,,creative ,,evolution   ,,by ,,h5ri    
,,b]gson  ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute    
,,pr(essor ,,at ,,! ,,college ,,de      
,,france   ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,by
 ,,ar?ur ,,mit*ell1 ,,ph4,d4   ,,new    
,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #aiaa
     ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 by  ,,h5ry     
,,holt ,,& ,,company   ,,camelot        
,,press1 #ah-bj ,,oak ,,/reet1 ,,new    
,,york     ,,translator',s ,,note   ,9 !
 writ+ ( ?is ,engli% translation (      
,pr(essor ,b]gson's mo/ important "w1 ,i
 0 help$ by ! fri5dly int]e/ ( ,pr(essor
 ,william ,james1 to :om ,i owe !       
illum9ation ( mu* t 0 d>k to me z well z
 ! happy r5d]+ ( c]ta9 words & phrases =
 :i* an ,engli% equival5t 0 difficult to
 f9d4 ,8 sympa!tic appreciation (       
,pr(essor ,b]gson's ?\ght is well kn[n1 
& he has express$ 8 admiration = x 9 "o 
( ! *apt]s ( ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se4 ,x
 0 8 int5tion1 _h he liv$ to see !      
completion ( ?is translation1 himself to
 introduce x to ,engli% read]s 9 a      
prefatory note4  ,i wi% to ?ank my      

fri5d1 ,dr4 ,george ,cl>ke ,cox1 = _m   
valuable sugge/ions4  ,i h endeavor$ to 
foll[ ! text z closely z possible1 & at 
! same "t to pres]ve ! liv+ union (     
diction & ?\ght4 ,pr(essor ,b]gson has  
himself c>efully revis$ ! :ole "w4 ,we  
bo? ( u wi% to ackn[l$ge ! great        
assi/ance ( ,miss ,millic5t ,murby4 ,%e 
has k9dly /udi$ ! translation phrase by 
phrase1 weigh+ ea* ^w1 & h] revision has
 result$ 9 _m improvem5ts4  ,b above all
 we mu/ express our ackn[l$gm5t to ,mr4 
,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ! ,honor>y ,secret>y (
 ! ,ari/otelian ,society ( ,london1 & ! 
writ] ( sev]al /udies ( ,evolution      
,creatrice4#a ,we ask$ him to be k9d    
en\gh to revise ! pro(s ( our "w4 ,he   
has done mu* m ?an revise !m3 !y h come 
f 8 h&s ) 8 p]sonal m>k 9 _m places4 ,we
 _c express all t ! pres5t "w owes to   
him4  ,,ar?ur ,,mit*ell  ,,h>v>d        
,,univ]sity     ,,cont5ts               
,,page  ,,introduction                  
ix   ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,evolution ,,(    
,,life--,,me*anism ,,& ,,teleology  ,(  

duration 9 g5]al--,unorganiz$ bodies &  
ab/ract "t--,organiz$ bodies & real     
duration--,individuality & ! process (  
gr[+ old                                
#a  ,( trans=mism & ! diff]5t ways (    
int]pret+ x--,radical me*anism & real   
duration3 ! relation ( biology to       
physics & *emi/ry--,radical f9alism &   
real duration3 ! relation ( biology to  
philosophy                              
#bc  ,! que/ ( a crit]ion--,exam9ation (
 ! v>i\s !ories ) reg>d to a p>ticul>   
example--,d>w9 & ins5sible v>iation--,de
 ,vries & sudd5 v>iation--,eim] &       
or?og5esis--,neo-,lam>ckism & !         
h]$itability ( acquir$ *>act]s          
#ei  ,result ( ! inquiry--,! vital      
impetus                                 
#hg   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,div]g5t       
,,directions ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,(    
,,life--,,torpor1 ,,intellig5ce1        
,,in/9ct  ,g5]al idea ( ! evolution>y   
process--,gr[?--,div]g5t & complem5t>y  
t5d5cies--,! mean+ ( progress & (       
adaptation                              

#ih  ,! relation ( ! animal to !        
plant--,g5]al t5d5cy ( animal life--,!  
developm5t ( animal life                
#aje  ,! ma9 directions ( ! evolution ( 
life3 torpor1 intellig5ce1 in/9ct       
#ace  ,! nature ( ! intellect           
#aea  ,! nature ( in/9ct                
#afe  ,life & consci\sness--,! app>5t   
place ( man 9 nature             #agf   
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,(     
,,life--,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! 
,,=m ,,( ,,intellig5ce  ,relation ( !   
problem ( life to ! problem ( k--,!     
me?od ( philosophy--,app>5t vici\s      
circle ( ! me?od propos$--,real vici\s  
circle ( ! opposite me?od               
#ahf  ,simultane\s g5esis ( matt] &     
intellig5ce--,geometry inh]5t 9         
matt]--,geometrical t5d5cy ( !          
intellect--,geometry &                  
d$uction--,geometry &                   
induction--,physical laws               
#aii  ,sket* ( a !ory ( k bas$ on !     
analysis ( ! idea ( ,disord]--,two      
oppos$ =ms ( ord]3 ! problem ( g5]a & ! 

problem ( laws--,! idea ( disord] an    
oscillation ( ! intellect betwe5 ! two  
k9ds ( ord]                             
#bbj  ,creation & evolution--,ideal     
g5esis ( matt]--,! orig9 & function (   
life--,! ess5tial & ! accid5tal 9 !     
vital process & 9 ! evolution>y         
movem5t--,mank9d--,! life ( ! body & !  
life ( ! _s                             
#bcf   ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,!                
,,c9ematographical ,,me*anism ,,(       
,,?\ght ,,& ,,! ,,me*ani/ic             
,,illusion--,a ,,glance ,,at ,,!        
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sy/ems--,,real ,,becom+  
,,& ,,false ,,evolutionism  ,sket* ( a  
criticism ( philosophical sy/ems1 bas$  
on ! analysis ( ! idea ( ,immutability &
 ( ! idea ( ,no?+--,relation (          
metaphysical problems to ! idea (       
,no?+--,real mean+ ( ?is idea           
#bgb  ,=m & ,becom+                     
#bih  ,! philosophy ( ,=ms & its        
conception ( ,becom+--,plato &          
,ari/otle--,! natural tr5d ( ! intellect
                       #cjd  ,becom+ 9  

mod]n sci5ce3 two views ( ,"t           
#cbi  ,! metaphysical int]pretation (   
mod]n sci5ce3 ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1       
,leibniz                                
#cde  ,! ,criticism ( ,kant             
#cef  ,! evolutionism ( ,sp5c]          
#cfc  ,,index                           
#cga     ,,introduction   ,! hi/ory ( ! 
evolution ( life1 incomplete z x yet is1
 already reveals to u h[ ! intellect has
 be5 =m$1 by an un9t]rupt$ progress1    
along a l9e :i* asc5ds ?r\gh ! v]tebrate
 s]ies up to man4 ,x %[s u 9 ! faculty (
 und]/&+ an app5dage ( ! faculty ( act+1
 a m & m precise1 m & m complex & supple
 adaptation ( ! consci\sness ( liv+ be+s
 to ! conditions ( exi/5ce t are made = 
!m4 ,h5ce %\ld result ?is consequ5ce t  
our intellect1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 is 
int5d$ to secure ! p]fect fitt+ ( our   
body to its environm5t1 to repres5t !   
relations ( ext]nal ?+s among           
!mselves--9 %ort1 to ?9k matt]4 ,su* w  
inde$ be "o ( ! conclusions ( ! pres5t  
essay4 ,we %all see t ! human intellect 

feels at home among inanimate objects1 m
 especially among solids1 :]e our action
 f9ds its fulcrum & our indu/ry its     
tools2 t our concepts h be5 =m$ on !    
model ( solids2 t our logic is1         
pre-em95tly1 ! logic ( solids2 t1       
consequ5tly1 our intellect triumphs 9   
geometry1 :]e9 is reveal$ ! k9%ip (     
logical ?\ght ) unorganiz$ matt]1 & :]e 
! intellect has only to foll[ its       
natural movem5t1 aft] ! lighte/ possible
 contact ) exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to g f      
discov]y to discov]y1 sure t exp]i5ce is
 foll[+ beh9d x & w ju/ify x inv>iably4 
,b f ?is x mu/ also foll[ t our ?\ght1 9
 its purely logical =m1 is incapable (  
pres5t+ ! true nature ( life1 ! full    
mean+ ( ! evolution>y movem5t4 ,creat$  
by life1 9 def9ite circum/ances1 to act 
on def9ite ?+s1 h[ c x embrace life1 (  
:i* x is only an emanation or an aspect8
 ,deposit$ by ! evolution>y movem5t 9 ! 
c\rse ( its way1 h[ c x be appli$ to !  
evolution>y movem5t itself8 ,z well     
cont5d t ! "p is equal to ! :ole1 t !   

effect c reabsorb its cause1 or t !     
pebble left on ! bea* displays ! =m ( ! 
wave t br\ght x !re4 ,9 fact1 we d inde$
 feel t n "o ( ! categories ( our       
?\ght--unity1 multiplicity1 me*anical   
causality1 intellig5t f9ality1          
etc4--applies exactly to ! ?+s ( life3  
:o c say :]e individuality beg9s & ends1
 :e!r ! liv+ be+ is "o or _m1 :e!r x is 
! cells :i* associate !mselves into !   
organism or ! organism :i* dissociates  
itself into cells8 ,9 va9 we =ce ! liv+ 
into ?is or t "o ( our molds4 ,all !    
molds crack4 ,!y are too n>r[1 above all
 too rigid1 = :at we try to put into !m4
 ,our reason+1 s sure ( itself among ?+s
 in]t1 feels ill at ease on ?is new     
gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be difficult to cite a   
biological discov]y due to pure reason+4
 ,& mo/ (t51 :5 exp]i5ce has f9ally %[n 
u h[ life goes to "w to obta9 a c]ta9   
result1 we f9d its way ( work+ is j t ( 
:i* we %\ld nev] h ?\ght4  ,yet         
evolutioni/ philosophy does n hesitate  
to ext5d to ! ?+s ( life ! same me?ods (

 explanation :i* h succe$$ 9 ! case (   
unorganiz$ matt]4 ,x beg9s by %[+ u 9 ! 
intellect a local effect ( evolution1 a 
flame1 p]haps accid5tal1 :i* lights up !
 com+ & go+ ( liv+ be+s 9 ! n>r[ passage
 op5 to _! action2 & lo6 =gett+ :at x   
has j told u1 x makes ( ?is lant]n      
glimm]+ 9 a tunnel a ,sun :i* c         
illum9ate ! _w4 ,boldly x proce$s1 ) !  
p[]s ( conceptual ?\ght alone1 to !     
ideal recon/ruction ( all ?+s1 ev5 (    
life4 ,true1 x hurtles 9 its c\rse aga9/
 su* =midable difficulties1 x sees its  
logic end 9 su* /range contradictions1 t
 x v spe$ily r5\nces its fir/ ambition4 
,x is no long] reality itself1 x says1 t
 x w recon/ruct1 b only an imitation ( !
 real1 or r a symbolical image2 ! ess5ce
 ( ?+s escapes u1 & w escape u always2  
we move among relations2 ! absolute is n
 9 our prov9ce2 we are br\ght to a /&   
be=e ! ,unkn[able4--,b = ! human        
intellect1 aft] too mu* pride1 ?is is   
really an excess ( humility4 ,if !      
intellectual =m ( ! liv+ be+ has be5    

gradually model$ on ! reciprocal actions
 & reactions ( c]ta9 bodies & _! mat]ial
 environm5t1 h[ %\ld x n reveal to u    
some?+ ( ! v ess5ce ( :i* ^! bodies are 
made8 ,action _c move 9 ! unreal4 ,a m9d
 born to speculate or to dream1 ,i      
admit1 might rema9 outside reality1     
might de=m or trans=m ! real1 p]haps ev5
 create x--z we create ! figures ( m5 & 
animals t our imag9ation cuts out ( !   
pass+ cl\d4 ,b an intellect b5t ^u ! act
 to be p]=m$ & ! reaction to foll[1     
feel+ its object s z to get its mobile  
impression at e in/ant1 is an intellect 
t t\*es some?+ ( ! absolute4 ,w\ld !    
idea ev] h occurr$ to u to d\bt ?is     
absolute value ( our k if philosophy _h 
n %[n u :at contradictions our          
speculation meets1 :at dead-locks x ends
 98 ,b ^! difficulties & contradictions 
all arise f try+ to apply ! usual =ms ( 
our ?\ght to objects ) :i* our indu/ry  
has no?+ to d1 & = :i*1 !re=e1 our molds
 are n made4 ,intellectual k1 9 s f> z x
 relates to a c]ta9 aspect ( in]t matt]1

 ought1 on ! contr>y1 to give u a       
fai?ful impr9t ( x1 hav+ be5 /]eotyp$ on
 ?is p>ticul> object4 ,x becomes        
relative only if x claims1 su* z x is1  
to pres5t to u life--t is to say1 ! mak]
 ( ! /]eotype-plate4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,mu/ we !n 
give up fa?om+ ! dep?s ( life8 ,mu/ we  
keep to t me*ani/ic idea ( x :i* !      
und]/&+ w always give u--an idea        
necess>ily artificial & symbolical1 s9ce
 x makes ! total activity ( life %r9k to
 ! =m ( a c]ta9 human activity :i* is   
only a p>tial & local manife/ation (    
life1 a result or by-product ( ! vital  
process8 ,we %\ld h to d s1 inde$1 if   
life _h employ$ all ! psy*ical          
pot5tialities x possesses 9 produc+ pure
 und]/&+s--t is to say1 9 mak+          
geometricians4 ,b ! l9e ( evolution t   
ends 9 man is n ! only "o4 ,on o!r pa?s1
 div]g5t f x1 o!r =ms ( consci\sness h  
be5 develop$1 :i* h n be5 able to free  
!mselves f ext]nal con/ra9ts or to rega9
 control ov] !mselves1 z ! human        

intellect has done1 b :i*1 none ! less1 
also express some?+ t is imman5t &      
ess5tial 9 ! evolution>y movem5t4       
,suppose ^! o!r =ms ( consci\sness      
br\ght toge!r & amalgamat$ ) intellect3 
w\ld n ! result be a consci\sness z wide
 z life8 ,& su* a consci\sness1 turn+   
ar\nd sudd5ly aga9/ ! pu% ( life :i* x  
feels beh9d1 w\ld h a vision ( life     
complete--w\ld x n8--ev5 ?\gh ! vision 7
 fleet+4  ,x w be said t1 ev5 s1 we d n 
transc5d our intellect1 = x is /ill )   
our intellect1 & ?r\gh our intellect1 t 
we see ! o!r =ms ( consci\sness4 ,& ?is 
w\ld be "r if we 7 pure intellects1 if  
!re did n rema91 ar\nd our conceptual & 
logical ?\ght1 a vague nebulosity1 made 
( ! v sub/ance out ( :i* has be5 =m$ !  
lum9\s nucleus t we call ! intellect4   
,!re9 reside c]ta9 p[]s t are           
complem5t>y to ! und]/&+1 p[]s ( :i* we 
h only an indi/9ct feel+ :5 we rema9 %ut
 up 9 ourselves1 b :i* w become cle> &  
di/9ct :5 !y p]ceive !mselves at "w1 s  
to speak1 9 ! evolution ( nature4 ,!y w 

?us le>n :at sort ( ef=t !y mu/ make to 
be int5sifi$ & exp&$ 9 ! v direction (  
life4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,?is am\nts to say+ t !ory 
( k & !ory ( life seem to u insep>able4 
,a !ory ( life t is n accompani$ by a   
criticism ( k is oblig$ to accept1 z !y 
/&1 ! concepts :i* ! und]/&+ puts at its
 disposal3 x c b enclose ! facts1 will+ 
or n1 9 pre-exi/+ frames :i* x reg>ds z 
ultimate4 ,x ?us obta9s a symbolism :i* 
is conv5i5t1 p]haps ev5 necess>y to     
positive sci5ce1 b n a direct vision (  
its object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a !ory ( k :i*
 does n replace ! intellect 9 ! g5]al   
evolution ( life w tea* u nei!r h[ !    
frames ( k h be5 con/ruct$ nor h[ we c  
enl>ge or g beyond !m4 ,x is necess>y t 
^! two inquiries1 !ory ( k & !ory (     
life1 %\ld jo9 ea* o!r1 &1 by a circul> 
process1 pu% ea* o!r on unceas+ly4      
,toge!r1 !y may solve by a me?od m sure1
 br\ght ne>] to exp]i5ce1 ! great       
problems t philosophy poses4 ,=1 if !y  
%\ld succe$ 9 _! common ent]prise1 !y   

w\ld %[ u ! =mation ( ! intellect1 &    
!reby ! g5esis ( t matt] ( :i* our      
intellect traces ! g5]al configuration4 
,!y w\ld dig to ! v root ( nature & (   
m9d4 ,!y w\ld sub/itute = ! false       
evolutionism ( ,sp5c]--:i* consi/s 9    
cutt+ up pres5t reality1 already evolv$1
 into little bits no less evolv$1 & !n  
recompos+ x ) ^! fragm5ts1 ?us posit+ 9 
advance ev]y?+ t is to be expla9$--a    
true evolutionism1 9 :i* reality w\ld be
 foll[$ 9 its g5]ation & its gr[?4  ,b a
 philosophy ( ?is k9d w n be made 9 a   
day4 ,unlike ! philosophical sy/ems     
prop]ly s call$1 ea* ( :i* 0 !          
individual "w ( a man ( g5ius & sprang  
up z a :ole1 to be tak5 or left1 x w    
only be built up by ! collective &      
progressive ef=t ( _m ?9k]s1 ( _m       
obs]v]s also1 complet+1 correct+ &      
improv+ "o ano!r4 ,s ! pres5t essay does
 n aim at resolv+ at once ! greate/     
problems4 ,x simply desires to def9e !  
me?od & to p]mit a glimpse1 on "s       
ess5tial po9ts1 ( ! possibility ( its   

application4  ,its plan is trac$ by !   
subject itself4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]1 we try 
on ! evolution>y progress ! two         
ready-made g>m5ts t our und]/&+ puts at 
our disposal1 me*anism & f9ality2#b we  
%[ t !y d n fit1 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 b
 t "o ( !m might be recut & resewn1 & 9 
?is new =m fit less badly ?an ! o!r4 ,9 
ord] to transc5d ! po9t ( view ( !      
und]/&+1 we try1 9 our second *apt]1 to 
recon/ruct ! ma9 l9es ( evolution along 
:i* life has travel$ by ! side ( t :i*  
has l$ to ! human intellect4 ,!         
intellect is ?us br\ght back to its     
g5]at+ cause1 :i* we !n h to grasp 9    
itself & foll[ 9 its movem5t4 ,x is an  
ef=t ( ?is k9d t we                     
attempt--incompletely inde$--9 our ?ird 
*apt]4 ,a f\r? & la/ "p is meant to %[  
h[ our und]/&+ itself1 by submitt+ to a 
c]ta9 discipl9e1 might prep>e a         
philosophy :i* transc5ds x4 ,= t1 a     
glance ov] ! hi/ory ( sy/ems became     
necess>y1 toge!r ) an analysis ( ! two  
great illusions to :i*1 z soon z x      

speculates on reality 9 g5]al1 ! human  
und]/&+ is expos$4  ,,footnotes3        
,footnote #a3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian
 ,society1 vols4 ix4 & x41 & ,hibb]t    
,j\rnal = ,july1 #aiaj4  ,footnote #b3  
,! idea ( reg>d+ life z transc5d+       
teleology z well z me*anism is f> f be+ 
a new idea4 ,notably 9 ?ree articles by 
,*4 ,dunan on ,le problme de la vie     
7,revue philosophique1 #ahib7 x is      
pr(\ndly treat$4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is  
idea1 we agree ) ,*4 ,dunan on m ?an "o 
po9t4 ,b ! views we are pres5t+ on ?is  
matt]1 z on ! que/ions atta*+ to x1 are 
^? t we express$ long ago 9 our ,essai  
sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce
 7,p>is1 #ahhi74 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal       
objects ( t essay 01 9 fact1 to %[ t !  
psy*ical life is nei!r unity nor        
multiplicity1 t x transc5ds bo? !       
me*anical & ! intellectual1 me*anism &  
f9alism hav+ mean+ only :]e !re is      
di/9ct multiplicity1 spatiality1 &      
consequ5tly assemblage ( pre-exi/+ p>ts3
 real duration signifies bo? undivid$   

cont9uity & creation4 ,9 ! pres5t "w we 
apply ^! same ideas to life 9 g5]al1    
reg>d$1 moreov]1 itself f ! psy*ological
 po9t ( view4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,!       
,,evolution ,,( ,,life--,,me*anism ,,&  
,,teleology   ,! exi/5ce ( :i* we are   
mo/ assur$ & :i* we "k be/ is           
unque/ionably our own1 = ( e o!r object 
we h notions :i* may be consid]$ ext]nal
 & sup]ficial1 :]eas1 ( ourselves1 our  
p]ception is int]nal & pr(\nd4 ,:at1 !n1
 d we f9d8 ,9 ?is privileg$ case1 :at is
 ! precise mean+ ( ! ^w exi/8 ,let u    
recall "h briefly ! conclusions ( an    
e>li] "w4  ,i f9d1 fir/ ( all1 t ,i pass
 f /ate to /ate4 ,i am w>m or cold1 ,i  
am m]ry or sad1 ,i "w or ,i d no?+1 ,i  
look at :at is ar\nd me or ,i ?9k (     
some?+ else4 ,s5sations1 feel+s1        
volitions1 ideas--su* are ! *anges into 
:i* my exi/5ce is divid$ & :i* color x 9
 turns4 ,i *ange1 !n1 )\t ceas+4 ,b ?is 
is n say+ en\gh4 ,*ange is f> m radical 
?an we are at fir/ incl9$ to suppose4   
,= ,i speak ( ea* ( my /ates z if x =m$ 

a block & 7 a sep>ate :ole4 ,i say inde$
 t ,i *ange1 b ! *ange seems to me to   
reside 9 ! passage f "o /ate to ! next3 
( ea* /ate1 tak5 sep>ately1 ,i am apt to
 ?9k t x rema9s ! same dur+ all ! "t t x
 prevails4 ,nev]!less1 a slight ef=t (  
att5tion w\ld reveal to me t !re is no  
feel+1 no idea1 no volition :i* is n    
und]go+ *ange e mom5t3 if a m5tal /ate  
ceas$ to v>y1 its duration w\ld cease to
 fl[4 ,let u take ! mo/ /able ( int]nal 
/ates1 ! visual p]ception ( a motionless
 ext]nal object4 ,! object may rema9 !  
same1 ,i may look at x f ! same side1 at
 ! same angle1 9 ! same light2 nev]!less
 ! vision ,i n[ h ( x diff]s f t :i* ,i 
h j _h1 ev5 if only because ! "o is an  
in/ant old] ?an ! o!r4 ,my memory is    
!re1 :i* conveys some?+ ( ! pa/ into !  
pres5t4 ,my m5tal /ate1 z x advances on 
! road ( "t1 is cont9ually swell+ ) !   
duration :i* x accumulates3 x goes on   
increas+--roll+ ^u itself1 z a sn[ball  
on ! sn[4 ,/ill m is ?is ! case ) /ates 
m deeply int]nal1 su* z s5sations1      

feel+s1 desires1 etc41 :i* d n          
correspond1 l a simple visual p]ception1
 to an unv>y+ ext]nal object4 ,b x is   
exp$i5t to disreg>d ?is un9t]rupt$      
*ange1 & to notice x only :5 x becomes  
suffici5t to impress a new attitude on !
 body1 a new direction on ! att5tion4   
,!n1 & !n only1 we f9d t our /ate has   
*ang$4 ,! tru? is t we *ange )\t ceas+1 
& t ! /ate itself is no?+ b *ange4  ,?is
 am\nts to say+ t !re is no ess5tial    
diff]5ce betwe5 pass+ f "o /ate to ano!r
 & p]si/+ 9 ! same /ate4 ,if ! /ate :i* 
rema9s ! same is m v>i$ ?an we ?9k1 on !
 o!r h& ! pass+ f "o /ate to ano!r      
resembles1 m ?an we imag9e1 a s+le /ate 
be+ prolong$2 ! transition is cont9u\s4 
,b1 j because we close our eyes to !    
unceas+ v>iation ( e psy*ical /ate1 we  
are oblig$1 :5 ! *ange has become s     
consid]able z to =ce itself on our      
att5tion1 to speak z if a new /ate 7    
plac$ alongside ! previ\s "o4 ,( ?is new
 /ate we assume t x rema9s unv>y+ 9 its 
turn1 & s on endlessly4 ,! app>5t       

discont9uity ( ! psy*ical life is !n due
 to our att5tion be+ fix$ on x by a     
s]ies ( sep>ate acts3 actually !re is   
only a g5tle slope2 b 9 foll[+ ! brok5  
l9e ( our acts ( att5tion1 we ?9k we    
p]ceive sep>ate /eps4 ,true1 our psy*ic 
life is full ( ! un=ese54 ,a ?\s&       
incid5ts arise1 :i* seem to be cut (f f 
^? :i* prec$e !m1 & to be disconnect$ f 
^? :i* foll[4 ,discont9u\s ?\gh !y      
appe>1 h[ev]1 9 po9t ( fact !y /& out   
aga9/ ! cont9uity ( a backgr\nd on :i*  
!y are design$1 & to :i* inde$ !y owe ! 
int]vals t sep>ate !m2 !y are ! beats ( 
! drum :i* break =? "h & !re 9 !        
symphony4 ,our att5tion fixes on !m     
because !y int]e/ x m1 b ea* ( !m is    
borne by ! fluid mass ( our :ole        
psy*ical exi/5ce4 ,ea* is only ! be/    
illum9at$ po9t ( a mov+ zone :i*        
comprises all t we feel or ?9k or       
w--all1 9 %ort1 t we are at any giv5    
mom5t4 ,x is ?is entire zone :i* 9      
reality makes up our /ate4 ,n[1 /ates   
?us def9$ _c be reg>d$ z di/9ct elem5ts4

 ,!y cont9ue ea* o!r 9 an endless fl[4  
,b1 z our att5tion has di/+ui%$ &       
sep>at$ !m artificially1 x is oblig$    
next to reunite !m by an artificial     
bond4 ,x imag9es1 !re=e1 a =mless ego1  
indiff]5t & un*angeable1 on :i* x ?reads
 ! psy*ic /ates :i* x has set up z      
indep5d5t entities4 ,in/ead ( a flux (  
fleet+ %ades m]g+ into ea* o!r1 x       
p]ceives di/9ct &1 s to speak1 solid    
colors1 set side by side l ! beads ( a  
necklace2 x mu/ p]=ce !n suppose a      
?read1 also itself solid1 to hold !     
beads toge!r4 ,b if ?is colorless       
sub/ratum is p]petually color$ by t :i* 
cov]s x1 x is = u1 9 its indet]m9at5ess1
 z if x did n exi/1 s9ce we only p]ceive
 :at is color$1 or1 9 o!r words1 psy*ic 
/ates4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is sub/ratum 
has no reality2 x is m]ely a symbol     
int5d$ to recall unceas+ly to our       
consci\sness ! artificial "* ( ! process
 by :i* ! att5tion places clean-cut     
/ates side by side1 :]e actually !re is 
a cont9uity :i* unfolds4 ,if our exi/5ce

 7 compos$ ( sep>ate /ates ) an         
impassive ego to unite !m1 = u !re w\ld 
be no duration4 ,= an ego :i* does n    
*ange does n endure1 & a psy*ic /ate :i*
 rema9s ! same s long z x is n replac$  
by ! foll[+ /ate does n endure ei!r4    
,va91 !re=e1 is ! attempt to range su*  
/ates beside ea* o!r on ! ego suppos$ to
 su/a9 !m3 nev] c ^! solids /rung ^u a  
solid make up t duration :i* fl[s4 ,:at 
we actually obta9 9 ?is way is an       
artificial imitation ( ! int]nal life1 a
 /atic equival5t :i* w l5d itself bett] 
to ! requirem5ts ( logic & language1 j  
because we h elim9at$ f x ! elem5t (    
real "t4 ,b1 z reg>ds ! psy*ical life   
unfold+ b5ea? ! symbols :i* conceal x1  
we readily p]ceive t "t is j ! /uff x is
 made (4  ,!re is1 moreov]1 no /uff m   
resi/ant nor m sub/antial4 ,= our       
duration is n m]ely "o in/ant replac+   
ano!r2 if x 71 !re w\ld nev] be any?+ b 
! pres5t--no prolong+ ( ! pa/ into !    
actual1 no evolution1 no concrete       
duration4 ,duration is ! cont9u\s       

progress ( ! pa/ :i* gnaws into ! future
 & :i* swells z x advances4 ,& z ! pa/  
gr[s )\t ceas+1 s also !re is no limit  
to its pres]vation4 ,memory1 z we h tri$
 to prove1#c is n a faculty ( putt+ away
 recollections 9 a draw]1 or ( inscrib+ 
!m 9 a regi/]4 ,!re is no regi/]1 no    
draw]2 !re is n ev51 prop]ly speak+1 a  
faculty1 = a faculty works int]mitt5tly1
 :5 x w or :5 x c1 :il/ ! pil+ up ( !   
pa/ ^u ! pa/ goes on )\t relaxation4 ,9 
reality1 ! pa/ is pres]v$ by itself1    
automatically4 ,9 its entirety1         
probably1 x foll[s u at e in/ant2 all t 
we h felt1 ?\ght & will$ f our e>lie/   
infancy is !re1 lean+ ov] ! pres5t :i*  
is ab\t to jo9 x1 press+ aga9/ ! portals
 ( consci\sness t w\ld fa9 leave x      
outside4 ,! c]ebral me*anism is arrang$ 
j s z to drive back into ! unconsci\s   
almo/ ! :ole ( ?is pa/1 & to admit      
beyond ! ?re%old only t :i* c ca/ light 
on ! pres5t situation or fur!r ! action 
n[ be+ prep>$--9 %ort1 only t :i* c give
 useful "w4 ,at ! mo/1 a few sup]flu\s  

recollections may succe$ 9 smuggl+      
!mselves ?r\gh ! half-op5 door4 ,^!     
memories1 mess5g]s f ! unconsci\s1 rem9d
 u ( :at we are dragg+ beh9d u unaw>es4 
,b1 ev5 ?\gh we may h no di/9ct idea (  
x1 we feel vaguely t our pa/ rema9s     
pres5t to u4 ,:at are we1 9 fact1 :at is
 our "*1 if n ! cond5sation ( ! hi/ory t
 we h liv$ f our bir?--nay1 ev5 be=e our
 bir?1 s9ce we br+ ) u pr5atal          
dispositions8 ,d\btless we ?9k ) only a 
small "p ( our pa/1 b x is ) our entire 
pa/1 includ+ ! orig9al b5t ( our s\l1 t 
we desire1 w & act4 ,our pa/1 !n1 z a   
:ole1 is made manife/ to u 9 its        
impulse2 x is felt 9 ! =m ( t5d5cy1     
al?\gh a small "p ( x only is kn[n 9 !  
=m ( idea4  ,f ?is survival ( ! pa/ x   
foll[s t consci\sness _c g ?r\gh ! same 
/ate twice4 ,! circum/ances may /ill be 
! same1 b !y w act no long] on ! same   
p]son1 s9ce !y f9d him at a new mom5t ( 
8 hi/ory4 ,our p]sonality1 :i* is be+   
built up ea* in/ant ) its accumulat$    
exp]i5ce1 *anges )\t ceas+4 ,by *ang+1 x

 prev5ts any /ate1 al?\gh sup]ficially  
id5tical ) ano!r1 f ev] repeat+ x 9 its 
v dep?4 ,t is :y our duration is        
irrev]sible4 ,we c\ld n live ov] aga9 a 
s+le mom5t1 = we %\ld h to beg9 by      
effac+ ! memory ( all t _h foll[$4 ,ev5 
c\ld we erase ?is memory f our          
intellect1 we c\ld n f our w4  ,?us our 
p]sonality %oots1 gr[s & rip5s )\t      
ceas+4 ,ea* ( its mom5ts is some?+ new  
add$ to :at 0 be=e4 ,we may g fur!r3 x  
is n only some?+ new1 b some?+          
un=eseeable4 ,d\btless1 my pres5t /ate  
is expla9$ by :at 0 9 me & by :at 0 act+
 on me a mom5t ago4 ,9 analyz+ x ,i %\ld
 f9d no o!r elem5ts4 ,b ev5 a sup]human 
intellig5ce w\ld n h be5 able to =esee !
 simple indivisible =m :i* gives to ^!  
purely ab/ract elem5ts _! concrete      
organization4 ,= to =esee consi/s (     
project+ into ! future :at has be5      
p]ceiv$ 9 ! pa/1 or ( imag9+ = a lat] "t
 a new gr\p+1 9 a new ord]1 ( elem5ts   
already p]ceiv$4 ,b t :i* has nev] be5  
p]ceiv$1 & :i* is at ! same "t simple1  

is necess>ily un=eseeable4 ,n[ su* is ! 
case ) ea* ( our /ates1 reg>d$ z a mom5t
 9 a hi/ory t is gradually unfold+3 x is
 simple1 & x _c h be5 already p]ceiv$1  
s9ce x conc5trates 9 its indivisibility 
all t has be5 p]ceiv$ & :at ! pres5t is 
add+ to x besides4 ,x is an orig9al     
mom5t ( a no less orig9al hi/ory4  ,!   
f9i%$ portrait is expla9$ by ! features 
( ! model1 by ! nature ( ! arti/1 by !  
colors spread out on ! palette2 b1 ev5 )
 ! k ( :at expla9s x1 no "o1 n ev5 !    
arti/1 c\ld h =ese5 exactly :at !       
portrait w\ld be1 = to pr$ict x w\ld h  
be5 to produce x be=e x 0 produc$--an   
absurd hypo!sis :i* is its own          
refutation4 ,ev5 s ) reg>d to ! mom5ts (
 our life1 ( :i* we are ! artisans4 ,ea*
 ( !m is a k9d ( creation4 ,& j z !     
tal5t ( ! pa9t] is =m$ or de=m$--9 any  
case1 is modifi$--"u ! v influ5ce ( !   
works he produces1 s ea* ( our /ates1 at
 ! mom5t ( its issue1 modifies our      
p]sonality1 be+ inde$ ! new =m t we are 
j assum+4 ,x is !n "r to say t :at we d 

dep5ds on :at we are2 b x is necess>y to
 add also t we are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1   
:at we d1 & t we are creat+ ourselves   
cont9ually4 ,?is creation ( self by self
 is ! m complete1 ! m "o reasons on :at 
"o does4 ,= reason does n proce$ 9 su*  
matt]s z 9 geometry1 :]e imp]sonal      
premisses are giv5 once = all1 & an     
imp]sonal conclusion mu/ p]=ce be drawn4
 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ! same reasons may  
dictate to diff]5t p]sons1 or to ! same 
p]son at diff]5t mom5ts1 acts pr(\ndly  
diff]5t1 al?\gh equally reasonable4 ,!  
tru? is t !y are n q ! same reasons1    
s9ce !y are n ^? ( ! same p]son1 nor ( !
 same mom5t4 ,t is :y we _c deal ) !m 9 
! ab/ract1 f outside1 z 9 geometry1 nor 
solve = ano!r ! problems by :i* he is   
fac$ 9 life4 ,ea* mu/ solve !m f )91 on 
8 own acc\nt4 ,b we ne$ n g m deeply    
into ?is4 ,we are seek+ only ! precise  
mean+ t our consci\sness gives to ?is ^w
 exi/1 & we f9d t1 = a consci\s be+1 to 
exi/ is to *ange1 to *ange is to mature1
 to mature is to g on creat+ oneself    

endlessly4 ,%\ld ! same be said (       
exi/5ce 9 g5]al8         99       99    
99       99       99  ,a mat]ial object1
 ( :atev] k9d1 pres5ts opposite *>act]s 
to ^? :i* we h j be5 describ+4 ,ei!r x  
rema9s z x is1 or else1 if x *anges "u !
 influ5ce ( an ext]nal =ce1 our idea (  
?is *ange is t ( a displacem5t ( p>ts   
:i* !mselves d n *ange4 ,if ^! p>ts took
 to *ang+1 we %\ld split !m up 9 _!     
turn4 ,we %\ld ?us desc5d to ! molecules
 ( :i* ! fragm5ts are made1 to ! atoms t
 make up ! molecules1 to ! corpuscles t 
g5]ate ! atoms1 to ! impond]able )9 :i* 
! corpuscle is p]haps a m]e vortex4 ,9  
%ort1 we %\ld pu% ! division or analysis
 z f> z necess>y4 ,b we %\ld /op only   
be=e ! un*angeable4  ,n[1 we say t a    
composite object *anges by ! displacem5t
 ( its p>ts4 ,b :5 a "p has left its    
position1 !re is no?+ to prev5t its     
return to x4 ,a gr\p ( elem5ts :i* has  
gone ?r\gh a /ate c !re=e always f9d its
 way back to t /ate1 if n by itself1 at 
lea/ by means ( an ext]nal cause able to

 re/ore ev]y?+ to its place4 ,?is am\nts
 to say+ t any /ate ( ! gr\p may be     
repeat$ z (t5 z desir$1 & consequ5tly t 
! gr\p does n gr[ old4 ,x has no hi/ory4
  ,?us no?+ is creat$ !re91 nei!r =m nor
 matt]4 ,:at ! gr\p w be is already     
pres5t 9 :at x is1 provid$ :at x is     
includes all ! po9ts ( ! univ]se ) :i* x
 is relat$4 ,a sup]human intellect c\ld 
calculate1 = any mom5t ( "t1 ! position 
( any po9t ( ! sy/em 9 space4 ,& z !re  
is no?+ m 9 ! =m ( ! :ole ?an !         
arrangem5t ( its p>ts1 ! future =ms ( ! 
sy/em are !oretically visible 9 its     
pres5t configuration4  ,all our belief 9
 objects1 all our op]ations on ! sy/ems 
t sci5ce isolates1 re/ 9 fact on ! idea 
t "t does n bite into !m4 ,we h t\*$ on 
?is "q 9 an e>li] "w1 & %all return to x
 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t /udy4 ,= ! mom5t1 
we w conf9e ourselves to po9t+ out t !  
ab/ract "t t attribut$ by sci5ce to a   
mat]ial object or to an isolat$ sy/em   
consi/s only 9 a c]ta9 numb] (          
simultaneities or m g5]ally (           

correspond5ces1 & t ?is numb] rema9s !  
same1 :atev] be ! nature ( ! int]vals   
betwe5 ! correspond5ces4 ,) ^! int]vals 
we are nev] conc]n$ :5 deal+ ) in]t     
matt]2 or1 if !y are consid]$1 x is 9   
ord] to c\nt !re9 fre% correspond5ces1  
betwe5 :i* aga9 we %all n c>e :at       
happ5s4 ,common s5se1 :i* is occupi$ )  
deta*$ objects1 & also sci5ce1 :i*      
consid]s isolat$ sy/ems1 are conc]n$    
only ) ! ends ( ! int]vals & n ) !      
int]vals !mselves4 ,!re=e ! fl[ ( "t    
might assume an inf9ite rapidity1 !     
entire pa/1 pres5t1 & future ( mat]ial  
objects or ( isolat$ sy/ems might be    
spread out all at once 9 space1 )\t !re 
be+ any?+ to *ange ei!r 9 ! =mulae ( !  
sci5ti/ or ev5 9 ! language ( common    
s5se4 ,! numb] t w\ld always /& = ! same
 ?+2 x w\ld /ill c\nt ! same numb] (    
correspond5ces betwe5 ! /ates ( !       
objects or sy/ems & ! po9ts ( ! l9e1    
ready drawn1 :i* w\ld be !n ! c\rse (   
"t4  ,yet succession is an und5iable    
fact1 ev5 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,?\gh our     

reason+ on isolat$ sy/ems may imply t _!
 hi/ory1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 might be
 in/antane\sly unfurl$ l a fan1 ?is     
hi/ory1 9 po9t ( fact1 unfolds itself   
gradually1 z if x occupi$ a duration l  
our own4 ,if ,i want to mix a glass (   
sug> & wat]1 ,i mu/1 willy nilly1 wait  
until ! sug> melts4 ,?is little fact is 
big ) mean+4 ,= "h ! "t ,i h to wait is 
n t ma!matical "t :i* w\ld apply equally
 well to ! entire hi/ory ( ! mat]ial _w1
 ev5 if t hi/ory 7 spread out           
in/antane\sly 9 space4 ,x co9cides ) my 
impati5ce1 t is to say1 ) a c]ta9       
portion ( my own duration1 :i* ,i _c    
protract or contract z ,i l4 ,x is no   
long] some?+ ?\ght1 x is some?+ liv$4 ,x
 is no long] a relation1 x is an        
absolute4 ,:at else c ?is mean ?an t !  
glass ( wat]1 ! sug>1 & ! process ( !   
sug>'s melt+ 9 ! wat] are ab/ractions1 &
 t ! ,:ole )9 :i* !y h be5 cut out by my
 s5ses & und]/&+ progresses1 x may be 9 
! mann] ( a consci\sness8  ,c]ta9ly1 !  
op]ation by :i* sci5ce isolates & closes

 a sy/em is n altoge!r artificial4 ,if x
 _h no objective f\ndation1 we c\ld n   
expla9 :y x is cle>ly indicat$ 9 "s     
cases & impossible 9 o!rs4 ,we %all see 
t matt] has a t5d5cy to con/itute       
isolable sy/ems1 t c be treat$          
geometrically4 ,9 fact1 we %all def9e   
matt] by j ?is t5d5cy4 ,b x is only a   
t5d5cy4 ,matt] does n g to ! end1 & !   
isolation is nev] complete4 ,if sci5ce  
does g to ! end & isolate completely1 x 
is = conv5i5ce ( /udy2 x is und]/ood t !
 s-call$ isolat$ sy/em rema9s subject to
 c]ta9 ext]nal influ5ces4 ,sci5ce m]ely 
leaves ^! alone1 ei!r because x f9ds !m 
slight en\gh to be negligible1 or       
because x int5ds to take !m into acc\nt 
lat] on4 ,x is none ! less true t ^!    
influ5ces are s _m ?reads :i* b9d up !  
sy/em to ano!r m ext5sive1 & to ?is a   
?ird :i* includes bo?1 & s on to ! sy/em
 mo/ objectively isolat$ & mo/ indep5d5t
 ( all1 ! sol> sy/em complete4 ,b1 ev5  
"h1 ! isolation is n absolute4 ,our sun 
radiates heat & light beyond ! f>!/     

planet4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x moves 9 a    
c]ta9 fix$ direction1 draw+ ) x !       
planets & _! satellites4 ,! ?read atta*+
 x to ! re/ ( ! univ]se is d\btless v   
t5u\s4 ,nev]!less x is along ?is ?read t
 is transmitt$ d[n to ! smalle/ p>ticle 
( ! _w 9 :i* we live ! duration imman5t 
to ! :ole ( ! univ]se4  ,! univ]se      
endures4 ,! m we /udy ! nature ( "t1 ! m
 we %all compreh5d t duration means     
inv5tion1 ! creation ( =ms1 ! cont9ual  
elaboration ( ! absolutely new4 ,!      
sy/ems m>k$ (f by sci5ce endure only    
because !y are b\nd up insep>ably ) !   
re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,x is true t 9 !       
univ]se itself two opposite movem5ts are
 to be di/+ui%$1 z we %all see lat] on1 
desc5t & asc5t4 ,! fir/ only unw9ds a   
roll ready prep>$4 ,9 pr9ciple1 x might 
be accompli%$ almo/ in/antane\sly1 l    
releas+ a spr+4 ,b ! asc5d+ movem5t1 :i*
 corresponds to an inn] "w ( rip5+ or   
creat+1 endures ess5tially1 & imposes   
its rhy?m on ! fir/1 :i* is insep>able f
 x4  ,!re is no reason1 !re=e1 :y a     

duration1 & s a =m ( exi/5ce l our own1 
%\ld n be attribut$ to ! sy/ems t sci5ce
 isolates1 provid$ su* sy/ems are       
re9tegrat$ into ! ,:ole4 ,b !y mu/ be s 
re9tegrat$4 ,! same is ev5 m obvi\sly   
true ( ! objects cut out by our         
p]ception4 ,! di/9ct outl9es :i* we see 
9 an object1 & :i* give x its           
individuality1 are only ! design ( a    
c]ta9 k9d ( influ5ce t we might ex]t on 
a c]ta9 po9t ( space3 x is ! plan ( our 
ev5tual actions t is s5t back to our    
eyes1 z ?\gh by a mirror1 :5 we see !   
surfaces & edges ( ?+s4 ,suppress ?is   
action1 & ) x consequ5tly ^? ma9        
directions :i* by p]ception are trac$   
out = x 9 ! entanglem5t ( ! real1 & !   
individuality ( ! body is reabsorb$ 9 ! 
univ]sal int]action :i*1 )\t d\bt1 is   
reality itself4  ,n[1 we h consid]$     
mat]ial objects g5]ally4 ,are !re n "s  
objects privileg$8 ,! bodies we p]ceive 
are1 s to speak1 cut out ( ! /uff (     
nature by our p]ception1 & ! scissors   
foll[1 9 "s way1 ! m>k+ ( l9es along :i*

 action might be tak54 ,b ! body :i* is 
to p]=m ?is action1 ! body :i* m>ks out 
^u matt] ! design ( its ev5tual actions 
ev5 be=e !y are actual1 ! body t has    
only to po9t its s5sory organs on ! fl[ 
( ! real 9 ord] to make t fl[ cry/allize
 into def9ite =ms & ?us to create all ! 
o!r bodies--9 %ort1 ! liv+ body--is ?is 
a body z o!rs are8  ,d\btless x1 also1  
consi/s 9 a portion ( ext5sion b\nd up )
 ! re/ ( ext5sion1 an intimate "p ( !   
,:ole1 subject to ! same physical &     
*emical laws t gov]n any & e portion (  
matt]4 ,b1 :ile ! subdivision ( matt]   
into sep>ate bodies is relative to our  
p]ception1 :ile ! build+ up ( clos$-(f  
sy/ems ( mat]ial po9ts is relative to   
our sci5ce1 ! liv+ body has be5 sep>at$ 
& clos$ (f by nature h]self4 ,x is      
compos$ ( unlike p>ts t complete ea*    
o!r4 ,x p]=ms div]se functions t involve
 ea* o!r4 ,x is an individual1 & ( no   
o!r object1 n ev5 ( ! cry/al1 c ?is be  
said1 = a cry/al has nei!r diff]5ce (   
p>ts nor div]sity ( functions4 ,no d\bt1

 x is h>d to decide1 ev5 9 ! organiz$   
_w1 :at is individual & :at is n4 ,!    
difficulty is great1 ev5 9 ! animal     
k+dom2 ) plants x is almo/              
insurm\ntable4 ,?is difficulty is1      
moreov]1 due to pr(\nd causes1 on :i* we
 %all dwell lat]4 ,we %all see t        
individuality admits ( any numb] (      
degrees1 & t x is n fully realiz$       
any:]e1 ev5 9 man4 ,b t is no reason =  
?9k+ x is n a *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( life4
 ,! biologi/ :o proce$s z a geometrician
 is too ready to take advantage "h ( our
 inability to give a precise & g5]al    
def9ition ( individuality4 ,a p]fect    
def9ition applies only to a complet$    
reality2 n[1 vital prop]ties are nev]   
entirely realiz$1 ?\gh always on ! way  
to become s2 !y are n s mu* /ates z     
t5d5cies4 ,& a t5d5cy a*ieves all t x   
aims at only if x is n ?w>t$ by ano!r   
t5d5cy4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ?is occur 9 !     
doma9 ( life1 :]e1 z we %all %[1 !      
int]action ( antagoni/ic t5d5cies is    
always impli$8 ,9 p>ticul>1 x may be    

said ( individuality t1 :ile ! t5d5cy to
 individuate is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 !      
organiz$ _w1 x is ev]y:]e oppos$ by !   
t5d5cy t[>ds reproduction4 ,= !         
individuality to be p]fect1 x w\ld be   
necess>y t no deta*$ "p ( ! organism    
c\ld live sep>ately4 ,b !n reproduction 
w\ld be impossible4 ,= :at is           
reproduction1 b ! build+ up ( a new     
organism ) a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! old8    
,individuality !re=e h>bors its enemy at
 home4 ,its v ne$ ( p]petuat+ itself 9  
"t condemns x nev] to be complete 9     
space4 ,! biologi/ mu/ take due acc\nt (
 bo? t5d5cies 9 e in/ance1 & x is !re=e 
useless to ask him = a def9ition (      
individuality t %all fit all cases & "w 
automatically4  ,b too (t5 "o reasons   
ab\t ! ?+s ( life 9 ! same way z ab\t ! 
conditions ( crude matt]4 ,n[h]e is !   
confusion s evid5t z 9 discussions ab\t 
individuality4 ,we are %[n ! /umps ( a  
,lumbriculus1 ea* reg5]at+ its head &   
liv+ !nce-=w>d z an indep5d5t           
individual2 a hydra ^: pieces become s  

_m fre% hydras2 a sea-ur*9's egg ^:     
fragm5ts develop complete embryos3 :]e  
!n1 we are ask$1 0 ! individuality ( !  
egg1 ! hydra1 ! worm8--,b1 because !re  
are sev]al individuals n[1 x does n     
foll[ t !re 0 n a s+le individual j     
be=e4 ,no d\bt1 :5 ,i h se5 sev]al      
draw]s fall f a *e/1 ,i h no long] ! "r 
to say t ! article 0 all ( "o piece4 ,b 
! fact is t !re c be no?+ m 9 ! pres5t (
 ! *e/ ( draw]s ?an !re 0 9 its pa/1 &  
if x is made up ( sev]al diff]5t pieces 
n[1 x 0 s f ! date ( its manufacture4   
,g5]ally speak+1 unorganiz$ bodies1 :i* 
are :at we h ne$ ( 9 ord] t we may act1 
& on :i* we h modell$ our fa%ion ( ?9k+1
 are regulat$ by ?is simple law3 !      
pres5t conta9s no?+ m ?an ! pa/1 & :at  
is f\nd 9 ! effect 0 already 9 ! cause4 
,b suppose t ! di/9ctive feature ( !    
organiz$ body is t x gr[s & *anges )\t  
ceas+1 z inde$ ! mo/ sup]ficial         
obs]vation te/ifies1 !re w\ld be no?+   
a/oni%+ 9 ! fact t x 0 "o 9 ! fir/      
in/ance1 & aft]w>ds _m4 ,! reproduction 

( unicellul> organisms consi/s 9 j      
?is--! liv+ be+ divides into two halves1
 ( :i* ea* is a complete individual4    
,true1 9 ! m complex animals1 nature    
localizes 9 ! almo/ indep5d5t sexual    
cells ! p[] ( produc+ ! :ole anew4 ,b   
some?+ ( ?is p[] may rema9 diffus$ 9 !  
re/ ( ! organism1 z ! facts ( reg5]ation
 prove1 & x is conceivable t 9 c]ta9    
privileg$ cases ! faculty may p]si/     
integrally 9 a lat5t condition & manife/
 itself on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,9 tru?1 
t ,i may h ! "r to speak (              
individuality1 x is n necess>y t !      
organism %\ld be )\t ! p[] to divide    
into fragm5ts t are able to live4 ,x is 
suffici5t t x %\ld h pres5t$ a c]ta9    
sy/ematization ( p>ts be=e ! division1 &
 t ! same sy/ematization t5d to be      
reproduc$ 9 ea* sep>ate portion         
aft]w>ds4 ,n[1 t is precisely :at we    
obs]ve 9 ! organic _w4 ,we may conclude1
 !n1 t individuality is nev] p]fect1 & t
 x is (t5 difficult1 sometimes          
impossible1 to tell :at is an           

individual1 & :at is n1 b t life        
nev]!less manife/s a se>* =             
individuality1 z if x /rove to con/itute
 sy/ems naturally isolat$1 naturally    
clos$4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,by ?is is a liv+ be+      
di/+ui%$ f all t our p]ception or our   
sci5ce isolates or closes artificially4 
,x w\ld !re=e be wrong to comp>e x to an
 object4 ,%\ld we wi% to f9d a t]m (    
comp>ison 9 ! inorganic _w1 x is n to a 
det]m9ate mat]ial object1 b mu* r to !  
totality ( ! mat]ial univ]se t we ought 
to comp>e ! liv+ organism4 ,x is true t 
! comp>ison w\ld n be wor? mu*1 = a liv+
 be+ is obs]vable1 :il/ ! :ole ( !      
univ]se is con/ruct$ or recon/ruct$ by  
?\ght4 ,b at lea/ our att5tion w\ld ?us 
h be5 call$ to ! ess5tial "* (          
organization4 ,l ! univ]se z a :ole1 l  
ea* consci\s be+ tak5 sep>ately1 !      
organism :i* lives is a ?+ t endures4   
,its pa/1 9 its entirety1 is prolong$   
into its pres5t1 & abides !re1 actual & 
act+4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld we und]/& t x    

passes ?r\gh di/9ct & well-m>k$ phases1 
t x *anges its age--9 %ort1 t x has a   
hi/ory8 ,if ,i consid] my body 9        
p>ticul>1 ,i f9d t1 l my consci\sness1 x
 matures little by little f infancy to  
old age2 l myself1 x gr[s old4 ,inde$1  
maturity & old age are1 prop]ly speak+1 
attributes only ( my body2 x is only    
metaphorically t ,i apply ! same names  
to ! correspond+ *anges ( my consci\s   
self4 ,n[1 if ,i pass f ! top to !      
bottom ( ! scale ( liv+ be+s1 f "o ( !  
mo/ to "o ( ! lea/ diff]5tiat$1 f !     
multicellul> organism ( man to !        
unicellul> organism ( ! ,infusorian1 ,i 
f9d1 ev5 9 ?is simple cell1 ! same      
process ( gr[+ old4 ,! ,infusorian is   
exhau/$ at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] (      
divisions1 & ?\gh x may be possible1 by 
modify+ ! environm5t1 to put (f ! mom5t 
:5 a rejuv5ation by conjugation becomes 
necess>y1 ?is _c be indef9itely         
po/pon$4#d ,x is true t betwe5 ^! two   
extreme cases1 9 :i* ! organism is      
completely individualiz$1 !re might be  

f\nd a multitude ( o!rs 9 :i* !         
individuality is less well m>k$1 & 9    
:i*1 al?\gh !re is d\btless an age+     
some:]e1 "o _c say exactly :at x is t   
gr[s old4 ,once m1 !re is no univ]sal   
biological law :i* applies precisely &  
automatically to e liv+ ?+4 ,!re are    
only directions 9 :i* life ?r[s out     
species 9 g5]al4 ,ea* p>ticul> species1 
9 ! v act by :i* x is con/itut$1 affirms
 its indep5d5ce1 foll[s its caprice1    
deviates m or less f ! /raight l9e1     
sometimes ev5 rem\nts ! slope & seems to
 turn its back on its orig9al direction4
 ,x is easy en\gh to argue t a tree nev]
 gr[s old1 s9ce ! tips ( its bran*es are
 always equally "y1 always equally      
capable ( eng5d]+ new trees by budd+4 ,b
 9 su* an organism--:i* is1 aft] all1 a 
society r ?an an individual--some?+     
ages1 if only ! leaves & ! int]ior ( !  
trunk4 ,& ea* cell1 consid]$ sep>ately1 
evolves 9 a specific way4 ,:]ev] any?+  
lives1 !re is1 op5 some:]e1 a regi/] 9  
:i* "t is be+ inscrib$4  ,?is1 x w be   

said1 is only a metaphor4--,x is ( ! v  
ess5ce ( me*anism1 9 fact1 to consid] z 
metaphorical e expression :i* attributes
 to "t an effective action & a reality (
 its own4 ,9 va9 does imm$iate exp]i5ce 
%[ u t ! v basis ( our consci\s exi/5ce 
is memory1 t is to say1 ! prolongation (
 ! pa/ into ! pres5t1 or1 9 a ^w1       
duration1 act+ & irrev]sible4 ,9 va9    
does reason prove to u t ! m we get away
 f ! objects cut out & ! sy/ems isolat$ 
by common s5se & by sci5ce & ! deep] we 
dig b5ea? !m1 ! m we h to d ) a reality 
:i* *anges z a :ole 9 its inmo/ /ates1 z
 if an accumulative memory ( ! pa/ made 
x impossible to g back aga94 ,!         
me*ani/ic in/9ct ( ! m9d is /rong] ?an  
reason1 /rong] ?an imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,!
 metaphysician t we ea* c>ry            
unconsci\sly )9 u1 & ! pres5ce ( :i* is 
expla9$1 z we %all see lat] on1 by ! v  
place t man occupies among/ ! liv+ be+s1
 has its fix$ requirem5ts1 its          
ready-made explanations1 its irr$ucible 
propositions3 all unite 9 d5y+ concrete 

duration4 ,*ange mu/ be r$ucible to an  
arrangem5t or re>rangem5t ( p>ts2 !     
irrev]sibility ( "t mu/ be an appe>ance 
relative to our ignorance2 !            
impossibility ( turn+ back mu/ be only !
 inability ( man to put ?+s 9 place     
aga94 ,s gr[+ old c be no?+ m ?an !     
gradual ga9 or loss ( c]ta9 sub/ances1  
p]haps bo? toge!r4 ,"t is assum$ to h j 
z mu* reality = a liv+ be+ z = an       
h\r-glass1 9 :i* ! top "p empties :ile !
 l[] fills1 & all goes :]e x 0 be=e :5 y
 turn ! glass upside d[n4  ,true1       
biologi/s are n agre$ on :at is ga9$ &  
:at is lo/ betwe5 ! day ( bir? & ! day (
 dea?4 ,!re are ^? :o hold to ! cont9ual
 gr[? 9 ! volume ( protoplasm f ! bir? (
 ! cell "r on to its dea?4#e ,m probable
 & m pr(\nd is ! !ory accord+ to :i* !  
dim9ution be>s on ! quantity ( nutritive
 sub/ance conta9$ 9 t inn] environm5t 9 
:i* ! organism is be+ r5ew$1 & !        
increase on ! quantity ( unexcret$      
residual sub/ances :i*1 accumulat+ 9 !  
body1 f9ally cru/ x ov]4#f ,mu/ we      

h[ev]--) an em95t bact]iologi/--decl>e  
any explanation ( gr[+ old insuffici5t t
 does n take acc\nt ( phagocytosis8#g   
,we d n feel qualifi$ to settle ! "q4 ,b
 ! fact t ! two !ories agree 9 affirm+ !
 con/ant accumulation or loss ( a c]ta9 
k9d ( matt]1 ev5 ?\gh !y h little 9     
common z to :at is ga9$ & lo/1 %[s      
pretty well t ! frame ( ! explanation   
has be5 furni%$ a priori4 ,we %all see  
?is m & m z we proce$ ) our /udy3 x is n
 easy1 9 ?9k+ ( "t1 to escape ! image ( 
! h\r-glass4  ,! cause ( gr[+ old mu/   
lie deep]4 ,we hold t !re is unbrok5    
cont9uity betwe5 ! evolution ( ! embryo 
& t ( ! complete organism4 ,! impetus   
:i* causes a liv+ be+ to gr[ l>g]1 to   
develop & to age1 is ! same t has caus$ 
x to pass ?r\gh ! phases ( ! embryonic  
life4 ,! developm5t ( ! embryo is a     
p]petual *ange ( =m4 ,any "o :o attempts
 to note all its successive aspects     
becomes lo/ 9 an inf9ity1 z is          
inevitable 9 deal+ ) a cont9uum4 ,life  
does b prolong ?is pr5atal evolution4 ,!

 pro( ( ?is is t x is (t5 impossible = u
 to say :e!r we are deal+ ) an organism 
gr[+ old or ) an embryo cont9u+ to      
evolve2 su* is ! case1 = example1 ) !   
l>vae ( insects & cru/acea4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 9 an organism su* z our own1 crises 
l pub]ty or ! m5opause1 9 :i* !         
individual is completely trans=m$1 are q
 comp>able to *anges 9 ! c\rse ( l>val  
or embryonic life--yet !y are "p & p>cel
 ( ! process ( our age+4 ,al?\gh !y     
occur at a def9ite age & )9 a "t t may  
be q %ort1 no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t !y appe> 
!n ex abrupto1 f )\t1 simply because a  
c]ta9 age is rea*$1 j z a legal "r is   
grant$ to u on our "o-&-tw5tie? bir?day4
 ,x is evid5t t a *ange l t ( pub]ty is 
9 c\rse ( prep>ation at e in/ant f bir?1
 & ev5 be=e bir?1 & t ! age+ up to t    
crisis consi/s1 9 "p at lea/1 ( ?is     
gradual prep>ation4 ,9 %ort1 :at is     
prop]ly vital 9 gr[+ old is ! ins5sible1
 inf9itely graduat$1 cont9uance ( !     
*ange ( =m4 ,n[1 ?is *ange is und\bt$ly 
accompani$ by ph5om5a ( organic         

de/ruction3 to ^!1 & to ^! alone1 w a   
me*ani/ic explanation ( age+ be conf9$4 
,x w note ! facts ( scl]osis1 ! gradual 
accumulation ( residual sub/ances1 !    
gr[+ hyp]trophy ( ! protoplasm ( ! cell4
 ,b "u ^! visible effects an inn] cause 
lies hidd54 ,! evolution ( ! liv+ be+1 l
 t ( ! embryo1 implies a cont9ual       
record+ ( duration1 a p]si/5ce ( ! pa/ 9
 ! pres5t1 & s an appe>ance1 at lea/1 ( 
organic memory4  ,! pres5t /ate ( an    
unorganiz$ body dep5ds exclusively on   
:at happ5$ at ! previ\s in/ant2 &       
likewise ! position ( ! mat]ial po9ts ( 
a sy/em def9$ & isolat$ by sci5ce is    
det]m9$ by ! position ( ^! same po9ts at
 ! mom5t imm$iately be=e4 ,9 o!r words1 
! laws t gov]n unorganiz$ matt] are     
expressible1 9 pr9ciple1 by diff]5tial  
equations 9 :i* "t 79 ! s5se 9 :i* !    
ma!matician takes ?is ^w7 w\ld play !   
rle ( indep5d5t v>iable4 ,is x s ) !    
laws ( life8 ,does ! /ate ( a liv+ body 
f9d its complete explanation 9 ! /ate   
imm$iately be=e8 ,yes1 if x is agre$ a  

priori to lik5 ! liv+ body to o!r       
bodies1 & to id5tify x1 = ! sake ( !    
argum5t1 ) ! artificial sy/ems on :i* ! 
*emi/1 physici/1 & a/ronom] op]ate4 ,b 9
 a/ronomy1 physics1 & *emi/ry !         
proposition has a p]fectly def9ite      
mean+3 x signifies t c]ta9 aspects ( !  
pres5t1 important = sci5ce1 are         
calculable z functions ( ! imm$iate pa/4
 ,no?+ ( ! sort 9 ! doma9 ( life4 ,"h   
calculation t\*es1 at mo/1 c]ta9 ph5om5a
 ( organic de/ruction4 ,organic         
creation1 on ! contr>y1 ! evolution>y   
ph5om5a :i* prop]ly con/itute life1 we  
_c 9 any way subject to a ma!matical    
treatm5t4 ,x w be said t ?is impot5ce is
 due only to our ignorance4 ,b x may    
equally well express ! fact t ! pres5t  
mom5t ( a liv+ body does n f9d its      
explanation 9 ! mom5t imm$iately be=e1 t
 all ! pa/ ( ! organism mu/ be add$ to t
 mom5t1 its h]$ity--9 fact1 ! :ole ( a v
 long hi/ory4 ,9 ! second ( ^! two      
hypo!ses1 n 9 ! fir/1 is really express$
 ! pres5t /ate ( ! biological sci5ces1 z

 well z _! direction4 ,z = ! idea t !   
liv+ body might be treat$ by "s         
sup]human calculator 9 ! same ma!matical
 way z our sol> sy/em1 ?is has gradually
 aris5 f a metaphysic :i* has tak5 a m  
precise =m s9ce ! physical discov]ies ( 
,galileo1 b :i*1 z we %all %[1 0 always 
! natural metaphysic ( ! human m9d4 ,its
 app>5t cle>ness1 our impati5t desire to
 f9d x true1 ! en?usiasm ) :i* s _m     
excell5t m9ds accept x )\t pro(--all !  
s$uctions1 9 %ort1 t x ex]cises on our  
?\ght1 %\ld put u on our gu>d aga9/ x4  
,! attraction x has = u proves well     
en\gh t x gives satisfaction to an      
innate incl9ation4 ,b1 z w be se5 fur!r 
on1 ! intellectual t5d5cies innate      
to-day1 :i* life mu/ h creat$ 9 ! c\rse 
( its evolution1 are n at all meant to  
supply u ) an explanation ( life3 !y h  
some?+ else to d4  ,any attempt to      
di/+ui% betwe5 an artificial & a natural
 sy/em1 betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 runs    
c\nt] to ?is t5d5cy at once4 ,?us x     
happ5s t we f9d x equally difficult to  

imag9e t ! organiz$ has duration & t !  
unorganiz$ has n4 ,:5 we say t ! /ate ( 
an artificial sy/em dep5ds exclusively  
on its /ate at ! mom5t be=e1 does x n   
seem z if we 7 br++ "t 91 z if ! sy/em  
_h some?+ to d ) real duration8 ,&1 on !
 o!r h&1 ?\gh ! :ole ( ! pa/ goes into !
 mak+ ( ! liv+ be+'s pres5t mom5t1 does 
n organic memory press x into ! mom5t   
imm$iately be=e ! pres5t1 s t ! mom5t   
imm$iately be=e becomes ! sole cause ( !
 pres5t "o8--,to speak ?us is to ignore 
! c>d9al diff]5ce betwe5 concrete "t1   
along :i* a real sy/em develops1 & t    
ab/ract "t :i* ent]s into our           
speculations on artificial sy/ems4 ,:at 
does x mean1 to say t ! /ate ( an       
artificial sy/em dep5ds on :at x 0 at ! 
mom5t imm$iately be=e8 ,!re is no in/ant
 imm$iately be=e ano!r in/ant2 !re c\ld 
n be1 any m ?an !re c\ld be "o          
ma!matical po9t t\*+ ano!r4 ,! in/ant   
imm$iately be=e is1 9 reality1 t :i* is 
connect$ ) ! pres5t in/ant by ! int]val 
dt4 ,all t y mean to say1 !re=e1 is t ! 

pres5t /ate ( ! sy/em is def9$ by       
equations into :i* diff]5tial           
coeffici5ts ent]1 su* z dsdt1 dvdt1 t is
 to say1 at bottom1 pres5t velocities & 
pres5t accel]ations4 ,y are !re=e really
 speak+ only ( ! pres5t--a pres5t1 x is 
true1 consid]$ along ) its t5d5cy4 ,!   
sy/ems sci5ce works ) are1 9 fact1 9 an 
in/antane\s pres5t t is always be+      
r5ew$2 su* sy/ems are nev] 9 t real1    
concrete duration 9 :i* ! pa/ rema9s    
b\nd up ) ! pres5t4 ,:5 ! ma!matician   
calculates ! future /ate ( a sy/em at ! 
end ( a "t t1 !re is no?+ to prev5t him 
f suppos+ t ! univ]se vani%es f ?is     
mom5t till t1 & sudd5ly reappe>s4 ,x is 
! t-? mom5t only t c\nts--& t w be a m]e
 in/ant4 ,:at w fl[ on 9 ! int]val--t is
 to say1 real "t--does n c\nt1 & _c ent]
 into ! calculation4 ,if ! ma!matician  
says t he puts himself inside ?is       
int]val1 he means t he is plac+ himself 
at a c]ta9 po9t1 at a p>ticul> mom5t1   
!re=e at ! extremity aga9 ( a c]ta9 "t  
t'2 ) ! int]val up to ,t' he is n       

conc]n$4 ,if he divides ! int]val into  
inf9itely small p>ts by consid]+ !      
diff]5tial dt1 he !reby expresses m]ely 
! fact t he w consid] accel]ations &    
velocities--t is to say1 numb]s :i*     
d5ote t5d5cies & enable him to calculate
 ! /ate ( ! sy/em at a giv5 mom5t4 ,b he
 is always speak+ ( a giv5 mom5t--a     
/atic mom5t1 t is--& n ( fl[+ "t4 ,9    
%ort1 ! _w ! ma!matician deals ) is a _w
 t dies & is reborn at e in/ant--! _w   
:i* ,desc>tes 0 ?9k+ ( :5 he spoke (    
cont9u$ creation4 ,b1 9 "t ?us conceiv$1
 h[ c\ld evolution1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( 
life1 ev] take place8 ,evolution implies
 a real p]si/5ce ( ! pa/ 9 ! pres5t1 a  
duration :i* is1 z x 71 a hyph51 a      
connect+ l9k4 ,9 o!r words1 to "k a liv+
 be+ or natural sy/em is to get at ! v  
int]val ( duration1 :ile ! k ( an       
artificial or ma!matical sy/em applies  
only to ! extremity4  ,cont9uity (      
*ange1 pres]vation ( ! pa/ 9 ! pres5t1  
real duration--! liv+ be+ seems1 !n1 to 
%>e ^! attributes ) consci\sness4 ,c we 

g fur!r & say t life1 l consci\s        
activity1 is inv5tion1 is unceas+       
creation8         99       99       99  
99       99  ,x does n ent] into our    
plan to set d[n "h ! pro(s ( trans=mism4
 ,we wi% only to expla9 9 a ^w or two :y
 we %all accept x1 9 ! pres5t "w1 z a   
suffici5tly exact & precise expression (
 ! facts actually kn[n4 ,! idea (       
trans=mism is already 9 g]m 9 ! natural 
classification ( organiz$ be+s4 ,!      
naturali/1 9 fact1 br+s toge!r !        
organisms t are l ea* o!r1 !n divides ! 
gr\p into sub-gr\ps )9 :i* ! lik5ess is 
/ill great]1 & s on3 all ?r\gh !        
op]ation1 ! *>act]s ( ! gr\p appe> z    
g5]al !mes on :i* ea* ( ! sub-gr\ps     
p]=ms its p>ticul> v>iation4 ,n[1 su* is
 j ! relation we f9d1 9 ! animal & 9 !  
vegetable _w betwe5 ! g5]ator & !       
g5]at$3 on ! canvas :i* ! ance/or passes
 on1 & :i* 8 desc5dants possess 9       
common1 ea* puts 8 own orig9al          
embroid]y4 ,true1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !  
desc5dant & ! ance/or are slight1 & x   

may be ask$ :e!r ! same liv+ matt]      
pres5ts en\gh pla/icity to take 9 turn  
su* diff]5t =ms z ^? ( a fi%1 a reptile 
& a bird4 ,b1 to ?is "q1 obs]vation     
gives a p]emptory answ]4 ,x %[s t up to 
a c]ta9 p]iod 9 its developm5t ! embryo 
( ! bird is h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( !   
reptile1 & t ! individual develops1     
?r\gh\t ! embryonic life 9 g5]al1 a     
s]ies ( trans=mations comp>able to ^?   
?r\gh :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory (          
evolution1 "o species passes into ano!r4
 ,a s+le cell1 ! result ( ! comb9ation (
 two cells1 male & female1 accompli%es  
?is "w by divid+4 ,e day1 be=e our eyes1
 ! highe/ =ms ( life are spr++ f a v    
elem5t>y =m4 ,exp]i5ce1 !n1 %[s t ! mo/ 
complex has be5 able to issue f ! mo/   
simple by way ( evolution4 ,n[1 has x   
aris5 s1 z a matt] ( fact8              
,paleontology1 9 spite ( ! insuffici5cy 
( its evid5ce1 invites u to believe x   
has2 =1 :]e x makes out ! ord] (        
succession ( species ) any precision1   
?is ord] is j :at consid]ations drawn f 

embryog5y & comp>ative anatomy w\ld lead
 any "o to suppose1 & ea* new           
paleontological discov]y br+s trans=mism
 a new confirmation4 ,?us1 ! pro( drawn 
f m]e obs]vation is ev] be+ /r5g!n$1    
:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 exp]im5t is remov+ ! 
objections "o by "o4 ,! rec5t exp]im5ts 
( ,h4 de ,vries1 = in/ance1 by %[+ t    
important v>iations c be produc$ sudd5ly
 & transmitt$ regul>ly1 h ov]?r[n "s ( !
 greate/ difficulties rais$ by ! !ory4  
,!y h enabl$ u greatly to %ort5 ! "t    
biological evolution seems to dem&4 ,!y 
also r5d] u less exact+ t[>d            
paleontology4 ,s t1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! 
trans=mi/ hypo!sis looks m & m l a close
 approximation to ! tru?4 ,x is n       
rigor\sly demon/rable2 b1 fail+ !       
c]ta9ty ( !oretical or exp]im5tal       
demon/ration1 !re is a probability :i*  
is cont9ually gr[+1 due to evid5ce :i*1 
:ile com+ %ort ( direct pro(1 seems to  
po9t p]si/5tly 9 its direction3 su* is !
 k9d ( probability t ! !ory ( trans=mism
 (f]s4  ,let u admit1 h[ev]1 t          

trans=mism may be wrong4 ,let u suppose 
t species are prov$1 by inf]5ce or by   
exp]im5t1 to h aris5 by a discont9u\s   
process1 ( :i* to-day we h no idea4     
,w\ld ! doctr9e be affect$ 9 s f> z x   
has a special int]e/ or importance = u8 
,classification w\ld probably rema91 9  
its broad l9es4 ,! actual data (        
embryology w\ld also rema94 ,!          
correspond5ce betwe5 comp>ative         
embryog5y & comp>ative anatomy w\ld     
rema9 too4 ,!re=e biology c\ld & w\ld   
cont9ue to e/abli% betwe5 liv+ =ms !    
same relations & ! same k9%ip z         
trans=mism supposes to-day4 ,x w\ld be1 
x is true1 an ideal k9%ip1 & no long] a 
mat]ial affiliation4 ,b1 z ! actual data
 ( paleontology w\ld also rema91 we %\ld
 /ill h to admit t x is successively1 n 
simultane\sly1 t ! =ms betwe5 :i* we f9d
 an ideal k9%ip h appe>$4 ,n[1 !        
evolutioni/ !ory1 s f> z x has any      
importance = philosophy1 requires no m4 
,x consi/s above all 9 e/abli%+         
relations ( ideal k9%ip1 & 9 ma9ta9+ t  

:]ev] !re is ?is relation (1 s to speak1
 logical affiliation betwe5 =ms1 !re is 
also a relation ( *ronological          
succession betwe5 ! species 9 :i* ^! =ms
 are mat]ializ$4 ,bo? argum5ts w\ld hold
 9 any case4 ,& h5ce1 an evolution      
some:]e w\ld /ill h to be suppos$1 :e!r 
9 a creative ,?\ght 9 :i* ! ideas ( !   
diff]5t species are g5]at$ by ea* o!r   
exactly z trans=mism holds t species    
!mselves are g5]at$ on ! e>?2 or 9 a    
plan ( vital organization imman5t 9     
nature1 :i* gradually works itself out1 
9 :i* ! relations ( logical &           
*ronological affiliation betwe5 pure =ms
 are j ^? :i* trans=mism pres5ts z      
relations ( real affiliation betwe5 liv+
 individuals2 or1 f9ally1 9 "s unkn[n   
cause ( life1 :i* develops its effects z
 if !y g5]at$ "o ano!r4 ,evolution w\ld 
!n simply h be5 transpos$1 made to pass 
f ! visible to ! invisible4 ,almo/ all t
 trans=mism tells u to-day w\ld be      
pres]v$1 op5 to int]pretation 9 ano!r   
way4 ,w x n1 !re=e1 be bett] to /ick to 

! lett] ( trans=mism z almo/ all        
sci5ti/s pr(ess x8 ,ap>t f ! "q to :at  
ext5t ! !ory ( evolution describes !    
facts & to :at ext5t x symbolizes !m1   
!re is no?+ 9 x t is irreconcilable ) ! 
doctr9es x has claim$ to replace1 ev5 ) 
t ( special creations1 to :i* x is      
usually oppos$4 ,= ?is reason we ?9k !  
language ( trans=mism =ces itself n[ ^u 
all philosophy1 z ! dogmatic affirmation
 ( trans=mism =ces itself ^u sci5ce4  ,b
 !n1 we mu/ no long] speak ( life 9     
g5]al z an ab/raction1 or z a m]e head+ 
"u :i* all liv+ be+s are inscrib$4 ,at a
 c]ta9 mom5t1 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( space1 a  
visible curr5t has tak5 rise2 ?is curr5t
 ( life1 trav]s+ ! bodies x has organiz$
 "o aft] ano!r1 pass+ f g5]ation to     
g5]ation1 has become divid$ among/      
species & di/ribut$ among/ individuals  
)\t los+ any?+ ( its =ce1 r int5sify+ 9 
proportion to its advance4 ,x is well   
kn[n t1 on ! !ory ( ! cont9uity ( !     
g]m-plasm1 ma9ta9$ by ,weismann1 !      
sexual elem5ts ( ! g5]at+ organism pass 

on _! prop]ties directly to ! sexual    
elem5ts ( ! organism eng5d]$4 ,9 ?is    
extreme =m1 ! !ory has seem$ debatable1 
= x is only 9 exceptional cases t !re   
are any signs ( sexual gl&s at ! "t (   
segm5tation ( ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,b1 ?\gh !
 cells t eng5d] ! sexual elem5ts d n    
g5]ally appe> at ! beg9n+ ( ! embryonic 
life1 x is none ! less true t !y are    
always =m$ out ( ^? tissues ( ! embryo  
:i* h n und]gone any p>ticul> functional
 diff]5tiation1 & ^: cells are made (   
unmodifi$ protoplasm4#h ,9 o!r words1 ! 
g5etic p[] ( ! f]tiliz$ ovum weak5s1 ! m
 x is spread ov] ! gr[+ mass ( ! tissues
 ( ! embryo2 b1 :ile x is be+ ?us       
dilut$1 x is conc5trat+ anew some?+ (   
itself on a c]ta9 special po9t1 to wit1 
! cells1 f :i* ! ova or sp]matozoa w    
develop4 ,x might !re=e be said t1 ?\gh 
! g]m-plasm is n cont9u\s1 !re is at    
lea/ cont9uity ( g5etic en]gy1 ?is en]gy
 be+ exp5d$ only at c]ta9 in/ants1 = j  
en\gh "t to give ! requisite impulsion  
to ! embryonic life1 & be+ rec\p$ z soon

 z possible 9 new sexual elem5ts1 9 :i*1
 aga91 x bides its "t4 ,reg>d$ f ?is    
po9t ( view1 life is l a curr5t pass+ f 
g]m to g]m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a develop$   
organism4 ,x is z if ! organism itself 7
 only an excresc5ce1 a bud caus$ to     
spr\t by ! =m] g]m endeavor+ to cont9ue 
itself 9 a new g]m4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is ! 
cont9u\s progress indef9itely pursu$1 an
 invisible progress1 on :i* ea* visible 
organism rides dur+ ! %ort int]val ( "t 
giv5 x to live4  ,n[1 ! m we fix our    
att5tion on ?is cont9uity ( life1 ! m we
 see t organic evolution resembles !    
evolution ( a consci\sness1 9 :i* ! pa/ 
presses aga9/ ! pres5t & causes !       
upspr++ ( a new =m ( consci\sness1      
incomm5surable ) its antec$5ts4 ,t !    
appe>ance ( a vegetable or animal       
species is due to specific causes1      
nobody w ga9say4 ,b ?is c only mean t   
if1 aft] ! fact1 we c\ld "k ^! causes 9 
detail1 we c\ld expla9 by !m ! =m t has 
be5 produc$2 =esee+ ! =m is out ( !     
"q4#i ,x may p]haps be said t ! =m c\ld 

be =ese5 if we c\ld "k1 9 all _!        
details1 ! conditions "u :i* x w be     
produc$4 ,b ^! conditions are built up  
into x & are "p & p>cel ( its be+2 !y   
are peculi> to t phase ( its hi/ory 9   
:i* life f9ds itself at ! mom5t (       
produc+ ! =m3 h[ c\ld we "k be=eh& a    
situation t is unique ( its k9d1 t has  
nev] yet occurr$ & w nev] occur aga98 ,(
 ! future1 only t is =ese5 :i* is l !   
pa/ or c be made up aga9 ) elem5ts l ^? 
( ! pa/4 ,su* is ! case ) a/ronomical1  
physical & *emical facts1 ) all facts   
:i* =m "p ( a sy/em 9 :i* elem5ts       
suppos$ to be un*ang+ are m]ely put     
toge!r1 9 :i* ! only *anges are *anges (
 position1 9 :i* !re is no !oretical    
absurdity 9 imag9+ t ?+s are re/or$ to  
_! place2 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ! same    
total ph5om5on1 or at lea/ ! same       
elem5t>y ph5om5a1 c be repeat$4 ,b an   
orig9al situation1 :i* imp>ts some?+ (  
its own orig9ality to its elem5ts1 t is 
to say1 to ! p>tial views t are tak5 (  
x1 h[ c su* a situation be pictur$ z    

giv5 be=e x is actually produc$8#aj ,all
 t c be said is t1 once produc$1 x w be 
expla9$ by ! elem5ts t analysis w !n    
c>ve out ( x4 ,n[1 :at is true ( !      
production ( a new species is also true 
( ! production ( a new individual1 &1 m 
g5]ally1 ( any mom5t ( any liv+ =m4 ,=1 
?\gh ! v>iation mu/ rea* a c]ta9        
importance & a c]ta9 g5]ality 9 ord] to 
give rise to a new species1 x is be+    
produc$ e mom5t1 cont9u\sly & ins5sibly1
 9 e liv+ be+4 ,& x is evid5t t ev5 !   
sudd5 mutations :i* we n[ he> ( are     
possible only if a process ( incubation1
 or r ( matur+1 is go+ on ?r\gh\t a     
s]ies ( g5]ations t d n seem to *ange4  
,9 ?is s5se x might be said ( life1 z ( 
consci\sness1 t at e mom5t x is creat+  
some?+4#aa  ,b aga9/ ?is idea ( !       
absolute orig9ality & un=eseeability (  
=ms our :ole intellect rises 9 revolt4  
,! ess5tial function ( our intellect1 z 
! evolution ( life has fa%ion$ x1 is to 
be a light = our conduct1 to make ready 
= our action on ?+s1 to =esee1 = a giv5 

situation1 ! ev5ts1 favorable or        
unfavorable1 :i* may foll[ !reupon4     
,intellect !re=e in/9ctively selects 9 a
 giv5 situation :atev] is l some?+      
already kn[n2 x seeks ?is out1 9 ord] t 
x may apply its pr9ciple t l produces l4
 ,9 j ?is does ! prevision ( ! future by
 common s5se consi/4 ,sci5ce c>ries ?is 
faculty to ! highe/ possible degree (   
exactitude & precision1 b does n alt]   
its ess5tial "*4 ,l ord9>y k1 9 deal+ ) 
?+s sci5ce is conc]n$ only ) ! aspect ( 
repetition4 ,?\gh ! :ole be orig9al1    
sci5ce w always manage to analyze x into
 elem5ts or aspects :i* are             
approximately a reproduction ( ! pa/4   
,sci5ce c "w only on :at is suppos$ to  
repeat itself--t is to say1 on :at is   
)drawn1 by hypo!sis1 f ! action ( real  
"t4 ,any?+ t is irr$ucible & irrev]sible
 9 ! successive mom5ts ( a hi/ory eludes
 sci5ce4 ,to get a notion ( ?is         
irr$ucibility & irrev]sibility1 we mu/  
break ) sci5tific habits :i* are adapt$ 
to ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( ?\ght1 we 

mu/ d viol5ce to ! m9d1 g c\nt] to !    
natural b5t ( ! intellect4 ,b t is j !  
function ( philosophy4  ,9 va91 !re=e1  
does life evolve be=e our eyes z a      
cont9u\s creation ( un=eseeable =m3 !   
idea always p]si/s t =m1 un=eseeability 
& cont9uity are m]e appe>ance--! outw>d 
reflection ( our own ignorance4 ,:at is 
pres5t$ to ! s5ses z a cont9u\s hi/ory  
w\ld break up1 we are told1 into a s]ies
 ( successive /ates4 ,:at gives y !     
impression ( an orig9al /ate resolves1  
^u analysis1 into elem5t>y facts1 ea* ( 
:i* is ! repetition ( a fact already    
kn[n4 ,:at y call an un=eseeable =m is  
only a new arrangem5t ( old elem5ts4 ,! 
elem5t>y causes1 :i* 9 _! totality h    
det]m9$ ?is arrangem5t1 are !mselves old
 causes repeat$ 9 a new ord]4 ,k ( !    
elem5ts & ( ! elem5t>y causes w\ld h    
made x possible to =etell ! liv+ =m :i* 
is _! sum & _! resultant4 ,:5 we h      
resolv$ ! biological aspect ( ph5om5a   
into physico-*emical factors1 we w leap1
 if necess>y1 ov] physics & *emi/ry     

!mselves2 we w g f masses to molecules1 
f molecules to atoms1 f atoms to        
corpuscles3 we mu/ inde$ at la/ come to 
some?+ t c be treat$ z a k9d ( sol>     
sy/em1 a/ronomically4 ,if y d5y x1 y    
oppose ! v pr9ciple ( sci5tific         
me*anism1 & y arbitr>ily affirm t liv+  
matt] is n made ( ! same elem5ts z o!r  
matt]4--,we reply t we d n "q !         
fundam5tal id5tity ( in]t matt] &       
organiz$ matt]4 ,! only "q is :e!r !    
natural sy/ems :i* we call liv+ be+s mu/
 be assimilat$ to ! artificial sy/ems t 
sci5ce cuts out )9 in]t matt]1 or :e!r  
!y mu/ n r be comp>$ to t natural sy/em 
:i* is ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,t life is a 
k9d ( me*anism ,i cordially agree4 ,b is
 x ! me*anism ( p>ts artificially       
isolat$ )9 ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 or is x !
 me*anism ( ! real :ole8 ,! real :ole   
might well be1 we conceive1 an          
indivisible cont9uity4 ,! sy/ems we cut 
out )9 x w\ld1 prop]ly speak+1 n !n be  
p>ts at all2 !y w\ld be p>tial views ( !
 :ole4 ,&1 ) ^! p>tial views put end to 

end1 y w n make ev5 a beg9n+ ( !        
recon/ruction ( ! :ole1 any m ?an1 by   
multiply+ photographs ( an object 9 a   
?\s& diff]5t aspects1 y w reproduce !   
object itself4 ,s ( life & ( !          
physico-*emical ph5om5a to :i* y        
endeavor to r$uce x4 ,analysis w        
und\bt$ly resolve ! process ( organic   
creation into an ev]-gr[+ numb] (       
physico-*emical ph5om5a1 & *emi/s &     
physici/s w h to d1 ( c\rse1 ) no?+ b   
^!4 ,b x does n foll[ t *emi/ry &       
physics w ev] give u ! key to life4  ,a 
v small elem5t ( a curve is v ne> be+ a 
/raight l9e4 ,& ! small] x is1 ! ne>]4  
,9 ! limit1 x may be t]m$ a "p ( ! curve
 or a "p ( ! /raight l9e1 z y please1 = 
9 ea* ( its po9ts a curve co9cides ) its
 tang5t4 ,s likewise vitality is tang5t1
 at any & e po9t1 to physical & *emical 
=ces2 b su* po9ts are1 z a fact1 only   
views tak5 by a m9d :i* imag9es /ops at 
v>i\s mom5ts ( ! movem5t t g5]ates !    
curve4 ,9 reality1 life is no m made (  
physico-*emical elem5ts ?an a curve is  

compos$ ( /raight l9es4  ,9 a g5]al way1
 ! mo/ radical progress a sci5ce c      
a*ieve is ! work+ ( ! complet$ results  
into a new s*eme ( ! :ole1 by relation  
to :i* !y become in/antane\s &          
motionless views tak5 at int]vals along 
! cont9uity ( a movem5t4 ,su*1 =        
example1 is ! relation ( mod]n to anci5t
 geometry4 ,! latt]1 purely /atic1 work$
 ) figures drawn once = all2 ! =m]      
/udies ! v>y+ ( a function--t is1 !     
cont9u\s movem5t by :i* ! figure is     
describ$4 ,no d\bt1 = great] /rictness1 
all consid]ations ( motion may be       
elim9at$ f ma!matical processes2 b !    
introduction ( motion into ! g5esis (   
figures is nev]!less ! orig9 ( mod]n    
ma!matics4 ,we believe t if biology c\ld
 ev] get z close to its object z        
ma!matics does to its own1 x w\ld       
become1 to ! physics & *emi/ry (        
organiz$ bodies1 :at ! ma!matics ( !    
mod]ns has prov$ to be 9 relation to    
anci5t geometry4 ,! :olly sup]ficial    
displacem5ts ( masses & molecules /udi$ 

9 physics & *emi/ry w\ld become1 by     
relation to t inn] vital movem5t 7:i* is
 trans=mation & n translation7 :at !    
position ( a mov+ object is to ! movem5t
 ( t object 9 space4 ,&1 s f> z we c    
see1 ! proc$ure by :i* we %\ld !n pass f
 ! def9ition ( a c]ta9 vital action to !
 sy/em ( physico-*emical facts :i* x    
implies w\ld be l pass+ f ! function to 
its d]ivative1 f ! equation ( ! curve   
7i4e4 ! law ( ! cont9u\s movem5t by :i* 
! curve is g5]at$7 to ! equation ( !    
tang5t giv+ its in/antane\s direction4  
,su* a sci5ce w\ld be a me*anics (      
trans=mation1 ( :i* our me*anics (      
translation w\ld become a p>ticul> case1
 a simplification1 a projection on !    
plane ( pure quantity4 ,& j z an inf9ity
 ( functions h ! same diff]5tial1 ^!    
functions diff]+ f ea* o!r by a con/ant1
 s p]haps ! integration ( !             
physico-*emical elem5ts ( prop]ly vital 
action might det]m9e t action only 9    
"p--a "p w\ld be left to indet]m9ation4 
,b su* an integration c be no m ?an     

dream$ (2 we d n pret5d t ! dream w ev] 
be realiz$4 ,we are only try+1 by c>ry+ 
a c]ta9 comp>ison z f> z possible1 to %[
 up to :at po9t our !ory goes along )   
pure me*anism1 & :]e !y "p company4     
,imitation ( ! liv+ by ! unorganiz$ may1
 h[ev]1 g a good way4 ,n only does      
*emi/ry make organic syn!ses1 b we h    
succe$$ 9 reproduc+ artificially !      
ext]nal appe>ance ( c]ta9 facts (       
organization1 su* z indirect            
cell-division & protoplasmic            
circulation4 ,x is well kn[n t !        
protoplasm ( ! cell effects v>i\s       
movem5ts )9 its envelope2 on ! o!r h&1  
indirect cell-division is ! outcome ( v 
complex op]ations1 "s involv+ ! nucleus 
& o!rs ! cytoplasm4 ,^! latt] comm5ce by
 ! d\bl+ ( ! c5trosome1 a small sph]ical
 body alongside ! nucleus4 ,! two       
c5trosomes ?us obta9$ draw ap>t1 attract
 ! brok5 & d\bl$ ends ( ! filam5t ( :i* 
! orig9al nucleus ma9ly consi/$1 & jo9  
!m to =m two fre% nuclei ab\t :i* ! two 
new cells are con/ruct$ :i* w succe$ !  

fir/4 ,n[1 9 _! broad l9es & 9 _!       
ext]nal appe>ance1 "s at lea/ ( ^!      
op]ations h be5 successfully imitat$4   
,if "s sug> or table salt is pulv]iz$ & 
"s v old oil is add$1 & a drop ( !      
mixture is obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 a    
fro? ( alveol> /ructure is se5 ^:       
configuration is l t ( protoplasm1      
accord+ to c]ta9 !ories1 & 9 :i*        
movem5ts take place :i* are decid$ly l  
^? ( protoplasmic circulation4#ab ,if1 9
 a fro? ( ! same k9d1 ! air is extract$ 
f an alveolus1 a cone ( attraction is   
se5 to =m1 l ^? ab\t ! c5trosomes :i*   
result 9 ! division ( ! nucleus4#ac ,ev5
 ! ext]nal motions ( a unicellul>       
organism--( an amoeba1 at any rate--are 
sometimes expla9$ me*anically4 ,!       
displacem5ts ( an amoeba 9 a drop ( wat]
 w\ld be comp>able to ! motion to & fro 
( a gra9 ( du/ 9 a draughty room4 ,its  
mass is all ! "t absorb+ c]ta9 soluble  
matt]s conta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]1 & giv+
 back to x c]ta9 o!rs2 ^! cont9ual      
ex*anges1 l ^? betwe5 two vessels       

sep>at$ by a por\s p>tition1 w\ld create
 an ev]*ang+ vortex ar\nd ! little      
organism4 ,z = ! tempor>y prolongations 
or pseudopodia :i* ! amoeba seems to    
make1 !y w\ld be n s mu* giv5 out by x z
 attract$ f x by a k9d ( inhalation or  
suction ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4#ad ,9 ! same
 way we may p]haps come to expla9 ! m   
complex movem5ts :i* ! ,infusorian makes
 ) its vibratory cilia1 :i*1 moreov]1   
are probably only fix$ pseudopodia4  ,b 
sci5ti/s are f> f agre$ on ! value (    
explanations & s*emas ( ?is sort4       
,*emi/s h po9t$ out t ev5 9 ! organic--n
 to g s f> z ! organiz$--sci5ce has     
recon/ruct$ hi!rto no?+ b wa/e products 
( vital activity2 ! peculi>ly active    
pla/ic sub/ances ob/9ately defy syn!sis4
 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable naturali/s ( our "t
 has insi/$ on ! opposition ( two ord]s 
( ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 liv+ tissues1        
anag5esis & katag5esis4 ,! rle ( !      
anag5etic en]gies is to raise ! inf]ior 
en]gies to _! own level by assimilat+   
inorganic sub/ances4 ,!y con/ruct !     

tissues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! actual         
function+ ( life 7except+1 ( c\rse1     
assimilation1 gr[?1 & reproduction7 is (
 ! katag5etic ord]1 exhibit+ ! fall1 n !
 rise1 ( en]gy4 ,x is only ) ^! facts ( 
katag5etic ord] t physico-*emi/ry       
deals--t is1 9 %ort1 ) ! dead & n ) !   
liv+4#ae ,! o!r k9d ( facts c]ta9ly seem
 to defy physico-*emical analysis1 ev5  
if !y are n anag5etic 9 ! prop] s5se ( !
 ^w4 ,z = ! artificial imitation ( !    
outw>d appe>ance ( protoplasm1 %\ld a   
real !oretic importance be atta*$ to ?is
 :5 ! "q ( ! physical framework (       
protoplasm is n yet settl$8 ,we are /ill
 fur!r f comp\nd+ protoplasm *emically4 
,f9ally1 a physico-*emical explanation (
 ! motions ( ! amoeba1 & a =tiori ( !   
behavior ( ! ,infusoria1 seems          
impossible to _m ( ^? :o h closely      
obs]v$ ^! rudim5t>y organisms4 ,ev5 9 ^!
 humble/ manife/ations ( life !y discov]
 traces ( an effective psy*ological     
activity4#af ,b in/ructive above all is 
! fact t ! t5d5cy to expla9 ev]y?+ by   

physics & *emi/ry is disc\rag$ r ?an    
/r5g!n$ by deep /udy ( hi/ological      
ph5om5a4 ,su* is ! conclusion ( ! truly 
admirable book :i* ! hi/ologi/ ,e4,b4   
,wilson has devot$ to ! developm5t ( !  
cell3 ,! /udy ( ! cell has1 on ! :ole1  
seem$ to wid5 r ?an to n>r[ ! enorm\s   
gap t sep>ates ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( life f !
 inorganic _w4#ag  ,to sum up1 ^? :o are
 conc]n$ only ) ! functional activity ( 
! liv+ be+ are incl9$ to believe t      
physics & *emi/ry w give u ! key to     
biological processes4#ah ,!y h *iefly to
 d1 z a fact1 ) ph5om5a t are repeat$   
cont9ually 9 ! liv+ be+1 z 9 a *emical  
retort4 ,?is expla9s1 9 "s measure1 !   
me*ani/ic t5d5cies ( physiology4 ,on !  
contr>y1 ^? ^: att5tion is conc5trat$ on
 ! m9ute /ructure ( liv+ tissues1 on _! 
g5esis & evolution1 hi/ologi/s &        
embryog5i/s on ! "o h&1 naturali/s on ! 
o!r1 are int]e/$ 9 ! retort itself1 n   
m]ely 9 its cont5ts4 ,!y f9d t ?is      
retort creates its own =m ?r\gh a unique
 s]ies ( acts t really con/itute a      

hi/ory4 ,?us1 hi/ologi/s1 embryog5i/s1 &
 naturali/s believe f> less readily ?an 
physiologi/s 9 ! physico-*emical "* (   
vital actions4  ,! fact is1 nei!r "o nor
 ! o!r ( ^! two !ories1 nei!r t :i*     
affirms nor t :i* d5ies ! possibility ( 
*emically produc+ an elem5t>y organism1 
c claim ! au?ority ( exp]im5t4 ,!y are  
bo? unv]ifiable1 ! =m] because sci5ce   
has n yet advanc$ a /ep t[>d ! *emical  
syn!sis ( a liv+ sub/ance1 ! second     
because !re is no conceivable way (     
prov+ exp]im5tally ! impossibility ( a  
fact4 ,b we h set =? ! !oretical reasons
 :i* prev5t u f lik5+ ! liv+ be+1 a     
sy/em clos$ (f by nature1 to ! sy/ems   
:i* our sci5ce isolates4 ,^! reasons h  
less =ce1 we ackn[l$ge1 9 ! case ( a    
rudim5t>y organism l ! amoeba1 :i* h>dly
 evolves at all4 ,b !y acquire m :5 we  
consid] a complex organism :i* goes     
?r\gh a regul> cycle ( trans=mations4 ,!
 m duration m>ks ! liv+ be+ ) its       
impr9t1 ! m obvi\sly ! organism diff]s f
 a m]e me*anism1 ov] :i* duration glides

 )\t p5etrat+4 ,& ! demon/ration has mo/
 =ce :5 x applies to ! evolution ( life 
z a :ole1 f its humble/ orig9s to its   
highe/ =ms1 inasmu* z ?is evolution     
con/itutes1 ?r\gh ! unity & cont9uity ( 
! animat$ matt] :i* supports x1 a s+le  
indivisible hi/ory4 ,?us view$1 !       
evolutioni/ hypo!sis does n seem s      
closely ak9 to ! me*ani/ic conception ( 
life z x is g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,(   
?is me*ani/ic conception we d n claim1 (
 c\rse1 to furni% a ma!matical & f9al   
refutation4 ,b ! refutation :i* we draw 
f ! consid]ation ( real "t1 & :i* is1 9 
our op9ion1 ! only refutation possible1 
becomes ! m rigor\s & cog5t ! m frankly 
! evolutioni/ hypo!sis is assum$4 ,we   
mu/ dwell a good deal m on ?is po9t4 ,b 
let u fir/ %[ m cle>ly ! notion ( life  
to :i* we are lead+ up4  ,! me*ani/ic   
explanations1 we said1 hold good = !    
sy/ems t our ?\ght artificially deta*es 
f ! :ole4 ,b ( ! :ole itself & ( !      
sy/ems :i*1 )9 ?is :ole1 seem to take   
aft] x1 we _c admit a priori t !y are   

me*anically explicable1 = !n "t w\ld be 
useless1 & ev5 unreal4 ,! ess5ce (      
me*anical explanation1 9 fact1 is to    
reg>d ! future & ! pa/ z calculable     
functions ( ! pres5t1 & ?us to claim t  
all is giv54 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 pa/1     
pres5t & future w\ld be op5 at a glance 
to a sup]human intellect capable ( mak+ 
! calculation4 ,inde$1 ! sci5ti/s :o h  
believ$ 9 ! univ]sality & p]fect        
objectivity ( me*anical explanations h1 
consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 act$ on a   
hypo!sis ( ?is k9d4 ,laplace =mulat$ x )
 ! greate/ precision3 ,an intellect :i* 
at a giv5 in/ant knew all ! =ces ) :i*  
nature is animat$1 & ! respective       
situations ( ! be+s t compose           
nature--suppos+ ! said intellect 7 va/  
en\gh to subject ^! data to             
analysis--w\ld embrace 9 ! same =mula ! 
motions ( ! greate/ bodies 9 ! univ]se &
 ^? ( ! slighte/ atom3 no?+ w\ld be     
unc]ta9 = x1 & ! future1 l ! pa/1 w\ld  
be pres5t to its eyes4#ai ,& ,du        
,bois-,reymond3 ,we c imag9e ! k (      

nature arriv$ at a po9t :]e ! univ]sal  
process ( ! _w might be repres5t$ by a  
s+le ma!matical =mula1 by "o imm5se     
sy/em ( simultane\s diff]5tial          
equations1 f :i* c\ld be d$uc$1 = ea*   
mom5t1 ! position1 direction1 & velocity
 ( e atom ( ! _w4#bj ,huxley has        
express$ ! same idea 9 a m concrete =m3 
,if ! fundam5tal proposition ( evolution
 is true1 t ! entire _w1 liv+ & n liv+1 
is ! result ( ! mutual int]action1      
accord+ to def9ite laws1 ( ! =ces       
possess$ by ! molecules ( :i* !         
primitive nebulosity ( ! univ]se 0      
compos$1 x is no less c]ta9 t ! exi/+ _w
 lay1 pot5tially1 9 ! cosmic vapor1 & t 
a suffici5t intellect c\ld1 f a k ( !   
prop]ties ( ! molecules ( t vapor1 h    
pr$ict$1 say ! /ate ( ! ,fauna ( ,great 
,brita9 9 #ahfi1 ) z mu* c]ta9ty z "o c 
say :at w happ5 to ! vapor ( ! brea? 9 a
 cold w9t]'s day4 ,9 su* a doctr9e1 "t  
is /ill spok5 (3 "o pron\nces ! ^w1 b "o
 does n ?9k ( ! ?+4 ,= "t is "h depriv$ 
( efficacy1 & if x does no?+1 x is no?+4

 ,radical me*anism implies a metaphysic 
9 :i* ! totality ( ! real is po/ulat$   
complete 9 et]nity1 & 9 :i* ! app>5t    
duration ( ?+s expresses m]ely !        
infirmity ( a m9d t _c "k ev]y?+ at     
once4 ,b duration is some?+ v diff]5t f 
?is = our consci\sness1 t is to say1 = t
 :i* is mo/ indisputable 9 our exp]i5ce4
 ,we p]ceive duration z a /ream aga9/   
:i* we _c g4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( our    
be+1 &1 z we feel1 ! v sub/ance ( ! _w 9
 :i* we live4 ,x is ( no use to hold up 
be=e our eyes ! dazzl+ prospect ( a     
univ]sal ma!matic2 we _c sacrifice      
exp]i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( a sy/em4 ,t 
is :y we reject radical me*anism4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,b radical f9alism is q z unacceptable1 
& = ! same reason4 ,! doctr9e (         
teleology1 9 its extreme =m1 z we f9d x 
9 ,leibniz = example1 implies t ?+s &   
be+s m]ely realize a programme previ\sly
 arrang$4 ,b if !re is no?+ un=ese51 no 
inv5tion or creation 9 ! univ]se1 "t is 
useless aga94 ,z 9 ! me*ani/ic hypo!sis1

 "h aga9 x is suppos$ t all is giv54    
,f9alism ?us und]/ood is only inv]t$    
me*anism4 ,x spr+s f ! same po/ulate1 ) 
?is sole diff]5ce1 t 9 ! movem5t ( our  
f9ite intellects along successive ?+s1  
^: successiv5ess is r$uc$ to a m]e      
appe>ance1 x holds 9 front ( u ! light )
 :i* x claims to guide u1 in/ead ( putt+
 x beh9d4 ,x sub/itutes ! attraction ( !
 future = ! impulsion ( ! pa/4 ,b       
succession rema9s none ! less a m]e     
appe>ance1 z inde$ does movem5t itself4 
,9 ! doctr9e ( ,leibniz1 "t is r$uc$ to 
a confus$ p]ception1 relative to ! human
 /&po9t1 a p]ception :i* w\ld vani%1 l a
 ris+ mi/1 = a m9d seat$ at ! c5tre (   
?+s4  ,yet f9alism is n1 l me*anism1 a  
doctr9e ) fix$ rigid outl9es4 ,x admits 
( z _m inflections z we l4 ,! me*ani/ic 
philosophy is to be tak5 or left3 x mu/ 
be left if ! lea/ gra9 ( du/1 by /ray+ f
 ! pa? =ese5 by me*anics1 %\ld %[ !     
slighte/ trace ( spontaneity4 ,! doctr9e
 ( f9al causes1 on ! contr>y1 w nev] be 
def9itively refut$4 ,if "o =m ( x be put

 aside1 x w take ano!r4 ,its pr9ciple1  
:i* is ess5tially psy*ological1 is v    
flexible4 ,x is s ext5sible1 & !reby s  
compreh5sive1 t "o accepts some?+ ( x z 
soon z "o rejects pure me*anism4 ,! !ory
 we %all put =w>d 9 ?is book w !re=e    
necess>ily p>take ( f9alism to a c]ta9  
ext5t4 ,= t reason x is important to    
intimate exactly :at we are go+ to take 
( x1 & :at we mean to leave4  ,let u say
 at once t to ?9 out ! ,leibnizian      
f9alism by break+ x into an inf9ite     
numb] ( pieces seems to u a /ep 9 !     
wrong direction4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 !      
t5d5cy ( ! doctr9e ( f9ality4 ,x fully  
realizes t if ! univ]se z a :ole is !   
c>ry+ out ( a plan1 ?is _c be demon/rat$
 empirically1 & t ev5 ( ! organiz$ _w   
alone x is h>dly easi] to prove all     
h>moni\s3 facts w\ld equally well te/ify
 to ! contr>y4 ,nature sets liv+ be+s at
 discord ) "o ano!r4 ,%e ev]y:]e pres5ts
 disord] alongside ( ord]1 retrogression
 alongside ( progress4 ,b1 ?\gh f9ality 
_c be affirm$ ei!r ( ! :ole ( matt] or (

 ! :ole ( life1 might x n yet be true1  
says ! f9ali/1 ( ea* organism tak5      
sep>ately8 ,is !re n a wond]ful division
 ( labor1 a m>vell\s solid>ity among !  
p>ts ( an organism1 p]fect ord] 9       
inf9ite complexity8 ,does n ea* liv+ be+
 ?us realize a plan imman5t 9 its       
sub/ance8--,?is !ory consi/s1 at bottom1
 9 break+ up ! orig9al notion ( f9ality 
into bits4 ,x does n accept1 inde$ x    
ridicules1 ! idea ( an ext]nal f9ality1 
accord+ to :i* liv+ be+s are ord]$ )    
reg>d to ea* o!r3 to suppose ! grass    
made = ! c[1 ! lamb = ! wolf--t is all  
ackn[l$g$ to be absurd4 ,b !re is1 we   
are told1 an int]nal f9ality3 ea* be+ is
 made = itself1 all its p>ts conspire = 
! greate/ good ( ! :ole & are           
intellig5tly organiz$ 9 view ( t end4   
,su* is ! notion ( f9ality :i* has long 
be5 classic4 ,f9alism has %runk to !    
po9t ( nev] embrac+ m ?an "o liv+ be+ at
 a "t4 ,by mak+ itself small]1 x        
probably ?\ght x w\ld (f] less surface =
 bl[s4  ,! tru? is1 x lay op5 to !m a   

great deal m4 ,radical z our own !ory   
may appe>1 f9ality is ext]nal or x is   
no?+ at all4  ,consid] ! mo/ complex & !
 mo/ h>moni\s organism4 ,all ! elem5ts1 
we are told1 conspire = ! greate/ good (
 ! :ole4 ,v well1 b let u n =get t ea* (
 ^! elem5ts may itself be an organism 9 
c]ta9 cases1 & t 9 subord9at+ ! exi/5ce 
( ?is small organism to ! life ( ! great
 "o we accept ! pr9ciple ( an ext]nal   
f9ality4 ,! idea ( a f9ality t is always
 int]nal is !re=e a self-de/ructive     
notion4 ,an organism is compos$ (       
tissues1 ea* ( :i* lives = itself4 ,!   
cells ( :i* ! tissues are made h also a 
c]ta9 indep5d5ce4 ,/rictly speak+1 if ! 
subord9ation ( all ! elem5ts ( !        
individual to ! individual itself 7     
complete1 we might cont5d t !y are n    
organisms1 res]ve ! "n organism = !     
individual1 & recognize only int]nal    
f9ality4 ,b e "o kn[s t ^! elem5ts may  
possess a true autonomy4 ,to say no?+ ( 
phagocytes1 :i* pu% indep5d5ce to ! po9t
 ( attack+ ! organism t n\ri%es !m1 or (

 g]m9al cells1 :i* h _! own life        
alongside ! somatic cells--! facts (    
reg5]ation are en\gh3 "h an elem5t or a 
gr\p ( elem5ts sudd5ly reveals t1 h[ev] 
limit$ its normal space & function1 x c 
transc5d !m occasionally2 x may ev51 9  
c]ta9 cases1 be reg>d$ z ! equival5t ( !
 :ole4  ,!re lies ! /umbl+-block ( !    
vitali/ic !ories4 ,we %all n reproa* !m1
 z is ord9>ily done1 ) reply+ to ! "q by
 ! "q itself3 ! vital pr9ciple may inde$
 n expla9 mu*1 b x is at lea/ a sort (  
label affix$ to our ignorance1 s z to   
rem9d u ( ?is occasionally1#ba :ile     
me*anism invites u to ignore t          
ignorance4 ,b ! position ( vitalism is  
r5d]$ v difficult by ! fact t1 9 nature1
 !re is nei!r purely int]nal f9ality nor
 absolutely di/9ct individuality4 ,!    
organiz$ elem5ts compos+ ! individual h 
!mselves a c]ta9 individuality1 & ea* w 
claim its vital pr9ciple if ! individual
 pret5ds to h its own4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 
! individual itself is n suffici5tly    
indep5d5t1 n suffici5tly cut (f f o!r   

?+s1 = u to all[ x a vital pr9ciple (   
its own4 ,an organism su* z a high]     
v]tebrate is ! mo/ individuat$ ( all    
organisms2 yet1 if we take into acc\nt t
 x is only ! developm5t ( an ovum =m+ "p
 ( ! body ( its "m & ( a sp]matozoon    
belong+ to ! body ( its fa!r1 t ! egg   
7i4e4 ! ovum f]tiliz$7 is a connect+ l9k
 betwe5 ! two prog5itors s9ce x is      
common to _! two sub/ances1 we %all     
realize t e individual organism1 ev5 t (
 a man1 is m]ely a bud t has spr\t$ on !
 comb9$ body ( bo? its p>5ts4 ,:]e1 !n1 
does ! vital pr9ciple ( ! individual    
beg9 or end8 ,gradually we %all be c>ri$
 fur!r & fur!r back1 up to !            
individual's remote/ ance/ors3 we %all  
f9d him solid>y ) ea* ( !m1 solid>y ) t 
little mass ( protoplasmic jelly :i* is 
probably at ! root ( ! g5ealogical tree 
( life4 ,be+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "o ) ?is
 primitive ance/or1 he is also solid>y )
 all t desc5ds f ! ance/or 9 div]g5t    
directions4 ,9 ?is s5se ea* individual  
may be said to rema9 unit$ ) ! totality 

( liv+ be+s by invisible bonds4 ,s x is 
( no use to try to re/rict f9ality to ! 
individuality ( ! liv+ be+4 ,if !re is  
f9ality 9 ! _w ( life1 x includes ! :ole
 ( life 9 a s+le indivisible embrace4   
,?is life common to all ! liv+ und\bt$ly
 pres5ts _m gaps & incoh]5ces1 & aga9 x 
is n s ma!matically "o t x _c all[ ea*  
be+ to become individualiz$ to a c]ta9  
degree4 ,b x =ms a s+le :ole1 none !    
less2 & we h to *oose betwe5 ! out-&-out
 negation ( f9ality & ! hypo!sis :i*    
co-ord9ates n only ! p>ts ( an organism 
) ! organism itself1 b also ea* liv+ be+
 ) ! collective :ole ( all o!rs4        
,f9ality w n g d[n any easi] = be+ tak5 
z a p[d]4 ,ei!r ! hypo!sis ( a f9ality  
imman5t 9 life %\ld be reject$ z a :ole1
 or x mu/ und]go a treatm5t v diff]5t f 
pulv]ization4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,! error ( radical
 f9alism1 z also t ( radical me*anism1  
is to ext5d too f> ! application ( c]ta9
 concepts t are natural to our          
intellect4 ,orig9ally1 we ?9k only 9    

ord] to act4 ,our intellect has be5 ca/ 
9 ! mold ( action4 ,speculation is a    
luxury1 :ile action is a necessity4 ,n[1
 9 ord] to act1 we beg9 by propos+ an   
end2 we make a plan1 !n we g on to !    
detail ( ! me*anism :i* w br+ x to pass4
 ,?is latt] op]ation is possible only if
 we "k :at we c reckon on4 ,we mu/ !re=e
 h manag$ to extract resemblances f     
nature1 :i* enable u to anticipate !    
future4 ,?us we mu/1 consci\sly or      
unconsci\sly1 h made use ( ! law (      
causality4 ,moreov]1 ! m %>ply ! idea ( 
effici5t causality is def9$ 9 our m9d1 !
 m x takes ! =m ( a me*anical causality4
 ,& ?is s*eme1 9 its turn1 is ! m       
ma!matical accord+ z x expresses a m    
rigor\s necessity4 ,t is :y we h only to
 foll[ ! b5t ( our m9d to become        
ma!maticians4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is      
natural ma!matics is only ! rigid       
unconsci\s skeleton b5ea? our consci\s  
supple habit ( l9k+ ! same causes to !  
same effects2 & ! usual object ( ?is    
habit is to guide actions inspir$ by    

int5tions1 or1 :at comes to ! same1 to  
direct movem5ts comb9$ ) a view to      
reproduc+ a patt]n4 ,we are born        
artisans z we are born geometricians1 & 
inde$ we are geometricians only because 
we are artisans4 ,?us ! human intellect1
 inasmu* z x is fa%ion$ = ! ne$s ( human
 action1 is an intellect :i* proce$s at 
! same "t by int5tion & by calculation1 
by adapt+ means to ends & by ?9k+ out   
me*anisms ( m & m geometrical =m4 ,:e!r 
nature be conceiv$ z an imm5se ma*9e    
regulat$ by ma!matical laws1 or z !     
realization ( a plan1 ^! two ways (     
reg>d+ x are only ! consummation ( two  
t5d5cies ( m9d :i* are complem5t>y to   
ea* o!r1 & :i* h _! orig9 9 ! same vital
 necessities4  ,= t reason1 radical     
f9alism is v ne> radical me*anism on _m 
po9ts4 ,bo? doctr9es are reluctant to   
see 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s g5]ally1 or ev5     
simply 9 ! developm5t ( life1 an        
un=eseeable creation ( =m4 ,9 consid]+  
reality1 me*anism reg>ds only ! aspect (
 simil>ity or repetition4 ,x is !re=e   

dom9at$ by ?is law1 t 9 nature !re is   
only l reproduc+ l4 ,! m ! geometry 9   
me*anism is emphasiz$1 ! less c me*anism
 admit t any?+ is ev] creat$1 ev5 pure  
=m4 ,9 s f> z we are geometricians1 !n1 
we reject ! un=eseeable4 ,we might      
accept x1 assur$ly1 9 s f> z we are     
arti/s1 = art lives on creation &       
implies a lat5t belief 9 ! spontaneity (
 nature4 ,b dis9t]e/$ art is a luxury1 l
 pure speculation4 ,long be=e be+       
arti/s1 we are artisans2 & all          
fabrication1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 lives on  
lik5ess & repetition1 l ! natural       
geometry :i* s]ves z its fulcrum4       
,fabrication works on models :i* x sets 
out to reproduce2 & ev5 :5 x inv5ts1 x  
proce$s1 or imag9es itself to proce$1 by
 a new arrangem5t ( elem5ts already     
kn[n4 ,its pr9ciple is t we mu/ h l to  
produce l4 ,9 %ort1 ! /rict application 
( ! pr9ciple ( f9ality1 l t ( ! pr9ciple
 ( me*anical causality1 leads to !      
conclusion t all is giv54 ,bo? pr9ciples
 say ! same ?+ 9 _! respective          

languages1 because !y respond to ! same 
ne$4  ,t is :y aga9 !y agree 9 do+ away 
) "t4 ,real duration is t duration :i*  
gnaws on ?+s1 & leaves on !m ! m>k ( its
 too?4 ,if ev]y?+ is 9 "t1 ev]y?+ *anges
 inw>dly1 & ! same concrete reality nev]
 recurs4 ,repetition is !re=e possible  
only 9 ! ab/ract3 :at is repeat$ is "s  
aspect t our s5ses1 & especially our    
intellect1 h s+l$ out f reality1 j      
because our action1 ^u :i* all ! ef=t ( 
our intellect is direct$1 c move only   
among repetitions4 ,?us1 conc5trat$ on t
 :i* repeats1 solely preoccupi$ 9 weld+ 
! same to ! same1 intellect turns away f
 ! vision ( "t4 ,x dislikes :at is      
fluid1 & solidifies ev]y?+ x t\*es4 ,we 
d n ?9k real "t4 ,b we live x1 because  
life transc5ds intellect4 ,! feel+ we h 
( our evolution & ( ! evolution ( all   
?+s 9 pure duration is !re1 =m+ ar\nd ! 
intellectual concept prop]ly s-call$ an 
indi/9ct fr+e t fades (f into d>kness4  
,me*anism & f9alism agree 9 tak+ acc\nt 
only ( ! bright nucleus %9+ 9 ! c5tre4  

,!y =get t ?is nucleus has be5 =m$ out (
 ! re/ by cond5sation1 & t ! :ole mu/ be
 us$1 ! fluid z well z & m ?an !        
cond5s$1 9 ord] to grasp ! inn] movem5t 
( life4  ,inde$1 if ! fr+e exi/s1 h[ev] 
delicate & indi/9ct1 x %\ld h m         
importance = philosophy ?an ! bright    
nucleus x surr\nds4 ,= x is its pres5ce 
t enables u to affirm t ! nucleus is a  
nucleus1 t pure intellect is a          
contraction1 by cond5sation1 ( a m      
ext5sive p[]4 ,&1 j because ?is vague   
intuition is ( no help 9 direct+ our    
action on ?+s1 :i* action takes place   
exclusively on ! surface ( reality1 we  
may presume t x is to be ex]cis$ n m]ely
 on ! surface1 b bel[4  ,z soon z we g  
out ( ! encas+s 9 :i* radical me*anism &
 radical f9alism conf9e our ?\ght1      
reality appe>s z a ceaseless upspr++ (  
some?+ new1 :i* has no soon] aris5 to   
make ! pres5t ?an x has already fall5   
back into ! pa/2 at ?is exact mom5t x   
falls "u ! glance ( ! intellect1 ^: eyes
 are ev] turn$ to ! re>4 ,?is is already

 ! case ) our inn] life4 ,= ea* ( our   
acts we %all easily f9d antec$5ts ( :i* 
x may 9 "s sort be said to be !         
me*anical resultant4 ,& x may equally   
well be said t ea* action is !          
realization ( an int5tion4 ,9 ?is s5se  
me*anism is ev]y:]e1 & f9ality ev]y:]e1 
9 ! evolution ( our conduct4 ,b if our  
action be "o t involves ! :ole ( our    
p]son & is truly ours1 x c\ld n h be5   
=ese51 ev5 ?\gh its antec$5ts expla9 x  
:5 once x has be5 accompli%$4 ,& ?\gh x 
be ! realiz+ ( an int5tion1 x diff]s1 z 
a pres5t & new reality1 f ! int5tion1   
:i* c nev] aim at any?+ b recomm5c+ or  
re>rang+ ! pa/4 ,me*anism & f9alism are 
!re=e1 "h1 only ext]nal views ( our     
conduct4 ,!y extract its                
intellectuality4 ,b our conduct slips   
betwe5 !m & ext5ds mu* fur!r4 ,once     
aga91 ?is does n mean t free action is  
caprici\s1 unreasonable action4 ,to     
behave accord+ to caprice is to         
oscillate me*anically betwe5 two or m   
ready-made alt]natives & at l5g? to     

settle on "o ( !m2 x is no real matur+ (
 an int]nal /ate1 no real evolution2 x  
is m]ely--h[ev] p>adoxical ! ass]tion   
may seem--b5d+ ! w to imitate ! me*anism
 ( ! intellect4 ,a conduct t is truly   
our own1 on ! contr>y1 is t ( a w :i*   
does n try to c\nt]feit intellect1 &    
:i*1 rema9+ itself--t is to say1        
evolv+--rip5s gradually into acts :i* ! 
intellect w be able to resolve          
indef9itely into intelligible elem5ts   
)\t ev] rea*+ its goal4 ,! free act is  
incomm5surable ) ! idea1 & its          
rationality mu/ be def9$ by ?is v       
incomm5surability1 :i* admits ! discov]y
 ( z mu* intelligibility )9 x z we w4   
,su* is ! "* ( our own evolution2 & su* 
also1 )\t d\bt1 t ( ! evolution ( life4 
,our reason1 incorrigibly presumptu\s1  
imag9es itself possess$1 by "r ( bir? or
 by "r ( conque/1 innate or acquir$1 (  
all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! k ( tru?4    
,ev5 :]e x confesses t x does n "k !    
object pres5t$ to x1 x believes t its   
ignorance consi/s only 9 n kn[+ :i* "o (

 its "t-honor$ categories suits ! new   
object4 ,9 :at draw]1 ready to op51 %all
 we put x8 ,9 :at g>m5t1 already cut    
out1 %all we clo! x8 ,is x ?is1 or t1 or
 ! o!r ?+8 ,& ?is1 & t1 & ! o!r ?+ are  
always some?+ already conceiv$1 already 
kn[n4 ,! idea t = a new object we might 
h to create a new concept1 p]haps a new 
me?od ( ?9k+1 is deeply repugnant to u4 
,! hi/ory ( philosophy is !re1 h[ev]1 & 
%[s u ! et]nal conflict ( sy/ems1 !     
impossibility ( satisfactorily gett+ !  
real into ! ready-made g>m5ts ( our     
ready-made concepts1 ! necessity ( mak+ 
to measure4 ,b1 r ?an g to ?is          
extremity1 our reason pref]s to ann\nce 
once = all1 ) a pr\d mode/y1 t x has to 
d only ) ! relative1 & t ! absolute is n
 9 its prov9ce4 ,?is prelim9>y          
decl>ation enables x to apply its       
habitual me?od ( ?\ght )\t any scruple1 
& ?us1 "u pret5se t x does n t\* !      
absolute1 to make absolute judgm5ts ^u  
ev]y?+4 ,plato 0 ! fir/ to set up ! !ory
 t to "k ! real consi/s 9 f9d+ its      

,idea1 t is to say1 9 =c+ x into a      
pre-exi/+ frame already at our          
disposal--z if we implicitly possess$   
univ]sal k4 ,b ?is belief is natural to 
! human intellect1 always engag$ z x is 
9 det]m9+ "u :at =m] head+ x %all       
catalogue any new object2 & x may be    
said t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 we are all born 
,platoni/s4  ,n[h]e is ! inadequacy (   
?is me?od s obvi\s z 9 !ories ( life4   
,if1 9 evolv+ 9 ! direction ( !         
v]tebrates 9 g5]al1 ( man & intellect 9 
p>ticul>1 life has _h to ab&on by ! way 
_m elem5ts incompatible ) ?is p>ticul>  
mode ( organization & consign !m1 z we  
%all %[1 to o!r l9es ( developm5t1 x is 
! totality ( ^! elem5ts t we mu/ f9d    
aga9 & rejo9 to ! intellect prop]1 9    
ord] to grasp ! true nature ( vital     
activity4 ,& we %all probably be aid$ 9 
?is by ! fr+e ( vague intuition t       
surr\nds our di/9ct--t is1              
intellectual--repres5tation4 ,= :at c   
?is useless fr+e be1 if n t "p ( !      
evolv+ pr9ciple :i* has n %runk to !    

peculi> =m ( our organization1 b has    
settl$ ar\nd x unask$ =1 unwant$8 ,x is 
!re1 accord+ly1 t we mu/ look = h9ts to 
exp& ! intellectual =m ( our ?\ght2 f   
!re %all we d]ive ! impetus necess>y to 
lift u above ourselves4 ,to =m an idea (
 ! :ole ( life _c consi/ 9 comb9+ simple
 ideas t h be5 left beh9d 9 u by life   
itself 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution4 ,h[   
c\ld ! "p be equival5t to ! :ole1 !     
cont5t to ! conta9]1 a by-product ( !   
vital op]ation to ! op]ation itself8    
,su*1 h[ev]1 is our illusion :5 we def9e
 ! evolution ( life z a passage f !     
homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 or by any o!r
 concept obta9$ by putt+ fragm5ts (     
intellect side by side4 ,we place       
ourselves 9 "o ( ! po9ts :]e evolution  
comes to a head--! pr9cipal "o1 no d\bt1
 b n ! only "o2 & !re we d n ev5 take   
all we f9d1 = ( ! intellect we keep only
 "o or two ( ! concepts by :i* x        
expresses itself2 & x is ?is "p ( a "p t
 we decl>e repres5tative ( ! :ole1 (    
some?+ inde$ :i* goes beyond ! concrete 

:ole1 ,i mean ( ! evolution movem5t (   
:i* ?is :ole is only ! pres5t /age6 ,!  
tru? is1 t to repres5t ?is ! entire     
intellect w\ld n be too mu*--nay1 x w\ld
 n be en\gh4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to add 
to x :at we f9d 9 e o!r t]m9al po9t (   
evolution4 ,& ^! div]se & div]g5t       
elem5ts mu/ be consid]$ z s _m extracts 
:i* are1 or at lea/ :i* 71 9 _! humble/ 
=m1 mutually complem5t>y4 ,only !n might
 we h an inkl+ ( ! real nature ( !      
evolution movem5t2 & ev5 !n we %\ld fail
 to grasp x completely1 = we %\ld /ill  
be deal+ only ) ! evolv$1 :i* is a      
result1 & n ) evolution itself1 :i* is !
 act by :i* ! result is obta9$4  ,su* is
 ! philosophy ( life to :i* we are lead+
 up4 ,x claims to transc5d bo? me*anism 
& f9alism2 b1 z we ann\nc$ at ! beg9n+1 
x is ne>] ! second doctr9e ?an ! fir/4  
,x w n be amiss to dwell on ?is po9t1 & 
%[ m precisely h[ f> ?is philosophy (   
life resembles f9alism & :]e9 x is      
diff]5t4  ,l radical f9alism1 al?\gh 9 a
 vagu] =m1 our philosophy repres5ts !   

organiz$ _w z a h>moni\s :ole4 ,b ?is   
h>mony is f> f be+ z p]fect z x has be5 
claim$ to be4 ,x admits ( mu* discord1  
because ea* species1 ea* individual ev51
 reta9s only a c]ta9 impetus f !        
univ]sal vital impulsion & t5ds to use  
?is en]gy 9 its own int]e/4 ,9 ?is      
consi/s adaptation4 ,! species & !      
individual ?us ?9k only ( !mselves--:5ce
 arises a possible conflict ) o!r =ms ( 
life4 ,h>mony1 !re=e1 does n exi/ 9     
fact2 x exi/s r 9 pr9ciple2 ,i mean t ! 
orig9al impetus is a common impetus1 & !
 high] we asc5d ! /ream ( life ! m d    
div]se t5d5cies appe> complem5t>y to ea*
 o!r4 ,?us ! w9d at a /reet-corn]       
divides into div]g+ curr5ts :i* are all 
"o & ! same gu/4 ,h>mony1 or r          
complem5t>ity1 is reveal$ only 9 ! mass1
 9 t5d5cies r ?an 9 /ates4 ,especially  
7& ?is is ! po9t on :i* f9alism has be5 
mo/ s]i\sly mi/ak57 h>mony is r beh9d u 
?an be=e4 ,x is due to an id5tity (     
impulsion & n to a common aspiration4 ,x
 w\ld be futile to try to assign to life

 an end1 9 ! human s5se ( ! ^w4 ,to     
speak ( an end is to ?9k ( a pre-exi/+  
model :i* has only to be realiz$4 ,x is 
to suppose1 !re=e1 t all is giv51 & t ! 
future c be read 9 ! pres5t4 ,x is to   
believe t life1 9 its movem5t & 9 its   
entirety1 goes to "w l our intellect1   
:i* is only a motionless & fragm5t>y    
view ( life1 & :i* naturally takes its  
/& outside ( "t4 ,life1 on ! contr>y1   
progresses & endures 9 "t4 ,( c\rse1 :5 
once ! road has be5 travel$1 we c glance
 ov] x1 m>k its direction1 note ?is 9   
psy*ological t]ms & speak z if !re _h   
be5 pursuit ( an end4 ,?us %all we speak
 ourselves4 ,b1 ( ! road :i* 0 go+ to be
 travel$1 ! human m9d c\ld h no?+ to    
say1 = ! road has be5 creat$ p>i passu )
 ! act ( travel+ ov] x1 be+ no?+ b !    
direction ( ?is act itself4 ,at e       
in/ant1 !n1 evolution mu/ admit ( a     
psy*ological int]pretation :i* is1 f our
 po9t ( view1 ! be/ int]pretation2 b ?is
 explanation has nei!r value nor ev5    
significance except retrospectively4    

