,,h9ts                                  
,,on                                    
,,extemporane\s ,,prea*+4               
,,by ,,h5ry ,,w>e1 ,,jr4                
,,m9i/] ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,*ur* ,,9     
,,bo/on4         ,maximus v]o /udiorum  
fructus e/1 et velut prmium quoddam     
amplissimum longi laboris1 ex tempore   
dic5di facultas4                        
,qu9ct4 x4 #g4                          
,,bo/on3                  ,,publi%$ ,,by
 ,,cumm+s1 ,,hilli>d  ,,co4             
#ahbd4                    ,univ]sity    
,press--,hilli>d  ,metcalf4             
,,to                               ,,!  
,,/ud5ts                                
,,9 ,,!               ,,!ological       
,,sem9>y ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1       
,,?is ,,little ,,treatise1              
,,) ,,!                  ,,s9c]e/       
,,pray]s ,,t ,,!y ,,may ,,become        
,,pr(\nd ,,div9es ,,& ,,p[]ful          
,,prea*]s1                       ,,is   
,,affectionately ,,inscrib$             
,,by                                ,,! 

,,au?or4     ,,cont5ts4     ,,*apt] ,i4 
,advantages ( ,extemporane\s ,prea*+    
,,*apt] ,,ii4                           
,disadvantages--,objections consid]$    
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,rules     ,,preface4  
,x is ! object ( ?is little "w1 to draw 
! att5tion ( ^? :o are prep>+ = !       
*ri/ian m9i/ry1 or :o h j ent]$ x1 to a 
mode ( prea*+ :i* ! writ] ?9ks has be5  
too mu* disc\nt5anc$ & despis$2 b :i*1  
"u prop] re/rictions1 he is p]suad$ may 
add greatly to ! opportunities (        
m9i/]ial usefulness4 ,! subject has     
h>dly receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves f    
writ]s on ! pa/oral (fice1 :o h usually 
devot$ to x b a few s5t5ces1 :i* (f]    
little enc\ragem5t & af=d no aid4       
,burnet1 9 8 ,treatise on ! ,pa/oral    
,c>e1 & ,f5elon 9 8 ,dialogues on       
,eloqu5ce1 h treat$ x m at l>ge1 b /ill 
v cursorily4 ,to _! argum5ts & _!       
au?ority1 :i* are ( great weight1 ,i    
ref] ! m di/9ctly "h1 because ,i h n    
quot$ !m s mu* at l>ge z ,i int5d$ :5 ,i
 wrote ! beg9n+ ( ! second *apt]4       

,besides ^!1 ! rem>ks ( ,qu9ctilian1 x4 
#g4 on ! subject ( speak+ extempore1 :i*
 are full ( 8 usual good s5se1 may be v 
pr(itably consult$4  ,x has be5 my      
object to /ate fully & fairly ! b5efits 
:i* att5d ?is mode ( address 9 ! pulpit1
 & at ! same "t to gu>d aga9/ ! dang]s &
 abuses to :i* x is confess$ly liable4  
,h[ f> ,i may h succe$$1 x is n = me to 
det]m9e4 ,x w\ld be some?+ to p]suade b 
"o to add ?is to 8 o!r tal5ts = do+ good
 9 ! *ur*4 ,ev5 ! attempt to d x1 ?\gh  
unsuccessful1 w\ld n be )\t its rew>d2  
s9ce x c\ld n be fairly made )\t a mo/  
salut>y moral & intellectual discipl9e4 
,x is n to be expect$--nor d ,i mean by 
any ?+ ,i h said to intimate--t e man is
 capable ( becom+ an accompli%$ prea*] 9
 ?is mode1 or t e "o may succe$ z well 9
 ?is z 9 ! ord9>y mode4 ,!re is a v>iety
 9 ! tal5ts ( m51 & to "s ?is may be    
peculi>ly unsuit$4 ,yet ?is is no good  
reason :y any %\ld decl9e ! attempt1    
s9ce x is only by mak+ ! attempt t !y c 
det]m9e :e!r or n success is )9 _! p[]4 

,!re is at lea/ "o consequ5ce likely to 
result f ! /udy ( ?is art & ! attempt to
 practise x1 :i* w\ld alone be a        
suffici5t reason = urg+ x e>ne/ly4 ,i   
mean1 its probable effect 9 break+ up ! 
con/ra9$1 cold1 =mal1 s*ola/ic mode (   
address1 :i* foll[s ! /ud5t f 8 college 
duties1 & keeps him f imm$iate contact )
 ! he>ts ( 8 fell[ m54 ,?is w\ld be     
effect$ by 8 le>n+ to speak f 8 feel+s1 
r ?an f ! critical rules ( a book4 ,8   
address w\ld be m natural1 & consequ5tly
 bett] adapt$ to effective prea*+4      
,,h9ts ,,on ,,extemporane\s ,,prea*+4   
,,*apt] ,i4   ,x is a little rem>kable  
t1 :ile "s classes ( *ri/ians d n       
tol]ate ! prea*+ ( a writt5 disc\rse1   
o!rs h an equal prejudice aga9/ all     
s]mons :i* h n be5 c>efully precompos$4 
,among ! latt] are to be f\nd ^? :o     
favor an educat$ m9i/ry1 & ^: prea*]s   
are valu$ = _! cultivat$ m9ds & ext5sive
 k4 ,! =m] are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^? :o       
disp>age le>n+ z a qualification = a    
*ri/ian tea*]1 & ^: m9i/]s are          

consequ5tly n accu/om$ to exact m5tal   
discipl9e1 nor famili> ) ! be/ models ( 
?9k+ & writ+4 ,x might seem at fir/     
view1 t ! lea/ cultivat$ w\ld require ! 
greate/ previ\s prep>ation 9 ord]       
pr(itably to address _! fell[-m51 & t ! 
be/ in=m$ & mo/ accu/om$ to /udy might  
be be/ tru/$ to speak )\t ! labor (     
writt5 composition4 ,t x has be5 ?\ght  
o!rwise1 is probably ow+1 9 a great     
measure1 to ! solicitude = lit]>y       
exactness & elegance ( /yle1 :i* becomes
 a habit 9 ! ta/e ( /udi\s m51 & r5d]s  
all inaccuracy & c>elessness (f5sive4   
,he :o has be5 accu/om$ to read & admire
 ! f9e/ models ( composition 9 v>i\s    
languages1 & to dwell on ^? niceties (  
me?od & expression :i* =m s l>ge a "p ( 
! *>m ( lit]>y works2 acquires a        
critical delicacy ( ta/e1 :i* r5d]s him 
fa/idi\sly s5sitive to ^? crudities &   
r\ghnesses ( spee*1 :i* almo/ necess>ily
 att5d an extemporane\s /yle4 ,he is apt
 to exagg]ate _! importance1 & to imag9e
 t no excell5cies ( ano!r k9d c atone = 

!m4 ,he !re=e protects himself by ! toil
 ( previ\s composition1 & v5tures n a   
s5t5ce :i* he has n leisurely weigh$ &  
measur$4 ,an audi5ce also1 compos$ (    
read+ p1 or accu/om$ to ! exactness (   
writt5 composition 9 ! pulpit1 acquires 
some?+ ( ! same ta/e1 & is easily (f5d$ 
at ! occasional homel9ess ( diction1 &  
loos5ess ( me?od1 :i* occur 9           
extemporane\s speak+4 ,:]eas ^? prea*]s 
& he>]s1 ^: education & habits ( m9d h  
be5 diff]5t1 "k no?+ ( ?is ta/e1 & are  
ins5sible to ^! blemi%es2 &1 if !re be  
only a flu5t outp\r+ ( words1 accompani$
 by a mann] :i* ev9ces e>ne/ness &      
s9c]ity1 are pleas$ & satisfi$4  ,x is  
fur!r rem>kable1 t ?is prejudice ( ta/e 
has be5 suff]$ to rule 9 ?is way 9 no   
pr(ession b t ( ! m9i/ry4 ,! mo/        
fa/idi\s ta/e nev] c>ries a writt5 spee*
 to ! b> or into ! s5ate4 ,! v man :o   
d>es n asc5d ! pulpit )\t a s]mon       
dilig5tly arrang$1 & fill$ out to !     
smalle/ ^w1 if he _h gone into !        
pr(ession ( ! law1 w\ld1 at ! same age &

 ) no great] advantages1 address ! b5* &
 ! jury 9 language altoge!r             
unprem$itat$4 ,in/ances are n want+ 9   
:i* ! m9i/]1 :o imag9$ x impossible to  
put t5 s5t5ces toge!r 9 ! pulpit1 has   
f\nd himself able1 on *ang+ 8 pr(ession1
 to speak flu5tly = an h\r4  ,i h no    
d\bt t to speak extempore is easi] at ! 
b> & 9 ! legislature1 ?an 9 ! pulpit4   
,our associations ) ?is place are ( s   
sacr$ a "*1 t our faculties d n readily 
play !re ) _! accu/om$ fre$om4 ,!re is  
an awe ^u our feel+s :i* con/ra9s u4 ,a 
s5se1 too1 ( ! importance &             
responsibility ( ! /ation1 & ( ! mom5t\s
 consequ5ces dep5d+ on ! influ5ce he may
 !re ex]t1 has a t5d5cy to oppress &    
emb>rass ! consci5ti\s man1 :o feels x z
 he ought4 ,!re is also1 9 ! o!r cases1 
an imm$iate end to be atta9$1 :i*       
produces a p[]ful imm$iate excitem5t2 an
 excitem5t1 increas$ by ! pres5ce ( ^?  
:o are speak+ on ! opposite side ( ! "q1
 & 9 assail+ or answ]+ :om1 !           
emb>rassm5t ( ! place is lo/ 9 ! int]e/ 

( ! argum5t4 ,:]eas 9 ! pulpit1 !re is  
none to assault1 & none to refute2 !    
prea*] has ! field entirely to himself1 
& ?is ( itself is suffici5tly dismay+4  
,! ardor & self-oblivion :i* pres5t     
debate occasions1 d n exi/2 & ! solemn  
/illness & fix$ gaze ( a wait+          
multitude1 s]ve r to appal & aba% !     
solit>y speak]1 ?an to br+ ! subject    
=cibly to 8 m9d4 ,?us e ext]nal         
circum/ance is unpropiti\s1 & x is n    
/range t relief has be5 s\ght 9 ! use ( 
manuscripts4  ,b /ill1 ^! difficulties1 
& o!rs :i* ,i %all h occasion to m5tion 
9 ano!r place1 are by no means su* z to 
raise t insup]able ob/acle :i* _m       
suppose4 ,!y may all be ov]come by      
resolution & p]sev]ance4 ,z reg>ds m]ely
 ! use ( unprem$itat$ language1 x is f> 
f be+ a difficult atta9m5t4 ,a writ]1 ^:
 opportunities ( obs]vation give weight 
to 8 op9ion1 says1 9 speak+ ( ! /yle ( !
 y\ng] ,pitt--,?is pr(use & int]m9able  
fl[ ( words is n 9 itself ei!r a r>e or 
rem>kable end[m5t4 ,x is :olly a ?+ (   

habit2 & is ex]cis$ by e village lawy] )
 v>i\s degrees ( p[] & grace4#a ,if !re 
be circum/ances :i* r5d] ! habit m      
difficult to be acquir$ by ! prea*]1 !y 
are /ill su* z may be surm\nt$2 & x may 
be made pla91 ,i ?9k1 t ! advantages :i*
 he may ?us ensure to himself are s _m &
 s great1 z to (f] ! /ronge/ inducem5t  
to make ! attempt4      #a ,europe2 c4  
by a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,t ^!  
advantages are real & sub/antial1 may be
 safely inf]r$ f ! habit ( public       
orators 9 o!r pr(essions1 & f ! effects 
!y are kn[n to produce4 ,!re is m       
nature1 m w>m? 9 ! declamation1 m       
e>ne/ness 9 ! address1 great] animation 
9 ! mann]1 m ( ! light+ up ( ! s\l 9 !  
c\nt5ance & :ole mi51 m fre$om & mean+ 9
 ! ge/ure2 ! eye speaks1 & ! f+]s speak1
 & :5 ! orator is s excit$ z to =get e  
?+ b ! matt] on :i* 8 m9d & feel+s are  
act+1 ! :ole body is affect$1 & helps to
 propagate 8 emotions to ! he>]4 ,amid/ 
all ! exagg]at$ col\r+ ( ,patrick       
,h5ry's biograph]1 !re is d\btless en\gh

 t is true1 to prove a p[] 9 !          
spontane\s en]gy ( an excit$ speak]1    
sup]ior 9 its effects to any ?+ t c be  
produc$ by writ+4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort 
has be5 witness$ by e "o :o is 9 ! habit
 ( att5d+ 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 or !      
*amb]s ( legislation4 ,& ?is1 n only 9 !
 in/ances ( ! mo/ highly eloqu5t2 b     
inf]ior m5 are f\nd ?us to excite       
att5tion & produce effects1 :i* !y nev] 
c\ld h done by _! p5s4 ,9 delib]ative   
assemblies1 9 s5ates & p>liam5ts1 ! l>g]
 portion ( ! speak+ is necess>ily       
unprem$itat$2 p]haps ! mo/ eloqu5t is   
always s2 = x is elicit$ by ! gr[+ heat 
( debate2 x is ! spontane\s combu/ion ( 
! m9d 9 ! conflict ( op9ion4 ,*a?am's   
spee*es 7 n writt51 nor ,%]idan's1 nor t
 ( ,ames on ! ,briti% treaty4 ,!y 71 s  
f> z reg>ds _! language & ornam5ts1 !   
effusions ( ! mom5t1 & d]iv$ f _!       
fre%ness a p[]1 :i* no /udy c\ld imp>t4 
,among ! orations ( ,cic]o1 :i* are said
 to h made ! greate/ impression1 & to h 
be/ accompli%$ ! orator's design1 are ^?

 deliv]$ on unexpect$ em]g5cies1 :i*    
preclud$ ! possibility ( previ\s        
prep>ation4 ,su* 7 8 fir/ invective     
aga9/ ,catil9e1 & ! spee* :i* /ill$ !   
di/urbances at ! !atre4 ,9 all ^! cases1
 !re c be no "q ( ! advantages :i* !    
orators enjoy$ 9 _! ability to make use 
( ! excitem5t ( ! occasion1 un*ill$ by !
 =mality ( /udi$ prep>ation4 ,al?\gh    
possibly guilty ( _m rhetorical &       
logical faults1 yet ^! w\ld be unobs]v$ 
9 ! f]v5t & impassion$ torr5t1 :i* bore 
away ! m9ds ( ! delight$ auditors4  ,x  
is d\btless v true1 t a man ( /udy &    
reflection1 accu/om$ delib]ately to     
weigh e expression & analyze e s5t5ce1 &
 to be influ5c$ by no?+ :i* does n be> !
 te/ ( ! sev]e/ exam9ation1 may be mo/  
impress$ by ! quiet1 unpret5d+ read+ ( a
 well dige/$ essay or diss]tation4 ,to  
"s m5 ! concise/ /atem5t ( a subject1 ) 
no?+ to adorn ! nak$ skeleton ( ?\ght1  
is mo/ =cible4 ,!y are ev5 impati5t (   
any attempt to assi/ its effect by f9e  
writ+1 by emphasis1 tone1 or ge/ure4 ,!y

 are l ! ma!matician1 :o read ! ,p>adise
 ,lo/ )\t pleasure1 because he c\ld n   
see t x prov$ any ?+4 ,b we are n to    
judge f ! ta/e ( su* m51 ( :at is       
suitable to affect ! majority4 ,!       
multitude are n m]e ?9k]s or great      
read]s4 ,f _! necess>y habits !y are    
incapable ( foll[+ a long discussion    
except x be made invit+ by !            
circum/ances att5d+ x1 or ! mann] (     
conduct+ x4 ,_! att5tion mu/ be excit$ &
 ma9ta9$ by "s ext]nal application4 ,to 
!m1    ,action is eloqu5ce1 & ! eyes ( !
 ignorant   ,m le>n$ ?an _! e>s4  ,x is 
a great fault ) intellectual m51 t !y d 
n make suffici5t all[ance = ! diff]5t   
modes ( education & habits ( m9d 9 m5 ( 
o!r pursuits4 ,x is "o ( ! infelicities 
( a univ]sity education1 t a man is !re 
tra9$ 9 a fictiti\s sc5e1 :]e !re are   
int]e/s1 associations1 feel+s1 exce$+ly 
div]se f :at prevail 9 ! society ( ! _w2
 & :]e he becomes s f> sep>at$ f !      
habits & sympa?ies ( o!r m51 z to ne$ to
 acquire a new k ( !m1 be=e he kn[s h[  

to address !m4 ,:5 a "y man leaves !    
seclusion ( a /ud5t's life to prea* to 8
 fell[-m51 he is likely to speak to !m z
 if !y 7 s*ol>s4 ,he imag9es !m to be   
capable ( appreciat+ ! niceties ( me?od 
& /yle1 & ( be+ affect$ by ! same sort (
 s5tim5t1 illu/ration1 & cool rem>k1 :i*
 affects ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to be mov$
 & guid$ by ! dumb & lifeless pages ( a 
book4 ,he !re=e talks to !m calmly1 is m
 anxi\s = correctness ?an impression1   
fe>s to make m noise or to h m motion   
?an ! v lett]s on 8 manuscript2 address+
 himself1 z he ?9ks1 to ! intellectual  
"p ( man2 =gett+ t ! intellectual man is
 n v easy ( access1 t x is b>r$ up1 &   
mu/ be approa*$ ?r\gh ! s5ses &         
affections & imag9ation4  ,!re 0 a class
 ( rhetoricians & orators at ,rome 9 !  
"t ( ,cic]o1 :o 7 fam\s = hav+ made !   
same mi/ake4 ,!y w\ld d e ?+ by a fix$ &
 almo/ me*anical rule1 by calculation & 
measurem5t4 ,_! s5t5ces 7 measur$1 _!   
ge/ures 7 measur$1 _! tones 7 measur$2 &
 !y fram$ canons ( judgm5t & ta/e1 by   

