file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core
 ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture   
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity47          
,*ur* ,coop]ation 9 ,community ,life    
,by   ,,paul ,l4 ,,vogt     ,,! ,,ab+don
 ,,press   ,,new ,,york   ,,c9c9nati    
,copyright1 #aiba1 by   ,,paul ,l4      
,,vogt    ,pr9t$ 9 !   ,unit$ ,/ates (  
,am]ica     ,,to    ,,my ,,fa!r ,,& ,,"m
    ,,^: ,,public-,,spirit$ ,,&         
,,lifelong ,,loyalty ,,to   ,,religi\s  
,,"w ,,9 ,a ,,c\ntry ,,community   ,,has
 ,,be5 ,a ,,con/ant ,,inspiration   ,,to
 ,,*ri/ian ,,s]vice     ,,cont5ts       
,,*apt]                                 
,,page          ,,preface               
#g       ,i4 ,,"s ,,prelim9>y           
,,def9itions                            
#i      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,basis ,,=           
,,community ,,s]vice                    
#bf     ,,iii4 ,,! ,,economic ,,*all5ge 
,,to ,,! ,,*ur*                     #dd 
,,iv4 ,,! ,,social ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,!   
,,*ur*                       #fi        
,v4 ,,build+ ,,= ,,community ,,s]vice   

#hd      ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,rural   
,,public ,,?\ght                        
#id     ,,vii4 ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,local     
,,*ur* ,,to ,,! ,,community             
#ajd    ,,viii4 ,,int]d5om9ational      
,,readju/m5t                        #abd
      ,,ix4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,o!r ,,rural
 ,,ag5cies                     #adb     
,x4 ,,mission>y ,,programs ,,& ,,rural  
,,community ,,s]vice         #aeb       
,,xi4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion         
#afi     ,,preface   ,_m books h be5    
writt5 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s on ! rural   
*ur*4 ,"s ( ^! h giv5 excell5t concrete 
illu/rations ( me?ods t are prov+       
successful 9 solv+ local problems4 ,o!rs
 h discuss$ ! g5]al rural *ur*          
situation4 ,! rural life movem5t1 h[ev]1
 has be5 s rapid t x is believ$ t a     
brief re/atem5t ( ! place ( ! *ur* 9 !  
rural life movem5t is desirable at !    
pres5t "t4  ,x has be5 ! task &         
privilege ( ! writ] = ! pa/ f\r ye>s to 
be almo/ con/antly 9 ! field travel+ f !
 ,atlantic to ! ,pacific & f ,canadian  

bord] to ! limits ( ,florida & gett+ s  
f> z possible fir/-h& impressions (     
rural *ur* & community conditions4 ,x is
 ! purpose ( ! pres5t essay to discuss  
"s ( ! g5]al problems 9 rural life      
pres5t+ !mselves to ! religi\s =ces (   
,am]ica1 & to note "s conclusions z to !
 next /eps to be tak5 if ^! =ces are to 
r5d] ! s]vice 9 rural advance t x is    
believ$ is !irs to r5d]4 ,sugge/ions z  
to local programs w be made only z      
evid5ce t :5 ! *ur* und]takes 9 an      
adequate mann] ! solution ( problems ^: 
solution is dem&$ ( x1 x receives bo? ! 
moral & ! f9ancial support ( ! p s]v$4  
,! *apt]s on phases ( ! local program   
are int5d$ only to help 9 prep>+ ! way =
 ! l>g] s]vice contemplat$4  ,z )       
individuals1 s x is ) in/itutions4 ,x is
 difficult to discuss ! place ( diff]5t 
organizations 9 ! rural life movem5t )\t
 ar\s+ ! antagonism ( lead]s 9 !        
respective organizations4 ,x is hop$ t !
 po9t ( view held w be accept$ z "o (   
sympa?y = ! ef=ts ( all organizations   

conc]n$ & t ! purpose ( ! discussion is 
to po9t ! way t[>d a l>g] coop]ation    
result+ f a bett] und]/&+ ( ! "w t may  
be expect$ ( ea*4       ,,paul ,l4      
,,vogt4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,"s ,,prelim9>y
 ,,def9itions   ,:5 "o beg9s to discuss 
a subject x helps v mu* if 8 read]s "k  
:at he has 9 m9d 9 ! t]ms us$4 ,9 !     
title select$ = ?is text !re are at lea/
 ?ree words t ne$ def9ition4 ,probably  
no read] w agree fully ) any ( !        
def9itions giv51 b an attempt to def9e  
%\ld at lea/ help ! read] to und]/&     
bett] 9 :at s5se ! t]ms are us$ by !    
writ]4  ,! t]m community has come into  
su* common use t x might be assum$ t    
def9ition is unnecess>y4 ,& yet :5 le>n$
 bodies get toge!r to discuss community 
problems a l>ge "p ( ! "t is usually    
tak5 up 9 attempt+ to def9e :at !       
diff]5t speak]s are talk+ ab\t4  ,:5 !  
writ] liv$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry sev]al ye>s   
ago he w5t to ,miffl9 ,c5t] s*ool &     
att5d$ ,wesley ,*apel *ur*4 ,! s*oolh\se
 & ! *ur* 7 locat$ at ! same crossroads1

 & ^! two in/itutions drew = _!         
con/itu5cy f an area ( ab\t f\r squ>e   
miles = ! s*ool & a some:at l>g] area = 
! *ur*4 ,br[n/[n s*ool1 to ! s\?1       
,h5drickson's to ! ea/1 & ,:et/one to ! 
we/ made up o!r s*ool communities4      
,pleasant ,grove *ur*1 ,salem1 &        
,br[n/[n1 ) a diff]5t t]ritory cov]$ by 
ea*1 made up *ur* areas t did n co9cide 
) ! s*ool areas b\nd+ ,miffl9 ,c5t]     
s*ool t]ritory4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 trad+ 0  
to be done1 ,upp] ,s&usky & ,kirby1 five
 & six miles away1 7 ! c5t]s to :i*     
ev]ybody w5t1 g5]ally on ,saturday      
aft]noon1 :5 fri5ds f o!r sections ( !  
c\nty might be f\nd on ! /reets4 ,!     
b\nd>ies ( ! trade c5t] 7 ?us mu* l>g]  
?an ^? ( ei!r ! s*ool or ! *ur*4 ,9     
politics1 ! c5t] ( int]e/ ( ! p>ticul>  
t[n%ip ) :i* ! writ] 0 conc]n$ 0 ! old  
s*oolh\se turn$ into a t[n%ip h\se at   
,miffl9 ,c5t]1 ! location ( ! *ur* &    
s*ool4 ,! local political int]e/s ( !   
o!r communities m5tion$ 7 at ! appo9t$  
places 9 ! respective t[n%ips4 ,! seat (

 ju/ice 0 = "s "t 9 ! p>lor ( ! writ]'s 
fa!r's resid5ce1 or 9 ! front y>d1 to   
:i* c\rt 0 occasionally adj\rn$ :5 wea!r
 conditions p]mitt$4 ,9 a l>g] way c\nty
 c\rts 7 held at ! c\nty seat1 z 7 o!r (
 ! l>g] political activities4  ,"o c\ld 
g on indef9itely illu/rat+ ! b\nd>ies ( 
int]e/s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,"s ( !m c5t]$ 9 !
 ,/ate ,h\se2 o!rs 9 ! national         
,capitol2 & _m a wordy political battle 
0 f\ght 9 ! little c\ntry section ov] ! 
"q z to :e!r ! protective t>iff or !    
,democratic p>ty 0 responsible = ! h>d  
times ! f>m]s & o!rs 7 suff]+4 ,!re 7   
ev5 _w int]e/s involv$1 z dur+ !        
,spani%-,am]ican ,w> or ! ,v5ezuelan    
difficulty dur+ ,clevel&'s adm9i/ration4
  ,?is concrete illu/ration bo? raises !
 "q1 ,:i* ( ^! is ! community8 & also   
po9ts ! way to ! answ]4 ,none ( ! gr\p+s
 m5tion$ c be consid]$ ! community4 ,yet
 ea* is a community4 ,a community is a  
psy*ical & n a physical ?+4 ,x c only   
approximately be b\nd$ by physical l9es4
 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! true community is  

no?+ m nor less ?an t gr\p ( two or m   
individuals :o are b\nd toge!r by a s+le
 int]e/4 ,?us two p liv+ )9 sight ( "o  
ano!r may be memb]s ( ! same religi\s   
community & at ! same "t be absolutely  
sep>at$ f "o ano!r 9 _! political       
affiliations4 ,also "o p]son c at ! same
 "t belong to _m communities4  ,b ?is   
def9ition1 if adh]$ to /rictly1 w\ld    
lead to confusion ( ?\ght p]haps m s]i\s
 ?an a less accurate use ( ! t]m4       
,c>eful inve/igation ( ! relation ( !   
diff]5t psy*ic communities to "o ano!r  
reveals ! fact t geographically ! areas 
( individual community int]e/ ov]lap "o 
ano!r2 & t 9 ! bett] organiz$ regions ! 
c5t]s ( int]e/s co9cide & x is only !   
b\nd>ies ( ! sev]al int]e/s t are n     
cot]m9\s4 ,! ,miffl9 ,c5t] illu/ration  
giv5 above is good 9 t x _h ! religi\s1 
educational & political int]e/s c5t]$ at
 "o physical spot4 ,! social &          
recreational life ( a l>ge "p ( ?is     
local area also 0 c5t]$ "h4 ,9 ! o!r    
local gr\ps m5tion$ !re 0 a division (  

int]e/ mu* m m>k$4 ,a m practical       
def9ition1 !n1 ( a community w\ld be ,t 
aggregation ( population :i* is b\nd    
toge!r by a pr$om9at+ proportion ( its  
local int]e/s4  ,if ?is def9ition is    
accept$1 !n an inspection ( almo/ any   
local aggregation1 9 ! op5 c\ntry at    
lea/1 w lead to ! conclusion t !re are  
few gr\ps ( p :o h any l>ge numb] (     
local int]e/s 9 common4 ,p]haps ! mo/   
p[]ful =ce to be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ :at 
is an op5 c\ntry community is t ( !     
social life4 ,p 9 a giv5 section        
habitually seek ^? ) :om !y are be/     
acqua9t$ :5 !y get toge!r = social      
affairs ( int]e/ outside ! family       
circle2 & x is only occasionally t !    
mass w g out ( ^! habitual associations 
9 seek+ social relaxation4 ,?is social  
life may be s\ght at "o "t 9 ! s*ool1 at
 ano!r 9 ! *ur*1 aga9 at a picnic1 or 9 
! home ( "s "o 9 ! neighborhood4 ,b !   
dom9at+ factor is acqua9tance%ip r ?an  
religion or education or bus9ess4       
,villages are m easily def9$ z to !     

numb] ( int]e/s hold+ ! gr\p toge!r4    
,"o pr9cipal objective 9 ! mod]n local  
community organization movem5t seems to 
be to br+ toge!r at "s c5tral po9t !    
focal po9ts ( z _m local int]e/s z      
possible1 ?us /r5g!n+ ! community bonds 
& increas+ ! community consci\sness4 ,z 
?is end is a*iev$ ! necessity = ! /rict 
def9ition giv5 above disappe>s & !      
community becomes t aggregation ( p !   
majority ( ^: local int]e/s h a common  
c5t]4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m w be   
us$ 9 ?is discussion4  ,! t]m rural     
likewise conveys a diff]5t ?\ght to     
diff]5t p4 ,inde$1 s likely has ! t]m   
be5 to mislead t 9 a rec5t national     
survey ( religi\s conditions1 ! t]m 0   
ab&on$ & t[n & c\ntry sub/itut$4 ,!     
simpl] plan is to arrive at a def9ition 
( ! ^w rural :i* w include :at ! latt]  
t]m connotes4 ,to confuse rural )       
agricultural is to ignore bo? ! pa/ & ! 
pres5t 9 movem5ts ( population & 9      
organization ( int]e/s4 ,to an increas+ 
degree ! int]e/s ( ! op5 c\ntry are     

c5t]+ 9 ! village1 or ev5 l>g] c5t]s4 ,s
 t 9 discuss+ ! problems ( !            
agricultural population x is (t5        
necess>y to make ! c5t] ( discussion !  
organization ( ! village ) an           
agricultural environm5t4 ,! bett] plan  
is to def9itely discuss ! problems ( !  
op5 c\ntry "u ! t]m agricultural & reta9
 ! o!r t]m = all int]e/s ( gr\ps (      
population 9 small] communities1 :e!r 9 
! op5 c\ntry or 9 ! villages4 ,9 g5]al1 
! division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus w be
 obs]v$ & ! t]m rural regul>ly appli$ to
 all gr\ps ( "u two ?\s& five hundr$    
population4  ,at a rec5t meet+ ( c\ntry 
m9i/]s an attempt 0 made to def9e :at is
 ! problem ( ! rural *ur*4 ,! def9ition 
z fram$ is h]e) pres5t$3 ,! rural task (
 ! *ur* is ! nurture & developm5t ( all 
phases ( human welf>e 9 ^? communities  
:]e ! g5]al life & ?9k+ ( ! p are relat$
 to matt]s :i* p]ta9 to mat]ial natural 
res\rces4  ,?is def9ition is inadequate 
f ! adm9i/rative po9t ( view 9 t x w\ld 
exclude ! small manufactur+ community1 !

 educational c5t]1 ! summ] & w9t] resort
 communities1 & simil> specializ$ gr\ps 
:]e population is small4 ,! problems (  
^! small communities n directly relat$  
to mat]ial natural res\rces h _m        
*>act]i/ics 9 common ) ^? includ$ 9 !   
above def9ition4 ,size ( community has  
mu* to d ) ! type ( problem pres5t$2 & !
 "o :o und]/&s ! problems ( !           
agricultural village is probably bett]  
able to deal ) ! problems ( ! villages (
 ! type m5tion$ ?an is ! "o tra9$ =     
s]vice 9 a metropolitan c5t]4  ,! t]m   
*ur* is "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( includ+ all   
religi\s =ces 9 rural life4 ,! ,sunday  
,s*ool ,association1 ! ,*ri/ian         
,associations1 ,*ur* ,f$]ations1 & o!r  
gr\ps alli$ to ! *ur* are includ$ 9 !   
g5]al t]m4   ,,! ,,manifold ,,functions 
,,( ,,! ,,*ur*  ,! *ur* is ! only ag5cy 
9 exi/5ce t is conc]n$ ) man 9 all 8    
relation%ips4 ,x is conc]n$ ) keep+     
alive 9 human consci\sness ! exi/5ce ( a
 ,div9e ,be+ & ( man's relation%ip to t 
,be+4 ,x is ! only ag5cy t proce$s on ! 

!ory ( ! immortality ( ! human s\l & t  
has a program ( prep>+ ! s\l = a life   
aft] dea?4 ,9 common ) o!r ag5cies !    
*ur* is conc]n$ ) ! individual life (   
man on ?is e>? & endeavors to lead human
 be+s to t c\rse ( life :i* w result 9 !
 maximum ( p]sonal spiritual welf>e4 ,& 
9 common ) o!r ag5cies x is conc]n$ )   
man 9 8 relations to o!rs & to 8 mat]ial
 environm5t because ^! relation%ips h a 
vital effect on 8 spiritual life4  ,a   
full analysis ( ! functions ( ! *ur*    
w\ld include a discussion ( ^? features 
( *ur* "w :i* h to d ) man's relation to
 ,god & to an immortal exi/5ce4 ,b 9 a  
discussion ( ! *ur* 9 relation to !     
community x is n necess>y to consid]    
man's relation to ,god nor to a future  
life except 9 s f> z beliefs 9 su*      
relation%ips influ5ce 8 p]sonal welf>e  
on ?is e>? or 8 relation%ips to 8 fell[ 
man4 ,?us ?is discussion falls 9 ! field
 ( sociology r ?an 9 ! field ( !ology or
 psy*ology4 ,a casual obs]vation ( !    
=ces at "w 9 human relation%ips1        

especially 9 ! small] communities1 leads
 quickly to ! conclusion t beliefs bo? )
 ref]5ce to ,god & to a future life h a 
vital effect on social conduct4 ,b x is 
! effect in/ead ( ! tru? ( beliefs t is 
! subject matt] to be consid]$4  ,hav+  
?us def9$ ! field ( our discussion bo? z
 to subject matt] & z to ! phase ( !    
int]e/s ( ! *ur* to be consid]$1 x is   
next 9 ord] to note ! size ( ! task4    
,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aibj1 #ej1hff1hii
 p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates liv$ 9 rural       
t]ritory1 t is1 9 communities ( less ?an
 #b1ejj population4 ,?is 0 #dh4a p] c5t 
( ! total4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( !  
c\ntry ! records %[$ a l>g] proportion (
 ! total population liv+ 9 urban c5t]s  
?an 9 villages or 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,!    
population 9 incorporat$ villages ( less
 ?an #b1ejj population 0 #i1hfd1aif1 or 
#i4c p] c5t ( ! total1 :ile t 9         
un9corporat$ or op5 c\ntry communities 0
 #da1jjb1gjc or #ch4h p] c5t1 z comp>$ )
 #h4h p] c5t & #dd4h p] c5t respectively
 9 #aiaj4  ,! total rural population    

increase 0 b #a1eah1ihf1 or #c4a p] c5t4
 ,incorporat$ village increase 0        
#a1gde1cga1 or #ba4e p] c5t1 :ile !     
un9corporat$ community population       
actually decreas$ #bbg1cee1 or 4#f p]   
c5t4  ,^! figures indicate two          
conclusions ( importance to our         
discussion4 ,! fir/ is t ! villages (   
less ?an #b1ejj inhabitants are %>+ ) ! 
l>ge c5t]s 9 ! g5]al increase 9         
population4 ,_! increase proportionately
 is n s m>k$ z is t ( ! extremely l>ge  
c5t]s1 b x is suffici5tly m>k$ to       
indicate t !y (f] opportunities t       
attract m ?an does ! op5 c\ntry4 ,?is   
village gr[? mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 det]m9+ 
policies ( location ( *ur* build+s & !  
type ( local *ur* program = community   
s]vice4  ,! second conclusion is t ! op5
 c\ntry is /ill at a disadvantage s f> z
 its possibilities ( support+ a l>ge    
population are conc]n$4 ,actual         
depopulation ( ! op5 c\ntry1 ! enl>gem5t
 ( ! size ( f>ms1 ! ab&onm5t ( acreage  
once "u cultivation1 :i* prelim9>y      

figures issu$ by ! ,c5sus ,bureau       
indicate1 %[ t n yet is ! dem& =        
agricultural products su* z to make a   
mu* l>g] op5 c\ntry population possible4
 ,?is fact also po9ts ! direction =     
readju/m5t ( rural community life4  ,!  
data f ! religi\s c5sus ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 tak5 9 #aiaf1 :ile n classifi$ z
 rural & urban1 give hopeful figures z  
to ! progress ( religi\s in/itutions 9  
?is c\ntry4 ,:ile ! total population ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ dur+ ! decade   
#aiaj-bj1 #ad4i p] c5t1 ! *ur* memb]%ip 
f #aijf-aiaf increas$ #ai4f p] c5t4 ,!  
total *ur* memb]%ip increase1           
#f1heh1gif1 0 #ej4b p] c5t (            
#ac1gaj1hdb1 ! increase 9 total         
population4 ,^! figures ( *ur* memb]%ip 
increase1 cov]+ a p]iod be=e ! ,european
 w> began to affect ?is c\ntry s]i\sly1 
indicate t ! g5]al ris+ e?ical /&>ds (  
,am]ican life h _h _! reflection 9 !    
l>g] p]sonal z well z f9ancial support (
 ! religi\s =ces4  ,:ile data are n     
available z to ! proportion ( rural &   

urban population belong+ to *ur*1 !     
c5sus gives figures z to ! *ur* memb]%ip
 9 communities ( ov] #be1jjj population4
 ,accord+ to c5sus e/imates1 #cb4g p]   
c5t ( ! population liv$ 9 cities ( ov] t
 population 9 #aiaf4 ,! religi\s c5sus  
%[s t #cf4e p] c5t ( ! *ur* memb]%ip    
liv$ 9 communities ( t size4 ,contr>y to
 popul> impression1 ! l>g] c5t]s        
actually h a l>g] proportionate *ur*    
memb]%ip ?an d ! small] communities4 ,! 
facts %[ t ! problem ( advance ( !      
,*ri/ian ,*ur* is m ( a small-community 
problem ?an x is ( ! l>g] c5t]s4  ,:ile 
! proportion ( ! total population       
belong+ to *ur* increas$ f #ch4a p] c5t 
9 #aijf z comp>$ ) ! #aiaj population to
 #ci4f p] c5t 9 #aiaf z comp>$ ) ! #aibj
 population1 ! magnitude ( ! unf9i%$    
task is /ill almo/ /agg]+4 ,if !        
proportion = rural ,am]ica 7 ! same z = 
! c\ntry z a :ole1 !re w\ld be          
#bj1adc1bib p n belong+ to *ur*4 ,*ur*  
memb]%ip1 ( c\rse1 is n ! only crit]ion 
( ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*2 nor w\ld all     

d5om9ations admit t all ! p %\ld belong 
to *ur*1 s9ce "s w\ld n accept *ildr5 n 
yet hav+ rea*$ ! age ( acc\ntability4 ,b
 9 any case ,*ri/ian ,am]ica is n       
,*ri/ian ev5 9 *ur* memb]%ip4 ,?is does 
n take into acc\nt matt]s ( social &    
economic relation%ips :i* ! _s (        
,*ri/ianity has n yet p5etrat$ & by :i* 
*ur* memb]s z well z nonmemb]s are b\nd4
  ,m ?an #ej1jjj1jjj rural folk ris+ to 
a consci\sness ( _! inh]5t solid>ity &  
community ( int]e/1 & m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj 
( ^! n affiliat$ ) any religi\s         
organization1 pres5t a *all5ge = tra9$  
lead]%ip unequal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4    
,urban int]e/s h gr[n p[]ful4 ,urban    
life has rapidly advanc$ = at lea/ ! m  
favor$ gr\ps until x has f> out/ripp$   
conditions 9 rural communities t g to   
make up ! be/ 9 mod]n civilization &    
culture4 ,g]ms h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,oak5
 ,bucket 9 ! c\ntry1 :ile ! sc\rge (    
typhoid has be5 bani%$ f ! city1 & !    
,*ur* 9 ! ,dell has crumbl$ 9 decay1    
:ile ! metropolitan pulpit has tak5 !   

be/ lead]%ip = its own4 ,! c\ntry has   
be5 unable to compete ) ! urban c5t]s = 
educational1 religi\s1 or social        
lead]%ip because weal? has accumulat$ 9 
! cities4 ,rural population has decl9$  
because ! prizes 9 weal? accumulation 7 
9 ! cities & because x 0 easi] to secure
 ^? ?+s !re t p h le>n$ to value z mo/  
wor? :ile1 9 good h\s+1 m$ical          
att5dance1 education1 & recreation4     
,:ile city poets h sung ! praises (     
c\ntry life1 _m p :o h liv$ 9 ! c\ntry &
 endur$ ! long h\rs & little pay f      
husb&ry h1 l ! ,arab1 fold$ _! t5ts &   
slipp$ away2 & :5 once !y h ta/$ !      
advantages ( urban life1 h n return$4   
,no civilization c be :olesome or       
p]man5t s long z any "o great gr\p is   
p]man5tly h&icapp$ 9 its /ruggle =      
economic or social welf>e4 ,s long z any
 gr\p is evid5tly at a disadvantage !   
%ift ( population f ! less-favor$ to !  
bett]-favor$ gr\ps w cont9ue2 t is1     
unless ca/es are =m$ :i* compel p to    
rema9 p]man5tly 9 "o gr\p or ! o!r4 ,&  

?is does n happ5 9 mod]n democratic     
society4 ,& s long z !re is a cont9u\s  
%ift ( population 9 "o direction or     
ano!r we h evid5ce t conditions are su* 
z to induce ! %ift4  ,x is ! exi/5ce (  
conditions su* z ^! t makes ! *all5ge = 
a tra9$ loyal s]vice on ! "p ( ^?       
select$ to att5d to matt]s conc]n$ )    
rural public welf>e4  ,x is ! purpose ( 
! foll[+ pages to outl9e briefly "s ( ! 
conditions to :i* ! *ur* mu/ give       
att5tion if x is to meet ! dem& n[ made 
^u x by mod]n rural life4 ,x is n int5d$
 to be a treatise on practical !ology 9 
! s5se ord9>ily accept$ 9 c\rses on t   
subject4 ,v little att5tion w be giv5 to
 matt]s ( organization or adm9i/ration (
 ! local *ur*4 ,x is believ$ t if only  
m9i/]s ( ! gospel c once atta9 an       
adequate grasp ( ! purposes ( religi\s  
s]vice1 ! matt] ( me?od ( accompli%+    
results may be left l>gely to ! pa/ors  
!mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 emphasis ^u     
me?od1 :i* seems to be dem&$ by _m      
m9i/]s in/ead ( k ( ends to be atta9$1  

is m ?an likely to lead to              
ov]organization1 or organization n      
adapt$ to objectives4 ,"o ( ! ess5tials 
9 all lead]%ip is t ( hav+ def9ite      
objectives t[>d :i* to "w1 & x is !     
purpose ( ?is text to call ! att5tion to
 objectives & to organization1 bo? local
 & g5]al1 adapt$ to ! atta9m5t (        
objectives r ?an ! me?ods ( atta9+ !m4  
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,basis ,,=           
,,community ,,s]vice   ,! pa/ few ye>s h
 witness$ a m>k$ wid5+ ( ! concept ( !  
function+ ( ! *ur*4 ,b !re is /ill      
consid]able "q conc]n+ ! basis = !      
program ( *ur* "w t n[ bids fair to     
become conv5tional4 ,n long ago ! writ] 
att5d$ a conv5tion ( a /ate social      
welf>e association4 ,ov] ?ree hundr$ &  
fifty p]sons 7 9 att5dance repres5t+ !  
lead+ ag5cies = ! advance ( social      
welf>e 9 ! entire commonweal?1 bo? urban
 & rural4 ,c>eful inquiry reveal$ ! fact
 t b "o m9i/] _h regi/]$1 & he 0 on !   
program4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! r>e       
occurr5ce = ^? pr(essionally int]e/$ 9  

social s]vice to be pres5t at a         
conv5tion ( repres5tatives ( religi\s   
ord]s4 ,9 practice !re is /ill a        
clean-cut divid+ l9e betwe5 ^? int]e/$ 9
 social progress & ^? engag$ 9 s-call$  
religi\s "w4 ,! social work]s are n     
irreligi\s2 _m ( !m believe _! s]vice to
 be ( ! highe/ type ( religi\s          
expression4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! *ur*  
are welcom$ by social work]s into _!    
c\ncils1 b x is fe>$ t (t5 ^!           
repres5tatives are n tak5 s]i\sly       
because = s long !y h _h a program t    
affect$ social welf>e 9 b an indirect   
way4 ,! "t has come :5 repres5tatives ( 
! *ur* %\ld accept _! rightful position 
z lead]s 9 all movem5ts t t5d to make   
human exi/5ce m ,*ri/-l & to make !     
k+dom ( heav5 on e>? m ( a reality4  ,! 
reason = ! attitude ( bo? m9i/]s & p    
t[>d ! *ur* has be5 ! emphasis plac$ ^u 
individual reg5]ation z ! sole &        
all-important me?od ( advanc+ ! ,k+dom4 
,! conv]sion ( ! individual w\ld lead   
him into "r conduct4 ,:5 all individuals

