automatically h tak51 & c be direct$ s z to produce effects t w\ld n o!rwise h occurr$2 & ?is )\t any breakage or susp5sion ( ! laws ( dynamics1 & 9 full correspond5ce ) bo? ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ! cons]vation ( mom5tum4 ,t is :]e ,i "p company ) ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d 9 ! second volume ( ,naturalism & ,agno/icism2 ) :om nev]!less on _m broad issues ,i f9d myself 9 fair agreem5t4 ,^? :o f9d a real ant9omy betwe5 me*anism & morals mu/ ei!r ?r[ ov]bo>d ! possibility ( int]f]5ce or guidance or will$ action altoge!r1 :i* is "o alt]native1 or mu/ assume t ! laws ( ,physics are only approximate & untru/wor?y1 :i* is ! o!r alt]native--! alt]native app>5tly fav\r$ by ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d4 ,i wi% to argue t nei!r ( ^! alt]natives is necess>y1 & t !re is a ?ird or middle c\rse ( prov]bial safety3 all t is necess>y is to realise & admit t ! laws ( ,physical ,sci5ce are incomplete1 :5 reg>d$ z a =mulation & philosophical summ>y ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,no ,laplacian calculator c be suppli$ ) all ! data4 ,on a /agnant & inactive _w life w\ld admitt$ly be p[]less3 x c\ld only make dry bones /ir 9 su* a _w if itself 7 a =m ( en]gy2 ,i d n suppose = a mom5t t x c\ld be inc>nat$ on su* a _w2 x is only pot5t :]e inorganic en]gy is me*anically available--to use ,"l ,kelv9's t]m1--t is to say1 is ei!r pot5tially or actually 9 process ( transf] & trans=mation4 ,9 o!r words1 life c g5]ate no trace ( en]gy1 x c only guide its transmutations4 ,x has gradually dawn$ ^u me t ! reason :y ,philosoph]s :o are well acqua9t$ ) ,physical or ,dynamical ,sci5ce are apt to fall into ! error ( suppos+ t m5tal & vital int]f]5ce ) ! mat]ial _w is impossible1 9 spite ( _! clamor\s exp]i5ce to ! contr>y 7or else1 on ! /r5g? ( t exp]i5ce1 to conceive t !re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! =mulation ( physical & dynamical laws71 is because all su* int]f]5ce is naturally & necess>ily exclud$ f sci5tific me?ods & treatises4 ,9 pure ,me*anics1 =ce is treat$ z a function ( configuration & mom5tum3 ! positions1 ! velocities1 & ! accel]ations ( a cons]vative sy/em dep5d solely on ea* o!r1 on initial conditions1 & on mass2 or1 if we *oose s to express x1 ! co-ord9ates1 ! mom5ta1 & ! k9etic en]gies1 ( ! p>ts ( any dynamical sy/em :atev]1 are all functions ( "t & ( ea* o!r1 & ( no?+ else4 ,9 o!r words1 we h to deal1 9 ?is mode ( reg>d+ ?+s1 ) a def9ite & completely det]m9ate _w1 to :i* pr$iction may confid5tly be appli$4 ,b ?is det]m9at5ess is got by refus+ to contemplate any?+ outside a c]ta9 s*eme3 x is an int]nal tru? )9 ! assign$ b\nd>ies1 & is q consi/5t ) psy*ical int]f]5ce & indet]m9at5ess1 z soon z ^? b\nd>ies are ignor$2 det]m9at5ess is n "p ( ! ess5ce ( dynamical doctr9e1 x is arriv$ at by ! tacit assumption t no undynamical or hyp]dynamical ag5cies exi/3 9 %ort1 by t process ( ab/raction :i* is inv>iably necess>y = simplicity1 & inde$ = possibility1 ( me?odical human treatm5t4 ,ev]yone engag$ 9 sci5tific rese>* is aw>e t if exub]ant *>wom51 or intellig5t b mis*iev\s /ud5ts 7:o = ! mom5t may be tak5 to repres5t life & m9d respectively7 are admitt$ into a laboratory & giv5 full scope = _! activities1 ! subsequ5t sci5tific results--?\gh /ill1 no d\bt1 9 "s /ra9$ s5se1 concordant ) law & ord]--are apt to be too complicat$ = inve/igation2 :]e=e !re is usually an endeav\r to exclude ^! incalculable influ5ces1 & to make a tacit assumption t !y h n be5 let 94 ,!re is a simil> tacit assumption 9 treatises on ,physics & ,*emi/ry2 viz41 t ! laws ( automatic nature %all be all[$ unre/rict$ & unaid$ play1 t no?+ %all int]v5e 9 any op]ation f />t to f9i% save me*anical sequ5t & antec$5t1--t x is p]missible 9 fact to ex]cise ab/raction1 z usual1 to ! exclusion ( ag5ts n necess>ily connect$ ) ! problem1 & n contemplat$ by ! equations4 ,9 text-books ( ,dynamics & 9 treatises ( ,natural ,philosophy t is a p]fectly legitimate proc$ure2#d b :5 lat] on we come to philosophise1 & to deal ) ! univ]se z a :ole1 we mu/ =go ! +ra9$ habit ( ab/raction1 & mu/ rememb] t = a complete treatm5t no?+ mu/ p]man5tly be ignor$4 ,s if life & m9d & w1 & curiosity & mis*ief & folly1 & gre$ & fraud & malice1 & a :ole catalogue ( attributes & ?+s n contemplat$ 9 ,natural ,philosophy--if ^! are kn[n to h any real exi/5ce 9 ! l>g] _w ( total exp]i5ce1 & if !re is any reason to believe t any "o ( !m may h _h "s influ5ce 9 det]m9+ an obs]v$ result1 !n x is fooli% to exclude ^! ?