file was produced from images produced  
by ,core ,historical ,literature in     
,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell         
,university7           ,,the            
,,apple-,,tree     ,,the ,,open         
,,country ,,books  ,a continuing company
 of genial little books about the       
out-of-doors  ,under the editorship of  
,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey  #a4 ,the ,apple-,tree 
,l4 ,h4 ,bailey #b4 ,a ,home ,vegetable 
,garden      ,ella ,m4 ,freeman #c4 ,the
 ,cow                      ,jared ,van  
,wagenen1 ,jr4  ,others about weather   
and the sky1 scenery1 camps1 recreation1
 quadrupeds1 fishes1 birds1 insects1    
reptiles1 plants1 and the places in the 
open4     ,the ,open ,country           
,books--,no4 #a  ,,the ,,apple-,,tree   
,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey  ,,new ,,york     
,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #aibb ,all  
rights reserved     ,,printed ,,in ,,the
 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america       
,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,the          
,,macmillan ,,company4  ,set up and     
electrotyped4 ,published ,january1      

#aibb4  ,,ferris ,,printing ,,company   
,,new ,,york     ,,contents   ,,chapter 
,,page  ,i4 ,where ,there is no         
,apple-,tree                            
#g  ,,ii4 ,the ,apple-,tree in the      
,landscape                           #aj
  ,,iii4 ,the ,buds on the ,twigs       
#ae  ,,iv4 ,the ,weeks ,between the     
,flower and the ,fruit                  
#ai  ,v4 ,the ,brush ,pile              
#bg  ,,vi4 ,the ,pruning of the         
,apple-,tree                            
#cf  ,,vii4 ,maintaining the ,health and
 ,energy of the ,apple-,tree      #da   
,,viii4 ,how an ,apple-,tree is ,made   
#dh  ,,ix4 ,the ,dwarf ,apple-,tree     
#ed  ,x4 ,whence ,comes the             
,apple-,tree8                           
#fj  ,,xi4 ,the ,varieties of ,apple    
#ff  ,,xii4 ,the ,pleasant ,art of      
,grafting                               
#gi  ,,xiii4 ,the ,mending of the       
,apple-,tree                            
#he  ,,xiv4 ,citizens of the            
,apple-,tree                            

#hi  ,,xv4 ,the ,apple-,tree ,regions   
#ig  ,,xvi4 ,the ,harvest of the        
,apple-,tree                            
#ajb  ,,xvii4 ,the ,appraisal of the    
,apple-,tree                        #ajg
   ,illustration3 #a4 ,the home         
apple-tree     ,,the ,,apple-,,tree     
,i  ,,where ,,there ,,is ,,no           
,,apple-,,tree   ,the wind is snapping  
in the bamboos1 knocking together the   
resonant canes and weaving the myriad   
flexile wreaths above them4 ,the palm   
heads rustle with a brisk crinkling     
music4 ,great ferns stand in the edge of
 the forest1 and giant arums cling their
 arms about the trunks of trees and rear
 their dim jacks-in-the-pulpit far in   
the branches2 and in the greater        
distance ,i know that green parrots are 
flying in twos from tree to tree4 ,the  
plant forms are strange and various1    
making mosaic of contrasting range of   
leaf-size and leaf-shape1 palm and grass
 and fern1 epiphyte and liana and clumpy
 mistletoe1 of grace and clumsiness and 

even misproportion1 a tall thick        
landscape all mingled into a symmetry of
 disorder that charms the attention and 
fascinates the eye4  ,it is a soft and  
delicious air wherein ,i sit4 ,a torrid 
drowse is in the receding landscape4    
,the people move leisurely1 as befits   
the world where there is no preparation 
for frost and no urgent need of         
laborious apparel4 ,there are tardy     
bullock-carts1 unconscious donkeys1 and 
men pushing vehicles4 ,there are odd    
products and unaccustomed cakes and     
cookies on little stands by the         
roadside1 where the turbaned vendor sits
 on the ground unconcernedly4  ,there   
are strange fruits in the carts1 on the 
donkeys that move down the hillsides    
from distant plantations in the heart of
 the jungle1 on the trees by winding    
road and thatched cottage1 in the great 
crowded markets in the city4 ,i         
recognize coconuts and mangoes1         
star-apples and custard-apples and      
cherimoyas1 papayas1 guavas1 mamones1   

pomegranates1 figs1 christophines1 and  
the varied range of citrus fruits4      
,there are also great polished apples in
 the markets1 coming from cooler        
regions1 tied by their stems1 good to   
look at but impossible to relish2 and ,i
 understand how these people of the     
tropics think the apple an inferior     
fruit1 so successfully do the poor      
varieties stop the desire for more4     
,there are vegetables ,i have never seen
 before4  ,i am conscious of a slowly   
moving landscape with people and birds  
and beasts of burden and windy          
vegetation1 of prospects in which there 
are no broad smooth farm fields with    
fences dividing them1 of scenery full of
 herbage1 in which every lineament and  
action incite me and stimulate my desire
 for more1 of days that end suddenly in 
the blackness of night4  ,yet1 somehow1 
,i look forward to the time when ,i may 
go to a more accustomed place4 ,either  
from long association with other scenes 
or because of some inexpressible        

deficiency in this tropic splendor1 ,i  
am not satisfied even though ,i am      
exuberantly entertained4 ,something ,i  
miss4 ,for weeks ,i wondered what single
 element ,i missed most4 ,out of the    
numberless associations of childhood and
 youth and eager manhood it is difficult
 to choose one that is missed more than 
another4 ,yet one day it came over me   
startlingly that ,i missed the          
apple-tree1--the apple-tree1 the sheep1 
and the milch cattle6  ,the farm home   
with its commodious house1 its          
greensward1 its great barn and soft     
fields and distant woods1 and the       
apple-tree by the wood-shed2 the good   
home at the end of the village with its 
sward and shrubbery1 and apple          
roof-tree2 the orchard1 well kept1 trim 
and apple-green1 yielding its           
wagon-loads of fruits2 the old tree on  
the hillside1 in the pasture where      
generations of men have come and gone   
and where houses have fallen to decay2  
the odor of the apples in the cellar in 

the cold winter night2 the feasts around
 the fireside1--,i think all these      
pictures conjure themselves in my mind  
to tantalize me of home4  ,and often in 
my wanderings ,i promise myself that    
when ,i reach home ,i shall see the     
apple-tree as ,i had never seen it      
before4 ,even its bark and its gnarly   
trunk will hold converse with me1 and   
its first tiny leaves of the budding    
spring will herald me a welcome4 ,once  
again ,i shall be a youth with the      
apple-tree1 but feeling more than the   
turbulent affection of transient youth  
can understand4 ,life does not seem     
regular and established when there is no
 apple-tree in the yard and about the   
buildings1 no orchards blooming in the  
,may and laden in the ,september1 no    
baskets heaped with the crisp smooth    
fruits2 without all these ,i am still a 
foreigner1 sojourning in a strange land4
     ,,ii  ,,the ,,apple-,,tree ,,in    
,,the ,,landscape   ,the ,april sun is  
soft on the broad open fenced fields1   

waking them gently from the long deep   
sleep of winter4 ,little rills are      
running full4 ,the grass is newly coolly
 green4 ,fresh sprouts are in the sod4  
,by copse and highway the shad-bushes   
salute with their handkerchiefs4        
,apple-trees show tips of verdure4 ,it  
is good to see the early greens of      
changing spring4 ,it is good to look    
abroad on an apple-tree landscape4  ,as 
to its vegetation1 the landscape is low 
and flat1 not tall4 ,there is a vast    
uniformity in plant forms1 a subdued and
 constrained humility4 ,a month later   
the leafage will be in glory1 but that  
also will have an aspect of sameness and
 moderation4 ,perhaps the actual variety
 of species will be greater than in many
 parts of the abounding tropics1 and to 
the careful observer the luxuriance will
 be as great1 although not so big2 but  
as ,i look abroad ,i am impressed with  
the economy of the prospect4 ,it comes  
nearer to my powers of assimilation1    
quiets me with a deep satisfaction2 the 

contrasts are subdued1 the processes    
grade into each other imperceptibly in  
the land of the lingering twilight4  ,in
 this prospect are maples and elms and  
apple-trees4 ,the maples and elms are of
 the fields and roadsides4 ,the         
apple-trees are of human habitations and
 human labor2 they cluster about the    
buildings1 or stand guard at a gate2    
they are in plantations made by hands4  
,as ,i see them again1 ,i wonder whether
 any other plant is so                  
characteristically a home-tree4  ,so is 
the apple-tree1 even when full grown1   
within the reach of children4 ,it can be
 climbed4 ,little swings are hung from  
the branches4 ,its shade is low and     
familiar4 ,it bestows its fruit         
liberally to all alike4  ,the apple is a
 sturdy tree4 ,short of trunk and short 
of continuous limb1 it is yet a stout   
and rugged object1 the indirectness of  
its branching branches adding to its    
picturesque quality4 ,it is a tree of   
good structure4 ,although its limbs     

eventually arch to the ground1 if left  
to themselves1 they yet have great      
strength4 ,the angularity of the        
branching1 the frequent forking1 the big
 healing or hollow knots with rounding  
callus-lips1 give the tree character4   
,anywhere it would be a marked tree1    
unlike any other4  ,the bark on the     
older surface sheds in short oblong     
irregular scales or plates that detach  
perhaps at both ends and often at the   
sides1 clinging by the middle until the 
curl loosens them and they fall to the  
ground4 ,these plates or chips are more 
or less rowed up and down the trunk and 
on the larger branches1 yet the apple   
bark is not ridged and furrowed as on   
the elm4 ,the bark is not checked in    
squares as on old pear-trees nor peeling
 as on cherries4 ,in dry weather1 the   
loose old bark is dark brown-gray1 often
 supporting gray lichens1 but in rain it
 is soft and nearly black1 yielding     
pleasantly to the touch4 ,in the forks1 
the bark is not so readily cast and     

there the chips may lie in heaps4 ,on   
the young limbs and small trunks the    
bark is tight and close1 not splitting  
into seams or furrows with the expansion
 of the cylinder but stretching and     
throwing off detached flakes and chips4 
,under the chips various insects hide or
 make some of their transformations4    
,there the codlin-moth pupates4 ,the old
 remains of scale insects may be found  
on the exterior4 ,in the furrows about  
the dormant buds the eggs of plant-lice 
pass the winter4  ,to destroy these     
breeding and hiding places1 many careful
 apple-growers scrape away the loose    
bark1 being careful not to expose the   
quick living tissue2 and on the younger 
wood the eggs of aphis and other pests1 
as well as cocoons and nymphs1 are      
destroyed by vigorous winter spraying4  
,the regular spraying of apple-trees1 in
 the different seasons1 more or less    
sterilizes the bark4 ,many forms of     
canker1 due to fungi and bacteria1      
invade the bark1 making sunken areas and

 scars1 often so serious as to destroy  
the tree4 ,all these features are       
discoverable in the apple-tree4  ,the   
trunk of the apple-tree is short and    
stout1 usually not perfectly cylindrical
 and not prominently buttressed at the  
base4 ,in old trees it is usually ribbed
 or ridged1 sometimes tortuous with     
spiral-like grooves1 often showing the  
bulge where the graft was set4 ,the wood
 is fine-grained and of good color1 and 
lends itself well to certain kinds of   
cabinet work and to the turning-lathe   
for household objects2 it should be     
better known4  ,illustration3 #b4 ,the  
apple-tree in the landscape  ,if left to
 itself1 the tree branches near the     
ground1 making many strong secondary    
scaffold trunks2 but the plant does not 
habitually have more than one bole1 even
 though it may branch from the very     
base2 it is a real tree1 even though    
small1 and not a huge shrub4 ,in the    
natural condition1 the trunk often rises
 only a foot or two before it is lost in

 the branches2 at other times it may be 
four or six feet high4 ,under           
cultivation1 the lowest branches are    
usually removed when the tree begins to 
grow1 and an evident clean trunk is     
produced4 ,in ,europe and the ,eastern  
,states1 it has been the practice to    
trim the trunk clean to the height of   
four or six feet2 but in hotter and     
drier regions the trunk is kept short to
 insure against sun-scald2 and with the 
better tillage implements of the present
 day it may not be necessary to train   
the heads so high4  ,in old hill        
pastures1 in many parts of the ,north1  
one sees curious umbrella forms and     
other shapes of apple-trees1 due to     
browsing by cattle4 ,a little tree gets 
a start in the pasture4 ,when cattle are
 turned in1 they browse the tender      
terminal growth4 ,the plant spreads at  
the base1 in a horizontal direction4    
,with the repeated browsing on top1 the 
tree becomes a dense conical mound4     
,eventually1 the leader may get a strong

 headway1 and grows beyond the reach of 
the browsers4 ,as it rises out of grasp1
 it sends off its side shoots1 forming a
 head4 ,the cattle browse the under side
 of this head1 as far as they are able  
to reach1 causing the tree to assume a  
grotesque hour-glass shape1 flat on the 
under part of the head1 with a cone of  
green herbage at the ground4 ,sometimes 
pastures are full of little hummocks of 
trees that have not yet been able to    
overtop the grazers4  ,the winter       
apple-tree in the free is a reassuring  
object4 ,it has none of the sleekness of
 many horticultural forms1 nor the      
fragility of peaches1 sour cherries and 
plums4 ,it stands boldly against the    
sky1 with its elbows at all angles and  
its scaly bark holding the snow4        
,against evergreens it shows its        
ruggedness specially well4 ,it presents 
forms to attract the artist4 ,even when 
gnarly and broken1 it does not convey an
 impression of decrepitude and decay but
 rather of a hardy old character bearing

 his burdens4 ,in every winter landscape
 ,i look instinctively for the          
apple-tree4  ,we are so accustomed to   
the apple-tree as a part of an orchard1 
where it is trimmed into shape and its  
bolder irregularities controlled1 that  
we do not think it has beauty when left 
to itself to grow as it will4 ,an       
apple-tree that takes its own course1 as
 does a pine-tree or an oak1 is looked  
on as unkempt and unprofitable and as a 
sorry object in the landscape1          
advertizing the neglect of the owner4   
,yet if the apple-tree had never borne  
good fruit1 we should plant it for its  
bloom and its picturesqueness as we     
plant a hawthorn or a locust-tree4  ,in 
winter and in summer1 and in the months 
between1 my apple-tree is a great fact4 
,it is a character in the population of 
my scenery1 standing for certain human  
emotions4 ,the tree is a living thing1  
not merely a something that bears       
apples4     ,,iii  ,,the ,,buds ,,on    
,,the ,,twigs   ,now the buds begin to  

break4 ,the firm winter-buds swell4     
,their scales part4 ,tips of green      
appear4 ,tiny leaves come forth1 neatly 
rolled inward1 growing as they expand1  
the stalks lengthening4 ,resurrection is
 astir in the tree4  ,several leaves    
issue from every bud4 ,from some buds   
arise only leaves2 from others a        
flower-cluster emerges from the         
leaf-rosette1 showing faint color even  
before it expands4 ,very close together 
and tight these unopened little flowers 
are packed as they emerge2 if we had    
looked at them with a lens as they lay  
in the bud in the long winter we should 
understand why2 now they escape their   
bonds and rapidly grow as they are      
delivered1 yet at first pressed together
 by head and stem in their soft gray    
wool4  ,thus are there two kinds of buds
 on the twig of the bearing             
apple-tree1--the leaf-buds 7sending     
forth leaves only71 and the flower-buds 
7bearing both leaves and flowers74 ,and 
if we wish to analyze more closely1 we  

discover two kinds of leaf-buds1--those 
that send forth a rapidly growing shoot 
bearing the leaves1 and those from which
 the leaf-cluster remains practically   
sessile on the branch4 ,these latter1 or
 the strongest and best of them1 will   
probably give rise to short fruiting    
spurs and the others to elongated leafy 
branches4  ,before me as ,i write is an 
apple limb more than three feet long4   
,it has been a vigorous grower1 for it  
is only three years old4 ,the years can 
be readily made out2 there are two sets 
of rings separating them4 ,you may see  
these rings on all young apple limbs4   
,they represent the scars of the scales 
of the past terminal buds4  ,three years
 ago my shoot was sent off from its     
parent branch2 that year it grew but    
four inches1 bearing leaves on its      
sides1 in the axils of which developed  
buds for the winter and at the end a    
larger terminal bud4 ,let us call this  
shoot #aiah4 ,two years ago 7#aiai71    
whilst ,i was in a distant land1 the    

terminal bud gave rise to a shoot       
nineteen inches long2 two buds near the 
end of the #aiah shoot pushed out       
clusters of leaves and made spurs about 
one-half inch long2 all the other buds1 
five in number1 remained dormant1 and   
now they are dead and are rapidly       
becoming mere scars4 ,last year 7#aibj7 
the terminal bud of #aiai gave rise to a
 shoot fifteen inches long2 three buds  
at the base of this two-year 7#aiai7    
shoot remained dormant2 fourteen buds   
produced spurs4 ,it is now the spring of
 #aiba2 the #aibj shoot has four dormant
 buds at its base1 ten rosettes of      
leaves from the other buds1 and a       
pushing terminal shoot4  ,on my branch  
this year1 therefore1 are #e plus #c    
plus #d1 or #ab dormant buds of all the 
years2 #b plus #ad plus #aj1 or #bf     
spurs2 #a terminal bud continuing the   
onward growth4  ,illustration3 #c4 ,the 
bloom of the apple-tree  ,it is evident 
that the last two years were good ones  
for my apple limb1 for the growths were 

long 7#ai and #ae inches7 and most of   
the buds produced spurs4 ,the result is 
evidenced also in the fact that the limb
 is this year laden with potential      
bloom4 ,on #aiah the two spurs bear     
flowers1 one of them only a single bloom
 and the other five blooms4 ,on #aiai   
twelve of the fourteen spurs are bearing
 flowers in the following numbers3 #e   
flowers1 #e1 #e1 #g1 #e1 #f1 #e1 #e1 #e1
 #e1 #e1 #e  #fc flowers4 ,on #aibj are 
no spurs bearing flowers1 but the       
terminal bud 7as is frequent on vigorous
 young trees7 bears five flowers4 ,here1
 therefore1 on this yard of             
three-year-old twig are seventy-four    
blossoms4  ,but there will not be       
seventy-four fruits2 some of the flowers
 are small and weak2 others1 as the     
petals fall1 show unmistakable signs of 
failing4 ,a few of them show the plump  
form of an embryo apple3 ,i think there 
are a score of such promises4 ,but ,i   
know that others will fail later from   
physiological causes1 and others        

probably from onslaught of insects or   
disease or from accidents4 ,if six fair 
fruits mature on a branch like this1 the
 crop will be good2 and probably the    
branch would not have vigor enough to   
set as many fruit-buds the following    
year or to bear as many fruits4  ,it is 
good to watch the opening of the apple  
bloom3 pink buds swelling and puffing   
out each day1 the woolly stems          
elongating1 the five overlapping        
incurving petals spreading and growing  
big1 the stamens1 about twenty1         
straightening up and lengthening their  
filaments that are attached on the      
flower-rim2 the big light yellow anthers
 shedding pollen2 the five green styles 
in the center4 ,in some flowers the     
styles do not develop1 and we have one  
reason why many flowers are sterile4    
,the flower-clusters differ much among  
themselves1 in size of parts1 number of 
flowers1 color2 on some trees the       
flowers appear in advance of most of the
 leafage1 but usually they are          

coincident with the leaves4 ,sometimes  
the flower-stems or peduncles are       
branched1 bearing two or three flowers1 
and in that case there may be a small   
green leaf or bract where the fork      
arises4 ,the placing of the petals in   
the bud at the epoch of expansion may   
differ in two flowers on the same tree4 
,one petal may stand guard outside the  
others and free from them1 both edges   
uncovered1 while the remaining petals   
are spiral with one edge under and one  
edge over2 or there may be two guard    
petals1 one on either side2 or sometimes
 all the petals may be spiral1 one      
margin out1 one margin in2 in some cases
 all the petals stand free as the flower
 is expanding1 with no margin           
interlapping4 ,sometimes one petal is   
missing1 and again the petals may be    
six4  ,this infinite variety within the 
bonds of so great regularity lends a    
subtle charm to natural objects1 that is
 wholly absent in man's perfected       
machine-work4 ,man aims at uniformity1  

two and two alike2 nature aims at       
endless difference1 every object or even
 every member of an object having its   
own character4 ,much of man's energy is 
expended in trying to overcome the      
diverseness of nature4  ,gradually and  
slowly the flower balloons enlarge and  
puff themselves up1 the petals standing 
together at their tips2 all the variety 
is united into a harmony of exuberance1 
color and form2 then one day there is a 
shower of genial rain1 a warm sun1 birds
 in the air1 bees released1 grasses soft
 and lush1 and behold6 the apple-tree is
 in bloom1--a great heavenly mound of   
white and pink exhaling a faint         
delicious breath4 ,then the pulses stir1
 the dogs bark at the edges of the wood1
 the fields call1 the scented winds lead
 on forever4     ,,iv  ,,the ,,weeks    
,,between ,,the ,,flower ,,and ,,the    
,,fruit   ,the petals expand broadly1   
usually losing most of their pink4 ,the 
blade is oblong and rounded at the end1 
at first cupped and then nearly flat1   

