,,ont>io ,,tea*]s' ,,manuals ,,nature ,,/udy ,,au?oriz$ ,,by ,,! ,,m9i/] ,,( ,,education ,,toronto ,,! ,,ry]son ,,press ,,copyright1 ,,canada1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,! ,,m9i/] ,,( ,,education ,,= ,,ont>io ,second ,pr9t+1 #aiah ,?ird ,pr9t+1 #aibc ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 #aibd ,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$4 ,italics are indicat$ by subscripts 77 & bold words are indicat$ by tildes 774 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,prefatory ,,note #a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy--,,details #c ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,aims ( ,nature ,/udy2 ,g5]al ,me?ods #ac ,concrete ,mat]ial #ae ,topics & mat]ial mu/ suit ! season2 matt] suit$ to ! *ild2 use ( ! commonplace2 ord] ( developm5t ( lesson2 problems 9 obs]vation2 note-books & records #ae ,! ,s*ool ,g>d5 #ai ,sugge/ions2 ,g>d5 ,exp5ses #bj ,! ,excursion #bc ,its value2 difficulties2 frequ5cy2 sugge/ions = ungrad$ s*ools2 ! tea*]'s excursions2 a type excursion #bc ,collections #bi ,animal ,/udies #bi ,dome/ic animals2 ref]5ces #bi ,birds2 ref]5ces #cj ,insects2 insect collections #cd ,butt]fly & mo? collections #cg ,plant ,collections #ci ,,*apt] ,,ii ,physical ,sci5ce ,phase ( ,nature ,/udy #db ,in/ructions & ,g5]al ,me?od #db ,value ( su* lessons2 conditions "u :i* exp]im5ts %\ld be p]=m$ #db ,correlations ( physical sci5ce phase #dd ,li/ ( ,ref]5ce ,books & ,bullet9s on g>d5 & plant /udy1 physical sci5ce1 & animal /udy #de ,physical ,sci5ce--,equipm5t = ,=ms ,,iii & ,,iv #dg ,desirable app>atus #dg ,*emicals #dh ,app>atus #ej ,gr5et cells2 decomposition app>atus2 pneumatic tr\gh2 _s-lamp2 b>omet]2 hygromet]2 h9ts #ej ,"t ,apportion$ to ,nature ,/udy #ec ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,=m ,i3 ,,autumn ,g>d5 ,"w #ed ,lessons on a ,g>d5 ,plant--,pansy #ee ,obs]vation ,ex]cises on ! ,d&elion #eg ,correlation ) lit]ature & read+ #ei ,dw>f ,na/urtium #ei ,se$s #fj ,field ex]cise2 class-room lesson bas$ on ! collection #fj ,se$ ,disp]sal #fa ,lesson on se$s t fly2 correlations #fb ,twigs & ,buds #fb ,lesson on ,twigs #fb ,fur!r /udy ( twigs2 review lesson #fc ,lesson on ,buds #fe ,review lesson2 correlations #fe ,leaves #ff ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson on leaves #ff ,g>d5 ,/udies #fh ,/udies 9 ! ,pupil's individual ,plot #fh ,/udies f ! ,g>d5 z a ,:ole #fi ,bulb ,plant+ #fi ,lesson on ,bulbs & ,bulb ,plant+ #fi ,plant+ ! bulb #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,=m ,i3 ,,w9t] ,pet ,animals #gb ,! ,rabbit--,lesson on2 correlations #gb ,! ,dome/ic ,cat--detail$ /udy #ge ,! ,pigeon--detail$ /udy #gf ,w9t]-bloom+ ,plants--,obs]vation & c>e ( #gh ,trees #gi ,p9es ( ! ,locality #gi ,! ,:ite ,p9e #gi ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson #gi ,! ,elm--field ex]cise #hb ,dome/ic ,animals #hc ,! ,horse2 correlations #hc ,dome/ic ,birds #he ,! ,duck--class-room lesson #he ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,=m ,i3 ,,spr+ ,g>d5 ,"w #hg ,g>d5 ,/udies--w9d[ g>d5 #hh ,wild ,fl[]s #ij ,recognition ( ,wild ,fl[]s #ia ,lesson 9 ,outl9e--,bloodroot2 correlations #ia ,insect ,/udy #ic ,cecropia1 or ,emp]or-mo? #ic ,dragon-fly #id ,o!r ,conspicu\s ,insects #ie ,birds #ie ,! ,rob9 #if ,field ex]cises2 ! ne/1 eggs1 & "y #if ,! ,song-sp>r[ #ig ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson #ig ,! ,%eep #ii ,problems = ,field ,"w #ii ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,=m ,,ii3 ,,autumn ,bulb ,plant+ ,out-(-,doors #aja ,b$ = gr[+ bulbs2 plant+ ( bulbs indoors #aja ,g>d5 ,"w #ajc ,se$ selection2 /or+ se$s2 h>ve/+ & /or+ ( g>d5 crops2 class-room lesson2 autumn cultivation #ajc ,g>d5 ,/udies #ajf ,g>d5 ,records2 correlations #ajg ,climb+ ,plants #ajh ,trees #aji ,/or+ ( ,tree ,se$s #aaj ,a ,fl[] #aaj ,type--,na/urtium #aaj ,soil ,/udies #aab ,k9ds ( ,soil #aab ,animal ,/udies #aac ,bird ,migration2 correlations #aac ,common ,wild ,animals #aad ,g5]al me?od = field "w #aad ,! ,wood-*uck #aaf ,! ,*ipmunk--field ex]cises #aag ,! ,ea/]n ,swall[-tail ,butt]fly #aah ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,=m ,,ii3 ,,w9t] ,c>e ( ,plants 9 ! ,home #abj ,trees #aba ,collection ( ,wood ,specim5s #abb ,relat$ ,read+ #abb ,! ,dog #abc ,class-room lesson2 obs]vation ex]cises2 correlations #abc ,lessons ,involv+ ,comp>ison #abe ,cat & dog2 exp]im5ts = assi/+ 9 ! /udy ( ! cat2 comp>ison ( ! horse & c[ #abf ,! ,squirrel #abi ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson #abi ,w9t] ,birds #acj ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson2 correlations #acj ,animals ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s #acb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,=m ,,ii3 ,,spr+ ,g>d5 ,"w #acc ,combat+ ,g>d5 ,pe/s #acd ,cutworms2 root-maggots2 flea-beetles #acd ,se$ ,g]m9ation #ace ,plants = ,individual ,plots #acg ,/udies ,bas$ on ,obs]vations ( ,gr[+ ,plants #acg ,plant+ & c>e ( sweet-peas #ach ,wild ,fl[]s #aci ,we$s #adj ,! ,apple ,tree #ada ,field ex]cise2 class-room lesson2 field ex]cise foll[+ class-room lesson #ada ,bird ,/udy #adc ,! ,toad #adc ,field ex]cises2 class-room lesson2 detail$ /udy2 life hi/ory ( ! toad #adc ,! ,e>?worm #adg ,class-room lesson2 ref]5ces #adh ,! ,aqu>ium #adi ,aqu>ium ,specim5s #aej ,mosquito2 /udy ( adult =m2 ! developm5t2 ref]5ces #aej ,caddice-fly #aeb ,insects ,suitable = ,lessons 9 ,=m ,,ii #aec ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,autumn ,g>d5 ,"w #aed ,treatm5t ( ,fungi #aed ,treatm5t ( ,insects--cabbage-worm #aef ,plants #aeh ,annuals1 ,bi5nials1 & ,p]5nials #aeh ,class-room lesson #aeh ,g>d5 ,/udies #aei ,annuals1 bi5nials1 p]5nials #aei ,special ,/udy ( ,g>d5 ,plants #afj ,sweet-pea2 pumpk92 corn2 correlations #afj ,se$ ,disp]sal--,lesson #afd ,detail$ ,/udy ( ,se$ ,disp]sal--class-room lesson #afe ,se$ collections2 man z a disp]s] ( se$s #aff ,! ,sug> ,maple--field ex]cises #afh ,maple ,leaves--class-room lesson2 correlations #afi ,we$ ,/udies #agj ,obs]vation lesson on we$ se$s #aga ,gras%opp]--field ex]cises2 class-room lesson #agb ,aphides #agd ,tomato ,worm--! adult2 ! *rysalis #age ,! ,cr[2 correlations #agg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,w9t] ,c>e ( ,plants 9 ! ,home #agh ,plant ,cutt+s #agi ,selection ( cutt+s2 pott+ ( root$ cutt+s #agi ,ev]gre5s--class-room lesson #aha ,collection ( ,wood ,specim5s #ahb ,relat$ ,read+ #ahc ,h[ ,animals ,prep>e = ,w9t] #ahc ,summ>y ( ,lessons2 correlations #ahd ,*ick5s #ahe ,conv]sation lesson2 ari?metic lesson2 c>e & food ( *ick5s #ahe ,physical ,sci5ce ,phase ( ,nature ,/udy #ahh ,solids1 ,liquids1 & ,gases #ahh ,*ange ( ,/ate #ahi ,expansion ( ,solids #ahi ,practical applications2 que/ions = fur!r inve/igation #aij ,expansion ( ,liquids--applications #aib ,! ,!rmomet] #aic ,expansion ( ,air #aid ,s\rces ( ,heat & ,light #aid ,notes = a ,s]ies ( ,lessons #aid ,conduction--problems #aif ,convection--problems1 convection 9 gases2 applications #aih ,radiation ( ,heat--problems #aii ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,spr+ ,w9d[ ,boxes #bja ,w9d[ ,g>d5s #bja ,suitable ,plants2 ,f]tiliz] #bjb ,soil ,/udies--con/itu5ts #bjc ,g>d5 ,"w #bjf ,tree ,se$s #bjg ,transplant+--fl[]s1 vegetables1 tree se$l+s #bjh ,budd+ #bji ,cutt+s--leaf cutt+s1 root cutt+s1 lay]+ #baa ,plant+ & ,c>e ( ,h]bace\s ,p]5nials #bab ,g>d5 ,/udies--bi5nials #bab ,wild ,fl[]s #bac ,/udy ( ! ,trillium #bac ,class-room lesson on ! specim5s #bac ,adaptations ( ,animals #bae ,bird ,types #bag ,woodpeck]s--! d[ny woodpeck]2 obs]vations #bag ,flycat*]s #bai ,wr5s #bai ,insect ,types #bbj ,cabbage-butt]fly #bbj ,tussock-mo? #bba ,potato beetle #bbb ,ref]5ces #bbb ,fi%--,obs]vations2 problems2 ref]5ces #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,autumn ,g>d5 ,"w #bbe ,h]bace\s ,p]5nials f ,se$ #bbf ,trees--,decidu\s2 ref]5ces #bbg ,trees 9 ,relation to _! ,environm5t #bbh ,fruits--,excursion to a well-kept or*>d #bbi ,small ,fruits #bcj ,autumn ,wild ,fl[]s--,milkwe$2 correlations #bcj ,trees--,! ,:ite ,p9e #bcb ,outl9e ( a class-room lesson on ! :ite p9e2 correlations2 ref]5ces #bce ,apples--,comp>ative ,lesson on ,w9t] ,v>ieties #bci ,k+1 ,baldw91 ,nor!rn ,spy #bci ,codl+ mo?2 ref]5ces #bdj ,"s ,common ,animal ,=ms2 ref]5ces #bdb ,c5tip$s & millip$s #bdc ,salam&]s or newts #bdc ,spid]s #bdd ,bird ,/udies #bde ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,w9t] ,=e/ ,trees #bdf ,ev]gre5s2 ,wood ,specim5s #bdf ,fruits #bdg ,we$s & ,we$ ,se$s #bdh ,physical ,sci5ce ,phase ( ,nature ,/udy #bdh ,wat] ,pressure--ex]cises #bdh ,/udy ( ,air #bdi ,! b>omet]2 ! common pump2 expansive =ce ( air2 composition ( air2 oxyg52 c>bon dioxide2 impurities ( air #bej ,solutions ( ,solids #bee ,solutions ( ,liquids #bef ,solutions ( ,gases #bef ,lime/one #bef ,c>bon #beg ,hydrog5 #beh ,magnets #beh ,electricity #bei ,/eam #bfj ,f>m tools--ma*9es2 problems #bfj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,spr+ ,me?od ( ,improv+ ,home & ,s*ool ,gr\nds #bfc ,mak+ & ,c>e ( a ,lawn2 ,ref]5ces #bfd ,soil ,/udies #bfe ,weight #bfe ,subsoils #bff ,f]tiliz]s--exp]im5ts #bfh ,soil-=m+ ,ag5ts #bfh ,till+ ! ,soil #bfi ,g>d5 ,"w--exp]im5ts 9 plots out-(-doors #bgj ,function ( ,p>ts ( ,plants #bgc ,h[ ! plant gets its food f ! soil2 g]m9ation ( "s ( ! common gra9s #bgd ,we$s #bgh ,v9es #bgi ,wild ,fl[]s #bgi ,plant+ ( ,trees1 ,%rubs1 & ,h]bace\s ,p]5nials 9 ,home & ,s*ool ,gr\nds #bhj ,%ade trees2 transplant+ #bha ,animal ,/udies #bhc ,scale ,insects #bhc ,san ,jose scale2 oy/]-%ell b>k-l\se2 cutworms2 :ite grubs #bhc ,crayfi% #bhe ,fre%wat] ,mussel #bhf ,bird ,/udy #bhg ,diff]5t ,aspects ( ,nature ,/udy #bhh ,,prefatory ,,note ,?is ,manual is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]s 9 ! hope t ! sugge/ions :i* x conta9s on lesson topics1 mat]ials1 books ( ref]5ce1 & me?ods 9 tea*+ w be f\nd helpful to all tea*]s & 9 p>ticul> to ^? :o h _h little or no in/ruction 9 ,nature ,/udy dur+ _! academic or pr(essional tra9+4 ,! fir/ ,*apt] ( ! ,manual discusses topics :i* h g5]al ref]5ce to ! subject z a :ole4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! ,manual deals m p>ticul>ly ) ! subject 9 its application to ! diff]5t ,public & ,sep>ate ,s*ool ,=ms4 ,:ile ?is division ( ! matt] into ,=ms is conv5i5t = g5]al classification1 x is n to be reg>d$ z arbitr>y4 ,mat]ials & me?ods ( pres5tation suitable = "o class ( pupils 9 a c]ta9 ,=m might1 "u diff]5t conditions1 be q unsuitable = ano!r class ( pupils 9 ! same ,=m4 ,= example1 "w :i* w\ld be suitable = a class 9 ,=m ,i made up ( pupils admitt$ to a s*ool at sev5 or eight ye>s ( age1 aft] two ye>s' tra9+ 9 a k9d]g>t5 :]e nature lessons receiv$ special att5tion1 w\ld n be suitable = a ,=m ,i class made up ( pupils admitt$ to a s*ool at five ye>s ( age ) no su* previ\s tra9+4 ,9 select+ "w = any class ! tea*]1 !re=e1 %\ld n be guid$ solely by ! arbitr>y divisions ( ! ,manual1 b %\ld ex]cise 8 own judgm5t1 tak+ into acc\nt 8 environm5t & ! atta9m5ts ( 8 pupils4 ,to facilitate su* a selection1 page ref]5ces are giv5 9 ! details ( ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy1 :i* 9 reality =ms a detail$ expansion ( ! ,public & ,sep>ate ,s*ool ,c\rse 9 ,nature ,/udy4 ,by means ( ^! ref]5ces1 ! tea*] may f9d1 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! subject1 typical matt] suit$ to ! developm5t ( 8 pupils4 ,! num]\s type lessons t are conta9$ 9 ! ,manual are int5d$ to sugge/ pr9ciples ( me?od t are to be appli$ 9 lessons ^u ! same & simil> topics1 b ! tea*] is caution$ aga9/ attempt+ to imitate ^! lessons4 ,?is error c be avoid$ by ! tea*]'s c>eful prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,?is prep>ation %\ld include ! c>eful /udy ( ! concrete mat]ials t are to be us$4 ,! books1 bullet9s1 etc41 t are nam$ 9 ! ,manual z ref]5ces w be f\nd helpful4 ,to facilitate tea*+ ?r\gh ! exp]im5tal & inve/igation me?ods1 special att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! improvis+ ( simple app>atus f mat]ials )9 ! rea* ( e tea*]4 ,f ! "* ( ! subject ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy mu/ be m or less ela/ic1 & ! topics detail$ 9 ! programme are int5d$ to be sugge/ive r ?an prescriptive4 ,x may be t1 ow+ to local conditions1 topics n nam$ are among ! be/ t c be us$1 b all sub/itutions & *anges %\ld be made a subject ( consultation ) ! ,inspector4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject mu/ always be suit$ to ! age & exp]i5ce ( ! pupils1 to ! seasons ( ! ye>1 accessibility ( mat]ials1 etc4 ,notes %\ld n be dictat$ by ! tea*]4 ,m]e in=mation1 :e!r f book1 writt5 note1 or tea*]1 is n ,nature ,/udy4 ,! acquisition ( k mu/ be made second>y to awak5+ & ma9ta9+ ! pupil's int]e/ 9 nature & to tra9+ him to habits ( obs]vation & inve/igation4 ,z a guide to ! m9imum ( "w requir$1 x is sugge/$ t at lea/ "o lesson be taught f ! subjects outl9$ "u ea* g5]al head+ 9 ! detail$ ,c\rse ( ,/udy1 ) a m9imum av]age ( ?ree lessons f ! subjects "u ea* g5]al head+4 ,,public ,,& ,,sep>ate ,,s*ool ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,details ,,=m ,i ,,autumn ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,/udies3 ,division ( ! g>d5 plots1 removal ( we$s & obs]vations on ^! we$s1 id5tification ( g>d5 plants1 obs]vation lessons bas$ on g>d5 plants1 selection ( se$s1 h>ve/+ & dispos+ ( ! crop4 7,see pp4 #ed-i47 ,,/udy ,,( ,,plants3 ,class lessons bas$ on a fl[]+ g>d5 plant1 z pansy1 a/]1 na/urtium2 /udy ( a field plant1 z butt]cup1 gold5rod1 d&elion4 7,see pp4 #ee-i47 ,pott$ & g>d5 plants3 ,obs]vation lesson bas$ on a bulb2 plant+ bulbs 9 pots1 or 9 ! g>d54 7,see pp4 #fi-ga47 ,,birds ,,& ,,conspicu\s ,,insects3 ,id5tification ( a few common birds1 z rob91 ,engli% sp>r[1 mead[-l>k2 obs]vation lessons on ! habits ( ^! birds2 collection ( ! adult =ms1 ! l>vae & ! cocoons ( a few common mo?s & butt]flies1 z emp]or-mo?1 promo!a mo?1 ea/]n swall[-tail butt]fly4 7,see pp4 #cj-i & #ic-h47 ,,common ,,trees3 ,id5tification ( a few common trees1 z :ite p9e1 elm1 maple2 obs]vations on ! g5]al %ape1 bran*es1 leaves1 & b>k ( ^! trees4 7,see pp4 #fb-g & #gi-hb47 ,,w9t] ,,f>m ,,animals1 ,,includ+ ,,f[ls3 ,habits & *>act]i/ics ( a few dome/ic animals1 z horse1 c[1 %eep1 h51 duck2 ! uses ( ^! animals1 & h[ to take c>e ( !m4 7,see pp4 #hc-f47 ,,pet ,,animals3 ,obs]vations on ! habits1 movem5ts1 & *>act]i/ics ( pet animals1 z cat1 pigeon1 bantam1 rabbit1 etc42 conv]sations ab\t ! natural homes & habits ( ^! animals1 & inf]5ces ^u _! c>e4 7,see pp4 #gb-g47 ,,common ,,trees3 ,obs]vations on ! bran*+ ( common trees4 7,see pp4 #gi-hb47 ,,spr+ ,,g>d5 ,,"w3 ,prep>ation1 plant+1 & c>e ( ! g>d5 plot2 obs]vations on ! gr[+ plants4 7,see pp4 #hg-ij47 ,,fl[]s3 ,id5tification & /udy ( a few spr+ fl[]s1 z trillium1 bloodroot1 hepatica1 spr+-beauty4 7,see pp4 #ij-b47 ,,birds ,,& ,,insects3 ,id5tification & /udy ( ! habits ( a few common birds1 z song-sp>r[1 blue-bird1 wr52 obs]vations ( ! =m & habits ( a few common insects1 z h\se-fly1 dragon-fly4 7,see pp4 #cj-c & #ic-i47 ,,common ,,trees3 ,obs]vations on ! op5+ buds ( ! trees :i* 7 /udi$ 9 ! ,autumn4 7,see p4 #fe47 ,,=m ,,ii ,,autumn ,,birds ,,& ,,insects3 ,autumn migration ( birds2 id5tification & obs]vations on ! habits & movem5ts ( a few common insects1 includ+ _! l>val =ms1 z gras%opp]1 ea/]n swall[-tail butt]fly4 7,see pp4 #aac-d & #aah-i47 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,f>m1 ,,field1 ,,& ,,wood3 ,obs]vations on ! homes & habits ( wild animals1 z frog1 toad1 squirrel1 gr\nd-hog2 habits & /ructures1 includ+ adaptive features1 ( dome/ic animals1 z dog1 cat1 horse1 c[4 7,see pp4 #hc & #abc-cj47 ,,trees ,,( ,,! ,,f>m1 ,,roadside1 ,,wood1 ,,& ,,or*>d3 ,obs]vations on ! %apes1 sizes1 rate ( gr[?1 & usefulness ( common or*>d1 %ade1 & =e/ trees1 z apple1 elm1 horse-*e/nut4 7,see pp4 #aji-aj47 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,we$s3 ,id5tification & /udy ( a few common we$s1 not+ _! means ( p]si/5ce & disp]sal4 7,see pp4 #aci-dj47 ,,c>e ,,( ,,pott$ ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,plants3 ,prep>ation ( pots & g>d5 b$s = bulbs2 select+ & /or+ g>d5 se$s2 obs]vations on ! habits ( climb+ plants1 & application ( ! k ga9$ to ! c>e requir$ = ^! plants4 7,see pp4 #aja-i & #abj47 ,,w9t] ,,birds3 ,id5tification ( w9t] birds & /udy ( _! means ( protection & ( obta9+ food4 7,see pp4 #acj-b47 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,f>m3 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! horse & c[1 ( ! dog & cat1 & ( ! duck & h54 7,see pp4 #abc-h47 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,p>k ,,& ,,zoological ,,g>d53 ,obs]vations on ! g5]al /ructural features1 not+ ! natural adaptations ( su* animals z be>1 lion1 de]1 tig]1 etc4 7,see p4 #acb47 ,,trees3 ,w9t] /udy ( trees1 not+ buds1 bran*es1 & foliage ( spruce1 c$>1 horse-*e/nut1 etc4 7,see pp4 #aba-c47 ,,spr+ ,,birds ,,& ,,insects3 ,obs]vations on ! /ructure1 adaptations & developm5t ( insect l>vae kept 9 an aqu>ium1 z l>va ( mosquito1 dragon-fly1 caddice-fly2 spr+ migration ( birds4 7,see pp4 #adi-aec47 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,field ,,& ,,woods3 ,obs]vations on ! =ms1 homes1 habits1 & foods ( wild animals1 cont9u$4 7,see pp4 #aad-h1 #adc-i47 ,,or*>d ,,trees3 ,! buds & blossoms ( apple1 & *]ry or plum1 obs]v$ ?r\gh ! /ages up to fruit =mation4 7,see pp4 #ada-c47 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,se$s3 ,g]m9ation ( se$s & g5]al obs]vations on ! /ages ( developm5t2 te/+ ! conditions requir$ = se$ g]m9ation2 introductory ex]cises 9 soil /udy z a prep>ation = se$ plant+4 7,see pp4 #acc-h & #aab-c47 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,we$s3 ,field & class-room /udy ( m>% m>igold1 ,jack-9-!-pulpit1 violet1 etc4 7,see pp4 #aci-dj47 ,,=m ,,iii ,,autumn ,,birds ,,& ,,insects3 ,obs]vations on ! habits & ! ravages ( common noxi\s insects1 z cabbage-worm1 gras%opp]1 tussock-mo?1 etc42 discussion ( means ( *eck+ ^! insects4 7,see pp4 #aef-g & #agb-g47 ,,f>m ,,& ,,wild ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,locality3 ,field /udy & class-room lessons on ! habits & /ructure1 includ+ adaptive features1 ( common animals1 z musk-rat1 fox1 fi%1 %eep4 7,see pp4 #ii & #ahc-e47 ,,g>d5 ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,plots3 ,h>ve/+ ( g>d5 & field crops2 prep>ation ( cutt+s f g]aniums1 begonia1 currant1 etc42 id5tification ( g>d5 plants2 se$ disp]sal4 7,see pp4 #aed1 #agi-hj1 & #afd-h47 ,,/udy ,,( ,,common ,,fl[]s1 ,,trees1 ,,& ,,fruits3 ,*>act]i/ics ( annuals1 bi5nials1 & p]5nials2 life hi/ories ( common plants1 z sweet-pea1 ,indian corn1 etc4 7,see pp4 #aeh-fd & #afh-gj47 ,,/udy ,,( ,,we$s ,,& ,,_! ,,eradication3 ,id5tification ( ! common noxi\s we$s ( ! locality2 collection1 description1 & id5tification ( we$ se$s2 cause ( ! preval5ce ( ! we$s /udi$1 & means ( *eck+ !m4 7,see pp4 #afd-h & #agj-b47 ,,w9t] ,,f>m ,,& ,,wild ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,locality3 ,habits & in/9cts ( common dome/ic animals1 z f[ls1 %eep1 & hogs2 ! economic values ( ^! animals4 7,see pp4 #ahe-h47 ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,plots3 ,! *>act]i/ics ( common h\se plants1 & c>e ( ^! plants4 7,see pp4 #agh-i47 ,,/udy ,,( ,,common ,,fl[]s1 ,,trees1 ,,& ,,fruits3 ,comp>ative /udy ( common ev]gre5s1 z balsam1 spruce1 hemlock1 etc42 collection ( wood specim5s4 7,see pp4 #aha-c47 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,natural ,,ph5om5a3 ,simple exp]im5ts to %[ ! nature ( solids1 liquids1 & gases4 7,see pp4 #ahh-i47 ,,heat ,,ph5om5a3 ,s\rce ( heat1 *anges ( volume 9 solids1 liquids1 & gases1 accompany+ *anges 9 temp]ature2 heat transmission2 ! !rmomet] & its uses4 7,see pp4 #ahi-bjj47 ,,spr+ ,,birds ,,& ,,insects3 ,field & class lessons on ! habits1 movem5ts1 & foods ( common birds1 z cr[1 woodpeck]1 k+-bird1 phoebe1 blackbird1 etc4 7,see pp4 #bag-bb47 ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,plots3 ,c>e ( g>d5 plots2 transplant+2 te/+ be/ v>ieties2 mak+ (1 & c>+ =1 w9d[ boxes2 propagation ( plants by budd+1 cutt+s1 & lay]+4 7,see pp4 #bja-c & #bjh-ac47 ,,common ,,wild ,,fl[]s3 ,field lessons on ! habitat ( common wild fl[]s2 class-room /udy ( ! plant organs includ+ floral organs2 /udy ( we$s & we$ se$s cont9u$1 also ! /udy ( g>d5 & field annuals1 bi5nials1 & p]5nials4 7,see ,autumn47 7,see pp4 #agj-b & #bab-e47 ,,soil ,,/udies ,,& ,,exp]im5ts3 ,! compon5ts ( soils1 _! orig91 prop]ties1 & especially _! wat] absorb+ & reta9+ prop]ties2 ! relation ( soils to plant gr[?2 exp]im5ts demon/rat+ ! b5efits ( mul*+ & ( dra9age4 7,see pp4 #bjc-f47 ,,=m ,,iv ,,autumn ,,injuri\s ,,& ,,b5eficial ,,insects ,,& ,,birds3 ,id5tification ( common insects & obs]vations on _! habits2 means ( combat+ su* insects1 z codl+ mo?1 etc42 bird id5tification1 & /udy ( typical memb]s ( "s common families1 z woodpeck]s1 flycat*]s2 spid]s4 7,see pp4 #bag-bb & #bdj-e47 ,,ornam5tal ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,g>d5 ,,plots3 ,obs]vations & conclusions bas$ ^u exp]im5tal plots2 common %rubs1 v9es1 & trees1 & h[ to gr[ !m4 7,see pp4 #bbe-cj & #bgi47 ,,functions ,,( ,,plant ,,organs3 ,simple exp]im5ts illu/rat+ roots z organs ( absorption1 /ems z organs ( transmission1 & leaves z organs ( respiration1 transpiration1 & food build+4 7,see pp4 #bgc-h47 ,,economic ,,/udy ,,( ,,plants3 ,comp>ative /udy ( v>ieties ( w9t] apples1 ( fall apples1 or ( o!r fruits ( ! locality2 visits to or*>ds2 we$ /udies cont9u$4 7,see ,=m ,,iii47 7,see pp4 #bbi-cj & #bci-dj47 ,,relation ,,( ,,soil ,,& ,,soil ,,tillage ,,to ,,f>m ,,crops3 ,soil-=m+ ag5ts1 z runn+ wat]1 ice1 fro/1 heat1 w9d1 plants1 & animals1 & inf]5ces z to me?ods ( tillage4 7,see pp4 #bfh-gj47 ,,w9t] ,,air ,,& ,,liquid ,,pressure3 ,simple illu/rations ( ! buoyancy ( liquids & ( air2 simple te/s to demon/rate t air fills space & ex]ts pressure2 ! application ( air pressure 9 ! b>omet]1 ! common pump1 ! bicycle tire1 etc4 7,see pp4 #bdh-eb47 ,,oxyg5 ,,& ,,c>bon ,,dioxide3 ,g5]ate ea* ( ^! gases & te/ = prop]ties1 z col\r1 od\r1 combu/ion1 action ) lime-wat]2 ! place occupi$ by ^! gases 9 nature4 7,see pp4 #beb-e47 ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,heat1 ,,/eam1 ,,& ,,electricity3 ,mak+ a simple voltaic cell1 an electro-magnet1 & a simple electroscope4 ,te/ ! curr5t by means ( ! two latt] & also ) an electric bell4 ,expla9 ! application ( ! above 9 ! electric telegraph & motor4 ,simple demon/ration ( pressure ( /eam2 hi/ory & uses ( ! /eam-eng9e4 7,see pp4 #bei-fj47 ,,spr+ ,,injuri\s ,,& ,,b5eficial ,,insects ,,& ,,birds3 ,id5tification ( noxi\s insects & obs]vations !reon2 /udy ( repres5tatives ( common families ( birds1 z ?ru%es1 w>bl]s1 sp>r[s2 economic values ( birds4 7,see pp4 #bhc-e & #bhf-g47 ,,aquatic ,,animals3 ,obs]vation ex]cises ^u ! habits1 movem5ts1 & /ructures1 includ+ adaptive features ( aquatic animals1 z crayfi%1 mussel1 tadpole1 etc4 7,see pp4 #bhe-f47 ,,ornam5tal ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,g>d5 ,,plots3 ,exp]im5tal plots demon/rat+ ! b5efits ( se$ selection2 ornam5tal plots ( fl[]+ p]5nials & bulb\s plants2 h[ to improve ! s*ool gr\nds & ! home lawns4 7,see pp4 #bgj-c & #bfc-e47 ,,tree ,,/udies3 ,comp>ison ( ! values ( ! common v>ieties ( %ade trees1 h[ to plant & h[ to take c>e ( %ade trees4 7,see pp4 #bhj-b47 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,plant ,,organs3 ,exam9ation ( ! organs ( common fl[]s2 use ( root1 fl[] organs1 fruit1 & se$4 7,see pp4 #bgc-h47 ,,economic ,,/udy ,,( ,,plants3 ,plants ( ! lawn & g>d52 we$ /udies4 7,see pp4 #bfc-e1 #bgj-c1 & #bgh-i47 ,,relation ,,( ,,soil ,,& ,,soil ,,tillage ,,to ,,f>m ,,crops3 ,/udy ( subsoils2 capill>ity 9 soils2 b5efits ( crop rotations & mul*+2 exp]im5ts 9 f]tiliz+1 mul*+1 dep? ( plant+1 & clos5ess ( plant+4 7,see pp4 #bfe-g47 ,,nature ,,/udy ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,aims ,,( ,,nature ,,/udy ,nature ,/udy means prim>ily ! /udy ( natural ?+s & pref]ably ( liv+ ?+s4 ,l all o!r subjects1 x mu/ ju/ify its position on ! s*ool curriculum by prov+ its p[] to equip ! pupil = ! responsibilities ( citiz5%ip4 ,t citiz5 is be/ prep>$ = life :o lives 9 mo/ sympa!tic & intellig5t relation to 8 environm5t1 & x is ! prim>y aim ( ,nature ,/udy to ma9ta9 ! bond ( int]e/ :i* unites ! *ild's life to ! objects & ph5om5a :i* surr\nd him4 ,to ?is end x is necess>y to adapt ! tea*+1 9 matt] & me?od1 to ! conditions ( ! *ild's life1 t he may le>n to und]/& ! secrets ( nature & be ! bett] able to control & utilize ! =ces ( 8 natural environm5t4 ,at all times1 ! tea*] mu/ keep 9 m9d ! fact t x is n ! quantity ( matt] taught b ! int]e/ ar\s$ & ! _s ( inve/igation fo/]$1 toge!r ) c>efulness & ?or\ghness1 :i* are ! important ends to be s\ght4 ,) a m9d tra9$ to exp]im5t & /imulat$ by a glimpse into nature's secrets1 ! work] f9ds 9 8 lab\r a sci5tific int]e/ t lifts x above drudg]y1 :ile1 f a full] und]/&+ ( ! =ces :i* he mu/ combat or ) :i* he mu/ co-op]ate1 he reaps bett] rew>ds = 8 lab\rs4 ,! claims ( ,nature ,/udy to an educative value are bas$ n ^u a desire to displace conv5tional education1 b to supplem5t x1 & to lay a f\ndation = subsequ5t read+4 ,con/ant ex]cise ( ! s5ses /r5g!ns ^! s\rces ( in=mation & develops al]tness1 & at ! same "t ! *ild is kept on famili> gr\nd--! _w ( realities4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ,nature ,/udy is frequ5tly def9$ z ,! ,natural ,me?od ( ,/udy4 ,indep5d5t obs]vation & inf]5ce %\ld be enc\rag$ to ! fulle/ degree1 = "o ( ! mo/ important1 ?\gh "o ( ! r>] accompli%m5ts ( ! mod]n intellect1 is to ?9k indep5d5tly & to avoid ! easi] mode ( accept+ ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,read+ f nature books1 ! /udy ( pictures1 & o!r su* matt]1 is n ,nature ,/udy4 ,^! may supplem5t ,nature ,/udy1 b mu/ n displace ! actual vitaliz+ contact betwe5 ! *ild & natural objects & =ces4 ,x is ?is contact :i* is at ! basis ( cle>1 def9ite k2 & cle>ness ( ?\ght & a feel+ ( at-hom5ess ) ! subject is conducive to cle>ness & fre$om ( expression4 ,! ,nature ,/udy lesson %\ld !re=e be us$ z a basis = language lessons4 ,und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ important educative values t c be claim$ = ,nature ,/udy is its influ5ce 9 tra9+ ! pupil to appreciate natural objects & ph5om5a4 ,?is implies ! wid5+ & enri*+ ( human int]e/s ?r\gh nurtur+ ! innate t5d5cy ( ! *ild to love ! fields & woods & birds2 ! *eck+ ( ! selfi% & de/ructive impulses by lead+ him to see ! usefulness ( ea* creature1 ! h>mony ( its relation to its environm5t1 & ! significance ( its e "p4 ,nor is x a mi/ake to cultivate ! m s5tim5tal love ( nature :i* belongs to ! arti/ & ! poet4 ,john ,rusk9 emphasizes ?is value 9 ^! words3 ,all o!r ef=ts are futile unless y h taught ! *ildr5 to love trees & birds & fl[]s4 ,,g5]al ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,nature ,,/udy ,,concrete ,,mat]ial ,x is evid5t t concrete mat]ial mu/ be provid$ & s di/ribut$ t ea* memb] ( ! class w h a direct opportunity to ex]cise 8 s5ses1 &1 f 8 obs]vations1 to d$uce inf]5ces & =m judgm5ts4 ,! objects *os5 %\ld be ma9ly f ! common ?+s ( ! locality4 ,! tea*] %\ld be guid$ 9 ! selection by ! int]e/s ( ! pupils1 fir/ f9d+ out f !m ! ?+s ^u :i* !y are exp5d+ _! wond] & inquiry4 ,trees1 field crops1 fl[]s1 birds1 animals ( ! p>ks1 woods1 or f>my>d1 all =m suitable subjects = /udy4 ,,topics ,,& ,,mat]ial ,,mu/ ,,suit ,,! ,,season ,! mat]ial %\ld be select$ n only ) ref]5ce to locality b also ) due reg>d to season4 ,= example1 bett] ,nature ,/udy lessons c be taught on ! elm tree ( ! s*ool gr\nds ?an on ! giant ,d\glas fir ( ,briti% ,columbia2 & on ! oriole ^: ne/ is 9 ! elm tree ?an on ! eagle portray$ 9 ,rob]ts' animal /ories2 & x is manife/ly unwise to tea* lessons on sn[ 9 summ]1 or on fl[]s & ants 9 w9t]4 ,,matt] ,,mu/ ,,be ,,suit$ ,,to ,,! ,,*ild ,= ! urban pupil ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial mu/ be diff]5t f t 9 ! case ( ! pupil ( ! rural s*ool4 ,rural s*ool pupils h already =m$ an ext5sive acqua9tance ) _m plants & animals :i* are entirely unkn[n to ! *ildr5 ( ! city4 ,! simpl] facts :i* are int]e/+ & in/ructive to ! pupils ( ! urban classes w\ld prove commonplace & trivial to rural pupils4 ,= example1 :ile x is necess>y to %[ ! city *ild a squirrel t he may le>n ! size1 col\r1 & g5]al appe>ance ( ! animal1 ! ef=ts ( ! pupil ( ! rural s*ool %\ld be direct$ to ! discov]y ( ! less evid5t facts ( squirrel life4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,commonplace ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t besides lead+ ! pupils to discov] new s\rces ( int]e/1 ! tea*] %\ld /rive to accompli% t :i* is ev5 great]1 namely1 to lead !m to discov] new tru? & new beauty 9 old1 famili> objects4 ,x may be true t famili>ity bre$s contempt & !re is always a dang] t ! objects ) :i* *ildr5 h associat$ 9 e>ly life may be pass$ by z un9t]e/+ :ile !y g 9 se>* ( some?+ new & int]e/+4 ,= example1 to be able to recognize _m plants & to call !m by "n is no d\bt some?+ ( an accompli%m5t1 b x %\ld n be ! *ief aim ( ! tea*] 9 conduct+ ,nature ,/udy lessons on plants4 ,x is ( mu* great] importance t ! *ild %\ld be l$ to love ! fl[]s & to appreciate _! beauty & _! utility4 ,su* appreciation w result 9 ! desire to protect & to produce f9e fl[]s & useful plants1 & ?is end c be rea*$ only ?r\gh intellig5t acqua9tance%ip4 ,!re c be no true appreciation )\t k1 & ?is ! *ild gets *iefly by p]sonal obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! wild fl[]s ( ! woods & fields1 ! me?od employ$ is t ( cont9u\s obs]vation4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson ,ea* animal or plant %\ld be /udi$ z a liv+1 active organism4 ,! att5tion ( ! pupils %\ld be focus$ ^u activities2 = ^! appeal to ! *ild nature & af=d ! be/ means = secur+ int]e/ & att5tion4 ,:at does ?is animal d8 ,h[ does x d x8 ,h[ is x fitt$ = do+ ?is8 ,h[ does ?is plant gr[8 ,:at fits x = gr[+ 9 ?is way8 ,^! are que/ions :i* %\ld ex]cise ! m9d ( ! *ild4 ,!y are que/ions natural 9 ! _s ( inquiry 9 *ild nature & give vitality to nature tea*+4 ,!y are an effective means ( e/abli%+ a bond ( sympa?y betwe5 ! *ild & nature4 ,! *ild :o takes c>e ( a plant or animal because x is 8 own1 does s at fir/ f a purely p]sonal motive1 :i* is p]fectly natural to *ildhood2 b :ile he /udies its ne$s & obs]ves its movem5ts & *anges1 gradually & unconsci\sly ?is int]e/ w be transf]r$ to ! plant or animal = its own sake4 ,! nature ( ! *ild is ?us broad5$ dur+ ! process4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,9 /udy+ ! mat]ial provid$1 :e!r x be 9 ! class-room1 or dur+ a nature excursion1 or by obs]vations made 9 ! f>my>d at home1 ! tea*] mu/ guide ! ef=ts ( ! pupils by assign+ to !m def9ite & suitable problems4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to rea* ! happy mean ( giv+ specific directions )\t depriv+ ! pupils ( ! pleasure ( mak+ orig9al discov]y4 ,= example1 in/ead ( ask+ !m to /udy ! foot ( ! horse & le>n all !y c ab\t x1 m specific problems %\ld be assign$1 su* z3 ,obs]ve h[ ! ho( is plac$ on ! gr\nd 9 walk+4 ,:at are ! arrangem5ts = less5+ ! %ock :5 ! ho( /rikes ! gr\nd8 ,exam9e ! "u surface ( ! ho( & discov] :at prev5ts ! un%od horse f slipp+4 ,,note-,,books ,,& ,,records ,9 ,grades high] ?an ,=m ,i1 writt5 ex]cises %\ld be requir$ & also sket*es repres5t+ ! objects /udi$4 ,= ?is purpose a ,nature ,/udy note-book is necess>y--a loose-leaf note-book be+ pref]able because ( necess>y corrections1 re>rangem5ts1 additions1 or omissions4 ,9 all records & reports1 indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & ( expression %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,! draw+ & ! oral or writt5 description %\ld express :at is actually obs]v$1 n :at ! book or "s memb] ( ! class says has be51 or %\ld be1 obs]v$4 ,! descriptions %\ld be 9 ! pupil's own words1 because ^! are mo/ 9 keep+ ) 8 own ideas on ! subject4 ,m correct =ms ( expression may be obta9$ :5 notes are tak5 f ! tea*]'s dictation1 b ?is is fatal to ! developm5t ( orig9ality4 ,! disp>ity ( ! results 9 individual "w gives opportunity = impress+ ^u ! pupil1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! necessity = m accurate obs]vation &1 secondly1 ! impossibility ( rea*+ a correct g5]al conclusion )\t hav+ /udi$ a l>ge numb] ( examples4 ,! developm5t ( critical & judici\s m9ds1 :i* may result f c>efully obs]v+ _m examples & g5]aliz+ f ^! obs]vations1 is va/ly m important ?an ! memoriz+ ( _m facts4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,g>d5 ,9 ! /udy ( g>d5 plants !re is add$ a c]ta9 new int]e/ aris+ out ( exp]im5tation1 cultivation1 & own]%ip4 ,! love ( ! g>d5] has 9 x elem5ts t ! love ( ! naturali/ does n usually possess--a sort ( pat]nal love & c>e = ! plants produc$ 9 8 g>d52 b e g>d5] %\ld be a naturali/ z well4 ,mo/ p h a high] appreciation = t :i* !y own & :i* !y h produc$ or acquir$ at "s exp5se or p]sonal sacrifice2 !re=e x is t ! gr[+ ( plants 9 home & s*ool g>d5s or 9 pots & w9d[ boxes is s /rongly advocat$ ?r\gh\t ?is ,c\rse4 ,own]%ip always implies responsibility1 :i* is at once ! *ief safegu>d ( society & ! f\ndation ( citiz5%ip4 ,a c>eless boy w nev] respect ! prop]ty ( o!rs s mu* z :5 he himself has propriet>y int]e/s involv$4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t e tea*] %\ld enc\rage 8 pupils to cultivate plants &1 if possible1 to own a plot ( gr\nd h[ev] small4 ,! tea*] %\ld n m]ely aim at mak+ a g>d5 9 ! s*ool gr\nds4 ,! great "q is r h[ be/ to use a s*ool g>d5 9 connection ) ! tra9+ ( boys & girls4 ,to le>n to d g>d5 "w well is inde$ wor? :ile & provides a highly b5eficial k9d ( manual tra9+4 ,to und]/& some?+ ( soils & me?ods ( cultivation1 ( f]tiliz]s & dra9age1 ! be/ k9ds ( fl[]s1 vegetables1 fruits1 & f>m crops1 & h[ to gr[ !m successfully1 is v important 9 su* a great agricultural c\ntry z ?is2 b ! greate/ ( all results :i* we may hope to realize 9 connection ) s*ool g>d5+ is ! ennobl+ ( life & "*4 ,! pupils are taught to obs]ve ! gr[+ plants ) great c>e1 not+ developm5ts day by day4 ,?is adds to _! appreciation ( ! beauties & adaptations f\nd among plants on e side1 & _c fail to produce good results 9 moral z well z 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,! tea*]s mu/ always rememb] t ! g>d5]s ) :om !y are work+ are m important ?an ! g>d5s :i* !y cultivate4 ,! be/ g>d5 is n always ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborate "o4 ,x is r ! g>d5 t bo? tea*] & pupils h be5 mo/ deeply int]e/$ 94 ,x is ! g>d5 9 :i* !y h exp]i5c$ mo/ pleasure & pr(it t makes !m want to h ano!r bett] ?an ! la/4 ,no s*ool is too small to h a g>d5 ( "s k9d1 & no g>d5 is too small to become ! joy & pride ( "s boy or girl4 ,,sugge/ions ,= ! b5efit ( tea*]s beg9n+ _! duties on ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 9 s*ool sections :]e s*ool g>d5+ has nev] be5 c>ri$ on1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions are (f]$3 #a4 ,see if ! gr\nds w p]mit ( a "p be+ us$ = a g>d54 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 note ! size ( ! pres5t gr\nds & see if !y meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t z laid d[n 9 ! ,regulations4 ,if !y d n1 consult y\r ,inspector at once & acqua9t him ) y\r plans4 ,if ! gr\nds are to be enl>g$1 try to take 9 suffici5t l& ( good quality to make a good g>d54 ,! "p *os5 = ! g>d5 %\ld be bo? conv5i5t & safe4 ,exam9e ! soil to see if x is well dra9$ & suffici5tly deep to p]mit ( good cultivation4 ,lack ( f]tility c be ov]come by good f]tiliz+4 #b4 ,see t ! f5ces & gates are 9 good repair4 ,:5 circum/ances w p]mit1 a wov5 wire f5ce t w exclude dogs1 pigs1 & p\ltry is mo/ desirable4 ,if n us$ to inclose ! :ole gr\nds1 x %\ld at lea/ inclose ! "p us$ = g>d5+4 #c4 ,beg9 mode/ly & provide room = ext5sion z ! "w progresses4 ,s[ clov] on ! "p to be held 9 res]ve = future g>d5+ op]ations4 #d4 ,if local public s5tim5t is n /rongly 9 fav\r ( s*ool g>d5+1 or is some:at adv]se1 beg9 on a small scale4 ,if ! "w is well done1 y w soon h bo? moral & f9ancial support4 #e4 ,see t ! l& is well dra9$4 ,pl\gh x e>ly 9 ! autumn &1 if a load ( well-rott$ manure is available1 spread x on ! l& be=e pl\gh+4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz] may also be us$ on ! plots ! foll[+ spr+1 b no /able manure4 #f4 ,9 spr+1 :5 dry en\gh1 cultivate ?or\ghly ) disc & drag h>r[s4 ,build up a compo/ heap 9 ! re> ( ! g>d5 ) sods & /able manure1 = use 9 ! autumn & also ! foll[+ spr+4 ,,g>d5 ,,exp5ses ,9 connection ) ^? s*ools :]e ! tea*] holds a diploma f ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college 9 ,elem5t>y ,agriculture & ,horticulture1 !re is no difficulty 9 meet+ ! exp5ses = se$s1 tools1 f]tiliz]s1 & lab\r1 z ! ,gov]nm5t grant = su* purposes is suffici5t4 ,9 o!r s*ools1 h[ev]1 :]e ! tea*] holds no su* diploma 7& su* is ! case 9 mo/ ( ! s*ools z yet71 o!r means ( meet+ ! exp5ses mu/ be resort$ to4 ,! foll[+ are (f]$ z sugge/ions along ?is l9e3 #a4 ,"p ( ! grant made to e s*ool = ! ma9ta9+ ( ! s*ool gr\nds %\ld be available = s*ool g>d5 exp5ses4 #b4 ,an occasional s*ool ent]ta9m5t may add funds t c\ld n be us$ to bett] advantage4 #c4 ,an occasional load ( /able manure suppli$ free f neighb\r+ f>ms w help to solve ! f]tiliz] problem4 #d4 ,donations ( plants & se$s by ! p>5ts & o!r int]e/$ p]sons & societies w be =?com+1 if ! tea*] is 9 e>ne/ & 8 pupils int]e/$4 #e4 ,if x is requir$1 ! tru/ees c\ld make a small grant ea* ye> t[>d ! co/ ( tools4 #f4 ,f5c+ & cultivation ( ! g>d5 c (t5 be provid$ = by volunte] assi/ance f ! m5 ( ! s*ool section4 #g4 ,x is (t5 possible to gr[ a g>d5 crop on a fairly l>ge scale1 ! s*ool be+ =m$ into a company = ?is purpose & ! proce$s to be us$ to meet g>d5 exp5ses4 #h4 ,! pupils c readily br+ ! necess>y tools f home = ! fir/ season's "w4 #i4 ,_m ,agricultural & ,horticultural societies (f] v sub/antial ca% prizes = s*ool g>d5 exhibits1 & all funds s obta9$ %\ld be us$ to improve ! g>d5 f :i* ! exhibits 7 tak54 #aj4 ,an e>ne/1 res\rceful tea*] w f9d a way ( meet+ ! necess>y exp5ses4 ,,! ,,excursion ,nature ,/udy is ess5tially an outdoor subject4 ,:ile x is true t a consid]able am\nt ( valuable "w may be done 9 ! class-room by ! aid ( aqu>ia1 insect>ia1 & w9d[ boxes1 yet ! great book ( nature lies outside ! s*ool-h\se walls4 ,! tea*] mu/ lead or direct 8 pupils to t book & help !m to read ) rev]5t _s :at is writt5 !re by its great ,au?or4 ,value4--,! s*ool excursion is valuable *iefly because x br+s ! pupil into close contact ) ! objects t he is /udy+1 p]mits him to get 8 k at fir/ h&1 & gives him an opportunity ( /udy+ ^! objects 9 _! natural environm5t4 ,incid5tally ! excursion yields outdoor ex]cise "u ! v be/ conditions--no slight advantage = city *ildr5 especially2 & x gives ! tea*] a good opportunity to /udy ! pupils f a new /&po9t4 ,x also provides a means ( ga!r+ ,nature ,/udy mat]ial4 ,difficulties4--,:]e is ! "t to be f\nd8 ,h[ c a l>ge class ( *ildr5 be manag$ 9 ! woods or fields8 ,if only "o class be tak51 h[1 9 an ungrad$ s*ool1 are ! re/ ( ! *ildr5 to be employ$8 ,w ! excursion n deg5]ate into a m]e out+8 ,:at if ! woods are miles away8 ,^! are all real problems1 & ! ,nature ,/udy tea*]1 desir\s ( do+ 8 "w well1 w h to face "s ( !m at lea/4 ,,%ort ,,excursions ,! excursion ne$ n occupy mu* "t4 ,x %\ld be well plann$ be=eh&4 ,"o object only %\ld be kept 9 view & ann\nc$ to ! class be=e />t+4 ,matt]s =eign or subord9ate to ?is %\ld be neglect$ = ! "t4 ,! foll[+ are sugge/$ z objects = excursions3 ,objects4--,a bird's ne/ 9 an adjac5t mead[2 a gr\nd-hog's hole2 a musk-rat's home2 crayfi% or clams 9 ! /ream ne> by2 a p9e 7or o!r7 tree2 a toad's day-resort2 ! soil ( a field2 ! pe/s ( a neighb\r+ or*>d2 a /one-heap or qu>ry2 ants' ne/s or e>?worms' holes2 ! we$s ( ! s*ool y>d2 buds2 ! vegetable or animal life ( a pond2 s\nds ( spr+2 tracks 9 ! sn[2 a spid]'s web4 ,su* excursions may be accompli%$ at ! exp5diture ( v little "t4 ,_m ( !m w take ! pupils no f>!r ?an ! b\nd>ies ( ! s*ool y>d4 ,( c\rse ! locality w influ5ce ! "* ( ! excursion1 z x w t ( ! :ole ( ! "w done 9 ,nature ,/udy1 b 9 any place ! ?\ghtful tea*] may f9d mat]ial = op5-air "w at 8 v door4 ,mu* outside "w c be done )\t int]f]+ ) ! regul> programme4 ,! tea*] may arrange a sy/ematic li/ ( que/ions & problems = ! pupils to solve f _! own obs]vations1 & ^! obs]vations may be made by ! pupils at play h\rs1 or :ile com+ or go+ f s*ool1 or on ,saturdays4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve z an example ( ! treatm5t t may be foll[$3 ,pe/s ( ,apple ,trees4--,look on ! twigs ( y\r apple trees = little scales4 ,br+ an infect$ bran* to s*ool4 ,note :e!r unheal?y-look+ or dead bran*es are infect$4 ,exam9e scales ) a l5s4 ,loos5 "o1 turn x ov]1 & exam9e ) a l5s ! "u side4 ,= eggs1 look closely at ! twigs 9 ,june4 ,d y see :ite specks mov+8 ,if s exam9e !m ) a l5s4 ,are !re any small1 prematurely ripe apples on ! gr\nd 9 ! or*>d8 ,cut into "o ( ^! & look = a worm4 ,look = apples ) worm holes 9 ! side4 ,are !re worms 9 ^! apples8 ,:at is 9 !m8 ,note ! dirty m>ks t ! l>va has left4 ,keep sev]al apples 9 a close box & wat* = ! worms to come out4 ,exam9e ! b>k ( apple trees = pupae 9 ! fall4 ,,frequ5cy ,,( ,,excursions ,z to ! frequ5cy ( excursions1 ! tea*] w be ! be/ judge4 ,x is desirable t !y occur naturally 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,nature ,/udy "w z ! ne$ = !m arises4 ,"o %ort trip ea* week ) a s+le object 9 view is mu* m satisfactory ?an a :ole aft]noon ea* t]m sp5t 9 aimless w&]+ ab\t ! woods4 ,,excursions ,,to ,a ,,di/ance ,long-di/ance excursions w ( necessity be infrequ5t4 ,if ! woods are f> away1 "o su* trip 9 ,may or ,june w\ld prove valuable to enable ! pupils to become acqua9t$ ) wild fl[]s1 & ano!r 9 ,octob] to ga!r tree se$s1 autumn leaves1 pupae1 & o!r mat]ial = w9t] /udy4 ,:5 a l>ge class is to be tak5 on an excursion1 prep>ations mu/ be made ) special c>e4 ,! tea*] & "o or two assi/ants %\ld g ov] ! gr\nd be=eh& & arrange = ! "w to be done4 ,"s "w mu/ be giv5 to e pupil1 & prompt ob$i5ce to e comm& & signal mu/ be requir$4 ,! class1 = example1 may decide to se>* a small wood or mead[ to f9d out :at fl[]s are !re4 ,! pupils %\ld be disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! field to hunt = specim5s & to meet at a kn[n signal to comp>e notes4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,ungrad$ ,,s*ools #a4 ,! tea*] may take all ! classes1 *oos+ an object ( /udy f :i* he c tea* lessons suitable to all ages1 a bird's ne/1 = example4 #b4 ,9 _m sections1 ! little ones are dismiss$ at #c4cj p4m4 ,opportunity is ?us giv5 = an excursion ) ! s5iors4 #c4 ,! old] pupils may be assign$ "w & left 9 *>ge ( a monitor1 elect$ by !mselves1 :o %all be responsible = _! conduct1 :ile ! tea*] is work+ outside ) ! l[] ,=ms4 #d4 ,boys :o are naturally int]e/$ 9 outdoor "w %\ld be enc\rag$ to %[ ! o!rs any?+ ( int]e/ !y may h f\nd4 #e4 ,an occasional ,saturday excursion may be arrang$4 ,discipl9e4--,! tea*] %\ld insi/ on mak+ ! excursion a s]i\s "p ( ! s*ool "w1 n m]ely recreation4 ,s*ool-room behavi\r _c be expect$1 b ! boi/]\s conduct ( ! playgr\nd %\ld give place to e>ne/ expectancy4 ,! pupils %\ld keep )9 s\nd ( ! tea*]'s voice 7a %>p :i/le may be us$7 & %\ld promptly respond to e call4 ,topics ( conv]sations %\ld z f> z possible be re/rict$ to ^? p]ta9+ to ! object ( ! excursion or relat$ matt]s4 ,9 visit+ woods1 *ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ to /udy fl[]s 9 _! environm5t & leave !m !re1 pluck+ or digg+ = none except = "s excell5t reason4 ,! same respect %\ld be %[n to birds & _! ne/s1 & to insects1 & all o!r liv+ ?+s enc\nt]$4 ,,! ,,tea*]',s ,,excursions ,z soon z possible aft] com+ to a section1 ! tea*] %\ld acqua9t himself ) ! woods1 groves1 /reams1 or o!r haunts t may provide him ) mat]ial = 8 indoor or outdoor "w4 ,he c !n direct ! pupils effectively4 ,! tea*] %\ld g ov] ! r\te ( an excursion %ortly be=e x takes place4 ,?is prev5ts wa/e ( "t 9 look+ = ! objects t he wi%es 8 pupils to see4 ,if ! tea*] wi%es to increase 8 love = nature1 he mu/ take _m walks )\t 8 pupils4 ,! s*ool g>d5 (f]s a p>tial solution ( ! difficulties m5tion$ above4 ,x br+s a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial to ! doors ( ! s*ool4 ,plants ( ! f>m or ! g>d5 may be /udi$ "u v>i\s *angeable conditions1 & x w be se5 t insect pe/s1 we$s1 & fung\s diseases foll[ ! lessons on plants1 :ile lessons on birds & toads foll[ ^? on insects4 ,) sections ( ! g>d5 devot$ to ! cultivation ( wild fl[]s1 f]ns1 & =e/ trees1 ! specially organiz$ excursion w become less ( a necessity1 al?