----------------------------------------
---------------------     ,transcrib]'s 
,note3                                  
,! adjective ',*ri/ian' is sometimes    
spell$ '*ri/ian'        & its use is    
inconsi/5t ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,! orig9al   
punctuation1 language & spell+ h be5    
reta9$1 except     :]e not$ at ! end ( !
 text4                                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,,an ,,essay                            
,,on                           ,,slav]y 
,,& ,,abolitionism1                     
,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,!                  
,,duty ,,( ,,am]ican ,,females4         
,,by                            ,,ca?>9e
 ,e4 ,,bee*]4                           
,philadelphia3                    ,,h5ry
 ,,p]k9s1 #acd ,,*e/nut ,,/reet4        
,,p]k9s  ,,m>v91 ,,bo/on4               
#ahcg4   ,ent]$ accord+ to ! ,act (     
,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahcg1 by ,h5ry      
,p]k9s1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict 
,c\rt ( ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict (             

,p5nsylvania4                        ,l4
 ,,a%mead ,,& ,,co4 ,,pr9t]s4           
,,preface4   ,,! foll[+ are !           
circum/ances :i* occasion$ ! succe$+    
pages4 ,a g5tleman & a fri5d1 reque/$ ! 
writ] to assign reasons :y he %\ld n jo9
 ! ,abolition ,society4 ,:ile prep>+ a  
reply to ?is reque/1 ,,miss ,,grimke's  
,address 0 pres5t$1 & ! in=mation       
communicat$1 ( h] int5tion to visit !   
,nor?1 = ! purpose ( us+ h] influ5ce    
among nor!rn ladies to induce !m to     
unite ) ,abolition ,societies4 ,! writ] 
!n began a private lett] to ,miss       
,grimke z a p]sonal fri5d4 ,b by ! wi%es
 & advice ( o!rs1 ^! two ef=ts 7 f9ally 
comb9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,essay1 to be pres5t$ 
to ! public4  ,! hon\r$ & belov$ "n :i* 
t lady be>s1 s associat$ z x is at !    
,s\?1 ,nor?1 & ,we/1 ) all t is elegant 
9 a s*ol>1 ref9$ 9 a g5tleman1 & elevat$
 9 a ,*ri/ian1--! respectable sect ) :i*
 %e is connect$1--! int]e/+ effusions ( 
h] p51--& h] own intellectual & moral   
wor?1 mu/ secure respect = h] op9ions & 

mu* p]sonal influ5ce4 ,?is seems to be a
 suffici5t apology = pres5t+ to ! public
 "s consid]ations 9 connexion ) h] "n2  
consid]ations :i* may exhibit 9 ano!r   
aspect ! cause %e advocates1 & :i* x may
 be appropriate to consid]4 ,z su*1 !y  
are respectfully comm5d$ to ! public1 & 
especially to t portion ( x = :i* !y are
 p>ticul>ly design$4     ,,essay  ,,on  
,,slav]y ,,& ,,abolitionism4  ,,address$
 ,,to ,,miss ,a4 ,d4 ,,grimke4   ,,my   
,,de> ,,fri5d1  ,y\r public address to  
,*ri/ian females at ! ,s\? has rea*$ me1
 & ,i h be5 urg$ to aid 9 circulat+ x at
 ! ,nor?4 ,i h also be5 in=m$1 t y      
contemplate a t\r1 dur+ ! ensu+ ye>1 = !
 purpose ( ex]t+ y\r influ5ce to =m     
,abolition ,societies among ladies ( !  
non-slave-hold+ ,/ates4  ,our           
acqua9tance & fri5d%ip give me a claim  
to y\r private e>2 b !re are reasons :y 
x seems m desirable to address y1 :o n[ 
/& be=e ! public z an advocate (        
,abolition measures1 9 a m public mann]4
  ,! object ,i h 9 view1 is to pres5t "s

 reasons :y x seems unwise & inexp$i5t =
 ladies ( ! non-slave-hold+ ,/ates to   
unite !mselves 9 ,abolition ,societies2 
& ?us1 at ! same "t1 to exhibit !       
inexp$i5cy ( ! c\rse y propose to adopt4
  ,i w\ld fir/ rem>k1 t y\r public      
address leads me to inf]1 t y are n     
suffici5tly in=m$ 9 reg>d to ! feel+s & 
op9ions ( ,*ri/ian females at ! ,nor?4  
,y\r rem>ks seem to assume1 t !         
pr9ciples held by ,abolitioni/s on !    
subject ( slav]y1 are peculi> to !m1 &  
are n g5]ally adopt$ by ^? at ! ,nor? :o
 oppose _! measures4 ,9 ?is y are n     
correctly in=m$4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i*        
,abolitioni/s expla9 ! t]ms !y employ1  
!re is little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5  
!m & mo/ nor!rn p]sons4 ,especially is  
?is true ( nor!rn p]sons ( religi\s     
pr9ciples4 ,i "k n :]e to look = nor!rn 
,*ri/ians1 :o w\ld d5y t e slave-hold]  
is b\nd to treat 8 slaves exactly z he  
w\ld claim t 8 own *ildr5 ought to be   
treat$ 9 simil> circum/ances2 t ! hold+ 
( our fell[ m5 z prop]ty1 or ! )hold+   

any ( ! rights ( fre$om1 = m]e purposes 
( ga91 is a s91 & ought to be imm$iately
 ab&on$2 & t :]e ! laws are su*1 t a    
slave-hold] _c legally emancipate 8     
slaves1 )\t ?r[+ !m into worse bondage1 
he is b\nd to use all 8 influ5ce to alt]
 ^? laws1 &1 9 ! meantime1 to treat 8   
slaves1 z ne>ly z he c1 z if !y 7 free4 
,i d n suppose !re is "o p]son 9 a ?\s&1
 at ! ,nor?1 :o w\ld diss5t f ^!        
pr9ciples4 ,!y w\ld only diff] 9 ! use (
 t]ms1 & call ?is ! doctr9e ( gradual   
emancipation1 :ile ,abolitioni/s w\ld   
call x ! doctr9e ( imm$iate             
emancipation4  ,z ?is is ! /ate ( public
 op9ion at ! ,nor?1 !re is no necessity 
= us+ any influ5ce ) nor!rn ladies1 9   
ord] t !y may adopt y\r pr9ciples on !  
subject ( slav]y2 = !y hold !m 9 common 
) y\rself1 & x w\ld seem unwise1 & might
 prove irritat+1 to approa* !m z if !y  
held opposite s5tim5ts4  ,9 reg>d to !  
duty ( mak+ ef=ts to br+ ! p ( ! ,s\!rn 
,/ates to adopt ^! pr9ciples1 & act on  
!m1 x is entirely ano!r matt]4 ,on ?is  

po9t y w\ld f9d a l>ge majority oppos$  
to y\r views4 ,mo/ p]sons 9 !           
non-slave-hold+ ,/ates h consid]$ !     
matt] ( ,s\!rn slav]y1 z "o 9 :i* !y 7  
no m call$ to int]f]e1 ?an 9 ! abolition
 ( ! press-gang sy/em 9 ,engl&1 or ! ty!
 sy/em ( ,irel&4 ,public op9ion may h   
be5 wrong on ?is po9t1 & yet h be5 "r on
 all ^? great pr9ciples ( rectitude &   
ju/ice relat+ to slav]y1 :i*            
,abolitioni/s claim z _! di/9ctive      
peculi>ities4  ,! di/9ctive peculi>ity (
 ! ,abolition ,society is ?is3 x is a   
volunt>y association 9 "o section ( !   
c\ntry1 design$ to awak5 public s5tim5t 
aga9/ a moral evil exi/+ 9 ano!r section
 ( ! c\ntry1 & ! pr9cipal po9t ( ef=t   
seems to be1 to enl>ge ! numb]s ( ?is   
association z a means ( influ5c+ public 
s5tim5t4 ,! pr9cipal object ( y\r       
propos$ t\r1 ,i suppose1 is to pres5t   
facts1 argum5ts1 & p]suasions to        
influ5ce nor!rn ladies to enrol !mselves
 z memb]s ( ?is association4  ,i w !re=e
 proce$ to pres5t "s ( ! reasons :i* may

 be br\ght aga9/ su* a measure z ! "o y 
w\ld urge4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ma9      
pr9ciple ( action 9 t society re/s :olly
 on a false d$uction f pa/ exp]i5ce4    
,exp]i5ce has %[n1 t :5 c]ta9 moral     
evils exi/ 9 a community1 ef=ts to awak5
 public s5tim5t aga9/ su* practices1 &  
comb9ations = ! ex]cise ( p]sonal       
influ5ce & example1 h 9 v>i\s cases t5d$
 to rectify ^! evils4 ,?us 9 respect to 
intemp]ance2--! collect+ ( facts1 !     
lab\rs ( public lectur]s & ! di/ribution
 ( publications1 h _h mu* effect 9      
dim9i%+ ! evil4 ,s 9 ref]5ce to !       
slave-trade & slav]y 9 ,engl&4 ,!       
,engli% nation possess$ ! p[] ( regulat+
 _! own trade1 & ( giv+ lib]ty to e     
slave 9 _! dom9ions2 & yet !y 7 entirely
 unm9dful ( _! duty on ?is subject4     
,cl>kson1 ,wilb]=ce1 & _! coadjutors1   
comm5c$ a sy/em ( op]ations to ar\se &  
influ5ce public s5tim5t1 & !y succe$$ 9 
secur+ ! suppression ( ! slave trade1 & 
! gradual abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,engli%
 colonies4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ! ef=t 0 to 

enlight5 & direct public s5tim5t 9 a    
community1 ( :i* ! actors 7 a portion1 9
 ord] to lead !m to rectify an evil     
exi/+ among ,,!mselves1 :i* 0 entirely  
"u _! control4  ,f ! success ( su*      
ef=ts1 ! ,abolitioni/s ( ?is c\ntry h   
drawn inf]5ces1 :i* appe> to be n only  
illogical1 b false4 ,because individuals
 9 _! own community h ar\s$ _! fell[    
citiz5s to correct _! own evils1 !re=e  
!y inf] t attempts to conv9ce _!        
fell[-citiz5s ( ! faults ( ano!r        
community w lead t community to =sake _!
 evil practices4 ,an example w m cle>ly 
illu/rate ! case4 ,suppose two rival    
cities1 :i* h always be5 9 competition1 
& always jeal\s ( ea* o!r's reputation &
 prosp]ity4 ,c]ta9 individuals 9 "o ( ^!
 cities become conv9c$1 t ! s9 (        
intemp]ance is de/roy+ _! prosp]ity &   
dome/ic happ9ess4 ,!y proce$ to collect 
facts1 !y arrange /ati/ics1 !y call     
public meet+s1 !y =m volunt>y           
associations1 !y use argum5ts1          
entreaties & p]sonal example1 & by ^!   

means !y arre/ ! evil4  ,suppose ano!r  
set ( m51 9 ?is same community1 become  
conv9c$ t c]ta9 practices 9 trade &     
bus9ess 9 ! rival city1 are di%one/1 & h
 an oppressive be>+ on c]ta9 classes 9 t
 city1 & are injuri\s to ! int]e/s (    
g5]al comm]ce4 ,suppose also1 t ^! are  
practices1 :i*1 by ^? :o all[ !m1 are   
consid]$ z hon\rable & "r4 ,^? :o are   
conv9c$ ( _! immorality1 wi% to alt] !  
op9ions & ! practices ( ! citiz5s ( _!  
rival city1 & to d ?is1 !y comm5ce !    
collection ( facts1 t exhibit ! t5d5cies
 ( ^! practices & ! evils !y h eng5d]$4 
,b in/ead ( go+ among ! community 9 :i* 
! evils exi/1 & endeav\r+ to conv9ce &  
p]suade !m1 !y proce$ to =m volunt>y    
associations among _! neighb\rs at home1
 & sp5d _! "t1 money & ef=ts to conv9ce 
_! fell[ citiz5s t ! inhabitants ( _!   
rival city are guilty ( a great s94 ,!y 
also publi% pap]s & tracts & s5d out    
ag5ts1 n to ! guilty city1 b to all !   
neighb\r+ t[ns & villages1 to conv9ce !m
 ( ! s9s ( ! city 9 _! vic9ity4 ,& !y   

claim t !y %all succe$ 9 mak+ t city    
break (f its s9s1 by ^! measures1       
because o!r m5 succe$$ 9 bani%+         
intemp]ance by lab\r+ among _! own      
fri5ds & fell[ citiz5s4 ,is n ?is       
example exactly p>allel ) ! ex]tions ( !
 ,abolitioni/s8 ,are n ! nor!rn & s\!rn 
sections ( our c\ntry di/9ct            
communities1 ) diff]5t feel+s & int]e/s8
 ,are !y n rival1 & jeal\s 9 feel+8 ,h !
 nor!rn ,/ates ! p[] to rectify evils at
 ! ,s\?1 z !y h to remove _! own moral  
de=mities2 or h !y any su* p[] ov] !    
s\!rn ,/ates z ! ,briti% p _h ov] _! own
 trade & _! dep5d5t colonies 9 ! ,we/   
,indies8 ,h n ,abolitioni/s be5 s5d+ out
 pap]s1 tracts1 & ag5ts to conv9ce ! p (
 ! ,nor? ( ! s9s ( ! ,s\?8 ,h !y n      
refra9$ f go+ to ! ,s\? ) _! facts1     
argum5ts1 & appeals1 because !y fe>$    
p]sonal evils to !mselves8 ,& d n       
,abolitioni/s f\nd _! hopes ( success 9 
_! project1 on ! success :i* cr[n$ !    
ef=ts ( ,briti% philan?ropi/s 9 ! case (
 slav]y1 & on ! success t has att5d$    

ef=ts to bani% intemp]ance8 ,& d n ^!   
two cases diff] entirely f ! ,abolition 
movem5t 9 ?is ma9 po9t1 t "o is an ef=t 
to conv9ce m5 ( _! own s9s1 & ! o!r is  
an ef=t to conv9ce m5 ( ! s9s ( o!r     
p]sons8  ,! second reason ,i w\ld urge  
aga9/ jo9+ ! ,abolition ,society is1 t  
its "* & measures are n ei!r peaceful or
 ,*ri/ian 9 t5d5cy1 b !y r are ^? :i*   
t5d to g5]ate p>ty _s1 d5unciation1     
recrim9ation1 & angry passions4  ,b be=e
 br++ evid5ce to su/a9 ?is position1 ,i 
wi% to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! m5 :o  
con/itute an association1 & ! measures  
:i* are advocat$ & adopt$4  ,i believe1 
t z a body1 ,abolitioni/s are m5 ( pure 
morals1 ( great hone/y ( purpose1 ( real
 b5evol5ce & piety1 & ( great activity 9
 ef=ts to promote :at !y consid] ! be/  
int]e/s ( _! fell[ m54 ,i believe1 t1 9 
mak+ ef=ts to aboli% slav]y1 !y h tak5  
measures1 :i* !y suppos$ 7 be/ calculat$
 to br+ ?is evil to an end1 ) ! greate/ 
spe$1 & ) ! lea/ dang] & suff]+ to !    
,s\?4 ,i d n believe !y ev] design$ to  

promote disunion1 or insurrection1 or to
 /ir up /rife1 or t !y suppose t _!     
measures c be ju/ly *>act]iz$ by !      
peculi>ities ,i h specifi$4 ,i believe  
!y h be5 urg$ =w>d by a /rong feel+ (   
patriotism1 z well z ( religi\s duty1 & 
t !y h made great sacrifices ( feel+1   
"*1 "t1 & money to promote :at !y       
believ$ to be ! cause ( humanity & !    
s]vice ( ,god4 ,i reg>d individuals     
among !m1 z hav+ tak5 a bold & c\rage\s 
/&1 9 ma9ta9+ ! lib]ty ( free           
discussion1 ! lib]ty ( spee* & ( !      
press2 ?\gh ?is h[ev] is some:at abat$  
by ! ne$less provocations by :i* !y     
caus$ ^? difficulties & haz>ds !y s     
c\rage\sly su/a9$4 ,9 speak+ ?us (      
,abolitioni/s z a body1 x is n assum$ t 
!re are n bad m5 f\nd 9 ?is p>ty z well 
z 9 e o!r2 nor t among ^? :o are good   
m51 !re are n ^? :o may h all[$ p>ty _s 
to take ! place ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciple2 m5 
:o h exhibit$ a m\rnful de/itution (    
,*ri/ian *>ity2 :o h indulg$ 9 an       
ov]be>+1 d5\nc+1 & self-will$ p]t9acity 

z to measures4 ,yet ) ^! res]vations1 ,i
 believe t ! above is no m ?an a fair & 
j exhibition ( t class ( m5 :o are      
embrac$ 9 ! p>ty ( ,abolitioni/s4 ,& all
 ?is c be admitt$1 & yet ! objection ,i 
am to urge aga9/ jo9+ _! ranks may /& 9 
its full =ce4  ,to make ! position      
cle>]1 an illu/ration may be all[$4     
,suppose a body ( good m5 become conv9c$
 t ! inspir$ direction1 !m t s91 rebuke 
be=e all1 t o!rs may fe>1 imposes ^u !m 
! duty ( op5ly rebuk+ e body :om !y     
discov] 9 ! practice ( any s94 ,suppose 
^! m5 are daily 9 ! habit ( go+ into !  
/reets1 & call+ all by-/&]s ar\nd !m1   
po9t+ out c]ta9 m51 "s z li>s1 "s z     
di%one/1 "s z lic5ti\s1 & !n br++ pro(s 
( _! guilt & rebuk+ !m be=e all2 at !   
same "t exhort+ all ar\nd to po9t at !m 
! f+] ( scorn4  ,!y p]sev]e 9 ?is c\rse 
till ! :ole community is ?r[n into an   
upro>2 & assaults1 & ev5 blood%$ ensue4 
,!y !n call on all good citiz5s to      
protect _! p]sons f abuse1 & to ma9ta9 !
 lib]ty ( spee* & ( free op9ion4  ,n[ ! 

m5 may be z pure 9 morals1 z consci5ti\s
 & upright 9 int5tion1 z any            
,abolitioni/1 & yet e "o w\ld say1 t _! 
measures 7 unwise & un*ri/ian4  ,9 l    
mann]1 al?\gh ,abolitioni/s may be laud$
 = _m virtues1 /ill mu* evid5ce c be    
pres5t$1 t ! "* & measures ( !          
,abolition ,society are n ei!r peaceful 
or *ri/ian 9 t5d5cy1 b t !y are 9 _!    
nature calculat$ to g5]ate p>ty _s1     
d5unciation1 recrim9ation1 & angry      
passions4  ,! fir/ ?+ ,i w\ld pres5t to 
e/abli% ?is1 is ! "* ( ! lead]s ( ?is   
association4 ,e comb9$ ef=t is          
necess>ily direct$ by lead]s2 & ! _s ( !
 lead]s w inevitably be communicat$ to  
_! coadjutors1 & appe> 9 ! measures ( ! 
:ole body4  ,9 attempt+ to *>act]ize ^! 
lead]s1 ,i w\ld fir/ pres5t ano!r lead] 
( a simil> ent]prise1 ! belov$ & v5]at$ 
,,wilb]=ce4 ,x is ?us t 8 prom95t traits
 are del9eat$ by an intimate fri5d4  ,8 
extreme b5evol5ce contribut$ l>gely to 8
 success4 ,i h he>d him say1 t x 0 "o ( 
8 con/ant rules1 & on ! "q ( slav]y     

especially1 nev] to provoke an          
adv]s>y--to all[ him cr$it fully =      
s9c]ity & purity ( motive--to ab/a9 f   
all irritat+ expressions--to avoid ev5  
su* political attacks z w\ld indispose 8
 oppon5ts = 8 great cause4 ,9 fact1 !   
b5ignity1 ! g5tl5ess1 ! k9d-he>t$ness ( 
! man1 dis>m$ ! bitt]e/ foes4 ,n only on
 ?is "q did he re/ra9 himself1 b        
g5]ally4 ,once he _h be5 call$ dur+ a   
:ole debate '! religi\s memb]1' 9 a k9d 
( scorn4 ,he rem>k$ aft]w>ds1 t he 0 mu*
 incl9$ to h retort$1 by call+ 8 oppon5t
 ! irreligi\s memb]1 b t he refra9$1 z x
 w\ld h be5 a return+ ( evil = evil4    
,next to 8 g5]al consi/5cy1 & love ( !  
,scriptures1 ! humility ( 8 "* always   
appe>$ rem>kable4 ,! mode/1 %r9k+1      
simple ,*ri/ian /atesman & fri5d always 
appe>$ 9 him4 ,& ! ne>] y approa*$ him1 
! m 8 habit ( m9d obvi\sly appe>$ to be 
mode/ & l[ly4 ,8 *>ity 9 judg+ ( o!rs1  
is a f>!r trait ( 8 ,*ri/ian "*4 ,( 8   
b5evol5ce ,i ne$ n speak1 b 8 k9d       
con/ruction ( d\btful actions1 8        

*>itable language t[>d ^? ) :om he mo/  
widely diff]$1 8 ?or\gh =getfulness (   
little affronts1 7 fruits ( t g5]al     
b5evol5ce :i* cont9ually appe>$4  ,?is 0
 ! lead]1 bo? 9 & out ( ,p>liam5t1 ( t  
body ( m5 :o comb9$ to br+ to an end    
slav]y & ! slave trade1 9 ! dom9ions (  
,great ,brita94 ,) him1 z pr9cipal      
lead]s1 7 associat$ ,,cl>kson1 ,,%>pe1  
,,macaulay1 & o!rs ( a simil> _s4 ,^! m5
 7 all ( !m *>act]iz$ by t mild1        
b5evol5t1 peaceful1 g5tlemanly & =be>+  
_s1 :i* has be5 describ$ z s conspicu\s 
9 ,wilb]=ce4 ,& :5 _! measures are      
exam9$1 x w be f\nd t !y 7 em95tly mild1
 peaceful1 & =be>+4 ,?\gh no ef=t t is  
to enc\nt] ! selfi% int]e/s ( m51 c     
escape )\t odium & opposition1 f ^? :o  
are ?w>t$1 & f all :om !y c influ5ce1 ^!
 m5 c>efully took ^? measures t 7       
calculat$ to br+ ab\t _! end ) ! lea/   
opposition & evil possible4 ,!y avoid$  
prejudices1 /rove to conciliate oppos]s1
 %unn$ e ?+ t w\ld give ne$less (f5ce & 
exasp]ation1 began sl[ly & cauti\sly1 ) 

po9ts :i* c\ld be ! mo/ easily c>ri$1 & 
advanc$ t[>d o!rs only z public s5tim5t 
became m & m enlight5$4 ,!y did n be>d !
 lion 9 full face1 by com+ out z ! fir/ 
?+ ) ! maxim1 t all slav]y ought & mu/  
be ab&on$ imm$iately4 ,!y began )       
inquiries z to ! impolicy ( ! slave     
trade1 & x 0 ye>s be=e !y came to ! po9t
 ( ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,& !y c>ri$ _! 
measures ?r\gh1 )\t produc+ w>r+ p>ties 
among good m51 :o held common pr9ciples 
) !mselves4 ,z a g5]al fact1 ! pi\s m5 (
 ,great ,brita9 act$ h>moni\sly 9 ?is   
great ef=t4  ,let u n[ look at ! lead]s 
( ! ,abolition movem5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,! man
 :o fir/ took ! lead 0 ,william ,l4     
,g>rison1 :o1 ?\gh he pr(esses a belief 
9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is an av[$       
oppon5t ( mo/ ( its in/itutions4 ,! "* &
 _s ( ?is man h = ye>s be5 exhibit$ 9 ! 
,lib]ator1 ( :i* he is ! editor4 ,t !re 
is to be f\nd 9 t pap]1 or 9 any ?+     
else1 any evid5ce ( 8 possess+ ! peculi>
 traits ( ,wilb]=ce1 n ev5 8 w>me/      
admir]s w ma9ta94 ,h[ _m ( ! opposite   

traits c be f\nd1 ^? c be/ judge :o h   
read 8 pap]4 ,gradually o!rs jo9$       
!mselves 9 ! ef=t comm5c$ by ,g>rison2 b
 = a long "t !y consi/$ *iefly ( m5 :o  
w\ld fall into "o ( ^! ?ree classes2    
ei!r good m5 :o 7 s excit$ by a k ( !   
enorm\s evils ( slav]y1 t any ?+ 0      
consid]$ bett] ?an entire inactivity1 or
 else m5 accu/om$ to a contract$ field (
 obs]vation1 & m qualifi$ to judge (    
imm$iate results ?an ( g5]al t5d5cies1  
or else m5 ( ard5t & impulsive          
temp]am5t1 ^: feel+s are likely to take 
! lead1 r ?an _! judgm5t4  ,!re are no  
m5 :o act m effici5tly z ! lead]s ( an  
ent]prise ?an ! editors ( ! p]iodicals t
 advocate & def5d x4 ,! editors ( !     
,emancipator1 ! ,fri5d ( ,man1 ! ,new   
,york ,evangeli/1 & ! o!r abolition     
p]iodicals1 may !re=e be consid]$ z     
among ! *ief lead]s ( ! ent]prise1 & _! 
pap]s are ! mirror f :i* _! _s & "* are 
reflect$4  ,i wi% ! fri5ds ( ^! editors 
w\ld cull f _! pap]s all ! indications  
!y c f9d ( ! peculi>ities t di/+ui%$    