 7 conv]t$ !n ! k+dom ( heav5 w\ld inde$
 be at h&4  ,b ! advance ( social sci5ce
 has made cle> ! fact t ! individual is 
v l>gely ! expression ( ! gr\p 9 :i* he 
lives4 ,cu/om1 conv5tion1 fa%ion1 public
 op9ion1 & o!r gr\p influ5ces g f> to   
det]m9e :at individual ?\ght & action w 
be 9 any giv5 gr\p4 ,! ,t5nessee        
m\nta9e] has a diff]5t /&>d ( :at       
con/itutes true religion f t ( ! ,new   
,engl& ,unit>ian4 ,! code ( race        
relation%ips 9 ,mississippi is n ! same 
z t 9 ,wiscons94 ,! /&>ds ( ! boy's gang
 det]m9e l>gely ! dress1 ! ideals1 &    
habits n only ( y\? b ( ! com+ man4 ,ev5
 9 ! life ( ! individual diff]5t /&>ds  
exi/ suitable to ! sev]al gr\ps 9 :i* he
 c>ries on 8 habitual activities4 ,!    
capitali/ :o corrupts ,legislatures )   
impunity 9 bus9ess or :o prev5ts        
*ild-labor legislation may be a model   
,*ri/ian g5tleman 9 8 home & *ur* life4 
,x is admitt$ t 9 ! la/ analysis ! gr\p 
m9d c h its exi/5ce only 9 ! individual 
m9ds t compose x4 ,b x is also true t :5

 we consid] ! m9ds ( individuals work+ 9
 gr\ps ) ! consci\sness ( :at !         
reactions ( o!rs are1 ! results are     
diff]5t f :at !y are :5 ! individual    
acts alone4 ,moreov]1 individuals z a   
class react 9 mu* ! same way to /imuli t
 affect all ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p at a    
giv5 "t4 ,if ! price ( milk is rais$ s t
 !re is suspicion ( pr(ite]+1 common    
res5tm5t appe>s4 ,if ! lead]%ip ( a     
political p>ty is ?reat5$1 ! politician1
 ev5 ?\gh he loses lead]%ip1 r>ely bolts
 8 gr\p4 ,in/ead he f9ds "s excuse = /&+
 by ! p>ty organization4 ,x is n        
necess>y to alt] ! m9ds ( all           
individuals by conv]sion 9 ! conv5tional
 mann] ei!r to *ange public op9ion1 alt]
 physical conditions1 or *ange ! =m (   
social organization4 ,:5 ^! *anges are  
effect$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! controll+ elem5ts (
 ! gr\p1 !n ! entire public m9d & social
 organization are alt]$ & ! social      
process goes on /imulat$ 9 new] &1 x is 
hop$1 bett] directions4  ,"o or two     
illu/rations %\ld make ?is po9t cle>]4  

,sev]al ye>s ago x 0 ! cu/om to use     
common dr9k+ cups on railways4 ,:5 fir/ 
legislation 0 pass$ to prev5t su* use1  
consid]able public op9ion oppos$ x z    
fooli%4 ,n[1 x is difficult to get any  
"o to t\* a common dr9k+ cup ev5 9 !    
home4 ,be=e ! elim9ation ( ! saloon     
p[]ful & sometimes v respectable =ces 7 
l9$ up 9 favor ( its cont9uance4 ,b z   
soon z ! fight aga9/ ! saloon _h be5    
c>ri$ to ! po9t ( its legal elim9ation  
_m ( ^? :o once support$ ! b>room       
because ( ! pr(it to !m became its      
oppon5ts4 ,=m]ly ! saloon 0 a c5t] = !  
corruption ( _m if n mo/ ( ! y\? 9 !    
community4 ,n[1 mo/ communities are br++
 up a f> high] grade ( "y p morally ?an 
!y once 7 because x is no long] necess>y
 to fight aga9/ ?is c5t] ( immoral      
infection4  ,! lesson ^! illu/rations   
%\ld tea* is ?is3 t ! conv5tional me?od 
us$ by ! *ur*es dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury (
 dep5d+ almo/ entirely ^u individual    
reg5]ation ?r\gh p]sonal appeal z a     
means ( salvation ( ! race has h&icapp$ 

! *ur* & limit$ its effectiv5ess4 ,:5 x 
is once und]/ood t ! m9d & ! "* ( !     
individual c be influ5c$ 9 z _m ways z  
!re are social contacts1 & :5 ! means ( 
approa* ?r\gh all ^! contacts is        
und]/ood1 !n ! effectiv5ess ( ! *ur* w  
be immeasurably increas$4 ,social life  
mu/ be sav$ n only ?r\gh individual     
reg5]ation b also ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( a
 "r attitude on ! "p ( ! individual & z 
_m individuals z possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 individual attitudes c be e/abli%$ 9   
l>ge "p by br++ ab\t1 ?r\gh means n[    
fairly well und]/ood1 good economic     
conditions & social organization4  ,!   
sad "p ab\t ! traditional limit$ me?od (
 approa* to improvem5t ( gr\p life has  
be5 t 9 probably ! majority ( cases     
impulses 7 ar\s$ by p]sonal appeal to d 
good & !n ?r\gh ignorance ( objectives 9
 gr\p advance ^? impulses 7 all[$ to    
die4 ,! backslid] is an excell5t        
illu/ration ( ! results ( p]iodic r5ewal
 ( impulse to "r liv+4 ,9 mo/ o!r cases 
! impulses ?us ar\s$ h f\nd _!          

expression 9 a hyp]s5sitiv5ess 9 reg>d  
to c]ta9 phases ( p]sonal conduct4      
,emphasis ^u p]sonal moral conduct to ! 
exclusion ( effective int]e/ 9 social   
progress *>act]iz$ mu* ( ! product ( !  
p]sonal evangeli/ic campaigns c>ri$ on  
p]iodically dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree      
g5]ations1 :ile ! real "w ( mak+ ! _w   
bett] has be5 direct$ by m5 & wom5 n    
p>ticul>ly subject to ^! p]iodical waves
 ( religi\s impulses b imbu$ ) a /eady  
abid+ fai? 9 ! wor? ( social action4 ,!y
 h _h ! good impulses1 b ^! impulses h  
be5 /eadi$ & r5d]$ p]man5tly valuable   
because fai? bas$ on k ( objectives 0   
available4  ,if ! s]i\s errors ( ! pa/  
are to be avoid$ x w be necess>y = ^?   
intru/$ ) responsibilities ( *ur*       
lead]%ip to va/ly increase _! k (       
problems ( gr\p life & ( me?ods (       
control ( gr\p life4 ,! foll[+ pages are
 design$ to aid ! prospective religi\s  
lead]1 ei!r pr(essional or lay1 z f> z  
possible 9 und]/&+ "s ( ! problems t mu/
 be dealt ) 9 mak+ human life :at       

,*ri/ianity hopes =4 ,results already h 
be5 a*iev$ suffici5t to place beyond "q 
! pr9ciple t ! *ur* mu/ approa* life f e
 possible angle4 ,! ef=t to produce "r  
attitudes 9 ! individual mu/ be cont9u$1
 b ! me?ods us$ mu/ be v>i$ & multipli$4
  ,fur!rmore1 be=e ! s\nd po9t ( view ) 
ref]5ce to ! me?od ( approa* to !       
problems ( ! *ur* c be obta9$ x w be    
necess>y to h a cle> und]/&+ z to !     
place ( ! *ild 9 ! moral ord]4 ,^? :o   
d]ive _! !ology by read+ & int]pret+    
isolat$ passages ( ! ,scriptures        
sometimes arrive at unexpect$1 &1 f !   
po9t ( view ( rational liv+1 ecc5tric & 
positively h>mful conclusions4 ,"s      
devot$ read]s f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul    
some?+ ab\t ,:]eas 9 ,adam all die1 9   
,*ri/ all are made alive2 & 9 ,*ri/'s   
words ! utt]ance to ,nicodemus1 ,except 
a man be born aga9 he %all n ent] !     
k+dom ( heav54 ,!y h drawn f ^! doctr9es
 t all m5 are born ) s9 inh]5t 9 _!     
natures & t !re is no good 9 ! s\l until
 conv]sion has tak5 place4 ,s long z ^! 

doctr9es f9d a place 9 ! prea*+ &       
practice ( *ur*es ! me?od ( _w salvation
 w be radically diff]5t f t = :i* !     
writ] is cont5d+4  ,9 brief1 if ! words 
( ,*ri/ are tak5 at _! face value :5 he 
said ,suff] little *ildr5 to come unto  
me1 = ( su* is ! k+dom ( heav51 we h an 
entirely diff]5t basis ( approa* to our 
problem ?an if we assume t all are lo/  
except ^? ^u :om ! my/ical influ5ce (   
conv]sion 9 ! traditional s5se has      
op]at$4 ,if ! assumption t *ildr5 are   
born good is accept$1 !n we are br\ght  
to ! "q1 ,h[ may ^! innoc5ts be kept s8 
,! answ] is1 ,by tra9+ !m to control _! 
natural impulses1 good 9 !mselves b     
likely to lead into wrong if n prop]ly  
direct$2 & by cultivat+ ! natural       
t5d5cies to good t f9d expression 9 e   
normal *ild4 ,!y mu/ also be br\ght to  
an und]/&+ ( :at ,*ri/ means to !m z _! 
,savi\r & ,guide4 ,!n ?is mu/ be        
supplem5t$ z rapidly z possible by !    
organization ( gr\p life1 9 su* a way t 
evil influ5ces w be elim9at$4  ,! saloon

 0 n _m ye>s ago ! c5t] ( corruption (  
?\s&s--yes1 millions--( ! gr[+ y\? ( ?is
 c\ntry4 ,! elim9ation ( ! saloon has   
made possible ! developm5t ( millions ( 
"y p free f ! p>ticul> type ( s9fulness 
= :i* ! saloon 0 responsible4 ,9 l      
mann]1 ! elim9ation ( comm]cializ$ vice 
has r5d]$ our cities incomp>ably saf] = 
our "y m5 & wom5 ?an !y once 74 ,!      
sub/itution ( :olesome amusem5t = "y    
folks 9 good environm5t = ! unregulat$  
comm]cializ$ amusem5ts once ! sole s\rce
 ( recreation has ex]t$ a moral influ5ce
 too f>-rea*+ to be e/imat$4 ,!         
introduction ( coop]ation 9 indu/ry has 
elim9at$ ! s9 accompany+ ! fights betwe5
 capital & labor 9 ^? indu/ries :]e x   
has be5 introduc$4 ,^! illu/rations %[  
h[ x is possible1 by cont9u+ !          
improvem5t ( social & economic          
conditions to create su* an environm5t z
 w de/roy ! s\rces ( individual         
corruption & deg5]ation & w make ! gr[? 
( ! *ild a cont9u\s succession ( /ages (
 spiritual improvem5t & gr[?4 ,conv]sion

 c ?us conceivably become a consci\s    
p]sonal acceptance ( ,*ri/ & ( !        
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity z ! normal basis
 = "r liv+ )\t a noticeable break 9 !   
c\rse or direction ( life r ?an ! int5se
 emotional cataclysm t s (t5 *>act]iz$ !
 *ange 9 h>d5$ s9n]s4  ,:5 *ildr5 good  
by nature are br\ght up 9 an environm5t 
physical & spiritual t has be5 br\ght   
into h>mony ) ! laws ( ,god1 !n !       
problems ( evil w be r$uc$ to ^? aris+  
out ( natural causes ov] :i* man has n  
a*iev$ control2 & *ildr5 w be look$ ^u z
 ! natural & rightful memb]s ( ! *ur*   
in/ead ( be+ kept out ( ! *ur* until !y 
rea* ! age ( acc\ntability4 ,! burd5 (  
gett+ out ( ! *ur* %\ld be put on ! *ild
 in/ead ( ! usual responsibility (      
decid+ to come into x4  ,x is cu/om>y = 
lead]s ( ! *ur* to assume cr$it =       
practically all ! good ?+s go+ on 9 !   
direction ( human improvem5t by assum+  
t1 ?\gh ! *ur* does n h a l>ge memb]%ip1
 comp>atively speak+1 its influ5ce has  
inspir$ ! good "w be+ done 9 social     

progress4 ,x is well to face frankly !  
fact t1 :atev] may h be5 ! situation 9 !
 pa/1 at ! pres5t x is que/ionable :e!r 
! *ur* has be5 ! s\rce ( ev5 ! l>g]     
portion ( ?is inspiration4 ,! public    
s*ools1 includ+ ! high] in/itutions (   
le>n+1 h be5 socializ+ ! future lead]s 9
 social progress s t _! inspiration has 
be5 drawn f a concrete k ( social       
problems & f ! belief t humanity c1 by  
prop] ef=t1 control conditions ( liv+4  
,!n pragmatic results h fur!r$ ?is      
belief until inspiration has come f !   
a*ievem5t ( results !mselves r ?an f any
 recognition ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9      
social life4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion is    
d\btless responsible = ^? ?+s mo/ wor?  
:ile 9 mod]n life1 b o!r s\rces (       
inspiration h develop$ = :i* ,*ri/ianity
 does n get ! cr$it4  ,! conclusion ( ! 
:ole matt] is t 9 ! pa/ two or ?ree     
g5]ations two m>k$ divisions h gr[n up1 
! "o a section or w+ inside ! *ur* :i*  
has plac$ sole emphasis ^u individual   
reg5]ation z ! me?od ( social progress2 

! o!r l>gely outside ! *ur*1 ) emphasis 
^u social re=m z ! me?od ( advance4 ,:at
 is ne$$ is a wid5+ ( ! field s t !     
me?ods ( social improvem5t prov$ to be (
 value by social work]s w be adopt$ z   
valid me?ods ( br++ ab\t ! k+dom ( ,god4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 social work]s mu/ give m 
att5tion to ! reg5]ation ( ! individual4
 ,:5 ea* ( ^! gr\ps recognizes ! value (
 ! program ( ! o!r1 !n x w be difficult 
to di/+ui% long] betwe5 *ur*m5 & social 
work]s4 ,! two gr\ps w1 9 fact1 jo9 h&s1
 & by unify+ & coord9at+ ef=ts w "w m   
effectively 9 atta9+ a common aim4 ,!   
basis1 !n1 = ! program = ! *ur* :i* w   
t\* all phases ( human int]e/ 9 a vital 
way is t e human int]e/ has its effect  
on ! welf>e ( ! s\l4 ,& a program t     
fails to take into acc\nt e approa* to !
 individual c at lea/ be b p>tial4      
,aga91 x w be necess>y to revise popul> 
impression z to j :at is spiritual4 ,!  
f>m] :o aft] hav+ a mo/ unusual         
spiritual exp]i5ce at a revival s]vice  
angrily oppos$ a local movem5t =        

consolidation ( s*ools because su* a    
move w\ld increase taxes _h an idea (   
religion t 0 /rictly p]sonal--&         
anti-social4 ,! *ur* lead] :o fe>$ t !  
enc\ragem5t ( social-c5t] activities by 
! *ur* w\ld ultimately result 9 a       
condition 9 :i* ! social activities ( ! 
*ur* w\ld ov]%ad[ ! spiritual1 _h 9 m9d 
a di/9ction t mu/ be met & und]/ood if !
 *ur* is to broad5 its program )\t los+ 
its id5tity z a religi\s in/itution4 ,! 
m9i/] :o1 :ile prais+ a community-club  
movem5t :i* _h br\ght to ! community _m 
improvem5ts & a bett] moral condition1  
/at$ t x 0 injur+ ! *ur*1 ei!r saw a    
real conflict betwe5 spiritual & social 
welf>e or _h a misconception z to :at is
 spiritual4  ,! problem seems to arise  
out ( a t5d5cy :i* has crept into       
!ological ?\ght to limit spiritual ?+s  
to my/ical p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,) ?is    
def9ition ( spiritual ?+s !re seems to h
 come a t5d5cy to look ^u any type (    
activity t 0 ( a practical nature1 su* z
 provid+ = ! recreational ne$s ( !      

community1 organiz+ a campaign = bett]  
read+ facilities = c\ntry p1 or = bett] 
f>m+1 z n spiritual1 & consequ5tly be   
s$ul\sly avoid$ by ! *ur*4 ,p]haps !re  
is no ?\ght 9 ,am]ican rural life to-day
 t causes m tr\ble to ! aggressive rural
 m9i/] ( ! mod]n type ?an ?is4 ,8 "y m5 
& wom5 want to broad5 ! scope ( ! *ur*1 
b ! tru/ees1 & ^? ^: ^w c\nts t[>d !    
selection ( pa/ors & _! removal1 (t5    
oppose any?+ be+ done by ! *ur* :i* is n
 cu/om>y & accord+ly1 z !y ?9k1 n       
spiritual4  ,*ri/ said ,i am come t ye  
might h life1 & h x m abundantly4 ,if   
?is /atem5t is accept$ at its face      
value1 !n we h ! f\ndation = judg+ e    
activity 9 :i* ! *ur* may p>take4 ,does 
! activity t5d to increase ! mat]ial &  
spiritual welf>e ( ! community1 s t !   
influ5ces t t5d to ! ext]m9ation ( !    
gr\p are less8 ,if s1 !n x con=ms to !  
purposes ( ! com+ ( ! ,*ri/4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 if ! activity does positively less5 
! resi/ance ( ! community1 r$uc+ x      
ultimately to a l[] scale ( liv+        

*>act]iz$ by ^? ?+s t are recogniz$ z   
h>mful1 !n x is n a legitimate "p ( *ur*
 "w4 ,x also foll[s t if su* h>mful     
conditions exi/ 9 ! community )\t a     
prote/ on ! "p ( ! *ur* or )\t "s       
def9ite ef=t to elim9ate !m1 !n ! *ur*  
is n liv+ up to ! high call+ expect$ ( x
 by ! ,ma/]4 ,! t]m spiritual is1       
accord+ly1 mu* m inclusive ?an has be5  
popul>ly suppos$1 & "o ( ! great        
contributions ( social sci5ce dur+ ! pa/
 few decades has be5 to br+ to ! public 
m9d ! k t man & 8 spirituality _c be    
dealt ) individually b mu/ be includ$ 9 
all ^? relation%ips t affect ! s\l ( !  
individual4  ,:ile ! succe$+ pages h to 
d ) ! social aspects ( ! spiritual life 
( man1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t !         
reg5]ation or ! quick5+ ( ! individual  
is at lea/ half ( ! task 9 community    
progress4 ,! life ( ! hone/1 upright    
man1 ^: s\l has be5 set on fire by      
contact ) ! flame ( div9e love1 ^: he>t 
has be5 br\ght into h>mony ) ! div9e w (
 ,god1 becomes 9 itself a po9t = !      

radiation ( impulses = "r liv+4 ,& :5 ^!
 impulses are direct$ into useful       
*annels ?r\gh a broad5$ und]/&+ ( s\nd  
objectives 9 social progress1 !n real   
advance is possible4  ,!re are _m o!r   
phases ( ?\ght t act z a h9drance to !  
advance ( ! spiritual k+dom 9 rural     
,am]ica1 b ^! illu/rations w be         
suffici5t to %[ :at mu/ be cle>$ away   
be=e ! broad program ( ! mod]n rural    
*ur* c be :ole-he>t$ly accept$4 ,9      
fairness to ! writ] x %\ld be kept 9    
m9d1 z /at$ 9 ! def9itions giv5 at !    
op5+1 t ?is text has no?+ to d ) ^?     
vital elem5ts ( religi\s organization & 
s]vice :i* are int5d$ to keep alive     
man's belief 9 a div9ity & 9 immortality
 except 9 s f> z ^! beliefs affect      
community relation%ips4 ,! discussion ( 
^! subjects falls1 r1 into ! realm (    
!ology4 ,x is hop$ t at lea/ ! pr9ciples
 und]ly+ ! movem5t t[>d broad5+ !       
program ( ! rural *ur* h be5 cle>ly1 if 
briefly1 /at$1 & t ! movem5t t[>d a l>g]
 concept ( ! religi\s =ces z a factor 9 

rural progress w cont9ue to spread at an
 accel]at+ spe$4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,! 
,,economic ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,! ,,*ur*    
,z "o travels ?r\gh ! rural di/ricts (  
,am]ica & obs]ves diff]5ces 9 ! /&>ds ( 
liv+ he is conv9c$ t human welf>e dep5ds
 v l>gely on economic conditions4 ,!    
broad1 well-till$ fields ( ,i[a1        
surr\nd+ l>ge1 well-built h\ses1 big r$ 
b>ns & o!r outbuild+s1 =m a m>k$ contra/
 ) ! pat*es ( corn 9 irregul> fields    
cle>$ f ! bru% & scrub trees on         
hillsides 9 ,t5nessee or ,k5tucky1 & !  
hovels & rund[n f>m build+s :i* g "u !  
"n ( homes = ! hill p4 ,heal?y1         
well-dress$1 happy *ildr5 att5d+ good   
s*ools ( ! mo/ mod]n type 9 ! corn belt 
und\bt$ly h ! advantage ( ! boys & girls
 9 ! hills :o (t5 d n le>n to read &    
write be=e !y are t5 ye>s old1 if at    
all1 & :5 !y d g to s*ool mu/ be taught 
by poorly tra9$ tea*]s = %ort t]ms1 end+
 be=e ! holidays1 & 9 "o-room s*ools (t5
 att5d$ by ne>ly a hundr$ *ildr54       
,religi\s s]vice & lead]%ip 9 ! "o      

section "u ! direction ( college &      
!ological sem9>y m5 c h>dly be put 9 !  
same class ) ! highly emotional         
expression ( religi\s impulses ( !      
m\nta9 section l$ by once-a-mon? abs5tee
 pa/ors ) no education1 or1 worse /ill1 
by w&]+ s-call$ evangeli/s ( d\btful    
morality4 ,"o c\ld g ?r\gh ! :ole li/ ( 
contra/s betwe5 ! economically          
well-favor$ sections ( ! c\ntry & ! less
 favor$ agricultural sections & 9 no way
 w\ld ! advantage be on ! side ( !      
latt]4  ,effici5t social & religi\s     
in/itutions _c be built on poor economic
 f\ndations4 ,s long z a section ( !    
c\ntry _c af=d to pay m ?an five hundr$ 
doll>s p] ye> = tea*]s or prea*]s1 x _c 
hope to h ! lead]%ip possible to ano!r  
section :]e m9i/]s to rural p c easily  
secure eighte5 hundr$ to ?ree ?\s&      
doll>s p] ye>4 ,good build+s _c be      
erect$1 nor c any ( ! mat]ial com=ts :i*
 g to make up ! f\ndation ( civiliz$    
life be enjoy$4  ,= ! sake ( ! *ur*1 z  
well z ! p1 ! *ur* mu/ att5d to !       

economic f\ndations ( rural life4 ,x is 
un=tunate = _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 
! m9i/ry has become s sep>at$ f real    
life by ! my/ical tr5d 9 religion t x   
has r5d]$ practically no s]vice 9 lay+ !
 f\ndations = ! cont9uance ( !          
communities !mselves4  ,! %ift (        
population f rural to urban c5t]s :i* ! 
c5sus records %[ has cont9u$1 if any?+1 
at an accel]at$ spe$1 indicates !       
s]i\sness ( ! problem4 ,a "p ( ! %ift is
 d\btless due to improvem5ts made 9     
me?ods ( production4 ,s f> z ?is is !   
cause !re is no reason to be di/urb$ ov]
 ! t5d5cy1 z x is useless to try to keep
 "y m5 & wom5 9 an occupation t does n  
(f] opportunity = e>n+ a liv+4 ,"p ( !  
%ift may be due to ! liv+ conditions 9 !
 c\ntry4 ,?is is b an indication ( !    
task ( ! *ur* on ! social side & c be   
*ang$ z economic welf>e p]mits4 ,b !    
fact t rural population has be5 leav+ ! 
f>ms & t agricultural l&s h be5 ab&on$  
by ?\s&s ( acres1 indicates t urban     
opportunities h f> outbid ! rural 9     

f9ancial returns1 v>iety ( op5+s1 & 9   
work+ conditions4 ,! f>m]'s income mu/  
be increas$ z comp>$ ) o!r gr\ps be=e   
!re c be a well-balanc$ relatively /able
 ,am]ican life4 ,until ?is is a*iev$ ^? 
:o are try+ to build up rural           
in/itutions z /rong z ^? 9 urban c5t]s w
 be engag$ 9 a hopeless task4  ,em95t1  
consci5ti\s ,*ri/ian g5tlem51 lead]s 9  
religi\s ?\ght1 & occasionally c\ntry   
m9i/]s1 h accus$ ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! *ur*  
%\ld h a vital active int]e/ 9 improv+  
economic welf>e ( try+ to make hog-*ol]a
 exp]ts out ( prea*]s1 ?us tak+ !m away 
f _! real tasks4 ,x is believ$ t k ( hog
 *ol]a & ( ! ag5cies t c help ! f>m] to 
prev5t x w n injure ! /&+ ( any rural   
m9i/]4 ,x is ma9ta9$ ) ref]5ce to c>e = 
economic welf>e t x is ! bus9ess ( !    
*ur* to enc\rage economic improvem5t s  
f> z possible 7#a7 by giv+ advice &     
assi/+ 9 demon/ration "w :5 no o!r      
organiz$ ag5cy is 9 a position to r5d]  
?is s]vice1 & 7#b7 by op5+ ! way to o!r 
organiz$ ag5cies to p]=m ?is s]vice4    