\gh x w /ill cont9ue to be a valuable factor 9 ,nature ,/udy "w4 ,aft] an excursion is ov]1 x %\ld be discuss$ 9 class4 ,! v>i\s facts le>n$ %\ld be review$ & relat$4 ,if any pupils h made inaccurate obs]vations1 !y %\ld be requir$ to obs]ve aga9 to correct _! errors4 ,f9ally1 ! excursion may =m ! subject ( a composition4 ,a ,,type ,,excursion ,a ,bird's ,ne/4--,! *ildr5 h be5 in/ruct$ to /udy ! mead[-l>k1 beg9n+ ab\t ,m>* tw5ty-fir/4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is "w1 a ne/ is discov]$ ne> ! s*ool4 ,! tea*] is in=m$ & ! pupils are conduct$ to ! spot4 ,:at is gr[+ 9 ! field8 ,is !re a long or a %ort gr[?8 ,did ! "m bird make mu* noise z %e rose f ! ne/8 ,did ?is help to reveal its pres5ce8 ,is ! ne/ easy to see8 ,! class w halt a few paces f x & try to f9d x4 ,h[ _m eggs8 ,_! col\r8 ,note ! ar* ( grass s beautifully conceal+ ! ne/4 ,return+ to s*ool1 ! facts obs]v$ are review$4 ,! pupils may !n express !mselves by writt5 composition or by draw+s1 pa9t+s1 or modell+s ( ! ne/1 ! eggs1 or ! surr\nd+s4 ,frequ5t visits to ! ne/ %\ld n be made1 & ! pupils %\ld be w>n$ n to di/urb ! bird1 z %e may des]t ! ne/ on slight provocation4 ,a second excursion may be made1 :5 ! eggs are hat*$1 to see ! "y birds4 ,a ,wasp's ,ne/4--,a ne/ hav+ be5 discov]$1 ! pupils note h[ x is susp5d$ & h[ x is situat$ ) reg>d to concealm5t or to protection f ra91 its col\r1 ! mat]ial ( ! ne/1 & ! position ( ! entrance4 ,is ! op5+ ev] des]t$8 ,h[ _m wasps ent] & h[ _m leave ! ne/ 9 a m9ute8 ,try to foll[ "o & wat* :at he does4 ,wasps may be f\nd bit+ wood f an old bo>d f5ce4 ,?is !y *ew into pulp1 & f ?is pulp _! pap] is made4 ,get ! *ildr5 to v]ify ?is by obs]vations4 ,if ! ne/ is likely to become a nuisance1 smoke out ! wasps1 take ! ne/ c>efully d[n1 & use x = indoor /udy1 exam9+ ! inside ( ! ne/ to asc]ta9 ! nature & ! /ructure ( ! comb :i*1 9 ?is case is entirely devot$ to l>vae4 ,,collections ,g5]al s*ool collections ( su* objects z noxi\s we$s1 we$ se$s1 wild fl[]s1 noxi\s insects1 leaves ( =e/ trees1 rocks or /ones ( ! locality1 etc41 %\ld be und]tak54 ,all ! pupils %\ld contribute z _m specim5s z possible to ea* collection & %\ld assi/ 9 ! "w ( prep>+ !m4 ,9 addition to ! above collections x is advisable t pupils :o %[ special int]e/ 9 ?is phase ( nature "w %\ld be enc\rag$ to make individual collections4 ,collections1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 h a value )9 !mselves1 because ( ! beauty & v>iety ( ! =ms t !y conta91 & also because ( _! usefulness 9 illu/rat+ nature lessons & 9 ! id5tify+ ( insects1 we$s1 etc4 ,nev]!less ! *ief value ( ! collection re/s 9 ! mak+ ( x1 because ( ! tra9+ t x gives ! collector 9 c>efulness & ?or\ghness1 & also because x causes ! *ild to /udy natural objects 9 _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,,animal ,,/udies ,,dome/ic ,,animals ,! tea*]1 be=e attempt+ to tea* lessons on dome/ic animals1 %\ld c>efully consid] h[ 8 lessons w be/ fulfil ! foll[+ important aims3 #a4 ,! cultivation ( a deep] sympa?y =1 & a m complete und]/&+ (1 f>m animals4 #b4 ,! developm5t ( m k9dly treatm5t ( dome/ic animals ?r\gh awak5$ sympa?y & m intellig5t und]/&+4 #c4 ,implant+ ! idea t ! be/ v>ieties are ! mo/ int]e/+ & pr(itable4 ,! foll[+ dome/ic animals are sugge/$ z be+ suitable = /udy3 horse1 c[1 %eep1 dog1 cat1 goose1 duck1 h54 ,!re are two practical me?ods ( obs]vation "w2 namely1 home obs]vation & class-room obs]vation4 ,! obs]vation "w on "s ( ! animals nam$ mu/ ( necessity be done out ( s*ool4 ,9 ?is ! tea*] c direct ! ef=ts ( ! pupils by assign+ to !m def9ite problems to be solv$ by _! /udy ( ! animals4 ,! results ( _! obs]vations c be discuss$ 9 ! class 9 lessons ( t5 or fifte5 m9utes l5g?4 ,x may frequ5tly be necess>y to re-assign ! problems 9 ord] t ! pupils may correct _! obs]vations4 ,x is possible = ! tea*] or ! pupils to br+ to ! s*ool-room c]ta9 ( ! animals1 z ! dog1 cat1 duck1 h51 & ! obs]vations may !n be made by ! :ole class directly "u ! guidance ( ! tea*]4 ,,ref]5ces ,craw=d3 ,guide to ,nature ,/udy4 ,copp ,cl>k ,co41 #ij c5ts4 ,de>ness3 ,h[ to ,tea* ! ,nature ,/udy ,c\rse4 ,copp ,cl>k ,co41 #fj c5ts4 ,%al]3 ,dome/icat$ ,animals4 ,scribn]s1 #b4ej4 ,smi?3 ,! ,uses & ,abuses ( ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,j>rold ,sons1 #ej c5ts4 ,,birds ,! *ief aims 9 develop+ lessons on birds are3 #a4 ,to tea* ! *ildr5 to recognize _! bird neighb\rs1 to love !m = _! beauty1 & sweet songs1 & _! sprightly ways4 #b4 ,to tra9 ! pupils to appreciate !m = _! usefulness 9 de/roy+ insect pe/s4 ,_m p]sons sp5d _! lives surr\nd$ by s++ birds1 yet !y nev] he> _! songs4 ,_m *ildr5 see & he> ! birds1 b if !y h n be5 br\ght into sympa!tic relation ) !m1 !y nev] le>n to appreciate !m2 on ! contr>y1 _! attitude becomes "o ( indiff]5ce or ( de/ructiv5ess4 ,too (t51 boys cruelly de/roy ! ne/s & "y & p]secute ! old birds ) /one & catapult4 ,! c[>dice ( su* acts %\ld be condemn$1 b m effective lessons may be taught ?r\gh lead+ ! *ildr5 to f9d 9 ! birds assi/ants & companions t contribute to _! mat]ial progress & to _! joy 9 life4 ,) ^! aims 9 view1 ! tea*] w readily p]ceive t ! mo/ effective "w 9 bird /udy results f obs]v+ ! liv+ birds 9 _! natural environm5t4 ,field excursions are valuable = ?is1 b good results c seldom be atta9$ :5 ! class is l>ge1 = birds are %y & w hide or fly away f ! unusual excitem5t4 ,quietness is absolutely necess>y = success4 ,bett] results are obta9$ :5 only "o or two accompany ! tea*]4 ,if ! tea*] selects a few :o are int]e/$ 9 birds1 & !re are always "s pupils 9 e s*ool :o are readily int]e/$ 9 bird /udy1 ^! few c soon be made suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! m common birds1 s t !y w be able to po9t !m out to ! o!r pupils ( ! s*ool1 & ?us !y become ! tea*]'s assi/ants 9 ! "w4 ,by beg9n+ ) ! mo/ common & conspicu\s birds1 an acqua9tance gr[s rapidly4 ,e>ly spr+ is a good "t to beg91 :5 ! fir/ birds return f _! w9t] soj\rn4 ,! tea*] & pupils may n[ le>n to recognize ! birds1 because !re are only a few1 & ^! are easily se51 z ! rob91 blue-bird1 junco1 mead[-l>k1 goldf9*1 bronz$ grackle1 sapsuck]1 blue jay1 d[ny woodpeck]1 & flick]4 ,! tea*]1 assi/$ by ! pupils :o already "k ^! birds1 directs ! y\ng] pupils to :]e ^! birds may be se51 & !y are also requir$ to describe ! birds obs]v$ & to id5tify !m by means ( ! bird *>t or col\r key4 ,! description %\ld include3 ,size 7comp>e ) "s common bird72 %ape2 col\r ( head1 back1 & brea/2 conspicu\s m>k+s1 z cre/1 /ripes1 bright pat*es ( fea!rs2 movem5ts 9 flight or on ! gr\nd2 song1 call notes2 :e!r 9 flocks1 or pairs1 or s+le birds4 ,lat] 9 spr+1 o!r birds w attract att5tion1 z ! song-sp>r[1 phoebe1 wr51 horn$ l>k1 c[bird1 & r$-w+$ blackbird2 :ile 9 summ] ! oriole1 catbird1 vesp] sp>r[1 ,am]ican r$/>t1 night hawk1 sc>let tanag]1 & cre/$ flycat*] are "s ( ! birds t w call = att5tion1 because ( _! plumage1 songs1 or peculi> habits4 ,:5 a ne/ has be5 f\nd by a pupil1 he %\ld report x to ! tea*]1 & ! o!r pupils %\ld be p]mitt$ to visit x only ^u promis+ n to mole/ ! ne/ or to annoy ! "m bird by rema9+ too long ne> x4 ,:ile x is well t ! pupils %\ld see ! ne/ ) ! "y birds1 !y %\ld be taught to respect ! desire ( ! bird = quietness & seclusion4 ,9 /udy+ ! ne/1 obs]ve3 ,concealm5t1 protection1 size1 com=t1 numb] & col\r ( eggs1 "y birds1 size1 col\r1 cov]+1 food4 ,! pupils %\ld be ask$ to obs]ve ! fe$+ ( birds ?us3 ,wat* ! wr5s return+ to ! ne/2 :at d !y c>ry to _! "y8 ,:]e d ! wr5s get ! snails & grubs8 ,obs]ve h[ ! rob9s f9d ! worms & h[ !y pull !m out ( ! gr\nd4 ,foll[ ! d[ny woodpeck] to ! apple tree & f9d out :at he 0 peck+4 ,wat* ! cr[ 9 ! pa/ure field & le>n :e!r ?is bird kills gras%opp]s & crickets4 ,obs]ve ! birds t pick se$s out ( ! we$s4 ,collect+ birds' eggs %\ld be condemn$1 because x ne>ly always leads to ! robb+ ( ! ne/s4 ,! practice ( ex*ang+ eggs is ! *ief cause ( ?is2 = al?\gh an occasional boy w collect wisely1 ! great] numb] are simply anxi\s to add to _! collection )\t reg>d = ! sacr$ness ( ! birds' homes4 ,a collection ( birds' ne/s may be made aft] ! ne/s h be5 ab&on$ = ! season1 & x w be f\nd useful = int]e/+ ! pupils 9 ! +5uity1 neatness1 & in/9ctive =esight ( ! build]s4 ,,ref]5ces ,*apman & ,re$3 ,col\r ,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds #b4ge ,re$3 ,bird ,guide1 ,pts4 ,i & ,,ii 4#ge ,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy 4#ge ,corni%3 ,?irty ,lessons 9 ,nature ,/udy on ,birds4 ,dom9ion ,book ,company #a4jj ,canadian ,birds 9 ,relation to ,agriculture4 ,?is *>t has pictures 9 col\rs ( eighty-eight ,canadian birds4 ,g4 ,m4 ,h5dry ,co41 #c4jj4 ,! ,audubon ,*>ts4 ,^! ?ree *>ts h pictures ( fifty-five birds2 ! pictures are l>g] 9 ! latt] *>ts ?an 9 ! fir/ nam$4 ,g4 ,m4 ,h5dry ,co41 #b4jj ea*4 ,col\r$ ,bird ,pictures1 ,mum=d1 ,*icago1 7sep>ate col\r$ pictures7 are v suitable = illu/rat+ nature lessons on birds4 ,,insects ,!re are ?ree classes ( insects t are ( imm$iate int]e/ to ! pupils ( ! ,junior ,grades1 & ! tea*] :o makes direct use ( ?is natural int]e/ has tak5 possession ( ! key to success 9 insect /udy 9 ! prim>y classes4 ,! ?ree classes1 bas+ ! classification ^u _! p[] to attract att5tion1 are3 ,! beautiful insects1 includ+ mo?s1 butt]flies1 & beetles1 ,! wond]ful insects1 includ+ su* insects z ants1 ant-lions1 caddice-flies1 etc41 ,! economic insects1 includ+ bees1 silk-worms1 codl+-mo?s1 etc4 ,economic insects are int]e/+ because ( _! relations to ! occupations ( ! home4 ,! successful gr[+ ( f>m1 or*>d1 & g>d5 crops practically dep5ds ^u keep+ a prop] balance ( insect & bird life4 ,! tea*] :o feels t 8 k ( insects is too limit$ to all[ him to und]take ! tea*+ ( ?is bran* ( ,nature ,/udy %\ld ca/ 8 misgiv+s aside2 = x is n difficult = ! tea*] :o kn[s no?+ ab\t insects at ! outset to become acqua9t$ ) su* memb]s ( ! ?ree classes nam$ above z attract ! att5tion ( ! pupils ( ! ,nature ,/udy classes4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions 9 insect /udy are (f]$ z guides to tea*] or pupil3 ,obta9 books & pamphlets f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto1 on ! subject ( ,insect ,pe/s on ,f>m ,crops & ,fruit ,trees4 ,secure a good g5]al book on insects4 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy1 by ,silcox & ,/ev5son1 conta9s illu/rations ( sev]al ( ! mo/ common mo?s & butt]flies1 :i* are cle> en\gh to make possible ! id5tification ( ! =ms repres5t$4 ,com/ock's ,manual = ! ,/udy ( ,insects is ! be/ g5]al book on ! subject4 ,?is1 & ,holl&'s ,! ,mo? ,book & ,! ,butt]fly ,book1 are valuable = ^? :o wi% to foll[ ! /udy ( insects at any l5g?4 ,beg9 by /udy+ ! m conspicu\s mo?s1 butt]flies1 & beetles1 & especially by /udy+ ! injuri\s =ms :i* ?ru/ !mselves into prom95ce by caus+ de/ruction ( gra91 vegetable1 or fruit crops 9 ! locality4 ,! utility phase ( lessons on ^! insects w appeal to ! old] *ildr5 & also to _! p>5ts4 ,moreov]1 ^! are ! easie/ insects to id5tify & ^u :i* to obta9 lit]ature deal+ ) _! life hi/ories & habits4 ,c>efully obs]ve ! col\r1 size1 & %ape ( ! insect1 & note ! plant on :i* x is fe$+ & its mann] ( fe$+4 ,consult available books on plant pe/s to f9d descriptions ( ! insects t fe$ ^u ?is plant1 & /udy c>efully :at is said ab\t ! insect obs]v$4 ,if ?is me?od is p]si/5tly foll[$1 ! tea*] w be surpris$ at ! rapidity ) :i* 8 acqua9tance ) insects broad5s4 ,pictures ( mo?s1 butt]flies1 & beetles are ( great assi/ance 9 ! id5tification ( ^! insects4 ,a s*ool collection1 made f ! insects /udi$1 is useful = future collection & = id5tification ( insects4 ,d n all[ any insect to be kill$ unless x is a good specim5 int5d$ to fill a place 9 ! collection1 or unless x is kn[n to be an injuri\s insect4 ,! tea*]1 by ex]cis+ prop] control ( ! collect+1 has an effici5t means ( tea*+ ! sacr$ness ( life4 ,! fact %\ld be emphasiz$ t kill+ ev5 an insect1 :5 !re is no good reason = do+ s1 is ! act ( a mean & selfi% c[>d4 ,9 addition to a collection ( insects1 includ+ l>val & pupal =ms1 collections ( insect ne/s1 ( plant galls1 ( m>k+s ( engrav] beetles1 ( burr[s ( tree bor]s1 & ( samples ( ! de/ructive work+s ( insect pe/s %\ld be made4 ,:ile no?+ is m beautiful ?an a c>efully prep>$ collection ( mo?s1 butt]flies1 & beetles ) _! inf9ite v>iety ( =m & col\r1 no?+ is m disgu/+ ?an a badly pres]v$ collection ( di/ort$1 %rivell$1 v]m9-infe/$ specim5s4 ,! tea*] %\ld avail himself ( ! collect+ in/9ct :i* is prom95t 9 boys ( n9e to f\rte5 ye>s ( age & ( _! desire to h ?+s done well1 to develop 9 !m habits ( c>efulness1 neatness1 & ?or\ghness4 ,,insect ,,collections ,see ,manual on ,manual ,tra9+1 = details = mak+ collect+ appliances4 ,agricultural ,bullet9 ,no4 #h1 ,nature ,collections = ,s*ools1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,ont>io1 = detail$ in/ructions on mak+ insect collections4 ,! outfit = collect+ is nei!r exp5sive nor h>d to prep>e4 ,x consi/s ( 7#a7 an insect net = cat*+ ! insects1 made by sew+ a bag ( *eese-clo? to a /\t r+ "o foot 9 diamet]1 :i* is fa/5$ to a broom h&le2 7#b7 a cyanide bottle = kill+ ! insects1 prep>$ by p\r+ "s s(t pla/]-p>is ov] a few lumps ( potassium cyanide 7?ree pieces1 ea* ( ! size ( a pea7 9 a wide-m\!d bottle4 ,:5 ! pla/] has set1 keep ! bottle tightly cork$ to reta9 ! poison\s gases4 7#c7 ,p9s to m\nt ! specim5s4 ,entomological p9s1 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d1 are ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,beetles are usually p9n$ ?r\gh ! "r w+-cov] at ab\t "o f\r? ( its l5g? f ! front end ( x4 ,mo?s & butt]flies are p9n$ ?r\gh ! ?orax4 ,small insects may be fa/5$ to a v small p91 :i* 9 turn is set into a bit ( cork1 support$ by a p9 ( ord9>y size4 7#d7 ,spread+ bo>d = mo?s & butt]flies4 7#e7 ,insect boxes to hold ! specim5s4 ,?is %\ld be secur$ be=e ! collection is begun4 ,x is a common mi/ake to believe t any box :atev] w d = /or+ insects4 ,x is necess>y to enc\rage ef=t 9 dry+1 spread+1 p9n+1 & labell+1 by provid+ an effective means ( p]man5tly pres]v+ ! specim5s4 ,9 cig>-boxes1 pa/ebo>d boxes1 & su* make%ifts1 ! specim5s soon become brok51 cov]$ ) du/1 & m>r$ 9 o!r ways1 & ! collectors become disc\rag$2 h5ce x is necess>y to secure good boxes f deal]s 9 entomological supplies4 ,a sponge saturat$ ) c>bon bisulphide %\ld be plac$ 9 ! box at int]vals ( n m ?an ?ree mon?s1 to ensure ! kill+ ( p>asites t de/roy ! specim5s4 ,entomological supplies may be obta9$ f ,*apman ,co41 ,london1 ,ont41 or f ,g4 ,m4 ,h5dry ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont41 or f ,messrs4 ,watt]s ,bros41 ,guelph1 ,ont4 ,,butt]fly ,,& ,,mo? ,,collections ,= a /udy ( ! metamorphosis ( butt]flies & mo?s1 x is necess>y to h an insect cage4 ,?is c be pur*as$ f any deal] 9 entomological supplies or x may be made by ! pupils 9 ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,class4 ,see ,manual on ,manual ,tra9+4 ,a v satisfactory cage may be made1 by ! tea*] or l>g] pupils1 f a soap box1 by tack+ wire gauze ov] ! op5 surface ( ! box1 remov+ ! nails f "o ( ! bo>ds ( ! bottom1 & conv]t+ ?is bo>d into a door by atta*+ x 9 its =m] position by light h+es & a hook & /aple4 ,! box1 if n[ plac$ on end ) two in*es ( loose soil 9 ! bottom1 w con/itute a satisfactory insect cage1 or viv>ium4 ,a l>ge lamp *imney ) gauze ti$ ov] ! upp] end is useful = inclos+ a small plant ^u :i* eggs or insect l>vae are develop+4 ,! base ( ! *imney may be ?ru/ an in* into ! soil & ! developm5t ( ! l>va z x fe$s ^u ! gr[+ plant c be /udi$4 ,! foll[+ are l>vae suitable = /udy & may be f\nd 9 ! places nam$3 ,! tomato worm on tomato or tobacco plants4 7,look = /ems ^: leaves h be5 /ripp$ (f47 ,! milkwe$ butt]fly l>vae on milkwe$1 ,! potato beetle on potato v9es1 ,! ea/]n swall[-tail butt]fly on p>snip or c>rot plants1 ,! tussock-mo? on horse-*e/nuts1 ,! promo!a mo? on lilac bu%es1 ,! cabbage-butt]fly on cabbage or mu/>d plants1 ,! r$-spott$ purple1 b&$ purple1 & vic]oy butt]fly l>vae on will[ & ald]1 ,cocoons ( tussock-mo? & tig]-mo? "u b>k1 logs1 & rubbi% 9 e>ly autumn4 ,l>vae ( ! emp]or-mo? 7cecropia7 may be f\nd w&]+ ab\t1 app>5tly aimlessly1 9 ,septemb]2 b !y are se>*+ = suitable places = atta*+ _! cocoons to or*>d & =e/ trees4 ,aft] ! leaves h fall5 f %rubs & trees1 cocoons c be f\nd m easily on ! nak$ twigs or 9 )]$1 roll$-up leaves t are fa/5$ by ! silk ( ! cocoon to ! bran*es4 ,l>vae1 :5 plac$ 9 ! cage1 %\ld be suppli$ ) gre5 plant food su* z !y 7 f\nd fe$+ ^u1 & ! pupils %\ld be in/ruct$ to obs]ve ! *rysalis build+ or ! cocoon weav+4 ,x w be f\nd t "s l>vae burr[ into ! soil4 ,dur+ w9t] ! cage %\ld be kept 9 a cool place1 su* z a %$1 s t ! w9t] conditions may be z ne>ly natural z possible4 ,9 a few cases1 ! developm5t )9 ! cocoon is q rapid2 & ! adult =m hat*es out 9 a few weeks1 = example1 ! cabbage-butt]fly1 mon>* or milkwe$ butt]fly1 & tussock-mo?4 ,= ?is reason ^! are pref]able = /udy by ,=m ,i pupils4 ,9 ,april ! cage %\ld be plac$ 9 ! s*ool-room1 t ! pupils may obs]ve ! em]g5ce ( ! insects & ! spread+ ( ! w+s4 ,! insects c be f$ ) syrup or honey until !y are /rong1 !n ! pupils %\ld set !m free4 ,ref]5ce4--,reports ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,ont>io1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,plant ,,collections ,! in/ructions giv5 bel[ = collect+1 press+1 & m\nt+ plants are applicable to wild fl[]s1 gra9s1 grasses1 & we$s4 ,! specim54--,select a plant :i* 9 =m & size is typical ( its species & :i* is 9 full fl[]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to dig d[n & secure ! root4 ,if ! plant is too l>ge = ! m\nt+ %eet1 cut out ! c5tral "p1 & use ! root1 l[] leaves1 upp] leaves1 & fl[]4 ,if ! root is v ?ick1 cut slices l5g?wise (f ! sides s z to r$uce x to a flat =m t is n too bulky4 ,be=e ! plant has _h "t to )]1 spread x out flat on a %eet ( pap] & spread ano!r %eet ov] x1 tak+ c>e to /raight5 ! leaves & fl[] out4 ,blott+-pap] is pref]able1 b any s(t pap] t w absorb moi/ure w make a v good sub/itute4 ,press+ & dry+4--,place sev]al %eets ( pap] above & bel[ ! specim54 ,any numb] ( specim5s prep>$ z describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph may be plac$ 9 a pile1 "o ov] ano!r1 re/+ on ! floor or on a table4 ,place on top ( ! pile a bo>d :i* is l>ge en\gh to cov] ! surface ( ! pile1 & on ! bo>d place a weight ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds ( bricks1 or o!r conv5i5t mat]ial4 ,a box conta9+ s&1 /ones1 or coal may be us$ 9 place ( ! bo>d & weights4 ,! weight prev5ts ! %rivell+ & di/ortion ( ! plants4 ,to prev5t discoloration & mildew+ ( ! plants1 ! pap]s ar\nd !m mu/ be *ang$ at ! end ( ! foll[+ successive int]vals3 two days1 ?ree days1 five days1 "o week1 etc41 until !y are q dry4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = press+ & dry+ dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( sap 9 ! plants & also ^u ! dryness or humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,m\nt+4--,:5 dry1 ! specim5s are m\nt$ on %eets ( heavy :ite pap]4 ,^! %eets are cut to a /&>d size1 elev5 in*es by f\rte5 in*es1 or %eets ( half ?is size1 namely1 sev5 in*es by elev5 in*es2 are p]missible4 ,! be/ me?od ( atta*+ ! plant to ! %eet is by pa/+ n>r[ /rips ( gumm$ pap] across ! plant 9 su* positions z w s]ve to hold all p>ts ( x 9 position4 ,labell+4--,! "n ( ! specim51 ! date ( collection1 ! place f :i* collect$1 & ! "n ( ! collector are to be neatly writt5 9 a column 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! %eet4 ,pr9t$ labels :i* are pa/$ on ?is corn] ( ! %eet are also us$4 ,collections ( leaves may be prep>$ by ! same process z t giv5 = plants4 ,leaves w reta9 _! autumn t9ts if _! surface is cov]$ ) v>ni% or p>aff91 :i* w prev5t ! admission ( air4 ,to cov] ) p>aff9 dip ! leaf = a mom5t into melt$ p>aff94 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,phase ,,( ,,nature ,,/udy ,,in/ructions ,,& ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,! prec$+ portions ( ?is ,manual dealt ) liv+ ?+s4 ,!re is ano!r phase ( ,nature ,/udy :i* has a m direct relation to ! physical sci5ces1 ,*emi/ry & ,physics1 two subjects t are ess5tially exp]im5tal 9 _! me?ods4 ,al?\gh ! lessons t foll[ are gr\p$ 9 "o portion ( ?is book1 ! tea*] %\ld und]/& t he is to introduce !m into 8 "w z ! occasion dem&s4 ,!y may be us$ to ?r[ light on o!r p>ts ( ! s*ool "w4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od is some:at advanc$ = "y *ildr51 h5ce no lessons are outl9$ = ,=ms ,i & ,,ii4 ,9 ungrad$ s*ools1 ,=ms ,,iii & ,,iv may be comb9$ = ! subject4 ,x w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to take ?is portion ( ! ,nature ,/udy dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,,value ,,( ,,su* ,,lessons #a4 ,!y are int]e/+1 h5ce !re is att5tion4 ,! s5ses mu/ be al]t1 h5ce pupils are tra9$ to obs]ve accurately4 #b4 ,aft] ! exp]im5t comes ! inf]5ce1 h5ce reason+ p[]s are develop$4 #c4 ,!y enable ! tea*] to make exce$+ly concrete "s v difficult ab/ract pr9ciples4 #d4 ,!y c be correlat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r subjects & made to h a b5eficial influ5ce on ! :ole ( ! s*ool "w4 #e4 ,! great advance t is be+ made 9 all useful inv5tions to-day is l>gely due to ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,_m boys & girls 7sev5ty-five p] c5t47 nev] att5d ! ,high ,s*ool4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool owes !m a ta/e at lea/ ( ^! sci5ces t h su* a be>+ on _! lives1 t h surr\nd$ !m ) s _m me*anical contrivances = _! com=t & conv5i5ce1 & t expla9 s _m common natural ph5om5a4 ,give a boy a ta/e = exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & !re is "s *ance t aft] leav+ s*ool he w n ?r[ aside 8 /udies to subsi/ intellectually on ! newspap]1 b t he w cont9ue to inve/igate = himself1 & make himself a well-in=m$ man1 an influ5tial man 9 8 section4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool mu/ aim at fitt+ ! boys & girls = life4 #f4 ,! adv5t ( ! exp]im5t m>ks ! d[nfall ( sup]/ition1 prejudice1 & reliance on au?ority & tradition4 ,to lead a *ild to ?9k = himself is a great a*ievem5t4 #g4 ,! use ( ! exp]im5t 9 ga9+ k w result 9 a cauti\sness 9 accept+ /atem5ts & mak+ decisions4 ,,conditions ,,"u ,,:i* ,,exp]im5ts ,,%\ld ,,be ,,p]=m$ #a4 ,!y %\ld be introduc$ into ! s*ool "w naturally1 z answ]s to que/ions :i* arise ei!r 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ! "w or f sugge/ions made by ! tea*] at appropriate times4 #b4 ,z f> z possible1 ! pupils %\ld assi/ 9 p]=m+ ! exp]im5t4 ,9 small rural s*ools ! sc>city ( app>atus w necessitate ! tea*]'s do+ mo/ ( ! "w4 ,9 ,=m ,v classes & ,cont9uation ,s*ools ! pupils may d ! exp]im5ts individually4 #c4 ,! be>+ ( an exp]im5t is n always evid5t2 ! tea*] mu/ be ready ) judici\s que/ions to lead ! class to ! prop] conclusions4 #d4 ,! pupils mu/ be acqua9t$ ) all ! app>atus us$4 ,!y mu/ "k :at ! tea*] is do+ & mu/ be ne> en\gh to see ! result4 #e4 ,a problem may be sugge/$1 & a few days all[$ = ! pupils to ?9k out a means ( solution4 ,if !y inv5t & make _! own app>atus1 s mu* ! bett]4 #f4 ,:5ev] possible1 ! exp]im5t %\ld be appli$ to "s natural ph5om5on or ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,,correlations ,,( ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,phase ,geography4--,! value ( ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool is l>gely due to ! light x ?r[s on geographical data4 ,num]\s examples w appe> 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,hygi5e4--,exp]im5ts 9 c>bon dioxide1 oxyg51 air1 wat]1 s\nd1 & light1 are absolutely necess>y1 if ! *ildr5 are to grasp ) any degree ( cle>ness ! pr9ciples ( respiration & v5tilation1 & ! ph5om5a ( he>+ & see+4 ,manual ,tra9+4--,_m pieces ( app>atus may be made by ! boys 9 _! "w ) wood or iron4 ,"s ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( *emi/ry enable ! girls to d _! cook+ intellig5tly4 ,a k ( "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ma*9es w help ! pupils to und]/& ! tools !y may use 9 any employm5t4 ,draw+4--,c>eful draw+ ( ! app>atus us$ helps to fix ! exp]im5t 9 ! m9d & at ! same "t gives practice 9 art4 ,composition4--,pupils mu/ h ideas be=e !y c write4 ,! description ( ! exp]im5t w make a good composition ex]cise1 oral or writt54 ,,li/ ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,books ,,& ,,bullet9s ,,g>d5 ,,& ,,plant ,,/udy ,bullet9s ( ! ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto4 ,bullet9s ( ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ottawa4 ,improvem5t ( ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,toronto4 ,atk9son4 ,fir/ ,/udies ( ,plant ,life4 ,g9n ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,bailey4 ,manual ( ,g>d5+4 ,macmillan ,co4 #b4jj4 ,blan*an4 ,nature's ,g>d54 ,d\bl$ay ,co4 #b4jj4 ,com/ock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,h&book ( ,nature ,/udy4 ,com/ock ,pub4 ,co4 #c4be4 ,gray4 ,field1 ,=e/1 & ,g>d5 ,botany4 ,am]4 ,book ,co4 #a4dj4 ,gre51 ,l\ise4 ,among ,s*ool ,g>d5s4 ,*>ities ,pub4 ,co4 #a4be4 ,hodge4 ,nature ,/udy & ,life4 ,g9n ,co4 #a4ej4 ,holtz4 ,nature ,/udy4 ,scribn]s' ,sons4 #a4ej4 ,jackson & ,d\gh]ty4 ,agriculture ?r\gh ! ,laboratory & ,s*ool ,g>d54 ,judd4 #a4ej4 ,james4 ,agriculture4 ,appleton ,co4 #hj c5ts4 ,keel]4 ,our ,native ,trees4 ,scribn]s' ,sons4 #b4jj4 ,o/]h\t4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,plants4 ,macmillan ,co4 #a4ej4 ,p>sons4 ,h[ to ,plan ! ,home ,gr\nds4 ,d\bl$ay ,co4 #a4jj4 ,s]geant4 ,corn ,plants4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #ge c5ts4 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,mill]4 ,m9]als & ,h[ ,!y ,occur4 ,! ,copp1 ,cl>k ,co4 #a4ej4 ,millik5 & ,gale4 ,fir/ ,c\rse 9 ,physics4 ,g9n ,co4 #b4jj4 ,newman4 ,laboratory ,ex]cises4 ,g9n ,co4 #aj;c4 ea*4 ,rems54 ,college ,*emi/ry4 ,am4 ,pub4 ,co4 #b4ej4 ,simmons & ,sy5h\se4 ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #a4jj4 ,woodhull4 ,home-made ,app>atus4 ,high ,s*ool ,text-books4 ,,animal ,,/udy ,bullet9 ,no4 #eb4 ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ottawa4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #acd4 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #afa4 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #abd4 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto4 ,reports ( ,entomological ,society ( ,ont>io4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,fi%es ( ,ont>io4 ,na%4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,bailey & ,coleman4 ,fir/ ,c\rse 9 ,biology4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 #a4be4 ,bu*anan4 ,s5ior ,c\ntry ,read]4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 #dj c5ts4 ,*apman4 ,bird ,life4 ,appleton4 #b4jj4 ,craw=d4 ,guide to ,nature ,/udy4 ,! ,copp1 ,cl>k ,co4 #ij c5ts4 ,de>ness4 ,h[ to ,tea* ! ,nature ,/udy ,c\rse4 ,! ,copp1 ,cl>k ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,jordan & ,kellogg4 ,animal ,life4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4bj4 ,kellogg4 ,elem5t>y ,zoology4 ,holt ,co4 #a4ce4 ,re$4 ,bird ,guide--,p>ts ,i & ,,ii4 ,musson ,book ,co41 ,toronto4 #dj c5ts ea*4 ,%al]4 ,dome/icat$ ,animals4 ,scribn]s' ,sons4 #b4ej4 ,silcox & ,/ev5son4 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy4 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 #ge c5ts4 ,,note4--,! bullet9s nam$ above are suppli$ free to s*ools4 ,*emical & ,physical ,app>atus & ,entomological ,supplies may be obta9$ f ,g4 ,m4 ,h5dry ,co41 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,toronto4 ,rocks & ,m9]als may be obta9$ f ! ,w>d ,natural ,sci5ce e/abli%m5t1 ,ro*e/]1 or f ! ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 ,*icago4 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,=ms ,,iii ,,& ,,iv ,,desirable ,,app>atus #a lb4 glass tub+ 9 #c ft4 l5g?s #c_/af 94 to #a_/d 94 outside diamet]4 #f ,flor5ce flasks1 #d oz4 to #h oz4 4#ej #a ,funnel1 #c 94 diamet] 4#aj #a ,beak]1 #h oz4 4#aj #a ,evaporat+ di% 4#aj #c ft4 pure gum rubb] tub+ #a_/h 94 inside 4#be #a_/b sq4 foot ?9 %eet rubb] 4#bj #a doz4 te/-tubes #f 94 by #e_/h 94 4#bj #a_/b doz4 te/-tubes #f 94 by #g_/h 94 4#aj ,capill>y glass tub+1 #c sizes 4#aj #b rubb] /opp]s ,no4 #b1 "o hole #a #d1 #a #g1 two holes 4#cj #b wat* glasses 4#aj ,ball & r+ #a4jj #b ,dry cells 4#fj #b ,b> magnets 4#ej #a ,*emical !rmomet] #bab deg4 ,f4 to #j deg4 ,f4 4#dj #a ,_s-lamp 4#bj #a ,retort1 #d oz4 /opp]$ 4#ae ,wax c&les 4#aj ,retort /& ( iron1 two r+s 4#he #a ,?i/le tube 4#aj ,common corks1 assort$ 4#aj ,filt] pap] #e 94 diamet] 4#je ,te/-tube hold] 4#aj ,te/-tube rack 4#aj ,te/-tube clean] 4#aj #a piece glass tub+ #cj 94 long1 #a_/d 94 inside1 = b>omet] 4#bj #a clamp = clos+ rubb] tube 4#aj ,cov]$ copp] wire 4#aj ,small compass 4#ej ,glass model ( common pump #a4jj ,globe = weigh+ air #b4ej ,small piece ( plat9um foil1 #a_/b 94 by #b 94 4#be ,glass prism #fj 4#ej ,tun+ =k #d-a_/b 94 4#ej ,electric bell 4#ej ,motor 7,ajax7 #a4ej ,balance #aj4jj ,air-pump #ae4jj ,iron wire gauze 4#je ,%eet metals1 iron1 copp]1 z9c1 lead1 alum9um 4#be #b lamp *imneys1 /raight ones pref]r$1 at #aj;c 4#bj ,iron ball1 #b 94 9 diamet] 4#bj #b dairy !rmomet]s at #ae;c 4#cj ,,*emicals ,sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 4#aj ,hydro*loric acid1 #h oz4 4#aj ,nitric acid1 #d oz4 4#aj ,wa%+ soda 4#je ,sug> 4#je ,salt 4#je ,blue vitriol 4#aj ,alum 4#je ,saltpetre 4#je ,sulphur 4#je ,potass4 p]manganate 4#je ,lime 4#je ,pla/]-p>is 4#je ,potass4 bi*romate 4#aj ,me?ylat$ spirits1 #a pt4 4#aj ,alcohol1 #ie 4#aj ,iod9e cry/als 4#aj ,m]cury1 #a lb4 #a4jj ,pot4 *lorate 4#ae ,manganese dioxide 4#aj ,phosphorus 4#aj ,sweet oil1 #b oz4 4#aj ,b5z9e1 #b oz4 4#aj ,! foll[+ tools w be f\nd v valuable3 saw1 squ>e1 plane1 brace & bit1 knife1 hamm]1 glass cutt]1 files--r\nd1 flat1 & triangul>4 ,:]e ! circum/ances w n all[ ( ! pur*ase ( ! prec$+ li/1 ! foll[+ app>atus is recomm5d$ z suffici5t = ! p]=mance ( a l>ge numb] ( ! exp]im5ts3 #a_/b lb4 glass tub+ 9 #c ft4 l5g?s1 #c_/af 94 & #a_/d 94 outside 4#bj #b ,flor5ce flasks1 #d oz4 4#ae #a ,funnel 4#aj #b ft4 pure gum rubb] tub+1 #a_/h 94 inside 4#ae #a_/b doz4 te/-tubes assort$1 #e_/h to #g_/h diamet]1 #f 94 long 4#bj #b rubb] /opp]s1 ,no4 #b1 "o hole 4#aj #a rubb] /opp]1 ,no4 #d1 "o hole 4#aj ,expansion ( heat app>atus 7made at blacksmi?'s7 4#aj ,common corks1 assort$ 4#aj #a *emical !rmomet] #j deg4 ,f4 to #bab deg4 ,f4 4#dj #a _s-lamp1 #d oz4 4#aj #a ?i/le tube 4#aj ,cov]$ wire1 copp] 4#aj ,,*emicals ,iod9e cry/als 4#aj ,sulphuric acid1 #a lb4 4#aj ,me?ylat$ spirits #a pt4 4#bj ,alcohol1 #ie 4#aj ,m]cury1 #a_/b lb4 4#ej ,pot4 *lorate 4#ae ,manganese dioxide 4#aj ,! foll[+ may be obta9$1 = ei!r li/1 at little or no co/ f h\sehold /ores or home-made s\rces3 wa%+ soda1 sug>1 salt1 ammonia1 coal1 coke1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 blue vitriol1 alum1 potass4 bi*romate1 blue+1 lime1 pickle-j>s1 wire gauze1 c&les1 wire1 %eet metals1 te/-tube hold] & rack1 balance1 batt]y cells1 horse-%oe magnet1 pneumatic tr\gh1 lamp *imneys1 t9 cans1 melt+ spoon1 bicycle pump1 bak+-p[d]4 ,= home-made app>atus1 consult ,laboratory ,ex]cises 9 ,physics by ,newman1 ,g9n ,co41 #ej;c41 & ,manual on ,manual ,tra9+4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts to ! use ( simple & easily contriv$ app>atus4 ,! m ( ?is ! pupils c contrive & make "u ! direction ( ! tea*]1 ! m valuable w be ! c\rse 9 ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,,gr5et ,,cells ,into a p9t gem-j> put wat] #aj p>ts1 sulphuric acid #a "p1 potass1 bi*romate #a "p4 ,h j> ?ree qu>t]s full4 ,cut a piece ( bo>d #d 94 squ>e1 bore two holes 9 x1 & ?r\gh ! holes ?ru/ two pieces ( electric light c>bon1 #e 94 or #f 94 long4 ,! out] edges ( ! c>bons %\ld n be m ?an two in*es ap>t4 ,) a saw1 cut a slit 9 ! bo>d betwe5 ! holes & ins]t a /rip ( z9c #b 94 by #g 94 previ\sly rubb$ ov] ) m]cury4 ,set ! ?ree elem5ts 9 ! j>1 connect ! two c>bons to "o wire1 & ! z9c to ano!r4 ,"o cell ( ?is k9d w run a small motor1 op]ate a telegraph s\nd]1 make a simple electro-magnet1 or r+ an electric bell2 two cells w decompose wat]3 ?ree w heat a piece ( f9e iron wire r$-hot4 ,,decomposition ,,app>atus #a4 ,cut ! neck end f a pickle bottle4 ,get a ,no4 #a /opp]1 7rubb]7 ) two holes 9 x & ins]t a piece ( plat9um foil #b 94 by #a_/h 94 into ea* hole s t #a_/b 94 projects above & bel[4 ,ins]t a tight plug beside ea* /rip1 ?us hold+ x fa/ & mak+ ! /opp] wat]tight4 ,ins]t ! /opp] into ! neck ( ! j>4 ,p\r into ! vessel ?us =m$ en\gh wat] to cov] ! plat9ums1 & add a few drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,t\* ! wires f ! batt]y to ! l[] ends ( ! /rips4 ,note bubbles ( gas arise f ! plat9ums4 ,^! may be collect$ 9 te/-tubes & f\nd by te/ to be oxyg5 & hydrog54 #b4 ,fa/5 a /rip ( plat9um #a 94 by #a_/h 94 to ea* wire f ! batt]y & dip ^! into "s acidulat$ wat] conta9$ 9 a tumbl]4 ,! decomposition ( ! wat] into two gases c be se51 b ! gases _c be collect$ s readily z 9 #a above4 ,bits ( electric light c>bon w d in/ead ( plat9um if ! curr5t is n too weak4 ,,pneumatic ,,tr\gh ,:5 oxyg5 or o!r gas is to be collect$ ov] wat]1 use a milk pan or simil>ly %ap$ vessel4 ,,_s-,,lamp ,use an ink-bottle to conta9 ! alcohol & sev]al /r&s ( /r+ = ! wick2 make a hole 9 a piece ( t9 & draw ! wick ?r\gh2 !n let ! t9 re/ on ! neck ( ! bottle to support ! wick4 ,,b>omet] ,a siphon b>omet] takes less m]cury ?an a ci/]n b>omet]4 ,to ! op5 end ( ! b>omet] tube atta* a piece ( /rong rubb] tub+ #d 94 long & to ?is a piece ( glass tub+ #c 94 long4 ,fill ! tube ?us =m$ ) m]cury to )9 #c 94 f ! top4 ,hold+ ! %ort glass tube op5 end up1 turn ! long tube clos$ end up4 7,a tube ( #a_/h 94 bore ne$s only "o qu>t] ( ! m]cury requir$ to fill a tube #a_/d 94 bore47 ,,hygromet] ,= a hygromet]1 susp5d two dairy !rmomet]s side by side aga9/ ! wall1 cov] ! bulb ( "o ) ?9 musl91 & let ! musl9 hang d[n & dip into wat] 9 "s small vessel plac$ ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! bulb on a little %elf4 ,,h9ts ,to avoid explosions1 a _s-lamp %\ld be kept fill$4 ,toy rubb] balloons answ] well = %eet rubb]4 ,r$ ink makes good col\r+ matt]4 ,make t\*-pap] by soak+ any por\s pap] 9 a solution ( saltpetre1 & dry+ x4 ,in/ead ( b5d+ glass tubes1 jo9 !m ) rubb] tub+4 ,to make a te/-tube hold]1 fold a %eet ( pap] until x is ab\t half an in* wide & wrap ?is ar\nd ! tube4 ,to b5d glass tub+1 hold 9 ! flame ( ! _s-lamp & rotate betwe5 ! f+]s till x becomes s(t & flexible1 remove f ! flame1 & b5d4 ,to break glass tub+1 fir/ scrat* ) a file4 ,to break glass bottles1 make neatly a deep cut ) a file1 !n t\* ! glass ne> ! cut ) a r$-hot wire4 ,:5 a crack appe>s1 move ! hot wire & ! crack w foll[4 ,sev]al heat+s may be necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( a heavy glass bottle1 file ! cut z be=e1 wrap ! bottle ) /r+ dipp$ 9 alcohol1 light x1 & aft] x has burn$1 plunge ! bottle v]tically into cold wat]4 ,melt$ p>aff9 is good = clos+ small leaks4 ,,"t ,,apportion$ ,,to ,,nature ,,/udy ,! ,nature ,/udy lesson %\ld be giv5 a def9ite place on ! "t-table4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ea* class %\ld h at lea/ "o lesson ( fifte5 m9utes 9 l5g?1 a week4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ab\t five m9utes a week %\ld be sp5t 9 assign+ problems = out-(-door "w & 9 discuss+ ! obs]vations :i* ! pupils h made on problems previ\sly assign$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,=m ,i ,,autumn ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,on ! re-op5+ ( s*ool aft] ! summ] holidays1 ! pupils %\ld see t _! plots are put into good ord] )\t delay4 ,if !y h be5 neglect$ dur+ ! holidays1 a good deal ( att5tion w be ne$$1 & 9 "s cases x may n be possible to reclaim !m because ( prolong$ neglect4 ,if su* plots are f\nd1 !y %\ld be clean$ (f completely1 spad$ up1 & left 9 read9ess = plant+ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,all plots %\ld be cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! mon? ( ,septemb] to keep ! soil mell[ & prev5t ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,! pupils %\ld be all[$ to pick fl[]s f _! own plots1 b %\ld always leave a few 9 bloom = ! sake ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! g>d54 ,pa?s %\ld be kept clean1 & all rubbi%1 we$s1 dead plants1 etc41 remov$ to ! compo/ heap1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! lea/ conspicu\s "p ( ! g>d54 ,hoes1 rakes1 & claw-h& we$]s %\ld be us$ 9 clean+ up & cultivat+ ! plots4 ,! soil %\ld be kept f9e & loose on top to prev5t dry+ out4 ,,lessons ,,on ,a ,,g>d5 ,,plant ,,pansy ,,lesson ,i ,mat]ials4--,a fl[] = ea* pupil ,a plant set into a fl[]-pot ,a leaf = ea* pupil ,a pile ( leaves conta9+ a few pansy leaves & sev]al ( o!r k9ds4 ,introduction4--,a conv]sation ) ! pupils ab\t _! fav\rite fl[]s4 ,obs]vations4--,! pansy fl[]s are n[ di/ribut$ & ! g5]al =m ( ! fl[] is fir/ not$4 ,! resemblance to ! face ( an animal w be discov]$4 ,! "n corolla is giv51 b no o!r botanical t]ms are to be introduc$ 9 ?is lesson4 ,! details ( col\rs1 p]fumes1 velvety feel+ ( ! corolla1 & ! numb] ( leaflets 9 x are next discov]$ & describ$ by ! pupils4 ,la/ly1 9 a )]+ fl[] !y discov] ! se$ cases & ! little se$s4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,! conception ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! fl[]1 root1 & /em is develop$ by a me?od simil> to ! foll[+3 ,:at soon happ5s to a pansy fl[] aft] x is brok5 f ! plant8 ,are ! fl[]s t y h 9 y\r h&s )]+8 ,h[ c y keep !m f )]+8 ,h5ce1 :at mu/ ! fl[] get f ! /em8 ,:]e does ! /em get ! moi/ure8 ,h5ce1 :at is "o use ( ! root8 ,a pupil is ask$ to pull ! plant out ( ! soil 9 ! fl[]-pot4 ,:at is ano!r use t y h discov]$ = ! root8 ,! plant is n[ uproot$ f ! soil1 & ! pupils exam9e ! root to f9d h[ x is fitt$ = ga!r+ wat] & food f ! soil & = hold+ ! plant 9 place4 ,note ! numb] ( bran*es t\*+ a great deal ( soil & also ! twi/$ =m ( ! roots = grasp+ ! soil4 ,! =m ( ! leaves is /udi$ by ! pupils1 &1 z a te/ ( ! accuracy ( _! obs]vation1 !y are ask$ to pick out ! pansy leaves f ! pile ( leaves4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! pupils mu/ be active p>ticipants 9 ! lesson4 ,!y mu/ use _! eyes1 h&s1 & ev5 _! noses 9 ga9+ fir/-h& impressions1 & !y are to be requir$ to express 9 _! own way ! ?+s t !y discov]4 ,! beautiful fl[] ) its face l t ( an animal is an appeal to ! *ild's imag9ation1 & ! *ild's int]e/ 9 ! use ( ?+s is utiliz$ 9 ! /udy ( ! relations ( root1 /em1 & fl[]4 ,?is lesson may be us$ z ! basis = busy "w by means ( ! foll[+ correlations3 #a4 ,) art3 ,repres5t ! fl[] 9 col\rs4 #b4 ,) read+ & lit]ature3 ,! pupils are requir$ to express ! mean+ & s5tim5t ( ! foll[+ /anza3 ,! pansy wakes 9 e>ly spr+ ,to make our _w m bright2 ,all summ] long its happy face ,fills *ildr5 ) delight1 ,lessons simil> to ^? on ! pansy may be bas$ ^u ! foll[+ plants ( ! g>d5 or field3 d&elion1 a/]1 butt]cup1 na/urtium1 gold5rod4 ,! tea*] 9 prep>+ ! lesson %\ld read a description ( ! plant f a ,nature ,/udy book & %\ld also /udy ! plant itself until he is famili> ) all ! phases ( its life4 ,,obs]vation ,,ex]cises ,,on ,,! ,,d&elion ,! ex]cises giv5 bel[ are sugge/ive = out ( s*ool obs]vation "w1 b mu/ n be too long4 ,by way ( prep>ation = an ex]cise ( ?is k9d1 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils 9 ! d&elion mu/ fir/ be ar\s$4 ,,fir/ ,,ex]cise ,! tea*] places ! pupils at ! s*ool w9d[s f :i* d&elions are visible & asks !m to "n any fl[] t !y c see4 ,a %ort conv]sation ab\t ! brightness ( ! fl[] foll[s4 ,! pupils are next in/ruct$ to3 #a4 ,f9d d&elions late 9 ! ev5+1 & f9d out h[ !y prep>e to g to sleep & h[ !y are tuck$ 9 = ! night4 #b4 ,f9d :]e ! leaves ( ! d&elion are1 & br+ a leaf to s*ool next morn+1 & also obs]ve h[ ! leaves are gr\p$ or plac$4 ,to ! tea*]4--,d&elion fl[]s close up 9 ! ev5+2 ! gre5 leaves b5ea? ! head wrap closely ar\nd ! fl[]s to =m a snug cov]+4 ,! leaves h m>g9s ) tee? %ap$ l ^? ( a lion1 & f ?is ! plant gets its "n1 = ! "n is ! ,fr5* d5t de lion1 :i* is pron\nc$ v mu* l ! ^w d&elion4 ,! use ( ! leaf clu/] z a sy/em ( ra9-sp\ts = guid+ ! ra9 t[>d ! root %\ld be not$4 ,,second ,,ex]cise #a4 ,:y is ! d&elion easy to f9d8 #b4 ,:at makes x easy to f9d ev5 9 long grass8 #c4 ,:at insect fri5ds visit ! d&elion8 #d4 ,f9d out j h[ ^! visitors act dur+ _! visits1 & f9d :e!r !y c>ry any?+ to or away f ! fl[]s4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! bright yell[ col\r ( ! d&elion attracts att5tion4 ,:5 x gr[s 9 long grass1 ! fl[] /alk gr[s long1 s t ! fl[] surm\nts its ob/ructions & climbs up to ! sun%9e4 ,! fl[]s are visit$ by ants1 bees1 & wasps1 & ^! may be se5 burr[+ into ! fl[]s 9 se>* ( honey4 ,if _! bodies & legs be t\*$1 ! yell[ poll5 ( ! fl[]s w be f\nd /ick+ to !m4 ,,?ird ,,ex]cise #a4 ,look = fl[] heads t d n op5 to ! sun4 ,d n di/urb !m1 b wat* !m = a few days & f9d out :at !y become4 #b4 ,exam9e ! l>ge :ite balls ( ! d&elions & f9d out :at !y are4 #c4 ,bl[ ! d[n away4 ,:at does x c>ry ) x8 ,to ! tea*]4--,9 ?is ex]cise ! pupils w le>n t ! l>ge :ite balls are ! mature1 or rip5$1 fl[]s & are compos$ ( little br[n se$s1 ea* be+ a little air%ip = waft+ x away4 ,,correlation ,,) ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,read+ ,:5 ! above ex]cises h be5 complet$1 ! pupil's k ( ! d&elion may be utiliz$ 9 int]pret+ ! foll[+ /anzas3 ,oh d&elion6 yell[ z gold1 ,:at d y d all day8 ,i j wait "h 9 ! tall gre5 grass ,till ! *ildr5 come to play4 ,& :at d y d :5 y\r hair is :ite ,& ! *ildr5 come to play8 ,!y take me up 9 _! dimpl$ h&s ,& bl[ my hair away4 ,9 addition to ! d&elion1 ! foll[+ plants are suitable = obs]vation ex]cises3 morn+-glory1 wild balsam1 sweet-pea1 snap-dragon1 na/urtium4 ,,dw>f ,,na/urtium ,obs]vations4--,! size ( ! plant at ! "t ( fl[]+2 its leaves--size1 col\r1 %ape1 l5g? ( petiole & h[ arrang$2 col\rs f\nd 9 ! fl[]1 comp>ison ) o!rs ( same species f\nd 9 ! g>d52 size & %ape ( ! fl[] & ! l5g? ( its /ems4 ,d ! fl[]s gr[ high] ?an ! leaves8 ,d !y look bett] :5 ) ! leaves or :5 alone8 ,note ! p]fume & ta/e ( ! fl[] /em1 ! insect visitors1 & :at "p ( ! fl[] !y tri$ to get at1 :5 ! fir/ blossom 0 se51 & h[ long ! blossoms cont9u$ to come out4 ,d !y keep well 9 b\quets8 ,d !y /& hot1 dry wea!r z well z o!r fl[]s8 ,:5 did ! fro/ kill !m8 ,comp>e ) ! climb+ na/urtium4 ,f9d ! se$s4 ,,se$s ,! autumn mon?s are ! be/ = se$ /udies1 = almo/ all annuals are rip5+ _! se$s at ?is "t ( ye>4 ,,field ,,ex]cise ,assign to ! pupils ! foll[+ ex]cise3 ,collect ! se$ pods f z _m plants ( y\r g>d5 plots1 or home g>d5s1 or wild plants1 z possible1 & be c>eful to write ! "n ( ea* plant on ! pap] 9 :i* y put ! se$ pod ( t plant4 ,notice ! "p ( ! plant f :i* ! se$ pod is =m$4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,,bas$ ,,on ,,?is ,,collection ,! pupils place ! se$ pods on _! desks1 & obs]vations & problems are dealt ) ( :i* ! foll[+ are repres5tative3 ,h[ does ea* se$ case op58 ,:at are ! se$s =8 ,h[ _m se$s are 9 ea* case8 ,:y %\ld a plant h s _m se$s8 ,h[ are ! se$ cases fitt$ = protect+ ! se$s8 ,are any two se$s alike 9 %ape8 ,are ! se$s easy to f9d if !y are spill$ ^u ! gr\nd8 ,:at makes !m h>d to f9d8 ,:]e d ne>ly all se$s sp5d ! w9t]8 ,( :at use is ! h>d %ell ( ! se$8 ,,se$ ,,disp]sal ,/udy only a few ( ! m /rik+ examples ( se$ disp]sal ) ! ,=m ,i class4 ,se$s t fly & se$s t /eal rides are good examples ( classes ( se$s ^: me?ods ( disp]sal w prove ( int]e/ to *ildr54 ,,lesson ,,on ,,se$s ,,t ,,fly ,mat]ials4--,a milkwe$ pod2 a ripe d&elion head4 ,introduction4--,a %ort conv]sation ab\t ! effects ( ! cr[d+ ( plants1 z c>rots & turnips1 9 a g>d5 plot1 & h5ce ! ne$ = ! scatt]+ ( se$s4 ,obs]vations4--,op5 a milkwe$ pod 9 ! pres5ce ( ! class1 s t !y may see h[ ! pod op5s1 h[ beautifully ! se$s are arrang$1 & h[ ! silk tufts are s closely pack$ 9 toge!r4 ,all[ a pupil to lift a se$ out1 bl[ x 9 ! air1 & obs]ve h[ ! silk op5s out l an umbrella4 ,di/ribute se$s1 "o to ea* pupil4 ,ask ! pupils to f9d out :y ?is little air%ip is able to c>ry ! se$4 ,!y w f9d t ! se$s ?\gh broad1 are ?9 & light1 & ! silky plumes v light4 ,ask ! pupils to release _! milkwe$ se$s at recess1 :5 out ( s*ool1 & f9d out h[ f> !y c fly4 ,?is is an int]e/+ exp]im5t = a w9dy day4 ,! :ite balls ( ! d&elion are next exam9$1 ! t9y se$s are f\nd /&+ on tiptoe on a rais$ plat=m1 ea* grasp+ a t9y p>a*ute & wait+ = a puff ( w9d to />t !m (f4 ,a pupil is p]mitt$ to give ! puff4 ,se$s are di/ribut$1 & ! means ( flight is comp>$ ) t ( ! milkwe$4 ,! %ape ( ! se$s is obs]v$ & also ! t9y an*or po9ts at ! l[] end ( ! se$ = clut*+ ! gr\nd :5 ! se$ alights4 ,ano!r lesson on se$s t fly c be bas$ on ! /udy ( tree se$s1 us+ ^? ( ! maple1 elm1 basswood1 p9e1 & spruce4 ,,correlations #a4 ,draw+ ( milkwe$ pods & se$s1 & draw+ ( ! d&elion se$-ball & ! se$s :5 float+ 9 ! air4 #b4 ,read+ & lit]ature4 ,int]pret ! ?\ght & read expressively3 ,da9ty milkwe$ babies1 wrapp$ 9 cradles gre51 ,rock$ by ,"m ,nature1 f$ by h&s unse51 ,br[n coats h ! d>l+s1 slips ( milky :ite1 ,& w+s1 b t's a secret1 !y're fold$ out ( sight4 ,,twigs ,,& ,,buds ,! /udy ( buds is a "p ( tree /udy & may be tak5 z obs]vation "w 9 ! class-room4 ,?is some:at detail$ /udy %\ld foll[ ! g5]al lessons on tree /udy4 ,! mat]ials = ! lessons may be collect$ by ! pupils at ! "t ( ! field lesson & kept fre% 9 a j> ( wat] until requir$ = use4 ,,lesson ,,on ,,twigs ,mat]ials4--,a twig ( horse-*e/nut ab\t six in*es long1 = ea* pupil4 ,a twig ( ! same tree ) ! leaves /ill on x4 ,obs]vations4--,! twigs are di/ribut$ & ! tea*] asks ! pupils to exam9e !m & to describe all m>ks & projections t c be f\nd on ! twig4 ,answ]s are requir$ f ! pupils sep>ately4 ,! pupil's answ] 9 ea* case %\ld be suffici5tly cle> = all ! class to recognize ! feature t ! answ] is int5d$ to describe4 ,a few brief que/ions w guide ! answ]] 9 mak+ 8 description m def9ite1 b ! description %\ld be ! result ( ! pupil's obs]vation & express$ 9 8 own words4 ,! mean+ or use ( ea* feature %\ld be discuss$1 :5 possible1 imm$iately aft] x has be5 describ$4 ,! foll[+ features w be discov]$ & ! problems sugge/$ w be solv$3 ,! br[n or gre5i%-br[n b>k4 ,! buds4 ,"o bud 7sometimes two7 is at ! end ( ! twig4 ,"s buds are along ! side ( ! twig4 ,:at caus$ ! end bud to gr[ l>g] ?an ! o!rs8 ,!re is a leaf sc> "u ea* bud4 ,( :at use is x to ! bud to be betwe5 ! twig & ! leaf /alk8 ,! b&s ( r+s1 "o or m on ea* twig4 ,! t9y oval pores1 ea* surr\nd$ by a little rais$ b&4 ,! detail$ /udy ( ! buds is left = a sep>ate lesson4 ,,fur!r ,,/udy ,,( ,,twigs ,! /udy 9 detail ( v>i\s features is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,look closely at ! leaf sc>s & describe !m fully1 z to %ape1 col\r1 & m>ks4 ,d ! sc>s look l fre% w\nds1 or are !y heal$ ov]8 ,( :at use to ! tree is ! heal+ ( ! sc>8 ,we w le>n lat] t ! "p ( ! twig betwe5 ea* pair ( b&s ( r+s repres5ts "o ye>'s gr[?4 ,h[ old is y\r twig8 ,:o has ! olde/ twig8 ,d all twigs gr[ at ! same rate8 ,:o has ! twig t _h ! mo/ rapid gr[?8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! bud at ! end ( ! twig or its bran*es is call$ ! end bud2 !re are two leaf sc>s und]nea? x4 ,! buds along ! sides ( ! /em are call$ side buds1 ! latt] are small] ?an ! end bud4 ,! bud situat$ betwe5 ! /em ( ! leaf & ! twig is 9 a %elt]$ position4 ,?is position also puts ! bud close to ! pantry door1 = ! plant food is prep>$ 9 ! leaf4 ,! leaf sc>s are yell[i%-br[n1 or if !y are ! sc>s f ! leaves ( =m] ye>s1 are d>k br[n 9 col\r4 ,ea* sc> is %ap$ l a horse-%oe & t9y dots are f\nd 9 ! position t ! horse-%oe nails w\ld h4 ,ev5 be=e ! leaf falls1 a lay] ( corklike sub/ance has =m$ ov] ! sc>4 ,?is lay] is a protection aga9/ ! entrance ( fro/ & ra9 & g]ms ( fungi & x also prev5ts ! loss ( sap f ! sc>4 ,! t9y oval pores1 ea* z l>ge z ! po9t ( a ne$le1 are ! brea?+ pores ( ! twig4 ,! b&s ( r+s are ! sc>s ( ! scales ( ! end buds ( successive ye>s4 ,?is latt] fact c be discov]$ :5 ! bud is op5+4 ,,review ,,lesson ,! review lesson %\ld consi/ ( a review ( ! po9ts tak5 up 9 ! lessons t 7 bas$ on ! horse-*e/nut twig1 supplem5t$ by ! exam9ation ( ! twigs ( elm1 apple1 or lilac4 ,,lesson ,,on ,,buds ,mat]ials4--,twigs & buds ( horse-*e/nut1 "o = ea* pupil4 ,an op5+ bud4 7,a bud or a twig plac$ 9 wat] 9 a w>m room w develop rapidly47 ,lesson4--,di/ribute specim5s1 & review ! positions ( ! buds4 ,pupils exam9e ! buds & tell all !y c ab\t !m4 ,!y describe ! col\r1 %ape1 & size ( ! buds1 & also _! gummy & scalelike cov]+4 ,( :at use are ! gum & scales8 ,( :at use is ! br[n col\r ( ! bud8 ,!y next f9d out :at is inside ! little br[n h\se4 ,!y op5 ! buds & try to id5tify ! cont5ts4 ,!re w be "s unc]ta9ty z to ! mean+ ( ! cont5ts4 ,leave ?is ov] till spr+4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! br[n col\r ( ! bud makes x an absorb5t ( sunlight1 & also s]ves z a protection f obs]vation by ! %>p eyes ( bud-eat+ birds4 ,! gummy scales are wat]pro(1 & ! scales1 by spread+ op5 gradually1 cause ! wat]pro( prop]ty to be reta9$ ev5 aft] ! bud has gr[n q l>ge4 ,! inn] "p ( ! bud is compos$ ( two1 f\r1 or six t9y leaves fold$ up & support$ on a %ort bit ( /em4 ,"s ( ! buds h1 9 addition to leaves1 a t9y "y fl[] clu/]4 ,all ( ^! ?+s are d5sely cov]$ ) :ite d[n4 ,! d[n is ! fur coat to protect ! t5d] p>ts f ! cold4 ,,review ,,lesson ,review ! lesson on buds1 b sub/itute buds ( ! lilac or apple = ! horse-*e/nut buds ( ! orig9al lesson4 ,,correlations ,! obs]vational /udy ( ! buds & twigs is a good prep>ation = busy "w 9 art & manual tra9+1 & ! pupils may be assign$ ex]cises1 su* z *>coal draw+ ( a horse-*e/nut twig1 pap] cutt+ ( a lilac twig & buds1 clay or pla/ic9e modell+ ( twigs & buds4 ,= oral & writt5 language ex]cises1 enl>ge ! vocabul>y ( ! pupils by requir+ s5t5ces conta9+ ! words--scales1 twigs1 buds1 protection1 t]m9al1 lat]al1 leaf /alk1 blade1 etc4 ,,leaves ,leaves1 because ( _! abundance & ! ease ) :i* !y may be obta9$1 are valuable = ,nature ,/udy "w4 ,x is possible to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ev5 "y *ildr5 9 ! /udy ( leaves1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to make ! obs]vation "w too m9ute & ! descriptions too te*nical = ! prim>y classes4 ,,field ,,ex]cises ,an excursion to ! s*ool gr\nds or to "s neighb\r+ p>k w suffice to br+ ! pupils into direct contact ) ! foll[+ plants3 a maple tree1 a ,bo/on ivy 7or o!r climb+ v9e71 a na/urtium1 a g]anium4 ,ask ! pupils to f9d out :]e & h[ leaves are plac$ on ea* ( ^! plants1 t is1 :e!r !y are on ! inn] p>ts ( ! bran*es ( ! tree or out at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,d ! leaves ov]lap "o ano!r or does ea* make room = its neighb\rs8 ,are ! leaves spread out flat or curl$ up8 ,:at holds ! leaves out /raight & flat8 ,:at d ! leaves ne$ to make !m gre5 & heal?y8 ,are ! leaves plac$ 9 ! "r way1 & are !y ( ! "r =m to get ^! ?+s8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! leaves ( ! plants nam$ are q noticeably s plac$ on ! plants1 h su* relations to "o ano!r1 & are ( su* outl9e t !y pres5t ! greate/ possible surface to ! air & sun%9e & ra94 ,! leaf /alk & midrib & ve9s are /iff & /rong to keep ! leaves spread out4 ,comp>e ) ! ribs ( an umbrella4 ,! b5efit ( sun%9e to leaves & plants c be develop$ by discuss+ ) ! pupils ! pal5ess & delicat5ess ( plants t h be5 kept 9 a d>k place1 su* z 9 a d>k cell>4 ,!y are also acqua9t$ ) ! refre%+ effect ( ra9s ^u leaves4 ,! use ( air to ! leaves is n s easy to develop ) pupils ( ?is age1 b ! use ( air = brea?+ j z boys & girls ne$ air = brea?+ may be told !m4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,,on ,,leaves ,introduction4--,tell me all ! ?