,nev] c\ld ! f9ali/ic int]pretation1 su*
 z we %all propose x1 be tak5 = an      
anticipation ( ! future4 ,x is a        
p>ticul> mode ( view+ ! pa/ 9 ! light ( 
! pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! classic conception 
( f9ality po/ulates at once too mu* &   
too little3 x is bo? too wide & too     
n>r[4 ,9 expla9+ life by intellect1 x   
limits too mu* ! mean+ ( life3          
intellect1 su* at lea/ z we f9d x 9     
ourselves1 has be5 fa%ion$ by evolution 
dur+ ! c\rse ( progress2 x is cut out ( 
some?+ l>g]1 or1 r1 x is only !         
projection1 necess>ily on a plane1 ( a  
reality t possesses bo? relief & dep?4  
,x is ?is m compreh5sive reality t true 
f9alism ought to recon/ruct1 or1 r1 if  
possible1 embrace 9 "o view4 ,b1 on !   
o!r h&1 j because x goes beyond         
intellect--! faculty ( connect+ ! same )
 ! same1 ( p]ceiv+ & also ( produc+     
repetitions--?is reality is und\bt$ly   
creative1 i4e4 productive ( effects 9   
:i* x exp&s & transc5ds its own be+4 ,^!
 effects 7 !re=e n giv5 9 x 9 advance1 &

 s x c\ld n take !m = ends1 al?\gh1 :5  
once produc$1 !y admit ( a rational     
int]pretation1 l t ( ! manufactur$      
article t has reproduc$ a model4 ,9     
%ort1 ! !ory ( f9al causes does n g f>  
en\gh :5 x conf9es itself to ascrib+ "s 
intellig5ce to nature1 & x goes too f>  
:5 x supposes a pre-exi/5ce ( ! future 9
 ! pres5t 9 ! =m ( idea4 ,& ! second    
!ory1 :i* s9s by excess1 is ! outcome ( 
! fir/1 :i* s9s by defect4 ,9 place (   
intellect prop] mu/ be sub/itut$ ! m    
compreh5sive reality ( :i* intellect is 
only ! contraction4 ,! future !n appe>s 
z exp&+ ! pres5t3 x 0 n1 !re=e1 conta9$ 
9 ! pres5t 9 ! =m ( a repres5t$ end4 ,& 
yet1 once realiz$1 x w expla9 ! pres5t z
 mu* z ! pres5t expla9s x1 & ev5 m2 x   
mu/ be view$ z an end z mu* z1 & m ?an1 
a result4 ,our intellect has a "r to    
consid] ! future ab/ractly f its        
habitual po9t ( view1 be+ itself an     
ab/ract view ( ! cause ( its own be+4   
,x is true t ! cause may !n seem beyond 
our grasp4 ,already ! f9ali/ !ory ( life

 eludes all precise v]ification4 ,:at if
 we g beyond x 9 "o ( its directions8   
,"h1 9 fact1 aft] a necess>y digression1
 we are back at ! "q :i* we reg>d z     
ess5tial3 c ! insuffici5cy ( me*anism be
 prov$ by facts8 ,we said t if ?is      
demon/ration is possible1 x is on       
condition ( frankly accept+ !           
evolutioni/ hypo!sis4 ,we mu/ n[ %[ t if
 me*anism is insuffici5t to acc\nt =    
evolution1 ! way ( prov+ ?is            
insuffici5cy is n to /op at ! classic   
conception ( f9ality1 /ill less to      
contract or att5uate x1 b1 on ! contr>y1
 to g fur!r4  ,let u indicate at once ! 
pr9ciple ( our demon/ration4 ,we said ( 
life t1 f its orig91 x is ! cont9uation 
( "o & ! same impetus1 divid$ into      
div]g5t l9es ( evolution4 ,some?+ has   
gr[n1 some?+ has develop$ by a s]ies (  
additions :i* h be5 s _m creations4 ,?is
 v developm5t has br\ght ab\t a         
dissociation ( t5d5cies :i* 7 unable to 
gr[ beyond a c]ta9 po9t )\t becom+      
mutually incompatible4 ,/rictly speak+1 

!re is no?+ to prev5t our imag9+ t !    
evolution ( life might h tak5 place 9 "o
 s+le individual by means ( a s]ies (   
trans=mations spread ov] ?\s&s ( ages4  
,or1 in/ead ( a s+le individual1 any    
numb] might be suppos$1 succe$+ ea* o!r 
9 a unil9e> s]ies4 ,9 bo? cases         
evolution w\ld h _h1 s to speak1 "o     
dim5sion only4 ,b evolution has actually
 tak5 place ?r\gh millions (            
individuals1 on div]g5t l9es1 ea* end+  
at a cross+ f :i* new pa?s radiate1 & s 
on indef9itely4 ,if our hypo!sis is     
ju/ifi$1 if ! ess5tial causes work+     
along ^! div]se roads are ( psy*ological
 nature1 !y mu/ keep some?+ 9 common 9  
spite ( ! div]g5ce ( _! effects1 z      
s*ool-fell[s long sep>at$ keep ! same   
memories ( boyhood4 ,roads may =k or    
by-ways be op5$ along :i* dissociat$    
elem5ts may evolve 9 an indep5d5t mann]1
 b nev]!less x is 9 virtue ( ! primitive
 impetus ( ! :ole t ! movem5t ( ! p>ts  
cont9ues4 ,some?+ ( ! :ole1 !re=e1 mu/  
abide 9 ! p>ts2 & ?is common elem5t w be

 evid5t to u 9 "s way1 p]haps by !      
pres5ce ( id5tical organs 9 v diff]5t   
organisms4 ,suppose1 = an in/ant1 t !   
me*ani/ic explanation is ! true "o3     
evolution mu/ !n h occurr$ ?r\gh a s]ies
 ( accid5ts add$ to "o ano!r1 ea* new   
accid5t be+ pres]v$ by selection if x is
 advantage\s to t sum ( =m] advantage\s 
accid5ts :i* ! pres5t =m ( ! liv+ be+   
repres5ts4 ,:at likelihood is !re t1 by 
two entirely diff]5t s]ies ( accid5ts   
be+ add$ toge!r1 two entirely diff]5t   
evolutions w arrive at simil> results8  
,! m two l9es ( evolution div]ge1 ! less
 probability is !re t accid5tal out]    
influ5ces or accid5tal inn] v>iations   
br+ ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! same app>atus
 ^u !m1 especially if !re 0 no trace (  
?is app>atus at ! mom5t ( div]g5ce4 ,b  
su* simil>ity ( ! two products w\ld be  
natural1 on ! contr>y1 on a hypo!sis l  
ours3 ev5 9 ! late/ *annel !re w\ld be  
some?+ ( ! impulsion receiv$ at ! s\rce4
 ,pure me*anism1 !n1 w\ld be refutable1 
& f9ality1 9 ! special s5se 9 :i* we    

und]/& x1 w\ld be demon/rable 9 a c]ta9 
aspect1 if x c\ld be prov$ t life may   
manufacture ! l app>atus1 by unlike     
means1 on div]g5t l9es ( evolution2 & ! 
/r5g? ( ! pro( w\ld be proportional bo? 
to ! div]g5cy betwe5 ! l9es ( evolution 
?us *os5 & to ! complexity ( ! simil>   
/ructures f\nd 9 !m4  ,x w be said t    
resemblance ( /ructure is due to sam5ess
 ( ! g5]al conditions 9 :i* life has    
evolv$1 & t ^! p]man5t out] conditions  
may h impos$ ! same direction on ! =ces 
con/ruct+ ?is or t app>atus1 9 spite ( !
 div]sity ( transi5t out] influ5ces &   
accid5tal inn] *anges4 ,we are n1 (     
c\rse1 bl9d to ! rle :i* ! concept (    
adaptation plays 9 ! sci5ce ( to-day4   
,biologi/s c]ta9ly d n all make ! same  
use ( x4 ,"s ?9k ! out] conditions      
capable ( caus+ *ange 9 organisms 9 a   
direct mann]1 9 a def9ite direction1    
?r\gh physico-*emical alt]ations induc$ 
by !m 9 ! liv+ sub/ance2 su* is !       
hypo!sis ( ,eim]1 = example4 ,o!rs1 m   
fai?ful to ! _s ( ,d>w9ism1 believe !   

influ5ce ( conditions works indirectly  
only1 ?r\gh favor+1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 
^? repres5tatives ( a species :i* !     
*ance ( bir? has be/ adapt$ to !        
environm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 "s attribute a
 positive influ5ce to out] conditions1 &
 say t !y actually give rise to         
v>iations1 :ile ! o!rs say ^! conditions
 h only a negative influ5ce & m]ely     
elim9ate v>iations4 ,b1 9 bo? cases1 !  
out] conditions are suppos$ to br+ ab\t 
a precise adju/m5t ( ! organism to its  
circum/ances4 ,bo? p>ties1 !n1 w attempt
 to expla9 me*anically1 by adaptation to
 simil> conditions1 ! simil>ities (     
/ructure :i* we ?9k are ! /ronge/       
argum5t aga9/ me*anism4 ,s we mu/ at    
once indicate 9 a g5]al way1 be=e pass+ 
to ! detail1 :y explanations f          
adaptation seem to u insuffici5t4  ,let 
u fir/ rem>k t1 ( ! two hypo!ses j      
describ$1 ! latt] is ! only "o :i* is n 
equivocal4 ,! ,d>w9ian idea ( adaptation
 by automatic elim9ation ( ! unadapt$ is
 a simple & cle> idea4 ,b1 j because x  

attributes to ! out] cause :i* controls 
evolution a m]ely negative influ5ce1 x  
has great difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = !      
progressive &1 s to say1 rectil9e>      
developm5t ( complex app>atus su* z we  
are ab\t to exam9e4 ,h[ mu* great] w ?is
 difficulty be 9 ! case ( ! simil>      
/ructure ( two extremely complex organs 
on two entirely diff]5t l9es (          
evolution6 ,an accid5tal v>iation1 h[ev]
 m9ute1 implies ! work+ ( a great numb] 
( small physical & *emical causes4 ,an  
accumulation ( accid5tal v>iations1 su* 
z w\ld be necess>y to produce a complex 
/ructure1 requires !re=e ! concurr5ce ( 
an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( inf9itesimal   
causes4 ,:y %\ld ^! causes1 entirely    
accid5tal1 recur ! same1 & 9 ! same     
ord]1 at diff]5t po9ts ( space & "t8 ,no
 "o w hold t ?is is ! case1 & ! ,d>w9ian
 himself w probably m]ely ma9ta9 t      
id5tical effects may arise f diff]5t    
causes1 t m ?an "o road leads to ! same 
spot4 ,b let u n be fool$ by a metaphor4
 ,! place rea*$ does n give ! =m ( !    

road t leads !re2 :ile an organic       
/ructure is j ! accumulation ( ^? small 
diff]5ces :i* evolution has _h to g     
?r\gh 9 ord] to a*ieve x4 ,! /ruggle =  
life & natural selection c be ( no use  
to u 9 solv+ ?is "p ( ! problem1 = we   
are n conc]n$ "h ) :at has p]i%$1 we h  
to d only ) :at has surviv$4 ,n[1 we see
 t id5tical /ructures h be5 =m$ on      
indep5d5t l9es ( evolution by a gradual 
accumulation ( effects4 ,h[ c accid5tal 
causes1 occurr+ 9 an accid5tal ord]1 be 
suppos$ to h repeat$ly come to ! same   
result1 ! causes be+ inf9itely num]\s & 
! effect inf9itely complicat$8  ,!      
pr9ciple ( me*anism is t ! same causes  
produce ! same effects4 ,?is pr9ciple1 (
 c\rse1 does n always imply t ! same    
effects mu/ h ! same causes2 b x does   
involve ?is consequ5ce 9 ! p>ticul> case
 9 :i* ! causes rema9 visible 9 ! effect
 t !y produce & are inde$ its           
con/itutive elem5ts4 ,t two walk]s />t+ 
f diff]5t po9ts & w&]+ at r&om %\ld     
f9ally meet1 is no great wond]4 ,b t1   

?r\gh\t _! walk1 !y %\ld describe two   
id5tical curves exactly sup]posable on  
ea* o!r1 is altoge!r unlikely4 ,!       
improbability w be ! great]1 ! m        
complicat$ ! r\tes2 & x w become        
impossibility1 if ! zigzags are         
inf9itely complicat$4 ,n[1 :at is ?is   
complexity ( zigzags z comp>$ ) t ( an  
organ 9 :i* ?\s&s ( diff]5t cells1 ea*  
be+ itself a k9d ( organism1 are arrang$
 9 a def9ite ord]8  ,let u turn1 !n1 to 
! o!r hypo!sis1 & see h[ x w\ld solve ! 
problem4 ,adaptation1 x says1 is n m]ely
 elim9ation ( ! unadapt$2 x is due to ! 
positive influ5ce ( out] conditions t h 
mold$ ! organism on _! own =m4 ,?is "t1 
simil>ity ( effects w be expla9$ by     
simil>ity ( cause4 ,we %all rema91      
app>5tly1 9 pure me*anism4 ,b if we look
 closely1 we %all see t ! explanation is
 m]ely v]bal1 t we are aga9 ! dupes (   
words1 & t ! trick ( ! solution consi/s 
9 tak+ ! t]m adaptation 9 two entirely  
diff]5t s5ses at ! same "t4  ,if ,i p\r 
into ! same glass1 by turns1 wat] & w9e1

 ! two liquids w take ! same =m1 & !    
sam5ess 9 =m w be due to ! sam5ess 9    
adaptation ( cont5t to conta9]4         
,adaptation1 "h1 really means me*anical 
adju/m5t4 ,! reason is t ! =m to :i* !  
matt] has adapt$ itself 0 !re1          
ready-made1 & has =c$ its own %ape on ! 
matt]4 ,b1 9 ! adaptation ( an organism 
to ! circum/ances x has to live 91 :]e  
is ! pre-exi/+ =m await+ its matt]8 ,!  
circum/ances are n a mold into :i* life 
is ins]t$ & ^: =m life adopts3 ?is is   
inde$ to be fool$ by a metaphor4 ,!re is
 no =m yet1 & ! life mu/ create a =m =  
itself1 suit$ to ! circum/ances :i* are 
made = x4 ,x w h to make ! be/ ( ^!     
circum/ances1 neutralize _! inconv5i5ces
 & utilize _! advantages--9 %ort1       
respond to out] actions by build+ up a  
ma*9e :i* has no resemblance to !m4 ,su*
 adapt+ is n repeat+1 b reply+1--an     
entirely diff]5t ?+4 ,if !re is /ill    
adaptation1 x w be 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "o may
 say ( ! solution ( a problem (         
geometry1 = example1 t x is adapt$ to ! 

conditions4 ,i grant inde$ t adaptation 
s und]/ood expla9s :y diff]5t           
evolution>y processes result 9 simil>   
=ms3 ! same problem1 ( c\rse1 calls = ! 
same solution4 ,b x is necess>y !n to   
introduce1 z = ! solution ( a problem ( 
geometry1 an intellig5t activity1 or at 
lea/ a cause :i* behaves 9 ! same way4  
,?is is to br+ 9 f9ality aga91 & a      
f9ality ?is "t m ?an ev] *>g$ )         
an?ropomorphic elem5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 if !   
adaptation is passive1 if x is m]e      
repetition 9 ! relief ( :at ! conditions
 give 9 ! mold1 x w build up no?+ t "o  
tries to make x build2 & if x is active1
 capable ( respond+ by a calculat$      
solution to ! problem :i* is set out 9 !
 conditions1 t is go+ fur!r ?an we      
d--too f>1 inde$1 9 our op9ion--9 !     
direction we indicat$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b !  
tru? is t !re is a surreptiti\s pass+ f 
"o ( ^! two mean+s to ! o!r1 a flight = 
refuge to ! fir/ :5ev] "o is ab\t to be 
caught 9 flagrante delicto ( f9alism by 
employ+ ! second4 ,x is really ! second 

:i* s]ves ! usual practice ( sci5ce1 b x
 is ! fir/ t g5]ally provides its       
philosophy4 ,9 any p>ticul> case "o     
talks z if ! process ( adaptation 7 an  
ef=t ( ! organism to build up a ma*9e   
capable ( turn+ ext]nal circum/ances to 
! be/ possible acc\nt3 !n "o speaks (   
adaptation 9 g5]al z if x 7 ! v impress 
( circum/ances1 passively receiv$ by an 
indiff]5t matt]4  ,b let u come to !    
examples4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ fir/ to    
in/itute "h a g5]al comp>ison betwe5    
plants & animals4 ,"o _c fail to be     
/ruck ) ! p>allel progress :i* has be5  
accompli%$1 on bo? sides1 9 ! direction 
( sexuality4 ,n only is fecundation     
itself ! same 9 high] plants & 9        
animals1 s9ce x consi/s1 9 bo?1 9 !     
union ( two nuclei t diff] 9 _!         
prop]ties & /ructure be=e _! union &    
imm$iately aft] become equival5t to ea* 
o!r2 b ! prep>ation ( sexual elem5ts    
goes on 9 bo? "u l conditions3 x consi/s
 ess5tially 9 ! r$uction ( ! numb] (    
*romosomes & ! rejection ( a c]ta9      

quantity ( *romatic sub/ance4#bb ,yet   
vegetables & animals h evolv$ on        
indep5d5t l9es1 favor$ by unlike        
circum/ances1 oppos$ by unlike ob/acles4
 ,"h are two great s]ies :i* h gone on  
div]g+4 ,on ei!r l9e1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s (   
causes h comb9$ to det]m9e !            
morphological & functional evolution4   
,yet ^! inf9itely complicat$ causes h   
be5 consummat$1 9 ea* s]ies1 9 ! same   
effect4 ,& ?is effect1 c\ld h>dly be    
call$ a ph5om5on ( adaptation3 :]e is ! 
adaptation1 :]e is ! pressure ( ext]nal 
circum/ances8 ,!re is no /rik+ utility 9
 sexual g5]ation2 x has be5 int]pret$ 9 
! mo/ div]se ways2 & "s v acute enquir]s
 ev5 reg>d ! sexuality ( ! plant1 at    
lea/1 z a luxury :i* nature might h     
disp5s$ )4#bc ,b we d n wi% to dwell on 
facts s disput$4 ,! ambiguity ( ! t]m   
adaptation1 & ! necessity ( transc5d+   
bo? ! po9t ( view ( me*anical causality 
& t ( an?ropomorphic f9ality1 w /& out m
 cle>ly ) simpl] examples4 ,at all times
 ! doctr9e ( f9ality has laid mu* /ress 

on ! m>vell\s /ructure ( ! s5se-organs1 
9 ord] to lik5 ! "w ( nature to t ( an  
intellig5t workman4 ,n[1 s9ce ^! organs 
are f\nd1 9 a rudim5t>y /ate1 9 ! l[]   
animals1 & s9ce nature (f]s u _m        
int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! pigm5t-spot ( !    
simple/ organisms & ! inf9itely complex 
eye ( ! v]tebrates1 x may j z well be   
alleg$ t ! result has be5 br\ght ab\t by
 natural selection p]fect+ ! organ      
automatically4 ,9 %ort1 if !re is a case
 9 :i* x seems ju/ifiable to invoke     
adaptation1 x is ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,= !re
 may be discussion ab\t ! function &    
mean+ ( su* a ?+ z sexual g5]ation1 9 s 
f> z x is relat$ to ! conditions 9 :i* x
 occurs2 b ! relation ( ! eye to light  
is obvi\s1 & :5 we call ?is relation an 
adaptation1 we mu/ "k :at we mean4 ,if1 
!n1 we c %[1 9 ?is privileg$ case1 !    
insuffici5cy ( ! pr9ciples invok$ on bo?
 sides1 our demon/ration w at once h    
rea*$ a high degree ( g5]ality4  ,let u 
consid] ! example on :i* ! advocates (  
f9ality h always insi/$3 ! /ructure (   

su* an organ z ! human eye4 ,!y h _h no 
difficulty 9 %[+ t 9 ?is extremely      
complicat$ app>atus all ! elem5ts are   
m>vel\sly co-ord9at$4 ,9 ord] t vision  
%all op]ate1 says ! au?or ( a well-kn[n 
book on ,f9al ,causes1 ! scl]otic       
membrane mu/ become transp>5t 9 "o po9t 
( its surface1 s z to enable lum9\s rays
 to pi]ce x2444 ! cornea mu/ correspond 
exactly ) ! op5+ ( ! socket2444 beh9d   
?is transp>5t op5+ !re mu/ be refract+  
m$ia2444 !re mu/ be a ret9a#bd at !     
extremity ( ! d>k *amb]2444 p]p5dicul>  
to ! ret9a !re mu/ be an innum]able     
quantity ( transp>5t cones p]mitt+ only 
! light direct$ 9 ! l9e ( _! axes to    
rea* ! n]v\s membrane1#be etc4 etc4 ,9  
reply1 ! advocate ( f9al causes has be5 
invit$ to assume ! evolutioni/ hypo!sis4
 ,ev]y?+ is m>vel\s1 inde$1 if "o       
consid] an eye l ours1 9 :i* ?\s&s (    
elem5ts are cord9at$ 9 a s+le function4 
,b take ! function at its orig91 9 !    
,infusorian1 :]e x is r$uc$ to ! m]e    
impressionability 7almo/ purely *emical7

 ( a pigm5t-spot to light3 ?is function1
 possibly only an accid5tal fact 9 !    
beg9n+1 may h br\ght ab\t a slight      
complication ( ! organ1 :i* aga9 induc$ 
an improvem5t ( ! function4 ,x may h    
done ?is ei!r directly1 ?r\gh "s unkn[n 
me*anism1 or indirectly1 m]ely ?r\gh !  
effect ( ! advantages x br\ght to ! liv+
 be+ & ! hold x ?us (f]$ to natural     
selection4 ,?us ! progressive =mation ( 
an eye z well contriv$ z ours w\ld be   
expla9$ by an almo/ inf9ite numb] (     
actions & reactions betwe5 ! function & 
! organ1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( o!r ?an     
me*anical causes4  ,! "q is h>d to      
decide1 inde$1 :5 put directly betwe5 ! 
function & ! organ1 z is done 9 !       
doctr9e ( f9ality1 z also me*anism      
itself does4 ,= organ & function are    
t]ms ( diff]5t nature1 & ea* conditions 
! o!r s closely t x is impossible to say
 a priori :e!r 9 express+ _! relation we
 %\ld beg9 ) ! fir/1 z does me*anism1 or
 ) ! second1 z f9alism requires4 ,b !   
discussion w\ld take an entirely diff]5t

 turn1 we ?9k1 if we began by comp>+    
toge!r two t]ms ( ! same nature1 an     
organ ) an organ1 in/ead ( an organ )   
its function4 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld be    
possible to proce$ little by little to a
 solution m & m plausible1 & !re w\ld be
 ! m *ance ( a successful issue ! m     
resolutely we assum$ ! evolutioni/      
hypo!sis4  ,let u place side by side !  
eye ( a v]tebrate & t ( a mollusc su* z 
! common ,pect54 ,we f9d ! same ess5tial
 p>ts 9 ea*1 compos$ ( analog\s elem5ts4
 ,! eye ( ! ,pect5 pres5ts a ret9a1 a   
cornea1 a l5s ( cellul> /ructure l our  
own4 ,!re is ev5 t peculi> inv]sion (   
ret9al elem5ts :i* is n met )1 9 g5]al1 
9 ! ret9a ( ! inv]tebrates4 ,n[1 ! orig9
 ( molluscs may be a debat$ "q1 b1      
:atev] op9ion we hold1 all are agre$ t  
molluscs & v]tebrates sep>at$ f _!      
common p>5t-/em long be=e ! appe>ance ( 
an eye s complex z t ( ! ,pect54 ,:5ce1 
!n1 ! /ructural analogy8  ,let u "q on  
?is po9t ! two oppos$ sy/ems (          
evolutioni/ explanation 9 turn--!       

hypo!sis ( purely accid5tal v>iations1 &
 t ( a v>iation direct$ 9 a def9ite way 
"u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions4  ,! 
fir/1 z is well kn[n1 is pres5t$ to-day 
9 two q diff]5t =ms4 ,d>w9 spoke ( v    
slight v>iations be+ accumulat$ by      
natural selection4 ,he 0 n ignorant ( ! 
facts ( sudd5 v>iation2 b he ?\ght ^!   
sports1 z he call$ !m1 7 only           
mon/rosities incapable ( p]petuat+      
!mselves2 & he acc\nt$ = ! g5esis (     
species by an accumulation ( ins5sible  
v>iations4#bf ,su* is /ill ! op9ion ( _m
 naturali/s4 ,x is t5d+1 h[ev]1 to give 
way to ! opposite idea t a new species  
comes into be+ all at once by !         
simultane\s appe>ance ( sev]al new      
*>act]s1 all some:at diff]5t f ! previ\s
 ones4 ,?is latt] hypo!sis1 already     
propos$ by v>i\s au?ors1 notably by     
,bateson 9 a rem>kable book1#bg has     
become deeply significant & acquir$     
great =ce s9ce ! /rik+ exp]im5ts ( ,hugo
 de ,vries4 ,?is botani/1 work+ on !    
,o,enothera ,lam>ckiana1 obta9$ at ! end

 ( a few g5]ations a c]ta9 numb] ( new  
species4 ,! !ory he d$uces f 8 exp]im5ts
 is ( ! highe/ int]e/4 ,species pass    
?r\gh alt]nate p]iods ( /ability &      
trans=mation4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( mutability  
occurs1 unexpect$ =ms spr+ =? 9 a great 
numb] ( diff]5t directions4#bh--,we w n 
attempt to take sides betwe5 ?is        
hypo!sis & t ( ins5sible v>iations4     
,inde$1 p]haps bo? are p>tly true4 ,we  
wi% m]ely to po9t out t if ! v>iations  
invok$ are accid5tal1 !y d n1 :e!r small
 or great1 acc\nt = a simil>ity (       
/ructure su* z we h cit$4  ,let u       
assume1 to beg9 )1 ! ,d>w9ian !ory (    
ins5sible v>iations1 & suppose !        
occurr5ce ( small diff]5ces due to      
*ance1 & cont9ually accumulat+4 ,x mu/ n
 be =gott5 t all ! p>ts ( an organism   
are necess>ily cord9at$4 ,:e!r !        
function be ! effect ( ! organ or its   
cause1 x matt]s little2 "o po9t is      
c]ta9--! organ w be ( no use & w n give 
selection a hold unless x functions4    
,h[ev] ! m9ute /ructure ( ! ret9a may   

develop1 & h[ev] complicat$ x may       
become1 su* progress1 in/ead ( favor+   
vision1 w probably h9d] x if ! visual   
c5tres d n develop at ! same "t1 z well 
z sev]al p>ts ( ! visual organ itself4  
,if ! v>iations are accid5tal1 h[ c !y  
ev] agree to arise 9 e "p ( ! organ at !
 same "t1 9 su* way t ! organ w cont9ue 
to p]=m its function8 ,d>w9 q und]/ood  
?is2 x is "o ( ! reasons :y he reg>d$   
v>iation z ins5sible4#bi ,= a diff]5ce  
:i* arises accid5tally at "o po9t ( !   
visual app>atus1 if x be v slight1 w n  
h9d] ! function+ ( ! organ2 & h5ce ?is  
fir/ accid5tal v>iation c1 9 a s5se1    
wait = complem5t>y v>iations to         
accumulate & raise vision to a high]    
degree ( p]fection4 ,grant$2 b :ile !   
ins5sible v>iation does n h9d] !        
function+ ( ! eye1 nei!r does x help x1 
s long z ! v>iations t are complem5t>y d
 n occur4 ,h[1 9 t case1 c ! v>iation be
 reta9$ by natural selection8 ,unwitt+ly
 "o w reason z if ! slight v>iation 7 a 
too?+ /one set up by ! organism & res]v$

 = a lat] con/ruction4 ,?is hypo!sis1 s 
little con=mable to ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple1
 is difficult en\gh to avoid ev5 9 !    
case ( an organ :i* has be5 develop$    
along "o s+le ma9 l9e ( evolution1 e4g4 
! v]tebrate eye4 ,b x is absolutely =c$ 
^u u :5 we obs]ve ! lik5ess ( /ructure (
 ! v]tebrate eye & t ( ! molluscs4 ,h[  
c\ld ! same small v>iations1            
incalculable 9 numb]1 h ev] occurr$ 9 ! 
same ord] on two indep5d5t l9es (       
evolution1 if !y 7 purely accid5tal8 ,& 
h[ c\ld !y h be5 pres]v$ by selection & 
accumulat$ 9 bo? cases1 ! same 9 ! same 
ord]1 :5 ea* ( !m1 tak5 sep>ately1 0 (  
no use8  ,let u turn1 !n1 to ! hypo!sis 
( sudd5 v>iations1 & see :e!r x w solve 
! problem4 ,x c]ta9ly less5s !          
difficulty on "o po9t1 b x makes x mu*  
worse on ano!r4 ,if ! eye ( ! mollusc & 
t ( ! v]tebrate h bo? be5 rais$ to _!   
pres5t =m by a relatively small numb] ( 
sudd5 leaps1 ,i h less difficulty 9     
und]/&+ ! resemblance ( ! two organs ?an
 if ?is resemblance 7 due to an         

incalculable numb] ( inf9itesimal       
resemblances acquir$ successively3 9 bo?
 cases x is *ance t op]ates1 b 9 !      
second case *ance is n requir$ to "w !  
miracle x w\ld h to p]=m 9 ! fir/4 ,n   
only is ! numb] ( resemblances to be    
add$ some:at r$uc$1 b ,i c also und]/&  
bett] h[ ea* c\ld be pres]v$ & add$ to !
 o!rs2 = ! elem5t>y v>iation is n[      
consid]able en\gh to be an advantage to 
! liv+ be+1 & s to l5d itself to ! play 
( selection4 ,b "h !re arises ano!r     
problem1 no less =midable1 viz41 h[ d   
all ! p>ts ( ! visual app>atus1 sudd5ly 
*ang$1 rema9 s well cord9at$ t ! eye    
cont9ues to ex]cise its function8 ,= !  
*ange ( "o "p alone w make vision       
impossible1 unless ?is *ange is         
absolutely inf9itesimal4 ,! p>ts mu/ !n 
all *ange at once1 ea* consult+ ! o!rs4 
,i agree t a great numb] ( uncord9at$   
v>iations may inde$ h aris5 9 less      
=tunate individuals1 t natural selection
 may h elim9at$ ^!1 & t only !          
comb9ation fit to endure1 capable (     

pres]v+ & improv+ vision1 has surviv$4  
,/ill1 ?is comb9ation _h to be produc$4 
,&1 suppos+ *ance to h grant$ ?is favor 
once1 c we admit t x repeats ! self-same
 favor 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( a species1
 s z to give rise1 e "t1 all at once1 to
 new complications m>vel\sly regulat$ ) 
ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 & s relat$ to =m]   
complications z to g fur!r on 9 ! same  
direction8 ,h[1 especially1 c we suppose
 t by a s]ies ( m]e accid5ts ^! sudd5   
v>iations occur1 ! same1 9 ! same       
ord]1--involv+ 9 ea* case a p]fect      
h>mony ( elem5ts m & m num]\s &         
complex--along two indep5d5t l9es (     
evolution8  ,! law ( correlation w be   
invok$1 ( c\rse2 ,d>w9 himself appeal$  
to x4#cj ,x w be alleg$ t a *ange is n  
localiz$ 9 a s+le po9t ( ! organism1 b  
has its necess>y recoil on o!r po9ts4 ,!
 examples cit$ by ,d>w9 rema9 classic3  
:ite cats ) blue eyes are g5]ally deaf2 
hairless dogs h imp]fect d5tition1      
etc4--,grant$2 b let u n play n[ on ! ^w
 correlation4 ,a collective :ole (      

solid>y *anges is "o ?+1 a sy/em (      
complem5t>y *anges--*anges s cord9at$ z 
to keep up & ev5 improve ! function+ (  
an organ "u m complicat$ conditions--is 
ano!r4 ,t an anomaly ( ! pil\s sy/em    
%\ld be accompani$ by an anomaly (      
d5tition is q conceivable )\t our hav+  
to call = a special pr9ciple (          
explanation2 = hair & tee? are simil>   
=mations1#ca & ! same *emical *ange ( ! 
g]m t h9d]s ! =mation ( hair w\ld       
probably ob/ruct t ( tee?3 x may be = ! 
same sort ( reason t :ite cats ) blue   
eyes are deaf4 ,9 ^! diff]5t examples ! 
correlative *anges are only solid>y     
*anges 7n to m5tion ! fact t !y are     
really lesions1 namely1 dim9utions or   
suppressions1 & n additions1 :i* makes a
 great diff]5ce74 ,b :5 we speak (      
correlative *anges occurr+ sudd5ly 9 !  
diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye1 we use ! ^w 9 an  
entirely new s5se3 ?is "t !re is a :ole 
set ( *anges n only simultane\s1 n only 
b\nd toge!r by community ( orig91 b s   
cord9at$ t ! organ keeps on p]=m+ ! same

 simple function1 & ev5 p]=ms x bett]4  
,t a *ange 9 ! g]m1 :i* influ5ces !     
=mation ( ! ret9a1 may affect at ! same 
"t also ! =mation ( ! cornea1 ! iris1 ! 
l5s1 ! visual c5tres1 etc41 ,i admit1 if
 necess>y1 al?\gh !y are =mations t     
diff] mu* m f "o ano!r 9 _! orig9al     
nature ?an d probably hair & tee?4 ,b t 
all ^! simultane\s *anges %\ld occur 9  
su* a way z to improve or ev5 m]ely     
ma9ta9 vision1 ?is is :at1 9 ! hypo!sis 
( sudd5 v>iation1 ,i _c admit1 unless a 
my/]i\s pr9ciple is to come 91 ^: duty x
 is to wat* ov] ! int]e/ ( ! function4  
,b ?is w\ld be to give up ! idea (      
accid5tal v>iation4 ,9 reality1 ^! two  
s5ses ( ! ^w correlation are (t5        
int]*ang$ 9 ! m9d ( ! biologi/1 j l !   
two s5ses ( ! ^w adaptation4 ,& !       
confusion is almo/ legitimate 9 botany1 
t sci5ce 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! =mation (     
species by sudd5 v>iation re/s on !     
firme/ exp]im5tal basis4 ,9 vegetables1 
function is f> less n>r[ly b\nd to =m   
?an 9 animals4 ,ev5 pr(\nd morphological

 diff]5ces1 su* z a *ange 9 ! =m (      
leaves1 h no appreciable influ5ce on !  
ex]cise ( function1 & s d n require a   
:ole sy/em ( complem5t>y *anges = !     
plant to rema9 fit to survive4 ,b x is n
 s 9 ! animal1 especially 9 ! case ( an 
organ l ! eye1 a v complex /ructure & v 
delicate function4 ,"h x is impossible  
to id5tify *anges t are simply solid>y )
 *anges :i* are also complem5t>y4 ,! two
 s5ses ( ! ^w correlation mu/ be        
c>efully di/+ui%$2 x w\ld be a d[nright 
p>alogism to adopt "o ( !m 9 ! premisses
 ( ! reason+1 & ! o!r 9 ! conclusion4 ,&
 ?is is j :at is done :5 ! pr9ciple (   
correlation is invok$ 9 explanations (  
detail 9 ord] to acc\nt = complem5t>y   
v>iations1 & !n correlation 9 g5]al is  
spok5 ( z if x 7 any gr\p ( v>iations   
provok$ by any v>iation ( ! g]m4 ,?us1 !
 notion ( correlation is fir/ us$ 9     
curr5t sci5ce z x might be us$ by an    
advocate ( f9ality2 x is und]/ood t ?is 
is only a conv5i5t way ( express+       
oneself1 t "o w correct x & fall back on

 pure me*anism :5 expla9+ ! nature ( !  
pr9ciples & turn+ f sci5ce to           
philosophy4 ,& "o does !n come back to  
pure me*anism1 b only by giv+ a new     
mean+ to ! ^w correlation--a mean+ :i*  
w\ld n[ make correlation inapplicable to
 ! detail x is call$ ^u to expla94  ,to 
sum up1 if ! accid5tal v>iations t br+  
ab\t evolution are ins5sible v>iations1 
"s good g5ius mu/ be appeal$ to--! g5ius
 ( ! future species--9 ord] to pres]ve &
 accumulate ^! v>iations1 = selection w 
n look aft] ?is4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !    
accid5tal v>iations are sudd51 !n1 = !  
previ\s function to g on or = a new     
function to take its place1 all ! *anges
 t h happ5$ toge!r mu/ be complem5t>y4  
,s we h to fall back on ! good g5ius    
aga91 ?is "t to obta9 ! conv]g5ce (     
simultane\s *anges1 z be=e to be assur$ 
( ! cont9uity ( direction ( successive  
v>iations4 ,b 9 nei!r case c p>allel    
developm5t ( ! same complex /ructures on
 indep5d5t l9es ( evolution be due to a 
m]e accumulation ( accid5tal v>iations4 

,s we come to ! second ( ! two great    
hypo!ses we h to exam9e4 ,suppose !     
v>iations are due1 n to accid5tal & inn]
 causes1 b to ! direct influ5ce ( out]  
circum/ances4 ,let u see :at l9e we %\ld
 h to take1 on ?is hypo!sis1 to acc\nt =
 ! resemblance ( eye-/ructure 9 two     
s]ies t are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r f !     
phylog5etic po9t ( view4  ,?\gh molluscs
 & v]tebrates h evolv$ sep>ately1 bo? h 
rema9$ expos$ to ! influ5ce ( light4 ,& 
light is a physical cause br++ =? c]ta9 
def9ite effects4 ,act+ 9 a cont9u\s way1
 x has be5 able to produce a cont9u\s   
v>iation 9 a con/ant direction4 ,( c\rse
 x is unlikely t ! eye ( ! v]tebrate & t
 ( ! mollusc h be5 built up by a s]ies (
 v>iations due to simple *ance4 ,admitt+
 ev5 t light ent]s into ! case z an     
in/rum5t ( selection1 9 ord] to all[    
only useful v>iations to p]si/1 !re is  
no possibility t ! play ( *ance1 ev5 ?us
 sup]vis$ f )\t1 %\ld br+ ab\t 9 bo?    
cases ! same juxtaposition ( elem5ts    
cord9at$ 9 ! same way4 ,b x w\ld be     

diff]5t suppos+ t light act$ directly on
 ! organiz$ matt] s z to *ange its      
/ructure & someh[ adapt ?is /ructure to 
its own =m4 ,! resemblance ( ! two      
effects w\ld !n be expla9$ by ! id5tity 
( ! cause4 ,! m & m complex eye w\ld be 
some?+ l ! deep] & deep] impr9t ( light 
on a matt] :i*1 be+ organiz$1 possesses 
a special aptitude = receiv+ x4  ,b c an
 organic /ructure be lik5$ to an impr9t8
 ,we h already call$ att5tion to !      
ambiguity ( ! t]m adaptation4 ,! gradual
 complication ( a =m :i* is be+ bett] & 
bett] adapt$ to ! mold ( outw>d         
circum/ances is "o ?+1 ! increas+ly     
complex /ructure ( an in/rum5t :i*      
d]ives m & m advantage f ^! circum/ances
 is ano!r4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! matt] m]ely 
receives an impr9t2 9 ! second1 x reacts
 positively1 x solves a problem4        
,obvi\sly x is ?is second s5se ( ! ^w   
adapt t is us$ :5 "o says t ! eye has   
become bett] & bett] adapt$ to !        
influ5ce ( light4 ,b "o passes m or less
 unconsci\sly f ?is s5se to ! o!r1 & a  

purely me*ani/ic biology w /rive to make
 ! passive adaptation ( an in]t matt]1  
:i* submits to ! influ5ce ( its         
environm5t1 mean ! same z ! active      
adaptation ( an organism :i* d]ives f   
?is influ5ce an advantage x c           
appropriate4 ,x mu/ be own$1 inde$1 t   
,nature h]self appe>s to invite our m9d 
to confuse ^! two k9ds ( adaptation1 =  
%e usually beg9s by a passive adaptation
 :]e1 lat] on1 %e w build up a me*anism 
= active response4 ,?us1 9 ! case be=e  
u1 x is unque/ionable t ! fir/ rudim5t (
 ! eye is f\nd 9 ! pigm5t-spot ( ! l[]  
organisms2 ?is spot may inde$ h be5     
produc$ physically1 by ! m]e action (   
light1 & !re are a great numb] (        
int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! simple spot (      
pigm5t & a complicat$ eye l t ( !       
v]tebrates4--,b1 f ! fact t we pass f "o
 ?+ to ano!r by degrees1 x does n foll[ 
t ! two ?+s are ( ! same nature4 ,f !   
fact t an orator falls 91 at fir/1 ) !  
passions ( 8 audi5ce 9 ord] to make     
himself ma/] ( !m1 x w n be conclud$ t  

to foll[ is ! same z to lead4 ,n[1 liv+ 
matt] seems to h no o!r means ( turn+   
circum/ances to good acc\nt ?an by      
adapt+ itself to !m passively at !      
outset4 ,:]e x has to direct a movem5t1 
x beg9s by adopt+ x4 ,life proce$s by   
ins9uation4 ,! int]m$iate degrees betwe5
 a pigm5t-spot & an eye are no?+ to !   
po9t3 h[ev] num]\s ! degrees1 !re w /ill
 be ! same int]val betwe5 ! pigm5t-spot 
& ! eye z betwe5 a photograph & a       
photographic app>atus4 ,c]ta9ly !       
photograph has be5 gradually turn$ into 
a photographic app>atus2 b c\ld light   
alone1 a physical =ce1 ev] h provok$ ?is
 *ange1 & conv]t$ an impression left by 
x into a ma*9e capable ( us+ x8  ,x may 
be claim$ t consid]ations ( utility are 
out ( place "h2 t ! eye is n made to    
see1 b t we see because we h eyes2 t !  
organ is :at x is1 & utility is a ^w by 
:i* we designate ! functional effects ( 
! /ructure4 ,b :5 ,i say t ! eye makes  
use ( light1 ,i d n m]ely mean t ! eye  
is capable ( see+2 ,i allude to ! v     

precise relations t exi/ betwe5 ?is     
organ & ! app>atus ( locomotion4 ,!     
ret9a ( v]tebrates is prolong$ 9 an     
optic n]ve1 :i*1 aga91 is cont9u$ by    
c]ebral c5tres connect$ ) motor         
me*anisms4 ,our eye makes use ( light 9 
t x enables u to utilize1 by movem5ts ( 
reaction1 ! objects t we see to be      
advantage\s1 & to avoid ^? :i* we see to
 be injuri\s4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 z light may 
h produc$ a pigm5t-spot by physical     
means1 s x c physically det]m9e !       
movem5ts ( c]ta9 organisms2 ciliat$     
,infusoria1 = in/ance1 react to light4  
,b no "o w\ld hold t ! influ5ce ( light 
has physically caus$ ! =mation ( a n]v\s
 sy/em1 ( a muscul> sy/em1 ( an osse\s  
sy/em1 all ?+s :i* are cont9u\s ) !     
app>atus ( vision 9 v]tebrate animals4  
,! tru? is1 :5 "o speaks ( ! gradual    
=mation ( ! eye1 &1 /ill m1 :5 "o takes 
into acc\nt all t is insep>ably connect$
 ) x1 "o br+s 9 some?+ entirely diff]5t 
f ! direct action ( light4 ,"o          
implicitly attributes to organiz$ matt] 

a c]ta9 capacity sui g5]is1 ! my/]i\s   
p[] ( build+ up v complicat$ ma*9es to  
utilize ! simple excitation t x         
und]goes4  ,b ?is is j :at is claim$ to 
be unnecess>y4 ,physics & *emi/ry are   
said to give u ! key to ev]y?+4 ,eim]'s 
great "w is in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,x
 is well kn[n :at p]sev]+ ef=t ?is      
biologi/ has devot$ to demon/rat+ t     
trans=mation is br\ght ab\t by !        
influ5ce ( ! ext]nal on ! int]nal1      
cont9u\sly ex]t$ 9 ! same direction1 &  
n1 z ,d>w9 held1 by accid5tal v>iations4
 ,8 !ory re/s on obs]vations ( ! highe/ 
int]e/1 ( :i* ! />t+-po9t 0 ! /udy ( !  
c\rse foll[$ by ! color v>iation ( ! sk9
 9 c]ta9 liz>ds4 ,be=e ?is1 ! already   
old exp]im5ts ( ,dorfmei/] _h %[n t !   
same *rysalis1 accord+ z x 0 submitt$ to
 cold or heat1 gave rise to v diff]5t   
butt]flies1 :i* _h long be5 reg>d$ z    
indep5d5t species1 ,vanessa levana &    
,vanessa prorsa3 an int]m$iate          
temp]ature produces an int]m$iate =m4   
,we might class ) ^! facts ! important  

trans=mations obs]v$ 9 a little         
cru/acean1 ,artemia sal9a1 :5 ! salt ( !
 wat] x lives 9 is increas$ or          
dim9i%$4#cb ,9 ^! v>i\s exp]im5ts !     
ext]nal ag5t seems to act z a cause (   
trans=mation4 ,b :at does ! ^w cause    
mean "h8 ,)\t und]tak+ an exhau/ive     
analysis ( ! idea ( causality1 we w     
m]ely rem>k t ?ree v diff]5t mean+s (   
?is t]m are commonly confus$4 ,a cause  
may act by impell+1 releas+1 or unw9d+4 
,! billi>d-ball1 t /rikes ano!r1        
det]m9es its movem5t by impell+4 ,! sp>k
 t explodes ! p[d] acts by releas+4 ,!  
gradual relax+ ( ! spr+1 t makes !      
phonograph turn1 unw9ds ! melody        
inscrib$ on ! cyl9d]3 if ! melody :i* is
 play$ be ! effect1 & ! relax+ ( ! spr+ 
! cause1 we mu/ say t ! cause acts by   
unw9d+4 ,:at di/+ui%es ^! ?ree cases f  
ea* o!r is ! great] or less solid>ity   
betwe5 ! cause & ! effect4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! 
quantity & quality ( ! effect v>y ) !   
quantity & quality ( ! cause4 ,9 !      
second1 nei!r quality nor quantity ( !  

effect v>ies ) quality & quantity ( !   
cause3 ! effect is inv>iable4 ,9 ! ?ird1
 ! quantity ( ! effect dep5ds on !      
quantity ( ! cause1 b ! cause does n    
influ5ce ! quality ( ! effect3 ! long] !
 cyl9d] turns by ! action ( ! spr+1 ! m 
( ! melody ,i %all he>1 b ! nature ( !  
melody1 or ( ! "p he>d1 does n dep5d on 
! action ( ! spr+4 ,only 9 ! fir/ case1 
really1 does cause expla9 effect2 9 !   
o!rs ! effect is m or less giv5 9       
advance1 & ! antec$5t invok$ is--9      
diff]5t degrees1 ( c\rse--its occasion r
 ?an its cause4 ,n[1 9 say+ t ! saltness
 ( ! wat] is ! cause ( ! trans=mations (
 ,artemia1 or t ! degree ( temp]ature   
det]m9es ! color & m>ks ( ! w+s :i* a   
c]ta9 *rysalis w assume on becom+ a     
butt]fly1 is ! ^w cause us$ 9 ! fir/    
s5se8 ,obvi\sly n3 causality has "h an  
int]m$i>y s5se betwe5 ^? ( unw9d+ &     
releas+4 ,su*1 inde$1 seems to be       
,eim]'s own mean+ :5 he speaks ( !      
kaleidoscopic "* ( ! v>iation1#cc or :5 
he says t ! v>iation ( organiz$ matt]   

works 9 a def9ite way1 j z inorganic    
matt] cry/allizes 9 def9ite             
directions4#cd ,& x may be grant$1      
p]haps1 t ! process is a m]ely physical 
& *emical "o 9 ! case ( ! color-*anges (
 ! sk94 ,b if ?is sort ( explanation is 
ext5d$ to ! case ( ! gradual =mation ( !
 eye ( ! v]tebrate1 = in/ance1 x mu/ be 
suppos$ t ! physico-*emi/ry ( liv+      
bodies is su* t ! influ5ce ( light has  
caus$ ! organism to con/ruct a          
progressive s]ies ( visual app>atus1 all
 extremely complex1 yet all capable (   
see+1 & ( see+ bett] & bett]4#ce ,:at m 
c\ld ! mo/ confirm$ f9ali/ say1 9 ord]  
to m>k out s exceptional a              
physico-*emi/ry8 ,& w n ! position ( a  
me*ani/ic philosophy become /ill m      
difficult1 :5 x is po9t$ out to x t !   
egg ( a mollusc _c h ! same *emical     
composition z t ( a v]tebrate1 t !      
organic sub/ance :i* evolv$ t[>d ! fir/ 
( ^! two =ms c\ld n h be5 *emically     
id5tical ) t ( ! sub/ance :i* w5t 9 !   
o!r direction1 & t1 nev]!less1 "u !     

influ5ce ( light1 ! same organ has be5  
con/ruct$ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r8  ,! m  
we reflect ^u x1 ! m we %all see t ?is  
production ( ! same effect by two       
diff]5t accumulations ( an enorm\s numb]
 ( small causes is contr>y to !         
pr9ciples ( me*ani/ic philosophy4 ,we h 
conc5trat$ ! full =ce ( our discussion  
^u an example drawn f phylog5esis4 ,b   
ontog5esis w\ld h furni%$ u ) facts no  
less cog5t4 ,e mom5t1 "r be=e our eyes1 
nature arrives at id5tical results1 9   
sometimes neighbor+ species1 by entirely
 diff]5t embryog5ic processes4          
,obs]vations ( het]obla/ia h multipli$ 9
 late ye>s1#cf & x has be5 necess>y to  
reject ! almo/ classical !ory ( !       
specificity ( embryonic gills4 ,/ill    
keep+ to our comp>ison betwe5 ! eye (   
v]tebrates & t ( molluscs1 we may po9t  
out t ! ret9a ( ! v]tebrate is produc$  
by an expansion 9 ! rudim5t>y bra9 ( !  
"y embryo4 ,x is a regul> n]v\s c5tre   
:i* has mov$ t[>d ! p]iph]y4 ,9 !       
mollusc1 on ! contr>y1 ! ret9a is d]iv$ 

f ! ectod]m directly1 & n indirectly by 
means ( ! embryonic encephalon4 ,q      
diff]5t1 !re=e1 are ! evolution>y       
processes :i* lead1 9 man & 9 ! ,pect51 
to ! developm5t ( a l ret9a4 ,b1 )\t go+
 s f> z to comp>e two organisms s di/ant
 f ea* o!r1 we might rea* ! same        
conclusion simply by look+ at c]ta9 v   
curi\s facts ( reg5]ation 9 "o & ! same 
organism4 ,if ! cry/all9e l5s ( a       
,triton be remov$1 x is reg5]at$ by !   
iris4#cg ,n[1 ! orig9al l5s 0 built out 
( ! ectod]m1 :ile ! iris is ( mesod]mic 
orig94 ,:at is m1 9 ! ,salam&ra         
maculata1 if ! l5s be remov$ & ! iris   
left1 ! reg5]ation ( ! l5s takes place  
at ! upp] "p ( ! iris2 b if ?is upp] "p 
( ! iris itself be tak5 away1 !         
reg5]ation takes place 9 ! inn] or      
ret9al lay] ( ! rema9+ region4#ch ,?us1 
p>ts diff]5tly situat$1 diff]5tly       
con/itut$1 meant normally = diff]5t     
functions1 are capable ( p]=m+ ! same   
duties & ev5 ( manufactur+1 :5 necess>y1
 ! same pieces ( ! ma*9e4 ,"h we h1     

inde$1 ! same effect obta9$ by diff]5t  
comb9ations ( causes4  ,:e!r we w or no1
 we mu/ appeal to "s inn] direct+       
pr9ciple 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is         
conv]g5ce ( effects4 ,su* conv]g5ce does
 n appe> possible 9 ! ,d>w9ian1 &       
especially ! neo-,d>w9ian1 !ory (       
ins5sible accid5tal v>iations1 nor 9 !  
hypo!sis ( sudd5 accid5tal v>iations1   
nor ev5 9 ! !ory t assigns def9ite      
directions to ! evolution ( ! v>i\s     
organs by a k9d ( me*anical composition 
( ! ext]nal ) ! int]nal =ces4 ,s we come
 to ! only "o ( ! pres5t =ms ( evolution
 :i* rema9s = u to m5tion1 viz41        
neo-,lam>ckism4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,x is well kn[n t 
,lam>ck attribut$ to ! liv+ be+ ! p[] ( 
v>y+ by use or disuse ( its organs1 &   
also ( pass+ on ! v>iation s acquir$ to 
its desc5dants4 ,a c]ta9 numb] (        
biologi/s hold a doctr9e ( ?is k9d      
to-day4 ,! v>iation t results 9 a new   
species is n1 !y believe1 m]ely an      
accid5tal v>iation inh]5t 9 ! g]m       

itself1 nor is x gov]n$ by a det]m9ism  
sui g5]is :i* develops def9ite *>act]s 9
 a def9ite direction1 ap>t f e          
consid]ation ( utility4 ,x spr+s f ! v  
ef=t ( ! liv+ be+ to adapt itself to !  
circum/ances ( its exi/5ce4 ,! ef=t may 
inde$ be only ! me*anical ex]cise (     
c]ta9 organs1 me*anically elicit$ by !  
pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,b x   
may also imply consci\sness & w1 & x is 
9 ?is s5se t x appe>s to be und]/ood by 
"o ( ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( !     
doctr9e1 ! ,am]ican naturali/ ,cope4#ci 
,neo-,lam>ckism is !re=e1 ( all ! lat]  
=ms ( evolutionism1 ! only "o capable ( 
admitt+ an int]nal & psy*ological       
pr9ciple ( developm5t1 al?\gh x is n    
b\nd to d s4 ,& x is also ! only        
evolutionism t seems to u to acc\nt = ! 
build+ up ( id5tical complex organs on  
indep5d5t l9es ( developm5t4 ,= x is q  
conceivable t ! same ef=t to turn ! same
 circum/ances to good acc\nt might h !  
same result1 especially if ! problem put
 by ! circum/ances is su* z to admit (  

only "o solution4 ,b ! "q rema9s1 :e!r !
 t]m ef=t mu/ n !n be tak5 9 a deep]    
s5se1 a s5se ev5 m psy*ological ?an any 
neo-,lam>ckian supposes4  ,= a m]e      
v>iation ( size is "o ?+1 & a *ange ( =m
 is ano!r4 ,t an organ c be /r5g!n$ &   
gr[ by ex]cise1 nobody w d5y4 ,b x is a 
long way f t to ! progressive developm5t
 ( an eye l t ( ! molluscs & ( !        
v]tebrates4 ,if ?is developm5t be       
ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( light1 long     
cont9u$ b passively receiv$1 we fall    
back on ! !ory we h j criticiz$4 ,if1 on
 ! o!r h&1 an int]nal activity is       
appeal$ to1 !n x mu/ be some?+ q diff]5t
 f :at we usually call an ef=t1 = nev]  
has an ef=t be5 kn[n to produce !       
slighte/ complication ( an organ1 & yet 
an enorm\s numb] ( complications1 all   
admirably cord9at$1 h be5 necess>y to   
pass f ! pigm5t-spot ( ! ,infusorian to 
! eye ( ! v]tebrate4 ,b1 ev5 if we      
accept ?is notion ( ! evolution>y       
process 9 ! case ( animals1 h[ c we     
apply x to plants8 ,"h1 v>iations ( =m d

 n seem to imply1 nor always to lead to1
 functional *anges2 & ev5 if ! cause ( !
 v>iation is ( a psy*ological nature1 we
 c h>dly call x an ef=t1 unless we give 
a v unusual ext5sion to ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 
,! tru? is1 x is necess>y to dig b5ea? !
 ef=t itself & look = a deep] cause4    
,?is is especially necess>y1 we believe1
 if we wi% to get at a cause ( regul>   
h]$it>y v>iations4 ,we are n go+ to ent]
 "h into ! controv]sies ov] !           
transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s2 /ill
 less d we wi% to take too def9ite a    
side on ?is "q1 :i* is n )9 our prov9ce4
 ,b we _c rema9 completely indiff]5t to 
x4 ,n[h]e is x cle>] t philosoph]s c n  
to-day cont5t !mselves ) vague          
g5]alities1 b mu/ foll[ ! sci5ti/s 9    
exp]im5tal detail & discuss ! results ) 
!m4 ,if ,sp5c] _h begun by putt+ to     
himself ! "q ( ! h]$itability ( acquir$ 
*>act]s1 8 evolutionism w\ld no d\bt h  
tak5 an altoge!r diff]5t =m4 ,if 7z     
seems probable to u7 a habit contract$  
by ! individual 7 transmitt$ to its     

desc5dants only 9 v exceptional cases1  
all ! ,sp5c]ian psy*ology w\ld ne$      
remak+1 & a l>ge "p ( ,sp5c]'s          
philosophy w\ld fall to pieces4 ,let u  
say1 !n1 h[ ! problem seems to u to     
pres5t itself1 & 9 :at direction an     
attempt might be made to solve x4  ,aft]
 hav+ be5 affirm$ z a dogma1 !          
transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s has  
be5 no less dogmatically d5i$1 = reasons
 drawn a priori f ! suppos$ nature (    
g]m9al cells4 ,x is well kn[n h[        
,weismann 0 l$1 by 8 hypo!sis ( !       
cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm1 to reg>d !     
g]m9al cells--ova & sp]matozoa--z almo/ 
indep5d5t ( ! somatic cells4 ,/>t+ f    
?is1 x has be5 claim$1 & is /ill claim$ 
by _m1 t ! h]$it>y transmission ( an    
acquir$ "* is inconceivable4 ,b if1     
p]*ance1 exp]im5t %\ld %[ t acquir$     
*>act]s are transmissible1 x w\ld prove 
!reby t ! g]m-plasm is n s indep5d5t ( !
 somatic envelope z has be5 cont5d$1 & !
 transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s w\ld
 become ipso facto conceivable2 :i*     

am\nts to say+ t conceivability &       
inconceivability h no?+ to d ) ! case1 &
 t exp]i5ce alone mu/ settle ! matt]4 ,b
 x is j "h t ! difficulty beg9s4 ,!     
acquir$ *>act]s we are speak+ ( are     
g5]ally habits or ! effects ( habit1 &  
at ! root ( mo/ habits !re is a natural 
disposition4 ,s t "o c always ask :e!r x
 is really ! habit acquir$ by ! soma ( !
 individual t is transmitt$1 or :e!r x  
is n r a natural aptitude1 :i* exi/$    
prior to ! habit4 ,?is aptitude w\ld h  
rema9$ inh]5t 9 ! g]m-plasm :i* !       
individual be>s )9 him1 z x 0 9 !       
individual himself & consequ5tly 9 ! g]m
 :5ce he sprang4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re is
 no pro( t ! mole has become bl9d       
because x has =m$ ! habit ( liv+        
und]gr\nd2 x is p]haps because its eyes 
7 becom+ atrophi$ t x condemn$ itself to
 a life und]gr\nd4#dj ,if ?is is ! case1
 ! t5d5cy to lose ! p[] ( vision has be5
 transmitt$ f g]m to g]m )\t any?+ be+  
acquir$ or lo/ by ! soma ( ! mole       
itself4 ,f ! fact t ! son ( a f5c+-ma/] 

has become a good f5c] mu* m quickly ?an
 8 fa!r1 we _c inf] t ! habit ( ! p>5t  
has be5 transmitt$ to ! *ild2 = c]ta9   
natural dispositions 9 c\rse ( gr[? may 
h pass$ f ! plasma eng5d]+ ! fa!r to !  
plasma eng5d]+ ! son1 may h gr[n on !   
way by ! effect ( ! primitive impetus1 &
 ?us assur$ to ! son a great] suppl5ess 
?an ! fa!r _h1 )\t tr\bl+1 s to speak1  
ab\t :at ! fa!r did4 ,s ( _m examples   
drawn f ! progressive dome/ication (    
animals3 x is h>d to say :e!r x is !    
acquir$ habit t is transmitt$ or only a 
c]ta9 natural t5d5cy--t1 inde$1 :i* has 
caus$ su* & su* a p>ticul> species or   
c]ta9 ( its repres5tatives to be        
specially *os5 = dome/ication4 ,! tru?  
is1 :5 e d\btful case1 e fact op5 to m  
?an "o int]pretation1 has be5 elim9at$1 
!re rema9s h>dly a s+le unque/ionable   
example ( acquir$ & transmitt$          
peculi>ities1 beyond ! fam\s exp]im5ts (
 ,br[n-,squ>d1 repeat$ & confirm$ by o!r
 physiologi/s4#da ,by cutt+ ! sp9al cord
 or ! sciatic n]ve ( gu9ea-pigs1        

,br[n-,squ>d br\ght ab\t an epileptic   
/ate :i* 0 transmitt$ to ! desc5dants4  
,lesions ( ! same sciatic n]ve1 ( !     
re/i=m body1 etc41 provok$ v>i\s tr\bles
 9 ! gu9ea-pig :i* its prog5y inh]it$   
sometimes 9 a q diff]5t =m3 exoph?almia1
 loss ( toes1 etc4 ,b x is n demon/rat$ 
t 9 ^! diff]5t cases ( h]$it>y          
transmission !re _h be5 a real influ5ce 
( ! soma ( ! animal on its g]m-plasm4   
,weismann at once object$ t ! op]ations 
( ,br[n-,squ>d might h introduc$ c]ta9  
special microbes into ! body ( !        
gu9ea-pig1 :i* _h f\nd _! means (       
nutrition 9 ! n]v\s tissues & transmitt$
 ! malady by p5etrat+ into ! sexual     
elem5ts4#db ,?is objection has be5      
answ]$ by ,br[n-,squ>d himself2#dc b a m
 plausible "o might be rais$4 ,"s       
exp]im5ts ( ,vois9 & ,p]on h %[n t fits 
( epilepsy are foll[$ by ! elim9ation ( 
a toxic body :i*1 :5 inject$ into       
animals1#dd is capable ( produc+        
convulsive symptoms4 ,p]haps ! trophic  
disord]s foll[+ ! n]ve lesions made by  

,br[n-,squ>d correspond to ! =mation (  
precisely ?is convulsion-caus+ poison4  
,if s1 ! tox9 pass$ f ! gu9ea-pig to its
 sp]matozoon or ovum1 & caus$ 9 !       
developm5t ( ! embryo a g5]al           
di/urbance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h no visible   
effects except at "o po9t or ano!r ( !  
organism :5 develop$4 ,9 t case1 :at    
occurr$ w\ld h be5 some:at ! same z 9 ! 
exp]im5ts ( ,*>r91 ,delam>e1 & ,m\ssu1  
:]e gu9ea-pigs 9 ge/ation1 ^: liv] or   
kidney 0 injur$1 transmitt$ ! lesion to 
_! prog5y1 simply because ! injury to ! 
"m's organ _h giv5 rise to specific     
cytotox9s :i* act$ on ! correspond+     
organ ( ! foetus4#de ,x is true t1 9 ^! 
exp]im5ts1 z 9 a =m] obs]vation ( ! same
 physiologi/s1#df x 0 ! already =m$     
foetus t 0 influ5c$ by ! tox9s4 ,b o!r  
rese>*es ( ,*>r9 h result$ 9 %[+ t !    
same effect may be produc$1 by an       
analog\s process1 on ! sp]matozoa & !   
ova4#dg ,to conclude1 !n3 ! inh]itance (
 an acquir$ peculi>ity 9 ! exp]im5ts (  
,br[n-,squ>d c be expla9$ by ! effect ( 

a tox9 on ! g]m4 ,! lesion1 h[ev] well  
localiz$ x seems1 is transmitt$ by !    
same process z1 = in/ance1 ! ta9t (     
alcoholism4 ,b may x n be ! same 9 !    
case ( e acquir$ peculi>ity t has become
 h]$it>y8  ,!re is1 inde$1 "o po9t on   
:i* bo? ^? :o affirm & ^? :o d5y !      
transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s are  
agre$1 namely1 t c]ta9 influ5ces1 su* z 
t ( alcohol1 c affect at ! same "t bo? !
 liv+ be+ & ! g]m-plasm x conta9s4 ,9   
su* case1 !re is inh]itance ( a defect1 
& ! result is z if ! soma ( ! p>5t _h   
act$ on ! g]m-plasm1 al?\gh 9 reality   
soma & plasma h simply bo? suff]$ !     
action ( ! same cause4 ,n[1 suppose t ! 
soma c influ5ce ! g]m-plasm1 z ^?       
believe :o hold t acquir$ *>act]s are   
transmissible4 ,is n ! mo/ natural      
hypo!sis to suppose t ?+s happ5 9 ?is   
second case z 9 ! fir/1 & t ! direct    
effect ( ! influ5ce ( ! soma is a g5]al 
alt]ation ( ! g]m-plasm8 ,if ?is is !   
case1 x is by exception1 & 9 "s sort by 
accid5t1 t ! modification ( ! desc5dant 

is ! same z t ( ! p>5t4 ,x is l !       
h]$itability ( ! alcoholic ta9t3 x      
passes f fa!r to *ildr51 b x may take a 
diff]5t =m 9 ea* *ild1 & 9 none ( !m be 
l :at x 0 9 ! fa!r4 ,let ! lett] ,c     
repres5t ! *ange 9 ! plasm1 ,c be+ ei!r 
positive or negative1 t is to say1 %[+  
ei!r ! ga9 or loss ( c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,!
 effect w n be an exact reproduction ( !
 cause1 nor w ! *ange 9 ! g]m-plasm1    
provok$ by a c]ta9 modification ( a     
c]ta9 "p ( ! soma1 det]m9e a simil>     
modification ( ! correspond+ "p ( ! new 
organism 9 process ( =mation1 unless all
 ! o!r nasc5t p>ts ( ?is organism enjoy 
a k9d ( immunity z reg>ds ,c3 ! same "p 
w !n und]go alt]ation 9 ! new organism1 
because x happ5s t ! developm5t ( ?is "p
 is alone subject to ! new influ5ce4 ,&1
 ev5 !n1 ! "p might be alt]$ 9 an       
entirely diff]5t way f t 9 :i* !        
correspond+ "p 0 alt]$ 9 ! g5]at+       
organism4  ,we %\ld propose1 !n1 to     
introduce a di/9ction betwe5 !          
h]$itability ( deviation & t ( "*4 ,an  

individual :i* acquires a new "* !reby  
deviates f ! =m x previ\sly _h1 :i* =m !
 g]ms1 or (t5] ! half-g]ms1 x conta9s   
w\ld h reproduc$ 9 _! developm5t4 ,if   
?is modification does n involve !       
production ( sub/ances capable ( *ang+ !
 g]m-plasm1 or does n s affect nutrition
 z to deprive ! g]m-plasm ( c]ta9 ( its 
elem5ts1 x w h no effect on ! (fspr+ ( !
 individual4 ,?is is probably ! case z a
 rule4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x has "s      
effect1 ?is is likely to be due to a    
*emical *ange :i* x has induc$ 9 !      
g]m-plasm4 ,?is *emical *ange might1 by 
exception1 br+ ab\t ! orig9al           
modification aga9 9 ! organism :i* ! g]m
 is ab\t to develop1 b !re are z _m & m 
*ances t x w d some?+ else4 ,9 ?is latt]
 case1 ! g5]at$ organism w p]haps       
deviate f ! normal type z mu* z ! g5]at+
 organism1 b x w d s diff]5tly4 ,x w h  
inh]it$ deviation & n "*4 ,9 g5]al1     
!re=e1 ! habits =m$ by an individual h  
probably no e*o 9 its (fspr+2 & :5 !y h1
 ! modification 9 ! desc5dants may h no 

visible lik5ess to ! orig9al "o4 ,su*1  
at lea/1 is ! hypo!sis :i* seems to u   
mo/ likely4 ,9 any case1 9 default (    
pro( to ! contr>y1 & s long z ! decisive
 exp]im5ts call$ = by an em95t          
biologi/#dh h n be5 made1 we mu/ keep to
 ! actual results ( obs]vation4 ,n[1 ev5
 if we take ! mo/ favorable view ( !    
!ory ( ! transmissibility ( acquir$     
*>act]s1 & assume t ! o/5sible acquir$  
"* is n1 9 mo/ cases1 ! m or less t>dy  
developm5t ( an innate "*1 facts %[ u t 
h]$it>y transmission is ! exception & n 
! rule4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we expect x to    
develop an organ su* z ! eye8 ,:5 we ?9k
 ( ! enorm\s numb] ( v>iations1 all 9 ! 
same direction1 t we mu/ suppose to be  
accumulat$ be=e ! passage f !           
pigm5t-spot ( ! ,infusorian to ! eye ( !
 mollusc & ( ! v]tebrate is possible1 we
 d n see h[ h]$ity1 z we obs]ve x1 c\ld 
ev] h det]m9$ ?is pil+-up ( diff]5ces1  
ev5 suppos+ t individual ef=ts c\ld h   
produc$ ea* ( !m s+ly4 ,t is to say t   
neo-,lam>ckism is no m able ?an any o!r 

=m ( evolutionism to solve ! problem4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ?us submitt+ ! v>i\s pres5t =ms (    
evolutionism to a common te/1 9 %[+ t !y
 all /rike aga9/ ! same insurm\ntable   
difficulty1 we h 9 no wise ! int5tion ( 
reject+ !m altoge!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* 
( !m1 be+ support$ by a consid]able     
numb] ( facts1 mu/ be true 9 its way4   
,ea* ( !m mu/ correspond to a c]ta9     
aspect ( ! process ( evolution4 ,p]haps 
ev5 x is necess>y t a !ory %\ld re/rict 
itself exclusively to a p>ticul> po9t ( 
view1 9 ord] to rema9 sci5tific1 i4e4 to
 give a precise direction to rese>*es   
into detail4 ,b ! reality ( :i* ea* ( ^!
 !ories takes a p>tial view mu/ transc5d
 !m all4 ,& ?is reality is ! special    
object ( philosophy1 :i* is n con/ra9$  
to sci5tific precision because x        
contemplates no practical application4  
,let u !re=e indicate 9 a ^w or two !   
positive contribution t ea* ( ! ?ree    
pres5t =ms ( evolutionism seems to u to 
make t[>d ! solution ( ! problem1 :at   

ea* ( !m leaves out1 & on :at po9t ?is  
?reefold ef=t %\ld1 9 our op9ion1       
conv]ge 9 ord] to obta9 a m             
compreh5sive1 al?\gh !reby ( necessity a
 less def9ite1 idea ( ! evolution>y     
process4  ,! neo-,d>w9ians are probably 
"r1 we believe1 :5 !y tea* t ! ess5tial 
causes ( v>iation are ! diff]5ces inh]5t
 9 ! g]m borne by ! individual1 & n !   
exp]i5ces or behavior ( ! individual 9 !
 c\rse ( 8 c>e]4 ,:]e we fail to foll[  
^! biologi/s1 is 9 reg>d+ ! diff]5ces   
inh]5t 9 ! g]m z purely accid5tal &     
individual4 ,we _c help believ+ t ^!    
diff]5ces are ! developm5t ( an         
impulsion :i* passes f g]m to g]m across
 ! individuals1 t !y are !re=e n pure   
accid5ts1 & t !y might well appe> at !  
same "t1 9 ! same =m1 9 all !           
repres5tatives ( ! same species1 or at  
lea/ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( !m4 ,already1 9  
fact1 ! !ory ( mutations is modify+     
,d>w9ism pr(\ndly on ?is po9t4 ,x ass]ts
 t at a giv5 mom5t1 aft] a long p]iod1 !
 entire species is beset ) a t5d5cy to  

*ange4 ,! t5d5cy to *ange1 !re=e1 is n  
accid5tal4 ,true1 ! *ange itself w\ld be
 accid5tal1 s9ce ! mutation works1      
accord+ to ,de ,vries1 9 diff]5t        
directions 9 ! diff]5t repres5tatives ( 
! species4 ,b1 fir/ we mu/ see if ! !ory
 is confirm$ by _m o!r vegetable species
 7,de ,vries has v]ifi$ x only by !     
,o,enothera ,lam>ckiana71#di & !n !re is
 ! possibility1 z we %all expla9 fur!r  
on1 t ! "p play$ by *ance is mu* great] 
9 ! v>iation ( plants ?an 9 t ( animals1
 because1 9 ! vegetable _w1 function    
does n dep5d s /rictly on =m4 ,be t z x 
may1 ! neo-,d>w9ians are incl9$ to admit
 t ! p]iods ( mutation are det]m9ate4 ,!
 direction ( ! mutation may !re=e be s z
 well1 at lea/ 9 animals1 & to ! ext5t  
we %all h to indicate4  ,we ?us arrive  
at a hypo!sis l ,eim]'s1 accord+ to :i* 
! v>iations ( diff]5t *>act]s cont9ue f 
g5]ation to g5]ation 9 def9ite          
directions4 ,?is hypo!sis seems         
plausible to u1 )9 ! limits 9 :i* ,eim] 
himself reta9s x4 ,( c\rse1 ! evolution 

( ! organic _w _c be pr$et]m9$ z a :ole4
 ,we claim1 on ! contr>y1 t !           
spontaneity ( life is manife/$ by a     
cont9ual creation ( new =ms succe$+     
o!rs4 ,b ?is indet]m9ation _c be        
complete2 x mu/ leave a c]ta9 "p to     
det]m9ation4 ,an organ l ! eye1 =       
example1 mu/ h be5 =m$ by j a cont9ual  
*ang+ 9 a def9ite direction4 ,inde$1 we 
d n see h[ o!rwise to expla9 ! lik5ess (
 /ructure ( ! eye 9 species t h n ! same
 hi/ory4 ,:]e we diff] f ,eim] is 9 8   
claim t comb9ations ( physical & *emical
 causes are en\gh to secure ! result4   
,we h tri$ to prove1 on ! contr>y1 by ! 
example ( ! eye1 t if !re is or?og5esis 
"h1 a psy*ological cause int]v5es4      
,c]ta9 neo-,lam>ckians d inde$ resort to
 a cause ( a psy*ological nature4 ,!re1 
to our ?9k+1 is "o ( ! mo/ solid        
positions ( neo-,lam>ckism4 ,b if ?is   
cause is no?+ b ! consci\s ef=t ( !     
individual1 x _c op]ate 9 m ?an a       
re/rict$ numb] ( cases--at mo/ 9 !      
animal _w1 & n at all 9 ! vegetable     

k+dom4 ,ev5 9 animals1 x w act only on  
po9ts :i* are "u ! direct or indirect   
control ( ! w4 ,& ev5 :]e x does act1 x 
is n cle> h[ x c\ld compass a *ange s   
pr(\nd z an increase ( complexity3 at   
mo/ ?is w\ld be conceivable if ! acquir$
 *>act]s 7 regul>ly transmitt$ s z to be
 add$ toge!r2 b ?is transmission seems  
to be ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,a      
h]$it>y *ange 9 a def9ite direction1 :i*
 cont9ues to accumulate & add to itself 
s z to build up a m & m complex ma*9e1  
mu/ c]ta9ly be relat$ to "s sort ( ef=t1
 b to an ef=t ( f> great] dep? ?an !    
individual ef=t1 f> m indep5d5t (       
circum/ances1 an ef=t common to mo/     
repres5tatives ( ! same species1 inh]5t 
9 ! g]ms !y be> r ?an 9 _! sub/ance     
alone1 an ef=t !reby assur$ ( be+ pass$ 
on to _! desc5dants4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,s we come 
back1 by a some:at r\ndab\t way1 to !   
idea we />t$ f1 t ( an orig9al impetus (
 life1 pass+ f "o g5]ation ( g]ms to !  
foll[+ g5]ation ( g]ms ?r\gh ! develop$ 

organisms :i* bridge ! int]val betwe5 ! 
g5]ations4 ,?is impetus1 su/a9$ "r along
 ! l9es ( evolution among :i* x gets    
divid$1 is ! fundam5tal cause (         
v>iations1 at lea/ ( ^? t are regul>ly  
pass$ on1 t accumulate & create new     
species4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 species h begun to
 div]ge f a common /ock1 !y acc5tuate _!
 div]g5ce z !y progress 9 _! evolution4 
,yet1 9 c]ta9 def9ite po9ts1 !y may     
evolve id5tically2 9 fact1 !y mu/ d s if
 ! hypo!sis ( a common impetus be       
accept$4 ,?is is j :at we %all h to %[  
n[ 9 a m precise way1 by ! same example 
we h *os51 ! =mation ( ! eye 9 molluscs 
& v]tebrates4 ,! idea ( an orig9al      
impetus1 moreov]1 w ?us be made cle>]4  
,two po9ts are equally /rik+ 9 an organ 
l ! eye3 ! complexity ( its /ructure & !
 simplicity ( its function4 ,! eye is   
compos$ ( di/9ct p>ts1 su* z ! scl]otic1
 ! cornea1 ! ret9a1 ! cry/all9e l5s1    
etc4 ,9 ea* ( ^! p>ts ! detail is       
inf9ite4 ,! ret9a alone comprises ?ree  
lay]s ( n]v\s elem5ts--multipol> cells1 

bipol> cells1 visual cells--ea* ( :i*   
has its individuality & is und\bt$ly a v
 complicat$ organism3 s complicat$1     
inde$1 is ! ret9al membrane 9 its       
intimate /ructure1 t no simple          
description c give an adequate idea ( x4
 ,! me*anism ( ! eye is1 9 %ort1 compos$
 ( an inf9ity ( me*anisms1 all ( extreme
 complexity4 ,yet vision is "o simple   
fact4 ,z soon z ! eye op5s1 ! visual act
 is effect$4 ,j because ! act is simple1
 ! slighte/ neglig5ce on ! "p ( nature 9
 ! build+ ( ! inf9itely complex ma*9e   
w\ld h made vision impossible4 ,?is     
contra/ betwe5 ! complexity ( ! organ & 
! unity ( ! function is :at gives u     
pause4  ,a me*ani/ic !ory is "o :i*     
means to %[ u ! gradual build+-up ( !   
ma*9e "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal           
circum/ances int]v5+ ei!r directly by   
action on ! tissues or indirectly by !  
selection ( bett]-adapt$ ones4 ,b1      
:atev] =m ?is !ory may take1 suppos+ x  
avails at all to expla9 ! detail ( !    
p>ts1 x ?r[s no light on _! correlation4

  ,!n comes ! doctr9e ( f9ality1 :i*    
says t ! p>ts h be5 br\ght toge!r on a  
preconceiv$ plan ) a view to a c]ta9    
end4 ,9 ?is x lik5s ! labor ( nature to 
t ( ! workman1 :o also proce$s by !     
assemblage ( p>ts ) a view to !         
realization ( an idea or ! imitation ( a
 model4 ,me*anism1 "h1 reproa*es f9alism
 ) its an?ropomorphic "*1 & rightly4 ,b 
x fails to see t itself proce$s accord+ 
to ?is me?od--some:at mutilat$6 ,true1 x
 has got rid ( ! end pursu$ or ! ideal  
model4 ,b x also holds t nature has     
work$ l a human be+ by br++ p>ts toge!r1
 :ile a m]e glance at ! developm5t ( an 
embryo %[s t life goes to "w 9 a v      
diff]5t way4 ,life does n proce$ by !   
association & addition ( elem5ts1 b by  
dissociation & division4  ,we mu/ get   
beyond bo? po9ts ( view1 bo? me*anism & 
f9alism be+1 at bottom1 only /&po9ts to 
:i* ! human m9d has be5 l$ by consid]+ !
 "w ( man4 ,b 9 :at direction c we g    
beyond !m8 ,we h said t 9 analyz+ !     
/ructure ( an organ1 we c g on decompos+

 = ev]1 al?\gh ! function ( ! :ole is a 
simple ?+4 ,?is contra/ betwe5 ! inf9ite
 complexity ( ! organ & ! extreme       
simplicity ( ! function is :at %\ld op5 
our eyes4  ,9 g5]al1 :5 ! same object   
appe>s 9 "o aspect & 9 ano!r z inf9itely
 complex1 ! two aspects h by no means ! 
same importance1 or r ! same degree (   
reality4 ,9 su* cases1 ! simplicity     
belongs to ! object itself1 & ! inf9ite 
complexity to ! views we take 9 turn+   
ar\nd x1 to ! symbols by :i* our s5ses  
or intellect repres5t x to u1 or1 m     
g5]ally1 to elem5ts ( a diff]5t ord]1 ) 
:i* we try to imitate x artificially1 b 
) :i* x rema9s incomm5surable1 be+ ( a  
diff]5t nature4 ,an arti/ ( g5ius has   
pa9t$ a figure on 8 canvas4 ,we c       
imitate 8 picture ) _m-color$ squ>es (  
mosaic4 ,& we %all reproduce ! curves & 
%ades ( ! model s mu* ! bett] z our     
squ>es are small]1 m num]\s & m v>i$ 9  
tone4 ,b an inf9ity ( elem5ts inf9itely 
small1 pres5t+ an inf9ity ( %ades1 w\ld 
be necess>y to obta9 ! exact equival5t (

 ! figure t ! arti/ has conceiv$ z a    
simple ?+1 :i* he has wi%$ to transport 
z a :ole to ! canvas1 & :i* is ! m      
complete ! m x /rikes u z ! projection (
 an indivisible intuition4 ,n[1 suppose 
our eyes s made t !y _c help see+ 9 ! "w
 ( ! ma/] a mosaic effect4 ,or suppose  
our intellect s made t x _c expla9 !    
appe>ance ( ! figure on ! canvas except 
z a "w ( mosaic4 ,we %\ld !n be able to 
speak simply ( a collection ( little    
squ>es1 & we %\ld be "u ! me*ani/ic     
hypo!sis4 ,we might add t1 beside !     
mat]iality ( ! collection1 !re mu/ be a 
plan on :i* ! arti/ work$2 & !n we %\ld 
be express+ ourselves z f9ali/s4 ,b 9   
nei!r case %\ld we h got at ! real      
process1 = !re are no squ>es br\ght     
toge!r4 ,x is ! picture1 i4e4 ! simple  
act1 project$ on ! canvas1 :i*1 by ! m]e
 fact ( ent]+ into our p]ception1 is    
decompos$ be=e our eyes into ?\s&s &    
?\s&s ( little squ>es :i* pres5t1 z     
recompos$1 a wond]ful arrangem5t4 ,s !  
eye1 ) its m>vel\s complexity (         

/ructure1 may be only ! simple act (    
vision1 divid$ = u into a mosaic (      
cells1 ^: ord] seems m>vel\s to u       
because we h conceiv$ ! :ole z an       
assemblage4  ,if ,i raise my h& f ,a to 
,b1 ?is movem5t appe>s to me "u two     
aspects at once4 ,felt f )91 x is a     
simple1 indivisible act4 ,p]ceiv$ f )\t1
 x is ! c\rse ( a c]ta9 curve1 ,,ab4 ,9 
?is curve ,i c di/+ui% z _m positions z 
,i please1 & ! l9e itself might be def9$
 z a c]ta9 mutual cord9ation ( ^!       
positions4 ,b ! positions1 inf9ite 9    
numb]1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y are connect$1 h
 sprung automatically f ! indivisible   
act by :i* my h& has gone f ,a to ,b4   
,me*anism1 "h1 w\ld consi/ 9 see+ only !
 positions4 ,f9alism w\ld take _! ord]  
into acc\nt4 ,b bo? me*anism & f9alism  
w\ld leave on "o side ! movem5t1 :i* is 
reality itself4 ,9 "o s5se1 ! movem5t is
 m ?an ! positions & ?an _! ord]2 = x is
 suffici5t to make x 9 its indivisible  
simplicity to secure t ! inf9ity ( !    
successive positions z also _! ord] be  

giv5 at once--) some?+ else :i* is nei!r
 ord] nor position b :i* is ess5tial1 ! 
mobility4 ,b1 9 ano!r s5se1 ! movem5t is
 less ?an ! s]ies ( positions & _!      
connect+ ord]2 =1 to arrange po9ts 9 a  
c]ta9 ord]1 x is necess>y fir/ to       
conceive ! ord] & !n to realize x )     
po9ts1 !re mu/ be ! "w ( assemblage &   
!re mu/ be intellig5ce1 :]eas ! simple  
movem5t ( ! h& conta9s no?+ ( ei!r4 ,x  
is n intellig5t1 9 ! human s5se ( ! ^w1 
& x is n an assemblage1 = x is n made up
 ( elem5ts4 ,j s ) ! relation ( ! eye to
 vision4 ,!re is 9 vision m ?an !       
compon5t cells ( ! eye & _! mutual      
cord9ation3 9 ?is s5se1 nei!r me*anism  
nor f9alism g f> en\gh4 ,b1 9 ano!r     
s5se1 me*anism & f9alism bo? g too f>1 =
 !y attribute to ,nature ! mo/ =midable 
( ! labors ( ,h]cules 9 hold+ t %e has  
exalt$ to ! simple act ( vision an      
inf9ity ( inf9itely complex elem5ts1    
:]eas ,nature has _h no m tr\ble 9 mak+ 
an eye ?an ,i h 9 lift+ my h&4 ,nature's
 simple act has divid$ itself           

automatically into an inf9ity ( elem5ts 
:i* are !n f\nd to be cord9at$ to "o    
idea1 j z ! movem5t ( my h& has dropp$  
an inf9ity ( po9ts :i* are !n f\nd to   
satisfy "o equation4  ,we f9d x v h>d to
 see ?+s 9 t light1 because we _c help  
conceiv+ organization z manufactur+4 ,b 
x is "o ?+ to manufacture1 & q ano!r to 
organize4 ,manufactur+ is peculi> to    
man4 ,x consi/s 9 assembl+ p>ts ( matt] 
:i* we h cut out 9 su* mann] t we c fit 
!m toge!r & obta9 f !m a common action4 
,! p>ts are arrang$1 s to speak1 ar\nd !
 action z an ideal c5tre4 ,to           
manufacture1 !re=e1 is to "w f ! p]iph]y
 to ! c5tre1 or1 z ! philosoph]s say1 f 
! _m to ! "o4 ,organization1 on !       
contr>y1 works f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y4  
,x beg9s 9 a po9t t is almo/ a          
ma!matical po9t1 & spreads ar\nd ?is    
po9t by conc5tric waves :i* g on enl>g+4
 ,! "w ( manufactur+ is ! m effective1 !
 great] ! quantity ( matt] dealt )4 ,x  
proce$s by conc5tration & compression4  
,! organiz+ act1 on ! contr>y1 has      

some?+ explosive ab\t x3 x ne$s at !    
beg9n+ ! smalle/ possible place1 a      
m9imum ( matt]1 z if ! organiz+ =ces    
only ent]$ space reluctantly4 ,!        
sp]matozoon1 :i* sets 9 motion !        
evolution>y process ( ! embryonic life1 
is "o ( ! smalle/ cells ( ! organism2 & 
x is only a small "p ( ! sp]matozoon :i*
 really takes "p 9 ! op]ation4  ,b ^!   
are only sup]ficial diff]5ces4 ,digg+   
b5ea? !m1 we ?9k1 a deep] diff]5ce w\ld 
be f\nd4  ,a manufactur$ ?+ del9eates   
exactly ! =m ( ! "w ( manufactur+ x4 ,i 
mean t ! manufactur] f9ds 9 8 product   
exactly :at he has put into x4 ,if he is
 go+ to make a ma*9e1 he cuts out its   
pieces "o by "o & !n puts !m toge!r3 !  
ma*9e1 :5 made1 w %[ bo? ! pieces & _!  
assemblage4 ,! :ole ( ! result repres5ts
 ! :ole ( ! "w2 & to ea* "p ( ! "w      
corresponds a "p ( ! result4  ,n[ ,i    
recognize t positive sci5ce c & %\ld    
proce$ z if organization 0 l mak+ a     
ma*9e4 ,only s w x h any hold on        
organiz$ bodies4 ,= its object is n to  

%[ u ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 b to furni% u ) !  
be/ means ( act+ on !m4 ,physics &      
*emi/ry are well advanc$ sci5ces1 & liv+
 matt] l5ds itself to our action only s 
f> z we c treat x by ! processes ( our  
physics & *emi/ry4 ,organization c !re=e
 only be /udi$ sci5tifically if !       
organiz$ body has fir/ be5 lik5$ to a   
ma*9e4 ,! cells w be ! pieces ( ! ma*9e1
 ! organism _! assemblage1 & ! elem5t>y 
labors :i* h organiz$ ! p>ts w be reg>d$
 z ! real elem5ts ( ! labor :i* has     
organiz$ ! :ole4 ,?is is ! /&po9t (     
sci5ce4 ,q diff]5t1 9 our op9ion1 is t (
 philosophy4  ,= u1 ! :ole ( an organiz$
 ma*9e may1 /rictly speak+1 repres5t !  
:ole ( ! organiz+ "w 7?is is1 h[ev]1    
only approximately true71 yet ! p>ts ( !
 ma*9e d n correspond to p>ts ( ! "w1   
because ! mat]iality ( ?is ma*9e does n 
repres5t a sum ( means employ$1 b a sum 
( ob/acles avoid$3 x is a negation r ?an
 a positive reality4 ,s1 z we h %[n 9 a 
=m] /udy1 vision is a p[] :i* %\ld atta9
 by "r an inf9ity ( ?+s inaccessible to 

our eyes4 ,b su* a vision w\ld n be     
cont9u$ into action2 x might suit a     
phantom1 b n a liv+ be+4 ,! vision ( a  
liv+ be+ is an effective vision1 limit$ 
to objects on :i* ! be+ c act3 x is a   
vision t is canaliz$1 & ! visual        
app>atus simply symbolizes ! "w (       
canaliz+4 ,!re=e ! creation ( ! visual  
app>atus is no m expla9$ by ! assembl+ (
 its anatomic elem5ts ?an ! digg+ ( a   
canal c\ld be expla9$ by ! heap+ up ( ! 
e>? :i* might h =m$ its banks4 ,a       
me*ani/ic !ory w\ld ma9ta9 t ! e>? _h   
be5 br\ght c>t-load by c>t-load2 f9alism
 w\ld add t x _h n be5 dump$ d[n at     
r&om1 t ! c>t]s _h foll[$ a plan4 ,b bo?
 !ories w\ld be mi/ak51 = ! canal has   
be5 made 9 ano!r way4  ,) great]        
precision1 we may comp>e ! process by   
:i* nature con/ructs an eye to ! simple 
act by :i* we raise ! h&4 ,b we suppos$ 
at fir/ t ! h& met ) no resi/ance4 ,let 
u n[ imag9e t1 in/ead ( mov+ 9 air1 ! h&
 has to pass ?r\gh iron fil+s :i* are   
compress$ & (f] resi/ance to x 9        

proportion z x goes =w>d4 ,at a c]ta9   
mom5t ! h& w h exhau/$ its ef=t1 &1 at  
?is v mom5t1 ! fil+s w be mass$ &       
cord9at$ 9 a c]ta9 def9ite =m1 to wit1 t
 ( ! h& t is /opp$ & ( a "p ( ! arm4    
,n[1 suppose t ! h& & arm are invisible4
 ,look]s-on w seek ! reason ( !         
arrangem5t 9 ! fil+s !mselves & 9 =ces  
)9 ! mass4 ,"s w acc\nt = ! position (  
ea* fil+ by ! action ex]t$ ^u x by !    
neighbor+ fil+s3 ^! are ! me*ani/s4     
,o!rs w pref] to ?9k t a plan ( ! :ole  
has presid$ ov] ! detail ( ^! elem5t>y  
actions3 !y are ! f9ali/s4 ,b ! tru? is 
t !re has be5 m]ely "o indivisible act1 
t ( ! h& pass+ ?r\gh ! fil+s3 !         
inexhau/ible detail ( ! movem5t ( !     
gra9s1 z well z ! ord] ( _! f9al        
arrangem5t1 expresses negatively1 9 a   
way1 ?is undivid$ movem5t1 be+ ! unit>y 
=m ( a resi/ance1 & n a syn!sis (       
positive elem5t>y actions4 ,= ?is       
reason1 if ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9s is    
t]m$ an effect & ! movem5t ( ! h& a     
cause1 x may inde$ be said t ! :ole ( ! 

effect is expla9$ by ! :ole ( ! cause1 b
 to p>ts ( ! cause p>ts ( ! effect w 9  
no wise correspond4 ,9 o!r words1 nei!r 
me*anism nor f9alism w "h be 9 place1 & 
we mu/ resort to an explanation ( a     
diff]5t k9d4 ,n[1 9 ! hypo!sis we       
propose1 ! relation ( vision to ! visual
 app>atus w\ld be v ne>ly t ( ! h& to ! 
iron fil+s t foll[1 canalize & limit its
 motion4  ,! great] ! ef=t ( ! h&1 !    
f>!r x w g into ! fil+s4 ,b at :atev]   
po9t x /ops1 in/antane\sly &            
automatically ! fil+s cord9ate & f9d _! 
equilibrium4 ,s ) vision & its organ4   
,accord+ z ! undivid$ act con/itut+     
vision advances m or less1 ! mat]iality 
( ! organ is made ( a m or less         
consid]able numb] ( mutually cord9at$   
elem5ts1 b ! ord] is necess>ily complete
 & p]fect4 ,x c\ld n be p>tial1 because1
 once aga91 ! real process :i* gives    
rise to x has no p>ts4 ,t is :at nei!r  
me*anism nor f9alism takes into acc\nt1 
& x is :at we also fail to consid] :5 we
 wond] at ! m>vel\s /ructure ( an       

in/rum5t su* z ! eye4 ,at ! bottom ( our
 wond]+ is always ?is idea1 t x w\ld h  
be5 possible = a "p only ( ?is          
cord9ation to h be5 realiz$1 t !        
complete realization is a k9d ( special 
favor4 ,?is favor ! f9ali/s consid] z   
disp5s$ to !m all at once1 by ! f9al    
cause2 ! me*ani/s claim to obta9 x      
little by little1 by ! effect ( natural 
selection2 b bo? see some?+ positive 9  
?is cord9ation1 & consequ5tly some?+    
fractionable 9 its cause1--some?+ :i*   
admits ( e possible degree ( a*ievem5t4 
,9 reality1 ! cause1 ?\gh m or less     
int5se1 _c produce its effect except 9  
"o piece1 & completely f9i%$4 ,accord+ z
 x goes fur!r & fur!r 9 ! direction (   
vision1 x gives ! simple pigm5t>y masses
 ( a l[] organism1 or ! rudim5t>y eye ( 
a ,s]pula1 or ! slightly diff]5tiat$ eye
 ( ! ,alciope1 or ! m>vel\sly p]fect$   
eye ( ! bird2 b all ^! organs1 unequal z
 is _! complexity1 necess>ily pres5t an 
equal cord9ation4 ,= ?is reason1 no     
matt] h[ di/ant two animal species may  

be f ea* o!r1 if ! progress t[>d vision 
has gone equally f> 9 bo?1 !re is ! same
 visual organ 9 ea* case1 = ! =m ( !    
organ only expresses ! degree 9 :i* !   
ex]cise ( ! function has be5 obta9$4    
,b1 9 speak+ ( a progress t[>d vision1  
are we n com+ back to ! old notion (    
f9ality8 ,x w\ld be s1 und\bt$ly1 if ?is
 progress requir$ ! consci\s or         
unconsci\s idea ( an end to be atta9$4  
,b x is really effect$ 9 virtue ( !     
orig9al impetus ( life2 x is impli$ 9   
?is movem5t itself1 & t is j :y x is    
f\nd 9 indep5d5t l9es ( evolution4 ,if  
n[ we are ask$ :y & h[ x is impli$ !re91
 we reply t life is1 m ?an any?+ else1 a
 t5d5cy to act on in]t matt]4 ,!        
direction ( ?is action is n pr$et]m9$2  
h5ce ! un=eseeable v>iety ( =ms :i*     
life1 9 evolv+1 s[s along its pa?4 ,b   
?is action always pres5ts1 to "s ext5t1 
! "* ( cont+5cy2 x implies at lea/ a    
rudim5t ( *oice4 ,n[ a *oice involves ! 
anticipatory idea ( sev]al possible     
actions4 ,possibilities ( action mu/    

!re=e be m>k$ out = ! liv+ be+ be=e !   
action itself4 ,visual p]ception is no?+
 else3#ej ! visible outl9es ( bodies are
 ! design ( our ev5tual action on !m4   
,vision w be f\nd1 !re=e1 9 diff]5t     
degrees 9 ! mo/ div]se animals1 & x w   
appe> 9 ! same complexity ( /ructure    
:]ev] x has rea*$ ! same degree (       
int5sity4  ,we h dwelt on ^!            
resemblances ( /ructure 9 g5]al1 & on ! 
example ( ! eye 9 p>ticul>1 because we  
_h to def9e our attitude t[>d me*anism  
on ! "o h& & f9alism on ! o!r4 ,x rema9s
 = u to describe x m precisely 9 itself4
 ,?is we %all n[ d by %[+ ! div]g5t     
results ( evolution n z pres5t+         
analogies1 b z !mselves mutually        
complem5t>y4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote   
#c3 ,matire et mmoire1 ,p>is1 #ahif1    
*aps4 ii4 & iii4  ,footnote #d3 ,calk9s1
 ,/udies on ! ,life ,hi/ory ( ,protozoa 
7,ar*iv f4 ,entwicklungsme*anik1 vol4   
xv41 #aijc1 pp4 #aci-ahf74  ,footnote   
#e3 ,s$gwick ,m9ot1 ,on ,c]ta9 ,ph5om5a 
( ,gr[+ ,old 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 = !  

,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ci? ,meet+1     
,salem1 #ahia1 pp4 #bga-bhh74  ,footnote
 #f3 ,le ,dantec1 ,l',individualit et   
l'erreur individuali/e1 ,p>is1 #aije1   
pp4 #hd ff4  ,footnote #g3 ,met*nik(f1  
,la ,dgnresc5ce snile 7,anne biologique1
 iii41 #ahig1 pp4 #bdi ff474 ,cf4 by !  
same au?or1 ,la ,nature huma9e1 ,p>is1  
#aijc1 pp4 #cab ff4  ,footnote #h3      
,r\le1 ,l',embryologie gnrale1 ,p>is1   
#ahic1 p4 #cai4  ,footnote #i3 ,!       
irrev]sibility ( ! s]ies ( liv+ be+s has
 be5 well set =? by ,baldw9 7,developm5t
 & ,evolution1 ,new ,york1 #aijb2 9     
p>ticul> p4 #cbg74  ,footnote #aj3 ,we h
 dwelt on ?is po9t & tri$ to make x cle>
 9 ! ,essai sur les donnes immdiates de 
la consci5ce1 pp4 #adj-aea4  ,footnote  
#aa3 ,9 8 f9e "w on ,g5ius 9 ,art 7,le  
,gnie dans l'art71 ,m4 ,sailles develops
 ?is tw(old !sis1 t art is a cont9uation
 ( nature & t life is creation4 ,we %\ld
 will+ly accept ! second =mula2 b by    
creation mu/ we und]/&1 z ! au?or does1 
a syn!sis ( elem5ts8 ,:]e ! elem5ts     

pre-exi/1 ! syn!sis t w be made is      
virtually giv51 be+ only "o ( ! possible
 arrangem5ts4 ,?is arrangem5t a         
sup]human intellect c\ld h p]ceiv$ 9    
advance among all ! possible ones t     
surr\nd x4 ,we hold1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 !
 doma9 ( life ! elem5ts h no real &     
sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,!y are manifold m5tal 
views ( an indivisible process4 ,& = t  
reason !re is radical cont+5cy 9        
progress1 incomm5surability betwe5 :at  
goes be=e & :at foll[s--9 %ort1         
duration4  ,footnote #ab3 ,bts*li1      
,unt]su*ung5 b] mikroskopis*e ,s*ume und
 das ,protoplasma1 ,leipzig1 #ahib1     
,fir/ ,"p4  ,footnote #ac3 ,rhumbl]1    
,v]su* e9] me*anis*5 ,erklrung d]       
indirekt5 ,zell-und ,k]nteilung 7,r\x's 
,ar*iv1 #ahif74  ,footnote #ad3 ,b]?old1
 ,/udi5 b] ,protoplasmame*anik1         
,leipzig1 #ahhf1 p4 #ajb4 ,cf4 !        
explanation propos$ by ,le ,dantec1     
,?orie n\velle de la vie1 ,p>is1 #ahif1 
p4 #fj4  ,footnote #ae3 ,cope1 ,!       
,prim>y ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 

,*icago1 #ahif1 pp4 #dge-dhd4  ,footnote
 #af3 ,maupas1 ,etude des infusoires    
cilis 7,ar*4 de zoologie exprim5tale1   
#ahhc1 pp4 #dg1 #dia1 #eah1 #edi1 9     
p>ticul>74 ,p4 ,vignon1 ,re*]*es de     
cytologie gnrale sur les pi?liums1      
,p>is1 #aijb1 p4 #fee4 ,a pr(\nd /udy ( 
! motions ( ! ,infusoria & a v p5etrat+ 
criticism ( ! idea ( tropism h be5 made 
rec5tly by ,j5n+s 7,contributions to !  
,/udy ( ! ,behavior ( ,l[] ,organisms1  
,wa%+ton1 #aijd74 ,! type ( behavior (  
^! l[] organisms1 z ,j5n+s def9es x 7pp4
 #bcg-beb71 is unque/ionably ( !        
psy*ological ord]4  ,footnote #ag3      
,e4,b4 ,wilson1 ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t &
 ,inh]itance1 ,new ,york1 #ahig1 p4     
#ccj4  ,footnote #ah3 ,da/re1 ,la ,vie  
et la mort1 p4 #dc4  ,footnote #ai3     
,laplace1 ,introduction  la ?orie       
analytique des probabilits 7,o,euvres   
compltes1 vol4 vii41 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 p4   
vi474  ,footnote #bj3 ,du               
,bois-,reymond1 b] die ,gr5z5 des       
,natur]k5n5s1 ,leipzig1 #ahib4          

,footnote #ba3 ,!re are really two l9es 
to foll[ 9 contempor>y neo-vitalism3 on 
! "o h&1 ! ass]tion t pure me*anism is  
insuffici5t1 :i* assumes great au?ority 
:5 made by su* sci5ti/s z ,dries* or    
,re9ke1 = example2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !    
hypo!ses :i* ?is vitalism sup]poses on  
me*anism 7! entele*ies ( ,dries*1 & !   
dom9ants ( ,re9ke1 etc474 ,( ^! two     
p>ts1 ! =m] is p]haps ! m int]e/+4 ,see 
! admirable /udies ( ,dries*--,die      
,lokalisation morphog5etis*] ,vorgnge1  
,leipzig1 #ahii2 ,die organis*5         
,regulation51 ,leipzig1 #aija2          
,naturbegriffe und ,natururteile1       
,leipzig1 #aijd2 ,d] ,vitalismus als    
,ges*i*te und als ,lehre1 ,leipzig1     
#aije2 & ( ,re9ke--,die ,welt als ,tat1 
,b]l91 #ahii2 ,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e
 ,biologie1 ,b]l91 #aija2 ,philosophie  
d] ,botanik1 ,leipzig1 #aije4  ,footnote
 #bb3 ,p4 ,gur91 ,les ,connaissances    
actuelles sur la fcondation *ez les     
phanrogames1 ,p>is1 #aijd1 pp4 #add-adh4
 ,cf4 ,delage1 ,l',hrdit1 #bnd edition1 

#aijc1 pp4 #adj ff4  ,footnote #bc3     
,mbius1 ,beitrge zur ,lehre von d]      
,=tpflanzung d] ,gew*se1 ,j5a1 #ahig1   
pp4 #bjc-bjf 9 p>ticul>4 ,cf4 ,h>tog1   
,sur les phnomnes de reproduction 7,anne
 biologique1 #ahie1 pp4 #gjg-gji74      
,footnote #bd3 ,paul ,janet1 ,les       
,causes f9ales1 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 p4 #hc4   
,footnote #be3 ,ibid4 p4 #hj4  ,footnote
 #bf3 ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1 *ap4 ii4
  ,footnote #bg3 ,bateson1 ,mat]ials = !
 ,/udy ( ,v>iation1 ,london1 #ahid1     
especially pp4 #efg ff4 ,cf4 ,scott1    
,v>iations & ,mutations 7,am]ican       
,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #ahid74        
,footnote #bh3 ,de ,vries1 ,die         
,mutation/heorie1 ,leipzig1 #aija-aijc4 
,cf41 by ! same au?or1 ,species &       
,v>ieties1 ,*icago1 #aije4  ,footnote   
#bi3 ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1 *ap4 vi4 
,footnote #cj3 ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1
 *ap4 i4  ,footnote #ca3 ,on ?is        
homology ( hair & tee?1 see ,br&t1 b]   
444 e9e mutmassli*e ,homologie d] ,ha>e 
und ,zahne 7,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 vol4   

xviii41 #ahih1 especially pp4 #bfb ff474
  ,footnote #cb3 ,x seems1 f lat]       
obs]vations1 t ! trans=mation ( ,artemia
 is a m complex ph5om5on ?an 0 fir/     
suppos$4 ,see on ?is subject ,samt] &   
,heymons1 ,die ,v>iation bei ,artemia   
,sal9a 7,anhang zu d5 ,abh&lung5 d] k4  
preussis*5 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft51      
#aijb74  ,footnote #cc3 ,eim]1          
,or?og5esis d] ,s*mett]l+e1 ,leipzig1   
#ahig1 p4 #bd4 ,cf4 ,die ,ent/ehung d]  
,art51 p4 #ec4  ,footnote #cd3 ,eim]1   
,die ,ent/ehung d] ,art51 ,j5a1 #ahhh1  
p4 #be4  ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 pp4 #afe 
ff4  ,footnote #cf3 ,sal5sky1           
,het]obla/ie 7,proc4 ( ! ,f\r?          
,int]national ,congress ( ,zoology1     
,london1 #ahii1 pp4 #aaa-aah74 ,sal5sky 
has co9$ ?is ^w to designate ! cases 9  
:i* organs t are equival5t1 b ( diff]5t 
embryological orig91 are =m$ at ! same  
po9ts 9 animals relat$ to ea* o!r4      
,footnote #cg3 ,wolff1 ,die ,reg5]ation 
d] ,urodel5l9se 7,ar*4 f4               
,entwicklungsme*anik1 i41 #ahie1 pp4    

#chj ff474  ,footnote #ch3 ,fis*el1 b]  
die ,reg5]ation d] ,l9se 7,anat4        
,anzeig]1 xiv41 #ahih1 pp4 #cgc-chj74   
,footnote #ci3 ,cope1 ,! ,orig9 ( !     
,fitte/1 #ahhg2 ,! ,prim>y ,factors (   
,organic ,evolution1 #ahif4  ,footnote  
#dj3 ,cun1 ,la ,n\velle ,?orie          
trans=mi/e 7,revue gnrale des sci5ces1  
#ahid74 ,cf4 ,morgan1 ,evolution &      
,adaptation1 ,london1 #aijc1 p4 #ceg4   
,footnote #da3 ,br[n-,squ>d1 ,n\velles  
re*]*es sur l'pilepsie due  c]ta9es     
lsions de la moelle p9iere et des n]fs  
ra*idi5s 7,ar*4 de physiologie1 vol4    
ii41 #ahff1 pp4 #baa1 #dbb1 & #dig74    
,footnote #db3 ,weismann1 ,aufstze b]   
,v]]bung1 ,j5a1 #ahib1 pp4 #cgf-cgh1 &  
also ,vortrge b] ,desc5d5z!orie1 ,j5a1  
#aijb1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gf4  ,footnote #dc3
 ,br[n-,squ>d1 ,hrdit d'une affection   
due  une cause accid5telle 7,ar*4 de    
physiologie1 #ahib1 pp4 #fhf ff474      
,footnote #dd3 ,vois9 & ,p]on1 ,re*]*es 
sur la toxicit ur9aire *ez les          
pileptiques 7,ar*4 de neurologie1 vol4  

xxiv41 #ahib1 & xxv41 #ahic4 ,cf4 ! "w (
 ,vois91 ,l'pilepsie1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 pp4 
#abe-acc74  ,footnote #de3 ,*>r91       
,delam>e & ,m\ssu1 ,transmission        
exprim5tale aux desc5dants de lsions    
dveloppes *ez les asc5dants 7,c4,r4 de  
l',acad4 des sci5ces1 vol4 cxxxv41      
#aijb1 p4 #aia74 ,cf4 ,morgan1          
,evolution & ,adaptation1 p4 #beg1 &    
,delage1 ,l',hrdit1 #bnd edition1 p4    
#chh4  ,footnote #df3 ,*>r9 & ,delam>e1 
,hrdit cellulaire 7,c4,r4 de l',acad4   
des sci5ces1 vol4 cxxxiii41 #aija1 pp4  
#fi-ga74  ,footnote #dg3 ,*>r91         
,l',hrdit pa?ologique 7,revue gnrale des
 sci5ces1 #ae janvi] #ahif74  ,footnote 
#dh3 ,gi>d1 ,controv]ses trans=mi/es1   
,p>is1 #aijd1 p4 #adg4  ,footnote #di3  
,"s analog\s facts1 h[ev]1 h be5 not$1  
all 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,see ,bl>+hem1 ,la
 ,notion d'espce et la ?orie de la      
mutation 7,anne psy*ologique1 vol4 xii41
 #aijf1 pp4 #ie ff471 & ,de ,vries1     
,species & ,v>ieties1 p4 #fee4          
,footnote #ej3 ,see1 on ?is subject1    

,matire et mmoire1 *ap4 i4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii  ,,! ,,div]g5t ,,directions ,,( ,,!
 ,,evolution ,,( ,,life4 ,,torpor1      
,,intellig5ce1 ,,in/9ct   ,! evolution  
movem5t w\ld be a simple "o1 & we %\ld  
soon h be5 able to det]m9e its          
direction1 if life _h describ$ a s+le   
c\rse1 l t ( a solid ball %ot f a       
cannon4 ,b x proce$s r l a %ell1 :i*    
sudd5ly bur/s into fragm5ts1 :i*        
fragm5ts1 be+ !mselves %ells1 bur/ 9 _! 
turn into fragm5ts de/9$ to bur/ aga91 &
 s on = a "t incomm5surably long4 ,we   
p]ceive only :at is ne>e/ to u1 namely1 
! scatt]$ movem5ts ( ! pulv]iz$         
explosions4 ,f !m we h to g back1 /age  
by /age1 to ! orig9al movem5t4  ,:5 a   
%ell bur/s1 ! p>ticul> way x breaks is  
expla9$ bo? by ! explosive =ce ( ! p[d] 
x conta9s & by ! resi/ance ( ! metal4 ,s
 ( ! way life breaks into individuals & 
species4 ,x dep5ds1 we ?9k1 on two s]ies
 ( causes3 ! resi/ance life meets f in]t
 matt]1 & ! explosive =ce--due to an    
un/able balance ( t5d5cies--:i* life    

be>s )9 itself4  ,! resi/ance ( in]t    
matt] 0 ! ob/acle t _h fir/ to be       
ov]come4 ,life seems to h succe$$ 9 ?is 
by d9t ( humility1 by mak+ itself v     
small & v ins9uat+1 b5d+ to physical &  
*emical =ces1 cons5t+ ev5 to g a "p ( ! 
way ) !m1 l ! swit* t adopts = a :ile ! 
direction ( ! rail x is endeavor+ to    
leave4 ,( ph5om5a 9 ! simple/ =ms (     
life1 x is h>d to say :e!r !y are /ill  
physical & *emical or :e!r !y are       
already vital4 ,life _h to ent] ?us into
 ! habits ( in]t matt]1 9 ord] to draw x
 little by little1 magnetiz$1 z x 71 to 
ano!r track4 ,! animate =ms t fir/      
appe>$ 7 !re=e ( extreme simplicity4 ,!y
 7 probably t9y masses ( sc>cely        
diff]5tiat$ protoplasm1 outw>dly        
resembl+ ! amoeba obs]vable to-day1 b   
possess$ ( ! trem5d\s int]nal pu% t 0 to
 raise !m ev5 to ! highe/ =ms ( life4 ,t
 9 virtue ( ?is pu% ! fir/ organisms    
s\ght to gr[ z mu* z possible1 seems    
likely4 ,b organiz$ matt] has a limit ( 
expansion t is v quickly rea*$2 beyond a

 c]ta9 po9t x divides in/ead ( gr[+4    
,ages ( ef=t & prodigies ( subtlety 7   
probably necess>y = life to get pa/ ?is 
new ob/acle4 ,x succe$$ 9 induc+ an     
increas+ numb] ( elem5ts1 ready to      
divide1 to rema9 unit$4 ,by ! division (
 labor x knott$ betwe5 !m an            
indissoluble bond4 ,! complex &         
quasi-discont9u\s organism is ?us made  
to function z w\ld a cont9u\s liv+ mass 
:i* _h simply gr[n bigg]4  ,b ! real &  
pr(\nd causes ( division 7 ^? :i* life  
bore )9 its bosom4 ,= life is t5d5cy1 & 
! ess5ce ( a t5d5cy is to develop 9 ! =m
 ( a %eaf1 creat+1 by its v gr[?1       
div]g5t directions among :i* its impetus
 is divid$4 ,?is we obs]ve 9 ourselves1 
9 ! evolution ( t special t5d5cy :i* we 
call our "*4 ,ea* ( u1 glanc+ back ov] 8
 hi/ory1 w f9d t 8 *ild-p]sonality1 ?\gh
 indivisible1 unit$ 9 itself div]s      
p]sons1 :i* c\ld rema9 bl5d$ j because  
!y 7 9 _! nasc5t /ate3 ?is indecision1 s
 *>g$ ) promise1 is "o ( ! greate/ *>ms 
( *ildhood4 ,b ^! int]wov5 p]sonalities 

become incompatible 9 c\rse ( gr[?1 &1 z
 ea* ( u c live b "o life1 a *oice mu/  
p]=ce be made4 ,we *oose 9 reality )\t  
ceas+2 )\t ceas+1 also1 we ab&on _m ?+s4
 ,! r\te we pursue 9 "t is /rewn ) !    
rema9s ( all t we began to be1 ( all t  
we might h become4 ,b nature1 :i* has at
 comm& an incalculable numb] ( lives1 is
 9 no wise b\nd to make su* sacrifices4 
,%e pres]ves ! diff]5t t5d5cies t h     
bifurcat$ ) _! gr[?4 ,%e creates ) !m   
div]g+ s]ies ( species t w evolve       
sep>ately4  ,^! s]ies may1 moreov]1 be (
 unequal importance4 ,! au?or :o beg9s a
 novel puts into 8 h]o _m ?+s :i* he is 
oblig$ to disc>d z he goes on4 ,p]haps  
he w take !m up lat] 9 o!r books1 & make
 new *>act]s ) !m1 :o w seem l extracts 
f1 or r l complem5ts (1 ! fir/2 b !y w  
almo/ always appe> some:at poor & limit$
 9 comp>ison ) ! orig9al "*4 ,s ) reg>d 
to ! evolution ( life4 ,! bifurcations  
on ! way h be5 num]\s1 b !re h be5 _m   
bl9d alleys beside ! two or ?ree        
highways2 & ( ^! highways !mselves1 only

 "o1 t :i* leads ?r\gh ! v]tebrates up  
to man1 has be5 wide en\gh to all[ free 
passage to ! full brea? ( life4 ,we get 
?is impression :5 we comp>e ! societies 
( bees & ants1 = in/ance1 ) human       
societies4 ,! =m] are admirably ord]$ & 
unit$1 b /]eotyp$2 ! latt] are op5 to e 
sort ( progress1 b divid$1 & incessantly
 at /rife ) !mselves4 ,! ideal w\ld be a
 society always 9 progress & always 9   
equilibrium1 b ?is ideal is p]haps      
unrealizable3 ! two *>act]i/ics t w\ld  
fa9 complete ea* o!r1 :i* d complete ea*
 o!r 9 _! embryonic /ate1 c no long]    
abide toge!r :5 !y gr[ /rong]4 ,if "o   
c\ld speak1 o!rwise ?an metaphorically1 
( an impulse t[>d social life1 x might  
be said t ! brunt ( ! impulse 0 borne   
along ! l9e ( evolution end+ at man1 & t
 ! re/ ( x 0 collect$ on ! road lead+ to
 ! hym5opt]a3 ! societies ( ants & bees 
w\ld ?us pres5t ! aspect complem5t>y to 
ours4 ,b ?is w\ld be only a mann] (     
expression4 ,!re has be5 no p>ticul>    
impulse t[>ds social life2 !re is simply

 ! g5]al movem5t ( life1 :i* on div]g5t 
l9es is creat+ =ms ev] new4 ,if         
societies %\ld appe> on two ( ^! l9es1  
!y ought to %[ div]g5ce ( pa?s at ! same
 "t z community ( impetus4 ,!y w ?us    
develop two classes ( *>act]i/ics :i* we
 %all f9d vaguely complem5t>y ( ea* o!r4
  ,s our /udy ( ! evolution movem5t w h 
to unravel a c]ta9 numb] ( div]g5t      
directions1 & to appreciate ! importance
 ( :at has happ5$ along ea* ( !m--9 a   
^w1 to det]m9e ! nature ( ! dissociat$  
t5d5cies & e/imate _! relative          
proportion4 ,comb9+ ^! t5d5cies1 !n1 we 
%all get an approximation1 or r an      
imitation1 ( ! indivisible motor        
pr9ciple :5ce _! impetus proce$s4       
,evolution w ?us prove to be some?+     
entirely diff]5t f a s]ies ( adaptations
 to circum/ances1 z me*anism claims2    
entirely diff]5t also f ! realization ( 
a plan ( ! :ole1 z ma9ta9$ by ! doctr9e 
( f9ality4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,t adaptation to environm5t
 is ! necess>y condition ( evolution we 

d n "q = a mom5t4 ,x is q evid5t t a    
species w\ld disappe>1 %\ld x fail to   
b5d to ! conditions ( exi/5ce :i* are   
impos$ on x4 ,b x is "o ?+ to recognize 
t out] circum/ances are =ces evolution  
mu/ reckon )1 ano!r to claim t !y are ! 
direct+ causes ( evolution4 ,?is latt]  
!ory is t ( me*anism4 ,x excludes       
absolutely ! hypo!sis ( an orig9al      
impetus1 ,i mean an int]nal pu% t has   
c>ri$ life1 by m & m complex =ms1 to    
high] & high] de/9ies4 ,yet ?is impetus 
is evid5t1 & a m]e glance at fossil     
species %[s u t life ne$ n h evolv$ at  
all1 or might h evolv$ only 9 v re/rict$
 limits1 if x _h *os5 ! alt]native1 mu* 
m conv5i5t to itself1 ( becom+ an*ylos$ 
9 its primitive =ms4 ,c]ta9 ,=am9if]a h 
n v>i$ s9ce ! ,silurian epo*4 ,unmov$   
witnesses ( ! innum]able revolutions t h
 upheav$ our planet1 ! ,l+ulae are      
to-day :at !y 7 at ! remote/ times ( !  
paleozoic era4  ,! tru? is t adaptation 
expla9s ! s9uosities ( ! movem5t (      
evolution1 b n its g5]al directions1    

/ill less ! movem5t itself4#ea ,! road t
 leads to ! t[n is oblig$ to foll[ ! ups
 & d[ns ( ! hills2 x adapts itself to ! 
accid5ts ( ! gr\nd2 b ! accid5ts ( !    
gr\nd are n ! cause ( ! road1 nor h !y  
giv5 x its direction4 ,at e mom5t !y    
furni% x ) :at is indisp5sable1 namely1 
! soil on :i* x lies2 b if we consid] ! 
:ole ( ! road1 in/ead ( ea* ( its p>ts1 
! accid5ts ( ! gr\nd appe> only z       
imp$im5ts or causes ( delay1 = ! road   
aims simply at ! t[n & w\ld fa9 be a    
/raight l9e4 ,j s z reg>ds ! evolution (
 life & ! circum/ances ?r\gh :i* x      
passes--) ?is diff]5ce1 t evolution does
 n m>k out a solit>y r\te1 t x takes    
directions )\t aim+ at ends1 & t x      
rema9s inv5tive ev5 9 its adaptations4  
,b1 if ! evolution ( life is some?+ o!r 
?an a s]ies ( adaptations to accid5tal  
circum/ances1 s also x is n !           
realization ( a plan4 ,a plan is giv5 9 
advance4 ,x is repres5t$1 or at lea/    
repres5table1 be=e its realization4 ,!  
complete execution ( x may be put (f to 

a di/ant future1 or ev5 indef9itely2 b !
 idea is none ! less =mulable at !      
pres5t "t1 9 t]ms actually giv54 ,if1 on
 ! contr>y1 evolution is a creation     
unceas+ly r5ew$1 x creates1 z x goes on1
 n only ! =ms ( life1 b ! ideas t w     
enable ! intellect to und]/& x1 ! t]ms  
:i* w s]ve to express x4 ,t is to say t 
its future ov]fl[s its pres5t1 & c n be 
sket*$ out !re9 9 an idea4  ,!re is !   
fir/ error ( f9alism4 ,x involves ano!r1
 yet m s]i\s4  ,if life realizes a plan1
 x ought to manife/ a great] h>mony !   
fur!r x advances1 j z ! h\se %[s bett] &
 bett] ! idea ( ! ar*itect z /one is set
 ^u /one4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! unity (  
life is to be f\nd solely 9 ! impetus t 
pu%es x along ! road ( "t1 ! h>mony is n
 9 front1 b beh9d4 ,! unity is d]iv$ f a
 vis a t]go3 x is giv5 at ! />t z an    
impulsion1 n plac$ at ! end z an        
attraction4 ,9 communicat+ itself1 !    
impetus splits up m & m4 ,life1 9       
proportion to its progress1 is scatt]$ 9
 manife/ations :i* und\bt$ly owe to _!  

common orig9 ! fact t !y are complem5t>y
 to ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 aspects1 b :i* are  
none ! less mutually incompatible &     
antagoni/ic4 ,s ! discord betwe5 species
 w g on increas+4 ,inde$1 we h z yet    
only indicat$ ! ess5tial cause ( x4 ,we 
h suppos$1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 t ea* 
species receiv$ ! impulsion 9 ord] to   
pass x on to o!rs1 & t1 9 e direction 9 
:i* life evolves1 ! propagation is 9 a  
/raight l9e4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re  
are species :i* are arre/$2 !re are "s t
 retrogress4 ,evolution is n only a     
movem5t =w>d2 9 _m cases we obs]ve a    
m>k+-"t1 & /ill m (t5 a deviation or    
turn+ back4 ,x mu/ be s1 z we %all %[   
fur!r on1 & ! same causes t divide !    
evolution movem5t (t5 cause life to be  
div]t$ f itself1 hypnotiz$ by ! =m x has
 j br\ght =?4 ,!nce results an increas+ 
disord]4 ,no d\bt !re is progress1 if   
progress mean a cont9ual advance 9 !    
g5]al direction det]m9$ by a fir/       
impulsion2 b ?is progress is accompli%$ 
only on ! two or ?ree great l9es (      

evolution on :i* =ms ev] m & m complex1 
ev] m & m high1 appe>2 betwe5 ^! l9es   
run a cr[d ( m9or pa?s 9 :i*1 on !      
contr>y1 deviations1 arre/s1 &          
set-backs1 are multipli$4 ,! philosoph]1
 :o beg9s by lay+ d[n z a pr9ciple t ea*
 detail is connect$ ) "s g5]al plan ( ! 
:ole1 goes f "o disappo9tm5t to ano!r z 
soon z he comes to exam9e ! facts2 &1 z 
he _h put ev]y?+ 9 ! same rank1 he f9ds 
t1 z ! result ( n all[+ = accid5t1 he   
mu/ reg>d ev]y?+ z accid5tal4 ,=        
accid5t1 !n1 an all[ance mu/ fir/ be    
made1 & a v lib]al all[ance4 ,we mu/    
recognize t all is n coh]5t 9 nature4   
,by s do+1 we %all be l$ to asc]ta9 !   
c5tres ar\nd :i* ! incoh]5ce            
cry/allizes4 ,?is cry/allization itself 
w cl>ify ! re/2 ! ma9 directions w      
appe>1 9 :i* life is mov+ :il/ develop+ 
! orig9al impulse4 ,true1 we %all n     
witness ! detail$ accompli%m5t ( a plan4
 ,nature is m & bett] ?an a plan 9 c\rse
 ( realization4 ,a plan is a t]m assign$
 to a labor3 x closes ! future ^: =m x  

indicates4 ,be=e ! evolution ( life1 on 
! contr>y1 ! portals ( ! future rema9   
wide op54 ,x is a creation t goes on =  
ev] 9 virtue ( an initial movem5t4 ,?is 
movem5t con/itutes ! unity ( ! organiz$ 
_w--a prolific unity1 ( an inf9ite      
ri*ness1 sup]ior to any t ! intellect   
c\ld dream (1 = ! intellect is only "o (
 its aspects or products4  ,b x is easi]
 to def9e ! me?od ?an to apply x4 ,!    
complete int]pretation ( ! evolution    
movem5t 9 ! pa/1 z we conceive x1 w\ld  
be possible only if ! hi/ory ( !        
developm5t ( ! organiz$ _w 7 entirely   
kn[n4 ,su* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,!       
g5ealogies propos$ = ! diff]5t species  
are g5]ally que/ionable4 ,!y v>y ) _!   
au?ors1 ) ! !oretic views inspir+ !m1 & 
raise discussions to :i* ! pres5t /ate (
 sci5ce does n admit ( a f9al settlem5t4
 ,b a comp>ison ( ! diff]5t solutions   
%[s t ! controv]sy be>s less on ! ma9   
l9es ( ! movem5t ?an on matt]s ( detail2
 & s1 by foll[+ ! ma9 l9es z closely z  
possible1 we %all be sure ( n go+ a/ray4

