,,discov]y ,,( ,,oxyg5  ,,"p #b         
,,exp]im5ts ,,by  ,,c>l ,,wilhelm       
,,s*eele  7#aggg7  ,re issue ,edition3  
,publi%$ = ,,! ,,alembic ,,club  ,,by   
,e4  ,s4 ,,liv+/one ,,ltd4  #af  #ag    
,,teviot ,,place  ,,ed9burgh  #aifd     
,illu/ration     ,,preface   ,! portions
 ( ,s*eele's ,*emical ,treatise on ,air 
& ,fire "h reproduc$ 9 ,engli% are      
int5d$ to =m a companion volume to ,no4 
#g ( ! ,club ,repr9ts1 :i* conta9s      
,prie/ley's acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( oxyg54
 ,n only h ! claims ( ,s*eele to !      
indep5d5t discov]y ( ?is gas nev] be5   
disput$1 b ! valuable volume ( ,lett]s &
 ,memor&a ( ,s*eele1 edit$ by           
,nord5skjoeld1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahib1   
places x beyond d\bt t ,s*eele _h obta9$
 oxyg5 by m ?an "o me?od at lea/ z e>ly 
z ,prie/ley's fir/ isolation ( ! gas1   
al?\gh 8 pr9t$ acc\nt ( ! discov]y only 
appe>$ ab\t two ye>s aft] ,prie/ley's4  
,! evid5ce ( ?is has be5 f\nd 9         
,s*eele's laboratory notes1 :i* are /ill
 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9

 ,/ockholm4  ,9 8 ,*emical ,treatise    
,s*eele endeav\rs1 at consid]able l5g?1 
to prove by exp]im5ts 8 views z to !    
comp\nd "* ( heat & ( light4 ,^!        
portions ( ! "w h be5 entirely omitt$ f 
:at is reproduc$ "h4 ,all ! places :]e  
omissions h be5 made are indicat$4  ,e  
c>e has be5 tak5 9 ! endeav\r to make ! 
translation a fai?ful reproduction ( !  
mean+ ( ! orig9al1 :il/ lit]al accuracy 
has be5 aim$ at r ?an lit]>y elegance4  
,l4 ,d4     ,,*emical ,,treatise ,,on   
,,air ,,& ,,fire4,a   #a4 ,x is ! object
 & *ief bus9ess ( *emi/ry to skilfully  
sep>ate sub/ances into _! con/itu5ts1 to
 discov] _! prop]ties1 & to comp\nd !m 9
 diff]5t ways4  ,h[ difficult x is1     
h[ev]1 to c>ry out su* op]ations ) !    
greate/ accuracy1 c only be unkn[n to "o
 :o ei!r has nev] und]tak5 ?is          
occupation1 or at lea/ has n done s )   
suffici5t att5tion4   #b4 ,hi!rto       
*emical inve/igators are n agre$ z to h[
 _m elem5ts or fundam5tal mat]ials      
compose all sub/ances4 ,9 fact ?is is "o

 ( ! mo/ difficult problems2 "s inde$   
hold t !re rema9s no fur!r hope ( se>*+ 
out ! elem5ts ( sub/ances4 ,poor com=t =
 ^? :o feel _! greate/ pleasure 9 !     
inve/igation ( natural ?+s6 ,f> is he   
mi/ak51 :o endeav\rs to conf9e *emi/ry1 
?is noble sci5ce1 )9 su* n>r[ b\nds6    
,o!rs believe t e>? & phlogi/on are !   
?+s f :i* all mat]ial nature has d]iv$  
its orig94 ,! majority seem completely  
atta*$ to ! p]ipatetic elem5ts4   #c4 ,i
 mu/ admit t ,i h be/[$ no little tr\ble
 ^u ?is matt] 9 ord] to obta9 a cle>    
conception ( x4 ,"o may reasonably be   
amaz$ at ! num]\s ideas & conjectures   
:i* au?ors h record$ on ! subject1      
especially :5 !y give a decision        
respect+ ! fi]y ph5om5on2 & ?is v matt] 
0 ( ! greate/ importance to me4 ,i      
p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( a k ( fire1       
because )\t ?is x is n possible to make 
any exp]im5t2 & )\t fire & heat x is n  
possible to make use ( ! action ( any   
solv5t4 ,i began accord+ly to put aside 
all explanations ( fire2 ,i und]took a  

multitude ( exp]im5ts 9 ord] to fa?om   
?is beautiful ph5om5on z fully z        
possible4 ,i soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t "o c\ld
 n =m any true judgm5t reg>d+ ! ph5om5a 
:i* fire pres5ts1 )\t a k ( ! air4 ,i   
saw1 aft] c>ry+ out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1
 t air really ent]s into ! mixture (    
fire1 & ) x =ms a con/itu5t ( flame & ( 
sp>ks4 ,i le>n$ accord+ly t a treatise l
 ?is1 on fire1 c\ld n be drawn up )     
prop] complet5ess )\t tak+ ! air also   
into consid]ation4  ,footnote ,a3 ,c>l  
,wilhelm ,s*eele's ,*emis*e ,abh&lung   
von d] ,luft und dem ,feu]4 ,upsala &   
,leipzig1 #aggg4   #d4 ,air is t fluid  
invisible sub/ance :i* we cont9ually    
brea!1 :i* surr\nds ! :ole surface ( !  
e>?1 is v ela/ic1 & possesses weight4 ,x
 is always fill$ ) an a/oni%+ quantity (
 all k9ds ( exhalations1 :i* are s f9ely
 subdivid$ 9 x t !y are sc>cely visible 
ev5 9 ! sun's rays4 ,wat] vap\rs always 
h ! prepond]ance among/ ^! =eign        
p>ticles4 ,! air1 h[ev]1 is also mix$ ) 
ano!r ela/ic sub/ance resembl+ air1 :i* 

diff]s f x 9 num]\s prop]ties1 & is1 )  
good reason1 call$ a]ial acid by        
,pr(essor ,b]gman4 ,x owes its pres5ce  
to organis$ bodies1 de/roy$ by          
putrefaction or combu/ion4   #e4 ,no?+  
has giv5 philosoph]s m tr\ble = "s ye>s 
?an j ?is delicate acid or s call$ fix$ 
air4 ,inde$ x is n surpris+ t !         
conclusions :i* "o draws f ! prop]ties (
 ?is ela/ic acid are n fav\rable to all 
:o are prejudic$ by previ\sly conceiv$  
op9ions4 ,^! def5d]s ( ! ,p>acelsian    
doctr9e believe t ! air is 9 itself     
unalt]able2 &1 ) ,hales1 t x really     
unites ) sub/ances !reby los+ its       
ela/icity2 b t x rega9s its orig9al     
nature z soon z x is driv5 out ( ^! by  
fire or f]m5tation4 ,b s9ce !y see t !  
air s produc$ is end[$ ) prop]ties q    
diff]5t f common air1 !y conclude1 )\t  
exp]im5tal pro(s1 t ?is air has unit$ ) 
=eign mat]ials1 & t x mu/ be purifi$ f  
^! admix$ =eign p>ticles by agitation & 
filtration ) v>i\s liquids4 ,i believe t
 !re w\ld be no hesitation 9 accept+ ?is

 op9ion1 if "o c\ld only demon/rate     
cle>ly by exp]im5ts t a giv5 quantity ( 
air is capable ( be+ completely conv]t$ 
into fix$ or o!r k9d ( air by !         
admixture ( =eign mat]ials2 b s9ce ?is  
has n be5 done1 ,i hope ,i d n err if ,i
 assume z _m k9ds ( air z exp]im5t      
reveals to me4 ,= :5 ,i h collect$ an   
ela/ic fluid1 & obs]ve conc]n+ x t its  
expansive p[] is increas$ by heat &     
dim9i%$ by cold1 :ile x /ill uni=mly    
reta9s its ela/ic fluidity1 b also      
discov] 9 x prop]ties & behavi\r diff]5t
 f ^? ( common air1 !n ,i consid] myself
 ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ?is is a peculi>   
k9d ( air4 ,i say t air ?us collect$ mu/
 reta9 its ela/icity ev5 9 ! greate/    
cold1 because o!rwise an innum]able     
multitude ( v>ieties ( air w\ld h to be 
assum$1 s9ce x is v probable t all      
sub/ances c be conv]t$ by excessive heat
 into a vap\r resembl+ air4   #f4       
,sub/ances :i* are subject$ to          
putrefaction or to de/ruction by means (
 fire dim9i%1 & at ! same "t consume1 a 

"p ( ! air2 sometimes x happ5s t !y     
p]ceptibly increase ! bulk ( ! air1 &   
sometimes f9ally t !y nei!r increase nor
 dim9i% a giv5 quantity ( air2 ph5om5a  
:i* are c]ta9ly rem>kable4 ,conjectures 
c "h det]m9e no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 at lea/ !y 
c only br+ small satisfaction to a      
*emical philosoph]1 :o mu/ h 8 pro(s 9 8
 h&s4 ,:o does n see ! necessity ( mak+ 
exp]im5ts 9 ?is case1 9 ord] to obta9   
light conc]n+ ?is secret ( nature8   #g4
 ,g5]al prop]ties ( ord9>y air4  7#a47  
,fire mu/ burn = a c]ta9 "t 9 a giv5    
quantity ( air4 7#b47 ,if1 s f> z c be  
se51 ?is fire does n produce dur+       
combu/ion any fluid resembl+ air1 !n1   
aft] ! fire has gone out ( itself1 !    
quantity ( air mu/ be dim9i%$ betwe5 a  
?ird & a f\r? "p4 7#c47 ,x mu/ n unite )
 common wat]4 7#d47 ,all k9ds ( animals 
mu/ live = a c]ta9 "t 9 a conf9$        
quantity ( air4 7#e47 ,se$s1 z = example
 peas1 9 a giv5 quantity ( simil>ly     
conf9$ air1 mu/ /rike roots & atta9 a   
c]ta9 height ) ! aid ( "s wat] & ( a    

mod]ate heat4  ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,i h a  
fluid resembl+ air 9 its ext]nal        
appe>ance1 & f9d t x has n ! prop]ties  
m5tion$1 ev5 :5 only "o ( !m is want+1  
,i feel conv9c$ t x is n ord9>y air4    
#h4 ,air mu/ be compos$ ( ela/ic fluids 
( two k9ds4  ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,i       
dissolv$ "o ounce ( alkal9e liv] (      
sulphur 9 eight ounces ( wat]2 ,i p\r$  
#d ounces ( ?is solution into an empty  
bottle capable ( hold+ #bd ounces (     
wat]1 & clos$ x mo/ securely ) a cork2  
,i !n inv]t$ ! bottle & plac$ ! neck 9 a
 small vessel ) wat]2 9 ?is position ,i 
all[$ x to /& = #ad days4 ,dur+ ?is "t !
 solution _h lo/ a "p ( its r$ col\r &  
_h also deposit$ "s sulphur3 aft]w>ds ,i
 took ! bottle & held x 9 ! same        
position 9 a l>g] vessel ) wat]1 s t !  
m\? 0 "u & ! bottom above ! wat]-level1 
& )drew ! cork "u ! wat]2 imm$iately    
wat] rose ) viol5ce into ! bottle4 ,i   
clos$ ! bottle aga91 remov$ x f ! wat]1 
& weigh$ ! fluid :i* x conta9$4 ,!re 7  
#aj ounces4 ,aft] subtract+ f ?is ! #d  

ounces ( solution ( sulphur !re rema9 #f
 ounces1 consequ5tly x is app>5t f ?is  
exp]im5t t ( #bj p>ts ( air #f p>ts h   
be5 lo/ 9 #ad days4   #i4 ,second       
,exp]im5t4--7a47 ,i repeat$ ! prec$+    
exp]im5t ) ! same quantity ( liv] (     
sulphur1 b ) ?is diff]5ce t ,i only     
all[$ ! bottle to /& a week1 tightly    
clos$4 ,i !n f\nd t ( #bj p>ts ( air    
only #d _h be5 lo/4 7b47 ,on ano!r      
occasion ,i all[$ ! v same bottle to /& 
#d mon?s2 ! solution /ill possess$ a    
some:at d>k yell[ col\r4 ,b no m air _h 
be5 lo/ ?an 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 t is to  
say #f p>ts4   #aj4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--,i
 mix$ #b ounces ( cau/ic ley1 :i* 0     
prep>$ f alkali ( t>t> & unslak$ lime & 
did n precipitate lime wat]1 ) half an  
ounce ( ! prec$+ solution ( sulphur :i* 
likewise did n precipitate lime wat]4   
,?is mixture _h a yell[ col\r4 ,i p\r$ x
 into ! same bottle1 & aft] ?is _h /ood 
#ad days1 well clos$1 ,i f\nd ! mixture 
entirely )\t col\r & also )\t           
precipitate4 ,i 0 enabl$ to conclude t !

