file which includes the original        
illustrations4       ,see #bfacf-;h4htm 
or #bfacf-;h4zip3                       
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f_/a_/a_/bfacf_/bfacf-;h_/#bfacf-;h4htm7
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,transcriber's note3        ,page       
numbers in this book are indicated by   
numbers enclosed in       curly braces1 
e4g4 #ii4  ,they have been located where
 page       breaks occurred in the      
original book4  ,for its ,index1 a page 
number has been placed only at the start
 of that section4      ,,the ,,worship  
,,of ,,the ,,church  ,and the ,beauty of
 ,holiness  by  ,j4 ,a4 ,,regester1     
,s4,t4,d4  ,rector of ,st4 ,paul's      
,church1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4     ,oh1 may 
,i dwell in ,his ,temple blest1     ,as 
long as my life may be1   ,and the      
beauty fair of the ,lord of ,hosts1     
,in the home of ,his glory see6         
,,bishop ,,coxe1 ,christian ,ballads    

,new ,york ,james ,pott  ,company #bhe  
,fourth ,avenue #ahih  ,copyright1      
#ahih1 by ,james ,pott  ,co4  ,first    
,edition4  ,printed1 ,january1 #ahih4   
,second ,edition1 ,revised4  ,printed1  
,may1 #ahih4     ,preface  ,the material
 in this manual is1 so far as known1    
accessible only in a number of books4   
,obligation to those from which it has  
been gathered has not been expressed by 
references1 which must have marked      
nearly every page1 but1 instead1 a list 
has been appended which may be consulted
 if it is desired to verify statements  
or to study more fully any subject      
presented4  ,the object in view has not 
been to discuss the propriety1 or       
lawfulness1 or obligation of any matter 
referred to1 but simply to give         
information4     ,contents              
,,page    ,,worship  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #g   ,,the     
,,church1 ,,the ,,place ,,of ,,worship 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aa   ,,symbolism ,,of
 ,,the ,,church ,,building 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

 4 4  #ag   ,,arrangement ,,and         
,,furniture ,,of ,,the ,,church  4 4 4 4
 4  #cg   ,,symbolic ,,ornaments ,,of   
,,the ,,church 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ea   
,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,prayer-,,book 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ib   ,,devout  
,,customs ,,and ,,usages  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 #ajc   ,,list ,,of ,,books    
,,for ,,reference  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 #aai   ,,index  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aba     #g  ,the  
,beauty of ,holiness   ,worship  ,the   
worship of ,almighty ,god is one of the 
characteristic acts of humanity4  ,the  
brute looks up to heaven1 but man alone 
looks up with thought of ,god and to    
adore4  ,the entire creation grew       
together to reflect and repeat the glory
 of ,god1 and yet the echo of ,god      
slumbered in the hollow bowels of the   
dumb earth until there was one who could
 wake up the shout by a living voice4   
,man is the first among the creatures to
 deliver back from the rolling world    
this conscious and delicious response1  

the recognition of the ,father who begat
 him4  ,he1 and he alone1 is nature's   
priest1 her spokesman1 her mediator4  #h
  ,the idea of worship1 in which the    
crown and glory of manhood thus has     
expression1 includes all those acts     
which make up the devotional duty of the
 soul to ,almighty ,god4  ,our private  
and family devotions are acts of        
worship4  ,they enter into its          
obligation1 are comprehended by it1 but 
do not fill it out4  ,they are not      
sufficient alone4  ,the due             
acknowledgment before others of our     
belief in and reverence for ,god1 the   
blessings which attend only upon the use
 of united praise and prayer and of     
,sacraments1 the honor of ,god1 the     
rendering of thanks for the great       
benefits that we have received at ,his  
hands1 the setting forth of ,his most   
worthy praise1--all demand the public   
act of worship4  ,the obligation and    
privilege of such worship cannot be too 
greatly exalted4  ,it is not a matter of

 inclination merely2 it is an imperative
 duty1 the discharge of which may not be
 regulated by considerations of         
convenience1 or indolence1 or pleasure4 
,to neglect it1 is to dishonor ,god1 to 
withhold what is ,his due4  ,it is also 
to dishonor ourselves1 to violate our   
own noblest instincts4  ,no other act of
 which we as men are capable is so      
dignified or so worthy of ourselves4    
,not to worship is to debase ourselves4 
,this duty and privilege of worship the 
church and the ,prayer-,book help us to 
perform4  ,just as #i other buildings   
about us--homes1 stores1 factories1     
schools1 libraries--stand for and       
represent certain interests and         
departments of our lives1 so the church 
as a building makes its claim and       
reminds us that there must also be      
room--a large place and sacred--in our  
lives for worship1 and supplies the     
hallowed means and helpful associations 
for its right discharge4  ,and what the 
church supplies the means of doing      

fittingly1 the ,prayer-,book directs4   
,it comes with the reminder that while  
,sunday brings the great opportunity of 
worship1 the obligation is not a thing  
of one day only1 but of every day1 and  
that our public worship should be daily1
 if possible4  ,it enables every one who
 comes into the church to be a          
worshiper4  ,it gives to each one his   
part4  ,it makes no distinctions4 ,high 
and low1 rich and poor1 have equal share
 in the service4  ,it teaches to worship
 reverently1 and in spirit and in truth4
  ,everything in the ,prayer-,book is   
solemn1 humble1 reverential1 as it      
respects man1 and ennobling and         
glorifying as it respects ,god4  ,and   
this is meet and right4  ,for1 as has   
been truly said1 ,worship is the        
concentration and consecration of       
whatever is noble in the world4  ,it is 
the dedication to the ,most ,high of all
 that is best in what the eye can see1  
the ear hear1 the voice sing1 the hand  
execute1 #aj and the mind conceive4  ,it

 is the sanctification of color1 sound1 
and skill1 of intellect1 imagination1   
and emotion4  ,it is devotion--devotion 
of what is excellent in man1 devotion of
 what symbolizes the loveliness of      
nature4 ,therefore it is that worship   
calls for art2 therefore1 too1 it is    
that art so often finds its noblest use 
in worship4  ,worship and art together  
take the beauty of the world and offer  
it up as a tribute at the feet of ,god4 
#aa  ,the ,church1 the ,place of        
,worship  ,it would seem that at first  
,christians worshiped in any place which
 they could use with safety4  ,but soon 
the ,lord revealed ,himself to the world
 as the ,king of it1 until in a few     
generations the earth was covered with  
,his shrines1 and mines and forests and 
human skill offered to ,him their best  
gifts4  ,the custom of setting apart    
places and houses as holy and dedicated 
to ,god's worship was ever a part of the
 faith of ,god's people4  ,thus it was  
said to ,israel in the wilderness1 ,let 

them make ,me a sanctuary2 that ,i may  
dwell among them4  ,of the building of  
the ,temple ,solomon says1 ,behold1 ,i  
purpose to build a house unto the name  
of the ,lord my ,god1 as the ,lord spake
 unto ,david my father1 saying1 ,thy    
son1 #ab whom ,i will set upon thy      
throne in thy room1 he shall build a    
house unto ,my name4  ,our ,lord        
confirms this practice as one of sound  
and true religion4  ,he called the      
,temple ,my ,father's house1 and by     
cleansing it of buyers and sellers      
showed that it was to be used for no    
other purpose than the worship of ,god4 
,christians from the earliest days have 
had consecrated places which were held  
in reverence as distinct from the home4 
,and so the ,prayer-,book says1 ,devout 
and holy men1 as well under the ,law as 
under the ,gospel1 moved either by the  
express command of ,god1 or by the      
secret inspiration of the blessed       
,spirit1 and acting agreeably to their  
own reason and sense of the natural     

decency of things1 have erected houses  
for the public worship of ,god1 and     
separated them from all unhallowed1     
worldly1 and common uses1 in order to   
fill men's minds with greater reverence 
for ,his glorious ,majesty1 and affect  
their hearts with more devotion and     
humility in ,his service2 which pious   
works have been approved of and         
graciously accepted by our heavenly     
,father4  ,it is an ancient custom to   
dedicate churches to the glory of ,god  
and in honor of some special saint4     
,this custom probably arose from the    
fact that in early days churches were   
commonly built over the #ac graves of   
martyrs1 or in the place of their       
martyrdom1 and hence were called by     
their names4  ,sometimes the church is  
named from some fact in the sacred      
history of our redemption1 as the       
,incarnation1 the ,annunciation1 the    
,nativity1 the ,epiphany1 the           
,transfiguration1 the ,crucifixion1 the 
,resurrection1 the ,ascension4  ,or it  

may take its name from the ,holy        
,trinity1 or from some title of our     
,lord or of the ,holy ,ghost4  ,or it   
may be named for one or all of the holy 
angels4  ,it must be felt to be a       
decided advantage to have the place of  
the worship of ,god designated by a     
dignified name1 and one non-secular and 
religious in its associations4  ,the    
word church1 by which we designate the  
place of divine worship1 being derived  
from the ,greek kuriakn1 the ,lord's    
house1 embodies the idea of its sacred  
character4  ,a canon1 or law1 of the    
,church forbids consecration so long as 
a debt remains on the building4  ,it    
may1 however1 before consecration be    
used for worship4  ,as consecrated and  
set apart for the holy offices of       
religion1 the church is the proper place
 for the ministration of the            
,sacraments1 and1 preferably1 for       
marriages and burials4  ,the ,church's  
rule in reference to ,holy ,baptism is  
that even children shall #ad not be     

baptized at home without great cause and
 necessity4  ,this rule is laid down    
because the decency and solemnity suited
 to so great a ,sacrament can be had    
better in the church1 set apart and     
arranged for the purpose1 than in any   
private house1 and in order that by the 
public ministration others may be       
instructed by the service4  ,of the     
,solemnization of ,matrimony the ,church
 says1 ,the persons to be married shall 
come into the body of the church1 or    
shall be ready in some proper house1    
with their friends and neighbors4  ,that
 the church is named first as the proper
 place shows that it is to be preferred 
for a marriage4  ,it can be solemnized  
there in a more seemly and dignified way
 than elsewhere1 and those coming to    
plight their vows may be more deeply    
impressed with the solemnity and        
importance of the step4  ,in the ,office
 for the ,burial of the ,dead the church
 only 7or the churchyard7 is named as   
the place4  ,the ,church evidently has  

no thought of any other place as        
appropriate for the burial of her       
children4  ,it is the spiritual home of 
all the baptized4  ,christian           
consolations are preminently there      
imparted4  ,these considerations1 in    
addition to those of reverence and      
convenience1 mark this as the proper    
place for the ,burial ,office4  #ae     
,the consecrated character of the church
 should have distinct recognition in use
 and conduct4  ,the building has been   
thereby separated from all unhallowed1  
worldly1 and common uses4  ,it is wrong 
to use it for purposes of amusement or  
business4  ,it has been given to ,god4  
,it has been consecrated for religious  
purposes4  ,it is sacrilege to treat it 
as a common thing4  ,it should be       
recognized also in personal conduct4  ,a
 prayer should always be said on        
entering4  ,the manner should be        
reverent and quiet4 ,all light and      
useless talk should be restrained4  ,it 
should be recognized in conduct in      

reference to others4  ,as ,god's house1 
all of ,his children have a rightful    
place there4  ,this right should be     
recognized by courtesy to others1       
especially to strangers and to people in
 humble station4  ,wherever possible1   
the church should be open every day and 
all day for private prayer and          
meditation4  ,many must of necessity    
live in crowded dwellings1 or in        
circumstances in which quiet and privacy
 are hard to obtain4  ,but to all1      
whatever their circumstances1 the open  
church offers opportunities not afforded
 at home4  ,sacred associations and     
objects greatly aid thought and         
devotion2 and in the quiet church1 where
 there is so much to #af remind of ,god 
and sacred things1 and so little of the 
world and of sin1 we can think and pray 
better than elsewhere4  ,it has been    
found a very helpful thing in the       
,christian life to form the habit of    
stopping in the church1 whenever in its 
neighborhood1 for a few moments of      

prayer1 and to use it also as a place of
 refuge in time of trial and temptation4
     #ag  ,symbolism of the ,church     
,building  ,as soon as the early        
,christians were at liberty to build    
churches according to their own mind1   
they took pains to make them significant
 of their religion4  ,probably at first 
the ,christians took for the purposes of
 their worship such buildings as they   
could get1 adapting them to their uses  
as best they might4  ,but when they grew
 strong enough and independent enough to
 build as the heart and imagination     
dictated1 then they showed themselves   
careful to make their houses of ,god in 
shape and dimension suggestive of what  
they believed4  ,these old builders were
 ,churchmen1 and made their             
,churchmanship and their belief felt in 
their work4  ,a deep and true symbolism 
was carried out in the plan and         
construction of their #ah churches4     
,thus ,christian churches at an early   
day came to be built in the form of a   

cross4  ,this was not only the most     
ornamental form of structure2 it was    
much more3 it made the very fabric of   
the church the symbol of our faith in   
,christ crucified4  ,some chancels of   
old churches were even built with a     
slight deflection from the line of      
direction of the nave1 thus representing
 the inclination of our ,saviour's head 
upon the ,cross4  ,it made also the     
gathering together of each congregation 
of ,his ,church--which is ,his mystical 
,body--the symbol of that body itself3  
that part in the nave representing ,his 
body1 that in the transepts ,his        
outstretched arms1 that in the choir    
,his head4  ,and so1 also1 the united   
prayers and praises of the congregation 
make1 as it were1 in their very sound   
the sign of the ,cross4  ,this plan of  
constructive symbolism affects not only 
the fabric of the church as a whole1 but
 each separate part of the church has   
its religious character and meaning4    
,let us linger for a moment on the      

outside4  ,the spire points upward and  
teaches its lesson of aspiration4  ,lift
 up your hearts1 it seems to say1 and   
holds up the ,cross as that by which    
alone we are to be exalted unto         
everlasting life4  ,whenever we #ai lift
 up our eyes to it1 it ought to repeat  
for us that lesson--rebuke downward     
thoughts and desires1 and point up to   
spiritual and heavenly things4  ,in the 
tower are the bells1 and what the spire 
with its uplifted ,cross says to us in  
silent eloquence these say in sound and 
music4  ,the office of the bell in      
calling to prayer and holy worship was  
regarded in olden time with much        
reverence4  ,the use of bells for the   
purpose of gathering people together in 
large numbers appears to be of          
,christian origin4  ,large bells hung in
 a tower seem to have been unknown      
before ,a4,d4 #ejj4  ,they were first   
made in ,campania in ,italy1 whence the 
,italian name campana1 a bell1 and      
campanile1 a bell-tower4  ,bells were   

anciently supposed to have considerable 
powers1 especially against evil spirits4
  ,their use for religious purposes     
probably originated this belief4  ,the  
hand-bells of the ,british apostles1    
,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,columba1 ,st4      
,david1 etc41 are said to have been long
 preserved1 if not existing even now4   
,they are four-sided bronze bells1      
sometimes of several plates fused into  
one4  ,st4 ,patrick is said by an old   
legend to have dispersed a host of      
demons1 who were too bold to be scared  
by the mere ringing of the bell1 by     
flinging it into the midst of them4     
,bells in the middle ages were sometimes
 #bj dedicated to saints4 ,they were    
christened with all the usual ceremonies
 and with much pomp2 sponsors were      
provided1 the bell was sprinkled at the 
font1 anointed with oil1 and robed in a 
chrisom4  ,superstitious as these       
customs would seem now1 there is        
something fine in the simple faith which
 thus1 in those more poetic days1       

consecrated to ,god's service the voices
 which should proclaim ,him far and wide
 over the land4  ,in simpler form1 the  
custom is still frequently observed of  
setting apart by solemn prayer and      
benediction the bells which are to call 
men to prayer or to ring out the praises
 of ,god4  ,church bells are frequently 
marked by appropriate inscriptions4     
,the following1 for instance1 was very  
common in the middle ages1 all these    
powers being attributed to bells3       
,funera plango1 ,fulgura trango1        
,sabbata pango1   ,excito lentos1       
,dissipo ventos1 ,paco cruentos4    ,i  
mourn the dead1 ,i break the lightning1 
,i announce the ,sabbath1   ,i excite   
the slothful1 ,i disperse the winds1 ,i 
appease the cruel4   ,as instances of   
modern inscriptions we have the         
following3 ,bethlehem1 ,calvary1        
,bethany4  ,we welcome the infant to the
 ,font4  ,we invite the #ba youth to    
,confirmation4  ,we invoke the faithful 
to the ,holy ,communion4  ,joyful our   

peal for the bridal2 mournful our plaint
 for the dead4  ,let us turn now to the 
inside of the church and inquire as to  
the spiritual significance which has    
become associated with its several      
parts4  ,the church is divided into two 
main portions--the body of the church   
and the chancel4  ,this represents the  
whole ,catholic ,church1 divided into   
those on earth and those who have passed
 into ,paradise4  ,the body of the      
church1 representing those on earth1 is 
divided again into two parts--the nave  
and transepts4  ,and these have each    
their special religious associations and
 suggestiveness4  ,the ,nave4--,the nave
 is that part which extends from the    
door to the choir4  ,it is the place    
where the congregation is gathered1 in  
the fellowship of ,christ's religion1   
for the purpose of worship4  ,it is most
 probably called the nave from the      
,latin navis1 signifying a ship1 the    
same word from which we get our ,english
 navy and naval4 ,the ship was the      

