file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,illu/ration3 ,hon4 ,r4 ,w4 ,dunlap1 ,k+/on1 ,ohio1 graduate ( c\rse 9 agriculture1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 #ahie1 not$ football play]1 /ate s5ator1 /ate dairy & food commission]4 ,f>m] & in/itute lectur]4 ,introduc$ alfalfa f\rte5 ye>s ago into 8 f>m & community4 ,introduc$ comm]cial f]tiliz]s & rais$ !reby m :eat f #ej acres ?an 8 fa!r did f #aej acres1 ?us conv9c+ 8 fa!r & neighbors t :5 rightly us$ comm]cial f]tiliz]s paid4 ,mr4 ,dunlap claim$ t ! agricultural college made him a f>m]1 because :5 he left = college he _h no int5tion ( return+ to ! f>m4 ,! ,"y ,f>m] ,"s ,?+s ,he ,%\ld ,"k ,by ,,?omas ,f4 ,,hunt ,imp]ial man6 ,co-work] ) ! w9d ,& ra9 & light & heat & cold1 & all ,! ag5cies ( ,god to fe$ & clo! ,& r5d] beautiful & glad ! _w6 --,/ock>d ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,limit$ #aiac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ---------- ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall ,,london1 ,,engl& ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,success #a ,,ii ,,means ,,( ,,acquir+ ,,l& #ad ,,iii ,,f>m ,,organization #ca ,,iv ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,agriculture #dd ,v ,,:]e ,,to ,,locate #eg ,,vi ,,size ,,( ,,f>m #fd ,,vii ,,selection ,,( ,,f>m #ga ,,viii ,,! ,,f>m ,,s*eme #hh ,,ix ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops #aja ,x ,,! ,,equipm5t #aji ,,xi ,,h[ ,,to ,,e/imate ,,pr(its #aag ,,xii ,,gra9 ,,& ,,hay ,,f>m+ #ace ,,xiii ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,f>m+ ,,op]ations #adh ,,xiv ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,int5sive ,,f>m+ #afb ,,xv ,,reasons ,,= ,,animal ,,husb&ry #agb ,,xvi ,,returns ,,f ,,animals #ahe ,,xvii ,,f>m ,,labor #aie ,,xviii ,,%ipp+ #baj ,,xix ,,m>ket+ #bbj ,,xx ,,laws ,,affect+ ,,l& ,,& ,,labor #bcc ,,xxi ,,rural ,,legislation #bdh ,,xxii ,,rural ,,=ces #bfh ,,! ,,"y ,,f>m]3 ,,"s ,,?+s ,,he ,,%\ld ,,"k ---------- ,,*apt] ,i ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,success ,columella1 ! mu* travel$ ,spani%-,roman writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 said t = successful f>m+ ?ree ?+s are ess5tial3 k1 capital & love = ! call+4 ,?is /atem5t is j z true today z x 0 :5 writt5 #aijj ye>s ago by ?is e>ly writ] on ,european agriculture4 ,e man :o loves ! call+ & has an ambition to become a successful f>m] %\ld und]/& t no two ( ^! ess5tials are suffici5t1 b t all ?ree are necess>y4 ,al?\gh ?is is s simple z to be almo/ axiomatic1 x is inde$ surpris+ h[ few p believe a k ( f>m+ is really ess5tial to success4 ,am]ica is /rewn ) cases ( failure1 9 f>m+1 by m5 inve/+ capital acquir$ 9 o!r bus9ess4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 failure has be5 due to lack ( k ( f>m+4 ,!re is kn[n to ! writ] an exp]t m9]alogi/ & metallurgi/4 ,on ! subject ( coal & gold m9+ he c give ! mo/ valuable in=mation4 ,8 advice is con/antly s\ght on all su* matt]s4 ,in/ead ( inve/+ 8 money 9 m9+1 on :i* he is a recogniz$ au?ority1 he has inve/$ x 9 a f>m1 ab\t :i* he kn[s next to no?+4 ,he has n ev5 _h ! advantage ( be+ rais$ on a f>m1 s9ce 8 fa!r 0 a railroad man4 ,a me*anical eng9e] rem>k$ t if he _h #be1jjj he w\ld inve/ x 9 a f>m4 ,?is man is suppos$ to be an exp]t 9 bus9ess me?ods z appli$ to manufactur+ 9 g5]al1 & he is especially conv]sant ) ! manufacture & trade 9 automobiles4 ,ab\t all he has se5 ( f>m+ he has obs]v$ f ! w9d[ ( a ,pullman c> or f ! /e]+ :eel ( an automobile4 ,in/ead ( inve/+ 8 e>n+s 9 "s manufactur+ bus9ess1 ab\t :i* he has sp5t ye>s ( /udy & 9 :i* he has _h "s tra9+1 he w\ld inve/ x 9 f>m+1 ( :i* he has only ! mo/ rudim5t>y k1 if only he _h suffici5t capital4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he is m 9 ne$ ( k ?an ( capital4 ,ev5 f>m]s ( exp]i5ce d n always realize ! tra9+ requir$ to succe$ 9 f>m+4 ,a lett] 0 receiv$ by ! dean ( a c]ta9 agricultural college say+ t a graduate ( ano!r agricultural college _h tak5 "o ( ! poore/ f>ms 9 8 neighborhood & 0 rais+ bett] potatoes ?an anyone else c\ld raise4 ,! lett] ask$ t in=mation be s5t by return mail z to h[ ?is "y man c\ld be beat5 9 rais+ potatoes4 ,( c\rse ! answ] _h to be s5t t :ile in=mation ^u rais+ potatoes c\ld easily be suppli$1 al?\gh n 9 ! limits ( an ord9>y lett]1 ! tra9+ 9 obs]vation1 judgm5t & reason+ faculties ess5tial to meet ! daily problems z !y arise c\ld n be suppli$4 ,!re is no objection to m5 ( o!r vocations adopt+ f>m+ z an avocation if !y c af=d x4 ,x is a rational =m ( pleasure = weal?y p1 & "o 9 :i* !y c (t5 be ( great s]vice4 ,?is _c be said ( all =ms ( relaxation4 ,weal?y m5 h be5 ( special s]vice to ! cause ( agriculture by promot+ ! bre$+ ( improv$ live /ock4 ,m5 9 o!r call+s %\ld cle>ly und]/&1 h[ev]1 t if !y h a f>m m]ely z a place to sp5d a week end1 t !y may expect to f9d ! f9ancial returns unsatisfactory4 ,to no "o is !re m significance 9 ! old s*ool aphorism k is p[] ?an to ! "y man :o is to become a f>m]4 ,:ile x is n necess>y to be educat$ 9 s*ools 9 ord] to ga9 k1 yet ! s*oolroom ) all its limitations is usually ! mo/ economical & mo/ effici5t me?od ( acquir+ c]ta9 =ms ( k ess5tial to e successful man or woman4 ,a f>m-to-f>m canvass ( a c]ta9 region ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york discloses ! fact t f>m]s ) college tra9+ are obta9+ a high] income f _! f>ms ?an ^? ^: s*ool days end$ ) high s*ool4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o h f9i%$ ! high s*ool are m prosp]\s f9ancially ?an ^? :o nev] advanc$ beyond ! grades4 ,! inve/igation %[$1 = example1 t ) ! f>m]s "u obs]vation ! high s*ool education 0 equival5t to #f1jjj wor? ( #e bonds4 ,f>m+ is an occupation requir+ ke5 obs]vation1 s\nd judgm5t & accurate reason+1 all attributes :i* are /r5g!n$ greatly by prop] education4 ,?is is s true t _m m51 p]haps mo/ m51 are =ty be=e !y h grasp$ ! problems :i* ! truly successful f>m] mu/ solve4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! k ess5tial to success 9 any pursuit is acquir$ by actually work+ at ! occupation1 or1 z we say1 by practical exp]i5ce4 ,"s features ( any occupation c be obta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,a prelim9>y education may1 h[ev]1 greatly r$uce ! "t necess>y to acquire ev5 ?is practical exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 a c\rse 9 %op "w z taught 9 te*nical high s*ools & colleges1 requir+ two h\rs a day = five mon?s1 may %ort5 ! "t ( appr5tice%ip by "o or m ye>s1 9 acquir+ ! trade ( c>p5t] or iron work]4 ,9 ! same mann] a c\rse 9 butt] mak+1 *eese mak+ or floriculture1 may %ort5 ! "t requir$ to obta9 ! necess>y practical details by t5 mon?s or ev5 m4 ,ev5tually1 also1 ! man ?us tra9$ w be ! bett] man4 ,if ! indu/rial activities ( ! _w be divid$ into f>m+1 m9+1 manufactur+1 trade & transportation1 x w be not$ at once t f>m+ is ! only "o :i* deals ) liv+ ?+s4 ,9 fact1 ! def9ition ( agriculture1 9 its broade/ s5se1 is ! economic production ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! f>m] is ?us br\ght face to face ) "s ( ! mo/ difficult & intricate problems ) :i* ! human race has to grapple4 ,x is ?is fact t makes f>m+1 9 "s ways1 ! mo/ unc]ta9 z well z ! mo/ fasc9at+ occupation kn[n to man4 ,! fact t ! f>m] is deal+ ) liv+ ?+s puts 8 occupation 9 a class by itself = a numb] ( reasons1 "o ( :i* is g]mane to ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 mo/ occupations a l>g] "p ( ! k necess>y to success c be acquir$ by do+ ?an is ! case 9 f>m+4 ,locomotive eng9e]s are tra9$ = _! responsible duty :ile fir+ ! eng9e4 ,! brakeman becomes a conductor by assi/+ ! latt]4 ,a bank ca%i] is usually a promot$ bank cl]k4 ,ea* obta9$ ! k ess5tial to success l>gely by (t-repeat$ p]=mance4 ,:ile1 ( c\rse1 !re is mu* ! f>m] c le>n only by exp]i5ce1 !re are _m ?+s ess5tial to 8 success t ! m]e p]=mance ( ! necess>y f>m op]ations w n tea* him4 ,spread+ manure w nev] tea* him t /able manure %\ld be supplem5t$ ) phosphoric acid 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4 ,! gr[+ ( clov] w n tea* him t m9]al f]tiliz] may keep up ! f]tility ( ! soil :]e clov] gr[s luxuriantly & occurs 9 ! rotation at def9ite int]vals4 ,fe$+ cattle w n tea* him t a good ration = mil* c[s is "o conta9+ "o p\nd ( dige/ible prote9 to sev5 p\nds ( dige/ible c>bohydrates1 provid$ x is palatable &1 at lea/1 two-?irds ( ! total ration is dige/ible4 ,nor w ! fe$+ ( su* a ration tea* ! f>m] h[ to calculate ! mo/ economical ration f fe$+ /uffs at curr5t prices4 ,! cause ( potato blight & ! me?ods ( combat+ x _c be le>n$ f ! op]ation ( plant+ & cultivat+ potatoes4 ,^! are only a few illu/rations--!y might be multipli$ indef9itely--to %[ t f>m+ is peculi> 9 t p]=mance ( ! daily duties does n give ! k ess5tial to success 9 ! same measure t x does 9 su* occupations z bank+1 trade & transportation4 ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 :ile no man w\ld und]take to run a locomotive eng9e or p]=m ! duties ( ca%i] ( a bank )\t ?or\gh tra9+1 !re are _m :o w und]take to f>m )\t education or k ( ! bus9ess4 ,! "y man :o int5ds to become a f>m] %\ld fully und]/& t if f>m+ is n a bus9ess wor?y ( a ?or\ghly educat$ man1 x is n a bus9ess wor?y ( him2 because e "y man is wor?y ( a ?or\gh education1 provid$ he is a man ( clean habits & good purposes4 ,d n all[ y\rself to be p]suad$ t y lack ability to acquire a good education4 ,all y require is opportunity1 det]m9ation & hone/y ( int5tion4 ,f>m+ is wor?y1 moreov]1 ( ! mo/ highly educat$ z well z ! mo/ capable4 ,if lack ( means prev5ts a "y man f tak+ a f\r-ye>s' tra9+ 9 agriculture1 he w f9d a two ye>s' c\rse (f]$ by _m ( ! /ate agricultural s*ools4 ,:ile x is obvi\sly impossible to give 9 two ye>s z mu* tra9+ z 9 f\r ye>s1 ^! two ye>s' c\rses conta9 ! m te*nical subjects & are usually v ?or\gh & effici5t4 ,no "y man1 no matt] h[ ?or\gh 8 previ\s tra9+1 ne$ hesitate to pursue "o ( !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "y m5 :o _c sp>e ! "t & exp5se ( ev5 two ye>s' tra9+4 ,= su* _m /ate agricultural colleges (f] w9t] t]ms ( eight to twelve weeks4 ,^! c\rses are arrang$ to all[ ! /ud5t to specialize along "s p>ticul> l9e4 ,! bett] prep>$ ! man is :o ent]s ^! w9t] c\rses ! m he w b5efit by !m4 ,?is leads to ! caution t su* c\rses %\ld n be sub/itut$ = ! education (f]$ 9 ! public s*ools1 b %\ld only be s\ght aft] all ! opportunities = education at home h be5 exhau/$4 ,= ! some:at old] "y man :o is n[ f>m+ & _c leave 8 f>m or = ! y\ng] man z a prep>ation = ! %ort c\rses1 "o or m correspond5ce c\rses w be f\nd useful4 ,n all colleges conduct correspond5ce c\rses1 b =tunately ^? :o d w accept /ud5ts f o!r /ates on equal t]ms4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o w te/ify to _! helpfulness4 ,e "y f>m] %\ld h a c>efully select$ libr>y ( /&>d books on agriculture1 n only = read+ b = ref]5ce4 ,an in/ance ( ! value ( a /&>d book ( ref]5ce came rec5tly to ! att5tion ( ! writ]4 ,an educat$ "y f>m] 9 ,i[a paid #b4ej = a peck ( crimson clov] se$ :i* he s[$ 9 ! spr+ 9 8 oats4 ,a ref]5ce to any /&>d publication on =age crops co/+ less ?an ! peck ( se$ w\ld h disclos$ to him ! probable hopelessness ( success "u ! conditions nam$4 ,! books to include z well z to exclude f a select li/ w dep5d ^u ! previ\s tra9+ ( ! man mak+ ! pur*ase1 ! "* ( ! f>m+ to be pursu$1 &1 to "s ext5t1 to ! section ( ! c\ntry :]e ! f>m is locat$4 ,any booksell] c secure catalogs issu$ by firms mak+ a specialty ( publi%+ agricultural books4 ,= ! av]age read] ^! catalogs are suffici5t to enable "o to make intellig5t pur*ases4 ,e f>m] %\ld take "o or m agricultural j\rnals4 ,at pres5t j\rnals are publi%$ on e phase ( agriculture & _m ( !m are ( high "*4 ,publi%]s are always glad to s5d sample copies free ( *>ge4 ,by exam9+ ^! copies intellig5t selection may be made4 ,! writ] ( ?is book has _h r unusual opportunity dur+ m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ( obs]v+ ! influ5ce ( education ^u ! success1 f9ancial & o!rwise1 ( ^? :o engage 9 f>m+4 ,z ! result ( ^! obs]vations he wi%es to urge e "y man to all[ no "o to p]suade him t because he is to be a f>m]1 he does n ne$ a ?or\gh education4 ,rememb] t y h b "o life to live1 & if y let ! gold5 opportunity pass1 ! mi/ake c nev] be rectifi$4 ,no man ev] regrett$ t he _h too mu* education--?\s&s h regrett$ ! lack ( x4 ,e "y man1 no matt] :at 8 occupation is to be1 %\ld receive "s s*ool tra9+1 h[ev] little x may be1 e ye> until he rea*es ! age ( majority4 ,o!rwise ! age ( majority %\ld be *ang$4 ,9 no occupation is ?is m important ?an 9 f>m+1 because ! op]ations involv$ 9 f>m+ fail to develop c]ta9 attributes necess>y to ! l>ge/ success4 ,a man _c h a m9d too well tra9$1 al?\gh x is possible t he may h too mu* undige/$ in=mation4 ,! m5tal condition may n be unlike ! physical condition ( ! man :o is burd5$ ) too _m clo!s4 ,:5 9 action he may ne$ to /rip 8 m9d ( unnecess>y in=mation 9 ord] to make ! mo/ effici5t m5tal ef=t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,means ,,( ,,acquir+ ,,l& ,( ! ?ree ess5tials to successful f>m+--capital1 k & love = ! call+--only ! fir/ c be obta9$ on cr$it1 & ?is only 9 "p4 ,usually :5 a man desires to buy a f>m he mu/ h1 at lea/1 "o-?ird ( 8 desir$ inve/m5t 9 ca%4 ,! am\nt to be inve/$ w include1 n only ! co/ ( ! l&1 b ! co/ ( ! necess>y equipm5t ( ! f>m4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! total capital :i* may be borr[$1 h[ev]1 w dep5d on _m circum/ances & is usually a matt] ( fir/ importance4 ,no man %\ld borr[ m ?an a bank] or o!r reputable bus9ess man consid]s a safe inve/m5t4 ,usually !re is no bett] c\nselor z to a safe inve/m5t ?an ! local bank]4 ,! bank] %\ld1 & g5]ally does1 /& 9 mu* ! same relation to ! f9ancial welf>e ( ! community z ! physician to its physical1 ! m9i/] to its moral & spiritual welf>e4 ,! inexp]i5c$ p]son1 ev5 if he does n ne$ to borr[ money1 w\ld d well to consult "s responsible bank] 9 ! neighborhood be=e mak+ an inve/m5t 9 f>m l&s4 ,! "y man %\ld1 z e>ly z possible 9 life1 op5 an acc\nt ) ! local bank1 n m]ely = ! sake ( ! habit ( sav+ :i* ?is w enc\rage1 b 9 ord] to come into p]sonal bus9ess relations ) ! bank]4 ,in/ead ( conceal+ f ! bank 8 bus9ess op]ations1 he %\ld seek ! advice ( 8 bank] on all important f9ancial matt]s4 ,on an av]age1 e f>m *anges h&s at lea/ ?ree times 9 a c5tury4 ,e f>m1 !re=e1 mu/ be acquir$ by pur*ase1 inh]itance or gift at m or less irregul> int]vals4 ,9 ! neighborhood 9 :i* ! au?or 0 born1 !re is n a f>m b has *ang$ h&s s9ce he c rememb]4 ,9 _m cases ! f>m is n[ 9 ! possession ( a son2 9 "s in/ances 9 t ( a gr&son ( ! own] z kn[n by ! writ] 9 8 boyhood days4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> community ! acquirem5t ( a f>m by a p]son n relat$ to ! =m] own] has occurr$ 9 relatively few in/ances4 ,z a rule1 :5 ! f>m has be5 acquir$ by a son1 ! latt] has op]at$ ! f>m z t5ant or p>tn] = a p]iod previ\s to 8 own]%ip & dur+ lifetime ( ! fa!r4 ,9 "s in/ances ! son has bo>d$ ) ! p>5ts or ! p>5ts ) ! son & 8 wife2 or1 9 ! case ( a daught]1 ) ! daught] & son-9-law4 ,:]e !re are sev]al heirs1 z is apt to be ! case1 ! son op]at+ ! f>m is requir$ to pur*ase or r5t ! int]e/ ( ! o!r heirs1 unless ! f>m is l>ge en\gh to be divid$1 :i* is less seldom ! case ?an is popul>ly suppos$4 ,?us1 if !re are #bjj acres ( l& wor? #ej an acre1 & five heirs1 ! "y f>m] may inh]it #b1jjj1 & be requir$ to assume ! rema9+ #h1jjj z an obligation4 ,he may borr[ ?is money at ! bank1 plac+ a mortgage ^u ! f>m1 ?us settl+ ) ! o!r heirs at once4 ,or he may pay ! o!r heirs r5t on _! %>e ( ! f>m4 ,9 any case he w1 if successful1 gradually cancel 8 obligation & become own] ( ! f>m4 ,t no heir is will+ to assume ?is responsibility is ! mo/ common reason = a f>m *ang+ f "o family to ano!r1 & ! disruption ( community int]e/s4 ,! cu/om>y1 or normal1 me?od ( acquir+ l& has be5 & /ill is a comb9ation ( t5ancy1 inh]itance & mortgage4 ,)\t "s t5ant sy/em & )\t ! f>m mortgage1 x w\ld be impossible = ! av]age "y man to acquire a f>m4 ,t m5 are con/antly advanc+ f f>m t5ant to l&[n] is %[n by /ati/ics giv+ ! p]c5tage ( t5ants by ages4 ,! majority ( f>m]s "u #cj are r5t]s4 ,mo/ f>m]s ov] #de are own]s ( f>m l&4 ,?us 9 ,ill9ois1 9 #aijj1 approximately #ge ( ! f>m]s "u #be ye>s ( age r5t$ _! f>ms1 :ile less ?an #bj ( ! f>m]s ov] #ee ye>s ( age 7 t5ants4 ,! "q = ! "y man to consid] is n :at effect ! t5ant sy/em has ^u ! welf>e ( ! nation or :at political ills may be connect$ ) f>m mortgages1 b h[ to make use ( ^! necess>y & b5efic5t ag5cies = ! acquirem5t ( a f>m4 ,a sy/em ( t5ancy :i* leads to abs5t l&lordism & a p]man5t t5ant class is ?or\ghly vici\s1 :ile a practice :i* enables a man to become1 )9 a reasonable p]iod1 a l&-own+ f>m] is a ?or\ghly approvable &1 inde$1 necess>y me?od ( acquir+ l&4 ,z already indicat$1 mo/ "y m5 w ne$ 9 "s =m or o!r to employ m capital ?an !y possess :5 !y />t f>m+4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 det]m9e :at is ! be/ =m ( obta9+ ! necess>y capital1 viz43 :e!r to borr[ ! money on a f>m mortgage1 or :e!r to use ! capital someone else has inve/$ 9 a f>m by pay+ him r5t = x4 ,! conditions ( t5ancy 9 ?is c\ntry are (t5 n ! mo/ =tunate1 yet ! "y man ( "* may well f9d1 = a "t1 at lea/1 x w\ld be be/ = him to r5t a f>m & inve/ 8 own capital 9 ! necess>y ma*9]y & live /ock to conduct x prop]ly4 ,mu* w dep5d on ! "* ( ! arrangem5t :i* may be made4 ,usually m favorable t]ms c be secur$ f l&lords own+ l>ge numb]s ( f>ms ?an f ! own] ( "o or two f>ms4 ,! l>ge l&[n] is cont5t ) a mod]ate income f ea* f>m1 because 9 ! aggregate 8 income is suffici5t = 8 ne$s1 :ile ! retir$ f>m] :o mu/ live (f ! proce$s ( a s+le f>m is apt to drive a h>d b>ga9 & may n be ov] p>ticul> conc]n+ ! ma9t5ance ( said f>m4 ,! writ] kn[s a f>m] :o owns a good f>m pur*as$ f ! proce$s ( a r5t$ f>m4 ,he cont9ues to live on ! r5t$ f>m & r5ts 8 own1 because1 x is said1 8 l&lord is will+ to make him m favorable t]ms ?an he makes to 8 t5ant4 ,! m capable ! t5ant ! m favorable ! t]ms he may exact4 ,c]ta9 t5ants are 9 dem& & c h _! *oice ( f>ms4 ,a prosp]\s-look+ man 0 po9t$ out rec5tly z an example ( a t5ant capable ( buy+ a f>m 9 "o ( ! mo/ highly develop$ c\nties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 /at$ t z a r5t] he c\ld h 8 *oice ( any f>m 9 ! c\nty1 b t he did n h a doll> inve/$ 9 f>m l&4 ,possibly he inve/s 8 surplus e>n+s 9 /ocks & bonds4 ,x is n ! pres5t purpose to det]m9e ! relative m]its ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( l& t5ure1 b to try to be helpful to ! beg9n]s by discuss+ ! usual practices 9 ord] t he may "k :e!r ! arrangem5t he is consid]+ is cu/om>y & :e!r x is likely to prove satisfactory4 ,e ?ird f>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is r5t$ "u "o ( ?ree me?ods3 #a4 ,a def9ite money r5t may be paid1 rang+ f #b to #f an acre = l& on :i* ! ord9>y1 /aple crops are rais$4 ,p]haps #c to #d is m commonly paid = su* l&4 #b4 ,9 ! ,s\? x is common = ! l&lord to require a def9ite numb] ( p\nds ( cotton p] acre or a c]ta9 numb] ( bales ( cotton = a "o or two-mule f>m1 z ! case may be4 ,?is is classifi$ by ! c5sus au?orities z ca% r5t1 b w "h be call$ crop r5t4 ,crop r5t is less common ?an ei!r ca% or %>e r5t 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates1 al?\gh p]haps ! mo/ common =m 9 ! ,s\?4 ,crop r5t1 h[ev]1 is met ) 9 "s sections1 z 9 we/]n ,new ,york :]e c]ta9 l>ge l&[n]s require a def9ite numb] ( bu%els ( :eat1 oats or maize & make c]ta9 /ipulations z to hay & /raw4 ,!y *>ge a ca% r5t = pa/ure4 #c4 ,mu* ! mo/ common =m ( t5ancy1 h[ev]1 is t :]e a c]ta9 p]c5tage or %>e ( ! product is giv5 ! l&lord = ! use ( ! l&4 ,be=e ent]+ into a discussion ( ! cu/om>y conditions "u :i* l& is r5t$ on %>es x may be helpful to po9t out ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ca% r5t1 crop r5t & %>e r5t4 ,9 case ( ca% r5t1 ! l&lord takes no risk1 ei!r z to ! price or ! am\nt ( product4 ,9 ! case ( crop r5t1 he %>es ! risk z to ! v>iation 9 price1 b n z to ! am\nt ( crop rais$4 ,! latt] may dep5d ^u ! clem5cy ( ! wea!r or ^u ! indu/ry & skill ( ! t5ant4 ,9 ! case ( %>e r5t1 bo? l&lord & t5ant %>e equally z to v>iation 9 ! price & ! am\nt ( product4 ,?ree =ms ( %>e r5t may be recogniz$3 7a7 ,:]e l&lord furni%es only real e/ate 7l& & build+s71 ! t5ant supply+ ev]y?+ else1 includ+ teams1 ma*9]y1 labor1 se$s & f]tiliz]s4 ,"u ^! conditions x is cu/om>y = ! l&lord to receive "o-?ird & ! t5ant two-?irds ( ! crop rais$ or ! product produc$4 7b7 ,! second =m ( %>e r5t is :]e ! l&lord furni%es ! real e/ate2 ! t5ant supplies teams1 tools & labor1 :ile ! l&lord & t5ant own equally all live /ock o!r ?an teams1 & be> equally all o!r exp5ses1 z = se$s1 f]tiliz]s & co/ ( ?re%+4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 x is cu/om>y = l&lord & t5ant ea* to receive "o-half ( all sales4 ,z ea* owns "o-half ( all ! live /ock 7teams except$71 ea* %>es equally 9 all increase4 ,! l&lord pays = ! co/ ( p]man5t improvem5ts su* z new build+s1 f5ces1 repairs & dra9age4 ,! t5ant1 9 mak+ ^! improvem5ts1 9 "s cases1 agrees to furni% two days' labor = "o day's pay4 ,! !ory is t1 :ile ! increas$ value ( ! real e/ate is ( advantage only to ! l&lord1 ! improv$ facilities are ( "s b5efit to ! t5ant4 ,s9ce he c d ?is "w at odd times :5 n o!rwise employ$1 he c af=d to take a g5]\s view ( ! matt]4 ,x is obvi\s t if he rema9s on ! f>m long en\gh ! t5ant w come into 8 %>e ( ! b5efit1 :ile if he int5ds to leave ! f>m soon he may n4 ,!re is 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] a prosp]\s t5ant :o1 aft] eighte5 ye>s on a s+le f>m1 decl>$ he _h no desire to make a *ange1 & d\btless !re are ?\s&s ( simil> in/ances4 ,"u ! plan 9 :i* ! t5ant furni%es ev]y?+ except ! real e/ate1 ! t5d5cy ( ! f>m is apt to be d[nw>d bo? z to ! improvem5ts & ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil4 ,! int]e/s ( ! l&lord & t5ant are n mutual4 ,?is condition ( t5ancy leads to gr[+ only ^? crops :i* c be readily sold f ! f>m & to frequ5t *anges ( ! t5ant1 ) its accompany+ auction sales ( prop]ty4 ,9 "o region1 :]e ?is sy/em prevails1 x has be5 faceti\sly rem>k$ t ea* t5ant has a sale e ye> to det]m9e h[ mu* he is wor?4 ,x is less tr\ble ?an tak+ an inv5tory4 ,9 ! second =m ( %>e r5t1 ! int]e/s ( l&lord & t5ant are m ne>ly mutual4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 animal husb&ry is possible1 :i*1 g5]ally1 involves pa/ur+ & fe$+ a consid]able "p ( ! crops ^u ! f>m1 & ev5 ! pur*ase ( nitrog5\s by-products4 ,all ?is leads to p]man5cy ( t5ant1 s9ce ! l&lord & t5ant are bo? int]e/$ 9 ! live /ock & o!r p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* _c be divid$1 ) economy1 ea* ye>4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! h\se is ! lea/ likely to be kept 9 repair4 ,! improvem5t ( ! b>ns & f5ces or ! lay+ ( tile dra9s increases ! l&lord's income1 b he has no f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! h\se1 s long z ! t5ant is will+ to live 9 x4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m v>iations 9 ! arrangem5t ( details betwe5 ! l&lord & t5ant4 ,on _m dairy f>ms 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates x is cu/om>y = ! l&lord to own ! c[s4 ,:ile ! l&lord & t5ant %>e equally f ! sale ( milk1 butt] or *eese1 9 su* cases ! increase 9 ! h]d belongs to ! own] ( ! l&4 ,h5ce1 money f ! sale ( any animal1 old or "y1 goes to him4 ,?is is because ! l&lord mu/ keep up ! h]d4 ,if a c[ is sold1 he mu/ furni% ano!r to take h] place4 7c7 ,! ?ird type ( t5ant f>m+ is :]e ! t5ant furni%es no?+ b 8 labor & manag]ial ability1 & receives a %>e ( ! sales1 :i* may be "o-?ird4 ,?is is r an unusual type ( t5ancy1 s9ce1 :]e ! l&lord furni%es all ! capital1 x is mu* m common to employ a f>m manag] at a mon?ly wage4 ,! wage v>ies greatly1 b is seldom bel[ =ty doll>s or above sev5ty-five doll>s p] mon? )\t bo>d1 especially to ^? :o h n hi!rto _h mu* manag]ial exp]i5ce4 ,v>i\s attempts at pr(it %>+ h be5 made4 ,a rec5t in/ance is ( a "y m>ri$ man tak+ #afj acres ( tillable l& :]e ! l&lord has a fairly well-/ock$ f>m4 ,! "y man is to h a h\se & ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( liv+ ! f>m c furni%4 ,he is to receive #bj a mon? & "o-half ! net proce$s1 or1 :at is call$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 ! f>m income4 ,9 consid]+ a contract ( ?is k9d x is necess>y to make a c>eful di/9ction betwe53 7#a7 ,gross sales1 7#b7 net proce$s1 viz43 ! gross sales less ! exp5ses ( runn+ ! f>m1 & 7#c7 pr(its1 :i* may be def9$ = ! purpose ( ?is discussion z ! net proce$s less ! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t4,a ,assum+ #afj acres ( l&1 all tillable1 devot$ to dairy f>m+ 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 gross sales may be e/imat$ at #bj an acre1 or an annual gross income ( #c1bjj1 & ! net proce$s at #aj an acre1 or #a1fjj4 ,"u ^! conditions ! "y man's income w\ld be #bdj1 receiv$ z wages1 plus #hjj1 z 8 %>e ( ! net proce$s1 or a total ( #a1jdj a ye>4 ,g5]ally speak+1 probably a m satisfactory me?od1 bo? = l&lord & ! f>m manag]1 w\ld be to pay ! latt] z ne>ly z may be :at 8 s]vices %\ld be wor? & give him 9 addition "o-half ! pr(its2 t is1 "o-half ( t :i* 0 left aft] d$uct+ ! exp5ses ( runn+ ! f>m & int]e/ on ! capital inve/$4 ,m]ely = illu/rat+ ! me?od ( calculation1 let u assume ?is f>m ) its equipm5t to be wor? #ajj an acre1 or #af1jjj4 ,let ! f>m manag] be paid #hdj a ye>4 ,assume ! same gross income1 #c1bjj1 & ! same co/ ( op]at+1 #a1fjj1 to :i* add #fjj1 ! additional sal>y ( ! manag]4 ,! total exp5se is !n #b1bjj1 & ! net proce$s #a1jjj4 ,if #d1 or #fdj1 0 *>g$ on ! inve/m5t1 !re w\ld be #cfj to be divid$ betwe5 l&lord & manag]1 mak+ ! sal>y ( manag] #a1jbj4 ,a simple calculation w %[ t if #e 7 *>g$1 ! sal>y ( ! manag] w\ld be #idj a ye>1 & if #f1 #hfj a ye>4 ,! advantage ( ! latt] me?od ( employm5t is t ! "y man runs less risk1 :ile bo? receive equally any surplus beyond fair wages & fair int]e/ on ! inve/m5t4 ,9 ?is connection x is important to consid] h[ mu* may be reasonably paid = manag]ial ability4 ,a /udy ( ! figures on page #acc w %[ t ! labor income f a consid]able numb] ( f>ms ( ! bett] class 0 ab\t #g ( ! capital inve/$ 9 ! f>ms4 ,! inf]5ce is1 !re=e1 t if a man has #aj1jjj wisely inve/$ 9 a f>m he may pay #gjj = a work+ manag]2 or1 to put x 9 ano!r =m1 be=e ! own] ( a f>m c af=d to pay #a1bjj a ye> = a f>m manag]1 he %\ld h ab\t #ag1jjj inve/$4 ,moreov]1 ?is inve/m5t mu/ be 9 a =m calculat$ to return an income4 ,if "p ( x consi/s ( inve/m5ts = pleasure or fancy1 su* inve/m5t w n only n add to ! income1 b w detract f x by increas+ ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,?is is sc>cely less important to ! employee ?an x is to ! employ]1 s9ce if ! own] pays a high] sal>y ?an ! manag] c e>n1 he q surely w soon] or lat] dis*>ge 8 manag]4 ,?is may result disa/r\sly = ! dis*>g$ "y man1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! loss ( employm5t1 b because 8 failure may militate aga9/ 8 secur+ satisfactory employm5t else:]e4 ,:5 an employ] is seek+ a man1 he looks = "o :o has succe$$4 ,!re is an old say+1 ,no?+ succe$s l success1 & x is only too true t no?+ fails l failure4 ----- ,a ,pr(it is sometimes def9$ z t "p ( ! product :i* ! produc] c consume )\t r$uc+ 8 means ( production4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f>m ,,organization ,9 ! la/ *apt] 7 discuss$ ! mo/ common me?ods by :i* a "y man acquires an opportunity to engage 9 f>m+4 ,?is *apt] w discuss "s less common arrangem5ts by :i* may be bridg$ t p]iod betwe5 ! "t ! son is ready to g into ! bus9ess & ! "t he may assume ! complete control ( ! ance/ral or o!r f>m4 ,x w also sugge/ a me?od = ! cont9u\s bus9ess managem5t ( a f>m ent]prise4 ,z /at$1 ! mo/ common reason = a f>m *ang+ f "o family to ano!r is ! fact t no heir is will+ to assume ! obligation :i* is involv$ 9 pay+ = ! int]e/ ( ! o!r heirs4 ,connect$ ) ?is problem is ! fur!r fact t ! fa!r is n usually ready to give up ! managem5t ( ! f>m at ! "t "o ( 8 sons rea*es ! age to g into active bus9ess4 ,! reason = ?is /ate ( affairs is made cle> by ! results ( insurance /ati/ics4 ,! p]iod t a man may be expect$ to live c be obta9$ by tak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 pres5t age & #ij & divid+ ! rema9d] by two4 ,?us1 a "y man :o is #bj may reasonably expect to live #ce ye>s1 or until he is #ee ye>s old4 ,a man at #ej1 h[ev]1 /ill has an expectation ( life ( #bj ye>s1 & ! man ( #gj ( #aj ye>s4 ,a f>m] ( #ej w usually h "o or m sons ready to g to f>m+ if !y ev] expect to engage 9 f>m+4 ,b1 z has be5 %[n1 a man ( #ej has a reasonable expectation ( #bj m ye>s ( life & _c turn ov] ! f>m to 8 son1 completely1 )\t de/roy+ 8 own opportunity = e>n+ a livelihood4 ,z ?+s are usually arrang$1 !re=e1 !re is no place on ! av]age f>m = ! son1 except z a hir$ h&1 :i* is n desir$ p]man5tly by ei!r fa!r or son4 ,frequ5tly ! fa!r fails to appreciate ! e>n+ p[] ( 8 son1 &1 :at is m important1 t ! boy has gr[n into a man4 ,"o day a tea*] call$ a /ud5t ( agriculture to 8 (fice1 :5 ! foll[+ conv]sation occurr$3 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,arm/rong1 ,au/9burg1 ,a%tabula c\nty1 ,ohio1 0 a dairy t5ant f>m] = tw5ty ye>s ) no?+ to %[ = 8 labor b a debt ( #ejj4 ,he !n b\ght ! f>m ( #add acres on :i* he lives1 )\t ca% paym5t1 assum+ a debt ( #g1jjj4 ,at ! end ( t5 ye>s he own$ 8 f>m & equipm5t valu$ at #bj1jjj4 ,he has two sons :o h be5 important factors 9 8 success4 ,a ye> ago "o ( !m m>ri$ & w5t to a f>m ( 8 own1 ! fa!r pay+ him #c1jjj = 8 =m] labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,m4 ,hunt1 ,ackley1 ,i[a1 two ye>s a /ud5t at ,i[a ,/ate ,college4 ,he return$ to ! home f>m ( #abj acres1 :i*1 )\t any capital1 he r5t$ f 8 fa!r4 ,at ! age ( #be 8 gross receipts f ?is f>m 7 a little ov] #d1jjj4 ,aft] pay+ r5t1 liv+1 keep+ a family ( f\r1 a few trips to fairs & corn %[s1 he _h net #a1ejj = 8 ye>'s "w4 ,picture %[s home ) fa!r1 "m & si/] 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! ,bureau ( ,soils at ,wa%+ton1 said ! tea*]1 has ask$ me to recomm5d sev]al ( our /ud5ts to !m = positions z field assi/ants4 ,if y desire to h me d s1 ,i w\ld be glad to recomm5d y = "o ( ^! positions4 ,! comp5sation is #a1jjj a ye> & field exp5ses4 ,i d n believe t ,i c accept1 said ,mr4 ,mann+1 my fa!r is 9 poor heal? & ne$s my help on ! f>m4 ,does y\r fa!r want y to take *>ge ( ! f>m & manage x s t y c make y\r tra9+ c\nt8 ,no2 my fa!r expects to cont9ue to manage ! f>m4 ,he wi%es me to "w = him4 ,h[ mu* does y\r fa!r expect to pay y8 ,?irty doll>s a mon?4 ,! tea*] f\nd x extremely difficult n to int]f]e1 b he m]ely said1 ,?is is a case ( filial duty :i* y mu/ settle = y\rself4 ,i mu/ h no?+ fur!r to say4 ,! "y man return$ to ! ance/ral home & is probably /ill !re4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to det]m9e ! m]its ( an individual case1 b ?is incid5t repres5ts a type ( cases :]e ! son makes two important sacrifices f ! s5se ( duty4 ,fir/1 he sacrifices pres5t1 &1 p]haps1 future opportunity to e>n ! wages ( :i* he is capable & to :i* he is ju/ly entitl$4 ,&1 second1 & m important1 he sacrifices ! opportunity to develop 8 own p[]s & make concrete 8 own ab/ract self4 ,!re are two ?