,draw+s & ,ph>macy 9 al-,zahrw's #aj?-,c5tury ,surgical ,treatise by ,sami ,ham>neh ,pap] #bb1 pages #ha-id1 f ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,bullet9 #bbh ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifa ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,reproduction ( a page f orig9al ,arabic manuscript index$ z ,cod4 ,n4,f4 #dgf;,a at ,oe/]rei*is*e ,nationalbiblio!k 9 ,vi5na4 ,c\rtesy ,oe/]rei*is*e ,nationalbiblio!k4 ,draw+s & ,ph>macy 9 al-,zahrw's #aj?-,c5tury ,surgical ,treatise by ,sami ,ham>neh ,probably ! e>lie/ indep5d5t "w 9 ,arabic ,spa9 to embrace ! :ole ( m$ical k ( ! "t is ! encyclop$ic al-,tasrf1 writt5 9 ! late #aj? c5tury by ,ab al-,qsim al-,zahrw1 also kn[n z ,abulcasis4 ,consi/+ ( #cj treatises1 x is ! only kn[n "w ( al-,zahrw & x br\ght him high pre/ige 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) 8 la/ treatise1 on surg]y4 ,) its _m draw+s ( surgical in/rum5ts1 int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( appr5tices1 its descriptions ( =mulas & m$ic9al prep>ations1 & its lucid obs]vations on surgical proc$ures1 ?is treatise is p]haps ! olde/ ( its k9d4 ,s*ol>s today h available a translation ( ! text & reproductions ( ! draw+s1 b _m ( ! latt] are greatly modifi$ f ! orig9als4 ,?is /udy reproduces examples ( al-,zahrw's orig9al illu/rations1 comp>es "s ) e>ly draw+s bas$ on !m1 & comm5ts on passages 9 ! treatise ( int]e/ to /ud5ts ( ph>macy & m$ical !rapy4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,sami ,ham>neh und]took ?is rese>* into ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 connection ) 8 duties z associate curator ( m$ical sci5ces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,writ+s ( ,ab al-,qsim ,khalaf ibn ,abbs al-,zahrw--bett] kn[n z ,abulcasis 7d4 ca4 #ajac7--to ,we/]n ,europe 0 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 translation ( 8 surgical treatise 7maqlah7 by ,g]>d ( ,cremona 7d4 #aahg74a ,! response to ?is treatise1 !reaft]1 0 mu* great] ?an ! att5tion paid to ! surg]y ( any ( ! ?ree r5[n$ physicians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caliphate3 al-,rz 7,lat91 ,rhazes1 d4 ca4 #ibe71 ! greate/ cl9ician 9 ,arabic m$ic9e2 al-,majs 7,haly ,abbs1 d4 #iid71 ! au?or ( ! encyclop$ic m$ical "w1 al-,malak2#b & ,ibn ,sn 7,avic5na1 #ihj-ajcg71 ! au?or ( ! fam\s al-,qnn f al-ibb1 a codification ( ! :ole ( m$ical k4 ,because ( ! widespread dissem9ation ( ?is ,lat9 v]sion 9 m$ieval ,europe beg9n+ ) ! latt] "p ( ! #ab? c5tury1 al-,zahrw atta9$ m pre/ige 9 ! ,we/ ?an he did 9 ,arabic ,spa91 8 native c\ntry1 or 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,islamic _w4#c ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,! myrtle-leaf %ape recomm5d$ = pap] on :i* m$ic9e is to be plac$ = caut]iz+ eyelid4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,! fame atta*$ to ?is surgical treatise1 ! #cj? & la/ 9 al-,zahrw's encyclop$ic "w al-,tarf ,liman #8,ajiza #8an al-,ta'lf1 is f\nd$ on c]ta9 m]its4 ,! text is *>act]iz$ by lucidity1 c>eful description1 & a t\* ( orig9al obs]vation ( ! surgical op]ations to :i* ! treatise z a :ole is devot$4#d ,al-,zahrw furni%es 8 own draw+s ( ! surgical & d5tal in/rum5ts he us$1 devis$1 or recomm5d$ = a m effici5t p]=mance4 ,! illu/rations 7 int5d$ to provide in/ructional mat]ial = appr5tices--:om al-,zahrw calls 8 *ildr5--z well z = ! b5efit ( ^? :o w\ld read ! "w lat] on4#e ,! treatise is probably ! olde/ "o kn[n today t conta9s su* in/ructive surgical illu/rations & text4#f ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,small funnel = p\r+ heat$ lead into fi/ula ( ! eye = caut]ization4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,vel4 #bdia71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,sudh(f1 ,*irurgie1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,circul> caut]ization 9 /oma* ailm5ts4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ! #aeca ,lat9 edition ( ,pietro d',argellata1 ,*irurgia ,argellata cum ,albucasis1 h]e9aft] cit$ z ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,?is surgical treatise has be5 inve/igat$1 translat$1 & comm5t$ ^u by em95t hi/orians ( m$ic9e & surg]y to ^: works ,i %all ref] 9 ?is article4 ,h[ev]1 ! ph>maceutic & !rapeutic details ( ! treatise h be5 some:at ov]look$4 ,z to ! v>i\s illu/rations ( ! surgical in/rum5ts 7ov] #bjj figures 9 all71 an almo/ complete repres5tation ( samples has be5 introduc$ by ,*ann+1#g ,lecl]c1#h ,gurlt1#i ,sudh(f1#aj & o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 a good numb] ( ! reproduc$ draw+s are greatly modifi$1 mo/ likely hav+ be5 influ5c$ by e>li] illu/rations 9 sev]al ,lat9 & v]nacul> v]sions ( ! treatise4#aa ,?is becomes cle>] on comp>ison ) sev5 ,arabic manuscripts t h n be5 fully exam9$ by ,we/]n s*ol>s be=e & t--9 sev]al in/ances--%[ m au!ntic draw+s ( al-,zahrw's surgical in/rum5ts ?an any h]et(ore publi%$4#ab ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,ink m>k+s = id5tify+ place ( caut]ization4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,vel4 #bdia71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,caut]y 9 h]nia4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,vel4 #bdia71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,lecl]c1 ,albulcasis4 ,?is article !re=e1 is an attempt to pres5t a sample ( ^! illu/rations ) brief comm5ts reg>d+ c]ta9 figures & passages ( int]e/ to ph>macy & m$ical !rapy4 ,) mu* gratitude ,i express my indebt$ness to ,pr(4 ,g4 ,fol* ,j\ ( ,madrid1 to ,dr4 ,a4 ,sheyl nv] & ,mr4 ,h4 ,d5] ( ,i/anbul1 & to ! libr>ians ( ! depository in/itutions = _! coop]ation 9 ! reproduction ( ! manuscripts on micr(ilm4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,f9e tweez] = remov+ =eign bodies f ! e>4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,ali #bhed71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,lecl]c1 ,abulcasis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,syr+e ) metal plung]-pump4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,ali #bhed71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,al-,zahrw frequ5tly introduces 8 treatises ) brief in/ructive & sometimes in=mative preludes4 ,h[ev]1 9 laun*+ ! la/ treatise ( al-,tarf he exp\nd$ 9 a mo/ int]e/+ & illum9at+ mann] ! /atus ( surg]y dur+ 8 "t4 ,he also expla9s ! reasons t =c$ him to write on ?is topic & :y he wi%$ to include1 z he did1 precautions1 advice1 in/ructional notes1 & beautifully illu/rat$ surgical draw+s4 ,= example1 ! prelude to ! treatise m5tions f\r incid5ts t he witness$1 all end+ ) tragic results because ( ! ignorance ( physicians :o attempt$ to op]ate on pati5ts )\t ! prop] tra9+ 9 anatomy & surgical manipulation4 ,= if "o does n h ! k ( anatomy1 al-,zahrw prote/s1 !n 444 he is apt to fall 9 errors t lead to dea? z ,i h se5 x happ5 to _m4#ac ,al-,zahrw divides 8 surgical treatise into ?ree sections 7abwb74 ,9 ! fir/ section 7#ef *apt]s7#ad he elaborates ^u ! uses & disadvantages ( caut]y 9 g5]al4 ,& on ! gr\nd t fire t\*es only ! ail+ "p 444 )\t caus+ mu* damage to surr\nd+ area1 z cau/ic m$ic9e does1 he pref]s caut]y by fire 7al-kay bi al-nr7 to caut]y by m$ic9e 7bi al-daw74#ae ,?is1 he adds1 became cle> to u ?r\gh lifelong exp]i5ce1 dilig5t practice1 & ?or\gh inve/igations ( facts4#af ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,metal nose dropp]4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,middle1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis 7,smi?sonian photo #dfhia-;,c74 ,bottom1 f ,sudh(f1 ,*irurgie1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,he also proposes t in/rum5ts made ( iron are m practical 9 _m ways ?an ^? made ( gold1 because (t51 :5 gold in/rum5ts are put 9 fire1 !y ei!r are n heat$ en\gh or are ov]heat$1 caus+ ! gold to melt4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,d5tal scrap]s4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,vel4 #bdia71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,left1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,"r1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,al-,zahrw g5tly refutes ! sup]/ition t caut]y is good only 9 spr+time1 & /ates t "u ! "r conditions ( ! body's humors x c\ld be us$ 9 all seasons4#ag ,al?