+s t y "k ^u :i* leaves gr[4 ,on trees1 bu%es1 fl[]s1 plants1 vegetables1 etc4 ,are leaves all ( ! same %ape8 ,to-day we are go+ to le>n ! names ( "s ( ! %apes ( leaves4 ,obs]vations4--,%[ ! class ! he>t-%ap$ leaf ( catalpa or lilac1 & obta9 f ! pupils ! "n he>t-%ape4 ,use ! foll[+ types3 ,maple leaf z />-%ape1 ,grass or :eat or corn z ribbon-%ape1 ,na/urtium or wat]-lily z %ield-%ape1 ,a% or r[an1 z fea!r-%ape4 ,drill4--,pupils pick out ! %ape nam$4 ,pupils "n ! plant to :i* ea* belongs4 ,:i* %ape d y ?9k is ! prettie/8 ,,g>d5 ,,/udies ,if ! pupils ( ?is ,=m h plant$ & c>$ = g>d5 plots ( _! own1 !y w h a great] love = ! fl[]s or vegetables t gr[ 9 !m ?an = any o!rs 9 ! g>d51 because !y h wat*$ _! developm5t ?r\gh\t4 ,= !m su* cont9u\s obs]vation _c b result 9 a quick5+ ( p]ception & a deep5+ ( int]e/ & appreciation4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,pupil',s ,,individual ,,plot ,:at plant is ! fir/ to appe> above gr\nd8 ,:at plant is ! la/ to appe>8 ,describe :at ea* plant 0 l :5 x fir/ appe>$ above gr\nd4 ,:at plants gr[ ! fa/e/8 ,:at effect has cold wea!r1 w>m wea!r1 dry wea!r1 on ! gr[? ( ! plants8 ,:at we$s gr[ 9 ! plot8 ,:y d ^! we$s ob/ruct ! gr[? ( ! o!r plants8 ,:at k9d ( root has ea* we$8 ,f9d out :at k9d ( se$s ea* we$ produces8 ,:y is ea* we$ h>d to keep out ( fields8 ,:at g>d5 plants produce fl[]s8 ,h[ are ! se$s protect$8 ,comp>e ! se$s ) ^? t y plant$4 ,select ! se$s ( ! l>ge/ plants & f9e/ fl[]s = next ye>'s se$+4 ,,/udies ,,f ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,:at plants gr[ talle/8 ,:at plants are mo/ suitable = bord]s8 ,:at plants are valuable = _! fl[]s8 ,:at plants are valuable = _! edible roots1 = _! edible leaves1 = _! edible se$s8 ,h[ are ! edible p>ts /or$ = w9t] use8 ,comp>e ! plants t are cr[d$1 ) o!rs ( ! same k9d t are n cr[d$4 ,comp>e ! rate ( gr[? ( ! plants 9 a plot t is kept ho$ & rak$ ) ! rate ( gr[? ( plants 9 a neglect$ plot4 ,,bulb ,,plant+ ,! plant+ ( bulbs 9 pots = w9t] bloom+ %\ld be comm5c$ ) pupils 9 ,=m ,i & cont9u$ 9 ! high] ,=ms4 ,z a rule1 ! pott$ bulbs w be /or$ & c>$ = 9 ! home1 z mo/ s*ool-rooms are n heat$ cont9u\sly dur+ ! w9t]4 ,pap]-:ite n>cissus & freesia are mo/ suitable & %\ld be plant$ ab\t ! fifte5? ( ,octob]1 s t ! plants w be 9 bloom = ,*ri/mas4 ,,lesson ,,on ,,bulbs ,,& ,,bulb ,,plant+ ,mat]ials4--,! bulbs to be plant$4 ,z _m f\r-in* fl[]-pots or tomato cans z are requir$4 ,soil1 compos$ ( g>d5 loam1 s&1 & well-rott$ manure 9 equal proportions4 ,/ones = dra9age4 ,/icks = labels 7smoo? pieces ( %+le1 "o & a half in*es wide & %>p5$ at "o end1 w answ]74 ,pictures ( ! plants 9 bloom4 ,obs]vations4--,! att5tion ( ! pupils is direct$ to ! bulbs1 & !y are ask$ to describe ! size1 =m1 & col\r ( ea* k9d ( bulb4 ,a bulb is cut across to make possible ! /udy ( ! p>ts1 & ! pupils obs]ve ! scales or r+s :i* are ! bases ( ! leaves ( ! plant f :i* ! bulb grew4 ,! use ( ! fle%y mass ( ! bulb z a /ore ( food = ! plant t w gr[ f x is discuss$4 ,! spr\t 9 ! c5tre ( ! scales ) its yell[i%-gre5 tip is obs]v$1 & its mean+ inf]r$4 ,! picture is %[n to illu/rate ! possibilities )9 ! bulb4 ,,plant+ ,,! ,,bulb ,! tea*] directs1 b ! "w is done by ! pupils1 & ! reasons = ! foll[+ op]ations are develop$3 ,:at is ! use ( ! "o-in* lay] ( pebbles1 or brok5 brick1 or /one1 t is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pot8 ,:y are ! bulbs plant$ ne> ! top ( ! soil8 ,:y is ! soil pack$ firmly ar\nd ! bulbs8 ,:y mu/ ! soil be well wett$8 ,:y is ! pot set 9 a cool1 d>k place = a mon? or m8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! pebbles or brok5 bricks are = giv+ dra9age4 ,! bulbs are plant$ ) _! tips j %[+ above ! surface ( ! soil & !re is ab\t half an in* ( space betwe5 ! top ( ! soil & ! upp] edge ( ! pot 9 ord] to facilitate wat]+4 ,! pott$ bulbs mu/ be set 9 a cool1 d>k place until !y are well root$4 ,?is is subject+ !m to _! natural w9t] conditions1 & x w cause !m to yield l>g] fl[]s1 a great numb] ( fl[]s1 & fl[]s t are m la/+4 ,s& 9 ! soil p]mits ( ! m free pass+ ( air ?r\gh ! soil4 ,basem5ts & cell>s are usually suit$ = /or+ bulbs until !y h root$1 b !y mu/ n be w>m en\gh to promote rapid gr[?4 ,! pots :5 /or$ %\ld be cov]$ ) leaves1 sawdu/1 or co>se s& to prev5t dry+ out4 ,! soil mu/ be kept moi/1 b n wet4 ,pap]-:ite n>cissus1 if br\ght out ( ! d>k aft] ?ree or f\r weeks1 w be 9 bloom at ! end ( ano!r mon? if kept 9 ! w9d[ ( a w>m room4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to expose ! plants to bright light until !y h become gre54 ,! bulbs ( ! :ite n>cissus are to be ?r[n away aft] ! fl[]s h )]$1 z !y w n bloom aga91 b freesia bulbs may be kept & plant$ aga9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,=m ,i ,,w9t] ,,lessons ,,on ,a ,,pet ,,animal3 ,,! ,,rabbit ,i ,! lesson is introduc$ by a conv]sation ) ! pupils ab\t _! v>i\s pets4 ,s9ce we are to h a rabbit br\ght to ! s*ool we mu/ le>n h[ to take c>e ( x1 & ! prop] me?od ( tak+ c>e ( x is bas$ ^u a k ( ! habits ( ! wild rabbit4 ,:]e d wild rabbits live8 ,:at sort ( home does a rabbit h8 ,9 :at ways does ?is home protect ! rabbit8 ,h5ce1 :at k9d ( home mu/ we h ready = ! rabbit8 ,:at does ! rabbit eat8 ,are !re any ( ^! foods t are n good = its heal?8 ,give a li/ ( foods t y c br+ = ! rabbit4 ,:y w ! rabbit1 :5 kept 9 a hut*1 require less food ?an "o t runs ab\t8 ,s9ce ! rabbit likes a s(t b$1 :at c y br+ = its b$8 ,,ii ,obs]vations4--,! tea*] or a pupil br+s a rabbit to ! s*ool-room1 :]e1 dur+ recreation p]iods1 ! pupils make obs]vations on topics sugge/$ by ! tea*]1 su* z3 ,its *oice ( food2 its timidity2 its movem5ts--hopp+1 squatt+1 li/5+1 scrat*+1 & gnaw+4 ,^! obs]vations are discuss$ 9 ! class & are correct$ or v]ifi$4 ,to ! tea*]4--,wild rabbits live 9 ! woods or 9 %rubb]y at ! edges ( fields4 ,! home ( ! rabbit is ei!r a burr[ "u gr\nd or a %elt]$ place "u a root or log closely conceal$ among ! bu%es4 ,?is home is dry & af=ds a %elt] f enemies1 & f w9d1 ra91 & sn[4 ,f ?is we "k t we mu/ provide a dry b$ = our rabbit 9 a /rong box 9 :i* x w feel secure1 & 9 :i* x w be protect$ f w9d & ra94 ,! food ( ! rabbit consi/s ( vegetables & s(t "y clov] & gra9s4 ,x also gnaws ! b>k ( trees1 & 9 w9t] x fe$s ^u buds4 ,we c1 !re=e1 fe$ our rabbit on c>rots1 beets1 apples1 oats1 bran1 grass1 & leaves ( plants1 & we mu/ provide x ) "s twigs to gnaw1 = gnaw+ helps to keep its l>ge *isel-%ap$ tee? 9 good condition4 ,we mu/ be c>eful n to give x too mu* ex]cise1 & we mu/ n give x any cabbage1 because ?is is n good = ! rabbit's heal?4 ,a di% ( wat] mu/ be plac$ 9 ! hut*1 = ! rabbit ne$s wat] to dr9k4 ,,iii ,details1 if /udi$ 9 isolation1 are un9t]e/+ to ,=m ,i pupils4 ,detail$ /udy %\ld be bas$ ^u ! animal's habits1 movem5ts1 & in/9cts1 & ea* detail %\ld be /udi$ z an answ] to que/ions su* z3 ,h[ is ! animal able to p]=m ^! movem5ts8 ,h[ is ! animal fitt$ = ?is habit ( life1 etc48 ,wat* ! rabbit mov+4 ,h[ does a rabbit move8 ,:i* legs are ! m useful = hopp+8 ,h[ are ! h9d legs fitt$ = mak+ long hops8 ,:y is ! rabbit able to def5d itself by kick+ ) its h9d feet8 ,f9d out h[ ! rabbit is fitt$ = burr[+4 ,li/5 c>efully & f9d out :e!r ! rabbit makes mu* noise :ile mov+4 ,( :at advantage is x to ! rabbit to move sil5tly8 ,f9d out1 by exam9+ ! feet ( ! rabbit1 :at causes x to make v little noise4 ,h[ are rabbits prep>$ = liv+ dur+ cold wea!r8 ,te/ ! ability ( ! rabbit to he> fa9t noises4 ,:y is x necess>y = ! rabbit to be able to he> fa9t s\nds8 ,h[ is x fitt$ = he>+ fa9t s\nds8 ,exam9e ! tee? & f9d out h[ !y are fitt$ = gnaw+4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! long1 /rong1 h9d legs ( ! rabbit are b5t 9 ! =m ( lev]s & enable ! animal to take long1 quick hops4 ,:5 ! rabbit attacks1 x frequ5tly def5ds itself by vigor\s kicks ) its h9d feet1 :i* are arm$ ) long1 /rong claws4 ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton's /ory ( ,molly ,cottontail & ,raggylug1 9 ,wild ,animals ,i ,h ,kn[n1 conta9s an int]e/+ acc\nt ( h[ ,molly rescu$ ,raggy f a snake by ?is mann] ( fight+4 ,! rabbit has _m enemies1 h5ce x has ne$ ( l>ge1 movable e>s to aid its acute s5se ( he>+4 ,! ?ick pads ( hair on ! soles ( its feet enable x to move noiselessly4 ,! ?ick1 s(t1 inn] hair keeps ! animal w>m1 :ile ! long]1 /iff]1 out] hair %$s ! ra94 ,impress ^u ! pupils ! cruelty ( r\gh h&l+ ( ! rabbit & ( neglect+ to provide x ) a place = ex]cise & ) a clean1 dry home4 ,! foll[+ pet animals may be /udi$1 us+ ! same ord] & g5]al me?od ( treatm5t3 pigeon1 cat1 can>y1 gu9ea pig1 :ite m\se1 raccoon1 squirrel1 p>rot4 ,9 _m cases ^! animals c be br\ght to s*ool by ! pupils4 ,enc\rage ! keep+ ( pet animals by ! pupils1 = ! be/ lessons gr[ out ( ! actual c>e ( ! pets4 ,! /udy ( a pet bird may be conduct$ along l9es simil> to ! outl9e giv5 bel[ = ! /udy ( ! pigeon4 ,,correlations ,) lit]ature & read+3 ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton's ,raggylug4 ,) art3 ,*>coal draw+ repres5t+ ! rabbit 9 v>i\s attitudes1 z squatt+1 li/5+1 hopp+4 ,) modell+ 9 clay or pla/ic9e4 ,) pap] cutt+4 ,) language3 ,! vocabul>y ( ! pupils is enl>g$ by ! introduction ( new words ^: mean+ is made cle> by means ( ! concrete illu/ration furni%$ by direct obs]vation ( ! rabbit4 ,!y use ^! new words 9 s5t5ces :i* !y =m 9 describ+ ! rabbit2 = example3 hut*1 gnaw1 padd$1 cleft lip1 timid4 ,! rabbit has padd$ feet s t x c walk )\t noise4 ,! rabbit has a s(t b$ 9 its hut*4 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,cat ,! foll[+ facts are sugge/$ z topics = a fir/ lesson on ! dome/ic cat4 ,! tea*] c rely ^u ! pupil's k ( ! cat to furni% ^! /atem5ts ( fact dur+ a conv]sation lesson3 ,! cat goes ab\t at night z readily z dur+ ! day4 ,! cat c he> fa9t noises q readily4 ,! cat c walk noiselessly4 ,! cat creeps along until x is close to its prey1 !n p\nces ^u x1 & seizes x ) its claws4 ,! cat enjoys att5tion & purrs if x is /rok$ g5tly4 ,! cat likes to sleep 9 a w>m place4 ,! cat c fight vici\sly ) h] claws4 ,! cat keeps h] fur smoo? & clean & h] :isk]s well bru%$ ) h] paws4 ,! cat eats birds1 mice1 rats1 meat1 fi%1 milk1 bread1 & cake4 ,,detail$ ,,/udy ,base ! /udy ( ! details ^u ! facts ( habit1 movem5ts1 in/9cts1 etc41 :i* 7 develop$ 9 ! prec$+ lesson4 ,obs]vations4--,f9d out h[ ! cat's feet are fitt$ = giv+ a noiseless tread4 ,f9d ! claws4 ,h[ are ! claws fitt$ = seiz+ prey8 ,h[ are ! claws protect$ f be+ made dull by /rik+ aga9/ objects :5 ! cat is walk+8 ,,! ,,pigeon ,a pigeon is kept 9 a cage 9 ! s*ool-room & ! pupils obs]ve3 its size z comp>$ ) t ( o!r birds2 outl9e ( body1 includ+ %ape ( head2 ! fea!rs1 not+ quill fea!rs1 & cov]+ or cont\r fea!rs2 mann] ( fe$+ & dr9k+2 movem5ts1 z walk+1 fly+1 tumbl+4 ,! own] or ! tea*] describes ! dove-cot1 ! necessity ( keep+ x clean1 ! use ( tobacco /ems = kill+ v]m9 9 ! ne/1 ! two :ite eggs1 ! habits ( male & female 9 tak+ turns 9 hat*+1 ! p>5ts' habit ( half dige/+ ! food 9 _! own crops & !n p\r+ x into ! crops ( ! "y1 ! rapid gr[? ( ! "y1 ! next pair ( "y hat*$ be=e ! fir/ pair is full-fl$g$4 ,descriptions ( ! habits ( "o or m well-kn[n v>ieties--p\t]s1 fantails1 hom+ pigeons1 etc4 ,read /ories ( ! tra9+ & flights ( hom+ pigeons1 f ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton's ,arnex4 ,,m ,,detail$ ,,/udy ,,= ,,class ,,"w ,comp>e ! uses ( ! quill & cont\r fea!rs4 ,f9d out h[ ^! two k9ds diff] 9 texture2 ! diff]5ces fitt+ !m = _! diff]5ce 9 function4 ,! names quill & cont\r may be replac$ by "s simple names1 z fea!rs = fly+ & fea!rs = cov]+ ! body4 ,/udy ! adaptations = flight1 not+ ! smoo? body surface1 ! ov]lapp+ fea!rs ( ! w+ = lift+ ! bird upw>d z ! w+ comes d[n1 ! long w+ bones1 ! /rong brea/1 & ! cov]+ ( fea!rs giv+ lightness & w>m?4 ,! w>m? & lightness ( fea!rs is illu/rat$ by ! fea!r boas worn by ladies4 ,exam9e ! feet & f9d out :y pigeons are able to p]* on trees4 ,exam9e ! beak1 m\?1 tongue1 no/rils1 eyes1 e>s4 ,h[ is ! bill adapt$ = pick+ up gra9s & se$s8 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,w9t]-,,bloom+ ,,plants ,*ildr5 are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ?+s :i* !y own & c>e = !mselves4 ,if a *ild plants a bulb or a slip & succe$s 9 br++ x to maturity1 x w be to him ! mo/ int]e/+ &1 at ! same "t1 w br+ him m into sympa?y ) plants :]ev] he may f9d !m4 ,! tea*] %\ld impress ^u ! pupil ! desirability ( hav+ beautiful fl[]s 9 ! home 9 w9t]1 :5 !re are none to be _h out-(-doors4 ,e pupil %\ld be enc\rag$ to h "o plant at lea/1 & ! bulbs plant$ 9 ,octob] & /or$ away 9 ! d>k 9 ! home cell> w require a good deal ( c>e & af=d an excell5t opportunity = obs]v+ plant gr[? & ! developm5t ( fl[]s4 ,if ! pots h be5 /or$ 9 a cool cell> & h be5 kept slightly moi/1 ! bulbs w h made suffici5t root gr[? 9 a mon? & %\ld be br\ght up into a w>m] room :]e !y c get "s sun%9e e day4 ,! pupils w make a report ea* week z to :at *anges are noticeable 9 ! gr[+ plant4 ,!y w note ! appe>ance ( pale gre5 %oots1 :i* lat] develop into leaves & at lea/ "o fl[] /alk4 ,!y %\ld make a draw+ once e week & %[ x to ! tea*]1 & ! tea*] %\ld make x a po9t to see a numb] ( ! pupils' plants by call+ at _! homes4 ,9 ?is way ! pupils come to "k :at plants ne$ = _! developm5t 9 ! way ( soil1 wat]1 light1 & heat4 ,?is int]e/ w soon be ext5d$1 until1 9 a v few ye>s1 ! *ildr5 w add new & beautiful plants to ! home collection & assume ! responsibility ( c>+ = all ( !m4 ,,trees ,,p9es ,,( ,,! ,,locality ,?is /udy may be comm5c$ 9 ,novemb] aft] ! decidu\s trees h lo/ _! leaves & h ent]$ _! quiesc5t w9t] p]iod4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ! ev]gre5s /& out s prom95tly on ! l&scape 9 su* %>p contra/ ) ! o!rs t h be5 /ripp$ ( _! broad leaves & n[ look b>e & lifeless4 ,if no p9es are to be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 balsam or spruce may be sub/itut$4 ,! lessons %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be obs]vational4 ,! pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to make "s obs]vations = !mselves out ( s*ool4 ,at lea/ "o lesson %\ld be conduct$ out-(-doors1 a suitable p9e tree hav+ be5 select$ be=eh& = ! purpose4 ,! foll[+ me?od might s]ve z a guide 9 ! /udy ( any species ( tree4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,field ,,ex]cises ,h ! pupils obs]ve ! %ape & height ( ! tree f a di/ance1 trac+ ! outl9e ) ! f+]4 ,comp>e ! %ape ( ?is tree ) t ( o!r ev]gre5s & also ) t ( ! broad-leaf$ trees4 ,h !m describe 9 :at p>ticul>s ! %apes diff] 9 diff]5t trees4 ,!y w come to realize t ! diff]5ce 9 %ape results f diff]5ce 9 l5g?1 direction1 & arrangem5t ( bran*es4 ,!y may notice t o!r ev]gre5 trees resemble ! p9e 9 t ! /ems are all /raight & ext5d z a gradually tap]+ %aft f ! bottom to ! top1 t all h a m or less conical %ape1 & t ! bran*es gr[ m or less /raight out f ! ma9 /em1 n slant+ (f z 9 ! case ( ! maples & elms4 ,com+ close to ! tree1 ! pupils may fir/ exam9e ! trunk4 ,by us+ a /r+ or tape-l9e1 f9d its diamet] & h[ big x is ar\nd4 ,tell !m h[ big "s ev]gre5s are 7! giant trees ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ are sometimes ov] =ty feet ar\nd74 ,h !m notice :]e ! trunk is l>ge/1 & let !m f9d out :y a tree ne$s to be s /rong at ! gr\nd4 ,heavy w9d puts a great /ra9 on x j at ?is po9t4 ,illu/rate by tak+ a long slat or la?1 drive x into ! gr\nd firmly1 & !n1 cat*+ x by ! top1 pu% x ov]4 ,x w break (f j at ! gr\nd4 ,if a little p9e tree c\ld be tak5 up1 ! pupils w\ld be int]e/$ 9 see+ :at long1 /rong1 fibr\s roots ! p9e has4 ,let !m exam9e ! b>k ( ! trunk & describe its col\r & r\ghness4 ,! fissures 9 ! b>k1 :i* are caus$ by ! enl>g+ ( ! tree by ! =mation ( new wood "u ! b>k1 are deep] at ! bottom ( ! tree ?an at ! top1 ! tree be+ y\ng] & ! b>k ?9n] ! ne>] to ! top we g4 ,let ! pupils look up into ! tree f b5ea? & !n g a little di/ance away & look at x4 ,!y w notice h[ b>e ! bran*es are on ! inside1 & ! tea*] w probably h to expla9 :y ?is is s4 ,!y w discov] t ! leaves are ne>ly all out t[>d ! ends ( ! bran*es z !y get light !re1 :ile ! c5tre ( ! tree top is %ad$1 & ! great "q t e tree mu/ try to solve is h[ to get mo/ light = its leaves4 ,! pupils w n[ see an additional reason :y ! l[] limbs %\ld be long] ?an ! upp] ones4 ,! great] l5g? ( ! l[] limbs br+s ! leaves out into ! sunlight4 ,! reason = call+ ?is tree an ev]gre5 may n[ be consid]$4 ,:y x reta9s its leaves all w9t] is a problem = m advanc$ classes2 b if ! "q is ask$1 ! tea*] may get ov] ! difficulty by expla9+ to ! class t ! leaves are s small1 & yet s h>dy1 t w9d1 fro/1 or sn[ does n injure !m4 ,ea* pupil may br+ a small bran* or twig back to ! s*ool-room = use 9 a class-room lesson4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,mat]ials4--,small bran*es--"o = ea* pupil1 cones1 b>k1 pieces ( p9e bo>d4 ,introduction4--,review ! g5]al features ( ! p9e t 7 obs]v$ 9 ! field lesson4 ,obs]vations4--,! bran*es are di/ribut$4 ,pupils te/ ! /r5g? & suppl5ess ( ! bran*es & f9d ! gummy nature ( ! surface4 ,( :at value are ^! qualities to ! tree dur+ w9t] /orms8 ,exam9e ! texture1 /iffness1 & f95ess ( ! ne$les4 ,note t ! ne$les are 9 little bun*es4 ,h[ _m are 9 ea* bun*8 ,are !re any buds on ! bran*es8 ,if s1 :]e are ! buds8 ,h[ are ! buds protect$ f ra98 ,! pupils exam9e ! cones & describe _! g5]al %ape4 ,! pupils are ask$ to break op5 ! t\gh scales & f9d ! se$s4 ,all[ ! se$s to fall ?r\gh ! air1 & ?us ! pupils w discov] ! use ( ! w+s atta*$ to ! se$s4 ,! wood is next exam9$1 its col\r & od\r are not$1 & its h>dness is te/$4 ,f9d articles 9 ! s*ool-room t are made ( p9e wood4 ,,elm ,! foll[+ topics are sugge/$ = aid+ 9 ! selection ( matt] = a lesson on a typical broad-leaf$ tree3 ,! height ( ! tree4 ,! "p ( ! height t is compos$ ( tree tops4 ,! umbrella %ape or dome %ape ( ! top4 ,! gracefully droop+ bran*es ( ! out] "p ( ! top4 ,try to f9d o!r trees ) tops l t ( ! elm4 ,! diamet] ( ! trunk4 ,! diamet] is almo/ uni=m up to ! bran*es4 ,! bran*es all come (f f "o po9t1 l ! ribs ( an umbrella4 ,! ?ick b>k1 t ( ! old trees be+ m>k$ by deep furr[s4 ,! birds t make _! ne/s 9 ! elm4 ,9 spr+ f9d & exam9e ! fl[]s1 fruits1 se$s1 & also ! leaves4 ,,field ,,ex]cise ,a good out-(-door ex]cise to foll[ ! g5]al lesson outl9$ above1 is to require ! pupils to f9d all ! elm trees or a numb] ( elm trees gr[+ 9 ! locality & to describe _! location & ! k9d ( soil on :i* !y gr[4 ,! maple1 oak1 horse-*e/nut1 & apple are also suitable trees ^u :i* to base lessons = ,=m ,i4 ,,dome/ic ,,animals ,dome/ic animals n only furni% suitable subjects = obs]vation "w1 b also af=d good opportunities = develop+ t sympa!tic int]e/ 9 animal life :i* w cause ! pupils to m ne>ly appreciate ! useful animals & to treat !m m humanely4 ,,! ,,horse ,i ,introduction4--,by means ( a conv]sation ) ! pupils1 f9d out :at !y "k ab\t ! horse & lead !m to ?9k ab\t 8 prop] treatm5t4 ,lesson4--,! matt] & me?od are sugge/$ by ! foll[+3 ,:at are ! diff]5t ?+s = :i* horses are useful8 ,:at k9ds ( horses are mo/ useful = haul+ heavy loads8 ,:y are !y mo/ useful8 ,:at k9ds are ! mo/ useful = g5]al f>m "w8 ,:y are !y ! mo/ useful8 ,:at k9ds are ! mo/ useful = driv+8 ,are !re any o!r animals t w\ld be z useful z ! horse = all ^! ?+s8 ,:at causes "s horses to be lean & we>y :ile o!rs are fat & brisk8 ,:at k9ds ( /ables %\ld horses h z to w>m?1 dryness1 & fre% air8 ,:y is x cruel to put a fro/y bit into a horse's m\?8 ,:5 a horse is w>m f driv+ on a cold day1 h[ %\ld he be protect$ if hit*$ out-(-doors8 ,:y1 :5 he is w>m f driv+1 %\ld ! blanket n be put on until he has be5 9 ! /able = a little :ile8 ,correlate ) read+ f ,black ,beauty4 ,,ii ,prep>ation4--,i want y to f9d out "s m ?+s ab\t ! horse1 b y w und]/& ^! ?+s bett] if y rememb] t long ago all horses 7 wild1 j z "s horses are wild on ! prairies to-day1 & t ! habits le>n$ by wild horses rema9 9 our tame horses4 ,! tea*] %\ld read to ! class p>ts ( ,! ,pac+ ,mu/ang f ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton's ,wild ,animals ,i ,h ,kn[n1 or ,kaweah's ,run f ,neighb\rs ) ,claws & ,ho(s4 ,?is w give ! pupils a motive = mak+ ! requir$ obs]vations4 ,obs]vations4--,comp>e ! l5g? ( ! legs ( ! horse ) 8 height4 ,( :at use 7 ^! long legs to ! wild horses8 ,:at causes horses to %y8 ,( :at use 0 ?is habit to wild horses8 ,9 h[ _m directions c a horse move 8 e>s8 ,( :at use 0 ?is to wild horses8 ,:5 horses 9 a field are al>m$1 d !y ru% toge!r or keep ap>t1 & :]e are ! "y foals f\nd at ?is "t8 ,( :at use 7 ^! habits to wild horses8 ,are ! eyes ( ! horse s plac$ t he c see beh9d him & to ei!r side z well z 9 front8 ,( :at use 0 ?is to wild horses8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! horse is an animal :i* is /rong1 swift1 graceful1 g5tle1 ob$i5t1 docile4 ,! pupils %\ld le>n t1 9 return = 8 good s]vices1 ! horse %\ld be treat$ ) k9dness & consid]ation4 ,! legs ( ! horse are long1 /raight1 & /rong1 & ! s+le toe 7or ho(7 means t ! horse walks on ! tip ( "o toe1 & ! ho( is 9 reality a l>ge toe nail develop$ to protect ! tip ( ! toe4 ,to ^! features is due ! great spe$ ( ! horse4 ,horses ga!r toge!r 9 ! field ) ! foals 9 ! mo/ protect$ "p ( ! gr\p1 j z wild horses f\nd x necess>y to d = protection4 ,! wild horses %i$ at a fi]ce enemy conceal$ 9 ! grass1 & ! tame horse %ies at a /range object4 ,,correlations ,) lit]ature & read+3 ,by int]pretation ( ,! ,bell ( ,atri4 ,) language3 ,by ex]cise on new words1 z graceful1 etc4 ,,dome/ic ,,birds ,,! ,,duck ,home ,obs]vations4--,comp>e ! duck & ! drake z to size1 col\r+1 calls1 & o!r s\nds4 ,obs]ve ! position ( ! birds :5 /&+4 ,obs]ve _! mode ( walk+1 ( swimm+1 & ( fly+4 ,:]e d !y pref] to make _! ne/s8 ,:y is ! duck m pla9 9 dress ?an ! drake8 ,:at is ! %ape1 size1 & build ( ! ne/8 ,describe ! eggs4 ,:5 does ! duck sleep8 ,:y c x n sleep ^u a p]* z h5s d8 ,h[ d ducks fe$ on l&8 ,comp>e ) ! fe$+ ( h5s4 ,obs]ve h[ ducks fe$ :5 9 wat]4 ,obs]ve ! v>i\s s\nds1 z al>m notes1 call notes1 social s\nds4 ,describe ! pre5+ ( ! fea!rs & expla9 ! mean+ ( x4 ,comp>e ! appe>ance ( ! "y ducks ) t ( ! old] ones4 ,d ! "y ducks ne$ to be taught to swim8 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,provide1 :]e conv5i5t1 a duck = class /udy4 ,obs]vations4--,col\r1 size1 g5]al %ape ( ! body1 & ! relation ( ! %ape to ease ( swimm+2 divisions ( ! body4 ,size ( head1 l5g? ( neck1 & ! relation ( ! l5g? ( ! neck to ! habit ( fe$+ 9 wat]4 ,! legs & web feet1 & ! relation ( ^! to ! bird's awkw>d walk+ & ease 9 swimm+4 ,! bill & its relation to ! bird's habits ( fe$+ by scoop+ ?+s f ! bottom ( ! wat] & !n /ra9+ ! wat] out4 ,! s5sitive tip ( ! bill by :i* ! duck c feel ! food4 ,! fea!rs1 _! w>m?1 & compactness = %$d+ wat]4 ,! oil spread ov] !m dur+ ! pre5+ is useful z a protection aga9/ wat]4 ,! bill1 feet1 & fea!rs %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! h5 & goose1 & reasons = ! simil>ities & diff]5ces %\ld be discuss$4 ,! uses t p make ( ducks & _! fea!rs & eggs2 ! ga!r+ ( eid]-d[n4 ,= desk "w1 make draw+s ( ! duck :5 swimm+1 fly+1 & /&+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=m ,i ,,spr+ ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! pupils 9 ,=m ,i _c be expect$ to d heavy "w1 su* z spad+ plots or mak+ pa?s4 ,9 "s cases ! l>g] boys w und]take to l9e out ! walks & d ! spad+ or digg+4 ,sometimes x may be be/ to engage a man to d ! spad+4 ,9 any case ! boys & girls %\ld d ! measur+ & m>k+ out ( ! plots4 ,if /able manure is us$ 9 f]tiliz+ ! plots1 x mu/ be well rott$ & !n c>efully spad$ into ! plots4 ,! re/ ( ! "w %\ld be done by ! pupils !mselves "u ! direction ( ! tea*]4 ,?is "w w include ! levell+ ( ! plots ) hoes & rakes1 & ! trimm+ ( ! edges to ! exact size ( ! plots1 z det]m9$ by a /r+ drawn taut ab\t ! f\r corn] pickets4 ,if ! pupils 9 ?is ,=m h individual plots1 ea* pupil w m>k out 8 drills1 put 9 ! se$s1 & cov] !m4 ,! tea*] may give demon/rations 9 connection ) ! "w b %\ld n d ! "w = ! pupils4 ,! tea*] mu/ use 8 own judgm5t z to :at se$s to all[ ! pupils to plant4 ,"o v>iety ( vegetable & "o ( fl[]s is suffici5t = ,=m ,i pupils1 & x is desirable t l>ge se$s be *os5 = !m & su* z are pretty sure to gr[ "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,beans1 beets1 radi%es1 or lettuces are suitable z vegetables1 & na/urtiums1 balsams1 or f\r-o'clocks z fl[]s4 ,^! se$s %\ld be plant$ at lea/ an in* ap>t 9 ! drill & ! drills1 twelve to fifte5 in*es ap>t4 ,l>ge se$s may h an in* ( soil ov] !m & small] se$s mu* less4 ,unless ! soil is v dry1 wat]+ %\ld n be all[$1 & 9 any case x is bett] to wat] ! plot ?or\ghly ! day be=e plant+ ! se$ in/ead ( aft]1 z is commonly done4 ,! pupils mu/ n all[ a cru/ to =m ov] ! plot ei!r be=e ! se$s come up or aft]4 ,claw-h& we$]s are conv5i5t = loos5+ ! soil close to ! plants1 & small-siz$ g>d5 rakes c be us$ betwe5 ! r[s z soon z ! se$l+s appe>4 ,x is always bett] to cultivate be=e ! we$s get a />t1 & ?us prev5t _! gr[?4 ,usually ! "y plants w be too ?ick 9 ! r[1 s t ?9n+ %\ld be begun :5 ! plants are ab\t two in*es high4 ,! edges ( ! plots %\ld be kept /raight & ! pa?s clean & level4 ,ea* plot %\ld h a wood5 label be>+ ! own]'s "n or numb] & ,=m4 ,! tea*] is ref]r$ to ,circul> #ac ( ! ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,elem5t>y ,agriculture & ,horticulture1 = li/s ( se$s1 tools1 etc4 ,,g>d5 ,,/udies ,! pupils %\ld be 9 ! g>d5 e day z soon z g>d5+ comm5ces4 ,9 ?is way only w !y be able to foll[ & appreciate ! :ole life ( ! plant f se$ to se$ aga94 ,! tea*] %\ld give a few m9utes daily to receiv+ v]bal reports f ! pupils4 ,all new developm5ts t ! pupils notice %\ld be report$ = ! good ( all4 ,! tea*] %\ld make a practice ( visit+ ! g>d5 = a few m9utes daily be=e or aft] s*ool1 9 ord] t he may be 9 a position to direct ! pupils 9 _! /udies 9 ! g>d54 ,! pupils %\ld wat* = ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! "y plants above gr\nd1 not+ h[ !y get ?r\gh ! soil1 & ! size1 %ape1 & col\r ( ! fir/ leaves4 ,!y c readily det]m9e :e!r all ( ! se$s gr[4 ,!y w !n wat* = ! op5+ ( ! second pair ( leaves & comp>e !m ) ! fir/ pair4 ,!y %\ld report ! am\nt ( gr[? made f day to day1 & also :at insect enemies attack ! plants1 & :at animals1 su* z toads & birds1 are se5 dur+ ! season4 ,!y w also h occasion to note ! effect ( ra9 & sun ^u ! soil & ^u ! plants4 ,! fir/ vegetables fit = use & ! fir/ fl[]s 9 bloom w be report$4 ,:ile !y give special att5tion to ! developm5t ( ! plants 9 _! own plots1 !y w ( c\rse obs]ve :at is go+ on 9 ! g>d5 g5]ally4 ,correlate ) ! int]pretation ( ,! ,se$ 9 ,nature 9 ,v]se4--,lovejoy4 ,silv]1 ,burdett ,co41 #fj c5ts4 ,,w9d[ ,,g>d5 ,! pupils %\ld plant "s se$s 9 s& or moi/ sawdu/ 9 boxes or pots 9 ! s*ool-room1 s t !y may be able to exam9e ! progress ( g]m9ation4 ,9 ?is way !y w come to realize t e good se$ has 9 x a t9y plant asleep & t w>m? & moi/ure are ne$$ to awak5 x & help x to gr[4 ,x s5ds "o delicate %oot d[n into ! soil & ano!r up into ! light4 ,ano!r int]e/+ way to plant se$s is 9 egg-%ells fill$ ) f9e1 moi/ soil1 :i* are set 9 r[s 9 a box ( s&4 ,"o se$ only %\ld be put 9 a %ell4 ,! plants may be gr[n to q a size & !n set out 9 ! g>d5 plot1 ! %ell hav+ fir/ be5 brok5 (f & ! ball ( e>? conta9+ ! roots c>efully set d[n 9 a small hole1 pack$ ab\t ) g>d5 soil1 & wat]$4 ,! pupils %\ld draw diagrams or maps ( _! plots & aft]w>ds ( ! :ole g>d54 7,see ,manual on ,geography47 ,!y c m>k ! l9es ( plants1 & ^? :o c write c give 9 %ort1 simple s5t5ces ! ma9 ?+s notic$ f day to day4 ,!y %\ld give ! day & date :5 ! se$s 7 plant$1 :5 plants came up1 :5 ra9 /orms occurr$1 :5 "w 9 we$+1 ?9n+1 & cultivat+ 0 done1 :5 ! plants 7 fit to use1 & h[ !y 7 dispos$ (1 etc4 ,?is w s]ve z pr(itable seat "w 9 writ+1 draw+1 & language4 ,simple problems bas$ ^u dim5sions ( plots & ! value ( vegetables1 etc41 af=d excell5t supplem5t>y ex]cises 9 ari?metic4 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,! admiration t ev5 little *ildr5 h = ! wild fl[]s ( ! woods & _! delight 9 f9d+ & ga!r+ !m is suffici5t ju/ification = includ+ !m 9 /udies = ,=m ,i4 ,! tea*] mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 le/ he g too f> 9 ! critical exam9ation ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[]s1 =gett+ t little *ildr5 are n int]e/$ 9 /am5s & petals1 b 9 ! fre%1 fragrant1 & delicate blossoms t beautify ! little banks & holl[s ( e woodl& & t bright5 up ! fields & roadsides 9 spr+ "t4 ,! tea*] %\ld aim to deep5 t *ildi% admiration & give to ! *ild a m intellig5t appreciation ( ! beauties ( ! wild fl[]s & a desire to protect !m f ext]m9ation4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to prohibit ! pick+ ( wild fl[]s1 b ! pupils %\ld be in/ruct$ n to pull up plants by ! roots4 ,! pick+ ( fl[]s 9 mod]ation does n injure ! plants1 b r t5ds to increase _! vig\r4 ,pupils %\ld pick fl[]s ) "s purpose 9 view1 r ?an to see h[ big a bun* ea* c ga!r4 ,! tea*] %\ld %[ !m h[ to arrange a few fl[]s 9 a neat b\quet & emphasize ! fact t a great mass ( blossoms cru%$ closely toge!r is f> f be+ arti/ic or ornam5tal4 ,pupils %\ld !n be enc\rag$ to make up pretty b\quets = ! tea*]'s desk1 = ! home d9+-room1 & = old or invalid p :o love fl[]s--especially ^? pluck$ by ! h&s ( ?\ghtful *ildr54 ,,recognition ,,( ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,! pupils %\ld le>n to recognize ea* ye> a few species ( wild fl[]s by "n z well z by sight4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 two ways1 7#a7 by means ( excursions to ! woods a few times ea* ye> dur+ ! spr+ & summ] mon?s1 & 7#b7 by hav+ occasional obs]vation lessons 9 ! s*ool-room bas$ ^u ! fl[]s ga!r$ = ! s*ool-room b\quets4 ,bo? me?ods are to be recomm5d$1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t a wilt$1 lac]at$ fl[] has no int]e/ = a little *ild4 ,,lesson ,,9 ,,outl9e ,,bloodroot ,plants are always mo/ int]e/+ :5 /udi$ 9 _! natural environm5t1 & ?is is "o reason :y ! s*ool excursion des]ves ! highe/ comm5dation z a me?od ( /udy+ wild fl[]s4 ,:5 /udy+ wild fl[]s out-(-doors1 ! pupils %\ld notice :at seems to be ! fav\rite or usual location = ! p>ticul> species "u consid]ation4 ,h ! pupils obs]ve ! foll[+ ab\t ! bloodroot3 ,x seems to pref] fairly dry1 ri* soil1 on or ne> a hillside4 ,x op5s its beautiful :ite blossoms e>ly 9 ! spr+1 z if to enjoy ! bright sun%9e be=e ! trees put out _! ?ick coat ( leaves to %ade x4 ,x1 l _m ano!r e>ly spr+ fl[]1 comes into bloom s e>ly 9 ! spr+ because x got ready ! summ] be=e4 ,! tea*] %\ld c>efully dig up a specim5--root & all--z "y pupils _c be dep5d$ on to get up all ( ! und]gr\nd "p4 ,note ! l>ge am\nt ( plant food /or$ up 9 ! und]gr\nd /em1 h[ ! fl[] 0 protect$ be=e x op5$ out1 & :at becomes ( ! protection4 ,note ! peculi> beauty ( ! sn[-:ite blossoms ) _! yell[ c5tres1 & h[ beautiful !y look z !y ne/le among/ ! h&some gre5 leaves ) _! p9ki%-t9t$ /ems4 ,w\nd ! root1 & notice ! r$di%1 bloodlike juice :5ce ! plant d]ives its "n4 ,indians sometimes use ?is juice = w>-pa9t1 & "s mo!rs give x to _! *ildr5 on sug> z a cure = c\ghs & colds4 ,o!r wild fl[]s suitable = ,=m ,i are butt]cup1 spr+ beauty1 dog's-too? violet1 hepatica1 & trillium4 ,if !re is a corn] ( ! s*ool gr\nd t is p>tly %ad$1 & if ! soil is fairly mell[ & moi/1 "s ( ^! wild fl[]s %\ld be transplant$ !re :]e !y w gr[ well & c be se5 e day dur+ ! bloom+ p]iod4 ,! leaves & fl[]s ( ! bloodroot & ! above-m5tion$ wild fl[]s c be us$ = draw+4 ,,correlations ,oral & writt5 descriptions ( ! fl[]s /udi$ af=d suitable ex]cises 9 language & composition4 ,,insect ,,/udy ,,cecropia1 ,,or ,,emp]or-,,mo? ,! l>vae ( ?is1 ! l>ge/ ( ,canadian mo?s1 may be f\nd e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 z !y w&] ab\t 9 se>* ( a suitable bran* ^u :i* to fa/5 _! cocoons4 ,if ! pupils are n successful 9 f9d+ ! l>vae1 ! cocoons c be f\nd aft] ! leaves h fall51 because _! size makes !m conspicu\s4 ,! only difficulty 9 f9d+ !m is due to _! be+ ( ! same col\r z ! )]$ leaves1 s t !y are easily mi/ak5 = ! latt]4 ,! pupils %\ld be direct$ to look c>efully at :at appe>s at fir/ sight to be a )]$ leaf atta*$ to a tree or %rub1 & 9 ?is way _m cocoons ( v>i\s mo?s w be f\nd4 ,obs]ve4--,! l>ge size--f ?ree to f\r in*es long2 ! gre5i% col\r2 ! /umpy legs2 movem5ts1 z walk+1 feel+1 cl++2 ! r[s ( w>ts1 & %ort1 /iff sp9es on ^!2 ! fe$+ habits1 bit+ or suck+2 eggs ( p>asites1 = frequ5tly ^! are f\nd on ! l>vae4 ,place ! l>va 9 a box cov]$ ) gauze1 & obs]ve ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( ! cocoon4 ,f :at "p ( ! body is ! silk obta9$8 ,) :at organs are ! ?reads plac$ 9 position8 ,:at "p ( ! cocoon is made fir/ & :at "p is made la/8 ,:at "t is requir$ = mak+ ! cocoon8 ,h[ is ! cocoon fa/5$ to ! tree8 ,:at provision is made 9 ! cocoon = w>m?1 = protection f birds1 = %elt] f ra98 ,cut op5 a cocoon & exam9e ! pupa1 not+ ! mummy-l case on :i* c be se5 ! impressions ( ! w+s develop+ )94 ,if ! cocoon is kept 9 ! viv>ium 9 a cool place1 s t ! conditions may be z ne>ly z possible l ! natural conditions1 ! adult mo? w em]ge ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,9 ,april ! cocoon %\ld be wett$ occasionally1 z x w\ld be if expos$ to ra9s2 ?is ensures m p]fect developm5t ( ! insect4 ,obs]ve4--,at :at "p ( ! cocoon ! mo? makes an op5+2 ! sl[ spread+ & /r5g!n+ ( ! w+s2 ! size & coloration ( ! mo?2 ! fea!ry feel]s2 ! position ( ! w+s & suck+ m\? p>ts :5 at re/4 ,require ! pupils to make draw+s ( ! cocoon1 l>va1 & adult4 ,! promo!a mo?1 ^: cocoons are common on lilac bu%es1 may be /udi$ 9 ! same way z ! emp]or4 ,ref]5ce4--,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy ,,dragon-,,fly ,! l>vae ( ?is insect may be obta9$ 9 ,may or ,june by scrap+ leaves1 we$s1 & mud f ! bottom ( ponds & all[+ ! mud & wat] to settle 9 a pail or tub4 ,! l>vae may be di/+ui%$ f o!r aquatic creatures by ! long insect-l body1 ?ree pairs ( legs1 & ! mask--a flap ) p9c]s at ! end4 ,?is mask c be turn$ "u ! head & body :5 n 9 use1 or x c be project$ 9 front ( ! l>va = cat*+ prey4 ,at ! re> end are ?ree tubes1 :i* fit toge!r to =m ! brea?+ tube4 ,! pupils %\ld obs]ve ! above features1 & also ! movem5ts1 seiz+ ( prey1 brea?+1 m\lt+1 semi-re/+ or pupa /age1 at ! close ( :i* ! pupa climbs up a re$ or /alk ( grass & bur/s ! sk9 f :i* ! adult em]ges4 ,! pupils %\ld put into ! aqu>ium v>i\s k9ds ( insects & decide :at foods are pref]r$ by ! l>va & ! adult4 ,obs]ve4--,! size1 l5g? ( body1 movem5ts 9 flight1 lace-l w+s1 & insect-kill+ habits ( ! dragon-fly4 ,%\ld dragon-flies be protect$8 ,give reasons4 ,are all dragon-flies ( ! same size1 build1 & col\r8 ,at :at "t ( ye> are dragon-flies mo/ num]\s8 ,ref]5ce4--,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy4 ,,o!r ,,conspicu\s ,,insects ,! potato-beetle1 giant wat]-bug1 ea/]n swall[-tail butt]fly1 & promo!a mo? are insects suitable z types to be /udi$ by ! pupils ( ,=m ,i4 ,! giant wat]-bug is ! l>ge1 broad1 grayi%-br[n insect t is f\nd on ! sidewalks 9 ,may & ,june morn+s4 7,= in=mation on ! ea/]n swall[-tail & promo!a see ,metamorphosis1 9 ,butt]fly & ,mo? ,collections47 ,,birds ,bird /udies = ,=m ,i %\ld be limit$ to obs]vations made directly ^u a few common birds1 su* z ! rob91 h\se-sp>r[ 7,engli%71 song-sp>r[1 flick]1 h\se-wr51 cr[1 bronz$ grackle1 & mead[-l>k4 ,^! are easily rea*$ by ! pupils ( e rural & village s*ool1 & ! purpose ( ! lessons %\ld be to tea* ! pupils to recognize ^! birds1 & by mak+ use ( *ild int]e/ 9 liv+ active creatures1 to develop _! int]e/ 9 birds4 ,,! ,,rob9 ,,field ,,ex]cises ,i ,obs]ve ! rob9s & f9d out ! foll[+ ?+s3 #a4 ,are all rob9s ( ! same col\r8 ,if n ( ! same col\r1 :at diff]5ce d y note8 #b4 ,does ! bird run or hop8 ,imitate its movem5ts4 #c4 ,li/5 to its song4 ,is x sweet or h>%8 ,is x l\d or l[8 ,is x *e]ful or gloomy8 #d4 ,wat* ! rob9 z x moves along ! grass & le>n h[ x f9ds out :]e ! worms are4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! pupils %\ld be giv5 a few days 9 :i* to f9d out answ]s to ^! que/ions1 & at ! end ( t "t ! answ]s %\ld be discuss$ 9 ! class4 ,male rob9s h m pron\nc$ col\rs ?an female rob9s4 ,! beak is yell[]1 ! brea/ is bright]1 ! back & ! top ( ! head are d>k]4 ,rob9s bo? run & hop4 ,! s5se ( sight ( ! rob9 is v acute1 b its s5se ( he>+ is ev5 m ke54 ,! bird may be obs]v$ turn+ its head to "o side to li/5 = ! s\nd ( a worm :i* is /ill inside its burr[4 ,,ii ,a second set ( ex]cises may n[ be assign$ :i* w dem& a m detail$ /udy ( ! bird1 namely1 a /udy ( ! size1 col\r1 =m ( body1 mann] ( flight1 & l5g? ( beak4 ,,iii ,,! ,,ne/1 ,,eggs1 ,,& ,,"y #a4 ,f9d out v>i\s places 9 :i* rob9s build _! ne/s4 ,9 :at ways are ^! places all alike8 ,exam9e ! mat]ials ( ! ne/ & f9d out :y ! ne/s are built 9 ! k9d ( places 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 #b4 ,describe ! eggs4 #c4 ,:at k9ds ( food d ! p>5t birds br+ to ! "y8 ,does ! fa!r bird aid 9 br++ food to ! "y8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! ne/s are f\nd 9 well-%elt]$ p>ts ( apple trees & ev]gre5s1 9 %$s1 "u l$ges ( ro(s1 & 9 o!r %elt]$ places4 ,! ne/s1 s9ce !y are compos$ l>gely ( mud & grass1 w\ld easily be wa%$ away if expos$ to ra9 /orms4 ,! food br\ght to ! "y consi/s ( worms & insect l>vae1 & ! fa!r bird is v indu/ri\s 9 help+ to take c>e ( 8 family4 ,x is ! fa!r bird t s+s1 & ! "m bird devotes all h] en]gies to work+ & scold+4 ,,! ,,song-,,sp>r[ ,,field ,,ex]cises ,9 e>ly ,m>*1 :5 ! /reams are j beg9n+ to break f und]nea? ! ice & spots ( gr\nd peep "h & !re ?r\gh ! sn[1 assign to ! pupils an ex]cise su* z ! foll[+3 ,wat* = a small1 gray-br[n bird :i* p]*es ne> ! top ( a bu%1 or small tree1 & s+s ! ,tea-kettle ,song4 ,try to int]pret ! song 9 ! words3 ,maids6 ,maids6 ,maids6 ,put on ! tea-kettle1 tea-kettle1 tea-kettle1 tea-kettle1 tea-kettle-ettle4 ,is ! song bright & *e]ful or dull & gloomy8 ,does ! bird s+ ?is song (t58 ,approa* close to ! bird4 ,are !re any /ripes or spots on its brea/ or head8 ,describe ! flight ( ! bird f its p]*1 :5 x is di/urb$4 ,to ! tea*]4--,x is possible = ! pupils to di/+ui% ! song-sp>r[ by means ( ! above ex]cises4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ birds to return 9 ! spr+1 &1 z x is a lu/y s+]1 x w attract ! att5tion ( all :o are look+ = birds4 ,! d>k br[n spot 9 ! c5tre ( ! brea/ is a di/+ui%+ m>k1 & ! m obs]vant w f9d ! ?ree a%y-gray /ripes on its head & ! d>k l9e ?r\gh ! eye4 ,:5 di/urb$1 x does n rise into ! air1 b flies d[nw>d & disappe>s ) a swi% ( its tail4 ,! ne/ is usually built on ! gr\nd or 9 a l[ bu% or tree4 ,x is compos$ ( grass1 f9e roots1 or we$ /ems1 & l9$ ) f9e grass or hair4 ,! eggs are usually f\r or five1 b sometimes !re are z _m z sev54 ,!y are :ite ) a gre5i%-blue t9t & are closely spott$ ) br[n4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,discuss ) ! pupils ! obs]vations t !y h made on ! field ex]cises4 ,g5]alize z to ! simil>ity ( ! places 9 :i* ! pupils h se5 ! sp>r[ s++1 & z to ! times ( day 9 :i* ! bird s+s4 ,tea* ! m>ks ( id5tification :i* "s h discov]$1 us+ = ?is purpose pictures ( ! bird or black-bo>d draw+s2 & enc\rage ^? :o h n yet se5 ! song-sp>r[ to try aga9 & to secure ! assi/ance ( ^? :o h succe$$4 ,comp>e ! size & =m ( ! song-sp>r[ ) t ( ! h\se-sp>r[ 7,engli%74 ,tell ! pupils ! great value ( ! bird 9 kill+ cutworms1 plant-lice1 cat]pill>s1 gr\nd-beetles1 gras%opp]s1 flies1 & o!r insects4 ,x also helps to prev5t ! spread ( we$s by eat+ ?\s&s ( se$s ( noxi\s we$s4 ,assign ! pupils "s o!r ?+s to discov]1 z = example3 ,?r\gh h[ _m mon?s ( ! summ] does ! bird s+8 ,f9d ! ne/4 ,:y is x h>d to f9d8 ,describe ! eggs1 z to size1 col\r1 & numb]4 ,d n di/urb ! ne/ & d n visit x v (t54 ,to ! tea*]4--,base lessons 9 bird /udy ^u ! ,engli% sp>r[1 flick]1 wr51 & mead[-l>k4 ,,! ,,%eep ,,problems ,,= ,,field ,,"w ,h[ d %eep f9d "o ano!r :5 !y h become sep>at$8 ,h[ old are ! lambs be=e !y c keep up ) ! old %eep :5 runn+8 ,:at fits ! lamb = runn+ s well8 ,wat* ! lambs :5 !y are play+1 & f9d out :e!r !y play3 #a4 ,i'm ! k+ ( ! ca/le4 #b4 ,foll[ ! lead]4 ,f9d out by wat*+ a flock ( %eep :at is meant by ,m5 foll[ "o ano!r l a flock ( %eep4 ,describe h[ %eep move :5 !y are go+ v fa/4 ,:y %\ld %eep be kept 9 a well-v5tilat$ build+ t protects !m f sn[ & ra9 b is n v w>m8 ,to ! tea*]4--,ea* movem5t1 habit1 & in/9ct impli$ 9 ?is ex]cise is expla9$ by ! life ( ! wild %eep4 ,_! natural home is 9 ! m\nta91 & _! swift movem5t is t ( b\nd+ f rock to rock z !y foll[ ! /ronge/ & bolde/ 7_! lead]7 to a place ( safety4 ,! legs ( ! lamb gr[ rapidly1 beyond all proportion to ! rate ( gr[? ( ! body1 s t )9 two weeks aft] bir? ! "y lamb is almo/ z /rong ( limb & fleet ( foot z its "m4 ,9 _! games ! lambs are fitt+ !mselves = _! place 9 ! flock1 & ^! games v mu* resemble ^? nam$ 9 ! ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,=m ,,ii ,,autumn ,,bulb ,,plant+ ,,out-,,(-,,doors ,tulips & daffodils 7n>cissus7 are ! mo/ suitable bulbs = out-(-door plant+4 ,! be/ v>ieties = outdoor culture are usually designat$ 9 catalogues4 ,bulbs %\ld n be plant$ 9 individual plots1 b 9 bord]s & ornam5tal b$s4 ,! latt] %\ld n be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a lawn1 z is frequ5tly done4 ,bulbs %\ld be plant$ be=e ! la/ ( ,octob]4 ,,b$s ,,= ,,gr[+ ,,bulbs ,to make a bulb b$1 ?r[ out ! top soil to a dep? ( eight or n9e in*es1 put ab\t ?ree in*es ( well-rott$ /able manure 9 ! bottom1 & cov] x ) ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! soil :i* 0 ?r[n out4 ,rake ! plot level & !n place ! bulbs ab\t eight in*es ap>t on ! top ( ! soil1 arrang+ !m 9 any design *os54 ,cov] !m ) ! re/ ( ! soil & rake x level4 ,!re w be ab\t five in*es ( soil ov] ! bulbs4 ,:5 a solid cru/ has =m$ ov] ! b$1 put on a cov]+ ( leaves1 /raw1 or bran*es ( ev]gre5s1 & "s pieces ( bo>ds to hold !m 9 place4 ,?is cov]+ does n protect ! bulbs f freez+1 b prev5ts too rapid ?aw+ out 9 ! spr+4 ,?is cov]+ %\ld rema9 until ! tips ( ! bulbs are %[+ above gr\nd1 :5 x %\ld be remov$4 ,ord9>ily ! bulbs may be left a second ye> be=e digg+ up4 ,!y %\ld !n be re-set or replac$ ) new ones1 & ! b$ made & f]tiliz$ z be=e4 ,9 clay soil ! bulbs %\ld n be set q s deep z 9 s&y soil1 & ! bulbs h bett] dra9age ab\t _! roots if a h&ful ( s& is plac$ "u ea* bulb 9 plant+4 ,crocus bulbs may be plant$ 9 clumps any:]e ab\t ! gr\nds or bord]s by simply mak+ a small hole ab\t five in*es deep1 dropp+ ! bulb 91 & cov]+ x4 ,lily ( ! valley gr[s be/ 9 p>tial %ade 9 "s unfrequ5t$ corn]4 ,,plant+ ,,( ,,bulbs ,,indoors ,read aga9 ! in/ructions giv5 "u ?is head+ 9 ,=m ,i "w1 reg>d+ soil1 plant+1 & c>e4 ,! ,*9ese sacr$ lily & trumpet n>cissus may be *os5 = ! pupils ( ?is ,=m4 ,! n>cissus1 also call$ daffodil1 may be held back until e>ly spr+ if kept 9 a cool1 d>k cell>1 b ! ,*9ese sacr$ lily1 :i* is also a v>iety ( n>cissus1 comes into bloom f f\r to six weeks aft] plant+4 ,x is usually gr[n 9 wat] 9 a b[l ( suitable size4 ,place a few pieces ( *>coal 9 ! bottom ( ! b[l1 set ! bulb ^u !m1 & pack col\r$ /ones & %ells ar\nd x z a support4 ,keep ! b[l ab\t two ?irds full ( wat] & set x 9 a w>m1 sunny place4 ,x does n ne$ to be set 9 ! d>k1 z is ! case ) o!r bulbs4 ,^! may also be gr[n 9 soil 9 ! same way z o!r v>ieties ( n>cissus4 ,:5 bloom+ is ov]1 ! bulbs may be ?r[n away1 z !y _c be us$ aga94 ,,g>d5 ,,"w 7,see ,autumn "w = ,=m ,i47 ,! pupils 9 ,=m ,,ii %\ld be giv5 m responsibility ) ref]5ce to ! c>e & managem5t ( _! g>d5 plots4 ,if !y h _h a c\ple ( ye>s 9 g>d5+ :ile 9 ,=m ,i1 !y w h ga9$ suffici5t k z to ! ne$s ( plants & suffici5t practice 9 g>d5 craft to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w q indep5d5tly4 ,! boys ( ,=m ,,ii are able1 ) suitable g>d5 tools1 to d all ! "w ne$$ 9 ! managem5t ( _! own plots & may ev5 be all[$ to d "s ( ! h>d] "w = ! girls ( _! ,=m4 ,,se$ ,,selection ,besides ! usual "w ( we$+1 cultivat+1 & h>ve/+ ( _! crops1 ! pupils %\ld und]take "s "w 9 se$ selection4 ,?is "w n only results 9 ! improvem5t ( ! plants gr[n f ye> to ye>1 b also helps to tra9 ! pupils 9 pa9/ak+ obs]vation & ! disc]n+ ( m9ute po9ts ( excell5ce4 ,! ambition to produce1 by c>eful selection & ?or\gh cultivation1 a gra9 or fl[] bett] ?an has be51 is ar\s$1 &1 z ! pupil's int]e/ increases1 8 love = ! art increases & 8 ef=ts meet ) great] success4 ,! tea*] %\ld aim f ! fir/ to use only ! be/ available se$ ev5 if ! co/ be great]4 ,he %\ld s5d = a numb] ( catalogues & c>efully *oose ^? v>ieties ( se$s t possess evid5t m]it = ! purpose int5d$4 ,9 ! case ( fl[]s1 ! pupils %\ld be ask$ to decide :at individual plants %[$ greate/ excell5ce1 & ^! %\ld be m>k$1 & ! se$ f !m pres]v$ = next season's plant+4 ,:5 ! fl[] is 9 full bloom1 a small /r+ tag %\ld be ti$ to ! fl[] /em 7/r+ tags c be got f a local m]*ant74 ,on ?is tag %\ld be writt5 9 lead-p5cil ! "n ( ! species1 ! %ade1 & date ( fl[]+4 ,^! fl[]s %\ld be left to rip5 ?or\ghly1 & !n ! se$ pick$ & seal$ up 9 small envelopes1 :i* ! pupils %\ld make z "p ( _! manual tra9+ "w4 ,! date on ! tag %\ld be transf]r$ to ! se$ envelope4 ,,/or+ ,,se$s ,all ! envelopes %\ld be collect$1 plac$ 9 a m\se-pro( box1 & /or$ 9 a cool1 dry place until "t to plant 9 ! spr+4 ,small bottles are excell5t = hold+ se$ & saf] ?an envelopes4 ,if su* selection is c>ri$ on sy/ematically1 x w result 9 an increase ( yield & ( quality n to be equall$ by ev5 ! be/ se$ t ! m>kets h to (f]4 ,?us ! s*ool g>d5 may become ! c5tre ( int]e/ = ! community4 ,se$s ( good v>ieties c be di/ribut$ to ! ratepay]s1 & ! /&>d ( g>d5+ & horticulture rais$4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 mu*--almo/ ev]y?+--dep5ds ^u ! tea*]'s int]e/ & ability to lead z well z to in/ruct4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,crops ,z soon z ! vegetables rea* _! be/ /age ( developm5t1 !y %\ld be tak5 f ! g>d5 by ! own]4 ,all dead plants & refuse %\ld be remov$ & cov]$ up 9 a compo/ heap4 ,! boys ( ?is ,=m %\ld also assi/ 9 do+ "p ( ! g5]al "w ( ! s*ool g>d54 ,!y might take up f ! g>d5 bord] su* t5d] plants z dahlias1 gladioli1 & ,canna lilies4 ,^! %\ld be dri$ (f & /or$ 9 a cool1 dry cell>4 ,if ! cell> be w>m1 x is necess>y to cov] ! bulbs ) g>d5 soil to prev5t _! dry+ out too mu*4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,! pupils are l$1 ?r\gh conv]sation1 to /ate _! exp]i5ces & obs]vations4 ,! tea*] assi/s !m 9 int]pret+ _! obs]vations & organiz+ _! k & /imulates !m to ?\ghtful se>* = fur!r in=mation4 ,discuss ) ! pupils su* que/ions z3 ,:at are p busy do+ on _! f>ms & 9 _! g>d5s at ?is "t ( ye>8 ,:y d !y h>ve/ & /ore ! :eat1 oats1 corn1 potatoes1 & apples1 etc48 ,are !re any c\ntries 9 :i* p d n ne$ to ga!r 9 ! gra9s1 vegetables1 & fruits8 ,! discussion ( ^! que/ions w direct _! ?\ght to ! ne$ ( /or+ suffici5t food = animals & = man to la/ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 :5 ^! ?+s d n gr[4 ,!y mu/ be ga!r$ to protect !m f de/ruction by /orms ( w9d & ra9 & ! sev]e fro/s ( w9t]4 ,p :o live 9 v w>m c\ntries f9d foods gr[+ all ! ye> r\nd1 & !y d n ne$ to prep>e = w9t]1 b ^! p are always lazy & unprogressive4 ,discuss ! means tak5 to protect ! v>i\s crops1 z foll[s3 ,:y c gra9 be kept 9 b>ns or gran>ies or 9 /acks8 ,:y c apples1 turnips1 & potatoes n be kept 9 ! same way z gra9s8 ,:at are ! conditions t are be/ suit$ = keep+ ! latt] products8 ,"n "s k9ds ( crops t _c be kept 9 any ( ! ways already discuss$4 ,:y c !y n be kept 9 ^! ways8 ,^! discussions w develop ! idea ( ! necessity ( keep+ apples1 potatoes1 & turnips1 9 cell>s1 root-h\ses1 & pits1 :]e !y _c freeze1 b :]e !y are kept at uni=mly l[ temp]atures :i* are z close z possible to _! freez+ po9ts4 ,! air mu/ n be too dry1 z dryness causes !m to %rivel up4 ,9 dry cell>s !y %\ld be cov]$ ) f9e soil4 ,v delicate fruits1 su* z *]ries1 grapes1 pea*es1 plums1 /rawb]ries1 etc41 c only be kept = a l5g? ( "t by pres]v+ or cann+ !m4 ,correlate ) lessons 9 ,h\sehold ,managem5t on pres]v+ & cann+4 ,,fall ,,cultivation ,:5 ! g>d5 has be5 f9ally clean$ out1 ! plot %\ld be spad$ up & left )\t rak+4 ,clay soil especially is mu* improv$ 9 physical qualities by ?us be+ expos$ to ! air & fro/4 ,all g>d5 tools %\ld receive a special clean+ up be=e /or+ = w9t]4 ,,g>d5 ,,/udies ,! obs]vational /udies sugge/$ "u ?is head = ,=m ,i w be foll[$ also 9 ,=m ,,ii4 ,! pupils ( ,=m ,,ii w be expect$ to make m critical obs]vations 9 connection n only ) ! plants gr[+ 9 _! own individual plots1 b also ) ^? plants :i* o!r pupils h be5 gr[+4 ,!y %\ld give "s att5tion also to ! plants 9 ! p]5nial fl[] bord]4 ,,g>d5 ,,records4 ,9 ?is ,=m ! pupils %\ld beg9 to make g>d5 records on su* po9ts z ! foll[+3 #a4 ,description ( ! plant--size1 habit ( gr[?1 k9d ( leaves & _! arrangem5t1 date ( fl[]+1 =m1 size & col\r+ ( ! fl[]s1 po9ts ( m]it or ! rev]se1 description ( ! se$ & h[ scatt]$1 h[ dispos$ (1 & ! value4 #b4 ,! "w done 9 ! g>d5 f day to day1 ) dates4 #c4 ,! effect ( ra91 dr\ght1 or o!r wea!r conditions on ! gr[? ( ! plants4 #d4 ,:at insects 7 se5 visit+ ! fl[]s & :at !y 7 do+--:e!r b5eficial or h>mful4 #e4 ,:at birds or o!r animals 7 f\nd frequ5t+ ! g>d54 7,see ,animal ,/udies1 pp4 #cj1 #if1 #bag47 #f4 ,:at plants suff]$ f e>lie/ fro/s2 :at f subsequ5t fro/s2 :at ones prov$ to be mo/ h>dy1 etc4 #g4 ,:at plants ! pupils l mo/ 9 ! g>d51 & :at ones seem to suit ! soil & wea!r conditions be/4 ,! pupils 9 ?is ,=m1 by direct obs]vation1 %\ld come to appreciate ! developm5t ( ! fruit & se$ f ! fl[]4 ,_! "w 9 se$ selection1 bas$ ^u ! excell5ce ( ! fl[]1 helps to ensure ?is l9e ( obs]vation4 ,,correlations ,art3 ,draw+ ( leaves1 fl[]s1 & vegetables1 9 col\r :5 possible4 ,ari?metic3 ,calculations z to dim5sions1 numb] ( plants1 numb] ( fl[]s on a plant & se$s 9 a fl[]1 value ( products ( fl[]s & vegetables4 ,co/ ( se$s1 f]tiliz]1 & lab\r1 gross & net proce$s4 ,/atem5t %[+ ! above4 ,composition3 ,g5]al connect$ acc\nt or /ory ( ! "w done & ! ?