+s t e "y man %\ld d4 ,"o is to e>n a liv+4 ,a man t _c or does n e>n a liv+ is ( no value to himself or to anyone else4 ,! o!r is to develop )9 himself 8 lat5t possibilities4 ,he mu/ apply himself to "s problem1 or problems1 & ?r\gh !m develop 8 own p]sonality4 ,!re is no place :]e m intricate & satisfy+ problems may be f\nd ?an 9 ! developm5t ( a successful f>m+ ent]prise4 ,9 ! in/ance cit$1 ! fa!r may h be5 unable to pay 8 son ! wage he might h obta9$ else:]e1 b he did n ne$ to dw>f 8 son's developm5t by treat+ him m]ely z a hir$ h&4 ,8 will+ness to d s 0 probably due to 8 failure to appreciate t 8 son _h become a man4 ,sometimes a fa!r is a/ute en\gh to reorganize 8 bus9ess s z to reta9 a place = himself :ile giv+ to 8 sons t opportunity :i* e man mu/ h :o develops himself normally4 ,an ,ohio f>m] once came to ! ,dean's (fice4 ,he _h a son 9 college :o 0 j complet+ ! fir/ ye> ( a two ye>s' c\rse 9 agriculture4 ,i %\ld l to h y f9d a place = my son 9 a *eese factory dur+ ! com+ summ]1 said ,mr4 ,mc,kinley4 ,i own a f>m ( #acj acres on :i* ,i h a h]d ( ,j]sey cattle1 cont9u$ ! fa!r4 ,i h two sons & "o daught]4 ,i w\ld l to h my sons ab\t me1 b !re is no place = !m on my f>m because ,i am !re & _c get away4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n desire to give up ! managem5t ( ! f>m & ! developm5t ( ! h]d ( cattle4 ,n e fa!r sees ! situation z cle>ly z y d1 int]ject$ ! ,dean4 ,?is is my plan4 ,aft] my son has sp5t a summ] 9 a *eese factory1 ,i want him to come back to y\r s*ool = ano!r ye>4 ,i want him to le>n1 especially1 all y tea* ab\t dairy+4 ,i w !n build a *eese factory on my own f>m & my son w make into *eese ! milk ( my own h]d1 & also f ! h]ds ( our neighbors4 ,by ! "t he has complet$ 8 "w ) y1 my y\ng] son w h f9i%$ ! high s*ool4 ,he has "s lik+ = trad+1 & he w sell ! *eese at :olesale & deliv] x to ! surr\nd+ t[ns :]e m>kets are unexcell$4 ,z = ! daught]1 cont9u$ ?is practical man1 %e w get m>ri$ & t w take c>e ( h]4 ,:at became ( ! daught] is n kn[n to ! writ]1 b ! re/ ( ! program 0 c>ri$ out successfully & cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,a ,g]man came to ?is c\ntry & settl$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e he e/abli%$ a l>ge or*>d4 ,9 c\rse ( "t 8 two sons grew into manhood4 ,:ile1 ( c\rse1 requir+ pl5ty ( labor]s1 ! or*>di/ did n ne$ ! sons 9 ! managem5t ( 8 f>m4 ,he1 !re=e1 e/abli%$ "o ( ^! sons 9 ! commission bus9ess 9 ,philadelphia1 ?us1 at lea/1 keep+ ! pr(its on ! sale ( ! products ( 8 or*>d 9 ! family4 ,he also ne$$ cold /orage = 8 fruit4 ,! o!r son />t$ a cold /orage plant1 :i* plays an important "p 9 ! pr(itable managem5t ( ! or*>d4 ,?us bo? sons h indep5d5t employm5t requir+ manag]ial ability & ! or*>d is mu* m pr(itable ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,our l& laws1 our traditions & our practices are bas$ ^u ! idea t a f>m is to provide activity & support = b "o family4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ! son may m>ry & beg9 to develop 8 life 9 8 own way1 x is ess5tial to reorganize 9 "s mann] ! me?od ( manag+ ! f>m or to enl>ge or1 p]haps1 specialize its activities4 ,?is may be accompli%$ on a simple p>tn]%ip basis1 or x may be 9 "s su* l9e z outl9$ 9 ! illu/rations :i* h be5 giv54 ,9 o!r occupations su* co-op]ative ef=t is ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,t x is m difficult to effect satisfactory arrangem5ts 9 f>m+ mu/ be conc$$1 else !y w\ld be m common4 ,d\btless x w (t5 tax ! +5uity ( fa!r & son to devise ! plans be/ suit$ to meet _! p>ticul> problem4 ,!re /ill rema9s to consid] ano!r =m ( bus9ess relation z appli$ to f>m+ :i* has become almo/ univ]sal 9 trade & transportation4 ,! foll[+ incid5t may illu/rate & emphasize ! problem bett] ?an ab/ract discussion3 ,"o day a man walk$ into an (fice & /at$ t a fri5d _h a half million doll>s to inve/ 9 f>m+1 provid$ t he c\ld be conv9c$ t ! money w\ld be inve/$ pr(itably4 ,does y\r fri5d desire to buy l& 9 any p>ticul> locality8 ,yes1 repli$ ! promot]1 he wi%es to buy l& ne> ----4 ,he has "s s5tim5t ab\t x4 ,he 0 born 9 t neighborhood4 ,well1 t is a r bad beg9n+4 ,f>m+ on s5tim5t is dang]\s1 especially :5 ! s5tim5t is 9 no way relat$ to ! bus9ess4 ,! facts 7 t ! region indicat$ 0 recogniz$ to be "o ( ! mo/ unpromis+ sections ( ! /ate4 ,if y und]take to inve/ a half million doll>s 9 "o neighborhood1 cont9u$ ! advis]1 y w pretty c]ta9ly fail to e>n int]e/ on y\r inve/m5t4 ,:y8 inquir$ ! promot]4 ,be=e y c\ld possibly buy any consid]able "p ( ! l& ! own]s ( ! f>ms y desire to buy w\ld h d\bl$ or p]haps trebl$ ! price ask$ = _! hold+s4 ,x is "o ?+ to e>n int]e/ on an inve/m5t ( #cj an acre & q ano!r to e>n an equal p] c5t on #fj or #ij an acre4 ,9 ! second place1 f>m]s are cont5t to accept less p] c5t on _! capital ?an !y w\ld if x 0 loan$ at int]e/1 because ! f>m furni%es a home z well z a bus9ess4 ,:5 y buy up all ^! f>ms & conv]t !m into a s+le ent]prise y w de/roy _! home value4 ,y _c hope to compete ) ! man1 :o1 because 8 f>m furni%es him a home1 is cont5t ) an o!rwise small return on 8 inve/m5t4 ,!re 7 o!r reasons1 ( c\rse1 :y su* an ent]prise w\ld fail1 :i* ! speak] did n /op to expla94 ,y are mi/ak51 *all5g$ ! promot]4 ,i int5d to meet bo? y\r objections4 ,my plan is to =m a corporation & issue bo? pref]r$ & common /ock4 ,! pref]r$ /ock %all be> #e & t w belong to my fri5d :o furni%es ! money4 ,i w reta9 ! common /ock4 ,five p] c5t is all ! own] ( ! money is entitl$ to1 :ile if ! bus9ess returns m ?an t am\nt1 x w be due to my managem5t4 ,i1 & ^? associat$ ) me1 are entitl$ to all t is made above five p] c5t4 ,by reta9+ ! common /ock ! surplus income w come to u4 ,nei!r w ,i de/roy ! home value1 because ,i %all associate ! =m] own]s ) me 9 ! conduct ( ! e/ate & may give !m "s ( ! common /ock1 s t !y w be int]e/$ ) me 9 mak+ a pr(itable return4 ,if !y wi% to keep _! money inve/$ 9 ! f>m1 !y w be giv5 pref]r$ /ock 9 place ( ca% = _! f>ms4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! promot] nev] conv9c$ 8 fri5d t he c\ld successfully inve/ = him a half million doll>s along ! l9es indicat$4 ,nev]!less ! corporate plan is n )\t m]it4 ,= example1 if a fa!r %\ld incorporate 8 f>m1 he c\ld provide = ! inh]itance ( ! pref]r$ /ock1 among ! heirs1 z he desires4 ,he c\ld give to ! son :o op]ates ! f>m all ! common /ock1 toge!r ) :at pref]r$ /ock he is entitl$ or ! fa!r may desire him to h4 ,! common /ock w\ld provide ! means by :i* ! income f ! f>m1 :i* 0 due to ! sons skill & managem5t1 might g to him4 ,z "t w5t on ! son c\ld acquire additional pref]r$ /ock f ! fa!r or o!r heirs1 or he c\ld inve/ 8 e>n+s else:]e1 z might seem mo/ exp$i5t4 ,on ! dea? ( ! p>5ts1 ! pref]r$ /ock w\ld be di/ribut$ z inh]itance or ! w provid$ )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! cont9uity ( ! f>m ent]prise4 ,if at any "t ! son desir$ to discont9ue ! managem5t ( ! f>m1 all he w\ld ne$ to d w\ld be to dispose ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! common /ock at :atev] he might be able to secure f ! man :o succe$$ to its managem5t4 ,he c\ld sell or reta9 8 pref]r$ /ock4 ,f>m+ is ! "o rema9+ great indu/ry t has n be5 organiz$ s t a s+le ent]prise may h a cont9u\s exi/5ce4 ,a corporation nev] dies1 b at lea/ ?ree g5]ations ( m5 occupy ! f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,agriculture ,"s ye>s ago1 a prom95t magaz9e conta9$ an article entitl$ ,! ,am]ican ,f>m]'s ,balance ,%eet1 9 :i* a desc5dant ( ! second & six? ,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 %[n to h made 9 "o ye> a pr(it ( ov] #ai1jjj f a #f1jjj-;acre :eat f>m 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 & ov] #ej1jjj f a #f1jjj-;acre corn f>m 9 ,i[a4 ,a few mon?s lat] !re appe>$ 9 ! same magaz9e ano!r article1 ! purport ( :i* 0 t great weal?1 :e!r x be obta9$ f f>m+1 ! m9+ ( coal1 ! manufacture ( /eel or ! sell+ ( m]*&ise1 is ! exception1 :ile ! man1 9 :atev] call+1 :o re>s & educates a family & at ! same "t lays by a small compet5ce is ! normal ,am]ican product4 ,! moral is t a #ejj-;a-ye>-income f>m is a m important factor to ! national welf>e ?an a #ej1jjj-;a-ye>-income f>m4 ,9 ! latt] article ! writ] tells ( two bro!rs :o _h be5 re>$ on a ,mi*igan f>m4 ,reub5 0 tir$ ( ! c\ntry4 ,he w5t to ! city & appr5tic$ himself to a h>nessmak]4 ,aga9/ ! advice ( "y fri5ds1 ,luci5 b\ght sixty acres ( l& & ran 9 debt = x4 ,9 a ye> ,reub5 0 e>n+ a doll> a day4 ,he wore a :ite %irt & po9t$ %oes1 n because !y 7 m com=table1 b because o!r p did4 ,he _h no debts4 ,luci5 _h fair crops1 b !y yield$ no m ?an en\gh to pay int]e/ on ! mortgage4 ,he wore a ragg$ %irt1 pat*$ bree*es & c[hide boots4 ,p said t ,reub5 0 mak+ a g5tleman ( himself & le>n+ a trade 9 ! b>ga94 ,9 two ye>s1 ,reub5 _h complet$ 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,he 0 n[ e>n+ #aj a week4 ,he liv$ 9 a h\se t _h a fancy v]&a & gre5 bl9ds4 ,8 clo?+ improv$4 ,luci5 0 /ill ragg$1 b he paid 8 int]e/ & #cjj ea* ye> ^u ! pr9cipal4 ,p said t ,reub51 ! h>nessmak]1 0 b\nd to come to ! front4 ,9 t5 ye>s m1 ,reub5 0 /ill =eman ( ! %op at #ej a mon?4 ,he liv$ 9 ! same h\se1 & smok$ ,havana cig>s4 ,luci5 built a new h\se & a b>n4 ,he smok$ a pipe4 ,! neighbors saw t e ye> he made "s improvem5t on ! f>m4 ,he wore a :ite %irt :5 he w5t to t[n1 & he _h a pair ( button %oes4 ,p said t ,luci5 0 becom+ a prom95t man4 ,8 ^w 0 good at ! bank4 ,reub5 began to compla9 t h>nessmak+ 0 too conf9+4 ,8 heal? 0 break+ d[n4 ,! proprietor 0 selfi%4 ,he w\ld n die & leave ! bus9ess to him4 ,h>nessmak+ 0 n :at x us$ to be4 ,luci5 b\ght m l&4 ,he w5t fi%+ :5 he want$ to4 ,reub5 came out n[ & !n to sp5d ,sunday4 ,! birds seem$ to s+ m sweetly ?an ev] be=e & ! grass 0 gre5]4 ,luci5 endors$ ,reub5's note4 ,luci5 has pigs1 & c[s1 & %eep1 & *ick5s1 & turkeys1 & horses4 ,he raises potatoes & beans1 & corn1 & :eat1 & g>d5 /uff1 & fruit4 ,he buys 8 groc]ies & clo?+ & tobacco4 ,reub5 buys ev]y?+4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> ,luci5 puts f #ajj to #cjj 9 ! bank or takes a trip to ,wa%+ton4 ,reub5 does well if he come out ev54 ,luci5 does n fret2 ,reub5 grumbles4 ,! picture is true to life4 ,x has be5 enact$ & re-enact$ 9 e "o ( ! old] communities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has always seem$ to ! writ]1 h[ev]1 t ! au?or ( ?is sugge/ive /ory left out two important p]sonages4 ,!y 7 ,s>ah1 ! wife ( ,reub51 & ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,luci54 ,s>ah lik$ to make tatt+ & to g to p9k teas4 ,m>y pref]r$ to raise fl[]s & fluffy little *ick5s4 ,no?+ is to be said = or aga9/ ! ta/e ( ei!r4 ,ea* has a "r to h] pref]5ce1 b _! po9t ( view _c be left out ( ! problem :5 a "y man is consid]+ 8 future occupation4 ,x has be5 said1 & probably ) consid]able tru?1 t mo/ congressm5 w\ld n hang ar\nd ,wa%+ton if x 7 n = _! wives4 ,no "o mu/ mi/ake ?is /ory z an attempt to comp>e h>ness mak+ ) f>m+1 mu* less to comp>e liv+ 9 ! city ) life 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,:at x does is to comp>e ! /ruggle & ! developm5t ( ! man :o goes into bus9ess = himself ) ! man :o accepts employm5t at wages4 ,because ( less responsibility & less sacrifices at ! beg9n+1 ! t5d5cy is = "y m5 to "w = wages r ?an to engage 9 bus9ess = !mselves4 ,?is is becom+ m & m true z indu/rial me?ods make x m & m difficult = ! "y man to comm& ! requisite capital4 ,! man :o works = wages usually has ! l>g] income & appe>s ! mo/ prosp]\s dur+ ! e>li] ye>s z comp>$ ) 8 bro!r :o ent]s bus9ess4 ,! bus9ess man1 h[ev]1 :o1 :ile "y1 economizes & inve/s 8 sav+s 9 8 bus9ess gradually out/rips 8 wage-e>n+ bro!r4 ,dur+ lat] life he is able to enjoy ! fruits ( 8 e>li] economy & inve/m5ts1 :ile fail+ p[]s & ke5 competition ( y\ng] & bett] tra9$ m5 re/rict ! opportunities ( ! wage e>n]1 :o has g5]ally sp5t 8 wages 9 bett] liv+1 or at lea/ 9 m outw>d %[4 ,?is is well %[n by ! fact t x is cu/om>y to make provision by means ( p5sions = wage e>n]s ( all sorts1 :ile no su* arrangem5t is made = m5 :o engage 9 bus9ess1 be t f>m+1 trade or transportation4 ,= _m reasons1 h[ev]1 "y m5 w cont9ue to seek employm5t at wages1 ev5 if only = a few ye>s1 or until "s capital has be5 acquir$ :i* may be inve/$ 9 bus9ess4 ,! "q arises1 !re=e1 :at opportunities !re may be = ! "y man :o desires to engage1 ev5tually1 9 ! bus9ess ( f>m+ to "w = wages along l9es t w n be too f> remov$ f ! bus9ess 9 :i* he is subsequ5tly to engage4 ,x w be assum$ t ! "y man has prep>$ himself 9 t same pa9/ak+ way t he w\ld if he 7 prep>+ to become an eng9e]1 a lawy] or a physician4 ,!re is a con/ant dem& = m5 ) prop] tra9+ z manag]s ( f>ms4 ,z /at$ else:]e1 ! wages are seldom less ?an #dj nor m ?an #ge a mon? to beg9n]s1 al?\gh = m5 ( exp]i5ce #e1jjj a ye> has be5 paid 9 exceptional cases = ! managem5t ( l>ge ent]prises4 ,^! positions (t5 con/itute ideal opportunities = capable "y m54 ,!y require1 h[ev]1 n only an intimate k ( f>m+1 b ! ability1 also1 to manage m54 ,! ability to manage m5 requires ! comb9ation ( decision & tact1 n possess$ by all1 & n easily acquir$ by education or practice4 ,n only mu/ ! f>m manag] be able to manage workm51 b (t5times he mu/ manage 8 employ]1 :o may h little k ( f>m+ b /ill insi/s ^u hav+ 8 own ideas execut$1 z he1 ( c\rse1 has a p]fect "r to d4 ,ano!r dang] is ! fact t :]e ! f>m is own$ by a man engag$ 9 o!r bus9ess1 _m circum/ances may arise to cause ! own] to *ange 8 plans or sell 8 prop]ty4 ,!re is (t51 !re=e1 a lack ( p]man5cy 9 ^! positions4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture employs upw>d ( #e1jjj p4 ,!re is a con/ant dem& = "y m5 to recruit ?is s]vice1 includ+ exp]ts 9 soils1 plant production1 animal husb&ry1 dairy+1 *emi/ry & =e/ry4 ,beg9n]s receive f #hjj to #a1jjj a ye>4 ,:5 !y are s5t out ( ,wa%+ton into field s]vice1 z _m ( !m are1 !y receive _! exp5ses1 includ+ subsi/5ce 9 addition4 ,"y m5 may rise r rapidly by promotion to #a1fjj a ye>1 !n m sl[ly to #b1jjj1 :ile an occasional man is promot$ to ! m responsible position pay+ #c1jjj to #d1jjj a ye>4 ,! positions are all fill$ ?r\gh ! competitive civil s]vice exam9ations4 ,exam9ations are held at m or less irregul> int]vals1 usually sev]al times a ye>1 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,a lett] address$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,civil ,s]vice ,commission w secure ! necess>y in=mation conc]n+ op5+s & ! g5]al requirem5ts = ! exam9ations4 ,employm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture (t5 af=ds opportunity = v>i$ exp]i5ce & wide obs]vation ( f>m+ me?ods ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,su* employm5t is g5]ally to be consid]$ desirable if n cont9u$ = too long a p]iod4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 m5 are con/antly leav+ ! s]vice to engage 9 practical or o!r "w1 a fact :i* makes ! dem& = "y m5 great] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,! v>i\s agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations are con/antly seek+ m54 ,x w\ld seem t ! dem& w\ld ev5tually be satisfi$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x gr[s great] ye> by ye>1 bo? because ^! in/itutions cont9ue to gr[ & because "y m5 are attract$ m & m to practical "w4 ,x is /at$ t 9 "o in/itution !re 7 #df graduates 9 ! c\rse 9 animal husb&ry & t #dd w5t into practical "w & only two s\ght employm5t 9 college or /ation4 ,! sal>ies are ab\t ! same z 9 gov]nm5t positions4 ,agricultural newspap] "w (f]s an attractive field = "y m5 :o are prop]ly tra9$ & h a ta/e = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,!re is also beg9n+ to be q a dem& = tea*]s ( agriculture 9 ! high s*ools4 ,z a rule a man is want$ :o c tea*1 9 addition1 ! sci5ces usually taught 9 second>y s*ool4 ,! cu/om>y sal>y is f #gj to #ajj a mon? on an eight to t5 mon?s' basis4 ,an exp]i5ce ( "o or two ye>s z a tea*] 9 a high s*ool1 or ev5 ! l[] grades ( ! public s*ool1 %\ld be invaluable to ! "y man :o expects subsequ5tly to engage 9 f>m+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true if he has n _h ! opportunity ( a college tra9+4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to /ate t ! sal>ies m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] are obta9$ only by "y m5 :o possess c]ta9 qualifications4 ,to secure !m1 !y mu/ be m5 ( ability1 integrity1 virtue & indu/ry4 ,no man :o is n will+ to make ! prep>ation necess>y to ma/] 8 subject c expect to succe$4 ,he mu/1 also1 be a man ( absolute hone/y1 & he mu/ lead a clean life4 ,x 0 ,bism>ck :o said1 ( ,g]man univ]sity /ud5ts1 ,"o-?ird die out2 "o-?ird rot out2 ! o!r ?ird rule ,g]many4 ,e man :o w may *oose :e!r he w belong to ,bism>ck's second or ?ird class4 ,! "q = ! "y man ( #bj is n m]ely z to ! morr[1 b :at is likely to be ! tr5d ( ev5ts dur+ ! next #ce to #ej ye>s4 ,9 #ahjj ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[h]e cross$ ! ,mississippi & n[h]e t\*$ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,9 #ahej ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] 0 agriculturally l>gely an undiscov]$ region4 ,s9ce #ahgj we h mu* m ?an d\bl$ our population & our agriculture4 ,s9ce t "t we h subdu$ m ( ! op5 c\ntry to ! uses ( man ?an we _h be5 able to d 9 #bej ye>s ( our previ\s hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! pa/ #cjj ye>s we h prid$ ourselves ^u be+ an agricultural p4 ,we h be5 an agricultural p1 b our problems h n be5 *iefly ^? ( ! agriculturi/1 b ^? ( ! eng9e]4 ,our problem1 9 ! pa/1 has n be5 to make two blades ( grass to gr[ :]e b "o grew be=e4 ,our problem has be5 to h>ve/ & transport two bu%els ( :eat or two bales ( cotton ) ! labor previ\sly requir$ to h>ve/ "o4 ,our crops h be5 s abundant t ! agricultural problems connect$ ) ! gr[+ ( !m has be5 second>y to ! eng9e]+ problems ( _! h>ve/+ & transportation4 ,! self-b9d] & ! /eam locomotive h be5 our a*ievem5ts4 ,if ! writ] mi/akes n1 ! future problem w n be s mu* ! h>ve/+ & transport+1 z ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9 ! future1 "y m5 w be ne$$ :o h /udi$ ! sci5ce ( liv+ ?+s 9 ord] t !y may make1 lit]ally1 two blades ( grass to gr[ :]e b "o grew4 ,to m5 :o w be able to d s1 w come success & honor4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,:]e ,,to ,,locate ,unless ! "y f>m] expects to return to ! ance/ral home1 ! fir/ "q he mu/ settle is :]e he is go+ to locate4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ common que/ions ask$ is1 ,:at d y ?9k ( ?is /ate or t /ate or ?is region or t z a place to f>m8 ,!re are few que/ions h>d] to answ]4 ,?is is due1 among o!r reasons1 to ! fact t e place has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,! sum ( ! advantages may be great] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 b if ^! advantages are kn[n !y mu/ g5]ally be paid =4 ,new adaptations1 h[ev]1 may *ange mat]ially ! value ( ! l& 9 a giv5 locality z1 = example1 ! discov]y t a region is especially adapt$ to rais+ alfalfa1 onions1 cabbages1 apples or pea*es4 ,*ang+ conditions1 z ! gr[? ( population or bett] transportation facilities1 may mat]ially affect ! attractiv5ess ( a region f ! /&po9t ( ! f>m]4 ,! competition ( o!r regions :i* gr[ simil> crops is a pot5t factor 9 det]m9+ ! desirability ( a region4 ,= example1 ! f>m]s ea/ ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury compet$ ) ! f>m]s ( ! c5tral ,we/ :o _h free1 f]tile1 easily till$ l& on :i* to gr[ maize1 :eat & oats4 ,cattle & %eep 7 pa/ur$ on ! op5 range4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury has f\nd ! l& ( ?is region settl$ & capitaliz$ 9 "s in/ances beyond t ( ! ea/]n /ates2 ?us "o factor at lea/ ( competition has be5 elim9at$4 ,:ile f>m values readju/ !mselves 9 "t1 x (t5 happ5s1 especially 9 ! old] settl$ regions1 t f>m values are sl[ 9 reflect+ ^! *anges 9 economic conditions4 ,*ang$ conditions (t5 call = a *ange 9 f>m me?ods :i* ! habits & traditions ( ev5 "o g5]ation prev5t4 ,to ! man :o is able to apply ! prop] me?ods ! region may be a desirable "o1 al?\gh "u exi/+ conditions ! results may be unsatisfactory4 ,! "y man1 h[ev]1 is caution$ at ?is po9t n to be ov]confid5t ( 8 own ability4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is well to /udy ! problem ) great c>e1 because ! me?ods :i* seem unwise to ! casual obs]v] may1 aft] all1 be f\nd to be bas$ ^u s\nd economic pr9ciples4 ,a man ( #be :o is look+ = a location %\ld n only /udy ! pres5t conditions ( ! locality1 b try to pr$ict :at is likely to be ! future ( ! region dur+ ! next ?ird ( a c5tury1 s9ce ?is is ! p]iod 9 :i* he may reasonably expect to be p]sonally int]e/$1 al?\gh lat] 9 life he w f9d himself q z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! m di/ant future on acc\nt ( 8 *ildr54 ,no?+ is m self-evid5t ?an t "o %\ld *oose a region1 especially z reg>ds soil & climate1 :i* is adapt$ to ! crop or crops to be rais$1 yet !re are probably m failures due to a lack ( crop adaptation ?an to any o!r cause t is n p]sonal to ! man himself4 ,n only d apples1 = _! be/ success1 require c]ta9 soil types1 b diff]5t v>ieties ( apples require = _! be/ developm5t1 di/9ctly diff]5t types ( soil z1 = example1 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 ,baldw91 ,york ,imp]ial & ,grime's ,gold54 ,ea* rea*es its be/ developm5t on diff]5t types ( soil & "s require diff]5t climatic conditions4 ,9 l mann] apples & pea*es require di/9ctly diff]5t types ( soil = ! be/ success ( ea* & = ?is reason pea*es are n desirable z fill]s 9 apple or*>ds4 ,if at ! prop] season ( ! ye> "o goes f ,pittsburg to ,*icago via ,columbus & ,indianapolis1 he w see great fields ( w9t] :eat & a consid]able numb] ( p]man5t pa/ures4 ,f ,*icago to ,omaha he w see only occasionally a field ( :eat & sc>cely any p]man5t pa/ure4 ,oats h tak5 ! place ( :eat4 ,9 p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,kansas & ,oklahoma ! pr$om9ant crop is w9t] :eat4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole region f ,pittsburg to ,topeka1 ,kansas1 ! *>act]i/ic crop is maize or ,indian corn4 ,betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,f>go1 ! ma9 crops are spr+ :eat & oats4 ,"o may travel f ,w9nipeg1 ,manitoba1 to ,calg>y1 ,alb]ta1 a di/ance ( ov] "o ?\s& miles )\t see+ a field ( maize4 ,9 "s portions ! ma9 crop is :eat1 9 o!rs x is oats4 ,^! are illu/rations ( ! crop adaptation ov] l>ge areas1 :i* has come ab\t unconsci\sly1 z has mo/ crop adaptation4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are to be f\nd ev5 m /rik+ examples ( crop adaptation1 al?\gh ! areas are mu* small]1 z 9 ! case ( tobacco1 potatoes1 cel]y1 onions1 apples1 pea*es & o!r fruits4 ,regions conta9+ residual soils are m v>iable 9 crop adaptation ?an drift soils & require m c>eful wat*fulness on ! "p ( ^? :o may wi% to buy l&4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 advantages1 if kn[n1 mu/ usually be paid =4 ,x comes ab\t1 !re=e1 t if a region or a f>m is adapt$ to ! rais+ ( a c]ta9 crop :i* is m pr(itable ?an ! av]age1 su* z maize1 tobacco1 alfalfa1 cel]y1 apples or pea*es1 ?is l& w1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 comm& a high] price ?an l& :i* does n possess ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,!re is an und]ly+ economic pr9ciple :i* ! man :o goes out to *oose a f>m %\ld cle>ly und]/&4 ,! pr9ciple has be5 /at$ by ,fair*ild z foll[s3 ,! normal value ( products capable ( indef9ite multiplication t5ds always t[>d ! value ( lea/ co/ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if any production _c be l>gely ext5d$1 s t ! supply b>ely meets ! requirem5ts ( ! pur*as]s1 ! t5d5cy ( normal values is t[>d ! co/ ( ! mo/ co/ly "p ( ! product requir$ to meet wants4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s :y l& especially adapt$ to rais+ maize is high] pric$ ?an l& prim>ily adapt$ to rais+ :eat4 ,maize :i* ent]s into comm]ce is rais$ almo/ exclusively 9 t5 /ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:eat is h>ve/$ practically e mon? ( e ye> 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! "y f>m] %\ld consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r he is und]tak+ to raise crops 9 :i* !re is unlimit$ competition1 or :e!r soil or o!r conditions cause ! output to be relatively limit$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,size ,,( ,,f>m ,! size ( ! f>m is ano!r ( ^? que/ions on :i* !re is endless debate & to :i* no g5]al answ] c be giv54 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 r def9ite pr9ciples :i* may help 9 settl+ an individual problem4 ,! size ( ! f>m is relat$ to ! income p] acre4 ,if "o's ideal or purpose is a gross income ( #a1jjj or #c1jjj or #e1jjj a ye>1 he mu/ consid] h[ l>ge a f>m w be necess>y to br+ ?is return4 ,assume1 = ! sake ( discussion1 x is desir$ to obta9 a gross income ( #d1jjj4 ,9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates #bjj acres ( tillable l& devot$ to g5]al f>m+ may br+ ?is am\nt4 ,if ! l& is especially adapt$ to potatoes1 & ?is crop takes a prom95t place 9 ! rotation1 #ajj acres might be suffici5t to return ! income nam$4 ,likewise a #ajj-;acre retail milk dairy f>m may produce a simil> result4 ,=ty acres devot$ to truck f>m+ or m>ket g>d5+ may be suffici5t4 ,!re is ano!r way t ! size ( ! f>m ne$$ may be e/imat$4 ,!re is a g5]al relation betwe5 ! gross income & ! am\nt inve/$4 ,9 #aijj ! gross income ( ! f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #ah p] c5t ( ! total inve/m5t1 :i* includes l&1 build+s1 tools1 & live /ock4 ,! av]age gross income v>i$ = ! diff]5t types ( f>m+ common to ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates f #af to #ai p] c5t4 ,?is repres5ts1 ( c\rse1 a great deal ( v poor f>m+4 ,! income ( prosp]\s f>m]s mu/ be some:at bett] ?an ?is4 ,if we assume t by c>eful me?ods ! gross income is #be ( ! total inve/m5t1 !n an inve/m5t ( #af1jjj w be requir$ to br+ a gross income ( #d1jjj4 ,:ile x is true t ! gross income has no necess>y relation to net income or pr(it1 yet x is well to rememb] t a gross income is a necess>y antec$5t ( a net income4 ,! net pr(it f ! production ( a bu%el ( :eat1 a doz5 ( eggs1 or a p\nd ( butt] is ( comp>atively small consequ5ce unless a suffici5t quantity is produc$4 ,a rec5t inve/igation by ! ,cornell /ation appe>s to %[ t ) ! type ( f>m+ n[ exi/+ 9 ,tompk9s & ,liv+/on c\nties1 ,new ,york1 :]e ! inve/igation *anc$ to be made1 ! l>g] f>ms yield$ ! mo/ pr(itable returns & t :ile pres5t conditions exi/1 ! size ( f>ms is likely to increase r ?an decrease4 ,! fundam5tal reason seems to be ! sub/itution ( horse-drawn ma*9]y = h& labor4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! labor income on #ehf f>ms op]at$ by ! own]s1 classifi$ accord+ to size3 ,numb] ,av]age ( size ,labor ,acres f>ms 7acres7 income #cj or less #cj #ba #afh #ca to #fj #ajh #di #bed #fa to #ajj #bad #hc #cgc #aja to #aej #adc #abd #dcf #aea to #bjj #eg #agg #fce ov] #bjj #cd #bfa #idf ---- ---- ,av]age #ajc #dae ,:ile ! l>g] ! f>m1 ! m prosp]\s 0 ! op]at+ own] or t5ant1 ! size ( ! f>m did n seem to affect ! pr(it ( ! l&lord4 ,! am\nt ( l& "o individual may own is unlimit$2 ! size ( ! f>m unit is limit$4 ,aft] a f>m unit has rea*$ a c]ta9 size1 dep5d+ ^u ! type ( f>m+1 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! f>m & ! skill 9 managem5t1 any fur!r increase w increase ! co/ ( op]ation1 & z ! increase cont9ues ev5tually cause a decrease 9 pr(its4 ,assum+ ?is to be true1 x foll[s z a ma!matical necessity t z ! f>m increases 9 size ! total pr(its w increase z ! f>m increases up to a giv5 po9t & !n ! pr(its w decrease4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ?is law3 ,size ( ,a ,b f>m ,net pr(it ,net pr(it ,net ,pr(it ,net ,pr(it acres p] acre p] f>m p] acre p] f>m #afj #e4jj #hjj #e4jj #hjj #bjj #d4ej #ijj #d4ge #iej #bdj #d4jj #ifj #d4ej #a1jhj #bhj #c4ej #ihj #d4be #a1aij #cbj #c4jj #ifj #d4jj #a1bhj #cfj #b4ej #ijj #c4ge #a1cej #djj #b4jj #hjj #c4ej #a1djj #ddj #a4ej #ffj #c4be #a1dcj #dhj #a4jj #dhj #c4jj #a1ddj #ebj 4#ej #bfj #b4ge #a1dcj #efj -- -- #b4ej #a1djj ,9 bo? case ,a & case ,b x is assum$ t ! greate/ net pr(it p] acre is to be obta9$ ) #afj acres1 & t ! net pr(it p] acre :5 ! f>m is ( t size is #e4 ,9 case ,a x is assum$ t ! net pr(it w\ld decrease #a = ea* #hj acres add$1 :ile 9 case ,b ! decrease is assum$ to be only "o-half z rapid4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! net pr(it p] f>m increases until #bhj acres are rea*$1 :5 ! net pr(it p] f>m decreases1 until at #efj acres no pr(it w\ld be obta9$4 ,9 case ,b ! net pr(it p] f>m increases until #dhj acres are rea*$4 ,ev]yone is caution$ n to accept ^! figures z repres5t+ :at w\ld actually happ54 ,all t c be said is t z ! f>m unit increases 9 size !re w come a po9t at :i* ! net pr(it p] acre w decrease because ( ! physical difficulty ( manag+ a l>ge area1 &1 !re=e1 !re is a limit to ! size ( a s+le f>m4 ,fifte5 ?\s& acres may lay 9 "o tract & be own$ by "o individual1 firm or corporation1 b its economic managem5t requires = purely physical reasons1 n to m5tion o!rs1 t x be manag$ 9 sev]al units m or less di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,j :at ! size ( ?is unit w be no "o kn[s & x w v>y ) ! type ( f>m+1 ! type ( f>m] & _m o!r circum/ances4 ,= example1 a v common unit = a t5ant cotton f>m is betwe5 #bj & #ej acres1 bo? ! product & ! f>m] be+ a limit+ factor4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important lesson to be le>n$ f a /udy ( ?is table is t x is wise = "s m5 to op]ate a f>m ( #cbj acres1 o!rs ( #afj acres & /ill o!rs ( #hj acres1 because ea* size ( f>m pres5ts a task suit$ to diff]5t abilities4 ,x w\ld be z futile = "o fitt$ to op]ate only an #hj-;acre f>m to attempt to manage #cbj acres z x w\ld be unwise = ! man capable ( conduct+ #cbj acres to conf9e 8 att5tion to #hj acres4 ,un=tunately :ile ?is pr9ciple is n difficult to p]ceive & is easily /at$1 x is practically impossible to make any application ( x to an individual case4 ,only "t & ! inexorable laws ( competition w adju/ m5 to _! sev]al tasks4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to note :at influ5ce 9 actual practice ! type ( f>m+ has ^u ! size ( ! f>m4 ,! c5sus reports ! av]age size ( all f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z #adg acres1 ) ! diff]5t types z foll[s3 ,vegetables1 #fe acres2 fruits1 #ge acres2 dairy products1 #abj acres2 hay & gra91 #aei acres2 & live /ock1 #bbg acres4 ,speak+ 9 a v g5]al way1 only ab\t "o-half ! l& on ^! f>ms is 9 cultivat$ crops1 :ile only #dj ( ! income may be f ! products :i* cause ! f>m to be ?us classifi$4 ,! "y f>m] w d well to h ^! figures 9 m9d :5 he />ts out 9 life1 = :ile !y are n to be foll[$ lit]ally1 !y give him a measur+ /ick ) :i* to comp>e 8 op]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,selection ,,( ,,f>m ,hav+ "s ( ^! prelim9>y que/ions settl$1 or at lea/ well 9 m9d1 ! "y f>m] is ready to inspect individual f>ms ) a view to pur*as+ or r5t+4 ,he %\ld exam9e ea* f>m f f\r g5]al aspects1 namely3 7#a7 ,! "* & topography ( ! soil1 7#b7 ! climatic conditions1 includ+ heal?fulness & wat] supply1 7#c7 ! location1 & 7#d7 ! improvem5ts4 ,x may be well at ! outset to emphasize ! advantage :i* ev5 a small diff]5ce 9 f]tility may br+4 ,suppose "o f>m is capable ( rais+ fifte5 bu%els ( :eat p] acre & ano!r tw5ty bu%els4 ,if :eat is #hj c5ts a bu%el1 !n ! gross income is #ab & #af respectively4 ,if x is assum$ t x co/s 9 ei!r case = se$1 labor & int]e/ on inve/m5t #h an acre to raise & h>ve/ ! crop1 !n x w be se5 t an increase ( five bu%els an acre d\bles ! pr(it4 ,! comp>ison is p]haps n q fair1 s9ce x co/s slightly m to h>ve/ ! l>g] crop1 b x s]ves to illu/rate ! po9t4 ,nei!r ! crop adaptation nor ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil c be det]m9$ by tak+ a sample & submitt+ x to a *emi/ = analysis4 ,^! factors c be/ be det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! vegetation1 bo? dome/ic & wild1 & by a k obta9$ ?r\gh obs]vation or read+ z to :at ?is p>ticul> soil type usually does4 ,e type ( soil has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* "u l conditions x may be expect$ to reproduce1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ea* species ( animal reproduces its *>act]i/ics4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is to be able to recognize ! diff]5t soil types4 ,?is c only be done by close obs]vation & /udy4 ,! second ess5tial is to det]m9e :at ! crop-produc+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! types ( soil are4 ,?is k may be obta9$ by p]sonal obs]vation2 b z mo/ p]sons' opportunities are limit$ 9 ?is direction1 x %\ld be supplem5t$ :]ev] possible by a /udy ( ! soil surveys ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture :]ev] ^! are available4 ,:5 ?is is n possible samples ( soil may be submitt$ to ! ,bureau ( ,soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture or to ! soil division ( ! /ate exp]im5t /ation1 toge!r ) a suitable description & su* k ( ! hi/ory ( ! l& z is obta9able4 ,9 ?is way y may obta9 in=mation z to ! natural adaptation ( ! p>ticul> type ( soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,walt] ,s4 ,toml9son1 ,bryan1 ,ohio1 began ?irte5 ye>s ago ) #bbe acres1 p>tly r5t$1 to det]m9e :e!r a f>m c\ld be made a satisfy+ ent]prise4 ,z t5ant he has paid to himself z l&lord #a1jjj ea* ye> = r5tal & #ejj ea* ye> z sal>y4 ,! re/ ( ! pr(its h be5 inve/$ 9 #bdj acres ( additional l& & 9 improvem5ts4 ,mr4 ,toml9son's specialty has be5 hogs1 b he says x does n matt] s mu* ab\t ! l9es "o adopts z ! att5tion t is giv5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,w4 ,i4 ,*amb]la91 ,hudson1 ,ohio1 graduate ( ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity1 =m] /ate secret>y ( agriculture1 lat] college presid5t4 ,f>m] & in/itute lectur] & widely kn[n = 8 editorial "w on f>m j\rnals2 has be5 able1 amid 8 o!r activities1 to manage 8 f>m ( #aaf acres4 ,! net ca% income above all exp5ses f ! f>m = #ahij to #aijg 0 #aac1iff or #a1cgj p] ye>4 ,( ?is income #h1hgg 7 obta9$ f a t5-acre apple or*>d4 ,!re w /ill rema9 ! "q ( ! pres5t condition ( ! l&4 ,= example1 ! ,p5nsylvania /ation obta9$ 9 a c]ta9 season #db loads ( hay f n9e acres ( l&4 ,! same season1 f exactly ! same soil type1 ! /ation obta9$ eight loads ( hay f #bj acres4 ,! condition ( ! soil 0 diff]5t1 :i* ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! two tracts ( l& fully expla9s4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! natural f]tility ( ! soil & ! condition ( ! soil4 ,a fur!r example w help to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,at ! ,ro?am/$ ,/ation a c]ta9 type ( soil has = ov] #fj ye>s produc$ annually ab\t #ab bu%els ( :eat an acre )\t f]tiliz]1 :ile ) a complete f]tiliz] ! same type has produc$ #cj or m bu%els4 ,! #ab bu%els may be said to repres5t ! natural f]tility ( ! soil1 :ile ! additional #ah bu%els may be said to repres5t ! condition ( ! soil due to f]tiliz]s or to o!r conditions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! natural condition ( "s o!r soil type might be only eight bu%els1 or /ill ano!r type might be #af bu%els4 ,?is pr9ciple is ( consid]able practical importance1 especially 9 ! ea/]n ?ird ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g5]ally speak+1 clay & silt soils h a great] natural f]tility ?an s&y soils2 lime/one soils ?an ^? t are defici5t 9 lime4 ,?us soils t naturally gr[ *e/nut trees1 indicat+ a l[ lime cont5t1 h a t5d5cy to det]iorate "u exhau/ive cropp+ mu* m rapidly ?an lime/one soils4 ,m f]tiliz]s & o!r me?ods ( soil improvem5t are necess>y 9 ! case ( *e/nut soils ?an 9 ! case ( lime/one valley soils4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions to ask1 !re=e1 conc]n+ an unkn[n f>m 9 ,p5nsylvania is :e!r or n *e/nut trees gr[ naturally4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t *e/nut soils are undesirable4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u ! crop or crops x is desir$ to raise4 ,= example1 9 "s regions !y are well adapt$ to potatoes & pea*es4 ,9 ^! cases ! co/ ( ! f]tiliz]s necess>y to keep ! soil 9 prop] condition is small comp>$ ) ! total return f ! crop4 ,! pione]'s be/ guide z to ! value ( new l& 0 & is ! vegetation gr[+ ^u x1 &1 especially 9 a wood$ c\ntry1 ! native trees4 ,basswood1 crab apple1 wild plum1 black walnut1 a%1 hickory & h>d maple g5]ally indicate a f]tile soil4 ,:ite oak indicates only a mod]ate soil2 bur oak1 a some:at w>m] & bett] dra9$ soil4 ,bee* indicates a r poor soil2 a heavy clay1 lack+ 9 organic matt]4 ,c]ta9 species ( elms1 maples & oaks1 z r$ maple & ! ,spani% swamp oak1 indicate wet soils4 ,! occurr5ce & vigor ( c]ta9 h]bace\s plants are especially indicative ( f]tility ( ! soil1 z1 = example1 ragwe$1 b9dwe$1 c]ta9 plants ( ! sunfl[] family1 su* z gold5rod1 a/]s & wild sunfl[]s4 ,soils adapt$ to r$ clov] & alfalfa are usually well dra9$ & conta9 pl5ty ( lime4 ,alsike clov] w gr[ on a soil too wet or conta9+ too little lime = ei!r ( ! =m]4 ,soils t produce sorrel & r$top :5 r$ clov] & timo?y are s[n ne$ dra9age or lim+ or bo?4 ,s$ges usually indicate a wet soil1 al?