+s f philosophic consid]ation1 on ! gr\nd t !y are out ( place 9 ! realm ( ,natural ,philosophy1 t !y are n all[$ = 9 its s*eme1 & !re=e _c possibly be suppos$ capable ( ex]t+ any effective int]f]5ce1 any real guidance or control4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is on a simil> basis t !re is a sci5ce ( rigid dynamics1 ) ela/icity & fluidity exclud$2 & ?us also c !re be a hydrodynamics 9 :i* ! consequ5ces ( viscosity are ignor$4 ,my cont5tion !n is--& 9 ?is cont5tion ,i am practically speak+ = my bro!r physici/s--t :]eas life or m9d c nei!r g5]ate en]gy nor directly ex]t =ce1 yet x c cause matt] to ex]t =ce on matt]1 & s c ex]cise guidance & control3 x c s prep>e any sc5e ( activity1 by arrang+ ! position ( exi/+ mat]ial1 & tim+ ! lib]ation ( exi/+ en]gy1 z to produce results concordant ) an idea or s*eme or int5tion3 x c1 9 %ort1 aim & fire4 ,guidance ( matt] c be affect$ by a passive ex]tion ( =ce )\t do+ "w2 z a quiesc5t rail c guide a tra9 to its de/9ation1 provid$ an active eng9e propels x4 ,b ! analogy ( ! rail mu/ n be press$3 ! rail guides by ex]t+ =ce p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( motion1 x does no "w b x su/a9s an equal opposite reaction4#e ,! guidance ex]cis$ by life or m9d is manag$ 9 an unkn[n b c]ta9ly diff]5t fa%ion3 det]m9ation c su/a9 no reaction--if x c\ld x w\ld be a /raight=w>d me*anical ag5t--b x c utilise ! me*anical prop]ties bo? ( rail & ( eng9e2 x arrang$ = ! rail to be plac$ 9 position s t ! lat]al =ce !reby ex]t$ %\ld guide all future tra9s to a desir$ de/9ation1 & x fur!r took /eps to design & compose locomotives ( suffici5t p[]1 & to />t !m at a pre>rang$ "t4 ,x employs me*anical /ress1 z a capitali/ employs a lab\r]1 n do+ any?+ itself1 b direct+ ! op]ations4 ,x is impossible to expla9 all ?is fully by ! laws ( me*anics alone1 t is to say1 no me*anical analysis c be complete & all-embrac+1 ?\gh ! :ole proc$ure is fully subject to ^? laws4 ,footnote #e3 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 =ce & en]gy4 ,^! t]ms h be5 s popul>ly confus$ t x may be difficult always to discrim9ate !m1 b 9 ,physics !y are absolutely discrim9at$4 ,we h a direct s5se ( =ce1 9 our muscles1 :e!r !y be mov+ or at re/4 ,a =ce 9 motion is a p[]1 x does "w & transf]s en]gy f "o body to ano!r1 :i* is commonly ?\gh incorrectly spok5 ( z g5]at+ en]gy4 ,b a =ce at re/--a m]e /atical /ress1 l t ex]t$ by a pill> or a wat]%$--does no "w1 & g5]ates or transf]s no en]gy2 yet ! "o su/a9s a ro( :i* w\ld o!rwise fall1 !reby scre5+ a portion ( gr\nd f vegetation2 :ile ! o!r deflects a ra9-drop into ! ,danube or ! ,rh9e4 ,?is latt] is ! k9d ( =ce :i* con/ra9s a /one to revolve 9 a circle in/ead ( a /raight l9e2 a =ce l t ( a groove or slot or *annel or guide4 ,to e =ce !re is an equal opposite =ce or reaction1 & a reaction may be aga9/ a live body1 b x is nev] suspect$ ( be+ aga9/ ! ab/raction life or m9d--t w\ld inde$ be enl>g+ ! scope ( me*anics6--! reaction is always aga9/ "s o!r body4 ,all /resses z a matt] ( fact occur 9 ! e!r2 & !y all h a mat]ial t]m9us at ea* end 7or 9 exceptional cases a wave-front or "s o!r recondite e!real equival5t71 t is to say some?+ possess+ in]tia2 b ! tim$ or opportune exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> /ress may be ! result ( organisation & control4 ,me*anical op]ations c be ?us dom9at$ by intellig5ce & purpose4 ,:5 a /one is roll+ ov] a cliff1 x is all ! same to en]gy :e!r x fall on po9t ,a or po9t ,b ( ! bea*4 ,b at ,a x %all m]ely d5t ! s&1 :]eas at ,b x %all /rike a detonator & explode a m9e4 ,scribbl+ on a piece ( pap] results 9 a c]ta9 di/ribution ( fluid & production ( a modicum ( heat3 s f> z en]gy is conc]n$ x is ! same :e!r we sign ,&rew ,c>negie or ,alex&] ,copp]smi?1 yet ! "o ef=t may l& u 9 twelve mon?s' imprisonm5t or may build a libr>y1 accord+ to circum/ances1 :ile ! o!r a*ieves no result at all4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill us$ to say t our sole p[] ov] ,nature 0 to move ?+s2 b /rictly speak+ we _c d ev5 t3 we c only arrange t ?+s %all move ea* o!r1 & c det]m9e by suitably preconceiv$ plans ! k9d & direction ( ! motion t %all ensue at a giv5 "t & place4 ,provid$ always t we include 9 ?is category ( ?+s our und\bt$ly mat]ial bodies1 muscles & n]ves4 ,b "h is j ! puzzle3 at :at po9t does w or det]m9ation ent] into ! s*eme8 ,contemplate a bra9 cell1 :5ce orig9ates a c]ta9 n]ve-process :]eby en]gy is lib]at$ ) "s resultant effect2 :at pull$ ! det5t 9 t cell :i* />t$ ! impulse8 ,no d\bt "s *emical process3 comb9ation or dissociation1 some?+ atomic1 occurr$2 b :at made x occur j !n & 9 t way8 ,i answ]1 n any?