,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,zadig ,,essay #a ,,f ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,hebrew ,,tradition ,by ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley ,,retrospective ,,prophecy ,,z ,a ,,function ,,( ,,sci5ce ,une m>que plus sure que t\tes celles de ,zadig4 #a--;,cuvi]4 ,x is an usual & a comm5dable practice to preface ! discussion ( ! views ( a philosophic ?9k] by "s acc\nt ( ! man & ( ! circum/ances :i* %ap$ 8 life & col\r$ 8 way ( look+ at ?+s2 b1 ?\gh ,zadig is cit$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ important *apt]s ( ,cuvi]'s greate/ "w1 little is kn[n ab\t him1 & t little might p]haps be bett] au!nticat$ ?an x is4 ,x is said t he liv$ at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,moabd>2 b ! "n ( ,moabd> does n appe> 9 ! li/ ( ,babylonian sov]eigns br\ght to light by ! pati5ce & ! indu/ry ( ! deciph]]s ( cunei=m inscriptions 9 ^! lat] ye>s2 nor inde$ am ,i aw>e t !re is any o!r au?ority = 8 exi/5ce ?an t ( ! biograph] ( ,zadig1 "o ,ar\et de ,voltaire1 among ^: m conspicu\s m]its /rict hi/orical accuracy is p]haps h>dly to be reckon$4 ,happily ,zadig is 9 ! position ( a great _m o!r philosoph]s4 ,:at he 0 l :5 he 0 9 ! fle%1 inde$ :e!r he exi/$ at all1 are matt]s ( no great consequ5ce4 ,:at we c>e ab\t 9 a light is t x %[s ! way1 n :e!r x is lamp or c&le1 tall[ or wax4 ,our only real int]e/ 9 ,zadig lies 9 ! conceptions ( :i* he is ! putative fa!r2 & 8 biograph] has /at$ ^! ) s mu* cle>ness & vivaci\s illu/ration1 t we ne$ h>dly feel a pang1 ev5 if critical rese>* %\ld prove ,k+ ,moabd> & all ! re/ ( ! /ory to be unhi/orical1 & r$uce ,zadig himself to ! %ad[y condition ( a sol> my?4 ,voltaire tells u t1 dis5*ant$ ) life by sundry dome/ic misadv5tures1 ,zadig )drew f ! turmoil ( ,babylon to a seclud$ retreat on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 :]e he beguil$ 8 solitude by ! /udy ( nature4 ,! manifold wond]s ( ! _w ( life _h a p>ticul> attraction = ! lonely /ud5t2 incessant & pati5t obs]vation ( ! plants & animals ab\t him %>p5$ 8 naturally good p[]s ( obs]vation & ( reason+2 until1 at l5g?1 he acquir$ a sagacity :i* enabl$ him to p]ceive endless m9ute diff]5ces among objects :i*1 to ! untutor$ eye1 appe>$ absolutely alike4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ?is enl>gem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d & ( its /ore ( natural k c\ld t5d to no?+ b ! increase ( a man's own welf>e & ! good ( 8 fell[-m54 ,b ,zadig 0 fat$ to exp]i5ce ! vanity ( su* expectations4 ,"o day1 walk+ ne> a little wood1 he saw1 ha/5+ t way1 "o ( ! ,que5's *ief eunu*s1 foll[$ by a troop ( (ficials1 :o appe>$ to be 9 ! greate/ anxiety1 runn+ hi!r & ?i!r l m5 di/raught1 9 se>* ( "s lo/ treasure4 ',"y man1' cri$ ! eunu*1 'h y se5 ! ,que5's dog8' ,zadig answ]$ mode/ly1 ',a bit*1 ,i ?9k1 n a dog4' ',q "r1' repli$ ! eunu*2 & ,zadig cont9u$1 ',a v small spaniel :o has lately _h puppies2 %e limps ) ! left =eleg1 & has v long e>s4' ',ah6 y h se5 h] !n1' said ! brea?less eunu*4 ',no1' answ]$ ,zadig1 ',i h n se5 h]2 & ,i really 0 n aw>e t ! ,que5 possess$ a spaniel4' ,by an odd co9cid5ce1 at ! v same "t1 ! h&some/ horse 9 ! ,k+'s /ables broke away f 8 groom 9 ! ,babylonian pla94 ,! gr& huntsman & all 8 /aff 7 seek+ ! horse ) z mu* anxiety z ! eunu* & 8 p ! spaniel2 & ! gr& huntsman ask$ ,zadig if he _h n se5 ! ,k+'s horse g t way4 ',a fir/-rate gallop]1 small-ho($1 five feet high2 tail ?ree feet & a half long2 *eek pieces ( ! bit ( tw5ty-?ree c>at gold2 %oes silv]8' said ,zadig4 ',:i* way did he g8 ,:]e is he8' cri$ ! gr& huntsman4 ',i h n se5 any?