,?is is ! prime bus9ess ( ! agricultural
 colleges ?r\gh _! ext5sion s]vice4 ,b x
 has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( agricultural      
colleges t !y h ! greate/ difficulty 9  
e/abli%+ relation%ips 9 ^? agricultural 
sections :]e _! s]vice is ne$$ ! mo/4 ,!
 m9i/] ( ! gospel1 be+ "o ( ! two or    
?ree paid lead]s 9 a local community1   
enjoy+ a measure ( ! confid5ce ( ! p1 & 
hav+ a l>ge "p ( 8 "t available =       
pa/oral duties1 has ! opportunity & !   
obligation to tactfully br+ to !        
community ! assi/ance ( ^! o!r ag5cies  
n[ provid$ by ! ,/ate4 ,:5 he has done  
?is he c re/ assur$ t he has accompli%$ 
some?+ t w become ! f\ndation = a f>    
high]1 m satisfy+ rural life4  ,al?\gh  
ultimately ! problem ( production 9     
agriculture w probably be a mo/ s]i\s   
"o1 because ( influ5ces su* z soil-m9+1 
de=e/ation1 & depletion ( soil ?r\gh    
erosion1 ! imm$iate problems are1 r1 !  
adju/m5t ( production to dem& s t ! f>m]
 w be on a m equitable income basis )   
o!r elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,:5 !re is  

newspap] talk ( aga9 burn+ corn = fuel1 
:5 wool is a drug on ! m>ket1 & :5      
f>m]s' organizations are urg+ ! decrease
 9 ! acreage ( cotton1 x is idle to talk
 ( agricultural welf>e be+ synonym\s )  
ability to increase crop acreage or     
production p] acre4 ,agricultural       
colleges & o!r ,/ate ag5cies h devot$ ! 
l>ge "p ( _! ef=ts to /udy ( problems ( 
production4 ,! results ( _! s]vices to  
date h be5 to s improve production z to 
ha/5 ! population movem5t f ! f>ms to ! 
cities4 ,?is t5d5cy to aid production to
 ! po9t ( exce$+ equitable dem& has be5 
( economic value to ! great c5t]s b x   
has n enc\rag$ ! cont9uance on ! f>m ( a
 l>ge population1 nor has x enabl$ !    
f>m] to compete ) ! t[nsman 9 ma9ta9+ a 
satisfactory /&>d ( liv+4 ,x w\ld seem t
 ! produc+ ability ( ! f>m] has be5 8   
mis=tune1 & t 8 fri5ds :o h taught him  
to produce m h be5 8 wor/ enemies4  ,:5 
a manufactur+ plant closes d[n because x
 _c sell its goods at a giv5 price1 or  
:5 a retail] refuses to h&le goods bel[ 

a price believ$ by _m to be excessive1  
little is said4 ,b :5 ! f>m] tries to   
adju/ 8 production to dem& by limit+    
production !re is widespread criticism (
 8 conduct4 ,!re %\ld be cont9uance (   
ef=ts to reta9 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 to  
improve me?ods ( cultivation1 & to      
prev5t de/ruction ( wide areas ?r\gh    
erosion4 ,! patrimony ( ! nation mu/ be 
pres]v$ ?r\gh wise policies ( re=e/ation
 & reclamation ( wa/e l&s4 ,b ! great   
imm$iate task is t ( adju/+ production  
to dem& s t ! rural population may      
advance 9 mat]ial welf>e along ) o!r    
gr\ps4 ,9 a competitive organization (  
indu/ry ! f>m]s success is gaug$ by 8   
net income r ?an by ! numb] ( bu%els (  
corn or bales ( cotton he produces4  ,a 
s9i/] t5d5cy 9 ! high]-pric$ g5]al      
agricultural sections is t ( increase 9 
! numb] ( f>ms op]at$ by f>m t5ants4    
,c]ta9 writ]s h attempt$ to prove t ?is 
t5d5cy is tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,b ! evid5ce
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus f decade to   
decade indicates t ! dang] is real2 & t 

! soon] a policy ( control is adopt$ !  
bett]4  ,! h&icaps to agriculture ?r\gh 
?is increase are manifold4 ,9 a l>ge    
proportion ( cases1 z %[n by /udies 9   
typical areas1 ! l&[n] does n live on a 
neighbor+ f>m1 nor is he a retir$ p>5t  
or o!r relative ( ! t5ant f>m]4 ,he     
lives 9 ! neighbor+ city4 ,consequ5tly1 
! r5tal f ! f>m goes to help build up ! 
mat]ial welf>e ( ! urban c5t]4 ,!       
contributions ( ! abs5tee l&lord to *ur*
 "w g to supplem5t ! sal>y ( a city     
pa/or on a scale f> beyond ! compet+    
ability ( ! rural *ur* :]e 8 l& is      
locat$4 ,8 contributions to b5evol5ces  
are paid = out ( ! income f 8           
f\r-hundr$-acre f>m b are cr$it$ to !   
city *ur* ( :i* he is a memb] in/ead (  
to ! rural *ur* 9 ! community :]e 8 l&  
is locat$4 ,because ( ! transi5t nature 
( 8 resid5ce ! t5ant1 :o rema9s on ! f>m
 on ! av]age less ?an two ye>s1 has b   
little p]man5t int]e/ 9 ! life ( !      
community & lacks ! /ability to become a
 valuable factor 9 build+ up /rong rural

 in/itutions4 ,! l&lord1 z previ\sly    
sugge/$1 has be5 kn[n to oppose measures
 = consolidation ( rural s*ools because 
su* consolidation might increase taxes1 
& has be5 kn[n to ?reat5 t5ants )       
dispossession if !y %\ld vote =         
consolidation4 ,! con/ant mov+ ( ! t5ant
 has h&icapp$ ! *ildr5 9 gett+ a good   
common-s*ool education because ( !      
breaks 9 _! tra9+ result+ f ?is con/ant 
*ang+ ( resid5ce4  ,! t5ant h\se1 ) all 
its implications ( class-di/9ction1 has 
come to ! c\ntry side 9 increas+ numb]s4
 ,& sl[ly b gradually a l&$ ari/ocracy  
is gr[+ up 9 rural ,am]ica z m>k$ z !   
l&$ ari/ocracy bas$ on ! pur*ase ( a few
 acres ( ,manhattan ,isl& sev]al        
g5]ations ago4 ,& ) ! t5ant has come !  
f>m labor]1 ali5 to ! community1        
transi5t1 & z mu* a memb] ( ! prolet>iat
 z if he 7 work+ 9 a great factory 9 !  
city4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 movem5t 9 ! :eat   
fields & lumb] camps ( ! ,nor?we/ is b !
 beg9n+ ( ! wage-e>n+ consci\sness z x  
spreads out f urban c5t]s4  ,! %ort t]m 

( t5ant op]ation is l[]+ ! /&>ds (      
agriculture4 ,in/ead ( f>m+ on a long-"t
 s*$ule1 expect+ returns on a sy/em (   
husb&ry rea*+ ?r\gh ! ye>s1 ! t5ant is  
incl9$ to produce su* crops z c be      
dispos$ ( at ! close ( ! ye>1 reg>dless 
( ! effect ( su* a =m ( agriculture ^u !
 f]tility ( ! soil4 ,t5ant contracts z  
yet (f] little inducem5t = ! t5ant to   
rema9 p]man5tly on a giv5 f>m or to keep
 up ne$$ improvem5ts4  ,! t5ant = ! "t  
be+ may ev5 make l>g] pr(its z a t5ant  
?an z an own]4 ,b ! t5d5cy ev]y:]e =    
r5ts to rise1 & ! consequ5t increase 9 !
 value ( ! l&1 w ultimately br+ ! t5ant 
to ! position ( secur+ f 8 labor on !   
f>m an income n mu* 9 excess ( :at he   
w\ld receive f work+ z a day labor]4 ,! 
result 9 ! long run w be t ! be/        
agricultural sections ( ! c\ntry w be   
occupi$ by a population l[] 9 ability   
?an 9 a l&[n+ section & con/antly kept  
d[n by pov]ty4 ,?is pr$iction may be    
deem$ fanciful by "s1 b ! writ] believes
 t x is wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful            

consid]ation & /udy4  ,s9ce !           
organization ( ! great comb9ations 9 !  
oil & sug> indu/ries dur+ ! #gj's &     
#hj's ( ! pa/ c5tury ! movem5t t[>d     
close indu/rial organization has proce$$
 ) little int]ruption4 ,legislation has 
be5 pass$ design$ to break up indu/rial 
comb9ations & f "t to "t v>i\s indu/ries
 h be5 dis9tegrat$4 ,b ! layman has n   
be5 able to discov] t su* dis9tegrations
 by c\rt ord] h _h any m>k$ influ5ce on 
! progress ( ! fundam5tal t5d5cies t[>d 
indu/rial consolidation4 ,! f>m]s h be5 
! la/ to get into ! organization field  
on any ext5sive scale4 ,! ,grange & !   
,f>m]s' ,alliance1 & lat] ! ,f>m]s'     
,union1 h made attempts &1 al?\gh _m    
failures are record$1 _! "w pav$ ! way =
 a f> l>g] movem5t t[>d f>m organization
 n[ "u way4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d close        
organization ( indu/rial gr\ps may also 
be se5 9 ! labor movem5t1 ! ,am]ican    
,f$]ation ( ,labor & ! ,indu/rial       
,work]s ( ! ,_w 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !       
syndicali/ movem5t 9 ,europe2 & 9 !     

organization ( employ]s' associations & 
! ,national ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce on ! "p ( 
bus9ess m54 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( !    
un=tunate phases ( ?is movem5t t[>d     
closely organiz$ gr\p consci\sness1     
h[ev] ,bol%evi/ic x may be said to be1 x
 mu/ be recogniz$ t class consci\sness  
has come to /ay4 ,! old-type citiz5 :o  
vot$ z a ,republican or a ,democrat & z 
an individual reg>dless ( 8 indu/rial   
affiliations is pass+ away1 & to-day !  
bus9ess m5 z a class1 ! wage-e>n]s z a  
class1 ! f>m]s z a class1 approa* !     
lead]s ( bo? traditional p>ties ) _!    
ultimatums z to :at !y w d if c]ta9     
policies are n record$ 9 _! respective  
plat=ms4 ,& ! be/-organiz$ gr\ps1 ^? t c
 sw+ ! mo/ votes or c produce ! l>ge/   
f9ancial inducem5ts1 are ! ones t get   
mo/ consid]ation4 ,?is may be           
,bol%evism1 b if x is1 x is a fact 9    
,am]ican life1 & we may z well adju/    
ourselves to h&l+ ! situation wisely    
in/ead ( lam5t+ ! pass+ ( ! sy/em (     
individual repres5tation :i* 0 ! basis  

on :i* ,am]ican gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$4  ,!   
f>m] _c be accus$ ( lead]%ip 9 ?is *ange
 9 ! ,am]ican ,/ate4 ,bus9ess m5 &      
wage-e>n]s began x1 & ! f>m] has be5 =c$
 to foll[ _! example4 ,! old type       
individualism ( ! l&[n+-op]at+ f>m] has 
long h&icapp$ ! f>m] 9 8 relations ) o!r
 indu/rial gr\ps4 ,& x is ) _m mi/akes &
 setbacks t he is n[ endeavor+ to foll[ 
! example s ably set by !               
multimillionaires ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,bett] 
organization1 n = exploitation b =      
protection & ma9t5ance ( a safe balance 
( influ5ce 9 economic affairs1 is fully 
ju/ifi$1 & ! m9i/] ( ! gospel is s]v+ ! 
f>m] be/ :5 he enc\rages "r & effici5t  
organization4  ,! ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau 
,f$]ation1 begun a few ye>s ago ?r\gh ! 
enc\ragem5t ( c\nty agricultural ag5ts 9
 ord] to give !m a po9t ( contact )     
gr\ps ( f>m]s & to give local support ( 
! c\nty ag5t's "w1 has n[ tak5 into its 
own h&s ! task ( f>m] organization4 ,&  
n[1 ) res\rces f> beyond :at c\ld h be5 
dream$ ( a few ye>s ago1 ?is            

organization is emb>k+ on programs (    
f>m]s' bus9ess organization almo/ too   
/agg]+ 9 _! size to be compreh5d$4 ,if  
rightly manag$1 & if f>m]s c prove loyal
 to _! own organization1 ?is movem5t is 
de/9$ to solve _m ( ! problems (        
int]gr\p relation%ips confront+ ! f>m]s 
dur+ ! pa/ few decades4  ,z a "p ( !    
mod]n f>m] organization movem5t1 & hold+
 )9 itself ! l>ge/ promise ( social     
values1 is ! enc\ragem5t ( coop]ation4  
,s9ce ! days 9 #ahdd1 :5 a little gr\p (
 wage-e>n]s 9 ,engl&1 out ( "w & ga!r$  
r\nd a fire 9 a tav]n1 decid$ to g into 
bus9ess = !mselves on a basis ( "o-man  
"o vote1 & di/ribution ( pr(its on      
bus9ess done ) ! conc]n in/ead ( /ock   
held1 ! movem5t has cont9u$ to spread   
all ov] ! _w until to-day x holds a v   
important place 9 _m l9es ( indu/ry 9   
lead+ c\ntries4  ,9 ?is c\ntry          
coop]ation has be5 an agricultural r ?an
 an urban developm5t1 prim>ily because  
economic conditions h made x m necess>y 
9 agriculture ?an else:]e4 ,f>m]s'      

elevators1 live-/ock %ipp+ associations1
 insurance companies1 fruit-&           
produce-m>ket+ organizations h all ga9$ 
a s\nd foot+ & ea* ye> %[s an increase 9
 _! numb]s4 ,! movem5t has be5          
consi/5tly f\ght by competitive         
pr(it-seek+ int]e/s b )\t avail fur!r   
?an to delay ! movem5t4 ,9 ! e>ly days  
discrim9ation 9 furni%+ c>s1 und]bidd+1 
misrepres5tation1 adv]se legislation all
 _h to be ov]come1 9 addition to ! fact 
t ignorance ( bus9ess pr9ciples (t5 l$  
to failure4 ,ev5 n[1 )9 ! pa/ five ye>s1
 agricultural colleges h be5 prev5t$ f  
add+ advis]s on coop]ative organization 
to _! ext5sion /affs1 retail m]*ants'   
associations h prev5t$ coop]ative       
organization legislation1 & insidi\s    
attempts h be5 made to prev5t popul>    
education ) ref]5ce to ! movem5t4  ,!   
coop]ative movem5t (f]s ! greate/       
opportunity = ! c\ntry m9i/] = def9ite  
s]vice 9 ! f>m]s' economic progress4 ,! 
pr9ciple und]ly+ ! movem5t is ,ea* =    
all1 & all = ea*4 ,in/ead ( ! capitali/ 

& labor] be+ 9 opposite camps "u !      
necessity = b>ga9+1 & ea* do+ z little z
 possible & gett+ z mu* z possible = _! 
respective %>es ( ! product ( ! indu/ry1
 ! coop]ative movem5t br+s !m into      
h>mony = production ( goods1 9 ! belief 
t all are to %>e fairly 9 :at is        
produc$4 ,! /orekeep] & ! buy] no long] 
haggle ov] ! price because bo? w %>e 9 !
 returns ( ! bus9ess done4 ,! coop]ative
 movem5t bids fair to solve _m ( !      
problems ( op5 & clos$ %op1 collective  
b>ga9+1 labor organization1 & (         
relations betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,its
 /eady gr[? is br++ ab\t indu/rial peace
 & s9ce x repres5ts ! true _s (         
,*ri/ianity ! m9i/] is ju/ifi$ 9        
enc\rag+ its developm5t :]ev] he may be4
  ,:at is ! *all5ge to ! *ur* ( !       
economic conditions & t5d5cies outl9$   
above8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 ! m9i/] mu/ 9     
season & out ( season prea* hone/y 9    
bus9ess relations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important
 discov]ies 9 ! /udy ( problems ( !     
f>m]'s bus9ess relations is t 8 success 

or failure dep5ds l>gely ^u ! moral     
pr9ciples ( ! f>m] z a gr\p4 ,! f>m] :o 
puts poor apples or potatoes 9 ! middle 
( ! b>rel1 :o uses false weights &      
measures1 :o fails to produce ! be/ (   
:i* he is capable1 l[]s ! price ( all   
f>m products4 ,! deal] :o mu/ ?r[ out a 
c]ta9 proportion ( bad eggs 9 8         
miscellane\s pur*ases makes ! buy+ price
 l[ en\gh to protect himself4 ,!        
consum]'s dem& is gaug$ v l>gely by !   
quality or reliability ( ! goods he     
pur*ases4 ,s di%one/y 9 f>m bus9ess     
hurts ! f>m] m ?an x does anyone else4  
,! m9i/] c r5d] a s]vice :5 he imbues 8 
p ) ! highe/ ideals ( bus9ess morality4 
,moreov]1 he c help 9 elim9at+ ! loss to
 ! f>m] ?r\gh attempt$ sale ( ungrad$1  
miscellane\s products by enc\rag+       
/&>dization & gu>antee ( quality4 ,?is  
requires organization2 & :ile x %\ld be 
! pa/or's aim to enc\rage ! =mation (   
ag5cies indep5d5t ( ! *ur* to att5d to  
?is & to e/abli% contacts betwe5 8      
community & ,/ate & indep5d5t           

organizations t w assi/ 9 ?is "w he %\ld
 n hesitate s f> z 8 "t w p]mit to      
organize su* /&>dization "w &           
organization = gu>antee+ products until 
o!r ag5cies c take ! "w ov]4 ,8         
obligation z community lead] ext5ds to !
 enc\ragem5t ( e phase ( life t makes ! 
c\ntry m livable 9 ! way dem&$ at !     
p>ticul> /age ( developm5t 9 :i* he f9ds
 ! community4  ,z /at$ be=e1 8 prim>y   
task 9 enc\rag+ production is n[ t (    
e/abli%+ contacts ) ,/ate ag5cies &     
enc\rag+ ! support ( _! "w4 ,9 "s       
sections ( ! c\ntry1 z among ! color$ p1
 = example1 a c\ntry prea*] might well  
be a tra9$ f>m] capable ( do+ 9 a local 
community :at a c\nty ag5t tries to d on
 a l>g] scale4 ,b ! ,/ate has n[        
progress$ 9 mo/ sections to ! po9t :]e1 
if opportunity is (f]$1 x c assi/ 9 ?is 
"w & relieve ! pa/or = o!r duties4  ,!  
rural pa/or %\ld be a lead] 9 community 
economic organization4 ,x is accept$ n[ 
t economic organizations along          
coop]ative l9es %\ld be indep5d5t ( ei!r

 educational1 religi\s1 or social gr\ps4
 ,aft] su* organizations are well       
e/abli%$ ! pa/or has met 9 ?is respect !
 *all5ge to ! *ur* & to ! pa/or z       
community lead]4  ,! *ur* z a :ole %\ld 
h "s =m ( organization :]eby x c regi/] 
its influ5ce 9 favor ( ,/ate legislation
 mak+ safe ! developm5t ( ! coop]ative  
movem5t1 ! bett] organization ( m>ket+1 
! prop] control ( l& own]%ip1 taxation1 
& o!r bus9ess relations affect+ ! f>m]4 
,_m ( ^! problems _c be solv$ by a m9i/]
 work+ alone 9 a local community4 ,he c 
prea* hone/y1 /ability1 loyalty to      
community organization ) all ! f]vor &  
lib]ty ( a prophet1 b s long z ! t5ant  
contract rema9s an inducem5t to transi5t
 t5ant population2 s long z class       
di/9ctions cont9ue to become m m>k$2 s  
long z discont5t ov] high r5ts1 high    
prices ( l&1 & o!r conditions cont9ues1 
he w n get f> t[>d ! e/abli%+ ( ! k+dom 
( heav5 9 agricultural life4 ,^!        
problems mu/ be attack$ by ! *ur* z a   
:ole z ! obligation ( ! g5]al *ur* to ! 

m9i/] :o is on ! fir+ l9e ( ! great     
_w-wide /ruggle = ! e/abli%m5t (        
indu/rial peace4  ,"o or two concrete   
illu/rations w %[ ! necessity ( g5]al   
*ur* action on ^! matt]s if ! rural *ur*
 is to be sav$ f conditions n[ acute 9 !
 l>ge c5t]s4 ,wage-e>n]s 9 ! l>ge c5t]s 
:o h no assurance ( p]man5ce ( jobs are 
n incl9$ to give lib]ally t[>d provid+  
adequate build+ & equipm5t = religi\s   
s]vices4 ,no wage-e>n] c be expect$ to  
give hundr$s ( doll>s out ( 8 income    
t[>d build+ a *ur* :5 ! next mon? may   
f9d him compell$ to move to "s di/ant   
city4 ,9 l mann] x is difficult 9 l>ge  
c5t]s to get wage-e>n]s ev5 to ma9ta9 a 
*ur* adequately4 ,consequ5tly ! *ur* is 
to-day sp5d+ millions ( doll>s to       
provide *ur* build+s = wage-e>n]s 9 l>ge
 cities4 ,yet x does n h any program =  
br++ ab\t wage returns1 p]man5cy (      
employm5t1 or int]e/ 9 bus9ess t w\ld   
make x possible or desirable = !        
wage-e>n] to f9ance 8 own *ur* build+4  
,nei!r does ! *ur* h a plan :]eby !     

indu/ries ( a city make any adequate    
contribution to ! h\s+ ( religi\s       
in/itutions = ^? connect$ ) ! indu/ry4  
,al?\gh ! weal? ( ,am]ica is c5t]$ 9 !  
great cities1 ! provision = religi\s    
s]vice to city p is be+ made by p liv+ 9
 small t[ns & 9 ! op5 c\ntry4  ,z 9 !   
city1 s 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,x has become   
necess>y = ! g5]al *ur* to provide ev5  
pa/oral ma9t5ance 9 c]ta9 sections :]e  
l& is wor? ?ree hundr$ doll>s p] acre4  
,! transi5t t5ant has no abid+ int]e/ 9 
! community because he expects to move  
at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,?is condition is     
gradually becom+ worse2 & unless ! g5]al
 *ur* und]takes ! solution ( problems   
affect+ ! local *ur* b ov] :i* ! local  
*ur* has no control1 ! future w br+ ei!r
 a decl9e 9 religi\s influ5ce 9 rural   
sections or a cont9u\s burd5 on national
 bo>ds t %\ld & w\ld "u prop] conditions
 be c>$ = by local communities4  ,t !   
*ur* c help 9 improv+ economic          
conditions to ! advantage ( all rural   
life has already be5 abundantly         

demon/rat$4 ,on ! ,brookhav5 ,di/rict1  
,mississippi ,conf]5ce1 ,me?odi/        
,episcopal ,*ur*1 ! mission>y bo>d ( t  
d5om9ation made a contribution ( ?ree   
hundr$ doll>s t[>d ! support = ! summ] (
 a man & woman engag$ 9 organiz+        
community clubs4 ,tw5ty-"o clubs 7      
organiz$1 & z a result ( _! ef=ts ov]   
fifty ?\s& p\nds ( fruit & truck 7 sav$ 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w> :5 food cons]vation 
0 a necessity4 ,z a result ( ?is        
contribution1 at la/ reports !re 7 ?ree 
color$ c\nty agricultural ag5ts employ$ 
9 c\nties ( t di/rict1 all support$ by !
 ,/ate1 & no fur!r contribution (       
mission>y funds to cont9ue ! "w 0       
necess>y4 ,= ye>s ,bi%op ,?irkield1 ( ! 
,new ,orleans area ( ! ,me?odi/         
,episcopal ,*ur*1 _h be5 enc\rag+ keep+ 
( g>d5s by ! pa/ors & l& own]%ip among  
color$ p4 ,x is impossible to e/imate   
accurately ! results ( 8 broad program1 
b "o di/rict sup]9t5d5t report$ = 8 own 
(ficial bo>ds t :ile at ! op5+ ( ! ye>  
#be p] c5t ( 8 (ficial bo>d memb]s on ! 

di/rict 7 9 debt1 at ! close ( ! ye> n  
"o ( !m 0 9 debt4 ,!y _h be5 taught h[  
to save money & to pay _! debts1 & !    
memb]s ( ! *ur*es 7 enc\rag$ to foll[ _!
 example4  ,on a little *>ge 9 s\!a/]n  
,ohio ! pa/or began to prea* good roads4
 ,be=e ! end ( ! fir/ ye> a t[n%ip      
organization _h be5 =m$ & a vote tak5   
provid+ = ! macadamiz+ ( e road 9 !     
t[n%ip4  ,f\r ye>s ago ! mission>y bo>d 
( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* made a    
contribution ( f\r hundr$ doll>s t[>d ! 
support ( a pa/or 9 a village 9 ,new    
,york4 ,he organiz$ a community club1 l$
 9 secur+ a community h\se1 in/all$ mov+
 pictures1 & provid$ = ! recreational   
life ( ! community4 ,to-day no          
contribution is be+ made by ! ,bo>d =   
?is "w4 ,yet ! memb]%ip ( ! club has    
increas$ f fifty-n9e to two hundr$ &    
tw5ty-five4 ,x has be5 responsible = !  
e/abli%m5t ( a national bank :i* _h "o  
hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s& doll>s deposits 9 !
 fir/ six mon?s2 x pav$ ov] five hundr$ 
feet ( /reet2 x provid$ = !             

consolidation ( f\r rural s*ools ) !    
village s*ool4 ,& plans 7 "u way = op5+ 
a f]ry across ! ,hudson t _h n be5 run =
 ?irty ye>s & = ! e/abli%m5t ( an       
important manufactur+ plant4 ,?us a     
little /imulation has result$ 9 economic
 developm5t t mu/ result 9 bett]        
f9ancial support ( all community        
activities4  ,9 conclusion x may be said
 t x is ! bus9ess ( ! pa/or to conc]n   
himself ) all economic problems t affect
 ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,! type ( problem w v>y
 ) ! community & its /age ( developm5t4 
,z rapidly z possible ! *ur* %\ld turn  
ov] to private or ,/ate ag5cies ! task (
 economic developm5t4 ,b ! *ur* %\ld    
enc\rage 9 e way e movem5t t is de/9$ to
 br+ ab\t a high] /age ( economic       
welf>e2 & ! pa/or _c rel9qui% 8         
obligations 9 ?is respect until he has  
succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ o!r ag5cies t c      
effectively p]=m ?is task4 ,8 duty1 !n1 
is to enc\rage ?is =m ( developm5t by   
educat+ ! p z to its value & by giv+ x 8
 moral support4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,!   

