,,peat ,,& ,,its ,,uses1 ,,z ,,f]tiliz] ,,& ,,fuel4 ,,by ,,samuel ,w4 ,,johnson1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,analytical ,,& ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry1 ,,yale ,,college4 ,,fully ,,illu/rat$4 ,,new-,,york3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company4 #bde ,,broadway4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahff1 by ,,orange ,,judd ,,co41 ,at ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,,lovejoy ,,son1 ,,electrotyp]s ,,& ,,/]eotyp]s #ae ,v&ewat] /reet ,n4 ,y4 ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r1 ,,my ,,e>lie/ ,,& ,,be/ ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,rural ,,affairs1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,gratefully ,,d$icat$4 ,s4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction vii ,,"p ,i4--,,orig91 ,,v>ieties1 ,,& ,,*emical ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,peat4 ,,page #a4 ,:at is ,peat8 #i #b4 ,conditions ( its ,=mation #i #c4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,peat #ad ,swamp ,muck #ag ,salt ,mud #ah #d4 ,*emical ,*>act]s & ,composition ( ,peat #ah a4 ,organic or combu/ible "p #ai ,ulmic & ,humic ,acids #ai ,ulm9 & ,hum9--,cr5ic & ,apocr5ic ,acids #bj ,ulmates & ,humates #ba ,cr5ates & ,apocr5ates #bb ,ge9 & ,geic ,acid--,elem5t>y ,composition ( ,peat #bc ,ultimate ,composition ( ! ,con/itu5ts ( ,peat #be b4 ,m9]al ,"p--,a%es #be #e4 ,*emical ,*anges t occur 9 ! ,=mation ( ,peat #bf ,,"p ,,ii4--,,on ,,! ,,agricultural ,,uses ,,( ,,peat ,,& ,,swamp ,,muck4 #a4 ,*>act]s t adapt ,peat = ,agricultural ,use #bh ,a4 ,physical or ,am5d+ ,*>act]s #bh ,i4 ,absorb5t ,p[] = ,wat]1 z ,liquid & ,vapor #ca ,,ii4 = ,ammonia #cb ,,iii4 ,influ5ce 9 ,dis9tegrat+ ! ,soil #cd ,,iv4 ,influ5ce on ! ,temp]ature ( ,soils #cg ,b4 ,f]tiliz+ ,*>act]s #ch ,i4 ,f]tiliz+ ,effects ( ! ,organic ,matt]s1 exclud+ ,nitrog5 #ch #a4 ,organic ,matt]s z ,direct ,food to ,plants #ch #b4 ,organic ,matt]s z ,indirect ,food to ,plants #dj #c4 ,nitrog51 includ+ ,ammonia & ,nitric ,acid #db ,,ii4 ,f]tiliz+ ,effects ( ! ,a%es ( ,peat #df ,,iii4 ,peculi>ities 9 ! ,decay ( ,peat #ej ,,iv4 ,comp>ison ( ,peat ) ,/able ,manure #ea #b4 ,*>act]s ( ,peat t are detrim5tal1 or t ne$ correction #ed ,i4 ,possible ,bad ,effects on ,heavy ,soils #ed ,,ii4 ,noxi\s ,+r$i5ts #ee a4 ,vitriol ,peats #ee b4 ,acidity--c4 ,res9\s ,matt]s #eg #c4 ,prep>ation ( ,peat = ,agricultural ,use #eg a4 ,excavation #eg b4 ,exposure1 or ,season+ #ei c4 ,compo/+ #fb ,compo/ ) ,/able ,manure #fc ,night ,soil #fh ,guano #fi ,fi% & o!r ,animal ,matt]s #gj ,pota%-lye ,soda-a%2 ,wood-a%es1 ,%ell-m>l1 ,lime #gb ,salt & ,lime ,mixture #gc ,c>bonate ( ,lime1 ,mort>1 etc #ge #d4 ,! ,au?or's ,exp]im5ts ) ,peat ,compo/s #gg #e4 ,exam9ation ( ,peat ) ref]5ce to its ,agricultural ,value #ha #f4 ,composition ( ,connecticut ,peats #hd ,me?od ( ,analysis #hf ,tables ( ,composition #hh-hi-ij ,,"p ,,iii4--,,on ,,peat ,,z ,,fuel #a4 ,k9ds ( ,peat t ,make ! ,be/ ,fuel #ib #b4 ,d5sity ( ,peat #ie #c4 ,heat+ ,p[] ( ,peat z ,comp>$ ) ,wood & ,an?racite #if #d4 ,modes ( ,burn+ ,peat #ajb #e4 ,burn+ ( ,brok5 ,peat #ajc #f4 ,hygroscopic ,wat] ( ,peat-fuel #ajd #g4 ,%r9kage #aje #h4 ,"t ( ,excavation & ,dry+ #aje #i4 ,dra9age #ajf #aj4 ,cutt+ ( ,peat = ,fuel--a4 ,prep>ations = ,cutt+ #ajg b4 ,cutt+ by ,h&2 ) ,common ,spade2 ,g]man ,peat ,knife #ajh ) ,iri% ,slane--,sy/em employ$ 9 ,ea/ ,friesl& #aji c4 ,ma*9es = ,cutt+ ,peat2 ,bros[sky's ,ma*9e2 ,lepreux's ,ma*9e #aac #aa4 ,dr$g+ ( ,peat #aae #ab4 ,m\ld+ ( ,peat #aaf #ac4 ,prep>ation ( ,peat-fuel by ,ma*9]y1 etc #aaf ,a4 ,cond5sation by ,pressure #aaf a4 ,( ,fre% ,peat #aaf ,mannh>dt's ,me?od #aag ,! ,neu/adt ,me?od #aai b4 ,( ,air-dri$ ,peat--,li?uanian ,process #abj c4 ,( ,hot-dri$ ,peat--,gwynne's ,me?od2 ,ext]'s ,me?od #aba ,elsb]g's ,process #abe ,b4 ,cond5sation )\t ,pressure #abg a4 ,( ,e>?y ,peat #abh ,*alleton's ,me?od1 at ,m5necy1 ,france #abh ,lang5b]g1 ,prussia #acj ,rob]ts' ,pek91 ,n4 ,y4 #acb ,siem5s' ,boebl+51 ,wirtemb]g #acd b4 ,cond5sation ( ,fibr\s ,peat--,web]'s ,me?od2 ,hot-dry+ #ace ,gyss]'s ,me?od & ,ma*9e #adj c4 ,cond5sation ( ,peat ( all ,k9ds--,s*lickeys5's ,ma*9e #add ,leavitt's ,peat ,mill1 ,lex+ton1 ,mass #adf ,a%cr(t ,betteley's ,ma*9e #adh ,v]smann's ,ma*9e1 ,great ,brita9 #aej ,buckl&'s #aea #ad4 ,artificial ,dry+ ( ,peat #aeb #ae4 ,peat ,coal #aeg #af4 ,metallurgical ,uses ( ,peat #afb #ag4 ,peat z a ,s\rce ( ,illum9at+ ,gas #afe #ah4 ,exam9ation ( ,peat ) reg>d to its ,value z ,fuel #afg ,,introduction4 ,9 ! ye>s #aheg & #aheh1 ! writ]1 9 ! capacity ( ,*emi/ to ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,society ( ,connecticut1 0 commission$ to make inve/igations into ! agricultural uses ( ! deposits ( peat or swamp muck :i* are abundant 9 ?is ,/ate2 &1 9 #aheh1 he submitt$ a ,report to ,h5ry ,a4 ,dy]1 ,esq41 ,correspond+ ,secret>y ( ! ,society1 embody+ 8 conclusions4 ,9 ! pres5t "w ! valuable portions ( t ,report h be5 reca/1 &1 ) addition ( mu* new matt]1 =m ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book1 relat+ to ! prep>ation & employm5t ( peat = fuel1 c41 is n[ = ! fir/ "t publi%$1 & is int5d$ to give a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! results ( ! exp]i5ce t has be5 acquir$ 9 ,europe1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 9 reg>d to ! important subject ( :i* x treats4 ,! employm5t ( peat z an am5dm5t & absorb5t = agricultural purposes has prov$ to be ( great advantage 9 ,new-,engl& f>m+4 ,x is n to be d\bt$1 t1 z fuel1 x w be ev5 m valuable ?an z a f]tiliz]4 ,our peat-b$s1 :ile !y d n occupy s mu* t]ritory z to be an imp$im5t & a reproa* to our c\ntry1 z !y h be5 to ,irel&1 are yet s abundant & s widely di/ribut$--occurr+ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,miss\ri1 along & above ! #dj? p>allel1 & appe>+ on our ,ea/]n ,coa/ at lea/ z f> ,s\? z ,nor? ,c>ol9a#a--;z to pres5t1 at numb]less po9ts1 mat]ial1 :i*1 soon] or lat]1 w s]ve u mo/ usefully :5 o!r fuel has become sc>ce & co/ly4 ,! high prices :i* coal & wood h comm&$ = sev]al ye>s back h direct$ att5tion to peat fuel2 &1 su* is ! adv5tur\s "* ( ,am]ican ent]prise1 x _c be d\bt$ t we %all rapidly develop & improve ! ma*9]y = produc+ x4 ,z has always be5 ! case1 we %all wa/e a va/ deal ( "t & money 9 contriv+ ma*9es t violate e pr9ciple ( me*anism & ( economy2 b ! results ( ,european inv5tion furni% a safe basis f :i* to set out1 & we h among u ! g5ius & ! pati5ce t %all "w out ! p]fect me?od4 ,x may well be urg$ t a good degree ( caution is advisable 9 ent]+ ^u ! peat ent]prise4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h exhau/less m9es ( ! be/ coal1 :i* c be af=d$ at a v l[ rate1 ) :i* o!r fuel mu/ compete4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e ! be/ me?ods ( work+ peat h orig9at$1 fuel is m co/ly ?an "h2 & a univ]sal & int5se economy !re prevails1 ( :i* we1 z a p1 h no conception4 ,if1 z ! ,g]mans !mselves admit1 ! peat "q !re is /ill a nice "o z reg>ds ! te/ ( doll>s & c5ts1 x is obvi\s1 t1 = a "t1 we mu/ ha/5 sl[ly4 ,x is circum/ances t make peat1 & gold z well1 remun]ative or o!rwise2 & ^! mu/ be well consid]$ 9 ea* individual case4 ,peat is ! "n = a mat]ial t v>ies extremely 9 its quality1 & ?is quality %\ld be inve/igat$ c>efully be=e go+ to "w ^u g5]al d$uctions4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! v>i\s processes = work+ peat by ma*9]y1 su* data z ,i h be5 able to f9d h be5 giv5 z to co/ ( production4 ,^! data are h[ev] v imp]fect1 & n altoge!r tru/wor?y1 9 direct application to ,am]ican conditions4 ,! *eapness ( labor 9 ,europe is an item to our disadvantage 9 int]pret+ =eign e/imates4 ,i incl9e to ! belief t ?is is m ?an (fset among u by ! quality ( our labor1 by ! en]gy ( our adm9i/ration1 by ! effici5cy ( our ov]see+1 &1 especially1 by our great] skill 9 ! adaptation ( me*anical appliances4 ,:ile c\nsell+ caution1 ,i also recomm5d ent]prise 9 develop+ our res\rces 9 ?is important p>ticul>2 kn[+ full well1 h[ev]1 t :at ,i c say 9 its favor w sc>cely add to ! impulse already app>5t among my c\ntrym54 ,,samuel ,w4 ,,johnson4 ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,yale ,college1 ,june1 #ahff4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! great ,dismal ,swamp is a gr& peat bog1 & d\btless o!r ( ! swamps ( ! coa/1 z f> s\? z ,florida & ! ,gulf1 are ( ! same "*4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,orig91 ,,v>ieties1 ,,& ,,*emical ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,peat4 #a4 ,:at is ,peat8 ,by ! g5]al t]m ,peat1 we und]/& ! organic matt] or vegetable soil ( bogs1 swamps1 beav]-mead[s & salt-m>%es4 ,x consi/s ( sub/ances t h result$ f ! decay ( _m g5]ations ( aquatic or m>% plants1 z mosses1 s$ges1 co>se grasses1 & a great v>iety ( %rubs1 mix$ ) m or less m9]al sub/ances1 d]iv$ f ^! plants1 or 9 _m cases bl[n or wa%$ 9 f ! surr\nd+ l&s4 #b4 ,! conditions "u :i* ,peat is =m$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! production ( ,peat f fall5 & decay+ plants1 dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( s mu* wat] z to cov] or saturate ! vegetable matt]s1 & !reby h9d] ! full access ( air4 ,saturation ) wat] also has ! effect to ma9ta9 ! decay+ matt]s at a l[ temp]ature1 & by ^! two causes 9 comb9ation1 ! process ( decay is made to proce$ ) great sl[ness1 & ! solid products ( su* sl[ decay1 are comp\nds t !mselves resi/ decay1 & h5ce !y accumulate4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re appe>s to be no?+ l ! ext5sive moors or hea?s1 t ab\nd 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 ,nor? ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,bav>ia1 :i* are mo/ly level or g5tly slop+ tracts ( c\ntry1 cov]$ ) peat or turf to a dep? (t5 ( #bj1 & sometimes ( #dj1 or m1 feet4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is only 9 l[ places1 :]e /reams become ob/ruct$ & =m swamps1 or 9 bays & inlets on salt wat]1 :]e ! fl[ ( ! tide furni%es ! requisite moi/ure1 t our peat-b$s occur4 ,if we g nor?-ea/ z f> z ,antico/i1 ,labrador1 or ,newf\ndl&1 we f9d true moors4 ,9 ^! regions h be5 f\nd a few localities ( ! ,hea!r 7,calluna vulg>is71 :i* is s conspicu\s a plant on ! moors ( ,europe1 b :i* is want+ 9 ! peat-b$s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! c\ntries above nam$1 ! wea!r is m uni=m ?an "h1 ! air is m moi/1 & ! excessive heat ( our summ]s is sc>cely kn[n4 ,su* is ! great] humidity ( ! atmosph]e t ! bog-mosses1--! s-call$ ,sphagnums1--:i* h a wond]ful avidity = moi/ure1 7h5ce us$ = pack+ plants :i* require to be kept moi/ on j\rneys71 are able to keep fre% & 9 gr[? dur+ ! entire summ]4 ,^! mosses decay bel[1 & ?r[ out new vegetation above1 & ?us produce a bog1 especially :]ev] ! e>? is spr+y4 ,x is 9 ?is way t 9 ^? c\ntries1 moors & peat-bogs actually gr[1 increas+ 9 dep? & area1 f ye> to ye>1 & raise !mselves above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,pr(4 ,m>% in=ms ! writ] t he has se5 9 ,irel&1 ne> ! nor?-we/ coa/1 a granite hill1 capp$ ) a peat-b$1 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! ,bav>ian highl&s simil> cases h be5 obs]v$1 9 localities :]e ! atmosph]e & ! gr\nd are kept moi/ en\gh = ! gr[? ( moss by ! extraord9>y preval5ce ( fogs4 ,_m ( ! ,european moors rise m or less above ! level ( _! bord]s t[>ds ! c5tre1 (t5 to a height ( #aj or #bj & sometimes ( #cj feet4 ,!y are h5ce kn[n 9 ,g]many z high moors 7,ho*moore7 to di/+ui% f ! level or di%+ mead[-moors1 7,wies5moore74 ,! peat-produc+ vegetation ( ! =m] is *iefly moss & hea!r1 ( ! latt] co>se grasses & s$ges4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! reclamation ( a moor is usually an exp5sive op]ation1 = :i* n only mu* dra9+1 b actual cutt+ out & burn+ ( ! compact peat is necess>y4 ,! w>m? ( our summ]s & ! dryness ( our atmosph]e prev5t ! accumulation ( peat above ! highe/ level ( ! /&+ wat] ( our m>%es1 & s soon z ! m>%es are well dra9$1 ! peat ceases to =m1 & 9 mo/ cases ! swamp may be easily conv]t$ into good mead[ l&4 ,spr+y hill-sides1 :i* 9 cool]1 moi/] climates w\ld become moors1 "h dry up 9 summ] to su* an ext5t t no peat c be =m$ ^u !m4 ,z already obs]v$1 our peat is f\nd 9 l[ places4 ,9 _m in/ances its accumulation began by ! ob/ruction ( a /ream4 ,to t rem>kable creature1 ! beav]1 we owe _m ( our peat-bogs4 ,^! animals1 f "t immemorial1 h built _! dams across riv]s s z to flood ! adjac5t =e/4 ,9 ! ri* leaf-mold at ! wat]'s v]ge1 & 9 ! cool %ade ( ! /&+ trees1 has begun ! gr[? ( ! sphagnums1 s$ges1 & v>i\s purely aquatic plants4 ,^! 9 _! annual decay h %ortly fill$ ! %all[ bord]s ( ! /agnat+ wat]1 & by sl[ encroa*m5ts1 go+ on ?r\gh _m ye>s1 !y h occupi$ ! deep] portions1 aid$ by ! trees1 :i*1 p]i%+1 give _! fall5 bran*es & trunks1 t[>ds complet+ ! "w4 ,! trees decay & fall1 & become entirely conv]t$ into peat2 or1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 especially 9 case ( res9\s woods1 pres]ve _! =m1 & to "s ext5t _! s\ndness4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ponds & lakes are encroa*$ ^u2 or1 if %all[1 entirely fill$ up by peat deposits4 ,9 ! ,great ,=e/ ( ,nor!rn ,new ,york1 ! voyag] has abundant opportunity to obs]ve ! =mation ( peat-swamps1 bo? z a result ( beav] dams1 & ( ! fill+ ( %all[ ponds1 or ! n>r[+ ( level riv] c\rses4 ,! =mation ( peat 9 wat] ( "s dep? greatly dep5ds ^u ! gr[? ( aquatic plants1 o!r ?an ^? already m5tion$4 ,9 our ,ea/]n ,/ates ! mo/ conspicu\s are ! ,arr[-head1 7,sagitt>ia72 ! ,pick]el ,we$1 7,pont$]ia27 ,duck ,meat1 7,lemna27 ,pond ,we$1 7,potamogeton27 v>i\s ,polygonums1 bro!rs ( ,buck:eat & ,sm>t-we$2 & especially ! ,pond ,lilies1 7,nymphoea & ,nuph>47 ,! latt] gr[ 9 wat] f\r or five feet deep1 _! leaves & long /ems are ?ick & fle%y1 & _! roots1 :i* fill ! oozy mud1 are (t5 sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_! decay+ leaves & /ems1 & _! huge roots1 liv+ or dead1 accumulate bel[ & gradually raise ! b$ ( ! pond4 ,_! liv+ foliage :i* (t5 cov]s ! wat] almo/ completely = acres1 becomes a %elt] or support = o!r m delicate aquatic plants & sphagnums1 :i*1 creep+ out f ! %ore1 may s develop z to =m a float+ c>pet1 :]eon ! leaves ( ! neighbor+ wood1 & du/ scatt]$ by ! w9d collect1 be>+ d[n ! mass1 :i* aga9 increases above1 or is reproduc$ until ! wat] is fill$ to its bottom ) vegetable matt]4 ,x is n r>e to f9d 9 our bogs1 pat*es ( moss ( consid]able area conceal+ deep wat] ) a trea*]\s appe>ance ( solidity1 z ! hunt] & botani/ h (t5 f\nd to _! co/4 ,9 c\ntries ( m humid atmosph]e1 !y are m common & atta9 great] dim5sions4 ,9 ,zeal& ! surfaces ( ponds are s frequ5tly cov]$ ) float+ b$s ( moss1 (t5 /\t en\gh to be> a man1 t !y h !re receiv$ a special "n ,hangesak4 ,9 ! ,russian ,ural1 !re occur lakes ^: float+ cov]s ( moss (t5 ext5d five or six feet above ! wat]1 & are s firm t roads are made across !m1 & =e/s ( l>ge fir-trees f9d support4 ,^! imm5se accumulations are 9 fact float+ moors1 consi/+ entirely ( peat1 save ! liv+ vegetation at ! surface4 ,sometimes ^! float+ peat-b$s1 be>+ trees1 are sep>at$ by w9ds f _! connection ) ! %ore1 & become swimm+ peat isl&s4 ,9 a small lake ne> ,eis5a*1 9 ,c5tral ,g]many1 is a swimm+ isl& ( ?is sort4 ,its diamet] is #dj rods1 & x consi/s ( a felt-l mass ( peat1 ?ree to five feet 9 dep?1 cov]$ above by sphagnums & a great v>iety ( aquatic plants4 ,a few bir*es & dw>f firs gr[ 9 ?is peat1 b9d+ x toge!r by _! roots1 & :5 ! w9d bl[s1 !y act z sails1 s t ! isl& is con/antly mov+ ab\t ^u ! lake4 ,on ! ,neusi$l] lake1 9 ,hung>y1 is said to float a peat isl& hav+ an area ( six squ>e miles1 & on lakes ( ! high ,mexican ,plateau are simil> isl&s :i*1 long ago1 7 conv]t$ 9 fruitful g>d5s4 #c4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( ,peat4 ,v great diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s ( ! deposits 9 our peat-b$s are obs]vable4 ,^! diff]5ces are p>tly ( color1 "s peats be+ gray1 o!rs r$1 o!rs aga9 black2 ! majority1 :5 dry1 possess a d>k br[n-r$ or snuff color4 ,!y also v>y rem>kably 9 weight & consi/5cy4 ,"s are compact1 de/itute ( fibres or o!r traces ( ! vegetation f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$1 & on dry+1 %r9k greatly & yield t\gh d5se masses :i* burn readily1 & make an excell5t fuel4 ,o!rs aga9 are light & por\s1 & rema9 s on dry+2 ^! conta9 int]mix$ vegetable matt] t is b little advanc$ 9 ! peaty decomposition4 ,"s peats are almo/ entirely free f m9]al matt]s1 & on burn+1 leave b a few p] c5t4 ( a%1 o!rs conta9 consid]able quantities ( lime or iron1 9 *emical comb9ation1 or ( s& & clay t h be5 wa%$ 9 f ! hills adjo9+ ! swamps4 ,z has be5 obs]v$1 ! peat ( "s swamps is mo/ly d]iv$ f mosses1 t ( o!rs orig9ates l>gely f grasses2 "s conta9 mu* decay$ wood & leaves1 o!rs aga9 are free f ^!4 ,9 ! same swamp we usually obs]ve m or less ( all ^! diff]5ces4 ,we f9d ! surface peat is light & full ( p>tly decay$ vegetation1 :ile bel[1 ! deposits are m compact4 ,we commonly c trace di/9ct /rata or lay]s ( peat1 :i* are (t5 v unlike ea* o!r 9 appe>ance & quality1 & 9 "s cases ! light & compact lay]s alt]nate s t ! =m] are f\nd bel[ ! latt]4 ,! light & por\s k9ds ( peat appe> 9 g5]al to be =m$ 9 %all[ swamps or on ! surface ( bogs1 :]e !re is consid]able access ( air to ! decay+ matt]s1 :ile ! compact]1 old]1 rip] peats are f\nd at a dep?1 & seem to h be5 =m$ b5ea? ! l[ wat] m>k1 9 m complete exclusion ( ! atmosph]e1 & "u a consid]able degree ( pressure4 ,! nature ( ! vegetation t fl\ri%es 9 a bog1 has mu* effect on ! "* ( ! peat4 ,! peats *iefly d]iv$ f mosses t h gr[n 9 ! full sunlight1 h a yell[i%-r$ color 9 _! upp] lay]s1 :i* usually becomes d>k] z we g d[n1 runn+ ?r\gh all %ades ( br[n until at a consid]able dep? x is black4 ,peats produc$ pr9cipally f grasses are grayi% 9 appe>ance at ! surface1 be+ full ( silv]y fibres--! skeletons ( ! blades ( grasses & s$ges1 :ile bel[ !y are commonly black4 ,moss peat is m (t5 fibr\s 9 /ructure1 & :5 dri$ =ms some:at ela/ic masses4 ,grass peat1 :5 tak5 a little bel[ ! surface1 is commonly de/itute ( fibres2 :5 wet1 is e>?y 9 its look1 & dries to d5se h>d lumps4 ,:]e mosses & grasses h gr[n toge!r simultane\sly 9 ! same swamp1 ! peat is modifi$ 9 its *>act]s accord+ly4 ,:]e1 z may happ51 grass succe$s moss1 or moss succe$s grass1 ! diff]5t lay]s reveal _! orig9 by _! color & texture4 ,at consid]able dep?s1 h[ev]1 :]e ! peat is v old1 ^! diff]5ces ne>ly or entirely disappe>4 ,! geological "* ( a c\ntry is n )\t influ5ce on ! k9d ( peat4 ,x is only 9 regions :]e ! rocks are granitic or silici\s1 :]e1 at lea/1 ! surface wat]s are free or ne>ly free f lime1 t mosses make ! bulk ( ! peat4 ,9 lime/one di/ricts1 peat is *iefly =m$ f grasses & s$ges4 ,?is is due to ! fact t mosses 7sphagnums7 ne$ little lime = _! gr[?1 :ile ! grasses require mu*2 aquatic grasses _c1 !re=e1 ?rive 9 pure wat]s1 & 9 wat]s conta9+ ! requisite proportion ( lime1 grasses & s$ges *oke out ! moss4 ,! accid5tal admixtures ( soil (t5 greatly affect ! appe>ance & value ( a peat1 b on ! :ole x w\ld appe> t its quality is mo/ influ5c$ by ! degree ( decomposition x has be5 subject$ to4 ,9 mead[s & m>%es1 ov]fl[$ by ! ocean tides1 we h salt-peat1 =m$ f ,sea-we$s 7,algae17 ,salt-wort 7,salicornia17 & a great v>iety ( m>9e or /r&-plants4 ,9 its upp] portions1 salt-peat is co>sely fibr\s f ! grass roots1 & d>k-br[n 9 color4 ,at suffici5t dep? x is black & de/itute ( fibres4 ,! fact t peat is fibr\s 9 texture %[s t x is ( comp>atively rec5t =mation1 or t ! decomposition has be5 arre/$ be=e rea*+ its lat] /ages4 ,fibr\s peat is f\nd ne> ! surface1 & z we dig d[n into a v deep b$ we f9d almo/ inv>iably t ! fibr\s /ructure becomes less & less evid5t until at a c]ta9 dep? x entirely disappe>s4 ,x is n dep? simply1 b age or advancem5t 9 decomposition1 :i* det]m9es ^! diff]5ces ( texture4 ,! ripe/1 mo/ p]fectly =m$ peat1 t 9 :i* ! peaty decomposition has rea*$ its la/ /age1--:i*1 9 ,g]many1 is t]m$ pit*y-peat or fat peat1 7,pe*torf1 ,specktorf7--is d>k-br[n or black 9 color1 & comp>atively heavy & d5se4 ,:5 moi/1 x is firm1 /icky & coh]5t almo/ l clay1 may be cut & m\ld$ to any %ape4 ,dri$1 x becomes h>d1 & on a cut or burni%$ surface takes a lu/] l wax or pit*4 ,9 ,holl&1 ,we/ ,friesl&1 ,hol/e91 ,d5m>k & ,pom]ania1 a s-call$ mud-peat 7,s*lammtorf1 also ,bagg]torf & ,/rei*torf17 is fi%$ up f ! bottoms ( ponds1 z a black mud or pa/e1 :i*1 on dry+1 becomes h>d & d5se l ! pit*y-peat4 ,! two v>ieties ( peat la/ nam$ are ^? :i* are mo/ priz$ z fuel 9 ,europe4 ,vitriol peat is peat ( any k9d impregnat$ ) sulphate ( iron 7copp]as17 & sulphate ( alum9a1 7! a/r+5t +r$i5t ( alum47 ,swamp ,muck4--,9 ,new ,engl&1 ! vegetable rema9s occurr+ 9 swamps1 etc41 are commonly call$ ,muck4 ,9 prop] ,engli% usage1 muck is a g5]al t]m = manure ( any sort1 & has no special application to ! cont5ts ( bogs4 ,) u1 h[ev]1 ?is mean+ appe>s to be q obsolete1 ?\gh 9 our agricultural lit]ature--=m]ly1 m ?an n[1 x mu/ be admitt$1--! ^w z appli$ to ! subject ( our treatise1 has be5 qualifi$ z ,swamp ,muck4 ,9 ,g]many1 peat ( :atev] "*1 is designat$ by ! s+le ^w ,torf2 9 ,france x is ,t\rbe1 & ( ! same orig9 is ! ^w ,turf1 appli$ to x 9 ,great ,brita94 ,) u turf appe>s nev] to h _h ?is signification4 ,peat1 no d\bt1 is a correct "n = ! sub/ance :i* results f ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]s "u or saturat$ ) wat]1 :atev] its appe>ance or prop]ties4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ) u1 an incl9ation to apply ?is ^w p>ticul>ly to ^? pur] & m compact sorts :i* are adapt$ = fuel1 :ile to ! light]1 less decompos$ or m wea!r$ k9ds1 & to ^? :i* are consid]ably int]mix$ ) soil or silt1 ! t]m muck or swamp muck is giv54 ,^! di/9ctions are n1 inde$1 always obs]v$1 &1 9 fact1 s great is ! range ( v>iation 9 ! quality ( ! sub/ance1 t x w\ld be impossible to draw a l9e :]e muck leaves (f & peat beg9s4 ,not)/&+1 a r\gh di/9ction is bett] ?an none1 & we %all !re=e employ ! two t]ms :5 any great] cle>ness ( mean+ c be !reby convey$4 ,x happ5s1 t 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! numb] ( small %all[ swales1 t conta9 unripe or impure peat1 is mu* great] ?an t ( l>ge & deep bogs4 ,_! cont5ts are !re=e m ( ! mucky ?an ( ! peaty ord]1 & ?is may p>tly acc\nt = ,new ,engl& usage 9 reg>d to ^! old ,engli% words4 ,by ! t]m muck1 "s f>m]s und]/& leaf-mold 7decay$ leaves71 especially t :i* collects 9 l[ & wet places4 ,:5 ! deposit is deep & saturat$ ) wat]1 x may h all ! ess5tial *>act]s ( peat4 ,ripe peat1 f su* a s\rce is1 h[ev]1 s f> z ! writ] is in=m$1 unkn[n to any ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we might di/+ui% z leaf-muck ! leaves :i* h decompos$ "u or saturat$ ) wat]1 reta9+ ! well e/abli%$ t]m leaf-mold to designate ! dry or dri] cov]+ ( ! soil 9 a d5se =e/ ( decidu\s trees4 ,salt-mud4--,9 ! m>%es1 bays1 & e/u>ies along ! sea-%ore1 accumulate l>ge quantities ( f9e silt1 br\ght d[n by riv]s or deposit$ f ! sea-wat]1 :i* are m or less mix$ ) f9ely divid$ peat or p>tly decompos$ vegetable matt]s1 d]iv$ l>gely f ,sea-we$1 & 9 _m cases also ) animal rema9s 7mussels & o!r %ell-fi%1 crabs1 & myriads ( m9ute organisms47 ,?is black mud has great value z a f]tiliz]4 #d4 ,! ,*emical ,*>act]s & ,composition ( ,peat4 ,! process ( burn+1 demon/rates t peat consi/s ( two k9ds ( sub/ance2 "o ( :i*1 ! l>g] portion1 is combu/ible1 & is organic or vegetable matt]2 ! o!r1 small] portion1 rema9+ inde/ructible by fire is inorganic matt] or a%4 ,we %all consid] ^! sep>ately4 a4 ,! organic or combu/ible "p ( peat v>ies consid]ably 9 its proximate composition4 ,x is 9 fact an indef9ite mixture ( sev]al or p]haps ( _m comp\nd bodies1 ^: precise nature is little kn[n4 ,^! bodies h receiv$ ! collective names ,humus & ,ge9e4 ,we %all employ ! t]m humus to designate ?is mixture1 :e!r occurr+ 9 peat1 swamp-muck1 salt-mud1 9 compo/s1 or 9 ! arable soil4 ,its *emical *>act]s are mu* ! same1 :atev] its appe>ance or mode ( occurr5ce2 & ?is is to be expect$ s9ce x is always =m$ f ! same mat]ials & "u ess5tially simil> conditions4 ,res9\s & ,bitum9\s matt]s4--,if dry pulv]iz$ peat be agitat$ & w>m$ = a %ort "t ) alcohol1 !re is usually extract$ a small am\nt ( res9\s & sometimes ( bitum9\s matt]s1 :i* are ( no acc\nt 9 ! agricultural applications ( peat1 b h a be>+ on its value z fuel4 ,ulmic & ,humic acids4--,on boil+ :at rema9s f ! treatm5t ) alcohol1 ) a weak solution ( c>bonate ( soda 7sal-soda71 we obta9 a yell[i%-br[n or black liquid4 ,?is liquid conta9s c]ta9 acid +r$i5ts ( ! peat :i* become soluble by ent]+ into *emical comb9ation ) soda4 ,on add+ to ! solution /rong v9eg>1 or any o!r /rong acid1 !re sep>ates a bulky br[n or black sub/ance1 :i*1 aft] a "t1 subsides to ! bottom ( ! vessel z a precipitate1 to use a *emical t]m1 leav+ ! liquid ( a m or less yell[ t+e4 ,?is deposit1 if obta9$ f light br[n peat1 is ulmic acid2 if f black peat1 x is humic acid4 ,^! acids1 :5 9 ! precipitat$ /ate1 are insoluble 9 v9eg>2 b :5 ?is is wa%$ away1 !y are consid]ably soluble 9 wat]4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 modifi$ by ! action ( ! soda1 s z to acquire mu* great] solubility 9 wat] ?an !y o!rwise possess4 ,on dry+ ! bulky bodies ?us obta9$1 br[n or black lu/r\s masses result1 :i* h mu* ! appe>ance ( coal4 ,ulm9 & ,hum94--,aft] extract+ ! peat ) solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 x /ill conta9s ulm9 or hum94 ,^! bodies _c be obta9$ 9 ! pure /ate f peat1 s9ce !y are mix$ ) m or less p>tially decompos$ vegetable matt]s f :i* !y _c be sep>at$ )\t suff]+ *emical *ange4 ,!y h be5 procur$1 h[ev]1 by ! action ( muriatic acid on sug>4 ,!y are indiff]5t 9 _! *emical *>act]s1 are insoluble 9 wat] & 9 solution ( c>bonate ( soda2 b ^u heat+ ) solution ( hydrate ( soda !y give d>k-color$ liquids1 be+ 9 fact conv]t$ by ?is treatm5t into ulmic & humic acids1 respectively1 ) :i* !y are id5tical 9 composition4 ,! t]ms ulmic & humic acids d n ref] ea* to a s+le comp\nd1 b r to a gr\p ( bodies ( closely simil> appe>ance & prop]ties1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d diff] slightly 9 _! *>act]i/ics1 & diff] also 9 composition by conta9+ m or less ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 equal equival5ts4 ,aft] complete extraction ) hydrate ( soda1 !re rema9s m or less undecompos$ vegetable matt]1 toge!r ) s& & soil1 7 ^! conta9$ 9 ! peat4 ,cr5ic & apocr5ic acids4--,f ! usually yell[i% liquid out ( :i* ! ulmic & humic acids h be5 sep>at$1 may fur!r be procur$ by appropriate *emical means1 n ne$ful to be detail$ "h1 two o!r bodies :i* be> ! names respectively ( ,cr5ic ,acid & ,apocr5ic ,acid4 ,^! acids 7 discov]$ by ,b]zelius1 ! great ,sw$i% *emi/1 9 ! wat] & s$im5t ( ! ,porla spr+1 9 ,sw$54 ,by ! action ^u peat ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 :i* is g5]at$ to "s ext5t 9 ! decay ( vegetable matt]s & is also absorb$ f ! air1 ulmic & humic acids are made soluble1 & comb9e ) ! ammonia z well z ) lime1 oxide ( iron1 etc4 ,9 "s cases ! ulmates & humates ?us produc$ may be extract$ f ! peat by wat]1 & consequ5tly occur dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! swamp f :i* ! peat is tak51 giv+ x a yell[ or br[n color4 ,ulmates & ,humates4--,( consid]able int]e/ to u "h1 are ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nds ( ^! acids1 t may be =m$ 9 peat :5 x is us$ z an +r$i5t ( compo/s4 ,! ulmates & humates ( ! alkalies1 viz43 pota%1 soda1 & ammonia1 dissolve readily 9 wat]4 ,!y are =m$ :5 ! alkalies or _! c>bonates act on ulm9 & hum91 or ^u ulmates or humates ( lime1 iron1 etc4 ,_! dilute solutions are yell[1 or br[n4 ,! ulmates & humates ( lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 oxide ( manganese & alum9a1 are insoluble1 or ne>ly s 9 wat]4 ,9 ord9>y soils1 ! e>?s & oxides j nam$1 pr$om9ate ov] ! alkalies1 & al?\gh !y may conta9 consid]able ulmic & humic acids1 wat] is able to extract b v m9ute quantities ( ! latt]1 on acc\nt ( ! insolubility ( ! comp\nds !y h =m$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 peat1 highly manur$ g>d5 soil1 leaf-mold1 rott$ manure & compo/s1 yield yell[ or br[n extracts ) wat]1 f ! fact t alkalies are "h pres5t to =m soluble comp\nds4 ,an important fact e/abli%$ by ,muld] is1 t :5 solutions ( alkali-c>bonates are put 9 contact ) ! insoluble ulmates & humates1 ! latt] are decompos$2 soluble alkali-ulmates & humates be+ =m$1 & 9 ^!1 a portion ( ! o!rwise insoluble ulmates & humates dissolve1 s t ?us1 9 a compo/1 lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 & ev5 alum9a may exi/ 9 soluble comb9ations1 by ! ag5cy ( ^! acids4 ,cr5ates & ,apocr5ates4--,! ulmic & humic acids :5 sep>at$ f _! comp\nds1 are ne>ly insoluble1 &1 s f> z we "k1 comp>atively in]t bodies2 by fur!r *ange1 7unit+ ) oxyg57 !y pass into or yield ! cr5ic & apocr5ic acids :i*1 accord+ to ,muld]1 h an acid ta/e1 be+ freely soluble 9 wat]1 & 9 all respects1 decid$ acids4 ,! comp\nds ( bo? ^! acids ) ! alkalies are soluble4 ,! cr5ates ( lime1 magnesia1 & protoxide ( iron are soluble1 cr5ates ( p]oxide ( iron & ( oxide ( manganese are b v slightly soluble2 cr5ate ( alum9a is insoluble4 ,! apocr5ates ( iron & manganese are slightly soluble2 ^? ( lime1 magnesia1 & alum9a are insoluble4 ,all ! insoluble cr5ates & apocr5ates1 are soluble 9 solutions ( ! correspond+ salts ( ! alkalies4 ,application ( ^! facts w be giv5 9 subsequ5t p>agraphs4 ,x may be "h rem>k$1 t ! cr5ate ( protoxide ( iron is n unfrequ5tly =m$ 9 consid]able quantity 9 peat-bogs1 & dissolv+ 9 ! wat] ( spr+s gives !m a *alybeate "*4 ,copi\s spr+s ( ?is k9d occur at ! edge ( a peat-b$ at ,wood/ock1 ,conn41 :i* are 9 no small repute = _! m$ic9al qualities1 hav+ a tonic effect f ! iron !y conta94 ,su* wat]s1 on exposure to ! air1 %ortly absorb oxyg51 & ! sub/ance is !reby conv]t$ into cr5ate & aft]w>ds into apocr5ate ( p]oxide ( iron1 :i*1 be+ b slightly soluble1 or insoluble1 sep>ates z a yell[ or br[n o*re\s deposit along ! c\rse ( ! wat]4 ,by fur!r exposure to air ! organic acid is oxidiz$ to c>bonic acid1 & hydrat$ oxide ( iron rema9s4 ,bog-iron ore appe>s (t5 to h orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,ge9 & ,geic acid4--,muld] =m]ly believ$ ano!r sub/ance to exi/ 9 peat :i* he call$ ,ge91 & f ?is by ! action ( alkalies he suppos$ geic acid to be =m$4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s1 h[ev]1 he expresses d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( su* a sub/ance1 & we may omit fur!r notice ( x1 especially s9ce1 if x really d occur1 its prop]ties are n di/9ct f ^? ( humic acid4 ,we %\ld n neglect to rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w ge9 has be5 employ$ by "s writ]s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we use humus1 viz43 to d5ote ! br[n or black products ( ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]s4 ,x is sc>cely to be d\bt$ t o!r organic comp\nds exi/ 9 peat4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 we h no k ( any o!r +r$i5ts1 :ile x appe>s c]ta9 t ^? we h describ$ are its *ief con/itu5ts1 & give x its peculi> prop]ties4 ,) reg>d to !m x mu/ nev]!less be admitt$1 t our *emical k is n entirely satisfactory1 & new inve/igations are urg5tly dem&$ to supply ! defici5cies ( ! rese>*es s ably made by ,muld]1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,elem5t>y ,composition ( ,peat4 ,aft] ?is brief notice ( ^? organic comp\nds t h be5 recogniz$ 9 or produc$ f peat1 we may give att5tion to ! elem5t>y composition ( peat itself4 ,l t ( ! vegetation f :i* x orig9ates1 ! organic "p ( peat consi/s ( ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 ,oxyg5 & ,nitrog54 ,9 ! subjo9$ table are giv5 ! proportions ( ^! elem5ts z f\nd 9 ! combu/ible "p ( sphagnum1 ( sev]al k9ds ( wood1 & 9 t ( a numb] ( peats 9 v>i\s /ages ( rip5ess4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! cont5t ( c>bon4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,c>-,hydro-,oxy-,nitro- ,analy/4bon4 g54 g54 g54 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a--,sphagnum ,websky #di4hh #f4ed #db4db #a4af #b--,pea* wood undecompos$ ,*ev&i]#di4ij #f4aj #dc4aj #j4ij #c--,popl> #ej4cj #f4cj #db4dj #a4jj #d--,oak #ej4fj #f4jj #db4aj #a4cj #e--,peat1 por\s1 light-br[n1 sphagn\s ,websky #ej4hf #e4hj #db4eg #j4gg #f-- por\s1 r$-br[n4 ,jaeckel #ec4ea #e4ij #dj4ei #g-- heavy1 br[n4 #ef4dc #e4cb #ch4be #h-- d>k r$-br[n1 well decompos$ ,websky #ei4dg #f4eb #ca4ea #b4ea #i-- black1 v d5se & h>d4 #ei4gj #e4gj #cc4jd #a4ef #aj-- black1 heavy1 be/ quality #ei4ga #e4bg #cb4jg #b4ei #aa-- br[n1 heavy1 = fuel4 #fb4ed #f4ha #bi4bd #a4da ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,f ?is table x is se5 t sphagnum1 & ! wood ( our =e/ trees are v simil> 9 composition1 ?