\gh he recomm5ds caut]y r highly1 he nev] m9imizes ! importance ( treatm5t by drugs4 ,actually1 he enc\rages ! use ( drugs1 be=e1 )1 & aft] caut]ization4#ah ,= example1 9 *apt] #af on ! caut]ization ( eyelid :5 its hair gr[s rev]s$ly into ! eye1 he recomm5ds treatm5t by caut]y & by m$ic9e4 ,9 caut]y1 ! area :]e fire is to be plac$ is m>k$ ) ink 9 ! %ape ( a myrtle leaf4 ,9 drug treatm5t1 ! cau/ic m$ic9e is appli$ to ! eyelid ov] a pap] 9 ! %ape ( a myrtle leaf 7fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,d5tal =ceps4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,lecl]c1 ,abulcasis4 ,9 *apt] #ag ! au?or ref]s to an anci5t me?od reg>d+ caut]y ( ! fi/ula 9 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye4 ,aft] incis+ ! fi/ula1 "o dirham 7d]iv$ f ! ,greek dra*ma1 :i* is equal to ab\t #b4ig grams7#ai ( melt$ lead is p\r$ into x ?r\gh a f9e funnel us$ = caut]ization 7fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,gold5 bridge to /abilize %aky tee?4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,left1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,"r1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,9 l mann]1 al-,zahrw discusses caut]y ( ! /oma* & ! cold liv] 9 *apt]s #bf & #bg1 respectively4 ,! draw+s !re9 repres5t %apes ( ! burns on ! sk9 7fig4 #d7 & m>ks ( ink to be drawn b5ea? ! c>tilage ( ! ribs 7fig4 #e7 = ! purpose ( spott+ ! area ( op]ation4 ,"h also he describes c>efully & cle>ly ! me?ods ( apply+ caut]y & ! types1 position1 & numb] ( tools employ$ 9 ea* case4 ,he likewise depicts 79 *apt] #de7 in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( h]nia 7fig4 #f74 ,! second section 7bb71 ) ab\t #ii *apt]s1#bj deals ) incision1 punctur+1 v5esection1 cupp+1 surg]y on abscesses1 & ! )drawal ( arr[s f ! body4 ,al-,zahrw w>ns t ignorance 9 su* op]ations may lead to damage ( an art]y or ve91 caus+ loss ( blood by :i* life is su/a9$4#ba ,moreov]1 ne$le & ?read 7m ?an "o k9d is m5tion$7 = ! /it*+ ( w\nds are repeat$ly recomm5d$4 ,accord+ to al-,zahrw1 =eign bodies t lodge 9 ! e> 7*apt] #f7 are ( f\r orig9s3 7#a7 m9]al /ones or sub/ances resembl+ m9]al /ones su* z iron & glass2 7#b7 plant se$s 7*ick-peas & beans72 7#c7 liquids1 su* z wat] & v9eg>2 & 7#d7 animals1 su* z fleas4 ,sev]al in/rum5ts are recomm5d$ = ! removal ( su* =eign bodies--f9e tweez]s %ap$ l a dropp] 7fig4 #g71 a syr+e ) plung]-pump1 & a tube made ( silv] or copp] 7fig4 #h74 ,also ( int]e/ to ph>macy & !rapy is ! advice 9 reg>d to ! use ( lubricants to be appli$ be=e adm9i/]+ ^! f9e in/rum5ts into ! body's cavities4 ,*apt] #bd is conc]n$ ) ! treatm5t ( ! polypus t gr[s 9 ! nose4 ,! v>i\s k9ds 7includ+ canc] gr[?71 %apes1 & colors ( ?is type tumor & its treatm5t by surg]y or m$ic9e are describ$4 ,a holl[$ nose-dropp] made ( metal 9 ! %ape ( a small k]os5e lamp#bb is sugge/$ 7fig4 #i74 ,! dropp] is held by its h&le :ile its cont5ts are heat$ be=e use4 ,apply+ heat to nose drops 0 probably propos$ because x s]ves two purposes3 x all[s easi] fl[ ( ! duhn1 or ! fatty sub/ance us$1 & x raises ! temp]ature ( ! drops to t ( ! body4 ,9 8 discussion on d5tal hygi5e1#bc al-,zahrw describes scrap]s & d5tal =ceps = tee? clean+ & extraction 7figs4 #aj1 #aa7 & br+s 9 a few po9ts ( hi/orical int]e/4#bd ,he w>ns ( ! common error ( extract+ ! adjac5t heal?y too? in/ead ( ! ail+ "o due to ! pati5t's s5se deception4 ,= a g>gle he prescribes salt wat]1 v9eg>1 & w9e 7%>b74 ,to /op hemorrhage he us$ blue vitriol 7al-zj7--copp] sulfate 9 our mod]n t]m9ology4 ,9 *apt] #cc al-,zahrw discusses bridge-mak+ = ! consolidation ( %aky tee? 7fig4 #ab74 ,he pref]s ! use ( /able gold ov] silv] :i*1 he says1 putrifies & rots 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 a rational approa*1 he also sugge/s t ! fall5 too? itself1 or a simil> "o %ap$ out ( a c['s bone1 be in/all$ & connect$ ) adjac5t1 /able tee? by a bridge4 ,n[1 turn+ to *apt] #cf1 we f9d al-,zahrw describ+ a knife-?9 tongue depressor 7fig4 #ac7 t he us$ to facilitate ! exam9ation ( inflam$ tonsils & o!r swell+s ( ! ?roat2 x 0 made ( silv] or copp]4 ,& 9 *apt] #cg 7*apt] #cd 9 ,bes4 #ejc71 he describes ! excision ( an inflam$ uvula by surg]y4 ,9 ! same *apt]1 he also m5tions ! use ( in/rum5ts made ( /eel4 ,( ph>maceutical int]e/ is ! foll[+ free translation ( ! =mula he prescribes z a mild] treatm5t by fumigation 444 to be resort$ to only :5 ! swell+ is subsid+3#be ,take p5nyroyal ,m5?a pulegium ,l9n41 abs9! ,artemisia m>itima ,l9n41 ?yme1 rue1 hyssop1 camomile1 abrotanum ,artemisia abrotanum ,l9n41 & o!r simil> h]bs4 ,put all 9 a cass]ole & cov] !m ) v9eg>4 ,!n close tightly ) clay lutum-sapi5tiae--except = a small hole 9 ! middle ( ! cov]--& boil4 ,connect "o end ( a holl[$ in/rum5t1 a crude =m ( an inhal] fig4 #ad1 ) ! hole 9 ! cov] & ins]t ! o!r end1 :i* conta9s ! nozzle1 into ! pati5t's m\?1 all[+ ! vapor to rise up to ! uvula4 ,& if y are n able to secure ?is in/rum5t1 take a /raw & atta* its end to an egg-%ell4 ,! egg-%ell w prev5t burns 9 ! pati5t's m\? t might be caus$ by ! heat$ vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--,metal tongue depressor4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,ali #bhed71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,crude =m ( an inhal]4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,al-,zahrw repeats 9 *apt] #ec1 on canc]1 :at ,greek physicians _h said e>li]1 t canc] c\ld be remov$ by surg]y only at its fir/ /age & :5 f\nd 9 a removable "p ( ! body1 su* z ! brea/4 ,!re=e1 he confesses t nei!r he nor any "o else he knew ( ev] appli$ surg]y ) success on advanc$ canc]4#bf ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,metallic syr+e = inject+ solutions into ! bladd]4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,bes4 #ejc71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,metallic or porcela9 syr+es = injection ( enemas4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,ali #bhed71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,( special int]e/ 9 *apt] #ei is ! metallic syr+e 7fig4 #ae7 us$ to inject m$ic9al solutions into ! bladd]3 ,! holl[ passage ( ! syr+e %\ld be exactly equal to ! plung] x conta9s & no m1 s t :5 su* fluids f an excess ( humors are aspirat$ !y w be drawn out1 & likewise :5 ! solutions are inject$ !y w be pu%$ 9 easily4 ,su* description ( ! use ( a bladd] syr+e 9 ! late #aj? c5tury cle>ly po9ts to ! practical & int]e/+ approa* to surg]y 9 al-,tarf4 ,moreov]1 8 description ( ! removal ( a /one f ! bladd]--an op]ation we n[ call li?otomy--is consid]$ a contribution to bladd] surg]y4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ record$ op]ations = ! extractions ( two dead fetuses f ! womb is cle>ly describ$ 9 *apt] #gf4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is case %[s n only al-,zahrw's intellig5t approa* z a %rewd obs]v] b also 8 cl9ical & surgical ability4 ,draw+s ( bulb-syr+e in/rum5ts us$ = adm9i/]+ enemas 9 ailm5ts ( ! rectum & = ! treatm5t ( di>rhea & colic are depict$ 9 *apt] #hc4 ,! text describes sev]al k9ds ( syr+es made ( silv]1 porcela91 & copp] 9 v>i\s sizes 7fig4 #af74 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ is an illu/ration ( a syr+e1 especially recomm5d$ = *ildr51 to :i* a piece ( lea!r 7jildah7 is atta*$ 7fig4 #ag74 ,?is in/rum5t is a precursor ( our mod]n bulb syr+e4 ,9 *apt] #hd al-,zahrw turns to ! treatm5t ( v>i\s w\nds4 ,he prescribes ! foll[+ p[d] =mula = use3 ,take olibanum frank9c5se & dragon's blood1#bg two p>ts ( ea*1 & ?ree p>ts ( slak$ or unslak$ lime4 ,p\nd !m well1 pass ?r\gh a sieve & apply ! p[d] to ! w\nd4 ,9 cases ( damag$ blood vessels1 he ti$ ! art]ies by ligature1 a practice ( :i* he 0 a pione]4 ,9 ano!r *apt] he describes f\r me?ods = sutur+ ! inte/9es4 ,al-,zahrw1 be+ associat$ ) w> casualties & writ+ 8 treatise ab\t ! end ( ! #aj? c5tury1 no d\bt _h ! exp]i5ce ( deal+ ) cases involv+ injuries caus$ by arr[s4 ,! text 9 *apt] #id discloses 8 obs]vations 9 elaborate inve/igations reg>d+ ! extraction ( v>i\s k9ds ( arr[s f ! body4#bh ,accord+ly1 sev]al k9ds ( hooks & =ceps = remov+ arr[s are describ$ & depict$ 9 ! treatise 7see fig4 #ah74 ,al-,zahrw's m5tion ( ,turki% b[s & arr[s l$ ,fre9d to believe1 errone\sly1 t ! au?or ( ! treatise mu/ h liv$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury1#bi not)/&+ ! fact t ,turki% b[s & arr[s 7 9 common use 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #aj? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,a crude =m ( bulb syr+e recomm5d$ = use ) *ildr54 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,ali #bhed71 c\rtesy ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl4 ,bottom1 f ,lecl]c1 ,abulcasis4 ,! next *apt]1 on cupp+1 m5tions ! use ( cups made ( horns1 wood1 copp]1 or glass1 accord+ to circum/ances & ! availability ( mat]ial4 ,! me?ods ( treatm5t are divid$ into two k9ds3 dry cupp+1 ) or )\t fire1 & wet cupp+ 7see fig4 #ai74 ,he prescribes o9tm5ts & aromatic & m$icat$ wat]s to be appli$ be=e & aft] cupp+ to facilitate heal+4 ,only :5 cupp+ is n possible1 z on ! nose1 f+]s1 & simil> p>ts ( ! human body1 does he propose ! use ( lee*es = treatm5t4#cj ,evid5tly ?is is an indication t he did n1 z g5]ally suppos$1 enc\rage ! widespread use ( lee*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,hooks & =ceps us$ = ! extraction ( arr[s4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--;,cupp+4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! ?ird & f9al section1 ( #ce *apt]s1 deals ) ! r$uction1 luxation1 & treatm5t ( injur$ bones1 includ+ fracture ( ! pelvis4 ,! advices & w>n+s 9 ! prelude ( ?is section appe> to repeat "s ( al-,zahrw's say+s t _h be5 cov]$ 9 8 previ\s introductions4 ,! text1 h[ev]1 pres5ts _m facets ( int]e/ to ! heal? pr(essions4 ,x elaborates ^u ! application ( v>i\s =ms ( b&ages & pla/]s 9 a v>iety ( op]ations4 ,al-,zahrw's detail$ description relat+ to fractures ( bones is a f9e anatomical docum5t ( hi/orical int]e/4 ,he illu/rates & describes special me?ods = ty+ injur$ or brok5 bones1 & he sugge/s t b&ages made ( s(t l95 be less & less tight z di/ance increases f ! injur$ place 7*apt] #a74 ,= ! protection ( areas adjac5t to ! injur$ "p aga9/ contact ) edges ( spl9ts he advocates padd+ ) s(t gauze & c>d$ wool4 ,9 "s cases1 to gu>d aga9/ swell+1 he pref]r$ a delay ( "o or m days 9 apply+ b&ages ov] spl9ts4 ,al-,zahrw also devis$ & depict$ _m k9ds & %apes ( spl9ts = use 9 simple & comp\nd fractures ( ! head1 %\ld]s1 arms1 f+]s1 etc4 7see fig4 #bj74 ,= example1 9 discuss+ ! r$uction ( ! hum]us1 he recomm5ds a spl9t consi/+ ( a smoo?1 ?9 /ick b5t 9 ! %ape ( a b[ ) two /r+s1 ea* atta*$ to "o end ( ! /ick 7fig4 #ba74 ,! injur$ bone is !n plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! b5t spl9t = r$uction :ile ! pati5t is seat$ on a *air4 ,ty+ is appli$ only :5 !re is no hot swell+ 7*apt] #aa74 ,"o ( ! rem>kable obs]vations made 9 ?is section is ! description ( ! p>alysis caus$ by fracture ( ! sp9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--,spl9t 9 ! %ape ( a spoon )\t a b[l4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia71 c\rtesy ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+54 ,bottom1 f ,*ann+1 ,albucasis4 ,( int]e/ to hi/orians ( m$ical !rapy & ph>macy are ! recipes = p\ltices t al-,zahrw recomm5ds = use ov] fractur$ bones4 ,= example1 he gives ! foll[+ recipe = "o su* p\ltice3 ,take ! s-call$ 'mill's du/' ghubr al-rah1 :i* is ! "p ( ! :eat fl\r t cl+s to ! walls ( ! mill dur+ gr9d+ lubb al-daqq1 &1 )\t sift+ away ! bran1 knead ) :ite-(-egg to a m$ium consi/5cy1 & apply4 ,ano!r1 m elaborate1 recipe calls = #aj dirhams ea* ( ! roots ( wild pomegranate ,glosso/emon brugui]i ,d4,c41 *ickl+ vet* ! grass pea1 ,la?ymus sativus1 & :ite m>%mall[2 #e dirhams ea* ( myrrh & aloes2 #f dirhams ( :ite gum ,arabic ,acacia2 & #bj dirhams ( bole friable e>?y clay consi/+ l>gely ( hydr\s silicates ( alum9um & magnesium1 usually color$ r$ because ( impurities ( iron oxide4 ,proc$ure 0 