\gh c]ta9 species gr[ on dry1 s&y soils4 ,! po9t ( ?is p>agraph1 h[ev]1 is n to give compreh5sive advice b to cause ! "y f>m] to obs]ve ! conditions & make 8 own applications1 :i* w v>y 9 diff]5t regions & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,p]haps ! "o feature t ! "y f>m] is mo/ likely to ov]look 9 ! selection ( a f>m is ! relative proportion ( tillable l&4 ,"o f>m ( #bjj acres1 may1 on acc\nt ( /ony l&1 wet l&1 comp>atively unproductive woodl&1 or because ( ! arrangem5t ( f5ces & roadways1 conta9 only eighty acres ( tillable l&1 :ile ano!r may conta9 #afj acres4 ,?is is "o reason :y a #afj-;acre f>m 9 ! c5tral ,we/ may be m valuable ?an a f>m ( ! same size 9 ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,columella says ) reg>d to ! selection ( l& t !re are two ?+s *iefly to be consid]$1 ! :olesom5ess ( ! air & ! fruitfulness ( ! place1 ( :i* if ei!r ! "o or ! o!r %\ld be want+1 & not)/&+ anyone %\ld h a m9d to dwell !re1 he mu/ h lo/ 8 s5ses & ought to be convey$ to 8 k9folk to take c>e ( him4 ,9 select+ a f>m d n fail to inquire :e!r !re has be5 any rec5t illness1 & if s ! nature ( x1 ei!r among ! p]sons liv+ !re or ! dome/ic animals kept4 ,aside f heal?fulness1 climate is a fundam5tal & controll+ factor1 bo? 9 productiv5ess & economic f>m managem5t4 ,temp]ature & ra9fall affect ! numb] ( days t "w c be p]=m$ ^u ! l& & h5ce affect mat]ially ! economy ( labor4 ,x is ?is fact t prev5ts ! sy/ematic organization ( labor s common 9 manufactur+ & transportation4 ,! climate also affects ! co/ ( produc+ live /ock by modify+ ! food & %elt] requir$4 ,! climate ( a region is be/ /udi$ f ! reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau r ?an f ! /atem5ts publi%$ by int]e/$ p>ties4 ,s f> z ! production ( crops is conc]n$ ! di/ribution ( ra9fall is m important ?an ! annual am\nt1 z may be %[n by comp>+ ! ra9fall 9 su* places z ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & ,l9coln1 ,nebraska4 ,! av]age temp]ature dur+ ! gr[+ season is1 ( c\rse1 ( m importance f ! /&po9t ( crop production ?an ! av]age annual temp]ature4 ,maximum & m9imum temp]atures or ! range ( temp]ature mu/ be consid]$ z well z ! av]age temp]ature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ practical que/ions to det]m9e is ! av]age date ( ! la/ kill+ fro/ 9 ! spr+ & ! date ( ! fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 ! autumn2 9 o!r words1 ! l5g? ( ! gr[+ season4 ,bo? altitude & topography ent] into ?is problem4 ,9 a giv5 locality kill+ fro/s w occur on a /ill night 9 ! valley be=e !y d on ! elevations1 because ! air z x cools becomes heavi] & fl[s d[n into ! l[e/ places j z wat] w\ld d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! altitude increases ! gr[+ season %ort5s4 ,:5ev] ,i am ask$ a "q involv+ ! production ( f>m crops by a ,p5nsylvania f>m] be=e answ]+1 ,i ask ?ree que/ions3 7#a7 ,:]e are y locat$8 7#b7 ,d *e/nut trees gr[ naturally ^u y\r l&8 7#c7 ,:at is y\r altitude8 ,"o factor t is (t5 ov]look$ by ! "y f>m] ne$s only to be m5tion$ to be ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,x is ! am\nt & "* ( ! wat] supply4 ,n only is ?is ( ! utmo/ importance f ! /&po9t ( ! h\sehold1 b x is fundam5tal to ! be/ f>m managem5t4 ,?us1 if ! wat] supply is limit$ ! am\nt ( live /ock kept w be curtail$1 & ?us ! prop] utilization ( f>m products prev5t$ & ma9t5ance ( ! f]tility ( ! soil made m difficult4 ,! "y f>m] %\ld recognize t "s k9ds ( f>m+ are m dep5d5t ^u ! climatic conditions ?an o!rs & %\ld1 !re=e1 select ! location be/ suit$ to ! type ( f>m+ desir$ or else modify 8 type ( f>m+ to suit ! climatic conditions4 ,if "o /udies critically ! types ( f>m+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w be se5 t !y h already be5 adju/$ 9 l>ge degree1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to ! climatic conditions4 ,! "y f>m] %\ld be c>eful t he does n und]take to butt 8 head aga9/ a /one wall4 ,hav+ f\nd a f>m t suits our ideal z to ! natural conditions1 su* z ! crop adaptation1 f]tility1 topography & climate1 :at may be call$ ! artificial conditions mu/ be /udi$4 ,! location may be /udi$1 bo? z to local & di/ant m>kets & ! means ( rea*+ ea*1 :i* includes roadways & %ipp+ facilities4 ,"h aga9 mu* w dep5d ^u ! products :i* are to be sold4 ,! man :o raises tobacco1 hogs or beef cattle does n suff] any great economic disadvantage by liv+ t5 miles f a %ipp+ /ation1 b a man does :o produces milk1 pea*es1 potatoes or hay4 ,9 ^! days !re is n mu* dang] t ! "* ( ! roadway w be ov]look$ by ! int5d+ pur*as] ( ! f>m1 al?\gh suffici5t importance may n be giv5 to ! advantage ( really good roads1 bo? z to grade & surface4 ,p]haps ! "o mo/ important "q to consid] 9 connection ) ! transportation facilities is :e!r products may be %ipp$ )\t *ange f ! %ipp+ /ation to ! m>ket x is desir$ to rea*4 ,al?\gh at fir/ glance we may n l ! ?\ght1 x mu/ be conc$$ t neighbors are n only important morally & socially1 b !y also may h economic advantages & disadvantages4 ,:ile x may sometimes happ5 t x w be wise to raise 9 a giv5 neighborhood "s product t no "o else has und]tak5 to supply1 yet z a rule1 if a giv5 neighborhood is rais+ ,j]sey1 or ,gu]nsey or ,hol/e9 cattle or ,*e/] ,:ite1 ,b]k%ire or ,pol& ,*9a hogs1 or ,s\?d[n or ,%rop%ire or ,cotswold %eep1 x w be wise to raise ! bre$ commonly rais$ in/ead ( ! lea/ commonly rais$ bre$1 z x is sometimes suppos$4 ,! m potato gr[]s or cabbage gr[]s or cel]y rais]s or or*>di/s 9 a locality ! bett] = all conc]n$1 = a numb] ( reasons1 among :i* may be m5tion$ 7#a7 ! m & ! bett] ! products rais$ ! m buy]s w seek ! region & h5ce ! high] w be ! price obta9$ = ! product2 7#b7 ! m ( a giv5 product !re is to %ip ! bett] ! %ipp+ facilities = t product are likely to be2 7#c7 all ! necess>y supplies = ! type ( f>m+ c be m readily & *eaply obta9$2 7#d7 !re w be a bett] k ( ! bus9ess :5 m m5 h _h exp]i5ce 9 rais+ ! p>ticul> crop4 ,^! pr9ciples apply 9 all classes ( bus9ess2 ?us we f9d wool5 factories 9 ,philadelphia1 silk factories at ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j41 cotton factories at ,l[ell1 ,mass41 pl[ factories at ,mol9e1 ,ill41 & /eel mills at ,pittsburg4 ,_m ( ^! c5t]s possess$ orig9ally "s natural advantages :i* caus$ ! location ( ! fir/ factory1 b o!rs h be5 drawn !re on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples enunciat$4 ,! f>m]s ( a giv5 region h a community ( int]e/ z well z railroads4 ,! "y f>m] %\ld recognize ?is fact & if necess>y %\ld ex]t himself to develop su* int]e/ 9 8 community1 bo? = 8 own b5efit & t ( 8 neighbors4 ,!re are two classes ( f>ms = :i* ! pur*as] is 9 dang] ( pay+ too mu*1 "o on :i* !re are ext5sive improvem5ts & "o on :i* !re are none at all4 ,a f>m ) j b>ely en\gh improvem5ts = ! conduct ( ! type ( f>m+ x is propos$ to develop c usually be pur*as$ mo/ advantage\sly4 ,! pur*as] %\ld und]/& cle>ly t ! previ\s co/ ( ! improvem5ts has no necess>y relation to _! pres5t value1 any m ?an ! value ( a second-h& suit ( clo!s is dep5d5t ^u its orig9al co/4 ,all dep5ds on h[ badly !y are worn & h[ well !y are adapt$ to pres5t conditions4 ,! value ( f>m improvem5ts is n unlike ^? 9 o!r bus9ess ent]prises 9 ?is respect4 ,_! value dep5ds ^u pres5t & prospective e>n+ capacity & n on =m] co/4 ,no rule c be laid d[n z to ! relation :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! value ( l& itself & ! value ( ! improvem5ts4 ,9 practice x v>ies greatly4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! f>m improvem5ts con/itute on an av]age #ba ( ! total value ( l&1 be+ z high z #de 9 ,massa*usetts & z l[ z #ae 9 ,texas4 ,! "y f>m] may well consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r he c e>n int]e/ on 8 inve/m5t :5 ! improvem5ts co/ m ?an #be ( ! total value ( ! real e/ate4 ,c]ta9ly :5 x becomes "o-half x is excessive4 ,! man :o runs a f>m z an avocation usually errs 9 putt+ too mu* money into p]man5t improvem5ts = ! f>m to be a pay+ inve/m5t4 ,if x is admitt$ t ! f>m unit is limit$ because ( ! physical difficulties ( manag+ l>ge areas1 !n x mu/ at once be se5 h[ important ! arrangem5t ( ! f>m/ead+ mu/ be to ! successful conduct ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! old] f>m+ communities :]e ! pres5t f>m hold+s are ! result ( sev]al pur*ases or sales ! %ape ( ! f>m1 ! arrangem5t ( ! fields & ! place ( ! f>m build+s become an extremely important matt]4 ,sometimes satisfactory re>rangem5ts are easily made1 at o!r times !y are q impossible4 ,no attempt w be made to discuss ?is subject 9 detail "h1 b ! "y f>m] %\ld br+ to ?is "q all ! exp]i5ce & /udy possible4 ,:5 ! "y f>m] goes to inspect a f>m x is to be assum$ t he w be conduct$ ov] ! f>m by ! own] or 8 au?oriz$ ag5t4 ,x is prop] to give respectful att5tion to ev]y?+ t is told him1 provid$ he foll[s c>efully ! ,cali=nia adage to believe no?+ y he> & only "o-half :at y see4 ,if a f>m consi/s ( #bjj or #cjj acres ( l&1 x is possible = ! ag5t to convey ! pur*as] ov] ! f>m 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! lea/ desirable portions be+ se54 ,if ! f>m has attract$ ! seek] ( l&1 he %\ld n pur*ase until he has made ano!r visit1 pref]ably "s days or weeks aft] ! fir/ "o4 ,he may !n v prop]ly visit ! f>m alone1 pass+ ov] q a diff]5t c\rse f t pursu$ hi!rto4 ,sket*es & notes w be f\nd v helpful1 & if ! use ( ! soil aug] is und]/ood x may be well employ$ to /udy ! "* ( bo? soil & subsoil4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 visits "s casual inquiries may be made among ^? :o "k ! hi/ory ( ! f>m 9 "q1 because ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! f>m obta9$ f unprejudic$ witnesses is ( prime importance 9 arriv+ at a conclusion conc]n+ its value4 ,a f>m is mu* m attractive :5 a crop is gr[+ ^u x ?an :5 x is )\t active vegetation4 ,poor l& looks relatively bett] ?an good l& dur+ or j aft] a ra94 ,_m matt]s conc]n+ ! selection ( a f>m c only be le>n$ by "s ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,! "y f>m] w d well1 !re=e1 to secure ! help ( "s m exp]i5c$ p]son4 ,if he has among 8 acqua9tances a successful f>m] ( mature ye>s he w be =tunate if he c secure 8 advice4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,f>m ,,s*eme ,f>m+ is no p9k tea4 ,x is a s]i\s bus9ess4 ,aft] ! "y f>m] has select$ ! f>m he mu/ develop 8 f>m s*eme4 ,he mu/ contemplate well & s]i\sly ! philosophy :i* und]lies 8 plans4 ,unless he sees cle>ly :at he is /riv+ to atta9 & unless he und]/&s ! effect ( 8 me?ods1 he mu/ fail 9 great measure to obta9 8 goal4 ,satisfactory results 9 f>m+ _c be obta9$ z a g5]al practice if ! man is only int]e/$ 9 ! results ( a s+le ye>4 ,= ?is reason ! it9]ant t5ant sy/em w n be satisfactory unless ! l&lord has work$ out a satisfactory s*eme :i* he requires 8 t5ant to foll[4 ,x is n en\gh t a man %all gr[ a s+le l>ge crop1 b x is necess>y t he %\ld cont9ue to gr[ a satisfactory crop at lea/ at regul> int]vals4 ,= example1 a piece ( l& may be adapt$ to cabbage1 cel]y1 potatoes or hay4 ,assume = ! mom5t x is adapt$ to cabbage & t by "o or m seasons ( prep>ation an enorm\s crop ( cabbages may be secur$4 ,?is fact is ( little value unless suffici5t quantity is rais$ & ! process c be repeat$ annually4 ,cabbages _c be gr[n aga9 on ?is p>ticul> piece ( l& = f f\r to six ye>s on acc\nt ( club root4 ,if ! f>m] does n h o!r areas :i* he c br+ into cabbages ye> aft] ye>1 = f ?ree to five ye>s1 !n he becomes a failure z a cabbage rais]4 ,ev5 a p]5nial1 l alfalfa or asp>agus1 %\ld =m a "p ( ! g5]al s*eme ( crop production if ! mo/ satisfactory results are to be obta9$4 ,!re are two g5]al que/ions at ! basis ( all f>m s*emes3 7#a7 ,h[ to obta9 a fairly uni=m succession ( ca% products ye> aft] ye>1 & 7#b7 h[ to keep up or improve ! f]tility ( ! soil economically :ile do+ s4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ to keep ! inve/m5t f decreas+ :ile x is e>n+ a satisfactory & fairly uni=m income4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to consid] :at products are to be sold & :at are simply subsidi>y to ! ca% products4 ,! ca% products may1 ( c\rse1 be soil products or animal products1 b m likely !y w be bo?4 ,:5 animals =m a l>ge "p ( ! ent]prise ! cropp+ sy/em mu/ be c>efully adju/$ to meet ! ne$s ( ^! animals4 ,_m app>5tly trivial details mu/ be consid]$1 z = example1 :e!r ! cropp+ sy/em furni%es too little or too mu* b$d+ = ! live /ock4 ,9 consid]+ pr(its ! ent]prise z a :ole mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,= example1 if a man is produc+ milk1 x may be *eap]1 s f> z ! production ( milk is conc]n$1 to all[ ! liquid excrem5t to run to wa/e r ?an to arrange = suffici5t b$d+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by us+ an abundance ( b$d+ & sav+ all ! high-pric$ nitrog5 & ! l>g] "p ( ! pota% 9 ! manure1 he is able to raise twelve tons ( silage 9 place ( eight tons1 or ?ree tons ( hay 9 place ( two tons1 8 ent]prise z a :ole w be m pr(itable :5 he uses ! extra am\nt ( b$d+1 al?\gh s f> z ! production ( a qu>t ( milk is conc]n$ ! co/ is increas$4 ,x may be t by fe$+ corn to cattle or %eep "o w obta9 only #ej c5ts a bu%el = 8 maize1 :ile 8 neighbor is sell+ x to ! elevator at #fj c5ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! man :o fe$s 8 maize ye> aft] ye> !reby raises #fj bu%els in/ead ( #dj bu%els1 8 ent]prise1 z a :ole1 may be m pr(itable ?an t ( 8 neighbor4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation has sub/antially ^! two conditions 9 c]ta9 ( its f]tiliz] plats4 ,:5 = #be ye>s ! conditions h be5 simil> to ^? :]e crops are sold f ! f>m1 ! yields h be53 ,maize1 #db bu%els2 oats1 #cb bu%els2 :eat1 #ad bu%els2 & hay1 #b1ghc p\nds p] acre4 ,b :5 conditions exi/ :i* repres5t ! fe$+ ( corn1 oats & hay & ! return ( manure to ! soil1 ! yields h be53 ,maize1 #eh bu%els2 oats1 #da bu%els2 :eat1 #bc bu%els2 & hay #d1aij p\nds p] acre4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! value ( ! products has be5 #ae4ge an acre1 :ile 9 ! o!r case x has be5 #bb4ij an acre4 ,hav+ work$ out a cropp+ sy/em t gives ! prop] ye>ly production ( sev]al crops desir$1 ! next "q to decide is h[ ?is cropp+ sy/em & ! disposition ( ! crops is go+ to affect ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,f a f9ancial or economic po9t ( view ! mo/ important soil elem5t is nitrog54 ,fir/1 because x co/s f #ah to #bj c5ts a p\nd1 :ile phosphoric acid c be pur*as$ at five c5ts1 pota% at f\r c5ts2 &1 second1 because ( ! read9ess ) :i* nitrog5 may disappe> f ! soil "u improp] managem5t1 ei!r ?r\gh nitrification & lea*+ or by d5itrification & pass+ back into ! air4 ,assum+ a giv5 type ( managem5t1 ! "q is1 ,h[ mu* ( ! requir$ nitrog5 w be obta9$ f ! legumes 9 ! cropp+ sy/em1 h[ mu* f ! manure1 & h[ mu* mu/ be pur*as$ 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s8 ,no satisfactory cropp+ sy/em c be devis$ at ! pres5t prices ( f>m products & co/ ( f]tiliz]s = ! production ( ! ord9>y c]eals & hay t does n include ! production ( "s legume4 ,assum+ a legume 9 ! cropp+ s*eme1 ! f]tility ( ! soil may be ma9ta9$ by y>d manure alone or by comm]cial f]tiliz]s alone4 ,illu/rations ( bo? me?ods are to be f\nd 9 actual practice4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! use ( y>d manure supplem5t$ ) comm]cial f]tiliz]s w be f\nd m sci5tific & 9 ! end ! mo/ economical4 ,a factor ent]+ into ?is problem w be ! am\nt ( pur*as$ fe$4 ,if consid]able am\nts ( pur*as$ fe$s are us$ & ! result+ manure c>efully pres]v$ & judici\sly appli$1 ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s requir$ w be r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,a concrete illu/ration may br+ out ! philosophy und]ly+ f>m s*emes bett] ?an ab/ract problems4 ,! foll[+ outl9e %[s a five-c\rse rotation ) ! me?od ( f]tilization :i* ! results ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ation indicat$ w\ld be advisable1 at lea/ on lime/one soils 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a4 ,maize y>d manure1 #h tons p] acre4 #b4 ,oats no?+4 #c4 ,:eat acid phosphate1 #cej lbs4 muriate ( pota%1 #ajj lbs4 #d4 ,clov] & timo?y no?+4 #e4 ,timo?y nitrate ( soda1 #aej lbs4 acid phosphate1 #aej lbs4 muriate ( pota%1 #ej lbs4 ,?is rotation is sugge/$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ a f>m t is already 9 a fairly f]tile condition & "o on :i* !re is no consid]able am\nt ( pur*as$ fe$4 ,:]e conc5trates are pur*as$ lib]ally1 y>d manure %\ld be available to use on ! timo?y & mead[ 9 place ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,:]e !re is pl5ty ( manure & x is desir$ to increase ! am\nt ( maize & hay & r$uce ! am\nt ( oats & :eat1 ! foll[+ rotation & me?od ( f]tilization w\ld be indicat$3 #a4 ,maize acid phosphate1 #bjj lbs4 #b4 ,maize y>d manure1 #h tons4 #c4 ,oats no?+4 #d4 ,:eat acid phosphate1 #cej lbs4 muriate ( pota%1 #ajj lbs4 #e4 ,clov] & timo?y no?+4 #f4 ,timo?y nitrate ( soda1 #aej lbs4 acid phosphate1 #aej lbs4 muriate ( pota%1 #ej lbs4 #g4 ,timo?y y>d manure1 #h tons4 ,:]e !re is pl5ty ( y>d manure1 x w\ld be also appli$ to maize "u ,no4 #a1 or ! y>d manure c\ld be appli$ to maize "u ,no4 #a1 & comm]cial f]tiliz] appli$ to timo?y "u ,no4 #f c\ld be repeat$ "u ,no4 #g4 ,if ! l& is m or less deplet$1 an application ( #bjj p\nds ( acid phosphate to ! oats w\ld be advisable4 ,h[ev]1 ! purpose is n to prescribe exact me?ods1 b to po9t out und]ly+ pr9ciples & _! possible application4 ,z fur!r illu/ration1 x seems probable t ! practice ( a m>ket g>d5] 9 us+ excessive am\nts ( /able manure might1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 be modifi$ to good advantage by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( manure & increas+ ! am\nt ( comm]cial f]tiliz] us$4 ,un=tunately !re is no exp]im5tal evid5ce be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,pota% requir$ to ma9ta9 f]tility is l>gely to be f\nd 9 ! co>se fodd]1 su* z hay1 maize /ov] & silage1 & 9 ! /raw us$ = b$d+2 h5ce :]e ^! sub/ances are us$ 9 abundance & return$ to ! soil ! am\nt ( pota% requir$ to be suppli$ 9 f]tiliz]s is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( live /ock is limit$ & ! products sold conta9 l>ge quantities ( pota%1 su* z hay & /raw1 ! supply furni%$ 9 f]tiliz]s mu/ be lib]al4 ,phosphoric acid is always be+ sl[ly deplet$ f ! soil ei!r f ! sale ( f>m crops or animal products4 ,!re is no way ( return+ ?is loss completely1 except f ! addition ( a comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,! above f]tiliz] sugge/ions are bas$ on ! exp]im5ts cov]+ a p]iod ( m ?an #be ye>s on a lime/one soil4 ,soils may modify mat]ially ! am\nt & application ( ! f]tiliz]s1 b n ! pr9ciples enunciat$4 ,= example1 a soil on :i* common r$ clov] gr[s luxuriantly & has a prom95t place 9 ! f>m s*eme w require less nitrog5 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! f]tility ?an :]e legumes are rais$ ) difficulty or d n =m a "p ( ! f>m s*eme4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to be emphasiz$ is ! fact t haphaz>d f]tilization is n effective 9 ma9ta9+ soil f]tility4 ,if "o />ts out to e/abli% a five-c\rse rotation & build up 8 soil ?r\gh a rational sy/em ( f]tilization1 he w obvi\sly n obta9 ! full b5efit ( ! rotation until he beg9s to get crops f ! second r\nd1 :i* w be ! six? ye> f ! beg9n+4 ,x may happ51 & un=tunately x has p]haps usually happ5$ 9 ! pa/1 t dur+ ! fir/ rotation ! increase 9 crops has n paid = ! co/ ( ! f]tiliz]s appli$4 ,9 _m in/ances a rational sy/em ( f]tilization has n be5 introduc$ because ! own] ( ! l& c\ld n af=d to wait six ye>s = 8 return4 ,pr(it 9 f>m+1 !re=e1 does n consi/ 9 rais+ "o big crop or ev5 9 obta9+ a l>ge balance on ! "r side ( ! l$g] 9 a s+le ye>4 ,x is bo? int]e/+ & valuable to "k t five tons ( timo?y hay1 #de bu%els ( :eat1 #ajj bu%els ( maize & #dj tons ( cabbage may be rais$ on an acre1 b ! real pr(it 9 f>m+ only comes ?r\gh a lifetime ( ef=t4 ,to ! man ( capacity :o prep>es = 8 "w ! results w surely come1 b !y w n come all at once &1 z 9 e o!r bus9ess1 he mu/ pay ! price 9 h>d "w & close application to details4 ,9 ?is connection x may be emphasiz$ t "o ( ! difficulties 9 successful f>m+ is to f9d "o man bo? int]e/$ & capable along ! v>i\s l9es ess5tial to a successful f>m ent]prise4 ,! dang] is t a man w ride 8 hobby to ! detrim5t ( ! o!r activities ( ! f>m4 ,a f>m] fri5d ( ! writ]1 :o keeps a horse & buggy1 c>es s little = a horse t = sev]al ye>s he has walk$ two miles ea* morn+ & ea* ev5+ r ?an to take ! tr\ble to hit* up 8 horse4 ,if "o visits a high-grade bre$] ( dairy cattle1 he is v apt to f9d 8 pigs ( ord9>y "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a speciali/ 9 hogs is likely to keep scrub c[s4 ,a man may be an excell5t :eat rais] & a poor potato gr[]1 & ! rev]se4 ,! bre$] ( live /ock is likely to be lack+ 9 8 me?ods ( produc+ f>m crops1 :ile ! up-to-date1 s-call$ g5]al f>m] is n likely to be a special lov] ( live /ock4 ,9 l mann]1 ! man may be a successful f>m]1 dairyman or horticulturi/ f ! produc+ side1 b be a poor salesman4 ,9 fact1 ^? qualities ( m9d & he>t :i* make = ! be/ success f ! /&po9t ( production1 :e!r soil products or animal products1 is n t :i* makes ! be/ trad]4 ,x is n expect$ t ! "y f>m] w be mat]ially diff]5t f 8 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( pr$ecessors1 b ! bett] a man is tra9$ & ! m fully he /udies 8 own adaptabilities & defici5cies1 ! m likely he is to succe$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,= ?is reason1 ! "y man %\ld be c>eful to get z broad a tra9+ z possible4 ,x is1 !re=e1 (t5 m important = him to /udy ^? ?+s :i* he dislikes ?an to /udy ! ?+s = :i* he has a natural ta/e4 ,!re 0 a man 9 our t[n ,& he 0 wondr\s wise4 ,he knew t if he want$ crops ,he'd h to f]tilize4 ,its nitrog5 t makes ?+s gre51 ,said ?is man ( active bra92 ,& pota% makes ! good /rong /raw1 ,& phosphate plumps ! gra94 ,b x's cle>ly wrong to wa/e plant food ,on a wet & soggy field2 ,i'll surely h to put 9 dra9s ,if ,i'd increase ! yield4 ,& aft] ,i h dra9$ ! l& ,i mu/ pl[ x deep all ov]2 ,& ev5 !n ,i'll n succe$ ,unless x w gr[ clov]4 ,n[1 acid soils w n produce ,a clov] sod t's prime2 ,s if ,i h a s\r soil1 ,i'll h to put on lime4 ,& aft] do+ all ^! ?+s1 ,to make success m sure1 ,i'll try my v be/ to keep ,f wa/+ ! manure4 ,s ,i'll dra91 & lime1 & cultivate1 ,) all t t implies2 ,& :5 ,i've done t ?or\ghly ,i'll manure & f]tilize4 ,vivian ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops ,! two ess5tial reasons = a rotation ( crops are3 7#a7 ,! possibility ( obta9+ = ! soil a supply ( nitrog5 f ! air by introduc+ a legume at regul> int]vals1 & 7#b7 ! prev5tion ( injury to ! crops f fung\s diseases1 insect enemies1 we$s or o!r causes4 ,o!r reasons are (t5 advanc$1 "s ( :i* are entirely errone\s1 :ile o!rs are ( q second>y importance4 ,! rotation %\ld be c>efully /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! f>m s*eme z previ\sly outl9$4 ,reasons = modify+ ! rotations are3 7#a7 ,to *ange ! k9d or proportion ( crops gr[n1 7#b7 to *ange ! am\nt ( labor requir$1 or 7#c7 to increase ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil4 ,dur+ #be ye>s ! f\r crops ( maize1 oats1 :eat1 timo?y & clov] hay h be5 tak5 9 rotation f ! f\r ti]s ( plats at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 s t ! influ5ce ( ! soil has be5 entirely elim9at$4 ,at ! ,decemb] f>m prices = ! decade end+ ,decemb] #a1 #aijf1 ! value ( ^! f\r crops p] acre h be53 ,maize1 #bi4fg2 oats1 #ad4di2 :eat1 #ah4di2 & hay1 #ah4je4 ,x w be not$ t dur+ #be ye>s ! av]age income f an acre ( maize has be5 almo/ exactly twice t f an acre ( oats4 ,! region :]e ^! results 7 obta9$ is relatively unfavorable to a l>ge yield ( maize4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t a modification 9 ! rotation may modify ! av]age income f ! f>m mat]ially1 provid$ su* modification does n r$uce ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,?us1 :ile ! av]age income p] acre dur+ #be ye>s = ! f\r-c\rse rotation above m5tion$ 0 #bj4ag1 if ! rotation 7 increas$ to a five-c\rse rotation by ! addition ( ano!r ye> ( maize1 ! av]age income w\ld be #bb4de an acre4 ,x may be desirable to modify ! rotation 9 ord] to increase or decrease a c]ta9 crop usually f$ ^u ! f>m4 ,?us1 ) a f\r-c\rse rotation ( maize1 oats1 :eat1 clov] & timo?y1 "o-f\r? ! area w\ld produce hay2 :ile ) a six-c\rse rotation1 compos$ ( maize1 oats1 :eat1 ea* "o ye>1 & hay ?ree ye>s1 "o-half ! area w\ld produce hay4 ,if x is desir$ to /ill fur!r r$uce ! area 9 oats & :eat1 a sev5-c\rse rotation c\ld be arrang$ ) maize1 two ye>s 9 succession4 ,?is is ! rotation t w\ld be desirable = a dairy f>m :]e x is plann$ to keep z _m c[s z practicable & to buy ! conc5trates l>gely4 ,ei!r ! :eat or ! oats c\ld be tak5 out ( ?is rotation if ei!r ! "o or ! o!r 7 ?\ght undesirable & a /ill great] am\nt ( r\ghage desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are places :]e ! m9imum am\nt ( r\ghage is want$4 ,!re are c]ta9 sections ( ! c5tral ,we/ :]e x is possible to s[ oats on corn /ubble )\t pl[+ & :]e occasionally a rotation is practic$ ( maize1 oats & mammo? clov]4 ,! clov] is pl[$ = maize1 ! oats are disk$ 9 ^u ! corn /ubble & ! next ye> ! clov] is pa/ur$ until ab\t ,june #a1 :5 x is all[$ to g to se$4 ,9 ?is rotation ! only r\ghage obta9$ is ! corn /ov] & ! oat /raw4 ,ano!r result rea*$ by ?is rotation is t only "o-?ird ! l& is pl[$ annually4 ,9 ! f\r-c\rse rotation m5tion$ above ?ree-f\r?s ( ! l& mu/ be pl[$1 :ile 9 ! six-c\rse rotation "o-half is pl[$ ea* ye>4 ,9 o!r ways ! "* ( ! rotation modifies ! labor4 ,= example1 ! labor & co/ ( h>ve/+ an acre ( hay is mu* less ?an t ( produc+1 h>ve/+ & ?re%+ an acre ( :eat4 ,rotations may (t5 be plann$ ) ref]5ce to ! ma9 or ca% crop4 ,?us 9 ! ,aroo/ook 7,ma9e7 potato di/rict ! rotation is potatoes1 oats & clov]4 ,! *ief purpose ( ! oats & clov] is to keep d[n ! blight 9 potatoes & add ?r\gh ! clov] nitrog5 & organic matt] to ! soil4 ,a sy/em ( cropp+ t is be/ :5 ! own] op]ates ! f>m may n be desirable :5 ! f>m] is a t5ant4 ,:5 a f>m is r5t$1 ! lease %\ld provide t clov] or o!r legumes occur ) suffici5t frequ5cy to keep up ! supply ( nitrog5 )\t ! pur*ase ( a consid]able quantity 9 *emical f]tiliz]s4 ,! lease %\ld be s drawn z to make x necess>y = ! t5ant to keep live /ock 9 ord] to realize ! l>ge/ pr(it4 ,! l&lord %\ld provide an equitable proportion ( ! m9]al f]tiliz]s :5 su* are requir$4 ,! provisions ( ! lease & ! "* ( ! rotation w necess>ily v>y ) circum/ances1 b ! foll[+ sy/em ( t5ant f>m+ :i* has be5 employ$ = _m ye>s 9 ,m>yl& w illu/rate ! pr9ciples j /at$3 ,! lease provides = a five-c\rse rotation consi/+ ( maize1 :eat1 clov]1 :eat1 clov]4 ,! l&lord & ! t5ant %>e ! maize & :eat equally1 b ! clov] = hay or pa/ure goes entirely to ! t5ant1 unless hay is sold1 :5 x is divid$ equally4 ,!y ea* provide "o-half ! comm]cial f]tiliz] & "o-half ! se$1 except clov] se$1 :i* ! t5ant is requir$ to furni%4 ,?is lease provides = two clov] crops out ( e five crops rais$1 ?us supply+ nitrog5 abundantly1 & ! t]ms ( ! lease are su* t x is necess>y = ! t5ant to keep live /ock to consume ^! clov] crops 9 ord] to secure ! mo/ pr(itable returns4 ,! fe$+ ( ! clov] makes x necess>y to fe$ "s or all ! maize & may lead to buy+ additional conc5trates4 ,/able manure is !reby suppli$ = ! field :i* is to raise maize1 :ile m9]al f]tiliz]s may be appli$ to ! fields s[n to :eat4 ,on ! lime/one soils ( ! ea/]n /ates #ej p\nds ea* ( phosphoric acid & pota% p] acre appli$ to ! :eat1 & #aj loads ( /able manure p] acre to ! maize w probably be f\nd suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! crop produc+ p[] ( ! soil4 ,9 lay+ out a f>m = a rotation x is desirable to plan ! numb] ( fields or tracts t w g 9 a rotation & try to get ^! z ne>ly equal size z possible4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u ! numb] ( ye>s ! rotation is to run & hav+ adju/$ ! fields or tracts accord+ly1 x is q possible to modify ! proportion ( crops by add+ "o crop & dropp+ ano!r at ! same "t4 ,?us1 if !re are six #bj-;acre fields1 any "o ( ! foll[+ rotations might be us$ & ! *ange f "o to ano!r easily made3 #a4 ,maize ,maize ,maize ,maize ,maize #b4 ,oats ,maize ,maize ,maize ,b>ley #c4 ,:eat ,oats ,oats ,:eat ,alfalfa #d4 ,clov] & ,:eat ,clov] & ,clov] & ,alfalfa timo?y timo?y timo?y #e4 ,timo?y ,clov] & ,timo?y ,timo?y ,alfalfa timo?y #f4 ,timo?y ,timo?y ,timo?y ,timo?y ,alfalfa ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ! #bj-;acre field c\ld be divid$ into f\r tracts ( five acres ea*1 conta9+ potatoes1 cabbage1 tomatoes & sweet corn1 & !n foll[$ = f\r or five ye>s by any succession ( crops above outl9$4 ,! po9t is t a def9ite adju/m5t ( ! f>m to "s g5]al me?od ( rotation & a def9ite sy/em ( f]tilization & soil r5ovation d n prev5t a consid]able latitude 9 ! crops rais$4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! long] ! rotation ! m flexible x becomes 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :i* is a po9t to be consid]$ 9 lay+ out ! f>m & 9 adju/+ fields & f5ces4 ,9 "s cases x may be desirable on acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t ( ! f>m or ! "* ( ! crops to be rais$ to h two di/9ct rotations ( crops4 ,= example1 if ! f>m l5ds itself to be divid$ into eight tracts1 a five-c\rse rotation ( maize1 oats1 :eat1 ea* "o ye>1 & clov] & timo?y two ye>s1 & a ?ree-c\rse rotation ( potatoes1 oats or :eat & clov] may be arrang$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,equipm5t ,! workman is kn[n by 8 tools4 ,! problem ( obta9+ ! mo/ effici5t ma*9]y = ! conduct ( ! f>m )\t hav+ an excessive am\nt is n easy ( solution4 ,x is probable t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ma*9]y & tools is n less ?an #ae1 #aj = upkeep & #e = int]e/1 ev5 "u ! mo/ c>eful managem5t4 ,d\btless 9 practice x is z mu* z #be4 ,if ?is is conc$$ !re mu/ be a limit to ! am\nt :i* may be economically inve/$ 9 equipm5t4 ,?is is a place :]e ! lead p5cil may be us$ pr(itably4 ,= example1 if #abe is inve/$ 9 a self-b9d]1 ! annual co/ ( ! ma*9e at #ae w be #ah4ge4 ,if "o has b #ae acres ( gra9 to h>ve/1 x may be bett] to hire a self-b9d] at #a an acre4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be necess>y to own a self-b9d] 9 ord] to get ! gra9 h>ve/$ at ! prop] "t4 ,among ! ma*9es requir+ a consid]able inve/m5t = ! numb] ( days us$ may be m5tion$ hay load]s1 hay t$d]s1 corn-b9d+ h>ve/]s & lime spread]s4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( labor-sav+ devices1 h[ev]1 = :i* !re is m or less con/ant ne$1 z1 = example1 means ( pump+ wat]1 me?ods ( h&l+ manure1 bo? f ! /able to ! manure %$1 & f ! manure %$ to ! field4 ,?is leads to ! rem>k t !re is at pres5t great ne$ ( modify+ our traditional ideas conc]n+ f>m b>ns4 ,:y d p]sons usually sleep on ! second floor1 :ile horses & cattle are plac$ 9 ! basem5t8 ,?ree ?