+s le>n$ dur+ ! season1 z tak5 f ! g>d5 di>y & f memory4 ,ex]cises 9 writ+ & spell+1 z suitable seat "w4 ,geography3 ,wea!r obs]vations1 z relat$ to ! g>d5 "w & to plant gr[?4 ,comp>ison ( ! soil ( ! g>d5 ) o!r samples f ! di/rict1 z to composition & orig94 ,direction1 z relat$ to ! pa?s or walks 9 ! g>d54 ,map draw+3 ,plans ( plots & ( :ole g>d5 & gr\nds1 repres5t$ on s&-table1 pap]1 or black-bo>d4 ,map draw+ on a horizontal surface is be/ = ! fir/ ye> or two4 ,! products ( ! g>d51 z comp>$ ) home products1 z food supplies = man & bea/4 ,manual ,tra9+3 ,mak+ ( se$ envelopes & boxes1 modell+ 9 clay ( fruits & vegetables4 ,,climb+ ,,plants ,obs]ve p>ticul>ly ! sweet-pea & morn+-glory4 ,consid] ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,advantages ga9$ by climb+1 su* z secur+ ( m light1 production ( _m leaves & fl[]s1 & n s mu* /em4 #b4 ,me?od ( climb+--sweet-pea by t5drils t w9d ar\nd ! support2 morn+-glory by tw9+ its r\gh /em closely ar\nd its support4 ,d all morn+-glory v9es tw9e 9 ! same direction8 ,f9d o!r v9es t climb4 ,exam9e _! modes ( climb+4 #c4 ,"t ( fl[]+ & notes on h[ to plant4 ,make draw+s ( ! leaves & blossoms4 ,,trees 7,see type lesson on trees "u ,=m ,i47 ,9 ?is ,=m x is bett] to foll[ closely ! developm5t ( "o or two select$ trees 9 s*ool or on ! home gr\nds ?an to attempt to obs]ve _m diff]5t species4 ,all[ ! pupils to *oose _! own trees = /udy &1 if possible1 h !m select "o at home & ano!r ne> ! s*ool or on ! way to s*ool4 ,! foll[+ po9ts might receive att5tion3 ,! "n ( ! species1 :5ce obta9$ & by :om plant$ if kn[n2 its approximate height1 size1 & age2 its location1 & ! nature ( ! soil2 its g5]al %ape1 & :e!r or n influ5c$ at pres5t or at "s "t 9 ! pa/ by proximity to o!r trees2 description & arrangem5t ( its bran*es1 leaves1 & buds1 its b>k1 fl[]s1 & fruit2 "t ( leaf+ out & blossom+2 col\r+ & fall+ ( leaves & rip5+ ( se$s2 ! am\nt ( gr[? = ! ye> comp>$ ) t ( previ\s ye>s z %[n by ! y\ng] bran*es2 qualities ( beauty & usefulness ( ! tree4 ,draw+ ex]cises4 ,at lea/ two visits %\ld be made to ! woods dur+ ! autumn mon?s1 "o :5 ! leaves ( ! trees beg9 to col\r & ano!r :5 ! leaves h fall54 ,consid] ! prep>ation made = w9t] 9 ! woods & fields1 ! use ( dead leaves 9 ! woods z a protection to =e/ vegetation & z soil-mak+ mat]ial4 ,br+ back samples ( leaves & ( leaf m\ld or humus = class-room obs]vation4 ,note ! effect ( fro/ 9 ha/5+ ! fall+ ( leaves--fro/ does n give ! brilliant hues to leaves1 z _m p ?9k4 ,consid] ! relation%ip ( ! =e/ trees to animal life4 ,,/or+ ,,( ,,tree ,,se$s ,make a collection ( nuts & o!r tree se$s1 "s ( :i* %\ld be put 9 ! s*ool collection & ! re/ plant$ 9 ! g>d5 or /or$ away = spr+ plant+4 ,! se$s ( ev]gre5s %\ld be kept dry & cold1 b o!r se$s1 z a rule1 are be/ pack$ 9 a box ( slightly moi/ s& set 9 a cold place or buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a ,,fl[] ,,type3 ,,na/urtium ,i ,tea*] & pupils visit ! na/urtium b$1 :]e ! fl[]s /& up boldly1 surr\nd$ by ! %ield-%ap$ leaves4 ,a se>* = ! "y fl[] buds & = ! v old fl[]s leads to ! discov]y t ^! are snugly %elt]$ "u ! %ields4 ,! gre5i%-yell[ calyx1 :i* is closely wrapp$ ar\nd ! bud1 is next exam9$4 ,its "n is giv51 & its use z a protector is discuss$4 ,! /rong se$ cases are op5$ & ! se$s are discov]$4 ,! pupils are in/ruct$ to wat* ! insects t visit ! bright fl[]s4 ,"n ! insects4 ,describe _! movem5ts4 ,cat* a few & f9d ! yell[ p[d] on _! furry little bodies & legs4 ,,ii ,ea* memb] ( ! class br+s a fl[] to ! s*ool-room4 ,! v>ieties ( col\rs ( ! fl[]s are discuss$4 ,! cave-l =m ( ea* fl[] is not$4 ,! velvety feel+ ( ! corolla & ! delicate p]fume are likewise s5s$ by ! pupils4 ,! pupils nip (f ! po9t ( ! cave & ta/e ! nect> 7honey71 & ?us le>n :y ! insects visit ! fl[]s4 ,!y next trace ! c\rse ( ! col\r$ l9es on ! corolla & f9d t !y all po9t into ! cave4 ,cont9u+ _! explorations ( ! m\? ( ! cave1 ! pupils w discov] ! little boxes conta9+ ! yell[ p[d] t ! fl[] du/s ^u ! insects4 ,! names poll5 & poll5 boxes are giv54 ,! fr+e on ! edges ( ! leaves ( ! corolla = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! insects /eal+ into ! cave )\t receiv+ _! baptism ( poll51 is discov]$4 ,! tea*] %\ld1 at ?is po9t1 give a brief explanation ( ! valuable "w done by ! insects 9 c>ry+ poll5 to cause se$s to gr[ 9 ! next fl[] t ! insect visits4 ,! position ( ! t9y bru% 7/igma1 b d n give ?is "n7 held up by ! se$ case = rubb+ ! poll5 (f ! insect1 %\ld also be obs]v$4 ,summ>y4--,"n & po9t out ! p>ts ( ! fl[] 7calyx1 corolla1 poll5 boxes1 se$ cases74 ,:at useful "w d insects d = ! fl[]8 ,:at rew>d d !y receive = _! "w8 ,:at adv]tisem5ts d ! fl[]s put out = attract+ !mselves8 7,bright col\rs1 sweet p]fumes1 & honey7 ,fl[]s suitable = lessons 9 ,=m ,,ii are na/urtium1 l>kspur1 snap-dragon1 morn+-glory1 & sweet-pea4 ,,note4--,botanical names %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,,soil ,,/udies 7,see ,soils by ,flet*]47 ,soil %\ld h a place 9 a ,nature ,/udy ,c\rse because3 #a4 ,x is s closely relat$ to life4 #b4 ,x l5ds itself s admirably to ! exp]im5tal me?od4 #c4 ,x is s liable to be ov]look$ & consid]$ z common & valueless4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,soil ,gravel is compos$ ( small1 r\nd$ /ones ( v>i\s col\rs1 sizes1 & %apes4 ,occurs 9 b$s1 g5]ally mix$ ) s&4 ,get a sample & exam9e ! con/itu5ts4 ,lead ! pupils to see t ! pebbles are ! result ( ! break+ up ( l>g] rocks4 ,:at has made ! corn]s smoo? & r\nd$8 ,:at use is made ( gravel8 ,h ! pupils f9d "s gravelly l&4 ,s& is compos$ ( small angul> pieces ( h>d rock4 ,h a few samples f diff]5t places br\ght to s*ool1 note f95ess & col\rs1 exam9e ) a l5s & note resemblance to pieces ( brok5 /one4 ,draw a magnet ?r\gh ! s& & note black p>ticles adh]+1 %[+ pres5ce ( iron 9 "s =m4 ,%[ ! h>dness by rubb+ aga9/ ! surface ( a piece ( glass4 ,s& is us$ = mort>1 concrete1 & glass4 ,! *ief s&-=m+ rocks are qu>tz & granite4 ,%[ pupils h[ to recognize ^!4 ,exam9e a sample ( s& "u a l5s4 ,clay4 ,note col\r & od\r ( fre% sample4 ,dry & pulv]ize & note extreme f95ess ( ! p>ticles by rubb+ betwe5 ! f+]s 7an ounce ( clay conta9s ab\t f\r & "o half million p>ticles74 ,clay is made f cru%$ rocks1 *iefly feldsp>s4 ,mix clay ) a little wat] & note /icky "*4 ,comp>e ) s& 9 ?is respect4 ,:i* makes ! be/ road 9 wet wea!r1 gravel1 s&1 or clay8 ,note h[ h>d ! clay bakes aft] be+ moi/5$4 ,uses ( clay--pott]y1 bricks1 tile4 ,pupils %\ld visit a brick- or tile-y>d & wat* ! process ( manufacture4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w !re are b$s ( clay ( extreme f95ess & :it5ess1 f :i* beautiful *9a is made4 ,humus is decay$ vegetable matt]4 ,pupils %\ld ga!r soil f ! =e/1 bog1 or m>%4 ,note d>k col\r4 ,exam9e c>efully & see :at y c f9d 9 x t is n 9 s& or clay4 ,mo/ ( our f>m l& consi/s ( ^! f\r soils mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 & x gets its "n f ! "o t prepond]ates4 ,?us we h our s&y1 gravelly1 or clay loams4 ,humus is likely to be pres5t 9 all fields1 because vegetable matt] gr[s1 to "s ext5t1 ev]y:]e2 b fre%ly brok5 l&1 reclaim$ swamps1 & prairie l&s are likely to be especially well suppli$4 ,! great value ( humus 9 ! soil w appe> 9 lat] /udies4 ,,animal ,,/udies ,,bird ,,migration 7,consult ,bird ,life by ,frank ,m4 ,*apman1 & ,bird ,/udies by ,g4 ,a4 ,corni%47 ,9 ! autumn1 direct att5tion to ! flight ( wild ducks & geese & to ! ga!r+ into flocks ( rob9s1 cr[s1 bronze grackles1 blue h]ons1 sp>r[s1 & o!r birds 9 prep>ation = migration4 ,discuss ) ! pupils ! reasons = migration1 namely1 sc>city ( food1 ! cold1 ! sn[4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! return is /imulat$ by ! ne/+ in/9ct4 ,note h[ ! birds are guid$--"s1 = example ! ducks & geese1 by _! lead]s1 :ile o!rs h no guides b _! in/9cts4 ,9 w9t]1 require ! pupils to obs]ve ! k9ds ( birds t are to be se5 9 ! g>d5s1 fields1 or*>ds1 & woods1 hav+ !m note ! sc>city ( birds & ! abs5ce ( _m =ms t are ) u 9 ! summ]4 ,,correlations ,geography3 ,by po9t+ out on ! map ! c\ntries into :i* ! birds g1 namely1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,brazil1 etc4 ,read+ & lit]ature3 ,by int]pret+ ,:]e did y sp5d ! dre>y w9t]8 ,9 a gre5 & sunny l&1 ,by ! w>m sea-breezes fann$1 ,:]e orange trees ) fruit are b5t1 ,!re ! dre>y "t ,i've sp5t4 ,,common ,,wild ,,animals ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,= ,,field ,,"w ,! be/ me?od = /udy+ wild animals is to assign to ea* pupil "s animal z 8 p>ticul> subject ( /udy4 ,beg9 by f9d+ out f ! pupils ! wild animals t ea* "o kn[s to be ne> 8 home1 & assign to ea* pupil a numb] ( problems on ! animal :i* is mo/ conv5i5t = him to /udy4 ,9 "s cases1 only "o pupil w be /udy+ a p>ticul> k9d ( animal1 :ile 9 o!r cases sev]al pupils may be /udy+ ! same k9d ( animal4 ,! latt] me?od has ! advantage ( giv+ opportunity = comp>ison ( results4 ,diff]5ces %\ld s]ve z /imuli to m c>eful obs]vation1 9 ord] to v]ify or disprove previ\s conclusions4 ,! obs]vations & inf]5ces1 toge!r ) draw+s illu/rat+ ! animals1 _! homes1 etc41 are record$ 9 ! ,nature ,/udy note-books4 ,^! are discuss$ 9 ! class1 v]ifi$ or correct$1 & supplem5t$ by descriptions ( lives & habits ( ! animals f nature writ]s or naturali/s1 su* z ,*>les ,g4 ,d4 ,rob]ts1 ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton1 etc4 ,:5 pupils become int]e/$ 9 ?is =m ( /udy1 !y become nature /ud5ts 9 ! true mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,! pupil is br\ght into contact ) ! animal 9 its natural environm5t &1 "u ^! conditions1 ! natural habits1 int]e/s1 & activities ( ! wild creatures are m likely to appeal to ! sympa?y ( *ild nature ?an "u any o!r me?od ( /udy4 ,! me?od has also ! advantage ( be+ "o ( orig9al discov]y1 & consequ5tly x tra9s 9 self-reliance & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 ,f9ally1 s9ce close & c>eful obs]vation is necess>y1 ! *ild le>ns t x is unwise to al>m ! animal1 & ?us a bett] relation%ip betwe5 *ild life & animal life is fo/]$4 ,x may be object$ t ?is me?od is sl[ & t little is accompli%$4 ,?is may be true f ! view-po9t ( matt] le>n$1 b f ! view-po9t ( *ild tra9+ m c be accompli%$ f ! /udy ( a s+le liv+ animal ?an f ! /udy ( a score ( pictures or /uff$ sk9s4 ,a second me?od t is recomm5d$ is ! /udy ( tame animals4 ,by conv]sations ) ! boys ( ! s*ool ! tea*] w f9d :at tame squirrels1 gr\nd-hogs1 raccoons1 foxes1 & o!r animals are available = class-room "w4 ,! possessors ( ^! animals are usually q will+ to br+ !m to s*ool = ! class to /udy4 ,! movem5ts1 habits1 food1 & o!r topics1 may be /udi$ by direct obs]vations guid$ by ! tea*]'s que/ions or problems4 ,a ?ird me?od &1 un=tunately1 ! "o :i* is 9 mo/ g5]al use1 is ! /udy ( animals by means ( /uff$ specim5s & pictures1 supplem5t$ by descriptions & /ories by ! tea*]4 ,^! lessons may be call$ in=mation lessons1 b !y are n wor?y ( ! "n ,nature ,/udy4 ,inde$1 if conditions are su* t x is ! only me?od available = animal /udy1 x is advis$ t ! "t be sp5t on o!r bran*es ( ! subject2 b if liv+ animals are made ! basis ( /udy1 /uff$ specim5s may be f\nd useful = id5tification & = confirm+ obs]vations on m9ute /ructural features1 col\r1 etc4 ,,! ,,wood-,,*uck ,! problems outl9$ bel[ are int5d$ to illu/rate ! plan ( /udy sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ g5]al me?od4 ,!y are assign$ to a boy :o has discov]$ a gr\nd-hog burr[1 9 ord] to direct him 9 8 obs]vations on ! animal4 ,:at is ! k9d ( soil dug out 9 mak+ ! burr[8 ,:y is ?is soil suitable = ! burr[8 ,:at size ( /ones are dug out 9 burr[+8 ,are !re m entrances ?an "o8 ,by sl[ly approa*+ ! animal1 f9d out h[ close x w p]mit y to come4 ,at :at times ( day does ! gr\nd-hog come out8 ,give reasons = its com+ out at ^! times r ?an at mid-day4 ,^u :at does ! animal fe$8 ,describe ! col\r ( ! animal & f9d out any advantages 9 ?is col\r4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ actions3 runn+1 hid+1 keep+ s5try1 & sc\t+4 ,d m wood-*ucks ?an "o live 9 "o burr[8 ,:5 d ! "y wood-*ucks fir/ come out ( ! burr[8 ,describe _! size1 col\r1 & habits4 ,are wood-*ucks ev] se5 dur+ ! w9t]8 ,d !y use ! same burr[ ye> aft] ye>8 ,describe ! s\nds made by ! animal4 ,:at injury does ! animal cause to ! fields8 ,describe ! fur1 tee?1 & claws1 & %[ _! relation to ! animal's habits ( life4 ,dig out a burr[ & draw a plan ( x4 ,make pictures %[+ ! v>i\s attitudes ( ! animal4 ,,! ,,*ipmunk ,,field ,,ex]cises ,describe ! size1 col\r1 %ape1 l5g? ( tail1 & movem5ts ( ! *ipmunk4 ,comp>e ) ! r$ squirrel4 ,h all *ipmunks ! same numb] ( /ripes8 ,discov] its home2 me?od ( c>ry+ gra91 nuts1 or o!r foods2 :e!r x is f\nd mo/ commonly on ! gr\nd1 9 trees1 or among logs & /ones4 ,try to tame x by plac+ food :]e x c rea* x &1 f9ally1 try to h x fe$ f y\r h&4 ,f9d out :y !re is no loose soil ar\nd ! entrance to its burr[1 :e!r m families ?an "o live 9 "o burr[1 :e!r ! *ipmunk comes out dur+ w9t]1 or h[ e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,le>n to di/+ui% ! s\nds ( ! animal1 z express+ al>m1 surprise1 ang]1 playfulness4 ,to ! tea*]4--,*ipmunks c>ry gra91 etc41 9 _! *eeks4 ,frequ5tly ^! are s full t !y mu/ be empti$ to p]mit !m to ent] _! burr[s4 ,x is n uncommon = sev]al to sp5d ! w9t] 9 ! same burr[1 hav+ a common /oreh\se connect$ by passages to ! ma9 burr[4 ,^! little animals are easily tam$ & soon le>n to take food f ! h&4 ,!y are n hib]nat+ animals1 = !y /ore food = w9t]1 & ?\gh !y are n asleep all w9t]1 yet !y r>ely come out ( _! burr[s :ile !re is sn[ on ! gr\nd4 ,,ea/]n ,,swall[-,,tail ,,butt]fly ,no butt]fly is m suitable = /udy by ! ,junior ,=ms ?an ! ,ea/]n ,swall[-tail4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & attractive ( our butt]flies & lays its eggs s accommodat+ly on e c>rot or p>snip b$ t x gives ample opportunity = obs]vation4 ,if possible1 h ! pupils obs]ve ! insect 9 ! act ( plac+ ! eggs1 "o "h & "o !re1 on ! "u surface ( ! leaves ( ! plants1 not+ ! busy movem5ts2 discuss ! advantage ( scatt]+ ! eggs1 & also t ( plac+ !m on ! "u surface ( ! leaves4 ,if ! egg plac+ _c be obs]v$1 !re w be little difficulty 9 f9d+ ! l>ge yell[ & gre5 l>va ) a head %ap$ l t ( a m9iature sea-horse4 ,if ! l>va itself is n easily f\nd1 ! leaves /ripp$ b>e ( gre5 blade & ! dropp+s on ! gr\nd w reveal its pres5ce4 ,:y 0 x difficult to see su* a l>ge1 & n[ t x is se51 conspicu\s object8 ,lead ! pupils to notice t ! yell[ & gre5 b&s h>monize 9 col\r ) ! gre5 leaves & alt]nate /reaks ( gold5 sunlight4 ,does ! l>va fe$ by bit+ or by suck+8 ,h[ _m legs has ! l>va8 ,cov] ! plant & l>va ) a pap] bag1 or inv]t$ bottle1 or a lamp *imney ) a gauze top until ! l>va is full gr[n2 or place ! l>va 9 a viv>ium1 fe$ x on c>rot leaves1 & obs]ve its gr[?4 ,:5 full gr[n1 ! l>va builds = itself a snail-%ap$1 fairly firm case1 fa/5$ by a sl5d] girdle ( silk to a piece ( wood or o!r support4 ,keep ?is ov] w9t]1 & 9 ,m>*1 or e>ly ,april1 ! black-&-blue-&-gold insect em]ges4 ,obs]ve ! movem5ts ( ! w+s 9 flight1 ! long tube ) :i* x sucks honey f fl[]s1 ! ?ree pairs ( legs1 ! position ( ! w+s :5 at re/2 comp>e ! /ructure ) t ( ! l>va4 ,make draw+s ( ! butt]fly & pa9t its col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,=m ,,ii ,,w9t] ,,c>e ,,( ,,plants ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,! c>e ( fl[]+ bulbs1 :i* 0 begun 9 ,=m ,i1 w be cont9u$ 9 ,=m ,,ii4 ,! gr[+ ( new plants f cutt+s w n[ be tak5 up4 ,9 ^? s*ools :i* are kept cont9u\sly heat$1 pott$ plants may be kept ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! pupils w come to appreciate ! plants' ne$s & le>n h[ to meet !m 9 ! supply ( good soil1 wat]1 & sunlight4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3 #a4 ,good pott+ soil c be made by build+ up alt]nat+ lay]s ( sods & /able manure & all[+ ?is compo/ to /& until ?or\ghly rott$4 ,a little %>p s& mix$ ) ?is =ms an excell5t soil = mo/ h\se plants4 #b4 ,?or\gh wat]+ twice a week is bett] ?an add+ a little wat] e day4 #c4 ,! leaves %\ld be %[]$ ) wat] once a week to free !m f du/4 #d4 ,an ounce ( :ale-oil soap dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat] may be us$ to de/roy plant-lice4 ,common soap-suds may also be us$ = ?is purpose1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to r9se ! plants 9 clean wat] aft] us+ a soap wa%4 #e4 ,mo/ plants ne$ "s direct sunlight e day if possible1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! f]ns gr[ )\t x4 #f4 ,plants usually ne$ re-pott+ once a ye>4 ,_m k9ds may be set out-(-doors 9 fl[] b$s 9 ,may & left until ,septemb]1 :5 !y may be tak5 up & plac$ 9 pots1 or cutt+s may be made f !m = pott+4 #g4 ,a fl[] exhibition at ! s*ool once or twice a ye>1 or at a local exhibition1 adds to ! int]e/4 #h4 ,! pupils %\ld report to ! tea*]1 f "t to "t1 ! progress ( _! plants & make _m draw+s %[+ _! developm5t4 ,,trees ,9 ,novemb] or ,decemb] make a /udy ( ,canadian ev]gre5s1 *oos+ spruce1 balsam1 & c$> if available4 ,! pupils %\ld le>n to di/+ui% ! diff]5t species by an exam9ation ( ! leaves1 buds1 arrangem5t ( bran*es1 b>k1 se$s1 & cones4 ,! age ( "y trees c be det]m9$ by not+ ! successive :orls ( bran*es4 ,9 ?is way also ! age ( ! leaves may be det]m9$4 ,on "s trees ! leaves p]si/ = sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,ev]gre5s are frequ5tly us$ z ,*ri/mas trees & _! bran*es = h\se decorations4 ,on :i* species d ! leaves p]si/ longe/8 ,h[ d !y comp>e ) ! p9es8 ,! leaves are always z old z ! wood ^u :i* !y gr[4 ,h ! pupils notice h[ ! small leaves & horizontal bran*es resi/ ! cl++ ( sn[ 9 w9t]4 ,ea* bran* b5ds d[n en\gh to cause ! sn[ to slide (f on to ! "o next bel[1 & s on1 until x rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,! conical %ape ( ! tree also facilitates ?is action ( dislodg+ ! sn[4 ,!y w also notice t ^! trees are well adapt$ to )/& w9d1 z ! top "p1 :i* is mo/ expos$ to ! w9d1 is mu* small] & m pliable ?an ! "p next ! bottom4 ,! gum1 or res9\s cov]+1 ( ! buds protects !m f injury by ra9 or sn[4 ,"s k9ds ( p9e1 su* z ! pit* p9e1 h a great abundance ( gum & turp5t9e4 ,res9 & p9e t> are made *iefly f ?is species4 ,heat a piece ( p9e wood--a knot or root is be/4 ,! gum w be se5 ooz+ out ( ! wood4 ,p9e tor*es 7 mu* us$ 9 ! e>ly days ( settlem5t 9 ,canada4 ,exam9e ! gum bli/]s 9 ! b>k ( ! balsam tree4 ,f ?is s\rce ! ,canada ,balsam gum ( comm]ce is tak54 ,! gum & res9 9 ! wood & b>k help to pres]ve ! wood f decay4 ,,collection ,,( ,,wood ,,specim5s ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! boys may prep>e specim5s ( wood = ! s*ool collection4 ,^! specim5s %\ld be cut gre5 & dri$4 ,!y %\ld be uni=m 9 l5g?--n m ?an six in*es--& %\ld %[ ! b>k at "o side4 ,! side %[+ ! b>k %\ld be two in*es wide at mo/1 six in*es long1 & runn+ 9 a ,v-%ap$1 radial section t[>d ! pi?4 ,a tang5tial section also %[s well ! annual lay]s4 ,a piece ( slab z cut l5g?wise (f a r\nd /ick is tang5tial4 ,also visit wood-work+ factories = specim5s ( r>e or =eign woods4 ,9 secur+ ^! specim5s1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mutilate trees4 ,,relat$ ,,read+ ,w9t] is nature's quiesc5t p]iod4 ,cont9u\s active obs]vation out-(-doors among ! plants ( ! =e/ & g>d5 gives place = a "t to indoor "w & reflection4 ,pupils ne$ "t = read+ & reflection1 & no "t is s opportune z ! quiet w9t] season4 ,dur+ ^! mon?s "s "t %\ld be devot$ to ! read+ ( nature /ories & extracts f magaz9es & books deal+ ) plant z well z animal life4 ,pupils %\ld review _! g>d5+ exp]i5ces & discuss plans ( improvem5t = ! approa*+ spr+ & summ]4 ,let !m write lett]s to ! ,=m ,,ii pupils ( o!r s*ools :]e simil> "w has be5 c>ri$ on1 giv+ "s ( _! exp]i5ces 9 g>d5+ & plant & animal /udies4 ,a c]ta9 ,friday aft]noon might be appo9t$ = he>+ ! lett]s read :i* h be5 receiv$ 9 reply4 ,suitable %ort poems t h a direct be>+ ^u _! outdoor /udies %\ld be read f "t to "t4 ,good pictures come 9 "h also z an aid 9 help+ ! *ildr5 to appreciate writt5 descriptions4 ,! fir/-h& obs]vations made by ! pupils w =m a basis = ! bett] & m appreciative int]pretation ( ^! lit]ature selections4 ,,! ,,dog ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,use ! conv]sation me?od1 s9ce ?is is an animal t is well kn[n to all ! pupils4 ,by natural1 easy conv]sation ) ! pupils1 enc\rage !m to tell :at !y "k ab\t ! usefulness & ! o!r qualities ( _! can9e fri5ds4 ,! pupils "k t "s dogs are useful = hunt+ wild animals1 o!rs = driv+ or h]d+ cattle & %eep1 o!rs = gu>d+ _! ma/]'s prop]ty1 o!rs = haul+ sleighs & wagons1 :ile o!rs are ( use z pets or playfell[s4 ,discuss ) ! pupils ! qualities t make ! dog s g5]ally useful to u4 ,9 ?is discussion1 guide ! ?\ghts ( ! pupils to ! qualities ( fai?fulness1 loyalty to 8 fri5ds1 & docility--few animals are s easily taught4 ,note 8 /r5g? & swiftness--he c cont9ue 9 a race until he cat*es almo/ any o!r animal4 ,note also 8 brav]y--= he does n hesitate to attack an animal _m times l>g] ?an himself4 ,%ort /ories ( ! foll[+ type may be told1 to illu/rate ! *ief qualities ( ! dog3 ,a dog 0 tra9$ to gu>d any article t 8 ma/] plac$ "u 8 *>ge1 & n to p]mit any "o to t\* x until 8 ma/] gave 8 cons5t4 ,"o day1 :5 return+ f ! mill1 ! ma/] plac$ a sack ( fl\r inside ! gate = a neighb\r :o _h ask$ him to d s1 & !n cont9u$ on 8 way )\t notic+ t 8 dog _h tak5 *>ge ( ! sack4 ,all ?r\gh ! aft]noon ( t day & ?r\gh ! long1 cold night t foll[$1 ! fai?ful animal rema9$ at 8 po/4 ,:5 ! own] ( ! sack came next morn+ to get x1 ! dog1 al?\gh numb ) cold & fami%$ ) hung]1 w\ld n p]mit him to take ! fl\r4 ,nor c\ld ! /\t-he>t$ creature be p]suad$ ei!r by ?reats or by coax+1 until 8 ma/] 0 br\ght1 :51 at 8 fir/ ^w ( comm&1 ! dog b\nd$ joyfully t[>d him4 ,conclude ! lesson by a %ort discussion ( ! prop] c>e & treatm5t t %\ld be giv5 to dogs4 ,! dog requires a fairly w>m b dry k5nel1 ) a s(t b$ ( /raw or rugs4 ,! food %\ld consi/ *iefly ( porridge1 milk1 bread1 biscuit1 & a little meat4 ,only dogs t are runn+ a great deal out ( doors %\ld be giv5 mu* meat4 ,! dog %\ld be giv5 bones to pick2 pick+ bones is z good = a dog's tee? z a too?-bru% is = a boy's4 ,,obs]vation ,,ex]cises ,by mak+ obs]vations ^u y\r dog at home1 f9d answ]s to ^! problems3 #a4 ,h[ does a dog hold a bone :ile he is pick+ x1 & h[ does he get ! meat (f ! bone8 #b4 ,exam9e ! dog's feet & f9d out3 7#a7 ,:y he does n slip :ile runn+4 7#b7 ,:at protects ! soles ( 8 feet f injury z he b\nds ov] r\gh gr\nd4 #c4 ,:i* is ! %>p]1 a dog's eye or 8 nose8 ,wat* h[ he f9ds 8 ma/] 9 a cr[d or f9ds an object t y h hidd54 ,,correlations ,language3 #a4 ,require oral or writt5 reproduction ( ! /ories us$ 9 illu/ration 9 ! lesson on ,! ,dog4 #b4 ,require ! pupils to relate incid5ts f dog life t h come )9 _! own exp]i5ces4 ,art & ,modell+3 #a4 ,a sleep+ dog4 #b4 ,a dog wait+ = 8 ma/]4 ,,lessons ,,involv+ ,,comp>ison ,x w be f\nd helpful1 bo? = increas+ int]e/ 9 ! obs]vations & = fix+ ! facts 9 memory1 to /udy an animal by comp>+ its habits1 qualities1 & physical peculi>ities ) ^? ( ano!r animal :i* is some:at simil>4 ,:]e diff]5ces are discov]$1 explanations ( ! diff]5ces %\ld be develop$ 9 su* a way t a t5d5cy may be cultivat$ = int]pret+ ! adaptation ( /ructure to use & ( life habits to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,,cat ,,& ,,dog ,comp>e ! movem5t ( a cat :5 approa*+ its prey ) ! movem5t ( ! dog :5 *as+ a squirrel4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,! natural habit ( ! cat is to hunt alone & rely ^u /eal?1 :ile dogs hunt 9 packs & tire _! prey by runn+ & by t]rify+ noises4 ,o!r diff]5ces & _! explanations1 :i* ! pupils %\ld be l$ to discov] are3 ,! dog is a m useful animal to man ?an is ! cat4 ,! cat's body is long] & m sl5d]1 & ?is gives x great] suppl5ess 9 crawl+ & leap+4 ,! cat's eye is l>g] & ! pupil is especially l>ge at night1 to enable x to see4 ,! cat's :isk]s are long]2 !y help 9 guid+ x at night4 ,! cat's tongue is r\gh]2 x uses x = clean+ bones4 ,! pads on ! cat's feet are s(t]1 s t x c move m sil5tly 9 /eal+ ^u its prey4 ,! cat's claws are %>p]1 because x uses !m = seiz+ its prey1 :ile ! dog seizes its prey ) its tee?4 ,! dog is m fai?ful to its ma/] because x is a m sociable animal4 ,9 its natural /ate e dog is fai?ful to ! pack & to ! lead]2 ! cat is n a social animal1 b is by nature solit>y & indep5d5t4 ,! dog's s5se ( smell is ke5] ?an t ( ! cat1 b its s5se ( he>+ is less acute4 ,acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces f ! animals' habits ( hunt+4 ,:y does ! cat br+ home liv+ animals to h] kitt5s1 :ile ! dog buries dead animals8 ,! cat tra9s ! kitt5s to approa* by /eal? & !n to p\nce on ! "r spot4 ,wild animals relat$ to ! dog bury ! kill :i* is too l>ge to be eat5 at "o meal4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,= ,,assi/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,cat #a4 ,g5tly scrat* ) a p9 at "s di/ance f :]e a cat is ly+4 ,:at d ! movem5ts ( ! cat indicate8 #b4 ,put a fi% 9 wat] & wat* a cat try+ to get x4 #c4 ,spr9kle wat] on a cat's fur & f9d out :y %e dislikes be+ wett$4 #d4 ,atta* a ball to a /r+ & move x ne> a cat4 ,describe ! movem5ts1 z /alk+1 spr++1 seiz+1 retreat+4 #e4 ,put "s catnip 9 a room out ( rea* ( ! cat & obs]ve ! movem5ts ( ! animal4 ,ne>ly all *ildr5 make pets ( ! h\se cat1 & al?\gh ! cat is a dome/ic animal ( ?iev+ prop5sities & an enemy ( birds1 yet x w\ld be unwise to tea* ! y\ng] *ildr5 any enmity t[>d h]4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( sympa?y ) animal life1 ! humaniz+ effect ^u *ild nature ( hav+ a kitty = a playfell[1 w (fset _m times ov] ! am\nt ( depr$ation ( :i* %e may be guilty4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,c[ ,assign problems = ! pupils to solve by obs]vations made ^u ! animals 9 ! field or f>my>d4 #a4 ,:at features ( build give to ! horse great] spe$ ?an ! c[8 #b4 ,comp>e ! movem5ts ( ! heads ( ! horse & c[ :ile cropp+ grass4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 #c4 ,h[ has nature fitt$ ! c[ & ! horse respectively1 = def5ce8 #d4 ,:i* end ( ! body does ! horse raise fir/ :5 x is gett+ up8 ,:i* end ( its body does ! c[ raise fir/8 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! horse is ! swift] & m graceful runn] because ! body is less bulky & ! legs are long] & /raight]4 ,9 cropp+ grass ! c[ pu%es its nose =w>d & breaks ! grass (f1 a process :i* is made necess>y because ! c[ has no upp] front tee?4 ,! /rong1 %>p horns1 %ort1 p[]ful neck1 & heavy %\ld]s are an effici5t equipm5t = ! c['s me?od ( def5ce1 :ile ! long1 /rong legs & p[]ful h9dqu>t]s ( ! horse enable x to deal t]rific bl[s ) its h>d ho(s4 ,! horse rises ^u its =elegs be=e rais+ ! re> ( its body1 :ile ! c[ raises its h9dqu>t]s fir/4 ,,! ,,squirrel ,,field ,,ex]cises ,problems3 ,is x true t squirrels h little roads along ! gr\nd8 ,does ! squirrel come d[n a tree head =emo/1 or tail =emo/8 ,are a squirrel's feet close toge!r or wide ap>t :5 x is climb+8 ,h[ _m k9ds ( feel+ c a squirrel express by its voice8 ,h[ does a squirrel op5 a nut8 ,exam9e a squirrel's tracks 9 ! sn[2 :i* foot-pr9ts are 9 front8 ,try to ga9 ! confid5ce ( a squirrel by nev] *as+ x & by plac+ "s fav\rite food = x4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,a tame squirrel is v desirable = concrete /udy4 ,describe ! %ape1 size1 & col\r4 ,f9d out h[ ! legs & feet are fitt$ = climb+ & leap+4 ,comp>e ! l5g? ( ! tail ) t ( ! body4 ,( :at use is ! tail 9 cold wea!r8 ,( :at use is ! tail 9 leap+8 ,exam9e ! tee? & f9d out h[ !y are fitt$ = op5+ nuts2 gnaw+ wood4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! legs ( ! squirrel are %ort s t x c press its body close to ! tree :5 climb+4 ,! claws are /rong & %>p & ! h9dqu>t]s are v /rong1 & are1 9 consequ5ce1 well fitt$ = leap+4 ,! tail ( ! squirrel is v long & bu%y & s]ves z a fur = keep+ ! squirrel's nose w>m 9 w9t]4 ,! tail is also us$ = balanc+ ! body :5 ! animal is leap+ f b\gh to b\gh4 ,! front tee? ( ! squirrel are v l>ge & /rong & are %ap$ l *isels4 ,,w9t] ,,birds ,9 ! class lesson on w9t] birds1 take up ! birds t ! pupils h se51 su* z *ickadee1 blue jay1 quail1 ruff$ gr\se1 hairy woodpeck]1 d[ny woodpeck]1 great horn$ owl1 h\se-sp>r[1 sn[ bunt+ 7sn[ bird71 p9e grosbeak1 sn[y owl1 & purple f9*4 ,! f\r latt] are to be not$ z w9t] visitors4 ,use pictures = illu/rat+ ^! birds4 ,! habits & w9t] food ( ! birds %\ld also be describ$ f ! view-po9t ( h[ ^! adapt ! birds = sp5d+ ! w9t] 9 a cold climate4 ,direct ! *ildr5 to look = grosbeaks 9 ! p9e & r[an trees1 :]e !y may be se5 fe$+ on ! se$s4 ,! ruff$ gr\se 7commonly call$ p>tridge7 fe$s on ! buds ( trees 9 w9t]2 its legs & feet are ?ickly cov]$ ) fea!rs 9 w9t] b are b>e 9 summ]4 ,,field ,,ex]cises ,ar\se ! int]e/ ( ! pupils by a conv]sation ( ab\t ?ree m9utes on birds t !y h se5 dur+ ! w9t]1 & assign ! foll[+ ex]cise3 ,take a walk ?r\gh ! or*>ds & woods on a bright w9t] day4 ,:at birds d y see8 ,:at are ^! birds do+8 ,are !y f\nd s+ly or 9 flocks8 ,:at bird s\nds d y he>8 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,! me?od is conv]sational & bas$ ^u ! obs]vations made by ! pupils dur+ ! field ex]cises4 ,! discussion w\ld involve ! w9t] habits ( "s ( ! m common birds1 z1 = example1 ! ruff$ gr\se 7commonly ?\gh incorrectly call$ ! p>tridge74 ,?is bird takes %elt] f ! w9t] /orms 9 ! c5tre ( a d5se ev]gre5 or burr[s deep into a sn[ bank4 ,! close cov]+ ( fea!rs ^u its feet s]ves n only to keep ! feet w>m1 b also z sn[-%oes4 ,9 ! ev5+s ^! birds may frequ5tly be se5 9 ! tops ( su* trees z maple1 bir*1 *]ry1 & popl>1 ! buds ( :i* =m ! great] "p ( _! w9t] food4 ,! sn[ bird1 or sn[ bunt+1 is ano!r bird commonly se5 9 w9t]4 ,flocks ( ^! h>dy little w9t] visitors frequ5t ! roads & fields dur+ w9t]4 ,its summ] home is 9 ! f> nor?4 ,ano!r visitor f ! sub-arctic regions is ! p9e grosbeak1 :i* is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! rob91 = ^! two birds are ne>ly equal 9 size4 ,! c>m9e col\r ( ! upp] surface ( ! male grosbeak di/+ui%es x f ! grays & blacks ( ! upp] "p ( ! rob94 ,! grosbeak frequ5ts ! r[an trees4 ,! bird s\nds :i* attract att5tion dur+ ! w9t] are ! *e]ful notes ( ! *ickadee1 ! bold cl>ion call ( ! blue jay1 & ! %>p tap1 tap1 tap1 ( ! d[ny woodpeck]4 ,! d[ny woodpeck] & ! *ickadee h snug w9t] homes )9 holl[ trees1 b1 :5 ! wea!r is fav\rable1 !y g ab\t se>*+ indu/ri\sly = ! eggs & l>vae ( insects t infe/ =e/ & or*>d trees4 ,,correlations ,lit]ature3 ,d y "k ! *ickadee1 ,9 8 br[ni% a%5 coat1 ,) a cap s black & jaunty1 ,& a black pat* on 8 ?roat8 ,language3 ,write a /ory ab\t ! w9t] exp]i5ces ( a d[ny woodpeck]4 ,geography3 ,describe ! summ] home ( ! sn[ bird4 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,zoological ,,g>d5s ,pupils :o h an opportunity to visit museums or zoological g>d5s w obs]ve m intellig5tly if ! visit is prec$$ by su* a discussion 9 ! class-room z w ar\se _! curiosity respect+ ! habits1 movem5ts1 & adaptive features ( ! animals ab\t to be /udi$4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,"n ! k9ds ( be>s y h se5 or h read ab\t4 ,:at k9d 0 ! l>ge/8 ,are all be>s :olly fle%-eat+ animals8 ,f9d out :at food ! keep]s give ^! animals4 ,:at features give to ! be> 8 great /r5g?8 ,obs]ve ! l5g? ( 8 arms1 tee?1 claws4 ,does ! be> climb a pole 9 ! same way t a boy does8 ,read3 ,rog]s4 ,wild ,animals ,e ,*ild ,%\ld ,"k4 ,mc,clelland1 ,good*ild1 ,/ew>t4 #ej c5ts4 ,?ompson-,seton4 ,wild ,animals ,i ,h ,kn[n4 ,briggs4 #a4ej4 ,rob]ts4 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,wild4 ,macmillan4 #a4ce4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,=m ,,ii ,,spr+ ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! pupils h n[ arriv$ at an age :5 !y are able to d mo/ ( ! "w ( prep>+ & plant+ _! own plots4 ,! se$s h be5 select$ & plac$ 9 read9ess = plant+ long be=e ! gr\nd is ready4 ,! plans = ! g>d5 & ! v>ieties to be s[n 9 ! diff]5t plots h likewise be5 arrang$4 ,f]tiliz]s1 l9es1 tools1 & labels are made ready = use4 ,) su* ?or\gh prep>ation ! mak+ & plant+ ( ! g>d5 becomes a pleasure & a delight to bo? tea*] & pupils4 ,! g>d5 di>y %\ld beg9 z soon z ! sn[ disappe>s f ! g>d5 & be cont9u$ until all ! "w is complet$ 9 ! autumn1 & ! g>d5 aga9 blanket$ 9 sn[4 ,! ma9 po9ts to be safegu>d$ are3 #a4 ,?or\gh cultivation & f]tilization4 #b4 ,! be/ available se$ c>efully plant$4 ,gu>d aga9/ ?ick s[+ & deep cov]+4 #c4 ,frequ5t cultivation & c>eful ?9n+ :ile ! plants are q small4 #d4 ,vigilance 9 detect+ ! appe>ance ( cutworms or o!r injuri\s insects & promptness 9 combat+ !m4 #e4 ,protection ( ! g>d5 aga9/ injury f dogs1 pigs1 p\ltry1 & ,engli% sp>r[s4 #f4 ,failure ( "s plots1 ?r\gh ! own]'s abs5ce f s*ool = long p]iods4 ,,combat+ ,,g>d5 ,,pe/s ,,cutworms ,9 g>d5s :]e ! soil is light or s&y1 cutworms are mo/ likely to be tr\blesome4 ,wat* = !m ab\t ! "t t ! plants are nicely above gr\nd4 ,!y come up at night & cut ! "y plants (f j above ! gr\nd4 ,!y are ab\t an in* long1 gray & br[n1 fat & greasy-look+4 ,to protect ! plants put "o qu>t] ( a p\nd ( p>is-gre5 ) tw5ty-five p\nds ( slightly moi/5$ bran1 us+ a little sug> 9 ! wat] & /irr+ ! p>is-gre5 into ! bran v ?or\ghly4 ,if too wet1 add m dry bran4 ,x %\ld crumble ?r\gh ! f+]s4 ,spr9kle a little ( ?is mixture ) ! f+]s along ! r[ close to ! plants4 ,! cutworms eat ?is poison$ bran q readily4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 us+ ?is poison le/ p\ltry %\ld get at x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p\ltry %\ld n be all[$ to get into ! g>d54 ,wrapp+ a piece ( pap] ar\nd ! /em :5 transplant+ "y plants w help to save !m f cutworms4 ,,root ,,maggots ,root maggots ( cabbage1 radi%1 & onions are ! l>vae ( flies simil> 9 appe>ance to h\se-flies b a little small]4 ,:5 ! plants are "y1 ! flies lay _! :ite eggs on ! /em close to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! eggs hat*1 ! l>vae crawl d[n "u ! gr\nd & cause ! plants to decay4 ,! wilt+ ( ! leaves is ! fir/ sign ( ! tr\ble4 ,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure 9 ?is case4 ,du/ "s dry :ite hellebore along ! r[s ( onions or radi%es & ar\nd ! cabbage plants2 or1 = radi%es1 make a decoction ( insect p[d] 7,pyre?rum71 f\r ounces to "o gallon ( wat]1 & p\r ar\nd ! root1 us+ half a teacupful to ea* plant4 ,,flea-,,beetles ,! turnip flea-beetle quickly de/roys "y plants ( ! crucif]ae family by eat+ _! leaves4 ,p>is-gre51 "o "p to tw5ty p>ts ( pulv]iz$ gypsum 7l& pla/]7 du/$ on ! plants :ile damp1 helps to de/roy ^! insects4 ,to ! tea*]4--,:5 pupils :o are abs5t f9d x impossible to give ! necess>y att5tion to _! g>d5 plots at s*ool1 !y %\ld turn !m ov] to o!r pupils or to ! tea*]1 :o may at 8 own discretion use ! produce = purposes ( g5]al g>d5 rev5ue4 ,,se$ ,,g]m9ation ,! se$s = ! g>d5 %\ld be pur*as$ q e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,z ! plant+ ( poor se$ is (t5 ! cause ( mu* disappo9tm5t1 x is well to te/ ! g]m9at+ p[] ( ! diff]5t v>ieties to be plant$4 ,! pupils ( ?is ,=m %\ld te/ especially ^? v>ieties :i* !y h *os54 ,to d ?is1 place ab\t tw5ty-five se$s 9 a g]m9at+ di%1 :i* may be made z foll[s3 ,take a deep plate1 su* z a s\p plate1 fill x ab\t half full ( moi/ s&1 & spread ov] ?is a piece ( moi/ clo?4 ,put ! se$s ^u ?is clo? & cov] !m ) a second piece ( damp clo? or moss4 ,to prev5t dry+ out inv]t ov] x ano!r plate & set all 9 a w>m dry place 7ab\t #gj to #hj degrees ,f474 ,aft] a few days c\nt ! numb] ( se$s t h g]m9at$4 ,?is w be a guide 9 plant+ z to h[ ?ick ! se$ %\ld be s[n4 ,! pupils %\ld wat* ! developm5t ( g]m9at+ gra9s1 su* z corn & beans1 g]m9at$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! la/ ex]cise4 ,! foll[+ po9ts may be obs]v$3 #a4 ,! fir/ *ange notic$4 7,swell+ ( ! se$7 #b4 ,! appe>ance ( a gr[+ %oot & its direction4 7,root7 #c4 ,! second %oot & its direction4 7,/em7 #d4 ,! appe>ance ( ! fir/ pair ( leaves4 #e4 ,! appe>ance ( root-hairs & rootlets4 #f4 ,:at becomes ( ! ma9 body ( ! se$4 #g4 ,h[ ! second pair ( leaves diff]s f ! fir/ pair4 #h4 ,l5g? ( "t requir$ to produce ! fir/ pair ( leaves4 ,pupils may be taught ! conditions t are necess>y = ! g]m9ation ( se$s by means ( a few simple exp]im5ts :i* c be c>ri$ on 9 ! s*ool-room4 #a4 ,9 ,febru>y1 plant a few se$s ( ! pea1 or oat1 or :eat1 9 a box ( soil1 & place ! box outside ! s*ool w9d[4 #b4 ,9 ,april1 plant a few se$s simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,no4 #a1 9 a box ( p]fectly dry soil1 & set ! box inside ! s*ool w9d[4 #c4 ,plant a few se$s simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,no4 #a1 9 a j> conta9+ soil t is kept v wet1 & set ! j> 9 ! s*ool w9d[4 #d4 ,plant a few se$s1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,no4 #a4 9 a box conta9+ soil t is moi/ b n wet1 & set ! box 9 ! s*ool w9d[4 #e4 ,plant se$s z 9 ,no4 #d1 except t ! box is kept 9 a d>k cupbo>d4 ,comp>e ! results ( ! above ) ref]5ce to3 #a4 ,! numb] ( se$s t g]m9ate4 #b4 ,! gr[? & condition ( ! plants4 ,=m conclusions ) ref]5ce to3 #a4 ,! conditions t are requir$ = se$ g]m9ation4 #b4 ,! b5efits ( well-dra9$ soil4 ,pupils make draw+s %[+ ! boxes & plants4 ,,plants ,,= ,,individual ,,plots ,! pupils ( ?is ,=m %\ld n attempt to gr[ m ?an two v>ieties ( fl[]s & two ( vegetables4 ,( fl[]s1 mix$ a/]s & ,%irley poppy are to be recomm5d$1 ! poppy be+ an e>ly bloom+ fl[] & ! a/] late bloom+4 ,c>rots & radi%es are desirable vegetables1 z ! c>rot matures late & ! radi% e>ly4 ,two or ?ree crops ( radi%es may be gr[n on ! same gr\nd 9 "o season4 ,besides ^!1 a few o!rs %\ld be *os5 = special /udy1 su* z ! potato1 onion1 corn1 & sunfl[]4 ,,/udies ,,bas$ ,,on ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,gr[+ ,,plants ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! gr[+ habits ( plants1 ! size & rate ( developm5t1 ! me?od ( multiply+ & propagation1 & ! "p us$ = food4 ,! potato is a tub] :i* is no?+ m ?an ! swoll5 end ( an und]gr\nd /em2 ! onion a bulb compos$ ( ! bases ( ?ick5$ leaves2 ! corn an example ( a jo9t$ /em or grass hav+ two k9ds ( fl[]s1 ! tassels be+ ! /am9ate fl[]s & ! cob ) its silk ! pi/illate ones2 ! sunfl[] an example ( a comp\nd fl[] made up ( _m little fl[]s ea* ( :i* produces a s+le se$4 ,obs]vations %\ld also be made ^u ! progress 9 g]m9ation ( ! nuts & o!r tree se$s collect$ 9 ! fall4 ,:5 ! se$s fall f ! elms & s(t maples 9 ! spr+1 "s ( !m %\ld be collect$ & plant$ 9 ! =e/ry plot1 or nurs]y4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,sweet-,,peas #a4 ,s[ z e>ly z possible 9 spr+4 #b4 ,s[ on well-dra9$ l& & nev] 9 ! %ade or ne> grass4 ,grass roots rob ! sweet-pea roots ( wat]4 #c4 ,use a small am\nt ( f]tiliz]--well-rott$ manure spad$ deeply into ! soil4 ,?is is be/ done 9 ! autumn4 #d4 ,make ! tr5* 9 ! fall ab\t five or six in*es deep4 #e4 ,plant 9 a tr5* 9 ,april f half an in* to an in* ap>t4 #f4 ,cov] f ?ree in*es to f\r in*es deep4 #g4 ,wat] ?or\ghly once or twice a week1 & h ! soil l[] along ! r[ ?an f>!r out1 s z to hold ! wat]4 #h4 ,put a mul* ( lawn clipp+s along ! r[ on ea* side to prev5t dry+ out4 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,arrange an excursion to ! woods :5 ! spr+ fl[]s are 9 bloom4 ,keep a fl[] cal5d>1 %[+3 #a4 ,! date :5 a plant 0 fir/ f\nd 9 bloom #b4 ,! "n ( ! plant #c4 ,place :]e f\nd #d4 ,"n ( ! pupil :o f\nd x4 ,:5 9 ! woods discuss ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,:y ^! wild fl[]s come into bloom s e>ly 9 spr+4 ,!y h a l>ge supply ( food /or$ up f ! previ\s summ]4 #b4 ,dig d[n ) a tr[el or heavy knife & f9d ?is /oreh\se ( food4 ,x may be 9 ! =m ( bulb1 corm1 or rhizome4 #c4 ,! bloom+ ( ! spr+ fl[]s 9 ! woods be=e ! leaves ( ! trees rea* _! full developm5t1 ?us tak+ advantage ( ! sunlight4 #d4 ,m>k a few clumps or individual plants & visit !m aga9 aft] a mon?4 ,look = ! gr[+ fruit ) its se$s4 #e4 ,! leaves ( ! hepatica se5 at ! "t :5 ! blossoms appe> are leaves :i* grew ! previ\s season4 ,dig up a plant & notice ! new leaves />t+4 #f4 ,! k9d ( soil ea* seems to gr[ be/ 9 & ! am\nt ( light x receives4 #g4 ,h ! pupils exam9e ! fl[]s & leave !m gr[+4 ,!y %\ld ga!r a few = ! s*ool-room4 #h4 ,h ! pupils write a %ort acc\nt ( _! visit to ! woods4 ,h !m make draw+s ( ! diff]5t fl[]s collect$4 ,dig up a few specim5s ( wild fl[]s & transplant 9 a %ady corn] 9 ! gr\nds or s*ool g>d54 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are sugge/$ = special obs]vation & /udy3 hepatica1 violet1 anemone1 columb9e1 ,indian turnip1 m>% m>igold4 ,tea* "o or two lessons on wild fl[]s1 simil> to ! lessons illu/rat$ = ! na/urtium4 ,,we$s ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld le>n to id5tify mo/ ( ! we$s t are f\nd 9 ! g>d5 plots & a few ( ^? commonly f\nd 9 fields & along roadsides4 ,! l>ge bullet9 ,f>m ,we$s1 publi%$ by ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 w be ( great value 9 help+ to id5tify ! we$s & also 9 ga9+ useful in=mation reg>d+ !m & ! be/ means ( eradicat+ !m4 ,! foll[+ species are recomm5d$ = special /udy dur+ ! season3 mu/>d 7su* v>ieties z are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity71 ,canada ?i/le1 purslane1 lamb's qu>t]1 p9k-root$ pigwe$1 & quack grass4 ,! pupils %\ld be famili> ) ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plant2 its appe>ance :5 com+ up 9 ! spr+2 :e!r annual1 bi5nial1 or p]5nial2 nature ( ! root1 & :e!r h>d to pull up2 if h>d to eradicate1 :y s2 its rate ( gr[? comp>$ ) ! g>d5 plants2 ! numb] ( se$s produc$ by a s+le plant2 h[ ! se$s are scatt]$4 ,,! ,,apple ,,tree 7,:5 ! buds are beg9n+ to op57 ,,field ,,ex]cise ,! pupils1 dur+ an excursion t is conduct$ by ! tea*] or :ile mak+ individual obs]vations1 obta9 answ]s to problems ( ! foll[+ type3 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! top ( ! apple tree8 ,are all apple trees ( ! same %ape8 ,:at is ! height ( ! trunk8 ,measure ! gir? ( ! trunk ( ! l>ge/8 ,are ! leaf buds & fl[] buds m num]\s ne> ! inside ( ! tree top or m num]\s at ! out] "p ( ! top8 ,to ! tea*]4--,:5 discuss+ ! answ]s to ! above problems1 develop ! conception ( ! conv5i5ce ( ! l[ /ature ( ! tree = ga!r+ ! apples1 ( ! wide-spread+ bran*es = be>+ a l>ge crop1 ( ! /\tness ( ! trunk = support+ ! weight1 & also ( ! position ( ! buds z adapt+ !m = secur+ sun%9e4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,,on ,,! ,,apple ,,tree ,mat]ials4--,twigs be>+ fl[] & leaf buds4 ,^! are ga!r$ by ! pupils f ! apple trees t 7 /udi$ dur+ ! field ex]cises4 ,ea* pupil f9ds on 8 twig ! objects & m>k+s1 etc41 z 9 ! foll[+ outl9e3 ,describe ! %ape ( ! twig4 ,:]e 7 ! apples t grew la/ ye> atta*$8 ,describe ! positions ( ! buds on ! twigs4 ,:i* buds are ! l>g]1 ^? at ! end or ^? on ! side ( ! twig8 ,describe ! condition ( ! bud scales4 ,op5 ! buds & f9d :at !y conta94 ,( :at use are ! bud scales8 ,h[ _m blossoms are 9 "o bud8 ,( :at use to ! "y leaves is ! d[ny cov]+8 ,,field ,,ex]cise ,,foll[+ ,,class-,,room ,,lesson 7,j aft] ! blossoms are fully op57 ,:at is ! col\r ( ! apple blossom8 ,f9d ! little gre5 cup on :i* ! petals re/4 ,describe ! cup4 ,f9d ! o!r ?+s t are on ! rim (1 or t are )91 ! cup4 ,:at are !y8 ,:at insects visit ! fl[]s8 ,does ! cup fall (f :5 ! petals fall8 ,does ! cup close up z soon z ! petals fall8 ,:at does ! gre5 cup gr[ to be8 ,to ! tea*]4--,apple trees h some:at r\nd or pyramid-%ap$ tops1 v>y+ 9 detail ) ! v>iety ( apple tree4 ,! twigs are %ort & usually crook$4 ,! fruit twigs are call$ spurs4 ,! buds at ! ends ( ! twigs & spurs are ! l>ge/ & conta9 bo? leaves & blossoms1 & !re are usually sev]al blossoms 9 ea* bud4 ,! bud scales bur/ ap>t & drop (f z ! leaves & blossoms develop4 ,! side buds produce leaves only4 ,! petals & poll5 boxes are borne on ! rim ( ! gre5 cup1 & inside ! cup are f\nd ! five tips ( ! se$ cases4 ,:5 ! petals drop (f1 ! rim ( ! cup rema9s spread out = a %ort "t4 ,?is is ! prop] "t = spray+1 s t ! cup may hold a drop ( poison to kill ! t9y worms :i* cause apples to be wormy4 ,x is ! gre5 cup t gr[s & =ms ! fle% ( ! apple4 ,or*>d trees suitable = lessons = ,=m ,,ii are apple1 plum1 pe>1 pea*1 & *]ry4 ,,bird ,,/udy ,a valuable ex]cise 9 bird /udy1 suitable = ! pupils ( ,=m ,,ii1 is ! /udy ( a pair ( birds & ! hi/ory ( _! home ?r\gh ! entire season4 ,a record1 ) dates1 %\ld be kept1 & ! foll[+ topics are sugge/$ = obs]vation3 ,:]e ! ne/ is locat$1 protection ( ! ne/1 "p ( build+ done by ea* bird2 eggs1 numb]1 col\r1 size1 "t requir$ = hat*+2 "y birds1 numb]1 description1 h[ f$ & ^u :at foods1 "t requir$ be=e ready to leave ! ne/2 hi/ory = a "t aft] leav+ ! ne/4 ,birds suitable = /udy by ! pupils ( ,=m ,,ii are ! cr[1 flick]1 d[ny woodpeck]1 blue-bird1 *ipp+-sp>r[1 phoebe1 wr54 ,correlate ) art1 by requir+ draw+s & models ( ! ne/ & its surr\nd+s1 & ) language1 by hav+ pupils write ! hi/ory ( ! ne/ & family4 ,,! ,,toad ,,field ,,ex]cises ,direct ! pupils to wat* = toads "u ! /reet lamps & on ! lawns 9 ! ev5+s1 & to obs]ve :at !y are do+4 ,f9d out1 by turn+ ov] bo>ds1 logs ( wood1 /ones1 & old /umps1 :]e toads sp5d ! daytime4 ,if !re is a s&y bea* ne> by1 an int]e/+ nature lesson is to trace a toad to its daytime retreat "u a log or /one4 ,its w&]+s & adv5tures dur+ ! night c be trac$ f ! record t its trail makes 9 ! s&4 ,are toads t live 9 light-col\r$ s& ( ! same col\r z ^? t live 9 black clay8 ,( :at value to ! toad are ^! diff]5ces 9 col\r8 ,! pupils are ?us l$ to see t al?