to p\nd all +r$i5ts g5tly1 pass !m ?r\gh a sieve1 & knead ) wat] or :ite-(-egg 7*apt] #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,a spl9t to support ! arm4 ,top1 f orig9al ,arabic manuscript 7,cod4 ,n4,f4 #dgf;,a71 c\rtesy ,oe/]rei*is*e ,nationalbiblio!k4 ,bottom1 f ,argellata #aeca1 c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! "q arises z to :e!r al-,zahrw did any human dissection4 ,! answ] is unc]ta9 because our k ( 8 life is fragm5t>y4 ,h[ev]1 he gives no clue to ! dissection ( humans 9 any ( ! #cj treatises ( al-,tarf--8 only kn[n writ+s--& !re is no evid5ce t he practic$ x 9 secret4 ,8 upright attitude z a ,muslim :o repeat$ly emphasiz$ 8 adh]5ce to 8 fai? sugge/s t he reli$ completely on animal dissection & ! writ+s ( 8 ,greek-,roman & ,islamic pr$ecessors4 ,physicians 9 bo? ! ,islamic doma9 & 9 ,*ri/5dom = _m c5turies 7 ho/ile to ! idea ( human dissection = any purpose because ( _! traditional socio-religi\s convictions1 consid]+ x an une?ical & undignifi$ practice4 ,p]haps x has be5 al-,zahrw's orig9al contributions to surg]y1 8 en?usiasm 9 emphasiz+ ! value ( anatomical k1 & 8 recognition ( ! necessity t only well-educat$1 well-tra9$ doctors %\ld p]=m surg]y t h l$ "s m$ical hi/orians to wond] :e!r he did human dissection at "s "t 9 8 long ye>s ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,summ>y ,! few examples ( illu/rations ( surgical in/rum5ts giv5 "h indicate t ! ,arabic manuscripts1 9 g5]al1 h pres]v$ ! orig9al1 ori5tal1 arti/ic features ( ! draw+s 9 a way t has be5 ov]look$ 9 ,lat9 & v]nacul> v]sions ( al-,tarf4 ,9 pres5t+ 8 p]sonal obs]vations & orig9al ideas on surg]y late 9 life1 al-,zahrw1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 inspir$ by a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ,greek & ,arabic m$ical lit]ature supplem5t$ by lifelong intellig5t obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,?r\gh its descriptions & illu/rations1 ! surgical treatise ( al-,zahrw v likely play$ a significant role 9 ! design+ ( improv$ surgical in/rum5ts 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,also1 ! treatise no d\bt promot$ ! developm5t ( improv$ surgical te*niques 9 ,islam &1 ?r\gh its translations1 promot$ ^! te*niques to an ev5 great] ext5t 9 ! ,we/1 a fact t ju/ifies ! fame ( ?is treatise z ! highe/ expression ( ! developm5t ( surg]y 9 ,arabic ,spa9--a treatise ^: influ5ce cont9u$ to ! ,r5aissance4 ,x contribut$ 9 no small measure to ! idea ( equipp+ le>n$ & well-tra9$ surgeons ) ! be/ surgical tools & te*niques ( ! "t2 moreov]1 x enc\rag$ ! inv5tion ( new in/rum5ts to meet diff]+ circum/ances & special conditions4 ,^! tools no d\bt greatly facilitat$ ! "w ( ! surgeon4 ,?r\gh\t ! text ( al-,tarf al-,zahrw gave c>eful att5tion to ! importance ( ph>maceutical prep>ations 9 ! heal+ art1 includ+ cases requir+ surg]y4 #a ,george ,s>ton1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 ,baltimore1 #aibg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fha4 #b ,mohammad ,s4 ,abu ,ganima1 9 ,abul-,kasim e9 ,=s*] d] ,arabis*5 ,m$iz91 ,b]l91 #aibi1 sugge/$ t description ( op]ations 9 al-,majs's surg]y is cle>] ?an t 9 al-,zahrw's--a /atem5t :i* does n seem acceptable4 #c ,max ,neuburg]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 ,/uttg>t1 #aiaa1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #agh-agi4 #d ,he9ri* ,haes]1 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz9 und d] epidemis*5 ,krankheit51 ,j5a1 #ahge1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #egh-ehd2 & ,donald ,campbell1 ,arabian ,m$ic9e & ,its ,influ5ce on ! ,middle ,ages1 ,london1 #aibf1 vol4 #a1 p4 #hh4 #e ,see ! prelude to ! treatise4 #f ,field+ ,h4 ,g>rison 7,an ,introduction ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 ed4 #d1 rev41 ,philadelphia1 #aibi1 p4 #acb71 /ates1 9 ref]5ce to ,sudh(f & o!rs1 t _m draw+s e>li] ?an ^? ( al-,zahrw h be5 discov]$ 9 m$ieval manuscripts4 ,h[ev]1 ,g>rison ov]look$ ! fact t al-,zahrw's surgical illu/rations 7 ma9ly depict$ = in/ructional purposes--a unique approa*4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t al-,zahrw di$ almo/ a c5tury e>li] ?an ,g>rison ?