:i* x 0 pron\nc$ an affront on !        
intellectual nature ( man to assail him 
) epi!ts1 & exclamations1 & v>i$ tones1 
& emphatic ge/ure4 ,!y c5sur$ ! free &  
fl[+ mann] ( ,cic]o z tumid & exub]ant1 
nec satis pressus1 supra modum exultans 
et sup]flu5s4 ,!y cultivat$ a m gu>d$ & 
concise /yle1 :i* might inde$ please !  
critic or ! s*ol>1 b 0 :olly unfitt$ to 
in/ruct or move a promiscu\s audi5ce2 z 
0 said ( "o ( !m1 oratio--doctis et     
att5te audi5tibus erat illu/ris2 a      
multitud9e autem et a =o1 cui nata      
eloqu5tia e/1 devorabatur4 ,! ta/e ( !  
multitude prevail$1 & ,cic]o 0 !        
admiration ( ! p1 :ile ^? :o prun$      
!mselves by a m rigid & philosophical   
law1 coldly correct & critically dull1 7
 frequ5tly des]t$ by ! audi5ce 9 ! mid/ 
( _! h>angues4#b      #b ,middleton's   
,life ( ,cic]o1 ,,iii4 #cbd4  ,we may   
le>n some?+ f ?is4 ,!re is "o mode (    
address = books & = classical read]s1 & 
ano!r = ! mass ( m51 :o judge by ! eye &
 e>1 by ! fancy & feel+s1 & "k little ( 

rules ( art or ( an educat$ ta/e4 ,h5ce 
x is t _m ( ^? prea*]s :o h become !    
classics ( a c\ntry1 h be5 unattractive 
to ! multitude1 :o h des]t$ _! poli%$ & 
c>eful composition1 = ! m unre/ra9$ &   
r\s+ declamation ( ano!r class4 ,! s+ul>
 success ( ,*alm]s1 seems to be 9 a     
consid]able measure ow+ to 8 att5tion to
 ?is fact4 ,he has ab&on$ ! pure &      
measur$ /yle1 & adopt$ a het]og5e\s     
mixture ( ! gaudy1 pomp\s1 & colloquial1
 (f5sive inde$ to ! e>s ( lit]>y m51 b  
highly acceptable to ^? :o are less     
biass$ by ! au?ority ( a /&>d ta/e &    
e/abli%$ models4 ,we ne$ n g to !       
extreme ( ,*alm]s1--= !re is no         
necessity = inaccuracy1 bomba/1 or false
 ta/e--b we %\ld d\btless ga9 by adopt+ 
8 pr9ciple4 ,! object is to address m5  
accord+ to _! actual "*1 & 9 t mode 9   
:i* _! habits ( m9d may r5d] !m mo/     
accessible4 ,z b few are ?9k]s or       
read]s1 a congregation is n to be       
address$ z su*2 b1 _! modes ( life be+  
rememb]$1 con/ant reg>d mu/ be _h to _! 

ne$ ( ext]nal attraction4 ,?is is mo/   
easily done by ! famili>ity & directness
 ( extemporane\s address2 = :i* reason  
?is mode ( prea*+ has peculi>           
advantages1 9 its adaptation to _!      
situation & wants4  ,! tru? is1 inde$1 t
 x is n ! weight ( ! ?\ght1 ! pr(\ndness
 ( ! argum5t1 ! exactness ( !           
arrangem5t1 ! *oic5ess ( ! language1 :i*
 int]e/ & *a9 ! att5tion ( ev5 ^?       
educat$ he>]s1 :o are able to appreciate
 !m all4 ,!y are z likely to sleep ?r\gh
 ! :ole z o!rs4 ,!y c f9d all ^!        
qualities 9 mu* high] p]fection 9 _!    
libr>ies2 !y d n seek ^! only at *ur*4  
,& z to ! l>ge mass ( ! p1 !y are to !m 
hidd5 ?+s1 ( :i* !y disc]n no?+4 ,x is n
 ^!1 s mu* z ! attraction ( an e>ne/    
mann]1 :i* arre/s ! att5tion & makes    
in/ruction welcome4 ,e day's obs]vation 
may %[ u1 t he :o has ?is mann] w reta9 
! att5tion ( ev5 an intellectual man )  
common-place ?\ghts1 :ile ) a diff]5t   
mann] he w\ld r5d] t$i\s ! mo/ novel &  
+5i\s disquisitions4 ,let an indiff]5t  

read] take into ! pulpit a s]mon ( ,b>r[
 or ,butl]1 & all its excell5ce (       
argum5t & eloqu5ce w\ld n save x f be+  
acc\nt$ t$i\s2 :ile an empty declaim]   
%all collect cr[ds to hang ^u 8 lips 9  
raptures4 ,& ?is mann]1 :i* is s        
attractive1 is n ! /udi$ artificial     
enunciation ( ! rhetorician's s*ool1 b !
 free1 fl[+1 animat$ utt]ance1 :i* seems
 to come f ! impulse ( ! subject2 :i*   
may be full ( faults1 yet ma/]s !       
att5tion by its nature & s9c]ity4 ,?is  
is precisely ! mann] ( ! extemporane\s  
speak]--9 :om ! c\nt5ance reflects !    
emotions ( ! s\l1 & ! tone ( voice is   
tun$ to ! feel+s ( ! he>t1 ris+ & fall+ 
) ! subject1 z 9 conv]sation1 )\t !     
regul> & h>moni\s modulation ( !        
practis$ read]4  ,9 mak+ ^! & simil>    
rem>ks1 x is true t ,i am ?9k+ ( ! be/  
extemporane\s speak]s1 & t all _c be    
su*4 ,b x ought to be recollect$ at !   
same "t1 t all _c be excell5t read]s2 t 
^? :o speak ill1 w\ld probably read /ill
 worse2 & t !re=e ^? :o c atta9 to no   

em95ce z speak]s1 d n on t acc\nt fail (
 ! advantages ( :i* ,i speak1 s9ce !y   
escape at lea/ ! unnatural monotony (   
bad read+2 ?an :i* no?+ is m e>ne/ly to 
be avoid$4  ,e man utt]s himself )      
great] animation & tru] emphasis 9      
speak+1 ?an he does1 or p]haps c d1 9   
read+4 ,h5ce x happ5s t we c li/5 long] 
to a tol]able speak]1 ?an to a good     
read]4 ,!re is an indescribable some?+ 9
 ! natural tones ( him :o is express+   
e>ne/ly 8 pres5t ?\ghts1 altoge!r =eign 
f ! dr[sy uni=mity ( ! man t reads4 ,i  
once he>d x well obs]v$1 t ! lea/       
animat$ mode ( communicat+ ?\ghts to    
o!rs1 is ! read+ f a book ! composition 
( ano!r2 ! next 9 ord] is ! read+ "o's  
own composition2 ! next is deliv]+ "o's 
own composition memorit]2 & ! mo/       
animat$ ( all is ! utt]+ "o's own ?\ghts
 z !y rise fre% 9 8 m9d4 ,v few c give !
 _s to ano!r's writ+s :i* !y communicate
 to _! own1 or c read _! own ) ! _s1 )  
:i* !y spontane\sly express _! ?\ghts4  
,we h all witness$ ?is 9 conv]sation2 :5

 we h li/5$ ) int]e/ to long h>angues f 
p]sons1 :o tire u at once if !y beg9 to 
read4 ,x is v]ifi$ at ! b>1 & 9 !       
legislature1 :]e orators ma9ta9 !       
unflagg+ att5tion ( he>]s = a long      
p]iod1 :5 !y c\ld n h read ! same spee* 
)\t produc+ intol]able fatigue4 ,x is   
equally v]ifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pulpit2 = 
^? :o are accu/om$ to ! read+ ( s]mons1 
are = ! mo/ "p impati5t ev5 ( able      
disc\rses1 :5 !y ext5d beyond ! half    
h\r's l5g?2 :ile v indiff]5t            
extemporane\s prea*]s are li/5$ to )    
unabat$ att5tion = a full h\r4 ,9 ! =m] 
case !re is a c]ta9 uni=mity ( tone1 & a
 p]petual recurr5ce ( ! same cad5ces1   
insep>able f ! mann] ( a read]1 f :i* ! 
speak] rema9s long] free4 ,?is diff]5ce 
is p]fectly well und]/ood1 & 0 act$ ^u  
by ,cecil1 ^: success z a prea*] gives  
him a "r to be he>d1 :5 he advis$ "y    
prea*]s to limit a writt5 s]mon to half 
an h\r1 & "o f notes to =ty m9utes4#c ,=
 ! same reason1 ^? prea*]s ^: read+     
comes ne>e/ to speak+1 are univ]sally m 

int]e/+ ?an o!rs4      #c ,cecil's      
,rema9s--a delightful little book4  ,?us
 x is evid5t t !re is an attractiv5ess 9
 ?is mode ( prea*+1 :i* gives x peculi> 
advantages4 ,he imp>ts great] int]e/ to 
:at he says1 :o is gov]n$ by ! impulse (
 ! mom5t1 ?an he :o speaks by rule4 ,:5 
he feels ! subject1 8 voice & ge/ure    
correspond to t feel+1 & communicate x  
to o!rs z x c be done 9 no o!r way4     
,?\gh he possess b indiff]5t tal5ts1 yet
 if he utt] himself ) s9c]ity & feel+1 x
 is f> pleasant] ?an to li/5 to 8 cold  
read+ ( :at he wrote p]haps ) little    
excitem5t1 & deliv]s ) less4  ,9 ?us    
speak+ ( ! int]e/ :i* att5ds an         
extemporane\s deliv]y1 x is n necess>y  
to pursue ! subject into a g5]al        
comp>ison ( ! advantages ( ?is mode ) ^?
 ( read+ & ( recit+ f memory4 ,ea* has  
prevail$ 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t  
p]iods1 & ea* und\bt$ly has advantages &
 disadvantages peculi> to itself4 ,^!   
are well ?\gh briefly /at$ 9 ! excell5t 
article on ,elocution 9 ,rees'          

,cyclopdia1 to :i* x w be suffici5t to  
ref]1 z wor?y att5tive p]usal4 ,! "q at 
l>ge ,i _c und]take to discuss4 ,if ,i  
%\ld1 ,i c\ld h>dly hope to satisfy ei!r
 o!rs or myself4 ,! almo/ univ]sal cu/om
 ( read+ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 :]e recitation
 f memory is sc>cely kn[n1 & extempore  
speak+ is practis$ by v few except !    
illit]ate1 =bids any ?+ l a fair        
d$uction f obs]vation4 ,9 ord] to       
in/itute a j comp>ison1 "o %\ld h _h    
ext5sive opportunities ( wat*+ ! success
 ( ea* mode1 & ( kn[+ ! circum/ances "u 
:i* ea* 0 tri$4 ,= 9 ! inquiry1 :i* is  
to be pref]r$ 9 ! pulpit1--we mu/       
consid]1 n :i* has mo/ excell5cies :5 x 
is f\nd 9 p]fection1 b :i* has          
excell5cies atta9able by ! l>ge/ numb] (
 prea*]s2 n :i* is fir/ 9 !ory or mo/   
beautiful z an art1 b :i* has be5 & is  
likely to be mo/ successful 9 practice4 
,^! are que/ions n easily answ]$4 ,ea*  
mode has its advocates & its oppon5ts4  
,9 ! ,engli% *ur* !re is no?+ b read+1 &
 we he> f e qu>t] compla9ts ( x4 ,9     

,scotl& ! cu/om ( recitation prevails1 b
 multitudes besides ,dr4 ,campbell#d    
condemn x4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t (     
,europe no me?od is kn[n1 b t ( a brief 
prep>ation & unprem$itat$ language2 b t 
x %\ld be univ]sally approv$ by ^? :o   
use x1 is m ?an we c suppose4      #d   
,see 8 f\r? ,lecture on ,pulpit         
,eloqu5ce4  ,! tru? is1 t ei!r me?od may
 fail 9 ! h&s ( incompet5t or indol5t   
m51 & ei!r may be ?\ght to succe$ by ^? 
^: ta/e or prejudices are ob/9ate 9 its 
favor4 ,all t ,i cont5d =1 9 advocat+   
unwritt5 disc\rse1 is1 t ?is me?od      
claims a decid$ sup]iority ov] ! o!rs 9 
"s ( ! mo/ important p>ticul>s4 ,t !    
o!rs h _! own advantages1 ,i d n d5y1   
nor t ?is is subject to disadvantages f 
:i* !y are free4 ,b :atev] ^! may be ,i 
hope to %[ t !y are susceptible ( a     
rem$y2 t !y are n great] ?an ^? :i*     
att5d o!r modes2 t !y are balanc$ by    
equal advantages1 & t !re=e ?is art     
des]ves to be cultivat$ by all :o w\ld d
 _! utmo/ to r5d] _! m9i/ry useful4 ,!re

 c be no good reason :y ! prea*] %\ld   
conf9e himself to ei!r mode4 ,x might be
 mo/ b5eficial to cultivate & practise  
all4 ,by ?is means he might imp>t some?+
 ( ! advantages ( ea* to ea*1 & correct 
! faults ( all by m+l+ !m ) !           
excell5cies ( all4 ,he w\ld le>n to read
 ) m ( ! natural acc5t ( ! speak]1 & to 
speak ) m ( ! precision ( ! writ]4  ,!  
rem>ks already made h be5 design$ to    
po9t out "s ( ! g5]al advantages att5d+ 
! use ( unprep>$ language4 ,"s o!rs     
rema9 to be notic$1 :i* h m p>ticul>    
ref]5ce to ! prea*] individually4  ,x is
 no unimportant consid]ation to a m9i/] 
( ! gospel1 t ?is is a tal5t held 9 high
 e/imation among m51 & t x gives        
additional influ5ce to him :o possesses 
x4 ,x is ?\ght to argue capacity &      
greatness ( m9d4 ,flu5cy ( language     
passes ) _m1 & ^? n always ! vulg>1 =   
afflu5ce ( ?\ght2 & nev] to be at a loss
 = some?+ to say1 is suppos$ to indicate
 inexhau/ible k4 ,x _c h escap$ !       
obs]vation ( any "o accu/om$ to notice !