,wilb]=ce & 8 associates2 all ! evid5ce 
( a mode/ & l[ly _s1--all ! exhibitions 
( *>ity 9 judg+ ( ! motives ( ^? :o     
oppose _! measures1--all ! indications (
 b5ignity1 g5tl5ess1 &                  
k9d-he>t$ness1--all ! k9d con/ructions (
 d\btful actions1--all ! *>itable       
language us$ t[>d ^? :o diff] 9 op9ion  
or measures1--all ! ?or\gh =getfulness (
 little affronts1--all ! cases :]e      
oppon5ts are all[$ full cr$it = purity &
 s9c]ity ( motive1--all cases :]e !y h  
be5 c>eful nev] to provoke an           
adv]s>y1--all cases :]e !y h refra9$ f  
all irritat+ expressions1--all cases :]e
 !y h avoid$ e ?+ t w\ld indispose _!   
oppon5ts = _! great cause1 & !n comp>e !
 result ) :at may be f\nd ( an opposite 
"*1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld n be unsafe to inf] 
t an association ^: measures1 on an     
excit+ subject1 7 guid$ by su* m51 w\ld 
be m likely to be aggressive ?an        
peaceful4 ,! position ,i w\ld e/abli% w 
appe> m cle>ly1 by exam9+ 9 detail "s ( 
! prom95t measures :i* h be5 adopt$ by  

?is association4  ,"o ( ! fir/ measures 
( ,abolitioni/s 0 an attack on a        
b5evol5t society1 orig9at$ & su/a9$ by  
"s ( ! mo/ pi\s & devot$ m5 ( ! age4 ,x 
0 imag9$ by ,abolitioni/s1 t ! influ5ce 
& measures ( ! ,colonization ,society   
t5d$ to ret>d ! abolition ( slav]y1 & to
 p]petuate injuri\s prejudices aga9/ !  
col\r$ race4 ,! peaceful & *ri/ian me?od
 ( meet+ ?is difficulty w\ld h be51 to  
collect all ! evid5ce ( ?is suppos$     
hurtful t5d5cy1 & privately1 & 9 a      
respectful & conciliat+ way1 to h       
pres5t$ x to ! att5tion ( ! wise &      
b5evol5t m51 :o 7 mo/ int]e/$ 9 su/a9+  
?is in/itution4 ,if ?is measure did n   
avail to conv9ce !m1 !n x w\ld h be5    
safe & ju/ifiable to pres5t to ! public 
a temp]ate /atem5t ( facts1 & ( !       
d$uctions bas$ on !m1 drawn up 9 a      
respectful & c&id mann]1 ) e *>itable   
all[ance :i* tru? c\ld w>rant4 ,in/ead (
 ?is1 :5 ! attempt 0 fir/ made to turn  
public op9ion aga9/ ! ,colonization     
,society1 ,i met "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial  

support]s ( t in/itution1 j aft] he _h  
_h an int]view ) a lead+ ,abolitioni/4  
,?is g5tleman 0 mo/ rem>kable = 8       
urbanity1 meekness1 & b5evol5ce1 & 8    
rem>k to me 9 ref]5ce to ?is int]view1  
%[s :at 0 its nature4 ,i love tru? &    
s\nd argum5t1 said he1 b :5 a man comes 
at me ) a sl$ge hamm]1 ,i _c help dodg+4
 ,?is is a specim5 ( _! private mann] ( 
deal+4 ,9 public1 ! ent]prise 0 attack$ 
z a plan = promot+ ! selfi% int]e/s &   
prejudices ( ! :ites1 at ! exp5se ( !   
col\r$ population2 & 9 _m cases1 x 0    
assum$ t ! conductors ( ?is association 
7 aw>e ( ?is1 & accessory to x4 ,& !    
/yle 9 :i* ! ?+ 0 done 0 at once        
(f5sive1 inflammatory1 & exasp]at+4     
,d5unciation1 sne]s1 & public rebuke1 7 
be/[$ indiscrim9ately ^u ! conductors ( 
! ent]prise1 & ( c\rse !y fell ^u _m    
s9c]e1 upright1 & consci5ti\s m51 ^:    
feel+s 7 h>r[$ by a s5se ( ! inju/ice1 !
 indecorum1 & ! un*ri/ian treatm5t1 !y  
receiv$4 ,& :5 a tempor>y impression 0  
made on ! public m9d1 & its oppon5ts    

suppos$ !y _h succe$$ 9 cru%+ ?is       
society1 ! mo/ public & triumphant      
exultation 0 n repress$4 ,comp>e ?is    
me?od ( c>ry+ a po9t1 ) t adopt$ by     
,wilb]=ce & 8 compe]s1 & ,i ?9k y w all[
 t !re 0 a way t 0 peaceful & *ri/ian1 &
 t ?is 0 n ! way :i* 0 *os54  ,! next   
measure ( ,abolitionism 0 an attempt to 
remove ! prejudices ( ! :ites aga9/ !   
blacks1 on acc\nt ( natural             
peculi>ities4 ,n[1 prejudice is an      
unreasonable & gr\ndless dislike (      
p]sons or ?+s4 ,( c\rse1 z x is         
unreasonable1 x is ! mo/ difficult ( all
 ?+s to conqu]1 & ! wor/ & mo/ irritat+ 
me?od t c\ld be attempt$ w\ld be1 to    
attack a man z guilty ( s91 z           
unreasonable1 z ung5]\s1 or z pr\d1 =   
all[+ a c]ta9 prejudice4  ,?is is ! sure
 way to produce ang]1 self-ju/ification1
 & an increase ( ! /r5g? ( prejudice1   
aga9/ t :i* has caus$ him ?is rebuke &  
irritation4  ,! be/ way to make a p]son 
l a ?+ :i* is disagreeable1 is to try 9 
"s way to make x agreeable2 & if a c]ta9

 class ( p]sons is ! subject (          
unreasonable prejudice1 ! peaceful &    
*ri/ian way ( remov+ x w\ld be to       
endeav\r to r5d] ! un=tunate p]sons :o  
compose ?is class1 s useful1 s humble & 
unassum+1 s k9d 9 _! feel+s1 & s full ( 
love & good works1 t prejudice w\ld be  
supplant$ by complac5cy 9 _! goodness1 &
 pity & sympa?y = _! disabilities4 ,if !
 fri5ds ( ! blacks _h quietly set       
!mselves to "w to increase _!           
intellig5ce1 _! usefulness1 _!          
respectability1 _! meekness1 g5tl5ess1 &
 b5evol5ce1 & !n _h appeal$ to ! pity1  
g5]osity1 & *ri/ian feel+s ( _! fell[   
citiz5s1 a v diff]5t result w\ld h      
appe>$4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 reproa*es1       
rebukes1 & sne]s1 7 employ$ to conv9ce !
 :ites t _! prejudices 7 s9ful1 & )\t   
any j cause4 ,!y 7 accus$ ( pride1 (    
selfi% indiff]5ce1 ( un*ri/ian neglect4 
,?is t5d$ to irritate ! :ites1 & to     
increase _! prejudice aga9/ ! blacks1 :o
 ?us 7 made ! causes ( rebuke &         
exasp]ation4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! blacks 

ext5sively receiv$ ! ,lib]ator1 & le>n$ 
to imbibe ! _s ( its conductor4  ,!y 7  
taught to feel t !y 7 injur$ & abus$1 ! 
objects ( a guilty & unreasonable       
prejudice--t !y occupi$ a l[] place 9   
society ?an 0 "r--t !y ought to be      
treat$ z if !y 7 :ites2 & 9 repeat$     
in/ances1 attempts 7 made by _! fri5ds  
to m+le !m ) :ites1 s z to break d[n !  
exi/+ di/9ctions ( society4 ,n[1 ! "q is
 n1 :e!r ^! ?+s1 t 7 urg$ by            
,abolitioni/s1 7 true4 ,! ?+ ma9ta9$ is1
 t ! me?od tak5 by !m to remove ?is     
prejudice 0 nei!r peaceful nor *ri/ian 9
 its t5d5cy1 b1 on ! contr>y1 0         
calculat$ to increase ! evil1 & to      
g5]ate ang]1 pride1 & recrim9ation1 on  
"o side1 & envy1 discont5t1 & rev5geful 
feel+s1 on ! o!r4  ,^! are "s ( ! g5]al 
measures :i* h be5 exhibit$ 9 !         
,abolition movem5t4 ,! same peculi>ities
 may be z di/9ctly se5 9 specific cases1
 :]e ! peaceful & quiet way ( accompli%+
 ! good 0 neglect$1 & ! "o mo/ calculat$
 to excite wra? & /rife 0 *os54 ,take1 =

 example1 ! ef=t to e/abli% a college = 
col\r$ p]sons4 ,! quiet1 peaceful1 &    
*ri/ian way ( do+ su* a ?+1 w\ld h be51 
= ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! plan1 to furni% ! 
money necess>y1 & !n to h select$ a     
retir$ place1 :]e !re w\ld be ! lea/    
prejudice & opposition to be met1 & !re1
 9 an uno/5tati\s way1 comm5c$ !        
education ( ! y\? to be ?us su/a9$4     
,in/ead ( ?is1 at a "t :5 ! public m9d 0
 excit$ on ! subject1 x 0 nois$ abroad t
 a college = blacks 0 to be f\nd$4 ,!n a
 city 0 select$ = its location1 :]e 0   
ano!r college1 s l>ge z to dem& con/ant 
ef=t & vigilance to pres]ve quiet       
subord9ation2 :]e conte/s ) sailors &   
t[n boys 7 b>ely kept at bay2 a college 
embrac+ a l>ge proportion ( s\!rn       
/ud5ts1 :o 7 highly excit$ on ! subject 
( slav]y & emancipation2 a college :]e  
half ! %oe-blacks & wait]s 7 col\r$ m54 
,beside ! v walls ( ?is college1 x 0    
propos$ to f\nd a college = col\r$ "y   
m54 ,c\ld x be o!rwise ?an t opposition1
 & t = ! be/ ( reasons1 w\ld arise aga9/

 su* an attempt1 bo? f ! faculty ( !    
college & ! citiz5s ( ! place8 ,c\ld x  
be reasonably expect$ t !y w\ld n oppose
 a measure s calculat$ to increase _!   
own difficulties & liabilities1 & at !  
same "t s c]ta9 to place ! propos$      
in/itution 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable ( all    
circum/ances8 ,b :5 ! measure 0 oppos$1 
in/ead ( yield+ meekly & peaceably to   
su* reasonable objections1 & soo?+ !    
feel+s & appreh5sions t _h be5 excit$1  
by putt+ ! be/ con/ruction on ! matt]1 &
 seek+ ano!r place1 x 0 claim$ z an     
evid5ce ( opposition to ! int]e/s ( !   
blacks1 & z a m>k ( ! =ce ( s9ful       
prejudice4 ,! wor/1 r ?an ! be/1 motives
 7 ascrib$ to "s ( ! mo/ respectable1 & 
v5]at$1 & pi\s m51 :o oppos$ ! measure2 
& a great deal 0 said & done t 0        
calculat$ to ?r[ ! community into an    
angry f]m5t4  ,take ano!r example4 ,if a
 prud5t & b5evol5t female _h select$    
almo/ any village 9 ,new ,engl&1 &      
comm5c$ a s*ool = col\r$ females1 9 a   
quiet1 appropriate1 & uno/5tati\s way1 !

 _w w\ld nev] h he>d ( ! case1 except to
 applaud h] b5evol5ce1 & ! k9dness ( !  
villag]s1 :o aid$ h] 9 ! ef=t4 ,b in/ead
 ( ?is1 !re appe>$ public adv]tisem5ts1 
7:i* ,i saw at ! "t17 /at+ t a sem9>y = 
! education ( "y ladies ( col\r 0 to be 
op5$ 9 ,cant]bury1 9 ! /ate (           
,connecticut1 :]e w\ld be taught music  
on ! piano =te1 draw+1 c41 toge!r ) a   
c\rse ( ,engli% education4 ,n[1 !re are 
n a doz5 col\r$ families 9 ,new ,engl&1 
9 su* pecuni>y circum/ances1 t if !y 7  
:ites x w\ld n be ?\ght ridicul\s to    
attempt to give _! daught]s su* a c\rse 
( education1 & ,cant]bury 0 a place :]e 
b few ( ! weal?ie/ families ev] ?\ght ( 
furni%+ su* accompli%m5ts = _! *ildr54  
,sev]al o!r p>ticul>s might be add$ t 7 
exce$+ly irritat+1 b ?is may s]ve z a   
specim5 ( ! me?od 9 :i* ! :ole affair 0 
conduct$4 ,x 0 an entire disreg>d ( !   
prejudices & ! proprieties ( society1 & 
calculat$ to /imulate pride1 ang]1      
ill-w1 cont5tion1 & all ! bitt] feel+s t
 spr+ f su* collisions4 ,!n1 in/ead (   

adopt+ measures to soo! & conciliate1   
rebukes1 sne]s & d5unciations1 7        
employ$1 & ,cant]bury & ,connecticut 7  
held up to public scorn & rebuke = do+  
:at mo/ o!r communities w\ld probably h 
done1 if simil>ly tempt$ & provok$4     
,take ano!r case4 ,x 0 deem$ exp$i5t by 
,abolitioni/s to e/abli% an ,abolition  
pap]1 fir/ 9 ,k5tucky1 a slave ,/ate4 ,x
 0 driv5 f t ,/ate1 ei!r by viol5ce or  
by ?reats4 ,x retreat$ to ,ohio1 "o ( ! 
free ,/ates4 ,9 select+ a place = its   
location1 x might h be5 e/abli%$ 9 a    
small place1 :]e ! p 7 ( simil> views1  
or 7 n expos$ to dang]\s popul>         
excitem5ts4 ,b ,c9c9nati 0 select$2 & :5
 ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! mo/ reasonable1 & !
 mo/ patriotic ( ! citiz5s              
remon/rat$1--:5 !y repres5t$ t !re 7    
peculi> & unusual liabilities to popul> 
excitem5t on ?is subject1--t !          
organization & p[] ( ! police made x    
extremely dang]\s to excite a mob1 &    
almo/ impossible to control x1--t all ! 
good aim$ at c\ld be accompli%$ by      

locat+ ! press 9 ano!r place1 :]e !re 7 
n su* dang]\s liabilities1--:5 !y k9dly 
& respectfully urg$ ^! consid]ations1 !y
 7 disreg>d$4 ,i myself 0 pres5t :5 a   
s9c]e fri5d urg$ ^u ! "o :o controll$ t 
pap]1 ! obligations ( good m51 n m]ely  
to avoid break+ :olesome laws !mselves1 
b ! duty ( reg>d+ ! liabilities ( o!rs  
to temptation2 & t :]e ,*ri/ians c\ld   
=esee t by plac+ c]ta9 temptations 9 !  
way ( _! fell[-m51 all ! probabilities  
71 t !y w\ld yield1 & yet p]si/$ 9 do+  
x1 ! tempt]s became p>tak]s 9 ! guilt ( 
^? :o yield$ to ! temptation4 ,b ^!     
remon/rances 7 ineffectual4 ,! pap] mu/ 
n only be pr9t$ & circulat$1 b x mu/ be 
/ation$ :]e 7 ! greate/ probabilities t 
measures ( illegal viol5ce w\ld ensue4  
,& :5 ! evil 0 p]petrat$1 & a mob       
de/roy$ ! press1 !n ^? :o _h urg$ on ^! 
measures ( temptation1 turn$ ^u ^? :o _h
 advis$ & remon/rat$1 z ! guilty au?ors 
( ! viol5ce1 because1 9 a season (      
excitem5t1 ! measures adopt$ to re/ra9 &
 control ! mob1 7 n su* z 7 deem$       

suitable & "r4  ,n[1 9 all ! above      
cases1 ,i w\ld by no means ju/ify !     
wrong or ! injudici\s measures t may h  
be5 pursu$1 "u ?is c\rse ( provocation4 
,! greatness ( temptation does by no    
means release m5 f obligation2 b        
,*ri/ians are b\nd to rememb] t x is a  
c]ta9 consequ5ce ( ?r[+ m5 into /rong   
excitem5t1 t !y w act unwisely & wrong1 
& t ! tempt] z well z ! tempt$ are held 
responsible1 bo? by ,god & man4 ,9 all  
^! cases1 x _c b appe> t ! good aim$ at 
might h be5 accompli%$ 9 a quiet1       
peaceable1 & *ri/ian way1 & t ?is 0 n ! 
way :i* 0 *os54  ,! :ole sy/em (        
,abolition measures seems to leave      
entirely out ( view1 ! obligation (     
,*ri/ians to save _! fell[ m5 f all     
ne$less temptations4 ,if ! ?+ to be done
 is only lawful & "r1 x does n appe> to 
h be5 a matt] ( ef=t to d x 9 su* a way 
z w\ld n provoke & irritate2 b (t51 if !
 *ief aim _h be5 to d ! good 9 ! mo/    
injuri\s & (f5sive way1 no m c]ta9 &    
appropriate me?ods c\ld h be5 devis$4   

,s mu* has ?is be5 ! "* ( ,abolition    
movem5ts1 t _m h suppos$ x to be a      
delib]ate & sy/ematiz$ plan ( ! lead]s  
to d no?+ b :at 0 /rictly a "r gu>ante$ 
by law1 & yet1 9 su* a mann]1 z to      
provoke m5 to ang]1 s t unju/ & illegal 
acts might ensue1 kn[+1 t z a           
consequ5ce1 ! oppos]s ( ,abolition w\ld 
be ?r[n into ! wrong1 & sympa?y be ar\s$
 = ,abolitioni/s z injur$ & p]secut$ m54
 ,x is a fact1 t ,abolitioni/s h tak5 ! 
c\rse mo/ calculat$ to awak5 illegal    
acts ( viol5ce1 & t :5 !y h ensu$1 !y h 
seem$ to rejoice 9 !m1 z calculat$ to   
advance & /r5g!n _! cause4 ,! viol5ce ( 
mobs1 ! d5unciations & unreasonable     
requirem5ts ( ! ,s\?1 ! d5ial ( ! "r (  
petition1 ! re/rictions attempt$ to be  
laid ^u fre$om ( spee*1 & fre$om ( !    
press1 are g5]ally spok5 ( ) exultation 
by ,abolitioni/s1 z :at are among ! *ief
 means ( promot+ _! cause4 ,x is n s mu*
 by excit+ feel+s ( pity & humanity1 &  
,*ri/ian love1 t[>ds ! oppress$1 z x is 
by awak5+ indignation at ! treatm5t (   

,abolitioni/s !mselves1 t _! cause has  
prosp]$4 ,h[ _m m5 h decl>$ or impli$1 t
 9 jo9+ ! ranks ( ,abolition1 !y 7      
influ5c$1 n by _! argum5ts1 or by !     
wisdom ( _! c\rse1 b because ! viol5ce (
 oppos]s _h id5tifi$ t cause ) ! "q (   
fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 &     
civil lib]ty4  ,b :5 ,i say t _m h      
suppos$ t x 0 ! delib]ate int5tion ( !  
,abolitioni/s to fom5t illegal acts &   
viol5ce1 ,i w\ld by no means ju/ify a   
supposition1 :i* is contr>y to !        
dictates ( ju/ice & *>ity4 ,! lead]s ( !
 ,abolition ,society disclaim all su*   
wi%es or int5tions2 !y only act app>5tly
 on ! assumption t !y are ex]cis+ j     
rights1 :i* !y are n b\nd to give up1   
because o!r m5 w act unreasonably &     
wick$ly4  ,ano!r measure (              
,abolitioni/s1 calculat$ to awak5 evil  
feel+s1 has be5 ! treatm5t ( ^? :o      
object$ to _! proce$+s4  ,a l>ge        
majority ( ! philan?ropic & pi\s1 :o    
hold common views ) ! ,abolitioni/s1 z  
to ! s9 & evils ( slav]y1 & ! duty ( us+

 all appropriate means to br+ x to an   
end1 h oppos$ _! measures1 because !y h 
believ$ !m n calculat$ to promote1 b r  
to ret>d ! end propos$ to be accompli%$ 
by !m4 ,! peaceful & ,*ri/ian me?od (   
enc\nt]+ su* opposition1 w\ld h be5 to  
all[ ! oppon5ts full cr$it = purity &   
integrity ( motive1 to h avoid$ all h>% 
& c5sori\s language1 & to h employ$     
facts1 argum5ts & p]suasions1 9 a k9d & 
respectful way ) ! hope ( modify+ _!    
views & allay+ _! fe>s4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !
 wise & good :o oppos$ ,abolition       
measures1 h be5 treat$ z ?\gh !y 7 !    
fri5ds & def5d]s ( slav]y1 or z ^? :o1 f
 a guilty1 timid1 "t-s]v+ policy1 refus$
 to take ! c\rse :i* duty dem&$4 ,!y h  
be5 address$ ei!r z if x 7 necess>y to  
conv9ce !m t slav]y is wrong & ought to 
be ab&on$1 or else1 z if !y ne$$ to be  
exhort$ to give up _! timidity & selfi% 
int]e/1 & to p]=m a manife/ duty1 :i* !y
 7 kn[+ly neglect+4  ,n[ !re is no?+ m  
irritat+1 :5 a man is consci5ti\s & act+
 accord+ to 8 own views ( "r1 ?an to be 

dealt ) 9 ?is mann]4 ,! m m5 are treat$ 
z if !y 7 hone/ & s9c]e--! m !y are     
treat$ ) respect1 fairness1 & b5evol5ce1
 ! m likely !y are to be mov$ by evid5ce
 & argum5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 h>%ness1    
un*>itabl5ess1 & rebuke1 = op9ions &    
conduct t are 9 agreem5t ) a man's own  
views ( duty & rectitude1 t5d to awak5  
evil feel+s1 & indispose ! m9d prop]ly  
to reg>d evid5ce4 ,abolitioni/s h n only
 tak5 ?is c\rse1 b 9 _m cases1 h seem$  
to act on ! pr9ciple1 t ! abolition (   
,slav]y1 9 ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* !y 7   
aim+ to accompli% x1 0 ( su* p>am\nt    
importance1 t e ?+ mu/ be ov]?r[n t /ood
 9 ! way4  ,no matt] :at respect a man  
_h ga9$ = tal5ts1 virtue1 & piety1 if he
 /ood 9 ! way ( ,abolitionism1 he mu/ be
 attack$ z to "* & motives4 ,no matt] h[
 important an in/itution might be1 if   
its influ5ce 0 aga9/ ! measures (       
,abolitionism1 x mu/ be attack$ op5ly1  
or sapp$ privately1 till its influ5ce 0 
de/roy$4 ,by su* measures1 ! mo/ direct 
means h be5 tak5 to awak5 ang] at       

injury1 & res5tm5t at inju/ice1 & to    
provoke retaliation on ^? :o inflict !  
wrong4 ,all ! p>tialities ( p]sonal     
fri5d%ip2 all ! feel+s ( respect accord$
 to good & useful m52 all ! int]e/s t   
clu/] ar\nd public in/itutions1 entr5*$ 
9 ! he>ts ( ! multitudes :o su/a9 !m1 7 
outrag$ by su* a c\rse4  ,ano!r measure 
( ,abolitioni/s1 :i* has greatly t5d$ to
 promote wra? & /rife1 is _! indiscreet 
& incorrect use ( t]ms4  ,to make ?is   
app>5t1 x mu/ be premis$1 t words h no  
inh]5t mean+1 b always signify t :i* !y 
are commonly und]/ood to mean4 ,! "q    
nev] %\ld be ask$1 :at ought a ^w to    
mean8 b simply1 :at is ! mean+ g5]ally  
atta*$ to ?is ^w by ^? :o use x8        
,vocabul>ies & /&>d writ]s are ! prop]  
umpires to decide ?is "q4 ,n[ if m5 take
 words & give !m a new & peculi> use1 & 
are consequ5tly misund]/ood1 !y are     
guilty ( a species ( deception1 & are   
acc\ntable = all ! evils t may ensue z a
 consequ5ce4  ,= example2 if physicians 
%\ld come out & decl>e1 t x 0 _! op9ion 

t !y ought to poison all _! pati5ts1 &  
!y _h det]m9$ to d x1 & !n all !        
community %\ld be ?r[n into t]ror &     
excitem5t1 x w\ld be no ju/ification =  
!m to say1 t all !y int5d$ by t language
 01 t !y %\ld adm9i/] z m$ic9es1        
articles :i* are usually call$ poisons4 
,n[ ,abolitioni/s are be=e ! community1 
& decl>e t all slav]y is s91 :i* ought  
to be imm$iately =sak52 & t x is _!     
object & int5tion to promote ! imm$iate 
emancipation ( all ! slaves 9 ?is       
nation4  ,n[ :at is x t makes a man     
cease to be a slave & become free8 ,x is
 n k9d treatm5t f a ma/]2 x is n pay+   
wages to ! slave2 x is n ! int5tion to  
be/[ fre$om at a future "t2 x is n      
treat+ a slave z if he 7 free2 x is n   
feel+ t[>d a slave z if he 7 free4 ,no  
in/ance c be f\nd ( any diction>y1 or   
any /&>d writ]1 nor any case 9 common   
disc\rse1 :]e any ( ^! significations   
are atta*$ to ! ^w z con/itut+ its      
peculi> & appropriate mean+4 ,x always  
signifies t legal act1 :i*1 by ! laws ( 