,,social ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,! ,,*ur*   ,! 
task ( ! m9i/] is prim>ily to deal )    
man1 ei!r 9 8 own p]sonal life1 8       
relations to 8 ,mak]1 or to 8 fell[-man4
 ,unlike ! f>m]1 ^: int]e/ lies 9 !     
control ( animal or plant gr[?1 or !    
me*anic1 :o controls & molds ! =ces &   
conditions ( inanimate nature1 ! m9i/]  
has to d ) t mo/ delicate & elusive     
subject ( all--! human s\l4 ,8 bus9ess  
is to tune ! individual s\l in/rum5t s t
 x w h>monize ) ! musical vibrations ( !
 ,inf9ite ,w2 & to br+ ab\t su* a       
relation%ip betwe5 ! diff]5t in/rum5ts 9
 8 little gr\p t all toge!r w produce a 
heav5ly h>mony4  ,! ,*ri/ian religion1  
except :5 x has deg5]at$ into =mal      
,ph>isaism1 has be5 an e?ical religion2 
& ! e?ical conduct ( ! individual has   
be5 a crit]ion ( ! dep? ( 8 religi\s    
exp]i5ce4 ,e?ics h prim>ily to d ) !    
relation ( man to man1 s t ! conclusion 
is logical t ! *ur* is vitally int]e/$ 9
 ! e?ical problems ( humanity & 9 any?+ 
t t5ds to l[] or raise ! moral /&>ds ( !

 individual or ! community4  ,!re is no 
o!r ag5cy m vitally int]e/$ 9 moral     
problems ?an is ! *ur*4 ,bus9ess        
organizations may be int]e/$1 b _! ef=ts
 h app>5tly n be5 to cons]ve moral      
/&>ds1 ev5 9 bus9ess4 ,! s*ool is       
int]e/$1 b its emphasis has be5 plac$ m 
on m5tal developm5t )\t reg>d to moral  
implications1 or on utilit>ian          
objectives4 ,! *ur* has be5 prea*+ "r   
liv+1 & o!r objectives h be5 incid5tal4 
,s9ce ?is is true ! !sis is advanc$ z ! 
basis = ?is *apt] t x is ! bus9ess ( !  
*ur* to provide build+1 equipm5t1 &     
lead]%ip = cons]v+ ! moral life ( !     
community4 ,s9ce ! moral welf>e ( any   
community f9ds its expression l>gely 9  
its social & recreational activities1   
su* provision involves provid+ = !      
social & recreational int]e/s4 ,?is is a
 function :i* is n to be enc\rag$ & !n  
turn$ ov] to o!r ag5cies1 b is to be    
reta9$ by ! *ur* itself z its legitimate
 s]vice4  ,9 view ( ! fact t ! ef=ts (  
v>i\s ag5cies h n be5 9 entire h>mony ) 

?is po9t ( view x des]ves fur!r         
consid]ation4 ,= _m ye>s x has be5 argu$
 t ! s*oolh\se %\ld be s built t x c\ld 
be made ! community c5t] = all types (  
activities4 ,)\t int5d+ to limit !      
public s*ools 9 any laudable endeavor to
 enri* rural life x %\ld be not$3  #a4  
,t s f> z villages & op5 c\ntry s*ools  
are conc]n$ x is n believ$ t ! agitation
 = ! wid] use ( ! s*ool plant has yet   
result$ 9 any m>k$ nation-wide response 
to su* agitation fur!r ?an to provide   
room = physical tra9+ ( upp]-class      
/ud5ts4  #b4 ,9 g5]al1 ! s*oolh\se is s 
locat$ t x is n suit$ = community       
s]vice4 ,x is usually locat$ on !       
outskirts ( ! village1 :]e pl5ty ( gr\nd
 may be _h = outdoor s*ool games4 ,:5 p 
ga!r = social life & leisure !y d n g   
away f ! lights ( ! village /reet b move
 t[>d !m4 ,! well-light$ poolroom ne> ! 
village /ore w attract m boys ?an !     
build+ on ! village edge t mu/ be rea*$ 
?r\gh ! d>k4 ,villag]s h _! d[nt[n z    
well z d ! great urban c5t]s4  #c4 ,!   

s*ool tea*]s & pr9cipal are busy five   
days 9 ! week 9 ! classroom4 ,! s*ools  
_c assume *>ge ( community c5t]         
activities )\t dang] ei!r ( ov]work+ !  
tea*]s or ( hav+ to hire special        
assi/ance = ?is s]vice4 ,_m villages _c 
af=d to hire special work]s = ?is       
purpose alone4  #d4 ,x has be5 argu$ t !
 s*ool is ! democratic in/itution s9ce x
 is tax-support$1 & ?us e "o may g !re z
 a "r4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t1 z ) ! 
*ur*1 only ^? contribute :o h res\rces f
 :i* to contribute4 ,! only diff]5ce is 
t 9 ! public s*ool ! majority decide t  
all ^? :o are able mu/ contribute to !  
support ( public in/itutions1 ?us x     
falls %ort ( complete democracy1 :i*    
mu/1 9 ! la/ analysis1 be a purely      
volunt>y association4 ,9 ! *ur* ! only  
=ce compell+ contribution is p]sonal    
desire & public op9ion4 ,?us x is z     
democratic1 if n m s1 ?an ! s*ool4  #e4 
,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge "p ( ! "t ( !      
c\ntry m9i/] is available = pa/oral     
s]vice4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( community s]vice

 activities "u ! auspices ( ! *ur* bids 
fair to rescue pa/oral call+ & s]vice f 
a r\t9e ( p]sonal visitation by giv+ x a
 def9ite community s]vice objective4    
,aga91 9 ! beg9n+s 9 ! m$ium-siz$ & l>g]
 villages & probably cont9u\sly 9 !     
small] places ! pa/or is ! only sal>i$  
s]vant ( ! community ) free "t dur+ !   
week = ! organization & direction (     
community s]vice4  #f4 ,! *ur* build+ & 
p>i% h\se c be locat$ conv5i5tly at !   
c5t] ( ! village1 ?us obviat+ !         
objection to ! s*ool build+ = ?is       
purpose4  #g4 ,true religion is a loyal 
support] ( ev]y?+ t is safe 9 social &  
recreational life4 ,x is subject to !   
control ( ! community 9 ! same way z !  
s*ool2 excessive puritanism ne$ n be    
fe>$ "u its auspices m ?an "u ! auspices
 ( o!r ag5cies4  ,! usual argum5t aga9/ 
s]i\s consid]ation ( ! *ur* z ! c5t] (  
community life is t religi\s ag5cies are
 s divid$ up by dogmatism t x is        
impossible = any "o religi\s            
organization to assume lead]%ip 9 ?is   

respect )\t incurr+ ! opposition ( o!r  
ag5cies4 ,:ile ?is is true 9 _m cases1 x
 %\ld be rememb]$ t dogmatism does n h !
 influ5ce 9 m highly develop$           
communities t x once _h4 ,moreov]1      
consid]able progress has already be5    
made t[>d int]gr\p agreem5ts1 includ+ ! 
two great divisions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*  
giv+ responsibility = community lead]%ip
 to "o d5om9ation or ano!r4 ,9 cases :]e
 local adju/m5ts h n be5 made x may be  
necess>y to dep5d on o!r ag5cies to     
cons]ve ! social & recreational life4 ,9
 ^! cases ! *ur* loses its rightful     
h]itage4  #h4 ,! popul> response to     
projects ( build+ community *ur*es &    
p>i% h\ses 9 small communities leads to 
! belief t ! g5]al public accepts z !   
correct "o ! pr9ciple t ! *ur* %\ld     
provide ^! facilities4 ,! ,me?odi/      
,episcopal d5om9ation alone1 ?r\gh ! aid
 ( its ,*ur* ,ext5sion ,bo>d1 aid$ 9    
#aibj 9 build+ or remodel+ ov] f\r      
hundr$ *ur* & p>i% h\ses equipp$ to     
provide = all or a "p ( a community     

s]vice program2 x is n kn[n h[ _m m made
 su* advances )\t outside aid4 ,! "q (  
:e!r ! *ur* or "s o!r ag5cy ?an ei!r !  
*ur* or ! s*ool %\ld provide community  
s]vice facilities may be answ]$ 9 mu* ! 
same way4 ,9 "s ,/ates local communities
 may levy a tax = ! build+ & ma9t5ance (
 community build+s4 ,:]e ?is is possible
 !re seems to be no s]i\s objection to  
su* a c\rse4 ,b a community build+ )\t  
adequate sup]vision is likely to become 
a c5t] ( moral det]ioration4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 su* a public build+ c be locat$ m   
/rategically ?an c a s*oolh\se4 ,!      
objection to /ock-company-own$ community
 h\ses is mu* m s]i\s4 ,^! are likely to
 become m]e pleasure resorts1 (t5 ( a v 
que/ionable nature4  ,! judgm5t ( !     
,am]ican p seems to be rapidly det]m9+ t
 ! safe/ plan is to look to ! religi\s  
ag5cies = cons]v+ ! social &            
recreational life2 & ?is judgm5t is 9   
h>mony ) ! !sis advanc$ at ! op5+ ( ?is 
*apt]4  ,if ! pr9ciple is accept$ t x is
 ! bus9ess ( ! *ur* to cons]ve ! social 

life ( ! community1 !n x is next 9 ord] 
to consid] "s ( ! problems ( social life
 t are a *all5ge to ! *ur* at ! pres5t  
"t4  ,! social organization ( ?is c\ntry
 9 its small] communities z 9 ! l>g]    
c5t]s1 su* z x is1 is ! product (       
undirect$ uncoord9at$ ef=ts ( special   
int]e/ gr\ps4 ,a g5]al classification ( 
! types ( rural organizations may be    
made1 fir/1 into political1 includ+ !   
incorporat$ village1 t[ns1 t[n%ips1     
c\nties1 & political p>ties2 economic1  
includ+ special associations ar\nd      
specific int]e/s su* z f>m bureaus1 /ock
 bre$]s' associations1 potato-gr[]s'    
associations1 etc41 & ! increas+ numb] (
 coop]ative organizations1 su* z f>m]s' 
elevators1 fruit-m>ket+ organizations1  
live-/ock1 %ipp+ associations2 social1  
includ+ ! ,grange1 ! v>i\s types (      
f>m]s' clubs = m5 & wom5 t p]=m mu* !   
same function z ! ,grange1 & ! m or less
 p]man5t gr\p+s = purely recreational   
purposes1 su* z danc+ p>ties1 c>d       
p>ties1 etc42 & ! conv5tional religi\s  

organizations z repres5t$ by !          
d5om9ations & _! _m subsidi>y gr\ps =   
special purposes4  ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 !   
*apt] on def9itions1 ea* ( ^! v>i\s     
gr\ps has a cu/om>y c5t] = com+ toge!r4 
,b ow+ to ! fact t ea* int]e/ has gr[n  
l>gely )\t ref]5ce to ! o!rs1 _! c5t]s (
 activity h be5 det]m9$ l>gely by       
conditions ( local conv5i5ce4 ,n[1 ^!   
c5t]s may h be5 well adapt$ to ! times  
:5 !y 7 e/abli%$1 b z "t has pass$ %ifts
 ( population h come1 road improvem5ts h
 be5 made1 & new int]e/s develop$ s t ! 
traditional c5t]s n only t5d to less5   
community solid>ity b also t5d to prev5t
 its accompli%m5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tasks ( 
! community lead] is to make a /udy ( 8 
propos$ field ( activity = ! purpose (  
det]m9+ :at are ! pres5t c5t]s ( gr\p   
int]e/s1 :at *anges h tak5 place 9 rural
 life conditions :i* make reorganization
 & readju/m5t ( c5t]s desirable1 & !n1 9
 consultation ) repres5tatives ( !      
community1 to organize a community plan 
t[>d w>d :i* ! entire community may "w4 

,city plann+ has long be5 an accept$    
pr9ciple = s]vice 9 ! m progressive l>g]
 c5t]s4 ,! "t has come :5 plans = ! mo/ 
effici5t organization ( village & op5   
c\ntry communities %\ld be made4 ,x is  
int]e/+ to note t already 9 _m sections 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! movem5t t[>d        
community plann+ has made consid]able   
progress4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$ t )
 r>e exceptions ! village r ?an an op5  
c\ntry po9t is ! normal basis = su* a   
plan4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 movem5ts are 
n[ "u way to displace ! traditional     
t[n%ip b\nd>ies creat$ z political      
limits = gov]nm5t & to replace !m by    
b\nd>ies con=m+ z closely z possible )  
^? limits t c>eful inve/igation         
indicates are n[ & probably w cont9ue to
 be ! mo/ repres5tative ( :at ! future  
limits ( rural communities w be4 ,9 l   
mann] educational "w is be+ reorganiz$  
to include ! community t]ritory in/ead (
 ! political areas inh]it$ f ! me?ods ( 
survey adopt$ "u ! ord9ance ( #aghg4 ,z 
?is movem5t cont9ues1 d\btless f>m      

bureaus1 & ev5 religi\s ag5cies1 w try  
to adapt !mselves z f> z possible to !  
program ( o!r ag5cies4  ,! breakd[n (   
social life 9 ! op5 c\ntry & ! v        
que/ionable =ms x (t5 takes 9 ! villages
 has long be5 ! nightm>e ( ! m9i/] ( !  
gospel :o /&s = a high e?ical plane (   
social life4 ,! *ur*1 ) its ,ladies'    
,aid1 its "y p's societies1 its         
occasional m5's clubs1 fails to rea* m  
?an a v limit$ numb] ( ^? liv+ 9 ! op5  
c\ntry or 9 ! village4 ,! lack ( a      
def9ite1 well-organiz$ social program   
results 9 all k9ds ( association (t5    
anti-social & l[]+ ( ! moral fib] ( !   
entire gr\p4 ,x is unnecess>y to g into 
! sordid details ( moral conditions     
exi/+ among bo? "y & old 9 _m village   
communities4 ,! pa/or ) a program (     
abs5tee s]vice consi/+ ( an occasional  
s]mon & hold+ a ,sunday s*ool f9ds 8    
ef=ts cont9ually nullifi$ by m p[]ful   
social & recreational impulses express+ 
!mselves 9 ways recogniz$ z morally     
det]iorat+4 ,:5 a plan = ultimate       

c5tralization ( :olesome & legitimate   
community int]e/ has be5 made x is !    
m9i/]'s task to organize a plan = br++  
to ! community an abundance ( :olesome  
recreational life4 ,! traditional plan  
has be5 to prea* aga9/ danc+ & c>d      
play+4 ,su* prea*+ has m (t5 ali5at$ !  
"y p f ! *ur* ?an x has attract$ !m to  
religi\s life4 ,! mod]n plan is to      
ov]come evil ) good2 t is1 to provide   
su* a program ( unque/ion$ recreation t 
! evil w die ( itself4  ,t ?is actually 
happ5s has be5 demon/rat$ ov] & ov]     
aga94 ,! ,rev4 ,mat!w ,b4 ,mc,nutt1 on  
arriv+ at ,du ,page1 ,ill9ois1 f\nd a   
l>ge build+ ne> ! *ur* turn$ into a     
danc+ c5t]4 ,)\t say+ a ^w aga9/ danc+  
he began to organize 8 "y p = s++4 ,9 a 
%ort "t ! danc+ mania _h ceas$ & did n  
return 9 ! twelve ye>s ( 8 s]vice on t  
*>ge4 ,! ,rev4 ,l4 ,p4 ,fagan f\nd danc+
 all ! rage :5 he w5t to a little t[n 9 
,colorado4 ,he began to develop a       
:olesome program ( recreational life1 & 
be=e long danc+ _h ceas$ & _h n return$ 

two ye>s aft] he _h left ! *>ge4 ,at a  
little t[n 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ! "y m5 (
 ! t[n 7 accu/om$ to ga!r at ! fire h\se
 & indulge 9 c>ds ) m ?an occasional    
play+ = money4 ,a recreation hall op5$ 9
 ! village broke up ! c>d-play+ & br\ght
 ! "y m5 into some?+ m :olesome & :i* !y
 pref]r$4 ,a village 9 ,s\?we/]n ,ohio  
_h a gang ( ,r\ghnecks1 z !y 7 call$1 :o
 7 accu/om$ to loaf 9 ! poolrooms & f9d 
_! amusem5t 9 neighbor+ cities4 ,a room 
9 ! up/airs ( ! t[n hall 0 op5$ up &    
fitt$ = basketball4 ,lead]%ip = clubs 0 
provid$ by college /ud5ts tra9+ =       
community s]vice4 ,! result 0 t ?is gr\p
 ( "y m51 ( exceptionally good native   
qualities b spoil+ morally = want (     
adequate provision = recreational life1 
came to ! community c5t] & = ! "t be+   
avoid$ ! l[] =ms ( social & recreational
 activity4  ,^! illu/rations prove ?ree 
?+s3 fir/1 ! ne$ ( su* equipm5t2 second1
 ! fact t "y p pref] & *oose ! bett] :5 
x is provid$ = !m2 &1 ?ird1 t ! *ur* c  
solve _m ( its mo/ s]i\s problems mo/   

readily by attack+ ! s\rce ( corruption 
( ! morals ( "y p ?r\gh c>+ =           
recreational int]e/s4 ,! m9i/] :o       
neglects ?is p[]ful =ce 9 attempt+ to   
build a ,*ri/ian civilization is fail+  
to take advantage ( "o ( ! greate/      
in/rum5ts ,god has plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,yet x
 is ! sad fact t 9 too _m in/ances      
m9i/]s are fail+ to take advantage ( !  
=ces at h&1 & t ev5 ^? :o h caught !    
vision ( ! possibilities ( ^! o!r =ces  
are n tra9$ to use !m safely4  ,! numb] 
( village communities t h organiz$      
social & recreational life is /ill s    
small t :5 su* movem5ts are discov]$ !y 
receive widespread comm5t 9 ! public    
press4 ,"o c drop into almo/ any village
 9 ,am]ica & make inquiries z to :at is 
be+ done = cons]v+ ! recreational life  
by ! *ur* or any o!r community ag5cy1 & 
! answ] w be t no?+ is done ei!r 9      
provid+ lead]%ip or build+s & equipm5t4 
,mu* good "w has be5 done = specific    
gr\ps by ! ,*ri/ian ,associations1 & n[ 
! ,am]ican ,playgr\nd ,association1 !   

,r$ ,cross1 & o!r organizations are     
apply+ !mselves to ! task ( br++ ab\t a 
bett] condition 9 small] communities4 ,b
 ! "w accompli%$ by all ( !m is /ill1 z 
comp>$ ) ! task 9 h&1 sc>cely m ?an a   
beg9n+4 ,! *ur* ) a paid community lead]
 9 ea* community (f]s ! solution = mo/  
rapid & p]man5t progress2 & ! outlook = 
rapid developm5t "u religi\s auspices is
 mo/ hopeful4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,build+  
,,= ,,community ,,s]vice   ,! !sis t !  
*ur* %\ld provide build+ & equipm5t =   
cons]vation ( ! social & recreational   
life ( ! *ur* introduces /&>ds &        
objectives t d n f9d expression 9 !     
great majority ( *ur* build+s n[ erect$1
 nor ev5 9 ! majority ( plans s5t out by
 religi\s ag5cies or ar*itectural       
conc]ns bidd+ = contracts = *ur* plann+ 
& build+4  ,! traditional village & op5 
c\ntry *ur* 0 a "o-room /ructure erect$ 
= ! sole purpose ( provid+ a place =    
wor%ip4 ,?is amply met ! ne$s ( a pione]
 "t :5 social activities 7 l>gely c>ri$ 
on 9 ! homes4 ,9 a v l>ge numb] (       

communities ?is is /ill ! only type (   
*ur* build+ to be f\nd4 ,z ! idea (     
provid+ = ,sunday s*ool began to prevail
 gradually side rooms 7 add$ to provide 
= extra ,sunday s*ool classes4 ,9 !     
c\rse ( "t ! ne$s ( a wid] program = !  
*ur* began to be recogniz$1 & !n        
basem5ts 7 add$ ) an occasional kit*54  
,?us ! ent]ta9m5ts = adults & ( ! "y p  
old en\gh to enjoy banquets & l amusem5t
 7 provid$ =4 ,b ! ne$s ( ! "y p "u     
sixte5 ye>s ( age & _m o!r community    
ne$s 7 /ill unc>$ =4  ,! new program    
dem&s a build+ or build+s t w provide = 
! ?reefold program ( wor%ip1 religi\s   
education1 & community s]vice4 ,9 view (
 ! lack ( /&>ds = rural *ur* build+1 !  
pres5t discussion is (f]$ 9 ! hope t x  
may conta9 "s practical sugge/ions 9    
t]ms ( ! program dem&$ ( ! mod]n op5    
c\ntry & village *ur*4  ,x is believ$ t 
! type ( build+ suitable = an op5 c\ntry
 community w be some:at diff]5t f t ne$$
 9 a village c5t]4 ,! numb] ( rooms w be
 less4 ,usually1 two ma9 rooms1 "o =    

wor%ip & ! o!r = recreational purposes1 
) su* side rooms = kit*5 & special clubs
 & classes z ! community c af=d1 w be   
suffici5t4 ,! recreation room %\ld h    
/age1 lant]n slide1 & mov+ picture      
equipm5t1 & a v simple provision =      
games4 ,problems ( plumb+ & heat+ mu/ be
 work$ out 9 accordance ) local         
conditions4  ,9 ! l>g] c5t]s1 9 addition
 to ! facilities m5tion$ above1 o!r     
rooms may be add$ z a c>eful /udy (     
village equipm5t & ne$s1 pres5t &       
probable future1 indicate4 ,rooms =     
libr>y1 committees1 clubs1 (fices1 %[]  
ba?s1 lock]s1 art c5t]1 & simil> int]e/s
 %\ld be provid$ = if o!r ag5cies h n   
done s4  ,9 build+ = community s]vice ! 
community %\ld n make ! mi/ake (        
economiz+ because x imag9es x _c af=d ! 
be/4 ,no community %\ld build less ?an !
 be/4 ,if x does s1 x h&icaps !         
community = a g5]ation or m2 & ?is is   
too s]i\s a matt] to be lightly p]mitt$4
 ,at ! pres5t "t religi\s organizations 
h national ag5cies :i* are s]v+ to an   

ev] l>g] degree z a res]ve res\rce = !  
purpose ( aid+ local gr\ps to build     
adequately4 ,?us ! g5]al organization   
aids ea* ye> ! limit$ numb] ( local     
gr\ps t f9d x necess>y to rebuild &     
r5d]s unnecess>y ! ma9t5ance ( a        
replacem5t fund by ! local *ur* = an    
indef9ite p]iod4  ,if x is impossible to
 build an entire build+ at "o "t x is   
bett] to build by units1 s t 9 ! c\rse (
 "t a /ructure ( :i* ! community may be 
pr\d w be complet$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ 
t a community's solid>ity & _s are gaug$
 l>gely by ! type ( build+s x erects1 & 
! *ur* & community build+1 repres5t+ z x
 does ! deepe/ int]e/s ( man1 %\ld be a 
liv+ monum5t to community loyalty4 ,su* 
a build+ becomes a la/+ inspiration to  
bo? old & "y1 po9t+ ! way to ! highe/ & 
be/ 9 human life4  ,! build+ %\ld be    
/rategically locat$4 ,z has be5 sugge/$1
 p l to come to ! c5t] ( ! village = _! 
social & recreational life4 ,! own] ( a 
poolroom or a picture %[ t w\ld place 8 
build+ a half mile 9 ! c\ntry w\ld n h a

 l>ge & en?usia/ic patronage4 ,! ma9    
/reet1 ne> ! c5t] ( ! village1 is !     
place to be select$ = ! pr9cipal build+ 
( ! city1 ! community c5t]4  ,sometimes 
a well-mean+ citiz5 w (f] to a *ur* a   
plot ( l& f> out on ! edge ( a village  
free ( *>ge1 provid$ ! *ur* w accept x =
 ! erection ( ! new /ructure4 ,sometimes
 ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees1 ?9k+ !y w save a   
few hundr$ doll>s1 gratefully accept !  
gift1 ?us violat+ ! pr9ciple express$ 9 
! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,:5 a bus9ess man    
plans to put up an exp5sive build+ he   
does n seek ! *eape/ l& b ! be/ location
 reg>dless ( ! co/ ( ! l&4 ,=           
illu/ration1 a lot on ! edge ( a village
 may co/ b five hundr$ doll>s1 :ile a   
lot 9 ! c5t] ( ! village may co/ five   
?\s& doll>s4 ,if ! propos$ build+ to be 
erect$ is to co/ fifty ?\s& doll>s1 ev5 
! l>g] l& co/ is b t5 p] c5t ( ! total2 
& ! value ( ! build+ to ! community aft]
 erection on ! m valuable lot f> m ?an  
ju/ifies ! extra exp5diture4  ,sometimes
 ar*itects are incl9$ to sacrifice      

utility to beauty4 ,!y are incl9$ to    
make ! recreation room too %ort because 
a prop] l5g? w\ld n h>monize ) o!r l9es 
9 ! build+4 ,! good ar*itect accepts !  
beautification ( a useful build+ z a    
*all5ge & does n sacrifice utility      
because a useful /ructure does n embody 
"s feature ( ,go?ic or ,old ,engli% p>i%
 *ur* ar*itecture4 ,?is t5d5cy %\ld be  
c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4  ,details z to !  
slope ( gr\nd be/ adapt$ to *ur* build+1
 heat+1 plumb+1 & o!r features c be/ be 
le>n$ by consultation ) a tra9$         
ar*itect4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !  
recreation room is suffici5tly l>ge to  
c>ry on ! simpl] games1 su* z           
basketball1 :5 ! community s desires4 ,!
 limits recomm5d$ are f\rte5 feet high  
by =ty feet wide by sixty feet long4 ,_m
 communities1 h[ev]1 are gett+ along )  
rooms consid]ably %ort] & n>r[] ?an ?is4
 ,! ceil+ %\ld be support$ by /eel beams
 in/ead ( po/s4 ,9 mo/ sections ( !     
c\ntry x is recomm5d$ t recreation rooms
 be erect$ on ! same level z ! *ur*     

in/ead ( 9 ! basem5t1 z has be5 !       
practice4  ,9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry !re
 is a di/9ct objection to hav+ !        
community s]vice features & ! h\se (    
wor%ip "u ! same ro(4 ,x is ?\ght t !   
light-he>t$ness ( play "t t5ds to less5 
! sacr$ness ( ! h\se ( wor%ip & to less5
 respect = religi\s s]vice4 ,:ile ?is   
attitude is l>gely a matt] ( cu/om1 &   
:ile p :o h caught ! vision ( ,god c    
wor%ip him any place1 x is believ$ t    
:]ev] possible consid]ation %\ld be giv5
 to ?is s5tim5t & ! community s]vice    
features ( ! *ur* %\ld be h\s$ 9 a      
sep>ate build+ locat$ adjac5t to ! *ur* 
or atta*$ to x by "s small] club room4  
,! two %\ld n be locat$ 9 widely sep>ate
 p>ts ( ! village1 z ! connection betwe5
 ! two may be lo/ & ! s]vice ( ! *ur* to
 ! community 9 ?is way n recogniz$4 ,bo?
 h\se ( wor%ip & community or p>i% h\se 
%\ld be locat$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! village4  
,9 villages :]e !re is room = sev]al    
h\ses ( wor%ip ! "q ( community s]vice  
is mu* m difficult4 ,! ,"y ,m5's        