 ,moreov]1 !y alone are important to u2 
= we d n aim1 l ! naturali/1 at f9d+ !  
ord] ( succession ( diff]5t species1 b  
only at def9+ ! pr9cipal directions ( _!
 evolution4 ,& n all ( ^! directions h !
 same int]e/ = u3 :at conc]ns u         
p>ticul>ly is ! pa? t leads to man4 ,we 
%all !re=e n lose sight ( ! fact1 9     
foll[+ "o direction & ano!r1 t our ma9  
bus9ess is to det]m9e ! relation ( man  
to ! animal k+dom1 & ! place ( ! animal 
k+dom itself 9 ! organiz$ _w z a :ole4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,to beg9 ) ! second po9t1 let u say t no
 def9ite *>act]i/ic di/+ui%es ! plant f 
! animal4 ,attempts to def9e ! two      
k+doms /rictly h always come to naught4 
,!re is n a s+le prop]ty ( vegetable    
life t is n f\nd1 9 "s degree1 9 c]ta9  
animals2 n a s+le *>act]i/ic feature ( !
 animal t has n be5 se5 9 c]ta9 species 
or at c]ta9 mom5ts 9 ! vegetable _w4    
,naturally1 !re=e1 biologi/s enamor$ (  
clean-cut concepts h reg>d$ ! di/9ction 
betwe5 ! two k+doms z artificial4 ,!y   

w\ld be "r1 if def9ition 9 ?is case mu/ 
be made1 z 9 ! ma!matical & physical    
sci5ces1 accord+ to c]ta9 /atical       
attributes :i* belong to ! object def9$ 
& are n f\nd 9 any o!r4 ,v diff]5t1 9   
our op9ion1 is ! k9d ( def9ition :i*    
befits ! sci5ces ( life4 ,!re is no     
manife/ation ( life :i* does n conta91 9
 a rudim5t>y /ate--ei!r lat5t or        
pot5tial1--! ess5tial *>act]s ( mo/ o!r 
manife/ations4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 !       
proportions4 ,b ?is v diff]5ce (        
proportion w suffice to def9e ! gr\p1 if
 we c e/abli% t x is n accid5tal1 & t ! 
gr\p z x evolves1 t5ds m & m to         
emphasize ^! p>ticul> *>act]s4 ,9 a ^w1 
! gr\p mu/ n be def9$ by ! possession ( 
c]ta9 *>act]s1 b by its t5d5cy to       
emphasize !m4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 tak+  
t5d5cies r ?an /ates into acc\nt1 we f9d
 t vegetables & animals may be precisely
 def9$ & di/+ui%$1 & t !y correspond to 
two div]g5t developm5ts ( life4  ,?is   
div]g5ce is %[n1 fir/1 9 ! me?od (      
alim5tation4 ,we "k t ! vegetable d]ives

 directly f ! air & wat] & soil !       
elem5ts necess>y to ma9ta9 life1        
especially c>bon & nitrog51 :i* x takes 
9 m9]al =m4 ,! animal1 on ! contr>y1 _c 
assimilate ^! elem5ts unless !y h       
already be5 fix$ = x 9 organic sub/ances
 by plants1 or by animals :i* directly  
or indirectly owe !m to plants2 s t     
ultimately ! vegetable n\ri%es ! animal4
 ,true1 ?is law all[s ( _m exceptions   
among vegetables4 ,we d n hesitate to   
class among/ vegetables ! ,dros]a1 !    
,dionaea1 ! ,p+uicula1 :i* are          
insectivor\s plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !    
fungi1 :i* occupy s consid]able a place 
9 ! vegetable _w1 fe$ l animals3 :e!r !y
 are f]m5ts1 saprophytes or p>asites1 x 
is to already =m$ organic sub/ances t !y
 owe _! n\ri%m5t4 ,x is !re=e impossible
 to draw f ?is diff]5ce any /atic       
def9ition su* z w\ld automatically      
settle 9 any p>ticul> case ! "q :e!r we 
are deal+ ) a plant or an animal4 ,b !  
diff]5ce may provide ! beg9n+ ( a       
dynamic def9ition ( ! two k+doms1 9 t x 

m>ks ! two div]g5t directions 9 :i*     
vegetables & animals h tak5 _! c\rse4 ,x
 is a rem>kable fact t ! fungi1 :i*     
nature has spread all ov] ! e>? 9 su*   
extraord9>y pr(usion1 h n be5 able to   
evolve4 ,organically !y d n rise above  
tissues :i*1 9 ! high] vegetables1 are  
=m$ 9 ! embryonic sac ( ! ov>y1 & prec$e
 ! g]m9ative developm5t ( ! new         
individual4#eb ,!y might be call$ !     
abortive *ildr5 ( ! vegetable _w4 ,_!   
diff]5t species are l s _m bl9d alleys1 
z if1 by r5\nc+ ! mode ( alim5tation    
cu/om>y among/ vegetables1 !y _h be5    
br\ght to a /&/ill on ! highway (       
vegetable evolution4 ,z to ! ,dros]a1 ! 
,dionaea1 & insectivor\s plants 9 g5]al1
 !y are f$ by _! roots1 l o!r plants2 !y
 too fix1 by _! gre5 p>ts1 ! c>bon ( !  
c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,_! faculty 
( captur+1 absorb+ & dige/+ insects mu/ 
h aris5 late1 9 q exceptional cases :]e 
! soil 0 too poor to furni% suffici5t   
n\ri%m5t4 ,9 a g5]al way1 !n1 if we     
atta* less importance to ! pres5ce (    

special *>act]s ?an to _! t5d5cy to     
develop1 & if we reg>d z ess5tial t     
t5d5cy along :i* evolution has be5 able 
to cont9ue indef9itely1 we may say t    
vegetables are di/+ui%$ f animals by _! 
p[] ( creat+ organic matt] out ( m9]al  
elem5ts :i* !y draw directly f ! air &  
e>? & wat]4 ,b n[ we come to ano!r      
diff]5ce1 deep] ?an ?is1 ?\gh n         
unconnect$ ) x4  ,! animal1 be+ unable  
to fix directly ! c>bon & nitrog5 :i*   
are ev]y:]e to be f\nd1 has to seek =   
its n\ri%m5t vegetables :i* h already   
fix$ ^! elem5ts1 or animals :i* h tak5  
!m f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,s ! animal mu/ 
be able to move4 ,f ! amoeba1 :i* ?ru/s 
out its pseudopodia at r&om to seize !  
organic matt] scatt]$ 9 a drop ( wat]1  
up to ! high] animals :i* h s5se-organs 
) :i* to recognize _! prey1 locomotor   
organs to g & seize x1 & a n]v\s sy/em  
to cord9ate _! movem5ts ) _! s5sations1 
animal life is *>act]iz$1 9 its g5]al   
direction1 by mobility 9 space4 ,9 its  
mo/ rudim5t>y =m1 ! animal is a t9y mass

 ( protoplasm envelop$ at mo/ 9 a ?9    
album9\s pellicle :i* all[s full fre$om 
= *ange ( %ape & movem5t4 ,! vegetable  
cell1 on ! contr>y1 is surr\nd$ by a    
membrane ( cellulose1 :i* condemns x to 
immobility4 ,&1 f ! bottom to ! top ( ! 
vegetable k+dom1 !re are ! same habits  
gr[+ m & m s$5t>y1 ! plant hav+ no ne$  
to move1 & f9d+ ar\nd x1 9 ! air & wat] 
& soil 9 :i* x is plac$1 ! m9]al elem5ts
 x c appropriate directly4 ,x is true t 
ph5om5a ( movem5t are se5 9 plants4     
,d>w9 has writt5 a well-kn[n "w on !    
movem5ts ( climb+ plants4 ,he /udi$ also
 ! contrivances ( c]ta9 insectivor\s    
plants1 su* z ! ,dros]a & ! ,dionaea1 to
 seize _! prey4 ,! leaf-movem5ts ( !    
acacia1 ! s5sitive plant1 etc41 are well
 kn[n4 ,moreov]1 ! circulation ( !      
vegetable protoplasm )9 its %ea? be>s   
witness to its relation%ip to !         
protoplasm ( animals1 :il/ 9 a l>ge     
numb] ( animal species 7g5]ally         
p>asites7 ph5om5a ( fixation1 analog\s  
to ^? ( vegetables1 c be obs]v$4#ec ,"h1

 aga91 x w\ld be a mi/ake to claim t    
fixity & mobility are ! two *>act]s :i* 
enable u to decide1 by simple inspection
 alone1 :e!r we h be=e u a plant or an  
animal4 ,b fixity1 9 ! animal1 g5]ally  
seems l a torpor into :i* ! species has 
fall51 a refusal to evolve fur!r 9 a    
c]ta9 direction2 x is closely ak9 to    
p>asitism & is accompani$ by features t 
recall ^? ( vegetable life4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ! movem5ts ( vegetables h nei!r !   
frequ5cy nor ! v>iety ( ^? ( animals4   
,g5]ally1 !y involve only "p ( !        
organism & sc>cely ev] ext5d to ! :ole4 
,9 ! exceptional cases 9 :i* a vague    
spontaneity appe>s 9 vegetables1 x is z 
if we beheld ! accid5tal awak5+ ( an    
activity normally asleep4 ,9 %ort1      
al?\gh bo? mobility & fixity exi/ 9 !   
vegetable z 9 ! animal _w1 ! balance is 
cle>ly 9 favor ( fixity 9 ! "o case & ( 
mobility 9 ! o!r4 ,^! two opposite      
t5d5cies are s pla9ly directive ( ! two 
evolutions t ! two k+doms might almo/ be
 def9$ by !m4 ,b fixity & mobility1     

aga91 are only sup]ficial signs (       
t5d5cies t are /ill deep]4  ,betwe5     
mobility & consci\sness !re is an obvi\s
 relation%ip4 ,no d\bt1 ! consci\sness (
 ! high] organisms seems b\nd up ) c]ta9
 c]ebral arrangem5ts4 ,! m ! n]v\s sy/em
 develops1 ! m num]\s & m precise become
 ! movem5ts among :i* x c *oose2 !      
cle>]1 also1 is ! consci\sness t        
accompanies !m4 ,b nei!r ?is mobility   
nor ?is *oice nor consequ5tly ?is       
consci\sness involves z a necess>y      
condition ! pres5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em2 !  
latt] has only canaliz$ 9 def9ite       
directions1 & br\ght up to a high]      
degree ( int5sity1 a rudim5t>y & vague  
activity1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( !    
organiz$ sub/ance4 ,! l[] we desc5d 9 ! 
animal s]ies1 ! m ! n]v\s c5tres are    
simplifi$1 & ! m1 too1 !y sep>ate f ea* 
o!r1 till f9ally ! n]v\s elem5ts        
disappe>1 m]g$ 9 ! mass ( a less        
diff]5tiat$ organism4 ,b x is ! same )  
all ! o!r app>atus1 ) all ! o!r         
anatomical elem5ts2 & x w\ld be z absurd

 to refuse consci\sness to an animal    
because x has no bra9 z to decl>e x     
incapable ( n\ri%+ itself because x has 
no /oma*4 ,! tru? is t ! n]v\s sy/em    
arises1 l ! o!r sy/ems1 f a division (  
labor4 ,x does n create ! function1 x   
only br+s x to a high] degree ( int5sity
 & precision by giv+ x ! d\ble =m (     
reflex & volunt>y activity4 ,to         
accompli% a true reflex movem5t1 a :ole 
me*anism is necess>y1 set up 9 ! sp9al  
cord or ! m$ulla4 ,to *oose volunt>ily  
betwe5 sev]al def9ite c\rses ( action1  
c]ebral c5tres are necess>y1 t is1      
crossways f :i* pa?s />t1 lead+ to motor
 me*anisms ( div]se =m b equal          
precision4 ,b :]e n]v\s elem5ts are n   
yet canaliz$1 /ill less conc5trat$ into 
a sy/em1 !re is some?+ f :i*1 by a k9d (
 splitt+1 bo? ! reflex & ! volunt>y w   
arise1 some?+ :i* has nei!r ! me*anical 
precision ( ! =m] nor ! intellig5t      
hesitations ( ! latt]1 b :i*1 p>tak+ (  
bo? x may be inf9itesimally1 is a       
reaction simply undecid$1 & !re=e       

vaguely consci\s4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t 
! humble/ organism is consci\s 9        
proportion to its p[] to move freely4   
,is consci\sness "h1 9 relation to      
movem5t1 ! effect or ! cause8 ,9 "o s5se
 x is ! cause1 s9ce x has to direct     
locomotion4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se x is !      
effect2 = x is ! motor activity t       
ma9ta9s x1 &1 once ?is activity         
disappe>s1 consci\sness dies away or r  
falls asleep4 ,9 cru/aceans su* z !     
rhizocephala1 :i* mu/ =m]ly h %[n a m   
diff]5tiat$ /ructure1 fixity & p>asitism
 accompany ! deg5]ation & almo/ complete
 disappe>ance ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,s9ce1 9 
su* a case1 ! progress ( organization   
mu/ h localiz$ all ! consci\s activity 9
 n]v\s c5tres1 we may conjecture t      
consci\sness is ev5 weak] 9 animals (   
?is k9d ?an 9 organisms mu* less        
diff]5tiat$1 :i* h nev] _h n]v\s c5tres 
b h rema9$ mobile4  ,h[ !n c\ld ! plant1
 :i* is fix$ 9 ! e>? & f9ds its food on 
! spot1 h develop$ 9 ! direction (      
consci\s activity8 ,! membrane (        

cellulose1 9 :i* ! protoplasm wraps     
itself up1 n only prev5ts ! simple/     
vegetable organism f mov+1 b scre5s x   
also1 9 "s measure1 f ^? out] /imuli :i*
 act on ! s5sibility ( ! animal z       
irritants & prev5t x f go+ to sleep4#ed 
,! plant is !re=e unconsci\s4 ,"h aga91 
h[ev]1 we mu/ bew>e ( radical           
di/9ctions4 ,unconsci\s & consci\s are n
 two labels :i* c be me*anically fa/5$1 
! "o on e vegetable cell1 ! o!r on all  
animals4 ,:ile consci\sness sleeps 9 !  
animal :i* has deg5]at$ into a          
motionless p>asite1 x probably awak5s 9 
! vegetable t has rega9$ lib]ty (       
movem5t1 & awak5s 9 j ! degree to :i* ! 
vegetable has reconqu]$ ?is lib]ty4     
,nev]!less1 consci\sness &              
unconsci\sness m>k ! directions 9 :i* ! 
two k+doms h develop$1 9 ?is s5se1 t to 
f9d ! be/ specim5s ( consci\sness 9 !   
animal we mu/ asc5d to ! highe/         
repres5tatives ( ! s]ies1 :]eas1 to f9d 
probable cases ( vegetable consci\sness1
 we mu/ desc5d z l[ z possible 9 ! scale

 ( plants--d[n to ! zoospores ( ! algae1
 = in/ance1 &1 m g5]ally1 to ^?         
unicellul> organisms :i* may be said to 
hesitate betwe5 ! vegetable =m &        
animality4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 & 9 ?is       
measure1 we %\ld def9e ! animal by      
s5sibility & awak5$ consci\sness1 !     
vegetable by consci\sness asleep & by   
ins5sibility4  ,to sum up1 ! vegetable  
manufactures organic sub/ances directly 
) m9]al sub/ances2 z a rule1 ?is        
aptitude enables x to disp5se ) movem5t 
& s ) feel+4 ,animals1 :i* are oblig$ to
 g 9 se>* ( _! food1 h evolv$ 9 !       
direction ( locomotor activity1 &       
consequ5tly ( a consci\sness m & m      
di/9ct1 m & m ample4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,n[1 x     
seems to u mo/ probable t ! animal cell 
& ! vegetable cell are d]iv$ f a common 
/ock1 & t ! fir/ liv+ organisms         
oscillat$ betwe5 ! vegetable & animal   
=m1 p>ticipat+ 9 bo? at once4 ,inde$1 we
 h j se5 t ! *>act]i/ic t5d5cies ( !    
evolution ( ! two k+doms1 al?\gh        

div]g5t1 coexi/ ev5 n[1 bo? 9 ! plant & 
9 ! animal4 ,! proportion alone diff]s4 
,ord9>ily1 "o ( ! two t5d5cies cov]s or 
cru%es d[n ! o!r1 b 9 exceptional       
circum/ances ! suppress$ "o />ts up &   
rega9s ! place x _h lo/4 ,! mobility &  
consci\sness ( ! vegetable cell are n s 
s\nd asleep t !y _c r\se !mselves :5    
circum/ances p]mit or dem& x2 &1 on !   
o!r h&1 ! evolution ( ! animal k+dom has
 always be5 ret>d$1 or /opp$1 or dragg$ 
back1 by ! t5d5cy x has kept t[>d !     
vegetative life4 ,h[ev] full1 h[ev]     
ov]fl[+ ! activity ( an animal species  
may appe>1 torpor & unconsci\sness are  
always ly+ 9 wait = x4 ,x keeps up its  
rle only by ef=t1 at ! price ( fatigue4 
,along ! r\te on :i* ! animal has       
evolv$1 !re h be5 numb]less %ortcom+s & 
cases ( decay1 g5]ally associat$ )      
p>asitic habits2 !y are s _m %unt+s on  
to ! vegetative life4 ,?us1 ev]y?+ be>s 
out ! belief t vegetable & animal are   
desc5d$ f a common ance/or :i* unit$ !  
t5d5cies ( bo? 9 a rudim5t>y /ate4  ,b !

 two t5d5cies mutually impli$ 9 ?is     
rudim5t>y =m became dissociat$ z !y     
grew4 ,h5ce ! _w ( plants ) its fixity &
 ins5sibility1 h5ce ! animals ) _!      
mobility & consci\sness4 ,!re is no ne$1
 9 ord] to expla9 ?is divid+ into two1  
to br+ 9 any my/]i\s =ce4 ,x is en\gh to
 po9t out t ! liv+ be+ leans naturally  
t[>d :at is mo/ conv5i5t to x1 & t      
vegetables & animals h *os5 two diff]5t 
k9ds ( conv5i5ce 9 ! way ( procur+ !    
c>bon & nitrog5 !y ne$4 ,vegetables     
cont9ually & me*anically draw ^! elem5ts
 f an environm5t t cont9ually provides  
x4 ,animals1 by action t is discont9u\s1
 conc5trat$ 9 c]ta9 mom5ts1 & consci\s1 
g to f9d ^! bodies 9 organisms t h      
already fix$ !m4 ,!y are two diff]5t    
ways ( be+ indu/ri\s1 or p]haps we may  
pref] to say1 ( be+ idle4 ,= ?is v      
reason we d\bt :e!r n]v\s elem5ts1 h[ev]
 rudim5t>y1 w ev] be f\nd 9 ! plant4    
,:at corresponds 9 x to ! direct+ w ( ! 
animal is1 we believe1 ! direction 9 :i*
 x b5ds ! en]gy ( ! sol> radiation :5 x 

uses x to break ! connection ( ! c>bon )
 ! oxyg5 9 c>bonic acid4 ,:at           
corresponds 9 x to ! s5sibility ( !     
animal is ! impressionability1 q ( its  
k9d1 ( its *lorophyl light4 ,n[1 a n]v\s
 sy/em be+ pre-em95tly a me*anism :i*   
s]ves z int]m$i>y betwe5 s5sations &    
volitions1 ! true n]v\s sy/em ( ! plant 
seems to be ! me*anism or r *emicism sui
 g5]is :i* s]ves z int]m$i>y betwe5 !   
impressionability ( its *lorophyl to    
light & ! produc+ ( />*3 :i* am\nts to  
say+ t ! plant c h no n]v\s elem5ts1 & t
 ! same impetus t has l$ ! animal to    
give itself n]ves & n]ve c5tres mu/ h   
end$1 9 ! plant1 9 ! *lorophyllian      
function4#ee         99       99        
99       99       99  ,?is fir/ glance  
ov] ! organiz$ _w w enable u to asc]ta9 
m precisely :at unites ! two k+doms1 &  
also :at sep>ates !m4  ,suppose1 z we   
sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t at ! root ( 
life !re is an ef=t to engraft on to !  
necessity ( physical =ces ! l>ge/       
possible am\nt ( indet]m9ation4 ,?is    

ef=t _c result 9 ! creation ( en]gy1 or1
 if x does1 ! quantity creat$ does n    
belong to ! ord] ( magnitude appreh5d$  
by our s5ses & in/rum5ts ( measurem5t1  
our exp]i5ce & sci5ce4 ,all t ! ef=t c  
d1 !n1 is to make ! be/ ( a pre-exi/+   
en]gy :i* x f9ds at its disposal4 ,n[1 x
 f9ds only "o way ( succe$+ 9 ?is1      
namely1 to secure su* an accumulation ( 
pot5tial en]gy f matt]1 t x c get1 at   
any mom5t1 ! am\nt ( "w x ne$s = its    
action1 simply by pull+ a trigg]4 ,!    
ef=t itself possesses only t p[] (      
releas+4 ,b ! "w ( releas+1 al?\gh      
always ! same & always small] ?an any   
giv5 quantity1 w be ! m effective !     
heavi] ! weight x makes fall & ! great] 
! height--or1 9 o!r words1 ! great] !   
sum ( pot5tial en]gy accumulat$ &       
disposable4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !        
pr9cipal s\rce ( en]gy usable on !      
surface ( our planet is ! sun4 ,s !     
problem 0 ?is3 to obta9 f ! sun t x %\ld
 p>tially & provisionally susp5d1 "h &  
!re1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 its cont9ual 

outp\r ( usable en]gy1 & /ore a c]ta9   
quantity ( x1 9 ! =m ( unus$ en]gy1 9   
appropriate res]voirs1 :5ce x c\ld be   
drawn at ! desir$ mom5t1 at ! desir$    
spot1 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,! sub/ances
 =m+ ! food ( animals are j su*         
res]voirs4 ,made ( v complex molecules  
hold+ a consid]able am\nt ( *emical     
en]gy 9 ! pot5tial /ate1 !y are l       
explosives :i* only ne$ a sp>k to set   
free ! en]gy /or$ )9 !m4 ,n[1 x is      
probable t life t5d$ at ! beg9n+ to     
compass at "o & ! same "t bo? !         
manufacture ( ! explosive & ! explosion 
by :i* x is utiliz$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! same
 organism t _h directly /or$ ! en]gy ( !
 sol> radiation w\ld h exp5d$ x 9 free  
movem5ts 9 space4 ,& = t reason we mu/  
presume t ! fir/ liv+ be+s s\ght on ! "o
 h& to accumulate1 )\t ceas+1 en]gy     
borr[$ f ! sun1 & on ! o!r h& to exp5d  
x1 9 a discont9u\s & explosive way1 9   
movem5ts ( locomotion4 ,ev5 to-day1     
p]haps1 a *lorophyl-be>+ ,infusorian su*
 z ! ,eugl5a may symbolize ?is          

primordial t5d5cy ( life1 ?\gh 9 a mean 
=m1 incapable ( evolv+4 ,is ! div]g5t   
developm5t ( ! two k+doms relat$ to :at 
"o may call ! oblivion ( ea* k+dom z    
reg>ds "o ( ! two halves ( ! programme8 
,or r1 :i* is m likely1 0 ! v nature ( !
 matt]1 t life f\nd confront+ x on our  
planet1 oppos$ to ! possibility ( ! two 
t5d5cies evolv+ v f> toge!r 9 ! same    
organism8 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ! vegetable
 has tr5d$ pr9cipally 9 ! fir/ direction
 & ! animal 9 ! second4 ,b if1 f ! v    
fir/1 9 mak+ ! explosive1 nature _h =   
object ! explosion1 !n x is ! evolution 
( ! animal1 r ?an t ( ! vegetable1 t    
indicates1 on ! :ole1 ! fundam5tal      
direction ( life4  ,! h>mony ( ! two    
k+doms1 ! complem5t>y *>act]s !y        
display1 might !n be due to ! fact t !y 
develop two t5d5cies :i* at fir/ 7 fus$ 
9 "o4 ,! m ! s+le orig9al t5d5cy gr[s1 !
 h>d] x f9ds x to keep unit$ 9 ! same   
liv+ be+ ^? two elem5ts :i* 9 !         
rudim5t>y /ate impli$ ea* o!r4 ,h5ce a  
p>t+ 9 two1 h5ce two div]g5t evolutions2

 h5ce also two s]ies ( *>act]s oppos$ 9 
c]ta9 po9ts1 complem5t>y 9 o!rs1 b1 :e!r
 oppos$ or complem5t>y1 always pres]v+  
an appe>ance ( k9%ip4 ,:ile ! animal    
evolv$1 n )\t accid5ts along ! way1 t[>d
 a fre] & fre] exp5diture ( discont9u\s 
en]gy1 ! plant p]fect$ r its sy/em (    
accumulation )\t mov+4 ,we %all n dwell 
on ?is second po9t4 ,suffice x to say t 
! plant mu/ h be5 greatly b5efit$1 9 its
 turn1 by a new division1 analog\s to t 
betwe5 plants & animals4 ,:ile !        
primitive vegetable cell _h to fix by   
itself bo? its c>bon & its nitrog51 x   
became able almo/ to give up ! second ( 
^! two functions z soon z microscopic   
vegetables came =w>d :i* lean$ 9 ?is    
direction exclusively1 & ev5 specializ$ 
div]sely 9 ?is /ill complicat$ bus9ess4 
,! microbes t fix ! nitrog5 ( ! air & ^?
 :i* conv]t ! ammoniacal comp\nds into  
nitr\s ones1 & ^! aga9 into nitrates1 h1
 by ! same splitt+ up ( a t5d5cy        
primitively "o1 r5d]$ to ! :ole         
vegetable _w ! same k9d ( s]vice z !    

vegetables 9 g5]al h r5d]$ to animals4  
,if a special k+dom 7 to be made = ^!   
microscopic vegetables1 x might be said 
t 9 ! microbes ( ! soil1 ! vegetables & 
! animals1 we h be=e u ! analysis1 c>ri$
 out by ! matt] t life f\nd at its      
disposal on our planet1 ( all t life    
conta9$1 at ! outset1 9 a /ate (        
reciprocal implication4 ,is ?is1 prop]ly
 speak+1 a division ( labor8 ,^! words d
 n give ! exact idea ( evolution1 su* z 
we conceive x4 ,:]ev] !re is division ( 
labor1 !re is association & also        
conv]g5ce ( ef=t4 ,n[1 ! evolution we   
are speak+ ( is nev] a*iev$ by means (  
association1 b by dissociation2 x nev]  
t5ds t[>d conv]g5ce1 b t[>d div]g5ce (  
ef=ts4 ,! h>mony betwe5 t]ms t are      
mutually complem5t>y 9 c]ta9 po9ts is n1
 9 our op9ion1 produc$1 9 c\rse (       
progress1 by a reciprocal adaptation2 on
 ! contr>y1 x is complete only at ! />t4
 ,x arises f an orig9al id5tity1 f !    
fact t ! evolution>y process1 splay+ out
 l a %eaf1 sund]s1 9 proportion to _!   

simultane\s gr[?1 t]ms :i* at fir/      
complet$ ea* o!r s well t !y coalesc$4  
,n[1 ! elem5ts into :i* a t5d5cy splits 
up are f> f possess+ ! same importance1 
or1 above all1 ! same p[] to evolve4 ,we
 h j di/+ui%$ ?ree diff]5t k+doms1 if "o
 may s express x1 9 ! organiz$ _w4 ,:ile
 ! fir/ comprises only microorganisms   
:i* h rema9$ 9 ! rudim5t>y /ate1 animals
 & vegetables h tak5 _! flight t[>d v   
l(ty =tunes4 ,su*1 inde$1 is g5]ally !  
case :5 a t5d5cy divides4 ,among !      
div]g5t developm5ts to :i* x gives rise1
 "s g on indef9itely1 o!rs come m or    
less quickly to ! end ( _! te!r4 ,^!    
latt] d n issue directly f ! primitive  
t5d5cy1 b f "o ( ! elem5ts into :i* x   
has divid$2 !y are residual developm5ts 
made & left beh9d on ! way by "s truly  
elem5t>y t5d5cy :i* cont9ues to evolve4 
,n[1 ^! truly elem5t>y t5d5cies1 we ?9k1
 be> a m>k by :i* !y may be recogniz$4  
,?is m>k is l a trace1 /ill visible 9   
ea*1 ( :at 0 9 ! orig9al t5d5cy ( :i* !y
 repres5t ! elem5t>y directions4 ,!     

elem5ts ( a t5d5cy are n l objects set  
beside ea* o!r 9 space & mutually       
exclusive1 b r l psy*ic /ates1 ea* (    
:i*1 al?\gh x be itself to beg9 )1 yet  
p>takes ( o!rs1 & s virtually includes 9
 itself ! :ole p]sonality to :i* x      
belongs4 ,!re is no real manife/ation ( 
life1 we said1 t does n %[ u1 9 a       
rudim5t>y or lat5t /ate1 ! *>act]s ( o!r
 manife/ations4 ,conv]sely1 :5 we meet1 
on "o l9e ( evolution1 a recollection1 s
 to speak1 ( :at is develop$ along o!r  
l9es1 we mu/ conclude t we h be=e u     
dissociat$ elem5ts ( "o & ! same orig9al
 t5d5cy4 ,9 ?is s5se1 vegetables &      
animals repres5t ! two great div]g5t    
developm5ts ( life4 ,?\gh ! plant is    
di/+ui%$ f ! animal by fixity &         
ins5sibility1 movem5t & consci\sness    
sleep 9 x z recollections :i* may wak54 
,b1 beside ^! normally sleep+           
recollections1 !re are o!rs awake &     
active1 j ^?1 namely1 ^: activity does n
 ob/ruct ! developm5t ( ! elem5t>y      
t5d5cy itself4 ,we may !n =mulate ?is   

law3 ,:5 a t5d5cy splits up 9 ! c\rse ( 
its developm5t1 ea* ( ! special t5d5cies
 :i* ?us arise tries to pres]ve &       
develop ev]y?+ 9 ! primitive t5d5cy t is
 n incompatible ) ! "w = :i* x is       
specializ$4 ,?is expla9s precisely !    
fact we dwelt on 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 viz41
 ! =mation ( id5tical complex me*anisms 
on indep5d5t l9es ( evolution4 ,c]ta9   
deep-seat$ analogies betwe5 ! animal & !
 vegetable h probably no o!r cause3     
sexual g5]ation is p]haps only a luxury 
= ! plant1 b to ! animal x 0 a          
necessity1 & ! plant mu/ h be5 driv5 to 
x by ! same impetus :i* impell$ ! animal
 !reto1 a primitive1 orig9al impetus1   
ant]ior to ! sep>ation ( ! two k+doms4  
,! same may be said ( ! t5d5cy ( !      
vegetable t[>ds a gr[+ complexity4 ,?is 
t5d5cy is ess5tial to ! animal k+dom1   
ev] torm5t$ by ! ne$ ( m & m ext5d$ &   
effective action4 ,b ! vegetable1       
condemn$ to fixity & ins5sibility1      
exhibits ! same t5d5cy only because x   
receiv$ at ! outset ! same impulsion4   

,rec5t exp]im5ts %[ t x v>ies at r&om :5
 ! p]iod ( mutation arrives2 :]eas !    
animal mu/ h evolv$1 we believe1 9 mu* m
 def9ite directions4 ,b we w n dwell    
fur!r on ?is orig9al d\bl+ ( ! modes (  
life4 ,let u come to ! evolution (      
animals1 9 :i* we are m p>ticul>ly      
int]e/$4  ,:at con/itutes animality1 we 
said1 is ! faculty ( utiliz+ a releas+  
me*anism = ! conv]sion ( z mu* /or$-up  
pot5tial en]gy z possible into explosive
 actions4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! explosion is    
haphaz>d1 & does n *oose its direction4 
,?us ! amoeba ?ru/s out its pseudopodic 
prolongations 9 all directions at once4 
,b1 z we rise 9 ! animal scale1 ! =m ( !
 body itself is obs]v$ to indicate a    
c]ta9 numb] ( v def9ite directions along
 :i* ! en]gy travels4 ,^! directions are
 m>k$ by s _m *a9s ( n]v\s elem5ts4 ,n[1
 ! n]v\s elem5t has gradually em]g$ f ! 
b>ely diff]5tiat$ mass ( organiz$       
tissue4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be surmis$ t 9 ! 
n]v\s elem5t1 z soon z x appe>s1 & also 
9 its app5dages1 ! faculty ( sudd5ly    

free+ ! gradually /or$-up en]gy is      
conc5trat$4 ,no d\bt1 e liv+ cell exp5ds
 en]gy )\t ceas+1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its  
equilibrium4 ,! vegetable cell1 torpid f
 ! />t1 is entirely absorb$ 9 ?is "w (  
ma9t5ance alone1 z if x took = end :at  
mu/ at fir/ h be5 only a means4 ,b1 9 ! 
animal1 all po9ts to action1 t is1 to ! 
utilization ( en]gy = movem5ts f place  
to place4 ,true1 e animal cell exp5ds a 
good deal--(t5 ! :ole--( ! en]gy at its 
disposal 9 keep+ itself alive2 b !      
organism z a :ole tries to attract z mu*
 en]gy z possible to ^? po9ts :]e !     
locomotive movem5ts are effect$4 ,s t   
:]e a n]v\s sy/em exi/s1 ) its          
complem5t>y s5se-organs & motor         
app>atus1 ev]y?+ %\ld happ5 z if ! re/ (
 ! body _h1 z its ess5tial function1 to 
prep>e = ^! & pass on to !m1 at ! mom5t 
requir$1 t =ce :i* !y are to lib]ate by 
a sort ( explosion4  ,! "p play$ by food
 among/ ! high] animals is1 inde$1      
extremely complex4 ,9 ! fir/ place x    
s]ves to repair tissues1 !n x provides !

 animal ) ! heat necess>y to r5d] x z   
indep5d5t z possible ( *anges 9 ext]nal 
temp]ature4 ,?us x pres]ves1 supports1 &
 ma9ta9s ! organism 9 :i* ! n]v\s sy/em 
is set & on :i* ! n]v\s elem5ts h to    
live4 ,b ^! n]v\s elem5ts w\ld h no     
reason = exi/5ce if ! organism did n    
pass to !m1 & especially to ! muscles !y
 control1 a c]ta9 en]gy to exp5d2 & x   
may ev5 be conjectur$ t !re1 9 ! ma91 is
 ! ess5tial & ultimate de/9ation ( food4
 ,?is does n mean t ! great] "p ( ! food
 is us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,a /ate may h to make 
enorm\s exp5diture to secure ! return ( 
taxes1 & ! sum :i* x w h to dispose (1  
aft] d$uct+ ! co/ ( collection1 w p]haps
 be v small3 t sum is1 none ! less1 !   
reason = ! tax & = all t has be5 sp5t to
 obta9 its return4 ,s x is ) ! en]gy :i*
 ! animal dem&s ( its food4  ,_m facts  
seem to indicate t ! n]v\s & muscul>    
elem5ts /& 9 ?is relation t[>ds ! re/ ( 
! organism4 ,glance fir/ at !           
di/ribution ( alim5t>y sub/ances among !
 diff]5t elem5ts ( ! liv+ body4 ,^!     

sub/ances fall into two classes1 "o !   
quat]n>y or album9oid1 ! o!r ! t]n>y1   
includ+ ! c>bohydrates & ! fats4 ,!     
album9oids are prop]ly pla/ic1 de/9$ to 
repair ! tissues--al?\gh1 ow+ to ! c>bon
 !y conta91 !y are capable ( provid+    
en]gy on occasion4 ,b ! function (      
supply+ en]gy has devolv$ m p>ticul>ly  
on ! second class ( sub/ances3 ^!1 be+  
deposit$ 9 ! cell r ?an =m+ "p ( its    
sub/ance1 convey to x1 9 ! =m ( *emical 
pot5tial1 an expansive en]gy t may be   
directly conv]t$ into ei!r movem5t or   
heat4 ,9 %ort1 ! *ief function ( !      
album9oids is to repair ! ma*9e1 :ile ! 
function ( ! o!r class ( sub/ances is to
 supply p[]4 ,x is natural t !          
album9oids %\ld h no specially allott$  
de/9ation1 s9ce e "p ( ! ma*9e has to be
 ma9ta9$4 ,b n s ) ! o!r sub/ances4 ,!  
c>bohydrates are di/ribut$ v unequally1 
& ?is inequality ( di/ribution seems to 
u 9 ! highe/ degree in/ructive4         
,convey$ by ! art]ial blood 9 ! =m (    
glucose1 ^! sub/ances are deposit$1 9 ! 

=m ( glycog51 9 ! diff]5t cells =m+ !   
tissues4 ,we "k t "o ( ! pr9cipal       
functions ( ! liv] is to ma9ta9 at a    
con/ant level ! quantity ( glucose held 
by ! blood1 by means ( ! res]ves (      
glycog5 secret$ by ! hepatic cells4 ,n[1
 9 ?is circulation ( glucose &          
accumulation ( glycog51 x is easy to see
 t ! effect is z if ! :ole ef=t ( !     
organism 7 direct$ t[>ds provid+ )      
pot5tial en]gy ! elem5ts ( bo? ! muscul>
 & ! n]v\s tissues4 ,! organism proce$s 
diff]5tly 9 ! two cases1 b x arrives at 
! same result4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x        
provides ! muscle-cell ) a l>ge res]ve  
deposit$ 9 advance3 ! quantity ( glycog5
 conta9$ 9 ! muscles is1 inde$1 enorm\s 
9 comp>ison ) :at is f\nd 9 ! o!r       
tissues4 ,9 ! n]v\s tissue1 on !        
contr>y1 ! res]ve is small 7! n]v\s     
elem5ts1 ^: function is m]ely to lib]ate
 ! pot5tial en]gy /or$ 9 ! muscle1 nev] 
h to furni% mu* "w at "o "t72 b !       
rem>kable ?+ is t ?is res]ve is re/or$  
by ! blood at ! v mom5t t x is exp5d$1 s

 t ! n]ve is in/antly re*>g$ ) pot5tial 
en]gy4 ,muscul> tissue & n]v\s tissue   
are1 !re=e1 bo? privileg$1 ! "o 9 t x is
 /ock$ ) a l>ge res]ve ( en]gy1 ! o!r 9 
t x is always s]v$ at ! in/ant x is 9   
ne$ & to ! exact ext5t ( its            
requirem5ts4  ,m p>ticul>ly1 x is f !   
s5sori-motor sy/em t ! call = glycog51 !
 pot5tial en]gy1 comes1 z if ! re/ ( !  
organism 7 simply !re 9 ord] to transmit
 =ce to ! n]v\s sy/em & to ! muscles :i*
 ! n]ves control4 ,true1 :5 we ?9k ( !  
"p play$ by ! n]v\s sy/em 7ev5 !        
s5sori-motor sy/em7 z regulator ( !     
organic life1 x may well be ask$ :e!r1 9
 ?is ex*ange ( good (fices betwe5 x & ! 
re/ ( ! body1 ! n]v\s sy/em is inde$ a  
ma/] t ! body s]ves4 ,b we %all already 
incl9e to ?is hypo!sis :5 we consid]1   
ev5 9 ! /atic /ate only1 ! di/ribution (
 pot5tial en]gy among ! tissues2 & we   
%all be entirely conv9c$ ( x :5 we      
reflect ^u ! conditions 9 :i* ! en]gy is
 exp5d$ & re/or$4 ,= suppose !          
s5sori-motor sy/em is a sy/em l ! o!rs1 

( ! same rank z ! o!rs4 ,borne by ! :ole
 ( ! organism1 x w wait until an excess 
( *emical pot5tial is suppli$ to x be=e 
x p]=ms any "w4 ,9 o!r words1 x is !    
production ( glycog5 :i* w regulate !   
consumption by ! n]ves & muscles4 ,on ! 
contr>y1 if ! s5sori-motor sy/em is !   
actual ma/]1 ! duration & ext5t ( its   
action w be indep5d5t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t 
at lea/1 ( ! res]ve ( glycog5 t x holds1
 & ev5 ( t conta9$ 9 ! :ole ( !         
organism4 ,x w p]=m "w1 & ! o!r tissues 
w h to arrange z !y c to supply x )     
pot5tial en]gy4 ,n[1 ?is is precisely   
:at does take place1 z is %[n 9 p>ticul>
 by ! exp]im5ts ( ,morat & ,duf\rt4#ef  
,:ile ! glycog5ic function ( ! liv]     
dep5ds on ! action ( ! excitory n]ves   
:i* control x1 ! action ( ^! n]ves is   
subord9at$ to ! action ( ^? :i* /imulate
 ! locomotor muscles--9 ?is s5se1 t !   
muscles beg9 by exp5d+ )\t calculation1 
?us consum+ glycog51 impov]i%+ ! blood (
 its glucose1 & f9ally caus+ ! liv]1 :i*
 has _h to p\r into ! impov]i%$ blood "s

 ( its res]ve ( glycog51 to manufacture 
a fre% supply4 ,f ! s5sori-motor sy/em1 
!n1 ev]y?+ />ts2 on t sy/em ev]y?+      
conv]ges2 & we may say1 )\t metaphor1 t 
! re/ ( ! organism is at its s]vice4    
,consid] aga9 :at happ5s 9 a prolong$   
fa/4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t 9 animals 
t h di$ ( hung] ! bra9 is f\nd to be    
almo/ unimpair$1 :ile ! o!r organs h lo/
 m or less ( _! weight & _! cells h     
und]gone pr(\nd *anges4#eg ,x seems z   
?\gh ! re/ ( ! body _h su/a9$ ! n]v\s   
sy/em to ! la/ extremity1 treat+ itself 
simply z ! means ( :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is 
! end4  ,to sum up3 if we agree1 9 %ort1
 to und]/& by ! s5sori-motor sy/em !    
c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em toge!r ) !     
s5sorial app>atus 9 :i* x is prolong$ & 
! locomotor muscles x controls1 we may  
say t a high] organism is ess5tially a  
s5sori-motor sy/em in/all$ on sy/ems (  
dige/ion1 respiration1 circulation1     
secretion1 etc41 ^: function x is to    
repair1 cleanse & protect x1 to create  
an unv>y+ int]nal environm5t = x1 &     

above all to pass x pot5tial en]gy to   
conv]t into locomotive movem5t4#eh ,x is
 true t ! m ! n]v\s function is p]fect$1
 ! m mu/ ! functions requir$ to ma9ta9 x
 develop1 & ! m exact+1 consequ5tly1 !y 
become = !mselves4 ,z ! n]v\s activity  
has em]g$ f ! protoplasmic mass 9 :i* x 
0 almo/ dr[n$1 x has _h to summon ar\nd 
itself activities ( all k9ds = its      
support4 ,^! c\ld only be develop$ on   
o!r activities1 :i* aga9 impli$ o!rs1 & 
s on indef9itely4 ,?us x is t !         
complexity ( function+ ( ! high]        
organisms goes on to inf9ity4 ,! /udy ( 
"o ( ^! organisms !re=e takes u r\nd 9 a
 circle1 z if ev]y?+ 0 a means to ev]y?+
 else4 ,b ! circle has a c5tre1 none !  
less1 & t is ! sy/em ( n]v\s elem5ts    
/ret*+ betwe5 ! s5sory organs & ! motor 
app>atus4  ,we w n dwell "h on a po9t we
 h treat$ at l5g? 9 a =m] "w4 ,let u    
m]ely recall t ! progress ( ! n]v\s     
sy/em has be5 effect$ bo? 9 ! direction 
( a m precise adaptation ( movem5ts & 9 
t ( a great] latitude left to ! liv+ be+

 to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,^! two t5d5cies   
may appe> antagoni/ic1 & inde$ !y are s2
 b a n]v\s *a91 ev5 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y 
=m1 successfully reconciles !m4 ,on ! "o
 h&1 x m>ks a well-def9$ track betwe5 "o
 po9t ( ! p]iph]y & ano!r1 ! "o s5sory1 
! o!r motor4 ,x has !re=e canaliz$ an   
activity :i* 0 orig9ally diffus$ 9 !    
protoplasmic mass4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !   
elem5ts t compose x are probably        
discont9u\s2 at any rate1 ev5 suppos+ !y
 ana/omose1 !y exhibit a functional     
discont9uity1 = ea* ( !m ends 9 a k9d ( 
cross-road :]e probably ! n]v\s curr5t  
may *oose its c\rse4 ,f ! humble/ ,mon]a
 to ! be/ end[$ insects1 & up to ! mo/  
intellig5t v]tebrates1 ! progress       
realiz$ has be5 above all a progress ( !
 n]v\s sy/em1 c\pl$ at e /age ) all !   
new con/ructions & complications (      
me*anism t ?is progress requir$4 ,z we  
=e%ad[$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 ! rle (    
life is to ins]t "s indet]m9ation into  
matt]4 ,indet]m9ate1 i4e4 un=eseeable1  
are ! =ms x creates 9 ! c\rse ( its     

evolution4 ,m & m indet]m9ate also1 m & 
m free1 is ! activity to :i* ^! =ms s]ve
 z ! vehicle4 ,a n]v\s sy/em1 ) neurones
 plac$ end to end 9 su* wise t1 at !    
extremity ( ea*1 manifold ways op5 9 :i*
 manifold que/ions pres5t !mselves1 is a
 v]itable res]voir ( indet]m9ation4 ,t !
 ma9 en]gy ( ! vital impulse has be5    
sp5t 9 creat+ app>atus ( ?is k9d is1 we 
believe1 :at a glance ov] ! organiz$ _w 
z a :ole easily %[s4 ,b conc]n+ ! vital 
impulse itself a few explanations are   
necess>y4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! =ce 
:i* is evolv+ ?r\gh\t ! organiz$ _w is a
 limit$ =ce1 :i* is always seek+ to     
transc5d itself & always rema9s         
inadequate to ! "w x w\ld fa9 produce4  
,! errors & pu]ilities ( radical f9alism
 are due to ! misappreh5sion ( ?is po9t4
 ,x has repres5t$ ! :ole ( ! liv+ _w z a
 con/ruction1 & a con/ruction analog\s  
to a human "w4 ,all ! pieces h be5      
arrang$ ) a view to ! be/ possible      
function+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,ea* species has   

its reason = exi/5ce1 its "p to play1   
its allott$ place2 & all jo9 toge!r1 z x
 71 9 a musical conc]t1 :]e9 ! seem+    
discords are really meant to br+ out a  
fundam5tal h>mony4 ,9 %ort1 all goes on 
9 nature z 9 ! works ( human g5ius1 :]e1
 ?\gh ! result may be trifl+1 !re is at 
lea/ p]fect adequacy betwe5 ! object    
made & ! "w ( mak+ x4  ,no?+ ( ! k9d 9 !
 evolution ( life4 ,!re1 ! disproportion
 is /rik+ betwe5 ! "w & ! result4 ,f !  
bottom to ! top ( ! organiz$ _w we d    
inde$ f9d "o great ef=t2 b mo/ (t5 ?is  
ef=t turns %ort1 sometimes p>alyz$ by   
contr>y =ces1 sometimes div]t$ f :at x  
%\ld d by :at x does1 absorb$ by ! =m x 
is engag$ 9 tak+1 hypnotiz$ by x z by a 
mirror4 ,ev5 9 its mo/ p]fect works1    
?\gh x seems to h triumph$ ov] ext]nal  
resi/ances & also ov] its own1 x is at !
 m]cy ( ! mat]iality :i* x has _h to    
assume4 ,x is :at ea* ( u may exp]i5ce 9
 himself4 ,our fre$om1 9 ! v movem5ts by
 :i* x is affirm$1 creates ! gr[+ habits
 t w /ifle x if x fails to r5ew itself  

by a con/ant ef=t3 x is dogg$ by        
automatism4 ,! mo/ liv+ ?\ght becomes   
frigid 9 ! =mula t expresses x4 ,! ^w   
turns aga9/ ! idea4  ,! lett] kills !   
_s4 ,& our mo/ ard5t en?usiasm1 z soon z
 x is ext]naliz$ into action1 is s      
naturally congeal$ into ! cold          
calculation ( int]e/ or vanity1 ! "o    
takes s easily ! %ape ( ! o!r1 t we     
might confuse !m toge!r1 d\bt our own   
s9c]ity1 d5y goodness & love1 if we did 
n "k t ! dead reta9 = a "t ! features ( 
! liv+4  ,! pr(\nd cause ( ?is          
discordance lies 9 an irrem$iable       
diff]5ce ( rhy?m4 ,life 9 g5]al is      
mobility itself2 p>ticul> manife/ations 
( life accept ?is mobility reluctantly1 
& con/antly lag beh9d4 ,x is always go+ 
ahead2 !y want to m>k "t4 ,evolution 9  
g5]al w\ld fa9 g on 9 a /raight l9e2 ea*
 special evolution is a k9d ( circle4 ,l
 eddies ( du/ rais$ by ! w9d z x passes1
 ! liv+ turn ^u !mselves1 borne up by ! 
great bla/ ( life4 ,!y are !re=e        
relatively /able1 & c\nt]feit immobility

 s well t we treat ea* ( !m z a ?+ r ?an
 z a progress1 =gett+ t ! v p]man5ce (  
_! =m is only ! outl9e ( a movem5t4 ,at 
times1 h[ev]1 9 a fleet+ vision1 !      
invisible brea? t be>s !m is mat]ializ$ 
be=e our eyes4 ,we h ?is sudd5          
illum9ation be=e c]ta9 =ms ( mat]nal    
love1 s /rik+1 & 9 mo/ animals s t\*+1  
obs]vable ev5 9 ! solicitude ( ! plant =
 its se$4 ,?is love1 9 :i* "s h se5 !   
great my/]y ( life1 may possibly deliv] 
u life's secret4 ,x %[s u ea* g5]ation  
lean+ ov] ! g5]ation t %all foll[4 ,x   
all[s u a glimpse ( ! fact t ! liv+ be+ 
is above all a ?or\ghf>e1 & t ! ess5ce (
 life is 9 ! movem5t by :i* life is     
transmitt$4  ,?is contra/ betwe5 life 9 
g5]al1 & ! =ms 9 :i* x is manife/$1 has 
ev]y:]e ! same "*4 ,x might be said t   
life t5ds t[>d ! utmo/ possible action1 
b t ea* species pref]s to contribute !  
slighte/ possible ef=t4 ,reg>d$ 9 :at   
con/itutes its true ess5ce1 namely1 z a 
transition f species to species1 life is
 a cont9ually gr[+ action4 ,b ea* ( !   

species1 ?r\gh :i* life passes1 aims    
only at its own conv5i5ce4 ,x goes = t  
:i* dem&s ! lea/ labor4 ,absorb$ 9 ! =m 
x is ab\t to take1 x falls into a p>tial
 sleep1 9 :i* x ignores almo/ all ! re/ 
( life2 x fa%ions itself s z to take !  
greate/ possible advantage ( its        
imm$iate environm5t ) ! lea/ possible   
tr\ble4 ,accord+ly1 ! act by :i* life   
goes =w>d to ! creation ( a new =m1 & ! 
act by :i* ?is =m is %ap$1 are two      
diff]5t & (t5 antagoni/ic movem5ts4 ,!  
fir/ is cont9u\s ) ! second1 b _c       
cont9ue 9 x )\t be+ drawn aside f its   
direction1 z w\ld happ5 to a man leap+1 
if1 9 ord] to cle> ! ob/acle1 he _h to  
turn 8 eyes f x & look at himself all ! 
:ile4  ,liv+ =ms are1 by _! v def9ition1
 =ms t are able to live4 ,9 :atev] way !
 adaptation ( ! organism to its         
circum/ances is expla9$1 x has          
necess>ily be5 suffici5t1 s9ce ! species
 has subsi/$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ea* ( !      
successive species t paleontology &     
zoology describes 0 a success c>ri$ (f  

by life4 ,b we get a v diff]5t          
impression :5 we ref] ea* species to !  
movem5t t has left x beh9d on its way1  
in/ead ( to ! conditions into :i* x has 
be5 set4 ,(t5 ?is movem5t has turn$     
aside2 v (t51 too1 x has /opp$ %ort2 :at
 0 to h be5 a ?or\ghf>e has become a    
t]m9us4 ,f ?is new po9t ( view1 failure 
seems ! rule1 success exceptional &     
always imp]fect4 ,we %all see t1 ( ! f\r
 ma9 directions along :i* animal life   
b5t its c\rse1 two h l$ to bl9d alleys1 
&1 9 ! o!r two1 ! ef=t has g5]ally be5  
out ( proportion to ! result4  ,docum5ts
 are lack+ to recon/ruct ?is hi/ory 9   
detail1 b we c make out its ma9 l9es4   
,we h already said t animals &          
vegetables mu/ h sep>at$ soon f _!      
common /ock1 ! vegetable fall+ asleep 9 
immobility1 ! animal1 on ! contr>y1     
becom+ m & m awake & m>*+ on to !       
conque/ ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,probably !    
ef=t ( ! animal k+dom result$ 9 creat+  
organisms /ill v simple1 b end[$ ) a    
c]ta9 fre$om ( action1 &1 above all1 ) a

 %ape s undecid$ t x c\ld l5d itself to 
any future det]m9ation4 ,^! animals may 
h resembl$ "s ( our worms1 b ) ?is      
diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! worms liv+ to-day1 
to :i* !y c\ld be comp>$1 are b ! empty 
& fix$ examples ( inf9itely pla/ic =ms1 
pregnant ) an unlimit$ future1 ! common 
/ock ( ! e*9od]ms1 molluscs1 ar?ropods1 
& v]tebrates4  ,"o dang] lay 9 wait =   
!m1 "o ob/acle :i* might h /opp$ ! so>+ 
c\rse ( animal life4 ,!re is "o         
peculi>ity ) :i* we _c help be+ /ruck :5
 glanc+ ov] ! fauna ( primitive times1  
namely1 ! imprisonm5t ( ! animal 9 a m  
or less solid %ea?1 :i* mu/ h ob/ruct$ &
 (t5 ev5 p>alyz$ its movem5ts4 ,!       
molluscs ( t "t _h a %ell m univ]sally  
?an ^? ( to-day4 ,! ar?ropods 9 g5]al 7 
provid$ ) a c>apace2 mo/ ( !m 7         
cru/aceans4 ,! m anci5t fi%es _h a bony 
%ea? ( extreme h>dness4#ei ,!           
explanation ( ?is g5]al fact %\ld be    
s\ght1 we believe1 9 a t5d5cy ( s(t     
organisms to def5d !mselves aga9/ "o    
ano!r by mak+ !mselves1 z f> z possible1

 undev\rable4 ,ea* species1 9 ! act by  
:i* x comes into be+1 tr5ds t[>ds t :i* 
is mo/ exp$i5t4 ,j z among primitive    
organisms !re 7 "s t turn$ t[>ds animal 
life by refus+ to manufacture organic   
out ( inorganic mat]ial & tak+ organic  
sub/ances ready made f organisms t _h   
turn$ t[>d ! vegetative life1 s1 among !
 animal species !mselves1 _m contriv$ to
 live at ! exp5se ( o!r animals4 ,= an  
organism t is animal1 t is to say       
mobile1 c avail itself ( its mobility to
 g 9 se>* ( def5seless animals1 & fe$ on
 !m q z well z on vegetables4 ,s1 ! m   
species became mobile1 ! m !y became    
voraci\s & dang]\s to "o ano!r4 ,h5ce a 
sudd5 arre/ ( ! entire animal _w 9 its  
progress t[>ds high] & high] mobility2 =
 ! h>d & calc>e\s sk9 ( ! e*9od]m1 !    
%ell ( ! mollusc1 ! c>apace ( !         
cru/acean & ! ganoid brea/-plate ( !    
anci5t fi%es probably all orig9at$ 9 a  
common ef=t ( ! animal species to       
protect !mselves aga9/ ho/ile species4  
,b ?is brea/-plate1 beh9d :i* ! animal  

took %elt]1 con/ra9$ x 9 its movem5ts & 
sometimes fix$ x 9 "o place4 ,if !      
vegetable r5\nc$ consci\sness 9 wrapp+  
itself 9 a cellulose membrane1 ! animal 
t %ut itself up 9 a citadel or 9 armor  
condemn$ itself to a p>tial slumb]4 ,9  
?is torpor ! e*9od]ms & ev5 ! molluscs  
live to-day4 ,probably ar?ropods &      
v]tebrates 7 ?reat5$ ) x too4 ,!y       
escap$1 h[ev]1 & to ?is =tunate         
circum/ance is due ! expansion ( !      
highe/ =ms ( life4  ,9 two directions1 9
 fact1 we see ! impulse ( life to       
movem5t gett+ ! upp] h& aga94 ,! fi%es  
ex*ang$ _! ganoid brea/-plate = scales4 
,long be=e t1 ! insects _h appe>$1 also 
dis5cumb]$ ( ! brea/-plate t _h protect$
 _! ance/ors4 ,bo? supplem5t$ !         
insuffici5cy ( _! protective cov]+ by an
 agility t enabl$ !m to escape _!       
enemies1 & also to assume ! (f5sive1 to 
*oose ! place & ! mom5t ( enc\nt]4 ,we  
see a progress ( ! same k9d 9 !         
evolution ( human armam5ts4 ,! fir/     
impulse is to seek %elt]2 ! second1 :i* 

is ! bett]1 is to become z supple z     
possible = flight & above all =         
attack--attack be+ ! mo/ effective means
 ( def5se4 ,s ! heavy hoplite 0         
supplant$ by ! legion>y2 ! knight1 clad 
9 armor1 _h to give place to ! light    
free-mov+ infantryman2 & 9 a g5]al way1 
9 ! evolution ( life1 j z 9 ! evolution 
( human societies & ( individual        
de/9ies1 ! greate/ successes h be5 = ^? 
:o h accept$ ! heavie/ risks4           
,evid5tly1 !n1 x 0 to ! animal's int]e/ 
to make itself m mobile4 ,z we said :5  
speak+ ( adaptation 9 g5]al1 any        
trans=mation ( a species c be expla9$ by
 its own p>ticul> int]e/4 ,?is w give ! 
imm$iate cause ( ! v>iation1 b (t5 only 
! mo/ sup]ficial cause4 ,! pr(\nd cause 
is ! impulse :i* ?ru/ life into ! _w1   
:i* made x divide into vegetables &     
animals1 :i* %unt$ ! animal on to       
suppl5ess ( =m1 & :i*1 at a c]ta9 mom5t1
 9 ! animal k+dom ?reat5$ ) torpor1     
secur$ t1 on "s po9ts at lea/1 x %\ld   
r\se itself up & move =w>d4  ,on ! two  

pa?s along :i* ! v]tebrates & ar?ropods 
h sep>ately evolv$1 developm5t 7ap>t f  
retrogressions connect$ ) p>asitism or  
any o!r cause7 has consi/$ above all 9 !
 progress ( ! s5sori-motor n]v\s sy/em4 
,mobility & suppl5ess 7 s\ght =1 &      
also--?r\gh _m exp]im5tal attempts1 & n 
)\t a t5d5cy to excess ( sub/ance &     
brute =ce at ! />t--v>iety ( movem5ts4  
,b ?is que/ itself took place 9 div]g5t 
directions4 ,a glance at ! n]v\s sy/em (
 ! ar?ropods & t ( ! v]tebrates %[s u ! 
diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ar?ropods1 ! body is =m$ 
( a s]ies m or less long ( r+s set      
toge!r2 motor activity is ?us di/ribut$ 
among/ a v>y+--sometimes a              
consid]able--numb] ( app5dages1 ea* (   
:i* has its special function4 ,9 !      
v]tebrates1 activity is conc5trat$ 9 two
 pairs ( memb]s only1 & ^! organs p]=m  
functions :i* dep5d mu* less /rictly on 
_! =m4#fj ,! indep5d5ce becomes complete
 9 man1 ^: h& is capable ( any k9d ( "w4
  ,t1 at lea/1 is :at we see4 ,b beh9d  
:at is se5 !re is :at may be            

surmis$--two p[]s1 imman5t 9 life &     
orig9ally int]m+l$1 :i* 7 b\nd to "p    
company 9 c\rse ( gr[?4  ,to def9e ^!   
p[]s1 we mu/ consid]1 9 ! evolution bo? 
( ! ar?ropods & ! v]tebrates1 ! species 
:i* m>k ! culm9at+ po9t ( ea*4 ,h[ is   
?is po9t to be det]m9$8 ,"h aga91 to aim
 at geometrical precision w lead u      
a/ray4 ,!re is no s+le simple sign by   
:i* we c recognize t "o species is m    
advanc$ ?an ano!r on ! same l9e (       
evolution4 ,!re are manifold *>act]s1 t 
mu/ be comp>$ & weigh$ 9 ea* p>ticul>   
case1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 to :at ext5t !y 
are ess5tial or accid5tal & h[ f> !y mu/
 be tak5 into acc\nt4  ,x is            
unque/ionable1 = example1 t success is !
 mo/ g5]al crit]ion ( sup]iority1 ! two 
t]ms be+1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 synonym\s4
 ,by success mu/ be und]/ood1 s f> z !  
liv+ be+ is conc]n$1 an aptitude to     
develop 9 ! mo/ div]se environm5ts1     
?r\gh ! greate/ possible v>iety (       
ob/acles1 s z to cov] ! wide/ possible  
ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,a species :i* claims !  

entire e>? = its doma9 is truly a       
dom9at+ & consequ5tly sup]ior species4  
,su* is ! human species1 :i* repres5ts !
 culm9at+ po9t ( ! evolution ( !        
v]tebrates4 ,b su* also are1 9 ! s]ies (
 ! articulate1 ! insects & 9 p>ticul>   
c]ta9 hym5opt]a4 ,x has be5 said ( !    
ants t1 z man is "l ( ! soil1 !y are    
lords ( ! sub-soil4  ,on ! o!r h&1 a    
gr\p ( species t has appe>$ late may be 
a gr\p ( deg5]ates2 b1 = t1 "s special  
cause ( retrogression mu/ h int]v5$4 ,by
 "r1 ?is gr\p %\ld be sup]ior to ! gr\p 
f :i* x is d]iv$1 s9ce x w\ld correspond
 to a m advanc$ /age ( evolution4 ,n[   
man is probably ! late/ com] ( !        
v]tebrates2#fa & 9 ! insect s]ies no    
species is lat] ?an ! hym5opt]a1 unless 
x be ! lepidopt]a1 :i* are probably     
deg5]ates1 liv+ p>asitically on fl[]+   
plants4  ,s1 by diff]5t ways1 we are l$ 
to ! same conclusion4 ,! evolution ( !  
ar?ropods rea*es its culm9at+ po9t 9 !  
insect1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! hym5opt]a1 z t 
( ! v]tebrates 9 man4 ,n[1 s9ce in/9ct  

is n[h]e s develop$ z 9 ! insect _w1 & 9
 no gr\p ( insects s m>vel\sly z 9 !    
hym5opt]a1 x may be said t ! :ole       
evolution ( ! animal k+dom1 ap>t f      
retrogressions t[>ds vegetative life1   
has tak5 place on two div]g5t pa?s1 "o (
 :i* l$ to in/9ct & ! o!r to            
intellig5ce4  ,vegetative torpor1       
in/9ct1 & intellig5ce--^!1 !n1 are !    
elem5ts t co9cid$ 9 ! vital impulsion   
common to plants & animals1 & :i*1 9 !  
c\rse ( a developm5t 9 :i* !y 7 made    
manife/ 9 ! mo/ un=ese5 =ms1 h be5      
dissociat$ by ! v fact ( _! gr[?4 ,!    
c>d9al error :i*1 f ,ari/otle onw>ds1   
has vitiat$ mo/ ( ! philosophies (      
nature1 is to see 9 vegetative1         
in/9ctive & rational life1 ?ree         
successive degrees ( ! developm5t ( "o &
 ! same t5d5cy1 :]eas !y are ?ree       
div]g5t directions ( an activity t has  
split up z x grew4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m
 is n a diff]5ce ( int5sity1 nor1 m     
g5]ally1 ( degree1 b ( k9d4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,x is    

important to inve/igate ?is po9t4 ,we h 
se5 9 ! case ( vegetable & animal life  
h[ !y are at once mutually complem5t>y &
 mutually antagoni/ic4 ,n[ we mu/ %[ t  
intellig5ce & in/9ct also are opposite &
 complem5t>y4 ,b let u fir/ expla9 :y we
 are g5]ally l$ to reg>d !m z activities
 ( :i* "o is sup]ior to ! o!r & bas$ ^u 
x1 :]eas 9 reality !y are n ?+s ( ! same
 ord]3 !y h n succe$$ "o ano!r1 nor c we
 assign to !m diff]5t grades4  ,x is    
because intellig5ce & in/9ct1 hav+      
orig9ally be5 int]p5etrat+1 reta9 some?+
 ( _! common orig94 ,nei!r is ev] f\nd 9
 a pure /ate4 ,we said t 9 ! plant !    
consci\sness & mobility ( ! animal1 :i* 
lie dormant1 c be awak5$2 & t ! animal  
lives "u ! con/ant m5ace ( be+ drawn    
aside to ! vegetative life4 ,! two      
t5d5cies--t ( ! plant & t ( ! animal--7 
s ?or\ghly int]p5etrat+1 to beg9 )1 t   
!re has nev] be5 a complete sev]ance    
betwe5 !m3 !y haunt ea* o!r cont9ually2 
ev]y:]e we f9d !m m+l$2 x is !          
proportion t diff]s4 ,s ) intellig5ce & 

in/9ct4 ,!re is no intellig5ce 9 :i* "s 
traces ( in/9ct are n to be discov]$1 m 
especially no in/9ct t is n surr\nd$ ) a
 fr+e ( intellig5ce4 ,x is ?is fr+e (   
intellig5ce t has be5 ! cause ( s _m    
misund]/&+s4 ,f ! fact t in/9ct is      
always m or less intellig5t1 x has be5  
conclud$ t in/9ct & intellig5ce are ?+s 
( ! same k9d1 t !re is only a diff]5ce (
 complexity or p]fection betwe5 !m1 &1  
above all1 t "o ( ! two is expressible 9
 t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,9 reality1 !y accompany 
ea* o!r only because !y are complem5t>y1
 & !y are complem5t>y only because !y   
are diff]5t1 :at is in/9ctive 9 in/9ct  
be+ opposite to :at is intellig5t 9     
intellig5ce4  ,we are b\nd to dwell on  
?is po9t4 ,x is "o ( ! utmo/ importance4
  ,let u say at ! outset t ! di/9ctions 
we are go+ to make w be too %>ply drawn1
 j because we wi% to def9e 9 in/9ct :at 
is in/9ctive1 & 9 intellig5ce :at is    
intellig5t1 :]eas all concrete in/9ct is
 m+l$ ) intellig5ce1 z all real         
intellig5ce is p5etrat$ by in/9ct4      

,moreov]1 nei!r intellig5ce nor in/9ct  
l5ds itself to rigid def9ition3 !y are  
t5d5cies1 & n ?+s4 ,also1 x mu/ n be    
=gott5 t 9 ! pres5t *apt] we are        
consid]+ intellig5ce & in/9ct z go+ out 
( life :i* deposits !m along its c\rse4 
,n[ ! life manife/$ by an organism is1 9
 our view1 a c]ta9 ef=t to obta9 c]ta9  
?+s f ! mat]ial _w4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 if
 x is ! div]sity ( ?is ef=t t /rikes u 9
 in/9ct & intellig5ce1 & if we see 9 ^! 
two modes ( psy*ical activity1 above all
 else1 two diff]5t me?ods ( action on   
in]t matt]4 ,?is r n>r[ view ( !m has ! 
advantage ( giv+ u an objective means ( 
di/+ui%+ !m4 ,9 return1 h[ev]1 x gives  
u1 ( intellig5ce 9 g5]al & ( in/9ct 9   
g5]al1 only ! mean position above & bel[
 :i* bo? con/antly oscillate4 ,= t      
reason ! read] mu/ expect to see 9 :at  
foll[s only a diagrammatic draw+1 9 :i* 
! respective outl9es ( intellig5ce &    
in/9ct are %>p] ?an !y %\ld be1 & 9 :i* 
! %ad+-(f :i* comes f ! indecision ( ea*
 & f _! reciprocal encroa*m5t on "o     

ano!r is neglect$4 ,9 a matt] s obscure1
 we _c /rive too h>d = cle>ness4 ,x w   
always be easy aft]w>ds to s(t5 !       
outl9es & to correct :at is too         
geometrical 9 ! draw+--9 %ort1 to       
replace ! rigidity ( a diagram by !     
suppl5ess ( life4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,to :at date is x 
agre$ to ascribe ! appe>ance ( man on ! 
e>?8 ,to ! p]iod :5 ! fir/ weapons1 !   
fir/ tools1 7 made4 ,! memorable qu>rel 
ov] ! discov]y ( ,b\*] de ,p]!s 9 !     
qu>ry ( ,m\l9-,quignon is n =gott54 ,!  
"q 0 :e!r real hat*ets _h be5 f\nd or   
m]ely bits ( fl9t accid5tally brok54 ,b 
t1 suppos+ !y 7 hat*ets1 we 7 inde$ 9 ! 
pres5ce ( intellig5ce1 & m p>ticul>ly ( 
human intellig5ce1 no "o d\bt$ = an     
in/ant4 ,n[ let u op5 a collection (    
anecdotes on ! intellig5ce ( animals3 we
 %all see t besides _m acts explicable  
by imitation or by ! automatic          
association ( images1 !re are "s t we d 
n hesitate to call intellig5t3 =emo/    
among !m are ^? t be> witness to "s idea

 ( manufacture1 :e!r ! animal life      
succe$s 9 fa%ion+ a crude in/rum5t or   
uses = its pr(it an object made by man4 
,! animals t rank imm$iately aft] man 9 
! matt] ( intellig5ce1 ! apes &         
elephants1 are ^? t c use an artificial 
in/rum5t occasionally4 ,bel[1 b n v f> f
 !m1 come ^? t recognize a con/ruct$    
object3 = example1 ! fox1 :i* kn[s q    
well t a trap is a trap4 ,no d\bt1 !re  
is intellig5ce :]ev] !re is inf]5ce2 b  
inf]5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 an inflection (  
pa/ exp]i5ce 9 ! direction ( pres5t     
exp]i5ce1 is already a beg9n+ (         
inv5tion4 ,inv5tion becomes complete :5 
x is mat]ializ$ 9 a manufactur$         
in/rum5t4 ,t[>ds t a*ievem5t !          
intellig5ce ( animals t5ds z t[>ds an   
ideal4 ,& ?\gh1 ord9>ily1 x does n yet  
succe$ 9 fa%ion+ artificial objects & 9 
mak+ use ( !m1 x is prep>+ = ?is by ! v 
v>iations :i* x p]=ms on ! in/9cts      
furni%$ by nature4 ,z reg>ds human      
intellig5ce1 x has n be5 suffici5tly    
not$ t me*anical inv5tion has be5 f !   

fir/ its ess5tial feature1 t ev5 to-day 
our social life gravitates ar\nd !      
manufacture & use ( artificial          
in/rum5ts1 t ! inv5tions :i* /rew ! road
 ( progress h also trac$ its direction4 
,?is we h>dly realize1 because x takes u
 long] to *ange ourselves ?an to *ange  
our tools4 ,our individual & ev5 social 
habits survive a good :ile !            
circum/ances = :i* !y 7 made1 s t !     
ultimate effects ( an inv5tion are n    
obs]v$ until its novelty is already out 
( sight4 ,a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce !    
inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e1 & we are only j
 beg9n+ to feel ! dep?s ( ! %ock x gave 
u4 ,b ! revolution x has effect$ 9      
indu/ry has nev]!less upset human       
relations altoge!r4 ,new ideas are      
aris+1 new feel+s are on ! way to fl[]4 
,9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :51 se5 f ! di/ance1   
only ! broad l9es ( ! pres5t age w /ill 
be visible1 our w>s & our revolutions w 
c\nt = little1 ev5 suppos+ !y are       
rememb]$ at all2 b ! /eam-eng9e1 & !    
procession ( inv5tions ( e k9d t        

accompani$ x1 w p]haps be spok5 ( z we  
speak ( ! bronze or ( ! *ipp$ /one (    
prehi/oric times3 x w s]ve to def9e an  
age4#fb ,if we c\ld rid ourselves ( all 
pride1 if1 to def9e our species1 we kept
 /rictly to :at ! hi/oric & ! prehi/oric
 p]iods %[ u to be ! con/ant *>act]i/ic 
( man & ( intellig5ce1 we %\ld say n    
,homo sapi5s1 b ,homo fab]4 ,9 %ort1    
intellig5ce1 consid]$ 9 :at seems to be 
its orig9al feature1 is ! faculty (     
manufactur+ artificial objects1         
especially tools to make tools1 & (     
indef9itely v>y+ ! manufacture4  ,n[1   
does an un9tellig5t animal also possess 
tools or ma*9es8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 b "h !  
in/rum5t =ms a "p ( ! body t uses x2 &1 
correspond+ to ?is in/rum5t1 !re is an  
in/9ct t kn[s h[ to use x4 ,true1 x _c  
be ma9ta9$ t all in/9cts consi/ 9 a     
natural ability to use an inborn        
me*anism4 ,su* a def9ition w\ld n apply 
to ! in/9cts :i* ,romanes call$         
second>y2 & m ?an "o prim>y in/9ct w\ld 
n come "u x4 ,b ?is def9ition1 l t :i*  

we h provisionally giv5 ( intellig5ce1  
det]m9es at lea/ ! ideal limit t[>d :i* 
! v num]\s =ms ( in/9ct are travel+4    
,inde$1 x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t mo/   
in/9cts are only ! cont9uance1 or r !   
consummation1 ( ! "w ( organization     
itself4 ,:]e does ! activity ( in/9ct   
beg98 & :]e does t ( nature end8 ,we _c 
tell4 ,9 ! metamorphoses ( ! l>va into !
 nymph & into ! p]fect insect1          
metamorphoses t (t5 require appropriate 
action & a k9d ( initiative on ! "p ( ! 
l>va1 !re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation    
betwe5 ! in/9ct ( ! animal & ! organiz+ 
"w ( liv+ matt]4 ,we may say1 z we w1   
ei!r t in/9ct organizes ! in/rum5ts x is
 ab\t to use1 or t ! process (          
organization is cont9u$ 9 ! in/9ct t has
 to use ! organ4 ,! mo/ m>vel\s in/9cts 
( ! insect d no?+ b develop its special 
/ructure into movem5ts3 inde$1 :]e      
social life divides ! labor among       
diff]5t individuals1 & ?us allots !m    
diff]5t in/9cts1 a correspond+ diff]5ce 
( /ructure is obs]v$3 ! polymorphism (  

ants1 bees1 wasps & c]ta9               
pseudoneuropt]a is well kn[n4 ,?us1 if  
we consid] only ^? typical cases 9 :i* !
 complete triumph ( intellig5ce & (     
in/9ct is se51 we f9d ?is ess5tial      
diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 in/9ct p]fect$ is a 
faculty ( us+ & ev5 ( con/ruct+ organiz$
 in/rum5ts2 intellig5ce p]fect$ is !    
faculty ( mak+ & us+ unorganiz$         
in/rum5ts4  ,! advantages & drawbacks ( 
^! two modes ( activity are obvi\s4     
,in/9ct f9ds ! appropriate in/rum5t at  
h&3 ?is in/rum5t1 :i* makes & repairs   
itself1 :i* pres5ts1 l all ! works (    
nature1 an inf9ite complexity ( detail  
comb9$ ) a m>vel\s simplicity (         
function1 does at once1 :5 requir$1 :at 
x is call$ ^u to d1 )\t difficulty & ) a
 p]fection t is (t5 wond]ful4 ,9 return1
 x reta9s an almo/ inv>iable /ructure1  
s9ce a modification ( x involves a      
modification ( ! species4 ,in/9ct is    
!re=e necess>ily specializ$1 be+ no?+ b 
! utilization ( a specific in/rum5t = a 
specific object4 ,! in/rum5t con/ruct$  

intellig5tly1 on ! contr>y1 is an       
imp]fect in/rum5t4 ,x co/s an ef=t4 ,x  
is g5]ally tr\blesome to h&le4 ,b1 z x  
is made ( unorganiz$ matt]1 x c take any
 =m :atsoev]1 s]ve any purpose1 free !  
liv+ be+ f e new difficulty t arises &  
be/[ on x an unlimit$ numb] ( p[]s4     
,:il/ x is inf]ior to ! natural in/rum5t
 = ! satisfaction ( imm$iate wants1 its 
advantage ov] x is ! great]1 ! less     
urg5t ! ne$4 ,above all1 x reacts on !  
nature ( ! be+ t con/ructs x2 = 9 call+ 
on him to ex]cise a new function1 x     
conf]s on him1 s to speak1 a ri*]       
organization1 be+ an artificial organ by
 :i* ! natural organism is ext5d$4 ,= e 
ne$ t x satisfies1 x creates a new ne$2 
& s1 in/ead ( clos+1 l in/9ct1 ! r\nd ( 
action )9 :i* ! animal t5ds to move     
automatically1 x lays op5 to activity an
 unlimit$ field into :i* x is driv5     
fur!r & fur!r1 & made m & m free4 ,b ?is
 advantage ( intellig5ce ov] in/9ct only
 appe>s at a late /age1 :5 intellig5ce1 
hav+ rais$ con/ruction to a high]       

degree1 proce$s to con/ruct con/ructive 
ma*9]y4 ,at ! outset1 ! advantages &    
drawbacks ( ! artificial in/rum5t & ( ! 
natural in/rum5t balance s well t x is  
h>d to =etell :i* ( ! two w secure to ! 
liv+ be+ ! great] empire ov] nature4    
,we may surmise t !y began by be+ impli$
 9 ea* o!r1 t ! orig9al psy*ical        
activity includ$ bo? at once1 & t1 if we
 w5t f> en\gh back into ! pa/1 we %\ld  
f9d in/9cts m ne>ly approa*+ intellig5ce
 ?an ^? ( our insects1 intellig5ce ne>] 
to in/9ct ?an t ( our v]tebrates1       
intellig5ce & in/9ct be+1 9 ?is elem5t>y
 condition1 prison]s ( a matt] :i* !y   
are n yet able to control4 ,if ! =ce    
imman5t 9 life 7 an unlimit$ =ce1 x     
might p]haps h develop$ in/9ct &        
intellig5ce toge!r1 & to any ext5t1 9 ! 
same organisms4 ,b ev]y?+ seems to      
indicate t ?is =ce is limit$1 & t x soon
 exhau/s itself 9 its v manife/ation4 ,x
 is h>d = x to g f> 9 sev]al directions 
at once3 x mu/ *oose4 ,n[1 x has ! *oice
 betwe5 two modes ( act+ on ! mat]ial   

_w3 x c ei!r effect ?is action directly 
by creat+ an organiz$ in/rum5t to "w )2 
or else x c effect x indirectly ?r\gh an
 organism :i*1 in/ead ( possess+ !      
requir$ in/rum5t naturally1 w itself    
con/ruct x by fa%ion+ inorganic matt]4  
,h5ce intellig5ce & in/9ct1 :i* div]ge m
 & m z !y develop1 b :i* nev] entirely  
sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! mo/   
p]fect in/9ct ( ! insect is accompani$  
by gleams ( intellig5ce1 if only 9 !    
*oice ( place1 "t & mat]ials (          
con/ruction3 ! bees1 = example1 :5 by   
exception !y build 9 ! op5 air1 inv5t   
new & really intellig5t arrangem5ts to  
adapt !mselves to su* new conditions4#fc
 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 intellig5ce has ev5 m 
ne$ ( in/9ct ?an in/9ct has (           
intellig5ce2 = ! p[] to give %ape to    
crude matt] involves already a sup]ior  
degree ( organization1 a degree to :i* !
 animal c\ld n h ris51 save on ! w+s (  
in/9ct4 ,s1 :ile nature has frankly     
evolv$ 9 ! direction ( in/9ct 9 !       
ar?ropods1 we obs]ve 9 almo/ all !      

v]tebrates ! /riv+ aft] r ?an !         
expansion ( intellig5ce4 ,x is in/9ct   
/ill :i* =ms ! basis ( _! psy*ical      
activity2 b intellig5ce is !re1 & w\ld  
fa9 sup]s$e x4 ,intellig5ce does n yet  
succe$ 9 inv5t+ in/rum5ts2 b at lea/ x  
tries to1 by p]=m+ z _m v>iations z     
possible on ! in/9ct :i* x w\ld l to    
disp5se )4 ,x ga9s complete             
self-possession only 9 man1 & ?is       
triumph is atte/$ by ! v insuffici5cy ( 
! natural means at man's disposal =     
def5se aga9/ 8 enemies1 aga9/ cold &    
hung]4 ,?is insuffici5cy1 :5 we /rive to
 fa?om its significance1 acquires !     
value ( a prehi/oric docum5t2 x is !    
f9al leave-tak+ betwe5 intellig5ce &    
in/9ct4 ,b x is no less true t nature   
mu/ h hesitat$ betwe5 two modes (       
psy*ical activity--"o assur$ ( imm$iate 
success1 b limit$ 9 its effects2 ! o!r  
haz>d\s1 b ^: conque/s1 if x %\ld rea*  
indep5d5ce1 might be ext5d$ indef9itely4
 ,"h aga91 !n1 ! greate/ success 0      
a*iev$ on ! side ( ! greate/ risk4      

,in/9ct & intellig5ce !re=e repres5t two
 div]g5t solutions1 equally fitt+1 ( "o 
& ! same problem4  ,!re ensue1 x is     
true1 pr(\nd diff]5ces ( int]nal        
/ructure betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce4   
,we %all dwell only on ^? t conc]n our  
pres5t /udy4 ,let u say1 !n1 t in/9ct & 
intellig5ce imply two radically diff]5t 
k9ds ( k4 ,b "s explanations are fir/ ( 
all necess>y on ! subject ( consci\sness
 9 g5]al4  ,x has be5 ask$ h[ f> in/9ct 
is consci\s4 ,our reply is t !re are a  
va/ numb] ( diff]5ces & degrees1 t      
in/9ct is m or less consci\s 9 c]ta9    
cases1 unconsci\s 9 o!rs4 ,! plant1 z we
 %all see1 has in/9cts2 x is n likely t 
^! are accompani$ by feel+4 ,ev5 9 !    
animal !re is h>dly any complex in/9ct t
 is n unconsci\s 9 "s "p at lea/ ( its  
ex]cise4 ,b "h we mu/ po9t out a        
diff]5ce1 n (t5 notic$1 betwe5 two k9ds 
( unconsci\sness1 viz41 t 9 :i*         
consci\sness is abs5t1 & t 9 :i*        
consci\sness is nullifi$4 ,bo? are equal
 to z]o1 b 9 "o case ! z]o expresses !  

fact t !re is no?+1 9 ! o!r t we h two  
equal quantities ( opposite sign :i*    
comp5sate & neutralize ea* o!r4 ,!      
unconsci\sness ( a fall+ /one is ( ! =m]
 k9d3 ! /one has no feel+ ( its fall4   
,is x ! same ) ! unconsci\sness (       
in/9ct1 9 ! extreme cases 9 :i* in/9ct  
is unconsci\s8 ,:5 we me*anically p]=m  
an habitual action1 :5 ! somnambuli/    
automatically acts 8 dream1             
unconsci\sness may be absolute2 b ?is is
 m]ely due to ! fact t ! repres5tation (
 ! act is held 9 *eck by ! p]=mance ( ! 
act itself1 :i* resembles ! idea s      
p]fectly1 & fits x s exactly1 t         
consci\sness is unable to f9d room      
betwe5 !m4 ,repres5tation is /opp$ up by
 action4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 t if !       
accompli%m5t ( ! act is arre/$ or ?w>t$ 
by an ob/acle1 consci\sness may reappe>4
 ,x 0 !re1 b neutraliz$ by ! action :i* 
fulfill$ & !reby fill$ ! repres5tation4 
,! ob/acle creates no?+ positive2 x     
simply makes a void1 removes a /opp]4   
,?is inadequacy ( act to repres5tation  

is precisely :at we "h call             
consci\sness4  ,if we exam9e ?is po9t m 
closely1 we %all f9d t consci\sness is !
 light t plays ar\nd ! zone ( possible  
actions or pot5tial activity :i*        
surr\nds ! action really p]=m$ by ! liv+
 be+4 ,x signifies hesitation or *oice4 
,:]e _m equally possible actions are    
indicat$ )\t !re be+ any real action 7z 
9 a delib]ation t has n come to an end71
 consci\sness is int5se4 ,:]e ! action  
p]=m$ is ! only action possible 7z 9    
activity ( ! somnambuli/ic or m g5]ally 
automatic k9d71 consci\sness is r$uc$ to
 no?+4 ,repres5tation & k exi/ none !   
less 9 ! case if we f9d a :ole s]ies (  
sy/ematiz$ movem5ts ! la/ ( :i* is      
already pre-figur$ 9 ! fir/1 & if1      
besides1 consci\sness c fla% out ( !m at
 ! %ock ( an ob/acle4 ,f ?is po9t (     
view1 ! consci\sness ( a liv+ be+ may be
 def9$ z an ari?metical diff]5ce betwe5 
pot5tial & real activity4 ,x measures ! 
int]val betwe5 repres5tation & action4  
,x may be inf]r$ f ?is t intellig5ce is 

likely to po9t t[>ds consci\sness1 &    
in/9ct t[>ds unconsci\sness4 ,=1 :]e !  
implem5t to be us$ is organiz$ by       
nature1 ! mat]ial furni%$ by nature1 & !
 result to be obta9$ will$ by nature1   
!re is little left to *oice2 !          
consci\sness inh]5t 9 ! repres5tation is
 !re=e c\nt]balanc$1 :5ev] x t5ds to    
dis5gage itself1 by ! p]=mance ( ! act1 
id5tical ) ! repres5tation1 :i* =ms its 
c\nt]weight4 ,:]e consci\sness appe>s1 x
 does n s mu* light up ! in/9ct itself z
 ! ?w>t+s to :i* in/9ct is subject2 x is
 ! deficit ( in/9ct1 ! di/ance1 betwe5 !
 act & ! idea1 t becomes consci\sness s 
t consci\sness1 "h1 is only an accid5t4 
,ess5tially1 consci\sness only          
emphasizes ! />t+-po9t ( in/9ct1 ! po9t 
at :i* ! :ole s]ies ( automatic movem5ts
 is releas$4 ,deficit1 on ! contr>y1 is 
! normal /ate ( intellig5ce4 ,labor+ "u 
difficulties is its v ess5ce4 ,its      
orig9al function be+ to con/ruct        
unorganiz$ in/rum5ts1 x mu/1 9 spite (  
numb]less difficulties1 *oose = ?is "w !

 place & ! "t1 ! =m & ! matt]4 ,& x c   
nev] satisfy itself entirely1 because e 
new satisfaction creates new ne$s4 ,9   
%ort1 :ile in/9ct & intellig5ce bo?     
involve k1 ?is k is r act$ & unconsci\s 
9 ! case ( in/9ct1 ?\ght & consci\s 9 ! 
case ( intellig5ce4 ,b x is a diff]5ce r
 ( degree ?an ( k9d4 ,s long z          
consci\sness is all we are conc]n$ )1 we
 close our eyes to :at is1 f !          
psy*ological po9t ( view1 ! c>d9al      
diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce4   
,9 ord] to get at ?is ess5tial diff]5ce 
we mu/1 )\t /opp+ at ! m or less        
brilliant light :i* illum9es ^! two     
modes ( int]nal activity1 g /raight to !
 two objects1 pr(\ndly diff]5t f ea*    
o!r1 ^u :i* in/9ct & intellig5ce are    
direct$4  ,:5 ! horse-fly lays its eggs 
on ! legs or %\ld]s ( ! horse1 x acts z 
if x knew t its l>va has to develop 9 ! 
horse's /oma* & t ! horse1 9 lick+      
itself1 w convey ! l>va into its        
dige/ive tract4 ,:5 a p>alyz+ wasp /+s  
its victim on j ^? po9ts :]e ! n]v\s    

c5tres lie1 s z to r5d] x motionless )\t
 kill+ x1 x acts l a le>n$ entomologi/ &
 a skilful surgeon roll$ into "o4 ,b :at
 %all we say ( ! little beetle1 !       
,sit>is1 ^: /ory is s (t5 quot$8 ,?is   
insect lays its eggs at ! entrance ( !  
und]gr\nd passages dug by a k9d ( bee1 !
 ,an?ophora4 ,its l>va1 aft] long wait+1
 spr+s ^u ! male ,an?ophora z x goes out
 ( ! passage1 cl+s to x1 & rema9s atta*$
 until ! nuptial flight1 :5 x seizes !  
opportunity to pass f ! male to !       
female1 & quietly waits until x lays its
 eggs4 ,x !n leaps on ! egg1 :i* s]ves z
 a support = x 9 ! honey1 dev\rs ! egg 9
 a few days1 &1 re/+ on ! %ell1 und]goes
 its fir/ metamorphosis4 ,organiz$ n[ to
 float on ! honey1 x consumes ?is       
provision ( n\ri%m5t1 & becomes a nymph1
 !n a p]fect insect4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s z if
 ! l>va ( ! ,sit>is1 f ! mom5t x 0      
hat*$1 knew t ! male ,an?ophora w\ld    
fir/ em]ge f ! passage2 t ! nuptial     
flight w\ld give x ! means ( convey+    
itself to ! female1 :o w\ld take x to a 

/ore ( honey suffici5t to fe$ x aft] its
 trans=mation2 t1 until ?is             
trans=mation1 x c\ld gradually eat ! egg
 ( ! ,an?ophora1 9 su* a way t x c\ld at
 ! same "t fe$ itself1 ma9ta9 itself at 
! surface ( ! honey1 & also suppress !  
rival t o!rwise w\ld h come out ( ! egg4
 ,& equally all ?is happ5s z if !       
,sit>is itself knew t its l>va w\ld "k  
all ^! ?+s4 ,! k1 if k !re be1 is only  
implicit4 ,x is reflect$ outw>dly 9     
exact movem5ts in/ead ( be+ reflect$    
inw>dly 9 consci\sness4 ,x is none !    
less true t ! behavior ( ! insect       
involves1 or r evolves1 ! idea ( def9ite
 ?+s exi/+ or be+ produc$ 9 def9ite     
po9ts ( space & "t1 :i* ! insect kn[s   
)\t hav+ le>n$ !m4  ,n[1 if we look at  
intellig5ce f ! same po9t ( view1 we f9d
 t x also kn[s c]ta9 ?+s )\t hav+ le>n$ 
!m4 ,b ! k 9 ! two cases is ( a v       
diff]5t ord]4 ,we mu/ be c>eful "h n to 
revive aga9 ! old philosophical dispute 
on ! subject ( innate ideas4 ,s we w    
conf9e ourselves to ! po9t on :i* e "o  

is agre$1 to wit1 t ! "y *ild und]/&s   
imm$iately ?+s t ! animal w nev] und]/&1
 & t 9 ?is s5se intellig5ce1 l in/9ct1  
is an inh]it$ function1 !re=e an innate 
"o4 ,b ?is innate intellig5ce1 al?\gh x 
is a faculty ( kn[+1 kn[s no object 9   
p>ticul>4 ,:5 ! new-born babe seeks = ! 
fir/ "t its "m's brea/1 s %[+ t x has k 
7unconsci\s1 no d\bt7 ( a ?+ x has nev] 
se51 we say1 j because ! innate k is 9  
?is case ( a def9ite object1 t x belongs
 to in/9ct & n to intellig5ce4          
,intellig5ce does n !n imply ! innate k 
( any object4 ,& yet1 if intellig5ce    
kn[s no?+ by nature1 x has no?+ innate4 
,:at1 !n1 if x be ignorant ( all ?+s1 c 
x "k8 ,besides ?+s1 !re are relations4  
,! new-born *ild1 s f> z intellig5t1    
kn[s nei!r def9ite objects nor a def9ite
 prop]ty ( any object2 b :51 a little   
lat] on1 he w he> an epi!t be+ appli$ to
 a sub/antive1 he w imm$iately und]/&   
:at x means4 ,! relation ( attribute to 
subject is !re=e seiz$ by him naturally1
 & ! same might be said ( ! g5]al       

relation express$ by ! v]b1 a relation s
 imm$iately conceiv$ by ! m9d t language
 c leave x to be und]/ood1 z is in/anc$ 
9 rudim5t>y languages :i* h no v]b4     
,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 naturally makes use
 ( relations ( l ) l1 ( cont5t to       
conta9]1 ( cause to effect1 etc41 :i*   
are impli$ 9 e phrase 9 :i* !re is a    
subject1 an attribute & a v]b1 express$ 
or und]/ood4 ,may "o say t x has innate 
k ( ea* ( ^! relations 9 p>ticul>8 ,x is
 = logicians to discov] :e!r !y are s _m
 irr$ucible relations1 or :e!r !y c be  
resolv$ into relations /ill m g5]al4 ,b1
 9 :atev] way we make ! analysis (      
?\ght1 we always end ) "o or sev]al     
g5]al categories1 ( :i* ! m9d possesses 
innate k s9ce x makes a natural use (   
!m4 ,let u say1 !re=e1 t :atev]1 9      
in/9ct & intellig5ce1 is innate k1 be>s 
9 ! fir/ case on ?+s & 9 ! second on    
relations4  ,philosoph]s di/+ui% betwe5 
! matt] ( our k & its =m4 ,! matt] is   
:at is giv5 by ! p]ceptive faculties    
tak5 9 ! elem5t>y /ate4 ,! =m is !      

totality ( ! relations set up betwe5 ^! 
mat]ials 9 ord] to con/itute a sy/ematic
 k4 ,c ! =m1 )\t matt]1 be an object (  
k8 ,yes1 )\t d\bt1 provid$ t ?is k is n 
l a ?+ we possess s mu* z l a habit we h
 contract$1--a direction r ?an a /ate3 x
 is1 if we w1 a c]ta9 natural b5t (     
att5tion4 ,! s*oolboy1 :o kn[s t ! ma/] 
is go+ to dictate a fraction to him1    
draws a l9e be=e he kn[s :at num]ator & 
:at d5om9ator are to come2 he !re=e has 
pres5t to 8 m9d ! g5]al relation betwe5 
! two t]ms al?\gh he does n "k ei!r (   
!m2 he kn[s ! =m )\t ! matt]4 ,s is x1  
prior to exp]i5ce1 ) ! categories into  
:i* our exp]i5ce comes to be ins]t$4    
,let u adopt !n words sanction$ by      
usage1 & give ! di/9ction betwe5        
intellig5ce & in/9ct ?is m precise      
=mula3 ,intellig5ce1 9 s f> z x is      
innate1 is ! k ( a =m2 in/9ct implies ! 
k ( a matt]4  ,f ?is second po9t ( view1
 :i* is t ( k in/ead ( action1 ! =ce    
imman5t 9 life 9 g5]al appe>s to u aga9 
z a limit$ pr9ciple1 9 :i* orig9ally two

 diff]5t & ev5 div]g5t modes ( kn[+     
coexi/$ & int]m+l$4 ,! fir/ gets at     
def9ite objects imm$iately1 9 _!        
mat]iality itself4 ,x says1 ,?is is :at 
is4 ,! second gets at no object 9       
p>ticul>2 x is only a natural p[] (     
relat+ an object to an object1 or a "p  
to a "p1 or an aspect to an aspect--9   
%ort1 ( draw+ conclusions :5 9          
possession ( ! premisses1 ( proce$+ f   
:at has be5 le>nt to :at is /ill unkn[n4
 ,x does n say1 ,?is is2 x says only t  
if ! conditions are su*1 su* w be !     
condition$4 ,9 %ort1 ! fir/ k9d ( k1 !  
in/9ctive1 w\ld be =mulat$ 9 :at        
philosoph]s call categorical            
propositions1 :ile ! second k9d1 !      
intellectual1 w\ld always be express$   
hypo!tically4 ,( ^! two faculties1 ! =m]
 seems1 at fir/1 mu* pref]able to ! o!r4
 ,& x w\ld be s1 9 tru?1 if x ext5d$ to 
an endless numb] ( objects4 ,b1 9 fact1 
x applies only to "o special object1 &  
inde$ only to a re/rict$ "p ( t object4 
,( ?is1 at lea/1 its k is intimate &    

full2 n explicit1 b impli$ 9 !          
accompli%$ action4 ,! intellectual      
faculty1 on ! contr>y1 possesses        
naturally only an ext]nal & empty k2 b x
 has !reby ! advantage ( supply+ a frame
 9 :i* an inf9ity ( objects may f9d room
 9 turn4 ,x is z if ! =ce evolv+ 9 liv+ 
=ms1 be+ a limit$ =ce1 _h _h to *oose   
betwe5 two k9ds ( limitation 9 ! field (
 natural or innate k1 "o apply+ to !    
ext5sion ( k1 ! o!r to its int5sion4 ,9 
! fir/ case1 ! k may be pack$ & full1 b 
x w !n be conf9$ to "o specific object2 
9 ! second1 x is no long] limit$ by its 
object1 b t is because x conta9s no?+1  
be+ only a =m )\t matt]4 ,! two         
t5d5cies1 at fir/ impli$ 9 ea* o!r1 _h  
to sep>ate 9 ord] to gr[4 ,!y bo? w5t to
 seek _! =tune 9 ! _w1 & turn$ out to be
 in/9ct & intellig5ce4  ,su*1 !n1 are ! 
two div]g5t modes ( k by :i* intellig5ce
 & in/9ct mu/ be def9$1 f ! /&po9t ( k r
 ?an t ( action4 ,b k & action are "h   
only two aspects ( "o & ! same faculty4 
,x is easy to see1 inde$1 t ! second    

def9ition is only a new =m ( ! fir/4    
,if in/9ct is1 above all1 ! faculty (   
us+ an organiz$ natural in/rum5t1 x mu/ 
involve innate k 7pot5tial or           
unconsci\s1 x is true71 bo? ( ?is       
in/rum5t & ( ! object to :i* x is       
appli$4 ,in/9ct is !re=e innate k ( a   
?+4 ,b intellig5ce is ! faculty (       
con/ruct+ unorganiz$--t is to say       
artificial--in/rum5ts4 ,if1 on its      
acc\nt1 nature gives up end[+ ! liv+ be+
 ) ! in/rum5ts t may s]ve him1 x is 9   
ord] t ! liv+ be+ may be able to v>y 8  
con/ruction accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! 
ess5tial function ( intellig5ce is !re=e
 to see ! way out ( a difficulty 9 any  
circum/ances :atev]1 to f9d :at is mo/  
suitable1 :at answ]s be/ ! "q ask$4     
,h5ce x be>s ess5tially on ! relations  
betwe5 a giv5 situation & ! means (     
utiliz+ x4 ,:at is innate 9 intellect1  
!re=e1 is ! t5d5cy to e/abli% relations1
 & ?is t5d5cy implies ! natural k (     
c]ta9 v g5]al relations1 a k9d ( /uff t 
! activity ( ea* p>ticul> intellect w   

cut up into m special relations4 ,:]e   
activity is direct$ t[>d manufacture1   
!re=e1 k necess>ily be>s on relations4  
,b ?is entirely =mal k ( intellig5ce has
 an imm5se advantage ov] ! mat]ial k (  
in/9ct4 ,a =m1 j because x is empty1 may
 be fill$ at w ) any numb] ( ?+s 9 turn1
 ev5 ) ^? t are ( no use4 ,s t a =mal k 
is n limit$ to :at is practically       
useful1 al?\gh x is 9 view ( practical  
utility t x has made its appe>ance 9 !  
_w4 ,an intellig5t be+ be>s )9 himself !
 means to transc5d 8 own nature4  ,he   
transc5ds himself1 h[ev]1 less ?an he   
wi%es1 less also ?an he imag9es himself 
to d4 ,! purely =mal "* ( intellig5ce   
deprives x ( ! balla/ necess>y to enable
 x to settle itself on ! objects t are (
 ! mo/ p[]ful int]e/ to speculation4    
,in/9ct1 on ! contr>y1 has ! desir$     
mat]iality1 b x is incapable ( go+ s f> 
9 que/ ( its object2 x does n speculate4
 ,"h we rea* ! po9t t mo/ conc]ns our   
pres5t inquiry4 ,! diff]5ce t we %all n[
 proce$ to d5ote betwe5 in/9ct &        

intellig5ce is :at ! :ole ( ?is analysis
 0 meant to br+ out4 ,we =mulate x ?us3 
,!re are ?+s t intellig5ce alone is able
 to seek1 b :i*1 by itself1 x w nev]    
f9d4 ,^! ?+s in/9ct alone c\ld f9d2 b x 
w nev] seek !m4  ,x is necess>y "h to   
consid] "s prelim9>y details t conc]n ! 
me*anism ( intellig5ce4 ,we h said t !  
function ( intellig5ce is to e/abli%    
relations4 ,let u det]m9e m precisely ! 
nature ( ^! relations4 ,on ?is po9t we  
are b\nd to be ei!r vague or arbitr>y s 
long z we see 9 ! intellect a faculty   
int5d$ = pure speculation4 ,we are !n   
r$uc$ to tak+ ! g5]al frames ( ! und]/&+
 = some?+ absolute1 irr$ucible &        
inexplicable4 ,! und]/&+ mu/ h fall5 f  
heav5 ) its =m1 z ea* ( u is born ) 8   
face4 ,?is =m may be def9$1 ( c\rse1 b t
 is all2 !re is no ask+ :y x is :at x is
 r ?an any?+ else4 ,?us1 x w be said t !
 function ( ! intellect is ess5tially   
unification1 t ! common object ( all its
 op]ations is to introduce a c]ta9 unity
 into ! div]sity ( ph5om5a1 & s =?4 ,b1 

9 ! fir/ place1 unification is a vague  
t]m1 less cle> ?an relation or ev5      
?\ght1 & says no?+ m4 ,&1 moreov]1 x    
might be ask$ if ! function (           
intellig5ce is n to divide ev5 m ?an to 
unite4 ,f9ally1 if ! intellect proce$s z
 x does because x wi%es to unite1 & if x
 seeks unification simply because x has 
ne$ ( unify+1 ! :ole ( our k becomes    
relative to c]ta9 requirem5ts ( ! m9d t 
probably might h be5 entirely diff]5t f 
:at !y are3 = an intellect diff]5tly    
%ap$1 k w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,intellect  
be+ no long] dep5d5t on any?+1 ev]y?+   
becomes dep5d5t on x2 & s1 hav+ plac$ ! 
und]/&+ too high1 we end by putt+ too l[
 ! k x gives u4 ,k becomes relative1 z  
soon z ! intellect is made a k9d (      
absolute4--,we reg>d ! human intellect1 
on ! contr>y1 z relative to ! ne$s (    
action4 ,po/ulate action1 & ! v =m ( !  
intellect c be d$uc$ f x4 ,?is =m is    
!re=e nei!r irr$ucible nor inexplicable4
 ,&1 precisely because x is n indep5d5t1
 k _c be said to dep5d on x3 k ceases to

 be a product ( ! intellect & becomes1 9
 a c]ta9 s5se1 "p & p>cel ( reality4    
,philosoph]s w reply t action takes     
place 9 an ord]$ _w1 t ?is ord] is      
itself ?\ght1 & t we beg ! "q :5 we     
expla9 ! intellect by action1 :i*       
presupposes x4 ,!y w\ld be "r if our    
po9t ( view 9 ! pres5t *apt] 0 to be our
 f9al "o4 ,we %\ld !n be dupes ( an     
illusion l t ( ,sp5c]1 :o believ$ t !   
intellect is suffici5tly expla9$ z !    
impression left on u by ! g5]al *>act]s 
( matt]3 z if ! ord] inh]5t 9 matt] 7 n 
intellig5ce itself6 ,b we res]ve = !    
next *apt] ! "q up to :at po9t & ) :at  
me?od philosophy c attempt a real g5esis
 ( ! intellect at ! same "t z ( matt]4  
,= ! mom5t1 ! problem t engages our     
att5tion is ( a psy*ological ord]4 ,we  
are ask+ :at is ! portion ( ! mat]ial _w
 to :i* our intellect is specially      
adapt$4 ,to reply to ?is "q1 !re is no  
ne$ to *oose a sy/em ( philosophy3 x is 
en\gh to take up ! po9t ( view ( common 
s5se4  ,let u />t1 !n1 f action1 & lay  

d[n t ! intellect aims1 fir/ ( all1 at  
con/ruct+4 ,?is fabrication is ex]cis$  
exclusively on in]t matt]1 9 ?is s5se1 t
 ev5 if x makes use ( organiz$ mat]ial1 
x treats x z in]t1 )\t tr\bl+ ab\t !    
life :i* animat$ x4 ,& ( in]t matt]     
itself1 fabrication deals only ) !      
solid2 ! re/ escapes by its v fluidity4 
,if1 !re=e1 ! t5d5cy ( ! intellect is to
 fabricate1 we may expect to f9d t      
:atev] is fluid 9 ! real w escape x 9   
"p1 & :atev] is life 9 ! liv+ w escape x
 altoge!r4 ,our intellig5ce1 z x leaves 
! h&s ( nature1 has = its *ief object ! 
unorganiz$ solid4  ,:5 we pass 9 review 
! intellectual functions1 we see t !    
intellect is nev] q at its ease1 nev]   
entirely at home1 except :5 x is work+  
^u in]t matt]1 m p>ticul>ly ^u solids4  
,:at is ! mo/ g5]al prop]ty ( ! mat]ial 
_w8 ,x is ext5d$3 x pres5ts to u objects
 ext]nal to o!r objects1 &1 9 ^!        
objects1 p>ts ext]nal to p>ts4 ,no d\bt1
 x is useful to u1 9 view ( our ult]ior 
manipulation1 to reg>d ea* object z     

divisible into p>ts arbitr>ily cut up1  
ea* "p be+ aga9 divisible z we l1 & s on
 ad inf9itum4 ,b x is above all         
necess>y1 = our pres5t manipulation1 to 
reg>d ! real object 9 h&1 or ! real     
elem5ts into :i* we h resolv$ x1 z      
provisionally f9al1 & to treat !m z s _m
 units4 ,to ?is possibility ( decompos+ 
matt] z mu* z we please1 & 9 any way we 
please1 we allude :5 we speak ( !       
cont9uity ( mat]ial ext5sion2 b ?is     
cont9uity1 z we see x1 is no?+ else b   
our ability1 an ability t matt] all[s to
 u to *oose ! mode ( discont9uity we    
%all f9d 9 x4 ,x is always1 9 fact1 !   
mode ( discont9uity once *os5 t appe>s  
to u z ! actually real "o & t :i* fixes 
our att5tion1 j because x rules our     
action4 ,?us discont9uity is ?\ght =    
itself2 x is ?9kable 9 itself2 we =m an 
idea ( x by a positive act ( our m9d2   
:ile ! intellectual repres5tation (     
cont9uity is negative1 be+1 at bottom1  
only ! refusal ( our m9d1 be=e any      
actually giv5 sy/em ( decomposition1 to 

reg>d x z ! only possible "o4 ,( !      
discont9u\s alone does ! intellect =m a 
cle> idea4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! objects we  
act on are c]ta9ly mobile objects1 b !  
important ?+ = u to "k is :i!r ! mobile 
object is go+ & :]e x is at any mom5t ( 
its passage4 ,9 o!r words1 our int]e/ is
 direct$1 be=e all1 to its actual or    
future positions1 & n to ! progress by  
:i* x passes f "o position to ano!r1    
progress :i* is ! movem5t itself4 ,9 our
 actions1 :i* are sy/ematiz$ movem5ts1  
:at we fix our m9d on is ! end or mean+ 
( ! movem5t1 its design z a :ole--9 a   
^w1 ! immobile plan ( its execution4 ,t 
:i* really moves 9 action int]e/s u only
 s f> z ! :ole c be advanc$1 ret>d$1 or 
/opp$ by any incid5t t may happ5 on !   
way4 ,f mobility itself our intellect   
turns aside1 because x has no?+ to ga9 9
 deal+ ) x4 ,if ! intellect 7 meant =   
pure !oriz+1 x w\ld take its place )9   
movem5t1 = movem5t is reality itself1 & 
immobility is always only app>5t or     
relative4 ,b ! intellect is meant =     

some?+ altoge!r diff]5t4 ,unless x does 
viol5ce to itself1 x takes ! opposite   
c\rse2 x always />ts f immobility1 z if 
?is 7 ! ultimate reality3 :5 x tries to 
=m an idea ( movem5t1 x does s by       
con/ruct+ movem5t out ( immobilities put
 toge!r4 ,?is op]ation1 ^: illegitimacy 
& dang] 9 ! field ( speculation we %all 
%[ lat] on 7x leads to dead-locks1 &    
creates artificially insoluble          
philosophical problems71 is easily      
ju/ifi$ :5 we ref] x to its prop] goal4 
,intellig5ce1 9 its natural /ate1 aims  
at a practically useful end4 ,:5 x      
sub/itutes = movem5t immobilities put   
toge!r1 x does n pret5d to recon/itute !
 movem5t su* z x actually is2 x m]ely   
replaces x ) a practical equival5t4 ,x  
is ! philosoph]s :o are mi/ak5 :5 !y    
import into ! doma9 ( speculation a     
me?od ( ?9k+ :i* is made = action4 ,b ( 
?is m anon4 ,suffice x n[ to say t to ! 
/able & un*angeable our intellect is    
atta*$ by virtue ( its natural          
disposition4 ,( immobility alone does ! 

intellect =m a cle> idea4  ,n[1         
fabricat+ consi/s 9 c>v+ out ! =m ( an  
object 9 matt]4 ,:at is ! mo/ important 
is ! =m to be obta9$4 ,z to ! matt]1 we 
*oose t :i* is mo/ conv5i5t2 b1 9 ord]  
to *oose x1 t is to say1 9 ord] to g &  
seek x among _m o!rs1 we mu/ h tri$1 9  
imag9ation at lea/1 to end[ e k9d (     
matt] ) ! =m ( ! object conceiv$4 ,9 o!r
 words1 an intellig5ce :i* aims at      
fabricat+ is an intellig5ce :i* nev]    
/ops at ! actual =m ( ?+s nor reg>ds x z
 f9al1 b1 on ! contr>y1 looks ^u all    
matt] z if x 7 c>vable at w4 ,plato     
comp>es ! good dialectician to ! skilful
 cook :o c>ves ! animal )\t break+ its  
bones1 by foll[+ ! articulations m>k$   
out by nature4#fd ,an intellig5ce :i*   
always proce$$ ?us w\ld really be an    
intellig5ce turn$ t[>d speculation4 ,b  
action1 & 9 p>ticul> fabrication1       
requires ! opposite m5tal t5d5cy3 x     
makes u consid] e actual =m ( ?+s1 ev5 !
 =m ( natural ?+s1 z artificial &       
provisional2 x makes our ?\ght efface f 

! object p]ceiv$1 ev5 ?\gh organiz$ &   
liv+1 ! l9es t outw>dly m>k its inw>d   
/ructure2 9 %ort1 x makes u reg>d its   
matt] z indiff]5t to its =m4 ,! :ole (  
matt] is made to appe> to our ?\ght z an
 imm5se piece ( clo? 9 :i* we c cut out 
:at we w & sew x toge!r aga9 z we       
please4 ,let u note1 9 pass+1 t x is ?is
 p[] t we affirm :5 we say t !re is a   
space1 t is to say1 a homog5e\s & empty 
m$ium1 inf9ite & inf9itely divisible1   
l5d+ itself indiff]5tly to any mode (   
decomposition :atsoev]4 ,a m$ium ( ?is  
k9d is nev] p]ceiv$2 x is only conceiv$4
 ,:at is p]ceiv$ is ext5sion color$1    
resi/ant1 divid$ accord+ to ! l9es :i*  
m>k out ! b\nd>ies ( real bodies or ( _!
 real elem5ts4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( our p[]   
ov] ?is matt]1 t is to say1 ( our       
faculty ( decompos+ & recompos+ x z we  
please1 we project ! :ole ( ^! possible 
decompositions & recompositions beh9d   
real ext5sion 9 ! =m ( a homog5e\s      
space1 empty & indiff]5t1 :i* is suppos$
 to und]lie x4 ,?is space is !re=e1     

pre-em95tly1 ! plan ( our possible      
action on ?+s1 al?\gh1 inde$1 ?+s h a   
natural t5d5cy1 z we %all expla9 fur!r  
on1 to ent] into a frame ( ?is k9d4 ,x  
is a view tak5 by m9d4 ,! animal has    
probably no idea ( x1 ev5 :51 l u1 x    
p]ceives ext5d$ ?+s4 ,x is an idea t    
symbolizes ! t5d5cy ( ! human intellect 
to fabrication4 ,b ?is po9t mu/ n deta9 
u n[4 ,suffice x to say t ! intellect is
 *>act]iz$ by ! unlimit$ p[] ( decompos+
 accord+ to any law & ( recompos+ into  
any sy/em4  ,we h n[ enum]at$ a few ( ! 
ess5tial features ( human intellig5ce4  
,b we h hi!rto consid]$ ! individual 9  
isolation1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( social     
life4 ,9 reality1 man is a be+ :o lives 
9 society4 ,if x be true t ! human      
intellect aims at fabrication1 we mu/   
add t1 = t z well z = o!r purposes1 x is
 associat$ ) o!r intellects4 ,n[1 x is  
difficult to imag9e a society ^: memb]s 
d n communicate by signs4 ,insect       
societies probably h a language1 & ?is  
language mu/ be adapt$1 l t ( man1 to ! 

necessities ( life 9 common4 ,by        
language community ( action is made     
possible4 ,b ! requirem5ts ( jo9t action
 are n at all ! same 9 a colony ( ants &
 9 a human society4 ,9 insect societies 
!re is g5]ally polymorphism1 !          
subdivision ( labor is natural1 & ea*   
individual is rivet$ by its /ructure to 
! function x p]=ms4 ,9 any case1 ^!     
societies are bas$ on in/9ct1 &         
consequ5tly on c]ta9 actions or         
fabrications t are m or less dep5d5t on 
! =m ( ! organs4 ,s if ! ants1 =        
in/ance1 h a language1 ! signs :i*      
compose x mu/ be v limit$ 9 numb]1 & ea*
 ( !m1 once ! species is =m$1 mu/ rema9 
inv>iably atta*$ to a c]ta9 object or a 
c]ta9 op]ation3 ! sign is adh]5t to ! ?+
 signifi$4 ,9 human society1 on !       
contr>y1 fabrication & action are (     
v>iable =m1 &1 moreov]1 ea* individual  
mu/ le>n 8 "p1 because he is n preorda9$
 to x by 8 /ructure4 ,s a language is   
requir$ :i* makes x possible to be      
always pass+ f :at is kn[n to :at is yet

 to be kn[n4 ,!re mu/ be a language ^:  
signs--:i* _c be inf9ite 9 numb]--are   
ext5sible to an inf9ity ( ?+s4 ,?is     
t5d5cy ( ! sign to transf] itself f "o  
object to ano!r is *>act]i/ic ( human   
language4 ,x is obs]vable 9 ! little    
*ild z soon z he beg9s to speak4        
,imm$iately & naturally he ext5ds !     
mean+ ( ! words he le>ns1 avail+ himself
 ( ! mo/ accid5tal connection or ! mo/  
di/ant analogy to deta* & transf]       
else:]e ! sign t _h be5 associat$ 9 8   
he>+ ) a p>ticul> object4 ,any?+ c      
designate any?+2 su* is ! lat5t pr9ciple
 ( infant9e language4 ,?is t5d5cy has   
be5 wrongly confus$ ) ! faculty (       
g5]aliz+4 ,! animals !mselves g5]alize2 
&1 moreov]1 a sign--ev5 an in/9ctive    
sign--always to "s degree repres5ts a   
g5us4 ,b :at *>act]izes ! signs ( human 
language is n s mu* _! g5]ality z _!    
mobility4 ,! in/9ctive sign is adh]5t1 !
 intellig5t sign is mobile4  ,n[1 ?is   
mobility ( words1 t makes !m able to    
pass f "o ?+ to ano!r1 has enabl$ !m to 

be ext5d$ f ?+s to ideas4 ,c]ta9ly1     
language w\ld n h giv5 ! faculty (      
reflect+ to an intellig5ce entirely     
ext]naliz$ & incapable ( turn+ homew>d4 
,an intellig5ce :i* reflects is "o t    
orig9ally _h a surplus ( en]gy to sp5d1 
ov] & above practically useful ef=ts4 ,x
 is a consci\sness t has virtually      
reconqu]$ itself4 ,b /ill ! virtual has 
to become actual4 ,)\t language1        
intellig5ce w\ld probably h rema9$      
rivet$ to ! mat]ial objects :i* x 0     
int]e/$ 9 consid]+4 ,x w\ld h liv$ 9 a  
/ate ( somnambulism1 outside itself1    
hypnotiz$ on its own "w4 ,language has  
greatly contribut$ to its lib]ation4 ,! 
^w1 made to pass f "o ?+ to ano!r1 is1 9
 fact1 by nature transf]able & free4 ,x 
c !re=e be ext5d$1 n only f "o p]ceiv$  
?+ to ano!r1 b ev5 f a p]ceiv$ ?+ to a  
recollection ( t ?+1 f ! precise        
recollection to a m fleet+ image1 &     
f9ally f an image fleet+1 ?\gh /ill     
pictur$1 to ! pictur+ ( ! act by :i* !  
image is pictur$1 t is to say1 to !     

idea4 ,?us is reveal$ to ! intellig5ce1 
hi!rto always turn$ outw>ds1 a :ole     
int]nal _w--! spectacle ( its own       
work+s4 ,x requir$ only ?is opportunity1
 at l5g? (f]$ by language4 ,x pr(its by 
! fact t ! ^w is an ext]nal ?+1 :i* !   
intellig5ce c cat* hold ( & cl+ to1 & at
 ! same "t an immat]ial ?+1 by means (  
:i* ! intellig5ce c p5etrate ev5 to !   
inw>dness ( its own "w4 ,its fir/       
bus9ess 0 inde$ to make in/rum5ts1 b ?is
 fabrication is possible only by !      
employm5t ( c]ta9 means :i* are n cut to
 ! exact measure ( _! object1 b g beyond
 x & ?us all[ intellig5ce a             
supplem5t>y--t is to say dis9t]e/$ "w4  
,f ! mom5t t ! intellect1 reflect+ ^u   
its own do+s1 p]ceives itself z a       
creator ( ideas1 z a faculty (          
repres5tation 9 g5]al1 !re is no object 
( :i* x may n wi% to h ! idea1 ev5 ?\gh 
t object be )\t direct relation to      
practical action4 ,t is :y we said !re  
are ?+s t intellect alone c seek4       
,intellect alone1 inde$1 tr\bles itself 

ab\t !ory2 & its !ory w\ld fa9 embrace  
ev]y?+--n only inanimate matt]1 ov] :i* 
x has a natural hold1 b ev5 life &      
?\ght4  ,by :at means1 :at in/rum5ts1 9 
%ort by :at me?od x w approa* ^!        
problems1 we c easily guess4 ,orig9ally1
 x 0 fa%ion$ to ! =m ( matt]4 ,language 
itself1 :i* has enabl$ x to ext5d its   
field ( op]ations1 is made to designate 
?+s1 & n\ght b ?+s3 x is only because ! 
^w is mobile1 because x flies f "o ?+ to
 ano!r1 t ! intellect 0 sure to take x1 
soon] or lat]1 on ! w+1 :ile x 0 n      
settl$ on any?+1 & apply x to an object 
:i* is n a ?+ & :i*1 conceal$ till !n1  
await$ ! com+ ( ! ^w to pass f d>kness  
to light4 ,b ! ^w1 by cov]+ up ?is      
object1 aga9 conv]ts x into a ?+4 ,s    
intellig5ce1 ev5 :5 x no long] op]ates  
^u its own object1 foll[s habits x has  
contract$ 9 t op]ation3 x applies =ms t 
are inde$ ^? ( unorganiz$ matt]4 ,x is  
made = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,) ?is k9d ( "w    
alone is x fully satisfi$4 ,& t is :at  
intellig5ce expresses by say+ t ?us only

 x arrives at di/9ctness & cle>ness4  ,x
 mu/1 !re=e1 9 ord] to ?9k itself cle>ly
 & di/9ctly1 p]ceive itself "u ! =m (   
discont9uity4 ,concepts1 9 fact1 are    
outside ea* o!r1 l objects 9 space2 & !y
 h ! same /ability z su* objects1 on :i*
 !y h be5 model$4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y      
con/itute an intelligible _w1 t         
resembles ! _w ( solids 9 its ess5tial  
*>act]s1 b ^: elem5ts are light]1 m     
diaphan\s1 easi] = ! intellect to deal )
 ?an ! image ( concrete ?+s3 !y are n1  
inde$1 ! p]ception itself ( ?+s1 b !    
repres5tation ( ! act by :i* ! intellect
 is fix$ on !m4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n       
images1 b symbols4 ,our logic is !      
complete set ( rules t mu/ be foll[$ 9  
us+ symbols4 ,z ^! symbols are d]iv$ f !
 consid]ation ( solids1 z ! rules =     
comb9+ ^! symbols h>dly d m ?an express 
! mo/ g5]al relations among solids1 our 
logic triumphs 9 t sci5ce :i* takes !   
solidity ( bodies = its object1 t is1 9 
geometry4 ,logic & geometry eng5d] ea*  
o!r1 z we %all see a little fur!r on4 ,x

 is f ! ext5sion ( a c]ta9 natural      
geometry1 sugge/$ by ! mo/ g5]al &      
imm$iately p]ceiv$ prop]ties ( solids1 t
 natural logic has aris52 !n f ?is      
natural logic1 9 its turn1 has sprung   
sci5tific geometry1 :i* ext5ds fur!r &  
fur!r ! k ( ! ext]nal prop]ties (       
solids4#fe ,geometry & logic are /rictly
 applicable to matt]2 9 x !y are at     
home1 & 9 x !y c proce$ q alone4 ,b1    
outside ?is doma91 pure reason+ ne$s to 
be sup]vis$ by common s5se1 :i* is an   
altoge!r diff]5t ?+4  ,?us1 all !       
elem5t>y =ces ( ! intellect t5d to      
trans=m matt] into an in/rum5t ( action1
 t is1 9 ! etymological s5se ( ! ^w1    
into an organ4 ,life1 n cont5t ) produc+
 organisms1 w\ld fa9 give !m z an       
app5dage inorganic matt] itself1 conv]t$
 into an imm5se organ by ! indu/ry ( !  
liv+ be+4 ,su* is ! initial task x      
assigns to intellig5ce4 ,t is :y !      
intellect always behaves z if x 7       
fasc9at$ by ! contemplation ( in]t      
matt]4 ,x is life look+ outw>d1 putt+   

itself outside itself1 adopt+ ! ways (  
unorganiz$ nature 9 pr9ciple1 9 ord] to 
direct !m 9 fact4 ,h5ce its bewild]m5t  
:5 x turns to ! liv+ & is confront$ )   
organization4 ,x does :at x c1 x        
resolves ! organiz$ into ! unorganiz$1 =
 x _c1 )\t rev]s+ its natural direction 
& twi/+ ab\t on itself1 ?9k true        
cont9uity1 real mobility1 reciprocal    
p5etration--9 a ^w1 t creative evolution
 :i* is life4  ,consid] cont9uity4 ,!   
aspect ( life t is accessible to our    
intellect--z inde$ to our s5ses1 ( :i*  
our intellect is ! ext5sion--is t :i*   
(f]s a hold to our action4 ,n[1 to      
modify an object1 we h to p]ceive x z   
divisible & discont9u\s4 ,f ! po9t (    
view ( positive sci5ce1 an incomp>able  
progress 0 realiz$ :5 ! organiz$ tissues
 7 resolv$ into cells4 ,! /udy ( ! cell1
 9 its turn1 has %[n x to be an organism
 ^: complexity seems to gr[1 ! m        
?or\ghly x is exam9$4 ,! m sci5ce       
advances1 ! m x sees ! numb] gr[ (      
het]og5e\s elem5ts :i* are plac$ toge!r1

 outside ea* o!r1 to make up a liv+ be+4
 ,does sci5ce ?us get any ne>] to life8 
,does x n1 on ! contr>y1 f9d t :at is   
really life 9 ! liv+ seems to rec$e ) e 
/ep by :i* x pu%es fur!r ! detail ( !   
p>ts comb9$8 ,!re is inde$ already among
 sci5ti/s a t5d5cy to reg>d ! sub/ance (
 ! organism z cont9u\s1 & ! cell z an   
artificial entity4#ff ,b1 suppos+ ?is   
view 7 f9ally to prevail1 x c\ld only   
lead1 on deep] /udy1 to "s o!r mode (   
analyz+ ( ! liv+ be+1 & s to a new      
discont9uity--al?\gh less remov$1       
p]haps1 f ! real cont9uity ( life4 ,!   
tru? is t ?is cont9uity _c be ?\ght by !
 intellect :ile x foll[s its natural    
movem5t4 ,x implies at once !           
multiplicity ( elem5ts & !              
int]p5etration ( all by all1 two        
conditions t c h>dly be reconcil$ 9 !   
field 9 :i* our indu/ry1 & consequ5tly  
our intellect1 is engag$4  ,j z we      
sep>ate 9 space1 we fix 9 "t4 ,!        
intellect is n made to ?9k evolution1 9 
! prop] s5se ( ! ^w--t is to say1 !     

cont9uity ( a *ange t is pure mobility4 
,we %all n dwell "h on ?is po9t1 :i* we 
propose to /udy 9 a special *apt]4      
,suffice x to say t ! intellect         
repres5ts becom+ z a s]ies ( /ates1 ea* 
( :i* is homog5e\s ) itself &           
consequ5tly does n *ange4 ,is our       
att5tion call$ to ! int]nal *ange ( "o (
 ^! /ates8 ,at once we decompose x into 
ano!r s]ies ( /ates :i*1 reunit$1 w be  
suppos$ to make up ?is int]nal          
modification4 ,ea* ( ^! new /ates mu/ be
 inv>iable1 or else _! int]nal *ange1 if
 we are =c$ to notice x1 mu/ be resolv$ 
aga9 into a fre% s]ies ( inv>iable      
/ates1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,"h aga91 ?9k+
 consi/s 9 recon/itut+1 &1 naturally1 x 
is ) giv5 elem5ts1 & consequ5tly ) /able
 elem5ts1 t we recon/itute4 ,s t1 ?\gh  
we may d our be/ to imitate ! mobility (
 becom+ by an addition t is ev] go+ on1 
becom+ itself slips ?r\gh our f+]s j :5 
we ?9k we are hold+ x tight4  ,precisely
 because x is always try+ to            
recon/itute1 & to recon/itute ) :at is  

giv51 ! intellect lets :at is new 9 ea* 
mom5t ( a hi/ory escape4 ,x does n admit
 ! un=eseeable4 ,x rejects all creation4
 ,t def9ite antec$5ts br+ =? a def9ite  
consequ5t1 calculable z a function ( !m1
 is :at satisfies our intellect4 ,t a   
def9ite end calls =? def9ite means to   
atta9 x1 is :at we also und]/&4 ,9 bo?  
cases we h to d ) ! kn[n :i* is comb9$ )
 ! kn[n1 9 %ort1 ) ! old :i* is repeat$4
 ,our intellect is !re at its ease2 &1  
:atev] be ! object1 x w ab/ract1        
sep>ate1 elim9ate1 s z to sub/itute = ! 
object itself1 if necess>y1 an          
approximate equival5t 9 :i* ?+s w happ5 
9 ?is way4 ,b t ea* in/ant is a fre%    
end[m5t1 t ! new is ev] upspr++1 t ! =m 
j come into exi/5ce 7al?\gh1 :5 once    
produc$1 x may be reg>d$ z an effect    
det]m9$ by its causes7 c\ld nev] h be5  
=ese5--because ! causes "h1 unique 9 _! 
k9d1 are "p ( ! effect1 h come into     
exi/5ce ) x1 & are det]m9$ by x z mu* z 
!y det]m9e x--all ?is we c feel )9      
ourselves & also div9e1 by sympa?y1     

outside ourselves1 b we _c ?9k x1 9 !   
/rict s5se ( ! ^w1 nor express x 9 t]ms 
( pure und]/&+4 ,no wond] at t3 we mu/  
rememb] :at our intellect is meant =4 ,!
 causality x seeks & f9ds ev]y:]e       
expresses ! v me*anism ( our indu/ry1 9 
:i* we g on recompos+ ! same :ole ) !   
same p>ts1 repeat+ ! same movem5ts to   
obta9 ! same result4 ,! f9ality x       
und]/&s be/ is ! f9ality ( our indu/ry1 
9 :i* we "w on a model giv5 9 advance1 t
 is to say1 old or compos$ ( elem5ts    
already kn[n4 ,z to inv5tion prop]ly s  
call$1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 ! po9t ( dep>ture 
( indu/ry itself1 our intellect does n  
succe$ 9 grasp+ x 9 its upspr++1 t is to
 say1 9 its indivisibility1 nor 9 its   
f]vor1 t is to say1 9 its creativ5ess4  
,expla9+ x always consi/s 9 resolv+ x1 x
 ! un=eseeable & new1 into elem5ts old  
or kn[n1 arrang$ 9 a diff]5t ord]4 ,!   
intellect c no m admit complete novelty 
?an real becom+2 t is to say1 "h aga9 x 
lets an ess5tial aspect ( life escape1 z
 if x 7 n int5d$ to ?9k su* an object4  

,all our analyses br+ u to ?is          
conclusion4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to g 
into su* long details conc]n+ ! me*anism
 ( intellectual work+2 x is en\gh to    
consid] ! results4 ,we see t !          
intellect1 s skilful 9 deal+ ) ! in]t1  
is awkw>d ! mom5t x t\*es ! liv+4 ,:e!r 
x wants to treat ! life ( ! body or !   
life ( ! m9d1 x proce$s ) ! rigor1 !    
/iffness & ! brutality ( an in/rum5t n  
design$ = su* use4 ,! hi/ory ( hygi5e or
 ( p$agogy tea*es u mu* 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5
 we ?9k ( ! c>d9al1 urg5t & con/ant ne$ 
we h to pres]ve our bodies & to raise   
our s\ls1 ( ! special facilities giv5 to
 ea* ( u1 9 ?is field1 to exp]im5t      
cont9ually on ourselves & on o!rs1 ( !  
palpable injury by :i* ! wrongness ( a  
m$ical or p$agogical practise is bo?    
made manife/ & puni%$ at once1 we are   
amaz$ at ! /upidity & especially at !   
p]si/5ce ( errors4 ,we may easily f9d _!
 orig9 9 ! natural ob/9acy ) :i* we     
treat ! liv+ l ! lifeless & ?9k all     
reality1 h[ev] fluid1 "u ! =m ( ! %>ply 

def9$ solid4 ,we are at ease only 9 !   
discont9u\s1 9 ! immobile1 9 ! dead4 ,! 
intellect is *>act]iz$ by a natural     
inability to compreh5d life4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,in/9ct1 
on ! contr>y1 is mold$ on ! v =m ( life4
 ,:ile intellig5ce treats ev]y?+        
me*anically1 in/9ct proce$s1 s to speak1
 organically4 ,if ! consci\sness t      
slumb]s 9 x %\ld awake1 if x 7 w\nd up  
into k in/ead ( be+ w\nd (f into action1
 if we c\ld ask & x c\ld reply1 x w\ld  
give up to u ! mo/ intimate secrets (   
life4 ,= x only c>ries out fur!r ! "w by
 :i* life organizes matt]--s t we _c    
say1 z has (t5 be5 %[n1 :]e organization
 ends & :]e in/9ct beg9s4 ,:5 ! little  
*ick is break+ its %ell ) a peck ( its  
beak1 x is act+ by in/9ct1 & yet x does 
b c>ry on ! movem5t :i* has borne x     
?r\gh embryonic life4 ,inv]sely1 9 !    
c\rse ( embryonic life itself           
7especially :5 ! embryo lives freely 9 !
 =m ( a l>va71 _m ( ! acts accompli%$   
mu/ be ref]r$ to in/9ct4 ,! mo/ ess5tial