 air 9 ?is bottle _h likewise dim9i%$1 f
 ! fact t air ru%$ into ! bottle ) a    
hiss+ s\nd aft] ,i _h made a small hole 
9 ! cork4   #aa4 ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4--7a47 
,i took #d ounces ( a solution ( sulphur
 9 lime wat]2 ,i p\r$ ?is solution into 
a bottle & clos$ x tightly4 ,aft] #ad   
days ! yell[ col\r _h disappe>$1 & ( #bj
 p>ts ( air #d p>ts _h be5 lo/4 ,!      
solution conta9$ no sulphur1 b _h all[$ 
a precipitate to fall :i* 0 *iefly      
gypsum4 7b47 ,volatile liv] ( sulphur   
likewise dim9i%es ! bulk ( air4 7c47    
,sulphur1 h[ev]1 & volatile _s (        
sulphur1 und]go no alt]ation 9 x4   #ab4
 ,fif? ,exp]im5t4--,i hung up ov] burn+ 
sulphur1 l95 rags :i* 7 dipp$ 9 a       
solution ( alkali ( t>t>4 ,aft] ! alkali
 0 saturat$ ) ! volatile acid1 ,i plac$ 
! rags 9 a flask1 & clos$ ! m\? mo/     
c>efully ) a wet bladd]4 ,aft] #c weeks 
_h elaps$ ,i f\nd ! bladd] /rongly      
press$ d[n2 ,i inv]t$ ! flask1 held its 
m\? 9 wat]1 & made a hole 9 ! bladd]2   
!reupon wat] rose ) viol5ce into ! flask

 & fill$ ! f\r? "p4   #ac4 ,six?        
,exp]im5t4--,i collect$ 9 a bladd] !    
nitr\s air :i* arises on ! dissolution (
 ! metals 9 nitr\s acid1 & aft] ,i _h   
ti$ ! bladd] tightly ,i laid x 9 a flask
 & secur$ ! m\? v c>efully ) a wet      
bladd]4 ,! nitr\s air gradually lo/ its 
ela/icity1 ! bladd] collaps$1 & became  
yell[ z if corrod$ by aqua =tis4 ,aft]  
#ad days ,i made a hole 9 ! bladd] ti$  
ov] ! flask1 hav+ previ\sly held x1     
inv]t$1 "u wat]2 ! wat] rose rapidly    
into ! flask1 & x rema9$ only #b_/c     
empty4   #ad4 ,sev5? ,exp]im5t4--7a47 ,i
 imm]s$ ! m\? ( a flask 9 a vessel ) oil
 ( turp5t9e4 ,! oil rose 9 ! flask a few
 l9es e day4 ,aft] ! lapse ( #ad days ! 
f\r? "p ( ! flask 0 fill$ ) x2 ,i all[$ 
x to /& = #c weeks long]1 b ! oil did n 
rise high]4 ,all ^? oils :i* dry 9 !    
air1 & become conv]t$ into res9\s       
sub/ances1 possess ?is prop]ty4 ,oil (  
turp5t9e1 h[ev]1 & l9se$ oil rise up    
soon] if ! flask is previ\sly r9s$ out )
 a conc5trat$ %>p ley4 7b47 ,i p\r$ #b  

ounces ( col\rless & transp>5t animal   
oil ( ,dippel into a bottle & clos$ x v 
lightly2 aft] ! expiry ( two mon?s ! oil
 0 ?ick & black4 ,i !n held ! bottle1   
inv]t$1 "u wat] & drew out ! cork2 !    
bottle imm$iately became #a_/d fil$ )   
wat]4   #ae4 ,eigh? ,exp]im5t4--7a47 ,i 
dissolv$ #b ounces ( vitriol ( iron 9   
#cb ounces ( wat]1 & precipitat$ ?is    
solution ) a cau/ic ley4 ,aft] !        
precipitate _h settl$1 ,i p\r$ away !   
cle> fluid & put ! d>k gre5 precipitate 
( iron s obta9$1 toge!r ) ! rema9+ wat]1
 into ! be=e-m5tion$ bottle 7,sec4 #h71 
& clos$ x tightly4 ,aft] #ad days 7dur+ 
:i* "t ,i %ook ! bottle frequ5tly71 ?is 
gre5 calx ( iron _h acquir$ ! col\r (   
crocus ( iron1 & ( #dj p>ts ( air #ab _h
 be5 lo/4 7b47 ,:5 iron fil+s are moi/5$
 ) "s wat] & pres]v$ = a few weeks 9 a  
well clos$ bottle1 a portion ( ! air is 
likewise lo/4 7c47 ,! solution ( iron 9 
v9eg> has ! same effect ^u air4 ,9 ?is  
case ! v9eg> p]mits ! dissolv$ iron to  
fall out 9 ! =m ( a yell[ crocus1 &     

becomes completely depriv$ ( ?is metal4 
7d47 ,! solution ( copp] prep>$ 9 clos$ 
vessels ) _s ( salt likewise dim9i%es   
air4 ,9 none ( ! =ego+ k9ds ( air c ei!r
 a c&le burn or ! smalle/ sp>k gl[4     
#af4 ,x is se5 f ^! exp]im5ts t         
phlogi/on1 ! simple inflammable         
pr9ciple1 is pres5t 9 ea* ( !m4 ,x is   
kn[n t ! air /rongly attracts to itself 
! inflammable "p ( sub/ances & deprives 
!m ( x3 n only ?is may be se5 f !       
exp]im5ts cit$1 b x is at ! same "t     
evid5t t on ! transf]5ce ( ! inflammable
 sub/ance to ! air a consid]able "p ( ! 
air is lo/4 ,b t ! inflammable          
sub/ance,b alone is ! cause ( ?is       
action1 is pla9 f ?is1 t1 accord+ to !  
#aj? p>agraph1 n ! lea/ trace ( sulphur 
rema9s ov]1 s9ce1 accord+ to my         
exp]im5ts ?is col\rless ley conta9s only
 "s vitriolat$ t>t>4 ,! #aa? p>agraph   
likewise %ews ?is4 ,b s9ce sulphur      
alone1 & also ! volatile _s ( sulphur1 h
 no effect ^u ! air 7,sec4 #aa4 c471 x  
is cle> t ! decomposition ( liv] (      

sulphur takes place accord+ to ! laws ( 
d\ble aff9ity1--t is to say1 t !        
alkalies & lime attract ! vitriolic     
acid1 & ! air attracts ! phlogi/on4     
,footnote ,b3 ,das ,br5nb>e4  ,x may    
also be se5 f ! above exp]im5ts1 t a    
giv5 quantity ( air c only unite )1 & at
 ! same "t saturate1 a c]ta9 quantity ( 
! inflammable sub/ance3 ?is is evid5t f 
! #i? p>agraph1 lett] b4 ,b :e!r !      
phlogi/on :i* 0 lo/ by ! sub/ances 0    
/ill pres5t 9 ! air left beh9d 9 !      
bottle1 or :e!r ! air :i* 0 lo/ _h unit$
 & fix$ itself ) ! mat]ials su* z liv] (
 sulphur1 oils1 c41 are que/ions (      
importance4  ,f ! fir/ view1 x w\ld     
necess>ily foll[ t ! inflammable        
sub/ance possess$ ! prop]ty ( depriv+ ! 
air ( "p ( its ela/icity1 & t 9         
consequ5ce ( ?is x becomes m closely    
compress$ by ! ext]nal air4 ,9 ord] n[  
to help myself out ( ^! unc]ta9ties1 ,i 
=m$ ! op9ion t any su* air mu/ be       
specifically heavi] ?an ord9>y air1 bo? 
on acc\nt ( its conta9+ phlogi/on & also

 ( its great] cond5sation4 ,b h[ p]plex$
 0 ,i :5 ,i saw t a v ?9 flask :i* 0    
fill$ ) ?is air1 & mo/ accurately       
weigh$1 n only did n c\nt]poise an equal
 quantity ( ord9>y air1 b 0 ev5 some:at 
light]4 ,i !n ?\ght t ! latt] view might
 be admissible2 b 9 t case x w\ld       
necess>ily foll[ also t ! lo/ air c\ld  
be sep>at$ aga9 f ! mat]ials employ$4   
,none ( ! exp]im5ts cit$ seem$ to me    
capable ( %ew+ ?is m cle>ly ?an t       
accord+ to ! #aj? p>agraph1 because ?is 
residuum1 z already m5tion$1 consi/s (  
vitriolat$ t>t> & alkali4 ,9 ord] !re=e 
to see :e!r ! lo/ air _h be5 conv]t$    
into fix$ air1 ,i tri$ :e!r ! latt] %ew$
 itself :5 "s ( ! cau/ic ley 0 p\r$ into
 lime wat]2 b 9 va9--no precipitation   
took place4 ,inde$1 ,i tri$ 9 sev]al    
ways to obta9 ! lo/ air f ?is alkal9e   
mixture1 b z ! results 7 simil> to !    
=ego+1 9 ord] to avoid prolixity ,i %all
 n cite ^! exp]im5ts4 ,?us mu* ,i see f 
! exp]im5ts m5tion$1 t ! air consi/s (  
two fluids1 diff]+ f ea* o!r1 ! "o ( :i*

 does n manife/ 9 ! lea/ ! prop]ty (    
attract+ phlogi/on1 :ile ! o!r1 :i*     
composes betwe5 ! ?ird & ! f\r? "p ( !  
:ole mass ( ! air1 is peculi>ly dispos$ 
to su* attraction4 ,b :]e ?is latt] k9d 
( air has gone to aft] x has unit$ ) !  
inflammable sub/ance1 is a "q :i* mu/ be
 decid$ by fur!r exp]im5ts1 & n by      
conjectures4  ,we %all n[ see h[ ! air  
behaves t[>ds inflammable sub/ances :5  
!y get into fi]y motion4 ,we %all fir/  
consid] t k9d ( fire :i* does n give out
 dur+ ! combu/ion any fluid resembl+    
air4   #ag4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,i plac$  
#i gra9s ( phosphorus f ur9e 9 a ?9     
flask1 :i* 0 capable ( hold+ #cj ounces 
( wat]1 & clos$ its m\? v tightly4 ,i !n
 heat$1 ) a burn+ c&le1 ! "p ( ! flask  
:]e ! phosphorus lay2 ! phosphorus began
 to melt1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds took    
fire2 ! flask became fill$ ) a :ite     
cl\d1 :i* atta*$ itself to ! sides l    
:ite fl[]s2 ?is 0 ! dry acid (          
phosphorus4 ,aft] ! flask _h become cold
 aga91 ,i held x1 inv]t$1 "u wat] & op5$

 x2 sc>cely _h ?is be5 done :5 ! ext]nal
 air press$ wat] into ! flask2 ?is wat] 
am\nt$ to #i ounces4   #ah4 ,second     
,exp]im5t4--,:5 ,i plac$ pieces (       
phosphorus 9 ! same flask & all[$ x to  
/&1 clos$1 = #f weeks1 or until x no    
long] gl[$1 ,i f\nd t #a_/c ( ! air _h  
be5 lo/4   #ai4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--,i    
plac$ #c teaspoonfuls ( iron fil+s 9 a  
bottle capable ( hold+ #b ounces ( wat]2
 to ?is ,i add$ an ounce ( wat]1 &      
gradually mix$ ) !m half an ounce ( oil 
( vitriol4 ,a viol5t heat+ & f]m5tation 
took place4 ,:5 ! fro? _h some:at       
subsid$1 ,i fix$ into ! bottle an       
accurately fitt+ cork1 ?r\gh :i* ,i _h  
previ\sly fix$ a glass tube ,a 7,fig4   
#a74 ,i plac$ ?is bottle 9 a vessel     
fill$ ) hot wat]1 ,b ,b 7cold wat] w\ld 
greatly ret>d ! solution74 ,i !n        
approa*$ a burn+ c&le to ! orifice ( !  
tube1 :]eupon ! inflammable air took    
fire & burn$ ) a small yell[i%-gre5     
flame4 ,z soon z ?is _h tak5 place1 ,i  
took a small flask ,c1 :i* 0 capable (  

hold+ #bj ounces ( wat]1 & held x s deep
 9 ! wat] t ! little flame /ood 9 !     
middle ( ! flask4 ,! wat] at once began 
to rise gradually into ! flask1 & :5 !  
level _h rea*$ ! po9t ,d ! flame w5t    
out4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ! wat] began  
to s9k aga91 & 0 entirely driv5 out ( ! 
flask4 ,! space 9 ! flask up to ,d      
conta9$ #d ounces1 !re=e ! fif? "p ( !  
air _h be5 lo/4 ,i p\r$ a few ounces (  
lime wat] into ! flask 9 ord] to see    
:e!r any a]ial acid _h also be5 produc$ 
dur+ ! combu/ion1 b ,i did n f9d any4 ,i
 made ! same exp]im5t ) z9c fil+s1 & x  
proce$$ 9 e way simil>ly to t j m5tion$4
 ,i %all demon/rate ! con/itu5ts ( ?is  
inflammable air fur!r on2 =1 al?\gh x   
seems to foll[ f ^! exp]im5ts t x is    
only phlogi/on1 /ill o!r exp]im5ts are  
contr>y to ?is4  ,we %all n[ see !      
behavi\r ( air t[>ds t k9d ( fire :i*   
gives (f1 dur+ ! combu/ion1 a fluid     
resembl+ air4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #c4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4      

