,,mr4 ,,glad/one ,,& ,,g5esis  ,,essay  
#e ,,f ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,hebrew ,,tradition
   ,by ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley    ,9       
controv]sy1 z 9 c\rt%ip1 ! good old rule
 to be (f ) ! old be=e "o is on ) ! new1
 greatly comm5ds itself to my s5se (    
exp$i5cy4 ,&1 !re=e1 x appe>s to me     
desirable t ,i %\ld preface su*         
obs]vations z ,i may h to (f] ^u ! cl\d 
( argum5ts 7! relevancy ( :i* to ! issue
 :i* ,i _h v5tur$ to raise is n always  
obvi\s7 put =? by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 !    
,janu>y numb] ( ?is review1 #a by an    
endeav\r to make cle> to su* ( our      
read]s z h n _h ! advantage ( a =5sic   
education ! pres5t net result ( !       
discussion4  ,i am q aw>e t1 9 und]tak+ 
?is task1 ,i run all ! risks to :i* !   
man :o presumes to deal judicially ) 8  
own cause is liable4 ,b x is exactly    
because ,i d n %un t risk1 b1 r1 e>ne/ly
 desire to be judg$ by him :o come? aft]
 me1 provid$ t he has ! k & imp>tiality 
appropriate to a judge1 t ,i adopt my   
pres5t c\rse4  ,9 ! article on ,! ,dawn 

( ,creation & ,wor%ip1 x w be rememb]$ t
 ,mr4 ,glad/one unres]v$ly commits      
himself to ?ree propositions4 ,! fir/ is
 t1 accord+ to ! writ] ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! 
wat]-population1 ! air-population1 & !  
l&-population ( ! globe 7 creat$        
successively1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,9 ! second
 place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one au?oritatively   
ass]ts t ?is 7z "p ( 8 f\rfold ord]7 has
 be5 s affirm$ 9 our "t by natural      
sci5ce1 t x may be tak5 z a demon/rat$  
conclusion & e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! ?ird   
place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one argues t ! fact ( 
?is co9cid5ce ( ! p5tateu*al /ory ) !   
results ( mod]n inve/igation makes x    
impossible to avoid ! conclusion1 fir/1 
t ei!r ?is writ] 0 gift$ ) faculties    
pass+ all human exp]i5ce1 or else 8 k 0 
div9e4 ,& hav+ settl$ to 8 own          
satisfaction t ! fir/ bran* ( !         
alt]native is truly nom9al & unreal1    
,mr4 ,glad/one cont9ues1 ,s /&s ! plea =
 a revelation ( tru? f ,god1 a plea only
 to be met by que/ion+ its possibility  
7p4 #fig74  ,i am a simple-m9d$ p]son1  

:olly devoid ( subtlety ( intellect1 s t
 ,i will+ly admit t !re may be dep?s (  
alt]native mean+ 9 ^! propositions out (
 all s\nd+s atta9able by my poor        
plummet4 ,/ill !re are a good _m p :o   
suff] "u a l intellectual limitation2 &1
 = once 9 my life1 ,i feel t ,i h !     
*ance ( atta9+ t position ( a           
repres5tative ( av]age op9ion :i* appe>s
 to be ! mod]n ideal ( a lead] ( m51 :5 
,i make free confession t1 aft] turn+ ! 
matt] ov] 9 my m9d1 ) all ! aid d]iv$ f 
a c>eful consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's
 reply1 ,i _c get away f my orig9al     
conviction t1 if ,mr4 ,glad/one's second
 proposition c be %[n to be n m]ely     
inaccurate1 b directly contradictory (  
facts kn[n to e "o :o is acqua9t$ ) !   
elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 ! ?ird        
proposition collapses ( itself4  ,& x 0 
?is conviction :i* l$ me to ent] ^u !   
pres5t discussion4 ,i fanci$ t if my    
respect$ cli5ts1 ! p ( av]age op9ion &  
capacity1 c\ld once be got di/9ctly to  
conceive t ,mr4 ,glad/one's views z to !

 prop] me?od ( deal+ ) grave & difficult
 sci5tific & religi\s problems _h       
p]mitt$ him to base a solemn plea = a   
revelation ( tru? f ,god ^u an error z  
to a matt] ( fact1 f :i* ! intellig5t   
p]usal ( a manual ( palaeontology w\ld h
 sav$ him1 ,i ne$ n tr\ble myself to    
occupy _! "t & att5tion #afg ) fur!r    
comm5ts ^u 8 contribution to apologetic 
lit]ature4 ,x is = o!rs to judge :e!r ,i
 h effici5tly c>ri$ out my project or n4
 ,x c]ta9ly does n c\nt = mu* t ,i %\ld 
be unable to f9d any flaw 9 my own case1
 b ,i ?9k x c\nts = a good deal t ,mr4  
,glad/one appe>s to h be5 equally unable
 to d s4 ,he does1 inde$1 make a great  
p>ade ( au?orities1 & ,i h ! greate/    
respect = ^? au?orities :om ,mr4        
,glad/one m5tions4 ,if he w get !m to   
sign a jo9t memorial to ! effect t our  
pres5t palaeontological evid5ce proves t
 birds appe>$ be=e ! l&-population (    
t]re/rial reptiles1 ,i %all ?9k x my    
duty to reconsid] my position--b n till 
!n4  ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h cauti\sly us$

 ! ^w appe>s 9 ref]r+ to :at seems to me
 to be abs5ce ( any real answ] to my    
criticisms 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's reply4 ,= 
,i mu/ hone/ly confess t1 not)/&+ long &
 pa9ful /riv+s aft] cle> insight1 ,i am 
/ill unc]ta9 :e!r ,mr4 ,glad/one's      
,def5ce means t ! great plea = a        
revelation f ,god is to be left to p]i% 
9 ! dialectic des]t2 or :e!r x is to be 
)drawn "u ! protection ( su* skirmi%]s z
 are available = cov]+ retreat4  ,9     
p>ticul>1 ! rem>kable disquisition :i*  
cov]s pages #aa to #ad ( ,mr4           
,glad/one's la/ contribution has greatly
 ex]cis$ my m9d4 ,socrates is report$ to
 h said ( ! works ( ,h]aclitus t he :o  
attempt$ to compreh5d !m %\ld be a      
,delian swimm]1 b t1 = 8 "p1 :at he c\ld
 und]/& 0 s good t he 0 dispos$ to      
believe 9 ! excell5ce ( t :i* he f\nd   
un9telligible4 ,9 endeav\r+ to make     
myself ma/] ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's mean+ 9  
^! pages1 ,i h (t5 be5 ov]come by a     
feel+ analog\s to t ( ,socrates1 b n q !
 same4 ,t :i* ,i d und]/& has appe>$ to 

me s v mu* ! rev]se ( good1 t ,i h      
sometimes p]mitt$ myself to d\bt ! value
 ( t :i* ,i d n und]/&4  ,9 ?is "p (    
,mr4 ,glad/one's reply1 9 fact1 ,i f9d  
no?+ ( :i* ! be>+ ^u my argum5ts is cle>
 to me1 except t :i* relates to ! "q    
:e!r reptiles1 s f> z !y are repres5t$  
by tortoises & ! great majority ( liz>ds
 & snakes1 :i* are l& animals1 are      
creep+ ?+s 9 ! s5se ( ! p5tateu*al writ]
 or n4  ,i h e respect = ! s+] ( ! ,song
 ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 7:oev] he may h be572
 ,i desire to ca/ no %ad[ ( d\bt ^u1 b1 
on ! contr>y1 m>vel at1 ! exactness (   
,mr4 ,glad/one's in=mation z to !       
consid]ations :i* affect$ ! me?od ( !   
,mosaic writ]2 nor d ,i v5ture to d\bt t
 ! inconv5i5t intrusion ( ^!            
contemptible reptiles--a family fall5 f 
greatness 7p4 #ad71 a mis]able decay$   
ari/ocracy r$uc$ to m]e skulk]s ab\t !  
e>? 7ibid47--9 consequ5ce1 app>5tly1 (  
difficulties ab\t ! occupation ( l&     
aris+ out ( ! e>?-hung] ( _! =m] s]fs1 !
 mammals--into an apologetic argum5t1   

