file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\ntry ,,books ,a cont9u+ company ( g5ial little books ab\t ! out-(-doors ,"u ! editor%ip ( ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey #a4 ,! ,apple-,tree ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey #b4 ,a ,home ,vegetable ,g>d5 ,ella ,m4 ,freeman #c4 ,! ,c[ ,j>$ ,van ,wag551 ,jr4 ,o!rs ab\t wea!r & ! sky1 sc5]y1 camps1 recreation1 quadrup$s1 fi%es1 birds1 insects1 reptiles1 plants1 & ! places 9 ! op54 ,! ,op5 ,c\ntry ,books--,no4 #a ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibb ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,janu>y1 #aibb4 ,,f]ris ,,pr9t+ ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,:]e ,!re is no ,apple-,tree #g ,,ii4 ,! ,apple-,tree 9 ! ,l&scape #aj ,,iii4 ,! ,buds on ! ,twigs #ae ,,iv4 ,! ,weeks ,betwe5 ! ,fl[] & ! ,fruit #ai ,v4 ,! ,bru% ,pile #bg ,,vi4 ,! ,prun+ ( ! ,apple-,tree #cf ,,vii4 ,ma9ta9+ ! ,heal? & ,en]gy ( ! ,apple-,tree #da ,,viii4 ,h[ an ,apple-,tree is ,made #dh ,,ix4 ,! ,dw>f ,apple-,tree #ed ,x4 ,:5ce ,comes ! ,apple-,tree8 #fj ,,xi4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,apple #ff ,,xii4 ,! ,pleasant ,art ( ,graft+ #gi ,,xiii4 ,! ,m5d+ ( ! ,apple-,tree #he ,,xiv4 ,citiz5s ( ! ,apple-,tree #hi ,,xv4 ,! ,apple-,tree ,regions #ig ,,xvi4 ,! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,apple-,tree #ajb ,,xvii4 ,! ,appraisal ( ! ,apple-,tree #ajg ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,! home apple-tree ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,i ,,:]e ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,apple-,,tree ,! w9d is snapp+ 9 ! bamboos1 knock+ toge!r ! resonant canes & weav+ ! myriad flexile wrea?s above !m4 ,! palm heads ru/le ) a brisk cr9kl+ music4 ,great f]ns /& 9 ! edge ( ! =e/1 & giant arums cl+ _! arms ab\t ! trunks ( trees & re> _! dim jacks-9-!-pulpit f> 9 ! bran*es2 & 9 ! great] di/ance ,i "k t gre5 p>rots are fly+ 9 twos f tree to tree4 ,! plant =ms are /range & v>i\s1 mak+ mosaic ( contra/+ range ( leaf-size & leaf-%ape1 palm & grass & f]n1 epiphyte & liana & clumpy mi/letoe1 ( grace & clums9ess & ev5 misproportion1 a tall ?ick l&scape all m+l$ into a symmetry ( disord] t *>ms ! att5tion & fasc9ates ! eye4 ,x is a s(t & delici\s air :]e9 ,i sit4 ,a torrid dr[se is 9 ! rec$+ l&scape4 ,! p move leisurely1 z befits ! _w :]e !re is no prep>ation = fro/ & no urg5t ne$ ( labori\s app>el4 ,!re are t>dy bullock-c>ts1 unconsci\s donkeys1 & m5 pu%+ vehicles4 ,!re are odd products & unaccu/om$ cakes & cookies on little /&s by ! roadside1 :]e ! turban$ v5dor sits on ! gr\nd unconc]n$ly4 ,!re are /range fruits 9 ! c>ts1 on ! donkeys t move d[n ! hillsides f di/ant plantations 9 ! he>t ( ! jungle1 on ! trees by w9d+ road & ?at*$ cottage1 9 ! great cr[d$ m>kets 9 ! city4 ,i recognize coconuts & mangoes1 />-apples & cu/>d-apples & *]imoyas1 papayas1 guavas1 mamones1 pomegranates1 figs1 *ri/oph9es1 & ! v>i$ range ( citrus fruits4 ,!re are also great poli%$ apples 9 ! m>kets1 com+ f cool] regions1 ti$ by _! /ems1 good to look at b impossible to reli%2 & ,i und]/& h[ ^! p ( ! tropics ?9k ! apple an inf]ior fruit1 s successfully d ! poor v>ieties /op ! desire = m4 ,!re are vegetables ,i h nev] se5 be=e4 ,i am consci\s ( a sl[ly mov+ l&scape ) p & birds & bea/s ( burd5 & w9dy vegetation1 ( prospects 9 :i* !re are no broad smoo? f>m fields ) f5ces divid+ !m1 ( sc5]y full ( h]bage1 9 :i* e l9eam5t & action incite me & /imulate my desire = m1 ( days t end sudd5ly 9 ! blackness ( night4 ,yet1 someh[1 ,i look =w>d to ! "t :5 ,i may g to a m accu/om$ place4 ,ei!r f long association ) o!r sc5es or because ( "s inexpressible defici5cy 9 ?is tropic spl5dor1 ,i am n satisfi$ ev5 ?\gh ,i am exub]antly ent]ta9$4 ,some?+ ,i miss4 ,= weeks ,i wond]$ :at s+le elem5t ,i miss$ mo/4 ,out ( ! numb]less associations ( *ildhood & y\? & eag] manhood x is difficult to *oose "o t is miss$ m ?an ano!r4 ,yet "o day x came ov] me />tl+ly t ,i miss$ ! apple-tree1--! apple-tree1 ! %eep1 & ! mil* cattle6 ,! f>m home ) its commodi\s h\se1 its gre5sw>d1 its great b>n & s(t fields & di/ant woods1 & ! apple-tree by ! wood-%$2 ! good home at ! end ( ! village ) its sw>d & %rubb]y1 & apple ro(-tree2 ! or*>d1 well kept1 trim & apple-gre51 yield+ its wagon-loads ( fruits2 ! old tree on ! hillside1 9 ! pa/ure :]e g5]ations ( m5 h come & gone & :]e h\ses h fall5 to decay2 ! odor ( ! apples 9 ! cell> 9 ! cold w9t] night2 ! fea/s ar\nd ! fireside1--,i ?9k all ^! pictures conjure !mselves 9 my m9d to tantalize me ( home4 ,& (t5 9 my w&]+s ,i promise myself t :5 ,i rea* home ,i %all see ! apple-tree z ,i _h nev] se5 x be=e4 ,ev5 its b>k & its gn>ly trunk w hold conv]se ) me1 & its fir/ t9y leaves ( ! budd+ spr+ w h]ald me a welcome4 ,once aga9 ,i %all be a y\? ) ! apple-tree1 b feel+ m ?an ! turbul5t affection ( transi5t y\? c und]/&4 ,life does n seem regul> & e/abli%$ :5 !re is no apple-tree 9 ! y>d & ab\t ! build+s1 no or*>ds bloom+ 9 ! ,may & lad5 9 ! ,septemb]1 no baskets heap$ ) ! crisp smoo? fruits2 )\t all ^! ,i am /ill a =eign]1 soj\rn+ 9 a /range l&4 ,,ii ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,,9 ,,! ,,l&scape ,! ,april sun is s(t on ! broad op5 f5c$ fields1 wak+ !m g5tly f ! long deep sleep ( w9t]4 ,little rills are runn+ full4 ,! grass is newly coolly gre54 ,fre% spr\ts are 9 ! sod4 ,by copse & highway ! %ad-bu%es salute ) _! h&k]*iefs4 ,apple-trees %[ tips ( v]dure4 ,x is good to see ! e>ly gre5s ( *ang+ spr+4 ,x is good to look abroad on an apple-tree l&scape4 ,z to its vegetation1 ! l&scape is l[ & flat1 n tall4 ,!re is a va/ uni=mity 9 plant =ms1 a subdu$ & con/ra9$ humility4 ,a mon? lat] ! leafage w be 9 glory1 b t also w h an aspect ( sam5ess & mod]ation4 ,p]haps ! actual v>iety ( species w be great] ?an 9 _m p>ts ( ! ab\nd+ tropics1 & to ! c>eful obs]v] ! luxuriance w be z great1 al?\gh n s big2 b z ,i look abroad ,i am impress$ ) ! economy ( ! prospect4 ,x comes ne>] to my p[]s ( assimilation1 quiets me ) a deep satisfaction2 ! contra/s are subdu$1 ! processes grade into ea* o!r imp]ceptibly 9 ! l& ( ! l+]+ twilight4 ,9 ?is prospect are maples & elms & apple-trees4 ,! maples & elms are ( ! fields & roadsides4 ,! apple-trees are ( human habitations & human labor2 !y clu/] ab\t ! build+s1 or /& gu>d at a gate2 !y are 9 plantations made by h&s4 ,z ,i see !m aga91 ,i wond] :e!r any o!r plant is s *>act]i/ically a home-tree4 ,s is ! apple-tree1 ev5 :5 full gr[n1 )9 ! rea* ( *ildr54 ,x c be climb$4 ,little sw+s are hung f ! bran*es4 ,its %ade is l[ & famili>4 ,x be/[s its fruit lib]ally to all alike4 ,! apple is a /urdy tree4 ,%ort ( trunk & %ort ( cont9u\s limb1 x is yet a /\t & rugg$ object1 ! indirectness ( its bran*+ bran*es add+ to its picturesque quality4 ,x is a tree ( good /ructure4 ,al?\gh its limbs ev5tually ar* to ! gr\nd1 if left to !mselves1 !y yet h great /r5g?4 ,! angul>ity ( ! bran*+1 ! frequ5t =k+1 ! big heal+ or holl[ knots ) r\nd+ callus-lips1 give ! tree "*4 ,any:]e x w\ld be a m>k$ tree1 unlike any o!r4 ,! b>k on ! old] surface %$s 9 %ort oblong irregul> scales or plates t deta* p]haps at bo? ends & (t5 at ! sides1 cl++ by ! middle until ! curl loos5s !m & !y fall to ! gr\nd4 ,^! plates or *ips are m or less r[$ up & d[n ! trunk & on ! l>g] bran*es1 yet ! apple b>k is n ridg$ & furr[$ z on ! elm4 ,! b>k is n *eck$ 9 squ>es z on old pe>-trees nor peel+ z on *]ries4 ,9 dry wea!r1 ! loose old b>k is d>k br[n-gray1 (t5 support+ gray li*5s1 b 9 ra9 x is s(t & ne>ly black1 yield+ pleasantly to ! t\*4 ,9 ! =ks1 ! b>k is n s readily ca/ & !re ! *ips may lie 9 heaps4 ,on ! "y limbs & small trunks ! b>k is tight & close1 n splitt+ into seams or furr[s ) ! expansion ( ! cyl9d] b /ret*+ & ?r[+ (f deta*$ flakes & *ips4 ,"u ! *ips v>i\s insects hide or make "s ( _! trans=mations4 ,!re ! codl9-mo? pupates4 ,! old rema9s ( scale insects may be f\nd on ! ext]ior4 ,9 ! furr[s ab\t ! dormant buds ! eggs ( plant-lice pass ! w9t]4 ,to de/roy ^! bre$+ & hid+ places1 _m c>eful apple-gr[]s scrape away ! loose b>k1 be+ c>eful n to expose ! quick liv+ tissue2 & on ! y\ng] wood ! eggs ( aphis & o!r pe/s1 z well z cocoons & nymphs1 are de/roy$ by vigor\s w9t] spray+4 ,! regul> spray+ ( apple-trees1 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 m or less /]ilizes ! b>k4 ,_m =ms ( cank]1 due to fungi & bact]ia1 invade ! b>k1 mak+ sunk5 areas & sc>s1 (t5 s s]i\s z to de/roy ! tree4 ,all ^! features are discov]able 9 ! apple-tree4 ,! trunk ( ! apple-tree is %ort & /\t1 usually n p]fectly cyl9drical & n prom95tly buttress$ at ! base4 ,9 old trees x is usually ribb$ or ridg$1 sometimes tortu\s ) spiral-l grooves1 (t5 %[+ ! bulge :]e ! graft 0 set4 ,! wood is f9e-gra9$ & ( good color1 & l5ds itself well to c]ta9 k9ds ( cab9et "w & to ! turn+-la! = h\sehold objects2 x %\ld be bett] kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,! apple-tree 9 ! l&scape ,if left to itself1 ! tree bran*es ne> ! gr\nd1 mak+ _m /rong second>y scaffold trunks2 b ! plant does n habitually h m ?an "o bole1 ev5 ?\gh x may bran* f ! v base2 x is a real tree1 ev5 ?\gh small1 & n a huge %rub4 ,9 ! natural condition1 ! trunk (t5 rises only a foot or two be=e x is lo/ 9 ! bran*es2 at o!r times x may be f\r or six feet high4 ,"u cultivation1 ! l[e/ bran*es are usually remov$ :5 ! tree beg9s to gr[1 & an evid5t clean trunk is produc$4 ,9 ,europe & ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 x has be5 ! practice to trim ! trunk clean to ! height ( f\r or six feet2 b 9 hott] & dri] regions ! trunk is kept %ort to insure aga9/ sun-scald2 & ) ! bett] tillage implem5ts ( ! pres5t day x may n be necess>y to tra9 ! heads s high4 ,9 old hill pa/ures1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,nor?1 "o sees curi\s umbrella =ms & o!r %apes ( apple-trees1 due to br[s+ by cattle4 ,a little tree gets a />t 9 ! pa/ure4 ,:5 cattle are turn$ 91 !y br[se ! t5d] t]m9al gr[?4 ,! plant spreads at ! base1 9 a horizontal direction4 ,) ! repeat$ br[s+ on top1 ! tree becomes a d5se conical m\nd4 ,ev5tually1 ! lead] may get a /rong headway1 & gr[s beyond ! rea* ( ! br[s]s4 ,z x rises out ( grasp1 x s5ds (f its side %oots1 =m+ a head4 ,! cattle br[se ! "u side ( ?is head1 z f> z !y are able to rea*1 caus+ ! tree to assume a grotesque h\r-glass %ape1 flat on ! "u "p ( ! head1 ) a cone ( gre5 h]bage at ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes pa/ures are full ( little hummocks ( trees t h n yet be5 able to ov]top ! graz]s4 ,! w9t] apple-tree 9 ! free is a reassur+ object4 ,x has none ( ! sleekness ( _m horticultural =ms1 nor ! fragility ( pea*es1 s\r *]ries & plums4 ,x /&s boldly aga9/ ! sky1 ) its elb[s at all angles & its scaly b>k hold+ ! sn[4 ,aga9/ ev]gre5s x %[s its rugg$ness specially well4 ,x pres5ts =ms to attract ! arti/4 ,ev5 :5 gn>ly & brok51 x does n convey an impression ( decrepitude & decay b r ( a h>dy old "* be>+ 8 burd5s4 ,9 e w9t] l&scape ,i look in/9ctively = ! apple-tree4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ! apple-tree z a "p ( an or*>d1 :]e x is trimm$ into %ape & its bold] irregul>ities controll$1 t we d n ?9k x has beauty :5 left to itself to gr[ z x w4 ,an apple-tree t takes its own c\rse1 z does a p9e-tree or an oak1 is look$ on z unkempt & unpr(itable & z a sorry object 9 ! l&scape1 adv]tiz+ ! neglect ( ! own]4 ,yet if ! apple-tree _h nev] borne good fruit1 we %\ld plant x = its bloom & its picturesqu5ess z we plant a haw?orn or a locu/-tree4 ,9 w9t] & 9 summ]1 & 9 ! mon?s betwe51 my apple-tree is a great fact4 ,x is a "* 9 ! population ( my sc5]y1 /&+ = c]ta9 human emotions4 ,! tree is a liv+ ?+1 n m]ely a some?+ t be>s apples4 ,,iii ,,! ,,buds ,,on ,,! ,,twigs ,n[ ! buds beg9 to break4 ,! firm w9t]-buds swell4 ,_! scales "p4 ,tips ( gre5 appe>4 ,t9y leaves come =?1 neatly roll$ inw>d1 gr[+ z !y exp&1 ! /alks l5g!n+4 ,resurrection is a/ir 9 ! tree4 ,sev]al leaves issue f e bud4 ,f "s buds arise only leaves2 f o!rs a fl[]-clu/] em]ges f ! leaf-rosette1 %[+ fa9t color ev5 be=e x exp&s4 ,v close toge!r & tight ^! unop5$ little fl[]s are pack$ z !y em]ge2 if we _h look$ at !m ) a l5s z !y lay 9 ! bud 9 ! long w9t] we %\ld und]/& :y2 n[ !y escape _! bonds & rapidly gr[ z !y are deliv]$1 yet at fir/ press$ toge!r by head & /em 9 _! s(t gray wool4 ,?us are !re two k9ds ( buds on ! twig ( ! be>+ apple-tree1--! leaf-buds 7s5d+ =? leaves only71 & ! fl[]-buds 7be>+ bo? leaves & fl[]s74 ,& if we wi% to analyze m closely1 we discov] two k9ds ( leaf-buds1--^? t s5d =? a rapidly gr[+ %oot be>+ ! leaves1 & ^? f :i* ! leaf-clu/] rema9s practically sessile on ! bran*4 ,^! latt]1 or ! /ronge/ & be/ ( !m1 w probably give rise to %ort fruit+ spurs & ! o!rs to elongat$ leafy bran*es4 ,be=e me z ,i write is an apple limb m ?an ?ree feet long4 ,x has be5 a vigor\s gr[]1 = x is only ?ree ye>s old4 ,! ye>s c be readily made out2 !re are two sets ( r+s sep>at+ !m4 ,y may see ^! r+s on all "y apple limbs4 ,!y repres5t ! sc>s ( ! scales ( ! pa/ t]m9al buds4 ,?ree ye>s ago my %oot 0 s5t (f f its p>5t bran*2 t ye> x grew b f\r in*es1 be>+ leaves on its sides1 9 ! axils ( :i* develop$ buds = ! w9t] & at ! end a l>g] t]m9al bud4 ,let u call ?is %oot #aiah4 ,two ye>s ago 7#aiai71 :il/ ,i 0 9 a di/ant l&1 ! t]m9al bud gave rise to a %oot n9ete5 in*es long2 two buds ne> ! end ( ! #aiah %oot pu%$ out clu/]s ( leaves & made spurs ab\t "o-half in* long2 all ! o!r buds1 five 9 numb]1 rema9$ dormant1 & n[ !y are dead & are rapidly becom+ m]e sc>s4 ,la/ ye> 7#aibj7 ! t]m9al bud ( #aiai gave rise to a %oot fifte5 in*es long2 ?ree buds at ! base ( ?is two-ye> 7#aiai7 %oot rema9$ dormant2 f\rte5 buds produc$ spurs4 ,x is n[ ! spr+ ( #aiba2 ! #aibj %oot has f\r dormant buds at its base1 t5 rosettes ( leaves f ! o!r buds1 & a pu%+ t]m9al %oot4 ,on my bran* ?is ye>1 !re=e1 are #e plus #c plus #d1 or #ab dormant buds ( all ! ye>s2 #b plus #ad plus #aj1 or #bf spurs2 #a t]m9al bud cont9u+ ! onw>d gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,! bloom ( ! apple-tree ,x is evid5t t ! la/ two ye>s 7 good ones = my apple limb1 = ! gr[?s 7 long 7#ai & #ae in*es7 & mo/ ( ! buds produc$ spurs4 ,! result is evid5c$ also 9 ! fact t ! limb is ?is ye> lad5 ) pot5tial bloom4 ,on #aiah ! two spurs be> fl[]s1 "o ( !m only a s+le bloom & ! o!r five blooms4 ,on #aiai twelve ( ! f\rte5 spurs are be>+ fl[]s 9 ! foll[+ numb]s3 #e fl[]s1 #e1 #e1 #g1 #e1 #f1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e #fc fl[]s4 ,on #aibj are no spurs be>+ fl[]s1 b ! t]m9al bud 7z is frequ5t on vigor\s "y trees7 be>s five fl[]s4 ,"h1 !re=e1 on ?is y>d ( ?ree-ye>-old twig are sev5ty-f\r blossoms4 ,b !re w n be sev5ty-f\r fruits2 "s ( ! fl[]s are small & weak2 o!rs1 z ! petals fall1 %[ unmi/akable signs ( fail+4 ,a few ( !m %[ ! plump =m ( an embryo apple3 ,i ?9k !re are a score ( su* promises4 ,b ,i "k t o!rs w fail lat] f physiological causes1 & o!rs probably f onslaught ( insects or disease or f accid5ts4 ,if six fair fruits mature on a bran* l ?is1 ! crop w be good2 & probably ! bran* w\ld n h vigor en\gh to set z _m fruit-buds ! foll[+ ye> or to be> z _m fruits4 ,x is good to wat* ! op5+ ( ! apple bloom3 p9k buds swell+ & puff+ out ea* day1 ! woolly /ems elongat+1 ! five ov]lapp+ incurv+ petals spread+ & gr[+ big1 ! /am5s1 ab\t tw5ty1 /raight5+ up & l5g!n+ _! filam5ts t are atta*$ on ! fl[]-rim2 ! big light yell[ an!rs %$d+ poll52 ! five gre5 /yles 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 "s fl[]s ! /yles d n develop1 & we h "o reason :y _m fl[]s are /]ile4 ,! fl[]-clu/]s diff] mu* among !mselves1 9 size ( p>ts1 numb] ( fl[]s1 color2 on "s trees ! fl[]s appe> 9 advance ( mo/ ( ! leafage1 b usually !y are co9cid5t ) ! leaves4 ,sometimes ! fl[]-/ems or p$uncles are bran*$1 be>+ two or ?ree fl[]s1 & 9 t case !re may be a small gre5 leaf or bract :]e ! =k arises4 ,! plac+ ( ! petals 9 ! bud at ! epo* ( expansion may diff] 9 two fl[]s on ! same tree4 ,"o petal may /& gu>d outside ! o!rs & free f !m1 bo? edges uncov]$1 :ile ! rema9+ petals are spiral ) "o edge "u & "o edge ov]2 or !re may be two gu>d petals1 "o on ei!r side2 or sometimes all ! petals may be spiral1 "o m>g9 out1 "o m>g9 92 9 "s cases all ! petals /& free z ! fl[] is exp&+1 ) no m>g9 int]lapp+4 ,sometimes "o petal is miss+1 & aga9 ! petals may be six4 ,?is inf9ite v>iety )9 ! bonds ( s great regul>ity l5ds a subtle *>m to natural objects1 t is :olly abs5t 9 man's p]fect$ ma*9e-"w4 ,man aims at uni=mity1 two & two alike2 nature aims at endless diff]5ce1 e object or ev5 e memb] ( an object hav+ its own "*4 ,mu* ( man's en]gy is exp5d$ 9 try+ to ov]come ! div]s5ess ( nature4 ,gradually & sl[ly ! fl[] balloons enl>ge & puff !mselves up1 ! petals /&+ toge!r at _! tips2 all ! v>iety is unit$ into a h>mony ( exub]ance1 color & =m2 !n "o day !re is a %[] ( g5ial ra91 a w>m sun1 birds 9 ! air1 bees releas$1 grasses s(t & lu%1 & behold6 ! apple-tree is 9 bloom1--a great heav5ly m\nd ( :ite & p9k exhal+ a fa9t delici\s brea?4 ,!n ! pulses /ir1 ! dogs b>k at ! edges ( ! wood1 ! fields call1 ! sc5t$ w9ds lead on =ev]4 ,,iv ,,! ,,weeks ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,fl[] ,,& ,,! ,,fruit ,! petals exp& broadly1 usually los+ mo/ ( _! p9k4 ,! blade is oblong & r\nd$ at ! end1 at fir/ cupp$ & !n ne>ly flat1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long1 n>r[$ at ! base into a %ort /em-l "p & usually hairy !re1 ! edges p]haps wavy b entire4 ,! expanse ( ! fl[] may be "o & "o-half to two in*es4 ,! bru% ( /am5s1 erect 9 ! c5t]1 %$s its poll5 & ! an!rs collapse4 ,!n ! petals fall1 l flakes ( sn[1 borne (t5 by ! w9d4 ,!re rema9 ! /\t woolly fl[]-/ems an in* or m long & be>+ m9ute dry bracts1 ) ! "y fruit at ! summit topp$ by ! five recurv+ woolly sepals & ! p5cil ( /am5s & /yles4 ,! bloom be+ gone1 ! fl[]+ sy/em ( ! apple is !nce=? little obs]v$4 ,n until ! fruit beg9s to color d we come back to ! apple-tree to look at x closely2 yet 9 ^! int]v5+ weeks "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ trans=mations take place1 & on ! exact obs]vance ( !m dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t "o's success 9 ! re>+ & sav+ ( a good crop ( apples4 ,"h is ! fl[] ( ! apple-tree 7,fig4 #c74 ,x is a comely blossom1 fragrant & p9ky :ite1 flatly spread to ! sky1 c>ry+ ! _s ( ! cool ( ! spr+4 ,:at conc]ns u n[1 h[ev]1 is ! clu/] ( /am5s & pi/ils 9 ! c5t]1 = ^! organs are directly conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! fruit4 ,! petals soon fall1 b ! rema9s ( ^! int]ior organs p]si/1 ev5 unto ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,! an!r is atta*$ at ! back ( its base or middle to ! top ( ! filam5t 9 ! suture sep>at+ ! two l>ge cells4 ,^! an!r-cells split along ! out] m>g9s1 releas+ ! poll5-gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,longitud9al section ( ! fl[]4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! r+ ( /am5s are ! five /yle-bran*es1 :i* are unit$ at ! base into a %ort hairy column2 ! column is borne on ! ov>y1 :i* is sunk5 deep into ! receptacle or /em 7,fig4 #d74 ,x is d[n ^! /yle-bran*es t ! poll5-tube passes on its way to ! ovules or embryo se$s4 ,! top ( ! /yle is exp&$ into a cupp$ /igma on :i* are _m glut9\s po9ts4 ,"o c obs]ve ! br[n+ & rip5+ ( ! /igma aft] poll5 has be5 deposit$ by w9d1 bees or o!r ag5cies4 ,:5 ! ovules are f]tiliz$1 ! =m+ fruit enl>ges regul>ly unless x meets ) mis=tune or is cr[d$ out = lack ( room & n\ri%m5t4 ,if "o cuts across ! ov>y or embryo fruit bel[ ! recurv+ sepals1 "o w see "u a l5s t x is neatly five-cell$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 ea* cell are two ovules2 ^!1 if all goes well1 w rip5 into t5 se$s4 ,^! five cells comprise mo/ ( ! diamet] 9 ! cross-section3 b z ! ov>y enl>ges & ! "y fruit gr[s1 "o may see t ! inn] "p compris+ ! cells beg9s to h a "* ( its own & to be diff]5tiat$ f ! surr\nd+ fle%4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,cross-section ( ! ov>y4 ,! blossom falls4 ,9 reality only ! petals fall4 ,:at is left is well %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,"h rema9 ! up/&+ /am5s ) ! empty an!rs1 & 9 ! c5t] "o c\ld see ! five /yles if ! specim5 7 9 h&4 ,"h also are ! calyx-lobes1 widely spread+ & ev5 recurv$4 ,! photograph = ,fig4 #f 0 tak5 ,may #c4 ,on ,may #ag ano!r clu/] 0 photograph$ f ! same tree 7,fig4 #g74 ,?ree ( ! fl[]s h produc$ /urdy "y apples4 ,! /ems or p$icels h become /\t]1 & !y beg9 to spread4 ,note t ! calyx n[ is clos$1 ! old /am5s protrud+1 a circum/ance t w h special significance :5 we become acqua9t$ ) ! codl9-mo?4 ,note also t "o fl[] has fail$1 & rema9s z x 0 two weeks e>li]2 x w soon fall4 ,! "y apples beg9 to take %ape4 ,!y %[ a gl[ ( r$ on ! *eek4 ,!y are fuzzy all ov]4 ,"o ( !m is already injur$ on "o side1 hav+ be5 /ung by a curculio or o!r insect3 !re are ke5 s5ses ab\t ! apple-tree4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,may #c--,:5 ! petals h fall5 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,may #ag--,:5 ! "y fruits beg9 to %[ ,two weeks lat] 7,may #ca7 /ill ano!r clu/] 0 tak5 f ! same tree 7,fig4 #h74 ,"h are ?ree fruits erect on _! /ems2 "o ( !m is m ?an an in* 9 diamet] ei!r way1 /urdy & unblemi%$2 ano!r %[s de=mity due to insect puncture2 ! ?ird rema9s small & pres5tly w drop4 ,a sc> 9 ! leaf-axil m>ks ! failure ( ano!r fl[]4 ,f\r blossoms 7 9 ?is clu/]1 b only "o fruit n[ has a *ance to come to un9jur$ maturity1 & two h already fail$4 ,! big apple has n[ lo/ mo/ ( its fuzz9ess & beg9s to assume a delicate bloom on its surface2 ! smalle/ "o--! "o t soon w p]i%--/ill holds "s ( its fuzz4 ,a section ( ?is smalle/ fruit discloses empty cells2 app>5tly x 0 n f]tiliz$4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,may #ca--,! success & failure ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,june #ad--,! "o big apple ,ano!r two weeks h pass$4 ,x is ,june #ad?4 ,f ! same tree is tak5 ! photograph1 ,fig4 #i4 ,"h is a big apple1 #a-a_/b in* 9 diamet]2 & !re is a dead %rivell$ fruit t dropp$ :5 ,i t\*$ x4 ,( ! sev]al fl[]s 9 ! clu/]1 all h fail$ b "o4 ,?is "o fruit has n[ pass$ ! dang] ( ! blossom-end infection by ! codl9-mo? & x has no blemi%es4 ,! _m :iti% spots *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety are n[ conspicu\s all ov] ! surface4 ,! ribs beg9 to %[4 ,!re is a fa9t blu% on ! upp] side4 ,! fuzz has disappe>$ & ! bloom is becom+ evid5t4 ,! calyx is tightly clos$1 al?\gh ! tips ( ! sepals are spread widely4 ,! /em is /\t4 ,! weight ( ! apple incl9es x ne>ly to ! horizontal4 ,yet ?is good apple is n symmetrical2 "o side is l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,i cut x crosswise & f9d two cells on ! l>g] side develop+ two /rong se$s ea*1 :il/ ^? on ! small] side h a s+le se$ ea* & "o ( ^! se$s is small & p]haps w\ld n h matur$4 ,! fle%y "p ( ! apple1 outside ! core1 n[ occupies ab\t z mu* ( ! diamet] z ! core itself & mu* m ?an "o-half ! bulk ( ! fruit4 ,already my apple1 n[ half gr[n1 %[s _m ( its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4 ,yet ano!r =tnight has come & gone1 & x is ,june #bh?4 ,x has be5 good gr[+ wea!r4 ,summ] is "h1 full-orb$1 regal1 br++ ! abundance ( ! e>?4 ,"h are two /\t apples hang+ on _! /ems 7,fig4 #aj71 = !y are n[ too heavy to be held erect4 ,! l>g] fruit is a trifle m ?an two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! feature spots are n[ /ill m prom95t on ^! apples1 ! ribs m pron\nc$1 ! blu% aga9/ ! sun m w>m4 ,bo? ^! fruits1 f "o spur1 w mature2 b ! small] "o w be blemi%$1 = ! apple-scab fungus has e/abli%$ itself on ! cr[n & ab\t ! calyx4 ,already ! gr[? is *eck$ 9 t area1 & ! apple looks flatt5$4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ei!r apple ( codl9-mo? invasion4 ,! adjo9+ spur1 n cle>ly %[n 9 ! photograph1 is b>r52 x gave no fl[]s ?is ye>1 & x %[s no indication ( a blossom-bud = next ye>4 ,! leaves are ?ick & vigor\s1 yet !y be> m>ks ( insect injury & "o ( !m has be5 ext5sively skeletoniz$4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! fruits h ! ma/]y1 & !y n[ make a brave %[4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,june #bh1 & ! apples h tak5 _! =m ,july has pass$ ?is way4 ,tomorr[ x w be ,augu/4 ,! odor ( apples is n[ 9 my tree4 ,!re are big /rip$ apples on ! gr\nd1 pluck$ by ! w9d1 ! hold loos5$ by bugs = !y too h felt ! fullness ( ,july4 ,?ree apples1 "o ( !m ?ree in*es ?r\gh & two & "o-half in*es high1 & ! o!rs ne>ly z big1 hang at ! level ( my eyes4 ,y may see !m 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,"h rises aga9 my boyhood sp5t 9 an or*>d n[ pass$ away1 z fa!r & "m h pass$1 z playmates h fall5 "o by "o1 ! old place hold+ only memories4 ,"h is my boyhood because ! e>? is always "y & repeats h] miracles = ! *ildr5 by my side z x did = me s _m _m ye>s ago4 ,yet ! miracles are great] n[ ?an !y 7 !n4 ,!y h m mean+4 ,n[ are !y "p ( "s great ord]4 ,!y are n sep>ate4 ,)\t mov+ my feet1 ,i lay my h&s on apples1 ,virg9ia creep]1 asp>agus1 m>igold1 sweet sultan1 oxalis1 planta91 crab-grass1 :ite clov]1 all gr[+ securely 9 "o place1 & ev]yone l unto itself alone4 ,"h is ! ev]la/+ miracle be=e my eyes1 & all miracles are my/]ies4 ,once ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld und]/& su* ?+s :5 ,i 0 gr[n up1 b ,i f9d myself /ill a boy4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,july #ca1 & ! apples are gett+ ripe ,^! ?ree apples on ! la/ ( ! days ( ,july look fair & s\nd1 p>tly hidd5 9 ! leaves1 ! deep r$ colors cov]+ !m 9 broad spla%$ /ripes & reliev$ by light dots4 ,yet :5 ,i raise ! leaves or :5 ,i lift ! apples ap>t1 ,i f9d ! burr[s ( insects4 ,!y "k t ^! apples are good4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ nature cov]s up ! w\nds1 h[ %e conceals ! sore places1 & h[ fair %e makes ev]y?+ look4 ,7 x n t %e cov]s ! depr$ations ( man1 ! e>? w\ld n long rema9 habitable by him4 ,summ] is end$4 ,today ! sun is on ! equator1 & we are at ! equ9ox :5 nights are equal to ! days1 z ! ^w te/ifies4 ,! h>ve/ is ov]4 ,! apples are no m4 ,yet ! tree /ill is active & prep>+ = ano!r ye> 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! spurs are n[ ?ick & /\t1 be>+ /urdy h>d leaves4 ,! bud 9 ! c5t] is a big "o1 already recogniz$ z a fruit-bud3 "h is ! promise ( speckl$1 furr[$1 /rip$ apples next ,augu/4 ,!reby ,i le>n t x is n en\gh to be good to ! tree 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ,i desire its fruit3 ,i mu/ beg9 ! ye> be=e1 & ! ye> be=e t1 & ev5 back at ! "t :5 ! tree is plant$2 & if ! tree at plant+-"t is n a good tree1 x w be at a disadvantage p]haps all its life long4 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,septemb] #bb1 & ! buds are =m$ = ! next ye>'s crop ,f9ally ! apple is ripe & ready4 ,at ! /em end is ! cavity1 a depression1 deep or %all[1 accord+ to v>iety1 9 :i* ! /em is set4 ,at ! blossom end is ! bas91 also ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>iety z to dep? & wid? & cont\r1 9 :i* ! calyx-lobes p]si/1 & inside ! calyx are ! rema9s ( ! dead /am5s & /yles2 ! calyx may be clos$ or op51 ! "* be+ a m>k ( ! p>ticul> v>iety4 ,cut ! apple ?r\gh ! c5t] l5g?wise 7,fig4 #ac72 note ! curv$ outl9e ( ! core 7! pi/il7 ext5d+ half or m across ! fruit2 if y d n see ?is outl9e1 cut an apple until y d2 c>efully op5 ! five cells or comp>tm5ts & )9 ! p>*m5t walls f9d ! two se$s atta*$ by _! po9ts :i* are direct$ t[>d ! /em end2 p]haps "o ( ! se$s has fail$1 b probably a cavity m>ks its place2 p]haps bo? se$s h fail$2 p]haps ! cell has m ?an two se$s4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,! apples 9 section ,cut an apple cross-wise3 note ! five radiat+ cells ( ! core1 ! numb] & atta*m5t ( ! se$s2 note ! t5 po9ts1 imb$d$ 9 ! fle%1 m>k+ ! outl9e ( ! core4 ,cut an apple cross-wise above ! core & b5ea? x2 note :]e ^! po9ts vani% & try to h>monize !m ) ! core-outl9e z se5 9 ! l5g?wise section2 probably y w discov] :y y may n see ! core-outl9e 9 all ! l5g?wise sections y make4 ,be=e y leave ! fruit1 note :e!r s+le se$s 9 a cell are ! same %ape z ! two se$s 9 a cell4 ,! fle% outside ! core-outl9e is int]pret$ to be /em /ructure r ?an pi/il /ructure4 ,sometimes an apple be>s a scale-l leaf on its ext]ior1 sugge/+ t ! out] "p ( ! fruit is /em4 ,! old] morphologi/s int]pret$ ! apple fl[] to comprise a holl[$ calyx 7calyx-tube7 inside :i* is ! pi/il & on ! rim ( :i* are ! petals & /am5s4 ,! /ructure n[ is reg>d$ z a holl[$ receptacle or /em 7hypan?ium71 ) ! pi/il inside1 ! petals & /am5s on its rim4 ,we not$ 9 ! fl[] t ! ov>y "p ( ! pi/il is solidly imb$d$ 9 ?is receptacle1 b t ! five /yles are free4 ,! pe> & qu9ce are ( simil> /ructure1 b ! pea*1 plum & *]ry are simple rip5$ pi/ils4 ,"h1 9 ?is *apt]1 we h discov]$ "s ( ! epo*s 9 ! life ( ! apple4 ,usually we let ! imag9ation run only to ! mature fruit1 ?9k+ ( ! h>ve/1 b 9 all ! weeks be=e ! h>ve/ ! apple has be5 gr[+ & tak+ =m4 ,z ^! weeks h n be5 blank to ! apple-tree1 s %all !y n be blank to me4 ,v ,,! ,,bru% ,,pile ,today ,i visit$ ! bru% pile back ( ! or*>d4 ,"h ! trimm+s ( ! w9t] are plac$1 wait+ to be burn$ :5 dry4 ,h[ _m are ! ar*ives t w be de/roy$6 ,"h are hi/ories 9 e bud & twig & sc>1 ( ! seasons1 ( ! accid5ts & dea?s1 ! records ( ! tree z !re are records ( families4 ,^! records are n writt5 9 numb]s or 9 lett]s1 nor yet 9 hi]oglyphs2 yet are !y und]/&able4 ,alphabet is n ne$$1 & ! key is simple4 ,f ! bru% pile ( records ,i took "o4 ,i mu/ describe x 9 "p by a picture 7,fig4 #ad74 ,on ! liv+ trees at ?is writ+ ! petals mo/ly h fall5 & ! leaves are ne>ly full gr[n4 ,?is bran* 0 cut 9 w9t]4 ,x has la9 9 ! sn[ & ra91 putt+ =? no fl[]s or leaves4 ,yet we c read x4 ,x is ,may1 #aiba4 ,! t]m9al %oot is obvi\sly ( #aibj2 we %all "n x ,no4 #a4 ,x is a foot long1 smoo? & glossy1 t]m9at+ at ! base 7o7 9 a r+ & at a %ort /ub or bran*let4 ,if we c\nt ! buds on all sides ( ! %oot & at ! tip we f9d !m to be #ac4 ,! l>ge/ "o is at ! tip1 & !y are mo/ly successively small] t[>d ! base4 ,app>5tly ! gr[?-en]gy 0 exp5d$ 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! twig1 mak+ l>ge full buds4 ,9 fact1 ! ?ree or f\r l[]mo/ buds are sc>cely develop$ & w\ld n gr[ unless ! limb 7 brok5 (f above !m2 !y are dormant buds4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,a ?ree-ye> record4--,9 a leisure h\r1 trace ! hi/ory ( ^! p>ts2 x w op5 y\r eyes4 ,look+ along ! %oot1 ,i f9d t e six buds /& 9 ! same l9e3 ! six? bud is ov] ! fir/1 sev5? ov] ! second1 eigh? ov] ! ?ird4 ,if ,i 7 to fa/5 a /r+ to bud ,no4 #a & w9d x ar\nd ! /em to my left1 pass+ ov] e bud until ,i _h rea*$ ! six?1 ,i %\ld f9d t x _h made two circuits ( ! /em 7pass$ twice ar\nd x7 & _h pass$ ov] five spaces betwe5 buds4 ,?is is ! leaf-arrangem5t or phyllotaxy ( ! apple-tree1 express$ by ! fraction #b_/e4 ,! space betwe5 two buds is two-fif?s ( a diamet]1 & two circuits 7t5-fif?s7 mu/ be pass$ be=e a bud comes ov] ! "o f :i* we />t$4 ,! #b_/e leaf-arrangem5t obta9s on *]ry1 pea*1 apricot1 pe>1 raspb]ry & _m o!rs2 b a v diff]5t ord] is t ( ! l9d51 grape1 currant1 lilies1 elm1 maple4 ,we _c und]/& ?is simple unbran*$ t]m9al twig 7,no4 #a7 until we "k :at took place la/ ye>4 ,a ye> ago1 9 ! spr+ ( #aibj1 a t]m9al bud t _h =m$ 9 #aiai exp&$ & gave rise to ?is rapidly gr[+ %oot4 ,by ! end ( ,may or e>ly ,june ?is %oot _h gr[n to twelve in*es long1 = ! gr[? 9 l5g? on ! twigs ( trees is usually complet$ t e>ly4 ,?is %oot bore leaves on ! #b_/e arrangem5t2 9 ! axil ( e leaf 0 a bud1 ! /ronge/ buds be+ ) ! /ronge/ leaves at ! middle & top ( ! %oot2 9 ! autumn ( #aibj ^! leaves fell1 b ! buds rema9$1 p]si/$ ! w9t]1 & 7 ready to gr[ 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiba4 ,we see !m on ,no4 #a 7,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,! gr[+ %oot1 ) a bud 9 ea* axil1 & a spur on la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,9 #aiba ^! buds on ,no4 #a1 !n1 w\ld h gr[n4 ,new leaves w\ld h come f ! bud itself2 9 fact1 ! w9t] buds ( ! apple are pack$ ) m9iature leaves & sometimes ) fl[]s z well4 ,! %oot com+ out ( ! bud may rema9 v %ort1 con/itut+ a spur1 or gr[ ) long int]nodes1 mak+ a sl5d] twig4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a bran* ) new elongat$ gr[?1 b to a1 & a %oot or spur 7c7 aris+ f a bud ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,note ! r+1 or division beyond b1 m>k+ ! turn ( ! ye>4 ,x w be not$ 9 ,fig4 #ad t ! buds are ( two %apes & sizes1 su* z a1 a1 a1 repres5t+ "o k9d & b1 b1 ! o!r k9d4 ,! =m]1 small & po9t$1 are leaf-buds2 f !m w arise a %oot be>+ only leaves4 ,! latt]1 b1 l>ge & r\nd$ & usually m fuzzy1 are fl[]-buds 7fruit-buds73 f !m w arise a %ort %oot be>+ leaves & a clu/] ( fl[]s2 & we hope t at lea/ "o ( ! fl[]s w set fruit4 ,we are n[ ready to resume our lesson ) ! bran* be=e u4 ,we h id5tifi$ ! sl5d] t]m9al "p1 ,no4 #a1 z ! gr[? ( #aibj4 ,we are n[ to acc\nt = all ! rema9+ buds & bran*lets4 ,if ,no4 #a grew 9 #aibj1 !n ! ma9 %oot ( ,no4 #b grew 9 #aiai1 f ! po9t o o4 ,x is also "o foot long4 ,ne> its base are f\r small buds t rema9$ dormant 9 #aibj4 ,!re are n9e bran*es 7d7 ( v>i\s l5g?s besides ! t]m9al %oot ,no4 #a1 all ( :i* grew 9 #aibj1 = !y are naturally a ye> y\ng] ?an ! ma9 axis f :i* !y arise2 ^! bran*es are ! same age z ,no4 #a1 ) buds t w\ld h produc$ %oots 9 #aiba4 ,b ! t]m9al buds ( eight ( ^! lat]al %oots 7all b ! l[]mo/7 be> blossom-buds at ! end2 note _! size & %ape4 ,_h n ! bran* be5 cut1 ^! buds w\ld h bloom$ 9 #aiba2 ! eight ( !m w\ld h produc$ probably =ty to fifty fl[]s2 p]haps two or ?ree good fruits w\ld h result$4 ,note t two ( ! lat]al bran*es or spurs are %ort & weak3 ^! w\ld soon p]i%4 ,! ,no4 #b bran* has a dead end 7e72 9 "s way ! t]m9al bud 0 de/roy$1 & ,no4 #a sprang f a lat]al bud b5ea? x1 *ang+ ! direction ( gr[?4 ,if ,no4 #b grew 9 #aiai1 !n ,no4 #c grew 9 #aiah4 ,x also grew ab\t "o foot 9 l5g?1 %[+ t ! conditions 9 ! ?ree ye>s mu/ h be5 v uni=m4 ,!re are rema9s ( five dormant buds at its base4 ,!re are sev5 side bran*es4 ,z ! ma9 axis is ?ree ye>s old1 s ^! lat]al %oots are two ye>s old2 !y are ! same age z ! axis ,no4 #b4 ,! l[] "o 7s7 grew less ?an an in* 9 #aiai1 & made a fruit-bud2 9 #aibj x blossom$ & "o fruit set z is %[n by ! squ>e sc> at ! end2 z ! sc> is small & ! twig weak1 we are safe 9 assum+ t ! apple 0 v small or else did n mature4 ,a bud =m$ at ! side ( s to cont9ue ! gr[? ( ! spur next ye> 7#aiba71 b x is a leaf-bud2 app>5tly !re 0 n suffici5t en]gy to be> fl[]s & to make a fruit-bud2 s !re w\ld h be5 no m fruit on ?is spur e>li] ?an #aibb3 ?us d we see t ! alt]nate be>+ ( ! apple-tree may h "s ( its orig9 9 ! fruit-spur4 ,! side spur f produc$ a t]m9al blossom-bud 9 #aiai4 ,9 #aibj six fl[]s op5$1--,i c\ld c\nt ! sc>s4 ,"o ( ! fl[]s produc$ a fruit1 z ,i tell by ! squ>e sc> at ! end2 ! ?ick5$ /em also indicates fruit-be>+4 ,! side bud 9 ?is case is a fruit-bud1 b x is small & weak & is probably incapable ( produc+ a fruit4 ,!re are no /rong leaf-buds to take up ! "w1 & ?is spur 7f7 w\ld probably soon h di$1 z also w\ld spur s4 ,! side %oot g grew to h 9 #aiai & made a fl[]-bud4 ,9 #aibj ?is bud gave blossoms & "o fruit result$2 ! sc> is prom95t & !re is an enl>gem5t ( ! tissue indicat+ t ! fruit probably atta9$ good size2 9 #aibj also1 two side spurs 7 =m$ ea* ) weak blossom-buds1 also a t]m9al %oot 7beyond h7 ) leaf-bud at ! end4 ,! o!r %oots h simil> hi/ories3 ! long %oot i bore a fruit-bud at k 9 #aiai & a fruit 9 #aibj2 9 #aibj x also made ?ree lat]al %oots & a t]m9al %oot1 ) fl[]-buds t]m9at+ two ( !m4 ,%oot l bore fl[]s at its po9t 9 #aibj b did n c>ry ! fruit to maturity2 x also made two side gr[?s & "o t]m9al gr[?1 all t]m9at$ by fl[]-buds1 to be bl[n 9 #aiba4 ,! %oot m is a %ort spur t made a fl[]-bud 9 #aiai & 9 #aibj c>ri$ ?ree little fruits = a "t & made a fl[]-bud 9 #aibj4 ,%oot n rema9$ v %ort 9 #aiai1 mak+ a t]m9al leaf-bud2 9 #aibj x grew two in*es & made a weak fl[]-bud4 ,if %oot ,no4 #c grew 9 #aiah1 !n ,no4 #d grew 9 #aiag2 b ! bran* is sev]$ & ,i _c trace ! record f>!r4 ,we c\ld trace ! family hi/ory _m ye>s if we _h ! unprun$ tree be=e u4 ,"h1 !n1 9 my y>d-long manuscript are =ty bud-records on ! ma9 axis1 c\nt+ ! t]m9als on ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,i c f9d record ( #add buds on ! side %oots4 ,?is makes a gr& total ( #ahd buds4 ,!re is a total gr[? 