 judgm5ts :i* are pass$ ^u m51 h[ mu*   
reputation & consequ5t influ5ce are     
acquir$ by ! p[] ( speak+ readily &     
boldly1 )\t any o!r consid]able tal5t1 &
 ) v indiff]5t acquisitions2 & h[ a man 
( real tal5ts1 le>n+1 & wor?1 has       
frequ5tly sunk bel[ 8 prop] level1 f a  
m]e awkw>dness & emb>rassm5t 9 speak+   
)\t prep>ation4 ,s t x is n simply      
sup]/ition :i* leads s _m to refuse ! "n
 ( prea*+ to any b extemporane\s        
h>angues2 x is 9 "p ow+ to ! natural    
prop5sity !re is to admire1 z some?+    
wond]ful & extraord9>y1 ?is facility (  
spee*4 ,x is und\bt$ly a v errone\s /&>d
 ( judgm5t4 ,b a m9i/] ( ! gospel1 ^:   
success 9 8 important call+ dep5ds s mu*
 on 8 p]sonal influ5ce1 & ! e/imation 9 
:i* 8 gifts are held1 c h>dly be ju/ifi$
 9 slight+ ! cultivation ( a tal5t1 :i* 
may s innoc5tly add to 8 means (        
influ5ce4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also1 t   
occasions w sometimes occur1 :5 ! want (
 ?is p[] may expose him to              
mortification1 & deprive him ( an       

opportunity ( usefulness4 ,= su*        
em]g5cies "o w\ld *oose to be prep>$4 ,x
 may be ( consequ5ce t he %\ld express 8
 op9ion 9 an ecclesia/ical c\ncil1 &    
give reasons = ! adoption or rejection (
 important measures4 ,possibly he may be
 only requir$ to /ate facts1 :i* h come 
to 8 k4 ,x is v desirable to be able to 
d ?is readily1 flu5tly1 )\t emb>rassm5t 
to himself1 & pleasantly to ^? :o he>2 &
 9 ord] to ?is1 a habit ( speak+ is     
necess>y4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 m9i/rations    
also among/ 8 own p1 occasions w arise  
:5 an exhortation or address w\ld be    
seasonable & useful1 b :5 !re is no "t =
 writt5 prep>ation4 ,if !n he h         
cultivat$ ! art ( extemporane\s speak+1 
& atta9$ to any degree ( facility &     
confid5ce 9 x1 he may avail himself ( ! 
opportunity to d good1 :i* he mu/       
o!rwise h pass$ by unimprov$4 ,fun]als &
 baptisms af=d suitable occasions ( mak+
 good religi\s impressions4 ,a sudd5    
provid5ce1 also1 on ! v day ( ! sabba?  
may sugge/ mo/ valuable topics (        

reflection & exhortation1 lo/ to him :o 
is conf9$ to :at he may h previ\sly     
writt51 b *oice treasure to him :o c    
v5ture to speak )\t writ+4 ,if x 7 only 
to avail himself ( a few opportunities l
 ^! 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 or to save      
himself b once ! mortification ( be+    
sil5t :5 he ought to speak1 is expect$  
to speak1 & w\ld d good by speak+1 x    
w\ld be well wor? all ! "t & pa9s x     
might co/ to acquire x4  ,x is a fur!r  
advantage1 n to be =gott5 "h1 t !       
excitem5t ( speak+ 9 public /rikes out  
new views ( a subject1 new illu/rations1
 & un?\ght ( figures & argum5ts1 :i*    
p]haps nev] w\ld h pres5t$ !mselves to !
 m9d 9 retirem5t4 ,! w>m? :i* animates  
him1 says ,f5elon1 gives bir? to        
expressions & figures1 :i* he nev] c\ld 
h prep>$ 9 8 /udy4 ,he :o feels himself 
safe 9 fly+ (f f ! pa? he has prescrib$ 
to himself1 )\t any fe> le/ he %\ld fail
 to f9d 8 way back1 w readily seize ^u  
^!1 & be a/oni%$ at ! new light :i*     
breaks 9 ^u him z he goes on1 & fla%es  

all ar\nd him4 ,?is is accord+ to !     
exp]i5ce ( all extemporane\s speak]s4 ,!
 degree 9 :i*1 says ,?omas ,scott1#e :o 
practis$ ?is me?od con/antly1 aft] ! mo/
 c>eful prep>ation = ! pulpit1 new      
?\ghts1 new argum5ts1 animat$ addresses1
 (t5 fl[ into my m9d1 :ile speak+ to a  
congregation1 ev5 on v common subjects1 
makes me feel z if ,i 0 q ano!r man ?an 
:5 por+ ov] !m 9 my /udy4 ,!re w be     
inaccuracies2 b g5]ally ! mo/ /rik+ ?+s 
9 my s]mons 7 unprem$itat$4      #e     
,life1 p4 #bfh4  ,!n aga91 ! pres5ce ( !
 audi5ce gives a great] seem+ reality to
 ! "w2 x is less l do+ a task1 & m l    
speak+ to m51 ?an :5 "o sits coolly     
writ+ at 8 table4 ,consequ5tly !re is   
likely to be great] pla9ness &          
directness 9 8 exhortations1 m clos5ess 
9 8 appeals1 m ( ! e>ne/ness ( g5u9e    
feel+ 9 8 expo/ulations4 ,he v5tures1 9 
! w>m? ( ! mom5t1 to urge consid]ations1
 :i* p]haps 9 ! /udy seem$ too famili>1 
& to employ modes ( address1 :i* are    
all[able 9 p]sonal communion ) a fri5d1 

b :i* "o hesitates to commit to writ+1  
le/ he %\ld infr+e ! dignity ( delib]ate
 composition4 ,?is =getfulness ( self1  
?is uncon/ra9$ foll[+ ! impulse ( !     
affections1 :ile he is hurri$ on by !   
pres5ce & att5tion ( ^? :om he hopes to 
b5efit1 creates a sympa?y betwe5 him & 8
 he>]s1 a direct passage f he>t to he>t1
 a mutual und]/&+ ( ea* o!r1 :i* does m 
to effect ! true object ( religi\s      
disc\rse1 ?an any ?+ else c d4 ,! prea*]
 w1 9 ?is way1 h ! boldness to say _m   
?+s :i* ought to be said1 b ab\t :i*1 9 
8 /udy1 he w\ld feel reluctant & timid4 
,& grant+ t he might be l$ to say "s ?+s
 improp]ly1 yet if 8 m9d be well        
discipl9$1 & well gov]n$1 & 8 discretion
 habitual1 he w d x exce$+ly seldom2    
:ile no "o1 :o e/imates ! object (      
prea*+ z highly z he %\ld1 w ?9k an     
occasional false /ep any objection aga9/
 t mode :i* ensures ^u ! :ole ! greate/ 
boldness & e>ne/ness4 ,he w ?9k x a less
 fault ?an ! tam5ess & ab/ractness1 :i* 
are ! besett+ s9s ( delib]ate           

composition4 ,at any rate1 :at me?od is 
secure f occasional false /eps8  ,ano!r 
consid]ation :i* recomm5ds ?is me?od to 
! att5tion ( prea*]s1 ?\gh at ! same "t 
x indicates "o ( its difficulties1 is   
?is2 t all m51 f v>i\s causes1          
con/itutional or accid5tal1 are subject 
to great inequality 9 ! op]ations ( _!  
m9ds--sometimes labor+ ) felicity &     
sometimes fail+4 ,p]haps ?is fact is 9  
no m5 s obs]vable z 9 prea*]s1 because  
no o!rs are s mu* compell$ to labor1 &  
exhibit _! labors1 at all seasons1      
favorable & unfavorable4 ,!re is a c]ta9
 quantity ( ! sev]e/ m5tal toil to be   
p]=m$ e week2 & z ! m9d _c be always 9 !
 same frame1 !y are con/antly pres5t+   
pro(s ( ! v>iation ( _! p[]s4 ,n[ an    
extemporane\s speak] is ( c\rse expos$  
to all ?is inequality ( spirits1 & mu/  
expect to be sometimes mortifi$ by ill  
success4 ,:5 ! mom5t ( speak+ arrives1 8
 m9d may be sl[ & dull1 8 ?\ghts sluggi%
 & imp$$2 he may be exhau/$ by labor1 or
 suff]+ f tempor>y indisposition4 ,he   

/rives 9 va9 to rally 8 p[]s1 & =ces 8  
way1 ) ?or\gh discom=t & *agr91 to ! end
 ( an unpr(itable talk4 ,b !n h[ _m m5  
write "u ! same emb>rassm5ts1 & are     
equally dissatisfi$2 ) ! additional     
mortification ( hav+ sp5t a long] "t1 & 
( be+ unable to give _! poor prep>ation 
! int]e/ ( a =cible mann]1 :i* ! v      
di/ress ( an extemporane\s ef=t w\ld h  
imp>t$4  ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 8 m9d is    
bright & cle>1 & 8 animal spirits       
lively1 he w speak mu* bett] aft] m]ely 
a suitable prem$itation1 ?an he c       
possibly write4 ,!re w be m po9t & vigor
 & animation1 ?an he c\ld ev] ?r[ into  
writ+4 ,e man1 says ,bi%op ,burnet1 may 
?us rise f> above :at he c\ld ev] h     
atta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,we see pro( ( ?is
 9 conv]sation4 ,:5 engag$ 9 unre/ra9$ &
 animat$ conv]sation ) famili> fri5ds1  
:o is n consci\s ( hav+ /ruck out       
bright] ?\ghts & happi] say+s1 ?an he   
ev] put ^u pap] 9 ! delib]ate           
composition ( ! closet8 ,x is a common  
rem>k conc]n+ _m m51 t !y pray mu* bett]

 ?an !y prea*4 ,! reason is1 t _! s]mons
 are made leisurely & sluggi%ly1 )\t    
excitem5t2 b 9 _! public devotions !y   
are /rongly engag$1 & ! m9d acts ) m    
conc5tration & vivacity4 ,! same ?+ has 
be5 obs]v$ 9 ! art ( music4 ,!re h be5  
organi/s1 ^: abilities 9 un/udi$        
effusions on _! in/rum5ts h almo/ am\nt$
 to inspiration1 su* z ,seba/ian ,ba*1  
,h&el1 ,m>*&1 ,c\p]91 ,kelway1 ,/anley1 
,worgan1 & ,keeble2 sev]al ( :om play$  
bett] music extempore1 ?an !y c\ld write
 ) m$itation4#f      #f ,rees'          
,cyclopdia4  ,x is ^u no diff]5t        
pr9ciple t we expla91 :at all s*ol>s h  
exp]i5c$1 t !y write be/ :5 !y write    
rapidly1 f a full & excit$ m9d4 ,"o (   
,pope's precepts is1 to write ) fury &  
correct ) phlegm4 ,! au?or ( ,wav]ley   
tells u1 t ! works & passages 9 :i* he  
has succe$$1 h uni=mly be5 writt5 ) !   
greate/ rapidity4 ,f5elon's ,telema*us  
is said to h be5 compos$ 9 ?is way1 &   
s5t to ! press ) "o s+le erasure 9 !    
manuscript4 ,! celebrat$ ,rock+ham      

,memorial at ! comm5cem5t ( ! late w>1  
is said to h be5 ! ha/y composition ( a 
s+le ev5+4 ,& x w be f\nd true1 ,i      
believe1 ( _m ( ! be/ s]mon writ]s1 t !y
 revolve ! subject till _! m9ds are     
fill$ & w>m$1 & !n put _! disc\rse ^u   
pap] at a s+le sitt+4 ,n[ :at is all ?is
 b extemporane\s writ+8 & :at does x    
require b a m9d equally collect$ & at   
ease1 equally discipl9$ by practice1 &  
int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 to ensure equal    
success 9 extemporane\s speak+8 ,nay1 we
 might anticipate occasional sup]ior    
success2 s9ce ! ?\ghts sometimes fl[1 :5
 at ! highe/ & mo/ passionate excitem5t1
 too rapidly & pr(usely = any ?+ sl[]   
?an ! tongue to af=d !m v5t4  ,!re is "o
 m consid]ation 9 favor ( ! habit ,i    
recomm5d1 :i* ,i ?9k _c fail to h weight
 ) all :o are solicit\s to make progress
 9 !ological k2 namely1 t x r$eems "t = 
/udy4 ,! labor ( prep>+ & committ+ to   
pap] a s]mon or two e week1 is "o :i*   
necess>ily occupies ! pr9cipal "p ( a   
m9i/]'s "t & ?\ghts1 & )draws him f !   

inve/igation ( _m subjects1 :i*1 if 8   
m9d 7 m at leisure1 x w\ld be 8 duty &  
pleasure to pursue4 ,he :o writes       
s]mons1 is ready to consid] ?is z ! *ief
 object1 or p]haps ! sole bus9ess ( 8   
life4 ,:5 n actually engag$ 9 writ+1 yet
 ! necessity ( do+ x presses ^u 8 m9d1 &
 s b9ds him z to make him feel z if he 7
 wrong 9 be+ employ$ on any ?+ else4 ,i 
speak ( ! t5d5cy1 :i* c]ta9ly is to     
prev5t a man f pursu+1 v ext5sively1 any
 pr(itable /udy4 ,b if he h acquir$ t   
ready comm& ( ?\ght & language1 :i* w   
enable him to speak )\t writt5          
prep>ation1 ! "t & toil ( writ+ are     
sav$1 to be devot$ to a diff]5t mode (  
/udy4 ,he may prep>e 8 disc\rses at     
int]vals ( leisure1 :ile walk+ or rid+2 
& hav+ once arrang$ ! outl9es ( !       
subject1 & asc]ta9$ its pr9ciple be>+s &
 applications1 ! "w ( prep>ation is ov]4
 ,! language rema9s to be sugge/$ at !  
mom5t4  ,i d n mean by ?is1 t prep>ation
 = ! pulpit %\ld ev] be made slightly1  
or e/eem$ an object ( small importance4 

,x d\btless dem&s1 & %\ld receive ! be/ 
( a man's tal5ts & labors4 ,:at ,i      
cont5d = is1 t a habit ( m9d may be     
acquir$1 :i* %all enable "o to make a   
bett] & m ?or\gh prep>ation at less     
exp5se ( labor & "t4 ,he may acquire1 by
 discipl9e1 t ease & promptitude ( look+
 into subjects & br++ out _! prom95t    
features1 :i* %all enable him at a      
glance1 z x 71 to seize ! po9ts on :i*  
he %\ld enl>ge4 ,"s m9ds are s con/itut$
 z to look a subject into %ape mu* m    
readily ?an o!rs4 ,b ! p[] ( do+ x is 9 
a great measure me*anical1 & dep5ds ^u  
habit4 ,all may acquire x to a c]ta9    
ext5t4 ,:5 ! m9d works ) mo/            
conc5tration1 x works at once mo/       
quickly & mo/ surely4 ,n[ ! act (       
extempore speak+ favors ?is conc5tration
 ( ! p[]s1 m ?an ! sl[] process (       
leisurely writ+--p]haps m ?an any o!r   
op]ation2 consequ5tly1 x increases1 )   
practice1 ! facility ( dissect+         
subjects1 & ( arrang+ mat]ials = prea*+4
 ,9 o!r words1 ! complet5ess ) :i* a    

subject is view$ & its p>ts arrang$1    
does n dep5d s mu* on ! "t sp5t ^u x1 z 
on ! vigor ) :i* ! att5tion is appli$ to
 x4 ,t c\rse ( /udy is ! be/1 :i* mo/   
favors ?is vigor ( att5tion2 & ! habit (
 extemporane\s speak+ is m ?an any ?+   
favorable to x1 f ! necessity :i* x     
imposes ( apply+ ! m9d ) en]gy1 & ?9k+  
promptly4  ,! great dang] 9 ?is case    
w\ld be1 t ( sub/itut+ an easy fl[ (    
words = good s5se & sob] reflection1 &  
becom+ satisfi$ ) v sup]ficial ?\ghts4  
,b ?is dang] is gu>d$ aga9/ by ! habit (
 /udy1 & ( writ+ = o!r purposes4 ,if a  
man %\ld neglect all m5tal ex]tion1     
except s f> z w\ld be requir$ 9 !       
m$itation ( a s]mon1 x w\ld be ru9\s4   
,we witness its disa/r\s effects 9 !    
empty word9ess ( _m extemporane\s       
prea*]s4 ,x is wrong h[ev] to argue     
aga9/ ! practice itself1 f _! example2 =
 all o!r modes w\ld be equally condemn$1
 if judg$ by ! ill success ( indol5t &  
unfai?ful m54 ,! m9i/] mu/ keep himself 
occupi$1--read+1 ?9k+1 inve/igat+2 ?us  

hav+ 8 m9d always awake & active4 ,?is  
is a f> bett] prep>ation ?an ! b>e writ+
 ( s]mons1 = x ex]cises ! p[]s m1 &     
keeps !m bright4 ,! great ma/] ( ,roman 
eloqu5ce ?\ght x ess5tial to ! true     
orator1 t he %\ld be famili> ) all      
sci5ces1 & h 8 m9d fill$ ) e v>iety ( k4
 ,he !re=e1 mu* z he /udi$ 8 favorite   
art1 yet occupi$ m "t 9 lit]ature1      
philosophy1 & politics1 ?an 9 !         
composition ( 8 spee*es4 ,8 prep>ation 0
 less p>ticul> ?an g5]al4 ,s x has be5 )
 o!r em95t speak]s4 ,:5 ,sir ,samuel    
,romilly 0 9 full practice 9 ! ,high    
,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 & at ! same "t ov]:elm$
 ) ! pressure ( public political        
conc]ns2 8 cu/om 0 to ent] ! c\rt1 to   
receive !re ! hi/ory ( ! cause he 0 to  
plead1 ?us to acqua9t himself ) !       
circum/ances = ! fir/ "t1 & =?) proce$  
to argue x4 ,8 g5]al prep>ation & long  
practice enabl$ him to d ?is1 )\t fail+ 
9 ju/ice to 8 cause4 ,i d n "k t 9 ?is  
he 0 s+ul>4 ,! same sort ( prep>ation   
w\ld ensure success 9 ! pulpit4 ,he :o  