:i* o!rwise w\ld run q smoo?ly1 is 9 e  
way to be deprecat$4 ,/ill1 ! wret*$    
creatures /& !re1 importunately dem&+   
notice2 &1 h[ev] diff]5t may be !       
practice 9 t cont5ti\s atmosph]e ) :i*  
,mr4 ,glad/one expresses & lam5ts 8     
famili>ity1 9 ! atmosph]e ( sci5ce x    
really is ( no avail :atev] to %ut "o's 
eyes to facts1 or to try to bury !m out 
( sight "u a tumulus ( rhetoric4 ,t is  
my exp]i5ce ( ! ,elysian regions (      
,sci5ce1 :]e9 x is a pleasure to me to  
?9k t a man ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's intimate 
k ( ,engli% life1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a  
c5tury1 believes my philosophic exi/5ce 
to h be5 r\nd$ (f 9 unbrok5 equanimity4 
,h[ev] repreh5sible1 & inde$            
contemptible1 t]re/rial reptiles may be1
 ! only "q :i* appe>s to me to be       
relevant to my argum5t is :e!r ^!       
creatures are or are n compris$ "u !    
d5om9ation ( ev]y?+ t creepe? ^u !      
gr\nd4  ,mr4 ,glad/one speaks ( ! au?or 
( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis z ! ,mosaic    
writ]2 ,i suppose1 !re=e1 t he w admit t

 x is equally prop] to speak ( ! au?or (
 ,leviticus z ! ,mosaic writ]4 ,:e!r su*
 a phrase w\ld be us$ by any "o :o _h an
 adequate conception ( ! assur$ results 
( mod]n ,biblical criticism is ano!r    
matt]2 b1 at any rate1 x _c be d5i$ t   
,leviticus has z mu* claim to ,mosaic   
au?or%ip z ,g5esis4 ,!re=e1 if "o wants 
to "k ! s5se ( a phrase us$ 9 ,g5esis1 x
 w be well to see :at ,leviticus has to 
say on ! matt]4 ,h5ce1 ,i comm5d !      
foll[+ extract f ! elev5? *apt] (       
,leviticus to ,mr4 ,glad/one's s]i\s    
att5tion3--     ,& ^! are !y :i* are    
unclean unto y among ! creep+    ?+s t  
creep ^u ! e>?3 ! weasel1 & ! m\se1 &   
! great liz>d aft] its k9d1 & ! gecko1 &
 ! l&    crocodile1 & ! s&-liz>d1 & !   
*ameleon4 ,^! are    !y :i* are unclean 
to y among all t creep 7v4 #bi-cl74  ,! 
m]e/ ,sunday-s*ool exegesis !re=e       
suffices to prove t :5 ! ,mosaic writ] 9
 ,g5esis i4 #bd speaks ( creep+ ?+s1 he 
means to include liz>ds among !m4  ,?is 
be+ s1 x is agre$1 on all h&s1 t        

t]re/rial liz>ds1 & o!r reptiles alli$  
to liz>ds1 occur 9 ! ,p]mian /rata4 ,x  
is fur!r agre$ t ! ,triassic /rata 7    
deposit$ aft] ^!4 ,moreov]1 x is well   
kn[n t1 ev5 if c]ta9 footpr9ts are to be
 tak5 z unque/ionable evid5ce ( !       
exi/5ce ( birds1 !y are n kn[n to occur 
9 rocks e>li] ?an ! ,trias1 :ile        
indubitable rema9s ( birds are to be met
 ) only mu* lat]4 ,h5ce x foll[s t      
natural sci5ce does n affirm ! /atem5t t
 birds 7 made on ! fif? day1 & ev]y?+ t 
creepe? on ! gr\nd on ! six?1 on :i*    
,mr4 ,glad/one re/s 8 ord]2 =1 z is %[n 
by ,leviticus1 ! ,mosaic writ] includes 
liz>ds among 8 creep+ ?+s4  ,p]haps ,i h
 giv5 myself sup]flu\s tr\ble 9 ! prec$+
 argum5t1 = ,i f9d t ,mr4 ,glad/one is  
will+ to assume 7he does n say to admit7
 t ! /atem5t 9 ! text ( ,g5esis z to    
reptiles _c 9 all po9ts be su/a9$ 7p4   
#af74 ,b my position is t x _c be su/a9$
 9 any po9t1 s t1 aft] all1 x has p]haps
 be5 z well to g ov] ! evid5ce aga94 ,& 
!n ,mr4 ,glad/one proce$s z if no?+ _h  

happ5$ to tell u t--     ,!re rema9     
great un%ak5 facts to be weigh$4 ,fir/1 
! fact    t su* a record %\ld h be5 made
 at all4  ,z mo/ peoples h _!           
cosmogonies1 ?is fact does n /rike me z 
hav+ mu* value4      ,secondly1 ! fact  
t1 in/ead ( dwell+ 9 g5]alities1 x      
has plac$ itself "u ! sev]e conditions (
 a *ronological     ord] rea*+ f ! fir/ 
nisus ( *aotic matt] to     ! consummat$
 production ( a fair & goodly1 a furni%$
 &     a peopl$ _w4  ,?is fact c be     
reg>d$ z ( value only by ignor+ ! fact  
demon/rat$ 9 my previ\s pap]1 t natural 
sci5ce does n confirm ! ord] ass]t$ s f>
 z liv+ ?+s are conc]n$2 & by upsett+ a 
fact to be br\ght to light pres5tly1 to 
wit1 t1 9 reg>d to ! re/ ( ! p5tateu*al 
cosmogony1 prud5t sci5ce has v little to
 say "o way or ! o!r4     ,?irdly1 !    
fact t its cosmogony seems1 9 ! light ( 
!    n9ete5? c5tury1 to draw m & m (    
c\nt5ance f    ! be/ natural philosophy4
  ,i h already que/ion$ ! accuracy ( ?is
 /atem5t1 & ,i d n obs]ve t m]e         

repetition adds to its value4     ,&1   
f\r?ly1 t x has describ$ ! successive   
orig9s (    ! five great categories (   
pres5t life ) :i* human    exp]i5ce 0 & 
is conv]sant1 9 t ord] :i* geological   
au?ority confirms4  ,by comp>ison ) a   
s5t5ce on page #ad1 9 :i* a fivefold    
ord] is sub/itut$ = ! f\rfold ord]1 on  
:i* ! plea = revelation 0 orig9ally     
f\nd$1 x appe>s t ^! five categories are
 plants1 fi%es1 birds1 mammals1 & man1  
:i*1 ,mr4 ,glad/one affirms1 are giv5 to
 u 9 ,g5esis 9 ! ord] ( succession 9 :i*
 !y are also giv5 by ! late/ geological 
au?orities4  ,i mu/ v5ture to demur to  
?is /atem5t4 ,i %[$1 9 my previ\s pap]1 
t !re is no reason to d\bt t ! t]m great
 sea mon/] 7us$ 9 ,g54 i4 #ba7 includes 
! mo/ conspicu\s ( great sea            
animals--namely1 :ales1 dolph9s1        
porpoises1 manatees1 & dugongs2 #b &1 z 
^! are indubitable mammals1 x is        
impossible to affirm t mammals come aft]
 birds1 :i* are said to h be5 creat$ on 
! same day4 ,moreov]1 ,i po9t$ out t z  

^! ,cetacea & ,sir5ia are c]ta9ly       
modifi$ l& animals1 _! exi/5ce implies !
 antec$5t exi/5ce ( l& mammals4         
,fur!rmore1 ,i h to rem>k t ! t]m fi%es1
 z us$1 te*nically1 9 zoology1 by no    
means cov]s all ! mov+ creatures t h    
life1 :i* are bidd5 to fill ! wat]s 9 ! 
seas 7,g54 i4 #bj-bb47 ,m>9e mollusks & 
cru/acea1 e*9od]ms1 corals1 & =am9if]a  
are n te*nically fi%es4 ,b !y are       
abundant 9 ! palaeozoic rocks1 ages ^u  
ages old] ?an ^? 9 :i* ! fir/ evid5ces (
 true fi%es appe>4 ,& if1 9 a geological
 book1 ,mr4 ,glad/one f9ds ! q true     
/atem5t t plants appe>$ be=e fi%es1 x is
 only by a complete misund]/&+ t he c be
 l$ to imag9e x s]ves 8 purpose4 ,z a   
matt] ( fact1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 x is a 
"q :e!r1 on ! b>e evid5ce af=d$ by      
fossils1 ! m>9e creep+ ?+ or ! m>9e     
plant has ! s5iority4 ,no cauti\s       
palaeontologi/ w\ld express a decid$    
op9ion on ! matt]4 ,b1 if we are to read
 ! p5tateu*al /atem5t z a sci5tific     
docum5t 7&1 9 spite ( all prote/s to !  