9 l5g? ( #ajh in*es1 or #i feet4 ,ea* ( ! buds t has already gr[n has produc$ an av]age ( probably t5 leaves1 or say #cdj leaves 9 total4 ,if !re 7 an av]age ( five fl[]s to ! clu/]1 !n ab\t #aej fl[]s w\ld h be5 c>ri$ on my bran*1 ) ! pot5tiality ( #aej fruits2 b 9 fact n m ?an ?ree or f\r matur+ fruits w\ld h be5 produc$ 9 ^! ye>s3 & ,i %\ld ?9k ?is a good proportion z blossoms & apples g4 ,c]ta9ly ! bran* has done its "p4 ,!re h be5 ?ree ev5tful ye>s4 ,i w\ld n h my read] to suppose t "o may always di/+ui% leaf-buds & fruit-buds at a glance4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 "s ( ! above det]m9ations1 b !y are ess5tially correct = ,i h ! twig be=e me4 ,9 "s v>ieties ( apples ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two k9ds ( buds are less m>k$4 ,! c]ta9 way is to dissect ! bud3 "o may !n see :at x conta9s4 ,x n[ rema9s to det]m9e h[ ! bran* 0 plac$ 9 ! tree4 ,x mu/ h be5 upright or v ne>ly s1 = ! ma9 axis is ess5tially /raight & ! bran*lets are ab\t equally develop$ on all sides2 moreov]1 !re is no indication 9 ! b>k t "o exposure 0 ! wea!r side4 ,! big twig i app>5tly f\nd a light & unoccupi$ space into :i* to develop1 b its ext5sion is n greatly out ( proportion4 ,i suppose1 h[ev]1 t my bran* 0 n topmo/ 9 ! tree2 !re is no indication 9 v long gr[? or /rong upw>d t5d5cy ( ! bran*lets to m>k ! bran* z a lead]4 ,ye>s ago ,i became fasc9at$ ) ! /udy ( knots & knot-holes 9 ! timb] ( wood-piles4 ,!y are excell5t records ( ! ev5ts 9 ! life ( trees4 ,9 pr9t ,i h tri$ to %[ :at !y mean4 ,i also work$ out ! life-hi/ories ( twigs & publi%$ !m 9 nature-/udy leaflets & else:]e4 ,hundr$s ( *ildr5 7 int]e/$ 9 ! twigs & buds1 f9d+ !m unusual1 e "o ( !m a diff]5t /ory1 & yet n difficult to read4 ,^! lessons gave mean+ to trees & seasons4 ,su* obs]vations h always meant mu* to me1 ev5 :5 made 9 ! mo/ casual way 9 ! mid/ ( con/ra9+ activities4 ,& n[ 9 ?is lat] day ,i come back to a b>e twig ) all ! joy ( y\?4 ,! records ( ! ye>s are 9 ^! piles ( bru%4 ,,vi ,,! ,,prun+ ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,we h f\nd t n all ! buds gr[4 ,we also "k t "s ( ! spurs & %oots p]i%1 n alone f accid5t b f defeat 9 ! /ruggle to live4 ,! *ances ( success are relatively few4 ,! prun+ process beg9s e>ly 9 ! life ( ! tree1 & x cont9ues ceaselessly until ! end4 ,to ! apple-tree 9 ! wild1 /rict prun+ is ! assurance ( success4 ,no tree c rea* maturity unless m p>ts p]i% ?an are able to live4 ,! "y =e/ tree has bran*lets & leaves along its side & at ! top4 ,all ^! p]i% z ! trunk rises1 (t5 leav+ m>ks on ! b>k1 curls 9 ! wood1 & knot-holes l>ge & small4 ,?\s&s ( p]i%$ buds & bran*es are ! price ( a /raight bole & great cle> %eets ( bo>ds4 ,yet ^! p]i%$ p>ts bore _! burd5 9 _! day & "t1 & contribut$ to ! ultimate success3 !re c\ld h be5 no tree )\t !m4 ,any tree-top discloses ! prun+ 9 action if "o looks int5tly4 ,"p ( x is record$ 9 ! buds t nev] put =? a leaf2 m ( x 9 little %oots left beh9d2 & !re are l>ge & small limbs1 dead & dy+1 yell[+ app>5tly be=e _! "t1 hang+ on till ! la/ hold is brok54 ,7 x n = ! b5evol5t processes ( decay1 ! gr\nd w\ld be /rewn ) ! fall5 p>ts accumulat+ ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,9 nature1 ! great result is to yield abundant quantity ( se$s1 t ! species may propagate itself aft] its k9d4 ,man may desire fruits relatively few1 b l>ge ( size & excell5t ( quality1 )\t spot or blemi%2 ?is means great] opportunity & c>e to ! s+le fruit4 ,prun+ is ess5tial1 to conv]ge ! en]gy ( ! plant into few] bran*es1 to give ! fruits space & light1 to increase ! effici5cy ( measures = ! control ( diseases & insects4 ,"p ( ! prun+ consi/s 9 remov+ c]ta9 bran*es1 & "p ( x 9 elim9at+ ! fruits !mselves by ! c>eful process ( ?9n+4 ,! prun+ ( nature is =tuit\s4 ,! tree has ! irregul>ity & ab&on ( ! picturesque4 ,! prun+ ( man is = a diff]5t end1 & x produces ! comely well-proportion$ tree ( ! or*>ds4 ,! tree becomes a manipulat$ subject1 com=t+ to ! eye ( ! ?rifty pomologi/4 ,bran*-prun+ is ess5tially ! removal ( sup]flu\s bran*es1--^? t cr[d1 t cross ea* o!r1 t are s plac$ z to be pr(itless1 t are 9 ! way1 t are injur$ or diseas$4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! bran*es %\ld be remov$ :5 !y are small2 b x is n possible to =esee all t may be ne$$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ! tree &1 !re=e1 ! frequ5t advice to prune only ) a h&-knife _c be foll[$4 ,"o ne$s a %>p prun+-saw & sometimes a *isel on a long h&le4 ,usually x is n necess>y to remove bran*es m ?an an in* or "o & "o-half in* 9 diamet] if prun+ is c>efully practic$ e ye>2 b sometimes ev5 well-prun$ trees mu/ be %ap$1 correct$ & improv$ by ! cutt+ ( l>g] bran*es4 ,prun+ is usually be/ p]=m$ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! bran* %\ld be cut close to ! ma9 limb or trunk & p>allel ) x1 leav+ no /ub2 ! heal+ process is !n likely to proce$ m rapidly4 ,! w\nd %\ld be smoo? & clean1 )\t breaks1 spl9t]s or splits2 ! knot-holes 9 logs & trunks are usually ! consequ5ce ( long /ubs & torn injur$ p>ts4 ,! tree is to be left %apely1 ) a uni=m di/ribution ( bran*es1 pl5ty ( fruit-be>+ wood1 easy to spray & f :i* to pick ! fruit1 ( ! =m *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety4 ,9 all ! usual cu/om>y prun+ ( ! apple-tree1 dress+ ( ! w\nds is n necess>y4 ,x is mu* m important to give ! add$ att5tion to ! prop] mak+ ( ! w\nds & ! ?\ghtful *oice ( ! p>ts to be remov$4 ,w\nds two in*es & m 9 diamet] may be protect$ ) good pa9t1 s t !y w n *eck & !re=e n hold wat]1 until ! callus cov]s !m4 ,good judgm5t 9 prun+ is m pr(itable ?an recipes to repair damage4 ,fruit-prun+1 or ?9n+1 is ! remov+ ( s mu* fruit1 :5 x is small1 z w all[ ! rema9d] to mature to its be/ & con/itute a maximum yield2 x r$uces ! quantity ( inf]ior fruit1 less5s ! numb] ( culls & ! labor at pack+ "t1 cons]ves ! en]gy ( ! tree by prev5t+ ! maturity ( great numb]s ( se$s1 dim9i%es diseases & pe/s4 ,! ov]load+ ( ! tree n only imposes a heavy tax on its vitality b is likely to break ! limbs & to "w mu* physical damage4 ,?9n+ may consi/ 9 remov+ "p ( ! fruit 9 ! clu/] 79 ! case ( v>ieties t t5d to mature m ?an "o fruit f ea* fl[]-clu/]71 9 pick+ all ! fruits f c]ta9 clu/]s or pairs ( clu/]s1 or 9 cutt+ away "s ( ! fruit-spurs be=e blossom+ "t4 ,! removal ( ! fruit itself is usually p]=m$ aft] ! ,june-drop1 :5 ! ext5t ( ! crop is evid5t4 ,! fruits are pull$ (f by h& or cut ) ?9n+-%e>s1 ! latt] practice be+ ! bett] s9ce x is n s likely to break ! fruit-spurs4 ,! lea/ promis+ fruits are tak5 away & ! rema9+ apples are left at lea/ five or six in*es ap>t 9 mo/ v>ieties4 ,! ext5t ( ?9n+ mu/ be gov]n$ by ! v>iety1 ?rift ( ! tree1 result desir$1 & o!r conditions4 ,to secure ! be/ results1 ! apples %\ld be ?9n$ :5 /ill small4 ,?9n+ by e>ly-spr+ removal ( fruit-spurs is a v special practice4 ,x is employ$ on dw>f trees & on ^? specially tra9$4 ,x %\ld be und]tak5 only by a c>eful & exp]i5c$ man4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t ! fruit ( ! apple is all borne on spurs1 = "s ( x may be d]iv$ f t]m9al buds on ! new axial gr[?s or ev5 f lat]al buds2 b ! spurs are conspicu\s & readily recogniz$4 ,( c\rse ! ord9>y prun+ ( ! tree removes fruit-be>+ wood & is !re=e a ?9n+ process4 ,)9 s5sible limits1 !re=e1 prun+ is an invigorat+ process 9 ! s5se t x deflects ! en]gy to rema9+ p>ts ( ! tree4 ,:at is call$ too heavy prun+1 :]eby ! tree ?r[s out abundance ( wat]-spr\ts1 is illu/ration ( ?is fact3 ! tree is ?r[n into heavy gr[? ( adv5titi\s %oots4 ,! tree may n produce m p\nds ( sub/ance1 or ev5 m total feet 9 l5g?1 b new en]gy is develop$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,9 ! re/oration1 or s-call$ r5ovation1 ( old neglect$ trees1 ! two prim>y consid]ations are to prune vigor\sly & to till & f]tilize ! l&4 ,sometimes old trees mu/ be m5d$ z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,( c\rse !y mu/ be spray$ = :at ails !m4 ,if ! v>iety is poor1 ! tree may be top-graft$ 7,*apt] ,,xii74 ,9 "s cases1 x is h>dly possible to make neglect$ trees be> satisfactorily1 = !y 7 nev] ( value3 !re is no?+ to re/ore4 ,x may be a "q ( soil & location1 ( lack ( poll9ation1 ( trees s weak or s mis%ap5 t ef=t on !m is wa/$4 ,b tillage1 prun+1 spray+1 %\ld produce wor?-:ile results 9 mo/ cases4 ,9 ! c>e ( ! fruit-tree !re is no practice :i* br+s ! gr[] into su* intimate k ( ! plant z t ( prun+ & ?9n+4 ,! op]ator sees ! tree z a :ole1 tak+ x all 92 !n he sees x 9 small detail 9 all its p>ts1 ev5 to ! spurs & buds4 ,) simple good tools1 %>p & ke51 & ) a practic$ eye1 he applies a deft & swift h&icraft1 cutt+ true1 mak+ a fair clean w\nd1 leav+ ! tree comely & ready = its highe/ ef=t4 ,! pride ( good workman%ip may f9d expression4 ,! op]ator feels also ! s5se ( ma/]y t is 9 him1 :]eby he corrects ! tree1 removes ! wayw>d p>ts1 keeps & enc\rages all t is be/4 ,to engage 9 ?is k9d ( education requires t "o approa*es ! "w ) due prep>ation ( m9d & ,i ?9k also ) consecration ( he>t4 ,,vii ,,ma9ta9+ ,,! ,,heal? ,,& ,,en]gy ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,! apple-tree />ts life fre% & vigor\s4 ,x gr[s rapidly4 ,! %oots are long & /raight4 ,! wood is smoo? & fair & supple4 ,! leaves are usually l>ge4 ,x is good to see ! "y trees acquire size & take %ape4 ,room 9 ! gr\nd & 9 ! air is ample ) ! "y apple-tree4 ,x is free to gr[4 ,probably ! gr\nd 0 newly prep>$ & till$ :5 ! tree 0 plant$2 at lea/1 a hole 0 dug & f9e good e>? 0 plac$ ab\t ! roots4 ,probably insects _h n f\nd p]man5t encampm5t on ! tree4 ,x _h be5 well prun$1 s t x c>ri$ ! m9imum ( sup]flu\s & compet+ p>ts4 ,b 9 "t ! difficulties come4 ,! tree probably sl[s d[n4 ,x becomes too ?ick ( bran*es4 ,! l& is n till$4 ,x is n manur$4 ,insects & fungi make headway4 ,! tree ov]be>s4 ,z ! ye>s g on1 ! tree is ?r[n into alt]nate be>+1 "o ye> a crop too heavy1 "o ye> a crop too light4 ,! tree becomes brok51 diseas$1 gn>ly1 un%apely4 ,we h se5 t ! fruit-spur 9 be>+ is likely to make a leaf-bud = ! next ye>'s activities r ?an a fl[]-bud4 ,x is assum$ t ! mak+ ( a fl[]-bud requires m en]gy ?an ! mak+ ( a pla9 leaf-bud2 if ?is is true1 !re may n be en]gy en\gh to c>ry a fl[]-clu/] & to make a new fl[]-bud at ! same "t4 ,b if ! tree is 9 prop] vigor1 is well f$1 protect$ f noxi\s organisms1 n all[$ to ov]be>1 x %\ld h suffici5t en]gy to make a crop e ye>1 fro/s & accid5ts except$4 ,x is assum$1 ( c\rse1 t self-/]ile v>ieties h good poll9iz+ v>ieties ne> !m2 x is always well to plant two or m k9ds ne> toge!r4 ,:e!r ! cont9uity ( be>+ is exhibit$ on ! same fruit-spurs or :e!r !re may be an alt]nation 9 ! spurs on ! same tree1 is ( no mom5t 9 ?is discussion4 ,x is en\gh to say t !re is no reason 9 ! nature ( ! case :y an apple-tree %\ld be> only e o!r ye>2 x is probably a "q ( nutrition4 ,! fir/ ess5tial to cont9u$ heal? & vigor is to />t ) a /rong unblemi%$ tree4 ,x is to be plant$ be=e its vitality is less5$ by exposure & h>d usage4 ,! m direct ! transf] f nurs]y to or*>d1 ! bett]4 ,x is to be plac$ 9 good gr\nd1 well dra9$ & deeply spad$ or pl[$4 ,! apple-tree ?rives on _m k9ds ( l&1 b light s&1 h>d clay1 & muck are equally to be avoid$4 ,good corn l& is commonly consid]$ to be good apple l&4 ,c]ta9 soils & regions are p>ticul>ly adaptable to comm]cial apple-gr[+1 b ! amateur may plant q indep5d5tly ( ?is fact4 ,! obs]vant man notes ! _m conditions "u :i* ! apple-tree may be gr[n ) satisfaction4 ,if ! l& is n uni=mly prep>$1 !n ! hole dug = ! tree %\ld be l>g] ?an dem&$ by spread ( roots1 & ! e>? f9$ 9 ! bottom ( x4 ,trees %\ld be plant$ :5 p]fectly dormant1 pref]ably 9 spr+1 at lea/ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts4 ,! roots %\ld be cut back to s\nd unspl9t]$ wood1 & v long roots may well be %ort5$4 ,! read] is aw>e t roots h no regul> ord] or arrangem5t z d ! buds f :i* bran*es arise4 ,x is n necess>y to try to %ape ! root-sy/em to any =mal regul>ity4 ,z a good "p ( ! root-sy/em is de/roy$ :5 ! tree is dug1 s is ! top r$uc$ to insure some?+ l a balance4 ,half or m ( ! top1 on a ?ree-ye>-old tree1 is cut away1 ! long gr[?s be+ %ort5$ to p]haps ?ree or f\r good buds4 ,if limbs are left to =m ! framework ( ! future top1 !y %\ld be alt]nate ) ea* o!r at "s di/ance ap>t s t weak crot*es d n =m4 ,! tree is plant$ snugly1 ! e>? be+ fill$ among ! roots s t no air-holes rema94 ,! tree is %ak5 up & d[n to settle ! e>? d5sely4 ,once or twice 9 fill+1 ! e>? is pack$ ) ! feet4 ,! purpose is to keep ! tree firm & /iff aga9/ w9ds1 & to give all its roots close contact ) ! e>?4 ,prop]ly plant$1 s t x w n :ip or dry out1 ! tree gets a hold quickly & beg9s to gr[ /rongly4 ,! fir/ />t-(f ( ! tree is important4 ,apple-trees are held 9 vigor by pl5ty ( room4 ,= ! /&>d v>ieties 9 regul> or*>ds1 ! recomm5d$ di/ance ei!r way is #dj feet1 or #ce x #dj feet4 ,"s v>ieties may g z close z #cj feet2 & 9 regions 7z p>ts ( c5tral & we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica7 9 :i* ! trees are n expect$ to atta9 su* great size z 9 ! ea/]n c\ntry1 ! plant+ may be ev5 less ?an ?is ( ! upright-gr[+ k9ds4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! trees may be utiliz$ = a few ye>s ) o!r crops1 ev5 ) o!r fruits1 z pea*es or b]ries4 ,or*>di/s sometimes plant small]-gr[+ & e>ly-be>+ v>ieties ( apples betwe5 ! regul> trees z fill]s1 tak+ !m out z ! room is ne$$4 ,( c\rse all k9ds ( d\ble cropp+ require t extra att5tion be giv5 to ! till+ & f]tiliz+ ( ! plantation4 ,! g5]al advice = ! gr[+ ( /rong apple-trees is to give ! l& good tillage f ! fir/ & to )hold o!r cropp+ aft] ! trees come into pr(itable be>+4 ,clean tillage = ! fir/ "p ( ! season & ! rais+ ( a cov]-crop 9 ! latt] "p1 to be pl[$ "u1 is a /&>d & dep5dable proc$ure4 ,trees live long 9 cont9u\s sod & !y may ?rive1 b !y may be expect$ to %[ ga9s "u tillage4 ,va/ areas ( apple plant+s are 9 sod1 b ?is ( itself does n demon/rate ! desirability ( ! sod practice4 ,all[+ trees to rema9 9 sod usually leads to neglect4 ,!re is a modification ( sod-practice 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry t gives excell5t results1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! grass is cut & all[$ to lie1 n be+ remov$ = hay4 ,manure & f]tiliz] are add$ z top-dress+1 z ne$$4 ,?is me?od is kn[n z ! sod mul* sy/em4 ,x is n a practice ( p>tial neglect1 l ! prevail+ sod or*>ds1 b a regul> design$ me?od ( produc+ results4 ,its application c h>dly be z widespread z clean tillage1 on level l&s4 ,x is a common op9ion t hillsides & m or less inaccessible slopes %\ld be plant$ to apples4 ,?is may be true 9 ! s5se t apples w gr[ on su* areas & t su* plantations are bett] ?an fall[ l&4 ,9 fact1 _m su* l&s are pr(itable 9 or*>ds4 ,:5 !y d n all[ ( tillage1 easy spray+1 & economy 9 h>ve/+1 h[ev]1 !y _c compete ) level or*>ds4 ,to ma9ta9 ! heal? & en]gy ( ! apple-tree1 ! l& %\ld be enri*$4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ! application ( animal manures1 *emical f]tiliz]s1 or cov]-crops1 or pref]ably by a comb9ation ( ^! means4 ,n _m p]sons possess suffici5t f>m manures to supply ! g5]al crops & ! apple-or*>d2 b e application ! or*>d receives is all to ! good4 ,five to t5 tons ( good /able manure to ! acre annually is a good addition = an or*>d 9 be>+4 ,?is may be supplem5t$ by cov]-crops & bag f]tiliz]s 9 ye>s 9 :i* ! manure is n available4 ,exp]im5ts are yet inconclusive on ! f]tiliz+ ( apple-trees1 b x is fair to assume t on mo/ l&s1 p>ticul>ly on old l&s1 ! addition ( *emical f]tiliz] is advantage\s4 ,a be>+ apple-tree may receive two to eight p\nds ( nitrate ( soda 7dep5d+ on its size & on soil7 appli$ to ! full fe$+ area ( ! roots1 five to n9e p\nds ( acid phosphate1 two or ?ree p\nds ( muriate ( pota%2 always ask advice4 ,! pa/ur+ ( or*>ds is (t5 def5sible & sometimes ev5 desirable4 ,if ! trees are gr[+ too rapidly1 !y may be sl[$ d[n by se$+ to grass = a "t2 & pa/ur+ ) hogs1 & possibly ) %eep1 may af=d a way ( keep+ ! area 9 condition & ( add+ f]tiliz]4 ,%eep t d n h access to dr9k+-wat] & salt gnaw ! trees4 ,hogs root up ! gr\nd & !reby provide a rude k9d ( tillage4 ,if animals are f$ o!r food 9 ! or*>d1 ! f]tiliz] increm5t w be consid]able4 ,9 h\se-lot conditions1 ! apple-tree usually receives suffici5t food if ! l& is well enri*$ = g>d5 purposes2 b trees 9 sod %\ld h lib]al top-dress+s ( f]tiliz] e ye> & ( /able manure e o!r ye>4 ,! apple-tree %\ld h a good supply ( moi/ure4 ,plant$ on banks & 9 h>d places ab\t build+s1 x may suff] 9 ?is respect4 ,! l& %\ld be s grad$ t ! ra9fall w n run (f4 ,9 or*>d conditions1 ! moi/ure is cons]v$ by ! addition ( humus to ! l&1 & by ?or\gh judici\s tillage2 & 9 dry regions x is suppli$ by irrigation4 ,! en]gy ( ! apple-tree1 & its ability to produce1 is cons]v$ by hold+ all diseases & noxi\s insects 9 *eck4 ,! means at ! comm& ( ! apple-gr[] are n[ _m4 ,no long] is ! man helpless1 nor does he ne$ to appeal to ! moon or to atmosph]ic influ5ces = reasons4 ,! natural hi/ories ( fungi & insects1 t d s mu* damage1 are n[ a "p ( common und]/&able k4 ,to acquire at lea/ a work+ und]/&+ ( ! commone/ ( ^! subjects is 9 itself a great satisfaction & gives "o a s5se ( dom9ion4 ,! good books & bullet9s are suffici5t to keep "o well in=m$4 ,all ^! organisms are t5ants ( ! apple-tree1 & f ! naturi/'s po9t ( view alone !y are n to be ov]look$4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t all apple-trees w yield equally well ) equally good treatm5t4 ,!re is diff]5ce 9 trees z !re is 9 c[s4 ,we may n "k :y4 ,b ev5 s1 x is our "p to d ! be/ we c3 ?is is our privilege4 ,! tillage & c>e ( plants less5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,s is ! apple-tree protect$ f ! cr[ds1 f conte/ = moi/ure & food1 f insects1 & f ! competition )9 itself4 ,!reby is x able to express all its possibilities4 ,ev5 ! dormant pot5tialities may be wak5$1 & ! plant makes a wide dep>ture f its native /ate4 ,?is is n an orig9al /ate ( s91 b a /ate ( repression 9 :i* x is held 9 a _w t is full ( s _m ?