three-fourths of an inch long1 narrowed 
at the base into a short stem-like part 
and usually hairy there1 the edges      
perhaps wavy but entire4 ,the expanse of
 the flower may be one and one-half to  
two inches4 ,the brush of stamens1 erect
 in the center1 sheds its pollen and the
 anthers collapse4  ,then the petals    
fall1 like flakes of snow1 borne often  
by the wind4 ,there remain the stout    
woolly flower-stems an inch or more long
 and bearing minute dry bracts1 with the
 young fruit at the summit topped by the
 five recurving woolly sepals and the   
pencil of stamens and styles4 ,the bloom
 being gone1 the flowering system of the
 apple is thenceforth little observed4  
,not until the fruit begins to color do 
we come back to the apple-tree to look  
at it closely2 yet in these intervening 
weeks some of the most interesting      
transformations take place1 and on the  
exact observance of them depends to a   
large extent one's success in the       
rearing and saving of a good crop of    

apples4  ,here is the flower of the     
apple-tree 7,fig4 #c74 ,it is a comely  
blossom1 fragrant and pinky white1      
flatly spread to the sky1 carrying the  
spirit of the cool of the spring4 ,what 
concerns us now1 however1 is the cluster
 of stamens and pistils in the center1  
for these organs are directly concerned 
in the production of the fruit4 ,the    
petals soon fall1 but the remains of    
these interior organs persist1 even unto
 the ripening of the fruit4  ,the anther
 is attached at the back of its base or 
middle to the top of the filament in the
 suture separating the two large cells4 
,these anther-cells split along the     
outer margins1 releasing the            
pollen-grains4  ,illustration3 #d4      
,longitudinal section of the flower4    
,in the center of the ring of stamens   
are the five style-branches1 which are  
united at the base into a short hairy   
column2 the column is borne on the      
ovary1 which is sunken deep into the    
receptacle or stem 7,fig4 #d74 ,it is   

down these style-branches that the      
pollen-tube passes on its way to the    
ovules or embryo seeds4 ,the top of the 
style is expanded into a cupped stigma  
on which are many glutinous points4 ,one
 can observe the browning and ripening  
of the stigma after pollen has been     
deposited by wind1 bees or other        
agencies4 ,when the ovules are          
fertilized1 the forming fruit enlarges  
regularly unless it meets with          
misfortune or is crowded out for lack of
 room and nourishment4  ,if one cuts    
across the ovary or embryo fruit below  
the recurving sepals1 one will see under
 a lens that it is neatly five-celled   
7,fig4 #e74 ,in each cell are two       
ovules2 these1 if all goes well1 will   
ripen into ten seeds4 ,these five cells 
comprise most of the diameter in the    
cross-section3 but as the ovary enlarges
 and the young fruit grows1 one may see 
that the inner part comprising the cells
 begins to have a character of its own  
and to be differentiated from the       

surrounding flesh4  ,illustration3 #e4  
,cross-section of the ovary4  ,the      
blossom falls4 ,in reality only the     
petals fall4 ,what is left is well shown
 in ,fig4 #f4 ,here remain the          
upstanding stamens with the empty       
anthers1 and in the center one could see
 the five styles if the specimen were in
 hand4 ,here also are the calyx-lobes1  
widely spreading and even recurved4 ,the
 photograph for ,fig4 #f was taken ,may 
#c4 ,on ,may #ag another cluster was    
photographed from the same tree 7,fig4  
#g74 ,three of the flowers have produced
 sturdy young apples4 ,the stems or     
pedicels have become stouter1 and they  
begin to spread4 ,note that the calyx   
now is closed1 the old stamens          
protruding1 a circumstance that will    
have special significance when we become
 acquainted with the codlin-moth4 ,note 
also that one flower has failed1 and    
remains as it was two weeks earlier2 it 
will soon fall4 ,the young apples begin 
to take shape4 ,they show a glow of red 

on the cheek4 ,they are fuzzy all over4 
,one of them is already injured on one  
side1 having been stung by a curculio or
 other insect3 there are keen senses    
about the apple-tree4  ,illustration3   
#f4 ,may #c--,when the petals have      
fallen  ,illustration3 #g4 ,may         
#ag--,when the young fruits begin to    
show  ,two weeks later 7,may #ca7 still 
another cluster was taken from the same 
tree 7,fig4 #h74 ,here are three fruits 
erect on their stems2 one of them is    
more than an inch in diameter either    
way1 sturdy and unblemished2 another    
shows deformity due to insect puncture2 
the third remains small and presently   
will drop4 ,a scar in the leaf-axil     
marks the failure of another flower4    
,four blossoms were in this cluster1 but
 only one fruit now has a chance to come
 to uninjured maturity1 and two have    
already failed4 ,the big apple has now  
lost most of its fuzziness and begins to
 assume a delicate bloom on its surface2
 the smallest one--the one that soon    

will perish--still holds some of its    
fuzz4 ,a section of this smallest fruit 
discloses empty cells2 apparently it was
 not fertilized4  ,illustration3 #h4    
,may #ca--,the success and failure      
,illustration3 #i4 ,june #ad--,the one  
big apple  ,another two weeks have      
passed4 ,it is ,june #adth4 ,from the   
same tree is taken the photograph1 ,fig4
 #i4 ,here is a big apple1 #a-a_/b inch 
in diameter2 and there is a dead        
shrivelled fruit that dropped when ,i   
touched it4 ,of the several flowers in  
the cluster1 all have failed but one4   
,this one fruit has now passed the      
danger of the blossom-end infection by  
the codlin-moth and it has no blemishes4
 ,the many whitish spots characteristic 
of the variety are now conspicuous all  
over the surface4 ,the ribs begin to    
show4 ,there is a faint blush on the    
upper side4 ,the fuzz has disappeared   
and the bloom is becoming evident4 ,the 
calyx is tightly closed1 although the   
tips of the sepals are spread widely4   

,the stem is stout4 ,the weight of the  
apple inclines it nearly to the         
horizontal4 ,yet this good apple is not 
symmetrical2 one side is larger than the
 other4 ,i cut it crosswise and find two
 cells on the larger side developing two
 strong seeds each1 whilst those on the 
smaller side have a single seed each and
 one of these seeds is small and perhaps
 would not have matured4 ,the fleshy    
part of the apple1 outside the core1 now
 occupies about as much of the diameter 
as the core itself and much more than   
one-half the bulk of the fruit4 ,already
 my apple1 now half grown1 shows many of
 its distinctive characteristics4  ,yet 
another fortnight has come and gone1 and
 it is ,june #bhth4 ,it has been good   
growing weather4 ,summer is here1       
full-orbed1 regal1 bringing the         
abundance of the earth4 ,here are two   
stout apples hanging on their stems     
7,fig4 #aj71 for they are now too heavy 
to be held erect4 ,the larger fruit is a
 trifle more than two inches in         

diameter4 ,the feature spots are now    
still more prominent on these apples1   
the ribs more pronounced1 the blush     
against the sun more warm4 ,both these  
fruits1 from one spur1 will mature2 but 
the smaller one will be blemished1 for  
the apple-scab fungus has established   
itself on the crown and about the calyx4
 ,already the growth is checked in that 
area1 and the apple looks flattened4    
,there is no evidence in either apple of
 codlin-moth invasion4 ,the adjoining   
spur1 not clearly shown in the          
photograph1 is barren2 it gave no       
flowers this year1 and it shows no      
indication of a blossom-bud for next    
year4 ,the leaves are thick and         
vigorous1 yet they bear marks of insect 
injury and one of them has been         
extensively skeletonized4 ,on the whole1
 however1 the fruits have the mastery1  
and they now make a brave show4         
,illustration3 #aj4 ,june #bh1 and the  
apples have taken their form  ,july has 
passed this way4 ,tomorrow it will be   

,august4 ,the odor of apples is now in  
my tree4 ,there are big striped apples  
on the ground1 plucked by the wind1 the 
hold loosened by bugs for they too have 
felt the fullness of ,july4 ,three      
apples1 one of them three inches through
 and two and one-half inches high1 and  
the others nearly as big1 hang at the   
level of my eyes4 ,you may see them in  
,fig4 #aa4 ,here rises again my boyhood 
spent in an orchard now passed away1 as 
father and mother have passed1 as       
playmates have fallen one by one1 the   
old place holding only memories4 ,here  
is my boyhood because the earth is      
always young and repeats her miracles   
for the children by my side as it did   
for me so many many years ago4 ,yet the 
miracles are greater now than they were 
then4 ,they have more meaning4 ,now are 
they part of some great order4 ,they are
 not separate4 ,without moving my feet1 
,i lay my hands on apples1 ,virginia    
creeper1 asparagus1 marigold1 sweet     
sultan1 oxalis1 plantain1 crab-grass1   

white clover1 all growing securely in   
one place1 and everyone like unto itself
 alone4 ,here is the everlasting miracle
 before my eyes1 and all miracles are   
mysteries4 ,once ,i thought ,i should   
understand such things when ,i was grown
 up1 but ,i find myself still a boy4    
,illustration3 #aa4 ,july #ca1 and the  
apples are getting ripe  ,these three   
apples on the last of the days of ,july 
look fair and sound1 partly hidden in   
the leaves1 the deep red colors covering
 them in broad splashed stripes and     
relieved by light dots4 ,yet when ,i    
raise the leaves or when ,i lift the    
apples apart1 ,i find the burrows of    
insects4 ,they know that these apples   
are good4 ,it is astonishing how nature 
covers up the wounds1 how she conceals  
the sore places1 and how fair she makes 
everything look4 ,were it not that she  
covers the depredations of man1 the     
earth would not long remain habitable by
 him4  ,summer is ended4 ,today the sun 
is on the equator1 and we are at the    

equinox when nights are equal to the    
days1 as the word testifies4 ,the       
harvest is over4 ,the apples are no     
more4 ,yet the tree still is active and 
preparing for another year 7,fig4 #ab74 
,the spurs are now thick and stout1     
bearing sturdy hard leaves4 ,the bud in 
the center is a big one1 already        
recognized as a fruit-bud3 here is the  
promise of speckled1 furrowed1 striped  
apples next ,august4 ,thereby ,i learn  
that it is not enough to be good to the 
tree in the year in which ,i desire its 
fruit3 ,i must begin the year before1   
and the year before that1 and even back 
at the time when the tree is planted2   
and if the tree at planting-time is not 
a good tree1 it will be at a            
disadvantage perhaps all its life long4 
,illustration3 #ab4 ,september #bb1 and 
the buds are formed for the next year's 
crop  ,finally the apple is ripe and    
ready4 ,at the stem end is the cavity1 a
 depression1 deep or shallow1 according 
to variety1 in which the stem is set4   

,at the blossom end is the basin1 also  
with the characteristics of the variety 
as to depth and width and contour1 in   
which the calyx-lobes persist1 and      
inside the calyx are the remains of the 
dead stamens and styles2 the calyx may  
be closed or open1 the character being a
 mark of the particular variety4  ,cut  
the apple through the center lengthwise 
7,fig4 #ac72 note the curved outline of 
the core 7the pistil7 extending half or 
more across the fruit2 if you do not see
 this outline1 cut an apple until you   
do2 carefully open the five cells or    
compartments and within the parchment   
walls find the two seeds attached by    
their points which are directed toward  
the stem end2 perhaps one of the seeds  
has failed1 but probably a cavity marks 
its place2 perhaps both seeds have      
failed2 perhaps the cell has more than  
two seeds4  ,illustration3 #ac4 ,the    
apples in section  ,cut an apple        
cross-wise3 note the five radiating     
cells of the core1 the number and       

attachment of the seeds2 note the ten   
points1 imbedded in the flesh1 marking  
the outline of the core4 ,cut an apple  
cross-wise above the core and beneath   
it2 note where these points vanish and  
try to harmonize them with the          
core-outline as seen in the lengthwise  
section2 probably you will discover why 
you may not see the core-outline in all 
the lengthwise sections you make4       
,before you leave the fruit1 note       
whether single seeds in a cell are the  
same shape as the two seeds in a cell4  
,the flesh outside the core-outline is  
interpreted to be stem structure rather 
than pistil structure4 ,sometimes an    
apple bears a scale-like leaf on its    
exterior1 suggesting that the outer part
 of the fruit is stem4 ,the older       
morphologists interpreted the apple     
flower to comprise a hollowed calyx     
7calyx-tube7 inside which is the pistil 
and on the rim of which are the petals  
and stamens4 ,the structure now is      
regarded as a hollowed receptacle or    

stem 7hypanthium71 with the pistil      
inside1 the petals and stamens on its   
rim4 ,we noted in the flower that the   
ovary part of the pistil is solidly     
imbedded in this receptacle1 but that   
the five styles are free4 ,the pear and 
quince are of similar structure1 but the
 peach1 plum and cherry are simple      
ripened pistils4  ,here1 in this        
chapter1 we have discovered some of the 
epochs in the life of the apple4        
,usually we let the imagination run only
 to the mature fruit1 thinking of the   
harvest1 but in all the weeks before the
 harvest the apple has been growing and 
taking form4 ,as these weeks have not   
been blank to the apple-tree1 so shall  
they not be blank to me4     ,v  ,,the  
,,brush ,,pile   ,today ,i visited the  
brush pile back of the orchard4 ,here   
the trimmings of the winter are placed1 
waiting to be burned when dry4 ,how many
 are the archives that will be          
destroyed6 ,here are histories in every 
bud and twig and scar1 of the seasons1  

of the accidents and deaths1 the records
 of the tree as there are records of    
families4  ,these records are not       
written in numbers or in letters1 nor   
yet in hieroglyphs2 yet are they        
understandable4 ,alphabet is not needed1
 and the key is simple4  ,from the brush
 pile of records ,i took one4 ,i must   
describe it in part by a picture 7,fig4 
#ad74 ,on the living trees at this      
writing the petals mostly have fallen   
and the leaves are nearly full grown4   
,this branch was cut in winter4 ,it has 
lain in the snow and rain1 putting forth
 no flowers or leaves4 ,yet we can read 
it4  ,it is ,may1 #aiba4 ,the terminal  
shoot is obviously of #aibj2 we shall   
name it ,no4 #a4 ,it is a foot long1    
smooth and glossy1 terminating at the   
base 7o7 in a ring and at a short stub  
or branchlet4 ,if we count the buds on  
all sides of the shoot and at the tip we
 find them to be #ac4 ,the largest one  
is at the tip1 and they are mostly      
successively smaller toward the base4   

,apparently the growth-energy was       
expended in the upper parts of the twig1
 making large full buds4 ,in fact1 the  
three or four lowermost buds are        
scarcely developed and would not grow   
unless the limb were broken off above   
them2 they are dormant buds4            
,illustration3 #ad4 ,a three-year       
record4--,in a leisure hour1 trace the  
history of these parts2 it will open    
your eyes4  ,looking along the shoot1 ,i
 find that every six buds stand in the  
same line3 the sixth bud is over the    
first1 seventh over the second1 eighth  
over the third4 ,if ,i were to fasten a 
string to bud ,no4 #a and wind it around
 the stem to my left1 passing over every
 bud until ,i had reached the sixth1 ,i 
should find that it had made two        
circuits of the stem 7passed twice      
around it7 and had passed over five     
spaces between buds4 ,this is the       
leaf-arrangement or phyllotaxy of the   
apple-tree1 expressed by the fraction   
#b_/e4 ,the space between two buds is   

two-fifths of a diameter1 and two       
circuits 7ten-fifths7 must be passed    
before a bud comes over the one from    
which we started4 ,the #b_/e            
leaf-arrangement obtains on cherry1     
peach1 apricot1 pear1 raspberry and many
 others2 but a very different order is  
that of the linden1 grape1 currant1     
lilies1 elm1 maple4  ,we cannot         
understand this simple unbranched       
terminal twig 7,no4 #a7 until we know   
what took place last year4 ,a year ago1 
in the spring of #aibj1 a terminal bud  
that had formed in #aiai expanded and   
gave rise to this rapidly growing shoot4
 ,by the end of ,may or early ,june this
 shoot had grown to twelve inches long1 
for the growth in length on the twigs of
 trees is usually completed that early4 
,this shoot bore leaves on the #b_/e    
arrangement2 in the axil of every leaf  
was a bud1 the strongest buds being with
 the strongest leaves at the middle and 
top of the shoot2 in the autumn of #aibj
 these leaves fell1 but the buds        

remained1 persisted the winter1 and were
 ready to grow in the early spring of   
#aiba4 ,we see them on ,no4 #a 7,fig4   
#ad74  ,illustration3 #ae4 ,the growing 
shoot1 with a bud in each axil1 and a   
spur on last year's growth4  ,in #aiba  
these buds on ,no4 #a1 then1 would have 
grown4 ,new leaves would have come from 
the bud itself2 in fact1 the winter buds
 of the apple are packed with miniature 
leaves and sometimes with flowers as    
well4 ,the shoot coming out of the bud  
may remain very short1 constituting a   
spur1 or grow with long internodes1     
making a slender twig4 ,fig4 #ae shows a
 branch with new elongated growth1 b to 
a1 and a shoot or spur 7c7 arising from 
a bud of the previous year4 ,note the   
ring1 or division beyond b1 marking the 
turn of the year4  ,it will be noted in 
,fig4 #ad that the buds are of two      
shapes and sizes1 such as a1 a1 a1      
representing one kind and b1 b1 the     
other kind4 ,the former1 small and      
pointed1 are leaf-buds2 from them will  

arise a shoot bearing only leaves4 ,the 
latter1 b1 large and rounded and usually
 more fuzzy1 are flower-buds            
7fruit-buds73 from them will arise a    
short shoot bearing leaves and a cluster
 of flowers2 and we hope that at least  
one of the flowers will set fruit4  ,we 
are now ready to resume our lesson with 
the branch before us4 ,we have          
identified the slender terminal part1   
,no4 #a1 as the growth of #aibj4 ,we are
 now to account for all the remaining   
buds and branchlets4  ,if ,no4 #a grew  
in #aibj1 then the main shoot of ,no4 #b
 grew in #aiai1 from the point o o4 ,it 
is also one foot long4 ,near its base   
are four small buds that remained       
dormant in #aibj4 ,there are nine       
branches 7d7 of various lengths besides 
the terminal shoot ,no4 #a1 all of which
 grew in #aibj1 for they are naturally a
 year younger than the main axis from   
which they arise2 these branches are the
 same age as ,no4 #a1 with buds that    
would have produced shoots in #aiba4    

,but the terminal buds of eight of these
 lateral shoots 7all but the lowermost7 
bear blossom-buds at the end2 note their
 size and shape4 ,had not the branch    
been cut1 these buds would have bloomed 
in #aiba2 the eight of them would have  
produced probably forty to fifty        
flowers2 perhaps two or three good      
fruits would have resulted4 ,note that  
two of the lateral branches or spurs are
 short and weak3 these would soon       
perish4 ,the ,no4 #b branch has a dead  
end 7e72 in some way the terminal bud   
was destroyed1 and ,no4 #a sprang from a
 lateral bud beneath it1 changing the   
direction of growth4  ,if ,no4 #b grew  
in #aiai1 then ,no4 #c grew in #aiah4   
,it also grew about one foot in length1 
showing that the conditions in the three
 years must have been very uniform4     
,there are remains of five dormant buds 
at its base4 ,there are seven side      
branches4 ,as the main axis is three    
years old1 so these lateral shoots are  
two years old2 they are the same age as 

the axis ,no4 #b4 ,the lower one 7s7    
grew less than an inch in #aiai1 and    
made a fruit-bud2 in #aibj it blossomed 
and one fruit set as is shown by the    
square scar at the end2 as the scar is  
small and the twig weak1 we are safe in 
assuming that the apple was very small  
or else did not mature4 ,a bud formed at
 the side of s to continue the growth of
 the spur next year 7#aiba71 but it is a
 leaf-bud2 apparently there was not     
sufficient energy to bear flowers and to
 make a fruit-bud2 so there would have  
been no more fruit on this spur earlier 
than #aibb3 thus do we see that the     
alternate bearing of the apple-tree may 
have some of its origin in the          
fruit-spur4  ,the side spur f produced a
 terminal blossom-bud in #aiai4 ,in     
#aibj six flowers opened1--,i could     
count the scars4 ,one of the flowers    
produced a fruit1 as ,i tell by the     
square scar at the end2 the thickened   
stem also indicates fruit-bearing4 ,the 
side bud in this case is a fruit-bud1   

but it is small and weak and is probably
 incapable of producing a fruit4 ,there 
are no strong leaf-buds to take up the  
work1 and this spur 7f7 would probably  
soon have died1 as also would spur s4   
,the side shoot g grew to h in #aiai and
 made a flower-bud4 ,in #aibj this bud  
gave blossoms and one fruit resulted2   
the scar is prominent and there is an   
enlargement of the tissue indicating    
that the fruit probably attained good   
size2 in #aibj also1 two side spurs were
 formed each with weak blossom-buds1    
also a terminal shoot 7beyond h7 with   
leaf-bud at the end4  ,the other shoots 
have similar histories3 the long shoot i
 bore a fruit-bud at k in #aiai and a   
fruit in #aibj2 in #aibj it also made   
three lateral shoots and a terminal     
shoot1 with flower-buds terminating two 
of them4 ,shoot l bore flowers at its   
point in #aibj but did not carry the    
fruit to maturity2 it also made two side
 growths and one terminal growth1 all   
terminated by flower-buds1 to be blown  

in #aiba4 ,the shoot m is a short spur  
that made a flower-bud in #aiai and in  
#aibj carried three little fruits for a 
time and made a flower-bud in #aibj4    
,shoot n remained very short in #aiai1  
making a terminal leaf-bud2 in #aibj it 
grew two inches and made a weak         
flower-bud4  ,if shoot ,no4 #c grew in  
#aiah1 then ,no4 #d grew in #aiag2 but  
the branch is severed and ,i cannot     
trace the record farther4 ,we could     
trace the family history many years if  
we had the unpruned tree before us4     
,here1 then1 in my yard-long manuscript 
are forty bud-records on the main axis1 
counting the terminals on ,no4 #b and   
,no4 #c4 ,i can find record of #add buds
 on the side shoots4 ,this makes a grand
 total of #ahd buds4 ,there is a total  
growth in length of #ajh inches1 or #i  
feet4 ,each of the buds that has already
 grown has produced an average of       
probably ten leaves1 or say #cdj leaves 
in total4 ,if there were an average of  
five flowers to the cluster1 then about 