contr>y1 ^? :o br+ x into comp>ison )   
sci5ce d seek to make a sci5tific       
docum5t ( x71 !n1 z x is q cle> t only  
t]re/rial plants ( high organisation are
 spok5 ( 9 v]ses #aa & #ab1 no          
palaeontologi/ w\ld hesitate to say t1  
at pres5t1 ! records ( sea animal life  
are va/ly old] ?an ^? ( any l& plant    
describable z grass1 h]b yield+ se$ or  
fruit tree4  ,?us1 al?\gh1 9 ,mr4       
,glad/one's ,def5ce1 ! old ord] passe?  
into new1 8 case is n improv$4 ,!       
fivefold ord] is no m affirm$ 9 our "t  
by natural sci5ce to be a demon/rat$    
conclusion & e/abli%$ fact ?an ! f\rfold
 ord] 04 ,natural sci5ce appe>s to me to
 decl9e to h any?+ to d ) ei!r2 !y are z
 wrong 9 detail z !y are mi/ak5 9       
pr9ciple4  ,!re is ano!r *ange (        
position1 ! value ( :i* is n s app>5t to
 me1 z x may well seem to be to ^? :o   
are unfamili> ) ! subject "u discussion4
 ,mr4 ,glad/one disc>ds 8 ?ree gr\ps (  
wat]-population1 air-population1 &      
l&-population1 & sub/itutes = !m 7#a7   

fi%es1 7#b7 birds1 7#c7 mammals1 7#d7   
man4 ,moreov]1 x is assum$1 9 a note1 t 
! high] or ord9>y mammals alone 7 kn[n  
to ! ,mosaic writ] 7p4 #f74 ,no d\bt x  
looks1 at fir/1 z if some?+ 7 ga9$ by   
?is alt]ation2 =1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 ! 
^w fi%es c be us$ 9 two s5ses1 "o ( :i* 
has a deceptive appe>ance ( adju/ability
 to ! ,mosaic acc\nt4 ,!n ! inconv5i5t  
reptiles are bani%$ out ( sight2 &1     
f9ally1 ! "q ( ! exact mean+ ( high] &  
ord9>y 9 ! case ( mammals op5s up !     
prospect ( a hopeful logoma*y4 ,b :at is
 ! good ( x all 9 ! face ( ,leviticus on
 ! "o h& & ( palaeontology on ! o!r8    
,z1 9 my appreh5sion1 !re is n a %ad[ ( 
ju/ification = ! sugge/ion t :5 !       
p5tateu*al writ] says f[l he excludes   
bats 7:i*1 z we %all see directly1 are  
expressly includ$ "u f[l 9 ,leviticus71 
& z ,i h already %[n t he demon/rably   
includes reptiles1 z well z mammals1    
among ! creep+ ?+s ( ! l&1 ,i may be    
p]mitt$ to sp>e my read]s fur!r         
discussion ( ! fivefold ord]4 ,on !     

:ole1 x is se5 to be r m inconsi/5t )   
,g5esis ?an its f\rfold pr$ecessor4  ,b 
,i h yet a fre% ord] to face4 ,mr4      
,glad/one 7p4 #aa7 und]/&s ! ma9        
/atem5ts ( ,g5esis 9 successive ord] (  
"t1 b )\t any measurem5t ( its          
divisions1 to be z foll[s3--  #a4 ,a    
p]iod ( l&1 ant]ior to all life 7v4 #i1 
#aj74 #b4 ,a p]iod ( vegetable life1    
ant]ior to animal life 7v4 #aa1 #ab74   
#c4 ,a p]iod ( animal life1 9 ! ord] (  
fi%es 7v4 #bj74 #d4 ,ano!r /age ( animal
 life1 9 ! ord] ( birds4 #e4 ,ano!r 9 ! 
ord] ( bea/s 7v4 #bd1 #be74 #f4 ,la/ (  
all1 man 7v4 #bf1 #bg74  ,mr4 ,glad/one 
!n tries to f9d ! pro( ( ! occurr5ce ( a
 simil> succession 9 sundry excell5t    
works on geology4  ,i am really griev$  
to be oblig$ to say t ?is ?ird 7or is x 
f\r?87 modification ( ! f\ndation ( !   
plea = revelation orig9ally set =?1     
satisfies me z little z any ( its       
pr$ecessors4  ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c 
accept ! ass]tion t ?is ord] is to be   
f\nd 9 ,g5esis4 ,) respect to ,no4 #e1 =

 example1 ,i hold1 z ,i h already said1 
t great sea mon/]s includes ! ,cetacea1 
9 :i* case mammals 7:i* is :at1 ,i      
suppose1 ,mr4 ,glad/one means by bea/s7 
come 9 "u head ,no4 #c1 & n "u ,no4 #e4 
,aga91 f[l are said 9 ,g5esis to be     
creat$ on ! same day z fi%es2 !re=e ,i  
_c accept an ord] :i* makes birds succe$
 fi%es4 ,once m1 z x is q c]ta9 t ! t]m 
f[l includes ! bats1--= 9 ,leviticus xi4
 #ac-ai we read1 ,& ^! %all ye h 9      
abom9ation among ! f[ls444 ! h]on aft]  
its k9d1 & ! hoopoe1 & ! bat1--x is     
obvi\s t bats are also said to h be5    
creat$ at /age ,no4 #c4 ,& z bats are   
mammals1 & _! exi/5ce obvi\sly          
presupposes t ( t]re/rial bea/s1 x is q 
cle> t ! latt] c\ld n h fir/ appe>$ z   
,no4 #e4 ,i ne$ n repeat my reasons =   
d\bt+ :e!r man came la/ ( all4  ,z !    
latt] half ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's sixfold   
ord] ?us %[s itself to be :olly         
unau?oris$ by1 & inconsi/5t )1 ! pla9   
language ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ,i might decl9e 
to discuss ! admissibility ( its =m]    

half4  ,b ,i w add "o or two rem>ks on  
?is po9t also4 ,does ,mr4 ,glad/one mean
 to say t 9 any ( ! works he has cit$1  
or inde$ any:]e else1 he c f9d sci5tific
 w>ranty = ! ass]tion t !re 0 a p]iod ( 
l&--by :i* ,i suppose he means dry l& 7=
 subm]g$ l& mu/ ne$s be z old z !       
sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! sea7--ant]ior to all
 life8  ,x may be s1 or x may n be s2 b 
:]e is ! evid5ce :i* w\ld ju/ify any "o 
9 mak+ a positive ass]tion on ! subject8
 ,:at compet5t palaeontologi/ w affirm1 
at ?is pres5t mom5t1 t he kn[s any?+    
ab\t ! p]iod at :i* life orig9at$1 or w 
ass]t m ?an ! extreme probability t su* 
orig9 0 a long way antec$5t to any      
traces ( life at pres5t kn[n8 ,:at      
physical geologi/ w affirm t he kn[s :5 
dry l& began to exi/1 or w say m ?an t x
 0 probably v mu* e>li] ?an any extant  
direct evid5ce ( t]re/rial conditions   
indicates8  ,i ?9k ,i "k pretty well !  
answ]s :i* ! au?orities quot$ by ,mr4   
,glad/one w\ld give to ^! que/ions2 b ,i
 leave x to !m to give !m if !y ?9k fit4