+s h br\ght ab\t ! ne$ ( a radical revision ( our practices conc]n+ ! plann+ ( b>ns3 7#a7 ,our pres5t k ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! function ( food 9 keep+ ! animal w>m1 & t ( produc+ "w1 fle% or milk2 7#b7 ! discov]y ( ! bacillus ( tub]culosis2 & 7#c7 ! inv5tion ( ! hay c>ri]4 ,x is n ! purpose "h to discuss b>n build+s1 b m]ely to call att5tion to ! fact t ! traditional b>n has long s9ce outliv$ its usefulness1 & t ! "y f>m] %\ld plan 8 f>m build+s to s]ve ! purposes requir$ 9 ! light ( mod]n k4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to manufacture comb9$ ma*9es2 t is1 a ma*9e :i*1 by an int]*ange ( p>ts or o!r modification1 may be us$ = two or m purposes1 z1 = example1 h>ve/+ small gra9 & cutt+ grass4 ,su* attempts h usually be5 unsuccessful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "y f>m] %\ld consid] ! range ( usefulness ( any giv5 type ( ma*9e or tool2 ?us1 a disk h>r[ is m effici5t = "s purposes ?an a spr+-too? h>r[4 ,= o!r purposes ! spike-too? h>r[ is bett] ?an ! spr+ too?4 ,! spr+-too? h>r[1 h[ev]1 w d fairly well :]ev] ! disk h>r[ or ! spike-too? h>r[ is ne$$4 ,:51 !re=e1 only "o ( ^! tools c be af=d$1 ! spr+ too? may be a bett] tool to buy ?an ei!r ! disk or ! spike-too?1 al?\gh x is n = c]ta9 purposes z effici5t z ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! k9d ( ma*9e %\ld obvi\sly be adju/$ to ! conditions1 z1 = example1 ! size ( ! f>m1 & ! "* ( ! f>m+4 ,rid+ pl[s may be desirable on level l&1 b :]e x is necess>y to pl[ up & d[n hill1 walk+ pl[s %\ld be us$4 ,! extra weight ( ! :eel pl[ is n a s]i\s matt] on level l&1 because ! slid+ friction has be5 transf]r$ to roll+ friction1 b no me*anical device has be5 or c be inv5t$ :i* w decrease ! p[] necess>y to raise a giv5 weight a giv5 height4 ,! v>i\s ma*9es requir+ horse p[] %\ld be adju/$1 z f> z possible1 to require ! same numb] ( horses4 ,if ! ma9 unit is ?ree horses1 !n1 z f> z possible1 all ma*9es %\ld require ?ree horses1 su* z pl[s1 h>r[s1 manure spread]s1 h>ve/]s1 etc4 ,if ! activities ( ! f>m are suffici5t to require six horses !n "s ( ! tools may require ?ree horses ea*1 :ile o!rs require a pair4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,g>rahan1 ,k+/on1 ,pa41 is "o ( ! mo/ successful gr[]s ( cel]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aft] graduat+ f ! ,wyom+ ,sem9>y he sp5t "o ye> /udy+ horticulture at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college4 ,= sev]al ye>s he 0 assi/ant 9 horticulture at ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee4 ,he n[ has at ,k+/on #fj acres "u int5sive cultivation4 ,8 pr9cipal crops are cel]y1 asp>agus1 cabbage1 tomatoes & onions4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,h4 ,ri*>dson1 ,brooklyn ,heights1 ,ohio1 agricultural graduate1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 #ahib4 ,f\rte5 ye>s ago inh]it$ #ce acres ( l& & an indebt$ness ( #a1gej4 ,he has rais$ a family ( f\r *ildr51 has :at is se5 9 ! picture plus ! l& & #f1jjj inve/$ else:]e4 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson has held "s local public (fice cont9u\sly dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 be+ at pres5t memb] ( s*ool & wat] bo>ds1 memb] ( advisory bo>d ( bank1 secret>y ( ,clevel& ,fruit & ,vegetable ,gr[]s' ,association & ,ohio vice-presid5t ( ! ,national ,vegetable ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,a f>m ) six "w horses is r a desirable "o f sev]al aspects4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x enables ! f>m own] to employ two m5 :o c p]=m mo/ ( ! team "w ) two ?ree-horse teams1 :ile at o!r times ?ree pairs ( horses may be arrang$ :5 ! own] ne$s to use a team4 ,?is leaves ! f>m] "t to att5d to _m activities n requir+ horses1 & "t to plan ! "w & to look ) m c>e aft] ! pur*ases & sales4 ,! size ( su* a f>m w dep5d entirely on ! nature ( ! activities4 ,if x is a s-call$ g5]al f>m ) a m9imum ( live /ock1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 consi/ ( f #aej to #ahj acres ( tillable l& ) "s additional pa/ure & woodl&4 ,ideally1 e f>m %\ld h suffici5t activity to make x some?+ ( a c5t]4 ,x %\ld be an organism4 ,x is difficult to organize "o man4 ,x w be useful1 :5 we come to discuss h[ pr(its may be e/imat$1 to divide ! capital into ?ree g5]al gr\ps3 7#a7 ,! plant1 :i* 9 addition to ! real e/ate1 w include ! ma*9es & tools1 horses us$ = labor1 & o!r animals us$ = bre$+ purposes or = ! production ( animal products1 su* z butt]1 wool or eggs2 7#b7 mat]ials1 :i* w include animals :i* are to be fatt5$ = sale1 & all se$s1 f]tiliz]s & foods int5d$ to be turn$ into products to be sold2 7#c7 supplies1 :i* may include foods = teams1 & money ) :i* to pay labor1 be ?is labor t ( ! f>m] or 8 employees4 ,! purpose ( ?is classification is to br+ %>ply into view ! fact t ! nature ( diff]5t k9ds ( equipm5t v>ies4 ,all ! ?+s nam$ "u ! plant are 9 ! nature ( an annual *>ge aga9/ income4 ,! *>ge "u mat]ials may or may n be an annual *>ge4 ,if a man inve/s #b1jjj 9 #ej head ( cattle1 :i* he int5ds to fe$ & sell = #c1bej at ! end ( "o hundr$ days1 he does n h to calculate int]e/ on #b1jjj = a ye>1 b only = #ajj days4 ,cattle pap] is held 9 l>ge quantities by banks 9 ! cattle fe$+ di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! f>m] w\ld1 9 fact1 be unwise to keep #b1jjj 9 ! bank n9e mon?s 9 ! ye> 9 ord] to use x ?ree mon?s4 ,l any o!r bus9ess man1 if he has ! money1 he inve/s x & borr[s ! money to buy 8 cattle4 ,! same ?+ applies to food & f]tiliz]s4 ,if ! food is f$ to cattle1 "s ( ! money inve/$ 9 ! food mu/ pay int]e/ dur+ ! fatt5+ p]iod4 ,food f$ to dairy cattle & *ick5s may be paid = out ( ea* day's income4 ,9 practice1 ! am\nt ( money inve/$ 9 food = dairy cattle & *ick5s is dep5d5t only ^u ! mo/ economical unit ( pur*ase4 ,"o may apply f]tiliz]s to buck:eat1 give a ?ree mon?s' note = ! f]tiliz]1 & pay ! note out ( ! proce$s ( ! crop4 ,if ! f]tiliz] is appli$ to "o-ye>-old apple trees1 ?is inve/m5t may be requir$ to pay int]e/ = fifte5 ye>s4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to supplies4 ,if "o />ts into rais+ horses = sale1 he ne$s to h "s money or o!r income on :i* 8 labor]s & 8 own family c live1 say = five ye>s1 ?is be+ ! age at :i* a horse is suppos$ to become salable4 ,m p w\ld raise apples & horses if !y c\ld af=d to wait = ! return on ! inve/m5t4 ,:ile ?is is a s]i\s h&icap1 x is an advantage to ! man :o arranges 8 f>m+ me?ods s t he c secure an income f "s o!r s\rce 9 ! int]im4 ,! "y f>m] w d wisely to s arrange 8 f>m me?ods t a portion1 p]haps ! major portion ( 8 f>m1 w give him quick returns :ile mak+ "s long-"t inve/m5ts1 :i* lat] 9 life w give him a great] return because s few p are suffici5tly =eh&$ to make !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,to ,,e/imate ,,pr(its ,no man :o engages 9 manufactur+ or m]*&is+ kn[s h[ mu* he is go+ to make annually dur+ life4 ,mu* less does he "k h[ mu* he w be wor? :5 he dies4 ,nei!r does ! man :o works = a sal>y or practices "s pr(ession = fees "k :at 8 annual income w be ev5 dur+ ! foll[+ decade4 ,nei!r "o nor ! o!r kn[s :e!r he w die a millionaire or a paup]4 ,x is a problem too complex = any human m9d to analyze4 ,x is less c]ta9 ?an :at ! wea!r w be on ?is day next ye>1 because x is ! resultant ( m v>iable factors4 ,9 "s respects !re is m haz>d 9 f>m+ ?an 9 manufactur+ or 9 m]*&is+1 :ile 9 o!r respects !re is mu* less4 ,! pr(it :i* may be obta9$ f f>m+ is nei!r easi] nor m difficult to e/imate ?an is t ( o!r comm]cial ent]prises4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no bus9ess 9 :i* m fooli% e/imates are made z to ! probable pr(its1 except1 p]haps1 9 m9+4 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] is n to give advice z to possible or probable pr(its1 b r to po9t out ! g5]al "* ( ! data requir$ = any individual problem1 :]e ! data may be obta9$ & h[ x may be appli$4 ,!re are two =ms or me?ods ( /at+ ! f9ancial ga9 t has be5 obta9$ f f>m+ or o!r bus9ess v5tures dur+ a ye> or o!r specific p]iod4 ,! fir/ may be call$ ! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t me?od1 & ! second ! labor income me?od4 ,) ! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t me?od1 all exp5ses may be subtract$ f all ! sales4 ,f ! ca% balance ?us obta9$ ! increase or decrease 9 inv5tory may be add$ or subtract$4 ,?is balance may !n be divid$ by ! capital inve/$1 to det]m9e ! rate ( int]e/ receiv$4 ,! rate ( int]e/ me?od is ! usual me?od 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! railroad or indu/rial conc]n is judg$ by ! rate ( int]e/ x pays its /ockhold]s on ! p> value ( ! /ock4 ,! /ock itself takes on ! capitalization 9 accordance ) ! pres5t & prospective divid5ds4 ,! fact t ?is me?od is g5]ally us$ 9 ! comm]cial _w is evid5ce t x is well suit$ to its ne$s4 ,! "y f>m] :o wi%es to "k :e!r ! op]ation ( a giv5 tract ( l& 9 a c]ta9 mann] (f]s him a wor?y opportunity w n f9d ! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t me?od ! be/ suit$ = 8 purpose4 ,?is is especially true :5 appli$ to a s+le product4 ,= example1 x may be %[n t #ej h5s w1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 9 connection ) o!r f>m ent]prises1 return a rem>kable int]e/ on ! capital employ$4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t a man c make a liv+ ) fifty h5s or ev5 #ejj h5s4 ,if a man has an inve/m5t ( #e1jjj1 on :i* he obta9s #aj p] c5t1 8 income w\ld be #ejj4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he has an inve/m5t ( #be1jjj & obta9s a return ( only #f1 8 income is #a1ejj1 or ?ree times ! =m] am\nt4 ,9 nei!r case1 h[ev]1 does ?is =m ( /atem5t tell a man h[ mu* ( 8 income is due to 8 bra9 & brawn & h[ mu* to ! capital inve/$4 ,:at ! "y f>m] wi%es to "k is h[ mu* w he receive = 8 own "t1 en]gy & skill1 aft] d$uct+ all exp5ses & a reasonable int]e/ *>ge on 8 inve/m5t--su* a rate ( int]e/ z he c\ld get by plac+ 8 money 9 good securities or :at he w\ld be requir$ to pay = 8 capital if he borr[$ x4 ,?is is be/ obta9$ by ! labor income me?od4 ,) ?is me?od all exp5ses are subtract$ f all sales & to ! ca% balance ?us obta9$ is add$ or subtract$ ! increase or decrease 9 ! inv5tory4 ,?is balance may be call$ ! f>m income4 ,?us f> ! proc$ure is j ! same z ! int]e/ on ! inve/m5t me?od4 ,f ! f>m income is n[ subtract$ a reasonable int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 ! balance rema9+ is call$ ! labor income4 ,?is is ! return :i* ! f>m] has obta9$ by & = 8 own ef=ts4 ,if ?is balance is z]o1 !n he %\ld *ange 8 me?ods or get into "s o!r bus9ess4 ,?is /atem5t ( 8 income1 :atev] x may be1 enables him to comp>e 8 prosp]ity ) t ( ! man :o is employ$ ^u a sal>y4 ,"h1 aga91 h[ev]1 x is difficult to make comp>isons because ( ! diff]5ces 9 exp5ses ( liv+4 ,! *ief diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! exp5se ( ! wage e>n] 9 ! city & ! f>m] is 9 ! matt] ( h\se r5t4 ,= example1 if ! wage e>n] pays #cjj a ye> h\se r5t t mu/ be d$uct$ f 8 income 9 comp>+ x ) ! labor income ( ! f>m]4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t ! f>m] also has 8 liv+ f ! f>m4 ,?is 0 mu* m true =m]ly ?an x is at pres5t4 ,"u pres5t me?ods ( di/ribut+ food products & ) mod]n types ( f>m+1 ! am\nt ( food suppli$ ! table f ! f>m is comp>atively small4 ,! ran*] 9 ,montana eats foods cann$ 9 ,ma9e or ,delaw>e1 :ile ! ,new ,hamp%ire f>m] buys 8 vegetables f ,bo/on commission m]*ants4 ,! ,m9nesota f>m] _c supply 8 breakfa/ table ) oranges1 grapefruit or oatmeal4 ,_m ( !m buy1 if n _! bread1 at lea/ _! fl\r1 & also _! butt]4 ,! fact t ! city man indulges 9 high liv+ is no argum5t 9 favor ( ! c\ntry man expect+ less wages4 ,"s ( ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to make ! c\ntry an ideal place to live are exp5sive4 ,"s ( !m are m exp5sive to obta9 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city1 z1 = example1 educational facilities4 ,9 ju/ify+ 8 pur*ase ( an automobile1 a "y f>m] rec5tly /at$ t 8 wife _h c]ta9 c>es1 responsibilities & ev5 privations :i* h] city fri5ds did n h4 ,he ?\ght t ! automobile w\ld help to (fset !m4 ,to my m9d !re is no m ideal place to live & re> a family ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry :5 ! conditions are :at !y %\ld be & may be4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 x is well to insi/ t x co/s some?+ to live 9 ! c\ntry z well z 9 ! city if "o lives z well z e f>m] has a "r to expect to live4 ,let u n[ consid] ! /eps necess>y 9 ord] to arrive at a fair e/imate ( ! labor income4 ,to make ! matt] concrete1 we w assume a f>m ( #bjj acres wor? #fj an acre locat$ 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania on a lime/one clay loam soil ov] #a1jjj feet above sea level4 ,?is f>m is to conta9 #bj acres ( timb]1 a #cj-;acre apple or*>d two ye>s old1 #dj acres ( pa/ure1 #if acres ( cultivat$ l& divid$ into six #af-;acre fields4 ,! re/ ( ! #bjj acres consi/s ( small y>ds1 roadways & wa/e l&4 ,"o-half ( ea* ( ! six #af-;acre fields is to consi/ ( a rotation ( maize1 oats & :eat1 ea* "o ye>1 & hay ?ree ye>s1 ! latt] clov] & timo?y foll[$ by timo?y4 ,! o!r half is to consi/ ( maize1 b>ley1 foll[$ by alfalfa f\r ye>s4 ,9 ! "y or*>d !re w be gr[n = a few ye>s potatoes1 tomatoes1 cabbages & g>d5 peas4 ,aft] ! or*>d atta9s a size :i* =bids ^! int]till$ crops1 a portion ( ! pa/ure may be brok5 up s t ^! m>ket g>d5 crops may be rais$4 ,!re w be kept six horses1 #bj mil* c[s1 #bj ewes ( "s mutton bre$ ( %eep1 five brood s[s & #ej h5s4 ,fir/ ( all1 let att5tion be call$ to ! broad k ( f>m+ requir$ to op]ate ?is mod]ate-siz$ & comp>atively simple f>m4 ,! crops to be rais$ are maize1 oats1 :eat1 clov]1 alfalfa1 timo?y1 potatoes1 tomatoes1 cabbages1 g>d5 peas & apples4 ,! animal products sold w be *iefly butt] fat1 wool1 mutton1 veal1 pork & eggs4 ,?is is nei!r a long nor complex li/ ( products4 ,!y are all adapt$ to ! f>m :i* ! writ] has 9 m9d4 ,yet ! man :o op]ates ?is f>m to ! highe/ success w ne$ to h a k ( agronomy1 or ! rais+ ( field crops1 ( horticulture1 animal husb&ry1 includ+ p\ltry husb&ry & dairy+4 ,he ne$s to h a good und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( agricultural *emi/ry1 to h a k ( h[ to prev5t & combat fung\s diseases & insect enemies4 ,to get ! mo/ out ( 8 timb] l& he %\ld "k at lea/ "s ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( =e/ry1 & if he has ga9$ "s in/ruction 9 ! /udy ( l&scape g>d5+1 8 home w be m attractive1 & 8 f>m a s\rce ( great] pleasure to him4 ,to proce$ ) ! e/imate1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to make a record ( ! cropp+ sy/em1 giv+ ! areas & ! e/imat$ production ( ea* crop4 ,h[ is ! yield p] acre to be det]m9$8 ,cle>ly1 "o _c af=d to e/imate 8 pr(its on ! basis ( "s unusual yields4 ,if "o c\ld be assur$ ( #dj bu%els ( :eat1 #fj bu%els ( oats1 five tons ( hay1 #cjj bu%els ( potatoes1 or #bjj bu%els ( apples p] acre1 or #ejj p\nds ( butt] fat p] c[1 or #aej eggs p] h5 p] ye>1 !re w\ld be no difficulty ab\t obta9+ a snug labor income4 ,su* results are possible & are appropriate ideals = :i* to /rive1 b are n safe z e/imates on :i* to d bus9ess4 ,! ye> books ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture conta9 ! annual e/imate ( ! yields1 & ! av]age ,decemb] f>m price ( /aple crops by /ates4 ,^! figures may s]ve z a basis = mak+ e/imates4 ,if ! natural conditions are ab\t ! av]age /at$1 "o may prop]ly assume t he c obta9 an increase ( #ej4 ,he may ev5 hope to d\ble ! yield1 al?\gh x is n safe to assume su* an increase 9 mak+ an e/imate ( pr(its4 ,if ! natural conditions are m favorable or less favorable ?an ! av]age1 he mu/ take ! fact into consid]ation 9 8 e/imates4 ,9 ! same way he may consid] :e!r ! av]age ,decemb] f>m price repres5ts fairly 8 expectation ( ! price1 or :e!r because ( favorable location or sup]ior quality ( ! article pur*as$ he c expect high] remun]ation4 ,x is "h assum$ t ! "y f>m] is himself go+ to be m ?an an av]age f>m]4 ,if he is n he w only get av]age results1 9 :i* case 8 labor income w be only t ( ! ord9>y day labor]4 ,to repeat ! idea 9 concrete t]ms4 ,if ! "y f>m] is locat$ 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania & f9ds t ! av]age yield ( :eat = ! /ate is #ag bu%els an acre1 he may safely e/imate t 8 improv$ me?ods w br+ him #be bu%els ( :eat to ! acre4 ,he may ev5 hope = #cd bu%els p] acre4 ,at ! ,p5nsylvania /ation sev]al v>ieties ( :eat h1 dur+ ! pa/ #ah ye>s1 av]ag$ ov] #cj bu%els p] acre4 ,"o ye> "o v>iety produc$ #dc bu%els4 ,x w\ld n be safe1 h[ev]1 to use su* figures 9 e/imat+ pr(its4 ,hav+ outl9$ ! cropp+ sy/em & made a c>eful e/imate ( ! total annual production ( ea* crop1 ! next /ep is to det]m9e ! am\nt ( food & b$d+ requir$ = ! live /ock4 ,f ?is data x may be det]m9$ :at products w be available = sale1 & :at food/uffs mu/ be b\ght4 ,?us1 x may be f\nd1 = example1 t ! am\nt ( oats rais$ j meets ! requirem5t1 :ile m maize mu/ be pur*as$1 toge!r ) nitrog5\s conc5trates1 & t a portion ( ! hay is available = sale4 ,9 ! f>m "u consid]ation !re w1 ( c\rse1 be :eat1 potatoes1 tomatoes1 cabbages1 g>d5 peas & ! animal products previ\sly m5tion$ = sale1 & lat] !re w be apples & "s lumb] f ! wood lot4 ,! data are n[ at h& by :i* to e/imate ! total receipts4 ,hav+ made ! e/imates ( receipts1 ! exp5ses are e/imat$1 & ! diff]5ce gives ! ca% balance1 if !re is any4 ,! mo/ important items ( exp5se w be labor1 fe$1 se$s1 f]tiliz]s1 h>ve/+ & ?re%+ exp5ses1 spray+ mat]ial1 %ipp+ packages1 blacksmi?+ & repairs4 ,aft] all exp5ses t c be ?\ght ( are includ$ n less ?an #aj %\ld be add$ = incid5tal exp5ses4 ,! am\nt ( comm]cial or natural f]tiliz]s to be pur*as$ is1 ( c\rse1 relat$ to ! y>d manure :i* w be produc$ on ! f>m2 !re=e "s e/imate ( ! probable am\nt is desirable4 ,9 a r\ghly empirical way ! am\nt ( manure produc$ may be e/imat$ at twice ! am\nt ( dry food & b$d+ us$1 provid$ x is haul$ daily to ! field4 ,:]e /or$ & drawn to ! field at /at$ p]iods1 ! %r9kage 9 weight1 al?\gh n necess>ily 9 plant food1 may be z mu* z "o-half4 ,! e/imate ( :at ! inv5tory %\ld be at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ye> is n s simple a matt] z x may at fir/ seem to be4 ,! purpose ( tak+ ! inv5tory is tw(old3 ,fir/1 to det]m9e :e!r ! inv5tory has increas$ or decreas$1 & second1 to det]m9e on :at am\nt ( capital int]e/ is to be calculat$4 ,= example1 "o mu/ c>ry =w>d ea* ye> se$ = ! next ye>'s crop4 ,fe$ mu/ be c>ri$ ov] to fe$ live /ock until o!r food becomes available1 & !re mu/ be money on h& ) :i* to pay = labor unless !re is a ca% income f ! sale ( products suffici5t to c>e = ! labor bills4 ,9 ! case ( ! f>m "u consid]ation !re is a "y or*>d ( ab\t "o ?\s& trees4 ,?is or*>d is n br++ 9 any income1 b !re is a con/ant exp5diture ( money on x1 & a con/ant increase 9 its value4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x decreases ! ca% income x increases ! f>m income & ! labor income4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x increases ! int]e/ *>ges because ! plant or f>m is increas+ 9 value4 ,h[ mu* w x increase 9 value8 ,9 "s sections x is cu/om>y to consid] t an or*>d increases 9 value #a p] tree p] ye>4 ,if ?is is a correct e/imate1 ?is #a1jjj-tree or*>d w increase ! value ( ! f>m #a1jjj a ye> until x comes into full be>+4 ,! f>m "u consid]ation 0 pur*as$ two ye>s ago = #i1ejj4 ,on ! assumption j /at$1 at ! end ( #ae ye>s f date ( pur*ase ?is f>m %\ld be wor? #be1jjj1 at lea/ #ae1jjj ( :i* w be due to a #cj-;acre or*>d4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #ejj an acre = ! or*>d itself4 ,9 ord] to br+ out "s ( ! phases ( ! inv5tory m cle>ly ! foll[+ classification ( items is giv5 bel[3 ,,inv5tory ,a4 ,,plant4 ,! real e/ate1 #bjj acres at #fj p] acre4 ,! live /ock4 ,"w horses & bre$+ /ock4 ,ma*9]y4 ,b4 ,,mat]ials4 ,se$s1 potatoes1 oats1 maize1 :eat4 ,fe$1 hay = cattle & %eep1 silage = c[s1 maize = pigs4 ,gr[+ :eat1 #h acres at #f p] acre4 ,live /ock1 calves1 lambs & pigs4 ,c4 ,,supplies4 ,hay & oats = horses4 ,money = curr5t exp5ses4 ,9 e/imat+ ! inv5tory at ! end ( ! ye>1 a d$uction %\ld be made = ! decrease 9 ! value ( ! live /ock "u ! plant & also = ! ma*9]y4 ,p]haps #e = ! live /ock & #aj = ! ma*9]y & tools w be a fair d$uction4 ,"u mat]ials & supplies ^? items h be5 inv5tori$ :i* are to be c>ri$ ov] ea* ye> f ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 ! case ( se$s ! am\nt requir$ mu/ be d$uct$ f ! am\nt sold1 or !y mu/ appe> z a *>ge 9 ! exp5se acc\nt4 ,ord9>ily !y are c>ri$ ov] f ye> to ye> & ?us become a "p ( ! p]man5t inve/m5t4 ,s9ce on ! f>m "u consid]ation !re is a consid]able mon?ly income f ! sale ( butt] fat & eggs1 x may be possible t no all[ance w be ne$$ 9 ! inv5tory = curr5t exp5ses1 al?\gh x is always desirable to c>ry a bank acc\nt 9 ord] to be able to make favorable pur*ases :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,z a "p ( ! "w 9 a c\rse 9 f>m managem5t1 ! writ] ask$ ea* /ud5t to secure ! f9ancial hi/ory ( an actual f>m cov]+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,! f9ancial hi/ory ( #cj f>ms dur+ ! ye>s #aija to #aijc1 inclusive1 & #bh f>ms dur+ ! ye>s #aijb-aijd1 inclusive1 0 ?us obta9$ & is giv5 h]e)4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,f9ancial ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,f>ms ,av]age size ( f>m1 acres #adc4ba #acc ,av]age area 9 crops 7includes pa/ure71 acres #aba4a #aab ,capital at end ( ?ree-ye> p]iod #ad1jji #h1hic ,capital at beg9n+ ?ree-ye> p]iod #ab1ifb #g1gjd ------- ------ ,diff]5ce #a1jdg #a1ahi ,int]e/ on capital1 #ac1dhe1 at #e p] c5t,b #fgd #dae ,increase 9 capital p] annum #cdi #cif ,av]age ye>ly receipts #c1fac #b1bjh ,av]age ye>ly disbursem5ts #a1ijg #a1bba ,av]age ye>ly ca% balance #a1gjf #ihg ,av]age ye>ly f>m income #b1jee #a1chc ,av]age ye>ly labor income #a1cha #ifh ,^! figures %[ ! application ( pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,a c>eful read] w h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ h[ ! diff]5t items h be5 obta9$4 ,= example1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! receipts & disbursem5ts 9 ! fir/ column gives ! ca% balance ( #a1gjf4 ,! f>m income1 #b1jee1 is obta9$ by add+ to ! ca% balance #cdi1 :i* is ! annual increase 9 ! capital4 ,! labor income is obta9$ by subtract+ f ! f>m income ! int]e/ on ! capital at five p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( capital is det]m9$ by divid+ by two ! sum ( ! inv5tories at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! p]iod4,c ,x w be not$ t ! gross receipts1 ! exp5ses1 ! f>m income & ! labor income on ^! actual f>ms are all m closely relat$ to ! capital inve/$ ?an ! size ( ! f>m4 ,?us1 on ! #cj f>ms ) a capitalization ( ab\t #ac1ejj1 ! av]age ye>ly receipts 7 ab\t #be an acre1 :ile on ! #bh f>ms ) a capitalization ( ab\t #h1cjj1 ! av]age ye>ly receipts 7 ab\t #af an acre4 ,likewise on ! high-pric$ f>ms ! labor income 0 approximately #aj an acre1 :ile on ! l[] pric$ ones x 0 ab\t #g4 ----- ,b ,obta9$ by divid+ by two ! sum ( capital at beg9n+ & end ( ?ree-ye> p]iod4 ,c ,= fur!r details see ,hunt1 ,h[ to ,*oose a ,f>m1 ,*aps4 ,x & ,,xi4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,gra9 ,,& ,,hay ,,f>m+ ,an important & prim>y factor 9 ! production ( all weal? is labor4 ,aside f ! pr(essional & dome/ic classes1 ! p ( ! _w devote !mselves to ?ree =ms ( "w3 7#a7 ,*anges 9 sub/ance1 or natural products2 7#b7 *anges 9 =m1 or me*anical products2 7#c7 *anges 9 place1 or ex*ange ( products4 ,! second ( ^! =ms ( "w gives rise to manufactur+2 ! ?ird1 to trade & comm]ce4 ,"u ! fir/ sub-division two classes ( natural products may be recogniz$2 fir/1 :at1 = want ( a bett] "n1 may be call$ *emical products1 su* z ores1 coal & salt1 f :i* are d]iv$ m9+ & ! metallurgical arts2 & second1 vital products1 or1 9 o!r words1 vegetation & animals4 ,x is "w appli$ to ! production ( vegetation & animals t gives rise to agriculture4 ,agriculture is labor appli$ to ! production ( liv+ ?+s4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,agriculture ,! indu/ries :i* deal ) ! production ( liv+ ?+s may be divid$1 !oretically1 l>gely on ! basis ( ! "* ( ! results1 b to "s ext5t ^u ! nature ( ! activities involv$4 ,gra9 ,f>m+--,c]eals & grasses4 ,agriculture ,plantations--,cotton1 sug>1 tobacco1 c(fee4 ,plant ,production 7,soil ,culture7 ,truck ,f>m+1 ,m>ket ,g>d5+--,vegetables4 ,horticulture ,fruit ,gr[+--,fruits4 ,=e/ry--,trees1 %rubs4 ,/ock ,rais+--,"w1 meat1 fats1 hides4 ,/ock ,fe$+--,meat1 fats4 ,/ock ,bre$+--,animals4 ,animal ,production ,dairy ,f>m+--,milk1 butt] & *eese4 7,an4 ,husb&ry7 ,%eep ,husb&ry--,wool rais+4 ,p\ltry ,rais+--,eggs4 ,beekeep+--,honey4 ,mix$ ,husb&ry ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is !oretical classification has work$ out 9 actual practice w be indicat$ 9 "s measure by ! inquiries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau4 ,! twelf? c5sus has classifi$ f>ms on ! basis ( _! pr9cipal income4 ,if #dj or m ( ! gross income ( ! f>m 0 f dairy products1 x 0 call$ a dairy f>m2 if f live /ock1 a live /ock f>m2 if f cotton1 a cotton f>m4 ,if no product con/itut$ #dj ( ! gross receipts1 ! f>m 0 classifi$ z a miscellane\s or g5]al f>m4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 #e1gdj1jjj f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 71 accord+ to ! rule j /at$1 classifi$ z foll[s3 ,,f>ms ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,pr9cipal ,,s\rce ,,( ,,income ,gross ,av]age income ,total area1 size p] ,k9d ( f>m4 acres4 ,numb]4 acres4 f>m4 ,hay & gra9 #baj1bdc1jjj #a1cbj1jjj #aei #gfj ,vegetables #aj1aeg1jjj #aef1jjj #fe #ffe ,fruits #f1aej1jjj #hb1jjj #ge #iae ,live /ock #cce1jji1jjj #a1efe1jjj #bbg #ghh ,dairy produce #dc1bhd1jjj #ceh1jjj #abj #ghg ,tobacco #i1egd1jjj #ajf1jjj #ij #fae ,cotton #hi1ehg1jjj #a1jgb1jjj #hd #dcj ,rice #a1jhh1jjj #f1jjj #aij #a1cce ,sug> #b1fhi1jjj #g1jjj #cfc #e1cag ,fl[]s & plants #dc1jjj #f1jjj #g #b1iia ,nurs]y products #aff1jjj #b1jjj #hb #d1iga ,miscellane\s #aac1add1jjj #a1jei1jjj #ajg #ddj ----------- --------- --- ----- ,total #hdd1jjj1jjj #e1gdj1jjj #adg #fef ,includ+ miscellane\s or g5]al f>ms1 !re are j a doz5 k9ds ( f>ms m5tion$4 ,( ?is numb]1 n9e k9ds obta9$ at lea/ #dj ( _! products1 & probably mu* m1 f vegetable r ?an f animal =ms4 ,h[ev]1 live /ock & dairy f>ms con/itute ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total numb] ( f>ms1 & almo/ "o-half ! f>m acreage4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( f>ms on :i* ! production ( gra9 & hay =ms an important "p ( _! activities2 namely1 ! hay & gra9 f>m1 ! live /ock f>m1 ! dairy f>m1 & g5]al f>m4 ,^! con/itute1 9 ! aggregate1 #ge ( ! f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & by virtue ( _! l>g] area1 !y occupy #he ( ! total f>m area4 ,,gra9 ,,& ,,hay ,,/ati/ics ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury less ?an "o-half ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 own$ 9 f>ms4 ,only "o-half ( ?is f>m area 0 consid]$ to be "u cultivation4 ,! total area 9 c]eals 0 "o-t5? ! total l& area1 :ile #c 0 devot$ to hay & #b to all o!r crops except pa/ure4 ,)\t go+ into details1 x may be /at$ ) reasonable assurance t3 7#a7 ,dur+ ! la/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! production ( c]eals has increas$ mu* fa/] ?an ! population4 ,= example1 9 #ahej1 !re 7 rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "o ton ( c]eal gra9s p] capita2 by #aijj ?is am\nt _h increas$ to "o & "o-half tons = ea* inhabitant4 7#b7 ,s9ce ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture has decreas$ 9 proportion to population1 ! quantity ( c]eals produc$ 9 proportion to p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture has increas$ 9 /ill great] ratio4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! am\nt ( c]eals is conc]n$1 ! f>m] has be5 gett+ an increas+ly l>g] return = 8 labor4 7#c7 ,! quantity ( c]eals has increas$ 9 proportion to ! arable l&4 ,?is may be due to "o or m ( ?ree causes3 7a7 great] av]age yield p] acre2 7b7 great] proportion ( c]eals to o!r crops2 or 7c7 to a *ange 9 ! ratio ( ! diff]5t c]eal crops4 ,! foll[+ table1 giv+ ! av]age yield ( gra91 r$uc$ to p\nds p] acre1 %[s n only h[ ! sub/itution ( "o c]eal = ano!r might affect ! total production ( c]eal gra9s1 b also sugge/s to ! "y f>m] h[ he may modify ! total product ( 8 f>m3 ,yield ,lb4 ,lb4 9 bu4 p] bu4 p] acre ,maize #bd4b #ef #acee ,b>ley #bc4g #dh #aach ,rye #ae4j #ef #hdj ,oats #bf4b #cb #hch ,:eat #ac4b #fj #gib ,rice ,paddy #gdf ,buck:eat #ad4j #dh #fgb ,yields w v>y relatively 9 diff]5t regions & ) diff]5t types ( soil1 & %\ld be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to "o's conditions4 7#d7 ,! :eat & oat crops h increas$ ab\t six & "o-half times 9 #ej ye>s1 ! hay crop five & "o-half times1 :ile maize has increas$ f\r & "o-half times4 ,cotton1 ! only o!r great /aple crop1 has increas$ f\r times 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! oat crop has increas$ ! mo/ rapidly ( any s9ce #ahhj4 ,x is int]e/+1 & may be significant1 to note t1 :ile ! production ( :eat & b>ley 9 ,great ,brita9 has decreas$ ab\t "o-half 9 ?irty ye>s1 ! production ( oats has increas$ some:at4 7#e7 ,! greate/ rate ( increase 9 ! production ( c]eals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ half c5tury has tak5 place s9ce #ahgj4 ,?is increase is co9cid5t ) ?ree o!r facts ( ! utmo/ importance3 7a7 ,! developm5t ( ! c5tral ,we/1 a treeless pla9--prior to ?is p]iod mu* ( ! f>m l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 hewn out ( ! =e/1 tree by tree2 7b7 ! consolidation ( ! /eam railways into transcont95tal l9es2 & 7c7 ! introduction ( ! self-b9d+ h>ve/]4 ,=m]ly x took at lea/ five m5 to d :at is done today by "o man 9 ! h>ve/+ ( c]eals4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,gra9 ,,f>m+ 7#a7 ,! co/ ( l& except$1 ! production ( hay & gra9 requires a small outlay ( money4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 _m ?\s&s ( p]sons h be5 able to obta9 f>ms ( #afj acres at almo/ no co/4 ,) a few hundr$ doll>s inve/$ 9 horses & tools ) :i* to pl[ ! prairie & s[ ! se$1 ^! =tunate p]sons h (t5times be5 able to pay ! :ole ( _! exp5ses1 capital includ$1 f ! fir/ crop4 ,! r5t] :o op]ates a hay & gra9 f>m usually has b a small capital inve/$ 9 8 bus9ess4 7#b7 ,! c]eals br+ a quick return4 ,:eat may be s[n 9 ,septemb] & sold 9 ,july2 maize may be plant$ 9 ,may & sold 9 ,novemb]2 oats may be plant$ 9 ,april & sold 9 ,augu/4 ,! %ort p]iod betwe5 se$ "t & h>ve/ makes ! oat crop a favorite "o among r5t]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x takes f ?ree to sev5 ye>s to produce a m>ketable horse4 ,x may take t5 to fifte5 ye>s to beg9 to realize on an apple or*>d4 7#c7 ,! products are n easily p]i%able1 & h5ce c be held almo/ indef9itely4 ,! developm5t ( ! magnific5t elevator sy/em1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! c]eals c be h&l$ l wat]1 greatly simplifies ! hold+ & pres]vation ( ^! /aple products4 7#d7 ,! products are 9 con/ant dem&1 & h5ce !y always f9d a m>ket4 ,agricultural commodities may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 dep5d+ ^u ! area :i* controls ! price ( ! commodity1 z foll[s3 7a7 price units _w-wide1 z :eat1 cotton1 pork2 7b7 price units local to l>ge di/ricts--products too bulky to %ip long di/ances--su* z hay1 potatoes & apples2 7c7 price units local to relatively small areas1 su* z /rawb]ries & gre5 vegetables4 ,x is obvi\s t ! l>g] ! area :i* controls ! price1 ! m con/ant w be ! dem&4 ,,objections ,,to ,,gra9 ,,f>m+ 7#a7 ,x exhau/s ! soil4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! :eat ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is consum$ outside ! c\nty 9 :i* x is rais$4 7#b7 ,x requires a l>ge quantity ( l& to produce a compet5ce4 ,l& mu/ be l[ 9 price1 or ! int]e/ on ! money inve/$ 9 ! l& w consume ! pr(its4 ,! relation ( crop to income is sugge/$ by comp>+ ! gross returns f an acre ( potatoes or tobacco ) an acre ( maize4 ,! av]age gross income dur+ a decade 01 f an acre ( maize1 #i4ej2 an acre ( potatoes1 #ch2 & f an acre ( tobacco1 #fa4ej4 7#c7 ,only su* "p ( ! l& z is suit$ to tillage c be us$4 7#d7 ,! m>ket+ ( c]eals requires ! transportation ( bulky products4 ,hay is h&icapp$ mu* m s]i\sly4 ,! di/ance a product c be %ipp$ dep5ds some:at on ! price p] p\nd receiv$ = x4 ,if x co/s "o c5t a p\nd to %ip maize to a gra9 m>ket1 obvi\sly x _c be transport$ )\t loss :5 x br+s only #ej c5ts a bu%el4 ,on ! o!r h&1 two c5ts a p\nd may easily be paid = %ipp+ butt] :i* is wor? #be c5ts a p\nd4 ,! transportation ( #b1jjj wor? ( maize to a railway /ation t5 miles di/ant is a labori\s & exp5sive op]ation1 b :5 ?is same maize is turn$ into beef or pork1 x w transport itself to ! /ation ) comp>atively little tr\ble4 ,not)/&+ ! excell5t transportation facilities :i* ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates enjoy1 #hj ( ! maize is consum$ 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* x is rais$4 ,c]eal production dem&s bett] transportation facilities ?an cotton f>m+1 tobacco gr[+ or ! re>+ ( dome/ic animals4 7#e7 ,capital mu/ lie idle mu* ( ! "t4 ,! self-b9d+ h>ve/] or ! hay rake is only us$ a few weeks1 or p]haps m (t5 only a few days1 ea* ye>4 ,a cream sep>ator or a *urn may be us$ e day 9 ! ye>4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !re is n only int]e/ on unemploy$ capital1 b ! capital is actually det]iorat+ ?r\gh nonuse4 7#f7 ,! production ( hay & gra9 does n give cont9u\s employm5t4 ,! slighte/ consid]ation ( ! foll[+ table mu/ %[ t unless live /ock is kept1 !re are consid]able p]iods ( ! ye> 9 :i* v little labor is requir$1 :ile at o!r times consid]able "w is necess>y to prev5t loss4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,av]age ,,acreage ,,p] ,,f>m ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,crops4 ,new ,york ,ohio ,wiscons9 ,virg9ia ,maize #c #ac #i #aa ,:eat #b #ab #c #f ,oats #e #d #ad #a ,b>ley1 rye or buck:eat #b -- #e #j ,hay & =age #bc #aa #ad #d ,potatoes1 beans or o!r vegetables #c #a #b #a ,fruits #b #b #j #a ,miscellane\s crops #b #a #j #b ,pa/ure1 wood or unimprov$ l& #eh #de #gj #ic --- -- --- --- ,total size ( f>m #ajj #hi #aag #aai 7#g7 ,mu* dep5ds ^u natural =ces4 ,:ile !re is opportunity = ! use ( k & judgm5t 9 ! production ( high-grade se$s & ev5 ( l>ge yields1 !re is n ! same scope = skill t !re is 9 "s o!r l9es ( agricultural ent]prise4 ,skill means ! capacity to d some?