#aej flowers would have been carried on 
my branch1 with the potentiality of #aej
 fruits2 but in fact not more than three
 or four maturing fruits would have been
 produced in these years3 and ,i should 
think this a good proportion as blossoms
 and apples go4 ,certainly the branch   
has done its part4 ,there have been     
three eventful years4  ,i would not have
 my reader to suppose that one may      
always distinguish leaf-buds and        
fruit-buds at a glance4 ,i may be       
mistaken in some of the above           
determinations1 but they are essentially
 correct for ,i have the twig before me4
 ,in some varieties of apples the       
differences between the two kinds of    
buds are less marked4 ,the certain way  
is to dissect the bud3 one may then see 
what it contains4  ,it now remains to   
determine how the branch was placed in  
the tree4 ,it must have been upright or 
very nearly so1 for the main axis is    
essentially straight and the branchlets 
are about equally developed on all      

sides2 moreover1 there is no indication 
in the bark that one exposure was the   
weather side4 ,the big twig i apparently
 found a light and unoccupied space into
 which to develop1 but its extension is 
not greatly out of proportion4 ,i       
suppose1 however1 that my branch was not
 topmost in the tree2 there is no       
indication in very long growth or strong
 upward tendency of the branchlets to   
mark the branch as a leader4  ,years ago
 ,i became fascinated with the study of 
knots and knot-holes in the timber of   
wood-piles4 ,they are excellent records 
of the events in the life of trees4 ,in 
print ,i have tried to show what they   
mean4 ,i also worked out the            
life-histories of twigs and published   
them in nature-study leaflets and       
elsewhere4 ,hundreds of children were   
interested in the twigs and buds1       
finding them unusual1 every one of them 
a different story1 and yet not difficult
 to read4 ,these lessons gave meaning to
 trees and seasons4 ,such observations  

have always meant much to me1 even when 
made in the most casual way in the midst
 of constraining activities4 ,and now in
 this later day ,i come back to a bare  
twig with all the joy of youth4 ,the    
records of the years are in these piles 
of brush4     ,,vi  ,,the ,,pruning ,,of
 ,,the ,,apple-,,tree   ,we have found  
that not all the buds grow4 ,we also    
know that some of the spurs and shoots  
perish1 not alone from accident but from
 defeat in the struggle to live4 ,the   
chances of success are relatively few4  
,the pruning process begins early in the
 life of the tree1 and it continues     
ceaselessly until the end4  ,to the     
apple-tree in the wild1 strict pruning  
is the assurance of success4 ,no tree   
can reach maturity unless more parts    
perish than are able to live4 ,the young
 forest tree has branchlets and leaves  
along its side and at the top4 ,all     
these perish as the trunk rises1 often  
leaving marks on the bark1 curls in the 
wood1 and knot-holes large and small4   

,thousands of perished buds and branches
 are the price of a straight bole and   
great clear sheets of boards4 ,yet these
 perished parts bore their burden in    
their day and time1 and contributed to  
the ultimate success3 there could have  
been no tree without them4  ,any        
tree-top discloses the pruning in action
 if one looks intently4 ,part of it is  
recorded in the buds that never put     
forth a leaf2 more of it in little      
shoots left behind2 and there are large 
and small limbs1 dead and dying1        
yellowing apparently before their time1 
hanging on till the last hold is broken4
 ,were it not for the benevolent        
processes of decay1 the ground would be 
strewn with the fallen parts            
accumulating through the years4  ,in    
nature1 the great result is to yield    
abundant quantity of seeds1 that the    
species may propagate itself after its  
kind4 ,man may desire fruits relatively 
few1 but large of size and excellent of 
quality1 without spot or blemish2 this  

means greater opportunity and care to   
the single fruit4 ,pruning is essential1
 to converge the energy of the plant    
into fewer branches1 to give the fruits 
space and light1 to increase the        
efficiency of measures for the control  
of diseases and insects4 ,part of the   
pruning consists in removing certain    
branches1 and part of it in eliminating 
the fruits themselves by the careful    
process of thinning4  ,the pruning of   
nature is fortuitous4 ,the tree has the 
irregularity and abandon of the         
picturesque4 ,the pruning of man is for 
a different end1 and it produces the    
comely well-proportioned tree of the    
orchards4 ,the tree becomes a           
manipulated subject1 comforting to the  
eye of the thrifty pomologist4          
,branch-pruning is essentially the      
removal of superfluous branches1--those 
that crowd1 that cross each other1 that 
are so placed as to be profitless1 that 
are in the way1 that are injured or     
diseased4 ,for the most part1 the       

branches should be removed when they are
 small2 but it is not possible to       
foresee all that may be needed in the   
training of the tree and1 therefore1 the
 frequent advice to prune only with a   
hand-knife cannot be followed4 ,one     
needs a sharp pruning-saw and sometimes 
a chisel on a long handle4 ,usually it  
is not necessary to remove branches more
 than an inch or one and one-half inch  
in diameter if pruning is carefully     
practiced every year2 but sometimes even
 well-pruned trees must be shaped1      
corrected and improved by the cutting of
 larger branches4  ,pruning is usually  
best performed in early spring4 ,the    
branch should be cut close to the main  
limb or trunk and parallel with it1     
leaving no stub2 the healing process is 
then likely to proceed more rapidly4    
,the wound should be smooth and clean1  
without breaks1 splinters or splits2 the
 knot-holes in logs and trunks are      
usually the consequence of long stubs   
and torn injured parts4 ,the tree is to 

be left shapely1 with a uniform         
distribution of branches1 plenty of     
fruit-bearing wood1 easy to spray and   
from which to pick the fruit1 of the    
form characteristic of the variety4  ,in
 all the usual customary pruning of the 
apple-tree1 dressing of the wounds is   
not necessary4 ,it is much more         
important to give the added attention to
 the proper making of the wounds and the
 thoughtful choice of the parts to be   
removed4 ,wounds two inches and more in 
diameter may be protected with good     
paint1 so that they will not check and  
therefore not hold water1 until the     
callus covers them4 ,good judgment in   
pruning is more profitable than recipes 
to repair damage4  ,fruit-pruning1 or   
thinning1 is the removing of so much    
fruit1 when it is small1 as will allow  
the remainder to mature to its best and 
constitute a maximum yield2 it reduces  
the quantity of inferior fruit1 lessens 
the number of culls and the labor at    
packing time1 conserves the energy of   

the tree by preventing the maturity of  
great numbers of seeds1 diminishes      
diseases and pests4 ,the overloading of 
the tree not only imposes a heavy tax on
 its vitality but is likely to break the
 limbs and to work much physical damage4
  ,thinning may consist in removing part
 of the fruit in the cluster 7in the    
case of varieties that tend to mature   
more than one fruit from each           
flower-cluster71 in picking all the     
fruits from certain clusters or pairs of
 clusters1 or in cutting away some of   
the fruit-spurs before blossoming time4 
,the removal of the fruit itself is     
usually performed after the ,june-drop1 
when the extent of the crop is evident4 
,the fruits are pulled off by hand or   
cut with thinning-shears1 the latter    
practice being the better since it is   
not so likely to break the fruit-spurs4 
,the least promising fruits are taken   
away and the remaining apples are left  
at least five or six inches apart in    
most varieties4 ,the extent of thinning 

must be governed by the variety1 thrift 
of the tree1 result desired1 and other  
conditions4 ,to secure the best results1
 the apples should be thinned when still
 small4  ,thinning by early-spring      
removal of fruit-spurs is a very special
 practice4 ,it is employed on dwarf     
trees and on those specially trained4   
,it should be undertaken only by a      
careful and experienced man4 ,it is not 
to be inferred that the fruit of the    
apple is all borne on spurs1 for some of
 it may be derived from terminal buds on
 the new axial growths or even from     
lateral buds2 but the spurs are         
conspicuous and readily recognized4 ,of 
course the ordinary pruning of the tree 
removes fruit-bearing wood and is       
therefore a thinning process4  ,within  
sensible limits1 therefore1 pruning is  
an invigorating process in the sense    
that it deflects the energy to remaining
 parts of the tree4 ,what is called too 
heavy pruning1 whereby the tree throws  
out abundance of water-sprouts1 is      

illustration of this fact3 the tree is  
thrown into heavy growth of adventitious
 shoots4 ,the tree may not produce more 
pounds of substance1 or even more total 
feet in length1 but new energy is       
developed in certain parts4  ,in the    
restoration1 or so-called renovation1 of
 old neglected trees1 the two primary   
considerations are to prune vigorously  
and to till and fertilize the land4     
,sometimes old trees must be mended as  
explained in ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,of course
 they must be sprayed for what ails     
them4 ,if the variety is poor1 the tree 
may be top-grafted 7,chapter ,,xii74 ,in
 some cases1 it is hardly possible to   
make neglected trees bear               
satisfactorily1 for they were never of  
value3 there is nothing to restore4 ,it 
may be a question of soil and location1 
of lack of pollination1 of trees so weak
 or so misshapen that effort on them is 
wasted4 ,but tillage1 pruning1 spraying1
 should produce worth-while results in  
most cases4  ,in the care of the        

fruit-tree there is no practice which   
brings the grower into such intimate    
knowledge of the plant as that of       
pruning and thinning4 ,the operator sees
 the tree as a whole1 taking it all in2 
then he sees it in small detail in all  
its parts1 even to the spurs and buds4  
,with simple good tools1 sharp and keen1
 and with a practiced eye1 he applies a 
deft and swift handicraft1 cutting true1
 making a fair clean wound1 leaving the 
tree comely and ready for its highest   
effort4 ,the pride of good workmanship  
may find expression4 ,the operator feels
 also the sense of mastery that is in   
him1 whereby he corrects the tree1      
removes the wayward parts1 keeps and    
encourages all that is best4 ,to engage 
in this kind of education requires that 
one approaches the work with due        
preparation of mind and ,i think also   
with consecration of heart4     ,,vii   
,,maintaining ,,the ,,health ,,and      
,,energy ,,of ,,the ,,apple-,,tree      
,the apple-tree starts life fresh and   

vigorous4 ,it grows rapidly4 ,the shoots
 are long and straight4 ,the wood is    
smooth and fair and supple4 ,the leaves 
are usually large4 ,it is good to see   
the young trees acquire size and take   
shape4  ,room in the ground and in the  
air is ample with the young apple-tree4 
,it is free to grow4 ,probably the      
ground was newly prepared and tilled    
when the tree was planted2 at least1 a  
hole was dug and fine good earth was    
placed about the roots4 ,probably       
insects had not found permanent         
encampment on the tree4 ,it had been    
well pruned1 so that it carried the     
minimum of superfluous and competing    
parts4  ,but in time the difficulties   
come4 ,the tree probably slows down4 ,it
 becomes too thick of branches4 ,the    
land is not tilled4 ,it is not manured4 
,insects and fungi make headway4 ,the   
tree overbears4 ,as the years go on1 the
 tree is thrown into alternate bearing1 
one year a crop too heavy1 one year a   
crop too light4 ,the tree becomes       

broken1 diseased1 gnarly1 unshapely4    
,we have seen that the fruit-spur in    
bearing is likely to make a leaf-bud for
 the next year's activities rather than 
a flower-bud4 ,it is assumed that the   
making of a flower-bud requires more    
energy than the making of a plain       
leaf-bud2 if this is true1 there may not
 be energy enough to carry a            
flower-cluster and to make a new        
flower-bud at the same time4 ,but if the
 tree is in proper vigor1 is well fed1  
protected from noxious organisms1 not   
allowed to overbear1 it should have     
sufficient energy to make a crop every  
year1 frosts and accidents excepted4 ,it
 is assumed1 of course1 that            
self-sterile varieties have good        
pollinizing varieties near them2 it is  
always well to plant two or more kinds  
near together4 ,whether the continuity  
of bearing is exhibited on the same     
fruit-spurs or whether there may be an  
alternation in the spurs on the same    
tree1 is of no moment in this           

discussion4 ,it is enough to say that   
there is no reason in the nature of the 
case why an apple-tree should bear only 
every other year2 it is probably a      
question of nutrition4  ,the first      
essential to continued health and vigor 
is to start with a strong unblemished   
tree4 ,it is to be planted before its   
vitality is lessened by exposure and    
hard usage4 ,the more direct the        
transfer from nursery to orchard1 the   
better4 ,it is to be placed in good     
ground1 well drained and deeply spaded  
or plowed4 ,the apple-tree thrives on   
many kinds of land1 but light sand1 hard
 clay1 and muck are equally to be       
avoided4 ,good corn land is commonly    
considered to be good apple land4       
,certain soils and regions are          
particularly adaptable to commercial    
apple-growing1 but the amateur may plant
 quite independently of this fact4 ,the 
observant man notes the many conditions 
under which the apple-tree may be grown 
with satisfaction4  ,if the land is not 

uniformly prepared1 then the hole dug   
for the tree should be larger than      
demanded by spread of roots1 and the    
earth fined in the bottom of it4 ,trees 
should be planted when perfectly        
dormant1 preferably in spring1 at least 
in the northern parts4  ,the roots      
should be cut back to sound unsplintered
 wood1 and very long roots may well be  
shortened4 ,the reader is aware that    
roots have no regular order or          
arrangement as do the buds from which   
branches arise4 ,it is not necessary to 
try to shape the root-system to any     
formal regularity4  ,as a good part of  
the root-system is destroyed when the   
tree is dug1 so is the top reduced to   
insure something like a balance4 ,half  
or more of the top1 on a three-year-old 
tree1 is cut away1 the long growths     
being shortened to perhaps three or four
 good buds4 ,if limbs are left to form  
the framework of the future top1 they   
should be alternate with each other at  
some distance apart so that weak        

crotches do not form4  ,the tree is     
planted snugly1 the earth being filled  
among the roots so that no air-holes    
remain4 ,the tree is shaken up and down 
to settle the earth densely4 ,once or   
twice in filling1 the earth is packed   
with the feet4 ,the purpose is to keep  
the tree firm and stiff against winds1  
and to give all its roots close contact 
with the earth4 ,properly planted1 so   
that it will not whip or dry out1 the   
tree gets a hold quickly and begins to  
grow strongly4 ,the first start-off of  
the tree is important4  ,apple-trees are
 held in vigor by plenty of room4 ,for  
the standard varieties in regular       
orchards1 the recommended distance      
either way is #dj feet1 or #ce x #dj    
feet4 ,some varieties may go as close as
 #cj feet2 and in regions 7as parts of  
central and western ,north ,america7 in 
which the trees are not expected to     
attain such great size as in the eastern
 country1 the planting may be even less 
than this of the upright-growing kinds4 

,the spaces between the trees may be    
utilized for a few years with other     
crops1 even with other fruits1 as       
peaches or berries4 ,orchardists        
sometimes plant smaller-growing and     
early-bearing varieties of apples       
between the regular trees as fillers1   
taking them out as the room is needed4  
,of course all kinds of double cropping 
require that extra attention be given to
 the tilling and fertilizing of the     
plantation4  ,the general advice for the
 growing of strong apple-trees is to    
give the land good tillage from the     
first and to withhold other cropping    
after the trees come into profitable    
bearing4 ,clean tillage for the first   
part of the season and the raising of a 
cover-crop in the latter part1 to be    
plowed under1 is a standard and         
dependable procedure4 ,trees live long  
in continuous sod and they may thrive1  
but they may be expected to show gains  
under tillage4 ,vast areas of apple     
plantings are in sod1 but this of itself

 does not demonstrate the desirability  
of the sod practice4 ,allowing trees to 
remain in sod usually leads to neglect4 
,there is a modification of sod-practice
 in some parts of the country that gives
 excellent results1 under certain       
conditions4 ,the grass is cut and       
allowed to lie1 not being removed for   
hay4 ,manure and fertilizer are added as
 top-dressing1 as needed4 ,this method  
is known as the sod mulch system4 ,it is
 not a practice of partial neglect1 like
 the prevailing sod orchards1 but a     
regular designed method of producing    
results4 ,its application can hardly be 
as widespread as clean tillage1 on level
 lands4  ,it is a common opinion that   
hillsides and more or less inaccessible 
slopes should be planted to apples4     
,this may be true in the sense that     
apples will grow on such areas and that 
such plantations are better than fallow 
land4 ,in fact1 many such lands are     
profitable in orchards4 ,when they do   
not allow of tillage1 easy spraying1 and

 economy in harvesting1 however1 they   
cannot compete with level orchards4  ,to
 maintain the health and energy of the  
apple-tree1 the land should be enriched4
 ,this may be accomplished by the       
application of animal manures1 chemical 
fertilizers1 or cover-crops1 or         
preferably by a combination of these    
means4 ,not many persons possess        
sufficient farm manures to supply the   
general crops and the apple-orchard2 but
 every application the orchard receives 
is all to the good4 ,five to ten tons of
 good stable manure to the acre annually
 is a good addition for an orchard in   
bearing4 ,this may be supplemented by   
cover-crops and bag fertilizers in years
 in which the manure is not available4  
,experiments are yet inconclusive on the
 fertilizing of apple-trees1 but it is  
fair to assume that on most lands1      
particularly on old lands1 the addition 
of chemical fertilizer is advantageous4 
,a bearing apple-tree may receive two to
 eight pounds of nitrate of soda        