\gh n id5tical4 ,fur!r1 x is se5 f analyses #a & #e1 t 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! conv]sion ( sphagnum into peat--:i* are m>k$ by a *ange ( color1 b 9 :i* ! =m ( ! sphagnum is to a consid]able ext5t pres]v$--b little alt]ation occurs 9 ultimate composition2 ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( c>bon be+ ga9$1 & "o ( hydrog5 lo/4 ,we notice 9 runn+ d[n ! columns t z ! peat becomes heavi] & d>k] 9 color1 x also becomes ri*] 9 c>bon & poor] 9 oxyg54 ,hydrog5 v>ies b slightly4 ,z a g5]al /atem5t we may say t ! ripe/ & heavie/ peat conta9s #aj or #ab p] c5t4 m c>bon & #aj or #ab p] c5t4 less oxyg5 ?an ! vegetable matt] f :i* x is produc$2 :ile betwe5 ! unalt]$ vegetation & ! la/ /age ( humification1 ! peat runs ?r\gh an indef9ite numb] ( int]m$iate /ages4 ,nitrog5 is v>iable1 b1 9 g5]al1 ! old] peats conta9 ! mo/4 ,to ?is topic we %all %ortly recur1 & n[ pass on to notice-- ,! ultimate composition ( ! comp\nds ( :i* peat consi/s4 ,bel[ are tabulat$ analyses ( ! organic acids ( peat3-- ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,ulmic acid1 artificial f sug> #fg4aj #d4bj #bh4gj ,humic acid1 f ,frisian peat #fa4aj #d4cj #cd4fj ,cr5ic acid #ef4dg #b4gd #dj4gh ,apocr5ic acid #de4gj #d4hj #di4ej ,x is se5 t ! am\nt ( c>bon dim9i%es f ulmic acid to apocr5ic1 t ( oxyg5 increases 9 ! same direction & to ! same ext5t1 viz43 ab\t #ba p] c5t41 :ile ! hydrog5 rema9s ne>ly ! same 9 all4 b4 ,! m9]al "p ( peat1 :i* rema9s z a%es :5 ! organic matt]s are burn$ away1 is v>iable 9 quantity & composition4 ,usually a portion ( s& or soil is f\nd 9 x1 & ?is n unfrequ5tly con/itutes its l>g] portion4 ,"s peats leave on burn+ mu* c>bonate ( lime2 o!rs *iefly sulphate ( lime2 ! a% ( o!rs aga9 is mo/ly oxyd ( iron2 silicic1 & phosphoric acids1 magnesia1 pota%1 soda1 alum9a & *lor9e1 also occur 9 small quantities 9 ! a% ( all peats4 ,) "o exception 7alum9a7 all ^! bodies are important +r$i5ts ( agricultural plants4 ,9 "s r>e in/ances1 peats are f\nd1 :i* are s impregnat$ ) soluble sulphates ( iron & alum9a1 z to yield ^! salts to wat] 9 l>ge quantity2 & sulphate ( iron 7gre5 vitriol17 has actually be5 manufactur$ f su* peats1 :i* 9 consequ5ce h be5 *>act]iz$ z vitriol peats4 ,^? bases 7lime1 oxide ( iron1 etc417 :i* are f\nd z c>bonates or simple oxides 9 ! a%es1 exi/ 9 ! peat itself 9 comb9ation ) ! humic & o!r organic acids4 ,:5 ^! comp\nds are de/roy$ by burn+1 ! bases rema9 unit$ to c>bonic acid4 #e4--;,*emical ,*anges t occur 9 ! =mation ( ,peat4 ,:5 a plant p]i%es1 its conv]sion into humus usually beg9s at once4 ,:5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air attacks x1 unit+ ) its c>bon produc+ c>bonic acid gas1 & ) its hydrog5 g5]at+ wat]4 ,?is action goes on1 ?\gh sl[ly1 ev5 at "s dep? "u wat]1 because ! latt] dissolves oxyg5 f ! air 9 small quantity1#b & con/antly resupplies itself z rapidly z ! gas is consum$4 ,:e!r expos$ to ! air or n1 ! organic matt] suff]s int]nal decomposition1 & portions ( its elem5ts assume ! gase\s or liquid =m4 ,we h se5 t ripe peat is #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ri*] 9 c>bon & equally poor] 9 oxyg51 ?an ! vegetable matt]s f :i* x orig9ates4 ,organic matt]s1 9 pass+ into peat1 lose c>bon & nitrog52 b !y lose oxyg5 m rapidly ?an ! o!r two elem5ts1 & h5ce ! latt] become relatively m abundant4 ,! loss ( hydrog5 is su* t its proportion to ! o!r elem5ts is b little alt]$4 ,! bodies t sep>ate f ! decompos+ vegetable matt] are c>bonic acid gas1 c>burett$ hydrog5 7m>% gas71 nitrog5 gas1 & wat]4 ,c>bonic acid is ! mo/ abundant gase\s product ( ! peaty decomposition4 ,s9ce x conta9s ne>ly #gc p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 & b #bg p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 x is obvi\s t by its escape ! proportion ( c>bon 9 ! residual mass is increas$4 ,9 ! =mation ( wat] f ! decay+ matt]s1 #a "p ( hydrog5 c>ries (f #h p>ts ( oxyg51 & ?is *ange increases ! proportion ( c>bon & ( hydrog54 ,m>% gas consi/s ( "o "p ( hydrog5 to ?ree ( c>bon1 b x is evolv$ 9 comp>atively small quantity1 & h5ce has no effect 9 dim9i%+ ! p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,! gas t bubbles up ?r\gh ! wat] ( a peat-bog1 especially if ! decompos+ matt]s at ! bottom be /irr$1 consi/s l>gely ( m>% gas & nitrog51 (t5 ) b a small proportion ( c>bonic acid4 ,?us ,websky f\nd 9 gas f a peat-b$ ,c>bonic acid #b4ig ,m>% gas #dc4cf ,nitrog5 #ec4fg ------ #ajj4jj ,c>bonic acid1 h[ev]1 dissolves to a consid]able ext5t 9 wat]1 & is fur!rmore absorb$ by ! liv+ vegetation1 :i* is n true ( m>% gas & nitrog52 h5ce ! latt] escape :ile ! =m] does n4 ,nitrog5 escapes 9 ! uncomb9$ /ate1 z x always 7or usually7 does 9 ! decay ( vegetable & animal matt]s t conta9 x4 ,its loss is1 9 g5]al1 sl[] ?an t ( ! o!r elem5ts1 & x sometimes accumulates 9 ! peat 9 consid]able quantity4 ,a small portion ( nitrog5 unites ) hydrog51 =m+ ammonia1 :i* rema9s comb9$ ) ! humic & o!r acids4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,agricultural ,,uses ,,( ,,peat ,,& ,,swamp ,,muck4 ,aft] ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! composition ( peat1 we may proce$ to notice3 #a4--,! *>act]s t adapt x = agricultural uses4 ,^! *>act]s are conv5i5tly discuss$ "u two heads1 viz43 ,^? :i* r5d] x useful 9 improv+ ! texture & physical *>act]s ( ! soil1 & indirectly contribute to ! n\ri%m5t ( crops1--*>act]s :i* con/itute x an am5dm5t to ! soil 7,a72 & ,^? :i* make x a direct f]tiliz] 7,b74 ,a4--,consid]$ z an am5dm5t1 ! value ( peat dep5ds ^u ,its rem>kable p[] ( absorb+ & reta9+ wat]1 bo? z a liquid & z a vapor 7,i73 ,its p[] ( absorb+ ammonia 7,,ii73 ,its effect 9 promot+ ! dis9tegration & solution ( m9]al +r$i5ts1 t is ! /ony matt]s ( ! soil 7,,iii73 & ,its influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( ! soil 7,,iv74 ,! agricultural importance ( ^! prop]ties ( peat is be/ illu/rat$ by consid]+ ! faults ( a c]ta9 class ( soils4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut1 = in/ance1 are f\nd abundant examples ( light1 lea*y1 hungry soils1 :i* consi/ ( co>se s& or f9e gravel2 are surface-dry 9 a few h\rs aft] ! heavie/ ra9s1 & 9 ! summ] dr\?s1 are z dry z an a%-heap to a dep? ( sev]al or _m feet4 ,^! soils are easy to "w1 are ready = ! pl[ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & if well manur$ give fair crops 9 wet seasons4 ,9 a dry summ]1 h[ev]1 !y yield poorly1 or fail ( crops entirely2 &1 at ! be/1 !y require con/ant & v heavy manur+ to keep !m 9 he>t4 ,crops fail on ^! soils f two causes1 viz42 want ( moi/ure & want ( food4 ,cultivat$ plants dem& z an indisp5sable condition ( _! gr[? & p]fection1 to be suppli$ ) wat] 9 c]ta9 quantities1 :i* diff] ) diff]5t crops4 ,buck:eat w fl\ri% be/ on dry soils1 :ile cranb]ries & rice gr[ 9 swamps4 ,our ord9>y c]eal1 root1 =age & g>d5 crops require a m$ium degree ( moi/ure1 & ) u x is 9 all cases desirable t ! soil be equally protect$ f excess ( wat] & f dr\?4 ,soils mu/ be ?us situat$ ei!r naturally1 or z ! result ( improvem5t1 be=e any /eadily good results c be obta9$ 9 _! cultivation4 ,! rem$y = excess ( wat] 9 too heavy soils1 is ?or\gh dra9age4 ,x is exp5sive1 b effectual4 ,x makes ! e>? m por\s1 op5s & ma9ta9s *annels1 ?r\gh :i* ! surplus wat] spe$ily runs (f1 & p]mits ! roots ( crops to g d[n to a consid]able dep?4 ,:at1 let u consid]1 is ! means ( obviat+ ! defects ( soils t are naturally too por\s1 f :i* ! wat] runs (f too readily1 & ^: crops burn up 9 dry seasons8 ,9 wet summ]s1 ^! light soils1 z we h rem>k$1 are q productive if well manur$4 ,x is !n pla9 t if we c\ld add any?+ to !m :i* w\ld reta9 ! moi/ure ( dews & ra9s 9 spite ( ! summ]-heats1 our crops w\ld be uni=mly fair1 provid$ ! supply ( manure 7 kept up4 ,b :y is x t light soils1 ne$ m manure ?an loamy or heavy l&s8 ,we answ]--because1 9 ! fir/ place ! ra9s :i* quickly desc5d ?r\gh ! op5 soil1 wa% d[n out ( ! rea* ( vegetation ! soluble f]tiliz+ matt]s1 especially ! nitrates1 = :i* ! soil has no ret5tive p[]2 & 9 ! second place1 f ! porosity ( ! soil1 ! air has too great access1 s t ! vegetable & animal matt]s ( manures decay too rapidly1 _! volatile portions1 ammonia & c>bonic acid1 escape into ! atmosph]e1 & are 9 measure lo/ to ! crops4 ,f ^! comb9$ causes we f9d t a heavy dress+ ( well-rott$ /able manure1 almo/ if n entirely1 disappe>s f su* soils 9 "o season1 s t ano!r ye> ! field requires a r5ew$ application2 :ile on loamy soils ! same am\nt ( manure w\ld h la/$ sev]al ye>s1 & produc$ ea* ye> a bett] effect4 ,we want !n to am5d light soils by incorporat+ ) !m some?+ t prev5ts ! ra9s f lea*+ ?r\gh !m too rapidly1 & also t r5d]s !m less op5 to ! air1 or absorbs & reta9s = ! use ( crops ! volatile products ( ! decay ( manures4 ,= ^! purposes1 vegetable matt] ( "s sort is ! be/ & almo/ ! only am5dm5t t c be economically employ$4 ,9 _m cases a good peat or muck is ! be/ =m ( ?is mat]ial1 t lies at ! f>m]'s comm&4 ,i4--,its absorb5t p[] = liquid wat] is well kn[n to e f>m] :o has ?r[n x up 9 a pile to season = use4 ,x holds ! wat] l a sponge1 &1 accord+ to its great] or less porosity1 w reta9 f #ej to #ajj or m p] c5t4 ( its weight ( liquid1 )\t dripp+4 ,nor c ?is wat] escape f x rapidly4 ,x dries almo/ z sl[ly z clay1 & a heap ( x t has be5 expos$ to sun & w9d = a :ole summ]1 ?\gh x has ( c\rse lo/ mu* wat]1 is /ill di/9ctly wet to ! eye & ! feel a little bel[ ! surface4 ,its absorb5t p[] = vapor ( wat] is s great t m ?an once x has happ5$ 9 ,g]many1 t b>ns or close %$s fill$ ) p>tially dri$ peat1 su* z is us$ = fuel1 h be5 bur/ by ! swell+ ( ! peat 9 damp wea!r1 occasion$ by ! absorption ( moi/ure f ! air4 ,?is p[] is fur!r %[n by ! fact t :5 peat has be5 kept all summ] long 9 a w>m room1 ?9ly spread out to ! air1 & has become l dry snuff to ! feel1 x /ill conta9s f #h to #cj p] c5t4 7av]age #ae p] c5t47 ( wat]4 ,to dry a peat ?or\ghly1 x requires to be expos$ = "s "t to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,x is ?us pla91 z exp]i5ce has repeat$ly demon/rat$1 t no ord9>y summ] heats c dry up a soil :i* has _h a good dress+ ( ?is mat]ial1 = on ! "o h&1 x soaks up & holds ! ra9s t fall ^u x1 & on ! o!r1 x absorbs ! vapor ( wat] out ( ! atmosph]e :5ev] x is moi/1 z at night & 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,:5 peat has once become air-dry1 x no long] manife/s ?is avidity = wat]4 ,9 dry+ x %r9ks1 loses its porosity & requires long soak+ to saturate x aga94 ,9 ! soil1 h[ev]1 x r>ely becomes air-dry1 unless inde$1 ?is may happ5 dur+ long dr\? ) a peaty soil1 su* z results f ! dra9+ ( a bog4 ,,ii4--,absorb5t p[] = ammonia4 ,all soils t des]ve to be call$ f]tile1 h ! prop]ty ( absorb+ & reta9+ ammonia & ! volatile matt]s :i* escape f f]m5t+ manures1 b light & co>se soils may be defici5t 9 ?is p[]4 ,"h aga9 9 respect to its absorptive p[] = ammonia1 peat comes to our aid4 ,x is easy to %[ by direct exp]im5t t peat absorbs & comb9es ) ammonia4 ,9 #aheh ,i took a weigh$ quantity ( air-dry peat f ! ,new ,hav5 ,beav] ,pond1 7a specim5 furni%$ me by ,*auncey ,goodye>1 ,esq417 & p\r$ ^u x a kn[n quantity ( dilute solution ( ammonia1 & agitat$ ! two toge!r occasionally dur+ #dh h\rs4 ,i !n di/ill$ (f at a boil+ heat ! unabsorb$ ammonia & det]m9$ its quantity4 ,?is am\nt subtract$ f t ( ! ammonia orig9ally employ$1 gave ! quantity ( ammonia absorb$ & reta9$ by ! peat at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! peat reta9$ ammonia to ! am\nt ( #j4ie ( "o p] c5t4 ,i made ano!r trial at ! same "t ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 add+ excess ( solution ( ?is salt to a quantity ( peat1 & expos+ x to ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 until no smell ( ammonia 0 p]ceptible4 ,! entire nitrog5 9 ! peat 0 !n det]m9$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! dry peat :i* orig9ally conta9$ nitrog5 equival5t to #b4d p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 n[ yield$ an am\nt correspond+ to #c4g p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( ammonia absorb$ & reta9$ at a temp]ature ( #bab deg41 0 ?us #a4c p] c5t4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t mo/ ne>ly repres5ts ! true p[] ( absorption2 because1 9 f]m5t+ manures1 ammonia mo/ly occurs 9 ! =m ( c>bonate1 & ?is is m l>gely reta9$ ?an free ammonia1 on acc\nt ( its p[] ( decompos+ ! humate ( lime1 =m+ ) x c>bonate ( lime & humate ( ammonia4 ,! absorb5t p[] ( peat is well %[n by ! analyses ( ?ree specim5s1 s5t me 9 #aheh1 by ,edw9 ,hoyt1 ,esq41 ( ,new ,canaan1 ,conn4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! swamp muck he employ$4 ,x conta9$ 9 ! air-dry /ate nitrog5 equival5t to #j4eh p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,! second sample 0 ! same muck t _h la9 "u ! floor+ ( ! horse /ables1 & _h be51 9 ?is way1 p>tially saturat$ ) ur9e4 ,x conta9$ nitrog5 equival5t to #a4ae p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,! ?ird sample 01 f9ally1 ! same muck compo/$ ) :ite-fi%4 ,x conta9$ nitrog5 correspond+ to #a4ca p] c5t4 ( ammonia4#c ,! quantities ( ammonia ?us absorb$1 bo? 9 ! laboratory & field exp]im5ts are small--f #j4g to #a4c p] c5t4 ,! absorption is )\t d\bt *iefly due to ! organic matt] ( ! peats1 & 9 all ! specim5s on :i* ^! trials 7 made1 ! proportion ( inorganic matt] is l>ge4 ,! results !re=e become a bett] expression ( ! p[] ( peat1 9 g5]al1 to absorb ammonia1 if we reckon !m on ! organic matt] alone4 ,calculat$ 9 ?is way1 ! organic matt] ( ! ,beav] ,pond peat 7:i* con/itutes b #fh p] c5t4 ( ! dry peat7 absorbs #a4d p] c5t4 ( free ammonia1 & #a4i p] c5t4 ( ammonia out ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,simil> exp]im5ts1 by ,&]son1 on a ,scot* peat1 %[$ x to possess1 :5 wet1 an absorptive p[] ( #b p] c5t41 &1 aft] dry+ 9 ! air1 x /ill reta9$ #a4e p] c5t4--,trans4 ,highl& & ,ag'l ,soc'y4 ,:5 we consid] h[ small an +r$i5t ( mo/ manures nitrog5 is1 viz43 f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( "o p] c5t4 9 case ( /able manure1 & h[ little ( x1 9 ! %ape ( guano = in/ance1 is usually appli$ to crops--n m ?an #dj to #fj lbs4 to ! acre1 7! usual dress+s ) guano are f #bej to #djj lbs4 p] acre1 & nitrog5 av]ages b #ae p] c5t4 ( ! guano71 we at once p]ceive t an absorptive p[] ( "o or ev5 "o-half p] c5t4 is greatly m ?an adequate = e agricultural purpose4 ,,iii4--,peat promotes ! dis9tegration ( ! soil4 ,! soil is a /oreh\se ( food = crops2 ! /ores x conta9s are1 h[ev]1 only p>tly available = imm$iate use4 ,9 fact1 by f> ! l>g] %>e is lock$ up1 z x 71 9 insoluble comb9ations1 & only by a sl[ & gradual *ange c x become accessible to ! plant4 ,?is *ange is l>gely br\ght ab\t by ! unit$ action ( wat] & c>bonic acid gas4 ,ne>ly all ! rocks & m9]als out ( :i* f]tile soils are =m$1--:i* !re=e conta9 ^? inorganic matt]s t are ess5tial to vegetable gr[?1--?\gh v sl[ly act$ on by pure wat]1 are decompos$ & dissolv$ to a mu* great] ext5t by wat]1 *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,x is by ^! solv5ts t ! =mation ( soil f brok5 rocks is to a great ext5t due4 ,clay is inv>iably a result ( _! direct action ^u rocks4 ,! effici5cy ( ! soil dep5ds greatly ^u _! *emical influ5ce4 ,! only abundant s\rce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! soil1 is decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,hungry1 lea*y soils1 f _! defici5cy ( vegetable matt] & ( moi/ure1 d n adequately yield _! own native res\rces to ! support ( crops1 because ! conditions = conv]t+ _! fix$ into float+ capital are want+4 ,su* soils dress$ ) peat or gre5 manur$1 at once acquire ! p[] ( reta9+ wat]1 & keep t wat] ev] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid3 ?us n only ! extrane\s manures :i* ! f>m] applies are fully economiz$2 b ! soil becomes m productive f its own /ores ( f]tility :i* n[ beg9 to be unlock$ & available4 ,dr4 ,pet]s1 ( ,saxony1 has made "s in/ructive exp]im5ts t are "h 9 po9t4 ,he fill$ sev]al l>ge glass j>s1 7#b-a_/b feet high & #e-a_/b in*es wide7 ) a r poor loamy s&1 conta9+ consid]able humus1 & plant$ 9 ea* "o1 ,june #ad1 #aheg1 an equal numb] ( se$s ( oats & peas4 ,j> ,no4 #b _h daily pass$ into x ?r\gh a tube1 adapt$ to ! bottom1 ab\t #c-a_/d p9ts ( common air4 ,no4 #c receiv$ daily ! same bulk ( a mixture ( air & c>bonic acid gas1 ( :i* ! latt] am\nt$ to "o-f\r?4 ,no4 #a rema9$ )\t any treatm5t ( ?is k9d1 i4 e43 9 j ! condition ( ! soil 9 an op5 field1 hav+ no air 9 its pores1 save t p5etrat+ x f ! atmosph]e4 ,on ,octob] #c1 ! plants 7 remov$ f ! soil1 & aft] dry+ at ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 7 weigh$4 ,! crops f ! pots into :i* air & c>bonic acid 7 daily =c$1 7 ab\t twice z heavy z ,no4 #a1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! ord9>y condition4 ,exam9ation ( ! soil fur!r demon/rat$1 t 9 ! la/ two soils1 a consid]ably great] quantity ( m9]al & organic matt]s _h become soluble 9 wat]1 ?an 9 ! soil t 0 n artificially a]at$4 ,! actual results are giv5 9 ! table bel[ 9 grammes1 & ref] to #fjjj grammes ( soil 9 ea* case3-- ,,action ,,( ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,on ,,! ,,soil4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 #a1 ,)\t ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 ,sub/ances soluble 9 wat]1 etc4 ,artificial ,common ,air & ,supply ( ,air ,c>bonic ,air4 ,add$4acid add$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,m9]al matt]s #b4jd #c4ga #d4ii ,pota% #j4jg #j4ag #j4ad ,soda #j4ag #j4bc #j4bh ,organic matt]s #b4gf #d4cb #b4dc ,weight ( ,crops #e4hi #aj4di #ab4ce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,x w be se5 f ! above t air alone ex]cis$ ne>ly z mu* solv5t effect z ! mixture ( air ) "o-f\r? its weight ( c>bonic acid2 ?is is d\btless1 9 "p due to ! fact t ! air1 ^u ent]+ ! soil ri* 9 humus1 caus$ ! abundant =mation ( c>bonic acid1 z w be pres5tly %[n mu/ h be5 ! case4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t organic acids 7cr5ic & apocr5ic17 & nitric acid 7 also produc$ 7by oxidation17 & %>$ ) c>bonic ! "w ( solution4 ,x is almo/ c]ta91 t ! acids ( peat ex]t a p[]ful decompos+1 & ultimately solv5t effect on ! m9]als ( ! soil2 b on ?is po9t we h no precise in=mation1 & mu/ !re=e be cont5t m]ely to pres5t ! probability4 ,?is is su/a9$ by ! fact t ! cr5ic1 apocr5ic & humic acids1 ?\gh (t5 p>tly uncomb9$1 are nev] :olly s1 b usually occur unit$ 9 "p to v>i\s bases1 viz43 lime1 magnesia1 ammonia1 pota%1 alum9a & oxide ( iron4 ,! cr5ic & apocr5ic acids 7t are =m$ by ! oxidation ( ulmic & humic acids17 h su* decid$ acid *>act]s1--cr5ic acid especially1 :i* has a /rongly s\r ta/e--t we _c well d\bt _! dissolv+ action4 ,,iv4--,! influ5ce ( peat on ! temp]ature ( light soils dress$ ) x may (t5 be ( consid]able practical importance4 ,a light dry soil is subject to great v>iations ( temp]ature1 & rapidly foll[s ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e f cold to hot1 & f hot to cold4 ,9 ! summ] noon a s&y soil becomes s w>m z to be h>dly endurable to ! feel1 & aga9 x is on su* soils t ! e>lie/ fro/s take effect4 ,if a soil ?us subject to extremes ( temp]ature h a dress+ ( peat1 x w on ! "o h& n become s w>m 9 ! hot day1 & on ! o!r h& x w n cool s rapidly1 nor s mu* 9 ! night2 its temp]ature w be r5d]$ m uni=m1 & on ! :ole1 m conducive to ! welf>e ( vegetation4 ,?is regulative effect on temp]ature is p>tly due to ! /ores ( wat] held by peat4 ,9 a hot day ?is wat] is con/antly evaporat+1 & ?is1 z all "k1 is a cool+ process4 ,at night ! peat absorbs vapor ( wat] f ! air1 & cond5ses x )9 its pores1 ?is cond5sation is aga9 accompani$ ) ! evolution ( heat4 ,x appe>s to be a g5]al1 ?\gh n inv>iable fact1 t d>k color$ soils1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 are con/antly ! w>me/1 or at any rate ma9ta9 ! temp]ature mo/ favorable to vegetation4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ t on light-color$ soils plants mature m rapidly1 if ! e>? be ?9ly cov]$ ) a coat+ ( "s black sub/ance4 ,?us ,lampadius1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,freib]g1 a t[n situat$ 9 a m\nta9\s "p ( ,saxony1 f\nd t he c\ld rip5 melons1 ev5 9 ! coole/ summ]s1 by /rew+ a coat+ ( coal-du/ an in* deep ov] ! surface ( ! soil4 ,9 "s ( ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,rh9e1 ! p[d] ( a black slate is employ$ to ha/5 ! rip5+ ( ! grape4 ,gir>d91 an em95t ,fr5* agriculturi/1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! cultivation ( potatoes1 f\nd t ! "t ( _! rip5+ v>i$ eight to f\rte5 days1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil4 ,he f\nd1 on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 9 a v d>k soil1 made s by ! pres5ce ( mu* humus or decay+ vegetable matt]1 tw5ty-six v>ieties ripe2 9 s&y soil b tw5ty1 9 clay n9ete51 & 9 a :ite lime soil only sixte54 ,x _c be d\bt$ !n1 t ! effect ( dress+ a light s&y or gravelly soil ) peat1 or o!rwise enri*+ x 9 vegetable matt]1 is to r5d] x w>m]1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t ^w is usually appli$ to soils4 ,! upw>d range ( ! !rmomet] is n1 inde$1 increas$1 b ! uni=m w>m? s salut>y to our mo/ valu$ crops is !reby secur$4 ,9 ! light soils /able-manure wa/es too rapidly because1 = "o reason1 at ! extremes ( high temp]ature1 oxidation & decay proce$ ) great rapidity1 & ! volatile portions ( ! f]tiliz] are us$ up fa/] ?an ! plant c appropriate !m1 s t n only are !y wa/$ dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( gr[?1 b !y are want+ at a lat] p]iod :5 _! abs5ce may prove ! failure ( a crop4 ,b4 ,! +r$i5ts & qualities :i* make peat a direct f]tiliz] next come "u discussion4 ,we %all notice3 ,! organic matt]s includ+ nitrog5 7ammonia & nitric acid7 7,i73 ,! inorganic or m9]al +r$i5ts 7,,ii73 ,peculi>ities 9 ! decay ( ,peat 7,,iii71 & ,in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 peat & /able manure 7,,iv74 ,i4--,"u ?is division we h to consid]3 #a4 ,! organic matt]s z direct food to plants4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 :5 ,*emi/ry & ,vegetable ,physiology began to be appli$ to ,agriculture1 ! op9ion 0 firmly held among sci5tific m51 t ! organic p>ts ( humus--by :i* we und]/& decay$ vegetable matt]1 su* z is f\nd to a great] or less ext5t 9 all good soils1 & ab\nds 9 _m f]tile ones1 su* z con/itutes ! leaf-mold ( =e/s1 su* z is produc$ 9 ! f]m5t+ ( /able manure1 & t =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( swamp-muck & peat1--are ! true n\ri%m5t ( vegetation1 at any rate ( ! high] ord]s ( plants1 ^? :i* supply food to man & to dome/ic animals4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,liebig1 9 8 celebrat$ treatise on ! ,applications ( ,*emi/ry to ,agriculture & ,physiology1 gave z 8 op9ion t ^! organic bodies d n n\ri% vegetation except by ! products ( _! decay4 ,he ass]t$ t !y _c ent] ! plant directly1 b t ! wat]1 c>bonic acid & ammonia result+ f _! decay1 are ! sub/ances actually imbib$ by plants1 & f ^! alone is built up ! organic or combu/ible "p ( vegetation4 ,to ?is day !re is a division ( op9ion among sci5tific m5 on ?is subject1 "s adopt+ ! views ( ,liebig1 o!rs ma9ta9+ t c]ta9 soluble organic matt]s1 viz41 cr5ic & apocr5ic acids are prop] food ( plants4 ,on ! "o h& x has be5 abundantly demon/rat$ t ^! organic matt]s are n at all ess5tial to ! gr[? ( agricultural plants1 & c con/itute b a small "p ( ! actual food ( vegetation tak5 9 ! aggregate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are acqua9t$ ) no satisfactory evid5ce t ! soluble organic matt]s ( ! soil & ( peat1 especially ! cr5ates & apocr5ates1 are n actually appropriat$ by1 &1 s f> z !y g1 are n directly s]viceable z food to plants4 ,be ?is z x may1 practice has abundantly demon/rat$ ! value ( humus z an +r$i5t ( ! soil1 & if n directly1 yet indirectly1 x furni%es ! mat]ial out ( :i* plants build up _! p>ts4 #b4 ,! organic matt]s ( peat z indirect food to plants4 ,v ne>ly "o-half1 by weight1 ( our common crops1 :5 p]fectly dry1 consi/s ( c>bon4 ,! sub/ance :i* supplies ?is elem5t to plants is ! gas1 c>bonic acid4 ,plants d]ive ?is gas mo/ly f ! atmosph]e1 absorb+ x by means ( _! leaves4 ,b ! free atmosph]e1 at only a little space above ! soil1 conta9s on ! av]age b #a_/bejj ( its bulk ( ?is gas1 :]eas plants fl\ri% 9 air conta9+ a l>g] quantity1 &1 9 fact1 _! o!r wants be+ suppli$1 !y gr[ bett] z ! quantity is increas$ to #a_/ab ! bulk ( ! air4 ,^! consid]ations make suffici5tly obvi\s h[ important x is t ! soil h 9 itself a con/ant & abundant s\rce ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,z be=e said1 organic matt]1 9 a /ate ( decay1 is ! s+le mat]ial :i* ! f>m] c incorporate ) 8 soil 9 ord] to make ! latt] a supply ( ?is mo/ indisp5sable =m ( plant-food4 ,:5 organic matt]s decay 9 ! soil1 _! c>bon ultimately assumes ! =m ( ,c>bonic acid4 ,?is gas1 con/antly exhal+ f ! soil1 is tak5 up by ! foliage ( ! crops1 & to "s ext5t is absorb$ likewise by _! roots4 ,b\ss+ault ,lewy h exam9$ ! air inclos$ 9 ! int]/ices ( v>i\s soils1 & inv>iably f\nd x mu* ri*] 7#aj to #djj times7 ?an t ( ! atmosph]e above4 ,"h foll[ "s ( _! results3 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,soils4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,key3 ,a - ,volumes ( ,c>bonic acid 9 #ajj ( air 9 pores ( ,soil4 ,b - ,cubic feet ( air 9 acre to dep? ( #ad in*es4 ,c - ,cubic feet ( ,c>bonic acid 9 acre to dep? ( #ad in*es4 ,d - ,volumes ( ,c>bonic acid to #ajj ( air above ! soil4 ,e - ,cubic feet ( air ov] "o acre to height ( #ad in*es4 ,f - ,cubic feet ( ,c>bonic acid ov] "o acre to a height ( #ad in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,designation & ,condition ( ,soil4 ,a ,b ,c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,s&y subsoil ( =e/ #j4bd #d1cbf #ad ,loamy #j4hb #c1deh #bh ,surface soil #j4hf #e1gfh #ef ,clayey soil ( arti*oke field #j4ff #aj1jid #ga ,soil ( asp>agus b$1 unmanur$ = "o ye> #j4gi #aj1idh #hf newly manur$ #a4ed #aj1idh #agb ,s&y soil1 six days aft] manur+1 & ?ree days ( ra94#b4ba #aa1ecf #beg t5 #i4gd #aa1ecfaadd ,compo/ ( vegetable mold #c4fd #bj1fjh #ggb ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ,atmosph]e ,d ,e ,f --------------- #j4jbeej1hbj #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,f ! above x is se5 t 9 soils conta9+ little decompos+ organic matt]s--z ! =e/ sub-soils--! quantity ( c>bonic acid is no great] ?an t conta9$ 9 an equal bulk ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is great] 9 loamy & clayey soils2 b is /ill small4 ,9 ! arti*oke field 7probably light soil n lately manur$71 & ev5 9 an asp>agus b$ unmanur$ = "o ye>1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid is n greatly l>g]4 ,9 newly manur$ fields1 & especially 9 a vegetable compo/1 ! quantity is va/ly great]4 ,! organic matt]s :i* come f manures1 or f ! roots & o!r residues ( crops1 are ! s\rce ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! soil4 ,^! matt]s cont9ually wa/e 9 yield+ ?is gas1 & mu/ be suppli$ anew4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd t ! ri* soil ( 8 kit*5 g>d5 7ne> ,/rasburg7 :i* _h be5 heavily manur$ f ! b>n-y>d = _m ye>s1 lo/ "o-?ird ( its c>bon by exposure to ! air = ?ree mon?s 7,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]17 be+ daily wat]$4 ,x orig9ally conta9$ #b4dc p] c5t4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! exp]im5t x conta9$ b #a4fj p] c5t41 hav+ lo/ #j4hc p] c5t4 ,peat & swamp-muck1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 furni% c>bonic acid 9 l>ge quantities dur+ _! sl[ oxidation 9 ! soil4 #c4 ,! ,nitrog5 ( ,peat1 includ+ ,ammonia & ,nitric ,acid4 ,! s\rces ( ! nitrog5 ( plants1 & ! real cause ( ! value ( nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s1 are topics t h excit$ m discussion ?an any o!r po9ts 9 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,?is is ! result ( two circum/ances4 ,"o is ! obscurity 9 :i* "s p>ts ( ! subject h re/$2 ! o!r is ! imm5se practical & comm]cial importance ( ?is elem5t1 z a *>act]i/ic & ess5tial +r$i5t ( ! mo/ preci\s f]tiliz]s4 ,x is a rule t ! mo/ valuable manures1 comm]cially consid]$1 are ^? conta9+ ! mo/ nitrog54 ,p]uvian guano1 sulphate ( ammonia1 soda-saltpet]1 fi% & fle% manures1 bones & ur9e1 co/ ! f>m] m money p] ton ?an any o!r manures he buys or makes1 sup]phosphate ( lime except$1 & ?is does n f9d sale1 = g5]al purposes1 unless x conta9s sev]al p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,^! are1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s1 &1 if depriv$ ( _! nitrog51 !y w\ld lose ! great] %>e ( _! f]tiliz+ p[]4 ,! importance ( ! nitrog5 ( manures dep5ds ^u ! fact t ^? =ms 7comp\nds7 ( nitrog5 :i* are capable ( supply+ x to vegetation are comp>atively sc>ce4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t peat conta9s a consid]able quantity ( nitrog54 ,! av]age am\nt 9 ?irty specim5s1 analyz$ "u ! au?or's direction1 includ+ peats & swamp mucks ( all grades ( quality1 is equival5t to #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! air-dri$ sub/ance1 or m ?an ?rice z mu* z exi/s 9 ord9>y /able or y>d manure4 ,9 sev]al peats ! am\nt is z high z #b4d p] c5t41 & 9 "o case #b4i p] c5t4 7 f\nd4 ,( ^! ?irty samples1 "o-half 7 l>gely mix$ ) soil1 & conta9$ f #ae to #fj p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]s4 ,r$uc+ !m to an av]age ( #ae p] c5t4 ( wat] & #e p] c5t4 ( a%1 !y conta9 #b4a p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 :ile ! organic "p1 consid]$ free f wat] & m9]al sub/ances1 conta9s on ! av]age #b4f p] c5t4 ,see table1 page #ij4 ,! five peats1 analyz$ by ,websky & ,*ev&i]1 z cit$ on page #bd1 consid]$ free f wat] & a%1 conta9 an av]age ( #a4h p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,we %\ld n neglect to notice t peat is (t5 comp>atively poor 9 nitrog54 ,( ! specim5s1 exam9$ 9 ! ,yale ,analytical ,laboratory1 sev]al conta9$ b half a p] c5t4 or less4 ,s 9 ! analyses ( ,websky1 "o sample conta9$ b #j4gg p] c5t4 ( ! elem5t 9 "q4 ,z conc]ns ! /ate ( comb9ation 9 :i* nitrog5 exi/s 9 peat1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,muld] reg>ds x z *iefly occurr+ 9 ! =m ( ammonia 7a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog571 unit$ to ! organic acids f :i* x is v difficult to sep>ate x4 ,rec5t inve/igations indicate t 9 g5]al1 peat conta9s b a small proportion ( ready-=m$ ammonia4 ,! great "p ( ! nitrog5 ( peat exi/s 9 an insoluble & in]t =m3 b1 by ! action ( ! atmosph]e ^u x1 especially :5 mix$ ) & divid$ by ! soil1 x gradually becomes available to vegetation to z great an ext5t z ! nitrog5 ( ord9>y f]tiliz]s4 ,x appe>s f late exam9ations t wea!r$ peat may conta9 nitric acid 7comp\nd ( nitrog5 ) oxyg57 9 a proportion :i*1 ?\gh small1 is yet ( great importance1 agriculturally speak+4 ,:at analytical data we possess are subjo9$4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,nitrog51 ,,etc41 ,,9 ,,peat4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total ,ammonia1 ,analy/4 ,nitrog54 p] c5t4,nitric acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a--;,br[n ,peat,air dry 787 ,b\ss+ault #b4bj #j4jah #j4jjj #b--;,black ,peat ,undet]m9$ #j4jbe ,undet]m9$ #c--,peat ,dri$ at #bab deg4,rei*>dt#d #j4aeb #j4dhc #d--,peat #j4afe #j4ebe #e--,peat #j4cje #j4bda #f--,peat #j4cce #j4dba ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,specim5s #c1 #d & #e1 are swamp 7or hea?7 mucks1 & h be5 wea!r$ = use 9 fl[]-culture4 #c & #d are alike1 save t #c has be5 wea!r$ a ye> long] ?an #d4 ,!y conta9 respectively #da1 #ef & #fg p] c5t4 ( organic matt]4 ,sample #f1 conta9+ #hf p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 is employ$ z a manure ) great advantage1 & probably 0 wea!r$ be=e analysis4 ,x conta9$ #he p] c5t4 ( organic sub/ance4 ,m important to u ?an ! circum/ance t ?is peat conta9s b little or no ammonia or nitric acid1 & ! o!r conta9s su* or su* a fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ( ^! bodies1 is ! gr& fact t all peats may yield a good %>e ( _! nitrog5 to ! support ( crops1 :5 prop]ly treat$ & appli$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,liebig's tea*+s1 :i* 7 logically bas$ ^u ! be/ data at ! disposal ( ?