,*ri/ian ,associations & ! ,"y ,wom5's  
,*ri/ian ,associations h made p>tial    
provision 9 "s communities on an        
int]d5om9ational basis4 ,b 9 ! ord9>y   
small t[n !re is n room = a build+ = ea*
 ( ^! organizations4 ,! rural ,*ri/ian  
,associations h be5 proce$+ on ! policy 
( us+ su* build+s z are n[ available1 b 
x is evid5t t 9 ! va/ majority ( small  
communities1 pres5t build+s c at be/ be 
b a make%ift = complete community       
s]vice4 ,x is hop$ t ! "t w come :5 !   
sev]al d5om9ations w f9d "s way ( pool+ 
_! f9ancial res\rces s t z religi\s     
organizations !y c provide a common     
build+ = community s]vice4 ,! writ] kn[s
 ( no village 9 ,am]ica :]e ?is has yet 
be5 done4 ,"o village 9 ,new ,york      
,/ate1 ,milton-on-!-,hudson1 has a      
community club "u ! direction ( a ,bo>d 
( ,tru/ees ( t5 memb]s1 two f ea* ( !   
five d5om9ations repres5t$ 9 ! village1 
! ,ca?olic *ur* includ$4 ,?is club has  
be5 v successful 9 op]at+ a community   
h\se & develop+ a community program4 ,x 

has be5 sugge/$ t :]e prop]ty rights are
 involv$ "o d5om9ation might make its   
contribution by provid+ & ma9ta9+ !     
build+1 :ile ! o!r d5om9ations might    
contribute ! equival5t ( int]e/ on      
build+ inve/m5t1 depreciation &         
ma9t5ance ( build+ to co/ ( op]ation ( !
 plant4 ,x is fe>$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! c\rse (
 "t1 ! orig9al co/ ( build+ to "o       
d5om9ation w\ld be =gott5 & ! community 
w\ld dem& t all gr\ps contribute to     
op]at+ exp5ses accord+ to _! memb]%ip or
 "s o!r agre$ ^u di/ribution ( ma9t5ance
 exp5se4 ,?is %\ld be ! ultimate me?od (
 ma9t5ance4  ,9 a numb] ( communities "o
 d5om9ation has provid$ ! build+ & !    
op]at+ =ce1 :ile o!r d5om9ations h      
coop]at$ by act+ on ! ,bo>d ( ,control &
 contribut+ :at !y c\ld to ! ma9t5ance  
co/4 ,su* d5om9ational lead]%ip almo/   
inv>iably leads 9 ! beg9n+ to           
int]d5om9ational jeal\sy & antagonism1 b
 9 "s cases ! community has accept$ !   
situation & all h coop]at$1 x be+       
und]/ood t su* provision = community    

purposes is n = ! purpose ( proselyt+4  
,sunday s*ool & *ur* memb]%ip is        
enc\rag$ 9 ! d5om9ations f :i* ! "y p   
come1 & ?us a contribution by "o        
d5om9ation has /r5g!n$ ! "w ( all !     
*ur*es4 ,"s =m ( coop]ation agre$ ^u = a
 common developm5t is pref]able &       
indep5d5t action by "o d5om9ation %\ld  
be und]tak5 only :5 ! diff]5t gr\ps     
conc]n$ are n 9 a position ei!r by      
tradition or f9ancial ability to        
coop]ate 9 a common ent]prise4  ,!      
movem5t n[ is v /rong 9 ! direction (   
provision ( build+ & equipm5t =         
community s]vice by ! *ur*4 ,may ! *ur* 
n fail 9 do+ ju/ice to its high         
obligation 9 ! type ( /ructure x may    
erect6     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& 
,,rural ,,public ,,?\ght   ,_m city     
pa/ors1 & "s rural ones too1 lam5t !    
fact t p d n come to li/5 to !m prea*4  
,?is condition is 9 m>k$ contra/ to !   
good old ,new ,engl& days1 :5 ! :ole    
neighborhood w\ld turn out & li/5 to    
s]mons f\r h\rs long4 ,x is a "q :e!r   

su* intellectual giants z ,jona?an      
,edw>ds built up su* congregations or   
:e!r su* congregations br\ght out ! be/ 
9 ,jona?an ,edw>ds4  ,p to-day g to *ur*
 = a v>iety ( reasons4 ,b ! dom9ant     
motives t %\ld prevail are ^? ( wor%ip &
 = in/ruction4 ,all ,*ri/ians %\ld att5d
 religi\s s]vices = wor%ip reg>dless ( !
 quality ( ! s]mon or ! p]sonal attitude
 ( ! p t[>d ! m9i/]4 ,! message f !     
pulpit %\ld be su* t x too w\ld attract 
= its own sake4 ,x is ! exceptional city
 m9i/] t c fill ! pews f week to week & 
f ye> to ye> because ( ! type ( message 
giv54 ,! daily pap]s & ! _m o!r ag5cies 
= discussion ( live topics h become s   
num]\s t ! pulpit has lo/ mu* ( its     
orig9al importance z an ag5cy =         
in/ruction4 ,b 9 ! village & ! op5      
c\ntry ! pulpit /ill has a l>ge field = 
s]vice 9 ?is respect & ?us becomes an   
especial *all5ge to ! "o :o wants to    
develop z a lead] ( ?\ght4 ,! village   
m9i/] has an opportunity unique 9       
,am]ican life 9 ?is respect4 ,"s ( !    

greate/ lead]s ( ?\ght ev] produc$ 7 !  
product ( ! village *ur*es ( ,engl& &   
,scotl&4 ,!re is no reason :y ! village 
*ur* ( ,am]ica %\ld n become ! se$b$ = !
 be/ contributions to religi\s1         
philosophical1 & lit]>y ?\ght ( ! pres5t
 day4  ,x w be impossible to give m ?an 
a few illu/rations ( pres5t ne$s &      
opportunities = s]vice 9 ?is respect 9 !
 small] communities4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tasks 
( ! *ur* is ! introduction ( correct    
?\ght 9 reg>d to religi\s beliefs4 ,x is
 almo/ unbelievable ! am\nt ( actual    
sup]/ition & positively h>mful beliefs t
 prevail "u ! guise ( religion n only 9 
rural b 9 urban communities4 ,an example
 ( ?is is ! widespread belief 9 ! second
 com+ ( ,*ri/ at an e>ly date4          
,educational in/itutions ( national note
 are cont9u\sly labor+ to ext5d ?is =m (
 belief4 ,! "q z to :e!r ,*ri/ w ev]    
come aga9 is "o t does n appe> to h any 
imm$iate social significance o!r ?an x  
may h "s influ5ce on conduct z to !     
me?od ( prep>ation = 8 com+4 ,^? :o     

believe 9 su* com+ may ei!r believe t   
all ef=ts at social improvem5t n[ are   
fruitless1 because ! ultimate           
inauguration ( ! ,k+dom w result f !    
sweep+ away ( ev]y?+ t n[ exi/s & 9 !   
inauguration ( a new social ord] out ( !
 ru9s ( ! old4 ,or !y may believe t !   
ef=ts ( ! *ur*es & o!r ag5cies n[ are   
prep>+ ! way = su* com+1 & !            
inauguration ( ! ,k+dom w be b ! next   
/ep 9 an ord]ly process ( social        
progress4 ,!re is reason to believe t _m
 ( ^? :o are tea*+ ! second com+ are    
incl9$ to ! =m] po9t ( view2 & :]ev] !y 
ga9 a he>+ _! influ5ce practically      
nullifies all ef=ts to enli/ _! foll[]s 
9 any program ( social improvem5t4  ,!  
effect ( a belief 9 an imm$iate com+ (  
,*ri/ z indicat$ by pres5t _w conditions
 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ,old & ,new      
,te/am5t prophecy is to p>alyze all     
motive = social action4 ,su* action1 if 
?is belief is correct1 is useless4 ,!   
devotee is driv5 to ! position ( f9d+ 8 
sole religi\s duty t ( gett+ himself &  

^? 9 :om he is int]e/$ ready to ent] !  
new k+dom ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( ! p]sonal 
elem5ts 9 religi\s life4  ,ano!r belief 
t 9 "s sections has a limit$ influ5ce is
 t ( obs]vance ( ,saturday in/ead (     
,sunday z ! day set ap>t by biblical    
au?ority z ! ,sabba?4 ,)\t comm5t+ on ! 
rightness or ! wrong ( ! cont5tion1 x   
%\ld be rememb]$ t ?is belief has       
result$ 9 "s sections 9 practically !   
breakd[n ( obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? by     
rural communities1 )\t a correspond+ ga9
 9 ,saturday obs]vance4 ,community      
solid>ity = ei!r social or religi\s     
purposes is ?us brok5 up4 ,f ! social   
po9t ( view ?is is di/9ctly un=tunate4  
,aga91 9 "s sections religion has tak5  
an extreme =m ( antagonism to any?+ ( a 
practical type4 ,! extremes to :i* !    
emotional expression ( religion has gone
 h be5 su* t ^! gr\ps h become popul>ly 
kn[n z ,holy ,roll]s4 ,:]ev] ?is type ( 
religi\s expression breaks out 9 a rural
 community x sev]ely h&icaps all ef=ts  
at mak+ ! *ur* function z an ag5cy =    

rural progress4 ,! en]gies ( su*        
devotees are s exhau/$ 9 _! s]vices t !y
 lack ! en]gy1 ev5 if !y _h !           
inspiration1 to l9k _! ef=ts to any     
program ( community bett]m5t4 ,?is gr\p 
is usually f\nd n only oppos+           
progressive measures 9 ! *ur* b also    
oppos+ o!r progressive activities 9 !   
community1 su* z bett] s*ools1 road     
improvem5t1 etc4  ,9 isolat$ sections ( 
rural ,am]ica all ov] ! c\ntry may be   
f\nd gr\ps ( ,latt] ,day ,sa9ts4 ,^!    
gr\ps are n yet ( suffici5t /r5g? to be 
( great importance outside ( ,utah & a  
few o!r ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( an
 organiz$ gr\p any:]e1 p>ticul>ly if x  
is ( a mission>y "*1 is likely to spread
 & ultimately become a factor (         
consid]able importance4 ,anyone visit+ !
 ,mormon ,temple at ,salt ,lake & read+ 
on ! monum5ts to ,joseph & ,hiram ,smi? 
! te/imony 9 lett]s ( /one to ! effect t
 ,joseph discov]$ ! message ( ! ,book ( 
,mormon on gold plates1 & t ,hiram 0 !  
witness !re(1 w realize h[ easy x is to 

spread almo/ any belief "u ! guise (    
religion if ! *ildr5 are taught su*     
doctr9es dur+ _! y\?4  ,x w be          
unnecess>y to g ?r\gh ! :ole catalogue (
 beliefs f9d+ expression 9 ! dogma (    
practically all religi\s organizations1 
& 9 times pa/ divid+ ! foll[]s (        
,*ri/ianity into d5om9ational gr\ps4 ,! 
mo/ s]i\s problems ( adju/m5t ( religi\s
 in/itutions = community s]vice gr[ out 
( ^! diff]5ces 9 belief on po9ts (      
dogma4  ,! solution ( ! problem ( cle>+ 
! field ( un:olesome & injuri\s belief  
lies n 9 writ+ polemics aga9/ !m b 9    
fill+ ! m9ds ( ! p ) unque/ion$ tru?4 ,z
 ! rural m9d is direct$ to !            
consid]ation ( topics ( vital importance
 ^! ?+s t h crept 9 & di/urb$ social    
ord] & dissipat$ preci\s en]gies 9      
fruitless discussion w disappe> ?r\gh   
lack ( att5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1          
p]secution w attract att5tion to & ar\se
 ! fanatical support ( !m & di/ract !   
att5tion ( ! gr\p f matt]s ( m vital    
importance4  ,9 addition to prea*+ ^?   

s]mons :i* keep alive 9 community       
consci\sness ! s5se ( man's obligations 
to 8 ,mak]1 ! significance & solemnity (
 dea? & ^? o!r epo*al ev5ts 9 ! c\rse ( 
human exi/5ce1 & ! hope giv5 to man ( a 
full] life ?r\gh ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! m9i/]
 has c]ta9 great moral ideals t he %\ld 
in/ill into ! m9ds ( 8 p4  ,! matt] (   
hone/y 9 deal+ ) bo? ! f>m] & 8         
neighbors bo? ne> & di/ant has already  
be5 m5tion$4  ,! "r attitude t[>d weal? 
accumulation mu/ also be prea*$ n only =
 ! safety ( ! rural community b also = !
 entire nation4 ,by ! v nature ( !      
bus9ess ! va/ majority ( p liv+ 9 small 
communities & on ! f>ms mu/ rema9       
indef9itely p ( mode/ means4 ,!         
possibilities ( l>ge weal? accumulation 
are limit$ because ! f>m mu/ cont9ue to 
be a small scale indu/ry4 ,x c be       
improv$ s z to af=d adequate leisure4 ,b
 f>m life does n promise l>ge enjoym5t  
to ^? ( an epicurean turn ( m9d4 ,!     
ideal ( ! f>m mu/ be t ( produc+ weal? s
 t ! mode/ com=ts ( life may be insur$4 

,b ! m9i/] mu/ exalt ! appreciation ( ^?
 ?+s t may be obta9$ )\t lavi%          
exp5diture ( money1 su* z local         
ent]ta9m5t produc$ by ! community       
itself1 lit]ature1 music1 & art2 & !    
simple pleasures t come f democratic    
association ) intimate acqua9tances4  ,x
 is believ$ t ) all ! mat]ial progress (
 ?is c\ntry1 x has _h to sacrifice _m   
?+s t are wor? f> m ?an ! types (       
enjoym5t obta9$ by slavi% imitation ( ! 
extremely weal?y leisure class 9 !      
cities4 ,! exhortation to prea* ! values
 ( ! simple pleasures possible 9 small] 
communities is n = ! purpose ( keep+ p  
cont5t$ ) a lot t _c be improv$1 b      
because x is believ$ t ! small]         
communities to-day conta9 )9 !mselves & 
_! ideals ! se$ ( rejuv5ation ( all     
life1 & t a great] contribution c be    
made by rural communities to            
civilization by adh]+ to _! ideals ?an  
by be+ div]t$ f !m by ! money-seek+1    
mat]iali/ic ideals ( ! urban c5t]s4 ,!  
be/ 9 rural ideals mu/ ultimately become

 ! ideals ( ! city if we are to avoid ! 
deg5]ation t w inevitably foll[ a too   
mat]iali/ic urban civilization4  ,!     
pa/or %\ld be able to br+ to 8 p f "t to
 "t ! int]pretation ( national & _w     
ev5ts 9 t]ms ( _! relation to ! advance 
( religi\s progress4 ,?is obligation w  
require con/ant & wide read+ ab\t !     
social movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,9 ! m          
progressive communities _m ( ! f>m]s &  
_! families w h access to lit]ature t w 
enable !m to =m _! own conclusions to a 
l>ge degree4 ,b n _m ( !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y  
be college graduates1 w h ! "t to read z
 widely z !y w\ld l on any ( ! great    
*anges tak+ place2 & !y w welcome an    
intellig5t int]pretation ( ^! by ! "o :o
 has ! l>g] opportunities = su* s]vice4 
,f9ally1 ! prea*] mu/ be a prophet4 ,he 
mu/ h caught ! vision ( t5d5cies 9 human
 life & be able to br+ to 8 p ! evid5ces
 ( ! h& ( ,god work+ out ! c\rse ( !    
human race 9 ! inf9ite /ream ( human    
hi/ory4 ,he mu/ believe1 ) ,t5nyson1 9 a
 f> (f div9e ev5t1 t[>d :i* ! :ole      

creation moves1 or ) ,%akespe>e :5 he   
said ,!re's a div9ity t %apes our ends1 
r\gh-hew !m h[ we w4 ,if he c br+ 8 p to
 see t1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be liv+ 9 "s    
obscure corn] ( ! e>?1 !y h a "p 9 !    
great movem5ts go+ on1 & t !y c r5d] a  
s]vice by do+ :at !y are able 9 support+
 ! programs = :i* ! *ur* /&s1 he w be   
contribut+ 8 %>e to ! :olesome attitude 
ne$$ 9 our rural communities4           
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,local     
,,*ur* ,,to ,,! ,,community   ,9 8 book 
on ,social ,control ,pr(essor ,ross has 
po9t$ out t c]ta9 in/itutions are       
ess5tially cons]vative 9 _! nature4 ,!y 
are solid1 p]man5t organizations b are n
 incl9$ to assume lead]%ip 9 social     
progress4 ,he includes 9 ?is li/ ! *ur*4
 ,! fact t ! *ur* is a cons]vative      
in/itution is n necess>ily a criticism (
 x4 ,o!r ag5cies develop new phases (   
social expression1 sometimes 9 actual   
opposition to cons]vative ag5cies4 ,!   
good innovations live & aft] !y h       
demon/rat$ _! utility ! cons]vative     

in/itutions su* z ! *ur* & ! /ate take  
!m ov] & insure _! p]man5ce4  ,! rapid  
advance ( ! social _s 9 mod]n life has  
out/ripp$ exi/+ ag5cies 9 _! prep>ation 
to meet ! new approa* to ! solution (   
problems ( liv+4 ,_m =ms ( exi/+        
in/itutions 7 creat$ "u entirely diff]5t
 conditions & to meet diff]5t ne$s4     
,to-day ^! old =ms d n adapt !mselves to
 new dem&s1 & 9 _m cases prev5t         
effective action on ! "p ( religi\s     
organizations t are ready 9 _s to broad5
 _! programs to include ! new dem&s ^u !
 cons]vative organization4  ,! m9i/]1   
tra9$ = ! mod]n s]vice ( ! *ur* to !    
community1 _c solve alone all ! problems
 ( maladju/m5t he f9ds 9 8 local        
community4 ,he f9ds t ! contacts &      
int]e/s ( 8 local *ur* organization are 
f> broad] ?an ! int]e/s ( ! local gr\p  
he is call$ to s]ve2 & t 9 _m cases 8   
local ef=ts are nullifi$ by ^! l>g]     
contacts4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is &       
succe$+ *apt]s to outl9e "s ( !         
conditions exi/+ )9 ! *ur* itself t mu/ 

be adju/$ be=e x c act mo/ effectively 9
 meet+ ! *all5ge discuss$ 9 prec$+      
*apt]s4  ,! fir/ & probably mo/         
important problem is t ( enl>g+ ! vision
 ( *ur* (ficials1 m9i/]s1 & p z to ! ne$
 = broad5+ ! program ( ! *ur* & z to !  
ne$ ( a /atesman-l reorganization (     
adju/m5t ( ! *ur* to ! community4  ,x is
 believ$ t q g5]ally ! memb]%ip ( ! l>g]
 religi\s organizations 9 ?is c\ntry are
 n[ 9 sympa?y ) ! pr9ciple t ! *ur* %\ld
 h a social-s]vice program4 ,!re is /ill
 wide div]sity ( op9ion z to ! =m t     
s]vice %\ld take4 ,9 too _m cases !re is
 no op9ion at all2 & :ile admitt+ !     
pr9ciple1 active opposition develops to 
any attempt to put ! pr9ciple into      
practice 9 a specific project4 ,?is     
condition is to be f\nd mo/ m>k$ 9 ^?   
sections ( ! c\ntry t are n 9 ! direct  
l9e ( ?\ght movem5ts1 or :]e liv+       
conditions are su* z to make rural life 
monoton\s4 ,! monotony ( ! pla9s is z   
dead5+ z is ! lack ( contact ( ! m\nta9 
valley2 & bo? fields (f] fruitful gr\nd 

= ! spread ( unsocial types ( religi\s  
expression4  ,! solution ( ?is phase (  
adju/m5t ( ! *ur* to community ne$s lies
 9 a pati5t educational program c>ri$ on
 by ! m9i/] ( ! gospel4 ,he mu/ be a man
 ( broad vision & mu/ h ! fulle/        
appreciation ( ! sl[ness ) :i* ! rural  
public m9d works4 ,he mu/ be ev]la/+ly  
tactful & n attempt m ?an ! simple/     
advances at ! beg9n+ & n m ?an "o at a  
"t4 ,he %\ld h at h& an abundance (     
educational mat]ial 9 ! way ( lit]ature1
 lant]n slides1 & p]iodicals :i* c be   
us$ 9 %[+ :at actually happ5s :5 ! *ur* 
emb>ks on a broad] program ( rural      
s]vice4 ,a national educational program 
( ?is type w 9 a few ye>s create a dem& 
t mu/ be met & t rural *ur*es w pay well
 = z ! value ( su* "w w be recogniz$4   
,! m s]i\s phase ( ?is problem is ! lack
 ( adequate prep>ation = ?is s]vice on !
 "p ( ! m9i/ry4 ,9 "o ( ! lead+         
d5om9ations 7,me?odi/ ,episcopal7 ov]   
tw5ty-n9e p] c5t ( ! *>ges are c>$ = by 
supplies1 m5 :o by reason ( educational 

prep>ation1 age1 or = "s o!r cause are n
 n[ &1 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases1 nev]
 w be eligible to memb]%ip 9 !          
,conf]5ces4 ,( ! rema9d]1 only a small  
proportion are graduates ( s*ools (     
high] le>n+1 su* z colleges & !ological 
sem9>ies4 ,at a "t :5 a l>ge numb] ( ^? 
liv+ 9 rural communities are ei!r       
agricultural college graduates or h     
att5d$ %ort c\rses 9 agriculture1 x     
becomes app>5t t an un$ucat$ m9i/ry is  
becom+ a m5ace to ! future ( ! rural    
*ur*4  ,b ( ^? :o h _h ! advantages ( a 
college or !ological sem9>y tra9+1 !    
type ( tra9+ has n fitt$ !m = effective 
rural s]vice4 ,! tra9+ ( m9i/]s has gone
 ?r\gh ! same process z o!r types (     
tra9+4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t s9ce ! sole    
bus9ess ( ! m9i/] 0 ! p]sonal appeal to 
accept ,*ri/1 ) ! emphasis on ! p]sonal 
atonem5t features ( ,*ri/ianity r ?an on
 ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian liv+1 ! same    
type ( tra9+ w\ld fit "o to deliv] !    
message :e!r he 0 9 ! slums ( ! city1 on
 ! %ores ( ,africa1 or 9 ! m\nta9s (    

,colorado4 ,moreov]1 = "s reason1 x     
appe>s to h be5 accept$ t ! rural m9i/ry
 0 ! simple/ ( all & t any "o c\ld be a 
rural m9i/]4 ,x w\ld be amus+ if x 7 n s
 tragic to accept ! te/imony ( "s ( ^?  
:o h n yet se5 t ! rural m9i/ry is a    
type dem&+ su* a cosmopolitan und]/&+ ( 
human nature & ( conditions ( human     
exi/5ce t x dem&s ! be/ intellects & !  
highe/ type ( mission>y _s to c>ry on   
successfully4 ,we h he>d ( college      
presid5ts recomm5d+ "y m5 = important   
rural positions because ! "y man 0 n    
ambiti\s = any important "w 9 ! *ur*4 ,x
 has be5 kn[n t (ficials 9 ! *ur* w\ld  
bid = !ological sem9>y graduates ) !    
assurance t :ile !y w\ld h to accept an 
undesirable rural *>ge = a ye> or s1 !y 
w\ld soon be promot$4 ,! writ] kn[s ( at
 lea/ "o "y ,negro m9i/]1 a hold] ( a   
,ma/]'s degree f a l>ge educational     
in/itution1 ^: major "w = 8 high] degree
 0 9 ! dead languages4 ,! attitude ( our
 educational in/itutions1 & ! attitude 9
 public ?\ght has be5 t progress = !    