! l&1 *anges a slave to a freeman4  ,:at
 !n is ! prop] mean+ ( ! language us$ by
 ,abolitioni/s1 :5 !y say t all slav]y  
is a s9 :i* ought to be imm$iately      
ab&on$1 & t x is _! object to secure !  
imm$iate emancipation ( all slaves8  ,! 
true & only prop] mean+ ( su* language  
is1 t x is ! duty ( e slave-hold] 9 ?is 
nation1 to g imm$iately & make out !    
legal in/rum5ts1 t1 by ! laws ( ! l&1   
*ange all 8 slaves to freem54 ,if _!    
maxim is true1 no exception c be made = 
^? :o live 9 ,/ates :]e ! act (         
emancipation1 by a ma/]1 makes a slave !
 prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 to be sold = !      
b5efit ( ! ,/ate2 & no exception c be   
made = ^?1 :o1 by ! w ( te/ators1 & by !
 law ( ! l&1 h no p[] to p]=m ! legal   
act1 :i* alone c emancipate _! slaves4  
,to meet ?is difficulty1 ,abolitioni/s  
affirm1 t1 9 su* cases1 m5 are          
physically unable to emancipate _!      
slaves1 & ( c\rse are n b\nd to d x2 &  
to save _! great maxim1 ma9ta9 t1 9 su* 
cases1 ! slaves are n slaves1 & !       

slave-hold]s are n slave-hold]s1 al?\gh 
all _! legal relations rema9 un*ang$4   
,! mean+ :i* ! ,abolitioni/ atta*es to 8
 language is ?is1 t e man is b\nd to    
treat 8 slaves1 z ne>ly z he c1 l       
freem52 & to use all 8 influ5ce to br+ !
 sy/em ( slav]y to an end z soon z      
possible4 ,& !y all[ t :5 m5 d ?is !y   
are free f guilt1 9 ! matt] ( slav]y1 & 
undes]v+ ( c5sure4  ,b m5 at ! ,nor?1 & 
m5 at ! ,s\?1 und]/& ! language us$ 9   
its true & prop] s5se2 & ,abolitioni/s h
 be5 us+ ^! t]ms 9 a new & peculi> s5se1
 :i* is inevitably & univ]sally         
misund]/ood1 & ?is is an occasion ( mu* 
( ! /rife & al>m :i* has prevail$ bo? at
 ! ,s\? & at ! ,nor?4 ,!re are none b ^!
 def5d]s ( slav]y :o ma9ta9 t x is a    
relation ju/ifiable by ! laws ( !       
,gospel1 :o diff] f ,abolitioni/s 9     
reg>d to ! real ?+ :i* is meant4 ,!     
great mi/ake ( ,abolitioni/s is 9 us+   
t]ms :i* inculcate ! imm$iate           
annihilation ( ! relation1 :5 !y only   
int5d to urge ! ,*ri/ian duty ( treat+  

slaves accord+ to ! gospel rules (      
ju/ice & b5evol5ce1 & us+ all lawful &  
appropriate means = br++ a mo/ p]nici\s 
sy/em to a spe$y end4  ,if ,abolitioni/s
 w only cease to tea* t all slave-hold+ 
is a s9 :i* ought to be imm$iately      
aboli%$2 if !y w cease to urge _! plan z
 "o ( imm$iate emancipation1 & tea*     
simply & exactly t :i* !y d mean1 mu*   
/rife & misund]/&+ w cease4 ,b s long z 
!y p]sev]e 9 us+ ^! t]ms 9 a new &      
peculi> s5se1 :i* w always be           
misund]/ood1 !y are guilty ( a species (
 deception & acc\ntable = ! evils t     
foll[4  ,"o o!r in/ance ( a simil>      
misuse ( t]ms may be m5tion$4 ,! ^w     
man-/eal] has "o peculi> signification1 
& x is no m synonym\s ) slave-hold] ?an 
x is ) %eep-/eal]4 ,b ,abolitioni/s %[ t
 a slave-hold]1 9 fact1 does v _m ( !   
evils t are p]petrat$ by a man-/eal]1 & 
t ! crime is q z evil 9 its nature1 & v 
simil> 9 "*1 &1 !re=e1 he calls a       
slave-hold] a man-/eal]4  ,on ?is       
pr9ciple !re is no abusive language t   

may n be employ$ to r5d] any man        
odi\s--= e man commits s9 ( "s k9d1 & e 
s9 is l "s o!r s91 9 _m respects1 & 9   
c]ta9 aggravat$ cases1 may be bad1 or   
ev5 worse1 ?an ano!r s9 ) a mu* m odi\s 
"n4 ,x is easy to %[ t a man :o neglects
 all religi\s duty is v mu* l an a!i/1 &
 if he has _h great advantages1 & ! a!i/
 v few1 he may be mu* m guilty ?an an   
a!i/4 ,& s1 half ! respectable m5 9 our 
religi\s communities1 may be call$      
a!i/s1 ) z mu* propriety z a slave-hold]
 c be call$ a man-/eal]4 ,abolitioni/s h
 proce$$ on ?is pr9ciple1 9 _! v>i\s    
publications1 until ! t]ms ( odium t h  
be5 %[]$ ^u slave-hold]s1 w\ld =m a l>ge
 page 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,bill+sgate4 ,?is 
me?od ( deal+ ) ^? :om we wi% to conv9ce
 & p]suade1 is z contr>y to ! dictates (
 common s5se1 z x is to ! rules ( good  
bre$+ & ! laws ( ! gospel4  ,! prec$+   
p>ticul>s are select$1 z ! evid5ce to be
 pres5t$1 t ! "* & measures ( !         
,abolition ,society are nei!r peaceful  
nor ,*ri/ian 9 _! t5d5cy2 b t 9 _!      

nature !y are calculat$ to g5]ate       
p>ty-_s1 d5unciation1 recrim9ation1 &   
angry passions4 ,if su* be ! t5d5cy (   
?is in/itution1 x foll[s1 t x is wrong =
 a ,*ri/ian1 or any lov] ( peace1 to be 
connect$ ) x4  ,! ass]tion t ,*ri/ianity
 itself has l$ to /rife & cont5tion1 is 
n a safe me?od ( evad+ ?is argum5t4     
,*ri/ianity is a sy/em ( p]suasion1     
t5d+1 by k9d & g5tle influ5ces1 to make 
m5 will+ to leave (f _! s9s--& x comes1 
n to conv9ce ^? :o are n s9n]s1 b to    
s9n]s !mselves4  ,abolitionism1 on !    
contr>y1 is a sy/em ( co]cion by public 
op9ion2 & 9 its pres5t op]ation1 its    
influ5ce is n to conv9ce ! err+1 b to   
conv9ce ^? :o are n guilty1 ( ! s9s ( ^?
 :o are4  ,ano!r prom95t peculi>ity ( ! 
,abolitioni/s1 7:i* is an objection to  
jo9+ ?is association17 is _! advocacy ( 
a pr9ciple1 :i* is wrong & v p]nici\s 9 
its t5d5cy4 ,i ref] to _! views 9 reg>d 
to :at is call$ ! doctr9e ( exp$i5cy4   
,_! difficulty on ?is subject seems to h
 aris5 f want ( a cle> di/9ction betwe5 

! duty ( ^? :o are guilty ( s91 & ! duty
 ( ^? :o are aim+ to turn m5 f _! s9s4  
,! pr9ciple is assum$1 t because c]ta9  
m5 ought to ab&on e s9 imm$iately1      
!re=e1 c]ta9 o!r m5 are b\nd imm$iately 
to try & make !m d x4 ,n[ ! "q (        
exp$i5cy does n relate to :at m5 are    
b\nd to d1 :o are 9 ! practice ( s9     
!mselves--= ! imm$iate rel9qui%m5t ( s9 
is ! duty ( all2 b x relates to ! duty (
 ^? :o are to make ef=ts to induce o!rs 
to break (f _! wick$ness4  ,"h1 ! wisdom
 & rectitude ( a giv5 c\rse1 dep5d      
entirely on ! probabilities ( success4  
,if a fa!r has a son ( a v peculi>      
temp]am5t1 & he kn[s by obs]vation1 t ! 
use ( ! rod w make him m irritable & m  
liable to a c]ta9 fault1 & t k9d        
argum5ts1 & t5d] measures w m probably  
accompli% ! desir$ object1 x is a rule (
 exp$i5cy to try ! mo/ probable c\rse4  
,if a companion sees a fri5d committ+ a 
s91 & has1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 le>n$ t      
remon/rances excite ang] & ob/9acy1 :ile
 a look ( sil5t sorr[ & disapprobation  

t5ds f> m to prev5t ! evil1 exp$i5cy &  
duty dem& sil5ce r ?an remon/rance4     
,!re are cases also1 :]e diff]5ces 9    
age1 & /ation1 & "*1 =bid all int]f]5ce 
to modify ! conduct & "* ( o!rs4  ,a    
nurs]y maid may see t a fa!r misgov]ns 8
 *ildr51 & ill-treats 8 wife4 ,b h]     
/ation makes x inexp$i5t = h] to turn   
reprov]4 ,x is a case :]e repro( w\ld d 
no good1 b only evil4  ,s 9 communities1
 ! propriety & rectitude ( measures c be
 decid$1 n by ! rules ( duty t %\ld     
gov]n ^? :o are to r5\nce s91 b by !    
probabilities ( good or evil consequ5ce4
  ,! ,abolitioni/s seem to lose sight ( 
?is di/9ction4 ,!y =m volunt>y          
associations 9 free ,/ates1 to conv9ce  
_! fell[ citiz5s ( ! s9s ( o!r m5 9 o!r 
communities4 ,!y are blam$ & oppos$1    
because _! measures are deem$ inexp$i5t1
 & calculat$ to increase1 r ?an dim9i% !
 evils to be cur$4  ,9 return1 !y %[ t  
slav]y is a s9 :i* ought to be ab&on$   
imm$iately1 & seem to suppose t x foll[s
 z a correct inf]5ce1 t !y !mselves     

ought to engage 9 a sy/em ( agitation   
aga9/ x1 & t x is ne$less = !m to       
inquire :e!r prea*+ ! tru? 9 ! mann] !y 
propose1 w increase or dim9i% ! evil4   
,!y assume t :5ev] s9 is committ$1 n    
only ought ! s9n] imm$iately to cease1 b
 all 8 fell[-s9n]s are b\nd to take     
measures to make him cease1 & to take   
measures1 )\t any ref]5ce to !          
probabilities ( success4  ,t ?is is a   
correct repres5tation ( ! views (       
,abolitioni/s g5]ally1 is evid5t f _!   
p]iodicals & conv]sation4 ,all _! rem>ks
 ab\t prea*+ ! tru? & leav+ consequ5ces 
to ,god--all _! depreciation ( ! doctr9e
 ( exp$i5cy1 are r5d]$ relevant only by 
?is supposition4  ,! impression made by 
_! writ+s is1 t ,god has made rules (   
duty2 t all m5 are 9 all cases to       
remon/rate aga9/ ! violation ( ^? rules2
 & t ,god w take ! responsibility ( br++
 good out ( ?is c\rse2 s t we ourselves 
are reliev$ f any necessity ( inquir+ z 
to probable results4  ,if ?is be n !    
!ory ( duty adopt$ by ?is association1  

!n !y /& on common gr\nd ) ^? :o oppose 
_! measures1 viz3 t ! propriety & duty (
 a giv5 c\rse is to be decid$ by        
probabilities z to its results2 & ^!    
probabilities are to be det]m9$ by !    
kn[n laws ( m9d1 & ! records ( pa/      
exp]i5ce4  ,= only "o ( two positions c 
be held4 ,ei!r t x is ! duty ( all m5 to
 remon/rate at all times aga9/ all      
violations ( duty1 & leave ! consequ5ces
 ) ,god2 or else t m5 are to use _!     
judgm5t1 & take ! "p ( remon/rance only 
at su* a "t & place1 & 9 su* a mann]1 z 
promise ! be/ results4  ,t !            
,abolitioni/s h n held ! second ( ^!    
positions1 mu/ be obvi\s to all :o h    
read _! docum5ts4 ,x w\ld !re=e be      
unwise & wrong to jo9 an association :i*
 su/a9s a pr9ciple false 9 itself1 & "o 
:i*1 if act$ out1 w\ld t5d to wra? &    
/rife & e evil ^w & "w4  ,ano!r reason1 
& ! mo/ important ( all1 aga9/ promot+ !
 plans ( ! ,abolitioni/s1 is involv$ 9 !
 ma9 "q--:at are ! probabilities z to ! 
results ( _! movem5ts8 ,! only way to   

judge ( ! future results ( c]ta9        
measures is1 by ! kn[n laws ( m9d1 & !  
record$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4  ,n[ :at is ! 
evil to be cur$8  ,,slav]y ,,9 ,,?is    
,,nation4  ,t ?is evil is at no di/ant  
p]iod to come to an end1 is ! unanim\s  
op9ion ( all :o ei!r notice ! t5d5cies (
 ! age1 or believe 9 ! prophecies ( !   
,bible4 ,all :o act on ,*ri/ian         
pr9ciples 9 reg>d to slav]y1 believe t 9
 a giv5 p]iod 7v>i\sly e/imat$7 x w end4
 ,! only "q !n1 9 reg>d to ! b5efits to 
be ga9$1 or ! evils to be dread$ 9 !    
pres5t agitation ( ! subject1 relates to
 ! "t & ! mann] ( its ext9ction4 ,!     
,abolitioni/s claim t _! me?od w br+ x  
to an end 9 ! %orte/ "t1 & 9 ! safe/ &  
be/ way4 ,_! oppon5ts believe1 t x w t5d
 to br+ x to an end1 if at all1 at ! mo/
 di/ant p]iod1 & 9 ! mo/ dang]\s way4   
,z nei!r p>ty are gift$ ) presci5ce1 & z
 ! ,deity has made no revelations z to !
 future results ( any giv5 measures1 all
 ! means ( judg+ t rema9 to u1 z be=e   
/at$1 are ! laws ( m9d1 & ! records ( ! 

pa/4  ,! position !n ,i w\ld aim to     
e/abli% is1 t ! me?od tak5 by !         
,abolitioni/s is ! "o t1 accord+ to !   
laws ( m9d & pa/ exp]i5ce1 is lea/      
likely to br+ ab\t ! results !y aim to  
accompli%4 ,! g5]al /atem5t is ?is4  ,! 
object to be accompli%$ is3  ,fir/4 ,to 
conv9ce a c]ta9 community1 t !y are 9 ! 
practice ( a great s91 &  ,secondly4 ,to
 make !m will+ to rel9qui% x4  ,! me?od 
tak5 to accompli% ?is is1 by volunt>y   
associations 9 a =eign community1 seek+ 
to excite public s5tim5t aga9/ !        
p]petrators ( ! evil2 exhibit+ !        
enormity ( ! crime 9 full measure1 )\t  
palliation1 excuse or sympa?y1 by means 
( p]iodicals & ag5ts circulat+1 n 9 !   
community committ+ ! s91 b 9 t :i* does 
n practise x4  ,n[ t ?is me?od may1 9   
conjunction ) o!r causes1 h an influ5ce 
to br+ slav]y to an end1 is n d5i$4 ,b x
 is believ$1 & f ! foll[+ consid]ations1
 t x is ! lea/ calculat$ to d ! good1 & 
t x involves ! greate/ evils4  ,x is a  
kn[n law ( m9d fir/ se5 9 ! nurs]y &    

s*ool1 aft]w>ds develop$ 9 society1 t a 
p]son is lea/ likely to judge correctly 
( tru?1 & lea/ likely to yield to duty1 
:5 excit$ by passion4  ,x is a law (    
exp]i5ce1 t :5 wrong is done1 if        
rep5tance & re=mation are s\ght1 !n love
 & k9dness1 m+l$ ) remon/rance1 com+ f  
"o :o has a "r to speak1 are m          
successful ?an rebuke & scorn f o!rs :o 
are n belov$1 & :o are reg>d$ z imp]t95t
 intrud]s4  ,9 ! nurs]y1 if ! *ild does 
wrong1 ! f+] ( scorn1 ! taunt+ rebuke1  
or ev5 ! fair & des]v$ repro( ( equals1 
w make ! "y culprit only fr[n ) rage1 & 
p]haps repeat & increase ! injury4 ,b ! 
voice ( mat]nal love1 or ev5 ! g5tle    
remon/rances ( an eld] si/]1 may br+    
te>s ( sorr[ & contrition4  ,s 9        
society4 ,let a man's enemies1 or ^? :o 
h no int]e/ 9 8 welf>e1 jo9 to rebuke & 
rail at 8 (f5ces1 & no signs ( p5it5ce w
 be se54 ,b let ! cl]gyman :om he       
respects & loves1 or 8 bosom fri5d      
approa* him1 ) k9dness1 =be>ance & true 
s9c]ity1 & all t is possible to human   

ag5cy w be effect$4  ,x is ! maxim !n ( 
exp]i5ce1 t :5 m5 are to be turn$ f     
evils1 & br\ght to rep5t & re=m1 ^? only
 %\ld int]f]e :o are mo/ lov$ &         
respect$1 & :o h ! be/ "r to approa* !  
(f5d]4 ,:ile on ! o!r h&1 rebuke f ^? :o
 are deem$ obtrusive & inimical1 or ev5 
indiff]5t1 w d m h>m ?an good4  ,x is   
ano!r maxim ( exp]i5ce1 t su* deal+s ) !
 err+ %\ld be 9 private1 n 9 public4 ,! 
mom5t a man is publicly rebuk$1 %ame1   
ang]1 & pride ( op9ion1 all comb9e to   
make him def5d 8 practice1 & refuse ei!r
 to own himself wrong1 or to cease f 8  
evil ways4  ,! ,abolitioni/s h violat$  
all ^! laws ( m9d & ( exp]i5ce1 9 deal+ 
) _! s\!rn bre?r54  ,_! c\rse has be5   
mo/ calculat$ to awak5 ang]1 fe>1 pride1
 hatr$1 & all ! passions mo/ likely to  
bl9d ! m9d to tru?1 & make x av]se to   
duty4  ,!y h n approa*$ !m ) ! _s (     
love1 c\rtesy1 & =be>ance4  ,!y are n ! 
p]sons :o w\ld be reg>d$ by ! ,s\?1 z   
hav+ any "r to int]f]e2 & !re=e1 :e!r !y
 h su* "r or n1 ! probabilities ( good  

are remov$4 ,= x is n only dem&$ = !    
b5efit ( ! (f5d]1 t !re %\ld really be a
 "r1 b x is necess>y t he %\ld feel t   
!re is su* a "r4  ,9 deal+ ) _! bre?r51 
too1 !y h n tri$ sil5t1 retir$1 private 
measures4 ,x has be5 public d5unciation 
( crime & %ame 9 newspap]s1 address$ z x
 7 to by-/&]s1 9 ord] to ar\se ! guilty4
  ,9 reply to ?is1 x has be5 urg$1 t m5 
c\ld n g to ! ,s\?--t !y w\ld be murd]$ 
!re--t ! only way 01 to conv9ce ! ,nor?1
 & excite public odium aga9/ ! s9s ( !  
,s\?1 & ?us gradually conviction1       
rep5tance1 & re=mation w\ld ensue4  ,"h 
is ano!r case :]e m5 are to judge ( _!  
duty1 by e/imat+ probabilities ( future 
results2 & x may fir/ be obs]v$1 t x    
involves ! pr9ciple ( exp$i5cy1 9 j t =m
 to :i* ,abolitioni/s object4  ,x is    
all[$ t ! imm$iate abolition ( slav]y is
 to be produc$ by means ( light & love1 
& yet x is ma9ta9$ z "r to )draw        
p]sonally f ! field ( op]ation1 because 
( consequ5ces2 because ( ! probable     
dang] ( approa*+4 ,if we g to ! ,s\?1 & 

pres5t tru?1 argum5t1 & entreaty1 we    
%all be sla91 & !re=e we are n "u       
obligation to g4 ,if ?is ju/ifies       
,abolitioni/s 9 _! neglect ( _! (f5d+   
bre?r51 because !y fe> evil results to  
!mselves1 x also ju/ifies ^? :o refuse  
to act ) ,abolitioni/s 9 _! measures1   
because !y fe> o!r evil results4  ,b :at
 pro( is !re1 t if ! ,abolitioni/s _h   
tak5 ano!r me?od1 ! "o m 9 accordance ) 
! laws ( m9d & ! dictates ( exp]i5ce1 t 
!re w\ld h be5 at ! ,s\? all ?is        
viol5ce8 ,be=e ! abolition movem5t      
comm5c$1 bo? nor!rn & s\!rn m51 express$
 _! views freely at ! ,s\?4 ,! dang]s1  
evils1 & mis*iefs ( slav]y 7 exhibit$ & 
discuss$ ev5 9 ! legislative halls ( m  
?an "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & _m m9ds 7   
anxi\sly devis+ measures1 to br+ ?is    
evil to an end4  ,n[ let u look at "s ( 
! records ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,cl>kson 0 !  
fir/ p]son :o devot$ himself to ! cause 
( ,abolition 9 ,engl&4 ,8 object 0 to   
conv9ce ! p ( ,engl& t !y 7 guilty ( a  
great impolicy1 & great s91 9 p]mitt+ ! 