  ,if ,i v5tur$ to speculate on ! matt] 
at all1 ,i %\ld say x is by no means    
c]ta9 t sea is old] ?an dry l&1 inasmu* 
z a solid t]re/rial surface may v well h
 exi/$ be=e ! e>? 0 cool en\gh to all[ (
 ! exi/5ce ( fluid wat]4 ,&1 9 ?is case1
 dry l& may h exi/$ be=e ! sea4 ,z to ! 
fir/ appe>ance ( life1 ! :ole argum5t ( 
analogy1 :atev] x may be wor? 9 su* a   
case1 is 9 fav\r ( ! abs5ce ( liv+ be+s 
until long aft] ! hot wat] seas _h      
con/itut$ !mselves2 & ( ! subsequ5t     
appe>ance ( aquatic be=e t]re/rial =ms (
 life4 ,b :e!r ^! protopla/s w\ld1 if we
 c\ld exam9e !m1 be reckon$ among ! l[e/
 microscopic algae1 or fungi2 or among  
^? d\btful organisms :i* lie 9 !        
debatable l& betwe5 animals & plants1   
is1 9 my judgm5t1 a "q on :i* a prud5t  
biologi/ w res]ve 8 op9ion4  ,i ?9k t ,i
 h n[ dispos$ ( ^? p>ts ( ,mr4          
,glad/one's def5ce 9 :i* ,i seem to     
discov] a design to rescue 8 solemn plea
 = revelation4 ,b a great deal ( !      
,proem to ,g5esis rema9s :i* ,i w\ld    

gladly pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 7 su* a c\rse 
consi/5t ) ! respect due to s di/+ui%$ a
 *ampion ( ! reconcil]s4  ,i hope t my  
cli5ts--! p ( av]age op9ions--h by ?is  
"t "s confid5ce 9 me2 = :5 ,i tell !m t1
 aft] all1 ,mr4 ,glad/one is ( op9ion t 
! ,mosaic record 0 meant to give moral1 
& n sci5tific1 in/ruction to ^? = :om x 
0 writt51 !y may be dispos$ to ?9k t ,i 
mu/ be mislead+ !m4 ,b let !m li/5 fur!r
 to :at ,mr4 ,glad/one says 9 a         
comp5di\s b n exactly correct /atem5t   
respect+ my op9ions3--     ,he holds !  
writ] responsible = sci5tific precision3
 ,i look    = no?+ ( ! k9d1 b assign to 
him a /atem5t g5]al1    :i* admits      
exceptions2 popul>1 :i* aims ma9ly at   
produc+    moral impression2 summ>y1 :i*
 _c b be op5 to m or    less ( criticism
 ( detail4 ,he ?9ks x is a lecture4 ,i  
?9k    x is a s]mon4 7p4 #e74  ,i note1 
incid5tally1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to 
consid] t ! diff]5tia betwe5 a lecture &
 a s]mon is1 t ! =m]1 s f> z x deals )  
matt]s ( fact1 may be tak5 s]i\sly1 z   

mean+ exactly :at x says1 :ile a s]mon  
may n4 ,i h q en\gh on my h&s )\t tak+  
up ! cudgels = ! cl]gy1 :o w probably   
f9d ,mr4 ,glad/one's def9ition          
unflatt]+4  ,b ,i am div]g+ f my prop]  
bus9ess1 :i* is to say t ,i h giv5 no   
gr\nd = ! ascription ( ^! op9ions2 & t1 
z a matt] ( fact1 ,i d n hold !m & nev] 
h held !m4 ,x is ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & n ,i1
 :o w h x t ! p5tateu*al cosmogony is to
 be tak5 z sci5ce4  ,my belief1 on !    
contr>y1 is1 & long has be51 t !        
p5tateu*al /ory ( ! creation is simply a
 my?4 ,i suppose x to be an hypo!sis    
respect+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se :i* "s     
anci5t ?9k] f\nd himself able to        
reconcile ) 8 k1 or :at he ?\ght 0 k1 ( 
! nature ( ?+s1 & !re=e assum$ to be    
true4 ,z su*1 ,i hold x to be n m]ely an
 int]e/+1 b a v5]able1 monum5t ( a /age 
9 ! m5tal progress ( mank9d2 & ,i f9d x 
difficult to suppose t any "o :o is     
acqua9t$ ) ! cosmogonies ( o!r          
nations--& especially ) ^? ( !          
,egyptians & ! ,babylonians1 ) :om !    

,israelites 7 9 su* frequ5t & intimate  
communication--%\ld consid] x to possess
 ei!r m1 or less1 sci5tific importance  
?an may be allott$ to ^!4  ,mr4         
,glad/one's def9ition ( a s]mon p]mits  
me to suspect t he may n see mu*        
diff]5ce betwe5 t =m ( disc\rse & :at ,i
 call a my?2 & ,i hope x may be some?+ m
 ?an ! sl[ness ( appreh5sion1 to :i* ,i 
h confess$1 :i* leads me to imag9e t a  
/atem5t :i* is g5]al b admits           
exceptions1 :i* is popul> & aims ma9ly  
at produc+ moral impression1 summ>y &   
!re=e op5 to criticism ( detail1 am\nts 
to a my?1 or p]haps less ?an a my?4 ,put
 algebraically1 x comes to ?is1 xabc2   
always rememb]+ t !re is no?+ to %[ !   
exact value ( ei!r a1 or b1 or c4 ,x is 
true t a is commonly suppos$ to equal   
#aj1 b !re are exceptions1 & ^! may     
r$uce x to #h1 or #c1 or #j2 b also     
popul>ly means #aj1 b be+ *iefly us$ by 
! algebrai/ z a moral value1 y _c d mu* 
) x 9 ! addition or subtraction (       
ma!matical values2 c also is q summ>y1 &

 if y g into ! details ( :i* x is made  
up1 _m ( !m may be wrong1 & _! sum total
 equal to #j1 or ev5 to a m9us quantity4
  ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to wi% t ,i %\ld
 7#a7 ent] ^u a sort ( essay competition
 ) ! au?or ( ! p5tateu*al cosmogony2    
7#b7 t ,i %\ld make a fur!r /atem5t ab\t
 "s elem5t>y facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian 
& ,greek philosophy2 & 7#c7 t ,i %\ld %[
 cause = my hesitation 9 accept+ !      
ass]tion t ,g5esis is support$1 at any  
rate to ! ext5t ( ! fir/ two v]ses1 by !
 nebul> hypo!sis4  ,a c]ta9 s5se ( hum\r
 prev5ts me f accept+ ! fir/ invitation4
 ,i w\ld z soon attempt to put ,hamlet's
 soliloquy into a m sci5tific %ape4 ,b  
if ,i suppos$ ! ,mosaic writ] to be     
inspir$1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one does1 x w\ld n
 be consi/5t ) my notions ( respect = ! 
,supreme ,be+ to imag9e ,him unable to  
frame a =m ( words :i* %\ld accurately1 
or1 at lea/1 n inaccurately1 express ,8 
own mean+4 ,x is sometimes said t1 _h ! 
/atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] (       
,g5esis be5 sci5tifically true1 !y w\ld 

h be5 un9telligible to ignorant p2 b h[ 
is ! matt] m5d$ if1 be+ sci5tifically   
untrue1 !y mu/ ne$s be reject$ by       
in/ruct$ p8  ,) respect to ! second     
sugge/ion1 x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 me to
 pret5d to in/ruct ,mr4 ,glad/one 9     
matt]s :i* lie z mu* )9 ! prov9ce (     
,lit]ature & ,hi/ory z 9 t ( ,sci5ce2 b 
if any "o desir\s ( fur!r k w be s good 
z to turn to t mo/ excell5t & by no     
means recondite s\rce ( in=mation1 !    
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 he w f9d1 "u 
! lett] ,e1 ! ^w ,evolution1 & a long   
article on t subject4 ,n[1 ,i d n       
recomm5d him to read ! fir/ half ( !    
article2 b ! second half1 by my fri5d   
,mr4 ,sully1 is really v good4 ,he w !re
 f9d x said t 9 "s ( ! philosophies (   
anci5t ,india1 ! idea ( evolution is    
cle>ly express$3 ,brahma is conceiv$ z !
 et]nal self-exi/5t be+1 :i*1 on its    
mat]ial side1 unfolds itself to ! _w by 
gradually cond5s+ itself to mat]ial     
objects ?r\gh ! gradations ( e!r1 fire1 
wat]1 e>?1 & o!r elem5ts4 ,& aga93 ,9 ! 