individual has be5 9 ! direction ( gett+
 away f ! c\ntry in/ead ( rema9+ ) rural
 folk & giv+ "o's life to ! advancem5t (
 ! gr\p z a :ole2 & ! c\rses ( /udy h _h
 prim>ily 9 m9d ! p]sonal appeal r ?an t
 ( deal+ ) man 9 8 p>ticul> environm5t4 
,x is n[ recogniz$ t mod]n life dem&s a 
specializ$ m9i/ry4 ,! "o :o c h&le      
successfully a rural indu/rial or a     
d[nt[n urban situation may n be at all  
fitt$ to deal ) ! problems ( ! village  
or ! op5 c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "o :o c
 s]ve f>m]s successfully might n be at  
all fitt$ to fill a metropolitan pulpit4
 ,beg9n+s only h be5 made 9 attempt+ to 
adju/ educational "w to meet ?is mod]n  
dem&4 ,9 ! meantime ! problem rema9s ( !
 m9i/]s tra9$ "u =m] conditions1 if     
tra9$ at all4 ,_m ( !m h n yet caught ! 
vision ( ! l>g] program ( ! *ur*2 & ( ^?
 :o h caught ?is vision ! h&l+ ( ! tools
 ( ! new program is su* a delicate task 
t _m failures are sure to be record$4 ,x
 w take ye>s to br+ ! *ur* to ! place   
:]e x c meet successfully ! mod]n dem&s 

^u x4  ,! second great problem is t (   
maladju/m5t 9 ?\ght4 ,prote/antism is   
/ill suff]+ f ! effects ( extreme       
individualism 9 religi\s belief4 ,/rong 
lead]s1 obsess$ ) "s "o v>iation 9      
int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 h pull$  
(f f ! ma9 body ( ! *ur* & h />t$       
indep5d5t organizations committ$ to !   
developm5t ( ! p>ticul> int]pretation !y
 h made4 ,:5 once ^! organizations h be5
 =m$ & h secur$ a f9ancial back+1 !y h  
cont9u$ to spread1 until to-day rural   
,am]ica pres5ts ! spectacle ( religi\s  
=ces agree+ on ! broad g5]al program ( !
 relation ( ! *ur* to community ne$s b  
p>alyz$ because ( diss5sions ov] less   
ess5tial pr9ciples ( !ological dogma4 ,!
 reasons = sep>ate organizations h (t5  
be5 =gott5 & loyalty to a p>ticul>      
organization z su* has tak5 its place4  
,! solution ( ?is problem is n t (      
attempt+ to elim9ate diff]5ces 9        
dogmatic belief by argum5t1 b (         
emphasiz+ ! po9ts ( agreem5t ( ! v>i\s  
religi\s gr\ps4 ,error & noness5tial    

divid+ l9es w disappe> if neglect$4 ,b  
if !y are agitat$1 !y w ?rive "u        
p]secution & conditions w be worse ?an  
ev]4  ,! ?ird problem is t ( maladju/m5t
 ( build+s to community ne$s4 ,?is      
problem pres5ts itself 9 two aspects3   
fir/1 t ( location ( *ur* build+s1 &1   
second1 t ( location ( pa/ors'          
resid5ces4 ,9 ! orig9al settlem5t ( ?is 
c\ntry1 p locat$ _! new homes 9         
neighborhoods p>tly = social & economic 
purposes & p>tly = protection4 ,:]e ^!  
new gr\ps 7 f\nd$ ! *ur* build+ soon    
f\nd a place4 ,z ! communities grew1 &  
aid$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ambiti\s national
 ag5cies1 ! sect>ian int]e/s m5tion$    
above e/abli%$ new *ur*es to c>e = ^? ( 
ea* p>ticul> belief until _m communities
 soon became ov]*ur*$4 ,! rapid decrease
 9 op5-c\ntry1 & ev5 village1 population
 :i* began dur+ ! #gj's ( ! pa/ c5tury &
 :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t made !     
problem /ill worse1 until to-day        
probably ! lea/ effici5t in/itution 9   
all rural life is ! rural *ur*4         

,moreov]1 ! fir/ settlem5ts did n always
 m>k ! spot ( p]man5t developm5t (      
population & int]e/ c5t]s4 ,z "t has    
pass$1 _m ( ! places :i* x 0 once ?\ght 
w\ld be p]man5t c5t]s h lo/ _! preem95ce
 & o!rs h tak5 _! place1 until n[ _m v  
small communities h too _m *ur*es1 &    
o!rs are lack+ 9 adequate facilities =  
religi\s s]vice4  ,! "t has n[ come :5 x
 is believ$ t rural population &        
agricultural t5d5cies are suffici5tly   
well kn[n to enable ^? int]e/$ 9 rural  
life developm5t to det]m9e :at are ! mo/
 suitable c5t]s = community developm5t4 
,! ,int]*ur* ,_w ,movem5t1 _h x be5     
c>ri$ to a successful conclusion1 w\ld h
 gone f> t[>d det]m9+ ^? c5t]s = !      
entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z x is1 !        
,movem5t made possible su* det]m9ation =
 ab\t "o fif? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! task
 ( complet+ ! survey may be accompli%$ 9
 ! c\rse ( "t4  ,:5 ?is task is         
complet$1 !n ! *all5ge to ! *ur*es (    
,am]ica w be to s readju/ ! location (  
_! *ur* build+s & to remodel !m 9 su* a 

way z to be adapt$ to ! pres5t &        
probable future gr[? ( communities s    
det]m9$4 ,?is "w is sc>cely begun1 b x  
is believ$ t x has gone f> en\gh to     
insure its ultimate a*ievem5t4 ,:5 ?is  
is done1 !n ! local *ur* w be 9 a       
position to deal mo/ effectively ) !    
community problems m5tion$ 9 prec$+     
*apt]s4  ,! situation z to location (   
pa/ors' resid5ces is ev5 m s]i\s ?an t (
 location ( *ur* build+s4 ,dur+ ! pione]
 p]iod ( *ur* organization m9i/]s 7 "u !
 necessity ( divid+ _! ef=ts among a    
consid]able numb] ( small gr\ps4 ,^! 7  
organiz$ into circuits & ! pa/or's      
resid5ce 0 provid$ at ! po9t ei!r :]e ! 
orig9al *ur* 0 e/abli%$ or :]e x 0 mo/  
conv5i5t = him to s]ve ! prea*+ po9ts "u
 8 c>e4 ,ea* d5om9ation develop$ its own
 "w reg>dless ( o!r gr\ps & 9 _m cases f
 ! same common c5t]1 s t we n[ h 9 rural
 & village organization pa/ors'         
resid5ces c5traliz$ 9 ! m9ority ( rural 
communities & ! great majority ( su*    
communities )\t resid5t pa/oral c>e4  ,9

 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 = example1 9 "o c\nty 
( tw5ty-f\r communities b twelve h      
resid5t pa/ors & 9 ^! twelve communities
 ?irty-n9e pa/ors reside4 ,9 ano!r (    
sixte5 communities b eight h resid5t    
pa/ors4 ,yet 9 ea* c\nty !re are en\gh  
m9i/]s to supply ea* community ) a      
resid5t pa/or1 if readju/m5t 7 to be    
made4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate on a   
s+le ,me?odi/ di/rict are to be f\nd two
 in/ances ( ,me?odi/ & ,presbyt]ian     
pa/ors liv+ 9 ! same village & go+ on   
alt]nate ,sundays to ano!r village1 9 "o
 in/ance l>g] ?an t :]e9 ! m9i/]s live4 
,! facts z to ! gr[? & decl9e ( *ur*es )
 resid5t or non-resid5t m9i/]s else:]e  
pres5t 7see ,*ur* ,gr[? & ,decl9e 9     
,ohio7 are a suffici5t indication ( !   
effects ( maladju/m5t ( pa/oral         
resid5ces to rural community ne$s4 ,s9ce
 ! mod]n dem& ( rural life ^u ! *ur* is 
= community lead]%ip z well z = hold+   
,sunday wor%ip1 x is cle> t no adequate 
program ( *ur* lead]%ip 9 rural life c  
be work$ out until ?is vital ne$ (      

readju/m5t ( pa/oral resid5ces to       
community s]vice is met4  ,a ?ird s]i\s 
problem is t ( lack ( coord9ation (     
d5om9ational ef=t 9 community s]vice4   
,:]e two or m religi\s organizations f9d
 a place 9 ! same small community1 no   
plan has yet be5 successfully tri$ :]eby
 ^! organizations z su* h be5 br\ght    
into h>moni\s & cont9u\s action =       
community s]vice4 ,! pres5ce ( two or   
?ree m9i/]s ( social vision 9 ! same    
small community is n always an asset1   
s9ce small communities d n h a place = m
 ?an "o lead] & sect>ian int]e/s =bid   
coop]ation "u ! lead]%ip ( ei!r ( ! *ur*
 pa/ors4 ,?is situation has giv5 rise to
 su* organizations z ! ,*ri/ian         
,associations1 ! ,sunday ,s*ool         
,associations1 & a l>ge numb] (         
nonreligi\s ag5cies n[ try+ to provide =
 community lead]%ip indep5d5t ( ! *ur*4 
,x is int5d$ "h to call att5tion to !   
problem4 ,a sugge/ion z to me?ods (     
solution w be tak5 up m at l5g? 9 a     
succe$+ *apt]4  ,a f\r? s]i\s problem   

result+ f ! above is lack ( adequate    
support = rural religi\s in/itutions4   
,ow+ to ! g5]al lack ( f9ancial res\rces
 ( rural communities z comp>$ ) ! urban 
c5t]s1 !y h n be5 able to compete       
f9ancially ) city *ur*es 9 bidd+ = m5 :o
 h high /&>ds ( liv+ & :o dem& l>ge     
f9ancial returns = s]vices r5d]$4 ,?is  
condition w probably cont9ue indef9itely
 because ( ! t5d5cy ( l>ge-scale        
indu/rial production to c5tralize weal? 
control 9 urban c5t]s2 t is1 unless !   
economic motive is tak5 f ,*ri/ian      
s]vice ?r\gh ! equalization ( sal>ies4  
,?is is a solution mu* to be desir$1 b x
 is fe>$ t pa/ors w n take k9dly to su* 
a movem5t2 & memb]s ( city *ur*es w     
cont9ue to contribute to ! support ( _! 
own p>ticul> pa/or in/ead ( to g5]al    
pa/oral support4 ,b ! weakness 9 support
 has be5 s]i\sly increas$ because (     
divid+ ( su* res\rces z rural           
communities h among s _m diff]5t        
ag5cies4 ,_m communities t c\ld support 
a pa/or at two ?\s& doll>s or m a ye> n[

 h m5 s]v+ d5om9ations at "o ?\s& doll>s
 p] ye> or less4  ,! same is true ( *ur*
 build+4 ,:5 five *ur* build+s mu/ be   
erect$ & ma9ta9$ = sect>ian purposes 9 a
 t[n :]e !re is room = b "o s*ool build+
 !re is little wond] t ! contra/ betwe5 
*ur* build+s & o!r rural in/itutional   
build+s is s m>k$4 ,& x is little wond] 
t :5 p beg9 to ?9k 9 community t]ms !y  
are incl9$ to pass by ! *ur* z an       
in/itution (f]+ hope ( community s]vice 
cons]vation & turn ei!r to ! s*ool or to
 "s o!r ag5cy t !y hope w s]ve !        
purpose4  ,closely ak9 to ! problem (   
inadequate support = ! c\ntry m9i/] & ! 
c\ntry *ur* is t cont5tion (t5 made t ! 
job ( a c\ntry prea*] does n (f] z great
 a *all5ge z does t ( s]vice 9 o!r      
bran*es ( *ur* "w4 ,x is believ$ t ?is  
cont5tion is errone\s because ! rural   
"w1 :ile n dem&+ ! same qualities (     
s]vice z o!r types1 does dem& qualities 
( its own t equal1 if !y d n exce$1 ^? (
 ! city pulpit4 ,! ability to s]ve p    
long & cont9u\sly 9 close p]sonal       

relation to !m2 to deal pati5tly )      
cons]vatism2 to endure ! h>d%ips ( liv+ 
"u conditions f> bel[ :at are to be f\nd
 9 city environm5ts2 to get ! support ( 
! p = progressive measures1 & to keep   
alive m5tally 9 an environm5t t is n !  
mo/ conducive to /udy because ( lack (  
read+ facilities & because ( ! ease )   
:i* "o may %irk ! means ( p]sonal       
gr[?--all ^! make ! task "o = !         
specially capable & devot$4  ,b if !re  
is tru? 9 ! /atem5t t ! c\ntry m9i/ry   
does n (f] ! opportunity = ! ex]cise (  
p]sonal abilities requir$ by ! city     
pulpit1 !n1 unless we frankly recognize 
t ! limit ( possibility ( build+ up !   
rural "w is to alleviate an unavoidable 
discrepancy 9 p]sonal *all5ge1 x becomes
 necess>y to s reorganize ! local p>i% t
 x w be a *all5ge fit to attract ! be/  
m9ds 9 ! *ur*4  ,! fir/ /ep already has 
be5 m5tion$3 t is1 to adju/ relation%ips
 betwe5 d5om9ations s t a m9i/] w h sole
 responsibility = community lead]%ip4   
,! second is to enl>ge ! p>i%es "u !    

control ( "o pa/or t he w h ample field 
= ! ex]cise ( 8 abilities4 ,9 "s        
sections ( ! c\ntry two or m communities
 may /ill h to be assign$ to "o m9i/]1 )
 ! expectation t he w develop local     
volunte] lead]%ip 9 ! respective        
communities1 or h adequate assi/ance 9 !
 way ( special work]s among ! *ildr5 & 9
 ! homes & h directors ( religi\s       
education = full or "p "t 9 ea*         
community4 ,9 mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry ! 
communities are n[ ( su* a size z to    
dem& ! full "t ( a paid m9i/] & to pay a
 satisfactory sal>y = s]vices r5d]$4  ,!
 ?ird is to increase ! functions ( !    
pa/orate s t p w be will+ to pay m = !  
s]vice r5d]$4 ,?is results directly f ! 
adoption ( ! l>g] program = ! *ur* h]e9 
recomm5d$4  ,! practice--/ill all too   
r>e--( supply+ ! pa/or ) an automobile =
 pa/oral "w1 %\ld be enc\rag$ ev]y:]e1  
p>ticul>ly :5 ! *>ge has a pa/or :o has 
! vision ( ! broad] program ( ! *ur* &  
is specially tra9$ = 8 "w4 ,!re are     
complications 9 ! connectional sy/em (  

mak+ appo9tm5ts t t5d to prev5t         
lib]ality 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 a *>ge is  
br\ght up to adequate self-support !    
t5d5cy is too (t5 to make ! *>ge a place
 to take c>e ( a ,conf]5ce memb] ( t    
grade reg>dless ( 8 fitness to foll[ up 
! type ( program introduc$ by 8         
pr$ecessor4 ,! tak+ ( ! automobile by ! 
dep>t+ pa/or deprives ! community ( its 
use4 ,leav+ x = ! use ( an ineffici5t   
pa/or is too great a burd5 on !         
community4 ,exp]i5ce w det]m9e ! be/    
means ( h&l+ ?is problem & %\ld         
ultimately put m9i/]s on ! same basis z 
to hav+ means ( transportation furni%$ z
 ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ag5ts1 ,c\nty    
,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,s*ools1 ,*ri/ian        
,association ,secret>ies1 etc4  ,!      
soldi] 9 ! ranks w probably nev] be     
look$ ^u z 9 ! same grade ( responsible 
position z ! capta9 ( ! company4 ,s !   
c\ntry m9i/] has a "r to look =w>d 9 due
 "t to promotion 9 natural *annels2 t   
is1 to ! di/rict sup]9t5d5cy4 ,x is to  
be fe>$ t too (t5 at ! pres5t "t1 !     

rural m9i/] is disc\rag$ f rema9+ 9 !   
rural "w because he sees t a v l>ge     
proportion ( ! positions 9 ! *ur* t are 
recogniz$ z p]sonal promotions are fill$
 f ! city pulpits4 ,8 c\rse ( advance is
 n[ f ! c\ntry pulpit to ! city pulpit1 
!nce to ! di/rict sup]9t5d5cy or deta*$ 
s]vice1 !nce to ! bi%opric1 a position v
 few m9i/]s refuse if (f]$4 ,! rural "w 
w\ld be /r5g!n$ if rural di/rict        
sup]9t5d5cies 7 fill$ by rural m5 :o h  
demon/rat$ _! ability to build up a     
rural *>ge successfully1 & !n if ^! same
 rural di/rict sup]9t5d5ts 7 to h an    
opportunity to fill ! highe/ possible   
positions 9 ! *ur*1 ?us br++ to ! highe/
 adm9i/rative (fices ( ! *ur* ! tri$    
exp]i5ce t comes f build+ up a di/rict 9
 ,me?odism4 ,:5 ! necessity ( leav+ !   
rural "w 9 ord] to get promotion is     
elim9at$ !re w be a m>k$ /r5g!n+ (      
loyalty to ! rural "w4  ,! illu/rations 
giv5 h be5 tak5 f ,me?odi/ ,episcopal   
exp]i5ce4 ,o!r d5om9ations h simil>     
problems1 b probably to a less degree   

because ( ! m m>k$ =m ( localiz$        
democracy 9 *ur* polity4  ,if ! *ur*es (
 ,am]ica p]mit ?is crisis ( lack (      
adju/m5t ( *ur* to community ne$s to    
pass un*all5g$1 & if !y delay 9 mak+ !  
adju/m5ts ne$$1 ! "t w soon come :5 o!r 
ag5cies1 support$ by rural communities1 
w make provision = ^! ne$s & !          
opportunity ( ! *ur* w be gone          
indef9itely4 ,o!r ag5cies w be p]=m+ a  
real ,*ri/ian s]vice1 & ! *ur*1 by      
reason ( its failure to live up to !    
dem&s ^u x1 w h an increas+ly difficult 
task ( ju/ify+ its exi/5ce s f> z       
relation%ip to ?is _w is conc]n$4       
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,int]d5om9ational      
,,readju/m5t   ,rural progress "u *ur*  
lead]%ip has be5 mu* l ! fir/ drops (   
wat] on a placid lake at ! beg9n+ ( a   
ra94 ,little rises ( wat] appe> & "s    
waves circle out1 b ! ultimate level is 
n mu* rais$4 ,s ) ! *ur*4 ,"h & !re a   
m9i/] /irs up "s local community1 "s    
def9ite progress is made1 att5tion is   
attract$ f o!r communities & !y may h a 

few symptoms ( a rise1 b too (t5 ! m9i/]
 moves1 ano!r comes1 & ! g5]al level (  
community life falls back to :at x 0    
be=e4  ,! difficulty is t ) ! ov]lapp+ (
 int]d5om9ational jurisdictions x is    
impossible = any gr\p to lead 9 progress
 outside ( ! local community4 ,me?odi/s 
_c lead 9 a c\nty program because       
,bapti/s & ,presbyt]ians w n foll[ !m4  
,nei!r c ! o!r gr\ps lead because       
,me?odi/s are n gift$ 9 foll[+ !        
lead]%ip ( o!r d5om9ations4 ,x is       
p]fectly natural & ju/ifiable t ?is %\ld
 be s4 ,be=e ! *ur*es ( ,am]ica1        
,prote/ant or ,ca?olic1 c r5d] ! entire 
s]vice dem&$ ( !m !re mu/ be a ?or\ghgo+
 sy/em ( int]d5om9ational coop]ation    
work$ out :i* w insure jo9t             
responsibility ( all d5om9ations conc]n$
 9 provid+ = community lead]%ip on a    
l>ge scale4 ,if ?is is impossible1 !n ! 
inevitable alt]native mu/ be accept$ (  
pass+ by ! *ur*es ( ,am]ica 9 c>ry+ out 
compreh5sive plans ( progress & ( turn+ 
to o!r ag5cies = ?is s]vice4  ,dur+ !   

pa/1 l>gely ow+ to ! app>5tly hopeless  
situation s f> z int]d5om9ational       
coop]ation is conc]n$1 ,*ri/ian         
organizations1 su* z ,*ri/ian           
,associations & ,sunday ,s*ool          
,associations1 h sprung up to d = !     
d5om9ations & = ! m9i/]s :at !y c\ld n d
 "u pres5t conditions4 ,^! ag5cies h    
done notable "w4 ,!y h accompli%$ mu* 9 
prep>+ ! way = a nation-wide recognition
 ( :at ! broad function ( ! *ur* is2 !y 
h br\ght repres5tatives ( all           
d5om9ations toge!r & h gradually        
increas$ ! social _s :ile at ! same "t  
less5+ ! emphasis ^u ^? ?+s :i* h divid$
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* into s _m isolat$     
camps4 ,!y h pione]$ & exp]im5t$4 ,!y h 
_h failures z well z successes1 b _!    
failures h be5 a real contribution to ! 
sum total ( human exp]i5ce & h taught u 
_m ?+s t %\ld be avoid$4 ,! s]vice r5d]$
 by ^! ag5cies mu/ ev] be rememb]$ z ( !
 mo/ vital & important "*4  ,b x w be   
admitt$ by repres5tatives ( all         
organizations t a l>ge "p ( :at is n[   

f\nd 9 ! programs ( ^? o!r religi\s     
organizations1 arms ( ! *ur*1 is a      
legitimate "p ( ! "w t %\ld be sup]vis$ 
by ! m9i/] ( a community program &      
includ$ 9 8 program1 & t 9 ^?           
communities :]e su* tra9$ pa/oral       
lead]%ip exi/s ! functions ( ^! o!r     
ag5cies c be mat]ially modifi$ & _!     
activities direct$ into /ill fur!r new &
 untri$ fields ( endeavor4 ,! *ur* ne$s 
organizations support$ f funds n com+   
?r\gh ! regul> *annels f\nd$ on !       
budgets ( individual *ur*es4 ,^!        
subsidi>y organizations c g ahead )     
exp]im5tation1 & _! failures d n br+ !  
discr$it to ! p>5t organization t !y    
w\ld if done by ! *ur* directly4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 _! successes c be adopt$ into ! 
regul> program ( ! *ur* & ?us cons]v$4  
,complete control ( exp]im5tation or    
demon/ration "w is likely to de/roy or  
prev5t initiative1 :i* is ! s\l (       
progress4  ,9 adju/+ problems betwe5    
d5om9ations 9 local communities a numb] 
( plans h be5 tri$ ) great] or less     

success4 ,"o ( ! olde/ is t ( ! union   
*ur*4 ,?is is a type ( organization 9   
:i* ! p ( ! local community1 tir+ ( !   
uneconomic sy/em ( int]d5om9ational     
competition1 & )\t hope ( unit+ on any  
"o ( ! local organizations repres5t$1   
decide to sep>ate f all & =m !mselves   
into an indep5d5t local organization4   
,no l>ge d5om9ation to-day is favorable 
to ! s-call$ union *ur*2 & all are      
oppos$ to ! plan sometimes foll[$ by    
rural indu/rial conc]ns ( erect+ a *ur* 
build+ op5 to anyone :o pret5ds to speak
 ) au?ority ab\t religi\s matt]s4 ,!    
union *ur* usually beg9s ) en?usiasm1 b 
because ( lack ( outside contacts1      
because ( lack ( cont9uity ( program1   
because ( lack ( a broad mission>y _s1 x
 is g5]ally %ortliv$ & gives way to "s  
*ur* ) d5om9ational affiliations4 ,!    
union *ur* )\t d5om9ational affiliations
 %\ld n be confus$ ) ! community *ur* ) 
d5om9ational connection4 ,x is ! latt]  
type t mo/ religi\s organizations are n[
 agre$ is mo/ desirable z ! solution ( !