+ difficult1 & ! m ef=t requir$ to produce an object ! m value x has1 provid$ its utility is unlimit$4 ,! f>m+ :i* requires ! mo/ skill pays ! be/ if "o has ! skill to apply to x4 ,?is is because ^? :o d n h ! requisite skill are usually unsuccessful4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,f>m+ ,,op]ations ,sev]al millions ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n to m5tion ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 are engag$ ea* ye> 9 ! prep>ation ( ! soil = ! c]eal & =age crops & on ! "w ( se$+ & h>ve/+ !m4 ,! welf>e ( "o-?ird ! population is directly & t ( ! o!r two-?irds1 al?\gh less directly1 is q z surely dep5d5t ^u ! effectiv5ess ( ?is ef=t4 ,if1 = example1 z sometimes happ5s1 "o-?ird ! population receives on acc\nt ( unt[>d seasonal conditions b f\r-fif?s ( ! usual product1 ev]yone mu/ suff] on acc\nt ( ?is unrew>d$ labor4 ,_m1 p]haps mo/1 f9ancial panics h _! orig9 9 crop failures aid$1 d\btless1 by an improp] f9ancial sy/em4 ,al?\gh widely & sometimes bitt]ly discuss$1 little is really kn[n conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! ef=t exp5d$ & ! returns obta9$ 9 produc+ ! great /aple f>m products2 yet "o ( ! mo/ important & vital consid]ations 9 ! organization ( a f>m ent]prise is ! income1 bo? gross & net1 :i* may be expect$ f ! diff]5t crops contemplat$4 ,obvi\sly ! yield & price ( ! sev]al crops w v>y ) ! locality & ) ! season4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to pr$ict = any ye> ei!r :at yield may be obta9$ or :at price w be secur$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t numb] ( ye>s are select$1 an av]age may be f\nd :i* w =m a basis = calculat+ ! probable result = ano!r s]ies ( ye>s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! yield & ! av]age f>m values p] acre = five /aple crops = five ye>s1 #aije-aiji inclusive1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & = f\r widely sep>at$ /ates1 viz41 ,p5nsylvania1 ,i[a1 ,texas & ,oregon4 ,,av]age ,,yield ,,p] ,,acre1 #aije-aiji4 ,p5nsylvania ,i[a ,texas ,oregon ,maize1 bu4 #cf4f #cc4d #ba4a #bg4c ,:eat1 bu4 #ag4h #ae4e #i4f #bj4f ,oats1 bu4 #bh4i #bh4i #bf4f #cb4h ,potatoes1 bu4 #hd4d #he4h #fg4j #aai4j ,hay1 tons #a4ci #a4ef #a4cb #b4aa ,,av]age ,,f>m ,,value ,,p] ,,acre1 #aije-aiji ,p5nsylvania ,i[a ,texas ,oregon ,maize #bb4ei #ac4hj #ab4ag #ai4eh ,:eat #af4fa #ab4db #i4aa #af4aj ,oats #ac4cc #i4bh #ab4ig #ae4bj ,potatoes #ee4hg #dd4ge #fe4ae #ga4ah ,hay #ah4gd #aj4ac #ac4ib #ai4fj ,su* figures z ! above may be compil$ by anyone at any "t = any ye> or s]ies ( ye>s f ! ye>books ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,!y =m a fairly s\nd basis = calculat+ ! gross income :i* may be expect$ f ! /aple f>m crops1 p>ticul>ly = ! c]eals1 potatoes1 hay1 cotton & tobacco4 ,five que/ions1 h[ev]1 pres5t !mselves1 :i* %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be settl$ be=e apply+ !m to an individual problem4 7#a7 ,h[ ne>ly d ! conditions1 especially ^? ( soil & climate1 ( ! giv5 location correspond to ! av]ages ( ! /ate8 ,! "q c be settl$ only by a ?or\gh /udy ( soils & _! crop adaptation4 ,x is a matt] requir+ /udy1 exp]i5ce & judgm5t4 7#b7 ,h[ mu* l>g] yields may be expect$ on acc\nt ( bett] me?ods employ$8 ,x is "h t mo/ mi/akes are made 9 e/imat+ possible f>m pr(its4 ,necess>ily1 all /ati/ical av]ages ( production are mu* bel[ ^? :i* an ent]pris+ f>m] consid]s an av]age crop & habitually produces4 ,n m ?an #ej increase ^u ^! figures1 h[ev]1 %\ld be anticipat$ by reason ( ! improv$ me?ods :i* "o is go+ to employ4 ,:ile ! av]age yield ( maize1 ev5 9 ! s-call$ corn /ates1 is n f> f #cj bu%els an acre1 & :ile x is q common = good f>m]s to produce #fj to #ge bu%els ( maize p] acre1 x w\ld n be safe to assume a yield ( m ?an #de bu%els unless ! conditions are m ?an ord9>ily favorable4 ,! application ( ! av]ages giv5 on pages #adi-aej to an individual f>m ent]prise may be illu/rat$ by calculat+ ! possible results :i* might be obta9$ on #hj acres ( arable l& 9 ,i[a & ,p5nsylvania ) ! f\r great soil products ( nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i[a ,p5nsylvania ,acres ,income ,acres ,income ,maize #dj #eeb4jj #ae #cdj4he ,oats #bj #ahe4fj #ae #bjj4be ,:eat #e #fb4aj #ae #bdi4be ,hay #ae #aea4ie #ce #fee4ij ,total #hj #iea4fe #hj #a1ddf4be ,if #ej is add$ = ! increas$ yields :i* may be expect$ on acc\nt ( ! employm5t ( bett] me?ods1 ! total yield f #hj acres ( arable l& w\ld become = ,i[a #a1dbh & = ,p5nsylvania #b1afi4 ,?is does n mean t f>m+ is necess>ily m pr(itable 9 ,p5nsylvania ?an 9 ,i[a4 ,n only may ! co/ ( cultivat+ an acre ( arable l& be great] 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b usually a l>g] t]ritory mu/ be own$ 9 ord] to obta9 #hj acres ( arable l&4 ,eighty acres ( ^! f\r crops is probably z (t5 gr[n on a f>m ( #ajj acres 9 ,i[a z on "o ( #afj acres 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! total f>m acreage 9 ,i[a is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ce millions2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #ai millions4 ,9 ,i[a ab\t "o-half ! f>m area is 9 ! f>m crops "u consid]ation1 :ile 9 ,p5nsylvania ^! f\r crops occupy only "o-?ird ! f>m area4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,maurice ,w]tz1 aft] sev]al ye>s 9 railroad (fices1 took *>ge ( 8 fa!rs f>m at ,qu9cy1 ,pa41 9 #ahia1 & conv]t$ x into a fruit f>m4 ,he n[ has ab\t #bbj acres 9 pea*es & apples4 ,x is und]/ood t he has s5t f ! above %ipp+ /ation & "o o!r ab\t #bjj1jjj wor? ( fruit 9 ! la/ six ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,m>t91 ,ru%1 ,n4 ,y41 is "o ( ! mo/ successful potato gr[]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he has a f>m ( #eg acres ( ! ,dunkirk s]ies ( soil4 ,he has ?ree #ah-;acre fields 9 rotation consi/+ ( potatoes1 :eat & clov] & alfalfa4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 has increas$ ! yield ( potatoes f #fj bu%els p] acre 9 #ahib to #dag bu%els 9 #aijf4 ,9 #aijf he produc$ #g1eaj bu%els on #ah acres4 ,9 #aijg he sold #b1hjg4hi wor? ( potatoes f #ah acres1 or #afj p] acre4 ,he attributes 8 l>ge yields ma9ly to dra9age1 ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! soil1 good tillage1 spray+1 clov] & alfalfa1 manure & comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 7#c7 ,w !re be a g5]al increase or decrease 9 ! price ( crops dur+ ! com+ ye>s8 ,! foll[+ table gives ! av]age f>m price = ,miss\ri by five-ye> p]iods4 ,,! ,,av]age ,,decemb] ,,f>m ,,price ,,by ,,previ\s ,,decades ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,av]age ,,( ,,five ,,ye>s1 #aijf-aj4 #ahff #ahge #ahhf #ahif #aijf to to to to to #ahge #ahhe #ahie #aije #aiaj cts4 cts4 cts4 cts4 cts4 ,maize1 bu4 #dj #cc #cc #ce #di ,:eat1 bu4 #ajc #hg #fd #ga #hg ,oats1 bu4 #cj #bg #bf #bg #ci ,potatoes1 bu4 #eg #dh #di #ec #fh ,hay1 ton #ijb #gii #gjd #gjj #hge ,an exam9ation ( ! la/ column %[s t ! av]age price ( ^! /aple f>m products has be5 consid]ably great] dur+ five rec5t ye>s ?an dur+ ! previ\s ?irty ye>s4 ,w ?is increase 9 price cont9ue1 or w !re be a s]ies ( ye>s ( unusually l[ prices :i* w br+ ! av]age price ( ! decade d[n to t ( ! previ\s ?ree decades8 ,few p]sons w c>e to v5ture an answ] to ?is "q1 :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to all f>m]s & especially to ! beg9n]4 7#d7 ,! figures employ$ are tak5 f ! ye>book ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & are ! e/imat$ f>m price on ,decemb] #a ( ea* ye>4 ,c ! commodities be sold = ! ,decemb] f>m price8 ,w potatoes sold at ! "t ( digg+ br+ less ?an ! ,decemb] price8 ,w :eat or maize held until ,may br+ a high] price8 ,to :at ext5t1 by ! judici\s hold+ ( products1 c advance 9 price be obta9$8 7#e7 ,w ! products be sold = ca%1 or may !y be turn$ into animal products at an increas$ pr(it8 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates animals are re>$ prim>ily because ( ! increas$ pr(it due to manufactur+ soil products into animal products2 9 o!r regions1 h[ev]1 !y are kept prim>ily = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil & only incid5tally on acc\nt ( ! increas$ pr(its4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,production ,= a numb] ( reasons x is difficult to det]m9e ! co/ ( gr[+ f>m crops4 ,"o reason des]ves to be especially emphasiz$4 ,9 any bus9ess ent]prise x may be necess>y to run at a loss1 because to /op w\ld entail a /ill great] loss4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 f>m+1 :]e m5 are employ$ by ! mon? 9 ord] t !y may be _h :5 ne$$4 ,s9ce !y are receiv+ pay1 x is bett] t su* m5 %\ld be employ$ "s days at f>m op]ations :i* return only a portion ( _! wages r ?an n to h !m employ$ at all4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !re=e1 ! co/ ( produc+ a giv5 crop may be great] ?an is indicat$ by ! "t actually employ$ 9 its production4 ,_m o!r factors also ent]1 z ! av]age numb] ( h\rs p] day :i* x is possible to "w4 ,?is is greatly influ5c$ by wea!r conditions4 ,! ,m9nesota /ation det]m9$ t ! work+ day on ab\t ?irty f>ms 9 t /ate v>i$ f sev5 & "o-half to eight & "o-half h\rs1 ) two to ?ree & "o-half h\rs on ,sunday4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! work+ day = horses v>i$ f #c4a to #c4c h\rs4 ,! co/ = labor ( cultivat+ a giv5 area ( l& w dep5d n only on ! crop or crops to be rais$1 ! climate1 ! topography & "* ( ! soil1 ! size & %ape ( ! fields & ! sy/em ( cropp+1 b also ^u ! man's ability = organization4 ,x is said t ! ,european f>m]s1 & ev5 ! f>m]s f ea/]n ,canada1 are sev]al ye>s 9 adju/+ !mselves to f>m+ 9 we/]n ,canada4 ,:5 ! f>m]s f ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska or surr\nd+ /ates move into we/]n ,canada ) _! ?ree-horse teams & o!r suitable equipm5t1 apply+ _! ?or\gh k ( prairie f>m+1 !y are at once successful4 ,! man is ?us an important factor4 ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,cultural ,,op]ations ,! foll[+ table w be helpful z %[+ "t requir$ to p]=m c]ta9 op]ations1 s9ce x is a record ( labor actually employ$ on a field ( #ah acres ( easily till$ l& 9 c5tral ,ohio4 ,all labor 0 employ$ at prices nam$1 bo>d = man & food = horses be+ furni%$ 9 addition at ! prices e/imat$4 ,! own] ( ! l& furni%$ ! horse = ! h>ve/]4 ,pl[+ #g4e days at #b #ae4jj ,h>r[+ #c days at #b #f4jj ,plant+ #b days at #b #d4jj ,cultivat+ 7#d times7 #g days at #b #ad4jj ,cultivat+ ) h>ve/] #f days at #a #f4jj ,husk+ & cribb+ by ! job #de4ed ,e/imat$ co/ ( bo>d #be-a_/b days #g4ie ,e/imat$ team ma9t5ance #be-a_/b days #d4ij ------- #ajc4ci ,accord+ to ^! figures ! co/ = labor ( rais+ ! crop & ! co/ ( h>ve/+ 0 almo/ exactly ! same1 ea* be+ a little less ?an #c an acre4 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,f>m ,,crops ,! ,m9nesota /ation has det]m9$ ! co/ ( gr[+ ! /aple f>m crops on #de f>ms 9 diff]5t sections ( ! ,/ate4 ,! total exp5se p] acre = an av]age ( six ye>s is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 n includ+ l& r5tal or co/ ( m>ket+4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,f>m ,,crops ,,9 ,,m9nesota4 ,spr+ :eat1 l& fall pl[$ #e4ed ,oats1 l& fall pl[$ #e4hj ,b>ley1 l& spr+ pl[$ #f4hi ,maize1 husk$ f /&+ /alks #i4da ,hay1 timo?y & clov] #c4fh ,potatoes1 l& n f]tiliz$ #bc4cf ,potatoes1 l& f]tiliz$ #cd4gb ,"s ye>s ago ! writ] made an e/imate ( ! co/ ( produc+ maize1 oats1 :eat & clov] hay 9 a f\r-c\rse rotation on a t5ant f>m 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania4 ,! soil 0 a heavy clay & requir$ pl[+ = ea* crop1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! hay crop1 "o acre a day be+ consid]$ a good day's "w4 ,c\nt+ ! exp5se ( man & team at #b p] day1 ! labor co/ p] acre 0 f\nd to be #g = maize1 #e4aj = bo? :eat & oats1 & #b4cj = hay1 or an av]age ( ab\t #d4ij p] acre = ! f\r crops4 ,! int]e/ on ! capital inve/$ 9 op]at+ ?is f>m1 exclusive ( ! l&1 0 e/imat$ at #a4de p] acre4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,yield ,,^u ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,production ,! ,ill9ois /ation has prep>$ a set ( e/imates ^u ! co/ ( produc+ an acre ( maize1 %[+ v>iations 9 co/ due to diff]5ces 9 yield4 ,9 ^! e/imates1 in/ead ( mak+ a *>ge = ! actual co/ ( manure or f]tiliz] appli$1 an e/imate is made ( ! value ( ! plant food remov$4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,"o ,,acre ,,( ,,maize ,,9 ,,ill9ois ,,z ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,yield4 ,yield ,yield ,yield ,yield #ej bu4 #ge bu4 #ajj bu4 #ce bu4 ,disk+ #j4dj #j4dj #j4dj #j4dj ,pl[+ #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ,prep>ation 4#ge 4#ge 4#ge 4#ge ,plant+ 4#ae 4#ae 4#ae 4#ae ,se$ 4#ce 4#ce 4#ce 4#ce ,cultivation #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ,plant food #a4jb #a4ec #b4jd 4#ga ,husk+ #a4be #a4hg #b4ej 4#hh ,m>ket+ #a4jj #a4ej #b4jj 4#gj ----- ----- ------ ----- ,co/ p] acre #f4ib #h4ee #aj4ai #e4id ,co/ p] bu%el 4#ad 4#aa 4#aj 4#ag ,! av]age yield p] acre 9 ,ill9ois = #ab ye>s prec$+ date ( ?is e/imate 0 #ce bu%els p] acre2 ! av]age price p] bu%el dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #cb c5ts4 ,,labor ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,a ,,bu%el ,,( ,,gra9 ,n c\nt+ r5t ( l& or int]e/ on capital inve/$ 9 equipm5t1 nor depreciation ( soil f]tility1 x has be5 %[n t "u favorable conditions1 ! labor co/ ( gr[+ & h>ve/+ an acre ( :eat or oats may be z l[ z #d4ej1 & t ( maize z l[ z #e p] acre4 ,assum+ ! av]age labor co/ ( produc+ an acre ( :eat or oats at #e4ej & ( maize at #f p] acre1 & tak+ ! av]age yields p] acre = a s]ies ( ye>s to be #ac4h = :eat1 #cj4i bu%els = oats & #bd4i bu%els = maize1 ! av]age labor co/ p] bu%el w be3 ,:eat1 #dj c5ts2 oats1 #ag-a_/b c5ts2 & maize1 #bh c5ts4 ,! data giv5 9 ?is *apt] are to be accept$ z sugge/ive r ?an z det]m9ative4 ,! *ief purpose 9 pres5t+ !m is to place be=e ! "y f>m] an appreciation ( "s ( ! problems involv$ 9 ! production ( ! *ief & basic agricultural commodities4 ,! "y f>m]'s success w be modifi$ by ! role :i* !y occupy 9 8 f>m+ sy/em & by 8 ability to adju/ !m to ! economic conditions 9 :i* he may f9d himself plac$4 ,a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! data submitt$ w g f> t[>d enabl+ him to make ?is adju/m5t1 al?\gh none ( ! illu/rations giv5 may h be5 obta9$ "u conditions id5tical to 8 own4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,int5sive ,,f>m+ ,! doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! mo/ fit applies equally to ! field ( biology & to ! field ( economics4 ,! g5]al introduction ( vegetables & fruits into ! human diet>y has1 by bani%+ ! loa?some diseases ( ! ,middle ,ages1 greatly increas$ human effici5cy4 ,x foll[s t ^? peoples or nations :o employ vegetables & fruits 9 abundance1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w be mo/ fit to survive & mu/ out/rip o!rs less =tunately situat$4 ,we may = ?is reason alone look =w>d to ! increas+ importance ( vegetable gr[+ & fruit rais+2 b !re is a m obvi\s & p]haps m direct reason4 ,!re is 9 ! production ( vegetables1 at lea/1 a me?od ( satisfy+ ! dietetic ne$s ( an increas+ population4 ,! employm5t ( a "p ( ! area n[ 9 c]eals & =age crops = ! production ( potatoes1 cabbages1 legumes1 roots & tomatoes is "o ( ! mo/ ready means ( increas+ ! food supply4 ,:e!r su* sub/itution w be advantage\s to ! human race dep5ds1 h[ev]1 n s mu* ^u ! food returns f a giv5 area ( l& z ^u ! products f a giv5 am\nt or unit ( labor4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,horticulture ,9 t =m ( int5sive agriculture to :i* is giv5 ! designation horticulture1 !re may be recogniz$ sev]al m or less di/9ct divisions1 z fruit gr[+1 m>ket g>d5+1 truck f>m+ & floriculture4 ,ea* has its own special problems1 bas$ ^u conditions ( culture & m>ket4 ,:ile1 z 9 all classifications1 !re is m or less ov]lapp+1 ! t5d5cy is = !m to become m & m di/9ct4 ,! m>ket g>d5] is ! produc] ( vegetables = a local m>ket1 :ile ! truck f>m] produces simil> products = a l>g] or wid] di/ribution4 ,! =m] gr[s a great v>iety ( products1 dispos+ ( !m 9 relatively small quantity1 n infrequ5tly directly to ! consum]4 ,! latt] raises a few highly specializ$ crops :i* he sells 9 gross1 usually ?r\gh a commission m]*ant4 ,truck f>m+ has develop$ s9ce #ahfj1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( l>ge cities1 :i* require enorm\s supplies ( vegetables ( fairly uni=m quality1 & on acc\nt ( ! cont9u\s dem& = fre% vegetables z ne>ly z possible ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,wat]melons & sweet potatoes c be rais$ 9 ! s\!rn /ates & laid d[n 9 ,new ,york ,city or ,bo/on m *eaply ?an !y c be rais$ 9 ! suburbs ( ^! cities1 &1 :at is equally important1 !y w be ( sup]ior quality4 ,! ext5sion ( railway facilities1 ! introduction ( refrig]ator c>s & ! build+ ( cold /orage plants has made x possible to gr[ 9 "o climate products to be consum$ 9 ano!r4 ,cold /orage has enabl$ ! fruit gr[]s ( ,cali=nia to supply ! ea/]n m>kets ) pea*es & o!r fre% fruit4 ,*icago1 to give only "o example1 beg9s to receive /rawb]ries1 cabbages & tomatoes f ! %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico e>ly 9 ! ye> & cont9ues to receive ^! products1 until f9ally !y are be+ %ipp$ late 9 ! summ] f ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! *ange ( locality f :i* ^! products come1 travels nor?w>d at ! rate ( f #ac to #ae miles a day4 ,,important ,,factors ,,9 ,,int5sive ,,f>m+ ,9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge cities1 notably 9 ! environs ( ,p>is1 m>ket g>d5]s (t5 produce _! vegetables 9 made soil4 ,! local "* ( ! soil "u su* conditions is a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce1 s9ce a bo>d floor w\ld answ] e requirem5t z a re/+ place = ! artificial soil4 ,! l>ge exp5se 9 prep>+ & con/antly r5ew+ ! se$ b$ is only economically possible1 h[ev]1 :]e proximity to a l>ge city out-weighs all o!r consid]ations4 ,ord9>ily climatic & soil adaptation are prime factors 9 successful horticulture--mu* m ?an 9 any o!r bran* ( agriculture4 ,ea* fruit has a re/rict$ climatic range1 & 9 mo/ cases ! numb] ( soil types on :i* a giv5 fruit c be made a comm]cial success is likewise limit$4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 apples & pe>s require heavi] soils ?an pea*es4 ,success 9 comm]cial apple gr[+ requires ev5 great] discrim9ation1 s9ce diff]5t v>ieties ( apples dem& diff]5t soil conditions4 ,?us ,baldw9s are gr[n ! mo/ successfully :]e a nor!rn climate is modifi$ by proximity to ! ,great ,lakes4 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+s w succe$ on soils too heavy = _m o!r v>ieties4 ,! ,york ,imp]ial has n yet a*iev$ a great comm]cial success save on "o type ( soil4 ,"s v>ieties ( apples are mu* m re/rict$ 9 _! adaptation ?an o!rs4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,k+ is q re/rict$1 ! ,b5 ,davis has a fairly wide cultural adaptation4 ,no "o %\ld plant an or*>d until he has made a ?or\gh /udy ( 8 soil & climatic conditions & has receiv$ ! highe/ possible exp]t assi/ance 9 *oos+ ! v>ieties be/ adapt$ to 8 conditions4 ,!re is an increas+ t5d5cy to specialize 9 vegetable gr[+4 ,! production ( cel]y1 onions1 muskmelons1 wat]melons1 cabbages1 caulifl[]s1 tomatoes & sweet corn1 to m5tion only "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples1 are becom+ m & m localiz$4 ,ev5 :]e vegetables & fl[]s are gr[n "u glass1 n only is ea* h\se devot$ to a s+le species1 b1 notably 9 ! case ( roses1 gr[]s are re/rict+ !mselves m & m to a few v>ieties4 ,?is is due to ! fact t x is impossible to give 9 "o h\se1 or ev5 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 ! special set ( conditions requir$ = ! mo/ economic developm5t ( ea* species or v>iety ( plant1 j z 9 ! op5 air ! natural conditions are be/ adapt$ to a limit$ numb] ( horticultural products4 ,s mu* be+ admitt$1 x foll[s t x is folly to attempt to gr[ plants "u unfavorable climatic & soil conditions :5 compet+ 9 ! same m>ket ) ^? possess+ favorable ones4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t :]e "o man fails ano!r (t5 succe$s1 b ?is is no reason :y a man %\ld apply 8 tal5ts "u unfavorable circum/ances4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! important attributes ( mo/ successful m5 is _! ability to recognize & apply _! en]gies "u conditions :i* w give !m ! mo/ effective return = a giv5 ef=t4 ,!re is no virtue 9 unnecess>y toil4 ,progress 9 any ent]prise1 z progress 9 ! human race1 c be accompli%$ only 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( labor requir$ to produce a desir$ result4 ,all ?is is axiomatic4 ,! purpose ( emphasiz+ x "h is t x is fundam5tal to ! success ( ^? :o attempt to produce horticultural products4 ,! necessity = ! emphasis lies 9 ! fact t ^! factors are s (t5 disreg>d$4 ,!y are ( mo/ vital importance to ! man :o attempts to raise tree fruits4 ,a mi/ake 9 ! plant+ ( cel]y1 cabbage1 or onions may be rectifi$ ! foll[+ season1 b if a mi/ake is made 9 plant+ tree fruits1 x may1 z 9 ! case ( apples1 require t5 or ev5 #bj ye>s to discov] ! error4 ,! gr[? 9 comm]cial or*>d+ is due 9 "p to ! ne$ ( special k & facilities = combat+ fung\s diseases & insect enemies & to ! bett] m>kets :i* a l>ge production ( uni=m quality makes possible4 ,:ile ^! are extremely important consid]ations1 !re is a m fundam5tal reason1 :i* may 9 ! long run ex]cise an ev5 m pot5t influ5ce4 ,! location ( ! ord9>y family or*>d1 s call$1 has be5 det]m9$ 9 almo/ e in/ance by ! location ( ! f>m build+s4 ,!re is no necess>y relation betwe5 a good site = a f>m dwell+ & a suitable location = an or*>d4 ,x happ5s1 !re=e1 t family or*>ds1 tak5 z a :ole1 are n gr[n "u z favorable conditions z are comm]cial or*>ds4 ,?is is a suffici5t reason 9 itself1 ev5 if ! o!r reasons above m5tion$ did n exi/1 :y ! comm]cial or*>d mu/1 9 "t1 supplant ^! accid5tal plant+s4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,horticulture ,! advantages ( ?is int5sive =m ( agriculture z comp>$ ) ! m ext5sive =ms discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii may be /at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a l>ge gross income p] acre may be obta9$4 ,an inve/igation ( truck f>m+ made "s ye>s ago indicat$ a gross return p] acre ab\t #dj times z great z t obta9$ on an av]age f all =ms ( agriculture4 7#b7 ,!re is a l>ge opportunity = ! use ( skill 9 rais+ & prep>+ products = m>ket & an equal opportunity = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 *oos+ ! be/ m>kets4 ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,horticulture 7#a7 ,x requires consid]able capital1 p>ticul>ly = ma*9]y & labor4 ,9 ! inve/igation 9 truck f>m+ above m5tion$ ! capital p] acre inve/$ 9 l&1 build+s1 implem5ts & teams 0 eight times t 9 ! m g5]al =ms ( agriculture4 7#b7 ,! products are = ! mo/ "p readily p]i%able1 requir+ special facilities if held = any l5g? ( "t4 7#c7 ,gr[+ out ( above-m5tion$ fact1 ! m>ket is easily ov]/ock$ at any giv5 po9t1 & h5ce prices (t5 fluctuate widely4 7#d7 ,! yield is also q v>iable1 ?is class ( products be+ especially influ5c$ by seasonal conditions & p>ticul>ly subject to insect attacks & fung\s diseases4 ,s9ce l>ge capital is inve/$ 9 labor1 ! horticulturi/ may be involv$ 9 f9ancial ru9 ?r\gh causes :i* he is unable to control4 7#e7 ,! labor "q1 9 c]ta9 =ms ( horticulture m ?an 9 o!rs1 involves difficulties1 among :i* is ne$ ( l>ge quantities ( *eap labor = %ort p]iods ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,reasons ,,= ,,animal ,,husb&ry ,animal products 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly equal 9 value ^? ( all o!r f>m products4 ,^? soil supplies :i* con/itute ! food ( dome/ic animals are n impli$4 ,practically e f>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates keeps dome/ic animals1 ei!r = _! labor or _! products1 & ne>ly e h\sehold 9 bo? city & c\ntry keeps "o or m animals = companion%ip4 ,! dome/ication ( animals has be5 a prime factor 9 ! civilization ( ! human race by furni%+ man ) motive =ce by :i* he has be5 able to increase 8 productive p[]2 by giv+ him a l>g]1 bett] & m regul> food supply2 & by furni%+ ! mat]ials = clo?+1 mak+ x possible = him to inhabit temp]ate & ev5 arctic climates4 ,animals h n be5 less important 9 advanc+ ! spiritual welf>e ( ! human race1 by inculcat+ habits ( regul>ity & k9dl9ess1 :i* ! c>e ( dome/ic animals imposes4 ,,increase ,,9 ,,animal ,,production ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury animals h n increas$ 9 numb]s z rapidly z h ! inhabitants1 b ! value ( animals has increas$ mu* m rapidly4 ,:ile a "p ( ?is increase 9 value is due p]haps to a great] co/ ( production1 a c\ple ( illu/rations w suffice to %[ t "p ( ?is increase 9 value has be5 due to increase 9 ! individual m]it ( ! animals4 ,9 #ahej %eep 9 ?is c\ntry produc$ #b4d p\nds ( wool p] fleece2 9 #aiaj !y produc$ #f4i p\nds p] fleece4 ,?us1 :ile 9 #ej ye>s %eep h n q d\bl$ 9 numb]s1 ! production ( wool has increas$ m ?an five times4 ,?is is a /rik+ example ( ! value ( improvem5t 9 bre$+1 because ! improvem5t 9 wool production is due to ! influ5ce ( h]$ity 9 f> great] degree ?an to ! effect ( improv$ fe$+4 ,wool1 l ! hair on "o's head1 is n greatly influ5c$ by ! food supply1 assum+ x to be reasonably ample4 ,beef cattle (f] ano!r illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* animal products h be5 increas$ )\t increas+ ! numb] ( animals4 ,=m]ly beef cattle 7 matur$ 9 _! f\r? & fif? ye>s1 or ev5 _! six? ye>4 ,!y are n[ plac$ ^u ! m>ket 9 _! second & ?ird ye>s4 ,if animals c be matur$ 9 _! ?ird in/ead ( _! fif? ye>1 x is obvi\s t a mu* small] numb] ( animals mu/ be kept ^u ! f>m 9 ord] to provide an equal annual supply = slaught]4 ,! increase 9 ! size ( our horses & ! increas$ production ( butt] fat p] c[ :i* h occurr$ 9 ! pa/ half c5tury are h>dly less important factors 9 increas+ ! value ( dome/ic animals & _! products4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,animals ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( rec5t progress 9 dome/ic animals is ! l>ge increase 9 ! numb] ( horses & ! /ill great] increase 9 _! value4 ,!re are ^? :o h believ$ t ! inv5tion ( _m b5efic5t =ms ( me*anical p[] w\ld 9 "t1 if n 9 ! v ne> future1 supplant ! use ( animals z a motive p[]4 ,! fact seems to be1 h[ev]1 t !y m]ely augm5t man's res\rces & increase 8 opportunities )\t less5+ 8 ne$ = animal p[]4 ,x appe>s reasonable to suppose t !re w be witness$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a gradual %ift+ ( live /ock c5t]s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury1 ! great c5tral ,we/ has be5 not$ = ! production ( live /ock1 p>ticul>ly = beef1 mutton & wool1 z an incid5t ( its pione] developm5t4 ,already ! production ( l>ge h]ds ( cattle & flocks ( %eep has disappe>$ = ! c5tral ,we/1 & is n[ conf9$ l>gely to ,texas & ! m\nta9 /ates4 ,! nor!a/]n /ates are unrival$ 9 ! production ( grass1 & h consid]able areas less fitt$ = tillage ?an ! prairie /ates4 ,9 "t1 !re=e1 ! t5d5cy w be = ! regions be/ fitt$ to re> animals to increase _! numb]s ( bre$+ animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? /ates :i* produce gra9 9 relatively l>ge abundance may give m att5tion to fatt5+ animals & to ! production ( dairy products :i* c be %ipp$ long di/ances4 ,z "t advances1 ! hi/ory ( o!r c\ntries w d\btless be repeat$4 ,a great] di/9ction betwe5 ! bre$+ & re>+ ( animals1 & _! fatt5+ & prep>ation = m>ket w occur4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,keep+ ,,live ,,/ock ,s9ce animals occupy a place 9 practically all f>m organizations1 x is desirable to /ate briefly ! advantages & disadvantages :i* may accrue to any individual ent]prise4 ,! mo/ /rik+ advantages affect+ ! f>m] are3 7#a7 ,animals make x possible to use l& t w\ld o!rwise be :olly or p>tly unproductive4 ,hillsides & m\nta9 slopes1 soil too /ony to cultivate1 fields trav]s$ by w9d+ /reams1 & l& p>tially cov]$ ) trees1 are famili> examples4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 only ab\t "o-half ! f>m area 9 ?is c\ntry is improv$ l&1 & only two-?irds1 ev5 ( ! improv$ l&1 is 9 cultivat$ crops4 ,! o!r ?ird ( ! improv$ l& & a consid]able portion ( t half ( ! f>m area kn[n z unimprov$ l& are utiliz$ z pa/ure = dome/ic animals4 7#b7 ,!y make use ( f>m crops :i* w\ld be entirely or p>tially wa/$4 ,/raw1 ! /alks ( maize1 clov] & alfalfa hay & o!r legum9\s =age crops w\ld n h suffici5t value to pay = rais+ if animals 7 n kept to conv]t !m into useful products4 ,9 fact1 ! usefulness ( a giv5 animal may be judg$ by ! economy ) :i* he conv]ts ^! o!rwise useless products into food or o!r mat]ials = ! use ( man4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd /udies are be+ made to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* ?is takes place4 7#c7 ,9 ?us act+ z ma*9es 9 manufactur+ raw mat]ials into f9i%$ products animals conv]t ^! co>se & bulky mat]ials into ^? :i* are mu* m conc5trat$1 ?us mak+ _! transportation economically possible4 ,a p\nd ( beef has requir$ food conta9+ t5 p\nds ( dry sub/ance1 & a p\nd ( butt] has requir$ ?irty p\nds ( dry matt] to produce x4 ,^! ref9$ products may be %ipp$ ar\nd ! _w1 :ile ! raw mat]ials may n be pr(itably transport$ beyond ! c\nty 9 :i* !y are rais$4 ,moreov]1 ! f>m] has ! pr(it :i* comes f manufactur+ ! raw mat]ials into ref9$ products4 7#d7 ,9 ! production ( ^! f9] products mu* ( ! ess5tial mat]ials ( plant gr[? are left ^u ! f>m4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t %[ conclusively t 9 fatt5+ animals m ?an n9e p\nds out ( t5 ( ! ess5tial f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts ( ! food reappe> 9 ! solid & liquid excrem5ts4 ,pro!ro says3 ,f>m+ 9 a circle1 unlike logic1 is a productive process4 ,! fiscal policy ( "o ( ! great nations ( ! globe is bas$ ^u ?is idea4 ,ev]y?+ possible is done by ,g]many to enc\rage ! keep+ ( live /ock1 because ! m live /ock t is kept1 ! m productive w be ! soil4 ,! l>g] ! crops rais$ ! m p w be requir$ to h>ve/ !m & ! l>g] w be ! population to recruit ! army & navy4 ,! ,kais] & ! ,g]man sci5ti/ recognize t ! fight+ =ce ( ! ,empire is relat$ to ! numb] ( dome/ic animals re>$4 ,! meat supplies ( ! p are1 !re=e1 tax$ to br+ ab\t ?is end4 7#e7 ,! re>+ ( live /ock makes x possible to arrange a bett] rotation ( crops4 ,a five-ye> &1 ev5 bett]1 a six-ye> rotation1 is m effective ?an a f\r-ye> 9 ma9ta9+ ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil & enables ! f>m] to r$uce 8 co/ ( production4 ,x is possible to keep a l>g] proportion ( ! f>m 9 grass & o!r =age crops1 ?us r$uc+ ! am\nt ( l& pl[$ annually & at ! same "t decreas+ ! exhau/ion ( ! l&1 provid$ ! =age crops are f$ to live /ock ^u ! f>m4 ,!re is an old ,flemi% prov]b :i* reads3 ,no grass1 no cattle2 ,no cattle1 no manure2 ,no manure1 no crops4 ,! po9t ( ?is prov]b is t good grass is ! basis ( good agriculture4 ,inve/igations h %[n t "o may g f>!r & say t "o ( ! mo/ ready means ( increas+ ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil is by add+ f]tiliz]s to grass l&4 ,! l>ge numb] ( plants p] acre enables ! plants to utilize ! f]tiliz] to ! highe/ degree1 & pl[+ "u ! result+ d5se sod is "o ( ! mo/ effective me?ods ( enri*+ ! soil4 7#f7 ,animals require con/ant c>e1 ?us mak+ possible a m con/ant use ( labor & o!r capital4 ,! :eat f>m] ( ,nor? ,dakota s[s 8 :eat 9 ,april & ,may & h>ve/s x 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,he usually ?re%es x imm$iately1 & is practically )\t employm5t = himself1 8 teams or 8 m5 f ,septemb] until ,april4 ,on live /ock f>ms ! labor employ$ 9 ! summ] 9 ! field is ne$$ 9 ! w9t] 9 paddocks & /ables4 7#g7 ,! managem5t ( live /ock1 includ+ ! re>+ ( p\ltry & ! manipulation ( dairy products1 may be made to require a high] skill ?an ! production ( f>m crops z ord9>ily practic$4 ,! communities :i* h giv5 ! mo/ att5tion to dairy+ & to ! re>+ & fatt5+ ( animals h g5]ally be5 ! mo/ prosp]\s4 ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,keep+ ,,live ,,/ock 7#a7 ,keep+ live /ock increases ! capital requir$ to op]ate a giv5 area ( l&1 especially :]e animals are kept 9 connection ) ! production ( hay & gra94 ,n only mu/ !re be capital ) :i* to pur*ase animals1 b usually m is inve/$ 9 build+s4 ,9 a self-conta9$ f>m--t is1 "o :i* raises suffici5t food = ! requirem5ts ( ! live /ock--t5 doll>s an acre may be consid]$ a mod]ate inve/m5t = animals4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! plan is to raise only ! co>se fe$1 :ile ! necess>y gra9 z well z o!r conc5trates is l>gely pur*as$1 a f>m may easily c>ry f #be to #ce wor? ( live /ock p] acre4 ,lack ( capital is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t influ5ces 9 prev5t+ a l>g] production ( animals & animal products4 ,cattle pap]1 or notes giv5 to secure money = ! pur*ase ( fatt5+ animals1 is a common bank asset 9 ! fe$+ di/ricts ( ! c5tral ,we/4 7#b7 ,! v p]i%able nature ( animals entails a great risk 9 ! inve/m5t ( capital 9 live /ock4 ,n only ! products ( a s+le ye>1 b ! gr[? ( a numb] ( ye>s1 may be sudd5ly swept away by disease4 ,?is may include ! crops ( sev]al ye>s1 ?us de/roy+ capital inve/$ 9 ! production ( ! crops z well z ! capital orig9ally inve/$ 9 ! animals4 ,_m a f>m] has se5 ! gradual accumulations ( ye>s rapidly melt away 9 ! pres5ce ( "s contagi\s disease4 ,tub]culosis 9 cattle1 *ol]a 9 hogs & liv] rot 9 %eep are /rik+ examples ( diseases t h caus$ ! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry untold losses4 7#c7 ,:5 an animal has be5 prop]ly fatt5$ he mu/ be sold4 ,if held = any great l5g? ( "t1 n only is !re a con/ant outlay = food to ma9ta9 ! animal1 b ! condition ( ! animal may actually det]iorate4 ,h5ce x is n possible to hold animals = a bett] m>ket = a long p]iod ( "t1 z is possible 9 ! case ( ! c]eal gra9s4 7#d7 ,s]i\s losses may occur :]e pr(it 0 expect$ ?r\gh a rise 9 ! price ( food/uffs4 ,sc>city 9 food supplies1 due to an unfavorable season1 (t5 compels ! /ockman to sacrifice animals t he has be5 rais+ = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x is sometimes ass]t$ t1 al?\gh society suff]s f %ort crops1 ! f>m] is b5efit$1 because ! increase 9 price is great] ?an ! decrease 9 yield4 ,"o ye>1 = example1 ! decrease 9 ! production ( maize 0 #cj1 :ile ! increase 9 price 0 #ej4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! crop _h be5 sold x w\ld h br\ght m ?an ! crop ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,! f>m]s1 h[ev]1 require ab\t #hj ( ! maize crop 9 ! production ( _! live /ock1 s t :5 !re 0 a decrease ( #cj 9 ! yield ( maize1 _m _h none to sell1 :ile o!rs _h to pur*ase maize at increas$ prices or use o!r crops1 su* z oats1 :i* !y might o!rwise h sold4 ,/ill o!rs w\ld be compell$ to sell1 at r$uc$ prices1 _! p>tially fatt5$ animals4 ,!re is a con/ant fluctuation 9 ! price ( animals & animal products1 due to v>iation 9 yield & h5ce 9 price ( food supplies4 ,x requires cont9ual vigilance on ! "p ( ! /ockman to secure food supplies at su* co/ z w enable him to secure a pr(itable return f 8 animals4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,returns ,,f ,,animals ,9 any well-consid]$ plan ( f>m op]ations x is ess5tial to h "s basis = e/imat+ ! am\nt ( food requir$ to c>ry live /ock ?r\gh ! ye> 9 ord] to "k1 on ! "o h&1 :at portion ( ! crops rais$ are available = sale &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at food supplies mu/ be pur*as$4 ,a requisite ( any successful f>m ent]prise is a prop] consid]ation ( ^! m>ket conditions4 ,:ile dome/ic animals consume a v>iety ( foods1 & ea* class ( animals has special food requirem5ts1 ! basis ( calculation ( ! ne$$ supplies is =tunately n complicat$4 ,tw5ty-five p\nds ( dry matt] are requir$ p] day = ea* ?\s& p\nds ( live weight ( horses1 cattle & %eep1 & = sw9e ab\t #dj p\nds = ea* ?\s& p\nds ( live weight4 ,x may be m conv5i5t to calculate ! food requirem5t ( sw9e on ! basis ( increase 9 live weight1 all[+ five p\nds ( dry matt] = ea* p\nd ( increase4 ,"s fur!r details z to food requirem5ts w be f\nd 9 ! p>agraphs :i* foll[4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,hogs ,pigs possess two *>act]i/ics :i* make !m unique among dome/ic animals4 ,!y consume conc5trat$ & easily dige/$ foods only1 & !y produce no?+ b meat1 fat & bri/les4 ,cattle furni% milk & hides2 %eep1 wool1 hides & sometimes milk2 f[ls furni% eggs & fea!rs4 ,on acc\nt ( _! limit$ range ( usefulness & because ( ! high value ( mu* ( ! food consum$1 x w\ld n be possible to re> sw9e economically 7 x n = _! prolificacy & ! fact t !y are employ$ l>gely z scav5g]s4 ,_m cattle are fatt5$ )\t direct pr(it4 ,! indirect pr(it comes f ! sale ( ! pigs :i* h foll[$ ! cattle4 ,x is cu/om>y to mature "o hog ) little or no additional food :ile fatt5+ two /e]s4 ,9 _m well-kn[n ways1 pigs consume products :i* w\ld o!rwise be wa/$4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! m d5sely settl$ sections ( ! _w4 ,on acc\nt ( _! prolificacy1 ! returns obta9$ = ! am\nt ( capital inve/$ is great] ?an 9 ! case ( %eep1 cattle or horses4 ,t5 s[s1 wor? #ajj to #aej1 are suffici5t to produce #ajj pigs2 #ge to #hj ewes1 wor? f #cjj to #ejj1 are requir$ to produce an equal numb] ( lambs2 #aaj c[s1 wor? #d1ejj to #f1jjj1 to produce #ajj calves2 & #bjj m>es1 wor? f #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj1 to gu>antee #ajj foals4 ,to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 ! capital inve/$ 9 sw9e may be reproduc$ 9 ! (fspr+ t5 times 9 "o ye>2 ! capital inve/$ 9 horses n m ?an once 9 five ye>s4 ,9 g5]al1 #ejj p\nds ( maize w produce #ajj p\nds ( pork1 :i* is equival5t to elev5 p\nds ( pork f a bu%el4 ,s9ce hogs are s l>gely produc$ f maize1 ! price ( maize & ! price ( pork are v closely relat$4 ,= example1 if maize is wor? fifty c5ts a bu%el1 ! gra9 requir$ to produce a p\nd ( increase 9 live weight w co/ ab\t #e c5ts2 if #dj c5ts a bu%el1 #d c5ts2 if #cj c5ts a bu%el1 #c c5ts2 & s on4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,%eep ,9 ! classic inve/igations by ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 food conta9+ #ajj p\nds ( dry matt] produc$ a live-weight increase ( n9e p\nds 9 /e]s & #aa p\nds 9 %eep4 ,at ! ,wiscons9 /ation1 %eep requir$ less food ?an /e]s p] p\nd ( ga94 ,dur+ rapid fatt5+ ( %eep #ejj p\nds ( clov] hay & #djj p\nds ( maize may produce #ajj p\nds ( increase 9 live weight4 ,:ile sw9e require a less weight ( food = a p\nd ( increase ?an %eep1 on acc\nt ( ! m dige/ible "* ( ! food eat51 yet ! ,wiscons9 /ation f\nd t ! exp5se ( produc+ a p\nd ( increase 0 less 9 %eep on acc\nt ( ! less exp5sive "* ( ! food4 ,,meat ,,& ,,milk ,,production ,,comp>$ ,a summ>y ( ! inve/igations ( ,am]ican exp]im5t /ations %[s t #ajj p\nds ( dry matt] produc$ t5 p\nds ( increase 9 live weight ( /e]s4 ,! same quantity ( food :5 f$ to mil* c[s produc$ #gd p\nds ( milk1 plus "o p\nd ( increase 9 live weight4 ,?is #gd p\nds ( milk conta9$ #c-a_/d p\nds ( fat4 ,9 g5]al1 !re=e1 ! food requir$ to produce a p\nd ( butt] fat is ab\t ?ree times t requir$ to produce a p\nd ( increase 9 /e]s4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,/e] ,,fe$+ ,! fatt5+ ( beef animals is l>gely conduct$ by f>m]s :o make a specialty ( x4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! s-call$ corn belt4 ,into ?is region are ga!r$ ! two & ?ree-ye>-old &1 m r>ely1 ye>l+ /e]s1 _m ( :i* h be5 re>$ 9 ,texas or 9 ! m\nta9 /ates :]e ! supply ( maize is n suffici5tly ample to fatt5 !m4 ,^! are plac$ 9 paddocks ) op5 %$s1 :]e !y are f$ f #ij to #aej days1 aft] :i* !y are s5t to m>ket = slaught]4 ,! food consi/s usually ( maize fodd]1 maize /ov]1 hay1 maize 7usually 9 ! e>71 a little bran1 l9se$ or cottonse$ oil meal4 ,! ration p] day dur+ rapid fatt5+ is ab\t #bj p\nds ( dry matt] p] #a1jjj p\nds ( live weight1 conta9+ #af p\nds ( dige/ible sub/ance1 ( :i* #a4be to #a4ge is dige/ible prote94 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( increase may be obta9$ "u av]age conditions f #aej p\nds /ov]1 #cbe p\nds ( hay1 #gge p\nds ( maize & #ge p\nds ( cottonse$ meal4 ,great v>iations w occur1 h[ev]1 dep5d+ ^u ! condition ( ! animals at ! beg9n+ ( ! fe$+ p]iod & ! degree ( fatness or f9i% to :i* ! animals are br\ght be=e plac+ ^u ! m>ket4 ,9 any case1 ! food consum$ w co/ m ?an ! value ( ! increase4 ,! only way t /e]s c be pr(itably fatt5$ is by increas+ ! value p] p\nd ( ! animal4 ,?us an #hjj-p\nd /e] may be pur*as$ at five c5ts p] p\nd1 or #dj4 ,aft] fe$+1 say #aej days1 he may weigh #a1ajj p\nds1 :5 to br+ a pr(itable return he %\ld sell = #f c5ts a p\nd1 or #fe4 ,?is is a ga9 ( #be1 eight ( :i* came f ! increase 9 value ( ! orig9al #hjj p\nds4 ,usually /e]s _c be fatt5$ pr(itably unless !re is an increase ( at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5t p] p\nd 9 ! value ( ! animals & !n1 z previ\sly expla9$1 only 9 connection ) ! hogs :i* foll[ !m4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,milk ,,& ,,butt] ,,fat ,well-select$ & prop]ly f$ c[s may produce #bdj p\nds ( butt] fat annually4 ,! am\nt ( fat obta9$ w dep5d ^u ! ri*ness ( ! milk4 ,?us1 #h1jjj p\nds ( #c milk1 #f1jjj p\nds ( #d milk1 or a trifle less ?an #e1jjj p\nds ( #e milk1 w give ?is quantity ( butt] fat4 ,^! are cu/om>y returns f diff]5t types ( c[s4 ,if ea* c[ 9 ! h]d is dry = six weeks ea* ye> ! daily av]age ( ! c[s actually milk$ w be ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( butt] fat4 ,!re are h]ds :i* make an av]age ( n9e-t5?s ( a p\nd ( butt] fat p] day1 b to secure ?is result requires sup]ior cattle1 c>eful fe$+ & m ?an ord9>y c>e4 ,! /&>d ration = mil* c[s weigh+ f #a1jjj to #a1bjj p\nds is #be p\nds ( dry matt]1 two-?irds ( :i* is dige/ible4 ,! ration %\ld conta9 n less ?an two p\nds ( dige/ible prote94 ,9 ord9>y practice1 ab\t t5 p\nds ( ! dry matt] ( ! ration is obta9$ f maize silage1 n9e p\nds f hay & ab\t six p\nds f gra9 or o!r conc5trates4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is is obta9$ by fe$+ #ce p\nds ( maize silage1 t5 p\nds ( hay & sev5 to eight p\nds ( conc5trates4 ,! silage may be e/imat$ at "o-t5? to "o-eigh? ( a c5t a p\nd1 hay at f "o-f\r? to "o-half c5t & conc5trates at f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o & "o-qu>t] c5ts p] p\nd1 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) ! diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,! am\nt ( food ne$$ w v>y some:at ) ! size ( ! animals1 b w dep5d mu* m l>gely ^u ! am\nt ( milk & butt] fat giv54 ,:ile ma9ta9+ sub/antially ! g5]al av]age j giv5 = ! :ole h]d1 x is ! practice ( c>eful fe$]s to v>y ! am\nt ( conc5trates f$ to ea* individual 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( butt] fat or milk giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,gabriel ,hie/]1 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 graduate ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 = _m ye>s tru/ee ( ! college & presid5t ( ! ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 _h a beautiful f>m home ne> ,h>risburg4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s 9 be>+ 8 or*>d1 ( :i* "o-f\r? ! trees 7 unpr(itable v>ieties1 return$ an av]age ( #hj p] acre ) apples sell+ at #fj c5ts to #a p] bu%el4 ,mr4 ,hie/] believ$1 ) a prop] selection ( v>ieties & a favorable location1 t any well-manag$ or*>d c be made to d mu* bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,funk1 ,boy]t[n1 ,pa41 graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 #ahfe1 f>m]s' in/itute lectur]1 =m] /ate pomologi/1 has #ej acres ( apples & pea*es4 ,returns f 8 plant+s begun 9 #ahif are s ph5om5al t he is afraid to p]mit ! publication ( 8 pr(its4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t he has sold #e1jjj ea* ( pea*es & apples 9 "o ye>4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,ma9ta9+ ,,"w ,,horses ,at ! ,m9nesota /ation1 ! total co/ ( fe$+ & ma9ta9+ a f>m "w horse = "o ye> 0 e/imat$ to be f #ge to #ij1 ( :i* ab\t #bj 0 *>g$ = int]e/ & depreciation4 ,on ! basis ( #c4c h\rs z ! l5g? ( ! work+ day1 ! co/ p] horse p] h\r 0 e/imat$ to be #g-a_/b c5ts4 ,at ! ,ohio /ate univ]sity1 x 0 f\nd t f\r horses weigh+ ab\t #a1djj p\nds 7 *os5 to p]=m #b1ahe h\rs ( labor dur+ "o ye>1 :ile "u l conditions f\r horses1 weigh+ ab\t #bjj p\nds less1 work$ on an av]age b #a1fda h\rs ea*4 ,= ea* secul> day1 !re=e1 ! =m] work$ ab\t #g-a_/b h\rs1 :ile ! latt] 7 employ$ b five & "o-half h\rs4 ,! co/ ( food 0 e/imat$ at #ed2 co/ ( %oe+1 repairs ( h>ness & /able supplies at #f4ej2 & ! co/ ( fe$+1 groom+ & clean+ ( /ables at #bc4ej1 or a total co/ ( #hd p] ye>4 ,no?+ 0 *>g$ = int]e/ or depreciation1 b ! exp5se ( fe$+ & c>+ = ?ree colts 0 includ$ 9 ! e/imates giv54 ,! annual exp5se ( ma9ta9+ a horse 0 practically ! same 9 bo? /ates1 b ! co/ p] h\r ( labor p]=m$ 0 less because ( ! possibility ( employ+ ! horses at productive labor a l>g] portion ( ! "t4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be plac$ ^u ! ne$ ( plann+ a f>m organization :i* w give cont9u\s employm5t to horses z well z to m5 9 ord] to realize ! mo/ pr(itable returns4 ,an indu/rial sy/em t makes x necess>y to ma9ta9 "w animals ?ree days 9 ord] to secure "o day's "w falls f> %ort ( an ideal4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,f>m ,,labor ,! problem ( f>m labor dem&s ?\ghtful & frank consid]ation4 ,s9ce "w is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! production ( all weal?1 x foll[s t e indu/ry has its labor problem4 ,! adju/m5t ( labor to ! production ( ! v>i\s =ms ( weal? mu/ ev] con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 any organiz$ society4 ,x is (t5 rem>k$ t ! labor problem is ! *ief difficulty 9 f>m+4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is is true1 s9ce "w is a prim>y elem5t 9 ! production ( agricultural z well z all o!r weal?4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t ! problem ( labor is m difficult or m intricate ?an t ( o!r indu/ries4 ,9 fact1 t problem is less delicate ?an 9 "s o!r occupations1 because f>m+ is less indu/rializ$4 ,x is n possible to settle once = all ! problem ( labor = any occupation1 s9ce *ang+ conditions w give rise to new que/ions or new phases ( ! old problem4 ,moreov]1 ! problem ( labor on ! f>m w gr[ m difficult z f>m+ becomes m specializ$ & z ! me?ods ( production become m complex4 ,h[ev]1 ! labor problem on ! f>m is diff]5t f t 9 ! manufactur+ indu/ries or 9 trade & transportation4 ,?is *apt] w n conc]n itself ) an attempt to settle ! f>m labor problem1 b w und]take to /ate ! "* ( "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 x & o!r =ms ( labor & to discuss "s ( ! *anges 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( f>m "w is done by ! f>m own]1 or r5t]1 & 8 family4 ,!re is n mu* opportunity to pr(it by ! labor ( o!r p]sons4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #a1hab indu/rial e/abli%m5ts ea* ( :i* employ$ betwe5 #ejj & #a1jjj p]sons1 :ile !re 7 #fge e/abli%m5ts ea* ( :i* _h m ?an "o ?\s& employees4 ,9 ! same ye> !re 7 #e1gci1feg f>ms1 :i* employ$ 9 ! aggregate #d4d millions ( p1 n includ+ ! own]s ( ! f>ms4 ,moreov]1 ov] "o-half ( ! #d4d million p]sons ?us employ$ 7 memb]s ( ! families ( ! f>m]4 ,9 o!r words1 aside f memb]s ( ! family1 !re 0 less ?an "o employee to e two f>m]s4 ,s9ce a consid]able numb] ( f>m]s employ m ?an "o p]son1 x foll[s t ! majority ( f>m]s employ no help o!r ?an memb]s ( ! family4 ,9 ano!r p>ticul> f>m labor diff]s f t ( o!r =ms ( labor ev5 m widely4 ,!re are sociologic z well z economic que/ions involv$4 ,baldly /at$1 cu/om p]mits1 & necessity (t5 requires1 ! labor] to eat at ! same table ) ! f>m own] & 9 o!r p>ticul>s he m+les intimately ) ! f>m]'s family4 ,9 all its be>+s1 ?is is a v important fact4 ,x con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! problem ( secur+ suitable f>m help4 ,indu/rial corporations employ z common labor]s l>gely ,italians1 ,hung>ians1 ,poles & negroes4 ,! ,engli%1 ! ,iri%1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,sw$e & ! ,norwegian h be5 readily receiv$ & assimilat$ 9 ! ,am]ican f>m+ communities4 ,! peoples ( ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,europe are (t5 criticiz$ because !y d n become f>m labor]s4 ,t !y d n is 9 l>ge "p due to ! fact t ! f>m h& is usually a memb] ( ! f>m]'s family4 ,?us ! supply ( common labor :i* is today us$ by ! re/ ( ! indu/rial _w is n op5 to ! f>m]4 ,f>m+ diff]s f "s o!r occupations 9 t x does n ord9>ily (f] ! labor] mu* opportunity = advancem5t4 ,! fireman on a railway tra9 becomes ! eng9e]2 ! brakeman becomes a conductor4 ,!re are opportunities 9 _m e/abli%m5ts = ! advancem5t ( ! indu/ri\s & clev]4 ,a man may ent] _! s]vice ) ! hope ( be+ able to m>ry & support a family4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all our l& laws are bas$ ^u ! idea t ea* f>m %\ld be ( suffici5t size to support only "o family4 ,:]e x does support two families1 ! relation is usually t ( l&lord & t5ant4 ,! f>m labor]1 !re=e1 mu/ look ^u 8 employm5t z m or less tempor>y4 ,! "y man :o int5ds to become a f>m] w f9d employm5t ^u ! f>m a desirable if n ess5tial prep>ation = 8 future occupation4 ,! introduction ( f>m ma*9]y has _h ! effect ( increas+ ! price ( f>m labor :ile at ! same "t decreas+ ! am\nt ( labor ne$$4 ,! reason is t ! introduction1 n alone ( f>m ma*9]y1 b all =ms ( ma*9]y1 has made man's labor mu* m effici5t ?an =m]ly4 ,f>m wages h d\bl$ s9ce ! introduction ( horse-drawn ma*9]y4 ,! labor income 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is influ5c$ by ! ext5t & effici5cy ) :i* ma*9]y is us$4 ,! relation ( labor income to ! use ( horse p[] is %[n by ! foll[+ table tak5 f a rec5t c5sus3 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,f>m ,,ma*9]y ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,labor ,,income ,,to ,,horses ,,& ,,mules4 ,numb] ( horses & mules to ,divisions ( ! #a1jjj p]sons ,unit$ ,/ates ,labor ,income 9 agriculture ,nor? ,atlantic #bii #a1fee ,s\? ,atlantic #afc #hjh ,nor? ,c5tral #djb #c1jcf ,s\? ,c5tral #baa #a1fjc ,we/]n #eaj #e1dgf ---------------------------------------- ------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bhh #b1aje ,9 "o ( ! /ates ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic division ! av]age price ( f>m labor1 )\t bo>d1 0 #ab p] mon?1 :ile 9 "o ( ! /ates ( ! we/]n division ! price on ! same date 0 #ca4 ,:y8 ,because 9 ! latt] case a man's labor 0 m productive4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic division1 9 produc+ ! *ief crops cotton & maize1 a man uses "o mule 9 prep>+ & cultivat+ ! soil4 ,9 ! we/]n division pl[+ & h>r[+ ) six-horse teams is common & n9e-horse teams are n unusual4 ,! cotton pick] 9 "o day w be able to ga!r n to exce$ #cjj p\nds ( se$ cotton1 wor? n m ?an #ae4 ,! we/]n :eat w be h>ve/$ by a ma*9e drawn by #bh horses4 ,9 ! same "t f\r m5 ) ?is outfit w cut & ?re% #gjj bu%els ( :eat1 wor? #ejj4 ,:5 ! ?re%+ ma*9e 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,ohio1 x 0 /ubbornly oppos$ by all f>m labor]s4 ,!y claim$ x1 says ,bateman1 z a "r to ?re% ) a flail1 & reg>d$ ! introduction ( ma*9]y to effect ! same object 9 a few days :i* w\ld require _! individual ex]tion dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 n only z an invasion ( a "t-honor$ cu/om1 b z absolutely depriv+ !m ( ! means ( obta9+ an hone/ livelihood4 ,at a lat] date1 :5 a reap] _h be5 introduc$ into a field ( ripe :eat z a matt] ( exp]im5t only1 e "o ( ! h>ve/ h&s delib]ately m>*$ out ( ! field & told ! proprietor t he might secure 8 crop z be/ he c\ld1 t ! ?re%+ ma*9e _h depriv$ !m ( _! regul> w9t] "w tw5ty ye>s ago & n[ ! reap] w\ld deprive !m ( ! pittance !y o!rwise c\ld e>n dur+ h>ve/4 ,h[ %ort-sight$ !y 76 ,no class ga9$ s mu* f ! introduction ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y z did ^? :o did ! labor4 ,! reason = ! increase 9 well-be+1 ! reason society enjoys luxuries & com=ts beyond ! fonde/ dreams ( =m] g5]ations1 is due to ! fact t ! labor ( ea* man has be5 made s mu* m effective ?r\gh ^! labor-sav+ devices4 ,! humble/ citiz5 %>es 9 ?is improvem5t4 ,n all %>e alike & n all %>e equitably1 b ea* g5]ation sees its memb]s %>+ m equitably ?an ^? ( any g5]ation :i* prec$$ x4 ,! proposition is an extremely simple "o4 ,if a man produces j en\gh food = himself & family1 he w h no?+ = clo?+1 %elt]1 or education4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man produces f\r times z mu* food z he & 8 family consume1 he may ex*ange "o-f\r? = %elt]1 "o-f\r? = clo?+ & h rema9+ a f\r? = education1 & recreation or sav+s4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! great] ! am\nt ( any useful commodity produc$ by a s+le day's labor ! l>g] w be ! labor]'s income or wages4 ,al?\gh ! increase 9 int5sive agriculture & ! div]sification 9 f>m+ t5d to increase ! ne$ ( f>m labor]s1 ! introduction ( f>m ma*9]y has mu* m ?an (fset ?is dem&4 ,! t5d5cy ( f>m labor]s to become f>m t5ants2 or1 to /ate x 9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy ( l&[n]s to r5t _! l& r ?an to cont9ue to op]ate x !mselves1 is n )\t its influ5ce ^u ! labor problem4 ,! inv5tion & introduction ( f>m ma*9]y has acc5tuat$ ! difficulty ( keep+ ! f>m labor] cont9u\sly employ$4 ,! decrease 9 ! dem& = f>m labor & ! increas+ lack ( uni=mity 9 ! am\nt requir$ h caus$ a gradual depletion ( ! small] villages & hamlets :i* 7 a s\rce ( labor supply dur+ h>ve/ & o!r busy seasons4 ,! problem ( keep+ labor cont9u\sly employ$ has always be5 a difficult "o on ! f>m1 because ( ! *ange ( seasons & because ( ! v>iations 9 ! wea!r f day to day4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ^? indu/ries :i* are c>ri$ on )9 doors & f>m+1 :i* is subject to ! caprices ( ! wea!r4 ,natural causes produce trem5d\s v>iations 9 ! return = labor4 ,= example1 9 #aija !re 7 produc$ 9 ! aggregate #c1jjf million bu%els ( :eat1 maize & oats1 :ile 9 #aijb !re 7 h>ve/$ #d1ahj million bu%els4 ,"h is an increase ( ov] a ?\s& million bu%els4 ,! same f>m]s till$ ! same soil 9 ! same way z f> z natural causes w\ld all[1 & yet !re 0 a diff]5ce 9 result am\nt+ to #ci p] c5t4 ,a v>iation ( "o hundr$ million bu%els ( :eat f ye> to ye>1 due to climatic conditions solely1 is n at all unusual4 ,! manufactur] also has f> great] control ( 8 labor4 ,:5 x ra9s1 he has a ro( ov] 8 workm51 & h5ce ! "w is n int]rupt$4 ,:5 x gr[s d>k1 he turns on ! light & ! "w cont9ues4 ,if x gets cold1 he lights ! fire & /ill ! "w cont9ues com=tably4 ,x is n s 9 agriculture4 ,!re is a great v>iation 9 ! work+ effici5cy ( m5 employ$ 9 f>m+4 ,9 a c]ta9 locality !re 7 tw5ty-"o days ( ra9 9 ! ?irty-"o days ( ,may4 ,! next ye> betwe5 ,june #e & ,septemb] #e 9 ! same locality !re 0 n half an in* ( ra9fall at any "o "t4 ,:at is true ( labor is also true ( ma*9]y4 ,! f>m] mu/ pur*ase ma*9]y :i* he c use only a few days 9 ! ye>1 :ile ! manufactur]1 = ! mo/ "p1 employs 8 ma*9]y cont9u\sly1 sometimes day & night4 ,:ile natural causes prev5t ! f>m] f us+ ! same bus9ess me?ods1 or f be+ able to calculate 8 pr(its ) ! same precision z is possible by ^? foll[+ manufactur+ & m]cantile pursuits1 x is nev]!less important t f>m+ %\ld be plann$ to avoid1 z f> z possible1 ! influ5ce ( natural causes4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( f>m+ are less dep5d5t ^u natural causes ?an o!rs4 ,wisdom & =esight c d mu* to avoid1 9 all f>m+1 unt[>d influ5ces4 ,! clev] f>m] seldom compla9s ab\t ! wea!r4 ,f>m ma*9]y has made unnecess>y1 & h5ce unpr(itable1 "s ( ! labor at :i* *ildr5 7 =m]ly employ$4 ,9 ! n di/ant pa/ _m1 p]haps mo/ f>m]s1 ow$ _! prosp]ity 9 l>ge measure to ! labor ( _! *ildr54 ,a l>ge family1 especially ( boys1 0 a valuable asset4 ,ev5 a g5]ation ago conditions 7 n f> diff]5t1 & two g5]ations ago 7 q ! same z ^? describ$ by ,hom]3 ,ano!r field rose high ) wav+ gra93 ,) b5d$ sickles /& ! reap] tra93 ,"h1 /ret*'d 9 ranks1 ! level'd swa?s are f\nd2 ,%eaves heap$ on %eaves "h ?ick5 up ! gr\nd4 ,) sweep+ /roke ! m[]s /r[ ! l&s2 ,! ga?'r]s foll[1 & collect 9 b&s3 ,& la/ ! *ildr51 9 ^: arms are borne 7,too %ort to gripe !m7 ! br[n %eaves ( corn4 ,! ru/ic mon>* ( ! field descries1 ,) sil5t glee1 ! heaps ar\nd him rise4 ,a ready banquet on ! turf is laid ,b5ea? an ample oak's exp&$ %ade4 ,! victim ox ! /urdy y\? prep>e3 ,! reap]s due repa/1 ! wom5's c>e4 ,!re is also ano!r reason :y ! age ( ! employ$ has be5 rais$4 ,x is due to ! gr[? ( high] education4 ,:]e =m]ly ! f>m]'s *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & tw5ty-"o did mo/ ( ! f>m "w1 n[ _m ( !m at ! same age are att5d+ s*ools & colleges4 ,! sons ( a man1 :o a g5]ation ago f\nd no opportunity to get beyond ! di/rict s*ool1 graduate f high s*ool & college1 & ?us sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 /udy until !y are pa/ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,labor unions h d\btless caus$ a sc>city ( f>m labor by increas+ ! proportion ( ! creat$ weal? :i* goes to ! man :o labors )\t capital4 ,:5 a man c obta9 fifty c5ts an h\r = lay+ brick1 he does n wi% to "w 9 ! hay field at tw5ty c5ts an h\r1 ev5 ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( liv+ may 9 great measure (fset ! diff]5ce 9 wages4 ,!re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to p]=m "w by :at is call$ contract labor4 ,?us a p]son may agree to we$ & hoe sug> beets at a c]ta9 rate p] acre4 ,he1 9 turn1 employs a =ce ( *eap labor]s :i* he s5ds f f>m to f>m to d ?is "w4 ,! h>ve/+ ( fruits & g>d5 crops is n infrequ5tly done 9 "s su* mann]4 ,9 "o in/ance a contractor ( labor]s ( =eign bir? has be5 furni%+ !m = all k9ds ( f>m "w4 ,he keeps #bj to #dj ( ^! labor]s on a small f>m1 furni%+ !m a dwell+ & sell+ !m food supplies4 ,f>m]s telephone = help :5 9 ne$4 ,! contractor receives #a4fe = a day's "w & pays ! labor] #a4ej4 ,x appe>s f ! prec$+ consid]ations t !re are op5 to e f>m] at lea/ ?ree me?ods ( increas+ ! effici5cy ( f>m labor4 ,he may make e day's labor m effici5t by use ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y & ! employm5t ( x 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]2 z1 = example1 us+ ?ree #a1ejj-p\nd horses to 8 f>m ma*9]y in/ead ( a pair ( #a1bjj-p\nd horses4 ,he may modify ! "* ( 8 f>m+ 9 ord] t pr(itable labor w be m cont9u\s4 ,he may modify ! me?od ( employ+ labor2 z1 = example1 by introduc+ ! sy/em ( contract+ labor = specific purposes :]e feasible4 ,increase 9 ! price ( f>m labor is n an evil4 ,x is an indication t labor appli$ to agriculture is becom+ m productive & h5ce m pr(itable4 ,s9ce m ?an "o-half ! labor ( ! f>m is done by ! own] & 8 family1 ! f>m] is b5efit$ ?r\gh ! rise 9 price ( f>m wages4 ,! m t labor c be made to e>n ^u ! f>m1 ! bett] x w be n only = ! f>m own] b = society 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,%ipp+ ,! means ( facile transportation & ! ma*9]y ( trade are ! ne$ & ! developm5t ( a complex civilization4 ,! importance ( ^! useful adjuncts ( ev]yday life is indicat$ by ! fact t ab\t "o-f\r? ( all ! p engag$ 9 ga9ful occupations 9 civiliz$ communities are employ$ 9 !m4 ,nev]!less ! exp5se ( transportation & trade con/itutes a tax ^u ! consum] :i* x is ! aim ( mod]n me?ods to r$uce to ! l[e/ limits4 ,rec5t inve/igations indicate t = e ?irte5 doll>s ! consum] exp5ds = f>m products ! produc]s receive six doll>s4 ,9 "s directions mo/ rem>kable results h be5 accompli%$4 ,a rec5t quotation on :eat p] bu%el 0 z foll[s3 ,*icago1 #j4ic2 ,antw]p1 #a4jd2 ,london1 #a4jf2 ,hamburg1 #a4jg4 ,elev5 to #ad c5ts p] bu%el repres5ts ! co/ ( haul & commissions betwe5 ,*icago & ! ,european cities nam$4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ h be5 s p]fect$ t f ! "t ! we/]n f>m] places ! bundle ( :eat at ! m\? ( ! ?re%+ ma*9e ! gra9 lit]ally fl[s ?r\gh ! *annels ( trade until x rea*es ! fl\r sack4 ,on an av]age ! ,engli% mill] pays ab\t #bj c5ts a bu%el m = :eat ?an ! ,am]ican f>m] receives = x4 ,! co/ ( di/ribut+ _m o!r f>m products is great]1 al?\gh ! range ( di/ribution is mu* less4 ,! co/ ( haulage & sell+ potatoes is f #be to #ej ( ! retail price1 :ile ) hay x is /ill high]4 ,! co/ ( di/ribut+ all =ms ( truck & m>ket g>d5 produce is high & (t5 wa/eful4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to elim9ate a "p ( ?is co/ z well z to bett] ! conditions ( ! supplies :5 !y rea* ! consum]4 ,:ile _m individuals h be5 q successful 9 deal+ directly ) ! consum]1 little has ?us f> be5 accompli%$ t affects g5]al trade conditions4 ,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 me?ods ( transportation & me?ods ( pres]vation4 ,cold /orage & cann$ goods h be5 ! direction 9 :i* progress has be5 notable4 ,,wa/eful ,,me?ods ,,( ,,di/ribution ,ow+ to cu/oms & traditions !re is frequ5tly a great wa/e ( ef=t 9 "s ( ! me?ods ( trade4 ,! meat trade ( ,france is an excell5t illu/ration4 ,c]ta9 sections ( ,france make a specialty ( re>+ cattle4 ,at a suitable age ^! animals are pur*as$ by o!r f>m]s :o fatt5 !m4 ,_m ( ! small t[ns ma9ta9 m>ket places at :i* fairs are held to facilitate ^! negotiations4 ,frequ5tly !re is a %ipm5t f "o region to ano!r1 :i* is conduct$ by a middleman4 ,:5 fatt5$ ! /e]s are collect$ by a /ock buy]1 :o may %ip !m to ,la ,villette1 ! live /ock m>ket ( ,p>is4 ,"h !y are plac$ on sale ?r\gh commission m54 ,!re are ! usual *>ges = y>dage & food4 ,aft] be+ sold ! animals are driv5 to ! slaught]h\ses4 ,! c>casses are !n tak5 by wagon to ! great m>ket ( ,p>is locat$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,"h ! retail v5d] ( meats comes1 makes 8 pur*ase1 reloads ! meat1 :i* may h be5 unload$ less ?an an h\r be=e1 c>ries x to 8 %op1 :]e ! consum] seeks x4 ,! numb] ( p conc]n$ & ! am\nt ( h& labor h be5 excessive4 ,nor is ! ,am]ican sy/em )\t its faults4 ,! ,i[a or ,ill9ois f>m] fatt5s cattle t may h be5 re>$ 9 ,montana or ,texas4 ,aft] ! /ock buy]1 ! commission man & ! /ock y>d company h ea* tak5 8 toll1 ! pack] %ips ! c>casses back to ! v region :]e ! animals 7 fatt5$1 :5 ! /ockman may pur*ase x ( ! local v5d] ( meats4 ,! facilities & p]fection ) :i* ^! _m transactions are accompli%$ is "o ( ! wond]ful sights ( our c\ntry4 ,nev]!less ! produc] ( meat products may well consid] :e!r "s m economical sy/em ( di/ribution may n be devis$4 ,,%ipm5ts3 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,in=mation ,all railroad rates are n[ c>efully sup]vis$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t & are op5 to ! inspection ( ! public4 ,su* in=mation z is ord9>ily ne$$ may be obta9$ f ! local /ation ag5t1 :o is always glad to be ( s]vice to patrons ( 8 road4 ,if in=mation ( a special "* is requir$1 x may be obta9$ by address+ ! division freight ag5t ( ! railroad 9 ! region "u consid]ation4 ,! "n ( ?is (fic] is to be f\nd 9 ! circul>s & ^u ! po/]s ( ! railroad4 ,9 addition to ! freight facilities (f]$ by any individual railroad1 !re are :at are kn[n z fa/ freight l9es4 ,^! ag5cies enable ?r\gh & prompt %ipm5t f inl& po9ts 9 our own c\ntry to inl& po9ts 9 ano!r4 ,an individual railroad may op]ate 9 connection ) sev]al su* ag5cies4 ,a c]ta9 railroad1 = example1 is comb9$ ) n9e fa/ freight l9es4 ,freight ag5ts ( local roads 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns usually repres5t ! fa/ freight l9es & are prep>$ to transact bus9ess4 ,9 seaport cities !re are firms /yl+ !mselves =eign freight contractors1 outw>d freight ag5ts1 /eam%ip ag5ts1 or %ip brok]s4 ,^! firms are prep>$ to quote prices on %ipm5ts to any "p ( ! _w on ei!r regul> or tramp %ips4 ,!y w give freely to int5d+ %ipp]s full in=mation conc]n+ me?ods & conditions ( %ipm5t4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! bus9ess ( %ipp+ f>m products4 ,! necess>y details may be acquir$ by inquiry 9 ! *annels indicat$ & by a little /udy ( ! data1 :i* w be *e]fully furni%$4 ,,railroad ,,rates ,a great _m factors are involv$ 9 det]m9+ ! rate :i* is *>g$ = transport+ diff]5t products4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x is d\btless true t ! rate *>g$ is bas$ ^u :at ! traffic w be>4 ,! purpose "h1 h[ev]1 is to /ate "s ( ! cu/oms :i* exi/ r ?an to discuss ! philosophy or ju/ice ( !m4 ,! rate may v>y ) ! value ( ! product1 )\t any reg>d to ! co/ ( ! haul4 ,suppose ! co/ ( %ipp+ a t5-gallon c ( fre% milk betwe5 two po9ts to be #cb c5ts1 ! co/ ( %ipp+ a simil> c ( cream may be #ej c5ts4 ,! co/ ( %ipp+ a c>load ( hay is less ?an a c>load ( :eat4 ,9 "s in/ances1 zones or belts h be5 recogniz$1 ! rate f all t[ns )9 ea* zone be+ ! same = a giv5 product4 ,c]ta9 railroads c5t]+ 9 ,new ,york recognize f\r zones = ! %ipm5t ( milk & cream1 z foll[s3 ,zone ,a--,fir/ #dj miles4 ,zone ,b--,betwe5 #dj & #ajj miles4 ,zone ,c--,betwe5 #ajj & #aij miles4 ,zone ,d--,beyond #aij miles4 ,x w be notic$ t ! size ( ^! zones v>ies & may be ! subject ( adju/m5t betwe5 railroads & %ipp]s4 ,:ile less und]/ood by ! public1 railroads recognize zones or1 m prop]ly1 gr\ps ( t[ns 9 mak+ rates to !m in/ead ( f !m1 z 9 ! in/ance above m5tion$4 ,x is possible to *ange ! rate on a product to a giv5 t[n by classify+ x 9 ano!r gr\p4 ,! rate on bran & o!r /ock foods f c5tral we/]n po9ts to c]ta9 t[ns 9 ,new ,york /ate has be5 ! same z t *>g$ to ,bo/on1 ,mass41 :ile o!r t[ns 9 ,new ,york n f> remov$ h tak5 a l[] rate4 ,diff]5tial rates are recogniz$ to be legitimate4 ,railroads are all[$ to *>ge a less rate = :eat int5d$ = export ?an t int5d$ = local consumption4 ,!re has sometimes be5 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! freight rate on :eat betwe5 ,kansas ,city & ,galve/on1 ,texas1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! :eat 0 to be export$ or int5d$ = dome/ic use4 ,9 c]ta9 sections & = c]ta9 products ! railroad rate v>ies ) ! season1 because ( diff]5ce 9 competition4 ,! railroad rate betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york on gra9 is high] :ile ! navigation ( ! ,great ,lakes is susp5d$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! *eapness ( transportation by wat]1 x is /at$ t sometimes x is *eap] to %ip :eat f ,*icago to ,buffalo by boat ?an to /ore x 9 a gra9 elevator = an equal p]iod ( "t4 ,products may sometimes be s5t by baggage to great] advantage ?an by express1 special arrangem5ts = :i* are g5]ally requir$4 ,,facilities ,,= ,,freight ,,transportation ,am]ican railway facilities are1 p]haps1 unrival$ among ! nations ( ! _w1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill beh9d o!r nations 9 ! matt] ( means ( local transportation1 9 :i* good roads is only a "p ( ! problem4 ,9 ,france1 ! s-call$ messag]s are a common feature ( local traffic4 ,?us 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,t\ra9e !re are #bdf t[ns ea* hav+ f "o to f\r messag]s1 :o ) _! great two-:eel c>ts1 ea* ) s+le draft horse1 make "o or two trips to ,t\rs ea* week4 ,! messag]s c>ry freight bo? ways precisely 9 ! same capacity z railroads d4 ,:ile ! railroads are fairly abundant ^! local ag5cies cont9ue to ?rive because deliv]y c be made directly to ! consignee & deliv]y at ! exact "t & place is m c]ta94 ,! enorm\s loads convey$ 9 ^! two-:eel c>ts by "o horse is an elem5t 9 ?is sy/em to :i* ! good roads ( ,france n[ contribute4 ,9 #agii1 ,france _h con/ruct$ #be1jjj miles ( roadway4 ,s9ce t "t1 ov] #cjj1jjj miles ( roadway h be5 complet$ & ab\t #cj1jjj miles ( railway h be5 con/ruct$--t5 miles ( roadway = ea* mile ( /eam railway4 ,! good roads ( ,france are ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 contribut+ mat]ially to ! improvem5t 9 well-be+ :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,m>ket+ ,)\t /opp+ to inquire ! reasons1 x may be recall$ t !re are two r di/9ct =ms ( trade1 :olesale & retail4 ,! :olesale trade is conduct$ by ?ree classes ( p]sons3 deal]s or m]*ants1 commission m51 & brok]s4 ,! deal] is "o :o buys ! goods outright & takes 8 own risk on mak+ a favorable sale to ! retail]4 ,! commission man is "o :o receives ! goods1 sells !m at su* price z he may be able to obta9 & remits to ! sell] ! am\nt obta9$ less exp5ses & 8 commission4 ,! brok] is a man :o effects a sale )\t com+ 9 contact 9 any way ) ! mat]ials sold4 ,a *eese brok]1 = example1 receives in/ruction f diff]5t factories to sell = !m a c]ta9 quantity ( *eese ( a giv5 k9d & quality ea* week or mon? z ! case may be4 ,at ! same "t he receives f groc]y /ores :i* retail *eese ord]s = v>i\s am\nts1 k9ds & quality ( *eeses4 ,) ?is in=mation at h&1 he directs ! v>i\s factories intru/+ _! bus9ess to him to %ip ! k9d1 quantity1 & quality ( *eese requir$ by 8 sev]al cu/om]s4 ,= su* s]vice he receives a brok]age1 :i* is less ?an t *>g$ by a commission man because he is n requir$ to h&le or /ore ! mat]ial4 ,s9ce ! diff]5t f>m products are pur*as$ by diff]5t classes ( retail]s1 & s9ce _! h&l+ & sale require diff]5t facilities & special k1 !re h aris5 9 ! great c5t]s ( trade diff]5t k9ds ( m>kets1 ea* hav+ its p>ticul> facilities = ! h&l+1 c>e & sale1 & ea* conduct$ by commission m5 or brok]s ) a special k ( ! trade4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 cities h become1 on acc\nt ( _! favorable position--to m5tion b "o reason--headqu>t]s = c]ta9 products or gr\ps ( products4 ,?us ,pet]sburg1 ,virg9ia1 has ! pr9cipal :olesale m>ket = peanuts4 ,elg91 ,ill9ois1 has be5 not$ = its butt] m>ket4 ,/4 ,l\is is ! lead+ m>t = mules4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! foll[+ five m or less di/9ct & important classes ( m>kets = f>m products may be recogniz$3 ,gra91 ,live ,/ock1 ,produce1 ,cotton & ,tobacco4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,trade ,! brok]s or commission m5 do+ bus9ess 9 any "o ( ^! m>kets usually =m an association call$ a bo>d ( trade1 *amb] ( comm]ce or simil> title = ! purpose ( assi/+ ea* o!r 9 ! pursuit ( common ends4 ,! result has be5 uni=mity ( me?ods & *>ges2 b above all 9 importance1 p]haps1 has be5 ! def9ition ( classes & grades ( ! products plac$ on sale4 ,! t5d5cy is = ! associations 9 ! diff]5t cities to adopt uni=m rules = ! grad+ ( products1 s t ,no4 #b r$ w9t] :eat may mean ! same ?