favorite symbol of the ,church in       
primitive times4  ,we have the idea     
preserved for us in the first prayer in 
the ,offices for ,holy ,baptism3        
,received into the ark of ,christ's     
,church 444 may so pass the waves of    
this troublesome world as #bb finally to
 come to the land of everlasting life4  
,the thought was so much in mind that   
some old churches were built with the   
timbers of the roof modeled like the    
ribs of a ship1 and in some cases the   
walls were made irregular to represent  
the sides of the ship beaten and pressed
 upon by the waves4 ,the nave1 then1 as 
representing the ,church into which ,god
 in ,his love gathers us together in    
order to bring us in safety through the 
storms of life to the land of           
everlasting life1 stands for the idea of
 fellowship in ,christ4  ,we may come to
 that same idea in connection with the  
main body of the church in other ways4  
,notice how it is made up of several    
parts1 divided1 in many churches1 by    

pillars and arches4  ,there is the      
central part1 what is called1 strictly  
speaking1 the nave1 and the two side    
parts1 called the aisles4  ,now this    
threefold division of the main body of  
the church into nave and aisles may     
speak to us of the same                 
thing--fellowship4  ,these divisions do 
not make up three separate churches1 but
 unite in the one church4  ,so1 again1  
the idea of fellowship may come to us in
 another way4  ,the special service of  
the nave is the ,litany4  ,this solemn  
service has been said from very early   
times from the ,litany-desk1 placed #bc 
at the head of the nave1 before the     
entrance to the chancel4  ,its position 
there refers to a ,litany1 and a place  
for it to be said1 of ,god's own        
appointing4  ',let the priests1 the     
ministers of the ,lord1 weep between the
 porch and the altar1 and let them say1 
,spare ,thy people1 ,o ,lord4'  ,our    
,litany1 retaining the same words of    
supplication1 is said1 in allusion to   

this1 in the midst of the church1 the   
priest taking his place with the people1
 and1 in fellowship of sinfulness and   
need1 leading their supplications4      
,this truth of fellowship in ,christ    
which the nave suggests1 we confess our 
belief in when we say1 ,i believe in the
 holy ,catholic ,church2 ,the ,communion
 of ,saints4  ,the pictures of the      
saints of the ,old and the ,new         
,testament1 of the angels who worship   
,christ our ,saviour1 and of the men    
blessed by ,him when on earth1 which    
shine for us in the windows1 may help to
 give it reality in our thought4  ,the  
four main walls of the church1 which are
 supposed to represent the four         
,evangelists1 and the pillars1 which1 as
 the chief supports of the fabric1 are  
said to represent the ,apostles1        
prophets1 and martyrs1 may remind us    
also of the holy and glorious fellowship
 into which we have been brought4  ,this
 fellowship in ,christ is one of the    
means which ,god's love uses for helping

 and saving men4  #bd ,we are helped by 
it4  ,we must by it help others4  ,let  
us build1 it1 then1 into the daily life1
 as it is built into the very stones of 
the church4  ,the ,transepts4--,the     
transepts are the part of the church    
which gives to the building the         
cruciform shape4  ,crossing the nave    
before the entrance to the chancel1     
running the one to the north1 the other 
to the south1 they complete the outline 
of the cross4  ,upon the arms of such a 
cross our ,saviour hung as ,he died for 
us4  ,the transepts may bring us1 then1 
as we remember this1 the thought of     
sacrifice1 that our lives to be truly   
,christian must have the spirit of the  
,cross worked into them4  ,it was by    
offering ,himself in sacrifice that     
,christ redeemed us1 and it is by       
offering ourselves to ,him in sacrifice1
 by self-denial for ,his cause1 and by  
doing good 7at some cost to ourselves7  
to others for ,his sake1 that we make   
the response ,he asks to ,his love4     

,that offering of ourselves must be made
 not only by our lips in the act of     
worship1 but also by our lives1 in      
deeds4  ,so1 also1 the spirit of ,christ
 is the spirit of service1 through love1
 in behalf of others--the spirit of true
 fellowship4  ,now we cannot realize    
that spirit without sacrifice of selfish
 inclination and desire4  ,we saw that  
the main body of the church #be         
represents that portion of ,christ's    
,church which is on earth1 and that the 
nave suggests the idea of fellowship as 
the very spirit and law of the          
,christian life4  ,now the transepts1   
making the cross1 tell us that          
fellowship expresses itself truly1 that 
is1 after ,christ's example1 through    
sacrifice4  ,a new commandment ,i give  
unto you1 ,that ye love one another2 as 
,i have loved you1 that ye also love one
 another4  ,the true ,christian life of 
loving fellowship1 after the example of 
our ,saviour who died upon the ,cross   
for us1 must get somehow1 in self-denial

 for ,christ and self-forgetful work for
 others1 the sign of the ,cross worked  
into it4  ,the ,chancel4--,the body of  
the church1 as we have seen1 is regarded
 as representing the ,church militant1  
that part of the ,church which is here  
on earth and still in conflict4  ,the   
chancel represents that part of the     
,church which is made up of those who   
have passed through death to the state  
beyond4  ,the word chancel is derived   
from the ,latin word for the            
lattice-work which formerly parted this 
portion of the church from the nave4    
,it is the same word from which we get  
our word to cancel1 that is1 to destroy 
a writing by crossing it out with the   
pen1 which makes something like the     
figure of a lattice4  ,the lattice was  
part of the screen #bf 7sometimes called
 the rood-screen1 from the rood or      
crucifix upon it7 which in some churches
 stood in the arch and divided the      
chancel from the nave4  ,the screen     
signified death4  ,men passed through it

 from the nave into the chancel1 as they
 must pass through death from the part  
of the ,church which is on earth to the 
part which is in the world of spirits4  
,in the chancel itself we have two      
parts--the choir and the sanctuary4     
,the ,choir4--,as its name denotes1 the 
choir is that part appropriated to those
 who lead the worship4  ,it is cut off  
by the screen1 or chancel arch1 from the
 nave1 and is elevated above it by      
several steps4  ,in the symbolism of the
 church building it represents that part
 of the holy ,catholic ,church which is 
known as the ,church expectant--those   
who have passed through death into the  
rest and waiting of ,paradise4  ,let us 
see what the ,prayer-,book says of those
 who are in ,paradise4  ,in the ,burial 
,office we have this prayer3 ,almighty  
,god1 with whom do live the spirits of  
those who depart hence in the ,lord1 and
 with whom the souls of the faithful1   
after they are delivered from the burden
 of the flesh1 are in joy and felicity2 

,we give ,thee hearty thanks for #bg the
 good examples of all those ,thy        
servants1 who1 having finished their    
course in faith1 do now rest from their 
labors4  ,and we beseech ,thee1 that we1
 with all those who are departed in the 
true faith of ,thy holy ,name1 may have 
our perfect consummation and bliss1 both
 in body and soul1 in ,thy eternal and  
everlasting glory2 through ,jesus       
,christ our ,lord4  ,amen4  ,note how   
the closing portion reminds us that     
while the departed do now rest from     
their labors1 they have not yet received
 their perfect consummation and bliss2  
that they wait for this till the coming 
of our ,lord and the ,resurrection1 when
 it shall be both in body and soul1 in  
eternal and everlasting glory4  ,we     
speak of them1 therefore1 as composing  
the ,church expectant4  ,now observe    
what the same prayer tells us of their  
state while thus resting and waiting in 
expectation of their perfect            
consummation and bliss4  ,it says1 ,the 

souls of the faithful1 after they are   
delivered from the burden of the flesh1 
are in joy and felicity4  ,this same    
symbolic meaning for this part of the   
chancel may come to us in another way1  
that is1 from the services which are    
conducted from it1 ,morning and ,evening
 ,prayer1 which are commonly #bh known1 
therefore1 as the ,choir ,offices4      
,these look beyond the choir1 which     
represents the ,church expectant in     
,paradise1 to the sanctuary1 with its   
,altar1 which represents1 as we shall   
see1 heaven and the ,church triumphant4 
,the central point of the ,church's     
worship is the great sacrificial act of 
the oblation of the ,holy ,eucharist4   
,upon this the other services of        
,morning ,prayer and the ,litany1 which 
precede1 and of ,evening ,prayer1 which 
follows1 depend for their significance2 
the first as preparation for it1 and the
 second as an act of thanksgiving and   
praise2 just as the felicity of those in
 ,paradise is a felicity not perfect in 

itself1 but one of anticipation of1 and 
preparation and thankfulness for1 the   
perfect consummation and bliss which    
await them4  ,and the dominant note of  
these services is keyed to that same    
idea4  ,it is a note of joy4  ,there are
 indeed strongly marked features of     
penitence and need4  ,we come before    
,god in our worship as those who are    
sinful and needy4  ,we ever make        
approach through the sacrifice of the   
,cross4  ,but we come also as those who 
have confidence in divine love and      
mercy4  ,so praise1 joyous praise1      
predominates4  ,the ,te ,deum1 the      
,benedicite1 the ,benedictus1 the       
,jubilate1 all ring out this note and   
give #bi joyousness to the service1     
while ,magnificat and ,nunc ,dimittis   
tell of rejoicing and hope in what      
,christ has brought us by ,his          
,incarnation4  ,it is all a worship of  
preparation and joy4  ,the choir may    
remind us1 then1 by its suggestiveness  
as related to the other parts of the    

church1 and by the dominant note of joy 
which rings through its services1 how   
the faithful departed go at death into  
the joy and felicity of ,paradise1 there
 to wait1 as the ,church expectant1 for 
the ,resurrection and their perfect     
consummation and bliss1 that the ,church
 expectant and the ,church militant are 
not two ,churches1 but the one ,church  
of ,christ in two places and in two     
states1 on earth and in ,paradise1      
fighting and waiting2 that they have    
still mystic sweet communion in praise  
and worship and prayer--the ,church in  
,paradise leading our worship as the    
choir leads the worship of the          
congregation4  ,so1 again1 the choir may
 impress upon our minds how joy has     
place in the ,christian life3 that      
,christianity is not a religion of      
gloom1 but of joy2 that if ,christ says1
 ,come1 take up the cross1 and follow   
,me1 ,he says also1 ,my yoke is easy1   
and ,my burden is light1 because the way
 of the ,cross is the way into true joy4

  #cj  ,so we pass through the          
transepts1 which speak to us of         
self-sacrifice1 into the choir1 which   
speaks to us of joy4  ,so long as self  
is first1 the best and truest joy is    
shut out of our lives2 but when self has
 been crucified1 and love is            
first1--love that delights to serve1 and
 that believes still in the absolute and
 perfect goodness of ,god even when the 
cross is laid upon its shoulders1--then 
joy comes in1 the joy which is a        
foretaste of that which those in        
,paradise know1 even as that is a       
foretaste of the perfect joy of heaven4 
,the ,sanctuary4--,the chancel1 as we   
have seen1 represents in the symbolism  
of ,god's house that part of the life of
 ,his ,church which is reached through  
death4  ,the choir tells us of the      
worship and the joy and felicity of the 
,church expectant4  ,the sanctuary tells
 us of that for which the ,church in    
,paradise is waiting in expectation4    
,it represents heaven1 into whose       

blessedness the ,church shall enter as  
the ,church triumphant at the second    
coming of our ,lord4  ,when we enter a  
church1 the part which is the center of 
attention is always the sanctuary--the  
place of the ,altar4  ,to this the other
 parts all lead up4  ,it is the most    
elevated part1 and here the dignity and 
beauty of the decorations center1 just  
as #ca all our life in the fellowship of
 ,christ's ,church here on earth1 our   
cross-bearing1 and the worship by which 
we are prepared and trained on earth and
 in ,paradise1 all lead us heavenward4  
,the sanctuary is made the place of the 
greatest dignity and beauty1 and is most
 richly decorated1 because it is the    
place of the ,altar2 and it is through  
thoughts which come to us from the      
solemn service of the ,holy ,eucharist1 
which is celebrated at the ,altar1 that 
this part of the chancel is made the    
symbol of heaven4  ,let us see from     
,holy ,scripture what it is that our    
,lord1 who in ,his love did so much for 

us on earth1 is still doing for us in   
heaven4  ,we have a great high priest1  
that is passed into the heavens1 ,jesus 
the ,son of ,god1 444 called of ,god a  
high priest after the order of          
,melchisedec4444  ,because ,he          
continueth ever1 ,he hath an            
unchangeable priesthood4  ,wherefore ,he
 is able also to save them to the       
uttermost that come unto ,god by ,him1  
seeing ,he ever liveth to make          
intercession for them4  ,this is finely 
presented in one of our ,eucharistic    
hymns3    ,o ,thou1 before the world    
began   ,ordained a sacrifice for man1  
,and by the eternal ,spirit made   ,an  
offering in the sinner's stead2  #cb    
,our everlasting ,priest art ,thou1     
,pleading ,thy death for sinners now4   
,thy offering still continues new       
,before the righteous ,father's view2   
,thyself the ,lamb forever slain1   ,thy
 priesthood doth unchanged remain2      
,thy years1 ,o ,god1 can never fail1    
,nor ,thy blest work within the veil4   

,now if we turn to the ,office for the  
,holy ,communion1 we shall see how the  
oblation in the ,holy ,eucharist is     
linked in with this present work of our 
great ,high ,priest in heaven4  ,in the 
,prayer of ,consecration we say3 ,all   
glory be to ,thee1 ,almighty ,god1 our  
heavenly ,father1 for that ,thou1 of    
,thy tender mercy1 didst give ,thine    
only ,son ,jesus ,christ to suffer death
 upon the ,cross for our redemption2 who
 made there 7by ,his one oblation of    
,himself once offered7 a full1 perfect1 
and sufficient sacrifice1 oblation1 and 
satisfaction1 for the sins of the whole 
world2 and did institute1 and in ,his   
holy ,gospel command us to continue1 a  
perpetual memory of that ,his precious  
death and sacrifice1 until ,his coming  
again4444 ,wherefore1 ,o ,lord and      
heavenly ,father1 according to the      
institution of ,thy dearly beloved ,son 
our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 we1 ,thy   
humble servants1 do celebrate #cc and   
make here before ,thy ,divine ,majesty1 

with these ,thy holy gifts1 which we now
 offer unto ,thee1 the memorial ,thy    
,son hath commanded us to make4  ,what  
is done as we thus celebrate and make   
before the ,divine ,majesty1 in the     
commemorative sacrifice of the ,holy    
,eucharist1 the memorial 7in remembrance
 of ,me7 of ,christ's precious death and
 sacrifice1 is beautifully and strongly 
expressed in another of our ,eucharistic
 hymns3    ,and now1 ,o ,father1 mindful
 of the love     ,that bought us1 once  
for all1 on ,calvary's tree1   ,and     
having with us ,him that pleads above1  
,we here present1 we here spread forth  
to ,thee1   ,that only offering perfect 
in ,thine eyes1   ,the one true1 pure1  
immortal sacrifice4    ,look1 ,father1  
look on ,his anointed face1     ,and    
only look on us as found in ,him2       
,look not on our misusings of ,thy      
grace1     ,our prayer so languid1 and  
our faith so dim1   ,for lo6 between our
 sins and their reward1   ,we set the   
,passion of ,thy ,son our ,lord4   ,this

 is one way in which the sanctuary of   
the church reminds us of heaven--by     
reminding us of what is done in the     
heavenly holy place1 and also there4    
,then1 again1 the sanctuary has the same
 #cd suggestiveness as the place of     
,communion4  ,to have the communion of  
the presence and life of ,god1 through  
,christ1 this is the very center of the 
blessedness of heaven4  ,what it is that
 we have here on earth in the ,holy     
,communion of the ,body and ,blood of   
our ,saviour ,christ we will let our    
,lord ,himself tell us4  ,in the night  
in which ,he was betrayed1 ,he took     
,bread2 and when ,he had given thanks1  
,he brake it1 and gave it to ,his       
disciples1 saying1 ,take1 eat1 this is  
,my ,body1 which is given for you2 ,do  
this in remembrance of ,me4  ,likewise1 
after supper1 ,he took the ,cup2 and    
when ,he had given thanks1 ,he gave it  
to them1 saying1 ,drink ye all of this2 
for this is ,my ,blood of the ,new      
,testament1 which is shed for you1 and  

for many1 for the remission of sins2 ,do
 this1 as oft as ye shall drink it1 in  
remembrance of ,me4  ,so before ,he had 
said1 anticipating this ,sacrament of   
,communion which ,he thus ordained3 ,i  
am the living bread which came down from
 heaven3 if any man eat of this bread1  
he shall live forever3 and the bread    
that ,i will give is ,my flesh1 which ,i
 will give for the life of the world4444
  ,whoso eateth ,my flesh1 and drinketh 
,my blood1 hath eternal life2 and ,i    
will raise him up at the last day4  ,for
 ,my flesh is meat indeed1 and ,my blood
 is drink #ce indeed4  ,he that eateth  
,my flesh1 and drinketh ,my blood1      
dwelleth in ,me1 and ,i in him4  ,as the
 living ,father hath sent ,me1 and ,i   
live by the ,father2 so he that eateth  
,me1 even he shall live by ,me4  ,and so
 we pray in the ,holy ,eucharist3 ,grant
 us1 444 gracious ,lord1 so to eat the  
flesh1 of ,thy dear ,son ,jesus ,christ1
 and to drink ,his blood1 that our      
sinful bodies may be made clean by ,his 

body1 and our souls washed through ,his 
most precious blood1 and that we may    
evermore dwell in ,him1 and ,he in us4  
,it all speaks of a foretaste here1 in a
 ,sacrament1 of what heaven shall give  
in its fullness4  ,the sanctuary tells  
us of heaven in another way4  ,what the 
soul that gains its blessedness shall   
find in it we may put into one small but
 very sweet word--peace4  ,now the      
,altar in the sanctuary of the church1  
with its perpetual memory of ,christ's  
precious death and sacrifice1 stands for
 peace between ,god and us4  ,the aim   
and purpose of that sacrifice was to    
bring about atonement1 that is1         
at-one-ment1 the setting at one1 at     
peace4 ,christ loved us1 and gave       
,himself for us1 and by this sacrifice  
brought reconciliation between us and   
,god1 having made peace through the     
blood of ,his cross4  #cf  ,and so at   
the close of the ,holy ,eucharist       
celebrated in the sanctuary1 after the  
memorial has been made before ,god which