+s beside apple-trees4 ,i may till my or*>d ev] s well1 manipulate ! trees ev] s promptly1 yet if ! plantation !n is all[$ to run to neglect ! processes ( depreciation ga9 ! ma/]y2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is re/or$4 ,to keep "o's apple-tree 9 ! p9k ( p]fection is z joyful an ent]prise z to d any?+ else well4 ,x is only ! well-condition$ tree t yields its glori\s h>ve/ ye> by ye>4 ,,viii ,,h[ ,,an ,,apple-,,tree ,,is ,,made ,if ! se$s ( a ,baldw9 or ,w9esap apple are plant$1 we d n expect to get a ,baldw9 or ,w9esap2 we %all probably raise a v inf]ior fruit4 ,! apple has n be5 br$ true to se$ z has ! cabbage & sweet pea4 ,to get ! tree true to "n1 ( ! desir$ v>iety & ) no *ance ( failure 7b>r+ accid5t71 is "o ( ! niceties ( horticulture4 ,?is is accompli%$ ) great precision & despat*4 ,! apple-tree is />t$ f ! se$4 ,x _c be gr[n freely by means ( cutt+s1 z c ! grape & currant4 ,9 comm]cial practice ! se$s are collect$ mo/ly f cid] mills or f pomace4 ,! se$s may be wa%$ f ! pomace1 all[$ to dry1 & !n mix$ 9 s&1 *>coal1 sawdu/ or o!r mat]ial to prev5t dessication & kept until spr+1 :5 !y are s[n4 ,or1 if ! l& is n s wet 9 w9t] t ! se$ w dr[n or be wa%$ out1 ! se$ 9 ! pomace 7n sep>at$7 may be s[n 9 autumn4 ,! se$s are s[n 9 drills1 aft] ! mann] ( onions or turnips1 "o to two or ev5 ?ree in*es deep4 ,!y g]m9ate readily 9 ! cool ( spr+1 & ! plants %\ld rea* a height ( twelve in*es & m ! fir/ ye>4 ,if ^! plants 7 gr[n directly into be>+ trees1 x is probable t no two trees w\ld produce ! same k9d ( fruit4 ,"s ( ! fruit might be summ] apples1 "s ( x w9t] apples1 "s r$1 yell[ or /rip$1 "s ( x flat1 oblong or sph]ical1 mo/ ( x s\r b p]haps "s ( x sweet4 ,probably e k9d w\ld be inf]ior to ! p>5t /ock or to /&>d v>ieties1 al?\gh !re is a fair *ance t a sup]ior k9d might orig9ate f a field ( su* plants4 ,!re=e1 x is n ! v>iety 7t is1 ! top7 t is want$ 9 ! rais+ ( ^! num]\s plants1 b m]ely ! roots1 on :i* desir$ v>ieties may be gr[n by ! clev] art ( graftage4 ,yet n ev5 all ! roots may be want$1 = ! gr[+ plants may diff] or v>y 9 _! /ature & vigor z well z 9 _! fruit4 ,! discrim9at+ gr[]1 !re=e1 disc>ds ! weak & puny treel+s at ! digg+ "t2 or if ! weak plants seem /ill to h promise1 !y may be all[$ to gr[ ano!r ye> be=e !y are dug = ! graft+4 ,?is digg+ "t is ! autumn ( ! fir/ ye>1 :5 ! plants h gr[n "o season4 ,!y are !n to be us$ z /ocks on :i* to graft ,baldw91 ,w9esap or o!r v>ieties4 ,! gr[+ ( ^! apple /ocks is a bus9ess by itself4 ,=m]ly1 mo/ ( ! /ocks us$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7 import$ f ,france1 :]e special skill has be5 develop$ 9 ! gr[+ ( !m & :]e ! requisite labor is available4 ,b n[ ! /ocks are gr[n also 9 deep ri* bottom l&s ( ! ,middle ,we/1 z 9 ,kansas1 :]e1 9 ! long seasons1 a l>ge gr[? may be atta9$4 ,! me?ods ( graftage ( ! comm]cial apple-tree are two--by cion-graft+ :]eby a bit ( wood ) two or ?ree buds is ins]t$ on ! /ock1 by bud-graft+ 7budd+7 :]eby a s+le bud ) a bit ( b>k atta*$ is ins]t$ "u ! b>k ( ! /ock4 ,cion-graft+ is practic$ 9 w9t] "u cov]4 ,! /ock is cut (f at ! cr[n & ! cion splic$ on x1 or ! root may be cut 9 two or m pieces & ea* piece receive a cion4 ,! union is made by ! :ip-graft me?od 7,fig4 #af74 ,! cion is ti$ securely1 to keep x 9 place4 ,! piece-root me?od is all[able only :5 ! root is long & /rong1 s t a well-root$ plant results ! fir/ ye>4 ,! cion is a cutt+ ( ! la/ ye>'s gr[? 7z ( ,no4 #a1 9 ,fig4 #ad74 ,h[ev] accompli%$1 ! process is to supply ! cion ) roots2 x is plant$ 9 ano!r plant in/ead ( 9 ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,! :ip-graft be=e ty+4 ,! cion-grafts are n[ plant$ 9 ! nurs]y r[ 9 spr+4 ,! cion />ts gr[? rapidly1 only "o %oot be+ all[$ to rema92 ?is %oot =ms ! trunk or bole ( ! future tree4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season1 ! little tree is said to be "o ye> old1 al?\gh ! root is at lea/ two ye>s old2 at ! end ( ! second ye> x is two ye>s old2 ! tree is sometimes sold z a two-ye>-old1 b usually a ye> lat] z a ?ree-ye>-old hav+ a f\r-ye>-old root4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! root & top may be consid]$1 9 a way1 to be ( ! same age1 p>ticul>ly if only a piece ( ! root is employ$1 = ! cion grew on its p>5t tree ! same ye> ! root 0 gr[+ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! tree grew f ! se$ b x is no long] a se$l+ or a natural2 x is n[ a graft$ tree1 de/9$ to produce a nam$ recogniz$ v>iety ( apple1 maybe ,york ,imp]ial1 maybe ,jona?an4 ,we f9d se$l+ trees 9 old fields1 9 f5ce-r[s1 & 9 woods4 ,^! h gr[n f scatt]$ se$s & h come to fruit )\t ! arts ( ! propagator4 ,!y be> _! own tops or heads1 r ?an ! heads t a ?rifty horticulturi/ w\ld h put on !m4 ,n[ & !n su* a tree produces sup]ior fruit2 !n a discrim9at+ pomologi/ discov]s x1 names x a new v>iety1 & propagates x z o!r v>ieties are propagat$4 ,?us h mo/ ( ! priz$ v>ieties orig9at$1 )\t k on ! "p ( man ( ! ultimate processes4 ,b n[ ) ! accumulat+ k ( ! plant-bre$] we hope to be able to =esee & probably to produce v>ieties ( giv5 qualities4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,a bud be=e ty+4 ,bud-graft+ is practic$ 9 summ]4 ,! "y trees1 obta9$ f ! gr[] ( apple /ocks1 are plant$ regul>ly 9 nurs]y r[s 9 spr+1 ! top hav+ be5 cut back to ! cr[n s t a /rong vigor\s %oot w arise4 ,9 ,july & ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 :5 ?is %oot is ! size ( a lead p5cil & l>g] & ! b>k w peel 7or sep>ate f ! wood71 a s+le bud is ins]t$ ne> ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is bud is deftly cut f ! curr5t ye>'s gr[? ( ! desir$ v>iety2 x gr[s 9 ! axil ( a leaf 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! leaf is remov$ b a small "p ( ! /alk or petiole is reta9$ ) ! bud to s]ve z a h&le4 ,a boat-%ap$ or %ield-%ap$ piece ( b>k is remov$ ) ! bud4 ,?is piece1 kn[n te*nically z a bud1 is ins]t$ 9 an incision on ! /ock1 s t x slips und]nea? ! b>k & next ! wood1 ) only ! bud itself %[+ 9 ! slit2 x is !n ti$ 9 place4 ,! /ock on :i* ! bud is ins]t$ has a two-ye> root1 & ! root is entire4 ,= ?is reason1 budd$ trees are usually v l>ge & /rong = _! age :5 comp>$ ) piece-root trees gr[n "u simil> conditions ( climate1 tillage & soil4 ,! bud does n gr[ ! ye> x is ins]t$ 9 ! /ock2 x is dormant until ! foll[+ spr+1 z x w\ld h be5 _h x rema9$ on its p>5t bran*2 b soon aft] x is ins]t$ x atta*es itself fa/ to ! /ock3 x is a bud implant$ f "o twig to ano!r4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 if ! op]ation is successful1 ! bud gr[s1 s5d+ up a /rong %oot t makes ! trunk ( ! future tree4 ,! top ( ! /ock is cut away2 9 ! m]*antable tree1 ! b5d or place may be se5 :]e ! /ock & cion meet4 ,z 9 ! case ( cion-graft+1 we n[ h a top ( a kn[n v>iety gr[+ on ! root ( an unkn[n k9d4 ,! tree is sold at two or ?ree ye>s1 c\nt+ ! age ( ! top2 & ( c\rse ! tree is no long] call$ a se$l+1 & x produces its implant$ v>iety z accurately z does ! cion-graft$ tree4 ,equally good trees are produc$ by bo? cion-graft+ & bud-graft+4 ,! apple-tree is n[ propagat$1 & is ready = ! plant+4 ,great hopes w be built on x1 & ! tree w probably d its "p to ju/ify !m4 ,nobody kn[s h[ a bud f a ,baldw9 tree holds ! memory ( a ,baldw9 or f a ,w9esap tree ! memory ( a ,w9esap4 ,nei!r does anyone "k :y ( two se$s t look alike "o w un]r+ly produce a cabbage & ! o!r a caulifl[]4 ,s accu/om$ are we to ^! results t we nev] *all5ge a twig ( apple or a se$ ( cabbage3 we assume t ! twig or ! se$ kn[s4 ,nor h we yet approa*$ ?is "q 9 our elaborate /udies ( plant-bre$+4 ,"h is "o ( ! my/]ies t baffles ! skill ( ! physiologi/ & *emi/1 yet x is a my/]y s v common t we "k x n1 albeit ! life on ! planet w\ld o!rwise be utt] confusion4 ,,ix ,,! ,,dw>f ,,apple-,,tree ,we h le>n$ t _m k9ds ( apples & apple-trees may come f a bat* ( se$s4 ,diff]5ces are express$ 9 ! tree z well z 9 ! fruit4 ,9 fact1 /ature is usually "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>iety4 ,"h ,i op5 ,d[n+'s great book1 ,! ,fruits & ,fruit-,trees ( ,am]ica1 & f9d ! description ( a c]ta9 v>iety beg9n+3 ,tree :ile "y v sl[ 9 its gr[?1 b makes a compact well-=m$ head 9 ! or*>d1 & ano!r3 ,tree vigor\s1 upright spread+1 & productive4 ,we "k ! small /ature & e>ly be>+ ( ! ,wag5] 7:]e=e x is (t5 plant$ 9 ! or*>d z a fill]71 & ! great wide-spread+ head ( ! ,tompk9s ,k+ ) ! apples scatt]$ ?r\gh ! tree4 ,n[ x s happ5s t 9 ! c\rse ( "t c]ta9 great races ( ! apple-tree h aris51 we d n "k j :y or h[4 ,!re is ! race or family ( ! russets & ( ! ,fameuse4 ,s are !re sev]al races v small 9 /ature1 rema9+ p]haps no l>g] ?an bu%es4 ,if we 7 to propagate any ( ! ord9>y apples on su* dim9utive /ocks1 we %\ld h a dw>f apple-tree4 ,! dw>f apple1 !n1 is n a "q ( v>iety b ( /ock4 ,any v>iety may be gr[n z a dw>f by graft+ x on a plant t naturally rema9s small1 al?\gh "s v>ieties are m adaptable ?an o!rs to ! purpose4 ,if se$s ( ! natural dim9utive apple-tree are s[n1 a v>iety ( trees & apples may be expect$4 ,! fruits w\ld probably be inf]ior4 ,probably ! /ature w\ld v>y betwe5 diff]5t se$l+s4 ,if we are to get ! effect ( dw>fness1 we mu/ be sure t ! /ock is itself really dw>f4 ,!re=e1 to elim9ate v>iation & also because se$s ( natural dw>f apples may n be _h 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! /ocks are propagat$ by lay]s r ?an by se$s4 ,! dim9utive tree1 :5 well e/abli%$1 is cut (f ne> ! gr\nd4 ,spr\ts arise4 ,"s k9ds suck] v freely4 ,if e>? is m\nd$ up ar\nd ! spr\ts1 roots =m on !m & ! spr\ts may be remov$ & treat$ z if !y 7 se$l+ /ocks4 ,usually ! m\nd+ is n p]=m$ until ! %oots h made "o season's gr[?4 ,gooseb]ries & "s o!r plants are (t5 propagat$ by m\nd-lay]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! gooseb]ry1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ t ! lay] reproduce ! p>5t--x may be ,d[n+ or ,:itesmi?--& !re=e x is plant$ )\t fur!r manipulation4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! apple1 we d n want ! lay] to reproduce ! p>5t1 = ! p>5t w\ld probably be> an inf]ior fruit s9ce x does n repres5t an improv$ or recogniz$ v>iety2 !re=e ! lay] is graft$ or budd$ ) ! p>ticul> v>iety we desire to gr[ z a dw>f tree4 ,dw>f trees are gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 if at all1 only 9 g>d5s1 :]e extra att5tion may be giv5 !m4 ,only high-class k9ds %\ld be attempt$ on dw>fs1 = ! quantity-production ( comm]cial apples mu/ be obta9$ by less int5sive me?ods on *eap] l&s4 ,bett] fruits (t5 are gr[n on dw>f ?an on /&>ds1 = two reasons3 ,x is usual to propagate only ! be/ v>ieties on dw>f /ock2 ! little tree mu/ receive extra c>e 9 prun+ & 9 e o!r way4 ,its bu%el ( apples mu/ be *oice1 e "o1 to make ! ef=t ( gr[+ ! tree wor? ! :ile4 ,"u ,european conditions :]e l& is high-pric$ & labor has be5 relatively *eap1 x is possible 7& common7 to raise apples on dw>fs = m>ket1 z x is pr(itable to t]race ! hillsides ) human labor2 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! conditions are practically ! rev]se & ! dw>f tree _c compete ) ! /&>d or*>d tree4 ,! gr[+ ( a dw>f tree is ess5tially a g>d5+ practice4 ,x requires great skill4 ,! spurs are produc$ & protect$ to a nicety4 ,e fruit may be ! sep>ate product ( h&work4 ,! f]tiliz+1 mul*+1 wat]+1 are c>efully regulat$ = e tree4 ,(t5 ! trees are tra9$ on cordons1 espali]s1 trellises or walls4 ,! individual fruits may be ti$ up or bagg$4 ,all ?is is v diff]5t f ! rais+ ( apples by means ( tractors & o!r ma*9]y1 gangs ( prun]s & pick]s1 broadside ext5sive me?ods1 ) highly organiz$ sy/ems ( h&l+ & m>ket+1 9 all ( :i* ! money-measure is ! *ief consid]ation4 ,x is = all ^! reasons t ! gr[+ ( a few dw>f apple-trees may af=d su* intimate satisfaction to a c>eful man :o prizes ! result ( 8 skill4 ,! dw>fs are gr[n z little trees bran*+ ne> ! gr\nd1 head$ 9 at top & side & kept )9 %ape & b\nds4 ,if !y are ( ! dw>fe/ dw>fs & n tra9$ on trellis or wall 7z !y usually are n 9 ,am]ica71 ! fruit may be ga!r$ by a man /&+ on ! gr\nd1 ev5 f old trees4 ,! dw>fs are plant$ eight to t5 feet ap>t :5 gr[n 9 regul> plantation4 ,be x said t c]ta9 k9ds ( /ocks produce trees only semi-dw>f2 & 9 all cases if ! tree is plant$ s deep t roots /rike f ! cion1 ! top w probably outgr[ ! /ock1 be+ suppli$ 9 "p or ev5 entirely by its own roots4 ,?is br+s u to a consid]ation ( "s ( ! k9ds ( dw>f /ocks1 or dw>f races ( ! apple-tree4 ,be x said1 9 und]/&+ ( ! subject1 t !re are naturally dw>f =ms ( _m plants1 & probably all ord9>y plants are capable ( produc+ !m4 ,?us !re are v compact cond5s$ =ms ( arbor-vitae1 ,norway spruce1 pea*-tree4 ,^! h orig9at$ z se$ sports & are multipli$ by cutt+s4 ,s are !re dw>f tomatoes1 dw>f ,*9a a/]s1 dw>f sweet peas1 all com+ m or less true f se$s1 = ^! species 7( %ort g5]ations7 h be5 br$ to reproduce _! v>iations4 ,! inquir] mu/ n suppose1 !re=e1 t ! races ( dw>f apple-trees are an anomally 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( two classes or races ( dw>f apple-trees1 ! ,p>adise & ! ,d\c94 ,! =m] k9ds are ! small]1 ! trees on _! own roots sometimes rea*+ n m ?an f\r feet 9 height at full be>+ maturity4 ,on ! ,p>adise /ocks1 ! graft$ apple-tree is v small2 x is a true dw>f4 ,! ,d\c9 trees are by nature l>g]1 & apples graft$ on !m make semi-dw>f trees1 midway 9 /ature betwe5 ! real dw>fs & ! common /&>d or free apple-trees4 ,! case is n s simple1 h[ev]1 z ?is brief /atem5t w\ld make x appe>4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( ,p>adise /ock1 z also ( ,d\c94 ,if "o 7 to br+ toge!r liv+ plants ( all ! k9ds ( natural dw>fs & semi-dw>fs t c\ld be f\nd 9 nurs]ies & gr[+ collections1 "o w\ld und\bt$ly f9d a ne>ly complete s]ies1 s f> z /ature ( tree is conc]n$1 f ! v dw>f to ! full-siz$ /&>d tree4 ,to say t a p]son is gr[+ graft$ dw>f apple-trees does n signify h[ l>ge ! trees may be expect$ to gr[1 = "o may n "k ! p>ticul> k9d ( /ocks on :i* ! v>iety is graft$4 ,9 fact1 x is consid]$ ev5 9 ,europe1 :]e dw>f apples are *iefly gr[n1 t ! prop] id5tification ( dw>f /ocks is /ill a subject = c>eful inve/igation4 ,:5 ! ,p>adise dw>fs fir/ came into exi/5ce is undet]m9$4 ,!y appe> to h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! _m races1 z ! ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,metz1 ,nonsu*1 ,broad-leav$1 indicate an anci5t orig94 ,we _c be too c]ta9 :at apple-trees 7 meant 9 ! e>ly ref]5ces to ! ,p>adise apple4 ,! fruits ( ! pres5t natural ,p>adise apple-trees are n suffici5tly attractive to ju/ify u 9 consid]+ !m ! ,tree ( ,p>adise or apple ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 :i* circum/ance is suppos$ by "s to acc\nt = ! "n4 ,p>adise 0 orig9ally a p>k or pleasure gr\nd1 appli$ also to ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & lat] to horticultural g>d5s4 ,john ,p>k9son wrote 8 great treatise on horticulture1 #afbi1 "u ! title1 ,p>adisi 9 ,sole ,p>adisus t]re/ris2 or1 a ,*oice ,g>d5 ( all ,sorts ( ,r>e/ ,fl[]s1 etc4 ,n[ we use ! ^w = g>d5s ( bliss4 ,! ^w ,d\c91 f ! ,italian1 is suppos$ orig9ally to h designat$ apples ( sweet flavor1 b x n[ applies te*nically to a class or race ( semi-dw>f apple-trees4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is little book1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ 9 ! dw>f apple c5t]s n s mu* 9 ! orig9 ( ! /ock z 9 ! natural-hi/ory ( ! tree itself & ! good skill ( h& & he>t t "o may exp5d 9 ! gr[+ ( x4 ,if "o w\ld come close to a plant1 kn[+ x intimately 9 e season1 caus+ x to respond to sympa!tic treatm5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 !n a g>d5 collection ( dw>f apples may satisfy ! desire4 ,x is too bad t we d n h "t to cultivate ! dw>fs (t5 9 ! y>ds & g>d5s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,we are m famili> ) ! rais+ ( dw>f pe>s 7:i* are graft$ on qu9ce /ocks s9ce !re is no simil> race ( natural dw>f pe>-tree71 b we d n give !m ! ?umb-&-f+] c>e t is dem&$ = ! *oice/ results4 ,! abundance ( apples 9 ! m>ket %\ld only /imulate ! desire ( ! connoisseur to h trees & fruits t are :olly p]sonal4 ,! m>ket produce c nev] gratify ! affections4 ,x ,,:5ce ,,comes ,,! ,,apple-,,tree8 ,if ! dw>f apple-tree goes back to ! ,middle ,ages & p]haps f>!r1 !n :5ce comes ! apple orig9ally8 ,no "o c surely answ]4 ,c>boniz$ apples are f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! prehi/oric lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l&4 ,:5 record$ hi/ory beg9s1 apples 7 well kn[n & widely di/ribut$4 ,! apple-tree is wild 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 b x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r1 9 a giv5 region1 x is indig5\s or has run wild f cultivation4 ,wild apple-trees are common 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b no "o supposes t ! or*>d apple is native "h4 ,exp]t op9ion g5]ally consid]s t ! apple is native 9 ! region ( ! ,caspian ,sea & probably 9 s\!a/]n ,europe4 ,p]haps x _h spread we/w>d be=e ! ,aryan migrations4 ,x _h also probably spread ea/w>d1 b x is n a cultivat$ fruit 9 ,*9a & ,japan except app>5tly z introduc$ 9 rec5t "t4 ,! apple is ess5tially a fruit ( c5tral & nor!rn ,europe1 & ( ,european migration & settlem5t4 ,x is a f]tile retrospect to conceive ( ! apple z an att5dant ( ! c\rse ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,)\t voice & leav+ no record1 x has nev]!less foll[$ man 9 8 w&]+s1 enc\rag$ 8 atta9m5t ( p]man5t habitations1 succor$ him 9 8 em]g5cies4 ,:at ! apple has contribut$ to su/5ance c nev] be kn[n1 b we are aw>e t x yields its fruit abundantly1 t x ?rives 9 widely unlike regions & conditions1 t ! tree has ! rugg$ness to endure sev]e climates & to provide food t c be /or$ & transport$4 ,9 ! ages x mu/ h /ood gu>d at _m a rude camp & fireside4 ,x w\ld be fasc9at+ to "k :at ! apple-tree has witness$4 ,^! e>ly apples mu/ h be5 v crude fruits measur$ by ! produce ( ! pres5t day4 ,b o!r food 0 crude & man 0 crude4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians f\nd ! apple to be wor? _! ef=t2 rema9s ( "s ( ! s-call$ ,indian or*>ds ( ! ,five ,nations 9 ,new ,york p]si/$ until ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,^! 