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] :5 he wrote #be ye>s ago1 x has be5 believ$ t ! nitrog5 ( a f]tiliz]1 9 ord] to be available1 mu/ be conv]t$ into ammonia & pres5t$ 9 t %ape to ! plant4 ,x has be5 rec5tly made cle> t nitric acid1 r ?an ammonia1 is ! =m ( nitrog5\s food :i* is mo/ s]viceable to vegetation1 & ! "o :i* is mo/ abundantly suppli$ by ! air & soil4 ,! value ( ammonia is h[ev] positive1 & n to be ov]look$4 ,:5 peat1 prop]ly prep>$ by wea!r+ or compo/+1 is suitably incorporat$ ) a poor or light soil1 x sl[ly suff]s decomposition & wa/es away4 ,if x be wet1 & air h access 9 limit$ quantity1 especially if lime be mix$ ) x1 a portion ( its nitrog5 is gradually conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,) full access ( air nitric acid is produc$4 ,9 ei!r case1 x appe>s t a consid]able %>e ( ! nitrog5 escapes 9 ! free /ate z gas1 !reby becom+ useless to vegetation until x %all h become conv]t$ aga9 into ammonia or nitric acid4 ,x happ5s 9 a cultivat$ soil t ! oxyg5 ( ! air is 9 excess at ! surface1 & less abundant z we g d[n until we get bel[ organic matt]s3 x happ5s t "o day x is saturat$ ) wat] m or less1 & ano!r day x is dry1 s t at "o "t we h ! conditions = ! =mation ( ammonia1 & at ano!r1 ^? favorable to produc+ nitric acid4 ,9 ?is way1 s f> z our pres5t k w>rants u to affirm1 organic matt]s1 decay+ 9 ! soil1 cont9u\sly yield portions ( _! nitrog5 9 ! =ms ( ammonia & nitric acid = ! n\ri%m5t ( plants4 ,! f>m] :o skillfully employs z a f]tiliz] a peat conta9+ a good proportion ( nitrog51 may ?us expect to get f x results simil> to :at w\ld come f ! correspond+ quantity ( nitrog5 9 guano or /able manure4 ,b ! capacity ( peat = fe$+ crops )1 nitrog5 appe>s n to /op "h4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 ! free nitrog5 ( ! air :i* _c be directly appropriat$ by vegetation1 is oxidiz$ 9 ! pores ( ! soil to nitric acid1 & ?us1 free ( exp5se to ! f>m]1 8 crops are daily dress$ ) ! mo/ preci\s ( all f]tiliz]s4 ,?is ga!r+ ( useless nitrog5 f ! air1 & mak+ x ov] into plant-food _c g on 9 a soil de/itute ( organic matt]1 requires 9 fact t vegetable rema9s or humifi$ sub/ances ( "s sort be pres5t !re4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is /atem5t1 ^: tru? 0 ma9ta9$ ye>s ago z a matt] ( op9ion by _m ( ! old] *emi/s1 has rec5tly become ne>ly a matt] ( demon/ration by ! inve/igations ( ,b\ss+ault & ,knop1 :ile ! explanation ( x is furni%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,s*o5be9 & ,zabel94 ,to attempt any elucidation ( x "h w\ld require m space ?an is at our disposal4 ,x is pla9 f ! cont5ts ( ?is p>agraph t peat or swamp muck is1 9 g5]al1 an abundant s\rce ( nitrog51 & is (t5 !re=e an extremely *eap means ( replac+ ! mo/ r>e & co/ly f]tiliz]s4 ,,ii4--,) reg>d to ! inorganic matt]s ( peat consid]$ z food to plants1 x is obvi\s1 t1 leav+ out ( ! acc\nt = ! pres5t1 "s exceptional cases1 !y are useful z f> z !y g4 ,9 ! a%es ( peats1 we almo/ always f9d small quantities ( sulphate ( lime1 magnesia & phosphoric acid4 ,pota% & soda too1 are (t5 pres5t1 ?\gh r>ely to any consid]able am\nt4 ,c>bonate & sulphate ( lime are l>ge +r$i5ts ( ! a%es ( ab\t "o-half1 ( ! ?irty-?ree peats & swamp mucks ,i h exam9$4 ,! a%es ( ! o!r half are l>gely mix$ ) s& & soil1 b 9 mo/ cases also conta9 consid]able sulphate ( lime1 & (t5 c>bonates ( lime & magnesia4 ,9 "o swamp-muck1 f ,mil=d1 ,conn41 !re 0 f\nd b two p] c5t4 ( a%1 at lea/ "o-half ( :i* 0 s&1 & ! rema9d] sulphate ( lime1 7gypsum47 ,9 o!r samples #bj1 #cj1 #ej & ev5 #fj p] c5t4 rema9$ aft] burn+ (f ! organic matt]4 ,9 ^! cases ! a% is *iefly s&4 ,! am\nt ( a% f\nd 9 ^? peats :i* 7 mo/ free f s&1 ranges f five to n9e p] c5t4 ,probably ! av]age proportion ( true a%1 viz43 t d]iv$ f ! organic matt]s !mselves1 n includ+ s& & accid5tal +r$i5ts1 is n f> f five p] c5t4 ,9 tw5ty-two specim5s ( ,european peat1 exam9$ by ,websky1 ,jaeckel1 ,walz1 ,wiegmann1 ,e9h( & ,b]?i]1 elev5 conta9$ f #j4f to #c4e p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,! o!r elev5 yield$ f #e4c to #bb p] c5t4 ,! av]age ( ! =m] 0 #b4d1 t ( ! latt] #ab4g p] c5t4 ,mo/ ( ^! conta9$ a consid]able proportion ( s& or soil4 ,v>iation 9 ! composition z well z 9 ! quantity ( a% is v great4 ,?ree analyses ( peat-a%es h be5 execut$ at ! au?or's in/ance ) ! subjo9$ results3 ,,analyses ,,( ,,peat-,,a%es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,pota%4 #j4fi #j4hj #c4df ,soda4 #j4eh trace4 ,lime4 #dj4eb #ce4ei #f4fj ,magnesia4 #f4jf #d4ib #a4je ,oxide ( iron & alum9a4 #e4ag #i4jh #ae4ei ,phosphoric acid4 #j4ej #j4gg #a4ee ,sulphuric acid4 #e4eb #aj4da #d4jd ,*lor9e4 #j4ae #j4dc #j4gj ,soluble silica4 #h4bc #a4dj ,c>bonic acid4 #ai4fj #bb4bh #fg4ja ,s&4 #ab4aa #ae4jd -------------------------------- #ii4ac #ajj4gd #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a 0 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr41 ( ,poquonock1 ,conn41 & comes f a peat :i* he uses z fuel4 ,b 0 s5t by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood1 ( ,colebrook1 ,conn4 ,c 0 s5t f ,guil=d1 ,conn41 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,foote4#e ,a & ,b1 aft] exclud+ s&1 are se5 to consi/ *iefly ( c>bonates & sulphates ( lime & magnesia4 ,,iii4 conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( s& & soluble silica1 mu* iron & alum9a1 less lime & sulphuric acid4 ,pota% & phosphoric acid are ?ree times m abundant 9 ,c ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,in/ead ( cit+ 9 full ! results ( ,websky1 ,jaeckel & o!rs1 x w s]ve our object bett] to pres5t ! maximum1 m9imum & av]age proportions ( ! important +r$i5ts 9 tw5ty-six rec5t analyses1 7includ+ ^! ?ree17 t h come "u ! au?or's notice4 ,,v>iations ,,& ,,av]ages ,,9 ,,composition ,,( ,,peat-,,a%es4 ,m9imum4 ,maximum4 ,av]age4 ,pota% #j4je to #c4fd #j4hi p] c5t4 ,soda none #e4gc #j4hc ,lime #d4gb #eh4ch #bd4jj ,magnesia none #bd4ci #c4bj ,alum9a #j4ij #bj4ej #e4gh ,oxide ( iron none #gc4cc #ah4gj ,sulphuric acid none #cg4dj #g4ej ,*lor9e #f4ej #j4fj ,phosphoric acid #f4bi #b4ef ,s& #j4ii #ef4ig #be4ej ,x is se5 f ! above figures t ! a% ( peat v>ies 9 composition to an indef9ite degree4 ,lime is ! only +r$i5t t is nev] q want+1 & ) ! exception ( s&1 x is on ! av]age ! l>ge/4 ,( ! o!r agriculturally valuable compon5ts1 sulphuric acid has ! highe/ av]age2 !n foll[s magnesia2 !n phosphoric acid1 & la/ly1 pota% & soda3 all ( ^!1 h[ev]1 may be ne>ly or q lack+4 ,websky1 :o has rec5tly made a /udy ( ! composition ( a numb] ( ,g]man peats1 believes himself w>rant$ to conclude t peat is s modifi$ 9 appe>ance by its m9]al matt]s1 t ! quantity or "* ( ! latt] may be judg$ ( 9 _m cases by ! eye4 ,he rem>ks1 7,j\rnal fu] ,praktis*e ,*emie1 ,bd4 #ib1 ,s4 #hg17 t :ile = example ! peats conta9+ mu* s& & clay h a r$-br[n p[d]y appe>ance1 & nev] assume a lu/r\s surface by pressure2 ^? :i* are v ri* 9 lime1 are black1 /icky :5 moi/1 h>d & ( a waxy lu/] on a press$ surface1 :5 dry3 a prop]ty :i* !y %>e inde$ ) v d5se peats t conta9 little a%4 ,peats impregnat$ ) iron are easily recogniz$4 ,_! peculi> odor1 & _! *ang$ appe>ance di/+ui% !m f all o!rs4 ,f my own inve/igations on ?irty specim5s ( ,connecticut peats1 ,i am =c$ to disagree ) ,websky entirely1 & to ass]t t except z reg>ds s&1 :i* may (t5 be detect$ by ! eye1 !re is no connection :atev] betwe5 ! quantity or "* ( ! a% & ! color1 consi/5cy1 d5sity or any o!r ext]nal quality ( ! peat4 ,! causes ( ?is v>iation 9 ! a%-cont5t ( peat1 des]ve a mom5t's notice4 ,! plants t produce peat conta9 consid]able proportions ( lime1 magnesia1 alkalies1 sulphuric acid1 *lor9e & phosphoric acid1 z se5 f ! foll[+ analysis by ,websky4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,a% ,,( ,,sphagnum4 ,pota%4 #ag4b ,soda4 #h4c ,lime4 #aa4h ,magnesia4 #f4g ,sulphuric acid4 #f4e ,*lor9e4 #f4b ,phosphoric acid4 #f4g ,p] c5t4 ( a%1 #b4e4 ,! m9]al matt]s ( ! sphagnum d n all become +r$i5ts ( ! peat2 b1 z rapidly z ! moss decays bel[1 its soluble matt]s are to a great degree absorb$ by ! vegetation1 :i* is /ill liv+ & gr[+ above4 ,aga91 :5 a /ream fl[s ?r\gh a peat-b$1 soluble matt]s are c>ri$ away by ! wat]1 :i* is (t5 d>k-br[n f ! sub/ances dissolv$ 9 x4 ,f9ally ! soil ( ! adjac5t l& is wa%$ or bl[n ^u ! swamp1 9 great] or less quantities4 ,,iii4--,! decomposition ( peat 9 ! soil (f]s "s peculi>ities t are wor?y ( notice 9 ?is place4 ,peat is m gradual & regul> 9 decay ?an ! vegetable matt]s ( /able dung1 or ?an t furni%$ by turn+ "u sod or gre5 crops4 ,x is ?us a m /eady & la/+ b5efit1 especially 9 light soils1 out ( :i* ord9>y vegetable manures disappe> too rapidly4 ,! decay ( peat appe>s to proce$ ?r\gh a regul> s]ies ( /eps4 ,9 ! soil1 especially 9 contact ) soluble alkal9e bodies1 z ammonia & lime1 !re is a progressive conv]sion ( ! insoluble or less soluble into soluble comp\nds4 ,?us ! in]t matt]s t resi/ ! imm$iate solv5t p[] ( alkalies1 absorb oxyg5 f ! air1 & =m ! humic or ulmic acids soluble 9 alkalies2 ! humic acids und]go conv]sion into cr5ic acid1 & ?is body1 by oxidation1 passes into apocr5ic acid4 ,! two latt] are soluble 9 wat]1 &1 9 ! por\s soil1 !y are rapidly br\ght to ! end-results ( decay1 viz43 wat]1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia & free nitrog54 ,great diff]5ces mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 9 ! rapidity ) :i* ^! *anges take place4 ,d\btless !y g on mo/ sl[ly 9 case ( ! fibr\s compact peats1 & p]haps "s ( ! light] & m por\s samples ( swamp muck1 w\ld decay ne>ly z fa/ z rott$ /able dung4 ,x might appe> f ! above /atem5t1 t ! effect ( expos+ peat to ! air1 z is done :5 x is incorporat$ ) ! soil1 w\ld be to increase relatively ! am\nt ( soluble organic matt]s2 b ! tru? is1 t !y are (t5 actually dim9i%$4 ,9 fact1 ! oxidation & consequ5t removal ( ^! soluble matt]s 7cr5ic & apocr5ic acids17 is likely to proce$ m rapidly ?an !y c be produc$ f ! less soluble humic acid ( ! peat4 ,,iv4--,comp>ison ( ,peat ) ,/able ,manure4 ,! f]tiliz+ value ( peat is be/ und]/ood by comp>+ x ) "s /&>d manure4 ,/able manure is obvi\sly t f]tiliz] ^: effects are mo/ univ]sally obs]v$ & appreciat$1 & by sett+ analyses ( ! two side by side1 we may see at a glance1 :at are ! excell5cies & :at ! defici5cies ( peat4 ,9 ord] rightly to e/imate ! wor? ( ^? +r$i5ts :i* occur 9 b small proportion 9 peat1 we mu/ rememb] t x1 l /able manure1 may be1 & usually %\ld be1 appli$ 9 l>ge doses1 s t 9 fact ! smalle/ +r$i5ts come ^u an acre 9 consid]able quantity4 ,9 mak+ our comp>ison1 we w take ! analysis ( ,peat f ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr41 ( ,poquonock1 ,conn41 & ! av]age ( sev]al analyses ( rott$ /able dung ( good quality4 ,no4 ,i1 is ! analysis ( ,peat2 ,no4 ,,ii1 t ( well rott$ /able manure3-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,wat] expell$ at #bab degrees4 #gi4jjj #gi4jj ,soluble 9 dilute solution ,org4 ( c>bonate ( soda4 #g4cab ,matt]4 ,insoluble 9 solution #ad4af ( c>bonate ( soda4 #ab4baj ,pota%4 #j4jaj #j4fe ,soda4 #j4jji ,lime4 #j4fjh #j4eg ,magnesia4 #j4jia #j4ai ,phosphoric acid4 #j4jjh #j4bc ,sulphuric acid4 #j4jhb #j4bg ,nitrog54 #j4fjj #j4ee ,matt]s1 soluble 9 wat]4 #j4dej #d4db ,to make ! comp>ison z j z possible1 ! peat is calculat$ ) ! same cont5t ( wat]1 t /able dung usually has4 ,we obs]ve !n1 t ! peat conta9s 9 a giv5 quantity1 ab\t "o-?ird m organic matt]1 an equal am\nt ( lime & nitrog52 b is defici5t 9 pota%1 magnesia1 phosphoric & sulphuric acids4 ,! defici5cies ( ?is peat 9 ! matt] ( composition may be correct$1 z reg>ds pota%1 by add+ to #ajj lbs4 ( x #a lb4 ( pota% ( comm]ce1 or #e lbs4 ( unlea*$ wood-a%es2 z reg>ds phosphoric & sulphuric acids1 by add+ #a lb4 ( good sup]phosphate1 or #a lb4 ea* ( bone du/ & pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,9 fact1 ! additions j nam$1 w conv]t any fre% peat1 conta9+ n m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( wat] & n less ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 into a mixture hav+ z mu* f]tiliz+ matt]s z /able dung1 ) ! possible exception ( nitrog54 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t two manures may reveal to ! *emi/ ! same composition1 & yet be v unlike 9 _! f]tiliz+ effects1 because _! conditions are unlike1 because !y diff] 9 _! degrees ( solubility or availability4 ,z be=e insi/$ ^u1 x is true 9 g5]al1 t peat is m sl[ ( decomposition ?an y>d-manure1 & ?is fact1 :i* is an advantage 9 an am5dm5t1 is a disadvantage 9 a f]tiliz]4 ,?\gh !re may be "s peats1 or r swamp mucks1 :i* are en]getic & rapid 9 _! action1 x seems t !y ne$ to be appli$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an /able manure 9 ord] to produce correspond+ f]tiliz+ effects4 ,9 _m cases peat requires "s prep>ation by wea!r+1 or by *emical action--f]m5tation--induc$ by decompos+ animal matt]s or by alkalies4 ,?is topic w %ortly be discuss$4 ,we adopt1 z a g5]al fact1 ! conclusion t peat is inf]ior 9 f]tiliz+ p[] to /able manure4 ,exp]i5ce ass]ts1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to "s individual k9ds1 t !y are equal to common y>d manure )\t any prep>ation :atev]4 ,mr4 ,daniel ,buck1 ( ,poquonock1 ,conn41 says1 ( ! 'muck1' ov]-ly+ ! peat1 ^: composition has j be5 comp>$ ) /able manure1 t x has be5 appli$ fre% to mead[ ) good results2 ! grass is n z tall b ?ick] & f9]1 & ( a d>k] gre5 9 ! spr+1 ?an :5 b>n-y>d manure is spread on4 ,a swamp muck1 f ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+1 ,rockville1 ,conn41 has be5 us$ z a top-dress+1 on grass1 ) excell5t results4 ,x is a good sub/itute = b>n-y>d manure4 ,a peat1 f ,mr4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck1 ( ,b]l91 ,conn41 has be5 us$ fre%1 on corn & mead[1 ) good effect4 ,( ! peat1 f ! ',beav] ,pond1' ne> ,new ,hav51 ,mr4 ,*auncey ,goodye>1 says1 x has be5 l>gely us$ 9 a fre% /ate1 & 9 ?is condition is z good z c[ dung4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,keel]1 rem>ks1 conc]n+ a swamp muck occurr+ at ,s\? ,salem1 ,n4 ,y41 t x has be5 us$ 9 ! fre% /ate1 appli$ to corn & potatoes1 & appe>s to be equal to good b>n manure3 fur!r3--x has r>ely be5 wea!r$ m ?an two mon?s1 & !n appli$ side by side ) ! be/ y>d manure has giv5 equally good results4 ,a few words z to ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ,*emi/ry1 :i* says t peat is n equal to /able dung z a f]tiliz]1 & ,practice1 :i* 9 ^! cases affirms t x is equal to our /&>d manure4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! *emical conclusion is a g5]al "o1 & does n apply to individual peats1 :i*1 9 a few in/ances1 may be sup]ior to y>d manure4 ,! practical judgm5t also is1 t1 9 g5]al1 y>d manure is ! be/4 ,to g to ! individual cases2 second3 ,a peat 9 :i* nitrog5 exi/s 9 z l>ge a proportion z is f\nd 9 /able or y>d manure1 be+ us$ 9 l>g] quantity1 or be+ m durable 9 its action1 may = a few seasons produce bett] results ?an ! latt]1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ?is "o +r$i5t1 x may 9 fact1 = ! soil & crop to :i* x is appli$1 be a bett] f]tiliz] ?an y>d manure1 because nitrog5 is mo/ ne$$ 9 t soil1 & yet = ! g5]ality ( soils1 or 9 ! long run1 x may prove to be an inf]ior f]tiliz]4 ,aga92 ?ird--! melioration ( ! physical qualities ( a soil1 ! am5dm5t ( its dryness & excessive porosity1 by means ( peat1 may be m effective = agricultural purposes1 ?an ! application ( t5fold z mu* f]tiliz+1 i4 e4 plant-fe$+ mat]ials2 9 ! same way t ! m]e dra9+ ( an ov]-moi/ soil (t5 makes x m productive ?an ! heavie/ manur+4 #b4--,on ! *>act]s ( ,peat t are detrim5tal1 or t may sometimes ne$ correction be=e x is agriculturally useful4 ,i4--,bad effects on wet heavy soils4 ,we h laid mu* /ress on ! am5d+ qualities ( peat1 :5 appli$ to dry & lea*y soils1 :i* by its use are r5d]$ m ret5tive ( moi/ure & manure4 ,^! prop]ties1 :i* x w\ld seem1 are j adapt$ to r5ovate v light l&1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may become disadvantage\s on heavi] soils4 ,on clays no application is ne$$ to reta9 moi/ure4 ,!y are already too wet z a g5]al ?+4 ,peat1 :5 put into ! soil1 la/s mu* long] ?an /ubble1 or gre5 crops pl[$ 91 or ?an long manure4 ,if buri$ too deeply1 or put into a heavy soil1 especially if 9 l>ge quantity1 x does n decay1 b rema9s wet1 & t5ds to make a bog ( ! field itself4 ,= soils t are r heavy1 x is !re=e be/ to compo/ ! peat ) "s rapidly f]m5t+ manure4 ,we ?us get a comp\nd :i* is quick] ?an muck1 & sl[] ?an /able manure1 etc41 & is !re=e bett] adapt$ to ! wants ( ! soil ?an ei!r ( ^! w\ld be alone4 ,"h x w be se5 t mu* dep5ds on ! "* ( ! peat itself4 ,if light & spongy1 & easily dri$1 x may be us$ alone ) advantage on loamy soils1 :]eas if d5se1 & coh]5t1 x w\ld mo/ likely be a poor am5dm5t on a soil :i* has mu* t5d5cy to become compact1 & !re=e does n readily free itself f excess ( wat]4 ,b ev5 a clay soil1 if ?or\gh-dra9$ & deeply pl[$1 may be wond]fully improv$ by ev5 a heavy dress+ ( muck1 z !n1 ! wat] be+ let (f1 ! muck c ex]t no detrim5tal action2 b op]ates z effectually to loos5 a too heavy soil1 z 9 case ( s&1 x makes an ov]-por\s soil compact or ret5tive4 ,a clay may be made friable1 if well dra9$1 by incorporat+ ) x any sub/ance z lime1 s&1 long manure or muck1 :i* int]pos+ betwe5 ! clayey p>ticles1 prev5ts _! adh]+ toge!r4 ,,ii4--,noxi\s +r$i5ts4 a4 ,vitriol peat4 ,occasionally a peat is met ) :i* is injuri\s if appli$ 9 ! fre% /ate to crops1 f its conta9+ "s sub/ance :i* ex]ts a poison\s action on vegetation4 ,! pr9cipal detrim5tal +r$i5ts t occur 9 peat1 appe> to be sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1--! same body t is popul>ly kn[n "u ! names copp]as & gre5-vitriol1--& sulphate ( alum9a1 ! a/r+5t compon5t ( alum4 ,i h f\nd ^! sub/ances ready =m$ 9 l>ge quantity 9 b "o ( ! peats t ,i h exam9$1 viz43 t s5t me by ,mr4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh2 ( ,brooklyn1 ,conn4 ,?is peat dissolv$ 9 wat] to ! ext5t ( #ae p] c5t41 & ! soluble portion1 al?\gh conta9+ "s organic matt] & sulphate ( lime1 consi/$ 9 great "p ( gre5-vitriol4 ,portions ( ?is muck1 :5 ?r[n up to ! air1 become cov]$ ) a :ite cru/1 hav+ ! ta/e ( alum or saltpet]4 ,! b$ conta9+ ?is peat1 ?\gh dra9$1 yields b a little poor bog hay1 & ! peat itself1 ev5 aft] wea!r+ = a ye>1 :5 appli$1 mix$ ) "o-fif? ( /able manure to corn 9 ! hill1 gave no enc\rag+ results1 ?\gh a fair crop 0 obta9$4 ,x is probable t ! sample analyz$ 0 mu* ri*] 9 salts ( iron & alum9a1 ?an ! av]age ( ! muck4 ,gre5-vitriol 9 m9ute doses is n hurtful1 b r b5eficial to vegetation2 b 9 l>g] quantity x is fatally de/ructive4 ,9 a salt-m>% mud s5t me by ! ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift1 ( ,/on+ton1 ,conn41 !re 0 f\nd sulphate ( iron 9 consid]able quantity4 ,?is noxi\s sub/ance likewise occurr$ 9 small am\nt 9 swamp muck f ,e4 ,hoyt1 ,esq41 ,new ,canaan1 ,conn41 & 9 h>dly appreciable quantity 9 sev]al o!rs t ,i h exam9$4 ,besides gre5-vitriol1 x is possible t c]ta9 organic salts ( iron1 may be delet]i\s4 ,! poison\s prop]ties ( vitriol-peats may be effectually correct$ by compo/+ ) lime1 or wood-a%es4 ,by ! action ( ^! sub/ances1 sulphate ( lime1 7pla/] ( ,p>is7 is =m$1 :ile ! iron sep>ates z p]oxide1 :i*1 be+ insoluble1 is )\t delet]i\s effect on vegetation4 ,:]e only soluble organic salts ( iron 7cr5ate ( iron7 are pres5t1 simple exposure to ! air suffices to r5d] !m innocu\s4 b4 ,! acidity ( ,peats4--,_m writ]s h ass]t$ t peat & muck possess a hurtful acidity :i* mu/ be correct$ be=e !y c be usefully employ$4 ,x is inde$ a fact1 t peat consi/s l>gely ( acids1 b1 except p]haps 9 ! vitriol-peats1 7^? conta9+ copp]as17 !y are s insoluble1 or if soluble1 are s quickly modifi$ by ! absorption ( oxyg51 t !y d n exhibit any acidity t c be delet]i\s to vegetation4 ,x is advis$ to neutralize ?is suppos$ acidity by lime or an alkali be=e us+ peat z a f]tiliz] or am5dm5t1 & !re is great use 9 su* mixtures ( peat ) alkal9e matt]s1 z we %all pres5tly notice "u ! head ( compo/s4 ,by ! ^w acidity is convey$ ! idea ( some?+ hurtful to plants4 ,?is some?+ is1 d\btless1 9 _m cases1 ! salts ( iron we h j notic$4 ,9 o!rs1 x is simply ! in]tness1 coldness ( ! peat1 :i* is n positively injuri\s1 b is1 = a "t at lea/1 ( no b5efit to ! soil4 c4 ,res9\s matt]s are m5tion$ by v>i\s writ]s z injuri\s +r$i5ts ( peat1 b ,i f9d no evid5ce t ?is notion is well-f\nd$4 ,! peat or muck =m$ f ! decay ( res9\s wood & leaves does n appe> to be injuri\s1 & ! am\nt ( res9 9 peat is exce$+ly small4 #c4--,! ,prep>ation ( ,peat = ,agricultural use4 a4 ,excavation4--,z to ! "t & mann] ( gett+ out peat1 ! circum/ances ( ea* case mu/ det]m9e4 ,i only v5ture "h to (f] a few h9ts on ?is subject1 :i* belongs s exclusively to ! f>m4 ,! mon? ( ,augu/ is g5]ally ! appropriate "t = ?r[+ up peat1 z !n ! swamps are usually mo/ free f wat]1 & mo/ accessible to m5 & teams2 b peat is (t5 dug to be/ advantage 9 ! w9t]1 n only on acc\nt ( ! *eapness ( labor1 & f !re be+ less hurry ) o!r matt]s on ! f>m at t season1 b also1 because ! freez+ & ?aw+ ( ! peat t is ?r[n out1 greatly aid to dis9tegrate x & prep>e x = use4 ,a correspond5t ( ,! ,home/ead1 sign+ himself ,comm5tator1 has giv5 directions = gett+ out peat t are well wor? ! att5tion ( f>m]s4 ,he says3-- ,! compo/+ ( muck & peat1 ) our /able & b>n-y>d manures1 is surely de/9$ to become "o ( ! mo/ important items 9 f>m managem5t ?r\gh\t all ! old] ,/ates at lea/4 ,"o ( ! difficulties :i* lie 9 ! way1 is ! fir/ removal ( ! muck f its l[ & g5]ally wat]y b$2 to facilitate ?is1 9 _m locations1 x is less exp5sive to dry x be=e c>t+1 by beg9n+ an excavation at ! bord] ( ! m>% 9 autumn1 suffici5tly wide = a c>t pa?1 ?r[+ ! muck out ^u ! surface on ea* side1 & on a floor ( bo>ds or planks1 to prev5t x f absorb+ moi/ure f ! wet gr\nd b5ea?2 ?is broad dit* to be c>ri$ a suffici5t l5g? & dep? to obta9 ! requisite quantity ( muck4 ,?us ?r[n out1 ! two piles are n[ 9 a conv5i5t =m to be cov]$ ) bo>ds1 &1 if prop]ly done1 ! muck kept cov]$ till ! succe$+ autumn1 w be f\nd to be dry & light1 & 9 "s cases may be c>t$ away on ! surface1 or x may be be/ to let x rema9 a few mon?s long] until ! bottom ( ! dit* has become suffici5tly froz5 to be> a team2 x c !n be m easily load$ ^u a sl$ or sleigh1 & drawn to ! y>ds & b>n4 ,9 o!r localities1 & :]e l>ge quantities are want$1 & x lies deep1 a sort ( wood5 railroad & incl9$ plane c be con/ruct$ by means ( a plank track = ! :eels ( ! c>t to run ^u1 ! team walk+ betwe5 ^! planks1 & if ! vehicle is incl9$ to 'run (f ! track1' x may usually be prev5t$ by scantl+s1 say f\r in*es ?ick1 nail$ ^u "o ( ! tracks on ea* side ( ! place :]e ! :eel %\ld run4 ,two or m teams & c>ts may n[ be employ$1 return+ into ! excavation outside ( ?is track4 ,z ! "w progresses1 ! track c be ext5d$ at bo? ends1 & by cont9u+ or increas+ ! incl9ation at ! upp] end1 a l>ge & high pile may be made1 & if kept dry1 w answ] = ye>s = compo/+1 & c be easily drawn to ! b>n at any "t4 b4 ,exposure1 wea!r+1 or season+ ( peat4--,9 "s cases1 ! *ief or only use ( expos+ ! ?r[n-up peat to ! action ( ! air & wea!r dur+ sev]al mon?s or a :ole ye>1 is to rid x ( ! great am\nt ( wat] :i* adh]es to x1 & ?us r$uce its bulk & weight previ\s to c>tage4 ,! g5]al effect ( exposure z indicat$ by my analyses1 is to r$uce ! am\nt ( matt] soluble 9 wat]1 & cause peats to approa* 9 ?is respect a f]tile soil1 s t in/ead ( conta9+ #b1 #d1 or #f p] c5t4 ( sub/ances soluble 9 wat]1 z at fir/1 !y are br\ght to conta9 b "o-half ^! am\nts1 or ev5 less4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 goes on s rapidly aft] peat is m+l$ ) ! soil1 t previ\s exposure on ?is acc\nt is r>ely necess>y1 & mo/ peats might be us$ p]fectly fre% b = ! difficulty (t5 exp]i5c$1 ( r$uc+ !m to su* a /ate ( division z to admit ( prop] mixture ) ! soil4 ,! coh]5t peats :i* may be cut out 9 t\gh blocks1 mu/ be wea!r$1 9 ord] t ! fibres ( moss or grass-roots1 :i* give !m _! consi/5cy1 may be decompos$ or brok5 to an ext5t admitt+ ( easy pulv]ization by ! in/rum5ts ( tillage4 ,! subjection ( fre% & wet peat to fro/1 spe$ily de/roys its coh]5ce & r$uces x to ! prop] /ate ( pulv]ization4 ,= ?is reason1 fibr\s peat %\ld be expos$ :5 wet to w9t] wea!r4 ,ano!r advantage ( exposure is1 to br+ ! peat into a /ate ( m active *emical *ange4 ,peat1 ( ! deep] d5s] sorts1 is g5]ally too in]t 7s\r1 cold7 to be directly useful to ! plant4 ,by exposure to ! air x appe>s gradually to acquire ! prop]ties ( ! humus ( ! soil1 or ( /able manure1 :i* are vegetable matt]s1 alt]$ by ! same exposure4 ,x appe>s to become m readily oxidable1 m active1 *emically1 & ?us m capable ( excit+ or r aid+ vegetable gr[?1 :i*1 s f> z ! soil is conc]n$1 is ! result ( *emical activities4 ,acc\nt has be5 already giv5 ( c]ta9 peats1 :i*1 us$ fre%1 are acc\nt$ equal or ne>ly equal to /able manure4 ,o!rs h come "u ! writ]'s notice1 :i* h _h little imm$iate effect :5 us$ be=e season+4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood says ( a peat1 f ,colebrook1 ,conn41 t x has be5 us$ to "s ext5t z a top-dress+ = grass & o!r crops ) satisfactory results1 al?\gh no p>ticul> b5efit 0 noticeable dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,aft] t1 ! effects might be se5 = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift obs]ves1 conc]n+ a salt peat1 f ,/on+ton1 ,conn43--,x has n be5 us$ fre%2 is too acid2 ev5 potatoes d n yield well 9 x ! fir/ season1 )\t manure4 ,! nature ( ! *emical *anges induc$ by wea!r+1 is to "s ext5t und]/ood s f> z ! nitrog51 ! mo/ important f]tiliz+ elem5t1 is conc]n$4 ,! nitrog5 ( peat1 z we h se51 is mo/ly in]t1 a small portion ( x only1 exi/+ 9 a soluble or available =m4 ,by wea!r+1 portions ( ?is nitrog5 become conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,?is action goes on at ! surface ( ! heap1 :]e x is mo/ fully expos$ to ! air4 ,bel[1 :]e ! peat is m moi/1 ammonia is =m$1 p]haps simply by ! r$uction ( nitric acid--n unlikely also1 by ! trans=mation ( in]t nitrog54 ,on ref]r+ to ! analyses giv5 on page #dd1 x is se51 t ! fir/ two samples conta9 b little ammonia & no nitric acid4 ,?\gh x is n /at$ :at 0 ! condition ( ^! peats1 x is probable !y _h n be5 wea!r$4 ,! o!r f\r samples 7 wea!r$1 & ! wea!r+ _h be5 ! m effectual f ! l>ge admixture ( s& ) !m4 ,!y yield$ to ! analy/ v consid]able quantities ( ammonia & nitrates4 ,:5 a peat conta9s sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 or soluble organic salts ( iron1 to an injuri\s ext5t1 ^! may be conv]t$ into o!r insoluble & innocu\s bodies1 by a suffici5t exposure to ! air4 ,sulphate ( protoxide ( iron is ?us *ang$ into sulphate ( p]oxide ( iron1 :i* is insoluble1 & c !re=e ex]t no hurtful effect on vegetation1 :ile ! soluble organic bodies ( peat are oxydiz$ & ei!r conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas1 c>bonate ( ammonia & wat]1 or else made insoluble4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t m]ely ?r[+ up a well *>act]iz$ vitriol-peat into heaps1 & expos+ x ?us imp]fectly to ! atmosph]e1 is suffici5t to correct its bad qualities4 ,su* peats ne$ ! addition ( "s alkal9e body1 z ammonia1 lime1 or pota%1 to r5d] !m salut>y f]tiliz]s4 c4 ,?is br+s u to ! subject ( compo/+1 :i* appe>s to be ! be/ means ( tak+ full advantage ( all ! good qualities ( peat1 & ( obviat+ or neutraliz+ ! ill results t might foll[ ! use ( "s raw peats1 ei!r f a peculi>ity 9 _! composition1 7soluble organic comp\nds ( iron1 sulphate ( protoxide ( iron17 or f too great inde/ructibility4 ,! *emical *anges 7oxidation ( iron & organic acids71 :i* prep>e ! in]t or ev5 hurtful +r$i5ts ( peat to m9i/] to ! support ( vegetation1 take place mo/ rapidly 9 pres5ce ( c]ta9 o!r sub/ances4 ,! sub/ances :i* rapidly induce *emical *ange 9 peats1 are ( two k9ds1 viz43 #a4--;animal or vegetable matt]s t are highly susceptible to alt]ation & decay1 & #b4--;alkalies1 ei!r ammonia com+ f ! decomposition ( animal matt]s1 or lime1 pota% & soda4 ,a great v>iety ( matt]s may ( c\rse be employ$ = mak+ or mix+ ) peat compo/s2 b !re are comp>atively few :i* all[ ( ext5sive & economical use1 & our notice w be conf9$ to ^!4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! compo/+ ( peat ) animal manures des]ves att5tion4 ,its advantages may be summ$ up 9 two /atem5ts4 #a4--;,x is an easy & p]fect me?od ( economiz+ all su* manures1 ev5 ^? k9ds mo/ liable to loss by f]m5tation1 z night soil & horse dung2 &1 #b4--;,x develops mo/ fully & spe$ily ! in]t f]tiliz+ qualities ( ! peat itself4 ,)\t attempt+ any explanation ( ! *anges und]gone by a peat & manure compo/1 fur!r ?an to say t ! f]m5tation :i* beg9s 9 ! manure ext5ds to & involves ! peat1 r$uc+ ! :ole ne>ly1 if n exactly1 to ! condition ( well-rott$ dung1 & t 9 ?is process ! peat effectually prev5ts ! loss ( nitrog5 z ammonia1--,i may appropriately give ! practical exp]i5ce ( f>m]s :o h prov$ 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann] h[ pr(itable x is to devote a %>e ( "t & labor to ! manufacture ( ?is k9d ( compo/4 ,prep>ation ( ,compo/s ) ,/able ,manure4--,! be/ plan ( compo/+ is to h a wat] tight tr5*1 f\r in*es deep & tw5ty in*es wide1 con/ruct$ 9 ! /able floor1 imm$iately beh9d ! cattle1 & e morn+ put a bu%el-basketful ( muck beh9d ea* animal4 ,9 ?is way ! ur9e is p]fectly absorb$ by ! muck1 :ile ! w>m? ( ! fre%ly void$ excrem5ts s facilitates ! f]m5tative process1 t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,holbrook1 ,brattleboro1 ,vt41 :o has describ$ ?is me?od1 mu* m muck c ?us be well prep>$ = use 9 ! spr+1 ?an by any ( ! ord9>y modes ( compo/+4 ,:5 ! dung & muck are remov$ f ! /able1 !y %\ld be well int]mix$1 & z fa/ z ! compo/ is prep>$1 x %\ld be put into a compact heap1 & cov]$ ) a lay] ( muck sev]al in*es ?ick4 ,x w !n h>dly require any %elt] if us$ 9 ! spr+4 ,if ! peat be suffici5tly dry & p[d]y1 or free f t\gh lumps1 x may usefully s]ve z b$d+1 or litt] = horses & cattle1 z x absorbs ! ur9e1 & is suffici5tly mix$ ) ! dung 9 ! op]ation ( clean+ ! /able4 ,x is especially good 9 ! pig-p51 :]e ! animals !mselves "w ov] ! compo/ 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]1 especially if a few k]nels ( corn be occasionally scatt]$ ^u x4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,hoyt1 ( ,new ,canaan1 ,conn41 writes3--,our horse /ables are con/ruct$ ) a movable floor & pit b5ea?1 :i* holds #bj loads ( muck ( #be bu%els p] load4 ,spr+ & fall1 ?is pit is fill$ ) fre% muck1 :i* receives all ! ur9e ( ! horses1 & be+ occasionally work$ ov] & mix$1 furni%es u annually ) #dj loads ( ! mo/ valuable manure4 ,our /ables are spr9kl$ ) muck e morn+1 at ! rate ( "o bu%el p] /all1 & ! smell ( ammonia1 etc41 s (f5sive 9 mo/ /ables1 is nev] p]ceiv$ 9 ours4 ,n only are ! /ables kept sweet1 b ! ammonia is sav$ by ?is proc$ure4 ,:5 x is pref]r$ to make ! compo/ out ( doors1 ! plan g5]ally foll[$ is to lay d[n a b$ ( wea!r$ peat1 say eight to twelve in*es ?ick2 cov] ?is ) a lay] ( /able dung1 ( f\r to eight in*es2 put on ano!r /ratum ( peat1 & s1 until a heap ( ?ree to f\r feet is built up4 ,! heap may be six to eight feet wide1 & indef9itely long4 ,x %\ld be f9i%$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( peat1 & ! manure %\ld be cov]$ z fa/ z br\ght out4 ,! proportions ( manure & peat %\ld v>y some:at accord+ to _! quality & *>act]s4 ,/rawy manure1 or t f mil*-c[s1 w f]m5t less peat ?an cle> dung1 especially :5 ! latt] is made by horses or highly f$ animals4 ,"s k9ds ( peat heat mu* easi] ?an o!rs4 ,!re are peats :i* w f]m5t ( !mselves 9 w>m moi/ wea!r--ev5 9 ! bog1 giv+ (f ammonia 9 p]ceptible ?