is always ?9k+1 may exp5d ^u ea*        
individual ef=t less "t1 because he c   
?9k at once fa/ & well4 ,b he :o nev]   
?9ks1 except :5 attempt+ to manufacture 
a s]mon 7& x is to be fe>$ !re are su*  
m571 mu/ devote a great deal ( "t to ?is
 labor exclusively2 & aft] all1 he w n h
 t wide range ( ?\ght or copi\sness (   
illu/ration1 :i* 8 (fice dem&s & :i*    
/udy only c give4  ,9 fact1 :at ,i h "h 
insi/$ ^u1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( !   
extemporane\s writ]s1 :om ,i h already  
nam$4 ,i w\ld only c>ry _! practice a   
/ep fur!r1 & devote an h\r to a disc\rse
 in/ead ( a day4 ,n to all disc\rses1 = 
"s ought to be writt5 = ! sake ( writ+1 
& "s dem& a sort ( inve/igation1 to :i* 
! use ( ! p5 is ess5tial4 ,b !n a v l>ge
 proportion ( ! topics on :i* a m9i/]   
%\ld prea*1 h be5 subjects ( 8 att5tion 
a ?\s& times4 ,he is ?or\ghly famili> ) 
!m2 & an h\r to arrange 8 ideas &       
collect illu/rations1 is abundantly     
suffici5t4 ,! late ,?omas ,scott is said
 = ye>s to h prep>$ 8 disc\rses entirely

 by m$itation on ! ,sunday1 & ?us ga9$  
leisure = 8 ext5sive /udies1 & great &  
v>i\s labors4 ,?is is an extreme on :i* 
few h a "r to v5ture1 & :i* %\ld be     
recomm5d$ to none4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 ! p[] 
( habit1 & ! ability ( a m9d to act     
promptly & effectually1 :i* is kept ^u !
 al]t by con/ant occupation4 ,he :o is  
always engag$ 9 ?9k+ & /udy+1 w always h
 ?\ghts en\gh = a s]mon1 & good ones    
too1 :i* w come at an h\r's w>n+4  ,!   
objections :i* may be made to ! practice
 ,i h s\ght to recomm5d1 ,i mu/ leave to
 be consid]$ 9 ano!r place4 ,i am       
desir\s1 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 to add ! 
favorable te/imony ( a writ]1 :o        
expressly disapproves ! practice 9      
g5]al1 b :o all[s its excell5ce :5      
accompani$ by t prep>ation :i* ,i w\ld e
 :]e imply4  ,y are accu/om$1 says      
,d9\>t1#g to ! c>eful /udy & imitation (
 nature4 ,y h us$ y\rself to writ+ &    
speak+ ) c>e on diff]5t subjects1 & h   
well /or$ y\r memory by read+4 ,y ?us h 
provid$ res\rces = speak+1 :i* are      

always at h&4 ,! be/ au?ors & ! be/     
?\ghts are famili> to y2 y c readily    
quote ! scriptures1 y express y\rself   
easily & gracefully1 y h a s\nd &       
correct judgm5t on :i* y c dep5d1 me?od 
& precision 9 ! arrangem5t ( pro(s2 y c 
readily connect ea* "p by natural       
transitions1 & are able to say all t    
belongs1 & precisely :at belongs to !   
subject4 ,y may !n take only a day1 or  
only an h\r1 to reflect on y\r subject1 
to arrange y\r topics1 to consult y\r   
memory1 to *oose & to prep>e y\r        
illu/rations1--& !n1 appe> 9 public4 ,i 
am p]fectly will+ t y %\ld4 ,! common   
expressions :i* g to make up ! body ( ! 
disc\rse1 w pres5t !mselves             
spontane\sly4 ,y\r p]iods1 p]haps1 w be 
less h>moni\s1 y\r transitions less     
+5i\s1 an ill plac$ ^w w sometimes      
escape y2 b all ?is is p>donable4 ,!    
animation ( y\r deliv]y w comp5sate = ^!
 blemi%es1 & y w be ma/] ( y\r own      
feel+s1 & ^? ( y\r he>]s4 ,!re w1       
p]haps1 be app>5t ?r\gh\t a c]ta9       

disord]1 b x w n prev5t y\r pleas+ &    
affect+ me2 y\r action z well z y\r     
words w appe> to me ! m natural4      #g
 ,sur l',eloqu5ce du ,corps1 ou         
,l',action du ,prdicateur4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii4   ,aga9/ :at has be5 advanc$ 9 !  
prec$+ pages1 _m objections w be urg$1 &
 ! evils ( ! practice ,i recomm5d be    
decl>$ m ?an suffici5t to c\nt]balance  
its advantages4 ,( ^! x is necess>y t ,i
 %\ld n[ take notice1 & obviate !m z    
well z ,i may4  ,x %\ld be fir/ ( all   
rem>k$1 t ! =ce ( ! objections commonly 
made1 lies aga9/ ! exclusive use (      
extempore prea*+1 & n aga9/ its p>tial &
 occasional use4 ,x is ( consequ5ce t   
?is %\ld be consid]$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1
 t he w\ld prea* v wret*$ly1 :o %\ld    
always be h>angu+ )\t ! corrective      
discipl9e ( writ+4 ,! habit ( writ+ is  
ess5tial4 ,_m ( ! objections :i* are    
curr5tly made to ?is mode ( address1    
fall to ! gr\nd :5 ?is /atem5t is made4 
,o!r objections h be5 f\nd$ on ! idea1 t
 by extemporane\s is meant1             

unprem$itat$4 ,:]eas !re is a pla9 &    
important di/9ction betwe5 !m1 ! latt]  
^w be+ appli$ to ! ?\ghts1 & ! =m] to ! 
language only4 ,to prea* )\t            
prem$itation1 is altoge!r unju/ifiable2 
al?\gh !re is no d\bt t a man ( habitual
 read9ess ( m9d1 may express himself to 
! greate/ advantage on a subject ) :i*  
he is famili>1 aft] v little m$itation4 
,_m writ]s on ! art ( prea*+1 z well z  
on eloqu5ce 9 g5]al1 h giv5 a decid$    
judgm5t unfavorable to extempore speak+4
 ,!re c be no fair] way ( answ]+ _!     
objections1 ?an by exam9+ :at !y h      
advanc$1 & oppos+ _! au?ority by t (    
equal names on ! o!r side4  ,g]>d1 9 8  
,treatise on ! ,pa/oral ,*>ge1 has !    
foll[+ passage on ?is subject4  ,he w   
run into trite1 common-place topics2 8  
compositions w be loose & unconnect$2 8 
language (t5 co>se & confus$2 &         
diffid5ce1 or c>e to recollect 8        
subject1 w de/roy ! managem5t ( 8 voice4
 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 he admits t x is 
v prop] t a man %\ld be able to prea* 9 

?is way1 :5 x is necess>y2--b no man    
ought always to prea* 9 ?is way4 ,to :i*
 decision ,i h c]ta9ly no?+ to object4  
,mason1 9 8 ,/ud5t & ,pa/or1 says to !  
same effect1 t ! inaccuracy ( diction1 !
 inelegance1 pov]ty1 & l[ness (         
expression1 :i* is commonly obs]v$ 9    
extempore disc\rses1 w n fail to (f5d e 
he>] ( good ta/e4  ,d9\>t1#h :o is an   
advocate = recitation f memory1 says t  
exp]i5ce decides aga9/ extemporane\s    
prea*+1 ?\gh !re are exceptions2 b ^!   
are v few2 & we mu/ n be l$ a/ray by !  
success ( a few fir/ rate orators4      
#h ,sur l',eloqu5ce du ,corps1 ou       
l',action du ,prdicateur4  ,hume1 9 8   
,essay ^u ,eloqu5ce1 expresses an op9ion
 t ! mod]n defici5cy 9 ?is art is to be 
attribut$ to t extreme affectation (    
extempore speak+1 :i* has l$ to extreme 
c>elessness ( me?od4  ,! writ] ( an     
article1 on ! ,greek ,orators1 9 !      
,ed9burgh ,review1#i obs]ves1 t among ! 
s\rces ( ! corruption ( mod]n eloqu5ce1 
may cle>ly be di/+ui%$ z ! mo/ fruitful1

 ! habit ( extempore speak+1 acquir$    
rapidly by p]sons :o frequ5t popul>     
assemblies1 &1 beg9n+ at ! wrong end1   
attempt to speak be=e !y h /udi$ ! art (
 oratory1 or ev5 duly /or$ _! m9ds ) !  
treasures ( ?\ght & language1 :i* c only
 be drawn f assidu\s int]c\rse ) !      
anci5t & mod]n classics4      #i ,no4   
,,lxxi4 p4 #hb4  ,^! are ! prom95t      
objections :i* h be5 made to ! practice 
9 "q4 ,)\t d5y+ t !y h weight1 ,i ?9k x 
may be made to appe> t !y h n !         
unque/ionable prepond]ance1 :i* is      
assum$ = !m4 ,!y w be f\nd1 on          
exam9ation1 to be ! objections ( a      
cultivat$ ta/e1 & to be drawn f !       
examples ( undiscipl9$ m51 :o ought to  
be left entirely out ( ! "q4  #a4 ,!    
objection mo/ urg$ is t :i* relates to  
/yle4 ,x is said1 ! expression w be     
poor1 inelegant1 inaccurate1 & (f5sive  
to he>]s ( ta/e4  ,to ^? :o urge ?is x  
may be repli$1 t ! reason :y /yle is an 
important consid]ation 9 ! pulpit1 is1 n
 t ! ta/e ( ! he>]s may be gratifi$1 = b

 a small "p ( any congregation is       
capable ( tak+ cognizance ( ?is         
matt]2--b solely = ! purpose ( pres5t+ !
 speak]'s ?\ghts1 reason+s1 &           
expo/ulations di/9ctly & =cibly to !    
m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,if ?is be effect$1 x is
 all :i* c reasonably be dem&$4 ,& ,i   
ask if x be n notori\s1 t an e>ne/ &    
appropriate elocution w give ?is effect 
to a poor /yle1 & t poor speak+ w take x
 away f ! mo/ exact & emphatic /yle8 ,is
 x n also notori\s t ! peculi> e>ne/ness
 ( spontane\s spee*1 is1 above all o!rs1
 suit$ to arre/ ! att5tion1 & engage !  
feel+s ( an audi5ce8 & t ! m]e read+ ( a
 piece ( f9e composition1 "u ! notion t 
c>eful ?\ght & f9i%$ diction are ! only 
?+s ne$ful1 leaves ! majority un9t]e/$ 9
 ! disc\rse1 & free to ?9k ( any ?+ !y  
please8 ,x is a poor complim5t1 says    
,blair1 t "o is an accurate reason]1 if 
he be n a p]suasive speak] also4 ,x is a
 small matt] t ! /yle is poor1 s long z 
x answ]s ! great purpose ( in/ruct+ &   
affect+ m54 ,s t1 z ,i h m fully %[n 9 a

 =m] place1 ! objection lies on an      
errone\s f\ndation4  ,besides1 if x 7 n 
s1 x w be f\nd q z /rong aga9/ ! writ+ (
 s]mons4 ,= h[ l>ge a proportion ( s]mon
 writ]s h ^! v same faults ( /yle6 :at a
 great want ( =ce1 neatness1            
compactness1 is !re 9 ! composition (   
mo/ prea*]s6 :at weakness1 inelegance1 &
 inconclusiv5ess2 & h[ small improvem5t 
d !y make1 ev5 aft] ! practice ( ye>s6  
,h[ happ5s ?is8 ,x is because !y d n    
make ?is an object ( att5tion & /udy2 & 
"s might be unable to atta9 x if !y did4
 ,b t wat*fulness & c>e :i* secure a    
correct & neat /yle 9 writ+1 w\ld also  
secure x 9 speak+4 ,x does n naturally  
belong to ! "o1 m ?an to ! o!r1 & may be
 z c]ta9ly atta9$ 9 ea* by ! prop] pa9s4
 ,inde$ s f> z my obs]vation has ext5d$1
 ,i am n c]ta9 t !re is n z l>ge a      
proportion ( extempore speak]s1 ^:      
diction is exact & unexceptionable1 z ( 
writ]s--always tak+ into view _!        
education1 :i* equally affects ! "o & ! 
o!r4 ,& x is a consid]ation ( great     

weight1 t ! faults 9 "q are f> less     
(f5sive 9 speak]s ?an 9 writ]s4  ,x is  
app>5t t objectors ( ?is sort are guilty
 ( a d\ble mi/ake2 fir/1 9 lay+ too     
great /ress ^u m]e defects ( /yle1 & !n 
9 tak+ = grant$1 t ^! are unavoidable4  
,!y might z well insi/ t defects (      
writt5 /yle are unavoidable4 ,:]eas !y  
are ! consequ5ce ( ! neglig5t mode 9 :i*
 ! art has be5 /udi$1 & its hav+ be5    
giv5 up1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ignorant &      
fanatical pret5d]s4 ,let x be dilig5tly 
cultivat$ by educat$ m51 & we %all f9d  
no m cause to expel x f ! pulpit ?an f !
 =um or ! p>liam5t4 ,pov]ty1 inelegance1
 & poorness ( diction1 w be no long] s  
g5]ally obs]v$1 & ev5 he>]s ( ta/e w    
cease to be (f5d$4  #b4 ,a want ( ord]1 
a rambl+1 unconnect$1 desultory mann]1  
is commonly object$2 z ,hume /yles x1   
extreme c>elessness ( me?od2 & ?is is s 
(t5 obs]v$1 z to be ju/ly an object (   
dread4 ,b ?is is occasion$ by t indol5ce
 & want ( discipl9e to :i* we h j       
allud$4 ,x is n a necess>y evil4 ,if a  

man h nev] /udi$ ! art ( speak+1 nor    
pass$ ?r\gh a c\rse ( prep>atory        
discipl9e2 if he h s ra% & unju/ifiable 
a confid5ce 9 himself1 t he w und]take  
to speak1 )\t hav+ consid]$ :at he %all 
say1 :at object he %all aim at1 or by   
:at /eps he %all atta9 x2 ! inevitable  
consequ5ce w be confusion1              
inconclusiv5ess1 & w&]+4 ,:o recomm5ds  
su* a c\rse8 ,b he :o has fir/ tra9$    
himself to ! "w1 & :5ev] he w\ld speak1 
has survey$ 8 gr\nd1 & become famili> ) 
! po9ts to be dwelt ^u1 & ! c\rse (     
reason+ & track ( ?\ght to be foll[$2 w 
g on f "o /ep to ano!r1 9 an easy &     
natural ord]1 & give no occasion to !   
compla9t ( confusion or dis>rangem5t4   
,"s prea*]s1 says ,d9\>t1 h ! folly to  
?9k t !y c make s]mons impromptu4 ,& :at
 a piece ( "w !y make6 ,!y bolt out e ?+
 :i* comes into _! head4 ,!y take =     
grant$1 :at ought to be prov$1 or p]haps
 !y /ate half ! argum5t1 & =get ! re/4  
,_! appe>ance corresponds to ! /ate ( _!
 m9d1 :i* is occupi$ 9 hunt+ aft] "s way

 ( f9i%+ ! s5t5ce !y h begun4 ,!y repeat
 !mselves2 !y w&] (f 9 digression4 ,!y  
/& /iff )\t mov+2 or if !y are ( a      
lively temp]am5t1 !y are full ( ! mo/   
turbul5t action2 _! eyes & h&s are fly+ 
ab\t 9 e direction1 & _! words *oke 9 _!
 ?roats4 ,!y are l m5 swimm+1 :o h got  
fright5$1 & ?r[ ab\t _! h&s & feet at   
r&om1 to save !mselves f dr[n+4  ,!re is
 d\btless great tru? 9 ?is humor\s      
description4 ,b :at is ! legitimate     
inf]5ce8 t extemporane\s speak+ is      
altoge!r ridicul\s & mis*iev\s8 or only 
t x is an art :i* requires /udy &       
dilig5ce1 & :i* no man %\ld presume to  
practice1 until he has fitt$ himself =  
x8  #c4 ,9 ! same way ,i %\ld dispose ( 
! objection1 t ?is habit leads to       
b>r5ness 9 prea*+1 & ! ev]la/+          
repetition ( ! same s5tim5ts & topics4  
,if a man make 8 facility ( spee* an    
excuse = ! neglect ( all /udy1 !n       
d\btless ?is w be ! result4 ,he :o _c   
resi/ 8 indol5t prop5sities1 _h be/     
avoid ?is occasion ( temptation4 ,he mu/

 be able to comm& himself to ?9k1 &     
indu/ri\sly prep>e himself by m$itation1
 if he w\ld be safe 9 ?is haz>d\s       
exp]im5t4 ,he :o does ?is1 & cont9ues to
 le>n & reflect :ile he prea*es1 w be no
 m empty & monoton\s ?an if he c>efully 
wrote e ^w4  #d4 ,b ?is temptation to   
indol5ce 9 ! prep>ation = ! desk1 is    
urg$ z 9 itself a decisive objection4 ,a
 man f9ds1 t aft] a little practice1 x  
is an exce$+ly easy ?+ to fill up 8     
half-h\r ) declamation :i* %all pass (f 
v well1 & h5ce he gr[s neglig5t 9       
previ\s m$itation2 & ins5sibly deg5]ates
 into an empty exhort]1 )\t *oice (     
language1 or v>iety ( ideas4 ,?is is    
und\bt$ly ! great & al>m+ dang] ( ?is   
practice4 ,?is mu/ be triumph$ ov]1 or x
 is ru9\s4 ,we see examples ( x :]ev] we
 look among ^? ^: prea*+ is exclusively 
extempore4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! evil rises to 
its magnitude 9 consequ5ce ( _! total   
neglect ( ! p54 ,! habit ( writ+ a c]ta9
 proportion ( ! "t w\ld1 9 "s measure1  
c\nt]act ?is dang]\s t5d5cy4  ,b x is   