\gh ! toad is n a h&some animal1 yet its r\gh1 d>k sk9 is ( great value to x = concealm5t among ! lumps ( soil ) :i* x h>monizes4 ,c a dog be induc$ to seize a toad8 ,w he seize x z readily a second "t z he did ! fir/8 ,! secretion f ! gl&s ( ! toad h a bit+1 acid effect on ! dog's m\?4 ,?is secretion w n injure a p]son's h&s unless ! sk9 is brok51 & ev5 !n x does n cause w>ts4 ,h[ _m toads c y f9d on y\r lawn 9 "o ev5+8 ,h[ _m 9 ! vegetable g>d58 ,h[ _m 9 ! fl[] b$s8 ,place a toad on loose soil among "s we$s & obs]ve h[ x proce$s to get out ( sight4 ,is x true t a toad is attract$ by music8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,secure a few liv+ toads & keep !m 9 a box cov]$ ) a pane ( glass4 ,be sure to put moi/ soil & damp moss 9 ! bottom ( ! box 9 :i* toads1 frogs1 newts1 or snakes are kept4 ,?is enables ^! animals to live 9 com=t1 & !y soon become suffici5tly accu/om$ to _! surr\nd+s to act 9 a normal way4 ,obs]vation4--,by flick+ 9 front ( a toad a small fea!r or a bit ( meat atta*$ to a ?read1 ! d>t+ out ( ! tongue = cat*+ prey on its adhesive surface may be obs]v$4 ,! *ildr51 by br++ slugs1 cat]pill>s1 grubs1 & v>i\s insects = ! toads1 may le>n :at composes ! food ( ! animal4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! toad does n snap at an object until x moves4 ,,detail$ ,,/udy ,obs]vation4--,g5]al %ape2 division into head1 trunk1 & limbs2 size ( head & m\?2 position & /ructure ( eyes & e>s2 diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! =e & h9d limbs1 & explanation ( ?is diff]5ce by ref]5ces to ! use ( ! limbs2 ! h9d foot1 uses ( ! web2 ! gl&s on ! surface ( ! body & _! uses = protection4 ,:y is a l>ge m\? useful8 ,h[ are ! e>s fitt$ = life 9 wat]8 ,9 conclusion1 ! tea*] %\ld make sure t ! pupils appreciate ! usefulness ( ! toad & also ! beauty repres5t$ 9 its adaptations to its conditions ( life4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s ! toad is a good illu/ration ( ! adage ,h&some is t h&some does4 ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,toad ,9 e>ly spr+ look = ! toads on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ponds4 ,! music ( ! toads at ?is "t ( ye> has be5 describ$ by "o naturali/ z "o ( ! sweete/ s\nds ( nature4 ,! eggs may be f\nd 9 ^! ponds at ?is "t4 ,!y are atta*$ to long /r+s ( jelly :i* entw9e among grasses & o!r objects 9 ! ponds4 7,frogs' eggs are 9 masses ( jelly1 n 9 /r+s47 ,place "s ( ! eggs 9 a j> ( wat] & set ! j> 9 ! w9d[ ( ! s*ool-room4 ,a great mass ( eggs is too mu* to put 9 a j>1 a few doz5 eggs 9 a p9t ( wat] w be m likely to develop4 ,! wat] 9 ! j> %\ld be *ang$ twice a week4 ,obs]vations4--,! light & d>k areas ( ! eggs1 ! d>k area gradually increas+ 9 size2 ! increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! egg2 ! gradual *ange ( ! d>k area into ! g5]al %ape ( a tadpole ) head & tail1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! gills1 ! sep>ation f ! jelly1 ! movem5t by means ( ! tail1 ! disappe>ance ( ! gills1 ! gr[? ( ! h9d legs &1 lat]1 ( ! =elegs1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! tail4 ,que/ions & ,obs]vations4--,:at is ! use ( ! d>k col\r ( ! area f :i* ! tadpole is =m$8 ,expla9 ! uses ( ! /r+s ( jelly4 ,describe h[ ! tadpole swims4 ,^u :at does ! "y tadpole fe$8 ,:at is ! advantage ( ext]nal gills at ?is /age 9 ! tadpole's life8 ,lat] ,obs]vations4--,! disappe>ance ( ! gills1 ! budd+ out ( ! h9d legs &1 lat]1 ! =elegs4 ,:ile ! legs are gr[+ out1 ! tail gradually becomes small]1 at ! same "t ! %ape *anges to t ( ! adult toad ) a broad body & l>ge m\? & eyes4 ,que/ions4--,:at movem5ts has ! toad :i* ! tadpole did n h8 ,:at makes ^! movem5ts possible8 ,:y is ! m\? ( ! toad bett] suit$ to its mann] ( life ?an ! small m\? ( ! tadpole w\ld be8 ,( :at advantage to ! tadpole 0 ! smoo? outl9e ( its body1 & :y is ! r\gh] outl9e ( ! toad's body bett] suit$ = ! life ( ! latt]8 ,:y w\ld gills be unsuitable = ! life ( ! toad8 ,to ! tea*]4--,f ! d>k area ( ! egg ! tadpole develops1 ! d>k col\r absorbs ! sunlight1 & ?is causes gr[?4 ,! jelly holds ! eggs up s t ! sun c rea* !m & x also keeps !m f be+ swept away by ! wat]4 ,! tadpole is v small1 & ext]nal gills are ne$$ to keep x 9 v close contact ) ! wat]4 ,! tail does n drop (f1 ! sub/ance 9 x is absorb$ into ! body ( ! gr[+ toad to s]ve z nutrim5t4 ,s9ce all ! *anges 9 ! developm5t ( ! toad f egg to adult =m take place 9 ab\t "o mon?1 ?is comp>atively rapid developm5t makes ! life hi/ory ( ! toad p>ticul>ly suitable = obs]vation "w4 ,! developm5t ( ! eggs ( ! frog or newt may be /udi$ f prep>ations made 9 precisely ! same way z ^? = ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! toad4 ,if obs]vations on ! developm5ts ( two =ms are c>ri$ on at "o "t1 int]e/+ comp>isons c be made on su* po9ts z1 %ape & size ( ! eggs1 "t requir$ = developm5t1 %apes & col\rs ( ! tadpoles1 activity ( ! tadpoles1 etc4 ,,! ,,e>?worm ,"t4--,may or ,june1 9 connection ) g>d5+1 :5 ! work+ ( ! worms 9 ! moi/ soil ( ! g>d5 is q noticeable4 ,outdoor /udies may be assign$1 z3 ,obs]ve ! loose soil at ! entrance to ! burr[s4 ,ins]t a /raw 9 ! burr[ &1 foll[+ x1 dig d[nw>d ) a g>d5 tr[el & le>n ! nature ( ! e>?worm's home4 ,are e>?worms ev] f\nd out ( _! burr[s dur+ ! day8 ,if s1 on :at k9d ( days8 ,:y d e>?worms burr[ deep 9 dry wea!r8 ,e>?worms c brea! only :5 ! surfaces ( _! bodies are 9 moi/ conditions4 ,g out at night ) a lant]n to :]e e>?worms are kn[n to h burr[s1 obs]ve ! worms /ret*$ out ) ! re> ends ( _! bodies atta*$ to ! burr[s1 & note h[ quickly !y draw back :5 !y are t\*$4 ,d !y draw back if ! gr\nd is j>r$ ne> !m8 ,d !y draw back :5 ! light falls ^u !m8 ,/ate ! facts :i* are taught by ! obs]vations :i* 7 made on ! above topics4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,put two or ?ree e>?worms into a j> ( ri*1 damp soil1 on top ( :i* !re is a lay] ( s& a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,put bits ( cabbage1 onion1 grass1 & o!r plants on ! surface & cov] ! j> ) a glass slip or c>dbo>d4 ,aft] a few days1 exam9e ! j>1 not+ ! numb] ( burr[s1 ! foods select$1 ! ca/+s1 ! food dragg$ into ! burr[s4 ,p\r wat] into ! j> & obs]ve ! actions ( ! worms4 ,c an e>?worm live 9 wat]8 ,place an e>?worm on a moi/ plate or bo>d & direct ! pupils to /udy x1 z foll[s3 ,di/+ui% ! head f ! re> end1 ! upp] f ! l[] surface4 ,obs]ve ! means ( liv+4 ,to assi/ 9 ! latt] obs]vation1 /roke ! worm f re> to head & f9d ! f\r d\ble r[s ( bri/les4 ,:y is x difficult to pull an e>?worm out ( its burr[8 ,f9d ! m\?4 ,has ! e>?worm any eyes1 e>s1 or nose8 ,place a p9 9 ! pa? ( a mov+ worm & try to expla9 :y x turns aside be=e t\*+ ! ob/acle4 ,te/ ! s5sitiv5ess to feel+4 ,:y is x cruel to put an e>?worm on a fi%hook8 ,f ! soil ca/+s f\nd 9 ! j>1 inf] ! value ( e>?worms = enri*+ & pulv]iz+ soil4 7,see ,soil ,/udies1 p4 #bfi47 ,,ref]5ces ,bailey & ,coleman3 ,fir/ ,c\rse 9 ,biology4 ,macmillan ,co4 #a4be4 ,craw=d3 ,guide to ,nature ,/udy4 ,! ,copp1 ,cl>k ,co4 #ij c5ts4 ,kellogg3 ,elem5t>y ,zoology4 ,holt ,co4 #a4ce4 ,,! ,,aqu>ium ,a l>ge glass aqu>ium may be pur*as$ f any ,s*ool ,supply ,company at a co/ ( a few doll>s1 b a small globe-%ap$ aqu>ium su* z is us$ = gold-fi%es w be f\nd suitable = s*ool purposes4 ,if x is n possible to secure ei!r ( ^!1 a l>ge glass j>1 su* z a batt]y j> or l>ge fruit j>1 w be f\nd to answ] q well4 ,to set up ! aqu>ium1 put into ! j> ab\t two in*es ( clean %ore s& 7s& f a s& pit1 wa%$ until ! wat] comes away cle>1 w d74 ,secure f a pond "s wat]-plants1 place ^! 9 ! j> ) _! roots cov]$ ) s& & secur$ 9 position by small /ones4 ,p\r 9 wat] until ! j> is ne>ly full1 tak+ c>e n to wa% ! roots out ( place1 & !n put 9 a fre%wat] clam & a few wat] snails4 ,^! are scav5g]s1 = ! clam fe$s ^u organisms t float 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! snails eat ! gre5 scum t gr[s on ! glass4 ,! o!r aqu>ium specim5s may n[ be put 94 ,"o fi% ab\t ?ree in*es long to a gallon ( wat] is ab\t ! "r proportion4 ,:5 !re is a suffici5t quantity ( plant life to keep ! wat] prop]ly oxyg5at$ & en\gh animal life to supply ! c>bon dioxide necess>y to keep ! plants gr[+ well1 ! aqu>ium is said to be balanc$4 ,! balanc$ aqu>ium does n require t ! wat] be *ang$ m (t5 ?an once 9 two mon?s4 ,too mu* direct sunlight causes too rapid gr[? ( gre5 slime1 h5ce ! aqu>ium %\ld n be set 9 a w9d[4 ,close to a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* ! sun %9es ^u x = an h\r or long] ea* day is ! be/ position4 ,d n supply m food to ! animals 9 ! aqu>ium ?an !y c eat up clean4 ,crayfi%1 p]*1 tr\t1 & o!r fre%wat] fi%es are de/ructive ( insect l>vae & o!r aqu>ium specim5s1 h5ce c>e mu/ be tak5 9 select+ ! specim5s t are put toge!r into an aqu>ium4 ,suitable animals = ! aqu>ium3 mosquito l>vae1 dragon-fly l>vae1 caddice-fly l>vae1 crayfi%1 clam1 wat] snails1 tadpoles1 fi%1 frog1 turtle4 ,,aqu>ium ,,specim5s ,,mosquito ,"t4--,may or ,june4 ,que/ions & ,obs]vations4--,at :at "t ( ! ye> are mosquitoes mo/ pl5tiful8 ,9 :at localities are !y mo/ pl5tiful8 ,:y are !y mo/ pl5tiful 9 ^! places8 ,are mosquitoes ev] se5 dur+ fall or w9t]8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = _! rapid increase 9 numb] e>ly 9 summ]8 ,h[ d mosquitoes f9d _! victims8 ,obs]ve ! humm+ noise & try to discov] h[ x is made4 ,wat* a mosquito z x draws blood f y\r h&4 ,does ! po9t ( ! beak pi]ce ! sk98 ,capture a numb] ( mosquitoes & place !m 9 a j> conta9+ "s wat] & a few /raws or /icks /&+ upright out ( ! wat]4 ,cov] ! m\? ( ! j> ) a glass plate or f9e gauze4 ,wat* = ! rafts ( mosquitoes' eggs on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! eggs may also be f\nd on ! surface ( ponds or op5 ra9 b>rels1 & may be transf]r$ to wat] 9 a j> 9 ! laboratory4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,adult ,,=m ,note ! %ape1 col\r1 suck+ tube1 w+s1 & legs4 ,comp>e ) ! h\se-fly4 ,di/+ui% ! male insect f ! female2 ! =m] has fea!ry feel]s1 & has m\? p>ts unsuit$ = bit+4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( mosquitoes h y se58 ,direct att5tion to ! k9d :i* causes ! spread ( mal>ia4 ,x is recogniz$ by its habit ( /&+ ) its body po9t+ at "r angles to ! surface on :i* its feet are plac$ or1 9 o!r words1 x appe>s to /& on its head4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,describe ! egg raft4 ,obs]ve ! wiggl]s 7hat*$ 9 ab\t a day72 ! divisions ( ! body ( ! wiggl]s2 position ( ! wiggl]s :5 at re/4 ,obs]ve t ! tail end is upw>d4 ,lead ! pupils to p]ceive t ?is is ! means ( gett+ air4 ,obs]ve ! rapid movem5t t[>d ! bottom :5 di/urb$2 ! means ( caus+ ?is movem5t2 ! *ange into ! l>ge-head$ pupae--a *ange :i* takes place ab\t t5 days aft] hat*+2 ! almo/ motionless "* ( ! pupae2 ! *ange f ! pupae =ms into ! adult--a *ange :i* takes place at ab\t ! f\r? day ( pupae life4 ,put "s mosquito l>vae 7wiggl]s7 into ! fi% aqu>ium4 ,are mosquitoes ( any use8 ,! wiggl]s are ! food on :i* "s "y fi%es live4 ,"y bass & tr\t fe$ ^u !m4 ,put "s k]os5e on ! surface ( a j> 9 :i* !re are mosquito l>vae4 ,describe a me?od ( de/roy+ mosquitoes4 ,! tea*] tells ab\t ! mosquito z ! cause ( ! spread ( mal>ia4 ,f ! fact t ! eggs hat* on /agnant wat]1 d$uce a b5efit aris+ f ! dra9+ ( l&4 ,,ref]5ces ,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy ,hodge3 ,nature ,/udy & ,life ,,caddice-,,fly ,"t3 ,may4 ,! caddice-flies are v int]e/+ insects1 ow+ to ! habits ( ! l>vae ( build+ little cases ( wood1 /ones1 or %ells1 9 :i* !y pass _! developm5t /ages "u wat]4 ,^! l>vae are easily f\nd dur+ ! mon? ( ,may 9 little /reams ( wat] ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,prov9ce4 ,look = :at at fir/ sight appe>s to be a bit ( twig or a cyl9d] ( /one ab\t an in* long mov+ along ! bottom z ?\gh c>ri$ by curr5ts4 ,clos] obs]vation w result 9 ! discov]y t ?is is a little case compos$ ( gra9s1 ( bits ( /ick1 or ( s& & t9y %ells1 & ! head ( ! occupant may be se5 project+ f "o end4 ,collect "s ( ^! l>vae 9 a j> ( wat] & transf] !m to ! aqu>ium4 ,direct ! pupils to look = o!rs 9 ! /reams1 s t !y may obs]ve _! appe>ances & movem5ts 9 _! natural environm5t4 ,if kept 9 j>s1 ! wat] mu/ be *ang$ e day1 & ! top %\ld be cov]$ to prev5t ! escape ( ! adults4 ,obs]ve4--,! %ape ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cases2 ! mat]ials1 & h[ fa/5$ toge!r 7*iefly by silk72 ! "p ( ! l>va t protrudes f ! case2 ! movem5t1 & h[ caus$2 ! fitness ( ! case z a protection4 ,note h>dness1 col\r1 & %ape z protective features4 ,! pupils w be =tunate if !y obs]ve ! sudd5 rise ( ! l>va to ! surface ( ! wat] & ! almo/ in/antane\s *ange into ! f\r-w+$ fly4 ,,insects ,,suitable ,,= ,,lessons ,,9 ,,=m ,,ii ,walk+-/ick insect1 katydid1 cricket1 mole-cricket1 clo!s-mo?1 giant wat]-bug1 potato beetle1 click-beetle1 luna mo?1 & swall[-tail butt]fly4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,=m ,,iii ,,autumn ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld be able to d all ( ! "w requir$ ( !m 9 ! g>d5 )\t assi/ance4 ,!y %\ld aim at int5sive & ?or\gh cultivation &1 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! plants ( _! g>d5s rip51 ^! %\ld be remov$ & ! soil c>efully spad$4 ,!y %\ld cont9ue ! "w ( select+ ! se$ f ! be/ fl[]s1 z indicat$ 9 ! "w = ,=m ,,ii1 & %\ld gr[ "s se$ f vegetables & p]5nials se5 to be p>ticul>ly good4 ,boys 9 ?is ,=m may also wi% to d "s g>d5+ = pr(it4 ,9 "s cases :]e !re is pl5ty ( space1 ?is may be c>ri$ on 9 a "p ( ! s*ool g>d5 set aside = t purpose4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to c>ry x on 9 ! home g>d54 ,be/ v>ieties = local m>kets %\ld !n be gr[n & att5tion giv5 to ! prop] "t & mann] ( m>ket+ or /or+ = a lat] m>ket4 ,cool1 well-v5tilat$ cell>s are be/ = mo/ fruits & vegetables4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,fungi ,dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn mon?s att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! spray+ ( plants = blight & = injuri\s insects4 ,! potato is commonly affect$ by a fung\s disease :i* causes ! /alks to black5 & die be=e ! tub]s h matur$4 ,?is disease may be prev5t$ 9 l>ge measure by ! use ( a fungicide kn[n z ,bordeaux mixture4 ,?is may be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,take "o p\nd ( copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol72 make x f9e by p\nd+ x 9 a bag or clo? & !n dissolve x 9 wat]1 us+ a wood5 pail4 ,x dissolves rapidly if put 9 a little *eese-clo? sack1 :i* is susp5d$ ne> ! top ( ! pail by putt+ a /ick across ! pail & ty+ ! sack ( copp] sulphate to x4 ,dilute ?is solution to five gallons4 ,take also a p\nd ( unslak$ or quick-lime & add a cupful ( wat] to x4 ,:5 x beg9s to swell up & get hot1 add m wat] sl[ly1 &1 :5 ! action ceases1 dilute to five gallons4 ,mix ^! two solutions toge!r 9 a tub or b>rel1 & *urn !m up1 or /ir !m toge!r vigor\sly4 ,!y give a deep rob9's-egg-blue mixture1 :i* is slightly alkal9e & %\ld be us$ at once4 ,! solutions c be kept sep>ate z /ock solutions ?r\gh\t ! summ] & !n dilut$ & mix$ :5ev] ne$$4 ,c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 n mix+ ! solutions be=e ea* has be5 dilut$ to ! /r5g?1 "o p\nd to five gallons4 ,a piece ( blue litmus pap] w be conv5i5t to prove t ! mixture is alkal9e4 ,if alkal9e1 z x %\ld be1 ! pap] rema9s blue :5 dipp$ 9 x4 ,if ! mixture turns ! litmus pap] r$1 x mu/ h m lime-wat] add$ to make x alkal9e4 ,! potato tops %\ld be ?or\ghly spray$ ) ?is mixture :5 ab\t t5 in*es high & !n once e two weeks1 until !y h be5 treat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,?is is to prev5t blight & n to kill bugs4 ,if ! potato-beetle is tr\bl+ ! potatoes1 add p>is-gre5 to ! ,bordeaux mixture--a teaspoonful to e two gallons4 ,to prove ! value ( ?is treatm5t h a trial plot ( potatoes :i* receive all att5tion save spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture4 ,if a heavy ra9 %\ld foll[ ! spray+1 x %\ld be repeat$4 ,potato-scab may be prev5t$ to a l>ge degree by soak+ ! tub]s be=e cutt+ = plant+ 9 a solution ( =mal9 7a #dj-p] c5t4 solution ( =maldehyde7 "o-half p9t to fifte5 gallons ( wat]4 ,se$ gra9 is frequ5tly treat$ ?is way be=e s[+1 to de/roy smut spores4 ,a p\nd ( =mal9 is put 9 =ty gallons ( wat] 9 a l>ge b>rel4 ,a bag full ( ! gra9 to be treat$ is set 9 ! b>rel ( =mal9 mixture = ab\t two h\rs & !n tak5 & dri$ on a floor t has be5 previ\sly wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ =mal94 ,a solution ( copp] sulphate 7blue/one71 "o p\nd 9 tw5ty gallons ( wat] is sometimes us$4 ,! gra9 is left 9 ?is solution = twelve h\rs & !n dri$ = s[+4 ,all bags & ut5sils %\ld also be dis9fect$ ) ?is =mal9 solution4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,insects ,9 ord] to poison insects successfully1 x is necess>y to det]m9e h[ ! insect fe$s4 ,if x is a bit+ insect1 t is "o t eats ! leaf1 su* z ! potato beetle1 p>is-gre5 %\ld be us$4 ,p>is-gre5 sometimes burns ! t5d] leaves4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by add+ a tablespoonful ( lime to ea* pail ( wat] us$4 ,x may also be us$ dry ) fl\r or du/4 ,if ! insect fe$s by suck+ ! juices f ! leaf1 z is ! case ) plant-lice1 !n a solution t kills by contact mu/ be us$1 su* z :ale-oil soap1 "o ounce to a qu>t ( wat]4 ,tobacco-wat] is sometimes mix$ ) ! soap solution z foll[s3 ,f\r p\nds ( tobacco-wa/e is /eep$ 9 n9e gallons ( hot wat] = five h\rs2 ?is is !n /ra9$1 & to ! tobacco-wat] "o p\nd ( :ale-oil soap dissolv$ 9 "o gallon ( hot wat] is add$ & mix$ ?or\ghly4 ,k]os5e emulsion1 :i* is made z foll[s1 is v de/ructive to plant-lice & scale insects3 ,dissolve a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( common laundry soap 9 half a gallon ( ra9-wat] &1 :ile hot1 mix ) "o gallon ( coal-oil & *urn vigor\sly = five m9utes to get a smoo?1 creamy mixture4 ,on cool+1 x ?ick5s & is dilut$ be=e us+ by add+ n9e qu>ts ( w>m wat] to "o qu>t ( ! emulsion4 ,use small] quantities 9 correct proportions :5 only a few plants are to be treat$4 ,,cabbage-,,worm ,! l>vae ( ! cabbage-butt]fly sometimes d a great deal ( h>m by eat+ ! cabbage leaves4 ,x w n d to use p>is-gre5 on cabbage1 z ! leaves are = eat+4 ,in/ead1 use pyre?rum or insect p[d]1 :i* may be dilut$ by mix+ ) *eap fl\r--"o ounce ( insect p[d] to five ( fl\r4 ,mix ?or\ghly & leave 9 a clos$ t9 ov] night4 ,du/ ! mixture on ! leaves f a *eese-clo? bag by tapp+ ) a small /ick or f a du/+-pan4 ,if us$ :ile ! dew is on ! leaves1 x /icks bett]4 ,insect p[d] is n poison\s to man z is p>is-gre51 & s may be us$ freely on cabbage or o!r simil> plants4 ,,plants ,,annuals1 ,,bi5nials1 ,,& ,,p]5nials ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,by means ( que/ions bas$ ^u ! pupils' k ( a few common annuals1 su* z ! oat1 sweet-pea1 & g>d5 a/]1 develop ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,^! plants are always gr[n f se$s4 #b4 ,^! plants produce fl[]s & ripe se$s dur+ "o season's gr[?4 #c4 ,^! plants )] & die 9 ! autumn4 ,plants hav+ ^! *>act]i/ics are call$ annuals4 ,! tea*] expla9s ! mean+ ( ! ^w & requires ! pupils to "n a few o!r annuals4 ,9 a simil> way1 discuss a few common types ( bi5nials1 su* z turnip1 cabbage1 hollyhock1 & develop ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,^! plants produce no fl[]s & se$s dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( _! life4 #b4 ,^! plants1 dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 lay up a /ore ( food 9 roots1 leaves1 or /ems4 #c4 ,! food is us$ 9 ! second ye> ( ! plant's life to n\ri% ! fl[]s & se$s4 ,a bi5nial %\ld be gr[n = two ye>s 9 ! s*ool g>d5 to furni% mat]ial = concrete /udy4 ,9 a simil> way discuss a few common types ( p]5nials1 su* z rhub>b1 dahlia1 apple tree1 & develop ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,^! plants may or may n produce se$s dur+ ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?4 #b4 ,"s ( ^! plants are h]bs1 b mo/ ( !m are trees & %rubs4 #c4 ,food is /or$ 9 roots or /ems to provide = e>ly spr+ gr[?4 #d4 ,^! plants live on f ye> to ye>4 ,,g>d5 ,,/udies ,,annuals ,obs]vations4--,"s plants1 su* z poppy & c&y-tuft1 are e>ly bloom+1 :ile o!rs1 su* z a/] & cosmos1 bloom 9 late summ]1 h5ce a selection %\ld be made t w yield a succession ( bloom ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,"s are h>dy annuals :i* c be gr[n f op5 plant+1 ev5 :5 ! wea!r is cold4 ,^! (t5 se$ !mselves2 = example1 sweet-pea1 morn+-glory1 phlox1 poppy1 sweet-alyssum4 ,"s are half-h>dy annuals1 su* z a/]s1 balsams1 /ocks1 & na/urtiums4 ,^! mu/ be />t$ indoors or 9 hotb$s1 or if 9 plots1 n until ! soil is q w>m4 ,! heights ( annuals v>y1 & consequ5tly !y mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! b$ 9 su* a way t tall plants w n %ade ! %ort ones4 ,,bi5nials ,obs]vations4--,dur+ ! fir/ ye> food is /or$ 9 ! root ( ! turnip1 c>rot1 p>snip1 & beet1 9 ! leaves ( ! cabbage1 & 9 ! /em ( ! hollyhock4 ,fl[]s & se$s are produc$ dur+ ! second ye>1 & ! /oreh\se becomes empty1 dry1 & woody4 ,prep>ation = w9t] is !re=e1 9 ! case ( bi5nials1 prep>ation = a r5ewal ( gr[? ! foll[+ spr+4 ,,p]5nials ,obs]vations4--,! highe/ =ms ( plant life are f\nd 9 ?is class2 namely1 ! /rong1 l>ge1 h>dy trees & %rubs4 ,! h]bace\s p]5nials are equipp$ ) und]gr\nd p>ts t act z /oreh\ses ( food to ensure ! gr[? ( ! plant ?r\gh successive seasons4 ,examples3 ! roots ( dahlia1 rhub>b1 d&elion1 & *icory2 ! und]gr\nd /ems ( potato1 onion1 tulip1 scut*-grass1 ,canada ?i/le1 etc4 ,_m ( ! wild fl[]s t bloom 9 e>ly spr+ belong to ?is class1 & _! rapid gr[? !n is made possible by ! /ore ( food 9 ! und]gr\nd p>ts4 ,examples3 trillium1 bloodroot1 squirrel-corn1 ,indian turnip1 ,solomon's seal1 etc4 ,,special ,,/udy ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,plants ,a few plants %\ld be select$ = special /udy1 & ! foll[+ are recomm5d$3 annuals--sweet-pea1 pumpk91 & corn2 bi5nials--cabbage1 p>snip1 & c>rot2 p]5nials--dahlia1 rhub>b1 & c\*-grass4 ,x is desirable t ! obs]vations be made ^u ! plants 9 ! g>d51 b !y may be conduct$ 9 ! class-room ^u specim5s br\ght into ! room by ! pupils4 ,,sweet-,,pea ,exam9e ! /em ( ! sweet-pea & describe its =m1 its uni=m sl5d] /ructure1 & ! fact t x climbs4 ,f9d out j h[ x climbs4 ,! pupils w obs]ve ! t5drils1 :i* are ext5sions ( ! midribs ( ! leaves4 ,describe ! leaves1 not+ :at is meant by call+ !m comp\nd4 ,obs]ve ! position ( ! fl[]1 its col\rs1 od\r1 size1 & =m4 ,:at insect does x resemble 9 %ape8 ,:at diff]5t features ( ! fl[] enable x to attract att5tion8 ,! names & uses ( ! floral organs may be taught to ?is class4 ,= example3 ,pupils f9d ! gre5 blanket t protects ! bud4 ,?is is ! calyx4 ,! beautiful1 attractive "p is ! corolla4 ,! p>ts t produce ! poll5 are call$ /am5s4 ,! case t holds ! se$s is ! pi/il4 ,exam9e fl[]s ( diff]5t ages & trace ! *ange f ! m9ute pi/il to ! pod4 ,/udy1 comp>atively1 ! fl[]s ( ! field-pea1 bean1 or wild vet*4 ,select a few ( ! f9e/ blossoms ( ! sweet-pea & put tags on !m :ile !y are /ill 9 bloom4 ,:5 !y rip51 collect ! se$s & pres]ve !m = spr+ plant+4 ,conduct obs]vation lessons on ! pumpk9 & corn1 9 :i* ! pupils w discov] su* facts z ^? giv5 bel[4 ,,pumpk9 ,notice ! me?od ( gr[?--! /em no /rong] ?an t ( ! sweet-pea1 b ly+ flat on ! gr\nd4 ,notice ! little roots s5t out "h & !re :]e ! /em t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,?is gives extra n\ri%m5t4 ,! leaves are n num]\s & gr[ only 9 "o direction1 b are v l>ge--entirely too l>ge to be borne ^u an upright /em4 ,notice ! l>ge funnel-l fl[]s & t n all ( !m set fruit4 ,exam9e ! fl[]s4 ,"s ( !m h /am5s = produc+ poll51 b no pi/il4 ,^! nev] produce fruit1 = pumpk9s are simply enl>g$ & rip5$ pi/ils4 ,look = insects & exam9e !m to f9d out :e!r !y are c>ry+ poll54 ,notice y\ng] pumpk9s & ev5 blossoms t[>d ! end ( ! v9e4 ,pick all ! blossoms & small pumpk9s (f a v9e1 leav+ only "o ( ! be/ gr[+ pumpk9s4 ,see :e!r ?is "o gr[s l>g] ?an "o ( equal age on a v9e hav+ "y pumpk9s develop+ on x4 ,notice ! arrangem5t ( ! se$s inside a ripe pumpk94 ,collect "s se$s1 wa% clean1 & dry = spr+ plant+4 ,x is desirable to plant pumpk9s late 9 ,may1 s t !y w h fl[]s on _! v9es z late z ,septemb]4 ,/udy ! fl[]s ( ! cucumb] & comp>e !m ) ^? ( ! pumpk94 ,,corn ,?is plant is native to ,am]ica1 0 greatly priz$ by ! aborig9es1 & ev5 wor%ipp$ by "s ( !m4 ,note ! upright "* ( ! plant & h[ ! /alk is divid$ into sections by ! jo9ts1 or nodes4 ,c\nt ^! jo9ts & also ! leaves1 & note ! relation%ip ( leaves & jo9ts 9 ! /alk1 & h[ ! leaves come (f 9 diff]5t directions s z n to %ade ea* o!r4 ,note ! /rong1 /r+y ?reads 9 ! leaf1 :i* give /r5g? to ! leaf z well z circulation ( sap4 ,!y are /rong & ela/ic1 all[+ ( movem5t4 ,! same /r5g!n+ fibres are se5 9 ! /alk :5 x is brok5 across4 ,9 ! /alk ^! fibres are arrang$ 9 a tubul> =m1 z ?is gives greate/ /r5g?1 ! c5tre be+ s(t & weak4 ,! /alks are l>ge/ ne> ! base1 :]e ! greate/ /iffness is requir$4 ,! nodes are also clos] toge!r "h = /r5g?4 ,! /em is made mu* /rong] by ! bases ( ! leaves be+ wrapp$ s firmly ar\nd = a di/ance above ! po9t ( atta*m5t at ! node4 ,notice ! close-fitt+ %ea? or ra9-gu>d1 :]e ! blade ( ! leaf leaves ! /alk4 ,?is prev5ts ra9 soak+ d[n inside ! leaf %ea?1 b lets x run d[n ! outside to ! root :]e x is ne$$4 ,z ! plant gets old] & tall]1 new roots come out f ! node next above ! root & sometimes f ! second node above4 ,^! prop-roots are ne$$ = support z ! /alk l5g!ns1 & !y also re9=ce ! fe$+ capacity4 ,note ! appe>ance ( little cobs 9 ! axils ( ! leaves4 ,z soon z ! silk appe>s1 take a cob (f & op5 x c>efully4 ,! little cob1 :i* corresponds to ! pi/il 9 o!r plants1 is cov]$ ) small & undevelop$ k]nels1 & to ea* k]nel "o ( ! /r&s ( s-call$ silk is atta*$4 ,:il/ ?is little cob is =m+1 a bun*1 or tassel1 ( fl[]s is =m+ on ! top ( ! corn plant4 ,op5 "o ( ^! fl[]s & f9d ! /am5s ) poll5-gra9s inside4 ,?is poll51 :5 %$1 falls ^u ! silk1 & ea* gra9 s5ds a t9y tube d[n inside ! silk to ! delicate ovules on ! cob1 f]tiliz+ !m & />t+ !m to develop4 ,! silk !n )]s4 ,! w9d c>ries ?is poll54 ,f9d out h[ ! silk is fitt$ = cat*+ ! poll54 ,:at is ! ne$ = ! great quantity ( poll5 t ! plant produces8 ,/rip (f ! husks & comp>e ! t\gh1 h>d husks t are f\nd on ! outside ) ! s(t pap]-l husks f\nd close to ! cob4 ,%[ h[ ea* k9d is fitt$ = its p>ticul> "w4 ,pupils make exp]im5ts 9 ! corn plot to f9d3 #a4 ,:e!r ! corn gr[s fa/]3 7#a7 ,:5 ! soil is kept mell[ or :5 ! soil is h>d2 7#b7 ,:5 ! days are w>m or :5 !y are cool2 7#c7 ,:5 ! nights are cool or :5 !y are w>m4 #b4 ,! effect ( gr[+ black corn & gold5 corn 9 ! same or 9 adjo9+ plots4 ,acc\nt = ! result4 ,,correlations ,art3 ,clay-modell+ & draw+ ex]cises on ! :ole plant1 & also ^u ! e>4 ,lit]ature3 ,int]pretation & read+ ( ,bless+ ! ,corn-fields1 f ,hiawa?a4 ,hi/ory3 ,! "n ,indian corn orig9at$ 9 ! e>ly colonial days ( ! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,/ates1 :5 ! pione]s obta9$ corn f ! ,indians4 ,! ,indians %[$ ! settl]s h[ to kill ! trees by girdl+ & h[ to plant ! corn among ! /&+ trunks1 & ?us h corn ready = roa/+ by ,augu/1 & = gr9d+ into meal or = boil+ to make hom9y by ,septemb]4 ,,se$ ,,disp]sal ,! lessons on se$ disp]sal :i* 7 begun 9 ,=m ,i %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ?is ,=m4 ,i4 ,,lesson ,select a few we$s belong+ to species :i* produce l>ge numb]s ( se$s1 su* z wild mu/>d1 :ite cockle1 false-flax1 etc4 ,di/ribute ! se$ pods among ! pupils ( ! class & require !m to e/imate ! numb] ( se$s produc$ by ea* plant4 ,by ref]5ces to obs]vations made 9 ! g>d51 help ! pupils to recall ! bad results1 bo? to p>5t plants & to "y se$l+s1 ( improp] scatt]+ ( se$s1 namely3 #a4 ,! excessive cr[d+ & %ad+1 :i* causes ! plants to become weak4 #b4 ,insuffici5t food & moi/ure = ! l>ge numb] ( plants1 :i* causes ! plants to be small & wor?less4 ,discuss h[ ! cr[d+ ( cultivat$ plants is prev5t$ &1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ nature provides = ! scatt]+ ( se$s4 ,! great "w ( ! plant is ! production & disp]sal ( its se$s4 ,ask ! pupils to be on ! al]t to f9d examples ( plants 9 :i* provision is made = ! disp]sal ( ! se$s1 & to br+ ^! plants to ! class = ! next lesson4 ,,detail$ ,,/udy ,,( ,,se$ ,,disp]sal ,,ii4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,make use ( ! specim5s ga!r$ by ! pupils & by ! tea*] = obs]v+ & classify+ z foll[s3 #a4 ,se$s t /eal rides4 ,examples--burdock1 blue burr1 pit*-=k we$1 b>ley1 /ick-tight1 h\nd's tongue4 #b4 ,se$s t are c>ri$ 9 edible fruits :i* h attractive col\rs1 ta/es1 etc4 ,examples--apple1 grape1 *]ry1 r[an1 haw?orn4 #c4 ,se$s t are c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,examples--d&elion1 ?i/le1 milkwe$1 maple1 p9e1 elm4 #d4 ,se$s t are scatt]$ by be+ %ot f bur/+ pods4 ,examples--violet1 jewel-we$ 7t\*-me-n71 sweet-pea1 wit*-hazel4 #e4 ,se$s t are scatt]$ by plants :i* are roll$ along by ! w9d4 ,examples--,russian ?i/le1 tumble-mu/>d1 tumble-grass4 #f4 ,se$s t float4 ,v _m se$s float1 al?\gh n specially fitt$ = float+1 & "s1 su* z ! cocoa-nut & wat]-lily1 are especially adapt$ = disp]sal by wat]4 ,to ! tea*]4--,require ! pupils to obs]ve ! special /ructure t facilitates ! disp]sal ( ! se$4 ,z an illu/ration1 ask ! pupils to f9d ! se$s ( ! burdock & to describe :at ! burr is really l4 ,!y f9d t ! burr is a little basket fill$ ) se$s4 ,! basket has _m little hooks :i* cat* on ! hair ( animals &1 s9ce ^! hooks turn inw>ds1 !y s]ve to hold ! basket 9 su* a position t all ! se$s are n likely to drop out at "o "t4 ,! pupils %\ld also obs]ve t ^! baskets are q firmly atta*$ to ! p>5t plant until ! se$s are ripe2 aft] t ! baskets break (f ! plant at ! slighte/ pull4 ,,se$ ,,collections ,dur+ late summ] & 9 ! autumn ! se$s ( ! we$s t h be5 id5tifi$ by ! pupils %\ld be collect$4 ,in/ruct ! pupils to rub ! rip5$ se$ pods betwe5 ! h&s until ! se$s are ?ra%$ out1 at ! same "t bl[+ away ! *aff4 ,! se$s are n[ plac$ 9 small phials or 9 small envelopes & ^! are c>efully labell$4 ,if possible1 fill ea* phial s t !re may be suffici5t se$ = use by all ! memb]s ( ! class 9 ! lessons on se$ description & id5tification :i* are to be tak5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 ,nature ,/udy mat]ial is less pl5tiful ?an x is 9 ! summ] & autumn4 ,! phials or envelopes may be /or$ 9 a %all[ box1 or ! phials may be m\nt$ on a /\t c>d4 ,!y may be atta*$ to ?is c>d ei!r by /\t ?read sew$ ?r\gh ! c>d & pass+ ar\nd ! phial1 or by brass cleats1 :i* may be obta9$ ) ! phials f deal]s 9 ,nature ,/udy supplies4 ,,man ,,z ,a ,,disp]s] ,,( ,,se$s ,man z an ag5t 9 ! disp]sal ( se$s %\ld be made a topic = discussion4 ,obta91 ?r\gh ! pupils1 samples ( se$-gra91 clov] se$1 timo?y se$1 turnip se$1 etc4 ,ask ! pupils to exam9e ^! & c\nt ! numb] ( we$ se$s f\nd 9 ea*4 ,! results w reveal a v common way 9 :i* ! se$s ( noxi\s we$s are introduc$4 ,describe ! introduction f ,europe to ! :eat-fields ( ! ,prairie ,prov9ces ( su* we$s z ,russian ?i/le1 false-flax1 ,fr5*-we$4 ,! se$s ( ^! we$s 7 c>ri$ 9 se$-gra91 fodd] = animals1 & also 9 ! hay & /raw us$ by ! immigrants z pack+ = _! h\sehold goods4 ,c>eful f>m]s w n all[ ?ra%+-ma*9es1 se$ drills1 fann+-mills1 etc41 to come f f>ms infe/$ ) noxi\s we$s to d "w ^u _! f>ms1 nor w !y buy manure1 /raw1 or hay t 0 produc$ on dirty f>ms4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,maple ,,field ,,ex]cises ,select a conv5i5t sug> maple z a type4 ,ask ! pupils to obs]ve & to describe ! height ( ! tree1 ! height ( ! trunk bel[ ! bran*es1 ! %ape & size ( ! cr[n1 ! diamet] ( ! trunk1 ! col\r ( ! b>k1 ! m>k+s on ! b>k1 ! numb] & direction ( ! bran*es1 & ! d5sity ( ! foliage4 ,comp>e ! d5sity ( ! foliage ) t ( o!r k9ds ( trees4 ,require ! pupils to make a crayon draw+ ( ! tree4 ,exam9e ! crop ( gra9 produc$ ne> a %ade tree4 ,comp>e ! crop on ! nor? side ( ! tree ) t on ! s\? side4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,is ! crop ar\nd ! tree inf]ior to t 9 ! re/ ( ! field8 ,f9d out h[ long ! v>i\s sug> maple %ade trees 9 ! locality h be5 plant$4 ,is x a tree ( rapid or sl[ gr[?8 ,are ^! sug> maples infe/$ ) insects or attack$ by fungi8 ,d ^! trees yield sap t is suitable = mak+ maple syrup8 ,exam9e trees t h be5 tapp$ & f9d :e!r ! old w\nds become ov]gr[n or cause decay4 ,f9d out all y c ab\t ! uses t are made ( maple wood4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! sug> maple is ! mo/ highly priz$ ( our native trees = ornam5t & %ade4 ,x gr[s fairly rapidly & becomes a goodly-siz$ tree )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] x is plant$4 ,! symmetrical dome-%ap$ cr[n & ! d5se foliage ( re/ful d>k gre5 give to x a f9e appe>ance4 ,x is h>dy & has few insect pe/s1 & its value is enhanc$ by ! abundant yield ( ri* sap4 ,z a comm]cial tree x has few sup]iors2 ! wood is h>d & durable & takes a high poli%4 ,x is us$ = floor+1 furniture1 boat build+1 = ! wood5 p>ts ( ma*9]y & tools1 & = mak+ %oe-pegs & %oe la/s4 ,z fuel maple wood is surpass$ only by hickory4 ,,maple ,,leaves ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,! pupils br+ to ! class leaves ( ! sug> maple4 ,ea* pupil is provid$ ) a leaf & makes direct obs]vations "u ! guidance ( ! tea*]4 ,obs]vations4--,col\r1 d>k gre5 on ! upp] surface1 light] gre5 on ! l[] surface4 ,surface smoo? & %9y4 ,%ape3 />-%ap$1 broad] ?an long4 ,lobes3 usually five1 (t5 ?ree2 ea* lobe has usually two l>ge tee?4 ,base has a he>t-%ap$ not*2 petiole long & sl5d]1 usually r$4 ,ve9s are /iff & run out to ! po9ts ( ! tee?4 ,di/ribute leaves ( ! r$ maple & ask ! pupils to note ! g5]al resemblance4 ,next ask !m to comp>e ! leaves z to %ape1 texture1 & tee? on ! m>g94 ,ask ! pupils to f9d r$ maple trees & also to f9d maples ) leaves t are diff]5t f ^? ( ! r$ maple & ^? ( ! sug> maple4 ,make a collection ( maple leaves :5 !y are 9 autumn col\rs4 7,see ,collections1 page #cc1 9 ,g5]al ,me?od47 ,to ! tea*]4--,! leaves ( ! r$ maple are long] ?an broad1 & are n s smoo? & %9y z ! leaves ( ! sug> maple4 ,!re are num]\s saw tee? on ! m>g9s ( ! lobes4 ,! silv] maple1 ) leaves hav+ silv]-:ite "u surfaces1 is ano!r common species4 ,a lesson simil> to t on leaf /udies may be bas$ on ! fruits 7keys7 ( ! maples4 ,! oak1 a%1 elm1 bee*1 or bir* may be tak5 up 9 lessons simil> to ^? outl9$ = ! /udy ( ! maple4 ,,correlations ,) lit]ature & read+3 ,by int]pret+ ,! ,maple1 ,! ,ont>io ,read]s1 ,?ird ,book1 page #agi2 ,) art3 ,by sket*+ ! tree & reproduc+ ! autumn leaves 9 col\r "w4 ,,we$ ,,/udies ,9 e locality !re are ab\t a doz5 we$s t are p>ticul>ly tr\blesome1 & ! pupils ( ,=m ,,iii %\ld be taught to id5tify ^! & to und]/& ! *>act]i/ics :i* make ea* we$ p]si/5t4 ,to produce ^! results x w be necess>y to h ex]cises su* z ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! tea*] exhibits a we$ to ! pupils & directs _! att5tion to a few ( ! out/&+ features ( ! plant4 #b4 ,! pupils are requir$1 z a field ex]cise1 to obs]ve :]e ! we$ is abundant2 & :e!r 9 hay field1 pa/ure1 hoe crop1 or 9 gra94 ,! pupils w br+ specim5s to ! class4 #c4 ,detail$ /udy 9 ! class ( specim5s ( ! we$ br\ght by ! pupils to f9d (f5sive od\rs & prickles1 also ! "* ( ! leaves1 fl[]s1 se$ pods1 & se$s1 includ+ ! means ( disp]sal2 ! und]gr\nd p>ts1 :e!r und]gr\nd /em1 tap-root1 or fibr\s root1 & ! value ( ! und]gr\nd p>ts z a means ( p]si/5ce4 #d4 ,! pupils make a collection ( ! we$s t h be5 /udi$4 7,see ,plant ,collection1 page #ci1 9 ,g5]al ,me?od47 #e4 ,! pupils make collections ( ! se$s ( ! we$s t h be5 /udi$4 ,,obs]vation ,,lesson ,,on ,,we$ ,,se$s ,! se$ ( a we$ %\ld always be exhibit$ & /udi$ 9 association ) a fre% or a m\nt$ specim5 ( ! we$4 ,ea* pupil %\ld use a h& l5s 9 exam9+ ! se$4 ,! pupils exam9e ! se$ ( ea* species & describe x accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,,"n ,,( ,,se$ ,col\r3 ,size3 79 fractions ( an in*7 ,%ape3 ,details3 ,occurr5ce3 ,! results ( ! pupils' /udy ( ! ox-eye daisy w\ld !n appe> 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,,se$ ,,( ,,ox-,,eye ,,daisy ,col\r3 ,black & gre5i%-:ite 9 /ripes1 ,size3 ,"o sixte5? ( an in*1 ,%ape3 ,club-%ap$1 ,details3 ,groov$ l5g?wise1 yell[ peg 9 l>ge end1 ,occurr5ce3 ,a common impurity 9 grass se$4 ,,gras%opp] 7,consult ! ,manual on ,sugge/ions = ,tea*]s ( ,sci5ce3 ,zoology1 ,fir/ ye>47 ,! ease ) :i* ?is insect may be obta9$ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 toge!r ) its fairly l>ge size1 makes x a suitable specim5 = insect /udy4 ,x is also a typical insect1 s t a c>eful /udy s]ves z a basis = a k ( ! class insecta4 ,,field ,,ex]cises ,problems to be assign$ = outdoor obs]vation3 ,locomotion by fly+1 leap+1 walk+2 protective coloration & habit ( ly+ l[2 its behavi\r :5 caught2 9 :at k9ds ( fields x is mo/ pl5tiful2 9 :at k9ds ( wea!r x is mo/ active2 its position on ! grass or gra9 :5 fe$+2 ! nature & ext5t ( ! damage done by x4 ,use a class p]iod = discussion ( ! above4 ,confirm1 correct1 or incite to m c>eful obs]vation4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson 7,/udi$ z a typical insect7 ,obs]vations4--,! ?ree divisions ( ! body--head1 ?orax1 abdom52 ! segm5tal division ( ! two latt] p>ts2 ! h>d1 protect+ cov]+2 ! movem5ts ( ! abdom52 ! two l>ge comp\nd eyes & ?ree small eyes2 ! feel]s2 ! two pairs ( m\? feel]s2 ! cutt+ m&ibles2 ! ?ree pairs ( legs 7"o pair = leap+7 & two pairs ( w+s on ! ?orax2 ! brea?+ pores1 ! e>s1 ovipositors ( ! female4 ,! "y gras%opp]s may be f\nd 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 & a few ev5 9 late summ]1 among ! grass ( old mead[s & pa/ures4 ,!y are easily recogniz$ because ( _! g5]al resemblance to ! adult & are 9 ! /age ( developm5t call$ ! nymph phase4 ,note ! hairy body & ! abs5ce ( w+s4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! m\lt+ ( ! nymph is a v int]e/+ process to obs]ve & s is ! lay+ ( ! eggs by ! female 9 a burr[ t %e prep>es 9 ! soil4 ,if females secur$ 9 ,july are kept 9 a j> hav+ two in*es ( soil 9 ! bottom1 !y w lay _! eggs 9 ! soil2 ! ne/s & eggs may !n be tak5 up & exam9$4 ,9 ord] t we may n de/roy our fri5ds & help]s1 x is exp$i5t to "k :at creatures help to hold pe/s 9 *eck4 ,! enemies ( gras%opp]s are birds & insect p>asites4 ,"u ! w+s ( gras%opp]s may frequ5tly be f\nd little r$ mites2 ^! kill ! gras%opp]s to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! bli/]-beetles lay _! eggs 9 ! gras%opp]s' ne/s1 & ! l>vae ( ! beetles fe$ ^u & de/roy ! eggs4 ,! birds t are especially useful 9 de/roy+ gras%opp]s are ! mead[-l>k1 cr[1 bobol9k1 quail1 gras%opp] sp>r[4 ,! curi\s hairlike worms kn[n to ! s*ool boys z hair snakes because ( ! belief t !y are p>ts ( horse hairs turn$ into snakes1 are worms t pass ! e>ly "p ( _! life )9 ! bodies ( gras%opp]s &1 :5 ! insects die1 ! worms escape & are wa%$ by ra9s into tr\ghs & ponds :]e _! movem5ts attract att5tion4 ,/udy ! cricket & h\se-fly & comp>e ! cricket ) ! gras%opp]4 ,,aphides ,9 ,septemb] obta9 leaves ( sweet-pea1 apple1 rose bu%1 maple1 oak1 turnip1 etc41 on :i* ! insects are fe$+2 also provide specim5s ( woolly aphides on ! b>k ( apple trees or /ems ( gold5rod or ald]4 ,obs]ve ! nature ( ! injury to ! leaves & plants on :i* ^! insects fe$4 ,d ! insects bite ! leaves or suck ! juices8 ,give evid5ce 9 support ( y\r answ]4 ,spr9kle p>is-gre5 on ! leaves2 does ?is kill ! insects8 ,:y does x n8 ,spray ! insects ) a little oil1 su* z k]os5e1 or ) wat] 9 :i* ! /ub ( a cig> has be5 soak$2 :at is ! effect8 ,insects t suck juices f inside ! leaf escape ! poison+ f solutions 9 ! leaf surfaces2 su* insects are kill$ by oils :i* ent] ! brea?+ pores & cause poison+4 ,se>* 9 ! g>d51 or*>d1 & =e/ = plants attack$ by aphides4 ,c>efully obs]ve ! lady-birds t are frequ5tly f\nd :]e !re are aphides4 ,lady-birds 7also call$ lady-bugs71 are small1 spott$ beetles1 broad oval 9 =m1 ( bright col\rs1 r$ & black1 or yell[ & black1 or black & :ite4 ,!y are ( great s]vice to ! f>m] & g>d5] because _! foods consi/s l>gely ( plant-lice 7aphides74 ,wat* ! action ( ants :i* are f\nd among ! aphides4 ,! ants may be obs]v$ /rok+ ! aphides ) _! feel]s1 caus+ ! aphides to excrete a sweet fluid on :i* ! ant fe$s4 ,aphides are sometimes call$ ant-c[s4 ,direct ! att5tion ( ! pupils to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & female aphides2 ! males h w+s1 b ! females are w+less4 ,,tomato ,,worm ,,! ,,adult ,! adult mo? may be captur$ on spr+ ev5+s :5 ! lilacs are 9 bloom1 z x buzzes ab\t among ! lilac blossoms suck+ _! honey4 ,x is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ! humm+-bird :5 ?us engag$4 ,x may also be obs]v$ dur+ ! summ] ev5+s lay+ its eggs on ! leaves ( tomato v9es4 ,obs]ve ! worms t hat* f ^! eggs & note _! rapid gr[?4 ,keep ! l>vae 9 a box 9 ! s*ool-room & fe$ !m on tomato leaves4 ,note _! size & col\r1 ! oblique /ripes on ! sides1 ! horn :i* is us$ = t]rify+ assailants1 ! habit ( rema9+ rigid = h\rs--h5ce ! "n sph9x mo?4 ,! l>vae burr[ into ! gr\nd 9 ,septemb] to =m ! *rysalides1 h5ce !re %\ld be soil 9 ! viv>ium 9 :i* !y are kept4 ,,! ,,*rysalis ,obs]vations4--,! %ape1 col\r1 nature ( ! cov]+1 ! long h&le1 ! w+ impressions1 ! segm5tal "p1 ! em]g5ce ( ! adult 9 ,may or e>ly ,june4 ,:at organ ( ! insect 0 conta9$ 9 ! h&le ( ! *rysalis8 ,! adult is "o ( ! h&some/ ( mo?s1 because ( its graceful1 cle>-cut %ape & ! v>iegat$ grays & yell[s ( its dress4 ,look on popl>1 cotton-wood1 plum1 & p9e trees1 & on tobacco plants = relatives ( ! tomato worm1 ! l>ge gre5 l>vae ^: *rysalis & adult =ms resemble ^? ( ! tomato worm4 ,,! ,,cr[ ,cr[s are s pl5tiful t !re w be no difficulty 9 mak+ obs]vations on ! liv+ birds 9 ! free /ate 9 spr+ or summ]4 7,z ! cr[ is a bird t is easily tam$1 x may be possible to h a tame cr[ 9 ! class-room = m c>eful /udy ( ! details ( /ructure47 ,obs]vations4--,describe its attitude :5 p]*$1 movem5ts ( ! w+s 9 flight1 spe$ ( flight4 ,:y does ! cr[ p]* high up 9 trees8 ,:at gives to ! cr[ its swift flight8 ,/udy ! v>i\s calls ( ! cr[ & note ! al>m1 ?reat1 summons1 & expression ( fe>4 ,f9d ! ne/ & note its position1 size1 build1 mat]ials1 eggs1 & "y4 ,h[ is ! ne/ conceal$8 ,:at makes x /rong8 ,are cr[s (t5 se5 on ! gr\nd8 ,d !y walk or hop8 ,obs]ve & report on ! cr['s habits ( fe$+4 ,x eats corn1 potatoes1 oats1 beetles1 crickets1 gras%opp]s1 cutworms1 & occasionally birds' eggs or "y birds4 ,:y d k+-birds *ase & ?ra% ! cr[8 ,are sc>ecr[s effective 9 keep+ cr[s (f ! gra9 fields8 ,note ! s5t9els t are on ! wat* to w>n o!r cr[s ( dang]4 ,give reasons = ! belief t ! cr[ is a wise bird4 ,give reasons = reg>d+ ! cr[ z a neighb\r ( d\btful "*4 ,give reasons :y cr[s %\ld be protect$4 ,,note4--,cr[s w n pull up corn & se$ t has be5 cov]$ ) coal-t> be=e x is plant$4 ,9 addition to ! animals already nam$1 ! musk-rat1 raccoon1 fox1 fly+-squirrel1 rob91 wr51 & k+-bird w be f\nd conv5i5t = /udy 9 _m localities4 ,! swimm+ ( ! musk-rat1 & h[ its %ape1 fur1 feet1 & tail fit x = a life 9 wat] are topics suitable = obs]vational ex]cises1 z are also its food1 its w9t] home1 & ! burr[s lead+ f ! wat] into ! banks4 ,9 ! case ( ! w9t] home1 ! location1 ! /ructure1 ! subm]g$ entrance1 ! liv+-room1 & ! surr\nd+ moat1 are topics ( int]e/4 ,,correlations ,) lit]ature3 ,by read+ animal /ories1 su* z1 ,! ,k9dr$ ( ! ,wild & ,r$ ,fox1 by ,*>les ,g4 ,d4 ,rob]ts2 & ,wild ,animals ,i ,h ,kn[n1 by ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton4 ,) language3 ,by oral & writt5 descriptions ( ! animals t h be5 obs]v$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,=m ,,iii ,,w9t] ,,c>e ,,( ,,plants ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,! c>e ( fl[]+ bulbs :i* 0 begun 9 ,=m ,i w be cont9u$ 9 ,=m ,,ii4 ,! gr[+ ( new plants f cutt+s w n[ be tak5 up4 ,9 ^? s*ools :i* are kept cont9u\sly heat$1 pott$ plants may be kept ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! pupils w come to appreciate ! plant's ne$s & le>n h[ to meet !m 9 ! supply ( good soil1 wat]1 & sunlight4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3 #a4 ,good pott+ soil c be made by build+ up alt]nat+ lay]s ( sods & /able manure & all[+ ?is compo/ to /& until ?or\ghly rott$4 ,a little %>p s& mix$ ) ?is =ms an excell5t soil = mo/ h\se plants4 #b4 ,?or\gh wat]+ twice a week is bett] ?an add+ a little wat] e day4 #c4 ,! leaves %\ld be %[]$ ) wat] once a week to cleanse !m f du/4 #d4 ,an ounce ( :ale-oil soap dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat] may be us$ to de/roy plant-lice4 ,common soap-suds may also be us$ = ?is purpose1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to r9se ! plants 9 clean wat] aft] us+ a soap wa%4 #e4 ,mo/ plants ne$ "s direct sunlight e day if possible1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! f]ns gr[ )\t x4 #f4 ,plants usually ne$ re-pott+ once a ye>4 ,_m k9ds may be set out-(-doors 9 fl[] b$s 9 ,may & left until ,septemb]1 :5 !y may be tak5 up & plac$ 9 pots1 or cutt+s made f !m = pott+4 #g4 ,a fl[] exhibition at ! s*ool once or twice a ye>1 or at a local exhibition1 adds to ! int]e/4 #h4 ,! pupils %\ld report to ! tea*] f "t to "t ! progress ( _! plants & make _m draw+s %[+ _! developm5t4 ,,plant ,,cutt+s ,! pupils w be int]e/$ to "k t x is possible to produce new plants )\t wait+ = !m to gr[ up f ! se$4 ,x w inde$ be q a surprise to !m to see a new plant complete 9 all its p>ts gr[ up f a small piece ( /em1 root1 or ev5 leaf4 ,) a little c>e ev5 *ildr5 may propagate plants 9 ?is way4 ,,selection ,,( ,,cutt+s ,beg9 ) "s ( ! common h]bace\s b$d+-plants1 su* z g]anium1 coleus1 or fus*ia4 ,^! are su* common b$d+-plants t !y are easily obta9$ 9 ! autumn4 ,only well-matur$ /ems ( ! season's gr[?1 su* z w break ) a slight snap :5 b5t1 %\ld be us$4 ,let ! pupils provide !mselves ) %>p knives = ! lesson1 ) small boxes or pots1 & ) "s moi/1 clean s&--n pott+ soil4 ,a few holes %\ld be bor$ 9 ! bottom ( ! box1 !n a lay] ( f9e gravel put 9 to provide = good dra9age1 & ov] x lay]s ( moi/ s&4 ,take a slip or gr[+ end ( a /em ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 always cutt+ x at or j bel[ a node1 or jo9t1 & leav+ only a c\ple ( small leaves on ! top ( ! slip4 ,ins]t x to ab\t half its dep? 9 ! box ( moi/ s&4 ,^! cutt+s may be plac$ a few in*es ap>t 9 ! box1 :i* %\ld !n be plac$ 9 a w>m1 light room = a few weeks until ! roots develop4 ,! cutt+s %\ld be p>tly %ad$ by pap]s f ! /rong sunlight1 & ! s& kept slightly moi/ b n wet4 ,bottom heat & a moi/1 w>m atmosph]e ha/5 _! developm5t4 ,ano!r v conv5i5t & v successful me?od ( />t+ cutt+s is to take a six-in* fl[]-pot1 put two in*es ( f9e gravel 9 ! bottom1 set a f\r-in* unglaz$ fl[]-pot 9 ! c5tre1 & fill up ! space ar\nd x ) s& & g>d5-loam1 mix$4 ,put a cork 9 ! hole 9 ! bottom ( ! small fl[]-pot1 & !n fill x ) wat]4 ,put ! cutt+s ar\nd 9 ! space betwe5 ! two pots & set 9 a fairly w>m room 9 mod]ate light4 ,,pott+ ,,( ,,root$ ,,cutt+s ,:5 ! cutt+s are well root$1 :i* requires f ?ree to six weeks accord+ to ! v>iety & gr[? conditions furni%$1 !y %\ld be c>efully lift$ ) a tr[el & ea* set 9 a small pot or c4 ,fir/ put 9 ! bottom a few small /ones to secure dra9age1 & !n a little good pott+ soil4 ,set ! plant 9 place & fill 9 ar\nd ) m soil & pack ?is firmly ar\nd ! roots4 ,keep room 9 ! top ( ! pot = wat]4 ,:5 ! new plant has made "s gr[?1 x may be %ift$ to a l>g] pot4 ,g]aniums & coleus 7foliage plants7 %\ld n be kept m ?an two seasons4 ,take cutt+s (f ! old plants & !n ?r[ ! latt] away4 ,,ev]gre5s ,9 ,decemb] make a /udy ( ,canadian ev]gre5s1 *oos+ spruce1 balsam1 & c$>1 if available1 or sub/itute hemlock = any "o ( ^!4 ,comp>e ! g5]al features ( ^! trees1 su* z %ape1 direction ( bran*es1 col\r1 p]si/5ce ( leaves ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,h ! pupils notice h[ nature fits ^! trees to endure ! sn[s & /orms ( w9t] by3 #a4 ,! tap]+ cone :i* causes ! sn[ to slide (f ! tree4 #b4 ,! f9e1 ne$le-%ap$ leaves to :i* only v /icky sn[ w adh]e4 #c4 ,! v t\gh1 flexible1 & ela/ic bran*es1 :i* b5d 9 ! w9d & "u ! weight ( sn[1 b spr+ back to _! old positions4 #d4 ,! res9 9 leaves1 /ems1 & buds1 :i* enables ! trees to resi/ fro/ & ra94 ,tea* ! pupils to di/+ui% ^! trees by _! diff]5ces 9 col\r & =m & also by ! diff]5ces 9 _! leaves & cones4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,di/ribute small twigs ( balsam & require ! pupils to obs]ve & describe ! l5g?1 %ape1 & col\r ( ! leaves4 ,next di/ribute small twigs ( spruce & require ! pupils to comp>e ! spruce leaves ) ^? ( ! balsam 9 l5g?1 %ape1 & col\r4 ,next di/ribute twigs ( c$> & proce$ simil>ly4 ,! cones may be dealt ) 9 a simil> mann]4 ,require ! pupils to make a c5sus ( ! ev]gre5s ( ! locality1 record+ ! class ( ev]gre51 ! size1 & ! use ( ea* k9d = %ade1 ornam5t1 or = comm]cial purposes4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! balsam1 spruce1 & hemlock are difficult = ! beg9n] to di/+ui%1 b ?is may be done by not+ ! foll[+ po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 _! leaves3 ,! leaf ( ! hemlock is ! only "o t has a di/9ct leaf-/alk4 ,look = ?is t9y /alk4 ,! leaf ( ! hemlock1 l t ( ! balsam1 is flat1 b ! hemlock leaf is mu* ! %ort]4 ,! leaf ( ! spruce is n flat1 b is ?ree-sid$ or ne>ly s4 ,its col\r is uni=m1 :ile ! "u surface ( ! hemlock leaf1 & also ( ! balsam leaf1 is ( a decid$ly light] col\r ?an ! upp] surface4 ,note t ! spruce type is /udi$2 no attempt is made at ?is /age to diff]5tiate ! sev]al species ( spruce4 ,,collection ,,( ,,wood ,,specim5s ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! boys may prep>e specim5s ( wood = ! s*ool collection4 ,^! specim5s %\ld be cut :5 gre51 & dri$ aft]w>ds4 ,!y %\ld be uni=m 9 l5g?