7depending on its size and on soil7     
applied to the full feeding area of the 
roots1 five to nine pounds of acid      
phosphate1 two or three pounds of       
muriate of potash2 always ask advice4   
,the pasturing of orchards is often     
defensible and sometimes even desirable4
 ,if the trees are growing too rapidly1 
they may be slowed down by seeding to   
grass for a time2 and pasturing with    
hogs1 and possibly with sheep1 may      
afford a way of keeping the area in     
condition and of adding fertilizer4     
,sheep that do not have access to       
drinking-water and salt gnaw the trees4 
,hogs root up the ground and thereby    
provide a rude kind of tillage4 ,if     
animals are fed other food in the       
orchard1 the fertilizer increment will  
be considerable4  ,in house-lot         
conditions1 the apple-tree usually      
receives sufficient food if the land is 
well enriched for garden purposes2 but  
trees in sod should have liberal        
top-dressings of fertilizer every year  

and of stable manure every other year4  
,the apple-tree should have a good      
supply of moisture4 ,planted on banks   
and in hard places about buildings1 it  
may suffer in this respect4 ,the land   
should be so graded that the rainfall   
will not run off4 ,in orchard           
conditions1 the moisture is conserved by
 the addition of humus to the land1 and 
by thorough judicious tillage2 and in   
dry regions it is supplied by           
irrigation4  ,the energy of the         
apple-tree1 and its ability to produce1 
is conserved by holding all diseases and
 noxious insects in check4 ,the means at
 the command of the apple-grower are now
 many4 ,no longer is the man helpless1  
nor does he need to appeal to the moon  
or to atmospheric influences for        
reasons4 ,the natural histories of fungi
 and insects1 that do so much damage1   
are now a part of common understandable 
knowledge4 ,to acquire at least a       
working understanding of the commonest  
of these subjects is in itself a great  

satisfaction and gives one a sense of   
dominion4 ,the good books and bulletins 
are sufficient to keep one well         
informed4 ,all these organisms are      
tenants of the apple-tree1 and from the 
naturist's point of view alone they are 
not to be overlooked4  ,it is not to be 
inferred that all apple-trees will yield
 equally well with equally good         
treatment4 ,there is difference in trees
 as there is in cows4 ,we may not know  
why4 ,but even so1 it is our part to do 
the best we can3 this is our privilege4 
,the tillage and care of plants lessen  
the struggle for existence4 ,so is the  
apple-tree protected from the crowds1   
from contest for moisture and food1 from
 insects1 and from the competition      
within itself4 ,thereby is it able to   
express all its possibilities4 ,even the
 dormant potentialities may be wakened1 
and the plant makes a wide departure    
from its native state4 ,this is not an  
original state of sin1 but a state of   
repression in which it is held in a     

world that is full of so many things    
beside apple-trees4 ,i may till my      
orchard ever so well1 manipulate the    
trees ever so promptly1 yet if the      
plantation then is allowed to run to    
neglect the processes of depreciation   
gain the mastery2 the struggle for      
existence is restored4  ,to keep one's  
apple-tree in the pink of perfection is 
as joyful an enterprise as to do        
anything else well4 ,it is only the     
well-conditioned tree that yields its   
glorious harvest year by year4          
,,viii  ,,how ,,an ,,apple-,,tree ,,is  
,,made   ,if the seeds of a ,baldwin or 
,winesap apple are planted1 we do not   
expect to get a ,baldwin or ,winesap2 we
 shall probably raise a very inferior   
fruit4 ,the apple has not been bred true
 to seed as has the cabbage and sweet   
pea4 ,to get the tree true to name1 of  
the desired variety and with no chance  
of failure 7barring accident71 is one of
 the niceties of horticulture4 ,this is 
accomplished with great precision and   

despatch4  ,the apple-tree is started   
from the seed4 ,it cannot be grown      
freely by means of cuttings1 as can the 
grape and currant4 ,in commercial       
practice the seeds are collected mostly 
from cider mills or from pomace4 ,the   
seeds may be washed from the pomace1    
allowed to dry1 and then mixed in sand1 
charcoal1 sawdust or other material to  
prevent dessication and kept until      
spring1 when they are sown4 ,or1 if the 
land is not so wet in winter that the   
seed will drown or be washed out1 the   
seed in the pomace 7not separated7 may  
be sown in autumn4 ,the seeds are sown  
in drills1 after the manner of onions or
 turnips1 one to two or even three      
inches deep4 ,they germinate readily in 
the cool of spring1 and the plants      
should reach a height of twelve inches  
and more the first year4  ,if these     
plants were grown directly into bearing 
trees1 it is probable that no two trees 
would produce the same kind of fruit4   
,some of the fruit might be summer      

apples1 some of it winter apples1 some  
red1 yellow or striped1 some of it flat1
 oblong or spherical1 most of it sour   
but perhaps some of it sweet4 ,probably 
every kind would be inferior to the     
parent stock or to standard varieties1  
although there is a fair chance that a  
superior kind might originate from a    
field of such plants4  ,therefore1 it is
 not the variety 7that is1 the top7 that
 is wanted in the raising of these      
numerous plants1 but merely the roots1  
on which desired varieties may be grown 
by the clever art of graftage4 ,yet not 
even all the roots may be wanted1 for   
the growing plants may differ or vary in
 their stature and vigor as well as in  
their fruit4 ,the discriminating grower1
 therefore1 discards the weak and puny  
treelings at the digging time2 or if the
 weak plants seem still to have promise1
 they may be allowed to grow another    
year before they are dug for the        
grafting4  ,this digging time is the    
autumn of the first year1 when the      

plants have grown one season4 ,they are 
then to be used as stocks on which to   
graft ,baldwin1 ,winesap or other       
varieties4 ,the growing of these apple  
stocks is a business by itself4         
,formerly1 most of the stocks used in   
,north ,america were imported from      
,france1 where special skill has been   
developed in the growing of them and    
where the requisite labor is available4 
,but now the stocks are grown also in   
deep rich bottom lands of the ,middle   
,west1 as in ,kansas1 where1 in the long
 seasons1 a large growth may be         
attained4  ,the methods of graftage of  
the commercial apple-tree are two--by   
cion-grafting whereby a bit of wood with
 two or three buds is inserted on the   
stock1 by bud-grafting 7budding7 whereby
 a single bud with a bit of bark        
attached is inserted under the bark of  
the stock4  ,cion-grafting is practiced 
in winter under cover4 ,the stock is cut
 off at the crown and the cion spliced  
on it1 or the root may be cut in two or 

more pieces and each piece receive a    
cion4 ,the union is made by the         
whip-graft method 7,fig4 #af74 ,the cion
 is tied securely1 to keep it in place4 
,the piece-root method is allowable only
 when the root is long and strong1 so   
that a well-rooted plant results the    
first year4 ,the cion is a cutting of   
the last year's growth 7as of ,no4 #a1  
in ,fig4 #ad74 ,however accomplished1   
the process is to supply the cion with  
roots2 it is planted in another plant   
instead of in the ground4               
,illustration3 #af4 ,the whip-graft     
before tying4  ,the cion-grafts are now 
planted in the nursery row in spring4   
,the cion starts growth rapidly1 only   
one shoot being allowed to remain2 this 
shoot forms the trunk or bole of the    
future tree4 ,at the end of the first   
season1 the little tree is said to be   
one year old1 although the root is at   
least two years old2 at the end of the  
second year it is two years old2 the    
tree is sometimes sold as a             

two-year-old1 but usually a year later  
as a three-year-old having a            
four-year-old root4 ,in fact1 however1  
the root and top may be considered1 in a
 way1 to be of the same age1            
particularly if only a piece of the root
 is employed1 for the cion grew on its  
parent tree the same year the root was  
growing in the nursery4  ,the tree grew 
from the seed but it is no longer a     
seedling or a natural2 it is now a      
grafted tree1 destined to produce a     
named recognized variety of apple1 maybe
 ,york ,imperial1 maybe ,jonathan4 ,we  
find seedling trees in old fields1 in   
fence-rows1 and in woods4 ,these have   
grown from scattered seeds and have come
 to fruit without the arts of the       
propagator4 ,they bear their own tops or
 heads1 rather than the heads that a    
thrifty horticulturist would have put on
 them4 ,now and then such a tree        
produces superior fruit2 then a         
discriminating pomologist discovers it1 
names it a new variety1 and propagates  

it as other varieties are propagated4   
,thus have most of the prized varieties 
originated1 without knowledge on the    
part of man of the ultimate processes4  
,but now with the accumulating knowledge
 of the plant-breeder we hope to be able
 to foresee and probably to produce     
varieties of given qualities4           
,illustration3 #ag4 ,a bud before tying4
  ,bud-grafting is practiced in summer4 
,the young trees1 obtained from the     
grower of apple stocks1 are planted     
regularly in nursery rows in spring1 the
 top having been cut back to the crown  
so that a strong vigorous shoot will    
arise4 ,in ,july and ,august or         
,september1 when this shoot is the size 
of a lead pencil and larger and the bark
 will peel 7or separate from the wood71 
a single bud is inserted near the ground
 7,fig4 #ag74 ,this bud is deftly cut   
from the current year's growth of the   
desired variety2 it grows in the axil of
 a leaf 7,fig4 #ae74 ,the leaf is       
removed but a small part of the stalk or

 petiole is retained with the bud to    
serve as a handle4 ,a boat-shaped or    
shield-shaped piece of bark is removed  
with the bud4 ,this piece1 known        
technically as a bud1 is inserted in an 
incision on the stock1 so that it slips 
underneath the bark and next the wood1  
with only the bud itself showing in the 
slit2 it is then tied in place4  ,the   
stock on which the bud is inserted has a
 two-year root1 and the root is entire4 
,for this reason1 budded trees are      
usually very large and strong for their 
age when compared with piece-root trees 
grown under similar conditions of       
climate1 tillage and soil4  ,the bud    
does not grow the year it is inserted in
 the stock2 it is dormant until the     
following spring1 as it would have been 
had it remained on its parent branch2   
but soon after it is inserted it        
attaches itself fast to the stock3 it is
 a bud implanted from one twig to       
another4 ,the following spring1 if the  
operation is successful1 the bud grows1 

sending up a strong shoot that makes the
 trunk of the future tree4 ,the top of  
the stock is cut away2 in the           
merchantable tree1 the bend or place may
 be seen where the stock and cion meet4 
,as in the case of cion-grafting1 we now
 have a top of a known variety growing  
on the root of an unknown kind4 ,the    
tree is sold at two or three years1     
counting the age of the top2 and of     
course the tree is no longer called a   
seedling1 and it produces its implanted 
variety as accurately as does the       
cion-grafted tree4 ,equally good trees  
are produced by both cion-grafting and  
bud-grafting4  ,the apple-tree is now   
propagated1 and is ready for the        
planting4 ,great hopes will be built on 
it1 and the tree will probably do its   
part to justify them4 ,nobody knows how 
a bud from a ,baldwin tree holds the    
memory of a ,baldwin or from a ,winesap 
tree the memory of a ,winesap4 ,neither 
does anyone know why of two seeds that  
look alike one will unerringly produce a

 cabbage and the other a cauliflower4   
,so accustomed are we to these results  
that we never challenge a twig of apple 
or a seed of cabbage3 we assume that the
 twig or the seed knows4 ,nor have we   
yet approached this question in our     
elaborate studies of plant-breeding4    
,here is one of the mysteries that      
baffles the skill of the physiologist   
and chemist1 yet it is a mystery so very
 common that we know it not1 albeit the 
life on the planet would otherwise be   
utter confusion4     ,,ix  ,,the ,,dwarf
 ,,apple-,,tree   ,we have learned that 
many kinds of apples and apple-trees may
 come from a batch of seeds4            
,differences are expressed in the tree  
as well as in the fruit4 ,in fact1      
stature is usually one of the           
characteristics of the variety4 ,here ,i
 open ,downing's great book1 ,the       
,fruits and ,fruit-,trees of ,america1  
and find the description of a certain   
variety beginning3 ,tree while young    
very slow in its growth1 but makes a    

compact well-formed head in the orchard1
 and another3 ,tree vigorous1 upright   
spreading1 and productive4 ,we know the 
small stature and early bearing of the  
,wagener 7wherefore it is often planted 
in the orchard as a filler71 and the    
great wide-spreading head of the        
,tompkins ,king with the apples         
scattered through the tree4  ,now it so 
happens that in the course of time      
certain great races of the apple-tree   
have arisen1 we do not know just why or 
how4 ,there is the race or family of the
 russets and of the ,fameuse4 ,so are   
there several races very small in       
stature1 remaining perhaps no larger    
than bushes4 ,if we were to propagate   
any of the ordinary apples on such      
diminutive stocks1 we should have a     
dwarf apple-tree4  ,the dwarf apple1    
then1 is not a question of variety but  
of stock4 ,any variety may be grown as a
 dwarf by grafting it on a plant that   
naturally remains small1 although some  
varieties are more adaptable than others

 to the purpose4  ,if seeds of the      
natural diminutive apple-tree are sown1 
a variety of trees and apples may be    
expected4 ,the fruits would probably be 
inferior4 ,probably the stature would   
vary between different seedlings4 ,if we
 are to get the effect of dwarfness1 we 
must be sure that the stock is itself   
really dwarf4 ,therefore1 to eliminate  
variation and also because seeds of     
natural dwarf apples may not be had in  
sufficient quantity1 the stocks are     
propagated by layers rather than by     
seeds4  ,the diminutive tree1 when well 
established1 is cut off near the ground4
 ,sprouts arise4 ,some kinds sucker very
 freely4 ,if earth is mounded up around 
the sprouts1 roots form on them and the 
sprouts may be removed and treated as if
 they were seedling stocks4 ,usually the
 mounding is not performed until the    
shoots have made one season's growth4   
,gooseberries and some other plants are 
often propagated by mound-layers4 ,in   
the case of the gooseberry1 however1 it 

is desired that the layer reproduce the 
parent--it may be ,downing or           
,whitesmith--and therefore it is planted
 without further manipulation4 ,but in  
the case of the apple1 we do not want   
the layer to reproduce the parent1 for  
the parent would probably bear an       
inferior fruit since it does not        
represent an improved or recognized     
variety2 therefore the layer is grafted 
or budded with the particular variety we
 desire to grow as a dwarf tree4  ,dwarf
 trees are grown in ,america1 if at all1
 only in gardens1 where extra attention 
may be given them4 ,only high-class     
kinds should be attempted on dwarfs1 for
 the quantity-production of commercial  
apples must be obtained by less         
intensive methods on cheaper lands4     
,better fruits often are grown on dwarf 
than on standards1 for two reasons3 ,it 
is usual to propagate only the best     
varieties on dwarf stock2 the little    
tree must receive extra care in pruning 
and in every other way4 ,its bushel of  

apples must be choice1 every one1 to    
make the effort of growing the tree     
worth the while4 ,under ,european       
conditions where land is high-priced and
 labor has been relatively cheap1 it is 
possible 7and common7 to raise apples on
 dwarfs for market1 as it is profitable 
to terrace the hillsides with human     
labor2 but in ,north ,america the       
conditions are practically the reverse  
and the dwarf tree cannot compete with  
the standard orchard tree4  ,the growing
 of a dwarf tree is essentially a       
gardening practice4 ,it requires great  
skill4 ,the spurs are produced and      
protected to a nicety4 ,every fruit may 
be the separate product of handwork4    
,the fertilizing1 mulching1 watering1   
are carefully regulated for every tree4 
,often the trees are trained on cordons1
 espaliers1 trellises or walls4 ,the    
individual fruits may be tied up or     
bagged4 ,all this is very different from
 the raising of apples by means of      
tractors and other machinery1 gangs of  

pruners and pickers1 broadside extensive
 methods1 with highly organized systems 
of handling and marketing1 in all of    
which the money-measure is the chief    
consideration4 ,it is for all these     
reasons that the growing of a few dwarf 
apple-trees may afford such intimate    
satisfaction to a careful man who prizes
 the result of his skill4  ,the dwarfs  
are grown as little trees branching near
 the ground1 headed in at top and side  
and kept within shape and bounds4 ,if   
they are of the dwarfest dwarfs and not 
trained on trellis or wall 7as they     
usually are not in ,america71 the fruit 
may be gathered by a man standing on the
 ground1 even from old trees4 ,the      
dwarfs are planted eight to ten feet    
apart when grown in regular plantation4 
,be it said that certain kinds of stocks
 produce trees only semi-dwarf2 and in  
all cases if the tree is planted so deep
 that roots strike from the cion1 the   
top will probably outgrow the stock1    
being supplied in part or even entirely 

by its own roots4  ,this brings us to a 
consideration of some of the kinds of   
dwarf stocks1 or dwarf races of the     
apple-tree4 ,be it said1 in             
understanding of the subject1 that there
 are naturally dwarf forms of many      
plants1 and probably all ordinary plants
 are capable of producing them4 ,thus   
there are very compact condensed forms  
of arbor-vitae1 ,norway spruce1         
peach-tree4 ,these have originated as   
seed sports and are multiplied by       
cuttings4 ,so are there dwarf tomatoes1 
dwarf ,china asters1 dwarf sweet peas1  
all coming more or less true from seeds1
 for these species 7of short            
generations7 have been bred to reproduce
 their variations4 ,the inquirer must   
not suppose1 therefore1 that the races  
of dwarf apple-trees are an anomally in 
the vegetable kingdom4  ,it is customary
 to speak of two classes or races of    
dwarf apple-trees1 the ,paradise and the
 ,doucin4 ,the former kinds are the     
smaller1 the trees on their own roots   

sometimes reaching not more than four   
feet in height at full bearing maturity4
 ,on the ,paradise stocks1 the grafted  
apple-tree is very small2 it is a true  
dwarf4 ,the ,doucin trees are by nature 
larger1 and apples grafted on them make 
semi-dwarf trees1 midway in stature     
between the real dwarfs and the common  
standard or free apple-trees4  ,the case
 is not so simple1 however1 as this     
brief statement would make it appear4   
,there are many kinds of ,paradise      
stock1 as also of ,doucin4 ,if one were 
to bring together living plants of all  
the kinds of natural dwarfs and         
semi-dwarfs that could be found in      
nurseries and growing collections1 one  
would undoubtedly find a nearly complete
 series1 so far as stature of tree is   
concerned1 from the very dwarf to the   
full-sized standard tree4 ,to say that a
 person is growing grafted dwarf        
apple-trees does not signify how large  
the trees may be expected to grow1 for  
one may not know the particular kind of 

stocks on which the variety is grafted4 
,in fact1 it is considered even in      
,europe1 where dwarf apples are chiefly 
grown1 that the proper identification of
 dwarf stocks is still a subject for    
careful investigation4  ,when the       
,paradise dwarfs first came into        
existence is undetermined4 ,they appear 
to have been known in the ,middle ,ages4
 ,the many races1 as the ,dutch1        
,french1 ,metz1 ,nonsuch1 ,broad-leaved1
 indicate an ancient origin4 ,we cannot 
be too certain what apple-trees were    
meant in the early references to the    
,paradise apple4 ,the fruits of the     
present natural ,paradise apple-trees   
are not sufficiently attractive to      
justify us in considering them the ,tree
 of ,paradise or apple of the ,garden of
 ,eden1 which circumstance is supposed  
by some to account for the name4        
,paradise was originally a park or      
pleasure ground1 applied also to the    
,garden of ,eden1 and later to          
horticultural gardens4 ,john ,parkinson 

wrote his great treatise on             
horticulture1 #afbi1 under the title1   
,paradisi in ,sole ,paradisus           
terrestris2 or1 a ,choice ,garden of all
 ,sorts of ,rarest ,flowers1 etc4 ,now  
we use the word for gardens of bliss4   
,the word ,doucin1 from the ,italian1 is
 supposed originally to have designated 
apples of sweet flavor1 but it now      
applies technically to a class or race  
of semi-dwarf apple-trees4  ,for the    
purpose of this little book1 however1   
the interest in the dwarf apple centers 
not so much in the origin of the stock  
as in the natural-history of the tree   
itself and the good skill of hand and   
heart that one may expend in the growing
 of it4 ,if one would come close to a   
plant1 knowing it intimately in every   
season1 causing it to respond to        
sympathetic treatment through a series  
of years1 then a garden collection of   
dwarf apples may satisfy the desire4 ,it
 is too bad that we do not have time to 
cultivate the dwarfs often in the yards 

and gardens of ,north ,america4 ,we are 
more familiar with the raising of dwarf 
pears 7which are grafted on quince      
stocks since there is no similar race of
 natural dwarf pear-tree71 but we do not
 give them the thumb-and-finger care    
that is demanded for the choicest       
results4 ,the abundance of apples in the
 market should only stimulate the desire
 of the connoisseur to have trees and   
fruits that are wholly personal4 ,the   
market produce can never gratify the    
affections4     ,x  ,,whence ,,comes    
,,the ,,apple-,,tree8   ,if the dwarf   
apple-tree goes back to the ,middle     
,ages and perhaps farther1 then whence  
comes the apple originally8 ,no one can 
surely answer4 ,carbonized apples are   
found in the remains of the prehistoric 
lake dwellings of ,switzerland4 ,when   
recorded history begins1 apples were    
well known and widely distributed4 ,the 
apple-tree is wild in many parts of     
,europe1 but it is difficult to         
determine whether1 in a given region1 it

 is indigenous or has run wild from     
cultivation4 ,wild apple-trees are      
common in ,north ,america1 but no one   
supposes that the orchard apple is      
native here4  ,expert opinion generally 
considers that the apple is native in   
the region of the ,caspian ,sea and     
probably in southeastern ,europe4       
,perhaps it had spread westward before  
the ,aryan migrations4 ,it had also     
probably spread eastward1 but it is not 
a cultivated fruit in ,china and ,japan 
except apparently as introduced in      
recent time4 ,the apple is essentially a
 fruit of central and northern ,europe1 
and of ,european migration and          
settlement4  ,it is a fertile retrospect
 to conceive of the apple as an         
attendant of the course of ,western     
civilization4 ,without voice and leaving
 no record1 it has nevertheless followed
 man in his wanderings1 encouraged his  
attainment of permanent habitations1    
succored him in his emergencies4 ,what  
the apple has contributed to sustenance 

can never be known1 but we are aware    
that it yields its fruit abundantly1    
that it thrives in widely unlike regions
 and conditions1 that the tree has the  
ruggedness to endure severe climates and
 to provide food that can be stored and 
transported4 ,in the ages it must have  
stood guard at many a rude camp and     
fireside4 ,it would be fascinating to   
know what the apple-tree has witnessed4 
,these early apples must have been very 
crude fruits measured by the produce of 
the present day4 ,but other food was    
crude and man was crude4 ,the ,north    
,american ,indians found the apple to be
 worth their effort2 remains of some of 
the so-called ,indian orchards of the   
,five ,nations in ,new ,york persisted  
until the present generation4 ,these    
were seedling apple-trees1 grown from   
the stocks introduced by the white man4 
,the ,french missionaries are said to   
have carried the apple far into the     
interior1 and early settlers took seeds 
with them4 ,the legends and records of  