slave-trade4 ,he 0 to meet ! =ce (      
public s5tim5t1 & p[]1 & selfi%ness1 &  
weal?1 :i* su/a9$ ?is traffic1 9 t      
nation4 ,:at 7 8 measures8 ,he did n g  
to ,sw$51 or ,russia1 or ,france1 to    
awak5 public s5tim5t aga9/ ! s9s ( !    
,engli%4--,he began by fir/ publi%+ an  
inquiry 9 ,engl& :e!r x 0 "r to seize   
m51 & make !m slaves4 ,he w5t           
uno/5tati\sly to "s ( ! be/ & mo/ pi\s  
m5 !re1 & endeav\r$ to int]e/ !m 9 !    
inquiry4  ,!n he publi%$ an article on !
 impolicy ( ! slave-trade1 %[+ its      
disadvantages4 ,!n he collect$ in=mation
 ( ! evils & enormities involv$ 9 !     
traffic1 & w5t quietly ar\nd among ^?   
mo/ likely to be mov$ by motives (      
humanity & ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is mann] he 
toil$ = m ?an f\rte5 ye>s1 sl[ly        
implant+ ! leav5 among ! good m51 until 
he ga9$ a noble b& ( patriots &         
,*ri/ians1 ) ,wilb]=ce at _! head4  ,!  
foll[+ extract f a memoir ( ,cl>kson    
discloses ! mann] & _s 9 :i* he comm5c$ 
8 ent]prise1 & toil$ ?r\gh to its       

accompli%m5t4  ,9 #aghe ,dr4 ,peckh>d1  
,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity1 deeply 
impress$ ) ! iniquity ( ! slave-trade1  
ann\nc$ z a subject = a ,lat9           
,diss]tation to ! ,s5ior ,ba*elors (    
,arts3 ',anne liceat invitos 9 s]vitutem
 d>e8' ',is x "r to make slaves ( o!rs  
aga9/ _! w8' ,h[ev] b5evol5t ! feel+s ( 
! ,vice-,*ancellor1 & h[ev] /rong & cle>
 ! op9ions he held on ! inhuman traffic1
 x is probable t he little ?\ght t ?is  
discussion w\ld secure = ! object s de> 
to 8 own he>t1 ef=ts & advocacy equally 
enlight5$ & effici5t1 t %\ld be cont9u$1
 until 8 c\ntry _h decl>$1 n t !        
slave-trade only1 b t slav]y itself %\ld
 cease4  ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 hav+ 9 ! prec$+ 
ye> ga9$ ! fir/ prize = ! ,lat9         
,diss]tation1 0 naturally anxi\s to     
ma9ta9 8 hon\rable position2 & no ef=ts 
7 sp>$1 dur+ ! few int]v5+ weeks1 9     
collect+ in=mation & evid5ce4 ,important
 facts 7 ga9$ f ,an?ony ,b5ezet's       
,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,gu9ea1 :i* ,mr4   
,cl>kson ha/5$ to ,london to pur*ase4   

,furni%$ ) ^! & o!r valuable in=mation1 
he comm5c$ 8 difficult task4 ,h[ x 0    
accompli%$1 he ?us in=ms u4  ',no       
p]son1' he /ates1#a 'c tell ! sev]e     
trial :i* ! writ+ ( x prov$ to me4 ,i _h
 expect$ pleasure f ! inv5tion ( !      
argum5ts1 f ! arrangem5t ( !m1 f ! putt+
 ( !m toge!r1 & f ! ?\ght1 9 ! int]im1 t
 ,i 0 engag$ 9 an innoc5t conte/ =      
lit]>y hon\r4 ,b all my pleasure 0 damp$
 by ! facts :i* 7 n[ cont9ually be=e me4
 ,x 0 b "o gloomy subject f morn+ to    
night4 ,9 ! day-"t ,i 0 uneasy2 9 !     
night ,i _h little re/4 ,i sometimes    
nev] clos$ my eyelids = grief4 ,x became
 n[ n s mu* a trial = academical        
reputation1 z = ! production ( a "w :i* 
might be useful to injur$ ,africa4 ,&   
keep+ ?is idea 9 my m9d ev] aft] !      
p]usal ( ,b5ezet1 ,i always slept ) a   
c&le 9 my room1 t ,i might rise out (   
b$1 & put d[n su* ?\ghts z might occur  
to me 9 ! night1 if ,i judg$ !m         
valuable1 conceiv+ t no argum5ts ( any  
mom5t %\ld be lo/ 9 s great a cause4    

,hav+ at l5g? f9i%$ ?is pa9ful task1 ,i 
s5t my ,essay to ! ,vice-,*ancellor1 &  
soon aft]w>ds f\nd myself hon\r$1 z     
be=e1 ) ! fir/ prize4      #a ,hi/ory ( 
! ,abolition ( ! ,slave ,trade4  ',z x  
is usual to read ^! essays publicly 9 ! 
s5ate-h\se soon aft] ! prize is adjudg$1
 ,i 0 call$ to ,cambridge = ?is purpose4
 ,i w5t1 & p]=m$ my (fice4 ,on return+1 
h[ev]1 to ,london1 ! subject ( x almo/  
:olly engross$ my ?\ghts4 ,i became at  
times v s]i\sly affect$ :ile ^u ! road4 
,i /opp$ my horse occasionally1 &       
dism\nt$1 & walk$4 ,i frequ5tly tri$ to 
p]suade myself 9 ^! int]vals t ! cont5ts
 ( my ,essay c\ld n be true4 ,! m1      
h[ev]1 ,i reflect$ ^u !m1 or r ^u !     
au?orities on :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 ! m ,i    
gave !m cr$it4 ,com+ 9 sight ( ,wade's  
,mill1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,i sat d[n         
disconsolate on ! turf by ! road-side1 &
 held my horse4 ,"h a ?\ght came into my
 m9d1 t if ! cont5ts ( ! ,essay 7 true1 
x 0 "t "s p]son %\ld see ^! calamities  
to _! end4 ,agitat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ,i     

rea*$ home4 ,?is 0 9 ! summ] ( #aghe4   
',9 ! c\rse ( ! autumn ( ! same ye> ,i  
exp]i5c$ simil> impressions4 ,i walk$   
frequ5tly into ! woods1 t ,i might ?9k  
on ! subject 9 solitude1 & f9d relief to
 my m9d !re4 ,b !re ! "q /ill recurr$1  
',are ^! ?+s true8' ,/ill ! answ] foll[$
 z in/antane\sly1--',!y are4' ,/ill !   
result accompani$ x2 ',!n1 surely1 "s   
p]son %\ld int]f]e4' ,i !n began to envy
 ^? :o _h seats 9 p>liam5t1 & :o _h     
great ri*es1 & widely ext5d$ connexions1
 :i* w\ld enable !m to take up ?is      
cause4 ,f9d+ sc>cely any "o at t "t :o  
?\ght ( x1 ,i 0 turn$ frequ5tly to      
myself4 ,b "h _m difficulties arose4 ,x 
/ruck me1 among o!rs1 t a "y man ( only 
tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age c\ld n h t solid   
judgm5t1 or k ( m51 mann]s1 & ?+s1 :i* 7
 requisite to qualify him to und]take a 
task ( su* magnitude & importance3 & )  
:om 0 ,i to unite8 ,i believ$ also1 t x 
look$ s mu* l "o ( ! feign$ lab\rs (    
,h]cules1 t my und]/&+ w\ld be suspect$ 
if ,i propos$ x4 ,on rum9at+1 h[ev]1 on 

! subject1 ,i f\nd "o ?+ at lea/        
practicable1 & t ?is 0 also 9 my p[]4 ,i
 c\ld translate my ,lat9 ,diss]tation4  
,i c\ld enl>ge x usefully4 ,i c\ld see  
h[ ! public receiv$ x1 or h[ f> !y 7    
likely to fav\r any s]i\s measures1 :i* 
%\ld h a t5d5cy to produce ! abolition (
 ! slave-trade4 ,^u ?is1 !n1 ,i det]m9$2
 & 9 ! middle ( ! mon? ( ,novemb]1      
#aghe1 ,i began my "w4'  ,su* is !      
*>act]i/ic & +5u\s acc\nt giv5 by       
,cl>kson ( 8 introduction to t "w to :i*
 ! en]gies ( 8 life 7 devot$1 & 9       
ref]5ce to :i*1 & to ! acc\nt :5ce !    
=ego+ extract has be5 made1 "o ( ! mo/  
b5evol5t & gift$ writ]s ( our c\ntry#b  
has ju/ly obs]v$1--      #b ,col]idge4  
',?is int]e/+ tale is relat$1 n by a    
desc5dant1 b a cotempor>y2 n by a di/ant
 spectator1 b by a p>ticipator ( !      
conte/2 & ( all ! _m p>ticipators1 by ! 
man confess$ly ! mo/ effici5t2 ! man ^: 
unp>allel$ lab\rs 9 ?is "w ( love &     
p]il1 leave on ! m9d ( a reflect+ read] 
! sublime d\bt1 :i* ( ! two w h be5 !   

great] f9al ga9 to ! moral _w1--!       
removal ( ! evil1 or ! pro(1 !reby giv51
 :at mighty effects s+le good m5 may    
realize by self-devotion & p]sev]ance4' 
,:5 ,mr4 ,cl>kson w5t to ,london to     
publi% 8 book1 he 0 introduc$ to _m     
fri5ds ( ! cause ( ,abolition1 :o aid$ 9
 giv+ x ext5sive circulation4 ,:il/ ?us 
employ$1 he receiv$ an invitation1 :i*  
he accept$1 to visit ! ,rev4 ,james     
,ramsay1 vic> ( ,te/on1 9 ,k5t1 :o _h   
resid$ n9ete5 ye>s 9 ! isl& ( ,/4       
,*ri/oph]4  ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 d9+ "o day
 at ,sir ,*>les ,middleton's1 7aft]w>ds 
,"l ,b>ham17 ! conv]sation turn$ ^u !   
subject1 & ,mr4 ,cl>kson decl>$ t he 0  
ready to devote himself to ! cause4 ,?is
 av[al met ) great enc\ragem5t f !      
company1 & ,sir ,c4 ,middleton1 !n      
,comptroll] to ! ,navy1 (f]$ e possible 
assi/ance4 ,! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,cl>kson    
increas$1 & ?is enc\rag$ him to proce$4 
,dr4 ,porteus1 !n ,bi%op ( ,*e/]1 & ,"l 
,sc>sdale1 7 secur$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 
,mr4 ,b5net ,langton1 & ,dr4 ,bak]1 :o 7

 acqua9t$ ) _m memb]s ( bo? h\ses (     
p>liam5t2 ! hon\r$ ,granville ,%>pe1    
,james & ,ri*>d ,phillips1 c\ld be      
dep5d$ ^u1 z well z ! entire body ( !   
,society ( ,fri5ds1 to _m ( :om he _h   
be5 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,hancock1 
8 fell[-t[nsman4 ,seek+ in=mation 9 e   
direction1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson bo>d$ a numb] (
 vessels engag$ 9 ! ,african trade1 &   
obta9$ specim5s ( ! natural productions 
( ! c\ntry4 ,! beauty ( ! clo? made f   
,african cotton1 c4 enhanc$ 8 e/imate ( 
! skill & +5uity ( ! p1 & gave a fre%   
/imulus to 8 ex]tions on _! behalf4 ,he 
next visit$ a slave-%ip2 ! rooms bel[1 !
 grat+s above1 & ! b>ricade across !    
deck1 ) ! explanation ( _! uses1 ?\gh ! 
sight ( !m fill$ him ) sadness & horror1
 gave new en]gy to all 8 movem5ts4 ,9 8 
indefatigable endeav\rs to collect      
evid5ce & facts1 he visit$ mo/ ( !      
sea-ports 9 ! k+dom1 pursu+ 8 great     
object ) inv9cible ard\r1 al?\gh        
sometimes at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,! foll[+ 
circum/ance1 among o!rs1 ev9ces ! em95t 

degree 9 :i* he possess$ t untir+       
p]sev]ance1 on :i* ! success ( a great  
ent]prise (t5 dep5ds4  ,cl>kson & 8     
fri5ds _h reason to fe> t slaves br\ght 
f ! int]ior ( ,africa by c]ta9 riv]s1 _h
 be5 kidnapp$2 & x 0 deem$ ( great      
importance to asc]ta9 ! fact4 ,a fri5d  
"o day m5tion$ to ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 t he   
_h1 above twelve mon?s be=e1 se5 a      
sailor :o _h be5 up ^! riv]s4 ,! "n ( ! 
sailor 0 unkn[n1 & all ! fri5d c\ld say 
01 t he 0 go+ to1 or belong$ to1 "s     
man-(-w> 9 ord9>y4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is     
individual 0 important1 &1 aid$ by 8    
fri5d ,sir ,*>les ,middleton1 :o gave   
him p]mission to bo>d all ! %ips ( w> 9 
ord9>y1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson comm5c$ 8         
se>*3--beg9n+ at ,dept=d1 he visit$     
successfully ,woolwi*1 ,*a?am1 ,%e]ness1
 & ,portsm\?2 exam9+ 9 8 progress !     
diff]5t p]sons on bo>d upw>ds ( two     
hundr$ & sixty vessels1 )\t discov]+ !  
object ( 8 se>*4 ,! feel+s "u :i* ! se>*
 0 cont9u$1 & ! success ) :i* x 0 cr[n$1
 he has himself ?us describ$3--         

',matt]s n[ began to look r             
di%e>t5+1--,i mean z f> z my gr& object 
0 conc]n$4 ,!re 0 b "o o!r port left1 & 
?is 0 betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ miles    
di/ant4 ,i det]m9$1 h[ev]1 to g to      
,plym\?4 ,i _h already be5 m successful 
9 ?is t\r1 ) respect to obta9+ g5]al    
evid5ce1 ?an 9 any o!r ( ! same l5g?2 & 
! probability 01 t z ,i %\ld cont9ue to 
move among ! same k9d ( p1 my success   
w\ld be 9 a simil> proportion1 accord+  
to ! numb] visit$4 ,^! 7 great          
enc\ragem5ts to me to proce$4 ,at l5g?  
,i arriv$ at ! place ( my la/ hope4 ,on 
my fir/ day's exp$ition ,i bo>d$ =ty    
vessels1 b f\nd no "o 9 ^! :o _h be5 on 
! coa/ ( ,africa 9 ! slave-trade4 ,"o or
 two _h be5 !re 9 k+'s %ips2 b !y nev]  
_h be5 on %ore4 ,?+s 7 n[ draw+ ne> to a
 close2 & not)/&+ my success1 z to g5]al
 evid5ce1 9 ?is j\rney1 my he>t began to
 beat4 ,i 0 re/less & uneasy dur+ !     
night4 ,! next morn+ ,i felt agitat$    
aga9 betwe5 ! alt]nate pressure ( hope &
 fe>2 & 9 ?is /ate ,i ent]$ my boat4 ,! 

fifty-sev5? vessel ,i bo>d$ 0 !         
,melampus frigate4--,"o p]son belong+ to
 x1 on exam9+ him 9 ! capta9's cab91    
said he _h be5 two voyages to ,africa2 &
 ,i _h n long disc\rs$ ) him1 be=e ,i   
f\nd1 to my inexpressible joy1 t he 0 ! 
man4 ,i f\nd1 too1 t he unravell$ ! "q 9
 dispute precisely z our inf]5ces _h    
det]m9$ x4 ,he _h be5 two exp$itions up 
! riv] ,calab>1 9 ! canoes ( ! natives4 
,9 ! fir/ ( ^! !y came )9 a c]ta9       
di/ance ( a village3 !y !n conceal$     
!mselves "u ! bu%es1 :i* hung ov] ! wat]
 f ! banks4 ,9 ?is position !y rema9$   
dur+ ! day-light2 b at night !y w5t up  
to x arm$1 & seiz$ all ! inhabitants :o 
_h n "t to make _! escape4 ,!y obta9$   
=ty-five p]sons 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 !       
second1 !y 7 out eight or n9e days1 :5  
!y made a simil> attempt1 & ) ne>ly     
simil> success4 ,!y seiz$ m51 wom51 &   
*ildr51 z !y c\ld f9d !m 9 ! huts4 ,!y  
!n b\nd _! arms1 & drove !m be=e !m to !
 canoes4 ,! "n ( ! p]son ?us discov]$ on
 bo>d ( ! ,melampus 0 ,isaac ,p>k]4 ,on 

inquir+ into 8 "*1 f ! ma/] ( !         
division1 ,i f\nd x highly respectable4 
,i f\nd also aft]w>d t he _h sail$ )    
,capta9 ,cook1 ) great cr$it to himself1
 r\nd ! _w4 ,x 0 also rem>kable1 t my   
bro!r1 on see+ him 9 ,london1 :5 he w5t 
to deliv] 8 evid5ce1 recogniz$ him z    
hav+ s]v$ on bo>d ! ,mon>*1 man-(-w>1 & 
z "o ( ! mo/ exempl>y m5 9 t %ip4'  ,mr4
 ,cl>kson became1 e>ly 9 8 c>e]1        
acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce4 ,at _! fir/  
int]view1 ! latt] frankly /at$1 't !    
subject _h (t5 employ$ 8 ?\ghts1 & 0 ne>
 8 he>t1' & le>n+ 8 visitor's int5tion  
to devote himself to ?is b5evol5t       
object1 congratulat$ him on 8 decision2 
desir$ to be made acqua9t$ ) 8 progress1
 express+ 8 will+ness1 9 return1 to af=d
 e assi/ance 9 8 p[]4 ,9 8 int]c\rse )  
memb]s ( p>liam5t1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson 0 n[   
frequ5tly associat$ ) ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce1 :o
 daily became m int]e/$ 9 ! fate (      
,africa4 ,! int]c\rse ( ! two           
philan?ropi/s 0 mutually cordial &      
enc\rag+2 ,mr4 ,cl>kson imp>t+ 8        

discov]ies 9 ! cu/om-h\ses ( ,london1   
,liv]pool1 & o!r places2 & ,mr4         
,wilb]=ce communicat+ ! in=mation he _h 
ga9$ f ^? ) :om he associat$4  ,9 #aghh1
 ,mr4 ,cl>kson publi%$ 8 important "w on
 ! ,impolicy ( ! ,slave-,trade4  ,9     
#aghi1 ?is indefatigable man w5t to     
,france1 by ! advice ( ! ,committee :i* 
he _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 =m+ two ye>s     
be=e2 ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce1 always solicit\s =
 ! good ( ! oppress$ ,africans1 be+ (   
op9ion t advantage might be tak5 ( !    
commotions 9 t c\ntry1 to induce ! lead+
 p]sons !re to take ! slave-trade into  
_! consid]ation1 & incorporate x among !
 abuses to be remov$4 ,sev]al ( ,mr4    
,cl>kson's fri5ds advis$ him to travel  
by ano!r "n1 z acc\nts _h arriv$ 9      
,engl& ( ! excesses :i* _h tak5 place 9 
,p>is2 b to ?is he c\ld n cons5t4 ,on 8 
arrival 9 t city he 0 spe$ily introduc$ 
to ^? :o 7 fav\rable to ! great object (
 8 life2 & at ! h\se ( ,m4 ,neck] d9$ ) 
! six deputies ( col\r f ,/4 ,dom+o1--:o
 _h be5 s5t to ,france at ?is juncture1 

to dem& t ! free p ( col\r 9 _! c\ntry  
might be plac$ ^u an equality ) ! :ites4
 ,_! communications to ! ,engli%        
philan?ropi/ 7 important & int]e/+2 !y  
hail$ him z _! fri5d1 & 7 abundant 9 _! 
comm5dations ( 8 conduct4  ,copies ( !  
,essay on ! ,impolicy ( ! ,slave-,trade1
 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ) engrav+s ( !   
plan & section ( a slave %ip1 7         
di/ribut$ ) app>5t good effect4 ,!      
virtu\s ,abbe ,gregoire1 & sev]al memb]s
 ( ! ,national ,assembly1 call$ ^u ,mr4 
,cl>kson4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,aix 0 s /ruck 
) horror1 :5 ! plan ( ! slave %ip 0 %[n 
to him1 t he c\ld sc>cely speak2 &      
,mirabeau ord]$ a model ( x 9 wood to be
 plac$ 9 8 d9+-room4  ,! circulation (  
intellig5ce1 al?\gh contribut+ to make  
_m fri5ds1 call$ =? ! extraord9>y       
ex]tions ( enemies4 ,m]*ants1 & o!rs    
int]e/$ 9 ! cont9uance ( ! slave-trade1 
wrote lett]s to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,aix1     
besee*+ him n to ru9 ,france2 :i* !y    
said he w\ld inevitably d1 if1 z !      
presid5t1 he 7 to grant a day = he>+ !  

"q ( ! abolition4 ,(f]s ( money 7 made  
to ,mirabeau1 if he w\ld totally ab&on 8
 int5d$ motion4 ,books 7 circulat$ 9    
opposition to ,mr4 ,cl>kson's2 resort 0 
_h to ! public pap]s1 & he 0 d5\nc$ z a 
spy4 ,! clam\r rais$ by ^! ef=ts p]vad$ 
all ,p>is1 & rea*$ ! e>s ( ! k+4 ,m4    
,neck] _h a long conv]sation ) 8 royal  
ma/] ^u x1 :o reque/$ to see ! ,essay1 &
 ! specim5s ( ,african manufactures1 &  
be/[$ consid]able "t ^u !m1 be+ surpris$
 at ! /ate ( ! arts !re4 ,m4 ,neck] did 
n exhibit ! section ( ! slave %ip1 ?9k+ 
t z ! k+ 0 indispos$1 he might be too   
mu* affect$ by x4 ,l\is return$ !       
specim5s1 commission+ ,m4 ,neck] to     
convey 8 ?anks to ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 &      
express 8 gratification at :at he _h    
se54  ,no decid$ b5efit appe>s at ?is "t
 to h foll[$ ! visit3 b ?\gh mu*        
depress$ by 8 ill success 9 ,france1    
,mr4 ,cl>kson cont9u$ 8 lab\rs1 till    
excess ( ex]tion1 jo9$ to repeat$ &     
bitt] disappo9tm5ts1 impair$ 8 heal?1 &1
 aft] a h>d /ruggle1 subdu$ a           

con/itution1 naturally /rong & vigor\s  
beyond ! lot ( m5 9 g5]al1 b %att]$ by  
anxiety & fatigue1 & ! sad probability1 
(t5 =c$ ^u 8 und]/&+1 t all might at la/
 h be5 9 va94 ,"u ^! feel+s1 he retir$ 9
 #agid to ! beautiful banks (           
,ulleswat]2 !re to seek t re/ :i*1 )\t  
p]il to 8 life1 c\ld no long] be delay$4
  ,= sev5 ye>s he _h ma9ta9$ a          
correspond5ce ) f\r hundr$ p]sons2 he   
annually wrote a book ^u ! subject ( !  
abolition1 & travell$ m ?an ?irty-five  
?\s& miles 9 se>* ( evid5ce1 mak+ a     
great "p ( ^! j\rneys 9 ! night4 ',all  
?is "t1' ,mr4 ,cl>kson writes1 'my m9d  
_h be5 on ! /ret*2 x _h be5 b5t too to  
?is "o subject2 = ,i _h n ev5 leisure to
 att5d to my own conc]ns4 ,! v>i\s      
in/ances ( b>b>ity1 :i* _h come         
successively to my k )9 ?is p]iod1 _h   
vex$1 h>ass$1 & afflict$ x4 ,! w\nd :i* 
^! _h produc$ 0 r5d]$ /ill deep] by !   
reit]at$ refusal ( p]sons to give _!    
te/imony1 aft] ,i _h travell$ hundr$s ( 
miles 9 que/ ( !m4 ,b ! sev]e/ /roke 0 t

 inflict$ by ! p]secution begun & pursu$
 by p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! cont9uance ( !   
trade1 ( su* witnesses z _h be5 exam9$  
aga9/ !m2 & :om1 on acc\nt ( _! dep5d5t 
situation 9 life1 x 0 mo/ easy to       
oppress4 ,z ,i _h be5 ! means ( br++ !m 
=w>d on ^! occasions1 !y naturally came 
to me1 z ! au?or ( _! mis]ies & _!      
ru94#c ,^! diff]5t circum/ances1 by act+
 toge!r1 _h at l5g? br\ght me into !    
situation j m5tion$2 & ,i 01 !re=e1     
oblig$1 ?\gh v reluctantly1 to be borne 
out ( ! field :]e ,i _h plac$ ! great   
hon\r & glory ( my life4'      #c ,!    
fa!r ( ! late ,samuel ,:itbread1 ,esq41 
g5]\sly     und]took1 9 ord] to make    
,mr4 ,cl>kson's m9d easy ^u !           
subject1 to make good all injuries :i*  
any individuals might     suff] f su*   
p]secution2 & he hon\rably & nobly      
fulfill$ 8 engagem5t4  ,x 0 :ile ?us    
recruit+ ! en]gies exhau/$ 9 ! conflict1
 t ,cl>kson1 & ! compatriot b& ) :i* he 
_h be5 associat$ 9 ! long & ardu\s      
/ruggle1 7 cr[n$ ) victory1 & receiv$ ! 