+ ( ! horse1 & ,i nev] he>d ( him be=e1' repli$ ,zadig4 ,! gr& huntsman & ! *ief eunu* made sure t ,zadig _h /ol5 bo? ! ,k+'s horse & ! ,que5's spaniel1 s !y hal$ him be=e ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,de/]ham1 :i* at once condemn$ him to ! kn\t1 & transportation = life to ,sib]ia4 ,b ! s5t5ce 0 h>dly pron\nc$ :5 ! lo/ horse & spaniel 7 f\nd4 ,s ! judges 7 "u ! pa9ful necessity ( reconsid]+ _! decision3 b !y f9$ ,zadig f\r hundr$ ounces ( gold = say+ he _h se5 t :i* he _h n se54 ,! fir/ ?+ 0 to pay ! f9e2 aft]w>ds ,zadig 0 p]mitt$ to op5 8 def5ce to ! c\rt1 :i* he did 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ',/>s ( ju/ice1 abysses ( k1 mirrors ( tru?1 ^: gravity is z t ( lead1 ^: inflexibility is z t ( iron1 :o rival ! diamond 9 cle>ness1 & possess no little aff9ity ) gold2 s9ce ,i am p]mitt$ to address y\r augu/ assembly1 ,i swe> by ,ormuzd t ,i h nev] se5 ! respectable lady dog ( ! ,que51 nor beheld ! sacrosanct horse ( ! ,k+ ( ,k+s4 ',?is is :at happ5$4 ,i 0 tak+ a walk t[>ds ! little wood ne> :i* ,i subsequ5tly _h ! hon\r to meet ! v5]able *ief eunu* & ! mo/ illu/ri\s gr& huntsman4 ,i notic$ ! track ( an animal 9 ! s&1 & x 0 easy to see t x 0 t ( a small dog4 ,long fa9t /reaks ^u ! little elevations ( s& betwe5 ! footm>ks conv9c$ me t x 0 a %e dog ) p5d5t dugs1 %[+ t %e mu/ h _h puppies n _m days s9ce4 ,o!r scrap+s ( ! s&1 :i* always lay close to ! m>ks ( ! =epaws1 indicat$ t %e _h v long e>s2 &1 z ! impr9t ( "o foot 0 always fa9t] ?an ^? ( ! o!r ?ree1 ,i judg$ t ! lady dog ( our augu/ ,que5 01 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 a little lame4 ',) respect to ! horse ( ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 p]mit me to obs]ve t1 w&]+ ?r\gh ! pa?s :i* trav]se ! wood1 ,i notic$ ! m>ks ( horse-%oes4 ,!y 7 all equidi/ant4 ,ah6 said ,i1 ?is is a fam\s gallop]4 ,9 a n>r[ alley1 only sev5 feet wide1 ! du/ ^u ! trunks ( ! trees 0 a little di/urb$ at ?ree feet & a half f ! middle ( ! pa?4 ,?is horse1 said ,i to myself1 _h a tail ?ree feet & a half long1 &1 la%+ x f "o side to ! o!r1 he has swept away ! du/4 ,bran*es ( ! trees met ov]head at ! height ( five feet1 & "u !m ,i saw newly fall5 leaves2 s ,i knew t ! horse _h bru%$ "s ( ! bran*es1 & 0 !re=e five feet high4 ,z to 8 bit1 x mu/ h be5 made ( tw5ty-?ree c>at gold1 = he _h rubb$ x aga9/ a /one1 :i* turn$ out to be a t\*/one1 ) ! prop]ties ( :i* ,i am famili> by exp]im5t4 ,la/ly1 by ! m>ks :i* 8 %oes left ^u pebbles ( ano!r k9d1 ,i 0 l$ to ?9k t 8 %oes 7 ( f9e silv]4' ,all ! judges admir$ ,zadig's pr(\nd & subtle disc]nm5t2 & ! fame ( x rea*$ ev5 ! ,k+ & ! ,que54 ,f ! ante-rooms to ! pres5ce-*amb]1 ,zadig's "n 0 9 ev]ybody's m\?2 &1 al?\gh _m ( ! magi 7 ( op9ion t he ought to be burnt z a sorc]]1 ! ,k+ comm&$ t ! f\r hundr$ ounces ( gold :i* he _h be5 f9$ %\ld be re/or$ to him4 ,s ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt w5t 9 /ate ) ! f\r hundr$ ounces2 only !y reta9$ ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-eight = legal exp5ses1 & _! s]vants expect$ fees4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 le>n+ m ( ! fateful hi/ory ( ,zadig mu/ turn to ! orig9al2 we are deal+ ) him only z a philosoph]1 & ?is brief exc]pt suffices = ! exemplification ( ! nature ( 8 conclusions & ( ! me?ods by :i* he arriv$ at !m4 ,^! conclusions may be said to be ( ! nature ( retrospective prophecies2 ?