7 se$l+ apple-trees1 gr[n f ! /ocks introduc$ by ! :ite man4 ,! ,fr5* mission>ies are said to h c>ri$ ! apple f> into ! int]ior1 & e>ly settl]s took se$s ) !m4 ,! leg5ds & records ( ,johnny ,applese$1 s[+ ! se$s z he w5t1 are /ill famili>4 ,my fa!r1 l o!r pione]s1 took se$s f ! old ,new ,engl& trees into ! wild]ness ( ! ,we/2 ! result+ trees 7 top-graft$1 "s ( !m z late z my "t2 ,i c rememb] ! apples "s ( ^! se$l+ trees bore1 ! l ( :i* ,i h nev] se5 aga91 probably poor apples if we _h !m 9 ?is day b to a boy at ! edge ( ! =e/ ! v ess5ce ( goodness4 ,z e>ly z #afci1 apples _h be5 pick$ f trees plant$ on ,gov]nor's ,isl& 9 ,bo/on h>bor4 ,gov]nor ,john ,endicott ( ,massa*usetts ,colony _h an apple-tree nurs]y 9 ! e>ly day2 9 #afdd he says t five hundr$ ( 8 trees 7 de/roy$ by fire4 ,s ! apple came e>ly to be a /&by on ! new cont95t4 ,! apples ( ! coloni/s 7 n all = eat+1 b = dr9k+4 ,! butts & b>rels ( cid] put 9 cell>s 9 ! e>ly times seem to u mo/ surpris+4 ,h]e9 are sugge/ions ( old social cu/oms t might lead u into int]e/+ hi/orical excursions4 ,! olde/ book ,i possess on ! apple is ,v9etum ,britannicum3 or1 a ,treatise ( ,cid]1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afgf2 x treats also ( o!r bev]ages made f fruits & ( ! newly-inv5t$ +5io or mill1 = ! m exp$iti\s & bett] mak+ ( cid]4 ,! gradual *ange 9 cu/oms1 :]eby ! eat+ ( ! apple 7r ?an ! dr9k+ ( x7 has come to be p>am\nt1 is a significant developm5t2 ! use ( apple-juice may n[ proce$ on ano!r basis1 on ! pr9ciple ( pres]vation & pa/eurization r ?an ( f]m5tation4 ,x is ! cu/om to call ! apple ,pyrus ,malus4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 by ! great ,l9naeus1 ) :om ! mod]n accurate nam+ ( plants & animals beg9s4 ,! nom5clature ( plants />ts ) 8 ,species ,plant>um1 #agec4 ,pyrus is ! g5us or gr\p compris+ ! pe>s & apples1 & ,l9naeus includ$ ! qu9ce2 ,malus is ,lat9 = ! apple-tree4 ,toge!r ! names repres5t g5us & species1--! malus ,pyrus4 ,^! /atem5ts are easy en\gh to make1 b x is impossible to demon/rate :e!r ! common pomological apples are d]iv$ f "o orig9al species or f two or m4 ,_m te*nical botanical names h be5 giv5 9 ! gr\p1 b we ne$ n pause ) !m "h4 ,x is en\gh = our purpose to "k t ! natural-hi/ory ( ! apple1 z ( any?+ else t runs to "t immemorial1 passes at ! end into obscurity4 ,we seem nev] to rea* ! ultimate orig9s or to f9d an end to our que/s4 ,!re are o!r apples ?an ! common pomological or*>d types4 ,!re are ! crabs4 ,9 g5]al usage1 ! ^w crab designates an apple t is small1 s\r & crabb$4 ,su* apples are wild+s or se$l+s4 ,!y are m]ely depreciat$ =ms ( ,pyrus ,malus1 & probably mu* l ! fir/ apples kn[n to man4 ,:at are kn[n to horticulturi/s z crab-apples1 h[ev]1 are o!r species ( ,pyrus1 ( diff]5t "* & orig94 ,we ne$ n pause ) ! discussion ( !m1 except to say t ! commone/ k9ds are ! little long-/emm$ fruits ( ,pyrus baccata 7b]ry ,pyrus71 native 9 ea/]n ,europe & ,sib]ia4 ,^! are ! ,sib]ian crabs4 ,! leaves & twigs are smoo?1 & ! calyx falls away f ! fruit1 leav+ a b>e blossom end4 ,^! little h>d h&some fruits are us$ 9 ! mak+ ( cons]ves4 ,c]ta9 l>g] crab-apples1 9 :i* ! blossom end is n clean or b>e1 z ! ,transc5d5t & ,hyslop1 are probably hybrids betwe5 ! true crabs & ! common apple2 ?is class provides ! ma9 crab-apples ( ! m>kets4 ,:5 ! settl]s came to ! c\ntry we/ & s\? ( ,new ,engl&1 !y f\nd ano!r k9d ( crab-apples 9 ! woods1 truly native4 ,! fruits 7 h>d & s\r1 b !y c\ld be buri$ to rip54 ,! trees are mu* l a ?orn-apple1--l[1 spread+1 twiggy1 ?orny2 b ! p9k-:ite l>ge fragrant fl[]s are v diff]5t4 ,! wild crab-apple 0 call$ ,pyrus coron>ia by ,l9naeus1 ! g>l& ,pyrus4 ,on ! prairies is ano!r species1 ,pyrus io5sis2 x yields a *>m+ d\ble-fl[]$ =m1 ,be*tel's crab4 ,9 ! ,s\? are o!r species4 ,9 fact1 ,p4 coron>ia itself may n be a s+le species4 ,^! wild crabs run into _m =ms4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,mississippi & prairie c\ntry are native apples good en\gh to be introduc$ into cultivation "u v>ietal names4 ,^! are ,pyrus ,s\l>dii1 a species be>+ ! "n ( ,j4 ,g4 ,s\l>d1 ,ill9ois horticulturi/4 ,^! crab-apples are probably natural hybrids betwe5 ,pyrus ,malus & ! prairie crab1 ,p4 io5sis4 ,_h !re be5 no ,european apple to be introduc$ by coloni/s1 x is probable t improv$ =ms w\ld h be5 evolv$ f ! native species4 ,9 t ev5t1 ,nor? ,am]ican pomology w\ld h _h a v diff]5t "*4 ,!re rema9s a v diff]5t class ( apple-trees1 gr[n only = ornam5t & usually kn[n z fl[]+ apples4 ,!y are mo/ly native 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,!y are small trees1 or ev5 almo/ bu%es1 ) pr(use h&some fl[]s & "s ( !m ) v ornam5tal little fruits4 ,!y h come to ?is c\ntry l>gely f ,japan :]e !y are gr[n = decoration1 z ! *]ries ( ,japan are gr[n n = fruit b = _! fl[]s1 be+ ( v diff]5t species f ! *]ries ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! common apple itself yields v>ieties gr[n only = ornam5t1 z "o ) v>iegat$ leaves1 "o ) d\ble fl[]s1 & "o ) droop+ bran*es4 ,^! are kn[n mo/ly 9 ,europe2 b ^! =ms d n comp>e 9 int]e/ ) ! h&some species ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,all ^! diff]+ species ( ! apple-tree multiply ! int]e/ & hold ! att5tion 9 _m c\ntries4 ,!y make ! apple-tree gr\p "o ( ! mo/ widespread & adaptable ( temp]ate-region trees4 ,x w be se5 t !re are ?ree families ( !m1--! ,eurasian family1 f :i* come ! pomological apples2 ! ,nor? ,am]ican family1 :i* has yield$ little cultivat$ mat]ial2 ! ,ea/-,asian family1 abundant 9 highly ornam5tal k9ds4 ,!re are no apple-trees native 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! apple-tree1 tak5 9 its g5]al s5se1 has a broad mean+4 ,:at may be accompli%$ by bre$+ & hybridiz+ is beyond imag9ation4 ,,xi ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,apple ,e se$l+ ( ! pomological apples is a new v>iety4 ,"s ( ^! se$l+s are s good t !y are nam$ & introduc$ into cultivation4 ,!y are graft$ on o!r /ocks1 & become "p ( ! great inh]itance ( desirable apples4 ,x is to be expect$ t 9 ! long processes ( "t 9 _m c\ntries ! numb] ( v>ieties w accumulate to high numb]s4 ,no "o kn[s all ! k9ds t h be5 nam$ & propagat$1 b !y run into _m ?\s&s4 ,no "o book conta9s !m all1 al?\gh "s ( ! manuals are volum9\s4 ,v>ieties drop out ( exi/5ce1 be+ no long] propagat$2 new v>ieties come 94 ,s ! li/s ( v>ieties gradually *ange4 ,a li/ ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago w\ld conta9 _m names /range to u4 ,?us1 ( ! sixty apples 9 ,a ,select ,li/ ( ,fruit-,trees by ,b]n>d ,m',mahon1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,am]ican ,g>d5]'s ,cal5d>1 9 #ahjf1 n m ?an six or eight w\ld be und]/&able to a plant] ( ! pres5t day4 ,) ! /&>diz+ ( practices 9 ! comm]cial gr[+ ( fruits1 ! t5d5cy is to r$uce ! numb] ( v>ieties to small proportions2 x is ^! v>ieties t ! nurs]ym5 propagate4 ,"h & !re ov] ! c\ntry are /ill trees ( ! extra-quality b uncomm]cial v>ieties kn[n to a =m] g5]ation4 ,if ! amateur n[ wants to gr[ ^! v>ieties1 he mu/ f9d cions z be/ he c by pati5t correspond5ce1 & graft !m on 8 own trees4 ,:5 ,i plant$ an or*>d tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ,i f\nd cions ( ,jeff]is "h1 ( ,dy] !re1 ( ,"m1 ,swa> & ,*5ango 9 o!r places4 ,9 ! enl>g$ edition ( ,d[n+'s ,fruits & ,fruit-,trees ( ,am]ica1 #ahgb1 are descriptions ( #ahef v>ieties1 ( :i* #ajii are ,am]ican 9 orig91 #ehe =eign1 #agb ( orig9 unkn[n4 ,! li/s are n only mu* small] 9 ^! days1 b ! =eign elem5t t5ds to pass out4 ,) ! introduction ( ! ,russian apples = ! cold ,nor? 9 ! latt] "p ( ! pa/ c5tury1 ! importation ( =eign v>ieties practically ceas$1 z x ceas$ also = ! pe>s at an e>li] date ) ! introductions ( ,mann+1 ,wild] & o!rs4 ,! epo* ( ! te/+ ( v>ieties pass$ away1 & ) x has gone an appreciative attitude t[>d fruits & ev5 t[>d life t con/itutes a sad lack 9 our day4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago 7#ahib7 ,i compil$ an inv5tory ( all ! v>ieties ( apple-trees sold 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z li/$ 9 ! n9ety-five nurs]ym5's catalogues t came to my h&4 ,! inv5tory conta9s #hgh v>ieties4 ,9 ! pres5t ye>1 h[ev]1 p]haps n m ?an #ajj v>ieties are h&l$ by nurs]ym5 9 ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probably ! deal] & gr[] w\ld consid] ev5 ?is small numb] mu* too great4 ,! highly develop$ /&>diz$ bus9ess ( ! pres5t day1 aim+ at quantity-production1 naturally r$uces ! v>iety ( products1 :e!r 9 manufactur+ or horticulture1 & aims at uni=mity4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is lead]%ip1 we are los+ _m ( ! old products1 v>ieties ( apples among ! re/4 ,:y d we ne$ s _m k9ds ( apples8 ,because !re are s _m folks4 ,a p]son has a "r to gratify 8 legitimate ta/es4 ,if he wants tw5ty or =ty k9ds ( apples = 8 p]sonal use1 runn+ f ,e>ly ,h>ve/ to ,roxbury ,russet1 he %\ld be accord$ ! privilege4 ,"s place %\ld be provid$ :]e he may obta9 trees or cions4 ,!re is m]it 9 v>iety itself4 ,x provides m po9ts ( contact ) life1 & leads away f uni=mity & monotony4 ,! lead+ v>ieties ( apples1 t h become dom9ant ov] wide regions1 h be5 great b5efactors to man4 ,! orig9al tree %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ till ! la/1 by hi/orical or o!r societies2 & !n a monum5t %\ld be plac$ at ! spot4 ,monum5ts h be5 erect$ to ! ,baldw91 ,nor!rn ,spy1 ,mc,intosh & o!r apples4 ,we %\ld nev] lose our t\* ) ! orig9s ( m51 ev5ts1 notable a*ievem5ts1 out/&+ products ( nature4 ,i fe> x is n[ a habit ) _m fruit-gr[]s to m9imize ! int]e/ 9 v>ieties1 plac+ ! emphasis on tillage1 spray+ & managem5t ( plantations4 ,yet1 ! only reason :y we exp5d all ! labor is t we may gr[ a giv5 k9d ( apple2 ! v>iety is ! f9al purpose4 ,9 ?is little book we _c discuss v>ieties at l5g?4 ,!re are special books on ?is fasc9at+ subject4 ,b we may h be=e u a compil$ li/ by way ( int]e/+ sugge/ion4 ,! li/ is sort$ f ! ,catalogue ( ,fruits ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 #aija1 ! la/ ye> 9 :i* ! catalogue 0 publi%$ ) quality rat$ on a scale ( #aj4 ,on su* a scale1 ,b5 ,davis ranks #d-e2 ,baldw91 #e-f2 ,weal?y & ,york ,imp]ial1 #f-g2 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 #g-h2 ,nor!rn ,spy1 #h-i2 ,yell[ ,newt[n 7,alb]m>le ,pipp97 #i-aj4 ,!re is no apple 9 ! entire catalogue ( #cbd k9ds 7n includ+ crab-apples7 rat$ :olly l[] ?an #d 9 quality except "o alone & ?is is gr[n = cid] only1 al?\gh sev]al v>ieties ( m9or importance be> ! m>ks #c-d4 ,only two v>ieties are rat$ exclusively #aj1 ! ,g>d5 ,royal1 a ,massa*usetts summ]-fall apple1 little kn[n to plant]s1 & ! famili> ,esopus ,spitz5b]g4 ,( c\rse judgm5ts diff] widely 9 ^! matt]s1 z !re are no inflexible crit]ia = ! scor+ ( quality2 yet ?is ext5sive li/ is probably our s\nde/ approa* to ! subject4 ,! v>ieties 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society are />r$ if kn[n to succe$ 9 a giv5 di/rict & d\ble-/>r$ if highly successful4 ,nor? ,am]ica is ?r[n into n9ete5 di/ricts = ! purposes ( ?is catalogue 7:i* comprises o!r fruits besides apples74 ,= our purposes we may comb9e !m into six m or less indef9ite great regions3 n4 e41 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! c\ntry1 ,delaw>e & ,p5nsylvania to ea/]n ,canada2 s4 e41 ! p>ts s\? ( ?is area & mo/ly ea/ ( ! ,mississippi2 n4 c41 nor? c5tral1 f ,kansas & ,miss\ri nor?2 s4 w41 ,texas to ,arizona2 mt41 ! m\nta9 /ates ( ! ,rockies we/ to ! ,si]ras1 includ+ ( c\rse mu* high pla9s c\ntry2 pac41 ! ,pacific slope1 ,wa%+ton to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,( ! v>ieties />r$ & d\ble-/>r$ 9 ^! v>i\s geographical regions !re are #ajg2 ^! are li/$ h]e)4 ,( c\rse ! int]v5+ tw5ty ye>s might *ange ! rat+ ( "s ( ^! apples1 o!r v>ieties h come to ! front1 & c]ta9 ones ( ^! old] wor?ies are rec$+ /ill fur!r into ! backgr\nd2 b ! exhibit is sugge/ive none ! less4 ,arkansas--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,bailey 7,sweet7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,bak]--n4e4 ,baldw9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt41 s4w41 pac4 ,bea*--s4e4 ,belle ,bonne--n4e4 ,b5 ,davis--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,bietigheim]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,bl$soe--s4e4 ,bl5heim--n4e41 n4c4 ,blue ,pe>ma9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,b\gh1 ,sweet--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,bryan--s4e41 mt4 ,buck+ham--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,canada ,re9ette--n4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,clayton--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,clyde--n4e41 n4c4 ,cogswell--n4e4 ,coop]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,crack+--s4e41 n4c4 ,doyle--s4e4 ,e>ly ,p5nock--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,esopus 7,spitz5burg7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,ewalt--n4e41 s4e41 mt4 ,fallawat]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,fall ,h>vey--n4e41 mt4 ,fall ,j5net+--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,fall ,orange--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,fall ,pipp9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,fanny--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w4 ,f>r>--s4e4 ,f\ndl+--n4e4 ,gano--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,gilb]t--s4e4 ,gold+--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,grav5/e9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt41 s4w41 pac4 ,hagloe--n4e41 s4e4 ,hoov]--s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,hopewell--n4c4 ,horse--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,hubb>d/on--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w4 ,hunge--s4e4 ,huntsman--s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,i%am 7,sweet7--n4c4 ,jacobs ,sweet--n4e4 ,k5t--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,k]nodle--s4e4 ,lady ,sweet--n4e41 mt4 ,lank=d--n4e41 s4e4 ,lawv]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,lilly 7( ,k5t7--n4e4 ,l[e--s4e4 ,l[ell--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,mc,afee--n4e41 s4e1 mt4 ,mc,culler--s4e4 ,mc,mahon--n4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,magog--n4e4 ,mav]ack--s4e4 ,milwaukee--n4c4 ,m9i/]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,monm\?--s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,newell--n4c4 ,nickajack--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,nor!rn ,spy--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,nor?we/]n 7,gre5+7--n4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,oconee--n4e41 s4e4 ,ohio ,nonp>eil--n4e41 s4e4 ,ohio ,pipp9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,ortley--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,p>agon--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,patt5 7,gre5+7--n4c4 ,pease--n4e4 ,peck 7,pleasant7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,pet]--n4c4 ,pewaukee--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,port]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,pumpk9 ,sweet--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,qu9ce--n4e41 n4c4 ,ramsdell 7,sweet7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,rhode ,isl& 7,gre5+7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,ridge 7,pipp97--n4e4 ,rolfe--n4e4 ,rome--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,/>k--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,/>key--n4e41 s4e4 ,/ayman ,w9esap--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,/]l+--n4e41 n4c4 ,summ] ,k+--n4e41 s4e4 ,swa>--n4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,taunton--s4e4 ,titovka--n4e41 mt4 ,tompk9s ,k+--n4e41 s4e41 mt41 pac4 ,tw5ty ,ounce--n4e41 s4e41 s4w41 mt4 ,utt]--n4c4 ,vanhoy--n4e41 s4e4 ,virg9ia ,gre5+--s4e41 mt4 ,wa%+ton 7,/rawb]ry7--n4e41 s4e41 mt4 ,watson--s4e4 ,:ite ,pipp9--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,w9e--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,wi/al--s4e41 s4w4 ,wolf ,riv]--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]--n4e41 s4e41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,yell[ ,newt[n--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,yopp--s4e4 ,york ,imp]ial--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4 ,!re are _m odd v>ieties ( apple n f\nd 9 any li/ b ab\t :i* que/ions are likely to arise4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,sweet-&-,s\r4 ,!re is an old ribb$ v>iety ( ?is "n1 ! ribs hav+ an acid fle% & ! furr[s sweeti%2 x is little kn[n & ( no special value4 ,apples are sometimes f\nd t are sweeti% on "o side & s\ri% on ! o!r4 ,! reasons = ?is k9d ( v>iation are no m und]/ood ?an are ^? responsible = v>iance 9 color or %ape or durability4 ,"o yet sometimes he>s ! pleasant fable t sweet-&-s\r apples are produc$ by splitt+ ! bud :5 ! tree 0 propagat$4 ,! ,surprise is a small :iti% apple ) light r$ fle%4 ,x is inde$ a surprise to bite into su* an apple1 b x has little m]it4 ,x is an e>ly w9t] v>iety4 ,"o is frequ5tly ask$ ab\t ! ,%eepnose apple1 p>ticul>ly by old] p :o rememb] x f e>ly days & :o deplore its infrequ5cy 9 ^! latt] times4 ,! %eepnose %ape--long-conical--is an infrequ5t v>iation1 z apples g1 & app>5tly none ( ^! =ms *ances to h suffici5t m]it to keep x 9 ! li/s4 ,! "n is (t5 appli$ to ! ,black ,gillifl[]1 an old apple m ?an ?ree in*es long1 d>k r$1 ( light weight p]haps because ( ! l>ge core1 rip5+ late 9 autumn to midw9t]4 ,x seems to be specially priz$ by *ildr51 p]haps 9 "p because ( its unusual %ape & 9 "p by its aromatic fragrance2 b x is n a high-class apple1 & is n[ little se54 ,) ! ,rambo1 ,v&ev]e1 "s ( ! russets1 ,e>ly ,h>ve/1 ,j]sey ,sweet & o!r old wor?ies1 x probably w pass away unless rescu$ "h & !re by ! amateur4 ,to ! lov] ( *oice fruit no?+ is old2 e succe$+ crop is z *oice & new z is ! new ye> itself1 & "o waits = x aga9 & aga94 ,"o he>s ( se$less & no-core apples1 z also ( pe>s4 ,! core is pres5t b greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 & ! se$s may be few & small4 ,i h also rais$ practically se$less tomatoes4 ,all ^! are infrequ5t v>iations t may be propagat$ by asexual p>ts 7cutt+s1 cions71 b z yet none ( !m has any out/&+ value4 ,! read] w n[ ask me ab\t ! wat]-core apples1 s mu* s\ght & priz$ by y\ng/]s4 ,! wat]-core is n *>act]i/ic ( a v>iety1 al?