/ill insi/$1 t man's natural love ( ease
 is n to be tru/$2 t he w n long cont9ue
 ! drudg]y ( writ+ 9 "p2 t :5 he has    
once ga9$ confid5ce to speak )\t /udy1  
he w f9d x s flatt]+ to 8 indol5ce1 t he
 w involunt>ily give himself up to x1 & 
rel9qui% ! p5 altoge!r2 t consequ5tly   
!re is no security1 except 9 nev]       
beg9n+4  ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t !y  
:o h n pr9ciple & self-gov]nm5t en\gh to
 keep !m indu/ri\s1 w n be kept s by be+
 compell$ to write s]mons4 ,i ?9k we h  
abundant pro(1 t a man may write ) z    
little pa9s & ?9k+1 z he c speak4 ,x by 
no means foll[s1 t because x is on pap]1
 x is !re=e ! result ( /udy4 ,& if x be 
n1 x w be greatly inf]ior1 9 po9t (     
effect1 to an unprem$itat$ declamation2 
= 9 ! latt] case1 !re w probably be at  
lea/ a tempor>y excitem5t ( feel+1 &    
consequ5t vivacity ( mann]1 :ile 9 ! =m]
 ! indol5ce ( ! writ] w be made d\bly   
intol]able by 8 heav9ess 9 read+4  ,x _c
 be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 t if any "o f9d 8     
facility ( extemporane\s inv5tion1      

likely to prove de/ructive to 8 habits (
 dilig5t & c>eful application2 x 7      
advisable t he refra9 f ! practice4 ,x  
c\ld n be wor? :ile = him to lose 8     
habits ( /udy & ?9k+ = ! sake ( an      
ability to speak1 :i* w\ld avail him b  
little1 aft] 8 ability to ?9k has be5   
weak5$ or de/roy$4  ,z = ^? ^: indol5ce 
habitually prevails ov] pr9ciple1 & :o  
make no prep>ation = duty except+ !     
me*anical "o ( cov]+ ov] a c]ta9 numb] (
 pages1--!y h no conc]n 9 ! m9i/ry1 &   
%\ld be driv5 to seek "s o!r employm5t1 
:]e _! me*anical labor may provide !m a 
livelihood1 )\t injur+ _! own s\ls1 or  
^? ( o!r m54  ,if ! objection 9 "q be   
appli$ to consci5ti\s m51 ^: he>ts are 9
 _! pr(ession1 & :o h a s9c]e desire to 
d good1 x c]ta9ly has v little weight4  
,! m9ds ( su* m5 are kept active )      
reflection1 & /or$ ) k1 & w>m ) religi\s
 feel+4 ,!y are !re=e always ready to   
speak to ! purpose1 z well z write to ! 
purpose2 & _! habitual s5se ( !         
importance ( _! (fice1 & _! anxiety to  

fulfil x 9 ! be/ mann]1 w =bid t        
indol5ce :i* is s disa/r\s4 ,! objection
 implies1 t ! consequ5ce po9t$ out is "o
 :i* _c be avoid$4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u ! 
contr>y4 ,x is ! t5d5cy--b a t5d5cy :i* 
may be1 = x has be51 c\nt]act$4 ,_m h   
prea*$ 9 ?is mode = ye>s1 & yet h nev]  
relax$ _! dilig5ce 9 /udy1 nor decl9$ 9 
! v>iety1 vigor1 & int]e/ ( _!          
disc\rses2--sometimes dull1 und\bt$ly2 b
 ?is may be said ) equal tru? ( ! mo/   
fai?ful & labori\s writ]s4  #e4 ,_m     
suppose t !re is a c]ta9 natural tal5t1 
ess5tial to success 9 extempore speak+1 
no less ?an 9 poetry2 & t x is absurd to
 recomm5d ! art to ^? :o h n ?is peculi>
 tal5t1 & va9 = !m to attempt its       
practice4  ,9 reg>d to t ready fl[ (    
words1 :i* seems to be ! natural gift ( 
"s m51 x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r x  
be really su*1 or be ow+ to ! education 
& habits ( e>ly life1 & va9             
self-confid5ce4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! want (  
habit1 & diffid5ce are great h9drances  
to flu5cy ( spee*2 & x is equally c]ta91

 t ?is natural flu5cy is a v que/ionable
 advantage to him :o w\ld be an         
impressive speak]4 ,x is q obs]vable t  
^? :o at fir/ talk easie/1 d n always   
talk be/4 ,_! v facility is a sn>e to   
!m4 ,x s]ves to keep !m cont5t2 !y make 
no ef=t to improve1 & are likely to fall
 into slov5ly habits ( elocution4 ,s t  
?is unacquir$ flu5cy is s f> f ess5tial1
 t x is n ev5 a b5efit1 & x may be an   
injury4 ,x keeps f f9al em95ce by ! v   
greatness ( its e>ly promise4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 he :o possesses orig9ally no        
rem>kable comm& ( language1 & :om an    
un=tunate ba%fulness prev5ts f well us+ 
:at he has2 is oblig$ to subject himself
 to sev]e discipl9e1 to submit to rules 
& tasks1 to g ?r\gh a t$i\s process (   
tra9+1 to acquire by mu* labor ! ne$ful 
sway ov] 8 ?\ghts & words1 s t !y %all  
come at 8 bidd+1 & n be driv5 away by 8 
own diffid5ce1 or ! pres5ce ( o!r m54   
,to d all ?is1 is a long & di%e>t5+     
labor4 ,he is expos$ to frequ5t         
mortifications1 & mu/ endure _m griev\s 

failures1 be=e he atta9 t confid5ce :i* 
is indisp5sable to success4 ,b !n 9 ?is 
discipl9e1 8 p[]s1 m5tal & moral1 are   
/ra9$ up to ! highe/ int5s5ess ( action2
 aft] p]sev]+ practice1 !y become       
habitually subject to 8 control1 & "w ) 
a precision1 exactness1 & en]gy1 :i* c  
nev] be ! possession ( him1 :o has      
dep5d$ on 8 native1 undiscipl9$ gift4 ,(
 ! tru? ( ?is1 examples are by no means 
want+1 & ,i c\ld "n1 if x 7 prop]1 m ?an
 "o /rik+ in/ance )9 my own obs]vation4 
,x 0 probably ?is to :i* ,newton ref]r$1
 :5 he said1 t he nev] spoke well till  
he felt t he c\ld n speak at all4 ,let  
no "o !re=e ?9k x an ob/acle 9 8 way t  
he has no read9ess ( words4 ,if he h    
good s5se & no defici5cy ( tal5t1 & is  
will+ to labor = ?is z all great        
acquisitions mu/ be labor$ =1 he ne$s n 
fe> b t 9 "t he w atta9 x4  ,we mu/ be  
c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to mi/ake ! object to  
be atta9$4 ,x is n a high rank 9        
oratory1 consummate eloqu5ce4 ,if x 71  
!n inde$ a "y man might pause till he _h

 asc]ta9$ :e!r he possess$ all ^?       
extraord9>y end[m5ts ( intellect1       
imag9ation1 s5sibility1 c\nt5ance1      
voice1 & p]son1 :i* belong to few m5 9 a
 c5tury1 & )\t :i* ! great orator does n
 exi/4 ,he is "o ( ^? spl5did =mations (
 nature1 :i* %e exhibits b r>ely2 & x is
 n necess>y to ! object ( 8 pursuit t ! 
m9i/] be su*4 ,! aim & purpose ( 8 (fice
 are less ambiti\s1 to imp>t in/ruction 
& d good2 & x is by no means c]ta9 t !  
greate/ eloqu5ce is be/ adapt$ to ^!    
purposes 9 ! pulpit4 ,b any man1 ) p[]s 
:i* fit him = ! m9i/ry at all1--unless  
!re be a few extraord9>y exceptions--is 
capable ( le>n+ to express himself      
cle>ly1 correctly1 & ) me?od2 & ?is is  
precisely :at is want$1 & no m ?an ?is4 
,i d n say eloqu5tly2 = z x is n ?\ght  
indisp5sable t e writ] ( s]mons %\ld be 
eloqu5t1 x _c be ?\ght ess5tial t e     
speak] %\ld be s4 ,b ! same p[]s :i* h  
enabl$ him to write1 w1 ) suffici5t     
discipl9e1 enable him to speak2 ) e     
probability t :5 he comes to speak ) !  

same ease & collect$ness1 he w d x ) a  
ne>] approa* to eloqu5ce4 ,)\t su*      
discipl9e he has no "r to hope =        
success2 let him n say t success is     
impossible1 until he has submitt$ to x4 
,i appreh5d t ^! rem>ks w be f\nd n only
 correct 9 !ory1 b agreeable to         
exp]i5ce4 ,) ! exce$+ little sy/ematic  
cultivation ( ! art :i* !re is among/ u1
 & no actual in/ruction1 we f9d t a     
great majority ( ! lawy]s 9 our c\rts1 &
 n a small portion ( ! memb]s ( our     
legislatures1 are able to argue &       
debate4 ,9 "s ( ! mo/ popul> & q num]\s 
religi\s sects1 we f9d prea*]s en\gh1 :o
 are able to communicate _! ?\ghts &    
h>angue _! congregations1 & ex]t v      
p[]ful & p]man5t influ5ce ov] l>ge      
bodies ( ! p4 ,"s ( ^! are m5 ( z small 
natural tal5ts & z limit$ education1 z  
any t ent] ! sacr$ (fice4 ,x %\ld seem  
!re=e t no "o ne$s to despair4  ,9 !    
anci5t republics ( ,greece & ,rome1 ?is 
accompli%m5t 0 a necess>y bran* ( a     
f9i%$ education4 ,a mu* small]          

proportion ( ! citiz5s 7 educat$ ?an    
among/ u2 b ( ^! a mu* l>g] numb] became
 orators4 ,no man c\ld hope = di/9ction 
or influ5ce1 & yet slight ?is art4#aj ,!
 comm&]s ( _! armies 7 orators z well z 
soldi]s1 & rul$ z well by _! rhetorical 
z by _! milit>y skill4 ,!re 0 no tru/+ )
 !m z ) u1 to a natural facility1 or !  
acquisition ( an accid5tal flu5cy by    
actual practice4 ,b !y s]v$ an          
appr5tice%ip to ! art4 ,!y pass$ ?r\gh a
 regul> c\rse ( in/ruction 9 s*ools4 ,!y
 submitt$ to long & labori\s discipl9e4 
,!y ex]cis$ !mselves frequ5tly1 bo? be=e
 equals & 9 ! pres5ce ( tea*]s1 :o      
criticis$1 reprov$1 rebuk$1 excit$      
emulation1 & left no?+ undone :i* art & 
p]sev]ance c\ld accompli%4 ,! greate/   
orators ( antiquity1 s f> f be+ favor$  
by natural t5d5cies1 except inde$ 9 _!  
high intellectual end[m5ts1 _h to       
/ruggle aga9/ natural ob/acles2 & in/ead
 ( gr[+ up spontane\sly to _! unrivall$ 
em95ce1 !y =c$ !mselves =w>d by ! mo/   
disc\rag+ artificial process4 ,demo/h5es

 combat$ an imp$im5t 9 spee* &          
unga9l9ess ( ge/ure1 :i* at fir/ drove  
him f ! =um 9 disgrace4 ,cic]o fail$ at 
fir/ ?r\gh weakness ( lungs1 & an       
excessive vehem5ce ( mann]1 :i* we>i$ ! 
he>]s & defeat$ 8 own purpose4 ,^!      
defects 7 conqu]$ by /udy & discipl9e4  
,cic]o exil$ himself f home1 & dur+ 8   
abs5ce 9 v>i\s l&s pass$ n a day )\t a  
rhetorical ex]cise2 seek+ ! ma/]s :o 7  
mo/ sev]e 9 criticism1 z ! sure/ means (
 lead+ him to ! p]fection at :i* he     
aim$4 ,su* too 0 ! education ( _! o!r   
great m54 ,!y 7 all1 accord+ to _!      
ability & /ation1 orators2 orators1 n by
 nature or accid5t1 b by education2 =m$ 
9 a /rict process ( rhetorical tra9+2   
admir$ & foll[$ ev5 :ile ,demo/h5es &   
,cic]o 7 liv+1 & unkn[n n[1 only because
 x is n possible t any b ! fir/ %\ld    
survive ! ordeal ( ages4      #aj ,x is 
(t5 said t extemporane\s speak+ is !    
di/9ction ( mod]n eloqu5ce4 ,b ! :ole   
language (          ,cic]o's rhetorical 
works1 z well z p>ticul> t]ms 9         

common use1 & anecdotes record$ (       
diff]5t speak]s1          prove !       
contr>y2 n to m5tion ,qu9ctilian's      
express          in/ructions on !       
subject4 ,hume1 also1 tells u f         
,suidas1 t ! writ+ ( spee*es 0 unkn[n   
until !          "t ( ,p]icles4  ,!     
inf]5ce to be drawn f ^! obs]vations1   
is1 t if s _m ( ^? :o receiv$ an        
accompli%$ education became accompli%$  
orators1 because to become s 0 "o       
purpose ( _! /udy2 !n x is 9 ! p[] ( a  
mu* l>g] proportion among/ u1 to =m     
!mselves into cr$itable & accurate      
speak]s4 ,! inf]5ce %\ld n be d5i$ until
 prov$ false by exp]im5t4 ,let ?is art  
be made an object ( att5tion1 & "y m5   
tra9 !mselves to x fai?fully & long2 &  
if any ( compet5t tal5ts & tol]able     
sci5ce be f\nd at la/ incapable (       
express+ !mselves 9 cont9u$ & connect$  
disc\rse1 s z to answ] ! ends ( !       
*ri/ian m9i/ry2 !n1 & n till !n1 let x  
be said t a peculi> tal5t or natural    
aptitude is requisite1 ! want ( :i* mu/ 

r5d] ef=t va92 !n1 & n till !n1 let u   
acquiesce 9 ?is indol5t & timor\s       
notion1 :i* contradicts ! :ole te/imony 
( antiquity1 & all ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w4   
,d\btless1 aft] ! mo/ t c be done1 !re w
 be f\nd ! greate/ v>iety ( atta9m5t2 m5
 w diff]1 z ,burnet rem>ks1 q z mu* z 9 
_! writt5 compositions2 & "s w d b      
poorly :at o!rs w d excell5tly4 ,b ?is  
is likewise true ( e o!r art 9 :i* m5   
engage1 & n lea/ s ( writ+ s]mons2      
conc]n+ :i* no "o w say1 t z poor are n 
writt51 z x w\ld be possible = any "o to
 speak4 ,9 tru?1 m5 ( small tal5ts &    
great sluggi%ness1 ( a feeble s5se (    
duty & no zeal1 w ( c\rse make poor     
s]mons1 by :atev] process !y may d x1   
let !m write or let !m speak4 ,x is     
d\btful conc]n+ "s :e!r !y w\ld ev5 /eal
 good ones4  ,! survey we h n[ tak51    
r5d]s x evid5t1 t ! evils1 :i* are      
pr9cipally object$ aga9/ z att5d+ ?is   
mode ( prea*+1 are n necess>y evils1 b  
are ow+ to insuffici5t /udy & prep>ation
 be=e ! practice is comm5c$1 & indol5ce 