,johnny ,appleseed1 sowing the seeds as 
he went1 are still familiar4 ,my father1
 like other pioneers1 took seeds from   
the old ,new ,england trees into the    
wilderness of the ,west2 the resulting  
trees were top-grafted1 some of them as 
late as my time2 ,i can remember the    
apples some of these seedling trees     
bore1 the like of which ,i have never   
seen again1 probably poor apples if we  
had them in this day but to a boy at the
 edge of the forest the very essence of 
goodness4 ,as early as #afci1 apples had
 been picked from trees planted on      
,governor's ,island in ,boston harbor4  
,governor ,john ,endicott of            
,massachusetts ,colony had an apple-tree
 nursery in the early day2 in #afdd he  
says that five hundred of his trees were
 destroyed by fire4 ,so the apple came  
early to be a standby on the new        
continent4  ,the apples of the colonists
 were not all for eating1 but for       
drinking4 ,the butts and barrels of     
cider put in cellars in the early times 

seem to us most surprising4 ,herein are 
suggestions of old social customs that  
might lead us into interesting          
historical excursions4 ,the oldest book 
,i possess on the apple is ,vinetum     
,britannicum3 or1 a ,treatise of ,cider1
 published in ,london in #afgf2 it      
treats also of other beverages made from
 fruits and of the newly-invented       
ingenio or mill1 for the more           
expeditious and better making of cider4 
,the gradual change in customs1 whereby 
the eating of the apple 7rather than the
 drinking of it7 has come to be         
paramount1 is a significant development2
 the use of apple-juice may now proceed 
on another basis1 on the principle of   
preservation and pasteurization rather  
than of fermentation4  ,it is the custom
 to call the apple ,pyrus ,malus4 ,this 
is the name given by the great          
,linnaeus1 with whom the modern accurate
 naming of plants and animals begins4   
,the nomenclature of plants starts with 
his ,species ,plantarum1 #agec4 ,pyrus  

is the genus or group comprising the    
pears and apples1 and ,linnaeus included
 the quince2 ,malus is ,latin for the   
apple-tree4 ,together the names         
represent genus and species1--the malus 
,pyrus4  ,these statements are easy     
enough to make1 but it is impossible to 
demonstrate whether the common          
pomological apples are derived from one 
original species or from two or more4   
,many technical botanical names have    
been given in the group1 but we need not
 pause with them here4 ,it is enough for
 our purpose to know that the           
natural-history of the apple1 as of     
anything else that runs to time         
immemorial1 passes at the end into      
obscurity4 ,we seem never to reach the  
ultimate origins or to find an end to   
our quests4  ,there are other apples    
than the common pomological orchard     
types4 ,there are the crabs4 ,in general
 usage1 the word crab designates an     
apple that is small1 sour and crabbed4  
,such apples are wildings or seedlings4 

,they are merely depreciated forms of   
,pyrus ,malus1 and probably much like   
the first apples known to man4 ,what are
 known to horticulturists as            
crab-apples1 however1 are other species 
of ,pyrus1 of different character and   
origin4 ,we need not pause with the     
discussion of them1 except to say that  
the commonest kinds are the little      
long-stemmed fruits of ,pyrus baccata   
7berry ,pyrus71 native in eastern       
,europe and ,siberia4 ,these are the    
,siberian crabs4 ,the leaves and twigs  
are smooth1 and the calyx falls away    
from the fruit1 leaving a bare blossom  
end4 ,these little hard handsome fruits 
are used in the making of conserves4    
,certain larger crab-apples1 in which   
the blossom end is not clean or bare1 as
 the ,transcendent and ,hyslop1 are     
probably hybrids between the true crabs 
and the common apple2 this class        
provides the main crab-apples of the    
markets4  ,when the settlers came to the
 country west and south of ,new         

,england1 they found another kind of    
crab-apples in the woods1 truly native4 
,the fruits were hard and sour1 but they
 could be buried to ripen4 ,the trees   
are much like a thorn-apple1--low1      
spreading1 twiggy1 thorny2 but the      
pink-white large fragrant flowers are   
very different4 ,the wild crab-apple was
 called ,pyrus coronaria by ,linnaeus1  
the garland ,pyrus4 ,on the prairies is 
another species1 ,pyrus ioensis2 it     
yields a charming double-flowered form1 
,bechtel's crab4 ,in the ,south are     
other species4 ,in fact1 ,p4 coronaria  
itself may not be a single species4     
,these wild crabs run into many forms4  
,in the northern ,mississippi and       
prairie country are native apples good  
enough to be introduced into cultivation
 under varietal names4 ,these are ,pyrus
 ,soulardii1 a species bearing the name 
of ,j4 ,g4 ,soulard1 ,illinois          
horticulturist4 ,these crab-apples are  
probably natural hybrids between ,pyrus 
,malus and the prairie crab1 ,p4        

ioensis4 ,had there been no ,european   
apple to be introduced by colonists1 it 
is probable that improved forms would   
have been evolved from the native       
species4 ,in that event1 ,north         
,american pomology would have had a very
 different character4  ,there remains a 
very different class of apple-trees1    
grown only for ornament and usually     
known as flowering apples4 ,they are    
mostly native in ,china and ,japan4     
,they are small trees1 or even almost   
bushes1 with profuse handsome flowers   
and some of them with very ornamental   
little fruits4 ,they have come to this  
country largely from ,japan where they  
are grown for decoration1 as the        
cherries of ,japan are grown not for    
fruit but for their flowers1 being of   
very different species from the cherries
 of ,europe and ,america4 ,the common   
apple itself yields varieties grown only
 for ornament1 as one with variegated   
leaves1 one with double flowers1 and one
 with drooping branches4 ,these are     

known mostly in ,europe2 but these forms
 do not compare in interest with the    
handsome species of the ,far ,east4     
,all these differing species of the     
apple-tree multiply the interest and    
hold the attention in many countries4   
,they make the apple-tree group one of  
the most widespread and adaptable of    
temperate-region trees4 ,it will be seen
 that there are three families of       
them1--the ,eurasian family1 from which 
come the pomological apples2 the ,north 
,american family1 which has yielded     
little cultivated material2 the         
,east-,asian family1 abundant in highly 
ornamental kinds4 ,there are no         
apple-trees native in the southern      
hemisphere4  ,the apple-tree1 taken in  
its general sense1 has a broad meaning4 
,what may be accomplished by breeding   
and hybridizing is beyond imagination4  
,,xi  ,,the ,,varieties ,,of ,,apple    
,every seedling of the pomological      
apples is a new variety4 ,some of these 
seedlings are so good that they are     

named and introduced into cultivation4  
,they are grafted on other stocks1 and  
become part of the great inheritance of 
desirable apples4  ,it is to be expected
 that in the long processes of time in  
many countries the number of varieties  
will accumulate to high numbers4 ,no one
 knows all the kinds that have been     
named and propagated1 but they run into 
many thousands4 ,no one book contains   
them all1 although some of the manuals  
are voluminous4 ,varieties drop out of  
existence1 being no longer propagated2  
new varieties come in4  ,so the lists of
 varieties gradually change4 ,a list of 
one hundred years ago would contain many
 names strange to us4 ,thus1 of the     
sixty apples in ,a ,select ,list of     
,fruit-,trees by ,bernard ,m',mahon1    
published in ,the ,american ,gardener's 
,calendar1 in #ahjf1 not more than six  
or eight would be understandable to a   
planter of the present day4  ,with the  
standardizing of practices in the       
commercial growing of fruits1 the       

tendency is to reduce the number of     
varieties to small proportions2 it is   
these varieties that the nurserymen     
propagate4 ,here and there over the     
country are still trees of the          
extra-quality but uncommercial varieties
 known to a former generation4 ,if the  
amateur now wants to grow these         
varieties1 he must find cions as best he
 can by patient correspondence1 and     
graft them on his own trees4 ,when ,i   
planted an orchard twenty-five years    
ago1 ,i found cions of ,jefferis here1  
of ,dyer there1 of ,mother1 ,swaar and  
,chenango in other places4  ,in the     
enlarged edition of ,downing's ,fruits  
and ,fruit-,trees of ,america1 #ahgb1   
are descriptions of #ahef varieties1 of 
which #ajii are ,american in origin1    
#ehe foreign1 #agb of origin unknown4   
,the lists are not only much smaller in 
these days1 but the foreign element     
tends to pass out4 ,with the            
introduction of the ,russian apples for 
the cold ,north in the latter part of   

the past century1 the importation of    
foreign varieties practically ceased1 as
 it ceased also for the pears at an     
earlier date with the introductions of  
,manning1 ,wilder and others4 ,the epoch
 of the testing of varieties passed     
away1 and with it has gone an           
appreciative attitude toward fruits and 
even toward life that constitutes a sad 
lack in our day4  ,about thirty years   
ago 7#ahib7 ,i compiled an inventory of 
all the varieties of apple-trees sold in
 ,north ,america1 as listed in the      
ninety-five nurserymen's catalogues that
 came to my hand4 ,the inventory        
contains #hgh varieties4 ,in the present
 year1 however1 perhaps not more than   
#ajj varieties are handled by nurserymen
 in ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,probably 
the dealer and grower would consider    
even this small number much too great4  
,the highly developed standardized      
business of the present day1 aiming at  
quantity-production1 naturally reduces  
the variety of products1 whether in     

manufacturing or horticulture1 and aims 
at uniformity4 ,under the influence of  
this leadership1 we are losing many of  
the old products1 varieties of apples   
among the rest4  ,why do we need so many
 kinds of apples8 ,because there are so 
many folks4 ,a person has a right to    
gratify his legitimate tastes4 ,if he   
wants twenty or forty kinds of apples   
for his personal use1 running from      
,early ,harvest to ,roxbury ,russet1 he 
should be accorded the privilege4 ,some 
place should be provided where he may   
obtain trees or cions4 ,there is merit  
in variety itself4 ,it provides more    
points of contact with life1 and leads  
away from uniformity and monotony4  ,the
 leading varieties of apples1 that have 
become dominant over wide regions1 have 
been great benefactors to man4 ,the     
original tree should be carefully       
preserved till the last1 by historical  
or other societies2 and then a monument 
should be placed at the spot4 ,monuments
 have been erected to the ,baldwin1     

,northern ,spy1 ,mc,intosh and other    
apples4 ,we should never lose our touch 
with the origins of men1 events1 notable
 achievements1 outstanding products of  
nature4  ,i fear it is now a habit with 
many fruit-growers to minimize the      
interest in varieties1 placing the      
emphasis on tillage1 spraying and       
management of plantations4 ,yet1 the    
only reason why we expend all the labor 
is that we may grow a given kind of     
apple2 the variety is the final purpose4
  ,in this little book we cannot discuss
 varieties at length4 ,there are special
 books on this fascinating subject4 ,but
 we may have before us a compiled list  
by way of interesting suggestion4 ,the  
list is sorted from the ,catalogue of   
,fruits of the ,american ,pomological   
,society1 #aija1 the last year in which 
the catalogue was published with quality
 rated on a scale of #aj4 ,on such a    
scale1 ,ben ,davis ranks #d-e2 ,baldwin1
 #e-f2 ,wealthy and ,york ,imperial1    
#f-g2 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 #g-h2   

,northern ,spy1 #h-i2 ,yellow ,newtown  
7,albermarle ,pippin7 #i-aj4 ,there is  
no apple in the entire catalogue of #cbd
 kinds 7not including crab-apples7 rated
 wholly lower than #d in quality except 
one alone and this is grown for cider   
only1 although several varieties of     
minor importance bear the marks #c-d4   
,only two varieties are rated           
exclusively #aj1 the ,garden ,royal1 a  
,massachusetts summer-fall apple1 little
 known to planters1 and the familiar    
,esopus ,spitzenberg4 ,of course        
judgments differ widely in these        
matters1 as there are no inflexible     
criteria for the scoring of quality2 yet
 this extensive list is probably our    
soundest approach to the subject4  ,the 
varieties in the catalogue of the       
,american ,pomological ,society are     
starred if known to succeed in a given  
district and double-starred if highly   
successful4 ,north ,america is thrown   
into nineteen districts for the purposes
 of this catalogue 7which comprises     

other fruits besides apples74 ,for our  
purposes we may combine them into six   
more or less indefinite great regions3  
n4 e41 the northeastern part of the     
country1 ,delaware and ,pennsylvania to 
eastern ,canada2 s4 e41 the parts south 
of this area and mostly east of the     
,mississippi2 n4 c41 north central1 from
 ,kansas and ,missouri north2 s4 w41    
,texas to ,arizona2 mt41 the mountain   
states of the ,rockies west to the      
,sierras1 including of course much high 
plains country2 pac41 the ,pacific      
slope1 ,washington to southern          
,california4  ,of the varieties starred 
and double-starred in these various     
geographical regions there are #ajg2    
these are listed herewith4 ,of course   
the intervening twenty years might      
change the rating of some of these      
apples1 other varieties have come to the
 front1 and certain ones of these older 
worthies are receding still further into
 the background2 but the exhibit is     
suggestive none the less4               

,arkansas--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4  
,bailey 7,sweet7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 
,baker--n4e4 ,baldwin--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41
 mt41 s4w41 pac4 ,beach--s4e4 ,belle    
,bonne--n4e4 ,ben ,davis--n4e41 s4e41   
n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4                   
,bietigheimer--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4    
,bledsoe--s4e4 ,blenheim--n4e41 n4c4    
,blue ,pearmain--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4  
,bough1 ,sweet--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4   
,bryan--s4e41 mt4 ,buckingham--n4e41    
s4e41 n4c4 ,canada ,reinette--n4e41     
n4c41 mt4 ,clayton--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41   
mt4 ,clyde--n4e41 n4c4 ,cogswell--n4e4  
,cooper--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4          
,cracking--s4e41 n4c4 ,doyle--s4e4      
,early ,pennock--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4  
,esopus 7,spitzenburg7--n4e41 s4e41     
n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,ewalt--n4e41 s4e41 mt4 
,fallawater--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,fall
 ,harvey--n4e41 mt4 ,fall               
,jenneting--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,fall 
,orange--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,fall         
,pippin--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4    
,fanny--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w4          

,farrar--s4e4 ,foundling--n4e4          
,gano--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4      
,gilbert--s4e4 ,golding--n4e41 s4e41    
n4c41 mt4 ,gravenstein--n4e41 s4e41     
n4c41 mt41 s4w41 pac4 ,hagloe--n4e41    
s4e4 ,hoover--s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4     
,hopewell--n4c4 ,horse--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4
 ,hubbardston--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w4   
,hunge--s4e4 ,huntsman--s4e41 n4c41     
s4w41 mt4 ,isham 7,sweet7--n4c4 ,jacobs 
,sweet--n4e4 ,kent--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4    
,kernodle--s4e4 ,lady ,sweet--n4e41 mt4 
,lankford--n4e41 s4e4 ,lawver--n4e41    
s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,lilly 7of ,kent7--n4e4 
,lowe--s4e4 ,lowell--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41  
mt4 ,mc,afee--n4e41 s4e1 mt4            
,mc,culler--s4e4 ,mc,mahon--n4e41 n4c41 
mt4 ,magog--n4e4 ,maverack--s4e4        
,milwaukee--n4c4 ,minister--n4e41 s4e41 
n4c4 ,monmouth--s4e41 n4c41 mt4         
,newell--n4c4 ,nickajack--n4e41 s4e41   
n4c41 mt4 ,northern ,spy--n4e41 s4e41   
n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,northwestern           
7,greening7--n4e41 n4c41 mt4            
,oconee--n4e41 s4e4 ,ohio               

,nonpareil--n4e41 s4e4 ,ohio            
,pippin--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,ortley--n4e41
 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,paragon--n4e41 s4e41  
n4c41 mt4 ,patten 7,greening7--n4c4     
,pease--n4e4 ,peck 7,pleasant7--n4e41   
s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,peter--n4c4            
,pewaukee--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4        
,porter--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,pumpkin 
,sweet--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4 ,quince--n4e41 
n4c4 ,ramsdell 7,sweet7--n4e41 s4e41    
n4c41 mt4 ,red ,astrachan--n4e41 s4e41  
n4c41 s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,rhode ,island    
7,greening7--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41    
mt41 pac4 ,ridge 7,pippin7--n4e4        
,rolfe--n4e4 ,rome--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41   
s4w41 mt4 ,stark--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41     
s4w41 mt4 ,starkey--n4e41 s4e4 ,stayman 
,winesap--n4e41 s4e41 n4c4              
,sterling--n4e41 n4c4 ,summer           
,king--n4e41 s4e4 ,swaar--n4e41 n4c41   
mt41 pac4 ,taunton--s4e4 ,titovka--n4e41
 mt4 ,tompkins ,king--n4e41 s4e41 mt41  
pac4 ,twenty ,ounce--n4e41 s4e41 s4w41  
mt4 ,utter--n4c4 ,vanhoy--n4e41 s4e4    
,virginia ,greening--s4e41 mt4          

,washington 7,strawberry7--n4e41 s4e41  
mt4 ,watson--s4e4 ,white ,pippin--n4e41 
s4e41 n4c41 mt41 pac4 ,wine--n4e41 s4e41
 n4c41 mt4 ,wistal--s4e41 s4w4 ,wolf    
,river--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 mt4 ,yellow   
,bellflower--n4e41 s4e41 s4w41 mt41 pac4
 ,yellow ,newtown--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41    
s4w41 mt41 pac4 ,yopp--s4e4 ,york       
,imperial--n4e41 s4e41 n4c41 s4w41 mt4  
,there are many odd varieties of apple  
not found in any list but about which   
questions are likely to arise4 ,one of  
these is the ,sweet-and-,sour4 ,there is
 an old ribbed variety of this name1 the
 ribs having an acid flesh and the      
furrows sweetish2 it is little known and
 of no special value4 ,apples are       
sometimes found that are sweetish on one
 side and sourish on the other4 ,the    
reasons for this kind of variation are  
no more understood than are those       
responsible for variance in color or    
shape or durability4 ,one yet sometimes 
hears the pleasant fable that           
sweet-and-sour apples are produced by   

splitting the bud when the tree was     
propagated4  ,the ,surprise is a small  
whitish apple with light red flesh4 ,it 
is indeed a surprise to bite into such  
an apple1 but it has little merit4 ,it  
is an early winter variety4  ,one is    
frequently asked about the ,sheepnose   
apple1 particularly by older people who 
remember it from early days and who     
deplore its infrequency in these latter 
times4 ,the sheepnose                   
shape--long-conical--is an infrequent   
variation1 as apples go1 and apparently 
none of these forms chances to have     
sufficient merit to keep it in the      
lists4 ,the name is often applied to the
 ,black ,gilliflower1 an old apple more 
than three inches long1 dark red1 of    
light weight perhaps because of the     
large core1 ripening late in autumn to  
midwinter4 ,it seems to be specially    
prized by children1 perhaps in part     
because of its unusual shape and in part
 by its aromatic fragrance2 but it is   
not a high-class apple1 and is now      

little seen4 ,with the ,rambo1          
,vandevere1 some of the russets1 ,early 
,harvest1 ,jersey ,sweet and other old  
worthies1 it probably will pass away    
unless rescued here and there by the    
amateur4 ,to the lover of choice fruit  
nothing is old2 every succeeding crop is
 as choice and new as is the new year   
itself1 and one waits for it again and  
again4  ,one hears of seedless and      
no-core apples1 as also of pears4 ,the  
core is present but greatly reduced in  
size1 and the seeds may be few and      
small4 ,i have also raised practically  
seedless tomatoes4 ,all these are       
infrequent variations that may be       
propagated by asexual parts 7cuttings1  
cions71 but as yet none of them has any 
outstanding value4  ,the reader will now
 ask me about the water-core apples1 so 
much sought and prized by youngsters4   
,the water-core is not characteristic of
 a variety1 although occurring in some  
varieties more frequently than in       
others4 ,it is a physiological          

condition1 supposed to be associated    
with a relatively low transpiration     
7evaporation7 so that excess water is   
held in the fruit4 ,in certain seasons  
this condition is marked1 and also in   
cloudy regions and often on young trees 
that have an over-supply of moisture4   
,yet such cores occur in old trees and  
sometimes with more or less regularity4 
,what the physiological inability may be
 in such cases to dispose of excess     
moisture appears to be undetermined4    
,now and then one finds a double apple1 
with two fruits grown solidly together1 
two blossom ends and a single stem4 ,a  
seedling tree ,i knew as a boy bore such
 apples frequently1 sometimes a score of
 them among the crop of the year4 ,this1
 of course1 is a malformation or        
teratological state4 ,apparently two    
flowers coalesce to form these fruits4  
,on the tree of which ,i speak1 the two 
fruits were about equal in size1 making 
a large1 widened1 edible apple1 but ,i  
have known of other cases in which a    