+ t we z yet und]/&1 b app>5tly ! same sort ( pre-arrangem5t t det]m9$ :e!r ! /one f ! cliff %\ld fall on po9t ,a or po9t ,b--! same sort ( process t guid$ ! p5 to make legible & effective writ+ in/ead ( illegible & ineffective scrawls--! same k9d ( control t det]m9es :5 & :]e a trigg] %all be pull$ s z to secure ! anticipat$ slaught] ( a bird4 ,s f> z en]gy is conc]n$1 ! explosion & ! trigg]-pull+ are ! same id5tical op]ations :e!r ! aim be exact or r&om4 ,x is intellig5ce :i* directs2 x is physical en]gy :i* is direct$ & controll$ & produces ! result 9 "t & space4 ,x w be said "s en]gy is ne$$ to pull a hair-trigg]1 to op5 ! ?rottle-valve ( an eng9e1 to press ! button :i* %all %att] a rock4 ,grant$3 b ! "w-concomitants ( t en]gy are all famili>1 & equally pres5t :e!r x be arrang$ s z to produce any pr$et]m9$ effect or n4 ,! op5+ ( ! ?rottle-valve = in/ance dem&s j ! same ex]tion1 & results 9 j ! same imp]ceptible trans=mation ( fully-acc\nt$-= en]gy1 :e!r x be us$ to />t a tra9 9 accordance ) a "t-table & ! gu>d's :i/le1 or :e!r x be pu%$ ov]1 z if by ! w9d1 at r&om4 ,! %\t+ ( an ord] to a troop dem&s vocal en]gy & produces its due equival5t ( s\nd2 b ! intelligibility ( ! ord] is some?+ sup]add$1 & its result may be to make n s\nd or heat alone1 b ,hi/ory4 ,en]gy mu/ be available = ! p]=mance ( any physical op]ation1 b ! en]gy is indep5d5t ( ! det]m9ation or arrangem5t4 ,guidance & control are n =ms ( en]gy1 nor ne$ !y be !mselves phantom modes ( =ce3 _! sup]position ^u ! s*eme ( ,physics ne$ p]turb physical & me*anical laws no :it1 & yet x may pr(\ndly affect ! consequ5ces result+ f ^? same laws4 ,! :ole ef=t ( civilisation w\ld be futile if we c\ld n guide ! p[]s ( nature4 ,! p[]s are !re1 else we %\ld be helpless2 b life & m9d are outside ^? p[]s1 &1 by pre-arrang+ _! field ( action1 c direct !m along an organis$ c\rse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ?is same life or m9d1 z we "k x1 is accessible to petition1 to affection1 to pity1 to a multitude ( non-physical influ5ces2 & h5ce1 indirectly1 ! little plot ( physical univ]se :i* is n[ our tempor>y home has become am5able to truly spiritual control4 ,i lay /ress ^u a /udy ( ! nature & mode ( human action ( ! int]f]+ or guid+ k9d1 because by t /udy we mu/ be l$ if we are to =m any intellig5t conception ( div9e action4 ,true1 x might be feasible to admit div9e ag5cy & yet to d5y ! possibility ( any human p[] ( ! same k9d1--?\gh t w\ld be a nebul\s & at lea/ inconclusive proc$ure2 b if once we are con/ra9$ to admit ! exi/5ce & reality ( human guidance & control1 sup]pos$ ^u ! physical s*eme1 we _c d5y ! possibility ( su* p[] & action to any high] be+1 nor ev5 to any totality ( ,m9d ( :i* ours is a "p4 ,i d n see h[ ! function claim$ c be res5t$1 except by ^? :o d5y life to be any?+ at all4 ,if x exi/s1 if x is n m]e illusion1 x appe>s to me to be some?+ ^: full significance lies 9 ano!r s*eme ( ?+s1 b :i* t\*es & int]acts ) ?is mat]ial univ]se 9 a c]ta9 way1 build+ its p>ticles into notable configurations = a "t--)\t conf\nd+ any physical laws1--& !n evaporat+ :5ce x came4 ,?is language is vague & figurative und\bt$ly1 b1 ,i cont5d1 appropriately s1 = we h n yet a !ory ( life--we h n ev5 a !ory ( ! ess5tial nature ( gravitation2 discov]ies are wait+ to be made 9 ?is region1 & x is absurd to suppose t we are already 9 possession ( all ! data4 ,we c wait2 b mean:ile we ne$ n pret5d t because we d n und]/& !m1 !re=e life & w c accompli% no?+2 we ne$ n imag9e t life--) its high] developm5ts & /ill lat5t p[]s--is an impot5t non5tity4 ,! philosophic attitude1 surely1 is to obs]ve & recognise its effects1 bo? :at x c & :at x _c a*ieve1 & to realise t our pres5t k ( x is extremely p>tial & incomplete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,free ,,w ,,& ,,=ekn[l$ge4 ,9 ! above *apt] ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z pret5d+ to settle ! ?orny "q ( a reconciliation betwe5 fre$om ( *oice & pre-det]m9ation or prevision4 ,all ,i !re cont5d = is t no me*anical or sci5tific det]m9ism1 subject to special conditions 9 a limit$ region1 c be us$ to contradict fre$om ( ! w1 "u g5]alis$ conditions1 9 ! ,univ]se z a :ole4 ,nev]!less !re are ?+s :i* may p]haps be usefully said1 ev5 on ! l>g] & mu*-worn topic ( ! pres5t note4 ,if we /ill endeav\r to le>n z mu* z possible f human analogies1 examples are easy3-- ,an ar*itect c draw 9 detail a build+ t is to be2 ! dwell]s 9 a valley c be w>n$ to evacuate _! home/eads because a city has det]m9$ t a lake %all exi/ :]e none exi/$ be=e4 ,d\btless ! city is free to *ange its m9d1 b x is n expect$ to2 & all pr$ictions are und]/ood to be made subject to ! abs5ce ( di/urb+1 i4e4 un=ese51 causes4 ,ev5 ! pr$iction ( an eclipse is n free f a remote unc]ta9ty1 & 9 ! case ( ! return ( meteoric %[]s & comets ! elem5t ( cont+5cy is n ev5 remote4 ,b x w be said t to high] & sup]human k all possible cont+5cies w\ld be kn[n & recognis$ z "p ( ! data4 ,t is q possibly1 ?