\ght4 ,see also ,m>t9 ,s4 ,sp9k1 ,arabian ,gynaecological1 ,ob/etrical & ,g5ito-,ur9>y ,practice ,illu/rat$ f ,albucasis1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,m$ic9e1 #aicg1 vol4 #cj1 p4 #fed4 #g ,johannis ,*ann+1 ,albucasis de ,*irurgia4 ,arabice et ,lat9e1 ,ox=d1 #aggh1 #b vols4 7h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ,*ann+1 ,albucasis74 ,! text has _m errors 9 spell+ & gramm>1 b ,lecl]c w5t too f> 9 criticiz+ ?is edition1 :i* has _m m]its4 ,moreov]1 ! surgical illu/rations 7reproduc$ f ! ,hunt+ton & ,m>% manuscripts ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y7 9 ,*ann+'s edition are ( special int]e/4 #h ,luci5 ,lecl]c1 ,la ,*irurgie d',abulcasis1 ,p>is1 #ahfa 7h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ,lecl]c1 ,abulcasis74 ,?is excell5t ,fr5* v]sion 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ,gazette ,mdicale de l',algrie1 & seems influ5c$ by ,*ann+'s edition m ?an ,lecl]c admits4 ,lecl]c consult$ sev]al ,arabic copies ( ! treatise z well z ,lat9 & v]nacul> translations1 b only a few ( ^! ,arabic manuscripts are consid]$ complete4 ,! ,arabic manuscripts /udi$ = ! pres5t article are n ! same z ^? us$ by ,lecl]c4 ,see also ,lecl]c's monum5tal "w1 ,hi/oire de la ,mdec9e ,arabe1 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #dec-deg4 #i ,ern/ ,gurlt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*irurgie und ihr] ,ausbung ,volks*irurgie-,alt]?um-,mittelalt]-,r5a issance1 ,b]l91 #ahih1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #fbj-fdi1 ) m ?an #ajj figures4 ,9 ! text & illu/rations1 ,gurlt reli$ ^u ,lecl]c's translation & modifi$ draw+s ( ! surgical in/rum5ts2 nev]!less1 he pres5ts a brief1 sy/ematic /udy--probably ! be/ s f>--( ! entire treatise4 #aj ,k>l ,sudh(f1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,*irurgie im ,mittelalt]1 ,leipzig1 #aiah 7h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ,sudh(f1 ,*irurgie71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #af-hd1 ) a few plates4 ,al?\gh ,sudh(f consult$ ! fragm5t>y ,arabic manuscript index$ z ,cod4 ,arab4 #aihi 9 ,go?a1 ,g]many1 he reli$ ma9ly ^u ,lat9 v]sions ( ! treatise & ! illu/rations conta9$ 9 !m4 #aa ,see ,lecl]c1 ,abulcasis1 9 introduction4 #ab ,! sev5 ,arabic manuscripts are index$ z ,b]l9 ,,ms4 ,or4 fol4 #ia1 tempor>ily at ,univ]sittsbiblio!k ,tb+51 9 ,g]many2 ,escorial ,,ms4 ,arabe ,no4 #hgf1 at ,biblioteca del ,mona/]io de ,san ,lor5zo el ,real de ,el ,escorial1 9 ,spa92 ,wi5 ,,ms4 ,cod4 ,n4,f4 #dgf ,a41 at ,oe/]rei*is*e ,nationalbiblio!k1 9 ,vi5na2 & ,ali ,emiri ,arabi ,no4 #bhed1 ,beir ,aa ,nos4 #ejb & #ejc1 & ,veliyyud9 ,no4 #bdia1 all at ,sleymaniye ,umumi ,ktphanesi ,mdrl1 9 ,i/anbul4 ,h]e9aft] ^! manuscripts are ref]r$ to1 respectively1 z ,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia2 ,esc4 #hgf2 ,wi5 #dgf ,a2 ,ali #bhed2 ,bes4 #ejb2 ,bes4 #ejc2 & ,vel4 #bdia4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution rec5tly obta9$ a micr(ilm copy ( ,bankipore ,manuscript ,no4 #ag f ! ,khuda ,bakh% ,o4 ,p4 ,libr>y1 ,patna 7,bih>71 ,india4 ,?is manuscript1 conta9+ only ! #cj? treatise ( al-,tarf1 0 copi$ 9 #aahi2 !re=e1 x is ! e>lie/ dat$ ,arabic manuscript ( ! surgical treatise kn[n to exi/4 ,! surgical illu/rations !re9 add weight to ! belief t ! ,arabic manuscripts %[ m orig9ality 9 ! draw+s ?an d ! lat] copi$ v]sions1 :i* (t5 7 inaccurate & possibly di/ort$4 ,ab\t t5 o!r illu/rations f ! ,arabic manuscript 9 ,i/anbul index$ z ,topkapi ,,ms4 ,no4 #aiij 7:i* conta9s #bae beautifully illu/rat$ figures7 7 pres5t$ by ,a4 ,s4 nv] & ,hsey9 ,usman 9 an extract titl$ ,mehur ,arab ,c]rahi ,elblkasimi ,zehravi ve onum ,kitabl ,c]rahiyesi1 ,i/anbul1 #aice4 ,see also nv]1 eref$d9 ,sabuncuolu3 ,kitabl ,c]rahiyei ,illhaniye1 ,i/anbul1 #aici1 pp4 #e-g4 #ac ,see introduction to ! treatise2 = example1 ,bes4 #ejb1 fol4 #ebbv-#ebcv & ,vel4 #bdia1 fol4 #ajdr-#ajev4 ,see also ,k4 ,p4 ,j4 ,spr5gel1 ,v]su* e9] pragmatis*5 ,ges*i*te d] ,arzneikunde1 ,halle1 #ahbc1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ddi-dea4 ,george ,j4 ,fi%]1 9 ,abul-,casem ,*alaf ,ibn ,abbas al-,zahrw1 ,commonly ,call$ ,albucasis1 ,annals ( ,anatomy & ,surg]y1 ,july-,decemb]1 #ahhc1 vol4 #h1 pp4 #bd-be1 gives a translation ( only ! fir/ "p ( ! introduction4 #ad ,!re are #ef *apt]s li/$ 9 almo/ all manuscripts & comm5t>y works ,i *eck$ except ,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia & ,esc4 #hgf1 :]e only #ee *apt]s are li/$4 #ae ,al-,zahrw m5tions sev]al cau/ic m$ic9es us$ 9 caut]y1 among :i* are g>lic1 mu/>d1 melt$ lead1 slak$ or unslak$ lime ) or )\t common soap1 ,?apsia 7,ruta graveol5s ,l9n471 & juice ( ! ,ori5tal ca%ew nut 7,s5ec>pus anac>dium ,l9n474 #af ,vel4 #bdia1 fol4 #ajf2 ,bes4 #ejb1 fol4 #ebcr-#ebdv4 #ag ,al-,zahrw criticizes ^? :o int]pret ! say+ caut]y is ! end ( treatm5t to mean t caut]ization is ! be/ & only conclusive treatm5t at ! physician's disposal4 ,he po9ts out t o!r treatm5ts1 su* z drugs1 %\ld be resort$ to fir/1 & us$ until !y prove ( no avail2 & he /ates t only aft] caut]y proves to be ! cure %\ld x be consid]$ ! completion ( m$ical treatm5t--al-kay khir al-ibb4 ,see ,vel4 #bdia1 fol4 #ajf2 & ,bes4 #ejb1 fol4 #ebdr-#ebev4 #ah ,= heal+1 soo?+1 or emolli5t purposes1 al-,zahwr sugge/$ m$ications1 su* z egg :ite1 salt wat] 7normal sal9e71 sap ( psyllium1 sev]al o9tm5ts1 duhn ( rose1 & o!r adhn 7plural ( duhn1 ! fatty or oily ess5ces extract$ f v>i\s sub/ances ?r\gh ph>maceutical processes74 #ai ,= a m accurate e/imate ( ! equival5ce ( dirham accord+ to ! area 9 :i* ! measurem5t 0 tak51 ! read] may consult ,walt] ,h9z1 ,islamis*e ,masse und ,gewi*te umg]e*net ins metris*e ,sy/em1 ,leid51 #aiee1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #b-h2 & ,george ,c4 ,miles1 ,e>ly ,arabic ,glass ,weights & ,/amps1 ,new ,york1 #aidh1 p4 #f4 #bj ,! cont5ts ( sev]al manuscripts 7su* z ,ali #bhed1 ,wi5 #dgf ,a1 ,bes4 #ejc1 & ,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia7 give diff]5t numb]s4 #ba ,see1 = example1 ,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia1 fol4 #dev2 & ,bes4 #ejb1 fol4 #ecjv4 #bb ,sudh(f1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 p4 #bi1 fig4 #f4 #bc ,= a m detail$ & int]e/+ discussion ) beautiful illu/rations includ$1 ! read] may consult ,*4 ,niel1 ,la ,*irurgie ,d5taire ,d',abulcasis ,comp>e a celle des ,maures du ,tr>za1 ,revue de ,/ematologie1 ,april #aiaa1 vol4 #ah1 pp4 #afi-ahj & #bbb-bbi4 #bd ,x is regrettable t ,franz ,ros5?al 9 8 f9e article ,bibliographical ,notes on ,m$ieval ,muslim ,d5ti/ry 7,bullet9 ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 #aifj1 vol4 #cd1 pp4 #eb-fj7 fail$ to ref] to ?is or any o!r section ( al-,zahrw's "w4 #be ,bes4 #ejb1 fol4 #ech4 ,see also ,*ann+1 ,albucasis1 pp4 #bjf-bjh4 ,= ! id5tification ( ! drugs & _! botanical orig9s ! au?or ( ! pres5t pap] consult$ ,h4 ,p4 ,j4 ,r5aud & ,georges ,s4 ,col91 ,tufat al-,abb1 ,glossaire de la ,matire ,mdicale ,m>oca9e1 ,p>is1 #aicd1 pp4 #acc1 #adc1 #aic-aid1 & ,max ,mey]h(1 ,un ,glossaire de ,matire ,mdicale ,compos p> ,maimonide1 ,cairo1 #aidj1 pp4 #afh-afi4 #bf ,tb4 ,,ms4 #ia1 fol4 #iiv4 #bg ,dragon's blood is a res9 obta9$ f ! scales cov]+ ! surface ( ! ripe fruits ( ,daemonorops draco ,blume 7,heb] ,w4 ,y\ngk51 ,textbook ( ,ph>macognosy1 ed4 #f1 ,philadelphia1 #aidh1 p4 #age74 ,see also ,r5aud & ,col91 op4 cit4 7footnote #be71 pp4 #ed-ee4 #bh ,he9ri* ,frli*1 ,abul-,kasem als ,kriegs*irurg1 ,ar*iv fr kl9is*e ,*irurgie1 #ahhd1 vol4 #cj1 pp4 #cfe-cgf4 ,?is well-pres5t$ /udy 0 review$ by ,paul ,s*$e 9 ,c5tralblatt fr ,*irurgie1 #ahhd1 no4 #ch1 pp4 #fbf-fbg4 #bi ,johannis ,fre9d1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,physick1 ,london1 #agbf1 vol4 #b1 p4 #abi4 #cj ,9 sev]al manuscripts1 ! *apt] on ! use ( lee*es is ! la/ "o 9 ! second section ( ! treatise4 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aifa ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4,c4-,price #bj c5ts