--n m ?an six in*es--& %\ld %[ ! b>k on "o side4 ,! side %[+ ! b>k %\ld be two in*es wide at mo/1 six in*es long1 & runn+ 9 a ,v-%ap$1 radial section t[>d ! pi?4 ,a tang5tial section also %[s well ! r\nd$ lay]s4 ,a piece ( slab z cut l5g?wise (f a r\nd /ick is tang5tial4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mutilate trees 9 tak+ ^! specim5s4 ,specim5s ( r>e or =eign woods may be obta9$ at wood-work+ factories4 ,,relat$ ,,read+ ,w9t] is ,nature's quiesc5t p]iod4 ,cont9u\s active obs]vation 9 ! out-(-doors among ! plants ( ! =e/ & g>d5 gives place = a "t to indoor "w & reflection4 ,pupils ne$ "t = read+ & reflection1 & no "t is s opportune z ! quiet w9t] season4 ,dur+ ^! mon?s "s "t %\ld be devot$ to ! read+ ( nature /ories & extracts f magaz9es & books deal+ ) plant z well z ) animal life4 ,pupils %\ld review _! g>d5+ exp]i5ces & discuss plans ( improvem5t = ! approa*+ spr+ & summ]4 ,let !m write lett]s to ! ,=m ,,ii pupils ( o!r s*ools :]e simil> "w has be5 c>ri$ on1 & give "s ( _! exp]i5ces 9 g>d5+ & o!r plant /udies1 & also 9 animal /udies4 ,a c]ta9 ,friday aft]noon might be appo9t$ = he>+ ! lett]s read :i* 7 receiv$ 9 reply4 ,suitable %ort poems t h a direct be>+ ^u ! outdoor /udies %\ld be read f "t to "t4 ,good pictures also come 9 "h z an aid 9 help+ ! pupils to appreciate writt5 descriptions4 ,! fir/-h& obs]vations made by !m w =m a basis = ! bett] & m appreciative int]pretation ( ^! lit]ature selections4 ,= ,obs]vation ,lesson on ,we$ ,se$s1 see page #aga4 ,,h[ ,,animals ,,prep>e ,,= ,,w9t] ,introduction4--,discuss ! prep>ations t p make = w9t]1 su* z ! /or+ ( food & ! provid+ ( w>m] clo!s & homes4 ,me?od4--,! tea*] que/ions ! pupils & enc\rages !m to tell :at !y h le>n$ ?r\gh _! own obs]vation ( animals4 ,! k ( ! pupils is supplem5t$ by in=mation giv5 by ! tea*]1 b ! pupils are left to f9d out m facts by fur!r obs]vations4 ,?us3 ,d y ev] see gr\nd-hogs out dur+ w9t]8 ,:at d !y fe$ ^u dur+ ! w9t]8 ,:at is ! condition ( gr\nd-hogs 9 late summ] & 9 autumn8 ,:at is ! use ( ! great /ore ( fat t !y h 9 _! bodies8 ,exam9e ! sn[ ne> ! burr[s ( gr\nd-hogs & f9d :e!r !y ev] come out 9 mid-w9t]4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! hib]nat+ animals prep>e a home or ne/ & lay up a /ore ( food 9 ! =m ( fat )9 _! bodies4 ,to hib]nate does n mean ! same z to sleep4 ,! hib]nat+ animals h mu* less active organs ?an ! sleep+ animals4 ,! he>t-beat & ! respiratory movem5ts are v sl[ & feeble1 consequ5tly a v little n\ri%m5t suffices to su/a9 life4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,lessons 7,two lessons ( tw5ty m9utes7 #a4 ,"s animals migrate3 ,examples--_m birds1 butt]flies1 & "s bats2 ! c>iboo1 & buffalo4 #b4 ,"s animals hib]nate3 ,examples--be>1 gr\nd-hog1 raccoon1 frogs1 toads1 snakes1 & "s bats4 ,,note4--,flies1 mosquitoes1 & "s o!r insects crawl into crevices & rema9 at re/ dur+ w9t]1 b _! bodies are n /or$ ) food4 #c4 ,"s animals build h\ses & /ore foods3 ,examples--beav]1 squirrel1 *ipmunk1 honey-bee1 de]-m\se4 #d4 ,"s animals build homes conv5i5t to food3 ,examples--musk-rat1 field-m\se4 #e4 ,"s animals put on w>m] clo?+3 ,examples--fox1 m9k1 ott]1 rabbit1 horse1 c[1 p>tridge1 *ickadee4 ,! rabbit & weasel turn :ite1 a col\r protection4 #f4 ,_m insect l>vae =m cocoons or pupae cases3 ,examples--emp]or-mo?1 codl+ mo?1 tomato worm4 ,,correlations ,) lit]ature1 read+1 & language4 ,) geography3 ,by a lesson on ,! influ5ce ( climate ^u animal & plant life4 ,,*ick5s 7,consult ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,p\ltry ,culture by ,rob9son4 ,g9n ,co41 #b4jj47 ,,conv]sation ,,lesson ,h[ _m ( y keep *ick5s at y\r homes8 ,:y d _m k9ds ( p keep *ick5s8 ,:at bre$s ( *ick5s d y keep8 ,h[ _m o!r bre$s d y "k8 ,describe ! appe>ance ( a few ( ! common] bre$s4 ,:y are !re s _m diff]5t bre$s8 ,"n ^? t are good lay+ bre$s4 ,"n bre$s t are n usually consid]$ good lay+ bre$s4 ,to ! tea*]4--,*ick5s are kept by all classes ( p4 ,_m keep !m = ! pr(it 9 eggs & meat1 o!rs keep !m z a fad1 & o!rs to gratify a crav+ = animal companion%ip4 ,!re are "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five recogniz$ bre$s1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( ! ,japanese bantam weigh+ t5 ounces to t ( ! huge ,brahma :i* weighs f\rte5 p\nds4 ,! %apes & col\rs pres5t z great a v>iation z ! sizes4 ,! bre$s t are usually reg>d$ z good lay]s are ,:ite ,leghorn1 ,b>r$ ,bock1 & ,rhode ,isl& ,r$1 :ile ! ,game bre$s are usually reg>d$ z poor lay]s4 ,c>eful te/s prove1 h[ev]1 t !re are good lay+ & poor lay+ /ra9s 9 e bre$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to select f good /ra9s1 s9ce ! bre$ is n a suffici5t guide4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ lesson1 assign to ! pupils ! task ( mak+ a *ick5 c5sus ( ! di/rict z foll[s3 #a4 ,reque/ ea* pupil to c\nt ! numb] ( h5s "u two ye>s old at 8 home & also to c\nt ! h5s t are m ?an two ye>s old4 #b4 ,reque/ ea* pupil to f9d out1 if possible1 ! numb] ( eggs obta9$ at 8 home dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,,ari?metic ,,lesson ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,*ick5 ,,c5sus #a4 ,us+ ! data collect$ by ! pupils1 calculate ! total numb] ( *ick5s "u two ye>s old 9 ! di/rict4 ,calculate ! numb] ov] two ye>s old4 7,! latt] are class$ z unpr(itable47 #b4 ,us+ ! data obta9$ by ! pupils 7provid$ suffici5t data 0 obta9$ to make x reasonably reliable71 calculate ! av]age numb] ( eggs laid a ye> by ea* h54 #c4 ,if ! data collect$ by ! pupils z to ! numb] ( eggs is ?\ght to be unreliable1 make use ( ! foll[+3 ,! av]age numb] ( eggs laid ea* ye> by ea* h5 9 ,ont>io is sev5 doz54 ,use ?is av]age numb]1 &3 7#a7 ,calculate ! value ( ! eggs produc$ 9 ?is di/rict 9 a ye>1 ! av]age price ( eggs be+ tw5ty c5ts a doz54 7#b7 ,if ! av]age production ( eggs 7 increas$ to t5 doz5 7a numb] t is easily possible "u improv$ managem5t71 f9d ! value ( ! eggs t w\ld be produc$ 9 a ye>1 & f9d ! ga9 t w\ld result f ?is bett] managem5t4 #d4 ,if x co/s n9ety c5ts a ye> to fe$ a h51 f9d ! net annual pr(it to ?is di/rict f ! egg production4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,*ick5s ,! me?od ( develop+ conceptions ( h[ to take prop] c>e ( *ick5s is bas$ p>tly ^u ! pupils' exp]i5ces & p>tly ^u a k ( ! hi/ory ( ! orig9al wild h5s4 ,in=mation c be ga!r$ f ! pupils z to ! date ( hat*+ ( ! e>lie/ *ick5s & ! date at :i* ! pullets beg9 to lay4 ,*ick5s t are hat*$ 9 ,april beg9 to lay 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb] & lay ?r\gh\t ! w9t] :5 eggs br+ ! highe/ price4 ,! orig9al wild h5s liv$ 9 ! dry1 grassy1 & %rubby jungles ( ,india4 ,!y 7 free to move ab\t 9 ! op5 air1 & at night !y p]*$ 9 ! trees1 :i* %elt]$ !m f ra94 ,h5ce may be inf]r$ :at k9d ( qu>t]s %\ld be provid$ = *ick5s4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,food ,,( ,,*ick5s ,po9ts develop$ ,*ick5s mu/ h pl5ty ( fre% air )\t draughts4 ,heat is n necess>y4 ,_! qu>t]s mu/ be dry1 clean1 & well light$4 ,!y require ex]cise4 ,_! food mu/ h 9 x ! mat]ials t are ne$$ to make ! sub/ance ( ! egg4 ,breakfa/3 ,:eat or corn scatt]$ among /raw--! scrat*+ af=ds ex]cise4 ,d9n]3 ,meat scraps1 slaught]-h\se refuse1 vegetables1 s\r milk1 & roll$ oats4 ,supp]3 ,z at breakfa/4 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,phase ,,( ,,nature ,,/udy ,! tea*] is advis$ to read c>efully ! in/ructions & ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce1 ,*apt] ,i1 be=e beg9n+ ! lessons 9 ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,,solids1 ,,liquids1 ,,& ,,gases ,arrange a collection ( objects ( v>i\s %apes1 sizes1 col\rs1 & weights1 z cork1 glass1 lead1 iron1 copp]1 /one1 coal1 *alk4 ,%[ t ^! are alike 9 "o respect1 namely1 t !y h a %ape n easily *ang$1 t is1 !y are solids4 ,comp>e ^! solids ) su* sub/ances z wat]1 alcohol1 oil1 molasses1 m]cury1 milk1 t>1 honey1 glyc]9e1 gasol5e4 ,^! latt] w p\r1 & dep5d = _! %ape on ! conta9+ vessel4 ,!y are liquids4 ,comp>e air ) solids & liquids4 ,su* a mat]ial z air is call$ a gas4 ,o!r examples ( illum9at+ gas1 & d5ti/s' gas2 o!rs w be /udi$ 9 future lessons4 ,pupils may ?9k all gases are invisible4 ,to %[ t "s are n1 put a few pieces ( copp] 9 a te/-tube or tumbl] & add a little nitric acid4 ,wat* ! br[n gas fall ?r\gh ! air2 note h[ x spreads 9 all directions4 ,"s gases fall because !y are heavi] ?an air2 o!rs rise because light]4 ,all gases spread out z soon z lib]at$ & try to fill all ! available space4 ,spill a little ammonia & note h[ soon ! od\r ( ! gas is smell$ 9 all p>ts ( ! room4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,/ate ,heat "s lead or sold] 9 a spoon till liquid4 ,let x cool4 ,d ! same ) wax4 ,heat "s wat] 9 a flask till x becomes /eam4 ,/eam is a gas4 ,cool ! /eam & =m wat] aga94 7,see di/illation47 ,ref] to lava 7melt$ rock71 m\ld+ iron1 melt+ ice & sn[1 s(t5+ ( butt]4 ,all solids may be *ang$ to liquids & ev5 to gases if suffici5tly heat$4 ,likewise all gases may be *ang$ into liquids & !n to solids4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,solids ,9 w9t] pupils may f9d t ! ink is froz54 ,! tea*] directs att5tion to ?is & inquires :y x has occurr$4 ,x may be t 9 a lesson on rocks ! tea*] w ask ! pupils to acc\nt = all ! little /ones4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts w aim at solv+ ! =ego+ problems3 #a4 ,a brass ball & r+ are %[n4 ,pupils h&le ^! & note t bo? are cold & t ! ball j passes ?r\gh ! r+4 ,!y are ask$ to comp>e ! size ( ! ball ) t ( ! r+4 #b4 ,! _s-lamp is light$ & exam9$4 ,pupils hold _! h&s ov] ! flame to note ! heat4 #c4 ,! ball is heat$ 9 ! flame = a %ort "t by "o ( ! pupils1 & felt cauti\sly4 ,an attempt is made to pass x ?r\gh ! r+4 ,h[ has ! ball *ang$ 9 feel+8 ,9 size8 ,h[ does "o "k x is l>g]8 ,:at has caus$ ^! *anges8 #d4 ,cool ! ball4 ,feel x4 ,try to pass x ?r\gh ! r+ n[4 ,h[ has x *ang$ 9 feel+8 ,9 size8 ,:at caus$ ^! *anges8 ,h[ does heat affect ! ball8 ,h[ does cold affect x8 ,! tea*] may n[ give ! words exp& & contract1 writ+ !m on ! black-bo>d & expla9+ _! use4 ,pupils may !n /ate _! conclusions3 ,a brass ball exp&s :5 heat$ & contracts :5 cool$4 ,a blacksmi? c make ! foll[+ v s]viceable app>atus3 ,a scrap ( iron ab\t elev5 in*es long1 "o in* wide1 & "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 has "o in* b5t up at ea* end4 ,a rod "o-eigh? in* 9 diamet] is made j long en\gh to pass betwe5 ! upturn$ ends ( ! fir/ piece :5 bo? are cold4 ,! rod is heat$ & ! exp]im5t conduct$ z 9 ! case ( ! ball4 ,two additional facts are le>n$3 7#a7 ,iron exp&s z well z brass2 7#b7 solids exp& 9 l5g? z well z 9 volume4 ,! pupils may n[ be told t o!r solids h be5 tri$ & expansion has inv>iably foll[$ heat+4 ,! conclusion may !n be made g5]al4 ,,practical ,,applications #a4 ,:5 y\r ink-bottle 0 plac$ on ! /ove1 :i* end became w>m]8 ,:i* exp&$ ! m4 ,:y !n did x crack8 #b4 ,:at o!r examples l ?is h y notic$8 7,lamp *imneys1 fruit j>s1 /ove plates7 #c4 ,! e>? 0 once v hot & is n[ cool+4 ,h[ is ! size ( ! e>? *ang+8 ,does x ev] crack8 ,:at causes e>?quakes8 #d4 ,f9d out by obs]vation h[ a blacksmi? sets tires4 #e4 ,inv5t a way to loos5 a glass /opp] /uck 9 ! neck ( a bottle4 #f4 ,:at does y\r "m d if ! metal rim refuses to come (f ! fruit j>8 #g4 ,next "t y cross a railway1 notice :e!r ! ends ( ! rails t\*4 ,expla94 #h4 ,:at all[ance is made = contraction 9 a wire f5ce8 ,a railway bridge8 ,:y8 #i4 ,:y d ! /ove-pipes crack :5 ! fire is fir/ />t$8 #aj4 ,:y does ! h\se g ?ump on a v cold night8 #aa4 ,draw ! ball1 r+1 & _s-lamp 9 position4 #ab4 ,describe 9 writ+ ! exp]im5ts we h made4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,fur!r ,,inve/igation ,y h se5 t iron & brass bo? exp&4 ,d !y exp& equally8 ,let pupils h a few days to inv5t a way ( answ]+ ! "q4 ,! exp]im5t may !n be tri$ ) ! comp\nd b>4 ,see ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 pages #bag-bah1 also ,fir/ ,c\rse 9 ,physics1 ,millik5 & ,gale1 page #add4 ,if ! equipm5t ( ! s*ool is limit$1 x may be necess>y to disp5se ) ! ball & r+ & g5]alize f "o exp]im5t4 ,ano!r easily made app>atus consi/s ( two iron r+s ) h&les4 ,"o r+ w j pass ?r\gh ! o!r :5 bo? are cold4 ,! /ove may take ! place ( ! _s-lamp4 ,a /ill simpl] plan consi/s 9 driv+ two nails into a block at su* a di/ance ap>t t an iron rod 7six-in* nail1 pok]1 bolt1 etc47 w j pass betwe54 ,on heat+ ! rod ! increase 9 l5g? becomes evid5t4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,liquids ,fill a common bottle ) col\r$ wat]2 ins]t a rubb] /opp] ?r\gh :i* passes a glass tube ab\t sixte5 in*es long4 ,set ! bottle 9 a pan ( wat] & gradually w>m ! wat]4 ,! rise ( ! liquid 9 ! tube w indicate expansion4 ,on sett+ ! bottle 9 cold wat] ! fall ( ! column ( col\r$ wat] %[s contraction4 ,see ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 page #bah1 also ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 page #dh4 ,macmillan ,co41 #fj c5ts4 ,set ! flask or bottle 9 a mixture ( ice & salt & note t ! extreme cold causes contraction = a :ile1 !n expansion4 ,note t :5 expansion beg9s1 ! wat] has n begun to freeze1 b t x does s soon aft]4 ,! night be=e ?is exp]im5t ! *ildr5 %\ld set out 9 ! cold air1 tightly cork$ bottles ( wat]4 ,9 ! morn+ !y w be f\nd bur/ by ! expansion4 ,,applications #a4 ,:y did "s ( ! ink-bottles bur/ 9 ! cold room8 #b4 ,f9d l>ge /ones split up into two or m fragm5ts4 ,expla94 #c4 ,:y is fall-pl\gh$ l& s mell[ 9 spr+8 #d4 ,:y does ice float8 ,?9k :at w\ld happ5 if x did n4 #e4 ,expla9 ! heav+ ( oats1 clov]1 :eat4 #f4 ,d all liquids exp& on freez+8 ,try melt$ p>aff94 ,,! ,,!rmomet] ,besides ! ord9>y !rmomet] ! s*ool %\ld possess a *emical !rmomet] graduat$ f #j deg4 ,fahr5heit to #bab deg4 #a4 ,our s5sations v>y s mu* "u diff]5t circum/ances & 9 diff]5t individuals t !y _c be dep5d$ on4 ,f9d examples ( ?is & %[ ! ne$ ( a measur+ in/rum5t4 #b4 ,! pupils c le>n1 by exam9ation ( ! common wall in/rum5t1 ! p>ts ( ! !rmomet]--tube1 bulb1 liquid 7alcohol or m]cury71 & scale4 #c4 ,repeat ! exp]im5t = expansion ( liquids1 %[+ :]e9 ! app>atus resembles ! !rmomet]1 w>m ! !rmomet] bulb & wat* ! column rise2 cool x & note ! fall4 #d4 ,set ! bulb ( ! *emical !rmomet] 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! m]cury comes to re/ ne> #bab deg4 ,bury ! bulb 9 melt+ sn[ & notice t ! column falls to #cb deg4 ,give names = ^! po9ts4 ,expla9 t a degree is "o ( ! #ahj equal p>ts :i* lie betwe5 boil+ po9t & freez+-po9t4 ,%[ t #cb deg4 bel[ freez+ mu/ be #j deg41 or z]o4 #e4 ,! uses ( !rmomet]s = indoors & outdoors2 = dairy1 sick room1 incubator1 & soils2 maximum & m9imum4 ,dairy !rmomet]s regi/]+ #bab deg4 ,fahr5heit may be obta9$2 !y are *eap] ?an *emical !rmomet]s4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,air ,half fill a flask ) wat] & inv]t x uncork$ ov] wat] 9 a plate4 ,apply a clo? soak$ 9 boil+ wat] to ! "p t conta9s air4 ,:y does ! wat] leave ! flask8 ,apply cold wat]4 ,:y does ! wat] return8 ,any ord9>y bottle may be us$ 9 place ( ! flask1 b x is m liable to crack4 ,make an air !rmomet]4 ,see ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 page #bbc1 also ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 page #da4 ,try to graduate x f ! m]curial !rmomet]4 ,h ! boys make a /& = x4 ,inf]5ces4--,heat$ gases rise because !y exp&4 ,hot-air balloons1 w9ds1 & heat+ ) hot-air furnaces1 all dep5d on ?is pr9ciple4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,heat ,,& ,,light ,,notes ,,= ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lessons #a4 ,,! ,,sun4--,our dep5d5ce on x4 ,valuable results ( its heat4 ,simple notions z to its size1 di/ance1 & nature4 ,our e>? cat*es a v small fraction ( ! sun's heat2 our sun is b "o ( millions--! fix$ />s4 ,%[ ! burn+ effect ( a l5s4 #b4 ,,fuels4--,wood1 oil1 coal1 alcohol1 gas1 peat1 /raw3 :]e obta9$2 special uses ( ea* "u v>y+ conditions2 ne$ ( economy4 7,?is is closely relat$ to geography47 #c4 ,,electricity4--,9 urban s*ools use ! electric light or "s heat+ device = illu/ration4 ,9 rural s*ools a batt]y ( two or ?ree cells 7see ,app>atus7 w melt a f9e /r& drawn f a picture wire4 ,applications3 iron+1 toa/+1 cook+2 advantages or disadvantages comp>$ ) gas or wood4 #d4 ,,friction4--,pupils rub h&s toge!r2 rub a button on a clo?2 saw a /r+ across ! edge ( a bo>d or across ! h&2 bore a hole ?r\gh a h>dwood plank1 !n feel ! aug]-bit4 ,applications3 re/or+ circulation2 hot-boxes 9 ma*9]y2 lubricants & _! uses2 light+ mat*es4 #e4 ,,p\nd+4--,hamm] a nail flat on an anvil or /one2 feel x4 ,bullets fir$ aga9/ an iron or /one surface may be pick$ up v hot4 ,note sp>ks t c be /ruck f a /one2 p]cussion caps1 fl9t-lock muskets4 #f4 ,,pressure4--,aft] us+ a bicycle pump = "s "t1 feel ! bottom1 also ! top4 ,if possible1 exam9e an air-compressor & f9d out ! means us$ = cool+ ! air4 #g4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,light4--,sun1 moon1 oil1 tall[1 gas1 electricity1 wax1 acetyl5e2 advantages ( ea*2 relative co/4 ,,primitive ,,me?ods ,,( ,,obta9+ ,,fire3 ,mo/ savages obta9 fire by friction2 rubb+ two pieces ( wood toge!r till hot en\gh to set fire to "s dry1 light mat]ial4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia plac$ a flat piece ( wood on ! gr\nd & press$ aga9/ ?is ! end ( a r\nd piece1 :i* !y twirl$ rapidly ) _! h&s till fire 0 produc$4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians did ! twirl+ ) _! b[ /r+s2 ! ,eskimo's plan is some:at simil>4 ,x is impossible to say :5 fl9t & /eel 7 fir/ us$1 b we "k !y cont9u$ to be ! *ief means ( produc+ fire till ab\t #ahcd1 :5 mat*es 7 inv5t$4 ,let pupils try to produce fire by ^! means4 ,! e>lie/ lamps consi/$ ( %ells1 skulls ( animals1 & cup-%ap$ /ones fill$ ) fat or fi% oils :i* burn$ on a wick ( clo? or ! pi? ( ru%es4 ,! ,tibetans burn butt]1 ! ,eskimos :ale- or seal-oil1 ! ,arabians palm- or olive-oil4 ,= outdoor light+1 tor*es c>ri$ 9 ! h& 7 us$ till gas came into g5]al use ab\t #agib4 ,,conduction ,give to f\r boys /rips ( copp]1 alum9ium1 wood1 & glass1 respectively4 ,!y hold ^! by "o end & heat ! o!r end till "o or m are =c$ to drop ! piece on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,! boys ) ! metals w soon f9d !m hot ?r\gh\t1 b ! o!r two w be able to hold on indef9itely4 ,! tea*] gives ! t]ms good conductor & poor conductor4 ,,problems #a4 ,are metals g5]ally good conductors8 ,try ) /rips ( z9c1 lead1 iron1 a silv] spoon4 #b4 ,are all good conductors equally good8 ,devise a means ( asc]ta9+4 ,see ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 ,*apt] ,,vi2 also ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 page #bgd4 #c4 ,is wat] a good conductor8 ,li/s ( good & poor conductors may !n be made1 ! tea*] add+ to ! li/4 ,good3 metals2 poor3 wood1 horn1 bone1 clo?1 lea!r1 air1 wat]1 hair1 asbe/os1 a%es1 rock1 e>?4 ,,problems #a4 ,if ! int]ior ( ! e>? is v hot1 :y d we n feel x8 #b4 ,h[ c ! cold sn[ keep ! e>? w>m8 #c4 ,:y does y\r h& freeze to metals b n to wood8 #d4 ,let ! *ildr5 try to f9d o!r in/ances3 wools or furs = clo?+1 fur coats on nor!rn animals1 fea!rs on birds1 d[n quilts1 tea cosies1 sawdu/ = pack+ ice1 d\ble w9d[s1 wood5 h&les = hot irons1 asbe/os coat+ = /eam pipes4 ,,! ,,m9]s' ,,safety-,,lamp3 ,?is is a mo/ important application ( conduction4 ,get f ! t9smi? a piece ( brass gauze six in*es squ>e4 ,raise ! wick ( ! _s-lamp caus+ x to give a high flame & br+ ! gauze d[n ^u ! flame till x t\*es ! wick4 ,note t ! flame does n rise above ! gauze4 ,hold a piece ( pap] above ! gauze ne> ! flame & note t x does n take fire4 ,note also t ! gauze soon becomes hot4 ,! brass wires conduct ! heat ( ! flame rapidly away s t !re is n heat en\gh above ! gauze to cause combu/ion4 ,n[ roll ! gauze into a holl[ cyl9d]1 p9 ! edges toge!r1 ins]t a cork at ea* end1 & h a %ort c&le fa/5$ to ! l[] "o4 ,try to light ! c&le ) ! lamp ?r\gh ! gauze4 ,x is n easily done4 ,! m9] c>ries a lamp made l ?is1 s t if he %\ld be 9 ! pres5ce ( ! explosive gas1 fire damp1 x w\ld n explode because ( ! wire gauze %ield4 ,,convection ,wat] is n a conductor1 h[ !n is x heat$8 ,drop a few pieces ( solid col\r+ matt]1 7anal9e blue1 blue+1 or potassium p]manganate7 into a beak] ( cold wat]4 ,place ! beak] ov] a heat] & obs]ve ! col\r$ portion rise4 ,wet sawdu/ w make a good sub/itute = ! col\r+ matt]4 ,a seal+ j> or ev5 a t9 cup w d in/ead ( ! beak]4 ,! /ove or a di% ( hot wat] w take ! place ( ! lamp4 ,,problems #a4 ,us+ a !rmomet]1 see :e!r ! wat] at ! bottom is w>m] ?an t at ! top :ile ! beak] is be+ heat$4 #b4 ,heat "s oil & p\r x ov] ! surface ( "s cold wat]4 ,l[] a !rmomet] into ?is4 ,does ! wat] at ! bottom soon become w>m8 #c4 ,if y\r kit*5 is provid$ ) a hot-wat] tank1 f9d out :at "p ( ! tank fir/ becomes w>m aft] ! fire is light$4 #d4 ,9 ba?+1 :]e d y f9d ! colde/ wat] ( a pond or /ill riv]8 ,see ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 ,*apt] ,,vi2 also ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 page #bhj4 ,,convection ,,9 ,,gases ,a good app>atus may be made by cutt+ two holes "o in* 9 diamet] 9 "o side ( a *alk box1 replace ! lid ) a piece ( glass1 place a lamp *imney ov] ea* hole & a light$ c&le "u "o ( ! *imneys4 ,hold a piece ( smok+ t\*-pap] at ea* *imney 9 turn & note direction ( air curr5t4 ,,applications #a4 ,w9ds are caus$ by ! ris+ ( air ov] heat$ areas1 all[+ cool] curr5ts to take its place4 7,geography7 #b4 ,rooms are v5tilat$ by heat+ "s ( ! air m ?an ! re/1 ?us produc+ a curr5t4 7,hygi5e7 ,w9ds are nature's means ( v5tilat+ ! e>?4 ,,radiation ,,( ,,heat ,?is %\ld be tak5 up z an introduction to dew1 fro/1 w9ds1 climate1 etc4 #a4 ,make an iron ball hot 7! end ( a pok] w answ]74 ,hold ! h& a few in*es bel[ ! iron4 ,does ! heat rea* ! h& by convection8 ,by conduction8 ,by means ( suitable que/ions1 lead ! pupil to see t x is n by convection1 = ! h& is bel[ ! hot object :ile heat$ air rises2 x is n by conduction1 = air is "o ( ! v poore/ conductors2 moreov]1 ! heat is felt in/antly f ! pok]1 b x takes an appreciable "t = x to come by conduction & convection4 ,we say ?is heat is radiat$ f ! iron4 ,! velocity ( radiat$ heat is ab\t #ahf1jjj miles a second4 #b4 ,! above exp]im5t may be v>i$ by br++ ! hot iron gradually t[>d ! bulb ( ! air !rmomet] & not+ ! greate/ di/ance at :i* x w affect ! !rmomet]4 ,x is by radiation t ! sun's heat & light rea* u4 ,we get mu* ( ! heat ( /oves1 fire-places1 & radiators by ! same means4 ,:y does ! e>? cool (f at night8 ,:y does dew =m8 ,:y c no dew =m on a cl\dy night8 ,:y is a m\nta9 top or a des]t s cold1 especially at night8 #c4 ,take two t9 cans 7bak+ p[d] boxes w answ]7 & make holes 9 ! lids l>ge en\gh to admit a !rmomet]4 ,black5 "o box 9 ! flame ( an oil lamp4 ,fill bo? ) boil+ wat] & put 9 a cool place4 ,te/ ) a !rmomet] f "t to "t4 ,:i* cools mo/ rapidly8 #d4 ,fill ! t9 cans ) cold wat]1 f9d ! temp]ature1 & !n place !m ne> a hot /ove4 ,:i* w>ms fa/]8 ,usually d>k or r\gh surfaces radiate heat & absorb heat fa/] ?an bright or smoo? ones4 ,an excell5t way ( te/+ ?is is to lay a black clo? & a :ite "o side by side on ! sn[ :]e ! sun is %9+ brightly4 ,! sn[ w melt m rapidly "u ! black clo?4 ,pa9t$ %+les may be sub/itut$ = ! clo?s4 ,try diff]5t col\rs4 ,! day *os5 %\ld n be extremely cold4 ,,problems #a4 ,:y %\ld we h ! outside ( a tea-kettle1 teapot1 or hot-air %aft ( a bright col\r8 ,:y %\ld we h /oves & /ove-pipes dull black8 #b4 ,:y does a coat ( sn[ keep ! e>? w>m8 #c4 ,:i* is ! w>me/ col\r to we> 9 w9t]8 ,does ?is acc\nt = ! col\r ( ,arctic animals8 #d4 ,:i* is ! coole/ col\r to we> 9 ! hot sun8 #e4 ,g>d5]s sometimes /rew ! gr\nd ) coal-du/ to help rip5 _! melons4 ,%[ ! value ( ?is4 #f4 ,sugge/ a me?od ( protect+ a wall f ! heat ( a /ove4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,=m ,,iii ,,spr+ ,,w9d[ ,,boxes ,_m g>d5 plants %\ld be />t$ 9 a box ( e>? 9 a w>m1 sunny w9d[4 ,9 "s s*ools ?is c be done ) a little c>e 9 heat+ on cold nights4 ,small boxes or grape baskets full ( ri* s&y loam ) an in* ( gravel 9 ! bottom = dra9age may be us$4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 r[s or broadca/4 ,to prev5t ! soil f dry+ out too quickly1 cov] ! box ) a pane ( glass4 ,:5 ! plants are up1 give !m pl5ty ( light & n too mu* w>m?4 ,on v mild days set !m 9 a w>m1 %elt]$ place out-(-doors & br+ !m 9 aga9 e>ly 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is t5ds to make !m h>dy4 ,:5 ab\t ?ree in*es high1 pick ! "y plants out & set !m 9 o!r boxes a few in*es ap>t4 ,?is mov+ causes ! =mation ( num]\s fibr\s roots & makes /rong] plants4 ,,w9d[ ,,g>d5s ,w9d[ boxes may be us$ = a :ole season on ! inside ( ! build+ 9 cold wea!r1 & on ! outside 9 w>m wea!r4 ,!re is almo/ no limit to ! k9ds ( plants t c be gr[n 9 !m1 b !y are mo/ suitable = fl[]s4 ,good boxes may be made ( dress$ lumb] s z to fit on ! w9d[-sill4 ,!y %\ld be six in*es deep1 t5 in*es wide1 & ! requir$ l5g?4 ,!y %\ld h a few small holes 9 ! bottom to all[ excess wat] to dra9 (f & %\ld be pa9t$ d>k gre5 or "s quiet col\r4 ,!re %\ld be an in* ( gravel 9 ! bottom1 "s rott$ sods cov]+ ?is1 & !n ! box fill$ ) ri* s&y loam4 ,,suitable ,,plants ,"s fl[]s suitable = gr[+ 9 w9d[ boxes outside 9 summ] are ^? ( droop+ habit3 lobelia1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 v]b5a1 tropeolum1 petunia1 & sweet-alyssum t[>d ! front1 & beh9d1 m erect plants1 su* z g]anium1 heliotrope1 begonia1 phlox1 & na/urtium4 ,! box mu/ n be too mu* cr[d$4 ,= inside & 9 %ady situations ! foll[+ are suitable3 tradescantia1 p>l\r ivy1 moneywort1 v9ca smilax1 climb+ f]n1 asp>agus f]n1 draca5a1 coleus1 c5taurea1 sword f]n1 & ,bo/on f]n4 ,= indoor boxes 9 w9t]1 ! foll[+ may be us$3 abutilon1 calceol>ia1 cyclam51 violets1 primroses1 petunias1 g]aniums1 freesia1 & su* foliage plants z draca5a1 cannas1 du/y mill]1 & coleus4 ,! foll[+ climb+ plants may be tra9$ up ! w9d[ cases3 asp>agus plumosus f]n1 cobea sc&5s1 smilax1 maur&ia1 & ,engli% ivy4 ,if droop+ or trail+ plants are desir$1 ! foll[+ may be us$3 oxalis1 sweet-alyssum1 lobelia1 ivy1 g]anium1 ,k5ilwor? ivy1 & ,w&]+ ,jew4 ,,f]tiliz] ,z ! am\nt ( soil is limit$ & ! numb] ( plants t x has to support is great1 ! soil %\ld be made q ri* & %\ld be fur!r f]tiliz$ f "t to "t ) a little liquid manure4 ,?is c be be/ obta9$ by tak+ a /rong b>rel or l>ge keg & fill+ x ab\t half full ( wat]4 ,!n fill an ord9>y co>se potato sack ) c[-/able manure & set ! sack 9 ! b>rel = a few days4 ,a tap 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rel is mo/ conv5i5t = draw+ (f ! liquid manure4 ,a little ( ?is w also be f\nd valuable = wat]+ dahlias1 roses1 & o!r g>d5 plants dur+ ! summ]4 ,,soil ,,/udies ,! classes ( soil %\ld be review$4 ,pupils %\ld ga!r examples f _m places4 ,! samples may be kept 9 bottles ( uni=m size & %\ld include n only ! f\r types b v>ieties ( ea*1 also v>i\s k9ds ( loam4 ,,ex]cises ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,,soil ,,con/itu5ts #a4 ,) a %>p spade1 cut a piece ab\t twelve in*es deep f 7#a7 ! =e/ floor1 7#b7 an old pa/ure field4 ,note "* & ord] ( ! lay]s ( soil 9 7#a7 leaves1 humus1 loam1 s&1 or clay2 9 7#b7 grass1 dead grass1 humus1 loam1 s&1 or clay4 ,obs]ve soils %[n 9 railway cutt+s1 fre%ly dug wells1 po/ holes4 #b4 ,note ! effect produc$ on ! soil ( a field by 7#a7 leav+ x a few ye>s 9 pa/ure1 7#b7 pl\gh+ 9 heavy crops1 7#c7 apply+ b>n-y>d manure4 ,9 all ^! cases vegetable matt] is mix$ ) ! soil4 #c4 ,dry "s good leaf-m\ld4 ,?r[ a h&ful on ! surface ( "s wat]4 ,! m9]al matt] s9ks1 :ile ! vegetable portion rema9s susp5d$ = "s "t4 ,try ?is exp]im5t ) gravel1 s&1 & clay4 ,note t ! gravel s9ks rapidly1 ! s& less rapidly1 & t ! clay takes a long "t to settle4 ,if ! wat] be kept 9 rapid motion1 ! f9] soils w all rema9 susp5d$ till motion becomes sl[]4 ,apply ?is 9 geography4 ,! b$ ( a /ream w consi/ ( /ones if x be swift1 ( s& if less swift1 & ( clay if v sl[4 ,h[ are alluvial pla9s =m$8 #d4 ,place half an ounce ( dry humus on an iron plate or fire-%ovel & heat /rongly 9 a /ove4 ,note t x beg9s to smoke & a l>ge "p sm\ld]s away to a%es2 ! m9]al portion rema9s4 ,weigh ! "p left & f9d :at fraction ( ! humus consi/$ ( vegetable mat]ial4 ,try to f9d ! proportion ( vegetable matt] 9 ea* ( ! foll[+3 loams f v>i\s s\rces1 s&1 clay1 gravel4 ,! la/ ?ree w %[ sc>cely any *ange4 ,?is exp]im5t w give rise to "s good ari?metical problems 9 fractions4 ,,wat] ,,9 ,,soils #e4 ,comp>e a h&ful ( fre% g>d5 soil ) ! same soil dri$4 ,note ! gli/5+ ( ! fre% soil1 also its weight & d>k] col\r4 ,! fre% soil admits ( pack+ ?\gh no wat] c be squeez$ f x4 ,9 its be/ condition1 ! wat] ( ! soil adh]es z a film ( moi/ure ab\t e p>ticle4 ,free wat] is to be avoid$ s9ce x excludes ! air f ! soil4 #f4 ,equal weights ( soils ( diff]5t k9ds & degrees ( f95ess are plac$ 9 funnels or 9 inv]t$ bottles ) bottoms remov$4 ,wat] is !n sl[ly add$ to ea* until x beg9s to drop f ! l[] end4 ,f ?is is se5 7#a7 ! great value ( humus z a wat] hold]1 7#b7 ! advantage ( f9e soil ov] co>se4 ,= ret5tion ( wat] by absorption1 consult ,nature ,/udy & ,life1 ,hodge1 page #chb4 #g4 ,take two wood5 boxes 7*alk boxes w d71 fill "o box ) moi/ s& & ! o!r ) moi/ leaf-m\ld4 ,weigh ! boxes sep>ately & leave !m = ?ree or f\r days 9 a w>m room4 ,weigh aga9 & note decrease f evaporation4 ,! s& dries out mu* fa/] ?an ! humus4 ,te/ ) clay1 gravel1 & loam1 also ) mixtures ( ^! & leaf-m\ld4 #h4 ,take ?ree pa9t cans2 pun* holes 9 ! bottoms4 ,fill ea* ) good soil well %ak5 d[n4 ,/& ! cans 9 wat] till ! tops are moi/1 !n place !m 9 a w>m1 dry place4 ,loos5 ! soil on ! top ( ,no4 #a to a dep? ( "o in*2 on ,no4 #b to a dep? ( two in*es2 leave ,no4 #c unt\*$4 ,f9d out aft] a few days :i* is dry+ out fa/e/4 ,h[ may soil be treat$ s z to less5 evaporation ( wat]8 ,,dra9age #i4 ,gravel & s& all[ wat] to run away rapidly1 b :]e ! soil is f9e or closely pack$ z 9 clay soils1 "u-dra9s are necess>y 7#a7 to c>ry (f ! surplus wat]1 7#b7 to all[ air to ent] ! soil1 7#c7 to w>m ! soil 7wet soil is cold] ?an dry74 ,take two equal-siz$ t9 cans1 make sev]al holes 9 ! bottom ( "o1 place !re9 a lay] ( brok5 pott]y or /ones1 & fill ) good soil4 ,fill ! o!r ) simil> soil b make no holes = dra9age4 ,plant 9 ea* c a heal?y plant ( ! same size & k9d4 ,wat] bo? till ! soil is saturat$ & cont9ue wat]+ e two or ?ree days = six weeks4 ,note 7#a7 ! progress ( ! plants1 7#b7 ! temp]ature ( ! soils1 7#c7 :i* plant has ! l>ge/ & deepe/ roots4 7,see ,bullet9 #agd1 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 #aj4 ,take five equal-siz$ boxes1 provide = dra9age1 & fill ,no4 #a ) wood1 e>?1 or humus1 ,no4 #b ) clay1 ,no4 #c ) s&1 ,no4 #d ) a mixture ( clay & humus1 ,no4 #e ) a mixture ( s& & humus4 ,plant corn 9 ea* box1 set 9 a w>m room1 & keep wat]$ = two or ?ree weeks4 ,note 9 :i* case gr[? is mo/ rapid4 ,set boxes 9 a dry place & cease wat]+4 ,:i* suff]s mo/ f ! dr\ght8 ,:i* bakes h>de/ 9 ! sun8 ,te/ ! temp]ature ( ea* aft] wat]+ & /&+ 9 ! sun = an h\r4 ,s& is w>m] ?an clay1 also ! pres5ce ( humus raises ! temp]ature4 ,?is item is important1 s9ce mo/ se$s decay in/ead ( spr\t+ if ! temp]ature is bel[ #de deg4 ,fahr5heit4 #aa4 ,enum]ate ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! soil by humus4 #ab4 ,9 ,exp]im5t #aj1 let ! corn gr[ = "s "t & det]m9e :e!r ! v ri* humus is ! be/ 9 ! end4 ,s& & clay are almo/ altoge!r m9]al2 leaf-m\ld almo/ entirely organic2 nei!r alone is good1 b a mixture gives ! be/ results4 ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! boys ( ?is ,=m %\ld att5d to ! f]tiliz+ & spad+ ( ! plots belong+ to ! girls ( _! ,=m4 ,! girls !mselves c d all ! re/ ( ! "w1 & !y %\ld try to keep ! plots level1 uni=m 9 size1 & 9 a /raight l9e4 ,if ! corn] po/s are kept 9 l9e & ! plots made up ! exact size1 ! appe>ance ( ! g>d5 w be greatly improv$4 ,! pupils are n[ old en\gh to make _! own *oice ( fl[]s & vegetables4 ,v tall gr[+ plants1 su* z corn & sunfl[]s1 are n desirable 9 individual plots z !y %ade o!r plants ne> !m4 ,corn is be/ gr[n 9 a l>ge plot ab\t tw5ty feet squ>e4 ,! same may be said ( v9es1 su* z cucumb]s1 melons1 squa%1 etc4 ,if ! plots are small1 x is bett] to plant b a s+le v>iety1 b 9 l>ge plots f two to f\r v>ieties may be arrang$ to advantage4 ,usually r[s ( vegetables1 su* z c>rots & beets1 may be plac$ a foot ap>t1 cabbage ab\t twice t di/ance1 & tomatoes a little f>!r ap>t ?an cabbage4 ,g5]ally speak+1 plants %\ld be plac$ s t :5 full gr[n !y w j t\*1 cov] ! gr\nd completely1 & ?us prev5t ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,z soon z ! "y plants appe> above ! gr\nd1 light cultivation ) rakes & claw-h& we$]s %\ld be />t$1 s z to keep we$s f gr[+ & at ! same "t to provide a loose surface or e>? mul* = cons]v+ ! moi/ure & a]at+ ! soil4 ,?9n+ %\ld also be begun :5 ! plants are q small1 b x %\ld n all be done at once4 ,z ! plants increase 9 size1 ! be/ ones %\ld be left & ! poor ones tak5 out4 ,9 "s cases plants ?us remov$ may be re-set to fill vacant places4 ,,tree ,,se$s ,tree se$s t h be5 /or$ ov] w9t] %\ld n[ be plant$ 9 r[s 9 a small plot4 ,! r[s %\ld be a foot ap>t & ! se$s q close toge!r 9 ! r[4 ,a *eese-clo? or slat %ade %\ld be us$ on ?is plot1 z ! hot sun is too /rong = tree se$l+s :5 !y fir/ come up4 ,!y %\ld h cultivation e week & wat]+ 9 dry wea!r4 ,always wat] 9 ! ev5+ aft] s*ool1 or ev5 lat] :5 possible4 ,,transplant+ ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld h practice 9 transplant+1 z well z 9 s[+ se$4 ,= ?is purpose se$s %\ld be />t$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april 9 hotb$s or w9d[ boxes1 se$l+s transplant$ into cold frames :5 two or ?ree in*es high1 & !n set out 9 ! g>d5 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may :5 dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,,transplant+ ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,vegetables ,*oose1 if possible1 a cool cl\dy day4 ,wat] ! plants ?or\ghly 9 ! hotb$ or cold frame a few h\rs be=e lift+ !m4 ,lift !m ) a tr[el or small spade1 & keep z mu* e>? on _! roots z possible4 ,) a transplant+ tr[el1 make holes deep en\gh s t ! plant w be a little deep] 9 ! soil ?an be=e transplant+4 ,unless ! soil is moi/1 a little wat] put 9 ! hole ) ! plant is b5eficial4 ,! ev5+ is consid]$ be/ = transplant+ if ! wea!r is cle>4 ,if ! sun is v hot1 ! plants %\ld be %ad$ = a few days until ! roots become e/abli%$ & beg9 _! "w4 ,%+les slant+ ov] ! plants f ! s\? side & driv5 into ! gr\nd to hold !m 9 position are be/4 ,pap]s held by means ( two /ones also give good results4 ,! practice ( cov]+ !m ) inv]t$ cans is n a good "o1 z ! light is almo/ completely cut (f4 ,a few holes 9 ! c w\ld help consid]ably4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to pack ! e>? firmly ab\t ! roots4 ,wat]+ aga9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] transplant+ is (t5 necess>y4 ,if ! plant has a leafy top1 x is be/ to take (f "s ( ! leaves1 z !y t5d to give (f wat] m rapidly ?an ! roots c at fir/ take x 94 ,,transplant+ ,,tree ,,se$l+s ,nuts & o!r tree se$s collect$ ! previ\s autumn %\ld n[ be plant$ 9 ! =e/ry plots 9 r[s a foot ap>t4 ,z ! se$s may n all gr[1 !y may be plant$ close toge!r 9 ! r[ & ?9n$ out ! foll[+ spr+ if necess>y4 ,!y ne$ "s %elt] f ! sun ! fir/ summ]4 ,9 l>ge plots ?is is provid$ by means ( a slat cov]+1 b 9 a small plot *eese-clo? tack$ on /rips & fa/5$ on corn] po/s is satisfactory4 ,:5 a %[] comes1 ?is *eese-clo? scre5 %\ld be remov$ s t ! ra9 may moi/5 ! plot ev5ly4 ,se$l+s may be transplant$ f ! woods or f ! =e/ry r[s be=e ! leaves op5 out4 ,,budd+ ,9 budd+1 a slit l ! lett] ,t is made 9 ! side ( ! "y se$l+ close to ! gr\nd4 ,! b>k is rais$ a little at ! po9t :]e ! v]tical slit meets ! horizontal "o1 & a bud ( desir$ v>iety ) a %ield-%ap$ bit ( b>k 7& p]haps a little wood7 atta*$ to x is %ov$ 9 & ! sides ( ! slit b\nd d[n ^u x4 ,aft] ! bud1 or scion1 has />t$ to gr[1 ! /ock is cut (f an in* above ! po9t :]e ! bud 0 ins]t$4 ,! bud !n makes rapid gr[?1 & 9 two ye>s ! result+ tree is l>ge en\gh to set 9 its p]man5t place 9 ! or*>d4 ,,cutt+s ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld try to gr[ su* woody plants z roses & grapes f cutt+s4 ,roses are frequ5tly propagat$ by budd+1 z 9 ! case ( apples & pea*es4 ,!y may also be gr[n ^u _! own roots or f /em cutt+s4 ,su* cutt+s %\ld be f well-matur$ wood ( ! pres5t ye> tak5 9 ! autumn & pack$ 9 moi/ s& ov] ! w9t]4 ,make ! cutt+s ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! top end %\ld be cut (f imm$iately above a bud & ! bottom end j bel[ a bud1 z roots seem to />t m readily f a node1 or bud4 ,su* a cutt+ may h ?ree or f\r buds ( :i* only ! upp] two ne$ be left4 ,if bo? ( ^! gr[1 ! poor] "o may aft]w>ds be remov$4 ,^! rose cutt+s %\ld !n be ins]t$ 9 a box ( clean1 moi/ s& to a dep? ( two in*es1 kept 9 a w>m room1 & %ad$ ) a %eet ( newspap] :5 ! sun is v bright4 ,keep ! s& moi/ b n wet1 & :5 possible h g5tle bottom heat4 ,:5 roots h made "s gr[?1 transplant c>efully into small fl[]-pots1 us+ fairly ri*1 clay loam4 ,9 a few weeks !y w be ready to plant out 9 ! g>d54 ,grape cutt+s %\ld be tak5 late 9 ! fall :5 ! v9es are well matur$4 ,su* a cutt+ includes only two jo9ts1 ! upp] "o be+ ! gr[+ end & ! l[] ! root+ end4 ,!y mu/ be /or$ ov] w9t] 9 cold1 moi/ s&1 b %\ld n be p]mitt$ to freeze4 ,z soon z ! gr\nd c be prep>$ 9 ! spr+1 set !m out4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ on a slant ( ab\t =ty-five degrees & cov]$ all b ! top bud4 ,,leaf ,,cutt+s ,"s plants ) l>ge & vigor\s leaves1 su* z _m ( ! begonias1 may be propagat$ by means ( leaf cutt+s4 ,buds readily develop f cuts made 9 ! l>ge ve9s4 ,take a full-gr[n heal?y leaf & remove ! /em all b ab\t half an in*4 ,make a few cuts across ! l>g] ve9s on ! "u side ( ! leaves at po9ts :]e ma9 ve9s bran*4 ,press ! leaf firmly d[n on ! top ( a box ( moi/ s& ) ! "u side next ! s&4 ,keep ! leaf 9 ?is position1 us+ small /ones or little pegs pu%$ ?r\gh ! leaf into ! s&4 ,put ! box 9 a w>m room & d n let ! s& become dry4 ,:5 roots /rike into ! s& & buds develop f ! po9ts :]e ! ve9s 7 w\nd$1 take a %>p knife & cut out ! new plant f ! old leaf & transplant x into a small fl[]-pot 9 good soil4 ,s9k ! pot 9 a box ( moi/ s& to prev5t its dry+ out4 ,,root ,,cutt+s ,su* plants z spr\t f ! roots may be propagat$ by root cutt+s4 ,sections ( und]gr\nd /ems may also come "u ?is head+1 z 9 ! case ( hors]adi% cutt+s4 ,b real roots may be us$ = cutt+s1 z 9 ! case ( ! blackb]ry & raspb]ry4 ,! roots %\ld be cut 9 pieces ?ree or f\r in*es long1 plant$ 9 a horizontal position1 & entirely cov]$ ) two or ?ree in*es ( soil4 ,,lay]+ ,bu% fruits1 su* z currants & gooseb]ries1 are frequ5tly propagat$ by /em cutt+s1 z 9 ! case ( roses4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is kn[n z lay]+1 consi/s 9 b5d+ "o or m ( ! l[e/ bran*es d[n aga9/ ! gr\nd1 fa/5+ x !re by means ( a =k$ /ick1 & !n cov]+ x ) two or ?ree in*es ( e>?4 ,! "p 9 contact ) ! moi/ e>? w s5d out roots1 :ile "o or m %oots w come up4 ,:5 roots & %oots h develop$1 ! bran* is sev]$ f ! p>5t bu% & ! new plant set 9 its p]man5t place4 ,/rawb]ries exhibit a sort ( natural lay]+4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,h]bace\s ,,p]5nials ,p]5nials gr[n f se$ ! previ\s summ] %\ld n[ be set 9 clumps two or ?ree feet ap>t 9 ! p]5nial bord] or "h & !re beside ! f5ces or walks4 ,! soil %\ld be made f9e & f]tiliz$ ) well-rott$ manure f ! compo/ heap be=e sett+ out ! "y p]5nials4 ,dahlias & gladioli :i* 7 tak5 9 9 ! autumn %\ld n[ be set out4 ,! dahlias %\ld be divid$ & only ! be/ roots us$4 ,o!r p]5nials t h gr[n into l>ge clumps %\ld be dug up1 divid$1 & re-set 9 well-f]tiliz$ soil4 ,,g>d5 ,,/udies ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m h n[ _h en\gh exp]i5ce 9 ! gr[+ ( vegetables & fl[]s to all[ !m to make intellig5t v>iety te/s4 ,!y %\ld gr[ "s ( ! less famili> v>ieties & report on ! m]its ( ea* v>iety te/$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be c>ri$ on to ! exclusion ( ! well-kn[n /&>d v>ieties4 ,let ! pupils consult ! be/ se$ catalogues available & *oose = !mselves "s v>ieties n already kn[n to !m4 ,!y %\ld keep a sy/ematic record ( all v>ieties gr[n & ! me?ods us$ 9 cultivat+1 f]tiliz+1 etc4 ,! k ?us ga9$ w be ( value 9 aft] ye>s1 & ! homes w also b5efit by x4 ,,bi5nials ,! pupils %\ld obs]ve ! second ye>'s gr[? ( bi5nials4 ,a special plot 9 ! s*ool g>d5 %\ld be set ap>t = ?is purpose4 ,h !m plant 9 x a turnip1 a c>rot1 a beet1 a cabbage1 or any o!r g>d5 bi5nial sav$ ov] w9t] = ! purpose4 ,if desir$1 ! pupils might gr[ _! own se$ ( ^! v>ieties4 ,notice 7#a7 :at "p ( ! plant has become enl>g$ ) /or$ up food & h[ big x is :5 plant$1 7#b7 h[ ?is "p *anges 9 size & texture z ! fl[]s & se$s develop1 7#c7 9 :at way ?is extra food seems to h be5 us$4 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,trillium ,! pupils br+ ! plants = ! lesson4 ,!re %\ld be a few purple trilliums among ! :ite1 & "s ( ! plants %\ld h ! und]gr\nd p>ts intact4 ,discuss ) ! collectors _! obs]vations on :]e ! trilliums gr[1 ! k9d ( soil1 ! dep? ( ! root-/ocks bel[ ! surface1 ! uses ( ! root-/ocks1 insect visitors4 ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,! pupils are direct$ to exam9e ! plant & fl[]s & f9d out all ! means = attract+ insects4 ,f9d out :y ! purple trillium attracts flies & beetles1 :ile ! :ite trillium attracts bees & butt]flies4 ,look into ! top ( ! fl[]2 :at figure d ! tips ( ! six fl[] leaves =m8 ,us+ ! names calyx & corolla1 describe ! circle ( fl[] leaves z to numb]1 col\r1 & relative position4 ,f9d ! /am5s & describe z to numb] & position2 f9d out h[ ! /am5s are fitt$ to ensure t ! poll5 w get ^u ! visit+ insects4 ,f9d ! pi/il & describe its %ape4 ,h[ is ! /igma fitt$ = receiv+ ! poll5 t is c>ri$ by ! insect visitors4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! trilliums attract insects by _! l>ge :ite & purple fl[]s1 :i* are held up by _! long /alks high above ! ?ree broad leaves4 ,! /rong c>rion-l od\r ( ! purple trillium is attractive to flies & beetles1 :ile bees & butt]flies f9d ! fragrance ( ! :ite trillium m to _! lik+4 ,! root-/ock s]ves z a buri$ /ore ( food to tide ! plant ov] ! dr\ght ( late summ] & ! sev]e cold ( w9t]4 ,! well-/ock$ cell> also expla9s ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ! plant 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! six /am5s /& on close gu>d ar\nd ! pi/il1 & insects =c+ _! way to ! nect>ies are well pepp]$ ) poll54 ,cont9ue ! obs]vation "w by means ( field ex]cises su* z ! foll[+3 ,:at *ange takes place 9 ! col\r ( ! :ite trillium z x gr[s old8 ,f9d ! rip5$ se$ pods ( ! trillium1 op5 !m1 c\nt ! numb] ( *amb]s1 & exam9e ! se$s4 ,d trilliums gr[ f ! same root-/ock ye> aft] ye>8 ,z correlations1 repres5t ! trillium 9 col\r & design an embroid]y patt]n bas$ on x4 ,lessons simil> to t on ! trillium may be bas$ on add]'s tongue1 ,indian turnip1 ,dut*man's bree*es1 violet1 & clov]4 ,,adaptations ,,( ,,animals ,x is n consid]$ necess>y to g outside ! li/ ( ord9>y animals to f9d suffici5t illu/rations ( adaptations1 & x is recomm5d$ t att5tion be giv5 to ^! dur+ ! /udy ( animals prescrib$ = ! regul> ,c\rse4 ,?is may be supplem5t$ by an occasional review ( adaptive features = ! purpose ( emphasiz+ ! g5]al fitness ( animals = _! v>i$ habits & surr\nd+s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ ! attempt to expla9 /ructures by adaptation be c>ri$ to an extreme1 = x is impossible to acc\nt = all ! v>iations 9 animal =ms4 ,! foll[+ li/ conta9s a few ( ! _m examples ( adaptations to be met ) 9 ! ,c\rse prescrib$ = ,=ms ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,! horse walks & runs on ! tips ( its toes2 ?is gives great] spe$4 ,wild animals ( ! c[ & de] k9d c swall[ _! food ha/ily s t !y may retire to a safe retreat2 !re !y regurgitate ! food & *ew x4 ,! dome/icat$ animal reta9s ?is habit1 ?\gh !re is no long] a ne$ = x4 ,! wood-h>e's fur is br[n 9 summ]1 h5ce its enemies _c see x aga9/ ! br[n grass & moss2 9 w9t] its col\r is :ite1 :i*1 aga9/ ! sn[1 is a protective col\r4 ,! porcup9e is v sl[1 b its col\r & %ape make x almo/ impossible to di/+ui% f a knot on a log4 ,its quills =m an effective protection :5 x is discov]$4 ,! feet ( ! squirrel are adapt$ = climb+ & its tee? = gnaw+ wood & = op5+ nuts4 ,! tail s]ves z a balanc+ pole = leap+ f tree to tree & 9 w9t] x acts z a protection f cold4 ,! e>?worm's %ape & movem5ts are suit$ to its habits ( burr[+ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,its habits ( swall[+ ! soil fit x = burr[+ & = obta9+ its food at ! same "t4 ,_m insect l>vae1 z ! tomato worm & ! cabbage-worm1 are ( ! same col\r z ! plants on :i* !y fe$1 & ?is enables !m to escape detection by birds4 ,! l>vae ( dragon-flies & ,may-flies brea! 9 wat] by means ( gills v mu* z fi%es d1 b ! adult =ms are suit$ = brea?+ 9 air4 ,female birds are usually dull gray or mottl$1 s t _! col\rs bl5d ) _! surr\nd+s :ile !y are ne/+1 & h5ce !y d n attract ! notice ( _! enemies4 ,birds t swim h webb$ feet1 :i* act z o>s = pu%+ !m ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,_! fea!rs are compact & s(t = w>m?1 & ^! prop]ties1 toge!r ) oil on _! surfaces1 make !m wat]pro(4 ,! tongue ( ! woodpeck] is long1 spe>-%ap$1 & /icky2 h5ce x is adapt$ = cat*+ insects 9 ! holes peck$ into ! wood4 ,! tongue ( ! toad is fa/5$ at ! front end1 s t a flap c be %ot out = m ?an an in* 9 front ( ! animal1 ?us enabl+ x to cat* insects on its /icky surface4 ,! toes ( ! frog are webb$ to make !m m s]viceable 9 swimm+4 ,! tail ( ! musk-rat is /rong & broad l ! blade ( an o> & s]ves ! same purpose z an o>4 ,! tail ( ! fi% is m s]viceable = swimm+ ?an legs w\ld be4 ,,bird ,,types ,,woodpeck]s ,woodpeck]s are easily di/+ui%$ f o!r birds by _! habit ( p]*+ 9 a v]tical position on ! trunks ( trees ) ! tips ( _! tails press$ aga9/ ! b>k4 ,:ile 9 ?is position1 !y tap ^u ! tree ) _! %>p1 po9t$ beaks4 ,,! ,,d[ny ,,woodpeck] ,le>n to recognize ! smalle/ ( our woodpeck]s1 ! ,d[ny4 ,w9t] or summ] x may be f\nd among ! apple trees & %ade trees1 a t9y black & :ite bird little bigg] ?an a wr54 ,,obs]vations ,i ,:y is *eck]bo>d a good "n = ?is bird8 ,are !re any di/9ct l9es ( :ite8 ,are !re any pat*es ( r$8 ,d its movem5ts reveal en]gy or li/lessness8 ,h[ does x move up a tree trunk8 ,h[ does x move d[n a tree trunk8 ,f9d out h[ x c hold s firmly to ! trunk4 ,does x use its %>p beak z a drill or z a pick8 ,to ! tea*]4--,! d[ny is spott$ black & :ite1 ) b>r$ w+s & a :ite l9e d[n ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,a bright sc>let cr[n is ! col\r di/9ction ( ! male4 ,?is little bird is ! embodim5t ( en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,x hops nimbly up ! trunk1 tapp+ "h & !re ) its beak1 & !n li/5+ = ! movem5ts ( ! di/urb$ wood-bor]s4 ,if x wi%es to desc5d1 x wa/es no "t 9 turn+ ar\nd1 b hops backw>d d[n ! trunk1 or jumps (f & flies d[n4 ,,ii ,exam9e an apple tree ^u :i* a d[ny has be5 at "w & f9d out :at x 0 do+ !re4 ,d y f9d ! birds 9 pairs dur+ w9t]8 ,dur+ summ]8 ,di/+ui% ! male f ! female4 ,tie a beef bone ) scraps ( meat adh]+ to x to a tree4 ,:at birds come to x8 ,f9d ! ne/ ( ! d[ny & describe ! ne/ & ! eggs4 ,d ! holes made by ! d[ny injure ! trees8 ,:y %\ld ! d[ny be welcom$ 9 our or*>ds8 ,describe ! s\nds made by ! birds4 ,to ! tea*]4--,discuss ! pupils' answ]s to ! above problems 9 ! class lesson1 us+ a picture ( a woodpeck] to illu/rate ! features ( ! bird t adapt x = its habits4 ,examples3 ! /raight1 %>p beak suit$ = drill+2 ! two backw>d1 project+ toes = p]*+2 ! sp9es on ! tips ( ! tail fea!rs to act z a prop4 ,! d[ny woodpeck] is v useful 9 ! or*>d1 because x de/roys great numb]s ( l>vae ( ! tussock-mo? & o!r insects4 ,! holes made 9 ! b>k h nev] be5 f\nd to injure ! trees4 ,! ne/ is made 9 a holl[ tree1 ! entrance to x be+ almo/ p]fectly r\nd & ab\t "o & "o-qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! d[ny woodpeck] has a v unmusical voice1 b =tunately he is aw>e ( ?is defici5cy1 & 8 only attempt at music is drumm+ ) 8 beak ^u a holl[ limb or tree4 ,! hairy woodpeck]1 r$head$ woodpeck]1 flick]1 & yell[-belli$ woodpeck] 7sapsuck]7 are o!r v>ieties :i* visit ! or*>ds & are suitable = lessons simil> to ^! on ! d[ny woodpeck]4 ,!y are all b5eficial birds4 ,,flycat*]s ,memb]s common to ?is class are3 k+-bird2 h\se-phoebe1 wood-phoebe1 or pewee2 :ip-poor-w2 lea/ fly-cat*]2 giant fly-cat*]4 ,direct ! obs]vations ( ! pupils to ! foll[+ type features3 ,br[ni% or grayi% col\rs2 fr+e ( long bri/les ar\nd ! m\? 