 ( ! prim>y in/9cts are really1 !re=e1  
vital processes4 ,! pot5tial            
consci\sness t accompanies !m is g5]ally
 actualiz$ only at ! outset ( ! act1 &  
leaves ! re/ ( ! process to g on by     
itself4 ,x w\ld only h to exp& m widely1
 & !n dive into its own dep? completely1
 to be "o ) ! g5]ative =ce ( life4  ,:5 
we see 9 a liv+ body ?\s&s ( cells work+
 toge!r to a common end1 divid+ ! task  
betwe5 !m1 liv+ ea* = itself at ! same  
"t z = ! o!rs1 pres]v+ itself1 fe$+     
itself1 reproduc+ itself1 respond+ to ! 
m5ace ( dang] by appropriate def5sive   
reactions1 h[ c we help ?9k+ ( s _m     
in/9cts8 ,& yet ^! are ! natural        
functions ( ! cell1 ! con/itutive       
elem5ts ( its vitality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5
 we see ! bees ( a hive =m+ a sy/em s   
/rictly organiz$ t no individual c live 
ap>t f ! o!rs beyond a c]ta9 "t1 ev5    
?\gh furni%$ ) food & %elt]1 h[ c we    
help recogniz+ t ! hive is really1 & n  
metaphorically1 a s+le organism1 ( :i*  
ea* bee is a cell unit$ to ! o!rs by    

invisible bonds8 ,! in/9ct t animates ! 
bee is indi/+ui%able1 !n1 f ! =ce t     
animates ! cell1 or is only a           
prolongation ( t =ce4 ,9 extreme cases l
 ?is1 in/9ct co9cides ) ! "w (          
organization4  ,( c\rse !re are degrees 
( p]fection 9 ! same in/9ct4 ,betwe5 !  
humble-bee1 & ! honey-bee1 = in/ance1 ! 
di/ance is great2 & we pass f "o to !   
o!r ?r\gh a great numb] ( int]m$i>ies1  
:i* correspond to s _m complications ( !
 social life4 ,b ! same div]sity is f\nd
 9 ! function+ ( hi/ological elem5ts    
belong+ to diff]5t tissues m or less    
ak94 ,9 bo? cases !re are manifold      
v>iations on "o & ! same !me4 ,!        
con/ancy ( ! !me is manife/1 h[ev]1 & ! 
v>iations only fit x to ! div]sity ( !  
circum/ances4  ,n[1 9 bo? cases1 9 !    
in/9ct ( ! animal & 9 ! vital prop]ties 
( ! cell1 ! same k & ! same ignorance   
are %[n4 ,all goes on z if ! cell knew1 
( ! o!r cells1 :at conc]ns itself2 z if 
! animal knew1 ( ! o!r animals1 :at x c 
utilize--all else rema9+ 9 %ade4 ,x     

seems z if life1 z soon z x has become  
b\nd up 9 a species1 is cut (f f ! re/ (
 its own "w1 save at "o or two po9ts t  
are ( vital conc]n to ! species j aris54
 ,is x n pla9 t life goes to "w "h      
exactly l consci\sness1 exactly l       
memory8 ,we trail beh9d u1 unaw>es1 !   
:ole ( our pa/2 b our memory p\rs into !
 pres5t only ! odd recollection or two t
 9 "s way complete our pres5t situation4
 ,?us ! in/9ctive k :i* "o species      
possesses ( ano!r on a c]ta9 p>ticul>   
po9t has its root 9 ! v unity ( life1   
:i* is1 to use ! expression ( an anci5t 
philosoph]1 a :ole sympa!tic to itself4 
,x is impossible to consid] "s ( !      
special in/9cts ( ! animal & ( ! plant1 
evid5tly aris5 9 extraord9>y            
circum/ances1 )\t relat+ !m to ^?       
recollections1 seem+ly =gott51 :i* spr+ 
up sudd5ly "u ! pressure ( an urg5t ne$4
  ,no d\bt _m second>y in/9cts1 & also  
_m v>ieties ( prim>y in/9ct1 admit ( a  
sci5tific explanation4 ,yet x is d\btful
 :e!r sci5ce1 ) its pres5t me?ods (     

explanation1 w ev] succe$ 9 analyz+     
in/9ct completely4 ,! reason is t in/9ct
 & intellig5ce are two div]g5t          
developm5ts ( "o & ! same pr9ciple1 :i* 
9 ! "o case rema9s )9 itself1 9 ! o!r   
/eps out ( itself & becomes absorb$ 9 ! 
utilization ( in]t matt]4 ,?is gradual  
div]g5ce te/ifies to a radical          
incompatibility1 & po9ts to ! fact t x  
is impossible = intellig5ce to reabsorb 
in/9ct4 ,t :i* is in/9ctive 9 in/9ct _c 
be express$ 9 t]ms ( intellig5ce1 nor1  
consequ5tly1 c x be analyz$4  ,a man    
born bl9d1 :o _h liv$ among o!rs born   
bl9d1 c\ld n be made to believe 9 !     
possibility ( p]ceiv+ a di/ant object   
)\t fir/ p]ceiv+ all ! objects 9 betwe54
 ,yet vision p]=ms ?is miracle4 ,9 a    
c]ta9 s5se ! bl9d man is "r1 s9ce       
vision1 hav+ its orig9 9 ! /imulation ( 
! ret9a1 by ! vibrations ( ! light1 is  
no?+ else1 9 fact1 b a ret9al t\*4 ,su* 
is inde$ ! sci5tific explanation1 = !   
function ( sci5ce is j to express all   
p]ceptions 9 t]ms ( t\*4 ,b we h %[n    

else:]e t ! philosophical explanation ( 
p]ception 7if x may /ill be call$ an    
explanation7 mu/ be ( ano!r k9d4#fg ,n[ 
in/9ct also is a k at a di/ance4 ,x has 
! same relation to intellig5ce t vision 
has to t\*4 ,sci5ce _c d o!rwise ?an    
express x 9 t]ms ( intellig5ce2 b 9 s   
do+ x con/ructs an imitation ( in/9ct r 
?an p5etrates )9 x4  ,any "o c conv9ce  
himself ( ?is by /udy+ ! +5i\s !ories ( 
evolutioni/ biology4 ,!y may be r$uc$ to
 two types1 :i* are (t5 int]m+l$4 ,"o   
type1 foll[+ ! pr9ciples ( neo-,d>w9ism1
 reg>ds in/9ct z a sum ( accid5tal      
diff]5ces pres]v$ by selection3 su* &   
su* a useful behavior1 naturally adopt$ 
by ! individual 9 virtue ( an accid5tal 
pr$isposition ( ! g]m1 has be5          
transmitt$ f g]m to g]m1 wait+ = *ance  
to add fre% improvem5ts to x by ! same  
me?od4 ,! o!r type reg>ds in/9ct z laps$
 intellig5ce3 ! action1 f\nd useful by !
 species or by c]ta9 ( its              
repres5tatives1 is suppos$ to h eng5d]$ 
a habit1 :i*1 by h]$it>y transmission1  

has become an in/9ct4 ,( ^! two types ( 
!ory1 ! fir/ has ! advantage ( be+ able 
to br+ 9 h]$it>y transmission )\t rais+ 
grave objection2 = ! accid5tal          
modification :i* x places at ! orig9 ( !
 in/9ct is n suppos$ to h be5 acquir$ by
 ! individual1 b to h be5 inh]5t 9 !    
g]m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is absolutely   
incapable ( expla9+ in/9cts z sagaci\s z
 ^? ( mo/ insects4 ,^! in/9cts surely   
c\ld n h atta9$1 all at once1 _! pres5t 
degree ( complexity2 !y h probably      
evolv$2 b1 9 a hypo!sis l t ( !         
neo-,d>w9ians1 ! evolution ( in/9ct c\ld
 h come to pass only by ! progressive   
addition ( new pieces :i*1 9 "s way1 by 
happy accid5ts1 came to fit into ! old4 
,n[ x is evid5t t1 9 mo/ cases1 in/9ct  
c\ld n h p]fect$ itself by simple       
accretion3 ea* new piece really         
requires1 if all is n to be spoil$1 a   
complete reca/+ ( ! :ole4 ,h[ c\ld m]e  
*ance "w a reca/+ ( ! k9d8 ,i agree t an
 accid5tal modification ( ! g]m may be  
pass$ on h]$it>ily1 & may someh[ wait = 

fre% accid5tal modifications to come &  
complicate x4 ,i agree also t natural   
selection may elim9ate all ^? ( ! m     
complicat$ =ms ( in/9ct t are n fit to  
survive4 ,/ill1 9 ord] t ! life ( !     
in/9ct may evolve1 complications fit to 
survive h to be produc$4 ,n[ !y w be    
produc$ only if1 9 c]ta9 cases1 !       
addition ( a new elem5t br+s ab\t !     
correlative *ange ( all ! old elem5ts4  
,no "o w ma9ta9 t *ance c\ld p]=m su* a 
miracle3 9 "o =m or ano!r we %all appeal
 to intellig5ce4 ,we %all suppose t x is
 by an ef=t1 m or less consci\s1 t !    
liv+ be+ develops a high] in/9ct4 ,b !n 
we %all h to admit t an acquir$ habit c 
become h]$it>y1 & t x does s regul>ly   
en\gh to ensure an evolution4 ,! ?+ is  
d\btful1 to put x mildly4 ,ev5 if we    
c\ld ref] ! in/9cts ( animals to habits 
intellig5tly acquir$ & h]$it>ily        
transmitt$1 x is n cle> h[ ?is sort (   
explanation c\ld be ext5d$ to !         
vegetable _w1 :]e ef=t is nev]          
intellig5t1 ev5 suppos+ x is sometimes  

consci\s4 ,& yet1 :5 we see ) :at       
sur5ess & precision climb+ plants use _!
 t5drils1 :at m>vel\sly comb9$          
manoeuvres ! or*ids p]=m to procure _!  
f]tilization by means ( insects1#fh h[ c
 we help ?9k+ t ^! are s _m in/9cts8    
,?is is n say+ t ! !ory ( !             
neo-,d>w9ians mu/ be altoge!r reject$1  
any m ?an t ( ! neo-,lam>ckians4 ,! fir/
 are probably "r 9 hold+ t evolution    
takes place f g]m to g]m r ?an f        
individual to individual2 ! second are  
"r 9 say+ t at ! orig9 ( in/9ct !re is  
an ef=t 7al?\gh x is some?+ q diff]5t1  
we believe1 f an intellig5t ef=t74 ,b ! 
=m] are probably wrong :5 !y make !     
evolution ( in/9ct an accid5tal         
evolution1 & ! latt] :5 !y reg>d ! ef=t 
f :i* in/9ct proce$s z an individual    
ef=t4 ,! ef=t by :i* a species modifies 
its in/9ct1 & modifies itself z well1   
mu/ be a mu* deep] ?+1 dep5d5t solely   
nei!r on circum/ances nor on            
individuals4 ,x is n purely accid5tal1  
al?\gh accid5t has a l>ge place 9 x2 & x

 does n dep5d solely on ! initiative (  
individuals1 al?\gh individuals         
collaborate 9 x4  ,comp>e ! diff]5t =ms 
( ! same in/9ct 9 diff]5t species (     
hym5opt]a4 ,! impression d]iv$ is n     
always t ( an increas+ complexity made (
 elem5ts t h be5 add$ toge!r "o aft] !  
o!r4 ,nor does x sugge/ ! idea ( /eps up
 a ladd]4 ,r d we ?9k1 9 _m cases at    
lea/1 ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 f     
diff]5t po9ts ( :i* ^! diff]5t v>ieties 
h />t$1 all fac+ ! same c5tre1 all mak+ 
an ef=t 9 t direction1 b ea* approa*+ x 
only to ! ext5t ( its means1 & to !     
ext5t also to :i* ?is c5tral po9t has   
be5 illum9$ = x4 ,9 o!r words1 in/9ct is
 ev]y:]e complete1 b x is m or less     
simplifi$1 &1 above all1 simplifi$      
diff]5tly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 cases :]e we 
d get ! impression ( an asc5d+ scale1 z 
if "o & ! same in/9ct _h gone on        
complicat+ itself m & m 9 "o direction &
 along a /raight l9e1 ! species :i* are 
?us arrang$ by _! in/9cts into a l9e>   
s]ies are by no means always ak94 ,?us1 

! comp>ative /udy1 9 rec5t ye>s1 ( !    
social in/9ct 9 ! diff]5t apidae proves 
t ! in/9ct ( ! melipon9es is int]m$i>y 9
 complexity betwe5 ! /ill rudim5t>y     
t5d5cy ( ! humble bees & ! consummate   
sci5ce ( ! true bees2 yet !re c be no   
k9%ip betwe5 ! bees & ! melipon9es4#fi  
,mo/ likely1 ! degree ( complexity ( ^! 
diff]5t societies has no?+ to d ) any   
great] or small] numb] ( add$ elem5ts4  
,we seem r to be be=e a musical !me1 :i*
 _h fir/ be5 transpos$1 ! !me z a :ole1 
into a c]ta9 numb] ( tones & on :i*1    
/ill ! :ole !me1 diff]5t v>iations _h   
be5 play$1 "s v simple1 o!rs v skilful4 
,z to ! orig9al !me1 x is ev]y:]e &     
n[h]e4 ,x is 9 va9 t we try to express x
 9 t]ms ( any idea3 x mu/ h be51        
orig9ally1 felt r ?an ?\ght4 ,we get !  
same impression be=e ! p>alyz+ in/9ct ( 
c]ta9 wasps4 ,we "k t ! diff]5t species 
( hym5opt]a t h ?is p>alyz+ in/9ct lay  
_! eggs 9 spid]s1 beetles or cat]pill>s1
 :i*1 hav+ fir/ be5 subject$ by ! wasp  
to a skilful surgical op]ation1 w g on  

liv+ motionless a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 & 
?us provide ! l>vae ) fre% meat4 ,9 ! /+
 :i* !y give to ! n]ve-c5tres ( _!      
victim1 9 ord] to de/roy its p[] ( mov+ 
)\t kill+ x1 ^! diff]5t species (       
hym5opt]a take into acc\nt1 s to speak1 
! diff]5t species ( prey !y respectively
 attack4 ,! ,scolia1 :i* attacks a l>va 
( ! rose-beetle1 /+s x 9 "o po9t only1 b
 9 ?is po9t ! motor ganglia are         
conc5trat$1 & ^? ganglia alone3 ! /++ ( 
o!r ganglia might cause dea? &          
putrefaction1 :i* x mu/ avoid4#gj ,!    
yell[-w+$ ,sphex1 :i* has *os5 ! cricket
 = its victim1 kn[s t ! cricket has ?ree
 n]ve-c5tres :i* s]ve its ?ree pairs (  
legs--or at lea/ x acts z if x knew ?is4
 ,x /+s ! insect fir/ "u ! neck1 !n     
beh9d ! pro?orax1 & !n :]e ! ?orax jo9s 
! abdom54#ga ,! ,ammophila ,hirsuta     
gives n9e successive /rokes ( its /+ ^u 
n9e n]ve-c5tres ( its cat]pill>1 & !n   
seizes ! head & squeezes x 9 its        
m&ibles1 en\gh to cause p>alysis )\t    
dea?4#gb ,! g5]al !me is ! necessity (  

p>alyz+ )\t kill+2 ! v>iations are      
subord9at$ to ! /ructure ( ! victim on  
:i* !y are play$4 ,no d\bt ! op]ation is
 n always p]fect4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n
 t ! ,ammophila sometimes kills !       
cat]pill> in/ead ( p>alyz+ x1 t         
sometimes also x p>alyzes x             
incompletely4#gc ,b1 because in/9ct is1 
l intellig5ce1 fallible1 because x also 
%[s individual deviations1 x does n at  
all foll[ t ! in/9ct ( ! ,ammophila has 
be5 acquir$1 z has be5 claim$1 by       
t5tative intellig5t exp]im5ts4 ,ev5     
suppos+ t ! ,ammophila has come 9 c\rse 
( "t to recognize1 "o aft] ano!r1 by    
t5tative exp]im5t1 ! po9ts ( its victim 
:i* mu/ be /ung to r5d] x motionless1 & 
also ! special treatm5t t mu/ be        
inflict$ on ! head to br+ ab\t p>alysis 
)\t dea?1 h[ c we imag9e t elem5ts s    
special ( a k s precise h be5 regul>ly  
transmitt$1 "o by "o1 by h]$ity8 ,if1 9 
all our pres5t exp]i5ce1 !re 7 a s+le   
indisputable example ( a transmission ( 
?is k9d1 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s 

w\ld be que/ion$ by no "o4 ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 ! h]$it>y transmission ( a        
contract$ habit is effect$ 9 an irregul>
 & f> f precise mann]1 suppos+ x is ev] 
really effect$ at all4  ,b ! :ole       
difficulty comes f our desire to express
 ! k ( ! hym5opt]a 9 t]ms ( intellig5ce4
 ,x is ?is t compels u to comp>e !      
,ammophila ) ! entomologi/1 :o kn[s !   
cat]pill> z he kn[s ev]y?+ else--f !    
outside1 & )\t hav+ on 8 "p a special or
 vital int]e/4 ,! ,ammophila1 we imag9e1
 mu/ le>n1 "o by "o1 l ! entomologi/1 ! 
positions ( ! n]ve-c5tres ( !           
cat]pill>--mu/ acquire at lea/ !        
practical k ( ^! positions by try+ !    
effects ( its /+4 ,b !re is no ne$ = su*
 a view if we suppose a sympa?y 79 !    
etymological s5se ( ! ^w7 betwe5 !      
,ammophila & its victim1 :i* tea*es x f 
)91 s to say1 conc]n+ ! vuln]ability ( !
 cat]pill>4 ,?is feel+ ( vuln]ability   
might owe no?+ to outw>d p]ception1 b   
result f ! m]e pres5ce toge!r ( !       
,ammophila & ! cat]pill>1 consid]$ no   

long] z two organisms1 b z two          
activities4 ,x w\ld express1 9 a        
concrete =m1 ! relation ( ! "o to ! o!r4
 ,c]ta9ly1 a sci5tific !ory _c appeal to
 consid]ations ( ?is k9d4 ,x mu/ n put  
action be=e organization1 sympa?y be=e  
p]ception & k4 ,b1 once m1 ei!r         
philosophy has no?+ to see "h1 or its   
rle beg9s :]e t ( sci5ce ends4  ,:e!r x 
makes in/9ct a comp\nd reflex1 or a     
habit =m$ intellig5tly t has become     
automatism1 or a sum ( small accid5tal  
advantages accumulat$ & fix$ by         
selection1 9 e case sci5ce claims to    
resolve in/9ct completely ei!r into     
intellig5t actions1 or into me*anisms   
built up piece by piece l ^? comb9$ by  
our intellig5ce4 ,i agree inde$ t sci5ce
 is "h )9 its function4 ,x gives u1 9   
default ( a real analysis ( ! object1 a 
translation ( ?is object 9 t]ms (       
intellig5ce4 ,b is x n pla9 t sci5ce    
itself invites philosophy to consid] ?+s
 9 ano!r way8 ,if our biology 0 /ill t (
 ,ari/otle1 if x reg>d$ ! s]ies ( liv+  

be+s z unil9e>1 if x %[$ u ! :ole ( life
 evolv+ t[>ds intellig5ce & pass+1 to t 
end1 ?r\gh s5sibility & in/9ct1 we %\ld 
be "r1 we1 ! intellig5t be+s1 9 turn+   
back t[>ds ! e>li] & consequ5tly inf]ior
 manife/ations ( life & 9 claim+ to fit 
!m1 )\t de=m+ !m1 into ! molds ( our    
und]/&+4 ,b "o ( ! cle>e/ results (     
biology has be5 to %[ t evolution has   
tak5 place along div]g5t l9es4 ,x is at 
! extremity ( two ( ^! l9es--! two      
pr9cipal--t we f9d intellig5ce & in/9ct 
9 =ms almo/ pure4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld in/9ct  
be resolvable into intellig5t elem5ts8  
,:y1 ev51 into t]ms entirely            
intelligible8 ,is x n obvi\s t to ?9k "h
 ( ! intellig5t1 or ( ! absolutely      
intelligible1 is to g back to !         
,ari/otelian !ory ( nature8 ,no d\bt x  
is bett] to g back to t ?an to /op %ort 
be=e in/9ct z be=e an unfa?omable my/]y4
 ,b1 ?\gh in/9ct is n )9 ! doma9 (      
intellig5ce1 x is n situat$ beyond !    
limits ( m9d4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( feel+1 9   
unreflect+ sympa?y & antipa?y1 we       

exp]i5ce 9 ourselves--?\gh "u a mu*     
vagu] =m1 & "o too mu* p5etrat$ )       
intellig5ce--some?+ ( :at mu/ happ5 9 ! 
consci\sness ( an insect act+ by in/9ct4
 ,evolution does b sund]1 9 ord] to     
develop !m to ! end1 elem5ts :i*1 at _! 
orig91 int]p5etrat$ ea* o!r4 ,m         
precisely1 intellig5ce is1 be=e any?+   
else1 ! faculty ( relat+ "o po9t ( space
 to ano!r1 "o mat]ial object to ano!r2 x
 applies to all ?+s1 b rema9s outside   
!m2 & ( a deep cause x p]ceives only !  
effects spread out side by side4 ,:atev]
 be ! =ce t is at "w 9 ! g5esis ( !     
n]v\s sy/em ( ! cat]pill>1 to our eyes &
 our intellig5ce x is only a            
juxtaposition ( n]ves & n]v\s c5tres4 ,x
 is true t we ?us get ! :ole out] effect
 ( x4 ,! ,ammophila1 no d\bt1 disc]ns b 
a v little ( t =ce1 j :at conc]ns       
itself2 b at lea/ x disc]ns x f )91 q   
o!rwise ?an by a process ( k--by an     
intuition 7liv$ r ?an repres5t$71 :i* is
 probably l :at we call div9+ sympa?y4  
,a v significant fact is ! sw+ to & fro 

( sci5tific !ories ( in/9ct1 f reg>d+ x 
z intellig5t to reg>d+ x z simply       
intelligible1 or1 %all ,i say1 betwe5   
lik5+ x to an intellig5ce laps$ & r$uc+ 
x to a pure me*anism4#gd ,ea* ( ^!      
sy/ems ( explanation triumphs 9 its     
criticism ( ! o!r1 ! fir/ :5 x %[s u t  
in/9ct _c be a m]e reflex1 ! o!r :5 x   
decl>es t in/9ct is some?+ diff]5t f    
intellig5ce1 ev5 fall5 into             
unconsci\sness4 ,:at c ?is mean b t !y  
are two symbolisms1 equally acceptable 9
 c]ta9 respects1 &1 9 o!r respects1     
equally inadequate to _! object8 ,!     
concrete explanation1 no long]          
sci5tific1 b metaphysical1 mu/ be s\ght 
along q ano!r pa?1 n 9 ! direction (    
intellig5ce1 b 9 t ( sympa?y4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,in/9ct is sympa?y4 ,if ?is sympa?y c\ld
 ext5d its object & also reflect ^u     
itself1 x w\ld give u ! key to vital    
op]ations--j z intellig5ce1 develop$ &  
discipl9$1 guides u into matt]4 ,=--we  
_c too (t5 repeat x--intellig5ce &      

in/9ct are turn$ 9 opposite directions1 
! =m] t[>ds in]t matt]1 ! latt] t[>ds   
life4 ,intellig5ce1 by means ( sci5ce1  
:i* is its "w1 w deliv] up to u m & m   
completely ! secret ( physical          
op]ations2 ( life x br+s u1 & moreov]   
only claims to br+ u1 a translation 9   
t]ms ( in]tia4 ,x goes all r\nd life1   
tak+ f outside ! greate/ possible numb] 
( views ( x1 draw+ x into itself in/ead 
( ent]+ into x4 ,b x is to ! v inw>dness
 ( life t intuition leads u--by         
intuition ,i mean in/9ct t has become   
dis9t]e/$1 self-consci\s1 capable (     
reflect+ ^u its object & ( enl>g+ x     
indef9itely4  ,t an ef=t ( ?is k9d is n 
impossible1 is prov$ by ! exi/5ce 9 man 
( an ae/hetic faculty along ) normal    
p]ception4 ,our eye p]ceives ! features 
( ! liv+ be+1 m]ely z assembl$1 n z     
mutually organiz$4 ,! int5tion ( life1 !
 simple movem5t t runs ?r\gh ! l9es1 t  
b9ds !m toge!r & gives !m significance1 
escapes x4 ,?is int5tion is j :at !     
arti/ tries to rega91 9 plac+ himself   

back )9 ! object by a k9d ( sympa?y1 9  
break+ d[n1 by an ef=t ( intuition1 !   
b>ri] t space puts up betwe5 him & 8    
model4 ,x is true t ?is ae/hetic        
intuition1 l ext]nal p]ception1 only    
atta9s ! individual4 ,b we c conceive an
 inquiry turn$ 9 ! same direction z art1
 :i* w\ld take life 9 g5]al = its       
object1 j z physical sci5ce1 9 foll[+ to
 ! end ! direction po9t$ out by ext]nal 
p]ception1 prolongs ! individual facts  
into g5]al laws4 ,no d\bt ?is philosophy
 w nev] obta9 a k ( its object comp>able
 to t :i* sci5ce has ( its own4         
,intellig5ce rema9s ! lum9\s nucleus    
ar\nd :i* in/9ct1 ev5 enl>g$ & purifi$  
into intuition1 =ms only a vague        
nebulosity4 ,b1 9 default ( k prop]ly s 
call$1 res]v$ to pure intellig5ce1      
intuition may enable u to grasp :at x is
 t intellig5ce fails to give u1 &       
indicate ! means ( supplem5t+ x4 ,on !  
"o h&1 x w utilize ! me*anism (         
intellig5ce itself to %[ h[ intellectual
 molds cease to be /rictly applicable2 &

 on ! o!r h&1 by its own "w1 x w sugge/ 
to u ! vague feel+1 if no?+ m1 ( :at mu/
 take ! place ( intellectual molds4     
,?us1 intuition may br+ ! intellect to  
recognize t life does n q g into !      
category ( ! _m nor yet into t ( ! "o2 t
 nei!r me*anical causality nor f9ality c
 give a suffici5t int]pretation ( !     
vital process4 ,!n1 by ! sympa!tic      
communication :i* x e/abli%es betwe5 u &
 ! re/ ( ! liv+1 by ! expansion ( our   
consci\sness :i* x br+s ab\t1 x         
introduces u into life's own doma91 :i* 
is reciprocal int]p5etration1 endlessly 
cont9u$ creation4 ,b1 ?\gh x !reby      
transc5ds intellig5ce1 x is f           
intellig5ce t has come ! pu% t has made 
x rise to ! po9t x has rea*$4 ,)\t      
intellig5ce1 x w\ld h rema9$ 9 ! =m (   
in/9ct1 rivet$ to ! special object ( its
 practical int]e/1 & turn$ outw>d by x  
into movem5ts ( locomotion4  ,h[ !ory ( 
k mu/ take acc\nt ( ^! two faculties1   
intellect & intuition1 & h[ also1 = want
 ( e/abli%+ a suffici5tly cle> di/9ction

 betwe5 !m1 x becomes involv$ 9         
inextricable difficulties1 creat+       
phantoms ( ideas to :i* !re cl+ phantoms
 ( problems1 we %all endeavor to %[ a   
little fur!r on4 ,we %all see t !       
problem ( k1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is "o ) 
! metaphysical problem1 & t bo? "o & !  
o!r dep5d ^u exp]i5ce4 ,on ! "o h&1     
inde$1 if intellig5ce is *>g$ ) matt] & 
in/9ct ) life1 we mu/ squeeze !m bo? 9  
ord] to get ! d\ble ess5ce f !m2        
metaphysics is !re=e dep5d5t ^u !ory (  
k4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if consci\sness has 
?us split up into intuition &           
intellig5ce1 x is because ( ! ne$ x _h  
to apply itself to matt] at ! same "t z 
x _h to foll[ ! /ream ( life4 ,! d\ble  
=m ( consci\sness is !n due to ! d\ble  
=m ( ! real1 & !ory ( k mu/ be dep5d5t  
^u metaphysics4 ,9 fact1 ea* ( ^! two   
l9es ( ?\ght leads to ! o!r2 !y =m a    
circle1 & !re c be no o!r c5tre to !    
circle b ! empirical /udy ( evolution4  
,x is only 9 see+ consci\sness run ?r\gh
 matt]1 lose itself !re & f9d itself !re

 aga91 divide & recon/itute itself1 t we
 %all =m an idea ( ! mutual opposition (
 ! two t]ms1 z also1 p]haps1 ( _! common
 orig94 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 by dwell+ on   
?is opposition ( ! two elem5ts & on ?is 
id5tity ( orig91 p]haps we %all br+ out 
m cle>ly ! mean+ ( evolution itself4    
,su* w be ! aim ( our next *apt]4 ,b !  
facts t we h j notic$ mu/ h already     
sugge/$ to u ! idea t life is connect$  
ei!r ) consci\sness or ) some?+ t       
resembles x4  ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! 
animal k+dom1 we h said1 consci\sness   
seems proportionate to ! liv+ be+'s p[] 
( *oice4 ,x lights up ! zone (          
pot5tialities t surr\nds ! act4 ,x fills
 ! int]val betwe5 :at is done & :at     
might be done4 ,look$ at f )\t1 we may  
reg>d x z a simple aid to action1 a     
light t action k9dles1 a mom5t>y sp>k   
fly+ up f ! friction ( real action aga9/
 possible actions4 ,b we mu/ also po9t  
out t ?+s w\ld g on 9 j ! same way if   
consci\sness1 in/ead ( be+ ! effect1 7 !
 cause4 ,we might suppose t             

consci\sness1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y     
animal1 cov]s by "r an enorm\s field1 b 
is compress$ 9 fact 9 a k9d ( vise3 ea* 
advance ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 by giv+ !     
organism a *oice betwe5 a l>g] numb] (  
actions1 calls =? ! pot5tialities t are 
capable ( surr\nd+ ! real1 ?us op5+ !   
vise wid] & all[+ consci\sness to pass m
 freely4 ,9 ?is second hypo!sis1 z 9 !  
fir/1 consci\sness is /ill ! in/rum5t ( 
action2 b x is ev5 m true to say t      
action is ! in/rum5t ( consci\sness2 = !
 complicat+ ( action ) action1 & !      
oppos+ ( action to action1 are = !      
imprison$ consci\sness ! only possible  
means to set itself free4 ,h[1 !n1 %all 
we *oose betwe5 ! two hypo!ses8 ,if !   
fir/ is true1 consci\sness mu/ express  
exactly1 at ea* in/ant1 ! /ate ( ! bra92
 !re is /rict p>allelism 7s f> z        
intelligible7 betwe5 ! psy*ical & !     
c]ebral /ate4 ,on ! second hypo!sis1 on 
! contr>y1 !re is inde$ solid>ity &     
int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ! bra9 &            
consci\sness1 b n p>allelism3 ! m       

complicat$ ! bra9 becomes1 ?us giv+ !   
organism great] *oice ( possible        
actions1 ! m does consci\sness outrun   
its physical concomitant4 ,?us1 !       
recollection ( ! same spectacle probably
 modifies 9 ! same way a dog's bra9 & a 
man's bra91 if ! p]ception has be5 !    
same2 yet ! recollection mu/ be v       
diff]5t 9 ! man's consci\sness f :at x  
is 9 ! dog's4 ,9 ! dog1 ! recollection  
rema9s ! captive ( p]ception2 x is      
br\ght back to consci\sness only :5 an  
analog\s p]ception recalls x by         
reproduc+ ! same spectacle1 & !n x is   
manife/$ by ! recognition1 act$ r ?an   
?\ght1 ( ! pres5t p]ception mu* m ?an by
 an actual reappe>ance ( ! recollection 
itself4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 is capable (
 call+ up ! recollection at w1 at any   
mom5t1 indep5d5tly ( ! pres5t p]ception4
 ,he is n limit$ to play+ 8 pa/ life    
aga92 he repres5ts & dreams x4 ,! local 
modification ( ! bra9 to :i* !          
recollection is atta*$ be+ ! same 9 ea* 
case1 ! psy*ological diff]5ce betwe5 !  

two recollections _c h its gr\nd 9 a    
p>ticul> diff]5ce ( detail betwe5 ! two 
c]ebral me*anisms1 b 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5
 ! two bra9s tak5 ea* z a :ole4 ,! m    
complex ( ! two1 9 putt+ a great] numb] 
( me*anisms 9 opposition to "o ano!r1   
has enabl$ consci\sness to dis5gage     
itself f ! re/ra9t ( "o & all & to rea* 
indep5d5ce4 ,t ?+s d happ5 9 ?is way1 t 
! second ( ! two hypo!ses is t :i* mu/  
be *os51 is :at we h tri$ to prove1 9 a 
=m] "w1 by ! /udy ( facts t be/ br+ into
 relief ! relation ( ! consci\s /ate to 
! c]ebral /ate1 ! facts ( normal &      
pa?ological recognition1 9 p>ticul> !   
=ms ( aphasia4#ge ,b x c\ld h be5 prov$ 
by pure reason+1 be=e ev5 x 0 evid5c$ by
 facts4 ,we h %[n on :at                
self-contradictory po/ulate1 on :at     
confusion ( two mutually incompatible   
symbolisms1 ! hypo!sis ( equival5ce     
betwe5 ! c]ebral /ate & ! psy*ic /ate   
re/s4#gf  ,! evolution ( life1 look$ at 
f ?is po9t1 receives a cle>] mean+1     
al?\gh x _c be subsum$ "u any actual    

idea4 ,x is z if a broad curr5t (       
consci\sness _h p5etrat$ matt]1 load$1 z
 all consci\sness is1 ) an enorm\s      
multiplicity ( int]wov5 pot5tialities4  
,x has c>ri$ matt] along to             
organization1 b its movem5t has be5 at  
once inf9itely ret>d$ & inf9itely       
divid$4 ,on ! "o h&1 inde$1 consci\sness
 has _h to fall asleep1 l ! *rysalis 9 !
 envelope 9 :i* x is prep>+ = itself    
w+s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! manifold t5d5cies
 x conta9$ h be5 di/ribut$ among div]g5t
 s]ies ( organisms :i*1 moreov]1 express
 ^! t5d5cies outw>dly 9 movem5ts r ?an  
int]nally 9 repres5tations4 ,9 ! c\rse (
 ?is evolution1 :ile "s be+s h fall5 m &
 m asleep1 o!rs h m & m completely      
awak5$1 & ! torpor ( "s has s]v$ !      
activity ( o!rs4 ,b ! wak+ c\ld be      
effect$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,life1 t is 
to say consci\sness laun*$ into matt]1  
fix$ its att5tion ei!r on its own       
movem5t or on ! matt] x 0 pass+ ?r\gh2 &
 x has ?us be5 turn$ ei!r 9 ! direction 
( intuition or 9 t ( intellect4         

,intuition1 at fir/ sight1 seems f>     
pref]able to intellect1 s9ce 9 x life & 
consci\sness rema9 )9 !mselves4 ,b a    
glance at ! evolution ( liv+ be+s %[s u 
t intuition c\ld n g v f>4 ,on ! side ( 
intuition1 consci\sness f\nd itself s   
re/rict$ by its envelope t intuition _h 
to %r9k into in/9ct1 t is1 to embrace   
only ! v small portion ( life t int]e/$ 
x2 & ?is x embraces only 9 ! d>k1 t\*+ x
 :ile h>dly see+ x4 ,on ?is side1 !     
horizon 0 soon %ut out4 ,on ! contr>y1  
consci\sness1 9 %ap+ itself into        
intellig5ce1 t is to say 9 conc5trat+   
itself at fir/ on matt]1 seems to       
ext]nalize itself 9 relation to itself2 
b1 j because x adapts itself !reby to   
objects f )\t1 x succe$s 9 mov+ among !m
 & 9 evad+ ! b>ri]s !y oppose to x1 ?us 
op5+ to itself an unlimit$ field4 ,once 
fre$1 moreov]1 x c turn inw>ds on       
itself1 & awak5 ! pot5tialities (       
intuition :i* /ill slumb] )9 x4  ,f ?is 
po9t ( view1 n only does consci\sness   
appe> z ! motive pr9ciple ( evolution1 b

 also1 among consci\s be+s !mselves1 man
 comes to occupy a privileg$ place4     
,betwe5 him & ! animals ! diff]5ce is no
 long] "o ( degree1 b ( k9d4 ,we %all %[
 h[ ?is conclusion is arriv$ at 9 our   
next *apt]4 ,let u n[ %[ h[ ! prec$+    
analyses sugge/ x4  ,a notewor?y fact is
 ! extraord9>y disproportion betwe5 !   
consequ5ces ( an inv5tion & ! inv5tion  
itself4 ,we h said t intellig5ce is     
model$ on matt] & t x aims 9 ! fir/     
place at fabrication4 ,b does x         
fabricate 9 ord] to fabricate or does x 
n pursue involunt>ily1 & ev5            
unconsci\sly1 some?+ entirely diff]5t8  
,fabricat+ consi/s 9 %ap+ matt]1 9 mak+ 
x supple & 9 b5d+ x1 9 conv]t+ x into an
 in/rum5t 9 ord] to become ma/] ( x4 ,x 
is ?is ma/]y t pr(its humanity1 mu* m   
ev5 ?an ! mat]ial result ( ! inv5tion   
itself4 ,?\gh we d]ive an imm$iate      
advantage f ! ?+ made1 z an intellig5t  
animal might d1 & ?\gh ?is advantage be 
all ! inv5tor s\ght1 x is a slight matt]
 comp>$ ) ! new ideas & new feel+s t !  

inv5tion may give rise to 9 e direction1
 z if ! ess5tial "p ( ! effect 7 to     
raise u above ourselves & enl>ge our    
horizon4 ,betwe5 ! effect & ! cause !   
disproportion is s great t x is         
difficult to reg>d ! cause z produc] (  
its effect4 ,x releases x1 :il/ settl+1 
inde$1 its direction4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s z  
?\gh ! grip ( intellig5ce on matt] 71 9 
its ma9 int5tion1 to let some?+ pass t  
matt] is hold+ back4  ,! same impression
 arises :5 we comp>e ! bra9 ( man ) t ( 
! animals4 ,! diff]5ce at fir/ appe>s to
 be only a diff]5ce ( size & complexity4
 ,b1 judg+ by function1 !re mu/ be      
some?+ else besides4 ,9 ! animal1 !     
motor me*anisms t ! bra9 succe$s 9 sett+
 up1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! habits contract$
 volunt>ily1 h no o!r object nor effect 
?an ! accompli%m5t ( ! movem5ts m>k$ out
 9 ^! habits1 /or$ 9 ^! me*anisms4 ,b1 9
 man1 ! motor habit may h a second      
result1 out ( proportion to ! fir/3 x c 
hold o!r motor habits 9 *eck1 & !reby1 9
 ov]com+ automatism1 set consci\sness   

free4 ,we "k :at va/ regions 9 ! human  
bra9 language occupies4 ,! c]ebral      
me*anisms t correspond to ! words h ?is 
9 p>ticul>1 t !y c be made to grapple ) 
o!r me*anisms1 ^?1 = in/ance1 t         
correspond to ! ?+s !mselves1 or ev5 be 
made to grapple ) "o ano!r4 ,mean:ile   
consci\sness1 :i* w\ld h be5 dragg$ d[n 
& dr[n$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! act1 is    
re/or$ & set free4#gg  ,! diff]5ce mu/  
!re=e be m radical ?an a sup]ficial     
exam9ation w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,x is
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a me*anism :i*       
engages ! att5tion & a me*anism f :i* x 
c be div]t$4 ,! primitive /eam-eng9e1 z 
,newcom5 conceiv$ x1 requir$ ! pres5ce (
 a p]son exclusively employ$ to turn on 
& (f ! taps1 ei!r to let ! /eam into !  
cyl9d] or to ?r[ ! cold spray into x 9  
ord] to cond5se ! /eam4 ,x is said t a  
boy employ$ on ?is "w1 & v tir$ ( hav+  
to d x1 got ! idea ( ty+ ! h&les ( !    
taps1 ) cords1 to ! beam ( ! eng9e4 ,!n 
! ma*9e op5$ & clos$ ! taps itself2 x   
work$ all alone4 ,n[1 if an obs]v] _h   

comp>$ ! /ructure ( ?is second ma*9e ) t
 ( ! fir/ )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! two    
boys left to wat* ov] !m1 he w\ld h f\nd
 only a slight diff]5ce ( complexity4 ,t
 is1 inde$1 all we c p]ceive :5 we look 
only at ! ma*9es4 ,b if we ca/ a glance 
at ! two boys1 we %all see t :il/ "o is 
:olly tak5 up by ! wat*+1 ! o!r is free 
to g & play z he *ooses1 & t1 f ?is po9t
 ( view1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ma*9es 
is radical1 ! fir/ hold+ ! att5tion     
captive1 ! second sett+ x at lib]ty4 ,a 
diff]5ce ( ! same k9d1 we ?9k1 w\ld be  
f\nd betwe5 ! bra9 ( an animal & ! human
 bra94  ,if1 n[1 we %\ld wi% to express 
?is 9 t]ms ( f9ality1 we %\ld h to say t
 consci\sness1 aft] hav+ be5 oblig$1 9  
ord] to set itself free1 to divide      
organization into two complem5t>y p>ts1 
vegetables on "o h& & animals on ! o!r1 
has s\ght an issue 9 ! d\ble direction (
 in/9ct & ( intellig5ce4 ,x has n f\nd x
 ) in/9ct1 & x has n obta9$ x on ! side 
( intellig5ce except by a sudd5 leap f !
 animal to man4 ,s t1 9 ! la/ analysis1 

man might be consid]$ ! reason = !      
exi/5ce ( ! entire organization ( life  
on our planet4 ,b ?is w\ld be only a    
mann] ( speak+4 ,!re is1 9 reality1 only
 a curr5t ( exi/5ce & ! oppos+ curr5t2  
!nce proce$s ! :ole evolution ( life4   
,we mu/ n[ grasp m closely ! opposition 
( ^! two curr5ts4 ,p]haps we %all ?us   
discov] = !m a common s\rce4 ,by ?is we 
%all also1 no d\bt1 p5etrate ! mo/      
obscure regions ( metaphysics4 ,h[ev]1 z
 ! two directions we h to foll[ are     
cle>ly m>k$1 9 intellig5ce on ! "o h&1 9
 in/9ct & intuition on ! o!r1 we are n  
afraid ( /ray+4 ,a survey ( ! evolution 
( life sugge/s to u a c]ta9 conception (
 k1 & also a c]ta9 metaphysics1 :i*     
imply ea* o!r4 ,once made cle>1 ?is     
metaphysics & ?is critique may ?r[ "s   
light1 9 _! turn1 on evolution z a :ole4
  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ea3 ,?is view
 ( adaptation has be5 not$ by ,m4,f4    
,m>9 9 a rem>kable article on ! orig9 ( 
species1 ,l',orig9e des espces 7,revue  
sci5tifique1 ,nov4 #aija1 p4 #ehj74     

,footnote #eb3 ,de ,saporta & ,m>ion1   
,l'volution des cryptogames1 #ahha1 p4  
#cg4  ,footnote #ec3 ,on fixation &     
p>asitism 9 g5]al1 see ! "w ( ,h\ssay1  
,la ,=me et la vie1 ,p>is1 #aijj1 pp4   
#gba-hjg4  ,footnote #ed3 ,cope1 op4    
cit4 p4 #gf4  ,footnote #ee3 ,j z !     
plant1 9 c]ta9 cases1 recov]s ! faculty 
( mov+ actively :i* slumb]s 9 x1 s !    
animal1 9 exceptional circum/ances1 c   
replace itself 9 ! conditions ( !       
vegetative life & develop 9 itself an   
equival5t ( ! *lorophyllian function4 ,x
 appe>s1 inde$1 f rec5t exp]im5ts (     
,m>ia von ,l9d51 t ! *rysalides & !     
cat]pill>s ( c]ta9 lepidopt]a1 "u !     
influ5ce ( light1 fix ! c>bon ( !       
c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e 7,m4 
von ,l9d51 ,l',assimilation de l'acide  
c>bonique p> les *rysalides de          
,lpidoptres1 ,c4,r4 de la ,soc4 de      
biologie1 #aije1 pp4 #fib ff474         
,footnote #ef3 ,ar*ives de physiologie1 
#ahib4  ,footnote #eg3 ,de ,manacine1   
,quelques obs]vations exprim5tales sur  

l'influ5ce de l'insomnie absolue 7,ar*4 
ital4 de biologie1 t4 xxi41 #ahid1 pp4  
#cbb ff474 ,rec5tly1 analog\s           
obs]vations h be5 made on a man :o di$ (
 inanition aft] a fa/ ( ?irty-five days4
 ,see1 on ?is subject1 9 ! ,anne        
biologique ( #ahih1 p4 #cch1 ! rsum ( an
 article 79 ,russian7 by ,t>akevit* &   
,/*asny4  ,footnote #eh3 ,cuvi] said3 ,!
 n]v\s sy/em is1 at bottom1 ! :ole      
animal2 ! o!r sy/ems are !re only to    
s]ve x4 7,sur un n\veau rappro*em5t     
tablir entre les classes qui compos5t le
 regne animal1 ,ar*4 du ,musum d'hi/oire
 naturelle1 ,p>is1 #ahab1 pp4 #gc-hd47  
,( c\rse1 x w\ld be necess>y to apply a 
great _m re/rictions to ?is =mula--=    
example1 to all[ = ! cases ( degradation
 & retrogression 9 :i* ! n]v\s sy/em    
passes into ! backgr\nd4 ,&1 moreov]1 ) 
! n]v\s sy/em mu/ be includ$ ! s5sorial 
app>atus on ! "o h& & ! motor on ! o!r1 
betwe5 :i* x acts z int]m$i>y4 ,cf4     
,fo/]1 art4 ,physiology1 9 !            
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,ed9burgh1   

#ahhe1 p4 #ag4  ,footnote #ei3 ,see1 on 
^! diff]5t po9ts1 ! "w ( ,gaudry1 ,essai
 de palontologie philosophique1 ,p>is1  
#ahif1 pp4 #ad-af & #gh-gi4  ,footnote  
#fj3 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,%al]1 ,!    
,individual1 ,new ,york1 #aijj1 pp4     
#aah-abe4  ,footnote #fa3 ,?is po9t is  
disput$ by ,m4 ,r5 ,qu9ton1 :o reg>ds ! 
c>nivor\s & rum9ant mammals1 z well z   
c]ta9 birds1 z subsequ5t to man 7,r4    
,qu9ton1 ,l',eau de m] milieu organique1
 ,p>is1 #aijd1 p4 #dce74 ,we may say "h 
t our g5]al conclusions1 al?\gh v       
diff]5t f ,m4 ,qu9ton's1 are n          
irreconcilable ) !m2 = if evolution has 
really be5 su* z we repres5t x1 !       
v]tebrates mu/ h made an ef=t to ma9ta9 
!mselves 9 ! mo/ favorable conditions ( 
activity--! v conditions1 inde$1 :i*    
life _h *os5 9 ! beg9n+4  ,footnote #fb3
 ,m4 ,paul ,lacombe has laid great /ress
 on ! important influ5ce t great        
inv5tions h ex]cis$ on ! evolution (    
humanity 7,p4 ,lacombe1 ,de l'hi/oire   
considre comme sci5ce1 ,p>is1 #ahid4    

,see1 9 p>ticul>1 pp4 #afh-bdg74        
,footnote #fc3 ,b\vi]1 ,la ,nidification
 des abeilles  l'air libre 7,c4,r4 de   
l',ac4 des sci5ces1 #g mai #aijf74      
,footnote #fd3 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bfe   
,e4  ,footnote #fe3 ,we %all return to  
^! po9ts 9 ! next *apt]4  ,footnote #ff3
 ,we %all return to ?is po9t 9 *apt]    
iii41 p4 #bei4  ,footnote #fg3 ,matire  
et mmoire1 *ap4 i4  ,footnote #fh3 ,see 
! two works ( ,d>w91 ,climb+ ,plants &  
,! ,f]tilization ( ,or*ids by ,insects4 
,footnote #fi3 ,buttel-,reep51 ,die     
phylog5etis*e ,ent/ehung des ,bi55/aates
 7,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 xxiii4 #aijc71 p4
 #ajh 9 p>ticul>4  ,footnote #gj3       
,fabre1 ,s\v5irs entomologiques1 #c;e   
srie1 ,p>is1 #ahij1 pp4 #a-fi4          
,footnote #ga3 ,fabre1 ,s\v5irs         
entomologiques1 #are srie1 ,p>is1 #c;e  
dition1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 pp4 #ic ff4       
,footnote #gb3 ,fabre1 ,n\veaux s\v5irs 
entomologiques1 ,p>is1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ad   
ff4  ,footnote #gc3 ,peckham1 ,wasps1   
,solit>y & ,social1 ,we/m9/]1 #aije1 pp4

 #bh ff4  ,footnote #gd3 ,see1 9        
p>ticul>1 among rec5t works1 ,be!1 ,drf5
 wir d5 ,ameis5 und ,bi55 psy*is*e      
,qualitt5 zus*reib58 7,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4  
,physiologie1 #ahih71 & ,=el1 ,un ,ap]u 
de psy*ologie comp>e 7,anne             
psy*ologique1 #ahie74  ,footnote #ge3   
,matire et mmoire1 *aps4 ii4 & iii4     
,footnote #gf3 ,le ,p>alogisme          
psy*o-physiologique 7,revue de          
mtaphysique1 ,nov4 #aijd74  ,footnote   
#gg3 ,a geologi/ :om we h already _h    
occasion to cite1 ,n4,s4 ,%al]1 well    
says t :5 we come to man1 x seems z if  
we f9d ! anci5t subjection ( m9d to body
 aboli%$1 & ! intellectual p>ts develop 
) an extraord9>y rapidity1 ! /ructure ( 
! body rema9+ id5tical 9 ess5tials      
7,%al]1 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,nature1    
,bo/on1 #ahii1 p4 #ahg74     ,,*apt]    
,,iii  ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,life--,,! 
,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,=m ,,(    
,,intellig5ce   ,9 ! c\rse ( our fir/   
*apt] we trac$ a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5
 ! inorganic & ! organiz$1 b we po9t$   

out t ! division ( unorganiz$ matt] into
 sep>ate bodies is relative to our s5ses
 & to our intellect1 & t matt]1 look$ at
 z an undivid$ :ole1 mu/ be a flux r ?an
 a ?+4 ,9 ?is we 7 prep>+ ! way = a     
reconciliation betwe5 ! in]t & ! liv+4  
,on ! o!r side1 we h %[n 9 our second   
*apt] t ! same opposition is f\nd aga9  
betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce1 ! "o turn$ 
to c]ta9 det]m9ations ( life1 ! o!r     
mold$ on ! configuration ( matt]4 ,b    
in/9ct & intellig5ce1 we h also said1 /&
 out f ! same backgr\nd1 :i*1 = want ( a
 bett] "n1 we may call consci\sness 9   
g5]al1 & :i* mu/ be coext5sive )        
univ]sal life4 ,9 ?is way1 we h disclos$
 ! possibility ( %[+ ! g5esis (         
intellig5ce 9 sett+ out f g5]al         
consci\sness1 :i* embraces x4  ,we are  
n[1 !n1 to attempt a g5esis ( intellect 
at ! same "t z a g5esis ( mat]ial       
bodies--two ent]prises t are evid5tly   
correlative1 if x be true t ! ma9 l9es (
 our intellect m>k out ! g5]al =m ( our 
action on matt]1 & t ! detail ( matt] is

 rul$ by ! requirem5ts ( our action4    
,intellectuality & mat]iality h be5     
con/itut$1 9 detail1 by reciprocal      
adaptation4 ,bo? are d]iv$ f a wid] &   
high] =m ( exi/5ce4 ,x is !re t we mu/  
replace !m1 9 ord] to see !m issue =?4  
,su* an attempt may appe>1 at fir/1 m   
d>+ ?an ! bolde/ speculations (         
metaphysicians4 ,x claims to g fur!r ?an
 psy*ology1 fur!r ?an cosmology1 fur!r  
?an traditional metaphysics2 =          
psy*ology1 cosmology & metaphysics take 
intellig5ce1 9 all t is ess5tial to x1 z
 giv51 in/ead (1 z we n[ propose1       
eng5d]+ x 9 its =m & 9 its matt]4 ,!    
ent]prise is 9 reality mu* m mode/1 z we
 are go+ to %[4 ,b let u fir/ say h[ x  
diff]s f o!rs4  ,to beg9 ) psy*ology1 we
 are n to believe t x eng5d]s           
intellig5ce :5 x foll[s ! progressive   
developm5t ( x ?r\gh ! animal s]ies4    
,comp>ative psy*ology tea*es u t ! m an 
animal is intellig5t1 ! m x t5ds to     
reflect on ! actions by :i* x makes use 
( ?+s1 & ?us to approximate to man4 ,b  

its actions h already by !mselves adopt$
 ! pr9cipal l9es ( human action2 !y h   
made out ! same g5]al directions 9 !    
mat]ial _w z we h2 !y dep5d ^u ! same   
objects b\nd toge!r by ! same relations2
 s t animal intellig5ce1 al?\gh x does n
 =m concepts prop]ly s call$1 already   
moves 9 a conceptual atmosph]e4 ,absorb$
 at e in/ant by ! actions x p]=ms & !   
attitudes x mu/ adopt1 drawn outw>d by  
!m & s ext]naliz$ 9 relation to itself1 
x no d\bt plays r ?an ?9ks its ideas2   
?is play none ! less already            
corresponds1 9 ! ma91 to ! g5]al plan ( 
human intellig5ce4#gh ,to expla9 !      
intellig5ce ( man by t ( ! animal       
consi/s !n simply 9 foll[+ ! developm5t 
( an embryo ( humanity into complete    
humanity4 ,we %[ h[ a c]ta9 direction   
has be5 foll[$ fur!r & fur!r by be+s m &
 m intellig5t4 ,b ! mom5t we admit !    
direction1 intellig5ce is giv54  ,9 a   
cosmogony l t ( ,sp5c]1 intellig5ce is  
tak5 = grant$1 z matt] also at ! same   
"t4 ,we are %[n matt] obey+ laws1       

objects connect$ ) objects & facts )    
facts by con/ant relations1 consci\sness
 receiv+ ! impr9t ( ^! relations & laws1
 & ?us adopt+ ! g5]al configuration (   
nature & %ap+ itself into intellect4 ,b 
h[ c we fail to see t intellig5ce is    
suppos$ :5 we admit objects & facts8 ,a 
priori & ap>t f any hypo!sis on ! nature
 ( ! matt]1 x is evid5t t ! mat]iality (
 a body does n /op at ! po9t at :i* we  
t\* x3 a body is pres5t :]ev] its       
influ5ce is felt2 its attractive =ce1 to
 speak only ( t1 is ex]t$ on ! sun1 on !
 planets1 p]haps on ! entire univ]se4 ,!
 m physics advances1 ! m x effaces !    
individuality ( bodies & ev5 ( !        
p>ticles into :i* ! sci5tific imag9ation
 began by decompos+ !m3 bodies &        
corpuscles t5d to dissolve into a       
univ]sal int]action4 ,our p]ceptions    
give u ! plan ( our ev5tual action on   
?+s mu* m ?an t ( ?+s !mselves4 ,!      
outl9es we f9d 9 objects simply m>k :at 
we c atta9 & modify 9 !m4 ,! l9es we see
 trac$ ?r\gh matt] are j ! pa?s on :i*  

we are call$ to move4 ,outl9es & pa?s h 
decl>$ !mselves 9 ! measure & proportion
 t consci\sness has prep>$ = action on  
unorganiz$ matt]--t is to say1 9 !      
measure & proportion t intellig5ce has  
be5 =m$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r animals     
built on a diff]5t plan--a mollusc or an
 insect1 = in/ance--cut matt] up along !
 same articulations4 ,x is n inde$      
necess>y t !y %\ld sep>ate x into bodies
 at all4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! indications 
( in/9ct1 !re is no ne$ to p]ceive      
objects1 x is en\gh to di/+ui%          
prop]ties4 ,intellig5ce1 on ! contr>y1  
ev5 9 its humble/ =m1 already aims at   
gett+ matt] to act on matt]4 ,if on "o  
side matt] l5ds itself to a division    
into active & passive bodies1 or m      
simply into coexi/5t & di/9ct fragm5ts1 
x is f ?is side t intellig5ce w reg>d x2
 & ! m x busies itself ) divid+1 ! m x w
 spread out 9 space1 9 ! =m ( ext5sion  
adjo9+ ext5sion1 a matt] t und\bt$ly    
itself has a t5d5cy to spatiality1 b ^: 
p>ts are yet 9 a /ate ( reciprocal      

implication & int]p5etration4 ,?us !    
same movem5t by :i* ! m9d is br\ght to  
=m itself into intellect1 t is to say1  
into di/9ct concepts1 br+s matt] to     
break itself up into objects exclud+ "o 
ano!r4 ,! m consci\sness is             
intellectualiz$1 ! m is matt]           
spatializ$4 ,s t ! evolutioni/          
philosophy1 :5 x imag9es 9 space a matt]
 cut up on ! v l9es t our action w      
foll[1 has giv5 itself 9 advance1 ready 
made1 ! intellig5ce ( :i* x claims to %[
 ! g5esis4  ,metaphysics applies itself 
to a "w ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh subtl] & m   
self-consci\s1 :5 x d$uces a priori !   
categories ( ?\ght4 ,x compresses       
intellect1 r$uces x to its qu9tess5ce1  
holds x tight 9 a pr9ciple s simple t x 
c be ?\ght empty3 f ?is pr9ciple we !n  
draw out :at we h virtually put into x4 
,9 ?is way we may no d\bt %[ ! coh]5ce (
 intellig5ce1 def9e intellect1 give its 
=mula1 b we d n trace its g5esis4 ,an   
ent]prise l t ( ,fi*te1 al?\gh m        
philosophical ?an t ( ,sp5c]1 9 t x pays

 m respect to ! true ord] ( ?+s1 h>dly  
leads u any fur!r4 ,fi*te takes ?\ght 9 
a conc5trat$ /ate1 & exp&s x into       
reality2 ,sp5c] />ts f ext]nal reality1 
& cond5ses x into intellect4 ,b1 9 ! "o 
case z 9 ! o!r1 ! intellect mu/ be tak5 
at ! beg9n+ z giv5--ei!r cond5s$ or     
exp&$1 grasp$ 9 itself by a direct      
vision or p]ceiv$ by reflection 9       
nature1 z 9 a mirror4  ,! agreem5t ( mo/
 philosoph]s on ?is po9t comes f ! fact 
t !y are at "o 9 affirm+ ! unity (      
nature1 & 9 repres5t+ ?is unity "u an   
ab/ract & geometrical =m4 ,betwe5 !     
organiz$ & ! unorganiz$ !y d n see & !y 
w n see ! cleft4 ,"s />t f ! inorganic1 
&1 by comp\nd+ x ) itself1 claim to =m !
 liv+2 o!rs place life fir/1 & proce$   
t[>ds matt] by a skilfully manag$       
decresc5do2 b1 = bo?1 !re are only      
diff]5ces ( degree 9 nature--degrees (  
complexity 9 ! fir/ hypo!sis1 ( int5sity
 9 ! second4 ,once ?is pr9ciple is      
admitt$1 intellig5ce becomes z va/ z    
reality2 = x is unque/ionable t :atev]  

is geometrical 9 ?+s is entirely        
accessible to human intellig5ce1 & if ! 
cont9uity betwe5 geometry & ! re/ is    
p]fect1 all ! re/ mu/ inde$ be equally  
intelligible1 equally intellig5t4 ,su*  
is ! po/ulate ( mo/ sy/ems4 ,any "o c   
easily be conv9c$ ( ?is by comp>+       
doctr9es t seem to h no common po9t1 no 
common measure1 ^? ( ,fi*te & ,sp5c] =  
in/ance1 two names t we happ5 to h j    
br\ght toge!r4  ,at ! root ( ^!         
speculations1 !n1 !re are ! two         
convictions correlative & complem5t>y1 t
 nature is "o & t ! function ( intellect
 is to embrace x 9 its entirety4 ,!     
faculty ( kn[+ be+ suppos$ coext5sive ) 
! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 !re c no long] be any
 "q ( eng5d]+ x4 ,x is already giv51 &  
we m]ely h to use x1 z we use our sight 
to take 9 ! horizon4 ,x is true t       
op9ions diff] z to ! value ( ! result4  
,= "s1 x is reality itself t ! intellect
 embraces2 = o!rs1 x is only a phantom4 
,b1 phantom or reality1 :at intellig5ce 
grasps is ?\ght to be all t c be atta9$4

  ,h5ce ! exagg]at$ confid5ce (         
philosophy 9 ! p[]s ( ! individual m9d4 
,:e!r x is dogmatic or critical1 :e!r x 
admits ! relativity ( our k or claims to
 be e/abli%$ )9 ! absolute1 a philosophy
 is g5]ally ! "w ( a philosoph]1 a s+le 
& unit>y vision ( ! :ole4 ,x is to be   
tak5 or left4  ,m mode/1 & also alone   
capable ( be+ complet$ & p]fect$1 is !  
philosophy we advocate4 ,human          
intellig5ce1 z we repres5t x1 is n at   
all :at ,plato taught 9 ! allegory ( !  
cave4 ,its function is n to look at     
pass+ %ad[s nor yet to turn itself r\nd 
& contemplate ! gl>+ sun4 ,x has some?+ 
else to d4 ,h>ness$1 l yok$ ox51 to a   
heavy task1 we feel ! play ( our muscles
 & jo9ts1 ! weight ( ! pl[ & ! resi/ance
 ( ! soil4 ,to act & to "k t we are     
act+1 to come into t\* ) reality & ev5  
to live x1 b only 9 ! measure 9 :i* x   
conc]ns ! "w t is be+ accompli%$ & !    
furr[ t is be+ pl[$1 su* is ! function (
 human intellig5ce4 ,yet a b5efic5t     
fluid ba!s u1 :5ce we draw ! v =ce to   

labor & to live4 ,f ?is ocean ( life1 9 
:i* we are imm]s$1 we are cont9ually    
draw+ some?+1 & we feel t our be+1 or at
 lea/ ! intellect t guides x1 has be5   
=m$ !re9 by a k9d ( local conc5tration4 
,philosophy c only be an ef=t to        
dissolve aga9 into ! ,:ole4             
,intellig5ce1 reabsorb$ into its        
pr9ciple1 may ?us live back aga9 its own
 g5esis4 ,b ! ent]prise _c be a*iev$ 9  
"o /roke2 x is necess>ily collective &  
progressive4 ,x consi/s 9 an int]*ange (
 impressions :i*1 correct+ & add+ to ea*
 o!r1 w end by exp&+ ! humanity 9 u &   
mak+ u ev5 transc5d x4  ,b ?is me?od has
 aga9/ x ! mo/ invet]ate habits ( ! m9d4
 ,x at once sugge/s ! idea ( a vici\s   
circle4 ,9 va91 we %all be told1 y claim
 to g beyond intellig5ce3 h[ c y d t    
except by intellig5ce8 ,all t is cle> 9 
y\r consci\sness is intellig5ce4 ,y are 
inside y\r own ?\ght2 y _c get out ( x4 
,say1 if y l1 t ! intellect is capable (
 progress1 t x w see m & m cle>ly into a
 great] & great] numb] ( ?+s2 b d n     

speak ( eng5d]+ x1 = x is ) y\r         
intellect itself t y w\ld h to d ! "w4  
,! objection pres5ts itself naturally to
 ! m9d4 ,b ! same reason+ w\ld prove    
also ! impossibility ( acquir+ any new  
habit4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( reason+ to %ut
 u up 9 ! circle ( ! giv54 ,b action    
breaks ! circle4 ,if we _h nev] se5 a   
man swim1 we might say t swimm+ is an   
impossible ?+1 inasmu* z1 to le>n to    
swim1 we mu/ beg9 by hold+ ourselves up 
9 ! wat] &1 consequ5tly1 already "k h[  
to swim4 ,reason+1 9 fact1 always nails 
u d[n to ! solid gr\nd4 ,b if1 q simply1
 ,i ?r[ myself into ! wat] )\t fe>1 ,i  
may keep myself up well en\gh at fir/ by
 m]ely /ruggl+1 & gradually adapt myself
 to ! new environm5t3 ,i %all ?us h     
le>nt to swim4 ,s1 9 !ory1 !re is a k9d 
( absurdity 9 try+ to "k o!rwise ?an by 
intellig5ce2 b if ! risk be frankly     
accept$1 action w p]haps cut ! knot t   
reason+ has ti$ & w n unloose4          
,besides1 ! risk w appe> to gr[ less1 ! 
m our po9t ( view is adopt$4 ,we h %[n t

 intellect has deta*$ itself f a va/ly  
wid] reality1 b t !re has nev] be5 a    
clean cut betwe5 ! two2 all ar\nd       
conceptual ?\ght !re rema9s an indi/9ct 
fr+e :i* recalls its orig94 ,& fur!r we 
comp>$ ! intellect to a solid nucleus   
=m$ by means ( cond5sation4 ,?is nucleus
 does n diff] radically f ! fluid       
surr\nd+ x4 ,x c only be reabsorb$ 9 x  
because x is made ( ! same sub/ance4 ,he
 :o ?r[s himself into ! wat]1 hav+ kn[n 
only ! resi/ance ( ! solid e>?1 w       
imm$iately be dr[n$ if he does n /ruggle
 aga9/ ! fluidity ( ! new environm5t3 he
 mu/ p]=ce /ill cl+ to t solidity1 s to 
speak1 :i* ev5 wat] pres5ts4 ,only on   
?is condition c he get us$ to ! fluid's 
fluidity4 ,s ( our ?\ght1 :5 x has      
decid$ to make ! leap4  ,b leap x mu/1 t
 is1 leave its own environm5t4 ,reason1 
reason+ on its p[]s1 w nev] succe$ 9    
ext5d+ !m1 ?\gh ! ext5sion w\ld n appe> 
at all unreasonable once x 7 accompli%$4
 ,?\s&s & ?\s&s ( v>iations on ! !me (  
walk+ w nev] yield a rule = swimm+3     

come1 ent] ! wat]1 & :5 y "k h[ to swim1
 y w und]/& h[ ! me*anism ( swimm+ is   
connect$ ) t ( walk+4 ,swimm+ is an     
ext5sion ( walk+1 b walk+ w\ld nev] h   
pu%$ y on to swimm+4 ,s y may speculate 
z intellig5tly z y w on ! me*anism (    
intellig5ce2 y w nev]1 by ?is me?od1    
succe$ 9 go+ beyond x4 ,y may get some?+
 m complex1 b n some?+ high] nor ev5    
some?+ diff]5t4 ,y mu/ take ?+s by /orm3
 y mu/ ?ru/ intellig5ce outside itself  
by an act ( w4  ,s ! vici\s circle is   
only app>5t4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 real1 
we ?9k1 9 e o!r me?od ( philosophy4 ,?is
 we mu/ try to %[ 9 a few words1 if only
 to prove t philosophy _c & mu/ n accept
 ! relation e/abli%$ by pure            
intellectualism betwe5 ! !ory ( k & !   
!ory ( ! kn[n1 betwe5 metaphysics &     
sci5ce4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,at fir/ sight1 x may seem 
prud5t to leave ! consid]ation ( facts  
to positive sci5ce1 to let physics &    
*emi/ry busy !mselves ) matt]1 !        
biological & psy*ological sci5ces )     

life4 ,! task ( ! philosoph] is !n      
cle>ly def9$4 ,he takes facts & laws f !
 sci5ti/s' h&2 & :e!r he tries to g     
beyond !m 9 ord] to rea* _! deep]       
causes1 or :e!r he ?9ks x impossible to 
g fur!r & ev5 proves x by ! analysis (  
sci5tific k1 9 bo? cases he has = !     
facts & relations1 h&$ ov] by sci5ce1 ! 
sort ( respect t is due to a f9al       
v]dict4 ,to ?is k he adds a critique ( !
 faculty ( kn[+1 & also1 if he ?9ks     
prop]1 a metaphysic2 b ! matt] ( k he   
reg>ds z ! affair ( sci5ce & n (        
philosophy4  ,b h[ does he fail to see t
 ! real result ( ?is s-call$ division ( 
labor is to mix up ev]y?+ & confuse     
ev]y?+8 ,! metaphysic or ! critique t ! 
philosoph] has res]v$ = himself he has  
to receive1 ready-made1 f positive      
sci5ce1 x be+ already conta9$ 9 !       
descriptions & analyses1 ! :ole c>e (   
:i* he left to ! sci5ti/s4 ,= n hav+    
wi%$ to int]v5e1 at ! beg9n+1 9 que/ions
 ( fact1 he f9ds himself r$uc$1 9       
que/ions ( pr9ciple1 to =mulat+ purely &

 simply 9 m precise t]ms ! unconsci\s & 
consequ5tly inconsi/5t metaphysic &     
critique :i* ! v attitude ( sci5ce to   
reality m>ks out4 ,let u n be deceiv$ by
 an app>5t analogy betwe5 natural ?+s & 
human ?+s4 ,"h we are n 9 ! judici>y    
doma91 :]e ! description ( fact & !     
judgm5t on ! fact are two di/9ct ?+s1   
di/9ct = ! v simple reason t above !    
fact1 & indep5d5t ( x1 !re is a law     
promulgat$ by a legislator4 ,"h ! laws  
are int]nal to ! facts & relative to !  
l9es t h be5 foll[$ 9 cutt+ ! real into 
di/9ct facts4 ,we _c describe ! outw>d  
appe>ance ( ! object )\t prejudg+ its   
inn] nature & its organization4 ,=m is  
no long] entirely isolable f matt]1 & he
 :o has begun by res]v+ to philosophy   
que/ions ( pr9ciple1 & :o has !reby tri$
 to put philosophy above ! sci5ces1 z a 
c\rt ( cassation is above ! c\rts (     
assizes & ( appeal1 w gradually come to 
make no m ( philosophy ?an a regi/ration
 c\rt1 *>g$ at mo/ ) word+ m precisely !
 s5t5ces t are br\ght to x1 pron\nc$ &  

irrevocable4  ,positive sci5ce is1 9    
fact1 a "w ( pure intellect4 ,n[1 :e!r  
our conception ( ! intellect be accept$ 
or reject$1 !re is "o po9t on :i*       
ev]ybody w agree ) u1 & t is t !        
intellect is at home 9 ! pres5ce (      
unorganiz$ matt]4 ,?is matt] x makes use
 ( m & m by me*anical inv5tions1 &      
me*anical inv5tions become ! easi] to x 
! m x ?9ks matt] z me*anism4 ,!         
intellect be>s )9 itself1 9 ! =m (      
natural logic1 a lat5t geometrism t is  
set free 9 ! measure & proportion t !   
intellect p5etrates into ! inn] nature (
 in]t matt]4 ,intellig5ce is 9 tune )   
?is matt]1 & t is :y ! physics &        
metaphysics ( in]t matt] are s ne> ea*  
o!r4 ,n[1 :5 ! intellect und]takes !    
/udy ( life1 x necess>ily treats ! liv+ 
l ! in]t1 apply+ ! same =ms to ?is new  
object1 c>ry+ ov] into ?is new field !  
same habits t h succe$$ s well 9 ! old2 
& x is "r to d s1 = only on su* t]ms    
does ! liv+ (f] to our action ! same    
hold z in]t matt]4 ,b ! tru? we ?us     

arrive at becomes altoge!r relative to  
our faculty ( action4 ,x is no m ?an a  
symbolic v]ity4 ,x _c h ! same value z !
 physical v]ity1 be+ only an ext5sion ( 
physics to an object :i* we are a priori
 agre$ to look at only 9 its ext]nal    
aspect4 ,! duty ( philosophy %\ld be to 
int]v5e "h actively1 to exam9e ! liv+   
)\t any res]vation z to practical       
utility1 by free+ itself f =ms & habits 
t are /rictly intellectual4 ,its own    
special object is to speculate1 t is to 
say1 to see2 its attitude t[>d ! liv+   
%\ld n be t ( sci5ce1 :i* aims only at  
action1 & :i*1 be+ able to act only by  
means ( in]t matt]1 pres5ts to itself ! 
re/ ( reality 9 ?is s+le respect4 ,:at  
mu/ ! result be1 if x leave biological &
 psy*ological facts to positive sci5ce  
alone1 z x has left1 & rightly left1    
physical facts8 ,x w accept a priori a  
me*ani/ic conception ( all nature1 a    
conception unreflect$ & ev5 unconsci\s1 
! outcome ( ! mat]ial ne$4 ,x w a priori
 accept ! doctr9e ( ! simple unity ( k &

 ( ! ab/ract unity ( nature4  ,! mom5t x
 does s1 its fate is seal$4 ,!          
philosoph] has no long] any *oice save  
betwe5 a metaphysical dogmatism & a     
metaphysical skepticism1 bo? ( :i* re/1 
at bottom1 on ! same po/ulate1 & nei!r (
 :i* adds any?+ to positive sci5ce4 ,he 
may hypo/asize ! unity ( nature1 or1 :at
 comes to ! same ?+1 ! unity ( sci5ce1 9
 a be+ :o is no?+ s9ce he does no?+1 an 
ineffectual ,god :o simply sums up 9    
himself all ! giv52 or 9 an et]nal      
,matt] f ^: womb h be5 p\r$ out !       
prop]ties ( ?+s & ! laws ( nature2 or1  
aga91 9 a pure ,=m :i* endeavors to     
seize an unseizable multiplicity1 & :i* 
is1 z we w1 ! =m ( nature or ! =m (     
?\ght4 ,all ^! philosophies tell u1 9 _!
 diff]5t languages1 t sci5ce is "r to   
treat ! liv+ z ! in]t1 & t !re is no    
diff]5ce ( value1 no di/9ction to be    
made betwe5 ! results :i* intellect     
arrives at 9 apply+ its categories1 :e!r
 x re/s on in]t matt] or attacks life4  
,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 we feel ! frame     

crack+4 ,b z we did n beg9 by di/+ui%+  
betwe5 ! in]t & ! liv+1 ! "o adapt$ 9   
advance to ! frame 9 :i* we ins]t x1 !  
o!r incapable ( be+ held 9 ! frame      
o!rwise ?an by a conv5tion :i* elim9ates
 f x all t is ess5tial1 we f9d          
ourselves1 9 ! end1 r$uc$ to reg>d+     
ev]y?+ ! frame conta9s ) equal          
suspicion4 ,to a metaphysical dogmatism1
 :i* has erect$ into an absolute !      
factiti\s unity ( sci5ce1 !re succe$s a 
skepticism or a relativism t            
univ]salizes & ext5ds to all ! results (
 sci5ce ! artificial "* ( "s among !m4  
,s philosophy sw+s to & fro betwe5 !    
doctr9e t reg>ds absolute reality z     
unkn[able & t :i*1 9 ! idea x gives u ( 
?is reality1 says no?+ m ?an sci5ce has 
said4 ,= hav+ wi%$ to prev5t all        
conflict betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy1 we 
h sacrific$ philosophy )\t any          
appreciable ga9 to sci5ce4 ,& = hav+    
tri$ to avoid ! seem+ vici\s circle :i* 
consi/s 9 us+ ! intellect to transc5d ! 
intellect1 we f9d ourselves turn+ 9 a   

real circle1 t :i* consi/s 9 labori\sly 
r$iscov]+ by metaphysics a unity t we   
began by posit+ a priori1 a unity t we  
admitt$ bl9dly & unconsci\sly by ! v act
 ( ab&on+ ! :ole ( exp]i5ce to sci5ce & 
! :ole ( reality to ! pure und]/&+4     
,let u beg91 on ! contr>y1 by trac+ a   
l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! in]t & ! liv+4
 ,we %all f9d t ! in]t ent]s naturally  
into ! frames ( ! intellect1 b t ! liv+ 
is adapt$ to ^! frames only             
artificially1 s t we mu/ adopt a special
 attitude t[>ds x & exam9e x ) o!r eyes 
?an ^? ( positive sci5ce4 ,philosophy1  
!n1 invades ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,%e     
busies h]self ) _m ?+s :i* hi!rto h n   
conc]n$ h]4 ,sci5ce1 !ory ( k1 &        
metaphysics f9d !mselves on ! same      
gr\nd4 ,at fir/ !re may be a c]ta9      
confusion4 ,all ?ree may ?9k !y h lo/   
some?+4 ,b all ?ree w pr(it f ! meet+4  
,positive sci5ce1 inde$1 may pride      
itself on ! uni=m value attribut$ to its
 affirmations 9 ! :ole field ( exp]i5ce4
 ,b1 if !y are all plac$ on ! same      

foot+1 !y are all ta9t$ ) ! same        
relativity4 ,x is n s1 if we beg9 by    
mak+ ! di/9ction :i*1 9 our view1 is =c$
 ^u u4 ,! und]/&+ is at home 9 ! doma9 (
 unorganiz$ matt]4 ,on ?is matt] human  
action is naturally ex]cis$2 & action1 z
 we said above1 _c be set 9 motion 9 !  
unreal4 ,?us1 ( physics--s long z we are
 consid]+ only its g5]al =m & n !       
p>ticul> cutt+ out ( matt] 9 :i* x is   
manife/$--we may say t x t\*es !        
absolute4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is by        
accid5t--*ance or conv5tion1 z y        
please--t sci5ce obta9s a hold on ! liv+
 analog\s to ! hold x has on matt]4 ,"h 
! use ( conceptual frames is no long]   
natural4 ,i d n wi% to say t x is n     
legitimate1 9 ! sci5tific mean+ ( ! t]m4
 ,if sci5ce is to ext5d our action on   
?+s1 & if we c act only ) in]t matt] =  
in/rum5t1 sci5ce c & mu/ cont9ue to     
treat ! liv+ z x has treat$ ! in]t4 ,b1 
9 do+ s1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! fur!r x  
p5etrates ! dep?s ( life1 ! m symbolic1 
! m relative to ! cont+5cies ( action1 !

 k x supplies to u becomes4 ,on ?is new 
gr\nd philosophy ought !n to foll[      
sci5ce1 9 ord] to sup]pose on sci5tific 
tru? a k ( ano!r k9d1 :i* may be call$  
metaphysical4 ,?us comb9$1 all our k1   
bo? sci5tific & metaphysical1 is        
height5$4 ,9 ! absolute we live & move &
 h our be+4 ,! k we possess ( x is      
incomplete1 no d\bt1 b n ext]nal or     
relative4 ,x is reality itself1 9 !     
pr(\nde/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 t we rea* by !   
comb9$ & progressive developm5t ( sci5ce
 & ( philosophy4  ,?us1 9 r5\nc+ !      
factiti\s unity :i* ! und]/&+ imposes on
 nature f outside1 we %all p]haps f9d   
its true1 inw>d & liv+ unity4 ,= ! ef=t 
we make to transc5d ! pure und]/&+      
introduces u into t m va/ some?+ out (  
:i* our und]/&+ is cut1 & f :i* x has   
deta*$ itself4 ,&1 z matt] is det]m9$ by
 intellig5ce1 z !re is betwe5 !m an     
evid5t agreem5t1 we _c make ! g5esis ( !
 "o )\t mak+ ! g5esis ( ! o!r4 ,an      
id5tical process mu/ h cut out matt] & !
 intellect1 at ! same "t1 f a /uff t    

conta9$ bo?4 ,into ?is reality we %all  
get back m & m completely1 9 proportion 
z we compel ourselves to transc5d pure  
intellig5ce4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,let u !n         
conc5trate att5tion on t :i* we h t is  
at ! same "t ! mo/ remov$ f ext]nality &
 ! lea/ p5etrat$ ) intellectuality4 ,let
 u seek1 9 ! dep?s ( our exp]i5ce1 !    
po9t :]e we feel ourselves mo/          
intimately )9 our own life4 ,x is into  
pure duration t we !n plunge back1 a    
duration 9 :i* ! pa/1 always mov+ on1 is
 swell+ unceas+ly ) a pres5t t is       
absolutely new4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 we    
feel ! spr+ ( our w /ra9$ to its utmo/  
limit4 ,we mu/1 by a /rong recoil ( our 
p]sonality on itself1 ga!r up our pa/   
:i* is slipp+ away1 9 ord] to ?ru/ x1   
compact & undivid$1 into a pres5t :i* x 
w create by ent]+4 ,r>e inde$ are !     
mom5ts :5 we are self-possess$ to ?is   
ext5t3 x is !n t our actions are truly  
free4 ,& ev5 at ^! mom5ts we d n        
completely possess ourselves4 ,our feel+

 ( duration1 ,i %\ld say ! actual       
co9cid+ ( ourself ) itself1 admits (    
degrees4 ,b ! m ! feel+ is deep & !     
co9cid5ce complete1 ! m ! life 9 :i* x  
replaces u absorbs intellectuality by   
transc5d+ x4 ,= ! natural function ( !  
intellect is to b9d l to l1 & x is only 
facts t c be repeat$ t are entirely     
adaptable to intellectual conceptions4  
,n[1 our intellect does und\bt$ly grasp 
! real mom5ts ( real duration aft] !y   
are pa/2 we d s by recon/itut+ ! new    
/ate ( consci\sness out ( a s]ies (     
views tak5 ( x f ! outside1 ea* ( :i*   
resembles z mu* z possible some?+       
already kn[n2 9 ?is s5se we may say t ! 
/ate ( consci\sness conta9s             
intellectuality implicitly4 ,yet ! /ate 
( consci\sness ov]fl[s ! intellect2 x is
 inde$ incomm5surable ) ! intellect1 be+
 itself indivisible & new4  ,n[ let u   
relax ! /ra91 let u int]rupt ! ef=t to  
cr[d z mu* z possible ( ! pa/ into !    
pres5t4 ,if ! relaxation 7 complete1 !re
 w\ld no long] be ei!r memory or w--:i* 

am\nts to say+ t1 9 fact1 we nev] d fall
 into ?is absolute passivity1 any m ?an 
we c make ourselves absolutely free4 ,b1
 9 ! limit1 we get a glimpse ( an       
exi/5ce made ( a pres5t :i* recomm5ces  
unceas+ly--devoid ( real duration1 no?+ 
b ! in/antane\s :i* dies & is born aga9 
endlessly4 ,is ! exi/5ce ( matt] ( ?is  
nature8 ,n altoge!r1 = analysis resolves
 x into elem5t>y vibrations1 ! %orte/ ( 
:i* are ( v slight duration1 almo/      
vani%+1 b n no?+4 ,x may be presum$1    
nev]!less1 t physical exi/5ce incl9es 9 
?is second direction1 z psy*ical exi/5ce
 9 ! fir/4  ,beh9d spirituality on ! "o 
h&1 & mat]iality ) intellectuality on ! 
o!r1 !re are !n two processes opposite 9
 _! direction1 & we pass f ! fir/ to !  
second by way ( inv]sion1 or p]haps ev5 
by simple int]ruption1 if x is true t   
inv]sion & int]ruption are two t]ms :i* 
9 ?is case mu/ be held to be synonym\s1 
z we %all %[ at m l5g? lat] on4 ,?is    
presumption is confirm$ :5 we consid]   
?+s f ! po9t ( view ( ext5sion1 & no    

long] f t ( duration alone4  ,! m we    
succe$ 9 mak+ ourselves consci\s ( our  
progress 9 pure duration1 ! m we feel ! 
diff]5t p>ts ( our be+ ent] into ea*    
o!r1 & our :ole p]sonality conc5trate   
itself 9 a po9t1 or r a %>p edge1 press$
 aga9/ ! future & cutt+ into x          
unceas+ly4 ,x is 9 ?is t life & action  
are free4 ,b suppose we let ourselves g 
&1 in/ead ( act+1 dream4 ,at once ! self
 is scatt]$2 our pa/1 :i* till !n 0     
ga!r$ toge!r into ! indivisible         
impulsion x communicat$ to u1 is brok5  
up into a ?\s& recollections made       
ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,!y give up        
int]p5etrat+ 9 ! degree t !y become     
fix$4 ,our p]sonality ?us desc5ds 9 !   
direction ( space4 ,x coa/s ar\nd x     
cont9ually 9 s5sation4 ,we w n dwell "h 
on a po9t we h /udi$ else:]e4 ,let u    
m]ely recall t ext5sion admits (        
degrees1 t all s5sation is ext5sive 9 a 
c]ta9 measure1 & t ! idea ( unext5d$    
s5sations1 artificially localiz$ 9      
space1 is a m]e view ( ! m9d1 sugge/$ by

 an unconsci\s metaphysic mu* m ?an by  
psy*ological obs]vation4  ,no d\bt we   
make only ! fir/ /eps 9 ! direction ( ! 
ext5d$1 ev5 :5 we let ourselves g z mu* 
z we c4 ,b suppose = a mom5t t matt]    
consi/s 9 ?is v movem5t pu%$ fur!r1 & t 
physics is simply psy*ics inv]t$4 ,we   
%all n[ und]/& :y ! m9d feels at its    
ease1 moves ab\t naturally 9 space1 :5  
matt] sugge/s ! m di/9ct idea ( x4 ,?is 
space x already possess$ z an implicit  
idea 9 its own ev5tual det5sion1 t is to
 say1 ( its own possible ext5sion4 ,!   
m9d f9ds space 9 ?+s1 b c\ld h got x )\t
 !m if x _h _h imag9ation /rong en\gh to
 pu% ! inv]sion ( its own natural       
movem5t to ! end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are  
able to expla9 h[ matt] acc5tuates /ill 
m its mat]iality1 :5 view$ by ! m9d4    
,matt]1 at fir/1 aid$ m9d to run d[n its
 own incl9e2 x gave ! impulsion4 ,b1 !  
impulsion once receiv$1 m9d cont9ues its
 c\rse4 ,! idea t x =ms ( pure space is 
only ! s*ema ( ! limit at :i* ?is       
movem5t w\ld end4 ,once 9 possession ( !

 =m ( space1 m9d uses x l a net ) me%es 
t c be made & unmade at w1 :i*1 ?r[n ov]
 matt]1 divides x z ! ne$s ( our action 
dem&4 ,?us1 ! space ( our geometry & !  
spatiality ( ?+s are mutually eng5d]$ by
 ! reciprocal action & reaction ( two   
t]ms :i* are ess5tially ! same1 b :i*   
move ea* 9 ! direction inv]se ( ! o!r4  
,nei!r is space s =eign to our nature z 
we imag9e1 nor is matt] z completely    
ext5d$ 9 space z our s5ses & intellect  
repres5t x4  ,we h treat$ ( ! fir/ po9t 
else:]e4 ,z to ! second1 we w limit     
ourselves to po9t+ out t p]fect         
spatiality w\ld consi/ 9 a p]fect       
ext]nality ( p>ts 9 _! relation to "o   
ano!r1 t is to say1 9 a complete        
reciprocal indep5d5ce4 ,n[1 !re is no   
mat]ial po9t t does n act on e o!r      
mat]ial po9t4 ,:5 we obs]ve t a ?+      
really is !re :]e x acts1 we %all be l$ 
to say 7z ,f>aday#gi 07 t all ! atoms   
int]p5etrate & t ea* ( !m fills ! _w4   
,on su* a hypo!sis1 ! atom or1 m        
g5]ally1 ! mat]ial po9t1 becomes simply 

a view ( ! m9d1 a view :i* we come to   
take :5 we cont9ue f> en\gh ! "w 7:olly 
relative to our faculty ( act+7 by :i*  
we subdivide matt] into bodies4 ,yet x  
is und5iable t matt] l5ds itself to ?is 
subdivision1 & t1 9 suppos+ x breakable 
into p>ts ext]nal to "o ano!r1 we are   
con/ruct+ a sci5ce suffici5tly          
repres5tative ( ! real4 ,x is und5iable 
t if !re be no entirely isolat$ sy/em1  
yet sci5ce f9ds means ( cutt+ up !      
univ]se into sy/ems relatively indep5d5t
 ( ea* o!r1 & commits no appreciable    
error 9 do+ s4 ,:at else c ?is mean b t 
matt] ext5ds itself 9 space )\t be+     
absolutely ext5d$ !re91 & t 9 reg>d+    
matt] z decomposable into isolat$       
sy/ems1 9 attribut+ to x q di/9ct       
elem5ts :i* *ange 9 relation to ea* o!r 
)\t *ang+ 9 !mselves 7:i* are displac$1 
%all we say1 )\t be+ alt]$71 9 %ort1 9  
conf]r+ on matt] ! prop]ties ( pure     
space1 we are transport+ ourselves to ! 
t]m9al po9t ( ! movem5t ( :i* matt]     
simply indicates ! direction8  ,:at !   

,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic ( ,kant appe>s  
to h e/abli%$ once = all is t ext5sion  
is n a mat]ial attribute ( ! same k9d z 
o!rs4 ,we _c reason indef9itely on !    
notions ( heat1 color1 or weight3 9 ord]
 to "k ! modalities ( weight or ( heat1 
we mu/ h rec\rse to exp]i5ce4 ,n s ( !  
notion ( space4 ,suppos+ ev5 t x is giv5
 empirically by sight & t\* 7& ,kant has
 n que/ion$ ! fact7 !re is ?is ab\t x t 
is rem>kable t our m9d1 speculat+ on x )
 its own p[]s alone1 cuts out 9 x1 a    
priori1 figures ^: prop]ties we det]m9e 
a priori3 exp]i5ce1 ) :i* we h n kept 9 
t\*1 yet foll[s u ?r\gh ! inf9ite       
complications ( our reason+s & inv>iably
 ju/ifies !m4 ,t is ! fact4 ,kant has   
set x 9 cle> light4 ,b ! explanation ( !
 fact1 we believe1 mu/ be s\ght 9 a     
diff]5t direction to t :i* ,kant foll[$4
  ,intellig5ce1 z ,kant repres5ts x to  
u1 is ba!d 9 an atmosph]e ( spatiality  
to :i* x is z insep>ably unit$ z ! liv+ 
body to ! air x brea!s4 ,our p]ceptions 
rea* u only aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ?is   

atmosph]e4 ,!y h be5 impregnat$ 9       
advance by our geometry1 s t our faculty
 ( ?9k+ only f9ds aga9 9 matt] !        
ma!matical prop]ties :i* our faculty (  
p]ceiv+ has already depos$ !re4 ,we are 
assur$1 !re=e1 ( see+ matt] yield itself
 ) docility to our reason+s2 b ?is      
matt]1 9 all t x has t is intelligible1 
is our own "w2 ( ! reality 9 itself we  
"k no?+ & nev] %all "k any?+1 s9ce we   
only get its refraction ?r\gh ! =ms (   
our faculty ( p]ceiv+4 ,s t if we claim 
to affirm some?+ ( x1 at once !re rises 
! contr>y affirmation1 equally          
demon/rable1 equally plausible4 ,!      
ideality ( space is prov$ directly by ! 
analysis ( k indirectly by ! ant9omies  
to :i* ! opposite !ory leads4 ,su* is ! 
gov]n+ idea ( ! ,kantian criticism4 ,x  
has inspir$ ,kant ) a p]emptory         
refutation ( empirici/ !ories ( k4 ,x   
is1 9 our op9ion1 def9itive 9 :at x     
d5ies4 ,b1 9 :at x affirms1 does x give 
u ! solution ( ! problem8  ,) ,kant1    
space is giv5 z a ready-made =m ( our   

p]ceptive faculty--a v]itable deus ex   
ma*9a1 ( :i* we see nei!r h[ x arises1  
nor :y x is :at x is r ?an any?+ else4  
,?+s-9-!mselves are also giv51 ( :i* he 
claims t we c "k no?+3 by :at "r1 !n1 c 
he affirm _! exi/5ce1 ev5 z problematic8
 ,if ! unkn[able reality projects into  
our p]ceptive faculty a s5su\s manifold 
capable ( fitt+ into x exactly1 is x n1 
by t v fact1 9 "p kn[n8 ,& :5 we exam9e 
?is exact fitt+1 %all we n be l$1 9 "o  
po9t at lea/1 to suppose a pre-e/abli%$ 
h>mony betwe5 ?+s & our m9d--an idle    
hypo!sis1 :i* ,kant 0 "r 9 wi%+ to      
avoid8 ,at bottom1 x is = n hav+        
di/+ui%$ degrees 9 spatiality t he has  
_h to take space ready-made z giv5--:5ce
 ! "q h[ ! s5su\s manifold is adapt$ to 
x4 ,x is = ! same reason t he has       
suppos$ matt] :olly develop$ into p>ts  
absolutely ext]nal to "o ano!r2--:5ce   
ant9omies1 ( :i* we may pla9ly see t !  
!sis & anti!sis suppose ! p]fect        
co9cid5ce ( matt] ) geometrical space1 b
 :i* vani% ! mom5t we cease to ext5d to 

matt] :at is true only ( pure space4    
,:5ce1 f9ally1 ! conclusion t !re are   
?ree alt]natives1 & ?ree only1 among :i*
 to *oose a !ory ( k3 ei!r ! m9d is     
det]m9$ by ?+s1 or ?+s are det]m9$ by ! 
m9d1 or betwe5 m9d & ?+s we mu/ suppose 
a my/]i\s agreem5t4  ,b ! tru? is t !re 
is a f\r?1 :i* does n seem to h occurr$ 
to ,kant--9 ! fir/ place because he did 
n ?9k t ! m9d ov]fl[$ ! intellect1 & 9 !
 second place 7& ?is is at bottom ! same
 ?+7 because he did n attribute to      
duration an absolute exi/5ce1 hav+ put  
"t1 a priori1 on ! same plane z space4  
,?is alt]native consi/s1 fir/ ( all1 9  
reg>d+ ! intellect z a special function 
( ! m9d1 ess5tially turn$ t[>d in]t     
matt]2 !n 9 say+ t nei!r does matt]     
det]m9e ! =m ( ! intellect1 nor does !  
intellect impose its =m on matt]1 nor h 
matt] & intellect be5 regulat$ 9 reg>d  
to "o ano!r by we "k n :at pre-e/abli%$ 
h>mony1 b t intellect & matt] h         
progressively adapt$ !mselves "o to !   
o!r 9 ord] to atta9 at la/ a common =m4 

,?is adaptation has1 moreov]1 be5 br\ght
 ab\t q naturally1 because x is ! same  
inv]sion ( ! same movem5t :i* creates at
 once ! intellectuality ( m9d & !       
mat]iality ( ?+s4  ,f ?is po9t ( view ! 
k ( matt] t our p]ception on "o h& &    
sci5ce on ! o!r give to u appe>s1 no    
d\bt1 z approximative1 b n z relative4  
,our p]ception1 ^: rle x is to hold up a
 light to our actions1 works a divid+ up
 ( matt] t is always too %>ply def9$1   
always subord9at$ to practical ne$s1    
consequ5tly always requir+ revision4    
,our sci5ce1 :i* aspires to ! ma!matical
 =m1 ov]-acc5tuates ! spatiality (      
matt]2 its =mulae are1 9 g5]al1 too     
precise1 & ev] ne$ remak+4 ,= a         
sci5tific !ory to be f9al1 ! m9d w\ld h 
to embrace ! totality ( ?+s 9 block &   
place ea* ?+ 9 its exact relation to e  
o!r ?+2 b 9 reality we are oblig$ to    
consid] problems "o by "o1 9 t]ms :i*   
are1 = t v reason1 provisional1 s t !   
solution ( ea* problem w h to be        
correct$ indef9itely by ! solution t w  

be giv5 to ! problems t w foll[3 ?us1   
sci5ce z a :ole is relative to !        
p>ticul> ord] 9 :i* ! problems happ5 to 
h be5 put4 ,x is 9 ?is mean+1 & to ?is  
degree1 t sci5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z        
conv5tional4 ,b x is a conv5tionality ( 
fact s to speak1 & n ( "r4 ,9 pr9ciple1 
positive sci5ce be>s on reality itself1 
provid$ x does n ov]/ep ! limits ( its  
own doma91 :i* is in]t matt]4           
,sci5tific k1 ?us reg>d$1 rises to a    
high] plane4 ,9 return1 ! !ory ( k      
becomes an inf9itely difficult          
ent]prise1 & :i* passes ! p[]s ( !      
intellect alone4 ,x is n en\gh to       
det]m9e1 by c>eful analysis1 !          
categories ( ?\ght2 we mu/ eng5d] !m4 ,z
 reg>ds space1 we mu/1 by an ef=t ( m9d 
sui g5]is1 foll[ ! progression or r !   
regression ( ! extra-spatial degrad+    
itself into spatiality4 ,:5 we make     
ourselves self-consci\s 9 ! highe/      
possible degree & !n let ourselves fall 
back little by little1 we get ! feel+ ( 
ext5sion3 we h an ext5sion ( ! self into

 recollections t are fix$ & ext]nal to  
"o ano!r1 9 place ( ! t5sion x possess$ 
z an indivisible active w4 ,b ?is is    
only a beg9n+4 ,our consci\sness1 sket*+
 ! movem5t1 %[s u its direction &       
reveals to u ! possibility ( cont9u+ x  
to ! end2 b consci\sness itself does n g
 s f>4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 if we consid]  
matt]1 :i* seems to u at fir/ co9cid5t )
 space1 we f9d t ! m our att5tion is    
fix$ on x1 ! m ! p>ts :i* we said 7 laid
 side by side ent] into ea* o!r1 ea* (  
!m und]go+ ! action ( ! :ole1 :i* is    
consequ5tly someh[ pres5t 9 x4 ,?us1    
al?\gh matt] /ret*es itself out 9 !     
direction ( space1 x does n completely  
atta9 x2 :5ce we may conclude t x only  
c>ries v mu* fur!r ! movem5t t          
consci\sness is able to sket* )9 u 9 its
 nasc5t /ate4 ,we hold1 !re=e1 ! two    
ends ( ! *a91 ?\gh we d n succe$ 9 seiz+
 ! int]m$iate l9ks4 ,w !y always escape 
u8 ,we mu/ rememb] t philosophy1 z we   
def9e x1 has n yet become completely    
consci\s ( itself4 ,physics und]/&s its 

rle :5 x pu%es matt] 9 ! direction (    
spatiality2 b has metaphysics und]/ood  
its rle :5 x has simply trodd5 9 ! /eps 
( physics1 9 ! *im]ical hope ( go+ fur!r
 9 ! same direction8 ,%\ld n its own    
task be1 on ! contr>y1 to rem\nt !      
incl9e t physics desc5ds1 to br+ back   
matt] to its orig9s1 & to build up      
progressively a cosmology :i* w\ld be1 s
 to speak1 a rev]s$ psy*ology8 ,all t   
:i* seems positive to ! physici/ & to ! 
geometrician w\ld become1 f ?is new po9t
 ( view1 an int]ruption or inv]sion ( ! 
true positivity1 :i* w\ld h to be def9$ 
9 psy*ological t]ms4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,:5 we     
consid] ! admirable ord] ( ma!matics1 ! 
p]fect agreem5t ( ! objects x deals )1 !
 imman5t logic 9 numb]s & figures1 our  
c]ta9ty ( always gett+ ! same           
conclusion1 h[ev] div]se & complex our  
reason+s on ! same subject1 we hesitate 
to see 9 prop]ties app>5tly s positive a
 sy/em ( negations1 ! abs5ce r ?an !    
pres5ce ( a true reality4 ,b we mu/ n   

=get t our intellect1 :i* f9ds ?is ord] 
& wond]s at x1 is direct$ 9 ! same l9e (
 movem5t t leads to ! mat]iality &      
spatiality ( its object4 ,! m complexity
 ! intellect puts into its object by    
analyz+ x1 ! m complex is ! ord] x f9ds 
!re4 ,& ?is ord] & ?is complexity       
necess>ily appe> to ! intellect z a     
positive reality1 s9ce reality &        
intellectuality are turn$ 9 ! same      
direction4  ,:5 a poet reads me 8 v]ses1
 ,i c int]e/ myself en\gh 9 him to ent] 
into 8 ?\ght1 put myself into 8 feel+s1 
live ov] aga9 ! simple /ate he has brok5
 into phrases & words4 ,i sympa?ize !n )
 8 inspiration1 ,i foll[ x ) a cont9u\s 
movem5t :i* is1 l ! inspiration itself1 
an undivid$ act4 ,n[1 ,i ne$ only relax 
my att5tion1 let g ! t5sion t !re is 9  
me1 = ! s\nds1 hi!rto swall[$ up 9 !    
s5se1 to appe> to me di/9ctly1 "o by "o1
 9 _! mat]iality4 ,= ?is ,i h n to d    
any?+2 x is en\gh to )draw some?+4 ,9   
proportion z ,i let myself g1 !         
successive s\nds w become ! m           

individualiz$2 z ! phrases 7 brok5 into 
words1 s ! words w scan 9 syllables :i* 
,i %all p]ceive "o aft] ano!r4 ,let me g
 f>!r /ill 9 ! direction ( dream3 !     
lett]s !mselves w become loose & w be   
se5 to dance along1 h& 9 h&1 on "s      
fanta/ic %eet ( pap]4 ,i %all !n admire 
! precision ( ! int]weav+s1 ! m>vel\s   
ord] ( ! procession1 ! exact ins]tion ( 
! lett]s into ! syllables1 ( ! syllables
 into ! words & ( ! words into !        
s5t5ces4 ,! f>!r ,i pursue ?is q        
negative direction ( relaxation1 ! m    
ext5sion & complexity ,i %all create2 & 
! m ! complexity 9 its turn increases1 !
 m admirable w seem to be ! ord] :i*    
cont9ues to reign1 undi/urb$1 among !   
elem5ts4 ,yet ?is complexity & ext5sion 
repres5t no?+ positive2 !y express a    
defici5cy ( w4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ord]  
mu/ gr[ ) ! complexity1 s9ce x is only  
an aspect ( x4 ,! m we p]ceive1         
symbolically1 p>ts 9 an indivisible     
:ole1 ! m ! numb] ( ! relations t ! p>ts
 h betwe5 !mselves necess>ily increases1

 s9ce ! same undivid$ness ( ! real :ole 
cont9ues to hov] ov] ! gr[+ multiplicity
 ( ! symbolic elem5ts into :i* ! scatt]+
 ( ! att5tion has decompos$ x4 ,a       
comp>ison ( ?is k9d w enable u to       
und]/&1 9 "s measure1 h[ ! same         
suppression ( positive reality1 ! same  
inv]sion ( a c]ta9 orig9al movem5t1 c   
create at once ext5sion 9 space & !     
admirable ord] :i* ma!matics f9ds !re4  
,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
two cases1 t words & lett]s h be5 inv5t$
 by a positive ef=t ( humanity1 :ile    
space arises automatically1 z ! rema9d] 
( a subtraction arises once ! two numb]s
 are posit$4#hj ,b1 9 ! "o case z 9 !   
o!r1 ! inf9ite complexity ( ! p>ts & _! 
p]fect cord9ation among !mselves are    
creat$ at "o & ! same "t by an inv]sion 
:i* is1 at bottom1 an int]ruption1 t is 
to say1 a dim9ution ( positive reality4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,all ! op]ations ( our intellect t5d to 
geometry1 z to ! goal :]e !y f9d _!     
p]fect fulfilm5t4 ,b1 z geometry is     

necess>ily prior to !m 7s9ce ^!         
op]ations h n z _! end to con/ruct space
 & _c d o!rwise ?an take x z giv57 x is 
evid5t t x is a lat5t geometry1 imman5t 
9 our idea ( space1 :i* is ! ma9 spr+ ( 
our intellect & ! cause ( its work+4 ,we
 %all be conv9c$ ( ?is if we consid] !  
two ess5tial functions ( intellect1 !   
faculty ( d$uction & t ( induction4     
,let u beg9 ) d$uction4 ,! same movem5t 
by :i* ,i trace a figure 9 space eng5d]s
 its prop]ties3 !y are visible &        
tangible 9 ! movem5t itself2 ,i feel1 ,i
 see 9 space ! relation ( ! def9ition to
 its consequ5ces1 ( ! premisses to !    
conclusion4 ,all ! o!r concepts ( :i*   
exp]i5ce sugge/s ! idea to me are only 9
 "p con/ructible a priori2 ! def9ition (
 !m is !re=e imp]fect1 & ! d$uctions    
into :i* ^! concepts ent]1 h[ev] closely
 ! conclusion is l9k$ to ! premisses1   
p>ticipate 9 ?is imp]fection4 ,b :5 ,i  
trace r\ghly 9 ! s& ! base ( a triangle1
 z ,i beg9 to =m ! two angles at ! base1
 ,i "k positively1 & und]/& absolutely1 

t if ^! two angles are equal ! sides w  
be equal also1 ! figure be+ !n able to  
be turn$ ov] on itself )\t !re be+ any  
*ange :atev]4 ,i "k x be=e ,i h le>nt   
geometry4 ,?us1 prior to ! sci5ce (     
geometry1 !re is a natural geometry ^:  
cle>ness & evid5ce surpass ! cle>ness & 
evid5ce ( o!r d$uctions4 ,n[1 ^! o!r    
d$uctions be> on qualities1 & n on      
magnitudes purely4 ,!y are1 !n1 likely  
to h be5 =m$ on ! model ( ! fir/1 & to  
borr[ _! =ce f ! fact t1 beh9d quality1 
we see magnitude vaguely %[+ ?r\gh4 ,we 
may notice1 z a fact1 t que/ions (      
situation & ( magnitude are ! fir/ t    
pres5t !mselves to our activity1 ^? :i* 
intellig5ce ext]naliz$ 9 action resolves
 ev5 be=e reflective intellig5ce has    
appe>$4 ,! savage und]/&s bett] ?an !   
civiliz$ man h[ to judge di/ances1 to   
det]m9e a direction1 to retrace by      
memory ! (t5 complicat$ plan ( ! road he
 has travel$1 & s to return 9 a /raight 
l9e to 8 />t+-po9t4#ha ,if ! animal does
 n d$uce explicitly1 if he does n =m    

explicit concepts1 nei!r does he =m !   
idea ( a homog5e\s space4 ,y _c pres5t  
?is space to y\rself )\t introduc+1 9 ! 
same act1 a virtual geometry :i* w1 (   
itself1 degrade itself into logic4 ,all 
! repugnance t philosoph]s manife/ t[>ds
 ?is mann] ( reg>d+ ?+s comes f ?is1 t !
 logical "w ( ! intellect repres5ts to  
_! eyes a positive spiritual ef=t4 ,b1  
if we und]/& by spirituality a progress 
to ev] new creations1 to conclusions    
incomm5surable ) ! premisses &          
indet]m9able by relation to !m1 we mu/  
say ( an idea t moves among relations ( 
necess>y det]m9ation1 ?r\gh premisses   
:i* conta9 _! conclusion 9 advance1 t x 
foll[s ! inv]se direction1 t (          
mat]iality4 ,:at appe>s1 f ! po9t ( view
 ( ! intellect1 z an ef=t1 is 9 itself a
 lett+ g4 ,& :ile1 f ! po9t ( view ( !  
intellect1 !re is a petitio pr9cipii 9  
mak+ geometry arise automatically f     
space1 & logic f geometry--on ! contr>y1
 if space is ! ultimate goal ( ! m9d's  
movem5t ( det5sion1 space _c be giv5 )\t

 posit+ also logic & geometry1 :i* are  
along ! c\rse ( ! movem5t ( :i* pure    
spatial intuition is ! goal4  ,x has n  
be5 en\gh notic$ h[ feeble is ! rea* (  
d$uction 9 ! psy*ological & moral       
sci5ces4 ,f a proposition v]ifi$ by     
facts1 v]ifiable consequ5ces c "h be    
drawn only up to a c]ta9 po9t1 only 9 a 
c]ta9 measure4 ,v soon appeal has to be 
made to common s5se1 t is to say1 to !  
cont9u\s exp]i5ce ( ! real1 9 ord] to   
inflect ! consequ5ces d$uc$ & b5d !m    
along ! s9uosities ( life4 ,d$uction    
succe$s 9 ?+s moral only metaphorically1
 s to speak1 & j 9 ! measure 9 :i* !    
moral is transposable into ! physical1  
,i %\ld say translatable into spatial   
symbols4 ,! metaphor nev] goes v f>1 any
 m ?an a curve c long be confus$ ) its  
tang5t4 ,mu/ we n be /ruck by ?is       
feebl5ess ( d$uction z some?+ v /range &
 ev5 p>adoxical8 ,"h is a pure op]ation 
( ! m9d1 accompli%$ solely by ! p[] ( ! 
m9d4 ,x seems t1 if any:]e x %\ld feel  
at home & evolve at ease1 x w\ld be     

among ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 9 ! doma9 ( ! m9d4 
,n at all2 x is !re t x is imm$iately at
 ! end ( its te!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 9     
geometry1 9 a/ronomy1 9 physics1 :]e we 
h to d ) ?+s ext]nal to u1 d$uction is  
all-p[]ful6 ,obs]vation & exp]i5ce are  
und\bt$ly necess>y 9 ^! sci5ces to      
arrive at ! pr9ciple1 t is1 to discov] !
 aspect "u :i* ?+s mu/ be reg>d$2 b1    
/rictly speak+1 we might1 by good luck1 
h hit ^u x at once2 &1 z soon z we      
possess ?is pr9ciple1 we may draw f x1  
at any l5g?1 consequ5ces :i* exp]i5ce w 
always v]ify4 ,mu/ we n conclude1 !re=e1
 t d$uction is an op]ation gov]n$ by !  
prop]ties ( matt]1 mold$ on ! mobile    
articulations ( matt]1 implicitly giv51 
9 fact1 ) ! space t und]lies matt]8 ,z  
long z x turns ^u space or spatializ$   
"t1 x has only to let itself g4 ,x is   
duration t puts spokes 9 its :eels4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,d$uction1 !n1 does n "w unless !re be  
spatial intuition beh9d x4 ,b we may say
 ! same ( induction4 ,x is n necess>y   

inde$ to ?9k geometrically1 nor ev5 to  
?9k at all1 9 ord] to expect f ! same   
conditions a repetition ( ! same fact4  
,! consci\sness ( ! animal already does 
?is "w1 & inde$1 indep5d5tly ( all      
consci\sness1 ! liv+ body itself is s   
con/ruct$ t x c extract f ! successive  
situations 9 :i* x f9ds itself !        
simil>ities :i* int]e/ x1 & s respond to
 ! /imuli by appropriate reactions4 ,b x
 is a f> cry f a me*anical expectation &
 reaction ( ! body1 to induction prop]ly
 s call$1 :i* is an intellectual        
op]ation4 ,induction re/s on ! belief t 
!re are causes & effects1 & t ! same    
effects foll[ ! same causes4 ,n[1 if we 
exam9e ?is d\ble belief1 ?is is :at we  
f9d4 ,x implies1 9 ! fir/ place1 t      
reality is decomposable into gr\ps1 :i* 
c be practically reg>d$ z isolat$ &     
indep5d5t4 ,if ,i boil wat] 9 a kettle  
on a /ove1 ! op]ation & ! objects t     
support x are1 9 reality1 b\nd up ) a   
multitude ( o!r objects & a multitude ( 
o!r op]ations2 9 ! end1 ,i %\ld f9d t   

our entire sol> sy/em is conc]n$ 9 :at  
is be+ done at ?is p>ticul> po9t (      
space4 ,b1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 & = !     
special end ,i am pursu+1 ,i may admit t
 ?+s happ5 z if ! gr\p wat]-kettle-/ove 
7 an indep5d5t microcosm4 ,t is my fir/ 
affirmation4 ,n[1 :5 ,i say t ?is       
microcosm w always behave 9 ! same way1 
t ! heat w necess>ily1 at ! end ( a     
c]ta9 "t1 cause ! boil+ ( ! wat]1 ,i    
admit t x is suffici5t t a c]ta9 numb] (
 elem5ts ( ! sy/em be giv5 9 ord] t !   
sy/em %\ld be complete2 x completes     
itself automatically1 ,i am n free to   
complete x 9 ?\ght z ,i please4 ,! /ove1
 ! kettle & ! wat] be+ giv51 ) a c]ta9  
int]val ( duration1 x seems to me t !   
boil+1 :i* exp]i5ce %[$ me ye/]day to be
 ! only ?+ want+ to complete ! sy/em1 w 
complete x to-morr[1 no matt] :5        
to-morr[ may be4 ,:at is !re at ! base (
 ?is belief8 ,notice t ! belief is m or 
less assur$1 accord+ z ! case may be1 b 
t x is =c$ ^u ! m9d z an absolute       
necessity :5 ! microcosm consid]$       

conta9s only magnitudes4 ,if two numb]s 
be giv51 ,i am n free to *oose _!       
diff]5ce4 ,if two sides ( a triangle & !
 conta9$ angle are giv51 ! ?ird side    
arises ( itself & ! triangle completes  
itself automatically4 ,i c1 x matt]s n  
:]e & x matt]s n :51 trace ! same two   
sides conta9+ ! same angle3 x is evid5t 
t ! new triangles s =m$ c be sup]pos$ on
 ! fir/1 & t consequ5tly ! same ?ird    
side w come to complete ! sy/em4 ,n[1 if
 my c]titude is p]fect 9 ! case 9 :i* ,i
 reason on pure space det]m9ations1 mu/ 
,i n suppose t1 9 ! o!r cases1 !        
c]titude is great] ! ne>] x approa*es   
?is extreme case8 ,inde$1 may x n be !  
limit+ case :i* is se5 ?r\gh all ! o!rs 
& :i* colors !m1 accord+ly z !y are m or
 less transp>5t1 ) a m or less pron\nc$ 
t+e ( geometrical necessity8#hb ,9 fact1
 :5 ,i say t ! wat] on ! fire w boil    
to-day z x did ye/]day1 & t ?is is an   
absolute necessity1 ,i feel vaguely t my
 imag9ation is plac+ ! /ove ( ye/]day on
 t ( to-day1 kettle on kettle1 wat] on  

wat]1 duration on duration1 & x seems !n
 t ! re/ mu/ co9cide also1 = ! same     
reason t1 :5 two triangles are sup]pos$ 
& two ( _! sides co9cide1 _! ?ird sides 
co9cide also4 ,b my imag9ation acts ?us 
only because x %uts its eyes to two     
ess5tial po9ts4 ,= ! sy/em ( to-day     
actually to be sup]impos$ on t (        
ye/]day1 ! latt] mu/ h wait$ = ! =m]1 "t
 mu/ h halt$1 & ev]y?+ become           
simultane\s3 t happ5s 9 geometry1 b 9   
geometry alone4 ,induction !re=e implies
 fir/ t1 9 ! _w ( ! physici/ z 9 t ( !  
geometrician1 "t does n c\nt4 ,b x      
implies also t qualities c be sup]pos$  
on ea* o!r l magnitudes4 ,if1 9         
imag9ation1 ,i place ! /ove & fire (    
to-day on t ( ye/]day1 ,i f9d inde$ t ! 
=m has rema9$ ! same2 x suffices1 = t1 t
 ! surfaces & edges co9cide2 b :at is ! 
co9cid5ce ( two qualities1 & h[ c !y be 
sup]pos$ "o on ano!r 9 ord] to ensure t 
!y are id5tical8 ,yet ,i ext5d to !     
second ord] ( reality all t applies to !
 fir/4 ,! physici/ legitimates ?is      

op]ation lat] on by r$uc+1 z f> z       
possible1 diff]5ces ( quality to        
diff]5ces ( magnitude2 b1 prior to all  
sci5ce1 ,i incl9e to lik5 qualities to  
quantities1 z if ,i p]ceiv$ beh9d !     
qualities1 z ?r\gh a transp>5cy1 a      
geometrical me*anism4#hc ,! m complete  
?is transp>5cy1 ! m x seems to me t 9 ! 
same conditions !re mu/ be a repetition 
( ! same fact4 ,our inductions are      
c]ta91 to our eyes1 9 ! exact degree 9  
:i* we make ! qualitative diff]5ces melt
 into ! homog5eity ( ! space :i* subt5ds
 !m1 s t geometry is ! ideal limit ( our
 inductions z well z ( our d$uctions4 ,!
 movem5t at ! end ( :i* is spatiality   
lays d[n along its c\rse ! faculty (    
induction z well z t ( d$uction1 9 fact1
 intellectuality entire4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,x       
creates !m 9 ! m9d4 ,b x creates also1 9
 ?+s1 ! ord] :i* our induction1 aid$ by 
d$uction1 f9ds !re4 ,?is ord]1 on :i*   
our action leans & 9 :i* our intellect  
recognizes itself1 seems to u m>vel\s4  

,n only d ! same g5]al causes always    
produce ! same g5]al effects1 b b5ea? ! 
visible causes & effects our sci5ce     
discov]s an inf9ity ( inf9itesimal      
*anges :i* "w m & m exactly into "o     
ano!r1 ! fur!r we pu% ! analysis3 s mu* 
s t1 at ! end ( ?is analysis1 matt]     
becomes1 x seems to u1 geometry itself4 
,c]ta9ly1 ! intellect is "r 9 admir+ "h 
! gr[+ ord] 9 ! gr[+ complexity2 bo? !  
"o & ! o!r mu/ h a positive reality = x1
 s9ce x looks ^u itself z positive4 ,b  
?+s *ange _! aspect :5 we consid] ! :ole
 ( reality z an undivid$ advance =w>d to
 successive creations4 ,x seems to u1   
!n1 t ! complexity ( ! mat]ial elem5ts &
 ! ma!matical ord] t b9ds !m toge!r mu/ 
arise automatically :5 )9 ! :ole a      
p>tial int]ruption or inv]sion is       
produc$4 ,moreov]1 z ! intellect itself 
is cut out ( m9d by a process ( ! same  
k9d1 x is attun$ to ?is ord] &          
complexity1 & admires !m because x      
recognizes itself 9 !m4 ,b :at is       
admirable 9 itself1 :at really des]ves  

to provoke wond]1 is ! ev]-r5ew$        
creation :i* reality1 :ole & undivid$1  
accompli%es 9 advanc+2 = no complication
 ( ! ma!matical ord] ) itself1 h[ev]    
elaborate we may suppose x1 c introduce 
an atom ( novelty into ! _w1 :]eas ?is  
p[] ( creation once giv5 7& x exi/s1 =  
we are consci\s ( x 9 ourselves1 at lea/
 :5 we act freely7 has only to be div]t$
 f itself to relax its t5sion1 only to  
relax its t5sion to ext5d1 only to ext5d
 = ! ma!matical ord] ( ! elem5ts s      
di/+ui%$ & ! inflexible det]m9ism       
connect+ !m to manife/ ! int]ruption ( !
 creative act3 9 fact1 inflexible       
det]m9ism & ma!matical ord] are "o ) ?is
 v int]ruption4  ,x is ?is m]ely        
negative t5d5cy t ! p>ticul> laws ( !   
physical _w express4 ,none ( !m1 tak5   
sep>ately1 has objective reality2 ea* is
 ! "w ( an inve/igator :o has reg>d$ ?+s
 f a c]ta9 bias1 isolat$ c]ta9 v>iables1
 appli$ c]ta9 conv5tional units (       
measurem5t4 ,& yet !re is an ord]       
approximately ma!matical imman5t 9      

matt]1 an objective ord]1 :i* our sci5ce
 approa*es 9 proportion to its progress4
 ,= if matt] is a relaxation ( !        
inext5sive into ! ext5sive &1 !reby1 (  
lib]ty into necessity1 x does n inde$   
:olly co9cide ) pure homog5e\s space1   
yet is con/itut$ by ! movem5t :i* leads 
to space1 & is !re=e on ! way to        
geometry4 ,x is true t laws ( ma!matical
 =m w nev] apply to x completely4 ,= t1 
x w\ld h to be pure space & /ep out (   
duration4  ,we _c insi/ too /rongly t   
!re is some?+ artificial 9 ! ma!matical 
=m ( a physical law1 & consequ5tly 9 our
 sci5tific k ( ?+s4#hd ,our /&>ds (     
measurem5t are conv5tional1 &1 s to say1
 =eign to ! int5tions ( nature3 c we    
suppose t nature has relat$ all !       
modalities ( heat to ! expansion ( !    
same mass ( m]cury1 or to ! *ange (     
pressure ( ! same mass ( air kept at a  
con/ant volume8 ,b we may g fur!r4 ,9 a 
g5]al way1 measur+ is a :olly human     
op]ation1 :i* implies t we really or    
ideally sup]pose two objects "o on ano!r

 a c]ta9 numb] ( times4 ,nature did n   
dream ( ?is sup]position4 ,x does n     
measure1 nor does x c\nt4 ,yet physics  
c\nts1 measures1 relates quantitative   
v>iations to "o ano!r to obta9 laws1 & x
 succe$s4 ,its success w\ld be          
inexplicable1 if ! movem5t :i*          
con/itutes mat]iality 7 n ! same movem5t
 :i*1 prolong$ by u to its end1 t is to 
say1 to homog5e\s space1 results 9 mak+ 
u c\nt1 measure1 foll[ 9 _! respective  
v>iations t]ms t are functions "o (     
ano!r4 ,to effect ?is prolongation ( !  
movem5t1 our intellect has only to let  
itself g1 = x runs naturally to space & 
ma!matics1 intellectuality & mat]iality 
be+ ( ! same nature & hav+ be5 produc$ 9
 ! same way4  ,if ! ma!matical ord] 7 a 
positive ?+1 if !re 71 imman5t 9 matt]1 
laws comp>able to ^? ( our codes1 !     
success ( our sci5ce w\ld h 9 x some?+ (
 ! miracul\s4 ,:at *ances %\ld we h     
inde$ ( f9d+ ! /&>d ( nature & ( isolat+
 exactly1 9 ord] to det]m9e _!          
reciprocal relations1 ! v v>iables :i*  

nature has *os58 ,b ! success ( a sci5ce
 ( ma!matical =m w\ld be no less        
incompreh5sible1 if matt] did n already 
possess ev]y?+ necess>y to adapt itself 
to our =mulae4 ,"o hypo!sis only1 !re=e1
 rema9s plausible1 namely1 t !          
ma!matical ord] is no?+ positive1 t x is
 ! =m t[>d :i* a c]ta9 int]ruption t5ds 
( itself1 & t mat]iality consi/s        
precisely 9 an int]ruption ( ?is k9d4   
,we %all und]/& !n :y our sci5ce is     
cont+5t1 relative to ! v>iables x has   
*os51 relative to ! ord] 9 :i* x has    
successively put ! problems1 & :y       
nev]!less x succe$s4 ,x might h be51 z a
 :ole1 altoge!r diff]5t1 & yet h        
succe$$4 ,?is is s1 j because !re is no 
def9ite sy/em ( ma!matical laws1 at !   
base ( nature1 & because ma!matics 9    
g5]al repres5ts simply ! side to :i*    
matt] incl9es4 ,put "o ( ^? little cork 
dolls ) lead5 feet 9 any po/ure1 lay x  
on its back1 turn x up on its head1 ?r[ 
x into ! air3 x w always /& itself up   
aga91 automatically4 ,s likewise )      

matt]3 we c take x by any end & h&le x 9
 any way1 x w always fall back into "s  
"o ( our ma!matical =mulae1 because x is
 weight$ ) geometry4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,b !       
philosoph] w p]haps refuse to f\nd a    
!ory ( k on su* consid]ations4 ,!y w be 
repugnant to him1 because ! ma!matical  
ord]1 be+ ord]1 w appe> to him to conta9
 some?+ positive4 ,x is 9 va9 t we ass]t
 t ?is ord] produces itself             
automatically by ! int]ruption ( !      
inv]se ord]1 t x is ?is v int]ruption4  
,! idea p]si/s1 none ! less1 t !re might
 be no ord] at all1 & t ! ma!matical    
ord] ( ?+s1 be+ a conque/ ov] disord]1  
possesses a positive reality4 ,9 exam9+ 
?is po9t1 we %all see :at a prom95t "p !
 idea ( disord] plays 9 problems        
relative to ! !ory ( k4 ,x does n appe> 
explicitly1 & t is :y x escapes our     
att5tion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ! criticism ( 
?is idea t a !ory ( k ought to beg91 =  
if ! great problem is to "k :y & h[     
reality submits itself to an ord]1 x is 

because ! abs5ce ( e k9d ( ord] appe>s  
possible or conceivable4 ,x is ?is      
abs5ce ( ord] t reali/s & ideali/s alike
 believe !y are ?9k+ (--! reali/ :5 he  
speaks ( ! regul>ity t objective laws   
actually impose on a virtual disord] (  
nature1 ! ideali/ :5 he supposes a      
s5su\s manifold :i* is cord9at$ 7&      
consequ5tly itself )\t ord]7 "u !       
organiz+ influ5ce ( our und]/&+4 ,! idea
 ( disord]1 9 ! s5se ( abs5ce ( ord]1 is
 !n :at mu/ be analyz$ fir/4 ,philosophy
 borr[s x f daily life4 ,& x is         
unque/ionable t1 :5 ord9>ily we speak ( 
disord]1 we are ?9k+ ( some?+4 ,b ( :at8
  ,x w be se5 9 ! next *apt] h[ h>d x is
 to det]m9e ! cont5t ( a negative idea1 
& :at illusions "o is liable to1 :at    
hopeless difficulties philosophy falls  
into1 = n hav+ und]tak5 ?is task4       
,difficulties & illusions are g5]ally   
due to ?is1 t we accept z f9al a mann] (
 expression ess5tially provisional4 ,!y 
are due to our br++ into ! doma9 (      
speculation a proc$ure made = practice4 

,if ,i *oose a volume 9 my libr>y at    
r&om1 ,i may put x back on ! %elf aft]  
glanc+ at x & say1 ,?is is n v]se4 ,is  
?is :at ,i h really se5 9 turn+ ov] !   
leaves ( ! book8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,i h n    
se51 ,i nev] %all see1 an abs5ce ( v]se4
 ,i h se5 prose4 ,b z x is poetry ,i    
want1 ,i express :at ,i f9d z a function
 ( :at ,i am look+ =1 & in/ead ( say+1  
,?is is prose1 ,i say1 ,?is is n v]se4  
,9 ! same way1 if ! fancy takes me to   
read prose1 & ,i happ5 on a volume (    
v]se1 ,i %all say1 ,?is is n prose1 ?us 
express+ ! data ( my p]ception1 :i* %[s 
me v]se1 9 ! language ( my expectation &
 att5tion1 :i* are fix$ on ! idea (     
prose & w he> ( no?+ else4 ,n[1 if      
,mons4 ,j\rda9 he>d me1 he w\ld inf]1 no
 d\bt1 f my two exclamations t prose &  
poetry are two =ms ( language res]v$ =  
books1 & t ^! le>n$ =ms h come & ov]laid
 a language :i* 0 nei!r prose nor v]se4 
,speak+ ( ?is ?+ :i* is nei!r v]se nor  
prose1 he w\ld suppose1 moreov]1 t he 0 
?9k+ ( x3 x w\ld be only a pseudo-idea1 

h[ev]4 ,let u g fur!r /ill3 !           
pseudo-idea w\ld create a               
pseudo-problem1 if ,m4 ,j\rda9 7 to ask 
8 pr(essor ( philosophy h[ ! prose =m & 
! poetry =m h be5 sup]add$ to t :i*     
possess$ nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 & if he  
wi%$ ! pr(essor to con/ruct a !ory ( !  
imposition ( ^! two =ms ^u ?is =mless   
matt]4 ,8 "q w\ld be absurd1 & !        
absurdity w\ld lie 9 ?is1 t he 0        
hypo/asiz+ z ! sub/ratum ( prose &      
poetry ! simultane\s negation ( bo?1    
=gett+ t ! negation ( ! "o consi/s 9 !  
affirmation ( ! o!r4  ,n[1 suppose t !re
 are two species ( ord]1 & t ^! two     
ord]s are two contr>ies )9 "o & ! same  
g5us4 ,suppose also t ! idea ( disord]  
arises 9 our m9d :5ev]1 seek+ "o ( ! two
 k9ds ( ord]1 we f9d ! o!r4 ,! idea (   
disord] w\ld !n h a cle> mean+ 9 !      
curr5t practice ( life3 x w\ld          
objectify1 = ! conv5i5ce ( language1 !  
disappo9tm5t ( a m9d t f9ds be=e x an   
ord] diff]5t f :at x wants1 an ord] )   
:i* x is n conc]n$ at ! mom5t1 & :i*1 9 