 ,his ,son hath commanded us to make1   
and we have been partakers of ,his most 
blessed ,body and ,blood1 this is the   
,blessing with which the ,church lets us
 depart--a blessing which carries the   
thought up to what1 in its fullness1    
waits for us in heaven3 ,the ,peace of  
,god1 which passeth all understanding1  
keep your hearts and minds in the       
knowledge and love of ,god1 and of ,his 
,son ,jesus ,christ our ,lord4  ,the    
oblation1 the communion1 the peace1 of  
the sanctuary1 these all tell us thus of
 heaven and the ,church triumphant4  ,of
 ,christ's mystical body1 with its      
fellowship and cross-bearing on earth1  
its passage through death to the joy of 
,paradise1 and1 waiting beyond1 heaven1 
with its communion and peace through the
 ,cross--it is of this that the church  
as a building may speak to devout       
hearts4     #cg  ,arrangement and       
,furniture of the ,church  ,a person    
coming into one of our churches would   
recognize at once a difference between  

its interior arrangement and that of    
many other places of worship4  ,if he   
thought out the purpose of this         
arrangement1 its adaptation to various  
forms of divine service and religious   
uses1 he would feel that here is a place
 where people are taught to worship the 
,lord in holy rites1 and where forms and
 spaces and objects are themselves      
teachers of holy truths4  ,from the door
 a broad alley 7commonly but improperly 
called an aisle71 running lengthwise of 
the building1 leads to the chancel4  ,it
 suggests that the approach of the      
people1 for the blessings and #ch       
consolations which are dispensed there1 
is made convenient and is invited4  ,the
 place of prominence in the furnishing  
of the church is given to the ,altar--a 
table of stone or wood on which the     
sacrament of the ,holy ,eucharist is    
celebrated4  ,it is raised several steps
 above the level of the choir and is    
railed in4  ,covering the ,altar is an  
,altar-cloth1 embroidered1 and varying  

in color with the seasons of the        
,christian ,year4  ,the portion covering
 the front of the ,altar is called the  
frontal2 that covering the top of the   
,altar and simply a few inches of the   
front is called the super-frontal4      
,back of the ,altar1 and raised above   
it1 is a narrow shelf1 called the       
retable1 upon which the several         
ornaments of the ,altar are placed4 ,in 
the center is the ,altar-cross1 that    
this holy symbol of our ,faith may be   
constantly before the eyes of all who   
worship4  ,the vases to hold the flowers
 with which the ,altar is beautified on 
festal occasions stand at either side of
 the ,cross4  ,the candlesticks1 in     
churches where lights at the ,holy      
,communion are used1 stand at the ends  
of the retable4  ,behind the ,altar1 in 
many churches1 is the reredos--a carved 
or sculptured screen of wood or stone1  
frequently extending the whole width of 
the #ci sanctuary4  ,sometimes a        
painting takes its place1 or a dossal--a

 decorated curtain of as rich material  
as circumstances will allow4  ,on the   
south side of the ,altar is a small     
table or shelf1 called the credence1 on 
which are placed the elements of bread  
and wine until such time in the service 
as they are offered for consecration on 
the ,altar4  ,here also the alms-basin  
is placed before the ,offertory1 and the
 cruets containing the wine and the     
water for the ablutions at the close of 
the service4  ,when the communicants are
 not too many1 a part of the wine from  
the cruet is poured into the chalice at 
the proper time2 but if a large number  
are to communicate1 the flagon1 a large 
vessel of silver1 is used to hold the   
wine and is placed on the credence4     
,nothing should be placed on the ,altar 
itself but the ,altar-desk1 for holding 
the book of the ,altar-service1 and the 
,altar-vessels4  ,these are usually the 
paten1 or plate for holding the bread at
 the ,celebration1 and the chalice1 the 
cup for the wine4  ,there is sometimes a

 spoon with a perforated bowl to use in 
case any foreign substance is found in  
the chalice4  ,if possible these vessels
 should be of precious metal4  ,they are
 sometimes adorned with jewels4  #dj  ,a
 rubric directs that at the time of the 
,communion the ,altar shall be covered  
with a fair white linen cloth 7fair1    
that is1 not only clean1 but beautiful74
  ,another fair linen cloth1 commonly   
called the linen chalice veil1 is also  
directed to be used for covering the    
consecrated elements after the communion
 of the people4  ,to these custom has   
added other convenient and seemly       
appointments of linen and silk4  ,the   
chalice veil is a square of silk1       
embroidered and often fringed1 used to  
cover the vessels before the            
consecration4  ,the pall is a square of 
cardboard covered with linen1 used to   
cover the chalice during the            
,celebration4  ,the corporal is a square
 of linen spread upon the ,altar at the 
,celebration1 upon which the vessels are

 placed4  ,the purificators are small   
napkins of linen for cleansing the      
vessels after the service4  ,the burse  
is a square1 stiff pocket of silk over  
cardboard1 in which the ,altar-linen is 
carried to and from the ,altar4  ,the   
color of the chalice veil and the burse 
follows that of the season4 ,the linen  
pieces are always white4  ,they are     
supposed to represent the cloths #da    
which were wound around our ,lord's     
sacred body and wrapped about ,his head 
at ,his burial4  ,you will see the      
reason for thus making the ,altar a     
place of dignity and beauty1 and for    
these various provisions for reverence  
in the sacred rite celebrated there1 if 
you will recall what we have already    
seen of its meaning4  ,we show honor to 
and reverence the ,altar and its worship
 as the place and the performance of the
 highest act of divine worship1 in      
which1 by the ministry of ,his ,church  
and according to ,his own appointment1 a
 continual remembrance of the sacrifice 

of the death of ,christ is celebrated   
and made before the ,divine ,majesty1   
and as the place where ,god vouchsafes  
to feed us with the spiritual food of   
the most precious ,body and ,blood of   
,his ,son our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4  
,all is done for ,his honor4    ',tis   
for ,thee we bid the frontal     ,its   
embroidered wealth unfold2   ',tis for  
,thee we deck the reredos     ,with the 
colors and the gold2   ,thine the floral
 glow and fragrance1     ,thine the     
vesture's fair array1   ,thine the      
starry lights that glitter     ,where   
,thou dost ,thy light display4   ,the   
font4--,the reverent administration of  
,holy ,baptism1 the other of the two    
great ,sacraments #db ordained by       
,christ as generally necessary to       
salvation1 is provided for by the       
presence of the ,font4  ,as its name    
indicates 7from the ,latin word for a   
fountain or spring71 this is the        
repository for the pure water which in  
this holy ,sacrament is sanctified to   

the mystical washing away of sin4  ,it  
is generally of fine stone and often    
richly carved4  ,sometimes a separate   
room is marked off from the rest of the 
church for it and called a baptistery4  
,there should always be1 for proper     
protection1 a cover for the ,font4  ,a  
ewer for the water to be used1 and a    
baptismal shell with which to dip from  
the ,font the water poured upon the head
 of the person baptized1 are frequently 
provided as seemly appointments4  ,the  
,font is often1 following ancient       
custom1 octagonal in form4  ,the        
symbolism of this form is this1--that as
 the whole creation was completed in    
seven periods of time1 the number next  
following1 eight1 may well be           
significative of the new creation1 and1 
again1 that the octave1 as a repetition 
of the first1 is a symbol of ,christ's  
resurrection1 and therefore of the death
 unto sin and new birth unto            
righteousness in ,holy ,baptism4  ,the  
,font is usually placed near a door of  

the church4  ,its position thus         
symbolizes the truth that ,baptism is   
the outward form of admission into the  
#dc ,christian ,church4  ,it expresses  
what the child is taught in the ,church 
,catechism to say of ,holy ,baptism3    
wherein ,i was made a member of ,christ1
 the child of ,god1 and an inheritor of 
the kingdom of heaven4  ,always in      
sight1 the ,font is a constant          
invitation by its very presence1 and    
shows that the ,church is always ready  
to receive1 and desires to receive1 new 
members into the congregation of        
,christ's flock4  ,it should always     
remind those who have been baptized of  
the grace of their second birth1 when   
they were made members of ,christ1 and  
of their duty1 being made the children  
of ,god1 to walk answerably to their    
,christian calling4  ,it should call to 
remembrance that baptism doth represent 
unto us our profession2 which is1 to    
follow the example of our ,saviour      
,christ1 and to be made like unto ,him2 

that as ,he died1 and rose again for us1
 so should we1 who are baptized1 die    
from sin1 and rise again unto           
righteousness4  ,that is the main       
profession or business of a ,christian  
man1 and the ,font1 where ,baptism      
constantly represents our ,lord's death 
and rising again for us1 should ever    
remind us of it and call us afresh to   
mortify all our evil and corrupt        
affections1 and daily proceed in all    
virtue and godliness of living4  #dd    
,the ,lectern4--,the lectern1 supporting
 the large ,bible from which the        
,lessons are read1 bears witness to the 
esteem in which our ,church holds the   
,sacred ,scriptures4  ,it is worthy of  
note that our ,church makes larger      
provision for the people to hear ,god's 
most holy ,word than any other religious
 body in the world4  ,almost the whole  
,bible--some parts of it several        
times--is read publicly every year4     
,lessons from the ,old ,testament were  
read in the service of the synagogue4   

,our ,lord's example shows how properly 
we follow this ancient custom of reading
 ,scripture lessons in public worship3  
,as ,his custom was1 ,he went into the  
synagogue on the ,sabbath day1 and stood
 up for to read4  ,and there was        
delivered unto ,him the book of the     
prophet ,esaias4  ,the selection of     
suitable ,lessons for each day is a     
matter of careful arrangement on the    
part of the ,church4  ,there will be    
found in the front of the ,prayer-,book 
,the ,order how the ,psalter is         
,appointed to be ,read1 and also ,the   
,order how the ,best of the ,holy       
,scripture is ,appointed to be ,read4   
,four ,tables of ,lessons are given--for
 ,sundays1 for ,holy-,days1 for the     
forty days of ,lent and the ,rogation   
and ,ember-,days1 and for all the days  
of the year not otherwise provided for4 
#de  ,of the two ,lessons appointed1 one
 is from the ,old1 the other from the   
,new ,testament4  ,both are ,god's most 
holy ,word1 and taking the ,lessons from

 both enables us to see the unity of    
thought and purpose in the two1 and how 
the promises and predictions of the ,old
 ,testament are fulfilled in the ,new4  
,the most common and1 perhaps1 the most 
appropriate lectern is that made in the 
form of an eagle1 standing often upon a 
globe1 bearing the ,bible upon its      
outspread wings4  ,the eagle1 because of
 its lofty heavenward flight1 is the    
symbol of inspiration1 and its position 
upon the globe and its outspread wings  
remind us how the ,word of ,god is to be
 carried into all the world4  ,there    
are1 then1 certain thoughts which the   
lectern should bring us3 the reverent   
honor which ,god's most holy ,word      
should ever receive from us2 the        
privilege of its use as a lantern unto  
my feet and a light unto my paths2 our  
missionary obligations and              
privileges--to make the outspread wings 
of the eagle a reality and not merely a 
symbol4  ,the ,pulpit4--,the pulpit     
suggests the thought of the sacred and  

important work of the ,christian        
,ministry as preachers of the ,word of  
,god4  #df  ,it is a common thing to    
hear persons say that they care little  
for the sermon and speak lightly of     
preaching4  ,they forget that the       
preacher is one sent1 that our ,lord    
,himself made preaching one of the great
 means for the spread of the ,gospel and
 for the salvation of men4  ,and as such
 persons do not reflect1 in this        
disparagement of preaching1 the mind of 
our ,lord1 so neither do they represent 
the estimate of the ,church4  ,the      
,church takes care to provide for it1   
and that1 too1 in connection with her   
most solemn act of worship1 the         
celebration of the ,holy ,communion4    
,among the rubrics following the ,creed 
in the ,communion ,office is this3 ,then
 shall follow the ,sermon4  ,so1 also1  
the ,church1 through the ,bishop1       
demands of the man who comes to be      
ordained1 ,are you determined1 out of   
the ,scriptures1 to instruct the people 

committed to your charge8  ,and when he 
is ordered a ,priest1 this is a part of 
the authority given to him3 ,take thou  
authority to preach the ,word of ,god4  
,the discharge of this work1 to do which
 the ,minister is placed under vow1 and 
for which he is given authority1 is one 
of his most solemn obligations4  ,the   
pulpit should1 then1 ever remind us of  
the loving care on the part of ,christ  
and ,his ,church for #dg our soul's     
health and our growth in grace1 which is
 thus expressed4  ,but it should remind 
us of something else1 also1--of a duty  
on our part4  ,in ,the ,form and ,manner
 of ,ordering ,priests there is a prayer
 just before the ,benediction1 of which 
this is a part3 ,grant that we may have 
grace to hear and receive what they     
shall deliver out of ,thy most holy     
,word1 or agreeable to the same1 as the 
means of our salvation4 ,and so1 again1 
we pray in the ,litany1 ,that it may    
please ,thee to give to all ,thy people 
increase of grace to hear meekly ,thy   

,word1 and to receive it with pure      
affection1 and to bring forth the fruits
 of the ,spirit4  ,this is the way the  
,church teaches us to think and to pray 
concerning our duty and privilege in    
reference to the instruction and        
exhortation which divine love sends to  
us from the pulpit4  ,the pulpit stands1
 then1 for something ,god's love does   
for us3 ,preach the gospel4  ,it stands 
also for something ,god's love demands  
from us3 ,take heed how ye hear4  ,the  
,choir- and ,clergy-,stalls4--,it will  
be observed that the stalls for the     
clergy and choristers are generally     
placed on the two sides of the choir and
 face each other4  ,the south side is   
called the #dh decani side and the north
 the cantoris side1 as being1 in        
cathedrals1 the respective sides of the 
dean and the cantor 7or precentor74  ,by
 this arrangement proper provision is   
made for the clergy as leaders of the   
worship of the congregation and for the 
choir as leaders of its praise in song4 

,the singing in our churches is intended
 to be common praise1 and this          
arrangement of the choristers marks     
their office as simply to lead it4      
,they do not sing to the congregation2  
they sing with or for them to ,almighty 
,god4  ,the people should sing with     
them1 and not listen merely1 as if      
attending a concert4  ,even when1 as in 
a ,te ,deum or anthem1 the music is too 
difficult for the congregation to join  
in it1 the singers are still rendering  
to ,god the praises of all present1 and 
all should take part in it in thought   
and in heart4  ,because of this ministry
 as leaders of praise the choir are     
vested4 ,their vestments are the cassock
 and the cotta--a modification of the   
surplice worn by the clergy4  ,of the   
,litany-desk we have already learned in 
the section in reference to the nave4   
,the ,bishop's ,chair4--,in many        
churches there is found a ,bishop's     
,chair4  ,it has been felt as proper1 in
 view of the dignity of the office of   

the #di ,bishop1 to provide a special   
seat for him1 and to have it occupied by
 no one else4  ,in parish churches it is
 placed within the sanctuary at the     
north or gospel side of the ,altar1     
facing the people4  ,in cathedrals it is
 called a ,throne1 and its place is just
 without the rail on the decani side of 
the choir1 facing like the choir-stalls4
  ,wherever placed1 it is a reminder of 
the highest order in the ,christian     
,ministry1 and of the doctrine of ,holy 
,orders our ,church holds and acts upon4
  ,in the ,preface to the ,ordinal the  
,church makes this declaration3 ,it is  
evident unto all men1 diligently reading
 ,holy ,scripture and ancient ,authors1 
that from the ,apostles' time there have
 been these ,orders of ,ministers in    
,christ's ,church1--,bishops1 ,priests1 
and ,deacons4444  ,no man shall be      
accounted or taken to be a lawful       
,bishop1 ,priest1 or ,deacon1 in this   
,church1 or suffered to execute any of  
the said ,functions1 except he be       

called1 tried1 examined1 and admitted   
thereunto1 according to the ,form       
hereafter following1 or hath had        
,episcopal ,consecration or ,ordination4
  ,what the ,church here insists upon is
 what is commonly called the ,apostolic 
,succession4  ,this rule she rigorously 
applies4  ,no minister of any of the    
denominations1 no matter how learned and
 pious he may be1 can #ej serve at her  
,altars until he has been ordained by a 
,bishop and is therefore commissioned by
 that ,episcopal or ,apostolic authority
 upon which the ,church has always      
insisted4  ,the ,bishop's ,chair may    
remind us1 then1 of the ,bishop's office
 and authority to ordain and to govern1 
of its essential importance in the life 
of the ,church1 and of how our ,church's
 lineage and the authority of her       
,ministry are traced1 through the       
succession of ,bishops1 directly back to
 the ,apostles1 and through them to     
,christ ,himself1 the ,bishop and       
,shepherd of our souls4     #ea         