+ 9 ,tol$o & ,new ,york2 t ! quotation on prime beef may ref] to ! same quality ( cattle 9 ,pittsburgh z x does 9 ,*icago2 & t ,no4 #a ,timo?y hay 9 ,baltimore & ,/4 ,l\is may be alike4 ,:ile ! t5d5cy is t[>ds uni=mity1 mu* yet rema9s to be accompli%$4 ,! %ipp] mu/ be on 8 gu>d le/ he suff] loss ?r\gh ! v>iations 9 ! classification or v>iations 9 _! int]pretations on ! diff]5t m>kets4 ,!re has gr[n up ar\nd ^! m>kets "s ag5cy :i* /&s z a dis9t]e/$ p>ty betwe5 sell] & buy] imp>tially det]m9+ ! weight & 9 "s cases ! quality ( ! object "u negotiation4 ,! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois employs ag5ts :o inspect all c>s ( gra9 consign$ to ! ,*icago m>ket4 ,^! inspectors det]m9e ! k9d1 grade & weight ( ! gra9 9 ea* c>4 ,! c> is !n deliv]$ "u seal to ! pur*as]4 ,if ei!r sell] or buy] is dissatisfi$ ) ! inspector's decision he may1 by comply+ ) c]ta9 regulations1 h ?is decision review$ by a high] au?ority4 ,! decision ( ?is high] au?ority is f9al & mu/ be accept$ by bo? p>ties4 ,brok]s sell+ gra9 9 c>load lots %ip ! c>s subject to ! weight & grade z det]m9$ by ! inspector at ,*icago4 ,gra9 ( a specific grade may ?us be b\ght 9 ,*icago or o!r great gra9 m>kets ) almo/ p]fect security z to weight & quality by p]sons liv+ 9 any "p ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,at ,elg9 ! quality ( butt] is det]m9$ by a committee appo9t$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade f its own memb]s4 ,9 ! live /ock m>kets1 ! /ock y>ds company1 9 addition to furni%+ y>ds1 %elt]1 food & wat]1 acts z ag5t betwe5 sell] & buy] 9 det]m9+ ! weight ( ! animals4 ,! pur*as] or 8 ag5t mu/ det]m9e = himself ! quality ( ! animals he buys4 ,,gra9 ,,m>kets ,! ,*icago & ,/4 ,paul ,bo>ds ( ,trade & ! ,new ,york ,produce ,ex*ange are ! ?ree great ag5cies = deal+ 9 gra9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,buffalo1 ,dulu?1 ,baltimore & ,philadelphia are also important m>kets4 ,adjuncts to ^! m>kets are ! great t]m9al elevators capable ( hold+ almo/ indef9itely enorm\s quantities ( :eat & o!r gra94 ,on ! ,pacific ,coa/ all ! :eat is h&l$ 9 ! bags1 z is ! cu/om 9 ! o!r m>kets ( ! _w4 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone h recogniz$ ! pr9ciple t :eat & o!r gra9s w run l wat]1 :i* has be5 a prime factor 9 _! competition ) o!r nations4 ,c\ntry elevators *>ge two c5ts a bu%el = /orage dur+ ! fir/ #ae days & #a_/b c5t = ea* additional #ae days4 ,! *>ge = /orage at t]m9al elevators = ! fir/ #ae days is #c_/d c5t4 ,! f>m] may ?us /ore 8 :eat 9 an elevator 9 place ( 8 f>m if he *ooses s to d1 al?\gh ! :eat he ?us puts 9 /orage may h be5 made into fl\r & consum$ be=e he sells x4 ,?is may be look$ ^u z a sort ( int]m$i>y /ep betwe5 /or+ :eat 9 "o's own gran>y & deal+ 9 futures4 ,! c\ntry %ipp] pays #a_/b c5t a bu%el commission = ! sale ( :eat4 ,!re is also a *>ge = inspection & insurance1 &1 9 case !re is an advance paym5t1 = int]e/4 ,aft] five days !re are /orage *>ges4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! expression1 gilt edge1 regul> & %ort receipts1 dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( "t !re rema9s be=e /orage *>ges mu/ be paid4 ,e m>ket has a grade kn[n z contract grade1 mean+ ! quality t mu/ be furni%$ :5 :eat or o!r gra9 is sold )\t specify+ ! grade4 ,9 ,*icago ,no4 #b r$ w9t] :eat is ! contract grade4 ,:]e gra9 is sold or pur*as$ by a brok]1 ! brok]age is usually #a_/h c5t p] bu%el4 ,,hay ,,m>kets ,at lea/ tw5ty cities h adopt$ ! rules ( ! ,national hay association z to classes & grades ( hay & /raw4 ,! s\!rn /ates con/itute an important m>ket = ! hay ( ! nor? c5tral /ates1 :ile ,bo/on1 ,new ,york & ! m9+ t[ns ( ,p5nsylvania are important m>kets = ! nor!a/]n /ates4 ,! size ( bale v>ies f #ge to #bjj p\nds4 ,small bales ( #ajj p\nds ea* are pref]r$ 9 ,baltimore1 m$ium bales ( #aaj to #adj p\nds 9 ,philadelphia1 :ile ,new ,york & ,bo/on usually deal 9 ! l>g] bales4 ,! commission *>ges v>y f #ej c5ts to #a p] c>4 ,9 ,new ,york1 #a pays all *>ges4 ,at ,*icago1 #c p] c> has be5 *>g$ = ! inspection1 divid$ equally betwe5 sell] & buy]4 ,,produce ,,m>kets ,e t[n ( any consequ5ce has its produce m>ket4 ,! ,s\? ,wat] /reet di/rict 9 ,*icago & ! ,we/ ,wa%+ton /reet m>ket 9 ,new ,york are not$ = _! ext5t & v>iety4 ,!re are also _m special m>kets = c]ta9 classes ( produce4 ,?us ,elg91 ,*icago & ,new ,york h butt] ex*anges4 ,wiscons91 ,utica1 ,wat]t[n & ,cuba 7,new ,york7 ma9ta9 ex*anges :]e *eese is plac$ on sale ea* week dur+ ! manufactur+ season4 ,!re is also a bo>d ( trade = *eese 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! prices quot$ ^u ^! ex*anges are made ! basis ( _m transactions betwe5 buy] & sell]1 :o nev] ent] ^! m>kets4 ,n only d buy]s & sell]s agree to abide by ! quotations ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! m>kets1 b ! quotations are also us$ z a basis ( settlem5t = milk furni%$ ! cream]y or factory4 ,^! ag5cies are ?us imp>tial arbit]s 9 c\ntless f9ancial transactions4 ,! rate ( commission v>ies 9 diff]5t m>kets & = diff]5t products4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 produce is h&l$ on a #e basis1 b = individual products :i* are especially bulky & difficult to h&le1 su* z cabbage1 #aj may be *>g$4 ,9 "s cases commission is by quantity in/ead ( on a p]c5tage basis4 ,?us = potatoes ! commission is sometimes #aj & 9 o!r cases #d or #e c5ts a bu%el4 ,,live ,,/ock ,,m>kets ,:ile p\ltry & game1 z well z ! c>casses ( ! small] animals1 may be h&l$ ?r\gh ! produce m>kets1 ! l>ge animals require sep>ate facilities4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is not$ = its l>ge live /ock m>kets & = ! p]fection & size ( ! pack+ h\ses :i* h gr[n up ab\t !m4 ,! mo/ fam\s example ( ^! comb9$ ag5cies is to be f\nd at ,*icago1 b important live /ock m>kets are also ma9ta9$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,kansas ,city1 ,omaha1 ,pittsburgh1 ,buffalo & m rec5tly ,=t ,wor?1 ,texas4 ,! commission *>ges v>y f #ej c5ts to #a p] head = cattle & f #aj to #be c5ts p] head = calves1 %eep & hogs4 ,9 "s m>kets1 ! commission on hogs is #b ( ! gross returns4 ,:5 locat$ )9 #aej miles ( a c5tral m>ket1 x is cu/om>y to all[ #ej c5ts p] hundr$ p\nds = cattle & #dj c5ts = hogs to cov] %r9kage1 & co/ ( freight1 y>dage1 food1 b$d+ & commission4 ,x is possible = an own] to sell 8 own live /ock 9 ^! y>ds1 b ! commission man1 because ( 8 sup]ior k ( exi/+ trade conditions1 is almo/ univ]sally employ$4 ,firms :i* h&le cattle1 %eep & hogs seldom sell horses4 ,al?\gh h&l$ by diff]5t commission firms1 important horse m>kets are ma9ta9$ at ,*icago & ,buffalo imm$iately adjac5t to ! m>ket = meat animals4 ,9 ,new ,york ! horse m>kets are 9 a diff]5t section ( ! city1 t = draft & common "w horses on "o /reet1 :ile ! ,am]ican ,horse ,ex*ange1 locat$ at ano!r po9t1 h&les high-class light horses4 ,! usual cu/om is to sell horses at auction1 al?\gh !y may be pur*as$ at private treaty4 ,9 :atev] mann] pur*as$1 x is ess5tial to und]/& precisely ! "* ( ! gu>antee4 ,,cotton1 ,,wool ,,& ,,tobacco ,,m>kets ,because ( _! high] value p] p\nd & ! ease ) :i* !y c be /or$1 cotton1 wool & tobacco are dealt 9 some:at diff]5tly ?an o!r f>m products4 ,! two great cotton ex*anges are locat$ at ,new ,orleans & ,new ,york1 ! quotations on ^! m>kets controll+ ! f9ancial transactions 9 cotton ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! pr9cipal wool m>kets are ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! pr9cipal tobacco m>kets are at ,ri*mond & ,danville1 ,va41 ,durham1 ,n4 ,c41 & ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,wald1 graduate ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 f>m]1 =m]ly assi/ant horticulturi/ ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire & ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 is %[n above 9 "o ( ! ,new ,c>lisle 7,ohio7 gre5h\ses1 9 :i* ?ree crops ( lettuce occur 9 "o b$4 ,"o crop is ready to cut1 ano!r plant$ & a ?ird 9 pots betwe5 ! o!r plants1 to be plant$ 9 ano!r b$ :5 l>ge en\gh4 ,! net returns f a qu>t] ( an acre "u glass has be5 great] ?an f #afj acres devot$ to g5]al f>m crops4 ,illu/ration3 ,c4 ,w4 ,zuck ,sons1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,"o son 0 a /ud5t 9 agriculture at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college4 ,fa!r & ?ree sons1 beg9n+ six ye>s ago ) a run-d[n f>m ( #ee acres1 h built an acre ( glass & a heat+ plant ( #bfj horsep[]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod !y h sp5t #e1jjj on ! place & at ! end ( season !y w h v ne>ly cle>$ _! improvem5ts4 ,tell ! y\?ful read]s ( y\r book to get z mu* education z possible & !n g 9 p>tn]%ip ) _! fa!rs or bro!rs4 ,if !y d1 success w be !irs4 ,! c\ntry %ipp] or ! "y f>m] wi%+ to place 8 products 9 ! ord9>y *annels ( trade mu/ consid] & det]m9e among o!r ?+s ! foll[+3 ,:at cities h favorable m>kets = 8 products2 *oose "s commission man or brok] to h&le !m2 calculate ! exp5ses = freight1 commission & o!r cu/om>y items2 famili>ize himself ) ! rules = grad+ 8 products 9 ! m>ket or m>kets "u consid]ation2 & det]m9e :at ag5cy !re may be = protect+ him z to ! weight & quality :5 sales are effect$4 ,:5ev] practicable1 a visit to ! m>ket 9 "q & a p]sonal /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* sell+ is done w be wise4 ,hav+ done s1 & p]haps hav+ made a numb] ( sales ?r\gh ^! usual *annels ( trade1 he w be 9 a position to consid] :e!r he may organize to advantage "s m direct me?od ( gett+ 8 products to ! consum]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,laws ,,affect+ ,,l& ,,& ,,labor ,?us f> prop]ty has be5 treat$ z inve/$ capital ^u :i* int]e/ mu/ be *>g$ 9 det]m9+ ! labor income4 ,labor1 likewise1 has be5 consid]$ pr9cipally 9 its effect ^u pr(its4 ,society has ?r[n ar\nd ! transf] ( prop]ty & ! use ( labor c]ta9 re/ra9ts = ! protection ( all individuals4 ,?r\gh ! ages c]ta9 proc$ures h become fix$ by cu/om4 ,^! legal practices are l>gely ! inh]itance ( old ,roman law & are usually kn[n z common law4 ,v>i\s legislative bodies hav+ jurisdiction enact f "t to "t o!r laws4 ,?is body ( enact$ law is call$ /atute law & is mu* m v>iable ?an common law4 ,9 ! briefe/ possible mann] x is ! purpose "h to /ate a few ( ! pr9ciples & applications ( ! law1 *iefly ! common law1 z x affects ! f>m] 9 acquir+ or dispos+ ( 8 prop]ty & 9 8 deal+s ) labor4 ,,prop]ty ,prop]ty may be def9$ z any?+ :i* is a subject ( own]%ip4 ,x possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( be+ acquir$1 held1 sold1 will$ or inh]it$ & is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,real prop]ty1 real e/ate or realty2 7#b7 *attels or p]sonal prop]ty4 ,^! two k9ds ( prop]ty are subject to q di/9ct legal practices4 ,9 g5]al1 real e/ate consi/s ( l&1 ?+s atta*$ to x1 su* z trees1 build+s1 f5ces & c]ta9 rights & pr(its aris+ out ( or annex$ to ! l&4 ,! t]m l& z ord9>ily us$ includes all ^! ?+s1 s t :5 l& is said to be wor? s mu* an acre x includes all fixtures4 ,ponds & /reams are1 "u ?is def9ition1 l&4 ,! l& n only has surface dim5sions1 b ext5ds upw>d indef9itely & d[n to ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 & h5ce includes a "r to ores1 coal1 oil1 gas or o!r mat]ials :atsoev]4 ,an article may1 h[ev]1 be real prop]ty or p]sonal prop]ty dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4 ,?us a tree gr[+ on ! l& is real prop]ty1 b :5 cut into cord wood becomes p]sonal prop]ty4 ,new f5ce po/s ready = use are p]sonal prop]ty4 ,:5 set 9 ! gr\nd !y become real e/ate4 ,j :at goes ) a f>m or :at are fixtures is frequ5tly a subject = legal det]m9ation4 ,,fixtures ,! g5]al rule is t fixtures are any *attels :i* h become sub/antially & p]man5tly annex$ to ! l& or to build+s or o!r ?+s :i* are cle>ly a "p ( ! l&4,d ,! annexation may1 h[ev]1 be purely !oretical1 s9ce ! keys to ! h\se or b>n1 :i* may be 9 ! own]'s pocket1 are real e/ate4 ,"o rule conc]n+ fixtures is t !y mu/ be s annex$ t !y _c be sev]$ )\t injur+ ! freehold4 ,! int5tion ( ! p>ty mak+ ! annexation also (t5 det]m9es1 s9ce if ! article is annex$ ) ! int5tion ( mak+ x p]man5t1 x !n becomes a "p ( ! l&4 ,among ! ?+s held to be fixtures1 & !re=e a "p ( ! l&1 are3 7#a7 ,all build+s & ev]y?+ :i* is a "p ( any build+1 su* z doors1 bl9ds1 keys1 etc42 7#b7 f5ce mat]ials :i* h be5 once us$ & are pil$ up to be us$ aga9 are a "p ( ! l&1 b new f5ce mat]ial n yet us$ is p]sonal prop]ty4 7#c7 ,gr[+ crops are real prop]ty4 ,!y g to ! pur*as] ( ! l& unless specially res]v$ 9 ! de$4 ,a v]bal agreem5t is n suffici5t4 7#d7 ,trees1 if bl[n d[n or cut d[n & /ill ly+ :]e !y fell1 are real prop]ty2 if cut or cord$ up = sale !y become p]sonal prop]ty4 7#e7 ,all manure made on ! f>m is real e/ate & passes ) ! l&4 7#f7 ,all ! ord9>y portable ma*9es & tools are consid]$ p]sonal prop]ty1 b c]ta9 ma*9es held to be ( p]man5t use ^u ! l& are real e/ate4 ,among ! ?+s :i* c\rts h held to g ) ! l& are cotton g9s1 copp] kettles encas$ 9 brick & mort> = cook+ food = hogs1 cid] mills1 pumps1 wat] pipes br++ wat] f di/ant spr+s4 ,9 g5]al1 motive p[] ma*9]y & ! %aft+ g ) ! l&1 b ! ma*9]y impell$ may or may n1 dep5d+ ^u ! way x is annex$4 7#g7 ,if /ones h be5 qu>ri$ = ! purpose ( us+ ^u ! f>m1 !y g ) ! f>m1 b if qu>ri$ = sale !y are p]sonal prop]ty4 ,,contracts ,! diff]5ce betwe5 p]sonal prop]ty & real prop]ty may be indicat$ by consid]+ ! ess5tial features ( a contract4 ,a contract is an agreem5t betwe5 two or m p]sons4 ,! f\ndation rule conc]n+ a contract is t e man mu/ fulfill e agreem5t he makes4 ,an e?ical practice gr[s out ( ?is legal rule :i*1 if /rictly adh]$ to1 w save mu* emb>rassm5t1 viz41 make b few promises & always keep y\r engagem5ts4 ,!re are sev5 requirem5ts g5]ally necess>y to a valid contract4 7#a7 ,possibility4 ,! ?+ to be done mu/ be possible4 7#b7 ,legality4 ,x mu/ n be =bidd5 by law4 7#c7 ,prop] p>ties4 ,! p>ties to a contract mu/ be compet5t4 ,contracts ) idiots or drunk5 p]sons are n b9d+4 ,"s contracts ) m9ors are n b9d+1 al?\gh contracts = ! necessities ( life are4 7#d7 ,mutual ass5t4 ,a proposition n ass5t$ to by bo? p>ties is n b9d+ on ei!r4 7#e7 ,valid consid]ation4 ,a man is n reg>d$ z injur$ by ! break+ ( a promise = :i* he has paid1 or is to pay1 no?+4 7#f7 ,fraud or deceit4 ,a contract obta9$ by fraud is void z aga9/ ! p>ty us+ ! fraud1 b may be en=c$ by ! innoc5t p>ty if he sees fit4 7#g7 ,writt5 contracts4 ,"h comes ! mo/ important diff]5ce betwe5 real & p]sonal prop]ty4 ,real prop]ty c only be convey$ by a writt5 in/rum5t1 prop]ly execut$ & record$1 :ile p]sonal prop]ty passes by m]e possession4 ,contracts relat+ to ! sale ( real e/ate are n b9d+ unless 9 writ+1 :ile v]bal contracts are suffici5t = p]sonal prop]ty if accompani$ by paym5t ( a "p ( ! pur*ase price or ! acceptance ( ! goods4 ,= am\nts "u #ej v]bal agreem5t 9 itself is b9d+4 ,,transf] ,,( ,,real ,,e/ate ,! pur*as] %\ld require ( ! sell] evid5ce t ! title to ! l& is /raight & cle>2 if n1 exactly :at ! defects are4 ,?is is done ?r\gh an ab/ract ( title1 :i* %\ld be prep>$ by a compet5t lawy]4 ,?is is n an (ficial docum5t1 & its value dep5ds l>gely ^u ! ability & wat*fulness ( ! p>ty mak+ ! ab/ract4 ,own]%ip ( l& is convey$ by means ( a de$4 ,a de$ is an in/rum5t convey+ at lea/ a life int]e/ 9 ! l&4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! de$ conta9s ! ess5tial p>ts & t x is prop]ly execut$4 ,,de$s ,de$s are ( two k9ds3 ,quit claim de$s1 :i* convey all ! rights1 title & int]e/ :i* ! sell] has 9 ! l&1 b does n w>rant ! title2 & w>ranty de$s1 :i*1 9 addition to :at a quit claim does1 conta9 cov5ants :i* agree t ! sell] & 8 heirs1 etc41 %all w>rant & def5d ! title to ! pur*as] aga9/ ! lawful claims ( all p]sons4 ,,! ,,requisites ,,( ,a ,,de$ ,! requisites ( a de$ are3 ,! p>ties to ! de$1 ! consid]ation1 ! description2 & ) a w>ranty de$1 ! cov5ants4 ,! sell] mu/ be ( full age1 s\nd m9d & if m>ri$ 8 wife %\ld always jo9 9 ! de$4 ,h] "n %\ld appe> foll[+ 8 at ! beg9n+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,%e %\ld sign & ackn[l$ge ! de$1 & ! c]tificate ( ackn[l$gm5t %\ld /ate t %e is ! wife ( ! sell]4 ,if ! sell] is a m>ri$ woman1 h] husb& does n ne$ to jo9 9 ! sale ( h] own prop]ty4 ,x is cu/om>y to /ate ! consid]ation ^u :i* ! de$ is giv51 b ?is is n necess>y1 nor w a false /atem5t z to ! am\nt paid invalidate ! de$4 ,! description ( ! l& convey$ %\ld be z m9ute & c>eful z possible1 & pref]ably 9 ! exact language ( =m] de$s4 ,9 case =m] description is 9 error1 x %\ld be ref]r$ to & correct description giv54 ,:]e l& is convey$ by metes & b\nds1 ?is description gov]ns1 al?\gh x may n convey ! numb] ( acres ( l& /at$4 ,9 describ+ b\nd>ies ! location ( monum5ts takes prec$5ce ( di/ances m5tion$4 ,,execution ,,( ,,! ,,de$ ,a de$ mu/ be sign$1 witness$1 ackn[l$g$1 deliv]$ & record$4 ,9 "s /ates de$s mu/ be seal$1 b 9 o!r /ates ! law has disp5s$ ) ?is =mality4 ,witnesses to de$s are n requir$ 9 all /ates4 ,"s /ates require "o1 b usually two witnesses are requir$4 ,! p>ties sign+ ! de$ are requir$ to appe> be=e an (ficial designat$ by /atute1 usually any magi/rate1 ju/ice or not>y public1 & ackn[l$ge ! same to be 8 or h] free act & de$4 ,a de$ has no effect until deliv]$1 & %\ld be imm$iately record$ by ! pur*as]4 ,g5]ally an unrecord$ de$ is n good z aga9/ a subsequ5t pur*as] 9 good fai?4 ,x is well to note t ! laws relat+ to ! transf] ( l& are ^? ( ! place :]e ! l& lies & n necess>ily ^? ( ! place :]e ! de$ is made4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,lay+ ,,out ,,public ,,l&s ,! public l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 :5ev] practicable1 laid out into t[n%ips ea* six miles squ>e1 z ne> z may be1 ^: sides run due nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/4 ,! t[n%ips are laid (f nor? & s\? ( a base l9e :i* is a p>allel ( latitude1 & are numb]$ nor? & s\? f ! base l9e3 ,?us1 ,t4 #c ,s41 means ,t[n%ip ,no4 #c s\? f ! base l9e4 ,ea* r[ ( t[n%ips runn+ nor? & s\? is call$ a range1 & is numb]$ ea/ or we/ ( ! pr9cipal m]idian3 ,?us1 ,r4 #b ,e41 means ,range #b ea/ ( ! giv5 m]idian4 ,! t[n%ips are !n laid (f into sections or squ>e miles ( #fdj acres1 z ne> z may be1 & ^! are numb]$1 beg9n+ always at ! nor!a/ section1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,n ----------------------------- #f #e #d #c #b #a ------------------------ #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ------------------------ ,w #ah #ag #af #ae #ad #ac ,e ------------------------ #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ------------------------ #cj #bi #bh #bg #bf #be ------------------------ #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf ----------------------------- ,s ,ea* qu>t] section is ref]r$ to z ! nor!a/ or s\?we/ qu>t] ( ! section1 & ea* =ty acres z ! nor?we/ or s\!a/ qu>t] ( a p>ticul> qu>t]4 ,= example1 an eighty-acre field may be ref]r$ to z ! we/ half ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( ,section #c1 ,t[n%ip #e ,nor?1 ,range #c1 we/ ( ----4 ,base l9e & m]idian1 or 9 "s cases m]ely ! m]idian is m5tion$4 ,! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface makes x impossible = ! sides ( t[n%ips to be truly nor? & s\? & at ! same "t six miles squ>e4 ,! excesses & ! defici5cies due to ! conv]g5cy ( m]idians & ! curvature ( ! e>? are by law add$ to or d$uct$ f ! we/]n & nor!rn ranges ( sections & half sections ( ! t[n%ips4 ,:ile ! above has be5 ! rule 9 lay+ out public l&s = m ?an a c5tury1 !re are _m exceptions1 due to _m causes4 ,9 ! old] settl$ sections ! l& 0 laid out 9 lots1 (t5 9 a v irregul> mann]1 al?\gh 9 "s cases )9 a giv5 tract ! area 0 m or less regul>4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! l& mu/ be describ$ m9utely & c>efully by metes & b\nds4 ,9 "s ( ! s\!rn & we/]n /ates1 also1 :]e !re 7 ,spani% grants1 mu* irregul>ity 9 ! surveys exi/s4 ,ov] mu* ( ! nor? ,c5tral /ates ?is rectangul> sy/em ( lay+ out l&s obta9s & has work$ well 9 mo/ respects4 ,,! ,,l&lord ,,& ,,t5ant ,leases ( real e/ate foll[ ! same proc$ure z de$s1 except t a v]bal lease1 if = a t]m ( n to exce$ "o ye>1 is valid 9 mo/ /ates4 ,a writt5 lease %\ld be c>efully drawn1 because1 accord+ to common law1 !re are few ?+s impli$ 9 a lease t are n /at$4 ,def9ite /atem5t conc]n+ repairs & insurance is desirable4 ,a t5ant %\ld also acqua9t himself ) ! law ( ! /ate conc]n+ ! surr5d] ( ! f>m ^u ! expiration ( 8 t]m4 ,x is ! duty ( ! t5ant n only to gu>d ! prop]ty1 b to conduct ! f>m 9 a husb&like mann]4 ,unless o!rwise /at$ 9 ! contract1 ! t5ant mu/ pursue ^? me?ods ( husb&ry :i* are cu/om>y 9 ! vic9ity4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,f>m] ,,to ,,8 ,,workm5 ,! requirem5ts ( a valid contract1 z previ\sly /at$1 control mo/ ( ! relations :i* ! employ] has ) 8 employees4 ,contracts = labor1 unless = m ?an "o ye>1 ne$ n be 9 writ+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s]vice to be r5d]$ is unusual1 ! agreem5t %\ld be r$uc$ to writ+1 because1 9 ! abs5ce ( specific agreem5t1 ! law assumes t cu/om>y s]vice & wages are impli$4 ,l all o!r employ]s ( labor ! f>m] is "u obligation to protect 8 workman f injury4 ,he mu/ n subject !m to unusual & unreasonable risks4 ,he mu/ hire workm5 suit$ to ! employm5t4 ,= example1 if he employs a "y boy to drive a fracti\s horse1 he w\ld be liable = any injury t might occur4 ,9 l mann]1 he mu/ ex]cise prop] c>e conc]n+ ! safety ( ! ma*9]y plac$ 9 ! h&s ( 8 workm54 ,he mu/ keep 8 premises 9 a safe condition & mu/ n expose 8 workm5 to risks n incid5t to ! employm5t = :i* !y are hir$4 ,! f>m] is liable 9 damages = ! acts ( 8 workm5 :i* are )9 ! scope ( _! employm5t1 al?\gh ! au?ority may n h be5 expressly conf]r$4 ,he :o acts by ano!r acts himself4 ,9 case "o is su$ = ! acts ( 8 employee1 ! burd5 is ^u him to prove t ! act ( ! workman 0 )\t au?ority1 express$ or impli$4 ----- ,d ,haigh's ,manual ( ,law1 p4 #fi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,rural ,,legislation ,v>i\s laws h be5 enact$ by f$]al & /ate legislatures = ! bett] protection ( produc] & consum]4 ,mu* ( ?is legislation affects 9 a v special way ! int]e/s ( ! f>m]4 ,n infrequ5tly1 9 fact1 g5]ally1 ! /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture has m or less direct jurisdiction ov] _! en=cem5t4 ,/ate dep>tm5ts ( agriculture usually publi% a collection ( ! laws ( ?is "*4 ,^! laws v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t /ates & only ! mo/ g5]al outl9e1 z !y affect ! int]e/s ( ! f>m]1 c be giv5 "h4 ,p]sons c in=m !mselves z to ! details z en=c$ 9 a giv5 /ate by apply+ to ! /ate secret>y ( agriculture4 ,a numb] ( ^! acts affect int]/ate comm]ce1 conc]n+ :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution says3 ,no /ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,congress1 lay any impo/ or duties on imports or exports1 except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ its inspection laws4 ,by a s]ies ( judicial decisions x has be5 det]m9$ t a ,/ate has a "r to en=ce laws affect+ int]/ate comm]ce :5 traffic 9 ! articles ?us modifi$ or prohibit$ affects ! public welf>e4 ,:5 x is necess>y to h a police regulation to prev5t fraud 9 ! traffic ( an article or = ! purpose ( gu>d+ ! public heal? or morals1 police laws1 s call$1 may be enact$ & en=c$4 ,ar\nd ?is g5]al "q !re has wag$ a bitt] controv]sy :i* has occupi$ "s ( ! be/ legal m9ds & is "o involv+ "s difficulty4 ,,f]tiliz] ,,control ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ! control measures to be enact$1 & ! "o :i* has be5 mo/ univ]sally adopt$ by ! sev]al /ates1 is ! law requir+ ! manufactur] & deal] 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s to gu>antee ! p]c5tage ( ! s-call$ ess5tial f]tiliz+ elem5ts--nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium--conta9$ 9 ea* bag ( f]tiliz] (f]$ = sale4 ,subsequ5t control laws h be5 model$ m or less closely aft] ?is law4 ,h5ce a description ( ! op]ation & execution ( x w s]ve = all4 ,! execution ( ?is law is usually "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! /ate secret>y ( agriculture1 :ile ! necess>y *emical analyses are made by ! /ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,9 "s /ates ! en=cem5t ( ! law is 9 *>ge ( ! /ate exp]im5t /ation1 :ile 9 o!rs ! /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture has its own laboratories or employs a private *emi/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 becom+ a m & m settl$ policy to place all police regulations 9 *>ge ( ! /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 :ile at ! same "t ! *emical analyses & o!r sci5tific & te*nological inquiries are made at ! /ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! tak+ ( samples & 9 ord] to raise funds = ! execution ( ! law1 ! manufactur] is requir$ to take out a lic5se & to make a /atem5t ( ! br&s ( f]tiliz]s :i* he w place ^u ! m>ket 9 ! giv5 /ate dur+ ! giv5 season4 ,dur+ ! spr+ & fall season ag5ts trav]se ! /ate & sample ! bags ( f]tiliz]s z f\nd on sale by local m]*ants4 ,! samples are s5t by numb] "u seal to ! designat$ *emi/1 :ile at ! same "t ! ag5t transmits to ! /ate (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! en=cem5t ( ! law ! necess>y in=mation conc]n+ ^! samples4 ,^u ! receipt ( ! analysis made by ! *emi/1 :o has _h no k ( ! orig9 ( ! sample1 ! /ate (fic] comp>es !m ) ! gu>antee ( ! manufactur]1 & if he f9ds x necess>y ent]s legal compla9t4 ,:ile ^! laws h be5 9 =ce = _m ye>s 9 "s /ates & 9 _m /ates = "s ye>s1 prosecution has seldom be5 f\nd necess>y4 ,! hone/ manufactur] is protect$ f di%one/ competition1 & ! di%one/ manufactur]1 if !re be su*1 _c af=d ! publicity :i* noncompliance ) ! law w\ld entail4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to publi%1 ) ! results ( analysis1 also an e/imate ( ! comm]cial value p] ton ( ea* br& ( f]tiliz]4 ,?is e/imat$ comm]cial value is obta9$ by multiply+ ! p\nds ( ea* elem5t or comb9ations ( ! elem5t 9 a ton by a value p] p\nd4 ,to ! value ( ! f]tiliz] ?us obta9$ is add$ some?+ = co/ ( mix+1 bagg+ & freight1 & some?+ = pr(it4 ,! price p] p\nd giv5 to ea* elem5t or comb9ations ( ! elem5ts is bas$ ^u ! comm]cial value ( ! elem5t :5 pur*as$ 9 raw mat]ials4 ,! price = ea* ye> is usually det]m9$ by a conf]5ce ( ^? 9 control ( ! execution ( ! law 9 ! sev]al /ates = c]ta9 gr\ps ( /ates4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! price v>ies little f ye> to ye>4 ,! publi%$ figures1 !re=e1 con/itute a table ( comp>ative comm]cial values z det]m9$ by ! mo/ exp]t k4 ,:ile n con/itut+ a /atem5t ( absolute comm]cial value = any giv5 locality1 !y d enable ! pur*as] to det]m9e :e!r ! price quot$ on a giv5 br& ( f]tiliz] is )9 reason4 ,p]sons :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples controll+ ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s may1 h[ev]1 be l$ to believe t ! price ( ! f]tiliz] is an indication ( its value = ! production ( a giv5 crop4 ,z is well kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ! subject1 !re is no necess>y relation betwe5 ! comm]cial value ( a f]tiliz] & ! fitness ( its =mula = a giv5 soil & crop4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 ! publication ( tables ( comm]cial value has be5 /rongly oppos$ by "s manufactur]s1 & 9 c]ta9 /ates ! cu/om has be5 discont9u$4 ,:ile grant+ t tables ( comm]cial value are subject to mis9t]pretation1 x is p]haps fair to say t su* tables h be5 ( mo/ b5efit1 &1 moreov]1 h be5 ( great value to ^? :o 7 mo/ likely to mis9t]pret !m4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y 9 mo/ /ates to make analyses only ( mix$ f]tiliz]s4 ,?us su* raw mat]ials z nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 dri$ blood1 bone meal1 rock phosphate1 tankage1 muriate ( pota%1 sulphate ( pota%1 h n be5 br\ght "u ! op]ation ( ! law4 ,if "o wi%es to pur*ase nitrate ( soda1 muriate ( pota% & tankage ) ! int5tion ( mix+ !m accord+ to a =mula ( 8 own1 he may n f9d any protection 9 8 /ate4 ,h[ev]1 ^! products c be obta9$ ?r\gh reputable deal]s :o w will+ly gu>antee ! cont5ts4 ,9 case ( d\bt1 ! pur*as] may secure an analysis by 8 /ate exp]im5t /ation at a mod]ate co/4 ,! law requires t !re %all be affix$ to e package ( f]tiliz] (f]$ = sale a /atem5t ab\t z foll[s3 ,! m9imum p] c5tum ( ea* ( ! foll[+ con/itu5ts :i* may be conta9$ !re93 7a7 ,nitrog54 7b7 ,soluble1 available & total phosphoric acid1 except 9 cases ( undissolv$ bone1 basic slag phosphate1 wood a%es1 unheat$ phosphate rock1 g>bage tankage & pulv]iz$ natural manures1 :5 ! m9imum p] c5tum ( total phosphoric acid may be sub/itut$4 ,?is latt] applies only 9 ^? /ates :]e raw mat]ials are subject to inspection4 7c7 ,pota% soluble 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,x is possible to comply ) ! law & yet /ate ! gu>antee ^u ea* bag ( f]tiliz] 9 su* a mann] z to mislead ! un9=m$4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is book to deal ) su* te*nical details1 b if ! pur*as] ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s is n already well acqua9t$ ) f]tiliz] t]ms1 he %\ld secure an elem5t>y textbook on ! subject or write to 8 /ate exp]im5t /ation = a bullet9 discuss+ !m4 ,,fe$+ ,,/uff ,,control ,! law controll+ ! sale ( /ock foods is ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! f]tiliz] control act & has n be5 s univ]sally adopt$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! necessity = su* a law arises f ! gr[+ use z /ock foods ( v>i\s by-products 9 ! manufacture ( liquors1 />*1 glucose1 sug>1 cottonse$ & l9se$ oils & breakfa/ foods4 ,v>i\s mixtures1 v>y+ widely 9 *emical composition1 especially 9 prote9 & crude fib]1 7 plac$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,9 "s in/ances mixtures 7 grossly adult]at$ ) su* ?