?is s5se1 does n exi/ = x4 ,b ! idea    
w\ld n admit a !oretical use4 ,s if we  
claim1 not)/&+1 to introduce x into     
philosophy1 we %all inevitably lose     
sight ( its true mean+4 ,x d5otes !     
abs5ce ( a c]ta9 ord]1 b to ! pr(it (   
ano!r 7) :i* we are n conc]n$72 only1 z 
x applies to ea* ( ! two 9 turn1 & z x  
ev5 goes & comes cont9ually betwe5 !    
two1 we take x on ! way1 or r on ! w+1 l
 a %uttlecock betwe5 two battl$ores1 &  
treat x z if x repres5t$1 n ! abs5ce ( !
 "o or o!r ord] z ! case may be1 b !    
abs5ce ( bo? toge!r--a ?+ t is nei!r    
p]ceiv$ nor conceiv$1 a simple v]bal    
entity4 ,s !re arises ! problem h[ ord] 
is impos$ on disord]1 =m on matt]4 ,9   
analyz+ ! idea ( disord] ?us subtiliz$1 
we %all see t x repres5ts no?+ at all1 &
 at ! same "t ! problems t h be5 rais$  
ar\nd x w vani%4  ,x is true t we mu/   
beg9 by di/+ui%+1 & ev5 by oppos+ "o to 
! o!r1 two k9ds ( ord] :i* we g5]ally   
confuse4 ,z ?is confusion has creat$ !  
pr9cipal difficulties ( ! problem ( k1 x

 w n be useless to dwell once m on !    
m>ks by :i* ! two ord]s are di/+ui%$4   
,9 a g5]al way1 reality is ord]$ exactly
 to ! degree 9 :i* x satisfies our      
?\ght4 ,ord] is !re=e a c]ta9 agreem5t  
betwe5 subject & object4 ,x is ! m9d    
f9d+ itself aga9 9 ?+s4 ,b ! m9d1 we    
said1 c g 9 two opposite ways4          
,sometimes x foll[s its natural         
direction3 !re is !n progress 9 ! =m (  
t5sion1 cont9u\s creation1 free         
activity4 ,sometimes x inv]ts x1 & ?is  
inv]sion1 pu%$ to ! end1 leads to       
ext5sion1 to ! necess>y reciprocal      
det]m9ation ( elem5ts ext]naliz$ ea* by 
relation to ! o!rs1 9 %ort1 to          
geometrical me*anism4 ,n[1 :e!r exp]i5ce
 seems to u to adopt ! fir/ direction or
 :e!r x is drawn 9 ! direction ( !      
second1 9 bo? cases we say !re is ord]1 
= 9 ! two processes ! m9d f9ds itself   
aga94 ,! confusion betwe5 !m is !re=e   
natural4 ,to escape x1 diff]5t names    
w\ld h to be giv5 to ! two k9ds ( ord]1 
& t is n easy1 because ( ! v>iety &     

v>iability ( ! =ms !y take4 ,! ord] ( ! 
second k9d may be def9$ z geometry1 :i* 
is its extreme limit2 m g5]ally1 x is t 
k9d ( ord] t is conc]n$ :5ev] a relation
 ( necess>y det]m9ation is f\nd betwe5  
causes & effects4 ,x evokes ideas (     
in]tia1 ( passivity1 ( automatism4 ,z to
 ! fir/ k9d ( ord]1 x oscillates no d\bt
 ar\nd f9ality2 & yet we _c def9e x z   
f9ality1 = x is sometimes above1        
sometimes bel[4 ,9 its highe/ =ms1 x is 
m ?an f9ality1 = ( a free action or a "w
 ( art we may say t !y %[ a p]fect ord]1
 & yet !y c only be express$ 9 t]ms (   
ideas approximately1 & aft] ! ev5t4     
,life 9 its entirety1 reg>d$ z a        
creative evolution1 is some?+ analog\s2 
x transc5ds f9ality1 if we und]/& by    
f9ality ! realization ( an idea conceiv$
 or conceivable 9 advance4 ,! category (
 f9ality is !re=e too n>r[ = life 9 its 
entirety4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 (t5 too   
wide = a p>ticul> manife/ation ( life   
tak5 sep>ately4 ,be t z x may1 x is ) ! 
vital t we h "h to d1 & ! :ole pres5t   

/udy /rives to prove t ! vital is 9 !   
direction ( ! volunt>y4 ,we may say !n t
 ?is fir/ k9d ( ord] is t ( ! vital or (
 ! will$1 9 opposition to ! second1 :i* 
is t ( ! in]t & ! automatic4 ,common    
s5se in/9ctively di/+ui%es betwe5 ! two 
k9ds ( ord]1 at lea/ 9 ! extreme cases2 
in/9ctively1 also1 x br+s !m toge!r4 ,we
 say ( a/ronomical ph5om5a t !y manife/ 
an admirable ord]1 mean+ by ?is t !y c  
be =ese5 ma!matically4 ,& we f9d an ord]
 no less admirable 9 a symphony (       
,bee?ov51 :i* is g5ius1 orig9ality1 &   
!re=e un=eseeability itself4  ,b x is   
exceptional = ord] ( ! fir/ k9d to take 
s di/9ct a =m4 ,ord9>ily1 x pres5ts     
features t we h e int]e/ 9 confus+ ) ^? 
( ! opposite ord]4 ,x is q c]ta91 =     
in/ance1 t if we c\ld view ! evolution (
 life 9 its entirety1 ! spontaneity (   
its movem5t & ! un=eseeability ( its    
proc$ures w\ld ?ru/ !mselves on our     
att5tion4 ,b :at we meet 9 our daily    
exp]i5ce is a c]ta9 det]m9ate liv+ be+1 
c]ta9 special manife/ations ( life1 :i* 

repeat1 almo/1 =ms & facts already kn[n2
 inde$1 ! simil>ity ( /ructure t we f9d 
ev]y:]e betwe5 :at g5]ates & :at is     
g5]at$--a simil>ity t enables u to      
include any numb] ( liv+ individuals 9 !
 same gr\p--is to our eyes ! v type ( ! 
g5]ic3 ! inorganic g5]a seem to u to    
take liv+ g5]a z models4 ,?us ! vital   
ord]1 su* z x is (f]$ to u piecemeal 9  
exp]i5ce1 pres5ts ! same "* & p]=ms !   
same function z ! physical ord]3 bo?    
cause exp]i5ce to repeat itself1 bo?    
enable our m9d to g5]alize4 ,9 reality1 
?is "* has entirely diff]5t orig9s 9 !  
two cases1 & ev5 opposite mean+s4 ,9 !  
second case1 ! type ( ?is "*1 its ideal 
limit1 z also its f\ndation1 is !       
geometrical necessity 9 virtue ( :i* !  
same compon5ts give ! same resultant4 ,9
 ! fir/ case1 ?is "* involves1 on !     
contr>y1 ! int]v5tion ( some?+ :i*      
manages to obta9 ! same total effect    
al?\gh ! inf9itely complex elem5t>y     
causes may be q diff]5t4 ,we insi/$ on  
?is la/ po9t 9 our fir/ *apt]1 :5 we %[$

 h[ id5tical /ructures are to be met )  
on indep5d5t l9es ( evolution4 ,b1 )\t  
look+ s f>1 we may presume t !          
reproduction only ( ! type ( ! ance/or  
by 8 desc5dants is an entirely diff]5t  
?+ f ! repetition ( ! same composition (
 =ces :i* yields an id5tical resultant4 
,:5 we ?9k ( ! inf9ity ( inf9itesimal   
elem5ts & ( inf9itesimal causes t concur
 9 ! g5esis ( a liv+ be+1 :5 we reflect 
t ! abs5ce or ! deviation ( "o ( !m w\ld
 spoil ev]y?+1 ! fir/ impulse ( ! m9d is
 to consid] ?is army ( little work]s z  
wat*$ ov] by a skill$ =eman1 ! vital    
pr9ciple1 :i* is ev] repair+ faults1    
correct+ effects ( neglect or           
abs5tm9d$ness1 putt+ ?+s back 9 place3  
?is is h[ we try to express ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! physical & ! vital ord]1 ! =m] 
mak+ ! same comb9ation ( causes give !  
same comb9$ effect1 ! latt] secur+ !    
con/ancy ( ! effect ev5 :5 !re is "s    
wav]+ 9 ! causes4 ,b t is only a        
comp>ison2 on reflection1 we f9d t !re c
 be no =eman1 = ! v simple reason t !re 

are no work]s4 ,! causes & elem5ts t    
physico-*emical analysis discov]s are   
real causes & elem5ts1 no d\bt1 z f> z !
 facts ( organic de/ruction are conc]n$2
 !y are !n limit$ 9 numb]4 ,b vital     
ph5om5a1 prop]ly s call$1 or facts (    
organic creation op5 up to u1 :5 we     
analyze !m1 ! p]spective ( an analysis  
pass+ away to inf9ity3 :5ce x may be    
inf]r$ t ! manifold causes & elem5ts are
 "h only views ( ! m9d1 attempt+ an ev] 
clos] & clos] imitation ( ! op]ation (  
nature1 :ile ! op]ation imitat$ is an   
indivisible act4 ,! lik5ess betwe5      
individuals ( ! same species has ?us an 
entirely diff]5t mean+1 an entirely     
diff]5t orig91 to t ( ! lik5ess betwe5  
complex effects obta9$ by ! same        
composition ( ! same causes4 ,b 9 ! "o  
case z 9 ! o!r1 !re is lik5ess1 &       
consequ5tly possible g5]alization4 ,& z 
t is all t int]e/s u 9 practice1 s9ce   
our daily life is & mu/ be an           
expectation ( ! same ?+s & ! same       
situations1 x is natural t ?is common   

"*1 ess5tial f ! po9t ( view ( our      
action1 %\ld br+ ! two ord]s toge!r1 9  
spite ( a m]ely int]nal div]sity betwe5 
!m :i* int]e/s speculation only4 ,h5ce !
 idea ( a g5]al ord] ( nature1 ev]y:]e !
 same1 hov]+ ov] life & ov] matt] alike4
 ,h5ce our habit ( designat+ by ! same  
^w & repres5t+ 9 ! same way ! exi/5ce ( 
laws 9 ! doma9 ( in]t matt] & t ( g5]a 9
 ! doma9 ( life4  ,n[1 x w be f\nd t ?is
 confusion is ! orig9 ( mo/ ( !         
difficulties rais$ by ! problem ( k1    
among ! anci5ts z well z among ! mod]ns4
 ,! g5]ality ( laws & t ( g5]a hav+ be5 
designat$ by ! same ^w & subsum$ "u !   
same idea1 ! geometrical ord] & ! vital 
ord] are accord+ly confus$ toge!r4      
,accord+ to ! po9t ( view1 ! g5]ality ( 
laws is expla9$ by t ( g5]a1 or t ( g5]a
 by t ( laws4 ,! fir/ view is *>act]i/ic
 ( anci5t ?\ght2 ! second belongs to    
mod]n philosophy4 ,b 9 bo? anci5t &     
mod]n philosophy ! idea ( g5]ality is an
 equivocal idea1 unit+ 9 its d5otation &
 9 its connotation incompatible objects 

& elem5ts4 ,9 bo? !re are gr\p$ "u !    
same concept two k9ds ( ord] :i* are    
alike only 9 ! facility !y give to our  
action on ?+s4 ,we br+ toge!r ! two t]ms
 9 virtue ( a q ext]nal lik5ess1 :i*    
ju/ifies no d\bt _! designation by !    
same ^w = practice1 b :i* does n        
au?orize u at all1 9 ! speculative      
doma91 to confuse !m 9 ! same def9ition4
  ,! anci5ts1 inde$1 did n ask :y nature
 submits to laws1 b :y x is ord]$       
accord+ to g5]a4 ,! idea ( g5us         
corresponds m especially to an objective
 reality 9 ! doma9 ( life1 :]e x        
expresses an unque/ionable fact1 h]$ity4
 ,inde$1 !re c only be g5]a :]e !re are 
individual objects2 n[1 :ile ! organiz$ 
be+ is cut out f ! g5]al mass ( matt] by
 8 v organization1 t is to say          
naturally1 x is our p]ception :i* cuts  
in]t matt] into di/9ct bodies4 ,x is    
guid$ 9 ?is by ! int]e/s ( action1 by ! 
nasc5t reactions t our body indicates--t
 is1 z we h %[n else:]e1#he by !        
pot5tial g5]a t are try+ to ga9 exi/5ce4

 ,9 ?is1 !n1 g5]a & individuals det]m9e 
"o ano!r by a semi-artificial op]ation  
entirely relative to our future action  
on ?+s4 ,nev]!less ! anci5ts did n      
hesitate to put all g5]a 9 ! same rank1 
to attribute ! same absolute exi/5ce to 
all ( !m4 ,reality ?us be+ a sy/em (    
g5]a1 x is to ! g5]ality ( ! g5]a 7t is1
 9 effect1 to ! g5]ality expressive ( ! 
vital ord]7 t ! g5]ality ( laws itself  
_h to be br\ght4 ,x is int]e/+1 9 ?is   
respect1 to comp>e ! ,ari/otelian !ory (
 ! fall ( bodies ) ! explanation furni%$
 by ,galileo4 ,ari/otle is conc]n$      
solely ) ! concepts high & l[1 own prop]
 place z di/+ui%$ f place occupi$1      
natural movem5t & =c$ movem5t2#hf !     
physical law 9 virtue ( :i* ! /one falls
 expresses = him t ! /one rega9s !      
natural place ( all /ones1 to wit1 !    
e>?4 ,! /one1 9 8 view1 is n q /one s   
long z x is n 9 its normal place2 9     
fall+ back into ?is place x aims at     
complet+ itself1 l a liv+ be+ t gr[s1   
?us realiz+ fully ! ess5ce ( ! g5us     

/one4#hg ,if ?is conception ( ! physical
 law 7 exact1 ! law w\ld no long] be a  
m]e relation e/abli%$ by ! m9d2 !       
subdivision ( matt] into bodies w\ld no 
long] be relative to our faculty (      
p]ceiv+2 all bodies w\ld h ! same       
individuality z liv+ bodies1 & ! laws ( 
! physical univ]se w\ld express         
relations ( real k9%ip betwe5 real g5]a4
 ,we "k :at k9d ( physics grew out (    
?is1 & h[1 = hav+ believ$ 9 a sci5ce    
unique & f9al1 embrac+ ! totality ( !   
real & at "o ) ! absolute1 ! anci5ts 7  
conf9$1 9 fact1 to a m or less clumsy   
int]pretation ( ! physical 9 t]ms ( !   
vital4  ,b !re is ! same confusion 9 !  
mod]ns1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t !      
relation betwe5 ! two t]ms is inv]t$3   
laws are no long] r$uc$ to g5]a1 b g5]a 
to laws2 & sci5ce1 /ill suppos$ to be   
uniquely "o1 becomes altoge!r relative1 
in/ead ( be+1 z ! anci5ts wi%$1 altoge!r
 at "o ) ! absolute4 ,a notewor?y fact  
is ! eclipse ( ! problem ( g5]a 9 mod]n 
philosophy4 ,our !ory ( k turns almo/   

entirely on ! "q ( laws3 g5]a are left  
to make %ift ) laws z be/ !y c4 ,!      
reason is1 t mod]n philosophy has its   
po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! great a/ronomical & 
physical discov]ies ( mod]n times4 ,!   
laws ( ,kepl] & ( ,galileo h rema9$ = x 
! ideal & unique type ( all k4 ,n[1 a   
law is a relation betwe5 ?+s or betwe5  
facts4 ,m precisely1 a law ( ma!matical 
=m expresses ! fact t a c]ta9 magnitude 
is a function ( "o or sev]al o!r        
v>iables appropriately *os54 ,n[1 !     
*oice ( ! v>iable magnitudes1 !         
di/ribution ( nature into objects & into
 facts1 has already some?+ ( ! cont+5t &
 ! conv5tional4 ,b1 admitt+ t ! *oice is
 h9t$ at1 if n prescrib$1 by exp]i5ce1 !
 law rema9s none ! less a relation1 & a 
relation is ess5tially a comp>ison2 x   
has objective reality only = an         
intellig5ce t repres5ts to itself sev]al
 t]ms at ! same "t4 ,?is intellig5ce may
 be nei!r m9e nor y\rs3 a sci5ce :i*    
be>s on laws may !re=e be an objective  
sci5ce1 :i* exp]i5ce conta9s 9 advance &

 :i* we simply make x disgorge2 b x is  
none ! less true t a comp>ison ( "s k9d 
mu/ be effect$ "h1 imp]sonally if n by  
any "o 9 p>ticul>1 & t an exp]i5ce made 
( laws1 t is1 ( t]ms relat$ to o!r t]ms1
 is an exp]i5ce made ( comp>isons1 :i*1 
be=e we receive x1 has already _h to    
pass ?r\gh an atmosph]e (               
intellectuality4 ,! idea ( a sci5ce & ( 
an exp]i5ce entirely relative to ! human
 und]/&+ 0 !re=e implicitly conta9$ 9 ! 
conception ( a sci5ce "o & integral1    
compos$ ( laws3 ,kant only br\ght x to  
light4 ,b ?is conception is ! result (  
an arbitr>y confusion betwe5 ! g5]ality 
( laws & t ( g5]a4 ,?\gh an intellig5ce 
be necess>y to condition t]ms by        
relation to ea* o!r1 we may conceive t 9
 c]ta9 cases ! t]ms !mselves may exi/   
indep5d5tly4 ,& if1 beside relations (  
t]m to t]m1 exp]i5ce also pres5ts to u  
indep5d5t t]ms1 ! liv+ g5]a be+ some?+ q
 diff]5t f sy/ems ( laws1 "o half1 at   
lea/1 ( our k be>s on ! ?+-9-itself1 ! v
 reality4 ,?is k may be v difficult1 j  

because x no long] builds up its own    
object & is oblig$1 on ! contr>y1 to    
submit to x2 b1 h[ev] little x cuts into
 its object1 x is into ! absolute itself
 t x bites4 ,we may g fur!r3 ! o!r half 
( k is no long] s radically1 s def9itely
 relative z c]ta9 philosoph]s say1 if we
 c e/abli% t x be>s on a reality (      
inv]se ord]1 a reality :i* we always    
express 9 ma!matical laws1 t is to say 9
 relations t imply comp>isons1 b :i*    
l5ds itself to ?is "w only because x is 
weight$ ) spatiality & consequ5tly )    
geometry4 ,be t z x may1 x is !         
confusion ( two k9ds ( ord] t lies beh9d
 ! relativism ( ! mod]ns1 z x lay beh9d 
! dogmatism ( ! anci5ts4  ,we h said    
en\gh to m>k ! orig9 ( ?is confusion4 ,x
 is due to ! fact t ! vital ord]1 :i* is
 ess5tially creation1 is manife/$ to u  
less 9 its ess5ce ?an 9 "s ( its        
accid5ts1 ^? :i* imitate ! physical &   
geometrical ord]2 l x1 !y pres5t to u   
repetitions t make g5]alization         
possible1 & 9 t we h all t int]e/s u4   

,!re is no d\bt t life z a :ole is an   
evolution1 t is1 an unceas+             
trans=mation4 ,b life c progress only by
 means ( ! liv+1 :i* are its            
deposit>ies4 ,innum]able liv+ be+s1     
almo/ alike1 h to repeat ea* o!r 9 space
 & 9 "t = ! novelty !y are work+ out to 
gr[ & mature4 ,x is l a book t advances 
t[>ds a new edition by go+ ?r\gh ?\s&s (
 repr9ts ) ?\s&s ( copies4 ,!re is1     
h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases1 
t ! successive impressions are id5tical1
 z well z ! simultane\s copies ( ! same 
impression1 :]eas repres5tatives ( "o & 
! same species are nev] entirely ! same1
 ei!r 9 diff]5t po9ts ( space or at     
diff]5t mom5ts ( "t4 ,h]$ity does n only
 transmit *>act]s2 x transmits also !   
impetus 9 virtue ( :i* ! *>act]s are    
modifi$1 & ?is impetus is vitality      
itself4 ,t is :y we say t ! repetition  
:i* s]ves z ! base ( our g5]alizations  
is ess5tial 9 ! physical ord]1 accid5tal
 9 ! vital ord]4 ,! physical ord] is    
automatic2 ! vital ord] is1 ,i w n say  

volunt>y1 b analog\s to ! ord] will$4   
,n[1 z soon z we h cle>ly di/+ui%$      
betwe5 ! ord] t is will$ & ! ord] t is  
automatic1 ! ambiguity t und]lies ! idea
 ( disord] is dissipat$1 &1 ) x1 "o ( ! 
pr9cipal difficulties ( ! problem ( k4  
,! ma9 problem ( ! !ory ( k is to "k h[ 
sci5ce is possible1 t is to say1 9      
effect1 :y !re is ord] & n disord] 9    
?+s4 ,t ord] exi/s is a fact4 ,b1 on !  
o!r h&1 disord]1 :i* appe>s to u to be  
less ?an ord]1 is1 x seems1 ( "r4 ,!    
exi/5ce ( ord] is !n a my/]y to be cle>$
 up1 at any rate a problem to be solv$4 
,m simply1 :5 we und]take to f\nd ord]1 
we reg>d x z cont+5t1 if n 9 ?+s1 at    
lea/ z view$ by ! m9d3 ( a ?+ t we d n  
judge to be cont+5t we d n require an   
explanation4 ,if ord] did n appe> to u z
 a conque/ ov] some?+1 or z an addition 
to some?+ 7:i* some?+ is ?\ght to be !  
abs5ce ( ord]71 anci5t realism w\ld n h 
spok5 ( a matt] to :i* ! ,idea sup]add$ 
itself1 nor w\ld mod]n idealism h       
suppos$ a s5su\s manifold t ! und]/&+   

organizes into nature4 ,n[1 x is        
unque/ionable t all ord] is cont+5t1 &  
conceiv$ z su*4 ,b cont+5t 9 relation to
 :at8  ,! reply1 to our ?9k+1 is n      
d\btful4 ,an ord] is cont+5t1 & seems s1
 9 relation to ! inv]se ord]1 z v]se is 
cont+5t 9 relation to prose & prose 9   
relation to v]se4 ,b1 j z all spee* :i* 
is n prose is v]se & necess>ily conceiv$
 z v]se1 j z all spee* :i* is n v]se is 
prose & necess>ily conceiv$ z prose1 s  
any /ate ( ?+s t is n "o ( ! two ord]s  
is ! o!r & is necess>ily conceiv$ z !   
o!r4 ,b x may happ5 t we d n realize :at
 we are actually ?9k+ (1 & p]ceive !    
idea really pres5t to our m9d only ?r\gh
 a mi/ ( affective /ates4 ,any "o c be  
conv9c$ ( ?is by consid]+ ! use we make 
( ! idea ( disord] 9 daily life4 ,:5 ,i 
ent] a room & pron\nce x to be 9        
disord]1 :at d ,i mean8 ,! position (   
ea* object is expla9$ by ! automatic    
movem5ts ( ! p]son :o has slept 9 !     
room1 or by ! effici5t causes1 :atev] !y
 may be1 t h caus$ ea* article (        

furniture1 clo?+1 etc41 to be :]e x is3 
! ord]1 9 ! second s5se ( ! ^w1 is      
p]fect4 ,b x is ord] ( ! fir/ k9d t ,i  
am expect+1 ! ord] t a me?odical p]son  
consci\sly puts into 8 life1 ! will$    
ord] & n ! automatic3 s ,i call ! abs5ce
 ( ?is ord] disord]4 ,at bottom1 all !re
 is t is real1 p]ceiv$ & ev5 conceiv$1 9
 ?is abs5ce ( "o ( ! two k9ds ( ord]1 is
 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,b ! second is      
indiff]5t to me1 ,i am int]e/$ only 9 ! 
fir/1 & ,i express ! pres5ce ( ! second 
z a function ( ! fir/1 in/ead ( express+
 x1 s to speak1 z a function ( itself1  
by say+ x is disord]4 ,inv]sely1 :5 we  
affirm t we are imag9+ a *aos1 t is to  
say a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! physical _w no 
long] obeys laws1 :at are we ?9k+ (8 ,we
 imag9e facts t appe> & disappe>        
caprici\sly4 ,fir/ we ?9k ( ! physical  
univ]se z we "k x1 ) effects & causes   
well proportion$ to ea* o!r2 !n1 by a   
s]ies ( arbitr>y decrees1 we augm5t1    
dim9i%1 suppress1 s z to obta9 :at we   
call disord]4 ,9 reality we h sub/itut$ 

w = ! me*anism ( nature2 we h replac$ ! 
automatic ord] by a multitude ( elem5t>y
 wills1 j to ! ext5t t we imag9e !      
app>ition or vani%+ ( ph5om5a4 ,no d\bt1
 = all ^! little wills to con/itute a   
will$ ord]1 !y mu/ h accept$ ! direction
 ( a high] w4 ,b1 on look+ closely at   
!m1 we see t t is j :at !y d3 our own w 
is !re1 :i* objectifies itself 9 ea* (  
^! caprici\s wills 9 turn1 & takes good 
c>e n to connect ! same ) ! same1 nor to
 p]mit ! effect to be proportional to ! 
cause--9 fact makes "o simple int5tion  
hov] ov] ! :ole ( ! elem5t>y volitions4 
,?us1 "h aga91 ! abs5ce ( "o ( ! two    
ord]s consi/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,9   
analyz+ ! idea ( *ance1 :i* is closely  
ak9 to ! idea ( disord]1 we f9d ! same  
elem5ts4 ,:5 ! :olly me*anical play ( ! 
causes :i* /op ! :eel on a numb] makes  
me w91 & consequ5tly acts l a good      
g5ius1 c>eful ( my int]e/s1 or :5 !     
:olly me*anical =ce ( ! w9d te>s a tile 
(f ! ro( & ?r[s x on to my head1 t is to
 say acts l a bad g5ius1 conspir+ aga9/ 

my p]son3 9 bo? cases ,i f9d a me*anism 
:]e ,i %\ld h look$ =1 :]e1 inde$1 x    
seems z if ,i ought to h f\nd1 an       
int5tion4 ,t is :at ,i express 9 speak+ 
( *ance4 ,& ( an an>*ical _w1 9 :i*     
ph5om5a succe$ ea* o!r caprici\sly1 ,i  
%\ld say aga9 t x is a realm ( *ance1   
mean+ t ,i f9d be=e me wills1 or r      
decrees1 :5 :at ,i am expect+ is        
me*anism4 ,?us is expla9$ ! s+ul>       
vacillation ( ! m9d :5 x tries to def9e 
*ance4 ,nei!r effici5t cause nor f9al   
cause c furni% ! def9ition s\ght4 ,! m9d
 sw+s to & fro1 unable to re/1 betwe5 ! 
idea ( an abs5ce ( f9al cause & t ( an  
abs5ce ( effici5t cause1 ea* ( ^!       
def9itions s5d+ x back to ! o!r4 ,!     
problem rema9s insoluble1 9 fact1 s long
 z ! idea ( *ance is reg>d$ z a pure    
idea1 )\t mixture ( feel+4 ,b1 9        
reality1 *ance m]ely objectifies ! /ate 
( m9d ( "o :o1 expect+ "o ( ! two k9ds (
 ord]1 f9ds himself confront$ ) ! o!r4  
,*ance & disord] are !re=e necess>ily   
conceiv$ z relative4 ,s if we wi% to    

repres5t !m to ourselves z absolute1 we 
p]ceive t we are go+ to & fro l a %uttle
 betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ord]1 pass+ into ! 
"o j at ! mom5t at :i* we might cat*    
ourself 9 ! o!r1 & t ! suppos$ abs5ce ( 
all ord] is really ! pres5ce ( bo?1 )1  
besides1 ! sway+ ( a m9d t _c re/ f9ally
 9 ei!r4 ,nei!r 9 ?+s nor 9 our idea (  
?+s c !re be any "q ( pres5t+ ?is       
disord] z ! sub/ratum ( ord]1 s9ce x    
implies ! two k9ds ( ord] & is made ( _!
 comb9ation4  ,b our intellig5ce is n   
/opp$ by ?is4 ,by a simple sic jubeo x  
posits a disord] :i* is an abs5ce (     
ord]4 ,9 s do+ x ?9ks a ^w or a set (   
words1 no?+ m4 ,if x seeks to atta* an  
idea to ! ^w1 x f9ds t disord] may inde$
 be ! negation ( ord]1 b t ?is negation 
is !n ! implicit affirmation ( ! pres5ce
 ( ! opposite ord]1 :i* we %ut our eyes 
to because x does n int]e/ u1 or :i* we 
evade by d5y+ ! second ord] 9 its       
turn--t is1 at bottom1 by re-e/abli%+ ! 
fir/4 ,h[ c we speak1 !n1 ( an incoh]5t 
div]sity :i* an und]/&+ organizes8 ,x is

 no use = u to say t no "o supposes ?is 
incoh]5ce to be realiz$ or realizable3  
:5 we speak ( x1 we believe we are ?9k+ 
( x2 n[1 9 analyz+ ! idea actually      
pres5t1 we f9d1 z we said be=e1 only !  
disappo9tm5t ( ! m9d confront$ ) an ord]
 t does n int]e/ x1 or a sway+ ( ! m9d  
betwe5 two k9ds ( ord]1 or1 f9ally1 !   
idea pure & simple ( ! empty ^w t we h  
creat$ by jo9+ a negative prefix to a ^w
 :i* itself signifies some?+4 ,b x is   
?is analysis t we neglect to make4 ,we  
omit x1 precisely because x does n occur
 to u to di/+ui% two k9ds ( ord] t are  
irr$ucible to "o ano!r4  ,we said1      
inde$1 t all ord] necess>ily appe>s z   
cont+5t4 ,if !re are two k9ds ( ord]1   
?is cont+5cy ( ord] is expla9$3 "o ( !  
=ms is cont+5t 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,:]e
 ,i f9d ! geometrical ord]1 ! vital 0   
possible2 :]e ! ord] is vital1 x might h
 be5 geometrical4 ,b suppose t ! ord] is
 ev]y:]e ( ! same k9d1 & simply admits (
 degrees :i* g f ! geometrical to !     
vital3 if a det]m9ate ord] /ill appe>s  

to me to be cont+5t1 & c no long] be s  
by relation to an ord] ( ano!r k9d1 ,i  
%all necess>ily believe t ! ord] is     
cont+5t by relation to an abs5ce (      
itself1 t is to say by relation to a    
/ate ( ?+s 9 :i* !re is no ord] at all4 
,& ?is /ate ( ?+s ,i %all believe t ,i  
am ?9k+ (1 because x is impli$1 x seems1
 9 ! v cont+5cy ( ord]1 :i* is an       
unque/ionable fact4 ,i %all !re=e place 
at ! summit ( ! hi]>*y ! vital ord]2 !n1
 z a dim9ution or l[] complication ( x1 
! geometrical ord]2 & f9ally1 at !      
bottom ( all1 an abs5ce ( ord]1         
incoh]5ce itself1 on :i* ord] is        
sup]pos$4 ,?is is :y incoh]5ce has !    
effect on me ( a ^w beh9d :i* !re mu/ be
 some?+ real1 if n 9 ?+s1 at lea/ 9     
?\ght4 ,b if ,i obs]ve t ! /ate ( ?+s   
impli$ by ! cont+5cy ( a det]m9ate ord] 
is simply ! pres5ce ( ! contr>y ord]1 & 
if by ?is v fact ,i posit two k9ds (    
ord]1 ea* ! inv]se ( ! o!r1 ,i p]ceive t
 no int]m$iate degrees c be imag9$      
betwe5 ! two ord]s1 & t !re is no go+   

d[n f ! two ord]s to ! incoh]5t4 ,ei!r !
 incoh]5t is only a ^w1 devoid ( mean+1 
or1 if ,i give x a mean+1 x is on       
condition ( putt+ incoh]5ce midway      
betwe5 ! two ord]s1 & n bel[ bo? ( !m4  
,!re is n fir/ ! incoh]5t1 !n !         
geometrical1 !n ! vital2 !re is only !  
geometrical & ! vital1 & !n1 by a sway+ 
( ! m9d betwe5 !m1 ! idea ( ! incoh]5t4 
,to speak ( an uncord9at$ div]sity to   
:i* ord] is sup]add$ is !re=e to commit 
a v]itable petitio pr9cipii2 = 9 imag9+ 
! uncord9at$ we really posit an ord]1 or
 r two4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,?is long analysis 0       
necess>y to %[ h[ ! real c pass f t5sion
 to ext5sion & f fre$om to me*anical    
necessity by way ( inv]sion4 ,x 0 n     
en\gh to prove t ?is relation betwe5 !  
two t]ms is sugge/$ to u1 at once1 by   
consci\sness & by s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,x 0
 necess>y to prove t ! geometrical ord] 
has no ne$ ( explanation1 be+ purely &  
simply ! suppression ( ! inv]se ord]4   
,&1 = t1 x 0 indisp5sable to prove t    

suppression is always a sub/itution & is
 ev5 necess>ily conceiv$ z su*3 x is !  
requirem5ts ( practical life alone t    
sugge/ to u "h a way ( speak+ t deceives
 u bo? z to :at happ5s 9 ?+s & z to :at 
is pres5t to our ?\ght4 ,we mu/ n[      
exam9e m closely ! inv]sion ^:          
consequ5ces we h j describ$4 ,:at1 !n1  
is ! pr9ciple t has only to let g its   
t5sion--may we say to det5d--9 ord] to  
ext5d1 ! int]ruption ( ! cause "h be+   
equival5t to a rev]sal ( ! effect8  ,=  
want ( a bett] ^w we h call$ x          
consci\sness4 ,b we d n mean ! n>r[$    
consci\sness t functions 9 ea* ( u4 ,our
 own consci\sness is ! consci\sness ( a 
c]ta9 liv+ be+1 plac$ 9 a c]ta9 po9t (  
space2 & ?\gh x does inde$ move 9 ! same
 direction z its pr9ciple1 x is         
cont9ually drawn ! opposite way1 oblig$1
 ?\gh x goes =w>d1 to look beh9d4 ,?is  
retrospective vision is1 z we h %[n1 !  
natural function ( ! intellect1 &       
consequ5tly ( di/9ct consci\sness4 ,9   
ord] t our consci\sness %all co9cide )  

some?+ ( its pr9ciple1 x mu/ deta*      
itself f ! already-made & atta* itself  
to ! be+-made4 ,x ne$s t1 turn+ back on 
itself & twi/+ on itself1 ! faculty (   
see+ %\ld be made to be "o ) ! act (    
will+--a pa9ful ef=t :i* we c make      
sudd5ly1 do+ viol5ce to our nature1 b _c
 su/a9 m ?an a few mom5ts4 ,9 free      
action1 :5 we contract our :ole be+ 9   
ord] to ?ru/ x =w>d1 we h ! m or less   
cle> consci\sness ( motives & ( impell+ 
=ces1 & ev51 at r>e mom5ts1 ( ! becom+  
by :i* !y are organiz$ into an act3 b ! 
pure will+1 ! curr5t t runs ?r\gh ?is   
matt]1 communicat+ life to x1 is a ?+   
:i* we h>dly feel1 :i* at mo/ we bru%   
lightly z x passes4 ,let u try1 h[ev]1  
to in/al ourselves )9 x1 if only = a    
mom5t2 ev5 !n x is an individual &      
fragm5t>y w t we grasp4 ,to get to !    
pr9ciple ( all life1 z also ( all       
mat]iality1 we mu/ g fur!r /ill4 ,is x  
impossible8 ,no1 by no means2 ! hi/ory (
 philosophy is !re to be> witness4 ,!re 
is no durable sy/em t is n1 at lea/ 9 "s

 ( its p>ts1 vivifi$ by intuition4      
,dialectic is necess>y to put intuition 
to ! pro(1 necess>y also 9 ord] t       
intuition %\ld break itself up into     
concepts & s be propagat$ to o!r m52 b  
all x does1 (t5 en\gh1 is to develop !  
result ( t intuition :i* transc5ds x4 ,!
 tru? is1 ! two proc$ures are ( opposite
 direction3 ! same ef=t1 by :i* ideas   
are connect$ ) ideas1 causes ! intuition
 :i* ! ideas 7 /or+ up to vani%4 ,!     
philosoph] is oblig$ to ab&on intuition1
 once he has receiv$ f x ! impetus1 & to
 rely on himself to c>ry on ! movem5t by
 pu%+ ! concepts "o aft] ano!r4 ,b he   
soon feels he has lo/ foo?old2 he mu/   
come into t\* ) intuition aga92 he mu/  
undo mo/ ( :at he has done4 ,9 %ort1    
dialectic is :at ensures ! agreem5t (   
our ?\ght ) itself4 ,b by dialectic--:i*
 is only a relaxation ( intuition--_m   
diff]5t agreem5ts are possible1 :ile !re
 is only "o tru?4 ,intuition1 if x c\ld 
be prolong$ beyond a few in/ants1 w\ld n
 only make ! philosoph] agree ) 8 own   

?\ght1 b also all philosoph]s ) ea* o!r4
 ,su* z x is1 fugitive & incomplete1 x  
is1 9 ea* sy/em1 :at is wor? m ?an !    
sy/em & survives x4 ,! object (         
philosophy w\ld be rea*$ if ?is         
intuition c\ld be su/a9$1 g5]aliz$ &1   
above all1 assur$ ( ext]nal po9ts (     
ref]5ce 9 ord] n to g a/ray4 ,to t end a
 cont9ual com+ & go+ is necess>y betwe5 
nature & m9d4  ,:5 we put back our be+  
into our w1 & our w itself into !       
impulsion x prolongs1 we und]/&1 we     
feel1 t reality is a p]petual gr[?1 a   
creation pursu$ )\t end4 ,our w already 
p]=ms ?is miracle4 ,e human "w 9 :i* !re
 is inv5tion1 e volunt>y act 9 :i* !re  
is fre$om1 e movem5t ( an organism t    
manife/s spontaneity1 br+s some?+ new   
into ! _w4 ,true1 ^! are only creations 
( =m4 ,h[ c\ld !y be any?+ else8 ,we are
 n ! vital curr5t itself2 we are ?is    
curr5t already load$ ) matt]1 t is1 )   
congeal$ p>ts ( its own sub/ance :i* x  
c>ries along its c\rse4 ,9 ! composition
 ( a "w ( g5ius1 z 9 a simple free      

decision1 we d1 inde$1 /ret* ! spr+ (   
our activity to ! utmo/ & ?us create :at
 no m]e assemblage ( mat]ials c\ld h    
giv5 7:at assemblage ( curves already   
kn[n c ev] be equival5t to ! p5cil-/roke
 ( a great arti/87 b !re are1 none !    
less1 elem5ts "h t pre-exi/ & survive _!
 organization4 ,b if a simple arre/ ( ! 
action t g5]ates =m c\ld con/itute matt]
 7are n ! orig9al l9es drawn by ! arti/ 
!mselves already ! fixation &1 z x 71   
congealm5t ( a movem5t871 a creation (  
matt] w\ld be nei!r incompreh5sible nor 
inadmissible4 ,= we seize f )91 we live 
at e in/ant1 a creation ( =m1 & x is j 9
 ^? cases 9 :i* ! =m is pure1 & 9 :i* ! 
creative curr5t is mom5t>ily int]rupt$1 
t !re is a creation ( matt]4 ,consid] ! 
lett]s ( ! alphabet t ent] into !       
composition ( ev]y?+ t has ev] be5      
writt53 we d n conceive t new lett]s    
spr+ up & come to jo9 !mselves to ! o!rs
 9 ord] to make a new poem4 ,b t ! poet 
creates ! poem & t human ?\ght is !reby 
made ri*]1 we und]/& v well3 ?is        

creation is a simple act ( ! m9d1 &     
action has only to make a pause1 in/ead 
( cont9u+ into a new creation1 9 ord] t1
 ( itself1 x may break up into words :i*
 dissociate !mselves into lett]s :i* are
 add$ to all ! lett]s !re are already 9 
! _w4 ,?us1 t ! numb] ( atoms compos+ ! 
mat]ial univ]se at a giv5 mom5t %\ld    
increase runs c\nt] to our habits ( m9d1
 contradicts ! :ole ( our exp]i5ce2 b t 
a reality ( q ano!r ord]1 :i* contra/s )
 ! atom z ! ?\ght ( ! poet ) ! lett]s ( 
! alphabet1 %\ld increase by sudd5      
additions1 is n inadmissible2 & ! rev]se
 ( ea* addition might inde$ be a _w1 :i*
 we !n repres5t to ourselves1           
symbolically1 z an assemblage ( atoms4  
,! my/]y t spreads ov] ! exi/5ce ( !    
univ]se comes 9 great "p f ?is1 t we    
want ! g5esis ( x to h be5 accompli%$ at
 "o /roke or ! :ole ( matt] to be       
et]nal4 ,:e!r we speak ( creation or    
posit an uncreat$ matt]1 x is ! totality
 ( ! univ]se t we are consid]+ at once4 
,at ! root ( ?is habit ( m9d lies !     

prejudice :i* we w analyze 9 our next   
*apt]1 ! idea1 common to mat]iali/s & to
 _! oppon5ts1 t !re is no really act+   
duration1 & t ! absolute--matt] or      
m9d--c h no place 9 concrete "t1 9 ! "t 
:i* we feel to be ! v /uff ( our life4  
,f :i* x foll[s t ev]y?+ is giv5 once = 
all1 & t x is necess>y to posit f all   
et]nity ei!r mat]ial multiplicity       
itself1 or ! act creat+ ?is             
multiplicity1 giv5 9 block 9 ! div9e    
ess5ce4 ,once ?is prejudice is          
eradicat$1 ! idea ( creation becomes m  
cle>1 = x is m]g$ 9 t ( gr[?4 ,b x is no
 long] !n ( ! univ]se 9 its totality t  
we mu/ speak4  ,:y %\ld we speak ( x8 ,!
 univ]se is an assemblage ( sol> sy/ems 
:i* we h e reason to believe analog\s to
 our own4 ,no d\bt !y are n absolutely  
indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,our sun radiates 
heat & light beyond ! f>!/ planet1 &1 on
 ! o!r h&1 our entire sol> sy/em is mov+
 9 a def9ite direction z if x 7 drawn4  
,!re is1 !n1 a bond betwe5 ! worlds4 ,b 
?is bond may be reg>d$ z inf9itely loose

 9 comp>ison ) ! mutual dep5d5ce :i*    
unites ! p>ts ( ! same _w among         
!mselves2 s t x is n artificially1 =    
reasons ( m]e conv5i5ce1 t we isolate   
our sol> sy/em3 nature itself invites u 
to isolate x4 ,z liv+ be+s1 we dep5d on 
! planet on :i* we are1 & on ! sun t    
provides = x1 b on no?+ else4 ,z ?9k+   
be+s1 we may apply ! laws ( our physics 
to our own _w1 & ext5d !m to ea* ( !    
worlds tak5 sep>ately2 b no?+ tells u t 
!y apply to ! entire univ]se1 nor ev5 t 
su* an affirmation has any mean+2 = !   
univ]se is n made1 b is be+ made        
cont9ually4 ,x is gr[+1 p]haps          
indef9itely1 by ! addition ( new worlds4
  ,let u ext5d1 !n1 to ! :ole ( our sol>
 sy/em ! two mo/ g5]al laws ( our       
sci5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy
 & t ( its degradation--limit+ !m1      
h[ev]1 to ?is relatively clos$ sy/em &  
to o!r sy/ems relatively clos$4 ,let u  
see :at w foll[4 ,we mu/ rem>k1 fir/ (  
all1 t ^! two pr9ciples h n ! same      
metaphysical scope4 ,! fir/ is a        

quantitative law1 & consequ5tly         
relative1 9 "p1 to our me?ods (         
measurem5t4 ,x says t1 9 a sy/em presum$
 to be clos$1 ! total en]gy1 t is to say
 ! sum ( its k9etic & pot5tial en]gy1   
rema9s con/ant4 ,n[1 if !re 7 only      
k9etic en]gy 9 ! _w1 or ev5 if !re 71   
besides k9etic en]gy1 only "o s+le k9d (
 pot5tial en]gy1 b no m1 ! artifice (   
measurem5t w\ld n make ! law artificial4
 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy w\ld    
express inde$ t some?+ is pres]v$ 9     
con/ant quantity4 ,b !re are1 9 fact1   
en]gies ( v>i\s k9ds1#hh & ! measurem5t 
( ea* ( !m has evid5tly be5 s *os5 z to 
ju/ify ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy4
 ,conv5tion1 !re=e1 plays a l>ge "p 9   
?is pr9ciple1 al?\gh !re is und\bt$ly1  
betwe5 ! v>iations ( ! diff]5t en]gies  
compos+ "o & ! same sy/em1 a mutual     
dep5d5ce :i* is j :at has made !        
ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple possible by       
measurem5ts suitably *os54 ,if1 !re=e1 !
 philosoph] applies ?is pr9ciple to !   
sol> sy/em complete1 he mu/ at lea/ s(t5

 its outl9es4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation (  
en]gy _c "h express ! objective p]man5ce
 ( a c]ta9 quantity ( a c]ta9 ?+1 b r ! 
necessity = e *ange t is br\ght ab\t to 
be c\nt]balanc$ 9 "s way by a *ange 9 an
 opposite direction4 ,t is to say1 ev5  
if x gov]ns ! :ole ( our sol> sy/em1 !  
law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is conc]n$ )
 ! relation%ip ( a fragm5t ( ?is _w to  
ano!r fragm5t r ?an ) ! nature ( ! :ole4
  ,x is o!rwise ) ! second pr9ciple (   
!rmodynamics4 ,! law ( ! degradation (  
en]gy does n be> ess5tially on          
magnitudes4 ,no d\bt ! fir/ idea ( x    
arose1 9 ! ?\ght ( ,c>not1 out ( c]ta9  
quantitative consid]ations on ! yield ( 
!rmic ma*9es4 ,unque/ionably1 too1 !    
t]ms 9 :i* ,clausius g5]aliz$ x 7       
ma!matical1 & a calculable magnitude1   
entropy1 01 9 fact1 ! f9al conception to
 :i* he 0 l$4 ,su* precision is necess>y
 = practical applications4 ,b ! law     
might h be5 vaguely conceiv$1 &1 if     
absolutely necess>y1 x might h be5      
r\ghly =mulat$1 ev5 ?\gh no "o _h ev]   

?\ght ( measur+ ! diff]5t en]gies ( !   
physical _w1 ev5 ?\gh ! concept ( en]gy 
_h n be5 creat$4 ,ess5tially1 x         
expresses ! fact t all physical *anges h
 a t5d5cy to be degrad$ into heat1 & t  
heat t5ds to be di/ribut$ among bodies 9
 a uni=m mann]4 ,9 ?is less precise =m1 
x becomes indep5d5t ( any conv5tion2 x  
is ! mo/ metaphysical ( ! laws ( physics
 s9ce x po9ts out )\t int]pos$ symbols1 
)\t artificial devices ( measurem5ts1 ! 
direction 9 :i* ! _w is go+4 ,x tells u 
t *anges t are visible & het]og5e\s w be
 m & m dilut$ into *anges t are         
invisible & homog5e\s1 & t ! in/ability 
to :i* we owe ! ri*ness & v>iety ( !    
*anges tak+ place 9 our sol> sy/em w    
gradually give way to ! relative        
/ability ( elem5t>y vibrations          
cont9ually & p]petually repeat$4 ,j s ) 
a man :o keeps up 8 /r5g? z he gr[s old1
 b sp5ds x less & less 9 actions1 &     
comes1 9 ! end1 to employ x entirely 9  
mak+ 8 lungs brea! & 8 he>t beat4  ,f   
?is po9t ( view1 a _w l our sol> sy/em  

is se5 to be ev] exhau/+ some?+ ( !     
mutability x conta9s4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 x _h 
! maximum ( possible utilization (      
en]gy3 ?is mutability has gone on       
dim9i%+ unceas+ly4 ,:5ce does x come8   
,we might at fir/ suppose t x has come f
 "s o!r po9t ( space1 b ! difficulty is 
only set back1 & = ?is ext]nal s\rce (  
mutability ! same "q spr+s up4 ,true1 x 
might be add$ t ! numb] ( worlds capable
 ( pass+ mutability to ea* o!r is       
unlimit$1 t ! sum ( mutability conta9$ 9
 ! univ]se is inf9ite1 t !re is !re=e no
 gr\nd on :i* to seek its orig9 or to   
=esee its end4 ,a hypo!sis ( ?is k9d is 
z irrefutable z x is indemon/rable2 b to
 speak ( an inf9ite univ]se is to admit 
a p]fect co9cid5ce ( matt] ) ab/ract    
space1 & consequ5tly an absolute        
ext]nality ( all ! p>ts ( matt] 9       
relation to "o ano!r4 ,we h se5 above   
:at we mu/ ?9k ( ?is !ory1 & h[         
difficult x is to reconcile ) ! idea ( a
 reciprocal influ5ce ( all ! p>ts (     
matt] on "o ano!r1 an influ5ce to :i*   

inde$ x itself makes appeal4 ,aga9 x    
might be suppos$ t ! g5]al in/ability   
has aris5 f a g5]al /ate ( /ability2 t !
 p]iod 9 :i* we n[ are1 & 9 :i* !       
utilizable en]gy is dim9i%+1 has be5    
prec$$ by a p]iod 9 :i* ! mutability 0  
increas+1 & t ! alt]nations ( increase &
 dim9ution succe$ ea* o!r = ev]4 ,?is   
hypo!sis is !oretically conceivable1 z  
has be5 demon/rat$ q rec5tly2 b1 accord+
 to ! calculations ( ,boltzmann1 !      
ma!matical improbability ( x passes all 
imag9ation & practically am\nts to      
absolute impossibility4#hi ,9 reality1 !
 problem rema9s insoluble z long z we   
keep on ! gr\nd ( physics1 = ! physici/ 
is oblig$ to atta* en]gy to ext5d$      
p>ticles1 &1 ev5 if he reg>ds ! p>ticles
 only z res]voirs ( en]gy1 he rema9s 9  
space3 he w\ld belie 8 rle if he s\ght !
 orig9 ( ^! en]gies 9 an extra-spatial  
process4 ,x is !re1 h[ev]1 9 our op9ion1
 t x mu/ be s\ght4  ,is x ext5sion 9    
g5]al t we are consid]+ 9 ab/racto8     
,ext5sion1 we said1 appe>s only z a     

t5sion :i* is int]rupt$4 ,or1 are we    
consid]+ ! concrete reality t fills ?is 
ext5sion8 ,! ord] :i* reigns !re1 & :i* 
is manife/$ by ! laws ( nature1 is an   
ord] :i* mu/ be born ( itself :5 !      
inv]se ord] is suppress$2 a det5sion ( !
 w w\ld produce precisely ?is           
suppression4 ,la/ly1 we f9d t !         
direction1 :i* ?is reality takes1       
sugge/s to u ! idea ( a ?+ unmak+       
itself2 su*1 no d\bt1 is "o ( ! ess5tial
 *>act]s ( mat]iality4 ,:at conclusion  
are we to draw f all ?is1 if n t !      
process by :i* ?is ?+ makes itself is   
direct$ 9 a contr>y way to t ( physical 
processes1 & t x is !re=e1 by its v     
def9ition1 immat]ial8 ,! vision we h ( !
 mat]ial _w is t ( a weight :i* falls3  
no image drawn f matt]1 prop]ly s call$1
 w ev] give u ! idea ( ! weight ris+4 ,b
 ?is conclusion w come home to u ) /ill 
great] =ce if we press ne>] to !        
concrete reality1 & if we consid]1 no   
long] only matt] 9 g5]al1 b1 )9 ?is     
matt]1 liv+ bodies4  ,all our analyses  

%[ u1 9 life1 an ef=t to rem\nt ! incl9e
 t matt] desc5ds4 ,9 t1 !y reveal to u !
 possibility1 ! necessity ev5 ( a       
process ! inv]se ( mat]iality1 creative 
( matt] by its int]ruption alone4 ,!    
life t evolves on ! surface ( our planet
 is inde$ atta*$ to matt]4 ,if x 7 pure 
consci\sness1 a =tiori if x 7           
supra-consci\sness1 x w\ld be pure      
creative activity4 ,9 fact1 x is rivet$ 
to an organism t subjects x to ! g5]al  
laws ( in]t matt]4 ,b ev]y?+ happ5s z if
 x 7 do+ its utmo/ to set itself free f 
^! laws4 ,x has n ! p[] to rev]se !     
direction ( physical *anges1 su* z !    
pr9ciple ( ,c>not det]m9es x4 ,x does1  
h[ev]1 behave absolutely z a =ce w\ld   
behave :i*1 left to itself1 w\ld "w 9 ! 
inv]se direction4 ,incapable ( /opp+ !  
c\rse ( mat]ial *anges d[nw>ds1 x       
succe$s 9 ret>d+ x4 ,! evolution ( life 
really cont9ues1 z we h %[n1 an initial 
impulsion3 ?is impulsion1 :i* has       
det]m9$ ! developm5t ( ! *lorophyllian  
function 9 ! plant & ( ! s5sori-motor   

sy/em 9 ! animal1 br+s life to m & m    
effici5t acts by ! fabrication & use ( m
 & m p[]ful explosives4 ,n[1 :at d ^!   
explosives repres5t if n a /or+-up ( !  
sol> en]gy1 ! degradation ( :i* en]gy is
 ?us provisionally susp5d$ on "s ( !    
po9ts :]e x 0 be+ p\r$ =?8 ,! usable    
en]gy :i* ! explosive conceals w be     
exp5d$1 ( c\rse1 at ! mom5t ( !         
explosion2 b x w\ld h be5 exp5d$ soon]  
if an organism _h n happ5$ to be !re to 
arre/ its dissipation1 9 ord] to reta9 x
 & save x up4 ,z we see x to-day1 at !  
po9t to :i* x 0 br\ght by a scission ( !
 mutually complem5t>y t5d5cies :i* x    
conta9$ )9 itself1 life is entirely     
dep5d5t on ! *lorophyllian function ( ! 
plant4 ,?is means t1 look$ at 9 its     
initial impulsion1 be=e any scission1   
life 0 a t5d5cy to accumulate 9 a       
res]voir1 z d especially ! gre5 p>ts (  
vegetables1 ) a view to an in/antane\s  
effective dis*>ge1 l t :i* an animal    
br+s ab\t1 some?+ t w\ld h o!rwise fl[$ 
away4 ,x is l an ef=t to raise ! weight 

:i* falls4 ,true1 x succe$s only 9      
ret>d+ ! fall4 ,b at lea/ x c give u an 
idea ( :at ! rais+ ( ! weight 04#ij     
,let u imag9e a vessel full ( /eam at a 
high pressure1 & "h & !re 9 its sides a 
crack ?r\gh :i* ! /eam is escap+ 9 a    
jet4 ,! /eam ?r[n into ! air is ne>ly   
all cond5s$ into little drops :i* fall  
back1 & ?is cond5sation & ?is fall      
repres5t simply ! loss ( some?+1 an     
int]ruption1 a deficit4 ,b a small "p ( 
! jet ( /eam subsi/s1 uncond5s$1 = "s   
seconds2 x is mak+ an ef=t to raise !   
drops :i* are fall+2 x succe$s at mo/ 9 
ret>d+ _! fall4 ,s1 f an imm5se res]voir
 ( life1 jets mu/ be gu%+ out unceas+ly1
 ( :i* ea*1 fall+ back1 is a _w4 ,!     
evolution ( liv+ species )9 ?is _w      
repres5ts :at subsi/s ( ! primitive     
direction ( ! orig9al jet1 & ( an       
impulsion :i* cont9ues itself 9 a       
direction ! inv]se ( mat]iality4 ,b let 
u n c>ry too f> ?is comp>ison4 ,x gives 
u b a feeble & ev5 deceptive image (    
reality1 = ! crack1 ! jet ( /eam1 ! =m+ 

( ! drops1 are det]m9$ necess>ily1 :]eas
 ! creation ( a _w is a free act1 & !   
life )9 ! mat]ial _w p>ticipates 9 ?is  
lib]ty4 ,let u ?9k r ( an action l t (  
rais+ ! arm2 !n let u suppose t ! arm1  
left to itself1 falls back1 & yet t !re 
subsi/s 9 x1 /riv+ to raise x up aga91  
some?+ ( ! w t animates x4 ,9 ?is image 
( a creative action :i* unmakes itself  
we h already a m exact repres5tation (  
matt]4 ,9 vital activity we see1 !n1 t  
:i* subsi/s ( ! direct movem5t 9 !      
inv]t$ movem5t1 a reality :i* is mak+   
itself 9 a reality :i* is unmak+ itself4
  ,ev]y?+ is obscure 9 ! idea ( creation
 if we ?9k ( ?+s :i* are creat$ & a ?+  
:i* creates1 z we habitually d1 z !     
und]/&+ _c help do+4 ,we %all %[ ! orig9
 ( ?is illusion 9 our next *apt]4 ,x is 
natural to our intellect1 ^: function is
 ess5tially practical1 made to pres5t to
 u ?+s & /ates r ?an *anges & acts4 ,b  
?+s & /ates are only views1 tak5 by our 
m9d1 ( becom+4 ,!re are no ?+s1 !re are 
only actions4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 if ,i      

consid] ! _w 9 :i* we live1 ,i f9d t !  
automatic & /rictly det]m9$ evolution ( 
?is well-knit :ole is action :i* is     
unmak+ itself1 & t ! un=ese5 =ms :i*    
life cuts out 9 x1 =ms capable ( be+    
!mselves prolong$ into un=ese5 movem5ts1
 repres5t ! action t is mak+ itself4    
,n[1 ,i h e reason to believe t ! o!r   
worlds are analog\s to ours1 t ?+s happ5
 !re 9 ! same way4 ,& ,i "k !y 7 n all  
con/ruct$ at ! same "t1 s9ce obs]vation 
%[s me1 ev5 to-day1 nebulae 9 c\rse (   
conc5tration4 ,n[1 if ! same k9d (      
action is go+ on ev]y:]e1 :e!r x is t   
:i* is unmak+ itself or :e!r x is t :i* 
is /riv+ to remake itself1 ,i simply    
express ?is probable similitude :5 ,i   
speak ( a c5tre f :i* worlds %oot out l 
rockets 9 a fireworks display--provid$1 
h[ev]1 t ,i d n pres5t ?is c5tre z a ?+1
 b z a cont9uity ( %oot+ out4 ,god ?us  
def9$1 has no?+ ( ! already made2 ,he is
 unceas+ life1 action1 fre$om4          
,creation1 s conceiv$1 is n a my/]y2 we 
exp]i5ce x 9 ourselves :5 we act freely4

 ,t new ?+s c jo9 ?+s already exi/+ is  
absurd1 no d\bt1 s9ce ! ?+ results f a  
solidification p]=m$ by our und]/&+1 &  
!re are nev] any ?+s o!r ?an ^? t !     
und]/&+ has ?us con/itut$4 ,to speak (  
?+s creat+ !mselves w\ld !re=e am\nt to 
say+ t ! und]/&+ pres5ts to itself m ?an
 x pres5ts to itself--a                 
self-contradictory affirmation1 an empty
 & va9 idea4 ,b t action increases z x  
goes on1 t x creates 9 ! measure ( its  
advance1 is :at ea* ( u f9ds :5 he      
wat*es himself act4 ,?+s are con/itut$  
by ! in/antane\s cut :i* ! und]/&+      
practices1 at a giv5 mom5t1 on a flux ( 
?is k9d1 & :at is my/]i\s :5 we comp>e !
 cuts toge!r becomes cle> :5 we relate  
!m to ! flux4 ,inde$1 ! modalities (    
creative action1 9 s f> z x is /ill go+ 
on 9 ! organization ( liv+ =ms1 are mu* 
simplifi$ :5 !y are tak5 9 ?is way4     
,be=e ! complexity ( an organism & !    
practically inf9ite multitude ( int]wov5
 analyses & syn!ses x presupposes1 our  
und]/&+ recoils disconc]t$4 ,t ! simple 

play ( physical & *emical =ces1 left to 
!mselves1 %\ld h work$ ?is m>vel1 we f9d
 h>d to believe4 ,& if x is a pr(\nd    
sci5ce :i* is at "w1 h[ are we to und]/&
 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on ?is matt] )\t =m 
by ?is =m )\t matt]8 ,b ! difficulty    
arises f ?is1 t we repres5t /atically   
ready-made mat]ial p>ticles juxtapos$ to
 "o ano!r1 &1 also /atically1 an ext]nal
 cause :i* pla/]s ^u !m a skilfully     
contriv$ organization4 ,9 reality1 life 
is a movem5t1 mat]iality is ! inv]se    
movem5t1 & ea* ( ^! two movem5ts is     
simple1 ! matt] :i* =ms a _w be+ an     
undivid$ flux1 & undivid$ also ! life t 
runs ?r\gh x1 cutt+ out 9 x liv+ be+s   
all along its track4 ,( ^! two curr5ts !
 second runs c\nt] to ! fir/1 b ! fir/  
obta9s1 all ! same1 some?+ f ! second4  
,!re results betwe5 !m a modus viv5di1  
:i* is organization4 ,?is organization  
takes1 = our s5ses & = our intellect1 ! 
=m ( p>ts entirely ext]nal to o!r p>ts 9
 space & 9 "t4 ,n only d we %ut our eyes
 to ! unity ( ! impulse :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh

 g5]ations1 l9ks individuals )          
individuals1 species ) species1 & makes 
( ! :ole s]ies ( ! liv+ "o s+le imm5se  
wave fl[+ ov] matt]1 b ea* individual   
itself seems to u z an aggregate1       
aggregate ( molecules & aggregate (     
facts4 ,! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! /ructure
 ( our intellect1 :i* is =m$ to act on  
matt] f )\t1 & :i* succe$s by mak+1 9 ! 
flux ( ! real1 in/antane\s cuts1 ea* (  
:i* becomes1 9 its fixity1 endlessly    
decomposable4 ,p]ceiv+1 9 an organism1  
only p>ts ext]nal to p>ts1 ! und]/&+ has
 ! *oice betwe5 two sy/ems ( explanation
 only3 ei!r to reg>d ! inf9itely complex
 7& !reby inf9itely well-contriv$7      
organization z a =tuit\s concat5ation ( 
atoms1 or to relate x to !              
incompreh5sible influ5ce ( an ext]nal   
=ce t has gr\p$ its elem5ts toge!r4 ,b  
?is complexity is ! "w ( ! und]/&+2 ?is 
incompreh5sibility is also its "w4 ,let 
u try to see1 no long] ) ! eyes ( !     
intellect alone1 :i* grasps only !      
already made & :i* looks f ! outside1 b 

) ! _s1 ,i mean ) t faculty ( see+ :i*  
is imman5t 9 ! faculty ( act+ & :i*     
spr+s up1 someh[1 by ! twi/+ ( ! w on   
itself1 :5 action is turn$ into k1 l    
heat1 s to say1 into light4 ,to movem5t1
 !n1 ev]y?+ w be re/or$1 & into movem5t 
ev]y?+ w be resolv$4 ,:]e ! und]/&+1    
work+ on ! image suppos$ to be fix$ ( ! 
progress+ action1 %[s u p>ts inf9itely  
manifold & an ord] inf9itely well       
contriv$1 we cat* a glimpse ( a simple  
process1 an action :i* is mak+ itself   
across an action ( ! same k9d :i* is    
unmak+ itself1 l ! fi]y pa? torn by !   
la/ rocket ( a fireworks display ?r\gh !
 black c9d]s ( ! sp5t rockets t are     
fall+ dead4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,f ?is po9t ( view1 
! g5]al consid]ations we h pres5t$      
conc]n+ ! evolution ( life w be cle>$ up
 & complet$4 ,we w di/+ui% m %>ply :at  
is accid5tal f :at is ess5tial 9 ?is    
evolution4  ,! impetus ( life1 ( :i* we 
are speak+1 consi/s 9 a ne$ ( creation4 
,x _c create absolutely1 because x is   

confront$ ) matt]1 t is to say ) !      
movem5t t is ! inv]se ( its own4 ,b x   
seizes ^u ?is matt]1 :i* is necessity   
itself1 & /rives to introduce into x !  
l>ge/ possible am\nt ( indet]m9ation &  
lib]ty4 ,h[ does x g to "w8  ,an animal 
high 9 ! scale may be repres5t$ 9 a     
g5]al way1 we said1 z a s5sori-motor    
n]v\s sy/em impos$ on dige/ive1         
respiratory1 circulatory sy/ems1 etc4 ,!
 function ( ^! latt] is to cleanse1     
repair & protect ! n]v\s sy/em1 to make 
x z indep5d5t z possible ( ext]nal      
circum/ances1 b1 above all1 to furni% x 
) en]gy to be exp5d$ 9 movem5ts4 ,!     
increas+ complexity ( ! organism is     
!re=e due !oretically 79 spite (        
innum]able exceptions due to accid5ts ( 
evolution7 to ! necessity ( complexity 9
 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,no d\bt1 ea*           
complication ( any "p ( ! organism      
involves _m o!rs 9 addition1 because ?is
 "p itself mu/ live1 & e *ange 9 "o po9t
 ( ! body rev]b]ates1 z x 71 ?r\gh\t4 ,!
 complication may !re=e g on to inf9ity 

9 all directions2 b x is ! complication 
( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* conditions ! o!rs 9 
"r1 if n always 9 fact4 ,n[1 9 :at does 
! progress ( ! n]v\s sy/em itself       
consi/8 ,9 a simultane\s developm5t (   
automatic activity & ( volunt>y         
activity1 ! fir/ furni%+ ! second ) an  
appropriate in/rum5t4 ,?us1 9 an        
organism su* z ours1 a consid]able numb]
 ( motor me*anisms are set up 9 ! m$ulla
 & 9 ! sp9al cord1 await+ only a signal 
to release ! correspond+ act3 ! w is    
employ$1 9 "s cases1 9 sett+ up !       
me*anism itself1 & 9 ! o!rs 9 *oos+ !   
me*anisms to be releas$1 ! mann] (      
comb9+ !m & ! mom5t ( releas+ !m4 ,! w (
 an animal is ! m effective & ! m       
int5se1 ! great] ! numb] ( ! me*anisms x
 c *oose f1 ! m complicat$ ! swit*bo>d  
on :i* all ! motor pa?s cross1 or1 9 o!r
 words1 ! m develop$ its bra94 ,?us1 !  
progress ( ! n]v\s sy/em assures to !   
act increas+ precision1 increas+ v>iety1
 increas+ effici5cy & indep5d5ce4 ,!    
organism behaves m & m l a ma*9e =      

action1 :i* recon/ructs itself entirely 
= e new act1 z if x 7 made ( india-rubb]
 & c\ld1 at any mom5t1 *ange ! %ape (   
all its p>ts4 ,b1 prior to ! n]v\s      
sy/em1 prior ev5 to ! organism prop]ly s
 call$1 already 9 ! undiff]5tiat$ mass (
 ! amoeba1 ?is ess5tial prop]ty ( animal
 life is f\nd4 ,! amoeba de=ms itself 9 
v>y+ directions2 its entire mass does   
:at ! diff]5tiation ( p>ts w localize 9 
a s5sori-motor sy/em 9 ! develop$       
animal4 ,do+ x only 9 a rudim5t>y mann]1
 x is disp5s$ f ! complexity ( ! high]  
organisms2 !re is no ne$ "h ( ! auxili>y
 elem5ts t pass on to motor elem5ts !   
en]gy to exp5d2 ! animal moves z a :ole1
 &1 z a :ole also1 procures en]gy by    
means ( ! organic sub/ances x           
assimilates4 ,?us1 :e!r l[ or high 9 !  
animal scale1 we always f9d t animal    
life consi/s 7#a7 9 procur+ a provision 
( en]gy2 7#b7 9 exp5d+ x1 by means ( a  
matt] z supple z possible1 9 directions 
v>iable & un=ese54  ,n[1 :5ce comes !   
en]gy8 ,f ! +e/$ food1 = food is a k9d (

 explosive1 :i* ne$s only ! sp>k to     
dis*>ge ! en]gy x /ores4 ,:o has made   
?is explosive8 ,! food may be ! fle% (  
an animal n\ri%$ on animals & s on2 b1 9
 ! end x is to ! vegetable we always    
come back4 ,vegetables alone ga!r 9 !   
sol> en]gy1 & ! animals d b borr[ x f   
!m1 ei!r directly or by "s pass+ x on to
 o!rs4 ,h[ !n has ! plant /or$ up ?is   
en]gy8 ,*iefly by ! *lorophyllian       
function1 a *emicism sui g5]is ( :i* we 
d n possess ! key1 & :i* is probably    
unlike t ( our laboratories4 ,! process 
consi/s 9 us+ sol> en]gy to fix ! c>bon 
( c>bonic acid1 & !reby to /ore ?is     
en]gy z we %\ld /ore t ( a wat]-c>ri] by
 employ+ him to fill an elevat$         
res]voir3 ! wat]1 once br\ght up1 c set 
9 motion a mill or a turb9e1 z we w & :5
 we w4 ,ea* atom ( c>bon fix$ repres5ts 
some?+ l ! elevation ( ! weight ( wat]1 
or l ! /ret*+ ( an ela/ic ?read unit+ ! 
c>bon to ! oxyg5 9 ! c>bonic acid4 ,!   
ela/ic is relax$1 ! weight falls back   
aga91 9 %ort ! en]gy held 9 res]ve is   

re/or$1 :51 by a simple release1 ! c>bon
 is p]mitt$ to rejo9 its oxyg54  ,s t   
all life1 animal & vegetable1 seems 9   
its ess5ce l an ef=t to accumulate en]gy
 & !n to let x fl[ into flexible        
*annels1 *angeable 9 %ape1 at ! end (   
:i* x w accompli% inf9itely v>i$ k9ds ( 
"w4 ,t is :at ! vital impetus1 pass+    
?r\gh matt]1 w\ld fa9 d all at once4 ,x 
w\ld succe$1 no d\bt1 if its p[] 7      
unlimit$1 or if "s re9=cem5t c\ld come  
to x f )\t4 ,b ! impetus is f9ite1 & x  
has be5 giv5 once = all4 ,x _c ov]come  
all ob/acles4 ,! movem5t x />ts is      
sometimes turn$ aside1 sometimes divid$1
 always oppos$2 & ! evolution ( !       
organiz$ _w is ! unroll+ ( ?is conflict4
 ,! fir/ great scission t _h to be      
effect$ 0 t ( ! two k+doms1 vegetable & 
animal1 :i* ?us happ5 to be mutually    
complem5t>y1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any agreem5t   
hav+ be5 made betwe5 !m4 ,x is n = !    
animal t ! plant accumulates en]gy1 x is
 = its own consumption2 b its exp5diture
 on itself is less discont9u\s1 & less  

conc5trat$1 & !re=e less efficaci\s1 ?an
 0 requir$ by ! initial impetus ( life1 
ess5tially direct$ t[>d free actions3 ! 
same organism c\ld n ) equal =ce su/a9 !
 two functions at once1 ( gradual /orage
 & sudd5 use4 ,( !mselves1 !re=e1 & )\t 
any ext]nal int]v5tion1 simply by !     
effect ( ! duality ( ! t5d5cy involv$ 9 
! orig9al impetus & ( ! resi/ance oppos$
 by matt] to ?is impetus1 ! organisms   
lean$ "s 9 ! fir/ direction1 o!rs 9 !   
second4 ,to ?is scission !re succe$$ _m 
o!rs4 ,h5ce ! div]g+ l9es ( evolution1  
at lea/ :at is ess5tial 9 !m4 ,b we mu/ 
take into acc\nt retrogressions1 arre/s1
 accid5ts ( e k9d4 ,& we mu/ rememb]1   
above all1 t ea* species behaves z if ! 
g5]al movem5t ( life /opp$ at x in/ead (
 pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,x ?9ks only ( itself1 x
 lives only = itself4 ,h5ce ! numb]less 
/ruggles t we behold 9 nature4 ,h5ce a  
discord1 /rik+ & t]rible1 b = :i* !     
orig9al pr9ciple ( life mu/ n be held   
responsible4  ,! "p play$ by cont+5cy 9 
evolution is !re=e great4 ,cont+5t1     

g5]ally1 are ! =ms adopt$1 or r inv5t$4 
,cont+5t1 relative to ! ob/acles        
enc\nt]$ 9 a giv5 place & at a giv5     
mom5t1 is ! dissociation ( ! primordial 
t5d5cy into su* & su* complem5t>y       
t5d5cies :i* create div]g5t l9es (      
evolution4 ,cont+5t ! arre/s &          
set-backs2 cont+5t1 9 l>ge measure1 !   
adaptations4 ,two ?+s only are necess>y3
 7#a7 a gradual accumulation ( en]gy2   
7#b7 an ela/ic canalization ( ?is en]gy 
9 v>iable & indet]m9able directions1 at 
! end ( :i* are free acts4  ,?is tw(old 
result has be5 obta9$ 9 a p>ticul> way  
on our planet4 ,b x might h be5 obta9$  
by entirely diff]5t means4 ,x 0 n       
necess>y t life %\ld fix its *oice ma9ly
 ^u ! c>bon ( c>bonic acid4 ,:at 0      
ess5tial = x 0 to /ore sol> en]gy2 b1   
in/ead ( ask+ ! sun to sep>ate1 =       
in/ance1 atoms ( oxyg5 & c>bon1 x might 
7!oretically at lea/1 &1 ap>t f         
practical difficulties possibly         
insurm\ntable7 h put =? o!r *emical     
elem5ts1 :i* w\ld !n h _h to be         

associat$ or dissociat$ by entirely     
diff]5t physical means4 ,& if ! elem5t  
*>act]i/ic ( ! sub/ances t supply en]gy 
to ! organism _h be5 o!r ?an c>bon1 !   
elem5t *>act]i/ic ( ! pla/ic sub/ances  
w\ld probably h be5 o!r ?an nitrog51 & !
 *emi/ry ( liv+ bodies w\ld !n h be5    
radically diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! result 
w\ld h be5 liv+ =ms )\t any analogy to  
^? we "k1 ^: anatomy w\ld h be5 diff]5t1
 ^: physiology also w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 
,alone1 ! s5sori-motor function w\ld h  
be5 pres]v$1 if n 9 its me*anism1 at    
lea/ 9 its effects4 ,x is !re=e probable
 t life goes on 9 o!r planets1 9 o!r    
sol> sy/ems also1 "u =ms ( :i* we h no  
idea1 9 physical conditions to :i* x    
seems to u1 f ! po9t ( view ( our       
physiology1 to be absolutely oppos$4 ,if
 its ess5tial aim is to cat* up usable  
en]gy 9 ord] to exp5d x 9 explosive     
actions1 x probably *ooses1 9 ea* sol>  
sy/em & on ea* planet1 z x does on !    
e>?1 ! fitte/ means to get ?is result 9 
! circum/ances ) :i* x is confront$4 ,t 

is at lea/ :at reason+ by analogy leads 
to1 & we use analogy ! wrong way :5 we  
decl>e life to be impossible :]ev] !    
circum/ances ) :i* x is confront$ are   
o!r ?an ^? on ! e>?4 ,! tru? is t life  
is possible :]ev] en]gy desc5ds ! incl9e
 indicat$ by ,c>not's law & :]e a cause 
( inv]se direction c ret>d ! desc5t--t  
is to say1 probably1 9 all ! worlds     
susp5d$ f all ! />s4 ,we g fur!r3 x is n
 ev5 necess>y t life %\ld be conc5trat$ 
& det]m9$ 9 organisms prop]ly s call$1 t
 is1 9 def9ite bodies pres5t+ to ! fl[ (
 en]gy ready-made ?\gh ela/ic canals4 ,x
 c be conceiv$ 7al?\gh x c h>dly be     
imag9$7 t en]gy might be sav$ up1 & !n  
exp5d$ on v>y+ l9es runn+ across a matt]
 n yet solidifi$4 ,e ess5tial ( life    
w\ld /ill be !re1 s9ce !re w\ld /ill be 
sl[ accumulation ( en]gy & sudd5        
release4 ,!re w\ld h>dly be m diff]5ce  
betwe5 ?is vitality1 vague & =mless1 & !
 def9ite vitality we "k1 ?an !re is1 9  
our psy*ical life1 betwe5 ! /ate ( dream
 & ! /ate ( wak+4 ,su* may h be5 !      

condition ( life 9 our nebula be=e !    
cond5sation ( matt] 0 complete1 if x be 
true t life spr+s =w>d at ! v mom5t :51 
z ! effect ( an inv]se movem5t1 ! nebul>
 matt] appe>s4  ,x is !re=e conceivable 
t life might h assum$ a totally diff]5t 
outw>d appe>ance & design$ =ms v diff]5t
 f ^? we "k4 ,) ano!r *emical sub/ratum1
 9 o!r physical conditions1 ! impulsion 
w\ld h rema9$ ! same1 b x w\ld h split  
up v diff]5tly 9 c\rse ( progress2 & !  
:ole w\ld h travel$ ano!r road--:e!r    
%ort] or long] :o c tell8 ,9 any case1 9
 ! entire s]ies ( liv+ be+s no t]m w\ld 
h be5 :at x n[ is4 ,n[1 0 x necess>y t  
!re %\ld be a s]ies1 or t]ms8 ,:y %\ld n
 ! unique impetus h be5 impress$ on a   
unique body1 :i* might h gone on evolv+8
  ,?is "q arises1 no d\bt1 f ! comp>ison
 ( life to an impetus4 ,& x mu/ be      
comp>$ to an impetus1 because no image  
borr[$ f ! physical _w c give m ne>ly ! 
idea ( x4 ,b x is only an image4 ,9     
reality1 life is ( ! psy*ological ord]1 
& x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! psy*ical to enfold

 a confus$ plurality ( int]p5etrat+     
t]ms4 ,9 space1 & 9 space only1 is      
di/9ct multiplicity possible3 a po9t is 
absolutely ext]nal to ano!r po9t4 ,b    
pure & empty unity1 also1 is met ) only 
9 space2 x is t ( a ma!matical po9t4    
,ab/ract unity & ab/ract multiplicity   
are det]m9ations ( space or categories (
 ! und]/&+1 :i*ev] we w1 spatiality &   
intellectuality be+ mold$ on ea* o!r4 ,b
 :at is ( psy*ical nature _c entirely   
correspond ) space1 nor ent] p]fectly   
into ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,is my   
own p]son1 at a giv5 mom5t1 "o or       
manifold8 ,if ,i decl>e x "o1 inn]      
voices arise & prote/--^? ( ! s5sations1
 feel+s1 ideas1 among :i* my            
individuality is di/ribut$4 ,b1 if ,i   
make x di/9ctly manifold1 my            
consci\sness rebels q z /rongly2 x      
affirms t my s5sations1 my feel+s1 my   
?\ghts are ab/ractions :i* ,i effect on 
myself1 & t ea* ( my /ates implies all !
 o!rs4 ,i am !n 7we mu/ adopt ! language
 ( ! und]/&+1 s9ce only ! und]/&+ has a 

language7 a unity t is multiple & a     
multiplicity t is "o2#ia b unity &      
multiplicity are only views ( my        
p]sonality tak5 by an und]/&+ t directs 
its categories at me2 ,i ent] nei!r into
 "o nor into ! o!r nor into bo? at once1
 al?\gh bo?1 unit$1 may give a fair     
imitation ( ! mutual int]p5etration &   
cont9uity t ,i f9d at ! base ( my own   
self4 ,su* is my inn] life1 & su* also  
is life 9 g5]al4 ,:ile1 9 its contact ) 
matt]1 life is comp>able to an impulsion
 or an impetus1 reg>d$ 9 itself x is an 
imm5sity ( pot5tiality1 a mutual        
encroa*m5t ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( t5d5cies   
:i* nev]!less are ?\s&s & ?\s&s only :5 
once reg>d$ z outside ( ea* o!r1 t is1  
:5 spatializ$4 ,contact ) matt] is :at  
det]m9es ?is dissociation4 ,matt]       
divides actually :at 0 b pot5tially     
manifold2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 individuation  
is 9 "p ! "w ( matt]1 9 "p ! result (   
life's own incl9ation4 ,?us1 a poetic   
s5tim5t1 :i* bur/s into di/9ct v]ses1   
l9es & words1 may be said to h already  

conta9$ ?is multiplicity ( individuat$  
elem5ts1 & yet1 9 fact1 x is !          
mat]iality ( language t creates x4  ,b  
?r\gh ! words1 l9es & v]ses runs !      
simple inspiration :i* is ! :ole poem4  
,s1 among ! dissociat$ individuals1 "o  
life goes on mov+3 ev]y:]e ! t5d5cy to  
individualize is oppos$ & at ! same "t  
complet$ by an antagoni/ic & complem5t>y
 t5d5cy to associate1 z if ! manifold   
unity ( life1 drawn 9 ! direction (     
multiplicity1 made s mu* ! m ef=t to    
)draw itself on to itself4 ,a "p is no  
soon] deta*$ ?an x t5ds to reunite      
itself1 if n to all ! re/1 at lea/ to   
:at is ne>e/ to x4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole
 realm ( life1 a balanc+ betwe5         
individuation & association4            
,individuals jo9 toge!r into a society2 
b ! society1 z soon z =m$1 t5ds to melt 
! associat$ individuals into a new      
organism1 s z to become itself an       
individual1 able 9 its turn to be "p &  
p>cel ( a new association4 ,at ! l[e/   
degree ( ! scale ( organisms we already 

f9d v]itable associations1 microbial    
colonies1 & 9 ^! associations1 accord+  
to a rec5t "w1 a t5d5cy to individuate  
by ! con/itution ( a nucleus4#ib ,! same
 t5d5cy is met ) aga9 at a high] /age1 9
 ! protophytes1 :i*1 once hav+ quitt$ ! 
p>5t cell by way ( division1 rema9 unit$
 to ea* o!r by ! gelat9\s sub/ance t    
surr\nds !m--also 9 ^? protozoa :i* beg9
 by m+l+ _! pseudopodia & end by weld+  
!mselves toge!r4 ,! colonial !ory ( !   
g5esis ( high] organisms is well kn[n4  
,! protozoa1 consi/+ ( "o s+le cell1 are
 suppos$ to h =m$1 by assemblage1       
aggregates :i*1 relat+ !mselves toge!r 9
 _! turn1 h giv5 rise to aggregates (   
aggregates2 s organisms m & m           
complicat$1 & also m & m diff]5tiat$1   
are born ( ! association ( organisms    
b>ely diff]5tiat$ & elem5t>y4#ic ,9 ?is 
extreme =m1 ! !ory is op5 to grave      
objections3 m & m ! idea seems to be    
ga9+ gr\nd1 t polyzoism is an           
exceptional & abnormal fact4#id ,b x is 
none ! less true t ?+s happ5 z if e     

high] organism 0 born ( an association (
 cells t h subdivid$ ! "w betwe5 !m4 ,v 
probably x is n ! cells t h made !      
individual by means ( association2 x is 
r ! individual t has made ! cells by    
means ( dissociation4#ie ,b ?is itself  
reveals to u1 9 ! g5esis ( ! individual1
 a haunt+ ( ! social =m1 z if !         
individual c\ld develop only on !       
condition t its sub/ance %\ld be split  
up into elem5ts hav+ !mselves an        
appe>ance ( individuality & unit$ among 
!mselves by an appe>ance ( sociality4   
,!re are num]\s cases 9 :i* nature seems
 to hesitate betwe5 ! two =ms1 & to ask 
h]self if %e %all make a society or an  
individual4 ,! slighte/ pu% is en\gh1   
!n1 to make ! balance weigh on "o side  
or ! o!r4 ,if we take an infusorian     
suffici5tly l>ge1 su* z ! ,/5tor1 & cut 
x into two halves ea* conta9+ a "p ( !  
nucleus1 ea* ( ! two halves w g5]ate an 
indep5d5t ,/5tor2 b if we divide x      
incompletely1 s t a protoplasmic        
communication is left betwe5 ! two      

halves1 we %all see !m execute1 ea* f   
its side1 correspond+ movem5ts3 s t 9   
?is case x is en\gh t a ?read %\ld be   
ma9ta9$ or cut 9 ord] t life %\ld affect
 ! social or ! individual =m4 ,?us1 9   
rudim5t>y organisms consi/+ ( a s+le    
cell1 we already f9d t ! app>5t         
individuality ( ! :ole is ! composition 
( an undef9$ numb] ( pot5tial           
individualities pot5tially associat$4   
,b1 f top to bottom ( ! s]ies ( liv+    
be+s1 ! same law is manife/$4 ,& x is   
?is t we express :5 we say t unity &    
multiplicity are categories ( in]t      
matt]1 t ! vital impetus is nei!r pure  
unity nor pure multiplicity1 & t if !   
matt] to :i* x communicates itself      
compels x to *oose "o ( ! two1 its *oice
 w nev] be def9itive3 x w leap f "o to !
 o!r indef9itely4 ,! evolution ( life 9 
! d\ble direction ( individuality &     
association has !re=e no?+ accid5tal    
ab\t x3 x is due to ! v nature ( life4  
,ess5tial also is ! progress to         
reflexion4 ,if our analysis is correct1 

x is consci\sness1 or r                 
supra-consci\sness1 t is at ! orig9 (   
life4 ,consci\sness1 or                 
supra-consci\sness1 is ! "n = ! rocket  
^: ext+ui%$ fragm5ts fall back z matt]2 
consci\sness1 aga91 is ! "n = t :i*     
subsi/s ( ! rocket itself1 pass+ ?r\gh !
 fragm5ts & light+ !m up into organisms4
 ,b ?is consci\sness1 :i* is a ne$ (    
creation1 is made manife/ to itself only
 :]e creation is possible4 ,x lies      
dormant :5 life is condemn$ to          
automatism2 x wak5s z soon z !          
possibility ( a *oice is re/or$4 ,t is  
:y1 9 organisms unprovid$ ) a n]v\s     
sy/em1 x v>ies accord+ to ! p[] (       
locomotion & ( de=mation ( :i* !        
organism disposes4 ,& 9 animals ) a     
n]v\s sy/em1 x is proportional to !     
complexity ( ! swit*bo>d on :i* ! pa?s  
call$ s5sory & ! pa?s call$ motor       
int]sect--t is1 ( ! bra94 ,h[ mu/ ?is   
solid>ity betwe5 ! organism &           
consci\sness be und]/ood8  ,we w n dwell
 "h on a po9t t we h dealt ) 9 =m]      

works4 ,let u m]ely recall t a !ory su* 
z t accord+ to :i* consci\sness is      
atta*$ to c]ta9 neurons1 & is ?r[n (f f 
_! "w l a phosphoresc5ce1 may be accept$
 by ! sci5ti/ = ! detail ( analysis2 x  
is a conv5i5t mode ( expression4 ,b x is
 no?+ else4 ,9 reality1 a liv+ be+ is a 
c5tre ( action4 ,x repres5ts a c]ta9 sum
 ( cont+5cy ent]+ into ! _w1 t is to    
say1 a c]ta9 quantity ( possible        
action--a quantity v>iable ) individuals
 & especially ) species4 ,! n]v\s sy/em 
( an animal m>ks out ! flexible l9es on 
:i* its action w run 7al?\gh ! pot5tial 
en]gy is accumulat$ 9 ! muscles r ?an 9 
! n]v\s sy/em itself72 its n]v\s c5tres 
indicate1 by _! developm5t & _!         
configuration1 ! m or less ext5d$ *oice 
x w h among m or less num]\s &          
complicat$ actions4 ,n[1 s9ce ! awak5+ (
 consci\sness 9 a liv+ creature is ! m  
complete1 ! great] ! latitude ( *oice   
all[$ to x & ! l>g] ! am\nt ( action    
be/[$ ^u x1 x is cle> t ! developm5t (  
consci\sness w appe> to be dep5d5t on t 

( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e /ate (
 consci\sness be+1 9 "o aspect ( x1 a "q
 put to ! motor activity & ev5 ! beg9n+ 
( a reply1 !re is no psy*ical ev5t t    
does n imply ! entry into play ( !      
cortical me*anisms4 ,ev]y?+ seems1      
!re=e1 to happ5 z if consci\sness sprang
 f ! bra91 & z if ! detail ( consci\s   
activity 7 model$ on t ( ! c]ebral      
activity4 ,9 reality1 consci\sness does 
n spr+ f ! bra92 b bra9 & consci\sness  
correspond because equally !y measure1 !
 "o by ! complexity ( its /ructure & !  
o!r by ! int5sity ( its aw>5ess1 !      
quantity ( *oice t ! liv+ be+ has at its
 disposal4  ,x is precisely because a   
c]ebral /ate expresses simply :at !re is
 ( nasc5t action 9 ! correspond+        
psy*ical /ate1 t ! psy*ical /ate tells u
 m ?an ! c]ebral /ate4 ,! consci\sness (
 a liv+ be+1 z we h tri$ to prove       
else:]e1 is insep>able f its bra9 9 !   
s5se 9 :i* a %>p knife is insep>able f  
its edge3 ! bra9 is ! %>p edge by :i*   
consci\sness cuts into ! compact tissue 

( ev5ts1 b ! bra9 is no m coext5sive )  
consci\sness ?an ! edge is ) ! knife4   
,?us1 f ! fact t two bra9s1 l t ( ! ape 
& t ( ! man1 are v mu* alike1 we _c     
conclude t ! correspond+ consci\snesses 
are comp>able or comm5surable4  ,b ! two
 bra9s may p]haps be less alike ?an we  
suppose4 ,h[ c we help be+ /ruck by !   
fact t1 :ile man is capable ( le>n+ any 
sort ( ex]cise1 ( con/ruct+ any sort (  
object1 9 %ort ( acquir+ any k9d ( motor
 habit :atsoev]1 ! faculty ( comb9+ new 
movem5ts is /rictly limit$ 9 ! be/-end[$
 animal1 ev5 9 ! ape8 ,! c]ebral        
*>act]i/ic ( man is !re4 ,! human bra9  
is made1 l e bra91 to set up motor      
me*anisms & to enable u to *oose among  
!m1 at any in/ant1 ! "o we %all put 9   
motion by ! pull ( a trigg]4 ,b x diff]s
 f o!r bra9s 9 ?is1 t ! numb] (         
me*anisms x c set up1 & consequ5tly !   
*oice t x gives z to :i* among !m %all  
be releas$1 is unlimit$4 ,n[1 f ! limit$
 to ! unlimit$ !re is all ! di/ance     
betwe5 ! clos$ & ! op54 ,x is n a       

diff]5ce ( degree1 b ( k9d4  ,radical   
!re=e1 also1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 animal
 consci\sness1 ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t1 &  
human consci\sness4 ,= consci\sness     
corresponds exactly to ! liv+ be+'s p[] 
( *oice2 x is coext5sive ) ! fr+e (     
possible action t surr\nds ! real       
action3 consci\sness is synonym\s )     
inv5tion & ) fre$om4 ,n[1 9 ! animal1   
inv5tion is nev] any?+ b a v>iation on !
 !me ( r\t9e4 ,%ut up 9 ! habits ( !    
species1 x succe$s1 no d\bt1 9 enl>g+ !m
 by its individual initiative2 b x      
escapes automatism only = an in/ant1 = j
 ! "t to create a new automatism4 ,!    
gates ( its prison close z soon z !y are
 op5$2 by pull+ at its *a9 x succe$s    
only 9 /ret*+ x4 ,) man1 consci\sness   
breaks ! *a94 ,9 man1 & 9 man alone1 x  
sets itself free4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( life 
until man has be5 t ( ! ef=t (          
consci\sness to raise matt]1 & ( ! m or 
less complete ov]:elm+ ( consci\sness by
 ! matt] :i* has fall5 back on x4 ,!    
ent]prise 0 p>adoxical1 if1 inde$1 we   

may speak "h o!rwise ?an by metaphor (  
ent]prise & ( ef=t4 ,x 0 to create )    
matt]1 :i* is necessity itself1 an      
in/rum5t ( fre$om1 to make a ma*9e :i*  
%\ld triumph ov] me*anism1 & to use !   
det]m9ism ( nature to pass ?r\gh ! me%es
 ( ! net :i* ?is v det]m9ism _h spread4 
,b1 ev]y:]e except 9 man1 consci\sness  
has let itself be caught 9 ! net ^:     
me%es x tri$ to pass ?r\gh3 x has rema9$
 ! captive ( ! me*anisms x has set up4  
,automatism1 :i* x tries to draw 9 !    
direction ( fre$om1 w9ds ab\t x & drags 
x d[n4 ,x has n ! p[] to escape1 because
 ! en]gy x has provid$ = acts is almo/  
all employ$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! inf9itely subtle
 & ess5tially un/able equilibrium into  
:i* x has br\ght matt]4 ,b man n only   
ma9ta9s 8 ma*9e1 he succe$s 9 us+ x z he
 pleases4 ,d\btless he owes ?is to !    
sup]iority ( 8 bra91 :i* enables him to 
build an unlimit$ numb] ( motor         
me*anisms1 to oppose new habits to ! old
 ones unceas+ly1 &1 by divid+ automatism
 aga9/ itself1 to rule x4 ,he owes x to 

8 language1 :i* furni%es consci\sness ) 
an immat]ial body 9 :i* to inc>nate     
itself & ?us exempts x f dwell+         
exclusively on mat]ial bodies1 ^: flux  
w\ld soon drag x along & f9ally swall[ x
 up4 ,he owes x to social life1 :i*     
/ores & pres]ves ef=ts z language /ores 
?\ght1 fixes !reby a mean level to :i*  
individuals mu/ raise !mselves at !     
outset1 & by ?is initial /imulation     
prev5ts ! av]age man f slumb]+ & drives 
! sup]ior man to m\nt /ill high]4 ,b our
 bra91 our society1 & our language are  
only ! ext]nal & v>i\s signs ( "o & !   
same int]nal sup]iority4 ,!y tell1 ea*  
aft] its mann]1 ! unique1 exceptional   
success :i* life has won at a giv5 mom5t
 ( its evolution4 ,!y express ! diff]5ce
 ( k9d1 & n only ( degree1 :i* sep>ates 
man f ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 ,!y let u    
guess t1 :ile at ! end ( ! va/ spr+-bo>d
 f :i* life has tak5 its leap1 all !    
o!rs h /epp$ d[n1 f9d+ ! cord /ret*$ too
 high1 man alone has cle>$ ! ob/acle4   
,x is 9 ?is q special s5se t man is !   

t]m & ! end ( evolution4 ,life1 we h    
said1 transc5ds f9ality z x transc5ds ! 
o!r categories4 ,x is ess5tially a      
curr5t s5t ?r\gh matt]1 draw+ f x :at x 
c4 ,!re has n1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1   
be5 any project or plan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x
 is abundantly evid5t t ! re/ ( nature  
is n = ! sake ( man3 we /ruggle l ! o!r 
species1 we h /ruggl$ aga9/ o!r species4
 ,moreov]1 if ! evolution ( life _h     
enc\nt]$ o!r accid5ts 9 its c\rse1 if1  
!reby1 ! curr5t ( life _h be5 o!rwise   
divid$1 we %\ld h be51 physically &     
morally1 f> diff]5t f :at we are4 ,= ^! 
v>i\s reasons x w\ld be wrong to reg>d  
humanity1 su* z we h x be=e our eyes1 z 
pre-figur$ 9 ! evolution>y movem5t4 ,x  
_c ev5 be said to be ! outcome ( ! :ole 
( evolution1 = evolution has be5        
accompli%$ on sev]al div]g5t l9es1 &    
:ile ! human species is at ! end ( "o ( 
!m1 o!r l9es h be5 foll[$ ) o!r species 
at _! end4 ,x is 9 a q diff]5t s5se t we
 hold humanity to be ! gr\nd (          
evolution4  ,f our po9t ( view1 life    

appe>s 9 its entirety z an imm5se wave  
:i*1 />t+ f a c5tre1 spreads outw>ds1 & 
:i* on almo/ ! :ole ( its circumf]5ce is
 /opp$ & conv]t$ into oscillation3 at "o
 s+le po9t ! ob/acle has be5 =c$1 !     
impulsion has pass$ freely4 ,x is ?is   
fre$om t ! human =m regi/]s4 ,ev]y:]e b 
9 man1 consci\sness has _h to come to a 
/&2 9 man alone x has kept on its way4  
,man1 !n1 cont9ues ! vital movem5t      
indef9itely1 al?\gh he does n draw along
 ) him all t life c>ries 9 itself4 ,on  
o!r l9es ( evolution !re h travel$ o!r  
t5d5cies :i* life impli$1 & ( :i*1 s9ce 
ev]y?+ int]p5etrates1 man has1 d\btless1
 kept some?+1 b ( :i* he has kept only v
 little4 ,x is z if a vague & =mless    
be+1 :om we may call1 z we w1 man or    
sup]man1 _h s\ght to realize himself1 & 
_h succe$$ only by ab&on+ a "p ( himself
 on ! way4 ,! losses are repres5t$ by ! 
re/ ( ! animal _w1 & ev5 by ! vegetable 
_w1 at lea/ 9 :at ^! h t is positive &  
above ! accid5ts ( evolution4  ,f ?is   
po9t ( view1 ! discordances ( :i* nature

 (f]s u ! spectacle are s+ul>ly weak5$4 
,! organiz$ _w z a :ole becomes z ! soil
 on :i* 0 to gr[ ei!r man himself or a  
be+ :o morally mu/ resemble him4 ,!     
animals1 h[ev] di/ant !y may be f our   
species1 h[ev] ho/ile to x1 h none !    
less be5 useful travel+ companions1 on  
:om consci\sness has unload$ :atev]     
encumbrances x 0 dragg+ along1 & :o h   
enabl$ x to rise1 9 man1 to heights f   
:i* x sees an unlimit$ horizon op5 aga9 
be=e x4  ,x is true t x has n only      
ab&on$ cumb]some baggage on ! way2 x has
 also _h to give up valuable goods4     
,consci\sness1 9 man1 is pre-em95tly    
intellect4 ,x might h be51 x ought1 s x 
seems1 to h be5 also intuition4         
,intuition & intellect repres5t two     
opposite directions ( ! "w (            
consci\sness3 intuition goes 9 ! v      
direction ( life1 intellect goes 9 !    
inv]se direction1 & ?us f9ds itself     
naturally 9 accordance ) ! movem5t (    
matt]4 ,a complete & p]fect humanity    
w\ld be t 9 :i* ^! two =ms ( consci\s   

activity %\ld atta9 _! full developm5t4 
,&1 betwe5 ?is humanity & ours1 we may  
conceive any numb] ( possible /ages1    
correspond+ to all ! degrees imag9able (
 intellig5ce & ( intuition4 ,9 ?is lies 
! "p ( cont+5cy 9 ! m5tal /ructure ( our
 species4 ,a diff]5t evolution might h  
l$ to a humanity ei!r m intellectual    
/ill or m intuitive4 ,9 ! humanity ( :i*
 we are a "p1 intuition is1 9 fact1     
almo/ completely sacrific$ to intellect4
 ,x seems t to conqu] matt]1 & to       
reconqu] its own self1 consci\sness has 
_h to exhau/ ! be/ "p ( its p[]4 ,?is   
conque/1 9 ! p>ticul> conditions 9 :i* x
 has be5 accompli%$1 has requir$ t      
consci\sness %\ld adapt itself to !     
habits ( matt] & conc5trate all its     
att5tion on !m1 9 fact det]m9e itself m 
especially z intellect4 ,intuition is   
!re1 h[ev]1 b vague & above all         
discont9u\s4 ,x is a lamp almo/         
ext+ui%$1 :i* only glimm]s n[ & !n1 = a 
few mom5ts at mo/4 ,b x glimm]s :]ev] a 
vital int]e/ is at /ake4 ,on our        

p]sonality1 on our lib]ty1 on ! place we
 occupy 9 ! :ole ( nature1 on our orig9 
& p]haps also on our de/9y1 x ?r[s a    
light feeble & vacillat+1 b :i* none !  
less pi]ces ! d>kness ( ! night 9 :i* ! 
intellect leaves u4  ,^! fleet+         
intuitions1 :i* light up _! object only 
at di/ant int]vals1 philosophy ought to 
seize1 fir/ to su/a9 !m1 !n to exp& !m &
 s unite !m toge!r4 ,! m x advances 9   
?is "w1 ! m w x p]ceive t intuition is  
m9d itself1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 life     
itself3 ! intellect has be5 cut out ( x 
by a process resembl+ t :i* has g5]at$  
matt]4 ,?us is reveal$ ! unity ( !      
spiritual life4 ,we recognize x only :5 
we place ourselves 9 intuition 9 ord] to
 g f intuition to ! intellect1 = f !    
intellect we %all nev] pass to          
intuition4  ,philosophy introduces u ?us
 into ! spiritual life4 ,& x %[s u at ! 
same "t ! relation ( ! life ( ! _s to t 
( ! body4 ,! great error ( ! doctr9es on
 ! _s has be5 ! idea t by isolat+ !     
spiritual life f all ! re/1 by susp5d+ x

 9 space z high z possible above ! e>?1 
!y 7 plac+ x beyond attack1 z if !y 7 n 
!reby simply expos+ x to be tak5 z an   
effect ( mirage6 ,c]ta9ly !y are "r to  
li/5 to consci5ce :5 consci5ce affirms  
human fre$om2 b ! intellect is !re1 :i* 
says t ! cause det]m9es its effect1 t l 
conditions l1 t all is repeat$ & t all  
is giv54 ,!y are "r to believe 9 !      
absolute reality ( ! p]son & 9 8        
indep5d5ce t[>d matt]2 b sci5ce is !re1 
:i* %[s ! int]dep5d5ce ( consci\s life &
 c]ebral activity4 ,!y are "r to        
attribute to man a privileg$ place 9    
nature1 to hold t ! di/ance is inf9ite  
betwe5 ! animal & man2 b ! hi/ory ( life
 is !re1 :i* makes u witness ! g5esis ( 
species by gradual trans=mation1 & seems
 ?us to re9tegrate man 9 animality4 ,:5 
a /rong in/9ct assures ! probability (  
p]sonal survival1 !y are "r n to close  
_! e>s to its voice2 b if !re exi/ s\ls 
capable ( an indep5d5t life1 :5ce d !y  
come8 ,:51 h[ & :y d !y ent] into ?is   
body :i* we see arise1 q naturally1 f a 

mix$ cell d]iv$ f ! bodies ( its two    
p>5ts8 ,all ^! que/ions w rema9         
unansw]$1 a philosophy ( intuition w be 
a negation ( sci5ce1 w be soon] or lat] 
swept away by sci5ce1 if x does n       
resolve to see ! life ( ! body j :]e x  
really is1 on ! road t leads to ! life (
 ! _s4 ,b x w !n no long] h to d )      
def9ite liv+ be+s4 ,life z a :ole1 f !  
initial impulsion t ?ru/ x into ! _w1 w 
appe> z a wave :i* rises1 & :i* is      
oppos$ by ! desc5d+ movem5t ( matt]4 ,on
 ! great] "p ( its surface1 at diff]5t  
heights1 ! curr5t is conv]t$ by matt]   
into a vortex4 ,at "o po9t alone x      
passes freely1 dragg+ ) x ! ob/acle :i* 
w weigh on its progress b w n /op x4 ,at
 ?is po9t is humanity2 x is our         
privileg$ situation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is  
ris+ wave is consci\sness1 &1 l all     
consci\sness1 x includes pot5tialities  
)\t numb] :i* int]p5etrate & to :i*     
consequ5tly nei!r ! category ( unity nor
 t ( multiplicity is appropriate1 made z
 !y bo? are = in]t matt]4 ,! matt] t x  

be>s along ) x1 & 9 ! int]/ices ( :i* x 
ins]ts itself1 alone c divide x into    
di/9ct individualities4 ,on fl[s !      
curr5t1 runn+ ?r\gh human g5]ations1    
subdivid+ itself into individuals4 ,?is 
subdivision 0 vaguely indicat$ 9 x1 b   
c\ld n h be5 made cle> )\t matt]4 ,?us  
s\ls are cont9ually be+ creat$1 :i*1    
nev]!less1 9 a c]ta9 s5se pre-exi/$4 ,!y
 are no?+ else ?an ! little rills into  
:i* ! great riv] ( life divides itself1 
fl[+ ?r\gh ! body ( humanity4 ,! movem5t
 ( ! /ream is di/9ct f ! riv] b$1 al?\gh
 x mu/ adopt its w9d+ c\rse4            
,consci\sness is di/9ct f ! organism x  
animates1 al?\gh x mu/ und]go its       
vicissitudes4 ,z ! possible actions :i* 
a /ate ( consci\sness indicates are at e
 in/ant beg9n+ to be c>ri$ out 9 ! n]v\s
 c5tres1 ! bra9 und]l9es at e in/ant !  
motor indications ( ! /ate (            
consci\sness2 b ! int]dep5d5cy (        
consci\sness & bra9 is limit$ to ?is2 ! 
de/9y ( consci\sness is n b\nd up on t  
acc\nt ) ! de/9y ( c]ebral matt]4       

,f9ally1 consci\sness is ess5tially     
free2 x is fre$om itself2 b x _c pass   
?r\gh matt] )\t settl+ on x1 )\t adapt+ 
itself to x3 ?is adaptation is :at we   
call intellectuality2 & ! intellect1    
turn+ itself back t[>d active1 t is to  
say free1 consci\sness1 naturally makes 
x ent] into ! conceptual =ms into :i* x 
is accu/om$ to see matt] fit4 ,x w !re=e
 always p]ceive fre$om 9 ! =m (         
necessity2 x w always neglect ! "p (    
novelty or ( creation inh]5t 9 ! free   
act2 x w always sub/itute = action      
itself an imitation artificial1         
approximative1 obta9$ by comp\nd+ ! old 
) ! old & ! same ) ! same4 ,?us1 to !   
eyes ( a philosophy t attempts to       
reabsorb intellect 9 intuition1 _m      
difficulties vani% or become light4 ,b  
su* a doctr9e does n only facilitate    
speculation2 x gives u also m p[] to act
 & to live4 ,=1 ) x1 we feel ourselves  
no long] isolat$ 9 humanity1 humanity no
 long] seems isolat$ 9 ! nature t x     
dom9ates4 ,z ! smalle/ gra9 ( du/ is    

b\nd up ) our entire sol> sy/em1 drawn  
along ) x 9 t undivid$ movem5t ( desc5t 
:i* is mat]iality itself1 s all organiz$
 be+s1 f ! humble/ to ! highe/1 f ! fir/
 orig9s ( life to ! "t 9 :i* we are1 & 9
 all places z 9 all times1 d b evid5ce a
 s+le impulsion1 ! inv]se ( ! movem5t ( 
matt]1 & 9 itself indivisible4 ,all !   
liv+ hold toge!r1 & all yield to ! same 
trem5d\s pu%4 ,! animal takes its /& on 
! plant1 man be/rides animality1 & !    
:ole ( humanity1 9 space & 9 "t1 is "o  
imm5se army gallop+ beside & be=e &     
beh9d ea* ( u 9 an ov]:elm+ *>ge able to
 beat d[n e resi/ance & cle> ! mo/      
=midable ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?4     
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gh3 ,we h      
develop$ ?is po9t 9 ,matire et mmoire1  
*aps4 ii4 & iii41 notably pp4 #gh-hj &  
#afi-ahf4  ,footnote #gi3 ,f>aday1 ,a   
,speculation conc]n+ ,electric          
,conduction 7,philosophical ,magaz9e1   
#c;d4 s]ies1 vol4 xxiv474  ,footnote    
#hj3 ,our comp>ison does no m ?an       
develop ! cont5t ( ! t]m ,greek3 logos1 

z ,plot9us und]/&s x4 ,= :ile ! ,greek3 
logos ( ?is philosoph] is a g5]at+ &    
in=m+ p[]1 an aspect or a fragm5t ( !   
,greek3 psy*1 on ! o!r h& ,plot9us      
sometimes speaks ( x z ( a disc\rse4 ,m 
g5]ally1 ! relation t we e/abli% 9 !    
pres5t *apt] betwe5 ext5sion & det5sion 
resembles 9 "s aspects t :i* ,plot9us   
supposes 7"s developm5ts ( :i* mu/ h    
inspir$ ,m4 ,ravaisson7 :5 he makes     
ext5sion n inde$ an inv]sion ( orig9al  
,be+1 b an enfeeblem5t ( its ess5ce1 "o 
( ! la/ /ages ( ! procession1 7see 9    
p>ticul>1 ,enn4 ,,iv4 iii4 #i-aa1 &     
,,iii4 vi4 #ag-ah74 ,yet anci5t         
philosophy did n see :at consequ5ces    
w\ld result f ?is = ma!matics1 =        
,plot9us1 l ,plato1 erect$ ma!matical   
ess5ces into absolute realities4 ,above 
all1 x suff]$ itself to be deceiv$ by ! 
purely sup]ficial analogy ( duration )  
ext5sion4 ,x treat$ ! "o z x treat$ !   
o!r1 reg>d+ *ange z a degradation (     
immutability1 ! s5sible z a fall f !    
intelligible4 ,:5ce1 z we %all %[ 9 !   

next *apt]1 a philosophy :i* fails to   
recognize ! real function & scope ( !   
intellect4  ,footnote #ha3 ,ba/ian1 ,!  
,bra9 z an ,organ ( ! ,m9d1 pp4 #bad-af4
  ,footnote #hb3 ,we h dwelt on ?is po9t
 9 a =m] "w4 ,see ! ,essai sur les      
donnes immdiates de la consci5ce1 ,p>is1
 #ahhi1 pp4 #aee-afj4  ,footnote #hc3   
,op4 cit4 *aps4 i4 & ii4 passim4        
,footnote #hd3 ,cf4 especially ! pr(\nd 
/udies ( ,m4 ,ed4 ,le ,roy 9 ! ,revue de
 mtaph4 et de morale4  ,footnote #he3   
,matire et mmoire1 *apt]s iii4 & iv4    
,footnote #hf3 ,see 9 p>ticul>1 ,phys41 
iv4 #bae a #b2 v4 #bcj b #ab2 viii4 #bee
 a #b2 & ,de ,caelo1 iv4 #a-e2 ii4 #bif 
b #bg2 iv4 #cjh a #cd4  ,footnote #hg3  
,de ,caelo1 iv4 #caj a #cd ,greek3 to d'
 eis ton aut\ topon ph]e?ai hekaoton to 
eis to aut\ eidos e/i ph]e/hai4         
,footnote #hh3 ,on ^! diff]5ces (       
quality see ! "w ( ,duhem1 ,l'volution  
de la mcanique1 ,p>is1 #aije1 pp4 #aig  
ff4  ,footnote #hi3 ,boltzmann1         
,vorlesung5 b] ,ga/heorie1 ,leipzig1    

#ahih1 pp4 #bec ff4  ,footnote #ij3 ,9 a
 book ri* 9 facts & 9 ideas 7,la        
,dissolution oppose a l'volution1 ,p>is1
 #ahii71 ,m4 ,&r ,lal&e %[s u ev]y?+ go+
 t[>ds dea?1 9 spite ( ! mom5t>y        
resi/ance :i* organisms seem to         
oppose4--,b1 ev5 f ! side ( unorganiz$  
matt]1 h we ! "r to ext5d to ! entire   
univ]se consid]ations drawn f ! pres5t  
/ate ( our sol> sy/em8 ,beside ! worlds 
:i* are dy+1 !re are )\t d\bt worlds t  
are be+ born4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! organiz$
 _w1 ! dea? ( individuals does n seem at
 all l a dim9ution ( life 9 g5]al1 or l 
a necessity :i* life submits to         
reluctantly4 ,z has be5 m ?an once      
rem>k$1 life has nev] made an ef=t to   
prolong indef9itely ! exi/5ce ( !       
individual1 al?\gh on s _m o!r po9ts x  
has made s _m successful ef=ts4 ,ev]y?+ 
is z if ?is dea? _h be5 will$1 or at    
lea/ accept$1 = ! great] progress ( life
 9 g5]al4  ,footnote #ia3 ,we h dwelt on
 ?is po9t 9 an article entitl$          
,introduction  la mtaphysique 7,revue de

 mtaphysique et de morale1 ,janu>y1     
#aijc1 pp4 #a-be74  ,footnote #ib3 ,cf4 
a pap] writt5 79 ,russian7 by ,s]kovski1
 & review$ 9 ! ,anne biologique1 #ahih1 
p4 #cag4  ,footnote #ic3 ,ed4 ,p]ri]1   
,les ,colonies animales1 ,p>is1 #ahig   
7#bnd edition74  ,footnote #id3 ,delage1
 ,l',hrdit1 #bnd edition1 ,p>is1 #aijc1 
p4 #ig4 ,cf4 by ! same au?or1 ,la       
,conception polyzoque des tres 7,revue  
sci5tifique1 #ahif1 pp4 #fda-fec74      
,footnote #ie3 ,?is is ! !ory ma9ta9$ by
 ,kun/l]1 ,delage1 ,s$gwick1 ,labb1 etc4
 ,its developm5t1 ) bibliographical     
ref]5ces1 w be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,busquet1  
,les tres vivants1 ,p>is1 #ahii4        
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,c9ematographical    
,,me*anism ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,!          
,,me*ani/ic ,,illusion--,a ,,glance ,,at
 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sy/ems#if--,,real   
,,becom+ ,,& ,,false ,,evolutionism4    
,x rema9s = u to exam9e 9 !mselves two  
!oretical illusions :i* we h frequ5tly  
met ) be=e1 b ^: consequ5ces r ?an      
pr9ciple h hi!rto conc]n$ u4 ,su* is !  

object ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,x w af=d u !  
opportunity ( remov+ c]ta9 objections1 (
 cle>+ up c]ta9 misund]/&+s1 &1 above   
all1 ( def9+ m precisely1 by contra/+ x 
) o!rs1 a philosophy :i* sees 9 duration
 ! v /uff ( reality4  ,matt] or m9d1    
reality has appe>$ to u z a p]petual    
becom+4 ,x makes itself or x unmakes    
itself1 b x is nev] some?+ made4 ,su* is
 ! intuition t we h ( m9d :5 we draw    
aside ! veil :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 our 
consci\sness & ourselves4 ,?is1 also1 is
 :at our intellect & s5ses !mselves w\ld
 %[ u ( matt]1 if !y c\ld obta9 a direct
 & dis9t]e/$ idea ( x4 ,b1 preoccupi$   
be=e ev]y?+ ) ! necessities ( action1 ! 
intellect1 l ! s5ses1 is limit$ to tak+1
 at int]vals1 views t are in/antane\s & 
by t v fact immobile ( ! becom+ ( matt]4
 ,consci\sness1 be+ 9 its turn =m$ on ! 
intellect1 sees cle>ly ( ! inn] life :at
 is already made1 & only feels confus$ly
 ! mak+4 ,?us1 we pluck out ( duration  
^? mom5ts t int]e/ u1 & t we h ga!r$    
along its c\rse4 ,^! alone we reta94 ,& 

we are "r 9 s do+1 :ile action only is 9
 "q4 ,b :51 9 speculat+ on ! nature ( ! 
real1 we g on reg>d+ x z our practical  
int]e/ requires u to reg>d x1 we become 
unable to p]ceive ! true evolution1 !   
radical becom+4 ,( becom+ we p]ceive    
only /ates1 ( duration only in/ants1 &  
ev5 :5 we speak ( duration & ( becom+1 x
 is ( ano!r ?+ t we are ?9k+4 ,su* is ! 
mo/ /rik+ ( ! two illusions we wi% to   
exam9e4 ,x consi/s 9 suppos+ t we c ?9k 
! un/able by means ( ! /able1 ! mov+ by 
means ( ! immobile4  ,! o!r illusion is 
ne> ak9 to ! fir/4 ,x has ! same orig91 
be+ also due to ! fact t we import into 
speculation a proc$ure made = practice4 
,all action aims at gett+ some?+ t we   
feel ! want (1 or at creat+ some?+ t    
does n yet exi/4 ,9 ?is v special s5se1 
x fills a void1 & goes f ! empty to !   
full1 f an abs5ce to a pres5ce1 f !     
unreal to ! real4 ,n[ ! unreality :i* is
 "h 9 "q is purely relative to !        
direction 9 :i* our att5tion is engag$1 
= we are imm]s$ 9 realities & _c pass   

out ( !m2 only1 if ! pres5t reality is n
 ! "o we are seek+1 we speak ( ! abs5ce 
( ?is s\ght-= reality :]ev] we f9d !    
pres5ce ( ano!r4 ,we ?us express :at we 
h z a function ( :at we want4 ,?is is q 
legitimate 9 ! sph]e ( action4 ,b1 :e!r 
we w or no1 we keep to ?is way ( speak+1
 & also ( ?9k+1 :5 we speculate on !    
nature ( ?+s indep5d5tly ( ! int]e/ !y h
 = u4 ,?us arises ! second ( ! two      
illusions4 ,we propose to exam9e ?is    
fir/4 ,x is due1 l ! o!r1 to ! /atic    
habits t our intellect contracts :5 x   
prep>es our action on ?+s4 ,j z we pass 
?r\gh ! immobile to g to ! mov+1 s we   
make use ( ! void 9 ord] to ?9k ! full4 
,we h met ) ?is illusion already 9 deal+
 ) ! fundam5tal problem ( k4 ,! "q1 we  
!n said1 is to "k :y !re is ord]1 & n   
disord]1 9 ?+s4 ,b ! "q has mean+ only  
if we suppose t disord]1 und]/ood z an  
abs5ce ( ord]1 is possible1 or          
imag9able1 or conceivable4 ,n[1 x is    
only ord] t is real2 b1 z ord] c take   
two =ms1 & z ! pres5ce ( ! "o may be    

said to consi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r1 we   
speak ( disord] :5ev] we h be=e u t "o (
 ! two ord]s = :i* we are n look+4 ,!   
idea ( disord] is !n entirely practical4
 ,x corresponds to ! disappo9tm5t ( a   
c]ta9 expectation1 & x does n d5ote !   
abs5ce ( all ord]1 b only ! pres5ce ( t 
ord] :i* does n (f] u actual int]e/4 ,s 
t :5ev] we try to d5y ord] completely1  
absolutely1 we f9d t we are leap+ f "o  
k9d ( ord] to ! o!r indef9itely1 & t !  
suppos$ suppression ( ! "o & ! o!r      
implies ! pres5ce ( ! two4 ,inde$1 if we
 g on1 & p]si/ 9 %utt+ our eyes to ?is  
movem5t ( ! m9d & all x involves1 we are
 no long] deal+ ) an idea2 all t is left
 ( disord] is a ^w4 ,?us ! problem ( k  
is complicat$1 & possibly made          
insoluble1 by ! idea t ord] fills a void
 & t its actual pres5ce is sup]pos$ on  
its virtual abs5ce4 ,we g f abs5ce to   
pres5ce1 f ! void to ! full1 9 virtue ( 
! fundam5tal illusion ( our und]/&+4 ,t 
is ! error ( :i* we notic$ "o consequ5ce
 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,z we !n anticipat$1  

we mu/ come to close qu>t]s ) ?is error1
 & f9ally grapple ) x4 ,we mu/ face x 9 
itself1 9 ! radically false conception  
:i* x implies ( negation1 ( ! void & ( !
 n\ght4#ig  ,philosoph]s h paid little  
att5tion to ! idea ( ! n\ght4 ,& yet x  
is (t5 ! hidd5 spr+1 ! invisible mov] ( 
philosophical ?9k+4 ,f ! fir/ awak5+ (  
reflection1 x is ?is t pu%es to ! =e1 "r
 "u ! eyes ( consci\sness1 ! tortur+    
problems1 ! que/ions t we _c gaze at )\t
 feel+ giddy & bewild]$4 ,i h no soon]  
comm5c$ to philosophize ?an ,i ask      
myself :y ,i exi/2 & :5 ,i take acc\nt (
 ! intimate connection 9 :i* ,i /& to ! 
re/ ( ! univ]se1 ! difficulty is only   
pu%$ back1 = ,i want to "k :y ! univ]se 
exi/s2 & if ,i ref] ! univ]se to a      
,pr9ciple imman5t or transc5d5t t       
supports x or creates x1 my ?\ght re/s  
on ?is pr9ciple only a few mom5ts1 = !  
same problem recurs1 ?is "t 9 its full  
bread? & g5]ality3 ,:5ce comes x1 & h[ c
 x be und]/ood1 t any?+ exi/s8 ,ev5 "h1 
9 ! pres5t "w1 :5 matt] has be5 def9$ z 

a k9d ( desc5t1 ?is desc5t z !          
int]ruption ( a rise1 ?is rise itself z 
a gr[?1 :5 f9ally a ,pr9ciple ( creation
 has be5 put at ! base ( ?+s1 ! same "q 
spr+s up3 ,h[--:y does ?is pr9ciple exi/
 r ?an no?+8  ,n[1 if ,i pu% ^! que/ions
 aside & g /raight to :at hides beh9d   
!m1 ?is is :at ,i f9d3--,exi/5ce appe>s 
to me l a conque/ ov] n\ght4 ,i say to  
myself t !re might be1 t inde$ !re ought
 to be1 no?+1 & ,i !n wond] t !re is    
some?+4 ,or ,i repres5t all reality     
ext5d$ on no?+ z on a c>pet3 at fir/ 0  
no?+1 & be+ has come by sup]addition to 
x4 ,or1 yet aga91 if some?+ has always  
exi/$1 no?+ mu/ always h s]v$ z its     
sub/ratum or receptacle1 & is !re=e     
et]nally prior4 ,a glass may h always   
be5 full1 b ! liquid x conta9s nev]!less
 fills a void4 ,9 ! same way1 be+ may h 
always be5 !re1 b ! n\ght :i* is fill$1 
&1 z x 71 /opp$ up by x1 pre-exi/s = x  
none ! less1 if n 9 fact at lea/ 9 "r4  
,9 %ort1 ,i _c get rid ( ! idea t ! full
 is an embroid]y on ! canvas ( ! void1 t

 be+ is sup]impos$ on no?+1 & t 9 ! idea
 ( no?+ !re is less ?an 9 t ( some?+4   
,h5ce all ! my/]y4  ,x is necess>y t ?is
 my/]y %\ld be cle>$ up4 ,x is m        
especially necess>y1 if we put duration 
& free *oice at ! base ( ?+s4 ,= !      
disda9 ( metaphysics = all reality t    
endures comes precisely f ?is1 t x      
rea*es be+ only by pass+ ?r\gh n-be+1 & 
t an exi/5ce :i* endures seems to x n   
/rong en\gh to conqu] non-exi/5ce &     
itself posit itself4 ,x is = ?is reason 
especially t x is incl9$ to end[ true   
be+ ) a logical1 & n a psy*ological nor 
a physical exi/5ce4 ,= ! nature ( a     
purely logical exi/5ce is su* t x seems 
to be self-suffici5t & to posit itself  
by ! effect alone ( ! =ce imman5t 9     
tru?4 ,if ,i ask myself :y bodies or    
m9ds exi/ r ?an no?+1 ,i f9d no answ]2 b
 t a logical pr9ciple1 su* z ,a,a1 %\ld 
h ! p[] ( creat+ itself1 triumph+ ov] ! 
n\ght ?r\gh\t et]nity1 seems to me      
natural4 ,a circle drawn ) *alk on a    
blackbo>d is a ?+ :i* ne$s explanation3 

?is entirely physical exi/5ce has n by  
itself :]e) to vanqui% non-exi/5ce4 ,b !
 logical ess5ce ( ! circle1 t is to say1
 ! possibility ( draw+ x accord+ to a   
c]ta9 law--9 %ort1 its def9ition--is a  
?+ :i* appe>s to me et]nal3 x has nei!r 
place nor date2 = n[h]e1 at no mom5t1   
has ! draw+ ( a circle begun to be      
possible4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! pr9ciple on 
:i* all ?+s re/1 & :i* all ?+s manife/  
possesses an exi/5ce ( ! same nature z t
 ( ! def9ition ( ! circle1 or z t ( !   
axiom ,a,a3 ! my/]y ( exi/5ce vani%es1 =
 ! be+ t is at ! base ( ev]y?+ posits   
itself !n 9 et]nity1 z logic itself     
does4 ,true1 x w co/ u r a heavy        
sacrifice3 if ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s exi/s
 aft] ! mann] ( a logical axiom or ( a  
ma!matical def9ition1 ! ?+s !mselves mu/
 g =? f ?is pr9ciple l ! applications ( 
an axiom or ! consequ5ces ( a def9ition1
 & !re w no long] be place1 ei!r 9 ! ?+s
 nor 9 _! pr9ciple1 = effici5t causality
 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( a free *oice4 ,su* 
are precisely ! conclusions ( a doctr9e 

l t ( ,sp9oza1 or ev5 t ( ,leibniz1 &   
su* inde$ has be5 _! g5esis4  ,n[1 if we
 c\ld prove t ! idea ( ! n\ght1 9 ! s5se
 9 :i* we take x :5 we oppose x to t (  
exi/5ce1 is a pseudo-idea1 ! problems t 
are rais$ ar\nd x w\ld become           
pseudo-problems4 ,! hypo!sis ( an       
absolute t acts freely1 t 9 an em95t    
s5se endures1 w\ld no long] raise up    
intellectual prejudices4 ,! road w\ld be
 cle>$ = a philosophy m ne>ly approa*+  
intuition1 & :i* w\ld no long] ask !    
same sacrifices ( common s5se4  ,let u  
!n see :at we are ?9k+ ab\t :5 we speak 
( ,no?+4 ,to repres5t ,no?+1 we mu/ ei!r
 imag9e x or conceive x4 ,let u exam9e  
:at ?is image or ?is idea may be4 ,fir/1
 ! image4  ,i am go+ to close my eyes1  
/op my e>s1 ext+ui% "o by "o ! s5sations
 t come to me f ! out] _w4 ,n[ x is     
done2 all my p]ceptions vani%1 ! mat]ial
 univ]se s9ks into sil5ce & ! night4--,i
 subsi/1 h[ev]1 & _c help myself        
subsi/+4 ,i am /ill !re1 ) ! organic    
s5sations :i* come to me f ! surface & f

 ! int]ior ( my body1 ) ! recollections 
:i* my pa/ p]ceptions h left beh9d      
!m--nay1 ) ! impression1 mo/ positive & 
full1 ( ! void ,i h j made ab\t me4 ,h[ 
c ,i suppress all ?is8 ,h[ elim9ate     
myself8 ,i c ev51 x may be1 blot out &  
=get my recollections up to my imm$iate 
pa/2 b at lea/ ,i keep ! consci\sness ( 
my pres5t r$uc$ to its extreme/ pov]ty1 
t is to say1 ( ! actual /ate ( my body4 
,i w try1 h[ev]1 to d away ev5 ) ?is    
consci\sness itself4 ,i w r$uce m & m ! 
s5sations my body s5ds 9 to me3 n[ !y   
are almo/ gone2 n[ !y are gone1 !y h    
disappe>$ 9 ! night :]e all ?+s else h  
already di$ away4 ,b no6 ,at ! v in/ant 
t my consci\sness is ext+ui%$1 ano!r    
consci\sness lights up--or r1 x 0       
already alight3 x _h aris5 ! in/ant     
be=e1 9 ord] to witness ! ext9ction ( ! 
fir/2 = ! fir/ c\ld disappe> only =     
ano!r & 9 ! pres5ce ( ano!r4 ,i see     
myself annihilat$ only if ,i h already  
resuscitat$ myself by an act :i* is     
positive1 h[ev] involunt>y & unconsci\s4

 ,s1 d :at ,i w1 ,i am always p]ceiv+   
some?+1 ei!r f )\t or f )94 ,:5 ,i no   
long] "k any?+ ( ext]nal objects1 x is  
because ,i h tak5 refuge 9 !            
consci\sness t ,i h ( myself4 ,if ,i    
aboli% ?is inn] self1 its v abolition   
becomes an object = an imag9>y self :i* 
n[ p]ceives z an ext]nal object ! self t
 is dy+ away4 ,be x ext]nal or int]nal1 
"s object !re always is t my imag9ation 
is repres5t+4 ,my imag9ation1 x is true1
 c g f "o to ! o!r1 ,i c by turns imag9e
 a n\ght ( ext]nal p]ception or a n\ght 
( int]nal p]ception1 b n bo? at once1 = 
! abs5ce ( "o consi/s1 at bottom1 9 !   
exclusive pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,b1 f ! fact 
t two relative n\ghts are imag9able 9   
turn1 we wrongly conclude t !y are      
imag9able toge!r3 a conclusion !        
absurdity ( :i* mu/ be obvi\s1 = we _c  
imag9e a n\ght )\t p]ceiv+1 at lea/     
confus$ly1 t we are imag9+ x1           
consequ5tly t we are act+1 t we are     
?9k+1 & !re=e t some?+ /ill subsi/s4  ,!
 image1 !n1 prop]ly s call$1 ( a        

suppression ( ev]y?+ is nev] =m$ by     
?\ght4 ,! ef=t by :i* we /rive to create
 ?is image simply ends 9 mak+ u sw+ to &
 fro betwe5 ! vision ( an out] & t ( an 
inn] reality4 ,9 ?is com+ & go+ ( our   
m9d betwe5 ! )\t & ! )91 !re is a po9t1 
at equal di/ance f bo?1 9 :i* x seems to
 u t we no long] p]ceive ! "o1 & t we d 
n yet p]ceive ! o!r3 x is !re t ! image 
( ,no?+ is =m$4 ,9 reality1 we !n       
p]ceive bo?1 hav+ rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! two
 t]ms come toge!r1 & ! image ( ,no?+1 s 
def9$1 is an image full ( ?+s1 an image 
t includes at once t ( ! subject & t ( !
 object &1 besides1 a p]petual leap+ f  
"o to ! o!r & ! refusal ev] to come to  
re/ f9ally on ei!r4 ,evid5tly ?is is n !
 no?+ t we c oppose to be+1 & put be=e  
or b5ea? be+1 = x already includes      
exi/5ce 9 g5]al4  ,b we %all be told t1 
if ! repres5tation ( ,no?+1 visible or  
lat5t1 ent]s into ! reason+s (          
philosoph]s1 x is n z an image1 b z an  
idea4 ,x may be agre$ t we d n imag9e ! 
annihilation ( ev]y?+1 b x w be claim$ t

 we c conceive x4 ,we conceive a polygon
 ) a ?\s& sides1 said ,desc>tes1 al?\gh 
we d n see x 9 imag9ation3 x is en\gh t 
we c cle>ly repres5t ! possibility (    
con/ruct+ x4 ,s ) ! idea ( !            
annihilation ( ev]y?+4 ,no?+ simpl]1 x w
 be said1 ?an ! proc$ure by :i* we      
con/ruct ! idea ( x4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 n 
a s+le object ( our exp]i5ce t we _c    
suppose annihilat$4 ,ext5d ?is          
annihilation ( a fir/ object to a       
second1 !n to a ?ird1 & s on z long z y 
please3 ! n\ght is ! limit t[>d :i* !   
op]ation t5ds4 ,& ! n\ght s def9$ is !  
annihilation ( ev]y?+4 ,t is ! !ory4 ,we
 ne$ only consid] x 9 ?is =m to see !   
absurdity x involves4  ,an idea         
con/ruct$ by ! m9d is an idea only if   
its pieces are capable ( coexi/+2 x is  
r$uc$ to a m]e ^w if ! elem5ts t we br+ 
toge!r to compose x are driv5 away z fa/
 z we assemble !m4 ,:5 ,i h def9$ !     
circle1 ,i easily repres5t a black or a 
:ite circle1 a circle 9 c>dbo>d1 iron1  
or brass1 a transp>5t or an opaque      

circle--b n a squ>e circle1 because !   
law ( ! g5]ation ( ! circle excludes !  
possibility ( def9+ ?is figure ) /raight
 l9es4 ,s my m9d c repres5t any exi/+ ?+
 :atev] z annihilat$2--b if !           
annihilation ( any?+ by ! m9d is an     
op]ation ^: me*anism implies t x works  
on a "p ( ! :ole1 & n on ! :ole itself1 
!n ! ext5sion ( su* an op]ation to !    
totality ( ?+s becomes                  
self-contradictory & absurd1 & ! idea ( 
an annihilation ( ev]y?+ pres5ts ! same 
"* z t ( a squ>e circle3 x is n an idea1
 x is only a ^w4 ,s let u exam9e m      
closely ! me*anism ( ! op]ation4  ,9    
fact1 ! object suppress$ is ei!r ext]nal
 or int]nal3 x is a ?+ or x is a /ate ( 
consci\sness4 ,let u consid] ! fir/     
case4 ,i annihilate 9 ?\ght an ext]nal  
object3 9 ! place :]e x 01 !re is no    
long] any?+4--,no long] any?+ ( t       
object1 ( c\rse1 b ano!r object has tak5
 its place3 !re is no absolute void 9   
nature4 ,b admit t an absolute void is  
possible3 x is n ( t void t ,i am ?9k+  