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4   #bj4 ,f\r?    
,exp]im5t4--,x is well kn[n t ! flame ( 
a c&le absorbs air2 b z x is v          
difficult1 &1 inde$1 sc>cely possible1  
to light a c&le 9 a clos$ flask1 !      
foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! fir/         
place3--,i set a burn+ c&le 9 a di% full
 wat]2 ,i !n plac$ an inv]t$ flask ov]  
?is c&le2 at once !re arose f ! wat]    
l>ge air bubbles1 :i* 7 caus$ by !      
expansion1 by heat1 ( ! air 9 ! flask4  
,:5 ! flame became some:at small]1 !    
wat] began to rise 9 ! flask2 aft] x _h 
gone out & ! flask _h become cold1 ,i   
f\nd ! f\r? "p fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is       
exp]im5t 0 v undecisive to me1 because  
,i 0 n assur$ :e!r ?is f\r? "p ( ! air  
_h n be5 driv5 out by ! heat ( ! flame2 
s9ce necess>ily 9 t case ! ext]nal air  
re/+ ^u ! wat] seeks equilibrium aga9   
aft] ! flask has become cold1 & presses 
! same measure ( wat] into ! flask z (  
air _h be5 previ\sly driv5 out by !     
heat4 ,accord+ly1 ,i made ! foll[+      
exp]im5t3   #ba4 ,fif? ,exp]im5t4--7a47 

,i press$ ^u ! bottom ( ! di% ,a 7,fig4 
#b7 a t\gh mass1 ( ! ?ickness ( two     
f+]s1 made ( wax1 res91 & turp5t9e metal
 toge!r2 9 ! middle ,i fa/5$ a ?ick iron
 wire :i* rea*$ to ! middle ( ! flask   
,b2 ^u ! po9t ( ?is wire ,c1 ,i /uck a  
small wax c&le1 ^: wick ,i _h twi/$     
toge!r out ( ?ree sl5d] ?reads4 ,i !n   
light$ ! c&le1 & at ! same "t plac$ ov] 
x ! inv]t$ flask ,b1 :i* ,i !n press$ v 
deep into ! mass4 ,z soon z ?is 0 done1 
,i fill$ ! di% ) wat]4 ,aft] ! flame 0  
ext+ui%$ & ev]y?+ _h become q cold1 ,i  
op5$ ! flask 9 ! same position "u !     
wat]1 :5 #b ounces ( wat] ent]$2 ! flask
 held #afj ounces ( wat]4 ,accord+ly1   
!re is want+ "h s mu* air z occupies !  
space ( #b ounces ( wat]4 ,has ?is air  
be5 absorb$ by ! inflammable sub/ance1  
or has ! heat ( ! small flame driv5 x   
out ev5 be=e ,i c\ld press ! flask into 
! t\gh mass8 ,! latt] seems to h tak5   
place 9 ?is case1 z ,i conclude f !     
foll[+3--,i took a small flask capable (
 hold+ #bj ounces ( wat]2 9 ?is ,i caus$

 a c&le to burn z 9 ! prec$+2 aft]      
ev]y?+ _h become cold1 ,i op5$ ?is flask
 likewise "u wat]1 :]eupon simil>ly     
ne>ly #b ounces ent]$4 ,_h ! =m] #b     
ounces measure ( air be5 absorb$1 !n !re
 %\ld h be5 only #b dra*ms measure      
absorb$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4  7b47 ,i repeat$
 ! prec$+ exp]im5t ) ! l>ge flask 9     
exactly ! same way1 except t ,i employ$ 
_s ( w9e 9 place ( ! c&le4 ,i fa/5$ ?ree
 iron wires1 :i* 7 ( equal l5g? & rea*$ 
up to ! middle ( ! flask1 into ! t\gh   
mass :i* 0 firmly press$ on to ! bottom 
( ! di%4 ,^u ^! wires ,i laid a         
f\r-corn]$ plate ( metal1 & ^u ?is ,i   
plac$ a small vessel into :i* _s ( w9e 0
 p\r$4 ,i set fire to ?is & plac$ !     
flask ov] x4 ,aft] cool+1 ,i obs]v$ t #c
 ounces measure ( air _h be5 driv5 out  
by ! heat ( ! flame4  7c47 ,^u ! same /&
 ,i plac$ a few small gl[+ coals1 &     
all[$ !n g out 9 ! same way "u ! flask4 
,i f\nd aft] cool+ t ! heat ( ! coals _h
 driv5 out ?ree & a half ounces measure 
( air4  ,! exp]im5ts seem to prove t !  

transf]5ce ( phlogi/on to ! air does n  
always dim9i% its bulk1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !   
exp]im5ts m5tion$ 9 ,sec4,sec4 #h4af %ew
 di/9ctly4 ,b ! foll[+ w %ew t t portion
 ( ! air :i* unites ) ! inflammable     
sub/ance1 & is at ! same "t absorb$ by  
x1 is replac$ by ! newly =m$ a]ial acid4
   #bb4 ,six? ,exp]im5t4--,aft] ! fire  
_h gone out & ev]y?+ _h become cold 9 ! 
exp]im5ts m5tion$ above 7,sec4 #ba4 a4  
b4 c471 ,i p\r$ into ea* flask #f ounces
 ( milk ( lime 7lime wat] :i* has 9 x m 
unslak$ lime ?an ! wat] c dissolve72 ,i 
!n plac$ my h& firmly on ! m\? ( ! flask
 & swung x sev]al times up & d[n2 !n ,i 
held ! flask inv]t$ "u wat] & drew my h&
 a little to "o side1 s t a small       
orifice might be made4 ,wat] imm$iately 
rose into ! flask4 ,!n ,i %ut ! m\? aga9
 v tightly ) my h& "u wat]1 & aft]w>ds  
%ook x sev]al times up & d[n4 ,i op5$ x 
aga9 "u wat]2 ?is op]ation ,i repeat$   
twice m until no m wat] w\ld rise into !
 flask1 or until no m a]ial acid 0      
pres5t 9 x4 ,i !n p]ceiv$ t 9 ea*       

exp]im5t betwe5 #g & #h ounces ( wat]   
rose into ! flasks1 consequ5tly !       
n9ete5? "p ( ! air has be5 lo/4 ,?is 0  
inde$ some?+1 b s9ce 9 ! combu/ion (    
phosphorus 7,sec4 #ag7 ne>ly ! ?ird "p (
 ! air 0 lo/1 !re mu/ be ano!r reason   
besides1 :y z mu* is n absorb$ 9 ?is    
case also4 ,x is kn[n t "o "p ( a]ial   
acid mix$ ) #aj p>ts ( ord9>y air       
ext+ui%es fire2 & !re are "h 9 addition1
 exp&$ by ! heat ( ! flame & surr\nd+ ! 
latt]1 ! wat]y vap\rs produc$ by !      
de/ruction ( ^! oily sub/ances4 ,x is ^!
 two ela/ic fluids1 sep>at+ !mselves f  
su* a flame1 :i* pres5t no small        
h9drance to ! fire :i* w\ld o!rwise     
c]ta9ly burn mu* long]1 especially s9ce 
!re is "h no curr5t ( air by means ( :i*
 !y c be driv5 away f ! flame4 ,:5 !    
a]ial acid is sep>at$ f ?is air by milk 
( lime1 !n a c&le c burn 9 x aga91      
al?\gh only = a v %ort "t4   #bc4 ,sev5?
 ,exp]im5t4--,i plac$ ^u ! /& 7,sec4    
#ba4 b47 a small crucible :i* 0 fill$ ) 
sulphur2 ,i set fire to x & plac$ !     

flask ov] x4 ,aft] ! sulphur 0 ext+ui%$ 
& ev]y?+ _h become cold1 ,i f\nd t out (
 #afj p>ts ( air1 #b p>ts 7 driv5 out ( 
! flask by ! heat ( ! flame4 ,i next    
p\r$ #f ounces ( cle> lime wat] into !  
flask & dealt ) x by %ak+1 z already    
expla9$1 & obs]v$ t ! six? "p ( all !   
air _h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( !         
combu/ion4 ,! lime wat] 0 n 9 ! lea/    
precipitat$ 9 ?is case1 an indication t 
sulphur gives out no a]ial acid dur+ its
 combu/ion1 b ano!r sub/ance some:at    
resembl+ air2 ?is is ! volatile acid (  
sulphur1 :i* occupies aga9 ! empty space
 produc$ by ! union ( ! inflammable     
sub/ance ) air4 ,x is n1 z may be se51 a
 trifl+ circum/ance t phlogi/on1 :e!r x 
sep>ates itself f sub/ances & ent]s into
 union ) air1 ) or )\t a fi]y motion1   
/ill 9 e case dim9i%es ! air s          
consid]ably 9 its ext]nal bulk4   #bd4  
,exp]im5ts :i* prove t ord9>y air1      
consi/+ ( two k9ds ( ela/ic fluids1 c be
 comp\nd$ aga9 aft] ^! h be5 sep>at$ f  
ea* o!r by means ( phlogi/on4  ,i h     

already /at$ 9 ,sec4 #af t ,i 0 n able  
to f9d aga9 ! lo/ air4 ,"o might inde$  
object1 t ! lo/ air /ill rema9s 9 !     
residual air :i* c no m unite )         
phlogi/on2 =1 s9ce ,i h f\nd t x is     
light] ?an ord9>y air1 x might be       
believ$ t ! phlogi/on unit$ ) ?is air   
makes x light]1 z appe>s to be kn[n     
already f o!r exp]im5ts4 ,b s9ce        
phlogi/on is a sub/ance1 :i* always     
presupposes "s weight1 ,i mu* d\bt :e!r 
su* hypo!sis has any f\ndation4444      
#be4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ n *emi/s h di/ill$ !   
fum+ acid ( nitre f oil ( vitriol &     
nitre1 :5 x is impossible t !y %\ld n h 
obs]v$ h[ ?is acid w5t ov] r$ 9 !       
beg9n+1 :ite & col\rless 9 ! middle ( ! 
di/illation1 b at ! end r$ aga92 & inde$
 s d>k-r$ t "o c\ld n see ?r\gh !       
receiv]8 ,x is to be notic$ "h t if !   
heat is p]mitt$ to increase too mu* at !
 end ( ! di/illation1 ! :ole mixture    
ent]s into su* fro?+ t ev]y?+ goes ov]  
into ! receiv]2 &1 :at is ( ! greate/   
importance1 a k9d ( air goes ov] dur+   

?is fro?+ :i* des]ves no small att5tion4
 ,if "o takes = su* di/illation a v     
black oil ( vitriol1 n only does ! acid 
g ov] at ! beg9n+ ( a f> d>k] r$ ?an :5 
"o takes a :ite oil ( vitriol1 b fur!r1 
:5 "o introduces a burn+ c&le into !    
receiv] aft] ab\t an ounce has gone ov]1
 ?is goes out imm$iately4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
:5 "o places a burn+ c&le 9 ! receiv]   
fill$ ) blood-r$ vap\rs1 t[>ds ! end ( !
 di/illation :51 z has be5 said1 !      
mixture fro?s /rongly1 n only w x       
cont9ue to burn1 b ?is w take place ) a 
mu* bright] light ?an 9 ord9>y air4 ,!  
same ?+ occurs :5 "o atta*es1 at ! close
 ( ! di/illation1 a receiv] :i* is fill$
 ) an air 9 :i* fire w n burn1 =1 :5 ?is
 has be5 atta*$ = half an h\r1 a c&le w 
likewise cont9ue to burn 9 ! air4  ,9   
?is case !re n[ arises 9 ! fir/ place ! 
"q3 ,are ! vap\rs ( ! acid ( nitre      
naturally r$8 ,i beg leave to raise ?is 
"q "h because ,i believe !re are p :o   
advance ! r$ness ( ?is acid z a di/+ui%+
 *>act]i/ic4 ,! col\rs ( ! acid ( nitre 