\gh small am\nt4 ,exp]i5ce is ! only c]ta9 guide z to ! relative quantities to be employ$1 v>i\s proportions f "o to five ( peat = "o ( manure1 by bulk1 be+ us$4 ,:5 ! l& is light & ne$s am5d+1 z reg>ds its ret5tive p[]1 x is be/ to make ! quantity ( peat z l>ge z c be ?or\ghly f]m5t$ by ! manure4 ,! mak+ ( a high heap1 & ! keep+ x trim & 9 %ape1 is a matt] requir+ m labor ?an is g5]ally necess>y4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood1 ( ,colebrook1 ,conn41 writes me3-- ,my me?od ( compo/+ is z foll[s3 ,i draw my muck to ! b>n-y>d1 plac+ ! loads z ne> toge!r z ,i c tip !m f ! c>t4 ,^u ?is ,i spread :atev] manure ,i h at h&1 & mix ) ! feet ( ! cattle1 & heap up ) a scrap]4 ,peat may be advantage\sly us$ to save f wa/e ! dropp+s ( ! y>d4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,hoyt1 ( ,new ,canaan1 ,conn41 says3--,we use muck l>gely 9 our b>n-y>ds1 & aft] x becomes ?or\ghly saturat$ & int]mix$ ) ! dropp+s ( ! /ock1 x is pil$ up to f]m5t1 & ! y>d is cov]$ aga9 ) fre% muck4 ,mr4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr41 ( ,we/ ,cornwall1 ,conn41 writes3--,9 ! use ( muck we proce$ z foll[s3 ,soon aft] hay+ we ?r[ up en\gh = a ye>'s use1 or sev]al hundr$ loads4 ,9 ! fall1 ! summ]'s accumulation 9 hog-p5s & b>n cell>s is spread ^u ! m[+ gr\nds1 & a lib]al supply ( muck c>t$ 9 & spread 9 ! bottoms ( ! cell>s1 ready = ! season = /abl+ cattle4 ,:5 ?is is well saturat$ ) ! dripp+s ( ! /ables1 a new supply is add$4 ,! accumulation ( ! w9t] is usually appli$ to ! l& = ! corn crop1 except ! f9] portion1 :i* is us$ to top-dress mead[ l&4 ,a new supply is !n drawn 9 = ! sw9e to "w up4 ,?is is add$ to f "t to "t1 & z ! sw9e are f$ on :ey1 !y w conv]t a l>ge quantity into valuable manure = top-dress+ m[+ l&4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! treatm5t ( ! compo/4 ,"s hold x indiff]5t :e!r ! peat & manure are mix$1 or put 9 lay]s :5 ! compo/+ beg9s4 ,o!rs ass]t1 t ! f]m5tation proce$s bett] :5 ! +r$i5ts are /ratifi$4 ,"s direct1 t ! compo/ %\ld n be /irr$4 ,! g5]al te/imony is1 t mixture1 at ! outset1 is z effectual z putt+ up 9 lay]s2 b1 if ! manure be /rawy1 x is1 ( c\rse1 difficult or impracticable to mix at fir/4 ,op9ion also prepond]ates 9 favor ( /irr+1 dur+ or aft] ! f]m5tation4 ,mr4 ,hoyt rem>ks3--,we are conv9c$1 t ! (t5] a compo/ pile ( y>d manure & muck is work$ ov] aft] f]m5t+1 ! bett]4 ,we "w x ov] & add to x a little m muck & o!r mat]ial1 & ! air be+ ?us all[$ to p5etrate x1 a new f]m5tation or heat+ takes place1 r5d]+ x m decomposable & valuable4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift1 writes3--,?ree or f\r loads ( muck to "o ( /able manure1 put toge!r 9 ! fall or w9t] 9 alt]nate lay]s1 =k$ ov] twice be=e spread+ & pl[+ 91 may repres5t ! me?od ( compo/+4 ,mr4 ,adams ,:ite1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,conn41 proce$s 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,he says3--,9 compo/+1 #bj loads are drawn on to upl& 9 ,septemb]1 & ?r[n up 9 a long pile4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+ #bj loads ( /able manure are laid along side1 & cov]$ ) ! muck4 ,z soon z x has heat$ mod]ately1 ! :ole is =k$ ov] & well mix$4 ,^? :o h practic$ mak+ peat compo/s ) _! y>d1 /able1 & p5 manure1 almo/ inv>iably f9d !m highly satisfactory 9 use1 especially ^u light soils4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago1 ,i saw a l>ge pile ( compo/ 9 ! f>m-y>d ( ,mr4 ,pond1 ( ,mil=d1 ,conn41 & witness$ its effect z appli$ by t g5tleman to a field ( sixte5 acres ( f9e gravelly or co>se s&y soil4 ,! soil1 f hav+ a light color & excessive porosity1 _h become d>k1 unctu\s1 & ret5tive ( moi/ure1 s t dur+ ! dr\? ( #ahef1 ! crops on ?is field 7 good & cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 :ile on ! contigu\s l& !y 7 dri$ up & ne>ly ru9$4 ,?is compo/ 0 made f a light muck1 t conta9$ b ?ree p] c5t4 ( a% 7m ?an half ( :i* 0 s&71 & b #a4b p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 9 ! air-dry /ate--7tw5ty p] c5t4 ( wat]74 ,?ree loads ( ?is muck 7 us$ to "o ( /able manure4 ,"h foll[ "s e/imates ( ! value ( ?is compo/ by practical m54 ,!y are giv5 to %[ t old] /atem5ts1 to ! same effect1 _c be reg>d$ z exagg]at$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood1 ( ,colebrook1 ,conn41 says3--,exp]im5ts made by myself1 h confirm$ me 9 ! op9ion t a compo/ ( equal p>ts ( muck & /able manure is equal to ! same quantity ( /able manure4 ,mr4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr41 ( ,poquonock1 ,conn41 rem>ks3--#h loads ( muck & #d ( manure 9 compo/1 :5 prop]ly =k$ ov]1 are equal to #ab loads ( b>n-y>d manure on s&y soil4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift1 ( ,/on+ton1 ,conn41 writes3--,i consid] a compo/ made ( "o load ( /able manure & ?ree ( muck1 equal 9 value to f\r loads ( y>d manure4 ,mr4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr41 ( ,we/ ,cornwall1 ,conn41 obs]ves ( a peat s5t by him = analysis3--,we =m]ly compo/$ x 9 ! y>d ) /able manure1 b h remodel$ our /ables1 & n[ use x z an absorb5t & to increase ! bulk ( manure to d\ble its orig9al quantity4 ,we consid] ! mixture m valuable ?an ! same quantity ( /able manure4 ,aga91 s successful has be5 ! use ( x1 t we c\ld h>dly c>ry on our f>m+ op]ations )\t x4 ,mr4 ,adams ,:ite1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,conn41 /ates3--,! compo/ ( equal bulks ( muck & /able manure1 has be5 us$ = corn 7) pla/] 9 ! hill17 on dry s&y soil to great advantage4 ,i consid] ! compo/ wor? m p] cord ?an ! b>n-y>d manure4 ,night ,soil is a sub/ance :i* possesses1 :5 fre%1 ! mo/ valuable f]tiliz+ qualities1 9 a v conc5trat$ =m4 ,x is also "o :i* is liable to rapid & almo/ complete det]ioration1 z ,i h demon/rat$ by analyses4 ,! only me?ods ( gett+ ! full effect ( ?is mat]ial are1 ei!r to use x fre%1 z is done by ! ,*9ese & ,japanese on a mo/ ext5sive & (f5sive scale2 or to compo/ x be=e x c decompose4 ,! =m] me?od1 w1 x is to be hop$1 nev] f9d acceptance among u4 ,! latt] plan has ne>ly all ! advantages ( ! =m]1 )\t its unpleasant features4 ,:5 ! night soil falls into a vault1 x may be compo/$1 by simply spr9kl+ f9e peat ov] its surface1 once or twice weekly1 z ! case may require1 i4 e4 z (t5 z a bad odor prevails4 ,! quantity ?us add$1 may be f twice to t5 times ! bulk ( ! night soil1--! m )9 ^! limits1 ! bett]4 ,:5 ! vault is full1 ! mass %\ld be remov$1 work$ well ov] & aft] a few days /&+1 w be ready to use to manure corn1 tobacco1 etc41 9 ! hill1 or = any purpose to :i* guano or p\drette is appli$4 ,if x _c be %ortly us$1 x %\ld be made into a compact heap1 & cov]$ ) a ?ick /ratum ( peat4 ,:5 signs ( heat+ appe>1 x %\ld be wat*$ closely2 & if ! process atta9s too mu* viol5ce1 additional peat %\ld be work$ into x4 ,dr5*+ ) wat] is "o ( ! readie/ means ( *eck+ too mu* heat+1 b acts only tempor>ily4 ,dilution ) peat to a prop] po9t1 :i* exp]i5ce alone c tea*1 is ! sure/ way ( prev5t+ loss4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 to put a ?ick lay] ( peat at ! bottom ( ! vault to beg9 )4 ,ano!r excell5t plan1 :5 circum/ances admit1 is1 to h ! e>?-floor :]e ! night soil drops1 level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or b slightly excavat$1 & a %$ atta*$ to ! re> ( ! privy to %elt] a good supply ( peat z well z ! compo/ itself4 ,op]ations are begun by putt+ d[n a lay] ( peat to receive ! dropp+s2 en\gh %\ld be us$ to absorb all ! ur9e4 ,:5 ?is is ne>ly saturat$1 m %\ld be spr9kl$ on1 & ! process is repeat$ until ! accumulations mu/ be remov$ to make room = m4 ,!n1 once a week or s1 ! :ole is haul$ out into ! %$1 well mix$1 & =m$ into a compact heap1 or plac$ z a lay] ^u a /ratum ( peat1 "s in*es ?ick1 & cov]$ ) ! same4 ,! quantity ( fir/-class compo/ t may be made ye>ly ^u any f>m1 if due c>e be tak51 w\ld a/oni% ^? :o h n tri$ x4 ,james ,smi?1 ( ,dean/on1 ,scotl&1 :o orig9at$ our pres5t sy/em ( ,?or\gh ,dra9age1 ass]t$1 t ! excrem5ts ( "o man = a ye>1 are suffici5t to manure half an acre ( l&4 ,9 ,belgium ! manure f su* a s\rce has a comm]cial value ( #i4jj gold4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! skillful f>m] may make consid]ably m ?an t sum f x 9 ,new ,engl&1 p] annum4 ,mr4 ,hoyt1 ( ,new ,canaan1 ,conn41 says3-- ,our privies are deodoriz$ by ! use ( muck1 :i* is spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( ! pit once a week1 & f !m alone we ?us prep>e annually1 en\gh p\drette to manure our corn 9 ! hill4 ,p]uvian ,guano1 s s]viceable 9 its fir/ applications to light soils1 may be compo/$ ) muck to ! greate/ advantage4 ,guano is an excell5t mat]ial = br++ muck into good condition1 & on ! o!r h& ! muck mo/ effectually prev5ts any wa/e ( ! co/ly guano1 & at ! same "t1 by furni%+ ! soil ) its own +r$i5ts1 to a great] or less degree prev5ts ! exhau/ion t (t5 foll[s ! use ( guano alone4 ,! quantity ( muck %\ld be pretty l>ge comp>$ to t ( ! guano1--a bu%el ( guano w compo/ six1 eight1 or t5 ( muck4 ,bo? %\ld be q f9e1 & %\ld be well mix$1 ! mixture %\ld be moi/ & kept cov]$ ) a lay] ( muck ( sev]al in*es ( ?ickness4 ,?is sort ( compo/ w\ld probably be suffici5tly f]m5t$ 9 a week or two ( w>m wea!r1 & %\ld be made & kept "u cov]4 ,if no m ?an five or six p>ts ( muck to "o ( guano are employ$1 ! compo/1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ,simon ,br[n1 ,esq41 ( ! ,bo/on ,cultivator1 7,pat5t ,(fice ,report = #ahef71 w prove injuri\s1 if plac$ 9 ! hill 9 contact ) se$1 b may be appli$ broadca/ )\t dang]4 ,! ,m5had5 or ,:ite fi%1 s abundantly caught along our ,s\nd coa/ dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 or any v>iety ( fi% may be compo/$ ) muck1 s z to make a p[]ful manure1 ) avoidance ( ! excessively disagreeable /5* :i* is produc$ :5 ^! fi% are put directly on ! l&4 ,messrs4 ,/eph5 ,hoyt ,sons1 ( ,new ,canaan1 ,conn41 make ?is compo/ on a l>ge scale4 ,i _c d bett] ?an to give entire ,mr4 ,edw9 ,hoyt's acc\nt ( _! op]ations1 communicat$ to me sev]al ye>s ago4 ,dur+ ! pres5t season1 7#aheh17 we h compo/$ ab\t #bjj1jjj :ite fi% ) ab\t #gjj loads 7#ag1ejj bu%els7 ( muck4 ,we v>y ! proportions some:at accord+ to ! crop ! compo/ is int5d$ =4 ,= rye we apply #bj to #be loads p] acre ( a compo/ made ) #d1ejj fi%1 7"o load7 & ) ?is manur+1 no matt] h[ poor ! soil1 ! rye w be z l>ge z a man c cradle4 ,mu* ( ours we h to reap4 ,= oats we use less fi%1 z ?is crop is apt to lodge4 ,= corn1 "o "p fi% to t5 or twelve muck is ab\t "r1 :ile = grass or any top-dress+1 ! proportion ( fi% may be increas$4 ,we f9d x is be/ to mix ! fi% 9 ! summ] & n use ! compo/ until ! next spr+ & summ]4 ,yet we are oblig$ to use 9 ,septemb] = our w9t] rye a great deal ( ! compo/ made 9 ,july4 ,we usually compo/ ! fir/ arrivals ( fi% 9 ,june = our w9t] gra92 aft] ?is pile has /ood ?ree or f\r weeks1 x is work$ ov] ?or\ghly4 ,9 ?is space ( "t ! fi% become pretty well decompos$1 ?\gh !y /ill pres]ve _! =m & smell outrage\sly4 ,z ! pile is work$ ov]1 a spr9kl+ ( muck or pla/] is giv5 to reta9 any escap+ ammonia4 ,at ! "t ( use 9 ,septemb] ! fi% h completely disappe>$1 bones & f9s except$4 ,! effect on ! muck is to black5 x & make x m loose & crumbly4 ,z to ! results ( ! use ( ?is compo/1 we f9d !m 9 ! highe/ degree satisfactory4 ,we h rais$ #cj to #ce bu%els ( rye p] acre on l& t )\t x c\ld h yield$ #f or #h bu%els at ! utmo/4 ,?is ye> we h corn t w give #fj to #gj bu%els p] acre1 t o!rwise w\ld yield b #bj to #be bu%els4 ,x makes l>ge potatoes1 excell5t turnips & c>rots4 ,fi% compo/ ?us prep>$1 is a uni=m mass ( fi%y b n putrefactive odor1 n disagreeable to h&le4 ,x reta9s p]fectly all ! f]tiliz+ p[] ( ! fi%4 ,l&s1 manur$ ) ?is compo/1 w keep 9 he>t & improve3 :ile1 z is well kn[n to our coa/ f>m]s1 ! use ( fi% alone is ru9\s 9 ! end1 on light soils4 ,x is obvi\s t any o!r easily decompos+ animal matt]s1 z slaught]-h\se (fal1 soap boil]'s scraps1 glue wa/e1 horn %av+s1 %oddy1 ca/or pummace1 cotton se$-meal1 etc41 etc41 may be compo/$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & t sev]al or all ^! sub/ances may be made toge!r into "o compo/4 ,9 case ( ! compo/s ) y>d manure1 guano & o!r animal matt]s1 ! alkali1 ammonia1 =m$ 9 ! f]m5tation1 greatly promotes *emical *ange1 & x w\ld appe> t ?is sub/ance1 on "s acc\nts1 excels all o!rs 9 its efficacy4 ,! o!r alkal9e bodies1 pota%1 soda & lime1 are h[ev] sc>cely less active 9 ?is respect1 & be+ at ! same "t1 ( !mselves1 useful f]tiliz]s1 !y also may be employ$ 9 prep>+ muck compo/s4 ,pota%-lye & soda-a% h be5 recomm5d$ = compo/+ ) muck2 b1 al?\gh !y are no d\bt highly efficaci\s1 !y are too co/ly = ext5d$ use4 ,! o!r alkal9e mat]ials t may be *eaply employ$1 & are recomm5d$1 are wood-a%es1 lea*$ & unlea*$1 a%es ( peat1 %ell m>l1 7consi/+ ( c>bonate ( lime17 quick lime1 gas lime1 & :at is call$ salt & lime mixture4 ,) reg>d to ! proportions to be us$1 no v def9ite rules c be laid d[n2 b we may safely foll[ ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,?us1 to a cord ( muck1 :i* is ab\t #ajj bu%els1 may be add$1 ( unlea*$ wood a%es twelve bu%els1 or ( lea*$ wood a%es tw5ty bu%els1 or ( peat a%es tw5ty bu%els1 or ( m>l1 or ( gas lime tw5ty bu%els4 ,t5 bu%els ( quick lime1 slak$ ) wat] or salt-br9e previ\s to use1 is en\gh = a cord ( muck4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! above m5tion$ sub/ances s+ly1 any or all ( !m may be employ$ toge!r4 ,! muck %\ld be z f9e & free f lumps z possible1 & mu/ be intimately mix$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts by %ovel+ ov]4 ,! mass is !n ?r[n up into a compact heap1 :i* may be f\r feet high4 ,:5 ! heap is =m$1 x is well to p\r on z mu* wat] z ! mass w absorb1 7?is may be omitt$ if ! muck is already q moi/17 & f9ally ! :ole is cov]$ ov] ) a few in*es ( pure muck1 s z to reta9 moi/ure & heat4 ,if ! heap is put up 9 ! ,spr+1 x may /& undi/urb$ = "o or two mon?s1 :5 x is well to %ovel x ov] & mix x ?or\ghly4 ,x %\ld !n be built up aga91 cov]$ ) fre% muck1 & all[$ to /& z be=e until ?or\ghly decompos$4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is purpose v>ies ) ! k9d ( muck1 & ! quality ( ! o!r mat]ial us$4 ,! wea!r & ?or\ghness ( int]mixture ( ! +r$i5ts also mat]ially affect ! rapidity ( decomposition4 ,9 all cases five or six mon?s ( summ] wea!r is a suffici5t "t to fit ^! compo/s = application to ! soil4 ,mr4 ,/anwood ( ,colebrook1 ,conn41 says3 ,i h f\nd a compo/ made ( two bu%els ( unlea*$ a%es to tw5ty-five ( muck1 sup]ior to /able manure z a top-dress+ = grass1 on a w>m1 dry soil4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr41 ( ,we/ ,cornwall1 ,conn41 /ates3 ,i h mix$ #be bu%els ( a%es ) ! same numb] ( loads ( muck1 & appli$ x to #c_/d ( an acre4 ,! result 0 f> beyond t obta9$ by apply+ #cjj lbs4 be/ guano to ! same piece4 ,! use ( salt & lime mixture is s /rongly recomm5d$1 t a few words may be devot$ to its consid]ation4 ,:5 quick-lime is slak$ ) a br9e ( common salt 7*loride ( sodium71 !re are =m$ by d\ble decomposition1 small portions ( cau/ic soda & *loride ( calcium1 :i* dissolve 9 ! liquid4 ,if ! solution /& a:ile1 c>bonic acid is absorb$ f ! air1 =m+ c>bonate ( soda3 b c>bonate ( soda & *loride ( calcium in/antly ex*ange _! +r$i5ts1 =m+ insoluble c>bonate ( lime & reproduc+ common salt4 ,:5 ! fre% mixture ( quick-lime & salt is incorporat$ ) any por\s body1 z soil or peat1 !n1 z ,graham has %[n1 unequal diffusion ( ! cau/ic soda & *loride ( calcium occurs f ! po9t :]e !y are =m$1 ?r\gh ! moi/ por\s mass1 & ! result is1 t ! small portion ( cau/ic soda :i* diffuses mo/ rapidly1 or ! c>bonate ( soda =m$ by its spe$y union ) c>bonic acid1 is remov$ f contact ) ! *loride ( calcium4 ,soda & c>bonate ( soda are m soluble 9 wat] & m /rongly alkal9e ?an lime4 ,!y1 !re=e1 act on peat m en]getically ?an ! latt]4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! =mation ( soda & c>bonate ( soda f ! lime & salt mixture1 t ?is mixture ex]ts a m p[]ful decompos+ action ?an lime alone4 ,:]e salt is *eap & wood a%es sc>ce1 ! mixture may be employ$ accord+ly to advantage4 ,( its usefulness we h ! te/imony ( practical m54 ,says ,mr4 ,f4 ,holbrook ( ,v]mont1 7,pat5t ,(fice ,report = #ahef1 page #aic47 ,i _h a heap ( sev5ty-five half cords ( muck mix$ ) lime 9 ! proportion ( a half cord ( muck to a bu%el ( lime4 ,! muck 0 drawn to ! field :5 want$ 9 ,augu/4 ,a bu%el ( salt to six bu%els ( lime 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] en\gh to slake ! lime d[n to a f9e dry p[d]1 ! lime be+ slak$ no fa/] ?an want$1 & spread imm$iately :ile w>m1 ov] ! lay]s ( muck1 :i* 7 ab\t six in*es ?ick2 !n a coat+ ( lime & s on1 until ! heap rea*$ ! height ( five feet1 a conv5i5t wid?1 & l5g? en\gh to embrace ! :ole quantity ( ! muck4 ,9 ab\t ?ree weeks a p[]ful decomposition 0 app>5t1 & ! heap 0 nicely ov]haul$1 no?+ m be+ done to x till x 0 load$ ! next ,spr+ = spread+4 ,! compo/ 0 spread on ! pl[$ surface ( a dry s&y loam at ! rate ( ab\t fifte5 cords to ! acre1 & h>r[$ 94 ,! l& 0 plant$ ) corn & ! crop 0 m ?an sixty bu%els to ! acre4 ,o!r writ]s ass]t t !y h decompos$ ) ?is mixture1 sp5t tan1 saw du/1 corn /alks1 swamp muck1 leaves f ! woods1 inde$ e v>iety ( in]t sub/ance1 & 9 mu* %ort] "t ?an x c\ld be done by any o!r means4 7,work+ ,f>m]1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bhj47 ,"s exp]im5ts t h a be>+ on ! efficacy ( ?is compo/ w be detail$ pres5tly4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! soluble & m active 7cau/ic7 =ms ( alkal9e bodies ex]t a p[]ful decompos+ & solv5t action on peat4 ,x is ass]t$ too t ! ne>ly insoluble & less active matt]s ( ?is k9d1 also h an effect1 ?\gh a less complete & rapid "o4 ,?us1 c>bonate ( lime 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( *alk1 %ell m>l1#f old mort>1 lea*$ a%es & peat a%es1 7= 9 all ^! x is ! *ief & mo/ alkal9e +r$i5t17 is recomm5d$ to compo/ ) peat4 ,let u inquire :e!r c>bonate ( lime c really ex]t any noticeable influ5ce 9 improv+ ! f]tiliz+ quality ( peat4 ,9 ! case ( vitriol peats1 c>bonate ( lime is ! *eape/ & mo/ appropriate means ( de/roy+ ! noxi\s sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 & correct+ _! delet]i\s quality4 ,:5 c>bonate ( lime is br\ght 9 contact ) sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 ! two bodies mutually decompose1 ) =mation ( sulphate ( lime 7gypsum7 & c>bonate ( protoxide ( iron4 ,! latt] sub/ance absorbs oxyg5 f ! air ) ! utmo/ avidity1 & passes into ! p]oxide ( iron1 :i* is entirely in]t4 ,! admixture ( any e>?y matt] ) peat1 w facilitate its decomposition1 & make x m active *emically1 9 s f> z x promotes ! sep>ation ( ! p>ticles ( ! peat f ea* o!r1 & ! consequ5t access ( air4 ,?is b5efit may well am\nt to some?+ :5 we add to peat "o-fif? ( its bulk ( m>l or lea*$ a%es1 b ! "q comes up3 ,d ^! insoluble mild alkalies ex]t any direct action8 ,w\ld n z mu* soil ( any k9d be equally efficaci\s1 by promot+ to an equal degree ! contact ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e8 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* c>bonate ( lime may ex]t a *emical action on ! organic matt]s ( peat4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 itself1 9 ! =ms we h m5tion$1 is commonly call$ insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 soluble to a v slight ext5t2 x dissolves1 namely1 9 ab\t #cj1jjj times its weight ( pure wat]4 ,x is ne>ly ?irty times m soluble 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid2 & ?is solution has di/9ct alkal9e *>act]s4 ,s9ce ! wat] conta9$ 9 a heap ( peat mu/ be consid]ably impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid1 x foll[s t :5 c>bonate ( lime is pres5t1 ! latt] mu/ =m a solution1 v dilute inde$1 b /ill capable ( "s direct effect on ! organic matt]s ( ! peat1 :5 x acts ?r\gh a long space ( "t4 ,aga91 x is possible t ! solution ( c>bonate ( lime 9 c>bonic acid1 may act to lib]ate "s ammonia f ! soluble portions ( ! peat1 & ?is ammonia may react on ! rema9d] ( ! peat to produce ! same effects z x does 9 ! case ( a compo/ made ) animal matt]s4 ,:e!r ! effects ?us !oretically possible1 am\nt to any?+ practically important1 is a "q ( great int]e/4 ,x (t5 happ5s t op9ions ent]ta9$ by practical m51 n only by f>m]s1 b by me*anics & artisans z well1 are f\nd$ on s untru/wor?y a basis1 are support$ by trials s de/itute ( precision1 t _! accuracy may well be d\bt$1 & f all ! acc\nts ,i h met )1 x does n seem to h be5 well e/abli%$1 practically1 t compo/s made ) c>bonate ( lime1 are bett] ?an ! peat & c>bonate us$ sep>ately4 ,c>bonate ( lime 7lea*$ a%es1 %ell m>l1 etc471 is v well to use 9 conjunction ) peat1 to furni% a sub/ance or sub/ances ne$ful to ! gr[? ( plants1 & supply ! defici5cies ( peat z reg>ds composition4 ,al?\gh 9 ! agricultural pap]s1 num]\s acc\nts ( ! efficacy ( su* mixtures are giv51 we d n le>n f !m :e!r ^! bodies ex]t any su* good effect ^u ! peat itself1 z to w>rant ! tr\ble ( mak+ a compo/4 #d4--;,exp]im5ts by ! au?or on ! effect ( alkal9e bodies 9 develop+ ! f]tiliz+ p[] ( ,peat4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahfb1 ! au?or und]took a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! effect ( v>i\s compo/+ mat]ials ^u peat4 ,two bu%els ( peat 7 obta9$ f a heap t _h be5 wea!r+ = "s "t on ! ,beav] ,mead[1 ne> ,new ,hav54 ,?is 0 ?or\ghly air-dri$1 !n cru%$ by ! h&1 & f9ally rubb$ ?r\gh a mod]ately f9e sieve4 ,9 ?is way1 ! peat 0 br\ght to a p]fectly homog5e\s condition4 ,twelve-qu>t fl[]-pots1 new f ! w>eh\se1 7 fill$ z describ$ bel[2 ! trials be+ made 9 duplicate3-- ,pots #a & #b conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat4 ,pots #c & #d conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat1 mix$-) #aj grammes ( a%es ( "y grass4 ,pots #e & #f conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat1 #aj grammes ( a%es1 & #aj grammes ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,pots #g & #h conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat1 #aj grammes ( a%es1 & #aj grammes ( slak$ 7hydrate (7 lime4 ,pots #i & #aj conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat1 #aj grammes ( a%es1 & #e grammes ( lime1 slak$ ) /rong solution ( common salt4 ,pots #aa & #ab conta9$ ea* #bgj grammes ( peat1 #aj grammes ( a%es1 & #c grammes ( ,p]uvian guano4 ,9 ea* case ! mat]ials 7 ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r1 & s mu* wat] 0 cauti\sly add$ z s]v$ to wet !m ?or\ghly4 ,five k]nels ( dw>f 7pop7 corn 7 plant$ 9 ea* pot1 ! weight ( ea* plant+ be+ c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,! pots 7 dispos$ 9 a glaz$ case )9 a cold grap]y1#g & 7 wat]$ :5 ne$ful ) pure wat]4 ,! se$s spr\t$ duly1 & develop$ into heal?y plants4 ,! plants s]v$ ?us z te/s ( ! *emical effect ( c>bonate ( lime1 ( slak$ lime1 & ( salt & lime mixture1 on ! peat4 ,! guano pots enabl$ mak+ a comp>ison ) a well-kn[n f]tiliz]4 ,! plants 7 all[$ to gr[ until ^? be/ develop$1 enl>g$ above1 n at ! exp5se ( ! peat1 etc41 b ( _! own l[] leaves1 z %[n by ! )]+ ( ! latt]4 ,!y 7 !n cut1 &1 aft] dry+ 9 ! air1 7 weigh$ ) ! subjo9$ results4 ,,vegetation ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,peat ,,compo/s4 ,,key ,a - ,weight ( crops 9 grammes4 ,b - ,comp>ative weight ( crops1 ! sum ( #a4 & #b4 tak5 z unity4 ,c - ,ratio ( weight ( crops to weight ( se$s1 ! latt] assum$ z unity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,nos4 ,m$ium ( ,gr[?4 ,a ,b ,c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a #a4fa #b ,peat alone4 #b4ei #d4bj #a #b-a_/b #c #ad4ai #d ,peat1 & a%es ( grass1 #ah4be #cb4dd #h #bj-a_/b #e #ah4ai #f ,peat1 a%es1 & c>bonate ( lime1 #bj4be #ch4dd #i #be-a_/b #g #ba4di #h ,peat1 a%es1 & slak$ lime1 #bj4gc #db4bb #aj #bh-a_/b #i #bc4jh #aj ,peat1 a%es1 slak$ lime1 & salt1 #bc4cd #df4db #aa #cj-a_/b #aa #bf4gi #ab ,peat1 a%es1 & ,p]uvian ,guano1 #bf4ii #ec4gh #ac #ce-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,let u n[ exam9e ! above results4 ,! exp]im5ts #a & #b1 demon/rate t ! peat itself is defici5t 9 some?+ ne$ful to ! plant4 ,9 bo? pots1 b #d4b grammes ( crop 7 produc$1 a quantity two & a half times great] ?an t ( ! se$s1 :i* weigh$ #a4ei grammes4 ,! plants 7 pale 9 color1 sl5d]1 & rea*$ a height ( b ab\t six in*es4 ,nos4 #c & #d make evid5t :at are "s ( ! defici5cies ( ! peat4 ,a supply ( m9]al matt]s1 su* z are conta9$ 9 all plants1 be+ made by ! addition ( a%es1 consi/+ *iefly ( phosphates1 c>bonates & sulphates ( lime1 magnesia & pota%1 a crop is realiz$ ne>ly eight times great] ?an 9 ! previ\s cases2 ! yield be+ #cb4dd grammes1 or #bj-a_/b times ! weight ( ! se$4 ,! quantity ( a%es add$1 viz43--#aj grammes1 0 capable ( supply+ e m9]al elem5t1 greatly 9 excess ( ! wants ( any crop t c\ld be gr[n 9 a qu>t ( soil4 ,! plants 9 pots #c & #d 7 mu* /\t] ?an ^? 9 #a & #b1 & _h a heal?y color4 ,! exp]im5ts #e & #f appe> to demon/rate t c>bonate ( lime consid]ably aid$ 9 conv]t+ ! peat itself into plant-food4 ,! a%es alone conta9$ en\gh c>bonate ( lime to supply ! wants ( ! plant 9 respect to t sub/ance4 ,m c>bonate ( lime c\ld only op]ate by act+ on ! organic matt]s ( ! peat4 ,! am\nt ( ! crop is rais$ by ! effect ( c>bonate ( lime f #cb4dd to #ch4dd grammes1 or f #bj-a_/b to #be-a_/b times t ( ! se$4 ,exp]im5ts #g & #h %[1 t slak$ lime has m effect ?an ! c>bonate1 z we %\ld anticipate4 ,its influ5ce does n1 h[ev]1 exce$ t ( ! c>bonate v greatly1 ! yield ris+ f #ch4dd to #db4bb grammes1 or f #be-a_/b to #bh-a_/b times ! weight ( ! se$4 ,9 fact1 quick-lime c only act z su* = a v %ort space ( "t1 s9ce x rapidly comb9es ) ! c>bonic acid1 :i* is suppli$ abundantly by ! peat4 ,9 exp]im5ts #g & #h1 a good %>e ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ mu/ !re=e be actually ascrib$ to ! c>bonate1 r ?an to ! quick-lime itself4 ,9 exp]im5ts #i & #aj1 we h pro( t ! lime & salt mixture has a great] efficacy ?an lime alone1 ! crop be+ increas$ !reby f #db4bb1 to #df4db grammes1 or f #bh-a_/b to #cj-a_/b times t ( ! se$4 ,f9ally1 we see f exp]im5ts #aa & #ab t 9 all ! =ego+ cases x 0 a limit$ supply ( nitrog5 t limit$ ! crop2 =1 on add+ ,p]uvian guano1 :i* c\ld only act by ?is elem5t 7its o!r +r$i5ts1 phosphates ( lime & pota%1 be+ abundantly suppli$ 9 ! a%es71 ! yield 0 c>ri$ up to #ec4gh grammes1 or #ce-a_/b times ! weight ( ! se$1 & #ac times ! weight ( ! crop obta9$ f ! unmix$ peat4 #e4--,! ,exam9ation ( ,peat 7muck & m>%-mud7 ) ref]5ce to its ,agricultural ,value4 ,s9ce1 z we are =c$ to conclude1 ! v>iations 9 ! composition ( peat /& 9 no recognizable relations to diff]5ces ( appe>ance1 x is only possible to asc]ta9 ! value ( any giv5 specim5 by actual trial or by *emical inve/igation4 ,! me?od by practical trial is usually ! *eap] & m satisfactory ( ! two1 ?\gh a half ye> or m is ne$ful to ga9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,x is suffici5t to apply to small measur$ plots ( gr\nd1 ea* say two rods squ>e1 kn[n quantities ( ! fre%1 ! wea!r$1 & ! compo/$ peat 9 ord]1 by comp>ison ( ! gr[? & weight ( ! crop1 to decide ! "q ( _! value4 ,peat & its compo/s are usually appli$ at rates rang+ f #bj to #dj wagon or c>t loads p] acre4 ,!re be+ #afj squ>e rods 9 ! acre1 ! quantity prop] to a plot ( two rods squ>e 7 f\r squ>e rods17 w\ld be "o half to "o load4 ,! compo/s ) /able manure & lime1 or salt & lime mixture1 are ^? :i*1 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be be/ to exp]im5t )4 ,f ! effects ( ! /able manure compo/1 c\ld be inf]r$ ) safety ! value ( any compo/1 ( :i* animal manure is an ess5tial +r$i5t4 ,"o great advantage ( ! practical trial on ! small scale is1 t ! adaptation ( ! peat or ( ! compo/ to ! peculi>ities ( ! soil1 is decid$ beyond a "q4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! results ( exp]im5ts c only be reli$ ^u1 :5 ! plots are accurately measur$1 :5 ! peat1 etc41 are appli$ 9 kn[n quantities1 & :5 ! crops are sep>ately h>ve/$ & c>efully weigh$4 ,if exp]im5ts are made ^u grass or clov]1 ! grave/ errors may arise by draw+ conclusions f ! appe>ance ( ! /&+ crop4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t two clov] crops1 ga!r$ f contigu\s plots diff]5tly manur$1 may /rik+ly diff] 9 appe>ance1 b yield ! same am\nts ( hay4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( a peat may s]ve to in=m u1 )\t loss ( "t1 ^u a numb] ( important po9ts4 ,to te/ a peat = soluble iron salts :i* might r5d] x delet]i\s1 we soak & agitate a h&ful = "s h\rs1 ) f\r or five times its bulk ( w>m s(t wat]4 ,f a good fre%-wat] peat we obta91 by ?is treatm5t1 a yell[ liquid1 m or less deep 9 t9t1 ! ta/e ( :i* is v slight & sc>cely def9able4 ,f a vitriol peat we get a d>k-br[n or black solution1 :i* has a bitt]1 a/r+5t1 metallic or inky ta/e1 l t ( copp]as4 ,salt peat w yield a solution hav+ ! ta/e ( salt-br9e1 unless x conta9s iron1 :5 ! ta/e ( ! latt] w prevail4 ,on evaporat+ ! wat]-solution to dryness & heat+ /rongly 9 a ,*9a cup1 a vitriol peat gives (f :ite *ok+ fumes ( sulphuric acid1 & !re rema9s1 aft] burn+1 br[n-r$ oxide ( iron 9 ! di%4 ,! above te/+s are easily conduct$ by any "o1 ) ! ord9>y conv5i5ces ( ! kit*54 ,^? t foll[1 require1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! *emical laboratory1 & ! skill ( ! practis$ *emi/1 = satisfactory execution4 ,besides te/+ = soluble iron comp\nds1 z already indicat$1 ! po9ts to be reg>d$ 9 ! *emical exam9ation1 are3-- #a/4 ,wat] or moi/ure4--,?is mu/ be e/imat$1 because x is s v>iable1 & a k ( its quantity is ne$ful1 if we w comp>e toge!r diff]5t samples4 ,a weigh$ am\nt ( ! peat is dri$ = ?is purpose at #bab deg4 ,f41 z long z x suff]s loss4 #b;d4 ,! proportions ( organic matt] & a% are asc]ta9$ by c>efully burn+ a weigh$ sample ( ! peat4 ,by ?is trial we di/+ui% betwe5 peat ) #b to #aj p] c5t4 ( a% & peaty soil1 or mud1 conta9+ b a few p] c5t4 ( organic matt]4 ,?is exp]im5t may be made 9 a r\gh way1 b ) suffici5t accuracy = common purposes1 by burn+ a few lbs4 or ozs4 ( peat ^u a piece ( %eet iron1 or 9 a sauce pan1 & not+ ! loss1 :i* includes bo? wat] & organic matt]4 #c;d4 ,z fur!r reg>ds ! organic matt]s1 we asc]ta9 ! ext5t to :i* ! peaty decomposition has tak5 place by boil+ ) dilute solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,?is solv5t sep>ates ! humic & ulmic acids f ! undecompos$ vegetable fib]s4 ,= practical purposes ?is treatm5t ) c>bonate ( soda may be disp5s$ )1 s9ce ! am\nt ( undecompos$ fib] is ga!r$ ) suffici5t accuracy f c>eful inspection ( ! peat4 ,special exam9ation ( ! organic acids is ( no consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 #d?4 ,! proportion ( nitrog5 is ( ! fir/ importance to be asc]ta9$4 ,9 exam9ations ( #cj samples ( peat1 ,i h f\nd ! cont5t ( nitrog5 to range f #j4d to #b4i p] c5t41 ! ri*e/ conta9+ sev5 times z mu* z ! poore/4 ,x is practically a matt] ( great mom5t :e!r1 = example1 a ,p]uvian guano conta9s #af p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 z x %\ld1 or b "o-sev5? t am\nt1 z x may :5 grossly adult]at$4 ,9 ! same s5se1 x is important be=e mak+ a heavy outlay 9 excavat+ & compo/+ peat1 to "k :e!r 7z reg>ds nitrog57 x belongs to ! poor] or ri*] sorts4 ,?is c only be done by ! complicat$ me?ods kn[n to ! *emi/4 #e?4 ,! e/imation ( ammonia 7actual or ready-=m$17 is a matt] ( sci5tific int]e/1 b subord9ate 9 a practical po9t ( view4 #f?4 ,nitric acid & nitrates c sc>cely exi/ 9 peat except :]e x is well expos$ to ! air1 9 a m]ely moi/ b n wet /ate4 ,_! e/imation 9 compo/s is ( great int]e/1 ?