\gh n q c]ta9ly1 true3 & !re comes ! real difficulty ( reconcil+ absolute pr$iction ( ev5ts ) real fre$om ( ! actors 9 ! drama4 ,i anticipate t a complete solution ( ! problem mu/ involve a treatm5t ( ! subject ( "t1 & a recognition t "t1 z x appe>s to u1 is really "p ( our human limitations4 ,we all realise t ! pa/ is 9 "s s5se n non-exi/5t b only pa/2 we may readily surmise t ! future is simil>ly 9 "s s5se exi/5t1 only t we h n yet arriv$ at x2 & our l9ks ) ! future are less und]/ood4 ,t a se] 9 a mom5t ( clairvoyance may cat* a glimpse ( futurity--"s p>tial picture ( :at p]haps exi/s ev5 n[ 9 ! =e?\ght ( "s high] m9d--is n inconceivable4 ,x may be aft] all only an unconsci\s & inspir$ inf]5ce f ! pres5t1 on an enl>g$ & exceptional scale2 & x is a matt] = /raight=w>d inve/igation :e!r su* prevision ev] occurs4 ,! foll[+ article1 on ! g5]al subject ( ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism1 repr9t$ f ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,m>* #aijd1 may conv5i5tly be "h reproduc$3-- ,! conflict betwe5 ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism dep5ds on a "q ( b\nd>ies4 ,we occasionally ignore ! fact t !re mu/ be a subjective p>tition 9 ! ,univ]se sep>at+ ! region ( :i* we h "s inkl+ ( k f ! region ( :i* we h absolutely none2 we are apt to reg>d ! portion on our side z if x 7 ! :ole1 & to debate :e!r x mu/ or mu/ n be reg>d$ z self-det]m9$4 ,z a matt] ( fact any p>tition$-(f region is 9 g5]al n completely self-det]m9$1 s9ce x is liable to be act$ ^u by influ5ces f ! o!r side ( ! p>tition4 ,if ! f> side ( ! b\nd>y is ignor$1 !n an obs]v] on ! ne> side w conclude t ?+s really initiate _! own motion & act )\t /imulation or motive1 9 "s cases1 :]eas ! fact is t no act is p]=m$ )\t /imulus or motive2 ev5 irrational acts are caus$ by some?+1 & s also are rational acts4 ,madness & delirium are natural ph5om5a am5able to law4 ,b 9 actual life we are liv+ on "o side ( a b\nd>y1 & are aw>e ( ?+s on "o side only2 ! ?+s on ?is side appe> to u to con/itute ! :ole univ]se1 s9ce !y are all ( :i* we h any k1 ei!r ?r\gh our s5ses or 9 o!r ways4 ,h5ce we are subject to c]ta9 illusions1 & feel c]ta9 difficulties1--! illusion ( un/imulat$ & unmotiv$ fre$om ( action1 & ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ?is ) ! felt necessity = g5]al det]m9ism & causation4 ,if we speak 9 t]ms ( ! "p ( ! univ]se t we "k & h to d )1 we f9d free ag5cies rampant among organic life2 s t fre$om ( action is a def9ite & real exp]i5ce1 & = practical conv5i5ce is s express$4 ,b if we c\ld seize ! entirety ( ?+s & p]ceive :at 0 occurr+ beyond ! range ( our limit$ conceptions we %\ld realise t ! :ole 0 weld$ toge!r1 & t influ5ces 7 com+ ?r\gh :i* produc$ ! effects t we obs]ve4 ,^? philosoph]s1 if !re are any1 :o ass]t t we are :olly *a9$ b\nd & controll$ by ! circum/ances ( t "p ( ! ,univ]se ( :i* we are directly aw>e--t we are ! slaves ( our environm5t & mu/ act z we are compell$ by =ces emanat+ f ?+s on our side ( ! b\nd>y alone1--^? philosoph]s err4 ,?is k9d ( det]m9ism is false2 & ! reaction aga9/ x has l$ o!r philosoph]s to ass]t t we are lawlessly free1 & able to initiate any action )\t motive or cause1--t ea* individual is a caprici\s & *aotic entity1 n "p ( a ,cosmos at all6 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r anyone has cle>ly & actually ma9ta9$ ei!r ( ^! !ses 9 all its crudity2 b !re are _m :o vigor\sly & *eaply d5y "o or o!r ( !m1 & 9 s d5y+ ! "o conceive t !y are ma9ta9+ ! o!r4 ,bo? ! above !ses are false2 yet ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism are bo? true1 & 9 a completely kn[n univ]se w\ld cease to be contradictories4 ,! reconciliation betwe5 oppos+ views lies 9 realis+ t ! ,univ]se ( :i* we h a k9d ( k is b a portion or an aspect ( ! :ole4 ,we are free1 & we are controll$4 ,we are free1 9 s f> z our s5sible surr\nd+s & imm$iate environm5t are conc]n$2 t is1 we are free = all practical purposes1 & c *oose betwe5 alt]natives z !y pres5t !mselves4 ,we are controll$1 z be+ intr9sic p>ts ( an entire cosmos suffus$ ) law & ord]4 ,no s*eme ( sci5ce bas$ on k ( our environm5t c confid5tly pr$ict our actions1 nor ! actions ( any suffici5tly intellig5t live creature4 ,= m9d & w h _! roots on ! o!r side ( ! p>tition1 & t :i* we p]ceive ( !m is b a fraction ( ! :ole4 ,nev]!less1 ! m develop$ & consi/5t & h>moni\s our "* becomes1 ! less liable is x to r&om outbreaks1 & ! m c]ta9ly c we be dep5d$ on4 ,we ?us1 ev5 n[1 c exhibit "s approximation to ! highe/ /ate--t consci\s unison ) ! entire s*eme ( exi/5ce :i* is id5tical ) p]fect fre$om4 ,if we c\ld grasp ! totality ( ?+s we %\ld realise t ev]y?+ 0 ord]$ & def9ite1 l9k$ up ) ev]y?