lat] sy/em ( emanation ( ,sankhya !re is
 a m m>k$ approa* to a mat]iali/ic      
doctr9e ( evolution4 ,:at little k ,i h 
( ! matt]--*iefly d]iv$ f t v in/ructive
 book1 ,die ,religion des ,buddha1 by   
,c4 ,f4 ,koepp51 supplem5t$ by ,h>dy's  
int]e/+ works--leads me to ?9k t ,mr4   
,sully might h spok5 mu* m /rongly z to 
! evolution>y "* ( ,indian philosophy1 &
 especially ( t ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,b ! "q  
is too l>ge to be dealt ) incid5tally4  
,&1 ) respect to e>ly ,greek philosophy1
 #c ! seek] aft] additional enlight5m5t 
ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! same excell5t      
/oreh\se ( in=mation3--     ,! e>ly     
,ionian physici/s1 includ+ ,?ales1      
,anaxim&]1 & ,anaxim5es1 seek to expla9 
! _w z    g5]at$ out ( a primordial     
matt] :i* is at ! same "t    ! univ]sal 
support ( ?+s4 ,?is sub/ance is end[$ ) 
a g5]ative or transmutative =ce by      
virtue ( :i* x passes    into a         
succession ( =ms4 ,!y ?us resemble mod]n
    evolutioni/s s9ce !y reg>d ! _w1 )  
its inf9ite    v>iety ( =ms1 z issu+ f a

 simple mode ( matt]4  ,fur!r on1 ,mr4  
,sully rem>ks t ,h]aclitus des]ves a    
prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! idea (     
evolution1 & he /ates1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 
t ,h]aclitus has =e%ad[$ "s ( ! special 
peculi>ities ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,x is
 inde$ a v /range circum/ance t !       
philosophy ( ! great ,ephesian m ?an    
adumbrates ! two doctr9es :i* h play$   
lead+ p>ts1 ! "o 9 ! developm5t (       
,*ri/ian dogma1 ! o!r 9 t ( natural     
sci5ce4 ,! =m] is ! conception ( ! ,^w  
,greek textlogos :i* took its ,jewi%    
%ape 9 ,alex&ria1 & its ,*ri/ian =m #d 9
 t ,gospel :i* is usually ref]r$ to an  
,ephesian s\rce ( "s five c5turies lat] 
date2 & ! latt] is t ( ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce4 ,! say+ t /rife is fa!r & k+ ( 
all ,greek text4441 ascrib$ to          
,h]aclitus1 w\ld be a n inappropriate   
motto = ! ,orig9 ( ,species4  ,i h      
ref]r$ only to ,mr4 ,sully's article1   
because 8 au?ority is q suffici5t = my  
purpose4 ,b ! consultation ( any ( ! m  
elaborate hi/ories ( ,greek philosophy1 

su* z ! great "w ( ,zell]1 = example1 w 
only br+ out ! same fact into /ill m    
/rik+ prom95ce4 ,i h pr(ess$ no m9ute   
acqua9tance ) ei!r ,indian or ,greek    
philosophy1 b ,i h tak5 a great deal (  
pa9s to secure t su* k z ,i d possess   
%all be accurate & tru/wor?y4  ,9 ! ?ird
 place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to wi% t  
,i %\ld discuss ) him ! "q :e!r ! nebul>
 hypo!sis is1 or is n1 confirmatory ( ! 
p5tateu*al acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,mr4 
,glad/one appe>s to be prep>$ to ent] ^u
 ?is campaign ) a light he>t4 ,i confess
 ,i am n1 & my reason = ?is backw>dness 
w d\btless surprise ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,x  
is t1 r m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago    
7namely1 9 ,febru>y #ahei71 :5 x 0 my   
duty1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,geological       
,society1 to deliv] ! ,anniv]s>y        
,address1 #e ,i *ose a topic :i* involv$
 a v c>eful /udy ( ! rem>kable          
cosmogonical speculation1 orig9ally     
promulgat$ by ,immanuel ,kant &1        
subsequ5tly1 by ,laplace1 :i* is n[ kn[n
 z ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,) ! help ( su*   

little acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples (      
physics & a/ronomy z ,i _h ga9$1 ,i     
endeav\r$ to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ?is 
speculation 9 all its be>+s4 ,i am n    
sure t ,i succe$$2 b ( ?is ,i am c]ta91 
t ! problems involv$ are v difficult1   
ev5 = ^? :o possess ! intellectual      
discipl9e requisite = deal+ ) !m4 ,& x 0
 ?is conviction t l$ me to express my   
desire to leave ! discussion ( ! "q ( ! 
ass]t$ h>mony betwe5 ,g5esis & ! nebul> 
hypo!sis to exp]ts 9 ! appropriate      
bran*es ( k4 ,& ,i ?9k my c\rse 0 a wise
 "o2 b z ,mr4 ,glad/one evid5tly does n 
und]/& h[ !re c be any hesitation on my 
"p1 unless x arises f a conviction t he 
is 9 ! "r1 ,i may g s f> z to set out my
 difficulties4  ,!y are ( two           
k9ds--exegetical & sci5tific4 ,x appe>s 
to me t x is va9 to discuss a suppos$   
co9cid5ce betwe5 ,g5esis & sci5ce unless
 we h fir/ settl$1 on ! "o h&1 :at      
,g5esis says1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at sci5ce
 says4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c f9d any  
cons5sus among ,biblical s*ol>s z to !  

mean+ ( ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$
 ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,"s say t ! ,hebrew ^w
 b>a1 :i* is translat$ create1 means    
made out ( no?+4 ,i v5ture to object to 
t r5d]+1 n on ! gr\nd ( s*ol>%ip1 b (   
common s5se4 ,omnipot5ce itself c surely
 no m make some?+ out ( no?+ ?an x c    
make a triangul> circle4 ,:at is int5d$ 
by made out ( no?+ appe>s to be caus$ to
 come into exi/5ce1 ) ! implication t   
no?+ ( ! same k9d previ\sly exi/$4 ,x is
 fur!r usually assum$ t ! heav5 & ! e>? 
means ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! univ]se4   
,h5ce ! ,mosaic writ] is tak5 to imply t
 :]e no?+ ( a mat]ial nature previ\sly  
exi/$1 ?is sub/ance appe>$4 ,t is       
p]fectly conceivable1 & !re=e no "o c   
d5y t x may h happ5$4 ,b !re are o!r v  
au?oritative critics :o say t ! anci5t  
,israelite #f :o wrote ! passage 0 n    
likely to h be5 capable ( su* ab/ract   
?9k+2 & t1 z a matt] ( philology1 b>a is
 commonly us$ to signify ! fa%ion+1 or  
=m+1 ( t :i* already exi/s4 ,n[ x appe>s
 to me t ! sci5tific inve/igator is     

:olly incompet5t to say any?+ at all    
ab\t ! fir/ orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se4  
,! :ole p[] ( 8 organon vani%es :5 he   
has to /ep beyond ! *a9 ( natural causes
 & effects4 ,no =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 
t ,i "k (1 is necess>ily connect$ ) any 
view ( ! orig9ation ( ! nebul> sub/ance4
 ,kant's =m ( x expressly supposes t !  
nebul> mat]ial f :i* "o /ell> sy/em />ts
 may be no?+ b ! dis9tegrat$ sub/ance ( 
a /ell> & planet>y sy/em :i* has j come 
to an end4 ,!re=e1 s f> z ,i c see1 "o  
:o believes t matt] has exi/$ f all     
et]nity has j z mu* "r to hold ! nebul> 
hypo!sis z "o :o believes t matt] came  
into exi/5ce at a specifi$ epo*4 ,9 o!r 
words1 ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! creation   
hypo!sis1 up to ?is po9t1 nei!r confirm 
nor oppose "o ano!r4  ,next1 we read 9 !
 revis]s' v]sion1 9 :i* ,i suppose !    
ultimate results ( critical s*ol>%ip to 
be embodi$3 ,& ! e>? 0 wa/e ')\t =m1' 9 
! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion & void4 ,mo/ p seem 
to ?9k t ?is phraseology int5ds to imply
 t ! matt] out ( :i* ! _w 0 to be =m$ 0 

a v]itable *aos1 devoid ( law & ord]4   
,if ?is int]pretation is correct1 !     
nebul> hypo!sis c h no?+ to say to x4 ,!
 sci5tific ?9k] _c admit ! abs5ce ( law 
& ord]2 any:]e or any:51 9 nature4      
,sometimes law & ord] are pat5t &       
visible to our limit$ vision2 sometimes 
!y are hidd54 ,b e p>ticle ( ! matt] ( !
 mo/ fanta/ic-look+ nebula 9 ! heav5s is
 a realm ( law & ord] 9 itself2 &1 t x  
is s1 is ! ess5tial condition ( !       
possibility ( sol> & planet>y evolution 
f ! app>5t *aos4 #g  ,wa/e is too vague 
a t]m to be wor? consid]ation4 ,)\t =m1 
intelligible en\gh z a metaphor1 if tak5
 lit]ally is absurd2 = a mat]ial ?+     
exi/+ 9 space mu/ h a sup]ficies1 & if x
 has a sup]ficies x has a =m4 ,! wilde/ 
/reaks ( m>e/ail cl\ds 9 ! sky1 or ! mo/
 irregul> heav5ly nebulae1 h surely j z 
mu* =m z a geometrical tetrah$ron2 & z =
 void1 h[ c t be void :i* is full (     
matt]8 ,z poetry1 ^! l9es are vivid &   
admirable2 z a sci5tific /atem5t1 :i* !y
 mu/ be tak5 to be if any "o is ju/ifi$ 