grateful rew>d ( _! hon\rable toil 9 !  
f9al abolition ( ! slave-trade by !     
,briti% nation1 9 #ahjg1 ! la/ b mo/    
glori\s act ( ! ,gr5ville adm9i/ration4 
,! prec$+ %[s some?+ ( ! c>e] ( ,cl>kson
 :ile lab\r+ to conv9ce ! p ( ,great    
,brita9 ( ! iniquity ( _! own trade1 a  
trade :i* !y _h ! p[] to aboli%4 ,dur+  
all ?is "t1 ,cl>kson1 ,wilb]=ce1 & _!   
associates avoid$ t\*+ ! matt] ( slav]y4
 ,!y knew t "o ?+ mu/ be ga9$ at a "t1 &
 !y z a matt] ( exp$i5cy1 avoid$        
discuss+ ! duty ( ! ,briti% nation 9    
reg>d to ! sy/em ( slav]y 9 _! ,colonies
 :i* 0 entirely "u _! own control4 ,dur+
 all ! "t t 0 employ$ 9 ef=ts to end !  
slave-trade1 slav]y 0 exi/+ 9 ! control 
( ! ,briti% p1 & yet ,cl>kson &         
,wilb]=ce decid$ t x 0 "r to let t matt]
 entirely alone4  ,! foll[+ %[s         
,cl>kson's proce$+s aft] ! ,briti%      
nation _h aboli%$ ! slave-trade4  ,by ! 
publication ( 8 ,?\ghts on ! ,abolition 
( ,slav]y1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson %[$ t nei!r he 
nor ^? connect$ ) him1 consid]$ _! "w z 

accompli%$1 :5 ! laws ( 8 c\ntry clasp$ 
) its felons ^? engag$ 9 ! nef>i\s      
traffic ( slaves4 ,b ! ef=ts ( ,mr4     
,cl>kson 7 n conf9$ to 8 p54 ,9 #ahah1  
he proce$$ to ,aix la ,*apelle1 at ! "t 
:5 ! sov]eigns ( ,europe met 9 congress4
 ,he 0 receiv$ ) m>k$ att5tion by !     
,emp]or ( ,russia1 :o li/5$ to 8        
/atem5ts 7respect+ ! slave-trade17 &    
promis$ to use 8 influ5ce ) ! assembl$  
mon>*s1 to secure ! entire suppression (
 ! trade 9 human be+s1 z spe$ily z      
possible4 ,describ+ 8 int]view ) ?is    
amiable mon>*1 9 :i* ! subject ( peace  
societies1 z well z ! abolition ( !     
slave-trade 0 discuss$1 ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 9
 a lett] to a fri5d1 ?us writes3  ',x 0 
ab\t n9e at night1 :5 ,i 0 %[n into !   
emp]or's ap>tm5t4 ,i f\nd him alone4 ,he
 met me at ! door1 & %ak+ me by ! h&1   
said1 ',i _h ! pleasure ( mak+ y\r      
acqua9tance at ,p>is4' ,he !n l$ me "s  
little way into ! room1 & leav+ me !re1 
w5t =w>d & br\ght me a *air ) 8 own h&1 
& desir$ me to sit d[n4 ,?is be+ done1  

he w5t = ano!r *air1 & br++ x v ne> to  
m9e1 plac$ himself close to me1 s t we  
sat opposite to ea* o!r4  ',i began !   
conv]sation by in=m+ ! emp]or t z ,i    
suppos$ ! congress ( ,aix la ,*apelle   
might possibly be ! la/ congress (      
sov]eigns = settl+ ! affairs ( ,europe1 
its connexions & dep5d5cies1 ,i _h      
avail$ myself ( ! k9d p]mission he gave 
me at ,p>is1 ( apply+ to him 9 behalf ( 
! oppress$ ,africans1 be+ unwill+ to    
lose ! la/ opportunity ( r5d]+ him      
s]viceable to ! cause4  ',! emp]or      
repli$1 t he _h read bo? my lett] & my  
address to ! sov]eigns1 & t :at ,i ask$ 
him & ! o!r sov]eigns to d1 0 only      
reasonable4  ',"h ,i repeat$ ! two great
 propositions 9 ! address--! necessity (
 br++ ! ,portuguese "t = cont9u+ ! trade
 7:i* did n expire till #ahbe1 & !n only
 ) a condition17 d[n to ! ,spani% "t1   
:i* expir$ 9 #ahbj2 & secondly1 :5 ! two
 times %\ld legally h expir$1 7t is1 bo?
 ( !m 9 #ahbj17 !n to make any f>!r     
cont9uance piracy4 ,i entreat$ him n to 

be deceiv$ by any o!r propositions2 = t 
,mr4 ,wilb]=ce1 myself1 & o!rs1 :o _h   
devot$ our "t to ?is subject1 7 sure t  
no o!r measure w\ld be effectual4  ',he 
!n said v feel+ly 9 ^! words1 ',by !    
provid5ce ( ,god1 ,i & my k+dom h be5   
sav$ f a m]ciless tyranny1 7allud+ to ! 
invasion ( ,napoleon17 & ,i %\ld b ill  
repay ! bless+1 if ,i 7 n to d e ?+ 9 my
 p[] to protect ! poor ,africans aga9/  
_! oppression also4'  ',! emp]or !n ask$
 if he c\ld d any ?+ else = our cause4  
,i told him he c\ld2 & t ,i %\ld be     
greatly oblig$ to him if he w\ld pres5t 
"o ( ! addresses to ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1
 & ano!r to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 ) 8 own   
h&4 ,i _h br\ght two ( !m 9 my pocket = 
! purpose4 ,he ask$ me :y ,i _h n       
pres5t$ !m be=e4 ,i repli$ t ,i _h n !  
hon\r ( kn[+ ei!r ( ^? sov]eigns z ,i   
knew him2 nor any ( _! m9i/]s2 & t ,i 0 
n only fe>ful le/ ^! addresses w\ld n be
 pres5t$ to !m1 b ev5 if !y 71 t com+   
into _! h&s )\t any recomm5dation1 !y   
w\ld be laid aside & n read2 on ! o!r   

h&1 if he 7! emp]or17 w\ld condesc5d to 
pres5t !m1 ,i 0 sure !y w\ld be read1 & 
t com+ f him1 !y w\ld come ) a weight ( 
influ5ce1 :i* w\ld secure an att5tion to
 _! cont5ts4 ,^u ?is1 ! emp]or promis$1 
9 ! mo/ k9d & affable mann]1 t he w\ld  
p]=m ! task ,i _h assign$ to him4  ',we 
!n rose f our seats to inspect "s       
articles ( manufacture1 :i* ,i _h br\ght
 ) me z a pres5t to him1 & :i* _h be5   
laid ^u ! table4 ,we exam9$ ! articles 9
 lea!r fir/1 "o by "o1 ) :i* he 0       
uncommonly gratifi$4 ,he said !y        
exhibit$ n only g5ius b ta/e4 ,he       
inquir$ if !y tann$ _! own lea!r1 & h[3 
,i repli$ to 8 "q4 ,he said he _h nev]  
se5 neat] "w1 ei!r 9 ,pet]sburg or 9    
,london4 ,he !n look$ at a dagg] & its  
scabb>d or %ea?4 ,i said ! %ea? 0 int5d$
 z a fur!r1 b m beautiful specim5 ( ! "w
 ( ! poor ,africans 9 lea!r2 & ! blade (
 _! dagg] z a specim5 ( _! "w 9 iron4   
,_! works 9 cotton next came "u our     
notice4 ,!re 0 "o piece :i* attract$ 8  
p>ticul> notice1 & :i* 0 und\bt$ly v    

beautiful4 ,x call$ f him ?is           
obs]vation1 ',man*e/]1' said he1 ',i ?9k
 is y\r great place = manufactures ( ?is
 sort--d y ?9k !y c\ld make a bett]     
piece ( cotton !re8' ,i told him ,i _h  
nev] se5 a bett] piece ( workman%ip ( ! 
k9d any :]e4 ,hav+ gone ov] all !       
articles1 ! emp]or desir$ me to in=m him
 :e!r he 0 to und]/& t ^! articles 7    
made by ! ,africans 9 _! own c\ntry1 t  
is1 9 _! native villages1 or aft] !y _h 
arriv$ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !y w\ld h an      
opportunity ( see+ ,european            
manufactures1 & exp]i5c$ workm5 9 !     
arts8 ,i repli$ t su* articles might be 
f\nd 9 e ,african village1 bo? on ! coa/
 & 9 ! int]ior1 & t !y 7 samples ( _!   
own +5uity1 )\t any connexion )         
,europeans4 ',!n1' said ! emp]or1 'y    
a/oni% me--y h giv5 me a new idea ( !   
/ate ( ^! poor p4 ,i 0 n aw>e t !y 7 s  
advanc$ 9 society4 ,! works y h %[n me  
are n ! works ( brutes--b ( m51 endu$ ) 
rational & intellectual p[]s1 & capable 
( be+ br\ght to z high a degree (       

pr(ici5cy z any o!r m54 ,africa ought to
 h a fair *ance ( rais+ h] "* 9 ! scale 
( ! civiliz$ _w4' ,i repli$ t x 0 ?is   
cruel traffic alone1 :i* _h prev5t$     
,africa f ris+ to a level ) o!r nations2
 & t x 0 only a/oni%+ to me t ! natives 
!re _h1 "u its imp$+ influ5ce1 arriv$ at
 ! p]fection :i* _h display$ itself 9 ! 
specim5s ( workman%ip he _h j se54'     
,animat$ by a gr[+ conviction ( !       
righte\sness ( ! cause 9 :i* he 0       
engag$1 & enc\rag$ by ! success ) :i*   
pa/ endeav\rs _h be5 cr[n$1 ,mr4        
,cl>kson cont9u$ 8 effici5t co-op]ation 
) ! fri5ds ( ,abolition1 advocat+ its   
claims on all suitable occasions4  ,x   
w\ld be sup]flu\s to rec\nt ! /eps by   
:i*1 ev5 be=e ! v5]at$ ,wilb]=ce 0 call$
 to 8 re/1 ?is glori\s ev5t 0 realiz$1 &
 ,cl>kson beheld ! great object ( 8 own 
life1 & ^? ) :om he _h act$1            
triumphantly a*iev$4 ,! gratitude *]i%$ 
t[>ds ! ,supreme ,rul] = ! boon ?us     
secur$ to ! oppress$--! satisfaction :i*
 a review ( pa/ ex]tions af=d$1 7       

height5$ by ! joy\s sympa?y ( a l>ge    
portion ( 8 c\ntrym54#d      #d ,?is    
acc\nt ( ,cl>kson1 & ! prec$+ "o (      
,wilb]=ce1     are tak5 f ! ,*ri/ian    
,keepsake ( #ahcf & #ahcg4  ,! ,hi/ory (
 ! ,abolition ( ! ,slave-trade1 by      
,cl>kson himself1 pres5ts a m detail$   
acc\nt ( 8 own lab\rs & ( ! lab\rs (    
o!rs1 & :oev] w read x1 w obs]ve !      
foll[+ p>ticul>s 9 :i* ?is ef=t diff]$ f
 ! ,abolition movem5t 9 ,am]ica4  ,9 !  
fir/ place1 x 0 conduct$ by "s ( ! wise/
 & mo/ tal5t$ /atesm51 z well z ! mo/   
pi\s m51 9 ! ,briti% nation4 ,pitt1     
,fox1 & "s ( ! highe/ ( ! nobility &    
bi%ops 9 ,engl&1 7 ! firme/ fri5ds ( !  
ent]prise f ! fir/4 ,x 0 conduct$ by m5 
:o _h ! intellect1 k1 discretion1 &     
wisdom dem&$ = s great an ent]prise4    
,secondly4 ,x 0 conduct$ sl[ly1         
peaceably1 & by em95tly judici\s        
influ5ces4  ,?irdly4 ,x includ$1 to !   
full ext5t1 ! doctr9e ( exp$i5cy d5\nc$ 
by ,abolitioni/s4  ,"o ( ! fir/         
decisions ( ! ,committee = ! ,abolition 

( ! ,slave-trade1 :i* conduct$ all      
,abolition movem5ts1 0 t slav]y %\ld n  
be attack$1 b only ! slave-trade2 &     
,cl>kson expressly says1 t x 0 ow+ to   
?is1 m ?an to any o!r measure1 t success
 0 ga9$4  ,f\r?ly4 ,good m5 7 n divid$1 
& ?r[n into cont5d+ p>ties4--,! oppon5ts
 to ! measure1 7 only ^? :o 7 p]sonally 
int]e/$ 9 ! p]petuation ( slav]y or !   
slave-trade4  ,fif?ly4 ,?is ef=t 0 "o to
 conv9ce m5 ( _! own obligations1 & n an
 ef=t to ar\se public s5tim5t aga9/ !   
s9ful practices ( ano!r community ov]   
:i* !y _h no control4  ,i w\ld n[ ask1  
:y c\ld n "s s\!rn g5tleman1 su* =      
example z ,mr4 ,birney1 ^: mann]s1      
education1 "*1 & habits give him        
abundant facilities1 h act$ ! "p (      
,cl>kson1 & quietly h gone to "w at !   
,s\?1 collect+ facts1 exhibit+ !        
impolicy & ! evils1 to good m5 at !     
,s\?1 by ! fire-side ( ! plant]1 ! kn[n 
home ( hospitality & *ivalry4 ,:y c\ld  
he n h comm5c$ ) ! mo/ vuln]able po9t1 !
 dome/ic slave-trade1 leav+ emancipation

 = a future & m fav\rable p]iod8 ,:at "r
 has any "o to say t !re 0 no s\!rn     
,wilb]=ce t w\ld h aris51 no s\!rn      
,grant1 ,macaulay or ,%>pe1 :o1 l !     
,engli% philan?ropi/s1 w\ld h /ood !    
fi]ce beat+ ( angry bill[s1 & by        
pati5ce1 k9dness1 argum5ts1 facts1      
eloqu5ce1 & ,*ri/ian love1 conv9c$ !    
skeptical1 enlight5$ ! ignorant1 excit$ 
! b5evol5t1 & f9ally h c>ri$ ! day at ! 
,s\?1 by ! same means & measures1 z     
secur$ ! ev5t 9 ,engl&8 ,all exp]i5ce is
 9 fav\r ( ! me?od :i* ! ,abolitioni/s h
 reject$1 because x involves dang] to   
!mselves4 ,! cause !y h select$ is "o t 
/&s alone4--,no case p>allel on e>? c be
 br\ght to su/a9 x1 ) probabilities (   
good results4 ,no in/ance c be f\nd1 :]e
 excit+ ! public s5tim5t ( "o community 
aga9/ evil practices 9 ano!r1 0 ev] made
 ! means ( eradicat+ ^? evils4 ,all !   
laws ( m9d1 all ! records ( exp]i5ce1 g 
aga9/ ! measures t ,abolitioni/s h tak51
 & 9 fav\r ( ! "o !y h reject$4 ,& :5 we
 look /ill f>!r ahead1 at results :i* "t

 is to develope1 h[ /& ! probabilities1 
:5 we1 9 judg+1 aga9 take1 z data1 !    
laws ( m9d & ! records ( exp]i5ce8  ,:at
 are ! plans1 hopes1 & expectations (   
,abolitioni/s1 9 ref]5ce to _! measures8
 ,!y are n[ lab\r+ to make ! ,nor? a    
great ,abolition ,society1--to conv9ce e
 nor!rn man t slav]y at ! ,s\? is a     
great s91 & t x ought imm$iately to     
cease4 ,suppose !y accompli% ?is to !   
ext5t !y hope1--s f> z we h se51 ! m !  
,nor? is conv9c$1 ! m firmly ! ,s\?     
rejects ! light1 & turns f ! tru?4      
,:ile ,abolition ,societies did n exi/1 
m5 c\ld talk & write1 at ! ,s\?1 aga9/ !
 evils ( slav]y1 & nor!rn m5 _h free    
access & lib]ty ( spee*1 bo? at ! ,s\? &
 at ! ,nor?4 ,b n[ all is *ang$4 ,e     
av5ue ( approa* to ! ,s\? is %ut4 ,no   
pap]1 pamphlet1 or prea*]1 t t\*es on t 
topic1 is admitt$ 9 _! b\nds4 ,_! own   
citiz5s1 t once lab\r$ & remon/rat$1 are
 sil5c$2 _! own cl]gy1 "u ! influ5ce ( !
 exasp]at$ feel+s ( _! p1 & _! own      
sympa?y & s5se ( wrong1 ei!r entirely   

hold _! peace1 or become ! def5d]s ( a  
sy/em !y once lam5t$1 & attempt$ to br+ 
to an end4 ,?is is ! record ( exp]i5ce z
 to ! t5d5cies ( ,abolitionism1 z ?us f>
 develop$4 ,! ,s\? are n[ 9 j t /ate (  
high exasp]ation1 at ! s5se ( wanton    
injury & imp]t95t int]f]5ce1 :i* makes !
 influ5ce ( tru? & reason mo/ useless & 
p[]less4  ,b suppose ! ,abolitioni/s    
succe$1 n only 9 mak+ nor!rn m5         
,abolitioni/s1 b also 9 s5d+ a portion (
 light into ! ,s\?1 su* z to =m a body (
 ,abolitioni/s !re also4 ,:at is ! ?+ t 
is to be done to end slav]y at ! ,s\?8  
,x is to alt] ! laws1 & to d ?is1 a     
small m9ority mu/ beg9 a long1 bitt]1   
t]rible conflict ) a p[]ful & exasp]at$ 
majority4 ,n[ if1 z ! ,abolitioni/s     
hope1 !re w arise at ! ,s\? su* a       
m9ority1 x w d\btless consi/ ( m5 (     
religi\s & b5evol5t feel+s1--m5 ( t     
humane1 & g5]\s1 & upright _s1 t mo/    
ke5ly feel ! injuries inflict$ on _!    
fell[ m54 ,suppose su* a b& ( m5 beg9 _!
 ef=ts1 su/a9$ by ! nor!rn              

,abolitioni/s1 already s odi\s4 ,h[ w ! 
exasp]at$ majority act1 accord+ to !    
kn[n laws ( m9d & ( exp]i5ce8 ,in/ead ( 
less5+ ! evils ( slav]y1 !y w increase  
!m4 ,! m !y are goad$ by a s5se (       
aggressive wrong )\t1 or by fe>s (      
dang]s )91 ! m !y w re/ra9 _! slaves1 & 
dim9i% _! lib]ty1 & increase _!         
disabilities4 ,!y w make laws s unju/ & 
oppressive1 n only to slaves1 b to _!   
,abolitioni/ advocates1 t by degrees su*
 m5 w )draw f _! b\nds4 ,laws w be made 
expressly to h>ass !m1 & to r5d] !m s   
uncom=table t !y mu/ )draw4 ,!n         
gradually ! righte\s w flee f ! devot$  
city4 ,!n ! num]ical proportion ( :ites 
w decrease1 & ! cruelty & unre/ra9$     
wick$ness ( ! sy/em w increase1 till a  
p]iod w come :5 ! physical p[] w be s   
mu* ) ! blacks1 _! s5se ( suff]+ s      
increas$1 t ! volcano w                 
bur/1--insurrection & s]vile w>s w beg94
 ,oh1 ! c\ntless horrors ( su* a day6 ,&
 w ! ,s\? /& alone 9 t burn+ h\r8 ,:5 %e
 s5ds =? ! wail+ ( h] agonies1 %all n ! 

,nor? & ! ,we/ he>1 & lift up toge!r !  
voice ( wo8 ,w n fa!rs he> ! cries (    
*ildr51 & bro!rs ! cries ( si/]s8 ,w !  
t]rors ( insurrection sweep ov] ! ,s\?1 
& no ,nor!rn & ,we/]n blood be %$8 ,w ! 
slaves be cut d[n1 9 su* a /rife1 :5 !y 
raise ! same paean song ( lib]ty & human
 rights1 t 0 ! wat*word ( our r$emption 
f f> less dreadful tyranny1 & :i* is n[ 
?rill+ ! nations & %ak+ mon>*s on _!    
?rones--w ?is be he>d1 & none ( ! sons (
 lib]ty be f\nd to appe> on _! side8    
,?is is no picture ( fanci$ dang]s1 :i* 
are n ne>4 ,! day has come1 :5 already !
 feel+s are s excit$ on bo? sides1 t ,i 
h he>d intellig5t m51 good m51 b5evol5t 
& pi\s m51 9 mom5ts ( excitem5t1 decl>e 
!mselves ready to take up ! sword--"s = 
! def5ce ( ! ma/]1 "s = ! protection &  
"r ( ! slave4 ,x is my full conviction1 
t if insurrection does bur/ =?1 & !re be
 ! lea/ prospect ( success to ! cause ( 
! slave1 !re w be m5 f ! ,nor? & ,we/1  
/&+ brea/ to brea/1 ) murd]\s weapons1 9
 oppos+ ranks4  ,su* appreh5sions _m    

w\ld reg>d z ne$less1 & exclaim aga9/   
su* melan*oly pr$ictions4 ,b 9 a case   
:]e ! :ole po9t ( duty & exp$i5cy turns 
^u ! probabilities z to results1 ^?     
probabilities ought to be ! *ief        
subjects ( inquiry4 ,true1 no "o has a  
"r to say ) confid5ce :at w or :at w n  
be2 & x has (t5 amaz$ & di/urb$ my m9d  
to p]ceive h[ m51 ) s small a field (   
vision1--) s little data = judg+1--) s  
few ye>s1 & s little exp]i5ce1 c        
pron\nce conc]n+ ! results ( measures   
be>+ ^u ! complicat$ relations & duties 
( millions1 & 9 a case :]e ! wise/ & be/
 are dismay$ & baffl$4 ,x sometimes has 
seem$ to me t ! presci5ce ( ,deity alone
 %\ld d>e to take su* positions z are   
bo? c>elessly assum$1 & p]t9aci\sly     
def5d$1 by ! advocates ( ,abolitionism4 
,b if we are to judge ( ! wisdom or     
folly ( any measures on ?is subject1 x  
mu/ be ) ref]5ce to future results4 ,"o 
c\rse ( measures1 x is claim$1 t5ds to  
p]petuate slav]y1 or to end x by sc5es (
 t]ror & blood%$4 ,ano!r c\rse t5ds to  

br+ x to an end soon]1 & by safe &      
peaceful influ5ces4 ,& ! :ole discussion
 ( duty re/s on ^! probabilities4 ,b :]e
 d ! laws ( m9d & exp]i5ce oppose !     
t]rific t5d5cies ( ,abolitionism t h be5
 portray$8 ,are n ! m9ds ( m5 ?r[n into 
a f]m5t1 & excit$ by ^? passions :i*    
bl9d ! reason1 & w>p ! moral s5se8 ,is n
 ! ,s\? 9 a /ate ( high exasp]ation     
aga9/ ,abolitioni/s8 ,does %e n reg>d !m
 z enemies1 z reckless madm51 z imp]t95t
 int]m$dl]s8 ,w ! increase ( _! numb]s  
t5d to allay ?is exasp]ation8 ,w !      
appe>ance ( a simil> body 9 _! own      
b\nd>ies h any t5d5cy to soo!8 ,w x n   
/ill m al>m & exasp]ate8 ,if a movem5t (
 a m9ority ( su* m5 attempt to alt] !   
laws1 are n ! probabilities /rong t /ill
 m unju/ & oppressive measures w be     
adopt$8--measures t w t5d to increase ! 
h>d%ips ( ! slave1 & to drive out ( !   
community all humane1 consci5ti\s & pi\s
 m58 ,z ! evils & dang]s increase1 w n !
 al>m con/antly dim9i% ! proportion (   
:ites1 & make x m & m ne$ful to increase

 su* disabilities & re/ra9ts z w *afe & 
inflame ! blacks8 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$1
 w ! blacks1 kn[+1 z !y w "k1 !         
sympa?ies ( _! ,abolition fri5ds1 refra9
 f ex]t+ _! physical p[]8 ,! ,s\?ampton 
insurrection occurr$ ) f> less *ance (  
sympa?y & success4  ,if t mo/ horrible (
 all sc\rges1 a s]vile w>1 breaks =?1 w 
! slaught] ( fa!rs1 sons1 infants1 & (  
ag$1--w ! cries ( wives1 daught]s1      
si/]s1 & k9dr$1 suff]+ b>b>ities worse  
?an dea?1 br+ no fa!rs1 bro!rs1 & fri5ds
 to _! aid1 f ! ,nor? & ,we/8  ,& if !  
sympa?ies & indignation ( freem5 c      
already look su* an ev5t 9 ! face1 &    
feel t x w\ld be ! slave1 r ?an ! ma/]1 
:om !y w\ld def5d1 :at w be !           
probability1 aft] a few ye>s' *af+ %all 
h driv5 away ! mo/ *ri/ian & humane f   
sc5es ( cruelty & inhumanity1 :i* !y    
c\ld nei!r alleviate nor r$ress8 ,i %\ld
 l to see any data ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 t w  
%[ t ^! results are n m probable ?an t !
 ,s\? w1 by ! sy/em ( means n[ urg$ ^u  
h]1 f9ally be conv9c$ ( h] s9s1 &       

volunt>ily br+ ! sy/em ( slav]y to an   
end4 ,i claim n t ! pr$ictions ,i pres5t
 w be fulfill$4 ,i only say1 t if       
,abolitioni/s g on z !y propose1 su*    
results are m probable ?an ^? !y hope to
 atta94  ,i h n "h allud$ to !          
probabilities ( ! sev]+ ( ! ,union by ! 
pres5t mode ( agitat+ ! "q4 ,?is may be 
"o ( ! results1 &1 if s1 :at are !      
probabilities = a ,s\!rn republic1 t has
 torn itself (f = ! purpose ( exclud+   
=eign int]f]5ce1 & = ! purpose (        
p]petuat+ slav]y8 ,c any ,abolitioni/   
suppose t1 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 ! great  
cause ( emancipation is z likely to     
progress fav\rably1 z x 0 :5 we 7 "o    
nation1 & m+l+ on ^? frat]nal t]ms t    
exi/$ be=e ! ,abolition movem5t began8  
,! prec$+ are "s ( ! reasons :i*1 on !  
g5]al view1 ,i w\ld pres5t z oppos$ to !
 proposal ( =m+ ,abolition ,societies2 &
 !y apply equally to ei!r sex4 ,!re are 
"s o!rs :i* seem to oppose peculi>      
objections to ! action ( females 9 ! way
 y w\ld urge4  ,to appreciate m fully ^!