 inexcusable ov]*ur*+ n[ exi/+ 9 _m     
communities4  ,9 ^! days ( get-toge!r   
movem5ts d5om9ational lead]s %\ld ?9k   
cle>ly ) ref]5ce to f$]at$ *ur*es4 ,a   
few ( ^! h _h a fairly long life4 ,b _! 
gr[? 9 ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s has n be5 su* z
 to inspire confid5ce t !y (f] a        
satisfactory solution to ! ov]*ur*$     
situation4 ,! f$]at$ *ur* idea is n 9   
h>mony ) a connectional polity nor ) !  
pr9ciple ( _w democracy ) c5tralization 
( adm9i/rative responsibility = c>ry+   
out democratically adopt$ plans impli$ 9
 t polity4 ,local f$]ation involves giv+
 ( full p[] ( selection ( pa/ors & (    
det]m9ation ( policies to ! local       
congregation4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t !
 occasional failures ( ! connectional   
sy/em 9 f9d+ suitable pa/ors1 or 9 o!r  
ways1 x is nev]!less true t ?is sy/em   
has a vitality & effici5cy t are n[ be+ 
recogniz$ by _m ( ! lead+ religi\s      
organizations4 ,! polity ( ! f$]at$ *ur*
 is congregational2 & extreme           
congregationalism & connectionalism d n 

mix readily s f> z polity is conc]n$4 ,!
 gr[? ( ! "o =m involves ! decl9e ( !   
o!r4 ,?is is :y ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal   
,*ur*1 = example1 has develop$ s little 
sympa?y = ! f$]at$ *ur* idea4  ,f>      
diff]5t f ?is is allocation (           
responsibility = community lead]%ip4    
,?is insures lead]%ip to "o d5om9ation  
or ! o!r4 ,!n ! local congregations c "w
 out _! problems ( adju/m5t z local     
conditions indicate is be/4 ,usually "s 
=m ( affiliation 9 wor%ip & 9 %>+ local 
exp5ses ) cont9u$ sep>ation ( support ( 
mission>y & o!r b5evol5t ent]prises has 
prov5 ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( local  
adju/m5t4 ,by ?is me?od connectional    
int]e/s are pres]v$ & fix+ (            
responsibility 9 ea* community assur$4  
,) ! va/ly increas$ mission>y res\rces  
made available by ! mission>y drives ( !
 lead+ d5om9ations !re is positive dang]
 ( ! problem ( int]d5om9ational adju/m5t
 be+ made /ill m s]i\s4 ,if ! ,home     
,mission ,bo>ds1 ?r\gh unwise use (     
mission funds = ! purpose ( assi/+ 9    

competitive /ruggles1 %\ld precipitate  
retaliation by o!r d5om9ations1 a misuse
 ( mission>y funds w\ld result t w\ld n 
only dry up ! s\rces ( mission>y support
 b br+ ,prote/antism into la/+ disgrace4
  ,9 work+ out a program (              
int]d5om9ational adju/m5t ! foll[+ plan 
has be5 tri$ ) success on at lea/ ?ree  
,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,annual ,conf]5ce   
di/ricts3  #a4 ,a survey ( ! di/rict & !
 prep>ation ( a map %[+ ! location ( all
 *ur*es1 resid5ces ( all pa/ors1 circuit
 sy/ems1 & :e!r *ur*es are locat$ 9     
villages or ! op5 c\ntry4  #b4 ,sep>ate 
li/s are !n made ( cases ( app>5t       
competitive relations ) ea* d5om9ation4 
#c4 ,conf]5ces are !n call$ ) !         
repres5tatives ( ea* d5om9ation to      
consid] ! problems ( competition betwe5 
! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* & ! p>ticul>
 d5om9ation ) :i* ! conf]5ce is call$4  
#d4 ,aft] t5tative plans h be5 adopt$   
repres5tatives ( bo? d5om9ations visit !
 local field toge!r1 conf] ) ! *ur*es   
conc]n$1 & arrive at "s agreem5t z to   

adju/m5ts to be made4  #e4 ,?is me?od is
 foll[$ ) ea* d5om9ation1 sep>ately1 )  
:i* ,me?odism has competitive relations4
  ,?is plan has be5 tri$ ) success 9 !  
,/ate ( ,v]mont1 :]e ,me?odi/s1         
,bapti/s1 & ,congregationali/s _h to    
coop]ate or ab&on ! field2 9 ! ,portsm\?
 di/rict1 ,ohio ,conf]5ce1 :]e !        
pr9cipal problems 7 ) ! ,presbyt]ians1  
,unit$ ,bre?r51 & ,bapti/s2 9 ,montana1 
:]e a conf]5ce 0 held to consid]        
adju/m5ts affect+ an entire ,/ate2 & 9 !
 ,woo/] ,di/rict1 ,nor?-,ea/ ,ohio      
,conf]5ce1 :]e adju/m5t ( relation%ips  
is proce$+ satisfactorily4  ,! results (
 ?is program already noticeable are3    
#a4 ,! increase 9 sal>y ( rural m9i/]s  
made possible by unit+ ! f9ancial       
res\rces ( all religi\s =ces 9 !        
community4  #b4 ,sav+ ( mission>y money 
by elim9at+ duplication ( mission>y     
grants by compet+ d5om9ations4  #c4 ,a  
m>k$ increase 9 memb]%ip & *ur*         
att5dance4  #d4 ,a m vital relation%ip (
 ! *ur* to community welf>e ?r\gh unifi$

 action ( all religi\s =ces "u ! tra9$  
lead]%ip ( "o pa/or4  #e4 ,resid5t      
pa/orates to m communities ?r\gh bett]  
di/ribution ( pa/oral resid5ces ( !     
d5om9ations conc]n$ 9 adju/m5ts made4   
#f4 ,a m vital appeal to life s]vice 9  
rural "w c n[ be made to "y p :o h      
object$ to s]vice 9 rural *>ges :]e     
ef=ts at community s]vice h be5 h&icapp$
 & ev5 nullifi$ by ! pres5ce ( compet+  
religi\s organizations & pa/ors4  ,x is 
believ$ t ! results obta9$ f> outweigh !
 possible losses t may come ?r\gh       
,me?odi/s intru/+ lead]%ip 9 s]vice to  
,presbyt]ians1 ,congregationali/s1      
,bapti/s1 or ! rev]se4 ,! good "w made  
possible by fix+ responsibility =       
lead]%ip to a giv5 d5om9ation 9 "o      
community is de/9$ by ! =ce ( example & 
imitation to compel simil> progress 9   
communities to :i* lead]%ip             
responsibility has be5 assign$ to o!r   
d5om9ations4  ,a ^w ( caution to m9i/]s 
9 *>ge ( local fields is desirable 9    
reg>d to settlem5t ( int]d5om9ational   

difficulties4 ,! int]e/s involv$ are s  
mu* l>g] ?an ! local *ur* t ! initiative
 mu/ be tak5 by ! di/rict sup]9t5d5t1   
always 9 ! fulle/ consultation ) !      
resid5t bi%op1 or ! prop] ,/ate1        
synodical1 or o!r repres5tative ( ! o!r 
d5om9ations conc]n$4 ,9 a numb] ( cases 
local initiative 9 ?is matt] has result$
 n only 9 defeat+ ! end s\ght b has     
creat$ emb>rass+ situations betwe5 !    
sup]visory repres5tatives ( !           
d5om9ations4 ,if a local situation ne$s 
adju/m5t1 ! matt] %\ld be gone ov] fully
 ) ^? responsible = *ur* adm9i/ration1 &
 x is believ$ t 9 mo/ cases su* adju/m5t
 c be made satisfactorily4 ,! exp]i5ce (
 ^? 9 ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* :o h  
tri$ to br+ ab\t adju/m5ts by ! me?od   
sugge/$ has be5 t 9 mo/ cases o!r gr\ps 
are ready to come to an agreem5t4  ,if  
o!r gr\ps refuse to make adju/m5ts1 !n !
 d5om9ation mak+ ! advances has no o!r  
alt]native ?an t ( c>+ = its own        
obligations z adequately z possible & ) 
e res\rce t c be made available4 ,b no  

blame c atta* to ?is policy aft] ef=t   
has be5 made to coop]ate ) o!r gr\ps &  
^! ef=ts h fail$4  ,aft] communities h  
be5 allocat$ = lead]%ip to "o or ano!r (
 ! d5om9ations1 !n ! problem ( a unit$  
program by all d5om9ations rema9s to be 
solv$4 ,unless ?is end is atta9$1 !n    
rural *ur*es mu/ cont9ue to "w l>gely   
alone1 ea* 9 its own community )\t      
relation to ! program ( neighbor+ *ur*es
 or communities4 ,unless !re is         
coord9ation betwe5 ! *ur*es1 !n we %all 
cont9ue to witness ! spectacle ( ! ?ree 
int]d5om9ational bran*es ( ! *ur*1 !    
,sunday ,s*ool ,association1 & !        
,*ri/ian ,associations1 ea* mov+ 9 its  
own self-*os5 direction1 ea* rais+ an   
indep5d5t budget1 & ea* e/abli%+ c\nty  
organizations )\t ref]5ce to ! int]e/s (
 ! o!r2 & none ( ! ?ree do+ any?+ to    
enc\rage ! organization ( c\nty gr\ps ( 
! *ur*es z su*4 ,! "t has arriv$ :5 !   
*ur* z su* %\ld take ! lead 9 br++ ab\t 
int]d5om9ational coop]ation = community 
s]vice "u its own auspices & 9 ! mo/    

inclusive way4  ,= _m reasons ! c\nty   
(f]s ! be/ basis = ?is type (           
organization4 ,x is ! mo/ p]man5t       
political unit1 next to ! ,/ate or !    
incorporat$ t[n or city4 ,social        
progress f9ds ! close/ opportunity =    
coop]ation ) economic & political       
ag5cies 9 ! c\nty4 ,! foll[+ proposal = 
a ,c\nty ,*ri/ian ,association1 support$
 out ( ! budgets ( local coop]at+       
*ur*es1 has be5 work$ out3   ,,sugge/$  
,,program ,,= ,,c\nty ,,rural ,,*ri/ian 
,,association ,,or ,,f$]ation ,,(       
,,*ur*es#a    #a;a4 ,proposal = ,c\nty  
,*ri/ian ,association or ,*ur*          
,f$]ation4      #a;b4 ,bo>d (           
,directors4        #a;c4 ,c\nty ,c\ncil 
*os5 by ea* coop]at+ d5om9ation on      
basis ( memb]%ip4        #b;c4 ,election
 or appo9tm5t ( d5om9ational            
repres5tatives           to be left to  
ea* d5om9ation4        #c;c4 ,selection 
( c\nty secret>y4      #b;b4 ,duties (  
c\nty secret>y4        #a;c4            
,survey--,foll[ up :at int]*ur* c\nty   

(fice has done4          #a;d4 ,location
 ( all *ur*es4          #b;d4 ,resid5ce 
( pa/ors4          #c;d4 ,community     
b\nd>ies4        #b;c4 ,organize c\nty  
religi\s movem5ts z3          #a;d4     
,evangeli/ic drive4          #b;d4      
,memb]%ip rally4          #c;d4         
,g-to-*ur* campaigns4          #d;d4    
,religi\s wor%ip 9 ! home4              
#e;d4 ,common programs ) ref]5ce to     
moral & spiritual             problems4 
#f;d4 ,o!r religi\s movem5ts4           
#c;c4 ,int]*ur* adju/m5ts4              
#a;d4 ,act z secret>y ( ,committee on   
,adju/m5ts--provide (fice             = 
int]*ur* activities4          #b;d4     
,depository = int]*ur* religi\s         
in=mation4          #c;d4 ,foll[-up     
plans made z result ( int]*ur* survey1  
includ+3            #a;e4 ,enc\ragem5t (
 build+ p>sonage & gett+ resid5t        
pa/or 9 e community4            #b;e4   
,gett+ a community *ur* build+ 9 e      
community               adequate to its 
ne$s4            #c;e4 ,gett+ a         

community build+ "u jo9t religi\s       
auspices               :]e ne$ exi/s =  
sev]al h\ses ( wor%ip4            #d;e4 
,cle>+ h\se = memb]%ip cons]vation4     
#e;e4 ,det]m9ation ( p>i% b\nd>ies4     
#f;e4 ,e/abli%m5t ( new "w 9 communities
 :]e !re is none4        #d;c4 ,social &
 recreational4          #a;d4 ,c\nty    
field days4          #b;d4 ,coop]ation 9
 organiz+ boys' & girls' clubs 9 ,sunday
             s*ool or o!rwise4          
#d;d4 ,direct social & recreational     
activities4          #e;d4 ,assi/+ 9    
selection & tra9+ lead]s = *ur* &       
community s]vice4        #e;c4 ,religi\s
 education4          #a;d4 ,recruit+    
memb]%ip campaigns4          #b;d4 ,p]=m
 all functions n[ expect$ ( volunte]    
c\nty ,sunday             s*ool         
secret>y4          #c;d4 ,assi/ 9       
analysis ( ,sunday s*ool me?ods &       
organization             9 local *ur*es 
9 organiz+ = l>g] s]vice4          #d;d4
 ,week-day religi\s in/ruction plans4   
#f;c4 ,social s]vice activities to be   

enc\rag$3          #a;d4 ,c\nty free    
libr>y4          #b;d4 ,c\nty hospital &
 nurs+ program4          #c;d4 ,adequate
 provision = dep5d5ts1 defectives1      
del9qu5ts4          #d;d4 ,secur+ desir$
 ,/ate public s]vice4          #e;d4    
,heal? & sanitation campaign4           
#f;d4 ,c\nty ,f>m bureaus4        #g;c4 
,coop]ation ) o!r ag5cies4 ,9 g5]al1    
give moral support           to ag5cies 
do+ effective "w 9 ! fields m5tion$ 9   
7#f;c74        #h;c4 ,act z bureau (    
advice ) ref]5ce to appeals = *>itable  
purposes4        #i;c4 ,religi\s        
publicity4      #c;b4 ,budget4          
#a;c4 ,e/imat$ ,sal>y ( ,secret>y       
#c1jjj           ,travel                
#djj           ,(fice r5t               
#cjj           ,equipm5t                
#bjj           ,/5ograph]               
#gej           ,publicity               
#djj                                    
------                                  
#e1jej        #b;c4 ,h[ to raise4       
#a;d4 ,e/imate am\nt t %\ld come f ea*  

coop]at+ *ur*4             ,ask ea* *ur*
 to assume its %>e on a ?ree-ye>        
gu>antee4          #b;d4 ,make li/ (    
special giv]s :o may become a private   
s\rce4          #c;d4 ,communicate )    
respective mission>y bo>ds = aid 9      
c>ry+ balance ( budget until su* "t z x 
c be br\ght             to self-support4
  ,,footnote3  ,footnote #a3 ,prep>$ 9  
,collaboration ) ,c4 ,j4 ,hewett1       
,g>rett ,biblical ,in/itute1 ,evan/on1  
,ill4   ,?is =m ( organization has _m   
advantages1 among :i* are3  #a4 ,x      
coord9ates all ! religi\s =ces (        
,prote/antism1 = a common community     
s]vice4  #b4 ,x insures ultimate p]man5t
 support by be+ f9anc$ out ( ! budgets (
 ! coop]at+ *ur*es in/ead ( by a limit$ 
numb] ( private giv]s ( l>ge funds4  #c4
 ,! c\nty organization develops its "w  
?r\gh ! *ur*es1 /r5g!n+ ! program ( !   
m9i/] in/ead ( develop+ indep5d5t       
organizations locally ) volunte]        
lead]%ip relat$ to an arm ( ! *ur*      
in/ead ( directly to ! *ur*4  #d4 ,by   

organiz+ to d _! own "w 9 ?is way !     
*ur*es obviate ! necessity ( private    
,*ri/ian ag5cies organiz+ ) outside     
support to c>ry on int]d5om9ational "w4 
,if ! *ur*es ( ,am]ica d n rapidly "w   
out plans ( int]d5om9ational coop]ation 
9 ! developm5t ( _! "w1 o!r ag5cies w   
ent] ! field & w receive popul> f9ancial
 support = do+ ^? ?+s 9 rural progress t
 are ! legitimate task ( ! *ur* & = :i* 
! *ur* %\ld receive support4 ,*ur* p w  
supply ! l>ge "p ( ! funds = c>ry+ on ^!
 activities ?r\gh nonreligi\s ag5cies2 &
 because ( ! n>r[ness ( program ! *ur* w
 h *os5 = itself _m ( ! brighte/ & be/  
m9ds1 & consecrat$ he>ts n[ f\nd 9 our  
/ud5t gr\ps 9 educational in/itutions w 
f9d _! life's activities outside ! *ur* 
in/ead ( )9 its ranks :]e !y w\ld pref] 
to be4 ,?is w be ! mis=tune ( ! *ur* &  
%e _c cle> h]self ( ! wrong ( depriv+ h]
 "y p ( ! opportunity ( r5d]+ a s]vice  
to humanity )9 h] own ranks & ( =c+ !m  
to r5d] t s]vice ?r\gh indep5d5t social 
ag5cies4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! ,,*ur*   

,,& ,,o!r ,,rural ,,ag5cies   ,s9ce !   
ar\sal ( int]e/ 9 rural welf>e by !     
/udies made by ! ,c\ntry ,life          
,commission 9 #aijh1 probably no movem5t
 has made m rapid progress ?an t conc]n$
 ) rural life4 ,/udies ( rural *ur*     
conditions made by ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d 
( ,home ,missions & o!r ag5cies1 ( rural
 heal? by ! ,national ,public ,heal?    
,s]vice & by a numb] ( ! l>ge           
philan?ropic f\ndations1 ( educational  
conditions by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( 
,education1 & ( o!r problems by v>i\s   
ag5cies conc]n$1 h reveal$ ! m important
 conditions & h made possible !         
organization ( programs = _!            
amelioration4 ,! conditions /ill fur!r  
reveal$ by ! problems incid5t to        
prep>ation = ! ,_w ,w> & ! facilities   
made possible by t prep>ation =         
mobilization ( ! =ces = improvem5t /ill 
fur!r advanc$ ! rural-life movem5t until
 n[ no o!r int]e/ is occupy+ m public   
att5tion ?an ?is4  ,! li/ ( ag5cies )   
programs ( rural s]vice on a national   

scale t h f\nd repres5tation 9 !        
,national ,c\ncil ( ,rural ,social      
,s]vice affiliat$ ) ! ,am]ican ,c\ntry  
,life ,association w indicate ! l>ge    
numb] ( gr\ps n[ contribut+ to ! advance
 ( rural welf>e4 ,?is li/ is z foll[s3  
,national ,grange1 ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau
 ,f$]ation1 ,national ,bo>d ( ,f>m      
,organizations1 ,f>m]s' ,educational &  
,coop]ative ,union1 ,am]ican ,home      
,economics ,society1 ,am]ican ,r$       
,cross1 ,boy ,sc\ts ( ,am]ica1 ,girl    
,sc\ts ( ,am]ica1 ,f$]al ,c\ncil (      
,*ur*es1 ,national ,ca?olic ,welf>e     
,c\ncil1 ,bo>d ( ,home ,missions ( !    
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  
,am]ica1 ,am]ican ,bapti/ ,home         
,mission>y ,society1 ,bo>d ( ,home      
,missions ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur*1
 ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 ,"y   
,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,/ates 
,relations ,s]vice2 ,unit$ ,/ates       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,(fice ( ,f>m 
,managem5t2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal?

 ,s]vice1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau (       
,education1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (   
,labor1 ,*ildr5's ,bureau2 ,national    
,organization = ,public ,heal? ,nurs+1  
,national ,*ild ,labor ,committee1 ,*ild
 ,heal? ,organization ( ,am]ica1        
,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,national    
,tub]culosis ,association1 ,national    
,educational ,association1 ,rural       
,dep>tm5t2 ,am]ican ,libr>y             
,association1 ,national ,univ]sity      
,ext5sion ,association1 ,national ,*ild 
,heal? ,c\ncil1 ,playgr\nd & ,recreation
 ,association ( ,am]ica1 ,community     
,s]vice1 ,inc4  ,! above is a li/ (     
?irty-"o diff]5t ag5cies t h a national 
def9itely organiz$ rural-s]vice program4
 ,?is li/ d\btless is incomplete & w be 
increas$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4  ,! problem    
be=e u is to det]m9e j :at place ! *ur* 
%\ld h 9 ?is =midable galaxy ( ag5cies1 
& to consid] :at advantages &           
difficulties pres5t !mselves to ! *ur*es
 ( ,am]ica 9 function+ unit$ly &        
successfully 9 do+ _! "p 9 ! entire     

movem5t4  ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t x is    
impossible = ! *ur* to assume lead]%ip 9
 all ! int]e/s repres5t$ n[ by v>i\s    
specializ$ ag5cies4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t
 ! task ( ! *ur* has be5 complet$ )     
ref]5ce to a numb] ( ^! int]e/s :5 x has
 enc\rag$ _! organization 9 a local way 
& has cont9u$ to give !m its moral      
support s long z !y r5d] effectively !  
s]vice = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,rural int]e/s
 are s complex t specializ$ gr\ps are   
necess>y to insure adequate att5tion to 
all ! int]e/s conc]n$4  ,x mu/ also be  
recogniz$ t until ! two great bran*es ( 
! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--,ca?olicism &         
,prote/antism--le>n to coop]ate 9 _!    
s]vice to ! community1 ! religi\s =ces (
 ,am]ica _c pres5t a unit$ front 9 r5d]+
 ! s]vice t belongs peculi>ly to !m4 ,x 
is assum$ t ! ef=t w be made by ^?      
responsible = community s]vice 9 bo?    
bran*es ( ! *ur* to "w out ?is problem s
 t ! *ur* c d its "p 9 ! g5]al movem5t4 
,! physical basis = organization ( all  
=ces = s]vice on a compreh5sive plan is 

recogniz$ to be ! political units1      
c\nty1 ,/ate1 & nation4 ,! t[n%ip is    
giv+ way gradually to ! community z ! m 
local unit ( organization4 ,9 cases :]e 
community b\nd>y l9es d n co9cide )     
c\nty l9es local adju/m5ts w be made    
:]eby ! integrity ( communities may be  
ma9ta9$ )9 ! organization ( "o or ! o!r 
( ! c\nties conc]n$4  ,! pres5t movem5t 
is t[>d ! appo9tm5t ( c\nty "w          
secret>ies on a sal>i$ basis to adm9i/] 
! "w ( ! respective int]e/s conc]n$4    
,?us we h n[ develop$ :]ev] ! _s ( ! p  
has made x possible sal>i$ ,c\nty ,y4   
,m4 ,c4 ,a4 (fic]s1 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4     
(fic]s1 ,int]national ,sunday ,s*ool    
(fic]s1 ,r$ ,cross ,*apt]s1 ,boy ,sc\ts1
 ,community ,s]vice1 ,inc41 & s =?4 ,!re
 is no regul>ity or uni=mity 9 !        
selection ( ! c\nties by ! diff]5t      
ag5cies ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 b x appe>s
 t :5 "o ( ! gr\ps succe$s 9 gett+ a    
c\nty (fice e/abli%$1 x is increas+ly   
difficult = o!r ag5cies conc]n$ 9 rural 
social s]vice to ga9 a foo?old on a     

sal>i$ basis4 ,! ag5cy t succe$s 9 ga9+ 
a foo?old orig9ally t5ds to incorporate 
into its activities ! full program (    
social s]vice4 ,!oretically all admit _!
 read9ess to turn ov] to o!r ag5cies !  
functions belong+ to o!r gr\ps z soon z 
!y are ready to assume _! prop] duties1 
b practically ! organization ( an int]e/
 gr\p c\nty (fice delays indef9itely !  
organization ( rural s]vice on a prop]  
basis4  ,! normal c\rse ( developm5t is 
= ! ag5cy t is prep>$ to organize &     
f9ance a compreh5sive rural program = a 
c\nty %\ld r5d] ?is s]vice2 b x %\ld at 
! same "t use its influ5ce to br+ ab\t  
at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t a c\nty      
c\ncil ( social ag5cies t w give unifi$ 
control ( ! rural s]vice program to all 
ag5cies t %\ld h a voice 9 rural        
progress4 ,if ?is policy is adh]$ to1   
!re w be ! he>tie/ support ( ! "w ( any 
ag5cy t wi%es to beg9 its "w on a c\nty 
basis 9 any section ( ! c\ntry4  ,! fir/
 impression t may come to "o n famili> )
 ! va/ness ( ! organiz$ movem5t = rural 

welf>e may be t a l>ge numb] ( ag5cies h
 und]tak5 rural s]vice = _! own sakes r 
?an = ! sake ( ! community4 ,?is is n ! 
case4 ,x is recogniz$ t rural           
organization = def9ite objectives %\ld  
take ! place ( previ\s uncoord9at$1     
haphaz>d opportunism 9 rural progress1 &
 ! pres5t sporadic & unrelat$ movem5ts  
t[>d organization are b ! result ( a v  
rapid developm5t :i* has n yet f\nd "t  
to make ! desir$ adju/m5t desir$ by all 
conc]n$4 ,! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,rural  
,social ,ag5cies1 ! ,/ate ,c\ncils com+ 
into exi/5ce1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncils & !     
community c\ncils t h appe>$ "h & !re   
are b ! beg9n+s ( a well-ord]$1         
economical & necess>y coord9ation (     
rural social =ces4  ,h[ is ! *ur* relat$
 to ?is movem5t8 ,repeat$ inve/igations 
h %[n t ! *ur*es ( ,am]ica h )9 _!      
memb]%ip by f> ! l>g] proportion ( ^? ^:
 public _s regi/]s itself 9 volunt>y    
f9ancial support ( public ent]prises4 ,!
 fri5dly citiz5 is l>gely a my?4 ,^? :o 
build *ur*es at l>ge p]sonal sacrifice1 

& pay ! bills 9 ma9ta9+ religi\s s]vices
 are ^? ^: names appe> at ! top ( mo/   
subscriptions to b5evol5t ent]prises4 ,x
 0 ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry & ! *ur* memb]%ip t
 made possible ! ,r$ ,cross drives dur+ 
! w>1 & ! o!r f9ancial campaigns =      
relief & o!r calls incid5t to ! w>4 ,?us
 hi/ory has cont9u$ to %[ ! same        
condition s f> z f9ancial res\rces =    
public welf>e support are conc]n$4      
,s9ce ?is is ! case1 x appe>s t ! mo/   
natural me?od ( initiat+ social s]vice  
"w on a volunt>y basis is to expect !   
*ur*es to take ! lead4 ,z has be5 po9t$ 
out1 ! *ur* & ! s*ool are ! two local   
in/itutions t h sal>i$ (ficials to c>e =
 _! public s]vice4 ,o!r ag5cies1 ) !    
possible exception ( public heal? nurs+ 
s]vice1 w probably n 9 ! ne> future be  
able to secure f9ancial support =       
full-"t sal>i$ local (ficials4 ,! ne>e/ 
!y c approa* to su* sal>i$ s]vice is !  
c\nty (ficial :o mu/ dep5d = local      
s]vice ^u tra9$ volunte] help4 ,?is     
condition puts ^u ! *ur* an additional  

responsibility because ?r\gh !          
organization ( a c\nty religi\s         
organization outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] x c
 n only mobilize local support = su* "w 
on a p]man5t basis mo/ effectively1 b x 
c also provide ! sal>i$ local lead]%ip =
 c>ry+ out a well-organiz$ community    
s]vice program4 ,moreov]1 9 h>mony )    
pr9ciples pres5t$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 !   
*ur* z a cons]vative in/itution is "o ( 
! p]man5t organizations t 9 ! la/       
analysis mu/ be expect$ to take ov] &   
insure p]man5ce to well-tri$ advances 9 
community organization & s]vice4 ,if ?is
 !sis is admitt$1 !n x logically foll[s 
t all :o are int]e/$ 9 rural progress   
%\ld enc\rage ! organization ( !        
religi\s =ces on a compreh5sive basis to
 insure ! p]petuation ( ! "w n[ be+     
inaugurat$ by a l>ge numb] ( private    
ag5cies4  ,:5 x is f\nd t ! int]e/s (   
o!r organizations conflict ) ! program (
 ! *ur*1 ! int]e/s ( ! ,am]ican public w
 give ! pref]5ce 9 support to ! *ur*1 or
 to ! tax-support$ in/itution4 ,9 ! long

 run mu* ( ! "w n[ be+ done by private  
organizations ( v>i\s sorts w be inh]it$
 ei!r by ! *ur* or by ! /ate2 & x is n  
only ! opportunity b ! obligation ( !   
*ur* to prep>e itself z rapidly z       
possible = cons]v+ ^! new] activities by
 f9anc+ c\nty & ,/ate & national        
organizations = coord9ation ( religi\s  
=ces = community s]vice4 ,if c\nty      
(fices = coord9ation ( religi\s =ces 7  
n[ 9 exi/5ce1 ! *ur*es c\ld provide     
facilities ?r\gh :i* mu* ( ! "w n[ be+  
develop$ by o!r ag5cies c\ld be c>ri$   
on4 ,& ?us ! *ur* c\ld r5d] a mu*-ne$$  
s]vice to ! entire rural-life movem5t4  
,,*apt] ,x  ,,mission>y ,,programs ,,&  
,,rural ,,community ,,s]vice   ,long    
ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 =eign mission>y s]vice
 has vitally affect$ ! me?ods ( c>ry+ ! 
gospel ( ,*ri/ian liv+ to ^? :o h n yet 
come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/4 ,"h !     
demon/ration me?od ( :at ,*ri/ianity    
means 9 t]ms ( increas$ human welf>e has
 done f> m to spread ! gospel ?an simply
 prea*+ to p4 ,! free+ ( ! millions n[  

liv+ "u ! control ( o!r =ms ( religi\s  
belief by introduction ( s*ools1 toge!r 
) ! message ( heal? & bett] moral ideals
 ?r\gh ! practice ( ,*ri/ian liv+1 has  
done m to spread ,*ri/ianity ?an all !  
ef=ts ( attempt+ to build a ,*ri/ian _s 
into a civilization n suit$ to x nor    
prep>$ = x4  ,! mission>y ag5cies 9 !   
home fields h le>n$ f ! exp]i5ce 9 !    
=eign fields1 & n[ ! programs ( home    
mission>y bo>ds are *>act]iz$ by _! l>ge
 emphasis ^u ! social gospel4 ,! revival
 ( int]e/ 9 religi\s life 9 ?is c\ntry  
co9cid5t ) ! recognition ( its vital    
significance 9 s\nd social organization 
has come s rapidly & popul> support has 
be5 s lib]al t grave dang] exi/s le/ !  
funds made available %\ld be us$        
un9t5tionally 9 ways t t5d to defeat !  
purpose ( ! gift4 ,! *ur*1 9 its        
b5evol5t program1 %\ld take advantage ( 
! lessons le>n$ by private philan?ropic 
ag5cies 9 deal+ ) problems ( reclamation
 ( ! un=tunate or ( /imulat+ to a l>g]  
life4  ,_m ( ! ef=ts at social progress 

fail because ( lack ( cle> /atem5t (    
objectives4 ,s f> z ! rural "w is       
conc]n$1 ! foll[+ are pres5t$ z necess>y
 objectives1 if ! rural *ur* is to      
succe$ 9 measur+ up to its task4 ,x is  
believ$ t funds ( ! *ur* c be us$ safely
 & wisely 9 _! atta9m5t4  #a4 ,/r5g!n ! 
weak places 9 rural *ur* "w 9 h>mony )  
pr9ciples ( int]d5om9ational e?ics &    
well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( b5evol5t      
assi/ance4  #b4 ,increase effectiv5ess (
 rural m9i/ry by tra9+ m9i/ry n[ 9      
s]vice 9 mod]n me?ods ( *ur* "w & by    
recruit+ & tra9+ a new m9i/ry 9 sympa?y 
) rural life & devot$ to its improvem5t4
  #c4 ,organize rural *ur* "w s t e     
rural family w h def9itely assign$      
pa/oral c>e4  #d4 ,adju/                
int]d5om9ational relation%ips s t !     
ideal ( b "o resid5t pa/or & "o *ur* to 
ea* community may be realiz$4  #e4      
,provide means ( int]d5om9ational       
coop]ation s t rural religi\s =ces may  
"w toge!r 9 deal+ ) common problems (   
rural social & religi\s progress4  #f4  