aft]w>d4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! v           
expressions ( ! objectors !mselves1 :o  
attribute ! evil to beg9n+ at ! wrong   
end1 attempt+ to speak be=e /udy+ ! art 
( oratory1 or ev5 /or+ ! m9d ) treasures
 ( ?\ght & language4 ,x is1 also1 impli$
 9 ?is language1 t /udy & prep>ation are
 capable ( remov+ ! objections4 ,i d n  
!re=e advocate ! art1 )\t insi/+ on !   
necessity ( sev]e discipl9e & tra9+4 ,no
 man %\ld be enc\rag$ or p]mitt$ to     
adopt x1 :o w n take ! necess>y pa9s1 & 
proce$ ) ! necess>y p]sev]ance4  ,?is   
%\ld be ! m e>ne/ly insi/$ ^u1 because x
 is f our loose & lazy notions on !     
subject1 t eloqu5ce 9 e dep>tm5t is     
suff]+ s mu*1 & t ! pulpit especially   
has become s p[]less1 :]e ! mo/         
important ?+s t receive utt]ance ^u e>?1
 are read l s*oolboys' tasks1 )\t ev5 ! 
poor pa9s to lay emphasis on ! "r words1
 & to pause 9 ! "r places4 ,& ?is1      
because we fancy t1 if nature h n       
design$ u = orators1 x is va9 to make   
ef=t1 & if %e h1 we %all be su* )\t     

ef=t4 ,true1 t ! noble gifts ( m9d are f
 nature2 b n language1 or k1 or acc5t1  
or tone1 or ge/ure2 ^! are to be le>n$1 
& x is ) ^! t ! speak] is conc]n$4 ,^!  
are all matt]s ( acquisition1 & (       
difficult acquisition2 possible to be   
atta9$1 & well wor? ! ex]tion t mu/ be  
made4  ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is full (       
te/imony to prove h[ mu* dep5ds ^u      
indu/ry2 n an em95t orator has liv$1 b  
is an example ( x4 ,yet 9 contradiction 
to all ?is1 ! almo/ univ]sal feel+      
appe>s to be1 t indu/ry c effect no?+1 t
 em95ce is ! result ( accid5t1 & t e "o 
mu/ be cont5t to rema9 j :at he may     
happ5 to be4 ,?us multitudes1 :o come   
=w>d z tea*]s & guides1 suff] !mselves  
to be satisfi$ ) ! mo/ indiff]5t        
atta9m5ts1 & a mis]able m$iocrity1 )\t s
 mu* z inquir+ h[ !y might rise high]1  
mu* less mak+ any attempt to rise4 ,=   
any o!r art !y w\ld h s]v$ an           
appr5tice%ip1 & w\ld be a%am$ to        
practise x 9 public be=e !y _h le>n$ x4 
,if any "o w\ld s+1 he att5ds a ma/]1 & 

is drill$ 9 ! v elem5t>y pr9ciples2 &   
only aft] ! mo/ labori\s process d>es to
 ex]cise 8 voice 9 public4 ,?is he does1
 ?\gh he has sc>ce any ?+ to le>n b !   
me*anical execution ( :at lies 9 s5sible
 =ms be=e 8 eye4 ,b ! extempore speak]1 
:o is to inv5t z well z to utt]1 to c>ry
 on an op]ation ( ! m9d z well z to     
produce s\nd1 ent]s ^u ! "w )\t         
prep>atory discipl9e1 & !n wond]s t he  
fails6 ,if he 7 le>n+ to play on ! flute
 = public exhibition1 :at h\rs & days   
w\ld he sp5d 9 giv+ facility to 8 f+]s1 
& atta9+ ! p[] ( ! sweete/ & mo/        
impressive execution4 ,if he 7 devot+   
himself to ! organ1 :at mon?s & ye>s    
w\ld he labor1 t he might "k its        
compass1 & be ma/] ( its keys1 & be able
 to draw out1 at w1 all its v>i\s       
comb9ations ( h>moni\s s\nd1 & its full 
ri*ness & delicacy ( expression4 ,& yet 
he w fancy t ! gr&e/1 ! mo/ v>i\s1 ! mo/
 expressive ( all in/rum5ts1 :i* !      
inf9ite ,creator has fa%ion$ by ! union 
( an intellectual s\l ) ! p[]s ( spee*1 

may be play$ ^u )\t /udy or practice2 he
 comes to x1 a m]e un9/ruct$ tyro1 &    
?9ks to manage all its /ops1 & comm& !  
:ole compass ( its v>i$ & compreh5sive  
p[]6 ,he f9ds himself a bungl] 9 !      
attempt1 is mortifi$ at 8 failure1 &    
settles x 9 8 m9d =ev] t ! attempt is   
va94  ,success 9 e art1 :atev] may be ! 
natural tal5t1 is always ! rew>d (      
indu/ry & pa9s4 ,b ! in/ances are _m (  
m5 ( ! f9e/ natural g5ius1 ^: beg9n+ has
 promis$ mu*1 b :o h deg5]at$ wret*$ly z
 !y advanc$1 because !y tru/$ to _!     
gifts1 & made no ef=t to improve4 ,t !re
 h nev] be5 o!r m5 ( equal end[m5ts )   
,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 none w\ld v5ture to
 suppose2 b :o h s devot$ !mselves to _!
 art1 or become equal 9 excell5ce8 ,if  
^? great m5 _h be5 cont5t1 l o!rs1 to   
cont9ue z !y began1 & _h nev] made _!   
p]sev]+ ef=ts = improvem5t1 :at w\ld _! 
c\ntries h b5efit$ f _! g5ius1 or ! _w h
 kn[n ( _! fame8 ,!y w\ld h be5 lo/ 9 ! 
undi/+ui%$ cr[d1 t sunk to oblivion     
ar\nd !m4 ,( h[ _m m w ! same rem>k     

prove true6 ,:at enc\ragem5t is ?us giv5
 to ! indu/ri\s6 ,) su* enc\ragem5t1 h[ 
inexcusable is ! neglig5ce :i* suff]s ! 
mo/ int]e/+ & important tru?s1 to seem  
heavy & dull1 & fall ineffectual to !   
gr\nd1 ?r\gh m]e sluggi%ness 9 _!       
deliv]y6 ,h[ unwor?y ( "o :o p]=ms !    
high function ( a religi\s in/ruct]1 ^u 
:om dep5d1 9 a great measure1 ! religi\s
 k & devotional s5tim5t & f9al "* ( _m  
fell[ be+s1--to imag9e t he c wor?ily   
dis*>ge ?is great conc]n by occasionally
 talk+ = an h\r1 he kn[s n h[1 & 9 a    
mann] :i* he has tak5 no pa9s to r5d]   
correct1 impressive1 or attractive2 &   
:i*1 simply ?r\gh want ( t comm& ov]    
himself :i* /udy w\ld give1 is          
imme?odical1 v]bose1 inaccurate1 feeble1
 trifl+4 ,x has be5 said ( ! good       
prea*]1 t tru?s div9e come m5d$ f 8     
tongue4 ,alas1 !y come ru9$ & wor?less f
 su* a man z ?is4 ,!y lose t holy en]gy 
by :i* !y are to conv]t ! s\l & purify  
man = heav51 & s9k1 9 int]e/ & efficacy1
 bel[ ! level ( ^? pr9ciples :i* gov]n !

 ord9>y affairs ( ?is l[] _w4           
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,! obs]vations conta9$ 
9 ! prec$+ *apt] make x suffici5tly     
evid5t1 t ! art ( extemporane\s speak+1 
h[ev] advantage\s to ! *ri/ian m9i/]1 & 
h[ev] possible to be acquir$1 is yet    
att5d$ ) emb>rassm5ts & difficulties1   
:i* are to be remov$ only by long &     
ardu\s labor4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 to  
insi/ ^u ! necessity ( ?is discipl9e4   
,we mu/ "k 9 :at x consi/s1 & h[ x is to
 be conduct$4 ,9 complet+1 !re=e1 ! plan
 ,i h propos$ to myself1 ,i am n[ to    
give a few h9ts respect+ ! mode 9 :i* ! 
/udy is to be c>ri$ on1 & ob/acles to be
 surm\nt$4 ,^! h9ts1 ga!r$ p>tly f      
exp]i5ce & p>tly f obs]vation & books1 w
 be necess>ily incomplete2 b n1 x is    
hop$1 altoge!r useless to ^? :o are ask+
 "s direction4  #a4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be    
obs]v$ is1 t ! /ud5t :o w\ld acquire    
facility 9 ?is art1 %\ld be> x con/antly
 9 m9d1 & h reg>d to x 9 all 8 /udies1 &
 9 8 :ole mode ( /udy4 ,! reason is v   
obvi\s4 ,he t w\ld become em95t 9 any   

pursuit1 mu/ make x ! prim>y & almo/    
exclusive object ( 8 att5tion4 ,x mu/   
nev] be long abs5t f 8 ?\ghts1 & he mu/ 
be contriv+ h[ to promote x1 9 e ?+ he  
und]takes4 ,x is ?us t ! mis]           
accumulates1 by mak+ ! mo/ trifl+       
occurr5ces ! occasions ( ga92 & ?us !   
ambiti\s man is on ! al]t to =w>d 8     
purposes ( advancem5t by little ev5ts   
:i* ano!r w\ld pass unobs]v$4 ,s too he1
 ! bus9ess ( ^: life is prea*+1 %\ld be 
on ! wat* to r5d] e ?+ subs]vi5t to ?is 
end4 ,! inquiry %\ld always be1 h[ he c 
turn ! k he is acquir+1 ! subject he is 
/udy+1 ?is mode ( reason+1 ?is ev5t1 ?is
 conv]sation1 & ! conduct ( ?is or t    
man1 to aid ! purposes ( religi\s       
in/ruction4 ,he may f9d an example 9 !  
mann] 9 :i* ,pope pursu$ 8 favorite     
/udy4 ,f 8 att5tion to poetry1 says     
,johnson1 he 0 nev] div]t$4 ,if         
conv]sation (f]$ any ?+ t c\ld be       
improv$1 he committ$ x to pap]2 if a    
?\ght1 or p]haps an expression m happy  
?an 0 common1 rose to 8 m9d1 he 0 c>eful

 to write x2 an indep5d5t di/i* 0       
pres]v$ = an opportunity ( ins]tion1 &  
"s little fragm5ts h be5 f\nd conta9+   
l9es1 or p>ts ( l9es1 to be wr\ght ^u at
 "s o!r "t4 ,by a l habitual & vigilant 
att5tion1 ! prea*] w f9d sc>ce any ?+ b 
may be made to m9i/] to 8 great design1 
by ei!r giv+ rise to "s new tra9 (      
?\ght1 or sugge/+ an argum5t1 or plac+  
"s tru? 9 a new light1 or furni%+ "s    
useful illu/ration4 ,?us none ( 8 read+ 
w be lo/2 e poem & play1 e treatise on  
sci5ce1 & speculation 9 philosophy1 &   
ev5 e ephem]al tale may be made to give 
h9ts t[>d ! bett] managem5t ( s]mons & !
 m effectual propos+ & communicat+ (    
tru?4  ,he :o proposes to himself ! art 
( extemporane\s speak+ %\ld ?us h       
con/ant reg>d to ?is p>ticul> object1 & 
make e ?+ co-op]ate to =m ^? habits (   
m9d :i* are ess5tial to x4 ,?is may be  
done n only )\t any h9drance to !       
progress ( 8 o!r /udies1 b ev5 s z to   
promote !m4 ,! mo/ important requisites 
are rapid ?9k+1 & ready comm& (         

language4 ,by rapid ?9k+ ,i mean1 :at   
has already be5 spok5 (1 ! p[] ( seiz+  
at once ^u ! mo/ prom95t po9ts ( !      
subject to be discuss$1 & trac+ out1 9  
_! prop] ord]1 ! subord9ate ?\ghts :i*  
connect !m toge!r4 ,?is p[] dep5ds v mu*
 ^u habit2 a habit m easily acquir$ by  
"s m9ds ?an by o!rs1 & by "s ) great    
difficulty4 ,b !re are few :o1 %\ld !y h
 a view to ! =mation ( su* a habit 9 all
 _! /udies1 might n atta9 x 9 a degree q
 adequate to _! purpose4 ,?is is mu* m  
indisputably true 9 reg>d to flu5cy (   
language4  ,let x1 !re=e1 be a "p ( 8   
daily c>e to analyze ! subjects :i* come
 be=e him1 & to frame sket*es ( s]mons4 
,?is w aid him to acquire a facility 9  
lay+ op51 divid+1 & arrang+ topics1 &   
prep>+ ^? outl9es :i* he is to take )   
him into ! pulpit4 ,let him also        
inve/igate c>efully ! me?od ( e au?or he
 reads1 m>k+ ! divisions ( 8 arrangem5t1
 & ! connexion & tra9 ( 8 reason+4      
,butl]'s preface to 8 ,s]mons w af=d him
 "s f9e h9ts on ?is way ( /udy4 ,let ?is

 be 8 habitual mode ( read+1 s t he %all
 z mu* d ?is1 z receive ! mean+ (       
sep>ate s5t5ces1 & %all be always able  
to give a bett] acc\nt ( ! progress ( ! 
argum5t & ! relation ( e "p to ! o!rs & 
to ! :ole1 ?an ( m]ely individual       
passages & sep>ate illu/rations4 ,?is w 
infallibly beget a read9ess 9 f9d+ !    
divisions & b\nd>ies ( a subject1 :i* is
 "o important requisite to an easy &    
successful speak]4  ,9 a simil> mann]1  
let him always be> 9 m9d ! value ( a    
flu5t & correct use ( language4 ,let him
 n be neglig5t ( ?is 9 8 conv]sation2 b 
be c>eful ev] to select ! be/ words1 to 
avoid a slov5ly /yle & drawl+ utt]ance1 
& to aim at neatness1 =ce1 & brevity4   
,?is may be done )\t =mality1 or        
/iffness1 or p$antic affectation2 & :5  
settl$ into a habit is invaluable4  #b4 
,9 addition to ?is g5]al cultivation1   
!re %\ld be frequ5t ex]cise ( ! act (   
speak+4 ,practice is ess5tial to        
p]fection 9 any art1 & 9 none m s ?an 9 
?is4 ,no man reads well or writes well1 

except by long practice2 & he _c expect 
)\t x to speak well1 an op]ation :i* is 
equival5t to ! o!r two unit$4 ,he may   
inde$ get along1 z ! phrase is2 b n s   
well z he might d & %\ld d4 ,he may n   
always be able ev5 to get along4 ,he may
 be z sadly discomfit$ z a fri5d ( m9e1 
:o said t he _h made ! attempt1 & 0     
conv9c$ t = him to speak extempore 0    
impossible2 he _h ris5 f 8 /udy table1 &
 tri$ to make a spee*1 prov+ t virtue is
 bett] ?an vice2 b 0 oblig$ to sit d[n  
)\t complet+ x4 ,h[ c\ld "o hope to d   
bett] 9 a fir/ attempt1 if he _h n      
consid]$ be=eh& :at he %\ld say8 ,x 7 z 
rational to ?9k he c\ld play on ! organ 
)\t hav+ le>n$1 or translate f a        
language he _h nev] /udi$4  ,x w\ld n be
 too mu* to require ( ! /ud5t1 t he %\ld
 ex]cise himself e day1 once at lea/1 if
 n (t5]2 & ?is1 on a v>iety ( subjects1 
& 9 v>i\s ways1 t he may atta9 a        
facility 9 e mode4 ,x w\ld be a pleasant
 int]*ange ( employm5t to rise f !      
subject :i* occupies 8 ?\ghts1 or f !   

book he is read+1 & repeat to himself ! 
sub/ance ( :at he has j p]us$1 ) su*    
additions & v>iations1 or criticisms1 z 
may sugge/ !mselves at ! mom5t4 ,!re    
c\ld h>dly be a m useful ex]cise1 ev5 if
 !re 7 no ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> end4  
,h[ _m excell5t *apt]s ( valuable       
au?ors1 h[ _m f9e views ( important     
subjects1 w\ld be ?us impress$ ^u 8 m9d1
 & :at ri* treasures ( ?\ght & language 
w\ld be ?us laid up 9 /ore4 ,& accord+ z
 he %\ld be engag$ 9 a "w ( reason+1 or 
description1 or exhortation1 or         
n>rative1 he w\ld be atta9+ ! p[] (     
express+ himself readily 9 ea* ( ^!     
v>i\s /yles4 ,by pursu+ ?is c\rse = two 
or ?ree ye>s1 a man may r5d] himself su*
 a ma/] 9 ?is matt]1 says ,burnet1 t he 
c nev] be surpris$2 & he adds1 t he nev]
 knew a man fai?fully to pursue ! plan (
 /udy he propos$1 )\t be+ successful at 
la/4  #c4 ,:5 by su* a c\rse ( /udy &   
discipl9e he has atta9$ a tol]able      
flu5cy ( ?\ghts & words1 & a mod]ate    
confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s2 !re are sev]al  