 objections1 x w be necess>y to recur to
 "s g5]al views 9 relation to ! place   
woman is appo9t$ to fill by !           
disp5sations ( heav54  ,x has ( late    
become q fa%ionable 9 all b5evol5t      
ef=ts1 to %[] ^u our sex an abundance ( 
complim5ts1 n only = :at !y h done1 b   
also = :at !y c d2 & s injudici\s & s   
frequ5t1 are ^! oblations1 t :ile ,i    
feel an increas+ respect = my           
c\ntrywom51 t _! good s5se has n be5    
decoy$ by ^! appeals to _! vanity &     
ambition1 ,i _c b appreh5d t !re is "s  
ne$ ( inquiry z to ! j b\nds ( female   
influ5ce1 & ! times1 places1 & mann] 9  
:i* x c be appropriately ex]t$4  ,x is !
 gr& feature ( ! ,div9e economy1 t !re  
%\ld be diff]5t /ations ( sup]iority &  
subord9ation1 & x is impossible to      
annihilate ?is b5efic5t & immutable law4
 ,on its fir/ entrance into life1 ! *ild
 is a dep5d5t on p>5tal love1 & (       
necessity takes a place ( subord9ation &
 ob$i5ce4 ,z he advances 9 life ^! new  
relations ( sup]iority & subord9ation   

multiply4 ,! tea*] mu/ be ! sup]ior 9   
/ation1 ! pupil a subord9ate4 ,! ma/] ( 
a family ! sup]ior1 ! dome/ic a         
subord9ate--! rul] a sup]ior1 ! subject 
a subord9ate4 ,nor d ^! relations at all
 dep5d ^u sup]iority ei!r 9 intellectual
 or moral wor?4 ,h[ev] weak ! p>5ts1 or 
intellig5t ! *ild1 !re is no ref]5ce to 
?is1 9 ! immutable law4 ,h[ev]          
incompet5t ! tea*]1 or sup]ior ! pupil1 
no alt]ation ( /ation c be all[$4 ,h[ev]
 unwor?y ! ma/] or wor?y ! s]vant1 :ile 
_! mutual relations cont9ue1 no *ange 9 
/ation z to subord9ation c be all[$4 ,9 
fulfill+ ! duties ( ^! relations1 true  
dignity consi/s 9 con=m+ to all ^?      
relations t dem& subord9ation1 )        
propriety & *e]fulness4 ,:5 does a man1 
h[ev] high 8 "* or /ation1 appe> m      
int]e/+ or dignifi$ ?an :5 yield+       
rev]5ce & def]5tial att5tions to an ag$ 
p>5t1 h[ev] weak & infirm8 ,& ! pupil1 !
 s]vant1 or ! subject1 all equally su/a9
 _! own claims to self-respect1 & to !  
e/eem ( o!rs1 by equally su/a9+ !       

appropriate relations & duties (        
subord9ation4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ( !     
duties ( life1 ,heav5 has appo9t$ to "o 
sex ! sup]ior1 & to ! o!r ! subord9ate  
/ation1 & ?is )\t any ref]5ce to ! "* or
 conduct ( ei!r4 ,x is !re=e z mu* = !  
dignity z x is = ! int]e/ ( females1 9  
all respects to con=m to ! duties ( ?is 
relation4 ,& x is z mu* a duty z x is = 
! *ild to fulfil simil> relations to    
p>5ts1 or subjects to rul]s4 ,b :ile    
woman holds a subord9ate relation 9     
society to ! o!r sex1 x is n because x 0
 design$ t h] duties or h] influ5ce %\ld
 be any ! less important1 or all-p]vad+4
 ,b x 0 design$ t ! mode ( ga9+ influ5ce
 & ( ex]cis+ p[] %\ld be altoge!r       
diff]5t & peculi>4  ,x is ,*ri/ianity t 
has giv5 to woman h] true place 9       
society4 ,& x is ! peculi> trait (      
,*ri/ianity alone t c su/a9 h] !re94    
,peace on e>? & good w to m5 is ! "* (  
all ! rights & privileges1 ! influ5ce1 &
 ! p[] ( woman4 ,a man may act on       
society by ! collision ( intellect1 9   

public debate2 he may urge 8 measures by
 a s5se ( %ame1 by fe> & by p]sonal     
int]e/2 he may co]ce by ! comb9ation (  
public s5tim5t2 he may drive by physical
 =ce1 & he does n out/ep ! b\nd>ies ( 8 
sph]e4 ,b all ! p[]1 & all ! conque/s t 
are lawful to woman1 are ^? only :i*    
appeal to ! k9dly1 g5]\s1 peaceful &    
b5evol5t pr9ciples4  ,woman is to w9 e  
?+ by peace & love2 by mak+ h]self s mu*
 respect$1 e/eem$ & lov$1 t to yield to 
h] op9ions & to gratify h] wi%es1 w be !
 free-w (f]+ ( ! he>t4 ,b ?is is to be  
all accompli%$ 9 ! dome/ic & social     
circle4 ,!re let e woman become s       
cultivat$ & ref9$ 9 intellect1 t h] ta/e
 & judgm5t w be respect$2 s b5evol5t 9  
feel+ & action1 t h] motives w be       
rev]5c$2--s unassum+ & unambiti\s1 t    
collision & competition w be bani%$2--s 
g5tle & easy to be entreat$1 z t e he>t 
w repose 9 h] pres5ce2 !n1 ! fa!rs1 !   
husb&s1 & ! sons1 w f9d an influ5ce ?r[n
 ar\nd !m1 to :i* !y w yield n only     
will+ly b pr\dly4 ,a man is nev] a%am$  

to own su* influ5ces1 b feels dignifi$ &
 ennobl$ 9 ackn[l$g+ !m4 ,b ! mom5t     
woman beg9s to feel ! prompt+s (        
ambition1 or ! ?ir/ = p[]1 h] aegis (   
def5ce is gone4 ,all ! sacr$ protection 
( religion1 all ! g5]\s prompt+s (      
*ivalry1 all ! poetry ( romantic        
gallantry1 dep5d ^u woman's reta9+ h]   
place z dep5d5t & def5celess1 & mak+ no 
claims1 & ma9ta9+ no "r b :at are !     
gifts ( hon\r1 rectitude & love4  ,a    
woman may seek ! aid ( co-op]ation &    
comb9ation among h] own sex1 to assi/ h]
 9 h] appropriate (fices ( piety1 *>ity1
 mat]nal & dome/ic duty2 b :atev]1 9 any
 measure1 ?r[s a woman into ! attitude (
 a combatant1 ei!r = h]self or          
o!rs--:atev] b9ds h] 9 a p>ty           
conflict--:atev] obliges h] 9 any way to
 ex]t co]cive influ5ces1 ?r[s h] out (  
h] appropriate sph]e4 ,if ^! g5]al      
pr9ciples are correct1 !y are entirely  
oppos$ to ! plan ( array+ females 9 any 
,abolition movem5t2 because x enli/s !m 
9 an ef=t to co]ce ! ,s\? by ! public   

s5tim5t ( ! ,nor?2 because x br+s !m    
=w>d z p>tisans 9 a conflict t has be5  
begun & c>ri$ =w>d by measures t are any
 ?+ r ?an peaceful 9 _! t5d5cies2       
because x draws !m =? f _! appropriate  
retirem5t1 to expose !mselves to !      
ungov]n$ viol5ce ( mobs1 & to sne]s &   
ridicule 9 public places2 because x     
leads !m into ! ar5a ( political        
collision1 n z peaceful m$iators to hu% 
! oppos+ elem5ts1 b z combatants to *e] 
up & c>ry =w>d ! measures ( /rife4  ,if 
x is ask$1 ,may n woman appropriately   
come =w>d z a suppliant = a portion ( h]
 sex :o are b\nd 9 cruel bondage8 ,x is 
repli$1 t1 ! rectitude & propriety ( any
 su* measure1 dep5d entirely on its     
probable results4 ,if petitions f       
females w op]ate to exasp]ate2 if !y w  
be deem$ obtrusive1 indecor\s1 & unwise1
 by ^? to :om !y are address$2 if !y w  
increase1 r ?an dim9i% ! evil :i* x is  
wi%$ to remove2 if !y w be ! op5+ w$ge1 
t w t5d ev5tually to br+ females z      
petition]s & p>tisans into e political  

measure t may t5d to injure & oppress _!
 sex1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! nation1 & "u !   
v>i\s public measures t may h]eaft] be  
en=c$1 !n x is nei!r appropriate nor    
wise1 nor "r1 = a woman to petition = ! 
relief ( oppress$ females4  ,! case (   
,que5 ,e/h] is "o (t5 appeal$ to z a    
prec$5t4 ,:5 a woman is plac$ 9 simil>  
circum/ances1 :]e dea? to h]self & all  
h] nation is "o alt]native1 & !re is    
no?+ worse to fe>1 b some?+ to hope z ! 
o!r alt]native1 !n %e may safely foll[  
su* an example4 ,b :5 a woman is ask$ to
 jo9 an ,abolition ,society1 or to put  
h] "n to a petition to congress1 = !    
purpose ( contribut+ h] measure (       
influ5ce to keep up agitation 9         
congress1 to promote ! excitem5t ( !    
,nor? aga9/ ! iniquities ( ! ,s\?1 to   
co]ce ! ,s\? by fe>1 %ame1 ang]1 & a    
s5se ( odium to d :at %e has det]m9$ n  
to d1 ! case ( ,que5 ,e/h] is n at all  
to be reg>d$ z a suitable example =     
imitation4  ,9 ?is c\ntry1 petitions to 
congress1 9 ref]5ce to ! (ficial duties 

( legislators1 seem1 ,,9 ,,all ,,cases1 
to fall entirely )\t ! sph]e ( female   
duty4 ,m5 are ! prop] p]sons to make    
appeals to ! rul]s :om !y appo9t1 & if  
_! female fri5ds1 by argum5ts &         
p]suasions1 c induce !m to petition1 all
 ! good t c be done by su* measures w be
 secur$4 ,b if females _c influ5ce _!   
ne>e/ fri5ds1 to urge =w>d a public     
measure 9 ?is way1 !y surely are out (  
_! place1 9 attempt+ to d x !mselves4   
,!re are "s o!r consid]ations1 :i* %\ld 
make ! ,am]ican females peculi>ly       
s5sitive 9 ref]5ce to any measure1 :i*  
%\ld ev5 seem to draw !m f _!           
appropriate relations 9 society4  ,x is 
all[$ by all reflect+ m9ds1 t ! safety &
 happ9ess ( ?is nation dep5ds ^u hav+ ! 
*ildr5 educat$1 & n only intellectually1
 b morally & religi\sly4 ,!re are n[    
ne>ly two millions ( *ildr5 & adults 9  
?is c\ntry :o _c read1 & :o h no s*ools 
( any k9d4 ,to give only a small supply 
( tea*]s to ^! de/itute *ildr51 :o are  
g5]ally :]e ! population is sp>se1 w    

dem& ?irty ?\s& tea*]s2 & six ?\s& m w  
be ne$$ e ye>1 b>ely to meet ! increase 
( juv5ile population4 ,b if we all[ t we
 ne$ n rea* ?is po9t1 9 ord] to save    
ourselves f t de/ruction :i* awaits a p1
 :5 gov]n$ by an ignorant & unpr9cipl$  
democracy2 if we c wea!r ! /orms (      
democratic lib]ty ) only "o-?ird ( our  
ignorant *ildr5 prop]ly educat$1 /ill we
 ne$ t5 ?\s& tea*]s at ?is mom5t1 & an  
addition ( two ?\s& e ye>4 ,:]e is ?is  
army ( tea*]s to be f\nd8 ,is x at all  
probable t ! o!r sex w af=d ev5 a       
mod]ate portion ( ?is supply8 ,! field =
 ent]prise & excitem5t 9 ! political    
ar5a1 9 ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 ! lib]al     
pr(essions1 9 agriculture1 manufactures1
 & comm]ce1 is op5+ ) su* temptations1 z
 nev] yet bore ^u ! m9d ( any nation4 ,w
 m5 turn aside f ^! high & excit+       
objects to become ! pati5t lab\r]s 9 !  
s*ool-room1 & = only ! small pittance t 
rew>ds su* toil8 ,no1 !y w n d x4 ,m5 w 
be educators 9 ! college1 9 ! high      
s*ool1 9 "s ( ! mo/ hon\rable &         

lucrative common s*ools1 b ! *ildr51 !  
little *ildr5 ( ?is nation mu/1 to a    
wide ext5t1 be taught by females1 or    
rema9 untaught4 ,! drudg]y ( education1 
z x is n[ too g5]ally reg>d$1 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 w be giv5 to ! female h&4 ,& z !
 value ( education rises 9 ! public m9d1
 & ! importance ( a tea*]'s (fice is m  
highly e/imat$1 wom5 w m & m be furni%$ 
) ^? intellectual advantages :i* !y ne$ 
to fit !m = su* duties4  ,! result w be1
 t ,am]ica w be di/+ui%$ above all o!r  
nations1 = well-educat$ females1 & = !  
influ5ce !y w ex]t on ! g5]al int]e/s ( 
society4 ,b if females1 z !y approa* !  
o!r sex1 9 intellectual elevation1 beg9 
to claim1 or to ex]cise 9 any mann]1 !  
peculi> pr]ogatives ( t sex1 education w
 prove a d\btful & dang]\s bless+4 ,b   
?is w nev] be ! result4 ,= ! m          
intellig5t a woman becomes1 ! m %e c    
appreciate ! wisdom ( t ord9ance t      
appo9t$ h] subord9ate /ation1 & ! m h]  
ta/e w con=m to ! graceful & dignifi$   
retirem5t & submission x involves4  ,an 

ignorant1 a n>r[-m9d$1 or a /upid woman1
 _c feel nor und]/& ! rationality1 !    
propriety1 or ! beauty ( ?is relation2 &
 %e x is1 t w be mo/ likely to c>ry h]  
measures by torm5t+1 :5 %e _c please1 or
 by petulant compla9ts or obtrusive     
int]f]5ce1 9 matt]s :i* are out ( h]    
sph]e1 & :i* %e _c compreh5d4  ,&       
exp]i5ce te/ifies to ?is result4 ,by !  
concession ( all travell]s1 ,am]ican    
females are di/+ui%$ above all o!rs = _!
 g5]al intellig5ce1 & yet !y are        
complim5t$ = _! retir+ mode/y1 virtue1 &
 dome/ic fai?fulness1 :ile ! o!r sex is 
z mu* di/+ui%$ = _! respectful k9dness &
 att5tive gallantry4 ,!re is no o!r     
c\ntry :]e females h s mu* public       
respect & k9dness accord$ to !m z 9     
,am]ica1 by ! concession ( all          
travell]s4 ,& x w ev] be s1 :ile        
intellectual culture 9 ! female m9d1 is 
comb9$ ) ! _s ( t religion :i* s /rongly
 en=ces ! appropriate duties ( a woman's
 sph]e4  ,b x may be ask$1 is !re no?+  
to be done to br+ ?is national s9 (     

slav]y to an end8 ,mu/ ! int]nal        
slave-trade1 a trade n[ rank$ z piracy  
among all civiliz$ nations1 /ill prosp] 
9 our b\nds8 ,mu/ ! v seat ( our        
gov]nm5t /& z "o ( ! *ief slave-m>kets (
 ! l&2 & mu/ n ,*ri/ian females op5 _!  
lips1 nor lift a f+]1 to br+ su* a %ame 
& s9 to an end8  ,to ?is x may be       
repli$1 t ,*ri/ian females may1 & c say 
& d mu* to br+ ^! evils to an end2 & !  
pres5t is a "t & an occasion :5 x seems 
mo/ desirable t !y %\ld "k1 &           
appreciate1 & ex]cise ! p[] :i* !y d    
possess = s desirable an end4  ,& 9     
po9t+ out ! me?ods ( ex]t+ female       
influ5ce = ?is object1 ,i am inspir$ )  
great confid5ce1 f ! conviction t :at w 
be sugge/$1 is t :i* none w oppose1 b   
all w all[ to be n only practicable1 b  
safe1 suitable1 & ,*ri/ian4  ,to        
appreciate ^! sugge/ions1 h[ev]1 x is   
ne$ful previ\sly to consid] "s p>ticul>s
 t exhibit ! _s ( ! age & ! t5d5cies (  
our peculi> =m ( gov]nm5t4  ,! prom95t  
pr9ciple1 n[ 9 developm5t1 z indicat+ ! 

_s ( ! age1 is ! p]fect "r ( all m5 to  
entire fre$om ( op9ion4 ,by ?is ,i d n  
mean t m5 are com+ to ?9k t x is no     
matt] :at a man believes1 if he is only 
hone/ & s9c]e1 or t !y are gr[+ any m   
l5i5t t[>ds _! fell[-m51 = ! evil       
consequ5ces !y br+ on !mselves or on    
o!rs = believ+ wrong4  ,b !y are com+ to
 adopt ! maxim1 t no man %all be =c$ by 
pa9s & p5alties to adopt ! op9ions ( o!r
 m9ds1 b t e man %all be free to =m 8   
own op9ions1 & to propagate !m by all   
lawful means4  ,at ! same "t ano!r "r is
 claim$1 :i* is ( necessity involv$ 9 ! 
prec$+1--! "r to oppose1 by all lawful  
means1 ! op9ions & ! practices ( o!rs1  
:5 !y are deem$ p]nici\s ei!r to        
individuals or to ! community4 ,facts1  
argum5ts & p]suasions are1 by all1      
conc$$ to be lawful means to employ 9   
propagat+ our own views1 & 9 oppos+ !   
op9ions & practices ( o!rs4  ,^!        
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( lib]ty h 9 all   
pa/ ages be5 re/ra9$ by co]cive         
influ5ces1 ei!r ( civil or (            

ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,b 9 ?is nation1 all 
su* co]cive influ5ces1 bo? ( *ur* &     
/ate1 h ceas$4 ,e man may ?9k :at he    
pleases ab\t gov]nm5t1 or religion1 or  
any ?+ else2 he may propagate 8 op9ions1
 he may controv]t opposite op9ions1 & no
 magi/rate or ecclesia/ic c 9 any legal 
way re/ra9 or puni%4  ,b ! =m ( our     
gov]nm5t is su*1 t e measure t be>s ^u !
 public or private int]e/ ( e citiz51 is
 decid$ by public s5tim5t4 ,all laws &  
regulations 9 civil1 or religi\s1 or    
social conc]ns1 are decid$ by ! majority
 ( votes4 ,& ! pres5t is a "t :5 e      
doctr9e1 e pr9ciple1 & e practice :i*   
influ5ces ! happ9ess ( man1 ei!r 9 ?is1 
or 9 a future life1 is "u discussion4 ,!
 :ole nation is ?r[n into p>ties ab\t   
almo/ e possible "q1 & e man is /imulat$
 9 8 ef=ts to promote 8 own plans by !  
conviction t success dep5ds entirely ^u 
br++ 8 fell[ citiz5s to ?9k z he does4  
,h5ce e man is fi]ce 9 ma9ta9+ 8 own "r 
( free discussion1 8 own "r to propagate
 8 op9ions1 & 8 own "r to oppose1 by all

 lawful means1 ! op9ions t conflict ) 8 
own4  ,b ! difficulty is1 t a "r :i* all
 m5 claim = !mselves1 ) ! mo/ s5sitive &
 p]t9aci\s inflexibility1 !y h n yet    
le>n$ to accord to _! fell[ m51 9 cases 
:]e _! own int]e/s are involv$4 ,e man  
is say+1 ,let me h full lib]ty to       
propagate my op9ions1 & to oppose all t 
,i deem wrong & injuri\s1 b let no man  
take ?is lib]ty ) my op9ions &          
practices4 ,e man may believe :at he    
pleases1 & propagate :at he pleases1    
provid$ he takes c>e n to attack any ?+ 
:i* belongs to me4  ,& h[ d m5 ex]t     
!mselves to re/ra9 ?is correspond+ "r ( 
_! fell[ m58 ,n by go+ to ! magi/rate to
 in=m1 or to ! spiritual despot to obta9
 ecclesia/ical p5alties1 b he resorts to
 me?ods1 :i*1 if successful1 are 9      
effect ! mo/ sev]e pa9s & p5alties t c  
re/ra9 fre$om ( op9ion4  ,:at is de>] to
 a man ?an 8 "*1 involv+ z x does1 !    
e/eem1 respect & affection ( fri5ds1    
neighb\rs & society1 ) all ! confid5ce1 
hon\r1 tru/ & emolum5t t fl[ f g5]al    

e/eem8 ,h[ s5sitive is e man to any ?+ t
 depreciates 8 intellectual "*6 ,:at    
torture1 to be ridicul$ or piti$ = su*  
defici5cies6 ,h[ cruel ! suff]+1 :5 8   
moral del9qu5cies are held up to public 
scorn & repreh5sion6 ,confiscation1     
/ripes1 *a9s1 & ev5 dea? itself1 are (t5
 less dread$4  ,x is ?is me?od (        
puni%m5t to :i* m5 resort1 to det] _!   
fell[-m5 f ex]cis+ ^? rights ( lib]ty   
:i* !y s t5aci\sly claim = !mselves4    
,exam9e n[ ! me?ods adopt$ by almo/ all 
:o are engag$ 9 ! v>i\s conflicts (     
op9ion 9 ?is nation1 & y w f9d t !re are
 c]ta9 measures :i* combatants almo/    
inv>iably employ4  ,!y ei!r attack !    
intellectual "* ( oppon5ts1 or !y lab\r 
to make !m appe> n>r[-m9d$1 illib]al &  
bigot$1 or !y impea* _! hone/y &        
v]acity1 or !y /igmatize _! motives z   
mean1 selfi%1 ambiti\s1 or 9 "s o!r     
respect unwor?y & degrad+4 ,in/ead (    
tru?1 & evid5ce1 & argum5t1 p]sonal     
depreciation1 sne]s1 ins9uations1 or op5
 abuse1 are ! weapons employ$4 ,?is     

me?od ( resi/+ fre$om ( op9ions1 by pa9s
 & p5alties1 arises 9 "p f ! natural    
selfi%ness ( man1 & 9 "p f want ( cle>  
di/9ctions z to ! rights & duties       
involv$ 9 fre$om ( op9ion & fre$om (    
spee*4  ,! great fundam5tal pr9ciple t  
makes ?is matt] cle>1 is ?is1 t a broad 
& inv>iable di/9ction %\ld ev] be       
pres]v$ betwe5 ! op9ions & practices t  
are discuss$1 & ! advocates ( ^! op9ions
 & practices4  ,x is a sacr$ & imp]i\s  
duty1 t re/s on e human be+1 to ex]t all
 8 influ5ce 9 oppos+ e ?+ t he believes 
is dang]\s & wrong1 & 9 su/a9+ all t he 
believes is safe & "r4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 no 
compromise is to be made1 9 ord] to     
%ield c\ntry1 p>ty1 fri5ds1 or ev5 self1
 f any j c5sure4 ,e man is b\nd by duty 
to ,god & to 8 c\ntry1 to lay 8 f+] on e
 false pr9ciple1 or injuri\s practice1 &
 boldly say1 ?is is wrong--?is is       
dang]\s--?is ,i w oppose ) all my       
influ5ce1 :oev] x may be t advocates or 
practises x4 ,& e man is b\nd to use 8  
ef=ts to turn public s5tim5t aga9/ all t

 he believes to be wrong & injuri\s1    
ei!r 9 reg>d to ?is life1 or to ! future
 _w4 ,& e man des]ves to be respect$ &  
applaud$1 j 9 proportion z he fe>lessly 
& imp>tially1 & 9 a prop] _s1 "t &      
mann]1 fulfils ?is duty4  ,! doctr9e1 j 
n[ allud$ to1 t x is no matt] :at a man 
believes1 if he is only hone/ & s9c]e1  
is z p]nici\s1 z x is contr>y to        
religion & to common s5se4 ,x is z      
absurd1 & z impracticable1 z x w\ld be  
to urge on ! m>9] ! maxim1 no matt] :i* 
way y believe to be nor?1 if y only /e] 
aright4 ,a man's "*1 feel+s1 & conduct1 
all dep5d ^u 8 op9ions4 ,if a man c     
reason himself into ! belief t x is "r  
to take ! prop]ty ( o!rs & to deceive by
 false /atem5ts1 he w probably prove a  
?ief & a li>4 ,x is ( ! greate/ conc]n1 
!re=e1 to e man1 t 8 fell[-m5 %\ld      
believe "r1 & "o ( 8 mo/ sacr$ duties is
 to use all 8 influ5ce to promote       
correct op9ions4  ,b ! p]=mance ( ?is   
duty1 does by no means involve !        
necessity ( attack+ ! "* or motives ( ! 