\gh x is p]haps a little haz>d\s to employ phraseology :i* p]il\sly sugge/s a contradiction 9 t]ms--! ^w prophecy be+ s con/antly1 9 ord9>y use1 re/rict$ to =etell+4 ,/rictly1 h[ev]1 ! t]m prophecy applies z mu* to outspeak+ z to =etell+2 &1 ev5 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( div9ation1 x is obvi\s t ! ess5ce ( ! prophetic op]ation does n lie 9 its backw>d or =w>d relation to ! c\rse ( "t1 b 9 ! fact t x is ! appreh5sion ( t :i* lies out ( ! sph]e ( imm$iate k2 ! see+ ( t :i*1 to ! natural s5se ( ! se]1 is invisible4 ,! =etell] ass]ts t1 at "s future "t1 a prop]ly situat$ obs]v] w witness c]ta9 ev5ts2 ! clairvoyant decl>es t1 at ?is pres5t "t1 c]ta9 ?+s are to be witness$ a ?\s& miles away2 ! retrospective prophet 7w\ld t !re 7 su* a ^w z backtell]67 affirms t1 s _m h\rs or ye>s ago1 su* & su* ?+s 7 to be se54 ,9 all ^! cases1 x is only ! relation to "t :i* alt]s--! process ( div9ation beyond ! limits ( possible direct k rema9s ! same4 ,no d\bt x 0 _! in/9ctive recognition ( ! analogy betwe5 ,zadig's results & ^? obta9$ by au?oris$ inspiration :i* inspir$ ! ,babylonian magi ) ! desire to burn ! philosoph]4 ,zadig admitt$ t he _h nev] ei!r se5 or he>d ( ! horse ( ! k+ or ( ! spaniel ( ! que52 & yet he v5tur$ to ass]t 9 ! mo/ positive mann] t animals answ]+ to _! description did actually exi/ & ran ab\t ! pla9s ( ,babylon4 ,if 8 me?od 0 good = ! div9ation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts t5 h\rs old1 :y %\ld x n be good = ^? ( t5 ye>s or t5 c5turies pa/2 nay1 might x n ext5d t5 ?\s& ye>s & ju/ify ! impi\s 9 m$dl+ ) ! traditions ( ,oannes & ! fi%1 & all ! sacr$ f\ndations ( ,babylonian cosmogony8 ,b ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,!re 0 ano!r consid]ation :i* obvi\sly dictat$ to ! m ?\ghtful ( ! magi ! propriety ( burn+ ,zadig out ( h&4 ,8 def5ce 0 worse ?an 8 (f5ce4 ,x %[$ t 8 mode ( div9ation 0 fraught ) dang] to magianism 9 g5]al4 ,swoll5 ) ! pride ( human reason1 he _h ignor$ ! e/abli%$ canons ( magian lore2 &1 tru/+ to :at aft] all 0 m]e c>nal common s5se1 he pr(ess$ to lead m5 to a deep] insight into nature ?an magian wisdom1 ) all its l(ty antagonism to ev]y?+ common1 _h ev] rea*$4 ,:at1 9 fact1 lay at ! f\ndation ( all ,zadig's argum5t b ! co>se commonplace assumption1 ^u :i* e act ( our daily lives is bas$1 t we may conclude f an effect to ! pre-exi/5ce ( a cause compet5t to produce t effect8 ,! tracks 7 exactly l ^? :i* dogs & horses leave2 !re=e !y 7 ! effects ( su* animals z causes4 ,! m>ks at ! sides ( ! =e-pr9ts ( ! dog track 7 exactly su* z w\ld be produc$ by long trail+ e>s2 !re=e ! dog's long e>s 7 ! causes ( ^! m>ks--& s on4 ,no?+ c be m hopelessly vulg>1 m unlike ! maje/ic developm5t ( a sy/em ( gr&ly un9telligible conclusions f sublimely inconceivable premisses su* z delights ! magian he>t4 ,9 fact1 ,zadig's me?od 0 no?+ b ! me?od ( all mank9d4 ,retrospective prophecies1 f> m a/oni%+ = _! m9ute accuracy ?an ^? ( ,zadig1 are famili> to ^? :o h wat*$ ! daily life ( nomadic p4 ,f fre%ly brok5 twigs1 cru%$ leaves1 di/urb$ pebbles1 & impr9ts h>dly disc]nible by ! untra9$ eye1 su* graduates 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nature w div9e1 n only ! fact t a p>ty has pass$ t way1 b its /r5g?1 its composition1 ! c\rse x took1 & ! numb] ( h\rs or days :i* h elaps$ s9ce x pass$4 ,b !y are able to d ?is because1 l ,zadig1 !y p]ceive endless m9ute diff]5ces :]e untra9$ eyes disc]n no?+2 & because ! unconsci\s logic ( common s5se compels !m to acc\nt = ^! effects by ! causes :i* !y "k to be compet5t to produce !m4 ,& su* m]e me?odis$ savag]y 0 to discov] ! hidd5 ?