,symbolic ,ornaments of the ,church     
,the use of symbols for conveying and   
enforcing truth goes back to earliest   
ages4  ,god said to ,noah1 ,i do set ,my
 bow in the cloud1 and it shall be for a
 token of a covenant between ,me and the
 earth4  ,the ritual and appointments of
 the ,tabernacle and its worship were an
 elaborate system of symbolism4  ,so1   
also1 we find the use of symbolism in   
,christianity4  ,the need of appealing  
to the eye as well as to the ear1 by    
visible signs for sacred truths1 led the
 early ,christians to employ a number of
 such symbols as an effective means of  
imparting instruction4  ,but their use  
was not wholly a matter of choice4      
,anxious to seek and to support one     
another #eb under persecution1 they were
 compelled to find some common signs of 
recognition which might be known only to
 themselves1 and under which their new  
,faith might be safely concealed4  ,the 
,cross4--,the ,cross comes first in     
order4  ,it is the especial emblem of   

,christianity4  ,it glitters on the     
crown of the monarch4  ,it forms the    
ensign of nations4  ,it crowns alike the
 loftiest spires of ,christendom and the
 lowliest parish churches4  ,it marks   
the resting-place of the departed who   
have died with faith in its efficacy1 as
 it was the sign in ,baptism of their   
admission to the kingdom of the         
,crucified4  ,it is the symbol of       
,christ's atonement and of the salvation
 of men1 and represents the ,christian  
,faith1 its demands and its triumphs4   
,as might be expected1 many fantastic   
stories were woven about this symbol in 
the middle ages4  ,yet back of their    
extravagance was often a true feeling4  
,we see this even in the absurd legend  
of the tree from which our ,saviour's   
cross was made4  ,this legend was as    
follows3 for four hundred and thirty-two
 years after his expulsion from         
,paradise1 ,adam had tilled the ground  
in the valley of ,hebron1 when he felt  
his end approaching1 and determined to  

send his son ,seth to the gates of      
,paradise to demand from their keeper1  
'the angel called #ec ,cherubim1' the   
oil of mercy which had been promised to 
,adam when he was driven from the       
garden4  ,seth accordingly set forth1   
finding his way by the footprints of    
,adam and ,eve1 upon which no grass had 
grown since they passed from ,paradise  
to ,hebron4  ,the angel1 after hearing  
the message1 ordered ,seth to look      
beyond the gate into the garden and to  
tell him what he saw4  ,he beheld a     
place of inexpressible delight and      
beauty1 with the four great rivers      
proceeding from a fountain in the       
center2 and1 rising from the edge of the
 fountain1 an enormous tree1 with       
wide-spreading branches1 but without    
either bark or leaves4  ,he was ordered 
to look a second time1 when he saw a    
serpent twisted round the tree2 and a   
third time1 when the tree had raised    
itself to heaven1 and bore on its summit
 a ,child wrapped in glittering         

vestments4  ,it was this ,child1 said   
the angel1 who would give to ,adam the  
oil of mercy when the due time should   
come4  ,meanwhile the angel gave ,seth  
three seeds from the fruit of the tree  
of which ,adam had eaten4  ,these were  
to be placed in the mouth of ,adam      
before his burial1 and three trees would
 spring from them--a cedar1 a cypress1  
and a pine4  ,the trees were symbolical 
of the ,holy ,trinity4  #ed  ,it        
happened as the angel foretold4  ,the   
trees were hardly a foot above the      
ground in the days of ,abraham4  ,moses1
 to whom their true nature was revealed1
 took them up carefully1 carried them   
with him during the years of wandering  
in the desert1 and then replanted them  
in a mysterious valley named ,comprafort
 7,comfort874  ,from ,comprafort ,david 
was directed to bring them to           
,jerusalem4  ,he planted them close to a
 fountain1 and within thirty years they 
had grown together so as to form a      
single tree of wonderful beauty1 under  

the shade of which ,david composed his  
psalms and wept for his sins4  ,in spite
 of its beauty1 ,solomon cut it down in 
order to complete his temple1 for which 
a single beam was wanted1 of a size such
 as no other tree could furnish4  ,but  
in fitting the beam to its place1 it was
 found1 after repeated trials1 either   
too long or too short1 and this was     
accepted as a sign that it was not to be
 so employed4  ,it was then1 says one   
version of the story1 reverently        
preserved in the temple4  ,according to 
another version1 when it was found too  
short or too long it was flung aside    
into a certain marsh1 where it served as
 a bridge4  ,but when the ,queen of     
,sheba came to ,jerusalem to hear the   
wisdom of ,solomon1 and was about to    
cross the marsh1 she #ee saw in a vision
 how the ,saviour of the world was to be
 suspended on that tree1 and so would   
not walk over it4  ,it was buried in the
 earth on the spot where the ,pool of   
,bethesda was afterward made1 so that it

 was not only the descent of the angel1 
but the virtues of the buried wood1     
which gave to the water its healing     
qualities4  ,at the time of the passion 
the wood rose and floated on the        
surface4  ,the ,jews took it to make the
 cross of our ,lord4  ,more attractive  
is the legend of how the cross was      
found1 deeply buried in the ground at   
,jerusalem1 by ,st4 ,helena1 the mother 
of ,constantine1 the first ,christian   
emperor4  ,all three crosses were found1
 according to the story1 and that of our
 ,lord was recognized by certain        
miracles which it wrought on those who  
touched it4  ,in representations of the 
cross we trace two principal forms1 the 
,latin and the ,greek cross1 from which 
a great variety1 with various           
significations1 have been produced4     
,illustration3 ,latin cross  ,the ,latin
 or ,passion ,cross has the lower limb  
considerably longer than the other      
three4  ,it is doubtless most nearly the
 shape of the very instrument on which  

,christ suffered1 #ef and is therefore  
most suitable to symbolize the          
,atonement and to express suffering4    
,when it is placed on steps it is called
 a ,calvary cross4  ,the steps are      
generally three in number1 and are said 
to typify faith1 hope1 and charity1 the 
great ,christian virtues4               
,illustration3 ,calvary cross  ,when all
 four arms are of equal length it is a  
,greek ,cross1 the cross in most        
frequent use among ,eastern ,christians4
  ,the ,latin cross suggests the actual 
form1 while the ,greek cross is         
idealized1 the ,greeks being essentially
 an artistic and poetic race4  ,the     
,greek cross is a symbol of the spread  
of the ,gospel and of its triumphs in   
the four quarters of the world4  ,it is 
the usual form wherever it is intended  
to express victory or is used as an     
ornament4  ,illustration3 ,greek cross  
,another interesting form of the cross  
is the ,tau-cross1 so called because    
shaped like the ,greek letter tau 7,t74 

,the figure found in the tau-cross was  
the symbol of eternal life with the     
ancient ,egyptians4 ,the early          
,christians of ,egypt adopted it and at 
first used it instead of other forms of 
the cross4  ,it is yet seen in the early
 ,christian sepulchers of that country4 
,it has been urged1 with #eg at least   
great probability1 that this symbol of  
life was the form made by the children  
of ,israel in blood upon their          
door-posts when the angel of death      
passed through the land of ,egypt to    
smite the first-born1 and it was perhaps
 the form of the cross on which the     
brazen serpent in the wilderness was    
lifted up4  ,illustration3 ,tau-cross   
,it is known1 from these associations1  
as the cross of the ,old ,testament and 
as the anticipatory cross2 also as the  
cross of ,st4 ,anthony1 the great hermit
 of ,egypt and the father of            
monasticism4  ,it is sometimes called   
the cross potent from its shape1 potent 
being an old ,english word for a crutch4

  ,it is then said to signify the ,cross
 as the sure support of all who trust in
 it4  ,four tau-crosses joined foot to  
foot form a ,jerusalem cross4  ,such a  
cross was part of the armorial bearing  
of the first ,christian king of         
,jerusalem4  ,the four conjoined        
tau-crosses1 forming a ,greek cross1 are
 said to be symbolical of the           
displacement of the ,old ,testament by  
the ,new1 the ,law by the ,gospel4      
,illustration3 ,jerusalem cross  #eh    
,many forms of the cross originated in  
the wars of the ,cross1 the crusaders in
 their eastward wanderings engrafting   
many variations upon the original ,greek
 cross4  ,many of these heraldic crosses
 tell some story of religious feeling4  
,in their varied and fanciful forms the 
simple faith and holy purpose out of    
which they sprang may yet be traced4    
,the cross moline is so named from      
resemblance to the moline1 or crossed   
iron1 in the center of the upper        
millstone4  ,its ends are divided and   

curved backward4  ,as they are turned in
 all directions1 they are said to       
express the universal diffusion of the  
blessings of the ,cross2 or1 as they    
decline both to the right and the left1 
they express willingness to do exact    
justice and give to all their due4      
,illustration3 ,cross ,moline4  ,cross  
,recercel4  ,the cross recercel         
resembles the cross moline1 but with its
 floriations more expanded4  #ei  ,the  
cross botton 7budded7 or trefl 7like    
trefoil71 the cross patonce 7like the   
paw of the ounce1 or panther71 and the  
cross flory 7like the fleur-de-lis71 all
 with limbs ending in threefold figures1
 have evident reference to the ,holy    
,trinity4  ,illustration3 ,cross        
,botton1 or trefl4  ,cross ,patonce4    
,cross flory4  ,the cross pomme has ends
 terminating in circles suggestive of   
apples1 as the name shows4  ,it is said 
to express the fruitful reward of       
devotion to the ,cross4  ,illustration3 
,cross pomme4  ,cross crosslet4  ,cross 

fitch4  #fj  ,the cross crosslet is     
formed of four ,latin or ,passion       
crosses placed foot to foot4  ,it is    
said that the cross fitch 7sharpened and
 so fixable in the ground7 was carried  
in pilgrimages so that it might be      
readily set up while performing         
devotions4  ,the cross patt             
7broad-footed7 is much like the ,maltese
 cross1 the cross of ,knights ,templars 
and ,hospitalers1 which differs from it 
simply in having its extremities        
indented or notched4  ,the eight points 
thus formed are said to symbolize the   
eight ,beatitudes of our ,lord4         
,illustration3 ,cross patt  ,the        
floriated cross1 which is developed in  
many ornamental forms1 as the cross     
bursting into bloom or adorned with     
garlands1 alludes to the triumph of     
,christ and to our future triumph and   
glory through ,him4  ,it symbolizes also
 our holy religion growing with         
perpetual vitality4  ,illustration3     
,maltese cross  ,one of the most        

singular1 as well as most ancient1 of   
the many forms and modifications of the 
cross is the fylfot4  ,it is found1     
probably as a disguised form of the     
cross1 on the tombs in the catacombs4   
#fa ,its use illustrates the adoption by
 the early ,christians1 as in the case  
of the tau-cross1 of prechristian       
symbols4  ,by its employment they simply
 diverted to their own purpose a symbol 
centuries older than the ,christian era1
 a symbol of early ,aryan origin1 found 
in ,indian and ,chinese art1 and        
spreading westward1 long before the dawn
 of ,christianity1 to ,greece and ,asia4
  ,it was on the terra-cotta objects dug
 up by ,dr4 ,schliemann at ,troy1 and   
conjectured to date from #ajjj to #aejj 
,b4,c4  ,it is thought to represent in  
heathen use a revolving wheel1 the      
symbol of the great sun-god1 or to stand
 for the lightning wielded by the       
omnipotent deity1 ,manu1 ,thor1 or      
,zeus4  ,the ,christians saw in it a    
cross concealed from the eyes of their  

heathen enemies4 ,the fylfot is         
frequently found in the ,greek ,church  
on the vestments of the clergy4  ,the   
,greek fret or key pattern1 with which  
all are familiar1 is a decorative       
development of the fylfot4              
,illustration3 ,fylfot  ,another        
interesting form of the cross is that   
known as the cross of ,iona or ,irish   
cross4  ,it is said to be the earliest  
form known in #fb ,great ,britain and   
,ireland4  ,the antique wayside crosses 
are of this shape4  ,because this style 
of cross partakes more of ,greek        
character than of ,latin1 it has been   
contended that it argues an ,eastern    
rather than ,western origin for the     
introduction of ,christianity into      
,great ,britain4  ,the circle is the    
emblem of eternity1 as having neither   
beginning nor end1 and when combined    
with the cross1 as in this form1 it     
speaks of the perpetuity of the         
,christian faith and the eternity of its
 hope4  ,illustration3 ,irish cross     

,the ,st4 ,andrew's cross1 in form like 
the letter ,x1 conveys the idea of      
humility as well as that of suffering4  
,when ,st4 ,andrew was condemned to be  
crucified1 he begged that his cross     
might be unlike that on which his ,lord 
had died1 not deeming himself worthy to 
die on a cross of the same form as that 
on which ,he had suffered4              
,illustration3 ,st4 ,andrew's cross     
,there is a cross peculiar in form1 and 
known as the ,canterbury cross4 ,it is  
in the shape of the letter ,y1 and is   
usually seen only upon the vestments of 
the clergy4  ,the ornamentation of the  
chasuble is commonly of this form4  ,it 
is embroidered on the chasuble of ,st4  
,thomas of ,canterbury1 which is still  
preserved in the ,cathedral #fc of      
,sens1 in ,france4  ,its shape brings to
 mind the inclination of our ,saviour's 
arms--the lifting up of ,his hands--as  
,he offered ,himself in sacrifice on    
,calvary4  ,symbols of the ,holy        
,trinity4--,the equilateral ,triangle is

 perhaps the most familiar emblem of the
 ,holy ,trinity4  ,the equality of the  
three divine ,persons in the ,godhead is
 represented by the equal sides or the  
equal angles of the triangle4           
,illustration3 ,triangle  ,the ,trefoil 
is also an emblem of the ,trinity4  ,it 
is a representation of the common       
clover1 or shamrock1 as the ,irish call 
it4  ,the legend of the conversion of   
,ireland says that ,st4 ,patrick was    
preaching on the hillside1 and wishing  
to illustrate from nature the sublime   
doctrine of the ,trinity to his pagan   
hearers1 he bent down and plucked a     
piece of shamrock at his feet1 and held 
it up to show how what was three1 in one
 sense1 might be one in another4        
,illustration3 ,trefoil  ,the unity of  
the ,persons in the one ,godhead is     
sometimes represented by intersected    
triangles1 or by the trefoil placed     
under a triangle4  ,the truth of the    
,trinity is also suggested by any #fd   
threefold arrangement in the various    

forms of the ornamentation4  ,the figure
 known as the triquetra1 made by the    
interlacing of three portions of        
circles1 is also symbolical of the ,holy
 ,trinity4  ,this is a very ancient     
emblem1 and is found with frequency upon
 the stone crosses erected in the early 
days of ,christianity in ,great         
,britain4  ,it is sometimes used in     
ornamentation of the dress of our ,lord 
or of the ,evangelists4  ,illustration3 
,intersected triangles4  ,trefoil placed
 under a triangle4 ,trequetra4  ,from   
the thirteenth century we have the      
symbol of the equal and interlacing     
,circles4  ,the three equal circles     
symbolize the equality of the three     
,persons in the ,trinity1 the binding   
together in one figure the essential    
unity1 while the circular form signifies
 a never-beginning1 never-ending        
eternity4  ,the word trinitas1 used in  
this symbol1 may itself #fe be divided  
into three syllables4  ,one of these    
syllables is placed in each circle2 but 

they have no perfect meaning1 and will  
not form any word1 unless united4  ,in  
the space left vacant by the            
intersection of the circles the word    
unitas is placed4  ,illustration3       
,interlacing circles  ,from the         
sixteenth century we have another device
 setting forth the doctrine of the      
,trinity4  ,this is a triangle          
terminating at the corners in three     
circles1 and in the center another      
circle with lines connecting it with the
 circles at the corners4  ,a legend is  
combined with the figure1 which serves  
to explain it4  ,the ,english equivalent
 of the ,latin words is as follows3     
,deus1 ,god2 ,pater1 the ,father2 #ff   
,filius1 the ,son2 ,sanctus ,spiritus1  
the ,holy ,ghost2 est1 is2 non est1 is  
not4  ,illustration3 ,triangle and      
circles  ,symbols of the father         
,almighty4--,for the first four         
centuries the only symbol employed to   
represent ,god the ,father ,almighty was
 a hand issuing from clouds1 or reaching

 down in benediction from heaven4  ,a   
symbol of much later origin is a        
triangle with the word ,jehovah1 in     
,hebrew letters1 inscribed within it and
 placed in the center of a radiating    
circle1 or halo1 symbolic of eternity4  
,symbols of our ,lord4--,while the cross
 was in #fg constant use by the early   
,christians1 no effort was made at      
direct representation of our ,saviour's 
sufferings4  ,the crucifix was not      
introduced until five centuries had     
passed4  ,resort was had instead to the 
use of symbols4  ,illustration3 ,the    
hand of ,god  ,illustration3 ,the name  
and the triangle  #fh  ,several of these
 were derived from ,holy ,scripture4    
,the most common was the figure of the  
,good ,shepherd1 a picture drawn from   
our ,lord's own description of ,his     
loving care and self-sacrifice4         
,another was derived from the words of  
,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 ,behold1 the   
,lamb of ,god6  ,by this symbol1 known  
as the ,agnus ,dei1 our ,lord is        