+ else 9 a *a9 ( causation1 & t no?+ 0 caprici\s & unc]ta9 & uncontroll$4 ,! totality ( ?+s is1 h[ev]1 & mu/ rema91 beyond our grasp2 h5ce ! actual work+ ( ! process1 ! nature ( ! l9ks1 ! causes :i* create our det]m9ations1 are frequ5tly unkn[n4 ,& s9ce x is necess>y = practical purposes to treat :at is utt]ly beyond our k5 z if x 7 non-exi/5t1 x becomes easily possible to fall into ! errone\s habit ( conceiv+ ! transc5d5tal region to be completely inop]ative4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,fur!r ,,speculation ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,life#f ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks on ,rec5t ,views 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,x is a fact extremely famili> to *emi/s t ! gr\p+s possible to atoms ( c>bon are exceptionally num]\s & complicat$1 ea* c>bon atom hav+ ! p[] ( l9k+ itself ) o!rs to an extraord9>y ext5t1 s t x is no exceptional ?+ to f9d a sub/ance :i* conta9s tw5ty or ?irty atoms ( c>bon z well z o!r elem5ts l9k$ toge!r 9 its molecule 9 a p]fectly def9ite way1 ! molecule be+ /ill classifiable z t ( a def9ite *emical comp\nd4 ,b !re are also "s non-elem5t>y bodies :i*1 al?\gh !y are *emically complete & satisfi$1 reta9 a consid]able ve/ige ( p[] to l9k _! molecules toge!r s z to make a complex & massive comp\nd molecule2 & ^! are able n only to l9k simil> molecules into a m or less indef9ite *a91 b to unite & include ! saturat$ molecules ( _m o!r sub/ances also into ! unwieldy aggregate4 ,footnote #f3 ,an article repr9t$ f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,may #aije4 ,( ! non-elem5t>y bodies possess+ ?is prop]ty1 wat] appe>s to be "o ( ! *ief2 = !re is evid5ce to %[ t ! ord9>y ,h-#b-,o molecule ( wat]1 al?\gh x may be prop]ly spok5 ( z a saturat$ or satisfi$ comp\nd1 seldom exi/s 9 ! simple isolat$ %ape depict$ by ?is =mula1 b r t a great numb] ( su* simple molecules atta* !mselves to ea* o!r by :at is call$ _! residual or out/&+ aff9ity1 & build !mselves up into a complex aggregate4 ,! doctr9e ( residual aff9ity has be5 long advocat$ by ,arm/rong2 & ! pres5t writ] has rec5tly %[n t x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! electrical !ory ( *emical aff9ity1#g & t ! /ructure ( ! result+ gr\p+s1 or comp\nd aggregates1 may be p>tially /udi$ by means ( float+ magnets1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,alfr$ ,may]4#h ,footnote #g3 ,see ,nature1 vol4 #gj1 p4 #agf1 ,june #bc1 #aijd4 ,footnote #h3 ,see an article on ,mod]n ,views ( ,*emical ,aff9ity by ! pres5t writ] 9 a magaz9e call$ ,te*nics1 = ,septemb] #aijd4 ,x may be well "h to expla9 to /ud5ts t "o ( ! l9es ( argum5t :i* lead to ! conclusion t ! wat] molecule1 z x ord9>ily exi/s1 is really complex & massive1 is bas$ ^u measurem5ts ( ! ,f>aday dielectric con/ant = wat]2 = ?is con/ant1 or specific inductive capacity1 is f\nd to be v l>ge1 some?+ l #ej times t ( air or free e!r2 :]eas = glass x is only #e or #f times t ( free space4 ,! dielectric con/ant ( a sub/ance g5]ally increases ) ! d5sity or massiv5ess ( its molecule1--inde$1 ! value ( ?is con/ant is "o ( ! me?ods :]eby matt] displays its int]action ) & load+ ( ! free e!r ( space1--& any su* d5sity z ! conv5tional n9e times t ( hydrog5 = ! molecule ( wat] w\ld be :olly unable to expla9 its imm5se dielectric con/ant4 ,! influ5ce ( ! massiv5ess ( a wat] molecule is also display$ 9 its p[] ( te>+ asund] or dissociat+ any salts or o!r simple *emical sub/ance introduc$ into x2 common salt1 = in/ance1 is f\nd always to h a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( its molecules knock$ or torn asund] directly x is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 s t1 9 addition to a numb] ( salt molecules 9 solution1 !re are a few positively *>g$ sodium atoms & a few negatively *>g$ *lor9e atoms1 exi/+ 9 a /ate ( loose attraction to ! wat] aggregate1 & am5able to ! smalle/ electric =ce2 :i*1 :5 appli$1 urges ! *lor9e "o way & ! sodium ! o!r way1 s t !y c be remov$ at an electrode & _! place suppli$ by fre%ly dissociat$ molecules ( salt1 ?us br++ ab\t its p]man5t electro-*emical decomposition1 & enabl+ ! wat] to behave z an electrolytic conductor directly a little salt or acid is dissolv$ 9 x4 ,! p[] ( ! wat] molecule to associate itself ) molecules ( o!r sub/ances is illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n fact t wat] is an almo/ univ]sal solv5t4 ,x is its residual aff9ity :i* enables x to ent] into weak *emical comb9ation ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r sub/ances1 & ?us to dissolve ^? sub/ances4 ,! dissolv+ p[] usually increases :5 ! temp]ature is rais$1 possibly because ! self-conta9$ or self-suffici5t gr\p+s ( ! wat] molecules are !n to "s ext5t brok5 up & ! fragm5ts enabl$ to cl+ on to ! =eign or introduc$ matt] in/ead ( only to ea* o!r4 ,! =eign sub/ance is apt to be extrud$ aga9 :5 ! liquid cools1 & :5 ! aff9ity ( ! wat]-aggregates = ea* o!r resumes its sway4 ,v hot wat] c dissolve n only ! sub/ances famili>ly kn[n to be soluble 9 wat]1 b x c dissolve ?