\gh tr\blesome to execute4 #g?4 ,z reg>ds ! a%1 its r$ color indicates iron4 ,p\r+ hydro*loric acid ^u x1 causes eff]vesc5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is comp\nd1 9 mo/ cases1 has be5 =m$ 9 ! burn+1 f humate & o!r organic salts ( lime4 ,s&1 or clay1 be+ insoluble 9 ! acid1 rema9s1 & may be readily e/imat$4 ,phosphoric acid & alkalies1 especially pota%1 are1 next to lime1 ! important +r$i5ts ( ! a%4 ,magnesia & sulphuric acid1 rank next 9 value4 ,_! e/imation requires a numb] ( t$i\s op]ations1 & c sc>cely be requir$ = practical purposes1 until m ready me?ods ( analyses %all h be5 discov]$4 #h?4 ,! quantity ( matt]s soluble 9 wat] has consid]able int]e/1 b is n ord9>ily requisite to be asc]ta9$4 #f4--;,composition ( ,connecticut ,peats4 ,9 ! ye>s #aheg & #aheh1 ! au?or 0 *>g$ by ! ,connecticut ,/ate ,agricultural ,society#h ) ! *emical inve/igation ( #cc samples ( peat & swamp muck1 s5t to him 9 compliance ) (ficial reque/4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages1 ! facts reveal$ by ! labori\s analyses execut$ on ^! samples1 h be5 = ! mo/ "p communicat$1 toge!r ) _m valuable practical results d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! g5tlem5 :o s5t 9 ! specim5s4 ,! analytical data !mselves appe> to me to be wor?y ( pr9t+ aga91 = ! in=mation ( ^? :o may h]eaft] make inve/igations 9 ! same direction4--,see ,tables ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii1 p4p4 #hi1 #ij1 & #ia4 ,! specim5s came 9 all /ages ( dryness4 ,"s 7 fre%ly dug & wet1 o!rs _h suff]$ long exposure1 s t !y 7 air-dry2 "s t 7 s5t 9 ! moi/ /ate1 became dry be=e be+ subject$ to exam9ation2 o!rs 7 prep>$ = analysis :ile /ill moi/4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ea* specim5 0 c>efully pulv]iz$1 int]mix$1 & put into a /opp]$ bottle & ?us pres]v$ = exp]im5t4 ,! analyses 7 begun 9 ! w9t] ( #aheg by my assi/ant1 ,edw>d ,h4 ,tw9+1 ,esq4 ,! samples #a to #ag ( ! subjo9$ tables 7 !n analyz$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! "w 0 cont9u$ on ! rema9+ specim5s #ah--cc by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,a4 ,fi%]4 ,! me?od ( analysis 0 ! same 9 bo? cases1 except 9 two p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! e>li] analyses1 #a to #ag inclusive1 ! treatm5t ) c>bonate ( soda 0 n c>ri$ f> en\gh to dissolve ! :ole ( ! soluble organic acids4 ,x 0 m]ely attempt$ to make comp>ative det]m9ations by treat+ all alike = ! same "t1 & ) ! same quantity ( alkali4 ,i h little d\bt t 9 "s cases n m ?an "o-half ( ! portion really soluble 9 c>bonate ( soda is giv5 z su*4 ,9 ! lat] analyses1 #ah to #cc1 h[ev]1 ! treatm5t 0 cont9u$ until complete sep>ation ( ! soluble organic acids 0 effect$4 ,by act+ on a peat = a long "t ) a hot solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 !re is tak5 up n m]ely a quantity ( organic matt]1 b inorganic matt]s likewise ent] solution4 ,silica1 oxyd ( iron & alum9a are ?us dissolv$4 ,9 ?is process too1 sulphate ( lime is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime4 ,! total am\nt ( ^! soluble inorganic matt]s has be5 det]m9$ ) approximate accuracy 9 analyses #ah to #cc4 ,9 ! analyses #a to #ag ! collective am\nt ( matt]s soluble 9 wat] 0 det]m9$4 ,9 ! lat] analyses ! proportions ( organic & inorganic matt]s 9 ! wat]-solution 7 sep>ately e/imat$4 ,! process ( analysis z elaborat$ & employ$ by ,dr4 ,fi%] & ! au?or1 is z foll[s3 ,i4 ,to prep>e a sample = analysis1 half a p\nd1 m or less1 ( ! sub/ance is pulv]iz$ & pass$ ?r\gh a wire sieve ( #bd me%es to ! in*4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly mix$ & bottl$4 ,,ii4 #b grammes ( ! above are dri$ 79 t>$ wat*-glasses7 at ! temp]ature ( #bab degrees1 until !y no long] decrease 9 weight4 ,! loss su/a9$ repres5ts ! am\nt ( wat]1 7accord+ to ,,m>silly1 ,annales des ,m9es1 #aheg1 ,,xii41 #djd1 peat loses c>bon if dri$ at a temp]ature high] ?an #bab degrees47 ,,iii4 ,! capsule conta9+ ! residue f ,i4 is sl[ly heat$ to incipi5t r$ness1 & ma9ta9$ at t temp]ature until ! organic matt] is entirely consum$4 ,! loss gives ! total am\nt ( organic1 ! residue ! total am\nt ( inorganic matt]4 ,,note4--,9 peats conta9+ sulphate ( ! protoxide ( iron1 ! loss t occurs dur+ ignition is p>tly due to ! escape ( sulphuric acid1 :i* is set free by ! decomposition ( ! above m5tion$ salt ( iron4 ,b ! quantity is usually s small 9 comp>ison ) ! organic matt]1 t x may be disreg>d$4 ,! same may be said ( ! comb9$ wat] 9 ! clay t is mix$ ) "s mucks1 :i* is only expell$ at a high temp]ature4 ,,iv4 #c grammes ( ! sample are dige/$ = half an h\r1 ) #bjj cubic c5timet]s 7#ff4f times _! weight17 ( boil+ wat]1 !n remov$ f ! s& ba?1 & at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! cle> liquid is decant$4 ,?is op]ation is twice repeat$ ^u ! residue2 ! ?ree solutions are mix$1 filt]$1 conc5trat$1 & f9ally evaporat$ to dryness 79 a t>$ plat9um capsule17 ov] a wat] ba?4 ,! residue1 :i* mu/ be dri$ at #bab degrees1 until x ceases to lose weight1 gives ! total am\nt soluble 9 wat]4 ,! dri$ residue is !n heat$ to l[ r$ness1 & ma9ta9$ at t temp]ature until ! organic matt] is burn$ (f4 ,! loss repres5ts ! am\nt ( organic matt] soluble 9 wat]1 ! a% gives ! quantity ( soluble inorganic matt]4 ,v4 #a gramme is dige/$ = two h\rs1 at a temp]ature j bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 ) #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( a solution conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! s& ba? & all[$ to settle4 ,:5 ! sup]natant liquid has become p]fectly transp>5t1 x is c>efully decant$4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until all ! organic matt] soluble 9 ?is m5/ruum is remov$2 :i* is accompli%$ z soon z ! c>bonate ( soda solution comes (f colorless4 ,! residue1 :i* is to be wa%$ ) boil+ wat] until ! wa%+s no long] affect te/ pap]s1 is ?r[n ^u a t>$ filt]1 & dri$ at #bab degrees4 ,x is ! total am\nt ( organic & inorganic matt] insoluble 9 c>bonate ( soda4 ,! loss t x suff]s ^u ignition1 indicates ! am\nt ( organic matt]1 ! a% gives ! inorganic matt]4 ,,note4--,! "t requir$ to insure p]fect settl+ aft] dige/+ ) c>bonate ( soda solution1 v>ies1 ) diff]5t peats1 f #bd h\rs to sev]al days4 ,) prop] c>e1 ! results obta9$ are v satisfactory4 ,two analyses ( ,no4 #f1 execut$ at diff]5t times1 gave total insoluble 9 c>bonate ( soda--#a/ analysis #bc4bj p] c5t42 #b;d analysis #bc4de p] c5t4 ,^! residues yield$ respectively #ad4cj & #ad4ae p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,,vi4 ,! quantity ( organic matt] insoluble 9 wat] b soluble 9 solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 is asc]ta9$ by d$uct+ ! jo9t weight ( ! am\nts soluble 9 wat]1 & insoluble 9 c>bonate ( soda1 f ! total am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t4 ,! inorganic matt] insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 c>bonate ( soda1 is det]m9$ by d$uct+ ! jo9t weight ( ! am\nts ( inorganic matt] soluble 9 wat]1 & insoluble 9 c>bonate ( soda1 f ! total inorganic matt]4 ,,vii4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 is e/imat$ by ! combu/ion ( #a gramme ) soda-lime 9 an iron tube1 collection ( ! ammonia 9 a /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid1 & det]m9ation ( ! residual free acid by an equival5t solution ( cau/ic pota% & a few drops ( t9cture ( co*9eal z an indicator4 ,! results ( ! analyses are giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,tables4 ,table ,i4 gives ! direct results ( analysis4 ,9 ,table ,,ii4 ! analyses are calculat$ on dry matt]1 & ! nitrog5 ^u ! organic matt]s4 ,table ,,iii4 gives a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! ext]nal *>act]s & agricultural value#i ( ! samples 9 _! diff]5t localities1 & ! names ( ! p>ties supply+ !m4 ,,table ,i4-,,composition ,,( ,,connecticut ,,peats ,,& ,,mucks4 ,,key3 ,a - ,soluble 9 wat]4 ,b - ,insol4 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 c>bonate ( soda4 ,c - ,insol4 9 wat] & c>bonate ( soda4 ,d - ,total4 ,e - ,wat]4 ,f - ,nitrog54 ,g - ,total matt]s soluble 9 wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,organic ,,matt]4 ,f ,:om & -------------------- ,:5ce ,receiv$ ,a ,b ,c ,d -------------------------v---------- #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton4 ,go%5 ,conn4 #ag4fc #cd4gieb4db #b4 #fj4jb #aa4fega4fg #c4 #ej4fj #bi4gehj4ce #d4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles4 ,mil=d ,conn4 #fe4ae #aa4iegg4aj #e4 #fg4ge #af4fehd4dj #f4 ,samuel ,camp4 ,pla9ville ,conn4 #dc4bj #h4ijeb4aj #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck4 ,b]l9 ,conn4 #ch4di #cj4eafi4jj #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop4 ,griswold ,conn4 #db4cj #aj4aeeb4de #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood4 ,colebrook ,conn4 #di4fe #g4djeg4je #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr4 ,we/ ,cornwall ,conn4 #ee4aa #aj4bife4dj #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel&4 ,nor? ,granby #ch4bg #b4hida4af #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr4 ,poquonock #bg4ai #dh4hdgf4jc #ac4 #cc4ff #dj4eagd4ag #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh ,brooklyn ,conn4 #ea4de #be4jjgf4de #ae4 ,adams ,:ite4 ,brooklyn #ed4ch #bc4adgg4eb #af4 ,p>is ,dy]4 ,brooklyn #ah4hf #e4jbbc4hh #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #dc4bg #af4hcfj4aj #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg94 ,coll9sville ,conn4 #b4babj4eg #h4beca4jc #ai4 #a4ab #i4ai #e4ajae4da #bj4 #j4gb #i4ca #c4feac4fh #ba4 ,s4 ,mead4 ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #c4cjdj4eb #h4bjeb4jb #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt4 ,new ,canaan #b4hdac4db #g4eebc4ha #bc4 #b4cdac4di #h4jebc4hh #bd4 #a4aeag4bi #h4jjbf4dd #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+4 ,rockville #c4dceb4ae #h4fefd4bc #bf4 #c4hgga4eg #h4ddhc4hh #bg4 #c4hgdd4jd #d4beeb4af #bh4 ,alb]t ,day4 ,brooklyn #b4dedf4be #f4ceee4je #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye>4 ,new ,hav5 #a4hjde4dbaj4ceeg4eg #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift ,/on+ton #c4ccea4fh #i4hjfd4ha #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel]4 ,s\? ,salem ,n4 ,y4 #b4acde4abab4jeei4cj #cb4 ,john ,adams4 ,salisbury ,conn4 #a4gadb4hgaj4feee4bc #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift4 ,/on+ton #e4djaf4gb #g4bebi4cg ----- ,av]age #b4jf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,inorganic ,,matt]4 ,f ,:om & -------------------- ,:5ce ,receiv$ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton4 ,go%5 ,conn4 #ce4baab4cg #a4bh #a4ed #b4 #h4jjbj4cc #a4he #c4 #d4ebae4ac #a4ij #b4ea #d4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles4 ,mil=d ,conn4 #c4bcai4fg #a4bj #a4fc #e4 #b4jjac4fj 4#ie #c4db #f4 ,samuel ,camp4 v ,pla9ville ,conn4 #ad4ij #ad4hjbi4bjah4gj #b4aj #b4ej #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck4 ,b]l9 ,conn4 #ac4eiag4da #a4fb #b4fa #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop4 ,griswold ,conn4 #cd4gjab4he #a4ca #a4fd #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood4 ,colebrook ,conn4 #d4egch4ch #a4bc #a4hc #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr4 ,we/ ,cornwall ,conn4 #ad4hiai4ga #b4aj #f4bj #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel&4 ,nor? ,granby #dg4bdaa4fj #a4jj 4#ge #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr4 ,poquonock #e4ibah4je #b4dj #b4id #ac4 #h4fcag4bj #b4dj #a4hj #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #g4fgae4hh #a4bj #a4dc #ae4 ,adams ,:ite4 ,brooklyn #i4jcac4de #b4hi #e4ij #af4 ,p>is ,dy]4 ,brooklyn #fg4gg #h4ce #a4jc #b4fc #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #be4ghad4ab #j4hfae4ac #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg94 ,coll9sville ,conn4 #j4cb #i4dadh4jeeg4ghaa4ai #j4fd #b4ec #ai4 #j4bh #a4jhdh4feej4jacd4eh #j4cd #a4dj #bj4 #j4be #j4gfbh4bjbi4baeg4aa #j4bh 4#ig #ba4 ,s4 ,mead4 ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #b4fjaj4jbbc4ijcf4ebaa4df #a4ea #e4ij #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt4 ,new ,canaan #b4gbai4hhdf4cjfh4ij #g4bi #j4de #e4ef #bc4 #a4edab4dbef4bjgj4af #e4if #j4ij #c4hh #bd4 #a4fgad4acea4ajff4ij #f4ff #a4ja #b4hb #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+4 ,rockville #j4ce #j4af #d4ij #e4dacj4cf #a4fb #c4gh #bf4 #j4bc #a4ih #b4baac4ia #a4cb #d4aj #bg4 #j4ea #d4jg #e4je #i4fcch4ba #a4hh #d4ch #bh4 ,alb]t ,day4 ,brooklyn #j4cb #j4fe #e4dj #f4cgch4eh #j4hd #b4gg #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye>4 ,new ,hav5 #j4ce #g4ihah4hjbg4acae4cj #a4fh #b4ae #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift ,/on+ton #b4hb #e4hf #h4fhbf4ea #j4ie #f4ae #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel]4 ,s\? ,salem ,n4 ,y4 #j4gh #c4giaf4gjba4bgai4dc #a4eg #b4ia #cb4 ,john ,adams4 ,salisbury ,conn4 #a4jb #a4ccad4ceaf4gjbh4jg #a4gf #b4gc #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift4 ,/on+ton #g4dj #f4djdh4jefa4he #h4gh #a4cb #b4hj ----- ---------- ,av]age #a4dd #a4cg #c4gb ,,table ,,ii4-,,composition ,,( ,,connecticut ,,peats ,,& ,,mucks4 ,calculat$ 9 ! dry /ate3 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 calculat$ also on organic matt]s4 ,,key3 ,a - ,9 ?is table ! matt]s soluble 9 wat] & ! nitrog5 are calculat$ to two places ( decimals2 ! o!r +r$i5ts are express$ 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,b - ,soluble 9 wat]4 ,c - ,insol4 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 c>bonate ( soda4 ,d - ,insol4 9 wat] & c>bonate ( soda4 ,e - ,total4 ,f - ,total matt]s soluble 9 wat]4 ,g - ,nitrog54 ,h - ,nitrog5 9 p] c5t4 ( ! organic matt]4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,organic ,,matt]4 -------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e -------------------------v---------- #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton4 ,go%5 ,conn4 #bj #dj #fj #b4 #ge #ae #ij #c4 #fj #ce #ie #e4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles4 ,mil=d ,conn4 #ha #ae #if #e4 #gi #ai #ih #f4 ,samuel ,camp4 ,pla9ville ,conn4 #ec #aa #fd #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck4 ,b]l9 ,conn4 #df #cg #hc #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop4 ,griswold ,conn4 #dh #aa #ei #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood4 ,colebrook ,conn4 #ge #aa #hf #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr4 ,we/ ,cornwall ,conn4 #fi #ac #hb #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel&4 ,nor? ,granby #dc #d #dg #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr4 ,poquonock #cc #fj #ic #ac4 #da #di #ij #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #fa #cj #ia #ae4 ,adams ,:ite4 ,brooklyn #fc #bg #ij #af4 ,p>is ,dy]4 ,brooklyn #ba #e #bf #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #fb #h #gj #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg94 ,coll9sville ,conn4 #b4dh #bc #i #ce #ai4 #a4gb #ad #h #bc #bj4 #a4fg #bb #h #cb #ba4 ,solomon ,mead4 ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #c4gj #dh #i #fj #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt4 ,new ,canaan #c4je #ad #h #bf #bc4 #b4dg #ad #h #be #bd4 #a4bc #ah #i #bh #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+4 ,rockville #d4ij #ge #ab #ib #bf4 #d4ej #hc #aj #ig #bg4 #f4bd #ga #g #hd #bh4 ,alb]t ,day4 ,brooklyn #d4ja #gf #aj #ij #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye>4 ,new ,hav5 #b4aa #ed #ab #fh #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift ,/on+ton #d4ef #ga #ac #hh #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel]4 ,s\? ,salem ,n4 ,y4 #b4ff #ef #ae #gc #cb4 ,john ,adams4 ,salisbury ,conn4 #b4cg #ei #ae #gf #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift4 ,/on+ton #e4ic #ah #h #cb ---------------------------------------- ----- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,inorganic ,,matt]4 -------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton4 ,go%5 ,conn4 #dj #a4ge #a4df #b4be #b4 #aj #b4cb #b4eh #c4 #e #b4ie #b4bc #b4cf #e4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles4 ,mil=d ,conn4 #d #b4jc #a4di #a4ee #e4 v #b #c4ig #a4ji #a4ab #f4 ,samuel ,camp4 #ah #ah ,pla9ville ,conn4 #cf #c4jh #b4eh #d4jc #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck4 ,b]l9 ,conn4 #ag #c4bg #a4if #b4cd #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop4 ,griswold ,conn4 #da #a4hh #a4ej #b4di #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood4 ,colebrook ,conn4 #ad #b4gg #a4ii #b4ae #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr4 ,we/ ,cornwall ,conn4 #ah #g4ge #b4fa #c4ba #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel&4 ,nor? ,granby #ec 4#he #a4ac #b4dc #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr4 ,poquonock #g #c4eh #b4ib #c4ae #ac4 #aj #b4af #b4hi #b4bc #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #i #a4gj #a4db #a4eg #ae4 ,adams ,:ite4 ,brooklyn #aj #f4gh #c4cc #c4gb #af4 ,p>is ,dy]4 ,brooklyn #gd #b4he #a4ab #d4ca #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh4 ,brooklyn ,conn4 #cj #ag4ei #a4jj #a4dc #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg94 ,coll9sville ,conn4 #j4ce #aa #ed #fe #b4hc #j4gb #b4jf #ai4 4#dc #b #ge #gg #b4ae #j4ea #b4bj #bj4 4#eh #b #ff #fh #b4be #j4fe #b4jd #ba4 ,solomon ,mead4 ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #b4ib #aa #bg #dj #f4fb #a4gj #b4ij #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt4 ,new ,canaan #b4ib #ba #ej #gd #f4jg #j4dh #a4hh #bc4 #a4fc #ac #fj #ge #d4aj #j4ie #c4gf #bd4 #a4gi #ae #ee #gb #c4jb #a4jh #c4hb #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+4 ,rockville 4#ej #g #h #e4dj #b4cb #b4eb #bf4 4#bg #b #c #d4gg #a4ec #a4eg #bg4 4#hb #g #h #af #g4jf #c4jd #c4fd #bh4 ,alb]t ,day4 ,brooklyn 4#eb #a #h #aj #d4eh #a4cf #a4eb #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye>4 ,new ,hav5 4#dj #i #bb #cb #b4ea #a4ih #b4ia #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift ,/on+ton #c4hf #h #ab #h4db #a4bi #a4df #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel]4 ,s\? ,salem ,n4 ,y4 4#ig #e #ba #bg #c4fc #a4ih #b4fd #cb4 ,john ,adams4 ,salisbury ,conn4 #a4dj #b #bj #bd #c4gg #b4dd #c4ah #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift4 ,/on+ton #h4ac #g #ec #fh #ad4jf #a4dd #d4di ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,table ,,iii4--,,description1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,peats ,,& ,,mucks4 ,no4 ,color4 #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton *ocolate-br[n1 4 #b4 #c4 light-br[n1 #d4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles*ocolate-br[n1 #e4 br[ni%-r$1 #f4 ,samuel ,camp black1 #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck *ocolate-br[n1 #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop grayi%-br[n1 #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood *ocolate-br[n1 #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr br[ni%-black1 #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel& black1 #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr *ocolate-br[n1 #ac4 #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh #ae4 ,adams ,:ite *ocolate-br[n1 #af4 ,p>is ,dy] grayi%-black1 #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh *ocolate-br[n1 #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg9 light br[ni%-gray #ai4 *ocolate-br[n1 #bj4 black1 #ba4 ,solomon ,mead grayi%-br[n1 #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt br[ni%-gray1 #bc4 #bd4 #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+ *ocolate-br[n1 #bf4 #bg4 #bh4 ,alb]t ,day d>k-br[n1 #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye> black1 #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift *ocolate-br[n1 #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel] light-br[n1 #cb4 ,john ,adams #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift d>k a%-gray1 ,condition at ,"t ( ,analysis1 ,no4 ,reput$ value1 etc4 #a4 ,lewis ,m4 ,norton air-dry1 t\gh1 compact1 heavy2 f bottom2 #c to #d feet deep2 v good 9 compo/4 #b4 t\gh1 compact1 heavi] ?an #a1 f ne> surface2 v good 9 compo/4 #c4 coh]5t b light1 f betwe5 #a & #b1 v good 9 compo/4 #d4 ,messrs4 ,pond ,miles coh]5t b light1 surface peat1 consid]$ bett] ?an ,no4 #e2 good 9 compo/4 #e4 v light & loose 9 texture1 f dep? ( #c feet1 good 9 compo/4 #f4 ,samuel ,camp h>d lumps1 half z good z y>d manure1 9 compo/ equal to y>d manure4 #g4 ,russell ,u4 ,peck is good fre%1 long expos$1 half z good z b>n-y>d manure4 #h4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,nor?rop light1 easily cru%$ masses conta9+ s&1 has n be5 us$ alone1 good 9 compo/4 #i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anwood moi/1 h>d lumps1 us$ fre% good aft] fir/ ye>2 excell5t 9 compo/4 #aj4 ,n4 ,h>t1 ,jr air-dry1 h>d lumps1 excell5t 9 compo/4 #aa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lovel& h>d lumps1 conta9s gra9s ( co>se s&4 #ab4 ,daniel ,buck1 ,jr coh]5t cakes1 good z top dress+ on grass :5 fre%2 excell5t 9 compo/4 #ac4 light surface lay]s ( ,no4 #ab4 #ad4 ,philip ,sc>bor\gh aft] exposure ov] w9t]1 has "o-?ird value ( y>d-manure4 #ae4 ,adams ,:ite h>d lumps1 good 9 compo/1 causes great gr[? ( /raw4 #af4 ,p>is ,dy] easily cru%$ lumps1 l>gely admix$ ) soil4 #ag4 ,p]r9 ,sc>bor\gh well-*>act]iz$ vitriol peat2 9 compo/1 aft] #a ye>'s exposure1 gives indiff]5t results4 #ah4 ,geo4 ,k4 ,virg9 light1 coh]5t surface peat2 sample long expos$2 a/oni%+ results on s&y soil4 #ai4 moi/1 crumbly1 conta9s mu* s&1 f\r feet f surface4 #bj4 wet4 #ba4 ,solomon ,mead air-dry1 light1 por\s1 coh]5t f grass roots2 long wea!r$1 good2 fre%1 bett] 9 compo/4 #bb4 ,edw9 ,hoyt loose1 light1 mu* mix$ ) soil1 good 9 compo/4 #bc4 ,no4 #bb saturat$ ) horse ur9e1 d>k] ?an ,no4 #bb4 #bd4 ,no4 #bb compo/$ ) :ite fi%1 d>k] ?an ,no4 #bc2 fi%-bones evid5t4 #be4 ,a4 ,m4 ,hal+ moi/1 fre% dug4 #bf4 air-dry1 ,no4 #be aft] two ye>'s wea!r+4 #bg4 moi/1 fre% dug1 good sub/itute = y>d manure z top-dress+ on grass4 #bh4 ,alb]t ,day coh]5t & h>d2 fre% dug1 b f surface :]e wea!r$2 injuri\s to crops2 vitriol peat4 787 #bi4 ,c4 ,goodye> air-dry1 v h>d t\gh cakes2 :5 fre% dug1 z good z c[ dung4 #cj4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift moi/1 f an orig9ally fre% wat] bog1 brok5 into #ajj ye>s ago by tide1 n[ salt m>%2 good aft] wea!r+4 #ca4 ,h5ry ,keel] air-dry1 leaf-muck1 friable2 :5 fre%1 appe>s equal to good y>d manure4 #cb4 ,john ,adams moi/1 ov]lies %ell m>l1 fre% or wea!r$ does n comp>e ) ord9>y manure4 #cc4 ,rev4 ,wm4 ,clift air-dry1 f bottom ( salt dit*1 :]e tide fl[s daily2 conta9s sulphate ( iron4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,! oxyg5 ?us absorb$ by wat]1 s]ves = ! respiration ( fi% & aquatic animals4 #c ,?is sample conta9$ also fi%-bones1 h5ce ! l>g] cont5t ( nitrog5 0 n entirely due to absorb$ ammonia4 #d ,rei*>dt's analyses are probably inaccurate1 & give too mu* ammonia & nitric acid4 #e ,^! analyses 7 execut$--,a by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,b>k]2 ,b by ,mr4 ,o4 ,c4 ,sp>r[2 ,c by ,mr4 ,pet] ,colli]4 #f ,%ell m>l1 consi/+ ( fragm5ts & p[d] ( fre%-wat] %ells1 is frequ5tly met )1 und]ly+ peat b$s4 ,su* a deposit occurs on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,john ,adams1 9 ,salisbury1 ,conn4 ,x is eight to t5 feet ?ick4 ,an air-dry sample1 analyz$ "u ! writ]'s direction1 gave results z foll[s3 ,wat] #cj4fb soluble 9 wat] #j4gj ,organic matt] #f4eb insoluble 9 wat] #e4hb ,c>bonate ( lime #eg4ji ,s& #a4hf ,oxide ( iron & alum9a1 ) traces ( pota%1 magnesia1 sulphuric & phosphoric acid #c4ia ------- #ajj4jj ,ano!r specim5 f ne> ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 said to occur !re 9 imm5se quantities und]ly+ peat1 conta9$1 by ! au?or's analysis-- ,wat] #a4ad ,c>bonate ( lime #ib4da ,c>bonate ( magnesia #c4dc ,p]oxide ( iron ) a trace ( phosphoric acid #j4ib ,s& #a4fj ------ #ii4ej #g ,to ! k9dness ( ,joseph ,%effield1 ,esq41 ( ,new ,hav51 ! au?or is indebt$ = facilities 9 c>ry+ on ^! exp]im5ts4 #h ,at ! in/igation ( ,h5ry ,a4 ,dy]1 ,esq41 at t "t ! ,society's ,correspond+ ,secret>y4 #i ,d]iv$ f ! communications publi%$ 9 ! au?or's ,report4 ,trans4 ,conn4 ,/ate ,ag4 ,soc4 #aheh p4p4 #aja-aec4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,peat ,,z ,,fuel4 #a4--,k9ds ( peat t make ! be/ fuel4 ,! value ( peat = fuel v>ies greatly1 l its o!r qualities4 ,only ^? k9ds :i* c be cut out 9 ! %ape ( coh]5t blocks1 or :i* admit ( be+ artificially =m$ into firm masses1 are ( use 9 ord9>y /oves & furnaces4 ,! p[d]y or friable surface peat1 :i* has be5 dis9tegrat$ by fro/ & exposure1 is ord9>ily useless z fuel1 unless x be r5d]$ coh]5t by "s mode ( prep>ation4 ,unripe peat :i* conta9s mu* undecompos$ moss or grass roots1 :i* is !re=e v light & por\s1 is 9 g5]al too bulky to make an effective heat+ mat]ial be=e subjection to me*anical treatm5t4 ,! be/ peat = burn+1 is t :i* is mo/ free f visible fib] or undecompos$ vegetable matt]s1 :i* has !re=e a homog5e\s br[n or black aspect1 & :i* is likewise free f admixture ( e>?y sub/ances 9 ! =m ( s& or clay4 ,su* peat is unctu\s :5 moi/1 %r9ks greatly on dry+1 & =ms h>d & heavy masses :5 dry4 ,x is usually f\nd at a consid]able dep?1 :]e x has be5 subject$ to pressure1 & !n has su* consi/5ce z to admit ( cutt+ out 9 blocks2 or x may exi/ z a black mud or pa/e at ! bottom ( bogs & sluices4 ,! value ( peat z fuel /&s 9 direct ratio to its cont5t ( c>bon4 ,we h se5 t ?is ranges f #ea to #fc p] c5t4 ( ! organic matt]1 & ! increase ( c>bon is relat$ to its rip5ess & d5sity4 ,! poore/1 y\nge/ peat1 has ! same proportion ( c>bon z exi/s 9 wood4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ t its heat+ p[] is ! same4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( wood h ess5tially ! same proportion ( c>bon1 b _! heat+ p[] is v diff]5t4 ,! close textur$ woods--^? :i* weigh ! mo/ p] cord--make ! be/ fuel = mo/ purposes4 ,we "k1 t a cord ( hickory w produce twice z mu* heat z a cord ( bass-wood4 ,peat1 ?\gh hav+ ! same or a great] proportion ( c>bon1 is g5]ally inf]ior to wood on acc\nt ( its occupy+ a great] bulk = a giv5 weight1 a necess>y result ( its porosity4 ,! be/ qualities ( peat1 or poor k9ds artificially cond5s$1 may1 on ! o!r h&1 equal or exce$ wood 9 heat+ p[]1 bulk = bulk4 ,"o reason t peat is1 9 g5]al1 inf]ior to wood 9 heat+ effect1 lies 9 its great] cont5t ( incombu/ible a%4 ,wood has b #j4e to #a4e p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]s1 :ile peat conta9s usually #e to #aj p] c5t41 & (t5 m4 ,! olde/1 ripe/ peats are ^? :i* conta9 ! mo/ c>bon1 & h at ! same "t ! greate/ compactness4 ,f ^! two circum/ances !y make ! be/ fuel4 ,x ?us appe>s t peat :i* is light1 loose 9 /ructure1 & mu* mix$ ) clay or s&1 is a poor or v poor article = produc+ heat3 :ile a d5se pure peat is v good4 ,a great drawback to ! usefulness ( mo/ k9ds ( peat-fuel1 lies 9 _! great friability4 ,?is prop]ty r5d]s !m unable to endure transportation4 ,! blocks ( peat :i* are commonly us$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,g]many z fuel1 break & crumble 9 h&l+1 s t !y _c be c>ri$ f> )\t great wa/e4 ,besides1 :5 put into a /ove1 !re c only g on a sl[ sm\ld]+ combu/ion z w\ld happ5 9 cut tobacco or saw-du/4 ,a free-burn+ fuel mu/ exi/ 9 compact lumps or blocks1 :i* s reta9 _! =m & solidity1 z to admit ( a rapid draught ( air ?r\gh ! burn+ mass4 ,! bulk9ess ( ord9>y peat fuel1 z comp>$ ) h>d wood1 & especially ) coal1 likewise r5d]s transportation co/ly1 especially by wat]1 :]e freights are *>g$ by bulk & n by weight1 & r5d]s /orage an item ( great exp5se4 ,! *ief value ( t peat fuel1 :i* is simply cut f ! bog1 & dri$ )\t artificial cond5sation1 mu/ be = ! dome/ic use ( ! f>m] or villag] :o owns a supply ( x n f> f 8 dwell+1 & c employ 8 own "t 9 gett+ x out4 ,?\gh wor? p]haps mu* less cord = cord :5 dry ?an h>d wood1 x may be *eap] = home consumption ?an fuel br\ght f a di/ance4 ,v>i\s processes h be5 devis$ = prep>+ peat1 ) a view to br++ x into a condition ( d5sity & t\ghness1 suffici5t to obviate its usual faults1 & make x comp>e ) wood or ev5 ) coal 9 heat+ p[]4 ,! ef=ts 9 ?is direction h met ) abundant success z reg>ds produc+ a good fuel4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! co/ ( prep>ation has be5 too great to w>rant ! g5]al adoption ( ^! processes4 ,we %all recur to ?is subject on a subsequ5t page1 & give an acc\nt ( ! me?ods t h be5 propos$ or employ$ = ! manufacture ( cond5s$ peat fuel4 #b4--;,d5sity ( ,peat4 ,! app>5t#aj specific gravity ( peat 9 ! air-dry /ate1 ranges f #j4aa to #a4jc4 ,9 o!r words1 a full cubic foot weighs f "o-t5? z mu* z1 to slightly m ?an a cubic foot ( wat]1 #fb-a_/c lbs4 ,peat1 :i* has a specific gravity ( b #j4be1 may be & is employ$ z fuel4 ,a full cubic foot ( x w weigh ab\t #af lbs4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! cubic foot ( good ord9>y peat 9 blocks1#aa ranges f #ae to #be lbs4 9 weight1 & is employ$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,! heavi] peat1 weigh+ #cj or m lbs4 p] cubic foot 9 blocks1 is us$ = manufactur+ & metallurgical purposes1 & = fir+ locomotives4 ,k>m>s* has c>efully inve/igat$ m ?an #ajj peats belong+ to ! k+dom ( ,hanov]1 ) ref]5ce to _! heat+ effect4 ,he classifies !m z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,turfy peat1 7,ras5torf17 consi/+ ( slightly decompos$ mosses & o!r peat-produc+ plants1 hav+ a yell[ or yell[i%-br[n color1 v s(t1 spongy & ela/ic1 sp4 gr4 #j4aa to #j4bf1 ! full ,engli% cubic foot weigh+ f #g to #af lbs4 ,b4 ,fibr\s peat1 unripe peat1 :i* is br[n or black 9 color1 less ela/ic ?an turfy peat1 ! fibres ei!r ( moss1 grass1 roots1 leaves1 or wood1 di/+ui%able by ! eye1 b brittle1 & easily brok52 sp4 gr4 #j4bd to #j4fg1 ! weight ( a full cubic foot be+ f #ae to #db lbs4 ,c4 ,e>?y peat4--,ne>ly or altoge!r de/itute ( fibr\s /ructure1 dry+ to e>?-l masses :i* break ) m or less difficulty1 giv+ lu/reless surfaces ( fracture2 sp4 gr4 #j4da to #j4ij1 ! full cubic foot weigh+1 accord+ly1 f #be to #ef lbs4 ,d4 ,pit*y peat1 7,pe*torf17 d5se2 :5 dry1 h>d2 (t5 resi/+ ! bl[s ( a hamm]1 break+ ) a smoo?1 sometimes lu/r\s fracture1 into %>p-angl$ pieces4 ,sp4 gr4 #j4fb to #a4jc1 ! full cubic foot weigh+ f #ch to #ee lbs4 ,9 ,kane & ,sullivan's exam9ation ( #bg k9ds ( ,iri% peat1 ! specific gravities rang$ f #j4bgd to #a4jeh4 #c4--;,heat+ p[] ( peat z comp>$ ) wood & an?racite4 ,k>m>s* f\nd t 9 absolute heat+ effect #ajj lbs4 ( turfy1 air-dry peat1 on ! av]age #ie lbs4 ( p9e wood4 fibr\s #ajh e>?y #ajd pit*y #aaa ,! comp>ison ( heat+ p[] by bulk1 in/ead ( weight1 is z foll[s3-- #ajj cubic ft4 ( turfy peat1 on ! av]age#ab #cc cubic ft4 ( p9e wood1 9 /icks4 fibr\s #ij cubic ft4 ( p9e wood1 9 /icks4 e>?y #ade cubic ft4 ( p9e wood1 9 /icks4 pit*y #ahd cubic ft4 ( p9e wood1 9 /icks4 ,accord+ to ,brix1 ! weight p] ,engli% cord & relative heat+ effect ( sev]al air-dry peats--! heat+ p[] ( an equal bulk ( oak wood be+ tak5 at #ajj z a /&>d--are z foll[s1 bulk = bulk3#ac ,weight p] ,heat+ cord4 effect4 ,oak wood #daej lbs4 #ajj ,peat f ,l9um1 #a/ quality1 d5se & pit*y #cdjj #gj #b;d fibr\s #bijj #ee #c;d turfy #bbgj #ec ,peat f ,bue*s5feld1 #a/ quality1 pit*y1 v h>d & heavy #cdjj lbs4 #gd ,peat f ,bue*s5feld1 #b;d quality #bgcj #fd ,^! /atem5ts agree 9 %[+1 t1 :ile weight = weight1 ! ord9>y qualities ( peat d n diff] mu* f wood 9 heat+ p[]2 ! heat+ effect ( equal bulks ( ?is fuel1 z f\nd 9 comm]ce1 may v>y extremely1 rang+ f "o-half to ?ree qu>t]s t ( oak wood4 ,cond5s$ peat may be prep>$ by ma*9]y1 :i* w weigh m ?an h>d wood1 bulk = bulk1 & ^: heat+ p[] w !re=e exce$ t ( wood4 ,gyss] gives ! foll[+ comp>isons ( a good peat ) v>i\s ,g]man woods & *>coals1 equal weights be+ employ$1 & split bee* wood1 air-dry1 assum$ z ! /&>d4#ad ,bee* wood1 split1 air dry #a4jj ,peat1 cond5s$ by ,web]'s ,gyss]'s me?od1#ae air-dri$1 ) #be p] c5t4 moi/ure4 #a4jj ,peat1 cond5s$ by ,web]'s ,gyss]'s me?od1 hot-dri$1 ) #aj p] c5t4 moi/ure4 #a4dh ,peat-*>coal1 f cond5s$ peat4 #a4gc ,! same peat1 simply cut & air-dri$4 #j4hj ,bee*-*>coal4 #a4ij ,summ]-oak wood4 #a4ah ,bir* wood4 #j4ie ,:ite p9e wood4 #j4gb ,ald]4 #j4fe ,l9d54 #j4fe ,r$ p9e4 #j4fa ,popl>4 #j4ej ,"s exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry on ! value ( peat z fuel4 ,"o 0 tri$ on ! ,n4 ,y4 ,c5tral ,railroad1 ,jan4 #c1 #ahff4 ,a locomotive ) #be empty freight c>s atta*$1 0 propell$ f ,syracuse we/w>d--! day be+ cold & ! w9d ahead--at ! rate ( #af miles ! h\r4 ,! eng9e] report$ t ! peat gave u z mu* /eam z wood1 & burnt a beautiful fire4 ,! peat1 we inf]1 0 cut & prep>$ ne> ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 "o ( ! pump+ h\ses ( ! ,nassau ,wat] ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,city ( ,brooklyn1 an exp]im5t has be5 made = ! purpose ( comp>+ peat ) an?racite1 = ! results ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,moses ,lane1 ,esq41 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,fire 0 />t$ "u a /eam boil] ) wood4 ,:5 /eam 0 up1 ! peat 0 burn$--its quantity be+ #agdc lbs41 or #ah b>rels--& aft] x 0 consum$1 ! fir+ 0 cont9u$ ) coal4 ,! pressure ( /eam 0 kept z ne>ly uni=m z possible ?r\gh\t ! trial1 & x 0 f\nd t ) #agdc lbs4 ( peat ! eng9e made #bgce revolutions1 :ile ) #aajj lbs4 ( coal x made #chff revolutions4 ,9 o!r words1 #ajj lbs4 ( coal produc$ #cea-de_/ajj revolutions1 & #ajj lbs4 ( peat produc$ #aef-ia_/ajj revolutions4 ,"o p\nd ( coal !re=e equall$ #b-bd_/ajj lbs4 ( peat 9 heat+ effect4 ,! peat burn$ well & g5]at$ /eam freely4 ,mr4 ,lane c\ld n designate ! quality ( ! peat1 n hav+ be5 able to witness ! exp]im5t4 ,^! trials h n1 inde$1 all ! precision ne$ful to fix ) accuracy ! comp>ative heat+ effect ( ! fuels employ$2 = a furnace1 t is adapt$ = wood1 is n necess>ily suit$ to peat1 & a coal grate mu/ h a con/ruction unlike t :i* is prop] = a peat fire2 nev]!less !y exhibit ! relative m]its ( wood1 peat1 & an?racite1 ) suffici5t clos5ess = mo/ practical purposes4 ,two consid]ations w\ld prev5t ! use ( ord9>y cut peat 9 l>ge works1 ev5 c\ld two & "o-f\r? tons ( x be af=d$ at ! same price z "o ton ( coal4 ,! ,nassau ,wat] ,dep>tm5t consumes #bj1jjj tons ( coal ye>ly1 ! h&l+ ( :i* is a l>ge exp5se1 six firem5 be+ employ$ to fe$ ! furnaces4 ,to g5]ate ! same am\nt ( /eam ) peat ( ! quality exp]im5t$ )1 w\ld require ! =ce ( firem5 to be consid]ably increas$4 ,aga91 x w\ld be necess>y to lay 91 "u cov]1 a l>ge /ock ( fuel dur+ ! summ]1 = use 9 w9t]1 :5 peat _c be rais$4 ,s9ce a b>rel ( ?is peat weigh$ less ?an #ajj lbs41 ! %ort ton w\ld occupy ! volume ( #bj b>rels2 z is well kn[n1 a ton ( an?racite c be put into #h b>rels4 ,a giv5 weight ( peat !re=e requires #b-a_/b times z mu* /orage room1 z ! same weight ( coal4 ,z #b-a_/d tons ( peat1 9 ! case we are consid]+1 are equival5t to b "o ton ( coal 9 heat+ effect1 ! w9t]'s supply ( peat fuel w\ld occupy #e-e_/h times ! bulk ( ! same supply 9 coal1 admitt+ t ! unoccupi$ or air-space 9 a pile ( peat is ! same z 9 a heap ( coal4 ,9 fact1 ! calculation w\ld really turn out /ill m to ! disadvantage ( peat1 because ! air-space 9 a b9 ( peat is great] ?an 9 "o ( coal1 & coal c be excavat$ = at lea/ two mon?s m ( ! ye> ?an peat4 ,x is ass]t$ by "s1 t1 because peat c be cond5s$ s z to approa* an?racite 9 specific gravity1 x mu/1 9 ! same ratio1 approa* ! latt] 9 heat+ p[]4 ,its effective heat+ p[] is1 inde$1 consid]ably augm5t$ by cond5sation1 b no me*anical treatm5t c increase its p]c5tage ( c>bon or o!rwise alt] its *emical composition2 h5ce x mu/ =ev] rema9 inf]ior to an?racite4 ,! composition & d5sity ( ! be/ cond5s$ peat is comp>$ ) t ( h>d wood & an?racite 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- ,9 #ajj ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg5 & ,a%4 ,wat]4 ,specific p>ts4 ,nitrog54 ,gravity4 ,wood1 #ci4f #d4h #cd4h #j4h #bj4j #j4ge ,cond5s$ peat #dg4b #d4i #bb4i #e4j #bj4j #a4bj ,an?racite #ia4c #b4i #b4h #c4j #a4dj ,9 combu/ion 9 ord9>y fires1 ! wat] ( ! fuel is a s\rce ( wa/e1 s9ce x consumes heat 9 acquir+ ! /ate ( vapor4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! comp>ison ( ! same k9d ( peat 9 diff]5t /ates ( dryness4 ,?us1 9 ! table ( ,gyss]1 7page #ig7 ,web]'s cond5s$ peat1 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 surpasses 9 heat+ effect t conta9+ #be p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 by ne>ly "o-half4 ,! oxyg5 is a s\rce ( wa/e1 = heat z develop$ f fuel1 is *iefly a result ( ! *emical union ( atmosph]ic or free oxyg51 ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! combu/ible4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! fuel1 be+ already comb9$ ) c>bon & hydrog51 n only _c itself contribute to ! g5]ation ( heat1 b neutralizes ! heat+ effect ( ^? portions ( ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! fuel ) :i* x rema9s 9 comb9ation4 ,! quantity ( heat+ effect ?us de/roy$1 _c1 h[ev]1 be calculat$ ) c]ta9ty1 because physical *anges1 viz3 ! conv]sion ( solids into gases1 n to speak ( second>y *emical trans=mations1 ^: influ5ce _c be e/imat$1 ent] into ! computation4 ,nitrog5 & a% are practically indiff]5t 9 ! burn+ process1 & simply impair ! heat+ value ( fuel 9 z f> z !y occupy space 9 x & make a portion ( its weight1 to ! exclusion ( combu/ible matt]4 ,aga91 z reg>ds d5sity1 peat is1 9 g5]al1 consid]ably inf]ior to an?racite4 ,! be/ uncond5s$ peat has a specific gravity ( #j4ij4 ,cond5s$ peat usually does n exce$ #a4a4 ,sometimes x is made ( sp4 gr4 #a4c4 ,ass]tions to ! effect ( its acquir+ a d5sity ( #a4h1 c h>dly be cr$it$ ( pure peat1 ?