9 comp>+ !m ) ano!r sci5tific /atem5t1  
!y fail to convey any intelligible      
conception to my m9d4  ,! acc\nt        
proce$s3 ,& d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( !     
deep4 ,s be x2 b :]e1 !n1 is ! lik5ess  
to ! cele/ial nebulae1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i*
 we %\ld "k no?+ unless !y %one ) a     
light ( _! own8 ,& ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u !
 face ( ! wat]s4 ,i h met ) no =m ( !   
nebul> hypo!sis :i* involves any?+      
analog\s to ?is process4  ,i h said     
en\gh to expla9 "s ( ! difficulties :i* 
arise 9 my m9d1 :5 ,i try to asc]ta9    
:e!r !re is any f\ndation = ! cont5tion 
t ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ two v]ses 
( ,g5esis are support$ by ! nebul>      
hypo!sis4 ,! result does n appe> to me  
to be exactly fav\rable to t cont5tion4 
,! nebul> hypo!sis assumes ! exi/5ce (  
matt]1 hav+ def9ite prop]ties1 z its    
f\ndation4 ,:e!r su* matt] 0 creat$ a   
few ?\s& ye>s ago1 or :e!r x has exi/$  
?r\gh an et]nal s]ies ( metamorphoses ( 
:i* our pres5t univ]se is only ! la/    
/age1 are alt]natives1 nei!r ( :i* is   

sci5tifically unt5able1 & nei!r         
sci5tifically demon/rable4 ,b sci5ce    
kn[s no?+ ( any /age 9 :i* ! univ]se    
c\ld be said1 9 o!r ?an a metaphorical &
 popul> s5se1 to be =mless or empty2 or 
9 any respect less ! seat ( law & ord]  
?an x is n[4 ,"o might z well talk ( a  
fre%-laid h5's egg be+ )\t =m & void1   
because ! *ick !re9 is pot5tial & n     
actual1 z apply su* t]ms to ! nebul\s   
mass :i* conta9s a pot5tial sol> sy/em4 
,until "s fur!r enlight5m5t comes to me1
 !n1 ,i confess myself :olly unable to  
und]/& ! way 9 :i* ! nebul> hypo!sis is 
to be conv]t$ into an ally ( ! ,mosaic  
writ]4 #h  ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one in=ms u t  
,pr(essor ,dana & ,pr(essor ,guyot are  
prep>$ to prove t ! fir/ or cosmogonical
 portion ( ! ,proem n only accords )1 b 
tea*es1 ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,!re is no "o
 to ^: au?ority on geological que/ions  
,i am m readily dispos$ to b[ ?an t ( my
 em95t fri5d ,pr(essor ,dana4 ,b ,i am  
famili> ) :at he has previ\sly said on  
?is topic 9 8 well-kn[n & /&>d "w1 into 

:i*1 /rangely en\gh1 x does n seem to h 
occurr$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one to look be=e  
he set out ^u 8 pres5t und]tak+2 &      
unless ,pr(essor ,dana's late/          
contribution 7:i* ,i h n yet met )7     
takes up altoge!r new gr\nd1 ,i am      
afraid ,i %all n be able to extricate   
myself1 by its help1 f my pres5t        
difficulties4  ,x is a v long "t s9ce ,i
 began to ?9k ab\t ! relations betwe5   
mod]n sci5tifically asc]ta9$ tru?s & !  
cosmogonical speculations ( ! writ] (   
,g5esis2 &1 z ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,glad/one   
might h be5 able to put 8 case ) a good 
deal m =ce1 if he _h ?\ght x wor? :ile  
to consult ! la/ *apt] ( ,pr(essor      
,dana's admirable ,manual ( ,geology1 s 
,i ?9k he might h be5 made aw>e t he 0  
und]tak+ an ent]prise ( :i* he _h n     
c\nt$ ! co/1 if he _h *anc$ ^u a        
discussion ( ! subject :i* ,i publi%$ 9 
#ahgg4 #i  ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to draw ! 
att5tion ( ^? :o take int]e/ 9 ^! topics
 to ! weighty words ( "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ &
 mod]ate ( ,biblical critics3 #aj--     

,a propos de cette premi]e page de la   
,bible1 on a c\tume de    nos j\rs de   
diss]t]1 a p]te de vue1 sur l'accord du 
recit    mosaique avec les sci5ces      
naturelles2 et comme celles-ci t\t      
eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la    
p]fection absolue1 ont    r5du          
populaires et en quelque sorte          
irrefragables un c]ta9    nombre de     
faits g5]aux ou de !ses fondam5tales de 
la    cosmologie et de la geologie1 c'e/
 le texte sacre qu'on    s'ev]tue a     
tortur] p\r le faire concord] avec      
ces donnees4  ,9 my pap] on !           
,int]pret]s ( ,nature & ! ,int]pret]s ( 
,g5esis1 :ile freely avail+ myself ( !  
rights ( a sci5tific critic1 ,i         
endeav\r$ to keep ! expression ( my     
views well )9 ^? b\nds ( c\rtesy :i* are
 set by self-respect & consid]ation =   
o!rs4 ,i am !re=e glad to be fav\r$ )   
,mr4 ,glad/one's ackn[l$gm5t ( ! success
 ( my ef=ts4 ,i only wi% t ,i c\ld      
accept all ! products ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's
 graci\s appreciation1 b !re is "o ab\t 

:i*1 z a matt] ( hone/y1 ,i hesitate4 ,9
 fact1 if ,i _h express$ my mean+ bett] 
?an ,i seem to h done1 ,i d\bt if !     
p>ticul> pr(f] ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's ?anks 
w\ld h be5 made4  ,to my m9d1 :atev]    
doctr9e pr(esses to be ! result ( !     
application ( ! accept$ rules (         
inductive & d$uctive logic to its       
subject-matt]2 & :i* accepts1 )9 !      
limits :i* x sets to itself1 ! supremacy
 ( reason1 is ,sci5ce4 ,:e!r !          
subject-matt] consi/s ( realities or    
unrealities1 tru?s or falsehoods1 is q  
ano!r "q4 ,i conceive t ord9>y geometry 
is sci5ce1 by reason ( its me?od1 & ,i  
also believe t its axioms1 def9itions1 &
 conclusions are all true4 ,h[ev]1 !re  
is a geometry ( f\r dim5sions1 :i* ,i   
also believe to be sci5ce1 because its  
me?od pr(esses to be /rictly sci5tific4 
,x is true t ,i _c conceive f\r         
dim5sions 9 space1 & !re=e1 = me1 ! :ole
 affair is unreal4 ,b ,i h kn[n m5 (    
great intellectual p[]s :o seem$ to h no
 difficulty ei!r 9 conceiv+ !m1 or1 at  

any rate1 9 imag9+ h[ !y c\ld conceive  
!m2 &1 !re=e1 f\r-dim5sion$ geometry    
comes "u my notion ( sci5ce4 ,s ,i ?9k  
a/rology is a sci5ce1 9 s f> z x        
pr(esses to reason logically f pr9ciples
 e/abli%$ by j inductive me?ods4 ,to    
prev5t misund]/&+1 p]haps ,i _h bett]   
add t ,i d n believe "o :it 9 a/rology2 
b no m d ,i believe 9 ,ptolemaic        
a/ronomy1 or 9 ! cata/rophic geology (  
my y\?1 al?\gh ^!1 9 _! day1 claim$--&1 
to my m9d1 rightly claim$--! "n (       
sci5ce4 ,if no?+ is to be call$ sci5ce b
 t :i* is exactly true f beg9n+ to end1 
,i am afraid !re is v little sci5ce 9 ! 
_w outside ma!matics4 ,among ! physical 
sci5ces1 ,i d n "k t any c\ld claim m   
?an t x is true )9 c]ta9 limits1 s n>r[ 
t1 = ! pres5t at any rate1 !y may be    
neglect$4 ,if su* is ! case1 ,i d n see 
:]e ! l9e is to be drawn betwe5 exactly 
true1 p>tially true1 & ma9ly untrue =ms 
( sci5ce4 ,& :at ,i h said ab\t ! curr5t
 !ology at ! end ( my pap] supra pp4    
#afj-afc leaves1 ,i ?9k1 no d\bt z to ! 