+s ( nature bett] ?an a priori d$uctions f ! nature ( ,ormuzd--p]haps to give a hi/ory ( ! pa/1 9 :i* ,oannes w\ld be altoge!r ignor$6 ,decid$ly x 7 bett] to burn ?is man at once4 ,if in/9ct1 or an unwont$ use ( reason1 l$ ,moabd>'s magi to ?is conclusion two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 all t c be said is t subsequ5t hi/ory has fully ju/ifi$ !m4 ,= ! rigor\s application ( ,zadig's logic to ! results ( accurate & long-cont9u$ obs]vation has f\nd$ all ^? sci5ces :i* h be5 t]m$ hi/orical or palaetiological1 because !y are retrospectively prophetic & /rive t[>ds ! recon/ruction 9 human imag9ation ( ev5ts :i* h vani%$ & ceas$ to be4 ,hi/ory1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w1 is bas$ ^u ! int]pretation ( docum5t>y evid5ce2 & docum5ts w\ld h no evid5tial value unless hi/orians 7 ju/ifi$ 9 _! assumption t !y h come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( causes simil> to ^? ( :i* docum5ts are1 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1 ! effects4 ,if a writt5 hi/ory c be produc$ o!rwise ?an by human ag5cy1 or if ! man :o wrote a giv5 docum5t 0 actuat$ by o!r ?an ord9>y human motives1 su* docum5ts are ( no m evid5tial value ?an s _m arabesques4 ,ar*aeology1 :i* takes up ! ?read ( hi/ory beyond ! po9t at :i* docum5t>y evid5ce fails u1 c\ld h no exi/5ce1 except = our well gr\nd$ confid5ce t monum5ts & works ( art or artifice1 h nev] be5 produc$ by causes diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? to :i* !y n[ owe _! orig94 ,& geology1 :i* traces back ! c\rse ( hi/ory beyond ! limits ( ar*aeology1 c\ld tell u no?+ except = ! assumption t1 millions ( ye>s ago1 wat]1 heat1 gravitation1 friction1 animal & vegetable life1 caus$ effects ( ! same k9d z !y n[ cause4 ,nay1 ev5 physical a/ronomy1 9 s f> z x takes u back to ! utt]mo/ po9t ( "t :i* palaetiological sci5ce c rea*1 is f\nd$ ^u ! same assumption4 ,if ! law ( gravitation ev] fail$ to be true1 ev5 to a small ext5t1 = t p]iod1 ! calculations ( ! a/ronom] h no application4 ,! p[] ( pr$iction1 ( prospective prophecy1 is t :i* is commonly reg>d$ z ! great pr]ogative ( physical sci5ce4 ,& truly x is a wond]ful fact t "o c g into a %op & buy = a small price a book1 ! ,nautical ,almanac1 :i* w =etell ! exact position to be occupi$ by "o ( ,jupit]'s moons six mon?s h5ce2 nay1 m1 t1 if x 7 wor? :ile1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal c\ld furni% u ) z infallible a pr$iction applicable to #aihj or #bihj4 ,b a/ronomy is n less rem>kable = its p[] ( retrospective prophecy4 ,?ales1 olde/ ( ,greek philosoph]s1 ! dates ( ^: bir? & dea? are unc]ta91 b :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 is said to h =etold an eclipse ( ! sun :i* took place 9 8 "t dur+ a battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ! ,lydians4 ,sir ,george ,airy has writt5 a v le>n$ & int]e/+ memoir #b 9 :i* he proves t su* an eclipse 0 visible 9 ,lydia on ! aft]noon ( ! #bh? ( ,may 9 ! ye> #ehe ,b4,c4 ,no "o d\bts t1 on ! day & at ! h\r m5tion$ by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal1 ! p ( ,lydia saw ! face ( ! sun totally obscur$4 ,b1 ?\gh we implicitly believe ?is retrospective prophecy1 x is incapable ( v]ification4 ,9 ! total abs5ce ( hi/orical records1 x is impossible ev5 to conceive any means ( asc]ta9+ directly :e!r ! eclipse ( ,?ales happ5$ or n4 ,all t c be said is1 t ! prospective prophecies ( ! a/ronom] are always v]ifi$2 & t1 inasmu* z 8 retrospective prophecies are ! result ( foll[+ backw>ds1 ! v same me?od z t :i* inv>iably leads to v]ifi$ results1 :5 x is work$ =w>ds1 !re is z mu* reason = plac+ full confid5ce 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,retrospective prophecy is !re=e a legitimate function ( a/ronomical sci5ce2 & if x is legitimate = "o sci5ce x is legitimate = all2 ! fundam5tal axiom on :i* x re/s1 ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( nature1 be+ ! common f\ndation ( all sci5tific ?