diminutive undeveloped fruit is attached
 to the side of a normal one4  ,perhaps 
the oddest of them all is the ,bloomless
 apple4 ,it is said to have no flowers4 
,in fact1 however1 the flowers are      
present but they lack showy petals and  
are therefore not conspicuous4 ,the     
bloomless apple is a monstrous state1   
the cause of which is unknown4 ,now and 
then a tree is reported4 ,it was        
described at least as long ago as #agfh1
 and in #aggj ,muenchhausen called it   
,pyrus apetala 7the petalless pyrus74   
,the flowers have no stamens1 and       
apparently they are pollinated from any 
other apples in the vicinity4 ,in #aghe1
 ,moench described it as ,pyrus dioica  
7the dioecious pyrus1 sexes separated on
 different plants74 ,the ovary is also  
malformed1 having six or seven and      
sometimes probably more cells1 and      
bearing ten to fifteen styles4 ,the     
resulting fruit has a core character    
unknown in other apples but approached  
in certain apple-like fruits1 as the    

medlar4 ,the fruit has a hole or opening
 from the calyx 7which is open7 into the
 core2 and the core is roughly double1  
one series above the other4 ,the fruit1 
in such specimens as ,i have seen or    
read about1 has no horticultural merit2 
but it is a curiosity of great botanical
 interest4 ,it appears now and then in  
widely separated places1 the trees      
probably having originated as chance    
seedlings4 ,the fruits from the         
different originations are not always   
the same in size and form1 but the      
flowers apparently all have the same    
malformed character4  ,the apple is     
preeminently the home fruit4 ,it is not 
transitory4 ,it spans every season4 ,in 
an indifferent cellar ,i keep apples    
till apples come again4 ,the apple      
stands up1 keeps well on the table4     
,children may handle it4 ,in color and  
form it satisfies any taste4 ,its       
rondure is perfect4 ,the cavity is deep1
 graceful and well moulded1 holding the 
good stem securely4 ,the basin is a     

natural summit and termination of the   
curvatures1 bringing all the lines      
together1 finishing them in the         
ornaments of the remaining calyx4 ,the  
fruit adapts itself to the hand4 ,the   
fingers close pleasantly over it1       
fitting its figure4 ,it has a solid     
feel4 ,the flesh of a good apple is     
crisp1 breaking1 melting1 coolly acid or
 mildly sweet4 ,it has a fracture1 as   
one bites it1 possessed by no other     
fruit4 ,one likes to feel the snap and  
break of it4 ,there is a stability about
 it that satisfies2 it holds its shape  
till the last bite4 ,one likes to linger
 on an apple1 to sit by a fireside to   
eat it1 to munch it waiting on a log    
when there is no hurry1 to have another 
apple with which to invite a friend4    
,now ,i am not thinking of the ,ben     
,davis apple or any of its kind4 ,i do  
not want to be doomed to one variety of 
apple1 or even to half a dozen kinds1   
and particularly ,i do not want a poor  
one4 ,there are enough good apples1 if  

we can get them4 ,the days of the       
amateur fruit-growers seem to be        
passing4 ,at least we do not hear much  
of them in society or in many of the    
meetings of horticulturists4 ,there may 
be many reasons1 but two are evident3 we
 give the public indifferent fruits1 and
 thereby neither educate the taste or   
stimulate the desire for more2 we do not
 provide them places from which they can
 get plants of many of the choicest     
things4 ,yet on a good amateur interest 
in fruits depends1 in the end1 the real 
success of commercial fruit-growing4    
,just now we are trying to increase the 
consumption of apples1 to lead the      
people to eat an apple a day3 it cannot 
be accomplished by customary commercial 
methods4 ,to eat an apple a day is a    
question of affections and emotions4    
,we have had great riches in our        
varieties of apples4 ,it has been a vast
 resource to have a small home          
plantation of many good varieties1 each 
perfect in its season4 ,the great       

commercial apple-growing has been       
carried to high perfection of           
organization and care4 ,more perfect    
apples are put on the market1 in        
proportion to numbers1 than ever        
before1--carefully grown and graded and 
handled4 ,i have watched this ,american 
development with growing pride4 ,the    
quantity-production makes for greater   
perfection of product1 but it does not  
make for variety and human interest1 nor
 for high-quality varieties4 ,we shall  
still improve it4 ,masterful men will   
perfect organizations4 ,the high        
character and attainment of the         
commanding fruit-growers1 nurserymen and
 dealers are good augury for the future4
 ,but all this is not sufficient4       
,quantity-production will be an         
increasing source of wealth1 but it     
cannot satisfy the soul4  ,the objects  
and productions of high intrinsic merit 
are preserved by the amateur4 ,it is so 
in art and letters4 ,it is necessarily  
so4 ,a body of amateurs is an essential 

background to the development of        
science4 ,the late ,professor           
,pickering1 renowned astronomer1        
encouraged the amateur societies of     
star-observers1 and others4 ,the        
amateurs in the background1             
disinterested and unselfish1 support    
appropriations by legislatures for even 
abstruse public work4 ,the amateur is   
the embodiment of the best in the common
 life1 the conservator of aspirations1  
the fulfillment of democratic freedom4  
,i hope pomology will not lag in this   
respect4 ,in all lines ,i hope that     
professionalism will not subjugate the  
man who follows a subject for the love  
of it rather than for the gain of it or 
for the pride of it4 ,in horticulture1  
when we lose the amateur1 who1 as the   
word means1 is the lover1 we lose the   
ideals4  ,naturally1 the nurseryman     
cannot grow trees of all the good apples
 that may be wanted4 ,the experiment    
stations cannot maintain living museums 
of them1 for their function is to       

investigate rather than to preserve4    
,arboretums are concerned with other    
activities4 ,is there not some person of
 means1 desiring to do good to his      
successors1 ready now to establish a    
fructicetum in perpetuum for the purpose
 of preserving a single tree of at least
 one hundred of the choicest apples1 to 
the end that a record may be kept and   
that amateurs may be supplied with cions
 thereof8     ,,xii  ,,the ,,pleasant   
,,art ,,of ,,grafting   ,if ,i procure  
cuttings of a good apple1 what shall ,i 
do with them that they may give me of   
their fruitage8  ,the cuttings will     
probably be dormant twigs of the last   
season's growth4 ,they may not be       
expected to grow when placed in the     
ground4 ,they are therefore planted in  
another tree1 becoming cions4 ,the case 
is in no way different in principle from
 the propagating of the young tree in   
the nursery1 of which we already have   
learned4 ,the nurseryman works with a   
small stock1 a mere slip of a seedling  

one or two years old4 ,the grower would 
better not attempt the making of nursery
 trees4 ,it is better for him to        
purchase regular nursery trees and to   
graft the cions on them2 or he may put  
the cions in any older tree that is     
available4  ,i have spoken of my own    
collecting of certain dessert apples4 ,i
 worked them on young ,northern ,spy    
trees1 purchased when two or three years
 old2 they were grafted after they had  
stood a year in the orchard4 ,these     
,northern ,spy trees1 used in this case 
as stocks1 were regularly grown by      
nurserymen4 ,the ,northern ,spy was     
chosen because of its hardiness and     
straight1 clean1 erect growth1 making it
 a vigorous and comely stock4           
,weak-growing varieties are usually     
rejected for this purpose4 ,some growers
 use ,oldenburg as stock1 and there are 
other good kinds4  ,from the young      
stock1 the old head is to be removed and
 a new head 7the new variety7 grown in  
its stead4 ,the tree1 therefore1 will be

 combined of three kinds of apple1--the 
root of unknown quality2 the trunk or   
body under a varietal name2 the top1 of 
the variety desired4 ,any number of     
different kinds of apple wood may be    
worked into the tree if the tree is     
large enough4 ,if the operations are    
well performed so that there are no     
imperfect unions1 and if the pruning is 
judicious1 the tree may be grafted many 
times1 in whole or in part4  ,i have    
said that my father brought apple seeds 
from ,new ,england and that the         
resulting seedlings were top-grafted4   
,one of these trees was early top-worked
 to ,holland ,pippin1 which seldom bore4
 ,it stood in the yard near the         
smoke-house1 where it found abundant    
nourishment4 ,it grew to great size4 ,in
 time ,i became a grafter of trees for  
the neighborhood1 and often as ,i       
returned at night would have cions of   
different kinds in my pockets4 ,it      
became a pastime to graft these cions in
 the old tree4 ,more than thirty        

varieties were placed there4 ,it was    
with keen anticipation1 as the years    
came1 that ,i looked for the annual     
crop1 to see what strange inhabitants   
would appear in the great tree-top4 ,i  
do not remember how many of these       
varieties came into bearing before the  
tree was finally gathered to the        
wood-box1 but they were a goodly number1
 probably more than a score4 ,i used    
often to wonder how it was that the     
nutrients taken in by the roots of the  
,vermont seedling and transported in the
 tissues of the ,holland ,pippin1       
combined with the same air1 could       
produce so many diverse apples and even 
pears 7for ,i had pears in that tree7   
each with the marks and flavor proper to
 its kind4 ,the little cions ,i grafted 
into the tree were soon lost in the     
overgrowth1 and yet all the branches    
that came from them carried the genius  
of one single variety and of none other4
 ,and ,i often speculated whether there 
were any reflex action of these many    

varieties on the root1 demanding a      
certain kind of service from it4  ,the  
cions 7sometimes still called grafts7   
are cut in winter or early spring1 when 
well matured and perfectly dormant4     
,placed in sand in a cool cellar so they
 will not shrivel1 they are kept until  
grafting time1 which is early spring1   
usually before the leaves start on the  
stock4 ,the cions may be placed on the  
tree by several methods1 but only two   
are commonly employed1--the whip-graft  
and the cleft-graft4 ,the former is     
adapted to small stocks1 the size of    
one's finger or smaller2 it is the      
method employed in root-grafting in the 
nursery1 and ,fig4 #af explains it4     
,the requirement is to cause the cion   
and stock to grow together solidly1     
making one piece of wood4 ,the growing  
plastic region is associated with the   
cambium tissues underneath the bark4 ,it
 is necessary1 therefore1 to bring the  
line betwixt the wood and the bark      
together in the two parts1 and to hold  

the junction firm and also well         
protected from evaporation until union  
takes place4 ,the method of putting the 
parts together1 the form of whittling1  
is a matter of convenience and practice4
  ,the case was put in this way by old  
,robert ,sharrock1 ,fellow of           
,new-,college1 in his ,history of the   
,propagation and ,improvement of        
,vegetables by the concurrence of ,art  
and ,nature 7,i quote from the second   
edition1 ,oxford1 #afgb73 ,grafting is  
an ,art of so placing the ,cyon upon a  
stock1 that the ,sap may pass from the  
stock to the ,cyon without ,impediment4 
,batty ,langley1 in #agbi1 gave this    
direction in the ,pomona3 ,the ,stocks  
being cleft1 you must therefore cut the 
,cion in the ,form of a ,wedge1 which   
must always be cut from a ,bud1 for the 
,reasons aforesaid2 and then with a     
,grafting-,chizel open the ,slit1 and   
place the ,cion therein1 so that their  
,barks may be exactly even and smooth4  
,still earlier 7#afbf7 did ,william     

,lawson1 in ,a ,new ,orchard and        
,garden1 set forth the rationale of the 
practice in his ,chapter ,x1 ,on        
,grafting1 in this wise3 ,now are we    
come to the most curious point of our   
faculty3 curious in conceit1 but indeed 
as plaine and easie as the rest1 when it
 is plainly shewne1 which we commonly   
call ,graffing1 or 7after some7         
,grafting4 ,i cannot ,etymoligize1 nor  
shew the original of the word1 except it
 come of graving and carving4 ,but the  
thing or matter is3 ,the reforming of   
the ,fruit of one ,tree with the fruit  
of another1 by an artificial            
transplacing or transposing of a twig1  
bud or leafe1 7commonly called a ,graft7
 taken from one tree of the same1 or    
some other kind1 and placed or put to1  
or into another tree in due time and    
manner4  ,if the whip-graft is to be    
below the ground1 it is sufficient to   
tie the parts tightly with string and   
cover with earth2 if above ground1 wax  
is applied over the string to prevent   

drying out4 ,on the small shoots of     
young trees1 the whip-graft is often    
employed1 but it is not used in large   
trees4  ,the cleft-graft is shown in    
,fig4 #ah4 ,the trunk or branch is cut  
off2 two cions are inserted in a cleft  
made with a knife4 ,the stub is covered 
with grafting-wax 7,fig4 #ai74          
,cleft-grafting is the usual method for 
the orchardist4  ,illustration3 #ah4    
,the cleft-graft4  ,illustration3 #ai4  
,the cleft-graft after waxing4  ,in     
either kind of grafting1 the cion       
carries about three leaf-buds4 ,if wood 
7cion-shoots7 is scarce1 only one bud   
may be taken1 but this reduces the      
chances of success4 ,one bud may not    
grow1 or the young shoot may be injured4
 ,the lowest bud is usually most likely 
to grow2 it pushes through the wax4  ,in
 young trees set for the purpose of     
top-working1 the trunk may be cut off at
 the desired height and two cions       
inserted4 ,the entire top is then       
removed at once2 this is allowable only 

on young trees4 ,probably the better    
practice is to graft the main small side
 limbs and the main trunk or leader     
higher up4 ,usually it is better to     
leave some of the branches on the tree1 
not removing them all till the second or
 third year4  ,in old apple-trees1 the  
main branches are grafted1 where they   
are an inch or two in diameter4 ,care is
 taken so to choose the branches that a 
well-shaped free-headed tree will       
result4 ,only a small part of the top is
 removed the first year1 and three or   
four years may be required to change the
 top all over1 the old branches being   
removed as the new ones grow4 ,in about 
three years1 or four1 the grafts should 
begin to bear1--about as soon as strong 
three-year-old trees planted in the     
orchard4  ,any variety of the           
pomological apples will grow on any     
other variety1 but apples do not take   
well on other species1 as does the pear4
 ,the pear may be made to grow on the   
apple1 but the graft is short-lived and 

the practice is not recommended4 ,boys  
may graft indiscriminately for practice1
 but grown-ups1 having arrived at the   
unfortunate age of discretion1 must     
operate only on those kinds known to    
succeed when joined4 ,i have never known
 a boy who did not want to graft        
anything1 as soon as his attention was  
called to the operation4 ,the boy does  
not take it for granted3 he wants to    
try4     ,,xiii  ,,the ,,mending ,,of   
,,the ,,apple-,,tree   ,many accidents  
overtake the apple-tree4 ,the hired man 
skins the tree with the harrow2 fire    
runs through the dry grass2 hard winters
 shatter the vitality1 and parts of the 
tree die2 borers enter2 rabbits and mice
 gnaw the bark in winter2 loads of fruit
 and burdens of ice crush the tree2 wind
 storms play mischief2 bad pruning      
leaves long stubs1 and rot develops2    
cankers produce dead ragged wounds2     
fire-blight destroys the tissue2 a      
poorly formed tree with bad crotches    
splits easily2 grafts fail to take1 and 

long dead ends are left2 the tree is    
injured by pickers2 vandals wreak their 
havoc4 ,all these accidents must be met 
and the damages repaired4 ,the surgeon  
must be summoned4  ,we must first       
understand how a wound heals on a tree4 
,note any wound1--knot-hole on the      
trunk1 place where wood has been        
removed4 ,the exposed wound itself does 
not heal2 it is covered and inclosed by 
tissue built out from the edges or      
periphery of the wound4 ,this tissue is 
like a roll4 ,it is the callus4         
,eventually the tissue meets in the     
center1 and the lid is thereby put on   
the place1 and it is sealed4 ,the       
exposed wood has died1 if it is the     
cross-section of a branch or a deep     
wound1 and it remains under the callus a
 dead body4 ,if the wood has not started
 to decay in the meantime1 the place is 
safe1 but too often invasion has begun  
before the process is complete1 the rot 
disease finally extends to the heart of 
the tree1 causing it to become hollow4  

,if the center of the wound falls in1   
the callus cannot cover it1 and an open 
sore remains4 ,in these cavities birds  
may sometimes build4  ,therefore there  
are two points for the surgeon to       
consider in respect to the wound        
itself--whether it is so placed on the  
tree that the callus forms readily2     
whether the wound is kept healthy during
 exposure4  ,all ragged tissue being    
removed1 deep-wound surfaces should be  
kept aseptic4 ,for ordinary cases1      
white-lead paint with plenty of linseed 
oil is a good protective from the germs 
of decay4 ,on old wood1 no longer       
active1 creosote is good1 perhaps       
followed by coal-tar4 ,usually1 however1
 paint is quite sufficient4 ,small      
exposures usually receive no dressing4  
,when the fresh surface wood is exposed 
by removal of bark1 it is necessary to  
keep the tissue from drying out1 and    
antiseptics are usually not applied4    
,bandaging with cloth is the usual      
practice1 after the wound is cleaned and

 trimmed4  ,the repairs fall into two   
classes1--those that require merely     
removal of injured parts and treatment  
of the wounds1 and those that demand the
 ingrafting of new wood4  ,we have      
learned1 in the discussion of pruning1  
that long projecting ends of severed    
branches do not heal4 ,the branches to  
be removed should be cut back close to  
the larger branch or to the juncture    
with another4 ,in repairing injured     
trees1 all projecting parts that do not 
have life in themselves must be removed4
 ,all wounds should be left smooth1     
without splinters or hanging bark4      
,decaying wood is to be removed1 and the
 area cleaned out and disinfected4  ,the
 nature-lover may find much to interest 
him in the observation of knot-holes as 
he comes and goes4 ,every knot-hole has 
a history2 this history usually can be  
traced by one whose eye is keen and who 
becomes practiced in connecting cause   
with final result4 ,one prides oneself  
on the ability to work out the obscure  

cases4 ,an old neglected apple orchard  
thereby affords much entertainment4  ,if
 a very large branch breaks off1 the    
remaining part is cut back to fresh hard
 wood2 antiseptic is applied2 the other 
part of the tree may be shortened-in to 
aid in restoring the proportion or      
balance4  ,deep cavities caused by rot  
are cleaned out1 disinfected with       
bordeaux mixture1 gas-tar1 or other     
material1 and the place filled          
completely with cement4  ,in some cases1
 new wood is added in the form of cions 
of last year's twigs4 ,such cions may be
 set around the edge of a stub1 thrust  
between the bark and the wood1 to start 
new branches where an important one was 
broken off4 ,the cions are cut          
wedge-shape 7much as those in ,fig4 #ah7
 and a bandage is tied around the stub  
to hold them in place2 the exposed parts
 are covered with grafting-wax4 ,the    
operation is performed in spring4       
,sometimes cions are used to bridge a   
girdle4 ,usually a girdle heals itself  

if the injury does not extend into the  
wood1 and if it is bound up to prevent  
drying out2 but when the injury is deep 
and the exposed wood has become dry and 
hard1 the cions may be used4 ,the cions 
are somewhat longer than the width of   
the girdle4 ,the edges of the girdle are
 trimmed to fresh tight bark2 cions are 
cut wedge-shape at either end2 the ends 
are inserted underneath the bark at     
bottom and top of the wound2 edges of   
the wound are securely bandaged2 entire 
work is covered with wax4 ,the cions are
 many1 so close that they nearly touch4 
,the buds on the cions are not allowed  
to produce branches4 ,this process is   
known as bridge-grafting4  ,with some   
experience1 the cultivator soon learns  
to make many deft applications of       
ingrafting4 ,sometimes a piece of bark  
may be used as a patch4 ,in the bracing 
of crotches in young trees1 the two     
trunks may be joined by uniting a small 
branch from either one1 twisting them   
together to form a bridge like a bolt2  

they can be made to grow together1      
forming a solid union4 ,bolting the     
parts with iron rods1 or holding them   
together by means of chains1 is the     
usual and commonly the better method4   
,the iron is not to go around a limb1   
however1 for girdling results2 the rods 
or chains should be secured by bolts    
bored through the wood and pulling      
against large heads or washers4  ,the   
usual repairs are easily made4 ,when    
trees are badly injured1 and            
particularly when the tree is low in    
vitality1 it may not be worth while to  
engage in surgery4 ,it may be better to 
plant a new tree4 ,saving very old trees
 by the mending processes is not likely 
to be satisfactory4 ,the grower should  
transfer his affection to a young tree4 
,if the tree has had good care          
throughout its life1 it probably will   
not need much surgery in old age4 ,the  
grower will be willing1 when the time   
comes1 to take a photograph for memory's
 sake and to let the tree come to a     