are accid5tal4 ,:5 a few ounces ( fum+  
acid ( nitre are di/ill$ by a v g5tle   
heat1 ! yell[ sep>ates itself f x & goes
 into ! receiv]1 & ! residuum 9 ! retort
 becomes :ite & col\rless l wat]4 ,?is  
acid has all ! *ief prop]ties ( acid (  
nitre1 except t ! yell[ col\r is want+4 
,?is ,i call ! pure acid ( nitre2 z     
soon1 h[ev]1 z x comes into contact ) an
 inflammable sub/ance1 x becomes m or   
less r$4 ,?is r$ acid is m volatile ?an 
! pure1 h5ce heat alone c sep>ate !m f  
"o ano!r2 &1 = exactly ! same reason1 ! 
volatile _s mu/ g ov] fir/ 9 !          
di/illation ( ,glaub]'s _s ( nitre4 ,:5 
?is has gone ov]1 ! col\rless acid      
foll[s2 b :y does ! acid make its       
appe>ance aga9 s blood-r$ at ! end ( !  
di/illation8 ,:y has n ?is r$ness       
already be5 driv5 ov] at ! beg9n+8 ,:]e 
does x n[ obta9 its phlogi/on8 ,?is is !
 difficulty4   #bf4 ,i intimat$ 9 !     
prec$+ p>agraph t ! c&le w5t out 9 !    
receiv] at ! beg9n+ ( ! di/illation4 ,! 
reason is to be f\nd 9 ! exp]im5t :i* ,i

 h cit$ 9 ,sec4 #ac4 ,9 ?is case ! acid 
( nitre1 pass+ ov] 9 vap\rs1 takes to   
itself ! inflammable sub/ance1 ^:       
pres5ce is indicat$ by ! black col\r ( !
 oil ( vitriol2 z soon z ?is has tak5   
place x meets ) ! air1 :i* aga9 robs !  
n[ phlogi/icat$ acid ( its inflammable  
sub/ance2 by ?is means a "p ( ! air     
conta9$ 9 ! receiv] becomes lo/1 h5ce ! 
fire introduc$ into x mu/ g out 7,sec4  
#ae74   #bg4 ,! acid ( nitre c attract  
phlogi/on 9 v>y+ quantity1 :5 x likewise
 receives o!r prop]ties ) ea*           
proportion4 7a47 ,:5 x becomes1 z x 71  
saturat$ ) x1 a true fire arises1 & x is
 !n completely de/roy$4 7b47 ,:5 !      
inflammable pr9ciple is pres5t 9 small] 
quantity1 ?is acid is conv]t$ into a k9d
 ( air :i* w n unite ei!r ) ! alkalies  
or ) ! absorb5t e>?s1 & ) wat] only 9 v 
small quantity4 ,:5 ?is acid ( nitre1   
resembl+ air1 meets ) ! air1 ! latt]    
takes ! inflammable sub/ance f x aga91 x
 loses its ela/icity 7,sec4 #ac71 !     
vap\rs acquire r$ness1 & ! air und]goes 

at ! same "t ?is no less rem>kable ?an  
natural alt]ation1 t x is n only        
dim9i%$1 b also becomes w>m4 7c47 ,:5 ! 
acid ( nitre receives /ill some:at less 
phlogi/on1 x is likewise conv]t$ into a 
k9d ( air1 :i*1 l ! air1 is also        
invisible1 b unites ) ! alkalies & e>?s1
 & along ) !m c br+ =? real int]m$iate  
salts4 ,?is phlogi/icat$ acid is1 h[ev]1
 s loosely unit$ ) ^! absorb+ sub/ances1
 t ev5 ! simple mixture ) ! vegetable   
acids c drive x out4 ,x is pres5t 9 ?is 
condition 9 nitre :i* has be5 made r$   
hot1 & also 9 ,nitrum ,antimoniatum4 ,:5
 ?is acid ( nitre meets ! air x also    
loses its ela/icity & is conv]t$ into r$
 vap\rs4 ,:5 x is mix$ 9 a c]ta9        
quantity ) wat]1 ?is acquires a blue1   
gre51 or yell[ col\r4 7d47 ,:5 ! pure   
acid ( nitre receives b v little ( !    
inflammable sub/ance1 ! vap\rs only     
acquire a r$ col\r1 & are want+ 9       
expansive p[]2 x is1 h[ev]1 m volatile  
?an ! pure acid4 ,?is acid holds ?is    
small quantity ( phlogi/on s firmly t   

ev5 ! air1 :i* s /rongly attracts !     
inflammable sub/ance1 is n able to      
sep>ate ?is f x4         99       99    
99       99       99  #bi4 ,i took a    
glass retort :i* 0 capable ( hold+ #h   
ounces ( wat]1 & di/ill$ fum+ acid (    
nitre accord+ to ! usual me?od4 ,9 !    
beg9n+ ! acid w5t ov] r$1 !n x became   
col\rless1 & f9ally all became r$ aga92 
z soon z ,i p]ceiv$ ! latt]1 ,i took    
away ! receiv] & ti$ on a bladd]1 empti$
 ( air1 into :i* ,i p\r$ "s ?ick milk ( 
lime 7,sec4 #bb7 9 ord] to prev5t !     
corrosion ( ! bladd]4 ,i !n proce$$ ) ! 
di/illation4 ,! bladd] began to exp&    
gradually4 ,aft] ?is ,i p]mitt$ ev]y?+  
to cool1 & ti$ up ! bladd]4 ,la/ly ,i   
remov$ x f ! neck ( ! retort4 ,i fill$ a
 bottle1 :i* conta9$ #aj ounces ( wat]1 
) ?is gas 7,sec4 #cj1 e471 ,i !n plac$ a
 small light$ c&le 9 x2 sc>cely _h ?is  
be5 done :5 ! c&le began to burn ) a    
l>ge flame1 :]eby x gave out su* a      
bright light t x 0 suffici5t to dazzle !
 eyes4 ,i mix$ "o "p ( ?is air ) ?ree   

p>ts ( t k9d ( air 9 :i* fire w\ld n    
burn2 ,i _h "h an air :i* 0 l ! ord9>y  
air 9 e respect4 ,s9ce ?is air is       
necess>ily requir$ = ! orig9ation (     
fire1 & makes up ab\t ! ?ird "p ( our   
common air1 ,i %all call x aft] ?is1 = !
 sake ( %ortness1 ,fire-air2 b ! o!r air
 :i* is n 9 ! lea/ s]viceable = ! fi]y  
ph5om5on1 & makes up ab\t two-?irds (   
our air1 ,i %all designate aft] ?is ) ! 
"n already kn[n1 ( ,vitiat$ ,air4   #cj4
 ,anyone might ask me 9 :at way ,i br+  
air f "o vessel into ano!r4 ,i f9d x    
necess>y !re=e to describe ?is 9 ! fir/ 
place4 ,my arrangem5ts & vessels are ! v
 simple/ t "o c possibly h3 flasks1     
retorts1 bottles1 glasses1 & ox bladd]s 
are ! ?+s :i* ,i employ4 ,! bladd]s1    
:ile !y are /ill fre%1 are rubb$1 & bl[n
 up v fully1 !n tightly ti$ & hung up to
 dry4 ,:5 ,i wi% to use su* a bladd] &  
f9d x bl[n up j z fully z at fir/1 ,i am
 !reby assur$ t x is tight4  7a47 ,:5 ,i
 wi% to collect any k9d ( air 9 a       
bladd]1 = example ! phlogi/icat$ acid ( 

nitre 7,sec4 #ac71 ,i take a s(t bladd] 
sme>$ inside ) a few drops ( oil1 &     
place 9 x "s fil+s ( a metal1 z iron1   
z9c1 or t92 ,i !n press ! air z         
completely z possible out ( ! bladd] &  
tie x v tightly ov] a small bottle into 
:i* "s aqua =tis has be5 p\r$2 ,i !n    
p>tly unfold ! bladd] s t a few iron    
fil+s may fall into ! aqua =tis1 accord+
 z ?is dissolves ! bladd] becomes exp&$4
 ,:5 ,i h collect$ en\gh ( ! air s      
produc$1 ,i tightly tie up ! bladd] ) a 
?read close above ! m\? ( ! bottle1 & !n
 deta* x f ! bottle4 7b47 ,if ?is       
phlogi/icat$ acid ( nitre is mix$ )     
a]ial acid1 :i* is ! case :5 ! acid ( ! 
nitre is extract$ ov] sug>1 ,i tie a    
bladd]1 s(t5$ ) "s wat]1 to ! extreme   
end ( ! neck ( ! retort ,a 7,fig4 #c72 9
 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ,i may prop]ly prev5t ! 
escape ( ! air x is necess>y to scrat* !
 neck ( ! retort some:at at ?is place ) 
a fl9t4 7,retorts :i* ,i employ =       
inve/igations ( ?is k9d ,i h bl[n n l>g]
 ?an to be capable ( hold+ only f "o    

half to ?ree ounces ( wat]1 b :i* h at !
 same "t a neck :i* is ab\t half an ell 
long1 & t = ?is reason t ! atta*$ bladd]
 may n be de/roy$ dur+ ! op]ation by !  
heat ( ! furnace or by ! hot vap\rs47   
,into ?is bladd] ,i p\r "s milk ( lime  
7,sec4 #bb71 & press ! air out z fully z
 possible4 ,?is lime w absorb ! a]ial   
acid dur+ ! di/illation1 & leave !      
phlogi/icat$ acid ( nitre unt\*$4 7c47  
,9 exactly ! same way z is describ$ 9 a 
,i also collect a]ial acid & !          
inflammable air ( sulphur 7( :i* ,i %all
 speak fur!r on74 ,b if ! bladd]s are   
moi/1 or ev5 if only ! air surr\nd+ !m  
is s1 bo? ^! k9ds ( air p5etrate        
completely ?r\gh ! bladd]s 9 a few days2
 if ! bladd]s & air are dry1 h[ev]1 ?is 
does n take place4 ,i obta9 inflammable 
air f ! metals1 z iron or z9c1 9 exactly
 ! same way1 except t ,i place ! bottle 
9 w>m s&4 ,?is air is /ill m subtle ?an 
! prec$+2 x p5etrates ?r\gh ! f9e pores 
( ! bladd] 9 a few days1 al?\gh air &   
bladd] are dry4 ,i frequ5tly exp]i5c$   

?is to my vexation4 7d47 ,i n           
infrequ5tly cat* air 9 bladd]s1 )\t any 
bottles4 ,i place 9 a s(t bladd] 7,,aa1 
,fig4 #d7 ! mat]ial f :i* ,i int5d to   
collect ! air1 = example1 *alk2 above   
?is *alk ,i draw ! bladd] toge!r ) tw9e 
,,bb2 ,i !n p\r above x ! acid dilut$ ) 
wat] & press out ! air z completely z   
possible2 ,i f9ally tie up ! bladd]     
above at ,,cc4 ,i !n untie ! tw9e ,b1 :5
 ! acid runs ^u ! *alk2 x imm$iately    
drives out ! a]ial acid1 :]eupon !      
bladd] mu/ exp&4 7e47 ,:5 ,i require to 
get an air out ( ! bladd] into a flask1 
glass1 retort1 or bottle1 ,i fill su*   
app>atus ) wat] & place 9 x a tightly   
fitt+ cork2 ,i !n tie ! bladd] :i*      
conta9s ! air1 t is1 ! op5+ f ,c to ,d  
7,fig4 #d71 v firmly ov] su* bottle2 ,i 
!n inv]t ! bottle s t ! bladd] comes    
bel[ & ! bottle above1 :]eupon ,i hold !
 bottle ) ! left h& & ) ! "r ,i )draw ! 
cork2 ,i hold ?is cork firmly betwe5 bo?
 f+]s inside ! bladd] until ! wat] has  
fl[$ out ( ! bottle into ! bladd]1 & !  