category 9 :i* ,i rank x4 ,= all t1 ,i  
?9k x w\ld be n only unju/1 b almo/     
imp]t95t1 to refuse ! "n ( sci5ce to !  
,summa ( ,/4 ,?omas or to ! ,in/itutes (
 ,calv94  ,9 conclusion1 ,i confess t my
 suppos$ unjad$ appetite = ! sort (     
controv]sy 9 :i* x ne$$ n ,mr4          
,glad/one's express decl>ation to tell u
 he is f> bett] practis$ ?an ,i am 7?\gh
 probably1 )\t ano!r express decl>ation1
 no "o w\ld h suspect$ t 8 controv]sial 
fires are burn+ l[7 is already satiat$4 
,9 ,elysium we conduct sci5tific        
discussions 9 a diff]5t m$ium1 & we are 
liable to ?reat5+s ( asphyxia 9 t       
atmosph]e ( cont5tion 9 :i* ,mr4        
,glad/one has be5 able to live1 al]t &  
vigor\s beyond ! common race ( m51 z if 
x 7 pure/ m\nta9 air4 ,i tru/ t he may  
long cont9ue to seek tru?1 "u !         
difficult conditions he has *os5 = !    
se>*1 ) unabat$ en]gy--,i _h almo/ said 
fire--     ,may age n )] him1 nor cu/om 
/ale    ,8 inf9ite v>iety4  ,b ,elysium 
suits my less robu/ con/itution bett]1 &

 ,i beg leave to retire ?i!r1 n sorry = 
my exp]i5ce ( ! o!r region--no "o %\ld  
regret exp]i5ce--b det]m9$ n to repeat  
x1 at any rate 9 ref]5ce to ! plea =    
revelation4     ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,prop] 
,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,mosaic ,,n>rative ,,(  
,,! ,,creation4  ,x has be5 object$ to  
my argum5t f ,leviticus 7supr p4 #agj7 t
 ! ,hebrew words translat$ by creep+ ?+s
 9 ,g5esis i4 #bd & ,leviticus xi4 #bi1 
are diff]5t2 namely1 reh-mes 9 ! =m]1   
%eh-retz 9 ! latt]4 ,! obvi\s reply to  
?is objection is t ! "q is n "o ( words 
b ( ! mean+ ( words4 ,to borr[ an       
illu/ration f our own language1 if      
crawl+ ?+s _h be5 us$ by ! translators 9
 ,g5esis & creep+ ?+s 9 ,leviticus1 x   
w\ld n h be5 necess>ily impli$ t !y     
int5d$ to d5ote diff]5t gr\ps ( animals4
 ,%eh-retz is employ$ 9 a wid] s5se ?an 
reh-mes4 ,!re are %eh-retz ( ! wat]s ( !
 e>?1 ( ! air1 & ( ! l&4 ,leviticus     
speaks ( l& reptiles1 among o!r animals1
 z %eh-retz2 ,g5esis speaks ( all creep+
 l& animals1 among :i* l& reptiles are  

necess>ily includ$1 z reh-mes4 ,our     
translators1 !re=e1 h giv5 ! true s5se  
:5 !y r5d] bo? %eh-retz & reh-mes by    
creep+ ?+s4  ,hav+ tak5 a good deal (   
tr\ble to %[ :at ,g5esis i4-ii4 #d does 
n mean1 9 ! prec$+ pages1 p]haps x may  
be well t ,i %\ld briefly give my op9ion
 z to :at x does mean4 ,i conceive t !  
unkn[n au?or ( ?is "p ( ! ,hexateu*al   
compilation believ$1 & meant 8 read]s to
 believe1 t 8 words1 z !y und]/ood !m--t
 is to say1 9 _! ord9>y natural         
s5se--convey$ ! actual hi/orical tru?4  
,:5 he says t su* & su* ?+s happ5$1 ,i  
believe him to mean t !y actually       
occurr$ & n t he imag9$ or dream$ !m2 :5
 he says day1 ,i believe he uses ! ^w 9 
! popul> s5se2 :5 he says made or       
creat$1 ,i believe he means t !y came   
into be+ by a process analog\s to t :i* 
! p :om he address$ call$ mak+ or       
creat+2 & ,i ?9k t1 unless we =get our  
pres5t k ( nature1 &1 putt+ ourselves   
back into ! position ( a ,pho5ician or a
 ,*aldaean philosoph]1 />t f 8          

conception ( ! _w1 we %all fail to grasp
 ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew writ]4 ,we mu/     
conceive ! e>? to be an immovable1 m or 
less flatt5$1 body1 ) ! vault ( heav5   
above1 ! wat]y abyss bel[ & ar\nd4 ,we  
mu/ imag9e sun1 moon1 & />s to be set 9 
a firmam5t )1 or 91 :i* !y move2 & above
 :i* is yet ano!r wat]y mass4 ,we mu/   
consid] light & d>kness to be ?+s1 !    
alt]nation ( :i* con/itutes day & night1
 indep5d5tly ( ! exi/5ce ( sun1 moon1 & 
/>s4 ,we mu/ fur!r suppose t1 z 9 ! case
 ( ! /ory ( ! deluge1 ! ,hebrew writ] 0 
acqua9t$ ) a ,g5tile 7probably ,*aldaean
 or ,accadian7 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 9
 :i* he sub/antially believ$1 b :i* he  
/ripp$ ( all its idolatr\s associations 
by sub/itut+ ,elohim = ,ea1 ,anu1 ,bel1 
& ! l4  ,f ?is po9t ( view ! fir/ v]se  
/rikes ! keynote ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! beg9n+  
,elohim #aa creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4     
,heav5 & e>? 7 n primitive exi/5ces f   
:i* ! gods proce$$1 z ! ,g5tiles taught2
 on ! contr>y1 ! ,p[]s prec$$ & creat$  
heav5 & e>?4 ,:e!r by creation is meant 

caus+ to be :]e no?+ 0 be=e or %ap+ (   
some?+ :i* pre-exi/$1 seems to me to be 
an insoluble "q4  ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 !  
second v]se has an int]e/+ p>allel 9    
,j]emiah iv4 #bc3 ,i beheld ! e>?1 &1   
lo1 x 0 wa/e & void2 & ! heav5s1 & !y _h
 no light4 ,i conceive t !re is no m    
allusion to *aos 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! 
e>?-disk lay 9 its wat]y envelope1 l !  
yolk ( an egg 9 ! glaire1 & ! _s1 or    
brea?1 ( ,elohim /irr$ ! mass4 ,light 0 
creat$ z a ?+ by itself2 & its anti!sis 
d>kness z ano!r ?+4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be !
 nature ( ^! two to alt]nate1 & a pair (
 alt]nations con/itut$ a day 9 ! s5se ( 
an unit ( "t4  ,! next /ep 01           
necess>ily1 ! =mation ( t firmam5t1 or  
dome ov] ! e>?-disk1 :i* 0 suppos$ to   
support ! cele/ial wat]s2 & 9 :i* sun1  
moon1 & />s 7 conceiv$ to be set1 z 9 a 
sort ( orr]y4 ,! e>? 0 /ill surr\nd$ &  
cov]$ by ! l[] wat]s1 b ! upp] 7 sep>at$
 f x by ! firmam5t1 b5ea? :i* :at we    
call ! air lay4 ,a second alt]nation (  
d>kness & light m>ks ! lapse ( "t4      

,aft] ?is1 ! wat]s :i* cov]$ ! e>?-disk1
 "u ! firmam5t1 7 drawn away into c]ta9 
regions1 :i* became seas1 :ile ! "p laid
 b>e became dry l&4 ,9 accordance ) !   
notion1 univ]sally accept$ 9 antiquity1 
t moi/ e>? possesses ! pot5tiality (    
giv+ rise to liv+ be+s1 ! l&1 at ! comm&
 ( ,elohim1 put =? all sorts ( plants4  
,!y are made to appe> ?us e>ly1 n1 ,i   
appreh5d1 f any notion t plants are l[] 
9 ! scale ( be+ ?an animals 7:i* w\ld   
seem to be inconsi/5t ) ! preval5ce (   
tree wor%ip among anci5t p71 b r because
 animals obvi\sly dep5d on plants2 &    
because1 )\t crops & h>ve/s1 !re seem$  
to be no p>ticul> ne$ ( heav5ly signs = 
! seasons4  ,^! 7 provid$ by ! f\r?     
day's "w4 ,light exi/$ already2 b n[    
vehicles = ! di/ribution ( light1 9 a   
special mann] & ) v>y+ degrees (        
int5sity1 7 provid$4 ,i conceive t !    
previ\s alt]nations ( light & d>kness 7 
suppos$ to g on2 b t ! light 0 /r5g!n$  
dur+ ! daytime by ! sun1 :i*1 z a s\rce 
( heat z well z ( light1 glid$ up !     