:5 ,i say t ! object1 once annihilat$1  
leaves its place unoccupi$2 = by !      
hypo!sis x is a place1 t is a void      
limit$ by precise outl9es1 or1 9 o!r    
words1 a k9d ( ?+4 ,! void ( :i* ,i     
speak1 !re=e1 is1 at bottom1 only !     
abs5ce ( "s def9ite object1 :i* 0 "h at 
fir/1 is n[ else:]e &1 9 s f> z x is no 
long] 9 its =m] place1 leaves beh9d x1 s
 to speak1 ! void ( itself4 ,a be+      
un5d[$ ) memory or prevision w\ld n use 
! words void or n\ght2 he w\ld express  
only :at is & :at is p]ceiv$2 n[1 :at   
is1 & :at is p]ceiv$1 is ! pres5ce ( "o 
?+ or ( ano!r1 nev] ! abs5ce ( any?+4   
,!re is abs5ce only = a be+ capable (   
rememb]+ & expect+4 ,he rememb]$ an     
object1 & p]haps expect$ to enc\nt] x   
aga92 he f9ds ano!r1 & he expresses !   
disappo9tm5t ( 8 expectation 7an        
expectation sprung f recollection7 by   
say+ t he no long] f9ds any?+1 t he     
enc\nt]s no?+4 ,ev5 if he did n expect  
to enc\nt] ! object1 x is a possible    
expectation ( x1 x is /ill !            

falsification ( 8 ev5tual expectation t 
he expresses by say+ t ! object is no   
long] :]e x 04 ,:at he p]ceives 9       
reality1 :at he w succe$ 9 effectively  
?9k+ (1 is ! pres5ce ( ! old object 9 a 
new place or t ( a new object 9 ! old   
place2 ! re/1 all t is express$         
negatively by su* words z n\ght or !    
void1 is n s mu* ?\ght z feel+1 or1 to  
speak m exactly1 x is ! t+e t feel+     
gives to ?\ght4 ,! idea ( annihilation  
or ( p>tial no?+ness is !re=e =m$ "h 9 !
 c\rse ( ! sub/itution ( "o ?+ = ano!r1 
:5ev] ?is sub/itution is ?\ght by a m9d 
t w\ld pref] to keep ! old ?+ 9 ! place 
( ! new1 or at lea/ conceives ?is       
pref]5ce z possible4 ,! idea implies on 
! subjective side a pref]5ce1 on !      
objective side a sub/itution1 & is no?+ 
else b a comb9ation (1 or r an int]f]5ce
 betwe51 ?is feel+ ( pref]5ce & ?is idea
 ( sub/itution4  ,su* is ! me*anism ( ! 
op]ation by :i* our m9d annihilates an  
object & succe$s 9 repres5t+ 9 ! ext]nal
 _w a p>tial n\ght4 ,let u n[ see h[ x  

repres5ts x )9 itself4 ,we f9d 9        
ourselves ph5om5a t are produc$1 & n    
ph5om5a t are n produc$4 ,i exp]i5ce a  
s5sation or an emotion1 ,i conceive an  
idea1 ,i =m a resolution3 my            
consci\sness p]ceives ^! facts1 :i* are 
s _m pres5ces1 & !re is no mom5t 9 :i*  
facts ( ?is k9d are n pres5t to me4 ,i  
c1 no d\bt1 int]rupt by ?\ght ! c\rse ( 
my inn] life2 ,i may suppose t ,i sleep 
)\t dream+ or t ,i h ceas$ to exi/2 b at
 ! v in/ant :5 ,i make ?is supposition1 
,i conceive myself1 ,i imag9e myself    
wat*+ ov] my slumb] or surviv+ my       
annihilation1 & ,i give up p]ceiv+      
myself f )9 only by tak+ refuge 9 !     
p]ception ( myself f )\t4 ,t is to say t
 "h aga9 ! full always succe$s ! full1 &
 t an intellig5ce t 0 only intellig5ce1 
t _h nei!r regret nor desire1 ^: movem5t
 0 gov]n$ by ! movem5t ( its object1    
c\ld n ev5 conceive an abs5ce or a void4
 ,! conception ( a void arises "h :5    
consci\sness1 lagg+ beh9d itself1 rema9s
 atta*$ to ! recollection ( an old /ate 

:5 ano!r /ate is already pres5t4 ,x is  
only a comp>ison betwe5 :at is & :at    
c\ld or ought to be1 betwe5 ! full & !  
full4 ,9 a ^w1 :e!r x be a void ( matt] 
or a void ( consci\sness1 !             
repres5tation ( ! void is always a      
repres5tation :i* is full & :i* resolves
 itself on analysis into two positive   
elem5ts3 ! idea1 di/9ct or confus$1 ( a 
sub/itution1 & ! feel+1 exp]i5c$ or     
imag9$1 ( a desire or a regret4  ,x     
foll[s f ?is d\ble analysis t ! idea ( !
 absolute n\ght1 9 ! s5se ( !           
annihilation ( ev]y?+1 is a             
self-de/ructive idea1 a pseudo-idea1 a  
m]e ^w4 ,if suppress+ a ?+ consi/s 9    
replac+ x by ano!r1 if ?9k+ ! abs5ce (  
"o ?+ is only possible by ! m or less   
explicit repres5tation ( ! pres5ce ( "s 
o!r ?+1 if1 9 %ort1 annihilation        
signifies be=e any?+ else sub/itution1 !
 idea ( an annihilation ( ev]y?+ is z   
absurd z t ( a squ>e circle4 ,!         
absurdity is n obvi\s1 because !re exi/s
 no p>ticul> object t _c be suppos$     

annihilat$2 !n1 f ! fact t !re is no?+  
to prev5t ea* ?+ 9 turn be+ suppress$ 9 
?\ght1 we conclude t x is possible to   
suppose !m suppress$ altoge!r4 ,we d n  
see t suppress+ ea* ?+ 9 turn consi/s   
precisely 9 replac+ x 9 proportion &    
degree by ano!r1 & !re=e t ! suppression
 ( absolutely ev]y?+ implies a d[nright 
contradiction 9 t]ms1 s9ce ! op]ation   
consi/s 9 de/roy+ ! v condition t makes 
! op]ation possible4  ,b ! illusion is  
t5aci\s4 ,?\gh suppress+ "o ?+ consi/s 9
 fact 9 sub/itut+ ano!r = x1 we d n     
conclude1 we are unwill+ to conclude1 t 
! annihilation ( a ?+ 9 ?\ght implies ! 
sub/itution 9 ?\ght ( a new ?+ = ! old4 
,we agree t a ?+ is always replac$ by   
ano!r ?+1 & ev5 t our m9d _c ?9k !      
disappe>ance ( an object1 ext]nal or    
int]nal1 )\t ?9k+--"u an indet]m9ate &  
confus$ =m1 x is true--t ano!r object is
 sub/itut$ = x4 ,b we add t !           
repres5tation ( a disappe>ance is t ( a 
ph5om5on t is produc$ 9 space or at lea/
 9 "t1 t consequ5tly x /ill implies !   

call+ up ( an image1 & t x is precisely 
"h t we h to free ourselves f !         
imag9ation 9 ord] to appeal to ! pure   
und]/&+4 ,let u !re=e no long] speak1 x 
w be said1 ( disappe>ance or            
annihilation2 ^! are physical op]ations4
 ,let u no long] repres5t ! object ,a z 
annihilat$ or abs5t4 ,let u say simply t
 we ?9k x non-exi/5t4 ,to annihilate x  
is to act on x 9 "t & p]haps also 9     
space2 x is to accept1 consequ5tly1 !   
condition ( spatial & temporal exi/5ce1 
to accept ! univ]sal connection t b9ds  
an object to all o!rs1 & prev5ts x f    
disappe>+ )\t be+ at ! same "t replac$4 
,b we c free ourselves f ^! conditions2 
all t is necess>y is t by an ef=t (     
ab/raction we %\ld call up ! idea ( !   
object ,a by itself1 t we %\ld agree    
fir/ to consid] x z exi/+1 & !n1 by a   
/roke ( ! intellectual p51 blot out !   
clause4 ,! object w !n be1 by our       
decree1 non-exi/5t4  ,v well1 let u     
/rike out ! clause4 ,we mu/ n suppose t 
our p5-/roke is self-suffici5t--t x c be

 isolat$ f ! re/ ( ?+s4 ,we %all see t x
 c>ries ) x1 :e!r we w or no1 all t we  
tri$ to ab/ract f4 ,let u comp>e toge!r 
! two ideas--! object ,a suppos$ to     
exi/1 & ! same object suppos$           
non-exi/5t4  ,! idea ( ! object ,a1     
suppos$ exi/5t1 is ! repres5tation pure 
& simple ( ! object ,a1 = we _c repres5t
 an object )\t attribut+ to x1 by ! v   
fact ( repres5t+ x1 a c]ta9 reality4    
,betwe5 ?9k+ an object & ?9k+ x exi/5t1 
!re is absolutely no diff]5ce4 ,kant has
 put ?is po9t 9 cle> light 9 8 criticism
 ( ! ontological argum5t4 ,!n1 :at is x 
to ?9k ! object ,a non-exi/5t8 ,to      
repres5t x non-exi/5t _c consi/ 9 )draw+
 f ! idea ( ! object ,a ! idea ( !      
attribute exi/5ce1 s9ce1 ,i repeat1 !   
repres5tation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object is 
insep>able f ! repres5tation ( ! object1
 & inde$ is "o ) x4 ,to repres5t !      
object ,a non-exi/5t c only consi/1     
!re=e1 9 add+ some?+ to ! idea ( ?is    
object3 we add to x1 9 fact1 ! idea ( an
 exclusion ( ?is p>ticul> object by     

actual reality 9 g5]al4 ,to ?9k ! object
 ,a z non-exi/5t is fir/ to ?9k ! object
 & consequ5tly to ?9k x exi/5t2 x is !n 
to ?9k t ano!r reality1 ) :i* x is      
incompatible1 supplants x4 ,only1 x is  
useless to repres5t ?is latt] reality   
explicitly2 we are n conc]n$ ) :at x is2
 x is en\gh = u to "k t x drives out !  
object ,a1 :i* alone is ( int]e/ to u4  
,t is :y we ?9k ( ! expulsion r ?an ( ! 
cause :i* expels4 ,b ?is cause is none !
 less pres5t to ! m9d2 x is !re 9 !     
implicit /ate1 t :i* expels be+         
insep>able f ! expulsion z ! h& :i*     
drives ! p5 is insep>able f ! p5-/roke4 
,! act by :i* we decl>e an object unreal
 !re=e posits ! exi/5ce ( ! real 9      
g5]al4 ,9 o!r words1 to repres5t an     
object z unreal _c consi/ 9 depriv+ x ( 
e k9d ( exi/5ce1 s9ce ! repres5tation ( 
an object is necess>ily t ( ! object    
exi/+4 ,su* an act consi/s simply 9     
decl>+ t ! exi/5ce atta*$ by our m9d to 
! object1 & insep>able f its            
repres5tation1 is an exi/5ce :olly      

ideal--t ( a m]e possible4 ,b ! ideality
 ( an object1 & ! simple possibility (  
an object1 h mean+ only 9 relation to a 
reality t drives into ! region ( !      
ideal1 or ( ! m]ely possible1 ! object  
:i* is incompatible ) x4 ,suppose !     
/rong] & m sub/antial exi/5ce           
annihilat$3 x is ! att5uat$ & weak]     
exi/5ce ( ! m]ely possible t becomes !  
reality itself1 & y w no long] be       
repres5t+ ! object1 !n1 z non-exi/5t4 ,9
 o!r words1 & h[ev] /range our ass]tion 
may seem1 !re is m1 & n less1 9 ! idea (
 an object conceiv$ z n exi/+ ?an 9 !   
idea ( ?is same object conceiv$ z exi/+2
 = ! idea ( ! object n exi/+ is         
necess>ily ! idea ( ! object exi/+ )1 9 
addition1 ! repres5tation ( an exclusion
 ( ?is object by ! actual reality tak5 9
 block4  ,b x w be claim$ t our idea ( !
 non-exi/5t is n yet suffici5tly cut    
loose f e imag9ative elem5t1 t x is n   
negative en\gh4 ,no matt]1 we %all be   
told1 ?\gh ! unreality ( a ?+ consi/ 9  
its exclusion by o!r ?+s2 we want to "k 

no?+ ab\t t4 ,are we n free to direct   
our att5tion :]e we please & h[ we      
please8 ,well !n1 aft] hav+ call$ up !  
idea ( an object1 & !reby1 if y w h x s1
 suppos$ x exi/5t1 we %all m]ely c\ple  
to our affirmation a 'n1' & t w be en\gh
 to make u ?9k x non-exi/5t4 ,?is is an 
op]ation entirely intellectual1         
indep5d5t ( :at happ5s outside ! m9d4 ,s
 let u ?9k ( any?+ or let u ?9k ( !     
totality ( ?+s1 & !n write 9 ! m>g9 (   
our ?\ght ! 'n1' :i* prescribes !       
rejection ( :at x conta9s3 we annihilate
 ev]y?+ m5tally by ! m]e fact ( decree+ 
its annihilation4--,"h we h x6 ,! v root
 ( all ! difficulties & errors ) :i* we 
are confront$ is to be f\nd 9 ! p[]     
ascrib$ "h to negation4 ,we repres5t    
negation z exactly symmetrical )        
affirmation4 ,we imag9e t negation1 l   
affirmation1 is self-suffici5t4 ,s t    
negation1 l affirmation1 w\ld h ! p[] ( 
creat+ ideas1 ) ?is sole diff]5ce t !y  
w\ld be negative ideas4 ,by affirm+ "o  
?+1 & !n ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum1 ,i  

=m ! idea ( ,all2 s1 by d5y+ "o ?+ & !n 
o!r ?+s1 f9ally by d5y+ ,all1 ,i arrive 
at ! idea ( ,no?+4--,b x is j ?is       
assimilation :i* is arbitr>y4 ,we fail  
to see t :ile affirmation is a complete 
act ( ! m9d1 :i* c succe$ 9 build+ up an
 idea1 negation is b ! half ( an        
intellectual act1 ( :i* ! o!r half is   
und]/ood1 or r put (f to an indef9ite   
future4 ,we fail to see t :ile          
affirmation is a purely intellectual    
act1 !re ent]s into negation an elem5t  
:i* is n intellectual1 & t x is         
precisely to ! intrusion ( ?is =eign    
elem5t t negation owes its specific "*4 
,to beg9 ) ! second po9t1 let u note t  
to d5y always consi/s 9 sett+ aside a   
possible affirmation4#ih ,negation is   
only an attitude tak5 by ! m9d t[>d an  
ev5tual affirmation4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,?is   
table is black1 ,i am speak+ ( ! table2 
,i h se5 x black1 & my judgm5t expresses
 :at ,i h se54 ,b if ,i say1 ,?is table 
is n :ite1 ,i surely d n express some?+ 
,i h p]ceiv$1 = ,i h se5 black1 & n an  

abs5ce ( :ite4 ,x is !re=e1 at bottom1 n
 on ! table itself t ,i br+ ?is judgm5t 
to be>1 b r on ! judgm5t t w\ld decl>e !
 table :ite4 ,i judge a judgm5t & n !   
table4 ,! proposition1 ,?is table is n  
:ite1 implies t y might believe x :ite1 
t y did believe x su*1 or t ,i 0 go+ to 
believe x su*4 ,i w>n y or myself t ?is 
judgm5t is to be replac$ by ano!r 7:i*1 
x is true1 ,i leave undet]m9$74 ,?us1   
:ile affirmation be>s directly on ! ?+1 
negation aims at ! ?+ only indirectly1  
?r\gh an int]pos$ affirmation4 ,an      
affirmative proposition expresses a     
judgm5t on an object2 a negative        
proposition expresses a judgm5t on a    
judgm5t4 ,negation1 !re=e1 diff]s f     
affirmation prop]ly s call$ 9 t x is an 
affirmation ( ! second degree3 x affirms
 some?+ ( an affirmation :i* itself     
affirms some?+ ( an object4  ,b x foll[s
 at once f ?is t negation is n ! "w (   
pure m9d1 ,i %\ld say ( a m9d plac$ be=e
 objects & conc]n$ ) !m alone4 ,:5 we   
d5y1 we give a lesson to o!rs1 or x may 

be to ourselves4 ,we take to task an    
int]locutor1 real or possible1 :om we   
f9d mi/ak5 & :om we put on 8 gu>d4 ,he 0
 affirm+ some?+3 we tell him he ought to
 affirm some?+ else 7?\gh )\t specify+ !
 affirmation :i* mu/ be sub/itut$74 ,!re
 is no long] !n1 simply1 a p]son & an   
object2 !re is1 9 face ( ! object1 a    
p]son speak+ to a p]son1 oppos+ him &   
aid+ him at ! same "t2 !re is a beg9n+ (
 society4 ,negation aims at "s "o1 & n  
only1 l a purely intellectual op]ation1 
at "s ?+4 ,x is ( a p$agogical & social 
nature4 ,x sets /raight or r w>ns1 !    
p]son w>n$ & set /raight be+ possibly1  
by a k9d ( d\bl+1 ! v p]son t speaks4   
,s mu* = ! second po9t2 n[ = ! fir/4 ,we
 said t negation is b ! half ( an       
intellectual act1 ( :i* ! o!r half is   
left indet]m9ate4 ,if ,i pron\nce !     
negative proposition1 ,?is table is n   
:ite1 ,i mean t y ought to sub/itute =  
y\r judgm5t1 ,! table is :ite1 ano!r    
judgm5t4 ,i give y an admonition1 & !   
admonition ref]s to ! necessity ( a     

sub/itution4 ,z to :at y ought to       
sub/itute = y\r affirmation1 ,i tell y  
no?+1 x is true4 ,?is may be because ,i 
d n "k ! color ( ! table2 b x is also1 x
 is inde$ ev5 m1 because ! :ite color is
 t alone t int]e/s u = ! mom5t1 s t ,i  
only ne$ to tell y t "s o!r color w h to
 be sub/itut$ = :ite1 )\t hav+ to say   
:i*4 ,a negative judgm5t is !re=e really
 "o :i* indicates a ne$ ( sub/itut+ = an
 affirmative judgm5t ano!r affirmative  
judgm5t1 ! nature ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n    
specifi$1 sometimes because x is n kn[n1
 m (t5 because x fails to (f] any actual
 int]e/1 ! att5tion be>+ only on !      
sub/ance ( ! fir/4  ,?us1 :5ev] ,i add a
 n to an affirmation1 :5ev] ,i d5y1 ,i  
p]=m two v def9ite acts3 7#a7 ,i int]e/ 
myself 9 :at "o ( my fell[-m5 affirms1  
or 9 :at he 0 go+ to say1 or 9 :at might
 h be5 said by ano!r ,me1 :om ,i        
anticipate2 7#b7 ,i ann\nce t "s o!r    
affirmation1 ^: cont5t ,i d n specify1 w
 h to be sub/itut$ = ! "o ,i f9d be=e   
me4 ,n[1 9 nei!r ( ^! two acts is !re   

any?+ b affirmation4 ,! sui g5]is "* (  
negation is due to sup]impos+ ! fir/ (  
^! acts ^u ! second4 ,x is 9 va91 !n1 t 
we attribute to negation ! p[] ( creat+ 
ideas sui g5]is1 symmetrical ) ^? t     
affirmation creates1 & direct$ 9 a      
contr>y s5se4 ,no idea w come =? f      
negation1 = x has no o!r cont5t ?an t ( 
! affirmative judgm5t :i* x judges4  ,to
 be m precise1 let u consid] an         
exi/5tial1 in/ead ( an attributive1     
judgm5t4 ,if ,i say1 ,! object ,a does n
 exi/1 ,i mean by t1 fir/1 t we might   
believe t ! object ,a exi/s3 h[1 inde$1 
c we ?9k ( ! object ,a )\t ?9k+ x exi/+1
 &1 once aga91 :at diff]5ce c !re be    
betwe5 ! idea ( ! object ,a exi/+ & !   
idea pure & simple ( ! object ,a8       
,!re=e1 m]ely by say+ ,! object ,a1 ,i  
attribute to x "s k9d ( exi/5ce1 ?\gh x 
be t ( a m]e possible1 t is to say1 ( a 
pure idea4 ,& consequ5tly1 9 ! judgm5t  
,! object ,a is n1 !re is at fir/ an    
affirmation su* z ,! object ,a has be51 
or ,! object ,a w be1 or1 m g5]ally1 ,! 

object ,a exi/s at lea/ z a m]e         
possible4 ,n[1 :5 ,i add ! two words is 
n1 ,i c only mean t if we g fur!r1 if we
 erect ! possible object into a real    
object1 we %all be mi/ak51 & t !        
possible ( :i* ,i am speak+ is exclud$ f
 ! actual reality z incompatible ) x4   
,judgm5ts t posit ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+  
are !re=e judgm5ts t =mulate a contra/  
betwe5 ! possible & ! actual 7t is1     
betwe5 two k9ds ( exi/5ce1 "o ?\ght & ! 
o!r f\nd71 :]e a p]son1 real or imag9>y1
 wrongly believes t a c]ta9 possible is 
realiz$4 ,in/ead ( ?is possible1 !re is 
a reality t diff]s f x & rejects x3 !   
negative judgm5t expresses ?is contra/1 
b x expresses ! contra/ 9 an            
int5tionally incomplete =m1 because x is
 address$ to a p]son :o is suppos$ to be
 int]e/$ exclusively 9 ! possible t is  
indicat$1 & is n conc]n$ to "k by :at   
k9d ( reality ! possible is replac$4 ,! 
expression ( ! sub/itution is !re=e b\nd
 to be cut %ort4 ,in/ead ( affirm+ t a  
second t]m is sub/itut$ = ! fir/1 !     

att5tion :i* 0 orig9ally direct$ to !   
fir/ t]m w be kept fix$ ^u x1 & ^u x    
alone4 ,&1 )\t go+ beyond ! fir/1 we    
%all implicitly affirm t a second t]m   
replaces x 9 say+ t ! fir/ is n4 ,we    
%all ?us judge a judgm5t in/ead ( judg+ 
a ?+4 ,we %all w>n o!rs or w>n ourselves
 ( a possible error in/ead ( supply+    
positive in=mation4 ,suppress e int5tion
 ( ?is k9d1 give k back its exclusively 
sci5tific or philosophical "*1 suppose 9
 o!r words t reality comes itself to    
inscribe itself on a m9d t c>es only =  
?+s & is n int]e/$ 9 p]sons3 we %all    
affirm t su* or su* a ?+ is1 we %all    
nev] affirm t a ?+ is n4  ,h[ comes x1  
!n1 t affirmation & negation are s      
p]si/5tly put on ! same level & end[$ ) 
an equal objectivity8 ,h[ comes x t we h
 s mu* difficulty 9 recogniz+ t negation
 is subjective1 artificially cut %ort1  
relative to ! human m9d & /ill m to !   
social life8 ,! reason is1 no d\bt1 t   
bo? negation & affirmation are express$ 
9 propositions1 & t any proposition1 be+

 =m$ ( words1 :i* symbolize concepts1 is
 some?+ relative to social life & to !  
human intellect4 ,:e!r ,i say ,! gr\nd  
is damp or ,! gr\nd is n damp1 9 bo?    
cases ! t]ms gr\nd & damp are concepts m
 or less artificially creat$ by ! m9d ( 
man--extract$1 by 8 free initiative1 f !
 cont9uity ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 bo? cases !   
concepts are repres5t$ by ! same        
conv5tional words4 ,9 bo? cases we c say
 inde$ t ! proposition aims at a social 
& p$agogical end1 s9ce ! fir/ w\ld      
propagate a tru? z ! second w\ld prev5t 
an error4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* is t (
 =mal logic1 to affirm & to d5y are     
inde$ two mutually symmetrical acts1 (  
:i* ! fir/ e/abli%es a relation (       
agreem5t & ! second a relation (        
disagreem5t betwe5 a subject & an       
attribute4 ,b h[ d we fail to see t !   
symmetry is altoge!r ext]nal & ! lik5ess
 sup]ficial8 ,suppose language fall5    
into disuse1 society dissolv$1 e        
intellectual initiative1 e faculty (    
self-reflection & ( self-judgm5t        

atrophi$ 9 man3 ! dampness ( ! gr\nd w  
subsi/ none ! less1 capable ( inscrib+  
itself automatically 9 s5sation & ( s5d+
 a vague idea to ! dead5$ intellect4 ,! 
intellect w /ill affirm1 9 implicit     
t]ms4 ,& consequ5tly1 nei!r di/9ct      
concepts1 nor words1 nor ! desire (     
spread+ ! tru?1 nor t ( bett]+ oneself1 
are ( ! v ess5ce ( ! affirmation4 ,b ?is
 passive intellig5ce1 me*anically keep+ 
/ep ) exp]i5ce1 nei!r anticipat+ nor    
foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! real1 w\ld h no wi%  
to d5y4 ,x c\ld n receive an impr9t (   
negation2 =1 once aga91 t :i* exi/s may 
come to be record$1 b ! non-exi/5ce ( ! 
non-exi/+ _c4 ,= su* an intellect to    
rea* ! po9t ( d5y+1 x mu/ awake f its   
torpor1 =mulate ! disappo9tm5t ( a real 
or possible expectation1 correct an     
actual or possible error--9 %ort1       
propose to tea* o!rs or to tea* itself4 
,x is r difficult to p]ceive ?is 9 !    
example we h *os51 b ! example is inde$ 
! m in/ructive & ! argum5t ! m cog5t on 
t acc\nt4 ,if dampness is able          

automatically to come & record itself1 x
 is ! same1 x w be said1 ) non-dampness2
 = ! dry z well z ! damp c give         
impressions to s5se1 :i* w transmit !m1 
z m or less di/9ct ideas1 to !          
intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se ! negation (   
dampness is z objective a ?+1 z purely  
intellectual1 z remote f e p$agogical   
int5tion1 z affirmation4--,b let u look 
at x m closely3 we %all see t ! negative
 proposition1 ,! gr\nd is n damp1 & !   
affirmative proposition1 ,! gr\nd is    
dry1 h entirely diff]5t cont5ts4 ,!     
second implies t we "k ! dry1 t we h    
exp]i5c$ ! specific s5sations1 tactile  
or visual = example1 t are at ! base (  
?is idea4 ,! fir/ requires no?+ ( !     
sort2 x c\ld equally well h be5 =mulat$ 
by an intellig5t fi%1 :o _h nev] p]ceiv$
 any?+ b ! wet4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 x  
is true1 t ?is fi% %\ld h ris5 to !     
di/9ction betwe5 ! real & ! possible1 & 
t he %\ld c>e to anticipate ! error ( 8 
fell[-fi%es1 :o d\btless consid] z alone
 possible ! condition ( wetness 9 :i* !y

 actually live4 ,keep /rictly to ! t]ms 
( ! proposition1 ,! gr\nd is n damp1 & y
 w f9d t x means two ?+s3 7#a7 t "o     
might believe t ! gr\nd is damp1 7#b7 t 
! dampness is replac$ 9 fact by a c]ta9 
quality x4 ,?is quality is left         
indet]m9ate1 ei!r because we h no       
positive k ( x1 or because x has no     
actual int]e/ = ! p]son to :om !        
negation is address$4 ,to d5y1 !re=e1   
always consi/s 9 pres5t+ 9 an abridg$ =m
 a sy/em ( two affirmations3 ! "o       
det]m9ate1 :i* applies to a c]ta9       
possible2 ! o!r indet]m9ate1 ref]r+ to !
 unkn[n or indiff]5t reality t supplants
 ?is possibility4 ,! second affirmation 
is virtually conta9$ 9 ! judgm5t we     
apply to ! fir/1 a judgm5t :i* is       
negation itself4 ,& :at gives negation  
its subjective "* is precisely ?is1 t 9 
! discov]y ( a replacem5t x takes acc\nt
 only ( ! replac$1 & is n conc]n$ ) :at 
replaces4 ,! replac$ exi/s only z a     
conception ( ! m9d4 ,x is necess>y1 9   
ord] to cont9ue to see x1 & consequ5tly 

9 ord] to speak ( x1 to turn our back on
 ! reality1 :i* fl[s f ! pa/ to !       
pres5t1 advanc+ f beh9d4 ,x is ?is t we 
d :5 we d5y4 ,we discov] ! *ange1 or m  
g5]ally ! sub/itution1 z a travell] w\ld
 see ! c\rse ( 8 c>riage if he look$ out
 beh9d1 & only knew at ea* mom5t ! po9t 
at :i* he _h ceas$ to be2 he c\ld nev]  
det]m9e 8 actual position except by     
relation to t :i* he _h j quitt$1 in/ead
 ( grasp+ x 9 itself4  ,to sum up1 = a  
m9d :i* %\ld foll[ purely & simply !    
?read ( exp]i5ce1 !re w\ld be no void1  
no n\ght1 ev5 relative or p>tial1 no    
possible negation4 ,su* a m9d w\ld see  
facts succe$ facts1 /ates succe$ /ates1 
?+s succe$ ?+s4 ,:at x w\ld note at ea* 
mom5t w\ld be ?+s exi/+1 /ates appe>+1  
ev5ts happ5+4 ,x w\ld live 9 ! actual1  
&1 if x 7 capable ( judg+1 x w\ld nev]  
affirm any?+ except ! exi/5ce ( !       
pres5t4  ,end[ ?is m9d ) memory1 &      
especially ) ! desire to dwell on ! pa/2
 give x ! faculty ( dissociat+ & (      
di/+ui%+3 x w no long] only note !      

pres5t /ate ( ! pass+ reality2 x w      
repres5t ! pass+ z a *ange1 & !re=e z a 
contra/ betwe5 :at has be5 & :at is4 ,& 
z !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a  
pa/ t we rememb] & a pa/ t we imag9e1 x 
w quickly rise to ! idea ( ! possible 9 
g5]al4  ,x w ?us be %unt$ on to ! sid+ (
 negation4 ,& especially x w be at !    
po9t ( repres5t+ a disappe>ance4 ,b x w 
n yet h rea*$ x4 ,to repres5t t a ?+ has
 disappe>$1 x is n en\gh to p]ceive a   
contra/ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t2 x is   
necess>y besides to turn our back on !  
pres5t1 to dwell on ! pa/1 & to ?9k !   
contra/ ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t 9 t]ms ( !   
pa/ only1 )\t lett+ ! pres5t appe> 9 x4 
,! idea ( annihilation is !re=e n a pure
 idea2 x implies t we regret ! pa/ or t 
we conceive x z regrettable1 t we h "s  
reason to l+] ov] x4 ,! idea arises :5 !
 ph5om5on ( sub/itution is cut 9 two by 
a m9d :i* consid]s only ! fir/ half1    
because t alone int]e/s x4 ,suppress all
 int]e/1 all feel+1 & !re is no?+ left b
 ! reality t fl[s1 toge!r ) ! k ev]     

r5ew$ t x impresses on u ( its pres5t   
/ate4  ,f annihilation to negation1 :i* 
is a m g5]al op]ation1 !re is n[ only a 
/ep4 ,all t is necess>y is to repres5t !
 contra/ ( :at is1 n only ) :at has be51
 b also ) all t might h be54 ,& we mu/  
express ?is contra/ z a function ( :at  
might h be51 & n ( :at is2 we mu/ affirm
 ! exi/5ce ( ! actual :ile look+ only at
 ! possible4 ,! =mula we ?us obta9 no   
long] expresses m]ely a disappo9tm5t ( !
 individual2 x is made to correct or    
gu>d aga9/ an error1 :i* is r suppos$ to
 be ! error ( ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se1       
negation has a p$agogical & social "*4  
,n[1 once negation is =mulat$1 x pres5ts
 an aspect symmetrical ) t (            
affirmation2 if affirmation affirms an  
objective reality1 x seems t negation   
mu/ affirm a non-reality equally        
objective1 &1 s to say1 equally real4 ,9
 :i* we are bo? "r & wrong3 wrong1      
because negation _c be objectifi$1 9 s  
f> z x is negative2 "r1 h[ev]1 9 t !    
negation ( a ?+ implies ! lat5t         

affirmation ( its replacem5t by some?+  
else1 :i* we sy/ematically leave on "o  
side4 ,b ! negative =m ( negation       
b5efits by ! affirmation at ! bottom (  
x4 ,be/rid+ ! positive solid reality to 
:i* x is atta*$1 ?is phantom objectifies
 itself4 ,?us is =m$ ! idea ( ! void or 
( a p>tial n\ght1 a ?+ be+ suppos$ to be
 replac$1 n by ano!r ?+1 b by a void :i*
 x leaves1 t is1 by ! negation ( itself4
 ,n[1 z ?is op]ation works on any?+     
:atev]1 we suppose x p]=m$ on ea* ?+ 9  
turn1 & f9ally on all ?+s 9 block4 ,we  
?us obta9 ! idea ( absolute ,no?+4 ,if  
n[ we analyze ?is idea ( ,no?+1 we f9d t
 x is1 at bottom1 ! idea ( ,ev]y?+1     
toge!r ) a movem5t ( ! m9d t keeps jump+
 f "o ?+ to ano!r1 refuses to /& /ill1 &
 conc5trates all its att5tion on ?is    
refusal by nev] det]m9+ its actual      
position except by relation to t :i* x  
has j left4 ,x is !re=e an idea em95tly 
compreh5sive & full1 z full &           
compreh5sive z ! idea ( ,all1 to :i* x  
is v closely ak94  ,h[ !n c ! idea (    

,n\ght be oppos$ to t ( ,all8 ,is x n   
pla9 t ?is is to oppose ! full to !     
full1 & t ! "q1 ,:y does some?+ exi/8 is
 consequ5tly )\t mean+1 a pseudo-problem
 rais$ ab\t a pseudo-idea8 ,yet we mu/  
say once m :y ?is phantom ( a problem   
haunts ! m9d ) su* ob/9acy4 ,9 va9 d we 
%[ t 9 ! idea ( an annihilation ( ! real
 !re is only ! image ( all realities    
expell+ "o ano!r endlessly1 9 a circle2 
9 va9 d we add t ! idea ( non-exi/5ce is
 only t ( ! expulsion ( an impond]able  
exi/5ce1 or a m]ely possible exi/5ce1 by
 a m sub/antial exi/5ce :i* w\ld !n be !
 true reality2 9 va9 d we f9d 9 ! sui   
g5]is =m ( negation an elem5t :i* is n  
intellectual--negation be+ ! judgm5t ( a
 judgm5t1 an admonition giv5 to "s "o   
else or to oneself1 s t x is absurd to  
attribute to negation ! p[] ( creat+    
ideas ( a new k9d1 viz4 ideas )\t       
cont5t2--9 spite ( all1 ! conviction    
p]si/s t be=e ?+s1 or at lea/ "u ?+s1   
!re is ,no?+4 ,if we seek ! reason ( ?is
 fact1 we %all f9d x precisely 9 !      

feel+1 9 ! social &1 s to speak1        
practical elem5t1 t gives its specific  
=m to negation4 ,! greate/ philosophic  
difficulties arise1 z we h said1 f !    
fact t ! =ms ( human action v5ture      
outside ( _! prop] sph]e4 ,we are made 9
 ord] to act z mu* z1 & m ?an1 9 ord] to
 ?9k--or r1 :5 we foll[ ! b5t ( our     
nature1 x is 9 ord] to act t we ?9k4 ,x 
is !re=e no wond] t ! habits ( action   
give _! tone to ^? ( ?\ght1 & t our m9d 
always p]ceives ?+s 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* 
we are accu/om$ to picture !m :5 we     
propose to act on !m4 ,n[1 x is         
unque/ionable1 z we rem>k$ above1 t e   
human action has its />t+-po9t 9 a      
dissatisfaction1 & !reby 9 a feel+ (    
abs5ce4 ,we %\ld n act if we did n set  
be=e ourselves an end1 & we seek a ?+   
only because we feel ! lack ( x4 ,our   
action proce$s ?us f no?+ to some?+1 &  
its v ess5ce is to embroid] some?+ on ! 
canvas ( no?+4 ,! tru? is t ! no?+      
conc]n$ "h is ! abs5ce n s mu* ( a ?+ z 
( a utility4 ,if ,i br+ a visitor into a

 room t ,i h n yet furni%$1 ,i say to   
him t !re is no?+ 9 x4 ,yet ,i "k ! room
 is full ( air2 b1 z we d n sit on air1 
! room truly conta9s no?+ t at ?is      
mom5t1 = ! visitor & = myself1 c\nts =  
any?+4 ,9 a g5]al way1 human "w consi/s 
9 creat+ utility2 &1 z long z ! "w is n 
done1 !re is no?+--no?+ t we want4 ,our 
life is ?us sp5t 9 fill+ voids1 :i* our 
intellect conceives "u ! influ5ce1 by no
 means intellectual1 ( desire & (       
regret1 "u ! pressure ( vital           
necessities2 & if we mean by void an    
abs5ce ( utility & n ( ?+s1 we may say1 
9 ?is q relative s5se1 t we are         
con/antly go+ f ! void to ! full3 su* is
 ! direction :i* our action takes4 ,our 
speculation _c help do+ ! same2 &1      
naturally1 x passes f ! relative s5se to
 ! absolute s5se1 s9ce x is ex]cis$ on  
?+s !mselves & n on ! utility !y h = u4 
,?us is implant$ 9 u ! idea t reality   
fills a void1 & t ,no?+1 conceiv$ z an  
abs5ce ( ev]y?+1 pre-exi/s be=e all ?+s 
9 "r1 if n 9 fact4 ,x is ?is illusion t 

we h tri$ to remove by %[+ t ! idea (   
,no?+1 if we try to see 9 x t ( an      
annihilation ( all ?+s1 is              
self-de/ructive & r$uc$ to a m]e ^w2 & t
 if1 on ! contr>y1 x is truly an idea1  
!n we f9d 9 x z mu* matt] z 9 ! idea (  
,all4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,?is long analysis has be5 
necess>y to %[ t a self-suffici5t       
reality is n necess>ily a reality =eign 
to duration4 ,if we pass 7consci\sly or 
unconsci\sly7 ?r\gh ! idea ( ! n\ght 9  
ord] to rea* t ( be+1 ! be+ to :i* we   
come is a logical or ma!matical ess5ce1 
!re=e non-temporal4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 a  
/atic conception ( ! real is =c$ on u3  
ev]y?+ appe>s giv5 once = all1 9        
et]nity4 ,b we mu/ accu/om ourselves to 
?9k be+ directly1 )\t mak+ a det\r1 )\t 
fir/ appeal+ to ! phantom ( ! n\ght :i* 
int]poses itself betwe5 x & u4 ,we mu/  
/rive to see 9 ord] to see1 & no long]  
to see 9 ord] to act4 ,!n ! ,absolute is
 reveal$ v ne> u &1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 9
 u4 ,x is ( psy*ological & n (          

ma!matical nor logical ess5ce4 ,x lives 
) u4 ,l u1 b 9 c]ta9 aspects inf9itely m
 conc5trat$ & m ga!r$ up 9 itself1 x    
endures4  ,b d we ev] ?9k true duration8
 ,"h aga9 a direct tak+ possession is   
necess>y4 ,x is no use try+ to approa*  
duration3 we mu/ in/all ourselves )9 x  
/raight away4 ,?is is :at ! intellect   
g5]ally refuses to d1 accu/om$ z x is to
 ?9k ! mov+ by means ( ! unmovable4  ,! 
function ( ! intellect is to preside ov]
 actions4 ,n[1 9 action1 x is ! result t
 int]e/s u2 ! means matt] little provid$
 ! end is atta9$4 ,!nce x comes t we are
 altoge!r b5t on ! end to be realiz$1   
g5]ally tru/+ ourselves to x 9 ord] t ! 
idea may become an act2 & !nce x comes  
also t only ! goal :]e our activity w   
re/ is pictur$ explicitly to our m9d3 ! 
movem5ts con/itut+ ! action itself ei!r 
elude our consci\sness or rea* x only   
confus$ly4 ,let u consid] a v simple    
act1 l t ( lift+ ! arm4 ,:]e %\ld we be 
if we _h to imag9e be=eh& all ! elem5t>y
 contractions & t5sions ?is act         

involves1 or ev5 to p]ceive !m1 "o by   
"o1 z !y are accompli%$8 ,b ! m9d is    
c>ri$ imm$iately to ! end1 t is to say1 
to ! s*ematic & simplifi$ vision ( ! act
 suppos$ accompli%$4 ,!n1 if no         
antagoni/ic idea neutralizes ! effect ( 
! fir/ idea1 ! appropriate movem5ts come
 ( !mselves to fill out ! plan1 drawn 9 
"s way by ! void ( its gaps4 ,!         
intellect1 !n1 only repres5ts to !      
activity ends to atta91 t is to say1    
po9ts ( re/4 ,&1 f "o end atta9$ to     
ano!r end atta9$1 f "o re/ to ano!r re/1
 our activity is c>ri$ by a s]ies (     
leaps1 dur+ :i* our consci\sness is     
turn$ away z mu* z possible f ! movem5t 
go+ on1 to reg>d only ! anticipat$ image
 ( ! movem5t accompli%$4  ,n[1 9 ord] t 
x may repres5t z unmovable ! result ( ! 
act :i* is be+ accompli%$1 ! intellect  
mu/ p]ceive1 z also unmovable1 !        
surr\nd+s 9 :i* ?is result is be+ fram$4
 ,our activity is fitt$ into ! mat]ial  
_w4 ,if matt] appe>$ to u z a p]petual  
fl[+1 we %\ld assign no t]m9ation to any

 ( our actions4 ,we %\ld feel ea* ( !m  
dissolve z fa/ z x 0 accompli%$1 & we   
%\ld n anticipate an ev]-fleet+ future4 
,9 ord] t our activity may leap f an act
 to an act1 x is necess>y t matt] %\ld  
pass f a /ate to a /ate1 = x is only    
into a /ate ( ! mat]ial _w t action c   
fit a result1 s z to be accompli%$4 ,b  
is x ?us t matt] pres5ts itself8  ,a    
priori we may presume t our p]ception   
manages to appreh5d matt] ) ?is bias4   
,s5sory organs & motor organs are 9 fact
 cord9at$ ) ea* o!r4 ,n[1 ! fir/        
symbolize our faculty ( p]ceiv+1 z !    
second our faculty ( act+4 ,! organism  
?us evid5ces1 9 a visible & tangible =m1
 ! p]fect accord ( p]ception & action4  
,s if our activity always aims at a     
result into :i* x is mom5t>ily fitt$1   
our p]ception mu/ reta9 ( ! mat]ial _w1 
at e mom5t1 only a /ate 9 :i* x is      
provisionally plac$4 ,?is is ! mo/      
natural hypo!sis4 ,& x is easy to see t 
exp]i5ce confirms x4  ,f our fir/ glance
 at ! _w1 be=e we ev5 make our bodies 9 

x1 we di/+ui% qualities4 ,color succe$s 
to color1 s\nd to s\nd1 resi/ance to    
resi/ance1 etc4 ,ea* ( ^! qualities1    
tak5 sep>ately1 is a /ate t seems to    
p]si/ z su*1 immovable until ano!r      
replaces x4 ,yet ea* ( ^! qualities     
resolves itself1 on analysis1 into an   
enorm\s numb] ( elem5t>y movem5ts4 ,:e!r
 we see 9 x vibrations or :e!r we       
repres5t x 9 any o!r way1 "o fact is    
c]ta91 x is t e quality is *ange4 ,9    
va91 moreov]1 %all we seek b5ea? ! *ange
 ! ?+ :i* *anges3 x is always           
provisionally1 & 9 ord] to satisfy our  
imag9ation1 t we atta* ! movem5t to a   
mobile4 ,! mobile flies = ev] be=e !    
pursuit ( sci5ce1 :i* is conc]n$ )      
mobility alone4 ,9 ! smalle/ disc]nible 
fraction ( a second1 9 ! almo/          
in/antane\s p]ception ( a s5sible       
quality1 !re may be trillions (         
oscillations :i* repeat !mselves4 ,!    
p]man5ce ( a s5sible quality consi/s 9  
?is repetition ( movem5ts1 z ! p]si/5ce 
( life consi/s 9 a s]ies ( palpitations4

 ,! primal function ( p]ception is      
precisely to grasp a s]ies ( elem5t>y   
*anges "u ! =m ( a quality or ( a simple
 /ate1 by a "w ( cond5sation4 ,! great] 
! p[] ( act+ be/[$ ^u an animal species1
 ! m num]\s1 probably1 are ! elem5t>y   
*anges t its faculty ( p]ceiv+          
conc5trates into "o ( its in/ants4 ,& ! 
progress mu/ be cont9u\s1 9 nature1 f ! 
be+s t vibrate almo/ 9 unison ) !       
oscillations ( ! e!r1 up to ^? t embrace
 trillions ( ^! oscillations 9 ! %orte/ 
( _! simple p]ceptions4 ,! fir/ feel    
h>dly any?+ b movem5ts2 ! o!rs p]ceive  
quality4 ,! fir/ are almo/ caught up 9 !
 runn+-ge> ( ?+s2 ! o!rs react1 & !     
t5sion ( _! faculty ( act+ is probably  
proportional to ! conc5tration ( _!     
faculty ( p]ceiv+4 ,! progress goes on  
ev5 9 humanity itself4 ,a man is s mu* !
 m a man ( action z he c embrace 9 a    
glance a great] numb] ( ev5ts3 he :o    
p]ceives successive ev5ts "o by "o w    
all[ himself to be l$ by !m2 he :o      
grasps !m z a :ole w dom9ate !m4 ,9     

%ort1 ! qualities ( matt] are s _m /able
 views t we take ( its in/ability4  ,n[1
 9 ! cont9uity ( s5sible qualities we   
m>k (f ! b\nd>ies ( bodies4 ,ea* ( ^!   
bodies really *anges at e mom5t4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 x resolves itself into a    
gr\p ( qualities1 & e quality1 z we     
said1 consi/s ( a succession ( elem5t>y 
movem5ts4 ,b1 ev5 if we reg>d ! quality 
z a /able /ate1 ! body is /ill un/able 9
 t x *anges qualities )\t ceas+4 ,! body
 pre-em95tly--t :i* we are mo/ ju/ifi$ 9
 isolat+ )9 ! cont9uity ( matt]1 because
 x con/itutes a relatively clos$        
sy/em--is ! liv+ body2 x is1 moreov]1 = 
x t we cut out ! o!rs )9 ! :ole4 ,n[1   
life is an evolution4 ,we conc5trate a  
p]iod ( ?is evolution 9 a /able view :i*
 we call a =m1 &1 :5 ! *ange has become 
consid]able en\gh to ov]come ! =tunate  
in]tia ( our p]ception1 we say t ! body 
has *ang$ its =m4 ,b 9 reality ! body is
 *ang+ =m at e mom5t2 or r1 !re is no   
=m1 s9ce =m is immobile & ! reality is  
movem5t4 ,:at is real is ! cont9ual     

*ange ( =m3 =m is only a snap%ot view ( 
a transition4 ,!re=e1 "h aga91 our      
p]ception manages to solidify into      
discont9u\s images ! fluid cont9uity ( !
 real4 ,:5 ! successive images d n diff]
 f ea* o!r too mu*1 we consid] !m all z 
! wax+ & wan+ ( a s+le mean image1 or z 
! de=mation ( ?is image 9 diff]5t       
directions4 ,& to ?is mean we really    
allude :5 we speak ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 or
 ( ! ?+ itself4  ,f9ally ?+s1 once      
con/itut$1 %[ on ! surface1 by _! *anges
 ( situation1 ! pr(\nd *anges t are be+ 
accompli%$ )9 ! ,:ole4 ,we say !n t !y  
act on "o ano!r4 ,?is action appe>s to  
u1 no d\bt1 9 ! =m ( movem5t4 ,b f !    
mobility ( ! movem5t we turn away z mu* 
z we c2 :at int]e/s u is1 z we said     
above1 ! unmovable plan ( ! movem5t r   
?an ! movem5t itself4 ,is x a simple    
movem5t8 ,we ask ourselves :]e x is go+4
 ,x is by its direction1 t is to say1 by
 ! position ( its provisional end1 t we 
repres5t x at e mom5t4 ,is x a complex  
movem5t8 ,we w\ld "k above all :at is   

go+ on1 :at ! movem5t is do+--9 o!r     
words1 ! result obta9$ or ! presid+     
int5tion4 ,exam9e closely :at is 9 y\r  
m9d :5 y speak ( an action 9 c\rse (    
accompli%m5t4 ,! idea ( *ange is !re1 ,i
 am will+ to grant1 b x is hidd5 9 !    
p5umbra4 ,9 ! full light is ! motionless
 plan ( ! act suppos$ accompli%$4 ,x is 
by ?is1 & by ?is only1 t ! complex act  
is di/+ui%$ & def9$4 ,we %\ld be v mu*  
emb>rass$ if we _h to imag9e ! movem5ts 
inh]5t 9 ! actions ( eat+1 dr9k+1       
fight+1 etc4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k1 9 a 
g5]al & indef9ite way1 t all ^! acts are
 movem5ts4 ,once t side ( ! matt] has   
be5 settl$1 we simply seek to repres5t !
 g5]al plan ( ea* ( ^! complex movem5ts1
 t is to say ! motionless design t      
und]lies !m4 ,"h aga9 k be>s on a /ate r
 ?an on a *ange4 ,x is !re=e ! same )   
?is ?ird case z ) ! o!rs4 ,:e!r !       
movem5t be qualitative or evolution>y or
 ext5sive1 ! m9d manages to take /able  
views ( ! in/ability4 ,& !nce ! m9d     
d]ives1 z we h j %[n1 ?ree k9ds (       

repres5tations3 7#a7 qualities1 7#b7 =ms
 ( ess5ces1 7#c7 acts4  ,to ^! ?ree ways
 ( see+ correspond ?ree categories (    
words3 adjectives1 sub/antives1 & v]bs1 
:i* are ! primordial elem5ts ( language4
 ,adjectives & sub/antives !re=e        
symbolize /ates4 ,b ! v]b itself1 if we 
keep to ! cle> "p ( ! idea x calls up1  
h>dly expresses any?+ else4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,n[1 if  
we try to *>act]ize m precisely our     
natural attitude t[>ds ,becom+1 ?is is  
:at we f9d4 ,becom+ is inf9itely v>i$4  
,t :i* goes f yell[ to gre5 is n l t :i*
 goes f gre5 to blue3 !y are diff]5t    
qualitative movem5ts4 ,t :i* goes f fl[]
 to fruit is n l t :i* goes f l>va to   
nymph & f nymph to p]fect insect3 !y are
 diff]5t evolution>y movem5ts4 ,! action
 ( eat+ or ( dr9k+ is n l ! action (    
fight+3 !y are diff]5t ext5sive         
movem5ts4 ,& ^! ?ree k9ds ( movem5t     
!mselves--qualitative1 evolution>y1     
ext5sive--diff] pr(\ndly4 ,! trick ( our
 p]ception1 l t ( our intellig5ce1 l t (

 our language1 consi/s 9 extract+ f ^!  
pr(\ndly diff]5t becom+s ! s+le         
repres5tation ( becom+ 9 g5]al1 undef9$ 
becom+1 a m]e ab/raction :i* by itself  
says no?+ & ( :i*1 inde$1 x is v r>ely t
 we ?9k4 ,to ?is idea1 always ! same1 & 
always obscure or unconsci\s1 we !n jo91
 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 "o or sev]al cle> 
images t repres5t /ates & :i* s]ve to   
di/+ui% all becom+s f ea* o!r4 ,x is ?is
 composition ( a specifi$ & def9ite /ate
 ) *ange g5]al & undef9$ t we sub/itute 
= ! specific *ange4 ,an inf9ite         
multiplicity ( becom+s v>i\sly color$1 s
 to speak1 passes be=e our eyes3 we     
manage s t we see only diff]5ces (      
color1 t is to say1 diff]5ces ( /ate1   
b5ea? :i* !re is suppos$ to fl[1 hidd5 f
 our view1 a becom+ always & ev]y:]e !  
same1 inv>iably colorless4  ,suppose we 
wi% to portray on a scre5 a liv+        
picture1 su* z ! m>*+ pa/ ( a regim5t4  
,!re is "o way 9 :i* x might fir/ occur 
to u to d x4 ,t w\ld be to cut out jo9t$
 figures repres5t+ ! soldi]s1 to give to

 ea* ( !m ! movem5t ( m>*+1 a movem5t   
v>y+ f individual to individual al?\gh  
common to ! human species1 & to ?r[ !   
:ole on ! scre54 ,we %\ld ne$ to sp5d on
 ?is little game an enorm\s am\nt ( "w1 
& ev5 !n we %\ld obta9 b a v poor       
result3 h[ c\ld x1 at its be/1 reproduce
 ! suppl5ess & v>iety ( life8 ,n[1 !re  
is ano!r way ( proce$+1 m easy & at !   
same "t m effective4 ,x is to take a    
s]ies ( snap%ots ( ! pass+ regim5t & to 
?r[ ^! in/antane\s views on ! scre51 s t
 !y replace ea* o!r v rapidly4 ,?is is  
:at ! c9ematograph does4 ,) photographs1
 ea* ( :i* repres5ts ! regim5t 9 a fix$ 
attitude1 x recon/itutes ! mobility ( ! 
regim5t m>*+4 ,x is true t if we _h to d
 ) photographs alone1 h[ev] mu* we might
 look at !m1 we %\ld nev] see !m        
animat$3 ) immobility set beside        
immobility1 ev5 endlessly1 we c\ld nev] 
make movem5t4 ,9 ord] t ! pictures may  
be animat$1 !re mu/ be movem5t some:]e4 
,! movem5t does inde$ exi/ "h2 x is 9 ! 
app>atus4 ,x is because ! film ( !      

c9ematograph unrolls1 br++ 9 turn !     
diff]5t photographs ( ! sc5e to cont9ue 
ea* o!r1 t ea* actor ( ! sc5e recov]s 8 
mobility2 he /r+s all 8 successive      
attitudes on ! invisible movem5t ( !    
film4 ,! process !n consi/s 9 extract+ f
 all ! movem5ts peculi> to all ! figures
 an imp]sonal movem5t ab/ract & simple1 
movem5t 9 g5]al1 s to speak3 we put ?is 
into ! app>atus1 & we recon/itute !     
individuality ( ea* p>ticul> movem5t by 
comb9+ ?is nameless movem5t ) ! p]sonal 
attitudes4 ,su* is ! contrivance ( !    
c9ematograph4 ,& su* is also t ( our k4 
,in/ead ( atta*+ ourselves to ! inn]    
becom+ ( ?+s1 we place ourselves outside
 !m 9 ord] to recompose _! becom+       
artificially4 ,we take snap%ots1 z x 71 
( ! pass+ reality1 &1 z ^! are          
*>act]i/ic ( ! reality1 we h only to /r+
 !m on a becom+1 ab/ract1 uni=m &       
invisible1 situat$ at ! back ( !        
app>atus ( k1 9 ord] to imitate :at !re 
is t is *>act]i/ic 9 ?is becom+ itself4 
,p]ception1 intellection1 language s    

proce$ 9 g5]al4 ,:e!r we w\ld ?9k       
becom+1 or express x1 or ev5 p]ceive x1 
we h>dly d any?+ else ?an set go+ a k9d 
( c9ematograph inside u4 ,we may !re=e  
sum up :at we h be5 say+ 9 ! conclusion 
t ! me*anism ( our ord9>y k is ( a      
c9ematographical k9d4  ,( ! altoge!r    
practical "* ( ?is op]ation !re is no   
possible d\bt4 ,ea* ( our acts aims at a
 c]ta9 ins]tion ( our w into ! reality4 
,!re is1 betwe5 our body & o!r bodies1  
an arrangem5t l t ( ! pieces ( glass t  
compose a kaleidoscopic picture4 ,our   
activity goes f an arrangem5t to a      
re>rangem5t1 ea* "t no d\bt giv+ !      
kaleidoscope a new %ake1 b n int]e/+    
itself 9 ! %ake1 & see+ only ! new      
picture4 ,our k ( ! op]ation ( nature   
mu/ be exactly symmetrical1 !re=e1 ) !  
int]e/ we take 9 our own op]ation4 ,9   
?is s5se we may say1 if we are n abus+  
?is k9d ( illu/ration1 t !              
c9ematographical "* ( our k ( ?+s is due
 to ! kaleidoscopic "* ( our adaptation 
to !m4  ,! c9ematographical me?od is    

!re=e ! only practical me?od1 s9ce x    
consi/s 9 mak+ ! g5]al "* ( k =m itself 
on t ( action1 :ile expect+ t ! detail (
 ea* act %\ld dep5d 9 its turn on t ( k4
 ,9 ord] t action may always be         
enlight5$1 intellig5ce mu/ always be    
pres5t 9 x2 b intellig5ce1 9 ord] ?us to
 accompany ! progress ( activity &      
ensure its direction1 mu/ beg9 by adopt+
 its rhy?m4 ,action is discont9u\s1 l e 
pulsation ( life2 discont9u\s1 !re=e1 is
 k4 ,! me*anism ( ! faculty ( kn[+ has  
be5 con/ruct$ on ?is plan4 ,ess5tially  
practical1 c x be ( use1 su* z x is1 =  
speculation8 ,let u try ) x to foll[    
reality 9 its w9d+s1 & see :at w happ54 
,i take ( ! cont9uity ( a p>ticul>      
becom+ a s]ies ( views1 :i* ,i connect  
toge!r by becom+ 9 g5]al4 ,b ( c\rse ,i 
_c /op !re4 ,:at is n det]m9able is n   
repres5table3 ( becom+ 9 g5]al ,i h only
 a v]bal k4 ,z ! lett] x designates a   
c]ta9 unkn[n quantity1 :atev] x may be1 
s my becom+ 9 g5]al1 always ! same1     
symbolizes "h a c]ta9 transition ( :i*  

,i h tak5 "s snap%ots2 ( ! transition   
itself x tea*es me no?+4 ,let me !n     
conc5trate myself :olly on ! transition1
 &1 betwe5 any two snap%ots1 endeavor to
 realize :at is go+ on4 ,z ,i apply !   
same me?od1 ,i obta9 ! same result2 a   
?ird view m]ely slips 9 betwe5 ! two    
o!rs4 ,i may beg9 aga9 z (t5 z ,i w1 ,i 
may set views alongside ( views = ev]1  
,i %all obta9 no?+ else4 ,! application 
( ! c9ematographical me?od !re=e leads  
to a p]petual recomm5cem5t1 dur+ :i* !  
m9d1 nev] able to satisfy itself & nev] 
f9d+ :]e to re/1 p]suades itself1 no    
d\bt1 t x imitates by its in/ability ! v
 movem5t ( ! real4 ,b ?\gh1 by /ra9+    
itself to ! po9t ( gidd9ess1 x may end  
by giv+ itself ! illusion ( mobility1   
its op]ation has n advanc$ x a /ep1 s9ce
 x rema9s z f> z ev] f its goal4 ,9 ord]
 to advance ) ! mov+ reality1 y mu/     
replace y\rself )9 x4 ,in/all y\rself )9
 *ange1 & y w grasp at once bo? *ange   
itself & ! successive /ates 9 :i* x     
might at any in/ant be immobiliz$4 ,b ) 

^! successive /ates1 p]ceiv$ f )\t z    
real & no long] z pot5tial immobilities1
 y w nev] recon/itute movem5t4 ,call !m 
qualities1 =ms1 positions1 or int5tions1
 z ! case may be1 multiply ! numb] ( !m 
z y w1 let ! int]val betwe5 two         
consecutive /ates be inf9itely small3   
be=e ! int]v5+ movem5t y w always       
exp]i5ce ! disappo9tm5t ( ! *ild :o     
tries by clapp+ 8 h&s toge!r to cru% !  
smoke4 ,! movem5t slips ?r\gh ! int]val1
 because e attempt to recon/itute *ange 
out ( /ates implies ! absurd            
proposition1 t movem5t is made (        
immobilities4  ,philosophy p]ceiv$ ?is z
 soon z x op5$ its eyes4 ,! argum5ts (  
,z5o ( ,elea1 al?\gh =mulat$ ) a v      
diff]5t int5tion1 h no o!r mean+4  ,take
 ! fly+ arr[4 ,at e mom5t1 says ,z5o1 x 
is motionless1 = x _c h "t to move1 t   
is1 to occupy at lea/ two successive    
positions1 unless at lea/ two mom5ts are
 all[$ x4 ,at a giv5 mom5t1 !re=e1 x is 
at re/ at a giv5 po9t4 ,motionless 9 ea*
 po9t ( its c\rse1 x is motionless dur+ 

all ! "t t x is mov+4  ,yes1 if we      
suppose t ! arr[ c ev] be 9 a po9t ( its
 c\rse4 ,yes aga91 if ! arr[1 :i* is    
mov+1 ev] co9cides ) a position1 :i* is 
motionless4 ,b ! arr[ nev] is 9 any po9t
 ( its c\rse4 ,! mo/ we c say is t x    
might be !re1 9 ?is s5se1 t x passes !re
 & might /op !re4 ,x is true t if x did 
/op !re1 x w\ld be at re/ !re1 & at ?is 
po9t x is no long] movem5t t we %\ld h  
to d )4 ,! tru? is t if ! arr[ leaves ! 
po9t ,a to fall d[n at ! po9t ,b1 its   
movem5t ,,ab is z simple1 z             
indecomposable1 9 s f> z x is movem5t1 z
 ! t5sion ( ! b[ t %oots x4 ,z !        
%rapnel1 bur/+ be=e x falls to ! gr\nd1 
cov]s ! explosive zone ) an indivisible 
dang]1 s ! arr[ :i* goes f ,a to ,b     
displays ) a s+le /roke1 al?\gh ov] a   
c]ta9 ext5t ( duration1 its indivisible 
mobility4 ,suppose an ela/ic /ret*$ f ,a
 to ,b1 c\ld y divide its ext5sion8 ,!  
c\rse ( ! arr[ is ?is v ext5sion2 x is  
equally simple & equally undivid$4 ,x is
 a s+le & unique b\nd4 ,y fix a po9t ,c 

9 ! int]val pass$1 & say t at a c]ta9   
mom5t ! arr[ 0 9 ,c4 ,if x _h be5 !re1 x
 w\ld h be5 /opp$ !re1 & y w\ld no long]
 h _h a flight f ,a to ,b1 b two        
flights1 "o f ,a to ,c & ! o!r f ,c to  
,b1 ) an int]val ( re/4 ,a s+le movem5t 
is entirely1 by ! hypo!sis1 a movem5t   
betwe5 two /ops2 if !re are int]m$iate  
/ops1 x is no long] a s+le movem5t4 ,at 
bottom1 ! illusion arises f ?is1 t !    
movem5t1 once effect$1 has laid along   
its c\rse a motionless trajectory on :i*
 we c c\nt z _m immobilities z we w4 ,f 
?is we conclude t ! movem5t1 :il/ be+   
effect$1 lays at ea* in/ant b5ea? x a   
position ) :i* x co9cides4 ,we d n see t
 ! trajectory is creat$ 9 "o /roke1     
al?\gh a c]ta9 "t is requir$ = x2 & t   
?\gh we c divide at w ! trajectory once 
creat$1 we _c divide its creation1 :i*  
is an act 9 progress & n a ?+4 ,to      
suppose t ! mov+ body is at a po9t ( its
 c\rse is to cut ! c\rse 9 two by a snip
 ( ! scissors at ?is po9t1 & to         
sub/itute two trajectories = ! s+le     

trajectory :i* we 7 fir/ consid]+4 ,x is
 to di/+ui% two successive acts :]e1 by 
! hypo!sis1 !re is only "o4 ,9 %ort1 x  
is to attribute to ! c\rse itself ( !   
arr[ ev]y?+ t c be said ( ! int]val t ! 
arr[ has trav]s$1 t is to say1 to admit 
a priori ! absurdity t movem5t co9cides 
) immobility4  ,we %all n dwell "h on ! 
?ree o!r argum5ts ( ,z5o4 ,we h exam9$  
!m else:]e4 ,x is en\gh to po9t out t !y
 all consi/ 9 apply+ ! movem5t to ! l9e 
trav]s$1 & suppos+ t :at is true ( ! l9e
 is true ( ! movem5t4 ,! l9e1 = example1
 may be divid$ into z _m p>ts z we wi%1 
( any l5g? t we wi%1 & x is always !    
same l9e4 ,f ?is we conclude t we h ! "r
 to suppose ! movem5t articulat$ z we   
wi%1 & t x is always ! same movem5t4 ,we
 ?us obta9 a s]ies ( absurdities t all  
express ! same fundam5tal absurdity4 ,b 
! possibility ( apply+ ! movem5t to !   
l9e trav]s$ exi/s only = an obs]v] :o   
keep+ outside ! movem5t & see+ at e     
in/ant ! possibility ( a /op1 tries to  
recon/ruct ! real movem5t ) ^! possible 

immobilities4 ,! absurdity vani%es z    
soon z we adopt by ?\ght ! cont9uity ( !
 real movem5t1 a cont9uity ( :i* e "o ( 
u is consci\s :5ev] he lifts an arm or  
advances a /ep4 ,we feel !n inde$ t !   
l9e pass$ ov] betwe5 two /ops is        
describ$ ) a s+le indivisible /roke1 & t
 we seek 9 va9 to practice on ! movem5t1
 :i* traces ! l9e1 divisions            
correspond+1 ea* to ea*1 ) ! divisions  
arbitr>ily *os5 ( ! l9e once x has be5  
trac$4 ,! l9e trav]s$ by ! mov+ body    
l5ds itself to any k9d ( division1      
because x has no int]nal organization4  
,b all movem5t is articulat$ inw>dly4 ,x
 is ei!r an indivisible b\nd 7:i* may   
occupy1 nev]!less1 a v long duration7 or
 a s]ies ( indivisible b\nds4 ,take !   
articulations ( ?is movem5t into acc\nt1
 or give up speculat+ on its nature4    
,:5 ,a*illes pursues ! tortoise1 ea* ( 8
 /eps mu/ be treat$ z indivisible1 & s  
mu/ ea* /ep ( ! tortoise4 ,aft] a c]ta9 
numb] ( /eps1 ,a*illes w h ov]tak5 !    
tortoise4 ,!re is no?+ m simple4 ,if y  

insi/ on divid+ ! two motions fur!r1    
di/+ui% bo? on ! "o side & on ! o!r1 9 !
 c\rse ( ,a*illes & 9 t ( ! tortoise1 ! 
sub-multiples ( ! /eps ( ea* ( !m2 b    
respect ! natural articulations ( ! two 
c\rses4 ,z long z y respect !m1 no      
difficulty w arise1 because y w foll[ ! 
indications ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ,z5o's device
 is to recon/ruct ! movem5t ( ,a*illes  
accord+ to a law arbitr>ily *os54       
,a*illes ) a fir/ /ep is suppos$ to     
arrive at ! po9t :]e ! tortoise 01 ) a  
second /ep at ! po9t :i* x has mov$ to  
:ile he 0 mak+ ! fir/1 & s on4 ,9 ?is   
case1 ,a*illes w\ld always h a new /ep  
to take4 ,b obvi\sly1 to ov]take !      
tortoise1 he goes ab\t x 9 q ano!r way4 
,! movem5t consid]$ by ,z5o w\ld only be
 ! equival5t ( ! movem5t ( ,a*illes if  
we c\ld treat ! movem5t z we treat !    
int]val pass$ ?r\gh1 decomposable &     
recomposable at w4 ,once y subscribe to 
?is fir/ absurdity1 all ! o!rs foll[4#ii
  ,no?+ w\ld be easi]1 n[1 ?an to ext5d 
,z5o's argum5t to qualitative becom+ &  

to evolution>y becom+4 ,we %\ld f9d !   
same contradictions 9 ^!4 ,t ! *ild c   
become a y\?1 rip5 to maturity & decl9e 
to old age1 we und]/& :5 we consid] t   
vital evolution is "h ! reality itself4 
,infancy1 adolesc5ce1 maturity1 old age1
 are m]e views ( ! m9d1 possible /ops   
imag9$ by u1 f )\t1 along ! cont9uity ( 
a progress4 ,on ! contr>y1 let *ildhood1
 adolesc5ce1 maturity & old age be giv5 
z integral p>ts ( ! evolution1 !y become
 real /ops1 & we c no long] conceive h[ 
evolution is possible1 = re/s plac$     
beside re/s w nev] be equival5t to a    
movem5t4 ,h[1 ) :at is made1 c we       
recon/itute :at is be+ made8 ,h[1 =     
in/ance1 f *ildhood once posit$ z a ?+1 
%all we pass to adolesc5ce1 :51 by !    
hypo!sis1 *ildhood only is giv58 ,if we 
look at x closely1 we %all see t our    
habitual mann] ( speak+1 :i* is fa%ion$ 
aft] our habitual mann] ( ?9k+1 leads u 
to actual logical dead-locks--dead-locks
 to :i* we all[ ourselves to be l$ )\t  
anxiety1 because we feel confus$ly t we 

c always get out ( !m if we l3 all t we 
h to d1 9 fact1 is to give up !         
c9ematographical habits ( our intellect4
 ,:5 we say ,! *ild becomes a man1 let u
 take c>e n to fa?om too deeply ! lit]al
 mean+ ( ! expression1 or we %all f9d t1
 :5 we posit ! subject *ild1 ! attribute
 man does n yet apply to x1 & t1 :5 we  
express ! attribute man1 x applies no m 
to ! subject *ild4 ,! reality1 :i* is ! 
transition f *ildhood to manhood1 has   
slipp$ betwe5 our f+]s4 ,we h only !    
imag9>y /ops *ild & man1 & we are v ne> 
to say+ t "o ( ^! /ops is ! o!r1 j z !  
arr[ ( ,z5o is1 accord+ to t philosoph]1
 at all ! po9ts ( ! c\rse4 ,! tru? is t 
if language "h 7 mold$ on reality1 we   
%\ld n say ,! *ild becomes ! man1 b ,!re
 is becom+ f ! *ild to ! man4 ,9 ! fir/ 
proposition1 becomes is a v]b (         
indet]m9ate mean+1 int5d$ to mask !     
absurdity into :i* we fall :5 we        
attribute ! /ate man to ! subject *ild4 
,x behaves 9 mu* ! same way z ! movem5t1
 always ! same1 ( ! c9ematographical    

film1 a movem5t hidd5 9 ! app>atus & ^: 
function x is to sup]pose ! successive  
pictures on "o ano!r 9 ord] to imitate !
 movem5t ( ! real object4 ,9 ! second   
proposition1 becom+ is a subject4 ,x    
comes to ! front4 ,x is ! reality       
itself2 *ildhood & manhood are !n only  
possible /ops1 m]e views ( ! m9d2 we n[ 
h to d ) ! objective movem5t itself1 &  
no long] ) its c9ematographical         
imitation4 ,b ! fir/ mann] ( expression 
is alone con=mable to our habits (      
language4 ,we mu/1 9 ord] to adopt !    
second1 escape f ! c9ematographical     
me*anism ( ?\ght4  ,we mu/ make complete
 ab/raction ( ?is me*anism1 if we wi% to
 get rid at "o /roke ( ! !oretical      
absurdities t ! "q ( movem5t raises4    
,all is obscure1 all is contradictory :5
 we try1 ) /ates1 to build up a         
transition4 ,! obscurity is cle>$ up1 ! 
contradiction vani%es1 z soon z we place
 ourselves along ! transition1 9 ord] to
 di/+ui% /ates 9 x by mak+ cross cuts   
!re9 9 ?\ght4 ,! reason is t !re is m 9 

! transition ?an ! s]ies ( /ates1 t is  
to say1 ! possible cuts--m 9 ! movem5t  
?an ! s]ies ( positions1 t is to say1 ! 
possible /ops4 ,only1 ! fir/ way ( look+
 at ?+s is con=mable to ! processes ( ! 
human m9d2 ! second requires1 on !      
contr>y1 t we rev]se ! b5t ( our        
intellectual habits4 ,no wond]1 !n1 if  
philosophy at fir/ recoil$ be=e su* an  
ef=t4 ,! ,greeks tru/$ to nature1 tru/$ 
! natural prop5sity ( ! m9d1 tru/$      
language above all1 9 s f> z x naturally
 ext]nalizes ?\ght4 ,r ?an lay blame on 
! attitude ( ?\ght & language t[>d !    
c\rse ( ?+s1 !y pref]r$ to pron\nce !   
c\rse ( ?+s itself to be wrong4  ,su*1  
inde$1 0 ! s5t5ce pass$ by ! philosoph]s
 ( ! ,eleatic s*ool4 ,& !y pass$ x )\t  
any res]vation :atev]4 ,z becom+ %ocks !
 habits ( ?\ght & fits ill into ! molds 
( language1 !y decl>$ x unreal4 ,9      
spatial movem5t & 9 *ange 9 g5]al !y saw
 only pure illusion4 ,?is conclusion    
c\ld be s(t5$ d[n )\t *ang+ ! premisses1
 by say+ t ! reality *anges1 b t x ought

 n to *ange4 ,exp]i5ce confronts u )    
becom+3 t is s5sible reality4 ,b !      
intelligible reality1 t :i* ought to be1
 is m real /ill1 & t reality does n     
*ange4 ,b5ea? ! qualitative becom+1     
b5ea? ! evolution>y becom+1 b5ea? !     
ext5sive becom+1 ! m9d mu/ seek t :i*   
defies *ange1 ! def9able quality1 ! =m  
or ess5ce1 ! end4 ,su* 0 ! fundam5tal   
pr9ciple ( ! philosophy :i* develop$    
?r\gh\t ! classic age1 ! philosophy (   
,=ms1 or1 to use a t]m m ak9 to !       
,greek1 ! philosophy ( ,ideas4  ,! ^w   
,greek3 eidos1 :i* we translate "h by   
,idea1 has1 9 fact1 ?is ?reefold mean+4 
,x d5otes 7#a7 ! quality1 7#b7 ! =m or  
ess5ce1 7#c7 ! end or design 79 ! s5se (
 int5tion7 ( ! act be+ p]=m$1 t is to   
say1 at bottom1 ! design 79 ! s5se (    
draw+7 ( ! act suppos$ accompli%$4 ,^!  
?ree aspects are ^? ( ! adjective1      
sub/antive & v]b1 & correspond to ! ?ree
 ess5tial categories ( language4 ,aft] !
 explanations we h giv5 above1 we might1
 & p]haps we ought to1 translate ,greek3

 eidos by view or r by mom5t4 ,= ,greek3
 eidos is ! /able view tak5 ( !         
in/ability ( ?+s3 ! quality1 :i* is a   
mom5t ( becom+2 ! =m1 :i* is a mom5t (  
evolution2 ! ess5ce1 :i* is ! mean =m   
above & bel[ :i* ! o!r =ms are arrang$ z
 alt]ations ( ! mean2 f9ally1 ! int5tion
 or m5tal design :i* presides ov] !     
action be+ accompli%$1 & :i* is no?+    
else1 we said1 ?an ! mat]ial design1    
trac$ out & contemplat$ be=eh&1 ( !     
action accompli%$4 ,to r$uce ?+s to     
,ideas is !re=e to resolve becom+ into  
its pr9cipal mom5ts1 ea* ( ^! be+1      
moreov]1 by ! hypo!sis1 scre5$ f ! laws 
( "t &1 z x 71 pluck$ out ( et]nity4 ,t 
is to say t we end 9 ! philosophy (     
,ideas :5 we apply ! c9ematographical   
me*anism ( ! intellect to ! analysis ( !
 real4  ,b1 :5 we put immutable ,ideas  
at ! base ( ! mov+ reality1 a :ole      
physics1 a :ole cosmology1 a :ole !ology
 foll[s necess>ily4 ,we mu/ insi/ on !  
po9t4 ,n t we mean to summ>ize 9 a few  
pages a philosophy s complex & s        

compreh5sive z t ( ! ,greeks4 ,b1 s9ce  
we h describ$ ! c9ematographical        
me*anism ( ! intellect1 x is important t
 we %\ld %[ to :at idea ( reality ! play
 ( ?is me*anism leads4 ,x is ! v idea1  
we believe1 t we f9d 9 ! anci5t         
philosophy4 ,! ma9 l9es ( ! doctr9e t 0 
develop$ f ,plato to ,plot9us1 pass+    
?r\gh ,ari/otle 7& ev51 9 a c]ta9       
measure1 ?r\gh ! ,/oics71 h no?+        
accid5tal1 no?+ cont+5t1 no?+ t mu/ be  
reg>d$ z a philosoph]'s fancy4 ,!y      
indicate ! vision t a sy/ematic         
intellect obta9s ( ! univ]sal becom+ :5 
reg>d+ x by means ( snap%ots1 tak5 at   
int]vals1 ( its fl[+4 ,s t1 ev5 to-day1 
we %all philosophize 9 ! mann] ( !      
,greeks1 we %all r$iscov]1 )\t ne$+ to  
"k !m1 su* & su* ( _! g5]al conclusions1
 9 ! exact proportion t we tru/ 9 !     
c9ematographical in/9ct ( our ?\ght4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,we said !re is m 9 a movem5t ?an 9 !   
successive positions attribut$ to ! mov+
 object1 m 9 a becom+ ?an 9 ! =ms pass$ 

?r\gh 9 turn1 m 9 ! evolution ( =m ?an !
 =ms assum$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,philosophy c
 !re=e d]ive t]ms ( ! second k9d f ^? ( 
! fir/1 b n ! fir/ f ! second3 f ! fir/ 
t]ms speculation mu/ take its />t4 ,b ! 
intellect rev]ses ! ord] ( ! two gr\ps2 
&1 on ?is po9t1 anci5t philosophy       
proce$s z ! intellect does4 ,x in/alls  
itself 9 ! immutable1 x posits only     
,ideas4 ,yet becom+ exi/s3 x is a fact4 
,h[1 !n1 hav+ posit$ immutability alone1
 %all we make *ange come =? f x8 ,n by !
 addition ( any?+1 =1 by ! hypo!sis1 !re
 exi/s no?+ positive outside ,ideas4 ,x 
mu/ !re=e be by a dim9ution4 ,s at !    
base ( anci5t philosophy lies necess>ily
 ?is po/ulate3 t !re is m 9 ! motionless
 ?an 9 ! mov+1 & t we pass f            
immutability to becom+ by way (         
dim9ution or att5uation4  ,x is !re=e   
some?+ negative1 or z]o at mo/1 t mu/ be
 add$ to ,ideas to obta9 *ange4 ,9 t    
consi/s ! ,platonic non-be+1 !          
,ari/otelian matt]--a metaphysical z]o  
:i*1 jo9$ to ! ,idea1 l ! ari?metical   

z]o to unity1 multiplies x 9 space & "t4
 ,by x ! motionless & simple ,idea is   
refract$ into a movem5t spread out      
indef9itely4 ,9 "r1 !re ought to be no?+
 b immutable ,ideas1 immutably fitt$ to 
ea* o!r4 ,9 fact1 matt] comes to add to 
!m its void1 & !reby lets loose !       
univ]sal becom+4 ,x is an elusive no?+1 
t creeps betwe5 ! ,ideas & creates      
endless agitation1 et]nal disquiet1 l a 
suspicion ins9uat$ betwe5 two lov+      
he>ts4 ,degrade ! immutable ,ideas3 y   
obta91 by t alone1 ! p]petual flux (    
?+s4 ,! ,ideas or ,=ms are ! :ole (     
intelligible reality1 t is to say1 (    
tru?1 9 t !y repres5t1 all toge!r1 !    
!oretical equilibrium ( ,be+4 ,z to     
s5sible reality1 x is a p]petual        
oscillation f "o side to ! o!r ( ?is    
po9t ( equilibrium4  ,h5ce1 ?r\gh\t !   
:ole philosophy ( ,ideas !re is a c]ta9 
conception ( duration1 z also ( !       
relation ( "t to et]nity4 ,he :o in/alls
 himself 9 becom+ sees 9 duration ! v   
life ( ?+s1 ! fundam5tal reality4 ,!    

,=ms1 :i* ! m9d isolates & /ores up 9   
concepts1 are !n only snap%ots ( ! *ang+
 reality4 ,!y are mom5ts ga!r$ along !  
c\rse ( "t2 &1 j because we h cut !     
?read t b9ds !m to "t1 !y no long]      
endure4 ,!y t5d to )draw into _! own    
def9ition1 t is to say1 into !          
artificial recon/ruction & symbolical   
expression :i* is _! intellectual       
equival5t4 ,!y ent] into et]nity1 if y  
w2 b :at is et]nal 9 !m is j :at is     
unreal4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we treat      
becom+ by ! c9ematographical me?od1 !   
,=ms are no long] snap%ots tak5 ( !     
*ange1 !y are its con/itutive elem5ts1  
!y repres5t all t is positive 9 ,becom+4
 ,et]nity no long] hov]s ov] "t1 z an   
ab/raction2 x und]lies "t1 z a reality4 
,su* is exactly1 on ?is po9t1 ! attitude
 ( ! philosophy ( ,=ms or ,ideas4 ,x    
e/abli%es betwe5 et]nity & "t ! same    
relation z betwe5 a piece ( gold & !    
small *ange--*ange s small t paym5t goes
 on = ev] )\t ! debt be+ paid (f4 ,!    
debt c\ld be paid at once ) ! piece (   

gold4 ,x is ?is t ,plato expresses 9 8  
magnific5t language :5 he says t ,god1  
unable to make ! _w et]nal1 gave x ,"t1 
a mov+ image ( et]nity4#ajj  ,h5ce also 
arises a c]ta9 conception ( ext5sion1   
:i* is at ! base ( ! philosophy (       
,ideas1 al?\gh x has n be5 s explicitly 
br\ght out4 ,let u imag9e a m9d plac$   
alongside becom+1 & adopt+ its movem5t4 
,ea* successive /ate1 ea* quality1 ea*  
=m1 9 %ort1 w be se5 by x z a m]e cut   
made by ?\ght 9 ! univ]sal becom+4 ,x w 
be f\nd t =m is ess5tially ext5d$1      
insep>able z x is f ! ext5sity ( !      
becom+ :i* has mat]ializ$ x 9 ! c\rse ( 
its fl[4 ,e =m ?us occupies space1 z x  
occupies "t4 ,b ! philosophy ( ,ideas   
foll[s ! inv]se direction4 ,x />ts f !  
,=m2 x sees 9 ! ,=m ! v ess5ce (        
reality4 ,x does n take ,=m z a snap%ot 
( becom+2 x posits ,=ms 9 ! et]nal2 (   
?is motionless et]nity1 !n1 duration &  
becom+ are suppos$ to be only !         
degradation4 ,=m ?us posit$1 indep5d5t (
 "t1 is !n no long] :at is f\nd 9 a     

p]ception2 x is a concept4 ,&1 z a      
reality ( ! conceptual ord] occupies no 
m ( ext5sion ?an x does ( duration1 !   
,=ms mu/ be /ation$ outside space z well
 z above "t4 ,space & "t h !re=e        
necess>ily1 9 anci5t philosophy1 ! same 
orig9 & ! same value4 ,! same dim9ution 
( be+ is express$ bo? by ext5sion 9     
space & det5tion 9 "t4 ,bo? ( ^! are b !
 di/ance betwe5 :at is & :at ought to   
be4 ,f ! /&po9t ( anci5t philosophy1    
space & "t c be no?+ b ! field t an     
incomplete reality1 or r a reality t has
 gone a/ray f itself1 ne$s 9 ord] to run
 9 que/ ( itself4 ,only x mu/ be admitt$
 t ! field is creat$ z ! hunt+          
progresses1 & t ! hunt+ 9 "s way        
deposits ! field b5ea? x4 ,move an      
imag9>y p5dulum1 a m]e ma!matical po9t1 
f its position ( equilibrium3 a p]petual
 oscillation is />t$1 along :i* po9ts   
are plac$ next to po9ts1 & mom5ts succe$
 mom5ts4 ,! space & "t :i* ?us arise h  
no m positivity ?an ! movem5t itself4   
,!y repres5t ! remot5ess ( ! position   

artificially giv5 to ! p5dulum f its    
normal position1 :at x lacks 9 ord] to  
rega9 its natural /ability4 ,br+ x back 
to its normal position3 space1 "t &     
motion %r9k to a ma!matical po9t4 ,j s1 
human reason+s are drawn out into an    
endless *a91 b are at once swall[$ up 9 
! tru? seiz$ by intuition1 = _! ext5sion
 9 space & "t is only ! di/ance1 s to   
speak1 betwe5 ?\ght & tru?4#aja ,s (    
ext5sion & duration 9 relation to pure  
,=ms or ,ideas4 ,! s5sible =ms are be=e 
u1 ev] ab\t to recov] _! ideality1 ev]  
prev5t$ by ! matt] !y be> 9 !m1 t is to 
say1 by _! inn] void1 by ! int]val      
betwe5 :at !y are & :at !y ought to be4 
,!y are = ev] on ! po9t ( recov]+       
!mselves1 = ev] occupi$ 9 los+ !mselves4
 ,an inflexible law condemns !m1 l !    
rock ( ,sisyphus1 to fall back :5 !y are
 almo/ t\*+ ! summit1 & ?is law1 :i* has
 project$ !m into space & "t1 is no?+   
o!r ?an ! v con/ancy ( _! orig9al       
insuffici5cy4 ,! alt]nations ( g5]ation 
& decay1 ! evolutions ev] beg9n+ ov] &  

ov] aga91 ! inf9ite repetition ( !      
cycles ( cele/ial sph]es--?is all       
repres5ts m]ely a c]ta9 fundam5tal      
deficit1 9 :i* mat]iality consi/s4 ,fill
 up ?is deficit3 at once y suppress     
space & "t1 t is to say1 ! endlessly    
r5ew$ oscillations ar\nd a /able        
equilibrium always aim$ at1 nev] rea*$4 
,?+s re-ent] into ea* o!r4 ,:at 0 ext5d$
 9 space is contract$ into pure ,=m4 ,& 
pa/1 pres5t1 & future %r9k into a s+le  
mom5t1 :i* is et]nity4  ,?is am\nts to  
say+ t physics is b logic spoil$4 ,9 ?is
 proposition ! :ole philosophy ( ,ideas 
is summ>iz$4 ,& 9 x also is ! hidd5     
pr9ciple ( ! philosophy t is innate 9   
our und]/&+4 ,if immutability is m ?an  
becom+1 =m is m ?an *ange1 & x is by a  
v]itable fall t ! logical sy/em (       
,ideas1 rationally subord9at$ & cord9at$
 among !mselves1 is scatt]$ into a      
physical s]ies ( objects & ev5ts        
accid5tally plac$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,!     
g5]ative idea ( a poem is develop$ 9    
?\s&s ( imag9ations :i* are mat]ializ$ 9

 phrases t spread !mselves out 9 words4 
,& ! m we desc5d f ! motionless idea1   
w\nd on itself1 to ! words t unw9d x1 ! 
m room is left = cont+5cy & *oice4 ,o!r 
metaphors1 express$ by o!r words1 might 
h aris52 an image is call$ up by an     
image1 a ^w by a ^w4 ,all ^! words run  
n[ "o aft] ano!r1 seek+ 9 va91 by       
!mselves1 to give back ! simplicity ( ! 
g5]ative idea4 ,our e> only he>s !      
words3 x !re=e p]ceives only accid5ts4  
,b our m9d1 by successive b\nds1 leaps f
 ! words to ! images1 f ! images to !   
orig9al idea1 & s gets back1 f !        
p]ception ( words--accid5ts call$ up by 
accid5ts--to ! conception ( ! ,idea t   
posits its own be+4 ,s ! philosoph]     
proce$s1 confront$ ) ! univ]se4         
,exp]i5ce makes to pass be=e 8 eyes     
ph5om5a :i* run1 !y also1 "o beh9d ano!r
 9 an accid5tal ord] det]m9$ by         
circum/ances ( "t & place4 ,?is physical
 ord]--a deg5]ation ( ! logical ord]--is
 no?+ else b ! fall ( ! logical into    
space & "t4 ,b ! philosoph]1 asc5d+ aga9

 f ! p]cept to ! concept1 sees cond5s$  
into ! logical all ! positive reality t 
! physical possesses4 ,8 intellect1 do+ 
away ) ! mat]iality t less5s be+1 grasps
 be+ itself 9 ! immutable sy/em (       
,ideas4 ,?us ,sci5ce is obta9$1 :i*     
appe>s to u1 complete & ready-made1 z   
soon z we put back our intellect into   
its true place1 correct+ ! deviation t  
sep>at$ x f ! intelligible4 ,sci5ce is  
n1 !n1 a human con/ruction4 ,x is prior 
to our intellect1 indep5d5t ( x1        
v]itably ! g5]ator ( ,?+s4  ,& inde$1 if
 we hold ! ,=ms to be simply snap%ots   
tak5 by ! m9d ( ! cont9uity ( becom+1 !y
 mu/ be relative to ! m9d t ?9ks !m1 !y 
c h no indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,at mo/ we    
might say t ea* ( ^! ,ideas is an ideal4
 ,b x is 9 ! opposite hypo!sis t we are 
plac+ ourselves4 ,ideas mu/ !n exi/ by  
!mselves4 ,anci5t philosophy c\ld n     
escape ?is conclusion4 ,plato =mulat$ x1
 & 9 va9 did ,ari/otle /rive to avoid x4
 ,s9ce movem5t arises f ! degradation ( 
! immutable1 !re c\ld be no movem5t1    

consequ5tly no s5sible _w1 if !re 7 n1  
some:]e1 immutability realiz$4 ,s1 hav+ 
begun by refus+ to ,ideas an indep5d5t  
exi/5ce1 & f9d+ himself nev]!less unable
 to deprive !m ( x1 ,ari/otle press$ !m 
into ea* o!r1 roll$ !m up into a ball1 &
 set above ! physical _w a ,=m t 0 ?us  
f\nd to be ! ,=m ( ,=ms1 ! ,idea (      
,ideas1 or1 to use 8 own words1 ! ,?\ght
 ( ,?\ght4 ,su* is ! ,god (             
,ari/otle--necess>ily immutable & ap>t f
 :at is happ5+ 9 ! _w1 s9ce he is only !
 syn!sis ( all concepts 9 a s+le        
concept4 ,x is true t no "o ( ! manifold
 concepts c\ld exi/ ap>t1 su* z x is 9 !
 div9e unity3 9 va9 %\ld we look = !    
ideas ( ,plato )9 ! ,god ( ,ari/otle4 ,b
 if only we imag9e ! ,god ( ,ari/otle 9 
a sort ( refraction ( himself1 or simply
 incl9+ t[>d ! _w1 at once ! ,platonic  
,ideas are se5 to p\r !mselves out (    
him1 z if !y 7 involv$ 9 ! unity ( 8    
ess5ce3 s rays /ream out f ! sun1 :i*   
nev]!less did n conta9 !m4 ,x is        
probably ?is possibility ( an outp\r+ ( 

,platonic ,ideas f ! ,ari/otelian ,god t
 is meant1 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1  
by ! active intellect1 ! ,greek3 n\s t  
has be5 call$ ,greek3 poitikos--t is1 by
 :at is ess5tial & yet unconsci\s 9     
human intellig5ce4 ,! ,greek3 n\s       
poitikos is ,sci5ce entire1 posit$ all  
at once1 :i* ! consci\s1 discursive     
intellect is condemn$ to recon/ruct )   
difficulty1 bit by bit4 ,!re is !n )9 u1
 or r beh9d u1 a possible vision ( ,god1
 z ! ,alex&rians said1 a vision always  
virtual1 nev] actually realiz$ by !     
consci\s intellect4 ,9 ?is intuition we 
%\ld see ,god exp& 9 ,ideas4 ,?is x is t
 does ev]y?+1#ajb play+ 9 relation to ! 
discursive intellect1 :i* moves 9 "t1 ! 
same rle z ! motionless ,mov] himself   
plays 9 relation to ! movem5t ( ! heav5s
 & ! c\rse ( ?+s4  ,!re is1 !n1 imman5t 
9 ! philosophy ( ,ideas1 a p>ticul>     
conception ( causality1 :i* x is        
important to br+ into full light1       
because x is t :i* ea* ( u w rea* :51 9 
ord] to asc5d to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 he      

foll[s to ! end ! natural movem5t ( !   
intellect4 ,true1 ! anci5t philosoph]s  
nev] =mulat$ x explicitly4 ,!y conf9$   
!mselves to draw+ ! consequ5ces ( x1 &1 
9 g5]al1 !y h m>k$ b po9ts ( view ( x r 
?an pres5t$ x itself4 ,sometimes1 inde$1
 !y speak ( an attraction1 sometimes (  
an impulsion ex]cis$ by ! prime mov] on 
! :ole ( ! _w4 ,bo? views are f\nd 9    
,ari/otle1 :o %[s u 9 ! movem5t ( !     
univ]se an aspiration ( ?+s t[>d ! div9e
 p]fection1 & consequ5tly an asc5t t[>d 
,god1 :ile he describes x else:]e z !   
effect ( a contact ( ,god ) ! fir/ sph]e
 & z desc5d+1 consequ5tly1 f ,god to    
?+s4 ,! ,alex&rians1 we ?9k1 d no m ?an 
foll[ ?is d\ble indication :5 !y speak (
 procession & conv]sion4 ,ev]y?+ is     
d]iv$ f ! fir/ pr9ciple1 & ev]y?+       
aspires to return to x4 ,b ^! two       
conceptions ( ! div9e causality c only  
be id5tifi$ toge!r if we br+ !m1 bo? !  
"o & ! o!r1 back to a ?ird1 :i* we hold 
to be fundam5tal1 & :i* alone w enable u
 to und]/&1 n only :y1 9 :at s5se1 ?+s  

move 9 space & "t1 b also :y !re is     
space & "t1 :y !re is movem5t1 :y !re   
are ?+s4  ,?is conception1 :i* m & m %[s
 ?r\gh ! reason+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s
 z we g f ,plato to ,plot9us1 we may    
=mulate ?us3 ,! affirmation ( a reality 
implies ! simultane\s affirmation ( all 
! degrees ( reality int]m$iate betwe5 x 
& no?+4 ,! pr9ciple is evid5t 9 ! case (
 numb]3 we _c affirm ! numb] #aj )\t    
!reby affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( ! numb]s #i1  
#h1 #g1 4441 etc4--9 %ort1 ( ! :ole     
int]val betwe5 #aj & z]o4 ,b "h our m9d 
passes naturally f ! sph]e ( quantity to
 t ( quality4 ,x seems to u t1 a c]ta9  
p]fection be+ giv51 ! :ole cont9uity (  
degradations is giv5 also betwe5 ?is    
p]fection1 on ! "o h&1 & ! n\ght1 on !  
o!r h&1 t we ?9k we conceive4 ,let u !n 
posit ! ,god ( ,ari/otle1 ?\ght (       
?\ght--t is1 ?\ght mak+ a circle1       
trans=m+ itself f subject to object & f 
object to subject by an in/antane\s1 or 
r an et]nal1 circul> process3 z1 on !   
o!r h&1 ! n\ght appe>s to posit itself1 

& z1 ! two extremities be+ giv51 !      
int]val betwe5 !m is equally giv51 x    
foll[s t all ! desc5d+ degrees ( be+1 f 
! div9e p]fection d[n to ! absolute     
no?+1 are realiz$ automatically1 s to   
speak1 :5 we h posit$ ,god4  ,let u !n  
run ?r\gh ?is int]val f top to bottom4  
,fir/ ( all1 ! slighte/ dim9ution ( !   
fir/ pr9ciple w be en\gh to precipitate 
,be+ into space & "t2 b duration &      
ext5sion1 :i* repres5t ?is fir/         
dim9ution1 w be z ne> z possible to !   
div9e inext5sion & et]nity4 ,we mu/     
!re=e picture to ourselves ?is fir/     
degradation ( ! div9e pr9ciple z a sph]e
 turn+ on itself1 imitat+1 by !         
p]petuity ( its circul> movem5t1 !      
et]nity ( ! circle ( ! div9e ?\ght2     
creat+1 moreov]1 its own place1 & !reby 
place 9 g5]al1#ajc s9ce x includes )\t  
be+ includ$ & moves )\t /irr+ f ! spot2 
creat+ also its own duration1 & !reby   
duration 9 g5]al1 s9ce its movem5t is ! 
measure ( all motion4#ajd ,!n1 by       
degrees1 we %all see ! p]fection        

decrease1 m & m1 d[n to our sublun>y _w1
 9 :i* ! cycle ( bir?1 gr[? & decay     
imitates & m>s ! orig9al circle = ! la/ 
"t4 ,s und]/ood1 ! causal relation      
betwe5 ,god & ! _w is se5 z an          
attraction :5 reg>d$ f bel[1 z an       
impulsion or a contact :5 reg>d$ f      
above1 s9ce ! fir/ heav51 ) its circul> 
movem5t1 is an imitation ( ,god & all   
imitation is ! reception ( a =m4 ,!re=e1
 we p]ceive ,god z effici5t cause or z  
f9al cause1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view4 ,&
 yet nei!r ( ^! two relations is !      
ultimate causal relation4 ,! true       
relation is t :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! two  
memb]s ( an equation1 :5 ! fir/ memb] is
 a s+le t]m & ! second a sum ( an       
endless numb] ( t]ms4 ,x is1 we may say1
 ! relation ( ! gold-piece to ! small   
*ange1 if we suppose ! *ange to (f]     
itself automatically z soon z ! gold    
piece is pres5t$4 ,only ?us c we und]/& 
:y ,ari/otle has demon/rat$ ! necessity 
( a fir/ motionless mov]1 n by f\nd+ x  
on ! ass]tion t ! movem5t ( ?+s mu/ h _h

 a beg9n+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by affirm+ t
 ?is movem5t c\ld n h begun & c nev]    
come to an end4 ,if movem5t exi/s1 or1 9
 o!r words1 if ! small *ange is be+     
c\nt$1 ! gold piece is to be f\nd       
some:]e4 ,& if ! c\nt+ goes on = ev]1   
hav+ nev] begun1 ! s+le t]m t is em95tly
 equival5t to x mu/ be et]nal4 ,a       
p]petuity ( mobility is possible only if
 x is back$ by an et]nity (             
immutability1 :i* x unw9ds 9 a *a9 )\t  
beg9n+ or end4  ,su* is ! la/ ^w ( !    
,greek philosophy4 ,we h n attempt$ to  
recon/ruct x a priori4 ,x has manifold  
orig9s4 ,x is connect$ by _m invisible  
?reads to ! s\l ( anci5t ,greece4 ,va91 
!re=e1 ! ef=t to d$uce x f a simple     
pr9ciple4#aje ,b if ev]y?+ t has come f 
poetry1 religion1 social life & a /ill  
rudim5t>y physics & biology be remov$ f 
x1 if we take away all ! light mat]ial t
 may h be5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( !      
/ately build+1 a solid framework rema9s1
 & ?is framework m>ks out ! ma9 l9es ( a
 metaphysic :i* is1 we believe1 !       

natural metaphysic ( ! human intellect4 
,we come to a philosophy ( ?is k9d1     
inde$1 :5ev] we foll[ to ! end1 !       
c9ematographical t5d5cy ( p]ception &   
?\ght4 ,our p]ception & ?\ght beg9 by   
sub/itut+ = ! cont9uity ( evolution>y   
*ange a s]ies ( un*angeable =ms :i* are 
turn by turn1 caught on ! w+1 l ! r+s at
 a m]ry-g-r\nd1 :i* ! *ildr5 unhook ) _!
 little /ick z !y are pass+4 ,n[1 h[ c !
 =ms be pass+1 & on :at /ick are !y     
/rung8 ,z ! /able =ms h be5 obta9$ by   
extract+ f *ange ev]y?+ t is def9ite1   
!re is no?+ left1 to *>act]ize !        
in/ability on :i* ! =ms are laid1 b a   
negative attribute1 :i* mu/ be          
indet]m9ation itself4 ,su* is ! fir/    
proce$+ ( our ?\ght3 x dissociates ea*  
*ange into two elem5ts--! "o /able1     
def9able = ea* p>ticul> case1 to wit1 ! 
,=m2 ! o!r indef9able & always ! same1  
,*ange 9 g5]al4 ,& su*1 also1 is !      
ess5tial op]ation ( language4 ,=ms are  
all t x is capable ( express+4 ,x is    
r$uc$ to tak+ z und]/ood or is limit$ to

 sugge/+ a mobility :i*1 j because x is 
always unexpress$1 is ?\ght to rema9 9  
all cases ! same4--,!n comes 9 a        
philosophy t holds ! dissociation ?us   
effect$ by ?\ght & language to be       
legitimate4 ,:at c x d1 except objectify
 ! di/9ction ) m =ce1 pu% x to its      
extreme consequ5ces1 r$uce x into a     
sy/em8 ,x w !re=e con/ruct ! real1 on ! 
"o h&1 ) def9ite ,=ms or immutable      
elem5ts1 &1 on ! o!r1 ) a pr9ciple (    
mobility :i*1 be+ ! negation ( ! =m1 w1 
by ! hypo!sis1 escape all def9ition & be
 ! purely indet]m9ate4 ,! m x directs   
its att5tion to ! =ms del9eat$ by ?\ght 
& express$ by language1 ! m x w see !m  
rise above ! s5sible & become subtiliz$ 
into pure concepts1 capable ( ent]+ "o  
)9 ! o!r1 & ev5 ( be+ at la/ mass$      
toge!r into a s+le concept1 ! syn!sis ( 
all reality1 ! a*ievem5t ( all          
p]fection4 ,! m1 on ! contr>y1 x desc5ds
 t[>d ! invisible s\rce ( ! univ]sal    
mobility1 ! m x w feel ?is mobility s9k 
b5ea? x & at ! same "t become void1     

vani% into :at x w call ! non-be+4      
,f9ally1 x w h on ! "o h& ! sy/em (     
ideas1 logically cord9at$ toge!r or     
conc5trat$ into "o only1 on ! o!r a     
quasi-n\ght1 ! ,platonic non-be+ or !   
,ari/otelian matt]4--,b1 hav+ cut y\r   
clo?1 y mu/ sew x4 ,) supra-s5sible     
,ideas & an infra-s5sible non-be+1 y n[ 
h to recon/ruct ! s5sible _w4 ,y c d s  
only if y po/ulate a k9d ( metaphysical 
necessity 9 virtue ( :i* ! confront+ (  
?is ,all ) ?is ,z]o is equival5t to !   
affirmation ( all ! degrees ( reality t 
measure ! int]val betwe5 !m--j z an     
undivid$ numb]1 :5 reg>d$ z a diff]5ce  
betwe5 itself & z]o1 is reveal$ z a     
c]ta9 sum ( units1 & ) its own          
affirmation affirms all ! l[] numb]s4 ,t
 is ! natural po/ulate4 ,x is t also t  
we p]ceive z ! base ( ! ,greek          
philosophy4 ,9 ord] !n to expla9 !      
specific *>act]s ( ea* ( ^! degrees (   
int]m$iate reality1 no?+ m is necess>y  
?an to measure ! di/ance t sep>ates x f 
! integral reality4 ,ea* l[] degree     

consi/s 9 a dim9ution ( ! high]1 & !    
s5sible newness t we p]ceive 9 x is     
resolv$1 f ! po9t ( view ( !            
intelligible1 into a new quantity (     
negation :i* is sup]add$ to x4 ,!       
smalle/ possible quantity ( negation1 t 
:i* is f\nd already 9 ! highe/ =ms (    
s5sible reality1 & consequ5tly a =tiori 
9 ! l[] =ms1 is t :i* is express$ by !  
mo/ g5]al attributes ( s5sible reality1 
ext5sion & duration4 ,by increas+       
degradations we w obta9 attributes m & m
 special4 ,"h ! philosoph]'s fancy w h  
free scope1 = x is by an arbitr>y       
decree1 or at lea/ a debatable "o1 t a  
p>ticul> aspect ( ! s5sible _w w be     
equat$ ) a p>ticul> dim9ution ( be+4 ,we
 %all n necess>ily end1 z ,ari/otle did1
 9 a _w consi/+ ( conc5tric sph]es turn+
 on !mselves4 ,b we %all be l$ to an    
analog\s cosmology--,i mean1 to a       
con/ruction ^: pieces1 ?\gh all diff]5t1
 w h none ! less ! same relations betwe5
 !m4 ,& ?is cosmology w be rul$ by !    
same pr9ciple4 ,! physical w be def9$ by

 ! logical4 ,b5ea? ! *ang+ ph5om5a w    
appe> to u1 by transp>5ce1 a clos$ sy/em
 ( concepts subord9at$ to & cord9at$ )  
ea* o!r4 ,sci5ce1 und]/ood z ! sy/em (  
concepts1 w be m real ?an ! s5sible     
reality4 ,x w be prior to human k1 :i*  
is only able to spell x lett] by lett]2 
prior also to ?+s1 :i* awkw>dly try to  
imitate x4 ,x w\ld only h to be div]t$  
an in/ant f itself 9 ord] to /ep out (  
its et]nity & !reby co9cide ) all ?is k 
& all ^! ?+s4 ,its immutability is      
!re=e1 inde$1 ! cause ( ! univ]sal      
becom+4  ,su* 0 ! po9t ( view ( anci5t  
philosophy 9 reg>d to *ange & duration4 
,t mod]n philosophy has repeat$ly1 b    
especially 9 its beg9n+s1 _h ! wi% to   
dep>t f x1 seems to u unque/ionable4 ,b 
an irresi/ible attraction br+s !        
intellect back to its natural movem5t1 &
 ! metaphysic ( ! mod]ns to ! g5]al     
conclusions ( ! ,greek metaphysic4 ,we  
mu/ try to make ?is po9t cle>1 9 ord] to
 %[ by :at invisible ?reads our         
me*ani/ic philosophy rema9s b\nd to !   

anci5t philosophy ( ,ideas1 & h[ also x 
responds to ! requirem5ts1 above all    
practical1 ( our und]/&+4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,mod]n1 l
 anci5t1 sci5ce proce$s accord+ to !    
c9ematographical me?od4 ,x _c d o!rwise2
 all sci5ce is subject to ?is law4 ,= x 
is ( ! ess5ce ( sci5ce to h&le signs1   
:i* x sub/itutes = ! objects !mselves4  
,^! signs und\bt$ly diff] f ^? (        
language by _! great] precision & _!    
high] efficacy2 !y are none ! less ti$  
d[n to ! g5]al condition ( ! sign1 :i*  
is to d5ote a fix$ aspect ( ! reality "u
 an arre/$ =m4 ,9 ord] to ?9k movem5t1 a
 con/antly r5ew$ ef=t ( ! m9d is        
necess>y4 ,signs are made to disp5se u )
 ?is ef=t by sub/itut+1 = ! mov+        
cont9uity ( ?+s1 an artificial          
recon/ruction :i* is its equival5t 9    
practice & has ! advantage ( be+ easily 
h&l$4 ,b let u leave aside ! means &    
consid] only ! end4 ,:at is ! ess5tial  
object ( sci5ce8 ,x is to enl>ge our    
influ5ce ov] ?+s4 ,sci5ce may be        

speculative 9 its =m1 dis9t]e/$ 9 its   
imm$iate ends2 9 o!r words we may give x
 z long a cr$it z x wants4 ,b1 h[ev]    
long ! day ( reckon+ may be put (f1 "s  
"t or o!r ! paym5t mu/ be made4 ,x is   
always !n1 9 %ort1 practical utility t  
sci5ce has 9 view4 ,ev5 :5 x laun*es    
into !ory1 x is b\nd to adapt its       
behavior to ! g5]al =m ( practice4      
,h[ev] high x may rise1 x mu/ be ready  
to fall back into ! field ( action1 & at
 once to get on its feet4 ,?is w\ld n be
 possible = x1 if its rhy?m diff]$      
absolutely f t ( action itself4 ,n[     
action1 we h said1 proce$s by leaps4 ,to
 act is to re-adapt oneself4 ,to "k1 t  
is to say1 to =esee 9 ord] to act1 is !n
 to g f situation to situation1 f       
arrangem5t to re>rangem5t4 ,sci5ce may  
consid] re>rangem5ts t come clos] &     
clos] to ea* o!r2 x may ?us increase !  
numb] ( mom5ts t x isolates1 b x always 
isolates mom5ts4 ,z to :at happ5s 9 !   
int]val betwe5 ! mom5ts1 sci5ce is no m 
conc]n$ ) t ?an are our common          

intellig5ce1 our s5ses & our language3 x
 does n be> on ! int]val1 b only on !   
extremities4 ,s ! c9ematographical me?od
 =ces itself ^u our sci5ce1 z x did     
already on t ( ! anci5ts4  ,:]e91 !n1 is
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sci5ces8 ,we   
indicat$ x :5 we said t ! anci5ts r$uc$ 
! physical ord] to ! vital ord]1 t is to
 say1 laws to g5]a1 :ile ! mod]ns try to
 resolve g5]a into laws4 ,b we h to look
 at x 9 ano!r aspect1 :i*1 moreov]1 is  
only a transposition1 ( ! fir/4 ,:]e9   
consi/s ! diff]5ce ( attitude ( ! two   
sci5ces t[>d *ange8 ,we may =mulate x by
 say+ t anci5t sci5ce ?9ks x kn[s its   
object suffici5tly :5 x has not$ ( x "s 
privileg$ mom5ts1 :]eas mod]n sci5ce    
consid]s ! object at any mom5t :atev]4  
,! =ms or ideas ( ,plato or ( ,ari/otle 
correspond to privileg$ or sali5t mom5ts
 9 ! hi/ory ( ?+s--^?1 9 g5]al1 t h be5 
fix$ by language4 ,!y are suppos$1 l !  
*ildhood or ! old age ( a liv+ be+1 to  
*>act]ize a p]iod ( :i* !y express !    
qu9tess5ce1 all ! re/ ( ?is p]iod be+   

fill$ by ! passage1 ( no int]e/ 9       
itself1 f "o =m to ano!r =m4 ,take1 =   
in/ance1 a fall+ body4 ,x 0 ?\ght t we  
got ne> en\gh to ! fact :5 we *>act]iz$ 
x z a :ole3 x 0 a movem5t d[nw>d2 x 0 ! 
t5d5cy t[>d a c5tre2 x 0 ! natural      
movem5t ( a body :i*1 sep>at$ f ! e>? to
 :i* x belong$1 0 n[ go+ to f9d its     
place aga94 ,!y not$1 !n1 ! f9al t]m or 
culm9at+ po9t 7,greek3 telos1 akm7 & set
 x up z ! ess5tial mom5t3 ?is mom5t1 t  
language has reta9$ 9 ord] to express ! 
:ole ( ! fact1 suffic$ also = sci5ce to 
*>act]ize x4 ,9 ! physics ( ,ari/otle1 x
 is by ! concepts high & l[1 spontane\s 
displacem5t & =c$ displacem5t1 own place
 & /range place1 t ! movem5t ( a body   
%ot into space or fall+ freely is def9$4
 ,b ,galileo ?\ght !re 0 no ess5tial    
mom5t1 no privileg$ in/ant4 ,to /udy !  
fall+ body is to consid] x at x matt]s n
 :at mom5t 9 its c\rse4 ,! true sci5ce (
 gravity is t :i* w det]m9e1 = any mom5t
 ( "t :atev]1 ! position ( ! body 9     
space4 ,= ?is1 inde$1 signs f> m precise

 ?an ^? ( language are requir$4  ,we may
 say1 !n1 t our physics diff]s f t ( !  
anci5ts *iefly 9 ! indef9ite break+ up (
 "t4 ,= ! anci5ts1 "t comprises z _m    
undivid$ p]iods z our natural p]ception 
& our language cut out 9 x successive   
facts1 ea* pres5t+ a k9d (              
individuality4 ,= t reason1 ea* ( ^!    
facts admits1 9 _! view1 ( only a total 
def9ition or description4 ,if1 9        
describ+ x1 we are l$ to di/+ui% phases 
9 x1 we h sev]al facts in/ead ( a s+le  
"o1 sev]al undivid$ p]iods in/ead ( a   
s+le p]iod2 b "t is always suppos$ to be
 divid$ into det]m9ate p]iods1 & ! mode 
( division to be =c$ on ! m9d by app>5t 
crises ( ! real1 comp>able to t (       
pub]ty1 by ! app>5t release ( a new     
=m4--,= a ,kepl] or a ,galileo1 on !    
contr>y1 "t is n divid$ objectively 9 "o
 way or ano!r by ! matt] t fills x4 ,x  
has no natural articulations4 ,we c1 we 
ought to1 divide x z we please4 ,all    
mom5ts c\nt4 ,none ( !m has ! "r to set 
itself up z a mom5t t repres5ts or      

dom9ates ! o!rs4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 we "k 
a *ange only :5 we are able to det]m9e  
:at x is ab\t at any "o ( its mom5ts4   
,! diff]5ce is pr(\nd4 ,9 fact1 9 a     
c]ta9 aspect x is radical4 ,b1 f ! po9t 
( view f :i* we are reg>d+ x1 x is a    
diff]5ce ( degree r ?an ( k9d4 ,! human 
m9d has pass$ f ! fir/ k9d ( k to !     
second ?r\gh gradual p]fect+1 simply by 
seek+ a high] precision4 ,!re is ! same 
relation betwe5 ^! two sci5ces z betwe5 
! not+ ( ! phases ( a movem5t by ! eye &
 ! mu* m complete record+ ( ^! phases by
 in/antane\s photography4 ,x is ! same  
c9ematographical me*anism 9 bo? cases1 b
 x rea*es a precision 9 ! second t x _c 
h 9 ! fir/4 ,( ! gallop ( a horse our   
eye p]ceives *iefly a *>act]i/ic1       
ess5tial or r s*ematic attitude1 a =m t 
appe>s to radiate ov] a :ole p]iod & s  
fill up a "t ( gallop4 ,x is ?is        
attitude t sculpture has fix$ on !      
frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,b in/antane\s      
photography isolates any mom5t2 x puts  
!m all 9 ! same rank1 & ?us ! gallop ( a

 horse spreads out = x into z _m        
successive attitudes z x wi%es1 in/ead (
 mass+ itself into a s+le attitude1 :i* 
is suppos$ to fla% out 9 a privileg$    
mom5t & to illum9ate a :ole p]iod4  ,f  
?is orig9al diff]5ce fl[ all ! o!rs4 ,a 
sci5ce t consid]s1 "o aft] ! o!r1       
undivid$ p]iods ( duration1 sees no?+ b 
phases succe$+ phases1 =ms replac+ =ms2 
x is cont5t ) a qualitative description 
( objects1 :i* x lik5s to organiz$ be+s4
 ,b :5 we seek to "k :at happ5s )9 "o ( 
^! p]iods1 at any mom5t ( "t1 we are    
aim+ at some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,!     
*anges :i* are produc$ f "o mom5t to    
ano!r are no long]1 by ! hypo!sis1      
*anges ( quality2 !y are quantitative   
v>iations1 x may be ( ! ph5om5on itself1
 x may be ( its elem5t>y p>ts4 ,we 7 "r 
!n to say t mod]n sci5ce is di/+ui%able 
f ! anci5t 9 t x applies to magnitudes &
 proposes fir/ & =emo/ to measure !m4 ,!
 anci5ts did inde$ try exp]im5ts1 & on !
 o!r h& ,kepl] tri$ no exp]im5t1 9 !    
prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 9 ord] to discov] a  

law :i* is ! v type ( sci5tific k z we  
und]/& x4 ,:at di/+ui%es mod]n sci5ce is
 n t x is exp]im5tal1 b t x exp]im5ts &1
 m g5]ally1 works only ) a view to      
measure4  ,= t reason x is "r1 aga91 to 
say t anci5t sci5ce appli$ to concepts1 
:ile mod]n sci5ce seeks laws--con/ant   
relations betwe5 v>iable magnitudes4 ,! 
concept ( circul>ity 0 suffici5t to     
,ari/otle to def9e ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly
 bodies4 ,b1 ev5 ) ! m accurate concept 
( elliptical =m1 ,kepl] did n ?9k he _h 
acc\nt$ = ! movem5t ( planets4 ,he _h to
 get a law1 t is to say1 a con/ant      
relation betwe5 ! quantitative v>iations
 ( two or sev]al elem5ts ( ! planet>y   
movem5t4  ,yet ^! are only              
consequ5ces--diff]5ces t foll[ f !      
fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,x did happ5 to !  
anci5ts accid5tally to exp]im5t ) a view
 to measur+1 z also to discov] a law    
express+ a con/ant relation betwe5      
magnitudes4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es is a
 true exp]im5tal law4 ,x takes into     
acc\nt ?ree v>iable magnitudes3 ! volume

 ( a body1 ! d5sity ( ! liquid 9 :i* !  
body is imm]s$1 ! v]tical pressure t is 
be+ ex]t$4 ,& x /ates inde$ t "o ( ^!   
?ree t]ms is a function ( ! o!r two4  ,!
 ess5tial1 orig9al diff]5ce mu/ !re=e be
 s\ght else:]e4 ,x is ! same t we notic$
 fir/4 ,! sci5ce ( ! anci5ts is /atic4  
,ei!r x consid]s 9 block ! *ange t x    
/udies1 or1 if x divides ! *ange into   
p]iods1 x makes ( ea* ( ^! p]iods a     
block 9 its turn3 :i* am\nts to say+ t x
 takes no acc\nt ( "t4 ,b mod]n sci5ce  
has be5 built up ar\nd ! discov]ies (   
,galileo & ( ,kepl]1 :i* imm$iately     
furni%$ x ) a model4 ,n[1 :at d ! laws (
 ,kepl] say8 ,!y lay d[n a relation     
betwe5 ! areas describ$ by ! helioc5tric
 radius-vector ( a planet & ! "t employ$
 9 describ+ !m1 a relation betwe5 !     
long] axis ( ! orbit & ! "t tak5 up by !
 c\rse4 ,& :at 0 ! pr9ciple discov]$ by 
,galileo8 ,a law :i* connect$ ! space   
trav]s$ by a fall+ body ) ! "t occupi$  
by ! fall4 ,fur!rmore1 9 :at did ! fir/ 
( ! great trans=mations ( geometry 9    

mod]n times consi/1 if n 9 introduc+--9 
a veil$ =m1 x is true--"t & movem5t ev5 
9 ! consid]ation ( figures8 ,= !        
anci5ts1 geometry 0 a purely /atic      
sci5ce4 ,figures 7 giv5 to x at once1   
completely f9i%$1 l ! ,platonic ,ideas4 
,b ! ess5ce ( ! ,c>tesian geometry      
7al?\gh ,desc>tes did n give x ?is =m7 0
 to reg>d e plane curve z describ$ by ! 
movem5t ( a po9t on a movable /raight   
l9e :i* is displac$1 p>allel to itself1 
along ! axis ( ! abscissae--!           
displacem5t ( ! movable /raight l9e be+ 
suppos$ to be uni=m & ! abscissa ?us    
becom+ repres5tative ( ! "t4 ,! curve is
 !n def9$ if we c /ate ! relation       
connect+ ! space trav]s$ on ! movable   
/raight l9e to ! "t employ$ 9 trav]s+ x1
 t is1 if we are able to indicate !     
position ( ! movable po9t1 on ! /raight 
l9e :i* x trav]ses1 at any mom5t :atev] 
( its c\rse4 ,?is relation is j :at we  
call ! equation ( ! curve4 ,to sub/itute
 an equation = a figure consi/s1 !re=e1 
9 see+ ! actual position ( ! mov+ po9ts 

9 ! trac+ ( ! curve at any mom5t :atev]1
 in/ead ( reg>d+ ?is trac+ all at once1 
ga!r$ up 9 ! unique mom5t :5 ! curve has
 rea*$ its f9i%$ /ate4  ,su*1 !n1 0 !   
direct+ idea ( ! re=m by :i* bo? !      
sci5ce ( nature & ma!matics1 :i* s]ves z
 its in/rum5t1 7 r5ew$4 ,mod]n sci5ce is
 ! daught] ( a/ronomy2 x has come d[n f 
heav5 to e>? along ! incl9$ plane (     
,galileo1 = x is ?r\gh ,galileo t       
,newton & 8 successors are connect$ )   
,kepl]4 ,n[1 h[ did ! a/ronomical       
problem pres5t itself to ,kepl]8 ,! "q  
01 kn[+ ! respective positions ( !      
planets at a giv5 mom5t1 h[ to calculate
 _! positions at any o!r mom5t4 ,s !    
same "q pres5t$ itself1 h5ce=?1 = e     
mat]ial sy/em4 ,ea* mat]ial po9t became 
a rudim5t>y planet1 & ! ma9 "q1 ! ideal 
problem ^: solution w\ld yield ! key to 
all ! o!rs 01 ! positions ( ^! elem5ts  
at a p>ticul> mom5t be+ giv51 h[ to     
det]m9e _! relative positions at any    
mom5t4 ,no d\bt ! problem _c be put 9 ^!
 precise t]ms except 9 v simple cases1 =

 a s*ematiz$ reality2 = we nev] "k !    
respective positions ( ! real elem5ts ( 
matt]1 suppos+ !re are real elem5ts2 &1 
ev5 if we knew !m at a giv5 mom5t1 !    
calculation ( _! positions at ano!r     
mom5t w\ld g5]ally require a ma!matical 
ef=t surpass+ human p[]s4 ,b x is en\gh 
= u to "k t ^! elem5ts might be kn[n1 t 
_! pres5t positions might be not$1 & t a
 sup]human intellect might1 by submitt+ 
^! data to ma!matical op]ations1 det]m9e
 ! positions ( ! elem5ts at any o!r     
mom5t ( "t4 ,?is conviction is at !     
bottom ( ! que/ions we put to ourselves 
on ! subject ( nature1 & ( ! me?ods we  
employ to solve !m4 ,t is :y e law 9    
/atic =m seems to u z a provisional     
in/alm5t or z a p>ticul> view ( a       
dynamic law :i* alone w\ld give u :ole &
 def9itive k4  ,let u conclude1 !n1 t   
our sci5ce is n only di/+ui%$ f anci5t  
sci5ce 9 ?is1 t x seeks laws1 nor ev5 9 
?is1 t its laws set =? relations betwe5 
magnitudes3 we mu/ add t ! magnitude to 
:i* we wi% to be able to relate all o!rs

 is "t1 & t mod]n sci5ce mu/ be def9$   
pre-em95tly by its aspiration to take "t
 z an indep5d5t v>iable4 ,b ) :at "t has
 x to d8  ,we h said be=e1 & we _c      
repeat too (t51 t ! sci5ce ( matt]      
proce$s l ord9>y k4 ,x p]fects ?is k1   
increases its precision & its scope1 b x
 works 9 ! same direction & puts ! same 
me*anism into play4 ,if1 !re=e1 ord9>y  
k1 by reason ( ! c9ematographical       
me*anism to :i* x is subject$1 =be>s to 
foll[ becom+ 9 s f> z becom+ is mov+1 ! 
sci5ce ( matt] r5\nces x equally4 ,no   
d\bt1 x di/+ui%es z great a numb] (     
mom5ts z we wi% 9 ! int]val ( "t x      
consid]s4 ,h[ev] small ! int]vals may be
 at :i* x /ops1 x au?orizes u to divide 
!m aga9 if necess>y4 ,9 contra/ ) anci5t
 sci5ce1 :i* /opp$ at c]ta9 s-call$     
ess5tial mom5ts1 x is occupi$           
indiff]5tly ) any mom5t :atev]4 ,b x    
always consid]s mom5ts1 always virtual  
/opp+-places1 always1 9 %ort1           
immobilities4 ,:i* am\nts to say+ t real
 "t1 reg>d$ z a flux1 or1 9 o!r words1 z

 ! v mobility ( be+1 escapes ! hold (   
sci5tific k4 ,we h already tri$ to      
e/abli% ?is po9t 9 a =m] "w4 ,we allud$ 
to x aga9 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book4 ,b 
x is necess>y to rev]t to x once m1 9   
ord] to cle> up misund]/&+s4  ,:5       
positive sci5ce speaks ( "t1 :at x ref]s
 to is ! movem5t ( a c]ta9 mobile ,t on 
its trajectory4 ,?is movem5t has be5    
*os5 by x z repres5tative ( "t1 & x is1 
by def9ition1 uni=m4 ,let u call ,t#a1  
,t#b1 ,t#c1 444 etc41 po9ts :i* divide !
 trajectory ( ! mobile into equal p>ts f
 its orig9 ,t#j4 ,we %all say t #a1 #b1 
#c1 444 units ( "t h fl[$ pa/1 :5 !     
mobile is at ! po9ts ,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1  
444 ( ! l9e x trav]ses4 ,accord+ly1 to  
consid] ! /ate ( ! univ]se at ! end ( a 
c]ta9 "t t1 is to exam9e :]e x w be :5  
,t is at ! po9t ,tt ( its c\rse4 ,b ( ! 
flux itself ( "t1 /ill less ( its effect
 on consci\sness1 !re is "h no "q2 = !re
 ent] into ! calculation only ! po9ts   
,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1 444 tak5 on ! flux1   
nev] ! flux itself4 ,we may n>r[ ! "t   

consid]$ z mu* z we w1 t is1 break up at
 w ! int]val betwe5 two consecutive     
divisions ,tn & ,tn--#a2 b x is always )
 po9ts1 & ) po9ts only1 t we are deal+4 
,:at we reta9 ( ! movem5t ( ! mobile ,t 
are positions tak5 on its trajectory4   
,:at we reta9 ( all ! o!r po9ts ( !     
univ]se are _! positions on _!          
respective trajectories4 ,to ea* virtual
 /op ( ! mov+ body ,t at ! po9ts (      
division ,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1  444 we make 
correspond a virtual /op ( all ! o!r    
mobiles at ! po9ts :]e !y are pass+4 ,& 
:5 we say t a movem5t or any o!r *ange  
has occupi$ a "t t1 we mean by x t we h 
not$ a numb] t ( correspond5ces ( ?is   
k9d4 ,we h !re=e c\nt$ simultaneities2  
we h n conc]n$ ourselves ) ! flux t goes
 f "o to ano!r4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t ,i c1
 at discretion1 v>y ! rapidity ( ! flux 
( ! univ]se 9 reg>d to a consci\sness t 
is indep5d5t ( x & t w\ld p]ceive !     
v>iation by ! q qualitative feel+ t x   
w\ld h ( x3 :atev] ! v>iation _h be51   
s9ce ! movem5t ( ,t w\ld p>ticipate 9   

?is v>iation1 ,i %\ld h no?+ to *ange 9 
my equations nor 9 ! numb]s t figure 9  
!m4  ,let u g fur!r4 ,suppose t !       
rapidity ( ! flux becomes inf9ite4      
,imag9e1 z we said 9 ! fir/ pages ( ?is 
book1 t ! trajectory ( ! mobile ,t is   
giv5 at once1 & t ! :ole hi/ory1 pa/1   
pres5t & future1 ( ! mat]ial univ]se is 
spread out in/antane\sly 9 space4 ,!    
same ma!matical correspond5ces w subsi/ 
betwe5 ! mom5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w       
unfold$ l a fan1 s to speak1 & !        
divisions ,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1 444 ( ! l9e 
:i* w be call$1 by def9ition1 ! c\rse ( 
"t4 ,9 ! eyes ( sci5ce no?+ w h *ang$4  
,b if1 "t ?us spread+ itself out 9 space
 & succession becom+ juxtaposition1     
sci5ce has no?+ to *ange 9 :at x tells  
u1 we mu/ conclude t1 9 :at x tells u1 x
 takes acc\nt nei!r ( succession 9 :at (
 x is specific nor ( "t 9 :at !re is 9 x
 t is flu5t4 ,x has no sign to express  
:at /rikes our consci\sness 9 succession
 & duration4 ,x no m applies to becom+1 
s f> z t is mov+1 ?an ! bridges ?r[n "h 