timely and artistic end4     ,,xiv      
,,citizens ,,of ,,the ,,apple-,,tree    
,many years ago1 my old friend1 the late
 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,lintner1 ,state          
,entomologist of ,new ,york1 compiled a 
list of #cef insects that feed on the   
apple-tree4 ,later authorities place the
 number at nearly five hundred species4 
,it must be a good plant that has such a
 host of denizens4 ,the number of fungi 
is also large2 and the tree often       
supports lichens1 algae1 and other forms
 of life4  ,the apple-tree is not single
 in its denizens4 ,no plant lives alone4
 ,it has association with its fellows1  
perhaps contest for space and           
nourishment4 ,it provides habitat for   
many organisms1 many of which live on   
its bounty4 ,i have never seen a bearing
 apple-tree that was not a colonizing   
place for other living things4 ,we      
accept these things as matters of       
course1 as being in place1 living their 
part in nature4 ,therefore1 one cannot  
understand the apple-tree unless one    

knows something of its citizenry4       
,probably the most prominent citizen of 
the apple-tree is the codlin-moth4 ,its 
larva is the apple-worm1 the one that   
makes wormy apples1 the burrows going to
 the core and out again4 ,the insect is 
native in ,europe1 but has been known in
 ,north ,america nearly two hundred     
years1 and is widespread in the apple   
countries of the world4  ,if one has    
screens in the apple cellar1 one is     
likely to find small moths on them in   
the spring1 larger than a clothes moth1 
about three-fourths inch in spread of   
the soft gray watered-silk wings4 ,this 
is the imago or mature form of the      
insect known as the codlin-moth 7it     
lives on codlins or apples74 ,the larvae
 or worms were brought into the cellar  
in the apples2 some of them crawled out1
 spun themselves in a cocoon and        
pupated2 in due season the moth emerged1
 ready to lay the eggs for other larvae4
 ,ordinarily the fruit-grower does not  
see the moth1 for it is a small object  

amidst the foliage of apple-trees2 the  
larva or apple-worm he knows well4      
,there may be two or more broods of     
apple-worms1 depending on the length of 
the season4 ,in the northern apple      
regions of ,north ,america there is     
usually only one brood1 with a partial  
second brood4 ,the first brood is       
hatched from eggs laid by moths that    
emerge in spring4 ,the moths come from  
larvae that have lain in cocoons all    
winter1 hidden under bark on the trunks 
and main branches of the apple-tree1 in 
crevices in nearby posts and fences1 and
 sometimes in the ground4 ,the pupae are
 the transformed larvae or worms that   
left the apple of the previous year1    
usually before it fell1 and crawled down
 the tree to find a place to spin the   
silken brown cocoons in which they      
wrapped themselves to undergo the       
wonderful transformation4  ,so is the   
cycle complete3 egg laid in early       
spring1 mostly on the leaves2 larva     
hatched in about one week1 crawling to  

the young apple to feed1 where it lives 
for perhaps a month2 larva departed from
 the fruit to form a cocoon and to      
remain quiescent till it pupates the    
following spring 7if there is no second 
brood7 when it transforms into a moth2  
the moth alive for one week or ten days1
 laying perhaps as many as one hundred  
eggs or even more4 ,if there is a second
 or third brood1 the pupa resurrects in 
ten days or so into the moth2 eggs are  
laid2 larvae are hatched2 pupae again   
are formed2 and thus is the process     
continued4 ,but the winter stage is the 
larva1 although perhaps in store-houses 
the moths may emerge earlier and survive
 till spring4  ,the eggs of the first   
brood are commonly laid on the leaves   
and fruit4 ,the young larva or worm eats
 very little on the foliage4 ,it usually
 crawls into the blossom end of the     
apple4 ,the young apple stands erect1   
with the calyx open 7,fig4 #f72 later   
the calyx closes and protects the larva 
that hatched there1 forming a good cover

 for its operations 7,fig4 #g74 ,the    
worm drives for the core1 where it eats 
the young seeds and burrows extensively2
 then1 when nearly grown1 it sets out   
for the surface1 eating a straight      
burrow2 an opening is made through the  
skin of the apple1 but this exit is     
plugged until the animal is ready to    
leave the place and to crawl down the   
tree to pupate4 ,the larvae of later    
broods may enter at the side of the     
apple1 where a leaf affords protection  
or where two fruits come together2 but  
the life-history is the same1 varying in
 its rapidity4  ,this account discloses 
the vulnerable point in the             
life-history1 if one is to destroy the  
insects and to grow fair fruit2 if      
poison is lodged on the erect           
open-topped little apple1 the young     
larva will get it before he injures the 
fruit4 ,if the application of the poison
 is delayed until the calyx closes      
7,fig4 #g71 there will be small chance  
of reaching the worm4 ,the best way to  

reach the second brood is to destroy all
 the first brood4 ,the standard         
practice1 therefore1 is to spray the    
trees soon after the petals fall1 with  
the idea of depositing arsenic in the   
blossom end4  ,but the season of        
egg-laying is long1 often extending over
 a period of three or four weeks1 for   
the moths do not all emerge from the    
cocoons simultaneously4 ,it is          
customary1 therefore1 to spray again    
about two weeks after the first         
application1 with the hope of catching  
the young worms on their way to the     
fruit4  ,there is no question about the 
efficacy of spraying4 ,its value has    
been demonstrated time and again4 ,the  
methods and the materials may be learned
 from the experiment station            
publications in any ,state1 wherein the 
advice is kept up-to-date4  ,in the days
 before the perfecting of the spraying  
processes1 the codlin-moth was          
controlled by catching the pupating     
larvae4 ,taking advantage of the habit  

of the worm to find lodgment under the  
bark on the trunk1 it was the practice  
to scrape the loose bark from bole and  
large branches to destroy the           
hiding-places and then to tie a band of 
cloth around the trunk4 ,under this band
 the worms were taken1 as they spun     
themselves up in the cocoons4 ,this is a
 lesson taken from the industrious      
woodpeckers1 who1 in the winter1 search 
the trees for the pupae and make holes  
through the flakes of bark to get them4 
,the scraping of apple-trees is not much
 recommended now for the reason that    
this special necessity is passed1 and   
because the better tillage and care     
together with the soaking of the        
branches and trunk in the spraying      
operation1 tend to keep the tree        
vigorous and the bark properly          
exfoliated4  ,so the worm in the apple  
has a delicate and interesting history4 
,from egg to imago the transformations  
proceed with regularity1 and they are   
marvelous4 ,had we not traced the       

sequence1 no man could tell by          
appearances that the larva1 the pupa and
 the moth are one and the same animal4  
,they seem to have nothing in common4   
,so is the egg stage as different as the
 other three1 but we are measurably     
prepared for this epoch1 since we know  
seeds so well2 the egg and the seed are 
analogous4 ,that a moth in the air      
should come from a crawling worm in an  
apple is indeed one of the miracles of  
nature4 ,the worm leaves the apple ere  
it falls2 how the worm knows the time is
 again a mystery4 ,by some instinct1 it 
is able to cognize a dying apple4 ,the  
later worms1 either the lastlings from  
the early brood or the product of       
subsequent broods1 may remain in the    
apple when it is harvested1 particularly
 in an apple picked before it is quite  
mature and from which the worm has not  
escaped4  ,the apple-worm ruins the crop
 by killing many of the fruits and by   
blemishing the remainder4 ,seldom are   
there two worms in an apple4 ,they seem 

to respect each other's hunting-ground4 
,from the worm's point of view and from 
man's1 one is enough4  ,if man has      
dominion and if he needs apples1 then is
 he within his rights if he joins issue 
with the insects4 ,yet is the insect as 
interesting for all that4 ,i think we   
should miss many of the satisfactions of
 life1 and certainly some of the        
disciplines1 if there were no insects4  
,my apple-tree is a great place for a   
naturalist4 ,van ,bruyssel wrote a book 
on ,the ,population of an ,old          
,pear-,tree4 ,when certain blue spirits 
begin to flit about me1 he writes1 ,i   
depart from my study to go and read1 in 
what ,i am allowed1 even by my clerical 
uncle1 to call my book of devotions4    
,the devotions ,i mean are not in my    
book-case4 ,no publisher1 if he ever    
thought of such a thing1 could bring    
them out4 ,they are a page of the book  
of ,nature1 opened in the country1 under
 blue sky1 displayed at all season4     
,what a marvelous company ,van ,bruyssel

 found on his old pear tree2 and what   
inexhaustible worlds did ,fabre discover
 in the lives of the spider1 the fly1   
the caterpillar1 the wasps1 the         
mason-bees and others6  ,therefore we   
need not pause with the other four      
hundred and more insect citizens of the 
apple-tree4 ,some of them1 as the ,san  
,jose scale1 are not peculiarly         
apple-tree insects4 ,my tree has another
 crew of inhabitants1 and to this       
company we may now have introduction4   
,the spots on the leaves and fruits are 
not deposits of dirt nor are they caused
 by mysterious conditions in the        
atmosphere1 as once supposed1 nor is it 
in the nature of leaves to be spotted   
and of fruits to be scabby2 nor are the 
one-sided dwarfed fruits merely         
accidents4 ,the organism responsible for
 these blemishes is less evident than   
the codlin-moth2 yet what fruit-grower  
knows the eggs of the codlin-moth8 ,but 
the organisms are as definite as are the
 insects2 no longer are the fungi things

 without form and without positive      
cycles4  ,on the ground are apple       
leaves1 shed in the autumn4 ,on the     
leaves are spots or lesions1--injured or
 diseased--infected with the apple-scab 
fungus4 ,under a good microscope the    
investigator finds immature fruiting    
bodies in these areas4 ,in the early    
days of ,spring1 these bodies or        
winter-spores mature4 ,a rain discharges
 them in astonishing numbers4 ,rising in
 the air 7for they are incredibly       
light71 these spores lodge on the       
unfolding leaves and flowers of the     
apple1 and there begin to germinate1    
invading the tissue4 ,the tissue is     
penetrated and killed so rapidly that   
the practiced eye soon discovers a spot4
 ,the leaf1 if badly infected1 may not  
reach full size2 it may curl2 it may die
 and fall2 the tree thereby is injured4 
,from the fungus in the active diseased 
areas1 another kind of spore develops   
rapidly4 ,it is the summer-spore1 which 
may be produced in prodigious numbers1  

and being discharged carries the disease
 elsewhere4  ,all summer the process of 
spore-formation and distribution keeps  
up4 ,if conditions are favorable1 the   
tree is invaded in foliage and fruit4   
,the flower-stems in the unfolding buds 
are attacked by the winter-spores and   
the flower falls4 ,the apples become    
spotted from the invasion of the        
summer-spores1 perhaps misshapen4 ,late 
infections may not show at picking time1
 but develop on the fruit in storage4   
,the affected leaves are cast in the    
autumn1 the winter-spores begin to form1
 the snows come and hide the processes1 
in spring the spores mature2 and so does
 the round of life go on and on4  ,there
 are beautiful forms in these fragile   
fungus threads that eat their way into  
the tissues of the host4 ,there are     
fascinating phenomena in the growth and 
reproduction4 ,even so and for all that1
 man protects his tree by spraying it   
with poison1 and thereby again does he  
have dominion4  ,the spraying for       

apple-scab is with lime-sulfur to which 
may be added arsenate of lead4 ,this    
treatment1 properly timed1 may suffice  
also for the codlin-moth4 ,as the fungus
 may attack the flower-stems and kill   
them1 so is the first application made  
when the flower-buds open and the stems 
begin to separate1 but before the       
flowers expand2 the operator has a      
period of one to three days in which to 
spray4 ,a second spraying is given just 
after the blossoms fall1 as for         
codlin-moth2 if the season is wet1 a    
third application may be made ten to    
fourteen days later2 if the fungus seems
 to spread1 a fourth spraying may be    
applied in midsummer4 ,these sprayings1 
variously modified1 control not only the
 codlin-moth and the scab fungus but    
also scale1 blister-mite1 plant-lice1   
leaf-roller1 case-bearer1 bud-moth1     
red-bug and others4  ,in the tropics one
 sees trees bearing great burdens of    
orchids and bromeliads and ferns and    
mosses1 and one wonders at the strange  

and exuberant population4 ,yet here is  
my apple-tree supporting epiphytes and  
parasites and insects1 protector and    
nurse of a goodly company2 and birds    
nest on the branches thereof4     ,,xv  
,,the ,,apple-,,tree ,,regions   ,the   
northern hemisphere is the home of the  
apple1 particularly ,central ,europe1   
,canada1 the ,united ,states4 ,in       
certain regions in the southern         
hemisphere the temperature and humidity 
are right for the good growing of       
apples1 mostly in elevated areas4 ,in   
,new ,zealand and parts of ,australia1  
apple-growing is assuming large         
proportions4 ,their export trade to     
,europe and parts of ,south ,america has
 come to be important and undoubtedly is
 destined greatly to increase4  ,in     
,europe1 where land is often limited and
 high in price1 apple-trees may be      
planted closer than in ,america1 even in
 field conditions1 and more attention is
 given to pruning1 heading-in1 and the  
development of fruit-spurs in the       

interior of the tree-top4 ,i noticed    
this practice in ,new ,zealand1 also4   
,in these directions1 the ,europeans    
have much to teach us in the careful    
growing of good apples4 ,in ,europe1 the
 definite training of the apple-tree    
begins in the nursery2                  
quantity-production1 with               
standardization1 is not there the aim4  
,in ,north ,america the general practice
 is to let the tree take its course1    
reaching its full natural stature4 ,the 
pruning is mostly corrective1 to keep   
the tree in shape and to prevent the top
 from becoming too thick1 rather than in
 the development of fruiting wood4 ,the 
consequence is that our trees become    
very large1 specially in ,new ,york and 
,new ,england where they are long-lived4
 ,in the western country1 as we have    
learned1 the apple-tree tends to be     
shorter-lived and does not usually      
attain such great size4 ,in the ,new    
,york apple country1 orchards may be in 
good bearing at forty to sixty years    

from planting1 and individual trees may 
be productive much longer than this4    
,the trees come into good bearing in ten
 to fifteen years4 ,in the irrigated    
regions of the ,west1 the trees may be  
expected to bear a good crop two to five
 years earlier2 to what age they may    
attain1 in large plantations1 it is yet 
too early to state4  ,the commercial    
apple regions of ,north ,america are in 
,canada and the northern ,united        
,states1 comprising about two or three  
tiers of ,states1 with important        
extensions southward into the mountains 
and in special parts4 ,the ,southern    
,states are not known as apple-growing  
country1 except in special restricted   
elevated areas1 although there are      
considerable plantations near the ,gulf 
of ,mexico4  ,the geography of          
apple-growing on the ,north ,american   
continent cannot be better displayed    
than by copying the table of contents of
 the larger part of ,chapters ,,iii and 
,,ii in ,folger and ,thomson's excellent

 recent book1 ,the ,commercial ,apple   
,industry of ,north ,america3           
,commercial ,apple ,production in       
,canada      ,nova ,scotia     ,prince  
,edward ,island and ,new ,brunswick     
,quebec     ,ontario     ,british       
,columbia4  ,leading ,apple ,regions of 
the ,united ,states      ,western ,new  
,york     ,hudson ,valley     ,new      
,england ,baldwin belt     ,the         
,champlain district     ,new ,jersey    
,delaware     ,shenandoah-,cumberland   
district     ,piedmont district of      
,virginia     ,minor regions in         
,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia and      
,virginia     ,mountain region of ,north
 ,carolina     ,mountain region of      
,georgia     ,ohio       ,southern      
,ohio1 ,rome ,beauty district           
,minor regions in ,ohio     ,kentucky   
,michigan     ,illinois       ,southern 
,illinois early apple region            
,mississippi ,valley region of ,illinois
     ,ozark region     ,missouri ,river 
region     ,arkansas ,valley of ,kansas 

,southeastern ,illinois     ,colorado   
,new ,mexico     ,utah     ,montana     
,washington       ,yakima ,valley       
,wenatchee ,north ,central ,washington  
district       ,spokane district        
,walla ,walla district     ,oregon      
,hood ,river ,valley       ,rogue ,river
 ,valley       ,other apple districts in
 ,oregon     ,idaho       ,payette      
district       ,boise ,valley           
,twin ,falls       ,lewiston section    
,california       ,watsonville district 
,sebastopol apple district              
,yucaipa section     ,wisconsin         
,minnesota  ,the varieties of the ,south
 and the ,north1 and largely also of the
 ,west and the ,east1 are prevailingly  
different4 ,canada has a set of apples  
quite its own4 ,these differences are   
marked when one visits exhibitions in   
the various regions4 ,let the visitor   
who is a good judge of apples in        
,michigan and ,ohio attempt to judge    
them in an exhibition in the ,annapolis 
,valley of ,nova ,scotia1 in the        

,province of ,quebec1 in ,north         
,carolina1 in ,minnesota1 in ,oregon4   
,he will be impressed with the wonderful
 diversity1 as well as the undeveloped  
resources1 of the continent4            
,southward1 apples do not keep well4    
,there are no true winter apples in the 
,southern ,states1 outside mountain     
regions4 ,a winter apple of the ,north  
becomes a fall apple in the ,south4 ,in 
fact1 there are marked differences in   
keeping quality within a single ,state4 
,on gravelly lands or warm slopes in the
 southern part of ,new ,york1 the       
,northern ,spy may become practically a 
late autumn apple2 in the northern parts
 of the ,state it is a firm crisp       
all-winter keeper4 ,in the winter apple1
 the ripening process proceeds in       
storage4 ,when the season is so long    
that maturity is reached on the tree1   
the subsequent duration is relatively   
short4  ,it is not to be inferred1      
however1 that apples are to be grown    
only in regions and soils naturally well

 adapted4 ,such adaptations should be   
controlling in commercial plantations2  
but if man has dominion he should be    
able to accomplish much in untoward or  
even in hostile conditions4 ,even the   
city lot may be able to yield a harvest1
 if the occupant of it is minded in     
fruits rather than in other things4     
,every observant traveler has noted     
cases in which good results in the      
rearing of plants and animals have been 
attained in places that no one would    
choose for the purpose3 the man has     
overcome his obstacles4 ,i was impressed
 with this fact in visiting a greenhouse
 in the ,shetland ,islands4 ,cultivation
 has been carried far beyond the optimum
 regions4 ,the merit of the man's       
performance is measured in the          
excellence of his result rather than in 
the quantity of it4 ,the application of 
skill is the highest test of ability in 
plant-growing1 and this is often        
expressed in the most difficult places4 
,whatever may be the adaptability of any

 general territory to the growing of    
apples in a large way1 the probability  
is that a man of resources and skill    
will be able to raise good apples for   
himself1 unless1 of course1 the region  
is prohibitive4 ,the amateur may be a   
law unto himself in many of these       
matters1 delighting in the ingenuity    
that enables him to overcome4     ,,xvi 
,,the ,,harvest ,,of ,,the              
,,apple-,,tree   ,finally the apple is  
ripe1 a fair goodly object joyous in the
 sun1 inviting to every sense4 ,hanging 
amidst its foliage1 bending the twig    
with its weight1 it is at once a pattern
 in good shape1 perfect in              
configuration1 in sheen beyond          
imitation1 in fragrance the very        
affluence of all choice clean growth1   
its surface spread with a bloom often so
 delicate that the unsympathetic see it 
not2 and yet the rains do not spoil it4 
,the apple must be picked4 ,do not let  
it fall4 ,probably it is over-ripe when 
it falls2 the hold is loosened2 its time

 is up4 ,wormy apples may fall before   
they are ripe2 the worm injury1 if it   
begins early1 causes them to ripen      
prematurely4 ,a premature apple is not a
 good apple1 albeit the small boy       
relishes it but only because he may get 
his apple earlier2 in the apple season1 
when ripe fruits are abundant1 the boy  
does not choose the wormy one4  ,pick   
the apple from the tree4 ,it will do you
 good4 ,it is ever so much better than  
to pick it from a box on the market or  
out of a quart-can in the ice-chest4    
,you will feel some sense of            
responsibility when you pick it1 some   
reaction of relationship to its origin4 
,we know that we understand folks better
 when we see them at home4  ,in         
varieties that mature before winter1 the
 apple is of best quality when it ripens
 on the tree and is picked when fit to  
eat4 ,in this respect it differs from   
the pear4 ,one reason why store apples  
are usually poor is because they must be
 picked long before ripe to stand       