?+s to be obs]v$ 9 fir/ ex]cis+ ! gift 9
 public1 9 ord] to ensure com=t &       
success4  ,x is recomm5d$ by ,bi%op     
,burnet & o!rs1 t ! fir/ attempts be    
made by %ort excursions f writt5        
disc\rses2 l ! "y bird t tries its w+s  
by %ort flights1 till x gradually       
acquires /r5g? & c\rage to su/a9 itself 
long] 9 ! air4 ,?is advice is und\bt$ly 
judici\s4 ,= he may safely tru/ himself 
9 a few s5t5ces1 :o w\ld be conf\nd$ 9 !
 attempt to frame a :ole disc\rse4 ,=   
?is purpose blanks may be left 9 writ+1 
:]e ! s5tim5t is famili>1 or only a %ort
 illu/ration is to be introduc$4 ,z     
success 9 ^! small] attempts gives him  
confid5ce1 he may proce$ to l>g]2 till  
at l5g?1 :5 8 m9d is bright & 8 feel+s  
engag$1 he may quit 8 manuscript        
altoge!r1 & pres5t ! sub/ance ( :at he  
_h writt51 ) great] f]vor & effect1 ?an 
if he _h conf9$ himself to 8 pap]4 ,x 0 
once obs]v$ to me by an int]e/+ prea*] (
 ! ,bapti/ d5om9ation1 t he _h f\nd f   
exp]i5ce ?is to be ! mo/ advisable &    

p]fect mode2 s9ce x comb9$ ! advantages 
( writt5 & extemporane\s composition4   
,by prep>+ s]mons 9 ?is way1 he said1 he
 _h a %elt] & security if 8 m9d %\ld be 
dull at ! "t ( deliv]y2 & if x 7 active1
 he 0 able to leave :at he _h writt51 & 
obey ! ardor ( 8 feel+s1 & g =? on !    
impulse ( ! mom5t1 :]ev] 8 _s might lead
 him4 ,a simil> rem>k ,i he>d made by a 
di/+ui%$ s*ol> ( ! ,me?odi/ connexion1  
:o urg$1 :at is univ]sally ass]t$ by ^? 
:o h tri$ ?is me?od ) any success1 t :at
 has be5 writt5 is f\nd to be tame &    
spiritless1 9 comp>ison ) ! animat$ gl[ 
( t :i* spr+s f ! en]gy ( ! mom5t4  ,!re
 are "s p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o w\ld be       
emb>rass$ by an ef=t to *ange ! op]ation
 ( ! m9d f read+ to inv5t+4 ,su* p]sons 
may f9d x be/ to make _! beg9n+ ) a :ole
 disc\rse4  #d4 ,9 ?is case1 !re w be a 
great advantage 9 select+ = fir/ ef=ts  
expository subjects4 ,to say no?+ ( !   
importance & utility ( ?is mode (       
prea*+1 :i* r5d] x desirable t e m9i/]  
%\ld devote a consid]able proportion ( 8

 labors to x2 x conta9s great facilities
 & reliefs = ! inexp]i5c$ speak]4 ,!    
close /udy ( a passage ( scripture :i*  
is necess>y to exp\nd+ x1 r5d]s x       
famili>4 ,! exposition is insep>ably    
connect$ ) ! text1 & necess>ily sugge/$ 
by x4 ,! inf]5ces & practical           
reflections are 9 l mann] naturally &   
indissolubly associat$ ) ! passage4 ,!  
tra9 ( rem>k is easily pres]v$1 &       
emb>rassm5t 9 a great measure gu>d$     
aga9/1 by ! circum/ance t ! ord] (      
disc\rse is spread out 9 ! op5 ,bible1  
^u :i* ! eyes may re/ & by :i* ! ?\ghts 
may rally4  #e4 ,a simil> advantage is  
ga9$ to ! beg9n]1 9 disc\rses ( a       
diff]5t "*1 by a v c>eful & m9ute       
division ( ! subject4 ,! division %\ld n
 only be logical & cle>1 b into p>ts z  
num]\s z possible4 ,! great advantage "h
 is1 t ! p>titions be+ _m1 ! speak] is  
compell$ frequ5tly to return to 8       
m9utes4 ,he is ?us kept 9 ! track1 &    
prev5t$ f w&]+ f> 9 ne$less             
digressions--t besett+ infirmity (      

unre/ra9$ extemporiz]s4 ,he also escapes
 ! mortify+ consequ5ces ( a mom5t>y     
confusion & cl\d9ess ( m9d1 by hav+ x 9 
8 p[] to leave an unsatisfactory tra9 at
 once1 be=e ! /ate ( 8 m9d is p]ceiv$ by
 ! audi5ce1 & take up ! next topic1 :]e 
he may recov] 8 self-possession1 &      
proce$ )\t imp$im5t4 ,?is is no         
unimportant consid]ation4 ,x relieves   
him f ! horror ( feel+ oblig$ to g on1  
:ile consci\s t he is say+ no?+ to !    
purpose2 & at ! same "t secures ! v     
ess5tial requisite ( "r me?od4  #f4 ,!  
next rule is1 t ! :ole subject1 ) ! ord]
 & connexion ( all its p>ts1 & ! entire 
tra9 ( ?\ght1 be made ?or\ghly famili>  
by previ\s m$itation4 ,! speak] mu/ h ! 
disc\rse 9 8 m9d z "o :ole1 ^: v>i\s    
p>ts are di/9ctly p]ceiv$ z o!r :oles1  
connect$ ) ea* o!r & contribut+ to a    
common end4 ,!re mu/ be no unc]ta9ty1 :5
 he rises to speak1 z to :at he is go+  
to say2 no mi/ or d>kness ov] ! l& he is
 ab\t to travel2 b consci\s ( 8         
acqua9tance ) ! gr\nd1 he mu/ /ep =w>d  

confid5tly1 n d\bt+ t he %all f9d !     
passes ( its m\nta9s1 & ?read !         
intricacies ( its =e/s1 by ! pa?s :i* he
 has already trodd54 ,x is an imp]fect &
 p>tial prep>ation 9 ?is respect1 :i* s 
(t5 r5d]s ! mann] awkw>d & emb>rass$1 & 
! disc\rse obscure & p]plex$4#aa ,b :5 !
 prep>ation is fai?ful1 ! speak] feels  
at home2 be+ "u no anxiety respect+ !   
ideas or ! ord] ( _! succession1 he has 
! m ready control ( 8 p]son1 8 eye1 & 8 
h&1 & ! m fe>lessly gives up 8 m9d to   
its own action & ca/s himself ^u !      
curr5t4 ,uneas9ess & con/ra9t are !     
inevitable att5dants ( unfai?ful        
prep>ation1 & !y are fatal to success4  
,x is true1 t no man c atta9 ! p[] (    
self-possession s z to feel at all times
 equally & entirely at ease4 ,b he may  
gu>d aga9/ ! sore/ ills :i* att5d its   
loss1 by always mak+ sure ( a tra9 (    
?\ght1--be+ secure t he has ideas1 & t  
!y lie 9 su* ord] z to be f\nd & br\ght 
=w>d 9 "s sort ( app>el1 ev5 :5 he has 9
 "s measure lo/ ! ma/]y ( himself4 ,!   

ri*ness or meanness ( _! dress w dep5d  
on ! humor ( ! mom5t4 ,x w v>y z mu* z  
heal? & spirits v>y1 :i* is m 9 "s m5   
?an 9 o!rs4 ,b ! ?\ghts !mselves he may 
produce1 & be c]ta9 ( say+ :at he int5d$
 to say1 ev5 :5 he _c say x z he int5d$4
 ,x mu/ (t5 h be5 obs]v$1 by ^? :o are  
at all 9 ! habit ( obs]vation ( ?is k9d1
 t ! m9d op]ates 9 ?is p>ticul> l a     
ma*9e1 :i*1 hav+ be5 w\nd up1 runs on by
 its own spontane\s action1 until x has 
gone ?r\gh its appo9t$ c\rse4 ,_m m5 h  
?us cont9u$ speak+ 9 ! mid/ ( an        
emb>rassm5t ( m9d :i* r5d]$ !m almo/    
unconsci\s ( :at !y 7 say+1 & incapable 
( giv+ an acc\nt ( x aft]w>d2 :ile yet !
 unguid$1 self-mov+ intellect wr\ght s  
well1 t ! spee* 0 n e/eem$ un:olesome or
 defective by ! he>]s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is
 fact has d\btless help$ _m to believe t
 !y spoke f inspiration4 ,x ought to    
tea* all1 t !re is no suffici5t cause = 
t excessive appreh5sion1 :i* s (t5      
unmans !m1 & :i*1 ?\gh x may n /op _!   
m\?s1 mu/ deprive _! address ( all grace

 & beauty1 ( all ease & =ce4      #aa   
,nemo pote/ de e re1 quam non novit1 non
 turpissime          dic]e4 ,cic4 de    
,or4  #g4 ,we may introduce 9 ?is place 
ano!r rule1 ! obs]vance ( :i* w aid 9   
prev5t+ ! ill consequ5ces result+ f !   
accid5tal loss ( self-possession4 ,!    
rule is1 utt] y\rself v sl[ly &         
delib]ately1 ) c>eful pauses4 ,?is is at
 all times a great aid to a cle> &      
p]spicu\s /atem5t4 ,x is ess5tial to !  
speak]1 :o w\ld keep ! comm& ( himself &
 consequ5tly ( 8 he>]s4  ,"o is v       
likely1 :51 9 ! c\rse ( speak+1 he has  
/umbl$ on an un=tunate expression1 or   
said :at he w\ld pref] n to say1 or = a 
mom5t lo/ sight ( ! precise po9t at :i* 
he 0 aim+1 to hurry on ) increas+       
rapidity1 z if to get z f> z possible f 
8 mis=tune1 or cause x to be =gott5 9 ! 
cr[d ( new words4 ,b in/ead ( ?us escap+
 ! evil1 he increases x2 he entangles   
himself m & m2 & augm5ts ! difficulty ( 
recov]+ 8 r\te4 ,! true mode ( recov]+  
himself is by increas$ delib]ation4 ,he 

mu/ pause1 & give himself "t to ?9k2--ut
 tam5 delib]>e non hsit>e videatur4 ,he 
ne$ n be al>m$ le/ 8 he>]s suspect !    
difficulty4 ,mo/ ( !m are likely to     
attribute ! sl[ness ( 8 /ep to any cause
 r ?an ! true "o4 ,!y take x = grant$1 t
 he says & does precisely z he int5d$ & 
wi%$4 ,!y suppose t he is paus+ to ga!r 
up 8 /r5g?4 ,x excites _! att5tion4 ,!  
*ange ( mann] is a relief to !m4 ,& !   
probability is1 t ! speak] n only       
recov]s himself1 b t ! ef=t to d x gives
 a spr+ to ! action ( 8 p[]s1 :i*       
enables him to proce$ aft]w>d ) great]  
en]gy4  #h4 ,9 reg>d to language1 ! be/ 
rule is1 t no prep>ation be made4 ,!re  
is no conv5i5t & pr(itable m$ium betwe5 
speak+ f memory & f imm$iate sugge/ion4 
,to mix ! two is no aid1 b a great      
h9drance1 because x p]plexes ! m9d      
betwe5 ! v diff]5t op]ations ( memory & 
inv5tion4 ,to prep>e s5t5ces & p>ts (   
s5t5ces1 :i* are to be introduc$ "h &   
!re1 & ! int]vals betwe5 !m to be fill$ 
up 9 ! deliv]y1 is ! sure/ ( all ways to

 produce con/ra9t4 ,x is l ! emb>rassm5t
 ( fram+ v]ses to prescrib$ rhymes2 z   
vexati\s1 & z absurd4 ,to be compell$ to
 %ape ! c\rse ( rem>k s z to suit a     
s5t5ce :i* is by & by to come1 or to    
introduce c]ta9 expressions :i* are     
wait+ = _! place1 is a *eck to ! natural
 curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,! inevitable          
consequ5ce is con/ra9t & labor1 ! loss (
 e ?+ l easy & fl[+ utt]ance1 & p]haps t
 wor/ ( confusion :i* results f a jumble
 ( ill assort$1 disjo9t$ p]iods4 ,x is  
unavoidable t ! subject %\ld pres5t     
itself 9 a little diff]5t =m &          
complexion 9 speak+1 f t :i* x took 9   
m$itation2 s t ! s5t5ces & modes (      
expression1 :i* agre$ v well ) ! tra9 ( 
rem>k z x came up 9 ! /udy1 may be :olly
 unsuit$ to t :i* x assumes 9 !         
pronunciation4  ,! extemporane\s speak] 
%\ld !re=e tru/ himself to ! mom5t = all
 8 language4 ,?is is ! safe way = 8     
com=t1 & ! only sure way to make all ( a
 uni=m piece4 ,! g5]al rule is c]ta91   
?\gh !re may be "s exceptions4 ,x may be

 well = example1 to consid] :at         
synonym\s t]ms may be employ$ 9 recurr+ 
to ! *ief topic1 9 ord] to avoid ! too  
frequ5t reit]ation ( ! same ^w4 ,?is w  
occasion no emb>rassm5t4 ,he may also   
prep>e texts ( scripture to be introduc$
 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! disc\rse4 ,^!1 if     
p]fectly committ$ to memory1 & he be n  
too anxi\s to make a place = !m1 w be no
 encumbrance4 ,:5 a suitable juncture   
occurs1 !y w sugge/ !mselves1 j z a     
suitable epi!t sugge/s itself4 ,b if he 
be v solicit\s ab\t !m1 & cont9ually on 
! wat* = an opportunity to introduce !m1
 he w be likely to confuse himself4 ,& x
 is bett] to lose ! *oice/ quotation1   
?an suff] con/ra9t & awkw>dness f ! ef=t
 to br+ x 94 ,"u ! same re/rictions he  
may h ready1 pi?y rem>ks1 /rik+ &       
laconic expressions1 po9t$ say+s &      
aphorisms1 ! =ce ( :i* dep5ds on !      
precise =m ( ! phrase4 ,let ! same rule 
be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to su*4 ,if !y sugge/ 
!mselves 7:i* !y w d1 if !re be a prop] 
place = !m71 let !m be welcome4 ,b nev] 

let him run ! risk ( spoil+ a :ole      
p>agraph 9 try+ to make a place = !m4   
,_m di/+ui%$ speak]s are said to d m ?an
 ?is1--to write out ) c>e & repeat f    
memory _! m important & p]suasive p>ts2 
l ! de b5e esse's ( ,curran1 & ! spl5did
 passages ( _m o!rs4 ,?is may und\bt$ly 
be done to advantage by "o :o has !     
comm& ( himself :i* practice gives1 &   
has le>n$ to pass f memory to inv5tion  
)\t tripp+4 ,x is a diff]5t case f t    
mixture ( ! two op]ations1 :i* is       
condemn$ above1 & is 9 fact only an     
ext5d$ example ( ! exceptions made 9 !  
la/ p>agraph4 ,) ^! exceptions1 :5 he   
und]takes1 bon fide1 an extemporane\s   
address1 he %\ld make no prep>ation (   
language4 ,language is ! la/ ?+ he %\ld 
be anxi\s ab\t4 ,if he h ideas1 & be    
awake1 x w come ( itself1 unbidd5 &     
uns\ght =4 ,! be/ language fla%es ^u !  
speak] z unexpect$ly z ^u ! he>]4 ,x is 
! spontane\s gift ( ! m9d1 n ! extort$  
boon ( a special se>*4 ,no man :o has   
?\ghts1 & is int]e/$ 9 !m1 is at a loss 