represented by the figure of a          
lamb--often with a nimbus1 or glory1    
about the head--bearing a cross1 the    
symbol of ,his sacrifice1 or a banner1  
the sign of ,his triumph4               
,illustration3 ,agnus ,dei1 the ,lamb of
 ,god  #fi  ,the ,alpha and ,omega1 the 
first and last letters of the ,greek    
alphabet1 are used as the emblem of the 
eternity of our ,lord3 ,i am ,alpha and 
,omega1 the beginning and the end1 the  
first and the last4  ,illustration3     
,alpha and ,omega  ,the ,star is a      
symbol of ,christ4  ,it owes its origin 
to ,his own words1 ,i am the root and   
the offspring of ,david1 and the bright 
and morning star4  ,it was by the       
leading of a star that ,god manifested  
,his only begotten ,son to the          
,gentiles4  ,the five-pointed star      
commonly represents the star of         
,bethlehem4  ,it is a ,christmas and    
,epiphany emblem4  ,illustration3 ,star 
of ,bethlehem  ,this star is sometimes  
called the pentalpha1 as the crossing of

 its lines suggests five ,a's4  ,it was 
used in ancient times as a magic        
talisman against the powers of          
witchcraft4  ,the ,greek ,christians at 
one time placed it1 instead of the      
cross1 at the beginning of inscriptions4
  ,the six-pointed star is said to      
symbolize the ,creator1 as1 according to
 the old alchemists1 the double triangle
 of which it is composed represents the 
elements of fire and water4  #gj  ,the  
seven-pointed star has reference1 it is 
said1 to ,st4 ,john's words in the      
,revelation3 ,i beheld1 and1 lo1 in the 
midst of the throne and of the four     
beasts1 and in the midst of the elders1 
stood a ,lamb as it had been slain1     
having seven horns and seven eyes1 which
 are the seven ,spirits of ,god sent    
forth into all the earth4  ,a star of   
nine points has allusion to ,st4 ,paul's
 enumeration of the fruits of the ,holy 
,spirit3 ,the fruit of the ,spirit is   
love1 joy1 peace1 long-suffering1       
gentleness1 goodness1 faith1 meekness1  

temperance4  ,an interesting symbol of  
our ,saviour is that of the ,pelican1   
which1 the old naturalists said1 was    
accustomed to tear open its breast in   
order to feed its young with its own    
blood4  ,so the blood shed on ,calvary  
gives life to the ,church4              
,illustration3 ,the pelican  ,the fish  
was also a very early symbol of our     
,lord4  ,it was observed that the five  
letters of the ,greek word for a fish   
were1 taken separately1 the initials in 
,greek of the words ,jesus ,christ1 ,son
 of ,god1 ,saviour4  ,in this way the   
fish became a symbol of our ,saviour4   
,the pointed oval1 or vesica1 is the    
conventionalized form of the fish4      
,ecclesiastical seals are commonly made 
in this form4  ,it represents #ga in    
rude outline a fish before the fins and 
tail are added4  ,illustration3 ,vesica 
,it is thought by some that the ,gothic 
or pointed arch is derived from this    
symbol1 being simply the upper half of a
 vesica4  ,other symbols of our ,lord   

are formed from monograms of the sacred 
name1 ,jesus1 and of ,his official      
title1 ,christ4  ,these are used        
separately and also together4  ,the     
earliest form of monogram of the sacred 
name1 that often found on tombs of early
 ,christians1 is the symbol which is    
said to have appeared in a vision to the
 ,emperor ,constantine4  ,the story is  
related by ,eusebius1 the ,bishop of    
,caesarea1 who asserts that it was      
communicated to him by ,constantine     
himself1 who confirmed it with an oath4 
,the story is this3 ,constantine1 whose 
mind was wavering between ,christianity 
and paganism1 was on the eve of a great 
battle4  ,knowing that ,maxentius1 his  
enemy1 was seeking the aid of magic and 
supernatural rites1 and remembering also
 that his father1 who had been well     
disposed to the ,christians1 had always 
prospered1 while their persecutors      
failed1 he determined to pray to        
,christ4  ,while engaged with such      
thoughts he saw at mid-day a luminous   

figure in the heavens1 with the words1  
,by this conquer4  ,both he and the     
whole army were struck with awe at the  
sight4  ,at night #gb ,christ appeared  
to him in a dream1 holding in ,his hand 
the same symbol1 which ,he admonished   
him to place upon his standard1 and     
assuring him of victory4 ,this symbol   
,constantine substituted the next day   
for the old ,roman eagle upon the       
standards and shields of his legions4   
,what the emperor saw1 or fancied he    
saw1 for it cannot be doubted that      
,constantine believed what he stated1   
was a symbol already in use among the   
,christians1 and whose meaning he       
doubtless already knew4  ,it is formed  
of the first two letters of the ,greek  
word for ,christ1 ,,christos            
7,christos72 the ,x 7,chi7 being        
equivalent to our ,ch1 and the ,p 7,rho7
 the same as our ,r4  ,illustration3    
,christos monogram  ,sometimes the      
monogram is contracted and its lines    
economized1 the ,x becoming a true      

cross1 and its vertical shaft--the      
curved part of the letter being         
added--becoming ,p4  ,illustration3     
,contracted ,christos monogram  ,this   
monogram1 with the ,latin ,n1 standing  
for the word noster 7our71 added to it1 
means ,christos noster 7our ,christ74   
,illustration3 ,christos noster monogram
  ,another monogram for our ,lord's     
title1 ,christ1 is composed of the first
 two and the last capital #gc letters of
 the ,greek word ,,christos4 ,the       
horizontal mark over the top is the sign
 that some letters have been omitted4   
,illustration3 ,lord's title monogram   
,the more familiar monogram ,,ihs       
7,,ihs7 is the abbreviated form of the  
,greek word for our ,saviour's human    
name1 ,jesus1 ,,iesous4  ,the first two 
and the last letters are those used4    
,sometimes this is written ,,ihc4  ,the 
two forms are synonymous1 the ,c being  
simply another form of the ,greek ,s4   
,sometimes the letters are intertwined1 
the ,i being lengthened and formed into 

a cross by a bar at the top4            
,illustration3 ,,ihs monogram  ,these   
three letters are often read as         
signifying the ,latin words1 ,jesus     
hominum ,salvator1 that is1 ,jesus the  
,saviour of men2 but appropriate and    
beautiful as this reading is1 it is not 
the original meaning1 but an            
afterthought1 and is said to have been  
first suggested about the year #achj4   
,another monogram contains the initial  
letters1 ,,ix1 of our ,lord's full name1
 ,jesus ,christ1 in ,greek4  ,the ,x    
7,chi7 is combined with the ,i 7,iota74 
,sometimes a horizontal bar is placed   
through the middle #gd of the figure1   
thus giving the initials of our ,lord's 
full name1 united with the cross4       
,illustration3 ,full name monograms     
,another form of monogram for our       
,lord's full name1 ,jesus ,christ1 is   
made by taking the first and the last   
letters of each of the ,greek words4    
,the lines above are the signs of       
contraction4  ,illustration3 ,contracted

 monogram  ,i4 ,n4 ,r4 ,i4  ,these      
letters stand for the ,latin form of the
 title placed on our ,saviour's cross1  
,jesus ,nazarenus ,rex ,judaeorum1      
,,jesus ,,of ,,nazareth1 ,,the ,,king   
,,of ,,the ,,jews4  ,symbols of the     
,holy ,ghost4--,the seven-branched      
,candlestick of the tabernacle1 and the 
,seven ,burning ,lamps which ,st4 ,john 
saw before #ge the throne of ,god1 and  
which he declares to be the seven       
,spirits of ,god1 that is1 the ,holy    
,spirit in ,his sevenfold manifestations
 of grace1 are often used as symbols of 
the ,holy ,spirit1 the source of all    
true illumination for men4              
,illustration3 ,seven-branched          
candlestick  ,the most familiar emblem1 
however1 is the ,dove1 which from the   
early centuries to the present day has  
constantly symbolized the third ,person 
of the ,holy ,trinity4  ,its warrant and
 justification are based on the account 
in the ,gospel of our ,lord's baptism   
and the descent upon ,him of the ,spirit

 in bodily shape like a dove4           
,illustration3 ,dove  ,the picture of   
the holy dove in the decorations of the 
church tells of the coming of the same  
,spirit as the fruit of the intercession
 of our ascended ,lord and according to 
,his most true promise1 ,i will pray the
 ,father1 and ,he shall give you another
 ,comforter1 that ,he may #gf abide with
 you forever2 even the ,spirit of truth4
  ,it reminds of that abiding presence  
of the ,holy ,ghost in the ,church1     
making it the habitation of ,god through
 the ,spirit1 and giving living power to
 its sacraments as channels of saving   
and sanctifying grace4  ,other symbols  
in frequent use are the following3  ,the
 ,crown of ,thorns and the ,nails of    
crucifixion are symbols of our          
,saviour's passion4  ,illustration3     
,crown of thorns and nails  ,the three  
,interlaced fishes and the ,escallop    
,shell1 the badge of a pilgrim1 are both
 emblems of ,holy ,baptism3 the one1 as 
,baptism is in the ,name #gg of the     

,holy ,trinity2 the other1 as we therein
 confess that we are pilgrims and       
strangers on earth1 who seek a better   
country1 that is1 an heavenly4          
,illustration3 ,interlaced fishes4      
,escallop4  ,the phoenix is the symbol  
of immortality and the resurrection4    
,the phoenix was a fabulous bird of the 
ancients4  ,it was believed that1 after 
living a thousand years or so1 it       
committed itself to the flames that     
burst1 at the fanning of its wings1 from
 the funeral pyre of costly spices which
 it had itself constructed1 and that    
from its ashes a new phoenix arose to   
life4  ,illustration3 ,phoenix  ,the    
,anchor is the symbol of steadfastness  
and hope4  ,a strong consolation1444    
which hope we have as an anchor of the  
soul1 both sure and steadfast4          
,illustration3 ,anchor  ,the ,crown is  
the symbol of victory and sovereignty4  
,the ,wreath1 commonly of laurel1 is    
another symbol of victory4  ,as an      
expression of triumph won1 it is one of 

the commonest of symbols in the         
catacombs--the underground and secret   
burying-places of the early ,christians 
in times of persecution4  #gh  ,in this 
connection we may note the symbolism    
attached to certain plants and flowers4 
,in the ornamentation of ,god's house we
 reproduce1 as far as the art of man    
can1 the forms and colors with which the
 love of ,god has arrayed the earth with
 so much beauty4  ,we also use the      
natural plant and flower to beautify the
 church on the great ,christian days of 
gladness and rejoicing4  ,they mark such
 days as festival days4  ,in a special  
way they tell at ,easter1 by their      
fresh1 pure life out of the death of    
winter1 the story of the resurrection4  
,illustration3 ,crown  ,but1 besides    
this1 an emblematic meaning is also     
attached to particular flowers and      
plants4  ,the use by the early          
,christians of plants and flowers in an 
emblematic way was simply a matter of   
reverent memory and the carrying over of

 past associations4  ,their remembrance 
of the words of the ,lord ,jesus would  
make the ,vine1 ,his own similitude of  
,himself in relation to them1--,i am the
 vine1 ye are the branches1--a symbol of
 frequent use to represent the ,saviour4
  ,the ,wheat and the ,grapes would not 
only be #gi the emblems of abundance and
 rejoicing1 but would be enriched with  
suggestions of the ,holy ,eucharist4    
,the ,olive-branch1 borne by the dove1  
recalling the story of the flood1 would 
stand for the thought of security and   
peace4  ,illustration3 ,olive-branch    
,the ,almond1 with name derived from a  
word meaning haste1 in allusion to its  
hasty growth and early maturity1 was the
 symbol of hopefulness even in the days 
of ,jeremiah4  ,the word of the ,lord   
came unto me1 saying1 ,jeremiah1 what   
seest thou8  ,and ,i said1 ,i see a rod 
of an almond-tree4  ,then said the ,lord
 unto me1 ,thou hast well seen3 for ,i  
will hasten ,my word to perform it4     
,the ,palm is the emblem of victory4    

,this symbolism attached to it not only 
from the familiar associations of its   
pagan use as such1 but from a very early
 period1 as seen on ancient mosaics1 a  
reference to the palm was recognized in 
,st4 ,john's description of the ,tree of
 ,life1 which bare twelve manner of     
fruits1 and yielded her fruit every     
month4  ,thus the palm-branch of        
,christian martyrs was not only the     
emblem of victory adopted from the      
well-known heathen use of it1 but       
typified still more #hj strikingly their
 connection with the tree of divine     
life1 'whose leaves were for the healing
 of the nations4'  ,the palm1 however1  
was not the only instance of such       
adoption into ,christian symbolism from 
pagan use4  ,the influence of           
,christianity was felt in many like     
cases4  ,trees and plants held sacred to
 heathen gods became associated with    
holier names and ideas4  ,thus the      
,laurel1 the meed of mighty conquerors  
and poets sage1 became for the humble   

,christian who had fought a good fight1 
and finished his course1 the emblem of  
triumph and glory4  ,the ,pomegranate1  
with mystic association from remote     
antiquity with the idea of life1 became 
the symbol of a hopeful future1 the     
emblem of immortality4  ,the ,oak is the
 representative of supernatural strength
 and power4  ,in pagan antiquity it was 
especially dedicated in the ,west to    
,thor1 the thunder-god4  ,the familiar  
story of ,st4 ,boniface1 the apostle of 
,germany1 relates how he found in the   
country of the ,hessians an enormous    
tree1 called the ,oak of ,thor1 greatly 
revered by the people and held          
inviolably sacred4  ,st4 ,boniface cut  
it down in token of the triumph of      
,christ4  ,when it fell with a mighty   
crash1 and ,thor gave no sign1 the #ha  
heathen folk1 who stood about in awe1   
accepted the token and were converted4  
,the stroke of ,st4 ,boniface's ax      
overthrew ,thor1 but could not          
altogether destroy the associations of  

the ancient belief4  ,the reverence for 
the oak long survived2 and the          
veneration for it1 ,christianized in    
meaning1 led to its reproduction1 with  
symbolic reference to the power of the  
,god of gods1 in many beautiful forms of
 leaf and spray and clustered acorn1 in 
church decoration4  ,in like manner1 we 
find flowers held sacred to heathen     
goddesses lifted out of that association
 and invested with higher and purer     
emblematic meaning4  ,the ,lily1 the    
flower of ,juno1 became the flower of   
the holy ,virgin1 and its snowy         
whiteness the symbol of ,christian      
purity4  ,it is often seen in the       
conventional form of the fleur-de-lis4  
,the ,rose before the coming of         
,christianity was a mystic flower among 
,northern races4  ,among the ,greeks and
 ,romans it was the flower of ,venus and
 the symbol of earthly love4  ,its      
symbolism felt also the redeeming touch 
of ,christian sentiment4  ,the love of  
which it is the emblem became not an    

earthly1 but a heavenly love4  ,as the  
lily tells of her purity1 so the rose   
tells of the love that was in the heart 
of the ,blessed ,virgin4  ,but this was 
but the reflection #hb of a higher and a
 divine love1 of which the rose was also
 the symbol4  ,how that thought of the  
love of heaven coming down to earth was 
expressed emblematically by the rose1 we
 may see in the story of its origin     
which the ,christian fancy of the middle
 ages invented4  ,it was said that a    
holy maiden of ,bethlehem1 blamed with  
wrong and slandered1 was doomed to the  
death2 and as the fire began to burn    
about her she made her prayers to our   
,lord that1 as she was not guilty of    
that sin1 ,he would help her and make it
 to be known to all men1 of ,his        
merciful grace4  ,and when she had thus 
said1 anon was the fire quenched and    
out1 and the brands that were burning   
became red roseries1 and the brands that
 were not kindled became white roseries1
 full of roses4  ,and these were the    

first roseries and roses1 both white and
 red1 that ever any man saw4  ,so the   
rose became the flower of martyrs1 the  
presage of the beauty and joy of        
,paradise4  ,with the same thought1 the 
early ,christians decorated with roses  
the graves of martyrs and confessors on 
the anniversary of their death4  ,it has
 been conjectured that it is from this  
connection of the rose with ,paradise1  
and with the thought of the love which  
accomplished our salvation1 that the    
rite of #hc the golden rose has been    
derived--the rite in which the ,pope1 on
 the ,fourth ,sunday in ,lent1 blesses a
 golden rose adorned with jewels1 which 
he afterward bestows upon some person he
 desires especially to honor4  ,in the  
prayers which are used in this rite1 our
 ,lord is alluded to as the eternal     
,rose that has gladdened the heart of   
the world4  ,the interesting plant known
 as the ,passion-flower1 although of    
comparatively modern origin1 is now     
freely used to symbolize the passion of 

our ,lord4  ,the ten faithful           
apostles1--omitting ,st4 ,peter who     
denied and ,judas who betrayed our      
,lord1--the hammer and the nails1 the   
cross1 the five sacred wounds1 the crown
 of thorns1 the cords which bound ,him1 
are all1 by an exaggerated symbolism and
 straining after analogy1 supposed to be
 represented by its various parts4  ,it 
was discovered by early ,spanish        
settlers in ,america1 and was welcomed  
by them as useful in teaching           
,christianity to the ,indians4  ,it is  
the one contribution of the new         
continent to the ecclesiastical         
symbolism of flowers4  ,symbols of the  
,evangelists and ,apostles4--,the       
,evangelists are often represented by   
four scrolls1 four open books1 or four  
streams of water issuing from ,christ   
the ,rock2 but most commonly the        
,evangelistic symbols are the ,man1 the 
,lion1 the #hd ,ox1 and the ,eagle4     
,these figures refer to the mysterious  
creatures described by the prophet      