7expla9 _! use72 :i/l+ notes1 v>y+ ) ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family2 habit ( jump+ f ! p]*1 cat*+ an insect :ile on ! w+1 & return+ to ! spot f :i* ! flight began2 ne/s1 *iefly ( mud built 9 a protect$ place1 z "u a bridge1 l$ge ( rock1 or project+ log4 ,,wr5s ,! h\se wr5 may be /udi$ z a type4 ,obs]ve its br[ni% col\r1 fa9tly mottl$2 its small size & en]getic movem5ts1 its tail turn$ ne>ly v]tically upw>d4 ,obs]ve & report on o!r wr5s1 not+ any diff]5ces4 ,,cabbage-,,butt]fly ,h a plant ( wild mu/>d or a cabbage gr[+ 9 a pot4 ,9 ,june1 h ! pupils1 by means ( ! insect net1 cat* a numb] ( ! :ite butt]flies1 ! adults ( ! cabbage-worm4 ,place ! butt]flies 9 j>s or bottles & obs]ve !m4 ,make draw+s ( !m4 ,direct ! att5tion ( ! pupils to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! w+s ( ! male & ^? ( ! female4 ,! =m] has only "o d>k spot on ! front w+1 :ile ! female has two spots on ?is w+4 ,release ! males & put ! females 9 a viv>ium ) ! pott$ plant4 7,a pa/ebo>d box1 ) a l>ge piece cut out & ! op5+ cov]$ ) gauze1 makes a good sub/itute = a viv>ium 9 ?is case47 ,obs]ve ! lay+ ( ! eggs4 ,h[ _m are plac$ at "o spot8 ,h[ are ! eggs protect$8 ,! eggs may be ga!r$ f ! cabbage plants 9 ! g>d54 ,obs]ve & record ! hat*+ ( ! t9y worm1 its fe$+1 gr[?1 =m+ ( *rysalis1 developm5t into adult4 ,frequ5tly little yell[ silk5 cocoons are f\nd 9 viv>ia :]e cabbage-worms are kept2 ^! are cocoons ( a p>asite 7braconid7 t infe/s ! worm4 ,because ( ! ease ) :i* ! cabbage-butt]fly may be obta9$ & ! rapidity ( its developm5t 9 ! v>i\s /ages1 x is v suitable z a type = ! /udy ( metamorphosis4 ,! sulphur1 or puddl] 7call$ by ! latt] "n because ( its habit ( settl+ 9 gr\ps ar\nd ! edges ( ! wat] holes71 is also a suitable type4 ,! l>vae 9 ?is case mu/ be f$ on clov]4 ,,! ,,tussock-,,mo? ,beg9 ! /udy ( ?is insect 9 ,june & ,july by obs]v+ ! l>vae fe$+ on ! foliage ( ! horse-*e/nut & o!r %ade trees1 & direct att5tion to _! de/ructiv5ess4 ,9 obs]v+ ! l>vae1 note ! size1 movem5ts1 legs1 col\r1 coral r$ head1 tufts ( hair on ! back1 & ! ?ree long plumes4 ,wat* ! birds among ! trees to discov] :e!r !y eat ! l>vae4 ,( :at use are ! tufts ( hair8 ,d ! l>vae fe$ by bit+ or by suck+8 ,describe ! damage done by ! l>vae4 ,collect a numb] ( ^! l>vae & place !m 9 ! viv>ium ) "s twigs ( horse-*e/nut4 ,obs]ve ! sp9n+ ( ! cocoon &1 ab\t two weeks lat]1 look = ! em]g5ce ( ! adult mo?s4 ,obs]ve ! two k9ds ( insects4 ,describe ea*4 ,are !re any diff]5ces 9 ! cocoons f :i* !y em]ge8 ,:i* =m ( insect places ! egg mass & is !re=e ! female8 ,note ! numb] & %ape ( ! eggs & h[ !y are protect$4 ,! female mo?s h no w+s & d n move f> f ! cocoons f :i* !y em]ge1 :ile ! males h ! p[] ( flight4 ,z outdoor "w1 look = ! egg masses on trees & f5ces & devise means ( combat+ ! tussock-mo?4 ,ga!r+ & de/roy+ ! egg masses dur+ ! w9t] is f\nd to be fairly effective 9 *eck+ ^! insects4 ,s9ce ! cocoons frequ5tly conta9 p>asites t prey ^u ! l>vae1 x is advisable t only ! cocoons t h egg masses atta*$ to !m %\ld be de/roy$2 ! o!rs are h>mless & may conta9 ! useful p>asites4 ,! egg masses may be kept ov] w9t] 9 a box 9 a cool place1 & ! hat*+ ( ! t9y l>vae & _! subsequ5t rapid gr[? obs]v$4 ,,potato ,,beetle ,! eggs ( ?is beetle may be f\nd 9 e>ly summ] 9 clu/]s on ! "u surfaces ( ! leaves ( potato plants4 ,,egg4--,obs]ve ! size1 col\r1 %ape1 position1 & numb] 9 a clu/]2 appe>ance ( head f out] end aft] a week4 ,,l>va4--,obs]ve ! col\r1 %ape1 head1 legs1 voraci\s appetite1 movem5ts1 rapid gr[?1 de/ructiv5ess4 ,,pupa4--,obs]ve ! l>vae disappe> f ! plants2 a se>* und]gr\nd reveals ! re/+ /age1 or pupae4 ,aft] t5 days1 ! adult beetles em]ge4 ,,adult4--,obs]ve ! col\r1 ! h>d %ell cov]+ ! head2 ! h>d out] w+s & membrane\s inn] w+s2 ! h>d %ell on ! "u surface ( ! body2 ! feel]s1 & legs4 ,:y w spray+ ) a poison1 su* z p>is-gre51 kill ^! insects8 ,,ref]5ces ,de>ness3 ,h[ to ,tea* ! ,nature ,/udy ,c\rse ,/ories 9 ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #abd4 ,,fi% ,! ,nature ,/udy lessons mu/ be bas$ ^u obs]vations ( ! liv+ fi%1 pref]ably 9 ,may or ,june1 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,! be/ place = ?is is on ! bank ( a cle> /ream f :i* x is possible to obs]ve ! fi% 9 _! natural environm5t4 ,"h _! life activities1 _! /ruggles1 _! conque/s1 & sil5t trag$ies are enact$ be=e ! eyes ( ! obs]v]4 ,_m obs]vations may be made 9 ?is way :i* w create a life-long int]e/ 9 ^! retic5t1 yet active creatures4 ,s9ce ?is me?od ( /udy is practicable 9 b few cases1 ! /udy ( ! liv+ fi% 9 ! aqu>ium is ! be/ available sub/itute4 ,! tea*] or ! boys ( ! class c cat* a few fi% ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 l5g? & c>ry !m 9 a j> ( wat] to ! aqu>ium4 ,m9n[s1 *ub1 p]*1 catfi%1 or o!r common =ms w d4 ,,obs]vations ,i ,! g5]al %ape1 & ! suitability ( ! %ape = swimm+4 ,! surface ( ! body & ! protection x af=ds4 ,note ! scales & ! slime1 ! latt] a protection aga9/ ! gr[? ( fungi1 etc4 ,! gills--two op5+s beh9d ! flaps at ! re> ( ! head4 ,! col\rs1 & _! value 9 conceal+ ! fi%4 ,! d>k upp] surface makes x inconspicu\s f above2 ! light "u surface bl5ds ) ! %ad[ & dims x4 ,! divisions ( ! body--head1 trunk1 & tail4 ,movem5ts ( ! fi% & ! "p t ! v>i\s f9s play 9 ^! movem5ts4 ,note t ! broad tail f9 is ! mo/ useful f9 = locomotion1 ! o!rs act z balanc]s or z brakes1 or = caus+ curr5ts ( wat] ne> ! gills4 ,obs]ve ! movem5ts ( ! pair ( f9s ne>e/ ! gills1 ! movem5ts ( ! m\?1 & ! curr5ts ( wat] ent]+ ! m\? & pass+ ?r\gh ! gill slits4 ,:5 a fi% is kept 9 a v small quantity ( wat]1 obs]ve ! effect produc$ on ! movem5ts ( ! m\? & gill flaps4 ,:at are ! uses ( ^! movem5ts8 ,! pupils w ?us discov] ! nature ( ! respiration ( ! fi%4 ,:y d fi% die if _m are kept 9 a j> ( wat]8 ,,ii ,by supply+ v>i\s foods le>n :at k9ds are pref]r$4 ,f9d 9 ! actions or habits ( ! liv+ fi% evid5ces ( a s5se ( smell1 ( sight1 ( he>+1 & ( ta/e4 ,ne>ly all ! foll[+ po9ts ( detail$ /udy c be obs]v$ f ! liv+ fi%3 %ape2 size2 tongue2 tee?2 gill slits lead+ f ! m\? to ! gills2 no/rils1 numb] & position2 eyes1 abs5ce ( eyelids2 f9s1 size1 build2 ! arrangem5t ( ! scales4 ,,problems ,:y does ! fi% require a l>ge m\?8 ,h[ are ! eyes protect$8 ,comp>e ! %ape ( ! eye ) ! %ape ( ! eye ( a l& animal4 ,:y are !re no op5+s f ! surface directly into ! e>s8 ,%[ ! suitability ( ! f9s z organs ( locomotion 9 wat]4 ,,ref]5ces ,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy ,na%3 ,fi%es ( ,ont>io 7f ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 free7 ,kellogg3 ,elem5t>y ,zoology ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,=m ,,iv ,,autumn ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! regul> "w ( cultivation ( g>d5 & exp]im5tal plots %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to4 ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld be able to d all k9ds ( g>d5 "w ) a good deal ( pr(ici5cy4 ,! "w ( select+ ! be/ fl[]s = se$ production %\ld be cont9u$4 ,^! %\ld be us$ = plant+ 9 ! s*ool g>d5 & 9 home g>d5s z well4 ,?is "p ( ! "w might be left to ! girls4 ,! boys %\ld be enc\rag$ to take up ! sy/ematic selection ( se$ gra94 ,to get good se$ to />t )1 two me?ods may be us$3 #a4 ,decide ^u ! k9d ( gra9 to be select$ & *oose f "o ( ! be/ fields a hundr$ ( ! be/ heads--^? t are vigor\s1 clean1 free f ru/ or smut1 & /&+ up /raight4 ,:5 ! heads are dri$ a little1 %ell ! gra9 (f !m & pres]ve x 9 a j> 9 a cold1 dry place until spr+4 #b4 ,take a qu>t ( oats & pick x c>efully1 keep+ only ! l>ge/ & mo/ plump k]nels4 ,keep ?is = spr+ plant+4 ,at ! same "t1 a sample ( ! poor] gra9s %\ld be kept = comp>ison4 ,a regul> sy/em ( selection %\ld be foll[$ f ye> to ye>1 tak+ en\gh ( ! l>ge/1 brighte/1 & mo/ compact heads f ! plot ea* autumn to s[ a plot ( equal size ! next spr+4 ,aft] ! selection ( heads has be5 made1 ! rema9d] ( ! crop may be h>ve/$1 & ! gra9 f ?is kn[n z g5]al crop f h&-select$ se$ ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird ye>1 etc4 ,if ! value p] acre is requir$1 ! plots %\ld be made ( a c]ta9 size easy to compute1 su* z "o rod squ>e or "o rod by two rods4 7#aj-a_/b ft4 by #ba ft4 is ab\t #a_/bjj acre47 ,samples ( ea* crop %\ld be kept 9 uni=m bottles & labell$2 = example--,f select$ heads ( #aiaa4 ,! yield p] acre 9 ! plot f :i* ! select$ heads came %\ld also be not$4 ,^! w be int]e/+ = purposes ( comp>ison & = te/+ duration ( vitality lat]4 ,if ! same am\nt ( gra9 is us$ 9 plant+ a plot ea* "t1 ! *ange 9 bu%els p] acre may be asc]ta9$ & also 9 p\nds p] bu%el4 ,"s ( ! boys 9 ?is ,=m may wi% to cont9ue ?is "w ( improvem5t by selection &1 if s1 !y %\ld communicate ) ! ,secret>y ( ! ,canadian ,se$ ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,canadian ,build+1 ,ottawa1 & receive full in/ructions to enable !m to c>ry on _! "w practically z well z sci5tifically4 ,,h]bace\s ,,p]5nials ,,f ,,se$ ,! tea*] %\ld enc\rage ! gr[+ ( h]bace\s p]5nials = ! purpose ( beautify+ ! s*ool gr\nds4 ,_m plants may be />t$ f se$ at ! s*ool & giv5 to ! pupils = home plant+4 ,^! plants require b little att5tion & provide excell5t bloom 9 g>d5s & home gr\nds f e>ly 9 spr+ be=e annuals are 9 bloom1 on into ! autumn4 ,a li/ ( ! be/ v>ieties w be f\nd 9 ,circul> #ac1 on ,elem5t>y ,agriculture & ,horticulture1 a copy ( :i* %\ld be 9 e s*ool4 ,! se$ plot %\ld be f]tiliz$ & prep>$ 9 ! usual way1 & ! se$s plant$ be=e ! fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,!y may be />t$ 9 ,june also1 9 :i* case !y make m gr[? be=e w9t]4 ,! plot %\ld be well f]tiliz$ ) ?or\ghly rott$ manure &1 if ! soil is v dry1 ! plot %\ld be well wat]$ ! day be=e ! se$s are plant$4 ,! se$s are usually q small & %\ld be cov]$ v lightly4 ,! plot %\ld be protect$ f ! hot sun by means ( *eese-clo? tack$ on a frame4 ,! plants %\ld be wat]$ twice a week 9 dry wea!r4 ,9 ! late autumn1 :5 ! gr\nd freezes1 ! plot %\ld be cov]$ ) leaves or /raw & "s bo>ds1 :i* %\ld be remov$ :5 ! fro/ comes out 9 ! spr+4 ,,decidu\s ,,trees ,be=e ! pupils ( ?is ,=m leave s*ool !y %\ld be able to recognize1 by "n z well z by sight1 all ( ! species ( trees f\nd 9 _! vic9ity4 ,to ?is end ! tea*] %\ld help !m to prep>e an inv5tory ( species ( trees1 %rubs1 & v9es ( ! vic9ity4 ,!y %\ld le>n to di/+ui% ! diff]5t species ( maples1 elms1 bir*es1 etc4 ,a nam$ collection ( leaves helps mat]ially 9 do+ ?is4 ,! influ5ce ( environm5t ^u ! gr[? & %ape ( trees & h[ trees adapt !mselves to ! conditions 9 :i* !y live is a mo/ int]e/+ & pr(itable /udy1 dem&+ c>eful obs]vation1 reflection1 & judgm5t4 ,,ref]5ces ,muldrew3 ,sylvan ,ont>io4 ,briggs4 ,keel]3 ,our ,native ,trees4 ,scribn]s' ,sons4 #b4jj4 ,,trees ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,_! ,,environm5t ,consid] ! influ5ces at "w & _! effect "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,subsoil4--,x may be gravelly1 pure s&1 s&y loam1 clay or clay loam1 muck or humus1 %all[ or rocky1 & ! subsoil may be s&1 clay or h>d clay ) /ones 7h>d-pan74 ,notice :at species are mo/ common 9 ea* k9d ( soil4 #b4 ,,wat] ,,supply4--,:at species are f\nd naturally 9 moi/ rav9es or along ! m>g9s ( riv]s & lakes1 9 bogs or swamps1 on dry1 s&y pla9s1 or rocky hillsides4 ,consid] also ! ra9fall4 #c4 ,,exposure ,,to ,,sunlight4--,acc\nt = ! lack ( symmetry 9 ! %apes ( trees4 ,bran*es gr[ only :]e _! leaves c get ! light4 ,acc\nt = ! pi? 9 _m tree /ems n be+ 9 ! geometric c5tre4 ,acc\nt = ! rapid gr[? 9 height made by "y trees 9 ! woods4 ,_! light supply is *iefly f above1 & !y /ret* up t[>d x z rapidly z possible4 ,dim light causes rapid gr[? at ! exp5se1 h[ev]1 ( /r5g? ( tissue1 b z ^! "y trees are protect$ 9 ! woods f ! /ra9 ( w9d /orms1 _! slimness & lack ( t\ghness is a b5efit r ?an a h9drance to !m4 ,also1 ! limbs ne> ! gr\nd die (f :ile ! trees are /ill "y & small1 giv+ u ! cle> timb] tree1 free f l>ge knots1 tall & /raight4 ,make fur!r application ( ?is pr9ciple ( light 9 relation to ! plant+ ( trees = %ade & = wood or lumb]4 ,acc\nt = ! l>ge size ( ! leaves ( "y trees 9 ! dimly light$ woods z comp>$ ) ! leaves ( old] trees4 ,! pr9ciple ( rapid gr[? 9 dim light is se5 "h also4 ,x w be notic$ t ! l>ge leaves ( ! "y trees are m ?91 s(t1 & flexible4 #d4 ,,w9d4--,obs]ve ! tops ( tall trees t h always be5 expos$ to a /rong prevail+ w9d z1 = in/ance1 ^? gr[+ on ! tops ( hills or ! ea/]n %ore ( a lake :i* has a prevail+ we/ w9d4 ,! tops lean 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! prevail+ w9d bl[s4 ,does /rong w9d help or h9d] ! gr[? ( a tree8 ,examples ( /unt$ trees on w9d swept hills or %ores readily %[ ?is4 ,x w be se5 also t ! high] bran*es are poore/ on ! side mo/ expos$ to ! w9d4 #e4 ,,suitability ,,( ,,! ,,species ,,to ,,! ,,climate4--,obs]ve t "s trees reta9 _! leaves mu* lat] 9 ! autumn ?an d o!rs4 ,! bee*1 hickory1 r$ oak1 & *e/nut are good examples4 ,^! are on ! nor!rn extreme ( _! t]ritory ( gr[?4 ,! tree be/ suit$ to a rigor\s climate is ! "o t f9i%es its "w e>ly 9 ! autumn & has all its tissues well matur$ be=e cold wea!r sets 94 ,examples3 maple1 elm1 bir*1 & will[4 ,,fruits ,,excursion ,,to ,a ,,well-,,kept ,,or*>d ,if ! tea*] c arrange to take ! pupils to see a well-kept or*>d ab\t ! "t ( ! apple h>ve/1 x w help to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( fruits4 ,! trees1 z well z ! fruit1 frequ5tly %[ di/+ui%+ m>ks :]eby !y may be id5tifi$4 ,h ! pupils notice ! foll[+ po9ts3 g5]al %ape ( tree1 col\r ( b>k1 %ape ( leaf1 me?od ( cultivation1 f]tiliz+1 prun+ & graft+1 spray+ & its ne$1 or*>d pe/s1 me?od ( pick+ & pack+ apples 9 b>rels & boxes = m>ket4 ,,small ,,fruits ,/udy ! me?od ( propagat+ /rawb]ries & su* bu% fruits z currants1 gooseb]ries1 raspb]ries1 & blackb]ries4 ,reports issu$ f ! ,fruit ,division ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,ottawa give in=mation reg>d+ ! be/ v>ieties suitable = diff]5t p>ts ( ,ont>io & ,quebec4 ,h ! pupils try propagat+ /rawb]ries by tak+ ! /olons or runn]s2 currants & gooseb]ries1 by means ( lay]s or /em cutt+s2 & raspb]ries or blackb]ries1 by root cutt+s or ! deta*+ ( root %oots or suck]s4 ,/em & root cutt+s1 :5 tak5 9 ! autumn1 may be plant$ at once or may be /or$ 9 damp moss or s& 9 a cold cell> ov] w9t]4 ,/em cutt+s %\ld be ab\t ! size & l5g? ( a lead-p5cil & root cutt+s ab\t half t size4 ,,autumn ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,obs]vations made ) g>d5 fl[]s %\ld be supplem5t$ by obs]vation lessons on a few select$ wild fl[]s ( ! woods1 fields1 & roadsides4 ,al?\gh ! spr+ mon?s af=d a mu* great] v>iety ( wild fl[]s ?an d ! autumn mon?s1 !y d n af=d q z good an opportunity = f9d+ & /udy+ !m4 ,! woods & fields are dri] & m easily rea*$ 9 ! autumn & ! fall fl[]s la/ mu* long]4 ,"s ( ! species se5 bloom+ 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] are n[ 9 fruit & scatt]+ _! se$1 s t ! pupils h a *ance to foll[ out ! :ole life hi/ory ( a few *os5 species4 ,! pupils 9 ?is ,=m might select = special /udy ! milkwe$1 worm-se$ mu/>d1 wild a/]1 & gold5rod4 ,^! %\ld be obs]v$ out-(-doors1 pref]ably1 b suitable class-room lessons may be taught by us+ simil> matt]4 ,,milkwe$ ,tak+ ! milkwe$ z a type1 ! foll[+ po9ts are to be consid]$3 ,! k9d ( soil1 :]e f\nd1 & :e!r 9 sun or %ade4 ,try to pull up a small-siz$ plant4 ,dig "o up & notice ! und]gr\nd "p4 ,note ! size ( ! l>ge/ plant se51 also ! size ( ! leaves1 & h[ !y are arrang$ to prev5t ov]%ad[+4 ,break (f a leaf & note ! :ite /icky juice1 :5ce ! "n milkwe$4 ,discuss ?is milk z a protection to ! plant4 ,note "t ( fir/ & la/ fl[]+ ( ! plant & ! col\r & od\r ( ! fl[]s4 ,wat* insects ga!r+ honey on a bright day4 ,note ! little sacks ( poll5 t cl+ to _! feet4 ,!y sometimes get _! feet caught 9 little slits 9 ! fl[] & p]i%4 ,aft] ! fl[]s disappe>1 note ! =m+ ( ! little boat-%ap$ pods 9 pairs4 ,select "o t is ripe & notice t x bur/s along "o side :i* is mo/ protect$4 ,op5 a pod c>efully & notice h[ beautifully ! flat1 br[n se$s are arrang$ 9 ov]lapp+ r[s & h[ ea* se$ has a l>ge tuft ( silky d[n t s]ves to c>ry x f> away 9 ! w9d4 ,?is silk-l d[n is sometimes us$ to /uff cu%ions1 & because ( x ! plant is sometimes call$ silk we$4 ,"o species ( butt]fly 9 p>ticul> fe$s ^u ?is plant--! mon>*1 or milkwe$1 butt]fly4 ,?is is "o ( ! few butt]flies t birds d n eat4 ,x is protect$ by a di/a/eful fluid4 ,look on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( sev]al plants until y f9d a pretty1 pale gre5 cocoon ) gold5 dots1 hang+ by a ?read-l atta*m5t4 ,e>ly 9 ! season ! l>vae may be f\nd fe$+ on ! leaves4 ,?is plant is tr\blesome 9 "s fields & g>d5s & s is class$ z a we$4 ,:5 ! /ems come up 9 ! spr+1 !y are s(t & t5d] & are sometimes us$ z pot h]bs4 ,,correlations ,draw a leaf1 a fl[]1 a pair ( pods1 & a se$ ) its tuft4 ,write an acc\nt ( a visit to ! woods to /udy wild fl[]s4 ,,trees ,a /udy ( ! p9es ( ! locality may be comm5c$ 9 ,novemb]1 aft] ! decidu\s trees h lo/ _! leaves & h ent]$ _! quiesc5t w9t] p]iod4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ! ev]gre5s /& out prom95tly on ! l&scape1 9 %>p contra/ ) ! o!r trees t h be5 /ripp$ ( _! broad leaves & n[ look b>e & lifeless4 ,if no p9es are to be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 c$> or hemlock may be sub/itut$4 ,! lessons %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be obs]vational4 ,! pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to make obs]vations = !mselves out ( s*ool4 ,at lea/ "o lesson %\ld be conduct$ out-(-doors1 a suitable p9e tree hav+ be5 select$ be=eh& = ! purpose4 ,! foll[+ me?od w s]ve z a guide 9 ! outdoor /udy ( any species ( tree3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,p9e ,h ! pupils obs]ve ! %ape & height ( ! tree f a di/ance & trace ! outl9e ) ! f+]4 ,comp>e ! %ape ( ?is tree ) o!rs ne> by ( ! same species & !n ) memb]s ( o!r species4 ,h ! pupils describe 9 :at p>ticul>s ! %apes diff] 9 diff]5t trees4 ,!y w come to realize t ! diff]5ce 9 %ape results f diff]5ces 9 l5g?1 direction1 & arrangem5t ( bran*es4 ,!y may notice t o!r ev]gre5s resemble ! p9e 9 t ! /ems are all /raight & ext5d z a gradually tap]+ %aft f ! bottom to ! top1 t all h a m or less conical %ape1 & t ! bran*es gr[ /raight out f ! ma9 /em & n slant+ (f z 9 ! case ( ! maples & elms4 ,com+ close to ! tree1 ! pupils may fir/ exam9e ! trunk4 ,by us+ a /r+ or tape-l9e1 !y may f9d out h[ big x is ar\nd & ! l5g? ( ! diamet]4 ,tell !m h[ big "s ev]gre5s are 7! giant trees ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ are sometimes ov] =ty feet ar\nd74 ,h !m notice :]e ! trunk is l>ge/1 & let !m f9d out :y a tree ne$s to be s /rong at ! gr\nd4 ,heavy w9d puts a great /ra9 on x j at ?is po9t4 ,illu/rate by driv+ a long slat or la? into ! gr\nd firmly3 !n cat*+ x by ! top1 pu% x ov]1 & x w break (f j at ! gr\nd4 ,if a little p9e tree c\ld be tak5 up1 ! pupils w\ld be int]e/$ 9 see+ :at long1 /rong1 fibr\s roots ! p9e has4 ,let !m exam9e ! b>k ( ! trunk & describe its col\r & r\ghness4 ,! fissures 9 ! b>k1 :i* are caus$ by ! enl>g+ ( ! tree ?r\gh ! =mation ( new wood "u ! b>k1 are deep] at ! bottom ( ! tree ?an at ! top--! tree be+ y\ng] & ! b>k ?9n]1 ! ne>] to ! top we g4 ,h[ old is ! v top1 d[n to ! fir/ :orl ( bran*es8 ,h[ old is ! /em betwe5 ! fir/ & second :orls8 ,betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r?8 ,let ! pupils f9d out 9 ?is way ! age ( a little p9e t is regul> & unbrok54 ,! :orls ( bran*es ne> ! gr\nd are usually small & dead 9 "y trees & 9 old trees h completely disappe>$4 ,relate ! size ( ! trunk to its age1 & also relate ! size & l5g? ( ! bran*es to _! age4 ,:]e are ! y\nge/ bran*es & h[ old are !y8 ,:at bran*es are olde/8 ,notice h[ ! bran* is noticeably l>g] j :]e x jo9s ! trunk1 z ?is is ! po9t ( greate/ /ra94 ,are ! bran*es ! same l5g? on all sides ( ! trunk8 ,if n1 f9d "o :]e bran*es are %ort] on "o side ?an on ! o!r & try to discov] ! cause4 ,usually1 if o!r trees are ne> en\gh to %ade a c]ta9 tree1 ! bran*es are %ort] & small] on ! %ad$ side4 ,let ! pupils look up into ! tree f b5ea? & !n g a little di/ance away & look at x4 ,!y w notice h[ b>e ! bran*es are on ! inside1 & ! tea*] w probably h to expla9 :y ?is is s4 ,!y w discov] t ! leaves are ne>ly all out t[>d ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! leaves get light !re :ile ! c5tre ( ! tree top is %ad$1 & ! great "q t e tree mu/ try to solve is h[ to get mo/ light = its leaves4 ,! pupils w n[ see an additional reason :y ! l[] limbs %\ld be long] ?an ! upp] ones4 ,! great] l5g? ( ! l[] limbs br+s ! leaves out into ! sunlight4 ,:y ?is tree is call$ an ev]gre5 may n[ be consid]$4 ,:y x reta9s its leaves all w9t] is a problem = m advanc$ classes1 b if ! "q is ask$1 ! tea*] may get ov] ! difficulty by expla9+ to ! class t ! leaves are s small & yet s h>dy t w9d & fro/ & sn[ d n injure !m4 ,! pupils may ea* br+ a small bran* ( twig back to ! s*ool-room1 if ! :ite p9e is gr[+ commonly ab\t1 o!rwise ! tea*] may provide himself ) a bran* ^u :i* to base ano!r obs]vation lesson 9 ! class-room4 ,if ! tree has cones on x1 an ef=t %\ld be made to get a few1 z !y w also be consid]$ 9 a subsequ5t class-room lesson4 ,if ! cones h n yet op5$ :5 !y are pick$1 s mu* ! bett]1 z !y w soon op5 9 a w>m room1 & ! pupils w be able to exam9e ! se$s & notice h[ !y :irl ?r\gh ! air 9 fall+4 ,if possible1 let ! pupils h an opportunity ( see+ p9e trees gr[+ 9 ! woods z well z 9 ! op54 ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,class-,,room ,,lesson ,,on ,,! ,,:ite ,,p9e ,inf]5ces4--,if possible1 ea* pupil is suppli$ ) a small bran* ( ! :ite p9e & ! tea*] ) a l>g] bran* :i* c easily be se5 by all ! pupils4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! specim5s1 give ! pupils a *ance to tell :at !y n[ "k ab\t ! :ite p9e1 & ?us review ! lesson tak5 out-(-doors4 ,!n ask a few que/ions be>+ ^u _! own obs]vations1 su* z3 ,:at 0 ! soil l :]e y f\nd ! p9e tree gr[+8 7,!y are f\nd mo/ commonly on light1 s&y soil47 ,did y notice any diff]5ce betwe5 ! %apes ( ! p9es 9 ! deep woods & ! p9es 9 ! op5 fields8 ,did y notice any dead limbs on ^? 9 ! woods8 ,:y did !y die8 ,! pupils may conclude t bran*es ^: leaves _c get ! sunlight mu/ die4 ,%[ t ?is causes knots 9 ! lumb] & exhibit samples4 ,?is expla9s also :y ! trees ( ! =e/ h su* tall /ems )\t bran*es = a long di/ance up f ! gr\nd4 ,!y get ! light only f above & seem to /rive ) ! surr\nd+ trees to rea* x4 ,if we want trees to gr[ tall1 h[ %\ld we plant !m8 7,close toge!r7 ,:at w\ld su* trees be good =8 7,mak+ timb] or lumb]7 ,if we want trees to gr[ l[ & h ?ick & bu%y tops1 h[ %\ld we plant !m8 7,f> ap>t7 ,:at w\ld su* trees be good =8 7,_! %ade & _! beauty7 ,good %ade trees %\ld be ?irty to =ty feet ap>t4 ,ask ! pupils if !y h ev] be5 ne> a p9e tree :5 a g5tle breeze 0 bl[+1 & h !m tell ! cause ( ! s\nd t !y he>d4 ,!y may decide t ! %ape & size ( ! leaves caus$ ! s\nd :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ ?r\gh ! tree top4 ,h !m exam9e ! bran*es 9 ord] to discov] ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,,leaves4--,^! are 9 bun*es ( five1 two to ?ree in*es long1 ?ree-corn]$1 & ) little tee? po9t+ t[>d ! tip1 light gre5 ne> ! tip ( ! b\gh 7"y leaves7 & d>k] fur!r d[n 7old] leaves72 age ( a leaf ! same z ! age ( ! wood x gr[s on1 !re=e "s leaves are "o ye>1 "s two1 & a few ?ree ye>s old4 ,no leaves on f\r-ye>-old wood1 !re=e ! leaves fall (f ! :ite p9e ! ?ird ye>4 ,ask pupils to try to f9d out by obs]vation :5 ! leaves fall (f ! p9es4 ,note ! fragrance ( ! leaves1 & t !y are sometimes put into p9e cu%ions1 also1 h[ slipp]y !y are to walk on4 ,,buds4--,^! are f\nd at ! tips ( ! bran*es1 "o l>ge "o 9 ! c5tre & sev]al small] ones gr\p$ ar\nd x4 ,note _! r$di%-br[n col\r & t !y are made up ( scales ov]lapp+ & cov]$ ) gum :i* keeps out ! ra91 ?us protect+ ! little gr[+ tip inside4 ,:5 buds gr[1 !y become little twigs ) leaves on4 ,f9d :]e ! buds 7 a ye> ago4 ,notice ! light col\r ( ! twigs t gr[ dur+ ! pres5t season & ! d>k] col\r ( ! twigs ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,:]e 7 ! buds two ye>s ago8 ,:at did ! c5tre bud become8 7,a cont9uation ( ! /em7 ,:at did ! o!r buds1 call$ lat]al buds1 become8 7,new bran*es7 ,comp>e ! gr[? made 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,notice also h[ :ite ! wood ( ! twigs is--! probable reason = call+ x :ite p9e4 ,,cones4--,note ! l5g? & %ape ( ! cones & h[ ! se$s are plac$ 9 !m inside ! l>ge scales4 ,get "s ( ! se$s & note ! w+-l atta*m5t4 ,take ! w+ (f a se$ & drop x f a height at ! same in/ant ) "o t has its w+ atta*$4 ,note ! :irl+ motion & inf] :at purpose ! w+ s]ves 9 scatt]+ se$4 ,ta/e ! k]nel ( a p9e se$ & discov] :y squirrels are fond ( !m4 ,burn a p9e cone4 ,f9d out :at birds l to live 9 ?is tree4 ,:at has be5 notic$ ab\t !m & _! ne/s8 ,h ! pupils keep ! se$s until ! foll[+ spr+ by putt+ !m 9 a box ( dry s& & sett+ !m 9 a cold place4 ,!y %\ld !n plant !m 9 a corn] :]e !y c be p>tly %ad$ :5 ! sun is bright4 ,plant !m ab\t half an in* deep & keep !m wat]$ if ! wea!r is dry dur+ ! fir/ summ]4 ,,note4--,! cones drop _! se$s f high up 9 ! tree s t ! w9d c c>ry ! se$s long di/ances4 ,! cones usually /ay on ! trees = a c\ple ( ye>s aft] !y lose _! se$s4 ,,correlations ,draw a p9e tree1 a bun* ( p9e ne$les1 a p9e cone1 & a p9e se$4 ,write a description ( a p9e tree se5 9 ! woods2 also ( "o f\nd 9 ! op54 ,write a li/ ( ?+s = :i* ! :ite p9e is useful4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! w9t] mon?s1 besides af=d+ an opportunity = see+ trees & plants 9 _! dormant or quiesc5t condition1 also af=d an opportunity = read+ & reflection1 = recall+ obs]vations & exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ season1 & = mak+ plans = "w & /udy 9 ! s*ool g>d51 woods1 & fields :5 spr+ returns4 ,! k ga9$ by ! pupils ?r\gh fir/-h& obs]vation ( trees1 fl[]s1 & g>d5s c be greatly ext5d$ by pictures & /ories descriptive ( ^!1 :i* ! tea*] may f "t to "t br+ to ! s*ool-room4 ,_! p]sonal exp]i5ces w be ! basis = int]pretation ( _m new ?+s :i* w come up 9 ! read+ lessons1 9 selections :i* ! tea*] reads f week to week1 & 9 books & pap]s :i* !y !mselves read 9 _! homes4 ,?us ! int]e/ t is ar\s$ by ! fir/-h& /udies ( plants 9 g>d51 or*>d1 or woodl& w be c>ri$ ov] f autumn to spr+1 & ! pupils1 ) ! awak5+ ( spr+1 w take up anew ! /udy ( plant life ) a ke5] int]e/ because ( ! "t giv5 to read+ & reflection dur+ ! w9t]4 ,illu/rat$ magaz9es deal+ ) g>d5+ & ) ! /udy ( trees & plants1 & su* magaz9es z h a *ildr5's dep>tm5t1 w prove ( great assi/ance to ! tea*] :o makes any s]i\s attempt to int]e/ pupils 9 plant /udies4 ,/ories ( life 9 ! woods & ( plant /udies suitable to "y pupils %\ld be us$4 ,,ref]5ces ,m>g>et ,morley3 ,fl[]s & _! ,fri5ds4 ,g9n ,co4 #ej c5ts4 ,m>g>et ,morley3 ,se$ ,babies4 ,g9n ,co4 #be c5ts4 ,m>g>et ,morley3 ,little ,w&]]s4 ,g9n ,co4 #cj c5ts4 ,alice ,l\nsb]ry3 ,! ,g>d5 ,book = ,"y ,p4 ,/okes4 #a4ej4 ,g]trude ,/one3 ,trees 9 ,prose & ,poetry4 ,g9n ,co4 #de c5ts4 ,,comp>ative ,,lesson ,,on ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,w9t] ,,apples ,,k+1 ,,baldw91 ,,nor!rn ,,spy ,discuss ! names1 keep+ & cook+ qualities ( ! apples1 & be>+ qualities ( ! trees4 ,provide ea* memb] ( ! class ) a typical repres5tative ( ea* ( ! above v>ieties ( apples4 ,comp>e ! ?ree apples z to size1 =m1 col\r--includ+ m>ks2 h>dness1 l5g?1 & ?ickness ( /em2 dep? ( cavity at ! /em end2 dep? & %ape ( ! cavity at ! calyx end4 ,split ea* apple f /em to calyx & comp>e z to ! ?ickness & t\ghness ( ! sk91 ! col\r ( ! fle%1 ! size ( ! core1 ta/e & juic9ess ( ! fle%4 ,to ! tea*]4--,all ?ree are apples ( fair size1 ! ,baldw9 be+ on ! av]age ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree4 ,all ?ree are r\ndi%1 b ! ,k+ is some:at oval-r\nd1 & ! ,spy1 conical-r\nd4 ,! ,baldw9 has a yell[i% sk9 ) crimson & r$ spla%es dott$ ) russet spots4 ,! ,k+ is r$di%1 %ad+ to d>k crimson4 ,! ,spy has a yell[i%-gre5 sk9 spr9kl$ ) p9k & /rip$ ) r$4 ,! beautiful col\rs make all ^! apples v popul> 9 ! m>kets ( ,am]ican cities & 9 ^? ( ! ,briti% ,isles2 b ! s(t & easily damag$ sk9 ( ! ,spy makes x ! lea/ desirable z an apple = export4 ,all keep well & 9 cool cell>s rema9 9 good condition until ,april4 ,!y may be kept mu* long] 9 cold /orage *amb]s1 :]e ! temp]ature is uni=mly ne> ! freez+ po9t ( ! apple4 ,! ,baldw9 apple tree is reasonably h>dy )9 ! ord9>y range = apple trees1 & its yield is a satisfactory av]age4 ,! ,k+ apple tree is n a h>dy tree1 nor is x a satisfactory be>] except 9 ! be/ apple di/ricts4 ,! ,spy is a fairly h>dy tree & ?rives & yields well ?r\gh\t a wide range2 b x does n beg9 to be> until x is ab\t fifte5 ye>s old4 ,a comp>ative lesson may also be bas$ on select$ v>ieties ( autumn apples1 su* z ,fameuse1 ,mc,intosh ,r$1 ,weal?y1 ,grav5/e91 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,,codl+ ,,mo? ,beg9 ! /udy ( ! codl+ mo? 9 ,augu/ by exam9+ wormy apples4 ,f9d out1 by ask+ ! pupils1 :i* or*>ds ( ! locality _h be5 spray$ 9 ! spr+4 ,ask ! pupils to c\nt out at r&om "o hundr$ apples & to select f ^! ! numb] t are wormy4 ,:at p]c5tage ( ! apples are wormy8 ,comp>e ! p]c5tage ( wormy apples 9 unspray$1 ) t 9 spray$1 or*>ds4 ,! results w af=d evid5ce ( ! b5efit ( spray+4 ,f9d out1 if possible1 ! dates on :i*1 & ! conditions "u :i*1 ! spray+ ( ! or*>ds ) ! lea/ numb] ( wormy apples 0 done4 ,ask ! pupils to br+ to ! s*ool-room a numb] ( wormy apples4 ,h ! pupils cut ^! op5 & note ! nature & position ( ! hole1 or burr[1 & ! am\nt ( damage done to ! apples4 ,h ! pupils obs]ve ! l>va & note ! size1 col\r1 %ape1 & numb] ( legs4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! apple maggot is a less common insect l>va & may be di/+ui%$ f ! l>va ( ! codl+ mo? by ! fact t ! =m] has no legs & has ! habit ( burr[+ 9 all directions ?r\gh ! pulp ( ! apple1 :ile ! l>va ( ! codl+ mo? works almo/ entirely 9 ! core4 ,! cocoon & pupa phase ( ?is insect may be obta9$ by keep+ ! wormy apples 9 a box conta9+ loose pap] on :i* ! cocoons w be plac$1 or by se>*+ "u ! b>k scales ( apple trees 9 ,octob]4 ,describe ! cocoons4 ,op5 "s ( !m & describe ! cont5ts4 ,keep ! rema9+ cocoons 9 a box or viv>ium 9 a cool place dur+ ! w9t]4 ,:at birds are se5 tapp+ at ! b>k scales ( ! apple trees dur+ w9t]8 ,exam9e ! b>k scales :5 a d[ny woodpeck] has be5 at "w & note t ! cocoons h be5 de/roy$4 ,%\ld we enc\rage ! visits ( woodpeck]s to ! or*>ds8 ,by hang+ up a beef bone 9 ! or*>d1 v>i\s birds1 includ+ woodpeck]s1 w be induc$ to visit & p]haps to make _! homes 9 ! or*>d4 ,,ref]5ces ,common ,insects ,affect+ ,fruit ,trees1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aeh1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,p>liam5t ,build+s1 ,toronto4 ,bullet9s ,nos4 #aeh & #aga1 ,ont>io ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 deal ) _m insect pe/s & _! rem$ies4 ,9 ,may look = ! adult mo?s z !y em]ge f ! cocoons4 ,obs]ve ! col\r1 size1 %ape1 & ! bright copp]-col\r$ horse-%oe on ! front w+--! br& ( ! codl+ mo?4 ,exam9e ! little apples :5 ! blossoms are fall+4 ,note ! t9y1 flat1 oval-%ap$ egg at v>i\s places on ! surfaces ( ! apples & a few days lat] ! t9y worm :i* em]ges f ! egg4 ,?is soon eats its way into ! apple1 ent]+ usually at ! calyx end4 ,if spray+ is done aft] ! petals h fall5 & j be=e ! calyx end closes up1 a drop ( poison is inclos$1 & :5 ! l>va ent]s x & beg9s eat+ its way into ! apple1 x gets ! poison4 ,,"s ,,common ,,animal ,,=ms ,brief lessons %\ld be giv5 on "s ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 = ! purpose ( broad5+ ! int]e/s ( ! pupils4 ,! foll[+ are sugge/$ z types3 snail1 spid]1 fre%wat] mussel 7clam71 crayfi% 7crab71 c5tip$1 millip$1 salam&]1 & wood-l\se4 ,^! are common animal =ms1 mo/ ( :i* are frequ5tly se5 by ! pupils1 b seldom are _! int]e/+ life habits or _! places 9 ! animal k+dom recogniz$4 ,! salam&] is to _m pupils a liz>d ( ! mo/ poison\s k9d2 c5tip$s & millip$s are worms1 & !y d n recognize t ! clam is an animal ) s5sibilities & in/9cts4 ,,ref]5ces ,kellogg3 ,elem5t>y ,zoology ,silcox & ,/ev5son3 ,mod]n ,nature ,/udy ,,c5tip$s ,,& ,,millip$s ,"u /ones & /icks 9 moi/ soil are to be f\nd two worm-l =ms1 bo? hav+ _m legs4 ,"o ( ^! animals is flat1 ab\t an in* long1 br[n 9 col\r1 & provid$ ) a pair ( long feel]s4 ,on ea* division ( ! body is a s+le pair ( legs4 ,?is is ! c5tip$4 ,! o!r animal is m cyl9drical 9 %ape & has two pairs ( legs on ea* division ( ! body4 ,its col\r is a d>k] br[n ?an t ( ! c5tip$1 & x has a habit ( coil+ into a spiral %ape1 :5 di/urb$1 s t ! s(t "u surface is conceal$4 ,?is is ! millip$4 ,bo? ( ^! animals are q h>mless & fe$ on decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,!y /& midway betwe5 worms & insects 9 =ms & habits4 ,a brief obs]vation lesson on ea* animal1 involv+ _! movem5ts & ! /ructural features nam$ above1 w enable ! pupils to id5tify !m & to appreciate _! position 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,,salam&]s1 ,,or ,,newts ,"s =ms ( ^! are f\nd 9 wat]1 z 9 /reams1 ponds1 & dit*es1 :ile o!r =ms are f\nd on l&1 :]e !y hide "u /ones & /icks4 ,!y are commonly mi/ak5 = liz>ds1 :i* !y closely resemble 9 %ape2 b ! two animals may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! surface ( ! body ( a salam&] is smoo?1 :ile t ( a liz>d is cov]$ ) scales4 ,! small r$ or copp]-col\r$ newts are ! mo/ common 9 ,ont>io & are frequ5tly f\nd on roads aft] heavy ra9s4 ,! tig] salam&]s are l>g] ?an ! r$ newts & are m>k$ ) orange & black spots1 h5ce ! "n tig]4 ,_m p believe ?is species to be especially v5om\s1 :ile 9 reality x is q h>mless &1 l ! o!r salam&]s1 is useful = de/roy+ insects & small snails1 :i* =m ! great] "p ( its food4 ,to ! tea*]4--,! sup]/ition ( ! salam&]'s p[] to ext+ui% a fire into :i* x is ?r[n /ill exi/s4 ,! e>ly life ( ! salam&] is sp5t 9 wat]1 ! "y =m be+ v mu* l a tadpole4 ,! salam&]s are close relatives ( ! frogs & toads & may be kept 9 a j> or viv>ium 9 wet moss or grass4 ,! pupils %\ld le>n to recognize ! animals & %\ld be in/ruct$ z to _! habits4 ,,spid]s ,problems 9 obs]vation4--,9 h[ _m places c y f9d spid]s' webs8 ,h[ _m =ms ( spid]s' webs c y f9d8 ,are ! _m webs t are f\nd on ! mead[ grass 9 ! dewy morn+s ! homes ( spid]s8 ,if s1 describe :]e ! spid]s live4 7,at ! bottom ( tunnels t run into ! gr\nd47 ,:at uses d spid]s make ( _! webs8 7,trapp+ prey1 support+ egg cases1 protection1 & means ( mov+1 z 9 ! case ( cobweb spid]s47 ,drop a fly ^u a spid]'s web & obs]ve ! action ( ! spid]4 ,se>* "u ! webs ( spid]s 9 attics & %$s & le>n1 f ! skeletons f\nd !re1 :at ! spid] fe$s ^u4 ,x w be f\nd t flies1 beetles1 & o!r spid]s are kill$ by ?is mon/]4 ,wat* a spid] sp9n+ its web & f9d out :at p>ts ( ! body are us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x w be se5 t ! ?reads are produc$ f little tubes at ! re> end ( ! animal & are plac$ & fa/5$ by means ( ! feet4 ,exam9e1 by ! aid ( a h& l5s1 ! feet & head ( ! spid]4 ,note ! bru%es & combs on ! =m]4 ,note1 on ! latt]1 ! f\r1 six1 or eight eyes 7! numb] & arrangem5t v>y71 & ! %ort poison claws at ! front ( ! head4 ,h[ are ! poison claws adapt$ = seiz+ & pi]c+8 ,note ! %>p hooks at ! l[] ends4 ,,bird ,,/udies ,cont9ue ! lessons 9 bird id5tification & 9 bird types1 us+ ! me?ods outl9$ = ^! /udies 9 ,=m ,,iii4 7,see pp4 #bag-bd47 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,=m ,,iv ,,w9t] ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,ev]gre5s ,sev]al species ( ev]gre5s h already be5 /udi$4 ,^! %\ld be review$1 & repres5tatives ( o!r species exam9$4 ,mid-w9t] is mo/ suitable = ! /udy ( ev]gre5s4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be consid]$3 #a4 ,description lead+ to id5tification #b4 ,nature ( soil & wat] conditions #c4 ,common uses ( ea* species ( ev]gre5 #d4 ,collection ( wood specim5s & cones4 ,,wood ,,specim5s ,specim5s %\ld be uni=m 9 size & %\ld %[ b>k on "o side & he>t wood z well z ! outside1 or sap wood4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t six in*es long1 two in*es wide on ! side hav+ ! b>k1 & %\ld gradually come to an edge t[>d ! pi?1 or c5tre4 ,:5 season$1 "o side & "o edge %\ld be poli%$ & !n oil$ or v>ni%$4 ,specim5s ( ! wood ( ! decidu\s trees may also be prep>$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,,fruits ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 "s "t %\ld be devot$ to read+ & discuss+ articles on g5]al f>m+ & fruit gr[+4 ,su* articles may be tak5 f books1 magaz9es1 or newspap]s1 & may be suppli$ p>tly by ! tea*] & p>tly by ! pupils4 ,^! articles w be appreciat$ by ! pupils all ! m because ( _! /udies ( fruit trees dur+ ! season4 ,su* topics z ! foll[+ may be discuss$3 #a4 ,be/ k9d ( apples1 plums1 bu% fruits1 & /rawb]ries4 ,reports f ! ,dom9ion & ,prov9cial ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture4 #b4 ,me?od ( rais+ fruit trees--f se$1 graft+1 & budd+4 #c4 ,demon/rations 9 prun+4 ,?is may be done 9 e>ly spr+ by tak+ a class to a neighb\r+ or*>d4 #d4 ,me?ods ( plant+ & cultivation4 #e4 ,pack+ & /or+4 #f4 ,spray+4 ,mu* in=mation is to be f\nd 9 ,horticultural ,j\rnals & pap]s1 & 9 ,bullet9s to be obta9$ f ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture = ,ont>io4 ,illu/rat$ articles on g>d5+ & fruit gr[+ %\ld be collect$ = s*ool use4 ,views ( f9e g>d5s1 p>ks1 & home gr\nds w be ( int]e/ to ! pupils4 ,simple arti/ic me?ods ( ornam5tal plant+ ) trees1 %rubs1 v9es1 & h]bace\s p]5nials c n[ be introduc$1 & "s s*eme = improv+ ! s*ool gr\nds outl9$4 ,catalogues %\ld be obta9$ soon aft] ,new ,ye>'s &1 aft] exam9+ _! m]its1 ! be/ v>ieties ( se$ & fruit = ! di/rict %\ld be select$4 ,horticultural societies1 z well z ,dom9ion & ,prov9cial ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture1 commonly give select$ li/s ) descriptions ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,,we$s ,,& ,,we$ ,,se$s ,! tra9+ 9 ! obs]vation & id5tification ( we$s & we$ se$s1 :i* 0 begun 9 ,=m ,,iii1 %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ,=m ,,iv4 ,= me?od see ,=m ,,iii4 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,phase ,,( ,,nature ,,/udy ,,wat] ,,pressure #a4 ,grasp an empty t9 c by ! top & pu% x d[n into a pail ( wat]4 ,note ! t5d5cy ( ! c to rise4 ,! wat] presses upw>d4 ,its d[nw>d pressure is evid5t4 #b4 ,tie a l>ge /one to a /r+1 hold x at arm's l5g?1 %ut ! eyes1 & l[] ! /one into wat]4 ,note ! decrease 9 weight4 ,?is is also due to upw>d pressure1 :i* we call buoyancy4 ,! actual decrease may be f\nd by means ( a spr+ balance4 #c4 ,try ,exp]im5t #b1 us+ a piece ( iron ! same weight z ! /one4 ,is ! decrease 9 weight z evid5t8 ,%ips made :olly ( iron w s9k4 ,expla94 #d4 ,put an egg into wat]2 x sl[ly s9ks4 ,add salt to ! wat]2 ! egg floats4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,w ! human body s9k 9 wat]8 ,9 :i* is !re less dang] ( dr[n+1 lake or sea wat]8 #b4 ,:5 9 ba?+1 imm]se ne>ly ! :ole body1 !n take a full inspiration4 ,note ! rise ( ! body4 #c4 ,:y does ice float8 7,see expansion ( wat] by freez+47 #d4 ,balloons are bags fill$ ) "s light gas1 g5]ally hydrog5 or hot air4 ,!y are pu%$ up by ! buoyancy ( ! air4 ,! rise ( heat$ air or wat] 7see ,convection7 is really due to ! same =ce4 ,cl\ds1 fea!rs1 & ?i/l$[n are kept 9 ! air m by ! action ( w9ds & small air curr5ts ?an by buoyancy4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,air 7,consult ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 ,*aps4 ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,x47 #a4 ,air takes up space4 ,put a cork ) "o hole into ! neck ( a flask or bottle4 ,ins]t ! /em ( a funnel & try to p\r 9 wat]4 ,try ) two holes 9 ! cork4 ,:5 we call a bottle empty :at is 9 x8 #b4 ,air is all ar\nd u4 ,feel x2 wave ! h&s ?r\gh x2 run ?r\gh x2 note t ! w9d is air2 inhale ! air & wat* ! *e/4 #c4 ,air has weight4 ,?is is n easy to demon/rate )\t an air-pump & a fairly delicate balance4 ,fit a l>ge glass flask ) a tightly fitt+ rubb] /opp] hav+ a %ort glass tube pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,to ! glass tube atta* a %ort rubb] "o & on ?is put a clamp4 ,op5 ! clamp & suck out all ! air possible4 ,close ! clamp & weigh ! flask4 ,:5 p]fectly balanc$1 op5 ! clamp & let ! air ent] aga94 ,note ! increase 9 weight4 ,if an air-pump is available1 procure a glass globe provid$ ) a /op-cock 7see ,app>atus74 ,pump "s ( ! air f ! globe1 !n weigh &1 :ile x is on ! balance1 admit ! air aga9 & note increase 9 weight4 ,tie a piece ( ?9 %eet rubb] ov] ! l>ge end ( a ?i/le tube2 suck ! air out ( ! tube & note h[ ! rubb] is pu%$ 94 ,?is is due to ! weight or pressure ( ! air4 ,turn ! tube 9 v>i\s positions to %[ t ! pressure comes f all directions4 ,to %[ t suction is n a =ce1 let a pupil try to suck wat] out ( a flask :5 !re is only "o op5+ ?r\gh ! /opp]4 ,if two holes are made1 ! wat] may be suck$ up1 t is1 pu%$ up by ! weight ( ! air4 ,fill a pickle j> ) wat]4 ,place a piece ( writ+ pap] on ! top & !n1 hold+ ! pap] ) ! palm ( ! h&1 inv]t ! j>4 ,! pressure ( ! air keeps ! wat] 94 ,a cubic foot ( air weighs ne>ly #a-a_/d oz4 ,f9d ! weight ( ! air 9 y\r s*ool-room4 ,! atmosph]e ex]ts ab\t fifte5 p\nds pressure on e squ>e in* ( ! surface x re/s aga9/4 ,f9d ! weight support$ by ! top ( a desk #ah in*es by #bd in*es4 ,if ! surface ( ! body is eight squ>e feet1 :at weight does x h to su/a98 ,:y does ?is weight n cru% u8 ,,! ,,b>omet] ,! exp]im5ts imm$iately prec$+ w h pav$ ! way = a /udy ( ! b>omet]4 #a4 ,fill a j> ) wat] & inv]t x1 keep+ its m\? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ano!r vessel4 ,if ! pupils c be l$ to see t ! wat] is su/a9$ 9 ! j> by ! air press+ on ! wat] 9 ! vessel1 !y c und]/& ! b>omet]4 #b4 ,fill a tube ab\t #cj in*es long1 & #a_/d in* inside diamet] ) wat]1 & inv]t x ov] wat]1 z ) ! j> 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t4 #c4 ,use ! same tube or "o simil> to t 9 #b above1 b fill ) m]cury & all[ ! pupils to notice ! great weight ( ! m]cury4 ,hold+ ! m]cury 9 ) y\r f+]1 inv]t ! tube ov] m]cury4 ,?is "t ! fluid falls "s di/ance 9 ! tube z soon z ! f+] is remov$4 ,a tube ( ?is size requires #a lb4 ( m]cury4 ,lead ! pupils to see t ! m]cury rema9+ 9 ! tube is su/a9$ by ! air pressure1 & t any increase or decrease ( ! atmosph]ic pressure w result 9 ! rise or fall ( ! m]cury column4 ,leave ! b>omet] 7made z 9 #c above7 9 ! room = a few days & note :e!r its weight *anges4 ,! use ( ! in/rum5t 9 pr$ict+ wea!r *anges %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,comp>e y\r b>omet] ) ! records 9 ! daily pap]s4 ,! av]age height ( ! b>ometric column is #cj in*es at sea-level4 ,expla9 h[ y c\ld e/imate heights ( m\nta9s & balloons ) a b>omet]4 ,,! ,,common ,,pump ,?is is a valuable application ( air pressure4 ,a glass model w prove useful1 b a model made by pupils w be mu* m s4 7,see ,laboratory ,ex]cises 9 ,physics by ,newman47 ,! wat] rises 9 ! pump because ! suck] lifts ! air f ! wat] inside1 all[+ ! air outside to pu% ! wat] up4 ,a common pump w n lift wat] m ?an ab\t #cj feet4 ,:y is ?is8 ,comp>e ! pump to a b>omet]4 7,see ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics47 ,,expansive ,,=ce ,,( ,,air ,air & all o!r gases manife/ a pressure 9 all directions n due to _! weight4 ,! p[] ( air to keep tires & footballs inflat$ & t ( /eam 9 driv+ an eng9e are examples4 ,x is ?is =ce t prev5ts ! pressure ( air f cru%+ 91 s9ce !re are _m air spaces di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,,composition ,,( ,,air ,?is subject & ! ?ree imm$iately foll[+ x h a special be>+ on hygi5e4 #a4 ,inv]t a seal+-j> ov] a light$ c&le4 ,has ! c&le us$ up all ! air :5 x goes out8 #b4 ,place a v %ort c&le on a ?9 piece ( cork afloat on wat] 9 a plate2 light ! c&le1 & aga9 inv]t ! j> ov] x4 ,note t ! c&le goes out & ! wat] rises only a %ort di/ance 9 ! j>2 !re=e all ! air has n be5 us$ up4 #c4 ,slip ! glass top ( ! j> "u ! op5 end & set ! j> m\? upw>d on ! table )\t all[+ any wat] to escape4 ,n[ plunge a light$ spl9t] into ! j>4 ,! flame is ext+ui%$4 ,air1 !re=e1 conta9s an active "p t helps ! c&le to burn & an inactive "p t ext+ui%es flame4 ,! names oxyg5 & nitrog5 may be giv54 ,^! gases occur 9 air 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a3d4 7,?is me?od is n above criticism4 ,its advantage = "y pupils lies 9 its simplicity47 ,,oxyg5 ,make two or ?ree j>s ( oxyg51 us+ potassium *lorate & manganese dioxide4 7,see any ,*emi/ry text-book47 ,let ! pupils exam9e ! *emicals1 le>n _! names1 & "k :]e to obta9 !m4 ,p]=m ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 #a4 ,a gl[+ spl9t] relights & burns v brightly if plung$ into oxyg54 #b4 ,a piece ( picture wire tipp$ ) sulphur burns ) great brightness4 #c4 ,burn phosphorus or mat* heads 9 a spoon4 ,a spoon may be made by atta*+ to a wire a bit ( crayon hav+ a holl[ scoop$ on its upp] surface4 ,a clay pipe b[l atta*$ to a wire w answ]4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts pupils w le>n ! value ( nitrog5 z a dilu5t ( ! oxyg54 ,pure oxyg5 ent]+ ! lungs w\ld be j z de/ructive z x w\ld be ent]+ ! furnace4 ,,c>bon ,,dioxide #a4 ,make a j> ( ?is gas4 ,wa%+ soda & v9eg> w answ] if hydro*loric acid & m>ble are n obta9able4 7,consult ! ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 ,*ap4 ,,xiii1 & any ,*emi/ry text-book47 #b4 ,l[] a light$ c&le fir/ into a j> ( air !n into ! j> ( c>bon dioxide4 #c4 ,make "s lime-wat] by /irr+ slak$ lime ) wat] & all[+ ! mixture to settle4 ,%ake up "s cle> lime-wat] ) a j> ( ! gas4 ,pupils w be made to und]/& t ! milky col\r w 9 future be consid]$ ! te/ = c>bon dioxide4 #d4 ,h "o ( ! pupils cause 8 brea? to bubble ?r\gh "s cle> lime-wat] = a m9ute4 ,us+ a bicycle pump1 cause "s fre% air to bubble ?r\gh lime-wat]4 #e4 ,hold a cle> j> inv]t$ ov] ! c&le flame = a few seconds1 !n te/ ) lime-wat]4 #f4 ,inv]t a l>ge j> ov] a leafy plant = a day4 ,keep 9 ! d>k & te/ ! j> ) lime-wat]4 ,is ?is gas likely to be 9 ! air8 ,set a plate ( lime-wat] 9 ! s*ool-room = a day or two1 & !n exam9e x4 ,try to p\r ! gas f j> to j> & use a c&le z a te/4 ,is ! gas heavi] ?an air8 ,on acc\nt ( its weight1 ! gas (t5 collects 9 ! bottoms ( old wells1 m9es1 & tunnels4 ,x is dang]\s !re s9ce x w n support life4 ,,uses3 #a4 ,add a little wat] to "s bak+ p[d] & cause ! gas t =ms to pass ?r\gh lime-wat]4 ,:at causes ! biscuits to rise8 #b4 ,mix fl\r & wat] 9 a j>1 add a bit ( yea/ cake & a little sug>1 & let /& 9 a w>m place4 ,te/ ! gas t =ms1 = c>bon dioxide4 ,:at causes bread to rise8 #c4 ,uncork a bottle ( g+] ale1 %ake ! bottle1 & lead ! gas t comes (f ?r\gh lime-wat]4 #d4 ,mo/ portable fire ext+ui%]s dep5d on ! g5]ation ( c>bon dioxide4 ,%[ ! simil>ity betwe5 our bodies & ! c&le4 ,! c&le ne$s oxyg52 x produces heat1 & yields wat] & c>bon dioxide4 ,mu* ( our food is some:at simil> 9 composition to ! wax ( a c&le2 we brea! oxyg51 our bodies are w>m$ by a real burn+ )91 & we exhale wat] & c>bon dioxide4 ,aft] ex]cise :y d we feel m hungry8 ,:y d we brea! fa/]8 ,:y d we feel w>m]8 ,:y does ! fire burn bett] :5 ! damp] is op5$8 ,,impurities ,,( ,,air ,all air conta9s c>bon dioxide4 ,if ! am\nt exce$s #f p>ts 9 #aj1jjj1 x becomes an impurity1 n s mu* on its own acc\nt z because x indicates a poison$ /ate ( ! air 9 a room1 s9ce organic poisons always accompany x :5 x is emitt$ f ! lungs4 ,o!r impurities ( ! air1 dep5d5t on ! locality & ! season1 are smoke1 du/1 disease g]ms1 sew] gas1 coal-gas1 poll5 du/4 ,,solutions ,,( ,,solids 7,consult ! ,sci5ce ( ,common ,life1 ,*ap4 ,,vii47 ,h ! pupils weigh out equal quantities ( sug>1 salt1 soda1 alum1 blue-vitriol4 ,%ake up ) equal quantities ( wat] to comp>e solubilities4 ,repeat1 us+ hot wat]4 ,is x possible to recov] ! sub/ance dissolv$8 ,set out solutions on ! table to evaporate1 or evaporate !m rapidly ov] a /ove or _s-lamp4 ,try to dissolve s&1 sulphur1 *>coal1 9 wat]4 ,obta9 cry/als ( iod9e & %[ h[ mu* bett]1 9 "s cases1 alcohol is z a solv5t ?an is wat]4 ,,applications3 #a4 ,mo/ ( our ess5ces1 t9ctures1 & spirits are alcoholic solutions4 #b4 ,dige/ion is ! ef=t ( ! body to dissolve food4 #c4 ,! food 9 ! soil ent]s ! plant only aft] solution4 #d4 ,! solv5t p[] ( wat] makes x s valuable = wa%+4 #e4 ,maple sap is wat] conta9+ sug> 9 solution4 #f4 ,9 ! salt region along ,lake ,huron1 holes are drill$ to ! salt b$s1 wat] is p\r$ 91 !n pump$ out & evaporat$4 ,expla94 #g4 ,meat bro? is a solution ( c]ta9 mat]ials 9 ! meat4 #h4 ,h[ c\ld y manufacture salt f sea wat]8 ,,solution ,,( ,,liquids ,try to mix oil & wat]1 b5z9e & wat]1 oil & b5z9e4 ,only 9 ! ?ird case d we f9d a p]man5t mixture1 or solution4 ,try to dissolve v9eg>1 glyc]9e1 alcohol1 m]cury1 ) wat]4 ,,applications3 #a4 ,pa9t is mix$ ) oil s t ! ra9 w n wa% x (f s easily4 #b4 ,wat] w n wa% grease /a9s4 ,b5z9e is necess>y4 #c4 ,:y is x necess>y to %ake ! bottle be=e tak+ m$ic9e8 ,,solution ,,( ,,gases ,/udy air dissolv$ 9 wat]1 by g5tly heat+ wat] 9 a te/-tube & obs]v+ ! bubbles ( air t ga!r on ! inn] surface ( ! te/-tube4 ,aquatic animals1 su* z fi%1 clams1 crayfi%1 crabs1 subsi/ on ?is dissolv$ air4 ,,lime/one ,pieces ( ?is rock may be f\nd 9 all localities4 ,tea* pupils to recognize x by its gray col\r1 its eff]vesc5ce ) acid1 & ! fossils & /rata t %[ 9 mo/ cases4 ,if expos$ lime/one rocks are ne>1 visit !m ) ! pupils & note ! lay]s1 fossils1 & evid5ces ( sea action4 ,comp>e lime ) lime/one z to t\*1 col\r1 & action on wat] & litmus4 ,try to make lime by putt+ a lump ( lime/one 9 ! coals = "s "t2 add wat] to ?is4 ,o!r =ms ( lime/one are m>ble1 *alk1 egg-%ells1 clam-%ells1 scales 9 tea-kettles4 ,geographically1 ! /udy ( lime/one is ( great importance4 ,gr9d "s lime/one v f9e1 add a v little ( ?is to wat]1 & bubble c>bon dioxide ?r\gh = "s "t2 note ! disappe>ance ( ! lime/one4 ,?is expla9s h[ lime/one rocks are be+ sl[ly worn away & :y ! wat] ( riv]s1 spr+s1 & wells is s (t5 h>d4 ,cat* "s ra9-wat] 9 ! op5 & te/ x = h>dness4 ,x w be f\nd s(t4 ,place a few lime/one pebbles 9 a tumbl] ) ?is s(t wat] & aft] a day or two te/ aga94 ,! wat] w be h>d4 ,comp>e1 z to h>dness1 ! wat] f a concrete ci/]n ) t f a wood5 "o4 ,,c>bon ,procure specim5s ( h>d & s(t coal1 coke1 *>coal1 graphite1 peat1 & petroleum4 ,note ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ea*4 ,discuss ! uses4 ,try to set ea* on fire4 ,note :i* burns ) a flame :5 laid on ! coals or plac$ ov] ! _s-lamp4 ,put a bit ( s(t coal into a small te/-tube2 heat & light ! gas t is produc$4 ,?is gas1 :5 purifi$1 is "o k9d ( illum9at+ gas4 ,note ! coke left 9 ! te/-tube4 ,fill ! b[l ( a clay pipe ) s(t coal & seal x up ) pla/] ( p>is4 ,aft] ?is has h>d5$1 place ! b[l 9 hot coals or 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp & light ! coal-gas at ! end ( ! /em4 ,aft] all ! gas has be5 driv5 (f1 look = ! coke inside4 ,heat a bit ( wood 9 a small te/-tube & light ! gas t is evolv$4 ,note ! *>coal left4 ,cov] a piece ( wood ) s& or e>?2 heat1 & note t *>coal is =m$4 ,?is illu/rates ! old me?od ( *>coal-burn+4 ,?is subject is closely relat$ to indu/rial geography4 ,,hydrog5 ,a conv5i5t way to prep>e hydrog5 is to use z9c & hydro*loric acid ) a te/-tube = a g5]ator4 7,consult any ,*emi/ry text-book47 ,make ! gas & burn x at ! end ( a tube1 hold+ a dry1 cold tumbl] inv]t$ ov] ! flame4 ,note t wat] is =m$4 ,conclude :at wat] consi/s (1 namely1 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,wat] may be decompos$ into oxyg5 & hydrog51 h5ce a use ( hydrog5 may be %[n by atta*+ a clay pipe to ! g5]ator & fill+ soap bubbles ) ! gas4 ,:5 fre$ ^! rise quickly4 ,,magnets ,if b> magnets _c be obta9$1 use a *ild's horse-%oe magnet4 ,procure small pieces ( cork1 wood1 iron1 brass1 glass1 lead1 etc41 & let pupils discov] :i* ! magnet attracts4 ,h pupils int]pose pap]1 wood1 slate1 glass1 iron1 lead1 etc41 9 %eets betwe5 ! magnet & ! iron & note ! effect on ! =ce ex]t$4 ,note t :5 "o end ( a magnet t\*es or comes ne> ! end ( a nail1 ! nail becomes a magnet1 b n a p]man5t "o4 ,magnetize a ne$le by draw+ "o ( ! poles ( ! magnet f end to end ( ! ne$le1 always 9 ! same direction1 ab\t tw5ty times4 ,susp5d ! ne$le horizontally ) a piece ( silk ?read & note its position :5 at re/4 ,get a small compass & %[ h[ x is relat$ to ! =ego+ exp]im5ts4 ,emphasize its use to m>9]s4 ,if possible1 get a piece ( lode/one & %[ its magnetic prop]ties4 ,,electricity ,half fill a tumbl] ) wat] & add ab\t a teaspoonful ( sulphuric acid4 ,set 9 ?is a piece ( copp] & a piece ( z9c1 b d n let !m t\*4 ,make a coil by w9d+ insulat$ wire ar\nd a block ( wood ab\t t5 times4 ,remove ! wood & place a compass 9 ! c5tre ( ! coil4 ,jo9 ! ends ( ! wire to ! two metals 9 ! tumbl]4 ,! sudd5 movem5t ( ! ne$le w be tak5 z ! indication ( a curr5t4 ,let pupils try exp]im5ts ) _m pairs ( solids1 su* z lead & silv]1 c>bon & glass1 wood & iron1 t9 & z9c1 & liquids su* z v9eg> & br9e4 ,%[ pupils h[ to make a simple batt]y4 ,see home-made app>atus1 page #ej1 & consult ,laboratory ,ex]cises by ,newman4 ,two or ?ree dry cells w be f\nd suffici5t = any exp]im5ts1 b ! home-made batt]y is to be pref]r$4 ,%[ pupils h[ to make a magnet by w9d+ a piece ( insulat$ wire ar\nd a nail & jo9+ ! ends ( ! wire to ! batt]y4 ,make a horse-%oe magnet by b5d+ ! nail & w9d+ ! wire ab\t bo? ends 9 opposite directions4 ,z an application ( ! electro-magnet1 %[ pupils h[ to make a telegraph s\nd]4 7,see ,manual on ,manual ,tra9+47 ,if possible1 exam9e ! con/ruction ( an electric bell4 ,! motor & electric light are o!r common applications ( ! curr5t4 ,take up ! uses ( ! motor 9 factories1 & = runn+ /reet-c>s & automobiles4 ,%[ ! necessity = a wat]-:eel or eng9e to produce ! curr5t1 & = wires to connect4 ,expla9 t batt]ies are n us$ to produce l>ge curr5ts1 b t ma*9es call$ dynamos1 simil> to motors1 :5 driv5 by /eam or wat]-p[]1 w yield electric curr5ts z batt]ies d4 ,,/eam ,! p[] ( /eam may be %[n by loosely cork+ a flask & boil+ ! wat] 9 x until ! cork is driv5 out1 or by /opp+ ! sp\t ( a boil+ tea-kettle1 or by lett+ a /ream ( /eam imp+e on a toy pap] :eel4 ,enc\rage pupils to le>n all !y c ab\t /eam & gasol5e eng9es & _! uses4 ,,f>m ,,tools ,?is topic %\ld be dealt ) only 9 s f> z x c be made a subject = actual obs]vation by ! pupils4 ,*ildr5 %\ld le>n to be ?\ghtful & obs]vant & to d all k9ds ( "w1 manual z well z m5tal1 intellig5tly4 ,,ma*9es 7,consult ,! ,ont>io ,high ,s*ool ,physics1 ,*ap4 ,,ix47 ,,lev]4--,:5 a lev] is us$ to lift a log1 "o end is plac$ "u ! log1 a block call$ a fulcrum is plac$ "u ! lev] z close z possible to ! log1 & !n ! workman pulls d[n on ! out] end ( ! lev]4 ,= example1 if ! fulcrum is "o foot f ! log & t5 feet f ! man1 ! latt] c raise t5 p\nds ) a pull ( "o p\nd1 b he has to move 8 end ( ! lev] t5 times z f> z ! log rises4 ,try x4 ,see o!r examples 9 pl\gh h&les1 see-saw1 balance1 scissors1 :eel-b>r[1 pump-h&le1 h&spike1 cr[b>1 can?ook1 nut-crack]s4 ,,rope ,,& ,,pulley4--,9 ! rope & pulley note t :5 ! pulley is a fix$ "o1 ! only advantage is a *ang$ direction ( ! rope4 ,:5 ! pulley is movable1 ! horse pull+ w h only half ! weight to draw if ! pulley is s+le1 "o qu>t] if d\ble1 "o six? if triple1 etc4 ,?us 9 ! case ( a common hay-=k ! horse draws only half ! weight ( ! hay1 b he walks twice z f> z ! hay moves4 ,,cogs4--,if "o :eel has eighty cogs & ! o!r t51 ! latt] w turn eight times to ! =m]'s once4 ,,belt4--,:5 a belt runs ov] two :eels1 "o hav+1 say1 "o fif? ( ! diamet] ( ! o!r1 ! small] w revolve five times = "o revolution ( ! o!r4 ,,crank4--,) a crank two feet long1 "o may turn a :eel twice z easily z ) "o "o foot long1 b ! h& w move twice z f>4 ,if a w$ge is two in*es ?ick at ! l>ge end & t5 in*es long1 a man may lift #ajjj p\nds by /rik+ ! w$ge a #bjj-lb4 bl[4 ,,incl9$ ,,plane4--,if a plank twelve in*es long has "o end on ! gr\nd & ! o!r on a c>t f\r in*es high1 "o man c roll up ! plank ! same weight t w\ld require ?ree m5 to lift1 b he has to move ! object ?ree times z f>4 ,,problems #a4 ,:y is a long-h&l$ spade easi] to dig ) ?an a %ort-h&l$ "o8 #b4 ,:i* is easi]1 to dig :5 ! spade is ?ru/ full l5g? or half l5g? into ! e>?8 #c4 ,c a small boy teet] on a bo>d aga9/ a big boy8 ,h[8 #d4 ,9 help+ to move a wagon1 :y grasp ! :eel ne> its rim8 #e4 ,9 mak+ a balance1 :y %\ld ! arms be equal8 ,9 a balance ) unequal arms1 comp>e ! weights us$ ) ! article weigh$4 #f4 ,9 us+ %e>s1 is x bett] to place ! object y wi% to cut ne> ! h&les or ne> ! po9ts8 #g4 ,:]e is ! be/ place to put ! load on a :eel-b>r[8 #h4 ,notice h[ ?ree horses are hit*$ to a pl\gh or b9d]4 #i4 ,:]e w\ld y grasp ! pump-h&le :5 y wi% to pump 7#a7 easily1 7#b7 quickly8 #aj4 ,/ret* out y\r arm & see :e!r y c hold z heavy a weight on y\r h& z on y\r elb[4 #aa4 ,c\nt ! pulleys us$ 9 a hay-=k & det]m9e ! use ( ea*4 #ab4 ,if a ton ( hay is unload$ at five equal =kfuls1 :at weight has ! horse to draw at ea* load8 #ac4 ,c\nt ! cogs on ! :eels ( a fann+-mill1 wa%+-ma*9e1 apple-p>]1 or egg-beat]1 & det]m9e h[ ! direction or rate ( ! motion is *ang$ !reby4 #ad4 ,measure ! diamet] ( ! l>ge fly-:eel ( a ?ra%+-ma*9e eng9e1 & ( t :i* turns ! cyl9d] 9 ! sep>ator4 ,decide h[ _m times ! cyl9d] revolves = "o turn ( ! fly-:eel4 #ae4 ,?9k ( all ! uses ( a w$ge4 ,draw "o4 ,comp>e ! axe1 knife1 & *isel ) ! w$ge4 #af4 ,h[ are heavy logs load$ on a sleigh or truck8 ,h[ are b>rels ( salt & sug> load$ & unload$8 #ag4 ,!re are two hills ( ! same height4 ,"o has a gradual slope1 ! o!r a /eep "o4 ,:i* is easi] to climb8 ,9 :at case is x f>!/ to ! top8 #ah4 ,:y does a c[ or horse take a zigzag pa? :5 climb+ a /eep hill8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,=m ,,iv ,,spr+ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,improv+ ,,home ,,& ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds ,! /udy ( plants %\ld lead to an intellig5t appreciation ( _! beauties & a desire to h !m gr[+ ab\t4 ,_m ( our native trees1 %rubs1 v9es1 & h]bace\s plants are q z beautiful z "s t are procur$ at consid]able exp5se f nurs]ym54 ,a great "w rema9s to be done 9 cultivat+ & popul>iz+ our be/ native species4 ,up to ?is po9t ! pupils h be5 gett+ acqua9t$ ) !m 9 _! own natural habitat2 ! next /ep %\ld be to use !m 9 cov]+ up h>% & (f5sive views ab\t ! s*ool & home gr\nds1 9 s(t5+ & giv+ re/ful relief to b>r5 y>ds & b>e walls1 to ugly f5ces & un9t]e/+ walks & driveways4 ,beg9 to plan "s simple improvem5ts = ! spr+4 ,^! may be repair+ ( f5ces & gates 9 ord] to protect ! gr\nds f /ray animals1 ! clean+ up ( ! y>ds1 ! ga!r+ ( /ones :i* may be us$ 9 mak+ a rock]y1 ! plant+ ( trees along ! sides & front ( ! gr\nds--a d\ble r[ ( ev]gre5s to ov]come a cold nor!rn exposure or to exclude f view disagreeable features1 ! lay+ out ( a walk or drive ) bord]s1 fl[] b$s1 or %rubs 9 little clumps4 ,plans ( gr\nds well laid out %\ld be exam9$ & discuss$ 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,_m illu/rat$ magaz9es give useful sugge/ions4 ,plans c be work$ out on ! black-bo>d ) ! pupils4 ,x w take ye>s to complete su* a plan1 b ! pupils %\ld h a "p 9 mak+ ! plan z well z 9 c>ry+ x out4 ,! aim %\ld be to enc\rage ! use ( simple & inexp5sive ?+s obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity1 :]e) to produce h>mony & pleas+ natural effects4 ,com=t & utility mu/ be consid]$ z well z beauty & natural design4 ,9 ! s*ool gr\nds ! outdoor games mu/ also be provid$ = & suffici5t room all[$4 ,su* ef=ts on ! "p ( ! tea*] & pupils1 if wisely direct$1 are sure to meet ) ! approval ( ! p>5ts & mu/ call =? ! he>ty co-op]ation ( ! tru/ees4 ,x is n well to attempt too mu* 9 "o ye>4 ,x is bett] to d a small am\nt well ?an to leave mu* "w 9 a half-done condition4 ,,mak+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,lawn ,! soil mu/ be dra9$ & n too mu* %ad$ by trees4 ,at fir/ x %\ld be summ] fall[$ or cultivat$ e few weeks ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 to kill ! we$s & make x f9e & level4 ,a ?ick se$+ ( lawn grass-se$ %\ld be s[n e>ly ! next spr+ & rak$ lightly 94 ,all levell+ & prep>ation mu/ h be5 done ! previ\s season4 ,co>se grasses1 su* z timo?y1 %\ld n be us$ on a lawn4 ,r$ top & ,k5tucky blue-grass 9 equal p>ts are be/ &1 if :ite clov] is desir$1 add ab\t half z mu* :ite ,dut* clov] se$ z r$ top4 ,if ! soil has be5 prep>$ z above1 !re is no ne$ to use a fo/] crop ( oats or b>ley1 z is done 9 se$+ d[n mead[s4 ,roll ! lawn aft] se$+ & also aft] heavy ra9s z soon z ! surface dries4 ,%ortly aft] ! grass appe>s1 beg9 to run ! lawn-m[] ov] x1 s z to cut we$s or native grasses t may be ga9+ a foo?old4 ,wat]+ is dang]\s1 unless c>efully & regul>ly done dur+ ! summ]1 ! ev5+ be+ ! be/ "t4 ,m]ely wett+ ! surface by spr9kl+ enc\rages %all[ root+ & !re=e rapid dry+ out4 ,regul> m[+ & roll+ are m important4 ,,ref]5ces ,p>sons3 ,h[ to ,plan ! ,home ,gr\nds4 ,d\bl$ay4 #a4jj ,waugh3 ,! ,l&scape ,beautiful4 ,judd4 #b4jj ,dep>tm5t ( ,education3 ,improvem5t ( ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 ,,soil ,,/udies ,,weight ,us+ a balance1 comp>e weights ( equal-siz$ boxes ( diff]5t soils1 dri$ & p[d]$ f9e4 ,note ! comp>ative lightness ( humus4 ,weigh a box ( e>? tak5 fre% f ! field1 f ?is compute 7#a7 ! weight ( a cubic foot ( su* soil1 7#b7 ! weight ( ! soil to ! dep? ( a foot 9 a t5-acre field4 ,repeat ! exp]im5t1 mak+ x an ex]cise 9 p]c5tage4 ,fill two glass tubes 7lamp *imneys w d71 "o ) f9ely p[d]$ clay1 ! o!r ) s&4 ,set ! tubes 9 a pan conta9+ wat]4 ,note ! rise ( ! wat] due to capill>ity4 ,?r\gh :i* soil does x rise fa/]8 ,f>!r8 ,try ) o!r soils4 ,try ) f9e soil & also ) ! same soil 9 a lumpy condition4 ,f ?is give a reason 7#a7 = till+ soil1 7#b7 = roll+ aft] se$+4 ,,subsoils ,procure samples ( soil f diff]5t dep?s1 f\r in*es1 eight in*es1 twelve in*es1 sixte5 in*es1 etc4 ,note h[ ! soil *anges 9 col\r & texture4 ,9 :i* d plants succe$ be/8 ,9 mo/ fields ! ri*e/ "p ( ! soil is conta9$ 9 ! upp] n9e in*es2 ! portion bel[ ?is is call$ subsoil4 ,?is ext5ds to ! und]ly+ rock & is usually di/+ui%$ f ! upp] portion by its light] col\r1 poor] texture1 & small] supply ( available plant food4 ,! diff]5ce is due l>gely to ! abs5ce ( humus4 ,! "* ( ! subsoil has an important be>+ on ! condition ( ! upp] soil4 ,a lay] ( s& or gravel a few feet bel[ ! surface provides natural dra9age1 b if x be too deep1 x may all[ ! wat] to run away rapidly1 c>ry+ ! plant food d[n bel[ ! roots ( ! plants4 ,a h>d clay subsoil w r5d] ! top too wet 9 ra9y wea!r & too dry 9 dr\ghts1 because ( ! small am\nt ( wat] absorb$4 ,su* a soil is b5efit$ by "u-dra9+4 ,a deep & absorptive subsoil returns wat] to ! surface1 by capill>y action1 z x is ne$$4 ,! subsoil f9ally conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( plant food1 :i* becomes gradually *ang$ into a =m 9 :i* plants c make use ( x4 ,pupils %\ld f9d out ! "* ( ! subsoil 9 _! v>i\s fields at home & its effect on ! f]tility ( ! field4 ,,f]tiliz]s ,along ) wat]1 ! roots take up f ! soil v>i\s sub/ances t are ess5tial to _! heal?y gr[?4 ,pota%1 phosphoric acid1 nitrog51 calcium1 sulphur1 magnesium1 & iron are ne$$ by plants1 b ! fir/ ?ree are p>ticul>ly important4 ,if l& is to yield good crops ye> aft] ye>1 x mu/ be f]tiliz$1 t is1 !re mu/ be add$ *emicals conta9+ ! above-m5tion$ plant foods4 ,l& becomes poor f two causes3 ! plant food 9 ! soil becomes exhau/$1 & poison\s excretions f ! roots ( "o ye>'s crops act injuri\sly on ^? ( ! next season4 ,rotat+ crops w improve bo? conditions = a :ile1 b ev5tually ! soil w require treatm5t4 ,humus conta9s plant food & is also an excell5t absorb5t ( ! poison\s excretions4 ,x is add$ z b>n-y>d manure1 leaves1 or z a gre5 crop pl\gh$ 94 ,! *emicals commonly us$ comprise nitrate ( soda1 bone meal1 sulphate ( pota%1 *loride ( pota%1 lime1 a%es1 cotton-se$ meal1 dri$ blood1 sup]-phosphate1 rock phosphate1 & basic clay4 ,,exp]im5ts3 #a4 ,s[ :eat on ! same plot ye> aft] ye> & note ! result :5 no f]tiliz] is us$4 ,s[ :eat on ano!r plot1 b use good manure4 #b4 ,try ! v>i\s comm]cial f]tiliz]s on ! s*ool plots1 leav+ "s )\t treatm5t4 #c4 ,exam9e ! roots ( clov]1 peas1 or beans1 & look = nodules4 ,^! %[ ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 :i* conv]t ! atmosph]ic nitrog5 into a =m 9 :i* ! plants c use x4 ,sci5tific f>m]s h le>n$ ! value ( inoculat+ _! soil ) ^! g]ms4 ,a crop ( peas or clov] may produce ! same result4 #d4 ,obs]ve ,nature's me?od ( supply+ soil ) humus4 ,,soil-,,=m+ ,,ag5ts ,!re 0 once a "t :5 ! surface ( ! e>? 0 b>e rock4 ,mu* ( ?is rock /ill exi/s & 9 _m places lies on ! surface1 b x is usually hidd5 by a lay] ( soil4 ,soil is said to be rock gr\nd to meal by ,nature's mill/ones4 ,! process is v sl[1 b x is con/antly go+ on4 ,! pupils %\ld be direct$ to f9d evid5ces ( ?is gr9d+4 #a4 ,,runn+ ,,wat]4--,brooks1 creeks1 ra91 & ! t9y /reamlets on ! hills all tell u h[ soil is c>ri$ f place to place4 ,get "s muddy wat] f ! riv] aft] a heavy ra94 ,let x settle 9 a tall j> & obs]ve ! f9e lay] =m$4 ,wa% "s pebbles clean1 place !m 9 a glass j> ) "s cle> wat]1 & roll or %ake ! j> ab\t = a few m9utes4 ,note t ! wat] becomes turbid ) f9e mat]ial worn f ! /ones4 ,a process simil> to ?is is con/antly go+ on 9 riv]s1 lakes1 & seas4 ,acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( gravel b$s n[ situat$ f> away f any wat]4 #b4 ,,ice ,,glaci]s4--,h[ d ^! act on rocks8 ,%[ evid5ces 9 ,ont>io z f> z ^! c be illu/rat$ f ! surr\nd+s1 su* z poli%$ rocks1 b\ld]s1 b$s ( clay1 s&1 or gravel1 small lakes1 groov$ /ones1 etc4 #c4 ,,fro/ ,,& ,,heat4--,see ,expansion ( ,solids1 pages #ahi1 #aij4 ,look = spl9t]$ or crack$ /ones4 ,:y d f>m]s pl\gh 9 ! fall8 #d4 ,,w9d4--,9 sections ne> ! lakes ! action ( ! w9d 9 mov+ ! s& may be se5 & appreciat$4 ,!re are o!r places :]e ?is "w is go+ on on a small] scale4 #e4 ,,plants4--,our /udy ( humus %[s ! value ( vegetable matt] 9 soil4 ,besides contribut+ to ! soil1 plants break up rocks ) _! roots & dissolve !m ) acid excretions4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy h[ a b>e rock becomes cov]$ ) soil4 ,fir/ come ! li*5s :i* ne$ no soil2 on ! rema9s ( ^! ! mosses gr[4 ,! roots ( mosses & li*5s help to dis9tegrate ! rock ) _! excretions1 s t1 ) fro/1 heat1 air1 & ra9 to assi/1 !re is a lay] ( soil gradually =m$ on :i* l>g] plants c live4 ,a =e/ develops4 ,! trees supply %ade f ! sun & %elt] f ! w9d1 ?us ret>d+ evaporation4 ,! roots ( ! trees hold ! soil f be+ wa%$ away4 ,! dead leaves & fall5 /ems provide humus1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! wat]-hold+ capacity ( humus1 ! =e/ floor acts l a sponge1 prev5t+ floods 9 wet seasons & dr\ghts 9 dry times4 #f4 ,,animals4--,pupils %\ld make a li/ ( all burr[+ animals & look = examples4 ,! "w ( ! e>?worms is especially int]e/+4 ,by eat+ ! soil1 !y improve its texture & expose x to ! air4 ,_! holes admit air & wat] to ! soil4 ,! worms also drag leaves1 /icks1 & grass into _! holes & ?us add to ! humus4 ,d>w9 e/imat$ t ! e>?worms 9 ,engl& pass$ ov] t5 tons ( soil an acre ?r\gh _! bodies annually4 ,?is is left on ! surface & makes a ri* top-dress+4 ,,till+ ,,! ,,soil #a4 ,x makes ! soil f9]1 ?us increas+ ! surface = hold+ film wat] & enabl+ x to conduct m wat] by capill>ity4 #b4 ,x saves wat] f evaporation4 7,see ,exp]im5ts #g & #h1 ,=m ,,iii47 #c4 ,x a]ates ! soil1 enabl+ roots to ?rive bett]4 #d4 ,x dra9s 7h5ce w>ms7 ! soil1 assur+ m rapid gr[?4 #e4 ,x kills we$s4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! "w ) soils may be done 9 connection ) ! g>d5 /udies1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! above m5tion$ exp]im5ts may be tri$ 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,9 ungrad$ s*ools any ( ! exp]im5ts may be made in/ructive to all ! ,=ms4 ,pupils %\ld be ask$ to acqua9t !mselves ) ! common implem5ts us$ on ! f>m4 ,!y %\ld asc]ta9 ! special s]vice r5d]$ by ea*4 ,see ,circul> #aef1 ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,g>d5 ,,"w ,! "w 9 g>d5+ = ,=m ,,iv %\ld be connect$ ) "s def9ite l9e ( exp]im5tal "w4 ,! g>d5 %\ld be s plann$ t a "p ( x c be us$ exclusively = exp]im5tal "w4 ,co-op]ation ) ! ,f>m]'s ,exp]im5tal ,union ( ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph is advisable at ?is po9t4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( exp]im5ts is sugge/$ z suitable = boys especially1 b no pupil %\ld attempt m ?an "o exp]im5t ea* ye>4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,plots ,,out-,,(-,,doors ,exp]im5tal plots may be ( diff]5t sizes1 accord+ to ! space available1 f a y>d squ>e to a rod squ>e or l>g]4 ,a plot #aj ft4 #e 94 by #bj ft4 #aj 94 is almo/ #a_/bjj ( an acre1 s t ! actual yield on su* a plot :5 multipli$ by #bjj is an approximation ( ! yield an acre4 #a4 ,te/+ ( v>ieties ( gra9s1 vegetables1 or root se$s1 includ+ potatoes new to ! di/rict4 #b4 ,te/+ diff]5t v>ieties ( clov]s & fodd] grasses4 ,^! plots %\ld be s situat$ t !y c rema9 = ?ree ye>s4 #c4 ,?ick & ?9 s[+ ( gra93 ,use plots n less ?an f\r feet squ>e4 ,!y may be tri$ mo/ easily ) :eat1 oats1 or b>ley1 al?\gh any species ( gra9 may be us$4 ,use f\r plots ( ! same size1 equal 9 f]tility & o!r soil conditions4 ,9 ,no4 #a put gra9s ( :eat or oats1 z ! case may be1 two in*es ap>t ea* way4 ,9 ,no4 #b put ! gra9s two in*es ap>t 9 ! r[ & ! r[s f\r in*es ap>t4 ,9 ,no4 #c put ! gra9s f\r in*es ap>t 9 ! r[ & ! r[s f\r in*es ap>t4 ,9 ,no4 #d put ! gra9s f\r in*es ap>t 9 ! r[ & ! r[s eight in*es ap>t4 ,if possible1 weigh ! /raw & gra9 :5 cut & ! gra9 alone :5 dry & %ell$ out ( ! heads4 #d4 ,deep & %all[ gr[+ ( gra93 ,use f\r plots simil> to ^? 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #c4 ,put ! same am\nt ( se$ 9 ! diff]5t plots4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 "o in* deep2 9 ,no4 #b4 two in*es deep2 9 ,no4 #c1 f\r in*es deep1 & 9 ,no4 #d1 six in*es deep4 ,note :i* is up fir/1 & :i* gives ! be/ yield & be/ quality4 #e4 ,e>ly & late s[+3 ,?ree plots are requir$4 ,plant ! same am\nt ( se$ 9 ea* & cov] to ! same dep?4 ,plant ,no4 #a z e>ly z ! soil c be made ready2 ,no4 #b1 two weeks lat]2 & ,no4 #c1 two weeks lat] ?an ,no4 #b4 ,comp>e ! quality & ! yield4 #f4 ,effect ( s[+ clov] ) gra9 ! fir/ ye>3 ,only two plots are requir$4 ,s[ ! same am\nt ( :eat or oats on ea* plot4 ,on "o plot put a mod]ate supply ( r$ clov] & none on ! o!r4 ,weigh 7or e/imate71 z 9 ,exp]im5t #c above1 ! /raw & ! gra9 produc$ on ea*4 #g4 ,effect ( a clov] crop on ! gra9 crop succe$+ x ! foll[+ ye>3 ,! same two plots mu/ be us$ z 9 ,no4 #f4 ,:5 ! gra9 0 cut ! previ\s autumn1 ! plots %\ld h be5 left /&+ )\t cultivation until spr+4 ,:5 ! clov] has made "s gr[?1 spade x d[n & prep>e ! o!r plot 9 ! same way4 ,rake !m level & s[ ! same am\nt ( gra9 9 ea* aga94 ,weigh ! crops produc$ on ea*4 #h4 ,te/ quality1 yield1 & "t ( maturity ( sev]al v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,samples ( su* v>ieties ( :eat z ,r$ ,fife1 ,:ite ,fife1 ,pre/on1 ,turkey ,r$1 ,dawson's ,gold5 ,*aff1 ,:ite ,russian1 etc41 may be obta9$ f ! ,c5tral ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,ottawa1 if n available 9 ! di/rict4 #i4 ,effect ( diff]5t f]tiliz]s 7#a7 on ! same crop1 7#b7 on diff]5t crops3 ,?is c be done ei!r out-(-doors 9 small plots or indoors1 us+ pots or boxes4 7#a7 ,effect on ! same crop3 ,= example1 oats on plots f\r feet squ>e4 ,! foll[+ /&>d f]tiliz]s may be us$3 /able manure1 nitrate ( soda1 muriate ( pota%1 & bone meal4 ,on plot ,no4 #a1 a dress+ ( /able manure1 ,on plot ,no4 #b1 f\r oz4 nitrate ( soda1 ,on plot ,no4 #c1 f\r oz4 muriate ( pota%1 ,on plot ,no4 #d1 eight oz4 bone meal1 ,on plot ,no4 #e1 two oz4 nitrate ( soda1 two oz4 muriate ( pota%1 & f\r oz4 bone meal4 ,on plot ,no4 #f1 use no f]tiliz]4 ,record results4 7#b7 ,effect on diff]5t crops3 ,try a s]ies ( exp]im5ts simil> to ! above1 us+ 7a7 peas in/ead ( oats1 7b7 us+ corn1 7c7 us+ cabbage1 7d7 us+ potatoes4 ,,function ,,( ,,p>ts ,,( ,,plants ,?is may be introduc$ 9 ,=m ,,iii & cont9u$ 9 ! next ,=m4 ,already ! att5tion ( ! pupils has be5 direct$ to ! ess5tial organs ( ! fl[]1 namely1 /am5s & pi/il4 ,!y h notic$ ! two k9ds ( fl[]s on pumpk9s1 corn1 & _m trees4 ,!y h se5 t only ! pi/illate fl[]s produce fruit & se$s1 & t :5 ! /am9ate fl[]s h %$ _! poll51 !y die4 ,!y h se5 ! yell[ du/ t ! /am5s conta9 & h se5 bees lad5 ) x z !y em]ge f ! he>t ( ! fl[]4 ,h !m wat* ! bee z x ent]s ! fl[] & notice h[ x inv>iably rubs "s "p ( its poll5-cov]$ body aga9/ ! pi/il4 ,:5 on ! moi/1 /icky top ( ! pi/il1 ^! little poll5-gra9s soon beg9 to gr[1 s5d+ a delicate tube d[n to ! bottom ( ! pi/il to ! ov>y4 ,inside ! ov>y are little bodies call$ ! ovules t are moi/5$ by a fluid t comes f ?is delicate poll5 tube1 & at once !y beg9 to enl>ge & ev5tually become ! se$s4 ,! cov]+s surr\nd+ !m complete ! true fruit4 ,! use ( ! root 9 support+ ! plant 9 its normal position is app>5t to e pupil4 ,to demon/rate ! firm hold x has ^u ! soil1 h ! pupils try to pull up "s l>ge plants by ! roots4 ,!y w !n notice ! bran*+ roots ( "s plants & ! long conical roots ( o!rs4 ,comp>e ! col\r & o!r surface features ( ! root & /em4 ,to prove its fe$+ p[]1 try two plants ( equal size1 tak+ ! root (f "o & leav+ x un9jur$ 9 ! o!r4 ,set !m side by side 9 moi/ e>? & notice :i* )]s4 ,take all ! leaves (f a plant & keep !m (f = a few weeks4 ,! plant dies if its leaves are n all[$ to gr[4 ,keep x 9 ! d>k = a long "t1 & x f9ally dies ev5 :5 wat] & soil are suppli$4 ,! leaves1 !re=e1 are ess5tial & require sunlight 9 do+ _! "w4 ,_! complete "w w be consid]$ lat]4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,plant ,,gets ,,its ,,food ,,f ,,! ,,soil ,:5 se$s g]m9ate1 ! l[] end ( ! caulicle1 :i* becomes ! root1 be>s l>ge numb]s ( root-hairs4 ,inside ! root-hairs is protoplasm & cell sap4 ,^! root-hairs gr[ among ! soil p>ticles :i* lie cov]$ ov] ) a ?9 film ( moi/ure4 ,x is ?is moi/ure t is tak5 up by ^! root-hairs1 & 9 x is a small am\nt ( m9]al matt] 9 solution :i* helps to su/a9 ! plant4 ,! transmission ( soil wat] ?r\gh ! delicate cell walls ( ^! root-hairs is kn[n z osmosis4 ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,gra9s ,make a special /udy ( corn1 :eat1 & buck:eat4 ,take ?ree plates & put moi/ s& 9 ea* to a dep? ( ab\t half an in*4 ,spread ov] ?is a piece ( damp clo?4 ,put 9 ,no4 #a1 "o hundr$ gra9s ( corn2 9 ,no4 #b1 ! same numb] ( gra9s ( :eat2 & 9 ,no4 #c1 ! same numb] ( gra9s ( buck:eat1 peas1 or beans4 ,cov] ea* plate ) ano!r piece ( damp clo? & inv]t ano!r plate ov] ea* to prev5t dry+ out4 ,keep 9 a w>m room & d n all[ ! clo?s to become dry4 ,if "o ( ! clo?s be left hang+ six or eight in*es ov] ! side ( ! plate & dipp+ into a di% ( wat]1 ! :ole clo? w be kept moi/ by capill>ity4 ,note ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,*anges 9 ! size ( ! se$s dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #b4 ,9 :i* v>iety g]m9ation seems mo/ rapid4 #c4 ,! p]c5tage vitality1 t is1 ! numb] ( se$s :i* g]m9ate out ( "o hundr$4 #d4 ,! nature ( ! cov]+s & _! use4 7,protection to ! p>ts inside7 #e4 ,! p>ts ( ! se$ inside4 7,buck:eat1 pea1 or bean divides into two p>ts1 :i* become gre5i% & are call$ se$ leaves4 ,:eat & corn d n divide ?us47 #f4 ,! fir/ signs ( gr[?4 ,a little %oot or t9y plant beg9s to develop at "o end ( ! se$4 ,note :i* end be>s ?is t9y plant4 #g4 ,note ! developm5t ( ?is embryo plant & ! =mation ( /em & root4 #h4 ,( :at use is ! bulky "p ( ! se$8 ,to answ] ?is1 let ! pupils sep>ate ! :ite "p ( a k]nel ( corn1 :i* is atta*$ to ! embryo plant1 f ! pulpy mass surr\nd+ x4 ,set five su* plants 9 moi/ s& & also five g]m9at+ se$s n s dissect$4 ,pupils w discov] t ! mass surr\nd+ ! embryo is = ! n\ri%+ ( ! embryo plant4 ,x is a little /ore ( food prep>$ by ! "m plant = ! little ones t gr[ f ! se$s4 ,note t x disappe>s z ! plant gr[s4 ,to fur!r %[ ! great value ( ?is /or$ plant food1 put a l>ge-siz$ pea 9 a pot ( moi/ moss or sawdu/ = a few days4 ,:5 x has g]m9at$ & its root is a c\ple ( in*es long1 place ! pea 9 a ?i/le tube or small funnel1 ) ! root project+ d[n ! tube into a glass ( wat] 9 :i* ! funnel tube re/s4 ,place all 9 a sunny w9d[ & note h[ mu* gr[? ! plant is able to make )\t any food except t :i* ! se$ conta9$4 #i4 ,note ! developm5t ( ! root & root-hairs4 ,x is by means ( ^! root-hairs t ! plant absorbs moi/ure4 ,! bran*+ =m ( ! root gives great] support to ! plant & increas$ area = absorption ( wat] by means ( root-hairs4 ,to %[ ! direction tak5 by ! root & also by ! %oot1 take a glass j> ) /raight sides l a batt]y j> 7a l>ge fruit j> w d72 l9e x inside ) a lay] ( blott+-pap] & !n fill x ) moi/ sawdu/4 ,drop se$s ( sunfl[] or squa% d[n betwe5 ! pap] & ! glass4 ,! moi/ure f ! blott+-pap] w cause !m to spr\t1 ! %oot or /em always tak+ an upw>d direction & ! root turn+ d[nw>d q reg>dless ( ! position 9 :i* ! se$s 7 plac$4 #aj4 ,apply ?is /udy to se$ plant+3 ,plant se$s ( :eat 9 f\r pots ( soil1 ,no4 #a1 half an in* deep2 ,no4 #b1 two in*es2 ,no4 #c1 f\r in*es2 ,no4 #d1 six in*es4 ,repeat ?is exp]im5t1 us+ buck:eat4 ,:at se$s are up fir/8 ,:at se$s la/8 ,:i* are be/ aft] a week8 ,aft] ?ree or f\r weeks8 ,f ?is exp]im5t c\ld y recomm5d a c]ta9 dep? = ! plant+ ( :eat & buck:eat8 #aa4 ,does ! k9d ( soil make any diff]5ce8 ,to answ] ?is h diff]5t pupils *oose diff]5t soils1 su* z 7#a7 co>se s&1 7#b7 f9e s&1 7#c7 wet clay1 7#d7 humus or leaf m\ld1 7#e7 mix$ soil or loam2 & let ea* put 9 gra9s ( :eat1 two in*es deep4 ,all[ five o!r pupils to plant se$s ( buck:eat1 "u simil> conditions4 ,treat all pots alike z to "t ( wat]+ & quantity ( wat] us$ on ea* & give !m all equal light & heat4 ,note :i* come up fir/4 ,:i* are highe/ 9 "o week1 9 two weeks1 9 f\r weeks8 #ab4 ,?is /udy may be cont9u$ 9 ! g>d5 by plant+ "o plot ea* ( corn1 :eat1 & buck:eat4 ,plots t5 feet by tw5ty feet are l>ge en\gh4 ,obs]ve ! rate ( developm5t 9 ! plots4 ,:i* seems to mature mo/ quickly8 ,:i* blossoms fir/8 ,9 :at respect are ! leaves ( ^! plants alike or unlike8 ,h[ d ! /ems diff]8 ,exam9e ! blossom+ & se$ =mation4 ,:5 ! gra9s are ripe1 collect a hundr$ ( ! be/ look+ & mo/ compact heads ( ea* gra9 & also a hundr$ ( ! smalle/ heads ( ea*4 ,dry1 %ell1 & /ore ! two samples ( ea* gra9 9 sep>ate bottles4 ,^! samples are = plant+ ! foll[+ spr+4 #ac4 ,to %[ ! ne$ ( moi/ure 9 g]m9ation3 ,fill two fl[]-pots or cans ) dry s&2 put se$s ( sunfl[] 9 ea*1 cov]+ !m an in* deep4 ,put wat] 9 "o pot & none 9 ! o!r4 ,exam9e bo? pots aft] two or ?ree days4 #ad4 ,to %[ t heat is ne$$ = g]m9ation ( se$s3 ,plant sunfl[] se$s 9 two pots z above2 place "o 9 a w>m room & ! o!r 9 a cold room or refrig]ator2 wat] bo? & obs]ve result 9 ?ree days4 #ae4 ,to %[ t air is necess>y = g]m9ation3 ,fill a p9t seal] ) hydrog5 7! gas collect$ ov] wat] 9 ! usual way1 z %[n 9 any ,*emi/ry text-book74 ,put a few sunfl[] se$s 9 a small sponge or wrap !m loosely 9 a piece ( s(t clo?4 ,keep+ ! m\? ( ! j> :i* has be5 inv]t$ ov] wat] & fill$ ) hydrog51 "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 introduce ! sponge conta9+ ! se$s1 by putt+ x "u ! wat] & pu%+ x up into ! j>4 ,seal ! j> )\t lett+ ! gas get out4 ,put "s se$s 9 ano!r j> 9 a wet sponge & leave ! j> uncov]$4 ,comp>e results aft] sev]al days4 ,"h is a second exp]im5t to prove ?is4 ,boil "s wat] 9 a beak] 9 ord] to drive out all ! air1 put a few gra9s ( rice 9 ! wat]1 & !n add en\gh oil to make a ?9 cov]+ on ! wat]4 ,?is cov]+ w prev5t air f mix+ ) ! wat] aga94 ,put "s rice 9 a second beak] )\t boil+ or add+ ! oil4 ,leave ! beak]s side by side 9 a w>m room = a week4 ,! se$s w n g]m9ate 9 ! boil$ wat]4 ,x is n always easy to get rice t w g]m9ate1 b :5 x has be5 procur$1 ! exp]im5t is easy & v int]e/+4 ,any o!r se$s1 su* z ^? ( pond lily & eel-grass1 t g]m9ate readily "u wat]1 w d z well z rice4 ,,we$s ,pupils 9 ?is ,=m %\ld le>n to id5tify a l>ge numb] ( we$s & we$ se$s4 ,! collect+ & m\nt+ ( we$s & we$ se$s ! previ\s summ] & autumn w h help$ to prep>e !m = ?is "w4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 fl[] & vegetable se$s are com+ up 9 ! g>d51 x is (t5 difficult = pupils to di/+ui% ! we$s f ! useful plants4 ,to help 9 ?is "w ( di/+ui%+ ! good f ! bad1 ! tea*] %\ld arrange = a plot hav+1 say1 t5 r[s1 "o r[ = ea* v>iety ( we$ select$4 ,ea* r[ %\ld be designat$ by a numb] in/ead ( a "n4 ,! id5tification ( ^! gr[+ we$s by "n may be giv5 z a problem to ! pupils4 ,?is plot %\ld rema9 until ! pupils h obs]v$ ! mann] ( gr[? ( ea* v>iety1 ! blossom+ & se$ =mation1 & !n ! root gr[?1 z !y are be+ uproot$ previ\s to ! rip5+ ( ! se$4 ,ea* pupil %\ld prep>e a brief description ( ea* ( ! t5 v>ieties /udi$1 & make draw+s ( ! plant & its p>ts1 especially ! leaf1 fl[]1 se$1 & root4 ,!y %\ld le>n ! be/ me?ods ( eradication & add ^! 9 _! notes4 ,f>m ,we$s w be ( great value 9 su* we$ /udies4 ,,v9es ,suitable g>d5 v9es = /udy are climb+ na/urtium1 sc>let runn] bean1 & ,japanese hop4 ,_! gr[? & me?od ( climb+ %\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ! sweet-pea & morn+-glory already /udi$4 ,obs]ve p>ticul>ly ! k9d ( leaves & _! arrangem5t1 also ! fl[]s & fruit4 ,obs]ve also ! g\rd family--melon1 cucumb]1 & squa%--_! t5d5cy to climb1 & ! nature ( _! fl[]s & fruit4 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,9 s*ools :]e ! /udies ) g>d5 plants1 su* z h be5 indicat$1 c be c>ri$ on1 !re w n be z mu* "t = ! /udy ( wild fl[]s z 9 ^? s*ools :]e no g>d5 plants are available4 ,a def9ite li/ ( wild fl[]s = /udy %\ld be arrang$ by ! tea*] e>ly 9 spr+4 ,! foll[+ are common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,ont>io3 squirrel-corn1 ,dut*man's bree*es1 blue coho%1 dog's-too? violet1 wat]-p>snip1 catnip1 & mall[4 ,9 ea* /udy obs]ve ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,description ( leaves & fl[]s = id5tification4 #b4 ,/or+ ( food 9 und]gr\nd p>ts4 #c4 ,"t ( fl[]+4 7,pupils ( ?is ,=m %\ld keep a fl[] cal5d>47 #d4 ,description ( fruit & se$s & h[ ^! are scatt]$4 #e4 ,_! location1 & ! "* ( ! soil :]e f\nd4 ,enc\rage ! pupils to transplant a specim5 ( ea* f ! woods to ! s*ool or home g>d54 ,moi/ humus soil & p>tial %ade are ! be/ conditions = ! gr[? ( ^! wild wood fl[]s4 ,review ! type lessons giv5 already = ,prim>y classes & apply ! in=mation ?us ga9$ to ! obs]vational /udy ( ! v>ieties ( fl[]s nam$ above4 ,,plant+ ,,( ,,trees1 ,,%rubs1 ,,& ,,h]bace\s ,,p]5nials ,,9 ,,home ,,& ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds ,?is "w %\ld be ! outcome ( ! plans made 9 ! w9t]4 ,if ea* pupil does a little t[>d ! c>ry+ out ( ! s*eme ( plant+1 ! gr\nds w soon be wond]fully improv$4 ,! tea*] %\ld gu>d aga9/ ov]-plant+ & arrange = ! c>e ( ! %rubs & fl[]s dur+ ! summ] holidays4 ,new v>ieties ( h]bace\s p]5nials1 gr[n f se$ plant$ ! previ\s summ] or procur$ f homes 9 ! vic9ity1 %\ld be introduc$4 ,z mo/ h]bace\s p]5nials become too ?ick aft] a few ye>s1 x is necess>y to keep digg+ "s out ye> by ye>1 divid+ & resett+ !m1 & f]tiliz+ ! gr\nd4 ,native trees & %rubs %\ld be plac$ s z to obscure undesirable views1 su* z closets & outbuild+s1 r\gh f5ces1 or b>e walls4 ,?is pr9ciple 9 plant+ %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( trees4 ,ev]gre5 trees are p>ticul>ly desirable z scre5s & %elt]s f cold w9ds4 ,no plant+ %\ld be done1 on ! o!r h&1 t w\ld %ut out a good view ( ! s*ool or obscure a beautiful l&scape4 ,too frequ5tly unus$ corn]s ( ! s*ool gr\nd are cov]$ ) we$s4 ,prev5t ?is by putt+ trees !re & also %rubs4 ,keep all c5tres op51 & let ! trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]+ p]5nials be mass$ ab\t ! corn]s & along ! sides4 ,! in=mal me?od ( plant+ is to be pref]r$ to =mal plant+ ( designs4 ,! ,public ,s*ool ,inspector w provide a copy ( a dep>tm5tal circul> on ! ,improvem5t ( ,s*ool ,gr\nds1 :i* %\ld be c>efully /udi$ by e tea*]4 ,,%ade ,,trees ,consid] suitable v>ieties to plant = %ade & = ornam5tal effects4 ,:ite elm1 h>d & s(t maple1 :ite bir*1 p9es1 & spruces are among ! be/4 ,elms & maples are excell5t trees = roadside or /reet plant+1 & %\ld be ab\t =ty feet ap>t4 ,spruces & p9es may be plant$ five or six feet ap>t along ! nor? & we/1 to act z a w9d break4 ,o!rwise1 ev]gre5s are be/ :5 plant$ 9 triangul> clumps4 ,:ite bir* is p>ticul>ly ornam5tal aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd ( ev]gre5s4 ,specim5 trees ( horse-*e/nut1 bee*1 a%1 & hickory are also desirable4 ,,transplant+ ,! be/ "t = transplant+ trees is 9 ! autumn aft] ! leaves h fall51 or 9 ! spr+ be=e ! buds h op5$4 ,9 plant+ a tree1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3 #a4 ,pres]ve z mu* ( ! root sy/em z possible1 & trim (f all brok5 or bruis$ portions4 #b4 ,d n expose ! roots to sun or w9d :ile out ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is is especially important 9 transplant+ ev]gre5s4 #c4 ,r$uce ! top ( ! tree suffici5tly to balance ) ! r$uc$ root sy/em4 #d4 ,set ! tree a few in*es deep] ?an x 0 be=e transplant+4 #e4 ,pack ! be/ top soil closely ab\t ! roots1 s z to exclude all air spaces1 s9ce ^! t5d to dry ! delicate roots4 #f4 ,if ! gr\nd is v dry1 wat] %\ld be us$ 9 plant+2 o!rwise x is ( no advantage4 ,wat] ! trees ?or\ghly once a week 9 dry wea!r dur+ ! fir/ season4 #g4 ,aft] plant+1 put a mul* or cov]+ ( f9e /raw1 grass1 or *ips = two or ?ree feet ar\nd ! tree2 or e/abli% a soil mul* & keep d[n ! grass by frequ5t cultivation4 ,grass roots dry out ! soil4 #h4 ,9 ! case ( decidu\s trees1 h ! l[e/ limbs at lea/ sev5 feet f ! gr\nd4 ,ev]gre5s1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be trimm$1 b %\ld h _! bran*es "r f ! gr\nd up--?is un9t]rupt$ pyramid =m is "o ( _! *ief beauties4 ,,animal ,,/udies ,,scale ,,insects ,,san ,,jose ,,scale ,c]ta9 di/ricts 9 ,ont>io & especially ^? bord]+ on ,lake ,erie h suff]$ f ! ravages ( ?is scale on apple1 pea*1 pe>1 & o!r or*>d trees4 ,a h& l5s %\ld be us$ 9 /udy+ ^! insects1 obs]vations be+ c>ri$ on f ,may to ,septemb]4 ,c>efully exam9e ! fruits & twigs ( or*>d trees = evid5ces ( ! pres5ce ( ! scale1 & le>n to id5tify x & to recognize ! damages result+ f its attacks4 ,obs]ve ! almo/ circul> flat scale ( a grayi% col\r & hav+ a m9ute po9t project+ upw>d at its c5tre4 ,! "y insects :i* em]ge f und]nea? ^! scales 9 ! spr+ crawl ar\nd = a "t1 !n become /ation>y1 & ea* "o secretes a scale "u :i* x matures4 ,! mature males h two w+s b ! mature females are w+less4 ,note ! )]+ ( fruit & twigs due to ! insects' attacks & ! m9ute op5+s 9 ! sk9 ( ! twig1 made by ! ins]tion ( ! suck+ m\? p>ts4 ,describe to ! pupils h[ ! insect 0 transport$ f ,japan to ,am]ica & h[ x is n[ spread on nurs]y /ock4 ,give a brief acc\nt ( its de/ructiv5ess 9 ! or*>ds ( ,essex & ,k5t4 7,consult ,bullet9 ,no4 #aec1 ,common ,insects ,affect+ ,fruit ,trees & ,fungus ,diseases ,affect+ ,fruit ,trees4 ,be?une ,j>vis1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,toronto1 free47 ,,oy/]-,,%ell ,,b>k-,,l\se ,?is is v common ?r\gh\t ! ,prov9ce on apple & pe> trees4 ,obs]ve ! unheal?y appe>ance ( ! leaves ( ! infe/$ trees1 ! inf]ior quality ( ! fruit1 & ! gray scales %ap$ l t9y oy/]-%ells4 ,! means ( de/roy+ ^! pe/s %\ld be discuss$4 ,! ,bullet9s nam$ above give detail$ in=mation 9 ref]5ce to spray+ & fumigation4 ,,cutworms 7,consult ,bullet9 #eb1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ottawa47 ,cutworms are ! l>vae ( m$ium-siz$ br[n mo?s t fly at night4 ,!re are _m species ( cutworms1 all ( :i* are de/ructive to "s =ms ( plants or grasses1 gra9s1 & vegetables4 ,! l>vae are r ?ick1 nak$1 worm-l =ms4 ,!y burr[ into ! gr\nd1 b em]ge at night to fe$ by cutt+ ?r\gh ! /ems ( t5d] plants or by fe$+ ^u ! leaves4 ,= ! mo/ effective me?od ( deal+ ) ^! ref] to :at is said on ,combat+ ,g>d5 ,pe/s1 ,=m ,,ii4 ,:5 a field is kn[n to be infe/$ ) cutworms1 x is a good plan to spread poison$ clov] or cabbage leaves ov] ! gr\nd be=e ! se$ is plant$4 ,,:ite ,,grubs ,:ite grubs are l>ge1 fat1 :ite l>vae ( ,june beetles4 ,^! beetles are ! well-kn[n l>ge1 br[n1 clumsy beetles t blund] into ! h\se at night 9 ,may or ,june & drop ) a ?ud ^u ! floor4 ,?ree ye>s are sp5t 9 ! l>val =m1 ! grubs liv+ und]gr\nd & fe$+ on ! roots ( plants1 especially ! roots ( gra9s & grasses4 ,s9ce !y are f\nd *iefly 9 fields rec5tly pl\gh$ f grass1 !y may be held 9 *eck by rotation ( crops & by fall pl\gh+1 :i* exposes ! l>vae to ! w9t] fro/s4 ,9 ,may or ,june1 :5 ! adults are fe$+ on ! foliage ( fruit & %ade trees1 spray+ ! trees ) ,london purple is q effective = de/roy+ ! beetles be=e !y h laid _! eggs among ! roots ( ! grass4 ,hogs de/roy _m l>vae by root+ 9 ! soil to f9d !m = food4 ,,crayfi% ,se>* = ! crayfi% 9 /reams & ponds4 ,:y is ! crayfi% h>d to f9d8 ,h>d to capture8 ,obta9 a liv+ crayfi% f a pond or /ream & place x 9 a j> ( wat] or 9 an aqu>ium4 ,! crayfi% %\ld n be plac$ 9 an aqu>ium conta9+ insects & small fi% :i* are to be kept1 z x is fi]ce & voraci\s4 ,! pupils %\ld /udy ! liv+ animal1 not+ its habit ( lurk+ "u /ones2 ! sweep+ ( ! wat] ) ! feel]s2 ! backw>d movem5t 9 swimm+1 produc$ by b5d+ ! tail %>ply und]nea? ! body2 ! walk+ by means ( f\r pairs ( legs1 ! great claws be+ us$ to turn ! animal2 ! use ( ! great claws 9 seiz+ prey & hold+ food ne> ! m\?2 ! movem5ts ( ! small app5dages "u ! front "p ( ! animal & ! wat] curr5ts caus$ by ^!2 ! movem5ts ( ! small app5dages "u ! abdom5 ( ! animal4 ,,fre%wat] ,,mussel ,! fre%wat] mussel--clam z x is usually call$ by s*ool-boys--may be f\nd 9 almo/ any /ream4 ,place a mussel 9 ! aqu>ium1 & note ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! valves ( ! %ell2 ! h+e connect+ ! valves2 ! foot protrud+ f ! %ell2 ! movem5ts by means ( ! foot2 ! mantle lobes l9+ ! %ell & visible at ! op5 m>g9s2 ! two siphons at ! re> ( ! animal--wat] curr5ts may be obs]v$ ent]+ ! upp] & em]g+ f ! l[] ( ^!4 ,inf] uses = ^! curr5ts4 ,t\* ! edge ( ! upp] siphon & obs]ve h[ quickly ! %ell is clos$4 ,comp>e ! mussel ) ! snail z to movem5ts & %ell4 ,comp>e also ) ! oy/] & sea clam4 ,exam9e empty %ells & notice ! pe>ly lay] ( ! %ell1 ! action ( ! h+e1 & ! m>ks on ! %ell to :i* ! muscles = clos+ ! %ell 7 atta*$4 ,/ate all ! means ( protection t y h discov]$ ! animal to possess4 ,,bird ,,/udy 7,consult ,bullet9 #bah4 ,birds ( ,ont>io 9 ,relation to ,agriculture1 ,na%4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 free47 ,if ! lessons 9 bird /udy :i* are prescrib$ = ,=ms ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii h be5 successful1 ! pupils ( ,=m ,,iv %\ld h a fair acqua9tance ) ! habits ( ! common birds4 ,a v int]e/+ ex]cise is to hold a trial ^u ^? birds :i* are view$ ) suspicion or :i* are op5ly condemn$ z objectionable neighb\rs4 ,a pupil is appo9t$ to act z judge & o!r pupils give evid5ce4 ,! evid5ce mu/ be bas$ ^u ! pupil's p]sonal obs]vations on ! habits ( ! bird4 ,! foll[+ birds are nam$1 & brief descriptions ( _! habits are giv5 z sugge/ions = mat]ials = bird trials3 ,,rob94--,he /eals small fruits1 su* z *]ries1 currants1 etc4 ,he is a *e]ful1 jolly neighb\r1 :o s+s sweetly4 ,he eats great numb]s ( cutworms & :ite grubs4 ,,cr[4--,he robs ! ne/s ( o!r birds1 & /eals *ick5s1 corn1 & potatoes4 ,he helps ! f>m] by kill+ cutworms1 :ite grubs1 gras%opp]s1 & o!r insects4 ,,woodpeck]4--,! memb]s ( ?is family are griev\sly p]secut$ because !y are believ$ to injure or*>d & %ade trees by peck+ holes 9 ! b>k f :i* to suck ! sap4 ,c>eful obs]vations t5d to %[ t ! trees are b5efit$ r ?an injur$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,woodpeck]s are und\bt$ly b5eficial z de/roy]s ( wood-bor]s & o!r obnoxi\s insects4 ,,cr[-,,blackbird 7bronz$ grackle74--,8 habits are simil> to ^? ( ! cr[4 ,,owls4--,all ! owls are held 9 ill repute because ( ! crimes ( a few memb]s ( ! family4 ,v seldom does an owl /eal a *ick52 _! food consi/s *iefly ( mice1 rats1 squirrels1 gras%opp]s1 & o!r field pe/s4 ,,hawks4--,! hawks are unju/ly p]secut$ = crimes ( :i* !y are seldom guilty4 ,z a class !y are b5eficial1 n injuri\s birds4 ,,diff]5t ,,aspects ,,( ,,nature ,,/udy ,!re is a k ( ,nature :i* contributes to ! e>n+ ( a liv+4 ,?is is ! utilit>ian aspect4 ,!re is a k ( ,nature :i* may be obta9$ 9 su* a way z to develop ! obs]v+ & reason+ p[]s & give a tra9+ 9 sci5tific me?od4 ,?is is ! discipl9>y aspect4 ,!re is a k :i* leads ! pupil to p]ceive ! beautiful 9 ,nature1 to enjoy x & s add to 8 happ9ess4 ,?is is ! ae/hetic aspect4 ,!re is a k ( ,nature :i*1 ?r\gh ! life hi/ory ( plant & animal1 ?r[s light on ! pupil's own life1 gives him an insight into all life 9 its unity1 & leads him to look up rev]5tly to ! au?or ( all life--?r\gh ,nature up to ,nature's ,god4 ,?is is ! spiritual aspect4 ,ea* ( ^! aspects supplem5ts1 int]prets1 or en=ces ! o!rs4 ,he :o omits or neglects any ( ^! p]ceives b a "p ( a complete :ole4 ,nature ,/udy develops 9 ! pupil a sympa!tic attitude t[>d ,nature = ! purpose ( increas+ ! joy ( liv+4 ,x leads him to see ,nature ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! poet & ! morali/ z well z ?r\gh ^? ( ! sci5ti/4 ,nature ,/udy is conc]n$ ) plants1 birds1 insects1 /ones1 cl\ds1 brooks1 etc41 b x is n botany1 orni?ology1 entomology1 geology1 meteorology1 or geography4 ,9 ?is /udy1 x is ! _s ( inquiry develop$ r ?an ! numb] ( facts asc]ta9$ t is important4 ,gradually x becomes m sy/ematic z x advances until1 9 ! high s*ool1 x passes ov] into ! sci5ce gr\p ( /udies4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,^! ,,aspects ,! simple obs]vational lessons on ,! ,rob91 pages #if-g1 =m ! bases = fur!r /udy 9 m advanc$ classes4 ,?is bird z a de/roy] ( worms1 beetles1 etc41 is a valuable assi/ant to ! f>m] z1 inde$1 are practically all birds 9 ?is ,prov9ce4 ,birds su* z ! duck1 goose1 p>tridge1 etc41 are valuable z food1 & laws are made to protect !m dur+ c]ta9 seasons4 ,! tra9+ 9 inf]5ce :i* a pupil receives 9 /udy+ ! p>ts ( a plant or an animal & ! adaptation ( ^! p>ts to function is valuable4 ,he /udies ! plant & ! animal z liv+ organisms ) "w to d 9 ! _w1 & le>ns h[ :at !y d & _! mann] ( do+ x affect _! =m & /ructure4 ,! %ort1 curv$1 & slightly hook$ bill ( ! h5 & h] me?od ( break+ op5 a pea pod or splitt+ an object too l>ge to swall[ %[s ! bill to be a mallet1 a w$ge1 or a pick z ! case may be4 ,a /udy ( ! bills ( ! duck1 woodpeck]1 & hawk w reveal ! me?od by :i* ea* gets 8 food & h[ ! organ is adapt$ to its purpose4 ,simil> /udies ( ! feet & legs ( birds w make ! idea ( adaptation increas+ly cle>4 ,lit]ature is ri* ) tributes to ! songs ( ! birds4 ,! ?\ghts & feel+s ar\s$ or sugge/$ by ^! songs are ! topics ( mu* ( ! _w's endur+ poetry4 ,longfell[1 9 8 ,birds ( ,kill+-wor? 7,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn7 s+s exquisitely ( ! use & beauty & wor? ( birds4 ,%elley1 9 8 ,skyl>k1 describes 9 gl[+ v]se ! unbodi$ joy t s++ /ill do/ so> & so>+ ev] s+e/4 ,wordswor? he>s ! bli! new com]1 ! ,cuckoo1 & rejoices ,?\gh babbl+ only to ! vale ,( sun%9e & ( fl[]s ,?\ br+e/ unto me a tale ,( vision>y h\rs4 ,! life /ory ( a bird ?r[s light on our own lives1 puts u 9 sympa?y ) ! lives ( o!rs1 tea*es k9dness1 tea*es ! duties & responsibilities ( ! high] to ! l[]1 tea*es respect = all life4 ,obs]ve ! helpless bird 9 its ne/1 helpless z a baby4 ,see ! c>e giv5 by ! "m & fa!r to keep x w>m till its d[n & fea!rs gr[1 to fe$ x till x is able to leave ! ne/4 ,wat* ! p>5ts tea*+ x to fly by repeat$ %ort flights4 ,olive ,?orn ,mill] 9 h] ,bird ,ways gives a delightful sket* ( ! fa!r rob9 tea*+ a "y rob9 :]e to look = worms & h[ to dig !m up4 ,:5 t task 0 accompli%$1 8 fa!r began to give him music lessons1 t is1 practice 9 imitat+ ! ,rob9's song4 ,?us1 ! "y bird 0 equipp$ to make a liv+ & to enjoy life4 ,! social life ( birds1 z !y s+ _! mat9s1 z !y *oose _! mates1 z !y ga!r 9 flocks prep>atory to migration1 furni% _m opportunities = indirect tea*+ on _m ( life's problems4 ,! ,ont>io ,read]s conta9 _m poems t may be us$ 9 connection ) ! ,nature ,/udy lessons4 ,to supplem5t ! obs]vational /udies ( birds1 read f ! ,?ird ,read]1 ,! ,rob9's ,song1 ,! ,r$-w+$ ,blackbird1 ,! ,s&pip]1 ,to ! ,cuckoo1 ,bob ,:ite1 ,! ,l>k & ! ,rook1 ,! ,poet's ,song4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,read]1 ! lessons on ,! ,f\nta91 ,! ,brook1 ,! ,tide ,riv]1 & ,a ,song ( ! ,sea =m a gr\p t c be us$ 9 connection ) lessons 9 geography4 ,a ,song = ,april1 ,an ,apple ,or*>d 9 ! ,spr+1 ,! ,gladness ( ,nature1 ,! ,or*>d1 ,a ,midsumm] ,song1 ,corn-fields1 ,! ,corn ,song1 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,fl[]s1 ,! ,fro/1 ,! ,sn[-/orm1 make ano!r gr\p to accompany a /udy ( ! seasons4 ,a simil> gr\p may be select$ f ! ,f\r? ,read]4 ,! pupil :o has made a /udy ( a brook z a lesson 9 geography & def9$ x z a small natural /ream ( wat] fl[+ f a spr+ or f\nta9 w1 if he /udies ! foll[+ l9es f ,t5nyson's ,! ,brook & p]ceives by c>eful obs]vation ! descriptive accuracy & aptness ( ! words 9 italics1 realize t ! poet sees mu* t ! geograph] has n includ$ 9 8 def9ition4 ,i *att] ov] /ony ways1 ,9 little %>ps & trebles1 ,i bubble into eddy+ bays1 ,i babble on ! pebbles4 99 99 99 ,i slip1 ,i slide1 ,i gloom1 ,i glance4 ,among my skimm+ swall[s2 99 99 99 ,i murmur "u moon & />s4 99 99 99 ,i l+] by my %+ly b>s4 ,i loit] r\nd my cresses4 ,correlations su* z ^! add greatly to ! pupil's int]e/ 9 ?is subject4 ,giv5 a tea*] ) a love ( out-(-door life1 ) obs]vant eyes & e>s1 & ! _s t sympa?izes ) *ildr5's curiosity & /imulates inquiry1 ,nature ,/udy w be a joy & an inspiration to pupils4