air has m\nt$ out ( ! bladd] into !     
bottle2 ,i !n put 9 ! cork & deta* !    
bladd] f ! bottle4 ,:5 ,i wi% to pres]ve
 ! air = a long "t ,i place ! neck ( !  
bottle 9 a vessel ) wat]4 7f47 ,:5 !re  
is a]ial acid 9 ! bladd]1 or ano!r air  
:i* c unite ) wat]1 & ,i wi% to unite x 
) wat] neatly1 ,i fill a bottle ) cold  
wat]1 &1 aft] x has be5 atta*$ to !     
bladd]1 ,i p]mit ab\t ! f\r? "p to run  
into ! bladd]2 ,i !n pu% ! cork1 :i*1 z 
previ\sly1 0 firmly held )9 ! bladd]1   
into ! bottle aga92 ,i !n %ake ! bottle 
g5tly1 :5 ! air w dissolve 9 ! wat]4    
,!reupon ,i make a small op5+ by means (
 ! cork1 :5 air passes out ( ! bladd]   
into ! bottle 9 ord] to fill up aga9 !  
space :i* has become empty1 )\t any wat]
 runn+ into ! bladd]2 ,i !n pu% ! cork  
aga9 into ! bottle & %ake ! wat] conta9$
 9 x4 ,i repeat ?is op]ation two or ?ree
 times m1 :5 ! wat] is saturat$ ) ?is   
air4 7g47 ,:5 ,i wi% to mix toge!r two  
k9ds ( air 9 a flask or bottle1 ,i p]mit
 9 ! fir/ place j z mu* wat]1 by        

measure1 to run f ! bottle fill$ ) wat]1
 into ! bladd]1 z ,i wi% to h ( air4 ,i 
!n tie ! bottle ov] ) a bladd] fill$ )  
ano!r k9d ( air & p]mit ! rema9+ wat] to
 run into ! bladd]1 :]eupon ,i          
imm$iately replace ! cork 9 ! bottle1 z 
soon z ! la/ ( ! wat] has run out4 7h47 
,:5 ,i wi% to h 9 a bladd] an air       
collect$ 9 a bottle1 ,i rev]se !        
op]ation4 ,t is to say1 ,i fill ! bladd]
 ) z mu* wat] z ,i wi% to h 9 x ( air & 
tie x up at ! top2 ,i !n tie ?is bladd] 
tightly ov] ! top ( ! bottle & untie !  
ligature ( ! bladd]1 draw ! cork out ( !
 bottle & s p]mit ! wat] to run out ( ! 
bladd] into ! bottle4 ,i !n tie up !    
bladd]1 :i* n[ conta9s ! air out ( !    
bottle1 & deta* x f ! bottle4 7i47 ,:5  
,i h 9 a bottle an air mix$ ) ano!r k9d 
( air :i* c be absorb$ by wat] or lime1 
b wi% to "k h[ mu* ( ea* k9d is pres5t 9
 ! bottle1 ,i tie ov] x a bladd] into   
:i* s mu* milk ( lime has be5 p\r$ t !  
bottle c be fill$ ) x2 ,i !n )draw !    
cork & p]mit ! wat] or milk ( lime to   

run into ! bottle4 ,i aft]w>ds inv]t !  
bottle & p]mit ! milk ( lime to fl[ aga9
 into ! bladd]2 ,i repeat ?is runn+ out 
& 9 sev]al times4 ,s mu* air by measure 
has be5 absorb$ z !re n[ rema9s beh9d ( 
milk ( lime 9 ! bottle4  ,^! are !      
me?ods :i* ,i employ$ 9 my inve/igations
 ( air4 ,i admit t !y w n p>ticul>ly    
please "s1 because !y d n decide ) great
 exactness4 ,!y af=d$ me satisfaction1  
h[ev]1 9 all my inve/igations2 & p w (t5
 split a hair :]e x is n 9 ! lea/       
necess>y4   #ca4 ,cont9uation ( !       
,exp]im5t m5tion$ 9 ,sec4 #bi 444       
,anyone might object & say t ! air      
obta9$ accord+ to ,sec4 #bi is p]haps   
no?+ else ?an a dry acid ( nitre conv]t$
 into ela/ic vap\rs4 ,b if ?is op9ion _h
 any f\ndation1 ?is air %\ld n only be  
corrosive1 b %\ld also produce nitre    
anew ) alkalies4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n    
occur4 ,nev]!less1 ?is objection w\ld   
possess consid]able weight 7 ,i n able  
to prove t sev]al sub/ances produce !   
same air z ! acid ( nitre does dur+     

di/illation4 ,b pro( ( ?is is n want+4  
,i h prov$ 9 a treatise on manganese1   
:i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! 
,royal ,sw$i% ,academy ( ,sci5ces = !   
ye> #aggd1 t ?is m9]al is n soluble 9   
any acid unless an inflammable sub/ance 
be add$1 :i* communicates ! phlogi/on to
 ! manganese1 & by ?is means effects an 
entrance ( ! latt] into ! acids4 ,i h   
%[n 9 ! same place t vitriolic acid1    
nev]!less1 dur+ a /rong di/illation )   
p[d]$ manganese1 unites ) x & makes x   
soluble 9 wat]2 & if ?is manganese is   
sep>at$ aga9 f ! vitriolic acid by means
 ( precipitat+ ag5ts1 !re are f\nd 9 x !
 mo/ di/9ct traces ( ! inflammable      
sub/ance4444 ,i _h already obs]v$ a few 
ye>s ago1 t if 9 ! calc9ation (         
manganese ) oil ( vitriol 9 an op5      
crucible1 "s coal du/ 0 driv5 by !      
curr5t ( air ov] ! surface ( ?is        
mixture1 ^! f9e coals took fire 9 ! same
 in/ant ) v great brilliancy4 ,i        
accord+ly made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4      
#cb4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,i mix$ s mu*    

conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol ) f9ely p[d]$  
manganese t x became a /iff magma4 ,i   
di/ill$ ?is mixture f a small retort on 
! op5 fire4 ,9 place ( a receiv] ,i made
 use ( a bladd]1 empty ( air1 &1 9 ord] 
t ! vap\rs :i* might pass ov] %\ld n    
attack ! bladd]1 ,i p\r$ into x "s milk 
( lime 7,sec4 #cj1 lett] b74 ,z soon z !
 bottom ( ! retort became r$ hot1 an air
 pass$ ov] :i* gradually exp&$ ! bladd]4
 ,?is air _h all ! prop]ties ( a pure   
fire-air4   #cc4 ,second ,exp]im5t4--,:5
 ,i di/ill$ two p>ts ( f9ely pulv]is$   
manganese ) "o "p ( ! phosphor\s acid ( 
ur9e 9 ! same way z is indicat$ 9 !     
prec$+ p>agraph1 ,i likewise obta9$     
fire-air4   #cd4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--7a47 
,i dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis ! :ite magnesia 
employ$ 9 m$ic9e2 ,i evaporat$ ?is      
solution to dryness4 ,i !n plac$ ! salt 
9 a small retort = di/illation1 z is    
describ$ 9 ,sec4 #cb4 ,ev5 be=e ! retort
 0 r$ hot ! acid ( nitre sep>at$ f !    
magnesia1 & t 9 blood-r$ vap\rs2 & at ! 
same mom5t ! bladd] began to exp&4 ,!   

air ?us obta9$ 0 my fire-air4  ,x is ?us
 se5 con/antly t ! acid ( nitre goes (f 
aga9 blood-r$ :5 sep>at$ by means ( heat
 f ! metals :i* _h be5 dissolv$ 9 ?is   
m5/ruum4  7b47 ,i di/ill$ m]curial nitre
 9 ! =ego+ mann] until ! acid ( nitre _h
 sep>at$ f ! residual r$ precipitate4 ,9
 ?is case also ,i obta9$ our            
fire-air4444 ,:5ce comes ! boil+ (      
nitre1 fus$ 9 a crucible & obscurely    
r$-hot8 ,nei!r smoke nor vap\rs are se5 
to rise f x1 & yet coal du/ fly+ above !
 op5 crucible takes fire1 burn+         
brilliantly4 ,:5ce comes x t su* nitre  
ma9ta9$ 9 r$-hot fusion 9 a glass retort
 = half an h\r1 becomes moi/ 9 op5 air &
 deliquesces aft] cool+1 & /ill does n  
%[ any trace ( alkali8 7,sec4 #bg1 lett]
 c47 ,:at is ! reason t ?is liquefi$    
nitre p]mits its volatile acid to escape
 imm$iately1 :5 rubb$ or mix$ ) !       
vegetable acids8444 ,if ! *emi/s ( !    
prec$+ c5tury _h ?\ght wor?y ( a m      
p>ticul> exam9ation1 ! ela/ic fluids    
resembl+ air :i* manife/ !mselves 9 s _m

 op]ations1 h[ advanc$ %\ld we n[ be6   
,!y desir$ to see ev]y?+ 9 corporeal =m1
 & to collect ev]y?+ z drops 9 !        
receiv]4 ,?is is n[ = ! fir/ "t bett]   
inquir$ into1 & ! air has begun to be   
c>efully exam9$3 & :o is !re :o does n  
p]ceive ! advantage :i* ! results ( su* 
exp]im5ts c>ry ) !m8         99       99
       99       99       99  #ce4 ,f\r? 
,exp]im5t4--,i put an ounce ( purifi$   
nitre into a glass retort = di/illation 
& made use ( a bladd]1 moi/5$ & empti$ (
 air1 9 place ( a receiv] 7,fig4 #c74 ,z
 soon z ! nitre began to gl[ x also     
began to boil1 & at ! same "t ! bladd] 0
 exp&$ by ! air t pass$ ov]4 ,i proce$$ 
) ! di/illation until ! boil+ 9 ! retort
 ceas$1 & ! nitre 0 ab\t to =ce its way 
?r\gh ! s(t5$ retort4 ,i obta9$ 9 !     
bladd] ! pure fire-air :i* occupi$ !    
space ( #ej ounces ( wat]4 ,?is is !    
*eape/ & be/ me?od ( obta9+ fire-air4   
99       99       99       99       99  
#ch4 ,fif? ,exp]im5t4--,i took a silv]  
solution prep>$ ) acid ( nitre1 &       

precipitat$ x ) alkali ( t>t>2 ,i wa%$ !
 precipitate ?us obta9$ & dri$ x4 ,i !n 
plac$ ?is calx ( silv] 9 a small glass  
retort on ! op5 fire = r$uction1 & fa/5$
 an empty bladd] to ! neck4 ,! bladd] 0 
imm$iately exp&$ by ! air :i* pass$ ov]4
 ,aft] ! end ( ! di/illation ,i f\nd !  
calx ( silv] half melt$ toge!r 9 !      
retort1 ) its metallic lu/re2 h[ev]1 z  
,i _h effect$ ! precipitation ) alkali (
 t>t>1 & ?is is always unit$ ) a        
quantity ( a]ial acid :i* atta*es itself
 to ! calx ( silv] 9 ! precipitation1 s 
?is acid 0 necess>ily pres5t also 9 !   
bladd]4 ,?is acid 0 remov$ f x by milk (
 lime 7,sec4 #cj1 lett] i471 & !re      
rema9$ beh9d "o-half ( pure fire-air4   
#ci4 ,six? ,exp]im5t4--,i precipitat$ ) 
alkali ( t>t> a solution ( gold :i* 0   
made ) aqua regia2 ,i r$uc$ 9 ! =ego+   
mann] ! wa%$ & dri$ calx ( gold4 ,i     
obta9$ 9 ?is case ! same fire-air1      
except t no a]ial acid accompani$ x4    
,?is is n to be wond]$ at1 because !    
saturat$ solution ( gold eff]vesces ) ! 

alkali1 :i* does n take place ) !       
solution ( silv]4   #dj4 ,sev5?         
,exp]im5t4--,x is likewise kn[n t ! r$  
precipitate ( m]cury rega9s its fl[+    
condition )\t ! addition ( an           
inflammable sub/ance4 ,s9ce m]cury1     
h[ev]1 really loses its phlogi/on z well
 by means ( vitriolic acid z ( ! acid ( 
nitre1 x mu/ necess>ily assume ?is aga9 
z soon z x recov]s its metallic prop]ty4
  7a47 ,i add$ a solution ( alkali (    
t>t>1 drop by drop1 to a solution (     
corrosive sublimate4 ,i wa%$ ! br[n-r$  
precipitate obta9$1 & dri$ x2 !n ,i     
plac$ x1 = r$uction1 ^u ! op5 fire 9 a  
small retort1 :i* 0 provid$ ) a bladd]  
empty ( air4 ,z soon z ! calx began to  
gl[1 ! bladd] became exp&$1 & quicksilv]
 rose into ! neck4 ,! fire-air obta9$ _h
 "s a]ial acid mix$ ) x4  7b47 ,m]cury  
conv]t$ into calx by ! acid ( nitre1 or 
r$ precipitate1 treat$ 9 ! same way     
behav$ simil>ly4 ,9 ?is case ,i obta9$ a
 pure fire-air1 )\t any a]ial acid 9 x4 
#da4 ,eigh? ,exp]im5t4--,i h prov$1 9 a 

treatise on ars5ic communicat$ to !     
,royal ,sw$i% ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t ?is
 poison\s sub/ance is comp\nd$ ( a      
peculi> acid & an inflammable sub/ance4 
,i also %ew$ 9 ! same treatise h[ ?is   
acid c be sublim$ into ord9>y ars5ic    
simply by cont9u$ heat2 & al?\gh ,i     
cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! reason = ?is1 ev5 at t 
"t1 /ill ,i 0 unwill+ to m5tion x !re 9 
ord] to avoid prolixity4 ,i plac$ "s (  
?is fix$ acid ( ars5ic 9 a small retort 
) a bladd] atta*$1 = di/illation4 ,:5 ! 
acid _h gone into fusion1 & gl[$        
brightly1 x began to boil2 dur+ ?is     
ebullition ars5ic rose into ! neck & !  
bladd] became exp&$2 ,i cont9u$ ) ?is   
heat z long z ! retort w\ld hold out4 ,!
 air collect$ 0 likewise fire-air4 ,9 ! 
same treatise ,i made m5tion ( a peculi>
 explosion :i* took place 9 !           
di/illation ( z9c ) ! acid ( ars5ic4 ,h[
 cle>1 h[ manife/ does ! explanation (  
?is ph5om5on n become :5 "o is satisfi$ 
t 9 ?is case fire-air is pres5t 9 !     
retort 9 its greate/ purity1 & ! z9c is 