firmam5t f ! ea/1 & slid d[n 9 ! we/1   
ea* day4 ,v probably ea* day's sun 0    
suppos$ to be a new "o4 ,& z ! light ( !
 day 0 /r5g!n$ by ! sun1 s ! d>kness ( !
 night 0 weak5$ by ! moon1 :i* regul>ly 
wax$ & wan$ e mon?4 ,! />s are1 z x 71  
?r[n 94 ,& no?+ c m %>ply m>k ! doctr9al
 purpose ( ! au?or1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* he
 deals ) ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* !        
,g5tiles id5tifi$ s closely ) _! gods1 z
 if !y 7 m]e accessories to ! almanac4  
,animals come next 9 ord] ( creation1 & 
! g5]al notion ( ! writ] seems to be t  
!y 7 produc$ by ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live2 t
 is to say1 ! aquatic animals by !      
wat]s1 & ! t]re/rial animals by ! l&4 ,b
 !re 0 a difficulty ab\t fly+ ?+s1 su* z
 bats1 birds1 & insects4 ,! cosmogoni/  
seems to h _h no conception ( air z an  
elem5tal body4 ,8 elem5ts are e>? &     
wat]1 & he ignores air z mu* z he does  
fire4 ,birds fly above ! e>? 9 ! op5    
firmam5t or on ! face ( ! expanse (     
heav54 ,!y are n said to fly ?r\gh !    
air4 ,! *oice ( a g5]ative m$ium = fly+ 

?+s1 !re=e1 seem$ to lie betwe5 wat] &  
e>?2 &1 if we take into acc\nt !        
conspicu\sness ( ! great flocks (       
wat]-birds & ! sw>ms ( w+$ insects1 :i* 
appe> to arise f wat]1 ,i ?9k ! pref]5ce
 ( wat] becomes intelligible4 ,h[ev]1 ,i
 d n put ?is =w>d z m ?an a probable    
hypo!sis4 ,z to ! creation ( aquatic    
animals on ! fif?1 t ( l& animals on !  
six? day1 & t ( man la/ ( all1 ,i       
presume ! ord] 0 det]m9$ by ! fact t man
 c\ld h>dly receive dom9ion ov] ! liv+  
_w be=e x exi/$2 & t ! cattle 7 n want$ 
until he 0 ab\t to make 8 appe>ance4 ,! 
o!r t]re/rial animals w\ld naturally be 
associat$ ) ! cattle4  ,! absurdity (   
imag9+ t any conception1 analog\s to t (
 a zoological classification1 0 9 ! m9d 
( ! writ] w be app>5t1 :5 we consid] t !
 fif? day's "w mu/ include ! zoologi/'s 
,cetacea1 ,sir5ia1 & seals1 #ab all (   
:i* are ,mammalia2 all birds1 turtles1  
sea-snakes &1 presumably1 ! fre% wat]   
,reptilia & ,amphibia2 ) ! great        
majority ( ,inv]tebrata4  ,! creation ( 

man is ann\nc$ z a sep>ate act1 result+ 
f a p>ticul> resolution ( ,elohim to    
make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess4 
,to le>n :at ?is rem>kable phrase means 
we mu/ turn to ! fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 !
 "w ( ! same writ]4 ,9 ! day t ,elohim  
creat$ man1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim made  
he him2 male & female creat$ he !m2 &   
bless$ !m & call$ _! "n ,adam 9 ! day :5
 !y 7 creat$4 ,& ,adam liv$ an hundr$ & 
?irty ye>s & begat a son 9 8 own        
lik5ess1 aft] 8 image2 & call$ 8 "n     
,se?4 ,i f9d x impossible to read ?is   
passage )\t be+ conv9c$ t1 :5 ! writ]   
says ,adam 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim1
 he means ! same sort ( lik5ess z :5 he 
says t ,se? 0 begott5 9 ! lik5ess (     
,adam4 ,:5ce x foll[s t 8 conception (  
,elohim 0 completely an?ropomorphic4  ,9
 all ?is n>rative ,i c discov] no?+ :i* 
diff]5tiates x1 9 pr9ciple1 f o!r anci5t
 cosmogonies1 except ! rejection ( all  
gods1 save ! vague1 yet an?ropomorphic1 
,elohim1 & ! assign+ to !m ant]iority & 
sup]iority to ! _w4 ,x is z utt]ly      

irreconcilable ) ! assur$ tru?s ( mod]n 
sci5ce1 z x is ) ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 (   
man1 plants1 & animals giv5 by ! writ] (
 ! second *ief con/itu5t ( ! ,hexateu* 9
 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,?is         
extraord9>y /ory />ts ) ! assumption ( !
 exi/5ce ( a ra9less e>?1 devoid (      
plants & h]bs ( ! field4 ,! creation (  
liv+ be+s beg9s ) t ( a solit>y man2 !  
next ?+ t happ5s is ! lay+ out ( ! ,g>d5
 ( ,ed51 & ! caus+ ! gr[? f its soil ( e
 tree t is pleasant to ! sight & good = 
food2 ! ?ird act is ! =mation out ( !   
gr\nd ( e bea/ ( ! field1 & e f[l ( !   
air2 ! f\r? & la/1 ! manufacture ( !    
fir/ woman f a rib1 extract$ f ,adam1   
:ile 9 a /ate ( anae/hesia4  ,yet !re   
are p :o n only pr(ess to take ?is      
mon/r\s leg5d s]i\sly1 b :o decl>e x to 
be reconcilable ) ! ,elohi/ic acc\nt ( !
 creation6     ,,footnotes3   ,footnote 
#a3 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhf4         
,footnote #b3 ,bo? dolph9s & dugongs    
occur 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 porpoises & dolph9s 
9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 s t ! ,mosaic writ]   

may h be5 acqua9t$ ) !m4  ,footnote #c3 
,i said no?+ ab\t ! great] numb] (      
s*ools ( ,greek philosophy1 z ,mr4      
,glad/one implies t ,i did1 b expressly 
spoke ( ! f\nd]s ( ,greek philosophy4   
,footnote #d3 ,see ,he9ze1 ,die ,lehre  
vom ,logos1 p4 #i et seq4  ,footnote #e3
 ,repr9t$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & 
,reviews1 #ahgj4  ,footnote #f3 ,anci5t1
 d\btless1 b 8 antiquity mu/ n be       
exagg]at$4 ,= example1 !re is no pro( t 
! ,mosaic cosmogony 0 kn[n to !         
,israelites ( ,solomon's "t4  ,footnote 
#g3 ,:5 ,j]emiah 7iv4 #bc7 says1 ,i     
beheld ! e>?1 &1 lo1 x 0 wa/e & void1 he
 c]ta9ly does n mean to imply t ! =m ( !
 e>? 0 less def9ite1 or its sub/ance    
less solid1 ?an be=e4  ,footnote #h3 ,9 
look+ ?r\gh ! delightful volume rec5tly 
publi%$ by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal = ,irel&1 
a day or two ago1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ rem>ks
 on ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* ,i %\ld h be5
 glad to quote 9 my text if ,i _h kn[n  
!m soon]3--  ,nor c x be ev] m ?an a    
speculation2 x _c be e/abli%$ by        

obs]vation1 nor c x be prov$ by         
calculation4 ,x is m]ely a conjecture1 m
 or less plausible1 b p]haps 9 "s       
degree1 necess>ily true1 if our pres5t  
laws ( heat1 z we und]/& !m1 admit ( !  
extreme application "h requir$1 & if !  
pres5t ord] ( ?+s has reign$ = suffici5t
 "t )\t ! int]v5tion ( any influ5ce at  
pres5t kn[n to u 7,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 
p4 #ejf74  ,w\ld any prud5t advocate    
base a plea1 ei!r = or aga9/ revelation1
 ^u ! co9cid5ce1 or want ( co9cid5ce1 ( 
! decl>ations ( ! latt] ) ! requirem5ts 
( an hypo!sis ?us gu>d$ly dealt ) by an 
a/ronomical exp]t8  ,footnote #i3       
,lectures on ,evolution deliv]$ 9 ,new  
,york 7,am]ican ,addresses74  ,footnote 
#aj3 ,reuss1 ,l',hi/oire ,sa9te et la   
,loi1 vol4 i1 p4 #bge4  ,footnote #aa3  
,= ! s5se ( ! t]m ,elohim1 see ! essay  
entitl$ ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology at ! end
 ( ?is volume4  ,footnote #ab3 ,p]haps  
ev5 hippopotamuses & ott]s6