\ght4 ,inde$1 if !re c be grades 9 legitimacy1 c]ta9 bran*es ( sci5ce h ! advantage ov] a/ronomy1 9 s f> z _! retrospective prophecies are n only susceptible ( v]ification1 b are sometimes /rik+ly v]ifi$4 ,su* a sci5ce exi/s 9 t application ( ! pr9ciples ( biology to ! int]pretation ( ! animal & vegetable rema9s imb$d$ 9 ! rocks :i* compose ! surface ( ! globe1 :i* is call$ ,palaeontology4 ,at no v di/ant "t1 ! "q :e!r ^! s-call$ fossils1 7 really ! rema9s ( animals & plants 0 hotly disput$4 ,v le>n$ p]sons ma9ta9$ t !y 7 no?+ ( ! k9d1 b a sort ( concretion1 or cry/allisation1 :i* _h tak5 place )9 ! /one 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 & :i* simulat$ ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 j z fro/ on a w9d[-pane imitates vegetation4 ,at ! pres5t day1 x w\ld probably be impossible to f9d any sane advocate ( ?is op9ion2 & ! fact is r surpris+1 t among ! p f :om ! circle-squ>]s1 p]petual-motion]s1 flat-e>!d m5 & ! l1 are recruit$1 to say no?+ ( table-turn]s & _s-rapp]s1 somebody has n p]ceiv$ ! easy av5ue to nons5sical notoriety op5 to any "o :o w take up ! good old doctr9e1 t fossils are all lusus naturae4 ,! position w\ld be impregnable1 inasmu* z x is q impossible to prove ! contr>y4 ,if a man *oose to ma9ta9 t a fossil oy/] %ell1 9 spite ( its correspond5ce1 d[n to e m9ute/ p>ticul>1 ) t ( an oy/] fre% tak5 out ( ! sea1 0 nev] t5ant$ by a liv+ oy/]1 b is a m9]al concretion1 !re is no demon/rat+ 8 error4 ,all t c be done is to %[ him t1 by a p>ity ( reason+1 he is b\nd to admit t a heap ( oy/] %ells outside a fi%mong]'s door may also be sports ( nature1 & t a mutton bone 9 a du/-b9 may h _h ! l orig94 ,& :5 y _c prove t p are wrong1 b only t !y are absurd1 ! be/ c\rse is to let !m alone4 ,! :ole fabric ( palaeontology1 9 fact1 falls to ! gr\nd unless we admit ! validity ( ,zadig's great pr9ciple1 t l effects imply l causes1 & t ! process ( reason+ f a %ell1 or a too?1 or a bone1 to ! nature ( ! animal to :i* x belong$1 re/s absolutely on ! assumption t ! lik5ess ( ?is %ell1 or too?1 or bone1 to t ( "s animal ) :i* we are already acqua9t$1 is su* t we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ a correspond+ degree ( lik5ess 9 ! re/ ( ! two organisms4 ,x is on ?is v simple pr9ciple1 & n ^u imag9>y laws ( physiological correlation1 ab\t :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 we "k no?+ :atev]1 t ! s-call$ re/orations ( ! palaeontologi/ are bas$4 ,abundant illu/rations ( ?is tru? w occur to e "o :o is famili> ) palaeontology2 none is m suitable ?an ! case ( ! s-call$ ,belemnites4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! /udy ( fossils1 ?is "n 0 giv5 to c]ta9 elongat$ /ony bodies1 end+ at "o extremity 9 a conical po9t1 & truncat$ at ! o!r1 :i* 7 commonly reput$ to be ?und]bolts1 & z su* to h desc5d$ f ! sky4 ,!y are common en\gh 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&2 &1 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y are ord9>ily f\nd1 x might be difficult to give satisfactory reasons = d5y+ !m to be m]ely m9]al bodies4 ,!y appe>1 9 fact1 to consi/ ( no?+ b conc5tric lay]s ( c>bonate ( lime1 dispos$ 9 subcry/all9e fibres1 or prisms1 p]p5dicul> to ! lay]s4 ,among a great numb] ( specim5s ( ^! ,belemnites1 h[ev]1 x 0 soon obs]v$ t "s %[$ a conical cavity at ! blunt end2 &1 9 /ill bett] pres]v$ specim5s1 ?is cavity appe>$ to be divid$ into *amb]s by delicate sauc]-%ap$ p>titions1 situat$ at regul> int]vals "o above ! o!r4 ,n[ !re is no m9]al body :i* pres5ts any /ructure comp>able to ?is1 & ! conclusion sugge/$ itself t ! ,belemnites mu/ be ! effects ( causes o!r ?an ^? :i* are at "w 9 inorganic nature4 ,on close exam9ation1 ! sauc]-%ap$ p>titions 7 prov$ to be all p]=at$ at "o po9t1 & ! p]=ations be+ situat$ exactly 9 ! same l9e1 ! *amb]s 7 se5 to be trav]s$ by a canal1 or siphuncle1 :i* ?us connect$ ! smalle/ or aphical *amb] ) ! l>ge/4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! vegetable _w2 b an exactly correspond+ /ructure is met ) 9 ! %ells ( two k9ds ( exi/+ animals1 ! pe>ly ,nautilus & ! ,spirula1 & only 9 !m4 ,^! animals belong to ! same division--! ,cephalopoda--z ! cuttle-fi%1 ! squid1 & ! octopus4 ,b !y are ! only exi/+ memb]s ( ! gr\p :i* possess *amb]$1 siphunculat$ %ells2 & x is utt]ly impossible to trace any physiological connection betwe5 ! v peculi> /ructural *>act]s ( a cephalopod & ! pres5ce ( a *amb]$ %ell4 ,9 fact1 ! squid has1 in/ead ( any su* %ell1 a horny p51 ! cuttlefi% has ! s-call$ cuttle-bone1 & ! octopus has no %ell1 or1 at mo/1 a m]e rudim5t ( "o4 ,nev]!less1 see+ t !re is no?+ 9 nature at all l ! *amb]$ %ell ( ! ,belemnite1 except ! %ells ( ! ,nautilus & ( ! ,spirula1 x 0 legitimate to prophesy t ! animal f :i* ! fossil proce$$ mu/ h belong$ to ! gr\p ( ! ,cephalopoda4 ,nautilus & ,spirula are bo? v r>e animals1 b ! progress ( inve/igation br\ght to light ! s+ul> fact1 t1 ?\gh ea* has ! *>act]i/ic cephalopod\s organisation1 x is v diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,! %ell ( ,nautilus is ext]nal1 t ( ,spirula int]nal2 ,nautilus has f\r gills1 ,spirula two2 ,nautilus has multitud9\s t5tacles1 ,spirula has only t5 arms beset ) horny-rimm$ suck]s2 ,spirula1 l ! squids & cuttle-fi%es1 :i* x closely resembles1 has a bag ( ink :i* x squirts out to cov] its retreat :5 al>m$2 ,nautilus has none4 ,no am\nt ( physiological reason+ c\ld enable any "o to say :e!r ! animal :i* fabricat$ ! ,belemnite 0 m l ,nautilus1 or m l ,spirula4 ,b ! accid5tal discov]y ( ,belemnites 9 due connection ) black elongat$ masses :i* 73 c]ta9ly fossilis$ ink-bags1 inasmu* z ! ink c\ld be gr\nd up & us$ = pa9t+ z well z if x 7 rec5t sepia1 settl$ ! "q2 & x became p]fectly safe to prophesy t ! creature :i* fabricat$ ! ,belemnite 0 a two-gill$ cephalopod ) suck]s on its arms1 & ) all ! o!r ess5tial features ( our liv+ squids1 cuttle-fi%es1 & ,spirulae4 ,! palaeontologi/ 01 by ?is "t1 able to speak z confid5tly ab\t ! animal ( ! ,belemnite1 z ,zadig 0 respect+ ! que5's spaniel4 ,he c\ld give a v fair description ( its ext]nal appe>ance1 & ev5 ent] pretty fully into ! details ( its int]nal organisation1 & yet c\ld decl>e t nei!r he1 nor any "o else1 _h ev] se5 "o4 ,& z ! que5's spaniel 0 f\nd1 s happily has ! animal ( ! ,belemnite2 a few exceptionally pres]v$ specim5s h be5 discov]$1 :i* completely v]ify ! retrospective prophecy ( ^? :o int]pret$ ! facts ( ! case by due application ( ! me?od ( ,zadig4 ,^! ,belemnites fl\ri%$ 9 prodigi\s abundance 9 ! seas ( ! mesozoic1 or second>y1 age ( ! _w's geological hi/ory2 b no trace ( !m has be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! t]ti>y deposits1 & !y appe> to h di$ out t[>ds ! close ( ! mesozoic epo*4 ,! me?od ( ,zadig1 !re=e1 applies 9 full =ce to ! ev5ts ( a p]iod :i* is immeasurably remote1 :i* long prec$$ ! orig9 ( ! mo/ conspicu\s m\nta9 masses ( ! pres5t _w1 & ! deposition1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ( ! rocks :i* =m ! great] "p ( ! soil ( our pres5t cont95ts4 ,! ,euphrates itself1 at ! m\? ( :i* ,oannes l&$1 is a ?+ ( ye/]day comp>$ ) a ,belemnite2 & ev5 ! lib]al *ronology ( magian cosmogony fixes ! beg9n+ ( ! _w only at a "t :5 o!r applications ( ,zadig's me?od af=d conv9c+ evid5ce t1 c\ld we h be5 !re to see1 ?