,ezekiel1 and afterward by ,st4 ,john1  
as adoring ceaselessly before the throne
 of ,god4  ,they rest not day and night1
 saying1 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,lord ,god  
,almighty1 which was1 and is1 and is to 
come4  ,the man is assigned to ,st4     
,matthew and his ,gospel1 because of the
 manner in which the manhood of our     
,lord is set forth1 the lion to ,st4    
,mark1 because he shows #he ,his royal  
dignity and power2 the ox to ,st4 ,luke1
 because his is the sacrificial ,gospel 
and dwells on the ,atonement2 and the   
eagle to ,st4 ,john1 because his ,gospel
 rises to the contemplation of the      
sublimest mysteries of the ,christian   
faith4  ,illustration3 ,man1 ,lion1 ,ox1
 ,eagle symbols  ,all these symbols are 
winged1 as showing that the message of  
the ,gospels is to go to all the earth  
as the concern of all men everywhere4   
,all four symbols are sometimes combined
 into one1 called a ,tetramorph4  ,each 
,apostle has also his own appropriate   
symbol4  ,st4 ,james the ,greater has   

the escallop shell and staff of the     
pilgrim4 ,his shrine in ,spain was one  
of the great centers to which pilgrims  
came from all lands4  ,illustration3    
,apostle symbols--,s4 ,peter1 ,s4       
,andrew1 ,s4 ,james ye more1 ,s4 ,johan1
 ,s4 ,thomas1 ,s4 ,james ye less4  ,st4 
,john1 as an ,apostle1 has a cup with a 
winged serpent rising from it1 in       
reference to the tradition #hf that ,st4
 ,john once drank with impunity from a  
poisoned chalice after having made the  
sign of the ,cross over it4  ,st4       
,thomas bears the spear with which he   
was slain1 or the carpenter's rule1 from
 a legend that he was sent to the king  
of the ,indies to build him a palace4   
,st4 ,thomas gave to the poor the money 
intrusted to him by the king4  ,he was  
cast into prison1 but the king had a    
vision of a marvelous palace in         
,paradise built for him by the money    
given in charity4  ,st4 ,thomas was     
released1 and the king became a         
,christian4  ,st4 ,peter has the keys1  

in reference to our ,lord's words to    
him1 and to his opening of the door of  
the ,church to ,jews and to ,gentiles4  
,st4 ,matthew1 as an ,apostle1 has      
sometimes a purse1 in allusion to his   
having been a publican1 or tax-gatherer1
 and sometimes the hatchet with which he
 was killed4  ,the other ,apostles have1
 for symbols1 the traditional           
instruments of their martyrdom3 ,st4    
,andrew bears the cross peculiar to him2
 ,st4 ,bartholomew the knife with which 
he was flayed alive2 ,st4 ,james the    
,less has the fuller's club with which  
he was beaten to death2 ,st4 ,philip has
 the cross on which he was crucified1   
,st4 ,matthias bears a battle-ax3 #hg   
,st4 ,jade a halberd1 or a knotted club1
 sometimes fashioned like a cross1 with 
which he was slain2 ,st4 ,simon the saw 
with which he was cut asunder4          
,illustration3 ,apostle symbols--,s4    
,phylyppa1 ,s4 ,barthylimew1 ,s4        
,matthew1 ,s4 ,jude1 ,s4 ,symon1 ,s4    
,mathyas4  ,the symbol of ,st4 ,paul is 

the sword with which he was beheaded1   
and a closed book1 in reference to his  
,epistles4  ,st4 ,stephen1 the first    
martyr1 bears the stones with which he  
was killed while he prayed for those who
 hurled them4  ,of ,angelic             
figures4--,it is not surprising1 in view
 of the references of ,holy ,scripture1 
that representations of angels should   
have place in the decoration of         
,christian churches4  ,the religion of  
heaven is ,christianity4  ,i beheld1 and
 ,i heard the voice of many angels round
 about the throne1 and the beasts1 and  
the elders3 and the number of them was  
ten thousand times ten thousand1 and #hh
 thousands of thousands2 saying with a  
loud voice1 ,worthy is the ,lamb that   
was slain to receive power1 and riches1 
and wisdom1 and strength1 and honor1 and
 glory1 and blessing4  ,angels are      
included in the ,communion of ,saints4  
,ye are come 444 unto the city of the   
living ,god1 the heavenly ,jerusalem1   
and to an innumerable company of angels1

 to the general assembly and church of  
the first-born1 which are written in    
heaven4  ,it is the constant tradition  
of the ,church that the holy angels     
attend at ,christian worship4  ,it is   
one of the highest privileges of that   
worship that we have such communion with
 them as to be able to say1 ,therefore  
with ,angels and ,archangels1 and with  
all the company of heaven1 we laud and  
magnify ,thy glorious ,name2 evermore   
praising ,thee1 and saying1 ,holy1      
,holy1 ,holy1 ,lord ,god of hosts1      
,heaven and earth are full of ,thy      
glory3 ,glory be to ,thee1 ,o ,lord     
,most ,high4  ,amen4  ,the ,symbolism of
 ,colors4--,in the ornamentation of     
vestments and of the hangings of the    
,altar1 as also in the general          
decoration of churches1 all colors are  
employed as good taste may dictate4     
,they are thus properly used for the    
glory of ,god1 who created the many hues
 of nature and gave to man the power of 
deriving pleasure from them4 #hi        

,certain colors1 however1 are known as  
liturgical or ecclesiastical colors1 and
 are1 in accordance with ancient        
practice1 employed for symbolical       
purposes about the ,altar and chancel of
 our churches1 or the dress of          
,ministers1 during the different seasons
 of the ,church ,year4 ,they serve to   
impress upon our minds1 through the     
outward senses1 certain great truths of 
the ,gospel1 and give honor and dignity 
to the celebration of its sacred        
mysteries4  ,the colors most commonly   
used are white1 red1 violet1 black1 and 
green4  ,white1 signifying purity and   
joy1 is used on the ,feasts of the great
 mysteries of our ,faith and at all     
seasons relating to our ,lord1 on days  
relating to the ,blessed ,virgin and to 
those saints who were not also martyrs1 
and on festival occasions1 such as      
,confirmations1 ,ordinations1           
,dedications1 ,weddings1 etc4  ,red1 the
 emblem of blood and fire1 is used on   
the ,feasts of martyrs1 typifying the   

blood which was shed for ,christ1 and at
 ,whitsuntide1 when it tells of the     
tongues of fire which came upon the     
,apostles4  ,violet1 the emblem of      
penitence1 is used in ,advent1 in the   
season from ,septuagesima to ,lent1 in  
,lent1 and also on ,ember and ,rogation 
days4  #ij  ,black signifies mourning1  
and is used on ,good ,friday and at     
,burials4  ,green1 the ordinary color of
 nature1 is used on all days which are  
not ,feasts or ,fasts and when no       
special truth or doctrine is to be      
emphasized4  ,the ,symbolism of         
,lights4--,the symbolic use of lights in
 divine worship seems to have been      
handed on from the ,jewish ,temple to   
the ,christian ,church4  ,the candles   
upon the ,altar1 as in use in many      
churches1 whether the two ,eucharistic  
lights or the vesper lights1 not only   
give beauty and festival character to   
the service1 but are an expressive sign 
of spiritual gladness and joy1 and a    
symbol1 suggested by ,his own words1 of 

,christ as the true light of the world4 
,they remind us of the gladness and     
spiritual illumination which the ,gospel
 brings4  ,the ,symbolism of            
,incense4--,where incense is employed as
 an adjunct of worship1 its symbolism is
 the same as that which it had in the   
worship of the ,temple4  ,it is the     
symbol of prayer1 of the intercession of
 our great ,high ,priest1 and of the    
prayers of the saints4  ,so the         
,psalmist prays1 ,let my prayer be set  
forth in ,thy sight as the incense2 and 
so again1 ,st4 ,john1 describing the    
ceremonial of the worship of heaven as  
seen in his vision1 says1 #ia ,another  
angel came and stood at the altar1      
having a golden censer1 and there was   
given unto him much incense1 that he    
should offer it with the prayers of all 
saints upon the golden altar which was  
before the throne4  ,and the smoke of   
the incense1 which came with the prayers
 of the saints1 ascended up before ,god 
out of the angel's hand4     #ib  ,how  

to ,use the ,prayer-,book#a  ,before the
 ,service4--,if possible be in your     
place a few moments before the appointed
 hour1 that you may collect your        
thoughts and prepare for the service4   
,on entering1 go at once quietly to your
 seat1 kneel down1 and say a short      
prayer for yourself and your            
fellow-worshipers4  ,the ,collect for   
the ,nineteenth or the ,twenty-third    
,sunday after ,trinity1 or the ,collect1
 ,almighty ,god1 unto whom all hearts   
are open1 at the beginning of the       
,communion ,office1 you may find        
appropriate4  ,when you have said your  
prayer1 find the places for the service 
for the day1 and after this occupy the  
#ic time till the service begins with   
reading some portion from the           
,prayer-,book4  ,at ,morning            
,prayer4--,the following points should  
have attention3  7#a7 ,the several ways 
in which1 after the opening ,sentence1  
the ,minister may proceed with the      
service4  ,see the rubrics at the       

beginning of ,,morning ,,prayer4  7#b7  
,in the ,,lord',s ,,prayer 7as is also  
the case with other prayers printed in  
like manner7 the capital letters        
beginning the several short clauses are 
intended to indicate the portions into  
which the prayer is to be broken for    
common recitation4  ,there should be a  
slight pause after each clause1 that all
 may join in saying the prayer4  7#c7   
,on the nineteenth day of the month the 
,venite is not used before the          
,,psalter1 as it occurs in the portion  
for that day4  ,it is omitted on ,easter
 ,day and ,thanksgiving ,day1 as other  
anthems are appointed for these days    
7pages #f1 #abe1 #cai74  7#d7 ,after the
 ,venite follows 7page #f7 the ,,psalter
 7page #cbi7 for the day of the month1  
or one of the ,,selections1 or the      
,,proper ,,psalms for the day4  ,see    
,,how ,,the ,,psalter ,,is ,,appointed  
,,to ,,be ,,read 7page vii74  ,note what
 is to be done1 in using the ,,psalter1 
when a month has thirty-one days4  #id  

,observe also the tables of ,,selections
 and ,,proper ,,psalms 7pages vii1 viii1
 #cbh74  7#e7 ,study the use of the     
,,collect ,,for ,,the ,,day--where found
 7pages #eb-ahh1 #ahh-bbj71 how used3   
,except when the ,communion ,service is 
read 7page #ac74  ,the ,collect shall   
serve all the ,week after1 where not    
otherwise ordered4  ,the ,collect for   
any ,sunday or other ,feast may be used 
at the ,evening ,service of the day     
before 7page #eb74  ,note the use       
throughout the season of the ,,collect  
,,for ,,the ,,first ,,sunday ,,in       
,,advent4 ,throughout ,lent is used1 in 
like manner1 the ,,collect ,,for        
,,ash-,,wednesday 7page #hf74  ,observe 
the use of the ,,collect ,,for          
,,christmas ,,day 7page #fb71 and that  
the ,collect1 ,epistle1 and ,gospel for 
,st4 ,stephen's ,day1 ,st4 ,john the    
,evangelist's ,day1 the ,innocents'     
,day1 and for the ,circumcision1 are not
 among those for the ,saints'-days1 but 
placed in connection with those for     

,christmas ,day and the ,sunday after4  
,note rubrics 7pages #ff1 #fi1 #ga1 #hg1
 #ada74  7#f7 ,when two ,feasts or      
,holy-days fall upon the same day1 the  
usual custom is to make a commemoration 
of the day omitted by using the         
,,collect of that day immediately after 
the ,,collect of the ,feast or ,holy-day
 that is observed4  ,if there be more   
than twenty-five ,sundays after #ie     
,trinity1 the service of some of those  
,sundays that were omitted after the    
,epiphany shall be taken in to supply so
 many as are wanting4  ,and if there be 
fewer than twenty-five ,sundays1 the    
overplus shall be omitted 7page #ahh74  
7#g7 ,observe the use of the            
,,occasional ,,prayers1 and the place in
 the service where they are to be said1 
if used4  ,note that some must be used  
at specified times 7page #cg74  7#h7    
,observe the use of the                 
,,thanksgivings--where to be said in the
 service1 if used 7page #dd74  7#i7     
,there are several ways in which the    

,minister may end the ,,morning         
,,prayer3 ,on any day not a ,sunday1 he 
may end the ,,morning ,,prayer with the 
,,collect ,,for ,,grace and #b ,,cor4   
,,xiii4 #ad4  ,the prayers following    
that for the ,president of the ,united  
,states shall be omitted when the       
,,litany is said1 and may be omitted    
when the ,,holy ,,communion is          
immediately to follow 7pages #a1 #ad74  
,at ,morning ,prayer on ,certain        
,days4--7#a7 ,for ,ash-,wednesday a     
,,penitential ,,office is provided 7page
 #dh71 and must be read immediately     
after the prayer1 ,we humbly beseech    
,thee1 ,o ,father1 in the ,,litany4     
7#b7 ,for ,thanksgiving ,day a special  
,,form ,,of #if ,,prayer ,,and          
,,thanksgiving ,,to ,,almighty ,,god is 
appointed 7page #cai74  ,after the      
,service4--,when the service is ended1  
after the procession has gone out1 kneel
 down and say a prayer4  ,do not omit   
this if for any cause you are obliged to
 leave before the conclusion of the     

service4 ,you will find many of the     
,collects--such as that for the ,first  
,sunday after ,epiphany1 or the ,second 
,sunday after ,easter1 or the           
,thirteenth ,sunday after ,trinity1 or  
those at the end of the ,communion      
,office--in every way appropriate4  ,at 
evening ,prayer4--7#a7 ,note the several
 ways in which the ,minister may proceed
 after the opening ,sentence4  ,on      
,sundays1 he may say1 ,let us humbly    
confess our sins unto ,almighty ,god1   
and pass to the ,,general ,,confession4 
,or else he may say1 ,dearly beloved    
brethren1 the ,scripture1 etc4  ,on days
 other than the ,lord's ,day1 he may1 at
 his discretion1 pass at once to the    
,,lord',s ,,prayer 7pages #af1 #ai74    
7#b7 ,note that the ,,collect ,,for     
,,the ,,day must be said 7page #bg74    
7#c7 ,,evening ,,prayer is said in full 
or may be ended after the ,,collect     
,,for ,,aid 7page #bg74  7#d7 ,what has 
been said of the use of the ,,occasional
 ,,prayers and of the ,,thanksgivings in