= words--n ! mo/ un$ucat$ man2 & ! words
 he uses w be accord+ to 8 education &  
g5]al habits1 n accord+ to ! lab\r ( !  
mom5t4 ,if he truly feel1 & wi% to      
communicate 8 feel+s to ^? ar\nd him1 ! 
la/ ?+ t w fail w be language2 ! less he
 ?9ks ( x & c>es = x1 ! m copi\sly &    
ri*ly w x fl[ f him2 & :5 he has =gott5 
e ?+ b 8 desire to give v5t to 8        
emotions & d good1 !n w ! unconsci\s    
torr5t p\r1 z x does at no o!r season4  
,?is entire surr5d] to ! _s :i* /irs )91
 is inde$ ! real secret ( all eloqu5ce4 
,true eloqu5ce1 says ,milton1 ,i f9d to 
be none b ! s]i\s & he>ty love ( tru?2 &
 t ^: m9d soev] is fully possess$ ) a   
f]v5t desire to "k good ?+s1 & ) ! de>e/
 *>ity to infuse ! k ( !m into o!rs1--:5
 su* a man w\ld speak1 8 words1 l s _m  
nimble & airy s]vitors1 trip ab\t him at
 comm& & 9 well ord]$ files1 z he w\ld  
wi%1 fall aptly into _! own places4     
,r]um enim copia 7says ! great ,roman   
tea*] & example7 v]borum copiam gignit2 
et1 si e/ hone/as 9 rebus ipsis de      

quibus dicitur1 exi/it ex rei natur     
quidam spl5dor 9 v]bis4 ,sit modo is1   
qui dicet aut scribet1 in/itutus        
lib]alit] educatione doctr9que pu]ili1  
et flagret /udio1 et a natur adjuvetur1 
et 9 univ]sorum g5]um inf9itis          
disceptationibus ex]citatus2            
ornatissimos scriptores oratoresque ad  
cognosc5dum imit&umque leg]it2--n ille  
haud sane1 quemadmodum v]ba /ruat et    
illum9et1 a magi/ris i/is requiret4 ,ita
 facile 9 r]um abundanti ad orationis   
ornam5ta1 s9e duce1 natur ips1 si modo  
e/ ex]citata1 labetur4#ab      #ab ,de  
,or4 iii4 #ca4  #i4 ,^! rem>ks lead to  
ano!r sugge/ion :i* des]ves ! /ud5t's   
consid]ation4 ,he %\ld select = ?is     
ex]cise ^? subjects 9 :i* he feels an   
int]e/ at ! "t1 & 9 reg>d to :i* he     
desires to engage ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,9   
ord] to ! be/ success1 extemporane\s    
ef=ts %\ld be made 9 an excit$ /ate1 :5 
! m9d is burn+ & gl[+1 & longs to f9d   
v5t4 ,!re are "s topics :i* d n admit ( 
?is excitem5t4 ,su* %\ld be treat$ by ! 

p54 ,:5 he w\ld speak1 he %\ld *oose    
topics on :i* 8 own m9d is k9dl+ ) a    
feel+ :i* he is e>ne/ to communicate2 & 
! high] ! degree to :i* he has elevat$ 8
 feel+s1 ! m readily1 happily1 &        
p[]fully w he p\r =? :atev] ! occasion  
may dem&4 ,!re is no /yle suit$ to !    
pulpit1 :i* he w n m effectually comm& 9
 ?is /ate ( m9d4 ,he w reason m         
directly1 po9t$ly1 & conv9c+ly2 he w    
describe m vividly f ! liv+ conceptions 
( ! mom5t2 he w be m e>ne/ 9 p]suasion1 
m animat$ 9 declamation1 m urg5t 9      
appeals1 m t]rible 9 d5unciation4 ,e ?+ 
w vani% f be=e him1 b ! subject ( 8     
att5tion1 & ^u ?is 8 p[]s w be          
conc5trat$ 9 ke5 & vigor\s action4  ,if 
a man w\ld d 8 be/1 x mu/ be ^u topics  
:i* are at ! mom5t int]e/+ to him4 ,we  
see x 9 conv]sation1 :]e e "o is eloqu5t
 ^u 8 favorite subjects4 ,we see x 9    
delib]ative assemblies2 :]e x is ^? gr& 
que/ions1 :i* excite an int5se int]e/1 &
 absorb & agitate ! m9d1 t call =? ^?   
bur/s ( eloqu5ce by :i* m5 are rememb]$ 

z p[]ful orators1 & t give a voice to m5
 :o c speak on no o!r occasions4 ,cic]o 
tells u ( himself1 t ! in/ances 9 :i* he
 0 mo/ successful1 7 ^? 9 :i* he mo/    
entirely ab&on$ himself to ! impulses ( 
feel+4 ,e speak]'s exp]i5ce w be>       
te/imony to ! same ?+2 & ?us ! say+ (   
,goldsmi? proves true1 t1 to feel "o's  
subject ?or\ghly1 & to speak )\t fe>1   
are ! only rules ( eloqu5ce4 ,let him :o
 w\ld prea* successfully1 rememb] ?is4  
,9 ! *oice ( subjects = extemporane\s   
ef=ts1 let him h reg>d to x1 & nev]     
encumb] himself nor di/ress 8 he>]s1 ) !
 attempt to int]e/ !m 9 a subject1 :i*  
excites at ! mom5t only a feeble int]e/ 
9 8 own m9d4  ,?is rule excludes _m     
topics1 :i* x is necess>y to introduce  
into ! pulpit1 subjects 9 !mselves      
int]e/+ & important1 b :i* few m5 c be  
tru/$ to treat 9 unprem$itat$ language2 
because !y require an exactness (       
def9ition1 & nice discrim9ation (       
phrase1 :i* may be bett] comm&$ 9 ! cool
 leisure ( writ+1 ?an 9 ! prompt &      

declamatory /yle ( ! speak]4 ,! rule    
also =bids ! attempt to speak :5 ill    
heal?1 or l[ness ( spirits1 or any      
accid5tal cause1 r5d]s him incapable ( t
 excitem5t :i* is requisite to success4 
,x requires ( him to wat* ov] ! /ate ( 8
 body--! p>tial d]angem5t ( ^: functions
 s (t5 confuses ! m9d--t1 by pres]v+ a  
vigor\s & animat$ condition ( !         
corporeal sy/em1 he may secure vig\r &  
vivacity ( m9d4 ,x requires ( him1      
f9ally1 :5ev] he is ab\t ent]+ ^u ! "w1 
to use e means1 by c>eful m$itation1 by 
call+ up ! /rong motives ( 8 (fice1 by  
realiz+ ! nature & responsibility ( 8   
und]tak+1 & by e>ne/ly invok+ ! bless+ (
 ,god--to atta9 t frame ( dev\t         
engag$ness1 :i* w dispose him to speak  
zeal\sly & fe>lessly4  #aj4 ,ano!r      
important item 9 ! discipl9e to be pass$
 ?r\gh1 consi/s 9 atta9+ ! habit (      
self-comm&4 ,i h already adv]t$ to ?is  
po9t1 & notic$ ! p[] :i* ! m9d possesses
 ( c>ry+ on ! prem$itat$ op]ation1 ev5  
:ile ! speak] is consid]ably emb>rass$4 

,?is is1 h[ev]1 only a reason = n be+   
too mu* di/ress$ by ! feel+ :5 only     
occasional2 x does n imply t x is no    
evil4 ,x is a mo/ s]i\s evil2 ( little  
comp>ative mom5t1 x may be1 :5 only     
occasional & transitory1 b highly       
injuri\s if habitual4 ,x r5d]s ! speak] 
unhappy1 & 8 address ineffective4 ,if   
p]fectly at ease1 he w\ld h e ?+ at     
comm&1 & be able to p\r out 8 ?\ghts 9  
lucid ord]1 & ) e desirable v>iety (    
mann] & expression4 ,b :5 ?r[n f 8      
self-possession1 he c d no?+ bett] ?an  
me*anically /r+ toge!r words1 :ile !re  
is no s\l 9 !m1 because 8 m5tal p[]s are
 spell-b\nd & imbecile4 ,he /amm]s1     
hesitates1 & /umbles2 or1 at be/1 talks 
on )\t object or aim1 z me*anically &   
unconsci\sly z an automaton4 ,he has    
le>n$ little effectually1 till he has   
le>n$ to be collect$4  ,?is !re=e mu/ be
 a lead+ object ( att5tion4 ,x w n be   
atta9$ by m5 ( delicacy & s5sibility1   
except by long & try+ practice4 ,x w be 
! result ( mu* r\gh attrition ) ! _w1 & 

_m mortify+ failures4 ,& aft] all1      
occasions may occur1 :5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ w
 be put (f _! gu>d4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 mu*   
may be done by ! control :i* a vigor\s  
m9d has ov] itself1 by resolute &       
p]sev]+ det]m9ation1 by refus+ to %r9k  
or give way1 & by pref]r+ always !      
mortification ( ill success1 to !       
increas$ weakness :i* w\ld gr[ out (    
retreat+4  ,!re are _m consid]ations1   
also1 :i* if kept be=e ! m9d w\ld op]ate
 n a little to /r5g!n its confid5ce 9   
itself4 ,let ! speak] be s5sible t1 if  
self-possess$1 he is n likely to fail2 t
 aft] fai?ful /udy & prep>ation1 !re is 
no?+ to /& 9 8 way1 b 8 own want (      
self-comm&4 ,let him heat 8 m9d ) 8     
subject1 endeav\r to feel no?+1 & c>e = 
no?+1 b t4 ,let him consid]1 t 8 audi5ce
 takes = grant$ t he says no?+ b :at he 
design$1 & does n notice ^? slight      
errors :i* annoy & mortify him2 t 9 tru?
 su* errors are ( no mom5t2 t he is n   
speak+ = reputation & display1 nor = !  
gratification ( o!rs1 by ! exhibition ( 

a rhetorical model1 or = ! satisfaction 
( a cultivat$ ta/e3 b t he is a tea*] ( 
virtue1 a mess5g] ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 a     
speak] 9 ! "n ( ,god2 ^: *os5 object x  
is to lead m5 above all second>y        
consid]ations & worldly atta9m5ts1 & to 
create 9 !m a fix$ & la/+ int]e/ 9      
spiritual & religi\s conc]ns2--t he     
himself !re=e ought to reg>d o!r ?+s z (
 comp>atively little consequ5ce :ile he 
executes ?is high function2 t ! true way
 to effect ! object ( 8 m9i/ry1 is to be
 fill$ ) t object1 & to be consci\s ( no
 o!r desire b to promote x4 ,let him1 9 
a ^w1 be zeal\s to d good1 to promote   
religion1 to save s\ls1 & little anxi\s 
to make :at might be call$ a f9e        
s]mon--let him le>n to s9k e ?+ 9 8     
subject & ! purpose x %\ld              
accompli%--ambiti\s r to d good1 ?an to 
d well2--& he w be 9 a great measure    
secure f ! loss ( self-comm& & its      
att5dant di/ress4 ,n always--= ?is      
feeble vessel ( ! m9d seems to be       
sometimes to/ to & fro1 z x 71 ^u !     

waves ( circum/ances1 unmanageable by ! 
helm & disob$i5t to ! w9d4 ,sometimes   
,god seems design$ly to %[ u our        
weakness1 by tak+ f u ! control ( our   
p[]s1 & caus+ u to be drift$ along :i!r 
we w\ld n4 ,b "u all ord9>y occurr5ces1 
habitual piety & m9i/]ial zeal w be an  
ample security4 ,f ! abundance ( ! he>t 
! m\? w speak4 ,! mo/ diffid5t man 9 !  
society ( m5 is kn[n to conv]se freely &
 fe>lessly :5 8 he>t is full1 & 8       
passions engag$2 & no man is at a loss =
 words1 or conf\nd$ by ano!r's pres5ce1 
:o ?9ks nei!r ( ! language1 nor !       
company1 b only ( ! matt] :i* fills him4
 ,let ! prea*] consid] ?is1 & be p]suad$
 ( x1--& x w d mu* to relieve him f !   
di/ress :i* att5ds ! loss (             
self-possession1 :i* di/orts e feature )
 agony1 & di/ils 9 sweat f 8 =ehead4 ,x 
w d mu* to de/roy t incubus1 :i* sits ^u
 e faculty ( ! s\l1 & palsies e p[]1 &  
fa/5s d[n ! helpless suff]] to ! v evil 
f :i* he /rives to flee4  ,aft] all1    
!re=e1 :i* c be said1 ! great ess5tial  

requisite to effective prea*+ 9 ?is     
me?od 7or inde$ 9 any me?od7 is a devot$
 he>t4 ,a /rong religi\s s5tim5t1 lead+ 
to a f]v5t zeal = ! good ( o!r m51 is   
bett] ?an all rules ( art2 x w give him 
c\rage1 :i* no sci5ce or practice c\ld  
imp>t1 & op5 8 lips boldly1 :5 ! fe> (  
man w\ld keep !m clos$4 ,art may fail   
him1 & all 8 treasures ( k des]t him2 b 
if 8 he>t be w>m ) love1 he w speak "r  
on1 aim+ at ! he>t1 & rea*+ ! he>t1 &   
satisfi$ to accompli% ! great purpose1  
:e!r he be ?\ght to d x ta/efully or n4 
,?is is ! true _s ( 8 (fice1 to be *]i%$
 & cultivat$ above all ?+s else1 &      
capable ( r5d]+ all its labors          
comp>atively easy4 ,x rem9ds him t 8    
purpose is n to make pr(\nd discussions 
( !ological doctr9es1 or disquisitions  
on moral & metaphysical sci5ce2 b to    
pres5t su* views ( ! great & ackn[l$g$  
tru?s ( revelation1 ) su* applications (
 !m to ! und]/&+ & consci5ce1 z may     
affect & re=m 8 he>]s4 ,n[ x is n /udy  
only1 9 div9ity or 9 rhetoric1 :i* w    

enable him to d ?is4 ,he may reason     
+5i\sly1 b n conv9c+ly2 he may declaim  
eloqu5tly1 b n p]suasively4 ,!re is an  
imm5se1 ?\gh indescribable diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! same argum5ts & tru?s1 z       
pres5t$ by him :o e>ne/ly feels &       
desires to p]suade1 & by him :o designs 
only a display ( intellectual /r5g?1 or 
an ex]cise ( rhetorical skill4 ,9 !     
latt] case1 ! declamation may be        
spl5did1 b x w be cold & )\t expression2
 lull+ ! e>1 & div]t+ ! fancy1 b leav+ !
 feel+s unt\*$4 ,9 ! o!r1 !re is an air 
( reality & s9c]ity1 :i* words _c       
describe1 b :i* ! he>t feels1 t f9ds its
 way to ! recesses ( ! s\l1 & ov]comes x
 by a p[]ful sympa?y4 ,?is is a diff]5ce
 :i* all p]ceive & all c acc\nt =4 ,!   
tru?s ( religion are n matt]s (         
philosophical speculation1 b ( exp]i5ce4
 ,! he>t & all ! spiritual man1 & all ! 
int]e/s & feel+s ( ! immortal be+1 h an 
intimate conc]n 9 !m4 ,x is p]ceiv$ at  
once :e!r !y are /at$ by "o :o has felt 
!m himself1 is p]sonally acqua9t$ ) _!  

p[]1 is subject to _! influ5ce1 & speaks
 f actual exp]i5ce2 or :e!r !y come f "o
 :o kn[s !m only 9 speculation1 has     
ga!r$ !m f books1 & ?\ght !m out by 8   
own reason1 b )\t any s5se ( _!         
spiritual op]ation4  ,b :o does n "k h[ 
mu* easi] x is to decl>e :at has come to
 our k f our own exp]i5ce1 ?an :at we h 
ga!r$ coldly at second h& f t (         
o!rs2--h[ mu* easi] x is to describe    
feel+s we h ourselves _h1 & pleasures we
 h ourselves enjoy$1 ?an to fa%ion a    
description ( :at o!rs h told u2--h[ mu*
 m freely & conv9c+ly we c speak (      
happ9ess we h kn[n1 ?an ( t to :i* we   
are /rang]s4 ,we see1 !n1 h[ mu* is lo/ 
to ! speak] by coldness or ignorance 9 !
 ex]cises ( p]sonal religion4 ,h[ c he  
effectually repres5t ! joys ( a religi\s
 m9d1 :o has nev] kn[n :at x is to feel 
!m8 ,h[ c he effectually aid ! contrite1
 ! despond+1 ! di/ru/ful1 ! tempt$1 :o  
has nev] himself pass$ ?r\gh ! same fe>s
 & sorr[s8 or h[ c he pa9t1 9 ! w>m     
colors ( tru?1 religi\s ex]cises &      

spiritual desires1 :o is p]sonally a    
/rang] to !m8 ,alas1 he _c at all come 9
 contact ) ^? s\ls1 :i* /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( 8
 sympa?y & aid4 ,b if he h *]i%$ 9      
himself1 fondly & habitually1 !         
affections he w\ld excite 9 o!rs1 if he 
h combat$ temptation1 & practis$        
self-d5ial1 & be5 in/ant 9 pray]1 & ta/$
 ! joy & peace ( a tri$ fai? & hope2--!n
 he may communicate directly ) ! he>ts (
 8 fell[ m51 & w9 !m ov] to t :i* he s  
feel+ly describes4 ,if 8 _s be always   
w>m & /irr+ ) ^! pure & k9d emotions1 & 
anxi\s to imp>t ! means ( 8 own felicity
 to o!rs--h[ easily & freely w he p\r   
himself =?6 & h[ little w he ?9k ( !    
emb>rassm5ts ( ! pres5ce ( mortal man1  
:ile he is consci\s only ( labor+ = !   
glory ( ! ev] pres5t ,god4  ,?is !n is !
 "o ?+ ess5tial to be atta9$ & *]i%$ by 
! ,*ri/ian prea*]4 ,) ?is he mu/ beg91 &
 ) ?is he mu/ g on to ! end4 ,!n he nev]
 c greatly fail2 = he w ,,feel ,,8      
,,subject ,,?or\ghly1 ,,& ,,speak ,,)\t 
,,fe>4