advocates ( false op9ions1 or ( hold+ !m
 up1 individually1 to public odium4     
,errone\s op9ions are sometimes !       
consequ5ce ( unavoidable ignorance1 or (
 m5tal imbecility1 or ( a weak & err+   
judgm5t1 or ( false te/imony f o!rs1 :i*
 _c be rectifi$4 ,9 su* cases1 !        
advocates ( false op9ions are to be     
piti$ r ?an blam$2 & :ile ! op9ions & _!
 t5d5cies may be publicly expos$1 ! m5  
may be objects ( affection & k9dness4   
,9 o!r cases1 errone\s op9ions spr+ f   
crim9al indiff]5ce1 f prejudice1 f      
indol5ce1 f pride1 f evil passions1 or f
 selfi% int]e/4 ,9 all su* cases1 m5    
des]ve blame = _! p]nici\s op9ions1 & ! 
evils :i* fl[ f !m4  ,b1 x maybe ask$1  
h[ are m5 to decide1 :5 _! fell[-m5 are 
guilty = hold+ wrong op9ions2 :5 !y     
des]ve blame1 & :5 !y are to be reg>d$  
only ) pity & commis]ation by ^? :o     
believe !m to be 9 ! wrong8 ,"h1 surely1
 is a place :]e "s correct pr9ciple is  
greatly ne$$4  ,is e man to sit 9       
judgm5t ^u 8 fell[-man1 & decide :at are

 8 intellectual capacities1 & :at !     
measure ( 8 judgm5t8 ,is e man to take !
 (fice ( ! ,se>*] ( ,he>ts1 to try !    
feel+s & motives ( 8 fell[-man8 ,is t   
mo/ difficult ( all analysis1 ! e/imat+ 
( ! feel+s1 purposes1 & motives1 :i* e  
man1 :o exam9es 8 own secret ?\ghts1    
f9ds to be s complex1 s recondite1 s    
intricate2 is ?is to be ! basis1 n only 
( individual op9ion1 b ( public rew>d & 
c5sure8 ,is e man to con/itute himself a
 judge ( ! am\nt ( "t & int]e/ giv5 to !
 prop] inve/igation ( tru? by 8         
fell[-man8 ,surely1 ?is _c be a correct 
pr9ciple4  ,?\gh !re may be s+le cases 9
 :i* we c "k t our fell[-m5 are weak 9  
intellect1 or err+ 9 judgm5t1 or p]v]se 
9 feel+1 or misl$ by passion1 or bias$  
by selfi% int]e/1 z a g5]al fact we are 
n compet5t to decide ^! matt]s1 9 reg>d 
to ^? :o diff] f u 9 op9ion4  ,= ?is    
reason x is manife/ly wrong &           
irrelevant1 :5 discuss+ que/ions ( duty 
or exp$i5cy1 to br+ be=e ! public ! "*  
or ! motives ( ! individual advocates ( 

op9ions4  ,b1 x may be urg$1 h[ c ! evil
 t5d5cies ( op9ions or ( practices be   
inve/igat$1 )\t involv+ a consid]ation (
 ! "* & conduct ( ^? :o advocate !m8 ,to
 ?is x may be repli$1 t ! t5d5cies (    
op9ions & practices c nev] be asc]ta9$  
by discuss+ individual "*4 ,x is classes
 ( p]sons1 or l>ge communities1 embrac+ 
p]sons ( all v>ieties ( "* &            
circum/ances1 t are ! only prop]        
subjects ( inve/igation = ?is object4 ,=
 example1 a community ( ,ca?olics1 & a  
community ( ,prote/ants1 may be comp>$1 
= ! purpose ( le>n+ ! moral t5d5cies (  
_! diff]5t op9ions4 ,scotl& & ,new      
,engl&1 :]e ! pr9ciples opposite to     
,ca?olicism h mo/ prevail$1 may prop]ly 
be comp>$ ) ,spa9 & ,italy1 :]e !       
,ca?olic sy/em has be5 mo/ fairly tri$4 
,b to select c]ta9 individuals :o are   
def5d]s ( ^! two diff]5t sy/ems1 z      
examples to illu/rate _! t5d5cies1 w\ld 
be z improp] z x w\ld be to select a    
k]nel ( gra9 to prove ! good or bad "* (
 a :ole crop4  ,to illu/rate by a m     

p>ticul> example4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,a!i/ 
s*ool are n[ "u discussion1 & ,rob]t    
,ow5 & ,fanny ,wright h be5 _! prom95t  
advocates4  ,9 agreem5t ) ! above       
pr9ciples1 x is a "r1 & ! duty ( e man  
:o has any influ5ce & opportunity1 to %[
 ! absurdity ( _! doctr9es1 ! weakness (
 _! argum5ts1 & ! fatal t5d5cies ( _!   
op9ions4 ,x is "r to %[ t ! practical   
adoption ( _! pr9ciples indicates a want
 ( common s5se1 j z s[+ ! ocean ) gra9 &
 expect+ a crop w\ld indicate ! same    
defici5cy4 ,if ! advocates ( ^! doctr9es
 c>ry out _! pr9ciples into practice1 9 
any su* way z to (f5d ! ta/e1 or infr+e 
on ! rights ( o!rs1 x is prop] to       
express disgu/ & disapprobation4 ,if !  
female advocate *ooses to come ^u a     
/age1 & expose h] p]son1 dress1 &       
elocution to public criticism1 x is "r  
to express disgu/ at :atev] is (f5sive &
 indecor\s1 z x is to criticize ! book (
 an au?or1 or ! danc+ ( an actress1 or  
any ?+ else t is pres5t$ to public      
obs]vation4 ,& x is "r to make all ^!   

?+s appe> z odi\s & repreh5sible to o!rs
 z !y d to ourselves4  ,b :at is !      
private "* ( ,rob]t ,ow5 or ,fanny      
,wright8 ,:e!r !y are ignorant or weak 9
 intellect2 :e!r !y h prop]ly exam9$ !  
s\rces ( tru?2 h[ mu* !y h be5 bias$ by 
pride1 passion1 or vice1 9 adopt+ _!    
op9ions2 :e!r !y are hone/ & s9c]e 9 _! 
belief2 :e!r !y are selfi% or b5evol5t 9
 _! aims1 are n matt]s :i* 9 any way    
p]ta9 to ! discussion4 ,!y are que/ions 
ab\t :i* none are qualifi$ to judge1    
except ^? 9 close & intimate communion )
 !m4 ,we may inquire ) propriety z to ! 
"* ( a community ( ,a!i/s1 or ( a       
community :]e su* s5tim5ts ext5sively   
prevail1 z comp>$ ) a community (       
opposite s5tim5ts4 ,b ! private "*1     
feel+s1 & motives ( ! individual        
advocates ( ^! doctr9es1 are n prop]    
subjects ( inve/igation 9 any public    
discussion4  ,if1 !n1 x be true1 t      
attacks on ! "* & motives ( ! advocates 
( op9ions are entirely irrelevant & n at
 all necess>y = ! discov]y ( tru?2 if   

injury inflict$ on "* is ! mo/ sev]e    
p5alty t c be employ$ to re/ra9 fre$om (
 op9ions & fre$om ( spee*1 :at are we to
 say ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is nation8  ,:]e 
is !re a p>ty :i* does n 9 effect say to
 e man1 if y d>e to oppose ! pr9ciples  
or practices we su/a91 y %all be puni%$ 
) p]sonal odium8 :i* does n say to e    
memb] ( ! p>ty1 uphold y\r p>ty1 "r or  
wrong2 oppose all t is adv]se to y\r    
p>ty1 "r or wrong1 or else suff] !      
p5alty ( hav+ y\r motives1 "*1 &        
conduct1 impea*$8  ,look fir/ at !      
political ar5a4 ,:]e is ! advocate ( any
 measure t does n suff] sne]s1 ridicule1
 contempt1 & all t t5ds to depreciate "*
 9 public e/imation8 ,:]e is ! p>tisan t
 is n attack$1 z ei!r weak 9 intellect1 
or di%one/ 9 pr9ciple1 or selfi% 9      
motives8 ,& :]e is ! man :o is l9k$ )   
any political p>ty1 t d>es to /& up     
fe>lessly & def5d :at is good 9 oppos]s1
 & reprove :at is wrong 9 8 own p>ty8   
,look into ! religi\s _w4 ,!re1 ev5 ^?  
:o take _! p>ty "n f _! pr(ess$         

lib]ality1 are say+1 :oev] %all adopt   
pr9ciples t exclude u f ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1
 & our cl]gy f ! pulpit1 %all be held up
 ei!r z intellectually degrad$1 or z    
n>r[-m9d$ & bigot$1 or z ambiti\s1      
p>tisan & p]secut+ 9 _s4 ,no man %all   
believe a cre$ t excludes u f ! pale (  
,*ri/ianity1 "u p5alty ( all ! odium we 
c inflict4  ,s 9 ! ,ca?olic controv]sy4 
,ca?olics & _! fri5ds practically decl>e
 w> aga9/ all free discussion on ?is    
po9t4 ,! decree has gone =?1 t no man   
%all appe> = ! purpose ( prov+ t        
,ca?olicism is contr>y to ,scripture1 or
 immoral & anti-republican 9 t5d5cy1 "u 
p5alty ( be+ d5\nc$ z a dupe1 or a      
hypocrite1 or a p]secutor1 or a         
n>r[-m9d$ & prejudic$ bigot4  ,on !     
contr>y1 ^? :o attack :at is call$      
lib]al ,*ri/ianity1 or :o aim to oppose 
! progress ( ,ca?olicism1 h[ (t5 d !y   
exhibit a sev]e & un*>itable _s t[>ds ! 
individuals ^: op9ions !y controv]t4    
,in/ead ( lov+ ! m51 & r5d]+ to !m all !
 (fices ( ,*ri/ian k9dness1 & accord+ to

 !m all due cr$it = :atev] is desirable 
9 "* & conduct1 h[ (t5 d oppos]s seem to
 feel1 t x w n answ] to all[ t !re is   
any ?+ good1 ei!r 9 ! sy/em or 9 ^? :o h
 adopt$ x4 ,e ?+ ab\t my p>ty is "r1 & e
 ?+ 9 ! oppos+ p>ty is wrong1 seems to  
be ! univ]sal maxim ( ! times4 ,& x is !
 rem>k ( "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t =eign    
travell]s among u1 & ( our own citiz5s  
:o g abroad1 t !re is no c\ntry to be   
f\nd1 :]e fre$om ( op9ion1 & fre$om (   
spee* is m really influ5c$ & controll$  
by ! fe> ( pa9s & p5alties1 ?an 9 ?is l&
 ( boa/$ fre$om4 ,9 o!r nations1 !      
control is ex]cis$ by gov]nm5t1 9       
respect to a v few matt]s2 9 ?is c\ntry 
x is p>ty-_s t rules ) an iron rod1 &   
%akes its scorpion :ips ov] e int]e/ & e
 employm5t ( man4  ,f ?is mighty s\rce  
spr+ con/ant detraction1 gossip+1       
tale-be>+1 falsehood1 ang]1 pride1      
malice1 rev5ge1 & e evil ^w & "w4  ,e   
man sets himself up z ! judge ( !       
intellectual "*1 ! hone/y1 ! s9c]ity1 ! 
feel+s1 opportunities1 motives1 &       

int5tions1 ( 8 fell[-man4 ,& s !y fall  
^u ea* o!r1 n ) swords & spe>s1 b ) !   
tongue1 t unruly memb]1 t sette? on fire
 ! c\rse ( nature1 & is set on fire (   
hell4  ,c any p]son :o seeks to ma9ta9 !
 peaceful1 lov+1 & g5tle _s (           
,*ri/ianity1 g out into ! _w at ?is day1
 )\t be+ bewild]$ at ! endless          
conflicts1 & griev$ & dismay$ at ! bitt]
 & unhall[$ passions !y eng5d]8 ,c an   
hone/1 upright & ,*ri/ian man1 g into ^!
 conflicts1 & ) unfl9*+ firmness /& up =
 all t is good1 & oppose all t is evil1 
9 :atev] p>ty x may be f\nd1 )\t a      
measure ( moral c\rage su* z few c      
comm&8 ,& if he c>ries himself ?r\gh )  
an unyield+ integrity1 & ma9ta9s 8      
consi/5cy1 is he n expos$ to /orms (    
bitt] revil+s1 & to pelt+s f bo? p>ties 
betwe5 :i* he may /&8  ,:at is ! end (  
^! ?+s to be8 ,mu/ we give up free      
discussion1 & aga9 *a9 up ! human m9d "u
 ! despotism ( pa/ ages8 ,no1 ?is w nev]
 be4 ,god designs t e intellig5t m9d    
%all be gov]n$1 n by co]cion1 b by      

reason1 & consci5ce1 & tru?4 ,man mu/   
reason1 & exp]im5t1 & comp>e pa/ &      
pres5t results1 & he> & "k all t c be   
said on bo? sides ( e "q :i* influ5ces  
ei!r private or public happ9ess1 ei!r = 
?is life or = ! life to come4  ,b :ile  
?is process is go+ on1 mu/ we be        
di/ract$ & tortur$ by ! baleful passions
 & wick$ works t unre/ra9$ p>ty-_s &    
ungov]n$ factions w br+ ^u u1 "u su* a  
gov]nm5t z ours8 ,mu/ we ru% on to      
disunion1 & civil w>s1 & s]vile w>s1    
till all _! tra9 ( horrors pass ov] u l 
dev\r+ fire8  ,!re is an influ5ce t c   
av]t ^! dang]s--a _s t c allay ! /orm--t
 c say to ! tr\bl$ w9ds & wat]s1 peace1 
be /ill4  ,x is t _s :i* is g5tle & easy
 to be entreat$1 :i* ?9ke? no evil1 :i* 
rejoice? n 9 iniquity1 b rejoice? 9 !   
tru?1 :i* is n easily provok$1 :i* hope?
 all ?+s1 :i* be>e? all ?+s4 ,let ?is _s
 be infus$ into ! mass ( ! nation1 & !n 
tru? may be s\ght1 def5d$1 & propagat$1 
& error detect$1 & its evils expos$2 &  
yet we may escape ! evils t n[ rage     

?r\gh ?is nation1 & ?reat5 u ) su* fi]y 
plagues4  ,& is !re n a peculi>         
propriety 9 su* an em]g5cy1 9 look+ = ! 
especial ag5cy & assi/ance ( females1 :o
 are %ut out f ! _m temptations t assail
 ! o!r sex1--:o are ! appo9t$ m9i/]s (  
all ! g5tl] *>ities ( life1--:o are m+l$
 ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass ( ! community1--:o 
dwell 9 ^? retirem5ts :]e only peace &  
love ought ev] to ent]1--^: com=t1      
influ5ce1 & de>e/ bless+s1 all dep5d on 
pres]v+ peace & good w among m58  ,9 !  
pres5t aspect ( affairs among u1 :5     
ev]y?+ seems to be t5d+ to disunion &   
di/raction1 x surely has become ! duty (
 e female in/antly to rel9qui% !        
attitude ( a p>tisan1 9 e matt] ( cla%+ 
int]e/s1 & to assume ! (fice ( a        
m$iator1 & an advocate ( peace4 ,& to d 
?is1 x is n necess>y t a woman %\ld 9   
any mann] rel9qui% h] op9ion z to !     
evils or ! b5efits1 ! "r or ! wrong1 (  
any pr9ciple or practice4 ,b1 :ile      
quietly hold+ h] own op9ions1 & calmly  
av[+ !m1 :5 consci5ce & integrity make !

 duty imp]ative1 e female c employ h]   
influ5ce1 n = ! purpose ( excit+ or     
regulat+ public s5tim5t1 b r = ! purpose
 ( promot+ a _s ( c&\r1 =be>ance1 *>ity1
 & peace4  ,& !re are c]ta9 prom95t     
maxims :i* e woman c adopt z peculi>ly  
belong+ to h]1 z ! advocate ( *>ity &   
peace1 & :i* x %\ld be h] especial (fice
 to illu/rate1 en=ce1 & su/a91 by e     
me?od 9 h] p[]4  ,! fir/ is1 t e p]son  
ought to be su/a9$1 n only 9 ! "r (     
propagat+ 8 own op9ions & practices1 b 9
 oppos+ all ^? pr9ciples & practices :i*
 he deems errone\s4 ,= !re is no op9ion 
:i* a man c propagate1 t does n oppose  
"s adv]se int]e/2 & if a man mu/ cease  
to advocate 8 own views ( tru? &        
rectitude1 because he opposes ! int]e/  
or prejudices ( "s o!r man or p>ty1 all 
fre$om ( op9ion1 ( spee*1 & ( action1 is
 gone4 ,all t c be dem&$ is1 t a man    
%all n resort to falsehood1 false       
reason+1 or to attacks on "*1 9 ma9ta9+ 
8 own rights4 ,if he /ates ?+s :i* are  
false1 x is "r to %[ ! falsehood1--if he

 reasons falsely1 x is "r to po9t out 8 
sophi/ry1--if he impea*es ! "* or       
motives ( oppon5ts1 x is "r to express  
disapprobation & disgu/2 b if he uses   
only facts1 argum5ts1 & p]suasions1 he  
is to be hon\r$ & su/a9$ = all ! ef=ts  
he makes to uphold :at he deems to be   
"r1 & to put d[n :at he believes to be  
wrong4  ,ano!r maxim1 :i* is p>tially   
involv$ 9 ! fir/1 is1 t e man ought to  
all[ 8 own pr9ciples & practices to be  
freely discuss$1 ) pati5ce &            
magnanimity1 & n to compla9 (           
p]secution1 or to attack ! "* or motives
 ( ^? :o claim t he is 9 ! wrong4 ,if he
 is beli$1 if 8 "* is impea*$1 if 8     
motives are assail$1 if 8 intellectual  
capabilities are made ! objects ( sne]s 
or commis]ation1 he has a "r to compla91
 & to seek sympa?y z an injur$ man2 b no
 man is a consi/5t fri5d & def5d] (     
lib]ty ( spee*1 :o _c be> to h 8 own    
pr9ciples & practices subject$ to ! same
 ordeal z he dem&s %\ld be impos$ on    
o!rs4  ,ano!r maxim ( peace & *>ity is1 

t e man's own te/imony is to be tak5 9  
reg>d to 8 motives1 feel+s1 & int5tions4
 ,?\gh we may fe> t a fell[-man is      
mi/ak5 9 8 views ( 8 own feel+s1 or t he
 does n speak ! tru?1 x is z contr>y to 
! rules ( good bre$+ z x is to ! laws ( 
,*ri/ianity1 to assume or ev5 ins9uate t
 ?is is ! case4 ,if a man's ^w _c be    
tak5 9 reg>d to 8 own motives1 feel+s1 &
 int5tions1 he c f9d no r$ress = ! wrong
 t may be done to him4 ,x is unju/ &    
unreasonable 9 ! extreme to take any o!r
 c\rse ?an ! "o "h urg$4  ,ano!r mo/    
important maxim ( c&\r & *>ity is1 t :5 
we are to assign motives = ! conduct (  
our fell[-m51 especially ( ^? :o oppose 
our int]e/s1 we are obligat$ to put !   
be/1 r ?an ! wor/ con/ruction1 on all !y
 say & d4 ,in/ead ( assign+ ! wor/ z !  
probable motive1 x is always a duty to  
hope t x is ! be/1 until evid5ce is s   
unequivocal t !re is no place = su* a   
hope4  ,ano!r maxim ( peace & *>ity     
respects ! subject ( retaliation4       
,:atev] may be said respect+ ! lit]al   

con/ruction ( "s ( ! rules ( ! gospel1  
no "o c d5y t !y d1 :e!r figurative or  
n1 =bid retaliation & rev5ge2 t !y d    
assume t m5 are n to be judges &        
execution]s ( _! own wrongs2 b t        
injuries are to be borne ) meekness1 & t
 retributive ju/ice mu/ be left to ,god1
 & to ! laws4 ,if a man /rikes1 we are n
 to return ! bl[1 b appeal to ! laws4   
,if a man uses abusive or invidi\s      
language1 we are n to return rail+ =    
rail+4 ,if a man impea*es our motives & 
attacks our "*1 we are n to return !    
evil4 ,if a man sne]s & ridicules1 we   
are n to retaliate ) ridicule & sne]s4  
,if a man reports our weaknesses &      
fail+s1 we are n to rev5ge ourselves by 
report+ 84 ,no man has a "r to report   
evil ( o!rs1 except :5 ! ju/ification ( 
! innoc5t1 or a reg>d = public or       
individual safety1 dem&s x4 ,?is is !   
/rict law ( ! gospel1 inscrib$ 9 all its
 pages1 & meet+ 9 ! face all ^?         
un*ri/ian & indec5t violations t n[ are 
s common1 9 almo/ e conflict ( intellect

 or ( int]e/4  ,ano!r mo/ important     
maxim ( peace & *>ity imposes !         
obligation to gu>d our fell[-m5 f all   
unnecess>y temptation4 ,we are taught   
daily to pray1 lead u n into temptation2
 & ?us are admoni%$ n only to avoid all 
unnecess>y temptation ourselves1 b to   
save our fell[-m5 f ! dang]4 ,c we ask  
our ,heav5ly ,p>5t to protect u f       
temptation1 :ile we recklessly spread   
baits & sn>es = our fell[-m58 ,no1 we   
are b\nd 9 e measure to h a t5d] reg>d =
 ! weaknesses & liabilities ( all ar\nd1
 & ev] to be ready to yield ev5 our j   
rights1 :5 we c lawfully d x1 r ?an to  
tempt o!rs to s94 ,! g5]\s & high-m9d$  
,apo/le decl>es1 if meat make my bro!r  
to (f5d1 ,i w eat no fle% :ile ! _w     
/&e?2 & x is ! _s ( ?is maxim t e       
,*ri/ian ought to cultivate4 ,!re are no
 occasions :5 ?is maxim is m ne$$1 ?an  
:5 we wi% to modify ! op9ions1 or alt] !
 practices ( our fell[-m54 ,if1 9 su*   
cases1 we f9d t ! probabilities are1 t  
any int]f]5ce ( ours w increase ! p[] ( 

temptation1 & lead to great] evils ?an  
^? we wi% to rem$y1 we are b\nd to =be>4
 ,if we f9d t "o mode ( attempt+ a      
measure w increase ! p[] ( temptation1 &
 ano!r w n involve ?is dang]1 we are    
b\nd to take ! safe/ c\rse4 ,9 all cases
 we are obligat$ to be z c>eful to      
protect our fell[-m5 f temptation1 z we 
are to wat* & pray aga9/ x 9 reg>d to   
ourselves4  ,ano!r maxim ( peace & *>ity
 requires a mo/ scrupul\s reg>d to !    
reputation1 "*1 & feel+s ( our fell[-m51
 & especially ( ^? :o are oppos$ 9 any  
way to our wi%es & int]e/s4 ,e man & e  
woman feels t x is wrong = o!rs to      
propagate _! faults & weakness ?r\gh !  
community4 ,e "o feels w\nd$ & injur$ to
 f9d t o!rs are mak+ 8 defects &        
infirmities ! subject ( sne]s &         
ridicule4 ,& :at1 !n1 is ! rule ( duty8 
,z ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d ye ev5 s 
to !m4 ,) ?is rule be=e 8 eyes & 9 8    
m9d1 c a man retail 8 neighb\r's faults1
 or sne] at 8 defici5cies1 or ridicule 8
 infirmities1 ) a cle> consci5ce8 ,!re  

are cases :5 ! safety ( individuals1 or 
public ju/ice1 dem&s t a man's defects (
 "*1 or crimes1 be made public2 b no man
 is ju/ifi$ 9 communicat+ to o!rs any   
evil respect+ any ( 8 fell[-m51 :5 he _c
 appeal to ,god z 8 witness t he does x 
f b5evol5t int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( 8        
fell[-m5--f a desire to save individuals
 or ! public f "s evil--& n f a         
malevol5t or gossip+ prop5sity4 ,oh1 t  
?is law ( love & *>ity c\ld f9d an      
illu/ration & an advocate 9 e female (  
?is nation6 ,oh1 t e curr5t sl&]1 & e   
injuri\s report1 might /& aba%$1 :5ev] x
 meets ! notice ( a woman6  ,^! are !   
maxims ( peace & *>ity1 :i* x is 9 ! p[]
 ( ! females ( our c\ntry to advocate1  
bo? by example & by entreaties4 ,^! are 
! pr9ciples :i* alone c protect &       
pres]ve ! "r ( free discussion1 ! fre$om
 ( spee*1 & lib]ty ( ! press4 ,& ) our  
=m ( gov]nm5t1 & our liabilities to     
faction & p>ty-_s1 ! c\ntry w be safe & 
happy only 9 proportion to ! preval5ce (
 ^! maxims among ! mass ( ! community4  