+s l glass also2 s t glass vessels are unable to reta9 wat] kept "u high pressure at a v high temp]ature1 approa*+ a r$ heat4 ,ano!r mat]ial :i* also seems to h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) a numb] ( o!r bodies1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! loose mode ( *emical comb9ation spok5 ( z residual aff9ity1 is c>bon2 s t a block ( *>coal c absorb hundr$s ( times its own bulk ( c]ta9 gases4 ,inde$1 ,sir ,james ,dew> has rec5tly employ$ ?is absorb+ p[] ( v cold c>bon to produce a p]fect k9d ( vacuum1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be ! ne>e/ approa* to absolute vacuum t has yet be5 atta9$3 probably high] ?an c be atta9$ by any k9d ( me*anical or m]cury pump4 ,unexpect$ ,influ5ce ( ,size4 ,suppose n[ a sub/ance conta9s a great numb] ( c>bon molecules & a great numb] ( wat] molecules1 ea* ( :i* has ?is residual aff9ity or p[] ( cl++ toge!r well develop$1 :at may be expect$ to be ! result8 ,surely1 ! =mation ( a molecule consi/+ ( ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( atoms1 con/itut+ sub/ances m complex ev5 ?an ^? already kn[n to or analysable by organic *emi/ry2 & if ^! complex molecules likewise possess ! adhesive faculty1 a gr\p+ ( millions or ev5 billions ( atoms may ultimately be =m$4 7,a billion1 t is a million millions1 ( atoms is truly an imm5se numb]1 b ! result+ aggregate is /ill excessively m9ute4 ,a portion ( sub/ance consi/+ ( a billion atoms is only b>ely visible ) ! highe/ p[] ( a microscope2 & a speck or granule1 9 ord] to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 l a gra9 ( lycopodium-du/1 mu/ be a million times bigg] /ill47 ,su* a gr\p+ is likely to h prop]ties diff]+ n only 9 degree b 9 k9d f ! prop]ties ( simple sub/ances4 ,= x mu/ n be ?\ght t aggregation only produces quantitative *ange & leaves quality unalt]$4 ,fre% qualities altoge!r are liable to be introduc$ or to make _! appe>ance at c]ta9 /ages--c]ta9 critical /ages--9 ! build+ up ( a complex mass 7cf4 p4 #ga74 ,! habitability ( a h\se1 = in/ance1 dep5ds on its possess+ a cavity ( a c]ta9 size2 !re is a critical size ( brick-aggregate :i* enables x to s]ve z a dwell+4 ,no?+ mu* small] ?an ?is w\ld d at all4 ,! aggregate reta9s ?is prop]ty1 ?us conf]r$ ^u x by size1 h[ev] big x may be made aft] t2 until x becomes a palace or a ca!dral1 :5 x may p]haps rea* an upp] limit ( size at :i* x w\ld be cru%$ by its own weight1 or at :i* ! span ( ro( is too great to be support$4 ,b ! diff]5ce1 z reg>ds habitability1 betwe5 a palace & a hovel is f> less ?an t betwe5 a hovel & "o ( ! air-holes 9 a brick or loaf1 or any o!r cavity too small to act z a human habitation4 ,! diff]5ce z reg>ds habitability is !n an inf9ite diff]5ce4 ,to take a less trivial in/ance2 a planet :i* is l>ge en\gh to reta9 an atmosph]e by its gravitative attraction diff]s utt]ly1 9 pot5tiality & importance1 f ! num]\s lumps ( matt] scatt]$ ?r\gh\t space1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may be z l>ge z a hay/ack or a m\nta9 or z ! ,briti% ,isles1 or ev5 ,europe1 are yet too small to hold any trace ( air to _! surface1 & !re=e _c 9 any intelligible s5se ( ! ^w be reg>d$ z habitable4 ,"o ( ! lumps ( matt] 9 space c become a habitable planet only :5 x has atta9$ a c]ta9 size1 :i* conceivably x might d by fall+ toge!r ) o!rs into a complex aggregate "u ! influ5ce ( gravitative attraction4 ,! a/]oids h n succe$$ 9 do+ ?is1 b ! planets h2 &1 accord+ly1 "o ( !m1 at any rate1 has become a habitable _w4 ,b obs]ve t ! great size & ! consequ5t ret5tion ( an atmosph]e did n g5]ate ! inhabitants2 x satisfi$ "o ( ! conditions necess>y = _! exi/5ce4 ,h[ !y arose is ano!r matt]4 ,all t we h se5 s f> is t an aggregate ( bodies may possess prop]ties & p[]s :i* ! sep>ate bodies !mselves possess 9 no k9d or sort ( way4 ,x is n a "q ( degree1 b ( k9d4 ,s also1 fur!r1 if ! aggregate is l>ge en\gh1 v mu* l>g] ?an any planet1 z l>ge z a million e>?s aggregat$ toge!r1 x acquires ! prop]ty ( conspicu\s radio-activity1 x becomes a self-heat+ & self-lum9\s body1 able to keep ! e!r viol5tly agitat$ 9 all space r\nd x1 & ?us to supply ! radiation necess>y = protect+ ! habitable worlds f ! cold ( space to :i* !y are expos$1 = ma9ta9+ !m at a temp]ature appropriate to organic exi/5ce1 & likewise = supply+ & g5]at+ ! en]gy = _! myriad