+s w\ld h look$ v mu* z !y d n[4 ,truly ! magi 7 wise 9 _! g5]ation2 !y =esaw rightly t ?is pe/il5t application ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 inaugurat$ by ,zadig1 w\ld be _! ru94 ,b x may be said t ! me?od ( ,zadig1 :i* is simple reason+ f analogy1 does n acc\nt = ! mo/ /rik+ feats ( mod]n palaeontology--! recon/ruction ( entire animals f a too? or p]haps a fragm5t ( a bone2 & x may be ju/ly urg$ t ,cuvi]1 ! great ma/] ( ?is k9d ( inve/igation1 gave a v diff]5t acc\nt ( ! process :i* yield$ su* rem>kable results4 ,cuvi] is n ! fir/ man ( ability :o has fail$ to make 8 own m5tal processes cle> to himself1 & he w n be ! la/4 ,! matt] c be easily te/$4 ,se>* ! eight volumes ( ! ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles f cov] to cov]1 & no?+ b ! application ( ! me?od ( ,zadig w be f\nd 9 ! argum5ts by :i* a fragm5t ( a skeleton is made to reveal ! *>act]s ( ! animal to :i* x belong$4 ,!re is "o well-kn[n case :i* may repres5t all4 ,x is an excell5t illu/ration ( ,cuvi]'s sagacity1 & he evid5tly takes "s pride 9 tell+ 8 /ory ab\t x4 ,a split slab ( /one arriv$ f ! qu>ries ( ,montm>tre1 ! two halves ( :i* conta9$ ! great] "p ( ! skeleton ( a small animal4 ,on c>eful exam9ations ( ! *>act]s ( ! tee? & ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* happ5$ to be expos$1 ,cuvi] assur$ himself t !y pres5t$ su* a v close resemblance to ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! liv+ opossums t he at once assign$ ! fossil to t g5us4 ,n[ ! opossums are unlike mo/ mammals 9 t !y possess two bones atta*$ to ! =e "p ( ! pelvis1 :i* are commonly call$ m>supial bones4 ,! "n is a misnom]1 orig9ally conf]r$ because x 0 ?\ght t ^! bones h some?+ to d ) ! support ( ! p\*1 or m>supium1 ) :i* "s1 b n all1 ( ! opossums are provid$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y h no?+ to d ) ! support ( ! p\*1 & !y exi/ z mu* 9 ^? opossums :i* h no p\*es z 9 ^? :i* possess !m4 ,9 tru?1 no "o kn[s :at ! use ( ^! bones may be1 nor has any valid !ory ( _! physiological import yet be5 sugge/$4 ,& if we h no k ( ! physiological importance ( ! bones !mselves1 x is obvi\sly absurd to pret5d t we are able to give physiological reasons :y ! pres5ce ( ^! bones is associat$ ) c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! tee? & ( ! jaws4 ,if any "o kn[s :y f\r mol> tee? & an inflect$ angle ( ! jaw are v g5]ally f\nd along ) m>supial bones1 he has n yet communicat$ t k to ! _w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,zadig 0 "r 9 conclud+ f ! lik5ess ( ! ho(-pr9ts :i* he obs]v$ to be a horse's t ! creature :i* made !m _h a tail l t ( a horse1 ,cuvi]1 see+ t ! tee? & jaw ( 8 fossil 7 j l ^? ( an opossum1 _h ! same "r to conclude t ! pelvis w\ld also be l an opossum's2 & s /rong 0 8 conviction t ?is retrospective prophecy1 ab\t an animal :i* he _h nev] se5 be=e1 & :i* _h be5 dead & buri$ = millions ( ye>s1 w\ld be v]ifi$1 t he w5t to "w ^u ! slab :i* conta9$ ! pelvis 9 confid5t expectation ( f9d+ & lay+ b>e ! m>supial bones1 to ! satisfaction ( "s p]sons :om he _h invit$ to witness _! dis9t]m5t4 ,z he says3--,cette op]ation se fit en pres5ce de quelques p]sonnes a qui j'en avais annonce d'avance le resultat1 dans l'int5tion de leur pr\v] p> le fait la ju/ice de nos !ories zoologiques2 puisque le vrai ca*et d'une !orie e/ sans contr$it la faculte qu'elle donne de prevoir les ph5om5es4 ,9 ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles ,cuvi] leaves 8 pap] j z x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,annales du ,museum1 z a curi\s monum5t ( ! =ce ( zoological laws & ( ! use :i* may be made ( !m4 ,zoological laws truly1 b n physiological laws4 ,if "o sees a live dog's head1 x is extremely probable t a dog's tail is n f> (f1 ?