+s z oat hulls & gr\nd corn cobs4 ,! adoption ( ?is law by c]ta9 /ates has s]v$ to make o!r /ates ! dump+ gr\nd = inf]ior /ock foods1 ?us increas+ ! necessity = simil> protection4 ,! law does n apply to ! ord9>y gra9s produc$ by f>m]s or to ! usual by-products ( mill]s4 ,,se$ ,,control ,f "t immemorial x has be5 ! univ]sal cu/om ( se$sm5 to disclaim all responsibility = ! purity & g]m9at+ p[] ( _! se$s4 ,b z ! importance ( good se$--good 9 h]$it>y p[]1 good 9 g]m9ation1 good 9 its fre$om f adult]ation1 good 9 its abs5ce ( noxi\s we$ se$--has become bett] und]/ood dem& = "s me?od ( control has aris54 ,9 at lea/ "o /ate !re is a se$-control law model$ q closely aft] ! f]tiliz]-control law4 ,h[ev]1 ! usual me?od ( protection consi/s 9 pur*as+ by sample or ! insi/5ce ( a gu>antee1 ) a subsequ5t analysis ( a sample ( ! pur*as$ se$4 ,! g]m9at+ p[] & purity ( se$ c be det]m9$ *eaply by an exp]t )9 f five to tw5ty days1 dep5d+ ^u ! species4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has a division ( se$ control 9 its ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,any p]son may s5d a sample ( se$ to ?is division & h its purity & g]m9at+ p[] det]m9$1 & 9 "s ( ! /ates ! exp]im5t /ation w p]=m simil> s]vices )\t *>ge4 ,clov]1 alfalfa1 grass & o!r small se$s %\ld always be pur*as$ subject to su* inspection1 unless ! pur*as] is prep>$ to make 8 own inspection1 :i* a v little tra9+ makes possible4 ,,nurs]y ,,inspection ,!re is no national law conc]n+ ! importation ( insect-infe/$ or diseas$ plant /ock4 ,sev]al ( ! /ates h pass$ bo? /ate & int]/ate regulations conc]n+ ! sale ( nurs]y /ock4 ,! insects usually legislat$ aga9/ are ,san ,jose scale1 gypsy mo? & br[n-tail mo?1 :ile ! diseases usually int]dict$ are yell[s1 black knot1 pea* rosette1 & pe> blight4 ,! en=cem5t ( ! law is usually plac$ 9 *>ge ( a p]son hav+ special k ( economic insects & fung\s diseases4 ,9 addition to ^! police regulations ?is (fic] may1 by v>i\s means1 attempt to br+ into practice me?ods calculat$ to eradicate or1 at lea/1 less5 ! sev]ity ( exi/+ attacks4 ,comm]ce 9 v9eg>1 dri$ fruits1 insecticides & fungicides is also regulat$ 9 "s /ates4 ,,dairy1 ,,food ,,& ,,drug ,,inspection ,an adequate discussion ( ! rise & developm5t ( ! control 9 ! sale ( dairy & food products w\ld require a *apt] by itself1 if n an entire volume4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! laws on ?is g5]al subject h acquir$ an importance 9 _m ways q beyond t ( any ( ! o!r control measures discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! ext5t ( funds h&l$1 ! numb] ( ag5ts employ$ & ! public int]e/ incit$1 ! (fice ( dairy & food commission] outranks any o!r control ag5cy4 ,9 "s /ates ! (fice is an elective "o1 & ! que/ions ) :i* ! (fice has to deal become a "p ( ! /ate political campaign4 ,! importance ( ! inspection ( dairy & food products gr[s out ( ! fact t n only is ! consum]1 h5ce all ! _w1 int]e/$1 b ! execution ( ^! laws t\* l>ge comm]cial int]e/s4 ,n only are meat pack]s1 di/ill]s & brew]s deeply int]e/$1 b ! :olesale & retail groc]s &1 m rec5tly1 ! manufactur+ & prescrib+ druggi/s1 are vitally conc]n$4 ,n _m ye>s ago ! inspection ( dairy products1 p>ticul>ly control ( ! traffic 9 oleom>g>9e1 0 ! *ief function ( ?is (fice4 ,to-day ! en=cem5t ( laws conc]n+ pure foods1 liquor & drugs is ( mu* great] importance4 ,int]/ate comm]ce 9 oleom>g>9e is n[ regulat$ ?r\gh ! enactm5t ( an int]nal rev5ue law requir+ a tax ( t5 c5ts a p\nd on color$ oleom>g>9e & "o-f\r? ( a c5t a p\nd on uncolor$ oleom>g>9e &1 fur!r1 by prescrib+ ! "* ( package & me?od ( m>k+ all oleom>g>9e ent]+ into int]/ate comm]ce4 ,/ate ag5cies are *>g$ ) ! duty ( requir+ ! compliance ( local deal]s & re/aurateurs ) ! g5]al features ( ! f$]al law4 ,"s /ates1 h[ev]1 prohibit entirely ! sale ( color$ oleom>g>9e )9 ! /ate4 ,,purity ,,9 ,,dairy ,,products ,attempts to def9e :at is pure milk1 cream1 butt] or *eese h be5 fraught ) mu* difficulty4 ,?us1 = example1 legal def9itions ( pure milk h result$ 9 "s c[s giv+ illegal milk4 ,9 "s in/ances ! law has decl>$ simply t :ole milk is milk f :i* no cream has be5 remov$2 9 o!rs1 ! m9imum am\nt ( butt] fat has be5 prescrib$2 9 /ill o!rs1 ! m9imum am\nt ( total solids conta9+ a m9imum proportion ( butt] fat has be5 made ! basis ( legal milk4 ,9 l mann] full cream *eese has be5 def9$ z *eese made f :ole milk or f milk f :i* only a giv5 am\nt ( cream has be5 remov$1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances ! m9imum am\nt ( butt] fat :i* full cream *eese may conta9 is prescrib$4 ,! wide v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( butt] fat c>ri$ by cream has caus$ mu* jocul> comm5t & "s s]i\s discussion z to :at is cream4 ,:ile x is n feasible to indicate ! laws = ! sev]al /ates1 ! rul+ ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t z to :at con/itutes purity 9 dairy products "u ! national food & drug act may be accept$ z a g5]al guide4 ,a circul> giv+ ! requir$ in=mation may be secur$ by address+ ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,live ,,/ock ,,sanitation ,! control ( contagi\s diseases 9 dome/ic animals & ! inspection ( meat products h be5 ! *ief "w ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s9ce its e/abli%m5t4 ,! bureau inspects all import$ live animals & "u c]ta9 conditions w inspect live animals int5d$ = exportation4 ,x inspects all meat products int5d$ = export4 ,its inspection ( meats int5d$ = int]/ate comm]ce is less rigid ?an t export$4 ,meats sold )9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y are slaught]$ _c be requir$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t to und]go inspection4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! p ( ! sev]al /ates enjoy less protection 9 ! consumption ( meat ?an ! =eign pur*as] ( ,am]ican meats unless !re is a /ate meat inspection law4 ,h[ev]1 x is becom+ m & m ! cu/om = ! l>ge pack]s to h all _! products inspect$ )\t reg>d to _! de/9ation4 ,! meats slaught]$ 9 ! locality 9 :i* !y are consum$ are ! ones t receive ! lea/ sup]vision4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has be5 especially active & effici5t 9 ! prev5tion ( int]/ate comm]ce 9 cattle suff]+ ) ,texas fev]1 & %eep attack$ ) scab & foot rot4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! bureau dipp+ tanks h be5 provid$ 9 all ! great live /ock m>kets = ! dis9fection ( cattle & %eep :5 ne$$4 ,sev]al ( ! /ates h laws controll+ ! importation ( diseas$ animals f o!r /ates & ! transf] ( !m )9 ! /ate4 ,! foll[+ are ! diseases mo/ commonly m5tion$ 9 ! laws ( ! sev]al /ates3 ,an?rax1 black qu>t]1 hog *ol]a1 sw9e plague1 rabies1 gl&]s & tub]culosis4 ,! law is g5]ally en=c$ by a /ate vet]9>ian1 ^: acts are sup]vis$ ei!r by a /ate live /ock commission or ! /ate secret>y ( agriculture or ^! two ag5cies act+ conjo9tly4 ,p]haps ! disease :i* has requir$ ! greate/ am\nt ( att5tion 9 ! sev]al /ates is tub]culosis 9 mil* c[s4 ,x is cu/om>y = ?is (fice to apply ! tub]cul9 te/1 free ( *>ge1 "u c]ta9 /ipulations1 to any h]d ^u ! reque/ ( ! own] & to sup]vise ! slaught] & disposition ( ! react+ animals4 ,9 "s /ates ! own] is indemnifi$ 9 "p or 9 :ole = 8 loss4 ,! am\nt ( indemnity z well z ! g5]al features ( ! law conc]n+ ! control ( tub]culosis 9 dome/ic animals has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy & _c be said to h rea*$ an altoge!r satisfactory solution 9 mo/ /ates4 ,! "y f>m] %\ld cle>ly und]/& t "u no circum/ances c he af=d to h a tub]cul\s animal 9 8 h]d4 ,! contact ( a diseas$ animal ) o!r animals ( ! h]d is c]ta9 to entail a great] loss ?an ! de/ruction ( ! diseas$ animal4 ,! f>m] mu/ 9 8 own int]e/ re> heal?y animals :e!r or n x is necess>y = ! protection ( ! consum]4 ,,fi% ,,& ,,game ,,laws ,! motives und]ly+ ! enactm5t ( laws conc]n+ fi% & game are v>i$4 ,! controv]sies ov] ^! laws 9 ! legislatures ( ! sev]al /ates indicate t !re is a belief1 :atev] may be ! fact1 t !re are oppos+ int]e/s2 viz41 ^? ( ! hunt] or sportsman on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ! f>m] or l&[n] on ! o!r4 ,! law ( trespass has be5 "o ov] :i* has rag$ mu* bitt]ness1 bo? ) reg>d to ! =m ( ! law to be enact$ & conc]n+ its subsequ5t en=cem5t4 ,sportsm5 h usually held t a di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 wild animals occupy+ private prop]ty & dome/ic animals4 ,! l&[n] has urg$ t o!rs %\ld n trespass ^u 8 prop]ty = ! purpose ( %oot+ wild animals1 al?\gh 8 propriet>y "r 9 !m 0 no great]4 ,9 l mann]1 laws conc]n+ ! clos$ season1 made to protect animals dur+ ! bre$+ p]iod1 are ! subject ( ext5d$ discussion & are be+ con/antly *ang$2 bo? because !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! habits ( ! diff]5t species & because ! motive v>ies = ma9ta9+ ! supply4 ,"s animals are protect$ on acc\nt ( _! b5efit1 suppos$ or real1 to agriculture4 ,o!r animals are protect$ because ( _! gam+ qualities1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( sometimes injur+ f>m crops4 ,! money sp5t by sportsm5 9 ! pursuit ( game is an elem5t 9 ! v>i$ int]e/s involv$4 ,humane motives & a desire to prev5t ! fur!r re/riction ( a n too v>i$ fauna h help$1 also1 to save c]ta9 species f ext9ction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s /ates comm]cial int]e/s are involv$1 z :]e l>ge quantities ( birds are tak5 = _! plumage4 ,"s attempts h be5 made to introduce =eign species1 z ! ,japanese pheasant4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) fi% t ! mo/ has be5 accompli%$ 9 repl5i%m5t4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t & sev]al ( ! /ates h be5 active 9 regul>ly re/ock+1 ea* season1 c]ta9 /reams ) fry ( edible & game fi%4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! op5 season c be obta9$ f ! prop] /ate (fic]4 ,! fi% & game laws are usually "u ! control ( a commission ) a secret>y z ! executive (fic]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,rural ,,=ces ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is a va/ doma94 ,its mat]ial res\rces are enorm\s4 ,its f]tile & easily till$ soil1 its magnific5t =e/s1 its great /ores ( ore1 coal1 oil & gas2 its f9e wat]-p[] sites & its temp]ate & heal?ful climate h all contribut$ to ! mak+ ( a prosp]\s & progressive nation4 ,)\t ^! natural res\rces ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld n be :at x is4 ,! wa/e ( "s ( ^! res\rces is almo/ beyond belief4 ,9 m9+1 "o-half ! an?racite & "o-?ird ! s(t coal is left 9 ! gr\nd 9 su* a mann] t x may nev] be economically recov]$4 ,a ton ( coal w produce #a1djj p\nds ( coke1 wor? #a4ej1 & #bj p\nds ( sulphate ( ammonia1 wor? #ej c5ts4 ,if all ! nitrog5 9 coal :i* is turn$ into coke 9 ,p5nsylvania 7 recov]$1 x w\ld furni% en\gh ( ?is elem5t to supply ! ne$s ( e acre ( tillable soil 9 t /ate4 ,only ab\t #dd ( ! wood 9 ! trees n[ h>ve/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is incorporat$ into build+s1 app>atus & furniture4 ,! re/ is wa/$ 9 ! process ( cutt+1 saw+ & manufactur+ into ! f9i%$ products4 ,facts l ^! h l$ ! nation to realize t ! cons]vation ( our natural res\rces is an imm$iate & press+ problem4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has1 h[ev]1 a great] inh]itance ?an ^! great & b5efic5t gifts ( nature & a m fundam5tal problem ?an ! pres]vation & effici5t use ( !m4 ,9 a s+le s5t5ce1 ! greate/ inh]itance ( ! ,am]ican p is _! ,puritan ance/ry4 ,! ^w ,puritan is "h us$ to apply n only to ! ,new ,engl& ,pilgrims1 b to all our e>ly =efa!rs1 ^: traditions & practices h s]v$ to set ?is c\ntry ap>t f ! o!r c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,because ( ! traditions :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 we are heal?i]-bodi$ & clean]-m9d$ m5 & wom54 ,we are m effici5t1 n m]ely 9 mak+ money1 b 9 ev]y?+ t goes to make a full & well-r\nd$ life4 ,x is well to realize ! res\rces ( o!r nations4 ,! agricultural possibilities ( ,france appe> to ! casual obs]v] to comp>e favorably ) any equal area 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o may see f>m l& 9 ,italy :i* has be5 cultivat$ = at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s :i* is evid5tly z f]tile z any ( ! lime/one valleys ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 ! prairies ( ! ,mississippi valley or ! ,pal\se di/rict ( ! ,nor?we/4 ,russia has enorm\s areas ( f]tile soil4 ,c>eful obs]v]s report t 9 ,man*uria !re are great /ret*es ( c\ntry1 :i* today possess natural opportunities simil> to ^? :i* ! ,mississippi valley (f]$ "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! rec5t /ories ( ! deposits ( coal & m9]al weal? 9 ,*9a are almo/ fabul\s4 ,europe has ri* m9es1 great =e/s & unrival$ wat]-p[]4 ,"s ye>s ago a native ( ,arg5t9a & a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 d9+ toge!r4 ,! ,arg5t9ian _h s]v$ 8 gov]nm5t z consul to ,canada4 ,he relat$ t he _h rec5tly writt5 an (ficial lett] 9 :i* he _h occasion to ref] to ! p ( ,canada & to ^? ( ?is c\ntry4 ,he expla9$ t 9 allud+ to ! =m] he c\ld say ! ,canadians1 b ! latt] he c\ld n call ,am]icans1 s9ce 8 p 7 also ,am]icans4 ,aft] due consid]ation he ref]r$ to u z ! ,yankees4 ,b1 turn+ to 8 he>]1 he said1 ) great emphasis1 ,i d n look ^u ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a nation1 b z a new civilization4 ,9 o!r words1 our nation is n simply "o ( f]tile f>ms1 enorm\s m9es1 great =e/s1 unp>allel$ railroad sy/ems1 palatial /ores1 or weal?y cities1 b he saw t we are a p ( diff]5t economic1 political1 educational1 social1 moral & religi\s ideals4 ,!re are 9 e rural neighborhood c]ta9 =ces ^: objects are to increase ! educational advantages1 ! social opportunities & ! moral aspirations ( ! p4 ,?is subject ne$ n be discuss$ m]ely 9 ! ab/ract4 ,!re are 9 e community concrete evid5ces ( ^! =ces4 ,!re is ! rural *ur*4 ,!re is ! rural s*ool4 ,9 _m localities are to be f\nd1 also1 build+s1 = social & frat]nal purposes1 z grange halls1 /ructures = hold+ fairs & picnics4 ,^! are tangible evid5ces t !re are rural ag5cies at "w 9 ! community ^: *ief purpose is to increase ! educational advantages1 ! social opportunities & ! moral aspirations ( ! p4 ,h[ are ^! exi/+ rural =ces to be made m effective8 ,if co-op]ation 9 f9ancial affairs is ess5tial "u mod]n conditions1 x is m ne$$ 9 social matt]s4 ,su* co-op]ation does n imply t ^! sep>ate =ces %all be fus$ into a s+le "o4 ,ea* ( !m has its p>ticul> & peculi> "w to d1 b ea* %\ld "w 9 h>mony & n 9 ! _s ( antagonism ) ! o!rs4 ,!re %\ld be =m$ 9 ea* locality a committee = :i* ! foll[+ "n is propos$3 ,! ,community ,committee ( ,rural ,=ces4 ,emphasis %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ^w community4 ,l all moral movem5ts1 progress mu/ come f )91 & n f )\t4 ,! movem5t mu/ be adapt$ to its environm5t4 ,l ! plants t gr[ !re1 x mu/ be indig5\s to ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,j>$ ,van ,wag551 ,jr41 has a son ,j>$1 #c;d1 :o is ! fif? ( ! "n t has liv$ ^u a f>m ( #bbd acres at ,lawy]ville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,van ,wag55 graduat$ f ,cornell ,univ]sity 9 #ahia1 & is a not$ f>m]s' in/itute lectur]4 ,he has tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry *ur* & ! bett]m5t ( ! rural community4 ,! view %[s ! pond t furni%es ! p[] = ! f>m's electric light plant4 ,! plant 0 in/all$ by ,mr4 ,van ,wag55 ) 8 own h&s & has prov$ a really satisfy+ success4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,l[ell ,b4 ,gable1 ,gl5 ,gable ,f>ms1 ,wybrooke1 ,pa41 a graduate ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 is develop+ #hab acres ( l& 9 ,*e/] c\nty4 ,he has a h]d ( #hj ,gu]nsey c[s 9 milk & is bre$+ ,p]*]on1 regi/]$ poll+ horses & ,*e/] ,:ite hogs4 ,mr4 ,gable has be5 sup]visor ( ! t[n%ip = two ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t n9e & "o-half miles ( macadam road h be5 built )\t mat]ially increas+ ! taxes4 ,mr4 ,gable firmly believes t "o ( ! be/ opportunities to be ( help to a rural community lies 9 ! "w to be done = ! improvem5t ( social conditions--to help make :at little leisure !re is clean & refre%+4 ,h5ce on return f college he play$ baseball & football ) local teams & help$ out at e opportunity at dances1 musicales & o!r social ent]ta9m5ts4 ,?is committee %\ld be compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! *ur*es1 ! s*ools1 f>m]s' clubs1 granges1 fair associations1 f>m]s' in/itutes2 & o!r organizations :i* are /riv+ to increase ! educational advantages1 ! social opportunities & ! moral aspirations ( ! p4 ,(t5times ! object ( ^! rural =ces is confus$ ) ef=ts to increase ! f9ancial prosp]ity ( ! f>m]4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! ma9t5ance ( ! f]tility ( ! soil is ess5tial to ! food supply ( ! nation4 ,! problems ( ! economic production ( plants & animals are ( great importance to ! prosp]ity ( ! f>m]4 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 t ! prop] solution ( ^! economic problems is to be ! means ( solv+ ! educational1 social & religi\s problems is simply putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,economic que/ions c only be satisfactorily adju/$ ?r\gh ! application ( intellig5ce & "r ideas4 ,let x be suppos$ t :5 a "y man decides to pay att5tion to a "y woman t in/ead ( meet+ h] at ! *ur* door1 or x may be at ! railway /ation1 x is consid]$ bett] =m = him to get p]mission ( ! "m to call ^u ! "y woman 9 h] own home4 ,?is is ! mo/ fundam5tal "q 9 e neighborhood4 ,:at has x to d ) ! price ( :eat8 ,?is illu/ration has be5 us$ to emphasize two po9ts4 ,fir/1 !re are _m problems 9 e community t are 9 no way relat$ to ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! neighborhood4 ,second1 !re is1 at pres5t1 no s+le =ce 9 ! community ) suffici5t influ5ce to cope prop]ly ) _m ( ^! problems4 ,a "y college graduate :o is n[ manag+ eight hundr$ acres ( l& rec5tly wrote3 ,i firmly believe t "o ( ! be/ opportunities to be ( help to a rural community lies 9 ! "w t is to be done = ! improvem5t ( social conditions--to help make :at little leisure !re is clean & refre%+4 ,h5ce on return f college ?is "y man has f\nd "t to play football & baseball ) local teams & to help :5ev] opportunity (f]$ at dances1 musicales & simil> ent]ta9m5ts4 ,games & o!r =ms ( recreation may be clean & :olesome1 or !y may be q ! rev]se4 ,x w\ld be ! duty ( ! community committee to see t dances occurr$ "u prop] environm5t--n next an op5 saloon--& t ! "y wom5 7 prop]ly *ap]on$4 ,9 _m communities ! boys & girls are almo/ :olly dep5d5t ^u ! neighbor+ t[ns = _! amusem5t4 ,?is condition may or may n be desirable4 ,if ! t[n & c\ntry are virtually "o community1 !re is e reason :y ! boys & girls f ! f>ms %\ld f9d recreation & social int]c\rse ) ! boys & girls ( ! village4 ,x is a relation%ip t %\ld be fo/]$ :]ev] possible4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! t[n & ! c\ntry are sep>ate communities1 :i* prev5t ! ord9>y social relation%ips1 x is usually un=tunate :5 ! "y p ( ! "o community are dep5d5t ^u ! o!r community = _! amusem5ts4 ,a deeply e>ne/ man rec5tly said3 ,i 0 born & rais$ ^u ! f>m4 ,i nev] knew a dull day 9 my life4 ,i w5t fi%+4 ,i w5t hunt+ &---- ,/op "r !re1 said ! li/5]4 ,!re is n ! same opportunity today = a boy to g hunt+ t !re 0 :5 y 7 a boy4 ,t is true4 ,our ideas ab\t su* ?+s h *ang$1 also4 ,yes1 he repli$1 humbly en\gh1 = he 0 a man ( f9e fib]4 ,i propose a sub/itute1 said ! li/5]4 ,!re is mu* m pleasure & recreation to be obta9$ f photograph+ animals ?an f kill+ !m4 ,:at is ne$$ 9 e rural community is a cam]a club4 ,:5 a boy wi%es to g hunt+1 he m]ely has to buckle on 8 ammunition p\*1 %\ld] 8 gun & he is ready4 ,a cam]a club1 h[ev]1 requires a social organization & a social c5t]4 ,! community committee w\ld ?us be requir$ to decide :e!r ! facilities = develop+ & pr9t+ pictures may be/ be locat$ at ! *ur*1 ! s*oolh\se1 ! grange hall or else:]e4 ,a little reflection w %[ h[ _m possibilities su* a club might h on its social1 moral & educational side4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made "h1 h[ev]1 only z an illu/ration ( ! problems :i* arise :5 a rural community is organiz$ = social welf>e4 ,! organization ( a book club1 or a magaz9e club 9 a rural community pres5ts precisely ! same problems4 ,"s me?od mu/ be devis$ = ex*ang+ ! books or magaz9es4 ,:e!r !y are ex*ang$ at ! *ur*1 ! grange hall or ?r\gh ! s*ool *ildr5 w dep5d ^u local conditions requir+ a community committee to decide4 ,?is community committee w d some?+ m ?an rea* imm$iate results4 ,x may project its influ5ce f> into ! future4 ,n all ( life is compris$ 9 a porcela9 ba?tub & nickel adornm5ts4 ,nev]!less mod]n me?ods ( heat+ & plumb+ are desirable 9 ! c\ntry z well z 9 ! city4 ,9 ,indiana !re is a "o-room s*ool build+4 ,9 ! basem5t !re has be5 plac$ a furnace & a gasol9e eng9e4 ,! eng9e is us$ n only to tea* ! boys h[ to run a gasol9e eng9e1 b x makes possible a mod]n sy/em ( plumb+4 ,x is well kn[n t _m ( ! /ates )9 ! pa/ decade h vot$ to aboli% or v mat]ially re/rict ! sale ( alcoholic bev]ages4 ,no great temp]ance orators h r\s$ ! p z 0 ! case ?irty ye>s or m ago4 ,:y1 !n1 has su* progress be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s8 ,9 l>ge "p because tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! tea*+ ( physiology 0 introduc$ into ! public s*ools1 :i* taught ! evil effects ( alcohol to ! human sy/em4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade "y m5 :o /udi$ ^! physiologies h be5 vot+4 ,:at has ! tea*+ ( physiology to d ) ! "o-room s*oolh\se 9 ,indiana ) its mod]n sy/em ( plumb+8 ,! girls betwe5 ! ages ( six & f\rte5 are n[ becom+ accu/om$ to mod]n sy/ems ( plumb+4 ,:5 !y gr[ old] & m>ry !y w f9d "s way to introduce simil> conv5i5ces into _! homes )\t reg>d to ! price ( :eat4 ,a wise community committee w f9d _m ways to influ5ce future g5]ations4 ,su* a committee w\ld be a priceless h]itage to any community4 ,! natural res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are necess>y to ! prosp]ity ( ! p4 ,! pres]vation & economic use ( ^! res\rces are ( va/ importance4 ,! natural res\rces ( ! _w 71 h[ev]1 z great five ?\s& ye>s ago z !y are today4 ,! soil 0 no less f]tile !n ?an n[4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prosp]ity ( ! human race at ^! two p]iods is caus$ by a diff]5ce 9 human motive & effici5cy4 ,x is ! result ( ideals & k4 ,sit at ! banquet table ) m5 :o are ! real p[]s 9 %ap+ ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,! *ances are t ! *ampagne rema9s unt\*$4 ,^! m5 are n 9 ! habit ( p>tak+ ( midnight supp]s4 ,!y mu/ keep !mselves fit = ! next day's "w4 ,!y h ! approval & loyalty ( _! wives because !y des]ve x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m5 :o d ! _w's "w are n drunk>ds4 ,!y are n gluttons4 ,!y are n lib]t9es4 ,!y are effici5t because !y h heal?y bodies & clean m9ds4 ,x is ?is effici5cy :i* ! critic f ,arg5t9a saw :5 he said1 ,i d n look ^u ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a nation1 b z a new civilization4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,/&>d ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,a%l& ,,build+ ,p's ,gas ,build+ #cae-cba ,f\r? ,av5ue #aej ,mi*igan ,av5ue ---------- ,any ( ^! books w be s5t by mail1 po/paid1 to any "p ( ! _w1 on receipt ( catalog price4 ,we are always happy to correspond ) our patrons1 & cordially invite !m to address u on any matt] p]ta9+ to rural books4 ,s5d = our l>ge illu/rat$ catalog1 free on application4 ---------------------------------------- ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,soil ,f]tility ,by ,,alfr$ ,,vivian4 ,!re is no subject ( m vital importance to ! f>m] ?an t ( ! be/ me?od ( ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! v evid5t decrease 9 ! f]tility ( ^? soils :i* h be5 "u cultivation = a numb] ( ye>s1 comb9$ ) ! increas$ competition & ! advanc$ price ( labor1 h conv9c$ ! intellig5t f>m] t ! agriculture ( ! future mu/ be bas$ ^u m rational practices ?an ^? :i* h be5 foll[$ 9 ! pa/4 ,we h felt = "s "t t !re 0 a place = a brief1 & at ! same "t compreh5sive1 treatise on ?is important subject ( ,soil ,f]tility4 ,pr(essor ,vivian's exp]i5ce z a tea*] 9 ! %ort w9t] c\rses has admirably fitt$ him to pres5t ?is matt] 9 a popul> /yle4 ,9 ?is little book he has giv5 ! gi/ ( ! subject 9 pla9 language1 practically devoid ( te*nical & sci5tific t]ms4 ,x is pre-em95tly a ,fir/ ,book1 & w be f\nd especially valuable to ^? :o desire an introduction to ! subject1 & :o int5d to d subsequ5t read+4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #bfe pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4jj ,! ,/udy ( ,corn ,by ,,pr(4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,%oesmi?4 ,a mo/ helpful book to all f>m]s & /ud5ts int]e/$ 9 ! selection & improvem5t ( corn4 ,x is pr(usely illu/rat$ f photographs1 all ( :i* c>ry _! own /ory & contribute _! "p 9 mak+ pictures & text matt] a cle>1 concise & int]e/+ /udy ( corn4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,pr(itable ,/ock ,rais+ ,by ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,%amel4 ,?is book cov]s fully ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ & fe$+ = bo? fat /ock & dairy+ type4 ,x tells ( %eep & mutton rais+1 hot h\se lambs1 ! sw9e indu/ry & ! horse m>ket4 ,f9ally1 he tells ( ! prep>ation ( /ock = ! m>ket & h[ to prep>e x s t x w br+ a high m>ket price4 ,live /ock is ! mo/ important feature ( f>m life1 & /ati/ics %[ a production f> %ort ( ! actual requirem5ts4 ,!re are _m problems to be fac$ 9 ! pr(itable production ( /ock1 & ^! are fully & compreh5sively cov]$ 9 ,mr4 ,%amel's new book4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #bhh pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4ej ,! ,bus9ess ( ,dairy+ ,by ,c4 ,b4 ,,lane4 ,! au?or ( ?is practical little book is to be congratulat$ on ! successful mann] 9 :i* he has treat$ s important a subject4 ,x has be5 prep>$ = ! use ( dairy /ud5ts1 produc]s & h&l]s ( milk1 & all :o make dairy+ a bus9ess4 ,its purpose is to pres5t 9 a cle> & concise mann] v>i\s bus9ess me?ods & sy/ems :i* w help ! dairyman to reap great] pr(its4 ,?is book meets ! ne$s ( ! av]age dairy f>m]1 & if c>efully foll[$ w lead to successful dairy+4 ,x may also be us$ z an elem5t>y textbook = colleges1 & especially 9 %ort-c\rse classes4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #cjj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4be ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,butt]mak+ ,by ,,*as ,a4 ,,publ[4 ,?is book is entirely diff]5t f ! usual type ( dairy books1 & is und\bt$ly 9 a class by itself4 ,! entire subject ( butt]-mak+ 9 all its bran*es has be5 mo/ ?or\ghly treat$1 & _m new & important features h be5 add$4 ,! te/s = moi/ure1 salt & acid h receiv$ special att5tion1 z h also ! que/ions on cream sep>ation1 pa/eurization1 comm]cial />t]s1 cream rip5+1 cream ov]run1 m>ket+ ( butt]1 & cream]y managem5t4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,milk & ,milk ,te/+ ,by ,,*as4 ,a4 ,,publ[1 & ,,hugh ,c4 ,,troy4 ,a book t no /ud5t 9 ! dairy indu/ry c af=d to be )\t4 ,no o!r treatise ( its k9d is available1 & no book ( its size gives s mu* practical & useful in=mation 9 ! /udy ( milk & milk products4 ,illu/rat$4 #ex#g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,soils ,by ,,*>les ,,william ,,burkett1 ,director ,kansas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! mo/ complete & popul> "w ( ! k9d ev] publi%$4 ,z a rule1 a book ( ?is sort is dry & un9t]e/+1 b 9 ?is case x reads l a novel4 ,! au?or has put into x 8 individuality4 ,! /ory ( ! prop]ties ( ! soils1 _! improvem5t & managem5t1 z well z a discussion ( ! problems ( crop gr[+ & crop fe$+1 make ?is book equally valuable to ! f>m]1 /ud5t & tea*]4 ,illu/rat$4 #cjc pages4 #e-a_/bx#h in*es4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4be ,we$s ( ! ,f>m ,g>d5 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,pammel4 ,! enorm\s losses1 am\nt+ to sev]al hundr$ million doll>s annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 caus$ by we$s /imulate u to adopt a bett] sy/em ( agriculture4 ,! we$ "q is1 !re=e1 a mo/ important & vital "o = ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,?is treatise w enable ! f>m] to treat 8 field to remove we$s4 ,! book is pr(usely illu/rat$ by photographs & draw+s made expressly = ?is "w1 & w prove invaluable to e f>m]1 l& own]1 g>d5] & p>k sup]9t5d5t4 #ex#g in*es4 #cjj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4ej ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,davidson & ,l4 ,w4 ,,*ase4 ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors is ! fir/ ,am]ican book publi%$ on ! subject ( ,f>m ,ma*9]y s9ce t writt5 by ,j4 ,j4 ,?omas 9 #ahfg4 ,?is 0 be=e ! developm5t ( _m ( ! m important f>m ma*9es1 & ! g5]al application ( p[] to ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,mod]n f>m ma*9]y is indisp5sable 9 pres5t-day f>m+ op]ations1 & a practical book l ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors w fill a mu*-felt ne$4 ,! book has be5 writt5 f lectures us$ by ! au?ors be=e _! classes = sev]al ye>s1 & :i* 7 prep>$ f practical exp]i5ce & a ?or\gh review ( ! lit]ature p]ta9+ to ! subject4 ,al?\gh writt5 prim>ily z a textbook1 x is equally useful = ! practical f>m]4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #e-a_/bx#h in*es4 #ebj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #b4jj ,! ,book ( ,:eat ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,,dondl+]4 ,?is book comprises a complete /udy ( ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to :eat4 ,x is ! "w ( a /ud5t ( economic z well z agricultural conditions1 well fitt$ by ! broad exp]i5ce 9 bo? practical & !oretical l9es to tell ! :ole /ory 9 a cond5s$ =m4 ,x is design$ = ! f>m]1 ! tea*]1 & ! /ud5t z well4 ,illu/rat$4 #e-a_/bx#h in*es4 #cgj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #b4jj ,f>m]'s ,cyclop$ia ( ,agriculture ,a ,comp5dium ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce & ,practice on ,f>m1 ,or*>d & ,g>d5 ,crops1 & ! ,fe$+ & ,diseases ( ,f>m ,animals4 ,by ,,e>ley ,,v]non ,,wilcox1 ,ph4 ,d4 & ,,cl>5ce ,,beaman ,,smi?1 ,m4 ,s4 ,associate ,editors 9 ! ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,?is is a new1 practical1 & complete pres5tation ( ! :ole subject ( agriculture 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,x is design$ = ! use ( agriculturi/s :o desire up-to-date1 reliable in=mation on all matt]s p]ta9+ to crops & /ock1 b m p>ticul>ly = ! actual f>m]4 ,! volume conta9s ,detail$ directions = ! culture ( e important field1 or*>d1 & g>d5 crop gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 toge!r ) descriptions ( _! *ief insect pe/s & fung\s diseases1 & rem$ies = _! control4 ,x conta9s an acc\nt ( mod]n me?ods 9 fe$+ & h&l+ all f>m /ock1 includ+ p\ltry4 ,! diseases :i* affect diff]5t f>m animals & p\ltry are describ$1 & ! mo/ rec5t rem$ies sugge/$ = controll+ !m4 ,e bit ( ?is va/ mass ( new & useful in=mation is au?oritative1 practical & easily f\nd1 & no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to include all desirable details4 ,!re are betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj topics cov]$ 9 ^! ref]5ces1 & x conta9s #gjj royal #hvo pages & ne>ly #ejj sup]b half-tone & o!r orig9al illu/rations1 mak+ ! mo/ p]fect ,cyclop$ia ( ,agriculture ev] attempt$4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 clo?4 #c4ej2 half morocco 7v sumptu\s71 #d4ej4 po/paid ---------------------------------------- ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #cae-cba ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p's ,gas ,build+1 ,*icago1 ,ill4