activities4 ,x has become 9 fact a c5tral sun1 & s\rce ( heat1 solely because ( its enorm\s size comb9$ ) ! fact ( ! mutual gravitative attraction ( its own con/itu5t p>ticles4 ,no body ( mod]ate size c\ld p]=m ?is function1 nor act z a p]5nial furnace to ! re/4 ,application to ,protoplasm4 ,v well !n1 return n[ to our complex molecul> aggregate1 & ask :at new prop]ty1 beyond ! prov9ce ( ord9>y *emi/ry & physics1 is to be expect$ ( a comp\nd :i* conta9s millions or billions ( atoms atta*$ to ea* o!r 9 no rigid1 /able1 frigid mann]1 b by loose un/able l9ks1 enabl+ !m con/antly to re-arrange !mselves & to be ! !atre ( p]petual *ange1 aggregat+ & reaggregat+ 9 v>i\s ways & manife/+ ceaseless activities4 ,su* un/able aggregates ( matt] may1 l ! wat] ( a pond or a heap ( organic refuse1 s]ve z ! vehicle = influ5ces :olly novel & unexpect$4 ,too mu* agitation--t is1 too high a temp]ature--w split !m up & de/roy ! new-f\nd pot5tiality ( su* aggregates2 too little agitation--t is1 too l[ a temp]ature--w p]mit !m to beg9 to coh]e & settle d[n into froz5 rigid masses insusceptible ( manifold activities4 ,b take !m j at ! "r temp]ature1 :5 suffici5tly complex & suffici5tly mobile2 take c>e ( !m1 s to speak1 = ! /ructure may easily be kill$2 & :at %all we f9d8 ,we c\ld n inf] or guess :at w\ld be ! result1 b we c obs]ve ! result z x is4 ,! result is t ! complexes gr\p !mselves into m9ute masses visible 9 ! microscope1 ea* mass be+ call$ by u a cell2 t ^! cells possess ! p[] ( unit+ ) or assimilat+ o!r cells1 or fragm5ts ( cells1 z !y drift by & come into contact ) !m2 & t !y absorb into _! own sub/ance su* portions z may be suitable1 :ile ! insuffici5tly elaborat$ portions--! gra9s ( inorganic or ov]-simple mat]ial--are pres5tly extrud$4 ,!y ?us beg9 ! act ( fe$+4 ,ano!r rem>kable prop]ty also c be obs]v$2 = a cell :i* ?us gr[s by fe$+ ne$ n rema9 z "o individual1 b may split into two1 or into m ?an two1 :i* may coh]e = a "t1 b w ultimately sep>ate & cont9ue exi/5ce on _! own acc\nt4 ,?us beg9s ! act ( reproduction4 ,b a /ill m rem>kable prop]ty c be obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! cells1 ?\gh n 9 all2 !y c n only assimilate a fragm5t ( matt] :i* comes into contact ) !m1 b !y c s5se x1 app>5tly1 :ile n yet 9 contact1 & c protrude portions ( _! sub/ance or move _! :ole bodies t[>ds ! fragm5t1 ?us beg9n+ ! act ( hunt+2 & ! incipi5t locomotory p[] c be ext5d$ till light & air & moi/ure & _m o!r ?+s c be s\ght & mov$ t[>ds1 until locomotion becomes s free t x sometimes seems app>5tly objectless--m]e re/lessness1 *ange = ! sake ( *ange1 l t ( human be+s4 ,! p[] ( locomotion is liable1 h[ev]1 to introduce ! cell to new dang]s1 & to conditions ho/ile to its cont9u$ aggregate exi/5ce4 ,s1 9 addition to ! s5se ( food & o!r desirable ?+s ahead1 x seems to acquire1 at any rate :5 /ill fur!r aggregat$ & m develop$1 a s5se ( %r9k+ f & avoidance ( ! ho/ile & ! dang]\s1--a s5se z x 7 ( pa94 ,& s x ent]s on its long c>e] ( progress1 always liable to dis9tegration or dea?2 x beg9s to diff]5tiate portions ( itself = ! fe$+ process1 o!r portions = ! reproductive process1 o!r portions aga9 = s5sory processes1 b reta9+ ! protective s5se ( pa9 almo/ ev]y:]e2 until ! spots s5sitive to e!real & a]ial vibrations--:i*1 arriv+ z !y d f a di/ance1 c>ry ) !m s mu* valuable in=mation1 & :5 duly appreciat$ r5d] possible p]ception & pr$iction z to :at is ahead--until ^! s5sitive spots h become develop$ into ! special organs :i* we n[ "k z ! eye & ! e>4 ,!n1 pres5tly1 ! p[] ( communication is sl[ly elaborat$1 spee* & education beg91 & ! k ( ! individual is no long] limit$ to 8 own exp]i5ce1 b exp&s till x embraces ! pa/ hi/ory & ! cond5s$ acquisition ( ! race4 ,& ?us gradually arises a develop$ self-consci\sness1 a discrim9ation betwe5 ! self & ! ext]nal _w1 & a realisation ( ! p[] ( *oice & fre$om1--a /age beyond :i* we h n travell$ z yet1 b a /age at :i* almo/ all ?+s seem possible4 ,! fir/ two prop]ties1 assimilation & reproduction1 ov]%ad[$ by ! possibility ( dea?1 are prop]ties ( life ( e k9d1 plant life z ( all o!r4 ,! p[] ( locomotion & special s5ses1 ov]%ad[$ by ! s5se ( pa91 are ! sign ( a /ill fur!r developm5t into :at we call animal life4 ,! fur!r developm5t1 ( m9d1 consci\sness1 & s5se ( fre$om1 ov]%ad[$ by ! possibility ( wilful error or s91 is ! conspicu\s attribute ( life :i* is di/9ctively human4 ,?us1 our complex molecul> aggregate has %[n itself capable ( extraord9>y & mo/ int]e/+ processes1 has prov$ capable ( con/itut+ ! mat]ial vehicle ( life1 ! natural basis ( liv+ organisms1 & ev5 ( m9d2 v mu* z a planet ( c]ta9 size prov$ capable ( possess+ an atmosph]e4 ,b is x to be suppos$ t ! complex aggregate g5]at$ ! life & m9d1 z ! planet g5]at$ its atmosph]e8 ,t is ! s-call$ mat]iali/ic view1 b to ! writ] x seems an errone\s "o1 & x is c]ta9ly "o t is n prov54 ,x is n ev5 c]ta9 t e planet g5]at$ all ! gases ( its own atmosph]e3 "s ( !m x may h swept up 9 its excursion ?r\gh space4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t x possesses ! p[] ( reta9+ an atmosph]e2 x is by no means s c]ta9 h[ all ! con/itu5ts ( t atmosph]e arriv$4 ,que/ions conc]n+ ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,life4 ,all t we h actually exp]i5c$ & v]ifi$ is t a complex molecul> aggregate is capable ( be+ ! vehicle or mat]ial basis ( life2 b to ! "q :at life is we h z yet no answ]4 ,_m h be5 ! attempts to g5]ate life de novo1 by pack+ toge!r suitable mat]ials & keep+ !m pleasantly w>m = a long "t2 b1 if all g]ms ( pre-exi/+ life are rigor\sly exclud$1 ! attempt hi!rto has be5 a failure3 s f>1 no life has made its appe>ance "u obs]vation1 except f antec$5t life4 ,b1 to exclude all trace ( antec$5t life1 x is necess>y n only to %ut out float+ g]ms1 b to kill all g]ms previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! mat]ial we are deal+ )4 ,?is kill+ ( previ\s life is usually accompli%$ by heat2 b x has be5 argu$ t /rong heat w de/roy n only ! life b ! pot5tiality = life1 w break up ! complex aggregate on :i* life dep5ds1 w deprive ! incubat+ solution n only ( life b ( livelihood4 ,!re is "s =ce 9 ! objection1 & x is an illu/ration ( ! difficulty surr\nd+ ! subject4 ,b ,tyndall %[$ t antec$5t life c\ld be de/roy$1 )\t any v high temp]ature1 by g5tle heat p]iodically appli$3 heat insuffici5t to kill ! g]ms1 b suffici5t to kill ! hat*$ or develop$ organisms4 ,p]iodic heat+ enables ! g]ms ( successive ages to hat*1 s to speak1 & ! product to be sla92 &1 al?\gh "s ea* "t may h reproduc$ g]ms be=e slaught]--eggs capable ( /&+ ! w>m?--yet a succession ( su* w>m+s w\ld ultimately be fatal to all1 & t )\t necess>ily break+ up ! protoplasmic complex aggregates on ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! :ole vital pot5tiality dep5ds4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 all ef=t at spontane\s g5]ation has be5 a failure2 possibly because "s ess5tial +r$i5t or condition 0 omitt$1 possibly because great lapse ( "t 0 necess>y4 ,b suppose x 0 successful2 :at !n8 ,we %\ld !n be reproduc+ 9 ! laboratory a process t mu/ at "s pa/ age h occurr$ on ! e>?2 = at "o "t ! e>? 0 c]ta9ly hot & molt5 & inorganic1 :]eas n[ x sw>ms ) life4 ,does t %[ t ! e>? g5]at$ ! life8 ,by no means2 no m ?an x ne$ necess>ily h g5]at$ all ! gases ( its atmosph]e1 or ! meteoric du/ :i* lies ^u its sn[s4 ,life may be some?+ n only ultra-t]re/rial1 b ev5 immat]ial1 some?+ outside our pres5t categories ( matt] & en]gy2 z real z !y are1 b diff]5t1 & utilis+ !m = its own purpose4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t life possesses ! p[] ( vitalis+ ! complex mat]ial aggregates :i* exi/ on ?is planet1 & ( utilis+ _! en]gies = a "t to display itself amid t]re/rial surr\nd+s2 & !n x seems to disappe> or evaporate :5ce x came4 ,x is p]petually arriv+ & p]petually disappe>+4 ,:ile x is "h1 if x is at a suffici5tly high level1 ! animat$ mat]ial body moves ab\t & /rives aft] _m objects1 "s wor?y1 "s unwor?y2 x acquires !reby a c]ta9 individuality1 a c]ta9 "*4 ,x may realise itself1 moreov]1 becom+ consci\s ( its own m5tal & spiritual exi/5ce2 & x !n beg9s to explore ! ,m9d :i*1 l its own1 x conceives mu/ und]lie ! mat]ial fabric--half display$1 half conceal$1 by ! environm5t1 & intelligible only to a k9dr$ _s4 ,?us ! s*eme ( law & ord] dimly dawns ^u ! nasc5t s\l1 & x beg9s to =m cle> conceptions ( tru?1 goodness1 & beauty2 x may a*ieve some?+ ( p]man5t value1 z a "w ( art or ( lit]ature2 x may ent] regions ( emotion & may evolve ideas ( ! l(tie/ k9d2 x may degrade itself bel[ ! bea/s1 or x may so> till x is almo/ div9e4 ,is x ! mat]ial molecul> aggregate t has ( its own unaid$ lat5t p[] g5]at$ ?is individuality1 acquir$ ?is "*1 felt ^! emotions1 evolv$ ^! ideas8 ,!re are "s :o try to ?9k t x is4 ,!re are o!rs :o recognise 9 ?is extraord9>y developm5t a contact betwe5 ?is mat]ial frame ( ?+s & a univ]se high] & o!r ?an any?+ kn[n to our s5ses2 a univ]se n dom9at$ by ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 b utilis+ ! int]actions ( matt] = its own purposes2 a univ]se :]e ! human _s is m at home ?an x is among ^! tempor>y collocations ( atoms2 a univ]se capable ( inf9ite developm5t1 ( noble contemplation1 & ( l(ty joy1 long aft] ?is planet--nay1 ! :ole sol> sy/em--%all h fulfill$ its pres5t spire ( de/9y1 & retir$ cold & lifeless ^u its endless way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,ed9burgh4