\gh occurr+ 9 "s v>ieties m frequ5tly ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is a physiological condition1 suppos$ to be associat$ ) a relatively l[ transpiration 7evaporation7 s t excess wat] is held 9 ! fruit4 ,9 c]ta9 seasons ?is condition is m>k$1 & also 9 cl\dy regions & (t5 on "y trees t h an ov]-supply ( moi/ure4 ,yet su* cores occur 9 old trees & sometimes ) m or less regul>ity4 ,:at ! physiological inability may be 9 su* cases to dispose ( excess moi/ure appe>s to be undet]m9$4 ,n[ & !n "o f9ds a d\ble apple1 ) two fruits gr[n solidly toge!r1 two blossom ends & a s+le /em4 ,a se$l+ tree ,i knew z a boy bore su* apples frequ5tly1 sometimes a score ( !m among ! crop ( ! ye>4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a mal=mation or t]atological /ate4 ,app>5tly two fl[]s coalesce to =m ^! fruits4 ,on ! tree ( :i* ,i speak1 ! two fruits 7 ab\t equal 9 size1 mak+ a l>ge1 wid5$1 edible apple1 b ,i h kn[n ( o!r cases 9 :i* a dim9utive undevelop$ fruit is atta*$ to ! side ( a normal "o4 ,p]haps ! odde/ ( !m all is ! ,bloomless apple4 ,x is said to h no fl[]s4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! fl[]s are pres5t b !y lack %[y petals & are !re=e n conspicu\s4 ,! bloomless apple is a mon/r\s /ate1 ! cause ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,n[ & !n a tree is report$4 ,x 0 describ$ at lea/ z long ago z #agfh1 & 9 #aggj ,mu5*haus5 call$ x ,pyrus apetala 7! petalless pyrus74 ,! fl[]s h no /am5s1 & app>5tly !y are poll9at$ f any o!r apples 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9 #aghe1 ,mo5* describ$ x z ,pyrus dioica 7! dioeci\s pyrus1 sexes sep>at$ on diff]5t plants74 ,! ov>y is also mal=m$1 hav+ six or sev5 & sometimes probably m cells1 & be>+ t5 to fifte5 /yles4 ,! result+ fruit has a core "* unkn[n 9 o!r apples b approa*$ 9 c]ta9 apple-l fruits1 z ! m$l>4 ,! fruit has a hole or op5+ f ! calyx 7:i* is op57 into ! core2 & ! core is r\ghly d\ble1 "o s]ies above ! o!r4 ,! fruit1 9 su* specim5s z ,i h se5 or read ab\t1 has no horticultural m]it2 b x is a curiosity ( great botanical int]e/4 ,x appe>s n[ & !n 9 widely sep>at$ places1 ! trees probably hav+ orig9at$ z *ance se$l+s4 ,! fruits f ! diff]5t orig9ations are n always ! same 9 size & =m1 b ! fl[]s app>5tly all h ! same mal=m$ "*4 ,! apple is preem95tly ! home fruit4 ,x is n transitory4 ,x spans e season4 ,9 an indiff]5t cell> ,i keep apples till apples come aga94 ,! apple /&s up1 keeps well on ! table4 ,*ildr5 may h&le x4 ,9 color & =m x satisfies any ta/e4 ,its rondure is p]fect4 ,! cavity is deep1 graceful & well m\ld$1 hold+ ! good /em securely4 ,! bas9 is a natural summit & t]m9ation ( ! curvatures1 br++ all ! l9es toge!r1 f9i%+ !m 9 ! ornam5ts ( ! rema9+ calyx4 ,! fruit adapts itself to ! h&4 ,! f+]s close pleasantly ov] x1 fitt+ its figure4 ,x has a solid feel4 ,! fle% ( a good apple is crisp1 break+1 melt+1 coolly acid or mildly sweet4 ,x has a fracture1 z "o bites x1 possess$ by no o!r fruit4 ,"o likes to feel ! snap & break ( x4 ,!re is a /ability ab\t x t satisfies2 x holds its %ape till ! la/ bite4 ,"o likes to l+] on an apple1 to sit by a fireside to eat x1 to mun* x wait+ on a log :5 !re is no hurry1 to h ano!r apple ) :i* to invite a fri5d4 ,n[ ,i am n ?9k+ ( ! ,b5 ,davis apple or any ( its k9d4 ,i d n want to be doom$ to "o v>iety ( apple1 or ev5 to half a doz5 k9ds1 & p>ticul>ly ,i d n want a poor "o4 ,!re are en\gh good apples1 if we c get !m4 ,! days ( ! amateur fruit-gr[]s seem to be pass+4 ,at lea/ we d n he> mu* ( !m 9 society or 9 _m ( ! meet+s ( horticulturi/s4 ,!re may be _m reasons1 b two are evid5t3 we give ! public indiff]5t fruits1 & !reby nei!r educate ! ta/e or /imulate ! desire = m2 we d n provide !m places f :i* !y c get plants ( _m ( ! *oice/ ?+s4 ,yet on a good amateur int]e/ 9 fruits dep5ds1 9 ! end1 ! real success ( comm]cial fruit-gr[+4 ,j n[ we are try+ to increase ! consumption ( apples1 to lead ! p to eat an apple a day3 x _c be accompli%$ by cu/om>y comm]cial me?ods4 ,to eat an apple a day is a "q ( affections & emotions4 ,we h _h great ri*es 9 our v>ieties ( apples4 ,x has be5 a va/ res\rce to h a small home plantation ( _m good v>ieties1 ea* p]fect 9 its season4 ,! great comm]cial apple-gr[+ has be5 c>ri$ to high p]fection ( organization & c>e4 ,m p]fect apples are put on ! m>ket1 9 proportion to numb]s1 ?an ev] be=e1--c>efully gr[n & grad$ & h&l$4 ,i h wat*$ ?is ,am]ican developm5t ) gr[+ pride4 ,! quantity-production makes = great] p]fection ( product1 b x does n make = v>iety & human int]e/1 nor = high-quality v>ieties4 ,we %all /ill improve x4 ,ma/]ful m5 w p]fect organizations4 ,! high "* & atta9m5t ( ! comm&+ fruit-gr[]s1 nurs]ym5 & deal]s are good augury = ! future4 ,b all ?is is n suffici5t4 ,quantity-production w be an increas+ s\rce ( weal?1 b x _c satisfy ! s\l4 ,! objects & productions ( high intr9sic m]it are pres]v$ by ! amateur4 ,x is s 9 art & lett]s4 ,x is necess>ily s4 ,a body ( amateurs is an ess5tial backgr\nd to ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 r5[n$ a/ronom]1 enc\rag$ ! amateur societies ( />-obs]v]s1 & o!rs4 ,! amateurs 9 ! backgr\nd1 dis9t]e/$ & unselfi%1 support appropriations by legislatures = ev5 ab/ruse public "w4 ,! amateur is ! embodim5t ( ! be/ 9 ! common life1 ! cons]vator ( aspirations1 ! fulfillm5t ( democratic fre$om4 ,i hope pomology w n lag 9 ?is respect4 ,9 all l9es ,i hope t pr(essionalism w n subjugate ! man :o foll[s a subject = ! love ( x r ?an = ! ga9 ( x or = ! pride ( x4 ,9 horticulture1 :5 we lose ! amateur1 :o1 z ! ^w means1 is ! lov]1 we lose ! ideals4 ,naturally1 ! nurs]yman _c gr[ trees ( all ! good apples t may be want$4 ,! exp]im5t /ations _c ma9ta9 liv+ museums ( !m1 = _! function is to inve/igate r ?an to pres]ve4 ,arboretums are conc]n$ ) o!r activities4 ,is !re n "s p]son ( means1 desir+ to d good to 8 successors1 ready n[ to e/abli% a fructicetum 9 p]petuum = ! purpose ( pres]v+ a s+le tree ( at lea/ "o hundr$ ( ! *oice/ apples1 to ! end t a record may be kept & t amateurs may be suppli$ ) cions !re(8 ,,xii ,,! ,,pleasant ,,art ,,( ,,graft+ ,if ,i procure cutt+s ( a good apple1 :at %all ,i d ) !m t !y may give me ( _! fruitage8 ,! cutt+s w probably be dormant twigs ( ! la/ season's gr[?4 ,!y may n be expect$ to gr[ :5 plac$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are !re=e plant$ 9 ano!r tree1 becom+ cions4 ,! case is 9 no way diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! propagat+ ( ! "y tree 9 ! nurs]y1 ( :i* we already h le>n$4 ,! nurs]yman works ) a small /ock1 a m]e slip ( a se$l+ "o or two ye>s old4 ,! gr[] w\ld bett] n attempt ! mak+ ( nurs]y trees4 ,x is bett] = him to pur*ase regul> nurs]y trees & to graft ! cions on !m2 or he may put ! cions 9 any old] tree t is available4 ,i h spok5 ( my own collect+ ( c]ta9 dess]t apples4 ,i work$ !m on "y ,nor!rn ,spy trees1 pur*as$ :5 two or ?ree ye>s old2 !y 7 graft$ aft] !y _h /ood a ye> 9 ! or*>d4 ,^! ,nor!rn ,spy trees1 us$ 9 ?is case z /ocks1 7 regul>ly gr[n by nurs]ym54 ,! ,nor!rn ,spy 0 *os5 because ( its h>d9ess & /raight1 clean1 erect gr[?1 mak+ x a vigor\s & comely /ock4 ,weak-gr[+ v>ieties are usually reject$ = ?is purpose4 ,"s gr[]s use ,old5burg z /ock1 & !re are o!r good k9ds4 ,f ! "y /ock1 ! old head is to be remov$ & a new head 7! new v>iety7 gr[n 9 its /ead4 ,! tree1 !re=e1 w be comb9$ ( ?ree k9ds ( apple1--! root ( unkn[n quality2 ! trunk or body "u a v>ietal "n2 ! top1 ( ! v>iety desir$4 ,any numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( apple wood may be work$ into ! tree if ! tree is l>ge en\gh4 ,if ! op]ations are well p]=m$ s t !re are no imp]fect unions1 & if ! prun+ is judici\s1 ! tree may be graft$ _m times1 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,i h said t my fa!r br\ght apple se$s f ,new ,engl& & t ! result+ se$l+s 7 top-graft$4 ,"o ( ^! trees 0 e>ly top-work$ to ,holl& ,pipp91 :i* seldom bore4 ,x /ood 9 ! y>d ne> ! smoke-h\se1 :]e x f\nd abundant n\ri%m5t4 ,x grew to great size4 ,9 "t ,i became a graft] ( trees = ! neighborhood1 & (t5 z ,i return$ at night w\ld h cions ( diff]5t k9ds 9 my pockets4 ,x became a pa/ime to graft ^! cions 9 ! old tree4 ,m ?an ?irty v>ieties 7 plac$ !re4 ,x 0 ) ke5 anticipation1 z ! ye>s came1 t ,i look$ = ! annual crop1 to see :at /range inhabitants w\ld appe> 9 ! great tree-top4 ,i d n rememb] h[ _m ( ^! v>ieties came into be>+ be=e ! tree 0 f9ally ga!r$ to ! wood-box1 b !y 7 a goodly numb]1 probably m ?an a score4 ,i us$ (t5 to wond] h[ x 0 t ! nutri5ts tak5 9 by ! roots ( ! ,v]mont se$l+ & transport$ 9 ! tissues ( ! ,holl& ,pipp91 comb9$ ) ! same air1 c\ld produce s _m div]se apples & ev5 pe>s 7= ,i _h pe>s 9 t tree7 ea* ) ! m>ks & flavor prop] to its k9d4 ,! little cions ,i graft$ into ! tree 7 soon lo/ 9 ! ov]gr[?1 & yet all ! bran*es t came f !m c>ri$ ! g5ius ( "o s+le v>iety & ( none o!r4 ,& ,i (t5 speculat$ :e!r !re 7 any reflex action ( ^! _m v>ieties on ! root1 dem&+ a c]ta9 k9d ( s]vice f x4 ,! cions 7sometimes /ill call$ grafts7 are cut 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+1 :5 well matur$ & p]fectly dormant4 ,plac$ 9 s& 9 a cool cell> s !y w n %rivel1 !y are kept until graft+ "t1 :i* is e>ly spr+1 usually be=e ! leaves />t on ! /ock4 ,! cions may be plac$ on ! tree by sev]al me?ods1 b only two are commonly employ$1--! :ip-graft & ! cleft-graft4 ,! =m] is adapt$ to small /ocks1 ! size ( "o's f+] or small]2 x is ! me?od employ$ 9 root-graft+ 9 ! nurs]y1 & ,fig4 #af expla9s x4 ,! requirem5t is to cause ! cion & /ock to gr[ toge!r solidly1 mak+ "o piece ( wood4 ,! gr[+ pla/ic region is associat$ ) ! cambium tissues und]nea? ! b>k4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to br+ ! l9e betwixt ! wood & ! b>k toge!r 9 ! two p>ts1 & to hold ! junction firm & also well protect$ f evaporation until union takes place4 ,! me?od ( putt+ ! p>ts toge!r1 ! =m ( :ittl+1 is a matt] ( conv5i5ce & practice4 ,! case 0 put 9 ?is way by old ,rob]t ,%>rock1 ,fell[ ( ,new-,college1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,propagation & ,improvem5t ( ,vegetables by ! concurr5ce ( ,art & ,nature 7,i quote f ! second edition1 ,ox=d1 #afgb73 ,graft+ is an ,art ( s plac+ ! ,cyon ^u a /ock1 t ! ,sap may pass f ! /ock to ! ,cyon )\t ,imp$im5t4 ,batty ,langley1 9 #agbi1 gave ?is direction 9 ! ,pomona3 ,! ,/ocks be+ cleft1 y mu/ !re=e cut ! ,cion 9 ! ,=m ( a ,w$ge1 :i* mu/ always be cut f a ,bud1 = ! ,reasons a=esaid2 & !n ) a ,graft+-,*izel op5 ! ,slit1 & place ! ,cion !re91 s t _! ,b>ks may be exactly ev5 & smoo?4 ,/ill e>li] 7#afbf7 did ,william ,lawson1 9 ,a ,new ,or*>d & ,g>d51 set =? ! rationale ( ! practice 9 8 ,*apt] ,x1 ,on ,graft+1 9 ?is wise3 ,n[ are we come to ! mo/ curi\s po9t ( our faculty3 curi\s 9 conceit1 b inde$ z pla9e & easie z ! re/1 :5 x is pla9ly %ewne1 :i* we commonly call ,graff+1 or 7aft] "s7 ,graft+4 ,i _c ,etymoligize1 nor %ew ! orig9al ( ! ^w1 except x come ( grav+ & c>v+4 ,b ! ?+ or matt] is3 ,! re=m+ ( ! ,fruit ( "o ,tree ) ! fruit ( ano!r1 by an artificial transplac+ or transpos+ ( a twig1 bud or leafe1 7commonly call$ a ,graft7 tak5 f "o tree ( ! same1 or "s o!r k9d1 & plac$ or put to1 or into ano!r tree 9 due "t & mann]4 ,if ! :ip-graft is to be bel[ ! gr\nd1 x is suffici5t to tie ! p>ts tightly ) /r+ & cov] ) e>?2 if above gr\nd1 wax is appli$ ov] ! /r+ to prev5t dry+ out4 ,on ! small %oots ( "y trees1 ! :ip-graft is (t5 employ$1 b x is n us$ 9 l>ge trees4 ,! cleft-graft is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! trunk or bran* is cut (f2 two cions are ins]t$ 9 a cleft made ) a knife4 ,! /ub is cov]$ ) graft+-wax 7,fig4 #ai74 ,cleft-graft+ is ! usual me?od = ! or*>di/4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,! cleft-graft4 ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,! cleft-graft aft] wax+4 ,9 ei!r k9d ( graft+1 ! cion c>ries ab\t ?ree leaf-buds4 ,if wood 7cion-%oots7 is sc>ce1 only "o bud may be tak51 b ?is r$uces ! *ances ( success4 ,"o bud may n gr[1 or ! "y %oot may be injur$4 ,! l[e/ bud is usually mo/ likely to gr[2 x pu%es ?r\gh ! wax4 ,9 "y trees set = ! purpose ( top-work+1 ! trunk may be cut (f at ! desir$ height & two cions ins]t$4 ,! entire top is !n remov$ at once2 ?is is all[able only on "y trees4 ,probably ! bett] practice is to graft ! ma9 small side limbs & ! ma9 trunk or lead] high] up4 ,usually x is bett] to leave "s ( ! bran*es on ! tree1 n remov+ !m all till ! second or ?ird ye>4 ,9 old apple-trees1 ! ma9 bran*es are graft$1 :]e !y are an in* or two 9 diamet]4 ,c>e is tak5 s to *oose ! bran*es t a well-%ap$ free-head$ tree w result4 ,only a small "p ( ! top is remov$ ! fir/ ye>1 & ?ree or f\r ye>s may be requir$ to *ange ! top all ov]1 ! old bran*es be+ remov$ z ! new ones gr[4 ,9 ab\t ?ree ye>s1 or f\r1 ! grafts %\ld beg9 to be>1--ab\t z soon z /rong ?ree-ye>-old trees plant$ 9 ! or*>d4 ,any v>iety ( ! pomological apples w gr[ on any o!r v>iety1 b apples d n take well on o!r species1 z does ! pe>4 ,! pe> may be made to gr[ on ! apple1 b ! graft is %ort-liv$ & ! practice is n recomm5d$4 ,boys may graft indiscrim9ately = practice1 b gr[n-ups1 hav+ arriv$ at ! un=tunate age ( discretion1 mu/ op]ate only on ^? k9ds kn[n to succe$ :5 jo9$4 ,i h nev] kn[n a boy :o did n want to graft any?+1 z soon z 8 att5tion 0 call$ to ! op]ation4 ,! boy does n take x = grant$3 he wants to try4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,m5d+ ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,_m accid5ts ov]take ! apple-tree4 ,! hir$ man sk9s ! tree ) ! h>r[2 fire runs ?r\gh ! dry grass2 h>d w9t]s %att] ! vitality1 & p>ts ( ! tree die2 bor]s ent]2 rabbits & mice gnaw ! b>k 9 w9t]2 loads ( fruit & burd5s ( ice cru% ! tree2 w9d /orms play mis*ief2 bad prun+ leaves long /ubs1 & rot develops2 cank]s produce dead ragg$ w\nds2 fire-blight de/roys ! tissue2 a poorly =m$ tree ) bad crot*es splits easily2 grafts fail to take1 & long dead ends are left2 ! tree is injur$ by pick]s2 v&als wreak _! havoc4 ,all ^! accid5ts mu/ be met & ! damages repair$4 ,! surgeon mu/ be summon$4 ,we mu/ fir/ und]/& h[ a w\nd heals on a tree4 ,note any w\nd1--knot-hole on ! trunk1 place :]e wood has be5 remov$4 ,! expos$ w\nd itself does n heal2 x is cov]$ & inclos$ by tissue built out f ! edges or p]iph]y ( ! w\nd4 ,?is tissue is l a roll4 ,x is ! callus4 ,ev5tually ! tissue meets 9 ! c5t]1 & ! lid is !reby put on ! place1 & x is seal$4 ,! expos$ wood has di$1 if x is ! cross-section ( a bran* or a deep w\nd1 & x rema9s "u ! callus a dead body4 ,if ! wood has n />t$ to decay 9 ! meantime1 ! place is safe1 b too (t5 invasion has begun be=e ! process is complete1 ! rot disease f9ally ext5ds to ! he>t ( ! tree1 caus+ x to become holl[4 ,if ! c5t] ( ! w\nd falls 91 ! callus _c cov] x1 & an op5 sore rema9s4 ,9 ^! cavities birds may sometimes build4 ,!re=e !re are two po9ts = ! surgeon to consid] 9 respect to ! w\nd itself--:e!r x is s plac$ on ! tree t ! callus =ms readily2 :e!r ! w\nd is kept heal?y dur+ exposure4 ,all ragg$ tissue be+ remov$1 deep-w\nd surfaces %\ld be kept aseptic4 ,= ord9>y cases1 :ite-lead pa9t ) pl5ty ( l9se$ oil is a good protective f ! g]ms ( decay4 ,on old wood1 no long] active1 creosote is good1 p]haps foll[$ by coal-t>4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 pa9t is q suffici5t4 ,small exposures usually receive no dress+4 ,:5 ! fre% surface wood is expos$ by removal ( b>k1 x is necess>y to keep ! tissue f dry+ out1 & antiseptics are usually n appli$4 ,b&ag+ ) clo? is ! usual practice1 aft] ! w\nd is clean$ & trimm$4 ,! repairs fall into two classes1--^? t require m]ely removal ( injur$ p>ts & treatm5t ( ! w\nds1 & ^? t dem& ! +raft+ ( new wood4 ,we h le>n$1 9 ! discussion ( prun+1 t long project+ ends ( sev]$ bran*es d n heal4 ,! bran*es to be remov$ %\ld be cut back close to ! l>g] bran* or to ! juncture ) ano!r4 ,9 repair+ injur$ trees1 all project+ p>ts t d n h life 9 !mselves mu/ be remov$4 ,all w\nds %\ld be left smoo?1 )\t spl9t]s or hang+ b>k4 ,decay+ wood is to be remov$1 & ! area clean$ out & dis9fect$4 ,! nature-lov] may f9d mu* to int]e/ him 9 ! obs]vation ( knot-holes z he comes & goes4 ,e knot-hole has a hi/ory2 ?is hi/ory usually c be trac$ by "o ^: eye is ke5 & :o becomes practic$ 9 connect+ cause ) f9al result4 ,"o prides oneself on ! ability to "w out ! obscure cases4 ,an old neglect$ apple or*>d !reby af=ds mu* ent]ta9m5t4 ,if a v l>ge bran* breaks (f1 ! rema9+ "p is cut back to fre% h>d wood2 antiseptic is appli$2 ! o!r "p ( ! tree may be %ort5$-9 to aid 9 re/or+ ! proportion or balance4 ,deep cavities caus$ by rot are clean$ out1 dis9fect$ ) bordeaux mixture1 gas-t>1 or o!r mat]ial1 & ! place fill$ completely ) cem5t4 ,9 "s cases1 new wood is add$ 9 ! =m ( cions ( la/ ye>'s twigs4 ,su* cions may be set ar\nd ! edge ( a /ub1 ?ru/ betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood1 to />t new bran*es :]e an important "o 0 brok5 (f4 ,! cions are cut w$ge-%ape 7mu* z ^? 