9 r$ hot fusion8 ,:at m is necess>y =   
its ignition8  ,i h v (t5 reg>d$ )      
pleasure ! brightly gl[+ sp>ks :i* are  
produc$ 9 a retort by heat alone1 dur+ !
 r$uction ( metallic calces1 :5 only a v
 little coal du/ is mix$ along ) x4  ,we
 %all n[ see :e!r ?is fire-air is n !   
same air :i* _h be5 lo/ )\t fire        
7,sec4,sec4 #h-ae71 & ) fire 7,sec4,sec4
 #ag-bc74   #db4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,i   
fill$ a bottle :i* 0 capable ( hold+ #af
 ounces ( wat] ) pure fire-air accord+  
to ! me?od :i* is describ$ 9 ,sec4 #cj1 
lett] e4 ,i plac$ ! bottle1 inv]t$1 9 a 
glass :i* 0 fill$ ) a solution ( liv] ( 
sulphur4 ,! solution rose a little into 
! bottle h\r by h\r1 & aft] ! lapse ( #b
 days ! bottle 0 fill$ ) x4   #dc4      
,second ,exp]im5t4--,i mix$ 9 a bottle  
#ad p>ts ( t air f :i* ! fire-air _h be5
 remov$ by liv] ( sulphur 7,sec4 #h71 & 
:i* ,i h call$ vitiat$ air 7,sec4 #bi71 
) #d p>ts ( our fire-air1 & plac$ !     
bottle1 inv]t$ & op51 9 a vessel :i* 0  
also fill$ ) a solution ( liv] (        

sulphur4 ,aft] #ad days ! #d p>ts (     
fire-air 7 lo/1 & ! solution _h ris5    
into _! place4   #dd4 ,?ird             
,exp]im5t4--,aft] ,i _h fill$ a bottle )
 our air1 ,i p\r$ "s col\rless animal   
oil into x & clos$ x tightly4 ,aft] a   
few h\rs x _h already become br[n1 & by 
! next day black4 ,x is no small        
inconv5i5ce to pres]ve ?is oil :ite 9   
apo!c>ies' %ops4 ,x is f\nd necess>y to 
p\r ?is oil into small phials1 & to     
pres]ve x mo/ c>efully f ! access ( air4
 ,:5 su* a col\rless oil is mix$ ) any  
acid1 ! acid1 z well z ! oil1 becomes   
black ev5 9 an h\r1 al?\gh x has be5    
dilut$ ) wat]4 ,ev5 v9eg> has ! same    
effect4 ,!re is no o!r reason1 !re=e1 :y
 ! oil becomes at once black 9 ! air1   
?an t ! fire-air pres5t 9 ! air deprives
 x ( its phlogi/on1 & !reby develops a  
subtle acid1 previ\sly unit$ ) ?is      
phlogi/on1 :i* produces ! blackness4    
#de4 ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4--7a47 ,into a     
bottle ( #g ounces1 :i* 0 fill$ )       
fire-air1 ,i put a piece ( phosphorus f 

ur9e & clos$ x ) a cork4 ,i !n heat$1 by
 means ( a burn+ c&le1 ! place :]e !    
phosphorus lay2 ! phosphorus took fire )
 v great brilliancy4 ,z soon z ! flame  
_h gone out1 ! bottle broke into        
fragm5ts4  7b47 ,z ! bottle 9 ! =ego+   
exp]im5t 0 v ?91 ,i repeat$ x ) a       
some:at ?ick] bottle1 & aft] ev]y?+ _h  
become cold ,i want$ to take ! cork out 
( ! bottle "u wat]4 ,x 0 n possible = me
 to d ?is1 h[ev]1 s tightly did !       
ext]nal air press ! cork into ! bottle4 
,accord+ly ,i =c$ x inside ! bottle2    
!reupon wat] ent]$ ! bottle & fill$ x   
almo/ completely4 ,s9ce ! fir/ bottle 0 
only v ?91 ! reason t x 0 cru%$ mu/ be  
ascrib$ to ! ext]nal air4  7c47 ,:5 ,i  
mix$ vitiat$ air ) "o ?ird ( fire-air1 &
 burn$ a piece ( phosphorus 9 ! mixture1
 only #a_/c ( x 0 absorb$4   #df4 ,fif? 
,exp]im5t4--,i also repeat$ ! same      
exp]im5t :i* is describ$ 9 ,sec4 #ai1   
only ) ?is diff]5ce t ,i took ! tube    
long]1 & fill$ ! flask ) my fire-air4 ,x
 0 pleas+ to obs]ve h[ ! wat] rose      

gradually into ! flask2 & h[ ! flame w5t
 out :5 #g_/h ( ! flask 7 full ( wat]4  
#dg4 ,six? ,exp]im5t4--,i laid "s gl[+  
coals ^u ! /& 7,sec4 #ba1 lett] c71 &   
plac$ ov] !m a flask :i* 0 fill$ )      
fire-air4 ,! coals _h n ev5 rea*$ ! air 
9 ! flask be=e !y began to burn v       
brilliantly4  ,aft] ev]y?+ _h become    
cold1 ,i made an ap]ture "u ! flask1    
:]eupon ! f\r? "p became fill$ ) wat]4  
,b :5 ,i remov$1 by means ( milk ( lime1
 ! a]ial acid :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! residual 
air 7,sec4 #bb7 !re rema9$ 9 ! flask    
only ! f\r? "p4 ,9 ?is air a c&le c\ld  
/ill burn4   #dh4 ,sev5? ,exp]im5t4--,i 
also exam9$ ! behavi\r ( fire-air )     
sulphur 7,sec4 #bc74 ,z soon z ! burn+  
sulphur came into contact ) ! fire-air  
conta9$ 9 ! flask1 ! flame became mu*   
l>g] & bright]4 ,:5 ?is fire _h gone    
out1 ! wat] 9 ! di% _h f\nd a way to    
come ?r\gh ! mass into ! flask1 :i*     
became #c_/d fill$ ) x4 ,z ,i employ$ = 
^! la/ #c exp]im5ts a flask :i* 0 only (
 #cj ounces measure1 ,i 0 oblig$ to     

arrange ! /& 7,sec4 #ba7 to suit4   #di4
 ,i h m5tion$ 7,sec4 #af7 t ,i f\nd     
vitiat$ air light] ?an ord9>y air4 ,mu/ 
x n foll[ f ?is t ! fire-air is heavi]  
?an our air8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i      
actually f\nd1 :5 ,i accurately weigh$ z
 mu* fire-air z occupi$ ! space ( #bj   
ounces ( wat]1 t ?is 0 almo/ #b gra9s   
heavi] ?an ! same bulk ( common air4    
#ej4 ,^! exp]im5ts %ew1 !re=e1 t ?is    
fire-air is j t air by means ( :i* fire 
burns 9 common air2 only x is !re mix$ )
 a k9d ( air :i* seems to possess no    
attraction at all = ! inflammable       
sub/ance1 & ?is x is :i* places "s      
h9drance 9 ! way ( ! o!rwise rapid &    
viol5t inflammation4 ,& 9 fact1 if air  
consi/$ ( no?+ b fire-air1 wat] w\ld    
surely r5d] small s]vice 9 ext+ui%+     
outbreaks ( fire4 ,a]ial acid mix$ ) ?is
 fire-air1 has ! same effect z vitiat$  
air4 ,i mix$ "o "p ( fire-air ) #d p>ts 
( a]ial acid2 9 ?is mixture a c&le /ill 
burn$ mod]ately well4 ,! heat :i* lurks 
9 ! small int]/ices ( ! inflammable     

sub/ance _c possibly make up s mu* heat 
z is felt 9 fire2 & ,i ?9k ,i am n      
mi/ak5 :5 ,i conclude f my exp]im5ts t !
 heat is really br\ght =? & produc$ 9 ! 
fir/ place f fire-air & ! phlogi/on ( ! 
inflammable sub/ance4444         99     
99       99       99       99   #hj4 ,i 
_h long wi%$ to h "s ( ! precipitate (  
m]cury p] se1 9 ord] to see :e!r x also 
w\ld yield fire-air dur+ r$uction by    
means ( heat alone4 ,at l5g? ,i obta9$  
"s f my mu* e/eem$ fri5d ,doctor ,gahn4 
,?is s-call$ precipitate _h ! appe>ance 
( small d>k-r$ cry/als resembl+ c9nab>4 
,n[1 z ,i "k t m]cury _c be dissolv$ 9  
muriatic acid unless x has lo/ its      
phlogi/on1 :i* takes place dur+ its     
solution 9 acid ( nitre or 9 vitriolic  
acid2 & z ?is is also ! reason :y nitre 
mu/ be pres5t 9 a mixture ( calc9$      
vitriol1 common salt1 & quicksilv]1 ,i  
!re=e p\r$ muriatic acid ^u a "p ( ?is  
r$ precipitate2 ! solution 0 soon =m$ & 
0 some:at hot2 ,i evaporat$ x to dryness
 & increas$ ! heat4 ,ev]y?+ sublim$1 & a

 true corrosive sublimate 0 =m$4 ,h5ce  
?is precipitate1 produc$ by heat alone1 
is a calc9$ m]cury4 ,i !n plac$ ! o!r "p
 ( ?is precipitate ov] ! fire 9 a small 
glass retort to :i* ,i _h fa/5$ an empty
 bladd]4 ,z soon z ! retort became r$   
hot ! bladd] became exp&$1 & at ! same  
"t ! r$uc$ m]cury rose into ! neck4 ,9  
?is case no r$ sublimate arose z        
cu/om>ily takes place ) t calx :i* is   
prep>$ by ! acid ( nitre4 ,! air obta9$ 
0 a pure fire-air4 ,?is is a rem>kable  
circum/ance1 t ! fire-air :i* _h        
previ\sly remov$ f ! m]cury its         
phlogi/on 9 a sl[ calc9ation1 gives ?is 
same phlogi/on up to x aga9 :5 ! calx is
 simply made r$-hot4 ,/ill we h sev]al  
su* ph5om5a1 :]e heat simil>ly alt]s !  
attractive =ces betwe5 sub/ances4       
99       99       99       99       99  
#hc4 ,air is a ,dulcifi$ ,ela/ic ,acid4 
,9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts ,i h demon/rat$ !  
two proximate con/itu5ts ( common air1  
because x 0 n necess>y to "k any?+ m    
ab\t x = a cle> k ( fire4 ,i %all n[ g  

fur!r1 & see :e!r a /ill deep]          
decomp\nd+ ( air is possible4  ,fir/    
,exp]im5t4--,i plac$ a rat 9 a flask    
capable ( hold+ #d qu>ts ( wat]2 ,i gave
 x "s bread s(t5$ 9 milk & clos$ ! flask
 ) a wet bladd]4 ,x di$ #ca h\rs        
aft]w>ds4 ,i !n held ! flask1 inv]t$1 "u
 wat] & made a hole 9 ! bladd]1 :5 two  
ounces ( wat] rose into x4 ,?is small   
dim9ution ( ! air 0 probably caus$ by ! 
heat :i* ! rat took ) x1 :i* _h         
previ\sly driv5 ! air out4   #hd4       
,second ,exp]im5t4--,i took a l>ge s(t  
bladd] & fa/5$ a tube into its op5+2 !n 
,i fill$ x ) ! air out ( my lungs1 &    
held ! tube & bladd] ) my "r h& & clos$ 
my no/rils ) ! left4 ,i respir$ ! air z 
long z ,i c\ld1 & 0 able to make #bd    
inspirations 7reg>d+ :i* x is to be     
obs]v$ t at ! la/ ,i 0 oblig$ to draw ! 
:ole bladd] full ( air into my lungs at 
once1 :ile at ! beg9n+ only ! half ( x 0
 necess>y74 ,i !n clos$ ! tube ) my f+]1
 & ti$ up ! bladd]4 ,?is air _h         
prop]ties simil> to ! prec$+ 9 :i* ! rat

 di$4 ,t is to say1 x conta9$ "o-?irtie?
 "p ( a]ial acid1 :i* ,i sep>at$ f x by 
milk ( lime2 & a burn+ c&le at once w5t 
out 9 x4   #he4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--,i    
plac$ a few flies 9 a bottle into :i* ,i
 _h put "s honey sme>$ ^u pap]4 ,aft] a 
few days !y _h di$4 ,!y likewise _h n   
absorb$ any air2 milk ( lime1 h[ev]1    
dim9i%$ ?is air ab\t "o f\r? "p1 & !    
rema9d] ext+ui%$ fire4  ,i !n took a    
bottle ( #bj ounces measure & bor$ a    
hole 9 ! bottom ( x ) ! corn] ( a brok5 
file 7,fig4 #e1 ,a74 ,into ?is bottle ,i
 put a small piece ( unslak$ lime1 &    
clos$ ! m\? ) a cork ?r\gh :i* ,i _h    
previ\sly fix$ a tube ,b4 ,r\nd ab\t ?is
 cork ,i plac$ a r+ ( pit*1 & plac$ ov] 
x an inv]t$ glass ,c1 into :i* ,i _h    
previ\sly put a l>ge bee & _h giv5 x "s 
honey :i* 0 sme>$ ^u pap]2 b 9 ord] t no
 air c\ld p5etrate )9 ! r+ ( pit*1 ,i   
press$ ! glass firmly 92 ,i aft]w>ds    
plac$ ! bottle 9 ! di% ,d1 into :i* ,i  
p\r$ s mu* wat] t x 0 half imm]s$ 9 x2 z
 soon ,i obs]v$ t ! bottle 0 rais$ by ! 