\gh a consid]able admixture ( s& or clay might give su* a result4 ,! comp>ative heat+ p[] ( fuels is asc]ta9$ by burn+ !m 9 an app>atus1 s con/ruct$1 t ! heat g5]at$ %all exp5d itself 9 evaporat+ or rais+ ! temp]ature ( a kn[n quantity ( wat]4 ,! am\nt ( heat t w raise ! temp]ature ( "o gramme ( wat]1 "o degree ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 is agre$ ^u z ! unit ( heat4#af ,9 ! complete combu/ion ( c>bon 9 ! =m ( *>coal or gas-coal1 !re are develop$ #hjfj units ( heat4 ,9 ! combu/ion ( "o gramme ( hydrog5 gas1 #cd1baj units ( heat are g5]at$4 ,! heat+ effect ( hydrog5 is !re=e #d4b times great] ?an t ( c>bon4 ,x 0 long suppos$ t ! heat+ effect ( comp\nd combu/ibles c\ld be calculat$ f _! elem5t>y composition4 ,?is view is prov$ to be errone\s1 & direct exp]im5t is ! only satisfactory means ( gett+ at ! tru? 9 ?is respect4 ,! data ( ,k>m>s*1 ,brix1 & ,gyss]1 already giv51 7 obta9$ by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 made mo/ly on a small scale1 &1 9 "s cases1 )\t due reg>d to ! peculi> requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( fuel1 z reg>ds fire space1 draught1 etc4 ,!y c only be reg>d$ z approximations to ! tru?1 & h simply a comp>ative value1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t = ord9>y purposes4 ,! g5]al results ( ! inve/igations hi!rto made on all ! common k9ds ( fuel1 are giv5 9 ! subjo9$ /atem5t4 ,! comp>ison is made 9 units ( heat1 & ref]s to equal weights ( ! mat]ials exp]im5t$ )4 ,,heat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,fuel4 ,air-dry ,wood #bhjj ,peat #bejj #cjjj ,p]fectly dry ,wood #cfjj ,peat #cjjj #djjj ,air-dry ,lignite or ,br[n ,coal #ccjj #dbjj ,p]fectly dry ,lignite or ,br[n ,coal #djjj #ejjj ,bitum9\s ,coal #chjj #gjjj ,an?racite #gejj ,wood ,*>coal #fcjj #gejj ,coke #fejj #gfjj #d4--,modes ( ,burn+ ,peat4 ,9 ! employm5t ( peat fuel1 reg>d mu/ be _h to its %ape & bulk4 ,commonly1 peat is cut or m\ld$ into blocks or sods l bricks1 :i* h a l5g? ( #h to #ah in*es2 a bread? ( #d to #f in*es1 & a ?ickness ( #a-a_/b to #c in*es4 ,ma*9e peat is sometimes =m$ into circul> disks ( #b to #c in*es diamet]1 & #a to #b in*es ?ickness & !reab\ts4 ,x is made also 9 ! %ape ( balls ( #b to #c in*es diamet]4 ,ano!r =m is t ( ?ick-wall$ pipes1 #b to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 a foot or m long1 & ) a bore ( "o-half in*4 ,flat blocks are apt to lie closely toge!r 9 ! fire1 & ob/ruct ! draft4 ,a fire-place1 con/ruct$ prop]ly = burn+ !m1 %\ld be %all[1 n admitt+ ( m ?an two or ?ree lay]s be+ sup]pos$4 ,accord+ to ! bulk9ess ( ! peat1 ! fire-place %\ld be roomy1 z reg>ds l5g? & bread?4 ,fibr\s & easily crumbl+ peat is usually burn$ ^u a he>?1 i4 e4 )\t a grate1 ei!r 9 /oves or op5 fire-places4 ,d5se peat burns be/ ^u a grate1 ! b>s ( :i* %\ld be ?9 & ne> toge!r1 s t ! air h access to e "p ( ! fuel4 ,! d5s] & t\gh] ! peat1 & ! m its %ape corresponds ) t usual to coal1 ! bett] is x adapt$ = use 9 our ord9>y coal /oves & furnaces4 #e4--;,burn+ ( brok5 peat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--,,/air ,,grate4 ,brok5 peat--! fragm5ts & wa/e ( ! cut or m\ld$ blocks1 & peat z obta9$ by pl[+ & h>r[+ ! surface ( dra9$ peat-b$s--may be us$ to advantage 9 ! /air grate1 fig4 #a1 :i* 0 introduc$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,au/ria1 & is adapt$ exclusively = burn+ f9ely divid$ fuel4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( ?9 iron b>s #c to #d in*es wide1 a1 a1 a1 444 :i* are arrang$ above ea* o!r l /eps1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,!y are usually half z long z ! grate is wide1 & are support$ at ea* end by two side pieces or walls1 l4 ,bel[1 ! grate is clos$ by a heavy iron plate4 ,! fuel is plac$ 9 ! hopp] ,a1 :i* is kept fill$1 & f :i* x falls d[n ! incl9e z rapidly z x is consum$4 ,! air ent]s f ! space ,g1 & is regulat$ by doors1 n %[n 9 ! cut1 :i* op5 into x4 ,! masonry is support$ at u1 by a holl[ iron beam4 ,bel[1 a lat]al op5+ s]ves = cle>+ out ! a%es4 ,! effect ( ! fire dep5ds ^u ! wid? ( ! ?roat ( ! hopp] at u1 :i* regulates ! supply ( fuel to ! grate1 & ^u ! incl9ation ( ! latt]4 ,! ?roat is usually f #f to #h in*es wide1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fuel4 ,! incl9ation ( ! grate is #dj to #de deg4 &1 9 g5]al1 %\ld be t :i* is assum$ by ! sides ( a pile ( ! fuel to be burn$1 :5 x is ?r[n up into a heap4 ,?is grate ensures complete combu/ion ( fuel t w\ld fall ?r\gh ord9>y grates1 & t w\ld m]ely sm\ld] ^u a he>?4 ,! fire admits ( easy regulation1 ! a%es may be remov$ & ! fuel may be suppli$ )\t *eck+ ! fire4 ,n only brok5 peat1 b coal du/1 saw du/1 wood turn+s & ! l may be burn$ on ?is grate4 ,! figure repres5ts x z adapt$ to a /eam boil]4 #f4--;,hygroscopic wat] ( peat fuel4 ,! quantity ( wat] reta9$ by air-dri$ peat appe>s to be ! same z exi/s 9 air-dri$ wood1 viz41 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,! proportion w v>y h[ev] accord+ to ! "t ( season+4 ,9 ?or\ghly season$ wood or peat1 x may be b #ae p] c5t42 :ile 9 ! poorly dri$ mat]ial x may am\nt to #be or m p] c5t4 ,:5 hot-dri$1 ! proportion ( wat] may be r$uc$ to #aj p] c5t41 or less4 ,:5 peat is /ill moi/1 x ga!rs wat] rapidly f damp air1 & 9 ?is condition has be5 kn[n to bur/ ! %$s 9 :i* x 0 /or$1 b aft] becom+ dry to ! eye & feel1 x is b little affect$ by dampness1 no m s1 x appe>s1 ?an season$ wood4 #g4--,%r9kage4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value & co/ ( peat fuel1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t peat %r9ks greatly 9 dry+1 s t ?ree to five cords ( fre% peat yield b "o cord ( dry peat4 ,:5 ! fib] ( ! peat is brok5 by ! h&1 or by ma*9]y1 ! %r9kage is (t5 mu* great]1 & may sometimes am\nt to sev5-eigh?s ( ! orig9al volume4--,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ahfd1 ,s4 #fh4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 fre% & dry peat is ev5 great]4 ,fibr\s peat1 fre% f ! bog1 may conta9 n9ety p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ( :i* sev5ty p] c5t4 mu/ evaporate be=e x c be call$ dry4 ,! proportion ( wat] 9 e>?y or pit*y peat is inde$ less2 b ! quantity is always l>ge1 s t f five to n9e hundr$ weight ( fre% peat mu/ be lift$ 9 ord] to make "o hundr$ weight ( dry fuel4 #h4--,"t ( excavation1 & dry+4 ,peat :i* is int5d$ to be us$ aft] simply dry+1 mu/ be excavat$ s e>ly 9 ! season t x %all become dry be=e fro/y wea!r arrives3 because1 if froz5 :5 wet1 its coh]5ce is de/roy$1 & on ?aw+ x falls to a p[d] useless = fuel4 ,peat mu/ be dri$ ) c]ta9 precautions4 ,if a block ( fre% peat be expos$ to hot sun%9e1 x dries & %r9ks on ! surface mu* m rapidly ?an )93 z a consequ5ce x cracks1 loses its coh]5ce1 & ! block is easily brok51 or ( itself falls to pieces4 ,9 ,europe1 x is inde$ cu/om>y to dry peat )\t %elt]1 ! loss by too rapid dry+ n be+ great] ?an ! exp5se ( build+ & ma9ta9+ dry+ %$s4 ,!re h[ev] ! sun is n z int5se1 nor ! air ne>ly s dry1 z x is "h4 ,ev5 !re1 ! occurr5ce ( an unusually hot summ]1 causes great loss4 ,9 our climate1 "s %elt] w\ld be commonly ess5tial unless ! peat be dug e>ly 9 ! spr+1 s z to lose ! l>g] %>e ( its wat] be=e ! hot wea!r2 or1 z w\ld be be/ ( all1 9 ! autumn late en\gh to escape ! heat1 b e>ly en\gh to ensure su* dryness z w\ld prev5t damage by fro/4 ,! peculi>ities ( climate mu/ decide ! "t ( excavat+ & ! "q ( %elt]4 ,! po9t 9 dry+ peat is to make x lose its wat] gradually & regul>ly1 s t ! inside ( ea* block %all dry ne>ly z fa/ z ! outside4 ,"s ( ! me?ods ( hot-dry+ peat1 w be subsequ5tly notic$4 ,summ] or fall digg+ w\ld be always advantage\s on acc\nt ( ! swamps be+ !n mo/ free f wat]4 ,9 ,bav>ia1 peat is dug mo/ly 9 ,july & ! fir/ half ( ,augu/4 #i4--;,dra9age4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to raise peat fuel 9 ! =m ( blocks1 ! bog %\ld be dra9$ no m rapidly ?an x is excavat$4 ,peat1 :i* is to be wor? cutt+ 9 ! spr+1 mu/ be cov]$ ) wat] dur+ ! w9t]1 else x is pulv]iz$ by ! fro/4 ,s1 too1 x mu/ be protect$ aga9/ dry+ away & los+ its coh]5cy 9 summ]1 by be+ kept suffici5tly impregnat$ ) wat]4 ,9 case an ext5sive bog is to be dra9$ to facilitate ! cutt+ out ( ! peat = use z fuel1 ! canals t c>ry (f ! wat] f ! p>ts :i* are excavat+1 %\ld be s con/ruct$1 t on ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 ! rema9+ peat may be flood$ aga9 to ! usual height4 ,9 mo/ ( ! small] swamps1 sy/ematic dra9+ is unnecess>y1 ! wat] dry+ away 9 summ] en\gh to admit ( easy work+4 ,9 "s me?ods ( prep>+ or cond5s+ peat by ma*9]y1 x is be/ or ev5 ne$ful to dra9 & air-dry ! peat1 prelim9>y to work+4 ,by dra9+1 ! peat settles1 especially on ! bord]s ( ! dit*es1 sev]al in*es1 or ev5 feet1 accord+ to its nature & dep?4 ,x ?us becomes capable ( be>+ teams & ma*9]y1 & its d5sity is v consid]ably augm5t$4 #aj4--,! ,cutt+ ( ,peat4--a4 ,prep>ations4 ,9 prep>+ to raise peat fuel f ! bog1 ! surface mat]ial1 :i* f ! action ( fro/ & sun has be5 pulv]iz$ to muck1 or :i* o!rwise is full ( roots & undecompos$ matt]s1 mu/ be remov$ usually to ! dep? ( #ab to #ah in*es4 ,x is only ^? portions ( ! peat :i* h nev] froz5 nor become dry1 & are free f co>se fib]s ( rec5t vegetation1 t c be cut = fuel4 ,peat fuel mu/ be br\ght into ! =m ( blocks or masses ( su* size & %ape z to adapt !m to use 9 our common /oves & furnaces4 ,commonly1 ! peat is ( su* consi/5ce 9 its native b$1 t x may be cut out ) a spade or appropriate tool into blocks hav+ m or less coh]5ce4 ,sometimes x is ne$ful to take away ! surplus wat] f ! bog1 & all[ ! peat to settle & dra9 a :ile be=e x c be cut to advantage4 ,:5 a bog is to be op5$1 a deep dit* is run f an outlet or l[e/ po9t a %ort di/ance into ! peat b$1 & ! work+ goes on f ! banks ( ?is dit*4 ,x is important t sy/em be foll[$ 9 rais+ ! peat1 or !re w be great wa/e ( fuel & ( labor4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! peat is s s(t 9 ! wet season z to break on ! v]tical walls ( a dit* & fill x1 at ! same "t dislocat+ ! mass & spoil+ x = cutt+1 x is be/ to c>ry d[n ! dit* 9 t]races1 mak+ x wide above & n>r[ at ! bottom4 b4 ,cutt+ by h&4 ,! simple/ mode ( proc$ure1 consi/s 9 lay+ (f a field or plot (1 say #bj feet squ>e1 & mak+ v]tical cuts ) a %>p spade ?ree or f\r in*es deep f end to end 9 p>allel l9es1 z f> ap>t z x is propos$ to make ! bread? ( ! peats or sods1 usually f\r to five in*es4 ,!n1 ! field is cut 9 a simil> mann] 9 l9es at "r angles to ! fir/1 & at a di/ance t %all be ! l5g? ( ! peats1 say #ah to #bj in*es4 ,f9ally1 ! workman lifts ! peats by horizontal ?ru/s ( 8 spade1 made at a dep? ( ?ree in*es4 ,! sods z lift$1 are plac$ on a light b>r[ or ^u a bo>d or rack1 & are c>ri$ (f to a dry+ gr\nd1 ne> at h&1 :]e !y are laid d[n flatwise to dra9 & dry4 ,9 ,irel&1 x is ! cu/om1 aft] ! peats h la9 ?us = a =tnight or s1 to foot !m1 i4 e4 to place !m on end close toge!r2 aft] fur!r dry+ ! foot+ is succe$$ by clamp+1 :i* is build+ ! sods up into /acks ( ab\t twelve to fifte5 feet long1 f\r feet wide at bottom1 n>r[+ to "o foot at top1 ) a height ( f\r to five feet4 ,! out] turfs are incl9$ s z to %$ ! ra94 ,! peat (t5 rema9s 9 ^! clamps on ! bog until want$ = use1 ?\gh 9 ra9y seasons ! loss by crumbl+ is consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,g]man ,,peat-,,knife4 ,o!r modes ( lift+ peat1 require tools ( p>ticul> con/ruction4444 ,9 ,g]many x is common to excavate by v]tical ?ru/s ( ! tool1 ! cutt+ "p ( :i* is repres5t$ above1 fig4 #b4 ,?is tool is press$ d[n into ! peat to a dep? correspond+ to ! ?ickness ( ! requir$ block3 its ?ree edges cut z _m sides ( ! block1 & ! bottom is !n brok5 or torn out by a pry+ motion4 ,9 o!r cases1 ?is or a simil> tool is =c$ d[n by help ( ! foot z deeply into ! peat z possible by a workman /&+ above1 :ile a second man 9 ! dit* cuts out ! blocks ( prop] ?ickness by means ( a %>p spade ?ru/ horizontally4 ,:5 ! peats are tak5 out to ! dep? ( ! fir/ v]tical cutt+1 ! knife is us$ aga9 f above1 & ! process is ?us cont9u$ z be=e1 until ! bottom ( ! peat or ! desir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,9 ,irel&1 is employ$ ! slane1 a common =m ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #c1 x be+ a long1 n>r[ & %>p spade1 #bj in*es by six1 ) a w+ at "r angles to ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,iri% ,,slane4 ,! peats are cut by "o ?ru/ ( ?is in/rum5t :i* is work$ by ! arms alone4 ,aft] a v]tical cut is made by a spade1 9 a l9e at "r angles to a bank ( peat1 ! slane cuts ! bottom & o!r side ( ! block2 :ile at ! end ! latt] is simply lift$ or brok5 away4 ,peat is mo/ easily cut 9 a v]tical direction1 b :51 z (t5 happ5s1 x is made up ( lay]s1 ! sods are likely to break ap>t :]e ^! jo94 ,horizontal cutt+ is !re=e be/ = /ratifi$ peat4 ,sy/em employ$ 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&4--,9 rais+ peat1 great wa/e bo? ( labor & ( fuel may easily occur z ! result ( r&om & unsy/ematic me?ods ( work+4 ,= ?is reason1 ! mode ( cutt+ peat1 foll[$ 9 ! ext5sive moors ( ,ea/ ,friesl&1 is wor?y ( p>ticul> description4 ,!re1 ! bus9ess is pursu$ sy/ematically on a plan1 :i*1 x is claim$1 long exp]i5ce#ag has develop$ to su* p]fection t ! utmo/ economy ( "t & labor is atta9$4 ,! co/ ( produc+ m>ketable peat 9 ,ea/ ,friesl& 9 #ahfj1 0 "o silv] gros*5ab\t #b-a_/b c5ts1 p] hundr$ weight2 :ile at t "t1 9 ,bav>ia1 ! hundr$ weight co/ ?ree times z mu* :5 fit = m>ket2 & ?is1 not)/&+ liv+ & labor are mu* *eap] 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,! me?od to be describ$1 presupposes t ! workm5 are n h9d]$ by wat]1 :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 c be easily remov$ f ! high-moors ( ! region4 ,! peat is work$ 9 long /ret*es ( #aj feet 9 wid?1 & #ajj to #ajjj paces 9 l5g?3 ea* /ret* or plot is excavat$ at once to a consid]able dep? & to its full wid?4 ,ea* successive ye> ! excavation is wid5$ by #aj feet1 its l5g? rema9+ ! same4 ,sometimes1 unusual dem& leads to m rapid work+2 b ! wid? ( #aj feet is adh]$ to = ea* cutt+1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! labor ( c>ry+ ! peats1 x is pref]r$ to ext5d ! l5g? r ?an ! wid?4 ,assum+ t ! peat b$ has be5 op5$ by a previ\s cutt+1 to ! dep? ( #e-a_/b feet1 & ! surface muck & light peat1 #a-a_/b feet ?ick1 h be5 ?r[n into ! excavation ( ! ye> be=e--a new plot is work$ by five m5 z foll[s4 ,"o man1 ! ,bunk]1 removes f ! surface1 ab\t two in*es ( peat1 dis9tegrat$ by ! w9t]'s fro/1 ?r[+ x into la/ ye>'s dit*4 ,foll[+ him1 come two ,digg]s1 ( :om "o /&s on ! surface ( ! peat1 & ) a heavy1 long h&l$ tool1 cuts out ! sides & end ( ! blocks1 :i* are ab\t sev5te5 by five in*es2 :ile ! o!r /&s 9 ! dit*1 & by horizontal ?ru/s ( a light1 %>p spade1 removes ! sods1 ea* ( five & a half in*es ?ickness1 & places !m on a small bo>d ne> by4 ,ea* block ( peat has ! dim5sions ( "o f\r? ( a cubic foot1 & weighs ab\t #ac p\nds4 ,two good workm5 w raise #be su* peats1 or #f-a_/d cubic feet1 p] m9ute4 ,a f\r? man1 ! ,load]1 puts ! sods ^u a :eel-b>r[1 always two r[s ( six ea*1 "o ^u ! o!r1 &-- ,a fif?1 ! ,:eel]1 removes ! load to ! dry+ gr\nd1 & ) "s help f ! ,bunk]1 disposes !m flatwise 9 r[s ( #af sods wide1 :i* run at "r angles to ! dit*1 &1 beg9n+ at a little m ?an #aj feet f ! latt]1 ext5d #ej feet4 ,! space ( #aj feet betwe5 ! plot t is excavat+1 & ! dry+ gr\nd1 is1 at ! same "t1 cle>$ ( ! useless surface muck by ! ,bunk]1 9 prep>ation = ! next ye>'s "w4 ,) mod]ate activity1 ! five m5 w lift & lay out #ab1jjj sods 7#cjjj cubic feet17 daily1 & x is n uncommon t five fir/-rate h&s get out #af1hjj peats 7#dbjj cubic feet17 9 ?is "t4 ,a gang ( five m51 work+ z describ$1 suffices = cutt+ out a b$ ( f\r feet ( solid peat4 ,:5 ! excavation is to be made deep]1 a six? man1 ! ,hank]1 is ne$ful = economical "w2 & ) 8 help ! cutt+ may be ext5d$ d[n to n9e & a half feet2 i4 e4 ?r\gh eight feet ( solid peat4 ,! cutt+ is c>ri$ d[n at fir/1 f\r feet z be=e1 b ! peats are c>ri$ #ej feet fur!r1 9 ord] to leave room = ^? to be subsequ5tly lift$4 ,! ,hank] aids "h1 ) a second :eel-b>r[4 ,9 tak+ out ! l[] peat1 ! ,hank] /&s on ! bottom ( ! fir/ excavation1 receives ! blocks f ! ,digg]s1 on a broad wood5 %ovel1 & h&s !m up to ! ,load]2 :ile ! ,:eel]1 hav+ only ! usual di/ance to c>ry !m1 lays !m out 9 ! dry+ r[s )\t difficulty4 ,aft] a little dry+ 9 ! r[s1 ! peats are gradually built up into n>r[ piles1 l a brick wall ( "o & a half bricks ?ickness4 ,^! piles are usually rais$ by wom54 ,!y are made 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! r[s1 & are laid up "o c\rse at a "t1 s t ea* block may dry consid]ably1 be=e x is cov]$ by ano!r4 ,a woman c lay up #ab1jjj peats daily--! numb] lift$ by #e m5--& z x requires ab\t a mon? ( good wea!r to give ea* c\rse "t 7two days7 to dry1 %e is able to pile = #cj gangs ( workm54 ,if ! wea!r be v favorable1 ! peats may be /ack$ or put into %$s1 9 a few days aft] ! pil+ is f9i%$4 ,/ack+ is usually practis$4 ,! /acks are c>efully laid up 9 cyl9drical =m1 & conta9 #bjj to #ejj cubic feet4 ,:5 ! /acks are prop]ly built1 ! peat suff]s b little f ! wea!r4 ,accord+ to ,s*ro$]1 f ^: acc\nt 7,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #aef1 ,s4 #abh7 ! above /atem5ts are d]iv$1 ! peats excavat$ "u 8 direction1 9 dry+ ?or\ghly1 %rank to ab\t "o-f\r? ( _! orig9al bulk 7became #ab in*es x #c in*es x #c in*es17 & to "o-sev5? or "o-eigh? ( _! orig9al weight4 c4 ,ma*9es = ,cutt+ ,peat4 ,9 ,nor? ,prussia1 ! ,peat ,cutt+ ,ma*9e ( ,bros[sky1 see fig4 #d1 is ext5sively employ$4 ,x consi/s ( a cutt]1 made l ! f\r sides ( a box1 b ) oblique edges1 a1 :i* by its own weight1 & by means ( a crank & rack-"w1 op]at$ by m51 is =c$ d[n into ! peat to a dep? t may rea* #bj feet4 ,x c cut only at ! edge ( a dit* or excavation1 & :5 x has p5etrat$ suffici5tly1 a spade l blade1 d1 is driv5 "u ! cutt] by means ( lev]s c1 & ?us a mass is loos5$1 hav+ a v]tical l5g? ( #aj feet or m1 & ^: o!r dim5sions are ab\t #bd x #bh in*es4 ,?is is lift$ by rev]s+ ! crank motion1 & is !n cut up by ! spade into blocks ( #ad in*es x #f in*es x #e in*es4 ,ea* p>allelopip$on ( peat1 cut to a dep? ( #aj feet1 makes #add sods1 & ?is numb] c be cut 9 less ?an #aj m9utes4 ,f\r h&s w cut & lay out to dry1 #ab1jjj to #ad1jjj peats daily1 or #cajj cubic feet4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is ma*9e consi/s 9 ! circum/ance t x c be us$ to raise peat f bel[ ! surface ( wat]1 r5d]+ dra9age 9 _m cases unnecess>y4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 x appe>s to be highly labor sav+1 s9ce #acjj ma*9es 7 put to use 9 ,meckl5burg & ,pom]ania 9 ab\t #e ye>s f its introduction4 ,! ,meckl5burg moors are n[ trav]s$ by canals1 cut by ?is ma*9e1 :i* are us$ = ! transportation ( ! peat to m>ket4#ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,bros[sky',s ,,peat ,,cutt]4 ,lepreux 9 ,p>is1 has inv5t$ a simil> b m complicat$ ma*9e1 :i* is said to be v effective 9 its op]ation4 ,accord+ to ,h]ve ,mangon1 ?is ma*9e1 :5 work$ by two m51 raises & cuts #dj1jjj peats daily1 ( :i* sev5 make "o cubic foot1 equal to #efjj cubic feet4 ,! sav+ 9 exp5se by us+ ?is ma*9e#ai is said to be #gj p] c5t41 :5 ! peat to be rais$ is "u wat]4 #aa4--,! ,dr$g+ ( ,peat4 ,:5 peat exi/s1 n z a coh]5t m or less fibr\s mass1 b z a pa/e or mud1 saturat$ ) wat]1 x _c be rais$ & =m$ by ! me?ods above describ$4 ,9 su* cases ! peat is dr$g$ f ! bottom ( ! bog by means ( an iron scoop1 l a pail ) %>p upp] edges1 :i* is fa/5$ to a long h&le4 ,! bottom is made ( co>se sack+1 s t ! wat] may run (f4 ,sometimes1 a /\t r+ ( iron ) a bag atta*$1 is employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,! f9e peat is empti$ f ! dr$ge ^u ! gr\nd1 :]e x rema9s1 until ! wat] has be5 absorb$ or has evaporat$1 s f> z to leave ! mass some:at firm & pla/ic4 ,9 ! mean "t1 a dry+ b$ is prep>$ by smoo?+1 &1 if ne$ful1 /amp+ a suffici5t space ( gr\nd1 & enclos+ x 9 bo>ds #ad in*es wide1 set on edge4 ,into ?is b$ ! p>tially dri$ peat is ?r[n1 &1 z x cracks on ! surface by dry+1 x is compress$ by bl[s ) a heavy mallet or flail1 or by tread+ x ) flat bo>ds1 atta*$ to ! feet1 some:at l sn[ %oes4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! mass is r$uc$ to a cont9u\s %eet ( less ?an "o-half its fir/ ?ickness1 & becomes s firm1 t a man's /ep gives little impression 9 x4 ,! bo>ds are n[ remov$1 & x is cut into blocks by means ( a v ?91 %>p spade4 ,e o!r block be+ lift$ out & plac$ crosswise ^u ^? rema9+1 air is admitt$ to ! :ole & ! dry+ goes on rapidly4 ,?is k9d ( peat is usually ( excell5t quality4 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many x is call$ ,bagg]torf1 i4 e4 mud-peat4 ,peat is sometimes dr$g$ by ma*9]y1 z w be notic$ h]eaft]4 #ab4--,! ,m\ld+ ( ,peat4 ,:5 black1 e>?y or pit*y peat _c be cut1 & is n s saturat$ ) wat] z to make a mud2 x is1 aft] rak+ or pick+ out roots1 etc41 (t5 work$ into a pa/e by ! h&s or feet1 ) addition ( wat]1 until x c be =m$ into blocks :i*1 by sl[ dry+1 acquire great firmness4 ,9 ,irel& ?is product is t]m$ h&-peat4 ,9 ,g]many x is call$ ,=mtorf1 i4 e4 m\ld$ peat1 or ,backtorf1 i4 e4 bak$ peat4 ,! %ap+ is sometimes accompli%$ by pla/]+ ! s(t mass into wood5 m\lds1 z 9 mak+ bricks4 #ac4--,prep>ation ( ,peat ,fuel by ,ma*9]y1 etc4 ,)9 ! la/ #ae ye>s1 num]\s inv5tions h be5 made ) a view to improv+ ! quality ( peat fuel1 z well z to exp$ite its production4 ,^! inv5tions are direct$ to ! foll[+ po9ts1 viz43 #a4 ,cond5sation ( ! peat1 s z br+ m fuel into a giv5 space1 ?us mak+ x capable ( giv+ out an int5s] heat2 at ! same "t increas+ its h>dness & t\ghness1 & r5d]+ x easi] & m economical ( transportation4 #b4 ,dry+ by artificial heat or r$uc+ ! am\nt ( wat] f #bj or #be p] c5t4 to half t quantity or less4 ,?is exalts ! heat+ p[] 9 no inconsid]able degree4 #c4 ,*>r+4 ,peat-*>coal is z mu* bett] ?an peat1 = use :]e int5se heat is requir$1 z wood *>coal is bett] ?an wood4 #d4 ,purify+ f useless matt]s4 ,sep>ation ( e>?y admixtures :i* are incombu/ible & h9d] draught4 ,a4--,cond5sation by ,pressure4 ,press+ ,wet ,peat4--,! cond5sation ( peat 0 fir/ attempt$ by subject+ ! fre%1 wet mat]ial1 to sev]e pressure4 ,z long ago z ! ye> #ahba1 ,p]nitzs*1 9 ,saxony1 prep>$ peat by ?is me?od1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ,"l ,will\ghby d',eresby1 9 ,scotl&1 & o!rs1 adopt$ ! same pr9ciple4 ,simple pressure w1 inde$1 br+ fre% peat at once into mu* small] bulk2 b1 if ! peat be fibr\s & light1 & = ?is reason require cond5sation1 x is also ela/ic1 &1 :5 ! pressure is reliev$1 x acquires aga9 mu* ( its orig9al volume4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh pressure w squeeze out mu* wat] f a saturat$ well-rip5$ peat1 ! complete dry+ ( ! press$ blocks usually requires z mu* or m "t ?an t ( ! unpress$ mat]ial1 on acc\nt ( ! clos5ess ( texture ( ! surface produc$ by ! pressure4 ,! advantages ( subject+ fre% peat to pressure 9 ! ord9>y presses1 x is f\nd1 are m ?an (fset by ! exp5se ( ! op]ation1 & x is !re=e unnecess>y to give ! subject fur!r att5tion4 ,fre% peat appe>s h[ev] to h be5 advantage\sly press$ by o!r me*anical means4 ,two me?ods require notice4 ,mannh>dt's ,me?od1 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #aheh1 has be5 practically appli$ on ! l>ge scale at ,s*leis%eim1 ,bav>ia4 ,mannh>dt's ma*9e consi/s ( two colossal iron rolls1 ea* ( #ae feet diamet]1 & #f-a_/b feet l5g?1 ge>$ into ea* o!r s z to revolve horizontally 9 opposite directions & ) equal velocity4 ,^! rolls are holl[1 _! circumf]5ce consi/s ( /\t iron plate p]=at$ ) num]\s small holes1 & is support$ by iron b>s :i* connect ! ends ( ! roll1 hav+ int]vals betwe5 !m ( ab\t "o in*4 ,ea* roll is cov]$ by an endless b& ( hair clo?1 /ret*$ ov] & kept 9 place by roll]s4 ,! rolls are op]at$ by a /eam eng9e ( #ab horse p[]4 ,! fre% peat is ?r[n into a hopp]1 & pass+ betwe5 ! rolls1 loses a consid]able %>e ( its wat]1 issu+ z a broad cont9u\s %eet1 :i* is divid$ into blocks by an arrangem5t pres5tly to be describ$4 ,! clo?1 cov]+ ! rolls1 mu/ h great /r5g?1 suffici5t porosity to all[ wat] to pass x freely1 & su* clos5ess ( texture z to reta9 ! f9e p>ticles ( peat4 ,_m trials h l$ to ! use ( a fabric1 specially made = ! purpose1 ( goat's hair4 ,! clo? = ea* pair ( rolls1 co/s #afj4 ,! peat at ,s*leis%eim is ab\t #e feet 9 dep?1 & consi/s ( a d>k-br[n mud or pa/e1 free f /ones & /icks1 & p5etrat$ only by f9e fib]s4 ,! peat is ?r[n up on ! edge ( a dit*1 & aft] dra9+1 is mov$ on a tram-way to ! ma*9e4 ,x is !re ?r[n ^u a *a9 ( buckets1 :i* deliv] x at ! hopp] above ! rolls4 ,! rolls revolve once 9 #g-a_/c m9utes & at ea* revolution turn out a %eet ( peat1 :i* cuts into #ebh blocks4 ,ea* block has1 :5 moi/1 a l5g? ( ab\t #ab in*es1 by #e in*es ( wid? & #a-a_/d in*es ( ?ickness1 & weighs on ! av]age #a-a_/b lbs4 ,! wat] t is press$ out ( ! peat1 falls )9 ! rolls & is conduct$ away2 x is b slightly turbid f susp5d$ p>ticles4 ,! b& ( press$ peat is divid$ 9 "o direction z x is =m$1 by n>r[ slats :i* are secur$ horizontally to ! press-clo?1 at ab\t #e in*es di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! fur!r division ( ! peat is accompli%$ by a s]ies ( six circul> saws1 "u :i* ! peat is c>ri$ z x is releas$ f ! rolls1 by a sy/em ( endless cords /rung ov] roll]s4 ,^! cords run p>allel until ! peat passes ! saws2 !nce=? !y radiate1 s t ! peat-blocks are sep>at$ some:at f ea* o!r4 ,!y are c>ri$ on until !y rea* a roll1 ov] :i* !y are deliv]$ ^u dry+ lattices4 ,! latt] move regul>ly "u ! roll2 ! peats arrange !mselves ^u !m edgewise1 "o lean+ aga9/ ! o!r1 s z to admit ( free circulation ( air4 ,! lattices are load$ ^u c>s1 & mov$ on a tram-way to ! dry+ gr\nd1 :]e !y are set up 9 frames4 ,! peat-cake sep>ates well f ! press-clo?s2 b ! pores ( ! latt] become some:at *ok$ by f9e p>ticles t p5etrate !m4 ,!y are !re=e wa%$ at ea* revolution by pass+ be=e a pipe f :i* issue1 aga9/ !m1 a numb] ( jets ( wat] "u high pressure4 ,! blocks1 aft] leav+ ! ma*9e1 are s(t1 & require #e or #f days to become air-dry4 ,:5 dry !y are d5se & ( good quality1 b n bett] ?an ! same raw mat]ial yields by simple m\ld+4 ,! capacity ( ! rolls1 :i* easily turn out #ajj1jjj peats 9 #bd h\rs1 greatly exce$s at pres5t t ( ! dry+ arrangem5ts1 & = ?is reason ! works are n1 z yet1 remun]ative4 ,! rolls are1 9 reality1 a simple =m+ ma*9e4 ,! pressure !y ex]t on ! peat1 is b inconsid]able1 ow+ to its s(t pa/y "*2 & s9ce ! pair ( rolls co/s #hjjj & c only be work$ #c to #d mon?s1 ?is me?od mu/ be reg>d$ r z an +5i\s & in/ructive essay 9 ! art ( mak+ peat-fuel1 ?an z a practical success4 ,! p]sev]+ ef=ts ( ! inv5tor may yet ov]come all difficulties & prove ! complete efficacy ( ! me?od4 ,x is especially important1 t blocks ( great] ?ickness %\ld be produc$1 s9ce ^? n[ made1 pack toge!r too closely 9 ! fire4 ,neu/adt ,me?od4--,at ,neu/adt1 9 ,hanov]1 a loose-textur$ fibr\s peat 0 prep>$ = metallurgical use 9 #ahfj1 by pass+ ?r\gh iron rolls ( ord9>y con/ruction4 ,! peat 0 !reby r$uc$ two-?irds 9 bulk1 burn$ m regul>ly1 gave a coh]5t coal1 & )/ood c>riage bett]4 ,! peat 01 h[ev]1 fir/ cut into sods ( regul> size1 & ^! 7 f$ into ! roll]s by boys4 b4 ,press+ ,air-dri$ ,peat4 ,"s k9ds ( peat1 :5 9 ! air-dry & pulv]iz$ /ate1 yield by great pressure v firm1 excell5t1 & economical fuel4 ,li?uanian ,process4--,9 ,li?uania1 accord+ to ,leo1#bj ! foll[+ me?od is ext5sively adopt$4 ,! bog is dra9$1 ! surface moss or grass-turf & roots are remov$1 & !n ! peat is brok5 up by a simple spade-pl[1 9 furr[s #b in*es wide & #h or #aj in*es deep4 ,! brok5 peat is repeat$ly trav]s$ ) wood5 h>r[s1 & is ?us pulv]iz$ & dri$4 ,:5 suitably dry1 x is c>ri$ to a magaz9e1 :]e x is ramm$ into m\lds by a simple /amp ( two hundr$ p\nds weight4 ,! brok5 peat is r$uc$ to two-fif?s its fir/ bulk1 & ! blocks ?us =m$ are s h>d1 z to admit ( cutt+ ) a saw or ax )\t fracture4 ,!y require no fur!r dry+1 are ( a deep-br[n color1 ) lu/r\s surfaces1 & _! prep>ation may g on 9 w9t] ) ! /ock ( brok5 peat1 :i* is accumulat$ 9 ! favorable wea!r ( summ]4 ,9 ?is manufacture !re is no wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,! peat is dry en\gh = press+ :51 aft] =m+ 9 ! h&s to a ball1 x w n firmly reta9 ?is %ape1 b on be+ let fall to ! gr\nd1 breaks to p[d]4 ,! entire co/ ( prep>+ #ajjj peats = use1 or m>ket1 0 #b ,?al]s1 or #a4dj4 ,?irty peats1 or /ones z !y are call$ f _! h>dness1 h ! bulk ( two cubic feet1 & weigh #afj lbs4 ,! co/ ( prep>+ a hundr$ weight1 0 !re=e1 79 #ahei17 f\r ,silv]-gros*51 or ab\t #aj c5ts4 ,! /amp is ( simple con/ruction1 some:at l a pile driv]1 ! m\ld & face ( ! ram be+ made ( ca/ iron4 ,! above process is n applicable to fibr\s peat4 c4 ,press+ ,hot-dri$ ,peat4 ,! two me?ods to be next describ$1 are simil> to ! la/ m5tion$1 save t ! peat is hot-press$4 ,gwynne's ,me?od4--,9 #ahec1 ,gwynne ( ,london1 pat5t$ ma*9]y & a me?od = cond5s+ peat = fuel4 ,8 process consi/$1 fir/1 9 rapidly dry+ & pulv]iz+ ! fre% peat by a c5trifugal ma*9e1 or by pass+ betwe5 roll]s1 & subsequ5t exposure to heat 9 revolv+ cyl9d]s2 &1 second1 9 compress+ ! dry peat-p[d] 9 a p[]ful press at a high temp]ature1 ab\t #ahj deg4 ,f4 ,by ?is heat x is claim$1 t ! peat is n only ?or\ghly dri$1 b is likewise p>tially decompos$2 bitum9\s matt]s be+ develop$1 :i* cem5t ! p>ticles to a h>d d5se mass4 ,gwynne's ma*9]y 0 exp5sive & complicat$1 & al?