9 ,fig4 #ah7 & a b&age is ti$ ar\nd ! /ub to hold !m 9 place2 ! expos$ p>ts are cov]$ ) graft+-wax4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 spr+4 ,sometimes cions are us$ to bridge a girdle4 ,usually a girdle heals itself if ! injury does n ext5d into ! wood1 & if x is b\nd up to prev5t dry+ out2 b :5 ! injury is deep & ! expos$ wood has become dry & h>d1 ! cions may be us$4 ,! cions are some:at long] ?an ! wid? ( ! girdle4 ,! edges ( ! girdle are trimm$ to fre% tight b>k2 cions are cut w$ge-%ape at ei!r end2 ! ends are ins]t$ und]nea? ! b>k at bottom & top ( ! w\nd2 edges ( ! w\nd are securely b&ag$2 entire "w is cov]$ ) wax4 ,! cions are _m1 s close t !y ne>ly t\*4 ,! buds on ! cions are n all[$ to produce bran*es4 ,?is process is kn[n z bridge-graft+4 ,) "s exp]i5ce1 ! cultivator soon le>ns to make _m deft applications ( +raft+4 ,sometimes a piece ( b>k may be us$ z a pat*4 ,9 ! brac+ ( crot*es 9 "y trees1 ! two trunks may be jo9$ by unit+ a small bran* f ei!r "o1 twi/+ !m toge!r to =m a bridge l a bolt2 !y c be made to gr[ toge!r1 =m+ a solid union4 ,bolt+ ! p>ts ) iron rods1 or hold+ !m toge!r by means ( *a9s1 is ! usual & commonly ! bett] me?od4 ,! iron is n to g ar\nd a limb1 h[ev]1 = girdl+ results2 ! rods or *a9s %\ld be secur$ by bolts bor$ ?r\gh ! wood & pull+ aga9/ l>ge heads or wa%]s4 ,! usual repairs are easily made4 ,:5 trees are badly injur$1 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! tree is l[ 9 vitality1 x may n be wor? :ile to engage 9 surg]y4 ,x may be bett] to plant a new tree4 ,sav+ v old trees by ! m5d+ processes is n likely to be satisfactory4 ,! gr[] %\ld transf] 8 affection to a "y tree4 ,if ! tree has _h good c>e ?r\gh\t its life1 x probably w n ne$ mu* surg]y 9 old age4 ,! gr[] w be will+1 :5 ! "t comes1 to take a photograph = memory's sake & to let ! tree come to a timely & arti/ic end4 ,,xiv ,,citiz5s ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,_m ye>s ago1 my old fri5d1 ! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,l9tn]1 ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,new ,york1 compil$ a li/ ( #cef insects t fe$ on ! apple-tree4 ,lat] au?orities place ! numb] at ne>ly five hundr$ species4 ,x mu/ be a good plant t has su* a ho/ ( d5iz5s4 ,! numb] ( fungi is also l>ge2 & ! tree (t5 supports li*5s1 algae1 & o!r =ms ( life4 ,! apple-tree is n s+le 9 its d5iz5s4 ,no plant lives alone4 ,x has association ) its fell[s1 p]haps conte/ = space & n\ri%m5t4 ,x provides habitat = _m organisms1 _m ( :i* live on its b\nty4 ,i h nev] se5 a be>+ apple-tree t 0 n a coloniz+ place = o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,we accept ^! ?+s z matt]s ( c\rse1 z be+ 9 place1 liv+ _! "p 9 nature4 ,!re=e1 "o _c und]/& ! apple-tree unless "o kn[s some?+ ( its citiz5ry4 ,probably ! mo/ prom95t citiz5 ( ! apple-tree is ! codl9-mo?4 ,its l>va is ! apple-worm1 ! "o t makes wormy apples1 ! burr[s go+ to ! core & out aga94 ,! insect is native 9 ,europe1 b has be5 kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 & is widespread 9 ! apple c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,if "o has scre5s 9 ! apple cell>1 "o is likely to f9d small mo?s on !m 9 ! spr+1 l>g] ?an a clo!s mo?1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s in* 9 spread ( ! s(t gray wat]$-silk w+s4 ,?is is ! imago or mature =m ( ! insect kn[n z ! codl9-mo? 7x lives on codl9s or apples74 ,! l>vae or worms 7 br\ght into ! cell> 9 ! apples2 "s ( !m crawl$ out1 spun !mselves 9 a cocoon & pupat$2 9 due season ! mo? em]g$1 ready to lay ! eggs = o!r l>vae4 ,ord9>ily ! fruit-gr[] does n see ! mo?1 = x is a small object amid/ ! foliage ( apple-trees2 ! l>va or apple-worm he kn[s well4 ,!re may be two or m broods ( apple-worms1 dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( ! season4 ,9 ! nor!rn apple regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re is usually only "o brood1 ) a p>tial second brood4 ,! fir/ brood is hat*$ f eggs laid by mo?s t em]ge 9 spr+4 ,! mo?s come f l>vae t h la9 9 cocoons all w9t]1 hidd5 "u b>k on ! trunks & ma9 bran*es ( ! apple-tree1 9 crevices 9 ne>by po/s & f5ces1 & sometimes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! pupae are ! trans=m$ l>vae or worms t left ! apple ( ! previ\s ye>1 usually be=e x fell1 & crawl$ d[n ! tree to f9d a place to sp9 ! silk5 br[n cocoons 9 :i* !y wrapp$ !mselves to und]go ! wond]ful trans=mation4 ,s is ! cycle complete3 egg laid 9 e>ly spr+1 mo/ly on ! leaves2 l>va hat*$ 9 ab\t "o week1 crawl+ to ! "y apple to fe$1 :]e x lives = p]haps a mon?2 l>va dep>t$ f ! fruit to =m a cocoon & to rema9 quiesc5t till x pupates ! foll[+ spr+ 7if !re is no second brood7 :5 x trans=ms into a mo?2 ! mo? alive = "o week or t5 days1 lay+ p]haps z _m z "o hundr$ eggs or ev5 m4 ,if !re is a second or ?ird brood1 ! pupa resurrects 9 t5 days or s into ! mo?2 eggs are laid2 l>vae are hat*$2 pupae aga9 are =m$2 & ?us is ! process cont9u$4 ,b ! w9t] /age is ! l>va1 al?\gh p]haps 9 /ore-h\ses ! mo?s may em]ge e>li] & survive till spr+4 ,! eggs ( ! fir/ brood are commonly laid on ! leaves & fruit4 ,! "y l>va or worm eats v little on ! foliage4 ,x usually crawls into ! blossom end ( ! apple4 ,! "y apple /&s erect1 ) ! calyx op5 7,fig4 #f72 lat] ! calyx closes & protects ! l>va t hat*$ !re1 =m+ a good cov] = its op]ations 7,fig4 #g74 ,! worm drives = ! core1 :]e x eats ! "y se$s & burr[s ext5sively2 !n1 :5 ne>ly gr[n1 x sets out = ! surface1 eat+ a /raight burr[2 an op5+ is made ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! apple1 b ?is exit is plugg$ until ! animal is ready to leave ! place & to crawl d[n ! tree to pupate4 ,! l>vae ( lat] broods may ent] at ! side ( ! apple1 :]e a leaf af=ds protection or :]e two fruits come toge!r2 b ! life-hi/ory is ! same1 v>y+ 9 its rapidity4 ,?is acc\nt discloses ! vuln]able po9t 9 ! life-hi/ory1 if "o is to de/roy ! insects & to gr[ fair fruit2 if poison is lodg$ on ! erect op5-topp$ little apple1 ! "y l>va w get x be=e he injures ! fruit4 ,if ! application ( ! poison is delay$ until ! calyx closes 7,fig4 #g71 !re w be small *ance ( rea*+ ! worm4 ,! be/ way to rea* ! second brood is to de/roy all ! fir/ brood4 ,! /&>d practice1 !re=e1 is to spray ! trees soon aft] ! petals fall1 ) ! idea ( deposit+ ars5ic 9 ! blossom end4 ,b ! season ( egg-lay+ is long1 (t5 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( ?ree or f\r weeks1 = ! mo?s d n all em]ge f ! cocoons simultane\sly4 ,x is cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to spray aga9 ab\t two weeks aft] ! fir/ application1 ) ! hope ( cat*+ ! "y worms on _! way to ! fruit4 ,!re is no "q ab\t ! efficacy ( spray+4 ,its value has be5 demon/rat$ "t & aga94 ,! me?ods & ! mat]ials may be le>n$ f ! exp]im5t /ation publications 9 any ,/ate1 :]e9 ! advice is kept up-to-date4 ,9 ! days be=e ! p]fect+ ( ! spray+ processes1 ! codl9-mo? 0 controll$ by cat*+ ! pupat+ l>vae4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! habit ( ! worm to f9d lodgm5t "u ! b>k on ! trunk1 x 0 ! practice to scrape ! loose b>k f bole & l>ge bran*es to de/roy ! hid+-places & !n to tie a b& ( clo? ar\nd ! trunk4 ,"u ?is b& ! worms 7 tak51 z !y spun !mselves up 9 ! cocoons4 ,?is is a lesson tak5 f ! indu/ri\s woodpeck]s1 :o1 9 ! w9t]1 se>* ! trees = ! pupae & make holes ?r\gh ! flakes ( b>k to get !m4 ,! scrap+ ( apple-trees is n mu* recomm5d$ n[ = ! reason t ?is special necessity is pass$1 & because ! bett] tillage & c>e toge!r ) ! soak+ ( ! bran*es & trunk 9 ! spray+ op]ation1 t5d to keep ! tree vigor\s & ! b>k prop]ly exfoliat$4 ,s ! worm 9 ! apple has a delicate & int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,f egg to imago ! trans=mations proce$ ) regul>ity1 & !y are m>vel\s4 ,_h we n trac$ ! sequ5ce1 no man c\ld tell by appe>ances t ! l>va1 ! pupa & ! mo? are "o & ! same animal4 ,!y seem to h no?+ 9 common4 ,s is ! egg /age z diff]5t z ! o!r ?ree1 b we are measurably prep>$ = ?is epo*1 s9ce we "k se$s s well2 ! egg & ! se$ are analog\s4 ,t a mo? 9 ! air %\ld come f a crawl+ worm 9 an apple is inde$ "o ( ! miracles ( nature4 ,! worm leaves ! apple ere x falls2 h[ ! worm kn[s ! "t is aga9 a my/]y4 ,by "s in/9ct1 x is able to cognize a dy+ apple4 ,! lat] worms1 ei!r ! la/l+s f ! e>ly brood or ! product ( subsequ5t broods1 may rema9 9 ! apple :5 x is h>ve/$1 p>ticul>ly 9 an apple pick$ be=e x is q mature & f :i* ! worm has n escap$4 ,! apple-worm ru9s ! crop by kill+ _m ( ! fruits & by blemi%+ ! rema9d]4 ,seldom are !re two worms 9 an apple4 ,!y seem to respect ea* o!r's hunt+-gr\nd4 ,f ! worm's po9t ( view & f man's1 "o is en\gh4 ,if man has dom9ion & if he ne$s apples1 !n is he )9 8 rights if he jo9s issue ) ! insects4 ,yet is ! insect z int]e/+ = all t4 ,i ?9k we %\ld miss _m ( ! satisfactions ( life1 & c]ta9ly "s ( ! discipl9es1 if !re 7 no insects4 ,my apple-tree is a great place = a naturali/4 ,van ,bruyssel wrote a book on ,! ,population ( an ,old ,pe>-,tree4 ,:5 c]ta9 blue spirits beg9 to flit ab\t me1 he writes1 ,i dep>t f my /udy to g & read1 9 :at ,i am all[$1 ev5 by my cl]ical uncle1 to call my book ( devotions4 ,! devotions ,i mean are n 9 my book-case4 ,no publi%]1 if he ev] ?\ght ( su* a ?+1 c\ld br+ !m out4 ,!y are a page ( ! book ( ,nature1 op5$ 9 ! c\ntry1 "u blue sky1 display$ at all season4 ,:at a m>vel\s company ,van ,bruyssel f\nd on 8 old pe> tree2 & :at inexhau/ible worlds did ,fabre discov] 9 ! lives ( ! spid]1 ! fly1 ! cat]pill>1 ! wasps1 ! mason-bees & o!rs6 ,!re=e we ne$ n pause ) ! o!r f\r hundr$ & m insect citiz5s ( ! apple-tree4 ,"s ( !m1 z ! ,san ,jose scale1 are n peculi>ly apple-tree insects4 ,my tree has ano!r crew ( inhabitants1 & to ?is company we may n[ h introduction4 ,! spots on ! leaves & fruits are n deposits ( dirt nor are !y caus$ by my/]i\s conditions 9 ! atmosph]e1 z once suppos$1 nor is x 9 ! nature ( leaves to be spott$ & ( fruits to be scabby2 nor are ! "o-sid$ dw>f$ fruits m]ely accid5ts4 ,! organism responsible = ^! blemi%es is less evid5t ?an ! codl9-mo?2 yet :at fruit-gr[] kn[s ! eggs ( ! codl9-mo?8 ,b ! organisms are z def9ite z are ! insects2 no long] are ! fungi ?+s )\t =m & )\t positive cycles4 ,on ! gr\nd are apple leaves1 %$ 9 ! autumn4 ,on ! leaves are spots or lesions1--injur$ or diseas$--infect$ ) ! apple-scab fungus4 ,"u a good microscope ! inve/igator f9ds immature fruit+ bodies 9 ^! areas4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,spr+1 ^! bodies or w9t]-spores mature4 ,a ra9 dis*>ges !m 9 a/oni%+ numb]s4 ,ris+ 9 ! air 7= !y are incr$ibly light71 ^! spores lodge on ! unfold+ leaves & fl[]s ( ! apple1 & !re beg9 to g]m9ate1 invad+ ! tissue4 ,! tissue is p5etrat$ & kill$ s rapidly t ! practic$ eye soon discov]s a spot4 ,! leaf1 if badly infect$1 may n rea* full size2 x may curl2 x may die & fall2 ! tree !reby is injur$4 ,f ! fungus 9 ! active diseas$ areas1 ano!r k9d ( spore develops rapidly4 ,x is ! summ]-spore1 :i* may be produc$ 9 prodigi\s numb]s1 & be+ dis*>g$ c>ries ! disease else:]e4 ,all summ] ! process ( spore-=mation & di/ribution keeps up4 ,if conditions are favorable1 ! tree is invad$ 9 foliage & fruit4 ,! fl[]-/ems 9 ! unfold+ buds are attack$ by ! w9t]-spores & ! fl[] falls4 ,! apples become spott$ f ! invasion ( ! summ]-spores1 p]haps mis%ap54 ,late infections may n %[ at pick+ "t1 b develop on ! fruit 9 /orage4 ,! affect$ leaves are ca/ 9 ! autumn1 ! w9t]-spores beg9 to =m1 ! sn[s come & hide ! processes1 9 spr+ ! spores mature2 & s does ! r\nd ( life g on & on4 ,!re are beautiful =ms 9 ^! fragile fungus ?reads t eat _! way into ! tissues ( ! ho/4 ,!re are fasc9at+ ph5om5a 9 ! gr[? & reproduction4 ,ev5 s & = all t1 man protects 8 tree by spray+ x ) poison1 & !reby aga9 does he h dom9ion4 ,! spray+ = apple-scab is ) lime-sulfur to :i* may be add$ ars5ate ( lead4 ,?is treatm5t1 prop]ly tim$1 may suffice also = ! codl9-mo?4 ,z ! fungus may attack ! fl[]-/ems & kill !m1 s is ! fir/ application made :5 ! fl[]-buds op5 & ! /ems beg9 to sep>ate1 b be=e ! fl[]s exp&2 ! op]ator has a p]iod ( "o to ?ree days 9 :i* to spray4 ,a second spray+ is giv5 j aft] ! blossoms fall1 z = codl9-mo?2 if ! season is wet1 a ?ird application may be made t5 to f\rte5 days lat]2 if ! fungus seems to spread1 a f\r? spray+ may be appli$ 9 midsumm]4 ,^! spray+s1 v>i\sly modifi$1 control n only ! codl9-mo? & ! scab fungus b also scale1 bli/]-mite1 plant-lice1 leaf-roll]1 case-be>]1 bud-mo?1 r$-bug & o!rs4 ,9 ! tropics "o sees trees be>+ great burd5s ( or*ids & bromeliads & f]ns & mosses1 & "o wond]s at ! /range & exub]ant population4 ,yet "h is my apple-tree support+ epiphytes & p>asites & insects1 protector & nurse ( a goodly company2 & birds ne/ on ! bran*es !re(4 ,,xv ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,,regions ,! nor!rn hemisph]e is ! home ( ! apple1 p>ticul>ly ,c5tral ,europe1 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 c]ta9 regions 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! temp]ature & humidity are "r = ! good gr[+ ( apples1 mo/ly 9 elevat$ areas4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& & p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 apple-gr[+ is assum+ l>ge proportions4 ,_! export trade to ,europe & p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica has come to be important & und\bt$ly is de/9$ greatly to increase4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e l& is (t5 limit$ & high 9 price1 apple-trees may be plant$ clos] ?an 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 9 field conditions1 & m att5tion is giv5 to prun+1 head+-91 & ! developm5t ( fruit-spurs 9 ! int]ior ( ! tree-top4 ,i notic$ ?is practice 9 ,new ,zeal&1 also4 ,9 ^! directions1 ! ,europeans h mu* to tea* u 9 ! c>eful gr[+ ( good apples4 ,9 ,europe1 ! def9ite tra9+ ( ! apple-tree beg9s 9 ! nurs]y2 quantity-production1 ) /&>dization1 is n !re ! aim4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! g5]al practice is to let ! tree take its c\rse1 rea*+ its full natural /ature4 ,! prun+ is mo/ly corrective1 to keep ! tree 9 %ape & to prev5t ! top f becom+ too ?ick1 r ?an 9 ! developm5t ( fruit+ wood4 ,! consequ5ce is t our trees become v l>ge1 specially 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& :]e !y are long-liv$4 ,9 ! we/]n c\ntry1 z we h le>n$1 ! apple-tree t5ds to be %ort]-liv$ & does n usually atta9 su* great size4 ,9 ! ,new ,york apple c\ntry1 or*>ds may be 9 good be>+ at =ty to sixty ye>s f plant+1 & individual trees may be productive mu* long] ?an ?is4 ,! trees come into good be>+ 9 t5 to fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 ! irrigat$ regions ( ! ,we/1 ! trees may be expect$ to be> a good crop two to five ye>s e>li]2 to :at age !y may atta91 9 l>ge plantations1 x is yet too e>ly to /ate4 ,! comm]cial apple regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica are 9 ,canada & ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 compris+ ab\t two or ?ree ti]s ( ,/ates1 ) important ext5sions s\?w>d into ! m\nta9s & 9 special p>ts4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates are n kn[n z apple-gr[+ c\ntry1 except 9 special re/rict$ elevat$ areas1 al?\gh !re are consid]able plantations ne> ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! geography ( apple-gr[+ on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t _c be bett] display$ ?an by copy+ ! table ( cont5ts ( ! l>g] "p ( ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,ii 9 ,folg] & ,?omson's excell5t rec5t book1 ,! ,comm]cial ,apple ,indu/ry ( ,nor? ,am]ica3 ,comm]cial ,apple ,production 9 ,canada ,nova ,scotia ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& & ,new ,brunswick ,quebec ,ont>io ,briti% ,columbia4 ,lead+ ,apple ,regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,we/]n ,new ,york ,hudson ,valley ,new ,engl& ,baldw9 belt ,! ,*ampla9 di/rict ,new ,j]sey ,delaw>e ,%5&oah-,cumb]l& di/rict ,pi$mont di/rict ( ,virg9ia ,m9or regions 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,virg9ia ,m\nta9 region ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,m\nta9 region ( ,georgia ,ohio ,s\!rn ,ohio1 ,rome ,beauty di/rict ,m9or regions 9 ,ohio ,k5tucky ,mi*igan ,ill9ois ,s\!rn ,ill9ois e>ly apple region ,mississippi ,valley region ( ,ill9ois ,oz>k region ,miss\ri ,riv] region ,arkansas ,valley ( ,kansas ,s\!a/]n ,ill9ois ,colorado ,new ,mexico ,utah ,montana ,wa%+ton ,yakima ,valley ,w5at*ee ,nor? ,c5tral ,wa%+ton di/rict ,spokane di/rict ,walla ,walla di/rict ,oregon ,hood ,riv] ,valley ,rogue ,riv] ,valley ,o!r apple di/ricts 9 ,oregon ,idaho ,payette di/rict ,boise ,valley ,tw9 ,falls ,lewi/on section ,cali=nia ,watsonville di/rict ,seba/opol apple di/rict ,yucaipa section ,wiscons9 ,m9nesota ,! v>ieties ( ! ,s\? & ! ,nor?1 & l>gely also ( ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/1 are prevail+ly diff]5t4 ,canada has a set ( apples q its own4 ,^! diff]5ces are m>k$ :5 "o visits exhibitions 9 ! v>i\s regions4 ,let ! visitor :o is a good judge ( apples 9 ,mi*igan & ,ohio attempt to judge !m 9 an exhibition 9 ! ,annapolis ,valley ( ,nova ,scotia1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ,m9nesota1 9 ,oregon4 ,he w be impress$ ) ! wond]ful div]sity1 z well z ! undevelop$ res\rces1 ( ! cont95t4 ,s\?w>d1 apples d n keep well4 ,!re are no true w9t] apples 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 outside m\nta9 regions4 ,a w9t] apple ( ! ,nor? becomes a fall apple 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 fact1 !re are m>k$ diff]5ces 9 keep+ quality )9 a s+le ,/ate4 ,on gravelly l&s or w>m slopes 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,new ,york1 ! ,nor!rn ,spy may become practically a late autumn apple2 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,/ate x is a firm crisp all-w9t] keep]4 ,9 ! w9t] apple1 ! rip5+ process proce$s 9 /orage4 ,:5 ! season is s long t maturity is rea*$ on ! tree1 ! subsequ5t duration is relatively %ort4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t apples are to be gr[n only 9 regions & soils naturally well adapt$4 ,su* adaptations %\ld be controll+ 9 comm]cial plantations2 b if man has dom9ion he %\ld be able to accompli% mu* 9 unt[>d or ev5 9 ho/ile conditions4 ,ev5 ! city lot may be able to yield a h>ve/1 if ! occupant ( x is m9d$ 9 fruits r ?an 9 o!r ?