 #ig ,,morning ,,prayer is equally      
applicable to ,,evening ,,prayer4  ,at  
the ,litany4--7#a7 ,the ,,litany is said
 ordinarily after ,,morning ,,prayer on 
,sundays1 ,wednesdays1 and ,fridays     
7page #cj74  ,a part may be omitted     
7page #cc74  7#b7 ,it may also be said  
after the ,,collect ,,for ,,aid in      
,,evening ,,prayer1 or it may be used   
separately4  ,see first and second      
paragraphs in ,,concerning ,,the        
,,service ,,of ,,the ,,church 7page     
vii74  ,at the ,holy ,communion4--7#a7  
,the ,communion ,office follows         
immediately after the ,collects1        
,epistles1 and ,gospels 7page #bba74    
,it is the common custom that the       
,,lord',s ,,prayer at the beginning of  
the service is said by the ,priest      
alone1 and not1 as in other services1 by
 all the people with him4  ,this is due 
to the fact that this prayer and the    
following ,,collect ,,for ,,purity      
anciently formed part of the office for 
the ,priest's private preparation before

 entering the sanctuary4 ,the ,,lord',s 
,,prayer may be omitted if ,,morning    
,,prayer has been said immediately      
before 7page #bba74  7#b7 ,observe that 
the ,,decalogue may be omitted if said  
once on each ,sunday1 and what is to be 
done in that case 7pages #bbb1 #bbd74   
7#c7 ,the ,,collect ,,of ,,the ,,day1   
while used in other #ih ,services1      
belongs properly to the ,communion      
,office4  ,it must be said4  ,it is     
called in the ,communion ,service the   
,collect of the ,day1 elsewhere the     
,collect for the ,day4  ,the ,,epistle  
and the ,,gospel for the day are found  
in the same place as the ,,collect ,,of 
,,the ,,day 7page #eb74  7#d7 ,observe  
that preference is given to the ,,nicene
 ,,creed1 and that it must be said at   
certain times1 on ,christmas ,day1      
,easter ,day1 ,ascension ,day1          
,whitsunday1 and ,trinity ,sunday 7page 
#bbd74  7#e7 ,when the ,minister gives  
notice of the ,holy ,communion the      
,,exhortation read1 in whole or part1 is

 that beginning1 ,dearly beloved1 on    
---- day next ,i purpose1 or that       
beginning1 ,dearly beloved brethren1 on 
---- ,i intend1 by ,god's grace 7pages  
#bdj1 #bdb74  7#f7 ,note that the       
,,exhortation1 ,dearly beloved in the   
,lord1 may be omitted1 provided it is   
said once1 on a ,sunday1 in that same   
month 7page #bbi74  7#g7 ,note the use  
of the ,,proper ,,prefaces which        
emphasize the special teaching of the   
great festivals 7page #bcc74  7#h7 ,note
 the direction 7page #bcg7 that in the  
administration to the communicants the  
,sacrament is to be delivered into their
 hands4  ,that can be best done1 with   
reverence and care1 if1 when the ,bread 
is #ii delivered1 the person receiving  
will place the open right hand upon the 
left1 the palm being slightly hollowed  
to receive the consecrated ,bread1 and1 
when the ,cup is delivered1 will take   
firm hold of the chalice with both      
hands--of the bowl1 or stem immediately 
under it1 with the right hand1 and of   

the pedestal with the left4  ,of course 
gloves should be removed4  7#i7 ,observe
 what is done when a second             
,,consecration is necessary 7page #bcg74
  7#aj7 ,note that a hymn may be        
substituted for the ,gloria in excelsis4
 ,this is commonly done in penitential  
seasons 7page #bch74  7#aa7 ,direction  
is given 7page #bdj7 that the           
consecrated ,bread and ,wine remaining  
after the ,communion shall be reverently
 consumed4  ,small crumbs which cannot  
be taken otherwise are poured into the  
chalice1 and the chalice rinsed two or  
three times with a little wine and      
water1 the ,priest drinking the same4   
,this is called ,the ablutions4  ,at the
 ,baptism of ,infants4--7#a7 ,note that 
the general congregation and the company
 at the ,font are all to stand until the
 ,,lord',s ,,prayer4  7#b7 ,note the    
permission given to shorten the service4
  ,the ,minister shall say1 ,hear the   
words of the ,gospel1 etc41 or else pass
 immediately to the #ajj questions      

addressed to the sponsors1 provided that
 in every church the intermediate parts 
of the ,service shall be used1 once at  
least in every month1 7if there be a    
baptism17 for the better instructing of 
the ,people in the grounds of ,infant   
,baptism4  7#c7 ,observe that the       
,,thanksgiving following the            
,,exhortation upon the words of the     
,,gospel is to be said by all1 the      
people joining with the ,minister4  ,at 
,private ,baptism of ,children4--7#a7   
,observe what the service is4 ,see the  
third rubric at the beginning of the    
,office1 and what follows 7page #bea74  
7#b7 ,note what is directed1 after the  
,,form ,,of ,,baptism1 as to the public 
reception of the child privately        
baptized 7page #beb74  7#c7 ,note the   
conditional ,,form provided for use in  
cases of doubt 7page #bef74  7#d7       
,observe that the ,,ministration ,,of   
,,baptism and the receiving into the    
,church may be combined 7page #beg74    
,at the ,baptism of ,adults4--7#a7 ,what

 has been pointed out1 in connection    
with the ,,baptism ,,of ,,infants1 in   
reference to the people standing until  
the ,,lord',s ,,prayer1 the saying of   
the ,,thanksgiving after the            
,,exhortation1 and the use of a         
conditional ,,form 7page #bfe7 in cases 
of reasonable doubt1 applies also to the
 ,,baptism ,,of ,,adults4  #aja  7#b7   
,observe what may be done when necessity
 may require the baptizing of adults in 
private houses4  ,see the second rubric 
at the end of the ,office 7page #bfe74  
7#c7 ,observe that the ,office of       
,infant ,baptism and that of ,adults may
 be conjoined4  ,the service1 however1  
involves so much difficulty and         
repetition that it is not often used4   
,third rubric 7page #bfe74  ,at         
,confirmation4--,observe that the       
congregation are to stand until the     
,,lord',s ,,prayer4  ,at                
,marriages4--7#a7 ,note that the        
,prayer-,book calls the service the     
,solemnization of ,matrimony4  ,the     

company present are there as witnesses  
and to ask ,god's blessing upon the     
marriage4  ,while1 therefore1 they may  
bring into the church gladsome hearts on
 such an occasion1 they should guard    
against levity4  ,they should behave    
with reverence1 attend to the service1  
say the ,amens to the prayers1 and      
conduct themselves with the same regard 
for the place1 and for the sacredness of
 the act1 as they would at any other    
service4  7#b7 ,the congregation should 
stand throughout the service1 the bride 
and bridegroom only kneeling for the    
prayers and the ,,blessing4  ,at the    
,communion of the ,sick4--7#a7 ,note the
 order of the service4 ,see the latter  
part of the #ajb rubric at the beginning
 of the service1 and the first and third
 rubrics following the ,,gospel 7page   
#bic74  7#b7 ,note permission given in  
the last rubric following the ,,gospel4 
,at ,burials4--7#a7 ,note that one or   
both of the ,,selections ,,of ,,psalms  
may be used 7page #bid74  7#b7 ,note the

 permission given for additions to the  
service 7page #bih74  7#c7 ,observe that
 the response1 ,christ1 have mercy upon 
us1 is to be said by the people in the  
,kyrie preceding the ,,lord',s ,,prayer 
7page #cjj74  7#d7 ,note the permission 
given in the rubric following the       
,,additional ,,prayers at the close of  
the ,office4    #a ,the page references 
are to the ,prayer-,book1 to editions   
larger than the small duodecimo2 which  
larger editions are all paged alike4    
#ajc  ,devout ,customs and ,usages      
,some of the customs here referred to   
are matters of rubrical direction in the
 ,prayer-,book2 others stand merely upon
 the ground of usage and the devout     
practice of the ,church from ancient    
times4  ,the object here in view is not 
to discuss their obligation1 but simply 
to tell what they are and why they are  
observed1 whether that observance is in 
obedience to an express direction of the
 ,church or is a voluntary act of       
reverence4  ,since1 as a matter of fact1

 such customs are used by some          
,churchmen1 every well-instructed person
 should know their meaning and the      
reason for their use4  ,his personal    
observance of them1 where they have been
 left by the ,church as voluntary acts1 
must depend upon his own feeling and    
their #ajd helpfulness or otherwise to  
his own worship and right living4       
,kneeling4--,the changes of posture in  
the course of a service have value in   
relieving weariness and in sustaining   
attention1 but their chief significance 
is1 of course1 in the expression of     
different states of devotion4  ,thus    
kneeling is the fit posture in prayer   
for humble penitents--the only state in 
which we may presume to come before     
,god4 ,it is a mark of reverence1 and   
testifies outwardly of our inward       
humility2 and a devout manner helps to  
create devout feelings4  ,standing4--,to
 show readiness to engage in worship and
 to receive instruction1 the people     
stand when addressed at the opening of  

,morning and ,evening ,prayer1 or at the
 ,exhortations in the ,communion        
,office4  ,as expressive of earnestness 
and determination to defend the ,faith1 
they stand for the recitation of the    
,creeds4  ,they stand at the reading of 
the ,gospel in the ,communion ,service  
to show reverent regard for the ,son of 
,god above all other messengers1        
although speaking as from ,god also4    
,they rise at the presentation of the   
alms and oblations1 because the offering
 is their gift to ,god and to show their
 participation in the act4  ,they stand 
as the clergy enter or leave #aje the   
church in token of respect for their    
sacred office4  ,bowing4--,the head is  
bowed at the name of ,jesus in the      
,creeds to testify by this outward      
ceremony and gesture a due              
acknowledgment that the ,lord ,jesus    
,christ1 the true and eternal ,son of   
,god1 is the only ,saviour of the world4
  ,this act of reverence is not         
restricted to the ,creeds1 but the same 

honor is shown to the ,holy ,name at its
 mention also in the ,gloria in         
excelsis1 and in hymns1 in lessons1 and 
in sermons4  ,at the words1 ,and was    
incarnate1 in the ,nicene ,creed1 the   
head and body are inclined 7or the knee 
is bent7 to show humble and grateful    
recognition of the stupendous mystery of
 the ,incarnation1 and at the words     
,worshiped and glorified1 to signify    
belief in the divinity of the ,holy     
,ghost4  ,the head is bowed also at the 
name of the ,blessed ,trinity4  ,this   
sign of reverence and honor is made at  
the ,gloria ,patri1 at ,holy1 ,holy1    
,holy in the ,sanctus of the ,communion 
,office1 at the same words in the ,te   
,deum1 and at the various forms of the  
doxology1 thus recognizing the divine   
glory of each of the three ,persons1 and
 in imitation of the angels1 who veil   
their faces with their wings when       
singing the glory of the ,holy ,trinity4
  ,bowing #ajf at the ,gloria came into 
use about the year #cbe1 as a protest   

against the heresy which denied the     
divinity of our ,lord4  ,the head is    
reverently bowed toward the ,altar on   
coming in and going out of the church or
 chancel1 in accordance with what one of
 the canons of the ,english ,church says
 was the most ancient custom of the     
primitive ,church in the purest times4  
,it is an act of honor and reverence for
 the house of ,god1 and for the ,altar  
as the place of such holy associations  
as attach to it from the celebration    
there of the ,holy ,eucharist4  ,turning
 to the ,east4--,the practice of turning
 to the east1 or to the ,altar1 at the  
,creed and at every ,gloria 7as a brief 
form of ,creed7 probably originated in  
an old custom at ,baptism4  ,the        
catechumen turned his face toward the   
west in renouncing the devil and all his
 works1 and to the east in making       
profession of his ,faith4  ,the early   
,christians were accustomed to turn to  
the east in their devotions1 just as the
 ,jews turned their faces toward        

,jerusalem when they prayed4 ,many      
churches1 whenever it is possible1 are  
built for this reason east and west1 as 
was the ancient custom4  ,when not so   
placed1 the chancel is considered to be 
constructively1 if not in fact1 the     
east1 and the clergy and choir #ajg turn
 toward the ,altar4  ,it is an act      
expressive of faith in ,christ as the   
light of the world1 the ,sun of         
righteousness1 and recalls how ancient  
tradition1 following a seeming          
intimation of ,holy ,scripture1 says    
that our ,lord will come from the east  
at ,his second advent3 ,as the lightning
 cometh out of the east1 and shineth    
even unto the west2 so shall also the   
coming of the ,son of man be4           
,vestments4--,much may be said for the  
use of a distinctive dress in the holy  
offices of the ,church4  ,it is in      
accordance with ancient usage2 it marks 
the action of the ,minister as not      
personal1 but official2 it secures      
dignity and uniformity1 and it is also1 

like the dress of the priests in the old
 ,jewish ,church1 for glory and for     
beauty4  ,the ,american ,church has no  
law upon the subject of vestments4      
,their use is simply a matter of        
traditional custom4  ,those here        
described have come down to us from our 
mother ,church of ,england4  ,not all   
here mentioned are in use in all places1
 nor need it be assumed that all are    
equally desirable4  ,the ,cassock is a  
long coat1 close-fitting1 reaching to   
the feet1 and buttoned down the front4  
,it is generally of black1 except in    
cathedral churches and for ,bishops and 
cathedral dignitaries1 when the #ajh    
episcopal purple may appropriately be   
used4  ,a cincture1 or broad sash1      
sometimes confines the cassock at the   
waist4  ,the ,surplice is of linen1     
generally with no opening in front1 but 
with sufficient aperture in the neck to 
allow it to be easily passed over the   
head4  ,it should fall somewhat below   
the knees4  ,the sleeves are flowing and

 of considerable width at the wrist4    
,illustration3 ,the surplice  ,the      
,stole is a strip of silk about three   
inches wide and eight and a half feet   
long1 with ends ornamented by embroidery
 and fringed4  ,the ,priest wears it    
around his neck1 the ends hanging down  
over the front of the surplice4         
,deacons wear the stole suspended over  
the left shoulder1 except at the ,holy  
,communion1 when it may be brought      
across the back and breast and be       
fastened at the right side4  ,the       
vestments for the celebrant at the ,holy
 ,communion are as follows3  ,the ,alb1 
which may be described as a long linen  
garment somewhat like a surplice1 with  
close-fitting sleeves1 reaching nearly  
to the ground4 ,it is frequently        
embroidered at the foot before and      
behind #aji and at the end of the       
sleeves4  ,these pieces of embroidery   
are called apparels4  ,the alb is       
confined at the waist by a white cord   
called the girdle4  ,illustration3 ,the 

,alb  ,around the neck is worn the      
,amice--an oblong piece of linen1 a part
 of which is folded over and forms a    
large collar4  ,this is often           
embroidered4  ,the ,chasuble1 sometimes 
called the vestment by way of           
distinction1 is worn only at the        
celebration of the ,holy ,communion4    
,it is oval in shape1 without sleeves1  
with an opening in the middle through   
which the head may be passed4  ,in front
 and behind it extends nearly to the    
ground1 and on the sides to the hands4  
,it is usually ornamented with a        
,y-shaped cross1 which is often         
embroidered4  ,the chasuble is sometimes
 ornamented with very rich needlework4  
,the stole is worn under the chasuble1  
crossed on the breast1 and passed under 
the girdle4  ,illustration3 ,the        
,chasuble  ,sometimes the ,maniple is   
also worn4  ,it is shaped like a stole1 
but smaller1 and is fastened with a loop
 over the left arm near the wrist4      
,this dress1 with local differences1 is 

worn in all #aaj the ancient ,churches  
of ,christendom4  ,it has come down to  
us with the ,church itself4  ,it is1 in 
fact1 simply the dignified dress of     
primitive days1 enriched and ornamented4
  ,times and customs have changed1 but  
the dress of the ,priest1 made sacred by
 association with his holy work1 has    
remained unaltered4  ,in churches where 
the ,holy ,eucharist is celebrated with 
very full ceremonial1 the two clergy-men
 who assist the celebrant1 called the   
deacon and subdeacon1 sometimes on      
festival occasions wear respectively a  
,dalmatic and a ,tunicle4  ,these       
garments are very similar1 being a kind 
of loose coat or frock reaching below   
the knees1 open partially at the lower  
part of the sides1 and having full1     
though not large1 sleeves4  ,the        
dalmatic is usually somewhat more       
ornamented4 ,these are festival         
garments4  ,on other occasions the      
girded alb and the amice are often worn 
by the deacon and subdeacon4            

,illustration3 ,dalmatic  ,the chasuble1
 and also the dalmatic and tunicle1 are 
often of silk1 of the color of the      
season2 but the custom of wearing only  
white linen vestments prevails in many  
churches4  #aaa  ,the following somewhat
 fanciful meanings1 among various       
others1 have been applied to the        
vestments3 the alb is said to signify   
the white robe which ,herod placed upon 
our ,saviour2 the amice1 the cloth with 
which ,he was blindfolded by the ,jews2 
the stole1 maniple1 and girdle1 the     
cords which bound ,him1 and the         
chasuble1 the purple robe of scorn4     
,they are also said to represent certain
 ,christian graces4  ,the amice1 passed 
over the head1 signifies hope1 the      
helmet of salvation2 the alb1 purity2   
the maniple1 patience in the bonds of   
suffering2 the stole1 submission to the 
yoke of ,christ1 the chasuble1 charity4 
,the ,cope is a large semicircular cloak
 of silk or other stuff1 fastened in    
front by a clasp called a 'morse4'  ,it 

is generally richly embroidered4  ,the  
length extends in the back to the feet1 
but it is open in front1 leaving the    
arms free4  ,the cope is worn by priests
 in solemn processions4  ,it is not a   
,eucharistic vestment and does not      
displace the chasuble at ,celebrations4 
,it is a symbol of rule1 and is         
appropriate to ,bishops and others in   
authority4  ,it is worn over the alb or 
surplice4  ,the ,episcopal habit        
generally worn seems to have come into  
use in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth4   
#aab ,its use rests only upon custom4   
,it consists of ,rochet and ,chimere4   
,the rochet resembles an alb1 but is    
shorter and without sleeves4  ,it is of 
lawn or fine linen4  ,the chimere is a  
dress of black satin1 with white lawn   
sleeves4  ,the ,bishop's ,staff is in   
shape like a shepherd's crook4  ,it is  
often highly ornamented1 and may be     
adorned on the crook or top with jewels4
  ,the ,mitre is a head-covering        
generally worn by ,bishops with the     

cope4  ,the ,biretta is a square cap of 
black silk1 or other stuff1 worn by the 
clergy in out-of-door functions4  ,hoods
 are symbols of university degrees      
attained by the wearer4  ,they are not  
strictly ecclesiastical4  ,each college 
or university has its own hood for each 
degree conferred4  ,the ,sign of the    
,cross4--,at the ,ministration of       
,baptism the ,church directs that the   
sign of the ,cross shall be made upon   
the forehead of the baptized person1 and
 declares that it knows no worthy cause 
of scruple concerning the same4  ,in    
this it follows the mind of the         
primitive ,church1 in which there was1  
even in apostolic times1 a reverend     
estimation of the sign of the ,cross1   
which the ,christians shortly after used
 in all their actions1 as a sign that   
they were not ashamed to acknowledge    
#aac ,him for their ,lord and ,saviour  
who died for them upon the ,cross4      
,with the same reverend estimation1 in  
token that they are not ashamed to      

confess the faith of ,christ crucified1 
and in remembrance that all blessings   
have been purchased by the death of the 
,cross1 it is also used by many persons 
at various parts of the public service1 
as1 for instance1 at the beginning and  
close of the service1 at the end of the 
,creed1 at a ,blessing1 or at an        
,absolution4  ,sponsors in              
,baptism4--,the ,church requires that   
there shall be for every ,male-child to 
be baptized1 when they can be had1 two  
,godfathers and one ,godmother2 and for 
every ,female1 one ,godfather and two   
,godmothers4  ,the origin of this office
 is obscure4  ,it may have been adopted 
from a ,jewish custom connected with the
 admission of heathen children1 or it   
may have arisen spontaneously out of the
 social conditions of the ,church4  ,the
 object in view is to insure the        
subsequent education and training in    
,christian truth and duty which is      
necessary to the full benefit of the    
grace conferred in this holy ,sacrament4