wat]1 ,i put a small weight ^u ! glass4 
,! wat] rose a little into ! bottle e   
day ?r\gh ! op5+ ,a2 & ,i also %ook !   
bottle a little sometimes 9 ord] t ! sk9
 :i* =m$ ov] ! milk ( lime might break4 
,aft] ! lapse ( sev5 days ! wat] _h ris5
 to ,e1 & ! bee 0 dead4 ,occasionally ,i
 put #b bees into ! glass ,c1 :5 j z mu*
 air 0 conv]t$ into a]ial acid 9 half ! 
"t4 ,cat]pill>s & butt]flies behav$ 9   
exactly ! same way4   #hf4 ,f\r?        
,exp]im5t4--,i plac$ "s peas 9 a small  
flask1 :i* 0 capable ( hold+ #bd ounces 
( wat]1 & p\r$ s mu* wat] ^u !m t !y 7  
half cov]$ ) x2 ,i !n clos$ ! flask4 ,! 
peas began to /rike roots1 & grew up4 ,z
 ,i f\nd aft] #ad days t !y w\ld n      
increase fur!r1 ,i op5$ ! flask1 inv]t$1
 "u wat]1 & f\nd ! air nei!r increas$   
nor dim9i%$4 ,! f\r? "p1 h[ev]1 0       
absorb$ by milk ( lime1 & ! rema9+ air  
ext+ui%$ flame4 ,i kept fre% roots1     
fruits1 h]bs1 fl[]s1 & leaves1 ea* by   
itself1 9 ! flask1 & aft] a few days ,i 
likewise obs]v$ ! f\r? "p ( ! air       

conv]t$ into a]ial acid4 ,if flies are  
plac$ 9 su* air !y die imm$iately4      
#hg4 ,^! are accord+ly /range           
circum/ances1 t ! air is n noticeably   
absorb$ by animals end[$ ) lungs1       
conta9s 9 x v little a]ial acid1 & yet  
ext+ui%es fire4 ,on ! o!r h& insects &  
plants alt] ! air 9 exactly ! same way1 
b /ill !y conv]t ! f\r? "p ( x into     
a]ial acid4 ,accord+ly ,i 0 curi\s to "k
 :e!r ! fire-air 0 n t :i* 0 "h conv]t$ 
into a]ial acid1 because 9 ^! latt]     
exp]im5ts j z mu* ( ! air 0 conv]t$ into
 a]ial acid z !re 0 ( fire-air pres5t 9 
x4   #hh4 ,fif? ,exp]im5t4--,9 a bottle 
( #bj ounces capacity1 ,i mix$ "o "p (  
fire-air ) #c p>ts ( ! prec$+ air 9 :i* 
peas w\ld n any long] gr[1 & f :i* !    
a]ial acid 0 sep>at$4 7,t is to say1 ,i 
fill$ ! bottle ) wat]1 & plac$ #d peas 9
 x2 ,i !n all[$ "o f\r? ( ! wat] to run 
into ! bladd] 9 :i* fire-air 0 conta9$1 
& ! rema9d] into ano!r bladd] 9 :i* ?is 
vitiat$ air 0 conta9$ 7,sec4 #cj1 g471  
:ile ,i took c>e t ! peas did n fall    

into ! bladd]4 ,i also left s mu* wat]  
beh9d1 t ! peas 7 half cov]$ ) x47 ,"h  
also ,i obs]v$ ! peas gr[+ up1 & aft] !y
 w\ld n increase any m ,i f\nd ?is air  
likewise n absorb$1 b almo/ ! f\r? "p 0 
absorb$ by milk ( lime4 ,h5ce x is !    
fire-air :i* is "h conv]t$ into a]ial   
acid4 ,9 #c p>ts ( a]ial acid & "o "p ( 
fire-air peas d n gr[4 ,i mix$ vitiat$  
air 7,sec4 #bj7 ) fire-air :i* behav$ 9 
j ! same way3 t is to say ! fire-air 0  
conv]t$ into a]ial acid4   #hi4 ,six?   
,exp]im5t4--,i mix$1 9 ! same           
proportions1 fire-air & air vitiat$ by  
peas1 & fill$ a bladd] ) x4 ,!n :5 ,i _h
 completely exhal$ ! air pres5t 9 my    
lungs1 ,i respir$ ?is newly comp\nd$ air
 z _m times z possible4 ,i !n f\nd t x  
conta9$ v little a]ial acid 9 x1 & :5   
?is 0 sep>at$ f x1 x ext+ui%$ fire4 ,i  
believe t "o mu/ ascribe to ! blood     
pres5t 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s1 ! effect :i*  
animals end[$ ) lungs h ^u ! air4 ,!    
foll[+ exp]im5t gives me cause = ?is4   
,x is kn[n t fre%ly drawn blood1 :5 x   

/&s 9 ! op5 air1 assumes a f9e r$ on !  
surface1 & t ! "u portions likewise     
become r$ :5 !y come into contact ) !   
air4 ,does ! air 9 ?is case und]go any  
alt]ation8 ,i fill$ a flask "o ?ird "p )
 fre%ly drawn ox blood1 clos$ x tightly 
) a bladd]1 & %ook up ! blood frequ5tly4
 ,eight h\rs aft]w>ds ,i nei!r f\nd     
a]ial acid 9 ?is air1 nor t its bulk 0  
dim9i%$2 b ! flame ( a c&le 0 imm$iately
 ext+ui%$ 9 x4 ,i made ?is exp]im5t 9   
w9t] "t1 f :i* may be ga!r$ t ! effect  
_c be ascrib$ to any putrefaction1 = ?is
 blood 0 f\nd /ill fre% #f days         
aft]w>ds1 & besides1 all putrefactions  
produce a]ial acid4 ,i 0 n[ curi\s to "k
 h[ fire-air by itself w\ld behave )    
animals & plants4   #ij4 ,sev5?         
,exp]im5t4--7a47 ,i put #b ounces (     
nitre into a small glass retort ^u gl[+ 
coals1 & atta*$ a l>ge bladd] s(t5$ )   
wat] 7,sec4 #ce71 & all[$ ! nitre to    
boil until ,i _h receiv$ #c_/d ( a qu>t 
( fire-air 9 ! bladd]4 ,i !n ti$ up !   
bladd] & sep>at$ x f ! retort2 ,i !n    

plac$ a tube 9 its op5+1 & aft] ,i _h   
completely empti$ my lungs1 ,i began to 
respire air f ?is bladd] 7,sec4 #hd74   
,?is proce$$ v well1 & ,i 0 able to make
 #dj inspirations be=e x became         
difficult = me2 ev5tually ,i expell$ !  
air aga9 f my lungs z completely z      
possible4 ,x did n seem to h dim9i%$    
p>ticul>ly1 & :5 ,i fill$ a bottle ) x &
 introduc$ a burn+ c&le1 ?is /ill burn$4
 ,i !n began to respire ?is air anew1 & 
0 able to make #af m inspirations4 ,x n[
 ext+ui%$ ! flame1 b ,i f\nd only "s    
traces ( a]ial acid 9 x4 7b47 ,i 0      
surpris$ t ,i 0 n able ! fir/ "t to take
 away f ?is air ! prop]ty ( all[+ fire  
to burn 9 x2 ,i ?\ght t p]haps ! great  
humidity prev5t$ me f draw+ ?is air into
 my lungs s (t5 z 0 really possible4    
,accord+ly ,i repeat$ ! same exp]im5t1  
only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ,i put a h&ful ( 
pota%es into ! bladd] be=e ! fire-air 0 
driv5 into x4 ,i !n began to draw ?is   
air into my lungs1 & c\nt$ #fe          
inspirations be=e ,i 0 compell$ to      

desi/4 ,b :5 ,i l[]$ a burn+ c&le into  
?is air1 x /ill burn$ well1 al?\gh only 
= a few seconds4   #ia4 ,eigh?          
,exp]im5t4--,i clos$ ! hole 9 ! bottle  
at ,a 7,fig4 #e7 ) a cork1 z also ! tube
 ,b1 & !n fill$ ! bottle ) fire-air     
7,sec4 #cj1 e474 ,!n ,i _h at h& ! glass
 ,c1 9 :i* ,i _h plac$ #b l>ge bees1 &  
_h provid$ "s honey = _! /ay4 ,i op5$ ! 
/opp$-up tube1 plac$ ?is glass ov] x z  
quickly z possible1 & press$ x into ! r+
 ( pit*4 ,i aft]w>ds plac$ ! :ole 9 !   
di% ,d1 :i* ,i _h fill$ ) milk ( lime1 &
 )drew ! cork at ,a4 ,9 ?is case ,i     
obs]v$ ! milk ( lime to rise a little   
into ! bottle e day1 & aft] #h days _h  
elaps$ ! bottle 0 almo/ completely fill$
 ) x1 & ! bees 7 dead4   #ib4 ,n9?      
,exp]im5t4--,plants1 h[ev]1 w n gr[     
noticeably 9 pure fire-air4 ,i fill$ )  
?is air a bottle capable ( hold+ #af    
ounces ( wat]1 & :i* conta9$ #d peas    
7,sec4 #hh74 ,!y got roots1 b did n gr[ 
up at all2 ) milk ( lime ! twelf? "p 0  
absorb$4 ,i !n fill$ ?is air into ano!r 

bottle :i* also conta9$ #d peas4 ,aft]  
#ad days !y _h got roots1 b also did n  
gr[ up1 & ) milk ( lime likewise only ! 
twelf? "p 0 absorb$4 ,i repeat$ ?is     
exp]im5t #c times m ) ! same air1 & x 0 
obs]v$ t ! f\r? & fif? times ! peas _h  
gr[n upw>ds a little4 ,!re /ill rema9$  
"o-half ( ! :ole air1 & 9 ?is fire c\ld 
/ill burn4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! :ole     
quantity ( fire-air c\ld h be5 conv]t$  
into a]ial acid if ,i _h cont9u$ !      
op]ation long]4 ,x may also be obs]v$ t 
! peas act m /rongly ^u ! fire-air :5 !y
 s5d out roots ?an subsequ5tly4   #ic4  
,h5ce x is ! fire-air by means ( :i* !  
circulation ( ! blood & ( ! juices 9    
animals & plants is s fully ma9ta9$4    
,/ill x is a peculi> circum/ance t blood
 & ! lungs h n su* action ^u fire-air z 
insects & plants h1 = ! latt] conv]t x  
into a]ial acid1 & ! =m] into vitiat$   
air 7,sec4,sec4 #bi1 #hi1 #ij74 ,x is n 
s easy to furni% ! reason = ?is1 yet ,i 
w risk x4 ,x is kn[n t ! acids lose ^?  
prop]ties by :i* !y reveal !mselves z   

acids1 by ! addition ( ! inflammable    
sub/ance1 z sulphur1 ! ela/ic acid (    
nitre1 regulus ( ars5ic1 sug>1 & ! l1   
pla9ly %ew4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t   
fire-air consi/s ( a subtle acid        
sub/ance unit$ ) phlogi/on1 & x is      
probable t all acids d]ive _! orig9 f   
fire-air4 ,n[1 if ?is air p5etrates into
 plants1 ^! mu/ attract ! phlogi/on1 &  
consequ5tly ! acid1 :i* manife/s itself 
z a]ial acid1 mu/ be produc$4 ,?is !y   
aga9 give up4 ,! objection t s great a  
quantity ( a]ial acid is nev]!less      
obta9$ 9 ! de/ruction ( plants1 & t1    
consequ5tly1 ^! mu/ attract ! a]ial     
acid1 has no weight1 s9ce o!rwise ! air 
9 my vessels 9 :i* ! peas 7 conta9$ mu/ 
h become = ! mo/ "p lo/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did
 n take place4444 ,if plants ab/ract !  
phlogi/on f ! air1 ! a]ial acid mu/ be  
light]4 ,b exp]im5t %[s me ! opposite2  
,i f\nd x1 aft] c>eful weigh+1 some:at  
heavi]1 b ?is is n contr>y to my op9ion2
 z x is kn[n t all acids reta9 wat]     
/rongly1 ! a]ial acid mu/ possess ! same

 prop]ty1 & ?is may consequ5tly cause ! 
mo/ ( ! weight4 ,if all ?is is accurate1
 ano!r "q !n arises3 ,:y d n blood & !  
lungs likewise conv]t fire-air into su* 
an a]ial acid8 ,i take ! lib]ty "h also 
( giv+ my op9ion ( ?is1 = h[ w\ld all ^!
 labori\sly execut$ exp]im5ts help me if
 ,i _h n ! hope ( com+ by means ( !m    
ne>] to my ultimate object1 ! tru?8     
,phlogi/on1 :i* makes mo/ sub/ances )   
:i* x unites liquid z well z mobile &   
ela/ic1 mu/ h ! same effect ^u blood4 ,!
 globules ( blood mu/ attract x f ! air 
?r\gh ! small pores ( ! lungs4 ,by ?is  
union !y become sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 &   
are consequ5tly made m liquid4 ,!y !n   
appe> bright r$ 7,sec4 #hi74 ,!y mu/1   
h[ev]1 give ?is attract$ phlogi/on up   
aga9 dur+ ! circulation1 & 9 consequ5ce1
 be plac$ 9 a condition to absorb !     
inflammable sub/ance anew f ! air at t  
place :]e !y are 9 ! mo/ intimate       
contact ) x1 t is1 9 ! lungs4 ,:]e ?is  
phlogi/on has gone to dur+ ! circulation
 ( ! blood1 ,i leave to o!rs to asc]ta94