+s4 ,e obs]vant travel] has not$ cases 9 :i* good results 9 ! re>+ ( plants & animals h be5 atta9$ 9 places t no "o w\ld *oose = ! purpose3 ! man has ov]come 8 ob/acles4 ,i 0 impress$ ) ?is fact 9 visit+ a gre5h\se 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,cultivation has be5 c>ri$ f> beyond ! optimum regions4 ,! m]it ( ! man's p]=mance is measur$ 9 ! excell5ce ( 8 result r ?an 9 ! quantity ( x4 ,! application ( skill is ! highe/ te/ ( ability 9 plant-gr[+1 & ?is is (t5 express$ 9 ! mo/ difficult places4 ,:atev] may be ! adaptability ( any g5]al t]ritory to ! gr[+ ( apples 9 a l>ge way1 ! probability is t a man ( res\rces & skill w be able to raise good apples = himself1 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! region is prohibitive4 ,! amateur may be a law unto himself 9 _m ( ^! matt]s1 delight+ 9 ! +5uity t enables him to ov]come4 ,,xvi ,,! ,,h>ve/ ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,f9ally ! apple is ripe1 a fair goodly object joy\s 9 ! sun1 invit+ to e s5se4 ,hang+ amid/ its foliage1 b5d+ ! twig ) its weight1 x is at once a patt]n 9 good %ape1 p]fect 9 configuration1 9 %e5 beyond imitation1 9 fragrance ! v afflu5ce ( all *oice clean gr[?1 its surface spread ) a bloom (t5 s delicate t ! unsympa!tic see x n2 & yet ! ra9s d n spoil x4 ,! apple mu/ be pick$4 ,d n let x fall4 ,probably x is ov]-ripe :5 x falls2 ! hold is loos5$2 its "t is up4 ,wormy apples may fall be=e !y are ripe2 ! worm injury1 if x beg9s e>ly1 causes !m to rip5 prematurely4 ,a premature apple is n a good apple1 albeit ! small boy reli%es x b only because he may get 8 apple e>li]2 9 ! apple season1 :5 ripe fruits are abundant1 ! boy does n *oose ! wormy "o4 ,pick ! apple f ! tree4 ,x w d y good4 ,x is ev] s mu* bett] ?an to pick x f a box on ! m>ket or out ( a qu>t-c 9 ! ice-*e/4 ,y w feel "s s5se ( responsibility :5 y pick x1 "s reaction ( relation%ip to its orig94 ,we "k t we und]/& folks bett] :5 we see !m at home4 ,9 v>ieties t mature be=e w9t]1 ! apple is ( be/ quality :5 x rip5s on ! tree & is pick$ :5 fit to eat4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! pe>4 ,"o reason :y /ore apples are usually poor is because !y mu/ be pick$ long be=e ripe to /& %ipm5t4 ,9 my exp]i5ce x is mo/ difficult to f9d a man :o w pick apples :5 ripe2 he is usually possess$ to pull !m gre51 ?9k+ t if ! fruit is full gr[n & has a r$ *eek x is !re=e ready to be pluck$4 ,"o w\ld expect ! be/ summ] & fall apples to come f ne>by local or*>ds1 b practically ?is is n ! case because ! gr[] w n all[ !m to rema9 on ! tree until !y are fit4 ,( c\rse ! really ripe apple w n keep long & x does n /& r\gh h&l+1 b ?is does n affect ! fact t1 = eat+1 an apple %\ld be naturally ripe4 ,9 e city1 small or l>ge1 a good trade c be built up = local ripe h&-pick$ fruit ( ! fir/ quality1 9 competition ) ! be/ comm]cial supply4 ,w9t] apples are pick$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 9 ,octob]1 sometimes late 9 ,septemb]4 ,!y are !n full gr[n1 b are h>d & in$ible4 ,! r$ v>ieties are full color$2 ! gre5 ones %[ m or less yell[4 ,light e>ly fro/ does n injure !m on ! tree4 ,usually !y are plac$ at fir/ 9 piles or w9dr[s2 & f ^! piles !y are b>rel$ or box$ = m>ket4 ,if ! *oice/ grades are to be made1 !y %\ld be tak5 to a pack+-h\se4 ,! apple is an easy fruit to pick4 ,! /em p>ts readily f ! spur or twig4 ,yet if ! h>ve/] is *oice ( 8 trees he w "w deftly r ?an r\ghly1 n to injure ! be>+ wood4 ,! fruits are plac$ 9 baskets z !y are pluck$1 sometimes 9 a bag slung ov] ! %\ld]s b ?is is n ! be/ way :5 ! apples are ripe4 ,9 ! pack+-h\se1 ! fruits are sort$ into uni=m grades if !y are = m>ket4 ,! bett] ! trees are till$1 prun$ & spray$1 ! m uni=m w be ! crop1 & p>ticul>ly if ! fruit is ?9n$ on ! tree2 yet ! second-class & ev5 cull apples w be _m "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! pur*as]1 not+ ! price ( extra-grade apples1 may n realize t he buys only ! rema9d] 9 a long process ( grad+1 ext5d+ really ov] ! season or ev5 ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! or*>d4 ,9 all ?is "t1 ! gr[] has borne ! risks ( fro/s & hail1 insect & fungus invasions1 lack ( help1 & disa/r\sly l[ prices4 ,a f9i%$ product ( high quality is always exp5sive4 ,! usual apples on ! op5 m>ket are n ! k9d ,i h "h tri$ to describe4 ,!y are ! product ( indiff]5t or*>ds or ( c>eless h&l+4 ,!y are pur*as$ = cook+2 & ! eat+ ( apples out ( h& because !y are attractive & really good is an unkn[n exp]i5ce ) great numb]s ( our p4 ,! poli%$ %9y apples ( ! fruit-/&s are a delusion4 ,! practice ( burni%+ ! fruits produces a mo/ in>ti/ic result1 de/roy+ ! natural bloom & violat+ ! appe>ance ( a natural apple4 ,x is "o ?+ to clean a fruit if x is soil$ 7:i* is seldom ! case ) box$ or b>rel$ apples72 x is q ano!r ?+ to rub & furbi% an apple z if x 7 a billi>d ball or glass m>ble & n a liv+ object t grew on a tree1--x sets false /&>ds be=e ! *ildr54 ,yet all ?is is 9 l9e ) mu* ( our practice :]eby1 9 cook]y & manipulation1 we disguise our foods & %[ our lack ( appreciation ( ! products !mselves4 ,= home use1 w9t] apples may well be /or$ 9 boxes 9 a cool moi/ cell> if su* a place is available4 ,= be/ results 9 long keep+1 ! temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ bel[ #dj degrees ,f4 ,9 a cell> conta9+ a furnace1 ! fruits %rivel f too mu* evaporation1 z also 9 an attic or o!r dry room4 ,if ! fruit mu/ be /or$ 9 su* places1 x is well to keep ! box or b>rel tightly clos$1 & ! individual apples may be wrapp$ 9 ?9 pap]4 ,! apples mu/ be sort$ n[ & !n1 to remove ! decay+ ones2 if ! fruit 0 c>efully spray$1 h&l$ & grad$ 9 ! fir/ place & n too ripe1 ! necessity ( frequ5t sort+ w be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,b 9 any case1 ! keep+ ( apples1 except "u good cold-/orage1 is at be/ a process ( cont9ually sav+ ! mo/ durable fruits4 ,an outside cell>1 if prop]ly v5tilat$1 usually is a good place 9 :i* to keep apples4 ,) ! use ( furnaces = heat+ & ! cramp$ qu>t]s ( city ap>tm5ts1 ! keep+ ( apples = home supply is con/antly m difficult4 ,!re is no apple l ! "o t comes up fre% f ! cell> on a w9t] night1 cool1 crisp1 solid yet ready4 ,x is ! fruit ( ! home fireside4 ,i (t5 wond] :e!r "o 9 a hundr$ ( ! p "k :at a really good & timely apple is4 ,! yield ( an apple-tree dep5ds on _m factors1--age1 size1 ?rift9ess1 c>e x has receiv$1 :e!r x has escap$ fro/ & o!r injuries2 & "s v>ieties are mu* m prolific ?an o!rs4 ,"s apples are %y be>]s1 & = ?is reason soon are lo/ to propagation unless !y h "s sup]lative m]it2 ,yell[ ,bellfl[] is an example ( a %y1 or at lea/ an irregul>1 be>]4 ,! great comm]cial v>ieties are ( c\rse good be>]s1 z ,baldw91 ,b5 ,davis1 ,/ayman1 ,york ,imp]ial1 ,old5burg1 ,rome1 ,mc,intosh1 ,weal?y1 ,yell[ ,transp>5t1 ,jona?an4 ,an apple-tree at full be>+ is a wond]ful sight at ! h>ve/1 p>ticul>ly 9 su* v>ieties z ,mc,intosh & ,baldw91 9 :i* ! fruit is highly color$ & hangs well t[>d ! outside ( ! tree-top4 ,:ile ! fir/ be>+ ye> may yield only a half doz5 fruits1 ! crop increases rapidly ) ! add$ ye>s1--"o peck1 "o bu%el1 five bu%els1 t5 bu%els1 ?irty bu%els1 ev5 to sixty & sev5ty bu%els on l>ge /urdy old trees ( "s v>ieties4 ,! amateur1 h[ev]1 fir/ prizes ! quality & regul>ity ( 8 product = ! %e] joy ( x2 !n e add$ bu%el is s mu* to ! good4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,appraisal ,,( ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,n[1 !re=e1 9 ^! sixte5 little *apt]s h ,i tri$ to expla9 :at ,i feel ab\t ! apple-tree4 ,x is a v]sion to my fri5d1 ! read]1 n a treatise4 ,z ! int]pretation is 9 ! realm ( ! s5sibilities1 s d ,i aim n directly at concret5ess4 ,yet z x is n[ ! fa%ion to score all our products by a scale ( po9ts1 ,i make a reasonable concession to x4 ,b ,i d n l ! scor+ ( ! fruit indep5d5tly ( ! tree on :i* x grew z if ! fruit 7 only a commodity4 ,i "k we _c br+ ! tree to ! exhibition-room1 yet ! p]fect measure1 nev]!less1 is ! tree & ! fruit toge!r4 ,9 ^! lat] times we h said mu* aga9/ ! use ( ! museum specim5 to ! exclusion ( ! liv+ object 9 its natural place3 let u be cauti\s1 !n1 t we d n =get apple-trees 9 our /udies ( apples4 ,"h ,i %all n arrange num]ical scales ( po9ts = ! apple-tree4 ,suffici5t = ?is occasion is ! nam+ ( ! po9ts1 lett+ ! read] place 8 own p]c5tage-value on ea* ( !m2 = ,i am try+ to tea*1 n to in/ruct4 ,yet ,i mu/ ins]t1 = ! read]'s b5efit1 c]ta9 good rules & scores t h be5 adopt$ = ! judg+ ( ! fruit by ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,?is excell5t ex]cise ( judg+ fruits at exhibitions has ga9$ mu* headway4 ,/ud5ts ( s*ools & colleges are tra9$ = ! judg+ teams1 & great te*nical p]fection has be5 atta9$4 ,to be exact is an exig5cy ( sci5ce4 ,i fe> t we make exactness an end1 b t is nei!r "h nor !re on ?is occasion & ,i %all n n[ pursue ! subject fur!r2 ,i hope ! judg+ tra9s ! judge to see :at he looks at 9 o!r ?+s z well z 9 apples1 t x leads him into ! pleasant pa?s ( causes & effects1 t x op5s ! eyes ( ! bl9d4 ,! cu/om>y judg+ ( plants & animals & _! products consi/s 9 assess+ ! attributes aga9/ a scale ( p]fection4 ,?us1 if =m or con=mation is wor? #aj po9ts 9 ! hundr$ 7by ! e/imation ( good au?orities71 ! judge mu/ decide :e!r ! p>ticul> animal be=e him m]its #f or #g1 m or less4 ,s if flavor 9 an apple is consid]$ to be wor? #bj po9ts ( ! hundr$1 ! judge makes up 8 m9d :at rat+1 )9 t limit1 he %all accord to ! fruit he is te/+4 ,! arrangem5t 9 tabul> =m ( ! features = any product1 ) ! numb] ( po9ts /at$ = ea*1 all summ+ #ajj1 con/itutes a score-c>d4 ,?us !re may be a score-c>d = ,m]9o %eep1 ano!r = ,%rop%ires1 "o = apples1 & = any o!r objects :atsoev]4 ,at competitive exhibitions1 ! elem5t ( comp>ison comes 94 ,p]haps x is ! only crit]ion to be consid]$ 9 a p>ticul> case1--:e!r ?is apple is bett] ?an t or ?an any numb] ( o!rs1 :i* ( sev]al plates or samples ( apples m]its fir/ m5tion1 :i* ( two or m collections ( v>ieties is altoge!r mo/ wor?y ( a prize4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! diff]5t fruits or collections may be scor$ by ! c>d1 & ! total foot+s det]m9e :]e ! aw>d %all g4 ,or1 ! diff]5t entries may be judg$ 9 g5]al1 by ! eye2 ?is is ! usual me?od1 & is satisfactory 9 ! h&s ( p]sons ^: /&+ & exp]i5ce c>ry conviction4 ,if "o is to evaluate an apple-tree aga9/ a scale or code1 ^! are "s ( ! features1 9 relative ord] ( importance1 to be consid]$3 #a4 ,:e!r ! tree is typical ( ! v>iety1 9 %ape1 mann] ( gr[?1 "* ( foliage & bloom4 #b4 ,:e!r x is s\nd ( all injury & disease1 & free ( blemi%4 #c4 ,:e!r x is duly vigor\s & productive4 #d4 ,:e!r its fruit is *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety or k9d4 #e4 ,:e!r ! prun+ has be5 good2 ! ?9n+2 ! spray+4 #f4 ,:e!r ! p]=mance ( ! tree has fulfill$ reasonable expectations4 ,! judg+ ( fruits is facilitat$ by su* score-c>ds & explanations z ! foll[+3 #a4 ,= comp>ison ( diff]5t dess]t v>ieties4 ,con=mation #aj ,size #e ,color #bj ,core #e ,uni=mity #e ,durability 7keep+7 #aj ,condition #e ,fre$om f blemi% #aj ,quality #cj ---- #ajj #b4 ,= comp>ison ( plates or samples ( ! same v>iety4 ,=m #ae ,size #ae ,color #be ,uni=mity #be ,fre$om f blemi% #bj ---- #ajj ,,directions ,,= ,,judg+ ,,plates ,,( ,,apples ,,9 ,,an ,,exhibition ,foll[+ are directions & explanations issu$ to judg+ teams 9 exhibition conte/s1 by an agricultural college3 7#a7 ,=m3 ,! %ape & con=mation ( ! apples on any "o plate %\ld be typical = ! v>iety1 ! region ( gr[? be+ some:at consid]$4 ,all specim5s on a plate %\ld be uni=m 9 %ape4 ,:5 competition is close1 a c>eful comp>ison ( ! m m9ute *>act]i/ics ( ! bas91 cavity & /em are made4 7#b7 ,size3 ,! specim5s on any "o plate %\ld be uni=m 9 size & ( ! size mo/ acceptable on ! m>ket = ! v>iety4 ,a plate may be m>k$ d[n = be+ ei!r "u or ov] ! accept$ comm]cial size4 ,9 _m exhibits1 ! ideal size is giv5 9 ! premium ann\ncem5ts4 7#c7 ,colors3 ,all specim5s 9 an entry %\ld be uni=mly color$ 9 ! way t is consid]$ p]fect = ! v>iety 9 ! di/rict :]e gr[n4 ,9 judg+ color1 "o %\ld consid] 7a7 ! dep? & attractiv5ess ( ! gr\nd color1 7b7 ! brightness & attractiv5ess ( ! ov]-color1 7c7 ! am\nt ( ! ov]-color4 ,9 a yell[ or gre5 apple1 ! yell[ or gre5 %\ld be cle> & ev5 all ov]1 consid]+ ! maturity ( ! specim54 ,9 v>ieties t are typically blu%$1 7e4 g41 ,maid5 ,blu%7 ! specim5s %\ld %[ a di/9ct t+e ( r$ on ! *eek expos$ to ! sun4 ,) su* apples z ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 t are only sometimes blu%$1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! blu% %\ld n detract except t ! apples on any "o plate %\ld be uni=m4 ,) apples typically ov]-color$1 an int5se color = ! v>iety is desirable4 ,! bloom may be wip$ f apples1 b 9 no case %\ld poli%$ specim5s be giv5 ! pref]5ce4 ,"s exhibits h special rules reg>d+ poli%+ ( apples4 7#d7 ,conditions3 ,ref]s to ! degree ( rip5ess4 ,an apple to be 9 p]fect condition %\ld be firm = ! v>iety & free f ! )]+ t comes :5 apples are pick$ too gre5 or :5 ! fruit is ov]-ripe or has n be5 /or$ prop]ly4 7#e7 ,fre$om f blemi%3 ,all specim5s %\ld be free f blemi%es ( all k9ds4 ,"o %\ld look p>ticul>ly = 7a7 m>ks ( fung\s or o!r disease1 includ+ /ipp91 7b7 injury f insects ( all k9ds1 7c7 me*anical injury1 includ+ loss ( /em4 ,unmi/akable evid5ce ( codl9-mo? injury or ,san ,jose scale %\ld disqualify a plate4 ,o!r blemi%es are consid]$ important 9 ab\t ! ord] nam$3 ,side worms1 scab1 /ipp91 curculio or r$-bug1 sk9 punctures1 bruises1 /em pull$1 russet 7n typical = v>iety7 & limb rub4 ,! ext5t ( scab spots %\ld be consid]$4 ,m9ute spots are n z s]i\s z "s o!r blemi%es1 :ile spots :i* de=m ! apple %\ld disqualify ! plate4 ,o!r in=mation3 ,five specim5s con/itute a plate1 except :5 ! rules ( ! conte/ or exhibit /ate o!rwise4 ,any v>iation f ?is rule disqualifies ! plate4 ,:5 a plate is n labell$ ) ! correct v>iety "n1 x %\ld n be judg$1 b is disqualifi$ & if possible ! correct "n is appli$4 ,if "o specim5 on a plate is n z labell$1 ! :ole plate is disqualifi$4 ,9 "s judg+ conte/s1 ! plates are n labell$ ) ! v>iety "n1 & ! conte/ant is suppos$ to make ! id5tification4 ,precaution3 ,avoid press+ ! specim5s ) ! ?umb & f+] s z to bruise ! fruit4 ,! degree ( firmness c be det]m9$ by g5tle pressure ) ! inside ( ! :ole h&4 ,defects1 app>5t or o!rwise1 %\ld n be prob$ ) ! f+] nail1 p91 or o!r h>d object4 ,special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to replace all specim5s on ! "r plate4 ,hav+ 9 m9d ^! def9ite crit]ia1 ! read] w "k :at is meant by a good apple & also a good apple-tree4 ,measurem5ts ( p]fection aid u to e/imate ! defici5cies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he :o kn[s ! apple-tree kn[s also its region4 ,! l&scape is 8 9 e bless$ ye>2 he sees ! *>iots ( ! mon?s come d[n f ! di/ances & pass by him into ! twilights4 ,cl\ds are 8 & ! repeat+ %ad[s on ! hills4 ,! morn+ :5 ! blossoms are lad5 ) ! fragrance ( ! night1 high noon :5 ! bees are busy1 ! gloam+ :5 ! birds drop into ! b\ghs1 ^! are 8 by div9e "r4 ,! smell ( new-pl[$ fields is 81 ) ! urg5t promise 9 !m4 ,se$ "t & h>ve/1 z old z ! procreant e>? & z new z ! late/ sunrise1 are 8 to conjure4 ,! v]ities are 8 = ! ask+1 ! /rong ?+s ( cultivat$ fields & ( wild places4 ,& ma/]y is 81 t comes ( ! amelioration ( ! l& & ! education ( ! tree4 ,all ^! are ev]yman's1 & yet !y are 8 alone4 ,,index ,,page ,acid phosphate #de ,age ( apple-trees #ih ,alt]nate be>+ #db ,am]ican ,pomological ,society #ff ,apple-scab #ie ,applese$1 ,johnny #fa ,ars5ate ( lead #ie ,au/ralia1 ,apples 9 #ig ,bact]ia #ab ,b>k ( apple-tree #aa ( *]ry #aa ( elm #aa ( pe>-tree #aa ,be>+ ye> #db ,black ,gillifl[] #gc ,bloomless apple #ge ,bolt+ trees #hh ,bridge-graft+ #hh ,bru% pile #bg ,budd+ #ej1 #ea ,buds #ae1 #ai1 #bg ,calyx-tube #bf ,canada1 apples 9 #ih ,cank] #ab ,*]imoya #h ,*]ry1 b>k ( #aa ,*ri/oph9e #h ,cid]1 treatise on #fb ,cion-graft+ #ej1 #gi ,citrus fruits #h ,cleft-graft+ #hb ,coconut #h ,codl9-mo? #ab1 #hi ,cu/>d apple #h ,diseases #df ,di/ance ap>t #dc ,d\ble apples #gd ,d\c9 /ocks #eg ,d[n+1 quot$ #ed1 #fg ,dw>f apple-trees #ed ,elm1 b>k ( #aa ,endicott1 ,gov4 #fa ,enri*+ ! l& #de ,exhibitions #ajh ,f]tiliz+ #dj1 #dd1 #de ,fig #h ,fl[]1 /ructure ( #bj ,folg] & ,?omson1 quot$ #ih ,fructicetum #gh ,fruit-spurs & be>+ #db ,fungi #ab ,girdles #hg ,graftage #di1 #gi ,grafts #ha ,guava #h ,h>ve/+ #ajb ,hillsides = or*>ds #dd ,hogs 9 or*>ds #de ,hypan?ium #bf ,insects #df1 #hi ,judg+ apples #ajh ,knots #aa1 #he1 #hg ,l& = apples #db ,langley1 ,batty #hb ,lawson1 ,william #hb ,leaf-arrangem5t #bi ,li*5s #aa ,lime-sulphur #ie ,l9naeus #fb ,l9tn]1 ,j4 ,a4 #hi ,malus #fb ,mamone #h ,mango #h ,mann+1 m5tion$ #fg ,m',mahon1 quot$ #ff ,m$l> #ge ,m5d+ trees #he ,mo5*1 cit$ #ge ,m\nd-lay]+ #ee ,mu5*haus51 cit$ #ge ,natural trees #ea ,new ,zeal&1 apples 9 #ig ,nitrate ( soda #de ,orig9 ( apple-tree #fj ,ornam5tal apples #fd ,ov>y #bj ,pa9t = w\nds #hf ,papaya #h ,p>adise /ocks #eg ,p>k9son1 ,john #eh ,pa/ur+ #de ,pe>1 b>k ( #aa ,phosphate1 acid #de ,phyllotaxy #bi ,pick+ apples #ajb ,piece-roots #ej ,pi/il #bj1 #bf ,plant-bre$] #ea ,plant+ #db1 #dc ,plant-lice #ab ,poll5-tube #bj ,poll9ation #dj ,pomegranate #h ,propagation ( apple-tree #dh1 #ed ,prun+ #cf1 #dj1 #hf1 #ajd ,pyrus baccata #fc coron>ia #fc diocia #ge ,io5sis #fc ,malus #fb1 #fc ,s\l>dii #fd ,receptacle ( fl[] #bf ,regions = apples #ig1 #ii ,repair+ trees #he ,root-graft+ #ej ,roots #dc ,scale insects #ab ,scale ( po9ts #ajh ,score-c>d #ajh ,se$less apple #gd ,se$l+ trees #dh1 #ea ,se$s1 plant+ #dh ,%>rock1 ,rob]t #ha ,%eep 9 or*>ds #de ,%eepnose #gc ,sod 9 or*>ds #dd ,soil = apples #db ,spray+ #dj1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajd ,/>-apple #h ,/igma #bj ,/ocks #di ,/or+ #aje ,/ruggle = exi/5ce #dg ,/yle #bj ,surg]y #hf ,surprise #gc ,sweet-&-,s\r #gc ,?9n+ #ch1 #ci ,?omson & ,folg] #ih ,till+ #dj1 #dd1 #dg1 #ajd ,tree surg]y #hf ,v>ieties #ff li/ ( #gj ,wat]-core #gd ,:ip-graft #ej ,wild]1 m5tion$ #fg ,wormy apples #hi1 #ajb 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,"s illu/rations h be5 mov$ f _! orig9al positions to avoid break+ up ! text1 & to put !m 9 num]ical ord]4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al book except = ! foll[+ *anges3 ,page #ea3 ,bo? in/ances ( v>ities *ang$ to v>ieties4 ,page #gd3 occur+ *ang$ to occurr+4 ,page #ge3 dioeci\s pyrus 0 orig9ally typeset ) an oe ligature4 ,page #ia3 foilage *ang$ to foliage4 ,page #ic3 analag\s *ang$ to analog\s4 ,page #id3 or *ang$ to nor4 inve/igatior *ang$ to inve/igator4 ,page #ajj3 gravly *ang$ to gravelly4 ,page #aac 7,index73 ,applese$1 ,johny *ang$ to ,applese$1 ,johnny4 ,b>k ( ,*e]y *ang$ to ,b>k ( ,*]ry4 ,page #aae 7,index73 ,l9naeus *ang$ to ,l9naeus to mat* text4