  ,sponsors are so called because they  
respond or answer for the child to be   
baptized4  ,they are #aad called        
'sureties' because they give security to
 the ,church that the child shall be    
virtuously brought up2 'godfathers1' and
 'godmothers1' because of the spiritual 
relationship into which they are brought
 with one another1 with the parents1 and
 with the child4  ,formerly parents were
 not admitted as sponsors1 since they   
are sponsors in fact and by nature1 and 
therefore no vow can increase their     
obligation of duty toward the child4    
,but while the ,church prefers that     
there should be three sponsors for every
 child1 in addition to the parents1 in  
order to insure by a fivefold promise   
the future guardianship of the infant   
soul1 she yet permits parents to stand  
as sponsors in order to accommodate     
every variety of circumstance and need1 
and to save the office of sponsor from  
ever being merely a formal or           
perfunctory thing4  ,the ,ring in       

,marriage4--,the use of the wedding-ring
 was probably adopted by the early      
,church from the marriage customs which 
were familiar to ,christians in their   
previous life as ,jews or heathen4  ,a  
ring1 or something equivalent1 seems to 
have been given at marriage by the man  
to the woman from patriarchal days4     
,the ancient custom of the ,church was  
for the bridegroom to place the #aae    
ring upon the thumb of the bride1       
saying1 ,in the ,name of the ,father2   
then upon the second finger1 saying1 and
 of the ,son2 then upon the third       
finger1 saying1 and of the ,holy ,ghost2
 and then upon the fourth finger1       
saying1 ,amen4  ,it was an old belief   
that a particular vein proceeded from   
the fourth finger to the heart4  ,the   
ring1 being of gold1 and having neither 
beginning nor end1 is not only a token  
and pledge of the vow and covenant made 
in marriage1 but is also a symbol of the
 purity and unbroken constancy with     
which they should be surely performed   

and kept4  ,observance of the ,church   
,year4--,the ,church ,year was a very   
natural development for the early       
,christians1 familiar with the great    
annual festivals of the ancient ,jewish 
,church4  ,by a series of anniversaries 
and holy-days1 with suitable services1  
the different seasons of the year were  
in like manner made to serve a          
,christian purpose4  ,time as it passes 
thus becomes a perpetual memorial of the
 events of our ,saviour's life1 and of  
the work and virtue of the ,apostles and
 other saints4  ,the year is divided    
into eight great seasons3 ,advent1      
,christmas-tide1 ,epiphany-tide1 ,lent1 
,easter-tide1 ,ascension-tide1          
,whitsuntide1 and the ,trinity season4  
,of these ,whitsuntide is the shortest1 
#aaf lasting but one week4  ,the        
,trinity season1 including from         
twenty-three to twenty-eight weeks1 is  
the longest4  ,the four greater         
,festivals are ,christmas1 ,easter1     
,ascension1 and ,whitsunday4  ,the      

penitential seasons are ,advent1        
preceding ,christmas1 and ,lent1        
preceding ,easter4  ,the two great      
,fasts are ,ash-,wednesday1 at the      
beginning of ,lent1 and ,good ,friday1  
the day of our ,lord's crucifixion4     
,other days of fasting and abstinence   
are the forty days of ,lent1 all the    
,fridays in the year1 the ,ember-days   
7the ,wednesday1 ,friday1 and ,saturday 
before the four stated ,times of        
,ordination to the holy ministry71 and  
the ,rogation-days 7the ,monday1        
,tuesday1 and ,wednesday before         
,ascension ,day74  ,from ,advent1 with  
which the ,church ,year begins1 to      
,trinity1 our ,lord is set before us in 
,his life and ,his work4  ,we live over 
again1 year by year1 the time of the    
,incarnation from ,bethlehem to         
,bethany4  ,the design is to bring out1 
and to bring home to the minds and      
hearts of all who shall reverently use  
these holy festivals and fasts1 the     
great representative facts of ,christ's 

life--to exhibit and to glorify ,him4   
,and that not in a vague1 mystic1 or    
one-sided way1 but by setting ,him      
before us in all the majesty and beauty 
and completeness of ,his character1 from
 the manger to the ,cross1 and from #aag
 the ,cross up to the mediatorial       
throne4  ,thus a complete ,christ1 if   
one may so speak1 is set before us4     
,all the great facts of ,his life are   
marshaled into line and proportion2     
every feature and lineament of ,his     
character is revealed and illuminated2  
every office ,he sustained in the work  
of redemption is affirmed and           
emphasized4  ,in the long season from   
,trinity to ,advent we are taught to use
 practically the ,faith in which we have
 thus been instructed1 and to follow the
 blessed steps of ,his most holy life4  
,in conjunction with this teaching there
 is also the thankful commemoration of  
the wonderful grace and virtue declared 
in the saints who have been the choice  
vessels of ,god's grace and the lights  

of the world in their several           
generations4  ,by a series of           
,saints'-days distributed throughout the
 year1 and falling one or two in each   
month1 we are kept in mind of how we are
 knit together with the blessed saints  
in one communion and fellowship in the  
mystical body of ,christ our ,lord1 and 
are called to follow the example of     
their steadfastness in the faith and    
obedience to ,god's holy commandments4  
,there are days dedicated to the memory 
of the ,blessed ,virgin2 the ,apostles2 
the ,baptist as the precursor1 and ,st4 
,stephen as the #aah protomartyr2 to    
,st4 ,mark and ,st4 ,luke as            
,evangelists2 to ,st4 ,paul and ,st4    
,barnabas on account of their           
extraordinary call2 to the ,holy        
,innocents as the earliest who suffered 
for ,christ's sake2 to ,st4 ,michael and
 ,all ,angels1 to remind us of the      
benefits received by the ministry of    
angels2 and to ,all ,saints1 as the     
memorial of all those who have died in  

the faith4  ,the advantages of thus     
making days and seasons the             
ever-recurring memorials of our         
,saviour1 and of the virtue and example 
of the saints1 are evident4  ,each year 
brings to mind the facts of our ,lord's 
life and the great doctrines which ,he  
taught4  ,not a single essential truth  
of the ,gospel is allowed to fall into  
practical neglect or to drift into      
forgetfulness4  ,we are reminded to     
continue steadfast in this ,faith and to
 live by it1 and are instructed and     
encouraged in so doing by the example of
 the saints whose rest is won4    ,and  
when the strife is fierce1 the warfare  
long1   ,steals on the ear the distant  
triumph-song1   ,and hearts are brave   
again1 and arms are strong4             
,alleluia4     #aai  ,list of ,books for
 ,reference   ,stones of the ,temple4   
,field4  ,our ,parish ,church4          
,baring-,gould4  ,the ,spiritual ,house4
  ,huntington4  ,manual of ,information4
  ,shinn4  ,hints on ,church            

,furnishing1 etc4  ,the ,living ,church 
,quarterly1 #ahib4  ,symbolism in       
,christian ,art4  ,hulme4  ,christian   
,iconography4  ,didron4  ,history of    
,christian ,art4  ,lindsay4  ,art       
,teaching of the ,primitive ,church4    
,tyrwhit4  ,christian ,art and          
,symbolism4  ,tyrwhit4  ,history of     
,medieval ,art4  ,reber4  ,signs and    
,symbols4  ,the ,churchman1 #ahie4  ,our
 ,mother ,church4  ,mercier4  ,calendar 
of the ,prayer-,book4  ,parker  ,co41   
,london4  #abj  ,red-,letter ,saints4   
,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k4  ,sacred and ,legendary 
,art4  ,jameson4  ,dictionary of ,art4  
,adelene4  ,pagan and ,christian ,rome4 
,lanciani4  ,history of the ,church     
,catholic4  ,hore4  ,handbook of        
,christian ,symbols4  ,clement4         
,dictionary of ,heraldry4  ,coats4      
,english ,heraldry4  ,boutell4          
,handbook of ,heraldry4  ,cussan4       
,church ,decoration4  ,french4  ,church 
,decoration4  ,frederick ,warne  ,co41  
,london4  ,folk-,lore of ,plants4       

,dyer4  ,sacred ,trees and ,flowers4    
,london ,quarterly ,review1 #ahfc1 vol4 
cxiv4  ,annotated ,book of ,common      
,prayer4  ,blunt4  ,the ,prayer-,book4  
,daniel4  ,parish ,lectures on the      
,prayer-,book4  ,snively4  ,notes on the
 ,use of the ,prayer-,book4  ,hall4     
,the ,congregation in ,church4  ,mowbray
  ,co41 ,london4  ,church ,needlework4  
,lambert4  ,embroidery for ,church      
,guilds4  ,woodward4  ,church           
,vestments4  ,dolby4  ,vestiarum        
,christianum4  ,harriott4               
,ecclesiastical ,vestments4             
,macalister4     #aba  ,index           
,,page    ,agnus ,dei  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4   #fh   ,alb  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4  #ajh   ,almond 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gi   ,alms-basin 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ci   ,alpha and   
,omega  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fi   ,altar
  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ch     
,altar-cloth  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ch   ,altar-cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #ch   ,altar-desk 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 

4 4 4   #ci   ,altar-vessels  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #ci   ,amice  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aji   ,anchor 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gg   ,angelic      
figures  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #hg        
,apostles1 symbols of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#he    ,baptism  4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ac1    
#gf1 #ii1 #ajj   ,baptismal shell  4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4   #db   ,baptistery 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #db   ,bells  4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ai   ,biretta  4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aab          
,bishop's ,chair 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    
#dh           ,throne  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
   #di   ,bowing 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4  #aje   ,burial of the ,dead 4 4 4 
4 4 4  #ad1 #ajb   ,burse  4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dj    ,candlestick1   
seven-branched  4 4 4   #gd             
,candlesticks 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ch   ,cassock  4 4 4 4 4 4   4 4 4 4 4 
4  #ajg   ,chair1 ,bishop's  4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4   #dh   ,chalice  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4   #ci          veil 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dj   ,chancel  4 4 4 4 4

 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #be   ,chasuble 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #fb1 #aji   ,chi ,rho 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gb   ,chi  
,rho and ,n  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gb  
,chi ,rho ,sigma  4 4 4 4 4 4 4   4 4   
#gc   ,choir  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #bf   ,church1 the building 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #aa          dedication of  4 4 
4 4 4 4   #ab          consecrated  4 4 
4 4 #aa1 #ac1 #ae          open 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ae   ,church ,year  4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aae   ,circle 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fb   ,circles1
 interlacing 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fe        
,circles and triangle 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ff   ,colors1 symbolism and use  4 4 4 
4   #hh   ,confirmation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4  #aja   ,constantine  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #ga   ,cope 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aaa   ,corporal 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dj   ,credence 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ci   ,cross1   
the 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eb       
legend of tree of 4 4 4 4 4   #eb       
legend of finding 4 4 4 4 4   #ee       

,latin 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ee      
,calvary 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ef      
,greek 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ef      
tau 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ef       
,st4 ,anthony's 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eg     
potent  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eg       
,jerusalem 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eg      
heraldic  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eh       
moline  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eh       
recercel 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eh        
botton 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ei        
trefl  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ei        
patonce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ei       
flory 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ei       
pomme  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ei        
crosslet  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ei1 #fj      
fitch  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ei1 #fj       
patt 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fj        
,maltese 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fj      
floriated 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fj       
,irish 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fa      
,st4 ,andrew's  4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fb     
,canterbury  4 4 4 4 4 4  #fb1 #aji     
the ,altar 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ch      
the sign of the 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aab       

,crown  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#gg        of thorns  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
#gf   ,cruciform shape  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #ah   ,cruets 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #ci   ,customs1 devout  4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4  #ajc    ,dalmatic 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aaj   ,dossal 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ci   ,dove 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ge    ,eagle  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hd1 #he      
lectern  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #de      
,episcopal habit  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#aaa   ,evangelists1 symbols of  4 4 4 4
 4   #hc   ,evening ,prayer1 the  4 4 4 
4 4 4 #bg1 #if   ,ewer 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4   #db    ,fair linen 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dj   ,father       
,almighty1 symbols of  4 4 4   #ff      
,fish 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#gj   ,fishes1 interlaced 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #gf   ,flagon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #ci   ,floriated cross  4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #fj   ,flowers1 symbolism of
  4 4 4 4 4 4   #gh   ,font 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #da   ,frontal  4 4 

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ch   ,fylfot 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fj    ,good
 ,shepherd  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fh   
,grapes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#gh   ,greek cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #ef    ,hand1 of ,god 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 #ff1 #fg   ,heraldic crosses 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eh   ,holy ,communion1  
the  4  #bh1 #cb1 #ig1 #aja   ,holy     
,ghost1 symbols of 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gd    
,hoods  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#aab   ,how to use ,prayer-,book 4 4 4 4
 4 4   #ib    ,,ihs  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4   #gc   ,incense  4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ij   ,i4 ,n4 ,r4 ,i4  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gd   ,iota ,chi
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gc1 #gd       
,iota ,eta ,sigma 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   
#gc   ,iota ,sigma ,chi ,sigma 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4   #gd   ,irish cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4   #fa    ,jerusalem cross  4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eg    ,kneeling 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ajd    ,lamb of    
,god  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fh       
,lamps1 seven burning 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     

#gd   ,latin cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #ee   ,laurel 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #hj   ,lectern  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #dd   ,lessons  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dd   ,lights1 symbolism
 of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ij   ,lily 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ha   ,lion1    
winged 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hc1 #hd1 #he    
,litany 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bb1  
#if   ,litany-desk  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
#bb1 #dh    ,maltese cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4   #fj   ,man1 winged  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 #hc1 #hd1 #he   ,maniple  4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aji   ,matrimony  4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ad1 #aja1 #aad   ,mitre  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aab       
,monogram of ,christ 4 4 4 4 #ga1 #gb1  
#gc   ,monogram of our ,christ 4 4 4 4 4
   #gb   ,monogram of ,jesus  4 4 4 4 4 
4 #ga1 #gc   ,monogram of ,jesus ,christ
 4 4 4 #gc1 #gd   ,morning ,prayer1 the 
4 4 4 4 #bg1 #ic1 #ie    ,nails of      
crucifixion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gf   ,name 
and triangle  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ff1 #fg    
,nave 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     

#ba    ,oak  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4   #hj   ,olive  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4   #gi   ,ox1 winged 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 #hd1 #he    ,pall 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #dj   ,palm 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gi              
,passion-flower 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#hc   ,paten  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #ci   ,pelican  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #gj   ,pentalpha  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #fi   ,phoenix  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gg   ,plants1 symbolism
 of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gh   ,pomegranate  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #hj   ,pulpit 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #de         
,purificator  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#dj    ,reredos  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4   #ch   ,retable  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4   #ch   ,ring in marriage 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4  #aad   ,rose 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ha    ,st4 ,anthony  4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #eg   ,st4       
,boniface 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #hj   
,st4 ,stephen  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    
#hg   ,sanctuary  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 

4   #cj   ,shell1 baptismal 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #db         escallop  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 #gf1 #he   ,sign of ,cross  4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aab   ,spire  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ah   ,sponsors 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aac   ,staff1   
,bishop's  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #aab      
,stalls1 choir and clergy 4 4 4 4 4     
#dg   ,standing 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4  #ajd   ,star 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #fi   ,stole  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4  #ajh   ,superfrontal 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ch   ,surplice 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ajh   ,symbols of   
,apostles  4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #he          
,symbols of ,evangelists 4 4 4 4 4 4    
#hc   ,symbols of the ,father ,almighty 
4 4   #ff   ,symbols of the ,holy ,ghost
  4 4 4 4   #gd   ,symbols of the ,holy 
,trinity  4 4 4   #fc   ,symbols of our 
,lord  4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ff   ,symbols1  
use of  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ea         
,tau-cross  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ef   ,tetramorph 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #he   ,threefold arrangement  4 4 4 

4 4 4   #fc   ,throne 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #di   ,transepts  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #bd   ,trefoil  4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fc          under  
triangle 4 4 4 4 4 #fc1 #fd   ,triangle 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #fc         
and circles 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fe1 #ff        
,triangles1 intersected 4 4 4 4 4 #fc1  
#fd   ,trinity1 symbols of  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4   #fc   ,triquetra  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   #fd   ,tunicle  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4  #aaj   ,turning to east  4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ajf    ,usages 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  #ajc    ,vases  4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #ch   ,vesica 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gj       
,vestments  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     
#ajg            meaning of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
  #aaa   ,vine 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4   #gh    ,wheat  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4   #gh   ,worship  4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4    #g   ,wreath 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gg