& !re across ! /ream foll[ ! wat] t fl[s
 "u _! ar*es4  ,yet succession exi/s2 ,i
 am consci\s ( x2 x is a fact4 ,:5 a    
physical process is go+ on be=e my eyes1
 my p]ception & my incl9ation h no?+ to 
d ) accel]at+ or ret>d+ x4 ,:at is      
important to ! physici/ is ! numb] (    
units ( duration ! process fills2 he    
does n conc]n himself ab\t ! units      
!mselves & t is :y ! successive /ates ( 
! _w might be spread out all at once 9  
space )\t 8 hav+ to *ange any?+ 9 8     
sci5ce or to cease talk+ ab\t "t4 ,b =  
u1 consci\s be+s1 x is ! units t matt]1 
= we d n c\nt extremities ( int]vals1 we
 feel & live ! int]vals !mselves4 ,n[1  
we are consci\s ( ^! int]vals z (       
def9ite int]vals4 ,let me come back aga9
 to ! sug> 9 my glass ( wat]3#ajf :y mu/
 ,i wait = x to melt8 ,:ile ! duration (
 ! ph5om5on is relative = ! physici/1   
s9ce x is r$uc$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( units
 ( "t & ! units !mselves are indiff]5t1 
?is duration is an absolute = my        
consci\sness1 = x co9cides ) a c]ta9    

degree ( impati5ce :i* is rigor\sly     
det]m9$4 ,:5ce comes ?is det]m9ation8   
,:at is x t obliges me to wait1 & to    
wait = a c]ta9 l5g? ( psy*ical duration 
:i* is =c$ ^u me1 ov] :i* ,i h no p[]8  
,if succession1 9 s f> z di/9ct f m]e   
juxtaposition1 has no real efficacy1 if 
"t is n a k9d ( =ce1 :y does ! univ]se  
unfold its successive /ates ) a velocity
 :i*1 9 reg>d to my consci\sness1 is a  
v]itable absolute8 ,:y ) ?is p>ticul>   
velocity r ?an any o!r8 ,:y n ) an      
inf9ite velocity8 ,:y1 9 o!r words1 is n
 ev]y?+ giv5 at once1 z on ! film ( !   
c9ematograph8 ,! m ,i consid] ?is po9t1 
! m x seems to me t1 if ! future is b\nd
 to succe$ ! pres5t in/ead ( be+ giv5   
alongside ( x1 x is because ! future is 
n altoge!r det]m9$ at ! pres5t mom5t1 & 
t if ! "t tak5 up by ?is succession is  
some?+ o!r ?an a numb]1 if x has = !    
consci\sness t is in/all$ 9 x absolute  
value & reality1 x is because !re is    
unceas+ly be+ creat$ 9 x1 n inde$ 9 any 
su* artificially isolat$ sy/em z a glass

 ( sug>$ wat]1 b 9 ! concrete :ole ( :i*
 e su* sy/em =ms "p1 some?+ un=eseeable 
& new4 ,?is duration may n be ! fact (  
matt] itself1 b t ( ! life :i* reasc5ds 
! c\rse ( matt]2 ! two movem5ts are none
 ! less mutually dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r4 ,! 
duration ( ! univ]se mu/ !re=e be "o ) !
 latitude ( creation :i* c f9d place 9  
x4  ,:5 a *ild plays at recon/ruct+ a   
picture by putt+ toge!r ! sep>ate pieces
 9 a puzzle game1 ! m he practices1 ! m 
& m quickly he succe$s4 ,! recon/ruction
 01 moreov]1 in/antane\s1 ! *ild f\nd x 
ready-made1 :5 he op5$ ! box on leav+ ! 
%op4 ,! op]ation1 !re=e1 does n require 
a def9ite "t1 & inde$1 !oretically1 x   
does n require any "t4 ,t is because !  
result is giv54 ,x is because ! picture 
is already creat$1 & because to obta9 x 
requires only a "w ( recompos+ &        
re>rang+--a "w t c be suppos$ go+ fa/] &
 fa/]1 & ev5 inf9itely fa/1 up to ! po9t
 ( be+ in/antane\s4 ,b1 to ! arti/ :o   
creates a picture by draw+ x f ! dep?s (
 8 s\l1 "t is no long] an accessory2 x  

is n an int]val t may be l5g!n$ or      
%ort5$ )\t ! cont5t be+ alt]$4 ,!       
duration ( 8 "w is "p & p>cel ( 8 "w4   
,to contract or to dilate x w\ld be to  
modify bo? ! psy*ical evolution t fills 
x & ! inv5tion :i* is its goal4 ,! "t   
tak5 up by ! inv5tion1 is "o ) !        
inv5tion itself4 ,x is ! progress ( a   
?\ght :i* is *ang+ 9 ! degree & measure 
t x is tak+ =m4 ,x is a vital process1  
some?+ l ! rip5+ ( an idea4  ,! pa9t] is
 be=e 8 canvas1 ! colors are on !       
palette1 ! model is sitt+--all ?is we   
see1 & also we "k ! pa9t]'s /yle3 d we  
=esee :at w appe> on ! canvas8 ,we      
possess ! elem5ts ( ! problem2 we "k 9  
an ab/ract way1 h[ x w be solv$1 = !    
portrait w surely resemble ! model & w  
surely resemble also ! arti/2 b !       
concrete solution br+s ) x t un=eseeable
 no?+ :i* is ev]y?+ 9 a "w ( art4 ,& x  
is ?is no?+ t takes "t4 ,n\ght z matt]1 
x creates itself z =m4 ,! spr\t+ & fl[]+
 ( ?is =m are /ret*$ out on an          
un%r9kable duration1 :i* is "o ) _!     

ess5ce4 ,s ( ! works ( nature4 ,_!      
novelty arises f an int]nal impetus :i* 
is progress or succession1 :i* conf]s on
 succession a peculi> virtue or :i* owes
 to succession ! :ole ( its virtue--:i*1
 at any rate1 makes succession1 or      
cont9uity ( int]p5etration 9 "t1        
irr$ucible to a m]e in/antane\s         
juxtaposition 9 space4 ,?is is :y ! idea
 ( read+ 9 a pres5t /ate ( ! mat]ial    
univ]se ! future ( liv+ =ms1 & ( unfold+
 n[ _! hi/ory yet to come1 involves a   
v]itable absurdity4 ,b ?is absurdity is 
difficult to br+ out1 because our memory
 is accu/om$ to place alongside ( ea*   
o!r1 9 an ideal space1 ! t]ms x p]ceives
 9 turn1 because x always repres5ts pa/ 
succession 9 ! =m ( juxtaposition4 ,x is
 able to d s1 inde$1 j because ! pa/    
belongs to t :i* is already inv5t$1 to !
 dead1 & no long] to creation & to life4
 ,!n1 z ! succession to come w end by   
be+ a succession pa/1 we p]suade        
ourselves t ! duration to come admits ( 
! same treatm5t z pa/ duration1 t x is1 

ev5 n[1 unrollable1 t ! future is !re1  
roll$ up1 already pa9t$ on ! canvas4 ,an
 illusion1 no d\bt1 b an illusion t is  
natural1 in]adicable1 & t w la/ z long z
 ! human m9d6  ,"t is inv5tion or x is  
no?+ at all4 ,b ( "t-inv5tion physics c 
take no acc\nt1 re/rict$ z x is to !    
c9ematographical me?od4 ,x is limit$ to 
c\nt+ simultaneities betwe5 ! ev5ts t   
make up ?is "t & ! positions ( ! mobile 
,t on its trajectory4 ,x deta*es ^!     
ev5ts f ! :ole1 :i* at e mom5t puts on a
 new =m & :i* communicates to !m some?+ 
( its novelty4 ,x consid]s !m 9 !       
ab/ract1 su* z !y w\ld be outside ( !   
liv+ :ole1 t is to say1 9 a "t unroll$ 9
 space4 ,x reta9s only ! ev5ts or sy/ems
 ( ev5ts t c be ?us isolat$ )\t be+ made
 to und]go too pr(\nd a de=mation1      
because only ^! l5d !mselves to !       
application ( its me?od4 ,our physics   
dates f ! day :5 x 0 kn[n h[ to isolate 
su* sy/ems4 ,to sum up1 :ile mod]n      
physics is di/+ui%$ f anci5t physics by 
! fact t x consid]s any mom5t ( "t      

:atev]1 x re/s altoge!r on a sub/itution
 ( "t-l5g? = "t-inv5tion4  ,x seems !n  
t1 p>allel to ?is physics1 a second k9d 
( k ought to h gr[n up1 :i* c\ld h      
reta9$ :at physics all[$ to escape4 ,on 
! flux itself ( duration sci5ce nei!r   
w\ld nor c\ld lay hold1 b\nd z x 0 to ! 
c9ematographical me?od4 ,?is second k9d 
( k w\ld h set ! c9ematographical me?od 
aside4 ,x w\ld h call$ ^u ! m9d to      
r5\nce its mo/ *]i%$ habits4 ,x is )9   
becom+ t x w\ld h transport$ u by an    
ef=t ( sympa?y4 ,we %\ld no long] be    
ask+ :]e a mov+ body w be1 :at %ape a   
sy/em w take1 ?r\gh :at /ate a *ange w  
pass at a giv5 mom5t3 ! mom5ts ( "t1 :i*
 are only arre/s ( our att5tion1 w\ld no
 long] exi/2 x is ! fl[ ( "t1 x is ! v  
flux ( ! real t we %\ld be try+ to      
foll[4 ,! fir/ k9d ( k has ! advantage (
 enabl+ u to =esee ! future & ( mak+ u 9
 "s measure ma/]s ( ev5ts2 9 return1 x  
reta9s ( ! mov+ reality only ev5tual    
immobilities1 t is to say1 views tak5 ( 
x by our m9d4 ,x symbolizes ! real &    

transposes x into ! human r ?an         
expresses x4 ,! o!r k1 if x is possible1
 is practically useless1 x w n ext5d our
 empire ov] nature1 x w ev5 g aga9/     
c]ta9 natural aspirations ( ! intellect2
 b1 if x succe$s1 x is reality itself t 
x w hold 9 a firm & f9al embrace4 ,n    
only may we ?us complete ! intellect &  
its k ( matt] by accu/om+ x to in/all   
itself )9 ! mov+1 b by develop+ also    
ano!r faculty1 complem5t>y to !         
intellect1 we may op5 a p]spective on ! 
o!r half ( ! real4 ,=1 z soon z we are  
confront$ ) true duration1 we see t x   
means creation1 & t if t :i* is be+     
unmade endures1 x c only be because x is
 insep>ably b\nd to :at is mak+ itself4 
,?us w appe> ! necessity ( a cont9ual   
gr[? ( ! univ]se1 ,i %\ld say ( a life (
 ! real4 ,& ?us w be se5 9 a new light !
 life :i* we f9d on ! surface ( our     
planet1 a life direct$ ! same way z t ( 
! univ]se1 & inv]se ( mat]iality4 ,to   
intellect1 9 %ort1 !re w be add$        
intuition4  ,! m we reflect on x1 ! m we

 %all f9d t ?is conception ( metaphysics
 is t :i* mod]n sci5ce sugge/s4  ,= !   
anci5ts1 inde$1 "t is !oretically       
negligible1 because ! duration ( a ?+   
only manife/s ! degradation ( its       
ess5ce3 x is ) ?is motionless ess5ce t  
sci5ce has to deal4 ,*ange be+ only !   
ef=t ( a =m t[>d its own realization1 ! 
realization is all t x conc]ns u to "k4 
,no d\bt ! realization is nev] complete3
 x is ?is t anci5t philosophy expresses 
by say+ t we d n p]ceive =m )\t matt]4  
,b if we consid] ! *ang+ object at a    
c]ta9 ess5tial mom5t1 at its apogee1 we 
may say t !re x j t\*es its intelligible
 =m4 ,?is intelligible =m1 ?is ideal &1 
s to speak1 limit+ =m1 our sci5ce seizes
 ^u4 ,& possess+ 9 ?is ! gold-piece1 x  
holds em95tly ! small money :i* we call 
becom+ or *ange4 ,?is *ange is less ?an 
be+4 ,! k t w\ld take x = object1       
suppos+ su* k 7 possible1 w\ld be less  
?an sci5ce4  ,b1 = a sci5ce t places all
 ! mom5ts ( "t 9 ! same rank1 t admits  
no ess5tial mom5t1 no culm9at+ po9t1 no 

apogee1 *ange is no long] a dim9ution ( 
ess5ce1 duration is n a dilution (      
et]nity4 ,! flux ( "t is ! reality      
itself1 & ! ?+s :i* we /udy are ! ?+s   
:i* fl[4 ,x is true t ( ?is fl[+ reality
 we are limit$ to tak+ in/antane\s      
views4 ,b1 j because ( ?is1 sci5tific k 
mu/ appeal to ano!r k to complete x4    
,:ile ! anci5t conception ( sci5tific k 
end$ 9 mak+ "t a degradation1 & *ange ! 
dim9ution ( a =m giv5 f all et]nity--on 
! contr>y1 by foll[+ ! new conception to
 ! end1 we %\ld come to see 9 "t a      
progressive gr[? ( ! absolute1 & 9 !    
evolution ( ?+s a cont9ual inv5tion (   
=ms ev] new4  ,x is true t x w\ld be to 
break ) ! metaphysics ( ! anci5ts4 ,!y  
saw only "o way ( kn[+ def9itely4 ,_!   
sci5ce consi/$ 9 a scatt]$ & fragm5t>y  
metaphysics1 _! metaphysics 9 a         
conc5trat$ & sy/ematic sci5ce4 ,_!      
sci5ce & metaphysics 71 at mo/1 two     
species ( "o & ! same g5us4 ,9 our      
hypo!sis1 on ! contr>y1 sci5ce &        
metaphysics are two oppos$ al?\gh       

complem5t>y ways ( kn[+1 ! fir/ reta9+  
only mom5ts1 t is to say1 t :i* does n  
endure1 ! second be>+ on duration       
itself4 ,n[1 x 0 natural to hesitate    
betwe5 s novel a conception (           
metaphysics & ! traditional conception4 
,! temptation mu/ h be5 /rong to repeat 
) ! new sci5ce :at _h be5 tri$ on ! old1
 to suppose our sci5tific k ( nature    
complet$ at once1 to unify x entirely1 &
 to give to ?is unification1 z ! ,greeks
 _h already done1 ! "n ( metaphysics4   
,s1 beside ! new way t philosophy might 
h prep>$1 ! old rema9$ op51 t inde$ :i* 
physics trod4 ,&1 z physics reta9$ ( "t 
only :at c\ld z well be spread out all  
at once 9 space1 ! metaphysics t *ose ! 
same direction _h necess>ily to proce$ z
 if "t creat$ & annihilat$ no?+1 z if   
duration _h no efficacy4 ,b\nd1 l !     
physics ( ! mod]ns & ! metaphysics ( !  
anci5ts1 to ! c9ematographical me?od1 x 
end$ ) ! conclusion1 implicitly admitt$ 
at ! />t & imman5t 9 ! me?od itself3    
,all is giv54  ,t metaphysics hesitat$  

at fir/ betwe5 ! two pa?s seems to u    
unque/ionable4 ,! indecision is visible 
9 ,c>tesianism4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,desc>tes  
affirms univ]sal me*anism3 f ?is po9t ( 
view movem5t w\ld be relative1#ajg &1 z 
"t has j z mu* reality z movem5t1 x w\ld
 foll[ t pa/1 pres5t & future are giv5 f
 all et]nity4 ,b1 on ! o!r h& 7& t is :y
 ! philosoph] has n gone to ^! extreme  
consequ5ces71 ,desc>tes believes 9 !    
free w ( man4 ,he sup]poses on !        
det]m9ism ( physical ph5om5a !          
indet]m9ism ( human actions1 &1         
consequ5tly1 on "t-l5g? a "t 9 :i* !re  
is inv5tion1 creation1 true succession4 
,?is duration he supports on a ,god :o  
is unceas+ly r5ew+ ! creative act1 & :o1
 be+ ?us tang5t to "t & becom+1 su/a9s  
!m1 communicates to !m necess>ily some?+
 ( 8 absolute reality4 ,:5 he places    
himself at ?is second po9t ( view1      
,desc>tes speaks ( movem5t1 ev5 spatial1
 z ( an absolute4#ajh  ,he !re=e ent]$  
bo? roads "o aft] ! o!r1 hav+ resolv$ to
 foll[ nei!r ( !m to ! end4 ,! fir/ w\ld

 h l$ him to ! d5ial ( free w 9 man & ( 
real w 9 ,god4 ,x 0 ! suppression ( all 
effici5t duration1 ! lik5+ ( ! univ]se  
to a ?+ giv51 :i* a sup]human           
intellig5ce w\ld embrace at once 9 a    
mom5t or 9 et]nity4 ,9 foll[+ ! second1 
on ! contr>y1 he w\ld h be5 l$ to all ! 
consequ5ces :i* ! intuition ( true      
duration implies4 ,creation w\ld h      
appe>$ n simply z cont9u$1 b also z     
cont9u\s4 ,! univ]se1 reg>d$ z a :ole1  
w\ld really evolve4 ,! future w\ld no   
long] be det]m9able by ! pres5t2 at mo/ 
we might say t1 once realiz$1 x c be    
f\nd aga9 9 its antec$5ts1 z ! s\nds ( a
 new language c be express$ ) ! lett]s (
 an old alphabet if we agree to enl>ge !
 value ( ! lett]s & to attribute to !m1 
retro-actively1 s\nds :i* no comb9ation 
( ! old s\nds c\ld h produc$ be=eh&4    
,f9ally1 ! me*ani/ic explanation might h
 rema9$ univ]sal 9 ?is1 t x c inde$ be  
ext5d$ to z _m sy/ems z we *oose to cut 
out 9 ! cont9uity ( ! univ]se2 b        
me*anism w\ld !n h become a me?od r ?an 

a doctr9e4 ,x w\ld h express$ ! fact t  
sci5ce mu/ proce$ aft] !                
c9ematographical mann]1 t ! function (  
sci5ce is to scan ! rhy?m ( ! fl[ ( ?+s 
& n to fit itself into t fl[4--,su* 7 ! 
two opposite conceptions ( metaphysics  
:i* 7 (f]$ to philosophy4  ,x *ose !    
fir/4 ,! reason ( ?is *oice is und\bt$ly
 ! m9d's t5d5cy to foll[ !              
c9ematographical me?od1 a me?od s       
natural to our intellect1 & s well      
adju/$ also to ! requirem5ts ( our      
sci5ce1 t we mu/ feel d\bly sure ( its  
speculative impot5ce to r5\nce x 9      
metaphysics4 ,b anci5t philosophy also  
influ5c$ ! *oice4 ,arti/s = ev]         
admirable1 ! ,greeks creat$ a type (    
supra-s5sible tru?1 z ( s5sible beauty1 
^: attraction is h>d to resi/4 ,z soon z
 we incl9e to make metaphysics a        
sy/ematization ( sci5ce1 we glide 9 !   
direction ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle4 ,&1   
once 9 ! zone ( attraction 9 :i* !      
,greek philosoph]s mov$1 we are drawn   
along 9 _! orbit4  ,su* 0 ! case )      

,leibniz1 z also ) ,sp9oza4 ,we are n   
bl9d to ! treasures ( orig9ality _!     
doctr9es conta94 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz h   
p\r$ into !m ! :ole cont5t ( _! s\ls1   
ri* ) ! inv5tions ( _! g5ius & !        
acquisitions ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,& !re are 9
 ea* ( !m1 especially 9 ,sp9oza1 fla%es 
( intuition t break ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,b if
 we leave out ( ! two doctr9es :at      
brea!s life into !m1 if we reta9 !      
skeleton only1 we h be=e u ! v picture (
 ,platonism & ,ari/otelianism se5 ?r\gh 
,c>tesian me*anism4 ,!y pres5t to u a   
sy/ematization ( ! new physics1         
con/ruct$ on ! model ( ! anci5t         
metaphysics4  ,:at1 inde$1 c\ld !       
unification ( physics be8 ,! inspir+    
idea ( t sci5ce 0 to isolate1 )9 !      
univ]se1 sy/ems ( mat]ial po9ts su* t1 !
 position ( ea* ( ^! po9ts be+ kn[n at a
 giv5 mom5t1 we c\ld !n calculate x =   
any mom5t :atev]4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! sy/ems 
?us def9$ 7 ! only ones on :i* ! new    
sci5ce _h hold1 & z x c\ld n be kn[n    
be=eh& :e!r a sy/em satisfi$ or did n   

satisfy ! desir$ condition1 x 0 useful  
to proce$ always & ev]y:]e z if !       
condition 0 realiz$4 ,!re 0 9 ?is a     
me?odological rule1 a v natural rule--s 
natural1 inde$1 t x 0 n ev5 necess>y to 
=mulate x4 ,= simple common s5se tells u
 t :5 we are possess$ ( an effective    
in/rum5t ( rese>*1 & are ignorant ( !   
limits ( its applicability1 we %\ld act 
z if its applicability 7 unlimit$2 !re w
 always be "t to abate x4 ,b !          
temptation mu/ h be5 great = !          
philosoph] to hypo/atize ?is hope1 or r 
?is impetus1 ( ! new sci5ce1 & to conv]t
 a g5]al rule ( me?od into a fundam5tal 
law ( ?+s4 ,s he transport$ himself at  
once to ! limit2 he suppos$ physics to h
 become complete & to embrace ! :ole ( !
 s5sible _w4 ,! univ]se became a sy/em (
 po9ts1 ! position ( :i* 0 rigor\sly    
det]m9$ at ea* in/ant by relation to !  
prec$+ in/ant & !oretically calculable =
 any mom5t :atev]4 ,! result1 9 %ort1 0 
univ]sal me*anism4 ,b x 0 n en\gh to    
=mulate ?is me*anism2 :at 0 requir$ 0 to

 f\nd x1 to give ! reason = x & prove   
its necessity4 ,& ! ess5tial affirmation
 ( me*anism be+ t ( a reciprocal        
ma!matical dep5d5ce ( all ! po9ts ( !   
univ]se1 z also ( all ! mom5ts ( !      
univ]se1 ! reason ( me*anism _h to be   
discov]$ 9 ! unity ( a pr9ciple into :i*
 c\ld be contract$ all t is juxtapos$ 9 
space & successive 9 "t4 ,h5ce1 ! :ole (
 ! real 0 suppos$ to be giv5 at once4 ,!
 reciprocal det]m9ation ( ! juxtapos$   
appe>ances 9 space 0 expla9$ by !       
indivisibility ( true be+1 & !          
inflexible det]m9ism ( successive       
ph5om5a 9 "t simply express$ t ! :ole ( 
be+ is giv5 9 ! et]nal4  ,! new         
philosophy 0 go+1 !n1 to be a           
recomm5cem5t1 or r a transposition1 ( ! 
old4 ,! anci5t philosophy _h tak5 ea* ( 
! concepts into :i* a becom+ is         
conc5trat$ or :i* m>k its apogee3 x     
suppos$ !m all kn[n1 & ga!r$ !m up into 
a s+le concept1 =m ( =ms1 idea ( ideas1 
l ! ,god ( ,ari/otle4 ,! new philosophy 
0 go+ to take ea* ( ! laws :i* condition

 a becom+ 9 relation to o!rs & :i* are z
 ! p]man5t sub/ratum ( ph5om5a3 x w\ld  
suppose !m all kn[n1 & w\ld ga!r !m up  
into a unity :i* also w\ld express !m   
em95tly1 b :i*1 l ! ,god ( ,ari/otle & =
 ! same reasons1 mu/ rema9 immutably %ut
 up 9 itself4  ,true1 ?is return to !   
anci5t philosophy 0 n )\t great         
difficulties4 ,:5 a ,plato1 an          
,ari/otle1 or a ,plot9us melt all !     
concepts ( _! sci5ce into a s+le "o1 9 s
 do+ !y embrace ! :ole ( ! real1 =      
concepts are suppos$ to repres5t ! ?+s  
!mselves1 & to possess at lea/ z mu*    
positive cont5t4 ,b a law1 9 g5]al1     
expresses only a relation1 & physical   
laws 9 p>ticul> express only            
quantitative relations betwe5 concrete  
?+s4 ,s t if a mod]n philosoph] works ) 
! laws ( ! new sci5ce z ! ,greek        
philosoph] did ) ! concepts ( ! anci5t  
sci5ce1 if he makes all ! conclusions ( 
a physics suppos$ omnisci5t conv]ge on a
 s+le po9t1 he neglects :at is concrete 
9 ! ph5om5a--! qualities p]ceiv$1 !     

p]ceptions !mselves4 ,8 syn!sis         
comprises1 x seems1 only a fraction (   
reality4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ result ( ! new 
sci5ce 0 to cut ! real into two halves1 
quantity & quality1 ! =m] be+ cr$it$ to 
! acc\nt ( bodies & ! latt] to ! acc\nt 
( s\ls4 ,! anci5ts _h rais$ no su*      
b>ri]s ei!r betwe5 quality & quantity or
 betwe5 s\l & body4 ,= !m1 ! ma!matical 
concepts 7 concepts l ! o!rs1 relat$ to 
! o!rs & fitt+ q naturally into ! hi]>*y
 ( ! ,ideas4 ,nei!r 0 ! body !n def9$ by
 geometrical ext5sion1 nor ! s\l by     
consci\sness4 ,if ! ,greek3 psy* (      
,ari/otle1 ! entele*y ( a liv+ body1 is 
less spiritual ?an our s\l1 x is because
 8 ,greek3 oma1 already impregnat$ ) !  
,idea1 is less corporeal ?an our body4  
,! scission 0 n yet irrem$iable betwe5 !
 two t]ms4 ,x has become s1 & !nce a    
metaphysic t aims at an ab/ract unity   
mu/ resign itself ei!r to compreh5d 9   
its syn!sis only "o half ( ! real1 or to
 take advantage ( ! absolute het]og5eity
 ( ! two halves 9 ord] to consid] "o z a

 translation ( ! o!r4 ,diff]5t phrases w
 express diff]5t ?+s if !y belong to !  
same language1 t is to say1 if !re is a 
c]ta9 relation%ip ( s\nd betwe5 !m4 ,b  
if !y belong to two diff]5t languages1  
!y might1 j because ( _! radical        
div]sity ( s\nd1 express ! same ?+4 ,s (
 quality & quantity1 ( s\l & body4 ,x is
 = hav+ cut all connection betwe5 ! two 
t]ms t philosoph]s h be5 l$ to e/abli%  
betwe5 !m a rigor\s p>allelism1 ( :i* ! 
anci5ts _h n dream$1 to reg>d !m z      
translations & n z inv]sions ( ea* o!r2 
9 %ort1 to posit a fundam5tal id5tity z 
a sub/ratum to _! duality4 ,! syn!sis to
 :i* !y rose ?us became capable (       
embrac+ ev]y?+4 ,a div9e me*anism made !
 ph5om5a ( ?\ght to correspond to ^? (  
ext5sion1 ea* to ea*1 qualities to      
quantities1 s\ls to bodies4  ,x is ?is  
p>allelism t we f9d bo? 9 ,leibniz & 9  
,sp9oza--9 diff]5t =ms1 x is true1      
because ( ! unequal importance :i* !y   
atta* to ext5sion4 ,) ,sp9oza1 ! two    
t]ms ,?\ght & ,ext5sion are plac$1 9    

pr9ciple at lea/1 9 ! same rank4 ,!y    
are1 !re=e1 two translations ( "o & !   
same orig9al1 or1 z ,sp9oza says1 two   
attributes ( "o & ! same sub/ance1 :i*  
we mu/ call ,god4 ,& ^! two             
translations1 z also an inf9ity ( o!rs  
into languages :i* we "k n1 are call$ up
 & ev5 =c$ into exi/5ce by ! orig9al1 j 
z ! ess5ce ( ! circle is translat$      
automatically1 s to speak1 bo? by a     
figure & by an equation4 ,= ,leibniz1 on
 ! contr>y1 ext5sion is inde$ /ill a    
translation1 b x is ?\ght t is !        
orig9al1 & ?\ght might disp5se )        
translation1 ! translation be+ made only
 = u4 ,9 posit+ ,god1 we necess>ily     
posit also all ! possible views ( ,god1 
t is to say1 ! monads4 ,b we c always   
imag9e t a view has be5 tak5 f a po9t ( 
view1 & x is natural = an imp]fect m9d l
 ours to class views1 qualitatively     
diff]5t1 accord+ to ! ord] & position ( 
po9ts ( view1 qualitatively id5tical1 f 
:i* ! views might h be5 tak54 ,9 reality
 ! po9ts ( view d n exi/1 = !re are only

 views1 ea* giv5 9 an indivisible block 
& repres5t+ 9 its own way ! :ole (      
reality1 :i* is ,god4 ,b we ne$ to      
express ! plurality ( ! views1 t are    
unlike ea* o!r1 by ! multiplicity ( !   
po9ts ( view t are ext]ior to ea* o!r2 &
 we also ne$ to symbolize ! m or less   
close relation%ip betwe5 ! views by !   
relative situation ( ! po9ts ( view to  
"o ano!r1 _! ne>ness or _! di/ance1 t is
 to say1 by a magnitude4 ,t is :at      
,leibniz means :5 he says t space is !  
ord] ( coexi/5ts1 t ! p]ception (       
ext5sion is a confus$ p]ception 7t is to
 say1 a p]ception relative to an        
imp]fect m9d71 & t no?+ exi/s b monads1 
express+ !reby t ! real ,:ole has no    
p>ts1 b is repeat$ to inf9ity1 ea* "t   
integrally 7?\gh div]sely7 )9 itself1 & 
t all ^! repetitions are complem5t>y to 
ea* o!r4 ,9 j ! same way1 ! visible     
relief ( an object is equival5t to !    
:ole set ( /]eoscopic views tak5 ( x f  
all po9ts1 s t1 in/ead ( see+ 9 ! relief
 a juxtaposition ( solid p>ts1 we might 

q z well look ^u x z made ( ! reciprocal
 complem5t>ity ( ^! :ole views1 ea* giv5
 9 block1 ea* indivisible1 ea* diff]5t f
 all ! o!rs & yet repres5tative ( ! same
 ?+4 ,! ,:ole1 t is to say1 ,god1 is ?is
 v relief = ,leibniz1 & ! monads are ^! 
complem5t>y plane views2 = t reason he  
def9es ,god z ! sub/ance t has no po9t (
 view1 or1 aga91 z ! univ]sal h>mony1 t 
is to say1 ! reciprocal complem5t>ity ( 
monads4 ,9 %ort1 ,leibniz diff]s f      
,sp9oza 9 ?is1 t he looks ^u ! univ]sal 
me*anism z an aspect :i* reality takes =
 u1 :]eas1 ,sp9oza makes ( x an aspect  
:i* reality takes = itself4  ,x is true 
t1 aft] hav+ conc5trat$ 9 ,god ! :ole ( 
! real1 x became difficult = !m to pass 
f ,god to ?+s1 f et]nity to "t4 ,!      
difficulty 0 ev5 mu* great] = ^!        
philosoph]s ?an an ,ari/otle or a       
,plot9us4 ,! ,god ( ,ari/otle1 inde$1 _h
 be5 obta9$ by ! compression &          
reciprocal comp5etration ( ! ,ideas t   
repres5t1 9 _! f9i%$ /ate or 9 _!       
culm9at+ po9t1 ! *ang+ ?+s ( ! _w4 ,he  

01 !re=e1 transc5d5t to ! _w1 & !       
duration ( ?+s 0 juxtapos$ to ,8        
et]nity1 ( :i* x 0 only a weak5+4 ,b 9 !
 pr9ciple to :i* we are l$ by !         
consid]ation ( univ]sal me*anism1 & :i* 
mu/ s]ve z its sub/ratum1 x is n        
concepts or ?+s1 b laws or relations t  
are cond5s$4 ,n[1 a relation does n exi/
 sep>ately4 ,a law connects *ang+ t]ms &
 is imman5t 9 :at x gov]ns4 ,! pr9ciple 
9 :i* all ^! relations are ultimately   
summ$ up1 & :i* is ! basis ( ! unity (  
nature1 _c1 !re=e1 be transc5d5t to     
s5sible reality2 x is imman5t 9 x1 & we 
mu/ suppose t x is at once bo? 9 & out (
 "t1 ga!r$ up 9 ! unity ( its sub/ance &
 yet condemn$ to w9d x (f 9 an endless  
*a94 ,r ?an =mulate s appall+ a         
contradiction1 ! philosoph]s 7          
necess>ily l$ to sacrifice ! weak] ( !  
two t]ms1 & to reg>d ! temporal aspect (
 ?+s z a m]e illusion4 ,leibniz says s 9
 explicit t]ms1 = he makes ( "t1 z (    
space1 a confus$ p]ception4 ,:ile !     
multiplicity ( 8 monads expresses only !

 div]sity ( views tak5 ( ! :ole1 !      
hi/ory ( an isolat$ monad seems to be   
h>dly any?+ else ?an ! manifold views t 
x c take ( its own sub/ance3 s t "t w\ld
 consi/ 9 all ! po9ts ( view t ea* monad
 c assume t[>ds itself1 z space consi/s 
9 all ! po9ts ( view t all monads c     
assume t[>ds ,god4 ,b ! ?\ght ( ,sp9oza 
is mu* less cle>1 & ?is philosoph] seems
 to h s\ght to e/abli%1 betwe5 et]nity &
 t :i* has duration1 ! same diff]5ce z  
,ari/otle made betwe5 ess5ce & accid5ts3
 a mo/ difficult und]tak+1 = ! ,greek3  
yl ( ,ari/otle 0 no long] !re to measure
 ! di/ance & expla9 ! passage f !       
ess5tial to ! accid5tal1 ,desc>tes hav+ 
elim9at$ x = ev]4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !    
deep] we g into ! ,sp9ozi/ic conception 
( ! inadequate1 z relat$ to ! adequate1 
! m we feel ourselves mov+ 9 ! direction
 ( ,ari/otelianism--j z ! ,leibnizian   
monads1 9 proportion z !y m>k !mselves  
out ! m cle>ly1 t5d to approximate to ! 
,intelligibles ( ,plot9us4#aji ,!       
natural tr5d ( ^! two philosophies br+s 

!m back to ! conclusions ( ! anci5t     
philosophy4  ,to sum up1 ! resemblances 
( ?is new metaphysic to t ( ! anci5ts   
arise f ! fact t bo? suppose            
ready-made--! =m] above ! s5sible1 !    
latt] )9 ! s5sible--a sci5ce "o &       
complete1 ) :i* any reality t ! s5sible 
may conta9 is believ$ to co9cide4 ,=    
bo?1 reality z well z tru? are          
integrally giv5 9 et]nity4 ,bo? are     
oppos$ to ! idea ( a reality t creates  
itself gradually1 t is1 at bottom1 to an
 absolute duration4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,n[1 x might      
easily be %[n t ! conclusions ( ?is     
metaphysic1 spr++ f sci5ce1 h reb\nd$ ^u
 sci5ce itself1 z x 71 by rico*et4 ,!y  
p5etrate ! :ole ( our s-call$           
empiricism4 ,physics & *emi/ry /udy only
 in]t matt]2 biology1 :5 x treats ! liv+
 be+ physically & *emically1 consid]s   
only ! in]t side ( ! liv+3 h5ce !       
me*ani/ic explanations1 9 spite ( _!    
developm5t1 include only a small "p ( ! 
real4 ,to suppose a priori t ! :ole ( ! 

real is resolvable into elem5ts ( ?is   
k9d1 or at lea/ t me*anism c give a     
complete translation ( :at happ5s 9 !   
_w1 is to pron\nce = a c]ta9            
metaphysic--! v metaphysic ( :i* ,sp9oza
 & ,leibniz h laid d[n ! pr9ciples &    
drawn ! consequ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly1 !        
psy*o-physiologi/ :o affirms ! exact    
equival5ce ( ! c]ebral & ! psy*ical     
/ate1 :o imag9es ! possibility1 = "s    
sup]human intellect1 ( read+ 9 ! bra9   
:at is go+ on 9 consci\sness1 believes  
himself v f> f ! metaphysicians ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury1 & v ne> to exp]i5ce4   
,yet exp]i5ce pure & simple tells u no?+
 ( ! k9d4 ,x %[s u ! int]dep5d5ce ( !   
m5tal & ! physical1 ! necessity ( a     
c]ta9 c]ebral sub/ratum = ! psy*ical    
/ate--no?+ m4 ,f ! fact t two ?+s are   
mutually dep5d5t1 x does n foll[ t !y   
are equival5t4 ,because a c]ta9 screw is
 necess>y to a c]ta9 ma*9e1 because !   
ma*9e works :5 ! screw is !re & /ops :5 
! screw is tak5 away1 we d n say t !    
screw is ! equival5t ( ! ma*9e4 ,=      

correspond5ce to be equival5ce1 x w\ld  
be necess>y t to any "p ( ! ma*9e a     
def9ite "p ( ! screw %\ld correspond--z 
9 a lit]al translation 9 :i* ea* *apt]  
r5d]s a *apt]1 ea* s5t5ce a s5t5ce1 ea* 
^w a ^w4 ,n[1 ! relation ( ! bra9 to    
consci\sness seems to be entirely       
diff]5t4 ,n only does ! hypo!sis ( an   
equival5ce betwe5 ! psy*ical /ate & !   
c]ebral /ate imply a d[nright absurdity1
 z we h tri$ to prove 9 a =m] essay1#aaj
 b ! facts1 exam9$ )\t prejudice1       
c]ta9ly seem to indicate t ! relation ( 
! psy*ical to ! physical is j t ( !     
ma*9e to ! screw4 ,to speak ( an        
equival5ce betwe5 ! two is simply to    
curtail1 & make almo/ un9telligible1 !  
,sp9ozi/ic or ,leibnizian metaphysic4 ,x
 is to accept ?is philosophy1 su* z x   
is1 on ! side ( ,ext5sion1 b to mutilate
 x on ! side ( ,?\ght4 ,) ,sp9oza1 )    
,leibniz1 we suppose ! unify+ syn!sis ( 
! ph5om5a ( matt] a*iev$1 & ev]y?+ 9    
matt] expla9$ me*anically4 ,b1 = !      
consci\s facts1 we no long] pu% !       

syn!sis to ! end4 ,we /op half-way4 ,we 
suppose consci\sness to be coext5sive ) 
a c]ta9 "p ( nature & n ) all ( x4 ,we  
are ?us l$1 sometimes to an             
epiph5om5alism t associates consci\sness
 ) c]ta9 p>ticul> vibrations & puts x "h
 & !re 9 ! _w 9 a sporadic /ate1 &      
sometimes to a monism t scatt]s         
consci\sness into z _m t9y gra9s z !re  
are atoms2 b1 9 ei!r case1 x is to an   
incomplete ,sp9ozism or to an incomplete
 ,leibnizianism t we come back4 ,betwe5 
?is conception ( nature & ,c>tesianism  
we f9d1 moreov]1 int]m$iate hi/orical   
/ages4 ,! m$ical philosoph]s ( !        
eighte5? c5tury1 ) _! cramp$            
,c>tesianism1 h _h a great "p 9 ! g5esis
 ( ! epiph5om5alism & monism ( ! pres5t 
day4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,^! doctr9es are ?us f\nd  
to fall %ort ( ! ,kantian criticism4    
,c]ta9ly1 ! philosophy ( ,kant is also  
imbu$ ) ! belief 9 a sci5ce s+le &      
complete1 embrac+ ! :ole ( ! real4      
,inde$1 look$ at f "o aspect1 x is only 

a cont9uation ( ! metaphysics ( ! mod]ns
 & a transposition ( ! anci5t           
metaphysics4 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz _h1     
foll[+ ,ari/otle1 hypo/atiz$ 9 ,god !   
unity ( k4 ,! ,kantian criticism1 on "o 
side at lea/1 consi/s 9 ask+ :e!r ! :ole
 ( ?is hypo!sis is necess>y to mod]n    
sci5ce z x 0 to anci5t sci5ce1 or if "p 
( ! hypo!sis is n suffici5t4 ,= !       
anci5ts1 sci5ce appli$ to concepts1 t is
 to say1 to k9ds ( ?+s4 ,9 compress+ all
 concepts into "o1 !y !re=e necess>ily  
arriv$ at a be+1 :i* we may call ,?\ght1
 b :i* 0 r ?\ght-object ?an             
?\ght-subject4 ,:5 ,ari/otle def9$ ,god 
! ,greek3 noses nosis1 x is probably on 
,greek3 noses1 & n on ,greek3 nosis t he
 put ! emphasis4 ,god 0 ! syn!sis ( all 
concepts1 ! idea ( ideas4 ,b mod]n      
sci5ce turns on laws1 t is1 on          
relations4 ,n[1 a relation is a bond    
e/abli%$ by a m9d betwe5 two or m t]ms4 
,a relation is no?+ outside ( !         
intellect t relates4 ,! univ]se1 !re=e1 
c only be a sy/em ( laws if ph5om5a h   

pass$ be=eh& ?r\gh ! filt] ( an         
intellect4 ,( c\rse1 ?is intellect might
 be t ( a be+ inf9itely sup]ior to man1 
:o w\ld f\nd ! mat]iality ( ?+s at !    
same "t t he b\nd !m toge!r3 su* 0 !    
hypo!sis ( ,leibniz & ( ,sp9oza4 ,b x is
 n necess>y to g s f>1 &1 = ! effect we 
h "h to obta91 ! human intellect is     
en\gh3 su* is precisely ! ,kantian      
solution4 ,betwe5 ! dogmatism ( a       
,sp9oza or a ,leibniz & ! criticism (   
,kant !re is j ! same di/ance z betwe5 x
 may be ma9ta9$ t-- & x suffices t--4   
,kant /ops ?is dogmatism on ! incl9e t 0
 mak+ x slip too f> t[>d ! ,greek       
metaphysics2 he r$uces to ! /rict m9imum
 ! hypo!sis :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to   
suppose ! physics ( ,galileo indef9itely
 ext5sible4 ,true1 :5 he speaks ( !     
human intellect1 he means nei!r y\rs nor
 m9e3 ! unity ( nature comes inde$ f !  
human und]/&+ t unifies1 b ! unify+     
function t op]ates "h is imp]sonal4 ,x  
imp>ts itself to our individual         
consci\snesses1 b x transc5ds !m4 ,x is 

mu* less ?an a sub/antial ,god2 x is1   
h[ev]1 a little m ?an ! isolat$ "w ( a  
man or ev5 ?an ! collective "w (        
humanity4 ,x does n exactly lie )9 man2 
r1 man lies )9 x1 z 9 an atmosph]e (    
intellectuality :i* 8 consci\sness      
brea!s4 ,x is1 if we w1 a =mal ,god1    
some?+ t 9 ,kant is n yet div9e1 b :i*  
t5ds to become s4 ,x became s1 inde$1 ) 
,fi*te4 ,) ,kant1 h[ev]1 its pr9cipal   
rle 0 to give to ! :ole ( our sci5ce a  
relative & human "*1 al?\gh ( a humanity
 already some:at deifi$4 ,f ?is po9t (  
view1 ! criticism ( ,kant consi/$ *iefly
 9 limit+ ! dogmatism ( 8 pr$ecessors1  
accept+ _! conception ( sci5ce & r$uc+  
to a m9imum ! metaphysic x impli$4  ,b x
 is o!rwise ) ! ,kantian di/9ction      
betwe5 ! matt] ( k & its =m4 ,by reg>d+ 
intellig5ce z pre-em95tly a faculty (   
e/abli%+ relations1 ,kant attribut$ an  
extra-intellectual orig9 to ! t]ms      
betwe5 :i* ! relations are e/abli%$4 ,he
 affirm$1 aga9/ 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 
t k is n entirely resolvable into t]ms (

 intellig5ce4 ,he br\ght back into      
philosophy--:ile modify+ x & c>ry+ x on 
to ano!r plane--t ess5tial elem5t ( !   
philosophy ( ,desc>tes :i* _h be5 ab&on$
 by ! ,c>tesians4  ,!reby he prep>$ !   
way = a new philosophy1 :i* might h     
e/abli%$ itself 9 ! extra-intellectual  
matt] ( k by a high] ef=t ( intuition4  
,co9cid+ ) ?is matt]1 adopt+ ! same     
rhy?m & ! same movem5t1 might n         
consci\sness1 by two ef=ts ( opposite   
direction1 rais+ itself & l[]+ itself by
 turns1 become able to grasp f )91 & no 
long] p]ceive only f )\t1 ! two =ms (   
reality1 body & m9d8 ,w\ld n ?is tw(old 
ef=t make u1 z f> z t is possible1      
re-live ! absolute8 ,moreov]1 z1 9 !    
c\rse ( ?is op]ation1 we %\ld see       
intellect spr+ up ( itself1 cut itself  
out 9 ! :ole ( m9d1 intellectual k w\ld 
!n appe> z x is1 limit$1 b n relative4  
,su* 0 ! direction t ,kantianism might h
 po9t$ out to a revivifi$ ,c>tesianism4 
,b 9 ?is direction ,kant himself did n  
g4  ,he w\ld n1 because1 :ile assign+ to

 k an extra-intellectual matt]1 he      
believ$ ?is matt] to be ei!r coext5sive 
) intellect or less ext5sive ?an        
intellect4 ,!re=e he c\ld n dream (     
cutt+ out intellect 9 x1 nor1           
consequ5tly1 ( trac+ ! g5esis ( !       
und]/&+ & its categories4 ,! molds ( !  
und]/&+ & ! und]/&+ itself _h to be     
accept$ z !y are1 already made4 ,betwe5 
! matt] pres5t$ to our intellect & ?is  
intellect itself !re 0 no relation%ip4  
,! agreem5t betwe5 ! two 0 due to ! fact
 t intellect impos$ its =m on matt]4 ,s 
t n only 0 x necess>y to posit !        
intellectual =m ( k z a k9d ( absolute &
 give up ! que/ ( its g5esis1 b ! v     
matt] ( ?is k seem$ too gr\nd d[n by !  
intellect = u to be able to hope to get 
x back 9 its orig9al purity4 ,x 0 n !   
?+-9-itself1 x 0 only ! refraction ( x  
?r\gh our atmosph]e4  ,if n[ we inquire 
:y ,kant did n believe t ! matt] ( our k
 ext5ds beyond its =m1 ?is is :at we    
f9d4 ,! criticism ( our k ( nature t 0  
in/itut$ by ,kant consi/$ 9 asc]ta9+ :at

 our m9d mu/ be & :at ,nature mu/ be if 
! claims ( our sci5ce are ju/ifi$2 b (  
^! claims !mselves ,kant has n made !   
criticism4 ,i mean t he took = grant$ ! 
idea ( a sci5ce t is "o1 capable ( b9d+ 
) ! same =ce all ! p>ts ( :at is giv51 &
 ( cord9at+ !m into a sy/em pres5t+ on  
all sides an equal solidity4 ,he did n  
consid]1 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 
t sci5ce became less & less objective1 m
 & m symbolical1 to ! ext5t t x w5t f ! 
physical to ! vital1 f ! vital to !     
psy*ical4 ,exp]i5ce does n move1 to 8   
view1 9 two diff]5t & p]haps opposite   
ways1 ! "o con=mable to ! direction ( ! 
intellect1 ! o!r contr>y to x4 ,!re is1 
= him1 only "o exp]i5ce1 & ! intellect  
cov]s its :ole gr\nd4 ,?is is :at ,kant 
expresses by say+ t all our intuitions  
are s5su\s1 or1 9 o!r words1            
infra-intellectual4 ,& ?is w\ld h to be 
admitt$1 inde$1 if our sci5ce pres5t$ 9 
all its p>ts an equal objectivity4 ,b   
suppose1 on ! contr>y1 t sci5ce is less 
& less objective1 m & m symbolical1 z x 

goes f ! physical to ! psy*ical1 pass+  
?r\gh ! vital3 !n1 z x is inde$ necess>y
 to p]ceive a ?+ someh[ 9 ord] to       
symbolize x1 !re w\ld be an intuition ( 
! psy*ical1 & m g5]ally ( ! vital1 :i* !
 intellect w\ld transpose & translate1  
no d\bt1 b :i* w\ld none ! less transc5d
 ! intellect4 ,!re w\ld be1 9 o!r words1
 a supra-intellectual intuition4 ,if ?is
 intuition exi/1 a tak+ possession ( !  
_s by itself is possible1 & no long]    
only a k t is ext]nal & ph5om5al4 ,:at  
is m1 if we h an intuition ( ?is k9d 7,i
 mean an ultra-intellectual intuition7  
!n s5su\s intuition is likely to be 9   
cont9uity ) x ?r\gh c]ta9 int]m$i>ies1 z
 ! infra-r$ is cont9u\s ) !             
ultra-violet4 ,s5su\s intuition itself1 
!re=e1 is promot$4 ,x w no long] atta9  
only ! phantom ( an unatta9able         
?+-9-itself4 ,x is 7provid$ we br+ to x 
c]ta9 indisp5sable corrections7 into !  
absolute itself t x w introduce u4 ,s   
long z x 0 reg>d$ z ! only mat]ial ( our
 sci5ce1 x reflect$ back on all sci5ce  

some?+ ( ! relativity :i* /rikes a      
sci5tific k ( _s2 & ?us ! p]ception (   
bodies1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! sci5ce (    
bodies1 seem$ itself to be relative4    
,relative1 !re=e1 seem$ to be s5su\s    
intuition4 ,b ?is is n ! case if        
di/9ctions are made betwe5 ! diff]5t    
sci5ces1 & if ! sci5tific k ( !         
spiritual 7& also1 consequ5tly1 ( !     
vital7 be reg>d$ z ! m or less          
artificial ext5sion ( a c]ta9 mann] (   
kn[+ :i*1 appli$ to bodies1 is n at all 
symbolical4 ,let u g fur!r3 if !re are  
?us two intuitions ( diff]5t ord] 7!    
second be+ obta9$ by a rev]sal ( !      
direction ( ! fir/71 & if x is t[>d !   
second t ! intellect naturally incl9es1 
!re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !    
intellect & ?is intuition itself4 ,!    
b>ri]s betwe5 ! matt] ( s5sible k & its 
=m are l[]$1 z also betwe5 ! pure =ms ( 
s5sibility & ! categories ( ! und]/&+4  
,! matt] & =m ( intellectual k 7re/rict$
 to its own object7 are se5 to be       
eng5d]+ ea* o!r by a reciprocal         

adaptation1 intellect model+ itself on  
corporeity1 & corporeity on intellect4  
,b ?is duality ( intuition ,kant nei!r  
w\ld nor c\ld admit4 ,x w\ld h be5      
necess>y1 9 ord] to admit x1 to reg>d   
duration z ! v /uff ( reality1 &        
consequ5tly to di/+ui% betwe5 !         
sub/antial duration ( ?+s & "t spread   
out 9 space4 ,x w\ld h be5 necess>y to  
reg>d space itself1 & ! geometry :i* is 
imman5t 9 space1 z an ideal limit 9 !   
direction ( :i* mat]ial ?+s develop1 b  
:i* !y d n actually atta94 ,no?+ c\ld be
 m contr>y to ! lett]1 & p]haps also to 
! _s1 ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,no
 d\bt1 k is pres5t$ to u 9 x z an       
ev]-op5 roll1 exp]i5ce z a pu% ( facts t
 is = ev] go+ on4 ,b1 accord+ to ,kant1 
^! facts are spread out on "o plane z   
fa/ z !y arise2 !y are ext]nal to ea*   
o!r & ext]nal to ! m9d4 ,( a k f )91 t  
c\ld grasp !m 9 _! spr++ =? in/ead (    
tak+ !m already sprung1 t w\ld dig b5ea?
 space & spatializ$ "t1 !re is nev] any 
"q4 ,yet x is inde$ b5ea? ?is plane t   

our consci\sness places u2 !re fl[s true
 duration4  ,9 ?is respect1 also1 ,kant 
is v ne> 8 pr$ecessors4 ,betwe5 !       
non-temporal1 & ! "t t is spread out 9  
di/9ct mom5ts1 he admits no mean4 ,& z  
!re is inde$ no intuition t c>ries u    
into ! non-temporal1 all intuition is   
?us f\nd to be s5su\s1 by def9ition4 ,b 
betwe5 physical exi/5ce1 :i* is spread  
out 9 space1 & non-temporal exi/5ce1 :i*
 c only be a conceptual & logical       
exi/5ce l t ( :i* metaphysical dogmatism
 speaks1 is !re n room = consci\sness & 
= life8 ,!re is1 unque/ionably4 ,we     
p]ceive x :5 we place ourselves 9       
duration 9 ord] to g f t duration to    
mom5ts1 in/ead ( />t+ f mom5ts 9 ord] to
 b9d !m aga9 & to con/ruct duration4    
,yet x 0 to a non-temporal intuition t !
 imm$iate successors ( ,kant turn$1 9   
ord] to escape f ! ,kantian relativism4 
,c]ta9ly1 ! ideas ( becom+1 ( progress1 
( evolution1 seem to occupy a l>ge place
 9 _! philosophy4 ,b does duration      
really play a "p 9 x8 ,real duration is 

t 9 :i* ea* =m fl[s out ( previ\s =ms1  
:ile add+ to !m some?+ new1 & is expla9$
 by !m z mu* z x expla9s !m2 b to d$uce 
?is =m directly f "o complete ,be+ :i* x
 is suppos$ to manife/1 is to return to 
,sp9ozism4 ,x is1 l ,leibniz & ,sp9oza1 
to d5y to duration all effici5t action4 
,! po/-,kantian philosophy1 sev]e z x   
may h be5 on ! me*ani/ic !ories1 accepts
 f me*anism ! idea ( a sci5ce t is "o & 
! same = all k9ds ( reality4 ,& x is    
ne>] to me*anism ?an x imag9es2 = ?\gh1 
9 ! consid]ation ( matt]1 ( life & (    
?\ght1 x replaces ! successive degrees (
 complexity1 t me*anism suppos$ by      
degrees ( ! realization ( an ,idea or by
 degrees ( ! objectification ( a ,w1 x  
/ill speaks ( degrees1 & ^! degrees are 
^? ( a scale :i* ,be+ trav]ses 9 a s+le 
direction4 ,9 %ort1 x makes out ! same  
articulations 9 nature t me*anism does4 
,( me*anism x reta9s ! :ole design2 x   
m]ely gives x a diff]5t color+4 ,b x is 
! design itself1 or at lea/ "o half ( ! 
design1 t ne$s to be re-made4  ,if we   

are to d t1 we mu/ give up ! me?od (    
con/ruction1 :i* 0 t ( ,kant's          
successors4 ,we mu/ appeal to           
exp]i5ce--an exp]i5ce purifi$1 or1 9 o!r
 words1 releas$1 :]e necess>y1 f ! molds
 t our intellect has =m$ 9 ! degree &   
proportion ( ! progress ( our action on 
?+s4 ,an exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d is n a      
non-temporal exp]i5ce4 ,x only seeks1   
beyond ! spatializ$ "t 9 :i* we believe 
we see cont9ual re>rangem5ts betwe5 !   
p>ts1 t concrete duration 9 :i* a       
radical reca/+ ( ! :ole is always go+   
on4 ,x foll[s ! real 9 all its          
s9uosities4 ,x does n lead u1 l ! me?od 
( con/ruction1 to high] & high]         
g5]alities--pil$-up /ories ( a          
magnific5t build+4 ,b !n x leaves no    
play betwe5 ! explanations x sugge/s & !
 objects x has to expla94 ,x is ! detail
 ( ! real1 & no long] only ! :ole 9 a   
lump1 t x claims to illum9e4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,t !     
?\ght ( ! n9ete5? c5tury call$ = a      
philosophy ( ?is k9d1 rescu$ f !        

arbitr>y1 capable ( com+ d[n to ! detail
 ( p>ticul> facts1 is unque/ionable4    
,unque/ionably1 also1 x felt t ?is      
philosophy ought to e/abli% itself 9 :at
 we call concrete duration4 ,! adv5t ( !
 moral sci5ces1 ! progress ( psy*ology1 
! gr[+ importance ( embryology among !  
biological sci5ces--all ?is 0 b\nd to   
sugge/ ! idea ( a reality :i* endures   
inw>dly1 :i* is duration itself4 ,s1 :5 
a philosoph] arose :o ann\nc$ a doctr9e 
( evolution1 9 :i* ! progress ( matt]   
t[>d p]ceptibility w\ld be trac$ toge!r 
) ! advance ( ! m9d t[>d rationality1 9 
:i* ! complication ( correspond5ces     
betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal w\ld be    
foll[$ /ep by /ep1 9 :i* *ange w\ld     
become ! v sub/ance ( ?+s--to him all   
eyes 7 turn$4 ,! p[]ful attraction t    
,sp5c]ian evolutionism has ex]cis$ on   
contempor>y ?\ght is due to t v cause4  
,h[ev] f> ,sp5c] may seem to be f ,kant1
 h[ev] ignorant1 inde$1 he may h be5 (  
,kantianism1 he felt1 nev]!less1 at 8   
fir/ contact ) ! biological sci5ces1 !  

direction 9 :i* philosophy c\ld cont9ue 
to advance )\t lay+ itself op5 to !     
,kantian criticism4  ,b he _h no soon]  
/>t$ to foll[ ! pa? ?an he turn$ (f     
%ort4 ,he _h promis$ to retrace a       
g5esis1 &1 lo6 he 0 do+ some?+ entirely 
diff]5t4 ,8 doctr9e bore inde$ ! "n (   
evolutionism2 x claim$ to rem\nt &      
r$esc5d ! c\rse ( ! univ]sal becom+2 b1 
9 fact1 x dealt nei!r ) becom+ nor )    
evolution4  ,we ne$ n ent] "h into a    
pr(\nd exam9ation ( ?is philosophy4 ,let
 u say m]ely t ! usual device ( !       
,sp5c]ian me?od consi/s 9 recon/ruct+   
evolution ) fragm5ts ( ! evolv$4 ,if ,i 
pa/e a picture on a c>d & !n cut up !   
c>d into bits1 ,i c reproduce ! picture 
by rightly gr\p+ aga9 ! small pieces4 ,&
 a *ild :o work+ ?us ) ! pieces ( a     
puzzle-picture1 & putt+ toge!r un=m$    
fragm5ts ( ! picture f9ally obta9s a    
pretty color$ design1 no d\bt imag9es t 
he has produc$ design & color4 ,yet !   
act ( draw+ & pa9t+ has no?+ to d ) t ( 
putt+ toge!r ! fragm5ts ( a picture     

already drawn & already pa9t$4 ,s1 by   
comb9+ toge!r ! mo/ simple results (    
evolution1 y may imitate well or ill !  
mo/ complex effects2 b ( nei!r ! simple 
nor ! complex w y h retrac$ ! g5esis1 & 
! addition ( evolv$ to evolv$ w be> no  
resemblance :atev] to ! movem5t (       
evolution4  ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ,sp5c]'s    
illusion4 ,he takes reality 9 its pres5t
 =m2 he breaks x to pieces1 he scatt]s x
 9 fragm5ts :i* he ?r[s to ! w9ds2 !n he
 integrates ^! fragm5ts & dissipates _! 
movem5t4 ,hav+ imitat$ ! ,:ole by a "w (
 mosaic1 he imag9es he has retrac$ !    
design ( x1 & made ! g5esis4  ,is x     
matt] t is 9 "q8 ,! diffus$ elem5ts :i* 
he integrates into visible & tangible   
bodies h all ! air ( be+ ! v p>ticles ( 
! simple bodies1 :i* he fir/ supposes   
dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t space4 ,!y are1 at   
any rate1 mat]ial po9ts1 & consequ5tly  
unv>y+ po9ts1 v]itable little solids3 z 
if solidity1 be+ :at is ne>e/ & h&ie/ to
 u1 c\ld be f\nd at ! v orig9 (         
mat]iality6 ,! m physics progresses1 ! m

 x %[s ! impossibility ( repres5t+ !    
prop]ties ( e!r or ( electricity--!     
probable base ( all bodies--on ! model (
 ! prop]ties ( ! matt] :i* we p]ceive4  
,b philosophy goes back fur!r ev5 ?an ! 
e!r1 a m]e s*ematic figure ( ! relations
 betwe5 ph5om5a appreh5d$ by our s5ses4 
,x kn[s inde$ t :at is visible &        
tangible 9 ?+s repres5ts our possible   
action on !m4 ,x is n by divid+ ! evolv$
 t we %all rea* ! pr9ciple ( t :i*      
evolves4 ,x is n by recompos+ ! evolv$ )
 itself t we %all reproduce ! evolution 
( :i* x is ! t]m4  ,is x ! "q ( m9d8 ,by
 comp\nd+ ! reflex ) ! reflex1 ,sp5c]   
?9ks he g5]ates in/9ct & rational       
volition "o aft] ! o!r4 ,he fails to see
 t ! specializ$ reflex1 be+ a t]m9al    
po9t ( evolution j z mu* z p]fect w1 _c 
be suppos$ at ! />t4 ,t ! fir/ ( ! two  
t]ms %\ld h rea*$ its f9al =m be=e ! o!r
 is probable en\gh2 b bo? ! "o & ! o!r  
are deposits ( ! evolution movem5t1 & ! 
evolution movem5t itself c no m be      
express$ z a function solely ( ! fir/   

?an solely ( ! second4 ,we mu/ beg9 by  
mix+ ! reflex & ! volunt>y4 ,we mu/ !n g
 9 que/ ( ! fluid reality :i* has be5   
precipitat$ 9 ?is tw(old =m1 & :i*      
probably %>es 9 bo? )\t be+ ei!r4 ,at ! 
l[e/ degree ( ! animal scale1 9 liv+    
be+s t are b an undiff]5tiat$           
protoplasmic mass1 ! reaction to /imulus
 does n yet call into play "o def9ite   
me*anism1 z 9 ! reflex2 x has n yet     
*oice among sev]al def9ite me*anisms1 z 
9 ! volunt>y act2 x is1 !n1 nei!r       
volunt>y nor reflex1 ?\gh x h]alds bo?4 
,we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves some?+ ( ?is   
true orig9al activity :5 we p]=m        
semi-volunt>y & semi-automatic movem5ts 
to escape a press+ dang]4 ,& yet ?is is 
b a v imp]fect imitation ( ! primitive  
"*1 = we are conc]n$ "h ) a mixture (   
two activities already =m$1 already     
localiz$ 9 a bra9 & 9 a sp9al cord1     
:]eas ! orig9al activity 0 a simple ?+1 
:i* became div]sifi$ ?r\gh ! v          
con/ruction ( me*anisms l ^? ( ! sp9al  
cord & bra94 ,b to all ?is ,sp5c] %uts 8

 eyes1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( 8 me?od
 to recompose ! consolidat$ ) !         
consolidat$1 in/ead ( go+ back to !     
gradual process ( consolidation1 :i* is 
evolution itself4  ,is x1 f9ally1 ! "q (
 ! correspond5ce betwe5 m9d & matt]8    
,sp5c] is "r 9 def9+ ! intellect by ?is 
correspond5ce4 ,he is "r 9 reg>d+ x z ! 
end ( an evolution4 ,b :5 he comes to   
retrace ?is evolution1 aga9 he          
integrates ! evolv$ ) ! evolv$--fail+ to
 see t he is ?us tak+ useless tr\ble1 & 
t 9 posit+ ! slighte/ fragm5t ( !       
actually evolv$ he posits ! :ole--s t x 
is va9 = him1 !n1 to pret5d to make !   
g5esis ( x4  ,=1 accord+ to him1 !      
ph5om5a t succe$ ea* o!r 9 nature       
project into ! human m9d images :i*     
repres5t !m4 ,to ! relations betwe5     
ph5om5a1 !re=e1 correspond symmetrically
 relations betwe5 ! ideas4 ,& ! mo/     
g5]al laws ( nature1 9 :i* ! relations  
betwe5 ph5om5a are cond5s$1 are ?us f\nd
 to h eng5d]$ ! direct+ pr9ciples (     
?\ght1 into :i* ! relations betwe5 ideas

 h be5 integrat$4 ,nature1 !re=e1 is    
reflect$ 9 m9d4 ,! intimate /ructure (  
our ?\ght corresponds1 piece by piece1  
to ! v skeleton ( ?+s--,i admit x       
will+ly2 b1 9 ord] t ! human m9d may be 
able to repres5t relations betwe5       
ph5om5a1 !re mu/ fir/ be ph5om5a1 t is  
to say1 di/9ct facts1 cut out 9 !       
cont9uity ( becom+4 ,& once we posit ?is
 p>ticul> mode ( cutt+ up su* z we      
p]ceive x to-day1 we posit also !       
intellect su* z x is to-day1 = x is by  
relation to x1 & to x alone1 t reality  
is cut up 9 ?is mann]4 ,is x probable t 
mammals & insects notice ! same aspects 
( nature1 trace 9 x ! same divisions1   
articulate ! :ole 9 ! same way8 ,& yet !
 insect1 s f> z intellig5t1 has already 
some?+ ( our intellect4 ,ea* be+ cuts up
 ! mat]ial _w accord+ to ! l9es t its   
action mu/ foll[3 x is ^! l9es (        
possible action t1 by int]cross+1 m>k   
out ! net ( exp]i5ce ( :i* ea* me% is a 
fact4 ,no d\bt1 a t[n is compos$        
exclusively ( h\ses1 & ! /reets ( ! t[n 

are only ! int]vals betwe5 ! h\ses3 s1  
we may say t nature conta9s only facts1 
& t1 ! facts once posit$1 ! relations   
are simply ! l9es runn+ betwe5 ! facts4 
,b1 9 a t[n1 x is ! gradual portion+ ( !
 gr\nd into lots t has det]m9$ at once !
 place ( ! h\ses1 _! g5]al %ape1 & !    
direction ( ! /reets3 to ?is portion+ we
 mu/ g back if we wi% to und]/& !       
p>ticul> mode ( subdivision t causes ea*
 h\se to be :]e x is1 ea* /reet to run z
 x does4 ,n[1 ! c>d9al error ( ,sp5c] is
 to take exp]i5ce already allott$ z     
giv51 :]eas ! true problem is to "k h[ !
 allotm5t 0 work$4 ,i agree t ! laws (  
?\ght are only ! integration ( relations
 betwe5 facts4 ,b1 :5 ,i posit ! facts )
 ! %ape !y h = me to-day1 ,i suppose my 
faculties ( p]ception & intellection su*
 z !y are 9 me to-day2 = x is !y t      
portion ! real into lots1 !y t cut !    
facts out 9 ! :ole ( reality4 ,!re=e1   
in/ead ( say+ t ! relations betwe5 facts
 h g5]at$ ! laws ( ?\ght1 ,i c z well   
claim t x is ! =m ( ?\ght t has det]m9$ 

! %ape ( ! facts p]ceiv$1 & consequ5tly 
_! relations among !mselves3 ! two ways 
( express+ oneself are equival5t2 !y say
 at bottom ! same ?+4 ,) ! second1 x is 
true1 we give up speak+ ( evolution4 ,b1
 ) ! fir/1 we only speak ( x1 we d n ?9k
 ( x any ! m4 ,= a true evolutionism    
w\ld propose to discov] by :at modus    
viv5di1 gradually obta9$1 ! intellect   
has adopt$ its plan ( /ructure1 & matt] 
its mode ( subdivision4 ,?is /ructure & 
?is subdivision "w into ea* o!r2 !y are 
mutually complem5t>y2 !y mu/ h progress$
 "o ) ! o!r4 ,&1 :e!r we posit ! pres5t 
/ructure ( m9d or ! pres5t subdivision (
 matt]1 9 ei!r case we rema9 9 ! evolv$3
 we are told no?+ ( :at evolves1 no?+ ( 
evolution4  ,& yet x is ?is evolution t 
we mu/ discov]4 ,already1 9 ! field (   
physics itself1 ! sci5ti/s :o are pu%+ !
 /udy ( _! sci5ce fur!/ incl9e to       
believe t we _c reason ab\t ! p>ts z we 
reason ab\t ! :ole2 t ! same pr9ciples  
are n applicable to ! orig9 & to ! end (
 a progress2 t nei!r creation nor       

annihilation1 = in/ance1 is inadmissible
 :5 we are conc]n$ ) ! con/itu5t        
corpuscles ( ! atom4 ,!reby !y t5d to   
place !mselves 9 ! concrete duration1 9 
:i* alone !re is true g5]ation & n only 
a composition ( p>ts4 ,x is true t !    
creation & annihilation ( :i* !y speak  
conc]n ! movem5t or ! en]gy1 & n !      
impond]able m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! en]gy & ! 
movem5t are suppos$ to circulate4 ,b :at
 c rema9 ( matt] :5 y take away ev]y?+ t
 det]m9es x1 t is to say1 j en]gy &     
movem5t !mselves8 ,! philosoph] mu/ g   
fur!r ?an ! sci5ti/4 ,mak+ a clean sweep
 ( ev]y?+ t is only an imag9ative       
symbol1 he w see ! mat]ial _w melt back 
into a simple flux1 a cont9uity ( fl[+1 
a becom+4 ,& he w ?us be prep>$ to      
discov] real duration !re :]e x is /ill 
m useful to f9d x1 9 ! realm ( life & ( 
consci\sness4 ,=1 s f> z in]t matt] is  
conc]n$1 we may neglect ! fl[+ )\t      
committ+ a s]i\s error3 matt]1 we h     
said1 is weight$ ) geometry2 & matt]1 ! 
reality :i* desc5ds1 endures only by its

 connection ) t :i* asc5ds4 ,b life &   
consci\sness are ?is v asc5sion4 ,:5    
once we h grasp$ !m 9 _! ess5ce by      
adopt+ _! movem5t1 we und]/& h[ ! re/ ( 
reality is d]iv$ f !m4 ,evolution appe>s
 &1 )9 ?is evolution1 ! progressive     
det]m9ation ( mat]iality &              
intellectuality by ! gradual            
consolidation ( ! "o & ( ! o!r4 ,b1 !n1 
x is )9 ! evolution>y movem5t t we place
 ourselves1 9 ord] to foll[ x to its    
pres5t results1 in/ead ( recompos+ ^!   
results artificially ) fragm5ts (       
!mselves4 ,su* seems to u to be ! true  
function ( philosophy4 ,s und]/ood1     
philosophy is n only ! turn+ ( ! m9d    
homew>d1 ! co9cid5ce ( human            
consci\sness ) ! liv+ pr9ciple :5ce x   
emanates1 a contact ) ! creative ef=t3 x
 is ! /udy ( becom+ 9 g5]al1 x is true  
evolutionism & consequ5tly ! true       
cont9uation ( sci5ce--provid$ t we      
und]/& by ?is ^w a set ( tru?s ei!r     
exp]i5c$ or demon/rat$1 & n a c]ta9 new 
s*ola/icism t has gr[n up dur+ ! latt]  

half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ar\nd ! physics 
( ,galileo1 z ! old s*ola/icism grew up 
ar\nd ,ari/otle4  ,,footnotes3          
,footnote #if3 ,! "p ( ?is *apt] :i*    
treats ( ! hi/ory ( sy/ems1 p>ticul>ly (
 ! ,greek philosophy1 is only ! v       
succ9ct rsum ( views t we develop$ at   
l5g?1 f #aijj to #aijd1 9 our lectures  
at ! ,collge de ,france1 especially 9 a 
c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,idea ( ,"t      
7#aijb-aijc74 ,we !n comp>$ ! me*anism (
 conceptual ?\ght to t ( ! c9ematograph4
 ,we believe ! comp>ison w be useful "h4
  ,footnote #ig3 ,! analysis ( ! idea ( 
! n\ght :i* we give "h 7pp4 #bge-bih7   
has appe>$ be=e 9 ! ,revue philosophique
 7,novemb] #aijf74  ,footnote #ih3      
,kant1 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #bnd  
edition1 p4 #gcg3 ,f ! po9t ( view ( our
 k 9 g5]al 444 ! peculi> function (     
negative propositions is simply to      
prev5t error4 ,cf4 ,sigw>t1 ,logik1 #bnd
 edition1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aej ff4          
,footnote #ii3 ,t is1 we d n consid] !  
sophism ( ,z5o refut$ by ! fact t !     

geometrical progression a7#a  #a_/n     
#a_/n#b  #a_/n#c 1444 etc47--9 :i* a    
designates ! initial di/ance betwe5     
,a*illes & ! tortoise1 & n ! relation ( 
_! respective velocities--has a f9ite   
sum if n is great] ?an #a4 ,on ?is po9t 
we may ref] to ! argum5ts ( ,f4 ,evell91
 :i* we reg>d z conclusive 7see ,evell91
 ,inf9i et quantit1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 pp4   
#fc-ig2 cf4 ,revue philosophique1 vol4  
xi41 #ahha1 pp4 #efd-efh74 ,! tru? is t 
ma!matics1 z we h tri$ to %[ 9 a =m] "w1
 deals & c deal only ) l5g?s4 ,x has    
!re=e _h to seek devices1 fir/1 to      
transf] to ! movem5t1 :i* is n a l5g?1 !
 divisibility ( ! l9e pass$ ov]1 & !n to
 reconcile ) exp]i5ce ! idea 7contr>y to
 exp]i5ce & full ( absurdities7 ( a     
movem5t t is a l5g?1 t is1 ( a movem5t  
plac$ ^u its trajectory & arbitr>ily    
decomposable l x4  ,footnote #ajj3      
,plato1 ,timaeus1 #cg ,d4  ,footnote    
#aja3 ,we h tri$ to br+ out :at is true 
& :at is false 9 ?is idea1 s f> z       
spatiality is conc]n$ 7see ,*apt]       

,,iii474 ,x seems to u radically false z
 reg>ds duration4  ,footnote #ajb3      
,ari/otle1 ,de anima1 #dcj a #ad ,greek3
 kai he/9 ho m5 toi\tos n\s t pynta     
g9e/hai1 ho de t panta poie91 s hexis   
tis1 oion to phs4 tropon g> t9a ka to   
phs poiei ta dynamei onta *rmata en]geia
 *rmata4  ,footnote #ajc3 ,de caelo1 ii4
 #bhg a #ab ,greek3 ts es*ats p]iphoras 
oute k5on e/9 ex!n oute topos4 ,phys4   
iv4 #bab a #cd ,greek3 to de pan e/i m5 
hs k9setai he/i d' hs ou4 hs m5 g>      
holon1 hama ton topon h\ metaballei4    
kykl de k9setai1 tn morin g> outos ho   
topos4  ,footnote #ajd3 ,de caelo1 i4   
#bgi a #ab ,greek3 oude *ronos he/9 hex 
t\ ouran\4 ,phys4 viii4 #bea b #bg      
,greek3 ho *ronos pa?os ti k9ses4       
,footnote #aje3 ,especially h we left   
almo/ entirely on "o side ^? admirable b
 some:at fugitive intuitions t ,plot9us 
0 lat] to seize1 to /udy & to fix4      
,footnote #ajf3 ,see page #aj4          
,footnote #ajg3 ,desc>tes1 ,pr9cipes1   
ii4  #bi4  ,footnote #ajh3 ,desc>tes1   

,pr9cipes1 ii4  #cf ff4  ,footnote #aji3
 ,9 a c\rse ( lectures on ,plot9us1 giv5
 at ! ,collge de ,france 9 #ahig-ahih1  
we tri$ to br+ out ^! resemblances4 ,!y 
are num]\s & impressive4 ,! analogy is  
cont9u$ ev5 9 ! =mulae employ$ on ea*   
side4  ,footnote #aaj3 ,le ,p>alogisme  
psy*o-physiologique 7,revue de          
mtaphysique et de morale1 ,nov4 #aijd1  
pp4 #hie-ijh74 ,cf4 ,matire et mmoire1  
,p>is1 #ahif1 *ap4 i4     ,,index       
7,compil$ by ! ,translator7   ,abolition
 ( ev]y?+ a self-contradiction1 #bhj1   
#bhc1 #bif1 #bih   idea (1 #bgi1 #bhb1  
#bhc1 #bie1 #bif4     ,see ,n\ght       
,abs5ce ( ord]1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bgd4       
,see ,disord]  ,absolute & fre$om1 #bgg 
reality1 #ii1 #bbh-i1 #bfi1 #ceh1 #cfa  
reality ( ! p]son1 #bfi   "t & !1 #bci1 
#bdj1 #bih1 #cdj1 #cdd  ,absolut5ess (  
duration1 #bjf   ( und]/&+1 xi1 #dg1    
#aeb1 #aij1 #aig1 #aii  ,ab/ract becom+1
 #cjd-g   multiplicity1 #beg-i   "t1 #i1
 #ag1 #bj-b1 #cg1 #ci1 #df1 #ea1 #afc1  
#cah-i1 #ccf1 #ceb-c  ,accid5t & ess5ce 

9 ,ari/otle's philosophy1 #cec   9      
evolution1 #hf-g1 #ajd1 #aad-e1 #abg1   
#afi1 #agj1 #beb1 #bed-e1 #bff1 #bfg1   
#cbf-g  ,accid5tal v>iations1 #ee1 #fc1 
#fh1 #fi1 #gd1 #he-f1 #afh              
,accumulation ( en]gy1 function (       
vegetable organisms1 #bec1 #bee         
,a*illes & tortoise1 9 ,z5o1 #caa1      
#cab-c  ,acquir$ *>act]s1 inh]itance (1 
#gf-i1 #hc-d1 #hg1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc1    
#bca  ,act1 consci\sness z inadequacy (1
 to repres5tation1 #add   =m 7or        
ess5ce71 quality1 ?ree classes (        
repres5tation1 #cjb-c  ,action1         
creativ5ess ( free1 #aib1 #bdg   &      
concepts1 #afj1 #big   & consci\sness1  
xiii1 #e1 #adc-d1 #ade1 #agi-hj1 #bjg1  
#bfb   discont9uity (1 #aed1 #cjg       
fre$om (1 9 animals1 #acj   z function (
 n]v\s sy/em1 #bfb-c   indivisibility (1
 #id1 #ie1 #cjh-i   & in]t matt]1 #if1  
#acf1 #ada-b1 #aef1 #ahg1 #aih1 #bbf1   
#cff   in/9ct &1 #acf1 #ada   in/rum5t  
(1 consci\sness1 #ahj   in/rum5t (1     
life1 #afb   in/rum5t ( matt]1 #afa1    

#aih-i   z in/rum5t ( consci\sness1 #ahj
   & intellect4 ,see ,intellect & action
   int5sity ( consci\sness v>ies ) ratio
 ( possible1 to real1 #ade   mean+ (1   
#cja-c   moves f want to fulness1 #big1 
#bih   organism a ma*9e =1 #beb1 #bed1  
#cjj   & p]ception1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ic1  
#ahh1 #ahi1 #bjf1 #bbg-cj1 #cjj1 #cjg1  
#cfh   possible1 #ab1 #ac1 #if1 #add1   
#ade1 #adf-g1 #aei1 #afe1 #agi-ha1 #ahh1
 #bfd   & sci5ce1 #ic1 #aie-f1 #aih-i1  
#cbi-cj   & space1 #bjc   sph]e ( !     
intellect1 #aee   t5sion 9 a free1 #bjj1
 #bjg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #cja-b  ,activity1   
dissatisfaction ! />t+-po9t (1 #big   ( 
in/9ct1 cont9u\s ) vital process1 #aci1 
#adj   life z1 #abh-i1 #bdg   mutually  
inv]se factors 9 vital1 #bdh   & n]v\s  
sy/em1 #aaj1 #acj1 #acb-c1 #acd-e1 #ahj1
 #beb1 #bfa-c   organism z1 #agd        
pot5tial4 ,see ,action1 possible        
t5sion ( free1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjg-h1      
#bbc-d1 #bcg1 #bci1 #cjj-a   & torpor 9 
evolution1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aad1      
#aai-bj1 #abi-cj1   #ace-f1 #aha1 #bib  

vital1 has evolv$ div]g5tly1 #acd       
,see ,div]g5t l9es ( evolution          
,adaptation1 #ej-a1 #ee1 #eg-h1 #ei1    
#gj1 #aja1 #abi1 #acc1 #aib1 #bee1 #bgj1
 #cje-f   & causation1 #ajb   mutual1   
betwe5 mat]iality & intellectuality1    
#ahg1 #bjf-g   & progress1 #aja-b       
,adequate & inadequate 9 ,sp9oza1 #cec  
,adjectives1 sub/antives & v]bs1 #cjc-d1
 #cae  ,ae/hetics & philosophy1 #agg    
,affection1 ,role (1 9 ! idea ( *ance1  
#bcd   9 ! idea ( n\ght1 #bha-c1 #bhi1  
#bic1 #bie1 #bif   9 negation1 #bhf-g   
,affirmation & negation1 #bhe-f1 #bic   
,age & individuality1 #ae-f  ,album9oid 
sub/ances1 #aba-b  ,alciope1 #if        
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbb1 #cbc       
,algae 9 illu/ration ( probable         
consci\sness 9 vegetable =ms1 #aab      
,alim5tation1 #aac-d1 #aag1 #bdg        
,allegory ( ! ,cave1 #aia  ,alt]nations 
( increase & decrease ( mutability ( !  
univ]se1 #bde-f  ,alveol> fro?1 #cc-d   
,ambiguity ( ! idea ( g5]ality 9        
philosophy1 #bcj-a1 #cbj-a   ( primitive

 organisms1 #ii1 #aab1 #aac1 #abi-cj    
,ammophila hirsuta1 p>alyz+ in/9ct 91   
#agc  ,amoeba1 9 illu/ration ( imitation
 ( ! liv+ by ! unorganiz$1 #cc-f   9    
illu/ration ( ! ambiguity ( primitive   
organisms1 #ii   9 illu/ration ( !      
mobility *>act]i/ic ( animals1 #ajh   9 
illu/ration ( ! explosive exp5diture (  
en]gy *>act]i/ic    ( animals1 #abj1    
#bec  ,anag5esis1 #cd  ,an>*y1 idea (1  
#bcc1 #bcd4    ,see ,disord]  ,anatomy1 
comp>ative1 & trans=mism1 #be  ,anci5t  
philosophy1 ,a*illes & tortoise1 #caa-b 
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbb-c           
,allegory ( ! ,cave1 #aia   ,anima      
7,de71 #cbb note   ,apogee ( s5sible    
object1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdi   ,ar*im$es1   
#cdc-d   ,ari/otle1 #ace1 #agd-e1       
#bbg-h1 #cad1 #caf1 #cba1 #cbc1 #cbd1   
#cbh-cc1 #cdg1 #cdi1    #cec1 #cef1 #cgj
   ,arr[ ( ,z5o1 #cjh-ac   asc5t t[>d   
,god1 9 ,ari/otle1 #cbc   ,a/ronomy1    
anci5t & mod]n1 #ccd-f   attraction &   
impulsion 91 #cbc-d   becom+ 91 #cac-d1 
#cag   b[ & indivisibility ( motion1    

#cjh-i   ,caelo 7,de71 ( ,ari/otle1 #cbb
 note1 #cbd note   & ,c>tesian geometry1
 #ccd-e   causality 91 #cbc1 #cbe-f     
*ange 91 #cac-d1 #cag1 #cbh-i1 #cdb-c   
c9ematographical nature (1 #cae         
circul>ity ( ,god's ?\ght1 #cbc-d       
conc5tric sph]es1 #cbh   concepts1      
#cbf-g1 #cef   conv]sion & procession 91
 #cbc   degradation ( ideas into s5sible
 flux1 #cag-h1 #cba1 #cbc-d1 #cbg1 #cbh1
    #cdc-e1 #ceb-c   degrees ( reality1 
#cbc-d1 #cbg   dim9ution1 d]ivation (   
becom+ by4 ,see ,degradation ( ,ideas1  
etc4   duration1 #cag-i note1 #cbc-d1   
#cbg-i   ,eleatic philosophy1 #cjh1 #cad
   ,enneads ( ,plot9us1 #baj note       
ess5ce & accid5t1 #ced   ess5ce or =m1  
#cad-e   et]nal1 #cag-h1 #cbd-f         
,et]nity1 #cag-h1 #cbj1 #cbd1 #cbh-i    
ext5sion1 #baj note1 #cah1 #cbd1 #cbg   
=m or idea1 #cad-bj1 #cbb1 #cbg1        
#cbi-ca1 #ceb   geometry1 ,c>tesian1 &  
anci5t philosophy1 #ccd   ,god (        
,ari/otle1 #aif-g1 #cbb-d1 #cdi1 #ceb1  
#cef   ,greek3 hyl1 #cec   ,idea1       

#cad-bb1 #ceb-c   & indivisibility (    
motion1 #cjg-h1 #caa   intelligible     
reality 91 #cbf   intelligibles (       
,plot9us1 #cec   ,greek3 logos1 (       
,plot9us1 #baj note   matt] 9           
,ari/otle's philosophy1 #caf1 #cbg   &  
mod]n a/ronomy1 #ccc-d1 #cce   & mod]n  
geometry1 #ccc-d   & mod]n philosophy1  
#bbf-g1 #bbh-i1 #bcb1 #bha-b1 #cdd-e1   
#cdf1 #cdi-ea1 #cfd1    #cfi   & mod]n  
sci5ce1 #cbi-cj1 #ccf1 #cdb-c1 #cdd-e1  
#ceg   motion 91 #cjg-h1 #cab-c         
necessity 91 #cbg   ,greek3 noses nosis1
 #cef   non-be+1 #caf1 #cbg   ,greek3   
n\s poitikos1 #cbb   oscillation ab\t   
be+1 s5sible reality z1 #cag-h          
,physics ( ,ari/otle1 #bbg-h note1 #cbd 
note1 #ccj-a   ,plato1 #dh1 #aef1 #aia1 
#baj note1 #caf-h1 #cba-d1 #cbg1 #ccj1  
#cdh1 #cdi   ,plot9us1 #baj1 #caf1 #cbc1
 #cbf note1 #cdi1 #ceb-d   procession 9 
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbc   ,greek3   
psy*1 #baj note1 #cej   realism 91 #bcb 
refraction ( idea ?r\gh matt] or        
non-be+1 #cag   section+ ( becom+1      

#cah-i   s5sible reality1 #cad1 #caf-h1 
#cba1 #cbg-i1 #ceb-c   ,greek3 sma1 #cej
   space & "t1 #cag-i1 #cbj   ,timaeus1 
#cah note   "t 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n       
sci5ce1 #ccj-a1 #ccf-g1 #cda-d   "t &   
space1 #cag-i1 #cbj   vision ( ,god 9   
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbb   ,z5o1     
#cjh1 #cac  ,anci5t sci5ce & mod]n1     
#cbi-ca1 #ccf-g1 #cdb-e1 #ceg  ,anima   
7,de71 ( ,ari/otle1 #cbb note  ,animal  
k+dom1 #ab1 #aje-f1 #aai-ba1 #abf1 #abi1
 #aca-b1 #acd-f1 #acg-h1 #aci1 #agi1    
#ahd-e  ,animals1 #aje-dg1 #afg1 #agj1  
#aha1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #bab1 #bad1 #bdf1     
#beb1 #bec1 #bed1    #bfb-e1 #bfg1 #bga1
 #bic1 #cja   d$uction 91 #bab          
induction 91 #bad   & man1 #aci-dc1     
#ahc1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bab1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfg
   & man 9 respect to bra91 #ahc1       
#ahd-e1 #bfc-e   & man 9 respect to     
consci\sness1 #aci-dc1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahg1
 #ahh1 #aib1    #bab1 #bfc-h   & man 9  
respect to in/rum5ts ( action1 #aci-dc1 
#aej-a   & man 9 respect to intellig5ce1
 #acg-h1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia-b1 #bab   &   

plants1 #aje-ci1 #abd-f1 #adc1 #ade1    
#adf-g1 #afh-gj1 #aha-b1 #bec1 #bed1    
#bic   & plants 9 respect to activity ( 
consci\sness1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac1         
#aai-ba1 #abh-i1 #acb1 #acd-f1 #adb-c1  
#add1 #aha-b1 #bic   & plants 9 respect 
to function1 #aag-h1 #aba-b1 #abg   &   
plants 9 respect to in/9ct1 #afg1 #agj  
& plants 9 respect to mobility1 #aji1   
#aaj1 #aac1 #abi-cj1 #acb-c1 #ace1 #aha 
& plants 9 respect to nature (          
consci\sness1 #acd-e  ,antagoni/ic      
curr5ts ( ! vital impetus1 #abi1 #ace-f1
 #aha1 #ahd1 #bej1    #beh-i            
,an?ophora1 #adf-g  ,ant9omies ( ,kant1 
#bjd1 #bje  ,antipa?y4 ,see ,sympa?y1   
,feel+1 ,div9ation  ,anti!sis & !sis1   
#bje  ,ants1 #aja1 #acd1 #adj1 #aeg     
,ape's bra9 & consci\sness contra/$ )   
man's1 #bfc  ,aphasia1 #aha  ,apidae1   
social in/9ct 9 !1 #aga  ,apogee (      
in/9ct 9 ! hym5opt]a & ( intellig5ce 9  
man1 #agd-e     ,see ,evolution>y       
sup]iority  ,apogee ( s5sible object1 9 
philosophy ( ,ideas1 #cdc-d1 #cdi       

,approximat5ess ( ! k ( matt]1 #bjf-g   
,approximation1 9 matt]1 to ! ma!matical
 ord]1 #bah4     ,see ,ord]  ,ar*im$es1 
#ccc-d  ,ari/otle4 ,see ,anci5t         
,philosophy1 ,ari/otle  ,arr[1 ,fly+1 ( 
,z5o1 #cjh-i1 #caj1 #cab-c  ,art1 #f-g1 
#bi note1 #de1 #hi1 #agg  ,artemia      
,sal9a1 trans=mations (1 #gb1 #gc       
,ar?ropods 9 evolution1 #acj-e1 #adb    
,articulate species1 #acc               
,articulations ( matt] relative to      
action1 #aef1 #cfg   ( motion1 #caj-a   
( real "t1 #ccb-c  ,artificial1 h[ f>   
sci5tific k is1 #aig1 #bah-i            
in/rum5ts1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj-a  ,arti/1 9
 illu/ration ( ! creativ5ess ( duration1
 #cdj-a  ,asc5d+ cosmic movem5t1 #aa1   
#bjh1 #bge1 #cfi  ,asc5t t[>d ,god1 9   
,ari/otle1 #cbc  ,association (         
organisms1 #bfj4     ,see ,individuation
   univ]sal oscillation betwe5          
association & individuation1 #bei1 #bfj4
     ,see ,societies  ,a/ronomy &       
d$uction1 #bac   & ! in]t ord]1 #bbd    
mod]n1 9 ref]5ce to anci5t sci5ce1      

#ccd-f  ,atmosph]e ( spatiality ba?+    
intellig5ce1 #bjd  ,atom1 #bdj1 #bed1   
#bee   z an intellectual view ( matt]1  
#bjc1 #bej   & int]p5etration1 #bjg     
,attack & def5ce 9 evolution1 #aca-b    
,att5tion1 #b1 #adh-i1 #aed1 #ahd1 #bji 
discont9uity (1 #b   9 man & 9 l[]      
animals1 #ahd4     ,see ,t5sion &       
in/9ct1 ,t5sion z inv]t$ ext5sion1      
,t5sion ( p]sonality1 ,sympa!tic        
appreciation1 etc41    ,relaxation &    
intellect  ,attraction & impulsion 9    
,greek philosophy1 #cbc1 #cbd           
,attribute & subject1 #adh  ,automatic  
activity1 #ade   z in/rum5t ( volunt>y1 
#beb   ord]1 #bbd1 #bca-d4     ,see     
,negative movem5t1 etc41 ,geometrical   
ord]  ,automatism1 #abg1 #adc-d1 #agd1  
#bbc-d1 #bfa1 #bfd   ,backgr\nd ( in/9ct
 & intellig5ce1 consci\sness z1 #ahf    
,backw>d-look+ attitude ( ! intellect1  
#dg1 #dh1 #bcg  ,baldw91 ,j4,m41 #bg    
note  ,balla/ ( intellig5ce1 #aeb1 #bcj1
 #bci1 #cfi-gj  ,ba/ian1 #bab note      
,bateson1 #fc  ,becom+1 #afd1 #bcf1     

#bdh-i1 #bgc1 #bii-cjd1 #cjg-h1 #cac-d1 
#caf1 #ccg-h1     #cdb-c1 #cde1 #cfc   9
 anci5t philosophy1 #cac-d1 #cag   9    
,desc>tes's philosophy1 #cdf   9        
,eleatic philosophy1 #cac-d1 #cae   9   
g5]al1 or ab/ract becom+1 #cjd1 #cjf-g  
in/antane\s & /atic views (1 #bgb1      
#cjd-e   /ates (1 falsely s call$1 #afd1
 #bdg-h1 #bgc1 #bih-cja1 #cjg-h   9 !   
successors ( ,kant1 #cfc4     ,see      
,*ange1 ,new1 ,duration1 ,"t1 ,views (  
reality  ,bees1 #aja1 #adj1 #adb1 #adf1 
#aff1 #agb  ,bee?ov51 #bbd  ,b]?old1 #cd
 note  ,be!1 #agf note  ,bifurcations ( 
t5d5cy1 #ed4     ,see ,div]g5t l9es (   
evolution  ,biology1 #ab1 #be1 #bf1     
#ca-b1 #dc1 #afh-i1 #agd-e1 #aid-f      
evolutioni/1 #afh-i   & philosophy1 #dc1
 #aid-f   & physico-*emi/ry1 #bf        
,bl>+hem1 #he  ,bodies1 #aef1 #ahh1     
#ahi1 #cjj-a1 #cfj4     ,see ,in]t matt]
 z a relaxation ( ! unext5d$ into !     
ext5d$ def9$ z bundles ( qualities1 #cdi
  ,bois-,reymond 7,du71 #ch  ,boltzmann1
 #bde  ,bomb9es1 social in/9cts 91 #aga 

,b\vi]1 #adb note  ,b[1 /ra9 (1         
illu/rat+ indivisibility ( motion1      
#cjh-aj  ,bra9 & consci\sness1 #e1 #aji1
 #aaj1 #agi-hj1 #ahc-d1 #bab note1 #beb1
    #bfa-d1 #bgj1 #ced1 #cef1 #cff4     
,see ,n]v\s ,sy/em 9 man & l[] animals1 
#ahc1 #ahd1 #bfc-e  ,br&t1 #ff note     
,brea/-,plate1 9 ref]5ce to animal      
mobility1 #acj1 #aca4     ,see ,c>apace1
 ,cellulose envelope  ,br[n-,squ>d1     
#hj-b  ,bulb1 m$ull>y1 9 ! developm5t ( 
! n]v\s sy/em1 #aaj1 #beb  ,busquet1    
#bei note  ,bts*li1 #cc note            
,buttel-,reep51 #aga note  ,butt]flies1 
9 illu/ration ( v>iation f evolution>y  
type1 #gb   ,caelo 7,de71 ( ,ari/otle1  
#cbb note1 #cbd note  ,calc>e\s %ea?1 9 
ref]5ce to animal mobility1 #acj-a      
,calk9s1 #af note  ,canal1 9 illu/ration
 ( ! relation ( function & /ructure1 #ic
  ,canalization1 9 illu/ration ( !      
function ( animal organisms1 #ic1       
#ie1 #aaj1 #abf1 #bef1 #bgj  ,canvas1   
embroid]+ some?+ on !1 ( no?+1 #big     
,caprice1 an attribute n ( fre$om b (   

me*anism1 #dg  ,c>apace1 9 ref]5ce to   
animal mobility1 #acj-a  ,c>bohydrates1 
9 ref]5ce to ! function ( ! animal      
organism1 #aba-b  ,c>bon1 9 ref]5ce to !
 function ( organisms1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aad1
 #aag1    #bed1 #bee  ,c>bonic acid1 9  
ref]5ce to ! function ( organisms1 #bed1
 #bee  ,c>not1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bef         
,c>tesian geometry1 comp>$ ) anci5t1    
#ccd  ,c>tesianism1 #cde1 #cef1 #ceh    
,c>tesians1 #ceh4 ,see ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz
  ,c>v+1 !1 ( matt] by intellect1 #aee  
,categorical propositions1 *>act]i/ic ( 
in/9ctive k1 #adi-ej  ,categories1      
conceptual1 x1 xiii1 #dh1 #adg1 #adh-i1 
#afe1 #ahi-ij1 #aie-g1 #bjg1    #bbj-a1 
#beg-fj1 #bfe1 #ceh1 #cfa4     ,see     
,concept d$uction (1 & g5esis ( !       
intellect1 #aif1 #bjg1 #cei4     ,see   
,g5esis ( matt] & ( ! intellect         
innate1 #adg1 #adh-i   misfit = ! vital1
 x1 xiii1 #dh1 #afe1 #aie-i1 #bbj-a1    
#beg-i   9 ref]5ce to ! adaptation to   
ea* o!r ( ! matt] & =m (    k1 #cfa     
,cats1 9 illu/ration ( ! law (          

correlation1 #fg  ,causal relation 9    
,ari/otle1 #cbe   betwe5 consci\sness & 
movem5t1 #aaa   9 ,greek philosophy1    
#cbd-e  ,causality1 me*anical1 a        
category :i* does n apply to life1 x1   
xiv1 #agg   9 ! philosophy ( ,ideas1    
#cbc-f  ,causation & adaptation1 #aja1  
#ajb   f9al1 involves me*anical1 #dd    
,cause & effect z ma!matical functions (
 ea* o!r1 #bj1 #ba   effici5t1 #bch1    
#bgg1 #cbc   effici5t1 9 ,ari/otle's    
philosophy1 #cbd   effici5t1 9          
,leibniz's philosophy1 #cec   f9al1 #dj1
 #dd1 #bch   f9al1 9 ,ari/otle's        
philosophy1 #cbd   by impulsion1 release
 & unw9d+1 #gc   me*anical1 z conta9+   
effect1 #ad1 #bcc1 #bfi   9 ! vital     
ord]1 #ie1 #afd  ,cave1 ,plato's        
allegory ( !1 #aia  ,cell1 #af1 #bd1    
#cc1 #afb1 #aff1 #afg1 #bfj1 #bfi   z   
artificial con/ruct1 #afb   9 ! colonial
 !ory1 #bfj   division1 #af1 #bd1 #cc   
in/9ct 9 !1 #aff1 #afg   9 relation to !
 s\l1 #bfi  ,cellulose envelope 9       
ref]5ce to vegetable immobility &       

torpor1 #ajh1    #aaa1 #acj  ,c]ebral   
activity & consci\sness1 #e1 #aji-aj1   
#ahj-a1 #ahc-d1 #bab note1     #beb1    
#bec1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #cej1     
#cea1 #ced1 #cee1 #cff   me*anism1 #e1  
#beb1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #cff            
,c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 #abd4 ,see ,n]v\s  
sy/em  ,c]ta9ty ( induction1 #bae1 #baf 
,*ance analog\s to disord]1 #bcc1 #bcd4 
,see ,affection   9 evolution1 #hf-g1   
#ajd1 #aad-e1 #abf1 #afi-gj1 #aga1 #beb1
 #bed1 #bee1 #bff1    #bfg1 #cbf-g4     
,see ,indet]m9ation  ,*ange1 #a1 #g-h1  
#ah1 #he-f1 #bdh1 #bge1 #bid1 #cjj-cjd1 
#cjh1 #cac-d1 #cag1 #cbf1    #cbh-i1    
#cdc-d1 #cdd-e   9 anci5t philosophy1   
#cac-d1 #caf-g1 #cbe-f1 #cbg-i1 #cdc1   
#cde   9 ,eleatic philosophy1 #cad      
kn[n only f )91 #cjg-h  ,*aos1 #bcb4    
,see ,disord]  ,"*1 moral1 #e1 #ii-ajj  
,*>r91 #ha note  ,*emi/ry1 #bg1 #cd-f1  
#ee1 #gb1 #gd1 #ih1 #aid1 #bbf1 #bef1   
#bfj  ,*ild1 intellig5ce 91 #adg-h      
adolesc5ce (1 9 illu/ration (           
evolution>y becom+1 #caa-c  ,*ipp$ /one1

 9 paleontology1 #aci  ,*lorophyllian   
function1 #ajg-i1 #aad1 #aag1 #bdf1 #bec
  ,*oice1 #aaj1 #abe1 #adc-e1 #agi1     
#ahj1 #beb1 #bfj-d1 #bgf1 #cff   &      
consci\sness1 #aaj1 #agi1 #bfj-d        
,*rysalis1 #aad note  ,c9ematograph1    
#cjf-g1 #cci-dj  ,c9ematographical "* ( 
anci5t philosophy1 #cae-f   (           
intellectual k1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cab-h1     
#cbc-d1 #cca-c1 #cdf   ( language1      
#cjf-g1 #cab-e   ( mod]n sci5ce1        
#cbi-ca1 #ccf-g1 #cda-c1 #cde1 #cdf1    
#cdg  ,circle ( ! giv51 brok5 by action1
 #aib1 #bdg   logical & physical1 #bgg  
vici\s1 9 intellectuali/ philosophy1    
#aic1 #aig1 #cbj   vici\s1 9 !          
intuitional me?od is only app>5t1 #aib1 
#aic  ,circul>ity ( ,god's ?\ght 9      
,ari/otle's philosophy1 #cbd   ( ea*    
special evolution1 #abh  ,circulation1  
protoplasmic1 imitat$1 #cb-c   9 plants 
& animals1 #ajh  ,circum/ances 9 !      
det]m9ation ( evolution1 #aja-b1 #abh-i1
 #acc1 #ach1     #adb1 #aej-a1 #afg1    
#afh1 #agj-a1 #aic1 #aid1 #beb1 #bef   9

 relation to special in/9cts1 #ach1     
#afh1 #aic  ,classes ( words correspond+
 to ! ?ree k9ds ( repres5tation1 #cjc-d 
,clausius1 #bdc  ,cle>ness *>act]i/ic ( 
intellect1 #afj  ,cleft betwe5 !        
organiz$ & ! unorganiz$1 #aij1 #aif-i   
,climb+ plants1 in/9cts (1 #agj note    
,co9cid5ce ( matt] ) space z 9 ,kant1   
#bjf1 #bjg1 #bdd   ( m9d ) intellect z 9
 ,kant1 #dh1 #bjf   ( qualities1 #baf   
( see+ & will+1 #bcg   ( self ) self1   
def9ition ( ! feel+ ( duration1 #aii-bjj
  ,coleopt]1 in/9ct 91 #adf  ,colonial  
!ory1 #bei1 #bfj  ,colonies1 microbial1 
#bei  ,color v>iation 9 liz>ds1 #gb1 #gd
  ,com+ & go+ ( ! m9d betwe5 ! )\t & !  
)9 gives rise     to ! idea ( ,no?+1    
#bgi   betwe5 nature & m9d1 ! true me?od
 ( philosophy1 #bci  ,common-s5se1 #bi1 
#aec1 #afa1 #bac1 #bbd1 #bgg   def9$ z  
cont9u\s exp]i5ce ( ! real1 #bac        
,comp>ison ( anci5t philosophy ) mod]n1 
#bbf1 #bbh-i1 #bcb1 #cbh-i1    #cde-f1  
#cdi-ea1 #cec-d1 #cef  ,comp5etration1  
#ceb-c4 ,see ,int]p5etration            

,complem5t>ity ( =ms evolv$1 xii1 xiii1 
#ea1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aaf-g1    #ace1 
#acf1 #bed1 #bee   ( in/9ct &           
intellig5ce1 #adf1 #agc4     ,see       
,opposition ( ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce   (
 intuition & intellect1 #cdc1 #cde   9 !
 p[]s ( life1 #di1 #if-g1 #adj-c1 #agg1 
#agh-i1 #ahc-e1 #bci1 #bdf1    #bed1    
#cdc   ( sci5ce & metaphysics1 #cdd     
,complexity ( ! ord] ( ma!matics1       
#bjh-aj1 #bag1 #bea  ,comp\nd reflex1   
in/9ct z a1 #agd  ,conc5tration1        
intellect z1 #aia1 #cja   ( p]sonality1 
#aih-i1 #bja  ,conc5tric sph]es 9       
,ari/otle's philosophy1 #cbh  ,concept  
accessory to action1 ix   analogy (1 ) !
 solid body1 ix   9 animals1 #ahg       
ext]nality (1 #afj1 #afh1 #age-h1       
#aii-bjj1 #bea1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cad   fr+$ 
ab\t ) intuition1 #df   & image         
di/+ui%$1 #afj1 #bgi   impot5t to grasp 
life1 ix-xiii1 #di   intellect !        
concept-mak+ faculty1 vi1 #di   misfit =
 ! vital1 #dh   repres5tation ( ! act by
 :i* ! intellect is fix$ on ?+s1 #afa   

syn!sis (1 9 anci5t philosophy1 #cbe-f1 
#cef4     ,see ,categories1 ,ext]nality1
 ,frames1 ,image1 ,space1 ,symbol       
,conditions1 ext]nal1 9 evolution1      
#abh-i1 #acc1 #ach1 #ada-b1 #aej-a1     
#aff-g1    #afh1 #agj1 #aic1 #aid1 #bea1
 #bef1 #beg   ext]nal1 9 det]m9ation (  
special in/9ct1 #ada-b1 #aej-a1 #afg1   
#afh1 #aga  ,conduct1 me*anism & f9ality
 9 ! evolution (1 #dg4     ,see ,fre$om1
 ,det]m9ation1 ,indet]m9ation  ,confus$ 
plurality ( life1 #beg  ,conjugation (  
,infusoria1 #af  ,consci\sness & action1
 ix1 #e1 #add1 #ade1 #agi-hj1 #bjg1     
#bfj-a   consci\sness z app5dage to     
action1 ix   consci\sness z ari?metical 
diff]5ce betwe5 possible & real         
activity1 #ade   consci\sness z auxili>y
 to action1 #agi-hj   consci\sness z    
inadequacy ( act to repres5tation1 #add 
consci\sness z in/rum5t ( action1 #ahj  
consci\sness z int]val betwe5 possible &
 real action1 #ade1 #agi   consci\sness 
z light f zone ( possible actions       
surr\nd+ !    real act1 #agi            

consci\sness & locomotion1 #bfb         
consci\sness plugg$ up by action1 #add1 
#ade4     ,see ,torpor1 ,sleep          
consci\sness z sket* ( action1 #bjg     
int5sity (1 v>ies ) ratio ( possible to 
real action1 #ade  ,consci\sness 9      
animals1 z di/+ui%$ f ! consci\sness (  
plants1 #acj1 #ace-f1 #adc   z di/+ui%$ 
f ! consci\sness ( man1 #aci-dc1 #ahj1  
#ahc1 #ahd1     #ahg1 #ahh1 #bab1       
#bfc-i4     ,see ,torpor1 ,sleep        
*>act]i/ic ( animals1 torpor ( plants1  
#aji1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abj1 #abh-i1         
#ace-f1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bib   z backgr\nd (
 in/9ct & intellig5ce1 #ahf   & bra91   
#ahj1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #ced   &  
*oice1 #aaj1 #add-e1 #agi1 #bfb-d       
coext5sive ) univ]sal life1 #ahf1 #bgj  
& creation1 consci\sness z dem& =       
creation1 #bfa   curr5t (1 p5etrat+     
matt]1 #aha1 #bgj   z defici5cy (       
in/9ct1 #ade   9 dog & man1 #ahj   d\ble
 =m (1 #agi   function (1 #bjg   z      
hesitation or *oice1 #adc1 #add         
imprisonm5t (1 #ahj1 #ahc-d1 #bfd   z   

inv5tion & fre$om1 #bfd1 #bgj   9 man z 
di/+ui%$ f1 9 l[] =ms ( life1 #ahj1     
#bfc1 #bfd1    #bfg1 #bfh   & matt]1    
#agi1 #aha-b   z motive pr9ciple (      
evolution1 #aha-b   nullifi$1 z di/+ui%$
 f ! abs5ce ( consci\sness1 #adc   & !  
organism1 #bgj   9 plants1 #aca1 #ace-f1
 #adc   z _w pr9ciple1 #bcg1 #bfa       
,cons]vation ( en]gy1 #bdc1 #bdd        
,con/ruction1 #aci-db1 #aej-a1 #aef1    
#aeg-h1 #ahj1 #ahb4     ,see            
,manufacture1 ,solid   ! *>act]i/ic "w (
 intellect1 #afc-d   z ! me?od ( ,kant's
 successors1 #cfd-e  ,cont+5cy1 #if1    
#bee1 #bfh4     ,see ,accid5t1 ,*ance   
!1 ( ord]1 #bca1 #bce  ,cont9uation (   
vital process 9 in/9ct1 #ach1 #aci1     
#aff1 #afg1 #bdf4     ,see ,v>iations1  
,vital process  ,cont9uity1 #a1 #bf1    
#bi-cj1 #cg1 #ach-dj1 #aed1 #afb-d1     
#beh1 #cjb1 #cjf-g1 #caa-b1     #cba1   
#cbe-f1 #cbi-cj1 #cdg   ( becom+1       
#cjf-g1 #cab   ( *ange1 #cbe-f   (      
evolution1 #ah1 #ai   ( ext5sion1 #aed  
( g]m9ative plasma1 #bf1 #cg   ( in/9ct 

) vital process1 #aci1 #adj1 #aff-g1    
#bdf   ( life1 #a-aa1 #bi1 #afc-d1 #beh 
( liv+ sub/ance1 #afb   ( psy*ic life1  
#a1 #cj   ( ! real1 #cjb1 #cbi-cj   (   
s5sible intuition ) ultra-intellectual1 
#cfa   ( s5sible univ]se1 #cdf          
,conv5tionality ( sci5ce1 #bjg          
,conv]sion & procession 9 ,alex&rian    
philosophy1 #cbc  ,cook1 ,plato's       
comp>ison ( !1 & ! dialectician1 #aef   
,cope1 #ce note1 #gg1 #aaa              
,correlation1 law (1 #ff1 #fg           
,correspond5ce betwe5 m9d & matt] 9     
,sp5c]1 #cfh4     ,see ,simultaneity    
,cortical me*anism1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfb4   
,see ,c]ebral me*anism  ,cosmogony &    
g5esis ( matt]1 #ahh4     ,see ,g5esis (
 matt] & ( intellect1 ,sp5c]  ,cosmology
 !1 t foll[s f ! philosophy ( ,ideas1   
#cae1 #cbh   z rev]s$ psy*ology1 #bjh   
,c\nt]weight repres5tation z1 to action1
 #ade  ,c\nt+ simultaneities1 !         
measurem5t ( "t is1 #cch1 #cda-b        
,creation1 xi1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #bb1 #bi1  
#cj1 #de1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje1  

#ajh1 #aad1     #abh-ca1 #afa1 #afc-d1  
#agh1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbf1     
#bcj1 #bcg-dj1 #bfa1     #bgj1 #bge1    
#cci-dj   9 ,desc>tes's philosophy1 #cde
   ( intellect1 #bdh-i   ( matt]1 #bcg1 
#bci1 #bdg-h1 #bdi4     ,see ,mat]iality
 ! inv]sion ( spirituality   ( pres5t by
 pa/1 #e1 #bj-c1 #bg1 #afg1 #aii-bjb   !
 vital ord] z1 #bcj  ,creative          
evolution1 #g1 #ae1 #ba1 #bg1 #bi1 #cf1 
#cg1 #fe1 #ajj1 #ajd-e1 #afa1    #afc1  
#bbc-d1 #bcj-a1 #bcg1 #bfd1 #bfi        
,creativ5ess ( free action1 #aib1 #bdc  
( inv5tion1 #bej  ,creep+ plants 9      
illu/ration ( vegetable mobility1 #ajh  
,cricket victim ( p>alyz+ in/9ct (      
sphex1 #agb  ,crit]ion1 que/ ( a1 #ec   
ff4   ( evolution>y rank1 #acc1 #bfe    
,criticism1 ,kantian1 #bje1 #bhg note1  
#cef1 #cfj-b   ( k1 #aid-e  ,cross-cuts 
?r\gh becom+ by intellect1 #cad4        
,see ,views ( reality   ?r\gh matt] by  
p]ception1 #bjf  ,cross-roads ( vital   
t5d5cy1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #aaj1 #abf       
,cru/acea1 #ai1 #aaa1 #abi-cj  ,cry/al  

illu/rat+ 7by contra/7 individuation1   
#ab  ,cun1 #gi note  ,culm9at+ po9ts (  
evolution>y progress1 #ej1 #acc-e4      
,see ,evolution>y sup]iority  ,curr5t1  
#bf1 #bg1 #ea1 #ahe1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bej1  
#bff1 #bfi  ,curr5ts1 antagoni/ic1 #bej 
( exi/5ce1 #ahe   ( life p5etrat+ matt]1
 #bf1 #bg1 #bff1 #bgj   vital1 #bf1 #bg1
 #ea1 #bcg1 #bff1 #bgj   ( w p5etrat+   
matt]1 #bcg  ,curves1 z symbol ( life1  
#cb1 #ij1 #bac  ,cuts ?r\gh becom+ by ! 
intellect1 #cac-d4     ,see ,views (    
reality1 ,snap%ots 9 illu/ration1 etc4  
?r\gh matt] by p]ception1 #bjf  ,cuvi]1 
#abe note   ,dantec 7,le71 #ah note1 #cd
 note  ,d>w91 #fb-e1 #ff1 #gb1 #ajh1    
#agj note  ,d>w9ism1 #ef1 #he1 #hf      
,da/re1 #cf note  ,dead1 !1 is ! object 
( intellect1 #afe  ,dead-locks 9        
speculation1 #aee1 #cab  ,dea?1 #bdf    
note1 #bga  ,declivity desc5d$ by matt]1
 #bjh1 #bdf1 #bef1 #cci-dj4     ,see    
,desc5d+ movem5t  ,decompos+ & recompos+
 p[]s *>act]i/ic ( intellect1 #aeg1 #bea
  ,d$uction1 analogy betwe51 relat$ to  

moral sph]e & tang5t to    curve1 #bac  
& a/ronomy1 #bac   duration refractory  
to1 #bac   geometry ! ideal limit (1    
#bac-bf1 #cfa   9 animals1 #bab   inv]se
 to positive spiritual ef=t1 #bab       
nature (1 #baa   physics &1 #bac        
weakness (1 9 psy*ology & moral sci5ce1 
#bac  ,def5ce & attack 9 evolution1 #acb
  ,defici5cy ( w ! negative condition ( 
ma!matical ord] &    complexity1 #bji   
,def9ition 9 ! realm ( life1 #ac1 #aje1 
#ajf  ,deg5]ates1 #acc-e  ,dgnresc5ce   
snile 7,la71 by ,met*nik(f1 #ah note    
,degradation ( en]gy1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf  
( ! extra-spatial into ! spatial1 #bjg  
( ! ideas into ! s5sible flux 9 anci5t  
philosophy1 #cag-i1    #cbd-e1 #cbg-i1  
#cca1 #cdc1 #cde1 #ceb-c  ,degrees ( be+
 9 ! successors ( ,kant1 #cfb-c         
,degrees ( reality 9 ,greek philosophy1 
#cbd1 #cbg  ,delage1 #ei note1 #ha note1
 #bfj note  ,delam>e1 #ha note          
,delib]ation1 #add  ,de ,manacine1 #abd 
note  ,deposit1 in/9ct & intellig5ce z  
deposits1 emanations1 issues1 or        

aspects ( life1 x1 xii1 xiii1 #di1 #ajc1
 #aje1 #acf1 #cfe  ,de ,saporta1 #ajg   
note  ,desc>tes1 #bhj1 #ccd1 #cde1 #cdf1
 #cec1 #ceh   becom+1 #cde-f   creation1
 #cdf   det]m9ism1 #cde   duration1 #cdf
   fre$om1 #cde1 #cdf   geometry1 #ccd  
,god1 #cdf   image & idea or concept1   
#bha   indet]m9ism1 #cde   me*anism1    
#cde1 #cdf   motion1 #cdf   vacillation 
betwe5 ab/ract "t & real duration1 #cde 
,desc5d+ movem5t ( exi/5ce1 #aa1 #bjb1  
#bjc1 #bjh1 #bga1 #bge1 #cfi  ,design1  
motionless1 ( action ! object (         
intellect1 #aed-e1 #bii1    #cja-b1 #cjc
  ,det5tion 9 ! dream /ate1 #bjb   (    
intuition 9 intellect1 #bch             
,det]m9ation1 #gf-g1 #abi-cj1 #bbc1 #bdf
  ,det]m9ism1 #bag1 #bfd1 #cde1 #cdh4   
,see ,in]t matt]1 ,geometry   9         
,desc>tes1 #cde  ,developm5t1 #acc1     
#acd-e1 #ada4     ,see ,ord]1 ,progress1
 ,evolution1 ,sup]iority  ,deviation f  
type1 #hb-d  ,dialect & intuition 9     
philosophy1 #bch  ,di*otomy ( ! real 9  
mod]n philosophy1 #cej  ,diff]5tiation (

 p>ts 9 an organism1 #bec1 #bfj         
,dilemma ( any sy/ematic metaphysics1   
#aie1 #aig1 #bcj  ,dim9ution1 d]ivation 
( becom+ f be+ by1 9 anci5t philosophy1 
#caf1 #cag1 #cbb1 #cbc-d1 #cbg-h1       
#cdc-e1 #ceb   geometrical ord] z1 or   
l[] complication ( ! vital ord]1 #bcf   
,dionaea illu/rat+ c]ta9 animal         
*>act]i/ics 9 plants1 #ajg1    #ajh1    
#aji  ,discont9uity ( action1 #aed1     
#cjf-g   ( att5tion1 #b   ( ext5sion    
relative to action1 #aed1 #afc   ( k1   
#cjf   ( liv+ sub/ance1 #afc   a        
positive idea1 #aed  ,discont9u\s !     
object ( intellect1 #aed  ,discord 9    
nature1 #abg1 #abh1 #bed-e1 #bfg        
,disord]1 #dj1 #ajd1 #bbb-c1 #bbe-f1    
#bcb-e1 #bgd4     ,see ,expectation1    
,ord]1 ma!matical1 ,ord]s ( reality1 two
  ,disproportion betwe5 an inv5tion &   
its consequ5ces1 #ahb  ,dissociation z a
 cosmic pr9ciple oppos$ to association1 
#bfj   ( t5d5cies1 #ed1 #hi1 #ace1 #bed1
 #bee1 #beg1 #beh4     ,see ,div]g5t    
l9es ( evolution  ,di/ance1 ext5sion z  

!1 betwe5 :at is & :at ought to be1     
#cah-i1    #cbg-h1 #cca  ,di/9ct        
multiplicity 9 ! dream /ate1 #bja1 #baj 
( ! in]t1 #beg  ,di/9ctness *>act]i/ic (
 ! intellect1 #afj1 #bcg1 #bea          
*>act]i/ic ( p]ception1 #bbg1 #bea   z  
spatiality1 #bjc1 #bjg-h1 #bdd1 #bej    
,div]g5t l9es ( evolution1 xii1 #ed1    
#ee1 #hg1 #ig-aja1 #ajc-d1 #ajf1 #ajg1  
#aji1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aai1 #acj1     
#acb1 #acd-e1 #adb1 #adi1 #aej1 #afh1   
#agc1 #aha1    #bed1 #bee1 #bff1 #bfg4  
,see ,dissociation ( t5d5cies1          
,complem5t>ity1 etc41 ,s*isms     9 !   
primitive impulsion ( life  ,div]sity1  
s5sible1 #bje1 #bbj-a1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcf 
,div9ation1 in/9ct z1 #agf4     ,see    
,sympa?y1 etc4  ,divisibility (         
ext5sion1 #aed1 #afb  ,division z       
function ( intellect1 #aeb1 #aed1       
#afb-c1 #ahi   ( labor1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aah1
 #aeg1 #aff1 #bfj   ( labor 9 cells1    
#aff  ,dog & man1 consci\sness 91 #ahj  
,dogmatism ( ! anci5t epi/emology       
contra/$ ) ! relativism (    ! mod]n1   

#bcj   ( ,leibniz & ,sp9oza1 #cef-g     
skepticism1 & relativism1 #aif-g1 #bcj  
,dogs & ! law ( correlation1 #ff        
,dome/ication ( animals & h]$ity1 #hj   
,dom9ants ( ,re9ke1 #db note            
,dorfmei/]1 #gb  ,dream1 #add1 #ahj-a1  
#bjb1 #bji1 #bef4     ,see              
,int]p5etration1 ,relaxation1 ,det5tion1
 ,recollection   z relaxation1 #bjb     
,dries*1 #db note  ,dros]a1 #ajg1 #ajh1 
#aji  ,duf\rt1 #abd note  ,duhem1 #bdb  
note  ,dunan1 ,*41 xv note  ,duration1  
xiv note1 #b1 #d-f1 #h-aa1 #ae1 #ag1    
#ba1 #bb1 #cg1 #ci1 #df1 #ea1    #aii1  
#bja1 #bjf1 #bac1 #baf1 #bdj1 #bgb1     
#bgc1 #bgf1 #bih-i1 #cjh-i1 #cag-h1 #cai
    note1 #cbd1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cci1 #cdb1 
#cdc1 #cde1 #ced1 #cfa1 #cfc-d          
absolut5ess (1 #bjf   & d$uction1 #bac  
9 ,desc>tes's philosophy1 #cdf   gnaw+  
(1 #d1 #h1 #df   indivisibility (1 #f1  
#cjh-i   & induction1 #baf   & ! in]t1  
#cdc-d   9 ! philosophy ( ! ,ideas1     
#caf-g1 #cai note1 #cbd1 #cbg1 #cbh-i   
rhy?m (1 #aa1 #abh1 #cdf4     ,see      

,creation1 ,evolution1 ,inv5tion1 ,"t1  
,un=eseeabl5ess1     ,uniqu5ess         
,e*9od]ms 9 ref]5ce to animal mobility1 
#acj1 #aca  ,effici5t cause 9 conception
 ( *ance1 #bcd   ,sp9oza &1 #bfi  ,ef=t 
9 evolution1 #agj  ,greek3 ,eidos1      
#cad-e  ,eim]1 #ee1 #gb1 #gc1 #hf       
,elaborat5ess ( ! ma!matical ord]1      
#bjh-aj1 #bag1 #bea  ,eleatic           
philosophy1 #cjh1 #cad-e  ,emanation1   
logical ?\ght an1 issue1 aspect or      
deposit ( life1 ix1 xii1    xiii1 #di   
,embroid]+ some?+ on ! canvas ( no?+1   
#big  ,embroid]y by desc5dants on !     
canvas h&$ d[n by ance/ors1 #bc         
,embryo1 #ah1 #ai1 #bf1 #bg1 #ge1 #ha1  
#hi1 #aja1 #aff  ,embryog5y1 comp>ative1
 & trans=mism1 #be  ,embryonic life1    
#bg1 #aff  ,empirical /udy ( evolution !
 c5tre ( ! !ory ( k & (    ! !ory (     
life1 #agh   !ories ( k1 #bje  ,empty1  
?9k+ ! full by means ( ! empty1 #bgc-d  
,end 9 ,eleatic philosophy1 #cad-e   (  
sci5ce is practical utility1 #cbi       
,en]gy1 #aae-g1 #abj-c1 #bdb1 #bdc1     

#bde1 #bdf1 #beb-e1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfb    
cons]vation (1 #bdb   degradation (1    
#bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf   sol>1 /or$ by plants1
 releas$ by animals1 #bde1 #bed         
,enneadae ( ,plot9us1 #baj note         
,entele*y ( ,dries*1 #db note  ,entropy1
 #bdc  ,environm5t 9 evolution1 #abi1   
#acc1 #ach1 #adj1 #adb1 #aej1 #afg1     
#afh1 #agj1    #aib1 #aic1 #beb1 #bef1  
#beg   & special in/9cts1 #ach1 #afh1   
#aib1 #aic  ,epiph5om5alism1 #bfb       
,ess5ce & accid5ts 9 ,ari/otle's        
philosophy1 #cec   or =m 9 ,eleatic     
philosophy1 #cad-e   ! mean+ (1 #cjb-c  
,ess5ces 7or =ms71 qualities & acts1 !  
?ree k9ds (    repres5tation1 #cjc-d    
,et]nity1 #ci1 #bih1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbj1  
#cbd1 #cbh1 #cdf1 #ceb1 #ced   9 !      
philosophy ( ,ideas1 #caf-g1 #cai1 #cbd1
 #cbh   9 ,sp9oza's philosophy1 #cec    
,eugl5a1 #aaf  ,evell91 #caa note       
,ev5tual actions1 #aa1 #if4     ,see    
,possible activity  ,evolution1 ix-xv1  
#ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bf-g1 #cg1    
#df-ee1 #fc1 #fh1 #gi     note1 #hd-h1  

#ig-aje1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abf1 #abg1  
#abi-cj1 #aca-b1     #acc1 #acd1 #acf1  
#ach-dj1 #ada-b1 #adc1 #afa1 #aff1 #afg1
 #afh-gb1 #agc1 #agd1     #age1 #agi1   
#aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aic1     
#aih-i1 #bjg-h1 #bbd1 #bca1 #bdb        
note1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1     
#bed1 #bfd-f1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #cjb1 #caa1   
#cde1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cff   accid5t 91     
#ajd1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc1 #agd1 #bea1 #beb
   animal1 a progress t[>d mobility1    
#aca   antagoni/ic t5d5cies 91 #ajc1    
#aac1 #ahe   automatic & det]m9ate1 is  
action be+ undone1 #bdh   bl9d alleys (1
 #abi   circul>ity ( ea* special1 #abh  
complem5t>ity ( ! div]g5t l9es (1       
#ig-ajb1 #ajc1 #aaf   conceptually      
inexpressible1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #abg1
 #aha1 #bgc   cont9uity (1 #ah1 #ai1    
#bf1 #cg1 #df1 #bgc1 #cjb1 #cab1 #cde   
creative1 #g1 #ae1 #ba1 #bg1 #cj1 #cf1  
#cg1 #fe1 #ajj1 #aje1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 
#bbc1    #bcj1 #bch1 #bfd1 #bfi         
culm9at+ po9ts (1 #ej1 #acc1 #agd1 #ahe1
 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh   developm5t by1 #acc1

 #acd1 #ada-b   div]g5t l9es (1 xii1    
#ec1 #ed1 #hg1 #ig-aja1 #ajc-d1 #ajg1   
#agc-d1 #bdf   & duration1 #bj1 #bb1    
#cg1 #de-f   empirical /udy (1 ! c5tre (
 ! !ory ( k & ( life1    #agh   &       
environm5t1 #aja-c1 #abi1 #acc1 #ach1   
#adb1 #aej1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #aib1     
#aic1 #bea1 #bef1 #beg   ( in/9ct1 #agj1
 #aga1 #agd-e4     ,see ,div]g5t l9es1  
etc41 ,culm9at+ po9ts1 etc41 ,evolution 
& environm5t   ( intellect1 x-xii1 #aec1
 #ahf1 #ahi-ij1 #aic1 #aih-i1 #bjg-h1   
#cei1 #cfj4     ,see ,div]g5t l9es1     
etc41 ,culm9at+ po9ts1 etc41 ,g5esis    
( matt] & ( intellect   z inv5tion1 #cdd
   ( man1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfh4 ,see        
,culm9at+ po9ts1 etc4   motive pr9ciple 
(1 is consci\sness1 #aha   ( species    
product ( ! vital impetus oppos$ by     
matt]1 #bdg-h1 #bed   & trans=mism1 #bd 
un=eseeable1 #dg1 #dh1 #ec1 #hf1 #bbd   
v>iation 91 #bc-d1 #ee1 #fc1 #fh1 #gb   
note1 #he1 #aca1 #acg-h1 #afg1 #afi1    
#aga1 #bfd  ,evolution>y1 qualitative1 &
 ext5sive motion #cjb-c1 #caa1 #cab     

sup]iority1 #acc-e1 #agd-e4     ,see    
,success1 ,crit]ion ( evolution>y rank1 
,culm9at+ po9ts1 etc4  ,evolutionism1   
x-xii1 xiv1 #gg1 #hd1 #cfd  ,exhau/ion (
 ! mutability ( ! univ]se1 #ccg-h       
,exi/5ce1 logical1 z contra/$ ) psy*ical
 & physical1 #bgf1 #cfb   ( matt] t5ds  
t[>d in/antaneity1 #bja   ( self means  
*ange1 #a ff4   sup]addition (1 ^u      
no?+ness1 #bgf  ,expectation1 #bad-f1   
#bba1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bgd1     
#bha1 #bib   9 conception ( disord]1    
#bba1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bgd
   9 conception ( void or naught1 #bhb1 
#bib  ,exp]i5ce1 #ach1 #adg1 #agg1 #aig1
 #bjd1 #bbi1 #cba1 #ced1 #cei1 #cfc1    
#cfh  ,explosion1 illu/rat+ cause by    
release1 #gc  ,explosive "* ( animal    
en]gy1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #bdf   (       
organization1 #ib  ,explosives1         
manufacture (1 by plants & use by       
animals1 #bdf1 #bed  ,ext5sion1 #adi1   
#aed1 #afa1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #baa1     
#bbc1 #bcf1 #bde1 #cah-bj1    #cbd1     
#cbg1 #cea1 #ceb   cont9uity (1 #aed    

discont9uity (1 relative to action1     
#aed1 #afb   z ! di/ance betwe5 :at is &
 :at ought to be1 #cah   divisibility (1
 #aed1 #afb   ! mo/ g5]al prop]ty (     
matt]1 #aed1 #bej1 #bea   ! inv]se      
movem5t to t5sion1 #bde   ( k1 #aej   9 
,leibniz's philosophy1 #cea1 #ceb   (   
matt] 9 space1 #bjd1 #baa   9 !         
philosophy ( ,ideas1 #cah-i1 #cbc-d1    
#cbg   & relaxation1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bji1  
#baa1 #bab1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bde   9        
,sp9oza's philosophy1 #cej   9 !        
,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic1 #bjc   unity (1
 #aeh-i   z weak5+ ( ! ess5ce ( be+1 9  
,plot9us1 #baj note  ,ext5sive1         
evolution>y & qualitative motion1       
#cjb-c1 #caa1 #cab  ,ext]nal conditions 
9 evolution1 #abh1 #acc1 #acg1 #ada-b1  
#aej-a1 #afg1    #afh1 #agj1 #aib1 #aic1
 #beb1 #bef1 #beg   f9ality1 #da        
,ext]nality ( concepts1 #afj1 #afh1     
#agd1 #agg1 #aii1 #bea1 #cje1 #caa-d   !
 mo/ g5]al prop]ty ( matt]1 #aed1 #bej1 
#bea  ,ext]naliz$ action 9 di/9ction f  
int]naliz$1 #adg1 #afe4     ,see        