,!re probably w nev] arrive a p]iod 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ?is nation1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ^! 
pr9ciples w be m ne$$1 ?an ! pres5t4 ,! 
"q ( slav]y involves m pecuni>y int]e/s1
 t\*es m private relations1 involves m  
prejudices1 is entw9$ ) m sectional1    
p>ty1 & political int]e/s1 ?an any o!r  
:i* c ev] aga9 arise4 ,x is a matt] :i*1
 if discuss$ & controll$ )\t ! influ5ce 
( ^! pr9ciples ( *>ity & peace1 w %ake  
?is nation l an e>?quake1 & p\r ov] u ! 
volcanic waves ( e t]rific passion4 ,!  
trembl+ e>?1 ! l[ murmur+ ?und]s1       
already admoni% u ( our dang]2 & if     
females c ex]t any sav+ influ5ce 9 ?is  
em]g5cy1 x is "t = !m to awake4  ,& !re 
are topics t !y may urge ^u ! att5tion (
 _! fri5ds1 at lea/ z matt]s wor?y (    
s]i\s consid]ation & inquiry4  ,is a    
woman surr\nd$ by ^? :o fav\r !         
,abolition measures8 ,c %e n ) propriety
 urge su* inquiries z ^!8  ,is n slav]y 
to be br\ght to an end by free          
discussion1 & is x n a w> ^u ! "r ( free
 discussion to impea* ! motives &       

depreciate ! "* ( ! oppos]s ( ,abolition
 measures8 ,:5 ! oppos]s ( ,abolition   
movem5ts claim t !y hone/ly & s9c]ely   
believe t ^! measures t5d to p]petuate  
slav]y1 or to br+ x to an end by s]vile 
w>s1 & civil disunion1 & ! mo/ t]rific  
mis]ies--:5 !y object to ! use ( _!     
pulpits1 to ! embody+ ( lit]>y /ud5ts1  
to ! agitation ( ! community1 by        
,abolition ag5ts--:5 !y object to !     
circulation ( su* pap]s & tracts z      
,abolitioni/s prep>e1 because !y believe
 !m mo/ p]nici\s 9 _! influ5ce &        
t5d5cies1 is x n z mu* p]secution to use
 invidi\s ins9uations1 depreciat+       
accusation & impea*m5t ( motive1 9 ord] 
to intimidate1 z x is = ! oppos]s (     
,abolitionism to use physical =ce8 ,is n
 ! only me?od by :i* ! ,s\? c be br\ght 
to rel9qui% slav]y1 a conviction t n    
only h] duty1 b h] highe/ int]e/1       
requires h] to d x8 ,& is n calm1       
rational ,*ri/ian discussion ! only     
prop] me?od ( secur+ ?is end8 ,c a      
community t are ?r[n into su* a /ate (  

high exasp]ation z n[ exi/s at ! ,s\?1  
ev] engage 9 su* discussions1 till !    
/orm ( excitem5t & passion is allay$8   
,ought n e fri5d ( lib]ty & ( free      
discussion1 to take e possible means to 
soo! exasp]at$ feel+s1 & to avoid all ^?
 (f5sive peculi>ities t 9 _! nature t5d 
to inflame & (f5d8  ,is a woman among ^?
 :o oppose ,abolition movem5ts8 ,%e c   
urge su* inquiries z ^!3 ,ought n       
,abolitioni/s to be treat$ z if !y 7    
actuat$ by ! motives ( b5evol5ce :i* !y 
pr(ess8 ,ought n e patriot & e ,*ri/ian 
to ?r[ all 8 influ5ce aga9/ ! impea*m5t 
( motives1 ! p]sonal detraction1 & !    
viol5t measures t are turn$ ^u ?is body 
( m51 :o1 h[ev] !y may err 9 judgm5t or 
9 _s1 are among ! mo/ exempl>y &        
b5evol5t 9 ! l&8 ,if ,abolitioni/s are  
c5surable = tak+ measures t exasp]ate r 
?an conv9ce & p]suade1 are n _!         
oppon5ts1 :o take exactly ! same        
measures to exasp]ate ,abolitioni/s & _!
 fri5ds1 z mu* to blame8 ,if            
,abolitionism prosp]s by ! abuse ( its  

advocates1 are n ! au?ors ( ?is abuse   
acc\ntable = ! increase ( ! v evils !y  
deprecate8  ,x is ! op9ion ( intellig5t 
& well in=m$ m51 t a v l>ge proportion (
 ! be/ memb]s ( ! ,abolition p>ty 7     
plac$ !re1 n by ! argum5ts (            
,abolitioni/s1 b by ! abuse ( _!        
oppos]s4 ,& ,i "k "s ( ! noble/ m9ds t  
/& !re1 *iefly f ! influ5ce ( ^? g5]\s  
impulses t def5d ! injur$ & su/a9 !     
p]secut$1 :ile _m o!rs h jo9$ ^! ranks f
 ! impression t ,abolitionism & ! "r (  
free discussion h become id5tical       
int]e/s4 ,al?\gh ,i _c p]ceive :y ! "r (
 free discussion1 ! "r ( petition1 & o!r
 rights t h become involv$ 9 ?is matt]1 
_c be su/a9$ )\t jo9+ an association t  
has su/a9$ su* injuri\s action & su*    
errone\s pr9ciples1 yet o!r m9ds1 & ^?  
:i* are wor?y ( e/eem1 h be5 l$ to an   
opposite conclusion4  ,! ,s\?1 9 !      
mom5ts ( angry excitem5t1 h made        
unreasonable dem&s ^u ! non-slave-hold+ 
,/ates1 & h employ$ ov]be>+ & provok+   
language4 ,?is has provok$ re-action    

aga9 at ! ,nor?1 & m51 :o h]et(ore 7    
unexcit$1 are beg9n+ to feel indignant1 
& to say1 ,let ! ,union be sund]$4 ,?us 
ang] begets ang]1 & unreasonable        
measures provoke equally unreasonable   
returns4  ,b :5 m51 9 mom5ts ( excitem5t
 ru% on to su* results1 little d !y ?9k 
( ! mom5t\s consequ5ces t may foll[4    
,suppose ! ,s\? 9 h] ang] unites )      
,texas1 & =ms a ,s\!rn slave-hold+      
republic1 "u all ! exasp]at+ influ5ces t
 su* an avulsion w excite8 ,:at w be !  
prospects ( ! slave !n1 comp>$ ) :at !y 
are :ile we dwell toge!r1 unit$ by all !
 ties ( bro!rhood1 & hav+ free access to
 ^? :om we wi% to conv9ce & p]suade8  ,b
 :o c e/imate ! mis*iefs t we mu/       
enc\nt] :ile ?is dismemb]m5t1 ?is te>+  
asund] ( ! jo9ts & memb]s ( ! body      
politic1 is go+ on8 ,:at w be !         
commotion & dismay1 :5 all our s\rces ( 
weal?1 prosp]ity1 & com=t1 are turn$ to 
occasions = angry & selfi% /rife8  ,:at 
agitation w ensue 9 individual ,/ates1  
:5 x is to be decid$ by majorities :i*  

,/ate %all g to ! ,nor? & :i* to ! ,s\?1
 & :5 ! discont5t$ m9ority mu/ ei!r give
 up or fight6 ,:o %all divide our public
 l&s betwe5 cont5d+ factions8 ,:at %all 
be done ) our navy & all ! v>i\s items (
 ! nation's prop]ty8 ,:at %all be done  
:5 ! po/-(fice /ops its /eady movem5t to
 divide its ef=ts among cont5d+ p>ties8 
,:at %all be done :5 public cr$it       
/agg]s1 :5 comm]ce furls h] slack5$     
sail1 :5 prop]ty all ov] ! nation *anges
 its own]s & relations8 ,:at %all be    
done ) our canals & railways1 n[ ! b&s (
 love to b9d u1 !n ! causes ( cont5tion 
& jeal\sy8 ,:at umpire w appe> to settle
 all ^! que/ions ( int]e/ & /rife1      
betwe5 communities ?r[n asund] by       
passion1 pride1 & mutual injury8  ,x is 
said t ! ,am]ican p1 ?\gh he$less &     
sometimes reckless at ! approa* ( dang]1
 are end[$ ) a /rong & lat5t pr9ciple ( 
common s5se1 :i*1 :5 !y fairly approa* !
 precipice1 always br+s !m to a /&1 &   
makes !m z wise to devise a rem$y z !y 7
 ra% 9 ha/5+ to ! dang]4 ,are we n      

approa*+ ! v v]ge ( ! precipice8 ,c we n
 already he> ! ro> ( ! wat]s bel[8 ,is n
 n[ ! "t1 if ev]1 :5 our /]n pr9ciples &
 s\nd common s5se mu/ wake to ! rescue8 
,_c ! ,s\? be a little m pati5t "u !    
injuri\s action t %e feels %e has       
suff]$1 & cease dem&+ ^? concessions f !
 ,nor?1 t nev] w be made8 ,= ! ,nor?1   
?\gh sl[] to manife/ feel+1 is z        
s5sitive to h] "r ( fre$om ( spee*1 z ! 
,s\? c be to h] rights ( prop]ty4  ,_c !
 ,nor? be> ) "s unreasonable action f ! 
,s\?1 :5 x is rememb]$ t1 z !           
provocation came f ! ,nor?1 x is wise & 
,*ri/ian t ! aggressive p>ty %\ld n s   
/rictly hold _! tempt$ bre?r5 to ! rules
 ( "r & reason8  ,_c ! ,s\? be> 9 m9d t 
at ! ,nor? ! col\r ( ! sk9 does n take  
away ! feel+ ( bro!rhood1 & ?\gh x is a 
badge ( degradation 9 /ation &          
intellect1 yet x is (t5] reg>d$ ) pity &
 sympa?y ?an ) contempt8 ,_c ! ,s\?     
rememb] _! g5]\s feel+s = ! ,greeks &   
,poles1 & imag9e t "s su* feel+s may be 
awak5$ = ! ,african race1 among a p :o d

 n believe ei!r 9 ! policy or ! "r (    
slav]y8  ,_c ! ,nor? rememb] h[ jeal\s e
 man feels ( 8 dome/ic relations &      
rights1 & h[ sorely _! ,s\!rn bre?r5 are
 tri$ 9 ^! respects8 ,h[ w\ld ! husb&s &
 fa!rs at ! ,nor? endure x1 if ,s\!rn   
associations %\ld be =m$ to br+ =? to ! 
_w ! s9s ( ,nor!rn m51 z husb&s & fa!rs8
 ,:at if ! ,s\? %\ld s5d to ! ,nor? to  
collect all ! s9s & neglects ( ,nor!rn  
husb&s & fa!rs1 to retail !m at ! ,s\? 9
 tracts & p]iodicals8 ,:at if ! ,engli% 
nation %\ld jo9 9 ! outcry1 & ,engli%   
females %\ld s5d =? an ag5t1 n inde$ to 
visit ! (f5d+ ,nor?1 b to circulate at !
 ,s\?1 d5\nc+ all :o did n jo9 9 ?is    
crusade1 z ! def5d]s ( bad husb&s & bad 
fa!rs8 ,h[ w\ld ,nor!rn m5 conduct "u   
su* provocations8 ,!re is inde$ a       
diff]5ce 9 ! two cases1 b x is n 9 !    
nature & am\nt ( irritat+ influ5ce1 = ! 
,s\!rn] feels ! int]f]5ce ( /rang]s to  
regulate 8 dome/ic duty to 8 s]vants1 z 
mu* z ! ,nor!rn man w\ld feel ! same    
int]f]5ce 9 reg>d to 8 wife & *ildr54 ,d

 n ,nor!rn m5 owe a debt ( =be>ance &   
sympa?y t[>d _! ,s\!rn bre?r51 :o h be5 
s sorely tri$8  ,x is by urg+ ^!        
consid]ations1 & by exhibit+ & advocat+ 
! pr9ciples ( *>ity & peace1 t females  
may ex]t a wise & appropriate influ5ce1 
& "o :i* w mo/ c]ta9ly t5d to br+ to an 
end1 n only slav]y1 b unnumb]$ o!r evils
 & wrongs4 ,no "o c object to su* an    
influ5ce1 b all p>ties w bid ,god spe$  
to e woman :o mode/ly1 wisely &         
b5evol5tly attempts x4  ,i d n suppose t
 any ,abolitioni/s are to be det]r$ by  
any ?+ ,i c (f]1 f prosecut+ ! c\rse (  
measures !y h adopt$4 ,!y d\btless w    
cont9ue to agitate ! subject1 & to =m   
volunt>y associations all ov] ! l&1 9   
ord] to excite public s5tim5t at ! ,nor?
 aga9/ ! moral evils exi/+ at ! ,s\?4   
,yet ,i _c b hope t "s consid]ations may
 h influ5ce to modify 9 a degree ! _s & 
measures ( "s :o are includ$ 9 t p>ty4  
,abolitioni/s are m5 :o come be=e !     
public 9 ! "* ( reprov]s4 ,t ! gospel   
requires ,*ri/ians sometimes to assume  

?is (fice1 _c be d5i$2 b x does z       
unequivocally po9t out ^? qualifications
 :i* alone c entitle a man to d x4 ,& no
 man acts wisely or consi/5tly1 unless  
he c satisfy himself t he possesses !   
qualifications = ?is duty1 be=e he      
assumes x4  ,! fir/ ( ^! qualifications 
is m ?an common exemption f ! faults t  
are reprov$4 ,! inspir$ int]rogatory1 ?\
 !re=e :i* tea*e/ ano!r1 tea*e/ ?\ n    
?yself8 en=ces ?is pr9ciple2 & ! maxim (
 common s5se1 t reprov]s mu/ h clean    
h&s1 is no less unequivocal4            
,abolitioni/s are reprov]s = ! violation
 ( duties 9 ! dome/ic relations4 ,(     
c\rse !y are m5 :o are especially b\nd  
to be exempl>y 9 ! dis*>ge ( all _!     
dome/ic duties4 ,if a man _c gov]n 8    
temp] & 8 tongue2 if he inflicts t moral
 ca/igation on ^? :o cross 8 w1 :i* is m
 sev]e ?an physical /ripes2 if he is    
ov]be>+ or exact+ ) ^? "u 8 control2 if 
he _c secure respect = a k9d & fai?ful  
dis*>ge ( all 8 social & relative       
duties1 x is z unwise & improp] = him to

 jo9 an ,abolition ,society1 z x w\ld be
 = a drunk>d to prea* temp]ance1 or a   
slave-hold] ,abolitionism4  ,ano!r      
indisp5sable requisite = ! (fice (      
reprov] is a "* di/+ui%$ = humility &   
meekness4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult ?an  
to approa* m5 = ! purpose ( conv9c+ !m (
 _! own defici5cies & faults2 & :oev]   
attempts x 9 a self-complac5t &         
dictatorial _s1 always does m evil ?an  
good4 ,h[ev] exempl>y a man may be 9 !  
sight ( m51 !re is abundant cause = !   
ex]cise ( humility4 ,= a man is to judge
 ( himself1 n by a comp>ison ) o!r m51 b
 z he /&s be=e ,god1 :5 comp>$ ) a      
p]fect law1 & 9 ref]5ce to all 8 peculi>
 opportunities & re/ra9ts4 ,:o is !re t 
9 ?is comp>ison1 _c f9d cause = ! deepe/
 humiliation8 ,:o c g f ! pres5ce (     
,inf9ite ,purity aft] su* an            
inve/igation1 to take 8 bro!r by !      
?roat8 ,:o r1 %\ld n g to a bro!r1 :o   
may h s9n$1 ) ! deepe/ sympa?y & love1 z
 "o :o1 amid great] temptations & ) few]
 advantages1 may be ! lea/ (f5d] ( !    

two8 ,a man :o goes ) ?is _s1 has ! be/ 
hope ( do+ good to ^? :o may (f5d4 ,&   
yet ev5 ?is _s w n always save a man f  
angry retort1 vexati\s ins9uation1      
jeal\s suspicion1 & ! miscon/ruction ( 8
 motives4 ,a reprov]1 !re=e1 if he w\ld 
avoid a qu>rel & d ! good he aims to    
secure1 mu/ be possess$ ( t meekness :i*
 c receive evil = good1 ) pati5t        
b5evol5ce4 ,& a man is n fitt$ = !      
duties ( a reprov]1 until he c br+ 8    
feel+s "u ?is control4  ,! la/1 & n !   
lea/ important requisite = a reprov]1 is
 discretion4 ,?is is no :]e s mu* ne$$ z
 9 cases :]e ! dome/ic relations are    
conc]n$1 = "h is ! place above all o!rs1
 :]e m5 are mo/ s5sitive & unreasonable4
 ,!re are none :o h m opportunities =   
le>n+ ?is1 ?an ^? :o act z tea*]s1      
especially if !y feel ! responsibility (
 a ,*ri/ian & a fri5d1 9 reg>d to !     
moral int]e/s ( pupils4 ,a tea*] :o %>es
 ) p>5ts ! responsibilities ( educat+ _!
 *ildr51 ^: ef=ts may all be r5d]$      
useless by p>5tal influ5ces at home2 :o 

feels an affectionate int]e/ 9 bo? p>5t 
& *ild1 is surely ! "o :o might seem to 
h a "r to seek1 & a *ance ( success 9   
seek+1 "s modifications ( dome/ic       
influ5ces4 ,& yet tea*]s w probably     
te/ify1 t x is a mo/ disc\rag+ task1 &  
(t5 z likely to result 9 jeal\s         
ali5ation & ! loss ( influ5ce ov] bo?   
p>5t & *ild1 z 9 any good4 ,x is "o ( ! 
greate/ complim5ts t c be paid to ! good
 s5se & ! good feel+ ( a p>5t to d>e to 
attempt any su* measure4 ,?is may %[ h[ 
mu* discretion1 & tact1 & delicacy1 are 
ne$$ by ^? :o aim to rectify evils 9 !  
dome/ic relations ( mank9d4  ,! peculi> 
qualifications1 !n1 :i* make x suitable 
= a man to be an ,abolitioni/ are1 an   
exempl>y dis*>ge ( all ! dome/ic duties2
 humility1 meekness1 delicacy1 tact1 &  
discretion1 & ^! %\ld especially be !   
di/9ctive traits ( ^? :o take ! place ( 
lead]s 9 devis+ measures4  ,& 9 p]=m+ ^!
 difficult & self-d5y+ duties1 !re are  
no m5 :o ne$ m c>efully to /udy ! "* &  
imitate ! example ( ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d4 

,he1 inde$1 0 ! se>*] ( he>ts1 & ^?     
repro(s :i* 7 bas$ on ! p]fect k ( all t
 is 9 man1 we may n imitate4 ,b we may  
imitate him1 :]e he ) s mu* g5tl5ess1   
pati5ce1 & pity+ love1 enc\nt]$ !       
weakness1 ! ra%ness1 ! selfi%ness1 !    
worldl9ess ( m54 ,:5 ! "y man came ) su*
 self-complac5cy to ask :at m he c\ld d1
 h[ k9dly he 0 receiv$1 h[ g5tly conv9c$
 ( 8 great defici5cy6 ,:5 fire w\ld h   
be5 call$ f heav5 by 8 angry foll[]s1 h[
 =be>+ ! rebuke6 ,:5 d5i$ & =sak5 ) oa?s
 & curses by "o ( 8 ne>e/ fri5ds1 :at 0 
x b a look ( pity+ love t s5t ! disciple
 out s bitt]ly to weep8 ,:51 9 8 la/    
extremity ( sorr[1 8 fri5ds all fell    
asleep1 h[ g5tly he drew ov] !m ! mantle
 ( love6 ,oh bless$ ,savi\r1 imp>t m (  
?y own _s to ^? :o pr(ess to foll[ !e6  
,,! ,,end4                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,transcrib]'s ,notes4                   
,! foll[+ *anges 7 made to ! orig9al    
text 7correction       9 brackets73     

,page   #c3 to ?is reque/1 ,,miss       
,,grimke's7,grimke7 ,address 0          
,page  #ai3 associat$ ,,cl>kson1 ,,%>pe1
 ,,macauley7,macaulay71 &               
,page  #dd3 7?an7 x is ) %eep-/eal]4 ,b 
,abolitioni/s                           
,page  #ec3 ,secondly1747 ,to make !m   
will+ to rel9qui%                       
,page  #ei3 su/a9$ ?is trafic7traffic71 
9 t nation4 ,:at                        
,page  #ga3 visit]'s7visitor's7 int5tion
 to devote himself to ?is               
,page  #gg3 ,footnote #c3 suff] f su*   
p]secution277 & he          hon\rably & 
nobly                                   
,page  #hd3 ,mr4 ,cl>kson cont9u$ 8     
effici5t                                
co-opetion7co-op]ation7                 
,page #aja3 s b5evol5t 9 feel+ &        
action2717 t h]                         
,page #ajh3 :5 %e _c please1 or by      
petul5t7petulant7             compla9ts 
,page #aab3 ,e man is say+1 let7,let7 me
 h                                      
,page #abd3 & prejudic$ bigot477        

,page #acd3 tempation7temptation71 &    
lead to great] evils ?an                
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--------------------------