,organize rural "w s t x may h due      
consid]ation 9 ! g5]al policies (       
religi\s organizations4  #g4 ,all !     
above are prelim9>y to ! "o great       
object1 f ! social po9t ( view1 namely1 
t ( mak+ x possible = ! rural *ur* & !  
rural m9i/] to function mo/ effectively 
9 br++ m abundant life 9 ! be/ s5se to  
rural p4  ,aft] religi\s =ces are       
organiz$ s t !y c pres5t a unit$ front 9
 ! attack on ! great social problems (  
rural life1 !n ! individual *ur*es & all
 *ur*es toge!r c und]take to meet !     
*all5ge outl9$ 9 e>li] *apt]s ( ?is text
 & also well pres5t$ 9 mu* ( ! rec5t    
lit]ature on ! subject4 ,b effective    
organization mu/ prec$e mo/ effective & 
p]man5t s]vice4  ,c]ta9 pr9ciples h be5 
! guid+ influ5ce 9 ! program on :i* !   
rural dep>tm5t ( at lea/ "o ( ! lead+   
d5om9ations has be5 work+4 ,= ^? :o come
 to positions ( adm9i/rative            
responsibility f "t to "t )\t hav+ be5  
"u ! necessity ( acqua9t+ !mselves ) !  
pr9ciples t %\ld guide 9 ! safe         

exp5diture ( funds = ma9t5ance ( pa/ors1
 ^! are giv5 "h3  #a4 ,pr9ciples (      
int]d5om9ational e?ics %\ld be obs]v$ 9 
mak+ grants ( mission>y funds to local  
pa/ors4 ,x is to be fe>$ t too (t5 funds
 h be5 us$ to su/a9 a local "w 9 !      
pres5ce ( ano!r d5om9ation :5 ef=ts at  
int]d5om9ational adju/m5t w\ld h reliev$
 ! situation by remov+ ! necessity1     
namely1 t ( division ( local res\rces by
 compet+ religi\s =ces4  #b4 ,ow+ to !  
unusual problems pres5t$ on *>ges ask+ =
 mission>y aid only ! able/ m9i/]s %\ld 
be assign$ to su* po9ts4 ,!y %\ld be    
support$ accord+ to _! ne$s ?r\gh       
mission>y aid1 & _! acceptance (        
difficult "w %\ld enhance r ?an less5 _!
 /&+ 9 ! *ur*4  #c4 ,rigid avoidance (  
use ( mission>y funds = purposes (      
*>ity1 or = mak+ appo9tm5ts easi]4 ,!   
*>ge1 n ! m9i/]1 is ! objective4  #d4   
,c5tralization ( ef=t on a few places   
in/ead ( dissipation ( funds 9 provid+  
ineffici5t s]vice 9 _m places4  #e4     
,gradual b c]ta9 )drawal ( support f    

national or ,/ate bo>ds 9 ord] to avoid 
paup]iz+ communities by reliev+ !m ( _! 
local f9ancial responsibilities4  ,z "o 
( ! mo/ s]i\s problems connect$ ) rural 
mission>y s]vice is t ( int]d5om9ational
 complications1 an ef=t has be5 made to 
"w out c]ta9 pr9ciples t may be obs]v$  
by all religi\s organizations c>ry+ out 
a rural program4 ,at ! annual meet+ ( ! 
,home ,missions ,c\ncil 9 #aiad a       
/atem5t ( pr9ciples 0 adopt$4 ,9 #aiai !
 rural fields committee ( ! ,home       
,missions ,c\ncil und]took ! revision ( 
^! pr9ciples 9 ! light ( lat] exp]i5ce &
 adopt$ ! revision z a committee report4
 ,because ?is docum5t repres5ts ! be/   
judgm5t ( ^? 9 ! v>i\s d5om9ations      
conc]n$ ) rural "w x is pres5t$ h]e) z a
 desirable basis on :i* grants ( funds  
may be safely made4 ,! /atem5t is       
pres5t$ 9 full3       ,p]suad$ ( ! urg5t
 ne$ ( "s compreh5sive & unit$      plan
 = ! evangelization ( our c\ntry & =    
clos]      coop]ation to make su* plans 
effective1 ! ,home ,missions            

,c\ncil proposes = ! consid]ation ( its 
con/itu5t      societies ! foll[+       
pr9ciples ( comity4 ,x is to be         
di/9ctly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t no          
ecclesia/ical      au?ority ( any k9d is
 impli$ except z ecclesia/ical          
bodies %all adopt ^! policies z _! own4 
,!y h only      ! moral =ce ( ! cons5t (
 ! p>ties desir+ to see      !m become  
effective4       ,,fir/4 ,z to !        
occupancy ( new fields4 ,! frequ5tly    
sugge/$ plan = ! ent]+ ( new t]ritory is
 to divide      x among ! v>i\s         
d5om9ations1 hold+ ea* body             
responsible = ! prop] work+ ( its field4
           a4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ?is ,c\ncil
 ?is c\rse ( proc$ure          w\ld seem
 to be impracticable4 ,b a s5sitive     
reg>d n only          = ! rights b = !  
s5tim5ts ( si/] bodies (                
,*ri/ian p is dem&$ by e consid]ation ( 
righte\sness z well z frat]nity4        
b4 ,9 di/ricts or 9 places already      
occupi$ by any          d5om9ation new  
"w %\ld be und]tak5 by any o!r body     

only aft] frat]nal conf]5ce betwe5 !    
(ficial          repres5tatives ( !     
mission>y organizations embrac+ ^?      
localities4           c4 ,occupancy ( ! 
field %all be det]m9$ by at lea/ !      
foll[+ *>act]i/ics3               #a4 ,!
 e/abli%m5t ( a regul>ly organiz$ *ur*4 
,! e/abli%+ ( a ,sunday s*ool %all n be 
deem$              suffici5t to meet !  
t]ms ( ?is def9ition4               #b4 
,! appo9tm5t ( a pa/or :o %all be       
expect$ to hold              s]vices 9 !
 community at lea/ once e two weeks4    
#c4 ,! provision ( *ur* build+ &        
equipm5t )9 a              reasonable "t
 adequate to ! ne$s ( ! community at its
              pres5t /age ( developm5t4 
,! occupation ( a field by any          
d5om9ation aft] conf]5ce      & agreem5t
 %all give to t d5om9ation ! "r to !    
field & ! responsibility = its ,*ri/ian 
culture until      su* *anges 9         
population %all make x desirable t x be 
%>$ ) "o or m o!r d5om9ations4       ,if
 ! above conf]5ce %all fail to rea*     

agreem5t1 x %all      be ! privilege ( !
 aggriev$ p>ty to make appeal to its    
respective bo>d or society1 :i* bo>d or 
society %all      conf] ) ! si/] bo>d or
 society conc]n$1 & ^!      bo>ds may !n
 reque/ ! sup]9t5d5ts ( !               
d5om9ations conc]n$ = ! field 9 "q to   
make      p]sonal inve/igation & to     
report _! f9d+s to _!      respective   
bo>ds4 ,if !y agree1 ! bo>ds %all take  
action      9 accordance !re)4 ,if !y   
disagree1 ! matt] %all be      ref]r$ to
 ! bo>ds = su* action z _! wisdom may   
det]m9e1 :i* action %all be communicat$ 
to ! *ur*es      conc]n$ ) :atev]       
ecclesia/ical or moral =ce _!           
decision may comm&4       ,,second4 ,9  
communities already occupi$ by two or m 
d5om9ations1 9 case any *ur* or mission 
/ation %all      consid] itself aggriev$
 9 its relations to si/] *ur*es1      ! 
c\rse ( proc$ure outl9$ 9 ,section ,i   
%all likewise be      foll[$4       ,!re
 %all be fri5dly conf]5ce 9 ! _s ( !    
,great      ,head ( ! *ur* & rec\rse be 

_h1 :5 necess>y1 to !      local or     
national mission>y au?orities1 ^: f9d+s 
prop]ly communicat$ %all h beh9d !m !   
moral =ce (      ?is ,c\ncil4       ,:]e
 any d5om9ation occupies a di/rict by   
gr\p+s (      mission /ations "u "o     
mission>y ! same pr9ciples %all         
apply & ! same me?od ( adju/+ diff]5ces 
%all be      foll[$4       ,,?ird4      
,ov]*ur*$ ,communities4 ,n infrequ5tly !
 promise      ( new t[ns fails (        
fulfillm5t1 ) ! result t !re      are m 
*ur* organizations ?an 9 any economic   
view %\ld      be ma9ta9$--at lea/ out (
 mission>y funds4 ,9 _m      sections ( 
! c\ntry also1 because ( ! m>k$ %ift (  
population f agricultural communities to
 urban c5t]s1      ov]*ur*+ has weak5$  
all d5om9ations to ! po9t :]e           
mission>y ef=t is necess>y to re/ore    
aga9 a :olesome      religi\s life4     
,reg>dless ( ! cause ( ov]*ur*+1        
:e!r f ! undue optimism ( ! new]        
sections ( !      c\ntry or *ang$       
conditions 9 ! old]1 or o!r             

conditions1 ! problem ( ov]*ur*+ mu/ be 
dealt ) 9      ! true _s ( comity &     
coop]ation = ! sake ( !      common     
good4           a4 ,! pr9ciple %\ld be  
e/abli%$ t "o ,prote/ant          *ur*  
is adequate = ea* community ( less ?an  
#a1ejj          inhabitants2 & t ef=ts  
%\ld be made to br+ ab\t                
int]d5om9ational readju/m5t to ?is end 9
 all sections (          ! c\ntry :]e   
economic & social conditions h become   
suffici5tly e/abli%$ to make improbable 
any m>k$ or rapid          increase 9   
population )9 a %ort "t4           b4 ,9
 communities ( ov] #a1ejj inhabitants   
!re %\ld n be          m ?an "o         
,prote/ant *ur* to e #a1jjj population4 
c4 ,9 communities ( ov] #a1ejj          
inhabitants & ( less ?an                
#e1jjj1 plans %\ld be work$ out :]eby ! 
diff]5t          d5om9ations conc]n$    
%all coop]ate 9 provid+ adequate        
build+ & equipm5t = community s]vice4   
,su* build+          %\ld be            
/rategically locat$ & %\ld be controll$ 

by a          gov]n+ bo>d made up (     
repres5tatives1 ! numb] ( :om          f
 ea* d5om9ation %all be det]m9$ by !    
con/itu5cy ( t d5om9ation 9 its         
proportion to !          total          
,prote/ant or coop]at+ population4 ,!   
rules = !          control ( !          
activities ( su* coop]ative community   
s]vice          %\ld respect ! /&>ds ( !
 respective d5om9ations4          ,!    
support ( su* community s]vice %\ld be  
apportion$ to          ! respective     
d5om9ations conc]n$ to be rais$ 9 _!    
respective budgets 9 proportion to _!   
respective          repres5tation on !  
gov]n+ bo>d4           d4 ,x %all be !  
duty ( ! d5om9ation to :i*              
responsibility %all h be5 allocat$ to   
provide !          be/-tra9$ lead]%ip & 
! be/ s]vice ( :i* x is          capable
 out ( consid]ation to ! o!r d5om9ations
 t          h intru/$ ! spiritual welf>e
 ( _! memb]%ip to          ?is gr\p4    
e4 ,9 det]m9+ :at d5om9ation has prime  
responsibility 9          a giv5        

community ( "u #a1ejj inhabitants !     
foll[+          %all be consid]$4       
#a4 ,pres5t resid5t memb]%ip &          
con/itu5cy4 ,!              organization
 hav+ ! l>ge/ bona fide memb]%ip &      
con/itu5cy %\ld be consid]$ z hav+ prime
              responsibility1 f ?is po9t
 ( view4               #b4 ,! resid5ce (
 ! pa/or4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pa/or's           
resid5ce %\ld be giv5 l>g] weight ?an   
memb]%ip unless              !          
d5om9ation hav+ prime responsibility    
accord+ to 7#a7              /&s ready  
to provide a pa/or's resid5ce 9 !       
community              :]e ?is          
d5om9ation has prime responsibility f ! 
po9t ( view ( memb]%ip4                 
#c4 ,! location ( ! *ur* build+4 ,!     
d5om9ation t              has a build+  
locat$ 9 a village c5t] %\ld be giv5    
prec$5ce ov] ! d5om9ation t has its     
headqu>t]s 9              ! op5 c\ntry  
ne> a village4 ,! build+ ( ! village    
*ur* %\ld be suitably locat$ = adequate 
community              s]vice2 t is1 ne>

 ! c5t] ( ! village4               #d4  
,z betwe5 ! village & ! op5 c\ntry *ur*1
 !              village *ur* %\ld be    
giv5 prime consid]ation 9 putt+         
on an aggressive community program4     
#e4 ,no mission>y or su/5tation support 
%\ld be giv5 by              any        
coop]at+ d5om9ation to a pa/or 9 an     
ov]*ur*$              community nor to a
 circuit involv+ int]d5om9ational       
competition until aft] an adju/m5t is   
made ei!r by              reorganization
 ( ! circuit or an agreem5t has be5     
rea*$              by ! mission>y &     
adm9i/rative bodies ( ! respective      
d5om9ations conc]n$ z to an allocation (
 su* mission>y                          
responsibility4               #f4 ,*ur* 
ext5sion aid %\ld n be giv5 t[>d !      
rebuild+ ( *ur*es 9 ^! communities until
 aft]              allocation (         
responsibility has be5 effect$4         
#g4 ,if aft] due ef=t to secure         
satisfactory adju/m5t (                 
relation%ips accord+ to ! plans sugge/$ 

9 ,fir/ above1              & by su*    
fur!r arbitration or o!r means z may be 
adopt$ by ! ,home ,missions ,c\ncil or  
its con/itu5t              bodies1 !n ! 
d5om9ation seek+ su* adju/m5t %all      
be at lib]ty to develop its own "w z x  
may see fit1              /&+ ready1    
h[ev]1 to make agreem5t ) compet+       
bodies :5ev] !y wi% to r5ew             
negotiations4               #h4 ,9 !    
int]e/s ( ! ,k+dom1 aft] mission>y      
responsibility has be5 allocat$1 ef=ts  
at unify+ local              religi\s   
organizations may take ! =m ( f$]ation1 
assimilation1 affiliation1 or su* o!r   
mode z may be              det]m9$ on by
 ! local *ur*es conc]n$4                
#i4 ,plans %\ld also be work$ out :]eby 
! religi\s =ms              ( ! diff]5t 
gr\ps may be respect$2 t is1 t          
memb]%ip 9 ! rema9+ religi\s            
organization may be              obta9$ 
by fulfill+ ! obligations ( ! coop]at+  
body              ) :i* ! p]sons belong+
 to ! )draw+              organization  

w\ld naturally affiliate4               
#aj4 ,x is und]/ood t no?+ 9 ?is propos$
 set (              pr9ciples implies t 
)drawal f giv5 fields %all be           
=c$4 ,x is only int5d$ to provide a plan
 :]eby all              =ces bo? local &
 g5]al %all be unit$ z rapidly z        
possible 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ end1   
namely1 t (              unify+ ,*ri/ian
 s]vice 9 giv5 communities4             
#aa4 ,9 det]m9+ ! limits ( communities  
to :i* ?is              plan %all apply 
! ,f$]al ,c5sus ,bureau designation (   
communities ( #b1ejj & "u z rural %all  
be adopt$              except z not$ 9  
p>agraph #e;c4       ,,f\r?4 ,inasmu* z 
_m ( ! con/itu5t bodies ( ?is           
,c\ncil are already by (ficial action   
committ$ to !      pr9ciples ( comity   
:i* we advocate1 x w\ld seem            
reasonable to hope t at lea/ gradually  
^! pr9ciples      w\ld f9d realization  
along "s su* l9es z "h propos$4       ,x
 is manife/1 ( c\rse1 t no plan (       
proc$ure c be      expect$ to cov] all  

cases or to be ( univ]sal               
applicability4 ,we are glad to record t 
9 "s ,/ates !re      are ,int]*ur*      
,f$]ations to :i* local comity matt]s   
w\ld      naturally be ref]r$4 ,= o!r   
cases ?is ,c\ncil proposes      !       
erection ( an ,int]d5om9ational         
,commission1 to :i* any      matt] (    
comity n o!rwise provid$ = may be ref]r$
 by      mutual agreem5t ( ! p>ties at  
int]e/4 ,"o repres5tative      ( ea* ( !
 bodies hav+ memb]%ip 9 ! ,home         
,missions      ,c\ncil %all con/itute   
?is commission4 ,:5 any case call+      
= adjudication %all rise1 :i* case %all 
previ\sly h      _h ! consid]ation ( any
 "o or m ( ! con/itu5t      bodies ( !  
,home ,missions ,c\ncil1 x %all be      
ref]r$ to a      ,committee ( ,?ree *os5
 f ?is committee & acceptable to        
bo? p>ties4 ,! decision ( ?is committee 
%all h no      ecclesia/ical =ce1 b its 
utt]ance %all be reg>d$ z      voic+ !  
unit$ judgm5t ( ! ,home ,missions       
,c\ncil & s      f> =? %all be b9d+ on  

its con/itu5t bodies4  ,x is recogniz$ t
 ^! pr9ciples d n receive ! mo/         
en?usia/ic support ( *ur* lead]s :o are 
?9k+ 9 t]ms ( d5om9ational progress     
in/ead ( community welf>e4 ,b ?is lack (
 support is an evid5ce ( _! value in/ead
 ( a criticism4 ,d5om9ational int]e/s   
mu/ be sacrific$ = ! sake ( ! advancem5t
 ( ! entire cause :5 ! two come into    
conflict4 ,!re is reason to hope t n    
only ,prote/ants b also ,ca?olics &     
,prote/ants c come to coop]ate on       
programs ( community s]vice1 ?us ov]com+
 =ev] ! vital objection to religi\s     
lead]%ip n[ made t because ( fundam5tal 
diff]5ces 9 belief ! two great bran*es (
 ! *ur* _c r5d] an organiz$ community   
s]vice4  ,! relations ( ! b5evol5t bo>ds
 ( ! sev]al d5om9ations to o!r *ur*     
organizations are su* t b little c be   
said conc]n+ me?ods ( relat+ mission>y  
"w to ! l>g] program ( community s]vice4
 ,9 ea* case :]e projects = mission>y   
aid are pres5t$ ef=t %\ld be made to see
 t local conditions are made su* t !    

pa/or c r5d] ! be/ s]vice4 ,x mu/ be    
recogniz$ t ! application = outside aid 
is 9 itself an admission ( local        
weakness4 ,! p are poor1 or indiff]5t to
 ! type ( s]vice to :i* !y h be5        
accu/om$4 ,!re has be5 un=ese5 disa/]1 z
 ! de/ruction ( *ur* prop]ty by fire or 
9 "s o!r way4 ,sudd5 movem5ts (         
population h tempor>ily weak5$ ! support
 ( ! *ur* & new res\rces h n yet be5    
develop$4 ,circuit sy/ems mu/ be brok5  
up s t p w be will+ to support full-"t  
resid5t pa/ors ) effici5t programs =    
s]vice4 ,cu/oms ( expect+ ! pa/or to    
make 8 liv+ 9 outside "w & att5d+ to    
religi\s s]vice z a side issue mu/ be   
ov]come4 ,! pa/or's resid5ce may be 9   
su* condition t families _c be sacrific$
 = ! sake ( mission>y communities &     
resid5ces mu/ be suppli$ by lib]al      
outside aid z ! prelim9>y to effective  
s]vice4 ,*ur* build+s are inadequate1 & 
! tra9$ m9i/] mu/ be giv5 e assurance t 
aid w be r5d]$ 9 br++ physical equipm5t 
up to p>4 ,9 ea* case ! problems t      

pres5t !mselves mu/ be met4 ,! dem&s (  
any "o *>ge d n comp>e ) ! dem&s ( any  
o!r4 ,& me?ods mu/ be adapt$ to meet !  
specific ne$s ( ea* *>ge4 ,^! are matt]s
 t mu/ be left to ^? responsible =      
adm9i/ration ( mission>y funds4  ,:5 !  
religi\s =ces ( ,am]ica le>n _! problems
 s t a long-"t organiz$ program (       
religi\s advance c be work$ out1 :5 !y  
le>n to coop]ate 9 c>ry+ out ?is        
program1 !n ! haphaz>d1 wa/eful1        
competitive mission>y program t has     
*>act]iz$ rural religi\s "w 9 ! pa/ w   
disappe> & we %all see "o ( ! mo/ m>k$  
advances 9 religi\s welf>e ! _w has ev] 
kn[n4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,summ>y ,,&    
,,conclusion   ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ! ef=t
 has be5 made to outl9e "s ( !          
conditions & pr9ciples involv$ 9        
organiz+ ! rural *ur* = community       
s]vice4 ,! field has be5 limit$ by      
di/+ui%+ betwe5 t type ( s]vice :i* has 
to d ) man's relation to 8 ,mak] & t :i*
 has to d ) 8 relations to 8 fell[ man4 
,! latt] s]vice has be5 *os5 z ! field =

 ! pres5t discussion1 & ! ef=t has be5  
made to keep )9 ! field1 reg>dless ( !  
desirability ( discussion ( ! o!r phases
 ( ! "w ( ! rural *ur*4 ,! field itself 
bo? z to size ( community & ! scope ( ! 
entire field has receiv$ att5tion4 ,an  
attempt has be5 made to pres5t !        
philosophic basis ju/ify+ ! *ur* 9 giv+ 
l>ge att5tion to community s]vice4 ,"s (
 ! m g5]al aspects ( rural life dem&+   
att5tion on ! "p ( ! *ur* h be5 discuss$
 & ! reasons = assum+ t c]ta9 phases (  
rural social activity prop]ly belong to 
! *ur* r ?an to o!r ag5cies h be5       
pres5t$ to ! read]4  ,! problems (      
adju/m5t betwe5 religi\s d5om9ations z  
su* & betwe5 ! p>5t religi\s            
organizations & s-call$ arms ( ! *ur* h 
be5 outl9$ & me?ods ( adju/m5t sugge/$4 
,! relation ( all religi\s =ces to o!r  
rural life ag5cies has receiv$ "s       
att5tion2 &1 f9ally1 ! mission>y program
 ( ! *ur* z ! ag5cy = /r5g!n+ ! weak & (
 advanc+ ! g5]al cause ( conque/ ( all  
life ) pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian liv+ 0      

discuss$4 ,x is hop$ t ! pr9ciples      
pres5t$ w at lea/ be giv5 c>eful        
consid]ation1 & if !y are n accept$ 9   
full1 t !y w at lea/ provoke discussion 
t w ev5tually lead to "s =m (           
organization t w m ne>ly meet ! dem&s ( 
! "t ?an ! pres5t unorganiz$1 unrelat$  
sect>ian & o!r ef=ts t p>alyze &        
disc\rage ^? responsible = s]vice 9 !   
local z well z 9 m g5]al fields (       
,*ri/ian "w4 ,if ?is object c be        
accompli%$1 ! ef=t to po9t ! direction  
organization %\ld take w n h be5 9 va94