\gh an excell5t fuel 0 produc$1 ! process appe>s n to h be5 c>ri$ put on ! l>ge scale ) pecuni>y success4 ,a specim5 ( s-call$ ,peat coal 9 ! au?or's possession1 made 9 ,massa*usetts "s ye>s ago1 "u ,gwynne's pat5t1 appe>s to consi/ ( pulv]iz$ peat1 prep>$ z above describ$2 b conta9s an admixture ( ros94 ,x mu/ h be5 an excell5t fuel1 b c\ld n at t "t compete ) coal 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ext]'s ,me?od4#ba ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,,ext]',s ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,ext]',s ,,dry+ ,,ov54 ,9 #ahef1 ,ext]1 ( ,bav>ia1 c>ri$ into op]ation on an ext5sive scale1 a plan ( prep>+ peat-fuel 9 "s respects n unlike ! la/ m5tion$ me?od4 ,ext]'s works1 belong+ to ! ,bav>ian ,gov]nm5t1 are on ! ,haspelmoor1 situat$ betwe5 ,augsburg & ,muni*4 ,accord+ to ,ruehlmann1 :o exam9$ !m at ! comm& ( ! ,hanov]ian ,gov]nm5t 9 #aheg1 ! me?od is z foll[s3--#a4 ,! bog is laid dry by dra9s & ! surface is cle>$ ( bu%es1 roots1 & grass-turf1 d[n to good peat4 #b4 ,! peat is brok5 up sup]ficially to ! dep? ( ab\t "o in*1 by a gang ( ?ree pl[s1 propell$ by a portable /eam eng9e4 #c4 ,! peat is fur!r pulv]iz$ by a h>r[1 drawn by a yoke ( ox54 #d4 ,9 two or ?ree days aft] h>r[+1 ! peat is turn$ by an implem5t l our cultivator1 ?is process be+ repeat$ at suitable int]vals4 #e4 ,! f9e & air-dry peat is ga!r$ toge!r by scrap]s1 & load$ into wagons2 !n drawn by rope connect$ ) ! eng9e1 to ! press or magaz9e4 #f4 ,if ne$ful1 ! peat1 ?us collect$1 is fur!r pulv]iz$ by pass+ x ?r\gh too!d roll]s4 #g4 ,! f9e peat is n[ introduc$ into a complicat$ dry+ ov51 see figures #e & #f4 ,x falls ?r\gh ! op5+ ,t1 & is mov$ by means ( ! spirals along ! horizontal floors ,o1 ,o1 fall+ f "o to ano!r until x em]ges at ,q4 ,! floors1 ,o1 ,o1 are made by wide & ?9 iron *amb]s1 ?r\gh :i* passes wa/e /eam f an eng9e4 ,! ov5 is heat$ fur!r by hot air1 :i* circulates ?r\gh ! canals ,k1 ,k4 ,! peat occupies ab\t "o h\r 9 its passage ?r\gh ! ov5 & falls f ,q1 into ! press1 hav+ a temp]ature ( f #abj deg4 to #adj deg4,fahr5heit4 ,! press employ$ at ,/alta* is ess5tially ! same z t n[ us$ at ! ,kolb]moor1 & figur$ on p4 #abe4 ,x is a p[]ful ecc5tric ( simple con/ruction1 & turns out cont9u\sly #dj f9i%$ peats p] m9ute4 ,^! occupy ab\t "o-f\r? ! space ( ! peat be=e press+1 ! cubic foot weigh+ ab\t #gb lbs4 ,! peats are #g in*es long1 #c in*es wide1 & "o half to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 ea* weigh+ ?ree qu>t]s ( a p\nd4 ,?ree presses furni% annually #ahj1jjj cwt4 ( cond5s$ peat1 :i* is us$ exclusively = fir+ locomotives4 ,its specific gravity is #a4ad1 & its quality z fuel is excell5t4 ,ruehlmann e/imat$ its co/1 at ,haspelmoor 9 #aheg1 at #h-a_/b ,kreuz]s1 or a little m ?an #f c5ts p] cwt41 & calculat$ t by adopt+ c]ta9 obvi\s improvem5ts1 & sub/itut+ /eam p[] = ! labor ( m5 & cattle1 ! co/ might be r$uc$ to #f-a_/b ,kreuz]s1 or a little m ?an #d c5ts p] cwt4 ,ext]'s me?od has be5 adopt$ ) "s modifications at ,kolb]moor1 ne> ,muni*1 9 ,bav>ia1 at ,miskolz1 9 ,hung>y1 & also at ! ,neu/adt ,smelt+ ,works1 9 ,hanov]4 ,at ! latt] place1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to h be5 ab&on$ = ! reasons t x c\ld be appli$ only to ! bett] k9ds ( peat2 & ! exp5se 0 !re s great1 t ! f9i%$ article c\ld n compete ) o!r fuel 9 ! ,hanov]ian m>kets4 ,details ( ! me*anical arrangem5ts at pres5t employ$ on ! ,kolb]moor1 are z foll[s3 ,aft] ! bog is dra9$1 & ! surface cle>$ ( dw>f p9es1 etc41 & suitably level$1 ! peat is pl[$ by /eam4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 a way :i* ! annex$ cut s]ves to illu/rate4 ,! plot to be pl[$1 is trav]s$ ?r\gh ! middle by ! railway x1 y4 ,a locomotive a1 sets 9 motion an endless wire-rope1 :i* moves ^u l>ge horizontal pulleys o1 o1 /ation$ at ei!r bord] ( ! l&4 ,f\r gang pl[s b1 b1 are atta*$ to ! rope1 & z ! latt] is set 9 motion1 !y break up ! /rip ( peat !y pass ov]1 completely4 ,! locomotive & ! pulleys are !n mov$ back1 & ! process is repeat$ until ! :ole field has be5 pl[$4 ,! pl[s are squ>e frames1 c>ry+ six to eight %>es & z _m c\lt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! press employ$ at ,kolb]moor1 is %[n 9 figs4 #h & #i4 ,! hot peat falls into ! hopp]1 b1 c4 ,! plung] d1 work$ 9 ! cavity e1 by an ecc5tric1 all[s ! latt] to fill ) peat z x is )drawn1 & by its advance compresses x into a block4 ,! blocks m1 once =m$1 by _! friction 9 ! *annel e1 oppose en\gh resi/ance to ! peat to effect its compression4 ,9 ord] to regulate ?is resi/ance accord+ to ! v>y+ quality ( ! peat1 ! piece ( metal g1 :i* hangs on a pivot at o1 is depress$ or rais$1 by ! screw i1 s z to contract or enl>ge ! *annel4 ,at ea* /roke ( ! plung] a block is =m$1 & :5 ! *annel e is once fill$1 ! peats fall cont9u\sly f its extremity4 ,_! dim5sions are #g in*es long1 #c-a_/b wide1 & #a-a_/b ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,,ext]',s ,,peat ,,press4 ,sev]al presses are work$ by ! same eng9e at ! ,kolb]moor1 ea* ( :i* turns out daily #bjj to #cjj cwt4 ( peats1 :i*1 9 #ahfc1 7 sold at #bd ,kreuz]s 7#af c5ts71 p] cwt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,,ext]',s ,,peat ,,press4 ,c4 ,hodgson has pat5t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 a compress+-ram simil> to ,ext]'s1 & works 7 put up at ,d]rylea1 9 ,irel&1 "s ye>s ago1 9 :i* ,ext]'s process ( manufactur+ peat fuel appe>s to h be5 adopt$4 ,elsb]g's ,process4 ,dr4 ,l\is ,elsb]g1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 has inv5t$ a modification ( ,ext]'s me?od1 :i* appe>s to be ( great importance4 ,8 exp]im5tal ma*9e1 :i* is 9 op]ation ne> ,belleville1 ,n4 ,j41 consi/s ( a cyl9drical pug-mill1 9 :i* ! peat1 air-dri$ z 9 ,ext]'s me?od1 is fur!r brok51 & at ! same "t is subject$ to a curr5t ( /eam admitt$ ?r\gh a pipe & jacket surr\nd+ ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eam$ peat is !n cond5s$ by a pair ( presses simil> to t j describ$1 :i* are f$ directly f ! mill4 ,9 ?is way ! complicat$ dry+ ov5 ( ,ext] is disp5s$ )4 ,elsb]g ,co4 are /ill engag$ 9 p]fect+ _! arrangem5ts4 ,"s samples ( _! mak+ are ( v excell5t quality1 hav+ a d5sity ( #a4b to #a4c4 ,! press+ ( air-dry peat only succe$s :5 x is made w>m1 & is1 at ! same "t1 moi/4 ,9 ,ext]'s orig9al process ! peat is consid]ably dri$ 9 ! ov5s1 b on leav+ !m1 is s moi/ z to b$ew ! h& t is imm]s$ 9 x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 /eam$ by ! vaporization ( its own wat]4 ,9 ,elsb]g's process1 ! air-dry peat is n fur!r desiccat$1 b is made moi/ & w>m by ! admission ( hot /eam4 ,! latt] me?od is ! m ready & d\btless ! m economical ( ! two4 ,:e!r ! =m] gives a dry] product or n1 ! au?or _c decide4 ,elsb]g's peat occurs 9 cyl9drical cakes #b in*es broad1 & "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! cakes are some:at crack$ ^u ! edges1 z if by contraction1 9 dry+4 ,:5 wet1 ! surface ( ! cakes swells up1 & exfoliates z f> z ! wat] has p5etrat$4 ,9 ! fire1 a simil> break+ away ( ! surface takes place1 & :5 cok$1 ! coal is b mod]ately coh]5t4 ,! reasons :y /eam$ peat admits ( solidification by pressure1 are simply t ! air1 ord9>ily adh]+ to ! fibres & p>ticles1 is remov$1 & ! fibres !mselves become s(t5$ & m pla/ic1 s t pressure br+s !m into intimate contact4 ,! idea t ! heat develops bitum9\s matt]s1 or fuses ! res9s :i* exi/ 9 peat1 & t ^! cem5t ! p>ticles1 does n h>monize ) ! fact t ! peat1 ?us cond5s$1 flakes to pieces by a %ort imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,! great advantage ( ,ext]'s & ,elsb]g's me?od consi/s 9 avoid+ :at mo/ ( ! o!rs require1 viz43 ! exp5sive transportation & h&l+ ( fre% peat1 :i* conta9s #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & ! rapid removal ( ?is excess ( wat] be=e ! manufacture4 ,9 ! o!r me?ods ! surplus wat] mu/ be sl[ly remov$ dur+ or aft] cond5sation4 ,aga91 en\gh peat may be air-dri$ & /or$ dur+ summ] wea!r1 to supply a ma*9e ) "w dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,its disadvantages are1 t x requires a l>ge outlay ( capital & great exp5diture ( me*anical =ce4 ,its product is1 moreov]1 n adapt$ = cok+4 ,b4--,cond5sation )\t ,pressure4 ,! me?ods ( cond5s+ peat1 t rema9 to be describ$1 are bas$ ^u radically diff]5t pr9ciples f ^? already notic$4 ,9 ^!1 little or no pressure is employ$ 9 ! op]ations2 b advantage is tak5 ( ! important fact t :5 wet or moi/ peat is gr\nd1 cut or 9 any way r$uc$ to a pulpy or pa/y consi/5ce1 ) de/ruction ( ! ela/ic fibres1 x w1 on dry+1 %r9k toge!r to a coh]5t mass1 t may acquire a d5sity & t\ghness mu* great] ?an x is possible to obta9 by any am\nt ( m]e pressure4 ,! v>i\s processes t rema9 to notice are ess5tially r$ucible to two types1 ( :i* ! ,fr5* me?od1 inv5t$ by ,*alleton1 & ! ,g]man1 inv5t$ x appe>s by ,web]1 are ! orig9al repres5tatives4 ,! =m] me?od is only applicable to e>?y1 well-decompos$ peat1 conta9+ little fibre4 ,! latt] 0 orig9ally appli$ to fibr\s moss-peat1 b has s9ce be5 adapt$ to all k9ds4 ,o!r inv5tors1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 & ,am]ican1 h modifi$ ^! me?ods 9 _! details1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( ! requisite ma*9]y1 r5d]+ !m m p]fect 9 _! execution & p]haps m pr(itable 9 _! results2 b1 z reg>ds ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( production1 or ! quality ( product1 no advance appe>s to h be5 made beyond ! orig9al inv5tors4 a4 ,cond5sation ( ,e>?y ,peat4 ,*alleton's ,me?od consi/s ess5tially 9 de/roy+ ! fibres1 & r$uc+ ! peat by cutt+ & gr9d+ ) wat] to a pulp2 !n sl[ly remov+ ! liquid1 until ! peat dries away to a h>d coh]5t mass4 ,x provides also = ! purification ( ! peat f e>?y matt]s4 ,x is1 9 _m respects1 an imitation ( ! old ,dut* & ,iri% mode ( mak+ h& peat 7,bagg]torf71 & is v l ! pap] manufacture 9 its op]ations4 ,*alleton's ,works1 situat$ ne> ,p>is1 at ,m5necy1 ne> ,montanges1 7 visit$ 9 #ahef by a ,commission ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,hol/e91 consi/+ ( ,drs4 ,meyn & ,luetk5s1 & also by ,dr4 ,ruehlmann1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,hanov]ian ,gov]nm5t4 ,f _! acc\nt#bb ! foll[+ /atem5ts are d]iv$4 ,! peat at ,m5necy comes f ! decay ( grasses1 is black1 well decompos$1 & occasionally int]m+l$ ) %ells & s&4 ,! moor is trav]s$ by canals1 :i* s]ve = ! transport ( ! excavat$ peat 9 boats4 ,! peat1 :5 br\ght to ! manufactory1 is empti$ into a ci/]n1 :i*1 by communicat+ ) ! adjac5t canal1 ma9ta9s a con/ant level ( wat]4 ,f ?is ci/]n ! peat is c>ri$ up by a *a9 ( buckets & empti$ into a hopp]1 :]e x is caught by too!d cyl9d]s 9 rapid revolution1 & cut or torn to pieces4 ,!nce x passes into a *amb] :]e ! f9e p>ts are sep>at$ f unbrok5 roots & fibres by revolv+ bru%es1 :i* =ce ! =m] ?r\gh small holes 9 ! walls ( ! *amb]1 :ile ! latt] are swept out ?r\gh a l>g] passage4 ,! pulv]iz$ peat f9ally falls into a ci/]n1 9 :i* x is agitat$ by revolv+ arms4 ,a /ream ( wat] con/antly ent]s ?is vessel f b5ea?1 :ile a *a9 ( buckets z rapidly c>ries (f ! peat pulp4 ,all s&1 %ells1 & o!r heavy matt]s1 rema9 at ! bottom ( ?is ci/]n4 ,! peat pulp1 ?us purifi$1 fl[s ?r\gh wood5 tr\ghs into a s]ies ( bas9s1 9 :i* ! peat is =m$ & dri$4 ,^! bas9s are made ^u ! gr\nd by putt+ up a squ>e frame 7( bo>ds on edge17 ab\t "o foot deep1 & plac+ at ! bottom old matt+ or a lay] ( flags or re$s4 ,ea* bas9 is ab\t a rod squ>e1 & #hjj ( !m are employ$4 ,!y are fill$ ) ! peat pulp to ! top4 ,9 a few days ! wat] ei!r filt]s away into ! gr\nd1 or evaporates1 s t a s(t /ratum ( peat1 ab\t #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 rema9s4 ,be=e x beg9s to crack f dry+1 x is divid$ into blocks1 by press+ into x a light trellis-l framework1 hav+ ?9 p>titions t s]ve to ind5t ! peat 9 l9es correspond+ to ! int5d$ divisions4 ,on fur!r dry+1 ! mass sep>ates into blocks at ! l9es ?us impress$1 & 9 a few days1 !y are ready to remove & arrange = fur!r desiccation4 ,! f9i%$ peats f ,*alleton's works1 z well z ^? made by ! same me?od ne> ,neu*atel1 ,switz]l&1 by ! ,messrs4 ,roy1 7 ( excell5t quality1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,commission f ,hol/e91 ! me?od is admirably adapt$ = ! purification & conc5tration ( ! heavy k9ds ( peat4 ,9 ,hol/e91 a ,fr5* company con/ruct$1 & 9 #aheg work$ successfully a portable ma*9e = prep>+ peat on ?is plan1 b 7 %ortly re/ra9$ by legal proce$+s4 ,( _! lat] op]ations we h no in=mation4 ,no data are at h& reg>d+ ! co/ ( produc+ fuel by ,*alleton's ma*9]y4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t 8 own works 7 unremun]ative1 & sev]al manufactories on 8 patt]n1 erect$ 9 ,g]many1 h likewise prov$ unpr(itable4 ,! pr9ciple is1 h[ev]1 a good "o1 ?\gh 8 ma*9]y is only applicable to e>?y or pit*y1 & n to v fibr\s peat4 ,x has be5 else:]e appli$ ) satisfactory results4 ,simplifi$ ma*9]y = apply+ ,*alleton's me?od is 9 op]ation at ,lang5b]g1 ne> ,/ett91 9 ,prussia4#bc ,! moss-mead[s along ! riv] ,od]1 ne> :i* ,lang5b]g is situat$1 are b a foot or s high] at ! surface ?an ! m$ium level ( ?is riv]1 & are subject to frequ5t & sudd5 inundations1 s t dra9+ & p>tial dry+ ( ! peat are out ( ! "q4 ,! "* ( ! peat is unadapt$ to cutt+ by h&1 s9ce portions ( x are pit*y & crumble too easily to =m good sods2 & o!rs1 usually ! l[] lay]s1 at a dep? ( sev5 feet or m1 are made up to a consid]able ext5t ( q firm re$s & flags1 hav+ ! consi/5ce ( half decay$ /raw4 ,! e>?y peat is manufactur$ aft] ,*alleton's me?od4 ,x is rais$ ) a /eam dr$g] ( #bj horse p[]1 & empti$ into flat boats1 sev5 9 numb]1 :i* are drawn to ! works by an endless rope op]at$ by horse p[]4 ,! works !mselves are situat$ on a small s& hill 9 ! middle ( ! moor1 & communicate by canal ) ! dr$g] & ) ! dry+ gr\nd4 ,a *a9 ( buckets1 work+ 9 a frame #de feet long1 atta*$ by a horizontal h+e to ! top ( ! ma*9e h\se1 rea*es ov] ! dock :]e ! boats haul up1 into ! re> end ( ! latt]2 &1 z ! buckets beg9 to raise ! peat1 ! boat itself is mov$ "u ! frame t[>ds ! h\se1 until1 ) a man's assi/ance1 its entire load is tak5 up4 ,! cont5ts ( "o boat are six squ>e y>ds1 ) a dep? ( "o foot1 & a boat is empti$ 9 #bj m9utes "t4 ,=ty to =ty-f\r boatloads are ?us pass$ into ! pulv]iz+ ma*9e daily1 by two *a9s ( buckets4 ,! peat-mud falls f ! buckets into a l>ge wood5 tr\gh1 :i* bran*es into two *annels1 conduct+ to two l>ge tubs /&+ side by side4 ,^! tubs are #aj feet 9 diamet] & #b feet deep1 & are made ( #b-;in* plank4 ,)9 ea* tub is plac$ conc5trically a cyl9drical sieve1 or col&]1 #h feet 9 diamet] & #b feet high1 made ( #c_/h r\nd iron1 & x is )9 ?is t ! peat is empti$4 ,! peat is /irr$ & =c$ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve by f\r arms ( a %aft t revolves #bj times p] m9ute1 ! arms c>ry+ at _! extremities /iff v]tical brooms1 :i* rub ! inside ( ! sieve4 ,9 ^! f\r tubs ! peat is pulv]iz$ "u addition ( wat]2 ! f9e p>ts pass ! sieves1 :ile ! latt] reta9 ! co>se fibres1 roots1 etc4 ,! peat-mud fl[s f ! tubs into mills1 made l a fl\r mill1 b ! /ones con/ruct$ ( h>d wood4 ,! /ones h a diamet] ( #h feet #f in*es2 ! l[] is #h in*es2 ! upp] #ba in*es ?ick4 ,! pressure ( ! upp] /one is regulat$ by adju/+ ! level ( ! dis*>g+ *annel1 s t ! /one may be m or less buoy$1 or ev5 fully float$ by ! wat] ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,! peat-sub/ance1 :i* is ?us f9ely gr\nd1 ga!rs f ! f\r mills into a common res]voir :5ce x is lift$ by a c5trifugal pump into a tr\gh1 :i* di/ributes x ov] ! dry+ gr\nd4 ,! dry+ gr\nd consi/s ( ! surface =m$ by grad+ ! s& hill1 on :i* ! works are built1 & includes ab\t #cj ,engli% acres4 ,?is is divid$ into small plots1 ea* ( :i* is enclos$ on ?ree sides ) a wall ( e>?1 & on ! f\r? side by bo>ds set on edge4 ,ea* plot is surr\nd$ by a dit* to c>ry (f wat]1 & by means ( portable tr\ghs1 ! peat is let on f ! ma9 *annel4 ,! peat-slime is run into ^! b$s to ! dep? ( #bj to #bb in*es1 an acre be+ cov]$ daily4 ,aft] #d to #h days1 accord+ to ! wea!r1 ! peat has lo/ s mu* wat]1 :i*1 rapidly soaks (f ?r\gh ! s&1 t its surface beg9s to crack4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly trodd5 by m51 %od ) bo>ds #e in*es by #aj in*es1 & aft] #f to #h days m1 x is cut ) %>p spades into sods4 ,! peats are dri$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! works at ,lang5b]g yield$1 9 #ahfc1 z ! result ( ! op]ations ( #fj days ( #ab h\rs ea*1 #abe1jjj cwt4 ( m>ketable peat4 ,x is *iefly employ$ = metallurgical purposes1 & sells at #c-a_/c ,silv]-gros*51 or ne>ly #h c5ts p] cwt4 ,! specific gravity ( ! peat ranges f #j4gc to #j4ij4 ,rob]ts' ,process4 ,9 ?is c\ntry attempts h be5 made to apply ,*alleton's me?od4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,rob]ts1 ( ,pek91 ,n4 ,y41 erect$ ma*9]y at t place1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ! ,buffalo ,express1 ( ,nov4 #ag1 #ahfe1 z foll[s3-- ,9 outw>d =m1 ! ma*9e 0 l a small frame h\se on :eels1 suppos+ ! smoke-/ack to be a *imney4 ,! eng9e & boil] are ( locomotive /yle2 ! eng9e be+ ( ?irte5 horse p[]4 ,! pr9cipal features ( ! ma*9e are a revolv+ elevator & a convey]4 ,! elevator is sev5ty-five feet long1 & runs f ! top ( ! ma*9e to ! gr\nd1 :]e ! peat is dug up1 plac$ on ! elevator1 c>ri$ to ! top ( ! ma*9e1 & dropp$ into a revolv+ :eel t cuts x up2 sep>ates f x all ! co>se p>ticles1 bits ( /icks1 /ones1 etc42 & ?r[s !m to "o side4 ,! peat is next dropp$ into a box bel[1 :]e wat] is pass$ 91 suffici5t to br+ x to ! consi/5cy ( mort>4 ,by means ( a slide "u ! control ( ! eng9e]1 x is next s5t to ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 :]e ! convey]1 "o hundr$ feet long1 takes x1 & c>ries x )9 two rods ( ! end2 at :i* po9t ! peat beg9s to drop ?r\gh to ! gr\nd to ! dep? ( ab\t f\r or five in*es4 ,:5 suffici5t has pass$ ?r\gh to cov] ! gr\nd to ! end ( ! convey]1--two rods1--! convey] is swung ar\nd ab\t two feet1 & ! same process gone ?r\gh1 z fa/ z ! gr\nd "u ! elevator1 = ! di/ance ( two rods 9 l5g? & two feet 9 wid? gets cov]$1 ! elevator be+ mov$4 ,at ea* sw+ ( ! elevator1 ! peat j spread is cut into blocks 7s(t ones1 h[ev]7 by knives atta*$ to ! elevator4 ,x g5]ally takes f ?ree to f\r weeks be=e x is ready = use4 ,x has to lie a week be=e x is t\*$1 aft] ! knives pass ?r\gh x2 :5 x is turn$ ov]1 & all[$ to lie ano!r week4 ,x has !n to be tak5 up1 & put 9 a %$1 & )9 a week or t5 days c be us$1 al?\gh x is bett] to let x rema9 a little long] "t4 ,! ma*9e c spread ! peat ov] eighte5 squ>e rods ( gr\nd--tak+ out "o squ>e rod ( peat--)\t be+ mov$4 ,aft] ! eighte5 rods are cov]$1 ! ma*9e is mov$ two rods ahead1 enabl+ x to aga9 spread a semicircul> space ( "s ?irty-two feet 9 wid? by eighte5 rods 9 l5g?4 ,! same p[]1 :i* drives ! eng9e1 moves ! ma*9e4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 t1 by ! use ( ?is ma*9e1 f tw5ty to ?irty tons ( peat c be turn$ out 9 a day4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts in=ms u t he is mak+ 7,april #ahff17 "s modifications ( 8 ma*9]y4 ,he employs a revolv+ digg] to take up ! peat f ! b$1 & c>ry x to ! ma*9e4 ,at ! "t ( go+ to press1 we d n le>n :e!r he reg>ds 8 exp]im5ts z lead+ to a satisfactory conclusion1 or o!rwise4 ,siem5s' me?od4 ,siem5s1 ,pr(essor ( ,te*nology1 9 ! ,agricultural ,academy1 at ,hoh5heim1 successfully appli$ ! foll[+ mode ( prep>+ peat = ! ,beet ,sug> ,manufactory at ,boebl+51 ne> ,hoh5heim1 9 ! ye> #aheg4 ,mu* ( ! peat !re is simply cut & dri$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!re is great wa/e1 h[ev]1 9 ?is process1 ow+ to ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( %ells & clay1 :i* de/roy ! coh]5ce ( ! peat4 ,besides1 a l>ge quantity ( mat]ial accumulates 9 ! cold] mon?s1 f ! dit*es :i* are !n dug1 t _c be work$ 9 ! usual mann] at t "t ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 to economize ?is o!rwise useless mat]ial t ! foll[+ process 0 devis$1 aft] a failure to employ ,*alleton's me?od ) pr(it4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! peat 0 dump$ into a bo>d$ ci/]n1 :]e x 0 soak$ & work$ ) wat]1 until x c\ld be rais$ by a *a9 ( buckets into ! pulv]iz]4 ,! pulv]ization ( ! peat 0 next effect$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a ma*9e inv5t$ by ,siem5s1 = pulp+ potatoes & beets4 ,?is ma*9e1 7! same we suppose z t describ$ & figur$ 9 ,otto's ,l&wir?s*aftli*e ,gew]be71 p]fectly breaks up & grates ! peat to a f9e pulp1 deliv]s x 9 ! consi/5cy ( mort> into ! m\lds1 made ( wood5 frames1 ) divisions to =m ! peats4 ,! peat-pa/e is pla/]$ by h& into ^! m\lds1 :i* are imm$iately empti$ to fill aga91 :ile ! blocks are c>ri$ away to ! dry+ gr\nd :]e !y are cur$ 9 ! ord9>y /yle )\t cov]4 ,9 ?is simple mann] #h m5 7 able to make #aj1jjj peats daily1 :i*1 on dry+1 7 consid]ably d5s] & h>d] ?an ! cut peat4 ,! peat ?us prep>$1 co/ ab\t "o-?ird m ?an ! cut peat4 ,siem5s reckon$1 ?is great] co/ w\ld be cov]$ by its bett] heat+ effect1 & its ability to )/& transportation )\t wa/e by crumbl+4 b4 ,cond5sation ( fibr\s peat4 ,web]'s me?od4 ,at ,/alta*1 9 ,s\!rn ,bav>ia1 ,web] has e/abli%$ an ext5sive peat works1 ( :i* ,vogel has giv5 a circum/antial acc\nt4#bd ,! peat at ,/alta* is v light & fibr\s1 b rem>kably free f m9]al matt]s1 conta9+ less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( a% 9 ! p]fectly dry sub/ance4 ,! moor is l>ge1 7#dge acres71 & ! peat is f #ab to #bj feet 9 dep?4 ,! prep>ation consi/s 9 conv]t+ ! fre% peat into pulp or pa/e1 =m+ x into m\lds & dry+ x2 at fir/ by exposure to ! air at ord9>y temp]ature1 & f9ally1 by artificial heat1 9 a dry+ h\se con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! peat is cut out by a gang ( m51 9 l>ge masses1 cle>$ ( co>se roots & /icks1 & pu%$ on tram wagons to ! works1 :i*1 are situat$ l[] ?an ! surface ( ! bog4 ,arriv$ at ! works1 ! peat is c>ri$ ^u an incl9$ endless apron1 up to a plat=m #aj feet high1 :]e a workman pu%es x into ! pulv]iz+ mill1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is se5 f ! accompany+ cut4 ,! v]tical %aft b is arm$ ) sickle-%ap$ knives1 d1 :i* revolve betwe5 & cut contr>y to simil> knives c1 fix$ to ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,! latt] is made ( iron1 is #c-a_/b feet high1 #b feet across at top & #a-a_/b feet wide at ! bottom4 ,f ! base ( ! ma*9e at g1 ! p]fectly pulv]iz$ or m9c$ peat issues z a /iff pa/e4 ,if ! peat is dry1 a little wat] is add$4 ,vogel f\nd ! fre% peat to conta9 #ij p] c5t41 ( wat]1 ! pulp #ib p] c5t4 ,web]'s ma*9e1 op]at$ by an eng9e ( #aj horse p[]1 work+ usually to half its capacity only1 r$uc$ #djj cubic feet ( peat p] h\r1 to ! prop] consi/5cy = m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,,web]',s ,,peat ,,mill4 ,?ree modes ( =m+ ! pa/e into blocks h be5 practic$4 ,"o 0 9 imitation ( t employ$ ) mud-peat4 ,! pa/e 0 c>ri$ by railway to %$s1 :]e x 0 fill$ by h& into m\lds #ag in*es by #g-a_/d by #e-a_/b in*es1 & put ^u frames to dry4 ,^! %$s occupi$ toge!r #eb1jjj squ>e feet1 & conta9$ at once #bjj1jjj peats4 ,! peats rema9$ "h #h to #ad days or m1 accord+ to ! wea!r1 :5 !y 7 ei!r remov$ to ! dry+ h\se1 or pil$ 9 l>ge /acks to dry sl[ly out-(-doors4 ,! %$s c\ld be fill$ & empti$ at lea/ #ab times ea* season1 & s9ce !y protect$ f light fro/s1 ! season began 9 ,april & la/$ until ,novemb]4 ,! second mode ( =m+ ! peat 0 to run (f ! pulp into l>ge & deep pits1 excavat$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & provid$ ) dra9s = c>ry+ (f wat]4 ,! wat] soak$ away into ! soil1 & 9 a few weeks ( good wea!r1 ! peat 0 /iff en\gh to cut out into blocks by ! spade1 hav+ lo/ #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( its wat]1 & #ae p] c5t4 ( its bulk4 ,! blocks 7 remov$ to ! dry+ %$s1 & set ^u edge 9 ! spaces left by ! %r9k+ ( ! peats made by ! o!r me?od4 ,! work+ ( ! peat = ! pits c\ld g on1 except 9 ! colde/ wea!r1 z a slight cov]+ usually suffic$ to protect !m f fro/4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods h be5 giv5 up z too exp5sive1 & are replac$1 at pres5t1 by ! foll[+3 ,9 ! ?ird me?od ! peat-mass falls f ! mill into a hopp]1 :i* directs x betwe5 ! rolls ,a ,b ( fig4 #aa1 7see next page74 ,! roll ,a has a s]ies ( boxes on its p]iph]y m m1 ) movable bottoms :i* s]ve z m\lds4 ,! peat is c>ri$ into ^! boxes by ! rolls c c4 ,! iron projections n n ( ! l>ge roll ,b1 :i* "w cog-l into ! boxes1 compress ! peat g5tly &1 at la/1 ! ecc5tric p act+ ^u ! p9 z1 =ces up ! movable bottom ( ! box & ?r[s out ! peat-block ^u an endless b& ( clo?1 :i* c>ries x to ! dry+ place4 ,! peats :i* are dri$ at fir/ "u cov] & !re=e sl[ly1 %r9k m ev5ly & to a great] ext5t ?an ^? :i* are all[$ to dry rapidly4 ,! latt] become crack$ ^u ! surface & h cavities int]nally1 :i* ! =m] d n4 ,?is fact is ( great importance = ! d5sity ( ! peat1 = its usefulness 9 produc+ int5se heat1 & its p[] to )/& c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa--,,web]',s ,,peat ,,m\ld+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! complete dry+ is1 on ! o!r h&1 by ?is me?od1 a mu* sl[] process1 s9ce ! d5se1 fissureless ext]ior ( ! peats h9d]s ! escape ( wat] f )94 ,x requires1 9 fact1 sev]al mon?s ( ord9>y dry+ = ! removal ( ! great] %>e ( ! wat]1 & at ! expiration ( ?is "t !y are /ill (t5 moi/ 9 ! int]ior4 ,artificial dry+ is !re=e employ$ to produce ! mo/ compact1 drie/1 & be/ fuel4 ,web]'s ,dry+ h\se is #abj feet long & #df feet wide4 ,f\r l>ge flues trav]se ! :ole l5g? ( x1 & are heat$ ) ! p9e roots & /umps :i* ab\nd 9 ! moor4 ,^! flues are enclos$ 9 brick-"w1 leav+ a n>r[ space = ! passage ( air f )\t1 :i* is heat$ by ! flues1 & is dis*>g$ at v>i\s op5+s 9 ! brick-"w into ! h\se itself1 :]e ! peat is arrang$ on frames4 ,! w>m air be+ light1 asc5ds ?r\gh ! peat1 *>ges itself ) moi/ure1 !reby becomes heavi] & falls to ! floor1 :5ce x is drawn (f by flues ( %eet z9c t pass up ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,?is h\se holds at once #cjj1jjj peats1 :i* are heat$ to #acj deg4 to #ade deg4 ,f41 & require #aj to #ad days = dry+4 ,! effect ( ! hot air ^u ! peat is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to s(t5 & cause x to swell2 x1 h[ev]1 %ortly beg9s to %r9k aga9 & dries away to masses ( great solidity4 ,x becomes almo/ horny 9 its "*1 c be brok5 only by a heavy bl[1 & endures ! r\ghe/ h&l+ )\t detrim5t4 ,its quality z fuel is correspond+ly excell5t4 ,! effects ( ! me*anical treatm5t & dry+ on ! ,/alta* peat1 are se5 f ! subjo9$ figures3 ,lbs4 ,specific p] ,cubic ,p] c5t ( ,gravity4 ,foot4 ,wat]4 ,peat1 rais$ & dri$ 9 usual way1 #j4bd #ae #ah to #bj ,ma*9e-work$ & hot-dri$ #j4fe #ce #ab ,vogel e/imates ! co/ ( peat made by ,web]'s me?od at #e ,kreuz]s p] 7,bav>ian7 hundr$ weight1 :ile t ( ord9>y peat is #ac-a_/b ,kreuz]s4 ,s*ro$]1 9 8 comp>ison ( ma*9e-wr\ght & ord9>y peat1 demon/rates t ! latt] c be produc$ mu* *eap] ?an 0 cu/om>y 9 ,bav>ia1 9 #ahei1 by a bett] sy/em ( labor4 ,web]'s me?od 0 adopt$ ) "s improvem5ts 9 an ext5sive works built 9 #ahfj1 by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bad51 at ,will>+51 = ! purpose ( rais+ z mu* fuel z possible1 dur+ ! c\rse ( a lease t expir$ ) ! ye> #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,,geyss]',s ,,peat ,,ma*9e4 ,gyss]'s me?od4#be--,rudolph ,gyss]1 ( ,freiburg1 :o 0 *>g$ ) ! erection ( ! works at ,will>+5 j allud$ to1 inv5t$ a portable h&-ma*9e on ! g5]al plan ( ,web]1 b ) important improvem5ts2 & likewise omitt$ & v>i$ "s details ( ! manufacture1 br++ x )9 ! rea* ( p>ties ( small means4 ,9 ! accompany+ cuts1 7figs4 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad71 are giv5 an elevation ( ,gyss]'s ma*9e1 toge!r ) a bird's-eye view & v]tical section ( ! int]ior me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/ iron funnel c d i ( ! elevation1 7fig4 #ab71 hav+ above a %eet iron hopp] a b to receive ! peat1 & )9 a s]ies ( six knives fa/5$ 9 a spiral1 & curv+ outw>ds & d[nw>ds1 7figs4 #ac & #ad72 ano!r s]ies ( ?ree simil> knives is affix$ to a v]tical %aft1 :i* is ge>$ to a crank & turn$ by a man /&+ on ! plat=m j k2 ^! revolv+ knives curve upw>ds & cut betwe5 & 9 a direction contr>y to ! fix$ knives2 bel[ ! knives1 & affix$ to ! %aft a spiral plate ( iron & a scrap] m1 7fig4 #ac71 s]ve to =ce ! peat1 :i* has be5 at once m9c$ & c>ri$ d[nw>ds by ! knives1 z a some:at compress$ mass ?r\gh ! lat]al op5+ at ! bottom ( ! funnel1 :5ce x issues z a cont9u\s holl[ cyl9d] l dra9-tile1 hav+ a diamet] ( f\r in*es4 ,! iron cone i1 held 9 ! axis ( ! op5+ by ! ?9 & %>p-edg$ support g h1 =ms ! bore ( ! tube ( peat z x issues4 ,two m5 op]ate ! ma*9e2 "o turn+ ! crank1 :i*1 by suitable ge>+1 works ! %aft1 & ! o!r digg+ & ?r[+ 9 ! peat4 ,! mass1 z x issues f ! ma*9e1 is receiv$ by two boys alt]nately1 :o hold bel[ ! op5+ a semi-cyl9drical t9-plate %ovel1 7fig4 #ae71 ( ! wid? & l5g? ( ! requir$ peats1 & break or r wipe !m (f1 :5 !y rea* ! l5g? ( #ad in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! =m$ peats are dri$ 9 light1 *eap & portable h\ses1 ,fig4 #ag1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( six rectangul> frames support$ "o above ano!r1 & cov]$ by a light ro(4 ,! frames1 ,fig4 #af1 h squ>e po/s at ea* corn] l a b$/ead1 & are made by nail+ light /rips to ^! po/s4 ,! tops ( ^! po/s are obtusely bevel$ to an edge1 & at ! bottom !y are not*$ to correspond4 ,! direction ( ! edges & ( ! not*es 9 two diagonally opposite po/s1 is at "r angles to t ( ! o!r two4 ,by ?is con/ruction ! frames1 be+ ( ! same size1 :5 plac$ above ea* o!r1 fit toge!r by ! edges & not*es ( _! po/s into a /ructure t _c be readily ov]turn$4 ,! upp] frame has a light %+l$ ro(1 :i* completes ! h\se4 ,ea* frame has transv]se slats1 ca/ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 #bj 9 numb]1 :i* support ! peats4 ,! latt] be+ tubul>1 dry m readily1 uni=mly1 & to a d5s] consi/5ce ?an !y c\ld o!rwise4 ,! ma*9e be+ readily set up :]e ! peat is excavat$1 ! labor ( transport+ ! fre% & wat]-soak$ mat]ial is greatly r$uc$4 ,! dry+-frames are built up into h\ses z fa/ z !y are fill$ f ! ma*9e4 ,!y c be set up any:]e )\t difficulty1 require no level+ ( ! gr\nd1 &1 once fill$1 no labor 9 turn+ or /ack+ ! peats is necess>y2 :ile ! latt] are insur$ aga9/ damage f ra94 ,^! advantages1 ,gyss] claims1 m ?an cov] _! co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! daily production ( a ma*9e op]at$ by two m5 ) ! assi/ance ( "o or two boys1 is #bejj to #cjjj peats1 :i*1 on dry+1 h #i-a_/b to #aj in*es ( l5g?1 & #b-a_/b 9 diamet]1 & weigh1 on ! av]age1 "o p\nd ea*4 c4--,cond5sation ( peat ( all k9ds4--,web]'s me?od ) modifi$ ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,,s*lickeys5',s ,,peat ,,mill4 ,s*lickeys5's ,ma*9e4#bf--,?is ma*9e has be5 9 use 9 ,g]many s9ce #ahfj1 9 ! prep>ation ( peat4 ,x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally con/ruct$ = ! work+ & m\ld+ ( clay = mak+ bricks4 ,! pr9ciple ( its op]ation is id5tical ) t ( ,web]'s process4 ,! peat is f9ely pulv]iz$1 work$ into a homog5\s mass1 & m\ld$ into suitable =ms4 ,l ,gyss]'s ma*9e1 x =ces ! peat "u "s pressure ?r\gh a nozzle1 or1 9 ! l>g] k9ds ?r\gh sev]al nozzles1 :5ce x issues 9 a cont9u\s block or pipe t is cut (f 9 prop] l5g?s1 ei!r by h& or by me*anism ,x consi/s ( a v]tical cyl9d]1 ?r\gh ! axis ( :i* revolves a %aft1 :]eon are fa/5$ ! blades1 ^: edges cut & ^: w9d+ figure =ces d[n ! peat4 ,! blades are arrang$ ne>ly1 b n exactly1 9 a true spiral2 ! effect is !re=e t !y act unequally ^u ! mass1 & ?us mix & divide x m p]fectly4 ,no blades or projections are affix$ to ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,above1 :]e ! peat ent]s into a fl>+ hopp]1 is a scrap]1 t prev5ts adhesion to ! sides & gives d[nw>d propulsion to ! peat4 ,! blades are1 by ?is con/ruction1 v /rong1 & n liable to injury f small /ones or roots1 & effectually r$uce ! t\ghe/ & mo/ compact peat4 ,fur!rmore1 addition ( wat] is n only unnecess>y 9 any case1 b ! peat may be advantage\sly air-dri$ to a consid]able ext5t be=e x ent]s ! ma*9e4 ,wet peat is1 inde$1 work$ ) less exp5diture ( p[]2 b ! m\ld$ peats are !n s s(t z to require mu* c>e 9 ! h&l+1 & mu/ be spread out 9 s+le c\rses1 z !y w n be> to be plac$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,peat1 t is some:at dry1 ?\gh requir+ m p[] to "w1 leaves ! ma*9e 9 blocks t c be pil$ up on edge & ^u ea* o!r1 six or eight high1 )\t difficulty1 & require1 ( c\rse1 less "t = cur+4 ,! cut1 7fig4 #ah71 repres5ts "o ( ,s*lickeys5's portable peat-mills1 ) elevator = fe$+1 f :i* an idea ( ! pulv]iz+ arrangem5ts may be ga!r$4 ,9 ,livonia1 ne> ,p]nan1 accord+ to ,leo1 two ( ,s*lickeys5's ma*9es1 ,no4 #f1 7 put 9 op]ation ^u a purely fibr\s peat4 ,!y 7 driv5 by an eng9e ( #ab horse-p[]4 ,! peat 0 pl[$1 once h>r[$1 !n c>t$ directly to ! hopp] ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! two ma*9es1 ) #bf m5 & #d horses1 produc$ daily #fj1jjj peats #gejj cubic feet4 #ajj cubic feet ( ^! peats 7 equal 9 heat+ effect to #acj cubic feet ( fir-wood1 & co/ b two-?irds z mu*4 ,! peats 7 extremely h>d1 & dri$ 9 a few days suffici5tly = use4 ,9 #ahfd1 five l>ge ,s*lickeys5 ma*9es 7 9 op]ation at "o e/abli%m5t at ,/4 ,miskolz1 9 ,hung>y4 ,! small] sizes ( ,s*lickeys5's ma*9e are easily-portable1 & adapt$ = horse or h&-p[]4 ,leavitt's ,peat-cond5s+ & ,m\ld+ ,mill4#bg--;,9 ?is c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,leavitt1 ( ,bo/on1 has pat5t$ ma*9]y1 :i* is 9 op]ation at ,ea/ ,lex+ton1 ,mass41 at ! works ( ! ,bo/on ,peat ,company4 ,! process is ess5tially id5tical ) t ( ,web]1 ! hot-dry+ omitt$4 ,! fre% peat is pulv]iz$ or cut f9e1 m\ld$ into blocks1 & dri$ on light frames 9 ! op5 air4 ,! results claim$ by ,mr4 ,leavitt1 indicate1 t 8 ma*9e is v efficaci\s4 ,x consi/s1 pr9cipally1 ( a /rong box or ci/]n1 ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & six feet high1 ! ext]ior ( :i*1 ) its ge>+1 is %[n 9 figure #ai4 ,! mill is adapt$ to be driv5 by a f\r horse-p[] eng9e4 ,! upp] portion ( ! box is divid$ by a s]ies ( horizontal p>titions1 ! upp] ones be+ op5 latticework1 & ! l[] ones p]=at$ ) num]\s holes4 ,! upright %aft1 :i* rotates 9 ! c5tre ( ! box1 c>ries a s]ies ( arms or blades1 ext5d+ alt]nately on opposite sides1 & z ^! revolve1 !y cut ! peat1 & =ce x ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! diaphragms4 ,! l[] portion ( ! box1 9 place ( complete p>titions1 has a s]ies ( corrugat$ %elves ext5d+ alt]nately f opposite sides1 & ! peat is press$ & scrap$ f ^! by a s]ies ( arms adapt$ to ! "w4 ,by ?is s]ies ( sev]e op]ations ! air-bubbles are expell$ f ! peat1 & x is r$uc$ to a homog5e\s pa/e4 ,:5 x arrives at ! bottom ( ! box1 x is /ill fur!r compress$ by ! conv]g+ sides ( ! hopp]1 & x is receiv$ 9 light m\lds :i* are c>ri$ on an endless belt4 ,mr4 ,leavitt has pat5t$ ! use ( p[d]$ peat = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! prep>$ peat f adh]+ to ! m\lds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,,leavitt',s ,,peat ,,mill4 ,?is mill1 x is ass]t$1 w cond5se #dj tons ( crude peat daily1 :i*1 at ,lex+ton1 is e/imat$ to yield #aj to #ad tons ( dry m]*antable fuel4 ,! co/ ( produc+ ! latt] is ass]t$ to be less ?an #b4jj p] ton2 :ile its pres5t value1 9 ,bo/on1 is #aj p] ton4 ,x requires sev5 m51 ?ree boys1 & two horses to dig1 c>t1 mill1 & spread ! peat4 ,! ma*9e co/s #fjj1 ! ne$ful build+s1 eng9e1 etc41 f #bjjj to #cjjj4 ,! samples ( peat1 manufactur$ by ?is ma*9e1 are ( excell5t quality4 ,! dry+ 9 ! op5 air is said to proce$ ) great rapidity1 eight or t5 days be+ ord9>ily suffici5t 9 ! summ] season4 ,! dry peat1 at ,lex+ton1 occupies "o-f\r? ! bulk1 & has "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ! weight ( ! raw mat]ial2 ! latt]1 z we ga!r1 be+ by no means saturat$ ) wat]1 b well dra9$1 & consid]ably dry1 be=e mill+4 ,a%cr(t ,betteley's ,ma*9]y4 ,! ,am]ican ,peat ,company1 ( ,bo/on1 are ! own]s ( five pat5ts1 tak5 out by ,messrs4 ,a%cr(t ,betteley1 = peat ma*9]y4 ,!y claim to make fuel equal to ! be/ ,engli% ,cannel coal1 & really d make a v good peat1 ?