\gh nobody c say :y t sort ( head & t sort ( tail g toge!r2 :at physiological connection !re is betwe5 ! two4 ,s1 9 ! case ( ! ,montm>tre fossil1 ,cuvi]1 f9d+ a ?or\gh opossum's head1 conclud$ t ! pelvis also w\ld be l an opossum's4 ,b1 mo/ assur$ly1 ! mo/ advanc$ physiologi/ ( ! pres5t day c\ld ?r[ no light on ! "q :y ^! are associat$1 nor c\ld pret5d to affirm t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o is necess>ily connect$ ) t ( ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 _h x s happ5$ t ! pelvis ( ! fossil _h be5 orig9ally expos$1 :ile ! head lay hidd51 ! pres5ce ( ! m>supial bones1 ?\gh v l an opossum's1 w\ld by no means h w>rant$ ! pr$iction t ! skull w\ld turn out to be t ( ! opossum4 ,x might j z well h be5 l t ( "s o!r m>supial2 or ev5 l t ( ! totally diff]5t gr\p ( ,monotremes1 ( :i* ! only liv+ repres5tatives are ! ,e*idna & ! ,orni?orhyn*us4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! empirical laws ( co-ord9ation ( /ructures1 :i* are embodi$ 9 ! g5]alisations ( morphology1 may be confid5tly tru/$1 if employ$ ) due caution1 to lead to a j int]pretation ( fossil rema9s2 or1 9 o!r words1 we may look = ! v]ification ( ! retrospective prophecies :i* are bas$ ^u !m4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 ! late advances :i* h be5 made 9 palaeontological discov]y op5 out a new field = su* prophecies4 ,= x has be5 asc]ta9$ ) respect to _m gr\ps ( animals1 t1 z we trace !m back 9 "t1 _! ance/ors gradually cease to exhibit ^? special modifications :i* at pres5t *>act]ise ! type1 & m ne>ly embody ! g5]al plan ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,?us1 9 ! well-kn[n case ( ! horse1 ! toes :i* are suppress$ 9 ! liv+ horse are f\nd to be m & m complete 9 ! old] memb]s ( ! gr\p1 until1 at ! bottom ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies ( ,am]ica1 we f9d an equ9e animal :i* has f\r toes 9 front & ?ree beh9d4 ,no rema9s ( ! horse tribe are at pres5t kn[n f any ,mesozoic deposit4 ,yet :o c d\bt t1 :5ev] a suffici5tly ext5sive s]ies ( lacu/r9e & fluviatile b$s ( t age becomes kn[n1 ! l9eage :i* has be5 trac$ ?us f> w be cont9u$ by equ9e quadrup$s ) an increas+ numb] ( digits1 until ! horse type m]ges 9 ! five-to$ =m t[>ds :i* ^! gradations po9t8 ,b ! argum5t :i* holds good = ! horse1 holds good1 n only = all mammals1 b = ! :ole animal _w4 ,& z ! /udy ( ! p$igrees1 or l9es ( evolution1 to :i*1 at pres5t1 we h access1 br+s to light1 z x assur$ly w d1 ! laws ( t process1 we %all be able to reason f ! facts ) :i* ! geological record furni%es u to ^? :i* h hi!rto rema9$1 & _m ( :i*1 p]haps1 may = ev] rema91 hidd54 ,! same me?od ( reason+ :i* enables u1 :5 furni%$ ) a fragm5t ( an ext9ct animal1 to prophesy ! "* :i* ! :ole organism exhibit$1 w1 soon] or lat]1 enable u1 :5 we "k a few ( ! lat] t]ms ( a g5ealogical s]ies1 to pr$ict ! nature ( ! e>li] t]ms4 ,9 no v di/ant future1 ! me?od ( ,zadig1 appli$ to a great] body ( facts ?an ! pres5t g5]ation is =tunate en\gh to h&le1 w enable ! biologi/ to recon/ruct ! s*eme ( life f its beg9n+1 & to speak z confid5tly ( ! "* ( long ext9ct be+s1 no trace ( :i* has be5 pres]v$1 z ,zadig did ( ! que5's spaniel & ! k+'s horse4 ,let u hope t !y may be bett] rew>d$ = _! toil & _! sagacity ?an 0 ! ,babylonian philosoph]2 = p]haps1 by t "t1 ! magi also may be reckon$ among ! memb]s ( a =gott5 ,fauna1 ext+ui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ _! great rival1 common s5se4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,disc\rs sur les revolutions de la surface du globe4 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 ,ed4 iv1 t4i4 p4#ahe4 ,footnote #b3 ,on ! ,eclipses ( ,aga?ocles1 ,?ales1 & ,x]xes1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 cxliii4