shipment4 ,in my experience it is most  
difficult to find a man who will pick   
apples when ripe2 he is usually         
possessed to pull them green1 thinking  
that if the fruit is full grown and has 
a red cheek it is therefore ready to be 
plucked4  ,one would expect the best    
summer and fall apples to come from     
nearby local orchards1 but practically  
this is not the case because the grower 
will not allow them to remain on the    
tree until they are fit4 ,of course the 
really ripe apple will not keep long and
 it does not stand rough handling1 but  
this does not affect the fact that1 for 
eating1 an apple should be naturally    
ripe4 ,in every city1 small or large1 a 
good trade can be built up for local    
ripe hand-picked fruit of the first     
quality1 in competition with the best   
commercial supply4  ,winter apples are  
picked in the ,northern ,states in      
,october1 sometimes late in ,september4 
,they are then full grown1 but are hard 
and inedible4 ,the red varieties are    

full colored2 the green ones show more  
or less yellow4 ,light early frost does 
not injure them on the tree4 ,usually   
they are placed at first in piles or    
windrows2 and from these piles they are 
barreled or boxed for market4 ,if the   
choicest grades are to be made1 they    
should be taken to a packing-house4     
,the apple is an easy fruit to pick4    
,the stem parts readily from the spur or
 twig4 ,yet if the harvester is choice  
of his trees he will work deftly rather 
than roughly1 not to injure the bearing 
wood4 ,the fruits are placed in baskets 
as they are plucked1 sometimes in a bag 
slung over the shoulders but this is not
 the best way when the apples are ripe4 
,in the packing-house1 the fruits are   
sorted into uniform grades if they are  
for market4  ,the better the trees are  
tilled1 pruned and sprayed1 the more    
uniform will be the crop1 and           
particularly if the fruit is thinned on 
the tree2 yet the second-class and even 
cull apples will be many under ordinary 

conditions4 ,the purchaser1 noting the  
price of extra-grade apples1 may not    
realize that he buys only the remainder 
in a long process of grading1 extending 
really over the season or even          
throughout the life of the orchard4 ,in 
all this time1 the grower has borne the 
risks of frosts and hail1 insect and    
fungus invasions1 lack of help1 and     
disastrously low prices4 ,a finished    
product of high quality is always       
expensive4  ,the usual apples on the    
open market are not the kind ,i have    
here tried to describe4 ,they are the   
product of indifferent orchards or of   
careless handling4 ,they are purchased  
for cooking2 and the eating of apples   
out of hand because they are attractive 
and really good is an unknown experience
 with great numbers of our people4 ,the 
polished shiny apples of the            
fruit-stands are a delusion4 ,the       
practice of burnishing the fruits       
produces a most inartistic result1      
destroying the natural bloom and        

violating the appearance of a natural   
apple4 ,it is one thing to clean a fruit
 if it is soiled 7which is seldom the   
case with boxed or barreled apples72 it 
is quite another thing to rub and       
furbish an apple as if it were a        
billiard ball or glass marble and not a 
living object that grew on a tree1--it  
sets false standards before the         
children4 ,yet all this is in line with 
much of our practice whereby1 in cookery
 and manipulation1 we disguise our foods
 and show our lack of appreciation of   
the products themselves4  ,for home use1
 winter apples may well be stored in    
boxes in a cool moist cellar if such a  
place is available4 ,for best results in
 long keeping1 the temperature should be
 maintained below #dj degrees ,f4 ,in a 
cellar containing a furnace1 the fruits 
shrivel from too much evaporation1 as   
also in an attic or other dry room4 ,if 
the fruit must be stored in such places1
 it is well to keep the box or barrel   
tightly closed1 and the individual      

apples may be wrapped in thin paper4    
,the apples must be sorted now and then1
 to remove the decaying ones2 if the    
fruit was carefully sprayed1 handled and
 graded in the first place and not too  
ripe1 the necessity of frequent sorting 
will be considerably reduced4 ,but in   
any case1 the keeping of apples1 except 
under good cold-storage1 is at best a   
process of continually saving the most  
durable fruits4 ,an outside cellar1 if  
properly ventilated1 usually is a good  
place in which to keep apples4 ,with the
 use of furnaces for heating and the    
cramped quarters of city apartments1 the
 keeping of apples for home supply is   
constantly more difficult4  ,there is no
 apple like the one that comes up fresh 
from the cellar on a winter night1 cool1
 crisp1 solid yet ready4 ,it is the     
fruit of the home fireside4 ,i often    
wonder whether one in a hundred of the  
people know what a really good and      
timely apple is4  ,the yield of an      
apple-tree depends on many              

factors1--age1 size1 thriftiness1 care  
it has received1 whether it has escaped 
frost and other injuries2 and some      
varieties are much more prolific than   
others4 ,some apples are shy bearers1   
and for this reason soon are lost to    
propagation unless they have some       
superlative merit2 ,yellow ,bellflower  
is an example of a shy1 or at least an  
irregular1 bearer4 ,the great commercial
 varieties are of course good bearers1  
as ,baldwin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,stayman1     
,york ,imperial1 ,oldenburg1 ,rome1     
,mc,intosh1 ,wealthy1 ,yellow           
,transparent1 ,jonathan4  ,an apple-tree
 at full bearing is a wonderful sight at
 the harvest1 particularly in such      
varieties as ,mc,intosh and ,baldwin1 in
 which the fruit is highly colored and  
hangs well toward the outside of the    
tree-top4 ,while the first bearing year 
may yield only a half dozen fruits1 the 
crop increases rapidly with the added   
years1--one peck1 one bushel1 five      
bushels1 ten bushels1 thirty bushels1   

even to sixty and seventy bushels on    
large sturdy old trees of some          
varieties4 ,the amateur1 however1 first 
prizes the quality and regularity of his
 product for the sheer joy of it2 then  
every added bushel is so much to the    
good4     ,,xvii  ,,the ,,appraisal ,,of
 ,,the ,,apple-,,tree   ,now1 therefore1
 in these sixteen little chapters have  
,i tried to explain what ,i feel about  
the apple-tree4 ,it is a version to my  
friend1 the reader1 not a treatise4  ,as
 the interpretation is in the realm of  
the sensibilities1 so do ,i aim not     
directly at concreteness4 ,yet as it is 
now the fashion to score all our        
products by a scale of points1 ,i make a
 reasonable concession to it4 ,but ,i do
 not like the scoring of the fruit      
independently of the tree on which it   
grew as if the fruit were only a        
commodity4 ,i know we cannot bring the  
tree to the exhibition-room1 yet the    
perfect measure1 nevertheless1 is the   
tree and the fruit together4 ,in these  

later times we have said much against   
the use of the museum specimen to the   
exclusion of the living object in its   
natural place3 let us be cautious1 then1
 that we do not forget apple-trees in   
our studies of apples4  ,here ,i shall  
not arrange numerical scales of points  
for the apple-tree4 ,sufficient for this
 occasion is the naming of the points1  
letting the reader place his own        
percentage-value on each of them2 for ,i
 am trying to teach1 not to instruct4   
,yet ,i must insert1 for the reader's   
benefit1 certain good rules and scores  
that have been adopted for the judging  
of the fruit by those experienced in    
these matters4 ,this excellent exercise 
of judging fruits at exhibitions has    
gained much headway4 ,students of       
schools and colleges are trained for the
 judging teams1 and great technical     
perfection has been attained4  ,to be   
exact is an exigency of science4 ,i fear
 that we make exactness an end1 but that
 is neither here nor there on this      

occasion and ,i shall not now pursue the
 subject further2 ,i hope the judging   
trains the judge to see what he looks at
 in other things as well as in apples1  
that it leads him into the pleasant     
paths of causes and effects1 that it    
opens the eyes of the blind4  ,the      
customary judging of plants and animals 
and their products consists in assessing
 the attributes against a scale of      
perfection4 ,thus1 if form or           
conformation is worth #aj points in the 
hundred 7by the estimation of good      
authorities71 the judge must decide     
whether the particular animal before him
 merits #f or #g1 more or less4 ,so if  
flavor in an apple is considered to be  
worth #bj points of the hundred1 the    
judge makes up his mind what rating1    
within that limit1 he shall accord to   
the fruit he is testing4 ,the           
arrangement in tabular form of the      
features for any product1 with the      
number of points stated for each1 all   
summing #ajj1 constitutes a score-card4 

,thus there may be a score-card for     
,merino sheep1 another for ,shropshires1
 one for apples1 and for any other      
objects whatsoever4  ,at competitive    
exhibitions1 the element of comparison  
comes in4 ,perhaps it is the only       
criterion to be considered in a         
particular case1--whether this apple is 
better than that or than any number of  
others1 which of several plates or      
samples of apples merits first mention1 
which of two or more collections of     
varieties is altogether most worthy of a
 prize4 ,in these cases1 the different  
fruits or collections may be scored by  
the card1 and the total footings        
determine where the award shall go4 ,or1
 the different entries may be judged in 
general1 by the eye2 this is the usual  
method1 and is satisfactory in the hands
 of persons whose standing and          
experience carry conviction4  ,if one is
 to evaluate an apple-tree against a    
scale or code1 these are some of the    
features1 in relative order of          

importance1 to be considered3       #a4 
,whether the tree is typical of the     
variety1 in shape1      manner of       
growth1 character of foliage and bloom4 
#b4 ,whether it is sound of all injury  
and disease1 and free      of blemish4  
#c4 ,whether it is duly vigorous and    
productive4       #d4 ,whether its fruit
 is characteristic of the variety or    
kind4       #e4 ,whether the pruning has
 been good2 the thinning2 the           
spraying4       #f4 ,whether the        
performance of the tree has fulfilled   
reasonable expectations4  ,the judging  
of fruits is facilitated by such        
score-cards and explanations as the     
following3       #a4 ,for comparison of 
different dessert varieties4            
,conformation              #aj ,size    
#e ,color                     #bj ,core 
#e ,uniformity                 #e       
,durability 7keeping7      #aj          
,condition                  #e ,freedom 
from blemish      #aj ,quality          
#cj                         ----        

#ajj       #b4 ,for comparison of plates
 or samples of the same variety4  ,form 
#ae ,size                      #ae      
,color                     #be          
,uniformity                #be ,freedom 
from blemish      #bj                   
----                          #ajj      
,,directions ,,for ,,judging ,,plates   
,,of ,,apples ,,in ,,an ,,exhibition    
,following are directions and           
explanations issued to judging teams in 
exhibition contests1 by an agricultural 
college3       7#a7 ,form3 ,the shape   
and conformation of the apples on any   
one plate should be typical for the     
variety1 the region of      growth being
 somewhat considered4 ,all specimens on 
a plate      should be uniform in shape4
 ,when competition is close1 a          
careful comparison of the more minute   
characteristics of the      basin1      
cavity and stem are made4       7#b7    
,size3 ,the specimens on any one plate  
should be uniform      in size and of   
the size most acceptable on the market  

for      the variety4 ,a plate may be   
marked down for being either      under 
or over the accepted commercial size4   
,in many      exhibits1 the ideal size  
is given in the premium                 
announcements4       7#c7 ,colors3 ,all 
specimens in an entry should be         
uniformly      colored in the way that  
is considered perfect for the           
variety in the district where grown4 ,in
 judging color1 one      should consider
 7a7 the depth and attractiveness of the
      ground color1 7b7 the brightness  
and attractiveness of the               
over-color1 7c7 the amount of the       
over-color4 ,in a yellow      or green  
apple1 the yellow or green should be    
clear and even      all over1           
considering the maturity of the         
specimen4 ,in      varieties that are   
typically blushed1 7e4 g41 ,maiden      
,blush7      the specimens should show a
 distinct tinge of red on the      cheek
 exposed to the sun4 ,with such apples  
as ,rhode ,island      ,greening1 that  

are only sometimes blushed1 the presence
 or      absence of the blush should not
 detract except that the      apples on 
any one plate should be uniform4 ,with  
apples      typically over-colored1 an  
intense color for the variety is        
desirable4       ,the bloom may be wiped
 from apples1 but in no case should     
polished specimens be given the         
preference4 ,some exhibits      have    
special rules regarding polishing of    
apples4       7#d7 ,conditions3 ,refers 
to the degree of ripeness4 ,an apple    
to be in perfect condition should be    
firm for the variety      and free from 
the withering that comes when apples are
      picked too green or when the fruit
 is over-ripe or has not      been      
stored properly4       7#e7 ,freedom    
from blemish3 ,all specimens should be  
free      from blemishes of all kinds4  
,one should look particularly      for  
7a7 marks of fungous or other disease1  
including      stippin1 7b7 injury from 
insects of all kinds1 7c7               

mechanical injury1 including loss of    
stem4 ,unmistakable      evidence of    
codlin-moth injury or ,san ,jose scale  
should      disqualify a plate4 ,other  
blemishes are considered important      
in about the order named3 ,side worms1  
scab1 stippin1      curculio or red-bug1
 skin punctures1 bruises1 stem pulled1  
russet 7not typical for variety7 and    
limb rub4 ,the extent of      scab spots
 should be considered4 ,minute spots are
 not as      serious as some other      
blemishes1 while spots which deform     
the apple should disqualify the plate4  
,other information3 ,five specimens     
constitute a plate1      except when the
 rules of the contest or exhibit state  
otherwise4 ,any variation from this rule
 disqualifies the      plate4           
,when a plate is not labelled with the  
correct variety name1      it should not
 be judged1 but is disqualified and if  
possible      the correct name is       
applied4 ,if one specimen on a plate is 
not as labelled1 the whole plate is     

disqualified4       ,in some judging    
contests1 the plates are not labelled   
with      the variety name1 and the     
contestant is supposed to make the      
identification4       ,precaution3      
,avoid pressing the specimens with the  
thumb      and finger so as to bruise   
the fruit4 ,the degree of firmness      
can be determined by gentle pressure    
with the inside of the      whole hand4 
,defects1 apparent or otherwise1 should 
not be probed with      the finger nail1
 pin1 or other hard object4             
,special care should be exercised to    
replace all specimens on      the right 
plate4  ,having in mind these definite  
criteria1 the reader will know what is  
meant by a good apple and also a good   
apple-tree4 ,measurements of perfection 
aid us to estimate the deficiencies4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,he who knows the apple-tree knows also 
its region4 ,the landscape is his in    
every blessed year2 he sees the chariots
 of the months come down from the       

distances and pass by him into the      
twilights4 ,clouds are his and the      
repeating shadows on the hills4 ,the    
morning when the blossoms are laden with
 the fragrance of the night1 high noon  
when the bees are busy1 the gloaming    
when the birds drop into the boughs1    
these are his by divine right4 ,the     
smell of new-plowed fields is his1 with 
the urgent promise in them4 ,seed time  
and harvest1 as old as the procreant    
earth and as new as the latest sunrise1 
are his to conjure4 ,the verities are   
his for the asking1 the strong things of
 cultivated fields and of wild places4  
,and mastery is his1 that comes of the  
amelioration of the land and the        
education of the tree4 ,all these are   
everyman's1 and yet they are his alone4 
,,index                                 
,,page  ,acid phosphate                 
#de  ,age of apple-trees                
#ih  ,alternate bearing                 
#db  ,american ,pomological ,society    
#ff  ,apple-scab                        

#ie  ,appleseed1 ,johnny                
#fa  ,arsenate of lead                  
#ie  ,australia1 ,apples in             
#ig   ,bacteria                         
#ab  ,bark of apple-tree                
#aa   of cherry                         
#aa   of elm                            
#aa   of pear-tree                      
#aa  ,bearing year                      
#db  ,black ,gilliflower                
#gc  ,bloomless apple                   
#ge  ,bolting trees                     
#hh  ,bridge-grafting                   
#hh  ,brush pile                        
#bg  ,budding                           
#ej1 #ea  ,buds                         
#ae1 #ai1 #bg   ,calyx-tube             
#bf  ,canada1 apples in                 
#ih  ,canker                            
#ab  ,cherimoya                         
#h  ,cherry1 bark of                    
#aa  ,christophine                      
#h  ,cider1 treatise on                 
#fb  ,cion-grafting                     
#ej1 #gi  ,citrus fruits                

#h  ,cleft-grafting                     
#hb  ,coconut                           
#h  ,codlin-moth                    #ab1
 #hi  ,custard apple                    
#h   ,diseases                          
#df  ,distance apart                    
#dc  ,double apples                     
#gd  ,doucin stocks                     
#eg  ,downing1 quoted                   
#ed1 #fg  ,dwarf apple-trees            
#ed   ,elm1 bark of                     
#aa  ,endicott1 ,gov4                   
#fa  ,enriching the land                
#de  ,exhibitions                       
#ajh   ,fertilizing                #dj1 
#dd1 #de  ,fig                          
#h  ,flower1 structure of               
#bj  ,folger and ,thomson1 quoted       
#ih  ,fructicetum                       
#gh  ,fruit-spurs and bearing           
#db  ,fungi                             
#ab   ,girdles                          
#hg  ,graftage                          
#di1 #gi  ,grafts                       
#ha  ,guava                             

#h   ,harvesting                        
#ajb  ,hillsides for orchards           
#dd  ,hogs in orchards                  
#de  ,hypanthium                        
#bf   ,insects                          
#df1 #hi   ,judging apples              
#ajh   ,knots                      #aa1 
#he1 #hg   ,land for apples             
#db  ,langley1 ,batty                   
#hb  ,lawson1 ,william                  
#hb  ,leaf-arrangement                  
#bi  ,lichens                           
#aa  ,lime-sulphur                      
#ie  ,linnaeus                          
#fb  ,lintner1 ,j4 ,a4                  
#hi   ,malus                            
#fb  ,mamone                            
#h  ,mango                              
#h  ,manning1 mentioned                 
#fg  ,m',mahon1 quoted                  
#ff  ,medlar                            
#ge  ,mending trees                     
#he  ,moench1 cited                     
#ge  ,mound-layering                    
#ee  ,muenchhausen1 cited               

#ge   ,natural trees                    
#ea  ,new ,zealand1 apples in           
#ig  ,nitrate of soda                   
#de   ,origin of apple-tree             
#fj  ,ornamental apples                 
#fd  ,ovary                             
#bj   ,paint for wounds                 
#hf  ,papaya                            
#h  ,paradise stocks                    
#eg  ,parkinson1 ,john                  
#eh  ,pasturing                         
#de  ,pear1 bark of                     
#aa  ,phosphate1 acid                   
#de  ,phyllotaxy                        
#bi  ,picking apples                    
#ajb  ,piece-roots                      
#ej  ,pistil                            
#bj1 #bf  ,plant-breeder                
#ea  ,planting                          
#db1 #dc  ,plant-lice                   
#ab  ,pollen-tube                       
#bj  ,pollination                       
#dj  ,pomegranate                       
#h  ,propagation of apple-tree      #dh1
 #ed  ,pruning               #cf1 #dj1  

#hf1 #ajd  ,pyrus baccata               
#fc   coronaria                         
#fc   diocia                            
#ge   ,ioensis                          
#fc   ,malus                        #fb1
 #fc   ,soulardii                       
#fd   ,receptacle of flower             
#bf  ,regions for apples                
#ig1 #ii  ,repairing trees              
#he  ,root-grafting                     
#ej  ,roots                             
#dc   ,scale insects                    
#ab  ,scale of points                   
#ajh  ,score-card                       
#ajh  ,seedless apple                   
#gd  ,seedling trees                    
#dh1 #ea  ,seeds1 planting              
#dh  ,sharrock1 ,robert                 
#ha  ,sheep in orchards                 
#de  ,sheepnose                         
#gc  ,sod in orchards                   
#dd  ,soil for apples                   
#db  ,spraying              #dj1 #ia1   
#ie1 #ajd  ,star-apple                  
#h  ,stigma                             

#bj  ,stocks                            
#di  ,storing                           
#aje  ,struggle for existence           
#dg  ,style                             
#bj  ,surgery                           
#hf  ,surprise                          
#gc  ,sweet-and-,sour                   
#gc   ,thinning                         
#ch1 #ci  ,thomson and ,folger          
#ih  ,tilling               #dj1 #dd1   
#dg1 #ajd  ,tree surgery                
#hf   ,varieties                        
#ff   list of                           
#gj   ,water-core                       
#gd  ,whip-graft                        
#ej  ,wilder1 mentioned                 
#fg  ,wormy apples                  #hi1
 #ajb           99       99       99    
99       99  ,transcriber's ,notes      
,some illustrations have been moved from
 their original positions to avoid      
breaking up the text1 and to put them in
 numerical order4  ,variations in       
spelling and punctuation have been      
retained from the original book except  

for the following changes3  ,page #ea3  
,both instances of varities changed to  
varieties4  ,page #gd3 occuring changed 
to occurring4  ,page #ge3 dioecious     
pyrus was originally typeset with an oe 
ligature4  ,page #ia3 foilage changed to
 foliage4  ,page #ic3 analagous changed 
to analogous4  ,page #id3 or changed to 
nor4 investigatior changed to           
investigator4  ,page #ajj3 gravly       
changed to gravelly4  ,page #aac        
7,index73 ,appleseed1 ,johny changed to 
,appleseed1 ,johnny4 ,bark of ,cheery   
changed to ,bark of ,cherry4  ,page #aae
 7,index73 ,linnaeus changed to         
,linnaeus to match text4