\gh ) a r complicat$ app>atus4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is d]iv$ f ! circul> issu$ by ! company4 ,! ma*9]y consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3-- ,fir/4--,,triturat+ ,,ma*9e--#cf in*es diamet]1 #d feet #f in*es high1 ) arms bo? on ! inside ( ?is cyl9d] & on ! upright revolv+ %aft4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] or tub a l>ge slide gate is fitt$ to "w ) a lev]1 s t ! peat may be dis*>g$1 at pleasure1 into ! ,comb+ ,ma*9e1 :i* is plac$ directly "u ?is ,triturator4 ,second4--,,comb+ ,,ma*9e--,semi-circul> vessel #f feet long & #c feet #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,inside1 a %aft is plac$1 :i* is provid$ ) f+]s1 plac$ "o in* ap>t2 ! f+]s to be #bj in*es long1 s z to rea* )9 #b in*es ( ! bottom & sides ( ?is vessel4 ,ano!r %aft1 ( ! same size & dim5sions1 is plac$ at an angle ( #de deg41 #bf in*es f ! fir/ %aft1 ) arms ( ! same dim5sions plac$ ^u ?is %aft1 ) ! same spaces1 & s plac$ t ?is set ( arms pass betwe5 ! fir/ set1 bo? %afts revolv+ 9 ! same direction2 ! second %aft m5tion$ be+ driv5 at d\ble ! spe$ ( ! fir/4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is ,comb+ ,ma*9e is to be fix$ a gate1 to be op]at$ by a lev]1 to deliv]1 at pleasure1 ! cleans$ peat into ! ,manipulator or ,knead+ ,ma*9e4 ,?ird4--,,manipulator4--,a ,tube ( iron #g feet long & #af in*es diamet]1 fitt$ ) a %aft1 ) flanges ^u x1 to ga9 #f in*es 9 ea* revolution4 ,f\r?4--,,conveyor4--,?is ,conveyor1 to be made ) two endless *a9s & buckets ( iron1 ) a driv+ %aft4 ,! hopp]1 to receive ! peat :5 fir/ tak5 f ! bog1 to be plac$ bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 s t ! top edge ( ! hopp] may be level ) ! surface1 t ! peat may be dump$ f ! c> by :i* x is tak5 f ! bog1 & c>ri$ to ! hopp] )\t h& labor2 & ?is conveyor to be s arrang$ t ! peat w be deliv]$ into ! ,triturator )\t h& labor4 ,fif?4--,,conveyor4--,ano!r conveyor1 precisely l ! "o above describ$1 is to be plac$ s z to convey ! peat f ! ,manipulator into ! ,tank )\t h& labor4 ,six?4--,,tank4--,a tank #ce feet high & #ae feet 9 diamet]2 ! bottom ( ?is tank is made slop+ t[>ds ! sides1 at an angle ( #fe deg41 & is cov]$ ) sole tile or dra9 tile1 & ! entire inside ( ?is tank is also ribb$ ) ^! tile2 ! ends ( ^! pipes ( tile be+ left op51 s t ! wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! pores ( ! tile1 by ! pressure ( ! column ( peat1 w pass out at ! bottom1 ?r\gh ! false floor ( ! tank into ! dra91 & ! solid peat is reta9$ 9 ! tank4 ,a worm is fix$ 9 ! bottom ( ?is tank1 :i* is driv5 by ma*9]y1 :i* =ces out ! peat 9 ! =m ( brick1 :i* are cut to any l5g?1 & /ack$ up 9 %$s1 = fuel1 aft] x is fully dri$ by ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,,v]smann',s ,,peat ,,pulv]iz]4 ,v]smann's ,ma*9e#bh--,?is ma*9e1 see ,fig4 #bj1 0 inv5t$ by a ,g]man eng9e]1 9 ,london1 & 0 pat5t$ !re 9 ,sept41 #ahfa4 ,x consi/s ( a funnel or holl[ cone b1 ( boil]-plate1 f "o to two feet 9 diamet] at top1 & p]=at$ ) #bjj to #cjj small holes p] squ>e foot ( surface1 )9 :i* rapidly revolves an iron cone a1 c>ry+ on its circumf]5ce two spiral knives4 ,! peat ?r[n 9 at ! top ( ! funnel is c>ri$ d[n by ! knives1 & at once cut or brok5 & =c$ 9 a /ate ( f9e division ?r\gh ! holes ( ! funnel1 z ?r\gh a col&]4 ,! f9e peat collects on ! incl9$ bottom ( ! *amb] d1 :5ce x is c>ri$ by means ( ,ar*im$ean screws to a m\ld+ ma*9e4 ,! co>se /uff t escapes pulv]ization falls ?r\gh e into ! cavity c4 ,x may be employ$ z fuel = ! eng9e1 or aga9 put ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e effects a m p]fect pulv]ization ( ! peat1 ?an any o!r hi!rto describ$4 ,?is extreme division is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to ! p]fection ( ! product1 & is secur$ at great exp5se ( p[]4 ,?r\gh ! op5+ at ! bottom ( ! funnel1 mu* unpulv]iz$ peat f9ds its way1 :i* mu/ be cont9ually return$ to ! ma*9e4 ,aga91 /ones1 ent]+ ! funnel1 are likely to break or damage ! spiral knives1 :i* be> close to ! walls ( ! funnel4 ,! pulv]iz$ peat mu/ be m\ld$ by h&1 or by a sep>ate in/rum5t4 ,buckl&'s ,ma*9e#bi is id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ,v]smann's1 & 9 con/ruction diff]s simply 9 ! fact ( ! int]ior cone hav+ spiral grooves in/ead ( spiral knives4 ,?is gives great] simplicity & durability to ! ma*9e4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to require too mu* p[] to "w x1 & c h>dly equal o!r ma*9es 9 ! quantity ( product x w deliv] = a giv5 exp5diture4 ,! gr\nd peat yield$ by x1 mu/ be m\ld$ by h&1 or by o!r ma*9]y4 ,?is ma*9e1 we und]/&1 has be5 tri$ ne> ,bo/on1 & ab&on$ z uneconomical4 ,! ma*9es we h describ$ are by no means all t h be5 propos$ & pat5t$4 ,!y include1 h[ev]1 s ! au?or believes1 all t h be5 put into actual op]ation1 at ! date ( ?is writ+1 or t pres5t important peculi>ities ( con/ruction4 ,! acc\nt t has be5 giv5 ( !m w s]ve to illu/rate :at me*anism has accompli%$ hi!rto 9 ! manufacture ( peat-fuel1 & may save ! tal5t ( ! ,am]ican inv5tor f wa/+ itself on :at is already 9 use1 or hav+ be5 tri$1 has be5 f\nd want+4 ,at pres5t1 v consid]able att5tion is devot$ to ! subject4 ,sc>cely a week passes )\t plac+ "o or m ,peat-mill pat5ts on record4 ,9 ?is treatise our bus9ess is ) :at has be5 be=e ! public 9 a m or less practical way1 & x w\ld1 !re=e1 be useless to copy ! specifications ( new1 & = ! mo/ "p untri$ pat5ts1 :i* c be f\nd 9 ! files ( our me*anical ,j\rnals4 #ad4 ,artificial ,dry+ ( ,peat4 ,z we h se51 air-dry peat conta9s #bj to #cj & may easily conta9 #ej p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & ! be/ hot-made ma*9e peat conta9s #ae p] c5t4 ,:5 peat is us$ z fuel 9 ord9>y furnaces1 ?is wat] mu/ be evaporat$1 & 9 ?is process a l>ge am\nt ( heat is consum$1 z is well und]/ood4 ,x is calculat$1 t ! temp]ature :i* c be produc$ 9 p]fectly burn+ full-dri$ peat1 comp>es ) t develop$ 9 ! combu/ion ( peat conta9+ wat]1 z foll[s3-- ,pyrometric effect ( p]fectly dry peat #djjj deg4 ,f4 peat ) #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] #cbdj deg4 #ej #bhdh deg4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 moi/ or air-dri$ peat does n burn 9 ord9>y furnaces1 except ) consid]able wa/e1 z is evid5t f ! smok9ess ( its flame4 ,:5 air-dri$ peat is di/ill$ 9 a retort1 a heavy yell[ vapor escapes = "s "t aft] ! di/illation beg9s1 :i*1 obvi\sly1 conta9s mu* inflammable matt]1 b :i* is s mix$ & dilut$ ) /eam t x w n burn at all1 or b imp]fectly4 ,x is obvi\s !n1 t :5 a high temp]ature is to be atta9$1 anhydr\s or full-dri$ peat is va/ly sup]ior to t :i* has simply be5 cur$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,notice has already be5 made ( ,web]'s dry+-h\se1 ! use ( :i* is an ess5tial "p ( 8 sy/em ( produc+ peat-fuel4 ,v>i\s o!r arrangem5ts h be5 propos$ f "t to "t1 = accompli%+ ! same object4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ cases ! anticipations reg>d+ _! economy h n be5 fully realiz$4 ,x is h>dly probable1 t artificially dri$ peat c be employ$ to advantage except :]e wa/e heat is utiliz$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,a po9t ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( dry+ peat by artificial w>m? is ?is1 viz43 ,al?\gh ! dry+ may be c>ri$ s f> z to remove ! :ole ( ! wat]1 & produce an absolutely dry fuel1 ! peat absorbs moi/ure f ! air aga9 on exposure2 s t dry+ to less ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( wat] is ( no advantage1 unless ! peat is to be us$ imm$iately1 or )9 a few days4 ,! employm5t ( highly dri$ peat is consequ5tly practicable only = smelt+-works1 locomotives1 & manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 :]e x may be consum$ z fa/ z x is produc$4 ,a fact likewise to be reg>d$ is1 t artificial dry+ is usually inapplicable to fre% peat4 ,! precautions ne$ful 9 cur+ peat h already be5 detail$4 ,above all1 sl[ dry+ is necess>y1 9 ord] t ! blocks %r9k uni=mly1 )\t crack+ & w>p+ 9 su* a way z to s]i\sly injure _! solidity & usefulness4 ,9 g5]al1 peat mu/ be air-dri$ to a consid]able ext5t be=e x c be kiln-dri$ to advantage4 ,if expos$ to dry artificial heat1 :5 comp>atively moi/1 a h>d cru/ is =m$ ext]nally1 :i* greatly h9d]s subsequ5t desiccation4 ,at ! same "t ?is cru/1 contract+ ar\nd ! moi/ int]ior1 becomes s rift$ & brok51 t ! ultimate %r9kage & cond5sation ( ! mass is consid]ably less ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! dry+ proce$$ m sl[ly4 ,besides ,web]'s dry+ ov51 ! fuel = fir+ :i* is d]iv$ )\t co/ f ! /umps & roots ( trees t are abundant on ! moor1 at ,/alta*1 & :i* are ?us conv5i5tly dispos$ (1 we h briefly to notice sev]al o!r dry+ kilns ) reg>d to all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 t !y c only be employ$ ) pr(it1 by ! use ( wa/e heat1 or1 z at ,/alta*1 ( fuel t is comp>atively wor?less = o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,,c>9?ian ,,peat ,,dry+-,,kiln4 ,! ,peat ,kilns employ$ at ,lippitzba*1 9 ,c>9?ia1 & at ,neu/adt1 9 ,hanov]1 are ( ! k9d %[n 9 fig4 #ba4 ,! peat ) :i* ! ma9 *amb] is fill$1 is heat$ directly by ! hot gases t arise f a fire made 9 ! fire-place at ! left4 ,^! gases fir/ ent] a vault1 :]e !y int]m+le & cool d[n some:at2 !nce !y asc5d ?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! brick grat+1 & ?r\gh ! mass ( peat to ! top ( ! *amb]4 ,on _! way !y become *>g$ ) vapor1 & fall+1 pass (f ?r\gh ! *imney1 z is indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! draught is regulat$ by ! damp] on ! top ( ! *imney4 ,to manage ! fire1 s t on ! "o h& ! *imney is suffici5tly heat$ to create a draught1 & on ! o!r wa/e ( fuel1 or ev5 ignition ( ! peat itself is prev5t$1 requires "s c>e4 ,9 ,welkn]'s ,peat ,kiln#cj 7fig4 #bb7 ! peat1 previ\sly air-dri$1 is expos$ to a /ream ( hot air1 until x is completely desiccat$1 & ! arrangem5t is su*1 t air-dri$ peat may be ?r[n 9 at ! top1 & ! hot-dri$ fuel be remov$ at ! bottom1 cont9u\sly4 ,9 ! cut1 ,a repres5ts ! section ( a wood5 cyl9d] ab\t #aj feet wide & #f-a_/b feet deep1 :i* surm\nts a funnel ( iron plate ,a'4 ,! m\? ( ! funnel is clos$ by a door n2 ab\t #bj in*es above ! door ! pipe ,b1 :i* conducts hot air1 t]m9ates 9 ! r+ a a1 ?r\gh ! holes 9 :i*1 e e1 x is di/ribut$ into ! funnel fill$ ) peat4 ,! air is driv5 9 by a bl[]1 & is heat$ by circulat+ ?r\gh a sy/em ( pipes1 :i* are dispos$ 9 ! *imney ( a /eam boil]4 ,f "t to "t a quantity ( dri$ peat is drawn (f into ! wagon ,d1 :i* runs on rails1 & a simil> am\nt ( undri$ peat is ?r[n 9 above4 ,accord+ to ,welkn]1 a kiln ( ! dim5sions /at$1 :i* co/1 ab\t #ahjj gold1 is capable ( desiccat+ daily t5 tons ( peat ) #bj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 us+ !reby #bjjj cubic feet ( air ( a temp]ature ( #bab deg4 ,f4 ,:5 ! air is heat$ by a fire kept up exclusively = t purpose1 #aj p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ peat1 or its equival5t1 is consum$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,at ! ,alexis ,smelt+ ,works1 ne> ,l+51 9 ,hanov]1 ?is peat kiln furni%es ab\t half ! fuel = a high furnace1 9 :i* bog iron ore is smelt$4 ,! dry+ co/s b little1 s9ce half ! requisite heat is obta9$ f ! wa/e heat ( ! furnace itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,welkn]',s ,,peat ,,dry+ ,,kiln4 ,! advantages ( ?is dry+ kiln are1 t x is *eap 9 con/ruction & work+2 dries gradually & uni=mly2 occupies little gr\nd1 & runs )\t int]mission4 ,o!r dry+ ov5s are describ$ 9 ,knapp's ,lehrbu* d] ,*emis*5 ,te*nologie1 #c4 ,aufl4 ,bd4 #a1 ,!il #a1 pp4 #agh-i2 ,jahrbu* d] ,b]gakademi5 ,s*emnitz und ,leob51 #ahfj1 p4 #ajh1 #ahfa1 p4 #ee2 ,wagn]'s ,jahresb]i*t d] ,*emis*5 ,te*nologie1 #ahfc1 p4 #gdh2 ,z]r5n]'s ,metallurgis*e ,gasfeu]ung 9 ,oe/]rei*2 ,tunn]'s ,/abeis5- und ,/ahlb]eitung1 #b4 ,auflage1 ,bd4 ,i1 pp4 #bc-be4 #ae4 ,peat ,coal1 or ,coke4 ,:5 peat is *>r$1 x yields a coal or coke :i*1 be+ ri*] 9 c>bon1 is capable ( giv+ an int5s] heat ?an peat itself1 9 ! same way t *>coal emits an int5s] heat 9 its combu/ion ?an ! wood f :i* x is made4 ,peat coal has be5 & is employ$ to "s ext5t 9 metallurgical processes1 z a sub/itute = *>coal1 & :5 prop]ly prep>$ f good peat1 is 9 no way inf]ior to ! latt]2 is1 9 fact1 bett]4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 f peat :i* naturally dries to a h>d & d5se consi/5cy1 or :i* has be5 solidifi$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,*alleton's & ,web]'s me?ods1 t a coal c be made possess+ ! firmness necess>y = furnace use4 ,fibr\s peat1 or t cond5s$ by pressure1 z 9 ,ext]'s1 ,elsb]g's1 & ! ,li?uanian process1 yields by cok+ or *>r+1 a friable coal comp>atively unsuit$ = heat+ purposes4 ,a peat :i* is d5se z ! result ( prop] me*anical treatm5t & sl[ dry+1 yields a v homog5e\s & compact coal1 sup]ior to any wood *>coal1 ! be/ qualities weigh+ ne>ly twice z mu* p] bu%el4 ,peat is ei!r *>r$ 9 pits & heaps1 or 9 kilns4 ,f ! regul>ity ( ! rectangul> blocks into :i* peat is usually =m$1 x may be *>r$ m easily 9 pits ?an wood1 s9ce ! blocks admit ( clos] pack+ 9 ! heap1 & because ! peat coal is less inflammable ?an wood coal4 ,! heaps may likewise be made mu* small] ?an is ne$ful 9 case ( wood1 viz43 six to eight feet 9 diamet]1 & f\r feet high4 ,! pit is arrang$ z foll[s3 ,! gr\nd is select$ & prep>$ z = *>coal burn+1 & %\ld be elevat$1 dry & compact4 ,?ree /\t poles are firmly driv5 into ! gr\nd1 s z to /& v]tically & equi-di/ant f ea* o!r1 leav+ )9 !m a space ( six or eight in*es4 ,ar\nd ^! poles ! peats are plac$ endwise1 9 conc5tric r[s to ! requir$ wid? & height1 leav+ at ! bottom a numb] ( air-*annels ( ! wid? ( "o peat1 radiat+ f ! c5tre outw>ds4 ,! upp] lay]s ( peat are n>r[$ 9 s z to r\nd (f ! heap1 :i* is fir/ cov]$ ) dry leaves1 sods1 or moss1 ov] :i* a lay] ( soil is ?r[n4 ,dry1 light wood be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( ! c5tral %aft1 x is k9dl$ f "o ( ! canals at ! bottom1 & ! *>r+ is conduct$ z is usual 9 mak+ wood coal4 ,! yield ( coal ranges f #be to #ce p] c5t4 ( ! peat by weight1 & f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 by volume4 ,gyss] recomm5ds to m\ld ! peat = *>r+ 9 ! =m ( cyl9d]s ( #c to #d feet long1 :i*1 :5 dry1 may be built up into a heap l wood4 ,a great v>iety ( ov5s or kilns h be5 con/ruct$ = cok+ peat4 ,at ! ,gun ,factory ( ,ob]ndorf1 9 ,wirtemb]g1 peat is *>r$ 9 ! kiln repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! *amb] is #i feet high1 & #e-a_/b feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ov5 prop]1 b b1 is surr\nd$ by a mantle ( brick a a1 & ! space betwe51 c c1 is fill$ ) s&4 ,ea* wall1 z well z ! space1 is #ae in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ! walls are connect$ by /ones d d1 at int]vals ( ?ree feet4 ,above ! sole ( ! kiln1 are ?ree s]ies ( air holes1 made by imb$d+ old gun b>rels 9 ! walls4 ,! door1 :i* s]ves to empty ! kiln1 is a plate ( ca/ iron1 ! sides ( its frame are wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 & by means ( a bo>d e1 a box m c be made 9 front ( ! door1 :i* is fill$ ) s& to prev5t access ( air4 ,! peat is fill$ 9 ?r\gh i1 a *annel be+ arrang$ across ! bottom ( ! kiln1 f ! door f1 = k9dl+4 ,:5 ! fir+ beg9s1 ! l[e/ air-holes & i are op54 ,:51 ?r\gh ! l[] gun b>rels1 ! peat is se5 to be ignit$1 ^! are cork$1 & ^? above are op5$4 ,:5 ! smoke ceases to escape above1 all ! op5+s are clos$1 m1 is fill$ ) s&1 i is cov]$ ov] ) x1 & ! :ole is left to cool4 ,x requires ab\t #h to #i days to f9i% ! *>r+ ( a *>ge4 ,sev]al kilns are kept 9 op]ation1 s t ! "w proce$s un9t]rupt$ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,,ob]ndorf] ,,peat ,,*>r+ ,,kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,,web]',s ,,*>r+ ,,furnace4--,,transv]se ,,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,web]',s ,,*>r+ ,,furnace4--,,longitud9al ,,section4 ,at ,/alta*1 ,web] prep>es peat coal 9 a cyl9d] ( %eet iron1 :i* is surr\nd$ by masonry4 ,bel[1 x re/s on a grat+ ( /\t wire4 ,above1 x has a cov]1 t may be rais$ by a pulley & on "o side is atta*$ a small furnace1 figure #bd1 ! draught ( :i* is kept up by means ( a bl[]1 or an exhau/]1 & ! flame & hot gases f x1 :i* conta9 no excess ( oxyg51 play ^u ! peat & decompose x1 expell+ its volatile portions )\t burn+ or wa/+ x 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,! con/ruction ( ! furnace1 see fig4 #bd1 is su*1 t ! /icks ( wood1 :i* are employ$ = fuel1 are support$ at _! ends on %\ld]s 9 ! brick-"w1 & ! draught ent]s ! fire above in/ead ( bel[4 ,! wood is h]eby completely consum$1 & by regulat+ ! supply ( air at a 7fig4 #be7 by a slid+ cov]1 & at b by a regi/]1 ! flame & curr5t ( air :i* ent]s ! cyl9d] conta9+ ! peat1 is int5sely hot & accompli%es a rapid c>bonization ( ! peat1 b z be=e /at$1 does n burn x4 ,9 ?is furnace ! wood1 :i* is cut ( uni=m l5g?1 is itself ! grate1 s9ce iron w\ld melt or rapidly burn out2 & ! coals t fall are consum$ by ! air admitt$ ?r\gh c4 ,! hot gases :i* ent] ! cyl9d] fill$ ) peat ne> its top1 are di/ribut$ by pipes1 &1 pass+ (f ?r\gh ! grat+ at ! bottom1 ent] ! surr\nd+ brick mantle4 ,be=e rea*+ ! exhau/or1 h[ev]1 !y pass ?r\gh a cool] 9 :i* a quantity ( t> & pyroligne\s acid is collect$4 ,web]'s ov5 is #ae feet 9 diamet]1 & #c-a_/b feet high2 #ebh cubic feet ( peat may be cok$ 9 x 9 ! space ( #ae h\rs4 ,! wood furnace is #b feet 9 section1 & consumes = ! above am\nt ( peat #c-a_/b cwt4 ( wood4 ,s p]fectly are ! cont5ts ( ! iron cyl9d] protect$ f contact ( oxyg51 t a rabbit plac$ )9 x1 has be5 conv]t$ into coal )\t ! s+e+ ( a hair2 & a b\quet ( fl[]s has be5 c>boniz$1 p]fectly reta9+ its %ape4 ,! yield ( coal 9 ,web]'s ov5 is ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( ! peat by weight4 ,:5ev] possible1 *>r+ ( peat %\ld be c>ri$ on1 or aid$ by wa/e heat1 or ! heat necess>y to cok+ %\ld be itself economiz$4 ,9 manufactur+ & metallurgical e/abli%m5ts1 a consid]able economy 9 bo? ! dry+ & cok+ may (t5 be effect$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,on ! bog ( ,all51 9 ,irel&1 we h an example ( ?is k9d4 ,peat is plac$ 9 iron ov5s 9 ! =m ( truncat$ pyramids1 ! bottoms ( :i* consi/ ( movable & p]=at$ iron plates4 ,! ov5s are m\nt$ on :eels1 & run on a rail track4 ,five ov5s fill$ ) peat are run into a pit 9 a dry+ h\se1 9 :i* blocks ( fre% peat are arrang$ = dry+4 ,ea* ov5 is connect$ ) a flue1 & fire is appli$4 ,! peat burns bel[1 & ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! cok+1 w>ms ! air ( ! dry+ h\se4 ,:5 ! escap+ smoke becomes transp>5t1 ! pit 9 :i* ! ov5s /& is fill$ ) wat] slightly above _! l[] edges1 :]eby access ( air to ! burn+ peat is at once cut (f4 ,:5 cool1 ! ov5s are run out & replac$ by o!rs fill$ ) peat4 ,ea* ov5 holds ab\t #fjj lbs4 ( peat1 & ! yield ( coal is #be p] c5t4 by weight4 ,! small yield comp>$ ) t obta9$ by ,web]'s me?od1 is due to ! burn+ ( ! peat & ! coal itself1 9 ! draught ( air t passes ?r\gh ! ov5s4 ,! au?or has c>boniz$1 9 an iron retort1 specim5s ( peat prep>$ by ,elsb]g's1 ,leavitt's1 & ,as*cr(t & ,betteley's processes4 ,elsb]g's gave #ce1 ! o!rs #cg p] c5t4 ( coal4 ,! coal f ,elsb]g's peat 0 greatly fissur$1 & c\ld be cru%$ 9 ! f+]s to small fragm5ts4 ,t f ! o!r peats 0 m firm1 & requir$ consid]able ex]tion to break x4 ,all _h a decid$ metallic brilliancy ( surface4 #af4--,metallurgical ,uses ( ,peat4 ,9 ,au/ria1 m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 peat has be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( iron4 ,9 ,bav>ia1 ,prussia1 ,wirtemb]g1 ,hanov]1 & ,sw$51 & latt]ly 9 ,great ,brita91 peat has be5 put to ! same use4 ,! g5]al results ( exp]i5ce1 are z foll[s3-- ,peat c only be employ$ to advantage1 :5 wood & m9]al coal are exp5sive1 or ( poor quality4 ,peat c be us$ 9 furnaces adapt$ = *>coal1 b n 9 ^? built = m9]al coal4 ,good air-dry peat1 conta9+ #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 9 "s cases may replace a %>e ( *>coal 9 ! high furnace4 ,at ,pill]see1 9 ,au/ria1 spa?ic iron ore has be5 r$uc$ by a mixture ( fir-wood *>coal1 & air-dry peat 9 ! proportions ( ?ree p>ts by bulk ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,! use ( peat 0 f\nd to effect a consid]able sav+ 9 ! outlay = fuel1 & enabl$ ! production to be some:at increas$1 :ile ! excell5ce ( ! iron 0 9 no way impair$4 ,! peat 0 ( ! be/ quality1 & 0 work$ & m\ld$ by h&4 ,:5 ! ore is refractory & conta9s impurities t mu/ be flux$ & work$ (f 9 slag1 a l>ge proportion ( air-dry peat _c be us$ to advantage1 because ! evaporation ( ! wat] 9 x consumes s mu* heat1 t ! requisite temp]ature is n easily atta9$4 ,at ,a*?al1 9 ,bav>ia1 air-dry peat 0 employ$ 9 #ahfj1 to replace a portion ( ! fir wood *>coal1 :i* _h be5 us$ = smelt+ an impure clay-iron-/one3 ! latt] fuel hav+ become s de>1 t peat 0 resort$ to z a make %ift4 ,in/ead ( "o sack1 or #cc cubic feet ( *>coal1 #bd cubic feet ( *>coal & #ae cubic feet ( peat 7 employ$ 9 ea* *>ge1 & ! quantity ( ore _h to be dim9i%$ !reby1 s t ! yield ( pig 0 r$uc$1 on ! av]age1 by ab\t #ag p] c5t4 ,9 ?is case ! quality ( ! iron1 :5 work$ into b>1 0 injur$ by ! use ( peat1 obvi\sly f an increase ( its cont5t ( phosphorus4 ,! exclusive use ( air-dry peat z fuel 9 ! high furnace1 appe>s to be out ( ! "q4 ,at ,ransko1 9 ,bohemia1 kiln-dri$ peat1 ne>ly altoge!r free f wat]1 has be5 employ$ 9 a high furnace1 mix$ ) b "o-?ird its bulk ( *>coal1 & 9 cupola furnaces = re-melt+ pig1 full-dri$ peat has be5 us$ alone1 answ]+ ! purpose p]fectly4 ,! mo/ important metallurgical application ( peat is 9 ! ref9+ ( iron4 ,dri$ peat is ext5sively us$ 9 puddl+ furnaces1 especially 9 ! s-call$ gas puddl+ furnaces1 9 ,c>9?ia1 ,/ey]m>k1 ,silesia1 ,bav>ia1 ,wirtemb]g1 ,sw$51 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 ,/ey]m>k1 peat has be5 ?us employ$ = #be ye>s4 ,air-dry peat is1 inde$1 also employ$1 b is n s well adapt$ = puddl+1 z its wat] burns away a notable quantity ( iron4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ kn[n facts 9 *emi/ry1 t ignit$ iron is rapidly oxidiz$ 9 a /ream ( wat]-vapor1 free hydrog5 be+ at ! same "t evolv$4 ,9 ! high furnace1 peat-coal1 :5 compact & firm 7n crumbly7 may replace *>coal p]fectly1 b its co/ is usually too great4 ,:5 peat or peat-coal is employ$ 9 smelt+1 x mu/ be z free z possible f a%1 because ! a% usually consi/s l>gely ( silica1 & ?is mu/ be work$ (f by flux4 ,if ! a% be c>bonate ( lime1 x w1 9 mo/ cases1 s]ve itself usefully z flux4 ,9 he>? puddl+1 x is important n only t ! peat or peat-coal conta9 little a%1 b especially t ! a% be z free z possible f sulphates & phosphates1 :i* act s delet]i\sly on ! metal4 ,! notion t1 9 g5]al1 peat & peat *>coal are peculi>ly adapt$ = ! iron manufacture1 because !y are free f sulphur & phosphorus1 is extremely errone\s4 ,n infrequ5tly !y conta9 ^! bodies 9 su* quantity1 z to =bid _! use 9 smelt+4 ,9 ! gas-puddl+ furnace1 or 9 ! ord9>y rev]b]atory1 impure peat may1 h[ev]1 be employ$1 s9ce ! a%es d n come 9 contact ) ! metal4 ,! only disadvantage 9 ! use ( peat 9 ^! furnaces is1 t ! grates require clean+ m frequ5tly1 :i* int]rupts ! fire1 &1 accord+ to ,tunn]1 increases ! consumption ( fuel #h to #aj p] c5t41 & dim9i%es ! am\nt ( metal t c be turn$ out 9 a giv5 "t by ! same quantity4 ,not)/&+ ! int]ruption ( "w1 x has be5 f\nd1 at ,ro?burga1 9 ,au/ria1 t by sub/itution ( ma*9e-made & kiln-dri$ peat = wood 9 ! gas-puddl+ furnace1 a sav+ ( #ej p] c5t4 9 ! co/ ( b> iron 0 effect$1 9 #ahfj4 ,:at is to ! po9t1 9 e/imat+ ! economy ( peat1 is ! fact t :ile #f4b cubic feet ( dry fir-wood 7 requir$ to produce #ajj lbs4 ( crude b>1 ?is quantity ( iron c\ld be puddl$ ) #d4c cubic feet ( peat4 ,9 ! gas furnace1 a second bla/ ( air is ?r[n into ! flame1 effect+ its complete combu/ion2 ,dellvik ass]ts1 t at ,lesjoe=ss1 9 ,sw$51 #ajj lbs4 ( kiln-dri$ peat are equal to #aig lbs4 ( kiln-dri$ wood 9 heavy =g+4 ,9 an ord9>y fire1 ! peat w\ld be less effective f ! escape ( unburn$ c>bon 9 ! smoke4 ,9 o!r metallurgical & manufactur+ op]ations :]e flame is requir$1 z well z 9 ^? :i* are n inconv5i5c$ by ! +r$i5ts ( its a%1 x is obvi\s t peat c be employ$ :5 circum/ances conspire to r5d] its use economical4 #ag4--,peat z a s\rce ( illum9at+ gas4 ,pr( ,pett5k(]1 ( ,muni*1 0 ! fir/ to succe$ 9 mak+ illum9at+ gas f wood2 & peat1 :5 op]at$ accord+ to 8 me?od1 furni%es also a gas ( good quality1 ?\gh some:at inf]ior to wood-gas 9 illum9at+ p[]4 ,x is ess5tial1 t well-dri$ peat be employ$1 & ! wa/e heat f ! retorts may s]ve 9 "p1 at lea/1 = ! dry+4 ,! retorts mu/ be ( a good conduct+ mat]ial2 !re=e ca/ iron is bett] ?an clay4 ,!y are made ( ! symbol3 ,d =m1 & mu/ be relatively l>g] ?an ^? us$ = coal4 ,a retort ( two feet wid?1 "o foot dep?1 & #h to #i feet l5g?1 mu/ receive b #ajj lbs4 ( peat at a *>ge4 ,! quantity ( gas yield$ 9 a giv5 "t1 is mu* great] ?an f bitum9\s coal4 ,f retorts ( ! size j nam$1 #hjjj to #ijjj cubic feet ( gas are deliv]$ 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! exit pipes mu/1 !re=e1 be l>ge1 n less ?an #e to #f in*es1 & ! cool]s mu/ be mu* m effective ?an is ne$ful = coal gas1 9 ord] to sep>ate f x ! t>ry matt]s4 ,! numb] ( retorts requisite to furni% a giv5 volume ( gas1 is mu* less ?an 9 ! manufacture f coal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dim5sions ( ! furnace are consid]ably great]1 because ! consumption ( fuel mu/ be m rapid1 9 ord] to supply ! heat1 :i* is c>ri$ (f by ! copi\s =mation ( gas4 ,gas may be made f peat at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 b its illum9at+ p[] is !n trifl+4 ,at a r$ heat alone c we procure a gas ( good quality4 ,! *ief impurity ( peat-gas is c>bonic acid3 ?is am\nts to #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! gas be=e purification1 & if ! peat be insuffici5tly dri$1 x is consid]ably m4 ,! quantity ( slak$ lime t is consum$ 9 purify+1 is !re=e mu* great] ?an is ne$$ = coal-gas1 & is an exp5sive item 9 ! mak+ ( peat-gas4 ,:ile wood-gas is practically free f sulphur comp\nds & ammonia1 peat-gas may conta9 !m bo?1 especially ! latt]1 9 quantity t dep5ds ^u ! composition ( ! peat1 :i*1 z reg>ds sulphur & nitrog51 is v v>iable4 ,peat-gas is d5s] ?an coal-gas1 & !re=e _c be burn$ to advantage except f consid]ably wid] orifices ?an answ] = ! latt]1 & "u slight pressure4 ,! above /atem5ts %[ ! absurdity ( judg+ ( ! value ( peat z a s\rce ( gas1 by ! results ( trials made 9 gas works arrang$ = bitum9\s coal4 ,z to ! yield ( gas we h ! foll[+ data1 weights & measures be+ ,engli%3-- #ajj lbs4 ( peat ( m$ium quality f ,muni*1 gave ,,reissig #cjc cub4 ft4 air-dry peat f ,bi]moos1 ,salzburg1 gave ,,ri$+] #cje v light fibr\s peat1 gave ,,reissig #cgi to #dcj ,ext]'s ma*9e-peat1 f ,haspelmoor1 gave #cfg ,!nius /ates1 t1 to produce #ajjj ,engli% cubic feet ( purifi$ peat-gas1 9 ! works at ,kempt51 ,bav>ia1 !re are requir$ 9 ! retorts #bib lbs ( peat4 ,to di/il ?is1 #ach-a_/b lbs4 ( peat are consum$ 9 ! fire2 & to purify ! gas f c>bonic acid1 #ia-a_/b lbs4 ( lime are us$4 ,9 ! retorts rema9 #aag lbs4 ( peat coal1 & ne>ly #f lbs4 ( t> are collect$ 9 ! op]ation1 besides small] quantities ( acetic acid & ammonia4 ,accord+ to ,/amm]1 #d cwt4 ( dry peat are requir$ = #ajjj cubic feet ( purifi$ gas4 ,! quality ( ! gas is some:at bett] ?an t made f bitum9\s coal4 #ah4--,! exam9ation ( ,peat z to its value = ,fuel1 beg9s ) & ref]s to ! air-dry sub/ance1 9 :i*3 #a4--,wat] is e/imat$1 by dry+ ! pulv]iz$ peat1 at #bab deg41 z long z any dim9ution ( weight occurs4 ,well-dri$ peat-fuel %\ld n conta9 m ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h& x _c conta9 less ?an #ae p] c5t41 except x has be5 artificially dri$ at a high temp]ature1 or kept = a long "t 9 a heat$ ap>tm5t4 #b4--;,a% is e/imat$ by c>efully burn+ ! dry residue 9 #a4 ,9 fir/-rate fuel1 x %\ld am\nt to less ?an #c p] c5t4 ,if m ?an #h p] c5t41 ! peat is !reby r5d]$ ( inf]ior quality1 ?\gh peat is employ$ :i* conta9s consid]ably m4 #c4--,sulphur & phosphorus are e/imat$ by processes1 :i* x w\ld be useless to describe "h4 ,only 9 case ( vitriol peats is s mu* sulphur pres5t1 t x is recognizable by ! suffocat+ fumes ( sulphuric acid or ( sulphur\s acid1 :i* escape 9 ! burn+4 ,:5 peat is to be employ$ = iron manufacture1 or "u /eam boil]s1 its phosphorus1 & especially its sulphur1 %\ld be e/imat$1 z !y injure ! quality ( iron :5 _! quantity exce$s a c]ta9 small am\nt1 & h a de/ructive effect on grate-b>s & boil]s4 ,= common uses x is unnecess>y to reg>d ^! sub/ances4 #d4--,! quantity ( coal or coke yield$ by peat1 is det]m9$ by heat+ a weigh$ quantity ( ! peat to r$ness 9 an iron retort1 or 9 a l>ge plat9um crucible1 until gases cease to escape4 ,! neck ( ! retort is cork$1 & :5 ! vessel is cool1 ! coal is remov$ & weigh$4 ,9 case a plat9um crucible is employ$1 x %\ld h a tight-fitt+ cov]1 & :5 gases cease to escape1 ! crucible is quickly cool$ by plac+ x 9 cold wat]4 ,coal1 or coke1 includes ( c\rse ! a% ( ! peat4 ,?is1 be+ v>iable1 %\ld be d$uct$1 & ! a%-free coal be consid]$ 9 comp>+ fuels4 #e4--,! d5sity ( peat-fuel may be asc]ta9$ by cutt+ out a block t w admit ( accurate measurem5t1 calculat+ its cubic cont5ts1 & comp>+ its weight ) t ( an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,to avoid calculation1 ! block may be made accurately "o or sev]al cubic in*es 9 dim5sions & weigh$4 ,! cubic in* ( wat] at #fj deg4 ,f41 weighs #beb-a_/b gra9s4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! app>5t specific gravity "h means ! weight ( ! mass1--! air-fill$ cavities & pores includ$--z comp>$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,! real specific gravity ( ! peat itself is always great] ?an t ( wat]1 & all k9ds ( peat w s9k 9 wat] :5 !y soak long en\gh1 or are o!rwise treat$ s t all air is remov$4 #aa ,! full cubic foot implies a cubic foot hav+ no cavities or wa/e space1 su* z exi/ 9 a pile1 made up ( num]\s blocks4 ,if a numb] ( peat blocks be put into a box & %ak5 toge!r1 ! empty space betwe5 ! m or less irregul> blocks1 may am\nt to #df p] c5t4 ( ! :ole2 & :5 closely pack$1 ! cavities am\nt to #cj p] c5t41 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,wass]zieh]4 7,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,oct41 #ahfd1 p4 #aah47 ,"s confusion exi/s 9 ! /atem5ts ( writ]s 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 & want ( att5tion to x1 has l$ to grave errors 9 e/imat+ ! weight ( fuel4 #ab ,! wa/e space 9 peat & wood z commonly pil$1 is probably includ$ "h 9 ! /atem5t1 & is usually ab\t ! same 9 bo?2 viz43 n f> f #dj p] c5t4 #ac ,see note on ! prec$+ page4 #ad ,d] ,torf1 etc41 ,s4 #dc4 #ae ,see page #jj4 #af ,on acc\nt ( ! great conv5i5ce ( ! decimal weights & measures1 & _! ne>ly univ]sal recognition by sci5tific m51 we h adopt$ !m "h4 ,! gramme #ae gra9s2 #e degrees c5tigrade #i degrees ,fahr5heit4 #ag ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 7,lib4 ,,xvi1 #a7 expresses 8 pity = ! mis]able p liv+ 9 ,ea/ ,friesl& & vic9ity 9 8 day1 :o dug out ) ! h&s a moor e>?1 :i*1 dri$ m by w9d ?an sun1 !y us$ = prep>+ _! food & w>m+ _! bodies3 captum manibus lutum v5tis magis quam sole siccantis1 t]ra cibos et rig5tia septembrione visc]a sua urunt4 ,z reg>ds ! mis]a g5s1 x %\ld be said t ri* gra9 fields & num]\s fl\ri%+ villages h occupi$ = sev]al c5turies l>ge portions ( ! ,duevel moor ne> ,brem54 #ah ,= fur!r acc\nt & plans ( ?is ma*9e see ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #agf1 ,s4 #ccf4 #ai ,describ$ & figur$ 9 ,bullet9 de la ,societe d',enc\ragem5t1 ,augu/ #aheg1 p4 #eac2 also ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #adf1 ,s4 #beb4 #bj ,b]g- und ,huett5ma5nis*e ,zeitung1 #ahei1 ,nr4 #bf4 #ba ,h5neb]g's ,j\rnal fu] ,l&wir?s*aft1 #aheh1 ,s4 #db4 #bb ,h5neb]g's ,j\rnal fu] ,l&wir?s*aft1 #aheh1 p4p4 #db & #hc4 #bc ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,oct41 #ahfd4 #bd ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #aeb1 ,s4 #bgb4 ,see also1 ,knapp1 ,lehrbu* d] ,*emis*5 ,te*nologie1 #cte ,auflage1 #a41 #afg4 #be ,d] ,torf2 se9e ,bildung und ,b]eitungsweise1 von ,rudolph ,gyss]1 ,weim>1 #ahfd4 #bf ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #afe1 ,s4 #ahd42 und ,bd4 #agb1 ,s1 #ccc4 #bg ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahff2 also1 ,facts ab\t ,peat z ,fuel1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,leavitt1 #b;d ,ed41 ,bo/on1 p4 #bc4 #bh ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #afh1 ,s4 #cjf1 und ,bd4 #agb1 ,s4 #ccb4 #bi ,describ$ 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #ahfj1 p4 #dcg4 #cj ,b]nemann ,k]l's ,b]g und ,huett5ma5nis*e ,zeitung1 #ahfb1 #bba4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #f ,rob]t's *ang$ to ,rob]ts' ,page #bd ,jaeckel *ang$ to ,jaeckel ,page #dg ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #di connexion *ang$ to connection ,page #ea ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #ec ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #ec ,russel *ang$ to ,russell ,page #fb subtances *ang$ to sub/ances ,page #fg ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #hi #e *ang$ to #d ,page #hi ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #ij ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #ia ,poquonnock *ang$ to ,poquonock ,page #aaf artifical *ang$ to artificial ,page #abg developes *ang$ to develops ,page #adi ,kne$+ *ang$ to ,knead+ ,page #afe ,! symbol looks l a ,d ly+ on its back4 ---------------------------------------- ---