 ,! attraction :i* ! blood has =        
phlogi/on _c be s /rong z t ) :i* plants
 & insects attract x f ! air1 & !n !    
blood _c conv]t air into a]ial acid2    
/ill x becomes conv]t$ into an air :i*  
lies midway betwe5 fire-air & a]ial     
acid1 t is1 a vitiat$ air2 = x unites   
nei!r ) lime nor ) wat] aft] ! mann] (  
fire-air & x ext+ui%es fire1 aft] t (   
a]ial acid4 ,b t ! blood really attracts
 ! inflammable sub/ance ,i h additional 
exp]im5t to prove1 s9ce ,i h remov$     
phlogi/on by help ( my lungs f          
inflammable air1 & h conv]t$ ?is into   
vitiat$ air4  ,i fill$ a bladd] ) ! air 
:i* "o obta9s f iron fil+s & vitriolic  
acid 7,sec4 #cj1 c471 & respir$ x 9 !   
mann] previ\sly describ$ 7,sec4 #hd74 ,i
 0 only able to inhale x #bj times1 &   
aft] ,i _h some:at recov]$1 ,i expell$ !
 air once m f my lungs z completely z   
possible1 & aga9 inhal$ ?is inflammable 
air3 aft] #aj inhalations ,i 0 compell$ 
to desi/ f x1 & obs]v$ t x c\ld no long]
 be k9dl$1 & also w\ld n unite ) lime   

wat]4 ,9 "o ^w x 0 a vitiat$ air4  ,i   
kept a piece ( sulphur 9 cont9u\s       
ebullition ov] ! fire 9 a retort1       
capable ( hold+ #ab ounces ( wat]1 ) an 
empty bladd] atta*$ 9 place ( a receiv]1
 ! retort also plac$ s t ! sulphur :i*  
rose into ! neck c\ld run back aga94    
,aft] all _h become cold1 ,i f\nd ! air 
nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$3 x smelt     
slightly hepatic1 & ext+ui%$ a burn+    
c&le4 ,i %all prove fur!r on t sulphur c
 unite ) m phlogi/on2 & x seems to me to
 foll[ f ?is exp]im5t t some?+          
inflammable f ! air _h deposit$ itself  
^u ! sulphur1 & t ! air _h !reby acquir$
 ! prop]ty ( a vitiat$ air4 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 also rem>kable t o!r bodies :i*  
attract ! inflammable sub/ance m        
/rongly1 z = example1 ! fum+ acid (     
nitre1 d n ab/ract x f ! air4 ,x is     
likewise /range t ,i 0 able to inhale ! 
inflammable air into my lungs only #bj  
times2 & ,i obs]ve "h z some?+ peculi>  
t1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,i became v w>m a    
qu>t] ( an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,x is also to  

be obs]v$ t fire-air1 vitiat$ by !      
lungs1 ext+ui%es fire2 :y does n ! a]ial
 acid attract ! phlogi/on aga98 :y n    
also ! vitiat$ air8 ,mr4 ,prie/ley inde$
 has accompli%$ ?is1 b x did n succe$ ) 
me h[ev] mu* ,i also wi%$ x4 ,he has    
conv]t$ a]ial acid into :olesome air by 
means ( a mixture ( iron fil+s1 sulphur1
 & "s wat]4 ,:5 ,i desir$ to repeat ?is 
exp]im5t1 ! a]ial acid 0 always absorb$ 
by ! iron fil+s4 ,i likewise p[d]$ f9ely
 "s iron fil+s :i* _h be5 fus$ toge!r ) 
excess ( sulphur1 moi/5$ ?is ) wat]1 &  
pres]v$ x 9 a bottle :i* 0 fill$ ) a]ial
 acid3 b ) ! same result4 ,aft] #b two  
days ! a]ial acid 0 almo/ entirely      
absorb$4 ,?is philosoph] also says t he 
has made vitiat$ air :olesome aga9 by   
agitation ) wat]4 ,i mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t
 ) me ?is likewise fail$4 ,i fill$ a    
flask "o f\r? "p ) vitiat$ air1 & !     
rema9d] ) fre% wat]2 ,i clos$ ! flask v 
tightly1 & %ook x up & d[n = almo/ a    
:ole h\r4 ,!n :5 ,i collect$ ?is air 9 a
 bladd]1 & f ?is 9 a bottle1 ,i f\nd t !

 c&le 0 ext+ui%$ aft]w>ds z x 0 be=e4   
,he mix$ ) wat]1 by agitation1 !        
inflammable air f metals2 ?is also w\ld 
n succe$ ) me1 al?\gh ,i us$ only little
 inflammable air1 & mu* wat]4 ,he also  
obs]v$ t plants made vitiat$ air        
:olesome aga94 ,x foll[s f my exp]im5ts 
t !y vitiate air4 ,i kept plants1 9 !   
d>k z well z expos$ to sunlight1 9 a    
flask :i* 0 fill$ ) vitiat$ air &       
c>efully secur$ 7:i* c>eful secur+ mu/  
really be att5d$ to74 ,i te/$ a little (
 ?is air e #b days1 & always f\nd x     
vitiat$4   #id4 ,wat] has ! peculi>     
prop]ty ( sep>at+ ! proximate con/itu5ts
 ( air2 ( unit+ ) fire-air2 & ( ent]+   
into no k9d ( union ) vitiat$ air4 7#a47
 ,i fill$ a l>ge bottle ) boil$ wat] :i*
 _h be5 cool$ %ortly be=e1 & p]mitt$ !  
t5? "p to run out4 ,i !n plac$ ! bottle1
 inv]t$ & op51 9 a vessel ) wat]4 ,i    
obs]v$ ! quantity ( air to dim9i% a     
little e day1 & :5 ?is dim9ution ceas$1 
,i collect$ ! rema9+ air fir/ 9 a bladd]
 7,sec4 #cj1 h471 & f ! bladd] 9 a      

bottle 7,sec4 #cj1 c471 & br\ght a burn+
 c&le into ! bottle2 x _h sc>cely rea*$ 
! m\? :5 x w5t out4 7#b47 ,i !n took !  
same k9d ( wat] fre$ f air1 fill$ a     
bottle ) x1 & p]mitt$ ! t5? "p ( x to   
run into a bladd] fill$ ) vitiat$ air4  
,i next plac$ ! bottle1 inv]t$1 9 a     
vessel ) wat]1 & obs]v$ ! space :i* !   
air occupi$ 9 x4 ,i f\nd1 #ad days      
aft]w>ds1 t ! wat] _h n absorb$ !       
smalle/ quantity ( x4 7#c47 ,i plac$ a  
l>ge bottle1 f :i* ! bottom 0 knock$    
out1 9 a deep kettle ) wat]1 s t ! wat] 
outside rea*$ above ! top ( ! bottle4 ,i
 !n ti$ a bladd]1 empty ( air1 ov] ! top
 ( ! bottle1 & made ! wat] boil up once 
ov] ! fire4 ,! air :i* 0 9 t portion ( !
 wat] conta9$ "u ! bottle rose into !   
bladd]2 & aft] ,i _h ti$ up ! bladd]1 & 
deta*$ x front ! bottle1 ,i fill$ a     
phial ) x1 & put a small burn+ c&le into
 x2 x burn$ !re m brightly ?an 9 ord9>y 
air4  ,?is fire-air1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1   
mu/ be z indisp5sable = aquatic animals 
z = ^? :i* live ^u ! e>?4 ,!y mu/ draw x

 into _! bodies1 & conv]t x ei!r into   
a]ial acid or into vitiat$ air4 ,into   
:i*ev] k9d x is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ always    
become sep>at$ f ! wat] aga91 = z a]ial 
acid x does n rema9 ) ! wat] 9 ! op5    
air1 & vitiat$ air _c unite ) wat] at   
all 7,no4 #b71 ! wat] is !n 9 a         
condition aga9 to absorb fire-air anew1 
& to convey x to ! animals4 ,my         
exp]im5ts made ) respect to ?is matt]   
agree ) ?is entirely4 ,i all[$ a few    
lee*es to rema9 9 a bottle1 :i* 0 half  
fill$ ) wat] & well clos$1 until !y di$4
 ,i !n exam9$ ! air /&+ ov] ?is wat]4 ,x
 _h no smell1 nor _h ! wat]2 x appe>$ to
 h increas$ a little & x ext+ui%$ fire4 
,x seems t ^! creatures live only ^u !  
phlogi/on 9 fire-air1 p]haps also ^u !  
heat4 ,i h pres]v$ !m alive 9 wat]1 & t 
! same wat]1 = two ye>s2 ! bottle 0 only
 ti$ ov] ) gauze4 ,i h a conv5i5t me?od 
to asc]ta9 :e!r fire-air is pres5t 9    
wat] or n4 ,i take1 = example1 an ounce 
( x1 & add to x ab\t #d drops ( a       
solution ( vitriol ( iron1 & #b drops ( 

a solution ( alkali ( t>t> :i* has be5  
some:at dilut$ ) wat]4 ,a d>k gre5      
precipitate is imm$iately =m$1 :i*1     
h[ev] becomes yell[ 9 a c\ple ( m9utes  
if ! wat] conta9s fire-air2 b if ! wat] 
has be5 boil$1 & has become cold )\t    
access ( air1 or if x is ev5 a rec5tly  
di/ill$ wat]1 ! precipitate reta9s its  
gre5 col\r1 & does n become yell[ soon] 
?an an h\r aft]w>ds1 & n yell[ at all if
 x is protect$ f access ( air 9 full    
bottles4 ,i h already %[n 7,sec4 #ae7 t 
! gre5 precipitate ( iron owes its col\r
 to phlogi/on :i* /ill adh]es to ! e>?1 
& x foll[s f ?is t fire-air1 al?\gh n 9 
! ela/ic condition1 is able to attract  
phlogi/on4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t likewise  
%ew$ me t aquatic animals take fire-air 
f ! wat]4 ,i plac$ a lee* 9 a bottle :i*
 0 completely fill$ ) wat]1 & 0 protect$
 f e k9d ( air4 ,aft] two days x 0 almo/
 dead4 ,i !n exam9$ ! wat] 9 ! mann]    
describ$ above1 & f\nd t ! e>? ( iron   
reta9$ its gre5 col\r4 ,! swell+ up (   
peas 9 cold wat] is to be ascrib$ ma9ly 

to ! fire-air pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,if a    
bottle is fill$ full ( wat] & a few peas
 are plac$ 9 x1 aft] #bd h\rs ! wat]    
conta9s a]ial acid x is true1 b no      
fire-air4 ,9 wat] boil$ & become cold1  
peas swell up only a little4 ,i p]ceive 
9 ?is ! reason :y ! wat]s di/ill$ f     
plants n only lose _! smell1 b :y also a
 mucilag9\s sub/ance settles to !       
bottom1 :5 ! bottles are frequ5tly op5$1
 :]eas ! same wat]s1 9 p]fectly full    
bottles1 reta9 _! smell & cle>ness      
un*ang$4 ,all plants communicate to wat]
 "s mucilag9\s mat]ial :i* is c>ri$ ov] 
along ) x4 ,fire-air is ! *ief cause (  
?is corruption2 if ?is ent]s ! wat]     
aga91 x attracts to itself ! inflammable
 sub/ance f ! subtle oily & mucilag9\s  
matt]1 & alt]s ! :ole ( ! wat]4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,note  ,all bold text has 
be5 surr\nd$ by  signs4 ,italic text is 
d5ot$ by und]scores4