,somnambulism1 etc41 ,automatic         
activity1 etc4  ,eye ( mollusc &        
v]tebrate comp>$1 #fj1 #ge1 #gg1 #hd1   
#hf1 #hg-h   ,fabre1 #agb note          
,fabrication4 ,see ,con/ruction         
,fallacies1 two fundam5tal1 #bgb1 #bgc  
,fallacy ( ?9k+ be+ by n-be+1 #bgf1     
#bgg1 #bhd1 #big-h   ( ?9k+ ! full by ! 
empty1 #bgc-e   ( ?9k+ motion by !      
motionless1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #big-h1 #cjg-h1 
#cji-ad  ,fallibility ( in/9ct1 #agb-c  
,fall+ back ( matt] ^u consci\sness1    
#bfd   bodies1 comp>ison ( ,ari/otle &  
,galileo1 #bbh1 #cca-b1 #ccd   weight1  
figure ( mat]ial _w1 #bde1 #bdf         
,famili>1 !1 is ! object ( intellect1   
#afc1 #afd1 #aii1 #bgj  ,f>aday1 #bjc   
,fa/+1 9 ref]5ce to primacy ( n]v\s     
sy/em ov] ! o!r    physiological sy/ems1
 #abd  ,fauna1 m5ace ( torpor 9         
primitive1 #acj  ,feel+ 9 ! conception (
 *ance1 #bjg   & in/9ct1 #adc1 #agd-e   
,f5c+-ma/]1 illu/rat+ h]$it>y           
transmission1 #gi  ,f]m5ts1 c]ta9       
*>act]i/ics (1 #ajf  ,f]tilization (    

or*ids by insects1 by ,d>w91 #agj note  
,fi*te's conception ( ! intellect1      
#ahi-ij1 #ceg  ,fil+s1 iron1 9          
illu/ration ( ! relation ( /ructure to  
function1 #id1 #ie  ,film1              
c9ematographic1 figure ( ab/ract motion1
 #cjd-f  ,f9al cause1 #dj1 #de1 #bcd1   
#cbe   conception (1 involves conception
 ( me*anical cause1 #dd   ,god z1 9     
,ari/otle1 #cbb-c  ,f9alism1 #ci-ec1    
#eh1 #gd1 #hh-ig1 #aja-e1 #abf-h        
,f9ality1 #da1 #afd1 #agg-h1 #ahe1 #bbc1
 #bbd1 #bff   ext]nal & int]nal1 #da    
misfit = ! vital1 #agg1 #bbc-d1 #bbe1   
#bff   & ! un=eseeabl5ess ( life1 #afd1 
#ahe  ,fis*el1 #ge note  ,fi% 9         
illu/ration ( animal t5d5cy to mobility1
 #acj1 #aca  ,fixation ( nutritive      
elem5ts1 #ajg-i1 #aac1 #aag1 #bdf1 #bdg1
 #bec  ,fixity1 #ajh-ac1 #aah1 #aai1    
#acj1 #aee4     ,see ,torpor   app>5t or
 relative1 #aee   cellulose envelope &  
!1 ( plants1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #acj   (       
ext5sion1 #aee   ( plants1 #ajh-ac1     
#aah1 #aai1 #acj-a   ( torpid animals1  

#acj  ,fl9t hat*ets & human intellig5ce1
 #acg  ,fluidity ( life1 #aec1 #afe1    
#aic    ( matt] z a :ole1 #ahf1 #cfi    
,flux ( mat]ial bodies1 #bfe    (       
reality1 #bej1 #bea1 #ccg1 #cdb1 #cdd   
,fly+ arr[ ( ,z5o1 #cjh1 #cji1 #caj     
,focalization ( p]sonality1 #bja  ,food1
 #ajf-i1 #aac-d1 #aag1 #abj1 #aba1 #bdf1
 #bdg1 #bed  ,=am9if]a1 failure ( c]ta91
 to evolve1 #aig  ,=ce1 #abf-g1 #ada1   
#adi1 #aej1 #age1 #bdf1 #bed1 #cci      
life a1 inv]se to matt]1 #bdf           
limit$ness ( vital =ce1 #abf1 #abg1     
#ada1 #adi1 #afb   "t z1 #cci-dj  ,=el1 
#agf note  ,=esee+1 #h1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1  
#cg1 #de1 #dg1 #if4     ,see            
,un=eseeabl5ess  ,=m1 xi1 #ea1 #aja1    
#ajd1 #aac1 #aaf-h1 #abi1 #ace-f1       
#adh-ec1 #aee1 #aef1 #afj1    #afd1     
#aie-g1 #bbb1 #bcg1 #bej1 #bee1 #cjb1   
#cjc1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbb1 #cda1     
#ceg1 #cei1 #cfa1 #cfb   complem5t>ity (
 =ms evolv$1 xi1 #ea1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aac1 
#aaf-h1 #ace-f1    #bee   expansion ( ! 
=ms ( consci\sness1 xii1 xiii   7or     

ess5ces71 qualities & acts ! ?ree k9ds (
 repres5tation1    #cjb-c   ,god z pure 
=m 9 ,ari/otle1 #aif1 #cbb   or idea 9  
anci5t philosophy1 #cag1 #cah1 #ccj   ( 
intellig5ce1 xiv1 #dh1 #adg1 #adh1 #afe1
 #aij1 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjg1 #bai1    
#beg-i1 #bff1 #ceh-i1 #cfa4 ,see        
,concept   & matt] 9 creation1 #bci1    
#bej   & matt] 9 k1 #aie1 #cfa   a      
snap%ot view ( transition1 #cjb  ,=mal  
k1 #aeb   logic1 #bib  ,=ms (           
s5sibility1 #cfa  ,fossil species1 #ajb 
,fo/]1 #abe note  ,fox 9 illu/ration (  
animal intellig5ce1 #ach  ,frames ( !   
und]/&+1 #df-g1 #dh1 #aej-b1 #agc1 #agg1
 #aig-i1 #bai-bj1    #bbc-d1 #beh1 #bgj1
 #cac1 #ceh1 #cfd   fit ! in]t1 #aig1   
#bah   inadequate to reality entire1    
#cfd   misfit = ! vital1 x1 xiii1 xiv1  
#df1 #dh1 #agc1 #agg1 #aig-i1 #bbc1     
#beh1 #cac   product ( life1 #ceh       
trans=m fre$om into necessity1 #bgj     
utility (1 lies 9 _! unlimit$           
application1 #adi-ej1 #aeb  ,fre$om1    
#aa1 #dh1 #abf1 #acj1 #afc1 #afd1 #bjj1 

#bjb1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bca1     
#bcg1 #bci1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bfd-f1 #bfi1   
#bgj1 #bgg1 #cjj1 #cci-da1 #cde1 #cdf   
! absolute z freely act+1 #bgg   affirm$
 by consci5ce1 #bfi   animal *>act]i/ic 
r ?an vegetable1 #abi-cj   caprice      
attribute n (1 b ( me*anism1 #dg        
coext5siv5ess ( consci\sness )1 #aaa1   
#aab1 #bjb1 #bfd1 #bgj   ( creation &   
life1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bee   creativ5ess (1 
#bbc1 #bci1 #bdh   9 ,desc>tes's        
philosophy1 #cde1 #cdf   z effici5t     
causality1 #bgg   inv]sion ( necessity1 
#bcf   & lib]ation ( consci\sness1 #bfe1
 #bff4     ,see ,imprisonm5t (          
consci\sness   & novelty1 #ab1 #afc1    
#afd1 #bjj1 #bah1 #bca1 #bci1 #bdi1     
#bgj1 #cci-db   ord] 91 #bbc   prop]ty (
 e organism1 #abi-ca   relaxation (1    
into necessity1 #bag   t5d5cy (1 to     
self-negation 9 habit1 #abg   t5sion (1 
#bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bbc1 #bcg1 #cja
   trans=m$ by ! und]/&+ into necessity1
 #bgj     ,see ,spontaneity  ,fr+e (    
intellig5ce ar\nd in/9ct1 #acf   (      

intuition ar\nd intellect1 xii1 xiii1   
#df   ( possible action ar\nd real      
action1 #agi1 #bgb  ,fro?1 alveol>1 9   
imitation ( organic ph5om5a1 #cc-d      
,full1 fallacy ( ?9k+ !1 by ! empty1    
#bgc-f  ,function1 ix1 #c1 #e1 #dd1 #df1
 #dg1 #hh-ij1 #id1 #ie1 #ajf-aj1 #aac1  
#aad1 #aag1 #abj1    #aba1 #abg1 #acb1  
#adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeg1     
#afa1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #agc-e1         
#ahf-ib1 #aii1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bcc1 #bcg1  
#bdf1 #bea1 #bed-f1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bgj1   
#bgc1    #bih1 #cjf1 #cdf1 #ceh1 #cfi   
accumulation ( en]gy ! function (       
vegetable organisms1 #bed1 #bee   action
 !1 ( intellect1 ix1 #ab1 #dd1 #dg1 #ic1
 #afa1 #afb1 #ahf-h1 #bjf1 #bea1        
#bgc1 #cje   action !1 ( n]v\s sy/em1   
#bfb1 #bfc   alim5tation1 #ajf1 #ajg1   
#abj1 #aba1 #bdf1 #bed   ( animals is   
canalization ( en]gy1 #ic1 #aaj1 #abf1  
#bee1 #bef   c>bon & !1 ( organisms1    
#ajg1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #bed1 #bee      
*lorophyllian1 #ajg-i1 #aad1 #aag1 #bdf1
 #bed   concept-mak+ !1 ( intellect1 x1 

#di   ( consci\sness3 sket*+ movem5ts1  
#bjg   con/ruction !1 ( intellect1 #ajh 
illum9ation ( action1 ( p]ception1 #e1  
#bjf1 #cjg-h   ( intellig5ce3 action1   
ix1 #ab1 #dd1 #df1 #ic1 #afj1 #afb1     
#ahf-h1 #bjf1 #bea1    #bgc1 #cjg-h   ( 
intellig5ce3 concept-mak+1 x1 #ej   (   
intellig5ce3 con/ruction1 #afj1 #afc1   
#aha-b   ( intellig5ce3 division1 #aed1 
#aee1 #afb1 #ahi   ( intellig5ce3       
illum9ation ( action by p]ception1 #e1  
#bjf1 #cja   ( intellig5ce3 repetition1 
#afd1 #aii1 #bad-f   ( intellig5ce3     
retrospection1 #dg1 #bcg   (            
intellig5ce3 connect+ same ) same1 #aii1
 #bcc1 #bgj   ( intellig5ce3 scann+ !   
rhy?m ( ! univ]se1 #cdf   ( intellig5ce3
 tactualiz+ all p]ception1 #afh   (     
intellig5ce3 unification1 #aeb1 #aed1   
#ceg   ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 action1 #bfb1   
#bfc   & organ1 #hh-ij1 #id1 #ie1       
#acb-c1 #adj1 #ada1 #aeh4     ,see      
,function & /ructure   & organ 9        
ar?ropods1 v]tebrates & man1 #acb-c   ( 
! organism1 #id1 #ajf-aj1 #aab1 #aad1   

#aag1 #abj1 #abf1 #agc-e1 #bdf1 #bec-f  
( ! organism1 alim5tation1 #ajf1 #ajg1  
#abj1 #aba1 #bdf1 #bed   ( ! organism1  
animal3 canalization ( en]gy1 #ic1 #aaj1
 #abf1 #bee1 #bef   ( ! organism1 c>bon 
91 #ajg1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #bed1 #bee   
( ! organism1 *lorophyllian function1   
#ajg-i1 #aad1 #aag1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed   (
 ! organism1 prim>y functions ( life3   
/orage & exp5diture (    en]gy1 #bed-f  
( ! organism1 vegetable3 accumulation ( 
en]gy1 #bed1 #bee   ( philosophy3       
adoption ( ! evolution>y movem5t ( life 
&    consci\sness1 #cgj   ( sci5ce1     
#afh1 #cdf   sket*+ movem5ts !1 (       
consci\sness1 #bjg   & /ructure1 #ee1   
#fb1 #ff1 #fi1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #hf1      
#hh-ia1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #aah1    #acb1   
#adj1 #ada1 #aeh1 #afb1 #bej1 #beb1 #bef
   tactualiz+ all p]ception !1 ( sci5ce1
 #afh   ( vegetable organism3           
accumulation ( en]gy1 #bed1 #bee        
,functions ( life1 ! two3 /orage &      
exp5diture ( en]gy1 #bed-f   ,galileo1  
homog5eity ( "t 91 #ccb   8 influ5ce on 

metaphysics1 #bj1 #bbh   8 influ5ce on  
mod]n sci5ce1 #ccd1 #cce   ext5sion (   
,galileo's physics1 #ceg1 #cgj   8 !ory 
( ! fall ( bodies comp>$ ) ,ari/otle's1 
#bbh1 #cca1    #ccb1 #ccd  ,ganoid      
brea/-plate ( anci5t fi%es1 9 ref]5ce to
 animal mobility1    #acj1 #aca         
,gaudry1 #acj note  ,g5]a1 relation (1  
to individuals1 #bbf   relation (1 to   
laws1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #ccj   pot5tial1      
#bbf-g   & signs1 #aeh  ,g5]ality1      
ambiguity ( ! idea (1 9 philosophy1     
#bbi-ca1 #bcf  ,g5]alization dep5d5t on 
repetition1 #bcj1 #bca   di/+ui%$ f     
transf]5ce ( sign1 #aeh   9 ! vital &   
ma!matical ord]s1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcj      
,g5]ic1 type ( !3 simil>ity ( /ructure  
betwe5 g5]at+ &    g5]at$1 #bbc1 #bbd   
,g5esis1 xiii1 xiv1 #aec1 #ahf-aii1     
#bjg1 #cei1 #cfj   ( intellect1 xiii1   
xiv1 #aec1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1
 #aif-g1 #bjg1    #bfd1 #cfj   ( k1 #aia
   ( matt]1 xiii1 xiv1 #aec1 #ahf1 #ahh1
 #aij1 #aic1 #aii1 #bjg1 #cfj  ,g5ius & 
! will$ ord]1 #bbc1 #bcg  ,g5us4 ,see   

,g5]a  ,geometrical1 !1 is ! object ( ! 
intellect1 #aij  ,geometrical ord] z a  
dim9ution or l[] complication ( ! vital1
    #bbc1 #bbe1 #bcf1 #ccj4     ,see    
,g5]a1 ,relation (1 to laws   mutual    
cont+5cy (1 & vital ord]1 #bce     ,see 
,ma!matical ord]   space1 relation (1 to
 ! spatiality ( ?+s1 #bjc  ,geometrism1 
! lat5t1 ( intellect1 #aid1 #baa-c      
,geometry1 fitness (1 to matt]1 #aj     
goal ( intellectual op]ations1 #baa1    
#bac1 #bah   ideal limit ( induction &  
d$uction1 #bad-h1 #cfa4     ,see ,space1
 ,desc5d+ movem5t ( exi/5ce   mod]n1    
comp>$ ) anci5t1 #cf1 #afa1 #ccc-d      
natural1 #aid1 #baa-b   p]ception       
impregnat$ )1 #bje1 #bcj   reason+ 91   
contra/$ ) reason+ conc]n+ life1 #g1 #h 
sci5tific1 #afa1 #baa  ,g]m1 accid5tal  
pr$isposition (1 9 ,neo-,d>w9ism1 #afh1 
#afi1 #agj  ,g]m-plasm1 cont9uity (1    
#bg1 #cg1 #gh-hc  ,gi>d1 #hd  ,glucose 9
 organic function1 #abb1 #abc  ,glycog5 
9 organic function1 #abb-d  ,god1 z     
activity1 #bdi   ( ,ari/otle1 #aif1     

#cbb1 #cbe1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cef-g   asc5t  
t[>d1 9 ,ari/otle's philosophy1 #cbb-c  
circul>ity ( ,god's ?\ght1 9 ,ari/otle's
 philosophy1 #cbd1 #cbe   9 ,desc>tes's 
philosophy1 #cdf1 #cdg   z effici5t     
cause 9 ,ari/otle's philosophy1 #cbd   z
 hypo/asis ( ! unity ( nature1 #aif1    
#cbb1 #ceg   9 ,leibniz's philosophy1   
#ceb1 #cec1 #cef-g   z et]nal matt]1    
#aif-g   z pure =m1 #aif-g1 #cbb   9    
,sp9oza's philosophy1 #cea1 #ceg  ,greek
 philosophy4 ,see ,anci5t philosophy    
,gre5 p>ts ( plants1 #ajg-i1 #aad1 #aag1
 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed  ,gr[+ old1 #ae       
,gr[?1 creation is1 #bdj-a1 #bge   &    
novelty1 #bca   ( ! p[]s ( life1 #acb1  
#acd-e   reality is1 #bcg   ( ! univ]se1
 #cdc1 #cde  ,gur91 ,p41 #ei note       
,gu9ea-pig1 9 illu/ration ( h]$it>y     
transmission1 #hj1 #ha   ,habit &       
consci\sness annull$1 #adc   =m ( k a   
habit or b5t ( att5tion1 #adh   &       
h]$ity1 #gh1 #ic1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc4     
,see ,acquir$ *>act]s1 inh]itance (     
in/9ct z an intellig5t1 #agc-d   &      

inv5tion 9 animals1 #bfd   & inv5tion 9 
man1 #bfe   t5d5cy ( fre$om to          
self-negation 91 #abg-h  ,h>mony betwe5 
in/9ct & life1 & betwe5 intellig5ce & ! 
in]t1 #ahg1 #aid-e1 #aih   ( ! organic  
_w is complem5t>ity due to a common     
orig9al    impulse #ej1 #ea1 #ajc1 #aaf1
 #aah   pre-e/abli%$1 #bje1 #bjf   9    
radical f9alism1 #abg-h4     ,see       
,discord  ,h>tog1 #fj note  ,hat*ets1   
anci5t fl9t1 & human intellect1 #acg    
,helioc5tric radius-vector 9 ,kepl]'s   
laws1 #ccc-d  ,h]$it>y transmission1    
#gf-hc1 #hg1 #afh-i1 #agj1 #agc1 #bbe-f1
 #bcj   dome/ication ( animals &1 #hj-a 
habit &1 #gi1 #hc1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc     
,hesitation or *oice1 consci\sness z1   
#adc1 #add  ,het]obla/ia & id5tical     
/ructures on div]g5t l9es ( evolution1  
#ge  ,heymons1 #gb note  ,hi/ory z      
creative evolution1 #f1 #ae1 #ba1 #bf1  
#bi1 #cf1 #cg1 #fe-f1 #ajc-d1    #aje1  
#afc1 #bfd1 #bfi   ( philosophy1 #bch   
,hive z an organism1 #aff  ,homo fab]1  
designation ( human species1 #aci       

,homog5eity ( space1 #aef1 #bab   !     
sph]e ( intellect1 #afc   ( "t 9        
,galileo1 #ccb  ,horse-fly illu/rat+ !  
object ( in/9ct1 #adf  ,h\ssay1 #aji    
note  ,human & animal att5tion1 #ahd   &
 animal bra91 #ahd1 #bfc-e   & animal   
consci\sness1 #aci-dc1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahd1
 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia1    #bab1 #bfc-h   &  
animal in/rum5ts ( action1 #aci-dc1 #aej
   & animal intellig5ce1 #ach1 #ahg1    
#ahh1 #aia1 #aib1 #bab   & animal       
inv5tion1 relation (1 to habit1 #bfd1   
#bfe   intellect & language1 #aeg-h     
intellect & manufacture1 #acg1 #ach     
,humanity 9 evolution1 #acd1 #acg-i1    
#adb1 #adg1 #aeh1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe1     
#bfd-ga4     ,see ,culm9at+ po9ts1 etc4 
goal ( evolution1 #bff1 #bfg  ,huxley1  
#ch  ,hydra & individuality1 #ac        
,greek3 ,hyl ( ,ari/otle1 #cec          
,hym5opt]a1 ! culm9ation ( ar?ropod &   
in/9ctive evolution1    #acd1 #agc-d   z
 entomologi/s1 #adf1 #agb-c             
organization & in/9ct 91 #adj   p>alyz+ 
in/9ct (1 #adf1 #agb1 #agc-d   social   

in/9cts (1 #aja1 #aga  ,hypo/asis ( !   
unity ( nature1 ,god z1 #aif-g1 #cbb1   
#cef  ,hypo!tical propositions          
*>act]i/ic ( intellectual k1 #adi-ej    
,idea or =m 9 anci5t philosophy1 #di1   
#cad1 #caf-g1 #cah1 #cbi-cj   9 anci5t  
philosophy1 ,greek3 eidos1 #cad-e   9   
anci5t philosophy1 ,platonic1 #dh   &   
image 9 ,desc>tes1 #bhj  ,idealism1 #bcb
  ,ideali/s & reali/s alike assume !    
possibility ( an abs5ce (    ord]1 #bbj1
 #bcb  ,id5tical /ructures 9 div]g5t    
l9es ( evolution1 #ee1 #fj-a1 #fb1 #fi1 
#gd-g1 #hf1 #aai  ,illum9ation ( action 
! function ( p]ception1 #e1 #bjf1 #cjg  
,image & idea 9 ,desc>tes1 #bhj         
di/+ui%$ f concept1 #afj-a1 #bhj        
,imitation ( be+ 9 ,greek philosophy1   
#cbd1 #cbg   ( in/9ct by sci5ce1 #afh-i1
 #agc-d   ( life 9 intellectual         
repres5tation1 #d1 #cc1 #hh-i1 #aja1    
#agf1 #bjh1    #bji1 #bac1 #bbf1 #bei1  
#cda1 #cfe   ( life by ! unorganiz$1    
#cc1 #ce1 #cf   ( motion by intellig5ce1
 #cje1 #cjg-h1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbi4        

,see ,imitation ( ! real1 etc4   ( !    
physical ord] by ! vital1 #bcj   ( !    
real by intellig5ce1 #beh1 #bgj1 #cjg   
,immobility ( ext5sion1 #aee   & plants1
 #ajh-ac1 #aah1 #aai1 #acj   ( primitive
 & torpid animals1 #acj-a   relative &  
app>5t2 mobility real1 #aee  ,impati5ce1
 duration z1 #aj1 #cci-dj  ,impell+     
cause1 #gc  ,impetus1 vital1 div]g5ce (1
 #bf-g1 #ea-e1 #ig-aje1 #aaj1 #aah-i1   
#abf-g1    #aca1 #acd-f1 #beg1 #beh1    
#bff1 #bgj   vital1 limit$ness (1 #abf1 
#ada1 #adh-i1 #bed   vital1 load$ )     
matt]1 #bci   vital1 z necessity =      
creation1 #beb1 #bfa   vital1           
transmission (1 ?r\gh organisms1 #be1   
#bg1 #gi1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1    #bcj1 #bca1 
#bej1 #bea   vital1 ,see ,impulse ( life
  ,implem5t1 ! animal1 is natural3 !    
human1 artificial1 #aci-dc   artificial1
 #acg-dj1 #aej-a   con/ruct+1 function (
 intellig5ce1 #aei1 #ahb-c   life kn[n  
to intellig5ce only z1 #afb   matt] kn[n
 to intellig5ce only z1 #afa1 #aih      
natural1 #ada1 #ade1 #aej   organiz$1   

#ada1 #ade1 #aej   unorganiz$1 #acg-i1  
#ada1 #aej-a  ,implicit k1 #adh         
,impot5ce ( intellect & p]ception to    
grasp life1 #agf-h  ,imprisonm5t (      
consci\sness1 #ahj-c1 #bfd-f  ,impulse (
 life1 div]g5ce (1 #bf1 #bg1 #ea-e1     
#ig-aje1 #aaj1 #aah-i1    #abf-g1 #aca1 
#acd-f1 #beg1 #beh1 #bff1 #bgj          
limit$ness (1 #abf1 #ada1 #adh-i1 #bed  
load$ ) matt]1 #bci   t5d5cy to         
mobility1 #aca1 #acb   z necessity =    
creation1 #beb1 #bfa   negates itself1  
#bdg1 #bdh   prolong$ 9 evolution1 #bdf 
prolong$ 9 our w1 #bci   transmitt$     
?r\gh g5]ations ( organisms1 #be1 #bf1  
#gi1 #he1 #hg1    #bcj1 #bca   unity (1 
#bjb1 #bej1 #bgj  ,impulsion &          
attraction 9 ,greek philosophy1 #cbc-d  
release & unw9d+1 ! ?ree k9ds ( cause1  
#gc   giv5 to m9d by matt]1 #bjb        
,inadequacy ( act to repres5tation1     
consci\sness z1 #adc  ,inadequate &     
adequate 9 ,sp9oza1 #cec  ,inanition1   
illu/rat+ primacy ( n]v\s sy/em1 #abd   
note  ,incoh]5ce1 #bcf4     ,see ,abs5ce

 ( ord]1 ,*ance1 ,*aos   9 nature1 #ajd 
,incomm5surability ( free act )         
conceptual idea1 #dg1 #bja   ( in/9ct & 
intellig5ce1 #afg-h1 #age               
,incompatibility ( develop$ t5d5cies1   
#ajd1 #afh  ,indep5d5t v>iable1 "t z1   
#bj1 #cce-f  ,indet]m9ation1 #hf1 #aad1 
#abf1 #beb1 #bec1 #cbf4     ,see        
,accid5t 9 evolution  ,indet]m9ism 9    
,desc>tes1 #cde  ,individual1 view$ by  
intellig5ce z aggregate ( molecules & ( 
facts1 #bej-a   & division ( labor1 #adj
   9 evolutioni/ biology1 #afi1 #aga1   
#bdf note   & g5us1 #bbf-i   m9d 9      
philosophy1 #aia   ae/hetic intuition   
only atta9s !1 #agg   & society1 #bfj1  
#bfe   transmits ! vital impetus1 #bej1 
#bei1 #bgj  ,individuality nev]         
absolute1 x1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ai1 #db1   
#bfj   & age1 #ae-bc1 #bg1 #dc          
corporeal1 physics t5ds to d5y1 #ahh1   
#ahi1 #bjh4     ,see ,int]p5etration1   
,oblit]ation ( outl9es1 ,solid>ity     (
 ! p>ts ( matt]   & g5]ality1 #bbf-h   !
 _m & ! "o 9 ! idea (1 x1 #beh   z plan 

( possible influ5ce1 #aa  ,individuation
 nev] absolute1 x1 #ab-af1 #dc1 #bfj   z
 a cosmic pr9ciple 9 contra/ )          
association1 #bei-fj   prop]ty ( life1  
#ab-e   p>tly ! "w ( matt]1 #beg-h1     
#bei1 #bgj  ,indivisibility ( action1   
#id1 #ie   ( duration1 #f1 #cjh   (     
inv5tion1 #afd   ( life1 #bbe1 #bgj-a4  
,see ,unity   ( life ( motion1 #cjg-aa  
,induction 9 animals1 #bad   c]ta9ty (1 
approa*$ z factors approa* pure         
magnitudes1 #bbb1 #bbc   & duration1    
#baf   & expectation1 #bad-f   geometry 
! ideal limit (1 #bad-h1 #cfa4     ,see 
,space1 ,geometry1 ,reason+1 ,desc5d+   
movem5t ( matt]1 etc4   & magnitude1    
#bae1 #baf   repetition ! *>act]i/ic    
function ( intellect1 #afd1 #aii1       
#bje-af   & space1 #baf4     ,see ,space
 z ! ideal limit1 ,sy/ems1 etc4         
,indu/ry1 ix1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd  ,in]t   
matt] & action1 #if1 #acf1 #ada1 #aee1  
#ahg1 #aih1 #bbe1 #cfg   9 ,ari/otle1   
#caf1 #cbg1 #cec   bodies1 #g1 #h1 #ab1 
#ad1 #bj1 #ba1 #aef1 #aei1 #agd1 #ahf1  

#ahh1 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bac1    #bae1 #bbh1  
#bdj1 #bda1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cda1 #cdb1     
#cdf-h1 #cfj   ,creation (4 ,see ,in]t  
matt] ! inv]sion ( life   flux (1 #ahf1 
#bfe1 #bgc1 #cfi   & =m1 #adh1 #adi1    
#aeg1 #bci1 #bej   g5esis (1 #ahh       
homog5eity (1 #aef   imitation ( liv+   
matt] by1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf   imitation (   
physical ord] by vital1 #bcj            
in/antaneity (1 #aj1 #bja   & intellect1
 ix1 #ca1 #ada1 #aei-fb1 #afd1 #afe1    
#afg-h1 #age1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahf1         
#ahg1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bje-ab1  
#baf-i1 #bbd1 #bfd1 #bgj1 #cai1 #cfi   !
 inv]sion or int]ruption ( life1 #ic1   
#id1 #ih1 #ii1 #abh-i1 #aec1 #agg1      
#ahf1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aif1 #aig1 #bja1     
#bjc1 #bjh1 #baf-i1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcf1   
#bci1 #bdj1    #bde-ej1 #beb1 #bed1     
#bef1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfg1     
#bgb1 #bgf1 #cai1    #cci-dj1 #cdc4     
,see ,in]t matt]1 ord] inh]5t 9   k (1  
approximate b n relative1 #bjf   !      
metaphysics & ! physics (1 #aie-f   z   
necessity1 #beb1 #bfd   ! ord] inh]5t 91

 #dj1 #ajc1 #aec1 #bja1 #bjg-ab1 #baf1  
#bbf-g1 #bcj-f1    #bde1 #bea1 #bfc1    
#bgd1 #cai-bj4     ,see ,in]t matt]1    
inv]sion ( life   p5etration (1 by life1
 #be1 #bf1 #ea1 #agi1 #aha1 #bcg1 #bci1 
#bff1 #bgj1 #bga   & p]ception1 #ab1    
#bjf1 #bbf   & ! psy*ical1 #bja1 #bjb1  
#bje1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #cej1 #cfg   solid>ity
 ( ! p>ts (1 #ahh1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bda1    
#beg-i1 #bgj1 #bga1 #ceb   & space1 #aj1
 #aec1 #ahi1 #bjd-aa1 #bad1 #bdd1 #bej1 
#bea1 #beg   9 ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 #cfe
  ,in]tia1 #agf1 #bbd  ,infant1         
intellig5ce 91 #adg1 #adh  ,inf]5ce a   
beg9n+ ( inv5tion1 #ach  ,inf]iority 9  
evolution>y rank1 #agd-e  ,influ5ce1    
possible1 #aa1 #ahi  ,infusoria1        
conjugation (1 #ae   developm5t ( ! eye 
f its /age 91 #fj-a1 #gb1 #gh1 #hd   &  
individuation1 #bfj   & me*anical       
explanations1 #cd1 #ce   vegetable      
function 91 #aaf  ,inh]itance ( acquir$ 
*>act]s4 ,see ,h]$it>y transmission     
,innate k1 #adf-g1 #aej-a  ,innat5ess ( 
! categories1 #adh1 #adi-ej  ,inorganic 

matt]4 ,see ,in]t matt]  ,insectivor\s  
plants1 #ajg-i  ,insects1 #ai1 #aja1    
#ajg1 #abf1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #adj-a1   
#adf1 #adg1 #aeg1 #aff1    #afi1 #aga-e1
 #ahh   apogee ( in/9ct 9 hym5opt]a1    
#acd1 #agc-d   consci\sness & in/9ct1   
#ade1 #afg1 #agc   cont9uity ( in/9ct ) 
organization1 #aci1 #ade   fallibility (
 in/9ct 91 #agb-c   in/9ct 9 g5]al 91   
#afi1 #agc-d   language ( ants1 #aeg-h  
object ( in/9ct 91 #adf   p>alyz+ in/9ct
 91 #adf1 #aga1 #agb-c   social in/9ct  
91 #aja1 #aeg-h1 #aga   special in/9cts 
z v>iations on a !me1 #afg4     ,see    
,ar?ropods 9 evolution  ,ins5sible      
v>iation1 #fc1 #ff  ,inspiration ( a    
poem an undivid$ intuitive act1 contra/$
 ) its    intellectual imitation 9      
words1 #bji1 #baj1 #beh4     ,see       
,sympa?y  ,in/antaneity ( ! intellectual
 view1 #ca1 #gj1 #hd1 #hi1 #aii1 #bja-b1
 #bjg1    #bbf1 #bdi1 #beh1 #bgc1       
#cjj-f1 #caa1 #cad1 #cca-c1 #cdb1 #cea1 
#ceb  ,in/9ct & action on in]t matt]1   
#acf1 #ada   9 animals z di/+ui%$ f     

plants1 #agj   9 cells1 #aff   &        
consci\sness1 #adc-e1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 
#agd1 #age1 #ahf   culm9ation (1 9      
evolution1 #acc1 #agd-e4     ,see       
,ar?ropods 9 evolution1 ,evolution>y    
sup]iority   fallibility (1 #agc-d   9  
insects 9 g5]al1 #afi1 #agc-d   &       
intellig5ce1 xii1 #ea1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aac1
 #aaf-h1 #acb-g1 #ada-c1 #ade1 #aej1    
#aeb1 #aei1 #afh-gj1 #agc-i1 #ahd-e1    
#ahf1 #aig-h1 #bch1 #bdf1 #bed1 #bee1   
#bei1    #bfg1 #bfh1 #cdc1 #cde1 #cff   
& intuition1 #agg1 #agh-i1 #aha   object
 (1 #adf-eb1 #afe1 #afh1 #agb-i1 #ahf1  
#ahi1 #aie1 #bcd1 #bed   & organization1
 #bc-d1 #ach-dj1 #ade1 #aff-h1 #aga-b1  
#agc1 #agf1 #aic1    #aid1 #bfd         
p>alyz+1 9 c]ta9 hym5opt]a1 #adf1 #aga1 
#agb-c   9 plants1 #agj1 #aga   social1 
( insects1 #aja1 #aeg-h1 #aga           
,in/9ctive k1 #adh1 #afg1 #afh1 #agc-d  
le>n+1 #aic   metaphysics1 #aib1 #bfi1  
#bgj1 #bgg  ,in/rum5t1 action z1 (      
consci\sness1 #ahj   animal1 is natural2
 human artificial1 #aci-dc   automatic  

activity z in/rum5t ( volunt>y1 #beb    
consci\sness z1 ( action1 #ahj          
intellig5ce3 ! function ( intellig5ce is
 to con/ruct    in/rum5ts1 #aei1 #aib-c 
intellig5ce trans=ms life into an1 #afb 
intellig5ce trans=ms matt] into an1     
#afa1 #aih   intellig5ce3 ! in/rum5ts ( 
intellig5ce are artificial1 ix1 #acg-i1 
#adj-a1 #aej-a   natural or organiz$    
in/rum5ts ( in/9ct1 #adj-a1 #ade1 #aej  
,intellect & action1 ix1 #aa1 #bi1      
#dd-h1 #ic1 #acf1 #adb1 #aeb-g1 #afb1   
#agi1    #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #aie1 #aig-h1
 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbf-i1 #bea1 #bgj1 #bgc1  
#big-i1 #cja1    #cjb1 #cjf1 #cbi1      
#cdf-g   9 animals1 #ahg   ,fi*te's     
conception ( !1 #ahi1 #aij1 #ceg        
function ( !1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #dd-ej1 #ib1
 #ic1 #abf1 #acg-de1 #adi-fj1 #afb-d1   
#afh1 #agd1 #agf1 #aha1 #ahg-ii1 #bjd-h1
 #bad-i1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdb1  
#bdf1 #bdg1 #bea1 #bgj1 #bij1 #bih1     
#bii1 #cbh1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cda1 #cdb1     
#cdg1    #cdh1 #cef1 #ceg   g5esis ( !1 
xi-xv1 #di1 #ajc1 #ajd-e1 #abf-g1 #aeb1 

#aec1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi1    #aic1 #aid1  
#aie1 #aih1 #bjg1 #bdg-i1 #ceh1 #cei1   
#cff   z inv]sion ( intuition1 #g1 #h1  
#aa1 #ab1 #df1 #di1 #ea1 #hf1 #hh-ia1   
#ic1 #id1    #ajc-d1 #aac1 #aaf-h1 #abi1
 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #aci-dc1 #ade1 
#aeg1 #afa1    #afh-hj1 #aha1 #ahc1     
#ahd1 #ahe1 #aij-bjd1 #bjg-ab1 #baf-h1  
#bba1 #bbc1 #bbe-f1    #bcj-c1 #bce1    
#bcf1 #bch1 #bde-eb1 #bed-i1 #bfd1      
#bfg-ga1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #cac1 #ccj1        
#cci1 #cdb-e1 #cfa1 #cfi   & language1  
#d1 #adh1 #aeh-fj1 #beh1 #bfe1 #bib1    
#cjc1 #cjd1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbf   & matt]1 
ix-xv1 #aj1 #aa1 #dh-i1 #ib1 #ace1 #acf1
 #ada1 #adb1 #aeb-d1 #aee1    #afj1     
#afa1 #afe1 #afh1 #age1 #agi1 #aha1     
#ahb1 #ahf-g1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie1   
#aih1 #aii1 #bja-d1 #bje-aj1 #bac1 #bae1
 #bah-bj1 #bbd1 #bbe-cj1 #bdj-b1 #bde1  
#bdf1 #bdh-eb1 #bed1 #bef-i1 #bfd1 #bgj1
 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bge1 #big-h1 #cjf1  
#cai1 #cba1 #cbi1 #cdj1 #cda-c1 #cdg-i1 
#cee1 #ceh-fa1 #cfh1 #cfi   me*anism (  
!1 ix-xv1 #d1 #cj1 #cb1 #dg-i1 #gj1     

#hd-e1 #hh-i1 #aja1 #acg-h1     #aej-e1 
#aef-g1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg1   
#afh1 #agc1 #agd1 #agf1 #agg1    #ahf1  
#ahg1 #aij-c1 #aid-bah1 #bbc-dj1 #bdd1  
#bdf-g1 #bdi-ea1 #bed1 #bee1 #beg1      
#beh1 #bff1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bgf-g1 #bib1   
#cjj-ba1 #cbe1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #ccg1  
#cch1    #cci1 #cda-h1 #cea1 #ceh-i1    
#cfa-b1 #cfc-d1 #cfe1 #cfg   object ( !1
 ix-xv1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #cj1
 #ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #df-i1    #eb1 #ga1
 #gd1 #hd1 #hg-ib1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajc1
 #aci1 #adj1 #adi1 #aeb-ff1 #afh1       
#agc1 #age-i1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahf1 #aij1   
#aic-baa1 #bac1 #baf-bj1 #bbc1 #bbd1    
#bbf1    #bbh-cj1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bch1     
#bdj1 #bde1 #bdi-ea1 #bed1 #bee1 #beg-i1
 #bfa1 #bfd1    #bfe1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgc1 
#bgd1 #bih-cad1 #cah-bb1 #cbf1 #cbh1    
#cbi1 #ccb-h1 #cdb1    #cdd-i1 #cea1    
#ceb-g1 #cei-fa1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cfi-gj   &
 p]ception1 #d-e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ic-d1      
#afa-b1 #afh1 #agf-g1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bje1 
#bjg1 #bbf-g1 #bbh-i1 #bcj1 #bch1       
#bdi-ea1 #bgc1 #bii-cjj1 #cja1 #cjf1    

#cei-fj   & rhy?m1 #bii1 #cjj-a1 #cjf-g1
 #cbi1 #ccg1 #cdf-g   & sci5ce1 #h-ab1  
#ca1 #ib-c1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeg-h1 #aei1   
#afj-a1 #afb-c1 #afh1    #agc-f1 #ahg1  
#aic-h1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjg-i1 #bad-f1     
#bag1 #bbe-f1 #bbh-i1 #bda1    #bea1    
#bgj1 #bgc1 #big-h1 #cjf1 #cba1 #cbb1   
#cbi1 #ccc-e1 #cde1 #cdf-h1 #ced1       
#cef1 #ceg1 #cei-fj1 #cfb-c1 #cfi-gj   &
 space1 #aj-aa1 #aed1 #aef-g1 #afj-c1   
#agd-e1 #agf-g1 #ahi1 #bjb-d1 #bjg-ab1  
#bae1 #bah1 #bbb-c1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bej1   
#bea1 #beg-h1 #cfa-b   & "t1 #d1 #h-i1  
#ag1 #ah1 #bj-b1 #cf1 #ci1 #de-f1 #dg1  
#ea1 #afc1 #cjj1 #cja1    #cca-b1       
#cce-g1 #cda   possibility ( transc5d+  
!1 xii1 xiii1 #dh1 #aeb1 #agg-h1 #aic-d1
    #aih-bjj1 #bje-f1 #bjg-h1 #bff1     
#cfj-a4     ,see ,philosophy1           
,intellig5ce  ,intellectualism1         
hesitation ( ,desc>tes betwe51 &        
intuitionism1 #cde  ,intellig5ce &      
action1 #acg-da1 #aej1 #aed-e1 #afa1    
#afb-c1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aih1 #cjf   animal1
 #ach1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bab   categories (1 

x1 #dh1 #aie-f   ( ! *ild1 #adg-h   &   
consci\sness1 #ahg   culm9ation (1 #acj1
 #aci-dj1 #agd-e4     ,see ,sup]iority  
g5esis (1 #acf1 #agg-h1 #cff   & !      
individual1 #bea   & in/9ct1 #aji1 #ace1
 #acf1 #ada1 #adb1 #afh-gj1 #agc-g1     
#agi1 #ahf1 #aig1     #bji1 #bch1 #bei1 
#bfg   9 ,kant's philosophy1 #ceg-h   & 
laws1 #bbi-cj   limitations (1 #aeb   & 
matt]1 #aeb1 #aei-fj1 #afa-b1 #age1     
#agi1 #aha1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aid-h1 #bcj1   
#bcg1 #bej1 #cfi1 #cgj   me*anism (1    
#aeb1 #aec1 #afd1 #afe   & motion1 #aec1
 #aei-fj1 #bgd1 #cjc-g1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbi
   object (1 #ade-ef1 #afa1 #afb1 #age1 
#agi1 #bej   practical nature (1 ix-xv1 
#acg-i1 #ada1 #aej-a1 #bdg-h1 #cje1     
#cjf1 #cbh-i   & reality1 ix-xv1 #afa-b1
 #agg1 #bcg1 #bea1 #beh1 #bfi1 #bga1    
#cjg   & sci5ce1 #age1 #agf1 #aic1      
#aid-e   & signs1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj
   & space1 #bje     ,see ,intellect1   
,und]/&+1 ,reason  ,intellig5t1 !1      
contra/$ ) ! m]ely intelligible1 #age   
,intelligible reality 9 anci5t          

philosophy1 #caf-g   _w1 #afj-a         
,intelligibles ( ,plot9us1 #cec         
,int5sion ( k1 #adi-ej  ,int5sity (     
consci\sness v>ies ) ratio ( possible to
 real    action1 #add-e  ,int5tion z    
contra/$ ) me*anism1 #bcc4     ,see     
,automatic ord]1 ,will$ ord]   ( life ! 
object ( in/9ct1 #agf1 #bcc             
,int]action1 univ]sal1 #ahh-i  ,int]e/ z
 cause ( v>iation1 #aca   9             
repres5tation ( n\ght1 #bif1 #big4      
,see ,affection1 rle (1 etc4  ,int]nal  
f9ality1 #da  ,int]nality ( in/9ct1     
#afh1 #agd-e1 #agf-g   ( subject 9      
object ! condition ( k ( reality1 #cjg1 
#cag1 #ceh-i  ,int]p5etration1 #afa1    
#afb1 #agd-e1 #agg1 #ahd note1 #ahh1    
#ahi1 #bja-c1    #bjg-h1 #beg1 #beh1    
#bgj1 #cai-bj1 #cda1 #ceb  ,int]ruption1
 mat]iality an1 ( positivity1 #bai1     
#bdf1 #bdg-h1 #cai-bj4     ,see ,inv]se 
relation1 etc4  ,int]val ( "t1 #h-i1    
#bb1 #bc   betwe5 :at is done & :at     
might be done cov]$ by consci\sness1    
#agi  ,intuition1 cont9uity betwe5      

s5sible & ultra-intellectual1 #cfj-a    
dialectic &1 9 philosophy1 #bch4        
,see ,intellect z inv]sion ( intuition  
fr+e (1 ar\nd ! nucleus ( intellect1    
xiii1 #ab1 #df1 #di1 #aic   & in/9ct1   
#agf-i1 #ahb   & intellect 9 !oretical  
k1 #agf-i1 #bgj-a  ,intuitional         
cosmology z rev]s$ psy*ology1 #bjg-h    
metaphysics contra/$ ) intellectual or  
sy/ematic1 #aia-b1    #bfh-gj1 #bgg-h   
me?od ( philosophy1 app>5t vici\s circle
 (1 #aia-d1 #aie-h  ,intuitionism 9     
,sp9oza1 #cdg-h   & intellectualism 9   
,desc>tes1 #cde-f  ,inv5tion1           
consci\sness z1 & fre$om1 #bfd1 #bgj-a  
creativ5ess (1 #afd1 #bcg1 #cdj1 #cda   
disproportion betwe51 & its consequ5ces1
 #aha1 #ahb-c   duration z1 #aj-a       
evolution z1 #ajb-c1 #bee1 #cdd-e       
f]vor (1 #afd   indivisibility (1 #afd  
inf]5ce a beg9n+ (1 #ach   me*anical1   
#adb-c1 #aid-e   ( /eam eng9e z         
epo*-m>k+1 #ach-i   "t z1 #cda          
un=eseeabl5ess (1 #afd   upspr++ (1 #afd
     ,see ,new  ,inv]se relation ( !    

physical & psy*ical1 #abf-g1 #adc-d1    
#ade1 #agc-d1    #agg-h1 #bja1 #bjb1    
#bjf-g1 #bjh1 #baj-a1 #bab1 #bag1 #bah1 
#bbb1 #bbc1 #bcf1 #bdj1    #bde1 #bdf1  
#bdg-h1 #bdi1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bfd1   
#bfe1 #bgj1 #cai-bj  ,irrev]sibility (  
duration4 ,see ,repetition  ,isolat$    
sy/ems ( matt]1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bae1 #bda1 
#bdb1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdf1 #cdg-h4     ,see
 ,bodies   ,janet1 ,paul1 #fj-a note    
,j5n+s1 #ce note  ,j\rda9 & ! two k9ds (
 ord]1 #bba  ,juxtaposition1 #bjg-h1    
#cch1 #cci1 #cda4   ,cf4 ,succession    
,kaleidoscopic v>iation1 #gd  ,kant1    
ant9omies (1 #bjd-e1 #bjf   becom+ 9    
,kant's successors1 #cfb   co9cid5ce (  
matt] ) space 9 ,kant's philosophy1     
#bjf1 #bjg-h1 #bdd   con/ruction ! me?od
 ( ,kant's successors1 #cfd-e   8       
criticism ( pure reason1 #bje1 #bhg     
note1 #cef-fb1 #cfd   degrees ( be+ 9   
,kant's successors1 #cfb-c   duration 9 
,kant's successors1 #cfb-c   intellig5ce
 9 ,kant's philosophy1 #bcj1 #ceg       
ontological argum5t 9 ,kant's           

philosophy1 #bhe   space & "t 9 ,kant's 
philosophy1 #bjd-f   & ,sp5c]1 #cfd     
,see ,m9d & matt]1 ,s5su\s manifold1    
,?+-9-itself  ,kantianism1 #ceh1 #cfd   
,katag5esis1 #cd  ,kepl]1 #bbh-i1 #ccb-e
  ,k & action1 #aej1 #aic-d1 #aif1 #aig1
 #bjf-g1 #bjh1 #bah   criticism (1      
#aic-d   discont9uity (1 #cjf   ext5sion
 (1 #adi   =m (1 #adh1 #aid-e1 #ceh-cfb 
=mal1 #aeb   g5esis (1 #aij   innate or 
natural1 #adf-ej   in/9ct 91 #adc1 #add1
 #aff-i1 #agc1 #agg1 #aib-c1 #aih1 #bfh 
intellect 91 ix-xv1 #dh1 #adi1 #afb-d1  
#agg1 #agi1 #aic-d1 #aif-i1 #bjf-g1     
#bjh1    #bah1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bea1 #bgj1  
#cje1 #cjf1 #cab1 #cac1 #cae1 #cag1     
#cbe1 #cca-b1    #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdg-h1    
#cei-fj1 #cfa   int5sion (1 #adi-ej   ( 
reality view$ z ! int]nality ( subject 9
 object1 #cjg1    #cag1 #ceh-i          
intuition & intellect 9 !oretical k1    
#agd-g1 #agi1 #bch1    #bgj1 #cdb-d     
matt] (1 #aid-e1 #ceg-h1 #cei-fb   (    
matt]1 xi1 #dh1 #bjf-g1 #cfj-a   object 
(1 ix-xv1 #a1 #dh1 #adg1 #adh1 #aei-fj1 

#afc1 #afd1 #aig-i1 #bgj1    #cdb1      
#cei-fj   fundam5tal problem (1 #bgc-e  
z relative to c]ta9 requirem5ts ( ! m9d1
 #aeb1 #aij-a1 #bcj   sci5tific1 #aic-d1
 #aif-h1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bah   !ory (1     
xiii1 #agg1 #agi1 #aig1 #bjd-e1 #bjg-h1 
#bbi1 #bca   unconsci\s1 #adb-f1 #adf1  
#aej1 #afe1 #aff   alleg$ unkn[abl5ess (
 ! ?+-9-itself1 #bje1 #bjf  ,kun/l]1    
#bfj note   ,labb #bfj note  ,labor1    
division (1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aah1 #adj1 #aeg1
 #aff1 #bfj  ,lal&e1 ,&r1 #bdf note     
,lam>ck1 #ge-f  ,lam>ckism1 #ge-f1 #gg1 
#hd-hg  ,language1 #d1 #adg1 #aeg-fj1   
#beh1 #bfe1 #bic1 #cjb-c1 #cje1 #cab-d1 
#cbj  ,la ,place1 #ch  ,laps$           
intellig5ce1 in/9ct z1 #afi1 #age       
,l>vae1 #ai1 #adj1 #ade-ff1 #agb-c      
,lat5t geometrism ( intellect1 #aid1    
#baa-b  ,law ( correlation1 #ff1 #fg   &
 g5]a1 #bbf-i1 #ccj   helioc5tric       
radius-vector 9 ,kepl]'s laws1 #ccd     
impr9t ( relations & laws ^u            
consci\sness 9 ,sp5c]'s    philosophy1  
#ahh   & intuitional philosophy1 #agf-g 

physical1 contra/$ ) ! laws ( our codes1
 #bah-i   physical1 expression ( !      
negative movem5t1 #bah   physical1      
ma!matical =m (1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbi-cj1   
#bda   relation z1 #bbh1 #bbi-cj        
,le>n+1 in/9ctive1 #aib1 #aic  ,le      
,dantec1 #ah note  ,leibniz1 cause 91   
#bgg   dogmatism (1 #cef1 #ceg          
ext5sion 91 #cea1 #ceb   ,god 91 #cea1  
#ceb1 #cef   me*anism 91 #cdh1 #cea1    
#cee1 #cef   8 philosophy a             
sy/ematization ( physics1 #cdg   space  
91 #cea-b   teleology 91 #ci1 #dj   "t  
91 #ceb1 #cfb  ,lepidopt]a1 #aad note1  
#acd  ,le ,roy1 ,ed41 #bah note         
,lib]ation ( consci\sness1 #ahc-d1 #bfe1
 #bff  ,lib]ty4 ,see ,fre$om  ,life z   
activity1 #abh-i1 #bdf   cause 9 ! realm
 (1 #id1 #afd   complem5t>ity ( ! p[]s  
(1 ix-xv1 #be-f1 #bg1 #ea-e1 #ig-aje1   
#aaj1    #aac1 #aaf-i1 #abf-g1 #aca-f1  
#adj-c1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bdf1   
#bed-g1 #bff1    #bgj1 #cdc1 #cdd-e     
consci\sness coext5sive )1 #ahf1 #beg1  
#bgj1 #cfb-c   mutual cont+5cy ( ! ord]s

 ( life & matt]1 #bce   cont9uity (1    
#a-aa1 #bi1 #cj1 #afb1 #afc1 #beh   z   
creation1 #eg-h1 #afa-b1 #bbc1 #bcj1    
#bdf1 #bdg-h1 #beb1 #bed1 #bee          
symboliz$ by a curve1 #ca1 #hi1 #ij     
embryonic1 #aff   & f9ality1 #dd1 #hi1  
#afd1 #ahe1 #bbb-c   fluidity (1 #aec1  
#afe1 #aia-b1 #aic   z free1 #abi-cj    
function (1 #ic-d1 #ajf-aj1 #aac1 #aad1 
#aag1 #abj1 #aba1 #abf-g1 #agc-e1       
#bdf1 #bed-f   h>mony ( ! realm (1 #ej1 
#ea1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #aag-h1 #abg           
imitation ( ! in]t by1 #bcj   imitation 
(1 by ! in]t1 #cc-f   impulse (1        
prolong$ 9 our w1 #bci   &              
individuation1 #ab-d1 #bf1 #bg1 #gi-hj1 
#he1 #hg1 #hh1 #abg-h1 #adi1 #aie-f1    
#bcj1 #bca1 #bej1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfi1     
#cjj-a1 #cjb-c4     ,see ,individuality 
indivisibility (1 #bbe-f1 #bgj   &      
in/9ct4 #acf-dj1 #ade1 #afe-h1 #agj1    
#agb1 #agc1 #age-i1 #ahf1 #aib-g1 #bcc1 
#bfd1 #cff   & intellect1 ix-xv1 #ac1   
#cb-e1 #dd-i1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajb-c1 #ajd-e1
 #abg1 #acf1    #aeb1 #afj-e1 #afh1     

#agc-d1 #agf-i1 #aha1 #aia-bja1 #bjf1   
#bjg1 #bac1 #bbj1    #bbb-c1 #bbd1      
#bbe-f1 #beg-fa1 #bff1 #bgj1 #cjj-a1    
#cdb1 #cee1 #cei-fa1 #cfe1 #cff   &     
int]p5etration1 #bga   z inv]sion ( !   
in]t1 #f-g1 #h1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahf1 #aij1 
#aia1 #aif1   #aig1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjg1   
#bjh-i1 #baj-a1 #bab1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 
#bbb-c1 #bbe-f1    #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf1    
#bch1 #bci1 #bde-ej1 #bfd1 #cbi-ca   a  
limit$ =ce1 #abf1 #abg1 #ada1 #adh1     
#adi1 #bed   & memory1 #afg   p5etrat+  
matt]1 #bf1 #bg1 #eb1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb1 
#bcg1 #bci1 #bff1 #bfi-gj   z t5d5cy to 
mobility1 #abh1 #aca1 #acb   & physics &
 *emi/ry1 #ca1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf1 #bbe-f   9
 o!r planets1 #bef   z pot5tiality1 #beh
   repetition 91 & 9 ! in]t1 #bbd1 #bbe1
 #bcj1 #bca   s9u\sness (1 #ga1 #ih1    
#ii1 #ajb1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abi-cj1   
#bab   social1 #ach1 #adj1 #aeg-h1 #bfe 
9 o!r sol> sy/ems1 #bef   & evolution ( 
species1 #bdg-h1 #bed1 #bfi   !ory (1 & 
!ory ( k1 xii1 #agg1 #agi1 #aig         
un=eseeabl5ess (1 #f1 #h-i1 #bj1 #bf-g1 

#bh1 #bi1 #cg1 #de-f1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1    
#hf1 #if1 #afc1 #afd1 #ahd1 #bbc-d1     
#bdi1 #cci1 #cda   unity (1 #bej1 #bfh1 
#bgj   z a wave fl[+ ov] matt]1 #bea1   
#bff     ,see ,impulse (1 ,organic      
sub/ance1 ,organism1 ,organization1     
,vital impetus1 ,vital ord]1 ,vital     
pr9ciple1 ,vitalism1 ,will$ ord]        
,limitations ( in/9ct & ( intellig5ce1  
#aeb  ,limit$ness ( ! scope ( ,galileo's
 physics1 #ceg1 #cgj   ( ! vital        
impetus1 #abf1 #abg1 #ada1 #adh1 #adi1  
#bee  ,l9d51 ,m>ia von1 #aad note       
,l+ulae illu/rat+ failure to evolve1    
#ajb  ,liz>ds1 color v>iation 91 #gb1   
#gd  ,locomotion & consci\sness1 #ajh1  
#aaa1 #aae1 #bfa4   ,see ,mobility1     
,movem5t  ,logic & action1 ix1 #dd1 #df1
 #afb1 #agi   =mal1 #bib   g5esis (1    
x-xi1 xiii-xiv1 #di1 #ajc1 #ajd-e1 #acf1
 #aia-b1 #aic1 #cja1    #cei1 #cff   &  
geometry1 ix1 #afa1 #agf1 #bab   impot5t
 to grasp life1 x1 #ac1 #cb1 #ce1 #cf1  
#df-i1 #hi1 #aja1 #aeb1 #afb-e1         
#aid-bja1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bai1 #bbj1 

#bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe-f1 #bef-fa1 #bff1 #bgj1
    #cac1 #cee1 #cfj-a1 #cfe   natural1 
#afa1 #aid-e   ( numb]1 #bjh   &        
physics1 #cai-bj1 #cba   & "t1 #d1 #bgg 
,see ,intellect1 ,intellig5ce1 ,und]/&+1
 ,ord]1 ma!matical  ,logical exi/5ce    
contra/$ ) psy*ical & physical1 #bgg1   
#bih1    #cbh1 #cfa-b   categories1 x1  
#dh1 #aie1 #aif   & physical contra/$1  
#bgf-g  ,logik1 by ,sigw>t1 #bhg note   
,greek3 logos1 9 ,plot9us1 #baj note    
,look+ backw>d1 ! attitude ( intellect1 
#df1 #bcg  ,lumbriculus1 #ac   ,ma*9]y &
 intellig5ce1 #ada  ,ma*9es1 natural &  
artificial1 #aci4     ,see ,implem5t1   
,in/rum5t   organisms1 = action1 #beb1  
#bed1 #cjj-a  ,magnitude1 c]ta9ty (     
induction approa*$ z factors approa*    
pure    magnitudes1 #bae-af   & mod]n   
sci5ce1 #ccc1 #cce  ,man 9 evolution1   
att5tion1 #ahd   bra91 #ahc1 #ahd1      
#bfc-e   consci\sness1 #aci-dc1 #ahj1   
#aha1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia-b1   
#bab1 #bfb-h   goal1 #acd1 #agd-e1 #ahe1
 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj   habit &       

inv5tion1 #bfe   intellig5ce1 #acc1     
#acg-i1 #adc1 #adf1 #agd1 #age1 #ahg1   
#ahh1 #bab1 #bff1 #bfg   language1 #aeh 
,manacine 7de71 #abd note  ,manufacture1
 ! aim ( intellect1 #acg1 #ach1 #ade1   
#aeb-d1 #aei-fe1 #aha1 #aia1    #aib1   
#aii1 #bea1 #bih   & organization1 #ib1 
#ic1 #abf-g1 #aci-dc1 #aej   &          
repetition1 #dd1 #de1 #aee-h     ,see   
,con/ruction1 ,solid1 ,utility  ,_m &   
"o1 categories inapplicable to life1 x1 
#afb-c1 #agg-h1 #beg1   #bfa1 #bfh   9 !
 idea ( individuality1 #beh     ,see    
,multiplicity  ,m>t91 ,j41 #ajb note    
,m>ion1 #ajg note  ,mat]ial k1 #aeb     
,mat]iali/s1 #bdj  ,mat]iality !        
inv]sion ( spirituality1 #bab           
,ma!matical ord]4 ,see ,in]t matt]1     
,ord]  ,matt]4 ,see ,in]t matt]         
,maturation z creative evolution1 #dg-h1
 #bcj  ,maupas1 #ce note  ,measurem5t a 
human conv5tion1 #bah1 #bdb   ( real "t 
an illusion1 #ccf-dj  ,me*anical acc\nt 
( action aft] ! fact1 #dg   cause1 x1   
#cd1 #ce1 #dj1 #dd1 #agg1 #bcd1 #bce    

proc$ure ( intellect1 #afe   inv5tion1  
#ach1 #adj1 #aid-e   necessity1 #dg1    
#bae1 #baf1 #bah1 #bcf1 #beb1 #bfe1     
#bgj1 #cbg  ,me*anics ( trans=mation1   
#cb  ,me*anism1 c]ebral1 #beb1 #bec1    
#bfb1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #cff4     ,see        
,c]ebral activity & consci\sness   ( !  
eye1 #hh   in/9ct z1 #agf-g   (         
intellect4 ,see ,intellect1 me*anism (  
& int5tion1 #bcc4     ,see ,automatic   
ord]1 ,will$ ord]   life m ?an1 x1 xiv  
note1 #gh-i  ,me*ani/ic philosophy1 xii1
 xiv1 #ag1 #bi1 #cj1 #cg1 #gd1 #hh-if1  
#aja1 #ajb1    #aid-e1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bfd1
 #cde1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cea1 #cee1    
#cef1 #cfb  ,m$ical philosoph]s ( !     
eighte5? c5tury1 #cef   sci5ce1 #afe    
,m$ull>y bulb 9 ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s  
sy/em1 #beb   & consci\sness1 #aaj      
,memory1 #e1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #afg1 #afh1 
#ahj1 #aha1 #bja  ,m5opause 9           
illu/ration ( crisis ( evolution1 #ai   
,m5tal life1 unity (1 #bfh              
,metamorphoses ( l>vae1 #aci-dj1 #adf-g1
 #aff  ,metaphysics & duration1 #bgf   &

 epi/emology1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahe1 #aig1   
#bjh-i   ,galileo's influ5ce on1 #bj1   
#bch   in/9ctive1 #aia-b1 #bfi1 #bgj1   
#bgg-h   & intellect1 #ahi-ij   & matt]1
 #aid   natural1 #ba1 #cbe   & sci5ce1  
#agf-g1 #aid-e1 #aih1 #bjh-i1 #cdd1     
#ced1 #cfi-gj   sy/ematic1 #aia1 #aib1  
#aid1 #aie-f1 #bch1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #cdg    
,met*nik(f1 #ah note  ,me?od (          
philosophy1 #aia-b  ,microbes1 illu/rat+
 div]g5ce ( t5d5cy1 #aag  ,microbial    
colonies1 #bei  ,m9d1 individual1 9     
philosophy1 #aia   & intellect1 #dh-i1  
#bje-f   k z relative to c]ta9          
requirem5ts ( ! m9d1 #aeb1    #aij-a1   
#bcj   & matt]1 #ahh-i1 #bja1 #bjb1     
#bjc1 #bje-f1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #cej1   
#cfe-i     ,see ,psy*ic1                
,psy*o-physiological p>allelism1        
,psy*ology &     ,philosophy1 ,greek3   
psy*  ,m9ot1 ,s$gwick1 #ag note         
,mobility1 t5d5cy t[>d1 *>act]izes      
animals1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abi-cb1     
#ace1 #ahj   & consci\sness1 #ajh1 #aaa1
 #aae-f1 #bfa   & intellect1 #aed-e1    

#afa-b1 #afc1 #cjj1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #ccg   (
 intellig5t signs1 #aeh1 #aei   life z  
t5d5cy t[>d1 #abg-h1 #aca1 #acb   9     
plants1 #aab1 #ace     ,see ,motion     
,mbius1 #fj note  ,model necess>y to !  
con/ructive "w ( intellect1 #afd1 #aff-g
  ,mod]n a/ronomy comp>$ ) anci5t       
sci5ce1 #ccd1 #cce   geometry comp>$ )  
anci5t sci5ce1 #ca1 #afa1 #ccd          
idealism1 #bca   philosophy comp>$ )    
anci5t1 #bbe-i1 #bca1 #cbg-h1 #cdd1     
#cde1    #cdi-ea1 #ced1 #cef-g          
philosophy3 p>allelism ( body & m9d 91  
#ahj1 #cej1 #cee1 #cef   sci5ce3        
c9ematographical "* (1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccf1
 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdf-g   sci5ce comp>$ )   
anci5t1 #cbi-cf1 #cdb-e1 #cef-g         
sci5ce1 ,galileo's influ5ce on1 #ccd1   
#cce   sci5ce1 ,kepl]'s influ5ce on1    
#ccd   sci5ce1 magnitudes ! object (1   
#ccc1 #cce   sci5ce1 "t an indep5d5t    
v>iable 91 #bj1 #cce  ,molecules1 #bea  
,molluscs1 illu/rat+ animal t5d5cy to   
mobility1 #abi-ca   p]ception 91 #ahi   
vision 91 #fj1 #ge1 #gg1 #hc1 #hf1 #hg  

,monads ( ,leibniz1 #cea-d  ,mon]a1 #abf
  ,monism1 #cee  ,moral sci5ces1        
weakness ( d$uction 91 #bab  ,morat1    
#abc note  ,morgan1 ,l41 #gi note1 #hj  
,motion1 ab/ract1 #cjd   articulations  
(1 #caj-a   an animal *>act]i/ic1 #beb  
& ! c9ematograph1 #cjd-e   cont9uity (1 
#caj   9 ,desc>tes1 #cdf-g              
evolution>y1 ext5sive & qualitative1    
#cjb1 #cjc1 #caa1 #cab   9 g5]al 7i4e4  
ab/ract71 #cjd-e   indivisibility (1    
#cjf-g1 #caa1 #ccf-g1 #cch   & in/9ct1  
#aci-dj1 #cca-b   & intellect1 #ga1     
#aee1 #aef1 #aei-fj1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bih1  
#cag-h1 #cba1 #cbi1    #cca-b1 #cch1    
#cdd-e   organization (1 #caj-a   track 
laid by motion along its c\rse1 #cjh-aa1
 #ccg1 #cch     ,see ,mobility1 ,movem5t
  ,motive pr9ciple ( evolution3         
consci\sness1 #aha-b  ,motor me*anisms1 
c]ebral1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfc1 #bfe         
,m\l9-,quignon1 qu>ry (1 #acg  ,m\ssu1  
#ha  ,movem5t & animal life1 #ajh1 #aca1
 #acb   asc5d+1 #ab1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1  
#ahe1 #bjh-i1 #baj-a1 #cfi-gj4     ,see 

,vital impetus   consci\sness &1 #aaa1  
#aah1 #add-e1 #bjg-h   desc5d+1 #aa-b1  
#bjb-d1 #bjg-aj1 #bab1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bef1
 #bgj1 #bgf1 #cci1    #cfa1 #cfi-gj     
goal (1 ! object ( ! intellect1 #aee1   
#bii-cjj1 #cjb1 #cjc   intellect unable 
to grasp1 #cac   mutual inv]sion (      
cosmic movem5ts1 #abf-g1 #adc1 #add1    
#agc-d1 #agf1 #agg1    #bji-aj1 #bab1   
#bag1 #bah1 #bbb-c1 #bcf1 #bde-ea1 #bfa1
 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bgb1 #cdb-c   life z1     
#aff1 #agf-g   & ! n]v\s sy/em1 #aaj1   
#acb1 #acd1 #ahj1 #bfb-c   ( plants1    
#aji1 #ace-f     ,see ,mobility1        
,motion1 ,locomotion1 ,curr5t1 ,t5d5cy1 
,impetus1    ,impulse1 ,impulsion       
,movem5ts1 antagoni/ic cosmic1 #abh-i1  
#ace1 #aha1 #ahe1 #bej1 #bei4     ,see  
,movem5t1 ,mutual inv]sion ( cosmic     
,multiplicity1 ab/ract1 #beg1 #bei      
di/9ct1 #bjb1 #bji-aj1 #beg4 ,see       
,int]p5etration   does n apply to life1 
x1 #afb1 #agg1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bgj         
,mutability1 exhau/ion (1 ( ! univ]se1  
#bdd1 #bde  ,mutations1 sudd51 #bh1     

#fb-c1 #fd-h   !ory (1 #he-f   ,natural 
geometry1 #aie-f1 #baa-b   in/rum5t1    
#ada1 #add-e1 #aej-a   or innate k1     
#adg1 #aej-a   logic1 #afa1 #aid-e      
metaphysic1 #ba1 #cbe-f   selection1    
#ed1 #ef-g1 #ei-fj1 #fa-e1 #fh1 #ie1    
#afi-gj  ,nature1 ,ari/otelian !ory (1  
#ace1 #agd   discord 91 #abg-h1 #bee1   
#bfg   facts & relations 91 #cfh        
incoh]5ce 91 #ajd   z in]t matt]1       
#afa-b1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbh-i1 #bci1 #bde1 
#bfd1 #bhj-a1 #cjc1    #cef1 #cei-fj1   
#cfg   z life1 #ajj1 #ach1 #aci-dj1     
#ada-b1 #adc1 #add-e1 #aej1 #aed1       
#aee-f1 #bbg1    #bda1 #bfj1 #bfi1 #bgj1
 #cja-b   ord] (1 #bbe-f   z ord]$      
div]sity1 #bca1 #bcc   unity (1 #aje1   
#aij1 #aia1 #aie1 #aif-i1 #cbb1 #ceb-g1 
#ceh  ,nebula1 cosmic1 #bdi1 #beg       
,necessity = creation1 vital impetus z1 
#beb1 #bfa   & dea? ( individuals1 #bdf 
note   & fre$om1 #bah1 #bcf1 #bgj   9   
,greek philosophy1 #cbf-g   9 induction1
 #bae1 #baf   & matt]1 #beb1 #bfd       
,negation1 #bge1 #bhe-ig4 ,see ,n\ght   

,negative cause ( ma!matical ord]1 #bag4
 ,see ,inv]se relation1 etc4   cosmic   
pr9ciple1 #abf-g1 #adc1 #add1 #agc-d1   
#agf-g1 #bji1 #bab1 #bah1 #bbc-d1       
#bcf1 #bde-ea1 #bfa1 #bfd-e1 #bgb1 #bdc4
     ,see ,in]t matt]1 ,opposition ( !  
two ultimate cosmic movem5ts1 etc4      
,neo-,d>w9ism1 #ee1 #ef1 #he1 #hf1      
#afi-gj  ,neo-,lam>ckism1 #db note      
,n]v\s sy/em a c5tre ( action1 #aji1    
#acj-a1 #acb1 #acd-e1 #ahj1 #bec1 #bfa-c
   ( ! plant1 #aad   primacy (1 #abj-a1 
#abf-g1 #beb  ,neurone & indet]m9ation1 
#abf  ,new1 fre$om & !1 #aa-b1 #afd1    
#afe1 #aii-bjj1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bdi1 
#bgj1 #cci-db  ,newcom51 #ahd  ,newton1 
#cce  ,nitrog5 & ! function ( organisms1
 #ajh1 #aac-d1 #aag1 #bee  ,greek3 noses
 nosis ( ,ari/otle1 #cef  ,non-exi/5ce4 
,see ,n\ght  ,no?+4 ,see ,n\ght  ,n\ght1
 conception ( !1 #bgc-hj1 #bha-c1       
#bhi-ij1 #bib-h1 #caf-g1 #cbg4     ,see 
,negation1 ,pseudo-ideas1 etc4  ,greek3 
n\s poitikos ( ,ari/otle1 #cbb          
,novelty4 ,see new4  ,nucleus           

intellig5ce z ! lum9\s1 envelop$ by     
in/9ct1 #aff-g   9 microbial colonies1  
#bei   intellig5ce z ! solid1 ba!d by a 
mi/ ( in/9ct1 #aic1 #aid   ( ,/5tor1    
#bfj  ,numb] illu/rat+ degrees (        
reality1 #cbd-e1 #cbg   logic (1 #bjh   
,nuptial flight1 #adf  ,nutritive       
elem5ts1 fixation (1 #ajg-i1 #aad1 #aag1
 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed  ,nymph 7,zool471     
#aci1 #adf   ,object ( ?is book1 ix-xv  
( in/9ct1 #adf-eb1 #afc1 #age-i   (     
intellect1 #adf-eb1 #afa-e1 #age1 #agi1 
#aij-a1 #aii-bjj1 #bcg1 #bej1    #beb1  
#bgj1 #bgc1 #bih-cjd1 #cjg-h1 #caa-b1   
#ced1 #cei   int]nality ( subject 91 !  
condition ( k ( reality1    #cjg-h1     
#cag-h1 #cei   ( k1 #adg1 #adh-i1       
#aei-fj   idea (1 contra/$ ) t   (      
univ]sal int]action1 #aa1 #ahh-i1 #bjg-h
   ( philosophy z contra/$ ) object (   
sci5ce1 #aie-f1 #bbj-a1 #bbe-f1    #bbg1
 #bci1 #bea1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #big-i1 #cje-f1
 #cdg   ( sci5ce1 #cbi1 #ccb-c1 #cce-f  
,oblit]ation ( outl9es 9 ! real1 #aa1   
#ahh1 #ahi1 #bjg-h  ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana1

 #fc1 #he-f  ,old1 gr[+4 ,see ,age   !1 
is ! object ( ! intellect1 #afc1 #afd1  
#aii1 #bgj  ,"o & _m 9 ! idea (         
individuality1 x1 #beh4 ,see ,unity     
,ontological argum5t 9 ,kant1 #bhd      
,opposition ( ! two ultimate cosmic     
movem5ts1 #abh-i1 #age-f1 #agi1    #ahf1
 #bja1 #bjc1 #bch1 #bdh1 #bed1 #bei1    
#bfa1 #bfg4     ,see ,inv]se relation ( 
! physical & psy*ical  ,or*ids1 in/9cts 
(1 #agj  ,ord] & action1 #bbf-g         
complem5t>ity ( ! two ord]s1 #ade-f1    
#agc-d1 #bba-b4     ,see ,ord]1 ,mutual 
inv]sion ( ! two ord]s   mutual cont+5cy
 ( ! two ord]s1 #bca1 #bce   & disord]1 
#dj1 #ajc-d1 #bbj-b1 #bbe-f1 #bca-f1    
#bgd   mutual inv]sion ( ! two ord]s1   
#ahf1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjf-i1 #baa1 #bab1   
#baf-h1 #bai-ba1 #bbb-c1 #bbe-f1 #bcj1  
#bcb1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bde-h1   
#bef1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfd1 #bgj1 #bgd1     
#cac1 #ccj   ma!matical1 #aec1 #bji-aa1 
#bag-i1 #bbc-f1 #bcj-c1 #bcf1 #bde1     
#bea1 #bgj1 #ccj-a   ( nature1 #bbe-f1  
#bca1 #bcc   z satisfaction1 #bbb1 #bbc1

 #bgd   vital1 #id-e1 #afd1 #bbb-g1     
#bcj1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #ccj-a   will$1 
#bbd1 #bci  ,organ & function1 #hh-ia1  
#ic-d1 #ie1 #acb1 #adj1 #ada1 #aeg1     
#afa-b  ,organic de/ruction &           
physico-*emi/ry1 #bbf   sub/ance1 #aca1 
#adj1 #ada-b1 #adi1 #afb-c1 #aie-f1 #bdj
 note1 #bee1 #bfg   _w1 cleft betwe51 & 
! inorganic1 #aij1 #aia1 #aif1 #aig-h   
_w1 h>mony (1 #ej-a1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaf1  
#aah1 #abf-g   _w1 in/9ct ! proc$ure (1 
#afe  ,organism & action1 #abc-d1 #abe1 
#agd1 #bec1 #bed1 #cjj-a   ambiguity (  
primitive1 #ii1 #aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abi1 
#acj   association ( organisms1 #bfj    
*ange & !1 #cja1 #cjb-c   complem5t>ity 
( intellig5ce & in/9ct 9 !1 #ada-b1     
#aej1 #aha1    #ahd1 #ahe   complexity (
 !1 #afb1 #bej1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfj        
consci\sness & !1 #aaa1 #ade1 #agi1     
#ahj1 #bfb1 #bgj   cont+5cy ( ! actual  
*emical nature ( !1 #bee1 #beg          
diff]5tiation ( p>ts 91 #beb1 #bfj4     
,see ,organism1 complexity (   ext5sion 
(1 by artificial in/rum5ts1 #ada1 #afa  

fre$om ! prop]ty ( e1 #acj1 #aca        
function (1 #bf1 #bg1 #gi1 #hj1 #he1    
#hg1 #hh1 #ic-d1 #ajf-aaj1 #aac1 #aad1  
#aag1    #abj1 #aba1 #abf-g1 #abh1 #acf1
 #agc-e1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bej1  
#bea1 #bed1    #bee1 #bef1 #beh1 #bgj   
function & /ructure1 #ee1 #fa1 #fb1 #fi1
 #gd1 #ge1 #gf-g1 #hf1 #hh-ia1 #ic-d1   
#ie1 #if-g1 #aah-i1 #acb1 #aci1 #adj1   
#aeg-h1 #afa-c1 #bej1 #beb1 #bef        
g5]ality typifi$ by simil>ity among     
organisms1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbh-i1 #bcj     
hive z1 #aff   & individuation1 x1 #ab1 
#ac1 #ae1 #bc1 #bf-g1 #db1 #adi1 #aie-f1
 #bbe-f1    #bbh-i1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1   
#bgj   mutual int]p5etration (          
organisms1 #agg-h   me*anism ( !1 #ca1  
#ib-c1 #id   philosophy & !1 #aie-f     
unity ( !1 #agf-h  ,organization (      
action1 #adb1 #ade1 #adg-h1 #aej1 #aha1 
#ahd1 #ahe   ( duration1 #e-f1 #ae1 #be1
 #bf   explosive "* (1 #ib   & in/9ct1  
#bd1 #ach-df1 #aej1 #afe-g1 #aga-b1     
#agc1 #agf1 #aib-c1 #aid1 #bfd   &      
intellect1 #afa-b   & manufacture1 #ib1 

#ic1 #id-e1 #if1 #abf-h   is ! modus    
viv5di betwe5 ! antagoni/ic cosmic      
curr5ts1 #aha1 #bej1 #bed   ( motion1   
#caj   & p]ception1 #bbf-g  ,orig9ality 
( ! will$ ord]1 #bbd  ,or?og5esis1 #fi1 
#hf-g  ,oscillation betwe5 association &
 individuation1 #bei1 #bfa4     ,see    
,societies   ( e!r1 #cja-b   ( in/9ct & 
intellig5ce ab\t a mean position1 #acf  
( p5dulum1 illu/rat+ space & "t 9 anci5t
 philosophy1    #cah-i1 #cbj   betwe5   
repres5tation ( inn] & out] reality1    
#bgi-hj   ( s5sible reality 9 anci5t    
philosophy ab\t be+1 #caf-h  ,outl9es ( 
p]ception ! plan ( action1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1
 #ic1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bjd-e1    #bjf-g1    
#bbf-g1 #bbh-i1 #bcj1 #bej1 #bii-cjj1   
#cjf  ,oxyg51 #aad1 #bed1 #bee          
,paleontology1 #bd-e1 #abi1 #aci        
,paleozoic era1 #ajb  ,p>allelism1      
psy*o-physiological1 #ahj1 #cej1 #cea1  
#cee1 #cef  ,p>alyz+ in/9ct 9 hym5opt]a1
 #aci-dj1 #adf1 #agb1 #agd-e  ,p>asites1
 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa-ac1 #acd-e      
,p>asitism1 #acb  ,passivity1 #bbb-d    

,pa/1 subsi/5ce (1 9 pres5t1 #d1 #bj-c1 
#bf-g1 #ajh1 #aii-bjb  ,peckham1 #agc-d 
note  ,pect51 illu/rat+ id5tical        
/ructures 9 div]g5t l9es (    evolution1
 #fb1 #fc1 #ge  ,p$agogical & social    
nature ( negation1 #bhg-ig  ,p$agogy & !
 function ( ! intellect1 #afe           
,p5etration1 reciprocal1 #afa-b4        
,see ,int]p5etration  ,p]ception &      
action1 #d-e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ic1 #ahh1 #ahi1
 #bjf1 #bbf-g1 #bbh-i1    #cjj-a1 #cjf-g
   & becom+1 #agf-g1 #cjc-f             
c9ematographical "* (1 #bjf-g1 #bdi1    
#bea1 #cca-b   di/9ctness (1 #bbf-g1    
#bej   & geometry1 #bje1 #bcj   9       
molluscs1 #ahh   & organization1 #bbf-g 
prolong$ 9 intellect1 #afa-b1 #bgc      
reaction 91 #bfd   & recollection1 #ahj1
 #aha   refracts reality1 #bjd1 #bch1   
#cei-fj   rhy?m (1 #bii-cjj1 #cja   &   
sci5ce1 #afh  ,p]man5ce an illusion1    
#bii-cja  ,p]on1 #hj  ,p]ri]1 ,ed41 #bfj
 note  ,p]sonality1 absolute reality (1 
#bfi   conc5tration (1 #bja1 #bjb   &   
matt]1 #bfi1 #bgj   ! object (          

intuition1 #bfh   t5sion (1 #aii1 #bjj1 
#bja  ,p]!s1 ,b\*] de1 #acg  ,pha$rus1  
#aef note  ,phagocytes & ext]nal        
f9ality1 #db  ,phagocytosis & gr[+ old1 
#ah  ,phantom ideas & problems1 #agg1   
#bgg1 #bhc1 #bif  ,philosophical        
explanation contra/$ ) sci5tific        
explanation1 #afh  ,philosophy & art1   
#agf-g   & biology1 #dc-d1 #aid-f   &   
exp]i5ce1 #aig-h   function ( #bi-cj1   
#hd-e1 #ic-d1 #afh1 #agc-d1 #aid-g1     
#aih1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #cfi-gj   hi/ory (1   
#bch   incompletely consci\s ( itself1  
#bjg-h1 #bji   individual m9d 91 #aia   
& intellect1 ix-xv   intellect &        
intuition 91 #bch   ( intuition1 #agf-g1
 #aia-d1 #aif1 #aig1 #bgg   me?od (1    
#aia-b1 #aid1 #aie1 #bci   object (1    
#bci   & ! organism1 #aie-f   & physics1
 #aid1 #bjh   & psy*ology1 #aid1 #aif   
& sci5ce1 #age1 #aif-g1 #bjh1 #cde1 #cgj
     ,see ,anci5t philosophy1           
,cosmology1 ,f9alism1 ,me*ani/ic        
philosophy1 ,metaphysics1 ,mod]n        
philosophy1 ,po/-,kantian philosophy    

,phonograph illu/rat+ unw9d+ cause1 #gc 
,phosphoresc5ce1 consci\sness comp>$ to1
 #bfb  ,photograph1 illu/rat+ ! nature (
 ! intellectual view (    reality1 #ca1 
#cjd-e  ,photography1 in/antane\s1      
illu/rat+ ! me*anism ( !    intellect1  
#cca-b1 #ccc  ,physical exi/5ce1 z      
contra/$ ) logical1 #bgf1 #big-h1 #cbh1 
#cfa   laws1 _! precise =m artificial1  
#bah1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bdj-a   laws & !     
negative cosmic movem5t1 #bah           
op]ations ! object ( intellig5ce1 #age1 
#bej   ord]1 imitation (1 by ! vital1   
#bcj   sci5ce1 #agf-g  ,physico*emi/ry &
 organic de/ruction1 #bbf   & biology1  
#be-f1 #bi-cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ee1 #eg1 
#ih1 #aid  ,physics1 anci5t1 logic      
spoil$1 #cbj1 #cba-b   ( anci5t         
philosophy1 #cae1 #cbj1 #cba-b1 #cee   (
 ,ari/otle1 #bbh note1 #cbd note1 #cca1 
#ccb   & d$uction1 #bac   ( ,galileo1   
#ceg1 #cfi-gj   & individuality (       
bodies1 #ahh1 #bjh   z inv]t$ psy*ics1  
#bjb   & logic1 #cai-bj1 #cba   &       
metaphysics1 #aid1 #bjh   & mutability1 

#bde   success (1 #bah1 #bai            
,pigm5t-spot & adaptation1 #fj1 #fa1    
#ga-c1 #gf-g   & h]$ity1 #hc1 #hd       
,p+uicula1 c]ta9 animal *>act]i/ics (1  
#ajg  ,plan1 motionless1 ( action !     
object ( intellect1 #aee1 #bih-i1       
#cja-b1 #cjc  ,planets1 life 9 o!r1 #bef
  ,plants & animals 9 evolution1        
#aje-ci1 #adb-c1 #add1 #ade-f1 #adg1    
#afh1    #afi-gj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc-d1   
#ahe1 #bed1 #bfg   complem5t>ity (1 to  
animals1 #ahc-d1 #ahe1 #bfg             
consci\sness (1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abj1 
#abh-ce1 #adb-c1 #add1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bib4
     ,see ,torpor1 ,sleep   function (1 
#ajg-i1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #bdf1 #bdg1   
#bed1 #bef   function & /ructure 91 #fg1
 #gg-h1 #gi   individuation 91 #ab      
in/9ct 91 #agj1 #aga   & mobility1 #ajh1
 #aji1 #aaa-ac1 #aah-i1 #abi1 #acj1     
#ace-f   p>allelism ( evolution )       
animals1 #ei-fj1 #ajf-h1 #aaf           
support]s ( all life1 #bga   v>iation (1
 #he1 #hf  ,plasma1 cont9uity (         
g]m9ative1 #be-f1 #db1 #gh-hc  ,pla/ic  

sub/ances1 #bee  ,plato1 #di1 #aef1     
#aia1 #baj note1 #caf1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbj1
 #cba1 #cbg1 #ccj1 #cdg1 #cdi  ,platonic
 ideas1 #di1 #cae-f1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbg1  
#ccj1 #ceb  ,plot9us1 #baj note1 #cad-e1
 #cbc1 #cbd note1 #cdi1 #ceb1 #cec      
,plurality1 confus$1 ( life1 #beg4      
,see ,int]p5etration  ,poem1 s\nds (1   
di/9ct to p]ception2 ! s5se indivisible 
to    intuition1 #bji   illu/rat+       
creation ( matt]1 #bdj1 #cai-bj  ,greek3
 poitikos1 n\s1 ( ,ari/otle1 #cbb       
,polymorphism ( ants1 bees1 & wasps1    
#adj   ( insect societies1 #aeg         
,polyzoism1 #bfj  ,positive reality1    
#bjh1 #bab4 ,see ,reality  ,positivity1 
mat]iality an inv]sion or int]ruption (1
 #bai1 #bdf1    #bdg-h1 #cai-bj         
,possible activity z a factor 9         
consci\sness1 #aa1 #ab1 #if1 #add1 #ade1
    #adf-g1 #aeh-i1 #afe1 #agi1 #ahj1   
#aha1 #ahi1 #bfd1 #cfh   exi/5ce1 #bij1 
#bie  ,po/-,kantian philosophy1 #cfb1   
#cfc  ,pot5tial activity4 ,see ,possible
 activity   g5]a1 #bbf   k1 #adb-g1     

#aej1 #aff  ,pot5tiality1 life z an     
imm5se1 #beh1 #bgj   zone (1 surr\nd+   
acts1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bfd4 ,see      
,possible activity  ,p[]s ( life1       
complem5t>ity (1 xii1 xiii1 #bf1 #bg1   
#ea-e1 #ig-aje1 #aaj1    #aac1 #aaf-h1  
#aai1 #abf-g1 #aca-f1 #adj-c1 #agf1     
#agg1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bdf1 #bed1 #bee1     
#beg1 #bff1 #bgj1 #cdc1 #cde  ,practical
 nature ( p]ception & its prolongation 9
 intellect &    sci5ce1 #acg-da1 #aej1  
#aic-d1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjf1 #bjg-h1 #bah1 
#bdg-h1 #bgc1    #bha1 #cje1 #cjf-g1    
#cbh1 #cbi  ,pre/abli%$ h>mony1 #bje-f1 
#bjg  ,pres5t1 creation (1 by pa/1 #e1  
#bj-c1 #bf-g1 #afg1 #aii-bjb            
,prevision4 ,see ,=esee+  ,primacy (    
n]v\s sy/em1 #abj-f1 #beb  ,prim>y      
in/9ct1 #ach-i1 #afh  ,primitive        
organisms1 ambigu\s =ms (1 #ii1 #aab1   
#aac1 #aaf1 #abi1 #acj  ,procession 9   
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbc  ,progress1 
adaptation &1 #aja ff4   evolution>y1   
#ej1 #acc1 #acd1 #ach1 #ada-b1 #agc-d1  
#age1 #ahe1 #bfd-e1 #bff  ,prose & v]se1

 illu/rat+ ! two k9ds ( ord]s1 #bba1    
#bcb  ,protophytes1 coloniz+ (1 #bei    
,protoplasm1 circulation (1 #cb-c1 #ajh 
& s5esc5ce1 #ah1 #ai   imitation (1     
#cb-c1 #ce   primitive1 & ! n]v\s sy/em1
 #abd1 #abf-g   ( primitive organisms1  
#ii1 #ajh1 #aji   & ! vital pr9ciple1   
#db-c  ,protozoa1 association (1 #bei-fa
   age+ (1 #af   ( ambigu\s =m1 #aab   &
 individuation1 #ad1 #bei-fa   me*anical
 explanation ( movem5ts (1 #cc   & n]v\s
 sy/em1 #abf   reproduction (1 #ad      
,pseudo-ideas & problems1 #agg1 #bgg1   
#bhc1 #bif  ,pseudoneuropt]a1 division (
 labor among1 #adj  ,greek3 ps*n (      
,ari/otle1 #cej   ( ,plot9us1 #baj note 
,psy*ic activity1 tw(old nature (1 #acf1
 #adj-a1 #adb-c   life1 cont9uity (1    
#a-aa1 #bi-cj  ,psy*ical exi/5ce        
contra/$ ) logical1 #bgf1 #big-h1       
#cbg-h1 #cfa   nature ( life1 #beg      
,psy*ics inv]t$ physics1 #bja1 #bjb4    
,see ,inv]se relation ( ! physical &    
psy*ical  ,psy*ology & d$uction1 #bab-c 
& ! g5esis ( intellect1 #ahg1 #aid1     

#aie-f1 #aig   intuitional cosmology z  
rev]s$1 #bjh-i  ,psy*o-physiological    
p>allelism1 #ahj1 #cej1 #cea1 #cee1 #cef
  ,pub]ty1 illu/rat+ crises 9 evolution1
 #ai1 #cbj-a   ,qualitative1 evolution>y
 & ext5sive becom+1 #cac   motion1      
#cjb-c1 #cjd1 #caa  ,qualities1 acts1   
=ms1 ! classes ( repres5tation1 #cjc1   
#cad   bodies z bundles (1 #cjj-a       
co9cid5ce (1 #cji   & movem5ts1 #bii-cjj
   & natural geometry1 #baa             
sup]imposition (1 9 induction1 #baf     
,quality is *ange1 #bii-cjj   9 ,eleatic
 philosophy1 #cad-e   & quantity 9      
anci5t philosophy1 #cbc-d   & quantity 9
 mod]n philosophy1 #cej   & rhy?m1      
#cjj-b  ,quat]n>y sub/ances1 #aba       
,qu9ton1 ,r51 #acd note                 
,radius-vector1 ,helioc5tric1 9 ,kepl]'s
 laws1 #ccd  ,rank1 evolution>y1 #ej1   
#acc-e1 #agc-d1 #bfe  ,reaction1 rle (1 
9 p]ception1 #bbf-g  ,ready-made        
categories1 x1 xiv1 #dh1 #bcg1 #bej1    
#bea1 #bgc1 #caa1 #cba1    #cbi1 #ced1  
#cei  ,real activity z di/+ui%$ f       

possible1 #ade   common-s5se is cont9u\s
 exp]i5ce ( !1 #bac   cont9uity ( !1    
#cjb1 #cbi   di*otomy ( !1 9 mod]n      
philosophy1 #cdi   imitation ( !1 by    
intellig5ce1 #ij1 #bjd1 #beh1 #bgj1     
#cjg1 #cee   oblit]ation ( outl9es 9 !1 
#aa-b1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bjg-h               
repres5tation ( !1 by sci5ce1 #bjc-d    
,realism1 anci5t1 #bca-b  ,reali/s &    
ideali/s alike assume possibility (     
abs5ce ( ord]1    #bbj1 #bca-b          
,reality1 absolute1 #aih1 #bbh-i1 #bcj1 
#bfi1 #cei-fj1 #cfa   z action1 #dg1    
#aia-b1 #aid-e1 #bdi   degrees (1 #cbc1 
#cbg   9 dogmatic metaphysics1 #aif     
d\ble =m (1 #agi-hj1 #baf1 #bcj-a1 #bcf 
z duration1 #aa-b1 #bag1 #bgb   z flux1 
#afe1 #bej1 #bea1 #bid1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cdb
   & ! frames ( ! intellect1 #cfc-d1    
#cfe4     ,see ,frames ( ! und]/&+   z  
fre$om1 #bdg   ( g5]a 9 anci5t          
philosophy1 #bbf-g   is gr[?1 #bci      
imitation (1 by ! intellect1 #hi-ij1    
#cfe   & ! intellect1 #eb1 #hi-ij1 #aec1
 #aia1 #aib1 #cad-e1 #cee-f             

intelligible1 9 anci5t philosophy1 #cag 
k (1 #cjg-h1 #cag1 #ceh-i   & me*anism1 
#cea1 #ced-e   z movem5t1 #ij1 #aee1    
#cja-b1 #cab   & n-be+1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bhe
   ( ! p]son1 #bfi   refraction (1 ?r\gh
 ! =ms ( p]ception1 #bjd1 #bch1 #cei-fj 
& sci5ce1 #aid1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii1       
#bjc-d1 #bjf-h1 #ced1 #ceg   s5sible1 9 
anci5t philosophy1 #cad1 #cag1 #cba1    
#cbg1 #cbh1 #ceb   symbol (1 xi1 #cj-a1 
#ga1 #hh-i1 #ic-d1 #aie-f1 #aig1 #bji1  
#bdj1 #cdb1    #cfj-a1 #cfi   undef9able
 conceptually1 #ac1 #di   unkn[able 9   
,kant1 #bje   unkn[able 9 ,sp5c]1 xi    
views (1 #cj-a1 #ga1 #hd1 #hh1 #aii1    
#bja1 #bjf-g1 #bbe-f1 #bdi1 #beh1 #bgc1 
#cjj-g1 #caa1 #cad1 #cca-b1 #cdb1 #cea1 
#ceb  ,reason & life1 #g1 #h1 #dh1 #afa 
_c transc5d itself1 #aic-d  ,reason+ &  
act+1 #aib-c   & exp]i5ce1 #bjc-d   &   
matt]1 #bjd-e1 #bjh-i   on matt] & life1
 #g1 #h  ,recollection1 dep5d5ce (1 on  
special circum/ances1 #afg1 #ahj   9 !  
dream1 #bjb1 #bjg-h   & p]ception1 #ahj1
 #aha  ,recomm5c+1 cont9ual1 ( ! pres5t 

9 ! /ate ( relaxation1 #bja  ,recompos+1
 decompos+ &1 ! *>act]i/ic p[]s (       
intellect1    #aeg1 #bea  ,record1 false
 comp>ison ( memory )1 #e  ,reflection1 
#aeh-i  ,reflex activity1 #aaj          
comp\nd1 #agc-d1 #age-f  ,refraction ( !
 idea ?r\gh matt] or non-be+1 #caf-g   (
 reality ?r\gh =ms ( p]ception1 #bjd1   
#bch1 #cei-fj  ,reg5]ation &            
individuality1 #ac1 #ad  ,regi/] ( "t1  
#af1 #bj1 #cg  ,re9ke1 #db note         
,relation1 impr9t ( relations & laws ^u 
consci\sness1 #ahh   z law1 #bbi1 #bcj-a
   & ?+1 #adg-eb1 #aef-g1 #afj1 #afa1   
#ahg1 #bjb1 #ceb1 #ceg  ,relativism1    
epi/emological1 #aif1 #aig1 #bcj        
,relativity ( immobility1 #aee   ( !    
intellect1 xi1 #dh-i1 #aeb1 #aec1 #ahg1 
#aie-f1 #aig-h1 #aii1 #bai1    #bgc1    
#cjf-g1 #cfj-a   ( k1 #aeb1 #aia1 #bcj  
( p]ception1 #bbf-g1 #bbh1 #cjj-a       
,relaxation 9 ! dream /ate1 #bja1       
#bji-aj   & ext5sion1 #bja1 #bjg-h1     
#bji1 #baj1 #bab1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bde   &  
intellect1 #bjj1 #bjg-h1 #bji1 #bab1    

#bah   logic a1 ( virtual geometry1 #bab
   matt] a1 ( unext5d$ into ext5d$1 #bah
   memory vani%es 9 complete1 #bjj      
necessity z1 ( fre$om1 #bah   pres5t    
cont9ually recomm5ces 9 ! /ate (        
relaxation1 #bjj   w vani%es 9 complete1
 #bjj1 #bjg-h     ,see ,t5sion  ,releas+
 cause1 #gc1 #gd1 #aae1 #aah-i1 #abj    
,repetition & g5]alization1 #bcj-a1 #bcb
   & fabrication1 #dd-e1 #df1 #aee-h   &
 intellect1 #aef-g1 #aii1 #bad-f   (    
/ates1 #e-f1 #g-h1 #bh-i1 #cj1 #cf1     
#de-f1 #dg   9 ! vital & 9 ! ma!matical 
ord]1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bca            
,repres5tation & action1 #adc-d1 #ade1  
#ahj   classes (3 qualities1 =ms1 acts1 
#cjb-c1 #cad   & consci\sness1 #adc-d   
( motion1 #aei-fj1 #cjc-d1 #cje1 #cjf-g1
 #cjh1 #cac1 #cae1 #cdd-e   ( ! ,n\ght1 
#bgc-hj1 #bha-d1 #bhi-cag1 #cbg         
,repres5t$ or int]naliz$ action di/+ui%$
 f ext]naliz$    action1 #add-g1 #aeh-i1
 #afe  ,reproduction & individuation1   
#ac1 #ad  ,resemblance4 ,see ,simil>ity 
,res]voir1 organism a1 ( en]gy1 #aae1   

#aaf1 #abe-f1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bed  ,re/ &  
motion 9 ,z5o1 #cjh-ab  ,retrogression 9
 evolution1 #acc1 #acd  ,retrospection !
 function ( intellect1 #dg-h1 #bcg      
,rev]s$ psy*ology3 intuitional          
cosmology1 #bjh  ,rhizocephala & animal 
mobility1 #aaa  ,rhumbl]1 #cd note      
,rhy?m ( duration1 #aa-b1 #abg-h1       
#cjj-a1 #cde-g   intellig5ce adopts !1 (
 action1 #cje-f   ( p]ception1 #bii-cjj1
 #cja   & quality1 #cja   scann+ !1 ( ! 
univ]se ! function ( sci5ce1 #cdf-g   ( 
sci5ce mu/ co9cide ) t ( action1 #cbj   
( ! univ]se untranslatable into         
sci5tific =mulae1 #ccg  ,r+s (          
ar?ropods1 #acb-c  ,rip5+1 creative     
evolution z1 #dg-h1 #cdj-a  ,romanes1   
#aci  ,r\le1 #bg note  ,roy 7,le71 ,ed41
 #bah note   ,salam&ra maculata1 vision 
91 #ge  ,sal5sky1 #ge note  ,same1      
function ( intellect connect+ same )    
same1 #aii-bjj1 #bcc1 #bgj  ,samt] &    
,heymons1 #gb note  ,saporta 7,de71 #aab
 note  ,savage's s5se ( di/ance &       
direction1 #bab  ,skepticism or         

dogmatism ! dilemma ( any sy/ematic     
metaphysics1    #aie-f1 #aig1 #bcj-a    
,s*isms 9 ! primitive impulsion ( life1 
#bed-e1 #beg4     ,see ,div]g5t l9es (  
evolution  ,s*ola/icism1 #cgj  ,sci5ce &
 action1 #ic1 #aie1 #aih1 #cbh-i        
anci5t1 & mod]n1 #cbi-cg1 #cdb-e1 #ceg  
a/ronomy1 anci5t & mod]n1 #ccd-e1 #ccf  
c>tesian geometry & anci5t geometry1    
#ccc-d   c9ematographical "* ( mod]n1   
#cbi1 #ccj1 #ccf-g1 #cdj-a1 #cdb1 #cde-h
   conv5tionality ( a c]ta9 aspect (1   
#bjf-g   & d$uction1 #bab-c   &         
discont9uity1 #afa-b   function (1 #ib1 
#afg-h1 #agc-d1 #agf-g1 #aic-d1 #aie-f1 
#aih-i1 #cbh-i1 #cdf-g   ,galileo's     
influ5ce on mod]n1 #ccc-d1 #cce   &     
in/9ct1 #afi1 #agj1 #agc-d1 #age1 #aic-e
   & intellig5ce1 #agf1 #agg1 #aic-f    
,kepl]'s influ5ce on mod]n1 #ccd   &    
matt]1 #aid-e1 #bjf-g1 #bjh   mod]n4    
,see ,mod]n sci5ce   object (1 #aie-f1  
#bbj1 #bba1 #bea1 #bgj-a1 #bgc1 #bif-h1 
#cjf-g1 #cbh-i1    #ccb-c1 #cce-f1      
#cdg-h   & p]ception1 #afh   &          

philosophy1 #age-f1 #aif-g1 #bjh-i1     
#cdd1 #cgj   physical4 ,see ,physics &  
reality4 ,see ,reality & sci5ce   & "t1 
#h-ac1 #bj1 #cce-h   unity (1 #aie-f1   
#aig1 #bbh-i1 #bcj1 #cba-b1 #cbc1       
#cdd-e1 #cdg-h1 #cdi1 #ced1    #cee-f1  
#cei-fj1 #cfb-c  ,sci5tific concepts1   
#cch-dj   explanation & philosophical   
explanation1 #afh   =mulae1 #ccg        
geometry1 #afa1 #baa   k1 #aic-d1       
#aif-g1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bah    
,scl]osis & age+1 #ai  ,scolia1 p>alyz+ 
in/9ct 91 #agb  ,scope ( action         
indef9itely ext5d$ by intellig5t        
in/rum5ts1 #ada   ( ,galileo's physics1 
#ceg1 #cgj  ,scott1 #fc note  ,sea-ur*9 
& individuality1 #ac  ,sailles1 #bi note
  ,second>y in/9cts1 #aci1 #afh         
,section+ ( becom+ 9 ! philosophy (     
ideas1 #cag-h   ( matt] by p]ception1   
#bjf-g1 #bdi1 #bea  ,s$gwick1 #bfj note 
,see+ & will+1 co9cid5ce (1 9 intuition1
 #bcg  ,selection1 natural1 #ed1 #ef-g1 
#ei-fj1 #fa-b1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh1 #ie-f1    
#afi1 #agj  ,self1 co9cid5ce (1 )1 #aii 

exi/5ce (1 means *ange1 #a ff4   k (1 #a
 ff4  ,s5esc5ce1 #ae-bc1 #bf-g1 #db-c   
,s5sation & space1 #bjb                 
,s5se-p]ception4 ,see ,p]ception        
,s5sible flux1 #caf-g1 #cah1 #cba1 #cbb1
 #cbg1 #cdc1 #cde   intuition &         
ultra-intellectual1 #cfj-a   object1    
apogee (1 #cdb-c1 #cdd-e1 #cdi          
reality1 #cad1 #cag1 #cai1 #cbg1 #cbh1  
#ceb  ,s5sibility1 =ms (1 #cfa          
,s5sitive plant1 9 illu/ration (        
mobility 9 plants1 #aji  ,s5sori-motor  
sy/em4 ,see ,n]v\s sy/em  ,s5su\s       
manifold1 #bje1 #bba1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf  
,s5tim5t1 poetic1 9 illu/ration (       
individuation1 #beh1 #bei  ,s]kovski1   
#bei note  ,s]pula1 9 illu/ration (     
id5tical evolution 9 div]g5t l9es1 #if  
,sexual cells1 #ad1 #bf1 #bg1 #gi-ha    
,sexuality p>allel 9 plants & animals1  
#eh-fj1 #aai-ba  ,%al]1 ,n4,s41 #acc    
note1 #ahd note  ,%ea?1 calc>e\s1 9     
illu/ration ( animal t5d5cy to mobility1
 #acj-a  ,signs1 function (1 #aeh1 #aei1
 #afj   ! in/rum5t ( sci5ce1 #cbi-cj    

,sigw>t1 #bhg note  ,silurian epo*1     
failure ( c]ta9 species to evolve s9ce1 
#ajb  ,simil>ity among individuals (    
same species ! type ( g5]ality1         
#bbd-f1 #bbh-i1 #bcj-a   & me*anical    
causality1 #dd1 #de  ,simultaneity1 to  
measure "t is m]ely to c\nt             
simultaneities1 #i1    #ccf1 #ccg1 #cda 
,s9u\sness ( evolution1 #ga1 #ih1 #ajb1 
#bab-c  ,sit>is1 unconsci\s k (1 #adf1  
#adg  ,situation & magnitude1 problems  
(1 #baa  ,sket*+ movem5ts1 function (   
consci\sness1 #bjg-h  ,sleep1 #abi-ca1  
#ace1 #aha  ,snap%ot1 9 illu/ration (   
intellectual repres5tation ( motion1    
#cje1 #cjf1 #cac1 #cae1 #cdd     ,see   
,view ( reality1 ,c9ematographical "*1  
etc4   =m def9$ z a1 ( transition1      
#cja-b1 #cag1 #cah1 #cba-b1 #cde        
,social in/9ct1 #aja1 #adj1 #aeh1 #aga-b
   life1 #ach1 #adj1 #aeh1 #bfe   &     
p$agogical "* ( negation1 #bhg-ig       
,societies1 #aja1 #aca-b1 #aeh1 #aga-b1 
#bei  ,society & ! individual1 #bfj1    
#bfe  ,sol> en]gy /or$ by plants1       

releas$ by animals1 #bdf1 #bed   sy/ems1
 #bda-d1 #bdf note1 #bef1 #bgj   sy/ems1
 life 9 o!r1 #bef  ,solid1 concepts     
analog\s to solids1 ix   intellect z a  
solid nucleus1 #aic1 #aid   ! mat]ial ( 
con/ruction & ! object ( ! intellect1   
#aec1    #aed1 #afa1 #afb1 #bea         
,solid>ity betwe5 bra9 & consci\sness1  
#ahj1 #bfb   ( ! p>ts ( matt]1 #bjc1    
#bjg-h1 #bda1 #bga  ,solidification     
op]at$ by ! und]/&+1 #bdi  ,greek3 sma 9
 ,ari/otle1 #cej  ,somnambulism &       
consci\sness1 #add1 #ade1 #aei  ,s\l &  
body1 #cej   & cell1 #bfi   creation (1 
#bgj  ,space & action1 #bjc   9 anci5t  
philosophy1 #cah1 #cai   & concepts1    
#afj-a1 #afc1 #agd-e1 #agf-g1 #ahh-i1   
#beg-i   geometrical1 #bjc   homog5eity 
(1 #aef1 #bab   & induction1 #baf   9   
,kant's philosophy1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1   
#bdd   9 ,leibniz's philosophy1 #cea   &
 matt]1 #ahi1 #bjb-ac1 #bdd1 #beg1 #bfd1
 #cfa-b1 #cfh   & "t 9 ,kant's          
philosophy1 #bje-f   unity &            
multiplicity det]m9ations (1 #ceg-i     

,see ,ext5sion  ,spatiality atmosph]e (1
 ba?+ intellig5ce1 #bje   degradation ( 
! extra-spatial1 #bjg   & di/9ctness1   
#bjc1 #bjg1 #bdd1 #bej1 #beg-i   &      
geometrical space1 #bjc1 #baa1 #bac1    
#bah   & ma!matical ord]1 #bjh1 #bji    
,special in/9cts & environm5t1 #ach1    
#afh1 #aib-c1 #aid   & recollections1   
#afg1 #afh1 #ahj   z v>iations on a !me1
 #afg1 #agb1 #bfd  ,species1 articulate1
 #acc   evolution (1 #bdg1 #bee1 #bfi   
& ext]nal f9ality1 #abh-i1 #acj-a1 #acb1
 #bff   fossil1 #ajb   human1 z goal (  
evolution1 #bff1 #bfg   human1 /yl$ homo
 fab]1 #aci   & in/9ct1 #adj1 #afg1     
#agj-b1 #bfd   & life1 #afg   simil>ity 
)91 #bbc-f1 #bbh-i1 #bcj-a              
,speculation1 dead-locks 91 xii1 #aee1  
#aef1 #cab1 #cac-d   object (           
philosophy1 #dd1 #aeb1 #aif1 #aih1 #bbj1
 #bbe-f1 #bbg1 #bea1 #bgj-a1     #bgc1  
#big-h1 #cjf-g1 #cag1 #cdg-h  ,sp5c]1   
,h]b]t1 xi1 xiv1 #gh-i1 #aec1 #ahh1     
#ahi1 #aij1 #cfd1 #cfe  ,sp5c]'s        
evolutionism1 correspond5ce betwe5 m9d &

 matt] 91 #cfh   cosmogony 91 #ahh      
impr9t ( relations & laws ^u            
consci\sness 91 #ahh   matt] 91 #cfe1   
#cfg   m9d 91 #cfe1 #cfg  ,sph]es1      
conc5tric1 9 ,ari/otle's philosophy1    
#cbh  ,sphex1 p>alyz+ in/9ct 91 #agb-e  
,spid]s & p>alyz+ hym5opt]a1 #agb       
,sp9al cord1 #aaj  ,sp9oza1 ! adequate &
 ! inadequate1 #cec   cause1 #bgg       
dogmatism1 #cef1 #ceg   et]nity1 #cec   
ext5sion1 #cej   ,god1 #cea1 #ceg       
intuitionism1 #cdg   me*anism1 #cdh1    
#ceb1 #cee1 #cef   "t1 #cfb  ,_s1 #bea1 
#bfi1 #bgj  ,spirituality & mat]iality1 
#abh-i1 #bja-c1 #caf-g1 #bjh-i1 #baj-a1 
#bab-c1    #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbb-c1    
#bcg1 #bch1 #bde1 #bdg-h1 #bdi1 #bea1   
#bed1 #bef1 #beg1    #bei1 #bfa1 #bfg1  
#bgj-a1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #cdc  ,spontaneity (
 life1 #hf1 #bcg4 ,see ,fre$om   &      
me*anism1 #dj   9 vegetables1 #aji   & !
 will$ ord]1 #bbd  ,sport 7biol471 #fc  
,/>*1 9 ! function ( vegetable k+dom1   
#aad  ,/ates ( becom+1 #a1 #ac1 #afc1   
#bdg-h1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjg  ,/atic "* ( ! 

intellect1 #aee-f1 #afc1 #bgd1 #bih     
views ( becom+1 #bgc  ,/ehasny1 #abd    
note  ,/eam-eng9e & bronze1 p>allel z   
epo*-m>k+1 #ach-i  ,/5tor &             
individuality1 #bfj  ,/oics1 #caf  ,/or+
 ( sol> en]gy by plants1 #bdf1 #bec-f   
,/ra9 ( b[ & indivisibility ( motion1   
#cjh  ,/ream1 duration z a1 #ci1 #cch   
,/ructure & function4 ,see ,function &  
/ructure   id5tical1 9 div]g5t l9es (   
evolution1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa-b1 #fc1 #fi1   
#gc-d1    #ge1 #gf-g1 #hc1 #hf1 #hg1    
#aah-i  ,subject & attribute1 #adg-h    
,sub/ance1 album9oid1 #abj-a   cont9uity
 ( liv+1 #afb   organic1 #aba1 #aca1    
#adj1 #adb1 #adi1 #afb-c1 #aie-g note1  
#bee1 #bfg   9 ,sp9oza's philosophy1    
#cej   t]n>y sub/ances1 #aba            
,sub/antives1 adjectives1 v]bs1         
correspond to ! ?ree classes (          
repres5tation1 #cjb-d  ,sub/itution     
ess5tial to repres5tation ( ! ,n\ght1   
#bha1 #bhc-d1    #bhi-ij1 #bia1 #bid1   
#bif  ,success ( physics1 #bah1 #bai-bj 
& sup]iority1 #acc1 #bfd-e  ,succession 

9 "t1 #aj1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cde4 ,cf4 
,juxtaposition  ,successors ( ,kant1    
#cfc1 #cfd  ,sudd5 mutations1 #bh1      
#fb-c1 #fd-e1 #fh-i  ,sun1 #aae1 #bda1  
#cbc  ,sup]addition ( exi/5ce ^u        
no?+ness1 #bgf   ( ord] ^u disord]1     
#bcf1 #bge  ,sup]imposition4 ,see       
,measurem5t ( qualities1 9 induction1   
#baf  ,sup]iority1 evolution>y1 #acc-e1 
#agc1 #agd-e  ,sup]man1 #bfg            
,supraconsci\sness1 #bfa  ,survival ( ! 
fit1 #afi4     ,see ,natural selection  
,swim1 le>n+ to1 z in/9ctive le>n+1     
#aic1 #aid  ,symbol1 ! concept is a1    
#afa1 #bji1 #cda-b   ( reality1 xi1     
#cj-a1 #ga1 #hh-i1 #ic1 #aie-f1 #baj1   
#bdj1 #cdb1 #cfj-a1 #cfi-gj  ,symbolic k
 ( life1 #aii1 #cdb1 #cfj  ,symbolism1  
#agf1 #ahj1 #cfj  ,sympa!tic or         
intuitive k1 #bji1 #baj1 #cdb  ,sympa?y1
 in/9ct is1 #afd1 #afh1 #agb-h1 #cdb-c4 
,see ,div9ation1 ,feel+1 ,inspiration   
,sy/ematic metaphysics1 dilemma (1 #aie1
 #aif1 #bcj-a   contra/$ ) intuitional1 
#aia-b1 #aic-d1 #bch1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgg1 

#cdf-h   po/ulate (1 #aij1 #aie         
,sy/ematization ( physics1 ,liebniz's   
philosophy1 #cdg  ,sy/ems1 isolat$1     
#i-ac1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bae1 #bda1 #bdb1    
#cdb1 #cdg-i   ,tang5t & curve1 analogy 
) d$uction & ! moral sph]e1 #bad        
analogy ) physico-*emi/ry & life1 #ca   
,t>akevit*1 #abd note  ,teleology4 ,see 
,f9alism  ,t5d5cy1 antagoni/ic t5d5cies 
( life1 #ac1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aac1 #ace1 #aej
   antagoni/ic t5d5cies 9 developm5t (  
n]v\s sy/em1 #abd-e   complem5t>y       
t5d5cies ( life1 #ea1 #ajc1 #ace1 #aej1 
#afh1 #bdf   to dissociation1 #bfj      
div]g5t t5d5cies ( life1 #ed1 #hi1 #ii1 
#aja1 #ajg-h1 #aji-aj1 #aab1    #aaf-h1 
#acd1 #ace1 #aej1 #aha1 #bdf1 #bed-h    
to individuation1 #ac   life a t5d5cy to
 act on in]t matt]1 #if   t[>d mobility 
9 animals1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abg-h1    
#abi-cc1 #ace1 #aha1 #ahb   ! pa/ exi/s 
9 pres5t t5d5cy1 #e   to reproduce1 #ac 
( species to *ange1 #he-hf   ma!matical 
symbols ( t5d5cies1 #bb1 #bc   t[>d     
sy/ems1 9 matt]1 #aj   transmission (1  

#hj-a   a vital prop]ty is a1 #ac       
,t5sion & ext5sion1 #bcf1 #bde   &      
fre$om1 #bjj-b1 #bjg-h1 #bbc1 #bcg1     
#bci1 #cjj-b   matt] ! inv]sion ( vital1
 #bci   ( p]sonality1 #aii-bjj1 #bja1   
#bjg-h1 #bcg1 #bci1 #cjj  ,t]n>y        
sub/ances1 #aba  ,!ology consequ5t ^u   
philosophy ( ideas1 #caf  ,!oretic      
fallacies1 #bfc1 #bfd   k & in/9ct1     
#agg1 #bfh   k & intellect1 #aee1 #agg1 
#agi1 #bch1 #bgj1 #cdb1 #cdc  ,!oriz+ n 
! orig9al function ( ! intellect1 #aed-e
  ,!ory ( k1 xiii1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahd-e1  
#aig1 #bjd1 #bjg-h1 #bji1    #bbh-i1    
#bca   ( life1 xiii1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aig   
,!rmodynamics1 #bda-b4     ,see         
,cons]vation ( en]gy1 ,degradation (    
en]gy  ,!sis & anti!sis1 #bje  ,?+ z    
di/+ui%$ f motion1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bdg-h1  
#bdi1 #bii-cjj   z di/+ui%$ f relation1 
#adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aeh-i1 #aei-fj1
    #afa1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #ceb1 #cef-g   &  
m9d1 #bjf   z solidification op]at$ by  
und]/&+1 #bdi  ,?+-9-itself1 #bje1 #bjf1
 #bcj-a1 #cab  ,timaeus1 #cah note  ,"t 

& ! absolute1 #bdj1 #bda1 #big-h1 #cci1 
#cdc-d   ab/ract1 #ba1 #bb1 #cg1 #ci    
articulations ( real1 #cca-c   z =ce1   
#af1 #de-f1 #dg1 #ea1 #ajc1 #cci        
homog5e\s1 #ag1 #ah1 #afc-d1 #cca-c   z 
indep5d5t v>iable1 #bj1 #cce-g   int]val
 (1 #i1 #bb1 #bc   z inv5tion1 #cda-b   
9 ,leibniz's philosophy1 #cea1 #ceb1    
#cfb   & logic1 #d1 #bgg   &            
simultaneity1 #i1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cda   9  
mod]n sci5ce #cba-cg1 #cda-e   & space 9
 ,kant1 #bje   & space 9 anci5t         
philosophy1 #cah1 #cai4     ,see        
,duration  ,tools & intellect1 #acg-da1 
#aej-a4     ,see ,implem5t  ,torpor1 9  
evolution1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aad note1 
#abj1 #abh-ce1 #aha1 #bib  ,tortoise1   
,a*illes & !1 9 ,z5o1 #caa  ,t\*1 sci5ce
 expresses all p]ception z t\*1 #afh    
is to vision z intellig5ce to in/9ct1   
#afi  ,track laid by motion along its   
c\rse1 #cji-ab1 #ccg  ,transc5d5tal     
,ae/hetic1 #bjc  ,trans=mation1 #cb1    
#gb1 #gc1 #aca1 #bca1 #bfc  ,trans=mism1
 #bc-e  ,transition1 =m a snap%ot view  

(1 #cja-b1 #caf-g1 #cah1 #cba1 #cdd-e   
,transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s1    
#ge-hd1 #hg1 #afh1 #afi1 #agb-c1        
#bbe-f1 #bcj-a  ,transmission ( ! vital 
impetus1 #bf1 #bg1 #gi1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1  
#ic-d1 #aaj1    #abf-g1 #abh1 #bcj1     
#bca1 #bdf1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bgj
  ,trigg]-action ( motor me*anisms1 #bgb
  ,triton1 ,reg5]ation 91 #ge  ,tropism 
& psy*ical activity1 #ce note  ,tru?    
seiz$ 9 intuition1 #cah-bj   ,unconsci\s
 ef=t1 #agj   in/9ct1 #adb-c1 #add1     
#ade-f1 #adg1 #aff   k1 #ade-h1 #aej-a  
,unconsci\sness1 two k9ds (1 #add       
,undef9able1 reality1 #ac1 #dh          
,und]/&+1 absolut5ess (1 #aec-d1 #aij-a1
 #aig-h1 #aii1 #bjj   & action1 ix1 xi1 
#agi   g5esis ( !1 ix-xv1 #di1 #ahi1    
#bjg-h1 #beg-i1 #cei1 #cfa-b   &        
geometry1 ix1 xii   & innat5ess (       
categories1 #adg1 #adh-i   & intuition1 
#df-g   & life1 ix-xv1 #ac1 #cb-c1      
#df-ej1 #hh-i1 #aja1 #adg-h1 #adi1 #aeb1
 #afb-e1    #agc-d1 #agf-g1 #agh1       
#aie-bja1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbb-c1 #bbd1     

#bbf1 #beg-i1 #bfa1    #bff1 #bgj1 #bga1
 #cac1 #cfa-b1 #cfe   & in]t matt]1     
#aff1 #afh1 #agi1 #aid-e1 #aih1 #bje-f1 
#bjg1 #bai1 #cee   & ! ready-made1 xiii1
 #dh1 #bcg1 #bej1 #bea1 #bgc1 #caa1     
#cba1 #cbh-i1    #ced1 #ceh   & ! solid1
 ix   unlimit$ scope ( !1 #adi1 #aej1   
#aeb     ,see ,intellect1 ,intellig5ce1 
,concept1 ,categories1 ,frames     ( !  
und]/&+1 ,logic  ,undone1 automatic &   
det]m9ate evolution is action be+1 #bdi 
,unfold+ cause1 #gc1 #gd                
,un=eseeabl5ess ( action1 #dg   (       
duration1 #f1 #afd1 #cdj-b   (          
evolution1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #hf1 #bbd   ( 
inv5tion1 #afd   ( life1 #afd1 #ahd   & 
! will$ ord]1 #bbd1 #cdb-c     ,see     
,=esee+  ,unification z ! function ( !  
intellect1 #aeb1 #aed1 #ceg-h           
,uniqu5ess ( phases ( duration1 #afd    
,unity ( ext5sion1 #aed   ( k1 #aie-f   
( life1 #ajf-g1 #bej1 #bfh1 #bga   (    
m5tal life1 #bfh   & multiplicity z     
det]m9ations ( space1 #cea-c   ( nature1
 #ajd-e1 #ahi-ij1 #aia1 #aie-f1 #aig1   

#aii1 #cbb1 #ceb1 #cef-h   ( ! organism1
 #agf-g   ( sci5ce1 #aie-f1 #aig1       
#bbh-i1 #bcj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cdd-e1 #cdg1 
#cei-fj1 #cfb-c  ,univ]sal int]action1  
#ahh1 #ahi   life1 consci\sness         
coext5sive )1 #ahf1 #beg1 #bgj          
,univ]se1 cont9uity (1 #cdf             
,desc>tes's1 #cdf   physical1 & ! idea (
 disord]1 #bcc1 #bge   duration (1 #aj1 
#aa1 #bda   evolution (1 #bda1 #bdf note
   gr[? (1 #cdb-c1 #cdd   movem5t (1 9  
,ari/otle1 #cbc   mutability (1 #bdd1   
#bde   z organism1 #ca1 #bda   z        
realization ( plan1 #dj   rhy?m (1 #ccg1
 #cci1 #cdf-g   /ates (1 consid]$ by    
sci5ce1 #ccf1 #ccg   z unification (    
physics1 #cdh-i1 #ceg  ,unkn[able1 !1 ( 
evolutionism1 xi   !1 9 ,kant1 #bjd1    
#bje1 #bjf  ,unmak+1 ! nature ( !       
process ( mat]iality1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bdi1 
#bea1 #bgb1 #cdb-c  ,unorganiz$ bodies1 
#g-h1 #ad1 #bj1 #ba1 #ahf4     ,see in]t
 matt]   in/rum5ts1 #acg-i1 #adj-a1     
#aej-a   matt]1 cleft betwe51 & !       
organiz$1 #aij1 #aia1 #aif1 #aig-i      

matt]1 imitation ( ! organiz$ by1 #cc-d1
 #ce1 #cf   matt] & sci5ce1 #aid-f      
matt]4 ,see in]t matt]  ,unw9d+ cause1  
#gc   ( immutability 9 ,greek           
philosophy1 #cbe1 #ceb  ,upspr++ (      
inv5tion1 #afd  ,utility1 #d-e1 #aej1   
#aeb1 #aed-e1 #aeh-i1 #afj1 #afh1 #ahg1 
#aie-f1 #bdg-h1    #big-h1 #cbh-i1 #ccj 
,vanessa levana & ,vanessa prorsa1      
trans=mation (1 #gb  ,v>iable1 "t z an  
indep5d5t1 #bj1 #ccf  ,v>iation1        
accid5tal1 #ee1 #fc-d1 #fh1 #he1 #afh-i 
( color1 9 liz>ds1 #gb1 #gd   by        
deviation1 #hb-c1 #hd   ( evolution>y   
type1 #bc-d1 #gb note1 #aca-b1 #acg-h1  
#afg1 #afi1 #aga-b1 #bfd   ins5sible1   
#fc1 #fh   int]e/ z cause (1 #aca-b   9 
plants1 #he-hf  ,vegetable k+dom4 ,see  
,plants  ,v]b1 relation express$ by1    
#adh  ,v]bs1 sub/antives & adjectives1  
#cjc  ,v]se & prose1 9 illu/ration ( !  
two k9ds ( ord]1 #bba1 #bcb  ,v]tebrate1
 ix1 #abf1 #acj1 #aca-d1 #ada           
,vibrations1 matt] analyz$ into         
elem5t>y1 #bja  ,vici\s circle1 app>5t1 

( intuitionism1 #aib-d1 #aif-g   (      
intellectualism1 #aid1 #aig1 #cah-i1    
#cbj  ,view1 intellectual1 ( becom+1 #d1
 #ij-a1 #bgc1 #bih-i1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caj1 
#cbf-g   intellectual1 ( matt]1 #bjc1   
#bdj1 #bej1 #bed1 #bee   ( reality1 #bjf
  ,vignon1 ,p41 #ce note  ,virtual      
actions1 #ab4     ,see ,possible action 
geometry1 #bab  ,vise1 consci\sness     
compress$ 9 a1 #agi  ,vision ( ,god1 9  
,alex&rian philosophy1 #cbb   9         
molluscs4 ,see ,eye ( molluscs1 etc4   9
 ,salam&ra maculata1 #ge  ,vital        
activity1 #acd-f1 #aci1 #adj1 #aff-i1   
#bdf1 #bdg-h   curr5t1 #bf1 #bg1 #ec-e1 
#hj1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #if-aje1 #aah-i1    
#abj1 #bcj-a1    #bcb1 #bci1 #beg1 #bff1
 #bgj   impetus1 #ej-a1 #ec-e1 #he1 #hg1
 #hh1 #ih-aje1 #aah-i1 #abf-g1 #abh1    
#aca-b1    #ada-b1 #adh-i1 #aej1 #bah1  
#bcj-a1 #bcb1 #bdg-h1 #bej1 #beb1       
#bed-e1 #bfa   ord]1 cause 91 #cd1 #ce1 
#id-e1 #afd   ord]1 f9ality &1 #bbc-e1  
#bbf   ord]1 g5]alization 9 !1 & 9 !    
ma!matical ord] contra/$1    #bbe1 #bbf1

 #bcj-a   ord]1 & ! geometrical ord]1   
#bbb-c1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bce1   
#bcf1 #ccj-a   ord]1 imitation (        
physical ord] by vital1 #bcj   pr9ciple1
 #db1 #dc1 #bbe1 #bbf   ord]1 repetition
 9 ! vital & ! ma!matical ord]s         
contra/$1    #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bca     
process1 #aff-g  ,vitalism1 #db1 #dc    
,void1 repres5tation (1 #bgc1 #bgd1     
#bge1 #bgg-h1 #bha1 #bhc-d1 #bhi-ij1    
#bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bif1 #bih  ,vois91   
#hj  ,volition & c]ebral me*anism1      
#bec-d  ,volunt>y activity1 #aaj1 #beb  
,vries 7de71 #bd1 #fc note1 #he         
,wasps1 in/9ct 91 #adj1 #agb  ,weapons &
 intellect1 #acg  ,weismann1 #bf1 #gh1  
#hj-a  ,w & caprice1 #dg   & c]ebral    
me*anism1 #beb   curr5t (1 p5etrat+     
matt]1 #bcg   ins]tion (1 into reality1 
#cje-f1 #cjg   & relaxation1 #bja1      
#bjg-h   & me*anism 9 disord]1 #bcc     
t5sion (1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjg-h  ,will$    
ord]1 mutual cont+5cy ( will$ ord] &    
ma!matical    ord]1 #bca-c              
un=eseeability 9 !1 #bbd1 #cdb-c        

,will+1 co9cid5ce ( see+ &1 9 intuition1
 #bcg  ,wilson1 ,e4,b41 #cf  ,wolff1 #ge
 note  ,words & /ates1 #d1 #cjb-c   ?ree
 classes (1 correspond+ to ?ree classes 
( repres5tation1    #cjb-c1 #cac-d  ,_w1
 intelligible1 #afb-c   pr9ciple3       
conci\sness1 #bcg1 #bfa  ,worms1 9      
illu/ration ( ambiguity ( primitive     
organisms1 #acj   ,yell[-w+$ sphex1     
p>alyz+ in/9ct 91 #agb   ,z5o on motion1
 #cjh-ac  ,zone ( pot5tialities surr\nd+
 acts1 #agi-hj1 #aha1 #bfd  ,zoology1   
#abh-i  ,zoospores ( algae1 9           
illu/ration ( mobility 9 plants1 #aab